bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Satisfaction
Authors: Chao Ruth Chu‐Lien , Fear Jessica
Published: October 2013

Satisfaction comes from the Latin wordsfacere(to do or make) andsatis(enough). Satisfaction is one of a number of positive emotions or affective states. Satisfaction with life implies a contentment with or acceptance of life circumstances. An individual who is satisfied with his or her life may also feel a fulfillment of needs for his or her life as a whole. In essence, satisfaction is a subjective assessment of the quality of one's experience. Because it is inherently an evaluation, judgments of satisfaction could be subjective and involve a large cognitive component. Subjective and relative aspects of satisfaction may not directly correspond to objective conditions. For example, poor people may report higher life satisfaction than rich people – people with more income may not feel more satisfied than people with less income.
Schwartz, Shalom H
Authors: Zagumny Matthew J.
Published: October 2013

Shalom Schwartz, developer of the Schwartz values dimensions, was born in Hempstead, New York on January 1, 1936. Schwartz's eclectic educational background prepared him well as a significant theorist, researcher, and preeminent scholar in cross‐cultural psychology. He received his A.B. in comparative literature from Columbia University in 1957 while also studying Hebrew literature and language at the Jewish Theological Seminary, receiving his B.H.L. in 1958. Continuing his studies at Columbia University's Teachers College, Schwartz received a master's degree in social psychology and group development in 1962. During his time at Columbia he also spent one year in Jewish studies at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. With a desire to pursue advanced Jewish studies, Shalom returned to New York to the Rabbinical School at the Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS) before attending the University of Michigan where he received the Ph.D. in social psychology in 1967.
Secondary Aging
Authors: Gharib Afshin
Published: October 2013

Diseases of old age – aspects of aging that are not part of the normal, species universal process of aging – are referred to as secondary aging. Some of the most common diseases of aging include Alzheimer's dementia, cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. While primary aging is universal, the same in everyone in all cultures, individuals vary in terms of how successfully they age. Some people live into very old age free of illness; others become sick or incapacitated. Some of these differences between individuals may be attributed to culture. Cultures differ both in terms of health practices that may increase individual risk of disease, and in terms of attitudes toward age‐associated illnesses.
Self‐Esteem
Authors: Abi‐Hashem Naji
Published: October 2013

Self‐esteem refers to the basic and inherent value people attribute to themselves. It is a sense of worth and meaning that is central to human existence, personal fulfillment, and general wellbeing. Self‐esteem is an overall consideration and appraisal of who we are, which includes level of satisfaction, positive self‐image, and confidence in one's ability and faculties – the favorable impression and genuine respect people have (or lack) for themselves, and the foundation that shapes how they view and relate to others, as well as how they view and act upon the world.
Self/Other‐Reference Effect
Authors: Miller Richard L.
Published: October 2013

The self‐reference effect refers to the tendency for individuals to remember information that relates to themselves better than information that makes reference to other entities. This effect was first described by Rogers, Kuiper, who expanded on Craik and work on depth‐of‐processing based on the extent of elaboration involved in encoding information into memory. In their classic study, Craik and Tulving created a task in which they manipulated the level of processing (shallow, moderate, or deep). For shallow processing, subjects identified whether a word was capitalized. For moderate processing, participants determined if words were rhymed. For deep processing, participants were required to determine if a word fit within the context of a sentence. Following this task, participants completed a surprise recognition test, asking them to identify which words they had seen during the previous activity. The results indicated that participants were able to more accurately recall those words that they had processed at a deeper level.
Sex
Authors: Gregerson Mary
Published: October 2013

Sex anchors physicality for persons around the globe. Often the first question asked about an offspring is: “Is it a girl or boy?” and much is predicated on the answer. The cultural context uses sex as a cue to treat each offspring as a member of a group – female or male – in order to form the basis for a panoply of relationships.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Authors: Suzuki Hanako
Published: October 2013

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD), also called sexually transmitted infections (STI), are infections mainly transmitted through human sexual behaviors. Transmission can occur from mother to child through pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding, and can also take place through blood transfusion, tissue or organ transplant, and needle sharing. Infections can be bacterial, such as gonorrhea, chlamydial infection, and syphilis; viral, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), genital herpes, and genital warts; protozoan, such as trichomoniasis; fungal, such as candidiasis; and parasitic, such as pubic lice infestation. More than 30 sexually transmissible pathogens have been identified.
Sinha, Durganand
Authors: Misra Girishwar
Published: October 2013

Durganand Sinha was a Guru, one of the great Indian psychologists of the modern period. Born on September, 23, 1922 in a village in the northeastern part of the Indian state of Bihar, he obtained an M.A. in philosophy with a specialization in psychology from Patna University in 1945. Subsequently, he went to Cambridge University where he completed his M.Sc. in psychology. On his return from Cambridge in 1949, he joined the faculty of Patna University from where he moved to the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) at Kharagpur in 1959. He went to Allahabad University in 1961 to set up a psychology department where he stayed throughout his career, barring a few years at Patna (1982−1987) where he served as director of the A. N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies.
Sinha, Jai B. P
Authors: Keith Kenneth D.
Published: October 2013

