bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deinstitutionalization and the Serious Juvenile Offender: Some Policy Considerations
Authors: Coates Robert B.
Published: March 2007

Issues related to dealing with the serious juvenile offender are dis cussed in terms of the deinstitutionalization of juvenile offenders. It is argued that "serious offender," as a concept, lacks empirical pre cision ; the designation "violent offender" is offered in its place. Pro gramming for the violent offender within a community-based system is discussed.
The Victimized White in a Juvenile Correctional System
Authors: Bartollas Clemens , Sieverdes Christopher M.
Published: March 2007

The victimization of confined juvenile offenders by their peers focuses attention on the problems of individual adjustment and cop ing in large correctional settings. A study of inmates' behavior in six coeducational training schools of a southeastern state found high rates of victimization and personal intimidation of white youths by more dominant and aggressive black residents. However, the level of vic timization or inmate violence in these six training schools was not comparable to what has been reported in studies carried out in other states. Even so, the nature of the institutional life reported by resi dents and staff suggests that the policy of incarcerating juvenile of fenders in large correctional centers is of questionable value.
Conjugal Association in Prison: Issues and Perspectives
Authors: Goetting Ann
Published: March 2007

The practice of conjugal association in United States prisons has be come a controversial issue among policy makers in correction. Seven states now have programs allowing families to visit inmates in private, and to engage in sexual activity with their spouses on prison grounds. This paper describes conjugal association programs now operating in United States prisons and reviews the long debate in the literature over the merits of such programs.
The Relationship of Offender Classification to the Problems of Prison Overcrowding
Authors: Clements Carl B.
Published: March 2007

It is argued that prison overcrowding distorts offender classification decisions, and, further, that certain classification policies may worsen the extent and effect of crowding. Examples from recent court cases are provided. Yet, as suggested in the recommendations made for rec tifying this situation, classification can be a useful tool for coping with crowded prisons.
Arson, Fiscal Crisis, and Community Action
Authors: Brady James P.
Published: March 2007

The article concerns arson and citizens' activism in Boston. The dimensions of the arson problem in the United States and the failure of law enforcement by government agencies are discussed, as part of an analysis of arson as an organized crime enterprise. Like other forms of racketeering, arson for profit typically involves recognizably "criminal" entrepreneurs and their underlings, as well as a network of corrupt officials in police and fire departments and insurance com panies. The greatest profits, however, are made by banks and "legit imate" real estate investors whose lending and development practices create the incentive for arson and yield the greatest benefits from land use conversion in the cities. Various forms of action by citizens have followed both the arson wave and the recent cutbacks in fire protec tion in major cities. The fragmented and contradictory nature of the sometimes explosive reaction points to the power of the political ma chine in Boston, as well as to larger race and class conflicts rooted in the capitalist urban economy.
Rhetoric and Reality: A Critical Appraisal of Community Correctional Programs
Authors: Hylton John H.
Published: March 2007

Evaluations of many community programs controvert a number of common assumptions about the conditions and effects of noninstitu tional correctional programs. Evidence will be presented in this essay that raises questions about the effectiveness, humaneness, and econo my of community-based programs. Such programs have had, it is argued, a range of undesirable effects on the justice system and soci ety that have not been widely recognized. In particular, there is a ten dency for community programs to extend state control over an in creasing proportion of the population. The validity of conventional explanations of the origins of community-based programs will be dis cussed, and an alternative theoretical framework will be proposed that takes account of the need for the social control apparatus to respond to larger structural exigencies in the advanced capitalist state.
Response of Organization and Community to a Deinstitutionalization Strategy
Authors: Spergel Irving A. , Lynch James P. , Reamer Frederic G. , Korbelik John
Published: March 2007

An Illinois statewide program to remove status offenders from deten tion was a partial success. Substantially fewer youths were referred to detention but more youths than expected were classified as detainable and subjected to court and agency processing. This may have been due in large measure to organizational self-interest and the weakness or fragmentation of community structure.
Forced Sex in Marriage: A Preliminary Research Report
Authors: Finkelhor David , Yllo Kersti
Published: March 2007

There is increasing evidence that forced sex in marriage is a wide spread social problem. This paper reports some initial findings from a study of the victims of forced marital sex. Such incidents seem to occur both in generally violent and in violence-free relationships, often near their end. The offender's goal in many instances appears to be to humiliate and retaliate against his wife, and the abuse may often include anal intercourse. It is time for a serious investigation of this problem by researchers and clinicians.
Happy New Year— You're a Juror
Authors: Kraft Ivor
Published: March 2007

