bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface Roughness Characteristics of Polyamide APA after the Turning by Unconventional Cutting Tool
Authors: Monkova Katarina
Published: May 2013

The article deals with surface roughness characteristics of polyamide APA after the turning by tool with linear cutting edge. The experiment was centred on the obtaining of Ra and Rz dependences on both cutting speed and feed per revolution concurrently. Polyamide APA allows the production of very large structural and semi-structural parts for automotive and non-automotive applications including interior, exterior and under-the-hood applications. It also allows reducing the total cost of production, especially for lower volume parts. Therefore, the authors deals with the possibility to work this material. The special cutting tool was selected in regard to the author´s previous experiments. The surfaces of investigated metal samples, which were machined by the tool with linear cutting edge, achieved very good properties, so it was the reason for the using of this tool at the experiments presented in the article. Obtained values of surface roughness characteristics were worked up by means of regression analysis and according to the rules for statistical data processing. The results are arranged into the table and consequently into the graphical presentations. The shapes of chips at the machining within various working conditions are shown at the end of the article. Next experiments will be focused on the machining of other types materials with the same unconventional cutting tool and for the obtaining new data that characterize the machined surface.
About Dynamics of Muffs from Physically Nonlinear Material
Authors: Khajiyeva Lelya , Kydyrbekuly Almatbek
Published: May 2013

The paper is devoted to simulation of nonlinear dynamic processes in mechanical systems with nonlinear characteristics of the physical nature. As an example torsional oscillation of rubber-cord muff, which connects rotating shafts of a drive of machines, is investigated. Influence of nonlinear properties of a muff on amplitude-frequency characteristics of a kinematic circuit is established. The research results are in accord with experimental data of other works.
On the Theory of Stochastic Transformation Method
Authors: Kadry Seifedine
Published: May 2013

The Stochastic Finite Element Method (SFEM) represents a new approach to solve mechanical systems with stochastic characteristics. The SFEM is based on the deterministic Finite Element Method in which some variables related to the structural state (variables involved in the stiffness matrix) and to the applied actions (involved in the load vector) are uncertain. In other words, the SFEM tries to look for the stochastic properties of the mechanical response. The solution of a stochastic mechanical system is completely defined through the evaluation of the probability density function of the response process. This cannot be analytically achieved through most of the available methods and techniques such as Fokker-Planck equation, Wiener-Hermite expansion, perturbation methods, stochastic linearization, WHEP technique, decomposition method and stochastic finite element methods [1; 2]. Some exact solutions are available for the mean and standard deviation, not for the Probability Density Function (pdf), of the solution process. In this paper, we develop the theory of method named the Stochastic Transformation Method (STM) in order to determine the pdf of the response of a stochastic mechanical system with random excitation and/or stiffness. The Stochastic Transformation Method is based on one-to-one mapping between the random output(s) and input(s) where the transformation Jacobean J can be computed. The pdf of the output(s) is then computed through the known joint pdf of the inputs multiplied by the determinant of transformation Jacobean matrix. The one-to-one mapping condition can be relaxed through some mathematical tricks. This STM allows us to express the “exact” pdf of the mechanical response [3], provided that the transformation Jacobean can be defined. For many cases, the pdf of the response can be obtained in a closed-form in terms of the joint distribution of the input random variables.
The Optimization Design of Dental Implant after the Mandible Tumor Resection and Reconstruction
Authors: Wu Wen Zheng , Zhao Ji , Zhang Lei , Qu Xing Tian , Zhao Di , Zhang Yu , Wang Wan Shan
Published: May 2013

Mandible defect and the lack of dentition may result in facial deformity and chewing organ defects. It happens after the surgery of oral and maxillofacial tumors. This study aims at this problem. In this study, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was employed to reconstruct the implanted mandible for customized patient. The 3D FEA model has great importance for biomechanical analysis. Though the analysis of the biomechanical situation with different numbers of dental implants, we can optimize the location and quantity of the implants. In this way, we can improve the quality of the implants, reduce the pain of patients, reduce the operation cost and avoid secondary surgery.
Adaptive Arithmetic of Rock and Concrete’s Crack Propagation
Authors: Gao Rui , Yang Ling Qiang , Wang Xiang Dong
Published: May 2013

A numerical implement to simulate the crack propagating process in arch dam and rock base has been put forward. A new remeshing strategy of FEM meshing grid was presented for improving the calculation accuracy and efficiency. In the period of dividing the dam structure and the foundation rock into an appropriate number of discrete subregion (finite elements), the adaptive element was used to divide the original 3-D element into 8 son-elements analogical to its father-elements entirely. Of course the 2-D element was divided into 4 son-elements analogical to its father-elements entirely using the same method. The element shape function was used to solve suspend nodal point. The arithmetic and shape function’s formulation also were put forward. To satisfy the engineering accurate result, the adaptive element was used to divide the son-element or the grandson-element again. In the calculating processor, the arithmetic of adaptive load step was presented. Only one element failures in a load step. So the cracking processor can be found with automatic mesh generation. An arch dam has been as example to validate the method is right and stability. The arithmetic has important theory and utility value.
The Effect of Deformation and Irradiation with High-Energy Krypton Ions on the Structure and Phase Composition of Reactor Steels
Authors: Russakova Alyona , Alontseva Darya , Kolesnikova Tatyana
Published: May 2013

