bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penerapan Model Treffinger dengan Media Colorcard untuk Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Materi Operasi Hitung Bilangan Pecahan
Authors: Djemari Djemari
Published: October 2017

Perkembangan globalisasi yang pesat menimbulkan banyak pengaruh untuk berbagai kalangan salah satunya adalah anak-anak usia SD. Sehingga pembelajaran untuk mengembangkan kognitif dan afektif sangat diperlukan untuk menyaring pengaruh globalisasi tersebut. Jadi, membelajarkan Matematika yang salah satu mata pelajaran dalam ranah kognitif dan memasukan ranah afektif pembelajaran. Dalam kenyataannya pembelajaran tersebut diperlukan untuk anak SD Kelas 6 di SDN Tumpakrejo 5. Sehingga, membelajarkan Matematika pada materi Operasi Hitung Bilangan Pecahan dengan memasukkan nilai afektif ke dalamnya menggunakan Model pembelajaran Treffinger dengan media Color Card. Pembelajaran ini memiliki tujuan meningkatkan prestasi belajar matematika siswa kelas 6 dengan menumbuhkan nilai afektif.
Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa melalui Model Number Head Together Berbantuan Mind Mapping
Authors: Sumarto Poso
Published: October 2017

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan aktivitas dan hasil belajar peserta didik melalui pembelajaran kooperatif tipe NHT (Numbered Head Together) dengan media Mind Mapping pada materi pokok luas bangun datar. Subjek penelitian ini adalah peserta didik kelas VI di SDN Beloh Trowulan Mojokerto. Berdasarkan analisis data, secara klasikal menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar peserta didik pada siklus I sebesar 42,50% dan pada siklus II mengalami peningkatan sebesar 40% menjadi 82,50%. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa ketuntasan hasil belajar didik telah tercapai pada siklus II.
Story-telling: Upaya Meningkatkan Daya Simak dalam Keterampilan Menyimak Interaktif Berbahasa
Authors: Hadi Saptono
Published: October 2017

Keterampilan menyimak merupakan suatu kegiatan berbahasa yang bertujuan menangkap dan memahami lafal, ujaran, intonasi, makna kata-kata atau kelompok kata, kalimat, alinea atau paragraf, untuk mengungkapkan ide/gagasan yang disampaikan. Proses kognitif penyimak menjadi pengaruh  kemampuan menyimak dan tidak mungkin dapat diamati secara langsung. Melalui story telling, bercerita, mendongeng baik yang bersifat fiksi maupun nonfiksi sesuai yang diinginkan akan memberikan kemudahan daya simak anak didik dalam mencerna makna dan isi pesan yang dikandungnya. Melalui pemahaman kegiatan berbicara melalui dongeng dengan menekankan menyimak akan terjadi akulturasi pola sikap dan tingkah laku siswa didik.
Peningkatan Hasil Beljaar Bahasa Indonesia melalui Metode Inquiri Pada Siswa Kelas VI SDN 1 Tamanan
Authors: Rahayu Suci
Published: October 2017

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh gambaran objektif tentang peningkatan hasil belajar Bahasa Indonesia materi surat resmi dengan metode inquiry pada siswa. Penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian tindakan kelas. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa Kelas VI SDN 1 Tamanan Trenggalek Pelajaran 2013/2014. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan Peningkatan dari hasil pretes nilai rata-rata prestasi 57,46. Evaluasi siklus I diperoleh  nilai  rata-rata  69,74 (47,37%) mencapai ketuntasan. Pada siklus II nilai rata-rata yang diperoleh 82,89 (89,47%) mencapai ketuntasan meningkat 42,11% dari siklus sebelumnya.
Peningkatan Prestasi Belajar Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam melalui Model Pembelajaran Inside Outside Cyrcle (IOC)
Authors: Sukari Sukari
Published: October 2017

Melihat tingkat ketuntasan belajar yang masih cukup rendah guru mencoba mengembalikan konsep pemikiran pada konsep pembelajaran IPA, dimana siswa dan lingkungan adalah merupakan suatu kesatuan yang tidak terpisahkan. Oleh karena itu pembelajaran dilakukan dengan mengkaitkan antara pengalaman dan pengetahuan siswa dengan materi yang dikaji. Sesuai dengan hal tersebut, peneliti mengambil langkah untuk meneliti tentang penerapan model pembelajaran Inside Outside Cyrcle (IOC). Hasil menunjukkan Terjadi peningkatan prestasi belajar mata pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam melalui model pembelajaran Inside Outside Cyrcle.
Peningkatan Motivasi Belajar Siswa Mata Pelajaran PAI melalui Metode STAD
Authors: Masropah ST
Published: October 2017

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menjawab permasalahan: 1) Bagaimana metode STAD dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa terhadap mata pelajaran PAI di kelas V SDN Ngadirejo 1. 2) Bagaimana peningkatan motivasi belajar siswa terhadap mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) di kelas V SDN Ngadirejo 1. Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari guru, pengamat dan siswa melalui observasi. Dengan lima komponen metode STAD dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa. Ketuntasan hasil belajar siswa secara klasikal pada siklus I rata-rata 60% meningkat menjadi 80% pada siklus II sehingga terdapat peningkatan sebesar 20%
Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika Matriks Melalui Pembelajaran Model STAD
Authors: Rochani Rochani
Published: October 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan merefleksi penerapan model STAD ini. Untuk kemudian dampak apa yang timbulkan dari sisi hasil belajar siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) dengan langkah pelaksanaan siklus, dimana dalam satu siklus terdiri dari perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi, dan refleksi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam tiga siklus. Dengan instrument berupa tes, lembar observasi dan angket. Adapun subyek penelitian ini adalah siswa SMKN 3 Blitar Kelas X jurusan Akomodasi Perhotelan. Setalah dilakukan analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa Penerapan pembelajaran dengan model STAD dapat meningaktkan Hasil Belajar yang ditandai dengan peningkatan ketuntasan belajar siswa setiap siklus,
Sampul
Authors: Redaksi Dewan
Published: October 2017