The author, a member of the California bar, reflects on his experiences as a juror in a criminal trial in the Sacramento Superior Court, early in 1980. The criminal charges included attempted murder, and the trial experience lasted three weeks. Jury selection, the principle of judgment by peers, courtroom procedures, the nature of jury instructions, and the economics of the criminal jury trial are critically assessed. Psychological aspects of twelve hours of jury deliberations, over a two-and-one-half-day period, are probed. Recommenda tions are offered for reforming, expediting, and simplifying the use of criminal juries in California.
Criminal Justice Research Is about People
Authors: Conrad John P.
Published: March 2007

The Golden Age of criminal justice research has come to an end, with an era of austerity impending. The benefits of the work done over the last forty years are reviewed, and the author suggests that many of the research paradigms are withering in aridity, producing results of di minishing consequence. He argues that this is a time to turn away from the expensive systems research that has characterized so much criminological work and return to the people-oriented research that characterized the Chicago School of the early twenties. The major questions to which "people-oriented research" should be addressed are formulated and their potential significance is discussed.
"Neoclassicism," Proportionality, and the Rationale for Punishment: Thoughts on the Scandinavian Debate
Authors: von Hirsch Andrew
Published: March 2007

The idea of sentences proportionate to the gravity of the criminal conduct has been generating interest in the Scandinavian countries, as well as in the United States. This article, based on a lecture given by the author at the University of Oslo, explores Scandinavian ideas of "neoclassicism" in sentencing. Drawing on the Scandinavian literature, the author examines the conceptual basis for the idea of proportionate (deserved) sentences, and explores the justification for the existence of the criminal sanction.
Jury Toughness: The Impact of Conservatism On Criminal Court Verdicts
Authors: Levine James P.
Published: March 2007

An analysis of criminal court verdicts after trials with and without juries shows that, contrary to popular belief, juries are acting tougher than judges in deliberating the fate of defendants. Study of 58,336 trials of persons charged with felonies in six states and the District of Columbia shows that juries convict substantially more often than judges trying cases alone. The slightly contrary results in two other jurisdictions are explained by special circumstances. The phenomenon of jury toughness is seen to be the result of changes in the dominant po litical ideology, as trend data on federal court verdicts show an increasing rate of jury convictions since the 1950s as a response to the growth of popular conserva tism on criminal justice issues. Jurors, as representing the body politic, have used their discretion over fact finding as their means of expressing indignation about crime and dealing harshly with criminals.
The Effect of Executions on Homicides: A New Look in an Old Light
Authors: Lempert Richard
Published: March 2007

Professor Isaac Ehrlich, in his well-known article on the death penalty, argues that previous research on the deterrent effects of capital punishment, as exemplified by the work of Thorsten Sellin, is inadequate because it focuses on the wrong issue and because it fails to control for relevant variables. Ehrlich's first point is that if one is searching for deterrence it is the law in action (i.e., the actu al incidence of executions) rather than the law on the books (i.e., the presence or absence of the death penalty) which is crucial. His second point is that in order to spot deterrent effects other factors which might affect homicide rates, such as conviction rates and unemployment rates, must be held constant. Many of those who believe that Ehrlich's work is fundamentally flawed nevertheless accept these criticisms.
Public Opinion and Capital Punishment: A Close Examination of the Views of Abolitionists and Retentionists
Authors: Ellsworth Phoebe C. , Ross Lee
Published: March 2007

A survey designed to examine the attitudinal and informational bases of people's opinions about the death penalty was administered to 500 Northern California residents (response rate = 96 percent). Of these, 58.8 percent were proponents of capital punishment, 30.8 percent were opponents, and 10.4 percent were undecided. When asked whether they favored mandatory, discretionary, or no death penalty for various crimes, respondents tended to treat these options as points on a scale of strength of belief, with mandatory penalties favored for the most serious crimes, rather than considering the questions of objectivity and fairness that have influenced the United States Supreme Court's considerations of these options. For no crime did a majority favor execution of all those convicted, even when a mandatory penalty was endorsed. Respondents were generally ignorant on factual issues related to the death penalty, and indicated that if their factual beliefs (in deterrence) were incorrect, their attitude would not be influenced. When asked about their reasons for favoring or opposing the death penalty, respondents tended to endorse all reasons consistent with their attitudes, indicating that the attitude does not stem from a set of reasoned beliefs, but may be an undifferenti ated, emotional reflection of one's ideological self-image. Opponents favored due process guarantees more than did Proponents. A majority of respondents said they would need more evidence to convict if a case was capital. Theoretical and legal implications of the results are discussed.
The Treatment of Deviant Children: A Twenty-Five Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: McCord William , Sanchez Jose
Published: March 2007

