bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of nifH‐RNA reveals phylotypes related to Geobacter and Cyanobacteria as important functional components of the N2‐fixing community depending on depth and agricultural use of soil
Authors: Calderoli Priscila A. , Collavino Mónica M. , Behrends Kraemer Filipe , Morrás Héctor J. M. , Aguilar O. Mario
Published: August 2017

In this survey, a total of 80 787 reads and 28 171 unique NifH protein sequences were retrieved from soil RNA. This dataset extends our knowledge about the structure and diversity of the functional diazotrophic communities in agricultural soils from Argentinean Pampas. Operational taxonomic unit (OTU)‐based analyses showed that nifH phylotypes related to Geobacter and Anaeromyxobacter (44.8%), Rhizobiales (29%), Cyanobacteria (16.7%), and Verrucomicrobiales (8%) are key microbial components of N2 fixation in soils associated with no‐till management and soil depth. In addition, quantification of nifH gene copies related to Geobacter and Cyanobacteria revealed that these groups are abundant in soils under maize–soybean rotation and soybean monoculture, respectively. The correlation of physicochemical soil parameters with the diazotrophic diversity and composition showed that soil stability and organic carbon might contribute to the functional signatures of particular nifH phylotypes in fields under no‐till management. Because crop production relies on soil‐borne microorganism's activities, such as free N2 fixation, the information provided by our study on the diazotrophic population dynamics, associated with the edaphic properties and land‐use practices, represents a major contribution to gain insight into soil biology, in which functionally active components are identified.
Similarity of Involuntary Postures between Different Children with Dystonia
Authors: Sanger Terence D. , Ferman Diana
Published: August 2017

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Background

Abnormal involuntary postures are characteristic of dystonia, but the specific postures observed clinically have not previously been categorized or enumerated. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a set of specific postures that are common between different children with dystonia.

Methods

Videotapes were examined from all children who were seen in a pediatric movement disorders clinic over a 4‐year period and had a diagnosis of nonpsychogenic dystonia. In total, 179 children were included in the video review.

Results

Visually similar postures were identified in 152 different children. Seven different common postures were identified. All 152 children exhibited at least 1 of these postures, and most had more than 1.

Conclusions

Involuntary postures in childhood dystonia exhibit unexpected similarities despite a wide range of underlying etiology, severity, and developmental experience. This is consistent with the hypothesis that childhood dystonia is a symptom that reflects a shared pathway of expression for multiple anatomic and functional abnormalities.
Harnessing CXCR4 antagonists in stem cell mobilization, HIV infection, ischemic diseases, and oncology
Authors: Tsou Lun Kelvin , Huang Ying‐Huey , Song Jen‐Shin , Ke Yi‐Yu , Huang Jing‐Kai , Shia Kak‐Shan
Published: August 2017

CXCR4 antagonists (e.g., PlerixaforTM) have been successfully validated as stem cell mobilizers for peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Applications of the CXCR4 antagonists have heralded the era of cell‐based therapy and opened a potential therapeutic horizon for many unmet medical needs such as kidney injury, ischemic stroke, cancer, and myocardial infarction. In this review, we first introduce the central role of CXCR4 in diverse cellular signaling pathways and discuss its involvement in several disease progressions. We then highlight the molecular design and optimization strategies for targeting CXCR4 from a large number of case studies, concluding that polyamines are the preferred CXCR4‐binding ligands compared to other structural options, presumably by mimicking the highly positively charged natural ligand CXCL12. These results could be further justified with computer‐aided docking into the CXCR4 crystal structure wherein both major and minor subpockets of the binding cavity are considered functionally important. Finally, from the clinical point of view, CXCR4 antagonists could mobilize hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells with long‐term repopulating capacity to the peripheral blood, promising to replace surgically obtained bone marrow cells as a preferred source for stem cell transplantation.
Radiological anatomy of the perforators of the gluteal region: The “radiosome” based anatomy
Authors: Vigato Enrico , De Antoni Eleonora , Tiengo Cesare , Porzionato Andrea , Tortorella Cinzia , Governa Maurizio , Macchi Veronica , De Caro Raffaele
Published: August 2017

Background

The superior (SGA) and the inferior gluteal artery (IGA) perforator flaps are widely used in pressure‐sore repair and in breast reconstruction. The aim was to exhaustively depict the topographical anatomy of the whole system of perforators in the buttock.

Methods

Eighty lower‐extremity computed tomographic angiography (CTA) of patients (20 males/20 females, mean age 61‐years old, range 38‐81) were considered. The source artery, location, type, and caliber of gluteal perforators were analyzed. The location of perforators was reproduced using a standardized two‐dimensional grid on the coronal plane, centered onto defined bone landmarks. We defined “radiosome” the cutaneous vascular territory of a source artery inferred through the representation of its whole perforator system at the exit point through the deep fascia.

