bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computer Tools to Analyze Lung CT Changes after Radiotherapy
Authors: Konkol Marek , Śniatała Konrad , Śniatała Paweł , Wilk Szymon , Baczyńska Beata , Milecki Piotr
Published: February 2021

The paper describes a computer tool dedicated to the comprehensive analysis of lung changes in computed tomography (CT) images. The correlation between the dose delivered during radiotherapy and pulmonary fibrosis is offered as an example analysis. The input data, in DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) format, is provided from CT images and dose distribution models of patients. The CT images are processed using convolution neural networks, and next, the selected slices go through the segmentation and registration algorithms. The results of the analysis are visualized in graphical format and also in numerical parameters calculated based on the images analysis.
Cyber Attack Detection Scheme for a Load Frequency Control System Based on Dual-Source Data of Compromised Variables
Authors: Bi Wenjun , Zhang Kaifeng , Chen Chunyu
Published: February 2021

Cyber attacks bring key challenges to the system reliability of load frequency control (LFC) systems. Attackers can compromise the measured data of critical variables of the LFC system, making the data received by the defender unreliable and resulting in system frequency fluctuation or even collapse. In this paper, to detect potential attacks on measured data, we propose a novel attack detection scheme using the dual-source data (DSD) of compromised variables. First, we study the characteristics of the compromised LFC system considering potentially vulnerable variables and different types of attack templates. Second, by designing a variable observer, the relationship between the known security variables and the variables which are at risk of being compromised in the LFC system is established. The features of the data obtained by the observer can reflect those of the true data. Third, a Siamese network (SN) is designed to quantify the distance between the characteristics of measured data and that of observed data. Finally, an attack detection scheme is designed by analyzing the similarity of the DSD. Simulation results verify the feasibility of the detection scheme studied in this paper.
The Spherical Inverted Pendulum: Exact Solutions of Gait and Foot Placement Estimation Based on Symbolic Computation
Authors: Menga Giuseppe
Published: February 2021

The gait and the Foot Placement Estimation (FPE) has recently been extended to 3-D spaces by adopting a specific form of a spherical inverted pendulum (SIP). The approach is very attractive, as it does not involve dynamics, but it is based solely on energies and momenta, however the authors (DeHart et al.) introduced several questionable approximations, in order to reach a manageable solution. The scope of the present paper is to revisit this spherical inverted pendulum applied to biped walking, offering an exact solution to the gait and the FPE by using symbolic computation. This is facilitated by exploiting the Kane’s approach to dynamical modelling, and his software environment for symbolic manipulation, called Autolev. It generates explicit formulas describing the energies and angular momenta before/after the impact, along with the mechanics of the impact. As the resulting equations, function of (measurable) angular positions and velocities, are very compact, embedded in a numerical nonlinear solver, are suitable to be implemented in real time and used in practice to control biped robots or lower limb exoskeletons. The two main contributions of the paper are: the recovery of the balance by stepping, in the presence of a push in an arbitrary direction and omnidirectional walking. In this last respect, this specific form of SIP emphasizes the expenditure of energy in the walk. For the first time, at our knowledge, the walk of the SIP, based on energy, has been compared to the simulation of a 12 degrees of freedom biped robot tracking preview signals using the Zero Moment Point (ZMP) of the Linear Inverted Pendulum (LIPM). This quantitatively shows the inefficiency, in terms of energy, of the ZMP-based walk, and the gain due to the recovery of the collision of the flying foot. Similarity in the sagittal plane and differences in the frontal plane of the center of mass trajectories of the two approaches are shown, to open the road to an integration of fully actuated and underactuated controls, for an efficient full-dimensional robot gait to be developed in a future paper.
Impact of Different Types of Head-Centric Rest-Frames on VRISE and User Experience in Virtual Environments
Authors: Somrak Andrej , Pogačnik Matevž , Guna Jože
Published: February 2021

This paper presents the results of a user study of the effects of different head-centric rest-frames on Virtual Reality-Induced Symptoms and Effects (VRISE) and the user experience in virtual environments (VE). Participants played the custom-designed 3D game in two different game modes (high action and low action). For assessing VRISE levels, we used the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and Fast Motion Sickness Score (FMS). The presence was evaluated by SPES (Spatial Presence Experience Scale), and for the user experience, the short version of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ-S) was used. The results indicate that the usage of head-centric rest-frames negatively affected VRISE levels (more sickness) in the low action mode of the game. However, for the users experienced with VR technology, the VRISE disorientation symptoms were alleviated in a high action mode of the game with rest-frame glasses. We found no negative effect of rest-frames on the user experience and presence, except for some negative impact when using rest-frame glasses in the low action mode of the game. No negative impact on the performance itself was observed. That means that the usage of head-centric rest-frames is suitable for usage in VR applications. In terms of VRISE levels, we found out that rest-frame glasses are more suitable for the wearers of the distance spectacles, and a baseball hat is more suitable for non-wearers of distance spectacles.
Kombucha Tea as a Reservoir of Cellulose Producing Bacteria: Assessing Diversity among Komagataeibacter Isolates
Authors: La China Salvatore , De Vero Luciana , Anguluri Kavitha , Brugnoli Marcello , Mamlouk Dhouha , Gullo Maria
Published: February 2021

