bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Company Associate Partnership Scheme:
Authors: Ahmed Shafaq , Campbell Richard , Greenwood David , Milner Craig , Webb Ian , Whitehouse Nicola
Published: November 2013

Describes work currently being done by the Leeds Metropolitan University (LMU) in action‐based learning and its use in the development of graduates and regional industry. Examines a pilot scheme – the Company Associate Partnership Scheme (CAPS) – which aims to increase the employment of graduates within small businesses. This, it is hoped, will enable companies to introduce strategic change projects. Includes observations of LMU associates, companies involved, academic institutions and the Department of Trade and Industry. Concludes that the greatest challenge for associates is managing the integration of academia and industry to form a learning partnership.
Innovation and entrepreneurship
Authors: Crumpton Michael A.
Published: November 2013

Purpose

This article aims to discuss the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship in today's economic environment and why such activities should be part of leadership.

Design/methodology/approach

The article references journals and conference activity that have demonstrated successful innovation activities.

Findings

References and additional reading provide case studies and examples of successful innovative ideas. It is noted that more innovation and resulting entrepreneurial activities will be needed as libraries redefine themselves.

Practical implications

Innovation can work but needs the culture in which to operate.

Social implications

Collaboration with the broader community is not only beneficial but necessary in a global society.

Originality/value

The article references both an active journal and conference cycle for persons interested in more information.
“Cloud computing” in library automation: benefits and drawbacks
Authors: Lloret Romero Nuria
Published: November 2013

Purpose

In recent years it has become common to hear about the virtues and benefits of the so‐called “cloud” for the use of corporate software. Although the use of the cloud in the business environment has already transformed the concept of data storage and resource management, its use in the field of libraries and information centers is somewhat less widespread. This article aims to outline its benefits and drawbacks.

Design/methodology/approach

The article describes the features of cloud computing, how it can be used in a professional environment, and its benefits and drawbacks,

Findings

Cloud computing is a highly scalable platform promising quick access to hardware and software over the internet, in addition to easy management and access by non‐expert users. It relies on technologies such as virtualization, programming techniques such as multi‐tenancy and/or scalability, load balancing and optimal performance, to ensure that resources are offered quickly and easily.

Practical implications

In the case of public clouds, the techniques generate economies of scale arising from the efficient use of hardware and human resources. These economies of scale, in turn, have an effect on the price the customer pays, which is of great interest to any institution in current times. There are several commercial suppliers already offering various adaptations of their products which make the use of the cloud possible to a lesser or greater extent. However, many of these are not really systems designed by and for cloud computing but rather adjustments of their commercial developments that enable them to continue selling their traditional products.

Originality/value

The article focuses on cloud computing and its use in a professional library environment.
Talk about change
Authors: Crumpton Michael A.
Published: November 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance of having conversations with staff regarding organizational change and financial futures.

Design/methodology/approach

This article refers to several relevant works already published.

Findings

The book and articles discussed provide guidelines for preparing for and having staff discussions.

Originality/value

This point of view is based on the author's experiences and actions on related matters.
A simulation model of the arrival, flow, and usage pattern of library resources by the patrons
Authors: Ahmadi Mohammad , Dileepan Parthasarati , Murgai Sarla R.
Published: November 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the advantages of developing a simulation model of the activities of a university library, in order to balance the available resources with demand for services. Meeting the demand is an essential part of managing a modern library. Inadequate levels of resources will result in excessive waiting times for the patrons.

Design/methodology/approach

A simulation modeling approach is undertaken and the library activities of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) are simulated. Simulation modeling is an invaluable tool to understand the resource usage patterns and making intelligent budgeting choices. In the epoch of severe budget cuts, available financial resources must be carefully allocated where there is a critical need. Such a simulation modeling of the critical operations of an academic library of a campus upward of 11,000 students is presented in this study.

Findings

A simulation model of the arrivals, flow, and usage patterns of library resources by the patrons described in this research, determined that there were four critical resources: the number of reference librarians, the number of checkout assistants, the number of computers, and the number of electronic gadgets. This study illustrates the need for careful analysis of arrival of patrons, resource levels, and resource usage with the objective of developing a resource level decision strategy that will result in an optimal level of resource usage by patrons.

Practical implications

With the application of simulation models, it is possible to determine the needs for the limited resources at the library and coordinate the availability of the resources with the needs.

