bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of dehydrin genes in hull-less barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) depending on duration of dehydration stress
Authors: Qian G. , Liu Y. , Ao D. , Yang F. , Yu M.
Published: April 2011

Dehydrins (DHN) are water-soluble lipid-associating proteins that accumulate during low-temperature and water-stress conditions, and are thought to play a protective role in freezing and drought tolerance in plants. The synthesis of the dehydrins, representing a link between environment and nuclear activity through dehydrin genes (Dhn) expression, was known to be a common response to drought in plants. The association of mRNA accumulations of Dhn genes (Dhn6, Dhn11 and Dhn13) with phenotypically diverse drought-tolerant genotypes was investigated in hull-less barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare). Notably, differences between genotypes were observed, mainly in Dhn6 and Dhn13 gene, depending on the duration of the dehydration stress. Compared with drought-sensitive genotypes, the relative expression levels of Dhn6 gene were significantly higher in drought-tolerant lines subjected to 8 h water deficit. By control with continuative ascending accumulations in sensitive plants during drought, the highest transcript level of Dhn13 was observed in tolerant genotypes after 8 h of dehydration, and tended to descend the same levels as sensitive lines subjected to 12 h of dehydration. Based on decreased accumulations of Dhn11 during drought stress, it was concluded that Dhn11 was not up-regulated by water stress between genotypes. The observed differences in the present study may indicate an association of physiological response to water stress with differential accumulations of Dhn genes between drought-contrasting genotypes. The authors suggest different DHNs may play variable functional roles in structural protection in plants subjected to progressive water stress, associated with drought-contrasting genotypes. Key words: Dhydrin genes, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, water deficit, Tibetan hull-less barley
STUDIES ON THE POSSIBILITY OF COMPARING GRAIN PROTEIN CONTENT OF OAT CULTIVARS BY AERIAL INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: CLARK R. V. , GALWAY D. A. , WALLEN V. R. , BURROWS V. D. , JUI P. Y. , JACKSON H. R.
Published: April 2011

Optical densities from aerial infrared photographs of foliage of 11 (initially 50) field-grown oat cultivars could not be reliably used to distinguish cultivars with different protein content. Optical densities varied between replications and years; cultivars, however, maintained their relative high and low levels of protein over years and replications. Results from regression and canonical analysis largely failed to show a relationship between optical density and protein content.Key words: Oat protein, aerial photography
ALBANY BARLEY
Authors: STERLING J. D. E. , CHOO T. M. , LANGILLE J. E. , WALTON R. , JONES R. W. , BUBAR J. S. , GOGUEN B.
Published: April 2011

Albany is a two-row, spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. It has high yield, good kernel weight and resistance to powdery mildew and smuts. It is well adapted to Eastern Canada and is responsive to intensive management. Breeder seed is maintained at the Agriculture Canada Experimental Farm, Indian Head, Saskatchewan.Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare, cultivar description
UPTAKE AND DISSIPATION OF TRIALLATE AND TRIFLURALIN VAPORS BY WHEAT UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: CESSNA A. J. , GROVER R. , SMITH A. E. , HUNTER J. H.
Published: April 2011

The uptake and dissipation of triallate and trifluralin in the shoots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in treated soil were monitored over a growing season. Maximum concentrations of both herbicides, detected at the four-leaf stage of the wheat, were 35.2 ± 5.8 and 10.5 ± 1.4 μg kg−1 for triallate and trifluralin, respectively. Residues had decreased by the six-leaf stage and then, because of continuous uptake of vapor by the crop, remained essentially constant through to heading. Maximum amounts of both herbicides, on a milligram per hectare basis, were detected in the aboveground portions of the crop at heading and were in the order of 0.01% of the amounts applied to the soil. No residues of either herbicide were detected in the mature grain.Key words: Triallate, trifluralin, vapor, uptake, wheat, residues
AN ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONSE OF NINE POTATO GENOTYPES TO FIVE PRAIRIE ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: LYNCH D. R. , KOZUB G. C.
Published: April 2011

A study of the response of the tuber and vine traits of nine genotypes (A68710–5, Acadia Russet, F74123, Min9632, Neb71.72, Norchip, Norland, Russet Burbank, and W848) to five Prairie environments (Brooks and Edmonton, Alberta; Carman and Morden, Manitoba; Outlook, Saskatchewan) over a 3-yr period was undertaken to rationalize: (1) the location of Prairie trial sites and (2) the current system of early generation selection at an irrigated site for cultivar development for both dryland and irrigated areas in the Prairie provinces. Location × genotype interactions were significant for marketable yield traits, (P < 0.01), marketable tuber number (P < 0.01), average tuber weight (P < 0.05) and vine maturity (P < 0.05). The cause of these interactions was studied by joint regression, cluster, and principal component analysis. As expected, dryland and irrigated locations were grouped together. For marketable yield, both cluster and principal component analysis indicated that Neb71.72 and Russet Burbank formed one group and the remaining seven genotypes another. For the other tuber and vine traits, the regression approach and cluster analysis were less useful. Broad-sense heritabilities were low for yield traits and high for vine maturity, specific gravity, and chip fry color. Although the number of genotypes in the study was small, the data suggest that a moderate selection pressure for yield, with more severe selection for vine maturity, specific gravity, and chip score under irrigated conditions, should not eliminate clones adapted to the dryland areas of the Prairies. The results of this study also indicate that the two Manitoba sites as well as the two irrigated sites provide essentially the same information.Key words: Genotype-environment interaction, yield traits, quality traits
Karat winter wheat
Authors: Nass H. G. , Johnston H. W. , Hansel E. , Blatt R. , Caldwell C. , Peill J. E. , Walton R. B.
Published: April 2011

