bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Video-Viewing Tasks for Language Teacher Education
Authors: Lewis Marilyn , Anping He
Published: March 2007

Two teacher educators experimented with the design of video-viewing tasks for language teachers. These were used and evaluated with teachers on in-service courses in Shenzhen, China. Drawing on current theories of language analysis and of task design for teacher education they developed, used and evaluated a series of tasks with different groups of teachers in China. They found that the action research cycle of task development, presentation and evaluation led to more focussed and therefore more useful activities. Finally they draw a number of conclusions about the use of authentic classroom data to guide teachers, thinking while viewing, including details of task design
Designing a Task-Based Syllabus
Authors: Ellis Rod
Published: March 2007

This article presents a framework for designing a task-based course based on a distinction between unfocused and focused tasks. Various criteria for sequencing tasks in terms of complexity are identified and discussed. These criteria relate to task input, to task conditions, to the process of performing a task and to task outcomes. While it is recognized that the criteria cannot be applied to task sequencing algorithmically, it is argued that they should inform intuitive decisions about the design of task-based syllabuses. The article also considers two approaches to incorporating a focus on form into a task-based syllabus. In an integrated approach, content-obligatory and content-compatible language forms are identified for each task. In a modu lar approach, the syllabus is conceived of as two separate modules, one consisting of unfocused tasks and the other utilizing a traditional structural syllabus taught through a focus-on-forms approach and/or through focused tasks.
Miscue Analysis in an Esl Context
Authors: Tatlonghari Melchor A.
Published: March 2007

There are very few available studies on the qualitative des cription of the oral reading behaviour of second language learners of English particularly in Southeast Asia. In this study the investigator attempted to apply Goodman's miscue analysis in describing the oral reading performance in English of selected Filipino fourth grade pupils. The findings reveal that although the Subjects (Ss) have limited background in English, they seem to process the printed page in the same way as the native speakers of English do.
High Cognitive Questions in Nns Group Classroom Discussion: Do They Facilitate Comprehension and Production of the Foreign Language?
Authors: Alcón Eva Guzman
Published: March 2007

This article is based on a study which attempted to examine the use of high cognitive questions in non-native student group classroom discussions. The main purpose of the study was to determine if higher frequency of high cognitive questions in NNS group classroom discussions had an effect on foreign language learning. Two groups of non-native Spanish students and four non-native English teachers participated. One of the groups was trained in incorporating high cognitive questions in student- student discussions; the other group was not provided with training. After the training, both groups listened to a narrative told by the non-native teacher,discussed it, and then summarized the story they had heard. Results indicated that the training group asked more high cognitive questions than the control group. The quantity of verbal interaction was not different between the groups, but the understanding and written production of the foreign language was higher in the treatment group than in the control group. The higher achievement in the training group indicates that the use of high cognitive questions, demonstrated and adopted in NNS group classroom discussion, promotes the kind of verbal interaction which facilitates comprehension and written production of the foreign language.
Evaluating Narrative Essays: a Discourse Analysis Perspective
Authors: Wu Siew-Mei
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a case study of the use of a narrative discourse model (Labov and Waletzky 1967) to provide a more objective assessment of two ESL compositions. The model allows a clause by clause analysis to demonstrate the discourse function of each clause within the narratives. A comparative analysis which describes the overall narrative structures of the two stories is also presented. The evaluation of the narrative quality of the essays using the model as a guide seems to be consistent with the impressionistic marks awarded by the ESL teacher. Research has shown that the quality of a text is enhanced by grammatical patterns within the sentence as well as patterns of discourse organisation beyond the sentence. Various studies also suggest that the conventional ESL writing class, which emphasises mainly intra-sentential skills may not address the students' lack of organisational skills in a piece of discourse (Mohan and Loh 1985, Clayton and Klainin 1994). Thus, insights from discourse analysis research can provide the writing teacher with ideas for a more discourse oriented approach in the classroom.
Hong Kong Tertiary Students' Attitudes and Proficiency in Spoken English
Authors: Littlewood William , Liu Ngar-Fun , Yu Christine
Published: March 2007

As a basis for making pedagogical decisions within a learner-based framework, teachers need information about the experiences and perceptions which learners bring to the classroom. This article reports and discusses some of the information gathered by the LEAP Project at the University of Hong Kong about the English learning experiences, proficiency and perceptions of students entering tertiary education in Hong Kong. The article focuses on students' oral English.

