bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current techniques of 3D reconstruction in computed tomography and magnetic resonance in diagnostic imaging of the spine
Authors:   Department of Adult Spine Orthopedics, Wiktor Dega University Hospital, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland, Nowak Piotr , Dąbrowski Mikołaj ,   Department of Adult Spine Orthopedics, Wiktor Dega University Hospital, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland, Kubaszewski Łukasz ,   Department of Adult Spine Orthopedics, Wiktor Dega University Hospital, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
Published: September 2023

This review article presents an analysis of 36 scientific papers focusing on modern three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction techniques in computed tomography (CT ) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for their applications in medical diagnostics. The objective of this review is to present the current state of knowledge regarding the development and utilization of 3D reconstruction techniques, as well as to identify key trends and challenges in this field. The first part of the study focuses on the advancements in MRI and CT . The analysis reveals the major trends in the evolution of these diagnostic methods, such as increased accessibility of CT and MRI examinations for patients, reduced scan duration, greater utilization of artificial intelligence, and expanded applications in interventional radiology.The second part of the article highlights the potential and effectiveness of 3D modelling in diagnostic imaging. Creating 3D models of anatomical structures is a complex and multi-step process. Through the review, it was determined that 3D models derived from MRI can be equally accurate and diagnostically valuable compared to the more commonly used CT -based reconstructions. In the future, fusion imaging of MRI/CT is expected to play an increasingly significant role in orthopaedic imaging. The review demonstrates the significant potential of 3D modelling in diagnostic imaging. However, further research is still required to better understand the capabilities of 3D modelling in diagnosing complex anatomical structures. The integration of information technology in medicine will be crucial in advancing this field.
Elastic-stable intramedullary nailing for radial neck fractures in children: clinical and radiological outcomes and risks for poor prognosis
Authors:   Department of Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology, Mother and Child Care Center in Poznan, Poland, Maciejewski Michał , Janusz Piotr ,   Department of Spine Disorders and Pediatric Orthopedics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland, Dudkiewicz Michalina ,   Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland, Klincewicz Jan ,   Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
Published: September 2023

Introduction. Radial neck fractures in children are rare and account for 1-3% of all childhood trauma. Severe displacement of the fracture can lead to a higher incidence of complications, such as limited range of motion (ROM ), pain, instability, neurovascular trauma, premature physeal closure, cubitus valgus, radial head overgrowth, avascular necrosis and improper ossification. The treatment outcome depends on the injury type, treatment method and presence of complications. Aim. The purpose of the study was to assess the outcome of patients treated with elastic-stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) regarding different radial head angulations and to search for risk factors of a poor outcome. Materials and methods. Twenty-six consecutive patients treated between October 2020, and March 2022, due to radial neck fracture were included in the study. Closed reduction and ESIN fixation were performed. If failed, A K-wire assisted reduction or open reduction was performed. A radiological evaluation was performed pre- and post surgery and at the last follow-up. At the last follow-up visit, the elbow range of motion (ROM ) was measured and the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) was established. The followup was after 25 months. Results. The angulation before surgery was 42.4° and the next day after surgery was 6.9°, p = 0.0001. Further correction was observed and at the last follow-up it was 2.5°, p = 0.001. We found no complications besides one skin irritation by an implant and 2 reduced ROM . The MEPS was 97.7. The difference in MEPS between Judet IVB (angulation before surgery> 80°) 92.5 and other patients 98.6 was significant, p = 0.04674. There was no significant difference in MEPS, ROM , between patients immobilized in a plater cast versus in a sling, Conclusions. Closed reduction with the use of ESIN can be considered a safe procedure with a low rate of complications. Patients with an angulation >80° revealed worse functional effects. Cast immobilization did not reveal a negative or a positive impact on the treatment result.
ENY2 is differentially expressed in central nervous system metastasis in human breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: September 2023

Metastasis to the brain occurs in a significant fraction of patients with breast cancer (1-3). We mined published RNA-sequencing and microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes for the discovery of genes associated with brain metastasis in humans with metastatic breast cancer. We found that ENY2 transcription and export complex 2 subunit, encoded by ENY2, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to primary tumors of the breast. ENY2 mRNA was present at increased quantities in brain metastatic tissues as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Expression of ENY2 in primary tumors was correlated with overall, distant metastasis-free and recurrence-free survival. Modulation of ENY2 expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.
Stability of forming induced residual stresses in stainless steel parts at elevated temperature
Authors: Jobst Andreas
Published: September 2023

The performance characteristics of technical components are influenced by residual stresses. Depending on their sign and magnitude, they may decrease or enhance the products’ fatigue strength, corrosion resistance and its achievable lifetime. While compressive stresses in the part surface usually increase the fatigue strength, tensile stresses promote crack initiation and growth. In many cases, the forming induced residual stress state is either unknown or tensile, which is why stress-relief annealing is performed to avoid unexpected effects. This time- and energy-intense process step may be avoided with an enhanced understanding of residual stresses.For the prediction of their influences, not only the sign and magnitude, but also the stability during operation is to be taken into account. The aim followed in this paper is to qualify the stability of forming induced residual stresses under typical thermal operation loads. For this purpose, stainless steel specimens are forward rod extruded with different dies, in order to generate varying residual stress states. The formed parts are heat-treated at temperatures between 100 °C and 550 °C to reproduce typical operating conditions. Residual stress measurements based on X-ray diffraction are performed after specific time intervals. From the results, a time and temperature dependent residual stress behavior is derived.
model pembelajaran project citizen untuk siswa SD
Authors: Awalunnisa Nisfa Aprilia
Published: September 2023