In a career spanning more than half a century, Jai B. P. Sinha has been a leading voice for indigenous psychology and in particular for Indian psychology. Born June 1, 1936, Sinha completed the B.A. (1956) and M.A. (1958) at Bihar University. After teaching for a few years at Ranchi University, he pursued doctoral studies at the Ohio State University, where he received the Ph.D. in 1965. He then joined the A. N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies in Patna, India, where he developed a dynamic program of research with emphasis on social and organizational issues. Sinha is currently professor of psychology and management at the ASSERT Institute of Management in Patna.
Situational Attributions
Authors: Koenig Anne M.
Published: October 2013

Attributions are causal explanations for behavior – why someone acted the way that they did. Attributions can be classified into one of two types based on a dimension of internality. Situational attributions are causal factors that are external to the actor – part of the actor's situation, environment, or culture (also often called external attributions). The other type of attribution is labeled dispositional.
Social Axioms
Authors: Leung Kwok , Bond Michael Harris
Published: October 2013

A number of cultural dimensions have been proposed to account for similarities and differences in psychological processes and outcomes across cultures. These dimensions are mostly based on value contrasts, such as individualism‐collectivism. Dimensions based on other conceptual frameworks need to be explored for a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics giving rise to cultural similarities and differences.
Social Comparison
Authors: Miller Richard L.
Published: October 2013

Social comparison is a process that individuals use to know themselves by evaluating their attitudes, opinions, abilities, and beliefs in comparison to others. In addition, social comparison includes the desire to affiliate with others and the desire for information about others as well as explicit self‐evaluation in reference to others. According to, people need to have stable, accurate appraisals of themselves, and in the absence of objective criteria they judge themselves by comparison with others. Festinger assumed that this drive had survival value and that an accurate appraisal of abilities would be necessary for success in life. identified three stages of the comparison process: acquisition of social information, cognitive processing of the information, and reacting to the information received from the comparison process.
Sound (Phonetic) Symbolism
Authors: Weigold Ingrid K.
Published: October 2013

Sound symbolism, also known as phonosemantics, proposes that vocalizations have inherent meaning beyond the definitions ascribed to them. This is said to apply even to phonemes, the smallest elements of sound in a language.
Staub, Ervin
Authors: Woolf Linda M. , Hulsizer Michael R.
Published: October 2013

Ervin Staub is an internationally recognized scholar, leader, and practitioner in the field of peace psychology. Staub is noted for his work concerning development of peaceful and caring children, bystander behavior, the psychosocial roots of human destructiveness, the prevention of genocide, and the path to healing and reconciliation following instances of mass violence. Most notably, Staub's work extends beyond the university to fieldwork in such disparate locations as New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina; Amsterdam, seeking to improve Dutch‐Muslim relations; and school classrooms in Massachusetts, Rwanda, Congo, and Burundi to assist survivors of mass violence and genocide.
Stereotype Threat
Authors: Marx David M.
Published: October 2013

Stereotype threat is the fear of confirming, via one's behavior, a negative stereotype associated with one's group. In this sense, stereotype threat can beset members of any group for which a negative stereotype exists. It is therefore not unique to any particular social, racial, or ethnic group, making it a powerful and widely applicable theory. Stereotype threat can be applied to any type of behavior, provided that the behavior can be used as evidence for the stereotypes associated with one's group. Despite its far‐ranging applications and implications, much of the stereotype threat research has focused on its effects in academic settings. This emphasis on academics is not all that surprising, considering that this is arguably the one area where stereotype threat may have the most profound consequences in terms of career and educational opportunities. Indeed, the theory of stereotype threat has become the dominant theory for explaining persistent group‐based differences for racial minorities in higher education and women in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM fields).
Sue, Derald Wing
Authors: Haynes‐Mendez Kelley
Published: October 2013

Derald Wing Sue is a psychologist and researcher best known for his work in the field of multicultural counseling and psychotherapy. He is considered one of the leading psychologists in multicultural theory and practice. He is professor of psychology and education in the Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology at Teachers College and the School of Social Work, Columbia University in New York, USA.
Sue, Stanley
Authors: Wong Stephanie J.
Published: October 2013

Stanley Sue (b. 1944) is a pioneer in the field of cross‐cultural psychology. Since the American civil rights movement and the Vietnam era, sociopolitical events that shaped his professional interests, Sue has examined the challenges ethnic minorities face in the mental health system and suggested culturally sensitive treatment approaches to better meet the needs of these individuals. His career has included a variety of contributions to theory, research, and public policy, influencing provision of services to ethnic minority populations.
Syllable Effect
Authors: Phillips William L.
Published: October 2013