Sampul Full Depan Belakang
Petunjuk bagi Penulis
Authors: Redaksi Dewan
Published: October 2017

Petunjuk bagi penulis
Penerapan Teknik Make A Match untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Materi Perbandingan dan Skala pada Siswa Kelas VI SD
Authors: Lasmini Lasmini
Published: October 2017

Masih  banyak  guru  dalam  mengajar matematika  masih menggunakan metode belajar klasikal yakni ceramah yang bagi siswa sangat membosankan.  Padahal  metode pembelajaran yang variatif  sangat membantu  siswa  untuk  memahami  materi  pelajaran,  diantaranya  untuk meningkatkan hasil pembelajaran matematika. Salah satu  metode pembelajaran  yang  dapat  membantu  untuk  meningkatkan  pembelajaran matematika di sekolah dasar adalaj metode make a match. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakian kelas (PTK). Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan  hasil dan ketuntasan belajar siswa, peningkatan hasil belajar siswa, di mana nilai hasil belajar siswa dari rata-rata pada studi awal hanya  50,91, naik menjadi 60,91 pada siklus pertama, dan 75,45 pada siklus kedua.
Keterkaitan Manajemen Pengetahuan dan Kecakapan Organisasional dengan Kinerja Inovasi serta Fungsi Mediasi Orientasi Kewirausahaan
Authors: Dewi Any Rustia , Putra Suatmo Pantja
Published: October 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperkaya khasanah keilmuan manajemen dalam konteks kinerja inovasi. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian penjelasan dengan metode kuantitatif. Teknik pengambilan data yang digunakan adalah teknik sampel proporsional dengan jumlah responden 100 UKM sebagai syarat minimal dalam analisis Structural Equation Model (SEM). Sedangkan teknis data yang digunakan adalah Structural Equation Model (SEM) Analysis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat keterkaitan antara manajemen pengetahuan dan kecakapan organisasional dengan kinerja inovasi yang dimediasi oleh orientasi kewirausahaan. Maknanya, untuk meningkatkan kinerja inovasi dibutuhkan manajemen pengetahuan dan kecakapan organisasi sekaligus sikap orientasi kewirausahaan.
Model Pembelajaran Think Pair Share (TPS) Untuk Meningkatan Prestasi Belajar Mata Pelajaran IPS Kelas I
Authors: Astuti Dwi
Published: October 2017

Mata pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial (IPS) seringkali dianggap sulit sehingga banyak siswa yang kurang memahami dan mencapai nilai relatif rendah. Kesulitan disebabkan materi yang cukup luas, selalu berkembang, metode ceramah yang digunakan pendidik dan cara belajar siswa yang kurang tepat. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini untuk mengetahui peningkatan  prestasi belajar IPS Materi Kasih Sayang melalui model pembelajaran Think Pair Share (TPS) bagi siswa kelas I semester 1 tahun pelajaran 2015/2016 di SDN 1 Pogalan Kecamatan Pogalan  Kabupaten Trenggalek. Penelitian tindakan kelas ini  merupakan kegiatan yang sangat vital dan merupakan dasar yang dipergunakan untuk merubah pola pikir guru dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran.
Supervisi Administrasi Untuk Meningkatkan Kinerja Guru Dalam Menyusun Perangkat Pembelajaran
Authors: Winarni Sri
Published: October 2017

Tujuan penelitian  ini  adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran objektif tentang peningkatan kinerja guru dalam menyusun perangkat pembelajaran melalui supervisi administrasi pada guru kelas IV,V dan VI SDN 1 Pandean Kecamatan Dongko Semster II Tahun Pelajaran 2016/2017. Pelaksanaan  supervisi   kepala  sekolah  di SD Negeri 1 Pandean membantu menjelaskan permasalahan bagaimana pelaksanaan supervisi administrasi guru kelas dapat meningkatkan kinerja guru kelas IV, V dan VI di SD Negeri 1 Pandean. Supervisi administrasi guru kelas akan  meningkatkan kinerja guru dalam penyusunan administrasi guru kelas.
Model Pembelajaran Group Investigation (GI) Untuk Meningkatan Prestasi Belajar Mata Pelajaran IPA Kelas V
Authors: Sulistiodiono Sulistiodiono
Published: October 2017

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui peningkatan prestasi belajar IPA Materi Tumbuhan Hijau melalui model pembelajaran Group Investigation (GI) bagi siswa kelas V Semester I Tahun Pelajaran 2015/2016 di SDN 1 Ngembel Kecamatan Watulimo Kabupaten Trenggalek. Model pembelajaran Group Investigation (GI) meningkatkan prestasi belajar IPA pada siswa kelas V semester I tahun pelajaran 2014/2015 di SDN 1 Ngembel Kecamatan Watulimo Kabupaten Trenggalek, siklus I mencapai 82% dan siklus II naik menjadi 88% dengan nilai rata-rata kelas siklus I mencapai 78 dan siklus II naik menjadi 85.
Peningkatan Prestasi Belajar Penjasorkes Kelas IV Menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Inside Outside Cyrcle (IOC)
Authors: Suwardi Suwardi
Published: October 2017

