bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periodontal tissue regeneration after low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation with or without intra‐marrow perforation in two‐wall intra‐bony defects—A pilot study in dogs
Authors: Shirakata Yoshinori , Imafuji Takatomo , Sena Kotaro , Shinohara Yukiya , Nakamura Toshiaki , Noguchi Kazuyuki
Published: September 2019

Aim

To evaluate the effects of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) with/without intra‐marrow perforation (IMP) on periodontal healing in two‐wall intra‐bony defects in dogs.

Materials and Methods

Two‐wall intra‐bony defects (5 mm wide, 5 mm deep) were created at the distal and mesial aspects of mandibular premolars in four beagle dogs (four defects per dog). The 16 defects were divided into four treatment groups: IMP, LIPUS, IMP + LIPUS (IMP/LIPUS) and control (open flap debridement). The LIPUS and IMP/LIPUS sites received daily LIPUS exposure for 3 weeks starting 1 week after surgery. The animals were euthanized 4 weeks after surgery for histologic evaluation.

Results

There was significantly greater new bone formation at LIPUS (2.93 ± 0.74 mm) and IMP/LIPUS (3.18 ± 0.52 mm) sites than at control sites (1.65 ± 0.46 mm). New bone area at LIPUS (6.36 ± 2.28 mm2) and IMP/LIPUS (6.13 ± 1.25 mm2) sites was significantly greater than that at control sites (2.15 ± 1.75 mm2). New cementum length at LIPUS sites (4.09 ± 0.75 mm) was significantly greater than that at control (2.29 ± 1.02 mm) and IMP (2.41 ± 0.41 mm) sites. No significant difference was observed between LIPUS and IMP/LIPUS sites in any histomorphometric parameter.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that LIPUS effectively promotes periodontal regeneration in two‐wall intra‐bony defects in dogs.
IRT Approaches to Modeling Scores on Mixed‐Format Tests
Authors: Lee Won‐Chan , Kim Stella Y. , Choi Jiwon , Kang Yujin
Published: September 2019

This article considers psychometric properties of composite raw scores and transformed scale scores on mixed‐format tests that consist of a mixture of multiple‐choice and free‐response items. Test scores on several mixed‐format tests are evaluated with respect to conditional and overall standard errors of measurement, score reliability, and classification consistency and accuracy under three item response theory (IRT) frameworks: unidimensional IRT (UIRT), simple structure multidimensional IRT (SS‐MIRT), and bifactor multidimensional IRT (BF‐MIRT) models. Illustrative examples are presented using data from three mixed‐format exams with various levels of format effects. In general, the two MIRT models produced similar results, while the UIRT model resulted in consistently lower estimates of reliability and classification consistency/accuracy indices compared to the MIRT models.
Strength and translucency of zirconia after high‐speed sintering
Authors: Lawson Nathaniel C. , Maharishi Anvita
Published: September 2019

Objectives

To compare the strength and translucency of CAD/CAM zirconia blocks, with traditional and high‐speed sintering, to lithium disilicate.

Materials and Methods

Three zirconia materials (Katana STML Block, Prettau Anterior, and Zpex Smile) were tested with either traditional (7 hours) or high‐speed (18 or 30 minutes in a SpeedFire furnace) sintering. A lithium disilicate material (IPS e.max CAD) was tested as a reference. Three‐point bend flexural strength specimens (16 mm × 4 mm × 1.2 mm, n = 10) were tested on 14‐mm‐separated supports and loaded to failure at 1 mm/min. Specimens (1 mm thick, n = 10) were measured in a Color‐i7 spectrophotometer against a black and white background to calculate translucency parameter. Zirconia specimens were thermally etched and a grain structure was observed with scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed with 1‐way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc analysis (α = 0.05).

Results

There were significant differences between materials for flexural strength, translucency parameter, and grain size (P < .001). Grains became significantly larger and pores were present when two of the zirconia materials (Prettau Anterior and Zpex Smile) were sintered with a high‐speed sintering program.

Conclusions

Two of the zirconia materials (Prettau Anterior and Zpex Smile) became less translucent and less strong using a high‐speed sintering program, whereas another (Katana STML Block) was unaffected.
Cresyl violet as a new contrast agent in probe‐based confocal laser endomicroscopy for in vivo diagnosis of gastric intestinal metaplasia
Authors: Sun Yi‐Ning , Zhang Ming‐Ming , Li Li‐Xiang , Ji Rui , Wang Xiao , Li Peng , Li Yue‐Yue , Zheng Meng‐Qi , Liu Guan‐Qun , Zuo Xiu‐Li , Li Zhen , Li Yan‐Qing
Published: September 2019

Background and Aim

Cresyl violet (CV) is a topical dye that allows simultaneous chromoendoscopy and in vivo confocal laser endomicroscopy in identification of neoplastic changes of the lower gastrointestinal tract without intravenous injection of fluorescein, but as yet no investigation has reported its application in the diagnosis of gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM). This study aims to assess the feasibility as well as diagnosis accuracy of topical CV for in vivo diagnosis of GIM by using probe‐based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE).

