bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Voltammetric and amperometric sensors for determination of epinephrine: A short review (2013-2017)
Authors: Beitollahi Hadi , Safaei Mohadeseh , Tajik Somayeh
Published: October 2018

The present review focuses on voltammetric and amperometric methods applied for determination of epinephrine (EP) in last five years (2013-2017). Occurrence, role and biological importance of EP, as well as non-electrochemical methods for its assessment, are firstly reviewed. The electrochemical behavior of EP is then illustrated, followed by a description of the voltammetric and amperometric methods for EP content estimation in various media. Different methods for development of electrochemical sensors are reviewed, starting from unmodified electrodes to different composites incorporating carbon nanotubes, ionic liquids or various mediators. From this perspective, the interaction between functional groups of the sensor material and the analyte molecule is discussed, as it is essential for analytical characteristics obtained. The analytical performances of the voltammetric or amperometric chemical and biochemical sensors (linear range of analytical response, sensitivity, precision, stability, response time, etc.) are highlighted. Numerous applications of EP electrochemical sensors in fields like pharmaceutical or clinical analysis where EP represents a key analyte, are also presented.
Safety Issues, Security and Risk Management in Nautical Tourism
Authors: Kasum Josip , Žanić Mikuličić Jelena , Kolić Vinka
Published: October 2018

The relatively new nautical market gave rise to a special kind of tourism. Nautical tourism as a system has the characteristics of a traffic system with all its peculiarities. Nautical tourism is steadily increasing. In countries nurturing this type of economic activity, nautical tourism has the characteristics of mass tourism. Nautical tourism is a complex system consisting of and using various forms of technical and technological processes. As such it is exposed to various risks. Therefore, this paper proposes a systematic approach to the development of safety measures in nautical tourism.
Accuracy of deep learning, a machine learning technology, using ultra-wide-field fundus ophthalmoscopy for detecting idiopathic macular holes
Authors: Nagasawa Toshihiko , Tabuchi Hitoshi , Masumoto Hiroki , Enno Hiroki , Niki Masanori , Ohsugi Hideharu , Mitamura Yoshinori
Published: October 2018

We aimed to investigate the detection of idiopathic macular holes (MHs) using ultra-wide-field fundus images (Optos) with deep learning, which is a machine learning technology. The study included 910 Optos color images (715 normal images, 195 MH images). Of these 910 images, 637 were learning images (501 normal images, 136 MH images) and 273 were test images (214 normal images and 59 MH images). We conducted training with a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) using the images and constructed a deep-learning model. The CNN exhibited high sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval CI [93.5–100%]) and high specificity of 99.5% (95% CI [97.1–99.9%]). The area under the curve was 0.9993 (95% CI [0.9993–0.9994]). Our findings suggest that MHs could be diagnosed using an approach involving wide angle camera images and deep learning.
Leisure Time and Transportation Walking Among Adults With and Without Arthritis in the United States, 2010
Authors: Hootman Jennifer M. , Theis Kristina A. , Barbour Kamil E. , Paul Prabasaj , Carlson Susan A.
Published: October 2018

Objective

Walking is a joint‐friendly activity for adults with arthritis. The aim of this study was to estimate, among adults with arthritis, the prevalence of leisure and transportation walking overall (by arthritis status and by sociodemographic and health characteristics), the number of total minutes walking per week in each domain, and the distributions of walking bout length (i.e., short periods of activity) in minutes.

Methods

Data were obtained from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey. Prevalence estimates (percentages and 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]) of leisure and transportation walking in the past 7 days and walking bout times were calculated (in minutes), as were multivariable Poisson regression models, which account for the complex sample design.

Results

Prevalence of leisure walking was 45.9% (95% CI 44.2–47.6) for adults with arthritis versus 51.9% (95% CI 50.9–52.9) for those without. Transportation walking prevalence was 23.0% (95% CI 21.7–24.4) for adults with arthritis versus 32.0% (95% CI 31.0–33.0) for those without. The total time of leisure walking per week did not differ in adults with arthritis compared to those without (77.3 versus 78.3 minutes, respectively; P = 0.62), while total time of transportation walking did differ (49.8 versus 58.1 minutes, respectively; P = 0.03). The most common walking bout length differed between leisure (26–40 minutes) and transportation (10–15 minutes) walking, but not by arthritis status. In separate adjusted multivariable models, obesity was consistently negatively associated with both walking outcomes, and being physically active was positively associated with both; lower extremity joint pain was not associated.