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui peningkatan prestasi belajar Penjasorkes materi kebersihan dengan penerapan model pembelajaran Inside Outside Cyrcle (IOC) untuk siswa kelas IV di SDN 1 Prigi  Kecamatan Watulimo Kabupaten Trenggalek Semester I Tahun Pelajaran 2015/2016.  Pengamatan terhadap proses terlihat pada siklus I siswa tuntas sebanyak 16 siswa (73%) dan pada siklus II siswa tuntas sebanyak 19 siswa (86%), terjadi peningkatan prestasi belajar siswa 3 siswa (14%), maka terjadi  peningkatan prestasi belajar Penjasorkes materi Kebersihan melalui model pembelajaran Inside Outside Cyrcle (IOC) bagi siswa kelas IV di SDN 1 Prigi  Kecamatan Watulimo Kabupaten Trenggalek Semester I Tahun Pelajaran 2015/2016.
Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Servis atas Permainan Bolavoli dengan Menggunakan Metode Drill dan Bermain
Authors: Hazinah Umi , Hazinah Umi
Published: October 2017

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas yang dirancang dengan dua siklus. Setiap siklus terdiri dari dua pertemuan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memecahkan masalah tentang rendahnya nilai hasil belajar siswa dalam mata pelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani khususnya tentang bolavoli. Data dalam penelitian ini dikumpulkan melalui observasi guru dan siswa serta tes. Hasil akhir dari penelitian ini menunjukkan peningkatan hasil belajar siswa dengan kenaikan hasil belajar pada tiap siklusnya. Rata-rata hasil belajar pada siklus I sebesar 72,29% dan meningkat pada siklus II sebesar 81,66%.
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Group Investigation (GI) untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam
Authors: Wasingah Siti
Published: October 2017

Abstrak : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penerapan Model Pembelajaran Group Investigation dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam beserta peningkatannya. Pelaksanaan penelitian dilakukan dalam dua siklus. Peningkatan hasil belajar sejak pertemuan ke-1 dan pertemuan ke-2  Siklus I sampai dengan Siklus II menunjukkan bukti bahwa dengan model pembelajaran Group Investigation dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa.
Penurunan Minat bersekolah di SD Negeri dibandingkan SD Islam: Studi Kasus di Kecamatan Garum Kabupaten Blitar
Authors: Solihin Riyadus , Fauzi Achmad Ryan
Published: October 2017

Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh adanya fenomena yang terjadi di Kecamatan Garum Kabupaten Blitar. Dimana ketika memasuki usia sekolah dasar kebanyakan orang tua siswa memilih menyekolahkan anaknya ke Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) atau Sekolah Dasar Islam (SDI). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penyebab penurunan minat untuk bersekolah di Sekolah Dasar Negeri dibandingkan Sekolah Dasar Islam. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kulitatif berjenis studi kasus.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penurunan minat ini disebabkan karena program pendidikan keagamaan di SDI/MI lebih banyak dan seimbang daripada di SDN. Sementara saat ini masyarakat sangat membutuhkan sekolah yang berbasis keagamaan dengan harapan adanya kesimbangan antara ilmu umum dan agama yang kelak dapat membentuk akhlak anak mereka.
Bagian Depan
Authors: Redaksi Dewan
Published: October 2017

Bagian Depan
Sampul
Authors: Redaksi Dewan
Published: October 2017

Sampul
Challenges and Choices: A Multidistrict Analysis of Statewide Mandated Democratic Engagement
Authors: Marsh Julie A. , Hall Michelle
Published: October 2017

This article seeks to deepen our understanding of the nature and quality of democratic participation in educational reform by examining the first-year implementation of California’s Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF) mandating civic engagement in district decision-making. Drawing on democratic theory, empirical literature, and data from 10 districts, we find that even when district leaders committed to involving stakeholders in decision-making, achieving this vision was often constrained by power imbalances, deeply engrained institutional habits, and limited capacity. We also find that climates of trust, support from external organizations, and homogeneity appeared to provide the foundation for deeper, broader democratic engagement in a few cases. The article concludes with implications for policy, practice, and future research.
Faire, défaire, refaire famille. Les usages et les sociabilités numériques à l’épreuve des bifurcations biographiques
Authors: Denouël Julie
Published: October 2017

Cet article s’intéresse à la façon dont les usages sociaux ordinaires des techno--logies numériques d’information et de communication ( tnic ) participent de l’évolution des sociabilités et des trajectoires de vie au sein de la sphère familiale. À partir d’une ethnographie de trois familles bretonnes en situation de bifurcation biographique (naissance du premier enfant, séparation conjugale, recomposition familiale après double veuvage), nous observerons comment l’usage des tnic accompagne la réorganisation des liens intra et extrafamilaux, contribue à l’agencement (ou au réagencement) spatial de l’habitat et, plus largement, soutient les différentes manières de faire, défaire ou refaire famille.
Nouvelles technologies : frein ou soutien de la relation parent-enfant ?
Authors: Danet Marie , Martel Laurence , Miljkovitch Raphaële
Published: October 2017

Le présent article vise à établir un état des lieux sur la question de l’incidence des nouvelles technologies sur la relation parent-enfant. C’est ainsi qu’on voit que celles-ci pénètrent le domicile familial dès la conception de l’enfant, qu’elles accompagnent les parents dans l’éducation de ce dernier, en servant de source de soutien, d’ écran-sitte r ou même de siège de la communication en cas d’éloignement. L’usage de ces technologies peut toutefois être symptomatique de difficultés relationnelles et devenir un véritable problème à mesure que l’enfant en arrive à ne plus pouvoir s’en passer, du moins aux yeux de ses parents. Les nouvelles technologies, en modifiant les notions d’absence et de présence, semblent révéler les problématiques familiales sous-jacentes. Ce sont ces dernières, plus que les technologies en elles-mêmes, qui semblent déterminer les aléas de la relation à l’ère du numérique.
Culture postmoderne et culte du narcissisme… : un cas de dépendance aux jeux vidéo dans la famille
Authors: Govindama Yolande , Haddouk Lise
Published: October 2017

