bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Full‐field and multifocal electroretinogram in non‐diabetic controls and diabetics with and without retinopathy
Authors: Ba‐Ali Shakoor , Larsen Michael , Andersen Henrik Ullits , Lund‐Andersen Henrik
Published: June 2022

Objective

To compare retinal function assessed by full‐field electroretinography (ffERG) and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) in diabetes without retinopathy, diabetes with moderate non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and in the absence of diabetes.

Methods

Scotopic and photopic ffERG and mfERG was made in non‐fasting volunteers, including 26 diabetic participants without retinopathy, 22 diabetic participants with moderate NPDR and 22 participants without diabetes using full International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision protocols.

Results

Of the ffERG responses, significant deviation (p ≤ 0.05, corrected for multiple sampling and other relevant confounders) from the non‐diabetic participants was seen in the diabetic participants only for the OP1‐OP3 oscillatory amplitudes and the OP2 implicit time. This finding was independent of whether retinopathy was present or not. For the mfERG, minor amplitude or implicit time deviations were found for a small number of rings (R2, R4 and R5). Receiver of operating characteristic analysis showed that the single most prominent abnormality of the ffERG in diabetes, regardless of whether retinopathy was present or not, was the OP2 implicit time (area under the curve ≥ 0.80).

Conclusion

This bi‐modal study of electroretinographic characteristics found that the most prominent anomaly associated with diabetes was a prolongation of the implicit time of the OP2 of the scotopic ffERG, while the most prominent added effect of non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy was a further prolongation of the OP2 implicit time. Although the variation in ERG characteristics is far too large for diagnostic purposes, the close association of the oscillatory potentials with the amacrine cells of the retina indicate that their function is particularly sensitive to diabetes.
Loneliness and depressive symptoms differ by sexual orientation and gender identity during physical distancing measures in response to COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany
Authors: Herrmann Wolfram J. , Oeser Philip , Buspavanich Pichit , Lech Sonia , Berger Maximilian , Gellert Paul
Published: June 2022

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, physical distancing measures to prevent transmission of the virus have been implemented. The effect of physical distancing measures on loneliness especially for vulnerable groups remained unclear. Thus, we aimed to investigate loneliness in relation with depressive symptoms among lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, inter, asexual, and queer (LGBT) persons compared with cis‐heterosexual persons during the pandemic. We conducted an online survey during the first two waves of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany. The survey contained self‐categorizations regarding sexual orientation and gender identity, questions on loneliness, social contacts, depressive symptoms, and healthcare. Descriptive and regression analysis and propensity score matching across cohorts was conducted using R; 2641 participants took part in first wave of the survey and 4143 participants in the second wave. The proportion of lonely people was higher in the second wave compared with the first wave. LGBT persons were more lonely than cis‐heterosexual persons. In both waves, being LGBT was associated with depressive symptoms, but loneliness mediated the effect, even when adjusting for social contacts. Psychologists and other practitioners should be aware that LGBT clients might have an increased risk for loneliness and depressive symptoms and of the potential burden of the pandemic measures.
Transanal total mesorectal excision for treating a lower rectal inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: A case report
Authors: Narihiro Satoshi , Teramura Koichi , Kitaguchi Daichi , Ikeda Koji , Hasegawa Hiro , Tsukada Yuichiro , Nishizawa Yuji , Ito Masaaki
Published: June 2022

Rectal inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors are extremely rare, with no reports of their preoperative diagnosis. A 17‐year‐old woman who presented with low‐grade fever, repeated diarrhea, constipation, and a 1‐month history of anal pain was referred to our hospital. Rectal examination revealed a palpable hard mass with a smooth surface at the posterior wall 4 cm from the anal verge. Colonoscopy revealed a 4.0‐cm submucosal tumor in the upper edge of the anal canal. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 5.0 × 4.0 cm‐sized well‐defined tumor contacting the rectum. Computed tomography‐guided biopsy was performed, and an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor was diagnosed. There have been no reports of surgery for a rectal inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor using transanal total mesorectal excision. We preoperatively diagnosed the patient with an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor in the lower rectum and achieved anorectal preservation and curative resection with transanal total mesorectal excision, providing good view of the deep pelvis.
A two‐decade review of butane toxicity as a substance of abuse
Authors: Vahabzadeh Maryam , Mégarbane Bruno
Published: June 2022

