bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A community survey of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their experience of medication effectiveness
Authors: Sandhu Adrian , Toll Joy , Poulton Alison
Published: August 2020

Objective:

Survey of ADHD-affected adult participants attending educational meetings of ‘ADDults with ADHD’, to ascertain age of diagnosis and treatment effects of psychostimulant medication on symptoms across functional and emotional domains.

Method:

From 2016 to 2019, self-assessments of functional impairment were collected from ADHD-affected adults attending educational meetings of an Australian community support organisation (ADDults with ADHD). Participants were asked to rate their functioning on and off medication. Some demographic and treatment details were also collected.

Results:

Questionnaires were collected from 117 attendees of five meetings. Their mean age was 42.5 (SD 15.0) years; their age of diagnosis and of starting treatment were 31.9 (SD 16.6) and 32.8 (SD 16.4) years, respectively, with no significant differences between men and women. Most (93%) reported symptom onset before age 18. Ninety (77%) had been treated medically, with self-ratings indicating significantly less impairment on treatment ( p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Adults with ADHD reported substantial impairment but significant benefit from medication. Despite a mean age of over 30 at diagnosis, most recalled being symptomatic in childhood. This suggests many may experience a prolonged period of impaired function before starting treatment.
Serum paraoxonase 1 activity in cats: analytical validation, reference intervals, and correlation with serum amyloid A and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein
Authors: Rossi Gabriele , Meazzi Sara , Giordano Alessia , Paltrinieri Saverio
Published: August 2020

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an inflammation marker associated with lipid oxidation and is used as a diagnostic marker in people. There is no information about the suitable substrate and analytic performance in cats, or its biological behavior compared with other inflammation markers. Our aims were to validate a paraoxon-based method to measure PON1 activity in feline serum, to assess stability of PON1 under different storage conditions and the impact of interfering elements, to determine a reference interval (RI) for healthy cats, and to correlate PON1 activity with 2 major acute-phase proteins. Intra- and inter-assay precision, accuracy, and RI were assessed using fresh serum. The same specimens were stored at room temperature, refrigerated, or frozen, and retested at defined intervals. Hemolysis, lipemia, and icterus were simulated to study interferences. PON1 results were compared to serum amyloid A (SAA) and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) results. Analytical validation yielded precise and accurate results. PON1 activity is stable for up to 24 h at room temperature and up to 48 h at 4°C. Freezing at −20°C results in an increase after 72 h, with return to baseline values after 1 wk, that again increases after 6 mo. Only hyperlipemia interfered with PON1 activity. The RI based on 71 healthy cats was 58–154 U/L. PON1 activity was negatively correlated with AGP, but not with SAA. Serum PON1 activity can be measured accurately in cats, and it acts as a negative acute-phase protein.
How Participation Affects University Students’ Perspectives Toward Mandatory Service-Learning
Authors: Chan Stephen C. F. , Ngai Grace , Lam Cindy H. Y. , Kwan Kam-Por
Published: August 2020

Background: Educators have divided and often strongly held views on whether service-learning should be required of all students. However, studies examining students’ view on mandatory service-learning are limited in the literature. Purpose: This article contrasts and examines students’ views toward a service-learning requirement at a Hong Kong university before and after attending a mandatory service-learning course, and any resulting changes. Methodology/Approach: This is a retrospective qualitative study using semistructured interviews. Participants were 49 students who completed a service-learning course in the 2013–2014 academic year. They were selected according to the nature of their performance in their completed course. Findings/Conclusions: Results show that students’ perspectives toward service-learning are not static but rather change dramatically as a result of their experiences. Most students, even those who recalled being initially negative or resigned, reported positive views toward service-learning after completing the course. Implications: Students’ initial resistance alone is not a reason for making service-learning optional. Some students have a negative view due to a lack of information or misinformation. Making it compulsory gives these students an opportunity to decide for themselves based on true experience, which, if implemented effectively, has the potential of nurturing initially hostile or inert students into more civic-minded citizens.
Midline Cervical Cleft: An Anatomical Finding and a Proposal for a New Approach
Authors: Riba Mireia , Bejarano Miguel , Hernández Carlos , Moraleda Inés , Massaguer Clara , Ribalta Teresa , Gómez Marta , Krauel Lucas , Parri Francisco J , Albert Asteria
Published: August 2020

Congenital midline cervical cleft is a rare malformation. Typical case shows an area of hypotrophic skin, a cranial nipple-like structure, and a caudal blind sinus. Cervical extension is limited. Relapse of the retraction is common following cutaneous z-plasty. The aim of this study is to describe the radiological, surgical, and histological findings of the 4 cases treated in our center in the last 8 years and communicate the finding of a contractile structure, anterior to the platysma, composed by striated muscle, figure not previously described. This distinct muscular band is responsible for neck retraction. Removal of this releases cervical tension and is essential to avoid the relapse.
A Toolbox of Surgical Techniques for Palatal Fistula Repair
Authors: Rothermel Alexis T. , Lundberg Jaclyn N. , Samson Thomas D. , Tse Raymond W. , Allori Alexander C. , Bezuhly Michael , Beals Stephen P. , Sitzman Thomas J.
Published: August 2020

Objective:

To provide an inventory of oronasal fistula repair techniques alongside expert commentary on which techniques are appropriate for each fistula type.