Methods

In this prospective, open‐label, feasibility study, 129 confocal videos from 22 patients with known GIM were analyzed and compared with corresponding histological images to establish the CV staining characteristics. In addition, 47 patients with known or suspected GIM were prospectively enrolled to evaluate the accuracy of this topical CV endomicroscopic imaging.

Results

Probe‐based confocal laser endomicroscopy with topical CV enabled clear visualization of the goblet cells, absorptive cells, and intestinal villi of GIM. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of pCLE diagnosis of GIM on a per‐location analysis was 93.01%, 91.95%, 93.51%, 86.96%, and 96.11%, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient for inter‐observer agreement and mean kappa value for intra‐observer agreement for the diagnosis of GIM was 0.82 and 0.87, respectively.

Conclusions

Topical CV enables real‐time chromoendoscopy in conjunction with pCLE examination of the stomach and warrants accurate diagnosis of GIM. It may be an acceptable and potentially alternative dye for confocal imaging in the future.
Acetaminophen Use and Stroke Risk
Authors: Lai Shih‐Wei , Lin Cheng‐Li
Published: September 2019

See the Reply by Girard et al.
An International Examination of the Effectiveness of Functional Family Therapy (FFT) in a Danish Community Sample
Authors: Vardanian Maria Michelle , Scavenius Christoffer , Granski Megan , Chacko Anil
Published: September 2019

Youth behavior problems have increased in prevalence in Scandinavian countries. Functional Family Therapy (FFT) has been shown to be an effective intervention across diverse populations and international contexts. The current study examines the effectiveness of FFT within a Danish‐community sample in a pre‐post comparison design and includes 687 families. Observed outcomes included both parent‐ and/or youth‐ reported domains of youth behavior, family dysfunction, school attendance and performance, and substance use. Significant improvements were found in youth behavior, family functioning, and school‐related outcomes (e.g., like of school and truancy) despite experiencing a 60% attrition rate in our sample postintervention. This study provides evidence for the effectiveness of FFT on a wide scale in a Scandinavian context, adding to previous research that supports the transportability of this intervention.
Influence of temperature on variety‐seeking behavior
Authors: Lin Hung‐Ming , Kuo Su‐Hui
Published: September 2019

This research investigates the influences of product temperature, and its interaction with ambient temperature on variety‐seeking behavior. Results from two studies show that product temperature exerts a significant influence on variety‐seeking behavior, with cold products stimulating a higher level of variety‐seeking behavior in participants than normal or warm products. Moreover, the effect of product temperature on variety‐seeking behavior is moderated by ambient temperature. Practical implications of these findings are included.

Practical Application

In terms of practical application, ice cream in supermarkets can be taken as an example of a cold product. Suppose a special offer provides consumers with a wider variety of choices, allowing them to choose various combinations of flavors such as mango, strawberry, vanilla, and chocolate. As low‐temperature environments induce greater variety‐seeking behavior in consumers, it is suggested that marketing personnel formulate strategies with this in mind. For instance, Costco has a refrigerated space for fruits and vegetables that has a lower temperature than other spaces in the warehouse. Special offers could be made for combinations of different products in this space, such as different types of mushrooms.
Effect of dietary inclusion of cumin seed oil on the performance, egg quality, immune response and ovarian development in laying hens under high ambient temperature
Authors: Saleh Ahmed A. , Kirrella Abeer A. , Dawood Mahmoud A. O. , Ebeid Tarek A.
Published: September 2019

The objective of the present study was to find the effect of cumin seed oil (CSO, Cuminum cyminum L.) on the laying performance, ovarian follicular development and immune response in laying hens under high ambient temperature. A total of 162 Boven hens were randomly divided into three treatments and were fed, ad libitum, diets containing 0 (control), 250 or 500 g CSO per ton from 24 to 30 weeks of age. The experiment was done during summer season where the average temperate was 30 to 36°C. Feed intake and egg mass were recorded. Egg quality characteristics and egg‐yolk cholesterol content were evaluated. Ovary and oviduct samples were immediately weighted, and ovarian follicles were classified. Plasma total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, LDL‐cholesterol, HDL‐cholesterol glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were measured. Yolk width, yolk weight, yolk colour, shell weight and shell thickness were increased by feeding CSO. Egg production rate was not affected. However, dietary 500 g CSO per ton had a significantly positive impact on egg weight in comparison with control. The FCR was improved by feeding 500 g CSO per ton; however, feed intake and egg mass were not affected by CSO treatments. Plasma GOT, GPT and triglycerides were significantly decreased, while, plasma HDL‐cholesterol was significantly (p < .05) increased due to CSO treatments. Yolk cholesterol content was significantly decreased; however, liver malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was insignificantly decreased due to dietary treatments. Interestingly, the inclusion of CSO in laying hens’ diets improved the antibody titres against Newcastle disease (ND, p < .05) and against avian influenza H9N1 (p > .05) when compared with the control diet. It could be concluded that dietary inclusion of CSO improved egg weight, FCR, yolk and shell quality characteristics and did not have a negative effect on the reproductive morphology parameters in laying hens.
Variation in Alcohol Policy Enforcement Across Urban and Nonurban Communities
Authors: Calvert Collin , Toomey Traci , Lenk Kathleen , Joshi Spruha , Nelson Toben , Erickson Darin
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The goal of this study was to assess whether different types of communities (ie, urban, suburban, small town, and rural) vary in the alcohol enforcement activities they conduct.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study using data from a national survey of local law enforcement agencies.

