bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of polyclonal antisera developed against dense
granule-associated Neospora caninum proteins on cell
invasion and development in vitro by N. caninum
tachyzoites
Authors: AUGUSTINE P. C. , JENKINS M. C. , DUBEY J. P.
Published: July 2002

The effects of polyclonal antisera to 2 recombinant dense granule (DG) antigens of Neospora caninum on invasion and
development by N. caninum tachyzoites in baby hamster kidney cell cultures were examined. In immunofluorescent
antibody tests, the anti-DG sera, at dilutions of 1:100 to 1:500, reacted intensely with individual intracellular tachyzoites
and groups of tachyzoites enclosed in parasitophorous vacuoles at 2 and 52 h p.i., respectively. Tachyzoites suspended in
diluted anti-DG sera and inoculated immediately into the cell cultures invaded cells in significantly fewer numbers
(53–68% fewer by 2 h p.i.) than tachyzoites suspended in similarly diluted normal rabbit serum. In contrast, tachyzoites
suspended in anti-Eimeria tenella sporozoite serum invaded cells as efficiently as those suspended in normal rabbit serum.
Addition of anti-DG sera at the time of inoculation of tachyzoites, or to the cell cultures after the parasites had entered
cells, had little effect on either the percentage or rate of their subsequent development.
Community structure of digenean parasites of sparid and
labrid fishes of the Mediterranean sea: a new approach
Authors: SASAL P. , NIQUIL N. , BARTOLI P.
Published: July 2002

The aim of this work was to study the structure of the parasite communities of Digeneans of 2 families of Teleost fishes
(Sparidae and Labridae) of the Mediterranean sea. We tried to quantify the importance of both the microhabitat
requirements of the parasite species and the effect of host biological factors on the parasite communities. We applied, for
the first time in parasite community studies, the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) to analyse (i) the spatial
distribution of parasite species within the digestive tract of the hosts; (ii) the host's biological factors (such as diet, host
length, gregariousness and abundance) that may influence this spatial distribution of parasite species. Our results showed
that potential microhabitats were vacant in the 2 host families studied revealing a lack of niche saturation because either
there was little inter- and/or intraspecific competition or there were enough available space and resources within the host.
Our results also indicated that the position of the parasite in the digestive tract is much more important than host biological
factors for the structure of parasite community. Finally, we highlight the potential use of the CCA method for controlling
for phylogenetic constraints in multi-species analyses.
Monkeys of the rainforest in French Guiana are natural
reservoirs for P. brasilianum/P. malariae malaria
Authors: FANDEUR T. , VOLNEY B. , PENEAU C. , DE THOISY B.
Published: July 2002

Monkey blood samples were collected from 214 monkeys relocated as part of the wildlife rescue organized in French
Guiana during the filling of the Petit Saut Dam on the Sinnamary River. These samples were tested for malaria parasites
by microscopy of thick blood films and by nested PCR for small subunit rRNA genes (SSUrRNA). Parasitic blood forms
similar to Plasmodium brasilianum were detected in 4 monkey species: Alouatta seniculus macconnelli, Saguinus midas midas,
Pithecia pithecia and Ateles paniscus paniscus, with the highest prevalence in Alouatta monkeys. PCR was more sensitive
than the conventional method for detecting low-grade parasitaemia in positive monkeys. The examination of blood films
indicated that 5·6% of the animals carried parasites whereas the nested PCR for ribosomal DNA indicated a prevalence
of 11·3%. The P. brasilianum SSUrRNA gene sequence was analysed and aligned with those from P. malariae, P.
falciparum and P. vivax. This suggested that P. brasilianum and P. malariae are very closely related. Similar results were
obtained from analysis of the sequences in P. malariae and P. brasilianum isolates of a polymorphic gene fragment
analogous to the merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) gene of P. falciparum. The P. brasilianum/P. malariae sequences
were more similar to those of P. vivax than to those of P. falciparum, at least in the gene region examined. The high degree
of DNA homology in the sequences of the SSUrRNA and msp1-like genes is consistent with other characterizations
demonstrating a taxonomic relationship between P. brasilianum and P. malariae species. Our results provide further
evidence that P. brasilianum and P. malariae are virtually identical and should probably be considered to be a single
malaria species. This raises the question as to whether monkeys living in the rainforest are natural reservoirs for both
simian and human malaria. These results have implications for the interpretation of the current epidemiological situation
in French Guiana.
Molecular data implicate bryozoans as hosts for PKX
(Phylum Myxozoa) and identify a clade of bryozoan
parasites within the Myxozoa
Authors: ANDERSON C. L. , CANNING E. U. , OKAMURA B.
Published: July 2002

