bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PEMANFAATAN HALAMAN SEKOLAH SEBAGAI TAMAN EDUKASI PADA PUSAT KEGIATAN PAUD UMANAA KELURAHAN ANTANG KECAMATAN MANGGALA KOTA MAKASSAR
Authors: Arsyad Nashrah , Said Juhana
Published: January 2021

The utilization of the schoolyard in the learning process involves the creation of the teacher in utilizing and practicing it as a learning medium. This, coupled with the support of the student's guardians, will complement the achievement of educational goals in early childhood. This activity aims to provide education in the form of counseling and training on the use of schoolyards as educational media so that managers, teachers, and parents of students can understand the importance of the existence of a schoolyard, and besides, that they can also understand how to use the schoolyard as an educational medium for children, students, increase the desire and cooperation of managers, teachers, and parents of students to create a comfortable environment by utilizing and arranging a beautiful and educational schoolyard. To achieve the goals and objectives, this activity is carried out using providing education in the form of counseling and training. The results of the implementation of this activity help increase the knowledge, insight, skills, and creativity of teachers, students, and guardians of students in the use and arrangement of the schoolyard as an educational park which also supports the creation of a beautiful yard environment.
FOOD FIBERS AS A FUNCTIONAL INGREDIENT IN THE MEAT SEMI-PRODUCTS
Authors:   National University of Food Technologies, Grechko Victoria , Strashynskiy Ihor ,   National University of Food Technologies, Pasichnyi Vasil ,   National University of Food Technologies
Published: January 2021

Urgency of the research. Nowdays the fast changes of social lifestyle because of the globalisation influence are happening very quickly. The dinamic rhythm of life has made the population use meat convenience food which contains a small quantity of food fibers & substantial part of food additions. Target setting. The convenience food, which is represented at the market, as a rule lacks functional ingredients that can be included into the recipe to improve the quality taking into consideration healthy nutrition. That is why it is absolutely appropriate to discuss the cellular tissue addition into the convenience food recipes as an advantage for health by removing or decreasing the quantity of the ingredients, which are considered to be harmfull. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The last publications on open access, which are related to the cellular tissue using in the meat products, have been studied. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Together with the enrichment of meat semi-products with food fibers, it is necessary to solve the technological problem how to make the needed consistence & to improve the functional characteristics of meat convenience food. The research objective. The main target of this article was to study different sources of diet fibers, their influence on health, their using in the meat products & the impact to the quality markers. The statement of basic materials. The natural diet fibers Just Fiber based on bamboo sprouts Dendrocalamus Asper, that can grow up to 30m in height & 30sm in the diameter, are used to produce meat products. This plants are highly cultivated in the different parts of the South-Eastern Asia thanks to their eatable juicy sprouts. The fibers contain 99% of ballast materials which clean the human’s body from the cancerogens & high-density metals, and they are necessary for nutrition therapy. Conclusions. During our research it has been defined the optimal hydration of the bamboo cellular tissue to add it into the recipe & the influence to the organoleptic markers of the meat ground semi-products. To get the high quality mince of low-caloric ground semi-products the optimal level of the bamboo fibers hydration must be 1: 7.
Migration and the economy
Authors:   Universidad de La Laguna (España), Godenau Dirk
Published: January 2021

Economic reasons are among the basic explanatory factors of migration, whether international or internally within a country. In turn, migratory movements have effects on the economy in terms of economic growth in general, but also in the different markets (work, housing, consumer goods, etc.) and public services (education, health, social services, etc.). The purpose of this document is to offer an overview of these interactions between migration and the economy in the case of the Canary Islands. To do this, certain conceptual clarifications will be made initially involving the mutual determination of both processes, before later providing specifics with evidence on the Canarian case for the main issues considered: the economic reasons for migration, and its impact on economic growth, the labour market and the living conditions of the immigrant population. The final section alludes to the importance of the institutional framework that regulates these relations between migration and the economy, which are far from being interpretable as a mechanical relationship and isolated from the political sphere.
War – Just or Justifiable? A Christian Orthodox Perspective
Authors: Nowosad Sławomir
Published: January 2021

Being sent to the world Christianity had to determine its moral assessment of different worldly realities, war and peace among them. While the Western tradition rather early developed a just war doctrine, the East took a different path. War has constantly been perceived as evil though in some circumstances necessary and hence justifiable (but strictly speaking neither “just” nor “good”). Both the Greek Fathers and later Eastern authors and Church figures, like Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, would develop their understanding of warfare as “irrational” and an obstacle on every Christian’s path to theosis. The Russian Orthodox Bishops’ The Basis of the Social Concept is a rare example of a more elaborated theory of the justification of warfare.
Teologiczna wizja małżeństwa i rodziny w prawosławiu a współczesne problemy pastoralne
Authors: Leśniewski Krzysztof
Published: January 2021

We współczesnym świecie doświadczamy coraz większego kryzysu w relacjach międzyludzkich, który szczególnie się przejawia w małżeństwach i rodzinach. Powszechny indywidualizm i egocentryzm przyczynia się do redukcjonistycznego pojmowania wolności i miłości ludzkiej, co skutkuje brakiem odpowiedzialności za podjęte decyzje. W artykule zostało przedstawione w syntetyczny sposób rozumienie małżeństwa i rodziny w prawosławiu. Autor w odniesieniu do tradycji chrześcijaństwa wschodniego wskazuje na istotne cechy małżeństwa chrześcijańskiego oraz jego związek z Eucharystią. W refleksjach nad zadaniami rodziny została podkreślona odpowiedzialność rodziców za wychowanie dzieci i troszczenie się o ich rozwój duchowy. W końcowej części artykułu zostały przedstawione współczesne zagrożenia życia rodzinnego.
Mały krok do połączenia i nieznana droga ku zjednoczeniu
Authors: Moskałyk Jarosław
Published: January 2021

