bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Racial disparities in preventable risk factors for head and neck cancer
Authors: Dwojak Sunshine , Bhattacharyya Neil
Published: February 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

To demonstrate racial differences in preventable risk behaviors/practices that contribute to head and neck cancer (HNCA).

Study Design

Cross‐sectional analysis of large national risk factor survey.

Methods

The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System for 2013 was analyzed. Demographic data were extracted, including age, sex, and race. Social habits considered risk factors for HNCA were also extracted, including alcohol consumption, smoking, and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination status. Statistical comparisons were conducted according to race for each risk factor, and additional comparisons were conducted within the American Indian population subgroup for risk factors according to sex.

Results

A total of 238.6 million Americans were surveyed. American Indians reported higher rates of binge drinking (19.0%) than whites (17.3%), blacks (12.4%), and Asian Americans (13.1%; P < .001). This rate was significantly higher for American Indian males (23.5%) versus females (13.7%; P < .001). Mean total drinks per month was higher for whites and American Indians (13.5 and 13.5; P < .001). American Indians reported the highest rates of current smoking (28.1%), followed by blacks (20.1%), whites (18.3%), and Asians (10.2%; P < .001). American Indians also reported the highest rates of every day smoking (18.2%), versus whites (13.3%), blacks (13.1%), and Asians (6.1%; P < .001). Rates of HPV vaccination were lowest for American Indians (11.7%), compared to whites (14.6%), blacks (13.6%), and Asians (12%; P = 0.618).

Conclusions

There are striking racial disparities in the prevalence of preventable risk factors for HNCA. These data highlight the need for targeted education and prevention programs in particular racial groups.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:1068–1072, 2017
Pharyngeal swallowing pressures in the base‐of‐tongue and hypopharynx regions identified with three‐dimensional manometry
Authors: Rosen Sarah P. , Jones Corinne A. , McCulloch Timothy M.
Published: February 2017

Objectives

This study aims to use three‐dimensional (3D) high‐resolution manometry to identify circumferential pressure patterns generated within the asymmetrical base‐of‐tongue and hypopharynx regions of the pharynx during deglutition.

Study Design

Case series.

Methods

Radial pressures in the regions of interest were evaluated during swallowing events in 12 healthy subjects using 3D high‐resolution manometry.

Results

Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed asymmetrical pharyngeal clearance pressures in the base‐of‐tongue and hypopharynx regions during swallowing. A significant main effect of direction on pressure was found at the time point of average maximum pressure (P < 0.001) and for pressure integral (P < 0.001), with pressure primarily generated from the posterior direction. An interaction was noted between direction and location when comparing maximum directional pressures, regardless of time (P =0.045), highlighting the differences in anterior pressure production between regions. In contrast to the high posterior pressures produced in the base‐of‐tongue region, an anteroposterior dominant pressure pattern was observed in the hypopharynx. Pressure waveform complexity in the hypopharynx also is likely attributed to activity in the anterior and posterior directions. Symmetrical pressure generation was observed during intrabolus flow within the hypopharynx.

Conclusion

This study shows that pressure is asymmetrically generated in the base‐of‐tongue and hypopharynx regions during swallowing of a 10‐mL bolus, reflecting the complex anatomy within the pharynx. Understanding of these complex pressure patterns aids in the interpretation of high‐resolution manometry and can help guide further study in the clinical assessment and treatment of pharyngeal pathology.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:1989–1995, 2017
Genome‐resolved metagenomics of a bioremediation system for degradation of thiocyanate in mine water containing suspended solid tailings
Authors: Rahman Sumayah F. , Kantor Rose S. , Huddy Robert , Thomas Brian C. , van Zyl Andries W. , Harrison Susan T.L. , Banfield Jillian F.
Published: February 2017

Thiocyanate (SCN−) is a toxic compound that forms when cyanide (CN−), used to recover gold, reacts with sulfur species. SCN−‐degrading microbial communities have been studied, using bioreactors fed synthetic wastewater. The inclusion of suspended solids in the form of mineral tailings, during the development of the acclimatized microbial consortium, led to the selection of an active planktonic microbial community. Preliminary analysis of the community composition revealed reduced microbial diversity relative to the laboratory‐based reactors operated without suspended solids. Despite minor upsets during the acclimation period, the SCN− degradation performance was largely unchanged under stable operating conditions. Here, we characterized the microbial community in the SCN− degrading bioreactor that included solid particulate tailings and determined how it differed from the biofilm‐based communities in solids‐free reactor systems inoculated from the same source. Genome‐based analysis revealed that the presence of solids decreased microbial diversity, selected for different strains, suppressed growth of thiobacilli inferred to be primarily responsible for SCN− degradation, and promoted growth of Trupera, an organism not detected in the reactors without solids. In the solids reactor community, heterotrophy and aerobic respiration represent the dominant metabolisms. Many organisms have genes for denitrification and sulfur oxidation, but only one Thiobacillus sp. in the solids reactor has SCN− degradation genes. The presence of the solids prevented floc and biofilm formation, leading to the observed reduced microbial diversity. Collectively the presence of the solids and lack of biofilm community may result in a process with reduced resilience to process perturbations, including fluctuations in the influent composition and pH. The results from this investigation have provided novel insights into the community composition of this industrially relevant community, giving potential for improved process control and operation through ongoing process monitoring.
Early and continued manual stimulation is required for long‐term recovery after facial nerve injury
Authors: Grosheva Maria , Rink Svenja , Jansen Ramona , Bendella Habib , Pavlov Stoyan P. , Sarikcioglu Levent , Angelov Doychin N. , Dunlop Sarah A.
Published: February 2017