Former inmates of two different types of reform schools were studied over a twenty-five-year period. One school, which emphasized psychological treatment, appeared to be strikingly more successful in lowering crime rates up to age 24. The other school, which stressed harsh punishment, did not affect recidivism rates until after the age of 24. Original information on the 340 subjects, adult records, and responses from interviews conducted with the subjects as adults are examined. Rates of mental hospitalization and alcoholism did not differ between the former inmates of the two schools as they grew older. Ethnicity had a powerful effect on recidivism. It is suggested that psychological treatment of deviant children lowers their recidivism rate in early adolescence but that its results are dissipated as the individuals mature. Comparisons with pohcies of "deinstitutionalization"or harsh punishment support the conclusion that "milieu therapy" works in adolescence, but has no discernible effect after age 24.
Some Changing Patterns in Educational Policy Making
Authors: Masters Nicholas A. , Pettit Lawrence K.
Published: March 2007

Professors Masters and Pettit trace a number of recent developments pertaining to the formulation of national and state policies in education. Among the more important developments have been the increasing role of the U. S. Office of Education and the recently established Com pact for Education. The authors assert that educational policy making is entering a new era-a period when old issues and old cliches are no longer relevant. Professors Masters and Pettit are members of the politi cal science faculty at The Pennsylvania State University.
A Survey of Collective Activity among Public School Teachers
Authors: Perry Charles A. , Wildman Wesley A.
Published: March 2007

In recent months the authors of the following article have been as sembling extensive information about "collective bargaining" proce dures prevailing in American school districts. The timeliness of their investigations prompted the editors to invite the authors to summarize their findings for this issue of the Quarterly. Mr. Perry and Mr. Wildman are Research Associates in the Industrial Relations Center at The University of Chicago and are directing the Study of Collective Action by Public School Teachers.
Towards a General Economic Theory of Educational Value
Authors: Hartley Harry J.
Published: March 2007

Greater financial support for education does not necessaril y follow in creasing amounts of disposable income available to citizens-voters. This fact suggests to Professor Hartley that value preferences of individuals need to be studied closely, and the findings of such investigations uti lized fully by practitioners. Mr. Hartle y is an assistant professor of edu cation at the State University of New York at Buffalo.
Faculty Input: A Function of a College's Incentive System
Authors: Wallin Herman A.
Published: March 2007

How schools and colleges reward their faculty members may be quite unrelated to the stated purposes and goals of these institutions. This study of two nearby junior colleges traces some interesting findings flowing from different systems of faculty incentives. The author con cludes that appropriate incentives can assist the professional teacher in establishing priorities among his various tasks. Mr. Wallin was a post doctoral research fellow at the University of Oregon when he wrote this article and is now assistant professor specializing in educational ad ministration at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
National Educational Assessment
Authors: Rudman Herbert C.
Published: March 2007

Before we can fruitfully debate the merits of a national assessment program, the author believes we must decide what it is that is to be assessed. The distinction between education and schooling must be clear. There must be agreement on what can be measured or assessed with existing tools. The author suggests that Congress must raise its sights above the deceptively simple sounding goal of assessing the effectiveness of schools.
Psychopathology, Treatment Outcome and Attitude Toward Mental Illness in Mexican American and European Patients
Authors: Lawson Harry H. , Kahn Marvin W. , Heiman Elliott M.
Published: March 2007

Lower socio-economic European American and Mexican American psychiatric in- patients were compared on degree of psychopathology, response to treatment and attitude toward mental illness and hospitalization. The Mexican American patients were proportionately under-represented, but did not differ from the European Americans in degree of psychopathology at admission nor in response to treatment — both groups showing a high degree of improvement by both MMPI and clinical judgement. However, the Mexican American patients did have a significantly more negative view of hospitalization and treatment, viewing it as controlling and restrictive which may account for their lower proportion in the patient population.
Mental Symptoms in the Community
Authors: Hannay D.R.
Published: March 2007

The prevalence of mental symptoms amongst a sample of adults, registered at a health centre, is described from home interviews. The frequency of mental symptoms is then correlated with personal characteristics and environmental factors using computer programmes, and the results discussed, in the light of similar studies.
International Advertising in Western Europe: Should Differences in Uncertainty Avoidance be Considered when Advertising in Belgium, France, The Netherlands and Spain?
Authors: Hoeken Hans , van den Brandt Corine , Crijns Rogier , Domínguez Núria , Hendriks Berna , Planken Brigitte , Starren Marianne
Published: March 2007

