bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activity of Acetanilide Herbicides on Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)
Authors: Cornelius A. J. , Meggitt W. F. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

The acetanilide herbicides alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide], metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide], the ethyl ester of diethatyl [N-(chloroacetyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)glycine], or H-26910, the isopropyl ester ofN-(chloroacetyl)-N-(2-methyl-6-ethylphenyl)glycine, failed to inhibit yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. ♯ CYPES) tuber sprouting in petri dishes. At 3.5 and 0.35 μM, all herbicides inhibited growth of newly emerging shoots. There was no significant difference in activity among alachlor, metolachlor, diethatyl ethyl, and R-26910 on yellow nutsedge sprouts grown in petri dishes. In soil, metolachlor and alachlor were equally effective for yellow nutsedge control. Both were more effective than H-26910 at high levels of soil organic matter. Diethatyl ethyl was least effective at all levels of soil organic matter. For all herbicides evaluated, activity decreased with increased levels of organic matter in the soil. For acetanilide herbicides to be effective on yellow nutsedge, they needed to be in the soil zone, above or at the level of the tuber.
Control of Woolly Croton (Croton capitatus) in Soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: Driver Tony , Oliver Lawrence R.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted in 1981 to 1983 to evaluate selected herbicides for control of a natural infestation of woolly croton (Croton capitatusMichx. ♯ CVNCP) in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Ineffective woolly croton control was obtained with all preemergence herbicides evaluated. Early postemergence treatments of acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} and lactofen {1-(carboethoxy)ethyl) 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate} provided excellent woolly croton control. Postdirected applications of oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] applied at the V4 stage of soybean growth and tank mixes of cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile}, linuron [N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea], or metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] plus 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid] applied at the V4 and repeated at the V6 stage of soybean growth also provided effective control.
Spatial Variability of Pesticides in Field Soils: Methods for Data Analysis and Consequences
Authors: Rao P.S.C. , Wagenet R. J.
Published: May 2019

The spatial variation of measured pesticide concentrations is often a complicating factor in interpreting the results from field studies. This is particularly true when the study objective is quantitative evaluation of pathways of pesticide loss (leaching, degradation) or efficacy. The variation can result from a lack of uniformity in pesticide or water application (an extrinsic factor) or from spatial differences in various physical, chemical, and biological processes (intrinsic factors) that act to transport and transform pesticides in the field. Most research attention to date has not focused on the spatial variation of these basic processes, but rather on the total spatial variation (extrinsic plus intrinsic) in the measured concentrations of residual pesticide.
Basic Concepts of Modeling Pesticide Fate in the Crop Root Zone
Authors: Wagenet R. J. , Rao P.S.C.
Published: May 2019

Modeling is increasingly being used as a tool for the evaluation of the environmental fate of pesticides. Sorption, leaching, degradation, and volatilization are some of the processes being integrated through the use of simulation modeling techniques. Several research programs are focusing their attention on such issues (16, 17, 18, 32, 35), with regulatory agencies involved in management of pesticides also taking a modeling approach (3, 7). Because of the extreme complexity of agroecosystems, it is obvious that the use of simulation models will continue to be the most expeditious, reliable, and cost-effective means of integrating the various processes acting upon a pesticide to determine its fate. For example, modeling will help to summarize and interpret efficacy trials and will provide the vehicle for transferring experimental results to unstudied situations, such as the potential environmental fate of an applied herbicide. However, proper development, testing, and responsible use of a modeling approach must be based upon a thorough, comprehensive understanding of interdependent and dynamic natural processes.
Translocation and Metabolism of Pyridinyloxyphenoxypropionate Herbicides in Rhizomatous Quackgrass (Agropyron repens)
Authors: Hendley Paul , Dicks John W. , Monaco Thomas J. , Slyfield Susan M. , Tummon O. John , Barrett John C.
Published: May 2019

