bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Power System Security
Authors: Bose Anjan , Tomsovic Kevin
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Security Assessment

Security Assessment Techniques

Conclusion
Power System State Estimation
Authors: Baran Mesut E. , Abur Ali
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Problem Formulation

WLS Estimator

Implementation Issues

BAD Data Processing

Numerically Stable Estimators

Alternative State Estimation Methods

New State Estimation Applications
Power System Transients
Authors: Kosterev Dmitry , Kolodziej Wojtek , Mohler Ronald
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Transient and Dynamic Stability Enhancement

August 10, 1996 WSCC System Outage
Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry
Authors: Horch Elliott
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Laser Speckle Interferometry

Stellar Speckle Interferometry

Electronic Imaging Devices Used in Speckle Interferometry

Speckle Interferometry Today
Life Testing
Authors: Hu Jimmy M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Types of Accelerated Testing

Accelerated Stresses

Life Estimation From Test Data

Life Inference Models for Accelerated Testing

Failure Mechanisms Analysis
Handbooks and Standards
Authors: Sitzwohl Mark , Jackson Margaret , Pecht Michael
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Definitions

Reliability Specifications

History of Reliability Specifications

Reliability Program ‘Specs’
Burn‐In and Screening
Authors: Block Henry W. , Savits Thomas H. , Mi Jie
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Terminology

Burn‐In Distributions

Performance Criteria

Cost Functions

General Optimization Result

Preservation Results

Burn‐In and Mixture Models

Eventual Monotonicity of Failure Rates of Mixtures
Robot Dynamics
Authors: Tosunoglu Sabri
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Robot Kinematics

Robot Dynamic Equations
Servomechanisms
Authors: Chang Michael , Davison Edward J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Notation

State‐Space Models

Dynamic Inversion of LTI Mimo Systems

Robust Control

The Servomechanism Problem

Adaptive Switching Control
Warehouse Automation
Authors: Singh Nanua
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Architecture for Automated Computer Control

Functions of Storage Systems and Definition of as/rs

As/Rs Components and Terminology

Why An As/Rs?

The Types of As/Rs

Design of As/Rs

Conclusions
Prosthetic Power Supplies
Authors: Djemouai Abdelouahab , Sawan Mohamad
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Principle of Prosthetic Power Supplies

Radio‐Frequency Power Transfer Using an Inductively Coupled Link

Main Inductively Coupled Link Approaches

Summary and Future Developments
Speaker Recognition
Authors: Campbell Joseph P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Motivation

Problem Formulation

Overview

Previous Work

Speech Processing

Feature Selection and Measures

Pattern Matching

Classification and Decision Theory

A New Speaker Recognition System

Performance
Speech Processing
Authors: O'Shaughnessy Douglas D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Speech Analysis

Speech Coding

Fundamental Frequency (F
0
) Estimation (Pitch Detectors)

Automatic Speech Recognition

Speaker Verification

Text‐To‐Speech Synthesis

Current Technology
Speech Production
Authors: Kent Ray D. , Weismer Gary
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Properties of Speech

The Linguistic‐Phonetic Structure of Speech

The Physical Structures of Human Speech Production

Levels of Observation in Studies of Speech Production

Acoustic Theory of Speech Production

The Intersection of Phonology, Speech Acoustics, and Speech Movements

Speech Aerodynamics and Obstruent Production

Theories of Speech Production: an Abstract
Analog Integrated Circuits
Authors: Payne Alison , Toumazou Christofer
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Amplifier Architectures

Transconductor–Capacitor Filters

Translinear Circuits

Switched‐Current Processing
Current‐Mode Logic
Authors: Sharaf K. M. , Elmasry M. I.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

CML Circuit Performance Estimation

Modeling and Optimization of CML

Analytical Delay Model of Two‐Level CML

High‐Current Effects

Model Verification

Model Applications
Junction Field Effect Transistors Circuits
Authors: Cesura Giovanni , Svelto Francesco
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Jfet Applications

Jfet‐Based Circuits

Jfets in High Frequency Communication Circuits

Precise Noise Measurements

Perspectives in Jfets
Gyrators
Authors: Frey Douglas R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Basics of Two‐Port Gyrators

Circuit Realizations for Gyrators

Filter Realization Using Gyrators

Advanced Topics
Integrated Injection Logic
Authors: Wainwright S. P. , Hall S. , Ashburn P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Realization of Integrated Injection Logic in Silicon Technology

Realization of Integrated Injection Logic in III/V Semiconductor Technology

Realization of Integrated Injection Logic in Silicon And Silicon Germanium

Conclusions
Semiconductor Process Modeling
Authors: Joppich Wolfgang , Mijalković Slobodan
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Physical Models

Discrete Models

Process Modeling and Simulation Tools

State of Technology and Future Trends
Thin Film Resistors
Authors: Collins F. M. , Anderson W. A. , Ma E. M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Historical Development

Design Concepts

Wafer‐Scale Fabrication

Materials

Finished Formats

Performance Characteristics

Summary of the Advantages of Thin Film, Integrated Resistor Construction

Nicr Thin Film Resistors

Tantalum Nitride Thin Film Resistors

Ruthenium Oxide Thin Film Resistors

Double‐Layer Ruo2/Ta2N Thin Film Resistors

Conclusion
Application Program Interfaces
Authors: Brustoloni José Carlos , Steenkiste Peter
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Data‐Passing Characterization