Originality/value

Research in the use of simulation models for the determination of the resource levels that are best suited for an anticipated level of patron arrivals in the libraries is limited at best. This research adds value by providing information to fill this dearth of literature. The results of the simulation provided in this study can be used to develop budget priorities and to validate those priorities.
Mobile apps for nature field guides
Authors: Shrode Flora
Published: November 2013

Purpose

‐‐ The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief introduction to software applications that make nature field guides accessible on computers, including desktop and mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, and to describe some specific products that are available.Design/methodology/approach ‐‐ This article discusses the development and proliferation of software applications or “apps” for nature field guides. Common features of such apps and some specific examples are presented.Findings ‐‐ Numerous field guide apps are available for identifying animals, plants, and other natural phenomena using mobile computing devices or smartphones. Apps for mobile devices retain the traditional quality of portability for field guides, and most of these apps offer high quality photographs along with descriptive text. Some products include audio files for identifying bird songs or frog calls. Features for users include the ability to maintain life lists and to search guide contents using graphic icons, animal or plant markings, or colors.Originality/value ‐‐ Reviews of nature field guides have generally focused on print sources or electronic book editions of print titles. While several newspapers, magazines, and websites have published reviews of mobile field guide apps, an introduction and reviews have not yet been published in a source like Reference Reviews.
Writing a business plan: reference tools to assist budding entrepreneurs
Authors: Schiraldi Hilary , Silva Jesse
Published: November 2013

Purpose

‐‐ This article aims to describe various free and commercial sources reference librarians can use when confronted with questions about writing a business plan.Design/methodology/approach ‐‐ Using a narrative overview, the article describes and provides full bibliographic citations for several free and commercial sources in many formats that can be used to answer reference questions on writing a business plan in the USA.Findings ‐‐ There are many free government and non‐government, as well as commercial, sources that can aid librarians in gathering information relevant to writing a business plan.Originality/value ‐‐ While there are many articles and books about starting a business which have been written for a general audience, there are few articles written for the general reference librarian looking to help a patron with writing a business plan. This article contributes to that small body of work.
A 38 nt region and its flanking sequences within gag of Friend murine leukemia virus are crucial for splicing at the correct 5′ and 3′ splice sites
Authors: Machinaga Akihito , Takase‐Yoden Sayaka
Published: November 2013

The genome of the Friend murine leukemia virus (Fr‐MLV) contains a 5′ splice site (5′ss) located at 205 nt and a 3′ss located at 5489 nt. In our previous studies, it was shown that if the HindIII–BglII (879–1904 bp) fragment within gag is deleted from the proA8m1 vector, which carries the entire Fr‐MLV sequence, then cryptic splicing of env‐mRNA occurs. Here, attempts were made to identify the genomic segment(s) in this region that is/are essential to correct splicing. First, vectors with a serially truncated HindIII–BglII fragment were constructed. The vector, in which a 38 bp fragment (1612–1649 bp) is deleted or reversed in proA8m1, only produced splice variants. It was found that a 38 nt region within gag contains important elements that positively regulate splicing at the correct splice sites. Further analyses of a series of vectors carrying the 38 bp fragment and its flanking sequences showed that a region (1183–1611 nt) upstream of the 38 nt fragment also contains sequences that positively or negatively influence splicing at the correct splice sites. The SphI–NdeI (5140–5400 bp) fragment just upstream of the 3′ss was deleted from vectors that carried the 38 bp fragment and its flanking sequences, which yielded correctly spliced mRNA; interestingly, these deleted vectors showed cryptic splicing. These findings suggest that the 5140–5400 nt region located just upstream of the 3′ss is required for the splicing function of the 38 nt fragment and its flanking sequences.
Activation of Toll‐like receptor 9 inhibits lipopolysaccharide‐induced receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐ B ligand expression in rat B lymphocytes
Authors: Yu Xiaoqian , Lin Jiang , Yu Qing , Kawai Toshihisa , Taubman Martin A. , Han Xiaozhe
Published: November 2013

B lymphocytes express multiple TLRs that regulate their cytokine production. We investigated the effect of TLR4 and TLR9 activation on receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) expression by rat spleen B cells. Splenocytes or purified spleen B cells from Rowett rats were cultured with TLR4 ligand Escherichia coli LPS and/or TLR9 ligand CpG‐oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG‐ODN) for 2 days. RANKL mRNA expression and the percentage of RANKL‐positive B cells were increased in rat splenocytes challenged by E. coli LPS alone. The increases were less pronounced when cells were treated with both CpG‐ODN and E. coli LPS. Microarray analysis showed that expressions of multiple cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) pathway‐related genes were up‐regulated only in cells treated with both E. coli LPS and CpG‐ODN. This study suggests that CpG‐ODN inhibits LPS‐induced RANKL expression in rat B cells via regulation of the CDK pathway.
Lipopolysaccharide induces cell volume increase and migration of dendritic cells
Authors: Gröbner Sabine , Lukowski Robert , Autenrieth Ingo B. , Ruth Peter
Published: November 2013

