bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Civil Wars on International Trade, 1950-92
Authors: Bayer Resat , Rupert Matthew C.
Published: October 2004

The relationship between economic interdependence and international conflict is a burgeoning research topic. Previous research has examined the role of interstate conflict on bilateral total trade. Civil wars also have severe consequences on society and are not uncommon. This article seeks to shed light on this relationship by examining the impact of civil war in one country on the total bilateral trade between the afflicted state and its trade partners. The repercussions of civil war participation on a militarily intervening third party’s trade also receive scrutiny. Furthermore, the outcome of the civil war is investigated to determine whether all war terminations have the same effects on trade. Finally, this article questions whether the effects of civil wars can be mitigated by security partnerships. One key finding from analyses of 120 countries between 1950 and 1992 is that civil wars decrease bilateral trade between states by one-third. In addition, the findings indicate that the effects of civil wars on trade are not limited to countries where the civil wars are occurring but also affect joiners. Furthermore, the outcome types of civil wars have repercussions for future bilateral trade and, under certain situations, their effects can be alleviated.
Peer and Social Influence on Opinion Expression
Authors: Neuwirth Kurt , Frederick Edward
Published: October 2004

This study uses the theory of planned behavior and spiral of silence to explore the role of peer and social influence on communicative acts related to drinking behavior. Consistent with the theory of planned behavior, results of the study suggest that a person’s own attitudes and sense of self-efficacy are important influences on willingness to communicate about drinking. Peer influence and, to a lesser extent, perceptions of majority attitudes were associated with willingness to voice an opinion. Only limited evidence of an association between media use and attention and beliefs about efficacy and majority opinion was found. Discussion centers on the possibility of incorporating concepts derived from the theory of planned behavior into the spiral of silence framework. Implications of these findings for future public service interventions also are discussed.
Why Partisans See Mass Media as Biased
Authors: Schmitt Kathleen M. , Gunther Albert C. , Liebhart Janice L.
Published: October 2004

Partisan groups, highly important actors in public discourse and the democratic process, appear to see mass media content as biased against their own point of view. Although this hostile media effect has been well documented in recent research, little is understood about the mechanisms that might explain it. Three processes have been proposed: (a) selective recall, in which partisans preferentially remember aspects of content hostile to their own side; (b) selective categorization, in which opposing partisans assign different valences to the same content; and (c) different standards, in which opposing partisans agree on content but see information favoring the other side as invalid or irrelevant. Using new field-experiment tests with groups of partisans who either supported (n = 87) or opposed (n = 63) the use of genetically modified foods, we found evidence of selective categorization and different standards generally. However, only selective categorization appeared to explain the hostile media effect.
Shared Cognition and Participation in Small Groups
Authors: Bonito Joseph A.
Published: October 2004

The extent to which participants hold similar notions of an idealized group member was expected to moderate the effect of information quantity on individual rates of participation. Participants responded privately in writing to the psychological profile and ideal group member tasks, then participated in discussion in groups of three. Individual responses to the psychological profile task were coded for information quantity, whereas data from the group member task was assessed for similarity within groups. Analysis revealed that similarity of the ideal group member moderated the effect of one’s information resources on substantive (i.e., task relevant) and nonsubstantive participation. Discussion focuses on the conditions under which individuals are likely to participate actively in group interaction.
Australian Eldercare Providers
Authors: Ferrari Joseph R.
Published: October 2004

Volunteers (n = 52) and temporary employees (n = 49) at a nonprofit, health care program for the elderly in Australia completed measures on community self-efficacy, sense of community, and caregiver satisfaction and stress. Results indicated that both samples of respondents experienced a relatively strong sense of common mission to help the elderly, but volunteers, compared to employees, reported stronger self-efficacy about making a difference in their community. Volunteers, in comparison to temporary (or casual, the preferred term in Australia) employees, also reported a stronger sense of reciprocal responsibility to help their peers but stronger disharmony among members. Employees compared to volunteers reported greater satisfaction as a caregiver. Implications suggest marked differences in experiences of eldercare among volunteer and temporary employees working with the elderly.
The Validity of Subscores for a Credentialing Test
Authors: Haladyna Thomas M. , Kramer Gene A.
Published: October 2004

Subscores resulting fromthe administration of high-stakes tests to candidates for credentials in the health professions are desirable for two reasons. First, failing candidates want a profile of performance to plan future remedial studies. Second, training institutions want a profile of performance for their graduates to better evaluate their training. The validity of the interpretation or use of subscores depends on a summative judgment based on a combination of reasoning and empirical analyses, known as validation. We describe this reasoning process and show that with a large credentialing test the validity of any subscore interpretation or use can and should be studied systematically. Validity evidence should be established to support the interpretation and use of subscores that we intend to report. Some principles arise in this study related to the validity of subscores, and some procedures are proposed to help testing program personnel better validate the use of subscores.
Telephone Survey of Hospital Staff Knowledge of Medical Device Surveillance in a Paris Hospital
Authors: Mazeau Valérie , Greniersennelier Catherine , Paturel Denys Xavier , Mokhtari Mostafa , Vidal-Trecan Gwenaëlle
Published: October 2004