model pembelajaran Project Citizen dalam konteks pendidikan kewarganegaraan. Pembahasan tersebut mencoba menjelaskan mengapa pendidikan kewarganegaraan perlu berfokus pada pembelajaran berbasis masalah dan aplikasi, serta mengapa model Project Citizen merupakan solusi yang efektif dalam mencapai tujuan ini. Model pembelajaran Project Citizen menawarkan pendekatan yang aktif dan kontekstual dalam mengajarkan kewarganegaraan. Dengan memungkinkan siswa untuk memahami dan mengatasi isu-isu kewarganegaraan yang nyata di lingkungan mereka, mereka dapat belajar dengan lebih efektif dan merasa lebih terlibat.Selain pengetahuan teoritis, siswa juga perlu mengembangkan keterampilan praktis seperti pemikiran kritis, dialog, debat, negosiasi, dan pengambilan keputusan. Model Project Citizen memberi kesempatan kepada siswa untuk melatih keterampilan ini melalui pengalaman dunia nyata. Pembahasan juga mencakup referensi terhadap penelitian terkait ekoliterasi dan kesadaran lingkungan, menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan kewarganegaraan juga bisa mencakup isu-isu lingkungan sebagai bagian dari pembentukan warga negara yang peduli terhadap lingkungan.
How Older Adults can Avoid Falls via Proactive and Reactive Gait Adaptability: A Brief Introduction
Authors: McCrum Christopher , van der Hulst Elisabeth G
Published: September 2023

To understand and intervene on the problem of falls among older adults, we must consider in what ways falls can be avoided. In this chapter, we discuss how people can avoid obstacle-induced falls like trips and slips via proactive and reactive gait adaptation. We introduce each concept and detail how gait adaptation pre and post contact with obstacles can be implemented in order to avoid or reduce falls risk. We also discuss how ageing may affect proactive and reactive gait adaptation and adaptability, particularly in the context of the sensory systems and movement execution. We conclude each section with some thoughts on interventions to improve these skills in older adults. Overall, both proactive and reactive gait adaptation to acute balance-threatening obstacles appear to be compromised with ageing. However, healthy older adults demonstrate the ability to improve in both aspects and this retained adaptability with ageing drives interest and research on these task-specific approaches to fall prevention.
Localizing Somatic Symptoms Associated with Childhood Maltreatment
Authors: Dutcher Ethan G. , Verosky Sara , mendes wendy berry , Mayer Stefanie Eva
Published: September 2023

Childhood maltreatment has been linked to adult somatic symptoms, though this has rarely been examined in daily life. Furthermore, the localization of somatization associated with childhood maltreatment and its subtypes is unknown. This large-scale experience sampling study uses body maps to examine the relationships between childhood maltreatment, its subtypes, and the intensity and location of negative somatic sensations in daily life. Participants (N=2,234; 33% female, 67% male) were part of MyBPLab 2.0, a large study conducted using a bespoke mobile phone application. Four categories of childhood maltreatment (emotional abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect) were measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Using gender-matched human silhouettes, participants indicated the location and intensity of feelings of negative activation in the body. Childhood maltreatment generally and its four measured subtypes were all positively associated with heightened negative activation on both the front and back body maps. For females, total childhood maltreatment was linked to negative activation in the abdomen and lower back, while for males, the association was localized to the lower back. Similarly, each of the four subscales had localized associations with negative activation in the abdomen and lower back in females, and lower back in males, except for emotional abuse, which was also associated with negative activation in the abdomen in males. These associations likely reflect increased somatization in individuals exposed to childhood maltreatment, suggesting a role for psychotherapeutic interventions in alleviating associated distress.
Introducing semantic loadings: Bridging cognitive network science with network psychometrics for understanding depression, anxiety and stress
Authors: Stanghellini Filippo , Perinelli Enrico , Lombardi Luigi , Stella Massimo
Published: September 2023

A psychometric scale reports experiences in terms of items/sentences rated by individuals. We investigate whether psychometric item ratings reflect semantic/syntactic associations between concepts in items. To this aim, we introduce semantic loadings as a semantic counterpart of psychometric factors, i.e. clusters of items obtained by correlations between item ratings. Semantic loadings quantify how clusters of semantically related concepts, as expressed in the texts of items, are allocated across psychometric factors as identified by ratings. As a case study, we focus on 39775 individual responses to the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) with 42 items on a 4-point Likert scale. To identify communities of semantically related concepts, we exploit the cognitive network framework of Textual Forma Mentis Networks (TFMNs), which reconstruct semantic/syntactic links encoded in the texts of items (e.g. "feel" and "sad" in the item "I usually feel sad"). To identify factors we compare eigenvector-based exploratory analysis with Graph Exploratory Analysis (EGA), which can both cluster items (and their texts) according to user ratings. We find that EGA is better at reconstructing the psychological organisation of DASS along the dimensions of anxiety, stress and depression. Following dual coding theory and the Deep Lexical Hypothesis, we posit that the act of reading items activates interconnected concepts and this influences user ratings and their expressed psychological constructs. Our results show a quantitative match: TFMN-based semantic loadings can identify specific aspects of emotional dysregulation, emotional exhaustion, physical distress and tension states of EGA-based psychometric factors, in non-random ways (up to $p<0.001$). We discuss our results in view of relevant mental distress literature, psychometric scale designing and links with episodic and semantic memories.
Automatic Code Review Effectiveness Detection
Authors: Arafat Easin , Kimi Jarin Anjum , Ahmad Wakil , Mahmud Shakil , Tanvir Muhammad Farhan
Published: September 2023

Over the decennial survey, the code review process is an effective review process for ensuring the long-term quality of the code base for both open sources and commercial software projects. Peer code review is comprehensively obtained in the development process. Modern peer code review locates ecumenical coding rules and logical errors in the prompt phases of the software development process. The code review quality is predominantly amalgamated with the completeness of the feedback. Till now there is no authentic dataset for code review activity and most of the datasets are not published yet. We have created our own dataset for code reviews from Gerrit which is an internal tool for reviewing code. We are using the Decision Tree algorithm for the classification because it is the most powerful and popular tool for classification and prediction. Our main goal is to scrutinize the aspects of the code reviews that make the developers for identifying different factors and technical difficulties for increasing code review effectiveness and the challenges they faced when performing the code review tasks and build a classification model that can classify review comments to distinguish between useful and not useful code review feedback. Also, provide a robust Decision Tree based approach taking help from pre-correction code for review recommendations technique in specialized technologies to ameliorate the impractical of code reviews for practitioners in controlling the quality mechanism by diminished the overall cost.
Long-term variability of the thermal state in the upper horizons of the cryolithozone in Central Yakutia
Authors: Varlamov S. P. , Skachkov Yu. B. , Skryabin P. N. , Baluta V. I.
Published: September 2023

