bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Derivational Theory of Legal Interpretation in Polish Legal Theory
Authors: Bogucki Olgierd
Published: June 2019

The article presents so-called “derivational” theory of legal interpretation and analyzes its basic assumptions. The derivational theory of legal interpretation is still little known outside of Poland (in contrast to the clarificative theory which was popularized in many English-language publications by Jerzy Wróblewski). The article is divided into two parts. The first part is presenting the normative model of legal interpretation according to the derivational theory. In the second part, the basic assumptions and features of the theory are analysed in context of some other approaches to legal interpretation. The author argues that there are two levels (or aspects) of the derivational theory: local and universal. The local level of theory is related to the fact that it was designed for Polish legal system and legal culture. However, beyond its local features, the derivational theory is presenting strong theoretical framework and some significant universal ideas about legal interpretation. This creates universal level that can be called the “hard core” of the theory. The author characterizes the elements of this hard core, and in particular the most important element: the idea that the legal interpretation consists in the reconstruction of legal norms from legal provisions.
Can Church’s thesis be viewed as a Carnapian explication?
Authors: Quinon Paula
Published: June 2019

Turing and Church formulated two different formal accounts of computability that turned out to be extensionally equivalent. Since the accounts refer to different properties they cannot both be adequateconceptual analysesof the concept of computability. This insight has led to a discussion concerning which account is adequate. Some authors have suggested that this philosophical debate—which shows few signs of converging on one view—can be circumvented by regarding Church’s and Turing’s theses asexplications. This move opens up the possibility that both accounts could be adequate, albeit in their own different ways. In this paper, I focus on the question of whether Church’s thesis can be seen as an explication in the precise Carnapian sense. Most importantly, I address an additional constraint that Carnap puts on the explicative power of axiomatic systems—an axiomatisation explicates when it is clear which mathematical entities form the theory’s intended model—and that implicitly applies to axiomatisations of recursion theory used in Church’s account of computability. To overcome this difficulty, I propose two possible clarifications of the pre-systematic concept of “computability” that can both be captured in recursion theory, and I show how both clarifications avoid an objection arising from Carnap’s constraint.
Retinal thickness as a potential biomarker in patients with amyloid‐proven early‐ and late‐onset Alzheimer's disease
Authors: den Haan Jurre , van de Kreeke Jacoba A. , Konijnenberg Elles , ten Kate Mara , den Braber Anouk , Barkhof Frederik , van Berckel Bart N. , Teunissen Charlotte E. , Scheltens Philip , Visser Pieter Jelle , Verbraak Frank D. , Bouwman Femke H.
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Retinal thickness measured with optical coherence tomography has been proposed as a noninvasive biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We therefore measured retinal thickness in well‐characterized AD and control participants, considering ophthalmological confounders.

Methods

We included 57 amyloid‐proven AD cases and 85 cognitively normal, amyloid‐negative controls. All subjects underwent retinal thickness measurements with spectral domain optical coherence tomography and an ophthalmological assessment to exclude ocular disease.

Results

Retinal thickness did not discriminate cases from controls, including stratified analyses for early‐ versus late‐onset AD. We found significant associations between macular thickness and global cortical atrophy [β −0.358; P = .01] and parietal cortical atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging [β −0.371; P < .01] in AD cases.

Discussion

In this study, representing the largest optical coherence tomography cohort with amyloid‐proven AD cases, we show that retinal thickness does not discriminate AD from controls, despite evident changes on clinical, neuroimaging, and CSF measures, querying the use of retinal thickness measurements as an AD biomarker.
Propagators, Creativity, and Informativeness: What Helps Ads Go Viral
Authors: Moldovan Sarit , Steinhart Yael , Lehmann Donald R.
Published: June 2019

This research explores characteristics that make consumers more likely to circulate ads. We focus on (a) the main transmitters of the viral content which we refer to as propagators, consumers who are more socially connected and active, and (b) two key ad characteristics: creativity and informativeness. Results from field data and two online studies show that propagators may wish to elevate their social status and therefore circulate ads that are both creative and informative. Since propagators spread ads to many people, ads that are both creative and informative are more likely to go viral compared with ads that are only creative or informative. These results extend previous research on the role and preferences of propagators and emphasize that, contrary to common beliefs, ad creativity alone may not be enough to drive a successful viral campaign.
Emotet exposed: looking inside highly destructive malware
Authors: SophosLabs Research Team
Published: June 2019

As malware, Emotet is so prolific and dominant that the US Cyber Emergency Response Team (US-CERT), the body tasked with tracking cyberthreats to the country, named Emotet in July 2018, as: “among the most costly and destructive malware” to affect governments, enterprises and organisations large and small, as well as individual computer users. 1

Emotet is so prolific that the US Cyber Emergency Response Team (US-CERT) said it is, “among the most costly and destructive malware” to affect governments and enterprises.