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is receiving a great deal of attention due to its unique properties such as high purity, water retention capacity, high mechanical strength, and biocompatibility. However, the production of BC has been limited because of the associated high costs and low productivity. In light of this, the isolation of new BC producing bacteria and the selection of highly productive strains has become a prominent issue. Kombucha tea is a fermented beverage in which the bacteria fraction of the microbial community is composed mostly of strains belonging to the genus Komagataeibacter. In this study, Kombucha tea production trials were performed starting from a previous batch, and bacterial isolation was conducted along cultivation time. From the whole microbial pool, 46 isolates were tested for their ability to produce BC. The obtained BC yield ranged from 0.59 g/L, for the isolate K2G36, to 23 g/L for K2G30—which used as the reference strain. The genetic intraspecific diversity of the 46 isolates was investigated using two repetitive-sequence-based PCR typing methods: the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) elements and the (GTG)5 sequences, respectively. The results obtained using the two different approaches revealed the suitability of the fingerprint techniques, showing a discrimination power, calculated as the D index, of 0.94 for (GTG)5 rep-PCR and 0.95 for ERIC rep-PCR. In order to improve the sensitivity of the applied method, a combined model for the two genotyping experiments was performed, allowing for the ability to discriminate among strains.
Hierarchical Bayesian Models to Estimate the Number of Losses of Separation between Aircraft in Flight
Authors: Valdés Rosa María Arnaldo , Comendador Victor Fernando Gómez
Published: February 2021

Air transport is considered to be the safest mode of mass transportation. Air traffic management (ATM) systems constitute one of the fundamental pillars that contribute to these high levels of safety. In this paper we wish to answer two questions: (i) What is the underlying safety level of ATM systems in Europe? and (ii) What is the dispersion, that is, how far does each ATM service provider deviate from this underlying safety level? To do this, we develop four hierarchical Bayesian inference models that allow us to infer and predict the common rate of occurrence of SMIs, as well as the specific rates of occurrence for each air navigation service provider (ANSP). This study shows the usefulness of hierarchical structures when it comes to obtaining parameters that enable risk to be quantified effectively. The models developed have been found to be useful in explaining and predicting the safety performance of 29 European ATM systems with common regulations and work procedures, but with different circumstances and numbers of aircraft, each managing traffic of differing complexity.
Use of Reservoir Sediments to Improve Engineering Properties of Dune Sand in Oman
Authors: Qureshi Mohsin Usman , Alsaidi Maryam , Aziz Mubashir , Chang Ilhan , Rasool Ali Murtaza , Kazmi Zaheer Abbas
Published: February 2021

Managing sediments dredged from reservoirs of recharge dams is an environmental issue, however, these sediments can be an abundant and economical source of fine-grained fill soil. This experimental investigation quantifies the geotechnical properties of a reservoir sediment used to improve engineering properties of a poorly graded dune sand in Oman. The binary mixes were prepared with different percentages (5, 10, 20, 50, 75, 90, 95%) of sediment with sand. Laboratory tests such as gradation, consistency limits, compaction, and unconfined compression tests were performed to measure the engineering characteristics of the binary mixtures. The results showed that the maximum dry density increases up to a sediment content of 50% and then decreases with further increase in the sediment content. The optimum water content increases with the increase in sediment content from 17% for pure sand to 22.5% for pure sediment. The optimum moisture content shows a good correlation with the plastic limit of the binary mixture of sand and sediment. The unconfined compressive strength substantially increases with sediment content up to 75% and then decreases with further increase in the sediment content. The binary mixture of sand sediment is sensitive to moisture, however, the order of strength stability against moisture is dune sand mixed with 75, 50, and 20% sediments. The addition of sediment to dune sand improved the uniformity coefficient to some extent with an increase in the maximum and minimum void ratios as well. The elemental analysis of the sediment confirms that the material is non-contaminated and can be employed in geotechnical engineering applications as a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution.
Machine Learning for Design Optimization of Electromagnetic Devices: Recent Developments and Future Directions
Authors: Li Yanbin , Lei Gang , Bramerdorfer Gerd , Peng Sheng , Sun Xiaodong , Zhu Jianguo
Published: February 2021

This paper reviews the recent developments of design optimization methods for electromagnetic devices, with a focus on machine learning methods. First, the recent advances in multi-objective, multidisciplinary, multilevel, topology, fuzzy, and robust design optimization of electromagnetic devices are overviewed. Second, a review is presented to the performance prediction and design optimization of electromagnetic devices based on the machine learning algorithms, including artificial neural network, support vector machine, extreme learning machine, random forest, and deep learning. Last, to meet modern requirements of high manufacturing/production quality and lifetime reliability, several promising topics, including the application of cloud services and digital twin, are discussed as future directions for design optimization of electromagnetic devices.
Design and Realization of a Frequency Reconfigurable Multimode Antenna for ISM, 5G-Sub-6-GHz, and S-Band Applications
Authors: Ghaffar Adnan , Li Xue Jun , Awan Wahaj Abbas , Iffat Naqvi Syeda , Hussain Niamat , Seet Boon-Chong , Alibakhshikenari Mohammad , Falcone Francisco , Limiti Ernesto
Published: February 2021