Migration of dendritic cells (DCs) plays an important role in T‐cell‐mediated adaptive immune responses. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sensed by Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) serves as a signal for DC migration. We analyzed LPS‐induced DC volume changes preceding the directed movement towards chemoattractants. Treatment with LPS resulted in rapid, prolonged cell swelling in wild‐type (WT), but not in TLR4−/− bone marrow‐derived (BM) DCs indicating that TLR4 signaling is essential for LPS‐induced swelling. As a consequence, LPS‐treatment enhanced the migratory activity along a chemokine (CCL21)‐gradient in WT, but not in TLR4‐deficient BMDCs suggesting that the LPS/TLR4‐induced swelling response facilitates DC migration. Moreover, the role of calcium‐activated potassium channels (KCa3.1) as putative regulators of immune cell volume regulation and migration was analyzed in LPS‐challenged BMDCs. We found that the LPS‐induced swelling of KCa3.1‐deficient DCs was impaired when compared to WT DCs. Accordingly, the LPS‐induced increase in [Ca2+]i detected in WT DCs was reduced in KCa3.1‐deficient DCs. Finally, directed migration of LPS‐challenged KCa3.1‐deficient DCs was low compared to WT DCs indicating that activation of KCa3.1 is involved in LPS‐induced DC migration. These findings suggest that both TLR4 and KCa3.1 contribute to the migration of LPS‐activated DCs as an important feature of the adaptive immune response.
The transcription factor ATOH8 is regulated by erythropoietic activity and regulates HAMP transcription and cellular pSMAD1,5,8 levels
Authors: Patel Neeta , Varghese Joe , Masaratana Patarabutr , Latunde‐Dada Gladys O. , Jacob Molly , Simpson Robert J. , McKie Andrew T.
Published: November 2013

ATOH8 has previously been shown to be an iron‐regulated transcription factor, however its role in iron metabolism is not known. ATOH8 expression in HEK293 cells resulted in increased endogenous HAMP mRNA levels as well as HAMP promoter activity. Mutation of the E‐box or SMAD response elements within the HAMP promoter significantly reduced the effects of ATOH8, indicating that ATOH8 activates HAMP transcription directly as well as through bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signalling. In support of the former, Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays provided evidence that ATOH8 binds to E‐box regions within the HAMP promoter while the latter was supported by the finding that ATOH8 expression in HEK293 cells led to increased phosphorylated SMAD1,5,8 levels. Liver Atoh8 levels were reduced in mice under conditions associated with increased erythropoietic activity such as hypoxia, haemolytic anaemia, hypotransferrinaemia and erythropoietin treatment and increased by inhibitors of erythropoiesis. Hepatic Atoh8 mRNA levels increased in mice treated with holo transferrin, suggesting that Atoh8 responds to changes in plasma iron. ATOH8 is therefore a novel transcriptional regulator of HAMP, which is responsive to changes in plasma iron and erythroid activity and could explain how changes in erythroid activity lead to regulation of HAMP.
Efficacy and safety of low‐dose otelixizumab anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody in preserving C‐peptide secretion in adolescent type 1 diabetes: DEFEND‐2, a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, multi‐centre study
Authors: Ambery P. , Donner T. W. , Biswas N. , Donaldson J. , Parkin J. , Dayan C. M.
Published: November 2013

Aims

Phase III DEFEND‐2 investigated whether otelixizumab (3.1 mg over 8 days) preserved C‐peptide secretion in patients with new‐onset Type 1 diabetes, focusing on adolescents (12–17 years).

Methods

One hundred and seventy‐nine patients (54 adolescents) were randomized to otelixizumab or placebo. The primary endpoint was change in 2‐h mixed‐meal‐stimulated C‐peptide area under the curve at month 12. Enrolment was suspended in April 2011 following negative efficacy results from DEFEND‐1. DEFEND‐2 terminated early after 12 months' efficacy and safety follow‐up.

Results

Change from baseline C‐peptide was not significantly different [∆ = –0.09 nmol/l (95% CI –0.17 to 0; P = 0.051)]. No differential C‐peptide effect was seen for otelixizumab in adolescents and more adverse events were reported.

Conclusions

Efficacy and tolerability of otelixizumab was similar to DEFEND‐1. The 3.1‐mg dose was non‐efficacious in adults and adolescents. Further investigation of the mechanism of action seen at higher doses and therapeutic window is required.

Clinical Trials Registry No: NCT 00763451
Oceanographic changes and exploitation drive the spatio‐temporal dynamics of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)
Authors: Fromentin Jean‐Marc , Reygondeau Gabriel , Bonhommeau Sylvain , Beaugrand Gregory
Published: November 2013

Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABFT) has always displayed spectacular changes in its spatial distribution, but the underlying mechanism of such variations still remains obscure. This study focuses on this challenging issue by scrutinizing the intriguing ‘Brazilian episode’ during which a large quantity of ABFT (a temperate species) was caught during the 1960s in the equatorial Atlantic. To investigate this event, we applied a niche model to an extensive data set of catch and environmental variables from 1960 to 2009. ABFT exhibited a remarkably large ecological niche, which matches well with our current knowledge of ABFT. Our results also depicted a high probability of ABFT occurrence in the South Atlantic and, more interestingly, favorable environmental conditions in the western equatorial Atlantic during the 1960s, but not later. ABFT could thus have migrated from their northern spawning grounds to the South Atlantic during the 1960s through the western equatorial Atlantic, playing the role of an ‘ecological bridge’. We argue that the rarity of ABFT in the southern Atlantic during the last four decades would result from the interaction of several processes, particularly oceanographic conditions, migratory behavior, density‐dependence, exploitation levels and population structure. Examination of the catch data further indicated that the fish caught in the equatorial Atlantic were from the western stock and we concluded that the lack of rebuilding of this stock could result from a regime shift due to the combination of oceanographic changes in the equatorial Atlantic and overfishing in the North Atlantic in the 1960s and 1970s.
Microdistribution and feeding dynamics of Coilia nasus (Engraulidae) larvae and juveniles in relation to the estuarine turbidity maximum of the macrotidal Chikugo River estuary, Ariake Sea, Japan
Authors: Suzuki Keita W. , Kanematsu Youta , Nakayama Kouji , Tanaka Masaru
Published: November 2013