Karat is a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) with bread making quality, high grain yield, and adequate straw strength. It is moderately susceptible to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe graminis D.C. ex. Merat f. sp. tritici Marchal) and septoria leaf and glume blotch (caused by Septoria nodorum Berk.) and is suited for production in areas of Eastern Canada where winter survival is not a problem. Key words: Wheat (winter), cultivar description
Response of three corn hybrids to defoliation of neighboring plants
Authors: Vasilas B. L. , Fuhrmann J. J. , Taylor R. W.
Published: April 2011

Hail can cut completely through the whorl of young corn (Zea mays) plants causing complete defoliation. If only a portion of the stand is damaged, defoliated plants are subjected to shading by nondefoliated neighboring plants which benefit from reduced competition for light. Field experiments were conducted in 1986 and 1987 at the University of Illinois on a Flanagan silt loam (Aquic Argiudoll) to determine the relative contribution of both defoliated and nondefoliated plants to yield of the stand. Three hybrids were evaluated: Pioneer 3377, FR27 × FRMo17, and FRB73 × FR25. At the four-leaf stage the following treatments were imposed: cutting through the whorl of all plants 50 mm above ground level to effect complete defoliation (100-DEF) or cutting through the whorl of alternate plants (50-DEF). When compared to nondefoliated controls, the 100-DEF and 50-DEF treatments reduced grain yields on the average by 12.3 and 8.3%, respectively. No hybrid × defoliation interaction was detected for grain yield. With the 50-DEF treatment, compensation by nondefoliated plants was evident in the form of increased ears plant−1 and kernels ear−1, and 100-seed weight depending on the hybrid and year. Increased barrenness was a significant factor in decreased yields of defoliated plants only for FR27 × FRMo17 in one year. Key words: Zea mays L., hail damage, yield components, prolificacy, barrenness
Response of six-row barley to N and P2O5 fertilizer application in high fertility sites in Central Alberta
Authors: Briggs K. G.
Published: April 2011

Two series of N and P2O5 fertilizer response trials were conducted at a total of five sites in Central Alberta in 1985 and 1986 to determine whether a range of barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars differed in their response to high levels of fertility application under high-yielding conditions. The cultivars included were two semidwarf (Samson, Duke) and three of conventional height (Leduc, Klondike and Johnston). No cultivar × fertility level interaction was obtained for grain yield in any of the trials, although significant interactions of minor magnitude were found for other agronomic traits in some trials. The most important of these traits was extent of lodging which was at a low level (less than 3 on the 0.2–9 Belgian Scale) in all trials, despite average grain yields ranging from 4000 to 6289 kg ha−1. Lodging was more severe in Johnston than in the other cultivars. Yields of the semidwarf s were no higher than those of Leduc in any trial, although minor lodging occurred for Leduc in some cases. Lack of significant cultivar × fertility interaction may be partially explained by the general lack of response to the higher fertility levels that were used, although good yield response was found to addition of 45 kg ha−1 of P2O5 in four of six trials, and to addition of up to 90 kg ha−1 of N in three of the six trials. No significant correlation was found between initial soil test N and P2O5 versus the mean year-site yield for different locations, suggesting that factors other than base soil fertility were more important in determining site-year yield potential. These results suggest that use of individualized fertilizer recommendations for targeting maximum yield for any of the cultivars studied is not warranted, since the cultivars demonstrated similar yield responses. The excellent straw strength advantage of the semidwarf cultivars was reconfirmed under these high yielding conditions, but yields over 6000 kg ha−1 with several taller cultivars were also recorded without lodging (e.g. Leduc). Key words: Target yields, lodging, Intensive Crop Management®, cultivar specific fertilizer recommendations
Influence of stress during soybean seed fill on seed weight, germination, and seedling growth rate
Authors: Dornbos Jr. D. L. , Mullen R. E.
Published: April 2011

Water and high air-temperature (AT) stresses that occur during soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seed fill greatly reduce seed yield, but their effects on seed germination and vigor are less clear. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of water stress at optimum and high AT during seed fill on soybean seed yield and individual seed weight, and the subsequent germination and vigor of the seed. At daytime ATs of 27 and 35 °C in 1985 and 29 and 33 °C in 1986, control, moderate, and severe water-stress treatments were imposed by differential irrigation throughout seed fill on greenhouse-grown plants. Water stress intensity, measured by accumulating stress degree days (SDD) during seed fill, increased linearly as the volume of irrigation water declined. The weight and number of seed produced by each plant, and individual seed weight, declined linearly as SDDs accumulated at each AT. Water stress at optimum ATs reduced seed number more than individual seed weight, but water stress at high ATs reduced individual seed weight more than seed number. Water or high AT stress caused fewer larger seed and more small seed to be produced. The germination percentage and vigor of the harvested seeds was reduced by water stress and high ATs, but by a smaller proportion than yield or seed number. Individual seed weight, germination, and seedling growth rate were strongly correlated when reduced by water and high AT stress. Severe stress during seed fill caused soybean plants to exceed their capacity to buffer seed number, shifting seed weight distributions towards a larger proportion of small seed, resulting in poor seed lot germination and vigor. Key words: Soybean, germination, vigor, drought, high temperature, heat stress
Effects of stand age on agronomic, morphological and chemical characteristics of alfalfa
Authors: Suzuki Michio
Published: April 2011