There is an ongoing debate as to whether cultural differences necessi tate adaptation of advertisements to local circumstances in interna tional business communication. In particular, value appeals are thought to be culturally sensitive because cultures differ with respect to which values are considered important, and it is thought that appealing to important values is more persuasive than appealing to ones less impor tant. This article reports on an experiment in which the persuasiveness of an appeal to security was compared to that of an appeal to adven ture. The relative persuasiveness of these appeals was studied in coun tries (i.e., Belgium, France and Spain) that are characterized as high uncertainty avoidance cultures, and a country characterized as a low uncertainty avoidance culture: The Netherlands. Results showed that the two value appeals proved equally persuasive for all countries.
Physical Property Relationships and Chemical Factors Affecting Flex Fatigue Characteristics of Flexible Urethane Foam
Authors: Beals B. , Dwyer F.J. , Kaplan M.
Published: March 2007

A statistical study of the standard flex fa tigue test methods to determine variations due to method and position of foam sample is reported. The effect of preflexing was also investigated. Certain physical properties of flexible urethane foams have been shown to have a significant bearing on the flex fatigue characteristics. Correlation between hystere sis loss, indentation load deflection, density, "Sac" Factor, etc., and load loss after flexing are discussed. A simple method of predicting flex fatigue characteristics of urethane foam is described.

The relationship of chemical variables in the formulation and their effect on flex fa tigue is discussed in detail.
Deformations of Foamed Elastomers
Authors: Ko W.L.
Published: March 2007

Geometrical shapes of interstices of two types of closest packing of uniform spheres, 1) hexagonal closest packing, 2) face centered cubic closest packing are studied, and the structures of interstices of these two types of packing are used to represent those of the actual foamed elastomers.

Equivalent elastic constants for these two structures are calculated in terms of the slenderness of a thread (which is a function of voids content) l'/A where l is the length of a thread and A its cross-sectional area, and of the elastic constants of the interstices. The calculated value of Poisson's ratio of a model containing 67 percent of the interstices of hexagonal closest packing and 33 percent those of face centered cubic packing corre lates fairly well with existing experimental data.
The Manufacture and Use of Polystyrene Foams
Authors: Muller-Tamm Heinz
Published: March 2007

Such raw material variables as granule size, molecular weight and distribution, con tent and composition of the expanding agent, and residual monomer content influence the processes of prefoaming and foaming of polystyrene. The cellular structure is con trolled by the moisture content of the mix.

Processing variations such as hot air pre foaming, high frequency molding and auto matic sheet-making have value in certain cases. The diffusion resistance factor and combustion resistance are important in in sulating and other materials. Examples of new applications for foamed polystyrene include fruit boxes and insulation for ships.
Improved Semiflexible Urethane Foams
Authors: Gemeinhardt P.G. , Szabat J.F. , Backus J.K.
Published: March 2007

The development of improved semiflexible urethane foams forms the basis for this arti cle. Using MONDUR® MR, a polymeric polyisocyanate of note for rigid foam, lower cost, one-shot semiflexible foams exhibiting a wide range of load bearing are reported at lower than normal densities with significant reduction in compression set. A highlight of the work involved the discovery of a unique chemical compound, which when used in ad ditive amount, proved very effective in pro moting and controlling open cell formation.
The Determination and Effect of Unreacted Isocyanate Groups in Rigid Urethane Foams
Authors: Greth G.G. , Smith R.G. , Rudkin G.O.
Published: March 2007

A method for determination of unreacted isocyanate groups in rigid urethane foams by the infrared technique is described. The method has an average deviation of about 5% for replicates. A description of efforts directed toward adapting a chemical method for the determination of NCO in foam is given. Problems relating to water adsorbed on powdered urethane foam reacting prefer entially with the NCO groups prevented suc cessful chemical methods of measurement. In order to minimize exposure of the reactive NCO groups a procedure is described for the reproducible deposition of diisocyanate on KBr.
Rigid Foam Markets in Europe
Authors: Simond Bernard
Published: March 2007

In only ten years the market for rigid plas tic foams has grown to reach 850 million bd ft (about sixty million dollars). The properties of the various types of foams which make up this market—polystyrene, urethane, polyvinyl chloride, ebonite, phenolics, and urea-formal dehyde, are described. The contributions of each type of foam to the various sectors of the market is discussed. Building construc tion, low-temperature insulation, and sand wich construction are covered. In conclusion an analysis of the expected future develop ment of the rigid plastic foam market in Europe is given.
Western Hemisphere Markets for Cellular Plastics
Authors: Noren Herbert H.
Published: March 2007

The category of cellular plastics comprises a broad spectrum of polymer species that can be viewed against an even broader back ground of applications—actual and potential. The market is highly fluid, with few products having settled into a fully measurable and predictable position. For most of the cellular plastics numerous potential markets can be foreseen—the prospects for major success vary from barely possible to highly promising. Two factors—economics, and current and future technological developments—will bear importantly on the further commercialization of cellular plastics. Because research efforts have by no means reached a plateau, most projections, though favorable, may well be exceeded by the actual results.
Organizing Research to Improve Criminal Justice Policy
Authors: Waller Irvin
Published: March 2007

