bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Components of Effective Self-Regulated Learning Programs by School Levels
Authors: Han Jeonghee , Park Yonghan
Published: July 2024

In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis to synthesize the effects of self-regulated learning (SRL) programs and explored the components of effective SRL programs. Specifically, we compared the effect sizes of SRL programs using self-regulated learning ability, academic self-efficacy, learning motivation, and time management as dependent variables. We also examined effect size according to the characteristics of program implementation (e.g., subject area and type of instructional intervention) by school level. For these purposes, we analyzed a total of 178 effect sizes from 38 domestic studies selected using specific criteria. The findings are as follows. First, the overall average effect size of the SRL programs was 0.51 (U3 = 70%). Second, SRL programs were effective for all dependent variables: time management (ES = 0.89), academic self-efficacy (ES = 0.73), learning motivation (ES = 0.62), and self-regulated learning ability (ES = 0.62). Third, for upper elementary students, the most significant effects were observed when the programs lasted 8 weeks or less with 20 or more sessions and 120 minutes or less per session. For middle and high school students, however, the effective programs lasted 8 weeks or less with 10 sessions or less and 90 minutes orb less per session. For college students, the effective programs laste 8 weeks or less with 20 sessions or less and 60 minutes or less per session. Notably, those SRL programs as learning coaching showed greate r effect sizes for higher school levels. These results provide a practical guideline for the critical components and efficient implementation of effective SRL programs by school level to enhance students’ SRL abilities.
THE FRAME STRENGTH FOR THE POWER PLANT AND HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION OF DR1B DIESEL TRAIN TYPE
Authors: Afanaskov Pavel , Ogorodnikov Leonid , Belogub Viktor , Putyato Artur , Shcherbaty Kirill , Buylenkov Pavel
Published: July 2024

Compliance with the regulatory requirements of the upgraded part of a diesel train is checked. The object of the study is a modified frame design for a new power plant and hydraulic transmission of DR1B diesel train type. The frame is designed for a new power plant, a comparative analysis of the original frame design with the modified one is presented, as well as their structural differences are described. The normative loading modes are described and the loading factors for assessing the strength of the frame structure under study are presented. A finite element model of the modified frame structure for the power plant is developed, its stress-strain state is analyzed, and on its basis a scheme for installing resistance strain gages is developed. The results of full-scale impact tests and running strength tests of a diesel train with a modified frame design are presented. A calculated and experimental assessment of the fatigue resistance reserve coefficient is performed.
Estado Vacinal de Colegiais Adolescentes
Authors: Sousa Alencar Cantuária Ana Beatriz , Martins Montelo Flávia , Teixeira Abella Henrique , Dos Santos Almeida Mirian Cristina , Vilela Hipólito Ulisses , Carvalho da Silva Tereza Raquel
Published: July 2024

Propõe-se avaliar o estado vacinal de escolares matriculados dos 4º aos 9º anos em escolas municipais de Palmas - TO. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa realizado entre novembro de 2020 e abril de 2021 por meio da avaliação de 145 cartões de vacina de estudantes das 4 regiões da cidade. Resultados: A idade média foi 11 anos e 5 meses, com maior participação de estudantes do sexo feminino (53,79%). Dos cartões avaliados, 62,76% dos colegiais estavam com o estado vacinal em atraso, incluindo Febre Amarela, difteria/Tétano, Tríplice viral, Meningites ACWY e HPV. Notou-se associação entre sexo e o estado vacinal em atraso, onde as meninas apresentaram maior índice de atraso vacinal. Conclusões: Mais da metade dos colegiais estavam com estado vacinal em atraso, com maior percentual nas vacinas contra Febre Amarela (reforço) e Meningite ACWY.
Identificação de Risco Obstétrico da gestante no Pré-natal Odontológico: protocolo de revisão de escopo
Authors: Gomes Camila Sampaio Barbosa , Costa Bueno Arnaldo , Herdy Alves Valdecy , Miranda da Rocha Bruno , Bachá de Carvalho Rachel
Published: July 2024

Objetivo: mapear o risco obstétrico no Pré-natal Odontológico, bem como as estratégias para identificação deste risco.
Introdução:O pré-natal odontológico é uma parte importante do cuidado pré-natal, pois pode ajudar a prevenir problemas de saúde bucal que podem afetar a saúde da mãe e do recém-nascido.
Critérios de inclusão: serão incluídos estudos que tratem de gestantes e puérperas  em qualquer faixa etária  e recém-nascido, focalizando no risco obstétrico relacionados a saúde bucal identificados no pré-natal odontológico.
Métodos: protocolo de revisão de escopo que será realizado de acordo com a método do  JBI  e apresentado segundo o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). A busca será realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS e EMBASE/Elsevier, LILACS, IBECS, BDENF (BVS), Scielo, Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics), CINAHL, Academic Search Premier (EBSCO) e nos buscadores acadêmicos: Google Scholar e Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE), sem restrição de idiomas e recorte temporal. Seleção e extração dos dados serão realizadas por dois revisores duplo independentes e em caso de divergência será consultado um terceiro revisor. Os dados serão apresentados graficamente, em forma diagramática e/ou tabular, acompanhados de resumo narrativo.
The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in Epilepsy and Migraine: A Narrative Review
Authors: D’Agnano Daniela , Cernigliaro Federica , Ferretti Alessandro , Lo Cascio Salvatore , Correnti Edvige , Terrin Gianluca , Santangelo Andrea , Bellone Giulia , Raieli Vincenzo , Sciruicchio Vittorio , Parisi Pasquale
Published: July 2024