Introduction: We previously have shown that manual stimulation (MS) of vibrissal muscles for 2 months after facial nerve injury in rats improves whisking and reduces motor end plate polyinnervation. Here, we seek to determine whether discontinuing or delaying MS after facial–facial anastomosis (FFA) leads to similar results. Methods: Rats were subjected to FFA and received MS for (1) 4 months (early and continued), (2) the first but not the last 2 months (discontinued), or (3) the last 2 months (delayed). Intact animals and those not receiving MS (no MS) were also examined. Results: Early and continued MS restored whisking amplitude to 43°, a value significantly higher compared with the discontinued, delayed, and no MS groups (32°, 24°, and 10°, respectively). Motor end plate polyinnervation occurred in all experimental groups but was significantly higher in the delayed group. Discussion: Early and continued MS results in better recovery than when it is either discontinued or delayed. Muscle Nerve 57: 100–106, 2018
High‐resolution ultrasound visualization of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve
Authors: Riegler Georg , Lieba‐Samal Doris , Brugger Peter C. , Pivec Christopher , Platzgummer Hannes , Vierhapper Martin , Muschitz Gabriela , Jengojan Suren , Bodner Gerd
Published: February 2017

Introduction: The value of imaging the deep branch of the ulnar nerve (DBUN) over its entire course has not been clarified. Therefore, this study evaluates the feasibility of visualizing the DBUN from its origin to the most distal point. Methods: We performed high‐resolution ultrasound (HRUS) with high‐frequency probes (18–22 MHZ), HRUS‐guided ink marking, and consecutive dissection in 8 fresh cadaver hands. In both hands of 10 healthy volunteers (n = 20), the cross‐sectional area (CSA) was measured at 2 different locations (R1 and R2). Results: The DBUN was clearly visible in all anatomical specimens and in healthy volunteers. Dissection confirmed HRUS findings in all anatomical specimens. The mean CSA was 1.8 ± 0.5 mm2 at R1 and 1.6 ± 0.4 mm2 at R2. Discussion: This study confirms that the DBUN can be reliably visualized over its entire course with HRUS in anatomical specimens and in healthy volunteers. Muscle Nerve 56: 1101–1107, 2017
Blood flow restriction increases metabolic stress but decreases muscle activation during high‐load resistance exercise
Authors: Teixeira Emerson L. , Barroso Renato , Silva‐Batista Carla , Laurentino Gilberto C. , Loenneke Jeremy P. , Roschel Hamilton , Ugrinowitsch Carlos , Tricoli Valmor
Published: February 2017

Introduction: We investigated differences in metabolic stress (lactate) and muscle activation (electromyography; EMG) when high‐load resistance exercise (HL) is compared with a condition in which blood flow restriction (BFR) is applied during the exercise or during the rest interval. Methods: Twelve participants performed HL with BFR during the intervals (BFR‐I), during the set (BFR‐S), and without BFR. Each condition consisted of 3 sets of 8 repetitions with knee extension at 70% of 1‐repetition maximum. Lactate and root mean square (RMS) from the surface EMG of the vastus lateralis were calculated. Results: Lactate increased in all protocols but was higher with BFR‐I than with BFR‐S and HL. RMS decreased under all conditions, with a larger effect size in BFR‐I (1.47) than in BFR‐S (0.66) and HL (0.59). Discussion: BFR‐I increases lactate, possibly as a result of reduced restoration of ATP. Muscle activation seems to be impacted by mechanical stress but may be reduced by metabolic stress. Muscle Nerve 57: 107–111, 2018
Ultrahigh‐frequency ultrasound of fascicles in the median nerve at the wrist
Authors: Cartwright Michael S. , Baute Vanessa , Caress James B. , Walker Francis O.
Published: February 2017

Introduction

An ultrahigh‐frequency (70 MHZ) ultrasound device has recently been approved for human use. This study seeks to determine whether this device facilitates counting of fascicles within the median nerve at the wrist.

Methods

Twenty healthy volunteers underwent imaging of the median nerve at the wrist bilaterally. The number of fascicles in each nerve was counted by two independent raters.

Results

The mean fascicle number was 22.68. Correlation was strong between the two raters (r = 0.68, P < 0.001). Age, sex, body mass index, and nerve area did not predict fascicle number. Those with bifid median nerves and persistent median arteries had lower fascicle density than those without anatomic anomalies (1.79 vs. 2.29; P = 0.01).

