bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
multi-type neighbors enhanced global topology and pairwise attribute learning for drug–protein interaction prediction
Authors: Xuan Ping , Zhang Xiaowen , Zhang Yu , Hu Kaimiao , Nakaguchi Toshiya , Zhang Tiangang
Published: March 2022

Motivation

Accurate identification of proteins interacted with drugs helps reduce the time and cost of drug development. Most of previous methods focused on integrating multisource data about drugs and proteins for predicting drug–target interactions (DTIs). There are both similarity connection and interaction connection between two drugs, and these connections reflect their relationships from different perspectives. Similarly, two proteins have various connections from multiple perspectives. However, most of previous methods failed to deeply integrate these connections. In addition, multiple drug-protein heterogeneous networks can be constructed based on multiple kinds of connections. The diverse topological structures of these networks are still not exploited completely.

Results

We propose a novel model to extract and integrate multi-type neighbor topology information, diverse similarities and interactions related to drugs and proteins. Firstly, multiple drug–protein heterogeneous networks are constructed according to multiple kinds of connections among drugs and those among proteins. The multi-type neighbor node sequences of a drug node (or a protein node) are formed by random walks on each network and they reflect the hidden neighbor topological structure of the node. Secondly, a module based on graph neural network (GNN) is proposed to learn the multi-type neighbor topologies of each node. We propose attention mechanisms at neighbor node level and at neighbor type level to learn more informative neighbor nodes and neighbor types. A network-level attention is also designed to enhance the context dependency among multiple neighbor topologies of a pair of drug and protein nodes. Finally, the attribute embedding of the drug-protein pair is formulated by a proposed embedding strategy, and the embedding covers the similarities and interactions about the pair. A module based on three-dimensional convolutional neural networks (CNN) is constructed to deeply integrate pairwise attributes. Extensive experiments have been performed and the results indicate GCDTI outperforms several state-of-the-art prediction methods. The recall rate estimation over the top-ranked candidates and case studies on 5 drugs further demonstrate GCDTI’s ability in discovering potential drug-protein interactions.
An Improved Hill Climbing Algorithm for Graph Partitioning
Authors: Li He , Liu Yanna , Yang Shuqi , Lin Yishuai , Yang Yi , Yoo Jaesoo
Published: March 2022

Graph partitioning is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem, and is a fundamental step in distributing workloads on parallel compute systems, circuit placement, and sparse matrix reordering. The proposed heuristic algorithms such as streaming graph partitioning provide solutions to large-scale graph in a reasonable amount of time. However, the ability of breaking out of local minima in existing these methods is very limited as they are simple in reflecting the connectivity between vertices in real graphs with power-law distribution characteristic. As hill climbing algorithm is a local search method, it can be adopted to improve the result of graph partitioning. However, directly adopting the existing hill climbing algorithm to graph partitioning will result in local minima and poor convergence speed during the iterative process. In this paper, we propose an improved hill climbing graph partitioning algorithm based on clustering. Instead of taking a single vertex as a basic unit, the proposed method considers a cluster consisting of a series of vertices as a hill to move during each iteration. The method uses a new metric that considers both balance and edgecuts to look for the most beneficial cluster as the hill. With these improvements, the method provides a strong power to break out of local minima and achieve an adaptive tradeoff between balance and edgecuts. Experimental results on real-world graphs show that the proposed algorithm substantially reduces edgecuts within a controlled imbalance range.
Large-Scale Emulation Network Topology Partition Based on Community Detection With the Weight of Vertex Similarity
Authors: Yan Jianen , Xu Haiyan , Li Ning , Zhang Zhaoxin
Published: March 2022

Due to the limitations of physical resources, if a large-scale emulation network environment composed of millions of vertices and edges is constructed by virtualization technology, the whole network topology should be partitioned into a set of subnets. The topology partition is a work of graph partition. The existing topology partition methods have shortcomings, such as low efficiency and poor practicability, especially for large-scale network topology. The emulation network is a kind of complex network and has the characteristics of community structure. Therefore, we proposed LENTP (large-scale emulation network topology partition) based on the community detection with the weight of the vertex similarity for large-scale topology partition. In the first stage, the tree-structured area compression reduces the topology scales significantly to improve partition efficiency. And then, the improved Louvain algorithm is used to topology partitioning and obtain an initial set of subnets with the minimum number of subnets and remote links. Finally, after repartitioning and merging for the initial subnets, the result of subnets is the final topology partition that reaches the optimization objectives with the conditions of the virtual resources. In the experiment, the method is tested in five groups of network topology with different scales. The results demonstrate that LENTP can partition the network topology over 1 000 000 nodes and significantly improve the running-time efficiency of the network topology partition.
Severe hyponatraemia in a patient with a large left atrial myxoma: a case report
Authors: Bhat Srushti , Awad Wael I
Published: March 2022

Background

Atrial myxomas (AMs) are the most commonly encountered cardiac tumours. They can be genetically inherited and are commonly found in the left atrium. They usually present with dyspnoea, syncopal episodes, heart failure from mitral valve obstruction, and constitutional symptoms including weight loss, fatigue, and fever. We present a rare case of severe symptomatic hyponatraemia secondary to a large AM and discuss possible aetiology.

