bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Capital and the Career Adaptability of Refugees
Authors: Dunwoodie Karen , Webb Susan , Wilkinson Jane , Newman Alexander
Published: October 2020

This study examines how people from refugee and asylum‐seeking backgrounds draw on their social capital to develop their career adaptability. To examine this issue, we drew on interview data from twenty‐five people based in Melbourne, Australia, who have sought asylum between 2008 and 2016. The present study examines the influence of different dimensions of social capital on individuals’ career adaptability. Findings revealed that a more nuanced understanding of linking, bridging and bonding social capital is needed when exploring the career adaptability resources of refugees and people seeking asylum. In particular, important differences were identified between engaging with a social network and trusting a social network.
Approaches to visual arts‐based data collection with hospitalized children: A discussion of lessons learnt and suggestions for practice
Authors: Van Der Riet Pamela , Jitsacorn Chaweewan , Thursby Peter
Published: October 2020

Aims

To discuss the experience in using a visual arts‐based method of draw and talk with hospitalized children, lessons learnt and strategies for practice.

Design

Discussion paper.

Data Sources

Data were drawn from two sources: first, the databases Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, and SCOPUS were searched for approaches to visual arts‐ based data collection with children. Secondly, relevant literature and the experience of our research team using visual arts‐based data collection with children informed this paper.

Implications for Nursing

This paper draws on the literature and our experiences of using a visual arts‐based approach when conducting research with hospitalized children and foreshadows practical approaches that can be applied when undertaking such research.

Conclusion

When undertaking research with sick children a high level of reflexivity is essential when planning and implementing a visual arts‐based approach.

Impact

The paper discusses a visual arts‐based method and the issues that are important considerations to the conduct of research with hospitalized children. We provide suggestions for practice and argue that nurses and healthcare professionals researching with hospitalized children using an arts‐based method, practice a high level of reflexivity.
Commentary on ‘Metabolic reprogramming‐associated genes predict overall survival for rectal cancer’
Authors: Shen Ruihuan
Published: October 2020

The current paper is a commentary on the Metabolic reprogramming‐associated genes predict overall survival for rectal cancer (Jian‐Qing Lin et al 2020). The authors concluded that ‘Patients with high‐risk demonstrated significantly poorer survival outcomes than patients with low‐risk in the TCGA database. Also, patients with high‐risk still showed significantly poorer survival outcomes than patients with low‐risk in the GEO database’. But the figure 3 in their published paper, ‘Survival analyses for the prognostic metabolic genes in rectal cancer’, presented that there was type I error in their study during the hypothesis testing process, obviously.
Targeting interleukin 6 signaling by monoclonal antibody siltuximab on cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Nguyen Mai Ly Thi , Bui Khac Cuong , Scholta Tim , Xing Jun , Bhuria Vikas , Sipos Bence , Wilkens Ludwig , Nguyen Linh Toan , Velavan Thirumalaisamy P , Bozko Przemyslaw , Plentz Ruben R
Published: October 2020

Background and Aim

Cholangiocarcinoma has an unimproved prognosis. Interleukin 6 (IL‐6) has an oncogenic potential in some cancer diseases. However, the role of IL‐6 in cholangiocarcinoma carcinogenesis is not well understood. The current study investigated the role of IL‐6 signaling in cholangiocarcinoma carcinogenesis and efficacy of siltuximab treatment on cholangiocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

The expression of IL‐6 was analyzed on human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and murine and human cholangiocarcinoma tissues, using reverse transcription real‐time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. In addition, the effect of anti‐IL‐6 chimeric monoclonal antibody, siltuximab, was investigated in vitro by proliferation, migration, and two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional invasion assays and in vivo by xenograft mouse model. Western blot was applied to study the molecular alteration.

Results

Our result shows high expression of IL‐6 in human cholangiocarcinoma cells, and IL‐6 stimulants enhance cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation. In addition, murine and human cholangiocarcinoma tissues express significantly higher levels of IL‐6, compared with adjacent non‐tumor tissues. On the cholangiocarcinoma engineered mouse model, IL‐6 level is associated with tumor volume. Taken together, our data indicate an oncogenic potential of IL‐6 in cholangiocarcinoma carcinogenesis. Siltuximab sufficiently abrogates IL‐6 signaling and inhibits cholangiocarcinoma progression in vitro and in vivo. The results additionally indicate a relative alteration of IL‐6 signaling and its molecular targets, such as STAT3, Wnt/β‐catenin, and mesenchymal markers.