Discussion

Fascicles within the median nerve at the wrist can be readily imaged. Ultrahigh‐frequency ultrasound technology may be informative in a variety of disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system. Muscle Nerve 56: 819–822, 2017
Bone health in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Chagarlamudi Hema , Corbett Alastair , Stoll Marion , Bibat Genila , Grosmann Carla , Matichak Stock Carly , Stinson Nikia , Shapiro Jay , Wagner Kathryn R.
Published: February 2017

Introduction: Herein we provide a comprehensive overview of bone health in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Methods: Ninety‐four adult individuals with FSHD type 1 from 2 sites were included in this cross‐sectional study. Clinical characteristics and determinants of bone health were examined. Relationships between bone mineral density (BMD), strength, and function were explored. Results: Nearly a third of subjects were deficient in vitamin D3. Mean whole‐body BMD z‐score was −0.7; 11% of subjects had greater than age‐related reductions in whole‐body BMD (z‐score < −2.0). Whole‐body and regional BMDs were associated with strength and function. Thirty‐six percent had a history of fractures. Likelihood of fractures was reduced for those with normal whole‐body BMD (odds ratio = 0.25, 95% confidence interval 0.04–0.78). Discussion: A diagnosis of FSHD is not necessarily predictive of reduced BMD or increased fracture rate. Given the considerable variability of bone health in the FSHD population, strength and function can serve as predictors of BMD. Muscle Nerve 56: 1108–1113, 2017
Advancing neuromuscular ultrasound through research: Finding common sound
Authors: Hobson‐Webb Lisa D. , Cartwright Michael S.
Published: February 2017

Introduction:

Neuromuscular ultrasound (NMUS) is an accepted, but underutilized, diagnostic tool in the evaluation of neuromuscular disorders. The lack of uniform high‐quality standards in published research and in clinical practice has been a limitation to its growth.

Methods:

In this article we address the shortcomings of NMUS research and establish basic standards to guide further work in the field.

Results:

A review of the basic types of NMUS research studies is presented, along with the elements that each should include. Basic standards for this imaging technique are also presented. An explanation of common data elements (CDEs) is provided with discussion of how NMUS may benefit from their creation.

Conclusions:

High‐quality NMUS research is needed to advance the field. Assuring that publications meet basic standards is essential. In addition, the creation of CDEs specific for NMUS is proposed. Muscle Nerve 56: 375–378, 2017
Prescription profile of pyridostigmine use in a population of patients with myasthenia gravis
Authors: Machado‐Alba Jorge Enrique , Calvo‐Torres Luis Felipe , Gaviria‐Mendoza Andrés , Augusto MejíA‐Vélez César
Published: February 2017

We determined the pyridostigmine prescription pattern in a population of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). A descriptive cross‐sectional study was conducted by using a prescription database of 3.5 million individuals from which patients who had been diagnosed with MG and for whom pyridostigmine had been prescribed were selected. A total of 306 outpatients with MG were found, and 258 were receiving pyridostigmine (mean age 53.0 ± 18.0 years). The calculated prevalence of MG was 86.7 cases per million persons. Monotherapy was used by 53.1% of the patients, prednisolone was used by 21.7%, and 30.2% used other immunomodulators. Medications for other comorbidities were taken by 74.8% of the patients, and 43.4% had prescriptions that could potentially trigger worsening symptoms. Pyridostigmine is being prescribed at doses close to the defined daily doses predominantly as monotherapy. A high proportion of patients were also prescribed a medication that could aggravate their condition, including some that can trigger a myasthenic crisis. Muscle Nerve 56: 1041–1046, 2017
Dual‐functional crystalline BeO layer in enhancement‐mode ZnO/Si thin film transistors
Authors: Liang Huili , Mei Zengxia , Ye Daqian , Li Junqiang , Hong Wen‐Chiang , Zhang Qinghua , Liu Yaoping , Gu Lin , Yu Richeng , Lu Yicheng , Du Xiaolong
Published: February 2017

Integration of oxides with Si opens promising opportunities for novel multifunctional devices and new applications. To optimize the device performances through the hybrid integration, keeping the oxide/Si interface abrupt is critically important and challenging due to the seemingly unavoidable formation of amorphous SiOx or silicide interfacial layers. Here, we report an interface‐engineering approach to this issue by molecular beam epitaxy. A BeO thin layer (∼5 nm) was deposited on Si (111) surface using a two‐step process of Be deposition and oxidation. The initially formed BeO served as a template for subsequent homo‐epitaxial growth of a 10‐nm crystalline BeO layer. The well‐defined interface between BeO and Si is clearly discerned by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, implying the role of crystalline BeO as a barrier layer against oxygen atoms’ diffusion. High‐resolution X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy further confirmed that the combined BeO layers sufficiently protect the Si surface from oxidation. A bottom‐gate enhancement‐mode thin film transistor was established on a ZnO (130 nm)/BeO (70 nm)/Si architecture, where BeO was functionalized both as a diffusion barrier and as a high‐k gate insulator. It indicates that this methodology can be potentially extended to hybrid integration of other technologically important crystalline oxides with Si infrastructures.
Efficacy and Safety of Immuno-Magnetically Sorted Smooth Muscle Progenitor Cells Derived from Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Restoring Urethral Sphincter Function
Authors: Li Yanhui , Green Morgaine , Wen Yan , Wei Yi , Wani Prachi , Wang Zhe , Reijo Pera Renee , Chen Bertha
Published: February 2017

Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)-based cell therapy holds promise for treating stress urinary incontinence (SUI). However, safety concerns, especially tumorgenic potential of residual undifferentiated cells in hiPSC derivatives, are major barriers for its clinical translation. An efficient, fast and clinical-scale strategy for purifying committed cells is also required. Our previous studies demonstrated the regenerative effects of hiPSC-derived smooth muscle progenitor cells (pSMCs) on the injured urethral sphincter in SUI, but the differentiation protocol required fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) which is not practical for autologous clinical applications. In this study, we examined the efficacy and safety of hiPSC-derived pSMC populations sorted by FDA-approved magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) using cell-surface marker CD34 for restoring urethral sphincter function. Although the heterogeneity of MACS-sorted pSMCs was higher than that of FACS-sorted pSMCs, the percentage of undifferentiated cells dramatically decreased after directed differentiation in vitro. In vivo studies demonstrated long-term cell integration and no tumor formation of MACS-sorted pSMCs after transplantation. Furthermore, transplantation of MACS-sorted pSMCs into immunodeficient SUI rats was comparable to transplantation with FACS-sorted pSMCs for restoration of the extracellular matrix metabolism and function of the urethral sphincter. In summary, purification of hiPSC derivatives using MACS sorting for CD34 expression represent an efficient approach for production of clinical-scale pSMCs for autologous stem cell therapy for regeneration of smooth muscle tissues.
MMP-2 and MMP-14 Silencing Inhibits VEGFR2 Cleavage and Induces the Differentiation of Porcine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Endothelial Cells
Authors: Almalki Sami G. , Llamas Valle Yovani , Agrawal Devendra K.
Published: February 2017

The molecular mechanisms that control the ability of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) to remodel three-dimensional extracellular matrix barriers during differentiation are not clearly understood. Herein, we studied the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) during the differentiation of AMSCs to endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro. MSCs were isolated from porcine abdominal adipose tissue, and characterized by immunopositivity to CD44, CD90, CD105, and immunonegativity to CD14 and CD45. Plasticity of AMSCs was confirmed by multilineage differentiation. The mRNA transcripts for MMPs and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and protein expression of EC markers were analyzed. The enzyme activity and protein expression were analyzed by gelatin zymography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blot. The differentiation of AMSCs to ECs was confirmed by mRNA and protein expressions of the endothelial markers. The mRNA transcripts for MMP-2 and MMP-14 were significantly increased during the differentiation of MSCs into ECs. Findings revealed an elevated MMP-14 and MMP-2 expression, and MMP2 enzyme activity. Silencing of MMP-2 and MMP-14 significantly increased the expression of EC markers, formation of capillary tubes, and acetylated-low-density lipoprotein uptake, and decreased the cleavage of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR2). Inhibition of VEGFR2 significantly decreased the expression of EC markers. These novel findings demonstrate that the upregulation of MMP2 and MMP14 has an inhibitory effect on the differentiation of AMSCs to ECs, and silencing these MMPs inhibit the cleavage of VEGFR2 and stimulate the differentiation of AMSCs to ECs. These findings provide a potential mechanism for the regulatory role of MMP-2 and MMP-14 in the re-endothelialization of coronary arteries following intervention.
“Genes of Happiness and Well Being” in the Context of Search Activity Concept
Authors: Rotenberg Vadim S.
Published: February 2017

The goal of this article is to discuss that the long allele of the serotonin transporter gene that was considered in some publications to be a gene of “happiness” and “well-being” is actually a gene that is responsible for the predisposition to the search activity that by itself contains positive emotional feelings. This statement is confirmed by the comparison of the results of different investigations and helps to solve many contradictions in psychobiology of emotional sensitivity, fear, depression, suicide attempts, of relationships between stressful conditions and well-being.
Splitting of the Mind and Unconscious Dynamics
Authors: Jiraskova Terezie
Published: February 2017

Freud and Breuer proposed the concept of splitting of the mind and described it in various clinical cases and the concept was later developed in studies by Klein, Kohut, Kernberg and others. These basic clinical findings were also confirmed by later studies using Rorschach projective test documenting that splitting in mental structures may be observed in phantasies and associations reflecting cognitive and affective contents related to conflicting interpretations of objects, other persons and the self. Altogether these data indicate that splitting represents a specific form of dissociation resulting from a conflict that leads to splitting of the ego and other parts of the psychic apparatus into separated subsystems. In this context, splitting and dissociation do not mean different terms even they are used in different contexts for description of specific conditions that may occur in various mental disorders.
Deformation, failure and removal mechanisms of thin film structures in abrasive machining
Authors: Kang Cheng-Wei , Huang Han
Published: February 2017

Thin film structures are becoming increasingly more important for industrial applications such as the making of solar panels, microelectronic devices and micro systems. However, the challenges encountered in the machining of thin film structures have been a bottleneck that impedes further wide spread uses of such structures. The development of material removal processes that are capable of producing a damage free surface at high removal rates is critical for cost effective production. Such development relies highly on a comprehensive understanding of the deformation, failure and removal mechanisms of thin film structures involved in mechanical loading. In this paper, the current understanding of the deformation characteristics of thin film systems was reviewed to provide important insights into the interfacial failure under mechanical loading, with focuses on the interfacial failure mechanisms and existing problems in the machining of thin film structures. The key characterization techniques were outlined. In particular, the recent progress in the abrasive machining of a thin film multilayer structure was summarized. The potential research directions were also presented in the end of the review.
The association between macronutrient intake and the metabolic syndrome and its components in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Ahola Aila J. , Harjutsalo Valma , Thorn Lena M. , Freese Riitta , Forsblom Carol , Mäkimattila Sari , Groop Per-Henrik
Published: February 2017

