bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimizing Net Energy Efficiency of Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) Production by Modifying Heat Transfer Process
Authors: Apriyani Rizal , Alim Rizky Putra Nur , Mustaqim Rosid , Prasetya Fauzi Sufyan
Published: January 2025

The acetylene hydrochlorination process is a highly exothermic reaction, causing the reactor temperature to rise, which then requires cooling through a heat exchanger. A modification of the process is necessary to enhance the heat efficiency of the acetylene hydrochlorination by utilizing the heat generated by the reactor. Heat transfer fluid serves as a medium for both heating and cooling, enabling a looping heat transfer process. The heat transfer fluid system absorbs heat from the reactor and subsequently reuses this heat to warm the reactor feed, eliminating the need for additional energy input. The process modification was modeled using Aspen HYSYS, and the heat efficiency between the basic and modified processes was compared using the net-energy formula. The results showed that the net-energy (NE) for the basic and modified processes were 38,811,930.515 kJ/h and 18,702.951 kJ/h, respectively. This indicates that the modified process offers better energy efficiency, as the net-energy value is closer to zero compared to basic process. Thus, this modification improves the heat efficiency of VCM production through the acetylene hydrochlorination process. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by Universitas Diponegoro and BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Research on the Development Path of "Dual-Qualified" Intelligent Construction Teaching Teams
Authors: Shen Quan , Wu Wenliang , Yan Yuan , Zhong Zhifeng , Ouyang Heping
Published: January 2025

With the rapid development of intelligent construction technology, it has become a crucial task for higher
education to cultivate professional talents who can meet the needs of the industry. The construction of a "dualqualified" intelligent construction teaching team plays a key role in improving the quality of talent training. This
article analyzes the characteristics of the intelligent construction specialty and the necessity of building a "dualqualified" teaching team, discusses the current problems, including the single source of teachers, insufficient
practical ability, and imperfect team collaboration mechanism, and proposes construction paths from
optimizing the teacher recruitment and training system, strengthening school-enterprise cooperation, and
improving team management and incentive mechanisms, aiming to provide theoretical reference and practical guidance for building a high-quality "dual-qualified" intelligent construction teaching team.
Enhancing Residential Living: An Innovative IoT-Based HomeAutomation System for Convenience,Security,and Accessibility
Authors: Rajak Kajal , Sinha Dr. Anupa
Published: January 2025

This research paper presents an innovative IoT-based home automation system aimed at enhancing the security,
energy efficiency, and convenience of residential areas. By leveraging wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth, the system enables users to remotely monitor and control various home appliances through a userfriendly mobile application. The study addresses critical challenges, including privacy vulnerabilities and data
security risks associated with IoT devices. Additionally, it explores the system's potential to assist individuals
with disabilities, promoting accessibility and independence. The findings underscore the transformative impact of IoT on modern living, paving the way for smarter, more efficient homes that cater to diverse user needs.
Utilizing Ultra Wideband Technology for Health Monitoring through Lens of Machine Learning
Authors: Giri Khushi , Dewangan Dr. Omprakash
Published: January 2025

Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is considered as a promising technique towards different applications of
clinical infrastructure, delivers noteworthy features such as fine localization accuracy, very high data rates and
low energy consumption. The paper systematically reviews the use of UWB technology in clinical environments:
in healthcare monitoring, medical imaging, indoor positioning and wireless communication. Based on a set of
high-quality data from UCI Machine Learning Repository, this paper gives empirical results involving the
performance and capability of UWB-based systems in bettering healthcare outcomes. They additionally detail
response and potential barriers, including integration challenges and regulatory constraints, as well as assets
like the symbiosis of UWB technology to trigger future developments in patient care and healthcare disbursal. In addition, the authors combined feature selection and random forest model to obtain an accuracy of 91.8%.
An Approach of Interactive Learning Interface
Authors: Kumari Anjali , Goswami Ms. Anjali
Published: January 2025

The project "Collaboard" represents an innovative take on interactive whiteboards, designed primarily for
collaborative use in web environments. Catering to a diverse audience, including students, educators, and
professionals, the application mimics functionalities of popular tools like MS Paint, but with advanced features
for teamwork. Users can adjust the canvas background, customize pen color and size, and utilize an eraser with
adjustable thickness. By enabling simultaneous participation, the project aims to bridge traditional
brainstorming methods with modern digital needs, fostering seamless real-time collaboration.
I have named this whiteboard extend as "Collaboard" as it is a Whiteboard which is Collaborative implies
numerous clients can all together talk about on a few thoughts or fair play around.
The web application has different highlights like the client can "Alter the Foundation Colour of the Canvas or
we can say the Whiteboard". Separated from this the client can moreover alter the "Colour of the Write or we
can say Pointer that makes a difference to draw things on canvas".
Most imperatively, the client can too alter the Pointer Estimate from more slender one to the thickest one and
too Eraser instrument can be utilized to clear the canvas and that is too accessible in different.This investigate
report dives into the advancement, mechanical establishment, and broad-spectrum applications of intelligently
whiteboards (IWBs). It points to shed light on how these gadgets have changed instructive and corporate
situations through interactivity, collaboration, and interactive media integration. The report too looks at the obstructions to broad selection, such as fetched suggestions, specialized challenges, and the require for proficient development
Project Management Maturity in Construction MSMEs in Southeastern Mexico
Authors: Ana Cabrera , Jesús García , Nicolás Zaragoza , José González
Published: January 2025

