bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desain Aplikasi Mobile Smart Farming dengan Pendekatan Design Thinking untuk Meningkatkan Produktivitas Pertanian
Authors: Muaziz Imam , Utomo Fandy Setyo , Krisbiantoro Dwi , Setiawan Ito
Published: September 2024

Di era transformasi digital, sektor pertanian Indonesia masih dihadapkan dengan sejumlah, seperti produktivitas yang rendah, kualitas produk yang  buruk, dan kurangnya akses informasi dan teknologi, hal ini menyebabkan dampak negatif  yang cukup signifikan terhadap produktivitas pertanian, oleh karena itu penerapan smart farming sebagai sistem pertanian yang memanfaatkan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi (TIK), dapat menjadi solusi untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan produktivitas pertanian. Fokus  penelitian ini adalah perancangan desain User Interface (UI) dan User Experience (UX) untuk aplikasi mobile smart farming. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode design thinking  yang meliputi empathize, define, ideate, prototype, dan testing. Pengujian dilakukan dengan  wawancara langsung dan kuisioner Single  East  Question (SEQ), dan dihitung menggunakan System Usability Scale (SUS), hasil pengujian memperoleh rata-rata 85.5, dimana angka ini menunjukkan bahwa desain UI/UX telah memenuhi kebutuhan pengguna dengan baik. Dengan demikian penerapan metode design thinking membantu pengembang aplikasi dalam memahami kebutuhan pengguna untuk menciptakan solusi yang tepat sebelum aplikasi disebarluaskan.
Aplikasi Kehadiran Pegawai berbasis Geolokasi dengan Framework Flutter
Authors: Dewi Ika Novita , Irawan Enrico
Published: September 2024

Sistem presensi dengan metode fingerprint yang umum digunakan oleh prusahaan mengharuskan pegawai untuk melakukan presensi langsung di kantor dan terkadang alat fingerprint juga memiliki masalah seperti tidak dapat mendeteksi sidik jari pegawai saat melakukan proses presensi. Penelitian ini mengusulkan pengembangan aplikasi mobile berbasis Android untuk pengelolaan kehadiran pegawai yang dilengkapi dengan fitur pendeteksian lokasi. Pendeteksian lokasi atau geolokasi dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan fungsi global positioning system (GPS). Fitur geolokasi digunakan untuk menunjukkan transparansi lokasi pegawai saat melakukan proses presensi. Aplikasi ini dikembangkan dengan menggunakan framework Flutter dengan bahasa pemrograman Dart dan pengelolaan basis data dengan postgreSQL. Selain fitur geolokasi, aplikasi yang dikembangkan juga memiliki kemampuan pendukung untuk pengelolaan data pegawai, pengelolaan cuti, riwayat gaji, serta fitur pengumuman dari perusahaan untuk pegawai. Proses pengembangan aplikasi dilakukan dengan menerapkan pendekatan Extreme Erogramming. Pengujian aplikasi dilakukan dengan dua metode, yaitu pengujian blackbox dan pengujian pengguna (User Acceptance Testin). Hasil pengujian blackbox menunjukkan bahwa produk aplikasi yang telah selesai dikembangkan sudah sesuai dengan kebutuhan sistem (system requirement). Sedangkan hasil pengujian UAT menunjukkan angka sebesar 92.75% untuk user pegawai dan 98.74% untuk user HAR. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi ini dapat diterima oleh pengguna dengan baik.
Cobalt-Hydride Catalyzed Alkene-Carboxylate Transposition (ACT) of Allyl Carboxylates via 1,2-Radical Migration (RaM)
Authors: Zhao Gaoyuan , Khosravi Arman , Sharma Sahil , Musaev Djamaladdin , Ngai Ming-Yu
Published: September 2024

The Alkene-Carboxylate Transposition (ACT) of allyl carboxylates is one of the most atom-economic and synthetically reliable transformations in organic chemistry, as allyl carboxylates are versatile synthetic intermediates. Classic ACT trans-formations, including 3,3-sigmatropic rearrangement and transition metal-catalyzed allylic rearrangement, typically yield 1,2-alkene/1,3-acyloxy shifted products through a two-electron process. However, position-altered ACT to produce distinct 1,3-alkene/1,2-acyloxy shifted products has remained elusive. Here, we report the first cobalt-hydride catalyzed ACT of allyl carboxylates, enabling access to these unprecedented 1,3-alkene/1,2-acyloxy shifted products via a 1,2-radical migration (RaM) strategy. This transformation demonstrates broad functional group tolerance, is suitable for late-stage modification of complex molecules, and is amenable to gram-scale synthesis. It also expands the reaction profiles of both allyl carbox-ylates and cobalt catalysis. Preliminary experimental and computational studies suggest a mechanism involving metal-hydride hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT) and 1,2-RaM process. This reaction is expected to serve as the basis for the devel-opment of versatile Co-H catalyzed transformations of allyl carboxylates, generating a wide array of valuable building blocks for synthetic, medicinal, and materials chemistry.
Multicomponent phytopharmaceutical Dipana for the treatment of hepatobiliary disorders. A review
Authors: Prikhodko Veronika A. , Okovityy Sergey V.
Published: September 2024

Hepatobiliary disorders contribute significantly to the structure of morbidity, causes of disability and mortality of the world’s population. Therefore, the search for and development of effective and safe hepatoprotective agents for the pharmacotherapy thereof remains a problematic issue. This article presents a pharmacological profile for each of the active ingredients of the composite phytopharmaceutical Dipana, and reviews the evidence for its effectiveness and safety in chronic hepatobiliary disorders.
The role of synbiotics in correcting gut microbiota disorders and increased intestinal permeability: A review
Authors: Ardatskaya Maria D.
Published: September 2024

