bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal criteria for detecting bolus passage across the pharyngo‐oesophageal segment during the normal swallow using intraluminal impedance recording
Authors: Szczesniak M. M. , Rommel N. , Dinning P. G. , Fuentealba S. E. , Cook I. J. , Omari T. I.
Published: April 2008

Abstract  The impedance criteria for the detection of the arrival of bolus head and clearance of bolus tail in the pharynx have not been defined, and may differ from accepted criteria used in the oesophagus. Our aim was to define the optimal impedance criteria that most accurately defined passage of the swallowed bolus moving through the pharyngo‐oesophageal segment. In eight healthy volunteers, an assembly incorporating seven impedance‐measuring segments was positioned across the pharyngo‐oesophageal segment, and subjects swallowed liquid and semisolid radio‐opaque boluses (2–20 mL) while impedance was simultaneously recorded with videofluoroscopic images. To derive the optimal criteria, in an iterative process we correlated impedance defined bolus presence with fluoroscopy (Cohen’s Kappa) for a range of impedance cut‐off values from 100% to 0% for both the initial fall, and recovery of impedance. Bolus presence in the pharynx, as determined by the ‘standard’ criteria (50% drop and recovery to 50% of baseline), correlated very modestly with videofluoroscopy (κ≈0.35). The criteria that most accurately defined bolus passage varied between pharyngeal regions. Threshold (% of baseline) for bolus head entry into the region ranged from 71% to 80%. Threshold for bolus tail clearance varied from nadir to 19%. Correlation of impedance with videofluoroscopy improved to κ≈0.6 with the above criteria. The impedance criteria defining bolus presence across the pharyngo‐oesophageal segment differ from those adopted in the oesophagus. Pharyngeal impedance provides an accurate, non‐radiological indicator of bolus transit through the pharynx.
Platelet‐derived growth factor signals play critical roles in differentiation of longitudinal smooth muscle cells in mouse embryonic gut
Authors: Kurahashi M. , Niwa Y. , Cheng J. , Ohsaki Y. , Fujita A. , Goto H. , Fujimoto T. , Torihashi S.
Published: April 2008

Abstract  In the development of mouse gut, longitudinal smooth muscle cells (LMC) and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) originate from common precursor cells expressing c‐Kit. Recently, some gastrointestinal stromal tumours, which develop from smooth muscle layers of the gut and have gain‐of‐function mutations of c‐kit, have been reported to have gain‐of‐function mutations of platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor α gene. These data raise the possibility that PDGF signalling might be involved in the development of LMC. Therefore, we examined the expression pattern of the PDGF signal family of embryonic gut by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, and investigated the role of PDGF signals in the development of smooth muscle layers in mouse gut using a new organ culture system. During embryonic development, the circular muscle layer expressed PDGF‐A, enteric neurons expressed PDGF‐B and common precursor cells of LMC and ICC expressed both PDGF receptor α and β. The selective PDGF receptor inhibitor AG1295 suppressed the differentiation of LMC in gut explants. We conclude that PDGF signals play critical roles in the differentiation of LMC in mouse embryonic gut.
Effect of itopride on gastric emptying in longstanding diabetes mellitus
Authors: Stevens J. E. , Russo A. , Maddox A. F. , Rayner C. K. , Phillips L. , Talley N. J. , Giguère M. , Horowitz M. , Jones K. L.
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Delayed gastric emptying (GE) occurs in 30–50% of patients with longstanding type 1 or 2 diabetes, and represents a major cause of morbidity. Current therapeutic options are limited. We aimed at evaluating the effects of itopride on GE in patients with longstanding diabetes. Twenty‐five patients (20 type 1, 5 type 2; 10 males, 15 females; mean age 45.2 ± 2.7 years; body mass index 27.5 ± 0.9 kg m−2; duration of diabetes 20.2 ± 2.4 years) were enrolled in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized, crossover trial. Subjects received both itopride (200 mg) and placebo t.i.d. for 7 days, with a washout of 7–14 days. GE (scintigraphy), blood glucose (glucometer) and upper gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (questionnaire) were measured following each treatment period. The test meal comprised 100 g ground beef (99mTc‐sulphur colloid) and 150 mL of 10% dextrose [67Ga‐ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)]. There was a slight trend for itopride to accelerate both solid (P = 0.09) and liquid (P = 0.09) GE. With itopride treatment, the emptying of both solids and liquids tended to be more accelerated, as the emptying with placebo was slower (solids: r = 0.39, P = 0.057; liquids: r = 0.44, P < 0.03). Twelve (48%) patients had delayed solid and/or liquid GE on placebo and in this group, itopride modestly accelerated liquid (P < 0.05), but not solid (P = 0.39), emptying. Itopride had no effect on mean blood glucose during the GE measurement (placebo: 9.8 ± 0.6 mmol L−1vs itopride: 9.6 ±0.6 mmol L−1), or GI symptoms (placebo: 1.4 ± 0.4 vs itopride: 1.8 ± 0.5). Itopride, in a dose of 200 mg t.i.d. for 7 days, tends to accelerate GE of liquids and solids in longstanding diabetes. The magnitude of this effect appears to be modest and possibly dependent on the rate of GE without itopride.
Proximal colonic propagating pressure waves sequences and their relationship with movements of content in the proximal human colon
Authors: Dinning P. G. , Szczesniak M. M. , Cook I. J.
Published: April 2008

