bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Refinement by atomicity
Authors: Yuen Pui Sum
Published: June 2015

Besides the commonly employed refinement by minimization of the R factor, there is refinement by atomicity. These two refinements lead to two refined structures. Both structures are reasonable and close to each other. The differences between the results of these two refinements are significant. Refinement by atomicity is used as a supplement to refinement by minimization of R factor. For any crystal structure determined by minimization of R factor or other method, with all atoms determined and occupancy of each site equal to 1, in principle, refinement by atomicity should be applied. The purpose is to improve the atomic coordinates. It remains for the X-ray crystallographers to devise a procedure to obtain an improved structure from these two refined structures. The procedure can then be applied to all crystal structures reported in the literatures, or will be published in the future. This means that most articles in X-ray crystallography need to be improved. Many articles and books in other disciplines directly or indirectly contain or use structural informations, such as bond lengths and bond angles, obtained in X-ray crystallography. All these articles and books need to be revised.
Die Antwort der Debrecener neuen Orthodoxie auf den theologischen Liberalismus in Ungarn
Authors: Kovács Ábrahám
Published: June 2015

The Response of Debrecen New Orthodoxy to Liberal Theology in Hungary. The Reformed Church of Hungary was not exempt from the impact of various theological schools of Western Europe during the nineteenth century. The historical theological school of Tübingen, the Swiss liberal and moderate theology and the Dutch ‘moderne theologie’ held a great sway on Hungarian Protestantism in particularly Reformed Theology. Parallel to this development another and distinct trend appeared as a response to the challenges posed by liberal theology, which preferred traditional theological stances. In consequence not only liberal theology but also orthodox, evangelical, and pietist theologies were transferred from England, Scotland, Switzerland, Germany and France to Hungary. While Germany experienced already in the 1840s and 1850 serious theological debates, Hungarian Protestantism was late to encounter a similar debate due to the political-historical situation. It is only after the Ausgleich (1867), the Agreement between Austrian and Hungarian aristocracy that in the era of political and national freedom theological debates surfaced and became really intense. The fiercest theological debate unfolded between the liberal theologians led by Mór Ballagi, a professor in Budapest, and the neo-orthodoxy of Debrecen Reformed University where Imre Révész sen., a local minister and Ferenc Balogh, professor of Dogma and Church History became the leading voices. This pioneering study seeks to demonstrate how the response of Debrecen neo-orthodoxy came into being in response to extremely liberal form of theology, which was organised and promoted by Mór Ballagi (Moritz Bloch), a convert from Judaism to Christianity
„Und das Geheimnis der Liebe ist größer als das Geheimnis des Todes“. Religion, Sexualität und Kunst – München um 1900
Authors: Rohls Jan
Published: June 2015

Around 1900 the relation between religion and sexuality became a favorite subject of art. Munich was the place where some of the most relevant works of art where produced at this time. In 1905 the opera “Salome” was composed by the Munichborn Richard Strauß, based on Oscar Wilde’s drama and dealing with the relation between sexual love, religion and death. In quite a different way Oscar Panizza’s “Liebeskonzil” is concerned with the same topic. Here it is not the decadent court of Herodes with John the Baptist as religious prophet and Salome falling in deadly love with him but the oversexualized Vatican at the time of Alexander Borgia punished by God with the syphilis. Religion and sexuality also form the background of the Wedekind’s unfinished “Ella”, an early stage of the development of his famous “Lulu”, and they play a central role in Thomas Mann’s novel “Gladius Dei”, a byproduct of his drama “Fiorenza”. Here sexuality and art are represented by the Florentine court of

Lorenzo de’ Medici whereas the friar Savonarola is the representative of the religious opposition
Monte Carlo Calculations on Models for High Energy Atomic Reactions
Authors: Rowland F. S. , Coulter P.
Published: June 2015

A Monte Carlo calculation has been performed to evaluate the yields expected from the kinetic theory of hot atom reactions for various combinations of parameters. The calculations here have been performed for the elastic, isotropic model and for an isotropic, pseudoelastic model in which the maximum energy loss is treated as a free parameter. The total hot yield, Y,
is given for a pure Compound with sufficient accuracy to be useful by the formula Y = 1 - exp (- I/α). The hot yield from recoil tritium reaction with A
diluted by helium is approximately given by YA
= 1 - exp(-ƒAIA/αAB
). This formula falls to describe recoil tritium behavior in other inert gases because of changing values of αAB
in the reactive chemical range.
206Hg als Verzweigungsglied in der Uran-Radium-Zerfallreihe
Authors: Wolf Gerhard Κ. , Lux Franz
Published: June 2015

