bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moral Judgment Developmental Differences Between Gifted Youth and College Students
Authors: Derryberry W. Pitt , Wilson Travis , Snyder Hannah , Norman Tony , Barger Brian
Published: June 2009

In order to better understand contributing factors of moral judgment development, gifted youth and college students were compared. Moral judgment development, ACT scores, attributional complexity, and descriptors of personality were assessed among 140 college students and 97 gifted youth. Important distinctions favoring the gifted sample were seen among aspects of all considered variables. Stepwise hierarchical regression models noted that there was variability in how these variables accounted for the moral judgment developmental variance of each group. Discussed are explanations for the differences seen in the gifted sample relative to the college sample. Efforts to understand populations prone to early advancement, such as the gifted, are recommended in the hopes of transferring gained knowledge to other populations.
Model-Eliciting Activities as a Tool to Develop and Identify Creatively Gifted Mathematicians
Authors: Chamberlin Scott A. , Moon Sidney M.
Published: June 2009

This article addresses the use of Model-Eliciting Activities (MEAs) as a (curricular) tool to develop mathematical creativity and identify students who are creatively gifted in mathematics. The thesis of this article is that by using MEAs, gifted educators can: (a) provide students with opportunities to develop creative and applied mathematical thinking; and (b) analyze students’ mathematical thinking when engaged in creative mathematical tasks, aiding in the identification of those students who are especially talented in domain-specific, mathematical creativity. The authors’ conclude that MEAs have potential for both developing and identifying creatively gifted mathematicians in the middle grades.
I Live in My Own Bubble: The Values of Talented Adolescents
Authors: Piirto Jane
Published: June 2009

Values are commonly thought to be important in the construction of personal and group morality, in personality, and as a basis for living life. The Rokeach Values Survey (RVS) was administered to gifted and talented adolescents in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002. Two groups were compared in this study: Group I, pre-September 11, 2001 (n = 191; M = 64, F = 127); and Group II, post-September 11, 2001 (n = 96; M = 36, F = 60). Results showed that the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon did not affect the values of the talented teenagers. Values were ranked thus: Terminal Values: (1) Salvation, (2) Freedom, (3) Self-Respect, (16) World of Beauty, (17) Social Recognition, (18) National Security. Instrumental Values: (1) Love, (2) Honesty, (3) Imagination (16) Obedience, (17) Politeness, (18) Cleanliness. Qualitative analysis was conducted of student essays and interviews.
From At Risk to At Promise: Developing Scholar Identities Among Black Males
Authors: Whiting Gilman W.
Published: June 2009

Black males and females are consistently underrepresented in gifted programs. Just as unfortunate, countless reports and studies indicate that too many Black males are not succeeding in school settings. A scholar identity model, grounded in various achievement-based theories, is shared in this article as one solution to addressing the educational and social plight of Black male adolescents. In addition to presenting the model, suggestions for prevention and intervention are provided.
Differentiation of Multipotent Mesenchymal Precursors and Skeletal Myoblasts from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Stavropoulos Maria Elena , Mengarelli Isabella , Barberi Tiziano
Published: June 2009

This unit describes a protocol for the derivation of multipotent mesenchymal precursors from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). hESCs cultured at low density in the presence of a chemically defined serum‐free medium are induced to adopt an endomesodermal fate and later a mesenchymal phenotype. FACS sorting for the surface antigen CD73 is used to purify mesenchymal precursors able to differentiate into fat, bone, cartilage, and skeletal muscle cells. Enrichment in mesenchymal precursors with a myogenic potential is achieved via an additional FACS sorting for the embryonic skeletal muscle surface marker N‐CAM. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 9:1F.8.1‐1F.8.10. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Generation and Characterization of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Ohnuki Mari , Takahashi Kazutoshi , Yamanaka Shinya
Published: June 2009

This unit describes how to generate human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and evaluate the qualities of the generated iPS cells. The methods for establishment and maintenance of human iPS cells are similar to those for mouse iPS cells but not identical. In addition, these protocols include excellent procedures for passaging and cryopreservation of human iPS cells established by ES cell researchers, which result in an easy way to culture human iPS cells. Moreover, we include methods for characterizing iPS cells for further research. RT‐PCR and immunocytochemistry for detection of pluripotent cell markers, embryoid body differentiation, and teratoma differentiation are used to determine pluripotency in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 9:4A.2.1‐4A.2.25. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Are expert athletes ‘expert’ in the cognitive laboratory? A meta‐analytic review of cognition and sport expertise
Authors: Voss Michelle W. , Kramer Arthur F. , Basak Chandramallika , Prakash Ruchika Shaurya , Roberts Brent
Published: June 2009

Recent literature has demonstrated the usefulness of fitness and computer‐based cognitive training as a means to enhance cognition and brain function. However, it is unclear whether the combination of fitness and cognitive training that results from years of extensive sport training also results in superior performance on tests of cognitive processes. In this study we examine, in a quantitative meta‐analysis (k = 20), the relationship between expertise in sports and laboratory‐based measures of cognition. We found that athletes performed better on measures of processing speed and a category of varied attentional paradigms, and athletes from interceptive sport types and males showed the largest effects. Based on our results, more research should be done with higher‐level cognitive tasks, such as tasks of executive function and more varied sub‐domains of visual attention. Furthermore, future studies should incorporate more female athletes and use a diverse range of sport types and levels of expertise. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GABRR1andGABRR2, encoding the GABA‐A receptor subunits ρ1 and ρ2, are associated with alcohol dependence
Authors: Xuei Xiaoling , Flury‐Wetherill Leah , Dick Danielle , Goate Alison , Tischfield Jay , Nurnberger John , Schuckit Marc , Kramer John , Kuperman Sam , Hesselbrock Victor , Porjesz Bernice , Foroud Tatiana , Edenberg Howard J.
Published: June 2009