Case summary

A 75-year-old Caucasian female presented with acute nausea, vomiting, confusion, and drowsiness. She had a background of palpitations for about 20 years. Her blood test results revealed severe hyponatraemia (serum sodium—103 mmol/L). Further investigations for hyponatraemia including serum cortisol and urine biochemistry suggested Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone (SIADH) secretion. Computer tomography scan revealed an incidental large left AM. Echocardiography confirmed the AM attached to the left side of the inter-atrial septum and occupying the majority of the left atrium. She was treated medically for hyponatraemia and referred for excision of myxoma. She underwent urgent resection of the myxoma once sodium levels were optimized. Postoperatively, her serum sodium remained low but gradually returned to normal on postoperative Day 11.

Conclusion

This is only the third reported case of significant hyponatraemia associated with a large AM. It has been previously hypothesized that large left AM stretch the atrium causing release of atrial natriuretic peptide and subsequent hyponatraemia. The excision of myxoma and reduction in left atrial size postoperatively with an improvement in sodium levels suggests an association between the two pathologies.
Using item response theory to develop and refine patient-reported outcome measures
Authors: Nguyen Tam H , Lee Christopher S , Kim Miyong T
Published: March 2022

There is a long tradition of incorporating patient-reported outcomes (PROs) into nursing research and practice. Classical Test Theory (CTT) has been the traditional approach used to develop and refine PROs. Item response theory (IRT) offers promise for addressing measurement problems that have been difficult to solve using CTT. This paper presents foundational concepts in IRT to illustrate how it can be used to improve the development and refinement of PRO measures, with emphasis on interpreting key IRT parameters.
Physical activity attenuates but does not eliminate coronary heart disease risk amongst adults with risk factors: EPIC-CVD case-cohort study
Authors: Fortuin-de Smidt Melony C , Sewe Maquins Odhiambo , Lassale Camille , Weiderpass Elisabete , Andersson Jonas , Huerta José María , Ekelund Ulf , Aleksandrova Krasimira , Tong Tammy YN , Dahm Christina C , Tjønneland Anne , Kyrø Cecilie , Steindorf Karen , Schulze Matthias B , Katzke Verena , Sacerdote Carlotta , Agnoli Claudia , Masala Giovanna , Tumino Rosario , Panico Salvatore , Boer Jolanda MA , Onland-Moret N Charlotte , Wendel-Vos GC Wanda , van der Schouw Yvonne T , Borch Kristin Benjaminsen , Agudo Antonio , Petrova Dafina , Chirlaque María Dolores , Conchi Moreno Iribas , Amiano Pilar , Melander Olle , Heath Alicia K , Aune Dagfinn , Forouhi Nita G , Langenberg Claudia , Brage Soren , Riboli Elio , Wareham Nicholas J , Danesh John , Butterworth Adam S , Wennberg Patrik
Published: March 2022

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate the association between physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in individuals with and without CHD risk factors.

Methods and results

EPIC-CVD is a case-cohort study of 29 333 participants that included 13 582 incident CHD cases and a randomly selected sub-cohort nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Self-reported physical activity was summarized using the Cambridge physical activity index (inactive, moderately inactive, moderately active, and active). Participants were categorized into sub-groups based on the presence or the absence of the following risk factors: obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2), hypercholesterolaemia (total cholesterol ≥6.2 mmol/L), history of diabetes, hypertension (self-reported or ≥140/90 mmHg), and current smoking. Prentice-weighted Cox regression was used to assess the association between physical activity and incident CHD events (non-fatal and fatal).

Compared to inactive participants without the respective CHD risk factor (referent), excess CHD risk was highest in physically inactive and lowest in moderately active participants with CHD risk factors. Corresponding excess CHD risk estimates amongst those with obesity were 47% [95% confidence interval (CI) 32–64%] and 21% (95%CI 2–44%), with hypercholesterolaemia were 80% (95%CI 55–108%) and 48% (95%CI 22–81%), with hypertension were 80% (95%CI 65–96%) and 49% (95%CI 28–74%), with diabetes were 142% (95%CI 63–260%), and 100% (95%CI 32–204%), and amongst smokers were 152% (95%CI 122–186%) and 109% (95%CI 74–150%).