Abstract Abnormal colonic motor patterns have been implicated in the pathogenesis of severe constipation. Yet in health, the mechanical link between movement of colonic content and regional pressures have only been partially defined. This is largely due to current methodological limitations. Utilizing a combination of simultaneous colonic manometry, high‐resolution scintigraphy and a quantitative technique for detecting discrete episodic flow, our aim was to examine the propulsive properties of colonic propagating sequences (PS) in the healthy colon. In six healthy volunteers a nasocolonic manometry catheter was positioned to record colonic pressures at 7.5 cm intervals from terminal ileum to the splenic flexure. With subjects positioned under a gamma camera, 30 MBq of99mTc sulfur colloid was instilled into the terminal ileum, 22.5 cm proximal to the ileocolonic junction. Isotopic images were recorded (10 s/frame) and synchronized with the manometric trace. In the proximal colon we identified 137 antegrade PSs, of which 93% were deemed to be associated temporally with movements of luminal content. Low amplitude PSs, with component pressure waves between 2 mmHg and 5 mmHg, were as likely to be associated with colonic movements as higher amplitude PSs. As such there was no correlation between the amplitude of the PS and the temporal relationship with colonic movements. Within the proximal colon, 24 retrograde PSs were identified, 23 of which were associated with retrograde movements of colonic content. We conclude that proximal colonic PSs are highly propulsive and are a major determinant of proximal colonic flow.
Functional study on TRPV1‐mediated signalling in the mouse small intestine: involvement of tachykinin receptors
Authors: De Man J. G. , Boeckx S. , Anguille S. , De Winter B. Y. , De Schepper H. U. , Herman A. G. , Pelckmans P. A.
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Afferent nerves in the gut not only signal to the central nervous system but also provide a local efferent‐like effect. This effect can modulate intestinal motility and secretion and is postulated to involve the transient receptor potential of the vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1). By using selective TRPV1 agonist and antagonists, we studied the efferent‐like effect of afferent nerves in the isolated mouse jejunum. Mouse jejunal muscle strips were mounted in organ baths for isometric tension recordings. Jejunal strips contracted to the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin. Contractions to capsaicin showed rapid tachyphylaxis and were insensitive to tetrodotoxin, hexamethonium, atropine or l‐nitroarginine. Capsaicin did not affect contractions to electrical stimulation of enteric motor nerves and carbachol. Tachykinin NK1, NK2 and NK3 receptor blockade by RP67580, nepadutant plus SR‐142801 reduced contractions to capsaicin to a similar degree as contractions to substance P. The effect of the TRPV1 antagonists capsazepine, SB‐366791, iodo‐resiniferatoxin (iodo‐RTX) and N‐(4‐tertiarybutylphenyl)‐4‐(3‐cholorphyridin‐2‐yl)tetrahydropyrazine‐1(2H)‐carbox‐amide (BCTC) was studied. Capsazepine inhibited contractions not only to capsaicin but also those to carbachol. SB‐366791 reduced contractions both to capsaicin and carbachol. Iodo‐RTX partially inhibited the contractions to capsaicin without affecting contractions to carbachol. BCTC concentration‐dependently inhibited and at the highest concentration used, abolished the contractions to capsaicin without affecting those to carbachol. From these results, we conclude that activation of TRPV1 in the mouse intestine induces a contraction that is mediated by tachykinins most likely released from afferent nerves. The TRPV1‐mediated contraction does not involve activation of intrinsic enteric motor nerves. Of the TRPV1 antagonists tested, BCTC combined strong TRPV1 antagonism with TRPV1 selectivity.
Effects of serotonin 5‐HT3 receptor antagonists on stress‐induced colonic hyperalgesia and diarrhoea in rats: a comparative study with opioid receptor agonists, a muscarinic receptor antagonist and a synthetic polymer
Authors: Hirata T. , Keto Y. , Nakata M. , Takeuchi A. , Funatsu T. , Akuzawa S. , Sasamata M. , Miyata K.
Published: April 2008