The syllable effect refers to the finding that pronunciation rate affects memory span.
Taft, Ronald
Authors: Keith Kenneth D.
Published: October 2013

Ronald Taft, professor emeritus at Monash University in Australia, has had a distinguished career in cultural and social psychology, personality assessment, ethnicity, and immigration.
Tajfel, Henri
Authors: Miller Richard L.
Published: October 2013

Henri Tajfel was born in Poland in 1919, but due to anti‐Jewish educational restrictions, left to study chemistry at the Sorbonne. At the outbreak of World War II he joined the French army and was taken prisoner by the Germans one year later. Tajfel survived in a prisoner of war camp, despite having admitted to being Jewish. After the war he returned home to find that his family and most of his friends were dead. As a result of these experiences, he developed a life‐long interest in prejudice, group identity, and the role that context plays in affecting psychological processes. Immediately after the war, Tajfel worked with a variety of international relief organizations to assist concentration camp survivors and orphans. He moved to England and in 1951 began studying psychology at London University. After receiving his doctoral degree he taught at the University of Durham and at Oxford University. During his time at Oxford, he conducted research on cognitive aspects of prejudice, social judgment, and nationalism. In 1967, he became chair of social psychology at the University of Bristol where he remained until he died of cancer in 1982.
Tanaka‐Matsumi, Junko
Authors: Keith Kenneth D.
Published: October 2013

Junko Tanaka‐Matsumi completed work for the B.A. degree at Osaka University of Foreign Studies in 1971. She subsequently studied at the University of Hawaíi at Manoa, where she received the Ph.D. in clinical psychology in 1978. She was a Japanese graduate scholarship student at the East‐West Center in Honolulu, where she studied cross‐cultural psychology. Following 20 years at Hofstra University (where she was named professor emerita), Tanaka‐Matsumi returned in 2000 to Japan, where she is professor in the Department of Integrated Psychological Sciences at Kwansei Gakuin University.
Taoism
Authors: Wu Kuang‐ming
Published: October 2013

The terms
psychology
and
cross‐cultural psychology
are Western words. In traditional Chinese writings, there is no word exactly similar to psychology. Among various classical schools of thought and philosophies, Taoism was developed by Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu in 500
bce
. Their writings laid the foundation of later developments in Taoism as well as the Tao religion in the Hang and Sung Dynasty. This entry briefly introduces the historical background and major concepts of Taoism, and then discusses Taoism in the context of cross‐cultural psychology.
Terror Management Theory
Authors: Bradley Kristopher I.
Published: October 2013

Terror management theory is the psychological theory stating that individuals invest in a cultural worldview in order to obtain self‐esteem. Self‐esteem is then used to suppress and deny thoughts of mortality. Research has supported this theory cross‐culturally in roughly 400 publications. TMT is heavily influenced by the writings of Ernest Becker. Becker stated that all animals have a predisposition for survival. Humans are unique in the animal kingdom because humans have the ability to conceptualize the future and realize that death is inevitable. This realization has the potential to cause an ever‐present and debilitating terror for the individual. To reduce this anxiety, individuals invest in a cultural worldview. Cultural worldviews provide the individual with a stable, permanent, and meaningful universe in which the individual has the opportunity to gain self‐esteem by performing culturally approved behaviors. By meeting or exceeding the dictates of the culture, an individual obtains high self‐esteem and a type of immortality. This can be literal (as with religion) or it can be symbolic (the belief that an individual's work or genes will transcend time).
Terrorism
Authors: Houck Shannon C. , Conway Lucian Gideon , Gornick Laura Janelle , Cvasa Gregory Peter
Published: October 2013

In 2001, Peter Knight entered a fertility clinic near Melbourne, Australia with kerosene, torches, ropes, gags, and ammunition. Knight intended to massacre everyone present in the clinic that day as a violent protest against abortion. When the clinic's security guard attempted to intervene, he was shot and killed. From 1978 to 1995, Ted Kaczynski, popularly known as the Unabomber, distributed a series of mail bombs targeting American universities and airlines. Kaczynski, a politically motivated eco‐terrorist, killed three people and injured 23. Then, on September 11, 2001 the suicide attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon killed a combined 2,977 people in the United States. An Islamist militant group, Al‐qaeda, assumed responsibility for the attacks, claiming political discontent as justification for violence.
Theories of Mind
Authors: Calvi Jessica , Kennison Shelia M.
Published: October 2013

Theories of mind refer to the various mental states that one may attribute to others. The more general term, theory of mind (ToM), is often used to refer to one's ability to attribute mental states to oneself as well as others. ToM is arguably one of the most important abilities that humans possess. In their definition of ToM, described how an individual is able to theorize about how another individual thinks, believes, and understands the world. Consequently, ToM is important in enabling one to understand others’ intentions and beliefs, to explain current behaviors, and to predict future behaviors.
Thomas, Alexander
Authors: Devonis David C.
Published: October 2013