Diet is a major modifiable lifestyle factor that may affect the components of the metabolic syndrome. We aimed to investigate the association between relative proportions of macronutrients and the components of the metabolic syndrome in a population of individuals with type 1 diabetes. In all, 791 individuals without nephropathy, with plausible energy intake and known metabolic syndrome status, taking part in the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study were included in the analyses. Dietary data were collected with a diet record. The association between the relative macronutrient intake and the outcome variables were analysed using multivariable nutrient density substitution models. The relative proportions of dietary macronutrients or fatty acids were not associated with the presence of the metabolic syndrome. In men, however, favouring carbohydrates over fats was associated with lower odds of the waist component, whereas favouring either carbohydrates or fats over proteins was associated with lower odds of the blood pressure component of the metabolic syndrome. In women, substituting carbohydrates for fats was associated with lower HDL-cholesterol concentration. Substituting carbohydrates or fats for alcohol or protein was, in men, associated with lower systolic blood pressure. To conclude, the relative distribution of macronutrients may have some relevance for the metabolic syndrome.
Housing Equity Withdrawal: Perceptions of Obstacles among Older Australian Home Owners and associated Service Providers
Authors: JEFFERSON THERESE , AUSTEN SIOBHAN , ONG RACHEL , HAFFNER MARIETTA E. A. , WOOD GAVIN A.
Published: February 2017

Housing wealth dominates the asset portfolios of the older population in Australia and many other countries. Given the anticipated spike in fiscal costs associated with population ageing, there is growing policy interest in housing equity withdrawal (HEW) to finance living needs in retirement. This paper sheds light on homeowners’ perceptions of the obstacles associated with two forms of HEW: mortgage equity withdrawal (where thein situhome owner increases his/her housing-related debt) and downsizing (where housing equity is released by moving to a lower-valued property). We uncover a series of age-specific barriers impeding older Australians’ use of these forms of HEW through qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with home owners and professional service providers in related areas of policy and practice. To that end, we recommend the development of a range of safeguards that will minimise the risk exposure and other obstacles associated with HEW for older home owners.
The Relationship between Financial Development and Unemployment in Selected Countries of the European Union
Authors: Çiftçioğlu Serhan , Bein Murad A.
Published: February 2017

This article empirically examines the relationship between alternative measures of financial development and the unemployment rate in a selected group of ten EU countries. Using annual data for the sample period of 1991–2012, we first perform different panel regressions (using averaged and non-averaged versions of data) for unemployment rate. These panel regressions are based on a regression equation that includes inflation rate and growth rate of GDP, in addition to the level of financial development, as explanatory variables. Secondly, we apply Granger causality tests to investigate the nature of the causality between financial development and the unemployment rate for each country in our sample. The empirical findings suggest that unemployment rate and financial development are negatively correlated, and there is a statistically significant causal effect of financial development on unemployment in certain countries. However, the results are not robust to the choice of proxy measure for financial development.
The Prevalence and Distribution of High Salaries in English and Welsh Charities
Authors: Mohan John , McKay Stephen
Published: February 2017

There has recently been public discussion of the rewards available to senior staff in English and Welsh charities. However, that discussion is usually based on examples of individual salaries, or on unrepresentative and small subsets of the charity population. To provide a robust and informed basis for debate, we have conducted analyses of evidence on the payment of high salaries (defined as the numbers of people paid above £60,000 p.a., a reporting threshold used by the Charity Commission) in: (a) a representative sample of c.10,000 English and Welsh charities, and (b) surveys of individuals regarding comparative salary levels in different sectors of the economy. Overall, survey data show that the proportion of staff in receipt of high salaries is lower than average in the third sector than in other sectors. Information from charity annual accounts is used to demonstrate which charities are more likely than others to pay such salaries, and to relate the likelihood of paying high salaries to charity characteristics (income, location and subsector). We show that the distribution of high pay in the charitable sector is largely a function of the size and complexity of organisations, and is generally unrelated to subsector or income mix.
What Were the So-Called ‘German Bands’ of Pre-World War I Australian Street Life?
Authors: Whiteoak John
Published: February 2017

‘The ‘German band’ as a concept remains integrally associated with German ethnicity in the Australian public mind though such things as the extroverted oom-pah music of present-day Oktoberfest, or the live and recorded oom-pah music in German or ‘Bavarian’-themed venues. However, the costumed ‘German bands’ that were a feature of nineteenth-century British street and seaside resort life also began to appear ubiquitously in various gold-rush era Australian population centres and remained a fixture of Australian street entertainment until the First World War. Gold-rush era chronicler William Kelly described their music as being able to ‘drive swine into anguish’. Yet they had an opposing reputation for excellence in playing Strauss waltzes, polkas and other popular dance music of the era. They were sought after by dance venue, circus and other theatrical entertainment proprietors and were furthermore hired for private balls, picnics, showgrounds and racetrack entertainment. By appearing at German social functions and venues they buttressed pan-German cultural identity and traditions and, for non-Germans, the sight and sound of a disciplined, groomed and costumed German band provided a mildly exciting cultural tourism experience. In blaring street, circus parade or showground mode they, in fact, conformed to the present-day global stereotype of the Bavarian Biergarten oom-pah band. Through foundation research, this article attempts to apply some social, cultural and musicological ‘flesh and bones’ to what has more or less remained the ‘myth’ of the ubiquitous ‘German bands’ (and their not-always-German bandsmen) that sometimes entertained and charmed pedestrians while at other times represented a social and sonic blot on the streetscapes and public spaces of pre-World War I Australia.
Future war in cities: Urbanization's challenge to strategic studies in the 21st century
Authors: Evans Michael
Published: February 2017