Conclusion

By adding short bouts, leisure and transportation walking could be adopted by large proportions of adults with arthritis. Existing evidence‐based programs can help increase physical activity.
Superplasticity in Gold Nanowires through the Operation of Multiple Slip Systems
Authors: Cao Guang , Wang Jiangwei , Du Kui , Wang Xuelu , Li Jixue , Zhang Ze , Mao Scott X.
Published: October 2018

Dislocation activity in metallic nanowires often causes shear localization and premature necking, resulting in an early fracture. Here, in situ nanomechanical testing reveals a strong orientation‐dependent dislocation‐mediated superplastic deformation in gold (Au) nanowires, with more than 100% uniform elongation achieved before the fracture of [111]‐oriented nanowires. Such superplastic deformability of [111]‐oriented Au nanowires originates from the close coordination of homogeneously activated dislocation events on the three equivalent slip planes, which effectively eliminates the dislocation‐induced deformation localization in Au nanowires with other orientations. This work sheds new light on the dislocation plasticity in metallic nanostructures, and is of technological importance for designing metallic nanostructures and nanodevices with high reliability.
Interfacial Contact is Required for Metal‐Assisted Plasma Etching of Silicon
Authors: Sun Julia B. , Almquist Benjamin D.
Published: October 2018

For decades, fabrication of semiconductor devices has utilized well‐established etching techniques to create complex nanostructures in silicon. The most common dry process is reactive ion etching which fabricates nanostructures through the selective removal of unmasked silicon. Generalized enhancements of etching have been reported with mask‐enhanced etching with Al, Cr, Cu, and Ag masks, but there is a lack of reports exploring the ability of metallic films to catalytically enhance the local etching of silicon in plasmas. Here, metal‐assisted plasma etching (MAPE) is performed using patterned nanometers‐thick gold films to catalyze the etching of silicon in an SF6/O2 mixed plasma, selectively increasing the rate of etching by over 1000%. The catalytic enhancement of etching requires direct Si‐metal interfacial contact, similar to metal‐assisted chemical etching (MACE), but is different in terms of the etching mechanism. The mechanism of MAPE is explored by characterizing the degree of enhancement as a function of Au catalyst configuration and relative oxygen feed concentration, along with the catalytic activities of other common MACE metals including Ag, Pt, and Cu.
Photocurrent Engineering of Silicon Nanowire Field‐Effect Transistors by Ultrathin Poly(3‐hexylthiophene)
Authors: In Chihun , Kim Daewon , Roh Young‐Geun , Kim Sang Won , Lee Hyangsook , Park Yeonsang , Kim Sangsig , Kim Un Jeong , Choi Hyunyong , Hwang Sung Woo
Published: October 2018

Photoresponse on the silicon nanowire (SiNW) and organic semiconductor interfaces embedding an insulating barrier is understood by a photogating effect associated with charge separations. Still elusive one is when the thickness of organic semiconductor is decreased down to a few molecular layers, where the photoresponse can be strongly altered by the spatial confinement of photoinduced carriers. In this work, the photoresponse modulation of SiNW field‐effect transistors coated with an ultrathin organic semiconductor poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is reported, where the P3HT layer thickness is changed by an order of magnitude. In the absence of laser illumination, the P3HT interface on SiNW slightly decreases the SiNW channel current, irrespective of the P3HT thickness. Upon the laser illumination, the thick case of P3HT layers (≈100 nm) supports the dissociation of photoinduced electrons and holes, hence the photogating effect largely decreases the SiNW channel current. When the P3HT layer thickness is decreased down to the P3HT hole diffusion length (≈8.5 nm), the photoinduced P3HT holes screen out the P3HT interface states, effectively increasing the SiNW channel current up to the intrinsic level. The method of engineering the organic semiconductor thickness suggests a complementary optoelectronic operation, verifying the controllable photoresponse within a compact nanodevice.
Conformal Physical Vapor Deposition Assisted by Atomic Layer Deposition and Its Application for Stretchable Conductors
Authors: Min Joong‐Hee , Chen Yi‐An , Chen I‐Te , Sun Tianlei , Lee Dennis T. , Li Chengjun , Zhu Yong , O'Connor Brendan T. , Parsons Gregory N. , Chang Chih‐Hao
Published: October 2018

Physical vapor deposition (PVD) is a versatile thin‐film coating technique that can deposit a wide selection of inorganic materials at low cost. However, the process is based on line‐of‐sight transfer, which can lead to shadowing effects and limit film uniformity over nonplanar topographies. This work describes improving conformal PVD coating on polymer nanostructures by increasing surface energy using a thin oxide interlayer deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The proposed ALD‐assisted PVD process allows conformal coating at low cost, and can be adopted for a wide variety of materials compatible with tradition PVD. Conformal gold films over nanostructures with 500 nm half‐pitch and aspect ratio up to 1.5 are demonstrated. The film uniformity is characterized using cross‐sectional electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and electrical measurements, showing a clear improvement in coating uniformity with the oxide interlayer. This PVD process is then used to fabricate metallic nano‐accordion structures, which can be used for stretchable conductors. The demonstrated process can improve material selection and reduce process cost of conformal coating, which can find applications in integrated circuit manufacturing, stretchable electronics, and wearable sensors.
Flexible All‐Solid‐State Electrically Tunable Photonic Crystals
Authors: Chang Hyung‐Kwan , Park Jungyul
Published: October 2018