Alexander Thomas, best known as the husband and intimate intellectual collaborator of Stella Chess, and who together with Chess developed the theory of infant temperament, was born in New York City in 1914. He earned the M.D. degree from New York University in 1936, and after service as a neuropsychiatrist with the U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II, finished psychiatric training at Bellevue Hospital in 1948. Starting in the 1950s, Thomas and Chess challenged dominant Freudian views of child development, which sought parental causes for children's maladaptive behaviors. Beginning in 1956, Chess and Thomas and their colleagues Herbert Birch and Margaret Hertzig developed a set of behavioral variables which they tracked over time in the New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS). The outcome of this study was their postulation, in 1960, of three basic infant temperament types: the easy child, the difficult child, and the slow‐to‐warm‐up child.
Trait, Trait Theory
Authors: Novikova Irina
Published: October 2013

Trait theory is one of the major approaches to the study of human personality. In the framework of this approach, personality traits are defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion that are manifest in a wide range of situations. The most important features of traits are relative stability over time, different degrees of expression in different individuals, and influence on behavior.
Uncertainty Reduction
Authors: Chung Leeva C.
Published: October 2013

When we encounter ambiguous or new situations with cross‐cultural strangers, our interaction may be marked with varying levels of uncertainty. Uncertainty is uncomfortable and we are motivated to reduce these unpleasant feelings. Uncertainty refers to our inability to predict and/or explain the behavior, feelings, attitudes, and/or values of others. The higher our uncertainty levels, the more ineffectively we can communicate. Studying uncertainty as a theoretical principle to explain communication behavior is associated with Charles Berger, Richard Calabrese, William Gudykunst, and Geert Hofstede.
Universalism
Authors: Beins Bernard C.
Published: October 2013

In a universalist perspective, psychologists regard psychological constructs as having relevance both within and across cultures. However, although the fundamental nature of a construct may be the same universally, its outward manifestation may differ as a function of cultural factors. Culture, therefore, is an important element in understanding thought and behavior because culture determines the behaviors that reflect the underlying construct. Two alternative perspectives are
relativism
, which posits that any given construct is particular to a single culture, and
absolutism
, which asserts that culture is irrelevant to understanding psychological constructs because they do not differ across cultures.
Validity
Authors: Beins Bernard C.
Published: October 2013

When measurements accurately assess the underlying construct that they are supposed to measure, they show validity. Measurements having high validity can lead to meaningful conclusions about a construct being investigated; in contrast, measurements with low validity lead to ambiguity because the targeted construct is not assessed accurately.
Völkerpsychologie
Authors: de Freitas Araujo Saulo
Published: October 2013

The term
Völkerpsychologie
(VP), widely used in German culture, does not precisely translate into English. Unfortunately, none of the attempts, including social psychology, cultural psychology, ethnic psychology, folk psychology, or racial psychology, has been successful. Moreover, VP has no single and consensual definition because its meaning varies depending on the author (e.g., Lazarus, Wundt, Hellpach). In a more general sense, however, one can say that VP refers to different research programs announced in that period, which attempted to investigate the mental development and/or manifestations of different peoples and cultures.
Wellbeing and Culture
Authors: Landsman Moshe S.
Published: October 2013

Although most philosophers have considered happiness one of the ultimate values, usually next to truth, for many years psychologists ignored happiness in favor of human suffering. However, the second half of modern psychology's existence has seen an awakening of research on human happiness and wellbeing. provided early descriptions of wellbeing, and the past 30 years have brought much research, as well as textbooks on the topic. Arguably, the most prominent research in this field is that of Ed Diener and his colleagues, who called the phenomenon
subjective wellbeing
.
Whiting, John W. M
Authors: Bartholomew Theodore T. , Brown Jill R.
Published: October 2013

John W. M. Whiting (1907−1999), a Harvard University professor of social anthropology emeritus, exemplified the need for interdisciplinary understanding to promote psychological understanding. Whiting, along with his wife Beatrice Blyth Whiting, developed an approach to cross‐cultural study which incorporated multiple perspectives and promoted comparison of human development across contexts. Edwards and referred to the Whitings as “pioneers in the comparative study of child development,” as well as having been at the forefront of psychological anthropology.
Wittkower, Eric D
Authors: Draguns Juris G.
Published: October 2013

Eric Wittkower was born in Berlin on April 4, 1899 and died in Montreal on January 6, 1983.
Xenophobia
Authors: Endale Mahlet
Published: October 2013

Xenophobia is fear and hatred of strangers, foreigners, or of things that are strange or foreign. The term first appeared in the Merriam‐Webster dictionary in 1905 and derives from the combination of the Greek terms
xénos
and
phobos
.. Xénos refers to “stranger, guest” or “alien, foreign, strange…”. Phobos is “fear”.
Yang, Kuo‐Shu
Authors: Keith Kenneth D.
Published: October 2013