Control‐Passing Characterization

Examples

Data‐Passing Optimization

Control‐Passing Optimizations
Computational Linguistics
Authors: Popowich Fred
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Natural Language

Grammar Formalisms

Processing
Software Validation for Reliability
Authors: Schneidewind Norman F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Categories of Reliability Measurements and Predictions

Definitions

Criteria for Safety

Risk Assessment

Approach to Prediction

Predictive Equations

Criterion for Optimally Selecting Failure Data

Relating Testing to Reliability and Quality

Making Safety Decisions

Summary of Predictions and Model Validation
Geometric Programming
Authors: Peterson Elmor L. , Plenert Gerhard
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

An Elementary Example: the Optimal Design of a Power Line

Generalized Polynomials

Traditional Calculus and Numerical Approaches

The Geometric Programming Approach

Unconstrained Posynomial Minimization VIA Geometric Programming: The General Case

An Important Example: Entropy Optimization in Information Theory, Thermodynamics, and Statistical Mechanics
Program Testing
Authors: Howden William E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Goals and Methods

Theoretical Limits

Classification of Methods

Analysis Methods

Nonstatistical Testing Methods

Statistical Testing Methods

Adequacy and Completeness

Auxiliary Methods

Standards

Management
Software Performance Evaluation
Authors: Tiwari Vivek , Malik Sharad
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Components of Software Performance Evaluation

Classification of Software Performance Evaluation

Applications of Software Performance Evaluation

Methods for Software Performance Evaluation

Average Case Performance Analysis

Extreme Case Performance Analysis

Further Details on Modeling

Software Power Evaluation

Components of Software Power Evaluation

Applications of Software Power Evaluation

Power and Energy

Methods for Software Power Evaluation

Instructional Level Power Models

Software Power Estimating Methodology

Future Directions
Software Quality
Authors: Melo Walcélio L. , Lounís Hakim , Sahraoui Houari A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Related Work

Coupling of Modules

Empirical Validation of Coupling Measures

Fault‐Prone Predictive Models

Comparison Between Our Measures and Existing Measures

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
User Interface Management Systems
Authors: Myers Brad A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Definitions

Importance of User‐Interface Tools

Overview of User‐Interface Software Tools

Windowing Systems

Toolkits

Virtual Toolkits

Higher‐Level Tools

Technology Transfer

Evaluating User‐Interface Tools

Research Issues

Conclusion

Acknowledgment
Electron‐Beam Lithography
Authors: Grenon Brian J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Semiconductor Pattern Generation

Types of Electron‐Beam Lithography Systems

Scan Architecture

Pattern Generation

Electron‐Beam Resists and Processes

Electron‐Beam Resist Tone

Polymeric Resists
Focused Ion Beams in Semiconductor Manufacturing
Authors: Melngailis John , Swanson Lynwood W. , Thompson William
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Focused Ion‐Beam Machines

Fundamental Processes

Applications of Focused Ion Beams

Future Applications
Ion Implantation
Authors: Nanver Lis K. , Goudena Egbert J. G.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Applications of Ion Implantation

Implanted Impurity Distributions

Implantation Damage In Silicon

Junction Formation In Silicon

Masking and Patterning

Measurement Techniques for Characterization of Ion Implantations

Modeling and Simulation of Implantations

Ion Implantation Systems
Photolithography
Authors: Lucas Kevin D. , Henderson Clifford L. , Strojwas Andrzej J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Overview of Optical Lithography

Patterning Issues

Optical Lithography Extensions

Successors to Optical Lithography

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Diagnosis of Semiconductor Processes
Authors: Chang Norman , Lin Kuang‐Kuo
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

General Methods For Yield Improvement in Semiconductor Manufacturing

Monitoring and Diagnosis at The Unit Process and Equipment Level

Monitoring/DIagnosis at the Process Flow Level
Sputter Deposition
Authors: Williams N. M. , Cuomo J. J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Steps in Sputter Deposition

Aspects of Sputtering

Sputtering Techniques

Conclusion
Statistical Methods for Semiconductor Manufacturing
Authors: Boning Duane S. , Stefani Jerry , Butler Stephanie W.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Statistical Distributions

Hypothesis Testing

Experimental Design and Anova

Response Surface Methods

Categorical Modeling
Wafer‐Scale Integration
Authors: Tewksbury S. K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Foundations of Wafer‐Scale Integration

Defect and Fault Models

Architectural Approaches: Locally Correctable Cells

Global Reconfigurational Approaches

Technologies for Establishing Interconnections

Conclusion
Decision Analysis
Authors: Laskey Kathryn B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Preference Modeling

Option Generation

Uncertainty Modeling

Maximization of Subjective Expected Utility

Decision Trees and Influence Diagrams

Value of Information

Sensitivity Analysis and Model Criticism

Additional Issues in Decision Analysis
Human Machine Systems
Authors: Sheridan Thomas B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Problems of Human‐Machine Systems