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD), a condition associated with high mortality in salmonid fish, represents an abnormal
immune response to the presence of an enigmatic myxozoan, which has been designated simply as PKX organism because
its generic and specific status are obscure. Phylogenetic analyses of partial sequences of the 18S rDNA of PKX and of
myxozoan parasites infecting the bryozoans Cristatella mucedo, Pectinatella magnifica and Plumatella rugosa, including the
previously named Tetracapsula bryozoides from C. mucedo, showed that these taxa represent a distinct clade that diverged
early in the evolution of the Myxozoa before the radiation of the other known myxozoan genera. A common feature of
the myxozoans in this clade may be the electron-dense sporoplasmosomes with a lucent bar-like structure, which occur
in T. bryozoides and PKX but not in the myxozoans belonging to the established orders Bivalvulida and Multivalvulida.
Variation of 0·5–1·1% was found among the PKX 18S rDNA sequences obtained from fish from North America and
Europe. The 18S rDNA sequence for T. bryozoides showed that it is a distinct taxon, not closely related to PKX but some
sequences from myxozoans infecting 2 of the bryozoan species were so similar to those of PKX as to be indistinguishable.
Other sequences from the new myxozoans in bryozoans at first appeared distinct from PKX in a maximum likelihood tree
but, when analysed further, were also found to be phylogenetically indistinguishable from PKX. We propose that at least
some variants of these new myxozoans from bryozoans are able to infect and multiply in salmonid fish, in which they
stimulate the immune reaction and cause PKD but are unable to form mature spores to complete their development.
The vectorial competence of Phlebotomus sergenti is specific
for Leishmania tropica and is controlled by species-specific,
lipophosphoglycan-mediated midgut attachment
Authors: KAMHAWI S. , MODI G. B. , PIMENTA P. F. P. , ROWTON E. , SACKS D. L.
Published: July 2002

The vectorial competence of Phlebotomus sergenti for 3 Old World species of Leishmania, L. tropica, L. major and L.
donovani, was investigated in vivo and by in vitro midgut binding assays using living promastigotes and purified
lipophosphoglycan (LPG). P. sergenti consistently showed a high specificity for L. tropica strains, which were able to
develop mature, potentially transmissible infections. The loss of infection with L. major and L. donovani correlated with
the excretion of the digested bloodmeal. These strains were able to produce sustained infections in the midguts of their
appropriate vectors, P. papatasi and P. argentipes, respectively. In in vitro binding assays, a significantly higher number
of L. tropica procyclic promastigotes attached to the midgut lining of P. sergenti, compared to those of L. major and L.
donovani (P < 0·05). The prediction that the species specificity of midgut attachment is controlled by polymorphic
structures on the parasite LPG was supported by the finding that P. sergenti midguts were intensely stained following
incubation with purified phosphoglycan (PG) from L. tropica compared with PGs from L. major or L. donovani. The
results provide further evidence that LPG structural polymorphisms are driven by the species diversity of molecules
present on the sandfly midgut that function as parasite attachment sites.
On the Lack of ‘True Philosophic Spirit’ in Aquinas:
Commitment v. Tracking in Philosophic Method
Authors: Nelson Mark T.
Published: July 2002

Bertrand Russell famously disparaged Thomas Aquinas as having ‘little of the true philosophic spirit’, because ‘he does not, like the Platonic Socrates, set out to follow wherever the argument may lead.’ Like many of Russell's pronouncements, this is breathtakingly supercilious and unfair. Still, even an enthusiastic admirer of Aquinas may worry that there is something in it, that there is something wrong with religious ‘commitments’ in philosophy. I examine Russell's objection by comparing standards of permissibility in epistemology with standards of permissibility in ethics, where these issues are better understood. I conclude that the epistemic standard behind Russell's criticism is no less contentious in epistemology than, say, direct utilitarianism is in ethics.
The capacity of people with a ‘mental disability’ to
make a health care decision
Authors: WONG J. G. , CLARE I. C. H. , HOLLAND A. J. , WATSON P. C. , GUNN M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Based on the developing clinical and legal literature, and using the framework adopted
in draft legislation, capacity to make a valid decision about a clinically required blood test was
investigated in three groups of people with a ‘mental disability’ (i.e. mental illness (chronic
schizophrenia), ‘learning disability’ (‘mental retardation’, or intellectual or developmental
disability), or, dementia) and a fourth, comparison group.

Methods. The three ‘mental disability’ groups (N = 20 in the ‘learning disability’ group, N = 21 in
each of the other two groups) were recruited through the relevant local clinical services; and through
a phlebotomy clinic for the ‘general population’ comparison group (N = 20). The decision-making
task was progressively simplified by presenting the relevant information as separate elements and
modifying the assessment of capacity so that responding became gradually less dependent on
expressive verbal ability.

Results. Compared with the ‘general population’ group, capacity to make the particular decision
was significantly more impaired in the ‘learning disability’ and ‘dementia’ groups. Importantly,
however, it was not more impaired among the ‘mental illness’ group. All the groups benefited as
the decision-making task was simplified, but at different stages. In each of the ‘mental disability’
groups, one participant benefited only when responding did not require any expensive verbal ability.

Conclusions. Consistent with current views, capacity reflected an interaction between the decision-maker and the demands of the decision-making task. The findings have implications for the way in
which decisions about health care interventions are sought from people with a ‘mental disability’.
The methodology may be extended to assess capacity to make other legally-significant decisions.
Long-term effects of alprazolam on memory: a 3·5 year follow-up
of
agoraphobia/panic patients
Authors: KILIÇ C. , CURRAN H. V. , NOSHIRVANI H. , MARKS I. M. , BA[Sogon];OĞLU M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Benzodiazepines (BZs) can impair explicit
memory after a single dose and also when
taken repeatedly for treatment of anxiety disorders. A previous study with
agoraphobia/panic
patients found that the BZ alprazolam impaired memory during an 8-week
treatment and residual
impairments were still manifest several weeks after drug withdrawal (Curran
et al. 1994). The
present study followed up the same group of patients 3·5 years after
treatment to determine whether
those memory impairments persisted.