Das auf Grund der α-Verzweigung von 210Pb (RaD) zu erwartende 206Hg konnte in gut meßbarer Menge aus 100 mC RaD abgetrennt werden. Die Trennung läßt sich sehr rasch in zwei Sehritten durchführen. Zunächst wird die Hauptmenge RaE und RaF vom RaD durch Adsorption an einer HgO-Säule und anschließend nach Zusatz von Hg-Träger das RaD mit den Resten des RaE, RaF, RaE" vom 206Hg durch mehrstufige Fällung (Dauer 5 Minuten) getrennt. Die Halbwertszeit wurde aus γ- und β-Messungen zu 8,1 ± 0,4 min bestimmt. Das -γ-Spektrum zeigt eine Linie bei 310±10 KeV. Aus dem Zerfallszyklus ergibt sich die Maximalenergie der /i-Strahlung zu 0,98 bzw. 1,29 MeV. Für die α-Verzweigungsrate von RaD wurde der Wert (2,7 ±0,6)・10-8 gefunden. Die möglichen Energieniveauschemata des 206Tl werden im Zusammenhang mit den Meßergebnissen diskutiert.
Production of Energetic Atoms by Multiple Collisions
Authors: Wotzak G. P. , Kostin M. D.
Published: June 2015

The production of energetic atoms in the epithermal energy region by a high-energy atomic beam is considered by using the Boltzmann equation. Solutions of the Boltzmann equation show that numerous epithermal atoms may be generated as a result of scattering collisions in which an energetic atom transfers kinetic energy to a struck atom. For a system in which all the reactive and non-reactive cross sections have the same energy dependence and in which the thermal motion of the struck atoms can be neglected, numerical results obtained from a stochastic computer program confirm the analytical results for the asymptotic region and give detailed information on the energy dependence of the collision density for the non-asymptotic region near the source. Numerical calculations of reaction yields for a gaseous system containing two atomic species are also presented.
Hatcheria macraei (Girard, 1855) (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae): new record from northwestern Argentina
Authors: Fernández Luis , Andreoli Bize Julieta
Published: June 2015

The geographic distribution of Hatcheria macraei (Girard 1855), the Patagonian Catfish, is herein extended north of the Río Colorado headwaters, the previous northernmost record for the species. H. macraei is registered from the Río Jagüé, in the headwaters of the Río Desaguadero basin (Northwestern Argentina). Morphometric and meristic data of collected specimens are included.
Rafael Fombellida, Violeta profundo
Authors: Abril Juan Carlos
Published: June 2015

Rafael Fombellida, Violeta profundo
La tradición de los bestiarios franceses y su influencia en la Península Ibérica
Authors: Martín Pascual Llúcia
Published: June 2015

Resumen

Este trabajo pretende realizar, en primer lugar, una descripción de los textos de los bestiarios conservados en francés en verso y en prosa, éstos últimos tanto de temática moral como amorosa. Una vez realizada esta descripción, observaremos como se ha producido la evolución de la materia animalística, hecho que propicia el cambio de perspectiva de unos textos religioso-morales a otros amorosos. Finalmente, intentaremos demostrar que los bestiarios en prosa franceses, tanto amorosos como morales influyen en la configuración de los bestiarios toscanos, fuente a su vez de los bestiarios catalanes.

Palabras clave: Bestiarios, Physiologus, tradición animalística, bestiarios franceses, bestiarios catalanes, bestiarios amorosos.

Abstract

This paper aims, first, make a description of texts in French bestiaries preserved in verse and prose, with moral issue and loving. After this description, we see how there has been the evolution of matter animalistic, that causes the change of perspective about moral-religious texts to other loving. Finally, it will be shown that the bestiaries in both French prose loving and moral, makes influence in shaping the Tuscan bestiaries, in turn source of Catalan bestiary.

Key words: Bestiary, Physiologus, animalistic tradition, French bestiaries, Catalan bestiary, loving bestiaries.
Diego de la Torre, Carreteras cortadas (Juan Carlos Abril)
Authors: Abril Juan Carlos
Published: June 2015

Reseña escrita por Juan Carlos Abril de Diego de la Torre Carreteras cortadas
Ill Health, Death and Loneliness: Mankind’s Companions
Authors: Rokach Ami , Sha'ked Ami
Published: June 2015

In this paper we review the concept of loneliness, and research that relates it to illness and death, two conditions that we all will undergo at some point in our life, and which are replete with loneliness, a sense of isolation, and a deep yearning not only for health and life, but for a meaningful connection with loved ones and carers.
Targeted siRNA Screens Identify ER-to-Mitochondrial Calcium Exchange in Autophagy and Mitophagy Responses in RPE1 Cells
Authors: MacVicar Thomas , Mannack Lilith , Lees Robert , Lane Jon
Published: June 2015