Radiolabeled (14C) 2-[4-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridinyloxy)phenoxy] propionic acid (Compound C); its methyl-,n-butyl-, and ethoxyethyl-esters; and fluazifop-butyl {(±)-butyl 2-[4-[(5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl)oxy] phenoxy] propionate} were applied to the primary shoots of young rhizomatous quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. # AGRRE]. Plants were sampled from 0.5 to 24 days after treatment (DAT) and analyzed for radiochemical. All treatments caused phytotoxic symptoms in primary shoots, rhizomes, and tillers and significantly reduced growth of primary shoots and rhizomes. Treatment with compound C or its methyl and butyl esters eliminated regrowth from all rhizomes excised from treated plants. The ethoxyethyl-ester and fluazifop-butyl controlled regrowth from rhizomes from 50% of the plants and substantially reduced shoot regrowth from the remainder. Rhizomes that did produce shoots contained significantly less radiochemical than those from which no regrowth occurred. At 24 DAT, a maximum of only 1% of each radiochemical applied was translocated to the first tiller and rhizomes and had been sufficient to cause marked phytotoxic symptoms. Soon after application (1 DAT), the major metabolites in the treated leaves and remainder of the plant for all compounds were the free acid and substantial amounts of polar conjugates that were hydrolyzable to the free acids. Radiochromatography of extracts from rhizomes and first tillers from all treatments gave similar chemical profiles, with the free acids and their conjugates as the predominant components present. These results provide evidence that esters of the pyridinyloxyphenoxypropionic acids are rapidly hydrolyzed after absorption by quackgrass; the free acids are then translocated and are the active form of these herbicides.
Lipid Metabolism in Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Treated with Alachlor plus Flurazole
Authors: Warmund Michele R. , Kerr Harold D. , Peters Elroy J.
Published: May 2019

Lipid metabolism and other biochemical responses to alachlor [2-chloro-2’,6’-dimethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] and the protectant flurazole [2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylic acid, (phenylmethyl ester)] in germinated grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. ‘MFA GS 301’] were studied. Treatments included flurazole, applied to grain sorghum seed at 2.5 g ai/kg, alachlor at 8.2 × 10−6M, and alachlor plus flurazole at these rates. Treatments did not alter total lipid synthesis or fatty acid composition. Seeds that germinated for 48 h in media containing alachlor or alachlor plus flurazole had a greater triglyceride:phospholipid ratio than those treated with flurazole or the control seeds, indicating that alachlor plus flurazole retarded catabolism of storage lipid. Oxygen consumption of seeds was reduced after the herbicide plus protectant treatment. Oxidation of14C-pyruvate to CO2was inhibited by alachlor and alachlor plus flurazole treatments, but not by flurazole alone.
PARTITI SOCIALISTI E NUOVE DEMOCRAZIE NEL SUD EUROPA
Authors: Giner Salvador
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Piò di ogni altro animale politico, i socialisti vivono di speranze. Speranze, tuttavia, alle quali si è aggiunta una note-vole apprensione allorché governi socialisti hanno preso il potere nell'Europa del sud non molto dopo la caduta delle dittature in Grecia, Portogallo e Spagna. Successivi risultati elettorali in Francia, ed in Italia hanno fatto sì che con il 1983 l'intera Europa mediterranea si sia trovata ad essere guidata da governi maggioritari socialisti o da coalizioni governative dirette da premier socialisti.
ESISTE UNA TENDENZA ALL'OMOGENEIZZAZIONE TERRITORIALE NEI PARTITI ITALIANI?
Authors: Pavsič Rita
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Molti autori hanno rilevato una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale nella distribuzione dei consensi ai maggiori partiti italiani. La base empirica di queste affermazioni è data, nella maggior parte dei casi, dai confronti delle percentuali conseguite dallo stesso partito in due successive elezioni. È stato rilevato infatti che, ponendo sull'ascissa i risultati dell'elezione precedente e sull'ordinata quelli dell'elezione successiva, la pendenza della retta di regressione era quasi sempre inferiore ad 1, cioè alla pendenza della bisettrice del diagramma. Con variabili del genere in ascissa e in ordinata, un coefficiente di regressione (b) inferiore a 1 documenta una tendenza all'omogeneizzazione territoriale qualunque sia il livello dell'intercetta (a), come appare dalle quattro figure 1/a–1/d.
LE POLITICHE SOCIALI IN ITALIA: METODI DI ANALISI
Authors: Regonini Gloria
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Questo articolo si propone tre obiettivi: discutere alcuni recenti orientamenti metodologici emersi dagli studi comparati sul policy making nei paesi occidentali; mettere alla prova la loro capacità di catturare elementi importanti del modo di elaborare le politiche sociali in Italia; controllare se non sia possibile trattare le discordanze tra i modelli considerati ed il caso italiano non come meri residui o come prodotti di una qualche anomalia nazionale, ma come elementi per un riesame degli schemi inizialmente assunti come punto di riferimento, in modo da ampliarne il potere esplicativo.
POTERE, ORGANIZZAZIONI E LOGICA “ POLITICA ” DELL'AZIONE COLLETTIVA
Authors: Lanzalaco Luca
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

È un fatto ormai assodato che l'approccio dellarational choice theoryè sempre più diffuso in scienza politica e che i campi di indagine a cui viene applicato sono sempre più numerosi. Qualche perplessità può invece sorgere sulla validità di una tale tendenza o, almeno, delle forme in cui si manifesta prevalentemente.
A mathematical model for salt intrusion in the Tay Estuary
Authors: Nassehi V. , Williams D. J. A.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