Kuo‐shu Yang is professor emeritus of psychology at the National Taiwan University.
Yin and Yang
Authors: Inoue Noriyuki
Published: October 2013

Yin and yang is a concept originated in China and widely embraced in other East Asian cultures. Yin (陰) represents shadow, and yang (陽) represents light. The light and shadow are used as a metaphor that represents how things that seem opposite in fact support each other and create a unity as a whole. As our experiences teach us, we can vividly recognize shadow when contrasted with light, and light can be vividly recognized when contrasted with shadow. Because of light, shadow appears, and because of shadow, light appears. This symbolizes the fact that our perception does not exist as an absolute entity, but in relation to a seemingly opposite entity. This concept of Yin and Yan is practically applied in Chinese medicine, architecture, furnishing (Feng Shui), martial arts, and many other cultural activities in Chinese and East Asian society, serving as an underlying philosophy widely shared by the people.
Dimensions of Culture (Geert H. Hofstede) – Long‐ and Short‐Term Orientation
Authors: Mootz Jennifer
Published: October 2013

Between 1967 and 1973, IBM administered a multinational survey to its employees to assess employee attitudes and morale.
Dimensions of Culture (Geert H. Hofstede) – Power Distance
Authors: Mootz Jennifer
Published: October 2013

All societies contain power differences between their citizens and are stratified according to different dimensions, including power, wealth, and physical or mental characteristics, to name a few. What differs from culture to culture, however, is how power differences are determined and experienced by both dominant and subordinate persons. Dutch sociologist Mauk initially conceptualized and experimented with the concept of power distance (PD). Later, borrowed the term power distance to apply to a dimension he discovered following analysis of a multinational survey administered to IBM employees in 40 different countries.
Dimensions of Culture (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Egalitarianism
Authors: Bell Callimarie , Zagumny Matthew J.
Published: October 2013

Egalitarianism is a philosophical doctrine that describes a belief in human equality. Specifically, egalitarianism is a cultural orientation requiring individuals to see each other as moral equals. Egalitarianism, commonly contextualized in political, social, and economic affairs, advocates the reduction of inequalities among individuals in social realms such as work, legal systems, gender issues, and wealth. Justice and fairness are commonly associated with egalitarianism stemming from multiple studies in political philosophy.
Dimensions of Culture (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Embeddedness
Authors: Rahman Hartini Abdul
Published: October 2013

Embeddedness is a value construct developed by in his analysis of individual and cultural value orientations. The embeddedness vs. autonomy dimension focuses on the social relationships and social environment in which people interact. This dimension explains people's cultural orientation toward social relationships between individuals and groups. The embeddedness dimension was developed in response to the challenge of understanding and managing the relations or boundaries between the individual and the group. The two constructs embeddedness and autonomy reflect contrasting values. Members of cultures that vary on this dimension differ in the way they understand and interpret the world.
Values (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Benevolence
Authors: Castaño Gloria , Lino Laura
Published: October 2013

Among the 10 values elaborated by, benevolence is defined by the preservation and strengthening of others’ wellbeing. Behaviors associated with benevolence are help, honesty, not being resentful, loyalty, forgiving, friendship, and responsibility. This particular value has a direct correspondence to the three requirements mentioned above, as it links to our needs as individuals, as part of social interaction, and as a requirement of groups’ wellbeing. Other authors have also explored this value and its basis in altruism and kindness.
Values (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Security
Authors: Abi‐Hashem Naji , Driscoll Elizabeth G.
Published: October 2013

Defined security as the stability, safety, and harmony of relationships, self, and society.
Values (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Self‐Direction
Authors: Castagno Reuben M.
Published: October 2013

Hypothesized a list of potential values that are common among all cultures. They tested the potential values in populations in Germany and Israel and found striking similarities between the two countries and their individual value systems. The study was based on the Rokeach value system which postulates that 18 terminal values may be reached by means of 18 instrumental values. Schwartz and then studied another seven more than 70 additional countries. A fourth study centered on predicting political views based on subjects’ individual value configurations.
Values (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Tradition
Authors: Abi‐Hashem Naji , Driscoll Elizabeth G.
Published: October 2013

Customs, heritage, and traditions are integral parts of any historical culture. Shared values and common goals are vital for a community to survive and thrive. According to Schwartz, the collective pursuit of cultural values (i.e., what is good, desirable, and right) is encouraged among all members of the group, society, or nation. These values include shared norms and symbols as well as expressed practices and rituals, which are likewise part of a rich religious tradition. Therefore, the relation between culture and religion is more circular than linear in nature, as one sphere informs and reciprocally feeds the other.
Method Bias
Authors: Fons J. R. , de Vijver van
Published: October 2013