The construction industry operates under strict deadlines, limited budgets, and extensive interaction among
human resources from various knowledge fields. These factors, combined with the unique nature of each project,
represent a significant challenge to management. This necessitates the implementation of project management,
which is essential for planning, organizing, and supervising both resources and tasks required to achieve specific
objectives within a defined time and cost frame. Although project management is not a new topic, it is crucial to
measure its positive influence on the industry. This research evaluates the project management maturity level in
the local construction sector. The study assessed the maturity level in areas such as initiation, planning,
scheduling, execution, quality, and project closure through surveys conducted with 30 professionals in the sector.
This descriptive, cross-sectional research with a quantitative approach used a structured questionnaire with
closed-ended questions based on the 32 key practices outlined in the Organizational Project Management
Maturity Model (OPM3). The findings revealed that construction project management in Southeastern Mexico currently ranks at a low maturity level, scoring 56.31%. According to CIM3, this places it at the upper boundary of immaturity level 1/3 and, according to OPM3, at the standardization process phase.
The Impact of Technology on Industrial Process Automation
Authors: Alfarhan Eng. Ahmad Abdulhamid , Alhazeem Housam Ghanim
Published: January 2025

This article explores the transformative role of technology in automating industrial processes. By leveraging
advanced systems such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLCs), industries are achieving unprecedented levels of efficiency, precision, and operational safety. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the key technologies, their applications, benefits, challenges, and potential future developments in industrial automation
Cavitation in pipelines and valves.
Authors: Aljeran Dhari Abdullah
Published: January 2025

This paper is a practical study that deals with the case of cavitation in pipelines and valves. The study is carried out for both cases of either cavitation or non-cavitation. Experiments were performed by adjusting the water flow rate, pressure and temperature by monitoring the occurrence of cavitation and noise level in the pipeline
Euclidean Algorithm Analysis
Authors: Balkhair Eynas
Published: January 2025

.
Game Development using AI
Authors: Balkhair Eynas
Published: January 2025

.
Hybrid Machine Learning Technique for Prediction of Phishing Websites
Authors: Sahu Sarita , Thakur Onkar Nath , Tiwari Rakesh Kumar , Gupta Dr. Vikas
Published: January 2025

Phishing attacks represent a significant
threat to online security, often resulting in
substantial financial losses and data breaches.
Despite the evolution of various security measures,
the dynamic and sophisticated nature of phishing
websites continues to outpace traditional detection
methods. This paper presents a novel hybrid
machine learning technique for the prediction of
phishing websites, combining the strengths of
multiple algorithms to enhance detection accuracy
and robustness. The proposed approach integrates
feature selection, ensemble learning, and deep
learning models to create a comprehensive
predictive framework. Through extensive experimentation on diverse datasets, the hybrid model demonstrates superior performance in identifying phishing websites compared to standalone machine learning models.
Improved hygrothermal performance of rigid foams using natural fibers and 2,5-dihydroxymethyl furan bonded to carbohydrate chains
Authors: Karga Lionel Tapsia , Konai Noel , Kaoutoing Maxime Dawoua , Arnaud Nzogning Fotio , Danwe Raidandi
Published: January 2025

This work aimed to evaluate the particle content of fibers in rigid foams made from Monopethalantus tannin.
Monopethalantus tannin, sugarcane bagasse fibers, raffia bamboo cork fibers and bio-hardener were extracted and
used to formulate foams with different proportions of reinforcement (by mixing the different reagents). The foams
produced were characterized. The apparent densities of the foams produced varied between 0.08 g/cm
3
and 0.47
g/cm3
and it was noted that the density increased with the proportion of fibers particles (reinforcements). Their
water absorption rate varies between 128.00% and 602.60%, and the absorption rate of the various foams
decreases with increasing density, indicating a high affinity for water. The Young's modulus of the various
foams varies between 0.21 and 1.14 MPa. It can be seen that their strength increases with the level of
reinforcement. Higher-density foams normally resist compression more than lower-density foams. These results enabled us to classify this foam as a rigid foam and to note that the fiber content influences the characteristics of the foam
CARBON-DOTs: A Breakthrough Weapon in the Fight Against Infectious Diseases - A Review
Authors: Sharon Madhuri , Dubey Anuradha Pandey-
Published: January 2025