A numerical model based on a Galerkin finite element solution of the one-dimensional salt transport equation is used to simulate the unsteady longitudinal distribution of salinity in the Tay Estuary. Tidal discharges are provided by the hydrodynamical equations of motion and continuity whose solution is coupled to that for the transport of salt. Dispersion coefficients used in the model are estimated with the aid of field data collected during a spring and neap tide. These coefficients are shown to vary with longitudinal position.
Potential longshore transports on the coasts north and south of the Tay Estuary
Authors: Sarrikostis E. , McManus J.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

A method of predicting coastal changes north and south of the Tay Estuary, due to the action of waves and wave-generated nearshore currents using computer simulation techniques, is described. The computation is based upon a wave refraction procedure, using as input data the deep-water wave climate (height, period and direction of approach) and the bathymetric characteristics of the sea area from Montrose to Fife Ness. The technique provides a prediction of the longshore component of wave energy flux at breaking, by computing the wave energy dissipation through shoaling, refraction and friction of the waves, for a number of points along the 70 km of shoreline. Potential patterns of longshore sediment transport are then derived in order to establish zones of potential erosion, transport and deposition between Boddin Point and Fife Ness.
The estuary and Firth of Forth, Scotland: uses and aims
Authors: Leatherland T. M.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

The waters and coastal margins of the estuary and Firth of Forth are important and very valuable biological and recreational resources. They also receive, directly or indirectly, the aqueous domestic and industrial wastes of a quarter of the population of Scotland. It is one task of the Forth River Purification Board to minimise and eventually eliminate any conflict between the effects of these discharges and the various legitimate uses of the waters. Some of the main causes of environmental stress are briefly outlined and the basic strategy by which the problems will be overcome is described.
Water quality of the estuary and Firth of Forth, Scotland
Authors: Griffiths A. H.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

The major sources of domestic and industrial wastes being discharged into the estuary and firth are described and quantified. The effects of these inputs on the quality of the receiving waters, in terms of their dissolved oxygen and micronutrient levels, are discussed.

In the estuary, nitrate is shown to behave in an essentially conservative manner in the winter months; the ammonia distribution exhibits summer maxima as a direct result of the effluent waste inputs; the orthophosphate distribution is characterised by considerable losses in the upper reaches. The data on lateral distributions of micronutrients show marked gradients.

In the firth the significant improvements in waters off the Edinburgh coastline are described. The influence of the existing major discharges on water quality is shown occasionally to extend to the eastern limit of the firth for ammonia and orthophosphate.
Fisheries of the Forth, Scotland
Authors: Howard F. G. , McKay D. W. , Newton A. W.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

Historical aspects of the Firth of Forth fisheries are described, and the present state of the stocks of exploited species is reviewed. The once-substantial pelagic fisheries have declined and now constitute only a minor component of the firth fisheries. Herring fisheries were based on spring spawning herring but the herring now caught in the firth are from stocks of overwintering juveniles of autumn spawning herring. Recent conservation measures have closed many of the firth grounds to herring and sprat fishing. The main demersal species caught are cod, haddock, whiting, plaice and lemon sole. Most landings are from catches made in the middle and outer firths and the North Sea. The demersal pair trawl is now the most important gear used in directed demersal fishing. The most important shellfish fishery is that for the Norway lobster, current landings being valued at £2·4 million. Over-exploitation resulted in a decline in the stocks in the late 1970s. They are now recovering. Recent studies suggest that population characteristics of Norway lobsters are influenced by the physical environment. The firth today is one of the most intensively exploited areas in Scotland for lobster and crabs. Other exploited shellfish include squid, winkles and mussels.
Future prospects for hydro electricity and windpower
Authors: Vernon K. R.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

The large hydro-electric schemes developed by the early 1960s now (1984/85) supply 12% of Scottish electricity demand. The pumped storage schemes contribute to the balance of production and demand but are not nett producers of electric power. Schemes remaining for development are numerous but small, in the range below 10 MW. Private development for local use is the best economic prospect for schemes below 500 kW. A rolling five-year programme of 10–15 MW per annum is suggested for the development of remaining resources. In Scottish conditions, peat does not appear to be a viable alternative to diesel power. Wave power is practicable, but probable costs are too high to justify investment at present. Wind power is promising, especially for island sites, but not as a complete replacement for diesel. Developments since 1980 include a successful small machine on Fair Isle and machines at 250 and 300 kW on Orkney where a 3 MW generator is being erected. A 750 kW machine has been ordered for Shetland.
Other forms of environmental pollution
Authors: Chester P. F.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