Results

A mean number of 25.6 ± 5.7 perforators in the gluteal region was observed, distributed as follows: 11.6 ± 4.8(45.2%) from SGA; 7.9 ± 4.5(30.8%) from IGA; 1.5 ± 0.8(5.8%) from fifth lumbar artery; 1.2 ± 0.8(4.7%) from internal pudendal artery; 1.2 ± 1(4.8%) from lateral circumflex femoral artery; 0.3 ± 0.7(1.2%) from circumflex iliac superficial artery. At least one large (internal diameter > 1 mm) SGA septocutaneous perforator was present in 77.5% of patients.

Conclusions

The gluteal region is vascularized by perforators of multiple source arteries. Septocutaneous perforators of SGA and IGA were planned along a curve drawn from the posterior‐superior border of the iliac crest to the greater trochanter. The lumbar artery perforators are clustered over the apex of the iliac crest; the internal pudendal artery perforators are clustered medially to the ischiatic tuberosity. Contributions can also come from the sacral and superficial circumflex iliac arteries.
A regularized trace formula and oscillation of eigenfunctions of a Sturm‐Liouville operator with retarded argument at 2 points of discontinuity
Authors: Şen Erdoğan
Published: August 2017

In this study, first, a formula for regularized sums of eigenvalues of a Sturm‐Liouville problem with retarded argument at 2 points of discontinuity which contains a spectral parameter in the boundary conditions is obtained. After that, oscillation properties of the related problem is investigated. Finally, under the condition that a subset of nodal points is dense in definition set, the potential function is determined.
A study of nonlinear elliptic problems involving supercritical and exponential growth in RN
Authors: Zhao Lin , Yan Xingjie
Published: August 2017

In this paper, we consider the multiplicity of solutions of the p‐Laplacian problems involving supercritical Sobolev growth and exponential growth in
via Ricceri principle. By means of the truncation combining with Moser iteration, we can extend the result about the subcritical growth to the supercritical and exponential growth.
Extragradient methods for differential variational inequality problems and linear complementarity systems
Authors: Fatemi S. Z. , Shamsi M. , Bozorgnia Farid
Published: August 2017

In this paper, 2 extragradient methods for solving differential variational inequality (DVI) problems are presented, and the convergence conditions are derived. It is shown that the presented extragradient methods have weaker convergence conditions in comparison with the basic fixed‐point algorithm for solving DVIs. Then the linear complementarity systems, as an important and practical special case of DVIs, are considered, and the convergence conditions of the presented extragradient methods are adapted for them. In addition, an upper bound for the Lipschitz constant of linear complementarity systems is introduced. This upper bound can be used for adjusting the parameters of the extragradient methods, to accelerate the convergence speed. Finally, 4 illustrative examples are considered to support the theoretical results.
Technical Note: Construction of heterogeneous head phantom for quality control in stereotactic radiosurgery
Authors: Najafi Mohsen , Teimouri Javad , Shirazi Alireza , Geraily Ghazale , Esfahani Mahbod , Shafaei Mostafa
Published: August 2017

Purpose

Stereotactic radiosurgery is a high precision modality for conformally delivering high doses of radiation to the brain lesion with a large dose volume. Several studies for the quality control of this technique were performed to measure the dose delivered to the target with a homogenous head phantom and some dosimeters. Some studies were also performed with one or two instances of heterogeneity in the head phantom to measure the dose delivered to the target. But these studies assumed the head as a sphere and simple shape heterogeneity. The construction of an adult human head phantom with the same size, shape, and real inhomogeneity as an adult human head is needed. Only then is measuring the accurate dose delivered to the area of interest and comparison with the calculated dose possible.

Methods

According to the ICRU Report 44, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and methyl methacrylate were selected as a bone and soft tissue, respectively. A set of computed tomography (CT) scans from a standard human head were taken, and simplification of the CT images was used to design the layers of the phantom. The parts of each slice were cut and attached together. Tests of density and CT number were done to compare the material of the phantom with tissues of the head. The dose delivered to the target was measured with an EBT3 film.

Results

The density of the PTFE and Plexiglas that were inserted in the phantom are in good agreement with bone and soft tissue. Also, the CT numbers of these materials have a low difference. The dose distribution from the EBT3 film and the treatment planning system is similar.

Conclusions

The constructed phantom with a size and inhomogeneity like an adult human head is suitable to measure the dose delivered to the area of interest. It also helps make an accurate comparison with the calculated dose by the treatment planning system. By using this phantom, the actual dose delivered to the target was obtained. This anthropomorphic head phantom can be used in other modalities of radiosurgery as well.
Predictors of sexual function in women with stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Grzybowska Magdalena E. , Wydra Dariusz
Published: August 2017

Aims

To assess female sexual function (SF) in different grades of urodynamic stress urinary incontinence (SUI), with/without pelvic organ prolapse (POP); to investigate associations between clinical data and pelvic organ prolapse/urinary incontinence sexual questionnaire (PISQ) scores.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted in sexually active women (130 with SUI and 126 controls). Stamey score and POP quantification (POP‐Q) were used. Urogynecological examinations were performed; all participants completed PISQ. Multivariable linear regression was used to identify negative SF predictors.