The gut microbiota participates in all metabolic processes in the human body, and its state determines the course of pathological processes. Intestinal infections, IBS, IBD, SIBO, diverticular disease, celiac disease, cancer, food intolerance, allergies, liver and pancreatic diseases, obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hematological, cardiological, genitourinary, rheumatological, neurological, neuropsychiatric and other disorders are associated with dysbiosis and increased permeability of the intestinal barrier. The means of correcting the gut microbiota are constantly being improved. The importance and expediency of using pro- and prebiotics as part of the complex therapy of many diseases is currently confirmed not only by large international clinical studies, but also by modern methods of diagnosing microbiota disorders. The review article presents clinically confirmed data on the effectiveness of the use of synbiotic Maxilac® for the correction of gut microbiota disorders and increased intestinal permeability in infectious diseases, postCOVID syndrome, IBS, including post-infectious IBS, as well as in severe atopic dermatitis in children.
FAIXAS DE SERVIDÃO DE LINHAS DE TRANSMISSÃO DE ENERGIA ELÉTRICA E OS LUCROS CESSANTES NA CAJUCULTURA: MÉTODOS E VALORAÇÃO DA LIMITAÇÃO DO USO DO SOLO EM TERRITÓRIOS PRODUTIVOS
Authors: Carneiro Portela Francisco
Published: September 2024

A sobreposição de linhas de transmissão a imóveis rurais destinados à fruticultura comercial ou de subsistência de caju (Anacardium occidentale) produz o impacto socioeconômico da perda de receita futura aos produtores rurais por meio da constituição da faixa de servidão. As compensações financeiras da constituição da faixa de servidão deve considerar o Método da Capitalização da Renda descrito na NBR 14.653-3 para pagamento do lucro cessante/receita futura. O caso da constituição da faixa de servidão da Linha de Transmissão Picos-Tauá 230 kV-C1concedida à CHESF é um exemplo de sobreposição linha/cajucultura e de pagamento dos lucros cessantes. Aos imóveis rurais/territórios rurais comerciais e/ou familiares recaem, além dos impactos derivados do campo eletromagnético, impactos financeiros da supressão de renda agrícola da fruticultura. As limitações de uso de territórios produtivos deve ser objeto de valoração econômica em decorrência das perdas financeiras produzidas. A equação financeira da valoração de receita baseia-se no cálculo do Valor Presente Líquido - VPL. A utilização das equações financeiras para demais culturas de ciclo longo é tecnicamente verossímil.
PADRÃO TÉRMICO E HIGROMÉTRICO PARA DOIS AMBIENTES DE ESTUDO: ÁREA URBANIZADA E REMANESCENTE DE CERRADO NA CIDADE DE IPORÁ-GO
Authors: Specian Valdir , Pereira da Silva Junior Uilton , Da Silva Vecchia Francisco Arthur
Published: September 2024

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a variação nos valores de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar para dois pontos distintos no interior do sítio urbano de Iporá – GO. O ponto 1 consiste em uma praça no centro da cidade e representa as variações provocadas pelo uso e ocupação do espaço. O ponto 1 apresenta uma altitude de 590 m, com as respectivas coordenadas 16º26’50" Sul e 51º07’15" Oeste. O ponto 2 é um remanescente de cerrado no interior do sítio urbano, numa altitude de 584 m, nas coordenadas de 16º26’16" Sul e 51º07’23" Oeste. Para a realização da pesquisa foram construídos mini-abrigos meteorológicos, os dados foram registrados através de termo higrômetros digitais portáteis – Instrutherm HT 200, colocados no interior do abrigo. As coletas foram realizadas em dois períodos representativos para as condições climáticas da região Centro Oeste, o período de 08/03 a 22/03/2010 e de 26/07 a 09/08/2010, representando o período chuvoso e seco, respectivamente. Os registros foram realizados nos horários de 08h, 15h e 21h. Os resultados mostram uma variação de até 4ºC de temperatura entre os dois pontos, sendo que o ponto 2 manteve-se sempre com a temperatura menor. A umidade relativa do ar apresentou variação máxima de 19% entre os pontos de coleta, com maiores registros para o remanescente de cerrado.
ANÁLISE DA DINÂMICA DA PAISAGEM NO MUNICÍPIO DE FORMOSA DO RIO PRETO (BA)
Authors: Dos Santos Castro Aracelly , Trancoso Gomes Roberto Arnaldo , Fontes Guimarães Renato , Abílio de Carvalho Júnior Osmar , De Souza Martins Éder
Published: September 2024

Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever a evolução do uso da Terra no município de Formosa do Rio Preto (BA) durante vinte anos(1988-2008).O município está localizado no Oeste da Bahia, onde há uma forte expansão da agricultura e do agronegócio, devido às condições ambientais favoráveis com terras planas e uma estação chuvosa bem definida. Mudanças de uso do solo são avaliadas pelo uso de imagens TM-Landsat e ALOS/PRISM.As imagens de sensoriamento remoto foram classificadas em quatro classes: vegetação natural, vegetação alterada, agropecuária e área urbana. A agropecuária apresentou o maior crescimento, possuindo em 1988 cerca de 6% da área do município e em 2008 atingiu 32%. As áreas de agricultura avançam em um padrão contínuo não existindo no seu interior áreas preservadas. Assim, análise temporal forneceu informações importantes sobre a evolução do padrão de uso do solo no município de Formosa do Rio Preto (BA), considerando a sua relevância para o processo de desenvolvimento da fronteira agrícola e conversão do Cerrado.
PATRIMÔNIO GEOMORFOLÓGICO DO PARANÁ - A PAISAGEM AO LONGO DA ROTA DOS TROPEIROS
Authors: Cassol Pinto Maria Ligia , Liccardo Antonio
Published: September 2024

O caminho dos tropeiros atravessa o Paraná no sentido sul-norte e apresenta um forte conteúdo histórico ligado intrinsecamente à paisagem, especialmente no que diz respeito à geomorfologia, muito marcante. A partir da descoberta de ouro em Minas Gerais no final do século XVII, a necessidade de animais para transporte tornou-se fundamental para o desesnvolvimento econômico da então colônia portuguesa. A implantação de um caminho oficial para o deslocamento de tropas de muares do sul do Brasil até a zona de mineração de ouro, no início dos anos 1700, teve como principal desafio a definição de um traçado por mais de 2 mil quilômetros que considerasse as condicionantes geomorfológicas. Atualmente um projeto turístico e de resgate histórico, a Rota dos Tropeiros, um dos mais antigos caminhos do Brasil que conectou o sul do país aos centros econômicos, interliga 16 municípios do Paraná. Em função desta cultura do tropeirismo e de um belíssimo patrimônio natural, este projeto turístico apresenta uma complexa relação entre aspectos históricos, socioculturais e naturais. A paisagem resultante constitui um rico e diversificado patrimônio que foi condicionado especialmente pela geomorfologia e seu substrato geológico. As características de relevo predominantemente suave, abundância de água e pasto na região fitogeográfica denominada Campos Gerais foram fundamentais para o transporte de centenas de animais e tornam indissociáveis os elementos culturais dos naturais dentro de uma análise de patrimônio.
TERRITÓRIO, MODO DE VIDA E PATRIMÔNIO CULTURAL EM SOCIEDADES TRADICIONAIS BRASILEIRAS
Authors: Suzuki1 Júlio César
Published: September 2024