This paper discusses the four main invisible products of fossil fuel combustion: carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitric oxide and unburned hydrocarbons. If carbon exchanges between atmosphere, ocean and biosphere remain at their recent levels, the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is likely to double later next century, with a possible rise in global mean temperatures of around 2°C resulting in significant changes in regional climates. The consequences are uncertain, but with adequate research, there should be time to develop the understanding necessary to guide future policies. Sulphur dioxide, acid rain and photochemical oxidants are a more pressing problem. Knowledge here is more complete, but still subject to considerable uncertainties that have an important bearing on the extent and rate of response of affected areas to reduction in acid deposition. However, from the year 2000 onwards, with the replacement of existing plant with nuclear power or new sulphur-free coal-burning technology, United Kingdom sulphur emissions will continue to decline at about twice the pace of their previous rise. Nitrogen oxides contribute to rain acidity, may have direct toxic effects on plants and, when accompanied by hydrocarbons, can generate ozone, itself a damaging pollutant. The chemistry of ozone production is, however, complex, such that intuitive control policies could be counter-productive.
Utilisation of energy
Authors: Smith J. C.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

Energy requirements in primitive societies in the past are estimated and compared with present energy requirements in the Third World. The interaction between the energy policy of the industrialised countries and fuel availability in the Third World is outlined. Conservation and substitution in industrialised countries are discussed. The different patterns observed in Sweden, France, Japan and the United Kingdom of the behaviour of the ratio of electricity consumption to fossil fuel consumption in recent years is detailed and interpreted. Attention is drawn to some very successful examples of electro-utilisation in Britain. Finally the question is raised of the Scottish economy's response to the opportunities presented by the combination of electro-utilisation and computerisation.
Histoire et narration dans l'historiographie arabe
Authors: Al-Azmeh Aziz
Published: May 2019

L'histoire peut bien être le domaine dans lequel la raison cesse d'employer sa célèbre « ruse », il n'en reste pas moins que notre perception des ruses de la raison s'exprime sous la forme du récit et s'inscrit dans le langage, qui est la substance du récit. L'idée selon laquelle la raison, comme toute autre chose, emploie sa ruse dans le récit et le discours, s'inscrit dans la tradition des rhétoriciens. Depuis l'Antiquité en effet, jusqu'à la renaissance actuelle, et après une interruption positiviste heureusement brève, ceux-ci persistent à décrire comment le langage arrange le monde à son profit. En réalité, les ruses de la raison s'expriment sous forme de mots, de même que le « sens de l'histoire » ou encore l'événement qui est censé constituer l'élément originel qui se regroupe avec d'autres éléments pour former l'histoire.
The potential for regenerative agriculture in the developing world
Authors: Francis Charles A. , Harwood Richard R. , Parr James F.
Published: May 2019

Increased food production and greater income for farm families are primary goals of agricultural development in the Third World. Most strategies to achieve these goals are unrealistic in assuming that limited resource farmers can move out of basic food production in multiple cropping systems to high-technology monocropping for export. These strategies are based on petroleum-based inputs that demand scarce foreign exchange. They may include excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which adds unnecessary production costs, endangers the farm family, and degrades the rural environment. Dependence on export crops and world markets is economically tenuous, especially for the small farmer. Future agricultural production systems can be designed to take better advantage of production resources found on the farm. Enhanced nitrogen fixation, greater total organic matter production, integrated pest management, genetic tolerance to pests and to stress conditions, and higher levels of biological activity all contribute to resource use efficiency. Appropriate information and management skills substituted for expensive inputs can further improve resource use efficiency. On the whole farm level, appropriate cropping on each field can be integrated with animal enterprises, leading to a highly structured and efficient system. Such systems can serve the needs of national agricultural sector planners, who in many countries are concerned with increased self-reliance in farming inputs and in production of basic food commodities. This includes a realistic focus on training of local development specialists, increased research on food crops under limited resource conditions, and providing information, incentives, and appropriate technologies for operators of both large and small farms. Well-conceived national plans include varied food production strategies and options for farmers with different resource levels.
An economic analysis of alternative cropping systems for east-central Nebraska
Authors: Helmers Glenn A. , Langemeier Michael R. , Atwood Joseph
Published: May 2019

Thirteen cropping systems were analyzed with respect to profitability and risk for east-central Nebraska. The systems were developed from 1) a four-year rotation containing a small grain, 2) two row crop rotations, 3) three continuous cropped alternatives, and 4) combinations of continuous cropped alternatives. Three systems were developed from the four-year rotation including two alternative treatments of inorganic chemicals as well as an organic alternative. Eight years of experimental yields, historical prices, and estimated costs were combined to estimate net returns for each of the thirteen systems. Risk was analyzed as net return variability using statistical characteristics of the net return series. The stability component of rotation risk was separated from the diversification component. We found rotations to have higher average net returns than continuously cropped systems. Different chemical treatments (including organic) had little impact on profitability. Rotations had lower return variability than most continuous crops. The organic treatment did not decrease variability of returns compared to other chemical systems.
Strip cropping corn and grain legumes: A review
Authors: Francis Charles , Jones Alice , Crookston Kent , Wittler Kyle , Goodman Sondra
Published: May 2019