Design:

A 4-stage approach was used to develop a consensus on surgical techniques available for fistula repair: (1) in-person discussion of oronasal fistula cases among cleft surgeons, (2) development of a schema for fistula management using transcripts of the in-person case discussion, (3) evaluation of the preliminary schema via a web-based survey of additional cleft surgeons, and (4) revision of the management schema using survey responses.

Participants:

Six cleft surgeons participated in the in-person case discussion. Eleven additional surgeons participated in the web-based survey. Participants had diverse training experiences, having completed residency and fellowship at 20 different hospitals.

Results:

A schema for fistula management was developed, organized by fistula location. The schema catalogues all viable approaches for each location. For fistulae involving the soft palate, the schema stresses the importance of evaluating for velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) and incorporating VPI management into fistula repair. For fistulae involving the hard palate, the schema separately enumerates the techniques available for nasal lining repair and for oral lining repair in each region. The schema also catalogues the diversity of approaches to lingual- and labioalveolar fistula, including variation in timing, orthodontic preparation, and simultaneous alveolar bone grafting.

Conclusions:

This study employed consensus methods to create a comprehensive inventory of available fistula repair techniques and to identify preferential techniques among a diverse group of surgeons.
Prevention and Management of Genital Mycotic Infections in the Setting of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors
Authors: Engelhardt Kristin , Ferguson McKenzie , Rosselli Jennifer L.
Published: August 2020

Objective

To review the incidence, risk factors, prevention, and management of genital mycotic infections (GMIs) associated with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.

Data Sources

A literature search of PubMed and Reactions Weekly was performed in February 2020 with updated searches monthly through July 2020 to identify relevant data regarding SGLT2 inhibitors and GMIs. Manufacturers of each agent were contacted, and clinical practice guidelines were consulted.

Study Selection and Data Extraction

All available literature was evaluated for inclusion based on relevance to the research question, timeliness of the publication, validity, and impact on current practice. A date limit was not set; however, publications from 2010 to July 2020 were prioritized.

Data Synthesis

The 3- to 4-fold increased incidence of GMIs is considered a classwide effect of SGLT2 inhibitors. Female sex and a prior history of GMIs are factors associated with the highest risk, whereas circumcised males are at the lowest risk of SGLT2 inhibitor–induced GMI. Personal hygiene advice can reduce the infection risk. When candidiasis occurs, it is often mild and responsive to treatment and often does not require discontinuation of the medication.

Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice

This narrative review can assist in shared decision-making discussions with patients who may benefit from SGLT2 inhibitors and provides guidance for health care professionals managing SGLT2 inhibitor–associated GMIs.

Conclusions

SGLT2 inhibitors predispose patients to developing mild GMIs. Strong consideration should be given to avoid SGLT2 inhibitors in female patients with a history of severe, recurrent infections. Preventive strategies are optimized diabetes management and personal hygiene advice.
3D Printed Total Talus Replacement for Avascular Necrosis of the Talus
Authors: Kadakia Rishin J. , Akoh Craig C. , Chen Jie , Sharma Akhil , Parekh Selene G.
Published: August 2020

Background:

Talus avascular necrosis (AVN) is a challenging entity to treat. Management options depend on disease severity and functional goals. Total talus replacement (TTR) is a treatment option that maintains joint range of motion. The literature on TTR is limited with variability in implant design and material. The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcomes following TTR with a custom 3D printed metal implant.

Methods:

Patients who underwent TTR were retrospectively reviewed over a 3-year period. Basic demographic data and comorbidities were collected. Medical records were reviewed to obtain postoperative and preoperative visual analog scale (VAS) scores, Foot and Ankle Outcome Scores (FAOSs), ankle range of motion, and postoperative complications. Statistical analysis was conducted to compare clinical and patient-reported outcomes pre- and postoperatively. Twenty-seven patients underwent TTR for talar AVN with a mean follow-up of 22.2 months.

Results:

Ankle range of motion remained unchanged postoperatively. VAS pain scores improved postoperatively from 7.1 to 3.9 ( P < .001). FAOSs improved postoperatively with regard to pain ( P < .001), symptoms ( P = .001), quality of life ( P < .001), and activities of daily living ( P < .001). There were 3 complications requiring reoperation in this cohort.

