bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indian Treaties
Authors: Pevar Stephen L.
Published: March 2024

The United States entered into nearly four hundred treaties with Indian tribes between 1778 and 1871, when Congress ended treaty-making with Indian tribes. This chapter discusses why Congress entered into these treaties and why Congress ended the practice. It also discusses the contents of these treaties and how these treaties have been interpreted. In most of these treaties, the tribes relinquished vast landholdings and ended their hostilities in exchange for promises from the United States of protection, support, and services. These treaties form the foundation of the relationship between the Indigenous peoples and the United States. We cannot understand and appreciate that relationship without understanding the Indian treaties and how they must be interpreted and applied today.
Federal Power over Indian Affairs
Authors: Pevar Stephen L.
Published: March 2024

For more than a century now, the United States has asserted that it has “plenary authority”—full and complete power—over Indian tribes, their members, and their property. The U.S. Supreme Court reiterated that view in 2021, stating: “In all cases, tribal authority remains subject to the plenary authority of Congress.” Critics of the plenary power doctrine assert that the United States has no right to regulate tribal governments in any respect. This chapter discusses the origin of the plenary power doctrine and the scope of federal authority over Indians and tribes. It also discusses the fact that the plenary power doctrine is based on military strength, not on sound legal principles.
Civil Rights of Indians
Authors: Pevar Stephen L.
Published: March 2024

Indians born in this country are citizens of the United States and of the state in which they live. Indians have the same civil rights with respect to the federal, state, and local governments as all other citizens. This chapter focuses on those civil rights that are particularly important to Indians in their dealings with state, local, and federal governments: religious rights, voting rights, equal protection, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), racial stereotyping, and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Native Americans have suffered discrimination since their first contact with Europeans and it continues to exist today. This chapter discusses what can be done about it.
Evolutionary Scaling Relationships in Cell Biology
Authors: Lynch Michael R.
Published: March 2024

Although the sizes of cells vary by eleven orders of magnitude across the Tree of Life, the mean phenotypes of cellular traits commonly scale with cell volume in ways that transcend species boundaries. This is true, e.g., for metabolic rates, which increase with cell volume in statistically predictable ways across all unicellular organisms. A major goal of evolutionary cell biology is to provide mechanistic explanations for such relationships, which must be a consequence of biophysical and/or population-genetic constraints. Energetic costs of construction and maintenance of cell parts can be summarized in units of numbers of ATP hydrolyses. Using this approach, it is found that the lifetime costs of cell construction and maintenance scale isometrically with cell volume, and continuously so across prokaryotes and eukaryotes, despite the substantial differences in cell content in these groups. In contrast, maximum rates of cell division scale positively with cell volume in prokaryotes but negatively in eukaryotes. The upper limit to growth rate in prokaryotes is close to the maximum achievable based on translational constraints. The directional shift in growth-rate scaling in eukaryotes may be a consequence of the progressive reduction in the efficiency of natural selection for growth-enhancing features in species with diminished effective population sizes. Although it is commonly asserted that the origin of the mitochondrion lead to a bioenergetics revolution in eukaryotes, diverse observations on the costs and performance of subcellular features are inconsistent with this hypothesis.
An Ontology of Multiple Artworks
Authors: Davies David
Published: March 2024

An Ontology of Multiple Artworks is the first book-length critical analytic treatment in over forty years of the metaphysical issues relating to the different kinds of ‘multiple’ artworks. Multiple artworks are works that can have multiple ‘instances’: for example, there can be multiple copies of a novel, or multiple performances of a musical work. This book takes an adequate ontology of multiple artworks to be reflectively accountable to the kinds of considerations to which authors have appealed in arguing for ontological understandings of works, in particular multiple art forms. Nine such ‘explananda’ structure the discussion. After clarifying what ‘multiplicity’ in the arts amounts to, it critically assesses the ‘Platonist’ idea that multiple artworks must be abstract entities of some sort existing independently of our creative and appreciative practices. It measures Platonism against the different explananda and also ‘weights’ the explananda themselves. It also reflects upon the methodological constraints that should govern this kind of philosophical inquiry. It argues that Platonism about multiple artworks is seriously compromised, and considers different non-Platonist options. It further argues that the account that best explains the weighted explananda is the ‘Wollheimian-type’ theory according to which multiple artworks are performances essentially embedded in artistic practices. Finally, it assesses sceptical challenges to the very idea that there are such things as multiple artworks.
In the Cell
Authors: Bevan Miranda
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores the impact of detention itself, and its accompanying deprivations, on child suspects. Focusing on experiences in the cell, young participant reflections provide a rich account of an oppressive and minimally adjusted experience, revealing, in stark contrast to the ‘minimum burdens’ principle, a process often experienced as deeply punitive, recalling Malcolm Feeley’s assessment of lower criminal court proceedings that ‘the process itself is the punishment’. The discussion considers the drivers for the minimal adjustment of the detention conditions for young suspects, acknowledging risk and resourcing but also exploring the power dynamics of police–suspect relations and the extra-legal purposes of detention. In closing, the analysis explores the ramifications of punitive custody processes for children through a procedural justice lens and consider the exclusionary impacts of such punitive experiences.
Conclusion
Authors: Bevan Miranda
Published: March 2024