As sociedades tradicionais no Brasil são bastante diversas, compondo-se, de um lado, de indígenas e, de outro, de não-indígenas: açorianos, babaçueiros, caboclos, ribeirinhos, caiçaras, campeiros, jangadeiros, pantaneiros, pescadores artesanais, praieiros, quilombolas, sertanejos e varjeiros. Assim, neste contexto de diversidade social, pretendemos discutir a relação existente entre território, modo de vida e patrimônio cultural em sociedades tradicionais não-indígenas no Brasil.
ESPACIO PATRIMONIAL, ESPACIO DE DELEITE VISUAL Y CONSUMO. TRANSFORMACIONES PATRIMONIALES RECIENTES Y TURISMO EN LA CIUDAD DE SALTA (ARGENTINA)
Authors: Alejandra Troncoso Claudia
Published: September 2024

El artículo aborda las transformaciones reciente de la ciudad argentina de Salta (en el noroeste del país). Estas transformaciones refieren fundamentalmente a las intervenciones tendientes a proteger, destacar y embellecer las edificaciones históricas del centro de la ciudad con vistas a atraer turistas. Como acontece en otras ciudades, en Salta también se buscó estimular actividades del sector terciario y prácticas de consumo con el objeto de crear una ciudad “competitiva” desde el punto de vista turístico. Y lo hizo apuntando a hacer de su centro histórico un espacio de deleite visual, es decir, un lugar donde se ponen en juego aspectos estéticos que remiten a su capital simbólico relacionado con la historia local. Específicamente el trabajo apunta a indagar la relación entre el proceso de renovación urbana apoyada fuertemente en el patrimonio edificado y la definición de un espacio de consumo turístico teniendo en cuenta qué papel tiene lo visual en el diseño y en las formas de experimentar este destino. En este sentido, los interrogantes están orientados a conocer acerca de los usos del patrimonio salteño adscripto geográficamente al centro histórico de la ciudad, analizando cómo se buscó incrementar el capital simbólico de la ciudad, en qué forma se diseñó y acondicionó este espacio y cómo se orientó hacia el consumo turístico en pos de crear un lugar único.
ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DA VIABILIDADE ECONÔMICA E AMBIENTAL DOS MANEJOS DO CAPIM-GORDURA (MELINIS MINUTIFLORA) EM UNIDADES DE CONSERVAÇÃO
Authors: Lopes Rodovalho Natália , Bielefeld Nardoto Gabriela
Published: September 2024

As espécies invasoras oferecem grandes riscos à biodiversidade e ao funcionamento de um ecossistema, pois, são agressivas e competitivas em relação à vegetação natural, podendo levar a uma perda local de biodiversidade, e, em casos extremos, ocasionar a extinção de determinadas espécies. Em Unidades de Conservação do Cerrado, criadas com o intuito de proteger a biodiversidade nativa, a presença do capim-gordura é quase certa, portanto é fundamental a busca por manejos efi cientes que o controlem ou amenizem seu impacto. Foram analisados os custos anuais e a efi ciência de sete técnicas de manejo previamente propostas na literatura. Os custos foram contabilizados para um hectare e são respectivamente: R$1.723,11; R$10.448,23 com aquisição de micro trator ou R$548,23 com aluguel de maquinário, R$713,40; R$1.151,20; R$758,40; R$1.211,20; R$29.813,40 e R$170.373,40. As técnicas mais efi cientes no controle do capim-gordura foram, na sequência: manejo integrado, corte anual, abafamento, corte raso aplicado duas vezes e corte raso aplicado duas vezes com revolvimento de solo. Somente manejo integrado utiliza o auxilio de herbicida. Os manejos que apresentam cortes da biomassa aérea do capim-gordura são efi cientes porque evitam a recarga do banco de sementes do solo, impedindo, portanto uma etapa do ciclo de vida da gramínea, difi cultando o recrutamento de novas plântulas e favorecendo o brotamento de gramíneas nativas. O controle por abafamento não é recomendado para grandes áreas, pois, apesar de ser efi ciente é bastante oneroso. Já o manejo integrado são recomendados para grandes áreas, assim como o auxílio de micro tratores nas etapas de corte e o revolvimento do solo, por ser uma solução mais rentável economicamente. O controle do capim-gordura é extremamente relevante e tem um custo barato quando comparado com os danos ambientais consequentes do manejo e da ação da invasora no ecossistema. Estudos como este se mostram necessários visando balancear o custo do manejo, dos impactos e dos benefícios ambientais.
O PROCESSO HISTÓRICO DE FORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL DO ESTADO DO PIAUÍ E AS TRANSFORMAÇÕES RECENTES NA MESORREGIÃO DO SUDOESTE PIAUIENSE
Authors: Fernandes Rufo Tiago , Araújo Sobrinho Fernando Luiz
Published: September 2024

A ocupação do território do Estado do Piauí foi realizada principalmente por pequenos agricultores, investidores e vaqueiros baianos que instalaram as primeiras fazendas de gado próximas aos cursos d’água da Bacia do Rio Parnaíba, onde surgiram as primeiras vilas que ficaram caracterizadas pelas enormes distâncias e desconexões entre as mesmas. Essas primeiras ocupações influenciaram diretamente nas atuais localizações das cidades piauienses que atualmente sofrem desafios em relação à integração da rede urbana e integridade política do Estado. O Sudoeste Piauiense passa por um novo padrão de ocupação do solo, onde os grandes agricultores sulistas instalam os grandes projetos de agricultura moderna nas áreas dos platôs, o que determina novas dinâmicas e realidades no Estado do Piauí. A atual rede urbana desse Estado passa por transformações na sua configuração em decorrência da expansão da fronteira agrícola e o consequente crescimento econômico do Sudoeste Piauiense, com destaque para os municípios de Bom Jesus e Uruçuí, que são os dois maiores produtores de grãos do Estado e onde há uma expansão da rede urbana, crescimento do número de migrantes sulistas e novas dinâmicas no campo e na cidade.
CLIMA, VULNERABILIDADE SOCIOESPACIAL E SAÚDE DA POPULAÇÃO URBANA DE SÃO LUIS (MA)
Authors: Rodrigues Araújo Ronaldo , Lima Sant’anna Neto João
Published: September 2024