Conclusion:

3D printed TTRs represent a unique surgical option for patients with severe talar AVN. Patients in this cohort demonstrated significant improvements in pain scores and patient-reported outcomes. TTR allows for symptomatic improvement with the preservation of motion in individuals with talar collapse and AVN.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, retrospective case series.
Immunotherapy in Biliary Tract Cancer: Worthy of a Second Look
Authors: Ricci Angela Dalia , Rizzo Alessandro , Brandi Giovanni
Published: August 2020

Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment landscape of several malignancies, the role of immunotherapy in biliary tract cancer (BTC) is currently under investigation and ICIs are still looking for their niche in this setting. In this Editorial, we discuss recently published data regarding ICIs in BTC, with a particular focus in terms of selection of patients and biomarker-driven trials.
Black Broadcast Journalists: Implications of Mentorship and Race in the Newsroom
Authors: Somani Indira S. , Tyree Tia C. M.
Published: August 2020

In this study, 23 African American broadcast journalists, who graduated from college between 1994 and 2014, were interviewed about their experiences working in network television news, specifically the role their mentor played to help their professional success. Mentors largely provided both vocational and psychosocial support, but were overwhelmingly not seen as role models. The majority of mentees also believed race was a factor in their careers. The findings led to recommendations on how mentors can guide their mentees toward career progression, such as verbal encouragement, guiding mentees to position themselves so “Others” see the value they bring to the newsroom, and networking opportunities.
The Adaptation of the Substance Use Stigma Mechanism Scale (SU-SMS) Into Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study
Authors: Can Gür Ganime , Tanriverdi Derya , Ariti Mahsun , Özgün Öztürk Fatma
Published: August 2020

Background:

Substance users are among the most highly stigmatized individuals by both the public and health care providers. However, no multidimensional scale for measuring substance use stigma for substance use disorders (SUDs) currently exists in Turkey.

Aims:

The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Substance Use Stigma Mechanism Scale (SU-SMS).

Method:

The study was conducted at the AMATEM (Alcohol and Substance Addiction Treatment Center Clinic). The sample group of this methodological study consisted of 156 participants with SUDs who met the inclusion criteria. “Social-demographics Questionnaire,” “The Substance Use Stigma Mechanism Scale,” and “Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale” were used for data collection. In the validity–reliability analysis of the scale, language and content validity, explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, criterion-concurrent validity, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, item–total score correlation, split-half reliability analysis, and test–retest reliability methods were used.

Results:

Using exploratory factor analysis, it was found that the SU-SMS has five factors. Its five-factor structure was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis. Its Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was .828, and factor loading was between .402 and .971. Analyses indicated that each of the factors of the Turkish version of the scale had high internal consistency. The test–retest correlation value was .752, p = .000.

Conclusions:

It was concluded that the Turkish version of the SU-SMS is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing substance use-related stigma in individuals with SUDs.
Framing Food Access: Do Community Gardens Inadvertently Reproduce Inequality?
Authors: Butterfield Katie L. , Ramírez A. Susana
Published: August 2020

Background

Alternative food programs have been proposed as solutions to food insecurity and diet-related health issues. However, some of the most popular programs—farmers markets and community-supported agriculture—overwhelmingly serve White and upper-middle-class individuals, exacerbating food security and health disparities. One explanation for the mismatch is the way in which alternative food programs are framed: Language used to encourage participation may reflect priorities of upper-middle-class and White populations who create and run these programs while lacking resonance with food-insecure populations. This literature, however, lacks consideration of how lower-cost, more participatory programs—community gardens—are framed. We therefore explore the framing of community gardens through a quantitative content analysis of the descriptions, missions, and goals provided by community garden managers across Minnesota ( N = 411).

Results

Six frames were consistently present in the community garden statements: greater good, community orientation, healthy food access, food donation, self-empowerment, and symbolic food labels. Greater good and community orientation were significantly more likely to be used than any other frames.

Conclusions

Taken together, our findings suggest that community gardens may be welcoming toward a diversity of participants but still have room to improve the inclusivity of their frames. The common use of a community orientation suggests the unique ability of community gardens among alternative food programs to benefit Black, Latino, and working-class populations. However, the most common frame observed was “greater good,” suggesting one mechanism through which community gardens, like other types of alternative food programs, may be reproducing inequality through alienation of food-insecure populations.
Sex Hormones, BDNF, Leptin, and TGF-β1 in Females With IBS: A Pilot Investigation
Authors: Weaver Kristen R. , Boulineaux Christina M. , Robinson Jeffrey M. , Butler Kierra , Heitkemper Margaret M. , Henderson Wendy A.
Published: August 2020

Background:

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic gastrointestinal condition predominantly affecting the female sex, and is characterized by brain-gut axis dysregulation. Relevance of hormones along the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis and hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis to IBS symptomatology remain unclear, as does the significance of other modulators including brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), leptin, and transforming growth factor βeta 1 (TGF-β1).