Fluorescent Carbon-dots, having unique optical properties has shown promise to be a nanomaterial for
theranostics of infectious-disease. Here we include graphene quantum-dots, graphene nano-ribbons of less than
10 nm also as they exhibit unique photoluminescence property like carbon-dots, which enable the construction of
fluorescent probes; and their electrocatalytic activity, which makes them potentially useful in construction of
electrochemical materials. Carbon-dots are easily tunable through surface functionalization for desired properties
to be used for disease diagnosis, drug delivery and to some extent in evolving vaccines. A brief introduction to its
morphology, property, and synthesis is touched-upon. Carbon-dots are explored as Smart-Sensors. Early nanodiagnostic methods involved use of heavy-metal quantum-dots, Nano-shell, Gold, Iron oxide, Nanotube,
Perfluorocarbons and Dendrimers. Some of them have been found to be toxic to living system. Hence, in last two
decades with the advancement in biocompatible, biodegradable, water soluble and chemically inert Carbon-dots
have attracted attention for theranostic of IDs, such as for imaging and detection pathogenic bacteria. There has
been success in use of Carbon-dots for Multiphoton Imaging especially brain, for diagnostic applications in IDs,
for virus theranostic as antimicrobial and microbe imaging agent. Carbon-dots are used for infectious agents like
Prions, Virus, Pathogenic-Bacteria, Pathogenic-Fungi, Parasitic-Protozoa, and Parasitic-Helminths that causes ID.
Infectious-diseases could be Acute which develops quickly, Chronic, which develops more slowly and Latent that may persist for longer period. Elderly, immunosuppressed and patients with chronic disease are more susceptible to IDs. Considering these facts use of carbon-dots has been developed for theranostic of infectious-diseases.
Study on long‐term occupancy records of public rental housing
Authors: Minami Kazunobu , Ohi Kaoru , Takenoshita Yuki
Published: December 2021

The objective of this research was to acquire a basic knowledge of architectural planning to understand the changeability and long‐term occupancy for dwellings from the survey and analysis of actual occupancy records and conditions of apartment buildings over a long period. The subjects of the survey were households that were long‐term occupants of public rental housing estates that were constructed in the 1960s. The dwellings and records of infill improvements were analyzed along with changes in family structures. In some apartment buildings that were surveyed, an additional living area had been built onto the balcony side, and as a result of having more living space, young couples with children had moved in later. In contrast apartment buildings that had not had any additions were occupied by only elderly households. For households that wished to continue living in the same place for a long term, despite rental housing restrictions, scenarios were observed in which infill improvements had been actively implemented on the inside to improve habitability.
Leishmaniases
Authors: Chang Kwang Poo
Published: December 2021

Leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases. The causative agents,Leishmaniaspp., are transmitted by the blood‐sucking female sand flies. The diseases are largely a zoonosis of canines, rodents and edentates. Humans are accidental dead‐end hosts, except in some places where human–human transmission is indicated by the absence of animal reservoirs. The diseases are present in >100 countries, mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, putting one billion world population at risk with an annual caseload of ∼one million and death in the tens of thousands. Leishmaniases are marked by a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from self‐healing cutaneous lesions to facial mucocutaneous disfiguration to visceralisation with fatal consequence. Clinical managements of visceral leishmaniases rely on several toxic drugs with decreasing efficacy due to the development of drug resistance. Intraphagolysosomal parasitism of macrophages by these parasites is a key feature for considering molecular mechanisms of their virulence relevant to developing effective drugs and vaccines needed.

Key Concepts

The trypanosomatid protozoa in the genus ofLeishmaniacause leishmaniases.

The diseases are neglected, but very widespread mainly in tropical and subtropical countries.

The parasites live briefly in blood‐sucking sand flies and develop into infective promastigotes in the gut lumen.

Infected sand flies transmit the parasites among animals, e.g. canines, rodents and edentates.

Humans acquire leishmaniases from sand fly bites as a zoonosis with infected wild and domestic animals as the reservoirs.

Human leishmaniasis is referred to as anthroponotic where reservoir animals have not been identified.

The parasites live in the acidic endosomes/lysosomes of macrophages as amastigotes in the mammalian hosts.

There are cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral leishmaniases.

The spectrum of clinical manifestations results from immunopathology of different host‐parasite interactions.

Life‐long immunity to leishmaniases often develops in patients cured of these diseases.

Chemotherapy of leishmaniases relies on toxic drugs and loses its effectiveness to drug‐resistance.

Visceral leishmaniasis has been brought under control in some endemic countries.

Control programs include diagnosis of patients for treatments, surveillance of reservoirs and vectors for elimination.

Lack of incentives for drug and vaccine development accounts for the persistence of leishmaniases.
Bioremediation
Authors: Philp James C
Published: December 2021

Bioremediation refers to the clean‐up of pollution from soil, groundwater, surface water and air using biological, usually microbiological, processes. It has left the laboratory and is established in some parts of the world, especially the United States, as a full‐scale, biotechnology‐based industry.

Key Concepts

Hydrocarbon and metal pollutants from anthropogenic sources are very diverse in types and microbes often biodegrade specific hydrocarbons.

Bioremediation involves the engineered biodegradation of pollutants in soil and water.

Bioremediation under aerobic conditions is the best understood and the most often applied.

Anaerobic biodegradation of hydrocarbons is more common than once thought due to advances in the detection of microorganisms without the necessity of culturing.

A range of engineering options is available for deliberate bioremediation of contaminated sites.

Knowledge of bioremediation capabilities of natural communities has been facilitated by modern –omics technologies such as metagenomics.