Method. Thirty-one patients, 15 who had originally been treated
with alprazolam and 16 with
placebo, were assessed on a battery of psychometric tests and self-rating
scales.

Results. Ex-alprazolam patients performed at the same levels
as ex-placebo patients on the memory
task and on other objective tests. Performance levels of both groups were
similar to pre-treatment
baselines, however there were differences in subjective ratings whereby
ex-alprazolam patients rated
themselves as less attentive and clear headed and more incompetent and
clumsy than ex-placebo
patients.

Conclusions. Explicit memory impairments found while patients
were taking alprazolam and weeks
after drug withdrawal did not persist 3·5 years later. We suggest
that the memory impairments
observed in our previous study weeks after withdrawal of alprazolam were
not residual effects of
alprazolam but rather were due to the drug's interference with practice
effects on the tests and
habituation of anxiety over repeated exposure to the test situation.
Plantinga on warrant
Authors: SWINBURNE RICHARD
Published: July 2002

Alvin PlantingaWarranted Christian Belief(New York NY: Oxford University Press,
2000).

In the two previous volumes of his trilogy on ‘warrant’, Alvin Plantinga
developed his general theory of warrant, defined as that characteristic enough
of which terms a true belief into knowledge. A belief B has warrant if and only if:
(1) it is produced by cognitive faculties functioning properly, (2) in a cognitive
environment sufficiently similar to that for which the faculties were designed, (3)
according to a design plan aimed at the production of true beliefs, when (4) there
is a high statistical probability of such beliefs being true.

Thus my belief that there is a table in front of me has warrant if in the first
place, in producing it, my cognitive faculties were functioning properly, the way
they were meant to function. Plantinga holds that just as our heart or liver may
function properly or not, so may our cognitive faculties. And he also holds that if
God made us, our faculties function properly if they function in the way God
designed them to function; whereas if evolution (uncaused by God) made us, then
our faculties function properly if they function in the way that (in some sense)
evolution designed them to function.
Substrate influence in Hawai‘i Creole English
Authors: SIEGEL JEFF
Published: July 2002

Since the 1970s, it has been assumed that the diverse
languages of plantation laborers in Hawai‘i had
little effect on the development of Hawai‘i Creole
English (HCE); this view supported theories that emphasize
the role of innate linguistic universals in creolization.
But recent research has revealed (a) widespread bilingualism
among locally born children of laborers before HCE emerged,
and (b) the dominance of two ethnic groups at the time
– the Chinese and Portuguese. This article re-examines
the issue of substrate influence in HCE by concentrating
on these two groups. Socio-historical and linguistic evidence
is presented to show the likelihood that the Cantonese
and Portuguese substrates reinforced and expanded various
features of existing pidgins that had diffused to Hawai‘i.
Portuguese also appears to be the origin of several key
features of HCE which differ from those of other creoles.
The implications of these findings for universalist theories
of creole genesis are discussed.
Triadic directives in Navajo language socialization
Authors: FIELD MARGARET
Published: July 2002

This article argues that certain aspects of language
use may be more resistant to change than is language code.
In communities undergoing language shift, researchers have
noted ways in which indigenous patterns of interaction
may be retained after the language used has shifted to
English. It is argued that aspects of a speech community's
interaction that are most tacit are also the most resistant
to change, and are maintained through mundane routines
and forms of everyday interaction. Such contexts for language
use typically are the focus in studies of language socialization,
which bring the theoretical perspectives of both practice
theory and Bakhtinian dialogicality to bear on the question
of how interactional and linguistic routines are maintained
and transmitted across generations. Analysis here focuses
on one particular interactional routine: the giving of
directives involving a triadic participation structure,
between caregivers and children in a Navajo community.
Gone with the wind: Individual differences in heuristics and biases undermine the implication of systematic irrationality
Authors: Funder David C.
Published: July 2002

The target article's finding of stable and general individual differences in solving of problems in heuristics-and-biases experiments is fundamentally subversive to the Meliorist research program's attention-getting claim that human thought is “systematically irrational.” Since some people get these problems right, studies of heuristics and biases may reduce to repeated demonstrations that difficult questions are hard to solve.
Good genes and parental care in human evolution
Authors: Marlowe Frank
Published: July 2002

Prior to agriculture, human societies were small, with little variation for good genes sexual selection (GGSS) to work on. Across cultures, variation in paternal care makes the benefits of GGSS highly variable. Despite these caveats, female preferences for traits like male body symmetry suggest one reason for female short-term mating is gene shopping.
Theory of mind in nonhuman primates
Authors: Heyes C. M.
Published: July 2002