Bias can occur in the context of comparative studies and refers to the presence of nuisance factors. If scores are biased, their psychological meaning is not the same in the groups studied. Bias is not an inherent characteristic of an instrument, but arises in the application of an instrument in at least two cultural groups. As a consequence, an instrument is not inherently biased, but may become so when scores from specific cultural groups are compared.
Functionalized Cellular Carbon‐MgO Composites: From Interface Processing to Thermal Shock Resistant Low‐Carbon MgO‐C Refractories
Authors: da Silveira Wagner , Falk Guido
Published: October 2013

Carbon‐containing refractories have received great attention over the last years, as they are widely used in steel making industry due to their superior properties, such as high thermal shock resistance, high fracture energies in the high‐temperature range, and high slag resistance. However, their main disadvantage is the carbon oxidation associated with considerable CO2 emissions. Aiming to improve carbon oxidation resistivity whilst maintaining improved thermomechanical characteristics, reinforced, and functionalized cellular carbon MgO‐C (FCC‐MgO‐C) refractories are investigated. Experimentally determined thermomechanical data are used to model final crack density characteristics based on an extended Hasselman's thermal shock theory approach. Data calculated are compared with those of pitch‐bonded MgO‐C refractories. The dominant influence of functionalization and tailoring of microstructural phase constitution is reflected in increased fracture energies during crack propagation after thermal shock treatment.
Sex differences in the genetic risk for schizophrenia: History of the evidence for sex‐specific and sex‐dependent effects
Authors: Goldstein Jill M. , Cherkerzian Sara , Tsuang Ming T. , Petryshen Tracey L.
Published: October 2013

Although there is a long history to examinations of sex differences in the familial (and specifically, genetic) transmission of schizophrenia, there have been few investigators who have systematically and rigorously studied this issue. This is true even in light of population and clinical studies identifying significant sex differences in incidence, expression, neuroanatomic and functional brain abnormalities, and course of schizophrenia. This review highlights the history of work in this arena from studies of family transmission patterns, linkage and twin studies to the current molecular genetic strategies of large genome‐wide association studies. Taken as a whole, the evidence supports the presence of genetic risks of which some are sex‐specific (i.e., presence in one sex and not the other) or sex‐dependent (i.e., quantitative differences in risk between the sexes). Thus, a concerted effort to systematically investigate these questions is warranted and, as we argue here, necessary in order to fully understand the etiology of schizophrenia. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association of genetic risk severity with ADHD clinical characteristics
Authors: Kotte Amelia , Faraone Stephen V. , Biederman Joseph
Published: October 2013

This study sought to examine the association between the cumulative risk severity conferred by the total number of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) risk alleles of the DAT1 3′UTR variable number tandem repeat (VNTR), DRD4 Exon 3 VNTR, and 5‐HTTLPR with ADHD characteristics, clinical correlates, and functional outcomes in a pediatric sample. Participants were derived from case–control family studies of boys and girls diagnosed with ADHD, a genetic linkage study of families with children with ADHD, and a family genetic study of pediatric bipolar disorder. Caucasian children 18 and younger with and without ADHD and with available genetic data were included in this analysis (N = 591). The association of genetic risk severity with sociodemographic, clinical characteristics, neuropsychological, emotional, and behavioral correlates was examined in the entire sample, in the sample with ADHD, and in the sample without ADHD, respectively. Greater genetic risk severity was significantly associated with the presence of disruptive behavior disorders in the entire sample and oppositional defiant disorder in participants with ADHD. Greater genetic risk severity was also associated with the absence of anxiety disorders, specifically with the absence of agoraphobia in the context of ADHD. Additionally, one ADHD symptom was significantly associated with greater genetic risk severity. Genetic risk severity is significantly associated with ADHD clinical characteristics and co‐morbid disorders, and the nature of these associations may vary on the type (externalizing vs. internalizing) of the disorder. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The New England family study high‐risk project: Neurological impairments among offspring of parents with schizophrenia and other psychoses
Authors: Buka Stephen L. , Seidman Larry J. , Tsuang Ming T. , Goldstein Jill M.
Published: October 2013

This manuscript presents the design and initial outcomes of the New England Family Study's (NEFS) High‐Risk Project, one of the few epidemiologically representative cohorts that has prospectively followed a large sample of offspring of parents with both affective and non‐affective psychotic disorders from the fetal period forward. The goals of this report are: (1) to describe in some detail the design, data collection methods, and resulting sample of this project; and (2) to prospectively identify and compare rates of childhood neurological impairments among offspring of psychotic and nonpsychotic parents, with a particular emphasis on offspring risk in relation to specific classes of parental psychosis (i.e., affective vs. non‐affective psychosis). The investigators identified a pool of 755 parents with potential psychotic disorders, located over 80% of these and confirmed psychotic diagnoses for 212 affected parents and 132 unaffected control parents. At birth, the 259 offspring of parents with psychosis had approximately a twofold increased risk of abnormal neurological functioning compared to offspring of families with no psychotic history. This was most pronounced among the 58 offspring of parents with schizophrenia. Similar trends were observed at ages 1 and 7 years although these did not reach statistical significance. Neither at birth nor at any of the follow‐up assessments were the 157 offspring of parents with affective psychosis found to be at elevated risk of neurological impairment. Implications for future research and potential preventive interventions for at‐risk individuals are discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polymerization shrinkage evaluation on nanoscale‐layered silicates: Bis‐GMA/TEGMA nanocomposites, in photo‐activated polymeric matrices
Authors: de Paiva Campos Luiza Mello , Lugão Ademar Benévolo , Vasconcelos Mário Ramalho , Parra Duclerc Fernandes
Published: October 2013