Autonomic symptoms may be local and general clinical manifestations of both epilepsy and migraine caused by the dysfunction of brain areas best known as the central autonomic network. Despite their prevalence, autonomic signs are often misdiagnosed and their treatment is undervalued. This review aims to describe the autonomic manifestations reported during seizures and migraineur attacks according to their presentation, focusing on the role of the central autonomic network (CAN) and on the parasympathetic outflow that often-induced cranial autonomic symptoms (CAS) during migraineur attacks. Further, our purpose is to analyze the pathophysiological meanings and whether their presence influences the prognosis and therapy of these disorders.
Loss of Cells in the Retinal Ganglion Cell Layer as an Early Indication of Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Shenoy Nidhi , Liu Fang , Narayanan S. Priya
Published: July 2024

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating neurological disease affecting the central nervous system and significantly impacting patients’ quality of life. MS is known as an autoimmune disease affecting the white matter. The disease involves inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration, causing irreversible disabilities. Current treatments for MS target the inflammatory phase, with limited effects on long-term disability. While neuronal damage significantly contributes to MS pathology, mechanisms of neurodegeneration are not well studied. Methods: This study evaluated neurodegenerative changes in the retina during disease progression, using data collected from an experimental MS model (Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis, EAE). Utilizing Hematoxylin and Eosin-stained retinal sections and assessment using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), the study investigated the neurodegenerative changes, such as loss of cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL) and retinal thinning in the retina of the EAE model and the control groups. Results: Our results showed a significant reduction in the number of cells in the GCL of the EAE retina at two different time points studied, suggesting loss of neurons compared to the control group. Thickness measurements showed a reduction in the total retina and inner retinal layer thicknesses in the EAE retina compared to the controls. Our results indicate evidence of neurodegenerative changes in the retina of the experimental model of MS. No significant differences were observed between the percent losses of cells between the two time points studied. The pattern of cell loss suggests that neurodegeneration occurs at an earlier stage of disease progression. Conclusions: Overall, the retina is an excellent model to investigate neurodegeneration in MS, and possibly, loss of cells in the GCL could be used as an early indicator of neurodegeneration in MS and to identify novel therapeutic agents to treat the disease.
An Overview of MR-Guided Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy (MRg-LITT) in Disrupting the Blood-Brain Barrier: Efficacy and Duration
Authors: Bakrbaldawi Ahmed Abdulsalam Ali , Zhu Zhoule , Zheng Zhe , Zhu Junming , Jiang Hongjie
Published: July 2024

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a selectively semi-permeable layer, crucial in shielding the brain from external pathogens and toxic substances while maintaining ionic homeostasis and sufficient nutrient supply. However, it poses a significant challenge for drugs to penetrate the BBB in order to effectively target brain tumors. Magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRg-LITT) is a minimally invasive technique that employs thermal energy to cauterize intracranial lesions with the potential to temporarily disrupt the BBB. This further opens a possible therapeutic window to enhance patient outcomes. Here, we review the impact of MRg-LITT on BBB and blood tumor barrier (BTB) and the duration of the BBB disruption. Studies have shown that MRg-LITT is effective due to its minimally invasive nature, precise tumor targeting, and low complication rates. Although the disruption duration varies across studies, the average peak disruption is within the initial two weeks post-ablation period and subsequently exhibits a gradual decline. However, further research involving larger groups with extended follow-up periods is required to determine disruption duration more accurately. In addition, evaluating toxicity and glymphatic system disruption is crucial to circumvent potential risks associated with this procedure.
Clinical Predictors of the Rapid Progression and Revascularization of Coronary Non-Target Lesions: A Serial Angiographic Study
Authors: Wang Wei , Xu Haobo , Yuan Jiansong , Guo Chao , Hu Fenghuan , Yang Weixian , Luo Xiaoliang , Liu Rong , Liu Shengwen , Chen Jilin , Qiao Shubin , Cui Jingang , Wang Juan
Published: July 2024