The genes encoding several GABA‐A receptor subunits, includingGABRA2, have been associated with alcoholism, suggesting that variations in gaba signaling contribute to risk. Therefore, as part of a comprehensive evaluation of the GABA receptor genes, we evaluated the potential association ofGABRR1andGABRR2, which encode the ρ1 and ρ2 subunits of the pentameric GABA‐A/GABA‐C receptors.GABRR1andGABRR2lie in a head to tail orientation spanning 137 kb on chromosome 6q14‐16. We genotyped 73 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), covering both genes and extending 31 kb upstream ofGABRR2and 95 kb downstream ofGABRR1, in a sample of 1923 European Americans from 219 multiplex alcohol‐dependent families. Family‐based association analyses demonstrated that SNPs in bothGABRR1andGABRR2were significantly associated with alcohol dependence. Among the associated SNPs was rs282129, a coding SNP (Met430Thr) inGABRR2. Secondary analysis using a median split for age of onset suggests that the association is strongest when the analysis is focused upon those with earlier onset of alcohol dependence. Haplotypes in each gene were significantly overtransmitted to family members who did not meet criteria for alcohol dependence (P < 0.04), and a haplotype inGABRR2was significantly overtransmitted to family members who met a broader definition of alcoholism (P = 0.002) as well as DSM‐IV dependence (P = 0.04). © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bottom‐Up Synthesis of Porous Coordination Frameworks: Apical Substitution of a Pentanuclear Tetrahedral Precursor
Authors: Wang Xin‐Long , Qin Chao , Wu Shui‐Xing , Shao Kui‐Zhan , Lan Ya‐Qian , Wang Shuang , Zhu Dong‐Xia , Su Zhong‐Min , Wang En‐Bo
Published: June 2009

Mikroporöse verzahnte Diamantgerüste lassen sich aus einem fünfkernigen tetraedrischen Komplex mit Nitratgruppen an den apicalen Positionen als anorganischer Vorstufe aufbauen. Ein „Bottom‐up“‐Verfahren wurde für den Ersatz der Nitratgruppen durch lineare ditope Carboxylatliganden genutzt (siehe Bild). Die Langmuir‐Oberfläche der gebildeten Gerüste ist größer als die klassischer Zeolithe.

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The Antimony‐Based Type I Clathrate Compounds Cs8Cd18Sb28 and Cs8Zn18Sb28
Authors: Liu Yi , Wu Li‐Ming , Li Long‐Hua , Du Shao‐Wu , Corbett John D. , Chen Ling
Published: June 2009

In phase: The title compounds lie in a new region of phase space for such a structure, and have stoichiometries in accord with a classical Zintl phase formulation. The small semiconductor gaps indicated by DFT calculations are also supported by their diamagnetic susceptibilities.

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Chemical Imaging of Spatial Heterogeneities in Catalytic Solids at Different Length and Time Scales
Authors: Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: June 2009

Catalytic solids in the spotlight: Detailed insight into the working principles of heterogeneous catalysts is essential for the design of improved or totally new ones. Such insight can be provided by making use of chemical imaging techniques, which yield spatiotemporal information about the workings of catalytic solids at different length scales: at the level of reactors, catalyst bodies, catalyst grains, and nanoparticles.

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Knowledge of spatiotemporal gradients in heterogeneous catalysts is of paramount importance for the rational design of new and more sustainable catalytic processes. Heterogeneities resulting in space‐ and time‐dependent phenomena occur at different length scales; that is, at the level of catalytic reactors (mm to m), catalyst bodies (μm to mm), catalyst grains (nm to μm), and active sites and metal (oxide) particles (Å to nm). This Review documents the recent advances in the development of space‐ and time‐resolved spectroscopic methods for imaging spatial heterogeneities within catalytic processes at these four length scales. Particular emphasis will be on the use of magnetic resonance, optical, and synchrotron‐based methods, their capabilities in providing spatial resolution (1D and 2D imaging) and depth profiling (3D imaging) as well as on their time‐resolved application, potential for single‐molecule and nanoparticle detection, and use under reaction conditions. The Review ends with future prospects on spectroscopic markers for catalytic activity, label‐free spectroscopy, tomography at the nanoscale, and correlative microscopic approaches.
Bottom‐Up Synthesis of Porous Coordination Frameworks: Apical Substitution of a Pentanuclear Tetrahedral Precursor
Authors: Wang Xin‐Long , Qin Chao , Wu Shui‐Xing , Shao Kui‐Zhan , Lan Ya‐Qian , Wang Shuang , Zhu Dong‐Xia , Su Zhong‐Min , Wang En‐Bo
Published: June 2009

Top down goes bottom up: A family of microporous interpenetrating diamond frameworks can be constructed from a pentanuclear tetrahedral complex with nitrate groups at the apical positions as an inorganic precursor. A “bottom‐up” methodology was used for substitution of the nitrate groups by linear ditopic carboxylate ligands (see picture). The Langmuir surface area of the resulting frameworks is higher than that of classical zeolites.