Conclusions

In people with CHD risk factors, moderate physical activity, equivalent to 40 mins of walking per day, attenuates but does not completely offset CHD risk.
Targaryen Thought Experiments: Do Science Fiction and Fantasy Examples Aid or Obfuscate Student Learning?
Authors: Irish Adam , Sherman Nicole , Watts Levi
Published: March 2022

Several recently published international relations and criminal justice writings, textbooks, and supplements focus on using science fiction and fantasy texts to teach social science theories. This article investigates how science fiction and fantasy examples affect student learning compared to documentary films. We use mixed methods to conduct two studies on the use of science fiction and fantasy in political science and criminal justice classrooms. In the first study, we divide up a large lecture class, comparing how examples from the HBO series Game of Thrones versus documentary films affect student learning about the United Nations and peacekeeping. Our second study uses a combination of interviews and surveys to assess how students apply various criminological theories to the 1997 film Gattaca versus a documentary. Our research reveals that science fiction and fantasy examples neither help nor harm student learning. However, incorporating examples from fictional worlds may alienate some students, affecting their enjoyment of class and perception of preparedness. Most importantly, we find that the use of fictional examples creates an interpretive barrier in the classroom. Thus, we recommend judicious use of science fiction and fantasy examples. When fictional examples are used, we encourage student preparation and extensive debriefing.
Is single-step genomic REML with the algorithm for proven and young more computationally efficient when less generations of data are present?
Authors: Junqueira Vinícius Silva , Lourenco Daniela , Masuda Yutaka , Cardoso Fernando Flores , Lopes Paulo Sávio , Silva Fabyano Fonseca e , Misztal Ignacy
Published: March 2022

Efficient computing techniques allow the estimation of variance components for virtually any traditional dataset. When genomic information is available, variance components can be estimated using genomic REML (GREML). If only a portion of the animals have genotypes, single-step GREML (ssGREML) is the method of choice. The genomic relationship matrix (G) used in both cases is dense, limiting computations depending on the number of genotyped animals. The algorithm for proven and young (APY) can be used to create a sparse inverse of G (GAPY~-1) with close to linear memory and computing requirements. In ssGREML, the inverse of the realized relationship matrix (H−1) also includes the inverse of the pedigree relationship matrix, which can be dense with a long pedigree, but sparser with short. The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether costs of ssGREML can be reduced using APY with truncated pedigree and phenotypes. We also investigated the impact of truncation on variance components estimation when different numbers of core animals are used in APY. Simulations included 150K animals from 10 generations, with selection. Phenotypes (h2 = 0.3) were available for all animals in generations 1–9. A total of 30K animals in generations 8 and 9, and 15K validation animals in generation 10 were genotyped for 52,890 SNP. Average information REML and ssGREML with G−1 and GAPY~-1 using 1K, 5K, 9K, and 14K core animals were compared. Variance components are impacted when the core group in APY represents the number of eigenvalues explaining a small fraction of the total variation in G. The most time-consuming operation was the inversion of G, with more than 50% of the total time. Next, numerical factorization consumed nearly 30% of the total computing time. On average, a 7% decrease in the computing time for ordering was observed by removing each generation of data. APY can be successfully applied to create the inverse of the genomic relationship matrix used in ssGREML for estimating variance components. To ensure reliable variance component estimation, it is important to use a core size that corresponds to the number of largest eigenvalues explaining around 98% of total variation in G. When APY is used, pedigrees can be truncated to increase the sparsity of H and slightly reduce computing time for ordering and symbolic factorization, with no impact on the estimates.
The Evolution Toward Designer Benzodiazepines in Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault Cases
Authors: Pérez Orts Mireia , van Asten Arian , Kohler Isabelle
Published: March 2022

Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) is a crime where the victim is unable to provide sexual consent due to incapacitation resulting from alcohol or drug consumption. Due to the large number of substances possibly used in DFSA, including illicit, prescription and over-the-counter drugs, DFSA faces many toxicological challenges. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are ideal candidates for DFSA, as they are active at low doses, have a fast onset of action and can be easily administered orally. The last decade has seen the emergence of designer benzodiazepines (DBZDs), which show slight modifications compared with BZDs and similar pharmacological effects but are not controlled under the international drug control system. DBZDs represent an additional challenge due to the number of new entities regularly appearing in the market, their possibly higher potency and the limited knowledge available on their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties. Many BZDs and DBZDs have a short half-life, leading to rapid metabolism and excretion. The low concentrations and short time windows for the detection of BZD in body fluids require the use of highly sensitive analysis methods to enable the detection of drugs and their respective metabolites. This review discusses the current state of the toxicological analysis of BZDs and DBZDs in forensic casework and their pharmacokinetic properties (i.e., absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination), as well as their analysis in biosamples typically encountered in DFSA (i.e., blood, urine and hair).
Drone Laying Honey Bee Workers in Queen Monitoring Cages
Authors: Fine Julia D , Litsey Eliza M
Published: March 2022

Techniques to monitor honey bee (Apis mellifera) egg production in cages allow researchers to study how different environmental factors contribute to reproduction. However, although the conditions required to facilitate queen egg production in a laboratory setting have been established, limited work has addressed the requirements for stimulating and monitoring worker egg laying. Here, we documented that drone laying workers will lay eggs in Queen Monitoring Cages (QMC), specialized cages designed to facilitate queen egg laying under controlled conditions. Egg production and worker mortality were compared between QMCs containing queens and those containing drone laying workers. High-definition images of the last abdominal segments of living first-instar larvae hatched from worker laid eggs and those putatively laid by queens were qualitatively compared to identify candidate characteristics to determine their sex.
Accuracy of Estimated Ratios as Affected by Dynamic Classification Errors
Authors: van Delden Arnout , Scholtus Sander , Burger Joep , Meertens Quinten
Published: March 2022