Since the BBS article in which Premack and Woodruff
(1978) asked “Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?,”
it has been repeatedly claimed that there is observational and
experimental evidence that apes have mental state concepts, such as
“want” and “know.” Unlike research on the
development of theory of mind in childhood, however, no substantial
progress has been made through this work with nonhuman primates.
A survey of empirical studies of imitation, self-recognition, social
relationships, deception, role-taking, and perspective-taking suggests
that in every case where nonhuman primate behavior has been
interpreted as a sign of theory of mind, it could instead have
occurred by chance or as a product of nonmentalistic processes such as
associative learning or inferences based on nonmental categories.
Arguments to the effect that, in spite of this, the theory of mind
hypothesis should be accepted because it is more parsimonious than
alternatives or because it is supported by convergent evidence are not
compelling. Such arguments are based on unsupportable assumptions
about the role of parsimony in science and either ignore the
requirement that convergent evidence proceed from independent
assumptions, or fail to show that it supports the theory of mind
hypothesis over nonmentalist alternatives. Progress in research on
theory of mind requires experimental procedures that can distinguish
the theory of mind hypothesis from nonmentalist alternatives.
A procedure that may have this potential is proposed. It uses
conditional discrimination training and transfer tests to determine
whether chimpanzees have the concept “see.”
Commentators are invited to identify flaws in the procedure
and to suggest alternatives.
Reintroducing “Reintroducing group selection to the human behavioral sciences”to BBS readers
Authors: Thompson Nicholas S.
Published: July 2002

Wilson and Sober's (1994t) revival of group selection theory may have failed with some readers because its simple arithmetic foundation was obscured under the complexities of its presentation. When that uncontrovertible principle is uncovered, it broadens dramatically the fundamental motives that social scientists may impute to human nature and still be consistent with Darwinian evolutionary theory.
The dynamical hypothesis in social cognition
Authors: Eiser J. Richard
Published: July 2002

Research in attitudes and social cognition exemplifies van
Gelder's distinction between the computational and dynamical
approaches. The former emphasizes linear measurement and rational
decision-making. The latter considers processes of associative memory
and self-organization in attitude formation and social influence. The
study of dynamical processes in social cognition has been facilitated
by connectionist approaches to computation.
Sort-of symbols?
Authors: Dennett Daniel C. , Viger Christopher D.
Published: July 2002

Barsalou's elision of the personal and sub-personal
levels tends to conceal the fact that he is, at best, providing
the “specs” but not yet a model for his hypothesized
perceptual symbols.
But the schizophrenia connection . . .
Authors: Gray Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2002

As well as data indicating relationships (emphasised in the
target article) (1) between dopaminergic transmission in the nucleus
accumbens and positive incentive motivation, and (2) between dopaminergic transmission and extraversion, other data (not accounted
for by the hypotheses developed in the target article) indicate
relationships (3) between accumbens dopaminergic transmission and
cognitive, especially perceptual, processes that are disrupted in
schizophrenia, and (4) between dopaminergic transmission and
psychoticism. The tension between relationships 1 + 2 and 3
+ 4 is discussed and a tentative resolution proposed.
Dopamine: Go/No-Go motivation versus switching
Authors: Oades Robert D.
Published: July 2002

Sensitivity to incentive motivation has a formative influence
on extraversion. Mesoamygdaloid dopamine (DA) activity may, at one
level, act as a micro-gate permitting an incentive to influence
behavioral organization – “Go/No-Go” in this
scheme. Data on function elsewhere in the mesocorticolimbic DA
system are taken to support this particular function. At another level
of analysis, the data in Depue & Collins's review, along with
those on the rest of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) system, may
fit better with a “switching” function in information
processing. This link is supported by correlations between measures
of extraversion, learned inattention, and overall DA activity. The
point is extended to the novelty-seeking feature of the extraverted
personality.
Asymmetries in the distribution of composite and derived basic color categories
Authors: Kay Paul
Published: July 2002

PURPLE (RED-and-BLUE) is the most frequently occurring derived (binary) basic color term (BCT), but there is never a named composite BCT meaning RED-or-BLUE. GREEN-or-BLUE is the most frequently named composite color category, but there is never a BCT for the corresponding derived (binary) category CYAN (BLUE-and-GREEN). Why?
A developmental theory of implicit and explicit knowledge?
Authors: Poulin-Dubois Diane , Rakison David H.
Published: July 2002

Early childhood is characterized by many cognitive developmentalists
as a period of considerable change with respect to representational format.
Dienes & Perner present a potentially viable theory for the stages
involved in the increasingly explicit representation of knowledge. However,
in our view they fail to map their multi-level system of explicitness onto
cognitive developmental changes that occur in the first years of life.
Specifically, we question the theory's heuristic value when applied
to the development of early mind reading and categorization. We conclude
that the authors fail to present evidence that dispels the view that
knowledge change in these areas is dichotomous.
Persistent homoclinic tangencies for conservative maps near the identity
Authors: DUARTE PEDRO
Published: July 2002