Abstract  In this study, we examined the effects of serotonin (5‐HT)3 receptor antagonists (5‐HT3RAs) including ramosetron, alosetron, and cilansetron on colonic nociceptive threshold in rats. Furthermore, we established a restraint stress‐induced colonic hyperalgesia model in rats, and compared the inhibitory effects of 5‐HT3RAs on restraint stress‐induced colonic hyperalgesia and diarrhoea with those of loperamide, trimebutine, tiquizium and polycarbophil. The colonic nociceptive threshold was measured as the balloon pressure at the time the rat showed a nociceptive response during colonic distension by an intrarectally inserted balloon. Oral administration of ramosetron (3–30 μg kg−1), alosetron (30–300 μg kg−1), or cilansetron (30–300 μg kg−1) increased the colonic nociceptive threshold in a dose‐dependent manner in non‐stressed rats. Restraint stress for 1 h significantly decreased the colonic nociceptive threshold, but ramosetron (0.3–3 μg kg−1), alosetron (3–30 μg kg−1), cilansetron (3–30 μg kg−1) and trimebutine (100–1000 mg kg−1) significantly inhibited the decrease in the threshold. Loperamide (3–30 mg kg−1), tiquizium (100–1000 mg kg−1) and polycarbophil (1000 mg kg−1) did not affect the restraint stress‐induced decrease in the colonic nociceptive threshold. All drugs tested in this study showed dose‐dependent inhibition of restraint stress‐induced diarrhoea in rats. These results indicate that, unlike existing antidiarrhoeal and spasmolytic agents, 5‐HT3RAs have inhibitory effects on colonic nociception, and prevented restraint stress‐induced both diarrhoea and hyperalgesia at almost the same doses in rats. This suggests that the 5‐HT3RAs may be useful in ameliorating both colonic hyperalgesia and diarrhoea in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
Comparison of breath testing with fructose and high fructose corn syrups in health and IBS
Authors: Skoog S. M. , Bharucha A. E. , Zinsmeister A. R.
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Although incomplete fructose absorption has been implicated to cause gastrointestinal symptoms, foods containing high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) contain glucose. Glucose increases fructose absorption in healthy subjects. Our hypothesis was that fructose intolerance is less prevalent after HFCS consumption compared to fructose alone in healthy subjects and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Breath hydrogen levels and gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed after 40 g of fructose (12% solution) prepared either in water or as HFCS, administered in double‐blind randomized order on 2 days in 20 healthy subjects and 30 patients with IBS. Gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded on 100‐mm Visual Analogue Scales. Breath hydrogen excretion was more frequently abnormal (P < 0.01) after fructose (68%) than HFCS (26%) in controls and patients. Fructose intolerance (i.e. abnormal breath test and symptoms) was more prevalent after fructose than HFCS in healthy subjects (25%vs 0%, P = 0.002) and patients (40%vs 7%, P = 0.062). Scores for several symptoms (e.g. bloating r = 0.35) were correlated (P ≤ 0.01) to peak breath hydrogen excretion after fructose but not HFCS; in the fructose group, this association did not differ between healthy subjects and patients. Symptoms were not significantly different after fructose compared to HFCS. Fructose intolerance is more prevalent with fructose alone than with HFCS in health and in IBS. The prevalence of fructose intolerance is not significantly different between health and IBS. Current methods for identifying fructose intolerance should be modified to more closely reproduce fructose ingestion in daily life.
Central and peripheral role of the nociceptin/orphaninFQ system on normal and disturbed colonic motor function and faecal pellet output in the rat
Authors: Broccardo M. , Agostini S. , Petrella C. , Guerrini R. , Improta G.
Published: April 2008

Abstract  In this study, seeking further information on the role of the nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ)‐ergic system in normal and disturbed colonic motor function in rats, we compared the colonic effects of UFP‐112, a novel highly potent agonist, with those of N/OFQ. When injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) and intraperitoneally (i.p.), UFP‐112 and N/OFQ increased bead expulsion time in a statistically significant and dose‐related manner and reduced the percentage of rats with castor oil‐induced diarrhoea. UFP‐112 showed greater efficacy, higher potency and longer‐lasting inhibitory effects than N/OFQ, and pretreatment with UFP‐101, a selective antagonist, blocked the N/OFQ analogue‐induced responses in both tests. When injected i.c.v., UFP‐112 and N/OFQ inhibited corticotrophin releasing factor‐ and restrain stress‐stimulated faecal pellet excretion significantly and in a dose‐related manner. Conversely, when injected peripherally both peptides significantly inhibited colonic propulsive motility but did so in a non‐dose‐related manner. In conclusion, these findings indicate that, in the rat, the central and peripheral N/OFQ systems have an inhibitory role in modulating distal colonic propulsive motility under physiological and pathological conditions. UFP‐112 therefore promises to be a useful pharmacological tool for investigating the role of the N/OFQ system in motor functions in the distal colonic tract under physiological and pathological conditions.
LL‐37 regulates the overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and c‐IAP‐2 in human keratinocytes
Authors: Rodríguez‐Martínez Sandra , Cancino‐Diaz Juan Carlos , Vargas‐Zuñiga Luis Martin , Cancino‐Diaz Mario Eugenio
Published: April 2008

Background  The antimicrobial peptide PR39 is a porcine cathelicidin with angiogenic and antiapoptotic activities, as it can regulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inhibitor apoptosis protein‐2 (c‐IAP‐2) in endothelial cells. The human homolog LL‐37 has been found to be highly expressed in human keratinocytes from psoriatic patients, but it is not known whether LL‐37 can modulate the expression of VEGF and c‐IAP‐2 in keratinocytes, as both molecules are involved in the overgrowth of psoriatic skin. Therefore, in this work, we studied the possible role of CAP18/LL‐37 in the modulation of VEGF and c‐IAP‐2 expression in human keratinocytes.

Methods  The CAP18/LL‐37 gene was cloned into a plasmid that contained green fluorescent protein (GFP). This plasmid was called pGFP‐CAP18/LL‐37. The expression of LL‐37, VEGF, and c‐IAP‐2 was determined by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Western blotting in HaCaT cells transfected with pGFP‐CAP18/LL‐37. Specific DNAzymes were used to break the CAP18/LL‐37 mRNA (DNAz‐CAP18/LL‐37).

Results  HaCaT cells transfected with pGFP‐CAP18/LL‐37 showed the upregulation of VEGF and c‐IAP‐2 mRNAs. Hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) mRNA expression did not change during the assays; however, its protein was increased, as well as the VEGF protein. HaCaT cells cotransfected with pGFP‐CAP18/LL‐37 and DNAz‐CAP18/LL‐37 showed depleted expression of LL‐37, VEGF, and c‐IAP‐2 mRNAs.

