bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cadence in the Galant Era
Authors: Caplin William E.
Published: December 2024

This chapter considers galant cadential practice, focusing on C. P. E. Bach and Domenico Scarlatti. The chapter first surveys Gjerdingen’s clausulae schemata, arguing that only a limited number of those actually count as true tonal cadences. It discusses how his Prinner schema often has a cadential function in galant music and highlights some additional formations typical of galant cadential morphology. The chapter examines the use of cadential deviations, showing how the evaded cadence comes into its own during this style period. Cadential expansion is more prevalent in the galant than in the baroque, yet the earlier period’s tendency to “retain the cadential formula” finds widespread usage in the later style. Seeing as the major forms of the classical era (sonata, rondo, concerto) originate in the galant period, the chapter examines how cadences articulate formal units, noting along the way some significant differences of phrase structure between the two styles.
Cadence in the Romantic Era
Authors: Caplin William E.
Published: December 2024

This chapter studies cadential practice in the early Romantic period, focusing on Schubert, Chopin, and Schumann. Although the “classical cadence” finds widespread use during this period, some novel compositional techniques can modify or distort cadential closure. The Romantic emphasis on root-position harmonies not only influences the harmonic content of cadences, but can also obscure the distinction between sequential and cadential progressions, thus yielding significant ambiguities of cadence. The tendency toward uniform harmonic rhythms, off-tonic openings, and an emphasis on formal circularity contribute to the use of cadential material at the beginning of thematic units. The chapter highlights how noncadential, prolongational closure becomes a means of thematic ending. The classical distinction between penultimate and ultimate cadential dominants begins to break down in the Romantic style, thus leading to a new cadential deviation, the dissipated cadence. The chapter concludes with analytical notes on cadence and closure in Chopin’s Preludes, Op. 28.
Crystal structures of molecular compounds
Authors: Müller Ulrich , de la Flor Gemma
Published: December 2024

For molecular compounds, the molecular site symmetry often is low. The most frequent space group type is P21/c. The reduced symmetry of the building blocks requires a symmetry reduction of the space group as compared to an ideal structure. If the molecules resemble spheres, the molecular packing often is a distorted variant of a packing of spheres. In tetraphenylphosphonium salts, the PPh4+ ions are stacked to columns with intervening anions; depending on the anion symmetry, the crystal symmetry often is a subgroup of P4/n or P.
Pre-service primary student teachers’ development of competencies in teaching mathematics
Authors: Slezáková Jana , Jirotková Darina , Zemanová Renata , Juzová Katerina , Mottlová Karolina , Vybíralová Tereza
Published: December 2024

Knowing important ideas published in the SEMT proceedings over the last 30 years, related to the education of pre-service primary teachers, are summarized. Being aware of how painstaking the process of transfer of innovative ideas from research to schools is attention is focused on pre-service teacher education. It is pre-service teachers who promise that innovation be brought into schools naturally. . Six groups of papers are presented, selected from the SEMT proceedings. The first group focuses on pre-service primary teachers’ attitude to mathematics and how this might be influenced. The second group focuses on a more general conception of pre-service primary teacher education, while the third deals in general terms with the concepts of teacher education programmes. The fourth and fifth groups of papers mention specific proposals for courses in arithmetic and geometry. The last group of papers focuses on specific teaching methods suitable for pre-service and in-service teachers.
Designing and adapting tasks in the Japanese problem-solving lesson within Lesson Study
Authors: Fujii Toshiakira
Published: December 2024

Lesson Study came to the attention of educators outside of Japan primarily through the publication of The Teaching Gap. Since then, many mathematics teachers and teacher educators have become involved in Lesson Study. Viewing Lesson Study outside of Japan, there are many assumptions and roles, well understood by Japanese teachers, which simply do not transfer easily to elsewhere. There is agreement that a lesson plan is a necessary product of Lesson Study, but the collaborative work among teachers for crafting that lesson plan is largely under-appreciated by non-Japanese adopters of Lesson Study. This is possibly because the effort involved is invisible to outsiders, with attention going to its most visible tip, the live research lesson. In this chapter the critical nature of lesson planning, focusing on designing and adapting tasks in the Japanese problem-solving lesson in the Lesson Study context is based on a case study conducted by Project IMPULS.
Thirty years of international progress in young children’s problem solving and posing
Authors: Cifarelli Victor , Capraro Mary , Capraro Robert
Published: December 2024