This concluding chapter reflects on the empirical findings and returns to the question posed in the preface: ‘How far have we really come in the fifty years since the Confait suspects were in police detention? I consider the effect of the identified lack of progress in adjusting the police custody process for children and assess why there have not been greater advances. The chapter closes with a call for widescale retrenchment of the use of police custody for children and proposals for a child first approach for those children who must be detained. The ramifications of the findings for youth justice processes more generally are also considered.
Conclusion
Authors: Rehman Sofia
Published: March 2024

The conclusion provides an orienting towards the research’s potential impact and future projects. This study sought to critically reflect upon the ḥadīth tradition, focusing on the traditions of Aisha where she corrected many Companions and attempting to elicit a methodology therefrom. It is clear from this study that perhaps the problem is not exclusively in the preservation of Aisha’s reports, especially those in which she is correcting a Companion, but in the way her traditions have been effectively silenced through the canonization process. It presents the disruptive potential of the work towards a gender-egalitarian rethinking of Islam. This chapter also articulates the author’s hopes for this research to aid in the development of the Muslim imaginary in which an alternative world can be conceived wherein Islamic practice can be free from the un-godly interventions of patriarchy, and instead raised on the foundations of a tawhidic world view.
Potential Tenant Identification and Screening Practices in the Pre-Incubation Ecosystem
Authors: Nana André , Laviolette Eric Michaël , Theodoraki Christina
Published: March 2024

Previous literature using the ecosystem approach in incubator studies has shown that these entities adopt complex practices (cooperation and competition) in their interactions with other actors within entrepreneurial support ecosystem during pre-incubation. Among these practices, the identification and selection of tenants (business projects and start-ups) during pre-incubation is particularly central as it shapes incubators’ performance. The current research aims to deepen knowledge of the incubators’ identification and selection practices employed with regard to their tenants. Using an ecosystem approach, we analysed the identification and selection process through a single case study of an incubator in Occitania (southwest region of France). A conceptual model is proposed with entrepreneurial sourcing as a pragmatic process, with two sets of practices: identification (scouting, prospecting, opening, and e-sourcing) and screening (files reviewing, training, accessing, and interviewing). These practices result from interactions between incubators and other actors (technology brokers, idea brokers, and innovative environment) in a sub-ecosystem that we have detailed and described as a pre-incubation ecosystem. Finally, we discuss the challenges of the entrepreneurial sourcing and how they can be mitigated through digitalization.
The Role of Incubators in University-Based Entrepreneurial Ecosystems through Knowledge Spillovers
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Theodoraki Christina
Published: March 2024

While academic entrepreneurship literature supports the view that universities are essential engines of economic development, especially in knowledge-based societies, there is still a need for a historical view of the challenges and transformations faced by universities in terms of knowledge spillover out of the university. This chapter emphasizes that there is a blind spot in assuming knowledge will naturally spread, referred to as the knowledge filter. In response to this gap, universities act as catalysts in building entrepreneurial societies by helping students to create successful new ventures, providing skilled labour to existing firms, and diffusing a supportive entrepreneurial culture. This phenomenon has been conceptualized in previous literature as a university-based entrepreneurial ecosystem. The latter describes the role of the university and its internal and external impacts on the entrepreneurial society. Several knowledge-transfer mechanisms have been created to effectively link educational and support programmes to enhance entrepreneurial activity. Within this ecosystem, knowledge-transfer mechanisms such as university incubators have a vital role for commercializing knowledge through innovation activity. This chapter offers a comprehensive understanding of the effective role of university incubators within the university-based entrepreneurial ecosystem and how they contribute to the entrepreneurial society through knowledge spillover. The chapter’s insights support the view that incubators act as intermediaries in connecting the university and the entrepreneurial society. Thus, well-embedded incubators in both contexts benefit from human capital facilitating the transformation of the knowledge base into economic growth. This chapter provides insights for both ecosystem actors and university leaders who wish to build sustainable and efficient university-based entrepreneurial ecosystems.
Policies for Creating Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
Authors: Feldman Maryann , Oh Joonho
Published: March 2024