Conclusions  These results suggest that LL‐37 may modulate the expression of VEGF and c‐IAP‐2 via HIF‐1α in human keratinocytes.
Cutaneous pseudolymphoma associated with molluscum contagiosum: a case report
Authors: Del Boz González Javier , Sanz Andréz , Martín Trinidad , Samaniego Elia , Martínez Silvestre , Crespo Vicente
Published: April 2008

We report an unusual case of molluscum contagiosum associated with pseudolymphoma in an otherwise healthy young woman. She presented with a 2‐week history of a rapidly enlarging painful umbilicated nodule behind her right ear. With the clinical presentation suspicious for a tumoral lesion, we decided to remove it surgically. Histological examination showed a florid cellular infiltrate surrounding a typical lesion of molluscum contagiosum. The infiltrate was composed of small to large pleomorphic lymphocytes. However, clonal TCR rearrangement could not be demonstrated. As far as we know this is the first case where the clinical picture is shown.
Cryosurgery during topical imiquimod: a successful combination modality for lentigo maligna
Authors: Bassukas I. D. , Gamvroulia C. , Zioga A. , Nomikos K. , Fotika C.
Published: April 2008

Background  Either cryosurgery or topical imiquimod have been used to treat patients with lentigo maligna in cases where surgery is not feasible.

Methods  We report a patient with lentigo maligna, who was treated with the combination of topical imiquimod and cryosurgery, and review the rationale, which led us to design the present combined cryo‐immunological treatment modality.

Results  Sustained clearance of lentigo maligna to date (26 months after treatment). The successful treatment of this patient was based on the following rationale: A cryosurgery session during continuing imiquimod application may: (i) reinforce apoptosis of tumor cells; (ii) strengthen antiangiogenesis in the treated tumor; and (iii) build‐up a potent tumor‐destructive immune response by a cascade of events starting with imiquimod‐promoted attraction of immature dendritic antigen‐presenting cells (DCs) into the tumor. DCs further mature within the tumor‐antigen‐rich environment of subsequently cryo‐destructed tumor and upon imiquimod‐driven migration into the peripheral lymph nodes can stimulate a specific antineoplastic cell‐mediated immunity. Finally, continuing imiquimod application after cryosurgery may increase recruitment of activated effector cells into the tumor tissue leading to its destruction.

Conclusion  Cryosurgery during continued topical imiquimod seems to be a promising treatment for lentigo maligna.
A randomized investigator‐blind trial of different passes of microdermabrasion therapy and their effects on skin biophysical characteristics
Authors: Davari Parastoo , Gorouhi Farzam , Jafarian Sirous , Dowlati Yahya , Firooz Alireza
Published: April 2008

Background  Microdermabrasion (MDA) is a safe, simple, and beneficial technique for superficial skin resurfacing. Despite its popular usage, few studies have assessed the efficacy of different MDA protocols applied at the present time.

Objectives  To assess the effects of MDA generally, as well as to compare the effects of two vs. three passes of MDA in each session for a total number of six therapeutic sessions on skin biophysical characteristics.

Methods  In this randomized, investigator‐blind, split‐face study, 10 patients underwent a series of six MDA treatments with an interval of 2 weeks. One side of the face was treated with two passes of MDA and the other side was treated with three passes, randomly. Stratum corneum hydration, sebum secretion, and skin pH measurements were obtained before and after the procedure on all sessions and also 1 and 4 weeks after the last treatment.

Results  After six sessions of MDA, a decrease in sebum content compared to baseline was shown at the end of treatment sessions, but no statistical difference was observed between two vs. three passes groups (–30.0 [interquartile range, IQR = 50.0] vs. –27.5 [IQR = 125.3], respectively, P = 0.58). Comparison of two treatment groups showed significant higher values of sebum content in the first follow‐up after treatment with three passes of MDA. (64.0 [IQR = 52.0] for three passes vs. 45.0 [IQR = 46.0] for two passes, P = 0.04) A significant increase was observed in pH values at the end of treatment series, first and second follow‐up after treatment with two passes of MDA.

Conclusions  MDA may have remarkable effects on skin barrier function changes resulting in skin clinical improvements (Cochrane Skin Group identifier: CSG No. 37).
Olmsted syndrome: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Tao Juan , Huang Chang‐zheng , Yu Nian‐wen , Wu Yan , Liu Ye‐qiang , Li Yan , Tian Jin , Yang Ling‐yun , Zhang Jing , Li Jia‐wen , Zhou You‐wen , Tu Ya‐ting
Published: April 2008

We report a case of an 18‐month‐old boy with slightly whitened fingernails and toenails since birth. At the age of 100 days, he progressively developed bilateral palmoplantar keratoderma which resulted in painful walking and disabled grasping. Perianal keratotic plaques and perioral hyperkeratotic erythema could also be observed. Both fingernails and toenails were dystrophic. Scalp hairs were sparse, but total alopecia was no present. The histopathologic changes of the biopsy from the inner side of the right foot showed nonspecific changes, which mainly showed highly hyperkeratosis and acanthosis with slight superficial perivascular inflammatory infiltration. A clinical diagnosis of Olmsted syndrome was established according to the typical feature of the lesions, which is the presence of symmetrical palmoplantar keratoderma with periorificial keratotic plaques. We review the literature and present a summary of all reported cases to date.
Skin problems in amputees: a descriptive study
Authors: Koc Erol , Tunca Mustafa , Akar Ahmet , Erbil A. Hakan , Demiralp Bahtiyar , Arca Ercan
Published: April 2008

Background Skin problems are common in amputee patients. These problems may restrict the normal use of a prosthetic limb. We aimed to determine the range, incidence, causes and patterns of dermatological problems seen in a population of amputees.

