bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential in vitro anti-periodontopathogenic, anti-Chikungunya activities and in vivo toxicity of Brazilian Red Propolis
Authors: Silva Nagela Bernadelli Sousa , Souza Jonathan Henrique , Santiago Mariana Brentini , Aguiar Jhennyfer Rodrigues Silva , Martins Daniel Oliveira Silva , Silva Rafael Alves , Santos Igor Andrade , Jardim Ana Carolina Gomes , Pedroso Reginaldo Santos , Ambrósio Sergio Ricardo , Veneziani Rodrigo Cassio Sola , Bastos Jairo Kenupp , Pires Regina Helena , Martins Carlos Henrique Gomes
Published: August 2022

Bacterial and viral infections are serious public health issue. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, antibiofilm and antiviral potential of the Brazilian Red Propolis (BRP) crude hydroalcoholic extract, fractions, and isolated compounds, as well as their in vivo toxicity. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the antibiofilm activity by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Biofilm (MICB50). The viable bacteria count (Log10 UFC/mL) was also obtained. The antiviral assays were performed by infecting BHK-21 cells with Chikungunya (CHIKV) nanoluc. The toxicity of the BRP was evaluated in the Caenorhabditis elegans animal model. The antibacterial assays provided MIC values ranging from 1.56 to > 400 µg/mL for the BRP crude hydroalcoholic extract, fractions, and isolated compounds. The BRP crude hydroalcoholic extract, oblongifolin B, and gutiferone E presented MICB50 values ranging from 1.56 to 100 μg/mL against monospecies and multispecies biofilms. Neovestitol and vestitol inhibited CHIKV infection by 93.5 and 96.7%, respectively. The tests to evaluate toxicity in C. elegans demonstrated that the BRP was not toxic below the concentrations 750 μg/mL. The results constitute an initial step for further studies of BRP as an alternative approach for treating various infectious diseases.
Detection of Genetic Markers Involved in Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma to Lymph Nodes
Authors: Aridi Tarek , El-Kurdi Abdullah , Khoueiry Pierre , Fakhruddin Najla , Mahfouz Rami , Zaatari Ghazi
Published: August 2022

Background
Locoregional lymph node metastasis represents the first step of metastasis in colorectal carcinomas (CRC). Identifying genetic mutations that may promote metastasis will help optimize the treatment of patients at risk of lymph node metastasis.
Method
Out of 43 identified consented cases of CRCs with and without corresponding metastasis to lymph nodes; 5 cases of CRC with lymph node metastasis were retrieved and matched with another 5 cases of CRC with negative lymph node metastasis. Whole exome sequencing was performed on the primary CRC and their corresponding lymph node metastasis; their genetic profile was compared to the whole-genome sequence of glioblastoma multiforme.
Results
115 variant mutations affecting 110 genes were identified. Focusing on variants with significant biological consequences, 31 of these variant mutations affecting 31 genes with putative role in CRC metastasis were selected. These variants are annotated as missense, splice site or “in frame deletion”.
Conclusion
The identified mutations may be further evaluated clinically as cancer markers for patients at risk for lymph node metastasis.
Macrophytes and water quality in a large Baltic lagoon: relevance, development and management perspectives
Authors: Schernewski Gerald , Friedland Rene , Paysen Simon , Bucas Martynas , Dahlke Sven , Weber Mario
Published: August 2022

We combine historical and recent monitoring data with modeling to get a better insight into water quality development of the large Oder/Szczecin Lagoon and especially the role of macrophytes. Data indicates that the system is eutrophic for centuries and a naturally eutrophic system. During the last decades, external nutrient loads decreased but keep the system in a eutrophic state. The systems primary production is limited by light and nitrogen and cannot be sufficiently managed by external nutrient load reductions. We consider 36% macrophyte coverage of the lagoon area as potential historical maximum. Despite its shallowness the lagoon was never a macrophyte dominated, clear water system. About 31% of the lagoon area would be covered by macrophytes in a good ecological status according to the Water Framework Directive. However, the existing water transparency targets seem too ambitious and not realistic. Changes in macrophyte coverage on water quality are restricted to near shore areas and hardly affect the open lagoon. Existing models require an improved representation of water transparency and effects on macrophyte colonization depth. Presently the patchy macrophyte coverage is only about 12% of the lagoon area. This low coverage and a relatively poor species composition results in a non-satisfactory state classification. However, ecologically valuable angiosperms and charophytes seem to recover. A strict avoidance of mechanical disturbances could be a measure to support macrophyte re-colonization. A systematic improvement of piscivorous fish stocks may be a supporting measure to reduce eutrophication.
A Mathematical Model of Japanese Encephalitis Transmission with Saturated Incidence and Treatment Function
Authors: Goswami Naba Kumar , Hussain Jamal
Published: August 2022