For research to become an appropriate part of policy development, a number of deliberate improvements in the research and policy process are required. Some researchers will need to be organized to use available research for urgent requests. Researchers will need to do research on relevant issues more often within preestablished schedules and write clearer research reports. The research must be of sufficient quality to form the base for policy, be undertaken in a manner likely to encourage its use, and be followed up if it is to be used. The need for high-quality research and the long-term compilation of knowledge applicable to and used in policy issues require close, but explicit, collaboration between policy makers and university researchers. The policy maker or planner also must appreciate the advantages of rational decision making and make commitments to research by reading research findings and discussing their implications with researchers, by helping to identify research priorities, and by clarifying long-term goals. As the development of useful knowledge through research is a long process, its use to resolve fundamental problems requires an attempt to foresee future policy issues and ensure long- term interaction between policy and research. Research will contribute to the resolving of short-term crises only within the context of long-term cooperation between policy makers and researchers.
Inmate Adjustment to Prison and the Transition to Community Life
Authors: Goodstein Lynne
Published: March 2007

Traditional prisons contain two separate and to some extent mutually ex clusive institutional cultures: the formal culture promulgated by the adminis tration and staff and the informal inmate subculture. While prior research on inmate adaptation to prison has focused on the inmate subculture, this paper examines inmate assimilation into the formal prison culture as well and ex plores the relationship between mode of adjustment to prison and the process of transition to community life. This study consisted of two phases. Phase 1 delineated four modes of adjustment to incarceration-rebellious, institu tionalized, manipulative release oriented, and positivistic-through the use of behavioral, attitudinal, and demographic data. Phase 2, a six-month follow-up study of a sample of inmates after their release from prison, found that pa rolees who had used the institutionalized mode of adjustment to prison had the greatest difficulties during the first two months on parole and rebellious in mates made the smoothest transition. In addition, prisonization was not found to impair postrelease outcome. These results suggest that inmate conformity to the formal institutional culture may lead to difficulties after release, while nonconformity may enhance short-term postrelease adaptation.
Procedures for Follow-Up Studies of THEME Teacher Education Graduates Michael Lindsay
Authors: Lindsay Michael
Published: March 2007

Lindsay sets forth systematic procedures for designing and conducting follow-up studies of teacher education graduates. Specifically, the author makes recom mendations with regard to formulating instrument questions and scales, deter mining the length and appearance of the questionnaire, writing the cover letter, planning the follow-up reminder proce dures, and comparing nonrespondents and respondents.
Applying Research on Teacher Clarity
Authors: Cruickshank Donald R.
Published: March 2007

In this article, Cruickshank highlights selected findings from the research on teacher clarity. He then projects from the findings a set of implications for teacher education programming and for faculty instructional practices. In the final section, he identifies a series of clarity-related issues that warrant research attention.
Chapter IV. Industrial Production
Authors: Mayes David G.
Published: March 2007

It is now nearly two years since the last of the regular assessments of industrial production in this Review. Whereas these usually looked up to eighteen months ahead, this chapter looks at the medium-term. It discusses, at a disaggregated level, the changes in the structure of the economy that might be implied by the aggregate forecast in chapter I. This discussion is prefaced by an examination of recent trends.
Seasonal Patterns in the British Economy
Authors: Britton Andrew
Published: March 2007

Applied macroeconomists commonly regard the seasonal variations of the economy as a hindrance rather than a help to the understanding of behaviour. Thus both in commenting informally on economic developments and in the more formal tasks of modelbuilding and forecasting seasonally-adjusted data are almost invariably used in preference to raw data when both are published. The nature of the patterns displayed by seasonal variation is very little discussed. One purpose of this note is simply to describe seasonal variation as it is estimated in some of the official data series, providing some tables which may be useful for general reference. But the aim is not just descriptive. It will be argued that seasonal variations may throw useful light on some controversial issues in macroeconomics.
Comparative Properties of Models of the Uk Economy
Authors: Fisher P.G. , Tanna S.K. , Turner D.S. , Wallis K.F. , Whitley J.D.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the properties of five major macroeconometric models of the UK economy, through analysis of six standard policy simulations. The simulations are conducted, as far as possible, in a consistent manner across the models. The models were deposited with the ESRC Macroeconomic Modelling in late 1988 and this paper follows comparative analysis of previous model vintages in this Review and in earlier Bureau publications. The paper highlights differences between the models that emerge from the treatment of exchange rates, imports, consumption and price adjustment. Recent changes to the models are shown to have increased simulation differences between them.
The World Economy
Authors: Anderton R. , Barrell R. , Caporale G.
Published: March 2007