In contrast to traditional theoretical approaches focusing on using data-driven analyses that explain learning and inform teaching practice, the SEMT approach leads with theory and then focuses on how mathematics educators can make learning theoretically sound yet practical. The goal then becomes how student learning can become more comprehensive, rigorous, and deep. Starting with the recognition that young children are capable of mathematical actions that are every bit of this, the chapter addresses how SEMT presentations embrace the view that problem solving and problem posing play prominent roles in the mathematics learning of young children. It includes an overview of problem-solving presentations at SEMT, from the early years to the present day, and how they showcase sophisticated problem-solving and problem-posing processes of young children. It also reviews studies that examine how problem solving and problem posing contribute to mathematics learning, and those that evaluate the effectiveness of specific instructional activities.
Citizens’ Governance Spaces: Characteristics of Citizen-led Problem Solving
Authors: Dzur Albert W. , Hendriks Carolyn M.
Published: December 2024

Chapter 2 further develops the concept of citizens’ governance spaces. It draws on diverse empirical material from a range of cases to elaborate on five defining characteristics, namely that they are: (1) grassroots initiatives that are self-organized by citizens, who (2) do practical governance work to address a collective issue, (3) in innovative, experimental, and disruptive ways, (4) by engaging inclusively with affected publics, and (5) by working autonomously and congruously with relevant state, market, and civil society organizations. The chapter then considers how citizens’ governance spaces are distinct from related social science concepts, including social movements, community organizing, co-production, and mutual aid. The chapter argues that the citizens’ governance space concept better captures the practical agency and governance work enacted by citizens in their own arenas of collective problem solving.
Citizens’ Motivations and Governance Practices
Authors: Dzur Albert W. , Hendriks Carolyn M.
Published: December 2024

Chapter 3 examines what motivates citizens to participate in citizens’ governance spaces, and considers the varied governance and participatory work they undertake. Citizens are often motivated to lead and engage in a governance space because they believe traditional state, market, and civil society organizations have withdrawn or failed for some section of society because the public problem is too complex, persistent, or emergent. Citizens are also motivated to address unmet needs of marginalized groups; they self-organize to provide public goods and services via alternative governance pathways. Case studies in areas such as policing, social order, and planning demonstrate how citizens define the problem, form feasible plans, implement solutions, and make evaluations and refinements. The final section of the chapter considers inclusive and participatory aspects of citizen spaces, focusing on how they share power, give voice, build capacity, and engage the public.
Doing, Thinking, and Sharing: Knowledge Contributions of Citizens’ Governance Spaces
Authors: Dzur Albert W. , Hendriks Carolyn M.
Published: December 2024

Chapter 4 discusses the knowledge and skills generated in citizens’ governance spaces, and how and where they are being reproduced and transmitted. Drawing on diverse empirical examples this chapter illustrates how citizen spaces take on collective problem solving under conditions where citizen action may have been actively discouraged by conventional civil society and government actors. Their self-authorized, inclusive work generates practical knowledge in fields such as energy, health, and criminal justice typically dominated by professionals, specialists, and officials. Citizen spaces produce substantive, procedural, and systemic forms of knowledge. Citizen spaces also share their knowledge with experts and non-experts, and across sectors and borders. Knowledge produced in citizen spaces can challenge conventional community attitudes and disrupt settled practices among public and private sector actors.
A Sense of the City
Authors: Kvetko Peter
Published: December 2024

The sprawling metropolis of Mumbai is home to vast disparities and contradictions. For sixty years, songs from Bollywood, the movie industry based in Mumbai, have dominated northern India’s popular music industry. A new category of national popular music, Indipop, emerged in tandem with economic liberalization, the rise of satellite television, and the growing significance of the global Indian diaspora, but it has struggled to achieve widespread success. The author argues that in its mode of production, aesthetic choices, and orientation to the international music industry, Indipop anticipated the transformation of everyday life that took hold more broadly throughout urban India at the start of the twenty-first century. Exercises included in this chapter encourage students to analyze three Indipop music videos by the artist Lucky Ali to examine ways in which the urban/rural and public/private dialectics are represented, both visually and aurally.
Professional Weeping
Authors: Greene Paul D.
Published: December 2024

This chapter examines oppari, a lament form in South Indian folk culture, as performed by professional men from Dalit communities. Oppari involves emotional song texts, wails, shrieks, and sobs that professional performers craft, deploy, and develop deliberately and strategically in performance. The chapter undertakes deconstructive analysis to expose mechanisms by which professional men’s oppari marginalizes women and their expressions and explores various double binds in which professionals find themselves as they perform. Struggling within the grip of double binds, he cultivates an aesthetic professionalism that allows him to successfully do his job while maintaining distance from death, widowhood, and genuine spontaneous emotions. Key to this professionalism is the assertion that his oppari is not spontaneous or personal expression, but a form of music—a performance art. To define oppari as music or non-music is to take sides in ongoing struggles of Dalit musicians over their status within Tamil society.
Prestige, Status, and the History of Instrumental Music in North India
Authors: Ruckert George E.
Published: December 2024