The manuscript analyzes a deterministic compartmental mathematical model for the dynamics of the transmission of Japanese encephalitis with saturated incidence rate and saturated treatment function. For regions with limited resources, the incorporation of the saturation therapy function is ideal. We add the logistic differential equation to the model along with the pig carrying capacity and assume that the pig population is infected and growing logistically in the environment. The model’s different equilibria are thoroughly studied and analysed for their stability. The model’s basic reproduction number, R0, is computed. The model shows the occurrence of backward bifurcation for R0 less than one, suggesting that when R0 less than one is not entirely sufficient for eradicate the disease for the population. The basic reproduction number’s key parameters’ sensitivity analysis is presented. The basic reproduction number R0 can change significantly with even a minor modification in any of these crucial parameters. Using real data, we used curve fitting through using least squares method, contour plots, and box plots to show the number of infected patients in two different Indian states. In order to support our analytical findings, numerical simulation is shown.
Access to science for junior doctors and neurologists in French-speaking countries: challenges and future perspectives
Authors: Ali Leila , Lanore Aymeric , Mamadou Zakaria , Lemahafaka Glorien , Touma Lahoud , Ibrahim Michella , Piat Capucine , Bila Eric Gueumekane , Accorroni Alice , Mhanna Elsa , Chouiten Abdelkader , Balcerac Alexander
Published: August 2022

Background and objectives:Science education developed historically from experimentation science to model theories of cognition. Digitization in medical science brought about new challenges of access to science for education and publishing. The aims of our study are to describe the differences in access to science and scientific publications for junior doctors and neurologists in French-speaking countries, and to identify difficulties and their association with demographic, workplace, social and personal factors.Methods:We performed a thirty-nine-question-survey to define access to science from two major perspectives, scientific education, and scientific publishing. We explored scientific education through demographic data and scientific resources (institutional, online, personal), and evaluated scientific publishing of thesis and articles according to demographic data, number of publications, and difficulties with publishing.Results:Our study identified personal and environmental factors interfering with scientific access, some of which are attributed to junior doctors and neurologists in French-speaking countries as age, gender, ethnicity, income and work and life-balance. A heavier load was observed for African scientists. The main scientific resources used for medical education were Journals 82,9%, Congresses 79,4%, and Sci-Hub 74,5%. Junior scientists are facing major difficulties in writing in science due to linguistic (56,5%), financial (64,7%), scientific (55,3%), and logistic (65,3%) factors.Conclusions:This paper suggests that ethnicity, age, gender, and work-life balance can all impact access to science at different levels. The challenge now is to create digital platforms that modernize medical education and help build bridges for research within diverse scientific communities.
Optical vortex induced spatio-temporally modulated superconductivity in a high-Tc cuprate
Authors: Toda Yasunori , Tsuchiya Satoshi , Yamane Keisaku , Morita Ryuji , Oda Migaku , Kurosawa Tohru , Mertelj Tomaz , Mihailovic Dragan
Published: August 2022

In recent years, novel photoinduced phase transitions using structured pulse beams have been proposed to explore new collectively ordered electronic states and their functionalities inaccessible by conventional laser beams. The spatial mismatch between the electron system and the optical field have limited the experimental realization of spatially controllable photoinduced phase transitions. In this study, we experimentally realized a spatially modulated photoinduced superconducting (SC) state in a cuprate superconductor using optical vortex (OV) ultrafast pulses. Because the SC quenching is instantaneously driven by photoexcited quasiparticles, the OV beam profile can be transferred to the electron system without spatial matching constraints. The measurements were carried out using three-pulse time-resolved spectroscopy, in which an intense OV pulse was used for coherent quenching of superconductivity and its time evolution was observed by the pump-probe spectroscopy. The transient response after quenching by the ring-shaped OV pulse shows a spatially localized SC that remains unquenched at the dark core of the OV for a few picoseconds. We also demonstrate that OV-induced localized SC can improve the spatial resolution of transient SC imaging by a principle that is similar to that of super-resolution microscopy. The demonstration of spatially controlled photoinduced phase transitions is significant for establishing a new method for exploring novel solid-state physics and device applications.
Extended Eddystone-TLM Frame for Sensor Data Broadcasting in the IoT
Authors: Padiya Sagar Damodar , Gulhane Vijay S.
Published: August 2022

In an IoT system, various wireless communication technologies are used to connect devices but most have limited capabilities, due to these lightweight protocols being required to reduce resources and energy consumption. The optimized data transmission improves the sensor performance and network bandwidth utilization. According to the comparative analysis of wireless technologies, Bluetooth Low-Energy-based Beacon has proved as the most promising technology for short-range wireless communications. Beacon devices periodically broadcast certain data packets to notify their presence or share short messages. Google’s Eddystone is a protocol for proximity beacon messages with four different frames that may be used individually or in combinations. The Eddystone-TLM frame is useful to transmit telemetry data of 14 bytes to the administrators and have 6 bytes NOT USED field. This research defined an extended Eddystone-TLM frame for sensor data broadcasting (6 Bytes) without affecting the regular operation.
Characterization of Heterorhabditis indica (Nematoda: Rhabditida) and their efficacy against insect pests by using regression probit analysis model: Implication on biological control of pest management
Authors: Bhargava Suman , Sharma Himani , Chaubey Ashok Kumar
Published: August 2022