Reporting of incidents or near incidents because of medical devices in French hospitals relies on procedures following European and national guidelines. The authors intend to evaluate hospital staff knowledge on these surveillance procedures as a marker of appropriate application. A telephone survey is conducted on a sample of Paris University hospital staff (n = 327) using a structured questionnaire. Two-hundred sixteen persons completed the questionnaire. The response rate was lower among physicians, especially surgeons paid on an hourly basis. Rates of correct answers were different according to age, seniority, job, and department categories. Physicians and nurses correctly answered questions on theoretical knowledge more often than the other job categories. However, on questions dealing with actual practice conditions, correct answers depended more on age and seniority with a U-shaped distribution (minimum rates in intermediate categories of age and seniority).
The Return of the Repressed: Alexander’s Cultural Pragmatics
Authors: Langer Beryl
Published: October 2004

Alexander’s call for a cultural sociology that goes beyond hermeneutic reading to an understanding of how cultural texts are instantiated in action is considered in relation to earlier attempts to establish a tradition of symbolic analysis in American sociology. The sociological provenance of the dramaturgical model that Alexander appropriates from performance studies serves to underline the precariousness of cultural sociology as a project within the American academy. Alexander’s thesis on the critical importance of ‘refusion’ to the life of societies is endorsed, as is his argument that the specificity of ‘post-traditional’ societies cannot be elided by drawing directly on conceptual tools developed in analysis of ritual in ‘traditional’ societies. His argument for sociological agnosticism in relation to the moral qualities of symbolic action, on the other hand, is called into question.
Rethinking Strangeness: From Structures in Space to Discourses in Civil Society
Authors: Alexander Jeffrey C.
Published: October 2004

Simmel develops his concept of the stranger in an overly structural and reductionist manner. Contrary to Simmel’s suggestion, there is an indeterminate relation between structural exclusion and the attribution of strangeness. After showing that ‘the stranger’ must be rethought in a cultural-sociological way, this essay demonstrates an alternative approach. Articulating a ‘discourse’ that structures Western projections of strangeness, I explore its relation to colonialism, racial and class domination, and national conflict in modern Western history. This approach suggests an alternative, not only to Simmel but to Merton’s and Coser’s earlier structural-functional reconceptualization of stranger theory.
Intimate Partner Violence and the Justice System
Authors: Jordan Carol E.
Published: October 2004

Women entering the court system face a challenging experience, in part, because a courtroom can be an intimidating and difficult place for any person, and in part because women victimized by crimes in which the offender is known to them face distinctive difficulties when they seek the court’s remedies. The interface is also made more challenging for women as the literature offers disparate findings as to the efficacy of criminal justice responses and civil remedies. This article briefly explores the unique characteristics of intimate partner violence cases that influence the interface of these victims with the court system. Areviewis provided of research on the criminal justice interventions in cases of intimate partner violence; and research on the efficacy of civil protective orders.
Helping Women Understand Their Risk in Situations of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Campbell Jacquelyn C.
Published: October 2004

Only approximately one-half of the 456 women who were killed or almost killed by a husband, boyfriend, or ex-husband or ex-boyfriend in a recent national study of homicide of women accurately perceived their risk of being killed by their abusive partner. Women are unlikely to overestimate their risk; however, many will underestimate the severity of the situation. From the same study, it was found that relatively few of the victims of actual or attempted intimate partner femicide were seen by domestic violence advocates during the year before they were killed; they were far more likely to be seen in the health care system. Implications are drawn as to innovative ways that women who are abused can be identified and with skilled assessment of the danger in their relationship helped make more informed plans for their safety.
Black Women and Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: West Carolyn M.
Published: October 2004

African American women are at elevated risk for nonfatal and lethal intimate partner violence (IPV). Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to review our current knowledge, with a focus on the sociodemographic factors that make this population particularly vulnerable to abuse. Future research directions include using more diverse Black samples, considering how living at the intersection of multiple forms of oppression shapes Black women’s experience with violence, exploring the influence of historical events and oppressive images on victimization, and focusing on survivors’ resilience and activism.
The Role of Substance Use in Male-to-Female Physical and Sexual Violence
Authors: Testa Maria
Published: October 2004