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Coordination Polymers.Design, Analysis and Application. By Stuart R. Batten, Suzanne M. Neville and David R. Turner.
Authors: Fromm Katharina M.
Published: June 2009

Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge 2008. 471 pp., hardcover £ 89.95.—ISBN 978‐0854048373

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Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/linear low‐density polyethylene blends through physical processing
Authors: Zhang Yue , Zhang Hongsheng , Yu Yingbo , Guo Weihong , Wu Chifei
Published: June 2009

Poly(styrene‐ethylene/butylene‐styrene) (SEBS) was used as a compatibilizer to improve the thermal and mechanical properties of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/linear low‐density polyethylene (R‐PET/LLDPE) blends. The blends compatibilized with 0–20 wt % SEBS were prepared by low‐temperature solid‐state extrusion. The effect of SEBS content was investigated using scanning electron microscope, differential scanning calorimeter, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and mechanical property testing. Morphology observation showed that the addition of 10 wt % SEBS led to the deformation of dispersed phase from spherical to fibrous structure, and microfibrils were formed at the interface between two phases in the compatibilized blends. Both differential scanning calorimeter and DMA results revealed that the blend with 20 wt % SEBS showed better compatibility between PET and LLDPE than other blends studied. The addition of 20 wt % of SEBS obviously improved the crystallizibility of PET as well as the modulus of the blends. DMA analysis also showed that the interaction between SEBS and two other components enhanced at high temperature above 130°C. The impact strength of the blend with 20 wt % SEBS increased of 93.2% with respect to the blend without SEBS, accompanied by only a 28.7% tensile strength decrease. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and properties of a new type of unsaturated poly(ester amide)
Authors: Ai Yong‐Ping , Jiang Fen , Xie Shi‐Kun , Yi Rong‐Xi
Published: June 2009

A new type of unsaturated poly(ester amide), maleic anhydride–phthalic anhydride–ethylene glycol–neopentylene glycol–anthranilic acid copolymer, was prepared by melt polycondensation. The copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis. The viscosity of the polymer was measured with a Ubbelohde viscometer. The compressive strength of the crosslinked unsaturated poly(ester amide) under different heat‐treatment conditions was measured. Studies of its degradation behavior were carried out in simulated body fluid at pH 7.4 (37°C), and the compressive strength loss of the crosslinked unsaturated poly(ester amide) was also measured after different degradation times. The copolymer was hydrolyzed in a 1.0‐mol/L NaOH standard solution at room temperature. All of the preliminary results suggest that the new unsaturated poly(ester amide) might potentially be used as a new type of bone‐fixation material. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Maurice Loewy and the equatorial Coudé in Vienna
Authors: Schnell A.
Published: June 2009

Moritz (Maurice) Loewy was born in Vienna, studied in Vienna and emigrated to France because he was a Jew and could not get a position in Vienna. In Paris he became director of the observatory. Our investigation removes the ambiguity on Maurice Loewy's birthplace, and we conclude that he was born in Vienna in 1833 (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The short history of infrared space telescopes
Authors: Lemke D.
Published: June 2009

While astronomical telescopes developed rather slowly over the last four centuries, infrared telescopes made a fast career in only four decades from high mountains to aircraft, balloons and satellites. They cover the huge wavelength region from 1 to 350μm and have uncovered the cold and dust hidden universe. While until today all infrared space telescopes had diameters of <1 m, cooled infrared observatories with 3.5 to 6.5m mirrors will be sent into heliocentric orbits at L2 within the next few years (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
From Gauß to Biermann: Highlights from the first 117 years of publications in Astronomische Nachrichten/Astronomical Notes
Authors: von Berlepsch R. , Strassmeier K.G.
Published: June 2009

We present facsimiles of some of the scientifically and historically most relevant papers published in Astronomische Nachrichten/Astronomical Notes (AN) between 1821 and 1938. Almost all of these papers were written and printed in German and it is sometimes not completely straightforward to find these original works and then to cite the historically correct version, e.g. in case of a series of articles or editorial letters. It was common during the early years that many contributions were made in form of letters to the editor. We present a summary for these original works with an English translation of their titles. Among the highlights are the originals of the discovery of stellar parallaxes by FriedrichWilhelm Bessel, the discovery of the solar cycle by Heinrich Schwabe, the discovery of the planet Neptune by Johann Gottfried Galle, the first ever measured stellar radial velocity by Hermann Vogel, the discovery of radio emission from the Sun by Wilsing and Scheiner, the first ever conducted photoelectric photometry of stars by Paul Guthnick and up to the pioneering work by Karl Schwarzschild, Ejnar Hertzsprung, Erwin Finlay Freundlich and others. As a particular gimmick we present the still world record holding shortest paper ever published; by Johannes Hartmann in AN 226, 63 (1926) on Nova Pictoris. Our focus is on contributions in the early years and published until 1938 near the verge of the second world war (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Review: Studies of ferric heme proteins with highly anisotropic/highly axial low spin (S = 1/2) electron paramagnetic resonance signals with bis‐Histidine and histidine‐methionine axial iron coordination
Authors: Zoppellaro Giorgio , Bren Kara L. , Ensign Amy A. , Harbitz Espen , Kaur Ravinder , Hersleth Hans‐Petter , Ryde Ulf , Hederstedt Lars , Andersson K. Kristoffer
Published: June 2009