Background: Rapid progression of coronary non-target lesions is essential for the determination of future cardiovascular events. Clinical factors that predict rapid progression of non-target lesions are unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical predictors of rapid progression and revascularization of coronary non-target lesions. Methods: Consecutive patients with coronary heart disease who had undergone two serial coronary angiograms were enrolled. All coronary non-target lesions were identified and evaluated at both procedures. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to investigate the clinical risk factors associated with rapid progression or revascularization of coronary non-target lesions. Results: A total of 1255 patients and 1670 lesions were enrolled. In this cohort of patients, 239 (19%) had rapid progression and 186 (14.8%) underwent revascularization. At the lesion level, 251 (15.0%) had rapid progression and 194 (11.6%) underwent revascularization. The incidence of lesion revascularization and myocardial infarction was significantly higher in patients with rapid progression. In multivariable analyses, hypertension (hazard ratio [HR], 0.76; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.58–1.00; p = 0.049), ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.03–2.07; p = 0.035), glycosylated hemoglobin (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.01–1.33; p = 0.039) and lesion classification (B2/C versus A/B1) (HR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.27–2.35; p = 0.001) were significant factors associated with rapid progression. The level of triglycerides (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00–1.20; p = 0.040) and lesion classification (B2/C versus A/B1) (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.09–2.14; p = 0.014) were predictors of lesion revascularization. Conclusions: Hypertension, STEMI, glycosylated hemoglobin and lesion classification may be used as predictors of rapid progression of coronary non-target lesions. The level of triglyceride and lesion classification may predict the revascularization of non-target lesions. In order to prevent future cardiovascular events, increased attention should be paid to patients with these factors.
Red Blood Cell Transfusion Strategies in Cardiovascular Interventions
Authors: Foglietta Melissa , Bacigalupi Elena , Radico Francesco , Pizzicannella Jacopo , Appignani Marianna , De Donno Federica , Di Gregorio Patrizia , Pelliccia Francesco , Zimarino Marco
Published: July 2024

Acute coronary syndrome, cardiac surgery, and cardiac structural interventions are among the most common situations leading to allogeneic red blood cell consumption due to the prevalence of bleeding and anemia. The wide variability in the use of transfusions derives from the current lack of data, and the absence of strong evidence and clear guideline recommendations. The current approach is to avoid unnecessary blood transfusions and limit their use to life-saving conditions; this conservative strategy derives from often controversial and inconclusive results of observational and randomized studies where liberal and restricted red blood transfusion strategies seemed to have similar outcomes. The pivotal question for future research lies in elucidating whether blood transfusions function as an active participant or merely a catalyst in amplifying adverse events. The present review aims to summarize the current literature data and critically analyze the available evidence for red blood transfusions in cardiac interventions.
The Application of Mendelian Randomization in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Prediction: Current Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Jin Yi-Jing , Wu Xing-Yuan , An Zhuo-Yu
Published: July 2024

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and is associated with a wide range of risk factors, and genetically associated conditions. While many CVDs are preventable and early detection alongside treatment can significantly mitigate complication risks, current prediction models for CVDs need enhancements for better accuracy. Mendelian randomization (MR) offers a novel approach for estimating the causal relationship between exposure and outcome by using genetic variation in quasi-experimental data. This method minimizes the impact of confounding variables by leveraging the random allocation of genes during gamete formation, thereby facilitating the integration of new predictors into risk prediction models to refine the accuracy of prediction. In this review, we delve into the theory behind MR, as well as the strengths, applications, and limitations behind this emerging technology. A particular focus will be placed on MR application to CVD, and integration into CVD prediction frameworks. We conclude by discussing the inclusion of various populations and by offering insights into potential areas for future research and refinement.
Age, Race, Sex and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: Implications for Prevention and Management of Cardiometabolic Disease in Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Nylén Eric
Published: July 2024

Physical inactivity and poor cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are strongly associated with type 2 diabetes (DM2) and all-cause and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Incorporating physical activity promotion in the management of DM2 has been a pivotal approach modulating the underlying pathophysiology of DM2 of increased insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and abnormal mitochondrial function. Although CRF is considered a modifiable risk factor, certain immutable aspects such as age, race, and gender impact CRF status and is the focus of this review. Results show that diabetes has often been considered a disease of premature aging manifested by early onset of macro and microvascular deterioration with underlying negative impact on CRF and influencing next generation. Certain races such as Native Americans and African Americans show reduced baseline CRF and decreased gain in CRF in randomized trials. Moreover, multiple biological gender differences translate to lower baseline CRF and muted responsivity to exercise in women with increased morbidity and mortality. Although factors such as age, race, and sex may not have major impacts on CRF their influence should be considered with the aim of optimizing precision medicine.
Positive Character and Academic Achievement: The Moderating Role of Family Function
Authors: Hasanuddin Hasanuddin , Lubis Rahmi , Tafonao Lince Kristina , Adawiyah Zain
Published: July 2024