The investigation reveals that students who enter tertiary education in Hong Kong have grown accustomed to passive speech roles in class and had limited experience of speaking. Lack of practice often leads to low confidence in their own ability and a sense of unease, especially when engaging in unplanned speech. Nonetheless students express strong preferences for active speaking roles in class. A two-folded strategy is needed. In their English classes, students need many more opportunities to activate their language and gain experience in using it for spontaneous communication. At the same time, in all classes, students need to gain experience of active methods of learning, so that they can adopt the active, questioning role which is appropriate for tertiary level learning and required for success in the modem world.
Textual Patterns in Teachers' Eliciting
Authors: Todd Richard Watson
Published: March 2007

Previous investigations of classroom discourse have focussed at the level of exchange or below and ignored larger-scale aspects of discourse. This paper presents a framework for analysing discourse at the level of exchange and above. The analysis, based in semantics, uses logic to provide an objective description of the discourse. By logically identifying the levels of specificity in the discourse, textual patterns of the transaction can be found. A sample analysis of a teacher's eliciting is presented to show how to use logical analysis and the value of finding textual patterns.
Competing Criteria in the Comprehensibility of Interlanguage Texts: Order of Information Versus Discourse Miscues
Authors: Green Christopher F.
Published: March 2007

This paper sets out to test two compering criteria in judgments of the comprehensibility of second language written discourse: the sequencing of information, and the incorporation of appropriate discourse cueing devices The data for this study were derived from Chinese subjects writing argumentative discourse in English In terms of information sequencing, research suggests that Chinese writers of English exhibit a marked tendency to delay the announcement of discourse topic and, in so doing, violate the requirement in English writing for the early statement of topic The relationship between information sequencing and text comprehensibility is made more opaque by the frequent failure of learners to incorporate in their writing appropriate cueing devices (logical connection, reference, tense and aspect and so forth) to guide the reader through the argument In order to investigate the relative importance of order of information vis a vis miscues on perceptions of text comprehensibility, a number of short (student-generated) texts were each manipulated into four versions: original text, miscues intact/order of information rendered linear, miscues corrected/original order of information, miscues corrected/order of information rendered linear The versions were then rated for clarity by fifty English native-speaker university teachers of content subjects. The findings indicate that the overall effect of miscues is perceived to be a more important contributing factor to text comprehensibility than the ordering of information
The Reflective Assignment: Unlocking Pre-Service English Teachers' Beliefs On Grammar Teaching
Authors: Farrell Thomas S.C.
Published: March 2007

Recently, there has been a call for teacher education programs to acknowledge student teachers' prior knowledge and personal understandings as having an influential role in developing them as teachers. This is important because in many countries around the world, the method of teaching English has changed over the years from an emphasis on overt grammar instruction in the past to a more communicative approach in recent times. However, many pre-service teachers have been educated in English by traditional methods of drill and memorization of grammar rules. So there can be a mismatch between what the students have learned in the past and what they are presented in the teacher education program. An important question then arises as to how these prior experiences, often tacit, can be made more conscious and integrated into the curriculum. This paper shows how pre-service teachers' beliefs in Singapore were unlocked by the use of a three-part reflective assignment. The paper starts with a brief discussion of teachers' beliefs. Next, the study is outlined, including the course, the assignment and the student teachers' past experiences. Finally, the student teachers' reflections of their actual teaching experiences are outlined and discussed.
Modèles institutionnels de la gestion du croire dans la sphère catholique
Authors: PALARD Jacques
Published: March 2007

The diachronic analysis of the institutional administration of belief—in a spatio-temporal context too limited to permit any attempt whatsoever at generalization—allows us to distinguish three models which differ principally with regard to the relations that they institute between religious authority and believers: the model of unanimity, markedly hierarchical and quite territorial; the pluralistic model, characterized by a high degree of organizational segmentation and by a very militant attitude; the governance model, which results from the implementation of a synod-based direction along with a process of declericalization.
Between Orthodoxy and Eclecticism: on the Religious Transformations of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine
Authors: BOROWIK Irena
Published: March 2007

Dissolution of the Soviet Union and the collapse of communism brought a radical change in the position of religion in countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The legal position of the Churches changed to a model recognizing freedom of religion as a basic human right. Under these conditions in Eastern Europe, where the dominant religion was Orthodoxy, people moved towards that religion. The number of those who declared their belief in God and their adherence to the Orthodox tradition rose as dramatically as the number of atheists under communist persecution of religion. However, the nature of this religious revival, and the meaning of the “return” to Orthodoxy and being Orthodox, are unclear because the religiosity of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarussians also includes elements of New Age spirituality. Commitment to the Church, and the level of religious practice, are as low as in the most secularized Western European societies. Thus the author claims that, paradoxically, the picture of religiosity in countries where atheism was imposed for so many years is quite similar to that in countries where secularization has developed spontaneously.
Patterns of social mobility among American Catholics
Authors: Kosa J.
Published: March 2007