Data

The survey assessed enforcement of a range of alcohol policies at 1,082 law enforcement agencies. U.S. Census data were used to categorize agencies based on community type.

Results

Agencies in urban areas conducted more enforcement activities than agencies in other community types. Urban agencies were more likely than rural agencies to conduct underage compliance checks (prevalence ratio [PR]: 0.42; CI: 0.34‐0.53), saturation patrols (PR: 0.80; CI: 0.67‐0.95), sobriety checkpoints (PR: 0.68; CI: 0.53‐0.86), and enforcement aimed at illegal sales to intoxicated patrons (PR: 0.59; CI: 0.42‐0.81). Urban agencies were also more likely than small town agencies to do compliance checks (PR: 0.66; CI: 0.56‐0.79) and sobriety checkpoints (PR: 0.75; CI: 0.61‐0.91), and they were more likely than suburban agencies to do compliance checks (PR: 0.67; CI: 0.57‐0.78) and enforcement actions around the sale of alcohol to intoxicated patrons (PR: 0.64; CI: 0.45‐0.90), provision of alcohol to minors (PR: 0.77; CI: 0.65‐0.92), and consumption by minors (PR: 0.90; CI: 0.82‐0.99).

Conclusions

Enforcement of alcohol laws differs by community type. Future research is needed to identify mechanisms to increase enforcement by agencies in different types of communities.
PNPLA3 rs738409 is associated with renal glomerular and tubular injury in NAFLD patients with persistently normal ALT levels
Authors: Sun Dan‐Qin , Zheng Kenneth I. , Xu Gang , Ma Hong‐Lei , Zhang Hao‐Yang , Pan Xiao‐Yan , Zhu Pei‐Wu , Wang Xiao‐Dong , Targher Giovanni , Byrne Christopher D. , Chen Yong‐Ping , Yuan Wei‐Jie , Zheng Ming‐Hua
Published: September 2019

Background & Aims

Patatin‐like phospholipase domain‐containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) rs738409 polymorphism is associated with NAFLD severity and the PNPLA3 gene is expressed in the kidneys, but whether PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism is also associated with renal tubular injury (RTI) is uncertain. We assessed the effect of PNPLA3 genotypes on biomarkers of RTI and glomerular function in subjects with NAFLD who had either normal (nALT) or abnormal (abnALT) alanine aminotransaminase levels.

Methods

Two hundred and seventeen patients with histologically proven NAFLD of which 75 had persistently nALT (below upper limit of normal for 3 months) were included. Multivariable regression analyses were undertaken to test associations between PNPLA3 genotype and biomarkers of kidney dysfunction.

Results

The nALT patient group had higher urinary neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin levels (u‐NGAL, a biomarker of RTI) (P < .001), higher albuminuria (P = .039) and greater prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD; P = .046) than the abnALT group. The association between PNPLA3 GG genotype and risk of CKD and abnormal albuminuria remained significant after adjustment for kidney risk factors and severity of NAFLD histology, mostly in the nALT group. Similarly, PNPLA3 GG genotype was associated with higher u‐NGAL levels in the nALT group, even after adjustment for the aforementioned risk factors and glomerular filtration‐based markers (β‐coefficient: 22.29, 95% CI: 0.99‐43.60, P = .041).

Conclusion

Patients with NAFLD and persistently nALT, who carry the PNPLA3 rs738409 G allele, are at higher risk of early glomerular and tubular damage. We suggest PNPLA3 genotyping may help identify patients with NAFLD at higher risk of RTI.
Enrichment and geoaccumulation of metals in the superficial sediments of Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe
Authors: Tendaupenyu Pamela , Magadza Christopher H. D.
Published: September 2019

Sediments act as a sink, being an integrator and an amplifier for metals in rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Thus, sediment quality has been recognized as an important indicator of aquatic pollution. The concentrations of aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and sodium (Na) were studied in the surface sediments of Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe, to determine metal accumulation, distribution, pollution status and to distinguish natural background metal levels from human pollution sources. Sediment samples were collected from 17 locations during a two‐year (2014–2015) monitoring period during the hot–dry, hot–wet and cool–dry seasons. The overall mean metal concentrations exhibited the following decreasing order: Fe > Al>Mn > Ca>K > Mg>Na. The Mn levels for all sites and seasons were above the severe effect level (SEL). The highest metal and enrichment factor (EF) values were observed for the hot–wet season, indicating the period when the reservoir received the highest metal pollution from its catchment. The Geochemical index (Igeo) values for Mn for all seasons indicated moderately to strong contamination in sediments. The pollution load index (PLI) for all seasons indicated low pollution levels. Sediment contamination was attributed to natural sources for Al, Na and K and anthropogenic sources for Fe, Ca, Mg and Mn. The levels of studied metals in the Lake Chivero sediments are comparable to other eutrophic lentic systems. The results of the present study provide baseline information necessary for developing future metal pollution control strategies for Lake Chivero and its catchment.
One, two or more species? Mitonuclear discordance and species delimitation
Authors: Després Laurence
Published: September 2019