Human Control: Emerging New Roles

Examples of Salient Human Machine Systems That are Undergoing Active Change

Methods of Human‐Machine Systems Engineering

Workload and Error

Social Implications of Modern Human‐Machine Interaction
System Requirements and Specifications
Authors: Palmer James D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Problems and Issues Concerning System Requirements and Specifications Development

System Requirements and Specifications Processes

Characteristics of System Requirements and Specifications That Influence The Process

Tool Support For Management of System Requirements and Specifications

Final Observations
Systems Reengineering
Authors: Sage Andrew P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Product Reengineering

Process Reengineering

Reengineering at The Level of Systems Management

Perspectives on Reengineering
Human Centered Design
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Design Objectives

Design Issues

Design Methodology

Naturalist Phase

Marketing Phase

Engineering Phase

Sales and Service Phase

Conclusions
Acousto‐Optical Signal Processing
Authors: Riza Nabeel A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Acousto‐Optical Device Model

Acousto‐Optical System Components and Issues

Optical Processing Techniques

Radio‐Frequency Spectrum Analysis Using Acousto‐Optical Devices

Acousto‐Optical Correlators

Acknowledgment
Kalman Filters
Authors: Kailath Thomas , Sayed Ali H. , Hassibi Babak
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Stochastic Estimation

The Innovations Process

The Standard State‐Space Model

The Kalman Filter

Steady‐State Behavior

Fast Algorithms For Time‐Invariant Systems

Array Algorithms

Smoothing Algorithms

Continuous‐Time State‐Space Filtering

Approximate Nonlinear Filtering

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgment
Multirate Filterbanks
Authors: Xia Xiang‐Gen
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Notations, Basic Building Blocks, and Their Properties

M‐Channel Multirate Filterbanks

Perfect Reconstruction Fir Multirate Filterbank Factorization and Construction

DFT and Cosine Modulated Filterbanks

Some Additional and Recent Research Topics
Seismic Signal Processing
Authors: Robinson Enders A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Wavelets

Spectral Analysis

The Stratified or Layered Model

General Convolutional Model

Seismic Migration

Velocity Analysis and Tomography

Seismic Data Interpretation

Conclusion
Spectral Analysis
Authors: Liu K. J. Ray , Liang Ying‐Chang
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Nonparametric Methods for Spectral Estimation

Parametric Methods for Rational Spectral Estimation

Parametric Methods for Sinusoidal Spectral Estimation

Applications To Time‐Varying Signal Spectral Analysis
Perceptions of Technology
Authors: Balabanian Norman
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Differing Views on Technology

Technological Determinism

Luddites and Luddism: Technophobia and Technophilia

Social Construction of Technology

Concluding Observations
Ultrasonic Physical Mechanisms and Chemical Effects
Authors: Suslick Kenneth S. , Matula Thomas J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Acoustic Cavitation

Two‐Site Model Of Sonochemical Reactivity

Microjet Formation During Cavitation At Liquid–Solid Interfaces

Sonoluminescence

Sonochemistry
Flow Techniques, Medical
Authors: Hein Ilmar A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Doppler Blood Flow Measurement

Time‐Domain Velocity Measurement

Contrast Agents

Experimental and Future Work
High Power Ultrasound
Authors: Gallego‐Juárez Juan A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Nonlinear Effects

Applications of High‐Power Ultrasound

Processing Systems, Parameters, and Standards
Industrial Measurement and Control
Authors: Bucci Giovanni , Fiorucci Edoardo , Landi Carmine
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Preliminary Remarks

Industrial Measurement Systems

Industrial Process Control

Software Tools
Color Graphics
Authors: Levkowitz Haim
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Human Color Vision and Perception

Color Organization and Modeling

Color Modeling In Computer Graphics

Application and Implementation

Challenges For The Future
Raster Graphics Architectures
Authors: Schneider Bengt‐Olaf
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History

Basic Raster Graphics Architecture

Parallel Raster Graphics Architectures

Special Purpose Raster Graphics Architectures
Windows Systems
Authors: Pavlidis Theo
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

User Requirements

System Overview

Window Managers, Servers, and Clients

Backing up Windows

Events or Messages

Components of Window Systems

Doing Graphics on Windows
Input Devices
Authors: Grinstein Georges , Trutschl Marjan
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Devices

Commonly Used Input Devices

Conclusions
Three‐Dimensional Displays
Authors: Wefer Fred L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Computer Graphics Rendering

Direct Volume Display Device Rendering

A Survey of Direct Volume Display Devices

COmputer Graphics Techniques

Conclusion
Dram Chips
Authors: Oshima Yoichi , Sheu Bing J. , Jen Steve H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Dram Memory Cell

Basic Dram System

Low‐Power Design Technology

High‐Throughput Dram Technology

Acknowledgments
Integrated Circuit Signal Delay
Authors: Kourtev Ivan S. , Friedman Eby G.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Background to Signal Delay

Delay Metrics

Devices and Interconnections

Impact of Dsm on Design Methodologies

Conclusions
Mobile Radio Channels
Authors: G. Vaughan Rodney
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Mobile Channel