Ten krótki zarys sytuacji podziału między prawosławnymi wyznaniami na Ukrainie może choćby w niewielkim stopniu pomóc zrozumieć skalę problemu. Istotnymi elementami składowymi niejako nasilającymi kryzys i wzajemne się przeciwstawienie są zarówno obecne uwarunkowania polityczne w kraju oraz dążenie poszczególnych wspólnot do zjednoczenia na podstawie całkiem różnych kryteriów. Jednak największą barierę w dojściu do porozumienia stron, szczególnie prawosławnych wspólnot „niekanonicznych”, stanowi zbytnia koncentracja na własnej roli i efektach przyszłego zjednoczenia. Z kolei nadmiernie zdystansowany i nieprzyjazny stosunek UCP PM wobec inicjatywy połączenia odrębnych podmiotów ortodoksyjnych oraz utworzenia autokefalii prawosławnej na Ukrainie czyni wciąż przedsięwzięcie nieskutecznym.
Luterańska hermeneutyka biblijna i jej współczesne wyzwania w świetle dokumentu „Na początku było Słowo”. Biblia w życiu wspólnoty luterańskiej
Authors: Kulkowski Michał
Published: January 2021

Artykuł stanowi omówienie dokumentu wydanego w 2016 r. przez Światową Federację Luteranów „Na początku było Słowo”. Biblia w życiu wspólnoty luterańskiej, poświęconego hermeneutyce biblijnej. Autorzy dokumentu stają wobec pytania, jak Kościoły luterańskie wobec tak różnego kontekstu istnienia w świecie mogą dojść do wspólnej interpretacji i rozumienia tekstów biblijnych. Odpowiedź, jakiej udzielają autorzy, zwraca uwagę na fakt, że cała Biblia, a zwłaszcza jej najtrudniejsze stronice, musi być interpretowana w świetle jej zbawczego orędzia i przy uwzględnieniu hermeneutycznych zasad Marcina Lutra (np. Was Christum treibet). Kluczowe w całym zagadnieniu jest podkreślenie, że lektura Pisma Świętego ma charakter dynamiczny: ani tekst biblij- ny, ani sytuacja egzystencjalna, w której się go odczytuje, nie są statyczne. Oznacza to, że interpretacja biblijna może stanowić swego rodzaju „hermeneutyczną spiralę”, która w istocie jest słuchaniem słowa Bożego przy jednoczesnym nasłuchiwaniu pytań i problemów współczesnego świata. W konsekwencji teksty biblijne mogą mieć różne znaczenie w różnych częściach świata. Ponadto podkreśla się znaczenie wykształcenia teologicznego w przygotowaniu pastorów, nauczycieli i liderów wspólnot dla owocnej interpretacji Pisma Świętego.
Orthodoxy and Islam
Authors: Boldişor Adrian
Published: January 2021

Within the historical approach on interreligious dialogue, it should not be overlooked that the representatives of Orthodox Churches were actively involved in promoting and supporting interreligious dialogue by participating in the meetings that have focused on relations with people of other religions. In this context, the Orthodox Churches come with a whole tradition that stretches to the early centuries, the relations with Jews and Muslims being an integral part of the history of Orthodox Christianity. The Orthodox Christians, with their bi-millennium tradition, where there are different interpretations of other religions, bring to the modern world an approach that takes into account personal relationship with people of other religions. Analyzing how the representatives of the Orthodoxy and the Islam in Romania are trying to find solutions to the many problems facing the world today, we can say that lately in Romania, the interreligious, intercultural and interethnic dialogue increased both quantitatively and qualitatively. Among the followers of the two religions that live in these territories for centuries, the relations have varied over the time, reaching today to a situation in which the believers live in peace, protected by the laws of the Romanian state which guarantee the freedom of thought and religious expression. Moreover, lately it has been attempted to find solutions to the global crises which are, not infrequently, religious.
Eko-dogmatyka encykliki Laudato si’
Authors: Ferdek Bogdan
Published: January 2021

Artykuł systematyzuje eko-teologiczne wątki encykliki Laudato si’ i ukazuje ich ekumeniczny wymiar. Owocem usystematyzowania eko-teologicznych wątków encykliki jest eko-dogmatyka, czyli refleksja nad zawartymi w Objawieniu doktrynalnymi podstawami ekologii. Tak rozumiana eko-dogmatyka została przedstawiona w kluczu historii zbawienia. Działanie Boga w historii zbawienia wykazuje analogię do antycznego dramatu, którego akcja miała trzy zasadnicze części: zawiązanie, punkt kulminacyjny i rozwiązanie. Eko-dogmatyka jest przedmiotem zainteresowania ze strony teologów należących do różnych chrześcijańskich Kościołów i Wspólnot kościelnych. Jednym z nich jest Jürgen Moltmann. Pomiędzy eko-dogmatycznymi wątkami zawartymi w Laudato si’ a eko-dogmatyką Moltmanna zachodzi ekumeniczne współbrzmienie. Są one przede wszystkim wpisane w ekumeniczne Credo nicejsko-konstantynopolitańskie. Podstawą tego Credo jest prawda o Bogu Stworzycielu nieba i ziemi, który poprzez wcielenie, śmierć i zmartwychwstanie swojego Syna prowadzi wszystkie stworzenia do życia wiecznego w przyszłym świecie. Już ten fakt uprawnia do postawienia tezy, że eko-dogmatyczne wątki Laudato si’ i eko-dogmatyka Moltmanna tworzą ekumeniczną eko-dogmatykę. Jej istotą jest przedstawienie wszystkich stworzeń w ich wielorakich relacjach z uwzględnieniem jako bazy relacji do Boga. Taka ekumeniczna eko-dogmatyka jest odpowiedzią na wyzwanie, jakim dla teologii jest kryzys ekologiczny.
Doświadczenia na zwierzętach i ubój rytualny. Międzyreligijny wymiar Encykliki Laudato si’
Authors: Tietze Maria , Krupa Wanda , Kamieniak Jarosław S.
Published: January 2021