This paper presents the design and realization of a compact size multimode frequency reconfigurable antenna. The antenna consists of a triangular-shaped monopole radiator, originally inspired from a rectangular monopole antenna. Slots were utilized to notch the desired frequency while the PIN diodes were utilized to achieve frequency reconfigurability. The antenna can operate in wideband, dual-band, or tri-band mode depending upon the state of the diodes. To validate the simulation results, a prototype was fabricated, and various performance parameters were measured and compared with simulated results. The strong agreement between simulated and measured results along with superior performance as compared to existing works in the literature makes the proposed antenna a strong candidate for ISM, 5G-sub-6 GHz, and S-band applications.
Astronomical Investigation to Verify the Calendar Theory of the Nasca Lines
Authors: Richter Christiane , Teichert Bernd , Pavelka Karel
Published: February 2021

As in many regions of the world, astronomy also played a major role in the ancient Peruvian cultures. However, the discussion of the astronomical relevance of the Nasca geoglyphs is very controversial. A really precise and extensive investigation of astronomical phenomena has not yet taken place; the necessary data were simply missing. In the Nasca project Dresden, these data have been recorded in recent years and stored in an Oracle database. In the very first step, all geoglyphs with an astronomical orientation documented by Maria Reiche were checked and verified. Subsequently, all lines of the entity “straight line” were systematically examined with regard to the celestial bodies of the Sun and bright stars. For this purpose, on the one hand, the ellipsoidal azimuths of all straight lines were calculated and, on the other hand, the elevation angles in relation to the horizon with the help of digital terrain models (DTM) were determined. Corrections for refraction, the curvature of the Earth, visibility and atmospheric disturbances were largely considered. The azimuths of the celestial bodies during the Nasca period were calculated with software developed in-house (theses by students) and compared with those of the lines. As a result, it was possible to establish that there are individual straight lines that are aligned with the Sun and the seven randomly selected bright stars. However, the number of hits found does not justify the theory that the Nasca Pampas are an astronomical calendar system.
Prediction of Model Distortion by FEM in 3D Printing via the Selective Laser Melting of Stainless Steel AISI 316L
Authors: Pagac Marek , Hajnys Jiri , Halama Radim , Aldabash Tariq , Mesicek Jakub , Jancar Lukas , Jansa Jan
Published: February 2021

This paper deals with an experimental analysis of stress prediction and simulation prior to 3D printing via the selective laser melting (SLM) method and the subsequent separation of a printed sample from a base plate in two software programs, ANSYS Addictive Suite and MSC Simufact Additive. Practical verification of the simulation was performed on a 3Dprinted topologically optimized part made of AISI 316L stainless steel. This paper presents a typical workflow for working with metallic 3D printing technology and the state-of-the-art knowledge in the field of stress analysis and simulation of printed components. The paper emphasizes the role of simulation software for additive production and reflects on their weaknesses and strengths as well, with regard to their use not only in science and research but also in practice.
6G Enabled Industrial Internet of Everything: Towards a Theoretical Framework
Authors: Padhi Prafulla , Charrua-Santos Feranando
Published: February 2021

Currently, the deficiencies of the 5G mobile system as an enabler of Internet of Everything (IoE) applications are stimulating global research activities to focus on the sixth generation (6G) wireless system. The potential of IoE is enormous and growing exponentially. With the dawn of the fifth industrial revolution, IoE is transposing into industrial Internet of Everything (IIoE) projects which are complex and are eventuating to become a prominent technology for all industries offering new opportunities. This study embodies a synthesis of 6G, IoT, IoE, IIoE exhaustive literature review advancing knowledge to facilitate theory development. For the first time, a novel theoretical framework for the 6G-enabled IIoE (henceforth referred to as 6GIIoE) system was developed. Judiciously, sequential methodology is best suited for this emerging discipline research to create significant new knowledge in the literature contributing eternal insights to expound valuable contexts to ruminate significant findings. The theoretical framework developed recognizes 6GIIoE priority areas, challenges, and applications bestowing a guide for 6G-enabled IIoE initiatives divulging opportunities for future research activities.
Application Dependent End-of-Life Threshold Definition Methodology for Batteries in Electric Vehicles
Authors: Arrinda Mikel , Oyarbide Mikel , Macicior Haritz , Muxika Eñaut , Popp Hartmut , Jahn Marcus , Ganev Boschidar , Cendoya Iosu
Published: February 2021

