bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
China’s corridor bridges: heritage buildings over water
Authors: Knapp Ronald G. , Miller Terry E. , Liu Jie
Published: July 2020

Essentially unknown in the rest of the world and only recently appreciated in China, the globally significant 3000+ ‘corridor bridges’ (langqiao) in China far outnumber the better-known ‘covered bridges’ found in North America and Europe. Rivaling or exceeding those in the West in number, age, complexity, and architectural ambition, some of China’s outstanding timber langqiao in the mountains of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces are on the cusp of being inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage cultural sites. Throughout south and central China today there is moreover a resurgence of new timber langqiao being erected using traditional carpentry alongside the unprecedented construction of modern marvels of steel and concrete.

Archaeological evidence in 2001 uncovered China’s earliest ‘corridor bridge’—thus the oldest known covered bridge in the world—with a length of 42 m dating to the Han dynasty 2000 years ago. The Rulong Bridge, which dates to 1625 and is documented as the oldest standing woven arch-beam langqiao, can be visited today in Qingyuan county, southern Zhejiang. Even older langqiao with parallel log beams as the substructure have come to light in neighboring Fujian province, most notably the Zhiqing Bridge in a rural area of Jian’ou city that dates to 1490.

China’s bridges, whether with a corridor atop or without, have traditionally not been included under the umbrella of ‘vernacular architecture’ even as they usually were created by local craftspeople employing the same approaches and practices for dwellings and temples. Just as with these better researched structures, langqiao must be studied not only from the perspective of architecture, but also anthropology, geography, history, and sociology, among other disciplines.

Rather than being abandoned as artifacts from the past, China’s langqiao today represent a living tradition that continues serving rural communities as places of passage, spaces for leisure and marketing, sites for worship, and increasingly destinations for tourists in search of nostalgic connections with China’s past.

The research presented in this article draws heavily from the authors’ China’s Covered Bridges: Architecture over Water, a comprehensive book published in late 2019 in Shanghai and London by Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press that will be distributed in 2020 by the University of Hawai’i Press. Despite the scope of this book, the complexity of China’s langqiao remains understudied.
Associations between psychiatric disorders, COVID-19 testing probability and COVID-19 testing results: findings from a population-based study
Authors: van der Meer Dennis , Pinzón-Espinosa Justo , Lin Bochao D. , Tijdink Joeri K. , Vinkers Christiaan H. , Guloksuz Sinan , Luykx Jurjen J.
Published: July 2020

Background

Many psychiatrists are worried their patients, at increased risk for COVID-19 complications, are precluded from receiving appropriate testing. There is a lack of epidemiological data on the associations between psychiatric disorders and COVID-19 testing rates and testing outcomes.

Aims

To compare COVID-19 testing probability and results among individuals with psychiatric disorders with those without such diagnoses, and to examine the associations between testing probability and results and psychiatric diagnoses.

Method

This is a population-based study to perform association analyses of psychiatric disorder diagnoses with COVID-19 testing probability and such test results, by using two-sided Fisher exact tests and logistic regression. The population were UK Biobank participants who had undergone COVID-19 testing. The main outcomes were COVID-19 testing probability and COVID-19 test results.

Results

Individuals with psychiatric disorders were overrepresented among the 1474 UK Biobank participants with test data: 23% of the COVID-19 test sample had a psychiatric diagnosis compared with 10% in the full cohort (P < 0.0001). This overrepresentation persisted for each of the specific psychiatric disorders tested. Furthermore, individuals with a psychiatric disorder (P = 0.01), particularly substance use disorder (P < 0.005), had negative test results significantly more often than individuals without psychiatric disorders. Sensitivity analyses confirmed our results.

Conclusions

In contrast with our hypotheses, UK Biobank participants with psychiatric disorders have been tested for COVID-19 more frequently than individuals without a psychiatric history. Among those tested, test outcomes were more frequently negative for registry participants with psychiatric disorders than in others, countering arguments that people with psychiatric disorders are particularly prone to contract the virus.
Economics of Pediatric Cancer in Four Eastern Mediterranean Countries: A Comparative Assessment
Authors: Gheorghe Adrian , Chalkidou Kalipso , Shamieh Omar , Kutluk Tezer , Fouad Fouad , Sultan Iyad , Sullivan Richard
Published: July 2020

PURPOSE

Cancer is a leading cause of death among children in the Eastern Mediterranean region, where conflict and economic downturn place additional burden on the health sector. In this context, using economic evidence to inform policy decisions is crucial for maximizing health outcomes from available resources. We summarized the available evidence on the economics of pediatric cancer in Jordan, Lebanon, the occupied Palestinian territory, and Turkey.

METHODS

A scoping review was performed of seven academic databases and gray literature pertaining to pediatric cancer in the four jurisdictions, published between January 1, 2010, and July 17, 2019. Information was extracted and organized using an analytical framework that synthesizes economic information on four dimensions: the context of the health system, the economics of health care inputs, the economics of service provision, and the economic consequences of disease.

RESULTS

Most of the economic evidence available across the four jurisdictions pertains to the availability of health care inputs (ie, drugs, human resources, cancer registration data, and treatment protocols) and individual-level outcomes (either clinical or health-related quality of life). We identified little evidence on the efficiency or quality of health care inputs and of pediatric cancer services. Moreover, we identified no studies examining the cost-effectiveness of any intervention, program, or treatment protocol. Evidence on the economic consequences of pediatric cancer on families and the society at large was predominantly qualitative.