To evaluate the nursery value of the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) for the anadromous engraulid fish Coilia nasus, physical and biological samples were collected along the macrotidal Chikugo River estuary, southwestern Japan, from June 2005 to January 2006. Generally, eggs were distributed upstream of the ETM, whereas larvae were distributed in the ETM. The first cohort was washed out of the estuary by a large flood in early July. The second cohort appeared after the flood, gradually extending its distributional area through the estuary and growing to 100 mm in standard length (SL) by December. Larvae and juveniles (20–100 mm SL) fed selectively on copepods, specifically large calanoid species, whereas more developed juveniles fed on mysids. Prey organisms in guts were significantly more abundant and present in greater weights in the ETM (salinity <10) than in the lower estuary (salinity >10). The better feeding conditions were primarily attributable to consistently high densities of two large calanoid species, Sinocalanus sinensis and Pseudodiaptomus inopinus, in the ETM. In contrast, the poor feeding conditions in the lower estuary were likely due to a seasonal decrease in copepod density and the dominance of small copepods such as Oithona spp. Given that better feeding conditions contribute positively to the growth and survival of larvae and juveniles, we conclude that the ETM has a significantly higher nursery value for C. nasus compared with other habitats in the Chikugo River estuary.
Are You In or Out? Employment Discrimination in Online and Offline Networks
Authors: Ruggs Enrica N. , Speights Sabrina , Walker Sarah Singletary
Published: November 2013

In the current focal article, Lindsey, King, Dunleavy, McCausland, & Jones (2013) discuss how organizational scholars and practitioners can help eradicate employment discrimination across the employment cycle, focusing primarily on factors directly linked to organizational outcomes. In addition to facing discrimination that is linked to organizational outcomes, marginalized individuals often face subtle forms of discrimination, which may not directly affect organizational decisions and outcomes but instead may impact one's workplace experiences (e.g., social networking situations). Such negative experiences may indirectly influence organizational decisions and outcomes. Thus, in this commentary we argue that we should not only encourage evidence-based research on eradicating discrimination at the organizational level but ensure that such efforts also examine the social, individual level as well. We discuss manifestations of subtle discrimination that occur within the social aspects of each of the four cycles discussed in the focal article, paying particular attention to social networking situations, and examine steps organizational researchers can take to help reduce discrimination at a more social level as well.
Knowledge Translation in Job Development: Strategies for Involving Families
Authors: Hall Allison , Bose Jennifer , Winsor Jean , Migliore Alberto
Published: November 2013

Background

Although United States employment policies have increased support for people with disabilities working in community settings, the unemployment rate for this population remains very high, particularly for people with intellectual or developmental disabilities. Research shows that job developers (direct support professionals who assist people with disabilities to secure, maintain, and advance in employment) are critical to achieving quality employment outcomes. However, the extent to which job developers use practices that are considered promising in their field (such as engaging families) is not well known.

Methods

This brief report summarizes findings from a qualitative study about the extent to which job developers use the recommended promising practices when working with individuals and family members.

Results

Qualitative analysis identified the following themes among job developers: factors affecting family involvement, perceptions of family involvement, and the influence of expectation on strategies.

Conclusions

The field of job development faces a challenge common to many professions: translating research on best practices to those who need this knowledge the most and can use it to greatest effect. Future research should address how community rehabilitation providers (CRPs) communicate about and instill best practices, including effective family engagement, within their organizations.
Impact of rapid on‐site evaluation on the adequacy of endoscopic‐ultrasound guided fine‐needle aspiration of solid pancreatic lesions: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Matynia Anna P , Schmidt Robert L , Barraza Gonzalo , Layfield Lester J , Siddiqui Ali A , Adler Douglas G
Published: November 2013

Background

Rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE) has the potential to improve adequacy rates for endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) of solid pancreatic lesions, but its impact is context‐dependent. No studies exist that summarize the relationship between ROSE, number of needle passes, and resulting adequacy rates.

Aims

To analyze data from previous studies to establish if ROSE is associated with improved adequacy rates; to evaluate the relationship between ROSE, number of needle passes, and the resulting adequacy rates of EUS‐FNA for solid pancreatic lesions.

Methods

Systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies reporting the adequacy rates for EUS‐FNA of solid pancreatic lesions.