This chapter reviews evidence on policy to promote the development and evolution of entrepreneurial ecosystems. We argue that policy plays a pivotal but underappreciated role in the creation and development of ecosystems. From prior studies of entrepreneurial ecosystems and clusters, we derive three roles that policy can play to create healthy entrepreneurial ecosystems: seeding actions, creating opportunities, and creating support. Public investments in individuals’ capacity create favourable conditions for the emergence of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Policy can also create new opportunities that entrepreneurs can exploit beyond just fixing existing markets. Entrepreneurial processes that consist of collective actions of entrepreneurs and diverse stakeholders in entrepreneurial ecosystems can be promoted by local entrepreneurship support infrastructure shaped by policy. The three roles imply the transition of policymakers’ perspectives from strategic planning to the strategic management of places, in line with metaphors such as those of being a curator and feeder, as suggested by the entrepreneurial ecosystem literature. Implications for each role of policy are also offered.
How the Radical Right Has Changed Capitalism and Welfare in Europe and the USA
Authors: Rathgeb Philip
Published: March 2024

Radical right parties are no longer political challengers on the fringes of party systems; they have become part of the political mainstream across the Western world. This book shows how they have used their political power to reform economic and social policies in Continental Europe, Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, and the USA. In doing so, it argues that the radical right’s core ideology of nativism and authoritarianism informs their socio-economic policy preferences. However, diverse welfare state contexts mediate their socio-economic policy impact along regime-specific lines, leading to variations of trade protectionism, economic nationalism, traditional familialism, labour market dualism, and welfare chauvinism. The radical right has used the diverse policy instruments available within their political-economic arrangements to protect threatened labour market insiders and male breadwinners from decline, while creating a racialized and gendered precariat at the same time. This socio-economic agenda of selective status protection restores horizontal inequalities in terms of gender and ethnicity, without addressing vertical inequalities between the rich and the poor. Combining insights from comparative politics, party politics, comparative political economy, and welfare state research, the book provides novel insights into how the radical right manufactures consent for authoritarian rule by taming the socially corrosive effects of globalized capitalism for key electoral groups, while aiming to exclude the rest from democratic participation.
Labour diversification by households 2008–2013
Authors: Khan Rumman , Morrissey Oliver
Published: March 2024

This chapter uses three waves of Tanzanian National Panel Surveys (2008/09, 2010/11, and 2012/13) to construct a panel from 3,676 households that appear in at least two waves to explore the effect of income diversification on household welfare measured in terms of food consumption. The analysis considers four sources of labour income in addition to farming. Increasing diversification is associated with higher welfare, but there are differences by gender and activity type. Non-agricultural wage employment is clearly beneficial, irrespective of gender, and has had relatively high growth. Non-agricultural self-employment is a welfare-increasing diversification strategy, especially in rural areas (although females benefit more than males in urban areas), but growth has been slow. Agricultural wage employment has been a major source of increased employment for females from poorer rural households but appears to be chosen as the only available option as it is not associated with increasing household consumption.
Implications for making the achievements sustainable
Authors: Morrissey Oliver , Semboja Joseph , Were Maureen
Published: March 2024

This chapter draws together the lessons for addressing the challenges and maximizing opportunities to ensure the sustainability of development in Tanzania, particularly vis-à-vis global challenges. The analyses of firms highlight the importance of technology, innovation, market access, and developing linkages to support competitiveness and the sustainable growth of firms. Other chapters identify the importance of income diversification. Cross-cutting themes emerge on the need for technology and infrastructure to increase productivity and employment of firms, investment in human capital to reduce gender inequalities and upgrade or equip workers. The coming years will be challenging for Tanzania given the precarious state of the global economy, with climate change exacerbating pressures. But progress made in earlier years is not all lost. The analysis in this volume identifies some of the growth drivers—such as financial inclusion and engagement in regional trade and integration—and measures to increase the resilience of firms and households.
In Dialogue with Dickens
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie , Davis Philip
Published: March 2024

Written in the form of a back-and-forth dialogue between the two authors, this book is about the relationship between feeling and thinking in Dickens’s novels. It presents Dickens as a psychological thinker whose generative thought may be conscious, unconscious, half-conscious, or in transit between one state and another. This Dickens is always in live process, improvising from one monthly number to the next, subtly revising as he goes, shifting moods, tenses, and tones from one paragraph or sentence to the next, as what he writes sparks off what he suddenly, newly, thinks. The chapters approach this inquiry through close readings of chosen passages, including studies of telling revisions in Dickens’s manuscripts that reveal the power of his deepened second thoughts. They also draw on selected moments from his personal letters and prefaces when these more casual writings prove to be sketches or rehearsals for thoughts and feelings that achieve new life when they are transformed into fiction. The book concentrates on four novels of his great middle period: Dombey and Son, David Copperfield, Bleak House, and Little Dorrit, while making excursions into earlier and later Dickens novels, notably A Tale of Two Cities and Our Mutual Friend. The experiment of intense but informal conversation between the authors also models the relationship between feeling and thinking in the act of reading and responding to powerful moves in fiction.
State Transformation and China’s Belt and Road Initiative
Authors: Hu Ran
Published: March 2024