Electrically tunable photonic crystals (ETPCs) are promising intelligent materials because of their precise and easy control, fast response time, and convenient implementation. However, the previously reported ETPCs require specific liquid cells that contain solvent, electrolytes, or liquid crystals. These features result in a long switching time, large hysteresis, long and complex fabrication process, and unstable operation with a short lifetime. Here, to address these issues, a new approach of ETPCs, that is, flexible all‐solid‐state ETPCs, is proposed through chemically induced polymer swelling and lattice control in photonic crystals using dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs). The all‐solid‐state ETPCs show a wide range of color changes from red to blue‐green and long‐term stable operation with low hysteresis. The DEA coated with transparent compliant electrodes stretches the chemically swollen colloidal crystal‐polydimethylsiloxane composite (redshift) under an applied electric field; the swollen interlattice distance in the colloidal crystals decreases with the electrically induced stretching, causing a blueshift in the color. The conformable color change of the ETPCs on a 3D structure is successfully demonstrated owing to their unique flexibility by covering 3D surfaces with the developed ETPCs. The proposed flexible all‐solid‐state ETPCs are expected to be used as artificial camouflage skins in the future.
Light Scattering by Structurally Anisotropic Media: A Benchmark with Transparent Wood
Authors: Vasileva Elena , Chen Hui , Li Yuanyuan , Sychugov Ilya , Yan Max , Berglund Lars , Popov Sergei
Published: October 2018

Transparent wood (TW) is a biocomposite material with hierarchical structure, which exhibits high optical transmittance and anisotropic light scattering. Here, the relation between anisotropic scattering and the internal structure of transparent wood is experimentally studied and the dependence of scattering anisotropy on material thickness, which characterizes the fraction of ballistic photons in the propagating light, is shown. The limitations of the conventional haze, as it is implemented to isotropic materials, are discussed, and a modified characteristic parameter of light scattering—the degree of anisotropic scattering is defined. This parameter together with the transport mean free path value is more practical and convenient for characterization of the material scattering properties. It is believed that the generic routine described in this paper can be applied for scattering characterization and comparison of other TW materials of either different thickness, optical quality or based on various wood species.
Estimating seed and pollen dispersal kernels from genetic data demonstrates a high pollen dispersal capacity for an endangered palm species
Authors: Santos Jaqueline dos , Varassin Isabela Galarda , Muschner Valéria Cunha , Ovaskainen Otso
Published: October 2018

Premise of the Study

Seed and pollen dispersal are key processes shaping plant population dynamics and maintaining genetic diversity. The essence of these processes is the movement of propagules from a parental tree to the site of propagule establishment. The estimation of plant dispersal kernels has remained challenging due to the difficulty of making direct observations. We estimated the dispersal capacity of the endangered palm Euterpe edulis, whose seeds are dispersed by vertebrates and pollen by insects.

Methods

We used a hierarchical Bayesian model with genetic data from reproductive plants, juveniles, and embryos to estimate dispersal kernels. Our analyses account for genotyping error and uncertainty in parental assignment.

Key Results

We found that seeds were dispersed at most a few hundred meters, but pollen was dispersed up to several kilometers. We hypothesize that this long‐distance pollen dispersal is generated mainly by euglossine bees, whereas the main dispersal vectors for short‐distance seed dispersal are thrushes. The long‐distance dispersal of pollen suggests a high level of gene flow that should maintain genetic diversity of E. edulis. Despite the relation between long‐distance dispersal and genetic diversity, we observed low genetic diversity and inbreeding within the local population, which are probably due to restricted gene flow due to the low density of this population and its aggregated spatial distribution.

Conclusions

We conclude that if conservation actions are able to restore the population density of E. edulis, the recovery of its genetic diversity will be facilitated because of its high dispersal capacity, especially with regard to pollen.
Developmental delay and failure to thrive associated with a loss‐of‐function variant in WHSC1 (NSD2)
Authors: Boczek Nicole J. , Lahner Carrie A. , Nguyen Thuy‐mi , Ferber Matthew J. , Hasadsri Linda , Thorland Erik C. , Niu Zhiyv , Gavrilova Ralitza H.
Published: October 2018

Wolf‐Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a microdeletion syndrome characterized by distinctive facial features consisting of “Greek warrior helmet” appearance, prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency, developmental disability, and seizures. This disorder is caused by heterozygous deletions on chromosome 4p16.3 often identified by cytogenetic techniques. Many groups have attempted to identify the critical region within this deletion to establish which genes are responsible for WHS. Herein, clinical whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on a child with developmental delays, mild facial dysmorphisms, short stature, failure to thrive, and microcephaly, and revealed a de novo frameshift variant, c.1676_1679del (p.Arg559Tfs*38), in WHSC1 (NSD2). While WHSC1 falls within the WHS critical region, individuals with only disruption of this gene have only recently been described in the literature. Loss‐of‐function de novo variations in WHSC1 were identified in large developmental delay, autism, diagnostic, and congenital cardiac cohorts, as well as recent case reports, suggesting that de novo loss‐of‐function WHSC1 variants may be related to disease. These findings, along with our patient suggest that loss‐of‐function variation in WHSC1 may lead to a mild form of Wolf‐Hirschhorn syndrome, and also may suggest that the developmental delays, facial dysmorphisms, and short stature seen in WHS may be due to disruption of WHSC1 gene.
Intellectual disability due to monoallelic variant in GATAD2B and mosaicism in unaffected parent
Authors: Rabin Rachel , Millan Francisca , Cabrera‐Luque Juan , Pappas John
Published: October 2018