In North Indian classical music, instrumental music has surged to the forefront in popularity. In a world wherein vocal music held a central position for centuries, the change came as somewhat of a surprise to traditionalists; instrumental music has usually been in a secondary place both because of its accompanying role and because the great vocalists of the past held prestige for their command of the literature of raga. This chapter demonstrates through analysis of ancient literature, iconography, instrumental development, and socio-religious forces that instruments have historically held a great deal of spiritual and cultural esteem in South Asian music. Through listening to three sarod recordings—from Chunnu Khan, the first recorded sarod player; Allauddin Khan; and Ali Akbar Khan—we can understand some of the instrument’s organological developments and musical innovations that helped raise the status of Hindustani instrumental performance to greater prominence in the twentieth century.
Sacred Song, Food, and the Affective Embodied Experience of Non-Othering in the Sikh Tradition
Authors: Kaur Inderjit N.
Published: December 2024

Sabad kīrtan is a central form of devotional expression and experience for millions of Sikhs around the world, and also an affective mode of embodied knowledge of the sacred teachings on living an ethical everyday life. A fundamental theme in sabad is that of non-Othering. This chapter analyses three main contemporary musical genres of sabad kīrtan, known as classical, light, and “AKJ” (AKJ stands for Akhand Kīrtani Jatha—a community of devout Sikhs committed to the Sikh code of conduct). Through this analysis, students will learn the main musical features of three different genres, and explore the issue of music and meaning by addressing how our understanding of song lyrics is shaped by our aesthetic and emotional responses to musical genre and style, as well as by associated activities such as collective dining.
Beyond the Silver Screen
Authors: Nimjee Ameera
Published: December 2024

This chapter explores the phenomenon of Bollywood fitness, focused in ethnographic fieldwork with the company BollyX, a global enterprise of centrally trained teachers dispersed among rented studios and gyms across the world. Such Bollywood fitness programs bring to North American mainstream culture the filmi aesthetics that are an important part of the everyday life of transnational desis, repackaged as a cardio workout. While fitness consumers do not necessarily seek to learn forms of Indian dance, they nevertheless are taught to embody filmi aesthetics. This delivery of cardio sequences provides an opportunity for desi culture to move from the racialized periphery of North American life to become mainstream in the moment of a workout.
Evidence-Based Practice Process in Social Work
Authors: Garcia Antonio R. , Corcoran Jacqueline
Published: December 2024

Graduate students in social work are dedicated to gaining the skills and knowledge to promote individual, family, and community well-being. Yet, students often struggle with translating research concepts into best practice. They must garner the skills to consider (1) client needs and preferences, (2) the best available evidence, and (3) the implementation context. Evidence-Based Practice Process in Social Work: Critical Thinking for Clinical Practice offers a framework for aligning these three essential ingredients of the evidence-based practice (EBP) process. The book is divided into three major sections, Section 1 includes a brief overview of the EBP process (Chapter 1), methods on how to conduct assessments, and to rely on assessment data to formulate practice-driven questions (Chapter 2), and how to locate culturally relevant studies to address them (Chapter 3). Section 2 Chapters 4–6 focus on the other types of research designs (i.e., randomized control trials, systematic reviews, qualitative research) that may help inform what intervention(s) ultimately are implemented. Section 3, Chapters 7–9 focus on what factors may impact implementation of the intervention plan and under what circumstances it may need to be adapted. Chapter 10 focuses on the different methods to monitor client progress. Finally, Chapter 11 provides a review of key concepts, and additional complex case studies to reflect on. Acknowledging the complexity of context in the EBP process, each chapter operationalizes the EBP process with instructions, case studies, and exercises.
Introduction
Authors: Garcia Antonio R. , Corcoran Jacqueline
Published: December 2024

Chapter 1 critical provides a brief overview of the evidence-based practice (EBP) process, highlighting and describing key missing elements (e.g., assessment and critical appraisal of applicable evidence). A preview of forthcoming content in subsequent chapters is summarized and includes (1) the process for how to critically appraise multiple sources of evidence with regard to how effective and applicable it is for clients, and (2) how to engage in the process of selecting and implementing interventions. Integration of case studies to illustrate the revised EBP process is highlighted. The premise is to build student and practitioner knowledge and skills in applying a critical data-driven approach to the EBP process while considering practitioner and agency context and client preferences.
Identifying and Addressing Common Barriers to Applying the EBP Process
Authors: Wolk Courtney Benjamin , Snyder Sean E.
Published: December 2024

With a better grasp of the utility of implementation science frameworks, Chapter 8 delves how to mitigate “real-world” implementation barriers. Several research projects that examined the implementation of evidence-supported interventions across different service sectors (e.g., child welfare, behavioral health, schools) are presented. Rather than cite barriers to implementation that emerged during each of these projects, an implementation framework is used as a template to illustrate how to align specific strategies to address each barrier. In doing so, a set of tools to shrink the divide between the best available evidence and the effective use of evidence in real-world practice contexts is offered.
Itinerant Passions
Authors: Krivulskaya Suzanna
Published: December 2024