Methods:

Females with IBS were compared with female healthy controls (HC) on age, race, hormonal contraceptive use, body mass index, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, estradiol, follicular stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, progesterone, total cholesterol, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). BDNF, leptin, and TGF-β1 were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric techniques, and regression analyses were performed.

Results:

Participants with IBS (n = 12) displayed higher estradiol ( p = .027) than did HC (n = 21). Direction of associations among study variables often differed between groups: BDNF and progesterone in HC (rs = .623) and in IBS (rs = −.723). The relationship between log (CES-D) and log (estradiol) varied by IBS status (interaction term p = 0.019).

Discussion:

Elevated estradiol in participants with IBS, and differential patterns of biological and psychological indices between groups, encourages further inquiry on the relevance of sex hormones, BDNF, leptin, and TGF-β1 to symptoms of IBS. Future research endeavors should conduct longitudinal quantification of sex hormones with subjective symptom assessment to facilitate insight on the pathophysiology and female sex bias in IBS.
Temporal Experiences of Confinement: Exploring Young People’s Experiences in Danish Secure Institutions
Authors: Henriksen Ann-Karina , Refsgaard Rikke Cecilie Bjerrum
Published: August 2020

This article explores temporality in young peoples’ narratives of confinement on welfare grounds in Danish secure institutions. The analysis draws on data from two qualitative studies on young people’s experiences of confinement. Drawing on Michael Flaherty’s conceptualization of ‘making time’ (Flaherty, M. G., 2002, Symbolic Interaction, 25, 3, 379–388), we explore the unsteady passing of time, the agentic practices of manipulating and obliterating time and how bureaucratic power is exercised by depriving young people control of their time and subjecting them to slow or even ‘dead’ time in isolation or waiting for release. While secure institutions are closed institutions, this article explores the permeability of closed institutions by looking at temporality as a dimension that links the inside and outside while also contributing to create specific experiences of temporal and spatial divisions. This perspective on young people’s temporal experiences contributes empirically to scholarship on the confinement of young people and it has practical implications for the service provision for troubled and troublesome young people.
Get(ting) to the Start Line – the evaluation of an innovative intervention to address adolescents’ school-related stress and anxiety
Authors: Cale Lorraine , Harris Jo , Hooper Oliver
Published: August 2020

There are growing concerns over young people’s mental health, the academic pressures they face, and the association between school-related stress and health. Given this, alongside the known benefits of physical activity for psychological health, the need for school-based interventions with a physical activity focus seems justified. This paper reports on findings from the evaluation of a pilot of ‘Get to the Start Line’, an innovative school-based programme designed to address adolescents’ school-related stress and anxiety. The research adopted a mixed-methods approach and a pre- and post- design. Six schools from the East Midlands, UK, and selected year 11 pupils (aged 15–16) identified as experiencing examination-related stress and anxiety, participated in the programme. The programme was coordinated by a school champion (a staff member), delivered by an athlete mentor, and comprised six workshops. Data were collected from school champions and athlete mentors via an online survey following each workshop, and via semi-structured focus groups and interviews with pupils and school champions, respectively, pre-, mid- and post-intervention. Schools also provided relevant pupil data. The findings revealed the programme to be positively received by most pupils and to result in positive outcomes such as reported reductions in examination-related stress and anxiety for some, and fewer pupil well-being referrals. However, various challenges and limitations of the programme were identified, and recommendations were made for its future development. Therefore, whilst some of the findings were encouraging, further research into the implementation and impact of this and other such programmes is needed.
Foreign direct investment screening and congressional backlash politics in the United States
Authors: Canes-Wrone Brandice , Mattioli Lauren , Meunier Sophie
Published: August 2020

This article examines a particular instance of backlash against economic globalisation – the screening of foreign direct investment in the United States. Although most foreign direct investment is welcome in the United States, specific transactions have aroused suspicion and triggered political backlash by Congress. In fact, successive episodes have reshaped the institutions through which the United States screens foreign direct investment. The recent emergence of China as a foreign investor has posed new political challenges and led to further restrictions. This article explores the circumstances that make congressional backlash to Chinese foreign direct investment more likely, or to use the language of Alter and Zürn in this Special Issue, the ‘triggers’ of congressional backlash. Our findings highlight several patterns, notably that domestic political motives are strongly associated with congressional backlash and that generally the members instigating it do not represent the district in which the investment is located.
Do workplace health-promotion interventions targeting employees with poor health reduce sick-leave probability and disability rates?
Authors: Nielsen Roy A. , Midtsundstad Tove I.
Published: August 2020

Aims:

This study aimed to investigate whether introducing workplace health-promotion interventions targeting employees with health problems or reduced work ability affected overall sick leave and disability risk.

Methods:

The study population comprised data from an establishment survey from 2010 identifying who had introduced workplace health promotion (the intervention) linked to register data on all employees and their sickness absence and disability pension uptake from 2000 through 2010.