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar como o clima, associada aos tipos de materiais construtivos em áreas de vulnerabilidade socioespacial compromete a saúde da população urbana do município de São Luís (MA). O trabalho se particulariza por relacionar o estudo do clima urbano e do conforto térmico às condições socioespaciais da população, pela interdisciplinaridade e pela utilização do Subsistema Termodinâmico para análise do Clima Urbano proposto por Monteiro (1976) como fundamento teóricometodológico. Foram realizados monitoramento e avaliação do conforto térmico em ambiente interno de 9 (nove) residências com padrões construtivos diferentes, especialmente a cobertura, em áreas de vulnerabilidade socioespacial de São Luís, no período de outubro a novembro de 2012. Para classificar o fator conforto térmico nas residências utilizou-se como referência os índices estabelecidos por Thom e Bosen (1959). Além disso, para avaliar qualitativamente, o grau de percepção do conforto térmico da população envolvida e a possível associação com determinados tipos de sintomas e enfermidades recorreu-se à aplicação de 40 questionários em cada uma das 3 áreas monitoradas buscando investigar in loco se havia uma relação da prevalência desses sintomas em função de atributos construtivos das residências.
PROPOSTA DE METODOLOGIA DE MONITORAMENTO, ANÁLISE E AVALIAÇÃO DA REDE ASSISTENCIAL PARA A SAÚDE SUPLEMENTAR
Authors: Bylaardt Volker Janaína , De Jesus Cardoso Ana Maria , Guimarães Vieira de Souza Pimentel Renata , Silva Bonelli Taisa , Loureiro Bersan Sérgio Adriano
Published: September 2024

As operadoras de planos de saúde, em sua função de monitorar e planejar a rede assistencial, necessitam de ferramentas e metodologias que abordem as realidades locais e, a partir delas, consigam dimensionar os serviços. Assim, a partir de três eixos de análise estabelecidos – território, cliente (indivíduo) e prestador de serviços de saúde – foi elaborada uma metodologia multidisciplinar, com a proposta de entender a relação e interação entre estes. Esta metodologia partiu do território, com sua regionalização em regiões sanitárias. Em seguida foram levantados dados demográficos, a utilização dos clientes, os parâmetros de utilização referenciados na literatura, a origem e o destino desses clientes, além do mapeamento dos serviços de saúde contratualizados pela Operadora realizado através do sistema de informações geográficas (SIG). Estes elementos foram contemplados em uma ferramenta com design intuitivo e dinâmico no software Excel, de forma a permitir uma análise da rede e de cada região sanitária. A ferramenta desenvolvida permitiu conhecer a rede assistencial da Operadora, a necessidade de seus clientes, o território e os seus fluxos, e, a partir disso, elaborar estratégias para a tomada de decisão.
A (TRANS)FORMAÇÃO DO RURAL EM URBANO-INDUSTRIAL NO CONTEXTO DO ZONEAMENTO: UM ESPAÇO DE CONFLITOS
Authors: Cunha de Carvalho Fernanda , Vieira de Souza Angélica
Published: September 2024

As discussões sobre o rural e o urbano devem considerar a escala temporal da qual se fala e as particularidades existentes nos lugares, oferecendo a possibilidade do refúgio da homogeneização analítica. Tal forma de pensar refl ete na compreensão que se tem sobre a base organizativa do espaço contemporâneo. É nesse sentido que o presente artigo observa determinados espaços em São Luís (MA), com o objetivo de analisar como se deu o processo de transição de uma área rural para uma área industrial, com representações urbanas, ocorridas em meio às modifi cações efetivadas por meios legislativos. Observa-se que a alteração entre os termos representa mais do que a utilização da passagem de uma simples nomenclatura a outra e que a essência do problema não está unicamente em descobrir seus enquadramentos zonais, mas sim de trabalhar com os elementos constituintes dessas alterações, em sua maioria conflitivas.
INFLUÊNCIA DAS ATIVIDADES AEROPORTUÁRIAS NA PERDA DE SOLO POR EROSÃO LAMINAR UTILIZANDO DADOS DE SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO
Authors: Lourdes da Silva Camila , Trondoli Matricardi Eraldo Aparecido
Published: September 2024

A implantação, operação e expansão dos aeroportos são consideradas atividades potencialmente causadoras de grandes impactos ao meio ambiente. Elas desencadeiam processos erosivos, desmatamentos e danos a corpos hídricos. Estudos relacionados à erosão do solo são escassos em ambientes aeroportuários. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar, mapear e estimar a perda de solo para os anos de 2003, 2009 e 2013 no Aeroporto Internacional de Brasília - Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek e seu entorno (2 km), período em que muitas obras de expansão foram realizadas. Foram utilizadas imagens de satélite de alta resolução espacial e Sistema de Informação Geográfica. Para identificar as áreas suscetíveis à erosão, foi utilizada a Equação Universal de Perda de Solo – EUPS. Os resultados da EUPS mostraram que a área de estudo apresentou baixa perda de solos nos três anos analisados (inferior a 10 t ha-1 ano-1), indicando que os impactos causados pela expansão urbana (observada na área do entorno) e pelas atividades aeroportuárias foram similares. Esta pesquisa contribui para auxiliar na caracterização temporal da área do aeroporto e seu entorno, formando uma base para o planejamento ambiental estratégico e para futuras análises das mudanças do uso da terra na área de estudo.
CEILÂNDIA NOS TRILHOS DA SEGREGAÇÃO: AS CONSEQUÊNCIAS SOCIOESPACIAIS GERADAS A PARTIR DA APROPRIAÇÃO DO METRÔ PELO CAPITAL IMOBILIÁRIO
Authors: Ramos Alves Vitor João , Diniz Diogo , Lima de Mesquita Évellin , Carvalho Ribeiro Mattheus
Published: September 2024