Iroquois alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was seeded every spring from 1978 to 1988, and the established stands were maintained until the fall of 1988. Agronomic, morphological and chemical characteristics of the stands were compared among different age groups. A drastic reduction of alfalfa population occurred in the seeding year and during the first winter. There were about 40 plants m−2 in the 2nd yr which gradually decreased to 25 plants m−2 in the 8th yr, and between 12 and 24 plants m−2 in the 10th yr. There were more grass weeds in older stands. Total dry matter yield of forage, including weeds, did not decrease significantly with age of alfalfa stand Alfalfa yield, however, decreased with age, and the reduction in older stands was more evident in cut 1 than cut 2. There was little or no difference in cold hardiness among different stand ages in postseeding years. Root development pattern changed from vertical extension in the seeding year to lateral development of branched roots in postseeding years. Shoot number, crown diameter, crown decay taproot diameter, root depth, and number and spread of branched roots were associated with aging. Concentrations of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) in the crown and roots decreased slightly with age. In the root, concentrations of K, Ca, B, and Fe increased, and Ca was most closely associated with age. No significant association of P, Mg, S, Mn, Cu, or Zn with age was found. Concentrations of minerals in the crown did not change with age, except B which increased slightly. Key words: Medicago sativa L., persistence, longevity, plant density, yield, minerals
Effects of seed hydration on agronomic performance of wheat, barley and oats in central Alberta
Authors: Kibite Solomon , Harker K. N.
Published: April 2011

A method of seed pretreatment called "seed hydration" has been proposed as a means of enhancing the ability of seed to germinate at suboptimal moisture conditions. A study was carried out to determine the effects of seed hydration on days to seedling emergence, days to anthesis, days to mature, grain yield and other agronomic characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) in central Alberta. Results from three field experiments carried out in 1986 and 1987 revealed that seed hydration had no effect on crops sown in moist soils, but on crops sown in dry soils, it increased the uniformity of seedling emergence and shortened (by about 1 or 2 d) the number of days to 50% seedling emergence. However, this 1–2 d advantage in seedling emergence did not affect grain yield or any of the other characteristics investigated. Key words: Oat, barley, wheat seed hydration, maturity, test weight
Effects of plant spacing on broccoli yield and hollow stem in Alaska
Authors: Griffith Marilyn , Carling Donald E.
Published: April 2011

The potential to produce broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. spp. Italica Plenck 'Green Valiant' and 'Emperor') at high latitudes was evaluated by measuring yield, head size and incidence of hollow stem in plantings at two sites and eight spacings. The maximum yield of individual heads for fresh market was obtained at a spacing of 45 × 30 cm using single plant transplants. At this spacing, yields for Green Valiant and Emperor were 18.3 and 15.0 MT ha−1, respectively. Broccoli heads small enough to be used for processing were obtained at a spacing of 45 × 40 cm using two plants per transplant plug with yields of 21.4 MT ha−1 for Green Valiant. These yields were compared with published studies and it was concluded that there was no effect of latitude on broccoli yields or head weights. The incidence of hollow stem was low in Alaska and occurred in Green Valiant planted at wide spacings. Only plants that produced heads with the largest mean weights and mean diameters exhibited hollow stem. The use of multiple plants per transplant plug decreases mean head weight and diameter and reduces the incidence of hollow stem. Key words: Alaska, Brassica oleracea, broccoli, high latitude, hollow stem, yield
Effectiveness of two methods of early generation selection for protein content in durum wheat
Authors: Legge W. G. , McVetty P. B. E. , Evans L. E. , Leisle D.
Published: April 2011

Wheat breeders must maintain or increase grain protein content (%) while simultaneously increasing grain yield. More rapid methods of determining protein content are required to successfully select for this trait in early generations when the frequency of desirable genotypes is greatest. Therefore, the effectiveness of two methods of early generation selection for protein content was studied in three durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) crosses. For the first method (ISDM), bulked seed from F2 plants was imbibed in water for 7 d at 0–2 °C, and separated with a sucrose-NaCl solution into low and high density fractions for high (HP) and low (LP) protein content selection groups, respectively. The second method (NIRM) used near infrared reflectance data from F3 lines grown in replicated hill plots to establish HP and LP. A random (RP) selection group was also established for each method. The F2 spaced plants and F3 hill plots were grown at Glenlea in 1984. Selection groups were evaluated in F5 at Glenlea and Winnipeg in 1985 using replicated hill plots for ISDM, and hill and four-row plots for NIRM. Overall, response to selection as determined in F5 ranged from 0 to 0.4% unit protein content. HP had significantly higher protein content than LP in one, one and three of six cross locations for ISDM hill, NIRM hill and NIRM row plots, respectively. Although generally intermediate, RP seldom differed significantly from HP or LP. Low response to selection was probably due to genotype × environment interactions resulting from contrasting and unfavorable conditions during the grain filling period in 1984 and 1985. Heritability in standard units for protein content using F3-F5 correlations ranged from 20 to 57% and 11 to 37% for NIRM row and hill plots, respectively. It was concluded that, under the conditions of this study, response to selection was too low for either method to justify the effort required to select for protein content in early generations. Key words: Selection methods, near infrared reflectance, imbibed seed density, protein content, heritability, Triticum turgidum L. var durum
Crop sequence and tillage effects on winter wheat development and yield
Authors: Vyn T. J. , Raimbault B. A. , Sutton J. C.
Published: April 2011