Multiple cropping systems are prevalent in many parts of the world, and alternating strips of corn and soybeans or dry beans have been used by farmers in the temperate region. Strip cropping has the potential to reduce erosion on hilly lands, to allow a crop rotation in the field if strips are changed from one season to the next, and to increase total system yields. Results from several experiments in Eastern and Midwest U.S. show considerable variation in production among years and locations. Corn grown in narrow strips has yielded from 10 to 40 percent over sole cropping, while soybeans or dry beans in narrow strips suffer yield reductions of 10 to 30 percent due to light, water and nutrient competition. There has been no definitive research to quantify the relative importance of these factors in the competitive interface between corn and legume rows. With wider strips there is less increase in corn yields and less reduction in legume yields compared to sole cropping. Changes in component crop yields also depend on rainfall, and may be influenced by the variety of each component crop and by the width of strips. Rarely does total yield in a strip crop system fall below the average monoculture performance. In years of adequate rainfall, production of strip crops may outyield sole crops by 10 to 20 percent. Potential production of strip cropping systems is reviewed, and projected soil conservation is estimated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation.
A simple and precise assay for microbial and enzymatic decomposition of cellulose applicable in agricultural research
Authors: Marsh Paul B. , Simpson Marion E.
Published: May 2019

The process of microbial decomposition of cellulose is important in many agricultural situations. Study of the nature of the process, however, has been slowed by the inadequacy of methods of measurement. A highly sensitive alkali-swelling technique originally devised for detection and measurement of damage in raw cotton fibers in the field before harvest was later found to be useful also for basic studies of the process of cellulose decomposition by microorganisms and their cellulose enzymes. A weighed sample of cotton fiber is swollen in an 18% solution of sodium hydroxide, centrifugea free of interfibrillar solution, and then reweighed to determine the amount of alkali absorbed. The percentage weight increase is termed the fiber's “alkali-centrifuge value” or “AC value”. This test is applied before and after exposure of a test sample of fiber to growing microorganisms or to solutions of their cellulose enzymes. The cellulose enzyme complex measured in this fashion has been termed “the swelling factor” or “S factor”. Data reported here illustrate the use of the test in measuring effects on cotton fiber of microorganisms and associated S factor. The basic swelling measurement is simple to perform, involves only standard laboratory equipment, is adaptable to a wide range of fiber sample sizes, is inexpensive, and is capable of yielding highly reproducible results. The method can be easily and beneficially applied by scientists in both developed countries and in developing countries, since expensive and sophisticated laboratory equipment is not required.
Some Issues in Discrete Response Contingent Valuation Studies
Authors: Smith V. Kerry
Published: May 2019

The use of survey or contingent valuation methods to estimate an individual's valuation of non-marketed goods, especially environmental resources, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Initially, research efforts in this area were viewed by a majority of the economics profession with considerable skepticism. However, with the increased need for information on individuals’ valuation of a whole range of environmental resources and limitations on the ability of indirect market-based methods for valuing all of these resources, there has been a substantial increase in the use of contingent valuation methods to provide this information. Indeed, a recent state-of-the-art assessment (see Cummings et al. [1984]) of the contingent valuation method (CVM) has been able to develop a set of reference operating conditions under which it was reasonable to expect the CVM approach would yield estimates with accuracy that was approximately comparable to the indirect methods. Clearly the definition of these conditions is a judgmental one. Nonetheless, it was based on a substantial number of comparative studies evaluating the relationship between CVM and indirect market estimates of the benefits associated with changes in specific environmental resources. Moreover, it does reflect the changing attitude toward the CVM approach. It is therefore particularly appropriate to consider new directions in the development of the contingent valuation method.
How Price Instability Complicates the Analysis of Price Supports
Authors: Gardner Bruce
Published: May 2019

Agricultural economists often invoke instability, risk, and uncertainty as central concepts in understanding farm policy. Yet in analyzing policy alternatives we typically use comparative static methods that shift supply and demand curves and find new equilibria without reference to uncertainty in the economy or economic behavior other than profit-maximizing (risk neutral). This is true even in the most complex models being used to analyze 1985 farm bill alternatives, such as Johnson, et al. (1985). The aim of this paper is to understand this combination of simultaneous emphasis and neglect of risk considerations in policy analysis, and to assess costs of ignoring risk. The discussion consists of two parts, the first on normative considerations and the second on positive economics and risk.
Interregional Competitive Impact of Urban Influenced Farmland Prices
Authors: Foster John H.
Published: May 2019