Badania naukowe na zwierzętach są świadomym i celowym procesem, który pozwala poznawać i wyjaśniać zjawiska wielu dziedzin nauk biologicznych, a przede wszystkim medycznych. Mimo doskonalenia metod badawczych, stosowania technik zastępczych ograniczających populację eksperymentalną zwierząt, ich wykorzystanie w doświadczeniach jest nieuniknione, bez nich nie byłoby postępu w nauce. Kontrowersyjny problem tkwi w aspekcie etycznym, w przyjętych standardach dotyczących ich humanitarnego traktowania – są to przecież istoty żywe, zdolne do odczuwania cierpienia i bólu. Bezpośrednio z przedstawionym problemem związane jest zagadnienie uboju rytualnego, który przez ostatnie lata był przedmiotem dyskusji wielu gremiów. Ubój rytualny posiada bezwzględnie charakter obrzędu religijnego w judaizmie i islamie. Jego akceptacja przez Trybunał Konstytucyjny w Polsce w 2014 r. dała wyraz realizacji jedności wiary Izraela i krajów muzułmańskich. Nauka katolicka Kościoła dopuszcza zadawanie cierpień zwierzętom w takim stopniu, jakim konieczne jest zabezpieczenie potrzeb człowieka przy zachowaniu zasad etycznych i moralnych. W tej kwestii o konieczności prowadzenia dialogu międzyreligijnego i naukowego odnosi się przesłanie zawarte w Encyklice Laudato si’ w numerach: 10, 11, 14, 25, 42, 64, 69, 76, 77, 92, 110, 130, 132, 133, 221.
Sprawa Jana Wiklifa w orzeczeniach Soboru w Konstancji
Authors: Medwid Wojciech
Published: January 2021

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie, w jaki sposób sobór w Konstancji rozwiązał problem angielskiego teologa i reformatora Kościoła Jana Wiklifa. Zostały mu poświęcone dwie sesje soborowe. Wydano wyrok potępiający jego naukę, księgi i tezy. Przedstawiono jego wybrane tezy oraz ogłoszono go heretykiem. Pierwszorzędnym autorytetem dla niego było Pismo Święte, a nie Magisterium Kościoła. Nauczając o ubóstwie Chrystusa oraz o pokorze i cierpliwości w cierpieniu był zdania, że zanikły one w Kościele. W momencie, gdy duchowni źle spełniali swoje funkcje, słuszną rzeczą byłoby odebrać im własność przez władze cywilne i dać człowiekowi, który będzie służył Bogu w sposób możliwy do zaakceptowania. Dla teologa z Oxfordu głową Kościoła był Chrystusa, nie papież. Kościół składa się z wybranego Ludu Bożego, bez konieczności kapłana, który by pośredniczył między nim a Bogiem. Najbardziej znaczącym dokonaniem Jana Wiklifa było zainspirowanie tłumaczenia Biblii na język angielski. Jeśli chodzi o tematykę, która wyłania się w przedstawionych tezach, to można wymienić takie obszary, jak: sakramenty, szczególnie Eucharystia, papież i władza papieska, podejście do dóbr doczesnych, zakonnicy, kwestia ekskomuniki, grzech, Kościół, modlitwa i odpusty. Księgi Wiklifa decyzją Soboru muszą być spalone, a które by pozostały – nie wolno ich czytać. Punktem docelowym starań ojców soborowych było ogłoszenie go heretykiem.
Tajemnica i sekret spowiedzi. Perspektywa ekumeniczno-kanoniczna
Authors: Kutynia Piotr
Published: January 2021

grzechów w sakramencie pokuty. Zanika poczucie grzechu, co skutkuje brakiem potrzeby przystępowania do sakramentu pokuty i pojednania. Mimo tych niesprzyjających tendencji europejskiej kultury wiele osób wierzących korzysta nadal z tego sakramentu. Z sakramentem pokuty nierozerwalnie związana jest tajemnica spowiedzi nazywana „pieczęcią sakramentalną” (sigillum sacramentale). Artykuł opisuje normy prawne zawarte w Kodeksie Prawa Kanonicznego z 1983 r. oraz Kodeksie Katolickich Kościołów Wschodnich, które w jasny i jednoznaczny sposób określają zakres sigillum i secretum oraz wskazują podmioty zobowiązane do ich zachowania, a także źródła tego zobowiązania. Tajemnica sakramentalna jest nienaruszalna, absolutna do tego stopnia, iż szafarz sakramentu nie tylko nie może zdradzić penitenta i jego grzechów wobec osób trzecich, ale również zabrania się mu korzystania z wiadomości, które pozyskał w związku ze sprawowaniem sakramentu pokuty. Oprócz dyscypliny pokutnej wyznania katolickiego artykuł zawiera próbę ujęcia praktyki pokutnej w Kościołach i wspólnotach eklezjalnych niebędących w jedności ze Stolicą Apostolską. W artykule przedstawiono naukę i przepisy prawne Kościoła prawosławnego i Kościoła Ewangelicko-Augsburskiego na temat pokuty, sposobów jej odprawiania oraz praktyki wyznania grzechów i rozgrzeszenia.
Correlation Between HCV Infection and Creatinine Level in Thalassemia Patents
Authors: Yasir Saif Jabbar , Hassan Saif Yassen
Published: January 2021