Entre 1820 et 1920, l'afflux constant d'immigrants catholiques venant des pays plus ruraux ou plus pau vres d'Europe empêcha constamment le relèvement du statut socio-économique des catholiques aux Etats-Unis. Les limitations apportées à l'immigration depuis lors ont levé l'obstacle majeur. L'élévation générale du niveau de vie ainsi que l'accroissement de la proportion des salariés dans la société américaine, où protestants et catholiques se retrouvaient sur pied d'égalité, ont progressivement amélioré les choses. Aujourd'hui, la répartition des catholiques entre les diverses strates sociales est bien près de ressembler point par point à celle des protestants. L'échantillon servant de base à cette étude, pris dans deux collèges de New York, montre précisément l'accélération de la mobilité sociale chez les catholiques. Cette situation nouvelle, en chan geant le statut des catholiques aux Etats-Unis, n'ira pas sans modifier considérablement l'ensemble des pro blèmes et, par là, obligera l'Eglise à certaines modifi cations de sa pastorale à l'intérieur de la société américaine.
Recent developments in the sociology of religion in England and Wales
Authors: Brothers J.B.
Published: March 2007

Quoique en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles les études empiriques de la religion datent du XIXe siècle et qu'un grand nombre d'enquetes restreintes aient ete exécutées, il n'existe à l'heure actuelle encore que quelques projets d'étude plus vastes. II manque à la fois des relevés statistiques extensifs et des enquetes intensives. L'auteur met en lumière les principales tendances, y compns les quelques etudes qui mentionnent la religion comme facteur de l'environnement social et celles qui s'intéressent a l'organisation religieuse de communautés particulières. Enfin, elle suggère les voies pour un développement possible de l'étude de la religion dans la Grande-Bretagne d'aujourd'hui.
The problems of the female religious congregations: some force- lines for sociological research
Authors: Santy H.
Published: March 2007

Le matériel qui a servi de base à cet article provient d'une recherche menée auprès d'une congrégation de religieuses.

Nous avons tenté d'établir une comparaison entre la manière dont les religieuses envisagent leur tâche d'éducation et de service socio-médical et les normes et attitudes vis-à-vis du travail telles que les difinit 'le monde'. Nous avons constaté d'importantes diffgrences.

Le second point qui pose problème et que nous tentons de décrire est la manière d'envisager l'éducation et le service socio-médical dans une optique d'apostolat. Historiquement on a assisté à l'intérieur même de ces oeuvres à une évolution dans la relation religieuse—client (élève, malade etc.), celle-ci passant de relation apostolique à relation de service; persister à considérer ce travail comme 'apostolique' revient à créer, selon nous, des conflits psychologiques chez les religieuses.

En troisième lieu, des conflits peuvent découler du fait que les mêmes personnes, après avoir travaillé ensemble, rentrent vivre ensemble.

Le quatrième domaine qui pose sans doute pas mal de problèmes, et donc des possibilités de recherche approfondie, est celui de l'identité religieuse des congrégations.

Enfin, dernier point soulevé ici, la position d'infériorité de la femme dans l'Eglise, qui a d'énormes répercussions sur la problematique des congréga tions. Il est nécessaire d'en tenir compte dans une recherche sociologique portant sur des congrégations.
Amour, Sexualité et Religion
Authors: De Neuter Patrick
Published: March 2007

From among the findings of a research study using questionnaires and Image Apperception Tests the author selected data on the interrelationship between love-sexuality and religion. First of all he accounts for the possibility of a love relationship being experienced as a path to a relationship with God and indicates various forms this latter may take. This religious value of the love relationship is studied by referring it to that of other existential situations as well as to other values the subjects attribute to the love relationship. Secondly, he establishes two groups relative to belief — high and low. He then compares how these two groups give play to their imagination concerning the love relationship and the accompanying attitudes and behaviour.
Religion, Values and Everyday Life
Authors: Voyé Liliane
Published: March 2007

Nulle décision politique volontariste et nulle transforma tion intervenant dans les conditions de production ne sont suscep tibles d'entrainer un changement réel au plan des valeurs si elles ne réussisent pas à se traduire en geste de vie quotidienne directement saisissables - vie quotidienne aujourd'hui profondément mar quée par l'impact des media qui y introduisent l'Histoire, le mystère,... La religion peut jouer un certain rôle dans ce processus dans la mesure où, elle aussi, parvient à imprégner la vie quoti dienne mais ses pratiques spécifiques n'en seront pas nécessaire ment les bénéficiaires si elles-mêmes ne restent pas proches de la vie quotidienne.
Le traitement des morts dans la société socialiste
Authors: Kerševan Marko
Published: March 2007

The text presents and analyzes two social institutions - All Dead People Day and the funeral - as connected with the attitude towards the dead in Slovenia, north-western republic of the Yugoslav federation. In the traditionally Catholic country the reli gious observation of All Saints Day and of All Hallows Day (des pite strong non-Christian elements of popular religion), was mainly within the family or the local community. After the socia list revolution, November the First had become also a state holi day, the All Dead People Day.
Vie quotidienne, production de valeurs et religion
Authors: Remy Jean
Published: March 2007

In what way does the sociology of everyday life constitute a specific approach which is particularly suitable for the analysis of religion ?