Conclusions

Interleukin 6 plays an essential role in cholangiocarcinoma carcinogenesis, and siltuximab has the potential to be considered as a new treatment option for cholangiocarcinoma patients.
Pathogen‐informed breeding for crop disease resistance
Authors: Li Qi , Wang Bi , Yu Jinping , Dou Daolong
Published: October 2020

The development of durable and broad‐spectrum resistance is an economical and eco‐friendly approach to control crop diseases for sustainable agricultural production. Emerging knowledge of the molecular basis of pathogenesis and plant–pathogen interactions has contributed to the development of novel pathogen‐informed breeding strategies beyond the limits imposed by conventional breeding. Here, we review the current status of pathogen‐assisted resistance‐related gene cloning. We also describe how pathogen effector proteins can be used to identify resistance resources and to inform cultivar deployment. Finally, we summarize the main approaches for pathogen‐directed plant improvement, including transgenesis and genome editing. Thus, we describe the emerging role of pathogen‐related studies in the breeding of disease‐resistant varieties, and propose innovative pathogen‐informed strategies for future applications.
Real Exchange Rate and External Balance: How Important Are Price Deflators?
Authors: AHN JAEBIN , MANO RUI C. , ZHOU JING
Published: October 2020

This paper contrasts real effective exchange rate (REER) measures based on different deflators (consumer price index, GDP deflator, and unit labor cost) and discusses potential implications for the link—or lack thereof—between the REER and the external balance. We begin by comparing the evolution of different measures of REER to confirm that the choice of deflator plays a significant role in REER movements. A subsequent empirical investigation based on 35 developed and emerging market economies over 1995–2017 yields comprehensive and robust evidence that only the REER deflated by unit labor cost exhibits contemporaneous patterns consistent with the expenditure‐switching mechanism. Finally, we show that a standard open‐economy model with nominal rigidities and trade in intermediate goods is able to generate these aforementioned patterns.
The efficacy and safety of topical tranexamic acid (liposomal or lotion with microneedling) versus conventional hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma
Authors: Xing Xiaoxue , Chen Li , Xu Zhongyi , Jin Shanglin , Zhang Chengfeng , Xiang Leihong
Published: October 2020

Background

Robust evidence regarding the efficacy of topical tranexamic acid (TA) on melasma in Chinese population is lacking.

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 1.8% liposomal TA and microneedling with 5% TA solution on melasma.

Methods

Sixty melasma patients were enrolled and randomized to receive 1.8% liposomal TA twice daily, microneedling with 5% TA solution weekly or 2% hydroquinone every night. Objective and subjective assessments were obtained at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks.

Results

27.8% of patients of liposomal TA group, 33.3% of microneedling with TA solution group, and 30.0% of hydroquinone group were recognized as “more than 50% improvement.” At the endpoint, the melanin index (MI) in all treatment groups was significantly decreased, while the improvement of MI in microneedling with TA solution group and hydroquinone group is higher than liposomal TA group. The erythema index (EI) was significantly diminished in liposomal TA group and microneedling with TA solution group. Dermatoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy revealed decreased brown granules in all groups and reduced telangiectasia in liposomal TA group and microneedling with TA solution group.

Conclusion

1.8% liposomal TA and microneedling with 5% TA solution are both effective and safe on melasma.
Predictors of specialty certification among paediatric hospital nurses
Authors: Lasater Karen B. , Clark Rebecca R. S. , McCabe Margaret A. , Frankenberger Warren D. , Agosto Paula M. , Riman Kathryn A. , Aiken Linda H.
Published: October 2020

Aims and objectives

To evaluate differences in hospitals’ proportion of specialty certified nurses and to determine whether and to what extent individual nurse characteristics and organisational hospital characteristics are associated with a nurse's likelihood of having specialty certification.

Background

Prior research has shown that patients in hospitals with high proportions of specialty certified nurses have better outcomes including lower mortality and fewer adverse events, yet less is known about what motivates nurses to obtain specialty certification.

Methods and design

Cross‐sectional study of paediatric nurses in 119 acute care hospitals. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the association between individual nurse characteristics, organisational hospital characteristics and an individual nurses’ likelihood of holding a specialty certification. STROBE was followed.

Results

The proportion of certified nurses varies substantially among hospitals, with Magnet®hospitals being significantly more likely, on average, to have higher proportions of certified nurses. Nurses in children's hospitals were no more likely than paediatric nurses in general hospitals to be certified. A nurse's years of experience and bachelors‐preparation were significantly associated with higher odds of having certification. The strongest predictors of certification were favourable nurse work environments and Magnet®‐designation of the hospital.

Conclusions

While individual attributes of the nurse were associated with a nurse's likelihood of having a specialty certification, the strongest predictors of certification were modifiable attributes of the hospital—a favourable nurse work environment and Magnet®‐designation.

Relevance to clinical practice

Hospital administrators seeking to increase the proportion of specialty certified nurses in their organisation should look to improvements in the organisation's nurse work environment as a possible mechanism.
Respiratory syncytial virus immunisation overview
Authors: Foley David A , Phuong Linny K , Englund Janet A
Published: October 2020