The current study aimed to fine the relationship between hepatitis C virus (HCV), and kidney impairment in thalassemia patient. This retrospective case-control study include sample size total number 102 patients ranged between 15 and 30 years were divided into two groups: first, 51patients suffering from kidney impairment - the kidney impairment detected by creatinine level in serum and second, 51-patient without kidney impairment as a control group. Both group monitored HCV infection. The patient attended to AL-Zahra hospital (Najaf) thalassemia department from January to Aug 2018. Biochemical test use for detection of creatinine, serological test use for detection HCV. The SPSS program version 24 uses for data analysis the results.
When observed the results in both groups the percentage of HCV in the first group (with abnormal creatinine level) is higher than in the second group (with normal creatinine level). 32/51 (62, 7%) and 19/51(37, 2%) respectively. A high level of HCV in a group with kidney defect indicates for viral effect on the normal kidney function, kidney defect patient of thalassemia patient has a higher susceptibility to HCV infection.
Cytotoxic Activity of New Thiol Derivatives
Authors: Mohammed Jalal Hassan , Aowda Saadon Abdulla
Published: January 2021

This research included synthesized ten new compounds (1–10) based on alkyl halides, and estimated their anti-cancer effectiveness. All prepared products are proven by Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The anti-cancer effect of compounds 6, 9, and 10 were assessed on MCF-7 breast cancer in human cells, then WRL68 cancer cells. Compound 9 revealed to be most strong with IC50 119.2 μg/mL against MCF-7, while other compounds showed moderate anti-cancer activity. The discoveries of ponder can upgrade the understood of natural exercises of these thiols compounds.
Cytotoxicity of Mitomycin C-Porous Silicon in Human Prostate Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Ali Nihad K. , Haidary Sazan M. , Omer Kosar A. , Majid Fadzilah A. Abdul , Córcoles Emma P. , B. Malarvili M.
Published: January 2021

Porous silicon (pSi) microparticles with pore diameter 15 to 20 nm were fabricated by electrochemical etching of single-crystalline silicon (Si) wafers (n-type) to be used as delivery systems for the anticancer drug mitomycin C (MMC). The in vitro toxicity of the mitomycin-loaded pSi carrier was investigated on human prostate carcinoma (DU145) cells. The cells showed a decrease in viability of ~80% over a 6 hours period, when using mitomycin. Meanwhile, a ~55% decrease in cell viability was observed, when using the pSi carrier to deliver the drug. The drug-loaded carrier showed a sustained release throughout 24 hours, with an 80% decrease in cell viability after 16 hours. This observed controlled release of mitomycin from the pSi carrier suggests a superior therapeutic effect than the direct administration of mitomycin, as it potentially minimizes the drug side effects. Results showed that the strong cytotoxic effect towards the prostate cancer cells was due to the drug and not the carrier since the mitomycin-loaded pSi carrier affected cell viability, but the pSi carrier showed no toxicity. Furthermore, it was observed that with a higher amount of drug-loaded carriers, the toxicity effect was higher, thus, allowing further control of the therapeutic effect of the carrier.
New Poly Vinyl Chloride Ion Selective Electrode for Potentiometric Analysis of Propranolol in its Pharmaceutical Formulations and Human Fluids
Authors: Ismaeel Yusur Q. , Al-Phalahy Bashaer A.
Published: January 2021

New, simple, sensitive and rapid method for the determination of propranolol in the pharmaceutical preparations and human fluids. The Buildup and electrochemical response characteristics of a poly vinyl chloride (PVC) selective membrane electrode for the determination of propranolol (POP) are described in this research. The proposed electrodes was composed of propranolol-bromophenol blue as ion-exchanger and Di-butyl phthalate (DBPH) (electrode A), tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) (electrode B), and ortho-nitrophenyloctylether (ONPOE) (electrode C), as plasticizers. The slope was 50.94, 57.77, and 49.75 mV/decade for electrode A, B and C. the linear range was 5 ×10-5 – 1×10-2, 1×10-4 – 1×10-2, and 5×10-5 – 1×10-2 M, a detection limit of 4.2×10-5, 8.9×10-5, and 4.8×10-5 M, lifetime of 21, 42, and 1-day, respectively. Electrode B gives the best results, so the application of pharmaceutical and human fluids was based upon this electrode, the recovery percentage was 103, 101, 102.5, and 104 for POP tablet 10mg, tablet 40mg, urine and plasma by standard addition method, respectively.
Effect of Vegetable Oil on Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Dayak Onion [Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr.] Extract using Hydrophilic-lipophilic Balance Approach: Formulation, Characterization
Authors: Hendradi Esti , Annisa Rahmi , Yuwono Mochammad
Published: January 2021