The paper presents some results of a complex research of 12Cr18Ni10Ti stainless steel in the initial, deformed and irradiated ( 8436Kr+14, E=130MeV, Fmax=9x1015 ions/сm2) states using magnetometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD – analysis). Application of the EBSD method revealed differences between the non-irradiated and irradiated 12Cr18Ni10Ti steel specimens consisting in the fact that in the surface layer of an irradiated sample α-and ε - phases are formed. It was established that the fluence value affects the amount of magnetic α-phase. The study of the martensite α-phase morphology showed that in the deformed steel specimens there is αʹ- martensite of two scale levels.
The Structure-Phase Compositions and Properties of Plasma-Detonation Ni and Co-Based Powder Alloys Coatings
Authors: Alontseva Darya , Russakova Alyona
Published: May 2013

This paper presents new results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigation of the structure-phase compositions of thick (150 μm) coatings on the base of Ni and Co deposited by plasma-detonation on steel substrates. The phase structures and morphology of precipitation from solid solution are defined. Factor k is defined in the Hall-Petch equation for the coating materials. The existence of a diffuse zone in the coating layer next to the substrate is established, the thickness of this zone is defined.
Titanium Based Composite Coatings Deposited by High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) and Plasma Spraying Methods
Authors: Salman Asma , Gabbitas Brian , Zhang De Liang
Published: May 2013

The study involves a special class of composites called interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs). The Ti(Al,O)/Al2O3 composite was produced using high energy mechanical milling of a mixture of TiO2 and Al followed by a high temperature self-propagating reaction. Characteristics of the feedstock powder were improved by treating it with an organic binder. The feedstock powder was thermally sprayed on to a substrate using high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) and air plasma spraying methods. The spraying methods resulted in coatings with significantly different microstructures. Compared with plasma sprayed coating, the coating produced by a HVOF spraying method showed a much finer and densely packed microstructure.
Effect of Swirly Segregation of Mo on Omega Phase Precipitation Behavior and Tensile Property of Ti-12Mo Alloy
Authors: Emura Satoshi , Min Xiao Hua , Ii Seiichiro , Tsuchiya Koichi
Published: May 2013

Swirly segregation of Mo was introduced in Ti-12 mass% Mo alloys through hot caliber rolling. After isothermal aging of the alloys, ω phase precipitated heterogeneously in the alloys due to the segregation of Mo. The effect of the swirly segregation and isothermal aging condition on room temperature tensile properties of Ti-12Mo alloy was investigated. Tensile strength has been slightly affected by the swirly segregation. However, total elongation has been extremely improved from 4~10 % to around 20 % in the samples with tensile strength of between 1000 and 1100 MPa. Under all aging conditions, samples with the swirly segregation show larger reduction in area.
Microstructure and Texture Development in Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr Alloy during Cold Rolling and Annealing
Authors: Ghaderi Alireza , Hodgson Peter D. , Barnett Matthew R.
Published: May 2013

This study focuses on the microstructure and texture evolution of a Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr alloy during cold rolling and annealing treatments. Three samples with different initial microstructures were cold rolled to a 40% reduction in thickness. The starting microstructure of one sample was single β phase while two other specimens were α+β phases with different α particle sizes, distributed in β grains. For all three samples, the average size of primary β grains was 150 µm. The cold rolled specimens were then annealed at 860 °C (10 °C above the β transus temperature) for 5 minutes followed by water quenching. Microstructure development during cold rolling and recrystallization was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. Microstructure investigations showed that massive amount of shear bands occurred during the cold rolling of the single β phase sample while only a few shear bands were observed in the α+β cold rolled microstructures. The cold rolled texture of the sample comprised of a single β phase contains a gamma fibre (//ND) and a partial alpha fibre (//RD). Annealing treatment decreased the intensity of the cold rolled texture in the single β phase sample. Also, it was found that the presence of α precipitates changes the common annealing texture observed in the single β phase specimen.
Behavior of Intermediate CaTiO3 in Reduction Process of TiO2 by Calcium Vapor
Authors: Jia Jin Gang , Xu Bao Qiang , Yang Bin , Wang Dong Sheng , Xiong Heng , Liu Da Chun
Published: May 2013

Preparing titanium powders by calcium vapor reduction of titanium oxide directly is a new way with short flow sheet and CaTiO3 is the very important intermediate compound in this process. In this paper, the behavior of intermediate CaTiO3 in the reduction process of TiO2 was investigated. The thermodynamic calculation indicated that the Gibbs free energy change of the reaction to produce CaTiO3 by CaO and TiO2 was always negative below 1000 °C; The reaction Gibbs free energy change of the calciothermic reduction of CaTiO3 was lower than that of TiO, which would be the most predominant step from TiO2 to Ti. The experimental results showed that CaTiO3 phase derived from the reaction between TiO2 and the reduction by-product CaO, and the reaction between TiO2 and the decomposition product CaO from the additive of CaCl2 with crystal water as well in the calcium vapor reduction process of titanium oxide. But CaTiO3 could be reduced to Ti much easier than that of TiO2 by calcium vapor.
Factors Affecting the Separation of Ti-Al Alloy in the TiPro Process
Authors: Sichone Kenneth , Zhang De Liang , Raynova Stiliana
Published: May 2013