Results:

Interventions had moderate effects due to varying efficacy in different parts of the labour market. Intervention success was more likely among white-collar workers (e.g. in public administration) compared to blue-collar workers (e.g. in manufacturing), probably due to variations in both organisational and technological constraints. Effects were small among men and moderate among older workers, particularly among women. Overall, disability risk reduction was accompanied by an increase in sickness absence. Sometimes, sickness absence increased in groups with no change in disability risk, suggesting that presenteeism in one group may increase absenteeism in other groups.

Conclusions:

Introducing workplace health-promotion interventions may prolong work careers in some labour-market segments. Financial incentives for Norwegian establishments to continue offering workplace health-promotion interventions may be improved, given the current financial model for disability pension and sickness benefits.
Challenges of diagnosis of COVID-19 in trauma patients: A case series
Authors: Sabetian Golnar , Feiz Farnia , Shakibafard Alireza , Fard Hossein Abdolrahimzadeh , Sefidbakht Sepideh , Jafari Seyed Hamed , Abbasi HamidReza , Zare Masoomeh , Roudgari Amir , Zand Farid , Masjedi Mansoor , Paydar Shahram
Published: August 2020

Background

Diagnosis of COVID-19 can be challenging in trauma patients, especially those with chest trauma and lung contusion.

Methods

We present a case series of patients from February and March 2020 who were admitted to our trauma center at Rajaee Hospital Trauma Center, in Shiraz, Iran and had positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test or chest CT scan suggestive of COVID-19 and were admitted to the specific ICU for COVID-19.

Results

Eight COVID-19 patients (6 male) with mean age of 40 (SD = 16.3) years old, were presented. All patients were cases of trauma injuries, with multiple injuries including chest trauma and lung contusion, admitted to our trauma center for management of their injuries, but they were diagnosed with COVID-19 as well. Two of them had coinfection of influenza type-B and SARS-CoV-2. All patients were treated for COVID-19 and three of them died; the rest were discharged from hospital.

Conclusion

Since PCR for SARS-CoV-2 is not always sensitive enough to confirm the cause of pneumonia, chest CT manifestations can be helpful, though, they are not always differentiable from lung contusion. Therefore, both the CT scan and the clinical and paraclinical presentation and course of improvement can be beneficial in diagnosing COVID-19 in the trauma setting.
Shaping (non)-discursive social media spaces: Cross-national typologies of news organizations’ heavy commenters
Authors: Hellmueller Lea , Lischka Juliane A , Humprecht Edda
Published: August 2020

This study examines the role of heavy commenters on social media. We propose typologies of heavy commenters on Facebook pages of six news organizations in two systems that historically embraced different discourse cultures—the United States and Germany. We find that discourse cultures are impacted by news outlet and country: the US discourse is more participatory in terms of comment frequency, but further characterized by a strong non-discursive culture compared to a participatory liberal discourse culture in Germany. Frequency of commenting as normative ideal of social media sites (e.g. web traffic) does not lead to higher amounts of deliberation. On the contrary, it may contribute to what we conceptualize as the non-discursive model. As an expression of this, heavy commenters in the United States more often perform hate watching that manifests in hostile commenting on stories that are incongruent with their political ideologies. Implications for the democratic function of media organizations on social media are discussed.
Societies’ hostility, anger and mistrust towards Migrants: A vicious circle
Authors: da Silva Rebelo Maria José , Fernández Mercedes , Meneses Carmen
Published: August 2020

Anger, hostility and mistrust towards refugees, asylum-seekers and immigrants (hereafter migrants) are increasing across most Western societies. Media discourse, tough migration laws, and the escalation of right-wing views across Europe, all manifest a desire to exclude those who are seen as a threat to national interests and identities. The literature repeatedly confirms that discrimination has a harmful impact on the general well-being of migrants, while often weakening their trust on helping professionals. Social workers are among the professionals most often in contact with migrants, making them important actors in the field of migration.

Findings

This qualitative study was conducted in Madrid (Spain) and follows the interpretative phenomenological analysis approach. Findings revealed that Muslims and Blacks are the groups facing the most intense racial hostility. Emotions like fear, sadness, learned helplessness, frustration, rejection, anger, and general mistrust were underlined by participants. Some migrants highlighted negative coping mechanisms like isolation, aggressive impulses, approaching mafias, and risk behaviours, leading to further rejection from host societies, and thus initiating a vicious circle of hostility.