The paper's hypothesis is that the farmers using land with urban influenced prices are at a competitive disadvantage because their land input cost exceeds it calitialized earning power while land prices for other farmers are based on earning ability. This hypothesis was investigated by comparing rates of return to land in Massachusetts and two non-urban dairy regions in Wisconsin. Both areas have low rates of return compared to contemporary market interest rates with Massachusetts rates somewhat below those in Wisconsin. When additional factors are considered, the hypothesis is weakly supported, at best.
Testing for Changes in the Price Elasticity of Residential Electricity Demand
Authors: Stevens Thomas H. , Adams Gail
Published: May 2019

The demand for electricity in the residential sector is estimated to have become less elastic for the recent period of rising real prices as compared to earlier periods of stable or falling real price. Several possible reasons for this are investigated and we conclude that demand appears to be asymmetric with respect to price in both the short and long run. We then examine whether or not this is an important factor for forecast accuracy and public policy.
Technological Structure and Technical Change in the U.S. Northeast Farm Region
Authors: Gempesaw Conrado M. , Dunn James W.
Published: May 2019

Considerable attention has been given to the proper measurement, estimation, and analysis of the technological structure of aggregate U.S. agriculture (Binswanger, Brown, Ray, and Antle). During the last decade, duality theory-motivated studies have also analyzed regional farm production (Saez, and Shumway). Except for the Saez study, no attempt has been made to analyze the farm production structure of the Northeast region.1
Agricultural Price, Quantity, and Welfare Effects of Air Quality Improvements
Authors: Ribaudo Marc , Shortle James
Published: May 2019

The failure to allow for significant crop quality effects in a partial-equilibrium model can lead to misleading inferences about the price, output and welfare implications of air quality improvements. It has been observed that air pollutants such as ozone, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide affect the yield and quality of many crops. The economic benefit from improving air quality in crop producing regions has been measured using a partial-equilibrium approach which accounts only for supply shifting yield effects. It is shown that a yield-effect only model will underestimate output increases and benefits from an air quality improvement when commodity quality improvements as well as yield increases are forthcoming.
An Assessment of the NJARE
Authors: Broder Josef M.
Published: May 2019

Assessments of the NJARE and other agricultural economic journals by faculty in the Northeast Region were contrasted to those made by faculty in other regions. Faculty in the Northeast judged the NJARE to be of high professional quality and personal usefulness and felt that the NJARE had made substantial quality improvements. A strong regional character in the NJARE was evidenced by low journal participation rates by faculty in other regions. Impacts of recent changes in the Journal and the need for future assessments were discussed.
Bioethical Issues and Secondary Prevention for Nonoffending Individuals with Pedophilia
Authors: HEASMAN AINSLIE , FOREMAN THOMAS
Published: May 2019

Child sexual abuse is a global problem with significant emotional, psychological, and financial implications to victims, perpetrators, and society. Most child sexual abuse prevention programs target young children or those who have already engaged in abusive behavior, in order to prevent further offending. There are numerous secondary prevention programs targeting individuals at-risk of various health conditions in an effort to reduce the likelihood they will go on to experience a particular illness or disease. Considerable research exists regarding the risk factors for engaging in child sexual abuse and more specifically the factors contributing to reoffense. We argue that engaging in secondary prevention programs for people with pedophilia, in order to prevent child sexual abuse, is an ethically responsible and necessary practice. Secondary prevention programs with this focus are reviewed, along with the implications of mandatory reporting in doing this work.
The Irish Healthcare System: A Morality Tale
Authors: HEAVEY PATRICK
Published: May 2019

A country’s healthcare system—the protection and healing of some its weakest people, its sick and injured—could be considered to be one of the most definitive expressions of its national morality. In recent decades, Ireland has experienced profound cultural changes; from a mostly monocultural and religious society to a multi-ethnic one, where secular ideas predominate. Economically, it is largely neoliberal, with one of the world’s most open economies, and one of its lowest corporate tax rates; though there is also a welfare state. Its healthcare system has reflected these cultural changes. The system has evolved, gradually, from being run almost exclusively by religious groups, to becoming essentially secular in nature (though religious groups are still involved at the ownership level). Overall, the system is run according to the two competing secular ideologies which currently predominate; it is a two-tier system, with a mix of a neoliberally oriented (though government subsidized) private system, and a public system. The latter has been starved of resources in recent decades; so to achieve good, or at times adequate healthcare, it is almost essential to have private health insurance (which about half of the population have).

This two-tier system has led to significant concerns and occasional scandals; for example, patients dying while on waiting lists for public treatment, who could have been treated and possibly saved if they had health insurance. A purely ethical approach to healthcare—with the aim of healing the sick—has been mixed with competing motives, such as the desire for profit in the private sector, or for short term savings and box-ticking in the public system. Thus, good healthcare practice and best moral practice are being undermined by competing agendas.