Six‐coordinated heme groups are involved in a large variety of electron transfer reactions because of their ability to exist in both the ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) state without any large differences in structure. Our studies on hemes coordinated by two histidines (bis‐His) and hemes coordinated by histidine and methionine (His‐Met) will be reviewed. In both of these coordination environments, the heme core can exhibit ferric low spin (electron paramagnetic resonance EPR) signals with large gmax values (also called Type I, highly anisotropic low spin, or highly axial low spin, HALS species) as well as rhombic EPR (Type II) signals. In bis‐His coordinated hemes rhombic and HALS envelopes are related to the orientation of the His groups with respect to each other such that (i) parallel His planes results in a rhombic signal and (ii) perpendicular His planes results in a HALS signal. Correlation between the structure of the heme and its ligands for heme with His‐Met axial ligation and ligand‐field parameters, as derived from a large series of cytochrome c variants, show, however, that for such a combination of axial ligands there is no clear‐cut difference between the large gmax and the “small g‐anisotropy” cases as a result of the relative Met‐His arrangements. Nonetheless, a new linear correlation links the average shift 〈δ〉 of the heme methyl groups with the gmax values. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 1064–1082, 2009.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Neu entdeckte Giftalge ist Ursache der Azaspiracid‐Muschelvergiftung
Authors: Tillmann Urban , Wegener Alfred
Published: June 2009

Der Ursprung des Nervengiftes Azaspiracid, welches nach Anreicherung in Muscheln zu schweren Vergiftungen beim Menschen führen kann, ist identifiziert worden. Es handelt es sich dabei um eine winzige, bislang unbekannte Algenart, den Dinoflagellaten Azadinium spinosum. Wissenschaftler des Alfred‐Wegener‐Instituts für Polar‐ und Meeresforschung haben den nun erstmals beschriebenen Organismus aus der Nordsee isoliert, im Labor vermehrt und als Produzent der Giftstoffe identifiziert.
Schweineinfluenzaviren – Erreger in stetem Wandel
Authors: Zell Roland , Wutzler Peter
Published: June 2009

Influenzaviren können heute leicht Länder‐ und Kontinentgrenzen überschreiten, weil selbst große Distanzen innerhalb der Inkubationszeiten überwunden werden. Im Falle der Schweineinfluenzaviren tragen ein reger Reiseverkehr und der internationale Tierhandel zur raschen Verbreitung der Viren bei. Nur so ist es zu erklären, dass H1N1‐Reassortanten plötzlich in Mexiko (2009) auftauchten und dort sogar zoonotische Infektionen des Menschen auslösen konnten.
Mechanical properties of the passive sea urchin sperm flagellum
Authors: Pelle Dominic W. , Brokaw Charles J. , Lesich Kathleen A. , Lindemann Charles B.
Published: June 2009

In this study we used Triton X‐100 extracted sea urchin spermatozoa to investigate the mechanical behavior of the basic 9+2 axoneme. The dynein motors were disabled by vanadate so that the flagellum is rendered a passive structure. We find that when a proximal portion of the flagellum is bent with a glass microprobe, the remainder of the flagellum distal to the probe exhibits a bend in the opposite direction (a counterbend). The counterbend can be understood from the prevailing sliding doublet model of axoneme mechanics, but does require the existence of elastic linkages between the outer doublets. Analysis of the shapes of counterbends provides a consensus value of 0.03–0.08/μm2 for the ratio of the interdoublet shear resistance (ES) to the bending resistance (EB) and we find that the ratio ES/EB is relatively conserved for both passive flagella and transiently quiescent live flagella. This ratio expresses a fundamental mechanical property of the eukaryotic axoneme. It defines the contributions to total bending resistance derived from bending the microtubules and from stretching the interdoublet linkages, respectively. Using this ratio, and computer simulations of earlier experiments that measured the total stiffness of the flagellum, we obtain estimates of approximately 1 × 108 pN nm2/rad for EB and 6 pN/rad for ES, assuming that both elasticities are linear. Our results indicate that the behavior of the flagellum is close to that predicted by a linear model for shear elasticity. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined androgen blockade with bicalutamide for advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Akaza Hideyuki , Hinotsu Shiro , Usami Michiyuki , Arai Yoichi , Kanetake Hiroshi , Naito Seiji , Hirao Yoshihiko
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND:

A previously reported, double‐blind, randomized, multicenter phase 3 trial in 205 patients with stage C/D prostate cancer compared combined androgen blockade (CAB) with luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone agonist (LHRH‐A) plus bicalutamide 80 mg versus LHRH‐A plus bicalutamide‐matching placebo (LHRH‐A monotherapy). The analysis at a median follow‐up of 2.4 years indicated that CAB significantly (P < .001) prolonged the time to progression and the time to treatment failure. In the current report, survival data from a long‐term follow‐up (median, 5.2 years) were analyzed.

METHODS:

All deaths irrespective of cause and all prostate cancer‐specific deaths were recorded. The data were analyzed using Cox regression analysis and the log‐rank test.