Results

The search produced 3822 original studies, of which 70 studies met our inclusion criteria. The overall average adequacy rate was 96.2% (95% confidence interval: 95.5, 96.9). ROSE was associated with a statistically significant improvement of up to 3.5% in adequacy rates. There was heterogeneity in adequacy rates across all subgroups. No association between the assessor type and adequacy rates was found. Studies with ROSE have high per‐case adequacy and a relatively high number of needle passes in contrast to non‐ROSE studies. ROSE is an effect modifier of the relationship between number of needle passes and adequacy.

Conclusions

ROSE is associated with up to 3.5% improvement in adequacy rates for EUS‐FNA of solid pancreatic lesions. ROSE assessor type has no impact on adequacy rates. ROSE is an effect modifier on the relationship between needle passes and per‐case adequacy for EUS‐FNA of solid pancreatic lesions.
Three‐dimensional imaging of whole mouse models: comparing nondestructive X‐ray phase‐contrast micro‐CT with cryotome‐based planar epi‐illumination imaging
Authors: TAPFER A. , BECH M. , ZANETTE I. , SYMVOULIDIS P. , STANGL S. , MULTHOFF G. , MOLLS M. , NTZIACHRISTOS V. , PFEIFFER F.
Published: November 2013

In this study, we compare two evolving techniques for obtaining high‐resolution 3D anatomical data of a mouse specimen. On the one hand, we investigate cryotome‐based planar epi‐illumination imaging (cryo‐imaging). On the other hand, we examine X‐ray phase‐contrast micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) using synchrotron radiation. Cryo‐imaging is a technique in which an electron multiplying charge coupled camera takes images of a cryo‐frozen specimen during the sectioning process. Subsequent image alignment and virtual stacking result in volumetric data. X‐ray phase‐contrast imaging is based on the minute refraction of X‐rays inside the specimen and features higher soft‐tissue contrast than conventional, attenuation‐based micro‐CT. To explore the potential of both techniques for studying whole mouse disease models, one mouse specimen was imaged using both techniques. Obtained data are compared visually and quantitatively, specifically with regard to the visibility of fine anatomical details. Internal structure of the mouse specimen is visible in great detail with both techniques and the study shows in particular that soft‐tissue contrast is strongly enhanced in the X‐ray phase images compared to the attenuation‐based images. This identifies phase‐contrast micro‐CT as a powerful tool for the study of small animal disease models.
Dense nuclei segmentation based on graph cut and convexity–concavity analysis
Authors: QI J.
Published: November 2013

With the rapid advancement of 3D confocal imaging technology, more and more 3D cellular images will be available. However, robust and automatic extraction of nuclei shape may be hindered by a highly cluttered environment, as for example, in fly eye tissues. In this paper, we present a novel and efficient nuclei segmentation algorithm based on the combination of graph cut and convex shape assumption. The main characteristic of the algorithm is that it segments nuclei foreground using a graph‐cut algorithm with our proposed new initialization method and splits overlapping or touching cell nuclei by simple convexity and concavity analysis. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can segment complicated nuclei clumps effectively in our fluorescent fruit fly eye images. Evaluation on a public hand‐labelled 2D benchmark demonstrates substantial quantitative improvement over other methods. For example, the proposed method achieves a 3.2 Hausdorff distance decrease and a 1.8 decrease in the merged nuclei error per slice.
Multiphoton microscopic imaging of human normal and cancerous oesophagus tissue
Authors: CHEN W.S. , WANG Y. , LIU N.R. , ZHANG J.X. , CHEN R.
Published: November 2013

In this paper, microstructures of human oesophageal submucosa are evaluated using multiphoton microscopy, based on two‐photon excited fluorescence and second harmonic generation. The content and distribution of collagen, elastic fibers and cancer cells in normal and cancerous submucosa layer have been distinctly obtained and briefly discussed. The variation of these components is very relevant to the pathology in oesophagus, especially in early oesophageal cancer. Our results further indicate that the multiphoton microscopy technique has the potential application in vivo in clinical diagnosis and monitoring of early oesophageal cancer.
MicroRNA‐29b modulates Japanese encephalitis virus‐induced microglia activation by targeting tumor necrosis factor alpha‐induced protein 3
Authors: Thounaojam Menaka Chanu , Kaushik Deepak Kumar , Kundu Kiran , Basu Anirban
Published: November 2013

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a single‐stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus, is the leading cause of encephalitis in Asia. Microglial activation is one of the key events in JEV‐induced neuroinflammation. Although the various microRNAs (miRNAs) has been shown to regulate microglia activation during pathological conditions including neuroviral infections, till date, the involvement of miRNAs in JEV infection has not been evaluated. Hence, we sought to evaluate the possible role of miRNAs in mediating JEV‐induced microglia activation. Initial screening revealed significant up‐regulation of miR‐29b in JEV‐infected mouse microglial cell line (BV‐2) and primary microglial cells. Furthermore, using bioinformatics tools, we identified tumor necrosis factor alpha‐induced protein 3, a negative regulator of nuclear factor‐kappa B signaling as a potential target of miR‐29b. Interestingly, in vitro knockdown of miR‐29b resulted in significant over‐expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha‐induced protein 3, and subsequent decrease in nuclear translocation of pNF‐κB. JEV infection in BV‐2 cell line elevated inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase‐2, and pro‐inflammatory cytokine expression levels, which diminished after miR‐29b knockdown. Collectively, our study demonstrates involvement of miR‐29b in regulating JEV‐ induced microglial activation.