Between 1870 and 1915, hundreds of Protestant ministers were reported to have “mysteriously disappeared” from their posts and homes. Young women from their congregations were often missing as well. Highlighting more than a dozen key stories of these elopements, this chapter tracks the three stages of development—and eventual decline—of the elopement scandal genre. In the first decade of the Gilded Age, the press was still actively negotiating whether or not it was in the public good to even feature such stories. The eventual embrace of the genre of sensationalism led to its explosion in the last decades of the nineteenth century. By the mid-1910s, however, changing social perceptions of romantic love, marriage, and divorce made these stories seem less sensational—with some newspapers even reporting approvingly on ministers who chose to run away with their lovers.
Epilogue
Authors: Krivulskaya Suzanna
Published: December 2024

The epilogue wrestles with the question of whether—and, if so, how—scandal can continue to be a useful instrument of censure when it comes to sexual hypocrisy and abuse. Although the majority of ministers profiled in the book were able to emerge relatively unscathed from their public downfalls, recent journalistic investigations and movements like #ChurchToo are continuing to expose ministers who abuse their positions. Nonetheless, the pattern of internal secrecy, victim silencing, and refusal to be held accountable for the sexual hypocrisy among religious leaders has continued to plague many Protestant groups and denominations. The longer history of how the Protestant establishment has responded to the sex scandals in their midst, and how the press and the public attempted to keep it accountable for the sexual hypocrisy evident among its ranks is instructive for addressing the current crisis.
Between the Revolution and the Soviet
Authors: Titus Joan
Published: December 2024

Chapter 2 (“Between the Revolution and the Soviet”) provides a discussion of Shostakovich’s scores for the remaining two films of the Maxim Trilogy, Return of Maxim and Vyborg Side (Vozvrashcheniye Maksima and Vïborgskaya storona, 1937 and 1939, dirs. Grigory Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg), and two films by other directors, Volochayev Days (Volochayevskiye dni, dirs. Georgy and Sergey Vasilyev, 1936–1937) and Friends (Druz’ya, dir. Leo Arnshtam, 1938). It contains discussions of how the films and their scores characterized the ideas of revolution, war, and heroism through revisionism and exoticism that was particular to constructions of cinematic intelligibility of the mid-to-late 1930s.
Conclusion
Authors: Titus Joan
Published: December 2024

Chapter 7 (“Conclusion”) provides a summary of the main themes of the book and a review of the scores and their films within the broader cultural politics of late Stalinism which includes the application of the concepts of the middlebrow/mainstream; the diverse approach to scoring for different directors and film themes; the integration of underscoring, song, and other sound by particular directors as it pertained to conception of sound design; and the musicalization of nation, race/ethnicity, gender/sexuality, and excess. It ends with a discussion of late Stalinist scoring, the position of music for cinema, and the representational potential and reciprocity between politics, music, and cinema.
Rural Social Work as a Field of Practice
Authors: Daley Michael R.
Published: December 2024

This chapter discusses the history of the development of rural social work, which evolved along different lines than the urban-focused social work history that is traditionally taught in professional education. Although rural social work history is often overlooked, until the early 20th century most of the country lived in rural communities. The chapter presents a view of rural practice that was poorly understood—a view that discounted the need for rural social work and evidenced hostility toward rural social workers by their urban peers. This chapter summarizes the early history of rural social work and social welfare but focuses on its more recent development beginning in the late 1960s. A small number of people who were members of the National Rural Social Work Caucus helped develop more understanding and respect for rural social work and made it more widely accepted. The chapter highlights the changes that a small number of highly committed social workers can make in advancing the profession.
Ingram in the 1580s
Authors: Snow Dean
Published: December 2024

Humphrey Gilbert received permission from the queen to continue pursuit of his colonizing ambitions. David Ingram was called in for interrogation as part of this effort. George Peckham had his own agenda, the establishment of a Catholic colony in America. To that end he deployed falsified evidence regarding Mexican and Welsh sources that purported to justify the plan. Peckham subsequently hired David Ingram to assist in this effort. Ingram also volunteered to sail with Humphrey Gilbert. It turned out to be Gilbert’s last voyage. All but one of the ships were lost, but Ingram survived on a new Golden Hind. Gilbert’s half-brother, Walter Ralegh took up the colonization effort and hired Thomas Harriot and John White to conduct linguistic and cultural research among the Virginia Algonquians of coastal Carolina. The initial effort failed, and most of the settlers on Roanoke Island were rescued by Francis Drake. Ralegh launched a new effort on Roanoke Island, this time headed by the artist John White. This too failed after White returned to England for supplies. The Roanoke colony thus became the famous Lost Colony, for the people left there disappeared. The approach of the Spanish Armada put a temporary end to searching. David Ingram probably participated in the huge battle in the English Channel, but with that he faded into history.
Introduction
Authors: Ghyoot Mathias
Published: December 2024