As China’s presence continues to grow across the world, the concerns with its global presence also increase. The chapter analyses China’s most ambitious plan, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Departing from the assumption that BRI is a coherent and well-thought-out strategy, the chapter investigates its internal politics and presents a full picture of its formulation process from the inside-out perspective of domestic political dynamics. Employing the concept of state transformation characterized by a dialect process of decentralization and recentralization, it finds out that the definition of BRI at the beginning was inconsistent and its practices incoherent, and that BRI was gradually made to be what it is now—a coherent initiative—through a series of recentralizing efforts. The chapter concludes with a reflection on what this inside-out approach to BRI implies about China’s growing power and its impact on the liberal international order.
Illiberal Rationalism?
Authors: Szunomár Ágnes
Published: March 2024

This chapter argues that political—rather than economic—considerations seem to be more relevant to understanding the Chinese-Hungarian relationship, particularly after the formulation of Orban’s illiberal democracy. Hungary has become more open to Chinese business opportunities, especially after the global economic and financial crisis, with the intention of decreasing its economic dependency on Western (European) markets. Disappointment coming from the slower-than-expected catching-up processes also resulted in the country’s turning towards the East, which is further reinforced by populistic tendencies in the past one decade. To this end, the chapter gives a brief overview of the history of the relations between Hungary and China, presents the main trends and patterns of economic relations, then analyses the motivations of both China and Hungary, with a special focus on political rationale.
China’s Normative Influence in Europe
Authors: Boni Filippo
Published: March 2024

Italy’s decision to become the first G7 country to sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with China on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2019 has sparked debates about China’s growing clout in Europe, and the political implications deriving from it. Against such a backdrop, the analysis assesses whether China’s economic activities in Italy have translated into political influence within the country. Conceptually grounded within the framework of strategic narratives, the empirical parts of the chapter draw on a critical discourse analysis of 219 articles published on the ANSA news agency website, as well as on the official statements and publications of one of Italy’s ruling parties, the Five Stars Movement, in the 2018–2022 period. The chapter argues that while claims that Italy has shifted its strategic posture as a result of its engagement with China are overblown, China’s influence in the country, among some political parties, has increased.
Higher-Order Logic as Metaphysics
Authors: Goodman Jeremy
Published: March 2024

This chapter offers an opinionated introduction to higher-order formal languages with an eye towards their applications in metaphysics. A simply relationally typed higher-order language is introduced in four stages: starting with first-order logic, adding first-order predicate abstraction, generalizing to higher-order predicate abstraction, and finally adding higher-order quantification. It is argued that both β-conversion and Universal Instantiation are valid on the intended interpretation of this language. Given these two principles, it is then shown how we can use pure higher-order logic to ask, and begin to answer, metaphysical questions with non-trivial implications. In particular, while we must reject the popular idea that structural differences between sentences correspond to parallel distinctions in the logical structure of extra-linguistic reality, it may still be possible to give a purely logical characterization of objectual aboutness and related notions.
Pure Logic and Higher-Order Metaphysics
Authors: Menzel Christopher
Published: March 2024

Quine famously defended two theses that have fallen rather dramatically out of fashion: first, that properties, relations, and propositions are “creatures of darkness” that ultimately have no place in respectable philosophical circles and, second, that higher-order logic is, at worst, confused and, at best, a quirky notational alternative to standard first-order logic. Thanks both to formal developments in possible world semantics and concomitant philosophical developments in metaphysics, Quine’s first thesis has come as close to refutation as a philosophical thesis can. However, current trends notwithstanding, in this paper I argue that there are still good reasons to think that the battle for Quine’s second thesis is not yet lost. Specifically, in §1 I will argue that our most basic logical and semantical intuitions suggest that the correct framework for logic is first-order, type-free, and hyperintensional: properties, relations, and propositions exist alongside other things in a single domain of quantification; and propositions, in particular, have very fine-grained identity conditions. In §2 I will flesh out the formal foundations of a logic exhibiting these characteristics and, in §3, I will apply it to two propositional paradoxes — the Prior-Kaplan paradox and the Russell-Myhill paradox — that are often taken to threaten the sort of account I have defended here.
Menzel on Pure Logic and Higher-Order Metaphysics
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: March 2024