Butane, an aliphatic hydrocarbon with explosive and flammable properties, is widely misused especially by young people. Acting as an asphyxiant gas, butane mainly targets the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. We aimed to review butane‐attributed toxicities due to its harmful use or misuse reported in a two‐decade period. We searched English‐language publications reporting butane toxicities from 2000 up to 2021 and collected data on age, gender, route and source of exposure, country of origin, clinical presentation and outcome. Among 54 butane's harmful use/misuse cases identified in the literature, there were 11 survivors successfully discharged from the hospital. Patients were predominantly males with a mean age ± SD of 23 ± 13 years. The main route of exposure was inhalation. Manifestations were mainly cardiac and neurological. Majority of the cases were reported from Europe and Japan. To conclude, butane exposure is at risk of severe central nervous system and cardiac toxicities, which may result in a fatal outcome. Therefore, in the event of a sudden or suspicious death in a young individual, our findings suggest that butane's harmful use/misuse should be considered as a potential differential diagnosis.
Motivational development in times of campus closure: Longitudinal trends in undergraduate students' need satisfaction and intrinsic learning motivation
Authors: Janke Stefan , Messerer Laura A. S. , Daumiller Martin
Published: June 2022

Aims

Higher education systems around the world have enforced campus closures to combat the COVID‐19 pandemic. Such measures may threaten students' basic psychological needs for relatedness, competence and autonomy, and the development of intrinsic learning motivation. Little is known about whether the implementation of campus closures yielded negative developmental patterns for these motivational variables. We aim to close this research gap.

Sample

We investigated developmental patterns in longitudinal data spanning the first four semesters of undergraduate students in two cohorts at one German university starting in 2013 and 2019 (cohort 1: normal study conditions; cohort 2: affected by campus closure). We used propensity score modelling to ensure comparability between both cohorts resulting in a sample of 435 students each (total n = 870 students).

Method

We estimated conditional latent growth curve models (LGCM) to investigate developmental trends in need satisfaction and intrinsic learning motivation across the students' first four semesters and how these trends differed between the two cohorts.

Results

The results indicated a more maladaptive development of motivational variables for students of cohort 2 compared to students of cohort 1. More specifically, we found negative developmental trends following the implementation of campus closures for competence, relatedness and intrinsic learning motivation.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the importance of considering side effects for students' psychological functioning when discussing the implementation or renewal of campus closures. It seems important to find ways to carefully reopen higher education institutions while also minimizing further risks for students and faculty.
Physical activity predicts task‐related behaviour, affect and tiredness in the primary school classroom: A within‐person experiment
Authors: Heemskerk Christina , Strand Steve , Malmberg Lars‐Erik
Published: June 2022

Aim

We investigated the dose–response relationship between acute physical activity (PA) intensity during physical education (PE) lessons (dose), and task behaviour and learning experiences in the classroom after PE (response), and mediation effects of acute PA on‐task behaviour via learning experiences.

Method

A total of 78 children (Mage = 9.30 years; 43 females) took part. Participants reported learning experiences (tiredness, positive and negative affect) during one afternoon per week for 6 weeks. Their task behaviour was observed (on‐task, active off‐task and passive off‐task) during two classroom lessons. Between the classroom lessons, they took part in a PE lesson, with experimentally induced PA intensity (low, medium and high). Accelerometers were worn for 24 h leading up to and during every intervention afternoon. Participants completed self‐reports three times per classroom lesson, both before and after PE. Intra‐ and interindividual differences in PA, task behaviour and learning experiences were analysed with multilevel structural equation models.

Results

Moderate PA directly increased on‐task behaviour and reduced passive off‐task behaviour, whereas light PA increased active off‐task behaviour and reduced on‐task behaviour. We found no direct effects of vigorous PA or mediated effects of any PA intensity on‐task‐related behaviour. However, a greater positive affect during PE indirectly led to more on‐task and less passive off‐task behaviour. Regularly active children reported less tiredness in the classroom.

Conclusion

PE lessons can increase on‐task behaviour and reduce both passive and active off‐task behaviours. Positive affect and tiredness are indirectly involved in the impact of PA on task‐related behaviour. The greatest benefits were found for moderate PA and for PE lessons, which left children feeling positive. Moreover, regular participation in moderate‐to‐vigorous PA leads children to feel less tired during school lessons.
Disposable and reusable instruments in dental health practice: A comparison of cost factors in a public provider organization in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Sowa P. Marcin , Fooken Jonas , McGowan Kelly , Birch Stephen
Published: June 2022

Objectives

Choosing between reusable instruments (RIs) and disposable instruments (DIs) for dental care provision requires a careful consideration of costs and their contributing factors, alongside other choice criteria. This study aimed to assess the current use of instruments in the West Moreton Oral Health Service (WMOHS) in Queensland, Australia, with a broader goal of informing future practice in this and comparable organizations.

Methods

A cost model was developed reflecting costs arising from procurement, reprocessing and disposal, depending on the RI and DI composition of instrumentation. The current practice in WMOHS was compared to modular (RI‐only and DI‐only) strategies by considering four standard instrument sets (examination, simple extraction, surgical extraction, restoration) and the annual use of instruments in the organization at large. The use of resources (water, electricity) and emissions (waste) were quantified for each strategy. The robustness of findings was explored across a range of scenarios that involved varying instrument prices, lifespans, factors impacting on the cost of reprocessing (labour, water, energy), the cost of waste disposal and couriering.