The potential of Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) under laboratory conditions against insect pests has been known worldwide. In the present investigation, the isolates were recovered from the Indian soils and the susceptibility of Galleria mellonella and Spodoptera litura to the infection of EPN was examined. Among all the collected 360 soil samples, four soil samples were found to be positive for the EPN strains and docketed as CH22, CH23, CH25 and CH26.The isolated strains were identified as Heterorhabditis indica based on the morphology, morphometry and phylogenetic analysis. Only one species of Heterorhabditis has been recovered from the Indian soils which could be inferred as one of the dominant species of EPN in Uttar Pradesh, India. The principal component analysis (PCA) values showed large intraspecific differences between the isolated strains and interspecific differences between the species of the Indica group. The laboratory bioassays against the G.mellonella and S.litura revealed the highest virulent strain in CH23 and the least virulence were observed in CH26. The median lethal concentration of CH23 isolate obtained from the bioassays showed high virulence against G. mellonella (LC50 =22.688) and S. litura (LC50 =76.454) within 36 hrs. The CH23 and CH26 isolates showed a positive correlation between the dose and % mortality against both pests.The CH23 strain of H. indica showed high virulence and can be exploited as a new bio-control agent against the insect pest in the integrated pest management programmes (IPM).
An Advanced Twin Support Vector Machine Algorithm for Gene Splicing Sites Prediction
Authors: Zhang Fuquan , Wang Yiou , Mei Peng , Liu Laiyang , Xia Yong
Published: August 2022

Gene splicing sites prediction is of great significance, not only for the large-scale and high-quality computational annotation of genomes, but also for the analysis and prediction of the gene sequences evolutionary process. It is helpful to promote the development of smart healthcare. Traditional Twin Support Vector Machines (TWSVM) algorithm has advantages in solving small-sample, nonlinear and high-dimensional problems, but it cannot deal with parameter selection well. Therefore, a Particle Swarm Optimization Twin Support Vector Machines (PSO-TWSVM) algorithm for gene splicing sites prediction was proposed in this paper. In order to avoid the blindness of parameter selection, particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to find the optimal parameters of twin support vector machines. The proposed algorithm was compared with traditional TWSVM algorithm and Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) algorithm. The comparison results show that the positive sample prediction rate, negative sample prediction rate and correlation coefficient (CC) of the proposed algorithm are the best among the three different support vector machines. The proposed algorithm effectively improves the prediction rate and the accuracy of splice sites. The comparison experiments verify the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.
Passive sampling and passive dosing: novel approaches for the holistic assessment of marine sediment contamination by hydrophobic organic pollutants
Authors:   , Kreutzer Anne
Published: August 2022

The intensive use of the North Sea area through offshore activities, sand mining, and the spreading of dredged material is leading to increasing pollution of the ecosystem by chemicals such as hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs). Due to their toxicological properties and their ability to accumulate in the environment, HOCs are of particular concern. The contaminants partition between aqueous (pore water, overlying water) and solid phases (sediment, suspended particulate matter, and biota) within these systems. The accumulated contaminants in the sediment are of major concern for benthic organisms, who are in close contact with sediment and interstitial water. It is thus particularly important to better understand how contaminants interact with biota, as these animals may contribute to trophic transfer through the food web. Furthermore, sediments are a crucial factor for the water quality of aquatic systems. They not only represent a sink for contaminants but also determine environmental fate, bioavailability, and toxicity. The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) was introduced to protect our marine environment across Europe and includes the assessment of pollutant concentrations in the total sediment, which, however, rarely reflects the actual exposure situation. The consideration of the pollutant concentrations in the pore water is not implemented, although this is needed for the evaluation of bioavailability and risk assessment. For this reason, special attention is given to further development, implementation, and validation of pollutant monitoring methods that can determine the bioavailable fraction in sediment pore water. For risk assessment purposes, it is furthermore important to use biological indicators in addition to classical analytics to determine the effect of pollutants on organisms. The main objective of this thesis was to gain insight into the pollution load and the potential risk of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) in the sediment of the North Sea and to evaluate these results with regard to possible risks for benthic organisms and the ecosystem. The following five aims are covered within these studies to gain a holistic assessment of sediment contamination: 1. Assessment of the pore water concentrations of PAHs and PCBs 2. Determination of the bioturbation potential by macrofauna analysis 3. Application of the SPME method on biological tissue 4. Assessment of recreated environmental mixtures in passive dosing bioassays 5. Development of SPME method for DDT in sediments The thesis is comprised of three main studies supported by three additional studies ...
Studies of Air - Layering Pecans: Effect of Date of Propagation, Wounding, and Indol-3-Butyric Acid on Rooting of Air-Layered Pecan Terminals, Carya Illinoensis
Authors: Stuart Koch Cv. , Pokorny F. A. , Sparks Darrell
Published: August 2022

Commercially, pecan cultivars are grafted onto seedling rootstocks, resulting in considerable variability in the scion cultivar. Mature trees vary greatly in size and nut yields. Significant differences occur in the mineral content of leaves from individual trees receiving equal amounts of fertilizer (4). Such variability makes it difficult to conduct meaningful nutritional studies.
Mineral Composition of Turfgrasses
Authors: Butler J. D. , Hodges T. K.
Published: August 2022