Abstract This paper presents and discusses the factors influencing the yield of Ti-Al alloy in the TiPro process which is a process developed at the University of Waikato for producing titanium alloy powders by mechanically activating Al/TiO2 powder mixtures and subsequently preheating the resultant composite powder in order to ignite a combustion synthesis reaction and separate the liquid Ti-Al alloy by extrusion. In this study, TiO2/Al composite powders with different powder particle microstructures have been produced and used to study the effects of starting composite powder particle microstructure on the solid/liquid separation of TiAl from solid Al2O3 by extrusion. Results obtained so far indicate that maximizing the time the Ti-Al alloy phase is maintained in the liquid state after the reaction between TiO2 and Al is one of the critical factors to increase the yield of Ti-Al alloy produced through the separation of liquid Ti-Al from the solid Al2O3 phase by extruding the mixture of liquid Ti-Al and Al2O3 formed through reactions and heating.
Lighting Design of Extended Light Source
Authors: Wang B. , To Sandy , Chueng C.F. , Wang W.K.
Published: May 2013

A workflow of LED lighting design will be discussed in the paper. And it will analyze the influence of different LED die size distribution. It will present the design method how to design from spot source to line source and then to extended source in the mathematic theory. It means to research from 2D to 3D design about LED light source.
Research on Chemical Mechanical Polishing Technology of SiC Mirror
Authors: Ma Zhen Fang , Dong Lian He , Sun Yan Jun , Leng Yan Bing , Chen Zhe
Published: May 2013

This paper makes an researches on high precision polishing process of SiC mirror by using mechanical and chemical polishing combined methods. The chemical compositions, mechanical characteristics of SiC and the factors which affect the polishing precision and quality are analyzed. Also, the components of polishing liquid, polishing pad and the pressure of the millstone are also optimized. Then the author polishes a 220mm diameter SiC mirror which the roughness is less than 1 nm. The results show that the combination of chemical and mechanical polishing can overcome the traditional shortcomings of mechanical polishing and chemical etching method, improve the removal rate, further improve the polishing surface roughness, get the small surface damage layer and high integrity of smooth surfaces.
Study on the Fabrication of RPAS Micro-Lens Array for CCD Integration
Authors: Chen Zhe , Dong Lian He , Sun Yan Jun , Leng Yan Bing , Ma Zhen Fang , Wang Li
Published: May 2013

The micro-lens array for CCD systems can enhance the utilization efficiency of light energy, then improve its detection sensitivity. This paper firstly researches on the principle of micro-lens array for CCD integration, the lens changing refractive index theory and the mechanism of ionic exchange on glass materials. Then, with reasonable design of the mask and optimization the ionic exchange process parameters, the paper finally produces the Rectangular Plane Arched Shape (RPAS) micro-lens array on the plate glasswith the unit feature size being 22μm x 22μm. The results show that the RPAS micro-lens array’s fill factors could be achieved 93%, and the spectral sensitivity can be improved by 0.3 times. The mask plays a decisive role in micro-lens which is manufactured by ionic exchanged method. The reasonable selection of the mask parameter can eliminate the void that in the circular aperture planar micro-lens array, and enhance the fill factor; in the ionic exchange process, it is easy to obtain the large refractive index by using the ion-pair that have big differences. The ionic exchanged temperature below the glass softening temperature at about 20°C is appropriate.
Study on Deposition of Amorphous DLC-Si Films by RF-PECVD
Authors: Tang Ji Long , Wang Jing
Published: May 2013

In this study, we investigated DLC-Si films were deposited by PECVD from C4H10:SiH4:O2 gas mixtures. We aim to investigate the influence of hydrogen on the variation of echanical properties and microstructure of DLC-Si films synthesized by radio frequency plasma chemical vapor deposition (r.f.-PECVD). The DLC films were deposited on a silicon substrate. That the reactant gases employed in this paper are a mixture of composition. The films deposited were studied by atomic force microscope (AFM), Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The test results show that the ratio of SiH4 in the gas mixture was successively varied to clarify its influence on the roughness, microstructure, hardness, refractive index for the DLC films. The results reveal that the increasing of the concentration of SiH4 increases sp3 ratio, refractive index and roughness. Meanwhile, increasing the SiH4 concentration causes the decrease of hardness. Finally, optic behavior is correlated to the silicon concentration for deposition with SiH4 containing reactant gas.
Study on the Fast Tool Servo (FTS) with the Stiffness Adjustable
Authors: Ouyang Xiang Bo , Chen Wu , Li Ke Tian , Chen Xin , Chen Xin Du , Liu Qiang
Published: May 2013