Within the field of official statistics, we are often interested in the relative change of statistical indicators through time. A typical example is economic growth measured as the ratio of gross domestic product at two consecutive time periods. In this article, we investigate the accuracy of such ratios when the numerator and denominator describe a subpopulation. Subpopulations are always identified by a classification variable, which might contain classification errors. Our main objective is to quantify the bias and variance of statistical estimates of ratios of statistical indicators that are affected by classification errors. Previous studies have already shown how to estimate the bias and variance of statistical indicators for a single subpopulation as affected by classification errors. For estimated ratios, such results are not yet available in the academic literature. In this article, we will provide those results. More specifically, we will investigate three situations: the classification errors for the numerator and denominator are (1) completely dependent, (2) completely independent, or (3) partially dependent. For these three cases, we derive estimators of the bias and variance using a Taylor expansion and a bootstrap approach. By means of a simulation study, we show that the Taylor expansion is valid unless the distribution of the target variable of the numerator or the denominator is highly skewed. The methods are applied to two widely differing case studies: one on classification errors made by a machine learning classifier (independent errors) and one on classification errors in register data (partially dependent errors). This illustrates that our method can be useful for a wide range of applications.
Persistent abdominal symptoms: a persistently neglected topic in travel medicine
Authors: Schwartz Eli , Connor Bradley A
Published: March 2022

Persistent abdominal symptoms are a common complaint in returning travellers; yet, there is very sparse evidence to support the causes and potential aetiologies. New molecular stool-testing techniques and accurate clinical studies may shed light on this gap in our knowledge, paving ways for more successful management of this common and difficult problem.
Monitoring Female Fertility Through ‘Femtech’: The Need for a Whole-System Approach to Regulation
Authors: McMillan Catriona
Published: March 2022

Concurrent with the rise of digital health and personal health tracking technologies, a market has also emerged of products targeted specifically at women: ‘femtech’. This article is motivated by the concern that insufficient regulatory attention has been devoted to this growing market, and that extant ambiguity in the regulation of femtech leaves its users at risk of relying on technologies of as-yet unproven worth. It is posited that femtech profoundly disrupts well-established regulatory mechanisms of protection in ways that mean that these silos of protection will not be adequate. This is because regulation, as it is currently constructed, is insufficiently sensitive to feminist perspectives regarding what these technologies mean for women. As a result, the regulatory sphere in which femtech operates fundamentally fails to ensure that the health and safety of femtech users are protected as this market continues to expand. To counteract this, the argument is made that an appropriate regulatory response to femtech must respond to the distinctive unmet need in the regulation of this technological realm and the acute risk that femtech poses. This must include a multidimensional whole-system approach grounded in feminist perspectives on health, fertility, and technology.
The hot Neptune WASP-166 b with ESPRESSO II: confirmation of atmospheric sodium
Authors: Seidel J V , Cegla H M , Doyle L , Lafarga M , Brogi M , Gandhi S , Anderson D R , Allart R , Buchschacher N , Lovis C , Sosnowska D
Published: March 2022

The hot Neptune desert, a distinct lack of highly irradiated planets in the size range of Neptune, remains one of the most intriguing results of exoplanet population studies. A deeper understanding of the atmosphere of exoplanets sitting at the edge or even within the Neptune desert will allow us to better understand if planetary formation or evolution processes are at the origin of the desert. A detection of sodium in WASP-166 b was presented previously with tentative line broadening at the $3.4\, \sigma$ with the HARPS spectrograph. We update this result with two transits observed with the ESPRESSO spectrograph, confirming the detection in each night and the broadened character of the line. This result marks the first confirmed resolved sodium detection within the Neptune desert. In this work, we additionally highlight the importance of treating low-SNR spectral regions particularly where absorption lines of stellar sodium and planetary sodium overlap at mid transit – an important caveat for future observations of the system.
Unbiased integration of single cell transcriptome replicates
Authors: Loza Martin , Teraguchi Shunsuke , Standley Daron M , Diez Diego
Published: March 2022

Single cell transcriptomic approaches are becoming mainstream, with replicate experiments commonly performed with the same single cell technology. Methods that enable integration of these datasets by removing batch effects while preserving biological information are required for unbiased data interpretation. Here, we introduce Canek for this purpose. Canek leverages information from mutual nearest neighbor to combine local linear corrections with cell-specific non-linear corrections within a fuzzy logic framework. Using a combination of real and synthetic datasets, we show that Canek corrects batch effects while introducing the least amount of bias compared with competing methods. Canek is computationally efficient and can easily integrate thousands of single-cell transcriptomes from replicated experiments.
Environmental Factors for Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation in a High-Risk Area of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Chen Yufeng , Chang Ellen T , Liu Qing , Cai Yonglin , Zhang Zhe , Chen Guomin , Huang Qi-Hong , Xie Shang-Hang , Cao Su-Mei , Jia Wei-Hua , Zheng Yuming , Li Yancheng , Lin Longde , Ernberg Ingemar , Huang Guangwu , Zeng Yi-Xin , Adami Hans-Olov , Ye Weimin
Published: March 2022

Background

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation from latent to lytic infection has been considered as a key step in nasopharyngeal carcinoma oncogenesis. However, epidemiological evidence regarding environmental risk factors for EBV reactivation on a population level remains largely lacking.