The mineral composition of grasses commonly used for turf has received little study. This is especially so for the micronutrient elements. Some data are available for grasses grown under pasture conditions (7), however, most of these grasses and their method of culture are quite different from turfgrasses. The paucity of information on turfgrasses prompted this survey of the mineral composition of several grasses commonly used for ornamental purposes. The grasses studied were grown in the field under a maintenance program typical of that used for turfgrasses. The results should be of value for future comparisons where nutrient toxicities, deficiencies or imbalances are suspected.
Stereoscan Electron Microscope1: A Useful Tool for Studying Plant Tissues2
Authors: Simons Roy K.
Published: August 2022

Evaluation of plant tissues with anatomical diversity has been a long, tedious process by the conventional methods for anatomical research. Severe treatment by chemicals and heat often destroy or distort the specimen to a point where it is rendered useless. Size and number of specimens to be evaluated has also been a limiting factor for processing in anatomical studies
A Procedure for the Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Evolution from Individual Fruits over Brief Time Intervals12
Authors: Scott L. E.
Published: August 2022

A procedure is given for measurement of carbon dioxide evolution from individual fruits during brief time intervals, by utilizing the change in optical density of a bromthymol blue-sodium bicarbonate solution exposed to varying CO2 atmospheres. The method permits the accurate estimation of CO2 evolution during a five-minute period from a single 100 g fruit respiring at the rate of less than 5 ml CO2/kg/hr. Although the system is “static,” build-up of CO2 concentrations surrounding the respiring fruit held to less than 1%.
Quantitative Gas Chromatography of Sugars and Related Polyhydroxy Compounds in Horticultural Crops
Authors: Williams Max W. , Martin George C.
Published: August 2022

The determination of sugars and sugar alcohols in horticultural crops is time-consuming and often difficult because of interfering substances. The quantitative deteimination of the individual sugars in a sample has until recently been very difficult. The work of Sweeley and co-workers (2), on the formation and subsequent gas chromatography of trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives of carbohydrates and related polyhydroxy compounds, has made it possible to determine individual sugars quantitatively.
Drop of Maturing Apples Associated with Bird Feeding1
Authors: Mitterling Lloyd A. , Lucas Joseph J.
Published: August 2022

Further studies of bird damage on apples indicate that fruit dropping as a result of bird activities may be a greater economic loss than feeding damage. Since feeding wounds are caused during the fruit maturation period, the amount of dropped fruit resulting is directly related to two independent factors; first, the inherent ability of the variety to retain its fruit and second, the stage of fruit maturation when damage occurs.
Light in Relation to Seed Germination of Blueberries, Strawberries, and Rubus
Authors: Scott D. H. , Draper A. D.
Published: August 2022

Irregular germination and delayed emergence of blueberry, strawberry, blackberry and raspberry seedlings have been noted by various investigators. Seed treatments such as afterripening (1) and acid scarification of strawberry seed (2) improved rapidity of germination, but neither treatment fully overcame the delay in seed germination. In a study with blueberry seed, after-ripening did not improve germination (2). Sporadic germination and delayed emergence of seedlings complicates a breeding program when uniform size of seedlings is desired.
An Abnormal Periderm Character in Carrots1
Authors: Harney Patricia M. , Lal Amrit , Dickson M. H.
Published: August 2022

This study was initiated to determine the mode of inheritance of matte skin, an abnormal root periderm characteristic in inbred lines of the Nantes type carrot. This characteristic was observed during a breeding program at the Ontario Agricultural College (1). Although no conclusive genetic information was obtained, certain anatomical and physiological aspects of the anomaly were ascertained.
A Rapid Method for Preparation of Plant Material for Paraffin Embedding1
Authors: Halfacre R. G. , Walton A. M. , Osborne J. C.
Published: August 2022

The standard method of preparing plant material by hand for histological study takes several days (1,2). A procedure is described herein which reduces processing time to 17 hours or less and provides tissues which are completely dehydrated and infiltrated. Up to 100 samples can be prepared within this time period. The method requires a minimum expenditure of time without sacrificing cytological detail.
A Study of the Relationship Between Climate and Apple Fruit Growth
Authors: Blanpied G. D. , O’Kennedy N. D.
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of climate on the growth of apple fruits in Ireland. To reduce the limitations of a one year study, fruit growth measurements were made of several apple varieties grown under variable conditions of location, soil type, planting and training system, rootstock, nutritional level, tree age and crop load. Under these variable conditions, similar changes in fruit growth rate would likely be caused by some facet(s) of climate.
The Effects of Maleic Hydrazide on Caffeine, Tannin, DNA, and RNA Content in Tea, Camellia sinensis1
Authors: Biswas P. K. , Hall Oscar , Mayberry B. D.
Published: August 2022

Maleic hydrazide (MH) is known to affect physiological and morphological responses in various plant species including tea. The role of caffeine, tannin, DNA, and RNA in various species of plants has been the subject of scientific investigation for many years. To date, this subject still has need of continued research in order to draw conclusions as to the relationship of caffeine and tannin to the taste, quality, and flavor of beverages (tea).
Tomato Seedling Damage Inflicted By Tobacco Flea Beetle Larvae
Authors: Stoner A. K. , Gentile A. G.
Published: August 2022