Results

SF was lower in the study group (P < 0.001), in moderate (P < 0.001), and severe SUI (P  < 0.02) versus controls, in each particular domain and total PISQ‐score (total score: 83.8 ± 14.8, 80.8 ± 14.5, 84.5 ± 11.1 vs 95.7 ± 10.3, respectively). Women with mild SUI had better SF in physical and partner‐related domains compared to moderate SUI (33.6 ± 6.1 vs 30.7 ± 6.4, P < 0.02; 18.8 ± 2.9 vs 17.3 ± 3.3, P = 0.02, respectively). Age correlated with PISQ‐scores in behavioral/emotive (r = −0.24, P = 0.006), and partner‐related domains (r = −0.28, P = 0.002), and total PISQ‐score (r = −0.2, P = 0.02); menopausal status with partner‐related domain (r = −0.32, P = 0.000) and total PISQ‐score (r = −0.19, P = 0.029); menopause duration with physical domain (r = 0.17, P = 0.045); SUI stage only with PISQ scores in physical domain (r = −0.22, P = 0.014). No correlations were found between BMI, parity, number of vaginal deliveries, POP‐Q stages, with PISQ results. Age in the SUI group and controls (β = −0.18, P < 0.05) and BMI in controls (β = −0.26, P < 0.01) were independent predictors of impaired SF.

Conclusions

Different SF predictors were found in SUI women and controls. Impaired SF was confirmed in SUI women compared to controls, with more severe SUI corresponding to lower SF.
Folate deficiency in north Indian children undergoing maintenance chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia—Implications and outcome
Authors: Roy Moulik Nirmalya , Kumar Archana , Agrawal Suraksha , Mahdi Abbas Ali
Published: August 2017

Background

Treatment‐related toxicity and mortality are not uncommon during maintenance chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), especially in the low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC). Undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are commonly seen in children from LMICs undergoing treatment for ALL. The present study examines the prevalence and clinical implications of folate deficiency in north Indian children with ALL during the maintenance phase of treatment in view of prolonged antifolate treatment and high population prevalence of folate deficiency.

Procedures

Pre‐cycle folate levels/deficiency as well as weight for age z‐score and serum albumin level were determined and correlated with complications of treatment and mortality encountered during the maintenance phase of treatment.

Results

Twenty‐nine of 52 children enrolled in the study had folate deficiency at some point during maintenance chemotherapy. Neutropenia (18 of 29 vs. 4 of 23; P = 0.002), thrombocytopenia (17 of 29 vs. 4 of 23; P = 0.005), febrile neutropenia (17 of 29 vs. 4 of 23; P = 0.005), and need for chemotherapy dose reduction (20 of 29 vs. 7 of 21; P = 0.01) were more common in folate‐deficient children. Maintenance deaths were higher (8 of 29 vs. 1 of 23; P = 0.03) and survival lower (P = 0.02) in deficient children. In multivariate analysis, hypoalbuminemia (P = 0.02) and folate deficiency (P = 0.01) were associated with febrile neutropenia, and folate deficiency with maintenance deaths (P = 0.03).

Conclusions

Folate deficiency was associated with treatment‐related complications and adverse outcome in our patients. The risks and benefits of folate supplementation in deficient children during maintenance chemotherapy need to be explored with properly designed randomized studies in similar settings.
High birth prevalence of sickle cell disease in Northwestern Tanzania
Authors: Ambrose Emmanuela E. , Makani Julie , Chami Neema , Masoza Tulla , Kabyemera Rogatus , Peck Robert N. , Kamugisha Erasmus , Manjurano Alphaxard , Kayange Neema , Smart Luke R.
Published: August 2017

Background

Worldwide, hemoglobinopathies affect millions of children. Identification of hemoglobin disorders in most sub‐Saharan African countries is delayed until clinical signs of the disease are present. Limited studies have been conducted to understand their prevalence and clinical presentation among newborns in resource‐limited settings.

Methodology

This was a prospective cohort study. Newborns (aged 0–7 days) at two hospitals in Northwestern Tanzania were enrolled and followed prospectively for 6 months. Clinical and laboratory information were collected at baseline. Participants were screened for hemoglobinopathies using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Clinical and laboratory follow‐up was performed at 3 and 6 months for those with hemoglobinopathies as well as a comparison group of participants without hemoglobinopathies.

Results

A total of 919 newborns were enrolled. Among these, 1.4% (13/919) had sickle cell anemia or Hb S/β0‐thalassemia (Hb FS), and 19.7% (181/919) had sickle cell trait or Hb S/β+ thalassemia (Hb FAS). Furthermore, 0.2% (two of 919) had β+‐thalassemia. Red cell indices compared between Hb FS, Hb FAS, and Hb FA were similar at baseline, but hemoglobin was lower and red cell distribution width was higher in children with Hb FS at 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up. Febrile episodes were more common for children with Hb FS at 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up.