A 3-yr field experiment was conducted on a Burford loam soil to examine how tillage practices and crop sequences affected the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop in Ontario. Three-year crop sequences of wheat-wheat-wheat, soybeans (Glycine max Merrill)-wheat-wheat, corn (Zea mays L.)-barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-wheat, corn-soybean-wheat, and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-alfalfa-wheat were planted with zero-till, minimum tillage, or conventional tillage systems. When wheat followed wheat, plant populations and head numbers were lower and head emergence delayed relative to wheat following another crop. Grain yields were 20% higher on average when crops other than wheat preceded wheat. Reduced tillage treatments resulted in delayed head emergence, but final grain yield components and yield did not differ significantly among tillage treatments. Results from this study support the relatively common production practice of rotating winter wheat with other crops. In addition, the use of conservation tillage systems appeared to be feasible for winter wheat production under the soil and climatic conditions prevailing in this study. Key words: Winter wheat, crop sequence, tillage systems, crop development
The effect of adjuvant type and rate on the efficacy of sethoxydim and RO-17-3664
Authors: McMullan Patrick M. , Czerkawski Desiree L.
Published: April 2011

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of various adjuvants and herbicide-adjuvant mixing method on sethoxydim and RO-17-3664 [[{isopropylideneamino) oxy] ethyl-D-(+)-2- [p-{(6-chloro-2-quinooxalinyl)-oxy]phenoxy] propionate] efficacy on wild oats. Mixing the herbicide with adjuvant before dilution did not decrease herbicide efficacy compared to regular herbicide-adjuvant dilution. The emulsifier surfactant concentration in the adjuvant appeared to be related to the adjuvant volume required. The emulsifier surfactant alone enhanced RO-17-3664 activity. Key words: oat (wild), Avena fatua, sethoxydim, RO-17-3664, surfactant, emulsifier
Residue analysis of garlic (Allium sativum L.) cloves following a postemergence application of linuron
Authors: Cessna A. J.
Published: April 2011

In a 2-yr residue study, garlic (Allium sativum L.) was grown in weed-free field plots of clay loam soil and treated at the three-leaf growth stage of the crop with postemergence applications of linuron at 2.2 kg ha−1. The plots were irrigated in the 2nd year of the study. At harvest, the bulbs were cured in the field for 2 wk. Residues of linuron were not detected in cloves of mature bulbs from either year. Key words: Linuron, garlic, residues, HPLC, postemergence application
The effect of N, P, S fertilizer, temperature and precipitation on the yield of bromegrass and alfalfa pasture established on a Luvisolic soil
Authors: Nuttall W. F. , McCartney D. H. , Horton P. R. , Bittman S. , Waddington J.
Published: April 2011

This study was conducted over a 12-yr period to determine the effect of N, P, and S (elemental) fertilizers on yield of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.) pasture established on a Gray Wooded, Luvisolic soil (Waitville loam) in northeastern Saskatchewan. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 0, 45, and 90 kg N ha−1 in combination with phosphate fertilizer applied at 0 and 20 kg P ha−1. Two additional treatments combined 90 N + 20 P (kg ha−1) with 23 S and 45 S (kg ha−1). In the first 3 yr of the study, only the application of N increased yields, from 2.54 to 3.45 t ha−1. The combination of time (years 1978–1980) and N fertilizer applied up to the rate of 90 kg N ha−1 resulted in a reduction in percentage alfalfa in the sward from 30.9 to 3.8% (Yr × N interaction). Over the 12-yr period, N increased average herbage yield from 1.99 to 2.95 t ha−1; P, from 2.23 to 3.05 t ha−1 and S from 3.48 to 4.19 t ha−1, respectively. The interaction effects of N × Yr, P × Yr and S × Yr all were significant indicating a wide range of response to the fertilizer elements among years. Herbage yield was positively related to total precipitation and negatively to mean maximum temperature for the months of May, June and July. The highest yield (7.49 t ha−1) was obtained with fertilizer (90N-20P-23S kg ha−1), 220 mm of rainfall (May, June and July) with an average maximum temperature of 19.7 °C. The lowest yield (0.84 t ha−1) was obtained with a control (no fertilizer), 160 mm of rainfall and average maximum temperature of 25.2 °C (fertilizer × temperature-precipitation interaction). Results of this study suggest that a rise in average temperature without a corresponding increase in precipitation, would produce a significant drop in bromegrass herbage yield. Key words: Pasture, nutrients, alfalfa, bromegrass, temperature, precipitation
Growth of dormant buds on severed rhizomes of Calamagrostis canadensis
Authors: Powelson R. A. , Lieffers V. J.
Published: April 2011