Multipath Propagation Effects

Channel Model using Discrete Effective Scatterers

Statistical Basis of a Mobile Channel

The Two‐Path Model

Statistical Approach Using Two‐Path Model

MAny‐Path Model

Path Loss and the Mobile Channel
Mobile Telecommunications Standards
Authors: Patel Girish
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Mobile Communications Standards Organizations

Air Interface Standards

Network Standards

Regulation In The United States
Vehicular Electronics
Authors: Eren Halit , Longbottom Frank
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Power and Signal Management on Vehicles

Engine Management and Control

Transmission Control

Chassis Control Systems

Body Electronics

Recent Developments in Vehicle Electronics; Position and Route Determination
Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems
Authors: Zhao Yilin
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Subsystem Technologies

System Technologies

Conclusion
Pattern‐Transfer Fidelity in Soft Lithography: The Role of Pattern Density and Aspect Ratio
Authors: Lee T.‐W. , Mitrofanov O. , Hsu J. W. P.
Published: September 2005

Using high‐aspect‐ratio nanostructures fabricated via two‐photon laser‐scanning lithography, we examine the deformation of elastomeric stamps used in soft nanolithography and the fidelity of patterns and replicas made using these stamps. Two‐photon laser‐scanning lithography enables us to systematically regulate the aspect ratio and pattern density of the nanostructures by varying laser‐scanning parameters such as the intensity of the laser beam, the scanning speed, the focal depth inside the resist, and the scanning‐line spacing. Two commercially available stamp/mold materials with different moduli have been investigated. We find that the pattern‐transfer fidelity is strongly affected by the pattern density. In addition, we demonstrate that true three‐dimensional structures can be successfully replicated because of the flexible nature of elastomeric poly(dimethylsiloxane).
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Nanocrystalline MgO and Its Use as a Bacteriocide
Authors: Makhluf S. , Dror R. , Nitzan Y. , Abramovich Y. , Jelinek R. , Gedanken A.
Published: September 2005

Nanocrystalline particles of MgO were synthesized using microwave radiation in an ethylene glycol solution. The antibacterial activities of the MgO nanoparticles were tested by treating Escherichia coli (Gram negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) cultures with 1 mg mL–1 of the nanoparticles. We have examined the importance of the size effect, pH, and the form of the active MgO species as a bactericidal agent. A clear size dependence of the nanoparticles is observed where the amount of eradicated bacteria was strongly dependent on the particle size.
Organic Solid Solutions: Formation and Applications in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Shao Y. , Yang Y.
Published: September 2005

To enhance the performance of organic devices, doping and graded mixed‐layer structures, formed by co‐evaporation methods, have been extensively adopted in the formation of organic thin films. Among the criteria for selecting materials systems, much attention has been paid to the materials' energy‐band structure and carrier‐transport behavior. As a result, some other important characteristics may have been overlooked, such as material compatibility or solubility. In this paper, we propose a new doping method utilizing fused organic solid solutions (FOSSs) which are prepared via high‐pressure and high‐temperature processing. By preparing fused solid solutions of organic compounds, the stable materials systems can be selected for device fabrication. Furthermore, by using these FOSSs, doping concentration and uniformity can be precisely controlled using only one thermal source. As an example of application in organic thin films, high‐performance organic light‐emitting diodes with both single‐color and white‐light emission have been prepared using this new method. Compared to the traditional co‐evaporation method, a FOSS provides us with a more convenient way to optimize the doping system and fabricate relatively complicated organic devices.
Observation of a Chiral Smectic Phase in Azobenzene‐Linked Bolaamphiphiles Containing Free Sugars
Authors: Abraham S. , Paul S. , Narayan G. , Prasad S. K. , Rao D. S. S. , Jayaraman N. , Das S.
Published: September 2005

Amphiphilic sugars exhibit both lyotropic and thermotropic liquid‐crystalline behavior. Interestingly, in spite of the abundance of chiral centers in amphiphilic sugars, their liquid‐crystalline phases do not exhibit macroscopic chirality. Herein, we report on the first observation of macroscopic chirality in sugar‐based bolaamphiphiles containing free hydroxyl groups. The manifestation of the chiral smectic C* phase in these bolaamphiphiles has been observed to be critically dependent on the presence of the azobenzene moiety and the suitable length of the methylene spacer. These results imply that by suitable selection of linker groups, mesogenic bolaamphiphiles possessing macroscopic chirality can be designed using a variety of naturally available sugar derivatives.
Morphology of Polymer/Liquid‐Crystal Nanotubes: Influence of Confinement
Authors: Steinhart M. , Murano S. , Schaper A. K. , Ogawa T. , Tsuji M. , Gösele U. , Weder C. , Wendorff J. H.
Published: September 2005