Conclusion

The prevalence of sickle cell disease among neonates born in Northwestern Tanzania is one of the highest in the world. Newborn screening is needed early in life to identify neonates with hemoglobinopathies so that clinical management may commence and morbidity and mortality related to hemoglobinopathies be reduced.
Methanol Extracts of 28 Hieracium Species from the Balkan Peninsula – Comparative LC–MS Analysis, Chemosystematic Evaluation of their Flavonoid and Phenolic Acid Profiles and Antioxidant Potentials
Authors: Milutinović Violeta , Niketić Marjan , Ušjak Ljuboš , Nikolić Dejan , Krunić Aleksej , Zidorn Christian , Petrović Silvana
Published: August 2017

Introduction

Hieracium s. str. represents one of the largest and most complex genera of flowering plants. As molecular genetics seems unlikely to disentangle intricate relationships within this reticulate species complex, analysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids, known as good chemosystematic markers, promise to be more reliable. Data about pharmacological activity of Hieracium species are scarce.

Objective

Evaluation of the chemosystematic significance of flavonoids and phenolic acids of methanol extracts of aerial flowering parts of 28 Hieracium species from the Balkans. Additionally, investigation of antioxidant potentials of the extracts.

Methods

Comparative qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids was performed by LC–MS. Multivariate statistical data analysis included non‐metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS), unweighted pair‐group arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Antioxidant activity was evaluated using three colorimetric tests.

Results

Dominant phenolics in almost all species were luteolin type flavonoids, followed by phenolic acids. Although the investigated Hieracium species share many compounds, the current classification of the genus was supported by nMDS and UPGMA analyses with a good resolution to the group level. Hieracium naegelianum was clearly separated from the other investigated species. Spatial and ecological distances of the samples were likely to influence unexpected differentiation of some groups within H. sect. Pannosa. The vast majority of dominant compounds significantly contributed to differences between taxa. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was satisfactory and in accordance with their phenolics composition.

Conclusions

Comparative LC–MS analysis demonstrated that flavonoids and phenolic acids are good indicators of chemosystematic relationships within Hieracium, particularly between non‐hybrid species and groups from the same location. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical behavior of N‐oxyphthalimides: Cascades initiating self‐sustaining catalytic reductive N―O bond cleavage
Authors: Syroeshkin Mikhail A. , Krylov Igor B. , Hughes Audrey M. , Alabugin Igor V. , Nasybullina Darya V. , Sharipov Mikhail Yu. , Gultyai Vadim P. , Terent'ev Alexander O.
Published: August 2017

N‐oxyphthalimides are stable and easily accessible compounds that can produce oxygen radicals upon 1‐electron reduction. We present a systematic study of electrochemical properties of N‐oxyphthalimide derivatives (PI‐ORs) in DMF by cyclic voltammetry. In all cases, electron transfer to the substrate leads to decomposition of the intermediate radical anion via the N―O bond cleavage. In the case of benzyloxyphthalimide or its derivatives containing electron‐donating substituents, reductive electron transfer induces the chain decomposition of the substrate to phthalimide (PI) radical‐anion and the corresponding carbonyl compound. The PI radical‐anion product is a powerful reductant that can transfer an electron to the reactant PI‐OR, thus establishing a catalytic cycle for reductive N―O scission. This self‐catalytic process is reflected in a considerable decrease in the reduction current for the substrate (<1e‐/molecule). By contrast, reductive fragmentations of benzyl derivatives containing electron‐withdrawing substituents in the aromatic ring or at the benzylic position, as well as tosyl and alkyl derivatives, occur via a 1‐electron mechanism. A sequence of N―O and C―C scissions was engineered to support the intermediacy of O‐centered radicals in these processes.
Molecular weight control of polyethylene waxes using a constrained imino‐cyclopenta[b]pyridyl‐nickel catalyst
Authors: Wang Zheng , Zhang Youfu , Ma Yanping , Hu Xinquan , Solan Gregory A. , Sun Yang , Sun Wen‐Hua
Published: August 2017

Five examples of nickel(II) bromide complexes bearing N,N‐imino‐cyclopenta[b]pyridines, [7‐(ArN)‐6,6‐Me2C8H5N]NiBr2 (Ar = 2,6‐Me2C6H3 (Ni1), 2,6‐Et2C6H3 (Ni2), 2,6‐i‐Pr2C6H3 (Ni3), 2,4,6‐Me3C6H2 (Ni4), 2,6‐Et2‐4‐MeC6H2 (Ni5)), have been prepared by the reaction of the corresponding ligand, L1–L5, with NiBr2(DME) (DME = 1,2‐dimethoxyethane). On crystallization from bench dichloromethane, Ni1 underwent adventitious reaction with water to give the aqua salt, [L1NiBr(OH2)3][Br] (Ni1'). The molecular structures of Ni1' and Ni3 have been structurally characterized, the latter revealing a bromide‐bridged dimer. On activation with either MMAO or Et2AlCl, Ni1, Ni2, Ni4, and Ni5, all exhibited high activities for ethylene polymerization (up to 3.88 × 106 g(PE) mol−1(Ni) h−1); the most sterically bulky Ni3 gave only low activity. Polyethylene waxes are a feature of the materials obtained which typically display low molecular weights (Mws), narrow Mw distributions and unsaturated vinyl and vinylene functionalities. Notably, the catalyst comprising Ni1/Et2AlCl produced polyethylene with the lowest Mw, 0.67 kg mol−1, which is less than any previously reported data for any class of cycloalkyl‐fused pyridine–nickel catalyst. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 3494–3505
The psychological impact of prostate biopsy: Prevalence and predictors of procedure‐related distress
Authors: Sharp Linda , Morgan Eileen , Drummond Frances J. , Gavin Anna
Published: August 2017

Objective

Many men undergo prostate biopsies each year. Most data on consequences of prostate biopsy for men pertain to physical after‐effects and/or come from clinical trial populations. We quantified prevalence of, and identified factors associated with, procedure‐related distress in men having prostate biopsies in routine clinical practice.