The analysis of everyday life presupposes that we take as our point of departure the individual, reactivy to events against the background of the spaces-times which are familiar to him.

The various individual reactions help to modify the socio- emotional situations from which values become stabilized and are generated.

Thus while on the descriptive plane, the analysis of everyday life presupposes micro-observation it nevertheless leads on the interpretative plane to the bringing out of an overall social deter minant.

This determinant is relatively important for understanding religious phenomena...

In this text, the term religion is understood as an everyday life term, which makes it possible to characterize a response to a per manent social problem: the dialectic of sense and nonsense.
Devotion to the Virgin Mary in Sri Lanka: Letters to Our Lady of Perpetual Succour
Authors: Devallée Thérèse
Published: March 2007

A partir de lettres dédiées à Notre-Dame du Perpétuel Secours dans une paroisse de Colombo, l'auteur de cet article étudie les caractéristiques sociales, économiques et politiques des pratiquants de la devotion. Ceux-ci appartiennent à une classe moyenne urbaine, dans une société en transition vers le mode de production capita liste. Dans une première partie, l'analyse factorielle permet de découvrir les divers modèles culturels véhiculés au sein de ce groupe social. Ensuite, en recourant à une démarche de type structural, l'auteur dévoile l'idéologie sous-jacente au discours, afin de cer ner le type de représentations religieuses d'où pourraient émerger les grands pôles d'une mentalité
Le Liban et le flux islamiste
Authors: Awada Hassam
Published: March 2007

Among the multiple factors of the Lebanese crisis, this article proposes studying the one represented by the Islamicist wave.
Le débat sur la sécularisation à travers les Actes de la CISR
Authors: TSCHANNEN Olivier
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to assess the impact of the secularization debate of the mid-1960s on the theoretical evolution of the sociology of religion and on the development of the ICSR. An analysis of the Acts published by the ICSR over a thirty-six year period shows that criticisms of the theoretical narrowness of “religious sociology” in Europe existed long before the debate about secularization broke out, and that the ICSR only reacted to this debate six years later, when a new generation of scholars became dominant in the ICSR. The conclusion is that, although the secularization debate did not have any direct impact on the theoretical evolution of the discipline nor on the evolution of the ICSR, it had an indirect impact, in the sense that it was only when a new generation of scholars, who were university professors rather than churchmen, came to power, that the new paradigm which secularization theorists had put forth came into effect.
Mémoire, identité, solidarité: réflexions sur la cause des peuples indiens après 500 ans de christianisme et de conquête
Authors: SUESS Paulo
Published: March 2007

The historical reconstruction activity of the Indian project is an important element of its political strategy. Using numerous sources of documentation, the author shows how Christianity and the conquest of America undermined the various Indian utopias. Today, the Indian cause cannot be considered without taking into account the influences and constraints of world history, introduced by the conquest and Christianity. Through an historical approach, the author brings to light the structures of power and of neglect which led to the destruction of Indian identity. During the course of the “spiritual conquest”, Christianity not only destroyed Indian identity but also its own identity and integrity. The historical reconstruction of these 500 years offers help to Indian peoples and Christianity in liberating themselves from the traumatizing and paralysing experiences of powerlessness and guilt and in taking a first step towards a new identity. This identity is the indispensable basis of the struggle against the exogenous oppression of Indian peoples and against the endogenous ideology of Christianity. Yet this reconstituted Indian identity must not yield to the temptation of a postmodern turning inward on itself. Their minority condition implies that Indian peoples can only bring their political interests to the fore in linking them to the survival of the whole of humanity. On the political level, the Indian project can only be thought of in the context of alliances and reciprocal solidarity. It is within this context that the possibility of an institutional and ideological cooperation between churches and Indian peoples is to be situated today.
Religion civile et religion de l'humanité: retour sur l'anthropocentrisme durkheimien
Authors: PRADES José A.
Published: March 2007