The best way to combat a threat is to understand it. So in this article, the SophosLabs Research Team picks the malware apart to see how it functions. They examine the infection vectors and delivery mechanisms, how the malware tries to hide and how Emotet uses the Windows system itself to persist and carry out its malicious work.
Citizenship, Vulnerability and Mental Incapacity in England, 1900–1960s
Authors: Weston Janet
Published: June 2019

Over the twentieth century, the Lunacy Office (renamed the Court of Protection in 1947) was responsible for appointing ‘receivers’ to manage the property of adults in England who were found incapable of managing their own affairs. Tens of thousands of people were in this position by the 1920s, and numbers continued to grow until after Second World War. This article uses the archives of the Office to examine the evolution of the concept of mental incapacity over the first half of the twentieth century, offering a corrective to the popular impression that the time before the Mental Capacity Act of 2005 was an era of ignorance and bad practice. It examines the changing ways in which being ‘incapable’ was understood and described, with particular reference to shifting ideas of citizenship. I argue that incapacity was not always seen as absolute or permanent in the first half of the century, that models of incapacity began to include perceived vulnerability in the interwar period and that women in particular were seen in this way. From the 1940s, though, the profile of those found incapable was changing, and the growing welfare state and its principles of employment and universality saw the idea of incapacity narrowing and solidifying around knowledge deficits, especially among the elderly. This brings the history of the Lunacy Office into the twentieth century and connects it to current concerns around assessments of mental capacity today.
Political Affinities and Maneuvering of Soviet Political Elites: Heorhii Shevel and Ukraine’s Ministry of Strange Affairs in the 1970s
Authors: Bertelsen Olga
Published: June 2019

This article examines the goals and practices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Ukraine in the 1970s, a Soviet institution that functioned as an ideological organ fighting against Ukrainian nationalists domestically and abroad. The central figure of this article is Heorhii Shevel who governed the Ministry from 1970 to 1980 and whose tactics, strategies, and practices reveal the existence of a distinct phenomenon in the Soviet Union—the nationally conscious political elite with double loyalties who, by action or inaction, expanded the space of nationalism in Ukraine. This research illuminates a paradox of pervasive Soviet power, which produced an institution that supported and reinforced Soviet “anti-nationalist” ideology, simultaneously creating an environment where heterodox views or sentiments were stimulated and nurtured.
VULNERABILITY AND THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION'S DRAFT ARTICLES ON THE PROTECTION OF PERSONS IN THE EVENT OF DISASTERS
Authors: O'Donnell Thérèse
Published: June 2019

This article ponders the possibilities existing for legal re-understandings of vulnerability and adopts the International Law Commission's Draft Articles on the Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters (2016) as its principal discursive context. Despite some promise and potential, the draft Articles retreated to conservative understandings of disaster-vulnerability and missed an opportunity for a sophisticated formulation. This article argues for disaster law's engagement with contemporary social science research. The work of critical geographers, historians and anthropologists in political ecology is particularly apposite. By rejecting geophysical outlooks in favour of structuralist understandings of disaster-vulnerability, such research facilitates consideration of interrelated histories and the role of economics in producing disaster-vulnerability. This article argues that such perspectives allow for reconsideration of current legal understandings regarding disaster-vulnerability (particularly in relation to international cooperation and risk and reduction) and thereby offer some promise for enriching disaster law's comprehensiveness and relevance.
Western Religion in the Long 1960s
Authors: MCLEOD HUGH
Published: June 2019

The Yale church historian, Sydney Ahlstrom, had just emerged somewhat dazed from the Sixties when he reviewed the religious trajectory of the United States during that decade. He wrote that by 1966 it was clear that ‘the post-war religious revival had completely frittered out, that the nation was moving towards acrise de la conscienceof unprecedented depth’. As well as a ‘growing attachment to naturalism and “secularism”’ he mentioned ‘a creeping or galloping awareness of vast contradictions in American life between profession and performance, the ideal and the actual’ and ‘increasing doubt concerning the capacity of present-day ecclesiastical, political, social and educational institutions to rectify these contradictions’. As Ahlstrom made clear in a later essay, he saw the crisis faced both by the Roman Catholic Church and by the ‘mainline’ Protestant Churches as part of a wider loss of ‘confidence or hope’ in American society and a passing away of ‘the certitudes that had always shaped the nation's well-being and sense of destiny’.
QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ANISOCOTYLY IN HABERLEA RHODOPENSIS AND RAMONDA MYCONI
Authors: Huang B.-H. , Nishii K. , Wang C.-N. , Möller M.
Published: June 2019