Methods

Men who had undergone prostate biopsy for follow‐up of a raised prostate specific antigen test result and/or abnormal digital rectal examination in 6 centres in Ireland completed questionnaires. Biopsy‐related psychological distress was measured using the Impact of Event Scale. An Impact of Event Scale score ≥ 9 was considered significant biopsy‐related distress. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of significant distress.

Results

Three hundred thirty‐five men completed questionnaires. Overall, 49% had significant biopsy‐related distress; this was higher in men whose biopsy result indicated cancer (59%) and those who did not have a definitive result (54%) than those with a negative result (35%; P < .001). In multivariable analyses, the odds of significant distress were 3 times higher in men with cancer (OR = 3.33, 95% CI, 1.83‐6.04) and more than twice as high in men without a definitive result (OR = 2.61, 95% CI, 1.43‐4.78) compared to men with a negative result. Men with intermediate (OR = 3.19, 95% CI, 1.85‐5.53) or high (OR = 7.10, 95% CI, 3.45‐14.57) health anxiety (propensity to worry about one's health) also had significantly increased odds of biopsy‐related distress.

Conclusions

Significant distress is common after prostatic biopsy. Some men, including those who are highly health anxious and those awaiting definitive results, may benefit from additional support around the time of and/or following prostate biopsy.
Computational modeling of strained alkenes: Choosing the right computational model
Authors: Kekišev Ott , Burk Peeter , Järv Jaak
Published: August 2017

The applicability of 12 different quantum chemical calculation methods, including density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio methods, for describing strained alkenes and modeling their gas‐phase basicities (GB), hydrogenation enthalpies, and double bond geometries was studied for a series of systematically defined compounds R1R2C = CR3R4. The calculated values were compared to experimental data that had been compiled from literature for several compounds within the series. The closest relationship between the computational results and experimental data occurred with the G2MP2 ab initio method. The best DFT method for GB values was M062X and for hydrogenation enthalpies PBEPBE. At the same time, the relative effects of compound structure variations on the calculated values were similar among all 12 of the calculation methods tested. The double bond length was relatively insensitive to the sizes of the R substituents in R1R2C = CR3R4, but the torsion angles changed significantly in response to structural changes to the compounds when none of the groups R1–R4 was hydrogen.
Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water Using Superwetting Materials
Authors: Li Lingxiao , Zhang Junping , Wang Aiqin
Published: August 2017

The frequent occurrence of water pollution accidents and the leakage of organic pollutants have caused severe environmental and ecological crisis. It is thus highly imperative to find efficient materials to solve the problem. Inspired by the lotus leaf, superwetting materials are receiving increasing attention in the field of removal of organic pollutants from water. Various superwetting materials have been successfully generated and integrated into devices for removal of organic pollutants from water. On the basis of our previous work in the field, we summarized in this account the progress of removal of (1) floating and underwater insoluble, (2) emulsified insoluble, and (3) both insoluble and soluble organic pollutants from water using superwetting materials including superhydrophobic & superoleophilic materials, superhydrophilic & underwater superoleophobic materials, and materials with controllable wettability. The superwetting materials are in the forms of 2D porous materials, 3D porous materials and particles, etc. Finally, the current state and future challenges in this field are discussed. We hope this account could shed light on the design of novel superwetting materials for efficient removal of organic pollutants from water.
What the Common Core State Standards Do Not Tell You About Connecting Texts
Authors: Ciecierski Lisa M.
Published: August 2017

The Common Core State Standards bring the importance of connecting texts to the forefront by sharing that students must be able to “analyze how two or more texts address similar themes or topics in order to build knowledge or to compare the approaches authors take” (National Governors Association Center for Best Practices & Council of Chief State School Officers, , p. 10). However, this is not all that is important for teachers to know and think about. This article shares three points to consider when thinking about meeting this standard. These points were concluded after an 18‐week inquiry with elementary school students and are shared by first stating what each point is and then discussing why it might matter. Potentials for curriculum and instruction and final thoughts are presented as a conclusion.
A C2 Fragment as Four‐Electron σ Donor
Authors: Petz Wolfgang , Andrada Diego M. , Hermann Markus , Frenking Gernot , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: August 2017

The formation and X‐ray structure analysis of the PtIV complex [(CH2C{PPh2C6H4}2)PtI2] is reported. The molecule possesses the orthometalated ligand (PPh3)2C→CH2, which serves via its C2 fragment as an unprecedented four‐electron σ donor.
Protonation of Malononitrile in Superacidic Solutions
Authors: Schickinger Manuel , Morgenstern Yvonne , Stierstorfer Karin , Kornath Andreas
Published: August 2017