Delimiting species boundaries is central to understand ecological and evolutionary processes, and to monitor biodiversity patterns over time and space. Yet, most of our current knowledge on animal diversity and phylogeny relies on morphological and mitochondrial (mt) DNA variation, a popular molecular marker also used as a barcode to assign samples to species. For morphologically undistinguishable sympatric species (cryptic species), the congruence of several independent markers is necessary to define separate species. Nuclear markers are becoming more accessible, and have confirmed that cryptic species are widespread in all animal phyla (Fišer, Robinson, & Malard, 2018). However, striking differences between the mitochondrial and nuclear variation patterns are also commonly found within single species. Mitonuclear discordance can result from incomplete lineage sorting, sex‐biased dispersal, asymmetrical introgression, natural selection or Wolbachia‐mediated genetic sweeps. But more generally, the distinct mode of transmission of these two types of markers (maternal vs. biparental) is sufficient to explain their distinct sensitivity to purely demographic events such as spatial range and population size fluctuations over time. In a From the Cover manuscript in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Hijonosa et al. (2019) show that highly divergent mtDNA lineages coexist in a widespread European butterfly (Figure 1). None of the hundreds of nuclear markers analyzed was associated with mt lineages, nor was Wolbachia variation. These findings rule out the presence of cryptic species but shed light on complex demographic history of lineage divergence/fusion during the Pleistocene climatic fluctuations, and pave the way to a better integration of both mt and nuclear information in demographic models.
Book review of evolutionary genetics: Concepts, analysis, and practice
Authors: Turbek Sheela P. , Semenov Georgy A. , Taylor Scott A.
Published: September 2019

Recent technological advances have expanded and increased the resolution of studies in evolutionary biology, creating a need for a modern textbook that highlights the latest developments in the field. Evolutionary Genetics: Concepts, Analysis, and Practice, by Glenn‐Peter Sætre and Mark Ravinet (2019), as well as the book's accompanying online tutorials, provide a clear, up‐to‐date, and enjoyable introduction to evolutionary biology and genetics that explains fundamental evolutionary concepts, illustrates recent exciting findings, and offers hands‐on experience in analysing and interpreting genomic data. The book's accessible nature and emphasis on developing practical skills make it a valuable resource for undergraduate courses on evolutionary biology.
Generational ‘othering’: The myth of the Millennial learner
Authors: Jauregui Joshua , Watsjold Bjorn , Welsh Laura , Ilgen Jonathan S. , Robins Lynne
Published: September 2019

Context

The health professions education (HPE) literature is replete with recommendations for how educators should adapt practices to the needs of generations of learners using generation theory to bridge perceived differences between learners and educators. Yet the evidence supporting the application of generation theory in HPE has not been critically examined. If unsubstantiated, these applications may perpetuate biases towards learners they are intended to support.

Methods

This paper critically reviews generation theory in the HPE literature, with particular focus on recent recommendations regarding “Millennial” learners. We used Google Scholar, MEDLINE, EBSCO, JSTOR and PsycINFO to search for articles pertaining to the origins and uses of generation theory within and outside HPE. This synthesis is presented as a preliminary understanding of how ideas of generation theory arose and permeated the HPE literature, and explores the effects of generation theory on education practices.

Results

In the HPE literature, the translation of generation theory into practice recommendations generally follows a pattern consistent with translations advanced in other literatures: broad generalisations drawn from limited data are used as evidence to support instructional approaches specifically designed for generational cohorts. Outside HPE, this application of generation theory has been criticised as a form of stereotyping that ignores the internal differences and diversity inherent in any large group of people. Accordingly, problematising the needs of generations such as “Millennial” learners in the HPE literature may perpetuate narrow or privileged assumptions by educators.

Conclusions

Generational archetypes such as that of the “Millennial learner” are myths that perpetuate unfounded generalisations about cohorts, reinforce power differentials between age groups, and minimise the unique needs of individuals. To individualise and strengthen teaching practices in HPE, we recommend adopting “generational humility” as a means to more purposefully address the dynamic social, cultural and historical influences that shape individuals within each generation of learners.
Chameleons and mimics: Progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration
Authors: Mimuro Maya , Yoshida Mari
Published: September 2019

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) are neurodegenerative disorders that show parkinsonism as their main symptom. Both PSP and CBD are sporadic tauopathies associated with hyperphosphorylated four‐repeat tau aggregation in neurons and glial cells. The characteristic pathologies of PSP are midbrain atrophy and the appearance of tufted astrocytes and globose‐type neurofibrillary tangles. PSP shows severe degeneration in the globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, and cerebellar dentate nuclei. Conversely, the characteristic pathologies of CBD are cortical atrophy and the appearance of astrocytic plaques and argyrophilic threads. CBD is associated with severe degeneration in the cerebral white matter, substantia nigra, and globus pallidus. Clinical symptoms depend on the topographical distribution and severity of degeneration rather than on the type of aggregated protein or inclusions. PSP and CBD present clinically differential diagnostic difficulties because of their overlapping pathological distributions.
Cyanobacterial carboxysomes contain an unique rubisco‐activase‐like protein
Authors: Lechno‐Yossef Sigal , Rohnke Brandon A. , Belza Ana C. O. , Melnicki Matthew R. , Montgomery Beronda L. , Kerfeld Cheryl A.
Published: September 2019

In plants, rubisco activase (Rca) regulates rubisco by removing inhibitory molecules such as ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate (RuBP). In cyanobacteria, a homologous protein (activase‐like cyanobacterial protein, ALC), contains a distinctive C‐terminal fusion resembling the small‐subunit of rubisco. Although cyanobacterial rubisco is believed to be less sensitive to RuBP inhibition, the ALC is widely distributed among diverse cyanobacteria.