The results of the 42-year monitoring of the thermal state of permafrost landscapes in modern climate warming conditions at the “Chabyda” observation station (Central Yakutia) are presented. We studied the evolution of the variability of soil thermal state parameters: the temperature of soils on the sole of the seasonally shallow layer and in the layer of annual heat rotations, and the depth of seasonal thawing. The long-term variability of the average annual soil temperature, experiencing significant interannual and short-term fluctuations, has a multidirectional trend, with warming dominating. The main factors regulating the thermal state of permafrost landscapes are the short-period fluctuations in the snow accumulation regime. Despite significant interannual fluctuations, the depth of seasonal thawing responded to climate warming with multidirectional trends, and its increase or decrease was statistically insignificant. We performed a statistical analysis of the observation time series revealing correlations between climate elements (air temperature, total precipitation, average winter snow depth, duration of winter and summer seasons) and relationships between soil temperature regime parameters (Тξ, Т0, ξ) with climate elements. The results of these studies on the thermal state of soils can be applied to homogeneous landscapes in this region. They can also be used to model heat transfer processes in natural landscapes and develop hybrid intelligence methods for diagnosing the state of infrastructure facilities in the Far North based on high-performance computing systems.
तामाङभाषाको लेखनप्रणाली बारे खोज र चर्चा
Authors: तामाङ Tamang अजितमान Ajitman
Published: September 2023

तामाङभाषा नेपालमा बोलिने पाँचौ ठूलो जनसङ्ख्याले बोल्ने भाषा हो । तामाङ समुदायमा बौद्धधर्मको ग्रन्थहरू प्रचलनमा आएको समय देखि तामाङभाषाको लेखन प्रारम्भ भएको सङ्केत प्राप्त भएको छ । तामाङभाषामा लेखिएको पुरानो ग्रन्थहरूमा जीक्तेन ज तामछ्योअी, ताम्बाकाअीतेन जस्ता हस्तलिखित पुस्तकहरू हुन् । तामाङभाषाको पुरानो लेखनशास्त्रीय बौद्ध धार्मिक लिपि अुछेन तामयीगमा लेखिएको पाइन्छ । त्यसपछि अङ्ग्रेजी भाषाको रोमन लिपिमा र नेपालमा देवनागरी लिपिमा तामाङभाषाको लेखन कार्य भइरहेको देखिन्छ । सबैभन्दा पुरानो तामाङ लेखन जिग्तेन तामछ्योअी ल्हाछ्योअीम्हीछ्योअी जगतका वृतान्त, देव तथा मानव नीति साथै तामाङ जातिको उद्गम बारेमा ह्रुअीछेन च्योब्गे “महान १८ तामाङ थरूहरू” को वर्णन गरेको छन् । यस ग्रन्थमा नेपालका अंशुवर्मा र नरेन्द्रदेव र भारतका हर्षबद्र्घन राजाको परलोक भइ सकेको उल्लेख गरेका छन् । नुवाकोट जिल्लाबाट प्राप्त अर्को एक पुस्तक ग्याल्पो पेच्या सुग्स्सो “राजाको वृतान्त पुस्तक” को पुस्पिका वाक्यमा तिब्बती सम्बत् ११२० को दशौं महिनामा पुस्तक लेखिएका पेच्या हस्तलिखित पुस्तकमा उल्लेख गरिएको कालको विश्लेषणले एकहजार वर्ष अघिको तामाङलेखन भएको जानकारी प्राप्त भएको छ । यो हस्तलिखित पुस्तक अुछेन र ख्युग्यीग लिपिमा लेखिएका छन् । लेखनप्रणालीका दृष्टिले यो लेखनका दुई भेदहरू तामयीग र तामाङ सम्बोटा लेखनप्रणाली प्रयोग भएको देखिन्छ । पुरानो तामाङभाषाको लेखनका हस्तलिखित ग्रन्थहरूबाट लिप्यन्तर गरी देवनागरी लिपिको प्रयोग गरी नव तामाङलेखनको थालनी गरिएको देखिन्छ । यस्तो लेखनमा दुई लेखन भेदहरू देखिएका छन् । तामाङलेखनका यी भेदहरू किन र कसरी आए ? लेखनमा किन एकरूपता हुनु सकेन ? भन्ने विषयमा अनुसन्धान नभएको हुनाले सो विषयमा यो खोज केन्द्रित रहेको छ । तामाङभाषाको लेखनका विषयमा भाषावैज्ञानिक सिद्घान्तका विधिहरू ध्वनि विज्ञान, वर्णविज्ञान, रूपविज्ञान, वाक्य विज्ञान, अर्थ विज्ञानका साथै लेखिम विज्ञानका ग्राफोलिङगुइस्टिकका सिद्घान्तहरूको उपयोग गरी अध्ययन विश्लेषण गरी साझा मानक लेखनप्रणालीको खोजी तथा तामाङभाषाको लेखनका वस्तुस्थिति बारेमा यहाँ चर्चा गरिएको छ ।
विकल्पहीन कथामा नारीवाद
Authors: घिमिरे Ghimire माया Maya
Published: September 2023