Results

At the organization level, the current mix of instruments (A$1.28 m per year) was 4% more costly than the lower cost, RI‐only alternative (A$1.23 m). However, with lower DI prices or higher labour costs current practice would become the lowest cost option. Results for specific instrument sets varied by service type. DI‐only offered the lowest cost option for oral examinations (A$6.29), and the current practice of mixed instrumentation for simple extractions (A$16.56). RI‐only sets were less costly in more resource intensive procedures such as surgical extractions (A$40.19) and restorations (A$43.83). In terms of environmental impacts, the use of instruments based on current practice required 37% of water and energy use of an RI‐only alternative and generated 36% waste of the DI‐only alternative.

Conclusions

Reusable instruments are generally less costly than DIs, but for specific instrument sets the outcome depends on the type of procedure. In some circumstances, mixed instrumentation can provide the lowest cost alternative. While the WMOHS instrument mix used in current practice does not minimize cost for the provider, it may be justified in light of operational risks, logistics and uncertainty regarding cost factors.
Defining performance thresholds for effective management of biodiversity within protected areas
Authors: Hilton Mairi , Cook Carly N.
Published: June 2022

Performance thresholds are an important tool for determining successful conservation outcomes. They provide an objective means of defining good ecological condition and have been endorsed as an essential part of best practice in protected area (PA) management within the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Green List of Protected and Conserved Areas Standard. With a growing number of PAs attaining Green List status globally, thresholds developed by PAs on the Green List present an excellent resource with which to identify the attributes of well‐defined performance thresholds. We examined 349 thresholds associated with PAs on the Green List to determine whether they were specific and measurable (i.e., factors recognized as essential for setting well‐defined targets). We assessed whether thresholds were defined quantitatively and whether definitions included ambiguous terms (e.g., stable numbers). We identified six different ways thresholds were expressed and found that many thresholds were expressed as management objectives, rather than ecological condition thresholds, although this trend improved over time. Approximately one‐half of the performance thresholds lacked the necessary specificity to delineate successful outcomes. Our results enabled us to develop a checklist of information required to set robust performance thresholds. Recommendations include that thresholds should be quantitatively defined, including quantitative estimates of the limits of acceptable change (LAC) around the target condition. To ensure transparency, a rationale and associated evidence should be provided to support the threshold and the LAC. When accompanied by a rationale and quantitative estimate of the current condition of the value, unambiguously defined thresholds with a quantitative LAC provide an objective means of demonstrating that successful conservation outcomes have been achieved. These recommendations will help conservation managers apply the Green List Standard and improve the measurement of conservation outcomes more broadly.
Testing the Relationship between Word Length, Frequency, and Predictability Based on the German Reference Corpus
Authors: Koplenig Alexander , Kupietz Marc , Wolfer Sascha
Published: June 2022

In a recent article, Meylan and Griffiths (Meylan & Griffiths, 2021, henceforth, M&G) focus their attention on the significant methodological challenges that can arise when using large‐scale linguistic corpora. To this end, M&G revisit a well‐known result of Piantadosi, Tily, and Gibson (2011, henceforth, PT&G) who argue that average information content is a better predictor of word length than word frequency. We applaud M&G who conducted a very important study that should be read by any researcher interested in working with large‐scale corpora. The fact that M&G mostly failed to find clear evidence in favor of PT&G's main finding motivated us to test PT&G's idea on a subset of the largest archive of German language texts designed for linguistic research, the German Reference Corpus consisting of ∼43 billion words. We only find very little support for the primary data point reported by PT&G.
The essence of soil biodiversity
Authors: Byrne Loren B.
Published: June 2022

Soil ecologists and conservationists should focus on raising people's awareness of the essence of soil biodiversity: its complex ecological webs and emergent ecosystem services that support aboveground life and human well‐being. Conservation and communication efforts regarding soil biodiversity must consider local‐scale ecological contexts and different audiences. Engaging educational and outreach materials and methods should be prioritized to advance preservation of soil systems and their biodiversity.
Treatment effectiveness in a rare oncology indication: Lessons from an external control cohort study
Authors: Oksen Dina , Prince Patricia , Boutmy Emmanuelle , Garry Elizabeth M. , Ellers‐Lenz Barbara , Estrin Adina , Johne Andreas , Verpillat Patrice , Gatto Nicolle M.
Published: June 2022

Real‐world data (RWD) reflecting patient treatment in routine clinical practice can be used to develop external control groups for single‐arm trials. External controls can provide valuable benchmark results on potential comparator drug effectiveness, particularly in rare indications when randomized controlled trials are either infeasible or unethical. This paper describes lessons learned from a descriptive real‐world external control cohort study conducted to provide benchmark data for a single‐arm clinical trial in a rare oncology biomarker driven disease. Conducting external control cohort studies to evaluate treatment effectiveness in rare indications likely will present data and analysis challenges as seen in the example study. However, there are mitigating measures that can be applied in the study design, identification of RWD sources, and data analysis. The lessons learned and reported here with a proposal of an external control study framework can provide guidance for future research in this area, and may be applicable as well in other rare indications. Taking these learnings into consideration, the use of real‐world external controls to contextualize treatment effectiveness in rare indications is a valuable approach and warrants further application in the future.
Identifying conservation priorities for gorgonian forests in Italian coastal waters with multiple methods including citizen science and social media content analysis
Authors: Liconti Arianna , Pittman Simon J. , Rees Sian E. , Mieszkowska Nova
Published: June 2022