As constantes transformações de uma sociedade globalizada e o poder com que o capital se articula e provoca a segregação socioespacial promovem, como desafi o para pesquisadores e geógrafos, a análise da atuação do capital imobiliário em um território que já nasce com a segregação em seu histórico. Assim, o presente trabalho propõe, por meio de uma pesquisa do tipo qualitativa, de nível exploratório e interpretativo, analisar a atuação do capital imobiliário nas áreas proximais das linhas férreas do metrô da Região Administrativa de Ceilândia – DF. Como resposta, identifi cou-se a necessidade da participação social mais ativa quanto ao processo de elaboração de políticas públicas habitacionais, a fi m de reduzir ou equilibrar a atuação do capital imobiliário no território.
PAISAGENS EXPERIENCIADAS NAS TRILHAS DA EDUCAÇÃO FENOMENOLÓGICA
Authors: Paschoal Wilson Aparecido , Delgado Paschoal Moura Jeani
Published: September 2024

O ato de ensinar Geografi a, na perspectiva fenomenológica, pressupõe um trabalho inicial de educação dos sentidos pela experiência, em que a visão, a audição, o tato, o olfato e o paladar são estimulados por meio das sensações proporcionadas no campo. A presente pesquisa propõe uma refl exão sobre o potencial pedagógico da realização de atividades de campo com escolares, por meio de trilhas em parques ecológicos localizados no município de Londrina, Paraná, onde há remanescentes da Mata Atlântica, segundo bioma mais ameaçado de extinção do mundo. O intuito das trilhas é desenvolver uma educação ambiental humanista pelas vias da percepção, dos sentimentos e emoções do homem durante a experimentação de paisagens preservadas em ambientes urbanizados. A experimentação contribuiu para que os educandos compreendessem as relações entre o conteúdo apresentado em sala de aula e a aplicação na vida. Assim, foi possível despertar o senso crítico como sujeito ativo e não como espectador das transformações do meio natural que ocorrem no espaço que habita.
Construction of Ideological and Political Education in English Teacher Education Courses in Local Normal Universities: Objectives, Connotations, and Implementation Paths
Authors: Hong Juanjuan , Jiang Jing
Published: September 2024

The integration of ideological and political education into university curricula represents a new trend in holistic, comprehensive, and all-around education. The concept of “ideological and political education in English teacher education courses” embodies an interdisciplinary approach to curriculum reform. Grounded in the principle of fostering moral integrity, it aims to create high-quality courses by seamlessly integrating the transmission of knowledge and skills with the guidance of ideological values. This study explores the status quo, significance, and implementation pathways for integrating ideological and political education into English teacher education courses, providing valuable insights for future curricular development.
Case Analysis of Hypokalemia Induced by Irbesartan-Hydrochlorothiazide: A Case Study
Authors: Yang Wenyuan
Published: September 2024

Irbesartan-hydrochlorothiazide is a commonly used antihypertensive drug, but potential adverse reactions such as hypokalemia should not be overlooked. This study analyzes a case of hypokalemia induced by irbesartan-hydrochlorothiazide, exploring the drug’s association with hypokalemia and clinical treatment strategies. The patient experienced symptoms of muscle weakness and palpitations after taking irbesartan-hydrochlorothiazide and was diagnosed with hypokalemia through laboratory tests. Reviewing the patient’s medication history and disease progression, it was hypothesized that the drug’s potassium-wasting effect was the direct cause of the hypokalemia. After discontinuing the medication and initiating potassium supplementation, the patient’s potassium levels returned to normal, and symptoms significantly improved, further confirming the link between hypokalemia and the medication. This case suggests that clinicians should consider the risk of hypokalemia when treating hypertension, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease, the elderly, or those at risk for electrolyte disturbances. For patients who have already developed hypokalemia, potassium supplementation and adjustment of the treatment regimen are recommended to prevent further deterioration. Timely discontinuation of potential causative drugs is also advised. In summary, ensuring medication safety and preventing potential complications has significant clinical importance in recognizing and managing hypokalemia induced by irbesartan-hydrochlorothiazide. Future research should focus on optimizing treatment protocols and developing more effective strategies for preventing and managing related adverse reactions to improve patient quality of life.
Its Much More Than Just Teaching: University Faculty and Their Exposure to Student Trauma
Authors:   , Juarez Jesse
Published: September 2024

A university professorship is often thought of as a privileged position with little to no occupational risk. The obligations of such a figure are seen as lecturing to eager college students or conducting research that will enhance the knowledge base of scholarship. Due to the perceptions of such an advantaged role, we do not consider them to be at risk for vicarious trauma like first responders, the helping professions, or medical professionals. This qualitative study examines the experiences that university professors have when exposed to student trauma and how institutional practices perpetuate the emotional distress experienced by faculty. The holistic approach faculty often take when their students disclose a disturbing incident exposes them to symptoms of vicarious trauma. As such, university professors should be considered at risk of vicarious trauma.
The Impact of Lecture Involvement in the Mathematics Learning Process on Student Satisfaction
Authors: Aini Kuratul , Mahsup Mahsup , Mandailina Vera , Febriani Putri Ayu , Syaharuddin Syaharuddin
Published: September 2024

The main focus of this study revolves around the dimension of faculty involvement, encompassing direct interaction, support, and guidance within the context of mathematics instruction, vis-à-vis student satisfaction. This research adopts a quantitative approach employing a survey methodology aimed at exploring the impact of faculty involvement in the mathematics leraning process on student satisfaction levels. The respondents consist of 13 male and 31 female students. The research instrument utilized is a questionnaire comprising 10 questions, employing a Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree (score 1) to strongly agree (score 5). Indicators within the questionnaire cover various aspects such as the clarity of instructional materials, information related to recent developments in the field of mathematics, and support in overcoming learning difficulties. Data analysis for this research utilizes descriptive statistics and the student's t-test with the assistance of the JASP software. The criterion for drawing conclusions is if the Sig value < 0.05, then H0 is rejected, indicating a significant influence of lecturer involvement on student satisfaction. The results of the hypothesis test using the paired sample T-Test show a t-test value of 0.106 with a p-value of 0.917. The interpretation of the hypothesis test results supports the null hypothesis (H0), stating the absence of differences in the perceptions of male and female students regarding lecturer involvement in teaching mathematics and its impact on student satisfaction. With a high p-value of 0.917, indicating homogeneity in perceptions, further research is recommended to explore factors that may influence students' perceptions of lecturer involvement. The conclusion of this study is expected to provide in-depth insights into the relationship between lecturer involvement and student satisfaction, laying the groundwork for efforts to enhance the quality of mathematics education at the university level.
الأخطاء اللغوية لدى حملة الدكتوراه في مِنصات التواصل الاجتماعي: "تويتر أنموذجًا" - دراسة استقرائية تحليلية
Authors: الشيزاوي محمد بن صالح , الغافرية أزهار بنت سعيد , الغسيني زاهر بن بدر
Published: September 2024