प्रस्तुत लेख नारीवादको सैद्धान्तिक स्वरूपको नर्माण गरी त्यसका आधारमा विकल्पहीन कथाको विश्लेषणमा केन्द्रित छ । यस लेखमा साहित्यमा नारीवादको अध्ययन गर्ने नारीवादी समालोचनाका प्रमुख मान्यताका आधारमा कथाका नारीपात्रको अवस्थालाई विश्लेषण गरी निष्कर्षात्मक मूल्याङ्कन समेत गरिएकको छ । नारीवाद पितृसत्तात्मक समाजमा लैङ्गिक आधारमा नारीमाथि भएका शोषण, दमन र उत्पीडनको प्रतिरोधमा विकसित नारीपक्षीय विचार, दर्शन र राजनीति हो । यो नारीको स्वतन्त्र पहिचान र अस्तित्वसँग सम्बन्धित सामाजिक मुक्ति र समानतासँग सम्बन्धित आन्दोलन हो । विकल्पहीन कथा अर्धसामन्तवादी पितृसत्तात्मक सामाजिक संरचनाका कारण नारी पात्रले भोग्नुपरेको विकल्पहीन अवस्थाको उत्पीडनसँग सम्बन्धित छ । कथामा नारी पात्रलाई पत्नी, आमा, गृहिणी, पराश्रित तथा दोस्रो दर्जाकी नागरिक, निम्नवर्गीय, किनारीकृत नारी चरित्रका रूपमा पहिचान दिलाउँदै तिनका अवस्थाप्रति सहानुभूति प्रकट गरिएको छ । कथामा पितृसत्ता र त्यसका संस्थाहरूद्वारा उत्पादन कार्यमा सहभागी भई आत्मनिर्भर बन्न चाहने नारी पात्रलाई लैङ्गिक भेद, शोषण, दमन र उत्पीडनमा पारी किनारामा पु–याइएको छ । यस लेखमा पुस्तकालयीय स्राेतबाट संकलित सामग्रीलाई पाठविश्लेषणमा आधारित गुणात्मक पद्धतिको प्रयोग गरी विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । प्रत्यक्ष रूपमा नारी पात्रको उपस्थिति रहेको यस कथालाई अन्तरअनुशासनात्मक नारीपक्षीय सिद्धान्तका रूपमा विकसित नारीवादी समालोचनाका पितृसत्ता, लैङ्गिक प्रतिनिधित्व, पहिचान र नारी उत्पीडनका आधारमा विश्लेषण गरी नारीपक्षीय विचारधारा अभिव्यक्त भएको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
पागल कवितामा रसविधान
Authors: रेग्मी Regmi रेखा Rekha
Published: September 2023

प्रस्तुत लेख लक्ष्मीप्रसाद देवकोटाको पागल कवितामा रसविधान मूल समस्यामा केन्द्रित रहेको छ । मूल समस्याको समाधानका लागि रसप्राप्तिका रूपमा हास्य, शृङ्गार र शान्तरसको अवस्था, अङ्गरसका रूपमा रौद्र, र वीररसको प्रयोग तथा अङ्गीरसका रूपमा अद्भूत रस प्रयोग जस्ता शोध्यप्रश्न निर्धारण गरिएका छन् । सामग्री विश्लेषणका लागि पाठविश्लेषणकेन्द्री गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान ढाँचालाई उपयोग गरिएको लेखको पूर्णताका लागि रससूत्रलाई सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधारका रूपमा उपयोग गरी निष्कर्षमा पुग्नका लागि विश्लेषणात्मकविधि अवलम्बन गरिएको छ । रससिद्धान्तको आधार भरतमुनिले स्थापना गरेको ‘विभावानुभावव्यभिचारिसंयोगाद्रसनिष्पत्ति’ रससूत्र रहेको छ । प्रस्तुत रससूत्रले विभाव, अनुभाव र सञ्चारिभावको संयोगबाट रसनिष्पत्ति अर्थात् रसको निर्माण हुने आधार प्रस्तुत गरेको छ । यस रससूत्रका आधारमा विभाव, अनुभाव, र सञ्चारिभावले मानव चित्तमा सुसुप्तावस्थामा विद्यमान रहेको स्थायी भावलाई जागृत गराई रसानुभूति निर्माण गर्दछन् भन्ने पक्षको सैद्धान्तिक आधार निर्माण गर्दछ । कवितामा अङ्गीरस रहेको अद्भूतरसको पृष्ठपोषण गर्ने सन्दर्भमा अङ्गरसको रूपमा हास्य, शृङ्गार, शान्त, रौद्र तथा अंशतः वीररसको उपस्थिति रहेको छ । कविताका विभिन्न सन्दर्भमा आएका अन्य रसको उपस्थिति अद्भूतरसलाई फलागम अर्थात् मूलभावमा स्थापित गर्ने प्रयोजनका लागि भएको हो । प्रस्तुत कविताको भाव संयोजनका लागि परस्परमा विरोधी र समान प्रकृतिका मित्ररसको प्रयोग सन्तुलित रूपमा भएको छ । कथ्यकथनको विषय परचक्रीको दुराशयपूर्ण कथनका कारण सम्बोधकको मानसिकतामा आएको आवेश र त्यसको तात्कालिक प्रतिउत्तरका क्रममा आवेशले विश्मयको स्वरूप ग्रहण गर्ने सन्दर्भमा अद्भूतरसले कवितामा अङ्गीरसको स्थान प्राप्त रहेको विषयमा विमर्श भएको छ ।
Molecular epidemiological characteristics of E. coli strains carrying the mcr-1 gene isolatedfrom healthy human feces, domestic animal feces,food and water in Thanh Ha commune, Thanh Liem district, Ha Nam province
Authors:   Bach Mai Hospital, Nguyen Thi Tuyet Mai , Vu Thi Ngoc Bich ,   Oxford University Clinical Research Unit - Vietnam, Hanoi, Vu Thi Tuong Van ,   Bach Mai Hospital, Tran Huy Hoang ,   National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology,   Hanoi Medical University
Published: September 2023