Aim

Gorgonian forests are among the most complex of subtidal habitats in the Mediterranean Sea, supporting high biodiversity and providing diverse ecosystem services. Despite their iconic status, the geographical distribution and condition of gorgonian species is poorly known. Using multiple online data sources, our primary aims were to compile, map and analyse observations of gorgonian forests in Italian coastal waters to assess the biological complexity of gorgonian forests, evaluate impacts and vulnerable species, and identify areas of special interest inside and outside of marine protected areas (MPAs) to help prioritize conservation strategies and actions.

Location

Italy. Mediterranean Sea.

Methods

Using a multi‐source data integration approach, we collected and integrated data from scientific publications, the World Wide Web including social media platforms, citizen science projects and SCUBA diver questionnaires into a unified spatial framework. This method provided up‐to‐date information on the geographical distribution, abundance, and health of major habitat‐forming gorgonian species in Italian coastal waters.

Results

Higher abundance and complexity of gorgonian species occurred outside MPAs. Areas of Special Interest (n = 167) were identified (80 inside and 87 outside MPAs). Three locations supported all seven focal species: Capo Caccia MPA, Portofino MPA and Catania (unprotected). The purple gorgonian (Paramuricea clavata), the most abundant and geographically widespread species with highest forest complexity, was  affected by multiple stressors including thermal stress, disease and fishing.

Main conclusions

The multi‐source approach was a rapid and cost‐effective tool to gather, analyse and map disparate data on gorgonian forests spanning 27 years of underwater observations both inside and outside of MPAs. The unique perspective given by this approach demonstrates the suboptimal protection of several habitat‐forming gorgonian species. The approach has great potential for wider application and offers a more inclusive participatory model for crowdsourcing and repurposing under‐utilized observations while also increasing ocean literacy.
Molecular assessment of endoscopically collected pancreatic juice and duodenal fluid from patients with pancreatic diseases
Authors: Takano Shinichi , Fukasawa Mitsuharu , Enomoto Nobuyuki
Published: June 2022

One concern associated with pancreatic diseases is the poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer. Even with advances in diagnostic modalities, risk stratification of premalignant lesions and differentiation of pancreatic cysts are challenging. Pancreatic lesions of concern include intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, mucinous cystic neoplasms, serous cystadenomas, pseudocysts, and retention cysts, as well as cystic degeneration of solid tumors such as solid pseudopapillary neoplasms and pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Pancreatic juice obtained during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography has previously been used for the detection of KRAS mutation. Recently, duodenal fluid, which can be obtained during the relatively minimally invasive procedures of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and cyst fluid collected by EUS‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) were used for molecular biological analysis. Furthermore, advanced analytic methods with high sensitivity were used for the detection of single and multiple markers. Early detection of malignant pancreatic tumors and risk stratification of premalignant tumors can be performed using duodenal fluid samples with a single marker with high sensitivity. Technological advances in simultaneous detection of multiple markers allow for the differentiation of cystic pancreatic tumors. One thing to note is that the clinical guidelines do not recommend pancreatic cyst fluid and pancreatic juice (PJ) sampling by EUS‐FNA and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, respectively, in actual clinical practice, but state that they be performed at experienced facilities, and duodenal fluid sampling is not mentioned in the guidelines. With improved specimen handling and the combination of markers, molecular markers in PJ samples may be used in clinical practice in the near future.
Gross motor function prediction using natural language processing in cerebral palsy
Authors: Greve Kelly , Ni Yizhao , Bailes Amy F. , Vargus‐Adams Jilda , Miley Aimee E. , Aronow Bruce , McMahon Mary M. , Kurowski Brad G. , Mitelpunkt Alexis
Published: June 2022

Aim

To predict ambulatory status and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels in patients with cerebral palsy (CP) by applying natural language processing (NLP) to electronic health record (EHR) clinical notes.

Method

Individuals aged 8 to 26 years with a diagnosis of CP in the EHR between January 2009 and November 2020 (~12 years of data) were included in a cross‐sectional retrospective cohort of 2483 patients. The cohort was divided into train‐test and validation groups. Positive predictive value, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) were calculated for prediction of ambulatory status and GMFCS levels.