Application

These findings constitute a modest contribution to the literature, as they result from an integration of migrants’ and helping professionals’ perspectives. Several suggestions are put forward for social workers and other professionals. The two most significant suggestions are that professionals (a) use their field experience to raise awareness about racial hostility towards this population, and (b) help identify migrants who may rely on negative coping strategies and so prevent adverse consequences for both migrants and host societies.
Adapting a Picture Description Task for Grammatical Analysis in English–Spanish Bilingual Preschool Children
Authors: Smith Vanesa P. , Cano Isabel , Lozada Lisa , Summers Connie
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this study was to assess the use of an adapted picture description task described by Eisenberg and Guo to explore the morphosyntactic error patterns of English–Spanish preschool simultaneous bilingual learners. Language samples were collected from 28 bilingual preschool children aged 3 to 5 years. Language samples were elicited in both English and Spanish using a series of pictures and elicitation questions/prompts. Twenty-one participants produced a language sample in only one language (16 in English and 5 in Spanish) and seven participants produced language samples in both languages. Language samples were analyzed for grammaticality and error types. There were a higher number of fragments, tense marker, and grammatical morphemes errors in English. In Spanish, the children demonstrated more argument structure and pronominal form errors than in English. The adapted picture description task demonstrated sensitivity to common errors in English and Spanish and shows promise for use with bilingual populations.
Behavioral Assessment and Treatment of Selective Mutism in Identical Twins
Authors: Weinstock Rachel , Caporino Nicole , Crowell McQuarrie Susanna , Ronkin Emily , Wright Laura A. , Ludwig Natasha N. , Tone Erin B.
Published: August 2020

Selective mutism (SM) is a childhood disorder characterized by persistent failure to speak in situations where speech is expected. There is evidence that behavioral interventions are effective for increasing speech in children with SM but studies have been limited by small, relatively homogeneous samples. Although twins appear to be disproportionately represented among children with SM, little is known about their specific treatment needs and barriers to effective treatment implementation in this population. This case study presents family-based behavioral therapy delivered to a set of 8-year-old, identical twins with SM. At posttreatment, both children displayed marked improvements in speaking and social engagement. Clinical considerations for working with twins with SM are discussed.
Use of Porcine-Derived Dermal Substitutes for Treatment of Nonhealing Vascular Leg Ulcers: A Case Series
Authors: Sallustro Marianna , Polichetti Raffaele , Florio Anna
Published: August 2020

Nonhealing leg ulcers are a major health problem worldwide with a high economic burden since they require human and material resources. Moreover, nonhealing ulcers are a major nontraumatic cause of lower limb amputations. Dermal substitutes have emerged as an effective therapeutic option for treatment of skin lesions, but data on leg ulcers are scarce. We evaluated safety and efficacy of a porcine-derived dermal substitute in the treatment of chronic vascular leg ulcers. Records of patients with nonhealing ulcers seen at our unit from 2018 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Wound etiology, wound area, and complications were evaluated. Each patient received one application of porcine-derived dermal substitute and was followed-up. Six patients (5 females and 1 male) with a mean age of 61.3 (52-81) years presented with nonhealing leg ulcers. After surgical debridement and wound bed preparation, porcine-derived dermal substitute was applied onto the ulcer. Granulation was satisfactory within 10 days. All wounds healed after an average time of 14 weeks. Graft take was good, and no graft loss, rejection, or associated infection were observed. In conclusion, the data presented indicate that dermal substitutes are safe and effective for treatment of chronic nonhealing vascular leg ulcers.
Effect of an Educational Intervention Based on Bandura’s Theory on Foot Care Self-Efficacy in Diabetes: A Prospective Quasi-Experimental Study
Authors: Toygar İsmail , Hançerlioğlu Sadık , Utku Tülün , Şimşir Ilgın Yildirim , Çetinkalp Şevki
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the foot care self-efficacy of diabetic foot patients and the effect of an educational intervention for improving it. This study was of a semi-experimental design and was conducted between January and December 2019 in a diabetic foot council of a university hospital. After power analysis to determine sample size, 33 participants meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the study. A Patient Identification Form and Diabetic Foot Care Self-Efficacy Scale (DFCSES) were used to collect data. Of the patients, 51.5% were male and the mean age was 54.91 ± 16.61 years. The mean score of DFCSES was 50.18 ± 20.88 before education and 72.67 ± 20.74 after education. The educational intervention has large effects on self-efficacy ( d = 1.233), perceived knowledge level on diabetic foot ( d = 1.102), perceived health status ( d = 0.859), and perceived quality of life ( d = 0.807). Educational intervention was found to be an effective way to improve foot care self-efficacy, perceived knowledge level on diabetic foot, perceived health status, and perceived quality of life.
Extensive Deep Tissue Involvement in Nicolau Syndrome and Below-Knee Amputation: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Zargarbashi Ramin , Panjavi Behnam , Keshavarz-Fathi Mahsa
Published: August 2020