Colistin is a critically important antimicrobial for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative intestinal infections. E. coli strains carrying the colistin-resistant mediated colistin resistance (mcr-1)gene have been globally distributed, found in humans, animals and the environment with diverse resistance mechanisms, namely intrinsic, mutation, and horizontal gene transfer [1]. Evaluation of the epidemiological characteristics and transmission status of E. coli strains to carry the mcr-1 gene is urgent. Sequencing results of 87 community E. coli strains isolated from healthy human feces and environment showed that the mcr-1 gene of these strains in the study was found on both chromosomes and plasmids, the ratio of mcr-1 plasmid-mediated is much higher than on the chromosome (71.3% vs 26.4%, p<0.001). 100% of E. coli strains that carry the mcr-1 gene were subtype mcr-1.1. The plasmids diversified in size (from <50 kb to >300 kb). There were 7 types of single replicon carrying mcr-1 gene detected from 29 strains, including IncI2 (n=7, 10.9%), IncP (n=7, 10.9%), IncX4 (n=5, 7.8%), IncFIA (n=3, 4.7%), IncHI1B (n=3, 4.7%), IncN (n=1, 1.6%) and IncX1 (n=1, 1.6%), were found in healthy humans feces, animals and household water. There were also 21 different multi-replicons with combinations of IncFIA, IncFIB, IncHI1B, IncHI2, IncN, IncY, IncX1 and IncI2 plasmids, found in 31 strains of E.coli in humans, animals and water. Strains were classified into 56 different sequence types (STs). ST10 (n=10, 11%), ST48 (n=9, 9%) and ST206 (n=8, 8%) were common STs.
Synthesise and test antibacterial activities of 1,3-benzodioxole derivatives
Authors:   Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Nguyen Ngoc Phuong Kieu , Vu Thanh Thao ,   Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Tran Ngoc Chau ,   Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City
Published: September 2023

Novel chemical entities are urgently needed to develop new antibacterial agents in order to tackle the increasing antibiotic resistance. This study focuses on the 1,3-benzodioxole scaffold with promising biological activities in the literature. Five 1,3-benzodioxole containing derivatives were synthesised from piperonal as starting material by various chemical reactions. Their structures were elucidated by standard spectroscopic methods. The in vitro antibacterial activities were studied by agar diffusion method against 5 pathogenic strains: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus(MSSA), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The Schiff base derivative (2) showed the ability to inhibit 4/5 tested strains, including MRSA. The target prediction study suggested the in silico binding ability of (2) on the bacterial FabH enzyme. These results demonstrated that novel 1,3-benzodioxole derivatives containing Schiff bases could be further studied as new antibacterial structures.
Isolation, selection and identification of indigenous bacterial strains having the ability to promote plant growth and antagonise the fungal disease Fusarium oxysporum and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne sp. in Vietnam
Authors:   Plant Protection Research Institute, Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Vietnam, Le Thi Thanh Tam , Pham Thi Luong ,   Plant Protection Research Institute, Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Vietnam, Le Thi Phuong Thao ,   Plant Protection Research Institute, Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Vietnam, Jähne Jennifer ,   Proteomics and Spectroscopy Unit (ZBS6), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Germany, Lasch Peter ,   Proteomics and Spectroscopy Unit (ZBS6), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Germany, Borriss Rainer ,   Institute of Marine Biotechnology e.V., Germany
Published: September 2023

Tomato and coffee are very important crops and industrial plants in Vietnam. However, both are severely damaged by the fungus F. oxysporum and the knot root nematode Meloidogyne sp. To date, there are not many biological products that are both effective for prevention and safe for human health and the environment. With the goal of finding beneficial agents for experimental bioproduction in the prevention and suppression of harmful fungal and nematode diseases, this study isolated, selected and identified three indigenous bacterial strains with potential in both plant growth promotion plant and the control of fungal diseases and nematodes harmful to the roots of tomato plants, and ability in plant growth promotion, including strains of Bacillus velezensis TL7, S1 and S2 by sequencing the whole bacterial genome with GenBank codes VEWW00000000, VEWX00000000 and VEWZ00000000, respectively.
INITIAL GENERALIZED DATA ON THE GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA, CARABIDAE) FROM THE ZEYA STATE NATURAL RESERVE
Authors: Budilov P.V. , Ignatenko E.V.
Published: September 2023

Based on the scientifi c data and studies, the authors provide a generalized list of ground beetles from 52 species, 15 genera and 11 tribes of the Carabidae family, noted in the Zeya State Nature Reserve. According to the results of collections at the reserve in 2022, 12 of the species are listed for the first time.The timing and methodology of the studies are indicated. A schematic map of the Zeya State Nature Reserve is provided indicating the location of the surveyed biotopes, as well as their description.
NON-TRADITIONAL NATURAL RAW MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PORCELAIN
Authors: Goryukhin M.V.
Published: September 2023

The accumulated knowledge about the structure of a substance makes it possible to control its properties, including the purposeful selection of raw materials and materials for its creation, and vice versa, based on the natural or artificial material composition, predict its physical and chemical properties. This approach allows choosing a replacement for rare or even scarce types of mineral raw materials to produce a particular product. The analysis of literature data and sources, a comparative analysis of the Middle Amur Lowland loess-like rocks chemical composition, and one of the white porcelain recipes for the manufacture of laboratory glassware showed a high degree of their similarity. In this connection, it is proposed to consider loess-like loams as one of the porcelain stone types. At the same time, there are some differences – an increased content of coloring oxides in loess-like loam: TiO2 twice and Fe2O3 more than 10 times; reduced content of SiO2 and Al2O3 by 6–7%; the content of CaO and MgO is twice as high as in porcelain; Na2O is 1,7 less, and K2O is 3.4 more than in porcelain. Evaluating loess-like loams as a kind of porcelain stone, we can conclude that the rocks are alkaline according to the total content of alkalis (Na2O + K2O) - more than 3%. Potassium module (K2O/Na2O) is 1,54 – i.e. the rocks are suitable for the manufacture of porcelain. Thus, loess-like rocks are potentially applicable to use them as a corrective raw material in the production of ceramic masses, including coarse building ceramics, colored porcelain and porcelain-like products, with appropriate adjustment of chemical and granulometric compositions. At the same time, in order to clarify the proposed loess-like rocks options feasibility, it is necessary to conduct additional manufacture and technological tests.
Local-Anaesthetic-Induced Myotoxicity in Interfascial Plane Blocks: A Comparative Study between Bupivacaine and Ropivacaine
Authors: Moturi Praveen Kumar , Gollapalli Venkata Krishna , Karanam Sri Sabya
Published: September 2023