In ‘Pure Logic and Higher-Order Metaphysics’ (this volume), Christopher Menzel presents and defends a type-free theory of structured propositions and of properties, based on first-order logic. He contrasts it favourably with the higher-order intensional approach I take in Modal Logic as Metaphysics (Williamson 2013). In this chapter, I will discuss some distinctive aspects of Menzel’s account, and explain problems for them, problems that do not arise for the higher-order intensional approach.
Moving Together in Music and Dance
Authors: Madison Guy
Published: March 2024

Music and dance require coordination in time. This can take many different forms, including simple synchronization, and is often referred to as entrainment. Although entrainment abilities are present in several non-human species to varying degrees, humans can entrain to complex signals and adapt almost instantly and effortlessly to both small and large temporal changes, while at the same time performing complex, coordinated movement patterns. This chapter reviews significant features of human entrainment that realistic models of entrainment should be able to account for. Different strands of data suggest that a viable model consists of a neural representation of a hierarchical time structure superimposed on a regular beat, as reflected in the metrical structure of music. This temporal grid provides an optimized representation of both short and long time intervals with sufficient precision for functional synchrony, as well as a framework for very complex temporal patterns. The beat is an iterative temporal prediction based on recent events, adaptive to both gradual and sudden tempo changes.
The ‘Synchrony Effect’ in Dance
Authors: Woolhouse Matthew H.
Published: March 2024

Although dance can be soloistic, in most cases it is a coordinated, synchronized, and participatory activity that facilitates social bonding. This fact, and the notion that dance is a specific type of human action, readily differentiable from general motoric movement, raises the question of how and why dancing in synchrony affects group cohesion. This chapter summarizes three studies investigating the relationship of music–dance synchrony to interpersonal memory and aesthetic attractiveness—key components of social bonding. Study 1 looked at the effects of moving in tempo versus out of tempo on one’s memory of for other dancers; those who danced to synchronous beats remembered more about each other; Study 2 indicated that this was due (at least in part) to increased gaze time between in-tempo dancers. Study 3 showed that the aesthetic attractiveness of dance couples largely depends on their level of music–movement synchrony. The results support the notion that dance influences the eye movements of observers, which, in turn, is linked to its ability to promote social cohesion.
Changes in Psychological Time When Attending to Different Temporal Structures in Music
Authors: Wöllner Clemens
Published: March 2024

Music is an ephemeral form of art that works simultaneously on different structural levels, and may alter one’s experiences of time. This chapter reviews research on the perception of small- to large-scale temporal intervals in music, as well as thresholds for perception, working memory, and sensorimotor synchronization. Recent experiments with music ranging from 10 to 40 s in duration have found evidence for time dilations when synchronizing with different metrical levels of the same music. These changes in time perception can further be shaped by musical complexity or event density, by the listeners’ familiarity with the music, and their physiological arousal. It is argued that music not only facilitates the flexible coordination of joint activities such as dance, music may even have evolvedas a mechanism for altering the subjective passage of time, and for understanding the nature of time itself.
Punishment
Authors: Griffiths Paul
Published: March 2024

The public punishment of petty crime through whipping, stocking, ducking, and pillorying was one important part of ‘manifestaccon’ that was subject to the same vulnerabilities. Each punishment is broken down by offence, offender, and number. Discretion is measured in the number of ‘duscksyings’ or ‘strypes’, time (hours in stocks or pillories), length (along streets and across markets), and softer handling due to status, character, health, or age. Like hangings, these ‘lesser’ penalties were choreographed, scripted, and timed in locations that were meant to maximize the size of audiences. They were arranged around workaday practices and locations like market squares or main streets. Most were completed without major hitches, marred at worst by overly boisterous spectators. But there were enough ‘disorders and bad examples’ to give governors food for thought. Disruption was a factor in the abolition of public hanging and there is little reason to think any differently about the decline of publicly punishing crime. Neglect, vandalism, and appropriation through ‘unlawful’ punishment emphasized the need to keep control of representations in local settings. Starting in the second half of the sixteenth century, the advantages of punishing inside began to be seen more favourably than the alternative of punishing before ‘a publique concourse’. Ideas and practices of ‘private’ punishment were pervasive in these fields of ‘lesser’ crimes long before c.1680–c.1820, which is often said to constitute a decisive turning point. More people were punished inside rather than outside in ‘publicke’ in the seventeenth century, when languages of ‘private punishment’ first emerged.
Lifting New Voices
Authors: Checkoway Barry
Published: March 2024