The US, the UK and Canada all experienced recessions in 1991, whilst in Germany and Japan activity began to slow markedly. Most commentators, including the Institute, underestimated the length and severity of the recessions being experienced by the UK and the US. Data for the third and fourth quarters, along with recent information on expectations and on consumer confidence, have caused us to revise down both our estimate of growth experienced in 1991 and our forecast for growth in 1992. The summary details of our forecast are given in table 1.
International Differences in Manufacturing Unit Labour Costs
Authors: O'Mahony Mary
Published: March 2007

This article presents measures o f competitiveness in manufacturing comparing Britain to Germany, France and the United States. Data from the National Accounts and the Census of Production are combined to derive new estimates of relative unit labour costs for a number of manufacturing industries. The results show that British manufacturing had a competitive advantage over Germany and France in 1993. This arose primarily from the devaluation of Sterling and followed a period, from 1989 to 1992, when unit labour costs in British manufacturing were generally close to those in Germany and France. Unit labour costs in American manufacturing, however, were considerably lower than in the European countries in 1993. The results by industry show that Britain performs relatively poorly in much of the engineering sector while being relatively more competitive in consumer goods industries. Over time changes in the market exchange rates and nominal wage inflation have large impacts on the relative competitive position of total manufacturing in the four countries whereas productivity growth plays a minor role. However, at the industry level productivity growth is important. In the face of similar movements in relative nominal wages across industries, differences in productivity performance distinguish those British industries which gained ground over their rivals abroad from those whose competitive position worsened.
Teaching Verbs Using a Hierarchical System
Authors: Godman Arthur
Published: March 2007

The mastery of the meaning and use of verbs is the most difficult area of language learning. The accurate meaning of a verb is fully comprehended only when it is placed in a set of verbs with similar meanings and differences of contextual features. The case is argued, using specific references, for the verb as the centre of importance in syntax. Evidence is also given to indicate that the concept denoted by a verb rarely has a full equivalent from one language to another. Each verb has a denotation, connotations, and, possibly, uses in idiom. A diagrammatic representation of verbs shows the hierarchical arrange ment with the set of verbs divided into families, groups and clusters. Diagrams can show a two-dimensional system of relationships. Lan guage, however, does not follow an exact taxonomy, and the relation ships are often blurred. An explanation of this is given and it is shown that a multi-dimensional representation is required for a true descrip tion. The method of overcoming this difficulty is described. A semantic field chart illustrates the relationship between verbs in a group of clus ters. The chart has to be supplemented by a written definition of a verb in order to ascertain the focus and collocations of the verb. The development of teaching verbs is then outlined. The first 250 verbs, in order of frequency of use in English, can be arranged in twenty-two groups, and an example of this is given.
The Use of the English Article among Japanese Students
Authors: Yamada Jun , Matsuura Nobukazu
Published: March 2007

This study1 was designed to investigate a general feature of the use of the English articles among Japanese students learning English as a foreign language. An article cloze-type test was employed for this purpose. It was found that the accuracy level of the three types of articles ( the, a/an, and ϕ) pooled was about 70% even in the advanced students. The overall difficult order among the three types of articles from easiest to most difficult was: (1) the → (2) a/an → (3) ϕ for the intermediate level group; and (1) the → (2) a/an → (3) $ for the intermediate level group; teristics of difficult and easy items within each type were briefly discussed. Possible strategies used by the subjects and acquisition process were also suggested.
Self-Assessment of Foreign Language Skills: Implications for Teachers and Researchers
Authors: Blanche Patrick
Published: March 2007

Self-assessment accuracy is a condition of learner autonomy. If stu dents can appraise their own performance accurately enough, they will not have to depend entirely on the opinions of teachers and at the same time they will be able to make teachers aware of their indivi dual learning needs. The purpose of this article is (1) to summarize the literature on self-evaluation of foreign language skills and (2) to show what it could mean to teachers and researchers. The conclusions of several self-assessment studies are somewhat contradictory, but these differences seem to support Stephen D. Krashen's Monitor Model/theory. Therefore both teachers and researchers should keep in mind that foreign language learners' self-estimates may be in fluenced to a varying degree by the use of the Monitor.
What the Eye Doesn't See: Cross-Cultural Problems in the Comprehension of Video Material
Authors: Tuffs Richard , Tudor Ian
Published: March 2007

Video is frequently used in second language teaching, the most common reason given being its ability to illustrate language use in context, teachers having assumed that the visual channel provides support for the verbal message. However, little research has been carried out on the relationship of the visual and verbal channels in video material and particularly whether the information available in the visual channel is exploited differently by native speakers and non- native speakers.