Objective: Local-anaesthetic (LA)-induced myotoxicity in the use of peripheral nerve blocks has emerged as a topic of interest recently. Very few studies on human subjects have been done in this field, though the technique of nerve blocks is being widely practiced both for anaesthesia and analgesia. Studies have shown that bupivacaine induces reproducible skeletal muscle degeneration. The present study is thus aimed at comparing the myotoxicity induced by bupivacaine and ropivacaine in interfascial plane blocks.Material and Methods: The study was a randomized comparative study done at a tertiary care hospital. The subjects were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 50 patients each:- Group B, with patients in whom bupivacaine was used; Group R, comprised of patients in which ropivacaine was used, Group N, who received no fascial plane block during their procedures. An erector spinae block (ESP block) was performed for patients undergoing unilateral lung decortication or lobectomy. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels at 6 and 24 hours after completion of surgery were taken in all 3 groups and compared with baseline values using Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance.Results: Baseline serum CPK levels were similar in all 3 study groups. Significant increases in serum CPK levels were noticed in group B compared to group R at 6 hours and 24 hours, with no increase in group N.Conclusion: The study showed that serum CPK, a marker of skeletal muscle injury and local-anaesthetic-induced myotoxicity, significantly rose at 24 hours after an ESP block and this increase was considerably higher in group B (bupivacaine) compared to group R (ropivacaine), indicating significantly higher myotoxicity with bupivacaine.
Pengembangan Modul Pembelajaran Fisika Berbasis Keterampilan Proses Sains
Authors: Mufidah Ela Syahratul , Rahmawati Rahmawati , Kurniawan Edy
Published: September 2023

Fisika merupakan pembelajaran yang bersifat abstrak dan mengharapkan peserta didik mampu berpikir kritis dan mempraktikkan proses sains dalam pemahaman konsepnya. Sedang observasi awal pada perangkat pembelajaran, khususnya modul pembelajaran belum mengakomodasi keterampilan proses sains peserta didik dalam belajar fisika. Oleh karena itu, peneliti mengembangkan modul pembelajaran fisika berbasis keterampilan proses sains. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan (Research and Development). Prosedur penelitian terdiri dari tahap pendefenisian, perancangan, pengembangan, dan penyebaran. Subjek dalam penelitian ini yakni tenaga ahli sebagai validator modul, guru mata pelajaran fisika, dan peserta didik SMA Negeri14 Gowa kelas X MIPA 1 sebanyak 36 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa modul pembelajaran fisika berbasis keterampilan proses sains menggunakan 4 indikator yaitu melakukan pengamatan, mengelompokkan, meprediksi, dan mengkomunikasikan. Hasil penilaian validator terhadap modul diperoleh 0,98% dengan kategori baik, dan efektifitas modul dari angket respon guru diperoleh 80,00% dikategorikan positif, angket respon siswa diperoleh 71,93% dikategorikan positif dan skor keterampilan proses sains diperoleh 85.00% dikategorikan sangat tinggi.
Paleogene turtles of Eastern Europe: new findings and a revision
Authors: Zvonok E.A. , Danilov I.G.
Published: September 2023

The article provides an overview of all known 39 localities of the Paleogene turtles of Eastern Europe. Numerous remains of turtles are described for the first time from 19 localities, of which six are new, and 13 are the localities from which materials were only mentioned previously. Among them are Pan-Trionychidae indet., Pan-Cheloniidae indet., Dermochelyidae indet. and Pan-Testudines indet., as well as pan-cheloniids Argillochelys sp. from the Ypresian Novoivanovka and the Ypresian or Lutetian Gruzinov localities. Several indeterminate specimens from Eocene localities show similarity to pan-cheloniids Argillochelys cuneiceps (Owen, 1849) and Puppigerus camperi (Gray, 1831) or Tasbacka aldabergeni Nessov, 1987, and dermochelyids Natemys peruvianus Wood et al., 1996 or “Psephophorus” rupeliensis van Beneden, 1883. One specimen of costal 1 of Pan-Testudines indet. from the Lutetian Krasnorechenskoe locality resembles that of pleurodires Eocenochelus spp. and Neochelys spp. In addition, new materials of turtles are described from five previously known localities. Among them, new and additionally restored specimens from the Bartonian Ak-Kaya 1 locality of the pan-cheloniid Argillochelys sp., and the dermochelyid Cosmochelys sp., which expand data on their morphology and intraspecific variability. The specimens of pan-cheloniids with deep and dense sculpturing of the external shell surface from the Bakhmutovka, Bulgakovka, Krasnorechenskoe and Tripolye localities clearly belong to a new species, not described due to fragmentary material. It is supposed that Anhuichelys-like pan-testudinoids migrated from Asia in Eastern Europe in the Danian age, and were preserved as relict Dithyrosternon valdense Pictet et Humbert, 1855 until the Priabonian age.
ETNOMATEMATIKA PADA KLAKAT UPACARA ADAT BALI
Authors: Diputra Gede Ngurah Okta , Pradnyana Putu Beny , Astuti Ni Putu Eni , Darmayanti Ni Wayan Sri , Putra I Ketut Dedi Agung Susanto
Published: September 2023