La dépendance aux jeux vidéo est un thème abordé en psychologie sous différents éclairages théoriques. La dimension anthropologique permet d’aborder cette problématique avec un regard complémentaire à la clinique de la dépendance à l’adolescence. Avec une approche qualitative, cet article traite de la manière dont, dans le contexte de la postmodernité et de la cyberculture, le vécu subjectif lié à l’abandon peut se muer en une quête de fusion avec l’objet et une tentative de séparation, parfois violente, via l’usage d’un support externe : le jeu vidéo en ligne. Les éléments cliniques recueillis valident l’hypothèse en lien avec les mécanismes sous-jacents amenant à cette dépendance. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance de l’articulation entre des données cliniques déjà connues et l’usage d’un support nouveau, lié à l’évolution des productions culturelles et des valeurs sociétales.
L’appropriation psychique des vécus d’étrangeté dans un groupe de parole d’aidants… d’un proche malade Alzheimer
Authors: Pierron-Robinet Géraldine , Hédouin Chantal
Published: October 2017

La relation quotidienne à un proche malade Alzheimer peut confronter l’aidant familial à des expériences d’étrangeté, qui lui sont parfois difficiles à penser. D’où la nécessité de proposer sur le terrain des groupes de soutien pour permettre aux aidants d’élaborer et d’intégrer dans leur psyché ces expériences impensables. Cet article retrace l’expérience d’un groupe de parole d’aidants familiaux qui a fonctionné au centre hospitalier de Rouffach. Il étudie l’hypothèse selon laquelle le groupe de parole incarne un espace transitionnel qui permet à l’aidant de se représenter et de transformer les expériences d’étrangeté vécues au contact de son proche malade Alzheimer. Les auteurs illustrent ces développements conceptuels par trois séquences cliniques du groupe de parole, qui témoignent des manifestations différentes des vécus d’étrangeté des aidants.
Deux diplomates et un consul
Authors: Even Pascal
Published: October 2017

Les noms des diplomates Conrad-Alexandre Gérard et Anne-César de La Luzerne, et du consul Hector Saint-John de Crèvecœur, sont intimement liés à la naissance et au développement des relations diplomatiques et consulaires entre la France et les États-Unis d’Amérique. De formation différente, ils illustrent les succès d’une diplomatie française redevenue offensive et décidée à profiter de la révolte des colonies américaines pour s’efforcer d’affaiblir le vieil adversaire que reste la Grande-Bretagne et à prendre une revanche sur le désastreux traité de Paris de 1763. Les instructions données à ses représentants par le gouvernement royal témoignent ainsi des préoccupations, à la fois politiques et économiques, qui déterminent la conduite du souverain et celle de ses ministres.
La spécificité des relations franco-américaines
Authors: Lévitte Jean-David
Published: October 2017

Patrie des droits de l’homme ou « Land of Freedom », la France et les États-Unis sont sans doute les deux seuls pays aussi parfaitement convaincus d’être chacun porteur de valeurs à vocation universelle et aussi intimement persuadés de la nécessité de porter ces valeurs à travers le monde. Une ambition commune qui s’exprime souvent de façon sensiblement différente. À cette proximité des origines, à ces valeurs partagées, s’ajoutent des combats communs pour la liberté et pour la démocratie pendant les deux guerres mondiales. La France n’a pas oublié qu’elle a dû, par deux fois, sa liberté à l’Amérique. La position privilégiée que la France occupe dans l’esprit des Américains génère toutefois de grandes attentes et provoque de graves frustrations qui peuvent s’illustrer par des orages violents (comme récemment au moment de la guerre en Irak). Face à un monde dangereux et instable, face à l’inquiétude d’une mondialisation mal maîtrisée, face au terrorisme, aux vagues migratoires et aux crises profondes que connaissent l’Irak et la Syrie, il faut néanmoins souhaiter que la France et les États-Unis sauront ensemble faire face aux défis du XXIe siècle et porter encore les idéaux de cette amitié franco-américaine, ceux de la démocratie et de la liberté.
Charles Willson Peale’s Philadelphia Museum Portraits, 1782 to 1827
Authors: Diethorn Karie
Published: October 2017

This essay discusses the eighteenth-century Philadelphia Museum of artist Charles Willson Peale, and particularly the numerous portraits, including those of French military commanders, painted for it. Inspired by eighteenth-century Enlightenment ideals celebrating humankind’s capacity to learn and use new information, Peale conceived his Philadelphia Museum. In it Peale intended the works of man and nature to co-exist for the edification of all. The Philadelphia Museum, Peale said, served “to instruct the mind and sow the seeds of Virtue” in the new, American republic. During the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries, Peale and his family filled the museum with hundreds of painted portraits, thousands of natural history specimens, minerals, models, Asian and American Indian artefacts, archaeological objects, life-sized wax figures, fossils and curiosities, all exhibited to an international public.
Painting Revolution: John Trumbull and Artistic Exchange between America and France
Authors: Pohrt Tanya
Published: October 2017