The regeneration potential and dormancy of lateral buds on rhizome segments near the parent shoot base or the distal rhizome apex of Calamagrostis canadensis were assessed. Apical and basal segments of various length, with and without the parental shoot base or rhizome apex attached, were planted 1 cm deep in loam soil. When the apex or base was attached axillary buds on the rhizome usually remained dormant. When the parental shoot base was excised, the bud closest to the rhizome base was more likely to sprout than more distal buds. When the apex was excised from the apical segments, more axillary buds emerged but no priority of bud development arose. Buds near the apex position generally had a higher frequency of sprouting than buds adjacent to the parental base. Rhizome segments adjacent to the apex were heavier and had a higher nonstructural carbohydrate content than rhizome segments adjacent to the parental base. Key words: Calamagrostis canadensis, rhizome, dormancy, apical dominance, competition
Long-term control of aspen poplar and western snowberry with dicamba and 2,4-D
Authors: Bowes G. G.
Published: April 2011

Seven- and nine-year studies were conducted in northeastern Saskatchewan to compare the long-term control of aspen poplar (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.) following single and multiple applications of 2,4-D ester (2,4-DE) or amine (2,4-DA) mixed with dicamba. The area was bulldozed free of trees and was subsequently invaded by aspen poplar and western snowberry regrowth, native forbs and grasses. Herbicides were applied to 2- and 4-yr-old regrowth of aspen poplar, growing with a small uniform stand of western snowberry. A single application of dicamba with either 2,4-DE or 2,4-DA applied at 1.5 + 2.2 kg (a.i.) ha−1 was as effective as two or three consecutive yearly applications for the control of aspen poplar. In one experiment, two consecutive applications of dicamba + 2,4-D controlled western snowberry whereas in the other experiment a single application was adequate. The highest forage production of grasses and forbs occurred following dicamba + 2,4-DE treatments. Following a single dicamba + 2,4-DE application, grass production, averaged over 7 and 9 yr, increased from 38 to 98 g m−2 and from 31 to 83 g m−2, whereas forb production decreased from 48 to 25 g m−2 and from 58 to 48 g m−2, respectively. Key words: Aspen poplar, Populus tremuloides, western snowberry, Symphoricarpos occidentalis, 2,4-D dicamba
Economics of chemical brush control in pastures of east-central Saskatchewan
Authors: Zentner R. P. , Bowes G. G.
Published: April 2011

The economic merit of controlling brush regrowth using combinations of 2,4-D and dicamba with different patterns of repeat applications was assessed for pastures in east-central Saskatchewan. Two experiments were conducted simultaneously in a community pasture located on a Waitville loam. The area, which was originally dominated by aspen poplar (Populus tremuloides Michx.), had been cleared of trees and shrubs by bulldozing before the start of the tests. In the first experiment started in 1981, 2,4-D ester plus dicamba and 2,4-D amine plus dicamba were foliar applied to the brush regrowth. Single applications were compared with repeat sprayings in the first, second, or in both years following the initial herbicide application. A subset of these treatments was used in a second experiment started in 1983 to determine whether or not productivity effects were influenced by growing conditions in the initial year of spraying. Herbicides effectively controlled brush regrowth which increased yields of useable herbage (grasses plus forbs) by an average of 32–39%. The forage benefits did not decline with time to the end of the study in 1989. Herbicide treatments were generally more profitable when applied to younger stands of brush regrowth, with the 2,4-D ester formulations being more profitable than 2,4-D amine formulations. Economic returns were highest, although not always positive, for the treatment receiving a one-time application of 2-4-D ester at 2.2 kg ha−1 plus dicamba at 1.5 kg ha−1 for forage values between $25 and $75 t−1 (dry weight) and discount rates between 0 and 10%. In order to justify this treatment cost, the minimum value that must be obtained when utilizing the additional forage was $20 t−1 (dry weight) for the most profitable control treatment, assuming a 5% discount rate and persistance of the treatment effects for up to 18 yr. For the other treatments, breakeven forage values ranged between $37 and 70 t−1 under similar assumptions. Higher discount rates or a shorter effective treatment life increased breakeven forage values. Repeat herbicide applications could not be justified under any of the economic scenarios. Key words: Net present value, benefit-cost ratios, discount rate, aspen poplar, herbicides, 2,4-D
Bridge two-row feed barley
Authors: May K. W.
Published: April 2011

Bridge is a two-rowed, hulled, spring feed barley suitable for growing in the western part of the Canadian prairies. It has a combination of high yield potential, high test weight and large kernels. Bridge was developed from a backcross involving TR 521 (Zephyr/Hector) as the cytoplasm donor and recurrent pollen parent, and TR 516 (Betzes/Piroline *2//Zephyr). Key words: Hordeum vulgare L., barley (two-rowed spring feed)
Reduction of Pratylenchus penetrans in potato tubers treated with oxamyl and sodium hypochlorite
Authors: Olthof Th. H. A. , Townshend J. L. , Wolynetz M. S.
Published: April 2011