Literature addressing the relationship between substance use and physical and sexual violence against women is reviewed briefly. There is substantial evidence of a relationship between men’s substance use and perpetration of physical violence, some evidence of a relationship between women’s substance use and experiences of sexual aggression, but weak evidence that men’s substance use contributes to sexual aggression or that women’s substance use contributes to their physical victimization. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the relationship between substance use and violence relationship will be facilitated by narrowing the scope of research questions to identify for whom there is a relationship and under what circumstances.
Expanding a Community’s Justice Response to Sex Crimes Through Advocacy, Prosecutorial, and Public Health Collaboration
Authors: Koss Mary P. , Bachar Karen J. , Hopkins C. Quince , Carlson Carolyn
Published: October 2004

Problems in criminal justice system response to date-acquaintance rape and nonpenetration sexual offenses include (a) they are markers of a sexual offending career, yet are viewed as minor; (b) perpetrators are not held accountable in ways that reduce reoffense; and (c) criminal justice response disappoints and traumatizes victims. To address these problems, a collaboration of victim services, prosecutors, legal scholars, and public health professionals are implementing and evaluating RESTORE, a victim-driven, community-based restorative justice program for selected sex crimes. RESTORE prepares survivors, responsible persons (offenders), and both parties’ families and friends for face-to-face dialogue to identify the harm and develop a redress plan. The programthen monitors the offender’s compliance for 12 months. The article summarizes empirical data on problems in criminal justice response, defines restorative justice models, and examines outcome. Then the RESTORE program processes and goals are described. The article highlights community collaboration in building and sustaining this program.
Gendered Religious Organizations
Authors: Cadge Wendy
Published: October 2004

This article examines how organizational context shapes the way gender is socially constructed in two non-Judeo-Christian religious organizations in the United States, one Theravada Buddhist organization founded by immigrants and one started by converts. People at the two organizations disagree with each other about what Theravada Buddhism teaches about women in teaching and leadership positions but agree that outside of these positions, women and men are equally able to gain access to and practice the tradition. Despite these understandings, women and men have distinct gender roles and responsibilities at each organization that are in tension with what the leaders and attendees understand the tradition to teach. The extent to which teachers and attendees recognize these tensions and the ways they respond to them are explored, and their implications for each organization and for studies of gender and religious organizations are discussed.
“Giving it up to God”
Authors: Wolkomir Michelle
Published: October 2004

The gender order is subject to challenge and change, particularly when situations arise in which existing inequalities become apparent and therefore must be managed. This study examines one such situation by analyzing how conservative Christian women, who were married to gay men, negotiated feminine identities in marital situations that challenged the legitimacy of traditional gender ideologies and practices. To investigate how these women coped, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 participants of Christian support groups for wives of homosexual men. Through support group participation, these wives learned two key strategies, redefining homosexuality and submitting to God, to transform the meanings and emotional experiences associated with their marital situations. An analysis of the use and the consequences of these strategies shows how they empowered the wives to positively redefine their marriages and themselves while justifying the existing pattern of gender relations.
Women’s and Gender Studies in English-Speaking Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Ampofo Akosua Adomako , Beoku-Betts Josephine , Njambi Wairimu Ngaruiya , Osirim Mary
Published: October 2004

This article seeks to broaden understanding of issues and controversies addressed in social science research on women’s and gender studies by researchers and activists based in English-speaking sub-Saharan Africa. The topics covered were selected from those ratified by African women in the Africa Platform for Action in 1995 as well as from current debates on the politics of identity. The common feminist issues the authors identified were health; gender-based violence; sexuality, education, globalization and work; and politics, the state, and nongovernmental organizations. In addition, the authors address theoretical and methodological trends. All four coauthors are feminist sociologists: One scholar is based in an African academic institution, two are Africans based in U.S. academic institutions, and one is an African American based in a U.S. academic institution.
Sexuality, Power, and Camaraderie in Service Work
Authors: Lerum Kari
Published: October 2004

Many have argued that sexualized banter is indicative of “masculine” culture, serving as a mechanism by which men construct masculine identity and dominance and create a climate of sexual harassment. While this claim has much empirical support, sexualized banter among women remains undertheorized. Furthermore, many contemporary scholars agree that the meaning of a sexual exchange may vary widely between cultural and material contexts, but this insight has only recently been applied to studies of workplace sexuality. This article considers the issues of gender, sexuality, power, and context in light of ethnographic data collected in two service work (waitressing) establishments. Within these organizations, many workplace sexualized interactions emerge as facilitating camaraderie and empowerment between workers. The article concludes that the sexual particularities of a workplace should be interpreted as one of its many cultural features, reflective more of its organizational conditions than of a static sexual symbolism.
There’s Risks in Everything: Extreme-Case Formulations and Accountability in Inquiry Testimony
Authors: Sidnell Jack
Published: October 2004