Methods

We enrolled 1916 randomly selected adults from the general population of Guangdong and Guangxi, China, from 2010 to 2014. Information on environmental factors was collected via a structured interview. Serum immunoglobulin A antibodies against EBV viral capsid antigen and nuclear antigen 1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate EBV reactivation status. We used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of EBV reactivation with various environmental factors.

Results

No associations were observed between EBV reactivation and extensive environmental factors, including alcohol or tea drinking, a history of chronic ear/nose/throat diseases, use of medications or herbs, consumption of salted fish or preserved foods, oral hygiene, sibship structure, and various residential and occupational exposures. Only cigarette smoking was associated with EBV reactivation (current smokers vs never smokers; OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.02–1.83), with positive exposure-response trends with increasing intensity, duration, and pack-years of smoking.

Conclusions

Consistent with previous studies, we found an association between cigarette smoking and EBV reactivation. Other examined exposures were not associated with EBV reactivation. These null results could suggest either more complex interactions between exposures and EBV reactivation or a predominant role of host and/or viral genetic variation.
Introduction to the Symposium Issue on Reappraising Bureaucracy in the 21st Century
Authors: Stivers Camilla , DeHart-Davis Leisha
Published: March 2022

This essay introduces the special symposium issue Reappraising Bureaucracy in the 21st Century in Perspectives on Public Management and Governance. The symposium seeks to place Weberian bureaucracy in the context of contemporary public administration and evaluate its relevance to modern-day concerns.
Ableism in the Child Welfare System: Findings from a Qualitative Study
Authors: Albert Sasha M , Powell Robyn M
Published: March 2022

It is well established that parents with disabilities are likely to have adverse experiences within the U.S. child welfare system, including disproportionately high rates of involvement and termination of parental rights. However, no known studies have examined the child welfare system through the lens of ableism. This qualitative phenomenological study included interviews with 15 parents with disabilities, 15 child welfare workers, and 15 attorneys who represent parents. Interviews revealed four levels of ableism within the child welfare system: (1) internalized, (2) interpersonal, (3) institutional, and (4) structural. Participants described their own internalized ableism, offered examples of interpersonal prejudice against disabled parents in the child welfare system, and discussed the institutional practice of using parents’ disabilities as a reason to separate them from their children and deny them services and accommodations. Interviews with parents also revealed that ableism across the child welfare system and other institutions could make it more difficult for them to reunify with their children. At the same time, child welfare workers and attorneys noted that disabled parents are disadvantaged by federally mandated reunification timelines. Ameliorating ableism in the child welfare system requires interventions at each level.
Assessing the effect of case-based teaching compared with lecture-based teaching on students’ knowledge and perceptions in a senior undergraduate dairy cattle management course
Authors: Ferree Logan , Román-Muñiz Noa , Edwards-Callaway Lily , Buchan Tonya , Todd Jennifer , Cramer Catie
Published: March 2022

Animal science students need to apply the knowledge acquired during their degree program to real-life scenarios in future careers. Little to no research exists evaluating the effects of case-based (CB; material presented as a case study) and lecture-based (LB; material presented as a lecture) teaching in animal science in higher education. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of CB and LB teaching methods on student performance and to assess students’ attitudes toward CB and LB teaching methods in a senior dairy cattle management course. A cross-over study design was conducted over two course modules (1 = “calf health” and 2 = “lameness”) with a washout period of 2 wk. Students (n = 25) were randomly assigned to CB or to LB in module 1 and received the other method in module 2. Students completed a pre- and post-quiz in each module that consisted of 10 multiple-choice questions and 3 short-answer questions. Three separate linear mixed regression models were used to assess the effect of teaching method (CB or LB; predictor) on three different continuous outcomes for student performance: change (post-score − pre-score) in short-answer quiz scores, change in multiple-choice quiz scores, and the change in total quiz scores. Students completed an attitude assessment after each module that consisted of 8 Likert-scale statements and 2 free-response questions. Data were deidentified, and two researchers blinded to students’ CB or LB status analyzed free responses to identify themes. A logistic regression, which controlled for module and included student as a repeated measure, was used to determine if the proportion of students who agreed (outcome: yes/no) with each Likert-scale statement was different between CB and LB. There was a tendency for CB teaching methods to improve change in multiple-choice quiz scores (P = 0.06). The change in total quiz scores and the change in short-answer quiz scores did not differ between CB and LB groups (P > 0.1). For the survey statements “I enjoyed the teaching method used in this module” and “I wish this teaching method was utilized in more of my classes,” more students in LB agreed than in CB (P < 0.05). The themes preference, perceived benefits, and perceived drawbacks were mentioned in 80%, 44%, and 28% of CB comments, and in 84%, 40%, and 18% of LB comments, respectively, and suggest that students enjoy case studies but prefer to receive information via lecture first.
Open Screw Fixation of Large Anterior Glenoid Rim Fractures Using a Deltopectoral Approach With Subscapularis Splitting
Authors: Pfister Georges , Murison James-Charles , Sabate-Ferris Alexandre , Danis Julien , De l’Escalopier Nicolas , Mathieu Laurent
Published: March 2022