This paper introduced a kind of fast tool servo (FTS) that its stiffness is adjustable. Based on in the frame rack, flexible hinge, piezoelectric ceramic driver, tool base, diamond tools and so on, a spring assembly appendixes on. The spring assembly is consisting of spring rack, the sleeve, spring, and lock circle etc. Spring rack is fixed in front of the frame rack; there is a screw hole in the middle of the spring rack; there is also a screw outer side of the sleeve that mounted through the screw hole. The spring is installed inside sleeve; one end of the spring contacts with the bottom of the sleeve, and the other end contacts with the flexible hinge on frame rack. It can adjust the force of the spring that presses to the flexible hinge by rotating the sleeve. Through replaced the spring, it can makes stiffness of the FTS changed. It is verified that the device has the stiffness adjustable function through calculation and simulation.
Fabrication Fluoride High Reflection Mirror by Thermal Evaporation in the ArF Excimer Laser
Authors: Chang Yan He , Jin Chun Shui , Li Chun , Jin Jing Cheng
Published: May 2013

ArF excimer laser is the main light resource for the microlithography technology. In the laser cavity, the optical components with lowest absorption and scattering loss are necessary. As a consequence only a few materials are promising candidates for 193nm coatings with high transmittance or high reflectance. Fluoride films exhibit relatively low optical loss as well as high laser induced damage thresholds. The potentiality of LaF3 and MgF2 is evaluated in respect of the production of improved optical coatings for applications. For this purpose, single layer is prepared by thermal evaporation at the deposited temperatures of 523K on Fused Silica. A first order bulk inhomogeneity model for extracting the optical constants of weak absorbing film is applied, which is based on spectrophotometry. Refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) of the optimal LaF3 film are 1.678 and 2.24×10-3 at 193nm. In the case of the optimal MgF2 film, n and k are 1.443 and 4.72×10-4 at 193nm. High reflection (HR) LaF3/MgF2 coatings are designed and fabricated for normal incident on CaF2. The experimental results indicate that after coated and fluoride coatings deposit, according to optimal process, can have more suitable optical properties at deep ultraviolet (DUV), the reflectance of HR coatings reaches more than 98% at 193nm.
Laser Interference Nanolithography with a 405nm Fiber Semiconductor Laser
Authors: Xu Jia , Wang Zuo Bin , Weng Zhan Kun , Li Zhi Ming , Sun Xiao Juan , Liu Lan Jiao , Zhao Le , Yue Yong , Zhang Jin
Published: May 2013

This paper presents a method of laser interference nanolithography for the formation of interference patterns on the resist using a fiber semiconductor laser with a wavelength of 405nm. In the method, surface pattern structures are fabricated through the control of the incident angles of two interfering beams, the exposure dose of laser radiation and the development time. The angle adjustment becomes more convenient and the influence of environmental variations on the system has been reduced due to the use of fiber optic components. In the work, a feature size of down to 63nm and a pattern period of 215nm were achieved. The experimental results have shown that the method can be used for low cost micro and nano fabrication of periodical surface patterns with the features of low cost, simplicity and flexibility.
Research on Technology of the Laser Designator Multi-Parameter Integrated Detection Method
Authors: Wang Jin Song , Qi Jin Qiu , Wang Hao Zeng , Deng Jian Nan , An Zhi Yong
Published: May 2013

According to the state of testing technology for laser designator multi-parametric, a multi-parameter integrated detection method on the basis of optical collimation and digital image processing technology is proposed, and the way for the detection of multi-parameter characteristics and integrated detection is analyzed. By using the detection principle of large aperture lens focus spot method, the parameter measurements, such as the divergence angle of the laser designator beam, displacement amount of the light spot move, spot of adjustment range and deviation and the multi-axis consistency are measured. Simultaneously, the parameters of the sight line alteration of daylight aiming sight, the graduation precision can also be tested. By the analysis of experiment,the method has high detection accuracy and detection efficiency.
Pyroelectric Detector Fast Response Compensation Circuit for High-Repetition-Rate Pulse Laser Measurement System
Authors: Zhang Lei , Shao Bi Bo , Feng Gang , Yang Peng Ling , Tao Meng Meng
Published: May 2013

A way to achieve pyroelectric detector fast response compensation circuit based on the measurement of energy for high-repetition-rate pulse laser is proposed in this paper. The transfer function of the pyroelectric detector circuit system is derived adopting the linear model of the operational amplifier and the effect of input voltage and noise are ignored. Further, the noise characteristics and related factors are analyzed and their effects on the response speed, performance stability, signal gain and signal to noise ratio are discussed. Series of experiments were carried out to verify the reliability of the compensation circuit. This circuit has been applied in the pyroelectric detector system for measuring the energy and the power of high-repetition-rate pulse lasers. OCIS codes: 140.3538 040.1880
Study on High Temperature Stability of Off-Axis Aspherical Collimator
Authors: Liu Lei , Cao Guo Hua
Published: May 2013