Anisocotyly, the unequal development of cotyledons post germination, is a unique trait observed only in Old World Gesneriaceae (Lamiales). New World Gesneriaceae have isocotylous seedlings. In both Old and New World Gesneriaceae, cotyledons initially grow equally for a short period just after germination. In the New World species, both cotyledons cease their growth at the same time early on, whereas in Old World species one cotyledon continues to expand to become a macrocotyledon while the other withers away. In this study, cotyledon growth was observed in two European Old World Gesneriaceae: Haberlea rhodopensis and Ramonda myconi. The results were compared with those for the typical anisocotylous species Streptocarpus rexii and the typical isocotylous species Corytoplectus speciosus. We found that the cotyledon growth patterns in Haberlea rhodopensis and Ramonda myconi were intermediate between the typical anisocotylous or isocotylous species. Haberlea rhodopensis and Ramonda myconi showed irregular growth patterns, with some plants being slightly anisocotylous but most being isocotylous. The developmental basis for the residual anisocotyly, the extended basal meristem activity in the macrocotyledon, appeared to be identical in the European species to that in the typical Old World Streptocarpus rexii but weakly expressed, rare and terminated early. In conclusion, European Gesneriaceae retain a reduced anisocotylous growth that may be linked to their early plumule development.
Application of Gray Level co-Occurrence Matrix Algorithm for Detection of Discrete Structural Changes in Cell Nuclei After Exposure to Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and 6-Hydroxydopamine
Authors: Nikolovski Dubravka , Cumic Jelena , Pantic Igor
Published: June 2019

The gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) algorithm is a contemporary computational biology method which, today, is frequently used to detect small changes in texture that are not visible using conventional techniques. We demonstrate that the toxic compound 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPS) have opposite effects on GLCM features of cell nuclei. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells were treated with 6-OHDA and IONPs, and imaging with GLCM analysis was performed at three different time points: 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min after the treatment. A total of 200 cell nuclei were analyzed, and for each nucleus, 5 GLCM parameters were calculated: Angular second moment (ASM), Inverse difference moment (IDM), Contrast (CON), Correlation (COR) and Sum Variance (SVAR). Exposure to IONPs was associated with the increase of ASM and IDM while the values of SVAR and COR were reduced. Treatment with 6-OHDA was associated with the increase of SVAR and CON, while the values of nuclear ASM and IDM were reduced. This is the first study to indicate that IONPs and 6-OHDA have opposite effects on nuclear texture. Also, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to apply the GLCM algorithm in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells in this experimental setting.
Introduction: Political Secularism and Religious Difference in Western Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa
Authors: Haynes Jeffrey , Wilson Erin
Published: June 2019

The introductory paper of this symposium compares the impact of “political secular” governing regimes in the countries of both the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Western Europe. The overall objective is to assess the impact of political secularism in both regions, as a key component of inter-religious and cultural discord and contention with significant political ramifications. The concept of “political secularism,” a contentious term, often lacking in analytical clarity, is briefly assessed. That is, what does “political secularism” mean and what does it look like both within and across Europe and the MENA? Opinions differ from scholar to scholar. As there is no consensus regarding the meaning of the term “political secular,” a core contribution of this introduction is to examine what the term means analytically in the contexts of the MENA and Western Europe.
Surgery of acute occlusion of the extracranial internal carotid	artery – a meta-analysis
Authors: Beneš Vladimír , Bradáč Ondřej , Horváth David , Suchomel Petr , Beneš Vladimír
Published: June 2019