The study of Durkheim's writings shows clearly how he was profoundly committed to religious or quasi-religious convictions. This paper puts to one side the legacy of his Jewish origins to concentrate upon the kind of faith he himself called “humankind's religion” (“la religion de l'humanité”). The paper starts with a discussion of the literature on “civil religion” (Bellah, Wallace, Schoffeleers) in order to argue that this form of religion constitutes a minimal element of Durkheimian beliefs. The textual analysis proves consistently that neither patriotism nor any kind of internationalism is the object of Durkheimian faith. Durkheim has sometimes professed a faith in science, but in an analogical sense, as we can easily understand. In the last analysis, the real object of the Durkheimain cult is the human condition, “a fully religious ideal”. In opposition to those forms of theocentrism or cosmocentrism which occur in other religions, Durkheim maintains an anthropocentric concern. For him the human being is to the highest degree, a very sacred thing, a being who “possesses this transcendent majesty which the churches of all times attribute to their gods”. To him, this human is never an isolated individual; far from it. Through the individual, one recognizes “humankind which is truly respectable and sacred”. The paper stresses the importance of this insight in order to elucidate Durkheimain sociology and, more generally, the Durkheimain commitment to “the science of human beings”.
Transmission religieuse et migration: I'Islam identitaire des filles de maghrébins immigrés en France
Authors: LACOSTE-DUJARDIN Camille
Published: March 2007

Between the religion of the parents and the aspirations of their daughters, many lacunae make transmission difficult. In these areas as with all cultural questions, one observes a distancing on the part of the children. The parents' religion is in fact encumbered with numerous handicaps: their low social level and their origin (most often rural) have endowed them with popular religion, faith, beliefs and practices which the children readily judge to be naïve and which, objectively, would be insufficient to satisfy the aspirations of the educated young people. Besides, in the eyes of the young girls, this same religion is usually perceived as a “religion of the Father”, essentially constituted from a body of prescriptions, the expression of a patriarchal authoritarianism they reject. The Islam of the parents is only assumed by the daughters of Maugrabin immigrants as a component of identity: they concur in seeing themselves as “Muslim by descent”.
Les nouveaux mouvements religieux japonais en France entre laïcisation et euphémisation du sacré
Authors: HOURMANT Louis
Published: March 2007

Japanese NRMs, compared to Tibetan or Hindu movements, have secured only a modest place in France's NRM scene over the past 20 years. Most (but not all) come from the Buddhist tradition, but they have all held in common a lay form of organization either since their origin (as in the case of Reiyûkai), or since their transplantation outside Japan (AZI and Sôka Gakkai). The rejection of clerical mediation does not necessarily entail a disenchantment with the world. Nevertheless, some of the movements display a trend toward a radical psychologization of religion. The recent evolution of the Reiyûkai group in France provides an illustration of this desire to deviate from the kingdom of the holy, whereas a cult like Sôka Gakkai keeps itself firmly anchored in a classical conception of sacred. On the whole, although they do not all emphasize equally the concept of faith, most of the Japanese NRMs can be seen as having developed a subjective relationship to belief which is in tune with the dominant ethos of western society.
L'évolution du “mouvement contre les sectes” chrétien 1978-1993
Authors: INTROVIGNE Massimo
Published: March 2007

This article distinguishes between a secular anti-cult movement and a religious counter-cult movement, and explores the changes within the counter-cult movement between the tragedies of Jonestown (1978) and Waco (1993). While at the time of Jonestown the anti-cult and the counter-cult movements could have been easily confused, religious counter-cult activists have increasingly noticed that their alliance with the secular anti-cultists could only be uneasy and superficial. Counter-cultists, in fact, challenge the relevance of the distinction between deeds and creeds which lies at the very heart of the anti-cult argument. The paper surveys the developments within the counter-cult movement in the last 15 years in four main areas. The first area concerns the definition of “cult” and the selection of the most important targets. Here, increasingly, the theological (rather than social) definition of “cult” by the counter-cult movement has emphasized the importance as targets of Mormonism and Freemasonry, virtually ignored by secular anti-cultists. The second area is related to strategies and to the progressive rejection by counter-cult ministries of both deprogramming and exit counseling as sponsored or tolerated by secular anti-cultists. The third development - the controversy about the satanist scare and, more generally, about the theological relation between Satan and the cults - has caused a bitter division within the counter-cult movement itself, between a “rationalist” and a “post-rationalist” wing. The fourth area of development concerns the relations between the counter-cult movement and the Churches, which in recent years have been less easy than outside observers normally believe, as evidenced by the 1993 controversy between counter-cultists and the Southern Baptist Convention on the question of Freemasonry.
La solution Jeffersonienne
Authors: LEHOUX Jean-François
Published: March 2007

Thomas Jefferson is especially remembered for his “wall of separation between Church and State”. However, Jefferson's contribution to religious liberty demands a deeper analysis. In this article, the author argues that Jefferson is original in his pragmatic way of conceptualizing religious liberty and in his detachment from the European Enlightenment. When he adopts an intellectual position different from the Enlightenment philosophers, Jefferson escapes from a model wherein religious liberty becomes state-recognized religion. This pragmatic and legal separation of State and religious spheres, characterized by State disengagement, renders the development of different religious groups possible.
Le Mouvement prônant la guérison par la foi en Marie: changements sociaux et catholicisme popularie en Tanzanie
Authors: SIVALON John , COMORO Christopher
Published: March 2007