This chapter raises the central question, which guides the work and reappears throughout the book: What are some strategies for increasing youth dialogues on race and ethnicity in metropolitan areas, which are becoming both more segregated and more diverse? It examines the rationale for this question, its underlying assumptions, its knowledge base, and its contribution to the field. The book features phenomena in a specific metropolitan area, but deal with them in terms of their larger significance. Indeed, the book is about more than a place, but raises questions about racial segregation, social diversity, young people and adult allies as change agents, and the roles of universities and their community partners in the struggle for social justice.
Knights and Princesses
Authors: Hayes Kelly E.
Published: March 2024

Valley doctrine teaches that masculinity and femininity are complementary energetic polarities that form a dynamic whole when combined, as exemplified in the (idealized) relationship between Aunt Neiva and Mário Sassi. This binary gender ideology is a constitutive element of the movement’s understanding of human nature as well as its division of labor, organizational hierarchies, and ritual life. Despite the language of complementarity, however, this chapter shows that the Valley’s gender ideology systematically privileges masculinity over femininity when it comes to positions of greatest authority and public leadership within the community. In practice, then, the Valley sanctions conventional meanings assigned to male and female bodies by projecting them onto a transcendent spiritual dimension. In doing so, it recasts gender not as a social artifact—a product of human social arrangements, preferences, and prejudices—but as an immutable cosmic law.
Prayer
Authors: Rubio Julie Hanlon
Published: March 2024

This chapter asks, “How does a feminist pray?” In generations past, Catholic sacramental life was a key reason feminists gave for staying in the church. For some that remains truer than ever, but for others, communal prayer is at least as often a great source of frustration. Still, for many, prayer is less troubling than other hard cases considered in the book. However, the author argues that Catholic prayer should be troubling for a feminist. This chapter explains feminist critiques of traditional prayer practices, maps the overlap in Catholic and feminist thinking about spirituality, and describes adaptive prayer practices in contemporary feminist communities of different ideological persuasions. By squarely facing the problem of prayer and showing the resilient adaptations of a spectrum of practitioners, this chapter uncovers a Catholic feminist approach to prayer that allows for ambiguity and creativity.
“Old Abe Is Not Feared in This Region”: The Revival of Confederate Slave Commerce
Authors: Colby Robert K.D.
Published: March 2024

Chapter 3 offers a counterpoint to Chapter 2 by depicting the revival of the slave trade that occurred in areas where Confederates continued to hold sway. Between the summer of 1862 and the summer of 1863, the Confederacy won a number of signal victories—the Seven Days battles, Second Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and more—that restored enslavers’ confidence that their slaveholding republic would win its independence. Even setbacks like Antietam, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg did little to deter them from buying and selling people. As a result, more and more people entered the Confederate States of America’s slave markets and investment in them increased in Confederate cities like Richmond, Charleston, Savannah, and Atlanta.
Establishing an Ethical Practice in School Mental Health
Authors: Dibble Nic , Raines James
Published: March 2024

This chapter aims to help new or experienced school mental health professionals establish an ethical practice from the outset in four ways. First, it addresses how to read a code of ethics for the four school mental health professions of school counseling, school nursing, school psychology, and school social work. Second, it recommends that school mental health professionals utilize a process of ethical decision-making to determine a course of action in specific situations where two or more ethical values are in conflict with each other. Third, it addresses ethical issues commonly encountered in school-based practice related to informed consent, ethical orientation of clients, consultation, and interdisciplinary teams. Finally, it provides suggestions about ethical recordkeeping using the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and ethical codes as guides.
Reflections on Implicit Bias
Authors: Lawrence Farmer G. , Knowles Kandra
Published: March 2024

For Black, Indigenous, People of Color (BIPOC) students, implicit biases shape teachers’ expectations of students’ potential, performance, and behavior in ways that contribute to the disparities in educational outcomes. Countering implicit bias in our schools requires both institutional and individual changes. This chapter addresses what implicit bias is, why it is important to address, and ways to combat its negative consequences within schools. In addition, school social workers can be helpful in understanding the role that implicit biases play in creating disparities in students’ access to high-quality education based on their race, ethnicity, immigrant status, and gender identity. This chapter aims to suggest ways to address implicit bias in schools through a multicomponent approach: systematic, evidence-based decision-making; promotion of a culturally responsive school environment; and empowering students. Lastly, the chapter provides practice examples of work being done to prevent and address implicit bias within academic settings.
Current Approaches to School Safety
Authors: Reynolds Heather M. , Astor Ron Avi , Watson Kate R. , Marachi Roxana
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines current issues in school safety. It gives especially close attention to dilemmas around selecting school safety programs and the importance of whole-school approaches to safety that are comprehensive rather than unilateral in focus. The chapter offers key recommendations for implementing these programs. It identifies the importance of including school and district staff members, students, and families in any program-related training or education to ensure a truly whole-school approach. It identifies data-driven school safety programs as well as potential missteps in implementing some more common school safety programs. It provides guidance for appropriating staff and resources prior to implementing school safety programs to ensure they are sustainable and data driven over time.
Multi-Tiered Trauma Focused Interventions for Safer Schools
Authors: Wong Marleen , Villaverde Vivien , Vona Pamela
Published: March 2024