The end-of-life event of the battery system of an electric vehicle is defined by a fixed end-of-life threshold value. However, this kind of end-of-life threshold does not capture the application and battery characteristics and, consequently, it has a low accuracy in describing the real end-of-life event. This paper proposes a systematic methodology to determine the end-of-life threshold that describes accurately the end-of-life event. The proposed methodology can be divided into three phases. In the first phase, the health indicators that represent the aging behavior of the battery are defined. In the second phase, the application specifications and battery characteristics are evaluated to generate the end-of-life criteria. Finally, in the third phase, the simulation environment used to calculate the end-of-life threshold is designed. In this third phase, the electric-thermal behavior of the battery at different aging conditions is simulated using an electro-thermal equivalent circuit model. The proposed methodology is applied to a high-energy electric vehicle application and to a high-power electric vehicle application. The stated hypotheses and the calculated end-of-life threshold of the high-energy application are empirically validated. The study shows that commonly assumed 80 or 70% EOL thresholds could lead to mayor under or over lifespan estimations.
On Origin and Evolution of the Antibody Molecule
Authors: Oreste Umberto , Ametrano Alessia , Coscia Maria Rosaria
Published: February 2021

The vertebrate immune system provides a powerful defense because of the ability to potentially recognize an unlimited number of pathogens. The antibody molecule, also termed immunoglobulin (Ig) is one of the major mediators of the immune response. It is built up from two types of Ig domains: the variable domain, which provides the capability to recognize and bind a potentially infinite range of foreign substances, and the constant domains, which exert the effector functions. In the last 20 years, advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and structural features of antibody in mammals and in a variety of other organisms have uncovered the underlying principles and complexity of this fundamental molecule. One notable evolutionary topic is the origin and evolution of antibody. Many aspects have been clearly stated, but some others remain limited or obscure. By considering a wide range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms through a literature survey about the topic, we have provided an integrated view of the emergence of antibodies in evolution and underlined the very ancient origins.
In Vivo Hepatoprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Acylated Iridoid Glycosides from Scrophularia hepericifolia
Authors: Abdel-Kader Maged S. , Alqasoumi Saleh I.
Published: February 2021

Phytochemical investigation of the chloroform fraction obtained from Scrophularia hypericifolia aerial parts led to the isolation of nine acylated iridoid glycosides. The new compounds were identified as 6-O-α-L(2″-acetyl, 3″,4″-di-O-trans-cinnamoyl) rhamnopyranosyl-6′-acetyl catalpol (6′-acetyl hypericifolin A) (1), 6-O-α-L(2″, 4″-diacetyl, 3″-O-trans-cinnamoyl) rhamnopyranosyl-6′-acetyl catalpol (6′-acetyl hypericifolin B) (2), 6-O-α-L(2″-acetyl, 3″,4″-di-O-trans-cinnamoyl) rhamnopyranosyl catalpol (hypericifolin A) (3) and 6-O-α-L(2″, 4″-diacetyl, 3″-O-trans-cinnamoyl) rhamnopyranosyl catalpol (hypericifolin B) (4). Previously reported compounds were identified as laterioside (5), 8-O-acetylharpagide (6), 6-O-α-L(4′-O-trans-cinnamoyl) rhamnopyranosyl catalpol (7), lagotisoside D (8) and harpagoside (9). Identification achieved via analyses of physical and spectral data including 1D, 2D NMR and High Resolution Electrospray Ionization Mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS). Compounds 2–4 and 6 were subjected to biological evaluation against paracetamol-induced toxicity. The biochemical parameters aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) as well as total bilirubin were used to access the liver condition. Measurement of serum levels of urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium cations were indicators for kidney condition. Liver and kidney samples were subjected to histopathological study. The best protection was found in the group treated with 3 followed by 4 and 6, while 2 was almost inactive.
Low-Molecular Weight BDNF Mimetic, Dimeric Dipeptide GSB-106, Reverses Depressive Symptoms in Mouse Chronic Social Defeat Stress
Authors: Gudasheva Tatiana A. , Tallerova Anna V. , Mezhlumyan Armen G. , Antipova Tatyana A. , Logvinov Ilya O. , Firsova Yulia N. , Povarnina Polina Y. , Seredenin Sergey B.
Published: February 2021

A mimetic of the BDNF loop 4, bis (N-monosuccinyl-L-seryl-L-lysine) hexamethylenediamide, named GSB-106, was designed and synthesized in our scientific group. The compound activated TrkB, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, and PLCγ in in vitro experiments. In vivo experiments with rodents revealed its antidepressant-like activity in the forced swim and the tail suspension tests at the dose range of 0.1–5.0 mg/kg (i.p., p.o.). However, GSB-106 was not studied in depression models modulating major depression in humans. In the present study, the GSB-106 antidepressant-like activity was revealed in mice at the depression model induced by 28-day social defeat stress with 21-days oral administration (0.1 mg/kg) after stress. At the same time, GSB-106 restored reduced locomotor activity and completely eliminated the anhedonia manifestations. The compound also restored reduced levels of synaptophysin and CREB in the hippocampus. In addition, the Trk receptor antagonist K252A, and the PLC inhibitor U73122, were found to completely block the antidepressant-like activity of GSB-106 in the forced swimming test in mice. Thus, the present results demonstrate the dipeptide BDNF mimetic GSB-106 reversed depressive-like behavior and restored hippocampal neuroplasticity in a rodent depression model. These effects of GSB-106 are probably regulated by TrkB signaling.
Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in Human Embryo Implantation: Clinical Implications
Authors: Guo Xi , Yi Hong , Li Tin Chiu , Wang Yu , Wang Huilin , Chen Xiaoyan
Published: February 2021