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) continues to be a significant source of morbidity and mortality in both adults and children. Natural infection confers incomplete protection, permitting recurrent episodes. Treatment remains limited to supportive care. Initial endeavours to develop a vaccine resulted in an unexpected enhancement of RSV disease and increased recipient mortality. Current proposed strategies to prevent RSV infection rely on the principles of active and passive immunisation and utilise the highly conserved RSV F‐protein. Maternal vaccines administered in pregnancy may provide protection; trials are ongoing. Palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody, has a moderate preventative efficacy. A similar newer longer lasting formulation appears promising. A number of other novel options are being developed and are undergoing assessment. Progress has been made, with more vaccine candidates under consideration. We are edging closer to an effective solution to prevent RSV infection. If successful, the impact on paediatric morbidity, mortality, workload and cost will be substantial.
PCSK9 rs11591147 R46L loss‐of‐function variant protects against liver damage in individuals with NAFLD
Authors: Grimaudo Stefania , Bartesaghi Stefano , Rametta Raffaela , Marra Fabio , Margherita Mancina Rosellina , Pihlajamäki Jussi , Kakol‐Palm Dorota , Andréasson Anne‐Christine , Dongiovanni Paola , Ludovica Fracanzani Anna , Lori Giulia , Männistö Ville , Pellegrini Giovanni , Bohlooly‐Y Mohammad , Pennisi Grazia , Maria Pipitone Rosaria , Spagnuolo Rocco , Craxì Antonio , Lindén Daniel , Valenti Luca , Romeo Stefano , Petta Salvatore
Published: October 2020

Background and Aims

The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plays a key role in cholesterol homeostasis, and its inhibition represents an effective therapy to lower low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels. In this study, we examined the impact of the PCSK9 rs11591147 loss‐of‐function (LOF) variant on liver damage in a multicenter collection of patients at risk of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), in clinical samples and experimental models.

Methods

We considered 1874 consecutive individuals at risk of NASH as determined by histology. The SNP rs11591147, encoding for the p.R46L variant of PCSK9, was genotyped by TaqMan assays. We also evaluated 1) PCSK9 mRNA hepatic expression in human liver, and 2) the impact of a NASH‐inducing diet in mice with hepatic overexpression of human PCSK9.

Results

Carriers of PCSK9 rs11591147 had lower circulating LDL‐C levels and were protected against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (OR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.22‐0.81; P = .01), NASH (OR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.26‐0.87; P = .01) and more severe fibrosis (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.32‐0.94; P = .03) independently of clinical, metabolic and genetic confounding factors. PCSK9 hepatic expression was directly correlated with liver steatosis (P = .03). Finally, liver‐specific overexpression of human PCSK9 in male mice drives NAFLD and fibrosis upon a dietary challenge.

Conclusions

In individuals at risk of NASH, PCSK9 was induced with hepatic fat accumulation and PCSK9 rs11591147 LOF variant was protective against liver steatosis, NASH and fibrosis, suggesting that PCSK9 inhibition may be a new therapeutic strategy to treat NASH.
Against neuroclassicism: On the perils of armchair neuroscience
Authors: Morgan Alex
Published: October 2020

Neuroclassicism is the view that cognition is explained by “classical” computing mechanisms in the nervous system that exhibit a clear demarcation between processing machinery and read–write memory. The psychologist C. R. Gallistel has mounted a sophisticated defense of neuroclassicism by drawing from ethology and computability theory to argue that animal brains necessarily contain read–write memory mechanisms. This argument threatens to undermine the “connectionist” orthodoxy in contemporary neuroscience, which does not seem to recognize any such mechanisms. In this paper I argue that the neuroclassicist critique rests on a misunderstanding of how computability theory constrains theorizing about natural computing mechanisms.
Tyrosine in the hinge region of the pore‐forming motif regulates oligomeric β‐barrel pore formation by Vibrio cholerae cytolysin
Authors: Mondal Anish Kumar , Verma Paras , Sengupta Nayanika , Dutta Somnath , Bhushan Pandit Shashi , Chattopadhyay Kausik
Published: October 2020

β‐barrel pore‐forming toxins perforate cell membranes by forming oligomeric β‐barrel pores. The most crucial step is the membrane‐insertion of the pore‐forming motifs that create the transmembrane β‐barrel scaffold. Molecular mechanism that regulates structural reorganization of these pore‐forming motifs during β‐barrel pore‐formation still remains elusive. Using Vibrio cholerae cytolysin as an archetypical example of the β‐barrel pore‐forming toxin, we show that a key tyrosine residue (Y321) in the hinge region of the pore‐forming motif plays crucial role in this process. Mutation of Y321 abrogates oligomerization of the membrane‐bound toxin protomers, and blocks subsequent steps of pore‐formation. Our study suggests that the presence of Y321 in the hinge region of the pore‐forming motif is crucial for the toxin molecule to sense membrane‐binding, and to trigger essential structural rearrangements required for the subsequent oligomerization and pore‐formation process. Such a regulatory mechanism of pore‐formation by V. cholerae cytolysin has not been documented earlier in the structurally related β‐barrel pore‐forming toxins.
Impact of different syringe pumps on red cells during paediatric simulated transfusion
Authors: Pardo Larissa Perez , Peterlini Maria Angélica Sorgini , Tume Lyvonne Nicole , Pedreira Mavilde Luz Gonçalves
Published: October 2020

Background

Critically ill patients frequently need blood transfusions. For safety, blood must be delivered via syringe infusion pumps, yet this can cause red cell damage and increase the rate of haemolysis.

Aims and objectives

To evaluate biochemical and haemolytic markers of red blood cells transfused in three different types of syringe infusion pumps at two different infusion rates (10 and 100 mL/h).