The collimator is a kind of necessary optical instrument for camera in the assembly, adjustment, and test process. In order to meet the high precision camera test requirements within the temperature in a range of 20°C±10°C, a set of off-axis aspherical collimator with high accuracy and high temperature stability is designed. Mirrors use silicon carbide materials. Collimator tube is made of Indium steel materials. After finite element analysis, difference value of the linear expansion coefficient kept within a certain range and reasonable reflector support and the collimator can keep accurate stability within a certain temperature range. After test, off-axis collimator with Ф400mm diameter and, 8m focal length at 20°C±10°C, the wavefront aberration is kept in the range from1/5λ（P-V, λ=632.8nm) to 1/30λ(RMS).The precision of the collimator can meet design requirement.
The Research of the Multi-Axis Consistency Assembly Adjustment of Optical Collimator
Authors: Xiao Zuo Jiang , Chen Xuan , Zhu Hai Bin , Wang Yan Qing , Xia Yang , Zhang Dan Feng
Published: May 2013

This paper reaches a detection system which use for detecting the three-axis consistency of optical collimator basing on equivalent method. Describing the detect principle and calculating the offset of the image of optical path caused by spectroscope via anglicizing of optical system. Meanwhile, it uses zemax to simulate the offset of optical path. After adjusting the structure of the system, the detection system is calibrated by theodolite whose accuracy is 0.5″. The experiment result shows that the measurement error of the optical axis consistency <0.05mrad.
Dual-CCD Complete Stokes Simultaneously Imaging Polarimeter and Experimental Data Analysis
Authors: Du Lan , Liu Jing , Wang Xia , Jin Wei Qi , Guo Hong , Lu Lu
Published: May 2013

Polarization imaging technology that is on the basis of the polarization measurement can change the obtained polarization information into two-dimensional image, from which we can acquire polarization characteristics of target scene just like normal gray image so that this technique is widely used in the fields of military investigation, medical testing, space exploration, meteorology and so on. Traditional imaging polarimeter is time sequence polarization imaging, which is to use sequential rotational polarization components (line polarizer or wave plate etc.) and to combine Fourier analysis method to acquire final Stokes components. But because of the sacrificing of temporal resolution, this technique does not meet the needs of the situation of high-speed dynamic changing scene. While current simultaneously polarization imaging technique commonly uses multiple sets of optical systems and at least four CCD cameras, which have the problems of low energy utilization rate and non-matching performance among the optical sets. To solve the aforementioned problems, we design and implement a set of non-mechanical rotating parts, double Wollaston prisms-based high resolution simultaneously imaging polarimeter. This system uses the specific combination of non-polarizing beam splitter, Wollaston prisms and wave plates to divide the incident target space beam into four optical paths of different polarization states which can be taken into two types: two paths in the reflection part and two paths in the transmission part. Finally the imaging lens converge the beam to different regions of two large array CCD to image four images. To achieve the goal of extracting complete Stokes information, we apply the Stokes vector and Mueller matrix analysis. The article presents systems structure, working theory, calibration method, experiment data analysis and system polarization performance, which provides a good reference for the simultaneously high-speed polarization imaging.
The Static Tester of Fire Control System Performance Parameters
Authors: Wang Chun Yan , Sun Hao , Li Tao
Published: May 2013

This tester is mainly used to test the firepower of armored vehicles weapon equipment, the artillery loosening amount and rigidity of fire control system, the largest mobilization artillery speed and other related static parameters. In this paper, the design of the tester include: static parameters optical probe, the vehicle central control device, the image processing device, the test target and so on. In the static parameter tests of weapon systems, the static probe is installed in the muzzle, the prescriptive force is imposed on the artillery tube to produce movement, CCD camera can photography the relative motion image of the target, then the computer processes images according to the corresponding program, and figures out the trajectory of the artillery tube, thus the corresponding static parameters is calculated. Experimental results show that: The system has reached a very good image quality, and the reliability is very high, Diagonal field of view>4°, the specification requirements are reached.
Optical Design of Endoscopic Telecentric Measuring Apparatus
Authors: Wu Qiong , Xiang Yang , Yang Bin , Song Qian , Hou Li Jie , Wu Qian Qian
Published: May 2013

Endoscopic telecentric apparatus is a precision measuring instrument which consists of optical, mechanical and electrical technologies. It can be applied in real-time accurate test to detect the position, shape and wall surface defects of brake master cylinder. This paper designed an optical system with Zemax, it can be used in endoscopic telecentric apparatus. The system has 4mm linear field of view, the line of vision is 90°,the magnification is 0.75×,the depth of field is 6mm.The value of modulation transfer function (MTF) is close to the diffraction limit, the resolution of the system is up to 3 and the spot diagrams of all configurations are smaller than Airy disk, the total track is less than 300mm. It adopts 1/6CCD to receive image, the measurement accuracy reaches to 0.03mm.The system uses pentagonal prism to realize 90°line of vision, it is convenient to assemble and avoids the mirror image. The image quality is good and the design meets the requirement.
Solar Pumped Nd:YAG Laser by the Fresnel Lens
Authors: Fang Dan , Wang Fei , Wang Xiao Hua , Liu Si Ning
Published: May 2013