Materials and methods One hundred and forty two amputees, were enrolled to the study. Age, sex, age at the time of amputation, level of amputation, reason for amputation, and types of prosthesis were noted. Dermatological problems were recorded. Stumps were swabbed for bacteriological and mycological examination, and patch tests were performed in suspected patients.

Results Of these 142 patients, 139 (97.9%) were males and 3 (2.1%) were females. The reasons for amputation in the majority of the cases were wounds due to mine explosion (n = 114, 80.3%) and gunshot wounds (n = 19, 13.4%). The other reasons were arterial diseases, traffic accidents, congenital absence of the tibia, and vascular complication of diabetes. At least one skin problem was detected in 105 (73.9%) of 142 cases. Positive reactions to allergens have been detected in 28 (43%) of 65 cases with dermatitis. Bacterial infection was detected in 12 patients and fungal infection was detected in 4 patients.

Conclusion Our descriptive study shows that skin problems have a high prevalence, up to 73.9% in amputee patients. This high percentage indicates that dermatological problems are important in amputees. Early recognition and treatment of these problems can prevent the amputee's mental, social, and economic losses.
HLA‐DRB1 alleles influence clinical phenotypes in Japanese patients with ulcerative colitis
Authors: Matsumura Y. , Kinouchi Y. , Nomura E. , Negoro K. , Kakuta Y. , Endo K. , Aizawa H. , Takagi S. , Takahashi S. , Shimosegawa T.
Published: April 2008

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region has been implicated in the disease susceptibility of inflammatory bowel disease by several linkage and association studies. In Caucasians, HLA‐DRB1 has been reported to determine the clinical phenotypes of ulcerative colitis (UC). Others and we previously reported that HLA‐DRB1*1502 was strongly associated with UC in the Japanese population. However, the contribution of HLA‐DRB1 to the clinical phenotypes in Japanese UC has not been elucidated yet. The aim of this study was to determine whether HLA‐DRB1 alleles were associated with the clinical phenotypes in Japanese patients with UC. A total of 353 patients with UC were recruited. Patients were classified into subgroups by sex, age at diagnosis, disease extent, need for steroid therapy or need for surgical treatment. The allele frequency of HLA‐DRB1*08 was significantly higher in patients whose disease extended beyond the rectum (left‐sided and extensive UC) than in those with proctitis [odds ratio (OR) = 2.20, Pc = 0.043). The allele frequency of HLA‐DRB1*09 was significantly higher in patients with UC diagnosed at the age of 40 years or older than in those with UC diagnosed before the age of 40 years (OR = 2.31, Pc = 0.022). Besides these positive associations, no significant differences were found in the allele frequencies between the other subgroups. We conclude that HLA‐DRB1*09 is associated with the age at diagnosis and HLA‐DRB1*08 is associated with the disease extent of UC in Japanese. These results indicate that HLA‐DRB1 is not only associated with the overall UC susceptibility but also associated with the clinical phenotypes in Japanese.
HNA‐1a, HNA‐1b and HNA‐1c gene frequencies in Argentineans
Authors: La Vega Elena C. D. de , Nogués N. , Fernández Montoya A. , Oyonarte S. , Solis E. , Muñiz‐Díaz E.
Published: April 2008

Human neutrophil antigens (HNA) are polymorphic structures located in the neutrophil membrane. The neutrophil‐specific antigens HNA‐1a (NA1), 1b (NA2) and 1c (SH) are well‐recognized allotypic forms of FcγRIIIb and the most frequent targets of neutrophil alloantibodies. The aim of this study was to determine the gene frequencies of the neutrophil‐specific antigens belonging to the HNA‐1 system in blood donors and Toba Amerindians from Rosario, Argentina. Two hundred and eighteen unrelated healthy Argentinean blood donors and Toba Amerindians from Rosario were typed for HNA‐1a, HNA‐1b and HNA‐1c using polymerase chain reaction with sequence‐specific primers. For the Argentinean blood donors, the HNA‐1a and HNA‐1b gene frequencies were 0.44 and 0.56 and for the Amerindians Toba were 0.77 and 0.23, respectively. The HNA‐1c antigen is present in 4.7% (gene frequency = 0.023) of the blood donors but in none of the Amerindian individuals. The present data showed that the HNA‐1 allele frequencies in the major population and the Toba Amerindians from Rosario are similar to those described in European and others distant Amerindians populations, respectively.
Determining post‐thaw CD34+ cell dose of cryopreserved haematopoietic progenitor cells demonstrates high recovery and confirms their integrity
Authors: Reich‐Slotky R. , Colovai A. I. , Semidei‐Pomales M. , Patel N. , Cairo M. , Jhang J. , Schwartz J.
Published: April 2008

Background  The acceptable dose of haematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) for transplantation is generally based on the number of CD34+ cells determined prior to cryopreservation. Commonly, cryopreservation is associated with total nucleated cell viability loss. Because HPCs have been shown to be more resistant to cryopreservation damage than nucleated cells overall, low viability may not reflect the quality and integrity of the thawed product.

Methods  Peripheral blood HPC products from 45 mobilized allogeneic and autologous donors were harvested by continuous flow blood separation and cryopreserved in 7·5% dimethyl sulfoxide. The number of viable CD34+ cells was determined by flow cytometry. Viability was measured by trypan blue (TB) uptake and 7‐aminoactinomycin D (7‐AAD) flow cytometry.