RESULTS:

At a median follow‐up of 5.2 years, a significant overall survival advantage was observed in favor of CAB over LHRH‐A monotherapy (Cox regression analysis: hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.60‐0.99; P = .0498; log‐rank test: P = .0425). The difference in cause‐specific survival between the 2 groups was not significant. The achievement of a prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) nadir concentration ≤1 ng/mL was a prognostic factor for improved survival. More patients attained PSA nadir concentrations ≤1 ng/mL with CAB compared with patients who received LHRH‐A monotherapy (81.4% vs 33.7%; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS:

CAB with bicalutamide 80 mg offered a significant overall survival benefit compared with LHRH‐A monotherapy without reducing tolerability in patients with locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Low‐grade gliomas in older patients
Authors: Schomas David A. , Laack Nadia N. , Brown Paul D.
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND:

Low‐grade gliomas (LGGs) are uncommon in older patients, and long‐term clinical behavior and prognostic factors are not well defined in this group.

METHODS:

The authors retrospectively searched their tumor registry for the records of adult patients (≥18 years) diagnosed as having nonpilocytic LGG between 1960 and 1992 at Mayo Clinic. The Kaplan‐Meier method was used to estimate progression‐free survival and overall survival (OS) in patients aged 55 years and older.

RESULTS:

Of 314 patients initially identified, 32 were aged at least 55 years, with a median age at diagnosis of 61 years (range, 55‐74 years). Median follow‐up was 17.3 years for survivors. Operative pathologic diagnoses comprised astrocytoma (n = 22, 69%), mixed oligoastrocytoma (n = 7, 22%), and oligodendroglioma (n = 3, 9%). Gross total resection was achieved in 1 patient, radical subtotal resection in 1, and subtotal resection in 14; 16 patients had biopsy only. Postoperative radiotherapy or chemotherapy was given to 23 (72%) patients and 1 (3%) patient, respectively. Median OS was 2.7 years for all patients: 3 years with resection and 2.2 years with biopsy only (P = .58). The 5‐ and 10‐year OS rates were 31% and 18%, respectively. Factors adversely affecting OS on univariate analysis were enhancement on computed tomography (P < .001) and supratentorial location (P = .03).

CONCLUSIONS:

This retrospective series of older patients suggests that intracranial LGG in this age group behaves aggressively. Pathologic sampling error failing to recognize higher‐grade tumors does not seem to account for these poor outcomes. Aggressive management with maximally safe resection followed by adjuvant therapy should be strongly considered. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Key concerns about the current state of bladder cancer
Authors: Lotan Yair , Kamat Ashish M. , Porter Michael P. , Robinson Victoria L. , Shore Neal , Jewett Michael , Schelhammer Paul F. , White Ralph deVere , Quale Diane , Lee Cheryl T.
Published: June 2009

Bladder cancer is the fifth most common cancer in the United States and, on a per capita basis, is the most expensive cancer from diagnosis to death. Unfortunately, National Cancer Institute funding for bladder cancer is quite low when compared with other common malignancies. Limited funding has stifled research opportunities for new and established investigators, ultimately encouraging them to redirect research efforts to other organ sites. Waning interest of scientists has further fueled the cycle of modest funding for bladder cancer. One important consequence of this has been a lack of scientific advancement in the field. Patient advocates have decidedly advanced research efforts in many cancer sites. Breast, prostate, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer advocates have organized highly successful campaigns to lobby the federal government and the medical community to devote increased attention and funding to understudied malignancies and to conduct relevant studies to better understand the therapy, diagnosis, and prevention of these diseases. Bladder cancer survivors have lacked a coordinated advocacy voice until recently. A concerted effort to align bladder cancer advocates, clinicians, and urologic organizations is essential to define the greatest needs in bladder cancer and to develop related solutions. This position paper represents a collaborative discussion to define the most concerning trends and greatest needs in the field of bladder cancer as outlined by the Bladder Cancer Think Tank, the Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network, and the Society of Urologic Oncology. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Sex‐specific attention problems in long‐term survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Jain Neelam , Brouwers Pim , Okcu M. Fatih , Cirino Paul T. , Krull Kevin R.
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND:

Neurocognitive problems are a frequent outcome of chemotherapy for pediatric leukemia, although individual differences exist in patient outcome. Sex of the patient and age at diagnosis are 2 characteristics that have been associated with differential outcomes. The relation between these patient characteristics and specific attention deficits (ie, initiating, inhibiting, shifting, focusing, sustaining attention, and working memory) has not been well researched. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pattern of attention problems in male and female long‐term survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

METHODS:

One hundred three long‐term survivors (ie, ≥5 years from diagnosis; 51% boys, mean age at diagnosis of 3.9 years, and mean time since diagnosis 7.5 years) completed standardized measures of basic and complex attention skills related to anterior (ie, inhibition, shifting attention, working memory), posterior (ie, focusing), and subcortical brain systems (ie, sustaining).

RESULTS:

Treatment intensity was related to sustained attention, with those patients treated on high‐risk protocols displaying significantly lower performance. Girls performed worse than boys on measures related to the anterior attention system (ie, shifting attention, P < .042) and the subcortical attention system (ie, sustained attention, P < .001), whereas boys performed worse than girls on different measures of anterior control (ie, inhibition, P < .039; working memory, P < .003).