Results

The median age was 15 years (interquartile range 10–20 years) for the total cohort, with 56% being male and 75% White. The validation group resulted in 70% sensitivity, 88% specificity, 81% positive predictive value, and 0.89 AUC for predicting ambulatory status. NLP applied to the EHR differentiated between GMFCS levels I–II and III (15% sensitivity, 96% specificity, 46% positive predictive value, and 0.71 AUC); and IV and V (81% sensitivity, 51% specificity, 70% positive predictive value, and 0.75 AUC).

Interpretation

NLP applied to the EHR demonstrated excellent differentiation between ambulatory and non‐ambulatory status, and good differentiation between GMFCS levels I–II and III, and IV and V. Clinical use of NLP may help to individualize functional characterization and management.

What this paper adds

Natural language processing (NLP) applied to the electronic health record (EHR) can predict ambulatory status in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

NLP provides good prediction of Gross Motor Function Classification System level in children with CP using the EHR.

NLP methods described could be integrated in an EHR system to provide real‐time information.
Comparative efficacy of novel antidiabetic drugs on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with diabetic kidney disease: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Cao Hongwei , Liu Tao , Wang Li , Ji Qiuhe
Published: June 2022

Aims

To conduct a systematic review and network meta‐analysis to determine the comparative effectiveness of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD).

Methods

Phase III or IV randomized, placebo‐controlled trials evaluating SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP‐1RAs or DPP‐4 inhibitors in patients with DKD were identified from the MEDLINE database. The outcomes of interest were a kidney‐specific composite outcome, kidney disease progression, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) and cardiovascular death. A network meta‐analysis was conducted to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Sixteen trials representing a total of 46 292 patients were included. SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduced the risk of the kidney‐specific composite outcome by 26% compared to GLP‐1RAs (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.62‐0.88) and by 36% compared to DPP‐4 inhibitors (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.52‐0.79). The risk of MACE was significantly reduced with SGLT2 inhibitors (by 18%; HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72‐0.93), and with GLP‐1RAs (by 18%; HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.69‐0.96), compared to DPP‐4 inhibitors. SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduced the risk of HHF by 28% compared to GLP‐1RAs (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.56‐0.92) and by 41% compared to DPP‐4 inhibitors (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.49‐0.71).

Conclusions

A clear advantage was demonstrated by SGLT2 inhibitors in reducing the risks of CV and renal events in patients with DKD, compared to GLP‐1RAs and DPP‐4 inhibitors. We recommend that SGLT2 inhibitors be considered the treatment of choice in patients with DKD.
Integrating physiology into correlative models can alter projections of habitat suitability under climate change for a threatened amphibian
Authors: Newman Jillian C. , Riddell Eric A. , Williams Lori A. , Sears Michael W. , Barrett Kyle
Published: June 2022

Rapid global change has increased interest in developing ways to identify suitable refugia for species of conservation concern. Correlative and mechanistic species distribution models (SDMs) represent two approaches to generate spatially‐explicit estimates of climate vulnerability. Correlative SDMs generate distributions using statistical associations between environmental variables and species presence data. In contrast, mechanistic SDMs use physiological traits and tolerances to identify areas that meet the conditions required for growth, survival and reproduction. Correlative approaches assume modeled environmental variables influence species distributions directly or indirectly; however, the mechanisms underlying these associations are rarely verified empirically. We compared habitat suitability predictions between a correlative‐only SDM, a mechanistic SDM and a correlative framework that incorporated mechanistic layers (‘hybrid models'). Our comparison focused on green salamanders Aneides aeneus, a priority amphibian threatened by climate change throughout their disjunct range. We developed mechanistic SDMs using experiments to measure the thermal sensitivity of resistance to water loss (ri) and metabolism. Under current climate conditions, correlative‐only, hybrid and mechanistic SDMs predicted similar overlap in habitat suitability; however, mechanistic SDMs predicted habitat suitability to extend into regions without green salamanders but known to harbor many lungless salamanders. Under future warming scenarios, habitat suitability depended on climate scenario and SDM type. Correlative and hybrid models predicted a 42% reduction or 260% increase in area considered to be suitable depending on the climate scenario. In mechanistic SDMs, energetically suitable habitat declined with both climate scenarios and was driven by the thermal sensitivity of ri. Our study indicates that correlative‐only and hybrid approaches produce similar predictions of habitat suitability; however, discrepancies can arise for species that do not occupy their entire fundamental niche, which may hold consequences of conservation planning of threatened species.
Ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1) mutations in two patients with tubular aggregate myopathy
Authors: Vattemi Gaetano Nicola Alfio , Rossi Daniela , Galli Lucia , Catallo Maria Rosaria , Pancheri Elia , Marchetto Giulia , Cisterna Barbara , Malatesta Manuela , Pierantozzi Enrico , Tonin Paola , Sorrentino Vincenzo
Published: June 2022