The GATA zing finger domain‐containing protein 2B (GATAD2B) gene encodes the p66beta protein, a subunit of the MeCP1‐Mi2/ nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex, which is involved in transcription regulation and chromatin remodeling. Pathogenic variants in the GATAD2B gene have recently been associated with a recognizable neurodevelopmental syndrome, characterized by intellectual disability, limited speech, childhood hypotonia, and dysmorphic features. The majority of reported patients resulted from de novo loss of function (LOF) variants. We report a patient identified through whole exome sequencing analysis where a healthy mother was found to be low level mosaic for the pathogenic LOF variant found in her child, who is affected with GATAD2B‐associated neurodevelopmental disorder (GAND). This variant was only found with the use of next generation sequencing technology in the mother and confirmed by digital droplet PCR. We summarize additional patients with GATAD2B LOF variants from a literature review and with our patient we contribute to delineate the phenotypic spectrum of GAND. We highlight the importance of detailed genetic testing, testing method, and counseling for cases of somatic mosaicism in an unaffected parent of children with GAND. This inheritance may be underreported and has a direct impact on reproductive planning and prenatal diagnosis.
Effects of geometry and PVP addition on mechanical behavior of PEI membranes for use in wastewater treatment
Authors: Tufekci Mertol , Gunes‐Durak Sevgi , Ormanci‐Acar Turkan , Tufekci Nese
Published: October 2018

This study focuses on the mechanical behavior and design of membrane filters that are used in water and wastewater treatment. The aim of this study is, after characterizing the mechanical behavior of the membrane materials, to find a better shape in terms of mechanical parameters. As the first step, uniaxial tensile testing is applied to the produced polymeric membranes with certain contents of poly(ether imide), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone to get an understanding of the mechanical behavior of the membrane materials. The material data obtained from this experimental process are used as input to software where a finite element model of the membrane is built. Each geometry has the same boundary conditions and the same area, and the same pressure is applied to each geometry. Using these numerical models, the selected geometries are analyzed in terms of displacement, equivalent stress, and equivalent strain. The results are discussed based on these parameters. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47073.
A novel temperature‐tolerant foamed resin for enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Hou Baofeng , He Hong , Jia Ruixiu , Fu Meilong , Cao Yanbin , He Shaoqun , Luo Liwen , Huang Youqing
Published: October 2018

The synthesis and performance of a novel temperature‐tolerant foamed resin for enhanced oil recovery were investigated using various methods, including infrared, NMR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and displacement experiments. Polycondensation of furfuryl alcohol prepolymers was confirmed by the infrared and NMR results. The poor temperature tolerance of furfuryl alcohol prepolymers after gelation at high temperatures is mainly due to the fracture of furan rings. The addition of ester additives is an effective method of increasing the temperature tolerance of the prepared foamed resins and can effectively reduce the weight‐loss rate of the polycondensation products. The SEM results show that the skeleton structure of the foamed resin remains intact after high‐temperature treatment. Thus, the novel plugging agent system has excellent thermal stability and still has a high strength (>0.8 MPa) after high‐temperature aging treatment for 40 days, giving the prepared foamed resin a good plugging performance (plugging rate > 91%) at 250 °C. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47161.
Solvothermally reduced graphene oxide/polyimide composites: Structures and thermal and mechanical properties
Authors: Zhang Xin , Ma Yahui , Pei Yingjin , Zheng Shuojin , Fang Qinghong , Li Yao , Niu Yongan
Published: October 2018

Solvothermally reduced graphene oxide (SRGO)/polyimide (PI) composites were prepared by in situ polymerization. The structures and components were carefully investigated by X‐ray diffraction. Thermal properties were measured by thermogravimetry and dynamic thermomechanical analysis. Mechanical properties were carefully evaluated by tensile testing and scanning electron microscopy. The SRGO/PI composites exhibit extremely high tensile strength and elastic modulus, which is 30% higher than that of pure PI film. Meanwhile, the thermal stability of SRGO/PI composites also displays an obvious enhancement. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47164.
Feasibility of utilizing autism navigator® for primary care in South Africa
Authors: Chambers Nola J. , de Vries Petrus J. , Delehanty Abigail D. , Wetherby Amy M.
Published: October 2018