CONCLUSIONS:

The results of this study suggest that children diagnosed with and treated for pediatric ALL perform poorly on select measures of attention and executive control, and that this performance is influenced by sex and treatment intensity. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Expression profiling of ependymomas unravels localization and tumor grade‐specific tumorigenesis
Authors: Palm Thomas , Figarella‐Branger Dominique , Chapon Françoise , Lacroix Catherine , Gray Françoise , Scaravilli Francesco , Ellison David W. , Salmon Isabelle , Vikkula Miikka , Godfraind Catherine
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND:

Ependymomas derive from ependymal cells that cover the cerebral ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord. The molecular alterations leading to ependymomal oncogenesis are not completely understood.

METHODS:

The authors performed array‐based expression profiling on a series of 34 frozen ependymal tumors with different localizations and histologic grades. Data were analyzed by nonsupervised and supervised clustering methods along with Gene Ontology and Pathway Analyzer tools.

RESULTS:

Class discovery experiments indicated a strong correlation between profiles and tumor localization as well as World Health Organization (WHO) tumor grades. On the basis of supervised clustering, intracranial ependymomas were associated with high expression levels of Notch, Hedgehog, and bone morphogenetic protein pathway members. In contrast, most of the homeobox‐containing genes manifested high expression in extracranial ependymomas. The results also revealed that WHO grade 2 ependymomas differed from WHO grade 3 ependymomas by genes implicated in Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, cell cycle, E2F transcription factor 1 destruction, angiogenesis, apoptosis, remodeling of adherens junctions, and mitotic spindle formation.

CONCLUSIONS:

Taken together, the tumor localization‐related gene sets mainly implicated in stem cell maintenance, renewal, and differentiation suggest the dysregulation of localized cancer stem cells during ependymoma development. The WHO grade differentiating pathways suggested that alteration of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway is a key event in the tumorigenesis of WHO grade 3 ependymomas. On the basis of the current data, the authors suggest a developmental scheme of ependymomas that integrates tumor localization and tumor grades, and that pinpoints new targets for the development of future therapeutic approaches. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization as adjuncts to cytology in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Factor Rachel E. , Dal Cin Paola , Fletcher Jonathan A. , Cibas Edmund S.
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND:

Virtually all malignant mesotheliomas (MMs) exhibit clonal chromosomal aberrations. Although the chromosome regions affected by these aberration(s) may vary from 1 tumor to another, certain regions are commonly disrupted. These aberrations are absent in benign mesothelial cells, and therefore their presence can be used to confirm a diagnosis of MM. In the current study, the authors investigated the value of karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) as adjuncts to conventional cytologic examination in patients with MM.

METHODS:

A retrospective analysis of 48 pleural or peritoneal fluids from patients with histologically confirmed MM was performed. Karyotypic analyses were attempted in all cases. In 27 cases, FISH for deletions of 9p21 (CDKN2A gene) and 22q was also performed because the karyotype was normal or unsuccessful.

RESULTS:

Karyotypes were obtained in 35 (73%) of the specimens. Of these, 15 (43%) were abnormal and 20 (57%) were normal. Thirteen additional abnormal results were detected by FISH in cases for which the karyotypes were normal or unsuccessful. A total of 24 cases (50%) had an associated cytologic interpretation. Karyotyping or FISH was abnormal in 8 cases that were interpreted cytologically as either negative or suspicious.

CONCLUSIONS:

The combination of FISH and karyotyping was found to improve on the diagnostic sensitivity of karyotyping alone in detecting MM in effusions. The authors concluded that karyotyping and FISH together were a more useful adjunct to cytology than FISH or karyotyping alone. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Sustainability in Catalytic Oxidation: An Alternative Approach or a Structural Evolution?
Authors: Cavani Fabrizio , Teles Joaquim Henrique
Published: June 2009

Catalytic oxidation provides several examples of the remarkable steps made forward towards a more sustainable chemical industry: use of alternative reactants, the design of new catalysts, new reactions, and new reactor technologies. The recent developments described in this Review clearly show that better sustainabily and improved economics often go hand in hand.

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This Review documents some examples of recent innovations in the field of catalytic selective oxidation from an industrial point of view. The use of alkanes as building blocks for the synthesis of bulk chemicals and intermediates is discussed, along with the main properties that catalysts should possess in order to efficiently catalyse the selective oxidation of these hydrocarbons. The currently developed processes for propene oxide and new processes under investigation for the synthesis of adipic acid are also described, highlighting innovative aspects for a better sustainability of the chemical industry.
Biomass Recalcitrance—Deconstructing the Plant Cell Wall for Bioenergy.Edited by Michael E. Himmel
Authors: Felby Claus
Published: June 2009

Wiley‐Blackwell, Chichester, 2008. 528 pp., hardcover US$ 180.00—ISBN 978‐1‐4051‐6360‐6

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An investigation of the effect of body dissatisfaction on selective attention toward negative shape and weight‐related information
Authors: Smith Evelyn , Rieger Elizabeth
Published: June 2009

Objective:

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of inducing body dissatisfaction on selective attention toward negative shape and weight‐related information.

Method:

A total of 54 female undergraduate university students were randomly allocated to one of three induction conditions: body dissatisfaction, negative mood, and neutral. Subsequently, participants' attentional bias toward negative shape/weight words was measured using a dot probe task.