Anterior glenoid rim fracture is a consequence of the humeral head impacting the glenoid fossa. The management of large glenoid fractures involving more than 20% of the articulating glenoid requires surgical treatment. The 2 main techniques are open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) by screws and arthroscopic treatment using suture anchors or transcutaneous screws. Next to the technical equipment, a surgeon requires extensive experience to achieve good results with the arthroscopic technique. The main disadvantage using the ORIF technique is the detachment of the subscapularis muscle, which is often criticized for causing functional deficits of the subscapularis. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of the ORIF technique through a deltopectoral approach and splitting of the subscapularis. To our knowledge, subscapularis splitting has never been described to treat glenoid fractures.
Altered sleep during spontaneous cannabinoid withdrawal in male mice
Authors: Missig Galen , Mehta Niyati , Robbins James O. , Good Cameron H. , Iliopoulos-Tsoutsouvas Christos , Makriyannis Alex , Nikas Spyros P. , Bergman Jack , Carlezon William A. , Paronis Carol A.
Published: March 2022

Cessation of cannabinoid use in humans often leads to a withdrawal state that includes sleep disruption. Despite important health implications, little is known about how cannabinoid abstention affects sleep architecture, in part because spontaneous cannabinoid withdrawal is difficult to model in animals. In concurrent work we report that repeated administration of the high-efficacy cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor agonist AM2389 to mice for 5 days led to heightened locomotor activity and paw tremor following treatment discontinuation, potentially indicative of spontaneous cannabinoid withdrawal. Here, we performed parallel studies to examine effects on sleep. Using implantable electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) telemetry we examined sleep and neurophysiological measures before, during, and after 5 days of twice-daily AM2389 injections. We report that AM2389 produces decreases in locomotor activity that wane with repeated treatment, whereas discontinuation produces rebound increases in activity that persist for several days. Likewise, AM2389 initially produces profound increases in slow-wave sleep (SWS) and decreases in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, as well as consolidation of sleep. By the third AM2389 treatment, this pattern transitions to decreases in SWS and total time sleeping. This pattern persists following AM2389 discontinuation and is accompanied by emergence of sleep fragmentation. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry for hypocretin/orexin (a sleep-regulating peptide) and c-Fos (a neuronal activity marker) in lateral hypothalamus revealed decreases in c-Fos/orexin+ cells following acute AM2389 and increases following discontinuation, aligning with the sleep changes. These findings indicate that AM2389 profoundly alters sleep in mice and suggest that sleep disruption following treatment cessation reflects spontaneous cannabinoid withdrawal.
Tracheostomy Is Associated With a Decrease in Delirium and Sedation for Intubated COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Morton Christopher , Pisani Margaret , Doyle Margaret , Puchalski Jonathan
Published: March 2022

Background:

Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) acute respiratory distress syndrome can experience prolonged periods of ventilation, high incidence of delirium, and require high amounts of sedation. Tracheostomy has been associated with earlier ventilator liberation, decreased sedation needs, and lower rates of delirium but optimal timing of tracheostomy remains unknown. Is tracheostomy associated with lower sedation requirements and lower incidence of delirium in patients with COVID-19 that are intubated?

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed the first 32 patients at a large urban tertiary referral center that underwent tracheostomy for prolonged respiratory failure. We obtained Richmond Agitation Sedation-Scale scores and Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit data along with amount(s) and type(s) of sedating medications given, in the 7 days before and after tracheostomy. Proportion of days delirious and sedating medications were compared in the 7 days before and after tracheostomy.

Results:

There was a significant decrease in the amount of opioids and benzodiazepines in the 7-day period following tracheostomy. Opioid dosing decreased by 157.5 morphine equivalents (SD=339, P=0.01) and benzodiazepine dosing decreased by 18 mg lorazepam equivalents (SD=34, P=0.01). There was no significant difference in antipsychotic or other sedative-hyponotic drug doses. There was a significant decrease in the proportion of days of coma or delirium (mean decrease in proportion=0.16, SD=0.32, P=0.008) following tracheostomy.

Conclusion:

Tracheostomy was associated with a significant decrease amount of sedating medications and with a decrease in proportion of days delirious following tracheostomy.
Role of Derotation Suture in Bulbous Tip Correction in Asian Rhinoplasty
Authors: Kim Yeon Jun , Suh Man-Koon
Published: March 2022

In bulbous tip correction, consideration should be given to the presence of cephalic malposition of lower lateral cartilage as well as volume reduction. Derotation suture is a suture technique for tip lengthening but may contribute to bulbous tip correction through the caudal reposition of lower lateral cartilage.

From 2016 to 2018, a total of 50 Asian patients underwent bulbous tip correction with derotation suture. The derotation suture was performed by suture the most convex part of lower lateral cartilage as a spanning suture to the caudal septum with caudal traction of the lateral crus. The chart and pre and postoperative photographs were analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness and complication of the surgery.