Results  Post‐thaw HPC products were analysed for viability, CD34+ cell recovery and engraftment capability. The average post‐thaw viable CD34+ cell recovery was 86·4%, while the average post‐thaw viability, measured by TB or 7‐AAD, was 74·0% and 57·0%, respectively. Most of the cells that did not survive cryopreservation were of the granulocyte series. All of the donors who underwent transplantation engrafted, mostly within 14 days.

Conclusions  Our data show that most CD34+ cells survive cryopreservation, regardless of the overall post‐thaw total nucleated cell viability. Measuring the number of viable CD34 cells post‐thaw might be of importance, and in cases of low viability can confirm the quality of the product issued.
The harmonization of the regulation of blood products: a European perspective
Authors: Seitz R. , Heiden M. , Nübling C. M. , Unger G. , Löwer J.
Published: April 2008

The development of blood products as medicines initially took place on the national level in various countries, which resulted in considerable diversity of mechanisms and stringency of regulatory oversight. The scenario changed dramatically with the catastrophic experience that severe virus infections had been transmitted by blood products world‐wide. Blood products, which had been regulated differently in the member states, became subject to the European pharmaceutical legislation in 1989. A specialized directive regulating the blood transfusion sector and the collection of plasma for fractionation was enacted in 2002. The European Community, particularly the Commission and the European Medicines Agency, is continuously refining the requirements, providing detailed technical and scientific guidance. In addition, institutions of the Council of Europe play an important role in the transfusion sector, the elaboration of the European Pharmacopoeia prescriptions, and the co‐ordination of Official Medicines Control Laboratory or Laboratories batch release. However, further and sustained efforts towards international harmonization are needed. There are already important mechanisms in place, such as the International Conference on Harmonization initiative, which is producing internationally recognized guidelines on central issues. Another important achievement is the common technical document format, which enables the use of uniform applications for marketing authorization. However, there is still room for progress, for example, questions regarding regulatory requirements for licensing of in vitro diagnostic devices, or mutual recognition of inspections. The World Health Organization continues to play an important role in harmonization, both substantially by the production of high‐level guidance documents or the establishment of physical international standard preparations, and in a more general sense by providing a platform for international collaboration. A very important aspect is the transparency of the creation and refinement of regulatory requirements. It is currently the rule that draft legal texts, monographs and guidelines are published for a consultation period before adoption. Effort and attention are required to keep track of the developments. However, in the era of modern electronic communication tools, the necessary information can be found on websites and comments can easily be submitted. Networking and exchange of information will continue to be crucial for development and maintenance of sound and balanced regulatory requirements.
Comparison of a novel viscous platelet additive solution and plasma: preparation and in vitro storage parameters of buffy‐coat‐derived platelet concentrates
Authors: Zhang J. G. , Carter C. J. , Devine D. V. , Scammell K. , Weiss S. , Gyongyossy‐Issa M. I. C.
Published: April 2008

Background and Objectives  We developed a viscous platelet additive solution (PAS) based on MacoPharma's SSP+ but containing hydroxyethyl starch to address the poor osmotic balance and low yield associated with conventional PAS for the storage of buffy‐coat platelet concentrates (PC).

Materials and Methods  Pools of four buffy‐coats were made into leucoreduced PCs (n = 5) suspended either in plasma or viscous PAS. After determination of platelet recoveries, the PCs were stored under standard conditions. On days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9, PCs were tested for mean platelet volume, platelet concentration, soluble protein concentration, CD62 expression, platelet morphology, partial pressure of oxygen and partial pressure of carbon dioxide, glucose and lactate concentration, pH, extent of shape change, and hypotonic shock response (HSR).

Results  Platelets were prepared with greater ease using the viscous PAS and had improved platelet yield. PCs stored in either plasma or viscous PAS displayed similar storage characteristics to day 9. On days 7 and 9 of storage, platelets stored in viscous PAS displayed significantly lower (P < 0·05) CD62 expression and higher HSR scores than those stored in plasma.

Conclusion  Alteration of the viscosity of PAS improves platelet recovery during processing and may prolong platelet quality at the later stages of storage.
Human neutrophil alloantigens
Authors: Bux J.
Published: April 2008

Objective  This review describes alloantigens currently listed in the human neutrophil alloantigen (HNA) system.

Material and Methods  Review of the literature.

Results  Neutrophil antigens are implicated in a variety of clinical conditions including neonatal immune neutropenia, transfusion‐related acute lung injury, refractoriness to granulocyte transfusions, febrile transfusion reactions, immune neutropenia after bone marrow transplantation, autoimmune neutropenia and drug‐induced immune neutropenia. Seven antigens have been listed in the HNA system that are assigned to five antigen groups. Six antigens have been characterized biochemically and molecularly so that their primary structure is now known. As shown by regularly performed international granulocyte immunology workshops, a combination of granulocyte agglutination and immunofluorescence tests together with a panel of typed cells is currently the best means of detection.