Autophagy is an important stress response pathway responsible for the removal and recycling of damaged or redundant cytosolic constituents. Mitochondrial damage triggers selective mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), mediated by a variety of response factors including the Pink1/Parkin system. Using human retinal pigment epithelial cells stably expressing autophagy and mitophagy reporters, we have conducted parallel screens of regulators of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial morphology and function contributing to starvation-induced autophagy and damage-induced mitophagy. These screens identified the ER chaperone and Ca2+ flux modulator, sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 (SIGMAR1), as a regulator of autophagosome expansion during starvation. Screens also identified phosphatidyl ethanolamine methyl transferase (PEMT) and the IP3-receptors (IP3Rs) as mediators of Parkin-induced mitophagy. Further experiments suggested that IP3R-mediated transfer of Ca2+ from the ER lumen to the mitochondrial matrix via the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) primes mitochondria for mitophagy. Importantly, recruitment of Parkin to damaged mitochondria did not require IP3R-mediated ER-to-mitochondrial Ca2+ transfer, but mitochondrial clustering downstream of Parkin recruitment was impaired, suggesting involvement of regulators of mitochondrial dynamics and/or transport. Our data suggest that Ca2+ flux between ER and mitochondria at presumed ER/mitochondrial contact sites is needed both for starvation-induced autophagy and for Parkin-mediated mitophagy, further highlighting the importance of inter-organellar communication for effective cellular homeostasis.
Les technologies de l'information en milieu rural. Exemple de la région Rhône-Alpes (The information technologies in rural areas: example of Rhône-Alpes region)
Authors: Moriset Bruno
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - La problématique générale du développement des T.I.C. en milieu rural se situe au croisement du global - mondialisation, société de l'information - et du local - mutation des espaces ruraux, nouvelles potentialités offertes par les T.I.C. à ces espaces. Les espaces ruraux rhône-alpins montrent une grande diversité dans les formes d'adhésion aux technologies d'information, qu'elles soient d'origine publique ou privée : écoles rurales, collectivités locales, entreprises. Le développement des TIC en milieu rural est un terrain de choix pour l'approche des phénomènes liés à la diffusion des innovations. La confrontation entre le local et le global constitue un révélateur du fonctionnement et des mutations des systèmes territoriaux, dans toute leur complexité : spatialité des territoires, bases économiques et sociales, système des acteurs, identités locales, sont autant d'éléments susceptibles d'être durablement affectés.
Avant-postes militaires et religieux sur le site de Bruges, Belgique (jusqu'à 900 après J.-C.)
Authors: Koller Frank
Published: June 2015

Une des villes d'Europe des plus importantes au Moyen Age, était Bruges, Belgique, qui pendant quelque temps, était sans égale en tant que centre commercial et port. L'origine de cette ville qui fut illustre, est due à la conjonction de sa situation privilégiée et des événements physiques et culturels de la période du IVe au IXe siècle. Elle est due aussi à l'établissement d'avant-postes militaires, qui ont entraîné des activités commerciales.
Les biens communaux et la "réaction seigneuriale" en Artois
Authors: Sallmann Jean-Michel
Published: June 2015

"Common land and the feudal nobility's "reaction" in Artois".

Either directly by the means of mere confiscation and the use of their "droit de triage", or indirectly by the means of the ruthless extension of their "droit de plantis", the Artois feudal nobility added to their estates about 5000 hectares of common land (that is 40% of the total common land of the province) during the three decades that preceded the French Revolution. This does not characterize a "reactionary" conception of the privileged classes but rather the evolution of the feudal nobility in a capitalistic direction, in which regrouping of the land and speculation on the forests appear as being the most effective means of ensuring the highest rate of profit.
Les jurés dans les villes de basse-Lotharingie au XIIIème siècle
Authors: Despy Georges , Billen Claire
Published: June 2015

Dans le cadre du duché de Basse-Lotharingie, les historiens belges ont toujours représenté les jurés qui apparaissent au XIIIème siècle dans les villes les plus importantes comme la représentation de l'ensemble de la communauté des bourgeois. Des recherches menées au Séminaire d'histoire médiévale de l'Université de Bruxelles ont amené les auteurs à proposer une nouvelle hypothèse dans le cas de Bruxelles et de Louvain : entre 1200 et 1300, les jurés, loin d'être des magistrats urbains, seraient les mandataires de certains groupes socio-économiques qui auraient pesé d'un poids sans cesse croissant dans ces deux agglomérations urbaines.
Monnaies du IIIème siècle de la région de Warlencourt-Eaucourt : monnaies isolées de la butte de Warlencourt (Pas-de-Calais), trésor de Fiers (Somme)
Authors: Dhénin Michel
Published: June 2015

L'auteur publie 72 monnaies romaines du IIIème siècle trouvées en surface sur la Butte de Warlencourt, Pas-de-Calais, et 188 monnaies de la même époque faisant partie d'un trésor découvert sur la commune de Fiers (Somme). Ces deux ensembles proviennent en fait du même site antique, qui a déjà fourni le trésor de la Butte de Warlencourt {Revue Belge de Numismatique, 1960). Ces trois documents et le trésor de Graincourt-lès-Havrincourt {Septentrion, 1974) sont exactement contemporains. C'est l'invasion franque et alamane de 275 qui a provoqué l'enfouissement du trésor de Graincourt-lès-Havrincourt, la perte des monnaies isolées de la Butte de Warlencourt et le fait que les trésors de la Butte de Warlencourt et de Fiers n'ont pas été récupérés par leurs propriétaires.
L'accumulation du capital dans l'indiennage au XVIIIème siècle
Authors: Caspard Pierre
Published: June 2015

Pierre Caspard, "Kapitaalgroei in de Indische maatschappijen van de 18de eeuw".