Summary. Acute occlusion of the extracranial internal carotid artery (eICA) is associated with poor prognosis. Surgical desobliteration has not received adequate attention in recent years. We therefore conducted a literature review and meta-analysis of surgical studies published after 2000 that treated eICA occlusion surgically in an emergency setting. The search identified 10 relevant articles that included a total of 175 patients. The outcomes analysed included rates of recanalization (93 %), early neurological improvement (66 %), modified Rankin Scale 0–2 (62 %), mortality (5 %), early reocclusion (4 %), in-hospital stroke (4 %) and symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (4 %). In conclusion, acute surgical desobliteration of eICA occlusion leads to high rates of recanalization and a majority of patients experience early neurological improvement and achieve favourable outcome. Rates of mortality, early reocclusion, in-hospital stroke and sICH are acceptable in the view of unfavourable natural history.
Provenance Control on Chemical Weathering Index of Fluvio‐Lacustrine Sediments: Evidence From the Qaidam Basin, NE Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Ren Xueping , Nie Junsheng , Saylor Joel E. , Li Hua , Bush Meredith A. , Horton Brian K.
Published: June 2019

Carbon dioxide drawdown resulting from enhanced chemical weathering during orogenesis has been invoked to explain late Cenozoic global cooling. Establishing chemical weathering records from the India–Asia collision zone is important to test this hypothesis because uplift of the Tibetan Plateau is thought to be responsible for Cenozoic cooling. However, proxies for the intensity of chemical weathering can be affected by additional factors, such as sediment grain size and provenance. Here we report major element compositions and calculated chemical weathering intensity records of three size fractions (0–5, 5–20, 20–63 μm) from the Dahonggou section of the Qaidam Basin in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and compare those records with published provenance data from the same section. Results show that the indices of the fine (0–5 μm) fraction vary in coordination with provenance shifts, but variations of the 5–20 and 20–63 μm fractions are less affected by provenance variations. Comparison with Upper Continental Crust reveals that some labile elements are not leached but instead are enriched in the fine fraction, indicating that it does not faithfully record chemical weathering intensity. In addition, weathering can result in clay mineral transformation instead of elemental variations, complicating the relationship between element‐based parameters and weathering intensity. This work suggests that changes in sediment provenance must be accounted for when inferring variations in chemical weathering intensity on the basis of element‐based weathering intensity indices of the clay fraction.
Investigating Subsurface Pathways of Fukushima Cesium in the Northwest Pacific
Authors: Cedarholm Ella R. , Rypina Irina I. , Macdonald Alison M. , Yoshida Sachiko
Published: June 2019

Advective pathways for Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP)‐derived cesium observed in 2013 at 166°E south of the Kuroshio Extension (KE) at >500 m on the 26.5σθ isopycnal are investigated. Attention is paid to the KE's role in shaping these pathways. Using a high‐resolution model, particle trajectories were simulated backward and forward in time on 26.5σθ between the 2013 observations and the 2011 source. A large fraction of backtracked trajectories interacted with the mixed layer just offshore of the FDNPP. The likeliest pathway reaching the deepest 2013 observed cesium location runs along the KE out to ~165°E, where it turns sharply southward. Forward trajectory statistics suggest that for 26.5σθ waters originating north of the KE, this current acted as a permeable barrier west of 155–160°E. The deepest 2011 model mixed layers suggest that FDNPP‐derived radionuclides may have been present at 30°N in 2013 at greater depths and densities (700 m; 26.8σθ).
Significant Impact of Heat Supply From the Gulf Stream on a “Superbomb” Cyclone in January 2018
Authors: Hirata Hidetaka , Kawamura Ryuichi , Nonaka Masami , Tsuboki Kazuhisa
Published: June 2019

On 4 January 2018, an extremely rapidly developing extratropical cyclone (“superbomb” cyclone) appeared over the Gulf Stream. To clarify the key process of the intensification of the superbomb cyclone, we specifically examined the role of heat supply from the Gulf Stream by performing cloud‐resolving numerical experiments. When the cyclone rapidly developed, sensible and latent heat fluxes from the warm current predominated around the cold conveyor belt (CCB) of the cyclone. These fluxes created a convectively unstable layer near the surface. When the instability was released around the cyclone center, latent heating (LH) occurred. The increased LH further intensified the cyclone and its associated CCB. These findings indicate that the positive feedback process between the CCB and LH played a key role in intensification over the Gulf Stream. In this way, the heat supply from the Gulf Stream significantly impacted the development of the superbomb cyclone.
Experimental Constraints on an MgO Exsolution‐Driven Geodynamo
Authors: Du Zhixue , Boujibar Asmaa , Driscoll Peter , Fei Yingwei
Published: June 2019