There is a significant research‐to‐practice gap in early detection of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) worldwide but particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) where expertise is limited and high‐quality training is difficult to access. Autism Navigator® for Primary Care is a web‐based course designed to increase awareness of red flags of ASD in the second year of life and thus promote earlier detection and referral for intervention. It contains extensive video illustrations that offer rapid access to multiple exemplars of ASD red flags. This study examined aspects of feasibility of the Autism Navigator® for Primary Care in one LMIC, South Africa. A mixed‐methods quasi‐experimental design was used to examine relevant professionals' implementation of the course and measure changes in their knowledge of red flags after training. Perceptions of the acceptability, demand, and practicality of the course were explored in focus groups. Sixty‐two providers completed the course online with a 94% completion rate. Built‐in learner assessment pass rates ranged from 88% to 100%. Second‐language English speakers took longer to complete the learner assessments, and professionals with less access to the Internet spent less time in the course. Participants' perceptions of the acceptability, demand, and practicality of the course were mostly positive with some suggestions made for local conditions. Results supported the feasibility of the course in this LMIC with some supports required pertaining to language and Internet access. We propose that this training has the potential to lower the age of detection of ASD in South Africa and other LMICs. Autism Research 2018, 11: 1511–1521. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Professionals in low‐ and middle‐income countries urgently need training to recognize red flags of autism in very young children. The feasibility of utilizing the Autism Navigator® for Primary Care course for this training was explored with 62 South African professionals. After training, professionals' knowledge of early red flags improved, and most reported the course important and needed in South Africa. They found the web‐based design mostly acceptable, practical, and culturally applicable. The course could help lower the age of autism detection.
Infant quantitative risk for autism spectrum disorder predicts executive function in early childhood
Authors: Stephens Rebecca L. , Watson Linda R. , Crais Elizabeth R. , Reznick J. Steven
Published: October 2018

Much of the current research concerning autism spectrum disorder (ASD) focuses on early identification of behaviors that may indicate future deficits or higher risk for a later diagnosis. Additionally, there exists a strong claim regarding the dimensional nature of ASD, such that even among non‐diagnosed individuals, a continuous distribution of symptom severity can be observed. Executive function (EF) has been widely studied in children, adolescents, and adults with ASD, with a robust body of research supporting widespread EF deficits in diagnosed individuals. However, it remains unclear how the degree of ASD symptomatology, outside of the presence of a diagnosis, affects EF abilities in a community sample. The First Year Inventory 2.0 (FYI 2.0), a parent‐report measure, was designed to identify infants at 12 months who are at risk for an eventual ASD diagnosis. In the current study, a continuous scoring scale was used to examine risk (overall, Social‐Communication, and Sensory‐Regulatory) from a dimensional perspective. Parents also completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function‐Preschool Version and the Social Responsiveness Scale‐2nd edition when their children were 42 months (3.5 years) old. Each FYI 2.0 risk variable significantly predicted scores on an overall EF composite and specific EF subscales. When controlling for general ASD symptomatology, Sensory‐Regulatory risk still significantly predicted EF deficits. This research provides additional support for a quantitative consideration of risk for ASD and presents novel findings regarding the relation between infant behaviors indicative of ASD risk and EF in early childhood. Autism Research 2018, 11: 1532–1541. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have difficulty with executive function (EF) tasks that require a set of mental processes involved in goal‐directed behaviors. Studying children without ASD who may have symptoms affecting EF is also important. This study demonstrates that certain infant behaviors related to ASD are linked to early childhood EF difficulties. These results support looking at a range of ASD symptoms to better understand children who struggle with EF and potentially design tools to help them.
Comparing diagnostic outcomes of children with fetal alcohol syndrome in South Africa with diagnostic outcomes when using the updated Institute of Medicine diagnostic guidelines
Authors: Viljoen Denis , Louw Jacobus G. , Lombard Chanelle , Olivier Leana
Published: October 2018

Introduction

During fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) prevalence studies in South Africa, cases of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) were identified that presented differently from the 2016 Hoyme et al. modified Institute of Medicine (IOM) criteria. We compared diagnostic outcomes of children diagnosed with FAS using a combination of the 2005 Hoyme et al. criteria and the “gestalt method” in South Africa to the diagnosis they would have received using the latest Hoyme et al. criteria. The frequency with which dysmorphic features presented was compared to the frequency with which they were reported in the revised criteria which drew on a larger sample.

Methods

Data were gathered from four South African FASD prevalence studies. Dysmorphology data, anthropometric data, and final diagnosis for participants (N = 917) were extracted.

Results

Of the 390 participants with diagnoses of “full FAS,” 175 would not have received a “full FAS” diagnosis using the 2016 criteria. Of these, 21 would have received a pFAS diagnosis, and 154 would have received a diagnosis of ARND or a “no‐FASD” diagnosis. The frequency of all but five dysmorphic features differ significantly between this sample and the sample examined for the 2016 criteria. There is more variability in the features present in the current sample.

Discussion

Differences regarding diagnostic outcomes and prevalence of dysmorphic features suggest that strict application of the diagnostic criteria may miss children who present with FAS. We recommend including gestalt‐based screening in a research setting where the clinical experience is available to inform future guidelines.
Risk factors for transplant renal artery stenosis after live donor transplantation
Authors: Nicholson M L , Yong C , Trotter P B , Grant L , Hosgood S A
Published: October 2018

Background

Renal transplant surgeons are making increasing use of live donor kidneys with multiple renal arteries. This study aimed to identify independent risk factors for the development of transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) in the modern era of complex arterial reconstruction for multiple vessels.

Methods

Multivariable logistic regression analysis with a stepwise variable deletion model was used to identify risk factors for the development of TRAS in a consecutive series of live donor kidney transplants.