Design and Methods

A lab‐based study using aliquots of 16 red blood cell bags was undertaken. Haemolysis markers (total haemoglobin [g/dL], haematocrit [%], free haemoglobin [g/dL], potassium [mmol/L], lactate dehydrogenase [U/L], osmolality [mOsm/kg], pH, degree of haemolysis [%]) were measured before and after red blood cell infusion and exposure. Three different syringe infusion pumps brands (A, B, and C) were compared at two different infusion rates (10 and 100 mL/h).

Results

Total haemoglobin fell significantly in all red blood cell units during manipulation (pre‐infusion: 26.44 ± 5.74; post‐exposure: 22.62 ± 4.00; P = .026). The degree of haemolysis significantly increased by 40% after manipulation of the red blood cells. Syringe infusion pump A caused a 3‐fold increase in potassium levels (3.78 ± 6.10) when compared with B (−0.14 ± 1.46) and C (1.63 ± 1.98) (P = .015). This pump also produced the worst changes, with an increase in free haemoglobin (0.05 ± 0.05; P = .038) and more haemolysis (0.08 ± 0.07; P = .033). There were significant differences and an increase in the degree of haemolysis (P = .004) at the infusion rate of 100 mL/h.

Conclusions

Syringe infusion pumps may cause significant red blood cell damage during infusion, with increases in free haemoglobin, potassium, and the degree of haemolysis. Some pump types, with a cassette mechanism, caused more damage.

Relevance to clinical practice

In many intensive care units, bedside nurses are able to consider infusion pump choice, and understanding the impact of different pump types on red blood cells during a transfusion provides the nurses with more information to enhance decision‐making and improve the quality of the transfusion.
Systematic review of family engagement interventions in neonatal, paediatric, and adult ICUs
Authors: McAndrew Natalie S. , Jerofke‐Owen Teresa , Fortney Christine A. , Costa Deena K. , Hetland Breanna , Guttormson Jill , Harding Eric
Published: October 2020

Aims and objectives

The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate interventions that have been used to engage families in direct care activities (active family engagement) in adult, paediatric, and neonatal intensive care unit (ICU) settings.

Background

Family engagement is universally advocated across ICU populations and practice settings; however, appraisal of the active family engagement intervention literature remains limited.

Search strategy

Ovid Medline, PsycArticles & PsycInfo, Scopus, and CINAHL were searched for family interventions that involved direct care of the patient to enhance the psychological, physical, or emotional well‐being of the patient or family in neonatal, paediatric, or adult ICUs.

Inclusion/exclusion criteria

Studies were included if an active family engagement intervention was evaluated. Studies were excluded if they were not published in English or reported non‐interventional research.

Results

A total of 6210 abstracts were screened and 19 studies were included. Most studies were of low to moderate quality and were conducted in neonatal ICUs within the United States. Intervention dosage and frequency varied widely across studies. The interventions focused on developmental care (neonatal ICU) and involved families in basic patient care. Family member outcomes measured included satisfaction, stress, family‐centred care, confidence, anxiety, and depression. Most studies found improvements in one or more outcomes.

Conclusions

There is a paucity of literature about active family engagement interventions, especially in adult and paediatric populations. The optimal dosage and frequency of family engagement interventions remains unknown. Our systematic review found that data are limited on the relationship between family engagement and patient outcomes, and provides a timely appraisal to guide future research.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Further research on the efficacy of family engagement interventions is warranted. The translation of active family engagement interventions into clinical practice should also be supported.
The 6S‐model for person‐centred palliative care: A theoretical framework
Authors: Österlind Jane , Henoch Ingela
Published: October 2020

Palliative care is provided at a certain timepoint, both in a person's life and in a societal context. What is considered to be a good death can therefore vary over time depending on prevailing social values and norms, and the person's own view and interpretation of life. This means that there are many interpretations of what a good death can actually mean for an individual. On a more general level, research in palliative care shows that individuals have basic common needs, for example physical, mental, social and spiritual well‐being. Therefore, in today's pluralistic Western society, it becomes important that palliative care is person centred to enable individuals to receive, as far as can be achieved, care that promotes as good a life as possible based on the person's own needs and preferences, and in accordance with evidence and current laws. For many years a research group, consisting nurse researchers together with nurses working in palliative care, has developed a model for person‐centred palliative care, the 6S‐model. The model's central concept is Self‐image, where the starting point is the patient as a person and their own experience of the situation. The other concepts: Self‐determination, Symptom relief, Social relationships, Synthesis and Strategies are all related to the patient's self‐image, and often to each other. The model's development, value base and starting assumptions are reported here, as are examples of how the model is applied in palliative care in Sweden. The model has been, and still is, constantly evolving in a collaboration between researchers and clinically active nurses, and in recent years also with patients and close relatives.
Diapause induction in Eotetranychus smithi (Acari: Tetranychidae): effect of average temperature, but not of thermoperiod
Authors: Takano Yujiro , Goto Shin G. , Gotoh Tetsuo
Published: October 2020