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a well-known angiogenic factor that plays a critical role in various physiological and pathological processes. VEGF also contributes to the process of embryo implantation by enhancing embryo development, improving endometrial receptivity, and facilitating the interactions between the developing embryo and the endometrium. There is a correlation between the alteration of VEGF expression and reproductive failure, including recurrent implantation failure (RIF) and recurrent miscarriage (RM). In order to clarify the role of VEGF in embryo implantation, we reviewed recent literature concerning the expression and function of VEGF in the reproductive system around the time of embryo implantation and we provide a summary of the findings reported so far. We also explored the effects and the possible underlying mechanisms of action of VEGF in embryo implantation.
Demystifying Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu): Computational Interaction Analysis of Pesticides and Metabolites with Vital Renal Enzymes
Authors: Rajapaksha Harindu , Pandithavidana Dinesh , Dahanayake Jayangika
Published: February 2021

Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) has been recognized as a global non-communicable health issue. There are many proposed risk factors for CKDu and the exact reason is yet to be discovered. Understanding the inhibition or manipulation of vital renal enzymes by pesticides can play a key role in understanding the link between CKDu and pesticides. Even though it is very important to take metabolites into account when investigating the relationship between CKDu and pesticides, there is a lack of insight regarding the effects of pesticide metabolites towards CKDu. In this study, a computational approach was used to study the effects of pesticide metabolites on CKDu. Further, interactions of selected pesticides and their metabolites with renal enzymes were studied using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. It was evident that some pesticides and metabolites have affinity to bind at the active site or at regulatory sites of considered renal enzymes. Another important discovery was the potential of some metabolites to have higher binding interactions with considered renal enzymes compared to the parent pesticides. These findings raise the question of whether pesticide metabolites may be a main risk factor towards CKDu.
Alzheimer’s Disease and Diabetes: Role of Diet, Microbiota and Inflammation in Preclinical Models
Authors: Carranza-Naval Maria Jose , Vargas-Soria Maria , Hierro-Bujalance Carmen , Baena-Nieto Gloria , Garcia-Alloza Monica , Infante-Garcia Carmen , del Marco Angel
Published: February 2021

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Epidemiological studies show the association between AD and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), although the mechanisms are not fully understood. Dietary habits and lifestyle, that are risk factors in both diseases, strongly modulate gut microbiota composition. Also, the brain-gut axis plays a relevant role in AD, diabetes and inflammation, through products of bacterial metabolism, like short-chain fatty acids. We provide a comprehensive review of current literature on the relation between dysbiosis, altered inflammatory cytokines profile and microglia in preclinical models of AD, T2DM and models that reproduce both diseases as commonly observed in the clinic. Increased proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, are widely detected. Microbiome analysis shows alterations in Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes phyla, among others. Altered α- and β-diversity is observed in mice depending on genotype, gender and age; therefore, alterations in bacteria taxa highly depend on the models and approaches. We also review the use of pre- and probiotic supplements, that by favoring a healthy microbiome ameliorate AD and T2DM pathologies. Whereas extensive studies have been carried out, further research would be necessary to fully understand the relation between diet, microbiome and inflammation in AD and T2DM.
Convolutional Neural Network-Based Artificial Intelligence for Classification of Protein Localization Patterns
Authors: Liimatainen Kaisa , Huttunen Riku , Latonen Leena , Ruusuvuori Pekka
Published: February 2021

Identifying localization of proteins and their specific subpopulations associated with certain cellular compartments is crucial for understanding protein function and interactions with other macromolecules. Fluorescence microscopy is a powerful method to assess protein localizations, with increasing demand of automated high throughput analysis methods to supplement the technical advancements in high throughput imaging. Here, we study the applicability of deep neural network-based artificial intelligence in classification of protein localization in 13 cellular subcompartments. We use deep learning-based on convolutional neural network and fully convolutional network with similar architectures for the classification task, aiming at achieving accurate classification, but importantly, also comparison of the networks. Our results show that both types of convolutional neural networks perform well in protein localization classification tasks for major cellular organelles. Yet, in this study, the fully convolutional network outperforms the convolutional neural network in classification of images with multiple simultaneous protein localizations. We find that the fully convolutional network, using output visualizing the identified localizations, is a very useful tool for systematic protein localization assessment.
Nitroaromatic Antibiotics as Nitrogen Oxide Sources
Authors: Rice Allison M. , Long Yueming , King S. Bruce
Published: February 2021