Na een aarzelend begin speelden de Indische maatschappijen in de tweede helft van de 18de eeuw de roi van krachtige kapitaalpolen. Zij boden op een markt in voile expansie producten aan waarop zij een ruime winstmarge hadden en konden zo in de jaren 1760 hun eigen belangrijke groei financieren. Wegens veranderingen in de productie en op de markt nam de kapitaalvorming in de laatste jaren van de eeuw af , er ging kapitaal naar andere sectoren en de banken begonnen een meer aktieve roi te spelen in de financiering van de ondernemingen.
Le Moyen Age dans les paysages ruraux auvergnats
Authors: Aubrun Michel , Charbonnier Pierre , Fournier Gabriel
Published: June 2015

Les auteurs ont recherché les vestiges médiévaux encore visibles dans les paysages auvergnats. La conquête du sol a été pratiquement achevée dans le courant des Xlème-Xllème et XI Même siècles : le peuplement a atteint alors ses limites extrêmes sous la forme de gros villages dans la plaine, de hameaux dans les moyennes montagnes, d'habitat temporaire dans les pacages d'estive.

Cette mise en place du peuplement s'est faite par retouches successives qui se sont traduites par la formation de finages réunissant des parcelles de cultures et des terres vaines, dans un cadre paroissial plus ou moins contraignant, et par un reclassement des lieux habités dont certains ont disparu.
Réceptions et inscriptions à la bourgeoisie de Lille aux XIVème et XVème siècles
Authors: Desportes Pierre
Published: June 2015

The object of this study is to provide students with a complete series of figures concerning the receptions to the Lille "bourgeoisie", either through hereditary rights or by purchase, between 1291 and 1499, a series completed through the systematic confrontation of all available material, mainly the "registres aux bourgeois" and the yearly municipal accounts.

The critical survey of these sources yields some relatively new conclusions :

— the fee required of the sons of "bourgeois" to take over their father's "bourgeoisie", essentially of a symbolical character, was never altered and remained immutably fixed to 4 "sous" and 2 "deniers".

— the particularly heavy entrance fee set, since the XIII century, as an obstacle to the entry of outsiders, has been progressively lowered down since the XV century through the joined influence of monetary depreciation and of a fraud whose existence could not yet be entirely proved.

— the evolution of the "bourgeois" population of Lille in the XIV and XV centuries is in perfect agreement with the opinions generally held upon the evolution of town populations in France during this period.
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND GROWTH: ANALYSIS OF THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR IN THE BALTIC STATES
Authors: Banaitienė Nerija , Banaitis Audrius , Laučys Mindaugas
Published: June 2015

In the construction industry of the Baltic States, the aftermath of the economic crisis poses new questions as to what occasioned the crisis. The paper analyses a causal relationship between foreign direct investment in construction (CFDI) and the contribution of the construction industry to gross domestic product (GDP) using data obtained in the Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) for the period from 2000 to 2011. The conducted research includes the initial econometric analysis of variables, which involves the verification of seasonality and stationarity with the help of time series plots, a unit root test and Granger causality test. The study has found that, in the case of Lithuania and Estonia, CFDI is not the Granger cause of the construction industry’s contribution to GDP growth; conversely, value added by the construction sector is not the Granger cause of FDI into the sector, and there is one-way causality from value added by the construction sector to CFDI, and the construction industry’s contribution to GDP does not influence CFDI in Latvia.
Social Media in an Intercultural Writing Context
Authors: García Ma Pilar Milagros
Published: June 2015

The current research study is part of a larger project that aims to analyze ways in which first year intercultural writing students interpret/understand the impact of social media on their composition practices, critical thinking processes and knowledge negotiations processes. In particular, the current chapter attempts to understand how first year intercultural writing students reflect on and assess the ways social media has helped them practice and or/acquire more critical thinking skills.
Examining Design Pattern Strategies as a Means to Achieve Social Presence in the Online Classroom
Authors: Matthews Araminta , Kitchin Jr. Robert M.
Published: June 2015

Design patterns have received much attention across multiple design domains where social interaction is a central goal because they have great potential for capturing and sharing design knowledge. Design patterns, design pattern language, and design pattern libraries demonstrate potential benefits to novice and expert online course designers. Trends affecting the growth of online courses and resultant pitfalls negatively affecting students and instructors indicate the need for social presence design. A literature review addresses the importance of social interaction, differentiated design, learning-oriented social networking, and Web design structures in an effort to assuage the experience of isolation reported by the majority of online students. The authors argue that design patterns are a method of overcoming many of these apparent obstacles to quality online course design and learning engagement. Additionally, they present example design patterns to solve specific social interacting problems.
Privacy and Pervasive Surveillance
Authors: Rubel Alan
Published: June 2015