For both French and American artists, there was an initial interest in depicting the events of the American Revolution in the 1780s, followed by a later wave of art in the 1820s and ’30s. This paper examines the timeline, politics and artistic parameters shaping this art, which was both documentary and symbolic in nature, with artists building on one another’s work. For John Trumbull it was only with time and the buffer of a second war with Britain, the War of 1812, that he was able to obtain a government commission, but his later paintings of the American Revolution were essentially enlarged versions of his compositions from the 1780s. Trumbull studied in the London studio of Benjamin West and was heavily influenced by contemporary British painting. Yet French art and culture were also influential, and this relationship has not been sufficiently studied. Trumbull travelled to France a number of times, beginning in 1786, when he met Jacques-Louis David, Élisabeth-Louise Vigée Le Brun, Jean-Antoine Houdon and other important French artists, incorporating aspects of David’s compositions into his own work. It was also in Paris that Trumbull began to compose the Declaration of Independence under the guidance of Thomas Jefferson. Like most Americans, Trumbull initially supported the French Revolution and saw parallels between it and the American Revolution. He intended to paint early scenes from the French Revolution, including the fall of the Bastille. But although he sympathized with Jefferson and the French republican philosophers, shifting politics and the violence of the French Revolution turned his opinion by 1793.
Differential Dynamics of HIV Infection in Humanized MISTRG versus MITRG Mice
Authors: Ivic Sandra , Rochat Mary-Aude , Li Duo , Audigé Annette , Schlaepfer Erika , Münz Christian , Manz Markus G , Speck Roberto F
Published: October 2017

Humanized mice are a powerful tool to study HIV in vivo. The recently generated mouse strains MITRG and MISTRG, which differ in human SIRPα expression, support an improved human myeloid lineage development from human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The rationale of the study was the characterization of the two mouse strains during an HIV infection with CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic viruses. Upon HIV infection, we observed HIV dissemination and sustained viral load over 20 wk in peripheral blood in both reconstituted mouse strains. However, HIV RNA levels were significantly lower in MITRG mice compared with MISTRG mice during the first 8 wk postinfection. HIV-infected MISTRG mice showed lymphocyte activation and changes in lymphocyte subsets in blood and spleen, recapitulating hallmarks of HIV infection in humans. Depletion of murine tissue-resident macrophages in MITRG mice led to significantly elevated viral loads, and lymphocyte levels were similar to those in HIV-infected MISTRG mice. Depletion of CD8+ T cells in MISTRG mice before HIV infection resulted in substantially decreased CD4+ T cell levels, indicating functionality of human CD8+ T cells; depletion of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes may have contributed, in part, to the latter finding. In summary, MITRG and MISTRG mice represent novel HIV mouse models, despite differential HIV dynamics.
Macrophage-Specific Expression of IL-37 in Hyperlipidemic Mice Attenuates Atherosclerosis
Authors: McCurdy Sara , Baumer Yvonne , Toulmin Emma , Lee Bog-Hieu , Boisvert William A.
Published: October 2017

Atherosclerosis, the progressive buildup of plaque within arterial blood vessels, can lead to fatal downstream events, such as heart attack or stroke. A key event contributing to the development of atherosclerosis is the infiltration of monocytes and its associated inflammation, as well as the formation of lipid-laden macrophage foam cells within the vessel wall. IL-37 is recognized as an important anti-inflammatory cytokine expressed especially by immune cells. This study was undertaken to elucidate the role of macrophage-expressed IL-37 in reducing the production and effects of proinflammatory cytokines, preventing foam cell formation, and reducing the development of atherosclerosis. Expression of human IL-37 was achieved with a macrophage-specific overexpression system, using the CD68 promoter in mouse primary bone marrow–derived macrophages via retroviral transduction. Macrophage IL-37 expression in vitro resulted in decreased mRNA (e.g., IL-1B, IL-6, and IL-12) and secreted protein production (e.g., IL-6, M-CSF, and ICAM-1) of key inflammatory mediators. IL-37 expression also inhibited macrophage proliferation, apoptosis, and transmigration, as well as reduced lipid uptake, compared with controls in vitro. The in vivo effects of macrophage-expressed IL-37 were investigated through bone marrow transplantation of transduced hematopoietic stem cells into irradiated atherosclerosis-prone Ldlr−/− mice. After 10 wk on a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet, mice with IL-37–expressing macrophages showed reduced disease pathogenesis, which was demonstrated by significantly less arterial plaque development and systemic inflammation compared with control mice. The athero-protective effect of macrophage-expressed IL-37 has implications for development of future therapies to treat atherosclerosis, as well as other chronic inflammatory diseases.
Distribution and Variability of Satellite‐Derived Signals of Isolated Convection Initiation Events Over Central Eastern China
Authors: Huang Yipeng , Meng Zhiyong , Li Jing , Li Wanbiao , Bai Lanqiang , Zhang Murong , Wang Xi
Published: October 2017

This study combined measurements from the Chinese operational geostationary satellite Fengyun‐2E (FY‐2E) and ground‐based weather radars to conduct a statistical survey of isolated convection initiation (CI) over central eastern China (CEC). The convective environment in CEC is modulated by the complex topography and monsoon climate. From May to August 2010, a total of 1,630 isolated CI signals were derived from FY‐2E using a semiautomated method. The formation of these satellite‐derived CI signals peaks in the early afternoon and occurs with high frequency in areas with remarkable terrain inhomogeneity (e.g., mountain, water, and mountain‐water areas). The high signal frequency areas shift from northwest CEC (dry, high altitude) in early summer to southeast CEC (humid, low altitude) in midsummer along with an increasing monthly mean frequency. The satellite‐derived CI signals tend to have longer lead times (the time difference between satellite‐derived signal formation and radar‐based CI) in the late morning and afternoon than in the early morning and night. During the early morning and night, the distinction between cloud top signatures and background terrestrial radiation becomes less apparent, resulting in delayed identification of the signals and thus short and even negative lead times. A decline in the lead time is observed from May to August, likely due to the increasing cloud growth rate and warm‐rain processes. Results show increasing lead times with increasing landscape elevation, likely due to more warm‐rain processes over the coastal sea and plain, along with a decreasing cloud growth rate from hill and mountain to the plateau.
A Climatological Study of Short‐Period Gravity Waves and Ripples at Davis Station, Antarctica (68°S, 78°E), During the (Austral Winter February–October) Period 1999–2013
Authors: Rourke S. , Mulligan F. J. , French W. J. R. , Murphy D. J.
Published: October 2017