Drawing on the video record of a recent inquiry into the causes of water contamination in a small town in Ontario, Canada, this article presents an analysis of evasive strategies. The analysis focuses on the use of ‘extreme case formulations’ such as ‘there’s risks in everything’ and ‘every meeting of Cabinet or Cabinet Committee is important’ (Pomerantz, 1986; Sacks, 1995). Within the context of inquiry testimony, such formulations allowed the thenpremier of Ontario to avoid having to account for possibly blameworthy actions.
Constructing a Shared ‘Hong Kong Identity’ in Comic Discourses
Authors: Tsang Wai King , Wong Matilda
Published: October 2004

This article analyzes the discourses of a stand-up comedy routine entitled ‘What’s Next?’ in Hong Kong. The comedy routine is performed chiefly in Cantonese with the occasional insertion of English expressions. Our analysis is concerned with language as a tool of identity construction. To this end, four selected jokes are interpreted, focusing on three questions: (i) How does the performer use humor to involve the audience? (ii) How are personal pronouns deployed to index the relationships among various components: the performer, the audience, and constructs of ‘China’ and ‘Hong Kong’? (iii) How are codeswitching and other language techniques used, in conjunction with audience involvement in humor and the deployment of pronouns, to create a shared ‘Hong Kong identity’?
The Role of Task-Related Behavior in the Emergence of Leaders
Authors: Watson Carol , Hoffman L. Richard
Published: October 2004

This study examined whether possession of relevant knowledge plus encouragement to use it would positively affect rates of emergent leadership for women. Hypotheses derived from expectation states and social role theories that such “informed women” would be more passive, less influential, and less well liked than comparably informed men were tested in 40 mixed-sex groups. In each group, either a man or a woman (hint person) was instructed privately to gain the adoption of an unusual but effective solution (hint solution) to a production problem. Members’ influential behaviors were observed, coded, and compared with peer ratings. Contrary to predictions, as many hint women as hint men gained adoption of the hint solution (45%). Nevertheless, although successful hint women were seen by their peers to be as influential, competent, and participative as successful hint men, they received significantly lower ratings on leadership and likability. Conditions that promote or inhibit women’s task leadership are discussed.
Strategic Decision-Making Processes
Authors: Roberto Michael A.
Published: October 2004

This study examines how managers make strategic decisions efficiently and simultaneously build the consensus often required to implement decisions successfully. The findings suggest that groups employed two critical processes—one substantive/cognitive and the other symbolic/ political—to achieve high levels of efficiency and consensus. On the substantive dimension, they gradually structured complex problems by making a series of intermediate choices about particular elements of the decision. On the symbolic dimension, they took steps to preserve the legitimacy of the decision-making process.
Force Against and by Game Wardens In Citizen Encounters
Authors: Carter Timothy J.
Published: October 2004

This article provides a descriptive analysis of assaults against and force by game wardens. Statewide data were provided by Virginia’s Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Spatial, temporal, and situational factors are examined and some comparisons to police are provided. Distinct spatial and temporal patterns are evident. Attempting an arrest and rendering assistance are the most dangerous situations for assaults on wardens. The strongest factor precipitating assault is offender’s behavior. The strongest predictor of use of force is the presence of other police and offender’s resistance. Important differences between wardens and police in the use of weapons and injury are identified. Important organizational and situational differences shape the uniqueness of wildlife and conservation law enforcement.
Interactive Police-Citizen Encounters that Result in Force
Authors: Alpert Geoffrey P. , Dunham Roger G. , MacDonald John M.
Published: October 2004

The behavior of officers and suspects during encounters is influenced by the actions, comments, and demeanor of the other actor. The present study looks at the interactive context of police-citizen encounters that result in the use of force. The results of the study show that police-citizen encounters are not only interactive but also asymmetrical with respect to authority. Police use- offorce interactions with civilians are more likely to involve greater levels of force by the police relative to the level of suspect resistance when a suspect appears to have less authority relative to the police officer. During an encounter, police and citizens interpret and decide how to respond to each other. This interpretive process can shape the outcome of an encounter and is an important link to the understanding of police behavior.
Applications for Examining the Journey-to-Crime Using Incident-Based Offender Residence Probability Surfaces
Authors: Gore Richard Z. , Pattavina April
Published: October 2004

Hot spot analyses generated from crime incident locations has become a popular tool for informing tactical police applications. In this article, the authors expand the incident hot spot application to include information about offender residences in relation to incident locations. It is argued that analyzing offender residence offers added utility to current spatial techniques employed in police work. The methods used to analyze offender residence data are similar to those employed in point intensity hot spot analysis but may have use in investigative as well as tactical decisions. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the use of arrest data in generating an offender residence probability surface (ORPS) linked to specific target neighborhoods in Boston, Massachusetts, and to discuss various criminal justice applications of these surfaces.
Police Officers’ Lie Detection Accuracy: Interrogating Freely Versus Observing Video
Authors: Hartwig Maria , Granhag Pär Anders , Strömwall Leif A. , Vrij Aldert
Published: October 2004