The trend towards total mechanization of the production of processing tomatoes is creating many new problems. This paper describes one which may become very important as the practice of direct seeding in the field partly replaces the use of transplants.
Responses of Butternut Squash to N-Dimethyl Amino Succinamic Acid1
Authors: Hopp R. J. , Rochester Haydon
Published: August 2022

Greenhouse studies of the effect of N-dimethyl amino succinamic acid on the early growth stages of Butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata Poir.) were followed in 1965 by a replicated field trial in which the plants could by grown to maturity. In addition to controls the treatments in the field consisted of 1000 and 5000 ppm N-dimethyl amino succinamic acid used in the form of Alar3, a 50% wettable powder formulation. The first application was made when all plants had at least one true leaf (June 22); a second application was made about six weeks later (August 6). Alar was applied as a fine mist spray to runoff point; Triton X-100 was added as a spreader. Growth measurements were taken at weekly intervals until 11 weeks after the initial treatment. Some of the effects of the Alar treatments compared to the controls are summarized in Table 1.
Effect of Attapulgus Clay, Media, and Season on the Growth of Turnips1
Authors: del Valle C. G. , Worley R. E. , Harmon S. A. , Valli V. J.
Published: August 2022

A pot study using Tifton loamy sand and quartz sand determined the effect of Attapulgus Clay (AC) on the growth of turnips as a soil amendment.

Applications of AC increased the growth of all parts of the turnip plant. Yield of edible roots and leaves was significantly higher than the check when the soil and sand medium contained 1% AC. A concentration of 5% AC was required for significant increases in fibrous root yield. Leaf growth and dry matter percentage in the edible root was .87 g/pot and 1.46 percentage points higher, respectively, in the soil than in the sand media. Conversely, fibrous root growth was .47 g/pot higher in the sand than in the soil media. In the spring edible root and leaf growth were 6.97 and 6.48 g/pot, respectively, higher than in the fall for a 60-day growth period.
Use of Liquid Foam to Prevent Freeze Injury tO Strawberry Blossoms
Authors: Eggert Dean A.
Published: August 2022

Freezing air temperatures occurring during strawberry blossom time frequently result in complete or partial crop failure. In Indiana there is nearly a 50% probability that such temperatures will occur during the strawberry bloom period. The current practices of using a straw mulch or sprinkler irrigation to prevent blossom freezing are limited by unavailability of material or labor, excessive expense, and frequent failure to provide adequate crop protection.
The Effect of N-dimenthyl Amino Succinamic Acid (ALAR) on Size, Shape and Maturity of Delicious Apples1
Authors: Sullivan D. T.
Published: August 2022

The growth retardant N-dimethyl amino succinamic acid (Alar) has been reported to retard fruit tree growth and induce repeat bloom (1,3). It increases surface color and firmness of apples, decreases their size and susceptibility to scald, and slightly decreases their soluble solids content (1,5). Recently Alar has been reported to reduce water core and pre-harvest drop (2). Some of these effects are suggestive of delayed maturity while others are not. The study reported here was conducted to determine the effects of Alar on fruit maturity of Delicious apples when applied two weeks after full bloom.
Vegetative Propagation of Asparagus Through Tissue Culture
Authors: Takatori Frank H. , Murashige Toshio , Stillman James I.
Published: August 2022

Asparagus, a cross-pollinated dioecious crop, is generally propagated through seeds, and extreme variation in yielding ability of individuals in a variety is common. Consequently, the use of small plot technique for field investigations has been virtually inapplicable.
Introduction
Authors: Geyer R. E.
Published: August 2022

For years, accreditation has been a prominent force in shaping higher education programs in certain professional areas. There has been continuing discussion about the merits — and failings — of accreditation
What Accreditation Has Meant to Forestry
Authors: Burns Paul Y.
Published: August 2022

Professional instruction in forestry originated in America in 1898. Two years later the Society of American Foresters (SAF) was formed, the first and only national organization concerned with forestry as a profession. The 16,000 members of the SAF have a strong tradition of service to the public, which is characteristic of a true profession.
The Effect of Direct Seeding and Late-Spring Planting on Yield of Kale in Georgia12
Authors: Tereshkovich George
Published: August 2022

Although kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala, Linn.) is considered a minor crop in Georgia, several processors have indicated considerable interest in the yield of this crop in recent years. Kale, like the other green leafy vegetables, has a high content of Vitamin A and contains appreciable amounts of thiamine and ascorbic acid (2).
Use of Heat Units to Predict Dates for Once-Over Tomato Harvest
Authors: Austin M. E.
Published: August 2022