This chapter analyzes some tools of pervasive surveillance in light of the growing philosophical literature regarding the nature and value of privacy. It clarifies the conditions under which a person can be said to have privacy, explains a number of ways in which particular facets of privacy are morally weighty, and explains how such conceptual issues may be used to analyze surveillance scenarios. It argues that in many cases, surveillance may both increase and decrease aspects of privacy, and that the relevant question is whether those privacy losses (and gains) are morally salient. The ways in which privacy diminishment may be morally problematic must be based on the value of privacy, and the chapter explains several conceptions of such values. It concludes with a description of how some surveillance technologies may conflict with the value of privacy.
The Strategic Use of Social Media in the Fashion Industry
Authors: Kontu Hanna , Vecchi Alessandra
Published: June 2015

The importance of social media is evident as millions of people use it to connect with others, share content, and discuss different topics (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010; Kim & Ko, 2010). Although it is clear that social media is powerful and ubiquitous, many fashion brands have been reluctant or unable to develop strategies and allocate resources to effectively engage with the new media. The goal of this chapter is to critically review the literature that explicitly addresses the adoption, application, and impact of social media by fashion brands. In particular, the purpose of this chapter is to provide a critical assessment of the adoption of social media amongst three well-established fashion brands in order to identify the importance of social media as a strategic marketing tool and to propose a number of alternative social media strategies for fashion brands. Such a critical assessment is necessary since, as demonstrated by the research findings, implementing these strategies will allow brands not only to survive, but also to create new competitive advantages and thrive in the new global fashion business environment.
Leadership in the Age of Social Media
Authors: Smith Janel
Published: June 2015

This chapter enquires into the “tricky,” and at present somewhat ambiguous, nexus between social media technologies and business leadership by analyzing the roles and influence of social media in shaping leadership processes within the recent “social media uprisings” using the case study of the 2011 Egyptian revolution. It is argued that “social media mobilizations” have inherently taken up the emergent potentialities of social media technologies in redefining the scope of leadership along increasingly constructionist, relational, and solidarity network leadership dimensions, centring on leadership as processes of influence and interaction generation. This represents a decentring of formal leadership structures as informal communication networks are favoured that rely on emergent and organic groupings of actors adept at coming together and dismantling rapidly as required by the movement in autonomous, targeted, and sometimes “one-off,” actions and partnerships. However, rather than relational and solidarity leadership processes becoming “leaderless,” this chapter finds that leaders still matter, albeit in relation to one another and other elements in networks, as multiple actors are capable and able to take on different roles as “leader” at different moments that are less “predictable” and “controllable” from traditional leadership and managerial points of view.
Information Security and Privacy in Social Media
Authors: Tennakoon Hemamali
Published: June 2015

Information security and privacy are multi-faceted concepts, and earlier definitions of information security and privacy seem inadequate in the context of emerging technologies such as social media. Hence, this chapter presents an analysis of the concept of information security followed by a discussion of computer security, information security, network security, personal privacy, informational privacy, etc. Then the discussion narrows down to information security and privacy on Social Networking Sites (SNS) followed by an analysis of the consequences of information security and privacy breaches from individualistic and organizational perspectives. The lack of understanding of the complex nature of security and privacy issues are preventing businesses from gaining the full economic benefit, especially on SNS. Therefore, some solutions and recommendations are suggested towards the end of the chapter, including the need for a common legal framework. Finally, the chapter ends with suggestions for future research.
Proceedings of the 61st Congress of the Italian Embryological Group (GEI) and the 36th Congress of the Italian Society of Histochemistry
Authors: Irma Nardi Guest Editor:
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 61st Congress of the Italian Embryological Group (GEI) and the 36th Congress of the Italian Society of Histochemistry - June 7-10, 2015, Pisa, Italy
Health information needs of professional nurses required at the point of care
Authors: Ricks Esmeralda , Ten Ham Wilma
Published: June 2015

Background: Professional nurses work in dynamic environments and need to keep up to date with relevant information for practice in nursing to render quality patient care. Keeping up to date with current information is often challenging because of heavy workload, diverse information needs and the accessibility of the required information at the point of care. Objectives: The aim of the study was to explore and describe the information needs of professional nurses at the point of care in order to make recommendations to stakeholders to develop a mobile library accessible by means of smart phones when needed. Method: The researcher utilised a quantitative, descriptive survey design to conduct this study. The target population comprised 757 professional nurses employed at a state hospital. Simple random sampling was used to select a sample of the wards, units and departments for inclusion in the study. A convenience sample of 250 participants was selected. Two hundred and fifty structured self-administered questionnaires were distributed amongst the participants. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Results: A total of 136 completed questionnaires were returned. The findings highlighted the types and accessible sources of information. Information needs of professional nurses were identified such as: extremely drug-resistant tuberculosis, multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, HIV, antiretrovirals and all chronic lifestyle diseases. Conclusion: This study has enabled the researcher to identify the information needs required by professional nurses at the point of care to enhance the delivery of patient care. The research results were used to develop a mobile library that could be accessed by professional nurses.
A missional study of Ghanaian Pentecostal churches’ leadership and leadership formation
Authors: White Peter
Published: June 2015