Student academic achievement is an indicator of success in studying in college. Student habits in carrying out tasks reflected in personal character will impact student learning achievement. However, the positive character does not always influence learning achievement. Other factors that can weaken the role of positive character in academic achievement include family function. This research examines the moderating role of family function in determining the strength of the influence of positive character on student academic achievement. The 201 students majoring in natural sciences selected using stratified random sampling were involved in this explanatory quantitative research. Researchers employed the family function, the noble character scales, and the student cumulative achievement index. Data analysis used the Jamovi statistical software moderation test version 2.0.0. The results show that family function determines the magnitude of the influence of positive character on academic achievement. For students with high family function, character determines significantly academic achievement. On the contrary, for students with low family function. The study is beneficial for educational counsellors in overcoming the problem of low academic achievement by focusing on developing character and improving family function.
Priče i pripovijedanje u ranom učenju engleskoga jezika – komparativna analiza
Authors: Cindrić Ivana , Milković Ivana , Rozmanič Tina , Dagarin Fojkar Mateja
Published: July 2024

Pripovijedanje i čitanje priča naglas pripadaju najprikladnijim pristupima poučavanju jezika u ranoj dobi. Čitanjem i pripovijedanjem priča potiče se stvaranje pozitivnih stavova prema književnosti, stranim jezicima i drugim kulturama. Cilj ove komparativne analize bio je istražiti učestalost i načine na koje se priče koriste u nastavi engleskoga jezika u prva tri razreda osnovne škole u Sloveniji (uzrast od 6 do 8 godina) te u prva četiri razreda u Hrvatskoj (uzrast od 7 do 10 godina). Za potrebe prikupljanja podataka osmišljen je upitnik, a odgovori su dobiveni od 199 učitelja (N=199) engleskoga jezika iz Slovenije i Hrvatske. Rezultati istraživanja ukazali su na značajne razlike među ispitanicima iz Slovenije i Hrvatske glede korištenje udžbenika u nastavi. Ispitanici iz Hrvatske uglavnom se oslanjaju na tekstove koji su ponuđeni u udžbenicima, dok učitelji iz Slovenije u nastavi uglavnom koriste izvorne slikovnice umjesto udžbenika. Također je uočeno da je učiteljima jedan od glavnih izazova pronalaženje prikladnih materijala. S obzirom na rezultate istraživanja, predlažu se promjene u programima za obrazovanje učitelja i bolje opremanje škola materijalima za čitanje.
Anger as an experience of cultural meanings in the modern religious picture of the world
Authors: A. Bezklubaya Svetlana
Published: July 2024

The growth of aggression in the world community actualizes the study of the phenomenon of anger as one of the reasons for the destruction of modern culture. The causes, forms of manifestation, and perception of anger are determined by the semantic context of culture and are traditionally recorded in the religious picture of the world. Therefore, the object of this study is anger as a reflection of cultural meanings in the modern religious picture of the world. Anger is considered an indicator, a dominant emotional imperative, a concept for experiencing cultural meanings, a way of building a new spirituality, and a modern religious picture of the world. The psychosocial habit of anger as a way of solving worldview problems sets the value of characteristics of being and the vectors of individuality. The essence of anger is revealed through patristic asceticism, the emotional experience of collective rituals, individualism, and spiritualism, through the humanistic orientation of human life and society, and through the functions of anger in postnormal times. As a sinful passion and spiritual illness, anger is eradicated by a holistic change in personality. The methodological foundations of the study were an anthropological approach, psychological and linguistic discourses, and cultural and philosophical reflection. The conclusions contained in the work provide an opportunity to better navigate the emotional lives of people of different cultures for those who carry out professional activities like psychologists, psychotherapists, lecturers, volunteers, and rehabilitation specialists; who accompany parents and children in foster families; who work with orphans, disabled people, and believers.
An Analysis of the Belief in Religious Truths Between Muslims and Roman Catholics in Slovenia and the Question of Identity
Authors: Jeglič Urška
Published: July 2024

In this work, an unprecedented comparison is made between recognising religious truths and observing religious practices among Muslims and Roman Catholics in Slovenia. Based on the results, the author establishes a link to the identity of the representatives of the religions in question and thus attempts to explain whether the phenomenon of Islamophobia is justified or not.
Hrvatsko-bošnjački identitetni i politički suodnos
Authors: Mrduljaš Saša
Published: July 2024

Već iz samog uvida u geografski smještaj Hrvata i Bošnjaka moglo bi se pretpostaviti da je riječ o dvama narodima u bliskoj »srodničkoj« vezi. Da ona uistinu postoji najbolje svjedoči podatak da se u osnovi jedino oni izvorno služe najzastupljenijim, autohtonim govorima u Bosni i Hercegovini. Riječ je o dvjema nacionalnim zajednicama proizišlim iz narodne mase koja je nekoć imala istovrstan ili uvelike ujednačen povijesni razvoj. On se prekida osmanskim osvajanjima i vlašću nad ovdašnjim prostorima te utjecajima koje je ostavila na njima. Posebice posredstvom masovne islamizacije te indirektnim poticajem sveukupne unifikacije katoličke populacije u konačnici pod hrvatskim imenom. S obzirom na taj »lom« i naknadnu posebnost razvoja razumljivo je da hrvatski i bošnjački narod temeljno određuju i posebni ciljevi. Među njih zasigurno ne pripada »pitanje« opstojnosti i cjelovitosti Bosne i Hercegovine jer su u tom smislu stajališta hrvatske i bošnjačke politike ujednačena. Ono što izgleda spornim jest regulacija političko-pravnog suodnosa Hrvata i Bošnjaka prvenstveno unutar Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine. Na toj je razini i nadalje nejasno mogu li hrvatsko-bošnjački odnosi biti utemeljeni na afirmaciji obostrano prihvatljivih ustrojstvenih rješenja te na međusobnom uvažavanju, čemu doprinos može dati i zajednički identitetni fond ili je nužna njihova determiniranost pokušajima političko-identitetne negacije pa i posredstvom ideoloških konstrukcija prošlosti i sadašnjosti?
The Impact of Uniform Components on Uniform Satisfaction and Major Attachment: Focusing on Airline Service Majors
Authors: Lee Hwayeon , Han Euijin ,   Asia-Europe Perspective Association
Published: July 2024