Nitroaromatic antibiotics show activity against anaerobic bacteria and parasites, finding use in the treatment of Heliobacter pylori infections, tuberculosis, trichomoniasis, human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Despite this activity and a clear need for the development of new treatments for these conditions, the associated toxicity and lack of clear mechanisms of action have limited their therapeutic development. Nitroaromatic antibiotics require reductive bioactivation for activity and this reductive metabolism can convert the nitro group to nitric oxide (NO) or a related reactive nitrogen species (RNS). As nitric oxide plays important roles in the defensive immune response to bacterial infection through both signaling and redox-mediated pathways, defining controlled NO generation pathways from these antibiotics would allow the design of new therapeutics. This review focuses on the release of nitrogen oxide species from various nitroaromatic antibiotics to portend the increased ability for these compounds to positively impact infectious disease treatment.
Curcumin as Scaffold for Drug Discovery against Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Lo Cascio Filippa , Marzullo Paola , Kayed Rakez , Palumbo Piccionello Antonio
Published: February 2021

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are one of major public health problems and their impact is continuously growing. Curcumin has been proposed for the treatment of several of these pathologies, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) due to the ability of this molecule to reduce inflammation and aggregation of involved proteins. Nevertheless, the poor metabolic stability and bioavailability of curcumin reduce the possibilities of its practical use. For these reasons, many curcumin derivatives were synthetized in order to overcome some limitations. In this review will be highlighted recent results on modification of curcumin scaffold in the search of new effective therapeutic agents against NDs, with particular emphasis on AD.
Efficacy and Safety of 10 kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis of Real-World Retrospective Studies
Authors: Baranidharan Ganesan , Edgar Deborah , Bretherton Beatrice , Crowther Tracey , Lalkhen Abdul-Ghaaliq , Fritz Ann-Katrin , Vajramani Girish
Published: February 2021

10 kHz spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is increasingly utilized globally to treat chronic pain syndromes. Real-world evidence complementing randomized controlled trials supporting its use, has accumulated over the last decade. This systematic review aims to summarize the retrospective literature with reference to the efficacy and safety of 10 kHz SCS. We performed a systematic literature search of PubMed between 1 January 2009 and 21 August 2020 for English-language retrospective studies of ≥3 human subjects implanted with a Senza® 10 kHz SCS system and followed-up for ≥3 months. Two independent reviewers screened titles/abstracts of 327 studies and 46 full-text manuscripts. In total, 16 articles were eligible for inclusion; 15 reported effectiveness outcomes and 11 presented safety outcomes. Follow-up duration ranged from 6–34 months. Mean pain relief was >50% in most studies, regardless of follow-up duration. Responder rates ranged from 67–100% at ≤12 months follow-up, and from 46–76% thereafter. 32–71% of patients decreased opioid or nonopioid analgesia intake. Complication incidence rates were consistent with other published SCS literature. Findings suggest 10 kHz SCS provides safe and durable pain relief in pragmatic populations of chronic pain patients. Furthermore, it may decrease opioid requirements, highlighting the key role 10 kHz SCS can play in the medium-term management of chronic pain.
Imprinted Polymers as Synthetic Receptors in Sensors for Food Safety
Authors: Arreguin-Campos Rocio , Jiménez-Monroy Kathia L. , Diliën Hanne , Cleij Thomas J. , van Grinsven Bart , Eersels Kasper
Published: February 2021

Foodborne illnesses represent high costs worldwide in terms of medical care and productivity. To ensure safety along the food chain, technologies that help to monitor and improve food preservation have emerged in a multidisciplinary context. These technologies focus on the detection and/or removal of either biological (e.g., bacteria, virus, etc.) or chemical (e.g., drugs and pesticides) safety hazards. Imprinted polymers are synthetic receptors able of recognizing both chemical and biological contaminants. While numerous reviews have focused on the use of these robust materials in extraction and separation applications, little bibliography summarizes the research that has been performed on their coupling to sensing platforms for food safety. The aim of this work is therefore to fill this gap and highlight the multidisciplinary aspects involved in the application of imprinting technology in the whole value chain ranging from IP preparation to integrated sensor systems for the specific recognition and quantification of chemical and microbiological contaminants in food samples.
The Carotid Endarterectomy Cadaveric Investigation for Cranial Nerve Injuries: Anatomical Study
Authors: Cevik Orhun Mete , Usseli Murat Imre , Babur Mert , Unal Cansu , Eksi Murat Sakir , Guduk Mustafa , Ovalioglu Talat Cem , Aksoy Mehmet Emin , Pamir M. Necmettin , Bozkurt Baran
Published: February 2021