Polymer/liquid‐crystal (LC) tubes consisting of an approximately 30 nm thick poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) layer on the outside and a 5 to 10 nm thick discotic liquid‐crystalline layer on the inside of the tube walls have been prepared by wetting ordered porous alumina templates with a pore diameter of 400 nm. Decreasing the pore diameter to 60 nm results in a confinement‐induced transition from a wetting state to a non‐wetting state, and solid rods with a sequential morphology are obtained. The texture of the mesophase depends on the morphology type and the thermal history. Under certain conditions the LC mesophase exhibits a dominant, well‐ordered planar texture where the discotic columns are aligned with the long axes of the tubes. The controlled generation of one‐dimensional nano‐objects possessing mesoscopic fine structures and intrinsic anisotropy should be the first step towards a rational design of miniaturized building blocks.
Fabrication of Thermoresponsive Plasmonic Microspheres with Long‐Term Stability from Hydrogel Spheres
Authors: Kuang M. , Wang D. , Möhwald H.
Published: September 2005

Gold nanoparticles have been incorporated with high efficiency into thermoresponsive hydrogel spheres, due to the suitable relationship of the nanoparticles and pore sizes given by the gel network. The hydrogel loaded with nanoparticles remains thermoresponsive, and the loaded gold nanoparticles exhibit little aggregation as detected by plasmon resonance, and are reversibly sensitive to the refractive index and temperature of the surrounding media. The layer‐by‐layer growth of polyelectrolyte multilayers on the composite spheres has also been demonstrated. These thermoresponsive plasmonic microspheres are appealing for application in biological assays.
Holographic Gratings in Diblock Copolymers with Azobenzene and Mesogenic Side Groups in the Photoaddressable Dispersed Phase
Authors: Häckel M. , Kador L. , Kropp D. , Frenz C. , Schmidt H.‐W.
Published: September 2005

Diblock copolymers, consisting of a photoaddressable mesogen‐containing dispersed phase and a polystyrene matrix, have been synthesized and characterized as holographic data storage materials. The photoaddressable phase contains p‐methoxy‐substituted azobenzene side groups and benzoylbiphenyl mesogenic side groups in a statistical distribution. Three‐ring mesogenic groups in combination with photoaddressable azobenzene side groups have been introduced for the first time in block copolymers in order to increase the local refractive‐index difference between illuminated and non‐illuminated volume elements, as well as to improve the stability of the orientation, while, at the same time, decreasing the optical density. To this end, a series of block copolymers with different azobenzene/mesogen ratios have been synthesized. The light‐induced reorientation dynamics of the chromophores and mesogens and the long‐term stability of the orientation have been studied with volume holographic measurements. A remarkable increase in stability of the holographic gratings has been achieved.
Thermally Stable, Efficient Polymer Solar Cells with Nanoscale Control of the Interpenetrating Network Morphology
Authors: Ma W. , Yang C. , Gong X. , Lee K. , Heeger A. J.
Published: September 2005

By applying the specific fabrication conditions summarized in the Experimental section and post‐production annealing at 150 °C, polymer solar cells with power‐conversion efficiency approaching 5 % are demonstrated. These devices exhibit remarkable thermal stability. We attribute the improved performance to changes in the bulk heterojunction material induced by thermal annealing. The improved nanoscale morphology, the increased crystallinity of the semiconducting polymer, and the improved contact to the electron‐collecting electrode facilitate charge generation, charge transport to, and charge collection at the electrodes, thereby enhancing the device efficiency by lowering the series resistance of the polymer solar cells.
Interfacial convection during evaporation of binary mixtures from porous obstacles
Authors: Post S. , Urukova I. , Tsotsas E.
Published: September 2005

A novel experimental approach is proposed to investigate the influence of interfacial convection on liquid‐side mass transfer. Specifically, a binary liquid mixture (water and isopropanol) is evaporated from a porous obstacle into inert gas (air). The change of liquid bulk molar fraction with changing amount of liquid (concentration curve) is observed. The porous obstacle is a plate with parallel planar gaps, or a packed bed of spherical particles, both completely filled with the liquid. Without interfacial convection, that is, for the undisturbed state of the system, the liquid is quiescent and evaporation should be nonselective. Consequently, measured selectivities not only prove the existence of interfacial convection, but also give the opportunity of evaluating liquid‐side mass transfer coefficients and enhancement factors for the disturbed state of the system. This evaluation is conducted with the help of a one‐dimensional model for mass and heat transfer. If applied to the undisturbed state of the system, the same model provides driving density and molar fraction differences in the form of Rayleigh and Marangoni numbers. It is shown that the extent of interfacial convection can be controlled by operating parameters such as the gas bulk temperature, whereas it also depends on structural parameters such as gap width or particle diameter. Thermally driven and molar fraction driven Rayleigh and Marangoni convection may coexist. With the described method much higher enhancement factors than ever previously reported could be detected. The dependency of such enhancement factors on the Rayleigh or Marangoni number is considerably stronger than reported in the literature. Some aspects concerning the consideration of liquid‐side heat transfer or permeability and structure of the medium are discussed, and nonselective experiments corresponding to stable configurations are identified. First attempts toward correlation of the results are outlined, along with the potential of the method for future research. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Curvature dependency of surface tension in multicomponent systems
Authors: Santiso Erik , Firoozabadi Abbas
Published: September 2005