يتناول البحث الأخطاء اللغوية لدى حملة الدكتوراه في مِنصات التواصل الاجتماعي "تويتر أنموذجًا"؛ لأنهم يمثلون صفوة المجتمع علميًا؛ ويحظون بمكانة مميزة بحملهم مؤهلًا علميًا كبيرًا، وهم قدوة لكثير من المتابعين الحريصين على معرفة نتاج أفكارهم العلمية ورؤاهم الثقافية. وينطلق البحث من إشكالية وجود خرق لقواعد اللغة العربية في "تويتر" عند فئة من حملة الدكتوراه، الذين هم أولى من غيرهم بمراعاتها والالتزام بها. اعتمد البحث المنهج الاستقرائي التحليلي، كما اعتمد على عينة عشوائية من التغريدات بلغ عددها (55 تغريدة) من حساباتٍ شخصيةٍ للفئة المستهدفة في تويتر، تحمل أسماءهم، وهم من جنسيات عربية مختلفة؛ وتخصصات علمية متعددة. وُنظّمتْ البيانات التي رصدها البحث بالتمثيل البياني والإحصائي؛ الذي يُشير إلى النسب المئوية المستخلصة بعد تحليل الأخطاء. توصَّل البحث إلى نتائج، منها: هيمنة الأخطاء الإملائية؛ إذ بلغت نسبتها 73%، أما الأخطاء النحوية والصرفية في القواعد الأساسية للغة العربية فقد بلغت نسبتها 27% من عينة البحث. وأوصى البحث بأهمية التوعية الإعلامية باللغة العربية في الواقع المعاصر، وإقامة الورش والندوات التي يمكن من خلالها طرح الأفكار التطبيقية، وتبادل الآراء والحوارات العلمية للتوظيف اللغوي السليم للغة العربية في مِنصات التواصل الاجتماعي.
تقييم محل إقامة المستهلك كضابط إسناد في عقود المستهلك ذات العنصر الأجنبي
Authors: الغانم بشائر صلاح عبد الله
Published: September 2024

تتناول الدراسة تقييم دور محل إقامة المستهلك في عقد المستهلك الإلكتروني ذي العنصر الأجنبي كضابط مقيد لقانون الإرادة، من خلال بيان مفهوم هذا العقد واتجاهات الفقه؛ لتقييد أو استبعاد قانون الإرادة. ومما يعطي هذه الدراسة أهميتها: أن الموضوع الذي تصدت له لم يحظ بالاهتمام أو الترحيب في تشريعات أغلب الدول العربية؛ كالقانون الكويتي، وهذا من العوامل التي دفعت إلى محاولة التوصّل إلى قوانين مقارنة، واكبت التطور الحديث، وسعت سعيًا جادًّا إلى سنّ قاعدة إسناد لحماية المستهلك في المعاملات التقليدية والمعاملات الإلكترونية ذات العنصر الأجنبي، على حد سواء.
اتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي المستند إلى المقارنة؛ ومن ثم توصلت إلى نتائج، أهمها: أن للإرادة دورًا في عقد المستهلك وتقييد تطبيقه بألا يحرم المستهلك من الأحكام الآمرة لدولة إقامته، بغض النظر عن جنسيته ومكان انعقاد العقد.
وتأكيدًا لمبدأ الأمان القانوني خلصت الدراسة إلى توصيات، أهمها: تعديل كل من نص المادة 22 من القانون البحريني، ونص المادة 6 من نظام روما، وذلك بأن يكون الإسناد لقانون الإرادة الصريح دون الإرادة الضمنية؛ إذ إنه في العقود الإلكترونية التي يكون المستهلك طرفًا فيها يصعب الوصول إلى القرائن الدالة على الإرادة الضمنية؛ ومن ثم يكون عمل القاضي أكثر تكلفًا.
الاهتمام التشريعي بحقوق المستهلكين، مُقاربة جديدة ضمن التشريعات الحديثة: التشريعان القطري والجزائري نموذجًا
Authors: بن حملة سامي
Published: September 2024

تعزيزًا لمكانة المستهلك في علاقاته التعاقدية وحماية لحقوقه في مواجهة المهنيين والمزودين، جاءت هذه الدراسة لتقف على مدى الاهتمام التشريعي الذي حظي به موضوع حقوق المستهلكين من قبل التشريعات الحديثة لا سيما بالنسبة للتشريعين: القطري والجزائري، طالما أن كلا الدولتين كرّستا نمط اقتصاد السوق، في الوقت الذي شكلت فيه فئة المستهلكين محور العلاقات السوقية لا سيما بالنسبة لكُبرى الشركات العالمية التي تسعى لخدمة مصالحها الاقتصادية على حساب حقوق المستهلكين، وهذا ما استدعى تدخل رجال القانون إلى جانب رجال الاقتصاد والسياسة للاهتمام بحقوق المستهلكين ضمن المنظومة القانونية الناظمة للحياة الاقتصادية الحديثة.
ولقد شكّل النص على حقوق المستهلكين ضمن تشريعات حماية المستهلك وحتى الدساتير حديثا مُقاربة جديدة في الحياة القانونية تتطلب الوقوف عندها بالبحث بالرغم من السبق والاهتمام الذي حظي به هذا الموضوع من قبل الفقه الإسلامي، وقد بُحِث هذا الموضوع وفق منهج استقرائي تحليلي ووصفي.
تحقيقًا لمُتطلبات الحماية التي تستلزمها حقوق المستهلكين، خلصت هذه الدراسة إلى ضرورة تكريس الاهتمام التشريعي بحقوق المستهلكين ضمن الدساتير باعتبارها الفئة الجديدة من الحقوق الأساسية إلى جانب النص عليها ضمن تشريعات حماية المستهلك بما يُسهم في منح الائتمان للمستهلك وحماية حقوقه في إطار علاقاته التعاقدية لا سيما تلك المتعلقة بمتطلبات ترقية معيشة المستهلكين وتعزيز الحماية العقدية وآلية الدعاوى الجماعية التي شكّلت مرتكزات المقاربة الجديدة التي تضّمنتها التشريعات الحديثة.
الإطار القانوني لمدير الظل في القانون الإنجليزي - دراسة تحليلية
Authors: الزميع فهد
Published: September 2024