CONCLUSION

The available economic evidence on pediatric cancer care in the four countries is limited to resource availability and, to an extent, patient outcomes, with a substantial gap in information on drug quality, service provision efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Links between researchers and policymakers must be strengthened if pediatric cancer spending decisions, and, ultimately, treatment outcomes, are to improve.
Photocatalytic Water Splitting Utilizing Electrospun Semiconductors for Solar Hydrogen Generation: Fabrication, Modification and Performance
Authors: Lang Xiaoling , Gopalan Saianand , Fu Wanlin , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: July 2020

Hydrogen energy is considered a competitive and environmentally friendly carrier owing to its high calorific value, abundant reserves, carbon-free emission, and renewability. Water splitting for sustainable production of hydrogen from water via sunlight or clean energy derived electricity has attracted paramount attention. Photocatalytic water splitting provides a clean solution to produce hydrogen by taking advantage of abundant solar power. Due to their unique physico-chemical properties, metal/metal oxide based composite electrospun semiconductor photocatalysts show great potential to supplant some of the non-oxide photocatalysts and other nanostructures in water splitting. The key issues to the commercialization and scale-up production remain on the fabrication, modification and performance of photocatalysts. In this review article, we showcase recent significant progress in the fabrication of semiconductor photocatalysts toward water splitting based on versatile electrospinning. The modification and performance improving strategies for a wide range of metal/metal oxide (single, mixed, metal/carbon cocatalysts) electrospun semiconductors including the structure and compositional engineering are presented. Furthermore, we also discuss the challenges and future perspectives of electrospinning toward the rational design and facile fabrication of photocatalysts.
Pseudoscientific beliefs and practices in the COVID-19 pandemic: A narrative review of unwanted experiments attributed to social media-based misinformation afflicting the public health
Authors: Chinnu Sugavanam Senthilkumar , Natarajan Balakrishnan
Published: July 2020

Background: On January 30, 2020, India reported its first coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) positive case that led to the national lockdown, health surveillance, and travel restrictions. The Government of India (GoI) is advising personal hygiene practices as prophylaxis, however, remains poorly understood by the people. Too, believing in social media-based misinformation leading to pseudoscientific practices suggesting all from giving up non-vegetarian food to eating garlic is afflicting. This review sheds light on pseudoscientific beliefs and practices of the Indian public to prevent COVID-19. Methods: This narrative review gathered scientific evidence to describe the facts against pseudoscientific beliefs and practices in the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined available evidence from relevant research articles to present the facts about pseudoscientific practices. In particular, regarding the use of complementary and alternative medicine and its practice to prevent COVID-19, we searched the high-quality literature in PubMed, PubMed Central, and Cochrane Library databases for the determined outcomes. Results: Based on scientific shreds of evidence, it is apparent that social media-based misinformation and its pseudoscientific practices severely affecting the public health in the COVID-19 pandemic. The public must look into the facts rigorously before performing pseudoscientific practices and need to follow GoI instructions perpetually. The findings of this review suggest a high level of public awareness of evidence-based prophylactic measures. Conclusion: There is an urgent need for public health promotion initiatives to bring up awareness of the COVID-19 spread and its preventive hygiene practices. The dissemination of health awareness to the public across the nation is warranted.
Αποστολή CAN-CAN. H συμμετοχή του 26ου ΓΕΛ Αθηνών στον Πανελλήνιο Διαγωνισμό Διαστημικής CanSat in Greece 2018.
Authors: Αναγνωστοπούλου Δήμητρα , Πουρνάρα Σαββίνα , Τοράκη Μαριαλένα , Φατούρου Ιωάννα , Λάζος Παναγιώτης
Published: July 2020

Η παρούσα εργασία αφορά τη συμμετοχή του 26ου ΓΕΛ Αθηνών-Μαράσλειου στον Πανελλήνιο Διαγωνισμό Διαστημικής CanSat in Greece 2018.Κάθε ομάδα που συμμετέχει στον διαγωνισμό πρέπει, καταρχάς, να επιτύχει την τακτική λήψη και αποστολή με τηλεμετρία μετρήσεων θερμοκρασίας, ατμοσφαιρικής πίεσης και γεωγραφικών συντεταγμένων. Επιπλέον, πρέπει να σχεδιάσει και υλοποιήσει μία δευτερεύουσα αποστολή. Εκείνη της ομάδας μας έχει ως κύριο σκέλος την κατασκευή δύο CanSat, ανάμεσα στα οποία λειτουργεί δίκτυο επικοινωνίας.Τα δύο CanSat (μητρικό και θυγατρικό) περιλαμβάνουν έναν μικροελεγκτή moteino, GPS και δύο αισθητήρες πίεσης και θερμοκρασίας. Το θυγατρικό περιλαμβάνει δύο κάμερες ευαίσθητες στο ορατό και στο εγγύς υπέρυθρο. Το μητρικό CanSat αναμεταδίδει στο σταθμό εδάφους τα δεδομένα που λαμβάνει από το θυγατρικό μαζί με τα αντίστοιχα δικά του δεδομένα. Το μητρικό CanSat σχεδιάστηκε έτσι ώστε να πέφτει αργότερα από το αντίστοιχο θυγατρικό και βρίσκεται πάντα σε μεγαλύτερο ύψος από εκείνο ώστε να πληροφορεί τον σταθμό εδάφους για τη θέση του και να είναι ευκολότερος ο εντοπισμός του στο έδαφος. Τα δεδομένα από τις κάμερες χρησιμοποιούνται για τον υπολογισμό της φυτοκάλυψης του εδάφους.
Γενετικός κώδικας - κρυπτογράφια
Authors: Δροσσάς Ιωάννης , Νικολάου Αλέξανδρος , Γρηγοριάδου Κυριακή , Ζήκος Ιωάννη
Published: July 2020