Results

Of 506 kidney transplants, 19 (3·8 per cent) had evidence of significant TRAS on CT angiography. Functional TRAS, defined by improvement in BP control or renal function after correction of a stenosis by angioplasty, occurred in 13 of 506 patients (2·6 per cent). Independent risk factors for TRAS were: use of an explanted internal iliac artery graft from the recipient (odds ratio (OR) 4·95; P = 0·020) and total ischaemia time (OR 1·82; P = 0·010). TRAS was associated with a lower 5-year allograft survival rate (79 versus 88·7 per cent; P = 0·020) but only one graft loss was attributed directly to TRAS. The 5-year allograft survival rate after internal iliac artery grafting was 86 per cent.

Conclusion

Although use of an internal iliac artery graft is an independent risk factor for TRAS after live donor kidney transplantation, this technique is still a useful option for complex arterial reconstruction.
Spurious elevation of Prostate‐specific antigen associated with shingles in a prostate cancer patient undergoing active surveillance
Authors: Mesci Aruz , Liu Stanley K. , Loblaw Douglas Andrew
Published: October 2018

Key Clinical Message

Spurious PSA increase in prostate cancer associated with shingles reactivation should be considered under the right clinical scenario to avoid unnecessary investigations or treatment.
A composite lymphoma combining a Hodgkin lymphoma and a marginal zone lymphoma transformed into a diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Auditeau Claire , Lambotte Olivier , Feriel Joffrey , Lazure Thierry , Turhan Ali , Aumont Cédric
Published: October 2018

Key Clinical Message

Composite lymphoma is defined as the occurrence of two or more distinct lymphoma types in a single anatomic site. We report a case of Richter syndrome with both Hodgkin lymphoma and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in the bone marrow. This diagnostic was suspected because of discrepancies between histological and cytological results.
Rehabilitation after severe maxillectomy using a magnetic obturator (a case report)
Authors: Arshad Mahnaz , Shirani Gholamreza , Mahmoudi Xaniar
Published: October 2018

Key Clinical Massage

This report presents oral rehabilitation of a maxillectomy patient after cancer surgery by fabricating a prosthesis comprising of a denture and a custom‐made magnetic retainer. Herein, we present a case of hemimaxillectomy due to squamous cell carcinoma, which was efficiently rehabilitated with implants. Patient's condition and his profile acceptably improved following rehabilitation.
Theoretical development of suitable test scenarios for the determination of the bending tensile strength of thin glass with or without influence of edges and their experimental implementation
Authors: Neugebauer Jürgen , Kasumovic Irma , Blazevic Ivo
Published: October 2018

The use of thin glass in the field of electrical engineering for screens of mobile phones or laptops is well known and the necessary material requirements such the scratch resistance has been sufficiently researched. For applications in the building sector, however, the determination of the bending tensile strength of such thin glass necessary for structural design represents a new research topic. The test scenarios described in the standard series EN 1288 relevant for the determination of the bending tensile strength, such as the ring‐on‐ring test or the four‐point‐bending test, are not applicable for glass with a thickness of less than 3 mm. One reason is e.g. the high flexibility of the glass in case of four‐point‐bending tests. As a consequence, these test scenarios have to be adapted or new test scenarios have to be developed. The double‐ring bending tensile test was adapted in that the loading ring, e.g. was replaced by a pressure pad of soft elastomer. Thus, a constant stress distribution in the area under the pressure pad necessary for the determination of the probability of failure could be achieved. The four‐point‐bending test was replaced by test set‐ups in which the force is introduced in‐plane – parallel to the glass surface – as a membrane force in the glass and the glass is thereby deformed or bent until breakage analogous to a stability test. Another variant is bending with a constant bending radius. In this test set‐up, a circular arc is created by precise adjustment of the distance of the supported smaller straight edges and their rotation. Thus, the length of the edge, at which sets a constant bending moment can be increased. These alternative test scenarios were theoretically developed and analysed or partially experimentally investigated by means of test series. These experimental series serve to validate the theoretical development of suitable experimental scenarios and are intended to provide a first approach for a necessary adaptation of EN 1288.
Double‐Skin Façades: Boundary Conditions, Challenging Examples and Developments
Authors: Schmid Fabian , Cseh Xenia , Rohrer Emil , Teich Martien
Published: October 2018

The combination of the double skin concept with unitized systems made current typologies of double glazed units possible. Two concepts are mainly discussed especially in high‐profile markets like London or Switzerland: Closed Cavity Façades (CCF) adopting the concept of pressurized multilayer ETFE‐foil cushion constructions and Self‐Conditioning Façades (SCF) using the concept of pressure relaxed insulated glass. The advantages of double skin façades lay in an increased performance of the skin regarding acoustics, individual ventilation and conditioning concepts. The protection of sunscreens especially for high‐rise buildings is also a benefit. Disadvantages result through the reduction of usable floor space, the increase of used resources and material, and condensation risks, which makes more planning and design effort necessary. Both concepts were formed by available technological solutions. The necessary technological effort for CCF and the extended design efforts for SCF can be avoided by relying on a more simpler and modular glazing typology, which is the result of current developments for the next generation of double skin façades, called ISOshade®.
Feasibility of bent glasses with small bending radii
Authors: Rist Tobias , Gremmelspacher Matthias , Baab Adrian
Published: October 2018