Founded in 1928 by schoolteacher and street preacher Ḥasan al-Bannā (d. 1949), the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) had grown at a remarkable rate in the interwar years, becoming the largest religious movement in Egypt by the end of the Second World War. For this reason, the MB was increasingly perceived as a political threat, causing first King Fārūq (d. 1965), and later President Gamāl ʿAbd al-Nāṣir (d. 1970), to launch three successive crackdowns on the Brothers, placing them behind bars in the years 1948–1951, 1954–1964, and 1965–1975. This introduction considers the institution of the prison as a key site in the intellectual, social, and cultural history of the MB, and discusses (1) the phenomenon of twentieth-century political imprisonment, (2) this study’s position in current historiography, and (3) the methodological concerns involved in writing a prison history of modern Egypt.
Camp Huckstep
Authors: Ghyoot Mathias
Published: December 2024

This chapter documents how the imprisoned Brothers, in the years 1949–1951, carried on their social, political, and educational activities behind bars in two main prison camps: first at Camp Huckstep, and later, at Camp Ṭūr. The chapter not only emphasizes the organizational capacities of the incarcerated Brothers, but also highlights the cultural production that the prison ordeal triggered in the Brothers as they attempted to make sense of the abrupt downturn in their fortunes. Despite their ability to preserve their organization inside the camps, the Brothers would, in 1949, witness four major events that increasingly challenged their unity, and that will be addressed in this chapter: (1) the assassination of the Prime Minister, Maḥmūd al-Nuqrāshī; (2) the transfer of the Brothers to the remote Camp Ṭūr; (3) the assassination of their General Guide, Ḥasan al-Bannā; and (4) the emergence of a divide between the rebellious young cadres and a nonconfrontational leadership over the question of the recourse to political violence in Egypt.
Supporters and Opponents
Authors: Ghyoot Mathias
Published: December 2024

This chapter examines the last, and most radical, period of Sayyid Quṭb’s career, between 1957 and 1964. It argues that developments both external and internal to Quṭb’s prison experience directed him to radical Islamism. The chapter argues that three factors were crucial in forging Quṭb’s radical outlook behind the bars of Ṭurra Penitentiary: (1) an early encounter with South Asian Islamism, (2) the Ṭurra Massacre in 1957, and (3) the establishment of a radical group of younger Brothers outside prison in Lower Egypt. While these factors have been noted in scholarship, their impact on Quṭb has mostly been proven conceptually and with reference to Milestones. Based on hitherto unstudied sources, the chapter tells the story of how Quṭb came to embrace radical Islamism as both a theoretical and a practical project inside Ṭurra Penitentiary. This story is crucial to understanding the ideological debates that erupted among the imprisoned Brothers in the 1960s.
Nay, We Are Preachers
Authors: Ghyoot Mathias
Published: December 2024

This chapter examines the debates among the Brothers in the prison facility Ṭurra Farm after the Six-Day War of 1967. It shows how senior Brothers debated radical Brothers, succeeding in convincing some to recant and re-join the MB. Having seen the effect of the theological argumentation used against Shukrī Muṣṭafā’s followers, senior Brothers embarked on committing this argumentation to paper in a joint project headed by Ḥasan al-Huḍaybī’s son Maʾmūn a-Huḍaybī. The chapter argues that this initial text was not Preachers, Not Judges, but a collection of 12 fatwās later re-printed as an appendix to Preachers, Not Judges. The chapter also discusses the alleged involvement of the GID and al-Azhar, but ultimately argues that the evidence at hand is not sufficient to confirm this involvement; what it does show is that the final version of the work was not so much a reaction against the radical Brothers but against the potential threat that radicalism posed within the ranks of the MB.
What Are Parties For?
Authors: Kuo Didi
Published: December 2024

This chapter focuses on the significance of political parties, providing an overview of the history, concepts, and intellectual debates about political parties as electoral democracy expanded. It argues that parties perform the critical work of democracy, as the only intermediaries tasked both with representing citizens’ interests and governing. Because economic and class interests manifest in political divisions, parties have also historically served as the mechanism by which democracy manages capitalism. This chapter argues for greater attention to the political economy of representation, and the way parties channel and prioritize competing interests.
Parties in a Global Economy
Authors: Kuo Didi
Published: December 2024

This chapter discusses the significance of political parties in a global economy. Despite partisan differences, many parties in the advanced democracies have embraced a neoliberal agenda of free trade and market liberalization. These economic policies have contributed to rising inequality and distrust in government, while producing a partisan realignment of left and right. This chapter examines the relationship of conservative parties and antigovernment attitudes, arguing that neoliberal economics have increasingly empowered the private sector---rather than government---to provide solutions to policy problems, therefore privatizing representation. Despite growing recognition of capitalism’s problems, political demands for economic security have not translated into cross-cutting partisan policies. This makes voters more likely to support extremist and radical candidates who exploit the failures of democratic capitalism.
Conclusion
Authors: Kuo Didi
Published: December 2024