ομάδα μας δημιούργησε μια εφαρμογή που κωδικοποιεί και αποκωδικοποιεί μηνύματα συνδυάζοντας δεδομένα της Βιολογίας και της Πληροφορικής. Δημιουργήσαμε ένα σύστημα κρυπτογράφησης, βασισμένο στον γενετικό κώδικα. Αποφασίσαμε να πρωτοτυπήσουμε και να δημιουργήσουμε ένα σύστημα κρυπτογράφησης με βάση τον γενετικό κώδικα. Πώς θα καταφέρναμε, λοιπόν, να υλοποιήσουμε ένα τέτοιο πρόγραμμα; Ποια εργαλεία θα χρησιμοποιούσαμε; Α) Γενετικός κώδικας: Ο γενετικός κώδικας είναι παγκόσμιος, ισχύει για όλους τους ζωντανούς οργανισμούς. Αυτό το χαρακτηριστικό είναι και ένας από τους λόγους για τους οποίους επιλέχθηκε για το σύστημα κρυπτογράφησης. Επίσης, είναι τριαδικός, που σημαίνει πως μια τριάδα νουκλεοτιδίων κωδικοποιεί ένα αμινοξύ ή στην περίπτωσή μας έναν χαρακτήρα. Οι δυνατοί συνδυασμοί των 4 νουκλεοτιδίων ανέρχονται σε 64, γεγονός που μας δίνει την δυνατότητα κωδικοποίησης πολλών χαρακτήρων. Β) Γλώσσα προγραμματισμού C: Η γλώσσα προγραμματισμού που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την υλοποίηση της εφαρμογής ήταν η γλώσσα προγραμματισμού C, η οποία τρέχει σε όλους τους ηλεκτρονικούς υπολογιστές ανεξαρτήτως του λειτουργικού συστήματός τους. Γ) Κρυπτογραφία: Το πρόγραμμα μας μετατρέπει τους χαρακτήρες που εισάγονται ως τριπλέτες νουκλεοτιδίων. Η μέθοδος που χρησιμοποιούμε είναι ένα substitution cipher, δηλαδή σε κάθε χαρακτήρα που εισάγεται αντιστοιχεί πάντα η ίδια τριπλέτα. Το αποτέλεσμα που προέκυψε ήταν μια εκτελέσιμη εφαρμογή για λειτουργικά συστήματα Windows και UNIX, η οποία ανάλογα με τις παραμέτρουςπου της θέτουν οι χρήστες κωδικοποιεί ή αποκωδικοποιεί μηνύματα με την σχετική κρυπτογράφηση
Μελετώντας τις οικουμενικές αξίες μεταξύ εφήβων με τη βοήθεια της στατιστικής. Ένα παράδειγμα συνεργατικής μάθησης στο γυμνάσιο
Authors: Καλύβας Φώτης , Ολντάσι Παυλίνα , Σκανδάλου Ουρανία , Φουσέκης Δημήτρης , Μουρατίδης Χρήστος , Χιονίδης Παντελεήμων
Published: July 2020

Ο ρόλος του σχολείου στην ανάδειξη των «οικουμενικών αξιών» και της έννοιας του «ενεργού πολίτη» είναι κρίσιμος. Αυτή η πρόταση οδηγεί τους μαθητές στον αναστοχασμό για τα θέματα του εθελοντισμού, της κοινωνικής προσφοράς, του συλλογικού και του ατομικού συμφέροντος μέσα από τα μαθήματα της Γλωσσικής Διδασκαλίας και των Μαθηματικών.Πιο συγκεκριμένα, οι μαθητές της γ΄ γυμνασίου εργάζονται ομαδικά δημιουργώντας ένα ερωτηματολόγιο που θα αξιοποιηθεί σε ένα κοινωνικό πείραμα μεταξύ των συμμαθητών τους. Το ερωτηματολόγιο στηρίζεται στη λογική της προσφοράς χρημάτων και εθελοντικής εργασίας σε σκοπούς που οι ερωτώμενοι θα επιλέξουν. Αφού αυτό συμπληρωθεί από τους μαθητές και των τριών τάξεων του σχολείου, παραδίδεται στους μαθητές της β΄ γυμνασίου. Εκείνοι, με βάσητις αρχές της στατιστικής επιστήμης που έχουν γνωρίσει στα Μαθηματικά, επεξεργάζονται τα ερωτηματολόγια και συγκροτούν πίνακες, γραφικά κλπ, τα οποία αποτυπώνουν τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας. Τα στατιστικά δεδομένα επιστρέφουν στους μαθητές της γ΄ τάξης που εκπονούν την τελική έκθεση.
«Μηδείς αγεωμέτρητος εισίτω»: Μαθηματικά και Αρχαία Ελληνική Σκέψη
Authors: Κετέν Νικόλας , Βενάρδος Παντελής , Νικολαΐδου Σοφία
Published: July 2020