In this article, I describe and reflect ethically on the Irish healthcare system, and how it has evolved to its current state. I also discuss how dysfunction in the healthcare system, leading to the death of a pregnant woman, Savita Halappanavar, was a major factor in a constitutional ban on abortion being overturned.
Discriminatory Conscientious Objections in Healthcare: A Response to Ancell and Sinnott-Armstrong
Authors: DEVOLDER KATRIEN
Published: May 2019

Aaron Ancell and Walter Sinnott-Armstrong (A&SA) propose a pragmatic approach to problems arising from conscientious objections in healthcare. Their primary focus is on private healthcare systems like that in the United States. A&SA defend three claims: (i) many conscientious objections in healthcare are morally permissible and should be lawful, (ii) conscientious objections that involve invidious discrimination are morally impermissible, but (iii) even invidiously-discriminatory conscientious objections should not always be unlawful, as there is a better way to protect patient rights. Pursuant to (iii), A&SA propose a framework that legally allows discriminatory conscientious objections, but that shifts the financial costs associated with such objections from patients to the clinics that employ doctors who discriminate against patients. Though their proposal is controversial, it has attractive features, and merits further discussion. In this paper, I remain neutral on the third claim A&SA advance in support of their proposal, but point out a problem with the two first claims. In the light of my criticisms, I propose to modify their proposal so that costs are shifted to clinics in a broader range of cases.
The Use of Narratives In Graduate Bioethics Education
Authors: ZINNER SUSAN E.
Published: May 2019

The author considers the role of narratives, specifically end-of-life narratives, in medical education. After addressing the role of indexing and other neurological explanations for the validity of narratives in the classroom, she focuses on one recent memoir that explores the medical experience of an ALS patient. The advantages of using narratives, including the understanding of the patients’ perspective and the development of empathy, are two important reasons to adopt this approach.
Learning to Regulate Learning Healthcare Systems
Authors: PIASECKI JAN , DRANSEIKA VILIUS
Published: May 2019

It is commonplace to observe that science often outstrips the ability of society to monitor, supervise and regulate it. A recent challenge in this regard concerns Learning Healthcare Systems, an initiative to collect data and test hypotheses across clinical settings, and therefore to a larger degree than before. Some argue that the line between research and clinical practice is becoming blurred, and that existing regulation seems to obstruct low risk research. They propose the creation of a new ethical framework for Learning Healthcare Systems, to speed up research. This paper opposes that view, and argues that Learning Healthcare Systems do not blur or remove the line between research and practice, and will not result in a single set of regulations for all kinds of biomedical research. The authors suggest that a large proportion of Learning Healthcare System activities resemble public health surveillance to a significant extent. Therefore, they propose that these activities should be organized in accordance with the same ethical principles as public health surveillance, specifically that Learning Healthcare Systems should rest on the principles of comprehensiveness, transparency, and public accountability.
Fitness Exercises: A Leisure Activity for Intellectually Disabled Adults
Authors: Gow Lyn
Published: May 2019

The author wishes to thank the dedicated coordinators Pam Kontaratos, Maria Movromattis, Diana Gizzi, Debbie Brown, and Lisa Whitbread who gave so much of their time and energy to the program. Special thanks go to Sandra Doyle, senior co-ordinator who competently undertook the major task of training all other co-ordinators in the exercise routines to a high level of competence.
Towards Effective Integration in Australia
Authors: Gow Lyn , Balla John , Hall Judy , Konza Deslea , Snow Dianne
Published: May 2019

For the past twenty years integration of students with special needs has been emerging as one of the most significant educational and social challenges facing the world’s communities. Since the early 1970’s, the Commonwealth Schools Commission has supported attempts throughout Australia to integrate students with special needs into ordinary school settings, rather than to expand provision of segregated schools and centres. The nature and funding level of the Commission’s integration element has been the subject of extensive discussion in recent years and these discussions have now extended to the regular school arena where increasing numbers of students with special needs are being integrated. There was, therefore, wide consenus throughout Australia that a review of integration was needed at this time. The national review reported in this paper was commissioned by the Commonwealth Schools Commission in response to a request from the OECD Centre for Educational Research and Innovation to participate in a three-country (Australia, Sweden and France) review of integration policies and practices. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the factors identified in this review as being vital to effective integration in Australia.
AASE – The Second Decade. A View of some Challenges Facing Special Education
Authors: Burge John
Published: May 2019

Following the inaugural meeting of the Australian Association of Special Education in 1975, the initial constitution was adopted in September 1976 at the first national conference, held in Brisbane. This federation of state special education teacher groups was a response to a wide range of social, economic, political and philosophical issues which had been evident from the early seventies.