Synthetic biology offers solutions to outstanding questions regarding fundamental knowledge and future engineered bioremediation practice.
Roseospira
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: December 2021

Ro.se.o.spi'ra. L. masc. adj.
roseus
, rosy; Gr. fem. n.
spira
, the spiral; N.L. fem. n.
Roseospira
the rosy spiral.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Rhodospirillaceae / Roseospira

Roseospira
species are vibrioid to spiral shaped, anoxygenic, and phototrophic bacteria of the
Rhodospirillaceae
family that live in various types of marine and slightly saline habitats all over the world. The photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series, and internal photosynthetic membranes are present as vesicles. They perform a phototrophic way of life using organic substrates (photoheterotrophic growth) or inorganic reduced sulfur compounds (photoautotrophic growth) as electron donors for photosynthesis. Bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis depends on anoxic to microoxic conditions, and chemotrophic growth is possible under microoxic to oxic conditions in the light. Nitrogenase and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase may be present. Vitamins or yeast extracts are required as growth factors. The G + C content of the DNA is 67.8–71.2 (GA), and the genome size ranges from 4.19 to 4.61 Mb.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 67.8–71.2 (GA) (type species 66.6 T
m
).

Type species
:
Roseospira mediosalina
Imhoff et al. 1998
VP
(synonym: “
Rhodospirillum mediosalinum
” Kompantseva and Gorlenko 1984).
Falsochrobactrum
Authors: Kämpfer Peter , Glaeser Stefanie P.
Published: December 2021

Fals.o.chro.bac'trum. L. masc. adj.
falsus,
false; N.L. neut. n.
Ochrobactrum
, a bacterial generic name; N.L. neut. n.
Falsochrobactrum
, false
Ochrobactrum
.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Brucellaceae / Falsochrobactrum

Cells are motile or
nonmotile
, non‐spore‐forming rods (approx. 2 μm in length and 1 μm in width). Cells stain Gram‐negative,
oxidase‐positive
, showing an oxidative metabolism. The polar lipid profile consists of the major compounds diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and unidentified aminolipids and
unidentified phospholipids.
The quinone system consists mainly of ubiquinone
Q‐10.
The fatty acid profile is composed of high amounts of C
18:1
ω7
c
and moderate amounts of C
18:0
and C
19:0
cyclo ω8
c
. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, most closely related to the genera
Paenochrobactrum
,
Pseudochrobactrum
,
Ochrobactrum
, and
Brucella
. Member of the family
Brucellaceae
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: approx. 50.7–56.9 (Genome sequence).

Type species
:
Falsochrobactrum ovis
Kämpfer et al. 2013
VP
.
Lachnoanaerobaculum
Authors: Moore Edward R.B. , Salvà‐Serra Francisco , Jaén‐Luchoro Daniel , Hammarström Marie‐Louise , Hammarström Sten , Hedberg Maria
Published: December 2021

Lach.no.an.ae.ro.ba'cu.lum. Gr. masc. n.
lachnos
, wool; Gr. pref.
an
‐, negating prefix; Gr. masc. n.
aer
, air; L. neut. n.
baculum
, rod; N.L. neut. n.
Lachnoanaerobaculum
, wooly colonies, anaerobic, filamentous rod‐shaped cells.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Lachnospiraceae / Lachnoanaerobaculum

The genus
Lachnoanaerobaculum
comprises obligately anaerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive chemoorganotrophic, saccharolytic, and nonproteolytic bacilli. Cells are spore forming, rod shaped, and filamentous, 5 to greater than 20 μm in length, some cells with curving and swelling. All species of the genus grow with glucose as the sole carbon source. All species produce H
2
S, NH
3
, butyric acid, acetic acid, and lactic acid as metabolic end products. The predominant cellular fatty acids are C
14:0
, C
16:0
, and C
18:1
ω7
c
DMA. The G + C contents of genomic DNA of the species are 35.0–37.8 mol%. Phylogenetic relationships of the species of
Lachnoanaerobaculum
, based on comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, indicate that they cluster within the phylum
Firmicutes
, within the family
Lachnospiraceae
, and exhibit a clear delineation to the other genera of the family, with a relatively close relationship to
Johnsonella
species. The first described strain of
Lachnoanaerobaculum umeaense
, the type species of the genus, was isolated from the jejunal mucosa of a child with coeliac disease. Strains of the species of
Lachnoanaerobaculum
are typically found in intestinal microbiota and oral microbiota of the human microbiome, isolated from the human gut, saliva, blood, amniotic fluid, and, predominantly, from the oral cavity.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
:
35–38 (determined from genome sequences).

Type species:
Lachnoanaerobaculum umeaense
Hedberg et al. 2012
VP
.
Ru(II) Catalyst Enables Dynamic Dual‐Cross‐Linked Elastomers with Near‐Infrared Self‐Healing toward Flexible Electronics
Authors: Nie Feng‐Min , An Chun‐Hua , Cao Da‐Fu , Liu Jing , Zhou Yu‐Feng , Lu Ya‐Guang , Ma Zhe , Pan Li , Li Yue‐Sheng
Published: December 2021