Τα Μαθηματικά υπήρξαν ένα πολύ σημαντικό πεδίο κατά την αρχαιότητα, καθώς ένας μεγάλος αριθμός μαθηματικών έθεσε με το έργο του τις βάσεις για την εξέλιξη της μαθηματικής επιστήμης. Με αφετηρία τη φράση που υπήρχε στην είσοδο της Ακαδημίας του Πλάτωνα, εξετάζουμε ποια ήταν η εξέλιξη της Μαθηματικής σκέψης στην αρχαιότητα, ποια ήταν η σχέση μεταξύ των Μαθηματικών και της αρχαίας ελληνικής φιλοσοφίας και πώς στοιχεία της αρχαίας ελληνικής γλώσσας επιβιώνουν έως σήμερα, μέσω των Μαθηματικών. Η μεθοδολογία της έρευνας που υιοθετούμε στην εργασία είναι η βιβλιογραφική επισκόπηση, ταυτόχρονα με τη μελέτη των σχολικών βιβλίων των Μαθηματικών. Από την εργασία αναδεικνύεται ο συνδετικός κρίκος μεταξύ Μαθηματικών και Φιλοσοφίας που δεν είναι άλλος από την έννοια της λογικής, της απόδειξης και της τεκμηρίωσης, τα οποία είναι βασικά στοιχεία, κοινά και για τις δύο επιστήμες. Επίσης, αποκαλύπτεται ότι στα Μαθηματικά, περισσότερο ίσως από κάθε γνωστικό αντικείμενο στο σχολείο η αρχαία ελληνική γλώσσα επιβιώνει, κυρίως μέσω μερών του λόγου της αρχαίας ελληνικής, τα οποία αποτελούν όρους και έννοιες της μαθηματικής επιστήμης.
Patient treatment pathways of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases in coastal South India: Road to a drug resistant tuberculosis center
Authors: Rathi Priya , Shringarpure Kalpita , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Pandey Abhinav , Nair Abhirami
Published: July 2020

Background: Delays in initiating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) treatment adds risk to individual patients and the community due to disease progression, and on-going transmission. The Government of India offers free TB diagnosis and treatment, however many presumptive MDR TB patients wander within the Indian healthcare system and delay accessing the programme. To improve access to care, it is imperative to understand the treatment pathways taken by MDR TB patients. We aimed to describe the diagnostic and treatment pathway taken by presumptive MDR TB patients registered under Programmatic Management of Drug-resistant TB Program.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study amongst patients registered during August 2016 – April 2017 at one District Drug Resistance Tuberculosis centre of Dakshina Kannada district in Karnataka, India. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the number, type (private and public sector), and dates of healthcare facilities (HCFs) visits prior to the initiation of MDR TB treatment. Delays in pathway were measured in days and summarised as median and interquartile range (IQR), from the date of onset of illness until the initiation of MDR TB treatment.

Results: We found that patients preferred private HCFs; however, due to lack of treatment and unaffordability they shifted to public HCFs. Median delay to register under the program was more in private HCFs (180 days) in comparison with public HCFs (120 days). We also found that the detection rates were much higher in public HCFs (80%).

Conclusion: The present study found that there was substantial patient delay and total delay in diagnosis and treatment of MDR TB patients. Private HCF was first point of contact for most of the patients; however those visited public HCF diagnosed earlier as compared to others. The government should involve private HCFs to provide standard diagnostics and treatment to the patients seeking a private facility.
Diagnostic test accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF for tuberculous pericarditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Andrianto Andrianto , Mertaniasih Ni Made , Gandi Parama , Al-Farabi Makhyan Jibril , Azmi Yusuf , Jonatan Michael , Silahooij Stevanus Immanuel
Published: July 2020

Introduction: Xpert MTB/RIF is a rapid diagnostic instrument for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). However, studies reported varied accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF in detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pericardial effusion.

Methods: We performed a systematic review of literature in PubMed, published up to February 1, 2020, according to PRISMA guidelines. We screened cross-sectional studies, observational cohort studies, and randomized control trials that evaluated the accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF in diagnosing TB pericarditis. Papers with noninterpretable results of sensitivity and specificity, non-English articles, and unpublished studies were excluded. The primary outcomes were the sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF. We conducted a quality assessment using QUADAS-2 to evaluate the quality of the studies. A bivariate model pooled the overall sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratios (PLRs), and negative likelihood ratios (NLRs) of included studies.

Results: In total, 581 subjects from nine studies were analyzed in this meta-analysis. Our pooled analysis showed that the overall sensitivity, specificity, PLRs and NLRs of included studies were 0.676 (95% CI: 0.580–0.759), 0.994 (95% CI: 0.919–1.000), 110.11 (95% CI: 7.65–1584.57) and 0.326 (95% CI: 0.246–0.433), respectively.

Conclusions: Xpert MTB/RIF had a robust specificity but unsatisfactory sensitivity in diagnosing TB pericarditis. These findings indicated that although positive Xpert MTB/RIF test results might be valuable in swiftly distinguishing the diagnosis of TB pericarditis, negative test results might not be able to rule out TB pericarditis.

Registration: PROSPERO CRD42020167480 28/04/2020
Intensive care nurses' knowledge of enteral nutrition at public hospitals in Sana'a, Yemen: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Ali Hussein Al-Qalah Talal , Alrubaiee Gamil Ghaleb
Published: July 2020

Background: Nurses have a pivotal role in initiating and managing enteral nutrition (EN) and monitoring any potential complications. Yet, it is unclear whether Yemeni nurses have adequate knowledge to deliver and manage enteral nutrition safely. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the level of ICU nurses’ knowledge regarding the management of EN.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2019 to March 2019. A probability sampling method was used to recruit 174 nurses from four public hospitals in the capital city of Yemen. A self-administered 17-item questionnaire related to ICU nurses' knowledge regarding EN intervention was used to collect the data.

Results: Out of the 174 respondents, 60.9% were females, 48.9% were aged between 20 and 25 years and 66.1% had a 3-year nursing diploma. Most respondents (79.3%) had one to five years of working experience as nurses, while almost two-thirds (70.7%) had one to five years of working experience as an ICU nurse. Above half (59.2%) of the respondents had never attended training courses on EN management and 65.5% specified that the college or institute of nursing was the source for their knowledge about EN management. Only 10.9% of the respondents had an adequate level of knowledge, while (43.1%) of them had a moderate level of knowledge and 46.0% of them had an inadequate level of knowledge regarding the EN management. Significant associations between the level of ICU nurses' knowledge of EN management and their level of education and the sources of knowledge were detected.