Malononitrile reacts in superacidic solutions HF/MF5 (M = As, Sb) with formation of the corresponding salts [H2C(CNX)2][MF6]2 (M = As, Sb; X = H, D). The occurrence of double protonation is strongly dependent on the stoichiometric ratio of the Lewis acid with regard to malononitrile. Deuterated species were obtained by replacing hydrogen fluoride with deuterium fluoride. The double protonated salts were characterized by vibrational spectroscopy and in the case of [H2C(CNH)2][AsF6]2·HF (3) by a single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis. The salt crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with four formula units per unit cell. The vibrational spectra were compared to quantum chemical calculations of the free cation [(CN)H2C(CNH)]+.
Evolution of copper arsenate resistance for enhanced enargite bioleaching using the extreme thermoacidophile Metallosphaera sedula
Authors: Ai Chenbing , McCarthy Samuel , Liang Yuting , Rudrappa Deepak , Qiu Guanzhou , Blum Paul
Published: August 2017

Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) was employed to isolate arsenate and copper cross-resistant strains, from the copper-resistant M. sedula CuR1. The evolved strains, M. sedula ARS50-1 and M. sedula ARS50-2, contained 12 and 13 additional mutations, respectively, relative to M. sedula CuR1. Bioleaching capacity of a defined consortium (consisting of a naturally occurring strain and a genetically engineered copper sensitive strain) was increased by introduction of M. sedula ARS50-2, with 5.31 and 26.29% more copper recovered from enargite at a pulp density (PD) of 1 and 3% (w/v), respectively. M. sedula ARS50-2 arose as the predominant species and modulated the proportions of the other two strains after it had been introduced. Collectively, the higher Cu2+ resistance trait of M. sedula ARS50-2 resulted in a modulated microbial community structure, and consolidating enargite bioleaching especially at elevated PD.
Forced Marriage and Birth Outcomes
Authors: Becker Charles M. , Mirkasimov Bakhrom , Steiner Susan
Published: August 2017

We study the impact of marriages resulting from bride kidnapping on infant birth weight. Bride kidnapping—a form of forced marriage—implies that women are abducted by men and have little choice other than to marry their kidnappers. Given this lack of choice over the spouse, we expect adverse consequences for women in such marriages. Remarkable survey data from the Central Asian nation of Kyrgyzstan enable exploration of differential birth outcomes for women in kidnap-based and other types of marriage using both OLS and IV estimation. We find that children born to mothers in kidnap-based marriages have lower birth weight compared with children born to other mothers. The largest difference is between kidnap-based and arranged marriages: the magnitude of the birth weight loss is in the range of 2 % to 6 % of average birth weight. Our finding is one of the first statistically sound estimates of the impact of forced marriage and implies not only adverse consequences for the women involved but potentially also for their children.
Cannabis use in early adolescence is associated with higher negative schizotypy in females
Authors: Albertella L. , Le Pelley M.E. , Copeland J.
Published: August 2017

The current study examined the relationship between early onset cannabis use (before age 16) and different schizotypy dimensions, and whether gender moderates these associations. Participants were 162 cannabis users, aged 15–24 years, who completed an online assessment examining alcohol and other drug use, psychological distress, and schizotypy. Participants were divided according to whether or not they had started using cannabis before the age of 16 (early onset = 47; later onset = 115) and gender (males = 66; females = 96). The interaction between gender and onset group was significantly associated with the dimension of introvertive anhedonia. Follow-up analyses showed that early onset cannabis use was associated with higher levels of introvertive anhedonia in females only. The current findings suggest that gender is an important moderator in the association between early onset cannabis use, schizotypy, and possibly, psychosis risk.
How much do online consumers really value free product returns? Evidence from eBay
Authors: Shang Guangzhi , Pekgün Pelin , Ferguson Mark , Galbreth Michael
Published: August 2017

Consumer return rates have been steadily rising in recent years, resulting in growing costs for retailers who must manage the returns process and the disposition of returned products. This cost pressure is driven in part by extremely generous return policies, such as giving consumers a full refund upon return. Interestingly, this common retail practice of full refunds is inconsistent with the recommendations of many analytical models of returns, which nearly always show that a partial refund is optimal. Such inconsistencies between theory and practice might arise when the decision drivers included in the analytical models do not match the decision drivers in practice. It might also be the case that retailers are overly optimistic about the value that consumers assign to a full refund, and thus assume that the value of such a policy outweighs its costs. In this paper, we use data collected from eBay, where identical products are sold with different return policies, to investigate these open questions in the literature. We analyze both the return policy drivers from the retailer's perspective and the return policy value from the consumer's perspective. Our results suggest that the value of a full refund policy to consumers may not be as large as one might expect, and it also exhibits a large heterogeneity across buyers with different levels of online purchase experience. In addition, we provide empirical evidence for what has long been suspected by online retailers – that a non‐refundable forward shipping charge quickly erodes any value that consumers assign to return policies. The generality of our results is limited by the fact that eBay differs from traditional retail contexts in many respects, including the fact that eBay buyers may not be representative of the general buyer population. However, our study of how eBay consumers value free returns provides new insights into an understudied area, and it can serve as a starting point for future studies of the value of return policies in other retail contexts.
The Power of the Space Club
Authors: Paikowsky Deganit
Published: August 2017