Facultative diapause of Eotetranychus smithi appears to occur at the egg stage and is induced by temperatures ≤17.5 °C, independent of photoperiod. However, the effect of thermoperiod on the induction of diapause remains unclear. To answer this question, we exposed female E. smithi to various thermoperiods under constant light conditions. First, we found that the deposition order of eggs affected the incidence of diapause: the first eggs (exclusively males) tended to avert diapause compared with the second and third eggs (most of them are females), possibly because of the sex of the eggs. Next, the incidence of diapause of the second eggs decreased with shortening of the cryophase, which was associated with an increase of the average temperature, and it showed clear long‐day‐type thermoperiodic response curves. However, this species does not sense the ratio of day (thermophase) to night (cryophase) of a given thermoperiod. Short thermoperiods did not increase the incidence of diapause, but rather precluded the entry into diapause. We detected no sign of the involvement of the circadian system in diapause induction in the thermoperiodic Nanda–Hamner protocol. We conclude that diapause induction of E. smithi does not involve the circadian system, and thus does not show thermoperiodism. Diapause induction under the various thermoperiodic conditions tested in the present study appears to be derived from the temperature itself. E. smithi is an exceptional species that relies on temperature alone to induce diapause.
Impact of Organizational Structure on Development Strategy under Equity‐Based Incentives
Authors: Li Zhaolin , Lu Steven Q. , Ryan Jennifer K. , Sun Daewon
Published: October 2020

This study considers the product development process for a start‐up that relies on equity‐based incentives to motivate effort by vendors who are hired to contribute to the development process. We study how the organizational structure of the start‐up affects the choice between sequential and concurrent development using a two‐task model, in which both tasks must be completed for the start‐up to earn revenue. We study several organizational structures, which differ in terms of task allocation, including centralized development, joint development, and decentralized development with one or two vendors. In the joint development and decentralized structures, the vendors must determine the amount of effort to exert on each task, where the probability that the task can be completed is increasing in effort. In exchange for effort, each vendor is offered a percentage of the revenue earned by the start‐up upon completion of the project. The start‐up must determine whether the tasks should be performed concurrently or sequentially, as well as the incentive rate to offer the vendors. We find that organizational structure plays a major role in determining the optimal development strategy. In a centralized setting, where both tasks are performed in‐house, the sequential development strategy is preferred. However, in a decentralized setting, where a single vendor performs both tasks, the opposite may occur. This is due, in part, to the inefficiency caused by the vendor's forward‐looking behavior under sequential development. This same result does not occur in a decentralized setting with two vendors or in the joint development setting.
Improving Transportation Procurement in the Humanitarian Sector: A Data‐driven Approach for Abnormally Low Bid Detection
Authors: Sahinyazan Feyza G. , Rancourt Marie‐Ève , Verter Vedat
Published: October 2020

Aid organizations choose their service providers through reverse auctions to decrease their operational costs, and many of them award the contracts to the lowest bidders, which often leads to aggressive bidding practices and compromised service quality. This is known as the abnormally low bids (ALBs) problem in public procurement. An ALB is defined as an unrealistically low bid submitted to win an auction, an amount at which the auctioned service cannot be provided reliably. The current literature on ALBs in the humanitarian sector is rather sparse. This study presents a data‐driven contract awarding framework that aims at eliminating ALBs so that service levels can be improved significantly. We conducted our analyses in the context of a developing country, where the transportation market data are almost non‐existent. We derived our research questions through an exploratory research performed in African headquarters of an International Humanitarian Organization located in Kenya, and we constructed our quantitative models based on interviews with humanitarian practitioners and representatives of the carriers. We collected historical transport rate data from numerous carriers that serve multiple shippers, and we developed a methodology that can objectively identify ALBs, based on lane and contract specifications that are derived from the market. Furthermore, we estimated the effect of ALBs on service levels and we compared different contract settings under simulated market conditions. The results of the simulation analyses demonstrate that mitigating ALBs would improve the service levels significantly more than the commonly used fuel surcharge clauses in contracts.
Different drought resistance mechanisms between two buckwheat speciesFagopyrum esculentumandFagopyrum tataricum
Authors: Aubert Lauranne , Konrádová Daniela , Barris Selma , Quinet Muriel
Published: October 2020

Water availability is one of the main factors affecting crop production and the occurrence of drought periods is expected to increase in the context of ongoing climate change. We investigated the impact of water stress on two pseudocereal species, common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum). Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions under two water regimes: control (40–50% soil humidity) and water stress (<20% soil humidity). Although closely related, both species differed by their resistance to water stress. The vegetative growth was affected inF. esculentumbut not inF. tataricumas water stress decreased leaf production, leaf fresh, and dry weight, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and photosynthesis rate in the former but not in the latter. However, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were not affected by water stress, whatever the species, and the chlorophyll content increased in water‐stressed plants in both species. Oxidative stress was observed in both species in response to water stress, and antioxidant content was increased inF. tataricum. The reproductive phase was affected by water stress in both species: the number of inflorescences and pollen production decreased, mainly inF. esculentum. Seed set was maintained inF. tataricumwhile this parameter was not investigated inF. esculentumdue to its self‐incompatibility. Our results suggested thatF. tataricumwas more resistant to water stress thanF. esculentumand thatF. esculentumhad characteristics of drought avoidance, whileF. tataricumexhibited traits of drought tolerance.
Professional action in global wealth chains
Authors: Christensen Rasmus Corlin , Seabrooke Leonard , Wigan Duncan
Published: October 2020