Conclusions: The significant gap in ICU nurses’ knowledge regarding EN management identified implies the need to upgrade and refresh of the ICU nurses' knowledge by implementing a regular training program concerning EN management.
Mycobiome analysis in fungal infected formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues for identification of pathogenic fungi: a pilot study
Authors: Lee Taebum , Na Hee Young , Byeon Sun-ju , Kim Kyoung-Mee , Lee Hey Seung , Park Sung-Hye , Choe Ji-Young , Choi Kyoung Chan
Published: July 2020

Background: Fungal organisms are frequently observed in surgical pathological diagnosis. In order to more accurately identify fungi in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues, it is necessary to use genomic information. The purpose of our pilot study is to identify the factors to be considered for the identification of pathogenic fungi using mycobiome analysis in FFPE tissues.

Methods: We selected 49 cases in five hospitals. In each case, FFPE tissue was cut into 50 µm and DNA was extracted. Multiplex PCR with four primers (ITS1, ITS2, ITS3 and ITS4) was performed. Multiplex sequencing was performed using a MinION device according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Sequences of each case were searched using BLASTN with an ITS database from NCBI RefSeq Targeted Loci Project with default parameters.

Results: A total of 2,526 DNA sequences were sequenced. We were able to identify 342 fungal sequences in 24 (49.0%, 24/49) cases. The median number of detected fungal sequences per case was 3 (1Q: 1 and 3Q: 14.25). Of the fungal DNA sequences, 215 (62.87%) contained the entire region of ITS1 or ITS2. The remaining 127 fungal DNA sequences were identified as fungi using a partial sequence of ITS1, ITS2, 5.8S, LSU or SSU.

Conclusion: In conclusion, we have identified the possibility of finding pathogenic fungi through mycobiome analysis in fungal infected FFPE tissues using nanopore sequencing. However, we have also found several limitations to be solved for further studies. If we develop a method to characterize pathogenic fungi in FFPE tissues in a follow-up study, we think it will help patients to use appropriate antifungal agents.
Diagnosis and management of chronic cough: similarities and differences between children and adults
Authors: Weinberger Miles , Hurvitz Manju
Published: July 2020

Cough is a natural process that protects the airway. Cough can occur spontaneously or voluntarily. It is considered chronic when it is present for longer than 4 weeks in children or 8 weeks in adults. In both, chronic cough causes patient distress and increased healthcare utilization. Etiologies of pediatric chronic cough include asthma, protracted bacterial bronchitis, tracheomalacia, habit cough, and various systemic disorders. While some diagnoses are identifiable by careful history alone, others require testing guided by specific pointers. Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy has been an important tool to identify etiologies of chronic cough that were not otherwise apparent. In adults, asthma and bronchitis are well-defined etiologies of chronic cough, but much chronic cough in adults is largely a conundrum.

Reviews of adult chronic cough report that at least 40% of adults with chronic cough have no medical explanation. Gastroesophageal reflux and upper airway cough syndrome (a.k.a. post-nasal drip) have been common diagnoses of chronic cough, but those diagnoses have no support from controlled clinical trials and have been subjected to multiple published critiques. Cough hypersensitivity is considered to be an explanation for chronic cough in adults who have no other confirmed diagnosis. Gabapentin, a neuromodulator, has been associated with a modest effect in adults, as has speech pathology. While habit cough has not generally been a diagnosis in adults, there is evidence for a behavioral component in adults with chronic cough. Treatment for a specific diagnosis provides a better outcome than trials of cough suppression in the absence of a specific diagnosis. More data are needed for chronic cough in adults to examine the hypothesized cough hypersensitivity and behavioral management. This article reviews etiologies and the treatment of chronic cough in children and the conundrum of diagnosing and treating chronic cough in adults.
Risk factors for intimate partner violence and abuse among adolescents and young adults: findings from a UK population-based cohort
Authors: Herbert Annie , Heron Jon , Barter Christine , Szilassy Eszter , Barnes Maria , Howe Laura D. , Feder Gene , Fraser Abigail
Published: July 2020

Background: Approximately one-third of young people in the UK have suffered intimate partner violence and abuse (IPVA) on reaching adulthood. We need interventions to prevent IPVA in this population, but there is a lack of evidence on who is at greatest risk.

Methods: We analysed questionnaire data from 3,279 participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children population-based birth cohort. We estimated the prevalence of IPVA victimisation and perpetration by age 21, by sex, demographic, parenting, mental health, externalising behaviour (e.g. smoking), educational, employment, and adverse childhood factors.

Results: Overall, 29% of males and 41% of females reported IPVA victimisation, with 20% and 25% reporting perpetration, respectively (16% and 22% both). The most common sub-type was emotional, followed by physical, then sexual. History of self-harm, anti-social behaviour, cannabis or illicit (non-cannabis) drug use among boys and girls was associated with a two-fold increase in likelihood of IPVA (victimisation or perpetration). Males reporting risky sexual behaviour, sexual abuse (not by an intimate partner), or witnessing domestic violence, and females reporting sexual minority status in adolescence were also twice as likely to experience IPVA. Extreme parental monitoring during adolescence was associated with a reduced risk of IPVA in males and females, as was not being in education, employment, or training for young adult men.