The study investigated experienced police officers’ (N = 30) lie detection accuracy. Each police officer conducted an interrogation of a college student acting as a suspect either guilty or innocent of a mock crime and made a veracity judgment of the suspect. The police officers had the opportunity to conduct the interrogation in the manner of their own choice. The lie detection accuracy of these police officers was compared to that of police officers judging videotaped versions of the interrogations. The police officers failed to detect deception better than chance. There was no difference in accuracy between police officers interrogating live and observing video. The interrogators reported to rely on verbal content more when interrogating than when watching video. It seems as though police officers have a difficult time detecting deception not only in passive contexts but also in active ones.
A psychometric evaluation of the Group Environment Questionnaire in a sample of elite and regional level Greek volleyball players
Authors: Ntoumanis Nikos , Aggelonidis Yannis
Published: October 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) adapted to the Greek language. The sample consisted of 586 male and female volleyball players of elite and regional level status. Data were analysed from three time points of a competitive season. For each time point, seven competing first-order and second-order factor structures were subjected to confirmatory factor analyses. The results revealed that the Greek GEQ demonstrated high internal reliability coefficients, good convergent validity and, for most of the competing models, acceptable fit indices. However, very high factor correlations rendered problematic the discriminant validity of the questionnaire. Multisample analyses examining the invariance of the seven models across competitive level and gender revealed that the models were largely invariant. Further psychometric testing is needed to examine whether the Greek GEQ relates to conceptually important personal and team correlates of group cohesion.
Lesbian Voices: The Hall Carpenter Oral History Archive and Post-war British Lesbian History
Authors: Jennings Rebecca
Published: October 2004

The article examines life history interviews conducted with lesbians, which form part of the Hall Carpenter Oral History Archive at the National Sound Archive. This material is used in order to examine lesbian identities in Britain in the years 1945-1970. The article also explores the issues with using this form of oral history material, in particular, it was necessary to question both how these narratives were constructed to articulate a specific notion of lesbian identity and how they might be deconstructed to reveal the more fractured and contingent nature of post-war lesbian identities. The interviews produced accounts of lesbian experience and identity in the post-war decades, which were profoundly shaped by recent understandings of lesbian identity. It is this impact of contemporary notions of identity on personal narrative, and its significance to the lesbian and gay historian, which forms the focus of this article.
Productive Bodies, Performative Spaces: Everyday Life in Christopher Park
Authors: Conlon Deirdre
Published: October 2004

Christopher Park at Sheridan Square, a small public park geographically located at the heart of the bohemian Greenwich Village neighborhood, is often presented as the nexus of New York’s gay scene with the historical significance of the area for the gay rights movement in America frequently cited. In a multi-method case study of Christopher Park I draw on Henri Lefebvre’s theory on the production of space and Judith Butler’s theory of performativity in order to excavate the intersections between space and identity. Bringing these theories together to analyze a specific place highlights the relationships amongst queer theory, identity and material public spaces. Findings indicate that a polemic production process characterizes Christopher Park. It is perceived as a space where queer identities are accepted, yet, material manifestations of queer identity are constrained by factors such as time, park users, placement of monuments, as well as political and economic forces. Physical space and social actions echo one another in a manner indicative of their mutual constitution and highlight the factors that shape identity and matter/reality.
From Headline Shooter to Picture Snatcher
Authors: Brennen Bonnie S.
Published: October 2004

The existing research that addresses the depiction of photojournalists in popular culture focuses primarily on stereotypical characters and assessments of their distorted reflections of ‘reality’. In contrast, this article considers elements of popular cultural practices produced under specific social, economic, and political conditions that may provide useful insights into the actual lived experiences of photojournalists. Framed from a cultural materialist perspective, this research suggests that American films are cultural artifacts that offer documentary evidence as to the actual working conditions of photojournalists. Specifically, this research project focuses on the construction of photojournalists in 20 American films, in which photojournalists and cameramen appear as central characters, produced during the late 1920s and 1930s. The insights gained from the films are also evaluated through a lens of scholarly and trade literature about photojournalism written during the beginning of the 20th century.
Orientalism as news
Authors: Trivundza Ilija Tomanic
Published: October 2004