Perusing elastomers capable of self‐healing offers new opportunities to enable next‐generation flexible electronics, but remains greatly challenging; because, few of them can simultaneously possess desirable mechanical strength, elasticity, and self‐healing efficiency. Herein, a dynamic dual‐cross‐linked networks strategy is employed to develop the elastomers via synthesis of ionic polymer catalyzed using the Grubbs's third‐generation catalyst (G3) and subsequent ureido‐pyrimidinone (UPy) grafting. Specifically, UPy exhibits a unique gradient distribution on ionic polymer chains. Large UPy clusters form in the dense UPy region with robust cross‐links that can stabilize the system, while UPy dimers in sparse regions with weak ionic interactions can act as sacrificial bonds for energy dissipation. Therefore, the obtained elastomers exhibit superb mechanical properties with high stretchability (1900%), high toughness (33.8 MJ m−3), and excellent elasticity (>85%). Importantly, deactivated [Ru] = CHOEt complex (G3 derivative) is proved to have an inherently outstanding photothermal effect under near‐infrared (NIR) irradiation. Benefiting from this feature, the elastomers achieve nearly complete self‐healing within 4.5 min under NIR. Furthermore, the elastomers are employed as the base materials to construct flexible self‐healing conductors with stable conductivity even being stretched to 1200%. This work exercises a profound influence on the rational design of high‐performance self‐healing elastomers.
A Flexible, Mechanically Strong, and Anti‐Corrosion Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Composite Film with Periodic Electroconductive Patterns
Authors: Zhao Zehao , Lan Di , Zhang Limin , Wu Hongjing
Published: December 2021

Demand for high‐efficiency electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption composite films continues to increase with technical advances in 5G telecommunications, wearable electronics, portable devices, and deployable military applications. However, realizing flexible ultra‐thin single‐layer EMW absorption composite films with multifunctionality, rather than using traditional particle absorbents, is a known challenge. In this study, the authors propose a series of polyimide (PI) reinforced composite films with periodic copper‐based electroconductive units that possess tunable electrical properties for specific applications. These periodic units optimize the electric field distribution of the films in an alternating electromagnetic field, resulting in stronger power loss. Furthermore, the hierarchical structure and abundant heterogeneous interfaces of each unit contribute to multiple scattering and polarization loss. The obtained copper mesh@Cu2−xS@PI (CCP) film shows excellent EM shielding performance (63.7 dB), while the Air@Cu2−xS@PI (ACP) film delivers a superior specific absorbency value of 391.43% mm–1 in the X‐band. Furthermore, owing to their mechanical properties, thermal conduction/dissipation performance, and excellent environmental stability characteristics, these films offer significant potential as high‐performance EMW response materials with resistance to harsh conditions.
Flower‐Like Nanozymes with Large Accessibility of Single Atom Catalysis Sites for ROS Generation Boosted Tumor Therapy
Authors: Xing Yuxin , Wang Lu , Wang Liucan , Huang Jixi , Wang Shuai , Xie Xiyue , Zhu Jing , Ding Tao , Cai Kaiyong , Zhang Jixi
Published: December 2021

The use of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generators based on single‐atom catalysts (SACs) has been an emerging strategy for mediating tumor therapy, however, the current systems suffer from low mass transport efficiency. Here, a novel strategy of morphology fragmentation is developed to fabricate flower‐like SAC nanozymes with greatly improved 3D accessibility of active sites. Specifically, the coordinationally polymerized zeolite imidazole framework acts as a polyphenol oxidase‐like enzyme to catalyze the in situ polymerization of polydopamine (PDA) which leads to blockage of micropores and crosslinking of the morphology‐deteriorated ZIF nanosheets. The protective carbonization by PDA results in SAC nanozymes (C‐NFs) with plenty of reopened micropores and defect mesopores (≈4 nm) in the nanopetals, large interpetal pore space (≈39 nm), high surface area (388 m2 g−1), as well as an ultrahigh loading metal atoms (27.3 wt%). Subsequently, a superior peroxidases‐like activity (36.6‐fold increment in the turnover frequency) facilitates significantly strengthened ROS generation and damage of biomolecules. Moreover, the employment of apoferritin modification/loading leads to particle dispersion in solution and concomitant drug loading. The following cancer cell re‐sensitization is proven to be advantageous for boosting ROS‐facilitated treatment of drug‐resistant tumors, opening up new avenues for ROS therapy.
Stable Formamidinium‐Based Centimeter Long Two‐Dimensional Lead Halide Perovskite Single‐Crystal for Long‐Life Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Ulaganathan Rajesh Kumar , Murugesan Raghavan Chinnambedu , Lin Chang‐Yu , Subramanian Ambika , Chen Wei‐Liang , Chang Yu‐Ming , Rozhin Alex , Sankar Raman
Published: December 2021

Solution‐processable 2D metal‐halide perovskites are highly promising for cost‐effective optoelectronic applications due to their intrinsic multiquantum well structure. However, the lack of stability is still a major obstacle in the use of this class of materials in practical devices. Here, the authors demonstrate the stable optoelectronic properties using formamidinium (FA)‐based centimeter‐long 2D perovskite (BA)2FAPb2I7 high‐quality single‐crystal controlled by the thickness of two perovskite layers. The large area single‐crystal exhibits good crystallinity, phase purity, and spectral uniformity. Moreover, the (BA)2FAPb2I7 single‐crystal shows excellent stability at open atmospheric conditions when compared to methylammonium (MA)‐based (BA)2MAPb2I7 counterparts. The photodetectors fabricated using 2D perovskite single‐crystal on the rigid Si/SiO2 substrate reveal high photoresponsivity (Rλ)(≈5 A W−1), the fast response time (<20 ms), specific detectivity (D*) (≈3.5 × 1011 Jones), and excellent durability under 488 nm laser illumination. The Rλ and D* values are obtained from the (BA)2FAPb2I7 single‐crystal 25 times and three orders magnitudes, respectively, higher than the (BA)2MAPb2I7 single‐crystal. Additionally, the perovskite material on flexible polymer substrate reveals good photo‐sensing properties in both bending and nonbending states.
Surface Physicochemistry Modification and Structural Nanoarchitectures of g‐C3N4 for Wastewater Remediation and Solar Fuel Generation
Authors: Hasnan Nur Shamimie Nadzwin , Mohamed Mohamad Azuwa , Mohd Hir Zul Adlan
Published: December 2021