Shortly after the invention of the laser, researchers began to dream of converting sunlight into laser radiation directly. A direct conversion of concentrated solar light into a coherent laser beam improved the conversion efficiency because of the simple design of the structure, which is an innovation in the new field of solar energy utilization. We utilize the Fresnel lens of 1m2 to collect solar light, which is coupled into the conical chamber pumping Nd:YAG crystal, in 5mm-diameter 80mm-length rod. The pumping cavity is designed to combine end-pumping with side-pumping, in which the pumping light comes from many directions. It could compensate the drawbacks of single end-pumping or side-pumping. In the experiment, we obtain the maximum laser output power of 2.5 W, with a slope efficiency achieving 1.3%. By the Tracepro ray-tracing software, simulating the incoming energy distribution in the focus of the Fresnel lens, the concentration ratio of 104 is achieved.
Experimental Study of Laser Amplifier Based on LDA Side-Pumping Nd:Glass
Authors: Qiu Ji Si , Fan Zhong Wei , Tang Xiong Xin , Lin Wei Ran
Published: May 2013

A high beam quality and high stability laser amplifier baseing on LDA side-pumping Nd-Glass which applied to amplify a nanosecond laser pulse source has been developed in the paper. In addition, Liquid crystal spatial light modulator is used in the amplifier for spatial beam shaping so as to improve the near-field uniformity. When the flat top pules with the pulse width of 3ns and energy of 500nJ are injected as the seed pulse, the average output energy of the laser amplifier is 100mJ. The modulation degree near field is less than 1.22:1, and the beam angle drifting of the far-field laser is less than 10 μrad.
Experimental Study on Target Reflection Section in Laser-Illuminated Condition
Authors: Cai Lei , Zhang Ji Hua , Zhang Shi Qiang , Guan Xiao Wei
Published: May 2013

Based on the target reflection section defined by The Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function, a method of approximate calculation and analysis of the cone and plate’s reflection section in laser-illuminated condition are derived in the paper. With the method, reflection section of cone is calculated and analyzed. Experimental platform was established with 1.319m Nd:YAG laser, measuring the reflection section of cone in diverse incident angle. Curve of the plate, cylinder and cone relative illumination changing in diverse incident angle were measured. The results of this study are helpful for many applications such as weapon designing, target invisible, and system modeling.
Built-Up Alignment System by Four-Quadrant Detector in High Power Laser System
Authors: Guo Ru Hai , Shi Kui , Ma Jun , Jiang Run Qiang , Yu Shuai Bei
Published: May 2013

Spatial stability is an important property of a laser beam for a laser system. Because four-quadrant detector has more high damage threshold than CCD, it can be applied in a high laser system to monitor the direction of laser beam. In this article, the four-quadrant detector as pointing monitor device is used for a 532nm semiconductor laser, which can obtain the center position of laser spot quickly. In the experiment, the amount of shift and jitter for laser beam is measured at first. Next step is combining rotating stage and lens to measure the alignment error for three angles. The results show that the top amount of shift and jitter is 3.6″ and the average of combined pointing error is around 6″. The data can support the spatial beam pointing stability system which needs feedback system with fast steering mirrors.
Research on Definition Evaluation Algorithm of the Test Equipments for Phoropters
Authors: Li Fei , Li Lin , Hong Bao Yu , Liu Wen Li
Published: May 2013

Definition evaluation function of the defocused image is key to realize automatic focusing. Sensitivity of the definition evaluation function can directly affect detection accuracy of the test equipments. By analyzing and summarizing the definition evaluation functions which are commonly used currently, we will present a new image definition evaluation function based on wavelet transform in this paper. On the basis of theoretical analysis, we also establish and analyze the mathematical model of evaluation function, and make experiment and simulation with the series of images collected by the video image acquisition system. Compared with the traditional definition evaluation function, the definition evaluation function of defocused image defined by this algorithm is more sensitive to fuzzy degree of image and more consistent with human subjective vision.
Measurement of Focal Plane for Microlens Array Using Metallographic Microscope
Authors: Li Feng , Gao Yi Qing , Zhong Ke Jun
Published: May 2013

Twice-image method based on the Newton's formula, is used to measure the focal plane of the microlens array. The focal plane of the microlens array is measured by using the transmitted optical path, magnification, and high definition of the CCD camera of a metallographic microscope. Both the experimental setup and procedures are described in detail in the paper. Experimental results are also discussed thoroughly as well. It is a simple, convenient and economical method for checking the focal plane of a microlens array efficiently.
A Measuring Method of Track Irregularity for High-Speed Railway Based on Dual-Frequency Laser Interference Technique
Authors: He Wen Jun , Fu Yue Gang , Zheng Yang , Zhang Lei , Wang Jia Ke , Zheng Jiang Ping , Ouyang Ming Zhao
Published: May 2013

A new measuring method of track irregularity for high-speed railway is proposed by using dual-frequency laser interference technique. The linear deviation between the phase-locked gauging head and the center line of the railway route can be calculated by comparing the phase difference variation of the laser beat signal in the test ray path and the reference ray path when the portable track inspection car is moving forward along the track. While we use laser ranging technique to measure gauge, after processing data, the static irregularity of track will be acquired by changing straightness deviation of phase-locked gauging head into straightness deviation of left-right two tracks. The method is different from the existing techniques for detecting high-speed railway irregularity, such as the inertial reference method, the measuring method of chord and the method of laser alignment; it utilized the accuracy of the time to accomplish the high-precision measurement of the space and achieved innovation in theory.
Target-Free Multi-Axes Parallelism Testing Based on Digital Image
Authors: Wang Chen Ru , Lu Lu , Wang Xia , Jin Wei Qi , Zhang Yong
Published: May 2013