Using microscopy, biochemistry and molecular biology, the cellular localization of the ALC, its effect on carboxysome/cell ultrastructure in Fremyella diplosiphon, and its function in vitro were studied. Bioinformatic analysis uncovered evolutionary relationships between the ALC and rubisco.

ALC localizes to carboxysomes and exhibits ATPase activity. Furthermore, the ALC induces rubisco aggregation in a manner similar to that of another carboxysomal protein, M35, and this activity is affected by ATP. An alc deletion mutant showed modified cell morphology when grown under enriched CO2 and impaired regulation of carboxysome biogenesis, without affecting growth rate. Carbamylation of Fremyella recombinant rubisco was inhibited by RuBP, but this inhibition was not relieved by the ALC.

The ALC does not appear to function like a canonical Rca; instead, it exerts an effect on the response to CO2 availability at the level of a metabolic module, the carboxysome, through rubisco network formation, and carboxysome organization.
Mitogen‐activated protein kinase dependency in BRAF/RAS wild‐type melanoma: A rationale for combination inhibitors
Authors: Ming Zizhen , Lim Su Yin , Kefford Richard F. , Rizos Helen
Published: September 2019

Inhibitors targeting the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and immune checkpoint molecules have dramatically improved the survival of patients with BRAFV600‐mutant melanoma. For BRAF/RAS wild‐type (WT) melanoma patients, however, immune checkpoint inhibitors remain the only effective therapeutic option with 40% of patients responding to PD‐1 inhibition. In the present study, a large panel of 10 BRAFV600‐mutant and 13 BRAF/RAS WT melanoma cell lines was analyzed to examine MAPK dependency and explore the potential utility of MAPK inhibitors in this melanoma subtype. We now show that the majority of BRAF/RAS WT melanoma cell lines (8/13) display some degree of sensitivity to trametinib treatment and resistance to trametinib in this melanoma subtype is associated with, but not mediated by NF1 suppression. Although knockdown of NF1 stimulates RAS and CRAF activity, the activation of CRAF by NF1 knockdown is limited by ERK‐dependent feedback in BRAF‐mutant cells, but not in BRAF/RAS WT melanoma cells. Thus, NF1 is not a dominant regulator of MAPK signaling in BRAF/RAS WT melanoma, and co‐targeting multiple MAP kinase nodes provides a therapeutic opportunity for this melanoma subtype.
Pediatric heart transplant from an incompletely treated influenza A‐positive donor
Authors: Smith Clyde J. , McCulloch Michael D. , Shirley Debbie‐Ann , L'Ecuyer Thomas J.
Published: September 2019

There is a shortage of pediatric donor hearts for waitlisted children, and yet nearly 50% of organs offered are not transplanted. Donor quality is often cited as a reason for declining organs offered from donors infected with influenza, presumably due to concern about disease transmission at transplant leading to severe disease. We previously described an excellent outcome after heart transplant from a donor infected with influenza B that had been treated with a complete course of oseltamivir. In this report, we describe a similar outcome after transplantation of an organ from an influenza A‐positive donor with symptomatic disease incompletely treated with oseltamivir. Due to the availability of effective antiviral treatment, we suggest that influenza A is also a manageable donor infection that need not preclude heart placement.
Histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of pre‐embryogenic cells determined for direct somatic embryogenesis in the palm tree Syagrus oleracea
Authors: de Araújo Silva‐Cardoso Inaê M. , Meira Filipe S. , Gomes Ana C. M. M. , Scherwinski‐Pereira Jonny E.
Published: September 2019

Somatic embryogenesis in palm trees is, in general, a slow and highly complex process, with a predominance of the indirect route and, consequently, a lack of knowledge about the direct route. We present new knowledge related to the morphological, histochemical and ultrastructural aspects of the transition from somatic to embryogenic cells and direct formation of somatic embryos from mature zygotic embryos of Syagrus oleracea, a palm tree. The results support the general concept that 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid plays a critical role for the formation of somatic embryos of direct and multicellular origin. Seven days in medium with auxin were enough for the identification of embryogenic cells. These cells had a set of characteristics corresponding to totipotent stem cells. At 14 days on induction medium, nodular formations were observed in the distal region of inoculated embryos, which evolved into globular somatic embryos. At 120 days on induction medium, the quality of the somatic embryos was compromised. The dynamics of the mobilization of reserve compounds was also demonstrated, with emphasis on starch and protein as energy sources required for the embryogenic process. This study shows for the first time the anatomical and ultrastructural events involved in direct somatic embryogenesis in a palm tree and incites the scientific community to return to the discussion of classical concepts related to direct somatic embryogenesis, especially regarding the characteristics and location of determined pre‐embryogenic cells.
Transgender experiences and transphobia in higher education
Authors: Siegel Derek P.
Published: September 2019