Soaking potato (Solanum tuberosum 'Russet Burbank') tuber halves for 1 h in sodium hypochlorite (1% available chlorine) or for 20 min in a 32 mg mL−1 solution of oxamyl (24% liquid) reduced the number of root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus penetrans) in the peel by 92 and 88%, respectively, relative to untreated tuber halves extracted in a mist chamber for 2 wk. Treated tuber halves were grown in pots for 8 wk in the greenhouse. There was no phytotoxicity in the plants that emerged although sodium hypochlorite may have inhibited plant emergence; both treatments reduced the number of days required for plant emergence by 3–6 d. In general, both chemicals increased plant growth. Oxamyl was completely effective in preventing a nematode infestation of the soil; sodium hypochlorite was ineffective. On average, only a single specimen of P. penetrans was recovered from the oxamyl-treated root system vs. 835 in the sodium hypochlorite treatment. No P. penetrans was recovered from the oxamyl-treated original seed-piece after 8 wk whereas an average of 427 and 329 half-tuber−1 were present in those treated with water or sodium hypochlorite, respectively. The data suggest that a 20-min immersion of P. penetrans-infested potato seed pieces in oxamyl is extremely effective in preventing soil infestation by the nematode. Key words: Bleach, disinfection, potato, Pratylenchus penetrans, root-lesion nematode, Solanum tuberosum
Evaluation of winter wheat management practices under semi-arid conditions
Authors: Lafond G. P.
Published: April 2011

A study was conducted to evaluate European cereal management techniques in winter wheat under semi-arid growing conditions. Combinations of rates and split applications of ammonium nitrate fertilizer with a plant growth regulator and/or a late season fungicide application were investigated using no-till "stubbled-in" production practices in two winter wheat cultivars, Norwin and Norstar at two locations over 3 yr. Nitrogen fertilizer gave the maximum yield when it was applied in mid-April. Split applications of nitrogen did not improve grain yields or grain protein concentration. A height reduction was observed with the use of plant growth regulators in both cultivars but no benefits were incurred due to the lack of lodging. The late season fungicide application had some effect on increasing kernel weight in both cultivars but rarely translated into a higher yield. Nitrogen and growing conditions had the largest effects on yield and the dilemma faced by producers is to correctly match nitrogen rates with environmental conditions given that the nitrogen has to be applied early in the spring. Available spring soil moisture and soil residual nitrogen provided little help in determining the rate of nitrogen giving the maximum economic yield because assumptions on growing season precipitation have to be made. It is suggested that nitrogen management be based on a risk analysis which would involve determining the probability of different levels of growing season precipitation for various climatic zones and soil types and the corresponding yield levels expected. Rates of nitrogen fertilizer would then be adjusted according to soil residual nitrogen levels and the risk the producer is willing to assume. This will require more extensive research and development of crop production models.Key words: Nitrogen fertilizer, Triticum aestivum L., intensive cereal management, propiconazole, chlormequat chloride, ethephon
Quality and morphological characteristics of alfalfa as affected by soil moisture, pH and phosphorus fertilization
Authors: Petit Hélène V. , Pesant A. R. , Barnett G. M. , Mason W. N. , Dionne J. L.
Published: April 2011

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ’Saranac’) was grown in a greenhouse on Ste-Rosalie clay and Danby gravelly sandy loam to determine the effects of phosphorus fertilization, air temperature, soil moisture regime and soil pH on chemical composition and plant morphology. The following treatments were applied in factorial combination: three moisture regimes (1, semi-dry, with soil moisture between field capacity or 100% of available water and wilting point or 0% of available water; 2, optimal, between field capacity and 70% of available water; 3, wet, between saturation point and field capacity), three rates of phosphorus in the form of disodium phosphate (0, 12.5 and 25.0 P kg−1 of dry soil) and three soil pH levels (natural, near 5.4, 6.5 and 7.5). Half the alfalfa was grown in a warm greenhouse section with a minimum daytime temperature of 25 °C and 19 °C at night and the other half was grown in a cool section with a daytime minimum of 15 °C and 9 °C at night. Quality of alfalfa was generally improved by water deficit as shown by decreased concentrations of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) and increased concentrations of crude protein (CP). Cold temperatures decreased ADF content which indicates that quality of alfalfa grown under cold compared to warm temperature regimes is better. Phosphorus fertilization seemed to have more effects on plant morphology and quality under cold than warm temperature regimes. In general, concentrations of CP, ADF and ADL, stem length, leaf area and the number of stems increased in parallel with soil pH. The data indicate that low temperature and low soil moisture regimes were generally associated with higher quality alfalfa than were high temperature and wet soil moisture regimes.Key words: Alfalfa, soil moisture regime, air temperature, phosphorus fertilization, soil pH
CDC Makwa hard red spring wheat
Authors: Hughes G. R. , Hucl P.
Published: April 2011

CDC Makwa is a hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar which performs best in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones of Saskatchewan and Alberta. CDC Makwa yields, on average, 3% more than Katepwa and is similar in maturity and quality.Key words: Cultivar description, Triticum aestivum L., wheat (spring)
Potato production on a cat clay soil in relation to stable and uncontrolled water tables
Authors: Barnett G. M. , Bullen M. R. , Kimpe C. R. de
Published: April 2011