In the field of architecture, the use of glass plays a significant role. There exists a high demand for curved or flat but structured glass, or glass with features such as decorative elements, functions for power generation or optical applications. Of particular interest are glass sheets with small curvature structures with bending radii smaller than 10 mm. Fraunhofer IWM has a special glass bending furnace with a laser which is used for local heating the glass. There also exists an advanced material model and a detailed description of the thermal conductance and temperature distribution for process control by numerical simulation. First demonstrators were formed and demonstrate the possibilities for the use in modern facades.
Design of statically indeterminate reinforced glass beams: accounting for system action
Authors: Martens Kenny , Caspeele Robby , Belis Jan
Published: October 2018

Transparency has become a trend in architecture. In the near future, the scale of application of structural glass will grow from elements (beams, columns, etc.) to entire systems (floors, roofs, façades, frames, etc.). Especially beams, being one of the most important and common building components, will be combined into load‐carrying systems (e. g. a supporting grid for floors and roofs). However, this scale‐up cannot be realized without incorporating structural safety and robustness on an element and system level, as required by modern building codes. For glass beams, research resulted in the concept of hybrid glass beams, in which a glass web is combined with flanges or reinforced with another material that provides post‐fracture strength and ductility, hence providing structural element safety and robustness. Especially the stainless steel reinforced glass beam, based on the principle of reinforced concrete, proved satisfactory. To investigate the feasibility of applying this concept in innovative beam systems, experimental five‐point bending tests on 3.0 m beams and membrane action tests on 4.3 m beams were performed, resulting in satisfactory load‐carrying behaviour with significant stress redistribution due to plastic hinge formation and membrane action, both compressive and tensile. Both features/mechanisms resulted in significant increases in the post‐fracture capacity of the beam systems. For the latter's design, focusing only on glass fracture is insufficient, as the element and system safety requirements should also be satisfied. Therefore, post‐fracture capacity and ductility should be incorporated in design. The latter requires an amount of reinforcing material, which decreases the beam's overall transparency. Therefore it is important that design aims at achieving maximum capacity and ductility with as little reinforcing material as possible. This paper investigates the effect of stress redistribution and membrane action on the achievable capacity of a reinforced glass beam system. It is concluded that both features/mechanisms, and especially membrane action can make a significant contribution to the ultimate capacity and ductility of the beam system. This paper also considers the incorporation of these mechanisms in design, resulting in optimal (i.e. minimal) usage of materials. Compared to statically determinate beams, a decrease in reinforcing material is possible, resulting in ever more transparent structures.
Racking stiffness and strength of cold‐formed steel frames braced with adhesively bonded glass panels
Authors: Van Lancker Bert , De Corte Wouter , Belis Jan
Published: October 2018

In cold‐formed steel building construction, cold‐formed steel shear wall panels (CFSSWPs) are used as primary lateral load resisting components, that maintain the stability and the integrity of the structure. Traditionally, a CFSSWP consists of a cold‐formed steel frame with structural sheeting, such as oriented strand board (OSB), gypsum wall board (GWB), plywood or other, screwed onto it. These type of elements have some unique properties, such as high elastic stiffness, large displacement ductility, etc. On the other hand, as the studs are closely spaced – a value of 60 cm for the spacing is common – only small openings are present, hence transparency is limited. To increase the transparency of cold‐formed steel buildings, which is a tendency in contemporary architecture, load‐bearing capacities of glass can be utilised by bracing the frames with glass instead of traditional sheeting. The conventional two‐component structural silicone Sikasil® SG‐500 is considered for the load‐bearing cold‐formed steel‐glass connection. In this research, the racking behaviour of 1.5 m by 3.5 m cold‐formed steel frames onto which glass panels are circumferentially bonded on both sides is determined by means of experimental tests. This paper reports about the conducted experiments and the obtained data. From the tests, a value of 35.25±0.452 kN/m was obtained for the racking strength of the considered hybrid cold‐formed steel‐glass panels. A comparison with traditional CFSSWPs showed that the hybrid element can obtain similar racking strengths. Therefore, the study revealed the potential of hybrid cold‐formed steel‐glass elements using structural silicones to provide sufficient in‐plane lateral stiffness and strength.
Development of a mobile device for the evaluation of the current in‐situ stress condition in glass – Experimental and numerical analysis for bonded and mechanical joints
Authors: Schaaf Benjamin , Abeln Björn , Richter Carl , Feldmann Markus , Glaser Marcus , Hildebrand Jörg , Bergmann Jean Pierre , Baitinger Mascha , Reshamvala Marcel , Tsaklakidis Marco , Siebert Barbara , Herrmann Tobias , Haese Andreas
Published: October 2018