The use of graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) has been widely explored in multiple photocatalytic applications. The design and fabrication of g‐C3N4 are heavily influenced by its overall activity, whereby optical and electronic properties dictate the performance of g‐C3N4. Surface and chemical structural modifications are discussed in length to enhance photocatalytic g‐C3N4. Facile preparation of g‐C3N4 eases structural engineering at a molecular level. This review highlights and recapitulates recent progress on the strategies to enhance both structural and chemical properties of the g‐C3N4 structure via surface functionalization and grafting, defect creation, elemental doping, covalent bonding with nonmetal and heterojunction interfacial formation. The emerging applications of g‐C3N4 in numerous photocatalytic reactions are discussed. The significance of g‐C3N4‐based photocatalyst in various photocatalytic reactions signifies the imminent progress of frontier technologies. Thus, it is integral to overcome lurking challenges and devise superactive photocatalytic activity at a molecular level for sustainable environmental and energy‐related applications.
Single and Multisite Graphene‐Based Electroretinography Recording Electrodes: A Benchmarking Study
Authors: de la Cruz Jose , Nguyen Diep , Illa Xavi , Bousquet Jessica , Pérez‐Marín Antonio P. , del Corro Elena , Picaud Serge , Garrido Jose A. , Hebert Clement
Published: December 2021

Electroretinography (ERG) is a clinical test employed to understand and diagnose many retinopathies. ERG is usually performed by placing a macroscopic ring gold wire electrode on the cornea while flashing light onto the eye to measure changes in the transretinal potential. However, macroscopic gold electrodes are severely limiting since they do not provide a flexible interface to contact the sensitive corneal tissue, making this technique highly uncomfortable for the patient. Another major drawback is the opacity of gold electrodes, which only allows them to record the ERG signal on the corneal periphery, preventing central ERG recordings. To overcome the limitations of metal‐based macroscopic ERG electrodes, flexible electrodes are fabricated using graphene as a transparent, flexible, and sensitive material. The transparency of the graphene is exploited to fabricate microelectrode arrays (MEAs) that are able to perform multisite recording on the cornea. The graphene‐based ERG electrodes are benchmarked against the widely used gold electrodes in a P23H rat model with photoreceptor degeneration. This study shows that the graphene‐based ERG electrodes can faithfully record ERGs under a wide range of conditions (light intensity, stage of photoreceptor degeneration, etc.) while offering additional benefits for ERG recordings such as transparency and flexibility.
Gate‐Tunable Photovoltaic Effect in MoTe2 Lateral Homojunction
Authors: Wen Peiting , Zhang Li , Gao Wei , Yue Qian , Wang Hanyu , Huang Ying , Wu Jing , Yu He , Chen Hongyu , Huo Nengjie , Li Jingbo
Published: December 2021

Since it is urgent to develop flexibly tunable photosensors in artificial vision network, atomically thin 2D materials are promising candidates for susceptible gate modulation and thickness‐dependent bandgaps. Here, a gate‐tunable MoTe2 lateral homojunction is reported with asymmetric thickness. Through gate modulation, a tunable and abrupt built‐in field can form at the interface and realize the broadband self‐driven photodetection ranging from visible (405 nm) to near‐wavelength infrared (1550 nm) region. The photocarriers are effectively separated by the tunable electric‐field, leading to an obvious photovoltaic behavior with maximum Voc of 0.27 V (0.20 V) and maximum PCE of 6% (1.85%) under light illumination of 635 nm (1064 nm). It also demonstrates an ultra‐low noise power density at the positive gate voltage, revealing a hypersensitized photodetection with a maximum photoresponsivity of 1200 mA W−1 (560 mA W−1) and specific detectivity up to 1012 (1011) Jones under 635 nm (1064 nm). Meanwhile, the underlying mechanism of the gate control effect on the electrical, optoelectrical properties and noise level is revealed. By utilizing the tunable photovoltages as logic optoelectronic application, the lateral homojunction can convert a light signal to different electric signals. This photovoltage‐tunable homojunction hosts promising innovation for potential development of computational sensors and logic optoelectronics.
The longest reported sibling survivors of a severe form of congenital myasthenic syndrome with the ALG14 pathogenic variant
Authors: Katata Yu , Uneoka Saki , Saijyo Naoya , Aihara Yu , Miyazoe Takamitsu , Koyamaishi Shun , Oikawa Yoshitsugu , Ito Yuya , Abe Yu , Numata‐Uematsu Yurika , Takayama Jun , Kikuchi Atsuo , Tamiya Gen , Uematsu Mitsugu , Kure Shigeo
Published: December 2021

Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) is a group of diseases that causes abnormalities at the neuromuscular junction owing to genetic anomalies. The pathogenic variant in ALG14 results in a severe pathological form of CMS causing end‐plate acetylcholine receptor deficiency. Here, we report the cases of two siblings with CMS associated with a novel variant in ALG14. Immediately after birth, they showed hypotonia and multiple joint contractures with low Apgar scores. Ptosis, low‐set ears, and high‐arched palate were noted. Deep tendon reflexes were symmetrical. They showed worsening swallowing and respiratory problems; hence, nasal feeding and tracheotomy were performed. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed delayed myelination and cerebral atrophy. Exome sequencing indicated that the siblings had novel compound heterozygous missense variants, c.590T>G (p.Val197Gly) and c.433G>A (p.Gly145Arg), in exon 4 of ALG14. Repetitive nerve stimulation test showed an abnormal decrease in compound muscle action potential. After treatment with pyridostigmine, the time off the respirator increased. Their epileptic seizures were well controlled by anti‐epileptic drugs. Their clinical course is stable even now at the ages of 5 and 2 years, making them the longest reported survivors of a severe form of CMS with the ALG14 variant thus far.
Characteristics of cortical structures in relation to affective neuropsychiatric symptoms during cognitive decline: A cross‐sectional MRI study
Authors: Ronat Lucas Alexis , Hanganua Alexandru
Published: December 2021

Background

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms (NPS) are related to increased risk of age‐related cognitive decline. Three clusters are commonly highlighted in cognitive decline: a mood/affective cluster, a psychotic cluster and an hyperactivity/behavioral cluster. The mood cluster is formed by at least depression and anxiety and seems to increase the risk of dementia. Their implications to brain changes are not well‐known.

Method

217 cognitively healthy participants (CH), 362 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 174 patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) were extracted from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database. Each subject was assessed with a NeuroPsychiatric Inventory and a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and realized a 3T MRI. Statistical analysis was based‐on the General Linear Model (FreeSurfer 7.1.1 mri_glmfit) in which linear regression between affective NPS severity (depression and anxiety) and cortical area/thickness was analysed in each group and between groups two‐by‐two.

Result

In the CH group, severity of depression was positively correlated to the left anterior cingulate area and negatively to the left posterior cingulate thickness. In the AD group, severity of depression was positively correlated to right anterior cingulate thickness whereas severity of anxiety was positively correlated to rostral middle frontal thickness. There were no significant results in the MCI group. In two‐by‐two comparisons : (1) more severe was depression and anxiety, thinner was left middle, inferior temporal, entorhinal, inferior parietal, lateral occipital, precuneus, cingulate isthmus and superior, middle frontal cortices in MCI compared to CH; (2) more severe was depression and anxiety, thinner was left temporopolar, middle temporal, entorhinal, supramarginal, anterior cingulate, cingulate isthmus and superior, middle, inferior frontal cortices in AD compared to MCI; and (3) few cortices was no thinner in AD compared to CH : it concerned precentral, postcentral, occipitopolar, cuneus and lingual cortices.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that affective NPS induce size modifications of cortical areas during cognitive decline but also in CN subjects. Thus, this confirms data already present in the literature showing that the comorbidity of NPS with cognitive impairment could be a factor in accelerating decline and neurodegenerative processes. This underlines the importance of understanding the emergence of NPS in CH elderly subjects.
Does blood pressure variability predict cognitive decline better than hypertension itself? A harmonised analysis of 10 studies
Authors: Lennon Matthew J , Lam Ben CP , Lipnicki Darren M , Crawford John D , Sachdev Perminder S
Published: December 2021

Background

Midlife hypertension is a known risk factor for cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease but in late life hypertension has been associated variously with better or no different cognition. New research suggests rather than average blood pressure, blood pressure variability best predicts cognitive decline because of excessive flow pulsatility that damages cerebral microcirculation and results in ischaemia.

Method

The Cohort Studies of Memory in an International Consortium (COSMIC) (10 Studies, n=26,227) comprises adults aged 53 – 102 with follow up between 1 and 19.6 years. Cognitive domain scores were aggregated into global cognition scores. Baseline Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) was analysed categorically (in three groups <120 mmHg, 120 – 139 mmHg, ≥140 mmHg). Visit‐to‐visit SBP variability was captured by variation independent of the mean (VIM). Mixed models were used to examine the association between the parameters at baseline, mean studies mid‐point (3.2 years) and over time with global cognition.

Result

SBP groups 120 – 139 mmHg and ≥140 mmHg had significantly worse global cognition at baseline and study midpoint than those with SBP <120 mmHg (Fully adjusted model at baseline, B=‐.148, p=.000 and B=‐.503, p=.000 respectively). There were no between‐group differences in cognitive trajectories over time. There was no significant effect of the antihypertensive use*SBP interaction either at baseline, study midpoint or over time on cognition. Increasing variability was also associated with poorer cognition at study midpoint (B=‐.024, p=.000) but had no effect on cognitive trajectories over time. This effect was reduced but still present when controlling for SBP at baseline (B= ‐.018, p=.000).