Why do nation states choose to develop national space programs? How can they justify national efforts to acquire capabilities by arguing for membership of the space club? This book provides a unique perspective of the past, current and future of space exploration and technological development in world politics. A country that sees itself as a power deserving of a seat at the table of world governance is expected to race for space. Based on a rich and detailed analysis of a range of space programs of states which are not usually at the focus of world politics and its research, the author shows that joining the space club is a legitimate and rational decision. The book provides a different way of looking at international relations, through a relatively under-studied area of policy - the space club.
Emergency Response of Iranian Hospitals Against Disasters: A Practical Framework for Improvement
Authors: Janati Ali , Sadeghi-bazargani Homayoun , Hasanpoor Edris , Sokhanvar Mobin , HaghGoshyie Elaheh , Salehi Abdollah
Published: August 2017

Objective

Hospital emergency management is a continuous process that requires monolithic integration of planning and response attempts with local and national schemes. The aim of the current study is to evaluate emergency response by hospitals against potential disasters in Tabriz, north-west Iran.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Tabriz, in Iran, in 2016. The study population included all hospitals in Tabriz. A total of 18 hospitals were assessed. The hospital emergency response checklist was used to collect data. Tool components included command and control, communication, safety and security, triage, surge capacity, continuity of essential services, human resources, logistics and supply management, and post-disaster recovery. Data entry and analysis were carried out using SPSS software (version 20).

Results

The results showed that the emergency response rate of hospitals was 54.26% in Tabriz. The lowest response rates were for Shafaa hospital (18.89%) and the highest response rates were for Razi Hospital (91.67%). The components of hospital emergency response were assessed to be between 48.07% (surge capacity) and 58.95% (communication).

Conclusion

On the basis of the World Health Organization checklist, the emergency response rate for hospitals in Tabriz was only 54.26%. Therefore, hospital emergency responses against disasters have to be improved and must be made to reach 100%. It is essential to design a comprehensive framework for hospital emergency response. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:166–171)
Two- and three-dimensional wake transitions of an impulsively started uniformly rolling circular cylinder
Authors: Houdroge F. Y. , Leweke T. , Hourigan K. , Thompson M. C.
Published: August 2017

This paper presents the characteristics of the different stages in the evolution of the wake of a circular cylinder rolling without slipping along a wall at constant speed, acquired through numerical stability analysis and two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations. Reynolds numbers between 30 and 300 are considered. Of importance in this study is the transition to three-dimensionality from the underlying two-dimensional periodic flow and, in particular, the way that the associated transitions influence the fluid forces exerted on the cylinder and the development and the structure of the wake. It is found that the steady two-dimensional flow becomes unstable to three-dimensional perturbations at $Re_{c,3D}=37$, and that the transition to unsteady two-dimensional flow – or periodic vortex shedding – occurs at $Re_{c,2D}=88$, thus validating and refining the results of Stewart et al. (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 648, 2010, pp. 225–256). The main focus here is on Reynolds numbers beyond the transition to unsteady flow at $Re_{c,2D}=88$. From impulsive start up, the wake almost immediately undergoes transition to a periodic two-dimensional wake state, which, in turn, is three-dimensionally unstable. Thus, the previous three-dimensional stability analysis based on the two-dimensional steady flow provides only an element of the full story. Floquet analysis based on the periodic two-dimensional flow was undertaken and new three-dimensional instability modes were revealed. The results suggest that an impulsively started cylinder rolling along a surface at constant velocity for $Re\gtrsim 90$ will result in the rapid development of a periodic two-dimensional wake that will be maintained for a considerable time prior to the wake undergoing three-dimensional transition. Of interest, the mean lift and drag coefficients obtained from full three-dimensional simulations match predictions from two-dimensional simulations to within a few per cent.
The excitation of Görtler vortices by free stream coherent structures
Authors: Dempsey L. J. , Hall P. , Deguchi K.
Published: August 2017

The effect of free stream coherent structures in the asymptotic suction boundary layer on the initiation of Görtler vortices is considered from both the ‘imperfect’ bifurcation and receptivity viewpoints. Firstly a weakly nonlinear and a full numerical approach are used to describe Görtler vortices in the asymptotic suction boundary layer in the absence of forcing from the free stream. It is found that interactions between different spanwise harmonics occur and lead to multiple secondary bifurcations in the fully nonlinear regime. Furthermore it is shown that centrifugal instabilities of the asymptotic suction boundary layer behave quite differently than their counterparts in either fully developed flows such as Couette flow or growing boundary layers. A significant result is that the most dangerous disturbance is found to bifurcate subcritically from the unperturbed state. Within the weakly nonlinear regime the receptivity of Görtler vortices to the free stream exact coherent structures discovered by Deguchi & Hall (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 752, 2014, pp. 602–625; J. Fluid Mech., vol. 778, 2015, pp. 451–484) is considered. The presence of free stream structures results in a resonant excitation of Görtler vortices in the main boundary layer. This leads to imperfect bifurcations reminiscent of those found by Daniels (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 358, 1977, pp. 173–197) and Hall & Walton (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 358, 1977, pp. 199–221; J. Fluid Mech., vol. 90, 1979, pp. 377–395) in the context of transition to finite amplitude Bénard convection in a bounded region. In order to understand the receptivity problem for the given flow the spatial initial value problem for this interaction is also considered when the free stream structure begins at a fixed position along the wall. Remarkably, it will be shown that free stream structures are incredibly efficient generators of Görtler vortices; indeed the induced vortices are found to be larger than the free stream structure which provokes them! The relationship between the imperfect bifurcation approach and receptivity theory is described.
Viscous fingering and dendritic growth under an elastic membrane
Authors: Ducloué Lucie , Hazel Andrew L. , Pihler-Puzović Draga , Juel Anne
Published: August 2017