The Marian Faith Healing Ministry is a Marian devotional movement within the Roman Catholic Church of Tanzania. Fr. Felician Nkwera is a central figure in the movement. The movement has grown tremendously especially in Dar es Salaam and conflict has arisen between the followers of the movement and Church officials to the point that the followers have been banned from any participation in their respective parishes. Our study of this group found that the followers are voicing a common critique of the secular analytic understanding of social change and problem-solving. They are proposing a more spiritual worldview which believes that, ultimately, the social world is controlled, influenced or changed by the active intervention of spiritual beings. While the language, symbols and concepts they use are Roman Catholic, the “consciousness” itself is reminiscent of a “popular” African worldview.
The Journey from the Secular to the Sacred: Experiences of Native British Converts to Islam
Authors: KÖSE Ali
Published: March 2007

Based on interviews with a sample of native British converts to Islam, this article attempts to identify the major factors involved in their conversions and to explain why they chose Islam rather than any other religion. The converts had become strongly critical both of their childhood religion, Christianity, and of the society they grew up in, Britain. They found Christianity too morally permissive and society too secularized. In other words, they were upset at how marginalized religion had become both in their own lives and in society. Choosing Islam enabled them to more easily orient their everyday lives towards God since Islam offers many practical ways to lead a meaningful and good private and social life. The author concludes that it was the dynamics of their own lives and thoughts that led them to convert. They wanted a more religiously oriented community and life.
Novel Mercerizing Technique to Establish "True" Length of Cotton Yarn
Authors: Goldthwait Charles F. , Murphy Alton L.
Published: March 2007

A procedure is suggested for the determination of the length at which the yarn in a skein can be regarded as straightened but not stretched. This procedure requires the determination of the tensions developed in a series of mercerizings of skeins of yam which are alike but are set in the mercerizing apparatus at lengths which differ by small percentages. When the maximum tensions attained are suitably plotted, a change in slope in the curve indicates a point which corresponds with the desired length. A unit measuring-tension for the precise measurement of skeins of yarn which are, for example, to be used subsequently for chemical treatment, can then be derived. More specifically, a suitable tension for measuring has been found to be 1.2 lb. per lea of 120 yds. of 40 2 yarn of mercerizing twist. Equivalent tensions can be calculated readily for other sizes of skein and many other yarns. The change in slope appears, further, to pinpoint a fun damental change in the response of cotton yarn under increasing tension just as it begins to stretch. It is suggested also that a measuring-tension for single threads derived from results with skeins may be suitable for determining the initial lengths of yarns for some of the common physical tests such as those for elongation and twist.
Whole School Reform in a Low-Income African American Community
Authors: Desimone Laura , Finn-Stevenson Matia , Henrich Christopher
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of a 1-year evaluation of the CoZi model, a whole school reform model that combines Edward Zigler’s School of the 21st Century (which includes on-site, daylong, and year-round preschool, after-school care, and family support services) with James Comer’s School Development Program, a school management and collaborative decision-making model. The study used written surveys, in-depth interviews, achievement tests, and classroom observations to study teacher, parent, and preschool outcomes in a CoZi elementary school and a comparison school, both of which served predominately disadvantaged students. The CoZi school had significantly higher school climate and parent involvement throughout the year, but across-school changes and levels of achievement, parent-child interaction, parent social and psychological outcomes, and teacher efficacy were not significantly different.
Mainstreaming
Authors: Longo Paul
Published: March 2007

New modes of instruction for those formerly called "handicapped"will demand new rationales.
Public Policy and Public Schools
Authors: Fruchter Norm , Silvestri Kenneth L. , Green Herb
Published: March 2007

Effective parental participation in policymaking depends on parents' knowledge and skill, which this program fosters.
Educational Restructuring - The Process for Change?
Authors: Rungeling Brian , Glover Robert W.
Published: March 2007

In Dade County Florida, decentralization had in late 1989 affected structure more than instruction.
Membership and Engagement at Middle College High School
Authors: Cullen Cecelia
Published: March 2007

Expanded teacher role; collaborative, relevant learning; and cooperation between school and college: a recipe for success.
Evaluation
Authors: Clark Terry A.
Published: March 2007

Better and more sophisticated evaluations of schooling of at-risk students clarify achievements and failures.
Teaching Special Needs Populations and Teacher Job Satisfaction
Authors: Lobosco Anna F. , Newman Dianna L.
Published: March 2007