This chapter lays out historical incidents of violence in schools that ignited a culture shift leading to educational policy and practice changes. It provides a history and context for the impetus to address school safety and climate. It acknowledges student trauma experiences and the impacts to student well-being and learning. In addition, the chapter discusses the development of various evidence-informed and evidence-based school interventions in response to the growing mental health needs in schools. Finally, the chapter addresses the need to align mental health responses within the educational framework to prompt an ecosystem change and to create a full safe school climate transformation.
A Solution-Focused Approach to Crisis Intervention
Authors: Ding Xiao , Zeng Weiwen , Franklin Cynthia , Nowicki Jack
Published: March 2024

This chapter offers a step-by-step solution-focused approach to crisis intervention within school settings. A description of the rationale and common elements of the two-phase crisis intervention is presented, followed by an overview of using a solution-focused approach with students. The two phases of solution-focused crisis intervention are Engage-Assess-Support and Collaborating-Grounding-Building. Essential techniques of the two-phase solution-focused crisis intervention are illustrated with a detailed case example. This chapter aims to help school practitioners understand the nature of crisis intervention using scientific evidence and offer concrete solution-focused steps to engage students in future growth. Further learning resources on solution-focused therapy working with students’ strengths in critical situations are provided at the end of the chapter.
Family Services in Schools
Authors: Metcalf Linda
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides a solution-focused guide for bringing parents, school staff, and students together to amplify change and support student behavioral and academic success. It provides functional guidance for school social workers and counselors to help parents as well as teachers and students move past limiting perceptions and miscommunications to find solutions to student problems. The chapter explains solution-focused methods in detail, including key strategies of structuring and conducting an interview for solutions. It provides several examples of interviews with parents as well as with teachers, which include specific dialogue, solution-focused questions, and responses that school practitioners can easily apply in their own work.
Working With Students of Diverse Sexual Orientations, Gender Identities, and Gender Expressions
Authors: Elze Diane E.
Published: March 2024

Despite the expansion of human rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, intersex, and two-spirit (LGBTQI2-S) populations in the United States, LGBTQI2-S youth remain highly vulnerable to victimization and stigmatization in their families, schools, and communities. This chapter describes LGBTQI2-S-affirmative, trauma-informed practices necessary for creating safe and inclusive school environments, and LGBTQ-affirmative interventions that have been used in educational settings. School social workers are uniquely positioned to provide direct services to sexual and gender minority youth (SGMY) and their families, and to guide their colleagues in implementing best practices and policies to create schools in which SGMY can thrive.
Evaluating Intervention and Program Effectiveness
Authors: Gerlach Beth , Faulkner Monica , Ding Xiao
Published: March 2024

Program evaluation is a systematic research approach used to understand the impact of school-based services. Program evaluation can contribute to the provision of quality services that support intended outcomes for an intervention or program. Program evaluation can increase a practitioner’s accountability and credibility on a school campus. While it may seem daunting, practitioners working in schools can engage in program evaluation as part of ethical direct practice. The best program evaluation strategies are driven by the research question(s), the capacity and expertise of the practitioner/team, ethical considerations, and feasibility in a school setting. The first step in program evaluation is planning, and it consists of four steps: develop research questions, review existing literature, develop a theory of change, and create a logic model. A program evaluation plan should detail methods, data collection, analysis, and dissemination. It should also include procedures to minimize threats to validity, fidelity measures, and ethical considerations specific to working within a school setting. This chapter walks school-based practitioners through the steps for planning and performing a program evaluation.
Implementation Science in Schools
Authors: Montgomery Katherine L. , Connors Elizabeth
Published: March 2024

Schools provide more mental health services to children and adolescents than any other child-serving sector, yet access to services is not enough. All students and families deserve the highest quality, most evidence-based interventions that can be provided to optimize the likelihood of positive outcomes. School-based professionals who have intimate knowledge of school contextual factors and are aware of implementation science principles have the important opportunity to improve the impact of evidence-based practices in schools. In this chapter, the field of implementation science is described and a number of top-rated implementation strategies are offered to assist the school-based practitioner.
Where Do We Go From Here?
Authors: Allen-Meares Paula , Montgomery Katherine L.
Published: March 2024