image

miR‐29b regulates Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)‐induced microglia activation via inhibition of the anti‐inflammatory proteinTNFAIP3, which results in sustained activation of NF‐kB. Sustained NF‐?Bactivation further results in augmented secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and induction of inflammatory mediators (iNOS and Cox‐2).
Triheptanoin partially restores levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in the mouse pilocarpine model of epilepsy
Authors: Hadera Mussie G. , Smeland Olav B. , McDonald Tanya S. , Tan Kah Ni , Sonnewald Ursula , Borges Karin
Published: November 2013

Triheptanoin, the triglyceride of heptanoate, is anticonvulsant in various epilepsy models. It is thought to improve energy metabolism in the epileptic brain by re‐filling the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle with C4‐intermediates (anaplerosis). Here, we injected mice with [1,2‐13C]glucose 3.5–4 weeks after pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus (SE) fed either a control or triheptanoin diet. Amounts of metabolites and incorporations of 13C were determined in extracts of cerebral cortices and hippocampal formation and enzyme activity and mRNA expression were quantified. The percentage enrichment with two 13C atoms in malate, citrate, succinate, and GABA was reduced in hippocampal formation of control‐fed SE compared with control mice. Except for succinate, these reductions were not found in triheptanoin‐fed SE mice, indicating that triheptanoin prevented a decrease of TCA cycle capacity. Compared to those on control diet, triheptanoin‐fed SE mice showed few changes in most other metabolite levels and their 13C labeling. Reduced pyruvate carboxylase mRNA and enzyme activity in forebrains and decreased [2,3‐13C]aspartate amounts in cortex suggest a pyruvate carboxylation independent source of C‐4 TCA cycle intermediates. Most likely anaplerosis was kept unchanged by carboxylation of propionyl‐CoA derived from heptanoate. Further studies are proposed to fully understand triheptanoin's effects on neuroglial metabolism and interaction.

image

In the hippocampal formation (HF) of a mouse epilepsy model, formation of citrate, GABA, succinate, fumarate, and malate from 13C‐labeled glucose is reduced. Triheptanoin, the triglyceride of heptanoate, inhibits pyruvate carboxylase activity (PC, green arrow), but restores some of these metabolite levels (red arrows). The refilling of the TCA cycle via carboxylation of propionyl‐CoA is likely to contribute to triheptanoin's anticonvulsant effects.
Diagnostic Yield of Cytologic Analysis of Pericardial Effusion in Dogs
Authors: Cagle L.A. , Epstein S.E. , Owens S.D. , Mellema M.S. , Hopper K. , Burton A.G.
Published: November 2013

Background

Pericardial effusion cytology is believed by many to be of limited value, yet few studies have evaluated its diagnostic utility.

Objectives

To determine the diagnostic utility of cytologic analysis of pericardial effusion in dogs and to determine if consideration of additional data could improve the diagnostic yield.

Animals

Two hundred and fifty‐nine dogs with cytologic analysis of pericardial effusion performed between April 1990 and June 2012.

Methods

Electronic medical records from a university teaching hospital were retrospectively reviewed; signalment, complete blood count, serum biochemistry, cytologic analysis of pericardial effusion, and echocardiographic data were recorded. Cytology was classified as diagnostic (infectious or neoplastic) or nondiagnostic (hemorrhagic or other) and groups were compared with multiple Student'st‐tests.

Results

Cytology was grouped as nondiagnostic (92.3%) or diagnostic (7.7%) and characterized as hemorrhagic (90%), neoplastic (4.6%), infectious (3.1%), or other (2.3%). Overall cytologic analysis of pericardial effusion diagnostic utility was 7.7% and increased to 20.3% if the effusion hematocrit (HCT) <10%; echocardiographic evidence of a mass did not result in a significant increase in the diagnostic utility.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The diagnostic utility of cytologic analysis of canine pericardial effusion is variable depending on the underlying etiology. In this group of dogs, the diagnostic yield of cytologic analysis was greater for pericardial effusion samples in which theHCTwas less than 10%.
Genomic architecture of ecologically divergent body shape in a pair of sympatric crater lake cichlid fishes
Authors: Franchini Paolo , Fruciano Carmelo , Spreitzer Maria L. , Jones Julia C. , Elmer Kathryn R. , Henning Frederico , Meyer Axel
Published: November 2013