Church leadership plays an important and irreplaceable role in the planting and the configuration of the missional congregation. The key to the formation of missional communities is their leadership. In that regard, this article explores Classical Ghanaian Pentecostal Churches’ leadership and leadership formation from a missiological perspective. This was done through an exposition on their leadership system (structure). It was argued that Classical Ghanaian Pentecostal Churches’ leadership is based on the Fivefold Ministry (Apostle, Prophet, Evangelist, Pastor and Teacher). These leadership functions were therefore discussed in the light of their missiological implication. The conclusion arrived at is that it is not enough to discover one’s spiritual gift or calling; these gifts should be developed and nurtured through mentoring and proper theological education, with the ultimate purpose being to participate in the Missio Dei.
Wees Jesus se hande en voete deur anders te dink en te leef as die wêreld
Authors: Denton Rudy A.
Published: June 2015

No abstract available.
Pastoral ministry in a missional age: Towards a practical theological understanding of missional pastoral care
Authors: Smit Guillaume H.
Published: June 2015

This article concerns itself with the development of a missional ecclesiology and the practices that may accept the challenge of conducting pastoral ministry in the context of South African, middleclass congregations adapting to a rapidly changing, post-apartheid environment. Some practical theological perspectives on pastoral counselling are investigated, whilst Narrative Therapy is explored as an emerging theory of deconstruction to enable the facilitating of congregational change towards a missional understanding of church life in local communities. Subsequently, the theological paradigm of missional ecclesiology is investigated before drawing the broad lines of a theory for pastoral ministry within missional ecclesiology.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: In this article, a missional base theory is proposed for pastoral counselling, consisting of interdisciplinary insights gained from the fields of Missiology, Practical Theology, Narrative Therapy and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. The implications of this proposal for the development of a missional pastoral theory focus on the following three aspects:� re-establishing pastoral identity: exploring Christ� pastoral development: intentional faith formation� pastoral ministry: enabling Christ-centred lives.In such a missional pastoral theory four practices should be operationalised: first of all, a cognitive approach to increasing knowledge of the biblical narrative is necessary. This provides the hermeneutical skills necessary to enable people to internalise the biblical ethics and character traits ascribed to the Christian life. Secondly, a pastoral theory needs to pay close attention to development of emotional intelligence. Thirdly, this should be done in the context of small groups, where the focus falls on the personality development of members. Finally, missional pastoral theory should also include the acquisition of life coaching skills, where leaders can be adequately mentored in their roles as coaches of nonequipped people. In taking the research to a further level of normative reflection, attention should be turned to developing specific areas of pastoral care:� formal clinical education and subsequent accreditation of pastors (in the South African context pastoral care is not legally recognised as a valid area of psychological therapy) � specifically pertaining to Narrative Therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy� basic counselling skills for non-theologically trained congregational leaders� qualitative and quantitative research methods� organisational theory for congregational ministry� crisis counselling skills for congregation members serving in a community context� marriage and family therapy� emotional intelligence as outcome of a spiritual growth cycle� leadership development and personality assessment� personal growth by confronting and crossing emotional and cultural boundaries.
The role of organic condensation on ultrafine particle growth during nucleation events
Authors: Patoulias D. , Fountoukis C. , Riipinen I. , Pandis S. N.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. A new aerosol dynamics model (DMANx) has been developed that simulates aerosol size/composition distribution and includes the condensation of organic vapors on nanoparticles through the implementation of the recently developed volatility basis set framework. Simulations were performed for Hyytiälä (Finland) and Finokalia (Greece), two locations with different organic sources where detailed measurements were available to constrain the new model. We investigate the effect of condensation of organics and chemical aging reactions of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors on ultrafine particle growth and particle number concentration during a typical springtime nucleation event in both locations. This work highlights the importance of the pathways of oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds and the production of extremely low volatility organics. At Hyytiälä, organic condensation dominates the growth process of new particles. The low-volatility SOA contributes to particle growth during the early growth stage, but after a few hours most of the growth is due to semi-volatile SOA. At Finokalia, simulations show that organics have a complementary role in new particle growth, contributing 45% to the total mass of new particles. Condensation of organics increases the number concentration of particles that can act as CCN (cloud condensation nuclei) (N100) by 13% at Finokalia and 25% at Hyytiälä during a typical spring day with nucleation. The sensitivity of our results to the surface tension used is discussed.
Natural new particle formation at the coastal Antarctic site Neumayer