For families of conservative maps near the identity we prove the existence of open sets of parameters with persistence of homoclinic tangencies between stable and unstable leaves of ‘thick’ horse-shoes. Such families are obtained, for instance, by perturbing integrable Hamiltonian systems in $\mathbb{R}^2$ with a rapidly periodic oscillatory term and then performing a slowing change in the time variable.
Arithmetic construction of sofic partitions of hyperbolic toral automorphisms
Authors: KENYON RICHARD , VERSHIK ANATOLY
Published: July 2002

For each irreducible hyperbolic automorphism $A$ of the $n$-torus we construct a sofic system $(\Sigma,\sigma)$ and a bounded-to-one continuous semiconjugacy from $(\Sigma,\sigma)$ to $({\Bbb T}^n,A)$. This construction is natural in the sense that it depends only on the characteristic polynomial of $A$ and, furthermore, it has an arithmetic interpretation.
Topological invariants for substitution tilings and their associated $C^\ast$-algebras
Authors: ANDERSON JARED E. , PUTNAM IAN F.
Published: July 2002

We consider the dynamical systems arising from substitution tilings. Under some hypotheses, we show that the dynamics of the substitution or inflation map on the space of tilings is topologically conjugate to a shift on a stationary inverse limit, i.e. one of R. F. Williams' generalized solenoids. The underlying space in the inverse limit construction is easily computed in most examples and frequently has the structure of a CW-complex. This allows us to compute the cohomology and K-theory of the space of tilings. This is done completely for several one- and two-dimensional tilings, including the Penrose tilings. This approach also allows computation of the zeta function for the substitution. We discuss $C^*$-algebras related to these dynamical systems and show how the above methods may be used to compute the K-theory of these.
Dimension and invertibility of hyperbolic endomorphisms with singularities
Authors: SCHMELING J. , TROUBETZKOY S.
Published: July 2002

We introduce and study a class of endomorphisms which are piecewise smooth and have hyperbolic attractors. We prove the existence of SBR measures and develop the stable manifold theory and ergodic theory of such maps. We show that the Young dimension formula holds if and only if the map is invertible SBR-almost everywhere.
A dimension formula for endomorphisms—the Belykh family
Authors: SCHMELING J.
Published: July 2002

In [10] we considered a class of hyperbolic endomorphisms and asked the question whether there exists a physically motivated invariant measure (SRB measure) and if so we gave a criterion when the map is invertible on a set of full measure. In this work we want to consider a particular example of this class — in fact a three-parameter family of those — and prove that a.s. the criterion is fulfilled. From this it follows that the Young formulae for the Hausdorff dimension of the SRB measure holds.
Asymptotic rigidity of scaling ratios for critical circle mappings
Authors: DE FARIA EDSON
Published: July 2002

Let $f$ be a smooth homeomorphism of the circle having one cubic-exponent critical point and irrational rotation number of bounded combinatorial type. Using certain pull-back and quasiconformal surgical techniques, we prove that the scaling ratios of $f$ about the critical point are asymptotically independent of $f$. This settles in particular the golden mean universality conjecture. We introduce the notion of a holomorphic commuting pair, a complex dynamical system that, in the analytic case, represents an extension of $f$ to the complex plane and behaves somewhat as a quadratic-like mapping. We define a suitable renormalization operator that acts on such objects. Through careful analysis of the family of entire mappings given by $z\mapsto z+\theta -(1/2\pi)\sin{2\pi z}$, $\theta$ real, we construct examples of holomorphic commuting pairs, from which certain necessary limit set pre-rigidity results are extracted. The rigidity problem for $f$ is thereby reduced to one of renormalization convergence. We handle this last problem by means of Teichmüller extremal methods made available through the recent work of Sullivan on Riemann surface laminations and renormalization of unimodal mappings.
Woodrow Wilson and the principle of ‘national self-determination’: a reconsideration
Authors: LYNCH ALLEN
Published: July 2002

Examination of Woodrow Wilson's concept of national self-determination in light of both Wilson's own intellectual development and the evolution of wartime strategy and diplomacy establishes that there was no prior consideration of ethnic or collective versus liberal or civic nationalism in Wilson's idea of ‘national’ self-determination and that the actual enunciation and application of the principle was deeply affected by considerations of wartime strategy and diplomacy, above all to counter defeatist tendencies following Russia's withdrawal from the war as well as to induce a separate Austrian peace. Wilson thus understood that the idea could not be applied in an unqualified way, that considerations of national self-determination might in specific instances have to yield to compelling questions of security, diplomacy and economics. At the same time, Wilson was not well informed about many key aspects of nation and state in East-Central Europe. In the end, Wilson accepted many unsatisfactory compromises at the peace table based on the promise that the League and its version of collective security held for international security and justice. Ignorance, liberal myopia, and political incompetence thus have to be weighed against Wilson's considerable tactical pragmatism in prosecuting the war when arriving at a final judgement on Wilson and the legacy of national self-determination.
X-ray emission produced by hot electrons from fs-laser produced
plasma— diagnostic and application
Authors: USCHMANN I. , GIBBON P. , KLÖPFEL D. , FEURER T. , FÖRSTER E. , AUDEBERT P. , GEINDRE J.-P. , GAUTHIER J.-C. , ROUSSE A. , RISCHEL C.
Published: July 2002