Conclusions: A range of demographic, mental health, and behavioural factors were associated with increased prevalence of IPVA victimisation or perpetration. Further study of likely complex pathways from these factors to IPVA, to inform primary prevention, is needed.
The Modal Logic LEC for Changing Knowledge, Expressed in the Growing Language
Authors: Łyczak Marcin
Published: July 2020

We present the propositional logic LEC for the two epistemic modalities of current and stable knowledge used by an agent who system-atically enriches his language. A change in the linguistic resources of an agent as a result of certain cognitive processes is something that commonly happens. Our system is based on the logic LC intended to formalize the idea that the occurrence of changes induces the passage of time. Here, the primitive operator C read as: it changes that, defines the temporal succession of states of the world. The notion of current knowledge concerns variable components of the world and it may change over time. We represent it by the primitive operator k read as: the agent currently knows that, and assume that it has S5 properties. The second type of knowledge, symbolized by the primitive operator K read as: the agent stably knows that, relates to  constant components of the world and it does not change. As a result of the axiomatic entanglement of C, K and k we show that stable knowledge satisfies axioms of S4.3. K and k modalities are not mutually definable, stable knowledge implies the current one and if the latter never changes, then it comes to be stable. The combination of K and k with the idea of an expanding language allows questioning of the so-called perfect recall principle. It cannot be maintained for both types of knowledge just because of changes in the vocabulary of the agent and possibly the growing spectrum of possible states of the world. We interpret LEC in the semantics of histories of epistemic changes and show that it is complete. Finally, we compare our logic with selected epistemic logics based on the concept of linear discrete time.
Strategies of Female Teaching Attending Physicians to Navigate
Gender-Based Challenges: An Exploratory Qualitative Study
Authors: Houchens Nathan , Quinn Martha , Harrod Molly , Cronin Daniel T , Hartley Sarah , Saint Sanjay
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND: Women in medicine experience
discrimination, hostility, and unconscious bias frequently
and with deleterious effects. While these gender-based
challenges are well described, strategies to navigate and
respond to them are less understood.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the lived experiences of female
teaching attending physicians emphasizing strategies
they use to mitigate gender-based challenges in clinical
environments.
DESIGN: Multisite exploratory, qualitative study.
SETTING: Inpatient general medicine teaching rounds in
six geographically diverse US academic hospitals between
April and August 2018.
PARTICIPANTS: With use of a modified snowball sampling
approach, female attendings and their learners were
identified; six female attendings and their current (n = 24)
and former (n = 17) learners agreed to participate.
MEASUREMENTS: Perceptions of gender-based
challenges in clinical teaching environments and strategies
with which to respond to these challenges were evaluated
through semistructured in-depth interviews, focus
group discussions, and direct observations of rounds.
Observations were documented using handwritten field
notes. Interviews and focus groups were audio recorded
and transcribed. All transcripts and field note data were
analyzed using a content analysis approach.
MAIN OUTCOMES: Attending experience levels ranged
from 8 to 20 years (mean, 15.3 years). Attendings were
diverse in terms of race/ethnicity. Strategic approaches to
gender-based challenges clustered around three themes:
female attendings (1) actively position themselves as
physician team leaders, (2) consciously work to manage
gender-based stereotypes and perceptions, and (3)
intentionally identify and embrace their unique qualities.
CONCLUSION: Female attendings manage their roles
as women in medicine through specific strategies to
both navigate complex gender dynamics and role model
approaches for learners. Journal of Hospital Medicine
2020;15:XXX-XXX. © 2020 Society of Hospital Medicine
Hospital Ward Adaptation During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey of Academic Medical Centers
Authors: Auerbach Andrew , O'Leary Kevin J , Greysen S Ryan , Harrison James D , Kripalani Sunil , Ruhnke Gregory W , Vasilevskis Eduard E , Maselli Judith , Fang Margaret C , Herzig Shoshana J , Lee Tiffany , Schnipper Jeffrey
Published: July 2020

IMPORTANCE: Although intensive care unit (ICU)
adaptations to the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19)
pandemic have received substantial attention , most
patients hospitalized with COVID-19 have been in general
medical units.
OBJECTIVE: To characterize inpatient adaptations to care
for non-ICU COVID-19 patients.
DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey.
SETTING: A network of 72 hospital medicine groups at US
academic centers.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: COVID-19 testing,
approaches to personal protective equipment (PPE), and
features of respiratory isolation units (RIUs).
RESULTS: Fifty-one of 72 sites responded (71%) between
April 3 and April 5, 2020. At the time of our survey, only 15
(30%) reported COVID-19 test results being available in less
than 6 hours. Half of sites with PPE data available reported
PPE stockpiles of 2 weeks or less. Nearly all sites (90%)
reported implementation of RIUs. RIUs primarily utilized
attending physicians, with few incorporating residents and
none incorporating students. Isolation and room-entry
policies focused on grouping care activities and utilizing
technology (such as video visits) to communicate with
and evaluate patients. The vast majority of sites reported
decreases in frequency of in-room encounters across
provider or team types. Forty-six percent of respondents
reported initially unrecognized non–COVID-19 diagnoses
in patients admitted for COVID-19 evaluation; a similar
number reported delayed identification of COVID-19 in
patients admitted for other reasons.
CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic has required
medical wards to rapidly adapt with expanding use of RIUs
and use of technology emerging as critical approaches.
Reports of unrecognized or delayed diagnoses highlight
how such adaptations may produce potential adverse
effects on care. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2020;15:XXXXXX.
© 2020 Society of Hospital Medicine
O que os brasileiros pensam acerca da velhice LGBT? Suas representações sociais
Authors: Santos José Victor De Oliveira , Araújo Ludgleydson Fernandes de , Fonseca Luciana Kelly da Silva , Salgado Ana Gabriela Aguiar Trevia , Jesus Lorena Alves de
Published: July 2020