يتناول البحث الإطار القانوني لمدير الظل، الذي يعد أحد المسائل القانونية المهمة المتأصلة في القانون الإنجليزي وعدد من القوانين المقارنة، وعلى الرغم من أهميتها لاتزال تلك المسألة غير منظمة في التشريعات العربية وغير دارجة بشكل كبير في الأدبيات العربية، وهو ما اقتضى استعراض مفهوم مدير الظل في القانون الإنجليزي والتطور التشريعي لهذا المفهوم، ومن ثم تناول تطبيق هذا المفهوم باستعراض شروط اكتساب صفة مدير الظل والحالات المستثناة منه في القانون الإنجليزي، مع استعراض للتبعات القانونية لمدير الظل في القانون الإنجليزي وفقًا لقانون شطب المديرين الإنجليزي لعام 1986، وقانون الشركات الإنجليزي لعام 2006.
يهدف البحث إلى تسليط الضوء على أوجه القصور في التشريعات العربية في معالجة إشكالية تنظيم مسؤوليات مدير الظل، على الرغم من أهميتها في معالجة المركز القانوني للأشخاص الذين يمارسون سيطرة غير مباشرة على الشركة.
اعتمد البحث المنهج التحليلي الوصفي مع التركيز على القانون الإنجليزي، بتناول الإطار القانوني المنظم لهذه المسألة في ظل القانون الإنجليزي مع الإشارة إلى القوانين المقارنة الأخرى ذات العلاقة.
توصل البحث إلى عدة نتائج، أبرزها: ضرورة تبني المشرعين في الدول العربية لهذه الفلسفة التشريعية كآلية لإقرار المسؤولية القانونية للأشخاص الذين يؤثرون أو يسيطرون على أعضاء مجلس الإدارة المعينون، وذلك للحد من تهربهم من مسؤولياتهم القانونية أو نقلهم لهذه المسؤولية لأعضاء مجلس الإدارة الرسميين.
التأمين الاجتماعي على الموظف الدولي في القانون الدولي الإداري والنظام الوطني لكل من دولة الكويت والمملكة العربية السعودية
Authors: الحربي اليمامة خضير
Published: September 2024

الأهداف: تبحث هذه الدراسة إشكاليةَ تحديد النظام التأميني واجب التطبيق على من يلتحق من المواطنين بالعمل في دولة جنسيته لدى هيئة دولية تتمتع بمزايا وإعفاءات وفقًا لأحكام القانون الدولي العام، فهل تمتد الإعفاءات المقررة للهيئة الدولية لتشمل إعفاءها من تسجيل العاملين لديها بنظام التأمين الاجتماعي الداخلي لدولة المقر؟ إن تحديد موقف المشرع من هذه الإشكالية يحتاج من الباحث أن يدرس أحكام القانون على أكثر من مستوى بالرجوع للأحكام المتعلقة بمركز "الموظف الدولي" من القانون الدولي الإداري والنظام الخاص بالتأمينات الاجتماعية لدولة الكويت والمملكة العربية السعودية.
المنهج: يَتبع منهجا تحليليا تأصيليا مقارنا عبر حقلين معرفيين هما: قانون التأمينات الاجتماعية باعتباره محور الدراسة الرئيس والقانون الدولي الإداري باعتباره الفرع المكمل للبحث، وضمن القوانين الداخلية تتم المقارنة بين القانون الكويتي والنظام المعمول به في المملكة العربية السعودية.
النتائج: قواعد القانون الدولي الإداري تتفق مع أحكام نظام التأمينات الاجتماعية لكلٍ من دولة الكويت والمملكة العربية السعودية في خضوع الموظف الدولي للتأمين الاجتماعي خضوعًا إلزاميًا باعتباره الأصل العام أما الإعفاء من الخضوع فيتطلب استثناءً صريحًا من القانون، لكن يسود الالتباس في فهم القانون لأسبابٍ عملية أكثر منها قانونية.
الخاتمة: حلول المعالجة يجب أن تأتي من داخل جهة التنفيذ بالأساليب الإدارية لإزالة الغموض السائد التزامًا بالأصل العام.
Regulation of Treasury Shares in Kuwaiti Law: A Comparative Study
Authors: Altamimi Yousef Muhammad
Published: September 2024

Treasury shares have a significant role in companies and capital markets’ regulations. As a result, it gained the attention of legislators and legal scholars. This paper examines the regulatory rules regarding treasury shares in Kuwaiti law, its philosophy, and practicality. The paper adopts a comparative, analytical approach addressing the historical evolution of treasury shares and comparing related regulations and legal provisions in many jurisdictions. With comparative law at hand, this paper aims to thoroughly examine the concept of treasure shares and their legal nature, their characteristics, buy-back procedures, treasury shares’ relation with the company’s capital structure, and ultimately, the uses of treasury shares. By analyzing Law No. 7 of 2010 Regarding the Establishment of the Capital Markets Authority and Regulating Securities Activities and Law No. 1 of 2016 Regarding Companies Law and by incorporating comparative law such as Swiss, German, Swedish, Danish and other laws, this study demonstrates different matters related to treasury shares that are not yet regulated in Kuwait. The research assesses the legal provisions governing treasury shares, addressing matters such as shareholder rights, voting power, and market manipulation concerns. It argues for regulatory reform to further enhance the provisions governing treasury shares. As a result of the analysis given, recommendations are provided to enhance the regulatory framework in Kuwait.
MECHANISMS OF CELLULAR PROTECTION AGAINST NANOMATERIALS
Authors: Morozova O.V.
Published: September 2024