Determining the genetic bases of adaptations and their roles in speciation is a prominent issue in evolutionary biology. Cichlid fish species flocks are a prime example of recent rapid radiations, often associated with adaptive phenotypic divergence from a common ancestor within a short period of time. In several radiations of freshwater fishes, divergence in ecomorphological traits — including body shape, colour, lips and jaws — is thought to underlie their ecological differentiation, specialization and, ultimately, speciation. The Midas cichlid species complex (Amphilophusspp.) of Nicaragua provides one of the few known examples of sympatric speciation where species have rapidly evolved different but parallel morphologies in young crater lakes. This study identified significantQTLfor body shape usingSNPs generated via ddRADsequencing and geometric morphometric analyses of a cross between two ecologically and morphologically divergent, sympatric cichlid species endemic to crater Lake Apoyo: an elongated limnetic species (Amphilophus zaliosus) and a high‐bodied benthic species (Amphilophus astorquii). A total of 453 genome‐wide informativeSNPs were identified in 240F2hybrids. These markers were used to construct a genetic map in which 25 linkage groups were resolved. Seventy‐two segregatingSNPs were linked to 11QTL. By annotating the two most highly supportedQTL‐linked genomic regions, genes that might contribute to divergence in body shape along the benthic–limnetic axis in Midas cichlid sympatric adaptive radiations were identified. These results suggest that few genomic regions of large effect contribute to early stage divergence in Midas cichlids.
Opposite carbon isotope discrimination during dark respiration in leaves versus roots – a review
Authors: Ghashghaie Jaleh , Badeck Franz W.
Published: November 2013

In general, leaves are 13C‐depleted compared with all other organs (e.g. roots, stem/trunk and fruits). Different hypotheses are formulated in the literature to explain this difference. One of these states that CO2 respired by leaves in the dark is 13C‐enriched compared with leaf organic matter, while it is 13C‐depleted in the case of root respiration. The opposite respiratory fractionation between leaves and roots was invoked as an explanation for the widespread between‐organ isotopic differences. After summarizing the basics of photosynthetic and post‐photosynthetic discrimination, we mainly review the recent findings on the isotopic composition of CO2 respired by leaves (autotrophic organs) and roots (heterotrophic organs) compared with respective plant material (i.e. apparent respiratory fractionation) as well as its metabolic origin. The potential impact of such fractionation on the isotopic signal of organic matter (OM) is discussed. Some perspectives for future studies are also proposed .

Contents

Summary
751

I.
Introduction
751

II.
Photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination
752

III.
Post‐photosynthetic discrimination
753

IV.
Apparent dark respiratory fractionation in leaves
754

V.
Root‐respired CO2 is generally 13C‐depleted compared with root OM, except in C3 woody plants
757

VI.
δ13CR of leaves and roots diverges at leaf autotrophy onset
762

VII.
Metabolic pathways potentially implied in 13C depletion in root‐respired CO2
763

VIII.
A glance at stem respiration
765

IX.
Impact on carbon isotope composition of plant OM
765

X.
Conclusions
766

Acknowledgements
766

References
766
A large pholidosaurid in the Phu Kradung Formation of north‐eastern Thailand
Authors: Martin Jeremy E. , Lauprasert Komsorn , Buffetaut Eric , Liard Romain , Suteethorn Varavudh
Published: November 2013

In the early 1980s, the remains of a large crocodilian, consisting of a nearly complete lower jaw, were referred to a distinct species of Sunosuchus, S. thailandicus. The specimen was recovered from a road‐cut near Nong Bua Lamphu, north‐eastern Thailand, in the upper part of the continental Phu Kradung Formation, and then considered Early to Middle Jurassic in age. Since then, this age has been revised and most of the formation is now considered Early Cretaceous, although a Late Jurassic age is possible for its lowermost part. Here, we report for the first time cranial elements associated with mandibular remains assignable to ‘S’. thailandicus. An attribution to Pholidosauridae is proposed on the basis of premaxillary morphology, and the original referral of this taxon to the goniopholidid Sunosuchus is discarded. A new genus name Chalawan now designates the originally described material of S. thailandicus. Nevertheless, the newly described specimen shares a characteristic with both ‘traditional’ Goniopholididae and Pholidosauridae: the presence of a depression located on the lateral wall of the maxilla and jugal. A phylogenetic analysis confirms the inclusion of both Goniopholididae and Pholidosauridae into a common clade, Coelognathosuchia tax. nov. Although the new Thai skull is much fragmented, its original shape is reconstructed and is compared with other pholidosaurid genera, namely Elosuchus, Meridiosaurus, Oceanosuchus, Pholidosaurus, Sarcosuchus and Terminonaris. The presence of the genus Sunosuchus being highly questionable in Thailand, it cannot be used as evidence to link the Chinese and Indochinese blocks. Instead, the recognition of a freshwater pholidosaurid in a continental formation of the Indochinese block suggests that early in their evolutionary history, these crocodilians, already known from Europe, Africa and South America, were more widely distributed along the northern margin of the Tethys than previously recognized.
Anesthesia and long‐term outcomes after neonatal intensive care
Authors: Marlow Neil
Published: November 2013

As survival is now increasing, care of the extremely preterm infant is now directed at strategies to minimize long‐term morbidity. In this study, I review the current state‐of‐the‐art outcomes for babies born at extremely low gestations and identify strategies that may be aimed at optimizing outcomes. With respect to anesthetic practice, I then go on to discuss important issues of pain management in these babies and how this may affect long‐term outcomes.
Hope and the Interpersonal‐Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior: Replication and Extension of Prior Findings
Authors: Anestis Michael D. , Moberg Fallon B. , Arnau Randolph C.
Published: November 2013