A presente pesquisa buscou identificar e analisar as representações sociais da velhice LGBT entre brasileiros. A amostra foi composta por 1000 pessoas adultas da população brasileira em geral, com idade média de 27,5 anos (DP= 9,25), sendo 64,9% mulheres. Utilizou-se entrevista estruturada que foi analisada a partir do programa Iramuteq, além de dados sociodemográficos. Nos resultados, a Classificação Hierárquica Descendente repartiu o corpus textual em quatro classes de proximidade representacional. Por um lado, representações sociais direcionadas a velhice LGBT como fase de solidão e sofrimento, que a sociedade ainda está conhecendo o fenômeno. Do outro, discussões baseadas em respeito, atenção e cuidado, além de velhice LGBT como uma conquista atribuída a felicidade. Discute-se que a diversidade amostral resulta nas diferentes representações sociais, e os dados revelam que a sociedade está se direcionando a compreender as diferenciações de gênero e orientação sexual na qual a velhice é uma fase na qual todos podem vivenciar.
Nivel de conciencia fonológica en estudiantes con funcionamiento intelectual limítrofe.
Authors: Muñoz-Oyarce María Francisca , Monzalve-Macaya Manuel , Almonacid-Fierro Alejandro , Merellano-Navarro Eugenio
Published: July 2020

Existen numerosos estudios que demuestran la importancia que tienen las habilidades fonológicas en el aprendizaje de la lectura inicial. La conciencia fonológica y conciencia fonémica aparecen dentro de la literatura como los mayores predictores para adquirir el proceso lector. Aunque existe un amplio cuerpo de investigación en este ámbito, existen escasos estudios que muestren como estas habilidades fonológicas se desarrollan en estudiantes con otras características intelectuales y/o cognitivas. El presente estudio tiene por objetivo caracterizar el nivel de habilidades de Conciencia Fonológica en estudiantes con Funcionamiento Intelectual Limítrofe atendidos en Programas de Integración Escolar (PIE), a través de la aplicación de la Prueba de Evaluación de Conciencia Fonológica (PECFO). Los participantes fueron 37 estudiantes que cursaban entre primero y tercero de educación primaria, que tenían un diagnóstico de Función Intelectual Limítrofe. Los resultados muestran un descenso heterogéneo importante en el desarrollo de las habilidades fonológicas evaluadas, lo que preliminarmente indicaría un grado alto de riesgo para este grupo de estudiantes. Implicancias para la práctica pedagógica, política y futuras investigaciones en este ámbito son discutidas.
La obsolescencia de la contemplación en la instantaneidad del uso fotográfico en los medios actuales de la comunicación interactiva.
Authors: Mondejar Veronique Christine
Published: July 2020

Los avances de la tecnología de los dispositivos de telefonía móvil han transformado la comunicación. En el actual entorno mediático la fotografía adquiere las características de una imagen-objeto de consumo. Este artículo analiza la metamorfosis de la imagen. Se presta atención al consumo de la fotografía como objeto de intercambio de mensajes enviados por la telefonía móvil. En este frenético intercambio, sumido por esta misma efervescencia de los circuitos interactivos de las redes sociales Se constata un giro semántico que despierta su propio lenguaje expresivo. En la actual ecología de los medios impera la inmediatez de la respuesta. Desde la recepción y trasmisión del mensaje se va fraguando cierta obsolescencia de la contemplación. Este modo de circulación del mensaje interfiere sigilosamente en el propio lenguaje como medio que viabiliza la reflexión entre los seres humanos.
Expresión política juvenil en la ecología mediática del proceso electoral 2018 en México
Authors: Palazuelos Rojo Isaac de Jesús
Published: July 2020

En esta investigación se explora el uso de las redes sociodigitales como materia de configuración de repertorios de expresión política juvenil. Se abordan las agrupaciones juveniles de los tres principales partidos que compitieron por la presidencia de la república: Red Jóvenes x México, Fuerza Juvenil MORENA y Acción Juvenil. El estudio se elabora con base en seis momentos: inicio y cierre de campañas electorales, tres debates presidenciales y la jornada electoral. Se utiliza el método de análisis de contenido para interpretar los archivos audiovisuales recopilados mediante etnografía digital. Se encontró una yuxtaposición entre situaciones políticas y contextos ficticios derivados del cine y la televisión, mediante la cual se componen las narrativas mediáticas de la política. Se concluye que los contenidos audiovisuales forman parte de un repertorio más amplio de acciones, las cuales se despliegan en una ecología mediática en la que las interacciones fuera de línea mantienen un papel importante en la experiencia política.
Proximidad espacial e integración social: aportes y debates desde Quito
Authors: Parrado Rodríguez Cristhian
Published: July 2020

Este artículo explora cómo influye la proximidad espacial en la construcción de vínculos sociales entre hogares de distinta condición socioeconómica en Quito. Se enfoca en un área específica del noroccidente de la ciudad, donde recientemente se generó una alianza intergrupal entre sus residentes para oponerse a un proyecto público de movilidad. A partir de una lectura multidimensional de la integración socioespacial se analizan los efectos que tiene la mixtura social de esta área en: la conformación de oportunidades educativas y laborales, la interacción y construcción de relaciones sociales, y la identificación con un territorio común. Los hallazgos revelan que la proximidad de los hogares incide positivamente en la formación de vínculos sociales, la percepción sobre el otro y en la filiación con el territorio, esto particularmente a partir de respuestas políticas intergrupales donde se privilegia el espacio compartido en lugar de la diferencia socioeconómica. De esta manera, el artículo invita a incorporar el vínculo político para reflexionar la integración social en la ciudad latinoamericana.
La transformación de un barrio capitalino: la experiencia desde los y las residentes del barrio Escalante junto con el comercio gastronómico
Authors: Vargas-Vargas Bryan Roberto
Published: July 2020