We present an experimental investigation of interfacial fingering instabilities in a compliant channel, where the interface can adopt a planar front orthogonal to the direction of propagation over most of the channel width. Finite-length fingers develop on that front, similarly to the previously studied radial configuration with injection of air at constant flow rate (Pihler-Puzović et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 108 (7), 2012, 074502), but, unlike the radial case, the interface propagates steadily. This allows us to present the first quantification of the nonlinearly saturated fingering pattern and to demonstrate that the morphological features of the fingers are selected in a simple way by the local geometry of the compliant cell. In contrast, the local geometry itself is determined from a complex fluid–solid interaction. Furthermore, we find that changes to the geometry of the channel cross-section lead to a rich variety of possible interfacial patterns.
Opinions versus Facts: A Bio-statistical Paradigm Shift in Oenological Research
Authors: Cicchetti Dom
Published: August 2017

A substantial oenological literature exists on opinions of experts and neophytes as they relate to opinions about the quality of wines (Ashenfelter and Quandt, 1998; Cicchetti, 2004; Lindley, 2006). These opinions can be contrasted with factual binary questions about wine: Is it oaked? Does it contain sulfites? Is it filtered? Is the grape varietal Cabernet Sauvignon or Cabernet Franc? Syrah or Grenache? Pinot Noir or Gamay? Such factual binary issues are examined within the broader context of the various measures of factual judgment: Overall Accuracy (OA), Sensitivity (Se), Specificity (Sp), Predicted Positive Accuracy (PPA), and Predicted Negative Accuracy (PNA). The resulting biostatistical methodology derives from biobehavioral diagnostic research investigations. The purpose of this report is to apply this methodology to the discipline of oenology to compare wine judgments with wine facts. Using hypothetical examples, wine judges’ classifications of wines as oaked or unoaked were analyzed for their degree of accuracy. The results show that OA is a poor measure of the accuracy of binary judgments relative to Se, Sp, PPA, or PNA. The biostatistics of the problem could have wide-ranging applications in the design of future oenological research investigations, and in scientific research more broadly. (JEL Classifications: C1, L15, Q13)
Coping With Uprooting Stress During Domestic Educational Migration in China
Authors: English Alexander S. , Worlton Daniel S.
Published: August 2017

For many youth, attending university is their first extended time away from home, and uprooting stress can often lead to distress. The present research examines the impact of uprooting stress on educational Chinese migrants and how students cope with the unanticipated pressure of leaving home. Using a sample of recent first-year students, we employed a longitudinal design that allowed us to examine the interaction effect of coping strategies (primary and secondary coping) and stress at time 1 and their impact on anxiety at time 2. Results indicated primary coping exerted an interaction effect on stress, exacerbating the negative effects and leading to more anxiety at time 2, but secondary coping did not. Females also reported lower stress and anxiety. In conclusion, the impact of uprooting stress and coping on psychological symptoms suggests further research on internal Chinese migration should consider the impact of within-culture variation in Mainland China.
Contractual Freedom and Corporate Governance in Britain in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Guinnane Timothy W. , Harris Ron , Lamoreaux Naomi R.
Published: August 2017

British general incorporation law granted companies an extraordinary degree of contractual freedom. It provided companies with a default set of articles of association, but incorporators were free to reject any or all of the provisions and write their own rules instead. We study the uses to which incorporators put this flexibility by examining the articles of association filed by three random samples of companies from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as well as by a sample of companies whose securities traded publicly. Contrary to the literature, we find that most companies, regardless of size or whether their securities traded on the market, wrote articles that shifted power from shareholders to directors. We find, moreover, that there was little pressure from the government, shareholders, or the market to adopt more shareholder-friendly governance rules.
Asturian
Authors: Muñiz-Cachón Carmen
Published: August 2017

Asturian (ISO 639), also known as Bable, Asturiano, Asturianu, Astur-Leonese or Leonese, is the vernacular language of Principality of Asturias, an autonomous community of just over one million inhabitants located in Northern Spain. Asturian is spoken by approximately 100,000 individuals within Asturias plus a few thousand more outside of this region. Historically, Astur-Leonese was spoken in parts of the Spanish provinces of León and Zamora and there are still remnants of it in Castilian Spanish. In addition, a variety of Asturian – called Mirandés – is currently spoken in the Portuguese province of Miranda de Douro, where it is a language co-official with Portuguese (Figure 1).