The formation of a national special education association was in fact a fairly slow reaction to a growing need for a national perspective. As early as 1971 a Senate Standing Committee had asserted the right of all children to an education program irrespective of degree of handicap. In 1973 the Karmel Committee had again raised the issues relating to a national perspective on special education, including importing philosophical perspectives which were then picked up by a number of Schools Commission working parties which were the result of the Karmel Report. It was from these sorts of national activities, and in some instances from individuals involved in such activities, that the impetus to form a national special education association emerged. It is interesting, and pertinent to today’s analysis, that philosophical issues were the key to those early national meetings.

The dilemma for any group or individual attempting to find or adopt a national viewpoint for special education in Australia is to unravel the confusion and diversity which arises from the manner in which education is provided in this country.
The On-Scene Medical Organization
Authors: Oyen Odd
Published: May 2019

Experiences from accidents show that the majority of critical injuries die within the first 1-4 h if they do not receive some appropriate medical treatment. The problems of an accident with many casualties is dealt with by: (a) maximum utilization of resources; and (b) sorting the tasks.

By rapid and skillful evaluation, we may sort out the critical injuries and give priority for treatment and transport. Through experience we have learned the few and very simple principles of dealing with critical injuries: (a) rapid and sufficient first-aid at the scene, (b) rapid evacuation to a hospital, (c) efficient final treatment, and (d) the need for an effective system of communication between the scene, the ambulances and the hospital.

The principle objective of medical first-aid on the scene of an accident is to stabilize the patient and to make him fit for transportation. Only thereafter is the most necessary temporary treatment carried out. The resuscitation must be continued during transportation. Qualified personnel with equipment must accompany critical injuries. During the last decades there has been a considerable development in the first-aid on the site. Each wounded individual must get the maximum benefit. This requires a high degree of field administration and co-ordination of medical activity on site. This may differ from country to country, but in general the principles will be the same.
Search and Rescue Services for Airport Disasters in Germany
Authors: Frey G. , Winderlich A.
Published: May 2019

The Search and Rescue Co-ordination Center Goch called me, some years ago, to the Stuttgart airport with the rescue helicopter of the Federal Armed Forces Rescue Center at Ulm. A single-engine sports plane, whose pilot was a student on his first solo flight, had tried a belly landing. Next to the runway, there were several fire-trucks, two ambulances and one emergency physician's car waiting. Our rescue helicopter stayed hovering for nearly one hour until the student pilot finally managed a belly landing. Safe on the ground, he was surrounded by firemen, paramedics and physicians, while we flew back to Ulm. We had not landed promptly I was told because of the landing taxes an army helicopter has to pay at a civilian airport! This episode prompted me to look for more information.

The Federal Republic of Germany is obliged by international agreements to search for planes in distress—no matter what nationality—to save the passengers and, if possible, the equipment and to provide medical treatment for the survivors if necessary. This Search and Rescue (SAR) Service is executed according to the instructions given by the International Civil Aeronautical Organization (ICAO). In the Federal Republic, the SAR service is provided jointly by the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Transport. The Ministry of defense provides the means and the Rescue Co-ordination Center. The Ministry of Transport provides the alarm services through the air traffic control offices.
Operations of Rescue Helicopters and Ambulance Aircrafts at Aircraft and Airport Disasters
Authors: Köhler A.F. , Dürner P.
Published: May 2019

In aircraft and airport disasters help must reach the site of the accident in a very short time. In addition to the ground rescue service, rescue helicopters can also offer help. The rescue helicopter as a mobile intensive care unit contains a medical crew with a flying physician and a paramedic. The following are required basic equipment for rescue helicopters: resuscitation apparatus with and without oxygen; endotracheal intubation set; suction unit; apparatus for measuring blood pressure; infusion sets and solutions with intravenous cannulas; syringes and needles; bandages; special burn dressings; fixation and splinting material; vacuum mattress; surgical pocket kit; stomach tube; ECG monitor; defibrillator with pacemaker; drugs; and otoscope. This medical equipment has to be portable so that it can be used outside the rescue helicopter.

The medical crew must be trained in emergency medical treatment and in aeromedical problems. Patients who are fit to fly can be transported by rescue helicopters after triage and support of their vital functions. This method is of most value if rapid transport to a distant specialized medical department, for example, to a burn or neurosurgery center, is required.

The German Air Rescue operates seven rescue helicopters at five rescue helicopter centers for primary rescue with the helicopter types BO 105 CBS, BO 105, Bell 206 Long Ranger and 3et Ranger. Another important function of the service are long distance flights with patients to medical centers after aircraft and airport disasters. Specially equipped ambulance aircraft are used in these cases.