A scanning radiometer deployed at Davis Station, Antarctica (68°S, 78°E), has been recording infrared (1.10–1.65 μm) images of a small region (24 km × 24 km) of the zenith night sky once per minute each austral winter night since February 1999. These images have been processed to extract information on the passage of gravity waves (GWs) (horizontal wavelength, λh > 15 km) and ripples (λh ≤ 15 km) over the observing station. Phase speeds, periods, horizontal wavelengths, and predominant propagation directions have been deduced. Observed speeds were found to be highly correlated with horizontal wavelengths as has been reported in previous studies. Reverse ray tracing of the detected GWs only enabled us to identify four distinct groups. On average, only 15% of waves detected can be traced back to the troposphere, and a large proportion (~45%) were not successfully reverse traced substantially below the airglow layer. Two smaller groups were found to reach a termination condition for reverse ray tracing at altitudes near 50 km and 75 km. Of those that reached the termination altitude in the troposphere (10 km), most of the end points fell within a radius of 300 km of the station, with a very pronounced concentration of wave initiation to the northwest of the observing point. The predominant direction of propagation was southward, and they were observed throughout the year. Recent reports suggest the interaction of planetary waves with the background wind field as a potential source for these waves.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Aryl Nitrile Compounds
Authors: Yan Guobing , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: October 2017

Aryl nitriles are widely found in natural products, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes, and herbicides. Moreover, because the cyano group can be easily converted into various functional groups, aryl nitriles are important intermediates in synthetic organic chemistry. Consequently, the development of new methodologies for the synthesis of aryl nitriles is of significant interest. The traditional methods for their synthesis include Sandmeyer reactions, Rosenmund–von Braun reactions, as well as dehydration reactions of aldoximes and amides. In recent years, numerous efforts have been devoted to transition metal‐catalyzed cyanation reactions of aryl (pseudo)halides, organometallic reagents and aryl C–H bonds. A number of cyanating reagents have been explored for such transformations, including metal cyanides and organic cyano group sources. In addition, styrenes and aryl‐substituted alkynes are successfully converted into aryl nitriles through carbon‐carbon double or triple bond cleavage. Various benzylic compounds have also been used for the synthesis of aryl nitriles, such as benzylic halides, alcohols, amines and azides. Furthermore, the direct conversion of the methyl group of toluene derivatives into a cyano group has also drawn attention. In this critical review, we summarize the recent developments and useful applications in this field and reaction mechanisms are also briefly discussed.

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Asymmetric Construction of Spiropyrazolone Skeletons via Amine‐Catalyzed [3+3] Annulation
Authors: Leng Hai‐Jun , Li Qing‐Zhu , Zeng Rong , Dai Qing‐Song , Zhu Hong‐Ping , Liu Yue , Huang Wei , Han Bo , Li Jun‐Long
Published: October 2017

Here we report a secondary amine‐catalyzed, highly enantioselective [3+3] cyclization reaction of α‐alkylidene pyrazolinones and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, which facilely delivers a variety of enantioenriched spiropyrazolones showing structural and stereochemical complexity. The reaction uses an iminium ion activation strategy to activate both the β‐ and ipso‐positions of the enals as dielectrophilic sites. A broad range of substrates are compatible with this mild reaction system.

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iPSC‐Derived Vascular Cell Spheroids as Building Blocks for Scaffold‐Free Biofabrication
Authors: Moldovan Leni , Barnard April , Gil Chang‐Hyun , Lin Yang , Grant Maria B. , Yoder Mervin C. , Prasain Nutan , Moldovan Nicanor I.
Published: October 2017

Recently a protocol is established to obtain large quantities of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)‐derived endothelial progenitors, called endothelial colony forming cells (ECFC), and of candidate smooth‐muscle forming cells (SMFC). Here, the suitability for assembling in spheroids, and in larger 3D cell constructs is tested. iPSC‐derived ECFC and SMFC are labeled with tdTomato and eGFP, respectively. Spheroids are formed in ultra‐low adhesive wells, and their dynamic proprieties are studied by time‐lapse microscopy, or by confocal microscopy. Spheroids are also tested for fusion ability either in the wells, or assembled on the Regenova 3D bioprinter which laces them in stainless steel micro‐needles (the “Kenzan” method). It is found that both ECFC and SMFC formed spheroids in about 24 h. Fluorescence monitoring indicated a continuous compaction of ECFC spheroids, but stabilization in those prepared from SMFC. In mixed spheroids, the cell distribution changed continuously, with ECFC relocating to the core, and showing pre‐vascular organization. All spheroids have the ability of in‐well fusion, but only those containing SMFC are robust enough to sustain assembling in tubular structures. In these constructs a layered distribution of alpha smooth muscle actin‐positive cells and extracellular matrix deposition is found. In conclusion, iPSC‐derived vascular cell spheroids represent a promising new cellular material for scaffold‐free biofabrication.
Overproduction of MCL‐PHA with high 3‐hydroxydecanoate Content
Authors: Gao Jie , Vo Minh T. , Ramsay Juliana A. , Ramsay Bruce A.
Published: October 2017