Cerebral stroke continues to be one of the leading causes of mortality and long-term morbidity; therefore, carotid endarterectomy (CEA) remains to be a popular treatment for both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with carotid stenosis. Cranial nerve injuries remain one of the major contributor to the postoperative morbidities. Anatomical dissections were carried out on 44 sides of 22 cadaveric heads following the classical CEA procedure to investigate the variations of the local anatomy as a contributing factor to cranial nerve injuries. Concurrence of two variations was found to be important in hypoglossal nerve injury: the presence of a direct smaller vein in proximity of the carotid bifurcation, and the intersection of the hypoglossal nerve (HN) with this vein. Based on the sample investigated, this variation was observed significantly higher on the right side. Awareness of possible anatomical variations and early ligation of any small veins can significantly decrease iatrogenic injury risk.
Investigation on Neurobiological Mechanisms of Dreaming in the New Decade
Authors: Scarpelli Serena , Alfonsi Valentina , Gorgoni Maurizio , Giannini Anna Maria , De Gennaro Luigi
Published: February 2021

Dream research has advanced significantly over the last twenty years, thanks to the new applications of neuroimaging and electrophysiological techniques. Many findings pointed out that mental activity during sleep and wakefulness shared similar neural bases. On the other side, recent studies have highlighted that dream experience is promoted by significant brain activation, characterized by reduced low frequencies and increased rapid frequencies. Additionally, several studies confirmed that the posterior parietal area and prefrontal cortex are responsible for dream experience. Further, early results revealed that dreaming might be manipulated by sensory stimulations that would provoke the incorporation of specific cues into the dream scenario. Recently, transcranial stimulation techniques have been applied to modulate the level of consciousness during sleep, supporting previous findings and adding new information about neural correlates of dream recall. Overall, although multiple studies suggest that both the continuity and activation hypotheses provide a growing understanding of neural processes underlying dreaming, several issues are still unsolved. The impact of state-/trait-like variables, the influence of circadian and homeostatic factors, and the examination of parasomnia-like events to access dream contents are all opened issues deserving further deepening in future research.
Virtual Reality for Neurorehabilitation and Cognitive Enhancement
Authors: Georgiev Danko , Georgieva Iva , Gong Zhengya , Nanjappan Vijayakumar , Georgiev Georgi
Published: February 2021

Our access to computer-generated worlds changes the way we feel, how we think, and how we solve problems. In this review, we explore the utility of different types of virtual reality, immersive or non-immersive, for providing controllable, safe environments that enable individual training, neurorehabilitation, or even replacement of lost functions. The neurobiological effects of virtual reality on neuronal plasticity have been shown to result in increased cortical gray matter volumes, higher concentration of electroencephalographic beta-waves, and enhanced cognitive performance. Clinical application of virtual reality is aided by innovative brain–computer interfaces, which allow direct tapping into the electric activity generated by different brain cortical areas for precise voluntary control of connected robotic devices. Virtual reality is also valuable to healthy individuals as a narrative medium for redesigning their individual stories in an integrative process of self-improvement and personal development. Future upgrades of virtual reality-based technologies promise to help humans transcend the limitations of their biological bodies and augment their capacity to mold physical reality to better meet the needs of a globalized world.
Relationship between Cognitive Functions and Sport-Specific Physical Performance in Youth Volleyball Players
Authors: Trecroci Athos , Duca Marco , Cavaggioni Luca , Rossi Alessio , Scurati Raffaele , Longo Stefano , Merati Giampiero , Alberti Giampietro , Formenti Damiano
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between basic cognitive functions and sport-specific physical performance in young volleyball players. Forty-three female volleyball players (age 11.2 ± 0.8 years) were tested for cognitive performance by measuring simple reaction time (clinical reaction time), executive control (Flanker task), and perceptual speed (visual search task). Moreover, a set of tests was used to assess physical abilities as volleyball-specific skills (accuracy of setting, passing, and serving) and motor skills (change of direction, vertical jump, and balance). A cumulated value for both cognitive and sport-specific physical performance tests was computed by adding up each test’s domain outcomes. Pearson’s r correlation analysis showed a large positive correlation (r = 0.45, d-value = 1.01) of the cumulated score summarizing cognitive functions with the cumulated score summarizing sport-specific physical performance. Moreover, small-to-medium correlations (d-value from 0.63 to 0.73) were found between cognitive and motor skills. Given the cumulative scores, these results suggest that volleyball athletes with superior basic cognitive functions present better sport-specific physical performance. Our findings encourage to extend the knowledge of the associations between cognitive and motor skills within a sports performance context.
Biological Pathways Associated with Neuroprogression in Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Wollenhaupt-Aguiar Bianca , Kapczinski Flavio , Pfaffenseller Bianca
Published: February 2021

There is evidence suggesting clinical progression in a subset of patients with bipolar disorder (BD). This progression is associated with worse clinical outcomes and biological changes. Molecular pathways and biological markers of clinical progression have been identified and may explain the progressive changes associated with this disorder. The biological basis for clinical progression in BD is called neuroprogression. We propose that the following intertwined pathways provide the biological basis of neuroprogression: inflammation, oxidative stress, impaired calcium signaling, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired neuroplasticity and cellular resilience. The nonlinear interaction of these pathways may worsen clinical outcomes, cognition, and functioning. Understanding neuroprogression in BD is crucial for identifying novel therapeutic targets, preventing illness progression, and ultimately promoting better outcomes.
Sleep in the Aging Brain
Authors: Gorgoni Maurizio , De Gennaro Luigi
Published: February 2021