Conclusions  Most of the HNA antigens have been well‐characterized so that HNA typing as well as the detection of the corresponding antibodies are now reliably possible. This will improve diagnostics of neutrophil antibody‐mediated clinical conditions as well as the prevention of transfusion‐related acute lung injury.
Improved leucoreduction of red blood cell units prepared after a 24‐h hold with the platelet‐rich plasma method using newly developed filters
Authors: Thibault L. , Beauséjour A. , Jacques A. , De Grandmont M. J. , Lemieux R. , Grégoire Y. , Ducas É. , Boucher G.
Published: April 2008

Background and Objectives  A previous study indicated that the extension of whole blood (WB) storage from 8 to 24 h at 20–24 °C before the processing of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP)‐depleted red blood cell (RBC) units had a negative effect on the efficacy of leucoreduction filters. In this study, we further characterized the phenomenon and tested the leucoreduction capacity of two newly developed filters.

Materials and Methods  Whole blood was stored at 20–24 °C and processed at 4‐h intervals between 8 and 24 h postcollection. Components were leucoreduced before storage. Efficacy of novel filters to leucoreduce 24‐h‐hold PRP‐depleted RBC units was also evaluated.

Results  Using a conventional filter, the mean residual white blood cell (WBC) counts in leucoreduced PRP‐depleted RBCs were comparable in units prepared within 12 h from collection but gradually increased upon extended preprocessing storage from 0·36 ± 0·03 at 12 h to 0·46 ± 0·21, 0·76 ± 0·54 and 1·72 ± 1·76 × 106 per unit at 16, 20 and 24 h, respectively. However, the mean residual WBC content in 24‐h‐hold RBCs was reduced to 0·60 ± 0·39 × 106 and 0·46 ± 0·13 × 106 per units using RC2D and the prototypes B‐1582 rev B filters, respectively.

Conclusion  For PRP‐depleted RBC units, the extension of the WB room temperature storage from 8 to 24 h before processing is likely to require the introduction of newly developed filters having an increased leucoreduction capacity in order to meet the maximal residual WBC guideline in the RBCs.
The effects of short intensive exercise on plasma free amino acids in standardbred trotters
Authors: Hackl S. , Van Den Hoven R. , Zickl M. , Spona J. , Zentek J.
Published: April 2008

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short intense exercise on plasma amino acid concentrations in trotters and to test the repeatability of plasma amino acids concentration in samples obtained on two independent days under field conditions. Plasma amino acid concentrations were analysed in blood samples of 36 standardbred trotters before and after intense exercise over a distance of 2000 m. Sampling was repeated in 20 horses after 35 days. Exercise intensity was estimated from post‐exercise lactate levels. Horses were divided in two groups according to a cut‐off lactate concentration at 15 mmol/l. The plasma concentrations of alanine, aspartate, glutamate, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and taurine increased and arginine, asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, histidine, methionine, serine, tryptophan and 3‐methylhistidine decreased after exercise. Ornithine, threonine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and valine concentrations remained constant. Higher intensity of exercise significantly decreased tryptophan and increased taurine concentrations. Sampling day had a significant effect on the absolute pre‐ and post‐exercise amino acid concentrations. Exercise had a significant influence on the concentrations of most plasma amino acids in trotters. These changes could reflect shifts between the free amino acid compartments, but there were also some indications for muscle catabolism. The amino acid supply of sporting horses could be of specific significance for maintaining muscle integrity and for the improvement of post‐exercise recovery of competition horses.
Performance of growing lambs fed processed karanj (Pongamia glabra) oil seed cake as partial protein supplement to soybean meal
Authors: Soren N. M. , Sastry V. R. B , Saha S. K. , Wankhade U. D. , Lade M. H. , Kumar A.
Published: April 2008

The aim of this study was to determine whether processed karanj (Pongamia glabra) oil seed cake can be used as a supplement to partially replace soybean meal (SBM). Male lambs (n = 24) of uniform body weight (12.88 ± 0.15 kg) were equally allotted at random to a SBM‐based control (CON) and three test concentrate mixtures, containing detoxified solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) using three processing methods: water washing (WW), 2.5% lime (LM) and 0.4% binder (BN) treatment. The processed SKC replaced 50% nitrogen of SBM of CON. The respective concentrate mixtures were fed along with ad libitum chaffed oat (Avena sativa) straw for 196 days. Dry matter intake was significantly (p < 0.01) lower on WW, LM and BN. Apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrients was comparable, except for total carbohydrates, which was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in LM and BN. Total gain, average daily gain and feed: gain ratio was comparable (p > 0.05) between the CON and WW diets but significantly lower in LM and BN groups. Yield of greasy wool was lower (p < 0.05) in BN group. Comparable dry matter and nutrient (crude protein and total digestible nutrients) conversion efficiency was observed on CON and WW diet but the lambs on the LM and BN diets exhibited lower (p < 0.01) conversion efficiency. It is concluded that SKC after water washing could replace 50% of SBM nitrogen in protein supplementation.
Protein restriction in pregnant‐ and lactating rats‐induced oxidative stress and hypohomocysteinaemia in their offspring
Authors: Fetoui H. , Garoui M. , Zeghal N.
Published: April 2008