This article argues that, despite an ongoing global revolution in urban demography, most Western military research into urbanization is narrowly focused and remains disengaged from the interdisciplinary expertise of urban studies. Because so many cities are sui generis in terms of their governance, architectural design and demographic composition, the art of war must seek closer interaction with the science of cities. In the coming years, in order to control armed violence and reduce casualties across an urbanizing world, military analysts must seek greater cooperation with urban specialists. The common aim must be to develop an urban-oriented strand of strategic studies that is firmly based on a sophisticated understanding of the ecology of cities. Such a cooperative approach will assist in the development of military methods of operating in cities using appropriate rules of engagement that embrace international humanitarian law.
Plasma Waves Pinpointed at the Site of Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: Zastrow Mark
Published: February 2017

When the Earth's and the Sun's magnetic fields meet, they realign in explosive and mysterious reconnections. Data suggest that plasma waves called kinetic Alfvén waves play a key role.
Climate Rules on Chopping Block, Says Trump EPA Transition Head
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: February 2017

Myron Ebell, whose transition role has ended, denied that President Donald Trump's agency appointees or nominees are antiscience. They're "willing to find out the best science," he said.
Circulating endothelial microparticles and miR-92a in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Zhang Yuchen , Cheng Junjun , Chen Fang , Wu Changyan , Zhang Junmeng , Ren Xuejun , Pan Yu , Nie Bin , Li Quan , Li Yu
Published: February 2017

Microparticles (MPs) and miRNAs have been shown to play important roles in coronary artery disease (CAD) by monitoring endothelial dysfunction. The present study aims to investigate the diagnostic value of endothelial MPs (EMPs) and miRNAs (miR-92a or miR-23a) as biomarkers in distinguishing patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from those with CAD. Plasma samples from 37 patients with AMI, 42 patients with stable CAD (SCAD), and 35 healthy adults were collected for investigation in the present study. The numbers of CD31+/CD42b− MPs, CD31+/CD42b+ MPs, and CD31−/CD42b− MPs were measured by flow cytometry and the levels of miR-92a and miR-23a were analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Moreover, cardiac troponin I (cTnI) expression was detected by ELISA to serve as a routine diagnostic parameter. The number of CD31+/CD42b− was higher in AMI group than those in SCAD and healthy groups. Besides, the expression of miR-92a was higher in AMI group compared with two other groups. Furthermore, evidence showed that there was a positive correlation between the levels of CD31+/CD42b− MPs and miR-92a. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve revealed that the area value under the curve of CD31+/CD42b− MPs, miR-92a and cTnI was 0.893, 0.888, and 0.912 respectively. CD31+/CD42b− MPs and miR-92a might have great potential to provide diagnostic value for AMI and could probably regulate the endothelial dysfunction in AMI patients.
Konzeption und erste Evaluation eines rehabilitationsbegleitenden Beratungsangebots für Angehörige von Schlaganfallpatienten
Authors: Jungbauer J. , Krieger T. , Floren M.
Published: February 2017

Bei dem vom BMBF geförderten Modellprojekt „Der Angehörigenlotse“ handelt sich um ein zugehendes, personales und phasenübergreifendes Beratungsangebot für Angehörige von Schlaganfallpatienten. In diesem Beitrag wird die Begleitstudie zu dessen Effekten vorgestellt.

Um Erfahrungen und Bewertungen der Angehörigen sowie Veränderungen im Beratungsverlauf zu erfassen, wurde eine Kombination aus qualitativen und quantitativen Methoden gewählt. 62 Angehörige wurden mit einem selbst entwickelten Fragebogen vor und nach der Beratung untersucht. Ferner wurden qualitative Interviews mit 30 ausgewählten Angehörigen geführt.

Es zeigten sich positive Effekte im Sinne der Projektzielsetzungen, vor allem im Hinblick auf bedarfsgerechte Information, Belastungsreduktion und Ressourcenstärkung der Angehörigen. Als besonders hilfreich wird die Begleitung durch eine feste Ansprechpartnerin erlebt, wobei die Kombination aus Sachkompetenz und emotionaler Unterstützung entscheidend ist.