Eleutherine palmifolia is a typical plant of Kalimantan that has been empirically used by the Dayak people as a cure for various types of diseases. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is a drug delivery system that can be developed for onion Dayak to improve its absorption profile. Selection of oil phase, surfactant, and cosurfactant have an essential role in SNEDDS of Dayak onion. The aims of this study to determine the effect of the use of vegetable oils on SNEDDS using the HLB approach. Several 40 formulations in each oil phase with HLB ranging between 11 and 15 were screened to acquire stable SNEDDS composition without the presence of phase separation. Formulas optimal obtained F33 (HLB 14) using olive oil at a ratio formula of 1:7:2. F29 (HLB 14), using VCO at a formula ratio of 1:7:2. F14 (HLB 14) uses palm oil at a ratio formula of 2:7:1. The result showed that the optimal formula F33 (olive oil) with 58 nm of the particle size, 84.32 ± 0.00 of the transmittance percentage, 22.00 ± 0,18 of the emulsification time. Formula F29 (VCO) with 19.48 nm of the particle size, 91.78 ± 0.02 of the transmittance percentage, 43.00 ± 0.16 of the emulsification time. Formula F14 (palm oil) with 102 nm of the particle size, 90.93 ± 0.02 of the transmittance percentage, 110 ± 0.34 of the emulsification time. The optimal formula that has good characteristics and stability is the F29 (VCO) formula using tween 20/transcutol as the surfactant, PEG 400, as co-surfactant at a ratio formula of 1:7:2.
Oral Vitamin D Therapy for Chronic Plaque-Psoriasis among Iraqi Patients, Efficacy, and Safety
Authors: Al-Sultany Hussein Abbas
Published: January 2021

Background: Psoriasis is an immune-mediated disorder that results from a polygenic predisposition combined with environmental triggers. Any problem in the optimal function of the skin due to psoriasis may lead to a decrease in the ability of vitamin D3 cutaneous production. Up-to-date, the effective management of psoriasis built on sufficient nutritional consumption of vitamin D, while oral intake of vitamin D in psoriasis still not fulfilled clinical necessity, and its effect still controversial.
Aim: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral vitamin D in the treatment of moderate to severe classical plaque psoriasis.
Patients and methods: 76 patients enrolled in the study were allocated randomly into two groups. Group A (38 psoriasis patients) were given only topical potent corticosteroid (clobetasol propionate) therapy for 3 months’ duration, while group B (38 psoriasis patients) were taken topical potent corticosteroid (clobetasol propionate) in addition to oral vitamin D (50,000 IU weekly dose for 3 months’ duration). The severity of psoriasis was assessed monthly for the 3 months’ duration of the study based on photography and evaluation of psoriasis area severity index (PASI) score, and vitamin D serum level was also assessed.
Results: There was no significant difference in mean age, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and gender between the two groups in the study. No significant difference between the mean of serum vitamin D of two groups, and also no statistical difference between PASI score of two groups. Regarding vitamin D serum level evaluation among patients in group A, it was 13.2 + 6.12 ng/mL at baseline, then after 3 months, its level was 13.6 + 3.82 ng/mL with non-significant differences between the two serum levels (improvement 3.03 + 6.21%, p = 0.62). Otherwise, serum vitamin D level among patients in group B was 13.5 + 4.16 ng/mL, then this level was significantly and constantly increased to reach 42.12 + 5.63 (improvement 212 + 47.82%, p = 0.0012), and this increment of vitamin D serum level was statistically significant inverse relationship with the improvement in PASI score (r = –0.4) throughout the 3 months’ period of study. There was a significant improvement in PASI score among patients who took in addition to the topical steroid oral vitamin D (p = 0.033).
Conclusion: The oral vitamin D supplementation can be safe, effective, and cheap therapeutic modality to psoriasis patients. Other drugs used for treatment of psoriasis systemically are costly and widely side effects.
Transdermal Patches: State of the Art
Authors: Sharma Chandan , Thakur Nishant , Kaur Bhupinder , Goswami Manish
Published: January 2021

There is a considerable increase in preference for use of transdermal patches over conventional dosage forms owing to the advantages it possesses over them. Transdermal delivery of drugs has undergone rapid advancements through techniques like electroporation, microneedles, iontophoresis etc. This review is aimed at providing deep insight into transdermal technology and its types. An overview of the present market size of transdermal patches along with future prospects has been discussed. Transdermal products being manufactured by Indian pharmaceuticals also has been presented. Various components of transdermal patches being explored have been elaborated. After studying this review, it could be concluded that there are huge prospects for transdermal systems, and research aimed at the delivery of sparingly soluble drugs needs to be done to overcome limitations.
Co-existence of LasI, RhI, and Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal Quorum-sensing Genes in Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates
Authors: Faisal Anwer J. , Ali Munim Radwan , Said Layla Abdulhamid
Published: January 2021

Pseudomonas aeruginosa can regulate different group actives and physiological processes through the quorum sensing mechanism. The aims of this research were to detect the presence of quorum sensing genes in 50 clinical P. aeruginosa isolates, which represent by (lasI, lasR, rhlI, and rhlR) and Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) (PgsA, PgsB, PgsC, PgsD, PgsE, and MvfR) genes by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and interaction between the two systems. Isolates were subjected to test their susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial drugs, 64% of isolates showed resistance to ceftazidime, followed by carbencillin (56%), while only 8% were resistant to imipenem. In addition, all of the bacterial isolates were distributed within three multidrug-resistant (MDR) patterns, viz., A, B, and C. The highest rate of MDR was showed with MDR pattern C, in which bacterial isolates showed resistance to resist (9→11) antimicrobial drugs. Results revealed that P. aeruginosa isolates have different gene patterns, viz., A to E. According to quorum sensing genes production, pattern A found to express all the genes in LasI, RhI, and PQS system, while pattern B has a defective for the production of lasR, rhlR genes, while the same isolates have the PQS system all present. Significantly, there is a positive relationship between las and rhl system and regulation of antibiotics resistance, in which the bacterial isolates that have las and rhl genes showed high resistance to common antimicrobial agents under study. These findings suggest that PQS can function as an intercellular signal in P. aeruginosa that is not restricted only to alkyl homoserine lactones (AHL).
Synthesis and characterization of Al(III) complex with paracetamol
Authors: Sultan Mohanad A. , Karim Ali E. , Kandory Ahmed , Al-metwali Azza
Published: January 2021