Teachers' perceptions of their jobs are strongly related to their perceptions of their students. This article confirms what one might expect: Working with students who are gifted and talented positively predicts job satisfaction, whereas working with students who have learning difficulties has a negative effect. Yet teachers 'self-reports of general job satisfaction reverse when asked about how the reality of their teaching experience compares to ideal conditions. This has clear implications for urban school districts involved in massive mainstreaming efforts. Teacher preparation and the impending merger of general and special education are discussed.
School Reform, Chicago Style
Authors: Mirel Jeffrey
Published: March 2007

In 1988, the Chicago Public Schools embarked on a bold experiment to transfer power from the central administration to elected councils in charge of each of the system's 542 schools. Tracing the demographic, economic, social, and, above all, political context of this reform effort, this article argues that several key problems have yet to be worked out. First, the reform process was dominated by Whites and took place during the political upheaval that followed Mayor Harold Washington's death. Thus many African-Americans remain skeptical about the initiative. Second, educational professionals did not play a major role in designing the reforms and many still do not feel a sense of "ownership" of them. Finally, conflicts between the central administration and the local councils remain unresolved.
Comparing Desegregation Intervention Strategies
Authors: Fife Brian L
Published: March 2007

The author examines the question of which type of desegregation plan most effectively reduces segregation in American public schools. This study departs from previous research in that the school desegregation plans are not categorized as mandatory and voluntary. Rather, a choice-assignment continuum is created to account for more of the variation between diverse desegregation orders that have been implemented in urban America. By several rigid criteria, desegregation plans relying on assignment techniques reduce the level of segregation to a greater degree than choice techniques.
The Promise of Desegregation
Authors: Gadsden Vivian L. , Smith Ralph R. , Jordan Will J.
Published: March 2007

The debates about African American children's school experiences have grown and progressed steadily since the 1954 Brown v. Topeka Board of Education decision. The Brown decision provides a useful framework in which to examine how well U.S. public schooling has succeeded in helping African American children develop basic academic skills and in creating environments that foster social competencies for all children. This article focuses on the question: after 40 years and two to three new generations of African American children entering schools, have the responses of schools and society resulted in more than the appearance of change-in educational access, quality of learning outcomes, or increased possibilities and opportunities for academic learning and social success. Using four propositions to examine the social contexts, discontent, and circumstances leading to the Brown case and the ensuing issues, wefocus on the promises of desegregation and the persistence of repressed learning opportunities for many African American children, namely the disparity between desegregation's potential to promote equal access and equal learning outcomes and its success in effecting change.
Caring, Cognition, and Cultural Pluralism
Authors: Byrd Janice , Lundeberg Maryanna , Hoffland Shari C. , Couillard Elizabeth L. , Lee Man Sun
Published: March 2007

This article describes teaching practices used by exemplary elementary teachers noted for their successes with inner-city students. 77Te authors videotaped and interviewed 2 teachers identified as "excellent" by their principal and coteachers. Both of these teachers promoted cultural pluralism and critical thinking, fostered positive relationships among students, and attempted to make the curriculum relevant to students.
Now You See it; Now You Don’t
Authors: Merchant Betty
Published: March 2007

This article describes the response of one East Coast, urban high school district to the unexpected enrollment of large numbers of newly arrived immigrants who had not yet acquired basic literacy skills in any language. The analysis focuses on the district-level decision-making processes that led to the implementation of an alternative school for these students and its abrupt closure a year later, examines the ways in which various participants experienced and interpreted the consequences of these decisions within the complex social system of the district, and explores the implications of these findings for policy and practice.
Neighborhood Schools Again?
Authors: Pride Richard A. , May Harry Vaughn
Published: March 2007

As court-ordered busing for school desegregation comes to an end, school boards are faced with strong public pressures to return to neighborhood schools. Analysis of public opinion data from Nashville, Tennessee, indicates a division between two broad constituencies. Individuals who favor neighborhood schools are drawn from those with traditional religious values: They support school prayer and creationism but abhor diversity in schools. Those who reject neighborhood schools and prefer better academic programs at schools farther away tend to be those of childbearing age but without children, those with children already in public schools, and those who are better educated. Surprisingly, race and racial attitudes are not significantly related to a preference for neighborhood schools. The authors conclude that the dynamics of educational policy in Nashville have undergone a significant transformation: Previous Black-White struggles have been replaced by shifting coalitions that extend across racial lines.
Prelude and Postlude to the Self
Authors: HOEGH DANA G. , BOURGEOIS MARTIN J.
Published: March 2007

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development views ego identity achievement to be a crucial period in one's life. Although the theory generated a great deal of interest for a time, current models of the self-concept tend to ignore it. This study examined the relationships between Erikson's notion of identity status and several current self-related variables hypothesized to be antecedents and consequences of achieved identity. Degree of parental care and trust predicted identity achievement, which in turn predicted secure attachment and vitality. Identity achievement was also associated with measures of ego strength and development and with discrepancies between actual and ideal selves. Implications of Erikson's theory for modern views of the self are discussed.
Adolescents on the Move
Authors: PITTMAN JOE F. , BOWEN GARY L.
Published: March 2007