This study concerns to the investigation of the polymerization shrinkage in dental experimental composites filled with silanized silica Aerosil® OX‐50 and clay nanoparticulated Montmorilonita (MMT) Cloisite® 30B, in glycidyl methacrylate resin. The characterization of the experimental composites was established with the following analyses: Thermo‐Mechanical Analysis (TMA) at isotherm temperature, Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis (DSC) under nitrogen atmosphere, X‐Ray diffraction (DRX), and Micro Hardness analysis. Through the TMA analysis was observed that the polymerization shrinkage varies according to the filler type and concentration in the experimental composite. The polymerization shrinkage ranged from 0.98% to 0.22% in the experimental composites added with Cloisite® 30B and ranged from 2.73% to 1.01% in the experimental composites containing silanized silica. Due to the intercalation of the clay nanoparticle in relation to the polymer matrix, the experimental nanocomposites with Cloisite® 30B showed better performance compared to the composites with silanized silica. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40010.
Spatial visualization ability and laparoscopic skills in novice learners: Evaluating stereoscopic versus monoscopic visualizations
Authors: Roach Victoria A. , Mistry Manisha R. , Wilson Timothy D.
Published: October 2013

Elevated spatial visualization ability (Vz) is thought to influence surgical skill acquisition and performance. Current research suggests that stereo visualization technology and its association with skill performance may confer perceptual advantages. This is of particular interest in laparoscopic skill training, where stereo visualization may confer learning advantages to novices of variant Vz. This study explored laparoscopic skill performance scores in novices with variable spatial ability utilizing stereoscopic and traditional monoscopic visualization paradigms. Utilizing the McGill Inanimate System for Teaching and Evaluating Laparoscopic Skills (MISTELS) scoring protocol it was hypothesized that individuals with high spatial visualization ability (HVz) would achieve higher overall and individual MISTELS task scores as compared to low spatial visualization ability (LVz) counterparts. Further, we also hypothesized that a difference would exist between HVz and LVz individual scores based on the viewing modality employed. No significant difference was observed between HVz and LVz individuals for MISTELS tasks scores, overall or individually under both viewing modalities, despite higher average MISTELS scores for HVz individuals. The lack of difference between scores obtained under the stereo modality suggested that the additional depth that is conferred by the stereoscopic visualization may act to enhance performance for individuals with LVz, potentially equilibrating their performance with their HVz peers. Further experimentation is required to better ascertain the effects of stereo visualization in individuals of high and low Vz, though it appears stereoscopic visualizations could serve as a prosthetic to enhance skill performance. Anat Sci Educ 7: 295–301. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Pinnaic Acid and Halichlorine
Authors: Xu Shu , Unabara Daisuke , Uemura Daisuke , Arimoto Hirokazu
Published: October 2013

The enantioselective total synthesis of the bioactive marine natural products pinnaic acid and halichlorine is reported in detail. Our total synthesis features the construction of the five‐membered ring and C9 and C13 stereogenic centers through a palladium‐catalyzed trimethylenemethane [3+2] cyclization; the installation of the nitrogen atom through a regioselective Beckmann rearrangement of a poorly reactive ketone; the stereoselective cyclization of the spiro ring through a four‐step, one‐pot hydrogenation–cyclization; and efficient connection of the sterically hindered lower chain through a reduced‐pressure cross olefin metathesis reaction.
A conceptualisation of whole‐class scaffolding
Authors: Smit Jantien , A. A. van Eerde Henriëtte , Bakker Arthur
Published: October 2013

The concept of scaffolding refers to temporary and adaptive support, originally in dyadic adult–child interaction. It has become widely used, also in whole‐class settings, but often in loose ways. The aim of this paper is to theoretically and empirically ground a conceptualisation of whole‐class scaffolding so that it remains close to the origin of the scaffolding concept, but also provides scope for features not salient in one‐to‐one interaction. Drawing an analogy with Vygotsky's concept of Zone of Proximal Development we argue why the extension to whole‐class settings is justified. We further distinguish three key characteristics for whole‐class scaffolding—diagnosis, responsiveness and handover to independence—and illustrate these with examples from a teaching experiment focusing on whole‐class scaffolding language in a multilingual mathematics classroom (age 10–12). The empirical data led to a metaphorical distinction between online and offline enactment of key characteristics, during respectively outside whole‐class interaction. Diagnoses can namely also be made outside lessons, for instance by reading pupils' work; responsiveness can also be realised in adapting instructional activities; and handover to independence can also be fostered in the design of lessons. In addition to this layered nature (online vs. offline), whole‐class scaffolding is often distributed over time. Finally, whole‐class scaffolding is cumulative with pupils' independence emerging as the cumulative effect of many diagnostic and responsive actions over time. We suggest these three features are at the core of whole‐class scaffolding that is deliberately employed to foster long‐term learning processes.
Acculturation and religion in schools: the views of young people from minority belief backgrounds
Authors: Niens Ulrike , Mawhinney Alison , Richardson Norman , Chiba Yuko
Published: October 2013