MgO exsolution has been proposed to drive an early geodynamo. Experimental studies, however, have drawn different conclusions regarding the applicability of MgO exsolution. While many studies suggest that significant Mg can dissolve into the Earth's core, the amount of MgO exsolved out of the core, which hinges on the temperature dependence of MgO solubility, remains unclear. Here we present new high‐temperature experiments to better constrain the temperature and compositional dependence of Mg partitioning between Fe alloys and silicate liquids. Our experiments show that Mg partitioning is weakly dependent on temperature, while confirming its strong dependence on oxygen content in Fe alloys. This implies that MgO exolution is limited as the core cools but can help drive an early geodyanamo if the core heat loss is slightly subadiabatic. If an exosolution‐driven geodynamo did occur, it was likely over a limited time span that depends on the core thermal history and conductivity.
Effect of Hot He+ Ions on the Electron Pitch Angle Scattering Driven by H+, He+, and O+ Band EMIC Waves
Authors: Yu J. , Li L. Y. , Cui J. , Cao J. B. , Wang J.
Published: June 2019

In this paper, we find that hot He+ ions significantly alter the kinetic dispersion relation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves and thus strongly affect the wave‐driven electron pitch angle scattering rates. Increasing hot He+ ion parallel temperature, temperature anisotropy, or abundance raises the pitch angle scattering rates of MeV electrons driven by the H+ band EMIC waves. During the electron resonance with the He+ and O+ band EMIC waves, the electron pitch angle scattering rates are more sensitive to the variation of temperature anisotropy and abundance of hot He+ ions than their parallel temperature. The increase of hot He+ ion abundance (temperature anisotropy or abundance) generates a reduction of the energy range of electrons interacting with the He+ (O+) band EMIC waves. Therefore, the effect of hot He+ ions on the EMIC wave‐driven electron pitch angle scattering should be involved in the radiation belt modeling.
Seeding of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles by Vertical Neutral Wind
Authors: Yokoyama Tatsuhiro , Jin Hidekatsu , Shinagawa Hiroyuki , Liu Huixin
Published: June 2019

The seeding mechanism of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) in the ionosphere has not been fully understood for several decades. Before investigating the complex seeding process by atmospheric gravity waves, which have been considered as a possible candidate, we investigate the vertical neutral wind effect on the EPB seeding by making the numerical simulation setup as simple as possible. It is presented that the vertical wind over the dip equator with an amplitude of as low as 5 m/s can seed EPBs effectively. The upward wind reduces the eastward current and produces the eastward polarization electric field, so that the bottomside F region pushed by the upward wind is going to form upwellings and penetrate into the topside F region accelerated by the Rayleigh‐Taylor instability. It is suggested that the vertical wind perturbations driven by gravity waves should play an important role in seeding EPBs.
Local and Remote Controls on Arctic Mixed‐Layer Evolution
Authors: Neggers R. A. J. , Chylik J. , Egerer U. , Griesche H. , Schemann V. , Seifert P. , Siebert H. , Macke A.
Published: June 2019

In this study Lagrangian large‐eddy simulation of cloudy mixed layers in evolving warm air masses in the Arctic is constrained by in situ observations from the recent PASCAL field campaign. A key novelty is that time dependence is maintained in the large‐scale forcings. An iterative procedure featuring large‐eddy simulation on microgrids is explored to calibrate the case setup, inspired by and making use of the typically long memory of Arctic air masses for upstream conditions. The simulated mixed‐phase clouds are part of a turbulent mixed layer that is weakly coupled to the surface and is occasionally capped by a shallow humidity layer. All eight simulated mixed layers exhibit a strong time evolution across a range of time scales, including diurnal but also synoptic fingerprints. A few cases experience rapid cloud collapse, coinciding with a rapid decrease in mixed‐layer depth. To gain insight, composite budget analyses are performed. In the mixed‐layer interior the heat and moisture budgets are dominated by turbulent transport, radiative cooling, and precipitation. However, near the thermal inversion the large‐scale vertical advection also contributes significantly, showing a distinct difference between subsidence and upsidence conditions. A bulk mass budget analysis reveals that entrainment deepening behaves almost time‐constantly, as long as clouds are present. In contrast, large‐scale subsidence fluctuates much more strongly and can both counteract and boost boundary‐layer deepening resulting from entrainment. Strong and sudden subsidence events following prolonged deepening periods are found to cause the cloud collapses, associated with a substantial reduction in the surface downward longwave radiative flux.
Association between prefrontal glutamine levels and neuroticism determined using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Hasler Gregor , Buchmann Andreas , Haynes Melanie , Müller Sabrina Theresia , Ghisleni Carmen , Brechbühl Sarela , Tuura Ruth
Published: June 2019