This article provides a framework for explaining professional action in multi‐jurisdictional tax and finance environments, focusing on how relationships between clients, professionals, and regulators shape market structures. Given the complexity of tax and financial regulations within and across national systems, professionals experienced in accounting, financial, legal, and policy systems have opportunities to engage to increase information asymmetries rather than lower them. This article draws on the recent literature on Global Wealth Chains to theorize how professionals develop action profiles to exploit opportunity structures through information gaps. We develop a theoretical framework for understanding how professionals may intentionally, and as a matter of strategy, exploit information gaps in different socio‐economic contexts. We provide case vignettes of client‐professional‐regulator relationships in multi‐jurisdictional tax and finance management, highlighting how professional action shapes wealth chains and attempts at regulatory intervention. Our theoretical contribution is to link micro‐level interactions to macro‐level structures of wealth creation and protection in the transnational economic and legal order.
Viscoelastic monitoring in trauma resuscitation
Authors: Sayce Andrew C. , Neal Matthew D. , Leeper Christine M.
Published: October 2020

Background

Traumatic injury results in both physical and physiologic insult. Successful care of the trauma patient depends upon timely correction of both physical and biochemical injury. Trauma‐induced coagulopathy is a derangement of hemostasis and thrombosis that develops rapidly and can be fatal if not corrected. Viscoelastic monitoring (VEM) assays have been developed to provide rapid, accurate, and relatively comprehensive depictions of an individual's coagulation profile. VEM are increasingly being integrated into trauma resuscitation guidelines to provide dynamic and individualized guidance to correct coagulopathy.

Study Design and Methods

We performed a narrative review of the search terms viscoelastic, thromboelastography, thromboelastometry, TEG, ROTEM, trauma, injury, resuscitation, and coagulopathy using PubMed. Particular focus was directed to articles describing algorithms for management of traumatic coagulopathy based on VEM assay parameters.

Results

Our search identified 16 papers with VEM‐guided resuscitation strategies in adult patients based on TEG, 12 such protocols in adults based on ROTEM, 1 protocol for children based on TEG, and 2 protocols for children based on ROTEM.

Conclusions

This review presents evidence to support VEM use to detect traumatic coagulopathy, discusses the role of VEM in trauma resuscitation, provides a summary of proposed treatment algorithms, and discusses pending questions in the field.
Global survey of transfusion medicine curricula in medical schools: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Al‐Riyami Arwa Z. , Louw Vernon J. , Indrikovs Alexander J. , Nedelcu Elena , Bakhtary Sara , Eichbaum Quentin G. , Smit Sibinga Cees Th ,   The Education Subcommittee of the AABB Global Transfusion Forum
Published: October 2020

Background

Physicianʼs knowledge in transfusion medicine (TM) is critical for patient safety. Therefore, ensuring that medical schools provide adequate education in TM is important. The aim of this study was to assess the status of TM education at a global level.

Study Design and Methods

A comprehensive anonymous survey to assess TM education in existing medical school curricula was developed. The survey was distributed to deans and educational leads of medical schools in a range of low‐, medium‐, high‐, and very high–human development index (HDI) countries. It included 20 questions designed to assess specific domains including structure of TM curriculum and teaching faculty.

Results

The response rate was 53%. The majority of responding schools from very‐high–HDI countries offered a 6‐year curriculum after high school or a 4‐year curriculum after college education, whereas most schools from medium‐HDI countries offered a 5‐year medical curriculum. A formal teaching program was available in only 42% of these schools in contrast to 94% of medical schools from very high‐HDI. Overall, 25% of all medical schools did not offer structured TM teaching. When offered, most TM teaching was mandatory (95%) and integrated within the third and fourth year of medical school. Formal assessment of TM knowledge was done in 72% of all responding medical schools. More than half of the deans considered the TM education in their medical schools as inadequate.

Conclusion

Despite its limitations, the current survey highlights significant gaps and opportunities of TM education at a global scale.
Computational Study of 16 kWth Furnace Cofired Using Pulverized Bituminous Coal and Liquified Petroleum Gas Operated in Un-Staged and Air-Staged Conditions
Authors: Sahu Nitesh Kumar , Kumar Mayank , Dewan Anupam
Published: October 2020