This paper aims to explore the relationship between religious identity, acculturation strategies and perceptions of acculturation orientation in the school context amongst young people from minority belief backgrounds. Based on a qualitative study including interviews with 26 young people from religious minority belief backgrounds in Northern Ireland, it is argued that acculturation theory provides a useful lens for understanding how young people from religious minority belief backgrounds navigate majority religious school contexts. Using a qualitative approach to explore acculturation theory enables an in‐depth understanding of the inter‐relationship between minority belief youth's acculturation strategies and their respective school contexts. Similar to previous research, integrationist attitudes generally prevailed amongst minority belief young people in this study. The findings highlight how young people negotiate their religious identities in a complex web of inter‐relationships between their minority religious belief community and the mainstream school culture as represented through peer and staff attitudes, school ethos and practices and religious education. Young people demonstrated differentiated understandings of acculturation orientations within the school context, which they evaluated on the basis of complex perceptions of educational policy, interpersonal relationships and individuals' motivations. Findings are discussed in view of acculturation tensions, which arose particularly in relation to the religious education curriculum and their implications for opt‐out provision as stipulated by human rights law.
A COMPARISON OF TWO PHYSICAL GUIDANCE PROCEDURES IN THE TREATMENT OF PEDIATRIC FOOD REFUSAL
Authors: Borrero Carrie S. W. , Joseph Schlereth G. , Rubio Emily K. , Taylor Tessa
Published: October 2013

Physical guidance procedures can be effective in the treatment of severe pediatric food refusal. Researchers evaluating the use of physical guidance procedures often include a procedure referred to as a jaw prompt, but other variations of physical guidance may also be effective. An additional form of physical guidance, the finger prompt, might increase food acceptance. We evaluated nonremoval of the spoon and physical guidance (jaw prompt or finger prompt) in a reversal design. Results showed treatment packages including both procedures were effective in increasing food acceptance and decreasing inappropriate mealtime behavior. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization and optical studies of highly luminescent ZnS nanoparticles associated with hypromellose matrix as a green and novel stabilizer
Authors: Tiwari Ashish , Khan S. A. , Kher R. S. , Dhoble S. J.
Published: October 2013

ZnS nanoparticles stabilized by a carbohydrate‐based matrix, hypromellose (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) were prepared via a wet chemical method. The nanocomposite was characterized by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electon microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. X‐Ray diffraction patterns revealed a zinc blende structure. Thermogravimetric analysis suggested that polymer attached to the surface decomposes at 700 °C. Absorption measurements were carried out and calculation of the diameter polydispersity index (DPI) suggests the formation of monodisperse nanoparticles. The optical properties of the as‐prepared samples were studied by UV/vis spectroscopy and steady‐state photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The PL studies indicate the applicability of these nanoparticles as biocompatible sensors or luminescence markers in future. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacokinetics of anthraquinones in rat plasma after oral administration of a rhubarb extract
Authors: Wu Wenjin , Yan Ru , Yao Meicun , Zhan Ying , Wang Yitao
Published: October 2013

A sensitive and specific LC‐MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous determination of aloe‐emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion and their conjugates in rat plasma. The lower limit of quantitation of each anthraquinone was 0.020–0.040 µm. Intra‐day and inter‐day accuracies were 90.1–114.3% and the precisions were <14.6%. The matrix effects were 104.0–113.2%. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats receiving a rhubarb extract orally. The area under the concentration–time curve (AUC0–t) and peak concentration (Cmax) of free aloe‐emodin and emodin in rat plasma were much lower than those of rhein. The amounts of chrysophanol and physcion were too low to be continuously detected. After treating the plasma samples with β‐glucuronidases, each anthraquinone was detectable throughout the experimental period (36 h) and showed much higher plasma concentrations and AUC0–t. The free/total ratios of aloe‐emodin, rhein and emodin were 6.5, 49.0 and 1.7% for Cmax and 3.7, 32.5 and 1.1% for AUC0–t, respectively. The dose‐normalized AUC0–t and Cmax of the total of each anthraquinone were in the same descending order: rhein > emodin > chrysophanol > physcion > aloe‐emodin. These findings reveal phase II conjugates as the dominant in vivo existing forms of rhubarb antharquinones and warrant a further study to evaluate their contribution to the herbal activity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.