This paper reports on an experiment designed to test differences in story comprehension of an ELT video played silent sequence to one group of British native speakers of English and to three groups of non-native speakers of English from different cultural backgrounds. Comprehension was measured by the use of summary writing and comprehension questions. Results showed that the native speakers were significantly better able to infer the story line and related background information than the non-native speaker groups. The results indicate that although native speakers are able to derive benefit from the visual channel in video, non-native speakers, par ticularly from cultures further removed from that of the target video material, are less able to recognise and exploit the facilitative poten tial of the visual cues present in this channel.
Ethnic Variation in Classroom Interaction: Myth or Reality
Authors: Kumaravadivelu B.
Published: March 2007

A balanced view of ethnic variation in a multilingual, multicul tural classroom is imperative in the context of maximizing learning potential in the second/foreign language classroom. The study reported here supports the hypothesis that the rules and norms governing L2 classroom interactional patterns will take on new dimensions depending as much on the teachers' pedagogic orienta tion and practical management of turn allocation as on the learners' disposition and motivation to participate in classroom communica tion ; as much on interactional opportunities created by the teacher as on interactional opportunities utilized by the learner. The study cau tions against forging any hasty linkage between ethnicity and styles of classroom interaction.
SIMCON—simulation control to optimize man-machine interaction
Authors: Anderson Dennis U. , Knopp Thomas J. , Bassingthwaighte James B.
Published: March 2007

The fitting of mathematical models to physiological sys tems can be tedious and difficult, whether one uses analog or digital computer methods. Both methods have their pros and cons depending on the available hardware and software and on the type of modeling. In recent years many digital simulation languages have been written com bining analog-like and digital features to facilitate model ing, but, for a variety of reasons, none of these was suit able for our applications. We, therefore, designed a new digital simulation control system, SIMCON, which is de scribed in this paper.

The primary objectives were to provide:

(1) Maximum man-machine interaction at run-time, in cluding visual displays, digital control, and both con tinuous analog and digital parameter adjustment

(2) The ability to generate solutions and to fit them to experimental data or other theoretical curves with a minimum of computer memory

(3) The option to use a mathematically oriented language, FORTRAN, and block operators with variable input/ output.

The result is a relatively general and simple simulation system which is easy to use and has wide versatility.
Interactive simulation with direct - executing language systems
Authors: Korn Granino A.
Published: March 2007

Truly interactive simulation requires on-line editing and immediate execution of programs without any noticeable delay for translation. These requirements are satisfied by the new MICRODARE III system, which executes high-level equation-language programs at nearly assembly-language speed on a DEC PDP-11/44, and at twice assembly-language speed on a user-micro- programmable LSI-11. Specifically designed for real- time control of laboratory instrumentation, MICRODARE uses fixed-point scaled fractions. A similar language using floating-point arithmetic and offering a choice of several precompiled integration routines is pro posed for future interactive simulation systems.
Comparing analog and digital simulation of a complex mechanical system
Authors: Okah-Avae B.E. , Mbonu O.J.
Published: March 2007

Analyists can use either analog or digital techni ques to simulate complex mechanical systems. To compare these techniques, we simulated a rotor system containing a transverse crack and supported on hydro dynamic bearings. The analog simulation involved an AD 256 analog computer, while the digital simulation was based on the DARE-P package and was run on a CDC 7600. We compared the simulation techniques with respect to the complexity they could handle, their accuracy, and the cost and time they required. Both computer programs are briefly described. We modeled the rotor-bearing system with four degrees of freedom, taking into consideration the flexibil ity, damping, and cross-coupling of the hydrodynamic bearings.
Efficient simulation of narrow-band random systems
Authors: Young Kyun Kim
Published: March 2007

Truncated expansions based on the sampling theorem but containing only a few terms can be useful for prac tical interpolations of band-limited or narrow-band ran dom signals. A comparison of methods applied to the vibration of an offshore platform shows that a modified Runge-Kutta algorithm provides more accuracy than standard Runge-Kutta with little increase in computa tion time.
Frames of reference for launch-vehicle trajectory simulation
Authors: Jayaraman T.S. , Menon K.A.P. , Ganeshan A.S.
Published: March 2007

The selection of efficient coordinate systems is an important task in the simulation of launch-vehicle trajectories. The primary aim is to decouple the translational and rotational motions of the vehicle. Decoupling improves the accuracy of the computation in real time or fast hybrid computer simula tions. Our study led to the choice of an inertial frame for describing translational dynamics and the body frame for rotational dynamics.

We derived our proposed scheme from Rubin's work on air craft and short-range missiles.17,18 A set of additional reference frames essential for launch-vehicle trajectory simulation is also presented. We compared three methods for computing the trajectory of a launch-vehicle using the same input data and the same numerical techniques. Results in dicate that the proposed scheme yields higher computing speed than approaches employing flight-path axes or body axes for integrating the translational dynamics.