The complex of Al (111) with paracetamol have synthesized and characterized using UV–Vis, Infrared spectroscopies and melting point. The ligand has been found to behave as tridentate chelating agents. Paracetamol complex coordinate through the carboxylate oxygen, phenolate oxygen atom, and amine group. The complex solubility was evaluated for several solvents and it was found the compound was more soluble in DMSO. Job’s method of continuous variation suggested 1 : 2 metals to ligand stoichiometry for paracetamol complex
Adsorption of Albumin and Creatinine on ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Kadhim Mayes Ahmed , Salman Hamida Edan , Ali Hana'a Addai
Published: January 2021

This study focused on the adsorption of albumin and creatinine on the surface of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Factors affecting adsorption, like contact time, adsorbent dose, concentration, temperature, PH, and shaking rate, were studied. The best conditions for adsorption were found at 298k, pH = (7), the concentration of (2.25, 0.5x10-3)g/dL, (30, 2.5)min, and weight of zinc oxide NPs (30, 10)mg for both albumin and creatinine respectively. We found that adsorption corresponds to Langmuir adsorption isotherms for albumin and Temkin adsorption isotherms for creatinin. Thermodynamic parameters were determined (average of ΔG = -12563.57(J/mol.K), ΔH = 25.740(kJ/mol), average of ΔS = 126.37(J/mol)) for albumin and (average of ΔG = -3348.45(J/mol.K), ΔH = 36.731(kJ/mol), average of ΔS = 132.22(J/mol)) for creatinine, Through the results of )ΔG(, the system is spontaneous because of the negative values. Positive ) ΔH( value clarify that process is endothermic. While ΔS value refers to the system is more random, the results also show that the adsorption type was physical, which means that it is multilayered. The type of bonding force between the molecules is Vander Waals force.
Therapeutic Potential of Vitamin C: An Overview of Various Biological Activities
Authors: Rani Lata , Sharma Neelam , Singh Sukhbir , Grewal Ajmer Singh
Published: January 2021

Vitamins are vital nutrients that are required for different body functions properly, and they are provided to the body externally through diet. Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is an essential nutrient that is required for the proper running of different body functions. It is a water-soluble vitamin and lost during the processing of food. The main sources of vitamin C are citrus fruits (kakadu plum, acerola cherries, guavas, kiwi, lemon, lychees, kale, oranges, peaches, tomatoes, black currant, thyme, parsley, rose hips, kale and strawberries), green leafy vegetables (chilli peppers, tomato, sweet yellow peppers, parsley, brussel sprouts, potatoes, mustard spinach and broccoli), fortified cereal and some animals. Vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy, which mainly affects older, malnourished adults. Vitamin C acts as a strong antioxidant, and this property enriches various biological activities. It is believed that high dose of vitamin C may help in reducing the risk of various diseases like cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, blood pressure, respiratory syndromes, common cold, reproduction, cognitive diseases, skin problems, age-related muscular degeneration, cataract and may enhance immunity. This mini-review article has been planned to discuss sources, deficiency symptoms, daily requirements, therapeutic potential, and various biological activities of vitamin C. Various therapeutic and pharmacological activities of vitamin C will be discussed in detail with suitable examples.
Isolation, Characterization, and Biological Activity of some Fatty Acids and Volatile Oils from Iraqi Eucalyptus microtheca Plant
Authors: Mohammed Muthanna J. , Ali Omar Ali
Published: January 2021

This study aims at investigating the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of some extracted essential and fixed oils from leaves of Eucalyptus microtheca plant grown in Iraq. Analysis of the isolated oils has been achieved by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) Technology. The study reveals existence of sixteen compounds. Camphene (20.60%), 4-carene (18.53%), 1,8-cineole (11.96%), terpin-4-ol (8.70%) and p-cymene (8.39%) were the highest components in these essential oils. While nine compounds were obtained as fixed oils, pentadecanoic acid (36.47%) and cis-vaccenic acid (30.31%) were the major components. The antimicrobial activity of the leaves extracts was evaluated against six different gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using disk diffusion method and exhibited good inhibition activity. Moreover, antioxidant assay (free radical scavenging activity) demonstrated good activity for the extracted oils. The results show that the aerial parts (leaves) of the Iraqi E. microtheca plant possess antibacterial and antioxidant properties and may suggest it as a good candidate to use for medicinal purposes.
Solid Dispersion (Kneading) Technique: A Platform for Enhancement Dissolution Rate of Valsartan Poorly Water Soluble Drug
Authors: Wagh Vinod T. , Gilhotra Ritu M. , Wagh Rajendra D.
Published: January 2021

The objective of this study was to the enhancement of dissolution rate of Valsartan. Using a solid dispersion (kneading) method with Kollidon and Povidone K30 as a carrier. Eight different drugs: Carrier ratios were prepared. Using factorial design taking 3 factors i.e., the concentration of Valsartan (x1), Kollidon (x2), and Povidone K30(x3). The enhancement of dissolution depends on the amount of carrier and an increase in the concentration of carrier. Enhancement of dissolution rate depends on reduce particle size of drug place on the surface of carrier and increased wettability of drug particle by carrier. Solid Dispersions prepared with Kollidon as a carrier in ratio 1:4 shows the enhancing dissolution in 30 mins to drug and Physical Mixture. Formulation evaluated by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning colorimetry, X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy.
UV Spectroscopy Assay Method Development and Validation of Dimethyl Fumarate and Cyclosporine Drugs in Nano Dosage Forms
Authors: Patel Deepa , Patel Sneha , Pathak Drashti
Published: January 2021