This chapter concludes the book, and argues that parties play a meaningful and substantial role in democracy. It explains that parties need to be intermediaries, networked to the constituencies they serve while rebuilding their organizational and governing capacities. While support for building democracy was high after the end of the Cold War, we are now in an era of democratic backsliding that has witnessed the erosion of parties worldwide. This chapter explains how building parties can facilitate democratic renewal, particularly through pro-democracy alliances and links to civil society. The conclusion also considers proposals for political reforms and argues against nonpartisan or ambiguous centrist reforms. Restoring trust in democratic governance will require stronger, robust political parties.
Testing Measurement Invariance Across Time and Groups of Emerging Adults
Authors: Ni Yibin (Amanda) , Manapat Danielle , Infurna Frank , Grimm Kevin J.
Published: December 2024

Measurement invariance is the notion that a given scale, survey, or test measures the same construct in the same scale across different groups of individuals and across time in a longitudinal study. This concept and its evaluation are critical in emerging adulthood research because researchers are often interested in assessing emerging adults’ developmental change over time. Measurement invariance is often assumed, but this assumption could be violated because the participants may interpret the same items of a scale differently, or the construct that a given item measures changes over time. Thus, it is necessary to establish measurement invariance when making group comparisons or examining quantitative changes across time. This chapter introduces the concept of measurement invariance and the procedure to evaluate measurement invariance in the structural equation modeling framework in the context of emerging adulthood research using empirical longitudinal data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia study.
Navigating the Maze
Authors: Leonhardt Nathan D. , Yorgason Jeremy B. , Willoughby Brian J.
Published: December 2024

With shifting identities, priorities, and relationships, emerging adulthood is a hallmark period for potential change. Ample statistical tools are available to better understand change over this time period, but the many options available can make it challenging for new scholars to know which tools could be matched to which research questions. This chapter provides an overview of some of the main model choices (i.e., cross-lagged panel models, random-intercept cross-lagged panel models, latent growth curve, and latent change score) and references the extended family of these models when selecting the best choice for modeling change in emerging adulthood. With the tools from in-depth examples provided in this chapter, new scholars should be better equipped to recognize, select, and estimate a variety of different models assessing change in emerging adulthood.
Evangelicals and Suburbs
Authors: Miller Brian J.
Published: December 2024

Chapter 2 considers the relationship between evangelicals and cities and suburbs. In the United States, the concept of suburbs emerged in the mid-1800s. Even as numerous evangelicals embraced growing cities in the late 1800s, anti-urban sentiments developed among evangelicals and Americans more broadly as cities welcomed immigrants and manufacturing. While the fundamentalism-modernism split helped separate conservative Protestants from mainline Protestants, suburbs in the United States expanded in the early 1900s until suburbanization was halted by the Great Depression and World War II. During the postwar suburban era of mass suburbanization and the idealization of the single-family home and nuclear family, evangelicals joined other white religious groups in fleeing cities for the suburbs in response to changing urban populations. By the early decades of the twenty-first century, evangelicals had firmly embraced suburban life.
United Evangelicals Across (Parts of) America
Authors: Miller Brian J.
Published: December 2024

At a 1942 meeting in St. Louis, evangelical delegates from around the United States met and created the group that would become the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE). Chapter 4 shows that while the majority of the 1942 delegates represented organizations in big cities, the NAE had their headquarters in the suburbs for decades. Additionally, from the 1970s through the 1990s, a large number of NAE members were located in suburbs of the largest cities and smaller big cities. These patterns highlight a tension among evangelicals: suburban locations offer proximity to cities and their resources and networks, but not necessarily access; smaller big cities offer a more urban experience, but they are not the centers of power and influence; Washington, DC offers access to political influence but not necessarily to other spheres of influence; and a limited presence in or outside the biggest cities in the United States limits evangelical financial, cultural, and global influence.
Evangelical Cultural Toolkits and Changing Suburbs
Authors: Miller Brian J.
Published: December 2024

How did evangelicals deploy their cultural toolkits to address suburbanization and changing places in the United States? In looking at patterns in 29 books written by Billy Graham, this chapter shows how the influential evangelist discussed cities, suburbs, and rural places, applied lessons from cities in the Bible and the future city of heaven to his time, and showed affinity for New York City. Graham utilized an individualistic evangelical approach to social problems and salvation and his critiques of cities suggested that despite the ways they displayed human progress, they were not the hope for humanity. Adding this analysis of cultural toolkits to ecological theories emphasizing competition and explanations of uneven settlement patterns based on social inequalities stemming from race, class, and gender demonstrates how evangelicals made sense of places in an unsettled period when millions found homes in suburbia.
Early Modern Europe
Authors: Kastner Jill , Wohlforth William C.
Published: December 2024