Authors: Weller R. , Schmidt K. , Teinilä K. , Hillamo R.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. We measured condensation particle (CP) concentrations and particle size distributions at the coastal Antarctic station Neumayer (70°39' S, 8°15' W) during two summer campaigns (from 20 January to 26 March 2012 and 1 February to 30 April 2014) and during polar night between 12 August and 27 September 2014 in the particle diameter (Dp) range from 2.94 to 60.4 nm (2012) and from 6.26 to 212.9 nm (2014). During both summer campaigns we identified all in all 44 new particle formation (NPF) events. From 10 NPF events, particle growth rates could be determined to be around 0.90 ± 0.46 nm h−1 (mean ± SD; range: 0.4 to 1.9 nm h−1). With the exception of one case, particle growth was generally restricted to the nucleation mode (Dp < 25 nm) and the duration of NPF events was typically around 6.0 ± 1.5 h (mean ± SD; range: 4 to 9 h). Thus in the main, particles did not grow up to sizes required for acting as cloud condensation nuclei. NPF during summer usually occurred in the afternoon in coherence with local photochemistry. During winter, two NPF events could be detected, though showing no ascertainable particle growth. A simple estimation indicated that apart from sulfuric acid, the derived growth rates required other low volatile precursor vapours.
TRMM rainfall estimative coupled with Bell (1969) methodology for extreme rainfall characterization
Authors: Schiavo Bernardi E. , Allasia D. , Basso R. , Freitas Ferreira P. , Tassi R.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The lack of rainfall data in Brazil, and, in particular, in Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), hinders the understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall, especially in the case of the more complex extreme events. In this context, rainfall's estimation from remote sensors is seen as alternative to the scarcity of rainfall gauges. However, as they are indirect measures, such estimates needs validation. This paper aims to verify the applicability of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite information for extreme rainfall determination in RS. The analysis was accomplished at different temporal scales that ranged from 5 min to daily rainfall while spatial distribution of rainfall was investigated by means of regionalization. An initial test verified TRMM rainfall estimative against measured rainfall at gauges for 1998–2013 period considering different durations and return periods (RP). Results indicated that, for the RP of 2, 5, 10 and 15 years, TRMM overestimated on average 24.7% daily rainfall. As TRMM minimum time-steps is 3 h, in order to verify shorter duration rainfall, the TRMM data were adapted to fit Bell's (1969) generalized IDF formula (based on the existence of similarity between the mechanisms of extreme rainfall events as they are associated to convective cells). Bell`s equation error against measured precipitation was around 5–10%, which varied based on location, RP and duration while the coupled BELL+TRMM error was around 10–35%. However, errors were regionally distributed, allowing a correction to be implemented that reduced by half these values. These findings in turn permitted the use of TRMM+Bell estimates to improve the understanding of spatiotemporal distribution of extreme hydrological rainfall events.
Evolution of low flows in Czechia revisited
Authors: Ledvinka O.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Although a nationwide study focusing on the evolution of low flows in Czechia was conducted in the past, a need for the revision of the results has arisen. By means of the trend analysis, which specifically considers the presence of significant serial correlation at the first lag, the former study highlighted areas where 7-day low flows increase or decrease. However, taking into account only the lag-one autoregressive process might still have led to the detection of so-called pseudo-trends because, besides short-term persistence, also long-term persistence may adversely influence the variance of the test statistic when the independence among data is required. Therefore, one should carefully investigate the presence of persistence in time series. Before the trend analysis itself, the authors' previous studies aimed at the discrimination between short memory processes and long memory processes employing jointly the Phillips–Perron test and the Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin test. This analysis was accompanied by the Hurst exponent estimation. Here, the subsequent identification of trends is carried out using three modifications of the Mann–Kendall test that allow different kinds of persistence. These include the Bayley–Hammersley–Matalas–Langbein–Lettenmaier equivalent sample size approach, the trend-free pre-whitening approach and a block bootstrap with automatic selection of the block length, which was applied for the first time in hydrology. The general results are similar to those presented in the former study on trends. Nevertheless, the divergent minimum discharges evolution in the western part of Czechia is now much clear. Moreover, no significant increasing trend in series incorporating Julian days was found.
On correlation between urban development, land subsidence and flooding phenomena in Jakarta
Authors: Abidin H. Z. , Andreas H. , Gumilar I. , Wibowo I. R. R.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia with a population of about 10.2 million people, inhabiting an area of about 660 square-km. It is located within a deltaic plain and passes by 13 natural and artificial rivers. In the last three decades, urban development of Jakarta has grown very rapidly in the sectors of industry, trade, transportation, real estate and many others, which has caused several negative environmental impacts. In turns Jakarta is then prone toward a few natural hazards mainly land subsidence and flooding. In general, based on geodetic measurement methods (e.g. Leveling, GPS surveys, and InSAR), conducted since 1982 up to 2014, it is obtained that land subsidence in Jakarta exhibits spatial and temporal variations, with the typical rates of about 3 to 10 cm year−1. In general, the impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta can be seen in the forms of cracking of permanent constructions and roads, changes in river canal and drain flow systems, wider expansion of coastal and/or inland flooding areas, and malfunction of drainage system. Several areas along the coast of Jakarta already have experienced tidal flooding during high tide periods. These coastal flooding usually occurs in the areas with relatively large subsidence rates. Subsidence in the areas along the rivers which are flowing throughout Jakarta will also worsen the impacts of riverine flooding. The changes in river canal and drain flow systems and malfunction of drainage system due to land subsidence will also aggravate the flooding. Land subsidence will have direct and indirect affects with the flooding in Jakarta, both in coastal or inland areas.
Hva skal vi med etiske komiteer?
Authors: Elster Jakob
Published: June 2015