High intensity fs-laser pulses can deliver focused intensities
in the region of 1016–1019
W/cm2. If the laser pulse is focused onto a
solid or gaseous material, a plasma is created. The electrons,
as well as the ions are accelerated in the strong laser
field up to energies in the range of keV to several MeV.
The interaction of the high energy particles with cold
material, that is, the solid target yield of intense X-ray
emission, K-shell—as well as bremsstrahlung-radiation.
The K-shell emission from layered targets is a
useful indicator of the production efficiency, energy distribution,
and transport of hot electrons produced in fs-laser plasmas.
For the diagnosis of laser plasma interaction and its application
as an intense X-ray source, the spatial, temporal and spectral
distribution of K-shell X rays is of fundamental
importance. Focusing crystal spectrographs can be used
to obtain a single shot X-ray spectra of laser plasmas
produced by table top fs-lasers. With a spatial- and spectral-focusing
spectrograph based on a toroidally bent crystal, the emission
region of the hot plasma and Kα-radiation
can be determined. Recording the spectra online by a frontside
illuminated charge-coupled device (CCD) allows alignment
of the crystal spectrograph, as well as the laser beam
focusing leading to different X-ray source sizes. Using
a controlled fs-prepulse, an increase in Kα
radiation could be observed with the diagnostic.

Measurements of calibrated high resolution spectra are compared
with particle-in-cell (PIC) calculations of the laser absorption
and hot electron production postprocessed by a Monte–Carlo
(MC) transport model of electron stopping and Kα X-ray
generation.
Dynamics and control of a set of dual fingers with soft tips
Authors: Arimoto Suguru , Nguyen Pham Thuc Anh , Han Hyun-Yong , Doulgeri Zoe
Published: July 2002

This paper attempts firstly to derive a mathematical model of the dynamics of a set of dual fingers with soft and deformable tips which grasps and manipulates a rigid object with some dexterity. To gain a physical insight into the problem, consideration is restricted to the case that the motion of the whole system is confined to a horizontal plane. Secondly on the basis of the derived model it is shown that the rotation of the object can be indirectly controlled by the change of positions of the center points of both contact areas on the object. Then, each of the center points of contact areas can be positioned by inclining the last link of each corresponding finger against the object. It is further shown that, when both forces of pressing the object becomes almost equal, the equation of motion of the object in terms of rotational angles assumes the form of a harmonic oscillator with a forcing term, which can be regulated coordinately by the relative angle between the two last links contacting with the object. It is also shown that dynamics of this system satisfy passivity. Finally, design problems of control for dynamic stable grasping and enhancing dexterity in manipulating things are discussed on the basis of passivity analysis.
Foundations of procedural rationality: cognitive limits and decision processes
Authors: Laville Frederic
Published: July 2002

Many criticisms have been made of optimization theory (Laville, 1999a). These objections may be explained by the fact that human rationality is bounded – that decisions are constrained by cognitive limitations (Simon, 1982). In the present paper, I will show that if rationality is bounded, then we must study the processes of decision. My thesis is that cognitive limitations lead to procedural rationality. Although this assertion has already been sustained implicitly by Simon (1959) and explicitly by Mongin (1986), it has not been argued in sufficient depth.
CONDITIONAL MOMENT RESTRICTIONS IN CENSORED AND TRUNCATED
REGRESSION MODELS
Authors: Newey Whitney K.
Published: July 2002

Censored and truncated regression models with unknown distribution
are important in econometrics. This paper characterizes the
class of all conditional moment restrictions that lead to
√n-consistent estimators for these models. The
semiparametric efficiency bound for each conditional moment
restriction is derived. In the case of a nonzero bound it is
shown how an estimator can be constructed and that an appropriately
weighted version can attain the efficiency bound. These estimators
also work when the disturbance is independent of the regressors.
The paper discusses combining conditional moment restrictions
for more efficient estimation in this case.
OBITUARY
Authors: Lahiri Kajal , Phillips Peter C.B.
Published: July 2002

On June 4, 1999 G.S. Maddala (popularly and affectionately
known as GS) passed away in Columbus, Ohio at the age of
66. A leading figure in the econometrics profession for
more than three decades, he held the University Eminent
Scholar Professorship in the Department of Economics at
Ohio State University at the time of his death. GS is survived
by his wife Kameswari, “Kay,” and several members
of his immediate family: his daughter, Tara, of Houston;
his son, Vivek, of San Francisco; and two sisters who live
in India.
Mammal trap efficiency during the fragmentation by flooding of a neotropical rain forest in French Guiana
Authors: FOURNIER-CHAMBRILLON CHRISTINE , FOURNIER PASCAL , GAILLARD JEAN-MICHEL , GENTY CHRISTOPHE , HANSEN ERIC , VIÉ JEAN-CHRISTOPHE
Published: July 2002