Results:

Contrary to the hypotheses, participants in the body dissatisfaction condition did not demonstrate an increase in attention toward negative shape/weight words compared with the negative mood and neutral conditions. Indeed, it was the negative mood induction that resulted in significantly increased attention toward negative shape/weight words relative to the body dissatisfaction condition.

Discussion:

The finding that the negative mood (rather than the body dissatisfaction) induction triggered an attentional bias toward shape‐ and weight‐related information is discussed in terms of the anxiety literature given the nature of the mood induction utilized. This finding might help to account for the high comorbidity between eating disorders and anxiety disorders and suggests the possible relevance of attentional training interventions designed for anxiety disorders in the treatment of eating disorders. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
Comparing definitions of purging disorder on point prevalence and associations with external validators
Authors: Haedt Alissa A. , Keel Pamela K.
Published: June 2009

Objective:

We varied two defining features of Purging Disorder (PD): breadth of “purging” behaviors (purging only [narrow] vs. purging and nonpurging [broad]) and minimum behavioral frequency (once vs. twice per week) to examine their impact on syndrome validity.

Method:

Survey data from 1736 women and 755 men were used for analyses.

Results:

PD point prevalence was higher in women versus men, and prevalence was lowest for the narrow definition requiring purging twice per week. The narrow definition was associated with significant psychosocial impairment and increased effect sizes in validation analyses. Changing minimum behavioral frequencies did not impact associations with external validators.

Discussion:

A broad definition of PD that included any compensatory behavior reduced distinctions between PD and normality. Reducing minimum frequency to once per week did not reduce homogeneity or evidence of syndrome severity. Purging once per week may represent the optimal starting point in defining the central behavioral feature of PD. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
Does avoidant personality disorder impact on the outcome of treatment for bulimia nervosa?
Authors: Rowe Sarah L. , Jordan Jennifer , McIntosh Virginia V. W. , Carter Frances A. , Frampton Chris , Bulik Cynthia M. , Joyce Peter R.
Published: June 2009

Objective:

To examine the impact of avoidant personality disorder (AVPD) on bulimia nervosa (BN) treatment outcome over 3 years.

Method:

Women with BN were participating in a randomized treatment trial. The sample was split into: AVPD (n = 37), other PD (n = 37), and no PD (n = 60). Eating disorder symptomatology, depressive symptoms and psychosocial functioning were examined at pretreatment and follow‐up. Multiple regression was conducted to control for high axis I comorbidity.

Results:

There were no significant differences across the groups at pretreatment or follow‐up on eating disorder symptoms. AVPD had worse depressive symptoms and psychosocial functioning at pretreatment which continued 3 years post‐treatment. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the presence of any lifetime mood disorder contributed to these significant results.

Discussion:

These findings suggest AVPD is not a significant predictor of BN outcome. However, AVPD is associated with poorer psychiatric symptoms although much of this variance appears to be attributable to the lifetime presence of any mood disorder. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
Mixed‐Ligand Complexes of Technetium and Rhenium with Tridentate Benzamidines and Bidentate Benzoylthioureas
Authors: Huy Nguyen Hung , Deflon Victor M. , Abram Ulrich
Published: June 2009

Mixed‐ligand complexes of technetium(V) or rhenium(V) containing tridentate N‐[(dialkylamino)(thiocarbonyl)]benzamidine (H2L1) and bidentate N,N‐dialkyl‐N′‐benzoylthiourea (HL2) ligands were formed in high yields when (NBu4)[MOCl4] (M = Tc or Re) or [ReOCl3(PPh3)2] was treated with mixtures of the proligands. Other approaches for the synthesis of the products are reactions of [MOCl(L1)] complexes with HL2 or compounds of the composition [ReOCl2(PPh3)(L2)] with H2L1. The resulting air‐stable [MO(L1)(L2)] complexes possess potential for the development of metal‐based radiopharmaceuticals. [TcO(L1)(L2)] complexes are readily reduced by PPh3 with formation of [Tc(L1)(L2)(PPh3)]. The resulting TcIII complexes undergo two almost‐reversible oxidation steps corresponding to one‐electron transfer processes.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Reactions of Carbanions of 1‐Chloro‐5‐(phenylsulfonyl)pent‐2‐enes: Synthesis of Vinyl‐Substituted Tetrahydrofurans
Authors: Wojtasiewicz Anna , Lewandowski Bartosz , Judka Marek , Mąkosza Mieczysław
Published: June 2009

The carbanions of (E)‐ and (Z)‐1‐chloro‐5‐(phenylsulfonyl)‐pent‐2‐enes can be considered as vinylogues of γ‐chlorocarbanions. Because in these cases intramolecular 1,3‐substitution by a SN2′ mechanism leading to vinylcyclopropanes is a relatively slow process these carbanions can be efficiently trapped by active electrophilic reagents such as aldehydes. Subsequent intramolecular SN2′ 1,5‐substitution of the aldol anions produced gives vinyl‐substituted tetrahydrofurans. Thus, an efficient method for the synthesis of 2,3‐disubstituted‐5‐vinyltetrahydrofurans has been elaborated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Combining visual and geochemical analyses to source chert on Southern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada
Authors: Milne S. Brooke , Hamilton Anne , Fayek Mostafa
Published: June 2009