Despite great progress made in recent decades, mental health concerns continue to increase among school-aged children. This chapter highlights the critical importance around continued focus on practitioners’ use of the evidence-based practice (EBP) process to address the mental health needs of children in schools. Distinction between the EBP process and evidence-based intervention (EBI) is described, and school-based professionals are offered several important ways in which they can use the EBP process to guide empirically supported treatment decisions. These include how to select and critically appraise EBIs, measure student outcomes, and increase the uptake of EBIs in schools. A case illustration highlights and operationalizes concepts presented in this chapter.
Louisa Piquet and Hiram Mattison, Louisa Picquet, the Octoroon, or, Inside Views of Southern Domestic Life (1861) (selections)
Authors: Jones Douglas A.
Published: March 2024

This slave narrative details Louisa Picquet’s life as an enslaved woman in South Carolina and New Orleans. It covers several of the major themes in the classic antebellum slave narrative written by women, including colorism, sexual violence, and domestic life. A distinguishing feature of Piquet’s narrative is its unique format, which includes several sections of questions and answers.
“Zillah” (Sarah Mapps Douglass) Writings
Authors: Jones Douglas A.
Published: March 2024

In these selections published under the pseudonym “Zillah,” Sarah Mapps Douglass writes about motherhood, friendship, women’s education, and childhood. She was an abolitionist, pioneering educator, and leader in the black women’s literary society movement. A member of the small black elite of Philadelphia, Mapps Douglass believed literary arts as exemplified in these selections was crucial to abolitionism and the building of thriving free black communities.
Cause for Encouragement
Authors: Jones Douglas A.
Published: March 2024

Maria Stewart wrote this short article in response to the bustling activity of antislavery societies and social reformers in the 1830s. She noticed how their sentimental appeals were winning over hearts and minds. Such appeals, Stewart argued, showed how a moral life was far more valuable than one teeming with wealth.
The Proper Training of Children
Authors: Jones Douglas A.
Published: March 2024

Stewart wrote this essay after nearly two decades of teaching children. Her advice for how to raise them is unsparing and strict. One of the hallmarks of the essay is Stewart’s rejection of childhood innocence—children are sinners, she says, and must be treated accordingly.
Jarena Lee, The Life and Religious Experience of Jarena Lee (1849) (selections)
Authors: Jones Douglas A.
Published: March 2024

Jarena Lee was the first woman preacher in the African Methodist Episcopal Church. She was offered ordination but declined. In this selection from her autobiography, she describes her early life, her call from God to minister, and the roadblocks she faced as a woman aiming to preach the Gospel.
[Charlotte Forten, “Life on the Sea Islands” (1864)]
Authors: Jones Douglas A.
Published: March 2024

Charlotte Forten was a pioneering educator who worked with the newly emancipated persons of the Sea Islands during the Civil War. Her “Life on the Sea Islands,” published in The Atlantic magazine, describes their economic, social, and cultural practices as they transitioned to freedom. One of the great features of Forten’s essay is that it describes life on the sea islands from the perspective of the freedmen themselves—a rarity in the period.
Democracy Tamed
Authors: Englert Gianna
Published: March 2024

Liberal democracies are under constant threat in the twenty-first century, and there is growing skepticism about whether liberalism and democracy can continue to survive together. Democracy Tamed argues that some of the crises of confidence facing liberal democracy are not unique to our present moment. Instead, they have existed ever since liberal political thought emerged in the nineteenth century. Combining political theory and intellectual history, the book not only uncovers the source of liberals’ original animus toward political democracy. It shows how self-proclaimed liberals devised two strategies to counter the rise of mass democracy. They created the concept of political capacity as their alternative to universal suffrage and mobilized that concept in the contentious debates over the franchise from the French Revolution to the Third Republic. Liberals also redefined democracy itself, transforming it from its ancient meaning as political rule by the people to designate a modern form of society—a new democracy that, counterintuitively, demanded the guidance of a capable few rather than the rule of all. Democracy Tamed tells the story of how the earliest liberals deployed their notion of the “new democracy” to resist universal suffrage. But it also reveals how later liberals would utilize their predecessors’ antidemocratic concepts to merge liberal principles with political equality, first to imagine and then to safeguard liberal democracies as we have come to know them.
The Contingency of Secularization
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: March 2024

Like perhaps no other body of work, the writings of the historian Reinhart Koselleck articulate a radically contingency-aware understanding of history. This chapter first discusses in detail the biographical elements and intellectual influences crucial to Koselleck’s approach. But the true point of the interpretation presented here emerges only when his emphasis on contingency and his ideas on secularization are connected. The chapter argues that Koselleck, who had so astutely explored claims of historical inevitability in Enlightenment thought as weapons in the battle of political opinion, failed to reflect enough on the fact that this might also apply to the assumption of a historically necessary and ineluctable weakening of religion.