The article addresses the issue of essentially Orientalistic pictorial coverage of the US invasion of Iraq in the Slovene daily newspaper, Delo. The study showed that such framing was not solely the result of western control over the images of war but was, to a large extent, a consequence of a set of specific sociohistorical factors, namely the particular political situation at the time of the invasion and the workings of the mechanisms of Slovene national identity construction that draws its strength from replicating the Occident-Orient oppositions in the Balkan geopolitical reality. The article points to the persistent ideological role of news photographs as expressions of a collective historical consciousness.
Reorganization and Stabilization
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2004

The consequences of economic globalization have created a new interest in ¥Emile Durkheim’s conception of an institutional and moral reorganization of modern society that he developed in Professional Ethics and Civic Morals. Contrary to existing attempts to explain these political processes towards democratization, this article argues for a causal analysis of social change and concentrates on the social mechanisms that trigger the reorganization process of modern society. Two theses are entertained. The first thesis argues that the programme of an institutional and moral reorganization of modern society can be reanalysed as a causal process of democratization. This process takes two steps. While social mechanisms of reorganization bring about the institutional and moral reorganization of modern society, social mechanisms of stabilizationguarantee the functioning of the emerging democratic system. Further, the second thesis argues that this kind of explanation can be applied to Durkheim’s vision of a European confederation. The analysis reveals that his idea of a ‘post-national’ constellation refers to crucial problems of the recent debate regarding a democratic deficit in the European Union, and it shows that Durkheim’s contribution to both political sociology and historicalcomparative research has been misconceived and prematurely repudiated.
The benefits and costs of underwriters’ social capital in the US initial public offerings market
Authors: Pollock Timothy G.
Published: October 2004

This study explores the factors that influence the degree to which brokers in mediated markets employ their social capital to benefit either buyers or sellers in the context of underwriters’ involvement in the US initial public offerings (IPO) market. This study finds that the embeddedness of the lead underwriter with institutional investors in an IPO deal network is negatively associated with IPO stock underpricing when demand for the offering is low, thereby benefiting the seller, but is positively associated with the amount of underpricing when demand for the IPO is high, thereby benefiting the buyers. High underwriter embeddedness with institutional investors also reduces the negative relationship between underwriters’ reputation and underpricing.
Farnesyltransferase inhibitors interact synergistically with the Chk1 inhibitor UCN-01 to induce apoptosis in human leukemia cells through interruption of both Akt and MEK/ERK pathways and activation of SEK1/JNK
Authors: Dai Yun , Rahmani Mohamed , Pei Xin-Yan , Khanna Payal , Han Song Iy , Mitchell Clint , Dent Paul , Grant Steven
Published: October 2004

Interactions between the Chk1 inhibitor UCN-01 and the farnesyltransferase inhibitor L744832 were examined in human leukemia cells. Combined exposure of U937 cells to subtoxic concentrations of UCN-01 and L744832 resulted in a dramatic increase in mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and loss of clonogenicity. Similar interactions were noted in other leukemia cells (HL-60, Raji, Jurkat) and primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts. Coadministration of L744832 blocked UCN-01-mediated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/ERK), leading to down-regulation of phospho-cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element-binding protein (phospho-CREB) and -p90RSK and activation of p34cdc2 and stress-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SEK/JNK). Combined treatment also resulted in pronounced reductions in levels of phospho-Akt, -glycogen synthase kinase-3 (-GSK-3), -p70S6K, -mammalian target of rapamycin (-mTOR), -forkhead transcription factor (-FKHR), -caspase-9, and -Bad. Ectopic expression of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL but not dominant-negative caspase-8 blocked UCN-01/L744832-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis but did not prevent activation of p34cdc2 and JNK or inactivation of MEK/ERK and Akt. Enforced expression of myristoylated Akt but not constitutively active MEK significantly attenuated UCN-01/L744832-induced apoptosis. However, dual transfection with Akt and MEK resulted in further protection from UCN-01/L744832-mediated lethality. Finally, down-regulation of JNK1 by siRNA significantly reduced the lethality of the UCN-01/L744832 regimen. Together, these findings suggest that farnesyltransferase inhibitors interrupt the cytoprotective Akt and MAPK pathways while reciprocally activating SAPK/JNK in leukemia cells exposed to UCN-01 and, in so doing, dramatically increase mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. (Blood. 2005;105:1706-1716)
Review and standardization of cell phone exposure calculations using the SAM phantom and anatomically correct head models
Authors: Beard Brian B , Kainz Wolfgang
Published: October 2004