While categories like “campus climate” highlight variationacrossinstitutions, trans people's experiences also varywithinan institutional context. By studying trans people's experiences in higher education, however, we can better understand and respond to the differentiated and changing needs of transgender people in other arenas. In this paper, I review key qualitative and quantitative findings along several themes: (a) disclosing trans identities, (b) trans communities, and (c) resources and career‐level support. Specifically, I use the concept of microclimates to explain how trans people encounter various forms of support and discrimination on campus. For example, someone might receive support from particular individuals, such as an advisor, or spaces, like a gender studies classroom, but not others. Researchers also report both similarities and differences between binary and nonbinary trans people, as well as between transgender men and transgender women, suggesting that there is no universal trans experience, nor a one‐size‐fits‐all approach to supporting trans students and faculty members. Challenging interpersonal and systemic transphobia requires context‐specific interventions.
Invisible losses. What a catastrophe does to forest owners’ identity and trust in afforestation programmes
Authors: Deuffic Philippe , Ní Dhubháin Áine
Published: September 2019

In Ireland the political consensus to expand forest cover has not been really questioned for the last five decades, neither by policy‐makers nor by forest owners’ representatives. However, in 2014, Irish private forest owners experienced for the first time in their life a catastrophic windstorm. A qualitative survey, conducted among the forest owners affected by the storm, shows that beyond the economic losses this disaster deeply shook their convictions about the real benefits of afforestation programmes. Using the theoretical concept of relational expectations, we show that Storm Darwin deconstructed a significant part of their identity as their status switched from audacious pioneer to forestry loser overnight. The political and socio‐economic structures outweighed the agency of individuals and their initial desire not to reforest. While the reconstitution scheme gave them the direction to follow, it reduced the risk of desertion. However, our study also shows that landowners may be a lot more cautious before signing up for afforestation programmes in the future.
Parsing the 100% calculated panel reactive antibody kidney transplant candidates: Who gets transplanted?
Authors: Keith Douglas S.
Published: September 2019

The new kidney allocation system in the United States has improved deceased donor transplant rates among candidates with high calculated panel reactive antibodies (CPRAs). Probability analysis predicts a very low transplant rate as the CPRA approaches 100%. This study sought to determine if the rate of deceased donor kidney transplant based on the actual CPRA in the cohort of 100% qualifying candidates behaved as predicted by probability analysis. Nine thousand two hundred and twenty eight patients were identified on the waiting list on or after December 2014 that had at least one CPRA greater than or equal to 99.5%. The distribution of the 100% CPRA group was highly skewed toward 100% (Median CPRA 99.98%). The decile group within the 100% CPRA qualifying population was by far the most important factor determining kidney transplantation. The highest two deciles of CPRA had a very low rate of transplantation. Options to improve the prospects of deceased donor transplant include intelligently lowering the CPRA by reducing unacceptable antigens, expanding the donor pool by listing candidates for higher risk donors, or through desensitization. The CPRA calculator should display the non‐integer CPRA out to several decimal points so that informed decisions can be made for these candidates regarding their prospects of receiving a deceased donor offer.
Detection of a novel HLA‐B*46 allele, HLA‐B*46:01:08, in a Chinese platelet donor
Authors: Li Xiao‐Feng , Zhang Xu , Lin Feng‐Qiu , Zhang Kun‐Lian , Li Jian‐Ping
Published: September 2019

HLA‐B*46:01:08 has one synonymous nucleotide change from HLA‐B*46:01:01 at nucleotide 801 (codon 243 Lysine).
The geography of political parties: Territory and organisational strategies in Buenos Aires
Authors: Halvorsen Sam
Published: September 2019

How and why does geography inform the organisational strategies of political parties?Encuentro por la Democracia y la Equidad(Encounter for Democracy and Equity, hereafter EDE) is a centre‐left Argentine political party that, since arriving in Buenos Aires in 2008, quickly became one of the largest oppositional parties in the city in terms of its activist base and electoral representation. This was achieved by explicitly prioritising a territorial organisational strategy: building the party at the scale of the neighbourhood by opening branches, accumulating activists and constructing linkages with civil society. Through a qualitative analysis of EDE's organisational strategy over 10 years (2008–2018), the paper proposes four dimensions for understanding the relationship between grassroots territorial organising and party strategy: party‐building; electoral success; democratic linkages; and alliance building. The findings are of relevance not only to party‐building in Latin America but also to the recent surge of territorial organising in parties in Europe. The paper makes three contributions to geographical literature. First, it adds to limited Anglophone geographical engagements with Latin American electoral and party politics by highlighting the centrality of spatiality to party‐building. Second, it emphasises sub‐national dynamics of party organising, contributing to a dismantling of methodological state centrism that pervades party scholarship. Third, it develops a geographical analytical approach to party organisation that demonstrates how sociospatial relations constitute parties' unfolding relations with the state and civil society.
Clinical techniques in Veterinary Dermatology
Authors: Layne Elizabeth A. , de Miguel Garcia Cristina
Published: September 2019

Background

Video otoscopy is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and treatment of otitis externa (OE) and otitis media (OM) in dogs. Procedures performed by video otoscopy often are painful and it can be challenging to maintain steady anaesthetic depth and provide smooth anaesthetic recovery. A multimodal approach to analgesia and anaesthesia is ideal to minimize complications associated with high doses of anaesthetic drugs while providing the patient with adequate analgesia.