The interpersonal‐psychological theory of suicidal behavior (IPTS; Joiner, 2005) posits that suicidal behavior occurs when an individual has a desire for death (due to the combination of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness) in addition to an acquired capacity for suicide, which is present when the individual has a low fear of death and high pain tolerance. Previous research has demonstrated an expected negative relation between trait hope and perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, as well as a more perplexing finding that hope is positively associated with the acquired capability. In a sample of 230 college students, measures of the three components of the IPTS were administered, along with measures of hope, depression, and painful and/or provocative events. Hierarchical regression analyses replicated the previously found associations between hope and burdensomeness and belongingness while controlling for depression and demographic variables. The positive association between hope and acquired capacity was also replicated, but a mediation analysis demonstrated that the effect was statistically accounted for by distress tolerance. The results further support the incremental validity of hope as a consideration in suicide risk assessments and suggest that hope may serve as a protective factor with respect to suicidal desire.
Applications du théorème d’Ax–Lindemann hyperbolique
Authors: Ullmo Emmanuel
Published: November 2013

We explain how the André–Oort conjecture for a general Shimura variety can be deduced from the hyperbolic Ax–Lindemann conjecture, a good lower bound for Galois orbits of special points and the definability, in the$o$-minimal structure${ \mathbb{R} }_{\mathrm{an} , \mathrm{exp} } $, of the restriction to a fundamental set of the uniformizing map of a Shimura variety. These ingredients are known in some important cases. As a consequence a proof of the André–Oort conjecture for projective special subvarieties of${ \mathcal{A} }_{6}^{N} $for an arbitrary integer$N$is given.
Analysis of the Gull Fecal Microbial Community Reveals the Dominance of Catellicoccus marimammalium in Relation to Culturable Enterococci
Authors: Koskey Amber M. , Fisher Jenny C. , Traudt Mary F. , Newton Ryan J. , McLellan Sandra L.
Published: November 2013

Gulls are prevalent in beach environments and can be a major source of fecal contamination. Gulls have been shown to harbor a high abundance of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), such as
Escherichia coli
and enterococci, which can be readily detected as part of routine beach monitoring. Despite the ubiquitous presence of gull fecal material in beach environments, the associated microbial community is relatively poorly characterized. We generated comprehensive microbial community profiles of gull fecal samples using Roche 454 and Illumina MiSeq platforms to investigate the composition and variability of the gull fecal microbial community and to measure the proportion of FIB.
Enterococcaceae
and
Enterobacteriaceae
were the two most abundant families in our gull samples. Sequence comparisons between short-read data and nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene clones generated from the same samples revealed
Catellicoccus marimammalium
as the most numerous taxon among all samples. The identification of bacteria from gull fecal pellets cultured on membrane-
Enterococcus
indoxyl-β-
d
-glucoside (mEI) plates showed that the dominant sequences recovered in our sequence libraries did not represent organisms culturable on mEI. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing of gull fecal isolates cultured on mEI plates, 98.8% were identified as
Enterococcus
spp., 1.2% were identified as
Streptococcus
spp., and none were identified as
C. marimammalium
. Illumina deep sequencing indicated that gull fecal samples harbor significantly higher proportions of
C. marimammalium
16S rRNA gene sequences (>50-fold) relative to typical mEI culturable
Enterococcus
spp.
C. marimammalium
therefore can be confidently utilized as a genetic marker to identify gull fecal pollution in the beach environment.
Lactobacillus helveticus MIMLh5-Specific Antibodies for Detection of S-Layer Protein in Grana Padano Protected-Designation-of-Origin Cheese
Authors: Stuknytė Milda , Brockmann Eeva-Christine , Huovinen Tuomas , Guglielmetti Simone , Mora Diego , Taverniti Valentina , Arioli Stefania , De Noni Ivano , Lamminmäki Urpo
Published: November 2013

Single-chain variable-fragment antibodies (scFvs) have considerable potential in immunological detection and localization of bacterial surface structures. In this study, synthetic phage-displayed antibody libraries were used to select scFvs against immunologically active S-layer protein of
Lactobacillus helveticus
MIMLh5. After three rounds of panning, five relevant phage clones were obtained, of which four were specific for the S-layer protein of
L. helveticus
MIMLh5 and one was also capable of binding to the S-layer protein of
L. helveticus
ATCC 15009. All five anti-S-layer scFvs were expressed in
Escherichia coli
XL1-Blue, and their specificity profiles were characterized by Western blotting. The anti-S-layer scFv PolyH4, with the highest specificity for the S-layer protein of
L. helveticus
MIMLh5, was used to detect the S-layer protein in Grana Padano protected-designation-of-origin (PDO) cheese extracts by Western blotting. These results showed promising applications of this monoclonal antibody for the detection of immunomodulatory S-layer protein in dairy (and dairy-based) foods.