To study potato (Solanum tuberosum) response to drainage in a poorly drained high-S de l’Anse clay loam (sulfaquept), five or six cultivars were grown for 3 consecutive years on separate plots where the water table fluctuated naturally or was maintained at 0.46-, 0.76-, or 1.22-m depth during the growing season. As the fixed water table was maintained at progressively lower levels, marketable tuber (> 45 mm) yields declined linearly from 0.46 to 1.22 m in a year with normal July rainfall. Marketable yield plateaued at 0.76 m then decreased in years with wet or dry July periods. Specific gravity of the potatoes declined each year. The reduction was greater from 0.46 to 0.76 than from 0.76 to 1.22 m in the dry and wet years. In the wet year, there was a slight increase in specific gravity from 0.76 to 1.22 m. Soil temperature and soil pH showed no effect of water table reduction. Generally, the values for variables measured on the controls where the water table fluctuated naturally occurred somewhere between the two extremes of those measured between 0.46 and 1.22 m. Therefore, there was no advantage in lowering the water table for crop growth on a high-water-table soil and doing so resulted in negative effects due to less water being available. These negative effects were not due to increased acidity on this cat clay. Since water table had no effect on soil pH, it may be that the sulfur compounds in this soil were not significantly labile.Key words: Solanum tuberosum L., cat clay, water table
Depths, rates and dates of seeding and yield of yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) in west-central Saskatchewan
Authors: Brandt S. A.
Published: April 2011

From 1984 to 1989, studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of depths, rates and dates of seeding on yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.). As seeding depth was increased, emergence and development to maturity were delayed and plant densities were decreased. Seeding at 12- or 25-mm depths resulted in 4-year average yields of 1447 and 1424 kg ha−1 respectively, whereas seeding at 50 or 75 mm gave yields of 1177 and 987 kg ha−1, respectively. Where the soil was too dry to support germination at 25 mm, seeding at depths up to 50 mm gave similar yields to seeding at lesser depths. Seeding at 4 kg ha−1 reduced yields compared with seeding at 8, 12 or 16 kg ha−1 when averaged over 6 yr. As seeding rates increased, a lower proportion of seedlings emerged and developed into mature plants, apparently due to increased competition between plants. Increasing rates of seeding reduced the number of branches and pods produced per plant and decreased the number of days to mature. Seeding between 1 May and 26 May had only a small impact on yields in most years; however, further delays in seeding decreased yields substantially. As seeding was delayed, the number of days from seeding to emergence and to maturity decreased, and deviations from this trend were usually associated with periods of cool wet weather.Key words: yellow mustard, Sinapis alba, seeding depth, seeding rate, seeding date
Effect of diclofop and HOE-6001 on amylolytic enzyme activities of malt
Authors: McMullan P. M. , Therrien M. C. , Noll J.
Published: April 2011

Research was conducted to determine the effect of diclofop or HOE-6001 on barley alpha-amylase level and diastatic power of malt from seven barley genotypes. Neither herbicide consistently decreased alpha-amylase level or diastatic power of barley malt. However, alpha-amylase level of the genotype Manley was decreased by all herbicide treatments in 1989. Results indicate that these herbicides should not affect the enzyme potential of barley.Key words: Diclofop, HOE-6001, amylolytic enzymes, alpha-amylase, diastatic power
Trump field pea
Authors: Ali-Khan S. T.
Published: April 2011

A green-seeded field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar, Trump, was registered in Canada in 1990. Trump is a high-yielding cultivar that produced 23% higher yield than the cultivar Princess. It has medium maturity (87 d) and 1000 seed weight (241 g) with good cooking quality.Key words: Pea (field, green seeded), cultivar description
Influence of planting date and row covers on yields and crop values for bell peppers in Saskatchewan
Authors: Waterer D. R.
Published: April 2011

In 1989 and 1990, bell peppers transplanted into the field in mid-May, late May or early June were grown with a black plastic soil mulch and no cover (NC) or under tunnels of perforated clear polyethylene (PT) or spunbonded polyester (ST). The ST treatment provided several degrees of frost protection, whereas the PT treatment appeared to increase the crop’s susceptibility to frost damage. Early planting had little effect on total fruit yields but did accelerate the harvest. In both years, the ST accelerated crop maturity and increased total fruit yields relative to the noncovered treatment. At times the PT improved crop development and increased fruit yields, but in many cases it reduced fruit yields relative to the noncovered treatment. By promoting early fruit set and development, early planting under the spunbonded row covers significantly enhanced the value of the crop, as early peppers command a premium price in Saskatchewan. Cumulative crop values for the PT treatments were generally similar to or poorer than those for the noncovered control.Key words: Bell pepper, Capsicum annuum, planting date, row covers, frost
Genetic components of potato chip quality evaluated in three environments and under various storage regimes
Authors: Lynch D. R. , Tai G. C. C. , Coffin R. H.
Published: April 2011

A diallel series of crosses was made between parents with good processing quality and nonprocessing but well-adapted varieties and breeding clones to study the inheritance of chipping quality and tuber yield in potatoes. The progeny of the crosses were assessed in three widely differing growing environments and chipped from a range of storage environments. Principal component analysis for chip color indicated that the first (PCA1) and second (PCA2) principal components accounted for 84.4 and 5.0% of the total variability, respectively. PCA1 scores were highly correlated (P < 0.01) with the mean chip color scores of the 20 crosses measured over the 11 environments, whereas PCA2 scores were highly correlated (P < 0.01) with the standard deviations of the chip scores over storage environments. These results provide new information that supports the recently proposed concept of two genetically independent systems determining chip color, i.e., "overall chipping quality" and "chipping stability". Highly significant (P < 0.01) general combining-ability and nonsignificant specific combining-ability effects suggest additive genetic factors and high narrow-sense heritability for specific gravity. Combining-ability effects for yield traits were generally nonsignificant, which probably reflects the selection of parents with proven breeding value.Key words: Solanum tuberosum, stability, yield, specific gravity
Effectiveness and economics of repeated sequences of herbicides for Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) control in reduced-till spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Donald William W. , Prato Tony
Published: April 2011