Nicolau syndrome (NS) is a rare cutaneous drug reaction in response to injections administered via any route. Based on the available studies in the medical literature, NS presents as skin and subcutaneous fat necrosis, and typically, it does not cause severe complications such as acute limb ischemia or death. In this study, we report the case of a 6-year-old boy who received an intramuscular injection of benzathine penicillin G for the treatment of bacterial pharyngitis, and subsequently developed a severe case of NS, which eventually led to below-knee amputation of the right lower limb. Although a few approaches have been suggested for the management of NS, they might not be effective under certain circumstances. Early detection, close monitoring, and consistent interventions, such as surgical fasciotomy and debridement procedures, might be necessary in severe cases of NS.
A Title V Center as a Counterspace for Underrepresented Minority and First-Generation College Students
Authors: Roberts Sarah A. , Lucas Krista L.
Published: August 2020

This study examined a Title V Student Center within a Hispanic Serving Institution and how it acted as a counterspace for undergraduate students. The Center provided multiple academic and non-academic supports that students utilized, including mentoring, office hours, and programming. It also provided a place for community development, offering a sense of safety, encouragement, and belonging. This study contributes to limited research on Title V centers for Latinx students at four-year institutions.
A Tale of Too Many Agendas: The Recreation of a Teaching Licensure Program
Authors: Mrachko Alicia A. , Roberts Thomas , LaVenia Kristina N. , Horner Sherri L.
Published: August 2020

This case study is useful for leadership for change or leadership theory in education and other disciplines. It describes the process of including multiple stakeholders in a major revision of a large educator preparation program after state legislation mandates. Student discussions can focus on change goals and patterns of planned change, leading mandated change efforts, and resistance to change. Students can focus on a leader’s role in several ways: as the higher-education leader (Dean), as the field partner leader (K–12 schools), and as the faculty committee leader. The case can be used to examine laws affecting school policy, and/or school leadership and its influence on organizational culture. Students discuss the perspective of multiple roles and how the Dean can resolve the situation successfully.
Women leadership in Vietnamese higher education institutions: An exploratory study on barriers and enablers for career enhancement
Authors: Maheshwari Greeni , Nayak Rajkishore
Published: August 2020

Barriers and enablers that the women leaders experience in the higher education (HE) sector have been a widely researched topic in many developed countries. However, the research on this topic is very limited in developing countries such as Vietnam. Despite the Gender Equality Law introduced in 2006 by the Vietnamese government to promote equal opportunities to women and also reducing the Gender Gap Index score of 70% in Vietnam, there are few women in leadership roles in several sectors including HE. This explanatory study has been conducted in nine universities in Vietnam to understand the barriers that prevent women from taking up leadership roles and the factors that motivate them in their career advancement to become a leader. The qualitative study was conducted with 21 participants (19 women and two men) working as senior leaders, middle managers, and lecturers in these universities. The study found that the main barriers in women’s career enhancement were work-life imbalance, subordinates’ perceptions regarding women leaders, social networking, and personal factors. The factors which motivated women leaders to advance in their career path were continuous family and mentor support, changing mindset of employers, and potential leadership competency of women leaders. The findings of this study would be beneficial for the Vietnamese HE institutions to determine policies and programs, which can support women’s career advancement to leadership roles bringing diversity and inclusion at these institutions. The results might be a steppingstone to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 on gender equality in Vietnam, which is one of the world’s fastest-growing economies.
Effect of different preparation processes on tribological properties of graphene
Authors: Liu Yong , Dong Yi , Zhang Yangang , Liu Siyuan , Bai Yu
Published: August 2020

Two processes of physical liquid phase stripping and chemical redox reduction were used to obtain graphene sheets. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy test methods were used to compare and analyze the structure and disorder of graphene. The obtained graphene was modified with oleic acid and stearic acid. The dispersion stability of graphene as a lubricating oil additive was investigated by natural sedimentation method and spectrophotometry. The tribological properties of the graphene dispersion were investigated by a four-ball friction and wear tester. Scanning electron microscope and energy spectrometer were used to characterize and analyze the microscopic morphology and composition of the worn surface. The results showed that the modified liquid phase stripping graphene demonstrated the best anti-wear and anti-friction properties of the dispersion, the lowest friction coefficient is 0.0677, and the average friction coefficient is reduced by about 26%.
The Effects of Naringin on Cigarette Smoke-Induced Dynamic Changes in Oxidation/Antioxidant System in Lung of Mice
Authors: Chen Pan , Xiao Ziting , Wu Hao , Wang Yonggang , Su Weiwei , Li Peibo
Published: August 2020