Hypothesis/Objective

To describe a technique for regional anaesthesia of the canine ear.

Animals

One canine cadaver, obtained as part of a teaching laboratory class for other clinical techniques, with institutional approval, was used for illustration purposes.

Results

Clinical technique for regional anaesthesia of the canine ear.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Nerve blocks for regional anaesthesia are an important aspect of a multimodal anaesthetic approach. A technique for blocking the two major sensory nerves to the canine ear is described.
CT angiography and MRI imaging features do not predict the tumor type and grade of feline injection site sarcoma
Authors: Fleming Kristen , Nemanic Sarah , Löhr Christiane V. , Terry Jesse , Milovancev Milan
Published: September 2019

Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been described as methods for preoperative surgical planning in cats with feline injection site sarcomas (FISS), however, few published studies have compared these modalities. The objective of this retrospective, secondary analysis study was to determine if imaging features of FISS on CTA and MRI are predictive of neoplastic peritumoral projections. Archived data from a previous prospective study were retrieved for 10 cats with FISS. All cats had been evaluated in a single anesthetic episode with MRI and dual phase CT (CTA) imaging followed by surgical removal. Histopathological grading and targeted histopathology of imaging‐identified peritumoral projections were performed. Two observers evaluated the CTA and MRI studies for FISS shape, margination, size, enhancement pattern, postcontrast uniformity, pre‐ and postcontrast margination, the number of muscles involved, mass mineralization, and bone lysis. Metal was present in the imaging field of three of 10 cats, resulting in one nondiagnostic MRI. Peritumoral projections were detected in all cats with both imaging modalities, and most were benign. At least one neoplastic peritumoral projection was detected in six cats using MRI, five cats using CTA, and three cats with both modalities. Higher grade FISS were larger than low grade using MRI, and FISS were larger using MRI. Other FISS imaging features using MRI and CTA were similar. Findings supported use of either MRI or CTA for detecting neoplastic peritumoral projections in cats with FISS. Authors recommend CTA for cats with known metallic objects in the scan field.
Improved Method for Gas-Turbine Off-Design Performance Adaptation Based on Field Data
Authors: Li Shiyao , Li Zhenlin , Li Shuying
Published: September 2019

Obtaining accurate components' characteristic maps has great significant for gas-turbine operating optimization and gas-path fault diagnosis. A common approach is to modify the original components' characteristic maps by introducing correction factors, which is known as performance adaptation. Among the existing methods, total average prediction error of measurable parameters (MPTAPE) at specified conditions is used to evaluate the adaptation accuracy. However, when a gas turbine undergoes a field operation, the performance parameters of each component are zonally distributed under the operating conditions. Under such circumstances, randomly selecting a few data points as the error control points (ECPs) for performance adaptation may lead to an inappropriate correction of the characteristic maps, further lowering the prediction accuracy of the simulation model. In this paper, a genetic-algorithm-based improved performance adaptation method is proposed, which provides improvements in two aspects. In one aspect, similarity between the components' predicted performance curves and the performance regression curves is used as the criterion with which to evaluate the adaptation accuracy. In the other aspect, in the process of off-design performance adaptation, the performance parameters at the design point are recalibrated. The improved method has been verified by using rig test data and applied to field data of a GE LM2500+SAC gas turbine. The comparison results show that the improved method can obtain more accurate and stable adaptation results, while the computational load can be significantly reduced.
Effects of Emulsified Fuel on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of Aeroengine Combustors
Authors: De Giorgi M. G. , Pescini E. , Campilongo S. , Ciccarella G. , Fontanarosa D. , Ficarella A.
Published: September 2019

The aim of this work is the experimental investigation of the effects of the addition of water and urea into jet fuels, on the reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions and eventually improvement of the lean flame stability in aeroengine combustors. Experiments have been carried out using a 300-kW liquid-fueled swirling combustor. Various urea and/or water concentrations have been tested at the same fuel/air ratio. In order to study the flame behavior, noninvasive optical diagnostic techniques, as charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras in different spectral ranges (visible and UV ranges, with different optical filters), have been adopted to analyze the shape and the brightness of the flame structure. Measurements of exhaust emissions (NOx, SO2, carbon monoxide (CO), CO2, and O2) have also been performed in order to evaluate the impact of emulsification on the entire combustion process. Finally, the thermal efficiency losses with respect to the neat jet test case were also analyzed for each emulsified fuel condition.
Effect of Porous Medium in Stagnation Point Flow of Ferrofluid Due to a Variable Convected Thicked Sheet
Authors: Imtiaz Maria , Nazar Hira , Hayat Tasawar , Alsaedi Ahmed
Published: September 2019