This study analyzed the impact of uniform components on uniform satisfaction and departmental attachment among aviation service majors in the Gwangju and Jeonnam regions. The research examined the influence of three key components—symbolism, aesthetics, and functionality—on uniform satisfaction and departmental attachment. Data collection was conducted through an online survey from March 15 to May 17, 2024, with 178 valid samples analyzed. The results showed that the symbolism, aesthetics, and functionality of uniforms positively influenced uniform satisfaction, with symbolism having the most significant impact. Additionally, it was found that functionality and symbolism significantly affected departmental attachment. Uniform satisfaction also played a positive role in increasing departmental attachment. This study confirmed that enhancing the design, functionality, and symbolism of uniforms can boost students' sense of belonging and pride, thereby improving their attachment to the department. These findings reaffirm the importance of uniforms and suggest ways to strengthen university competitiveness.
Unlabeled Corpora using Word Embeddings
Authors: Chester Patrick James
Published: July 2024

Researchers frequently need to extract information, such as events or target topics, from large corpora. One common solution involves applying semantically-related keywords to identify tweets, news articles, or other documents of interest. However, it is rarely the case that dictionaries of relevance to the topic, event, or language both exist and are accessible. Existing algorithms for extracting dictionaries, require many user-provided seed words or hand-coded documents to generate useful results. Additionally, they do not incorporate contextual information from natural language. In this paper, I present a novel algorithm, conclust, that extracts keywords from unlabeled text using a small number of user-provided seed words and a fitted word embeddings model. Compared to existing methods of lexicon extraction, conclust requires few seed words, is computationally efficient, and takes word context into account. I describe this algorithm's properties and benchmark its performance with existing methods of lexical dictionary extraction, comparing differences in user labor, conceptual clarity, and the ability to replicate existing keyword dictionaries.
Learning from Noise: Applying Sample Complexity for Social Science Research
Authors: Carter Perry , Choi Dahyun
Published: July 2024

While statistical learning bridges the gap between theoretical concepts and complex empirical realities, the question of what constitutes ``good enough" data for social scientists remains understudied. In this article, we introduce the Probably Approximately Correct model and present sample complexity bounds, which take advantage of researcher-specified estimates of labeling error to guarantee the sample size required for a minimum level of accuracy. We develop a simulation-based approach to demonstrate its feasibility and provide the scR R package, offering a computationally efficient way to implement the proposed methods. We aim to improve standard practice by providing a general-purpose tool to validate the quality of measures when fuzzy measurement boundaries make generating data with ground-truth labels infeasible.
Receiving vs. believing (mis)information from friends: experimental evidence from India
Authors: Narang Jimmy
Published: July 2024

Do people believe a news story more if it is shared by a friend? Should they? I investigate this using experiments in India with 800 pairs of friends and a custom social-media platform. I find sharers can distinguish true from false stories but share both equally, making sharing uninformative about a story's truth. Receivers, however, interpret sharing as a sign of truth: they overestimate how well sharers’ beliefs predict veracity; discount how factors besides belief influence sharing decisions; and update the most on stories they least believed initially. Altogether, stories gain (unmerited) credibility from being shared by a friend
Unlocking Academic Success: Exploring Associations Between 24-Hour Movement Compositions and Academic Performance in College Students
Authors: Porter Carah D. , Minnigh Tyler L. , Coyle Thomas , Brown Denver M. Y.
Published: July 2024

Research has established beneficial associations between 24-hour movement behaviors (i.e., sleep, physical activity, sedentary behavior) and academic performance. However, most studies have focused on individual behaviors, overlooking their interdependence. This study examined the relationship between 24-hour movement compositions and academic performance among college students. A total of 150 college students (Mage = 19.2 ± 1.42 years; 69.3% female; 42.7% Hispanic) wore an accelerometer to measure 24-hour movement behaviors for 7 full days. Cumulative grade point average (GPA) and standardized test scores (i.e., SAT) were collected from university records. Compositional linear regression models were computed, with adjustment for covariates (gender and SAT). The overall movement composition was significantly associated with GPA. Sedentary behavior and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were positively associated with GPA, whereas a negative association was observed for light physical activity (LPA). Replacing up to 20 minutes of LPA with sedentary behavior, sleep, or MVPA was associated with higher GPA. Additionally, substituting sleep with MVPA was associated with higher GPA. Findings suggest that college students’ movement compositions may be related to their academic performance. Longitudinal work is needed to pinpoint specific periods within the semester to better understand when each behavior is most important for academic performance.
COSMOS An Analytical Model Based on Observations
Authors: Arnold Hans Werner
Published: July 2024