Two likely causative mutations in theRYR1gene were identified in two patients with myopathy with tubular aggregates, but no evidence of cores or core‐like pathology on muscle biopsy. These patients were clinically evaluated and underwent routine laboratory investigations, electrophysiologic tests, muscle biopsy and muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They reported stiffness of the muscles following sustained activity or cold exposure and had serum creatine kinase elevation. The identifiedRYR1mutations (p.Thr2206Met or p.Gly2434Arg, in patient 1 and patient 2, respectively) were previously identified in individuals with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility and are reported as causative according to the European Malignant Hyperthermia Group rules. To our knowledge, these data represent the first identification of causative mutations in theRYR1gene in patients with tubular aggregate myopathy and extend the spectrum of histological alterations caused by mutation in theRYR1gene.
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor type‐1 mediates brain activation in micro‐positron emission tomography analysis in a fibromyalgia‐like mouse model
Authors: Neyama Hiroyuki , Nishiyori Michiko , Cui Yilong , Watanabe Yasuyoshi , Ueda Hiroshi
Published: June 2022

The intermittent cold stress‐induced generalized pain response mimics the pathophysiological and pharmacotherapeutic features reported for fibromyalgia patients, including the presence of chronic generalized pain and female dominance. In addition, the intermittent cold stress‐induced generalized pain is abolished in lysophosphatidic acid receptor type‐1 knockout mice, as reported in many cases of neuropathic pain models. This study aimed to identify the brain loci involved in the intermittent cold stress generalized pain response and test their dependence on the lysophosphatidic acid receptor type‐1. Positron emission tomography analyses using 2‐deoxy‐2‐[18F]fluoro‐d‐glucose in the presence of a pain stimulus showed that intermittent cold stress causes a significant increase in uptake in the ipsilateral regions, including the salience networking‐related anterior cingulate cortex and insular cortex and the cognition‐related hippocampus. A significant decrease was observed in the default mode network‐related posterior cingulate cortex. Almost these intermittent cold stress‐induced changes were abolished in lysophosphatidic acid receptor type‐1 knockout mice. There results suggest that the intermittent cold stress‐induced generalized pain response is mediated by the lysophosphatidic acid receptor type‐1 in specific brain loci related to salience networking and cognition, which may lead to further developments in the treatment of fibromyalgia.
Long‐term independence and quality of life after subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson disease
Authors: Castrioto Anna , Debû Bettina , Cousin Emilie , Pelissier Pierre , Lhommée Eugénie , Bichon Amélie , Schmitt Emmanuelle , Kistner Andrea , Meoni Sara , Seigneuret Eric , Chabardes Stephan , Krack Paul , Moro Elena , Fraix Valérie
Published: June 2022

Background and purpose

Studies on long‐term nonmotor outcomes of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson disease (PD) are scarce. This study reports on very long‐term non‐motor and motor outcomes in one of the largest cohorts of people with advanced PD, treated for >10 years with subthalamic nucleus stimulation. The main outcome was to document the evolution of independence in activities of daily living. The secondary outcomes were to measure the change in quality of life, as well as non‐motor and motor outcomes.

Methods

Patients were studied preoperatively, at 1 year, and beyond 10 years after subthalamic stimulation with an established protocol including motor, non‐motor, and neuropsychological assessments.

Results

Eighty‐five people with PD were included. Independence scores in the off‐medication condition (measured with the Schwab & England Activities of Daily Living Scale) as well as quality of life (measured with the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire [PDQ]‐37) remained improved at longest follow‐up compared to preoperatively (respectively, p < 0.001, p = 0.015). Cognitive scores, measured with the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, significantly worsened compared to before and 1 year after surgery (p < 0.001), without significant change in depression, measured with the Beck Depression Inventory. Motor fluctuations, dyskinesias, and off dystonia remained improved at longest follow‐up (p < 0.001), with a significant reduction in dopaminergic treatment (45%, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

This study highlights the long‐term improvement of subthalamic stimulation on independence and quality of life, despite the progression of disease and the occurrence of levodopa‐resistant symptoms.
Locality, legitimacy and the limits of diversion: Reviewing youth justice in Jersey
Authors: Evans Jonathan , Raynor Peter , Heath Brian
Published: June 2022

This article is based on the authors’ involvement in two reviews of Jersey's youth justice system, carried out in 2010 and 2018. The reviews provide fresh insights into the process of moving towards a child‐first, rights‐informed youth justice system; the potential of traditional community justice to be used as a vehicle for diversion, particularly when such culturally embedded practices enjoy public support; and the need to adapt strategies to the limitations of local conditions and resources in order to ensure feasibility. These findings support and amplify the conclusions of recent research on how localities can shape youth justice.
Identification of preserved egg white protein glycation and insight into the bioactivity
Authors: Wang Chenyan , Meng Yaqi , Ning Qiu , Guyonnet Vincent , Keast Russell , Zhu Chunxia , Mine Yoshinori
Published: June 2022