The use of degree-day accumulations showed little advantage over calendar days when the ease of calculation for calendar days was considered. Calendar day measurements appeared to be more practical and more reliable than degree days. However, when calendar days from transplanting were compared to calendar days from the date that the stem stopped enlarging, it was found that the latter criterion was more reliable for estimating the time when the earliest maximum yield occurred. In fact, it was the most reliable criterion of many that were studied (1). Similar results were reported by Vollbrecht (5), however he stated that a more practical method is still needed to predict optimum harvest periods.
N,N’-Dinitroethylenediamine Retards Growth of Red Cedar and American Arborvitae
Authors: Sucoff Edward I.
Published: August 2022

As part of the continuing search for chemicals which stimulate or retard growth of tree species, the growth regulator N, N’-dinitroethylenediamine (EDNA)2 was applied to red cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) and to American arborvitae (Thuja Occidentalis L.). Holmsen3 reported that low amounts of EDNA stimulated a broad spectrum of growth increases in many herbaceous plants, including height growth in bean, leaf area in cabbage, dry weight in a rye-grass-clover mixture and protein content in wheat. He also reported that high amounts inhibited height growth of tobacco.
Procedure for Determining Intercellular Space of Roots and Specific Gravity of Sweetpotato Root Tissue1
Authors: Kushman L. J. , Pope D. T.
Published: August 2022

Recent studies showed that at harvest sweetpotato storage roots contain as much as 10 milliliters of intercellular space per 100 milliliters of root; during storage intercellular space increases to the extent that it becomes visible and is classified as pithiness or internal breakdown (1). A preliminary report shows that by accounting for the intercellular space tissue specific gravity values can be computed and correlated with drymatter content in much the same manner as for Irish potatoes (2). At harvest intercellular space for each of four varieties was relatively constant for a given variety and differed significantly among varieties (4).
Ecological Aspects of the Cultivated Cucurbita1
Authors: Whitaker Thomas W.
Published: August 2022

This report is concerned with the uses, geographic distribution, and some specific ecological aspects of a group of crops with such common names as squash, pumpkins, gourds, cymlings, marrows, and cushaws. Taxonomically these crops all fall within the genus Cucurbita, and of course are in the family Cucurbitaceae. The Cucurbitaceae is essentially a tropical family. Comparatively few species are endemic to temperate areas and none are frost hardy. Surprisingly, some of the cultivated species of this family appear to be better adapted to temperate areas than to the areas in which they are presumably endemic.
Chemical Regulators in Horticulture
Authors: Wittwer S. H.
Published: August 2022

A brief review of a number of growth regulator responses, applications and recent discoveries of likely interest to horticulturists.
Effect of Seeded Fruits and Foliar-Applied Auxin on Seedless Fruit Set of Pear the Following Year
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Lombard P. B.
Published: August 2022

In a test designed to study the effect of cross pollination on pear fruit set Stephen (4) found that seeded fruits result almost entirely from cross pollination rather than selfing. He found also that seedless set was mainly from selfing, although a small proportion was parthenocarpic. When he first caged entire trees against insect pollination during the period of open bloom, an average set of seedless fruits resulted. However, after caging during bloom each year for four years, seedless set was gradually reduced to only a few fruits. Stephen extended this study and found (5) that renewed exposure of the caged trees to cross pollination resulted in a good set of seeded fruit. If only one leader of a previously caged tree was exposed to cross pollination, it alone produced fruit. The following year, however, when the entire tree was again caged to prevent cross pollination, a substantial set of seedless fruit occurred on all leaders.
A Simple Technique for Observing Mitotic Division of the Generative Nucleus in Pollen Tubes of Vaccinium Sp1
Authors: Stushnoff C. , Feliciano Ascunia J.
Published: August 2022

The problem of observing pollen tube development and mitotic division can often be difficult and the technique can be unreliable. The following method was used with very good success for periodic observation of pollen tube development of several species of Vaccinium.
In Vitro Initiation of Nucellar Embryos in Monoembryonic Citrus
Authors: Rangan T. S. , Murashige T. , Bitters W. P.
Published: August 2022

The phenomenon of polyembryony in Citrus was first described in 1719(1). It is now known that many members of the Rutaceae produce several embryos in each seed. The multiple embryos may include a zygotically-derived embryo and several adventive embryos. The adventive embryos result from differentiation of cells within the nucellar tissue, particularly those near the micropylar region of the ovule (1,6). One of the important horticultural characteristics of seedling Citrus, whether derived from zygotic or nucellar embryos, is the fact that they develop free of viruses even though the parent plant is infested with viruses. With polyembryonic Citrus, disease-free clones can be obtained through plants established from nucellar embryos. This has not been possible with monoembryonic species or varieties of Citrus, inasmuch as the seedlings are all of zygotic origin and vary genetically.
Collapse of ‘Murcot’ Citrus Trees1
Authors: Stewart Ivan , Wheaton T. A. , Reese R. L.
Published: August 2022