Methods of producing medium‐chain‐length poly‐3‐hydroxyalkanoate (mcl‐PHA) with high content of the dominant subunit, 3‐hydroxydecanoate (HD), were examined with an emphasis on a high yield of polymer from decanoic acid. High HD content was achieved by using a β‐oxidation knockout mutant of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 (designated as P. putida DBA‐F1) or by inhibiting β‐oxidation with addition of acrylic acid (Aa) to wild type P. putida KT2440 in carbon‐limited, fed‐batch fermentations. At a substrate feed ratio of decanoic acid and acetic acid to glucose (DAA:G) of 6:4 g/g, P. putida DBA‐F1 accumulated significantly higher HD (97 mol%), but much lower biomass (8.5 g/L) and PHA (42% of dry biomass) than the wild type. Both biomass and PHA concentrations were improved by decreasing the ratio of DAA:G to 4:6. Moreover, when the substrate feed ratio was further decreased to 2:8, 18 g/L biomass containing 59% mcl‐PHA consisting of 100 mol% HD was achieved. The yield of PHA from decanoic acid was 1.24 (g/g) indicating that de novo synthesis had contributed to production. Yeast extract and tryptone (YET) addition allowed the mutant strain to accumulate 74% mcl‐PHA by weight with 97 mol% HD at a production rate of 0.41 g/L/hr, at least twice that of published data for any β‐oxidation knock‐out mutant. Higher biomass concentration was achieved with Aa inhibition of β‐oxidation in the wild type but the HD content (84 mol%) was less than that of the mutant. A carbon balance showed a marked increase in supernantant organic carbon for the mutant indicating overflow metabolism. Increasing the dominant monomer content (HD) greatly increased melting point, crystallinity, and rate of crystallization.
Metabolic reduction of resazurin; location within the cell for cytotoxicity assays
Authors: Chen Jian Lin , Steele Terry W. J. , Stuckey David C.
Published: October 2017

Resazurin is widely used as a metabolic indicator for living cells, however, there has been considerable debate in the literature with regards to the specific location in the cell where the non‐fluorescent resazurin is reduced to the strongly fluorescent resorufin. This lack of clarity about the reduction site makes the use of resazurin reduction data in cytotoxicity studies difficult to interpret. In this study, E. faecalis, a Gram‐positive and facultative anaerobic bacterial strain, and the most toxic chlorophenol, pentachlorophenol (PCP), were chosen as models for an anaerobe and toxicant, respectively. By studying the kinetics of resazurin reduction by E. faecalis after different treatments (cell disruption, bacterial filtration, and pre‐exposure to toxicant), we confirmed that resazurin reduction to resorufin by live Gram‐positive and facultative anaerobic bacterial cells can only happen intracellularly under anaerobic conditions, while resorufin reduction to dihydroresorufin can happen both intracellularly and extracellularly. Based on the understanding of these fundamental mechanisms, we suggest that resazurin reduction can be used as a quick bioassay for measuring cytotoxicity.
Types of cell death and apoptotic stages in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells distinguished by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Rangan Shreyas , Kamal Sepehr , Konorov Stanislav O. , Schulze Hans Georg , Blades Michael W. , Turner Robin F. B. , Piret James M.
Published: October 2017

Cell death is the ultimate cause of productivity loss in bioreactors that are used to produce therapeutic proteins. We investigated the ability of Raman spectroscopy to detect the onset and types of cell death for Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells—the most widely used cell type for therapeutic protein production. Raman spectroscopy was used to compare apoptotic, necrotic, autophagic, and control CHO cells. Several specific nucleic acid‐, protein‐, and lipid‐associated marker bands within the 650–850 cm−1 spectral region were identified that distinguished among cells undergoing different modes of cell death; supporting evidence was provided by principal component analysis (PCA) of the full spectral data. In addition to comparing the different modes of cell death, normal cells were compared to cells sorted at several stages of apoptosis, in order to explore the potential for early detection of apoptosis. Different stages of apoptosis could be distinguished via Raman spectroscopy, with multiple changes observed in nucleic acid peaks at early stages whereas an increase in lipid signals was a feature of late apoptosis/secondary necrosis.
Radical Behavior of CO2 versus its Deoxygenation Promoted by Vanadium Aryloxide Complexes: How the Geometry of Intermediate CO2‐Adducts Determines the Reactivity.
Authors: Viasus Camilo J. , Alderman Nicholas P. , Licciulli Sebastiano , Korobkov Ilia , Gambarotta Sandro
Published: October 2017

The reactivity of carbon dioxide with vanadium(III) aryloxo complexes has been investigated. The formation of either carbon monoxide or incorporation into the ligand system with the ultimate formation of organic ester was observed depending on the overall electron donor ability of the ligand field. DFT calculations were carried out to investigate the proposed mechanism for carbon dioxide coordination and reduction.
Vertically Aligned Co9S8 Nanotube Arrays onto Graphene Papers as High‐Performance Flexible Electrodes for Supercapacitors
Authors: Xiong Dongbin , Li Xifei , Bai Zhimin , Li Jianwei , Han Yan , Li Dejun
Published: October 2017

Paper‐like electrodes are emerging as a new category of advanced electrodes for flexible supercapacitors (SCs). Graphene, a promising two‐dimensional material with high conductivity, can be easily processed into papers. Here, we report a rational design of flexible architecture with Co9S8 nanotube arrays (NAs) grown onto graphene paper (GP) via a facile two‐step hydrothermal method. When employed as flexible free‐standing electrode for SCs, the proposed architectured Co9S8/GPs exhibits superior electrochemical performance with ultrahigh capacitance and outstanding rate capability (469 F g−1 at 10 A g−1). These results demonstrate that the new nanostructured Co9S8/GPs can be potentially applied in high performance flexible supercapacitors.
Activating Inert Alkali‐Metal Ions by Electron Transfer from Manganese Oxide for Formaldehyde Abatement
Authors: Gao Jiayi , Huang Zhiwei , Chen Yaxin , Wan Jing , Gu Xiao , Ma Zhen , Chen Jianmin , Tang Xingfu
Published: October 2017