Our search for the origin of gravitation and time leads to an analytical model of theevolution of the universe. The model is a mathematical equation based onobservations and current physical understanding. It describes the observed cosmicfire as a continuous process of a nuclear reaction. This fire is a source ofgravitation and time. It shows an acceleration of the expansion speed of theuniverse and of the production of dark mass/energy. It leads to a way of findingPlanck's Quantum of Action analytically. Together with Hubble's Law andConstant, it describes the earliest moment of our universe. This moment is sharedwith the Big Bang. It is the origin of the graviton, with a spin of two and anentanglement of two of Planck's quanta of action.
Interdiffusion of major elements at 1 atmosphere between natural shoshonitic and rhyolitic melts
Authors: González-García Diego , Vetere Francesco , Behrens Harald , Petrelli Maurizio , Morgavi Daniele , Perugini Diego
Published: July 2024

The diffusive mass exchange of eight major elements (Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, and K) between natural, nominally dry shoshonitic and rhyolitic melts was studied at atmospheric pressure and temperatures between 1230 and 1413 °C using the diffusion couple method. For six elements, effective binary diffusion coefficients were calculated by means of a concentration-dependent method to obtain an internally consistent data set. Among these components, the range in diffusivities is restricted, pointing to a coupling of their diffusive fluxes. We find that the calculated diffusivities fit well into the Arrhenius relation, with activation energies (Ea) ranging from 258 to 399 kJ/mol in rhyolitic (70 wt% SiO2) melt and from 294 to 426 kJ/mol in the latitic melt (58 wt% SiO2). Ti shows the lowest Ea, while Si, Fe, Mg, Ca, and K have a similar value. A strong linear correlation is observed between logD0 and Ea, confirming the validity of the compensation law for this system. Uphill diffusion is observed in Al in the form of a concentration minimum in the rhyolitic side of the couple, (at ca. 69 wt% SiO2), and in Na indicated by a maximum in the shoshonitic side (ca. 59 wt% SiO2). Fe shows weak signs of uphill diffusion, possibly due to the contribution of ferric iron. The data presented here extend the database of previously published diffusivities in the shoshonite-rhyolite system (González-García et al. 2017) toward the water-free end and allows us to better constrain the water-dependence of major element diffusion at very low water concentrations. Combining both data sets, we find that logD is proportional to the square root of water concentration for a range between 0 and 2 wt% H2O. These results are of particular interest in the study of mass transfer phenomena in alkaline volcanic systems.
Perceived value of video games, but not hours played, predicts mental well-being in adult Nintendo players
Authors: Ballou Nick , Vuorre Matti , Hakman Thomas , Magnusson Kristoffer , Przybylski Andrew K
Published: July 2024

Studies on video games and well-being often rely on self-report measures or data from a single game. Here, we study how 703 US adults’ time spent playing for over 140,000 hours across 150 Nintendo Switch games relates to their life satisfaction, affect, depressive symptoms, and general mental well-being. We replicate previous findings that playtime over the past two weeks does not predict well-being, and extend these findings to a wider range of timescales (one hour to one year). Results suggest that relationships, if present, dissipate within two hours of gameplay. Our non-causal findings suggest substantial confounding would be needed to shift a meaningful true effect to the observed null. Although playtime was not related to well-being, players’ assessments of the value of game time—so called gaming life fit—was. Results emphasise the importance of defining the gaming population of interest, collecting data from more than one game, and focusing on how players integrate gaming into their lives rather than the amount of time spent.
Either all mental disorders are personality disorders or there are no personality disorders
Authors: Zavlis Orestis , Fonagy Peter
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we challenge prominent trait-based perspectives on personality psychopathology by arguing that when we push their implicit assumptions to their logical conclusions we realize that: either all mental disorders are personality disorders or there are no personality disorders.
Emotion Prediction and Social Consequences in Elevated Schizotypy
Authors: Barrick Elyssa M , Lincoln Sarah Hope
Published: July 2024