This paper presents a computational study on air-fuel combustion of bituminous coal and liquified petroleum gas (LPG) in a 16 kWth test facility with a coflow-swirl burner. The performance of three turbulence models is investigated for the furnace operated under both air-staged and un-staged conditions by comparing their predictions with the reported measurements of temperature and species concentrations. This comparison shows that the shear stress transport (SST) k–ω model and SST k–ω model with low-Re correction predict the profiles of temperature and species concentrations reasonably well, but significantly underpredict the temperature in the furnace core at axial locations away from the burner. On the other hand, the transition SST k–ω model provides better overall congruency with the measured temperature and species concentrations when compared with the other turbulence models used, as indicated by relatively higher values of the Pearson correlation coefficient at locations away from the burner. The present high-fidelity computational model developed is also capable of accurately simulating the effect of coal particle size on the furnace environment, which is verified by the match between the computational predictions and the experimental results for two different sized coal samples. The model is also used to investigate the effect of coal particle size on the internal recirculation zone (IRZ) and the reattachment length (LR) for the same inlet swirl number (SN). A decrease of nearly 50% in the coal sample size results in the increase of LR and IRZ length by 20% and 82.6%, respectively.
The Power Reclamation of Utilizing Micro-Hydro Turbines in the Aeration Basins of Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Hasan Alaa , Salem Abdel Rahman , Hadi Ahmad Abdel , Qandil Mohammad , Amano Ryoichi S. , Alkhalidi Ammar
Published: October 2020

Upgrading the aeration basin technology can improve the oxygen transfer efficiency (OTE), while keeping the energy consumption at its minimum level. Therefore, this paper introduces a new idea of installing micro-propeller turbines in the aeration basin of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to extract power from the high-velocity location in the water column. This extracted power can be used to operate a mixer at the top of the membrane to induce the mixing in that region, which will drive the less oxygenated wastewater into the water column. The rest of the extracted power will rotate microturbine rotors for electric power generation. By applying the proposed microturbines to the 13 audited facilities, it was demonstrated to achieve a gross annual energy-savings of 3,836.9 MWh, a gross annual cost-saving of $260,497, and total CO2 emissions that would be reduced by 2,714 metric tons/year. Generally, the addition of the proposed microturbines can save up to 15.7% of the annual plant electricity consumption (1.3–12.8% of the plant annual electricity bills).
Machine Learning for Predicting the Critical Yield Stress of High Entropy Alloys
Authors: Vilalta Pau Cutrina , Sheikholeslami Somayyeh , Saleme Ruiz Katerine , C. Yee Xin , Koslowski Marisol
Published: October 2020

We applied machine learning models to predict the relationship between the yield stress and the stacking fault energies landscape in high entropy alloys. The data for learning in this work were taken from phase-field dislocation dynamics simulations of partial dislocations in face-centered-cubic metals. This study was motivated by the intensive computation required for phase-field simulations. We adopted three different ways to describe the variations of the stacking fault energy (SFE) landscape as inputs to the machine learning models. Our study showed that the best machine learning model was able to predict the yield stress to approximately 2% error. In addition, our unsupervised learning study produced a principal component that showed the same trend as a physically meaningful quantity with respect to the critical yield stress.
Flow Pattern Transition in Pipes Using Data-Driven and Physics-Informed Machine Learning
Authors: Quintino André M. , da Rocha Davi L. L. N. , Fonseca Jr. Roberto , Rodriguez Oscar M. H.
Published: October 2020

Flow pattern is an important engineering design factor in two-phase flow in the chemical, nuclear and energy industries, given its effects on pressure drop, holdup, and heat and mass transfer. The prediction of two-phase flow patterns through phenomenological models is widely used in both industry and academy. In contrast, as more experimental data become available for gas-liquid flow in pipes, the use of data-driven models to predict flow-pattern transition, such as machine learning, has become more reliable. This type of heuristic modeling has a high demand for experimental data, which may not be available in some industrial applications. As a consequence, it may fail to deliver a sufficiently generalized transition prediction. Incorporation of physics in machine learning is being proposed as an alternative to improve prediction and also to reduce the demand for experimental data. This paper evaluates the use of hybrid-physics-data machine learning to predict gas-liquid flow-pattern transition in pipes. Random forest and artificial neural network are the chosen tools. A database of experiments available in the open literature was collected and is shared in this work. The performance of the proposed hybrid model is compared with phenomenological and data-driven machine learning models through confusion matrices and graphics. The results show improvement in prediction performance even with a low amount of data for training. The study also suggests that graphical comparison of flow-pttern transition boundaries provides better understanding of the performance of the models than the traditional metric
Synergistic Flow-Induced Oscillation of Multiple Cylinders in Harvesting Marine Hydrokinetic Energy
Authors: Li Mengyu , Bernitsas Christopher C. , Guo Jing , Sun Hai
Published: October 2020

Flow-induced oscillations/vibrations (FIO/V) of cylinders in tandem can be enhanced by proper in-flow spacing to increase hydrokinetic energy harnessing. In a farm of multiple cylinders in tandem, the effect of interference on harnessing efficiency arises. Three years of systematic experiments in the Marine Renewable Laboratory (MRELab) of the University of Michigan, on an isolated cylinder, and two and three cylinders in tandem have revealed that synergistic FIO can enhance oscillations of cylinders in close proximity. Two cylinders in tandem can harness 2.5–13.5 times the hydrokinetic power of one isolated cylinder. Three cylinders in tandem can harness 3.4–26.4 times the hydrokinetic power of one isolated cylinder. Negative impact on the harnessed energy by multiple cylinders, such as the shielding effect for the downstream cylinder/s, is possible. Specifically for the three-cylinder configuration, at a certain flow speed, the decrease in the power of the middle cylinder can be overcome by adjusting its stiffness and/or damping.
Scattering of Lamb Waves Near Lamé Point at an Opening Crack
Authors: Cao Xuwei , Zeng Liang , Lin Jing
Published: October 2020