We reviewed articles using computational RF dosimetry to compare the Specific Anthropomorphic Mannequin (SAM) to anatomically correct models of the human head. Published conclusions based on such comparisons have varied widely. We looked for reasons that might cause apparently similar comparisons to produce dissimilar results. We also looked at the information needed to adequately compare the results of computational RF dosimetry studies. We concluded studies were not comparable because of differences in definitions, models, and methodology. Therefore we propose a protocol, developed by an IEEE standards group, as an initial step in alleviating this problem. The protocol calls for a benchmark validation study comparing the SAM phantom to two anatomically correct models of the human head. It also establishes common definitions and reporting requirements that will increase the comparability of all computational RF dosimetry studies of the human head.
Ion-sensing Behavior of Ion-selective Electrodes Based on 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis (4-n-Dodecylphenyl) porphyrin
Authors: Moriuchi-Kawakami Takayo , Nishimura Hiroshi , Fujimori Keiichi , Shibutani Yasuhiko , Sugino Takushi , Shimizu Yo
Published: October 2004

5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-n-dodecylphenyl)porphyrin (C12TPPH2) as a neutral carrier of ion-selective electrodes exhibited excellent cation-sensing behavior for the Ag+ ion with high sensitivity and fast potential response.
Large-scale Growth of Hollow Sb Microspheres
Authors: Zhang Wanqun , Xu Liqiang , Xi Guangchen , Yu Weichao , Qian Yitai
Published: October 2004

Uniform hollow antimony micron spheres were synthesized on a large scale using SbCl3 and dithizone as starting reagents in ethylenediamine at 140 °C for 72 h. XRD and Raman results reveal that the as-obtained final product is pure Sb. FE-SEM and TEM observation reveals that the prepared hollow microspheres are composed of nanoparticles. The possible formation mechanism was briefly discussed.
Field-effect Transistors Based on Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) Derivatives
Authors: Muratsubaki Masanori , Furukawa Yukio , Noguchi Takanobu , Ohnishi Toshihiro , Fujiwara Eiichi , Tada Hirokazu
Published: October 2004

Field-effect mobilities and on/off current ratios have been determined for the organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on three kinds of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) derivatives. The best transistor performance has been obtained for poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV). The hole mobility and the on/off ratio obtained for the MEH-PPV OFET are 3.6 × 10−4 cm2/Vs and 1.5 × 106, respectively. These OFETs operate stably in the atmosphere as well as in vacuum.
Substituent Effects on the Solvatochromism of 2-Phenylimidazopyrazinones: Effective Control of the Color Variation Range and Sensitivity toward an Indication of the Proton-donor Ability of Solvents by an Electron-withdrawing Group Substitution
Authors: Takamuki Yoshiharu , Maki Shojiro , Niwa Haruki , Ikeda Hiroshi , Hirano Takashi
Published: October 2004

A para-substitution on the phenyl group of 2-phenylimidazopyrazinone successively resulted in a change of the solvatochromic property, especially of the color-variation range and sensitivity to solvents, demonstrating that derivatives possessing an electron-withdrawing group are preferable as potential indicators of the proton-donor ability of solvents.
Preparation of a Clay Pillared with Rodlike Cationic Polysiloxane
Authors: Kaneko Yoshiro , Iyi Nobuo , Matsumoto Taki , Kitamura Kenji
Published: October 2004

A clay pillared with a polymer was prepared by the ion-exchange of Na-saponite with a novel rodlike cationic polysiloxane. The present material had a d-value of ca. 1.8 nm, expanded by incorporation of the polysiloxane. It provided a micropore material with a relatively large surface area of more than 300 m2/g in the interlayer space.
A New Solid Superacid Catalyst Prepared by Doping ZrO2 with Ce and Modifying with Sulfate Simultaneously
Authors: Sohn Jong Rack , Lim Jun Seob , Lee Si Hoon
Published: October 2004

A new solid superacid catalyst, Ce–ZrO2/SO42−, having high surface area and thermal stability even after calcination at temperatures of 650–700 °C, is prepared simply by doping ZrO2 with Ce and modifying with sulfate simultaneously. The role of Ce is to form a thermally stable solid solution with zirconia and consequently to give high surface area of the sample.
Organometallic Synthesis of InP Quantum Dots Using Tris(dimethylamino)phosphine as a Phosphorus Source
Authors: Matsumoto Taichi , Maenosono Shinya , Yamaguchi Yukio
Published: October 2004

InP colloidal quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized via an alternative synthetic route. Pyrolysis of indium trichloride and tris(dimethylamino)phosphine [P(NMe2)3] in a mixture of trioctylphosphine and trioctylphosphine oxide gives InP QDs with an average diameter of a few nanometers. The InP QDs were characterized by TEM, XRD, X-ray fluorescence analysis, UV–vis, and fluorescence spectrophotometry. The synthetic method using P(NMe2)3 as a phosphorus source is safer and more facile than other existing methods to synthesize InP QDs.
Stable Iminonitroxide Biradical in the Triplet Ground State
Authors: Hayakawa Kenichi , Shiomi Daisuke , Ise Tomoaki , Sato Kazunobu , Takui Takeji
Published: October 2004