Successfully navigating the social world requires people to make accurate predictions about others. Individual differences in emotion prediction, or the ability to predict someone’s subsequent emotion given their current emotional state, can lead to variability in social success. Across three studies (N = 1,024) we find evidence that individuals with heightened schizotypy display worse emotion prediction accuracy. Further, this difficulty with emotion prediction is associated with increased feelings of loneliness, diminished social support, smaller social networks, and partially explains some of these social difficulties in individuals with heightened negative schizotypy. We also found that individuals with heightened schizotypy had disruptions in the ability to use the affective information sources that support emotion prediction: typicality of one’s own personal emotion dynamics, understanding of one’s emotional experiences, and perceiving others’ emotions. These findings highlight the importance of emotion prediction as a social cognitive construct that should be considered in future research for individuals across the schizophrenia spectrum.
Do cognitive functions belong in the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) Model? A meta-analysis
Authors: Ringwald Whitney R. , Abramovitch Amitai , Agelink van Rentergem Joost , Kotov Roman
Published: July 2024

Cognitive dysfunction is essential to conceptualizing, defining, and assessing much ofpsychopathology. Despite this prominence, cognitive abilities are not included in the prevailingempirically based classification system: the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology(HiTOP). This gap exists because the factor analytic literature HiTOP is based on has solely usedreporter measures rather than neuropsychological tests needed to measure cognitive ability.Given HiTOP’s influence on research and clinical practice, the omission of cognitive functionsfrom the model is consequential. This study aimed to determine how cognitive abilities fit intothe empirical structure of psychopathology with a meta-analytic joint factor analysis. We pooleddata from three published meta-analyses into a single correlation matrix of 8 DSM disorders and7 cognitive functions. We then fit a series of models to the meta-analytic correlation matrix usingexploratory factor analysis, and correlated factors across levels to estimate the hierarchicalstructure. The highest level of the model included a general factor with strong loadings of alldisorders and cognitive functions (median l= |.51|, range = |.30| - |.64|). At the lowest level werethree superspectra including 1) psychosis and cognitive dysfunction, 2) externalizing, and 3)emotional dysfunction. Our results show cognitive abilities can be integrated into the HiTOPmodel and point to actionable next steps in research to accomplish this goal.
Utilising Computerised Adaptive Testing to Alleviate Respondent Burden in Maternal Stress Assessment
Authors: Teo Chloe , Rachelle Chua Hng Teng , Garg Rishabh , Yoong Malorie Rui Yi , Tan Ethel Siew Ee , Rane Nikita , Hashim Nawal , Chen Helen , Hian Tan Kok , Shiao-yg Chan , Huang Jonathan , Kee Michelle Z.L , Chee Cornelia , Tan Hong Ming , Keppo Jussi , Meaney Michael , Tan Geoffrey Chern-Yee
Published: July 2024

Maternal mental health plays a pivotal role in perinatal care, with far-reaching implications for both maternal well-being and child development. Amidst global challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for effective mental health assessment has surged. In response, this study investigates the utility of Computerised Adaptive Testing (CAT) for profiling maternal stress. Using the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) dataset, we focused on the Maternal Stress module, comprising the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Parental Stress Index (PSI). We generated an item pool from both scales and employed the Graded Response Model (GRM) for calibration. A final item bank of 105 items was consolidated. Using the Concerto software, we devised a CAT questionnaire for test administration. We then used the 'Firestar' R package to simulate the CAT with various stopping criteria, revealing substantial question reduction (up to 84.8%) while still maintaining high correlations with true theta scores (up to 99.9%). Nonetheless, limitations include assumptions in simulations, item calibration, and a specific focus on maternal stress. This study underscores CAT's potential to streamline assessments, enhancing perinatal mental health evaluations, while signaling the need to further explore CAT’s potential in this domain.
Natural Language Response Formats for Assessing Depression and Worry with Large Language Models: A Sequential Evaluation with Model Pre-registration
Authors: Gu Zhuojun , Kjell Katarina , Schwartz H. Andrew , Kjell Oscar Nils Erik
Published: July 2024

Large Language Models can transform individuals’ mental health descriptions into scores that correlate with rating scales approaching theoretical upper limits. However, such analyses have combined word- and text-responses with little known about their differences. We develop response formats ranging from closed-ended to open-ended: 1) select words from lists, write 2) descriptive words, 3) phrases, or 4) texts. Participants answered questions about their depression/worry using the response formats and related rating scales. Language responses were transformed into word embeddings and trained to rating scales. We compare the validity (concurrent, incremental, face, discriminant, and external validity) and reliability (prospective sample and test-retest reliability) of the response formats. Using the Sequential Evaluation with Model Pre-registration design, machine-learning models were trained on a development dataset (N=963), and then pre-registered before tested on a prospective sample (N=145). The pre-registered models demonstrate strong validity and reliability, yielding high accuracy in the prospective sample (r=.60–.79). Additionally, the models demonstrated external validity to self-reported sick-leave/healthcare visits, where the text-format yielded the strongest correlations (being higher/equal to rating scales for 9 of 12 cases). The overall high validity and reliability across formats suggest the possibility of choosing formats according to clinical needs.
The Kindness Machine: AI Outperforms Expert Humans in Expressing Compassion
Authors: Ovsyannikova Dariya , de Mello Victoria Oldemburgo , Inzlicht Michael
Published: July 2024