The ‘Murcott Honey Orange’ is grown rather extensively in Florida and is highly desired because of its fine flavor and dark orange colored flesh. Its origin is unknown, but the ‘Murcott’ is probably a hybrid of mandarin and sweet orange parentage. This variety bears very heavy crops with much of the fruit set in clusters. These extremely heavy crops result in a collapse of the trees near the time of fruit maturity. Depending on the severity of this decline, the trees may require from one to several years to recover (Figs. 1,2,3) or in extreme cases, die. The leaves and fruit from severely affected trees turn yellow and drop followed by dieback of the branches. These symptoms appear in December and January and become progressively worse as the fruit matures. Fruit on less severely affected trees are usually small and fail to develop the dark orange color characteristic of the variety. The problem of ‘Murcott’ collapse is probably the main reason this variety is not more widely grown. Knorr and Collins (1) previously described this condition and reported that in some cases, severe root deterioration occurs. The problem apparently is not limited to ‘Murcotts’ since similar symptoms have been reported in California for the ‘Wilking’ and ‘Kinnow’ mandarins (3).
The Relationship Between Calcium, Magnesium, and Potassium Accumulation and Titratable Acidity in the Leaves of a Selected Mcintosh Apple Clone1
Authors: Ddungu John C. M. , Eggert Russell
Published: August 2022

Water extracts of dry leaf tissues from a selected McIntosh apple clone were analyzed by titration with sodium hydroxide and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. It was shown that titratable acidity decreases during the period July 4 - August 1 and increases as the season advances beyond August 1. The data suggest that calcium and magnesium which accumulate may be the principal cations associated with bases involved in the buffer system to maintain a relatively constant pH in the leaf. It is theorized that changes in leaf pH may be a major factor in the damage characteristic of certain mineral deficiencies in apples.
How Depth of Planting Affects the Garden Peony
Authors: Howard Gene S.
Published: August 2022

Two peony varieties were field planted at 5 depths ranging from ground-level to 8 inches in 4 replications. Survival and flower production notes were taken in 1965, 1966, and 1967. Only the 8-inch depth had significantly adverse effects on survival. Ground-level and 2-inch depths had significantly higher flower production than deeper plantings.
Use of Benzimidazoles for Control of Fungi in Peel Cultures of Citrus Fruits1
Authors: Oberbacher M. F. , Brown G. Eldon
Published: August 2022

Growth of fungi from the surface of excised peel taken from Florida citrus fruit interfered with controlled studies on pigment changes of the flavedo. Control of these fungi was not achieved even though whole fruits were dipped in various concentrations of sodium hypochlorite before removing discs of peel for incubation in culture on a defined medium (5). Normally, the presence of fungal growth was evident on all discs of excised peel after 3 to 5 days incubation at 30°C. Development of a technique to control these fungi was necessary to allow longer incubation of discs to observe pigment changes.
Selectivity of Nitrofen Between Cabbage Cultivars
Authors: Hopen H. J.
Published: August 2022

Increasing herbicide selectivity between weeds and economic crops has facilitated row crop production with a decreasing demand for labor to be used for mechanical weed control. However, selectivity has been identified in several cases (1, 2, 3) to be of an intra-specific nature. Intra-specific selectivity by growth regulating compounds (i.e. herbicides) provides interesting academic concepts for more adequate physiological models (4, 5, 6) than inter-specific comparisons. The increased selectivity does creat problems in the use of herbicides in commercial production practices because several cultivars of a crop are usually available. Robinson (3) has suggested that with close selectivity and the rapid changing of cultivar utilization, inbred lines may be the most appropriate indicator plants to utilize in determining herbicide tolerances.
Induction of Parthenocarpy in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Using Plant Growth Regulators
Authors: Chacko E. K. , Singh R. N.
Published: August 2022

The fact that Gustafson (2) and many other workers after him obtained fruit set without pollination by application of auxins, gibberellins or kinins, and the reports of their natural occurrence in a number of fruits suggests that these substances play a crucial role in the fruit setting and development (5, 3, 4). Attempts to induce parthenocarpy in fruits like plum with auxins, gibberellins or kinetin either alone or in combination have given negative results. Similarly, efforts to induce parthenocarpic fruit growth in mango has not been successful (6).
Promotion of Leaf Abscission of Deciduous Tree Fruit Nursery Stock with Abscisic Acid1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E.
Published: August 2022

Following publication in 1965 (9) of the identity of Abscisin II isolated from cotton by Addicott's group, it was established that sycamore dormin and Abscisin II have the same structure (3). Abscisin II was later named abscisic acid (1). This and other research (4, 8, 10) shows that this is apparently a widely distributed compound.
Germinating Response of the Tomato at High Temperature1
Authors: Berry S. Z.
Published: August 2022

Differences in germination response at 35°C were found in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Varieties with tolerance to germination at high temperature were characteristically cold-germinating types with the notable exception of the variety, Fireball. The ability to respond at high temperature was not found to be associated with earliness.
Mushroom Crops from Beds Cased 7 to 42 Days After Spawning
Authors: San Antonio James P.
Published: August 2022

Compost spawned with the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing. ‘White’, was cased 7-42 days after spawning. Uncased spawned compost was stored by covering it with polyethylene plastic film. Results indicated that the earlier the beds were cased, the earlier the fruit appeared. The earliest crops tended to yield less than later crops. A 10 to 14-day spawn growth period before casing was optimum. A potential use of plastic film to regulate crop production is discussed.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Sims William L.
Published: August 2022