These simulations show that, as the calculations progress, tra jectory variables obtained using either flight-path axes or body axes differ increasingly from those obtained using iner tial axes. Comparing the post-flight trajectory simulation results (using the initial conditions of the flight test) with flight test data for the launch vehicle indicates that the iner tial axes yield the most accurate results. The appendices sum marize the dynamic equations for the reference frames.
Using a multiprocessing hybrid computer for flight simulation
Authors: Landauer J. Paul
Published: March 2007

A new engineering flight simulation has been implemented on an Electronic Associates, Inc. (EAI) HYSHARE 700 hybrid computer at Wright Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. The computer uses a new operating system (MPX) that has both multiuser and multitasking capabilities. The computer is truly a multiprocessing analog/digital system; special inter faces drive the testing and display facilities necessary for a complex human factors simulator. The model includes many detailed subsystem models that provide the control and animation features necessary to perform human factors analysis. The model is among the most complex applications of multiprocessing in flight simulation.
Discrete system simulation in Ada
Authors: Bryant Raymond M.
Published: March 2007

Ada, the new Department of Defense standard language, contains many features designed to facilitate the construction of software for embedded computer systems. Two par ticularly important features are tasks (independent threads of execution in a program) and packages (collections of routines and data structures that can be compiled separately and in cluded as a unit in other programs). These features allow the construction of powerful, process-oriented, discrete-system simulation packages in Ada. We provide a design for such a package and illustrate its use.
Estimation of percentiles in discrete event simulation
Authors: Seila Andrew F.
Published: March 2007

Percentiles are convenient measures of the entire range of values of simulation outputs. Analysts find percentiles partic ularly useful in establishing reasonable capacities for facil ities, comparing the overall performance of alternative de signs, or establishing minimum standards. Unfortunately, per centiles are not easy to estimate in most discrete simulations, since the observations are not independent or normally distrib uted.

Several methods are available for estimating percentiles in re generative simulations. Moore's method, which uses a com plex assignment of observations to subsamples, has the best statistical properties but requires a relatively large amount of computer time and storage. Methods that use grids or divide the observations into batches do not perform as well statisti cally but are more efficient computationally. For nonregener ative simulations, an approach is recommended which dis cards the transient period and divides the remaining observa tions into batches.
Future trends in simulators for process dynamics
Authors: Ben Clymer A.
Published: March 2007

Editorial note: The SCS Technical Committee on Simulators was authorized in January 1981 by action of the SCS Board of Directors. One of the committee's first major activities was to support the 1982 Summer Computer Simulation Conference by organizing sessions for the Training and Research Simulators Group. Much of the credit for a successful 1982 program presented by that group goes to group director William Wade and to the session organizers: Bruce Fairchild, Process Simulators; Jordan Chou, Power Plant Simulators; Mitchell Sisle, Missile Simulators; Max Carpenter, Maritime Simulators; Carmine Vaccarino, Flight Simula tors ; George Marr, Simulator Technology. Plans are underway to organize sessions for the Training and Research Simulators Group at the 1983 SCSC. Suggestions for additional topic areas are welcome.
Voice control of an interactive simulation
Authors: Withers Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

A low cost, microcomputer-based voice recognition device makes a convenient input channel for an interactive model of a manufacturing system. The problems with current hardware are its limited capabilities and unreliable operation. However, the potential exists for useful voice control of simulations in the near future
Simulation of a three-dimensional semiconductor device*
Authors: Akers Lex A. , Ta Ming Wang
Published: March 2007

In recent years, semiconductor manufacturers have been able to steadily reduce the physical area required by devices, thus allowing an increasing number of circuit functions on a single chip. Smaller semiconductor devices require more detailed and accurate analysis because minor errors can degrade their performance substantially.

A new, completely numerical, three-dimensional model of a MOSFET allows a unified treatment of small devices. Pre liminary results show that device size affects the surface potential and threshold voltage. Classical theory does not predict these effects. Although the model currently converges slowly, it can still be a useful tool in analyzing new small- geometry devices.
Combined simulation and network optimization analysis of a production/distribution system
Authors: Garcia-Diaz Alberto , Hogg Gary L. , Phillips Don T. , Worrel Edward J.
Published: March 2007

Simulation and optimization together form a powerful frame work for solving production-transportation problems with nonlinear costs and probabilistic demand. After a problem is linearized and transformed into a network flow equivalent, it is solved by combining a Monte Carlo simulation of demand with a network algorithm for finding the most cost-effective circulation flow. Specialized procedures identify solutions by determining plant-market pairs that are candidates for in creases or decreases of flow, depending on demand level. The result is a set of criticality indexes that measure the probability of production levels or transport links being required to operate the system. An example problem with nonlinear costs illustrates the approach.