Magnetic properties and crystal structure of a pyridine-substituted iminonitroxide biradical, 2,6-bis(4,4,5,5,-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl-1-oxyl)pyridine (1), were examined. The molecular ground state of 1 was found to be triplet (S = 1) with a singlet–triplet energy gap of 7 K. The ground-state triplet biradical serves as a building block for molecule-based magnets of S > 1/2 based on intermolecular noncovalent bonding architecture.
Numerical and Perturbation Analysis of Dynamic Post-buckling of Rectangular Laminated Plates
Authors: Akour Salih , Nayfeh Jamal , Asfar Khaled
Published: October 2004

A new phenomenon for laminated composite plates undergoing dynamic post-buckling is presented. The buckled composite plate subjected to in-plane dynamic load not only gains more non-linearity by the quadratic term, which arises from static buckling, but also changes its dynamic behavior from pure parametric vibration to combined parametric and forcing traverse vibrations.

The nonlinear behavior of a simply supported laminated composite plate undergoing dynamic post-buckling is investigated. The range of bifurcation parameter (forcing frequency) for chaotic motion is obtained, and the characteristics of the dynamic behavior of the laminated composite plate in post-buckling are unveiled.

Hamilton's Principle, Galerkin's Method, and Lagrange's Equation are utilized to obtain the equations of motion with higher-order shear deformation. The differential equation has quadratic and cubic non-linearities as well as parametric and harmonic excitation terms. The method of multiple scales is used to determine the equations that describe the second order modulation of the amplitude and phase. Floquet theory is used to analyze the stability of periodic responses.
A 2.5D BEM Model for Ground-Structure Interaction
Authors: Jean P. , Guigou C. , Villot M.
Published: October 2004

The study of ground-structure interaction due to surface waves (trains or tramways) has been undertaken using a full Boundary Element Method (BEM) approach, both for the ground and structure. Rather than using a 2D Green's function, a 2.5D Green's function is written for a given wave number along the ‘infinite’ direction so that this method can be considered as a mixture of BEM and wave analysis. Fourier-like integrations of the solutions, for different wavenumbers, yield solutions for point or incoherent line excitations. In the case of railway-like sources, the 2.5D model allows coincidence effects to be considered in, so that the effect of the source position along the track relative to the structure and of the angle of incidence of in-coming waves can be estimated. Also the 2.5D approach gives much faster calculations than a full 3D implementation. The approach is used in a study of ground and foundation interaction, without and with isolating linings.
Case Study: Ambient Sound Assessment of Educational Buildings
Authors: Lavandier Catherine , Raimbault Manon , Ignazi Gérard
Published: October 2004

The present study is devoted to the analysis of acoustic quality of educational buildings. Three secondary schools were studied. Children were asked to draw and write how they perceived and evaluated the acoustic environment of their school. A semiotic analysis of graphics and a semantic analysis of verbal reports allow sounds to be identified as cognitive representations: they are mainly represented by sources as elements of a “context”, involving activities, time and locations. A measurement program was carried out, especially in locations where acoustic problems were mentioned. These two perceptive and physical approaches lead to the conclusion that the design process for educational buildings can be treated at different levels: a functional and an organizational level on the one hand, and a physical level on the other.
Technical Note: Sound Transmission of Jute Fibre Reinforced Ferrocement Panels
Authors: Kandaswamy S.
Published: October 2004

Ferrocement panels increasingly are used in low cost housing in developing countries. In order to understand the functional performance of such panels, sound transmission studies previously have been carried out. This work now focuses on the sound transmission performance of ferrocement panels lined with jute fibre. In this study panel elements were cast and tested in a sound transmission suite to experimentally evaluate the sound reduction index.
Estimating in-situ Material Properties of a Wood Joist Floor: Part 1 — Measurements of the Real Part of Bending Wavenumber
Authors: Nightingale T.R.T. , Halliwell R.E. , Pernica G.
Published: October 2004

This paper outlines and evaluates a non-destructive experimental technique used to obtain in-situ measures of the real part of the bending wavenumber in the two principal directions of a wood joist floor. In-situ measured wavenumbers are compared to those obtained from beam samples cut from the floor sheathing to identify the frequency range when the joists significantly affect vibration response in the floor sheathing. Wavenumber measurements confirm the highly orthotropic nature. Measurements indicate that the wavenumbers in the direction parallel to the joists are a function of location between the joists. Lower wavenumbers in this direction can be expected closer to the joists. Some discussion is given regarding the rates of attenuation with distance that can be expected parallel and perpendicular to the joists given the variation in wavenumbers, however this will be the topic of a separate paper, Part 2.