Das Konzept des „Angehörigenlotsen“ ist geeignet, innovative Impulse im Hinblick auf die Weiterentwicklung von Beratungsstrukturen für pflegende Angehörige zu geben.
Emergency department utilisation by older people in metropolitan Melbourne, 2008–12: findings from the Reducing Older Patient’s Avoidable Presentations for Emergency Care Treatment (REDIRECT) study
Authors: Mazza Danielle , Pearce Christopher , Joe Angela , Turner Lyle R. , Brijnath Bianca , Browning Colette , Shearer Marianne , Lowthian Judy
Published: February 2017

Objective Older patients are over-represented in emergency departments (ED), with many presenting for conditions that could potentially be managed in general practice. The aims of the present study were to examine the characteristics of ED presentations by older patients and to identify patient factors contributing to potentially avoidable general practitioner (PAGP)-type presentations. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of routinely collected data comprising ED presentations by patients aged ≥70 years at public hospitals across metropolitan Melbourne from January 2008 to December 2012. Presentations were classified according to the National Healthcare Agreement definition for PAGP-type presentations. Presentations were characterised according to patient demographic and clinical factors and were compared across PAGP-type and non-PAGP-type groups. Results There were 744 519 presentations to the ED by older people, of which 103 471 (13.9%) were classified as PAGP-type presentations. The volume of such presentations declined over the study period from 20 893 (14.9%) in 2008 to 20 346 (12.8%) in 2012. External injuries were the most common diagnoses (13 761; 13.3%) associated with PAGP-type presentations. Sixty-one per cent of PAGP-type presentations did not involve either an investigation or a procedure. Patients were referred back to a medical officer (including a general practitioner (GP)) in 58.7% of cases. Conclusion Older people made a significant number of PAGP-type presentations to the ED during the period 2008–12. A low rate of referral back to the primary care setting implies a potential lost opportunity to redirect older patients from ED services back to their GPs for ongoing care. What is known about the topic? Older patients are increasingly attending EDs, with a proportion attending for problems that could potentially be managed in the general practice setting (termed PAGP-type presentations). What does this paper add? This study found that PAGP-type presentations, although declining, remain an important component of ED demand. Patients presented for a wide array of conditions and during periods that may indicate difficulty accessing a GP. What are the implications for practitioners? Strategies to redirect PAGP-type presentations to the GP setting are required at both the primary and acute care levels. These include increasing out-of-hours GP services, better triaging and appointment management in GP clinics and improved communication between ED clinicians and patients’ GPs. Although some strategies have been implemented, further examination is required to assess their ongoing effectiveness.
New Heterodinuclear Zn/Ln (Ln = Gd, Tb, Er, Yb) Complexes of Hexadentate N,N′-Bis(3-alkoxy-2-hydroxybenzyl)cyclohexane-1,2-diamines: Synthesis and Structure
Authors: Kelly Norman , Schnaars Kathleen , Gloe Kerstin , Doert Thomas , Weigand Jan J. , Gloe Karsten
Published: February 2017

Two N,N′-bis(3-alkoxy-2-hydroxybenzyl)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine proligands, H2L1 (R = OCH3) and H2L2 (R = OC2H5), and five heterodinuclear ZnII/LnIII complexes, [Zn(L)(µ-CH3COO)Ln(NO3)2], containing [L1]2– and Gd3+, Tb3+, Er3+, or Yb3+ and [L2]2– and Yb3+ have been synthesised and structurally characterised. The complexes are isostructural and crystallise in the P21/n monoclinic space group. Zinc(ii) is coordinated by the inner N2O2 donor set of the ligand and an oxygen of the bridging acetate anion; the lanthanide(iii) ions possess an O9 coordination environment involving the interaction with the ligand’s outer O4 donor set, two bidentate nitrate ions, and the bridging acetate.
Geometry and network connectivity govern the mechanics of stress fibers
Authors: Kassianidou Elena , Brand Christoph A. , Schwarz Ulrich S. , Kumar Sanjay
Published: February 2017

Significance

Actomyosin stress fiber (SF) networks transmit tension to the microenvironment, which contributes to cell shape and tissue assembly. However, virtually nothing is known about how SF geometry and network structure control the ability of an SF to generate tension. We normalized cell shape and SF length with micropatterning and used laser ablation to probe the viscoelastic properties of the resulting standardized SFs. We find that the retraction dynamics of a cut SF are strongly regulated by SF length, and this relationship may be amplified or offset by the orientation of the attached SFs in single cells as well as in a monolayer. Thus, SF force generation is controlled both locally via adhesive geometry and globally via connections to the actin network.
Dispersal assembly of rain forest tree communities across the Amazon basin
Authors: Dexter Kyle G. , Lavin Mathew , Torke Benjamin M. , Twyford Alex D. , Kursar Thomas A. , Coley Phyllis D. , Drake Camila , Hollands Ruth , Pennington R. Toby
Published: February 2017

Significance

The Amazon is largely covered by contiguous rain forest. Nevertheless, previous studies have suggested that past geological and climatic events, as well as limited seed dispersal, may have restricted the movement of tree lineages across the Amazon. Using a phylogenetic approach, we show that dispersal into local communities and larger regions in the Amazon appears to not have been limited on evolutionary timescales, but instead, local communities have been assembled by lineages from across the Amazon. These results contrast with those from seasonally dry tropical forests, where closely related species are clustered in geographic space. Furthermore, our results suggest a role for dispersal as an initiator for geographic isolation that might lead to speciation in Amazonian trees.
Grand Challenges in the Management and Conservation of North American Inland Fishes and Fisheries
Authors: Lynch Abigail J. , Cooke Steven J. , Beard T. Douglas , Kao Yu-Chun , Lorenzen Kai , Song Andrew M. , Allen Micheal S. , Basher Zeenatul , Bunnell David B. , Camp Edward V. , Cowx Ian G. , Freedman Jonathan A. , Nguyen Vivian M. , Nohner Joel K. , Rogers Mark W. , Siders Zachary A. , Taylor William W. , Youn So-Jung
Published: February 2017