With the development of science and technology, the application to modern warfare of weapon systems identified with modules of laser ranging, infrared imaging and low-light viewing are more and more frequently nowadays. Their combat accuracy depends much on the parallelism of gun line and laser axis. In consequence, it is of great significance to detect and correct the non-parallelism for improving the aim and combat accuracy. The axis parallelism detection exists in not only the production and assembly, but also the adjustment in the combat clearance or field environment. It is the basic to ensure these multi-axis systems work efficiently, and is an essential link of system installation, use and maintenance. There are laboratory method and field detection method to detect the non-parallelism of gun line and laser axis. Now the laboratory method is more mature. At the same time, as it is difficult to avoid vibrations, temperature differences and harsh environment in the field detection, the axis parallelism detection in field environment is an important research direction. One of commonly used methodsaxis parallelism detection needs complex operation, specific environment, and using target, and could not realize the axis parallelism on-line detection in the fighting or running environment. To solve problems above, a multi-optic axis detecting system using a novel image processing way without target is presented in this paper. By using the method of digital image processing, it can test the non-parallelism of gun line and laser axis accurately, as the standard and correction parameter of the weapon systems axis parallelism. The system has advantages in small size, portable type, high precision, and no target. It is suitable for field detection. This paper introduces the operating principle of the system of axis parallelism detection based on digital Image without target, and focuses on the principle, realization method and experimental results of the parallelism detection of gun axis and the system of axis parallelism detection based on digital image without target. Corresponding author: Xia Wang, Associate Professor, Research interests in terms of photoelectric detection, infrared imaging system etc., TEL: 13811670583; Email: angelniuniu@bit.edu.cn
Special Light Illumination Detection Dethod Based on Integrating Sphere Technology
Authors: Shi Li Xia , He Ling Bo , An Zhi Yong
Published: May 2013

This paper studies the measurement of illumination parameters from a bright product. We are making use of diffuse reflection characteristics of the integrating sphere, which can greatly reduce the measurement error caused by the shape of the light, the divergence angle, and different location on the detector. In this way we can measure the intensity of the light source accurately, and the measurement accuracy less than 5%.
Distorted Target Recognition Based on Prewitt Operator Combined with MACH Filter
Authors: Shang Ji Yang , Zhang Yu , Zhang Qi Bo , Wang Wen Sheng
Published: May 2013

The distorted (scale and rotation etc.) target images and the training images are edge extracted by Prewitt operator. The Maximum Average Correlation Height filter is synthesized with the training images. The low frequency information of the distorted target images and the filter is enhanced. Then the edge extracted distorted target image is filtered by the Maximum Average correlation Height filter. Thereby, the distortion tolerance of the Maximum Average Correlation Height filter is expanded. By this method, when the space edge extraction combines with frequency domain filtering, the scale distortion tolerance is 0.76~1.56 times; the rotation distortion tolerance can reach up to 80 degrees. For the targets exceeding the distortion tolerance range, the intensity of correlation peak becomes weaker and weaker, but some of the targets can still be identified.
Design Calculation of Micro-Displacement Amplifier Mechanism Based on Bridge Flexure Hinge
Authors: Zhou Huan Wei , Chen Xin , Chen Xin Du , Li Ke Tian
Published: May 2013

According to the microstructure characteristics of the optical components surface, the paper designs a bridge right-angle flexure hinge driven by a piezoelectric ceramic. It meets the driving micro-displacement magnification requirements and solves the coupling problem in work. Using the calculation formulas of statics and calculation formula of bending moment, the thesis explores the motion law of piezoelectric ceramics with 1KHZ excitation frequency. Through the exploration of the factors of bridge flexure hinge angle stiffness and tensile stiffness, the mathematical model of input displacement and output displacement is established. Studying the theory about the elimination of motion process coupling, it excavates the function relationships of flexure hinge angle and magnification. And the relationship is unearthed among driving force of piezoelectric ceramic, the flexure hinge stiffness, cutting force and mass of cutter system. The paper establishes their mathematical model between the above elements and the output micro-displacement, and the theoretical result is calculated by Matlab. Finally, using Pro/Engineer 3D digital modeling and analysis of simulation results by Ansys, it is found that the error can be controlled in an acceptable range by comparing the theoretical results with simulation results. Through the above analysis, the theoretical design is found to be reliable and effective.
Research on the Technology of Partial Masked Target Recognition
Authors: Hua Miao , Chen Yu , Wang Wen Sheng
Published: May 2013