There is growing evidence for GABA and glutamate–glutamine dysfunction in the pathogenesis of mood and anxiety disorders. It is important to study this pathology in the early phases of the illness in order to develop new approaches to secondary prevention. New magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measures allow determining glutamine, the principal metabolite of synaptic glutamate that is directly related to glutamate levels in the synaptic cleft, as well as glutamate and GABA. In contrast to previous investigations, this study used community-based recruitment methods and a combined categorical and dimensional approach to psychopathology. In the study protocol, neuroticism was defined as the primary outcome. Neuroticism shares a large proportion of its genetic variance with mood and anxiety disorders. We examined young adult participants recruited from the general population in a cross-sectional study using 3-T 1H-MRS with one voxel in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The total sample of N = 110 (61 females) included 18 individuals suffering from MDD and 19 individuals suffering from DSM-IV anxiety disorders. We found that glutamine and glutamine-to-glutamate ratio were correlated with neuroticism in the whole sample (r = 0.263, p = 0.005, and n = 110; respectively, r = 0.252, p = 0.008, and n = 110), even when controlling for depression and anxiety disorder diagnoses (for glutamine: beta = 0.220, p = 0.047, and n = 110). Glutamate and GABA were not significantly correlated with neuroticism (r = 0.087, p = 0.365, and n = 110; r = −0.044, p = 0.645, and n = 110). Lack of self-confidence and emotional instability were the clinical correlates of glutamate–glutamine dysfunction. In conclusion, this study suggests that prefrontal glutamine is increased in early phases of mood and anxiety disorders. Further understanding of glutamate–glutamine dysfunction in stress-related disorders may lead to new therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat these disorders.
Author Correction: Air-stable superparamagnetic metal nanoparticles entrapped in graphene oxide matrix
Authors: Tuček Jiří , Sofer Zdeněk , Bouša Daniel , Pumera Martin , Holá Kateřina , Malá Aneta , Poláková Kateřina , Havrdová Markéta , Čépe Klára , Tomanec Ondřej , Zbořil Radek
Published: June 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Quantum simulation of the non-fermi-liquid state of Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model
Authors: Luo Zhihuang , You Yi-Zhuang , Li Jun , Jian Chao-Ming , Lu Dawei , Xu Cenke , Zeng Bei , Laflamme Raymond
Published: June 2019

The Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model incorporates rich physics, ranging from exotic non-Fermi liquid states without quasiparticle excitations, to holographic duality and quantum chaos. However, its experimental realization remains a daunting challenge due to various unnatural ingredients of the SYK Hamiltonian such as its strong randomness and fully nonlocal fermion interaction. At present, constructing such a nonlocal Hamiltonian and exploring its dynamics is best through digital quantum simulation, where state-of-the-art techniques can already handle a moderate number of qubits. Here, we demonstrate a first step towards simulation of the SYK model on a nuclear-spin-chain simulator. We observed the fermion paring instability of the non-Fermi liquid state and the chaotic-nonchaotic transition at simulated temperatures, as was predicted by previous theories. As the realization of the SYK model in practice, our experiment opens a new avenue towards investigating the key features of non-Fermi liquid states, as well as the quantum chaotic systems and the AdS/CFT duality.
A Differential Approach to Form and Site of Peptic Ulcer
Authors: Rau Walter , Hohaus Christoph , Jessen Eike
Published: June 2019

The structural organization of intestinal blood flow is such as to allow for intramural collateral flow. Redistribution phenomena due to different local metabolic demands may lead to an impaired perfusion of parts of the intestinal wall which will display a characteristic pattern. Based on Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s laws, a differential analysis of the gastric vascular bed bridges the gap between basic physiological concepts and traditional anatomical, pathological and clinical knowledge. An ulcer of the intestinal wall becomes understandable as a non-occlusive infarct based on a supply/demand conflict in an anisotropic structure as it can be found in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract of man.
Diet assessment of two land planarian species using high-throughput sequencing data
Authors: Cuevas-Caballé Cristian , Riutort Marta , Álvarez-Presas Marta
Published: June 2019