A combined methodological approach using visual and geochemical methods is introduced and preliminary results of a study illustrating its effectiveness to determine chert source provenance are presented. This study focuses on lithic debitage and raw chert samples collected from the interior of southern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada. Chert is abundant throughout this region yet it occurs as small, scattered surface nodules that are highly variable in color. Prior to this study, little was known about the provenance of this local toolstone and whether it derived from local outcrops, glacial till sheets, or both. Given the pronounced variability exhibited by this chert, we use individual attribute analysis and petrography to impose some kind of analytical order upon an otherwise random aggregation of rocks. Thereafter, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and secondary ion mass spectrometry are used to test the validity of these color categories to determine from how many geochemically distinct sources they derive. Using a standard that measures Al to a ratio of Ga/Zr, our results indicate that all of the raw chert samples derive from a single local source, while the debitage derives from four different sources, including the one that is local. We are confident that this combined methodological approach can be applied in other regions where chert variability is pronounced and source provenance is unknown. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geoarchaeological investigations at the upper Paleolithic site of Kamihoronai‐Moi, Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Izuho Masami , Nakazawa Yuichi , Akai Fumito , Soda Tsutomu , Oda Hirotaka
Published: June 2009

In order to better understand modern human behavioral variability in Hokkaido, Japan, we consider the geoarchaeology of the Kamihoronai‐Moi site in terms of its geochronology, stratigraphy, depositional environments, and post‐depositional disturbances. A Paleolithic component is stratigraphically situated between the Eniwa‐a (15,000–17,00014C yr B.P.) and the Tarumae‐d (8000–900014C yr B.P.) tephras. Moreover, six AMS14C ages on charcoal from a Pleistocene‐aged hearth feature are between 14,400 and 14,80014C yr B.P. Quantitative examinations of patterns in artifact distributions show a low degree of vertical and horizontal displacement of chipped‐stone artifacts, suggesting that post‐depositional movement of the cultural material was insufficient to disrupt the original pattern of artifact distribution. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Auto‐configuring radial basis function networks for chaotic time series and flood forecasting
Authors: Chang Li‐Chiu , Chang Fi‐John , Wang Yuan‐Peng
Published: June 2009

The learning strategy of the radial basis function network (RBFN) commonly uses a hybrid learning process to identify the structure and then proceed to search the model parameters, which is a time‐consuming procedure. We proposed an evolutionary way to automatically configure the structure of RBFN and search the optimal parameters of the network. The strategy can effectively identify an appropriate structure of the network by the orthogonal least squares algorithm and then systematically search the optimal locations of centres and the widths of their corresponding kernel function by the genetic algorithm. The proposed strategy of auto‐configuring RBFN is first testified in predicting the future values of the chaotic Mackey‐Glass time series. The results demonstrate the superiority, on both effectiveness and efficiency, of the proposed strategy in predicting the chaotic time series. We then further investigate the model's suitability and reliability in flood forecast. The Lan‐Young River in north‐east Taiwan is used as a case study, where the hourly river flow of 23 flood events caused by typhoons or storms is used to train and validate the neural networks. The back propagation neural network (BPNN) is also performed for the purpose of comparison. The results demonstrate that the proposed RBFN has much better performance than the BPNN. The RBFN not only provides an efficient way to model the rainfall‐runoff process but also gives reliable and precise one‐hour and two‐hour ahead flood forecasts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of methotrexate and cisplatin on tumor progression and survival in the VM mouse model of systemic metastatic cancer
Authors: Huysentruyt Leanne C. , Shelton Laura M. , Seyfried Thomas N.
Published: June 2009

We recently identified a new tumor (VM‐M3), which arose spontaneously in the brain of an inbred VM mouse. When grown outside the brain, the VM‐M3 tumor expresses all major biological processes of metastasis to include local invasion, intravasation, immune system survival, extravasation, and secondary tumor formation involving lung, liver, kidney, spleen and brain. The VM‐M3 tumor also expresses multiple properties of macrophage‐like cells similar to those described previously in numerous human metastatic cancers suggesting that the VM‐M3 model will be useful for studying most types of metastatic cancer, regardless of tissue origin. VM‐M3 tumor cells, expressing firefly luciferase (VM‐M3/Fluc), were grown subcutaneously in the immunocompetent and syngeneic VM mouse host. The antimetastatic effects of methotrexate (MTX; 25 mg/kg) and cisplatin (10–15 mg/kg) were evaluated following i.p. injections administered once/wk for 3 weeks. Bioluminescent imaging was used to measure VM‐M3/Fluc growth and metastasis. All (12/12) control mice developed systemic cancer within 21 days of subcutaneous VM‐M3/Fluc implantation. Although methotrexate did not inhibit VM‐M3/Fluc primary tumor growth, it reduced lung and liver metastasis by 50% and completely inhibited metastasis to kidneys, spleen and brain. Cisplatin significantly reduced primary tumor growth, blocked metastasis to lung, liver, kidneys, spleen and brain, and significantly increased survival in all treated animals. Our findings show that the response of the VM‐M3/Fluc tumor to MTX and cisplatin is similar to that reported in humans with metastatic disease. These findings indicate that the VM‐M3/Fluc tumor is a reliable preclinical model for evaluating antimetastatic cancer therapies and underlying control pathways.