An easy, precise and accurate spectroscopic technique for the estimation of cyclosporine and dimethylfumarate in pure form and nano dosage form has been developed. The proposed method involves dissolving dimethylfumarate in distilled water and cyclosporine in ethanol and subjecting resulting solution to UV spectroscopic assessment. Absorption maximum was found 210 and 214 nm respectively. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 1 to 5and 1 to 8 μg/mL for dimethylfumarate and cyclosporine. Calibration curve showd linearity between absorbance and concentration as per line equation with R2 value near 1. Validation was performed as ICH guildelines for linearity, accuracy, precision, Robustness, System suitability.
Antioxidant Enzymes Level Detection in Cisplatin Treated Iraqi Lung Cancer Patients and In vitro Estimating the Cytotoxic and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in A549 Cell Line
Authors: Al-Saffar Ali Z. , Hassan Firas , Al-Shanon Ahmed F.
Published: January 2021

Cisplatin is one of the most important and effective antitumor drug used as treatment against different types of tumors. Cisplatin directly affects DNA integrity as well as the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death induction. Changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were investigated in healthy controls and lung tumor patients before and after cisplatin treatment. Untreated patients showed a significant reduction in CAT, GPx, and SOD levels, while cisplatin-treated patients retained the normal levels of antioxidant enzymes compared with healthy controls. Cisplatin exhibited cytotoxic activity against A549 lung tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 10.33 μg mL-1. Cisplatin was found to induce the generation of ROS in cisplatin-treated A549 cells compared with a negative control. Such an increase in ROS production was significantly correlated with increasing cisplatin concentration.
Study of some Virulence Factors for Clostridium perfringens isolated
from Clinical Samples and Hospital Environment and showing their Sensitivity to Antibiotics
Authors: Tahseen Zainab I , Edham Muhsin H. , Karomi Asma S.
Published: January 2021

The study included taking 100 samples from different clinical sources, including wounds and burns, and from the hospital environment, in Kirkuk General Hospital and Azadi Teaching Hospital in the city of Kirkuk for the period from November 2017 to August 2018. The results of isolation and diagnosis showed the growth of 30 isolates that are positive for Clostridium perfringens, distributed between 15 isolates 37.5% from burns, 11 isolates 27.5% from wounds, and 4 isolates 20% from the hospital environment. These isolates were diagnosed based on microscopical, cultural and biochemical tests, in addition to being diagnosed with the Api 20A system. The sensitivity of isolates was tested toward a number of types of antibiotics, and all bacterial isolates showed a high sensitivity 100% against imipenem. As for the sensitivity to vancomycin, amikacin, tetracycline was 96.66, 90, and 66.66% respectively. While, all isolates showed a high resistance to metronidazole and colistin 100%, some virulence factors of C. perfringens isolates have been studied , and showed that all isolates (%100) have the ability to produce hemolysin, lecithinase, capsule, and spore, while 70% of the isolates produced DNAase.
Biomarkers of Allergic Asthma and their Association
with Serum Parameters
Authors: Shareef Suhayla H. , Amin Kawa
Published: January 2021

Background and objective: Asthma is not a single disease but, rather, a heterogeneous inflammatory disorder with various pathogenic mechanisms. A key element of severe asthma (SA) has been stated to be eosinophilic inflammation (EI). However, there is no serum biomarker that can reliably predict EI in SA. In this regard, the present study was carried out to evaluate the biomarkers of allergic asthma (AA), and their association with serum parameters.
Methods: The present cohort study consisted of 66 AA and 61 healthy controls (HC) from January 2017 to November 2018. Data on variables, like all types of leukocyte cells, total and specific serum IgE, ECP, tryptase, IL-18, CD-20, and FEV1 were obtained. For comparison between the unpaired variables, the Mann-Whitney U test, χ2 test, and Kruskal Wallis H test was used.
Results: Symptoms (cough, wheezes, dyspnea) and family history were found as significant indicators for AA (p less than 0.05). The AA and HC were significantly different in terms of blood and serum parameters (i.e., WBC, lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, total IgE, external counterpulsation (ECP), tryptase, IL-18, and CD-20) (p less than 0.05); therefore, these factors might be reliable indicators of AA. Also, most of the biomarkers were significantly correlated with the serum parameters, which reveal the reliability of these variables as indicators of AA.
Conclusion: All types of leukocyte cells were found as reliable biomarkers to diagnose AA patients from HC. Also, FEV1%, Total WBC, and serum total IgE, ECP, Tryptase, IL-18, and CD-20 were found as reliable biomarkers for the severity of AA.
Synthesis of Glibenclamide-Oxalic Acid Cocrystal using ThermalSolvent-Free Method
Authors: Budiman Arif , Megantara Sandra , Sholihah Rifaa’tush , Amin Saeful
Published: January 2021