The effect of curvature on the surface tension of droplets and bubbles in both single and multicomponent systems is modeled using the basic equations from classical thermodynamics. The three expressions used in our work are the Gibbs adsorption equation for multicomponent systems, the relation between the surface tension at the surface of tension and the distance parameter δ, and the Macleod–Sugden equation for surface tension and its extension to multicomponent systems. The Peng–Robinson equation of state is used to describe the bulk phases. We also assume that the surface tension expression remains valid in terms of the properties of the bulk phases for both flat and curved interfaces. For a flat surface we have developed a rigorous thermodynamics approach for the calculation of the Tolman distance parameter. For curved surfaces, the results from our model reveal a decrease in surface tension with curvature in bubbles and a nonmonotonic behavior in droplets for single‐component systems. Our predictions are in good agreement with the literature results when the interface is described using the framework of the density functional theory by three different groups. For multicomponent systems, the results show that the surface tension in a bubble, although monotonic with curvature, can increase or decrease in a large bubble depending on the temperature and composition of the mixture. In a droplet, the surface tension can have a nonmonotonic behavior similar to that of single‐component systems. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Low‐order models for catalyst particles: A dynamic effectiveness factor approach
Authors: Álvarez‐Ramírez José , Valdés‐Parada Francisco J. , Ochoa‐Tapia J. Alberto
Published: August 2005

Models for heterogeneous reactors are composed of distributed parameter ordinary and partial differential equations to describe balances both for a fluid and a catalyst particle. For steady‐state conditions, the effectiveness factor (EF) approach has been primarily used to reduce the model dimensionality, which yields an important computational effort during reactor design stages. The idea behind EF is to express the reaction rate in a catalyst particle by its rate under surface/bulk conditions multiplied by the EF. As a consequence, only few arithmetic operations to obtain the catalyst particle total reaction rate have to be made, avoiding in this form repeated solutions of the more sophisticated distributed parameter model. The aim of this paper is to extend the EF approach to obtain a simple model for the dynamics of the catalyst particle total reaction rate. As a preliminary step, a Laplace domain approach is used to introduce a dynamic EF (DEF) concept as a linear operator that transforms reaction rate signals from surface/bulk to catalyst particle conditions. It is shown that the DEF becomes the transfer function of a model governing the dynamics of the catalyst particle reaction rate. However, the resulting transfer function is infinite‐dimensional. This implies that, contrary to the steady‐state case, an exact simple modeling of the reaction rate dynamics is not possible. An approach to obtain low‐order models, based on an approximate model matching, is proposed. For a first‐order model, the time constant is computed for common particle geometries showing its dependency with the Thiele modulus. In fact, the results show that the (dominant) time constant is a decreasing function of the Thiele modulus. In this form, the faster the chemical reaction dynamics, the faster the reaction–diffusion catalyst particle dynamics. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Interpolated controllers for the robust transition control of a class of reactors
Authors: Fernández‐Anaya Guillermo , Flores‐Tlacuahuac Antonio
Published: September 2005

Two new theoretical results about interpolated controllers for the transition control and simultaneous stabilization of single input‐single output plants with variable operating conditions are shown; recent results are generalized for interpolated controllers. On the basis of these results, an application to the closed‐loop transition control of a continuous stirred‐tank reactor, where a single exothermic reaction takes place, is presented. A comparison with simple PI controllers is made. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Myeloprotective effect of short‐course high‐dose methylprednisolone treatment before consolidation therapy in children with acute myeloblastic leukemia
Authors: Elmas Selin Aytaç , Çetin Mualla , Tuncer Murat , Hiçsönmez Gönül
Published: September 2005

In our previous studies, short‐course high‐dose methylprednisolone (HDMP) has been shown to shorten the chemotherapy‐induced neutropenic period by stimulating the CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells in children with acute leukemia. In this study, we investigate the role of short‐course HDMP on induction of a myeloprotective effect when administered before consolidation therapy consisting of high‐dose cytosine arabinoside and daunorubicin. Thirty‐four consecutive newly diagnosed children with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) who received 64 courses of consolidation regimen were entered into the study. The patients received HDMP (group A) at a daily dose of 30 mg/kg methylprednisolone starting 4 days before the initiation of consolidation therapy. The control group did not receive HDMP (group B). There were no differences in the white blood cell (WBC) and absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) between group A (at day –4) and group B (at day 0) at the beginning of the study (medians: 3 × 109/L vs. 3.2 × 109/L and 1.5 × 109/L vs. 1.7 × 109/L, respectively). The WBC count increased significantly from 3 × 109/L to 6.4 × 109/L, and ANC increased from 1.5 × 109/L to 3.9 × 109/L after 4 days of HDMP treatment in group A (P < 0.01). Following high‐dose chemotherapy, the median values of WBC and ANC also remained higher than the control values during the 16 days of the follow‐up period. The neutropenic period was significantly shorter in the HDMP group than in the control group (9 ± 5.2 days vs. 22 ± 4.7 days) (P < 0.05). The duration of hospitalization and the interval between two chemotherapy cycles were significantly decreased in group A when compared group B (9 ± 2.7 vs. 14 ± 2.7 days; 22 ± 4.7 vs. 26 ± 4.2 days, respectively) (P < 0.05). Moreover, following consolidation therapy, the number of patients with ANC values below 0.5 × 109/L was lower in group A when compared the group B. In conclusion, the administration of short‐course (4 days) HDMP before high‐dose chemotherapy has been found to be beneficial for reducing the duration and severity of neutropenia. Further studies with short‐course HDMP are required to evaluate its myeloprotective effects in patients with other malignancies. Am. J. Hematol. 80:1–5, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Late‐onset pulmonary arterial hypertension in association with graft‐versus‐host disease after allogeneic stem‐cell transplantation
Authors: Grigg Andrew , Buchanan Malcolm , Whitford Helen
Published: September 2005