During the flooding of primary lowland rain forest by the filling of a
hydroelectric reservoir in French Guiana, live-trapping was conducted on 175
subsequently formed islands. Different factors affecting the mammal trap
efficiency were analysed. The main results show the real complexity of the
sampling problem and the influence of the habitat disturbance due to the
flooding. The location and/or the type of traps influenced captures of
Dasypus novemcinctus, Proechimys spp., Metachirus nudicaudatus and Philander
opossum in relation to their foraging and/or locomotion behaviour, and to to their size. The conformation of the islands
(height and size) had no influence on the number of captures, nor on the species
richness. The number of captures increased with the number of trapnights during
the first water inflow and the level stretch. The best trapping success was observed
during the wet season, when the strong habitat modification and the forest fragmentation became more significant. It resulted from the reduction of available
land area and trophic resources. One year after the beginning of the water inflow, the decrease of the number of captures with the increasing
number of trapnights reflected a real decrease of the number of mammals on
the islands. The species richness increased with the number of trapnights in
all periods, and was also the highest during the wet season.
14C dating of tree falls on Barro Colorado Island (Panama): a new method to study tropical rain forest gap dynamics
Authors: Horvitz Carol C. , Sternberg Leonel Da Silveira Lobo O'Reilly
Published: July 2002

A new method for investigating the age structure of the patch mosaic of a tropical forest by utilizing radiocarbon dating techniques on fallen trees is proposed. Aboveground nuclear explosions in the early 1960s, before the nuclear test ban treaty, created a spike in the 14C concentration content of the atmosphere. The amount of radiocarbon in the outer layers of wood collected from trunks of trees that had died in known years (1970–1989) on Barro Colorado Island (BCI) and Gigante Peninsula (Panama) was analysed to test the hypothesis that radiocarbon concentration was predictive of year of tree death. The date of tree death was negatively related to the level of 14C, following a trend similar to published data on tree rings from German and Amazonian trees. Combining our data with these data in a statistical analysis revealed a significant predictive effect of radiocarbon on year. Analysis of covariance showed that there was no significant difference among the slopes of the three groups of data, but there was significant heterogeneity among the intercepts. The differences suggest a need for site-specific calibration and refinement of field protocols. The technique shows promise and suggestions are made to improve its usefulness for future studies.
Effects of a litter-disturbing bird species on tree seedling germination and survival in an Australian tropical rain forest
Authors: Theimer Tad C. , Gehring Catherine A.
Published: July 2002

The spatial and temporal variation in litter disturbance by a medium-sized bird, the chowchilla (Orthonyx spaldingii Ramsay, Orthonychidae) was documented, and its potential impacts on tree seed germination and early seedling survival in an Australian tropical rain forest experimentally investigated. Chowchilla disturbances occurred on ridges, slopes and drainages in all four seasons surveyed. In some areas litter was completely turned over as frequently as every 5 wk. Tethered seeds exposed to disturbance were moved farther and experienced significantly greater variation in litter cover than those protected from disturbance. When seeds of two canopy trees were placed in litter environments simulating those created by chowchillas, the seeds of one species showed significant effects of litter treatment on germination while those of the other showed no significant effects. Seedling cohorts of four tree species were followed for 6 wk soon after germination and all showed higher survival in vertebrate exclosures. The two most abundant species suffered 68% and 35% mortality in six wks, with the majority of that unambiguously due to chowchillas. It is argued that litter-disturbing birds increase litter heterogeneity and significantly impact early seedling mortality. These effects could be important in maintaining evenness and diversity of the seedling community.
Providing for the elderly in eighteenth-century England
Authors: OTTAWAY SUSANNAH R.
Published: July 2002

In 1776, in the parish of Puddletown, Dorset, Sarah Dibben, an
elderly,
impoverished widow, was examined as to her place of settlement by the
local justice of the peace to determine whether the parish should pay for
her poor relief. At the same time, the JP interviewed her son,
Melchizedeck, with whom Sarah had been living, to shed further light on
Sarah's situation. Melchizedeck told the justice that because Sarah
was his
mother he ‘thought it his Duty to assist her if he could without
injuring
his family’. However, he was at the marginal level of poverty himself,
‘having nothing but what he can earn to support his family’.
As a
consequence of these examinations, Sarah was removed to the neighbouring
parish
of Piddlehinton, where she had borne her children over
forty years earlier.

The case of Sarah Dibben's settlement highlights the main issues
surrounding provisions for the elderly in eighteenth-century England.
(Here, the elderly are defined as those aged 60 and above.) The provisions
of the poor law of 1601 meant that both the local community and the
family had a legal obligation to support the aged. This law stated that
‘the
aged and decrepit’ of every parish were to be supported by a tax,
collected
from all those who held property in the parish. At the same time, the law
dictated:

The father and grandfather, mother and grandmother, and children of
every poor, old, blind,
lame and impotent person, or other person not able to work, being of sufficient
ability, shall
at their own charges, relieve and maintain every such poor person, in that
manner, and
according to that rate, as by the justices in sessions shall be assessed:
on pain of 20s. a
month. [I will be referring to this clause as the family-support
section of the poor laws.]
SLA AND LANGUAGE PEDAGOGY
Authors: Ellis Rod
Published: July 2002