Solubility is an important parameter affecting the bioavailability of drugs. The solubility of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) could be improved through the formation of cocrystal, which is a crystalline complex composed of two or more different molecules. Glibenclamide (GCM) is an API with poor solubility in water, which belongs to class II, characterized as highly permeable with low solubility. Therefore, this study aimed to synthesize and characterize the cocrystal of GCM-oxalic acid (OA) using the melting method. The interaction between GCM-OA complexes was predicted using the in silico method. Also, the cocrystal complexes were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared (IR) spectrophotometry, and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), as well as, through solubility and dissolution tests. The result showed that GCM and OA have the potential of forming cocrystal through the in silico method. Also, the cocrystal of GCM-OA with a molar ratio 1:2, significantly improved the solubility and dissolution profile of GCM. In addition, the spectrum IR of cocrystal exhibited a shifting peak at 1,700 cm-1 indicating the presence of intermolecular interaction between GCM and OA. Furthermore, the DSC and PXRD analyses showed a new single endothermic peak and new diffraction peak pattern, respectively, indicating the formation of a new crystalline component.
Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method using Photodiode Array or Diode-Array Detection Detector for simultaneous Estimation of the Amlodipine Besylate and Lisinopril in Fixed-Dose Formulation
Authors: Sharma Nitin , Verma Aarti , Sharma Rupali , Chauhan Jaishiv , Dahiya Meenakshi
Published: January 2021

A basic and specific HPLC-PDA (high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array) detector showing approach was created for the simultaneous estimation of anti-hypertensive medications—amlodipine besylate (AMD) and lisinopril (LIS). A successful chromatography method was developed using the SunFire C8 column (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 μm) with gradient elution of the mobile phase composed of 85:25 potassium dihydrogen phosphate in water and methanol at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. The wavelength was set at 212 nm for the simultaneous estimation of AMD and LIS. The retention time obtained was 5.1 and 10.5 minutes for AMD and LIS, respectively. Descriptive performance of the proposed HPLC methodology was measurably approved as for framework accuracy, linearity, robustness, specificity, precision, and forced degradation for identification and evaluation limits. The linearity range for AMD and LIS correlation coefficient value obtained was R2 andgt; 0.999. The drugs were exposed to forced degradation conditions—acidic, alkali, oxidation, etc. The newly developed reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was applied for the detection of the referred to anti-hypertensive medications in their combination pharmaceutical tablets.
A Review on Pharmaceutical Validation
Authors: Kakad Sudarshan Balasaheb , Kolhe Mahesh Hari , Dukre Tushar Pradip
Published: January 2021

Quality is the primordial intention of any industry and its products manufactured. Multiple views on obtaining such quality are the current interest in the pharmaceutical industry, and it has been maintained by validation. Validation is documented evidence that provides a high degree of assurance. Validation has become one of the pharmaceutical industries’ most recognized subjects. This article provides detailed information about pharmaceutical validation and its importance. Quality is always an imperative prerequisite when we consider the product. In this article, we discuss the types of validation, process validation, equipment validation, cleaning, and analytical method validation. Validation is the process that is used to confirm that the analytical procedure employed for a specific test is suitable for the intended use.
Análise da Influência do Teor de Argamassa nas Propriedades Mecânicas e Reológicas do Concreto Autoadensável
Authors: Barboza Lucas Silva , Oliveira Wállison Almeida de , De Souza Ligriarno Coutinho , Souza Diego Azevedo
Published: January 2021

As características essenciais do Concreto Autoadensável (CAA) são regidas principalmente pela pasta e pela argamassa. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a influência que o volume de argamassa exerce sobre o CAA. Para tal, foram elaboradas dosagens de concreto com volumes de argamassa de 57%, 61%, 65% e 69%. Empregou-se o método de Gomes (2002) no desenvolvimento das dosagens, o qual divide o concreto em duas fases: a pasta e o esqueleto granular. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que concretos produzidos com maiores volumes de argamassa são menos viscosos e têm melhor fluidez. A resistência inicial do concreto foi diretamente proporcional ao consumo de cimento, enquanto a taxa de ganho de resistência foi inversamente proporcional. O concreto que apresentou maior módulo de elasticidade foi aquele composto pelo menor volume de argamassa, enquanto a maior resistência foi obtida com teor de 61%. Portanto, o volume de argamassa exerceu influência significativa sobre o CAA.
STUDY OF THE KINETICS OF ENZYMATIC OXIDATION OF 2,3,6-TRIMETHYLPHENOL IN THE PRESENCE OF IMMOBILIZED PEROXIDASE
Authors: Гребенникова Ольга Валентиновна , Сульман Александрина Михайловна , Молчанов Владимир Петрович , Михайлова Елена Михайловна , Шкилева Ирина Павловна , Матвеева Валентина Геннадьевна
Published: January 2021

В работе изучался процесс окисления 2,3,6-триметилфенола в присутствии иммобилизованной пероксидазы корня хрена. В результате такого окисления был получен полупродукт витамина Е (2,3,5-триметилгидрохинон). Иммобилизация фермента проводилась на магнитные наночастицы, на SiO и AlO. Все исследованные биокатализаторы показали стабильную работу в процессе окисления 2,3,6-триметилфенола с помощью пероксида водорода. Таким образом, синтезированные биокаталитические ферментные системы могут успешно применяться в качестве альтернативных катализаторов окисления замещенных фенолов с целью получения биологически активных соединений класса витаминов.

We studied the oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol in the presence of immobilized horseradish root peroxidase. As a result of this oxidation, a semi-product of vitamin E (2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone) was obtained. The enzyme was immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles, on SiO and AlO. All the studied biocatalysts showed stable operation during the oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol using hydrogen peroxide. Thus, the synthesized biocatalytic enzyme systems can be successfully used as alternative catalysts for the oxidation of substituted phenols in order to obtain biologically active compounds of the vitamin class.