This chapter explores subversion’s role in the rivalry between Elizabeth I of England and Philip II of Spain. It sets the scene by briefly describing the rise of the House of Habsburg and efforts by other European states, particularly France, to prevent Habsburg hegemony. In this mix, the arrival of the Protestant Elizabeth I on the English throne created a challenge to Philip II to regain England for the Hapsburg sphere of influence and remove a Protestant ruler. Elizabeth sought to preserve her monarchy and keep England independent of Spain. The latter half of the sixteenth century saw Elizabeth and Philip in a contest to determine who would prevail. When diplomacy was unable to resolve the problem, both Philip and Elizabeth resorted to subversion instead of outright war. Philip endorsed increasingly violent plots against Elizabeth, whereas Elizabeth resorted to supporting Protestant Dutch rebels in the Spanish Netherlands against Philip.
The Return of Great Power Subversion
Authors: Kastner Jill , Wohlforth William C.
Published: December 2024

This chapter presents a fresh, comprehensive narrative of Russia’s 2016 subversion operation against the United States. It recounts Moscow’s carefully orchestrated attack on the U.S. elections, beginning with the creation of the Internet Research Agency to conduct information warfare via social media. Cyber-attacks and hacking on targets in Ukraine, the German Bundestag, and France’s TV5Monde indicated what was to come. The chapter describes the deployment of Russian hacking teams targeting Democratic political organizations and the presidential campaign of Hillary Clinton, and the subsequent release of stolen materials to maximum subversive advantage. It details the Obama administration’s response, along with elite and public reaction, and highlights that the long hiatus from great power subversion after the Cold War formed a key part of the context that magnified the operation’s impact. This in turn helps explain the occasionally halting U.S. response.
Elsie Houston
Authors: Osei Adjoa
Published: December 2024

The early twentieth century ushered in an exciting wave of avant-garde artistic innovation. While Igor Stravinsky was thinking about new ways of interpreting sound, Pablo Picasso was exploring new ways of representing the figure, and Coco Chanel was giving women a new sense of style. Within this moment of avant-garde change, few recognized black women artistes and intellectuals who were also driving cultural innovation and were agents of molding and shaping Western culture and society. This book uncovers the forgotten story of one such woman called Elsie Houston—a mixed-race, Brazilian, classically trained soprano. Following her artistic and social networks from Brazil to Paris and then on to New York, this book opens the door to an unexpected history of race, sexuality, and society during the twentieth century. Elsie captured the 1920s and 1930s Western artistic vogue for black exotica by restylizing Afro-Brazilian folk songs on elite stages. In Paris, she became the ultimate flapper girl: she performed in one of the city’s risqué nudist cabarets; moved in the same social circles as the likes of Josephine Baker; became a muse for Man Ray; and engaged the same political sphere as the Trotskyists. After her move to New York City in 1937, the press branded her folk songs as “voodoo” and she was part of a bohemian set of figures who were connected to the Harlem Renaissance such as Carl Van Vechten and Virgil Thomson. Elsie reconceptualized black music, in particular Afro-Brazilian music, as modern and cosmopolitan.
From Former to Practitioner
Authors: Buckley Chris
Published: December 2024

Formers can be effective in nearly every instance of the violence prevention process, from understanding the situation to educating and advising on practices and policy. The use of formers in many capacities is largely unexplored and relatively new, but the data and service these unique individuals can provide are invaluable for addressing the world of extremism. This chapter explores the possible criticisms against the use of formers in preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) settings. It is argued that because they have lived experience, formers can be very useful as trained professionals and that they are qualified for P/CVE engagement.
Maya Wisdom and the Survival of Our Planet
Authors: Lucero Lisa J.
Published: December 2024

Maya Wisdom and the Survival of Our Planet presents the Maya way of seeing and interacting with the world, which embodies lessons and provides solutions to ensure a sustainable future of Earth. This book is based on over three decades of working with Maya associates in Belize, Central America, to study the ancestral Maya as an archaeologist, and it approaches the future through the lens of the Maya nonanthropocentric inclusive worldview. Ancestral Maya people worked with, not against, nature. Nor did they privilege humans at the expense of nonhumans. Their engagement with the tropical environment was expressed in a landscape of green cities, farmsteads, gardens, fields, forests, and sacred places. The Maya built green cities that drew people in through royal reservoirs, a system that lasted over 1,000 years in the southern lowlands (c. 300 bce to 900 ce). After taking the reader on a journey through Maya history, their tropical world, and how they lived in it and engaged with nonhumans through ceremonies, the book concludes with concrete solutions that bridge the past and present for the future. Conditions are not going to change, but people can. Maya resilience is a testament for how to move forward, and this book provides a roadmap of how to do so.
Introduction
Authors: Lucero Lisa J.
Published: December 2024