Monitoring installation process and utilisation of glass and hybrid components in structural glass has become increasingly important. However, to date, there are no generally accepted standard procedures to evaluate the in‐situ stress condition of a built‐in glass. With the aid of photoelasticity a qualitative statement of the stress state in the glass can be made. For this reason, a measurement method and a functional model for a mobile device are being developed with which it is possible to measure in‐situ and identify stress peaks, for example, due to incorrect assembly of a glass fitting. By supporting finite element method (FEM) simulations it is possible to transfer the qualitative results of photoelastic measurements into quantitative results.
Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Simulations Show Saccharide Distortion is Required for Reaction in Hen Egg‐White Lysozyme
Authors: Limb Michael A. L. , Suardíaz Reynier , Grant Ian M. , Mulholland Adrian J.
Published: October 2018

Hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations on lysozyme show significant distortion of the bound saccharide is required to facilitate the catalytic reaction.
Cyclic Iodine Reagents Enable Allylic Alcohols for Alkyl Boronate Addition/Rearrangement by Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Liu Mingshang , Huang Hanchu , Chen Yiyun
Published: October 2018

All‐carbon quaternary centers are prevalent in bioactive small molecules. However, their efficient construction remains a formidable synthetic challenge. Here we report cyclic iodine(III) reagents enable the synthesis of cyclopentanones, cyclohexanones, and dihydrofuranones bearing α‐quaternary centers by photoredox catalysis. The reaction proceeds by the formation of the novel cyclic iodine(III) reagent‐allylic alcohol complex, which enables the first alkyl boronate addition and semi‐pinacol rearrangement of allylic alcohols with dual alcohol and olefin activation. The reaction is suitable for gram scale synthesis and is transformable to alcohols, olefins, oximes, and lactones with an α‐quaternary center in one step.
Targeted Profiling of RNA Translation
Authors: Li Ben B. , Qian Changli , Roberts Thomas M. , Zhao Jean J.
Published: October 2018

This unit describes a reverse transcription‐quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR)–based method for gene‐targeted measurement of RNA translation levels. The method includes washing and lysing cells with a buffer containing cycloheximide to enrich ribosomal accumulation at translation initiation sites (TIS), followed by enzymatic treatment to generate ribosomal footprints, reverse transcription targeted towards TIS of specific transcripts of interest to generate complementary DNA (cDNA), and qPCR to measure the abundance of these footprints. This method enables time‐ and cost‐effective assessment of changes in translation levels across focused panels of genes and across numerous samples. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Metformin attenuates renal medullary hypoxia in diabetic nephropathy through inhibition uncoupling protein‐2
Authors: Christensen Michael , Schiffer Tomas A. , Gustafsson Håkan , Krag Søren Palmelund , Nørregaard Rikke , Palm Fredrik
Published: October 2018

Background

The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of metformin on oxygen metabolism and mitochondrial function in the kidney of an animal model of insulinopenic diabetes in order to isolate any renoprotective effect from any concomitant effect on blood glucose homeostasis.

Methods

Sprague‐Dawley rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg kg−1) and when stable started on metformin treatment (250 mg kg−1) in the drinking water. Rats were prepared for in vivo measurements 25 to 30 days after STZ injection, where renal function, including glomerular filtration rate and sodium transport, was estimated in anesthetized rats. Intrarenal oxygen tension was measured using oxygen sensors. Furthermore, mitochondrial function was assessed in mitochondria isolated from kidney cortex and medulla analysed by high‐resolution respirometry, and superoxide production was evaluated using electron paramagnetic resonance.

Results

Insulinopenic rats chronically treated with metformin for 4 weeks displayed improved medullary tissue oxygen tension despite of no effect of metformin on blood glucose homeostasis. Metformin reduced UCP2‐dependent LEAK and differentially affected medullary mitochondrial superoxide radical production in control and diabetic rats.

Conclusions

Metformin attenuates diabetes‐induced renal medullary tissue hypoxia in an animal model of insulinopenic type 1 diabetes. The results suggest that the mechanistic pathway to attenuate the diabetes‐induced medullary hypoxia is independent of blood glucose homeostasis and includes reduced UCP2‐mediated mitochondrial proton LEAK.
Worldwide distribution of blood values in elite track and field athletes: Biomarkers of altered erythropoiesis
Authors: Robinson Neil , Saugy Jonas , Schütz Frédéric , Faiss Raphael , Baume Norbert , Giraud Sylvain , Saugy Martial
Published: October 2018

For the first time, blood samples were collected in all athletes participating in a major sporting event of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) (Athletics World Championships 2011, Daegu, Korea). All variables obtained from blood analyses were incorporated into the individual blood profiles of each athlete for the so‐called athlete biological passport (ABP). This unprecedented data collection highlighted differences for a few blood biomarkers commonly measured and reported for the ABP on some group of athletes. Subsequently, blood tests analyses for all athletes were repeated during the following World Championships (2013, Moscow, Russia). Both sets of blood tests were then used to set up the distribution of blood values for track and field athletes considering potential confounding factors such as gender, age, discipline, origin of the athlete (continental classification), and time of blood collection. Implementation of well‐defined distribution of blood values will allow to improve the estimation of blood doping prevalence among a specific population of athletes in track and field.