Naringin possesses strong antioxidative activity and can protect against some respiratory diseases. Oxidative stress is thought to be a major factor in the development of many tobacco-caused diseases. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of oxidative stress. The dynamic changes in the antioxidant system in the lung that are induced by cigarette smoke (CS) are not well investigated, and how naringin affects these changes remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes between the oxidation and antioxidant systems resulting from CS exposure and the effects of naringin on these changes in mice. Mice were chronically exposed to CS for 30 days. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); and the expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) in lung tissue were measured on days 2, 7, and 30. The levels of MDA, GSH, IL-6, and TNF-α in the lung were found to increase throughout the exposure. SOD and GSH-Px activities showed an increase on day 2 and a decrease on days 7 and 30. The messenger ribonucleic acid expressions of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 were elevated on day 2 and decreased on day 7; Nrf2 and HO-1 expressions were continually decreased, but NQO1 expression was increased again, on day 30. Naringin restored the levels of these biochemical indices to normal throughout the experiment, suggesting that naringin protected against the CS-induced oxidative damage by suppressing the increase of antioxidants resulting from the early stage of CS exposure, as well as inhibiting the depletion of antioxidants due to long-term oxidative stress. Naringin also suppressed lung inflammation by inhibiting IL-6 and TNF-α. These results indicate that naringin possesses a powerful ability to maintain the balance of the oxidation/antioxidant system in the lung when subjected to CS exposure, probably by regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
Diverging Genetic Structure of Coexisting Populations of the Black Storm-Petrel and the Least Storm-Petrel in the Gulf of California
Authors: Mancilla-Morales Misael D. , Romero-Fernández Santiago , Contreras-Rodríguez Araceli , Flores-Martínez José J. , Sánchez-Cordero Víctor , Herrera M. L. Gerardo , López María F. , Ruiz Enrico A.
Published: August 2020

Estimations on the influence of evolutionary and ecological forces as drivers of population gene diversity and genetic structure have been performed on a growing number of colonial seabirds, but many remain poorly studied. In particular, the population genetic structure of storm-petrels (Hydrobatidae) has been evaluated in only a few of the 24 recognized species. We assessed the genetic diversity and population structure of the Black Storm-Petrel ( Hydrobates melania) and the Least Storm-Petrel ( Hydrobates microsoma) in the Gulf of California. The two species were selected because they are pelagic seabirds with comparable ecological traits and breeding grounds. Recent threats such as introduced species of predators and human disturbance have resulted in a decline of many insular vertebrate populations in this region and affected many different aspects of their life histories (ranging from reproductive success to mate selection), with a concomitant loss of genetic diversity. To elucidate to what extent the population genetic structure occurs in H. melania and H. microsoma, we used 719 base pairs from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene. The evaluation of their molecular diversity, genetic structure, and gene flow were performed through diversity indices, analyses of molecular and spatial variance, and isolation by distance (IBD) across sampling sites, respectively. The population genetic structure (via AMOVA and SAMOVA) and isolation by distance (pairwise p-distances and FST/1– FST (using ΦST) were inferred for H. microsoma. However, for H. melania evidence was inconclusive. We discuss explanations leading to divergent population genetic structure signatures in these species, and the consequences for their conservation.
Examination of physicians’ adherence to the 2013 ACC/AHA statin/cholesterol guidelines using a framework of awareness to adherence: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Fleming Marc L , Rege Sanika , Johnson Michael L , Serna Omar , Esse Tara , Choi Jeannie , Abughosh Susan M
Published: August 2020

Background

Currently, limited data exists regarding primary care physicians’ awareness and implementation of the 2013 cholesterol guidelines.

Objectives

To evaluate primary care physicians’ adherence to the 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol management guidelines using the framework of the awareness-to-adherence model.

Methods

The study was a cross-sectional pre-post survey design based on the constructs of the awareness-to-adherence model to capture physicians’ awareness of, agreement with, adoption of, and adherence to the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines for cholesterol treatment and statin and cholesterol management software applications. Physicians with a Medicare Advantage organization in Texas were surveyed before and after educational interventions.

Results

A total of 170 responses were considered usable (post-survey). A significant difference was observed when physicians were divided into 2 groups (any intervention vs no intervention) ( P = .027). Physicians with a higher level of agreement were 4.8 times more likely to be adherent to the guidelines ( P = .011), compared with those with a lower level of agreement. Also, physicians practicing in the Rio Grande Valley area were 4.7 times more likely to be adherent to the guidelines ( P = .001) compared with those from the Greater Houston area.

Conclusion

A high level of awareness, but a lower level of adherence to the guidelines was reported among responding physicians. The awareness-to-adherence model was useful in examining physicians’ level of adherence to the cholesterol guidelines and the utilization of statin and cholesterol management cellular apps and online websites. Future studies are required to examine physicians’ adoption and adherence of new guidelines.
Music for all: Identifying, challenging and overcoming barriers
Authors: Burland Karen
Published: August 2020

A great deal of change has occurred within UK music education over the past decade. There were good intentions behind some of the changes; for example, the government had an ambition to provide everyone with access to music education during their school years. The timing of such initiatives, however, was unfortunate. Within the context of financial austerity and the subsequent cuts to public spending, education budgets came under increasing pressure. This article examines the current challenges facing music education within England and raises questions for researchers to consider as the future direction of research in the field starts to take shape.