The result of target recognition is always influenced by the clutter background, low contrast and deficiency luminance of image. Besides the factors mentioned above, detection and recognition of partial masked target has the character of fragmented target, which leads to another problem. All the harmful factors cause that target recognition can not be realized by hybrid optoelectronic joint transform correlator (HOJTC) due to the weak correlation peaks, even no peaks appear. In this paper, input image of HOJTC is processed by the method of adaptive threshold, and power spectrum is processed by wavelet transform (WT) as well. The combination effectively controls the disturbance of noise and enhances the energy of diffractive light of target. Experiment of HOJTC shows that the method can enhance the contrast of correlation peaks of partial masked target and improve the detection and recognition capacity of HOJTC. As an example, the experiment results of fragmented airplane target before and after processing are shown in the paper, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Detailed Analysis of the HIRISE FPA
Authors: Li Yan Chun , Dong Ji Hong , Li Wei , Guo Quan Feng , Wang Ke Jun , Wang Hai Ping , Zhao Wei Guo
Published: May 2013

The U.S.A has launched the Mars Orbiter. It brought a high resolution imaging science equipment, and that is the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment camera(HIRISE). HIRISE is 0.5 m reflecting telescope, which is the highest one ever carried on a deep space mission, and it has a resolution of 1 microradian (μrad), or 0.3 m from an altitude of 300 km. HIRISE can investigate deposits and landforms resulting from geologic and climatic processes and assist in the evaluation of candidate. As a high degree of lightweight ultra-high resolution camera, the design of its FPA is unparalleled .Therefore we should study and learn it carefully. In this article, first of all we discuss and analyze the characters of the HIRISE FPA in terms of the structural layout, material selection, splicing of the CCD, the CCD package, electronics, processing and transmission, and thermal control measures implementation. Next we put forward the design method of highly lightweight space optical remote sensor FPA combined with the characters of the HIRISE FPA, which can provide a reference to the design of the FPA for some space remote sensings.
Optical Projection System Design of the Infrared Dynamic Scene Simulator Based on DMD
Authors: Li Quan Yong , Mu Da , Du Yu Nan , Wu Bo Qi
Published: May 2013

Infrared dynamic target simulator can simulate infrared scene practicality in the laboratory, and reduce the research cost of the optical electrical system and offer recycle experiment environments， which are used to evaluate and test the infrared imaging system performance. Infrared scene projection technology based on the digital micro-mirror device (DMD) has been developed and applied to infrared target simulator, whose infrared images were obtained by modulating the launch of infrared radiation. Compared with the traditional simulator, the infrared scene simulator based on digital micro-mirror device (DMD) has a high spatial resolution and high frame rate, no dead pixels and good uniformity of characteristics. Firstly, the basic structure and the principle of the digital-mirror device are briefly introduced, and the kind and the advantage of the DLP(Digital Light Procession) system based on digital micro-mirror device (DMD) are analyzed. The key technology of the DLP(Digital Light Procession) projection system when it used in infrared wave band is analyzed. Secondly, the design process of the projection system is detailed. According to the design index required and the size of the digital micro-mirror device (DMD), a projection system consisting of three lenses and the transmissive type and aspheric technology was designed by ZEMAX optical-design software. The work wave-band is 8～12μm.The MTF curve is close to the diffraction limited curve and the size of the spot diagram is smaller than the airy disk. The result indicates that the system satisfies the design requirement and the structure of system is good.
Design of Digital Binoculars Image Stabilizing Optical System
Authors: Ma Chen Hao , Fu Yue Gang , Luo Chun Hua , Zhang Dong Hu , Liu Yan
Published: May 2013

Digital binoculars is the combination of digital cameras and telescopes, it not only can observe the details of the long distance target but also can record it. The field of view between photographic field lens and telescope system is the same. This paper designs the telescope system on basis of the theory of dynamic optics. The system works in visual light waveband. The field of view is , the magnification is eight and the entrance pupil diameter is 32mm. prism is selected as the image rotation prism and image stabilization prism. In order to obtain clear images in a dynamic circumstance, we utilize the rotation theorem of prism to analyze the relation between jitter compensated lens and luminous beam angle. We can calculate the position of compensated lens. So it can achieve the jitter compensation. Finally, this paper takes an application as an example. If the jittered angle is , the displacement of pixel is calculated to 1.061mm. The displacement of the compensated lens is 2.84mm. At the same time, the light still arrives to the eyepiece by the original track. So image stabilization is relative to the reference coordinate, as a result we can get the stable image.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B Using MnO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Chan Yim Leng , Pung Swee Yong , Hussain Nur Syafiqah , Sreekantan Srimala , Yeoh Fei Yee
Published: May 2013

The oxide semiconductor with different band gap energy i.e. manganese dioxide (MnO2) (Eg: 1.30eV) and zinc oxide (ZnO) (Eg: 3.37 eV) nanoparticles were used to degrade RhodamineB (RhB) under irradiation of UV light (254 nm).The MnO2nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal method (160 °C, 4 h) using analytical grade manganese sulfate hydrate and potassium permanganate (VII) as precursors. The XRD analysis reveals that the nanoparticles were d-MnO2.The photocatalytic study shows that degradation of RhB solution by ZnO nanoparticles (rate constant: 0.02749 min-1) was approximately four times faster than the d-MnO2nanoparticles (rate constant:0.0067 min-1). This observation could be attributed to the higher reducing and oxidizing power of ZnO in producing free radicals for photodegradation of RhB solution.