Geoplanidae (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida) feed on soil invertebrates. Observations of their predatory behavior in nature are scarce, and most of the information has been obtained from food preference experiments. Although these experiments are based on a wide variety of prey, this catalog is often far from being representative of the fauna present in the natural habitat of planarians. As some geoplanid species have recently become invasive, obtaining accurate knowledge about their feeding habits is crucial for the development of plans to control and prevent their expansion. Using high throughput sequencing data, we perform a metagenomic analysis to identify thein situdiet of two endemic and codistributed species of geoplanids from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest:Imbira marcusiandCephaloflexa bergi. We have tested four different methods of taxonomic assignment and find that phylogenetic-based assignment methods outperform those based on similarity. The results show that the diet ofI. marcusiis restricted to earthworms, whereasC. bergipreys on spiders, harvestmen, woodlice, grasshoppers, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and possibly other geoplanids. Furthermore, both species change their feeding habits among the different sample locations. In conclusion, the integration of metagenomics with phylogenetics should be considered when establishing studies on the feeding habits of invertebrates.
Genetic similarity of biological samples to counter bio-hacking of DNA-sequencing functionality
Authors: Islam Mohd Siblee , Ivanov Stepan , Robson Eric , Dooley-Cullinane Tríona , Coffey Lee , Doolin Kevin , Balasubramaniam Sasitharan
Published: June 2019

We present the work towards strengthening the security of DNA-sequencing functionality of future bioinformatics systems against bio-computing attacks. Recent research has shown how using common tools, a perpetrator can synthesize biological material, which upon DNA-analysis opens a cyber-backdoor for the perpetrator to hijack control of a computational resource from the DNA-sequencing pipeline. As DNA analysis finds its way into practical everyday applications, the threat of bio-hacking increases. Our wetlab experiments establish that malicious DNA can be synthesized and inserted into E. coli, a common contaminant. Based on that, we propose a new attack, where a hacker to reach the target hides the DNA with malicious code on common surfaces (e.g., lab coat, bench, rubber glove). We demonstrated that the threat of bio-hacking can be mitigated using dedicated input control techniques similar to those used to counter conventional injection attacks. This article proposes to use genetic similarity of biological samples to identify material that has been generated for bio-hacking. We considered freely available genetic data from 506 mammary, lymphocyte and erythrocyte samples that have a bio-hacking code inserted. During the evaluation we were able to detect up to 95% of malicious DNAs confirming suitability of our method.
Identification of a natural ligand of the hazel allergen Cor a 1
Authors: Jacob Thessa , von Loetzen Christian Seutter , Reuter Andreas , Lacher Ulrike , Schiller Dirk , Schobert Rainer , Mahler Vera , Vieths Stefan , Rösch Paul , Schweimer Kristian , Wöhrl Birgitta M.
Published: June 2019

Hazelnut is one of the most frequent causes of food allergy. The major hazel allergen in Northern Europe is Cor a 1, which is homologous to the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1. Both allergens belong to the pathogenesis related class PR-10. We determined the solution structure of Cor a 1.0401 from hazelnut and identified a natural ligand of the protein. The structure reveals the protein fold characteristic for PR-10 family members, which consists of a seven-stranded antiparallel β-sheet, two short α-helices arranged in V-shape and a long C-terminal α-helix encompassing a hydrophobic pocket. However, despite the structural similarities between Cor a 1 and Bet v 1, they bind different ligands. We have shown previously that Bet v 1 binds to quercetin-3-O-sophoroside. Here, we isolated Cor a 1 from hazel pollen and identified the bound ligand, quercetin-3-O-(2“-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside, by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). NMR experiments were performed to confirm binding. Remarkably, although it has been shown that PR-10 allergens show promiscuous binding behaviourin vitro, we can demonstrate that Cor a 1.0401 and Bet v 1.0101 exhibit highly selective binding for their specific ligand but not for the respective ligand of the other allergen.
A Generalized Model for Linear-Periodically-Time-Variant Circulators
Authors: Xu Changting , Piazza Gianluca
Published: June 2019