Introduction. Entry of inorganic and organic nanomaterials through respiratory tract, skin and digestive system increases the risks of immunological disorders, hereditary and oncological diseases. Localization and stability of nanoparticles are determined by the mechanisms of inter- and intracellular vesicular transport. The aim. Study of cellular uptake, targeted intracellular delivery, degradation and secretion of nanomaterials on the base of mechanisms of vesicular transport, unspecific innate resistance and adaptive immune response. Results. Physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials determine their high reactivity and economy, penetration into organisms through all protective barriers and in any cells by means of endocytosis, macropinocytosis and phagocytosis. Concerns related to nanotechnology development include risks of: 1) cytotoxicity of nanomaterials, products of their cellular metabolism and delivered materials in nanocarriers; 2) immunological disorders resulted from immune status disbalance, chronic inflammation, allergic and autoimmune complications. Endocytosis and phagocytosis of nanomaterials cause destruction of foreign substances in lysosomes and secretion of free nanoparticles, extracellular vesicules and lysosomes containing nanoparticles. For intercellular exchange tunneling nanotubes are formed. Neutrophil extracellular traps provide barrier functions and deposition. Protection of organisms includes phagocytosis of nanomaterials, their detoxication in liver and spleen with subsequent excretion, and unspecific innate resistance with cytokine gene expression. Conclusion. Natural mechanisms of cellular protection are based on nanoparticle degradation in lysosomes, secretion of foreign materials in free form, as part of extracellular vesicles or lysosomes, formation of tunneling nanotubes and neutrophil extracellular traps. Besides, antigen presentation causes cytokine gene expression resulting in protective reactions of organism
VDAC1-DEPENDENT MITOCHONDRIAL EFFECTS OF COMPOUNDS CONTAINING THE 4-HYDROXY-3,5-DI-TRETBUTYL PHENYL SUBSTITUENT IN EXPERIMENTAL FOCAL CEREBRAL ISCHAEMIA
Authors: Pozdnyakov D.I.
Published: September 2024

Introduction. Ischemic stroke is one of the most common causes of mortality and primary disability. The treatment of ischemic stroke, especially its complications, includes neuroprotective agents among which correctors of mitochondrial dysfunction stand out. Aim of the study. To evaluate VDAC1-dependent mitochondrial effects of compounds containing 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tretbutyl phenyl substituent in experimental brain ischemia. Material and methods. Brain ischemia was modeled in Wistar rats by irreversible thermocoagulation of middle cerebral artery. After ischemia modeling, the tested compounds (7 objects) and reference drug ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate were administered orally (once in day) for 72 hours. After that time, the changes in concentration of ATP, apoptosis-inducing factor, caspase-3, mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide and VDAC1 in brain tissue were assessed in animals. Results. In a study, were shown that the administration of studied compounds in animals with focal ischemia increased the ATP concentration while decreasing the content of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide and the activity of caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis reactions. There was also found a decrease of VDAC1 concentration in animals treated with the analyzed compounds, which correlated with the changes of ATP concentration (r=0,89714), apoptosis-inducing factor (r=0,92367) and mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (r=0,87629). Conclusion. It was concluded that mitochondrial effects of compounds containing 4-hydroxy-3,5-ditrebutyl phenyl which manifested as decreased generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, decreased intensity of reactions of internal apoptosis pathway and increased ATP concentration, were connected with the effect of these compounds on VDAC1 channel activity.
TINJAUAN ISLAMIC SERVANT-LEADERSHIP PADA SISTEM KEPEMIMPINAN PEMPROV DKI JAKARTA DALAM MENANGANI PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Bella Firsty Izzata
Published: September 2024

This study aims to deepen the treasures of Islam and explore the history of Islam in its heyday in terms of leadership and to review how the concept of Islamic Servant-Leadership is implemented as a leadership style by the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government in dealing with Covid-19. The qualitative-descriptive research method is used through content analysis to organize and derive meaning from the data collected and to draw realistic conclusions. By using the ten characteristics of Islamic Servant Leadership, it was found that the leadership practiced by the Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta has met the qualifications to be declared a Servant-Leader or implement ServantLeadership while handling the Covid-19 pandemic
KEABSAHAN PEMILIHAN KEPALA DESA DALAM SISTEM OTONOMI DAERAH
Authors: Patah Anugrah , Rahawarin Ahmad Rifai , Ariyanto Ariyanto , Maryani Desy
Published: September 2024

This article study is to understand and analyze the validity of village head elections in the regional autonomy system through a juridical descriptive method with a conceptual approach and a statutory approach. That the validity of the village head election is, (a). the validity of the village head candidate; (b). the validity of the organizers; (c). voter validity; (d). the validity of the pilkades stages; and (e). valid vote. And according to the decision of the State Administration, namely the validity of village head elections must be in accordance with statutory regulations and general principles of good governance, so that the validity of village head elections will become legal in accordance with the principle of legality. If there is a claim from one of the parties
ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN MUTASI ASN PASCA PILKADA BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 10 TAHUN 2016 PERSPEKTIF FIQH SIYASAH
Authors: Ipandang Ipandang , Zaini Mizlu , Irayanti Irma , Kamaruddin Kamaruddin , Ar-Razak Aris Nur Qadar
Published: September 2024

Mutations for the State Civil Apparatus are commonplace in an organization or government agency. However, the mutation policy that was carried out after the Pilkada in Muna Regency was considered a technical, administrative and political phenomenon. The aims of this study are (1) to identify the mechanism for post-election mutations in Muna Regency; (2) Identifying the legal implications of the ASN mutation policy after the Regional Head Election in the Muna Regency government based on Article 72 paragraph (2) of Law number 10 of 2016 (3) Identifying Fiqh Siyasah's views regarding the ASN Mutation Policy after the Regional Head Election in Regional Government Muna District. The results of this study indicate that (1) In practice, the mutations carried out after the Regional Head Election are based on the needs of employees in a State Civil Apparatus employee office, this is done for the distribution of State Civil Apparatus Employees evenly and fairly; (2) Implementation of mutations according to the law, mutations are carried out on functional officials while what is meant in Article 72 of Law number 10 of 2016 are structural officials and functional officials who get additional tasks; (3 Mutation policy in Fiqh Siyasah can be done and occurred during the time of the Prophet Muhammad until the Caliphate of Umar Bin AlKhattab.