The scattered fields of Lamb waves resulting from damage have been extensively studied because they carry rich structural information that allow us to identify and evaluate damage. This paper investigates the interaction of the fundamental symmetric Lamb mode (S0) near the first Lamé point with opening cracks of various heights under the plane strain condition. The scattering coefficients obtained by the semi-analytical method indicate a significant non-mode-conversion point, where the mode conversion is very weak. The frequency of this non-mode-conversion point originates in the first Lamé point and increases linearly with the crack height when the normalized height is less than 25%. The finite element simulations validate the calculation results. In addition, similar phenomena are also observed for the scattering at a symmetric internal crack. These interesting scattering characteristics are related to the special mode shapes near the Lamé point, which may provide a candidate to evaluate the height of an opening crack.
Absence of ice-bonded permafrost beneath an Arctic lagoon revealed by electrical geophysics
Authors: Pedrazas Micaela N. , Cardenas M. Bayani , Demir Cansu , Watson Jeffery A. , Connolly Craig T. , McClelland James W.
Published: October 2020

Geophysical measurements reveal an extensive unfrozen zone underneath an Arctic lagoon extending to beneath the tundra.
Susceptibility to severe COVID-19
Authors: Beck David B. , Aksentijevich Ivona
Published: October 2020

Genetic variants and autoantibodies that suppress antiviral immunity are linked to severe COVID-19
Cumulative Fraction of Response for Once- and Twice-Daily Delamanid in Patients with Pulmonary Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Authors: Mallikaarjun Suresh , Chapagain Moti L. , Sasaki Tomohiro , Hariguchi Norimitsu , Deshpande Devyani , Srivastava Shashikant , Berg Alexander , Hirota Kuniko , Inoue Yusuke , Matsumoto Makoto , Hafkin Jeffrey , Geiter Lawrence , Wang Xiaofeng , Gumbo Tawanda , Liu Yongge
Published: October 2020

Pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) analyses were conducted to determine the cumulative fraction of response (CFR) for 100 mg twice-daily (BID) and 200 mg once-daily (QD) delamanid in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), using a pharmacodynamic target (PDT) that achieves 80% of maximum efficacy. First, in the mouse model of chronic TB, the PK/PD index for delamanid efficacy was determined to be area under the drug concentration-time curve over 24 h divided by MIC (AUC
0–24
/MIC), with a PDT of 252.
FDA Public Workshop Summary: Advancing Animal Models for Antibacterial Drug Development
Authors: Byrne James M. , Waack Ursula , Weinstein Edward A. , Joshi Abhay , Shurland Simone M. , Iarikov Dmitri , Bulitta Jürgen B. , Diep Binh An , Guina Tina , Hope William W. , Lawrenz Matthew B. , Lepak Alexander J. , Luna Brian M. , Miesel Lynn , Phipps Andrew J. , Walsh Thomas J. , Weiss William , Amini Thushi , Farley John J.
Published: October 2020

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) hosted a public workshop entitled “Advancing Animal Models for Antibacterial Drug Development” on 5 March 2020. The workshop mainly focused on models of pneumonia caused by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Acinetobacter baumannii
. The program included discussions from academic investigators, industry, and U.S. government scientists. The potential use of mouse, rabbit, and pig models for antibacterial drug development was presented and discussed.
CD8 T Cells Show Protection against Highly Pathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) after Vaccination with SIV Gene-Expressing BCG Prime and Vaccinia Virus/Sendai Virus Vector Boosts
Authors: Kato Seiichi , Shida Hisatoshi , Okamura Tomotaka , Zhang Xianfeng , Miura Tomoyuki , Mukai Tetsu , Inoue Makoto , Shu Tsugumine , Naruse Taeko K. , Kimura Akinori , Yasutomi Yasuhiro , Matsuo Kazuhiro
Published: October 2020

Because both AIDS and tuberculosis are serious health threats in middle/low-income countries, development of a dual vaccine against them would be highly beneficial. To approach the goal, here we first assessed a urease-deficient bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for improvement of immunogenicity against both
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and SIV. Second, we demonstrated the usefulness of Asian-origin cynomolgus monkeys for development of a preclinical AIDS vaccine by direct comparison with Indian rhesus macaques as the only validated hosts that identically mirror the outcomes of clinical trials, since the availability of Indian rhesus macaques is limited in countries other than the United States. Finally, we report the protective effect of a vaccination regimen comprising BCG, the highly attenuated vaccinia virus LC16m8Δ strain, and nontransmissible Sendai virus as safe vectors expressing SIV genes using repeated mucosal challenge with highly pathogenic SIVmac251. Identification of CD8
+
T cells as a protective immunity suggests a future direction of AIDS vaccine development.