El presente artículo tiene como finalidad describir la experiencia de los y las residentes delbarrio Escalante, ubicado en el distrito El Carmen en la capital de Costa Rica (San José). Esteasentamiento data de la primera mitad del siglo XX y en la última década atraviesa una seriede transformaciones urbanas, principalmente: los cambios de uso del suelo, del perfil de laciudad y de la vocación hacia actividades comerciales y turísticas. En este texto se muestran los resultados de una encuesta aplicada a las personas residentes durante el último semestre del año 2018, así como entrevistas en profundidad. Como resultados importantes están: las dificultades para residir en el barrio, la falta de participación ciudadana y las decisiones políticas sobre la ciudad sin la consulta a quienes la habitan.
Anxiety and depression on the liver transplant waiting list: a case for psychological prehabilitation?
Authors: Tavabie Oliver , McKie Paul , Webzell Ian , Beckford Racquel , Menon Krishna , O'Grady John , Aluvihare Varuna R
Published: July 2020

Introduction:

Anxiety and depression in patients awaiting liver transplantation are associated with worse clinical outcomes. However, optimising patient mental health is not routinely addressed in pre-transplant care.

Aims:

To understand the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients awaiting transplantation and their access to pharmacological and psychological therapies.

Methods:

Patients awaiting transplantation were offered screening for anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Screening (HADS) tool. Data pertaining to patient demographics and previous treatment for anxiety and depression were recorded and analysed.

Findings:

Over 50% of patients recorded abnormal scores for anxiety and depression. Of the 19 patients screened, 42% had received treatment for either disorder, and most found the intervention unhelpful due to lack of follow-up appointments and limited understanding of their underlying chronic liver disease. There was a significant association between female sex and screening positive for depression.

Conclusion:

Anxiety and depression are prevalent in patients awaiting liver transplantation. The integration of a psychologist into the transplantation multidisciplinary team may improve patient outcomes.
Acute liver failure in paracetamol overdose: management, transplantation and best practice
Authors: Toplis Emma , Mortimore Gerri
Published: July 2020

Paracetamol is the most common drug taken in overdose in the UK, and this is recognised as a major cause of acute liver failure. However, death rates from acute liver failure have fallen, due to the rapid availability and accessibility of the antidote, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). This article critically evaluates the literature on the assessment and management of patients presenting with paracetamol overdose, in order to promote best practice within their clinical team. It includes discussion of presentation, risk factors and complications, as well as treatment and referral to specialist centres for liver transplantation.
Supporting paediatric patients with liver disease
Authors: Taylor Alison
Published: July 2020

Alison Taylor, Chief Executive of Children's Liver Disease Foundation (CLDF), explains how the charity can support nursing staff
Some Graphs Determined by their Signless Laplacian (Distance) Spectra
Authors: Adiga Chandrashekar , Das Kinkar , Rakshith B. R.
Published: July 2020

In literature, there are some results known about spectral determination of graphs with many edges. In [M.~C\'{a}mara and W.H.~Haemers. Spectral characterizations of almost complete graphs. {\em Discrete Appl. Math.}, 176:19--23, 2014.], C\'amara and Haemers studied complete graph with some edges deleted for spectral determination. In fact, they found that if the deleted edges form a matching, a complete graph $K_m$ provided $m \le n-2$, or a complete bipartite graph, then it is determined by its adjacency spectrum. In this paper, the graph $K_{n}\backslash K_{l,m}$ $(n>l+m)$ which is obtained from the complete graph $K_{n}$ by removing all the edges of a complete bipartite subgraph $K_{l,m}$ is studied. It is shown that the graph $K_{n}\backslash K_{1,m}$ with $m\ge4$ is determined by its signless Laplacian spectrum, and it is proved that the graph $K_{n}\backslash K_{l,m}$ is determined by its distance spectrum. The signless Laplacian spectral determination of the multicone graph $K_{n-2\alpha}\vee \alpha K_{2}$ was studied by Bu and Zhou in [C.~Bu and J.~Zhou. Signless Laplacian spectral characterization of the cones over some regular graphs. {\em Linear Algebra Appl.}, 436:3634--3641, 2012.] and Xu and He in [L. Xu and C. He. On the signless Laplacian spectral determination of the join of regular graphs. {\em Discrete Math. Algorithm. Appl.}, 6:1450050, 2014.] only for $n-2\alpha=1 ~\text{or}~ 2$. Here, this problem is completely solved for all positive integer $n-2\alpha$. The proposed approach is entirely different from those given by Bu and Zhou, and Xu and He.
Hybrid structure based on no-core and graded-index multimode fibers as saturable absorber for a self-starting mode-locked Yb-doped fiber laser
Authors: Thulasi S. , Sivabalan S.
Published: July 2020

We demonstrate an all-fiber ytterbium (Yb)-doped mode-locked oscillator using a hybrid structure based on no-core fiber graded-index multimode fiber (NCF-GIMF) as the saturable absorber (SA). The proposed SA exhibits unique characteristics such as large-power tolerance, high modulation depth of 24.7%, and low saturation intensity of

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, which help to achieve a stable mode-locking operation. The all-normal and self-starting oscillator generates stable ultrafast pulses with a repetition rate of 21.35 MHz, pulse energy/average output power of 120 pJ/2.7 mW, and a pulse duration of 2.4 ps at a central wavelength of 1034.2 nm. The output pulses are then dechirped to 300 fs using an external grating compressor and possess high stability with a radio frequency spectrum of 58 dB. These results show that the NCF-GIMF-based SA can be used as an effective photonic device for high energy wave breaking free pulse generation.