Many SLA researchers have demonstrated an interest in language pedagogy (LP), yet
the relationship between SLA and LP is a problematic one, not so much because of the
limitations of SLA itself but because the two disciplines involve different
“Discourses” (Gee, 1990). In this paper it is argued that an educational perspective
is needed in order to examine how SLA can contribute to LP. Such a perspective suggests ways
in which SLA can be appraised in a pedagogically relevant manner and, more importantly, what
kinds of applications may be fruitful. It is suggested that relevance is more likely to be achieved
if SLA is used to address issues that practitioners nominate as important to them. Different
models of application are considered, reflecting different ways of viewing teaching. A behavioral
model, according to which teachers implement those behaviors that research has shown to be
effective, is rejected. However, SLA can serve as an important source of information that can
help to shape practitioners' theories of teaching (a cognitive model). Most importantly, it
constitutes a source of “provisional specifications” that practitioners can evaluate
in their own contexts of action (an interpretation model). SLA also affords practitioners the
means for conducting their own investigations. In short, an educational perspective suggests that
for SLA to influence LP, practitioners need assistance in transforming knowledge about L2
acquisition into practice.
THE EXPERANTO EXPERIMENT
Authors: de Graaff Rick
Published: July 2002

Theories on the role of consciousness and the enhancement of noticing (Schmidt, 1990,
1994; Sharwood Smith, 1993) predict a facilitative effect of explicit knowledge, as built up by
explicit instruction, on the acquisition of implicit second language (L2) knowledge. This study
investigates the interaction between the presence or absence of explicit instruction and the
variables complexity and morphology/syntax in the acquisition of four L2 structures. Two
groups of 27 university students, differing in the exposure to explicit instruction, followed a
computer-controlled self-study course in an artificial language. Results from computer-controlled
posttests confirm the general hypothesis that explicit instruction facilitates the acquisition of L2
grammar. However, no evidence could be reported for the hypotheses predicting a differential
effect of explicit instruction depending on the variables complexity and
morphology/syntax.
Mothers' ability to identify infants' communicative acts consistently
Authors: MEADOWS DENIS , ELIAS GORDON , BAIN JOHN
Published: July 2002

A mother's ability to identify consistently what she perceives to be
communicatively salient behaviours is considered to be fundamental to
the process of responding sensitively to prelinguistic infants. The
present study investigated the ability of 35 mothers to identify consistently
what they perceived to be communicative acts by infants at
three ages (0;6, 0;9, and 1;0). Each mother coded the same videotape
of her infant's behaviour on two occasions, three months apart, and
observed measures of agreement (consistency) between coded records
were obtained. A randomization procedure was used to provide distributions
of chance levels of agreement between coded records with
which observed measures were compared. Comparisons of the mothers'
coded records indicated that they were able to identify infants' communicative
acts consistently at each age.
Object naming at multiple hierarchical levels:
a comparison of preschoolers with and without word-finding deficits
Authors: McGREGOR KARLA K. , WAXMAN SANDRA R.
Published: July 2002

According to the storage hypothesis (Kail & Leonard, 1986),
word-finding
deficits in young children are not the direct result of deficient
retrieval strategies; they are a manifestation of a general delay in
language development that affects lexical storage. In the current study,

we explored one aspect of lexical storage, the hierarchical organization

of the semantic system, in 13 preschoolers with word-finding deficits
(WF) and 13 preschoolers with normal language abilities (ND), ranging
in age from 3;3 to 6;7. The children named a series of objects at
multiple levels of the noun hierarchy in response to contrast questions

(e.g. for rose they were asked, ‘Is this an animal?’
to elicit
plant [superordinate]; ‘Is this a tree?’
to elicit
flower [basic]; ‘Is this a
dandelion?’ to elicit rose [subordinate]).
Both groups readily named at
multiple levels, providing evidence of hierarchical organization of the

lexicon. However, there were several differences between WF and ND
groups that suggested that WF children did not have enough stored
information to discriminate between similar semantic neighbours. We
conclude (1) that hierarchical organization of the semantic lexicon is
a
robust developmental phenomenon, apparent in both ND and WF
preschoolers and (2) that the word-finding deficits of preschoolers
appear to reflect insufficient depth and breadth of storage elaboration

rather than deficits in hierarchical semantic organization.
Almost transitivity in CoL
Authors: GREIM P. , RAJAGOPALAN M.
Published: July 2002

Real-valued function spaces CoL
lack almost transitive
norms. If there is a complex-valued CoL
with almost
transitive norm then there is also one with transitive norm. We give fairly
restrictive
topological conditions for the complex-valued CoL
to have transitive norm.
On Riesz means of the coefficients of the Rankin–Selberg series
Authors: IVIĆ ALEKSANDAR , MATSUMOTO KOHJI , TANIGAWA YOSHIO
Published: July 2002

We study Δ(x; ϕ), the error term in the asymptotic formula for
[sum ]n[les ]xcn, where
the cns are generated by the
Rankin–Selberg series. Our main tools are Voronoï-type
formulae. First we reduce the evaluation of Δ(x; ϕ)
to that of Δ1(x; ϕ), the error term of the weighted sum
[sum ]n[les ]x(x−n)cn.
Then we prove an upper bound and a sharp mean square formula for
Δ1(x; ϕ), by applying the Voronoï formula of
Meurman's type. We also prove that an improvement of the error term in the mean square
formula would imply an improvement of the upper bound of
Δ(x; ϕ). Some other related topics are also discussed.