Three forms of post-relocation adjustment: (a) personal, (b) external, and (c) family, are predicted in a sample of 882 highly mobile Air Force adolescents using Hill's ABC-X crisis model, which focuses on objective aspects of a stressor, coping resources, and perceptions of the stressful situation. The three forms of adjustment were interrelated. Perceptions of the stressful situation were most important to external and personal adjustment, although social resources predicted family adjustment.
Dropping Out of School in Australia
Authors: LAMB STEPHEN
Published: March 2007

School dropout rates in Australia fell dramatically during the 1980s. At the beginning of the decade about two in three young people left school early, compared to less than one in three at the decade's close. The aim of this article is to look at changes in the characteristics and outcomes of early school leavers across this critical period. Data for the study are from the Australian Longitudinal Survey and the Australian Youth Survey. Results show differences in the patterns for boys and girls. Across the 1980s, schools recruited more broadly among females, weakening the association between early school leaving and social background. For boys, however, social differences remained entrenched. In terms of outcomes, both male and female early leavers experienced a steep increase in chances of unemployment during their first 12 months after dropping out. But teenage males were far more likely to find work.
An Ecological Analysis of Pregnancy Resolution Decisions among African American and Hispanic Adolescent Females
Authors: MURRY VELMA MCBRIDE
Published: March 2007

Using data from the 1988 National Family Growth Cycle, IV, this study sought to identify specific individual, family, sociocultural, and social structure factors that influence pregnancy resolution decisions of first conception among African American and Hispanic adolescents aged 15 to 21 years. A hierarchial discriminant function analysis was used to determine the extent to which selected variables could distinguish those who terminated their first pregnancy from those who decided to carry their first pregnancies to full term. Three individual factors (age at conception, contraceptive behavior pattern, degree of self-disclosure about the pregnancy), two family-level variables (family sexuality socialization, family income), and each of the selected social structure (access to sexual health care facilities) and sociocultural factors (religious affiliation and church attendance) were found to discriminant between the two groups. However, the discriminating power of these variables differed depending on race/ethnicity.
The Transition from School to Work
Authors: LEWIS THEODORE , STONE JAMES , SHIPLEY WAYNE , MADZAR SVJETLANA
Published: March 2007

This article takes the passage of the School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994 as the starting point for a conversation about the readiness of the United States for a structured school-to-work transition system. It examines evidence and issues pertaining to the youth labor market and the need to ensure that an economic imperative does not supersede democratic principles of schooling in visioning the beyond-school experiences of students.
Similarities in Sexual Activity and Condom Use among Friends within Groups before and after a Risk-Reduction Intervention
Authors: FANG XIAOYI , STANTON BONITA , LI XIAOMING , FEIGELMAN SUSAN , BALDWIN ROBERT
Published: March 2007

One promising avenue for augmenting the effect of interventions designed to reduce risk behaviors for acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among adolescents is the use of peer influence through friendship groups. In this study, conducted among 76 groups of African American adolescents, the authors sought to determine whether the similarity of behaviors among group members persists over time and whether the similarity is enhanced through a risk-reduction intervention. Youth within groups were more similar compared to youth between groups with respect to sexual behaviors, expectations, and feelings at the baseline and through 18 months of follow-up. An HIV risk-reduction intervention that increased condom use also increased similarity of condom use among youth within intervention groups at 6 and 18 months postintervention. These data provide empiric support for the hypothesis that delivery of HIV-prevention efforts through groups of friends may be a useful intervention adjunct.
The Response to 11.9 and the Lessons of History
Authors: Light Margot
Published: March 2007

The attack on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon were abhorrent but the response may exacerbate terrorism rather than eliminate it. The lessons of history suggest that using military force against terrorists creates as many terrorists as it destroys, and that intervening in civil wars can result in foreign forces turning into the enemies of those they have come to save. Declaring a war to eliminate terrorism is self-defeating because complete elimination is unattainable and the use of massive military force might make it difficult even to reduce or contain it.
Concepts of Process in Social Science Explanations
Authors: Vayda Andrew P. , McCay Bonnie J. , Eghenter Cristina
Published: March 2007

Social scientists using one or another concept of process have paid little attention to underlying issues of methodology and explanation. Commonly, the concept used is a loose one. When it is not, there often are other problems, such as errors of reification and of assuming that events sometimes connected in a sequence are invariably thus connected. While it may be useful to retain the term " process" for some sequences of intelligibly connected actions and events, causal explanation must be sought with respect to the events constituting processes rather than with respect to processes regarded as unitary entities.