Abstrak: Matematika dan budaya adalah dua hal yang saling berkaitan. Matematika dalam budaya dikenal dengan istilah etnomatematika. Salah satu objek etnomatematika pada budaya Hindu Bali adalah pada pembuatan klakat. Klakat adalah sebuah warisan budaya berupa keterampilan anyaman bambu yang digunakan sebagai sarana Upacara Agama Hindu. Terdapat 3 (tiga) jenis klakat yaitu klakat agung, klakat sudhamala lanang dan klakat sudhamala istri. Dalam pembuatan klakat, konsep matematika yang tersirat yaitu barisan dan Deret Aritmetika. Sedangkan dalam pemanfaatan klakat sebagai alas sesaji merepresentasikan bangun datar persegi serta merepresentasikan bangun ruang kubus dan prisma. Etnomatematika ini sangat penting, selain sebagai bahan pembelajaran siswa juga berfugsi sebagai ajang pelestari budaya.
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPA TENTANG PERPINDAHAN KALOR DENGAN PENERAPAN MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING UNTUK PESERTA DIDIK KELAS V SD NEGERI JOMBANG 01
Authors: Alifni Alifni , Umiyanti Prihatini Kurnia , Ramdani Cepi
Published: September 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah penerapan model Pembelajaran Penemuan dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar IPA tentang perpindahan kalor untuk peserta didik kelas V SD Negeri Jombang 01. Pelaksanaan perbaikan dilakukan dalam dua siklus. Siklus I dilaksanakan pada tanggal 10 Januari 2022, dan Siklus II pada tanggal 24 Januari 2022. Pada studi awal hasil belajar peserta didik masih sangat rendah. Setelah dilakukan penelitian tindakan kelas, Siklus I peserta didik dengan hasil belajar mencapai sebanyak 63,3 %, sedangkan yang belum mencapai sebanyak 36,7 %. Siklus II peserta didik dengan hasil belajar mencapai sebanyak 93,3 %, sedangkan yang belum mencapai sebanyak 6,7 %. Maka disimpulkan bahwa penerapan discovery learning dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar IPA tentang perpindahan kalor pada peserta didik kelas V SD Negeri Jombang 01 Kecamatan Ciputat Kota Tangerang Selatan.
ANALISIS STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN DISCOVERY LEARNING PADA PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KEMANDIRIAN PESERTA DIDIK KELAS 5 SD
Authors: Budiwati Rini , Fathoni Achmad
Published: September 2023

Matematika merupakan mata pelajaran di mana siswa harus mampu menjawab permasalahan yang relevan dengan kehidupan sehari-hari. Ciri-ciri ilmu Matematika hierarkis dan terstruktur, berpikir secara secara logis dan sistematis ,siswa berpikir kreatif rasional. Namun, sebagian besar anak-anak ini tidak memiliki kebebasan belajar, pembelajaran masih sangat bergantung pada guru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat seberapa efektif metode pembelajaran Discovery Learning dalam meningkatkan kemandirian siswa SD, khususnya pada siswa kelas 5. Metode yang digunakan pada penyusunan penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif deskriptif,  yaitu menggunakan instrumen observasi.  Masih adanya ketergantungan para siswa kepada guru, siswa kurang aktif terlibat maka salah satu gaya belajar yang dapat membantu siswa memperoleh kemandirian adalah pembelajaran penemuan.. Data peningkatan kemandirian siswa disajikan dalam rubrik, yang dilakukan selama pembelajaran. Sebelum menggunakan strategi pembelajaran Discovery Learning, kemandirian siswa hanya sekitar 10 orang dari 25 orang atau 40 % siswa belum mandiri. Terjadi peningkatan sehingga mencapai 84 % terdapat 21 siswa sudah mulai mandiri. Mathematics is a subject where students must be able to answer problems that are relevant to everyday life. The characteristics of hierarchical and structured mathematics, think logically and systematically, students think creatively rationally. However, most of these children do not have the freedom to learn, learning is still very dependent on the teacher. This study aims to see how effective the Discovery Learning learning method is in increasing the independence of elementary school students, especially in grade 5 students. The method used in the preparation of this research is descriptive quantitative, namely using an observation instrument. There is still dependence of students on teachers, students are not actively involved, so one of the learning styles that can help students gain independence is discovery learning. Data on increasing student independence is presented in a rubric, which is carried out during learning. Before using the Discovery Learning learning strategy, the independence of students was only about 10 people out of 25 people or 40% of students were not independent. There was an increase so that it reached 84% there were 21 students who had started to be independent.
PENGARUH LITERACY CLOUD TERHADAP MINAT BACA DAN KETERAMPILAN MEMBACA PEMAHAMAN SISWA KELAS IV SD
Authors: Dwicky Putra Nugraha Dewa Made
Published: September 2023

This study aimed at determining (1) the effect of cloud literacy on the students’ reading interest at fourth grade of SDN 2 Sayan, (2) the effect of cloud literacy on students’ comprehension reading skills at fourth grade of SDN 2 Sayan, (3) the effect of cloud literacy simultaneously on reading interest and comprehension reading skills for grade IV SDN 2 Sayan. This research was an experimental research with all fourth grade students of SDN 2 Sayan as population, which consisted of 53 students divided into 2 groups, namely IV A and IV B classes. The sample of this research was determined through random sampling technique. IV A Class as the sample of the experimental group with a sample of 27 people, while IV B class as the control class as many as 26 people. The data on reading interest and comprehension reading skills used questionnaires and essay tests. The data were analyzed using MANOVA assisted by SPSS 2.1 for windows. The results showed that 1) there was a significant difference in reading interest of the students who learned by using cloud literacy applications with the students who learned without using cloud literacy, 2) there was significant differences in reading comprehension skills of students who learned by using cloud literacy applications with students who learned without using cloud literacy, 3) there was a significant effect of the implementation of cloud literacy on the students’ reading interest and comprehension reading skills at fourth grade of SDN 2 Sayan simultaneously.
PENGARUH MEDIA ULAR TANGGA TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR TEMA 7 INDAHNYA KERAGAMAN DI NEGERIKU
Authors: Novyani Amanda Anggie , Muhajang Tatang , Mulyawati Yuli
Published: September 2023

Tujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil belajar subtema Indahnya Keragaman Budaya Negeriku dengan media ular tangga dan media pembelajaran konvensional pada siswa kelas IV SDN Bojonggede 06 Kabupaten Bogor. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah eksperimen kuasi dengan desain dua kelompok diberikan perlakuan yang berbeda Populasi penelitian pada peserta didik kelas IV-A dan IV-C SDN Bojonggede 06 Kabupaten Bogor teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah Simple Random Sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data mengenai hasil belajar berupa tes objektif pilihan ganda sebanyak 24 soal dengan empat alternatif jawaban. Pada analisis pendahuluan menggunakan statistik deskriptif, yaitu mendeskripsikan data masing-masing variabel yang telah terkumpul dari sampel penelitian yang meliputi penyajian data melalui tabel, grafik, diagram, dan penghitungan modus, median, mean, varians sampel, dan standard deviasi. Hal tersebut didasarkan pada hasil perhitungan uji hipotesis kelompok eksperimen diperoleh t hitung sebesar sebesar 10,526 dengan signifikansi 0,000. Didapatkan t tabel dari db 31 pada taraf signifikansi 5% adalah 2,042. Jadi nilai t hitung > t tabel (10,526>2,042) dan nilai signifikansinya kurang dari  0,05 (p = 0,000 < 0,05)., sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa media ular tangga berpengaruh terhadap hasil belajar tema 7 indahnya keragaman di negeri ku pada siswa kelas IV SDN Bojonggede 06 Kabupaten Bogor. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data, hasil hipotesis dan pembahasan hasil penelitian, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan hasil belajar subtema Indahnya Keragaman Budaya Negeriku dengan media ular tangga dan media pembelajaran konvensional pada siswa kelas IV SDN Bojonggede 06 Kabupaten Bogor.
EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN APLIKASI KAHOOT DALAM PEMBELAJARAN IPA SD
Authors: Rahmawati Septina
Published: September 2023

Aplikasi Kahoot merupakan salah satu aplikasi yang dapat digunakan dalam pembelajaran sebagai alat untuk mengetes kemampuan seseorang. Aplikasi Kahoot sebagai media pembelajaran yang dapat meningkatkan meniat belajar siswa, sehingga membuta siswa mudah dalam menerima materi yang diajarkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan aplikasi kahoot dalam pembelajaran IPA kelas 5 SD 1 Piji. Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Populasi penelitian ini seluruh siswa kelas 5 SD 1 Piji. Sampel dari penelitian ini sebanyak 20 siswa. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merupakan purpose sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuisioner angket. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan aplikasi kahoot efektif dan mendapat respon baik dari siswa selama proses pembelajaran IPA.
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TERPADU UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS III SDN O6 PAJO
Authors: Srirahmawati Ija -
Published: September 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa melalui penerapan model pembelajaran terpadu. Desain penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas untuk memperbaiki serta meningkatkan hasi belajar siswa. Adapun poulasi penelitian yaitu seluruh siswa SDN 06 pajo. Sampel penelitian yaitu siswa kelas III SDN 06 Pajo yang berjumlah 27 Siswa yang terdiri dari 12 siswa laki-laki dan 15 siswa perempuan. Data hasil penelitian diperoleh dari data awal hasil belajar siswa melalui pemberian pretest, kemudian data observasi aktivitas guru dan siswa selama pembelajaran serta data hasil belajar siswa setelah diterapkan model pembelajaran terpadu. Data awal hasil belajar siswa pada materi membaca cerita pendek sebelum diterapkan model pembelajaran terpadu memperoleh rata-rata nilai klaksikal 65. Kemudian hasil belajar siswa setelah penerapan model pembelajaran terpadu pada siklus I memperoleh nilai rata-rata klaksikal 71 dengan kategori belum tuntas. Selanjutnya hasil belajar siswa pada siklus II memperoleh nilai rata-rata klaksikal 83 dengan kategori tuntas atau lebih dari 75% siswa telah mencapai nilai >70 sesuai KKM. Berdasarkan data tersebut, maka dapat diketahui adanya peningkatan hasil belajar siswa sebelum dan sesudah diterapkan model pembelajaran terpadu. Berdasarkan hasil observasi aktivitas siswa selama proses pembelajaran berlangsung menggunakan model pembelajaran terpadu terdiri dari aktivitas siswa siklus I dan Siklus II. Pada siklus I memperoleh nilai rata-rata persentase ketuntasan  aktivitas siswa sebesar 65% dengan kategori cukup. Selanjutnya pada siklus II rata-rata persentase aktivitas siswa sebesar 85% dengan kategori baik. berdasarkan data penelitian tersebut, diketahui adanya peningkatan aktivitas siswa mulai siklus 1 pertemuan ke-1 sampai dengan siklus II pertemuan ke-2 sebesar 40% meningkat.
UPAYA PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PJBL PADA TEMA 7 PERSITIWA DALAM KEHIDUPAN DI KELAS V SD
Authors: Alisha Fanny , Nappitupulu Safrida
Published: September 2023

Penelitian ini penulis lakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan proses hasil belajar siswa dan pelaksanaan pembelajaran menggunkan metode PJBL pada tema 7 Peristiwa dalam Kehidupan di kelas 5 SD Nurhasanah Garu I. Penilitian ini menggunakan jenis Penelitian Tindak Kelas (PTK). Penelitian ini juga menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data yang berorientasi pada obeservasi segala aktivitas siswa dan melakukan evaulasi di setiap siklus. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa siswa kelas 5 SD Nurhasanah Garu 1 Medan mengalami peningkatan belajar yang cukup signifikan. Data menunjukkan bahwa siswa yang belajar tematik dari siklus 1 sampai dengan siklus 2 mengalami kenaikan. Kenaikan nilai itu disebabkan karena guru menggunakan metode, model, dan media pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan karateristik siswa yang sesuai dengan karateristik siswa, dan berfokus pada model pembelajaran PJBL yang sangat terlihat kemajuannya. Hasil pada siklus 1 juga menunjukkan bahwa masih banyak siswa yang mendapatkan nilai di bawah KKM sebanyak 23 orang. Kemudian siklus 2 ada peningkatan hasil belajar, terbukti dengan tidak ada satupun siswa yang mendapat nilai di bawah KKM. Peningkatan hasil belajar ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran PJBL dapat meningkatkan dan memotivasi belajar siswa kelas 5 SD Nurhasanah Garu 1 Medan.