In most (96%) patients, there was a significant improvement in tip bulbosity and supratip fullness. Complications included tip drooping (4%), nostril asymmetry (2%), and undercorrection (4%) and no pinching deformity occurred.

In correction of bulbous tip of Asians with cephalic malposition of lower lateral cartilage, derotation suture is a useful method to create an ideal shaped nasal tip.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, V.
Perceived Age and Attractiveness Using Facial Recognition Software in Rhinoplasty Patients: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Khetpal Sumun , Peck Connor , Parsaei Yassmin , Duan Kaiti , Gowda Arvind U. , Pourtaheri Navid , Lopez Joseph , Steinbacher Derek
Published: March 2022

Artificial intelligence (Al)-based analyses may serve as a more objective tool for measuring cosmetic improvements following aesthetic plastic surgery. This preliminary proof-of-concept study utilized a novel commercial facial recognition software to assess perceived changes in age and attractiveness among patients receiving rhinoplasty.

This study was a retrospective evaluation of three-dimensional photographs of patients who underwent rhinoplasty by the senior author (DS). Both pre- and post-operative (> 12-month follow-up) Vectra three-dimensional images (Canfield Scientific, Parsippany, NJ) were assessed using Haystack AI Software (Haystack AI, New York, NY). Facial attractiveness (score 1–10) and apparent age were predicted. A retrospective chart review of demographic variables was additionally performed. Paired t tests were used to compare age and attractiveness scores before and after surgery. Multivariate linear regression was performed to identify factors associated with age and attractiveness scores.

One hundred twenty-four patients receiving rhinoplasty met the study criteria (average age: 35.58). Overall, rhinoplasty was associated with increases in Al-rated attractiveness (+0.28, P = 0.03) and decreases in perceived age relative to the patient’s true age (−1.03 years, P = 0.03). Greater decreases in postoperative perceived age were achieved in patients who appeared older than their actual age preoperatively (P < 0.001).

Facial recognition software was successfully used to evaluate improvements in perceived age and attractiveness in patients undergoing aesthetic rhinoplasty. Patients were perceived by the software as younger and more attractive following rhinoplasty. Age reversal was greatest among patients who appeared much older than their actual age at the time of surgery.

Level of Evidence: IV
Crouzon Syndrome Anatomy, Usefulness of Vestibular Orientation
Authors: Pellerin Philippe , Vinchon Matthieu , Guerreschi Pierre , Anastassov Yuri , Zhang Zhi Yong , Tang Xiao Jun , Alonso Nivaldo
Published: March 2022

Spatial resolution of computerized tomographic scanner has reached a level to which accurate anatomic measurements could be done in. Three-dimensional accurate measurements require a reliable referential system. In craniology landmarks are usually selected in the skull base. For craniofacial malformation the classical landmarks are of no help so the authors have used the vestibular orientation to study a series of 50 Crouzon syndrome computerized tomographic scan and compare the results (shape, position, linear mensuration, volumes…) with 122 controls in unaffected patients. The authors have confirmed Crouzon description of a high level of polymorphism in phenotypes, the authors propose an organigram to understand the abnormal growth patterns in crouzon syndrome, which lead to such consequences. This polymorphism implies that the planning of surgical treatment should be tailored for each case.
Revision Operation of the Unsatisfactory Microtia Reconstruction With Autologous Costal Cartilage
Authors: Huang Tianyu , Sun Hengyun , Yang Qinghua , Zhao Yanyong , Pan Bo , He Leren , Lin Lin , Jiang Haiyue
Published: March 2022

Background:

Revision operation of the unsatisfactory microtia reconstruction is 1 of the most difficult revision operations in plastic surgery. This study discussed the cases about revision operation of the unsatisfactory or failed ear reconstruction using autologous costal cartilage and residual.

Methods:

A prospectively maintained database of all consecutive patients who underwent secondary total ear reconstruction from 2013 to 2020 was reviewed. Demographic data and outcomes were assessed.

Results:

Thirty-six patients with microtia met the inclusion criteria. The age of the patients who underwent secondary reconstruction ranged 6 to 56 years. The follow-up duration was from 1 to 8 years. Primary reconstruction using costal cartilage was performed in 34 cases, and Medpor (porous high-density polyethylene) were used in 2 cases. All 36 cases were treated with costal cartilage as the revision. One-stage revision was performed in 27 cases, including scaffold covered by superficial temporal fascia flap in 9 cases, retroauricular fascia flap in 12 cases and superficial temporal plus retroauricular fascia flap in 5 cases. Nine cases were renovated with expanders by stages, of which 8 cases were covered by retroauricular fascia and 1 case was covered by expanded skin flap. Complications occurred in 2 cases, and 1 patient was not satisfied with the partial scaffold repair.

Conclusions:

The effect of revision operation of ear reconstruction with costal cartilage is satisfactory, and different methods of ear reconstruction are indicated in different operation conditions, and the revision surgery requires adequate preoperative evaluation.

Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study.
The Effect of The Blue-Violet Light Emitting Diode (Led) Irradiation on the Bleeding and Pain Following Tooth Extraction
Authors: Baqer Fatimah Fouad , Abdulrazaq Saif Saadedeen
Published: March 2022

Tooth extraction is one of the most common oral surgeries carried out daily in dental clinics. Bleeding and pain are considered common sequelae after tooth extraction, which are considered a major concern. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the irradiation on the extraction socket with a blue-violet light-emitting diode (LED) on the hemostasis and the pain.

The study was designed as a randomized prospective split-mouth clinical study in which 82 tooth extractions were performed on 31 patients who required bilaterally paired tooth extractions. The side impacted by LED radiation until the bleeding stopped was the study group (left side), whereas the other side where the bleeding stopped without intervention was the control group (right side). The duration of bleeding time was measured and compared. The pain level was assessed postoperatively using the numeric rating scale and total analgesic dosages.

Results indicate that in the study group there was a reduction in postextraction bleeding time as compared with the control group. The mean bleeding time was (26.71 seconds) and (291.95 seconds), respectively. It was statistically significant (P = 0.000). Regarding the effect of LEDs on pain, the result shows no difference in the pain level between the 2 groups, which means LEDs have a nonsignificant effect on pain.

The blue-violet LED reduces the bleeding time of the extracted socket after tooth extraction, and prevents postoperative oozing, but has no effect on the reduction of postoperative pain. LED therapy has no side effects.
Assessing Social Cognition in Older Adults
Authors: Lee Soyoung , Jia Yichen , Snitz Beth E. , Chang Chung-Chou H. , Ganguli Mary
Published: March 2022

Objectives:

In a population-based study of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), to validate the assessment of social cognition in older adults.

Methods:

Cross-sectional study of 902 adults aged 65+ with mean age 76.6 years (SD 8.06). We created a social cognition composite comprising standardized z scores on the Social Norms Questionnaire and the 10-item Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test. We identified associated factors and compared sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the curve of social cognition, for MCI defined as Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR)=0.5, to those of other cognitive domains. We calculated the impact of including social cognition on the proportion neuropsychologically classified as MCI.

Results:

Better social cognition was associated with younger age, female sex, higher education, better general cognition (mini-mental state examination), fewer depressive symptoms, and lower CDR. Adjusting for demographics, associations with mini-mental state examination, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and subjective cognitive complaints remained significant. The sensitivity and specificity of social cognition for CDR=0.5 were comparable to those of the traditional 5 cognitive domains. Including social cognition as a sixth domain of cognition resulted in a 5% increase in the proportion classified as MCI.

Conclusions:

Brief objective assessment of social cognition may enhance cognitive assessment of older adults.
Performing moderate to severe activity is safe and tolerable for healthy youth while wearing a cloth facemask
Authors: Marticorena Felipe Miguel , Barreto Gabriel , Guardieiro Natália Mendes , Esteves Gabriel P. , Oliveira Tamires Nunes , de Oliveira Luana Farias , de Sá Pinto Ana Lucia , Riani Luiz , do Prado Danilo Marcelo Leite , Saunders Bryan , Gualano Bruno
Published: March 2022

Objective

To investigate if wearing a cloth facemask could affect physiological and perceptual responses to exercise at distinct exercise intensities in healthy young individuals.

Methods

In a crossover design, 9 participants (sex, female/male: 6/3; age: 13±1 years; BMI: 18.4±2.1 kg/m2; sexual maturity rating, I/II/III/IV: 0/3/4/2; VO2peak: 44.5±5.5 mL/kg/min) underwent a progressive square-wave test at four intensities: (1) at 80% of the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT), (2) at VAT, and (3) at 40% between the VAT and V□O2peak wearing a triple-layered cloth facemask or not. These stages represented moderate, heavy, and very heavy domains and corresponded to 46±8%, 57±10% and 87±8% of V□O2peak. Participants then completed a final stage (severe) to exhaustion at a running speed equivalent to the maximum achieved during the cardio-respiratory exercise test (Peak). Physiological, metabolic, and perceptual measures were analysed.

Results

Mask did not affect spirometry (forced vital capacity [FVC], peak expiratory flow [PEF1], forced expiratory volume [FEV]; all p > 0.27; Figure 1), respiratory (inspiratory capacity [IC], end-expiratory volume to functional vital capacity ratio [EELV/FVC], EELV, respiratory frequency [Rf], tidal volume [VT], Rf/VT, end-tidal carbo dioxide pressure [PetCO2], ventilatory equivalent and carbon dioxide ratio [VE/VCO2]; all p > 0.196), hemodynamic (heart rate [HR], systolic and diastolic blood pressure [SBP; DBP]; all p > 0.41), rated perceived exertion (RPE; p = 0.04) or metabolic measures (lactate; p = 0.78 Figure 2) at rest or at any exercise intensity. In both conditions, the same number of children (4 out of 9) were unable to finish the Peak stage, whereas one child did not complete exercise at the heavy domain while wearing no mask.

Conclusions

This study shows that performing moderate to severe activity is safe and tolerable for healthy youth while wearing a cloth facemask. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04887714