Preserved eggs have been reported to possess anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant bioactivities, which are enhanced after protein glycation. However, it is still unknown which proteins are glycated during pickling process of preserved eggs and whether the glycated proteins are related to the bioactivity of preserved eggs. In this study, UPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS was used to identify glycation of proteins in preserved egg white (PEW) and duck egg white (DEW). Altogether, 142 sites on 53 glycated proteins were detected in PEW while 9 sites on 2 glycated proteins were found in DEW. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that the glycation of PEW proteins (e.g. Ovalbumin, Ovotransferrin, Albumin) were supposed to be connected with allergenicity reduction, and the enhancement of antibacterial and antioxidant bioactivities. These findings provide some indications for the future studies on the detailed bioactivities of glycated proteins in PEW, and pave the way for applied research on glycation and the development of functional foods.
Serum zonulin as an index of glucose dysregulation in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity
Authors: Olivieri Francesca , Maguolo Alice , Corradi Massimiliano , Zusi Chiara , Huber Valentina , Fornari Elena , Morandi Anita , Maffeis Claudio
Published: June 2022

Increased intestinal permeability has an important role in metabolic dysregulation. In this cross‐sectional study, we examined whether serum intestinal permeability marker zonulin and related pro‐inflammatory molecules were associated with the oral disposition index, a predictor for the development of type 2 diabetes, in a cohort of children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. Ninety‐two children and adolescents were recruited [Male: 43; 12.7 (2.35) years; BMI SDS: 2.7 (0.96)]. Anthropometric and clinical parameters, lipid profile, glucose metabolism and plasma levels of zonulin, lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein and Interleukin‐6 were measured. We found an association between oral disposition index and zonulin (β = −0.243; p = 0.019) and age (β = −0.307; p = 0.004), independent of sex and BMI SDS [R2 = 0.16; p = 0.005]. Our results show an association between serum zonulin concentration and oral disposition index supporting the hypothesis of increased intestinal permeability as a possible risk factor for glucose metabolism dysregulation in children and adolescents with obesity.
What (not) to add in your ad: When job ads discourage older or younger job seekers to apply
Authors: Koçak Aylin , Derous Eva , Born Marise Ph. , Duyck Wouter
Published: June 2022

Both older and younger job seekers face difficulties when entering the workforce. Qualification‐based targeted recruitment (QBTR) might be used to attract older/younger job seekers, yet how this strategy is perceived by older/younger job seekers has not been considered before. The present study fills this gap and investigated effects of negatively metastereotyped information in job ads (i.e., personality requirements or traits) on application intention and self‐efficacy of both older and younger job seekers. An experimental study (Ntotal = 556; 44.6% aged 50 or older, 55.4% aged 30 or younger) showed that negatively metastereotyped traits in job ads (e.g., “flexible”) lowered older job seekers’ application intention and that this effect was mediated by older job seekers’ self‐efficacy regarding that trait. No such effects were found among younger job seekers. Results showed that organizations can fail to attract older candidates because of the traits mentioned in job ads, which is particularly alarming when aiming to target age‐diverse applicants. Suggestions for practitioners and future research are formulated.
Prognostic significance of 24‐h blood pressure and variability indices in the outcome of acute ischaemic stroke
Authors: Kakaletsis Nikolaos , Ntaios George , Milionis Haralampos , Karagiannaki Anastasia , Chouvarda Ioanna , Dourliou Vasiliki , Chytas Achileas , Hatzitolios Apostolos I. , Savopoulos Christos
Published: June 2022

Background

The association between blood pressure (BP) levels and BP variability (BPV) following acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) and outcome remains controversial.

Aims

To investigate the predictive value of systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) and BPV measured using 24‐h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) methods during AIS regarding outcome.

Methods

A total of 228 AIS patients (175 without prior disability) underwent ABPM every 20 min within 48 h from onset using an automated oscillometric device (TM 2430, A&D Company Ltd) during day time (7:00–22:59) and night time (23:00–6:59). Risk factors, stroke subtypes, clinical and laboratory findings were recorded. Mean BP parameters and several BPV indices were calculated. End‐points were death and unfavourable functional outcome (disability/death) at 3 months.

Results

A total of 61 (26.7%) patients eventually died. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that only mean night‐time DBP (hazard ratio (HR): 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00–1.07) was an independent prognostic factor of death. Of the 175 patients without prior disability, 79 (45.1%) finally met the end‐point of unfavourable functional outcome. Mean 24‐h SBP (HR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.00–1.05), day‐time SBP (HR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00–1.05) and night‐time SBP (HR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01–1.05), SBP nocturnal decline (HR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88–0.99), mean 24‐h DBP (HR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.03–1.13), day‐time DBP (HR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.03–1.12) and night‐time DBP (HR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.02–1.10) were independent prognostic factors of an unfavourable functional outcome.