Even with long-standing management and extensive science support, North American inland fish and fisheries still face many conservation and management challenges. We used a grand challenges approach to identify critical roadblocks that if removed would help solve important problems in the management and long-term conservation of North American inland fish and fisheries. We identified seven grand challenges within three themes (valuation, governance, and externalities) and 34 research needs and management actions. The major themes identified are to (1) raise awareness of diverse values associated with inland fish and fisheries, (2) govern inland fish and fisheries to satisfy multiple use and conservation objectives, and (3) ensure productive inland fisheries given nonfishing sector externalities. Addressing these grand challenges will help the broader community understand the diverse values of inland fish and fisheries, promote open forums for engagement of diverse stakeholders in fisheries management, and better integrate the inland fish sector into the greater water and land use policy process.
Comparative Cost and Effort of Fish Distribution Detection via Environmental DNA Analysis and Electrofishing
Authors: Evans Nathan T. , Shirey Patrick D. , Wieringa Jamin G. , Mahon Andrew R. , Lamberti Gary A.
Published: February 2017

Fisheries conservation requires accurate knowledge of species identities and distributions. Fisheries are typically assessed via capture-based sampling, but managers frequently are unable to conduct extensive surveys due to budgetary constraints. Sampling of environmental DNA (eDNA) released by fish is a potentially cost-effective approach that could improve species detection per unit effort. However, eDNA methods have not been widely adopted, in part because the cost and effort of eDNA versus traditional sampling are often unclear to managers. We compared the monetary costs and sampling effort required to assess the distribution of Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis in a Wisconsin watershed using both electrofishing and eDNA. We detected Brook Trout via both electrofishing and eDNA. The eDNA analysis required lower sampling effort and 67% less cost than triple-pass electrofishing. However, eDNA was more expensive than presence–absence electrofishing, and no population structure information was obtained. Our study illustrates the potential of eDNA to complement traditional sampling methods during fish surveys.
Long-Term Fish Monitoring in Large Rivers: Utility of “Benchmarking” across Basins
Authors: Ward David L. , Casper Andrew F. , Counihan Timothy D. , Bayer Jennifer M. , Waite Ian R. , Kosovich John J. , Chapman Colin G. , Irwin Elise R. , Sauer Jennifer S. , Ickes Brian S. , McKerrow Alexa J.
Published: February 2017

In business, benchmarking is a widely used practice of comparing your own business processes to those of other comparable companies and incorporating identified best practices to improve performance. Biologists and resource managers designing and conducting monitoring programs for fish in large river systems tend to focus on single river basins or segments of large rivers, missing opportunities to learn from those conducting fish monitoring in other rivers. We briefly examine five long-term fish monitoring programs in large rivers in the United States (Colorado, Columbia, Mississippi, Illinois, and Tallapoosa rivers) and identify opportunities for learning across programs by detailing best monitoring practices and why these practices were chosen. Although monitoring objectives, methods, and program maturity differ between each river system, examples from these five case studies illustrate the important role that long-term monitoring programs play in interpreting temporal and spatial shifts in fish populations for both established objectives and newly emerging questions. We suggest that deliberate efforts to develop a broader collaborative network through benchmarking will facilitate sharing of ideas and development of more effective monitoring programs.
Tubby proteins prove their adaptability
Authors: Short Ben
Published: February 2017

Study reveals that Tubby family proteins help deliver GPCRs and other integral membrane proteins into cilia.
Relationship Between Urinary Nitrate Excretion and Blood Pressure in the InChianti Cohort
Authors: Smallwood Miranda J. , Ble Alessandro , Melzer David , Winyard Paul G. , Benjamin Nigel , Shore Angela C. , Gilchrist Mark
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

Inorganic nitrate from the oxidation of endogenously synthesized nitric oxide (NO) or consumed in the diet can be reduced to NO via a complex enterosalivary circulation pathway. The relationship between total nitrate exposure by measured urinary nitrate excretion and blood pressure in a large population sample has not been assessed previously.

METHODS

For this cross-sectional study, 24-hour urinary nitrate excretion was measured by spectrophotometry in the 919 participants from the InChianti cohort at baseline and blood pressure measured with a mercury sphygmomanometer.

RESULTS

After adjusting for age and sex only, diastolic blood pressure was 1.9 mm Hg lower in subjects with ≥2 mmol urinary nitrate excretion compared with those excreting <1 mmol nitrate in 24 hours: systolic blood pressure was 3.4 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (CI): −3.5 to −0.4) lower in subjects for the same comparison. Effect sizes in fully adjusted models (for age, sex, potassium intake, use of antihypertensive medications, diabetes, HS-CRP, or current smoking status) were marginally larger: systolic blood pressure in the ≥2 mmol urinary nitrate excretion group was 3.9 (CI: −7.1 to −0.7) mm Hg lower than in the comparison <1 mmol excretion group.

CONCLUSIONS

Modest differences in total nitrate exposure are associated with lower blood pressure. These differences are at least equivalent to those seen from substantial (100 mmol) reductions in sodium intake.