Den offentlige beslutningsprosessen i bioetiske spørsmål i Norge preges av stor bruk av etiske komiteer. I denne artikkelen reiser jeg spørsmålet om hvordan denne bruken kan begrunnes. Mens en god offentlig prosess krever at det finnes organer som tar seg av nemndenes drøftende og informasjonsgivende funksjon, er det mindre sikkert hvorvidt vi trenger deres rådgivende funksjon, som det til en viss grad er mulig å skille fra de to andre funksjonene. Nemndenes rådgivende funksjon kjennetegnes ved at deres råd gis en spesiell vekt i høringsrunder, uavhengig av argumentene bak rådene, og slik må det også være hvis man skal ha rådgivende nemnder overhodet. Men det er uklart hva som rettferdiggjør at nemndenes råd gis spesiell vekt.Jeg ser på to måter å svare på dette spørsmålet på, enten med utgangspunkt i en moralsk epistemologi som sannsynliggjør at nemndene finner moralsk riktige svar, eller med utgangspunkt i en teori om politisk legitimitet som tilsier at nemndenes konklusjoner har politisk legitimitet. Jeg drøfter og forkaster to former for moralsk epistemologi; én som ser på nemnder som en samling etikkeksperter som kan resonnere seg frem til riktig svar, og én som ser på nemnder som en samling vismenn med spesiell moralsk innsikt. Mer plausibelt er en mellomløsning, som ser på nemndsmedlemmene som de kompetente dommere i en reflektiv likevektprosess. I en slik prosess spiller imidlertid skjønnsvurderinger en uunngåelig rolle, og jeg argumenterer for at beslutninger basert på subjektive skjønnsvurderinger ikke vil være politisk legitime. I den grad nemnder bidrar til politisk legitime beslutninger, er det mer fordi de bidrar til å oppdage løsninger som av uavhengige grunner har politisk legitimitet, enn at de selv gir slik legitimitet.
På sviktende kunnskapsgrunnlag? Assistert befruktning for lesbiske par
Authors: Stiklestad Sigrun Saur
Published: June 2015

Artikkelen drøfter i hvilken grad den norske loven om assistert befruktning for lesbiske par vektlegger forskningsbasert kunnskap om barnas oppvekstvilkår. En kunnskapsteoretisk diskusjon om forholdet mellom forskning og politikk er sentral i denne drøftingen. Artikkelens empiriske grunnlag er i hovedsak dokumenter om lovprosessen, resultater fra forskningsfeltet generelt og tilsva­rende lovprosess i Sverige. Dessuten drøftes kritikken rettet mot forskningsfel­tet. Artikkelen viser at forskningsbasert kunnskap er gitt så lav prioritet i det norske lovarbeidet at det har skapt tvil om kunnskapsstatus på området. Sam­tidig synliggjør artikkelen at det foreligger mer forskning på aktuelle forsk­ningsfelt, som samlet sett går i favør av assistert befruktning for lesbiske par.
Asylbarn og menneskeverd: Etiske refleksjoner med utgangspunkt i erfaringer fra Helsesenteret for papirløse migranter
Authors: Stålsett Sturla J.
Published: June 2015

Asylbarns status og rettigheter i Norge er i kritisk søkelys. En særlig utsatt gruppe er barn av papirløse foreldre som fødes på norske sykehus. Med bakgrunn i Kirkens Bymisjons arbeid med denne gruppen, argumenterer jeg i denne artikkelen for at slike eksempler viser at norsk offentlig politikk overfor disse barna tenderer mot å gradere og dermed underminere deres grunnleggende menneskeverd, slik dette blant annet kommer til uttrykk i barnekonvensjonens krav om hensynet til barnets beste (artikkel 3). Ved hjelp av Judith Butlers tenkning om sårbarhet og «framing» samt Giorgio Agambens tenkning om «nakent liv» og unntakstilstanden, analyserer jeg hvordan denne graderingen av asylbarnas menneskeverd skjer. Til slutt viser jeg kort hvordan Helsesenteret uttrykker motstand mot disse mekanismene som bidrar til å underminere asylbarnas og de papirløses menneskeverd.Nøkkelord: menneskeverd, asylbarn, papirløse i Norge, Kirkens Bymisjon, helsesenter, etikk, flyktninger, Judith Butler, Giorgio Agamben, diakonalt arbeidEnglish summary: Children of asylum seekers and human dignity: Ethical reflections based on the experiences of the Health Care Centre for Undocumented MigrantsThe human rights and dignity of children of asylum seekers and undocumented migrants is much debated in Norway. A group that is particularly at risk is children born in Norwegian hospitals whose parents do not possess a legal residence permit. On the basis of the diaconal work of the Church City Mission in Oslo that aims at providing care and defending the rights of these groups through the Health Care Centre for Undocumented Migrants, the purpose of this article is to argue that the inherent human dignity of these children is being undermined in contemporary Norwegian politics. By relating to Judith Butler's thoughts on vulnerability and «framing» and Giorgio Agamben's theory of the «bare life» and the state of exception, the article aims at showing mechanisms that contribute to the undermining of the human dignity and rights of this group. The last part shows how the work of the health care center with its ethical and theological basis can be seen as offering resistance to these mechanisms and tendencies.