Several postemergence herbicides applied in fall for 2 yr either alone or followed by other spring-applied herbicides for 4 yr reduced densities of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) infesting reduced-till spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, fall-applied herbicides for 2 yr had little value for maintaining long-term Canada thistle control, unless supplemented by in-crop herbicide treatment. Neither fall-applied dicamba at 1.7 or 2.2 kg ha−1, glyphosate at 1.7 kg ha−1 plus nonionic surfactant, nor 2,4-D at 1.7 kg ha−1 applied each of 2 yr kept Canada thistle densities below that of the untreated check through year five. Spring-applied chlorsulfuron at 30 g ha−1 plus nonionic surfactant for each of four consecutive years reduced Canada thistle density in wheat to the same extent as fall-applied dicamba followed by chlorsulfuron applied in wheat. Fall herbicide treatments, with or without in-crop herbicide treatments, were economically risky and were seldom profitable. The relative ranking of farmer preference for five treatments common to two trials was similar: untreated check ≥ spring-applied chlorsulfuron at 30 g ha−1 ≥ fall-applied dicamba at either 1.7 or 2.2 kg ha−1 (rank reverses between trials 1 and 2) ≥ fall-applied dicamba at 2.2 kg ha−1 followed by spring-applied chlorsulfuron at 30 g ha−1. The only treatments that were preferred to the untreated check were both spring-applied 2,4-D at 560 g ha−1 and fall-applied 2,4-D at 1.7 kg ha−1 in trial 1 and both spring-applied (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid (MCPA) plus bromoxynil 280 plus 280 g ha−1, respectively, and spring-applied 2,4-D plus clopyralid at 280 plus 70 g ha−1, respectively, in trial 2.Key words: Bromoxynil + MCPA, chlorsulfuron, dicamba, glyphosate, 2,4-D
Influence of soil and N fertilizer on performance of barley and spring wheat cultivars
Authors: Carr P. M. , Jacobsen J. S. , Carlson G. R. , Nielsen G. A.
Published: April 2011

Fields often include several different soils with contrasting chemical and/or physical characteristics which may influence crop performance. Field experiments were conducted (i) to quantify differences in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield, test weight, and protein on contrasting soils within single fields, and (ii) to determine interactions between N fertilizer and spring wheat cultivar performance on several different soils. Twelve barley and twelve wheat cultivars were established in a randomized complete block design on three different soils in a field during 1987. Soils affected grain yield, test weight, and protein of the barley cultivars by as much as 485 kg ha−1, 38 kg m−3, and 16 g kg−1, respectively. Corresponding differences for spring wheat were 456 kg ha−1, 50 kg m−3, and 16 g kg−1. Grain yield of one barley cultivar differed by as much as 966 kg ha−1 across three soils, while wheat grain yield differed by as much as 1271 kg ha−1. Significant soil × cultivar interactions were measured for at least one grain parameter with both crops (P < 0.10). In another experiment conducted nearby in 1987 and 1988, grain yield, test weight, and protein differed by as much as 2217 kg ha−1, 16 kg m−3, and 15 g kg−1, respectively, among soils where different spring wheat cultivars and several rates of N fertilizer were evaluated. Cultivar and N rate significantly influenced grain yield and test weight during both years and protein during 1987. Soil × N rate interactions were highly significant for both yield and protein during 1988, but not for test weight; nor were the soil × N rate interactions significant for any grain parameter during 1987. Soil × cultivar interactions were significant for both test weight and protein during both years, whereas cultivar × N rate interactions were not significant. These data suggest that in some instances soil conditions should influence cultivar recommendations.Key words: Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, N fertilizer, soil variability
Field evaluation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes derived from tissue culture
Authors: Baillie A. M. R. , Kartha K. K. , Rossnagel B. G.
Published: April 2011

Somaclonal variation has been observed in plants derived via tissue culture in a number of crops, but evaluation has been on a small scale. This study was conducted to evaluate 72 tissue culture-derived barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes for somaclonal variation in replicated small-plot field trials. Twenty putative somaclones from the cultivar Abee, 20 from Deuce, 15 from Duke and 17 from Heartland were evaluated at three Saskatchewan locations during 1989. Little variation was observed between regenerants and their respective parent cultivars for days to head, height, yield and yield components. When variation did occur it was generally of negative value, i.e., later heading date; lower test weight, 1000-kernel weight, percent plumpness and yield. Of the four groups, those from Deuce and Duke exhibited the most variation. A 5-d difference in heading date was observed for one Duke derivative and 18 of the 20 Deuce derivatives were shorter than the Deuce control. From this study, it was concluded that somaclonal variation would be of no benefit in a plant-breeding program.Key words: Barley, field evaluation, tissue culture, Hordeum vulgare L.