Conclusions

In contrast with BPV indices, ABPM‐derived BP levels and lower or absence of BP nocturnal decline in the acute phase are prognostic factors of outcome in AIS patients.
Identifying barriers affecting citizen participation in community‐driven development projects in Afghanistan: A case study of Herat city
Authors: Hanif Asadullah , Khakpoor Barat Ali , Kharazmi Omid Ali , Loodin Najibullah
Published: June 2022

The World Bank has prioritised and implemented the Citizen Charter National Priority Program (CCNPP) – a community‐driven development program aiming to broadly engage local communities in planning and implementation of the community‐driven development projects in Afghanistan. This paper has utilised Arnstein's model of citizen's participation – the eight stages of citizen participation ladder – to assess the major barriers affecting citizen engagement in community‐driven development projects in Afghanistan. Employing a qualitative approach, we have conducted semi‐structured interviews and focus group discussions with local communities, elders of the community development councils, community development experts and practitioners. The paper has found out that poverty, deinstitutionalised Community Development Councils (CDCs), low level of literacy, lack of volunteering culture, male‐dominance in decision‐making processes, defects in CCNPP operational processes including limited time frame, predefined services, power‐seeking facilitating partners, area selection, and weak CDCs are among the major barriers affecting citizen participation in community‐driven projects in Afghanistan. This paper concluded that citizen's participation in community‐driven development projects in Afghanistan is placed at informing and consultation stages and, in some projects, could be placed at the placation stage of Arnstein's model of citizen participation.
Geoglomeris subterranea (Diplopoda, Glomerida, Glomeridae), the first morphologically non‐specialized semiaquatic glomerid millipede?
Authors: Valkay Haľková Beáta , Tajovský Karel , Grego Jozef , Žurovcová Martina , Mock Andrej
Published: June 2022

Geoglomeris subterranea Verhoeff 1908 is a small (2–3 mm), blind, and depigmented representative of the order Glomerida, with a predominantly Western European distribution. Towards Central Europe (the Czech Republic, Austria), the species is found only sporadically, and its occurrence is documented by a small number of individuals. Recently, we documented this species in three orographic units of Slovakia (Slovenské stredohorie mountain range, Slovak Karst, and Pieniny Mountains), always on limestone bedrock. These findings represent the easternmost documented occurrence of the species. Analysis of the mitochondrial COI gene confirmed the identity as the species G. subterranea from Western Europe. The circumstances of the findings in Slovakia were very surprising: At the first two localities, living individuals were repeatedly collected from the bottom of karst springs, together with stygobiont fauna. This expands our knowledge of semiaquatic millipedes and proves to be unique to the order Glomerida. In a subsequent study, we found a close association of this species with the rhizosphere within soil saturated by water at karst springs, in humid to wet habitats. Nonetheless, using detailed morphological study, no morphological adaptations to the aquatic environment were found.
Mechanistic assessment of tolerance to iron deficiency mediated by Trichoderma harzianum in soybean roots
Authors: Kabir Ahmad Humayan , Rahman Md Atikur , Rahman Md Mostafizur , Brailey-Jones Philip , Lee Ki-Won , Bennetzen Jeffrey L.
Published: June 2022

Aims

Iron (Fe) deficiency in soil is a continuing problem for soybean (Glycine max L.) production, partly as a result of continuing climate change. This study elucidates how Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 (TH) mitigates growth retardation associated with Fe-deficiency in a highly sensitive soybean cultivar.

Methods and Results

Soil TH supplementation led to mycelial colonization and the presence of UAOX1 gene in roots that caused substantial improvement in chlorophyll score, photosynthetic efficiency and morphological parameters, indicating a positive influence on soybean health. Although rhizosphere acidification was found to be a common feature of Fe-deficient soybean, the upregulation of Fe-reductase activity (GmFRO2) and total phenol secretion were two of the mechanisms that substantially increased the Fe availability by TH. Heat-killed TH applied to soil caused no improvement in photosynthetic attributes and Fe-reductase activity, confirming the active role of TH in mitigating Fe-deficiency. Consistent increases in tissue Fe content and increased Fe-transporter (GmIRT1, GmNRAMP2a, GmNRAMP2b and GmNRAMP7) mRNA levels in roots following TH supplementation were observed only under Fe-deprivation. Root cell death, electrolyte leakage, superoxide (O2•–) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) substantially declined due to TH in Fe-deprived plants. Further, the elevation of citrate and malate concentration along with the expression of citrate synthase (GmCs) and malate synthase (GmMs) caused by TH suggest improved chelation of Fe in Fe-deficient plants. Results also suggest that TH has a role in triggering antioxidant defence by increasing the activity of glutathione reductase (GR) along with elevated S-metabolites (glutathione and methionine) to stabilize redox status under Fe-deficiency.

Conclusions

TH increases the availability and mobilization of Fe by inducing Fe-uptake pathways, which appears to help provide resistance to oxidative stress associated with Fe-shortage in soybean.

Significance and Impact of the Study

These findings indicate that while Fe deficiency does not affect the rate or degree of TH hyphal association in soybean roots, the beneficial effects of TH alone may be Fe deficiency-dependent.