We have entered an era of a steep increase in the absolute and relative number of older people. This well-come phenomenon represents a major challenge for health care. However, maturational changes in sleep associated with aging do not easily appear as main factors, even though sleep alterations in the aging process lead to many detrimental consequences. In this editorial paper, we summarize the present knowledge about the main aging-related sleep modifications and their relevance for health problems and cognitive decline. Then, we present the papers published in the Special Issue “Disturbances of Sleep Among Older People”.
Infant Eye Gaze While Viewing Dynamic Faces
Authors: Oakes Lisa M. , DeBolt Michaela C. , Beckner Aaron G. , Voss Annika T. , Cantrell Lisa M.
Published: February 2021

Research using eye tracking methods has revealed that when viewing faces, between 6 to 10 months of age, infants begin to shift visual attention from the eye region to the mouth region. Moreover, this shift varies with stimulus characteristics and infants’ experience with faces and languages. The current study examined the eye movements of a racially diverse sample of 98 infants between 7.5 and 10.5 months of age as they viewed movies of White and Asian American women reciting a nursery rhyme (the auditory component of the movies was replaced with music to eliminate the influence of the speech on infants’ looking behavior). Using an analytic approach inspired by the multiverse analysis approach, several measures from infants’ eye gaze were examined to identify patterns that were robust across different analyses. Although in general infants preferred the lower regions of the faces, i.e., the region containing the mouth, this preference depended on the stimulus characteristics and was stronger for infants whose typical experience included faces of more races and for infants who were exposed to multiple languages. These results show how we can leverage the richness of eye tracking data with infants to add to our understanding of the factors that influence infants’ visual exploration of faces.
Resistance of an Optimized Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete to Projectile Impact
Authors: Mina Anna , Petrou Michael , Trezos Konstantinos
Published: February 2021

The scope of this paper is to investigate the performance of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) concrete slabs, under projectile impact. Mixture performance under impact loading was examined using bullets with 7.62 mm diameter and initial velocity 800 m/s. The UHPFRC, used in this study, consists of a combination of steel fibers of two lengths: 6 mm and 13 mm with the same diameter of 0.16 mm. Six composition mixtures were tested, four UHPFRC, one ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), without steel fibers, and high strength concrete (HSC). Slabs with thicknesses of 15, 30, 50, and 70 mm were produced and subjected to real shotgun fire in the field. Penetration depth, material volume loss, and crater diameter were measured and analyzed. The test results show that the mixture with a combination of 3% 6 mm and 3% of 13 mm length of steel fibers exhibited the best resistance to projectile impact and only the slabs with 15 mm thickness had perforation. Empirical models that predict the depth of penetration were compared with the experimental results. This material can be used as an overlay to buildings or to construct small precast structures.
Danish Dwellings with Cold Attics—Ventilation Rates and Air Exchange between Attic and Dwelling
Authors: Kvist Hansen Tessa
Published: February 2021

Naturally ventilated cold attics are traditional in many Danish single-family homes. The moisture balance of these attics is dependent on sufficient ventilation for removal of excess moisture. Moisture is generated in the dwelling below, and transported to attic spaces through convection and diffusion. Therefore, airtight ceilings are vital for reduction of excess moisture, which may yield mould growth in the attic. If mould spores migrate to the dwelling it can cause risk of health concerns for occupants. The presents study includes analysis of tracer gas and temperature/relative humidity measurements, in 30 dwellings/attics. The measurements yielded results of both air change rates in attics and dwellings, as well as air exchange between the two zones. Four of 30 houses, met the recommended air change rate of 0.5 h−1, and only in summer. The air change rate in the attics was found to be higher, and with larger variation compared to the dwelling. Visible mould growth was found in three attics, which all exhibited low air change rates. Air exchange between zones occurred in houses both with and without vapour barriers. The downward air exchange in summer, was however slightly larger in cases without vapour barriers. These results highlight the importance of airtight ceilings for both dwelling and attic performance.
A Comparative Study of Aromatization Catalysts: The Advantage of Hybrid Oxy/Carbides and Platinum-Catalysts Based on Carbon Gels
Authors: Pastrana-Martínez Luisa M. , Morales-Torres Sergio , Maldonado-Hódar Francisco J.
Published: February 2021

This manuscript is focused on the relationship between sol-gel synthesis processes and the development of new active phases with fitted morphology, porosity and surface chemistry. The influence of the above parameters on the catalytic performance of the prepared materials for the aromatization of n-hexane to benzene is also evaluated. Different series of catalysts were prepared, either using noble metals (i.e., Pt) or metal oxides (i.e., Mo, W), as active phases. In both cases, the catalytic performance and stability of classical aromatization catalysts was significantly improved. Interesting one-pot carboreduction process of the metal oxide during carbonization is suggested as a real alternative for the preparation of high-performance aromatization catalysts, leading to the formation of less acidic and non-stoichiometric oxides and carbides.