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has been reported only rarely after allografting. Cases have all been in young patients, occurred within 6 months of transplant and been attributed to direct toxicity of chemoradiotherapy on the pulmonary vasculature. This case describes the late onset of PAH in a 36‐year‐old woman on a background of acute and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD). Open lung biopsy demonstrated medial hypertrophy and intimal proliferation in small pulmonary arteries and arterioles, with no evidence of secondary causes such as thromboembolism, vasculitis, interstitial lung disease, or obliterative bronchiolitis. Therapy with bosentan produced symptomatic improvement. While the possibility of coincidental “idiopathic” PAH cannot be excluded, the clinical context suggests that pulmonary vessels may be a target for GVHD post‐allograft. Am. J. Hematol. 80:38–42, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acquired hemophilia A: A concise review
Authors: Franchini Massimo , Gandini Giorgio , Di Paolantonio Tiziana , Mariani Guglielmo
Published: September 2005

Acquired hemophilia A is a rare but severe autoimmune bleeding disorder. It is more frequent in the elderly and results from the presence of autoantibodies directed against clotting factor VIII. In this review, we briefly report on the present state of knowledge regarding acquired hemophilia A, analyzing its epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic, and clinical features. We also describe the main characteristics of this disorder according to its association with different conditions and the most important advances in the treatment of bleeding episodes and the eradication of the autoantibody. Am. J. Hematol. 80:55–63, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytotoxic T‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thyroid gland
Authors: Okamoto Akio , Namura Kyoko , Uchiyama Hitoji , Kajita Yoshihiro , Inaba Tohru , Nakamura Shigeo , Shimazaki Chihiro
Published: September 2005

An 86‐year‐old female was diagnosed with peripheral T‐cell lymphoma, unspecified, which affected only her thyroid gland. Lymphoma cells were TIA‐1+, suggesting cytotoxic T‐cell origin. She had not suffered from autoimmune thyroiditis and showed normal thyroid function. Without any specific therapies, the lymphomatous lesion showed the partial spontaneous regression before diagnostic hemithyroidectomy, and she had been well for 2 years without relapse. This is the first case of primary thyroid lymphoma of cytotoxic T‐cell origin that showed spontaneous regression. Am. J. Hematol. 80:77–78, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between adverse pregnancy outcomes and maternal factor V G1691A (Leiden) and prothrombin G20210A genotypes in women with a history of recurrent idiopathic miscarriages
Authors: Mahjoub Touhami , Mtiraoui Nabil , Tamim Hala , Hizem Sondes , Finan Ramzi R. , Nsiri Brahim , Almawi Wassim Y.
Published: September 2005

Thrombophilia was implicated in the development of pregnancy complications, including recurrent idiopathic pregnancy loss, and is aggravated in women who are carriers of factor V G1691A (FV Leiden) and prothrombin (PRT) G20210A single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Previous studies examined the role of FV‐Leiden and PRT G20210A in recurrent pregnancy loss with conflicting results. Here we examined the prevalence of FV Leiden&!rpar; and PRT G20210A SNPs, in 200 women with 3 or more consecutive early (n = 87), late (n = 41), or early–late (n = 72) recurrent pregnancy losses, and 200 age‐matched fertile parous control women. APC resistance (APCR) was detected functionally (measuring the activated clotting time triggered by activated factor X in presence of a fixed amount of purified APC), and FV‐Leiden and PRT G20210A genotypes were assessed by PCR. The frequency of the mutant FV (0.1400 vs. 0.0276; P < 0.001) but not PRT 20210 (0.0100 vs. 0.0225; P = 0.159) allele was higher in patients than controls, respectively. APC resistance with factor V Leiden was seen in 27% of patients compared to 11.5% of controls, while APC resistance without factor V Leiden was seen in 12.5% of patients compared to 9.5% of controls. Regression analysis demonstrated that the significant predictors for early abortion was FV Leiden; those for late abortion were oral contraceptive, APCR, and FV Leiden; and predictors for early–late abortions were oral contraceptives, obesity, FV Leiden, and smoking. APC resistance and FV Leiden, as well as combination of both, are common thrombotic defects seen in women with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss, thus testing for these is recommended in women who have experienced recurrent miscarriages. Am. J. Hematol. 80:12–19, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CPR's second European business mediation congress sets next month's agenda
Authors: Bleemer Russ
Published: September 2005

The agenda for CPR's Second European Business Mediation Congress; CPR President Thomas J. Stipanowich co‐authors a new book, and more.
Replacing the mediator orientation grids, again: Proposing a ‘new new grid system’
Authors: Riskin Leonard L.
Published: September 2005