Empathy connects us but strains under demanding settings. This study compared AI-generated empathetic responses to human responses, evaluating third-party compassion, responsiveness, and preferences across four preregistered experiments under varying conditions of response author transparency. Participants (n = 556) read empathy prompts describing positive and negative personal experiences and compared the AI responses to select or expert humans. Results revealed that AI responses were preferred and rated as more compassionate compared to skilled human responders (Study 1) even when author identity was made transparent (Study 2), when AI was compared to crisis responders (Study 3), and when author transparency was kept constant (Study 4). AI’s greater responsiveness—conveyed understanding, validation, and care— observed in Study 4 partially explained AI’s higher compassion ratings. These findings suggest that AI has robust utility in contexts requiring empathetic interaction, with the potential to address the increasing need for empathy in societal and clinical interactions.
Enhanced self-esteem reactivity in response to social prediction errors in adolescence
Authors: Gregorova Klara , Will Geert-Jan , Burkard Pia , Romanos Marcel , Reiter Andrea M.F.
Published: July 2024

Self-esteem is an important cornerstone of mental health across the lifespan. Throughout life, but perhaps particularly during the socially sensitive phase of adolescence, self-esteem is shaped by appraisals from other people. Previous work in adults showed that momentary fluctuations in self-esteem are best explained not only by whether we are liked by others but whether we are liked more or less than we expected (‘social prediction errors’). However, it is unclear if adolescents and adults differ in this regard. To address this gap, this study examined age-related differences in how social experiences shape self-esteem in 141 participants aged 10 to 40 years. We combined data from an experiment that simulated peer evaluation in a social media context with daily-life measures of self-esteem and social interactions collected using ecological momentary assessment. Self-esteem reactivity in response to social experiences varied with age: in the experiment, self-esteem reactivity in response to unexpected social feedback increased during adolescence and decreased again during adulthood. In daily life, self-esteem reactivity decreased with age in response to the pleasantness of a previous social interaction, but also in response to naturalistic social prediction errors (the difference between expected and perceived pleasantness of a social interaction). Self-esteem reactivity in the lab was moderated by daily-life self-esteem reactivity, demonstrating a convergence between lab observations and everyday experiences. Our findings suggest that adolescents’ self-image is highly malleable during adolescence, a socially dynamic phase of life, where a key developmental challenge is the reconfiguration of self-image within new social environments.
Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on Academic Freedom in the Field of Educational Sciences
Authors: Güven Aydın , K Güngör Semra
Published: July 2024

This study aims to analyze and interpret academic publications related to “academic freedom” indexed in the Web of Science database using bibliometric analysis methods. A bibliometric analysis was conducted to evaluate the academic publications on the topic of academic freedom in the field of education and educational sciences, which are indexed in the WoS database. Additionally, scientific field mapping techniques were employed. A total of 579 studies on academic freedom were identified within the field of education sciences. The various maps were analyzed in terms of specific usage types, authors, works, years of publication, and authors. The research findings indicate that Philip Altbach is the most frequently cited author. The most frequently cited research is that of African Higher Education: The Challenges for the 21st Century," The most effective source is the Higher Education Journal. The most frequently cited institution is Boston College. The United States of America is the country with the highest number of citations. To contribute to the field, it is recommended to increase the research on "academic freedom" indexed in the WoS database. Increasing the number of bibliometric analysis studies in different fields will contribute to the literature.
Investigating Methods and Approaches in Teaching Reading Skills in Sepedi Home Language to Foundation Phase Learners: Primary School in the Capricorn South District
Authors: Chokoe Mmipe J , Phindane Pule , Ngobeni Elias Tsakane , Phage Itumeleng
Published: July 2024

Research shows that South African learners cannot read competently compared to those from other countries. This study investigates the different methods and approaches used in the teaching of reading skills in Sepedi Home Language in Foundation Phase learners with special focus on a primary school in Limpopo Province of South Africa. The research study sought to understand how teachers apply the different methods and approaches in teaching reading in the Foundation Phase so that learners are able to acquire the skills taught. A qualitative research method was used for data collection, in particular interviews and lesson observation. Purposive sampling was used to select the participants in the study, which were the teachers and learners. Thematic analysis was used to analyse all the datasets gathered in this study. Key findings include the following: Learners have varied reading opportunities at school; they have a fairly adequate reading opportunity at home; they were generally dissatisfied with the overall reading time allowed at school; Foundation Phase teachers have a fair understanding of what teaching reading skills entail; current methods used for teaching reading are inadequate; difficulties of teaching reading to non-Sepedi speaking learners; Departmental Heads provide useful support to teachers; and that there is a need to improve the reading skills of Foundation Phase learners. The study recommends that the Departmental officials should schedule regular workshops and do class visits in Foundation Phase for monitoring and supporting teachers in order for them to improve their teaching of reading; teachers need to make sure that they prioritise reading by engaging learners to participate in various activities that involve reading, and that learners should have access to the reading books that they use at school even at home, so that they could practise reading.