During the past five years, mechanized growing and harvesting of certain fruit and vegetable crops made tremendous gains. Within the next five years several additional crops will probably be mechanized. The degree of mechanization varies with the area and with the crop. Factors such as climate, varieties, cultural practices, machine development, labor supply and whether the crop is grown for fresh market or processing, all have influenced the present status of mechanization.
The Mechanized Growing and Harvesting of Vegetable Crops in the West
Authors: Lorenz Oscar A.
Published: August 2022

I welcome this opportunity to discuss this topic but would preface the discussion by giving some information as to how far along we are in vegetable mechanization. We shall be talking primarily about mechanization at harvest because with all vegetables there is mechanized planting and subsequent culture, but with various degrees of precision, depending upon the crop and its environment
Some Effects of Ethrel (2-chloroethanephosphonic Acid) on Vegetable Crops1
Authors: Miller C. H. , Lower R. L. , McMurray A. L.
Published: August 2022

Twenty-one cultivars of vegetables were treated in the greenhouse with Ethrel (2-chloroethanephosphonic acid) at concentrations of 240, 480 or 960 ppm. The stages of growth at treatment varied from 1 to 4 true leaves for the various cultivars.

The earliest observable response was stunting. With some cultivars, the stunting was permannent; but with others it appeared to be temporary. The degree and duration of stunting varied with cultivar and ethrel concentration.

Ethrel caused a strong tendency toward pistillate flowers on most of the monoecious cucurbits tested and in some cases almost complete absence of staminate flowers. The chemical greatly reduced the number of staminate flowers but had no observable effect on the number of perfect flowers of the muskmelon. The chemical also altered fruit shape of ‘Butternut’ squash.
Response of ‘McIntosh’ Apple to Differential Placement of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizers1
Authors: Michelson L. F. , Lord W. J. , Drake M. , Baker J. H.
Published: August 2022

The response to surface placement of Nitrogen and Potassium fertilizer materials at: 1) dripline, 2) inside and 3) broadcast was observed for 5 years. Inside placement of equal or lesser amounts of fertilizer was as effective, and at times more effective, than dripline or broadcast placement. It appears possible that herbicides and fertilizer may be applied close to the bole of the tree in a single operation.
A Rapid and Accurate System for Scoring Tomato Fruit Cracking
Authors: Armstrong R. J. , Thompson A. E.
Published: August 2022

Many studies have been conducted concerning the crack resistance of tomato fruits. Various means of measuring crack susceptibility of tomato fruits have been used. Iverson (3), Reynard (6), and Prashar and Lambeth (5) have used rating systems to evaluate cracking of tomato fruits. These systems were rapid and suitable for distinguishing between relatively large differences in crack resistance. Johannessen (4), Voisey and MacDonald (10), and Voisey and Lyall (9) have devised instruments to measure the mechanical strength of the tomato skin. Methods using these instruments are slow and the relationship between crack resistance of tomato fruits and the mechanical strength of the skin has not been definitely established. White and Whatley (11) have suggested the use of a map measure to measure the lengths of cracks in tomatoes and apples. This method is very accurate, but it is slow and limits the number of fruits that can be evaluated. Hepler (2) developed, and Thompson et al.(7) and Thompson (8) used the Illinois vacuum-immersion technique for testing the resistance of fruit cracking in tomatoes. It consists of placing in water fruits selected at incipient color, drawing a partial vacuum and holding the vacuum until bubbles are no longer emitted from the stem scar, then continuing the immersion for a certain period at normal pressure. The resulting cracks are measured with a map measure. This method has the advantage in that it can differentiate crack resistance among lines that appear resistant to cracking in the field. The conditions under which cracking occurs can be controlled by using this method, and a large part of the environmental effect upon cracking can be eliminated. This method is rapid as far as inducing cracking is concerned, but extremely time—consuming when it comes to measuring the induced cracks. This is especially true on lines where large amounts of cracking are induced on the fruit.
Reaction of Tomato Breeding Lines to Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Stoner A. K. , Mason H. C. , Webb R. E.
Published: August 2022

Mason, Henneberry, and Lehr (1) and Stoner and Mason (2, 3) reported differences in the resistance of tomato varieties to Drosophila melanogaster. They compared varieties representing a wide sample of those developed and grown commercially in the United States in recent years. Their tests included varieties with large and small fruits, round and paste types, those adapted for hand and machine-harvesting, and those used for processing and fresh market.
Phosphorus Nutrition of Plants in Soils1
Authors: Black C. A.
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical account of the phosphorus nutrition of plants in soils, including some of the evidence and thinking related to it. Because these remarks are directed to the “nutrient-solution fraternity,” a comparison of nutrient solutions and soils in respect of certain aspects of phosphorus nutrition may be an appropriate introduction.
The Biochemistry and Physiology of Ripening
Authors: Dostal H. C.
Published: August 2022

The obvious changes which occur during ripening have long been the mainstay of man’s evaluation of fruit and vegetable quality. Influence of environment on these changes have been investigated over the past decade. More recently, research has focused on the basic physiological processes which occur prior to and in close association with the manifested ripening changes.