The mediation profession's standard for assessment is revised, updated and—maybe—finalized. Leonard L. Riskin, of Columbia, Mo., who debuted his “Mediator Orientation Grid” in these pages a decade ago, revisits his process tool, which has now grown into a “New New Grid System.”.
Titelbild: Ein T‐förmiger Platin(II)borylkomplex als Vorstufe für einen Platinkomplex mit einem basenstabilisierten Borylenliganden (Angew. Chem. 35/2005)
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Radacki Krzysztof , Rais Daniela , Scheschkewitz David
Published: September 2005

T‐förmige Platinkomplexe werden aufgrund des großen trans‐Einflusses des Ferrocenyl(bromo)borylliganden erhalten. Bei Zugabe von 4‐Methylpyridin zum Platin(II)borylkomplex (siehe Bild) wird das Bromidion vom Boratom abgespalten, wobei ein kationischer Platinkomplex mit einem 4‐Methylpyridin‐stabilisierten Borylenliganden entsteht (rechts unten). Mehr dazu erfahren Sie in der Zuschrift von H. Braunschweig et al. auf S. 5796 ff.
Analysis of the query logs of a Web site search engine
Authors: Chau Michael , Fang Xiao , Liu Sheng Olivia R.
Published: August 2005

A large number of studies have investigated the transaction log of general‐purpose search engines such as Excite and AltaVista, but few studies have reported on the analysis of search logs for search engines that are limited to particular Web sites, namely, Web site search engines. In this article, we report our research on analyzing the search logs of the search engine of the Utah state government Web site. Our results show that some statistics, such as the number of search terms per query, of Web users are the same for general‐purpose search engines and Web site search engines, but others, such as the search topics and the terms used, are considerably different. Possible reasons for the differences include the focused domain of Web site search engines and users' different information needs. The findings are useful for Web site developers to improve the performance of their services provided on the Web and for researchers to conduct further research in this area. The analysis also can be applied in e‐government research by investigating how information should be delivered to users in government Web sites.
Metric for Web accessibility evaluation
Authors: Parmanto Bambang , Zeng Xiaoming
Published: August 2005

A novel metric for quantitatively measuring the content accessibility of the Web for persons with disabilities is proposed. The metric is based on the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) checkpoints, an internationally accepted standard, that can be automatically tested using computer programs. Problems with current accessibility evaluation and the need for a good Web accessibility metric are discussed. The proposed metric is intended to overcome the deficiencies of the current measurements used in Web accessibility studies. The proposed metric meets the requirements as a measurement for scientific research. Examples of large‐scale Web accessibility evaluations using the metric are given. The examples cover a comparison of Web accessibility of top medical journal Web sites and a longitudinal study of a Web site over time. The validity of the metric was tested using a large number of Web sites with different levels of compliance (rating categories) to the standard WCAG. The metric, which uses a predetermined simple weighting scheme, compares well to the more complex C5.0 machine learning algorithm in separating Web sites into different rating categories.
The reality of media preferences: Do professional groups vary in awareness?
Authors: Stefl‐Mabry Joette
Published: August 2005

This study is based on earlier research by the author that employed social judgment analysis (SJA; J. Stefl‐Mabry, 2001, 2003) to identify the information judgment preferences held by professional groups. This study explores the extent to which individuals, professional groups, and subgroups are self‐aware of their judgment profiles. Three specialized groups of professionals—law enforcement, medicine, and education—were chosen to determine if preference profiles cluster around professions or around demographic and other background variables. As the proliferation of data continues to increase, the need to understand users' media preference and selection decisions is of tremendous value to every industry, governmental agency, and institution of learning. In 1966, H. Menzel first raised concern about the reliability of users' to self‐assess, and scientists continue to explore the issue of competency in human judgment. To understand the reliability of users' self‐assessment regarding media preferences, this study examines the extent to which individuals and groups are self‐aware of the empirical judgment profiles they employ in evaluating information source scenarios. This investigation explores the congruence of three groups of professionals' self‐reported media preferences as compared to their empirical judgment values, as defined by social judgment analysis.
Predicting reading difficulty with statistical language models
Authors: Collins‐Thompson Kevyn , Callan Jamie
Published: September 2005

A potentially useful feature of information retrieval systems for students is the ability to identify documents that not only are relevant to the query but also match the student's reading level. Manually obtaining an estimate of reading difficulty for each document is not feasible for very large collections, so we require an automated technique. Traditional readability measures, such as the widely used Flesch‐Kincaid measure, are simple to apply but perform poorly on Web pages and other nontraditional documents. This work focuses on building a broadly applicable statistical model of text for different reading levels that works for a wide range of documents. To do this, we recast the well‐studied problem of readability in terms of text categorization and use straightforward techniques from statistical language modeling. We show that with a modified form of text categorization, it is possible to build generally applicable classifiers with relatively little training data. We apply this method to the problem of classifying Web pages according to their reading difficulty level and show that by using a mixture model to interpolate evidence of a word's frequency across grades, it is possible to build a classifier that achieves an average root mean squared error of between one and two grade levels for 9 of 12 grades. Such classifiers have very efficient implementations and can be applied in many different scenarios. The models can be varied to focus on smaller or larger grade ranges or easily retrained for a variety of tasks or populations.