Hyperhomocyteinaemia has been associated with pathological and stressful conditions and considered as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Maternal protein restriction during late pregnancy and postnatal period is a stressful state to their offspring which is associated with disruption of various physiological processes. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of maternal protein restriction during late pregnancy and early postnatal periods on systemic oxidative stress parameters and on homocysteine metabolism of their offspring. For this purpose, 12 female rats were divided into two groups: a control group (C) with free access to standard diet (20% protein) and a protein restricted group (PR) with free access to a low protein diet (7% protein) from the day 14 of pregnancy until day 14 after delivery. An increase of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance levels (TBARS) in plasma (+40%, p < 0.01) and in liver (+37%, p < 0.001) with a concomitant decrease in the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) observed in undernourished pups suggest the possibility of oxidative stress. Moreover, no significant changes in total glutathione levels (tGSH) were also observed to be associated with a significant decrease in homocysteine concentrations (−35%; p < 0.001). In their mothers, an alteration of antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT and SOD) and slight increase of TBARS levels were observed. Whereas homocysteine and tGSH levels were unchanged in comparison with those fed ad libitum. These results suggested that PR diet given to mothers during late pregnancy and early postnatal periods induced oxidative stress and hypohomocysteinaemia in their offspring.
Collaboration among sponge species increases sponge diversity and abundance in a seagrass meadow
Authors: Wulff Janie L.
Published: April 2008

Caribbean sponge species typical of coral reefs are generally inhibited from living in seagrass meadows by their vulnerability to predation by the large starfish Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus 1758). Although readily consumed by Oreaster, the conspicuous coral reef sponge species Lissodendoryx colombiensis Zea & van Soest, 1986 has expanded its habitat distribution to include a seagrass (Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König, 1805) meadow in Belize, where individuals grow to volumes of nearly 7 l. By simple observation, L. colombiensis appears to be an inferior competitor in this system, because portions of many individuals are overgrown by seagrass sponge species. However, experimentally clustering seagrass sponges around L. colombiensis individuals deterred starfish from feeding on them, suggesting an advantage to being overgrown. Sizes of individual L. colombiensis can fluctuate widely over short time intervals, reflecting both a relatively fast growth rate and the high rate at which starfish consume this species. At the population level these fluctuations are not evident, as losses of L. colombiensis due to Oreaster are balanced by a combination of efficient recruitment, rapid regeneration and growth, and protection of portions of many individuals by the overgrowth of seagrass sponge species that are unpalatable to Oreaster. In turn, the seagrass sponges acquire stable perches on L. colombiensis individuals in this sediment‐dominated habitat. Community ecology theory relating to diversity patterns in sessile organisms has focused on competition between space‐requiring neighbors as the underlying process that inevitably decreases diversity unless curtailed. Sponges, with their propensity for engaging in beneficial interactions with neighbors, demand expansion of the theory to acknowledge how collaboration can increase abundance and species diversity within a community.
Dynamics of Follicular Fluid in One‐humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Zia‐Ur‐Rahman  , Bukhari SA , Ahmad N , Akhtar N , Ijaz A , Yousaf MS , Haq IU
Published: April 2008

Contents

In the present study, ovarian follicular fluid and serum biochemical, hormonal, electrolytes and amino acids profiles in female dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), were investigated. Fluid from small (2–6 mm) and large follicles (7–20 mm) and blood samples were collected from 25 clinically healthy adult female camels. The concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, high‐density lipoproteins, urea, total proteins, albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and tri‐iodothyronine were lower (p ≤ 0.05) in large follicles when compared with the small follicles. However, the concentrations of low‐density lipoproteins, uric acid, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase in small and large follicles did not differ. The concentrations of oestradiol 17‐β and progesterone were higher (p ≤ 0.05) in large follicles. The serum concentrations of these hormones were many folds lower (p ≤ 0.05) than those of follicular fluid. Among electrolytes, the concentration of phosphorus was higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the large follicles, while that of potassium and chloride were lower (p ≤ 0.05) in the small follicles. Serum concentrations of sodium, chloride, calcium and phosphorous were higher (p ≤ 0.05), while that of potassium lower (p ≤ 0.05) than corresponding concentrations in the follicular fluid. The concentrations of leucine and arginine were higher (p ≤ 0.05) in follicular fluid when compared with serum concentrations, while the reverse was true for other amino acids. In conclusion, this study is indicative of either low or high concentrations of certain biochemical metabolites, hormones, electrolytes and amino acids in small and large follicles for the individual roles that they play in the growth and development of follicles in the one‐humped she‐camel.
Quantification of Sexual Steroid Hormones in Faeces of Iberian Wolf (Canis lupus signatus): A Non‐invasive Sex Typing Method
Authors: Barja I , Silván G , Rosellini S , Piñeiro A , Illera MJ , Illera JC
Published: April 2008

Contents

The determination of gender in wild animals is essential for behavioural and ecological studies, and also for conservation. The objectives of this study were (i) the determination of gender in faecal samples of Iberian wolf based on the differential concentrations of sexual steroid hormones (SSH) and (ii) to analyse the profiles of SSH in males and females (considering the gender determination carried out previously) during the non‐reproductive and reproductive periods. The quantification of androgens (testosterone, T), progestin (progesterone, P) and oestrogen (oestradiol, E) was conducted by means of enzyme immunoassay. The k‐means conglomerate analysis showed that the 59 faecal samples grouped into three different conglomerates, considering SSH levels. Groups 1 and 2 showed higher levels of T than group 3. Therefore, the faecal samples included in groups 1 and 2 (17 samples) corresponded to males and those of group 3 (42 samples) to females. The levels of T + P + E and T/P were higher in the group of males than in the group of females. The results of this study also showed that levels of T in males were higher during the reproductive period than in the non‐reproductive period. However, the concentrations of P and E turned out to be higher during the non‐reproductive season. In females, the levels of the three hormones (T, P and E) were higher during the reproductive period.