This chapter introduces the tropical world where Maya families lived sustainably for millennia and continue to do so despite the last 500 years since the European invasion and the challenges they face today—disenfranchisement, deforestation, and a changing climate. Knowledge passed down through the generations allowed the Maya to survive, but not at the expense of the environment and nonhumans, because every entity is connected. All coexisted, and no one entity or being was privileged over others, which is demonstrated through the archaeological record that shows how the Maya farmed for 4,000 years without destroying their environment like we see today and fed more people in the past than presently. The lessons revealed through conducting archaeology in central Belize for the past 35 years and learning from working with Maya associates provide a roadmap of how to move forward sustainably.
Relations with the Three Realms
Authors: Lucero Lisa J.
Published: December 2024

Tropical forests epitomize biodiversity with their abundance of fauna and flora, with which the Maya had myriad and sustainable relations. This chapter shows how the ancestral Maya saw the jungle as a pharmacy, a food market, a hardware store, a general store, and a sacred place. They had diverse direct and indirect relations with the Upperworld, the Earth, and the Underworld. Direct interaction occurred via culling and fostering certain flora and fauna, clearing land, fishing, extracting resources, hunting, controlled burning, and gathering construction materials and wood for fuel. The forest today reflects this long history of forest collaboration. Indirect interaction occurred via pilgrimage, as shown through excavations and diving expeditions at the 25 watery portals of Cara Blanca, Belize. Even during long droughts, the Maya didn’t build cities or houses or plant crops in this area. Their priority was to promote biodiversity and conservation.
Water Lily Kings
Authors: Lucero Lisa J.
Published: December 2024

This chapter highlights Maya kings and their role as water managers who performed rituals to gods and ancestors to provide clean water, a symphony that worked for over 1,000 years until c. 900 ce. Since kings relied on reservoirs to attract subjects, they were vulnerable to any changes in rainfall, as illustrated by comparing Maya kings with the ruler of the Khmer kingdom based in Angkor, Cambodia, who also relied on massive self-cleaning reservoirs for political purposes (ninth to sixteenth centuries ce). Water was a major element in their worldviews, as were aquatic flowers that indicated clean water and symbolized kingship—lotus flowers for the Khmer and water lilies for the Maya. In both cases rulers lost power due to a similar sequence of events triggered by prolonged droughts that ultimately led to an urban diaspora. Kings lost power, while families persevered and still do.
A Poetics of the Great Depression
Authors: Parker Robert Dale
Published: December 2024

In a hyper-representative example of the poetics of the stiff, Tom Kromer’s acclaimed but underknown 1935 novel Waiting for Nothing invents a spare, barebones literary style and aesthetic keyed specifically to the Depression’s sense of lives reduced to their inescapable, all-encompassing, and ever-imminent suffering, a world where millions of people no longer know whether they will find something to eat that day or someplace to sleep that night. Building on the understated style of Ernest Hemingway and the lively lingo of bums, tramps, and hobos, Kromer’s novel epitomizes the way that the poetics of the stiff paralyzes character and action in a frozen time free from progress that represents the paralysis of Depression life and the static despair of extreme Depression poverty.
Postscript
Authors: Shukman Ann
Published: December 2024

The postscript includes additional information about the outcomes for some of the main people featured in the book, including Walter Runciman, Neville Chamberlain, President Beneš, Jan Masaryk, Milan Hodza, Ernst Kundt, Karl Herman Frank, Konrad Henlein, William Sebekowsky, Robert Stopford, Basil Newton, and Karel Schwartzenberg.
The Afghan Communist–Mujahideen Civil War, 1979–1992
Authors: Anderson Noel
Published: December 2024

This chapter takes the book’s analysis to one of the most infamous battlefields afflicted by competitive intervention: the Afghan civil war (1979–1992). Drawing on archival documents, official histories of the Afghan campaign, declassified intelligence reports, and memoirs of former military and political elites, it unpacks the strategic logic motivating the Soviet Union’s intervention in support of the Afghan communist regime as it faced off against the mujahideen rebels that were backed by Pakistan and the United States. The chapter explains how the interveners navigated the strategic dilemmas inherent in competitive intervention by signaling restraint through the imposition of limitations on the scope of their support to the domestic combatants. While limits proved fruitful in controlling escalation between the interveners, its consequences for the dynamics and outcomes of the Afghan conflict were significant: with the aid of their external backers, neither rebel nor government forces faced the resource constraints inherent in war; yet precisely because the interveners sought to avoid escalation, neither side was conferred a decisive military advantage that could help them attain victory. These arguments challenge conventional accounts of the conflict and offer new insights into a quintessential Cold War era “proxy war” between the United States and Soviet Union, illustrating how the dilemmas of competitive intervention affect even the most powerful states in the international system.