The focus of this paper is to study the effects of stagnation point flow and porous medium on ferrofluid flow over a variable thicked sheet. Heat transfer analysis is discussed by including thermal radiation. Suitable transformations are applied to convert partial differential equations to ordinary differential equations. Convergent results for series solutions are calculated. The impact of numerous parameters on velocity and temperature is displayed for series solutions. Graphical behavior for skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number is also analyzed. Numerical values of Nusselt number are tabulated depending upon various parameters
Oxidation Behavior of Alumina-Forming Austenitic Steels in Superheated Steam at 700 °C
Authors: Xiao Bingjie , Tepylo Nick , Huang Xiao , Zhou Zhangjian , Penttilä Sami
Published: September 2019

In this study, three alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) steels (Fe-18Ni-12Cr-AlNbC, Fe-18Ni-12Cr-Al, and Fe-18Ni-16Cr-AlNbC) were exposed to superheated steam (SHS) at 700 °C for 1000 h to study their oxidation behavior. The Fe-18Ni-16Cr-AlNbC alloy showed the best performance as it had the least weight gain due to a denser surface oxide layer and the lack of internal oxidation. The Fe-18Ni-12Cr-AlNbC alloy suffered from internal oxidation and had a greater weight gain than Fe-18Ni-16Cr-AlNbC, while Fe-18Ni-12Cr-Al experienced weight loss due to perhaps external oxide spallation, leaving a less protective Fe-oxide on the external surface.
Patient-Specific Aortic Phantom With Tunable Compliance
Authors: Gallarello Antonio , Palombi Andrea , Annio Giacomo , Homer-Vanniasinkam Shervanthi , De Momi Elena , Maritati Gabriele , Torii Ryo , Burriesci Gaetano , Wurdemann Helge A.
Published: September 2019

Validation of computational models using in vitro phantoms is a nontrivial task, especially in the replication of the mechanical properties of the vessel walls, which varies with age and pathophysiological state. In this paper, we present a novel aortic phantom reconstructed from patient-specific data with variable wall compliance that can be tuned without recreating the phantom. The three-dimensional (3D) geometry of an aortic arch was retrieved from a computed tomography angiography scan. A rubber-like silicone phantom was manufactured and connected to a compliance chamber in order to tune its compliance. A lumped resistance was also coupled with the system. The compliance of the aortic arch model was validated using the Young's modulus and characterized further with respect to clinically relevant indicators. The silicone model demonstrates that compliance can be finely tuned with this system under pulsatile flow conditions. The phantom replicated values of compliance in the physiological range. Both, the pressure curves and the asymmetrical behavior of the expansion, are in agreement with the literature. This novel design approach allows obtaining for the first time a phantom with tunable compliance. Vascular phantoms designed and developed with the methodology proposed in this paper have high potential to be used in diverse conditions. Applications include training of physicians, pre-operative trials for complex interventions, testing of medical devices for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and comparative Magnetic-resonance-imaging (MRI)-based computational studies.
Capacity Matching of Aeroderivative Gas Generator With Free Power Turbine—Challenges, Uncertainties, and Opportunities
Authors: Thirumurthy Deepak , Casado Coca Jose Carlos , Suraweera Kanishka
Published: September 2019

For gas turbines (GTs) with free power turbines (FPTs), the capacity or flow parameter matching is of prime importance. Accurately matched capacity enables the GT to run at its optimum condition. This ensures maximum component efficiencies and optimum shaft speeds within mechanical limits. This paper presents the challenges, uncertainties, and opportunities associated with an accurate matching of a generic two-shaft aeroderivative high pressure (HP)-low pressure (LP) gas generator with the FPT. Additionally, generic performance trends, uncertainty quantification, and results from the verification program are also discussed. These results are necessary to ensure that the final FPT capacity is within the allowable range, and hence, the product meets the performance guarantees. The sensitivity of FPT capacity to various design variables such as the vane throat area, vane trailing edge size, and manufacturing tolerance is presented. In addition, issues that may arise due to not meeting the target capacity are also discussed. To conclude, in addition to design, analysis, and statistical studies, a system-of-systems approach is mandatory to meet the allowed variation in the FPT capacity and hence the desired GT performance.
Application of Tuned Vibration Absorber Concept to Blisk Ring Dampers: A Nonlinear Study
Authors: Lupini Andrea , Mitra Mainak , Epureanu Bogdan I.
Published: September 2019

In this study, a novel design for ring dampers is proposed, where the concept of tuned vibration absorbers is leveraged to substantially increase damper effectiveness while minimizing potential stresses near the blade root. Tuned absorbers have been used in the past to reduce the forced response amplitudes of both mechanical and civil structures. The absorber natural frequency is tuned to the targeted frequency of the host structure where it is attached. The vibration reduction mechanism relies on energy transfer from the host structure to the absorber. The novel design technique proposed here uses a vibration absorber approach to achieve energy transfer from the blisk to the damper, which leads to larger damper motion. This enables energy dissipation due to friction, reducing vibrations even in blade-dominated modes. An academic finite element model of a blisk with a ring damper is used to demonstrate the novel tuned damper concept and design technique. The geometric mistuning of the damper due to the presence of a gap in the ring structure is also taken into account. The results demonstrate the validity of the proposed tuned damper concept, showing a substantial vibration amplitude reduction compared to the linear baseline results, in which the damper is not tuned or absent.