Conclusion

This study showed that baseline hypertension is associated with poorer cognition at baseline and study midpoint in a dose dependent fashion indicating a likely causative relationship. Interestingly, this relationship was not modified by antihypertensive use, possibly reflecting an inability of late‐life antihypertensive use to reverse hypertensive damage established in mid‐life. This study also showed that blood pressure variability (VIM) is associated with poorer cognition at study mid‐point in a separate but overlapping manner to baseline blood pressure itself. Future blood pressure management guidelines should consider treatment modalities for controlling blood pressure variability as well as mean blood pressure itself.
Factors related to willingness to participate in AD biomarker studies that disclose personal results
Authors: Erickson Claire M , Jonaitis Erin M , Chin Nathaniel A , Gleason Carey E , Johnson Sterling C , Clark Lindsay R
Published: December 2021

Background

With improved temporal identification and characterization of AD biomarkers, disclosure of personal biomarker information will become increasingly relevant. Understanding participant factors related to willingness to learn such information may inform relationship‐building with communities, especially those historically excluded from biomedical research, and aid the development of guidelines for safe, effective disclosure.

Method

We developed a 30‐minute phone survey to gather information from Black and W participants on willingness to enroll in different types of biomarker disclosure studies (general AD biomarker, PET, CSF, and blood‐based), reasons for enrolling, and potential outcomes following a hypothetical positive result. Data were collected from cognitively healthy participants (n=334, mean age=64.8±7.7, 45% Black) enrolled in the Wisconsin ADRC or Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer’s Prevention. Using linear regression, we assessed the relationship between willingness to enroll in various hypothetical AD biomarker disclosure studies and age, sex, race, education, family dementia history, trust in medical research, concern about developing AD, and experiences of discrimination.

Result

Trust in medical research and race were significant predictors of willingness to enroll in all the hypothetical AD biomarker disclosure studies, with higher willingness associated with greater trust in research and with White racial identification. We did not find a significant difference in trust in medical research between Black and White participants (t(df)=‐1.42(299.13), p.14). In secondary analyses, we included covariate interactions with race to assess racial differences in their effects. We found that the gender gap for Black participants in willingness to enroll in an AD CSF disclosure study was larger than that for White participants, but other effects were nonsignificant.

Conclusion

These results suggest that trust in medical research is related to willingness to enroll in AD biomarker studies that disclose results to participants. As race is a social construct representing a combination of ancestry and experience, we plan to further explore the relationship between study enrollment willingness and race through a mixed‐methods approach examining quantitative and qualitative data. Understanding factors related to participant enrollment willingness may be crucial for developing culturally informed best practices for personal biomarker disclosure and in engaging and bolstering representation from historically minoritized groups into AD biomarker research.
Investigating the relationships between race, cardiovascular disease, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, and functional outcomes among older former National Football League players
Authors: Brett Benjamin L , Campbell Hope , Aggarwal Neelum T , Kerr Zachary Y , Chandran Avinash , Walton Samuel , Mannix Rebekah , DeFreese JD , Echemendia Ruben J , Guskiewicz Kevin M , Meehan William P , McCrea Michael A
Published: December 2021

Background

Higher prevalence rates of Alzheimer’s disease and Related Dementias (ADRD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been reported among former National Football League (NFL) players. Ethnoracial minorities comprise a large proportion of NFL players; among the general population, they experience higher rates of CVD. Ethnoracial minority group membership and CVD are independent risk factors for ADRD. We investigated the associations of race and CVD on risk of AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and functional difficulties in older former NFL players.

Method

Former NFL players (N=944; 656 self‐identified as White [69.5%]), aged 50‐92 years (M=64.8+8.9)completed a general health survey involving comprehensive health history and current function. CVD included the presence of at least one of the following: coronary artery disease or/myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, and/or stroke. Logistic models assessed individual and interaction effects of CVD and race on odds of MCI and AD; covariates included age, education, and concussion history. A multivariate regression (additional covariate of current psychosocial stressors [Life Events Scale]) examined associations between race and CVD on current function (Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System [PROMIS] Depression, Cognitive Function, and Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities).

Results

CVD (AdjOR=1.73[1.17‐2.55]) and Race (non‐White participants; AdjOR=2.16[1.52‐3.07]) were significantly associated with higher odds of MCI diagnosis. Race (AdjOR=2.90[1.44‐5.83]), not CVD, significantly predicted AD diagnosis. Significant race by CVD interactions were not observed for either MCI or AD. Race (non‐White) was significantly associated with greater depression symptoms (ηp2=.022), subjective cognitive difficulties (ηp2=.017), and social roles/activity disruptions (ηp2=.019). The presence of CVD was associated with greater depression symptoms (ηp2=.016) and social roles/activity disruptions (ηp2=.011). A significant race by CVD interaction was observed, suggesting that the presence of CVD was disproportionately associated with significantly greater depression symptoms (ηp2=.010), subjective cognitive difficulties (ηp2=.004), social activity/roles disruption (ηp2=.005) among non‐White individuals.

Conclusion

Similar to the general population, race and CVD are uniquely and dynamically associated with MCI, AD, and functional difficulties among former NFL players, independent of concussion history. Future work should investigate social determinants of health contributing to racial disparities of long‐term outcomes within this sample.