Alkali‐metal ions often act as promoters rather than active components due to their stable outermost electronic configurations and their inert properties in heterogeneous catalysis. Herein, inert alkali‐metal ions, such as K+ and Rb+, are activated by electron transfer from a Hollandite‐type manganese oxide (HMO) support for HCHO oxidation. Results from synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, absorption, and photoelectron spectroscopies demonstrate that the electronic density of states of single alkali‐metal adatoms is much higher than that of K+ or Rb+, because electrons transfer from manganese to the alkali‐metal adatoms through bridging lattice oxygen atoms. Electron transfer originates from the interactions of alkali metal d–sp frontier orbitals with lattice oxygen sp3 orbitals occupied by lone‐pair electrons. Reaction kinetics data of HCHO oxidation reveal that the high electronic density of states of single alkali‐metal adatoms is favorable for the activation of molecular oxygen. Mn L3‐edge and O K‐edge soft‐X‐ray absorption spectra demonstrate that lattice oxygen partially gains electrons from the Mn eg orbitals, which leads to the upshift in energy of lattice oxygen orbitals. Therefore, the facile activation of molecular oxygen by the electron‐abundant alkali‐metal adatoms and active lattice oxygen are responsible for the high catalytic activity in complete oxidation of HCHO. This work could assist the design of efficient and cheap catalysts by tuning the electronic states of active components.
Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity of Dual Template Based Pt/Cu‐zeolite A/Graphene for Methanol Electrooxidation
Authors: Wang Shuai , He Ping , He Mingqian , Dong Faqin , Liu Huanhuan , Lei Hong , Zhang Xiaojuan , He Shaoying
Published: October 2017

A novel Pt/Cu‐zeolite A/graphene based electrocatalyst was successfully prepared by chemical reduction method for methanol electrooxidation. Graphite oxide and Cu functionalized zeolite A were simultaneously reduced by NaBH4 to prepare Cu‐zeolite A/graphene support which was used to deposit Pt nanoparticles. The nanostructure and composition of as‐prepared Pt/Cu‐zeolite A/graphene composites were characterized by X‐ray diffractometer, X‐ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and scanning electron microscopy. The electrocatalytic properties of Pt/Cu‐zeolite A/graphene modified electrode for methanol oxidation were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry in 0.10 mol/L H2SO4 + 0.50 mol/L CH3OH solution. Compared with Pt/zeolite A/graphene electrode and Pt/graphene electrode, Pt/Cu‐zeolite A/graphene based electrode exhibited obviously enhanced current and higher electrocatalytic activity for methanol electrooxidation. The increased electrocatalytic activity was attributed to the presence of zeolite A and reduced graphene oxide based dual template, which significantly increased the effective electrode surface and facilitated the diffusion of analytes into the electroactive catalyst.
Eggshell as a New Biosorbent for the Removal of Pharmaceuticals From Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Mutavdžić Pavlović Dragana , Ćurković Lidija , Macan Jelena , Žižek Krunoslav
Published: October 2017

The suitability of chicken eggshell as a novel sorbent for removal of pharmaceuticals (dexamethasone (DEX), febantel (FEB), praziquantel (PRAZ), procaine (PROC), and tylosin (TYL)) from water is investigated. Batch sorption experiments are performed to detect the effect of the initial concentration of pharmaceuticals, contact time, and temperature on the eggshell sorption capacity. The eggshell sample is characterized using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and with particle and pore size distribution analyses. Equilibrium data are analyzed using Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°) are calculated in order to predict the sorption nature. The results indicate that the sorption process is spontaneous and exothermic for PROC; spontaneous and endothermic for DEX, FEB, TYL; and non‐spontaneous and exothermic for PRAZ. According to the experimental results, chicken eggshell as mesoporous sorbent can be successfully used as an alternative and low‐cost biosorbent. The kinetic experimental data are fitted by Lagergren's and Ho's pseudo‐second‐order model. Kinetic parameters, rate constants, equilibrium sorption capacities, and correlation coefficients are estimated and discussed for both kinetic models. The pseudo‐second‐order model is suitable for prediction of sorption capacities. The mechanism of the sorption process is determined by the Weber–Morris intraparticle diffusion model and Boyd model. The sorption rate of investigated pharmaceuticals to chicken eggshells is influenced by both diffusion types: intraparticle and film diffusion.
Supporting history of art with colorimetry: The paintings of Amadeo de Souza‐Cardoso
Authors: Montagner Cristina , Linhares João M.M. , Vilarigues Márcia , Melo Maria João , Nascimento Sérgio M.C.
Published: October 2017

Colour is a key element in paintings but its quantitative analysis is seldom used as an interpretative element in the context of the history of art. Here, we show how this can be accomplished by measuring and analyzing the colours of the paintings of the influential Portuguese painter Amadeo de Souza‐Cardoso (1887‐1918). His last paintings have been classified by art historians as the most successful and are considered a chromatically homogeneous nucleus in his career. However, there are no quantitative data supporting these considerations. To access this we compared 24 of his paintings (1911‐17) using hyperspectral imaging data. From estimates of the number of colours that can be perceived in each painting we show that in the later works Amadeo has expanded the range of colours by including more hues and more levels of lightness. Moreover, the paintings dated from 1917 have similar chromatic distributions in colour space. This colorimetric analysis revealed to be an important tool that provides quantitative support to the hypothesis formulated by art historians.