Magnetic-free non-reciprocity based on linear-periodically-time-variant (LPTV) circuits has received significant research and commercial attention since it could revolutionize wireless communications. LPTV circuits are formed by two main components: linear-time-invariant (LTI) networks and periodically-modulated switches. The modulated switches are the core elements to break the reciprocity of LTI networks. To understand and design LPTV circulators, a universal and intuitive analytical model is required. However, such model does not exist as it is extremely challenging to accurately model and fully understand the LPTV behaviour of energy storage networks. To address this limitation, this work introduces a novel analysis method, which is broadly applicable to any LPTV networks, and validates it experimentally. The novelty of this methodology comes from two main contributions: (1) modelling of the switch as a resistor in parallel with a current-controlled current source; (2) the decomposition of the LPTV network into the linear superposition of two LTI networks. We apply this technique to model the exact behaviour of an LPTV circulator in the frequency domain.
Visual impairment in aging and cognitive decline: experience in a Memory Clinic
Authors: Marquié Marta , Castilla-Martí Miguel , Valero Sergi , Martínez Joan , Sánchez Domingo , Hernández Isabel , Rosende-Roca Maitée , Vargas Liliana , Mauleón Ana , Rodríguez-Gómez Octavio , Abdelnour Carla , Gil Silvia , Santos-Santos Miguel A. , Alegret Montserrat , Espinosa Ana , Ortega Gemma , Pérez-Cordón Alba , Sanabria Ángela , Roberto Natalia , Moreno-Grau Sonia , de Rojas Itziar , Simó Rafael , Ciudin Andreea , Hernández Cristina , Orellana Adelina , Monté-Rubio Gemma , Benaque Alba , Ruiz Agustín , Tárraga Lluís , Boada Mercè
Published: June 2019

Visual impairment is common in people living with dementia and regular ophthalmological exams may improve their quality of life. We evaluated visual function in a cohort of elderly individuals and analyzed its association with their degree of cognitive impairment. Participants underwent neurological and neuropsychological exams, neuro-ophthalmological assessment (visual acuity, intraocular pressure, rates of past ophthalmological pathologies, use of ocular correction, treatments and surgeries) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan. We analyzed differences in ophthalmological characteristics among diagnostic groups. The final sample of 1746 study participants aged ≥ 50 comprised 229 individuals with Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD), 695 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 833 with Dementia (Alzheimer disease: n = 660; vascular dementia: n = 92, Lewy body dementia: n = 34; frontotemporal dementia: n = 19 and other: n = 28). Age, gender and education were used as covariates. Patients with Dementia, compared to those with SCD and MCI, presented worse visual acuity (p < 0.001), used less visual correction (p = 0.02 and p < 0.001, respectively) and fewer ophthalmological treatments (p = 0.004 and p < 0.001, respectively) and underwent fewer ocular surgeries (p = 0.009 and p < 0.001, respectively). OCT image quality worsened in parallel to cognitive decline (Dementia vs SCD: p = 0.008; Dementia vs MCI: p < 0.001). No group differences in past ophthalmological disorders or abnormal OCT findings were detected. Efforts should be made to ensure dementia patients undergo regular ophthalmological assessments to correct their visual function in order to improve their quality of life.
A cross-species whole genome siRNA screen in suspension-cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells identifies novel engineering targets
Authors: Klanert Gerald , Fernandez Daniel J. , Weinguny Marcus , Eisenhut Peter , Bühler Eugen , Melcher Michael , Titus Steven A. , Diendorfer Andreas B. , Gludovacz Elisabeth , Jadhav Vaibhav , Xiao Su , Stern Beate , Lal Madhu , Shiloach Joseph , Borth Nicole
Published: June 2019

High-throughput siRNA screens were only recently applied to cell factories to identify novel engineering targets which are able to boost cells towards desired phenotypes. While siRNA libraries exist for model organisms such as mice, no CHO-specific library is publicly available, hindering the application of this technique to CHO cells. The optimization of these cells is of special interest, as they are the main host for the production of therapeutic proteins. Here, we performed a cross-species approach by applying a mouse whole-genome siRNA library to CHO cells, optimized the protocol for suspension cultured cells, as this is the industrial practice for CHO cells, and developed anin silicomethod to identify functioning siRNAs, which also revealed the limitations of using cross-species libraries. With this method, we were able to identify several genes that, upon knockdown, enhanced the total productivity in the primary screen. A second screen validated two of these genes,Rad21andChd4, whose knockdown was tested in additional CHO cell lines, confirming the induced high productivity phenotype, but also demonstrating the cell line/clone specificity of engineering effects.
Exploring subcellular responses of prostate cancer cells to X-ray exposure by Raman mapping
Authors: Roman Maciej , Wrobel Tomasz P. , Panek Agnieszka , Efeoglu Esen , Wiltowska-Zuber Joanna , Paluszkiewicz Czeslawa , Byrne Hugh J. , Kwiatek Wojciech M.
Published: June 2019

Understanding the response of cancer cells to ionising radiation is a crucial step in modern radiotherapy. Raman microspectroscopy, together with Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) analysis has been shown to be a powerful tool for monitoring biochemical changes of irradiated cells on the subcellular level. However, to date, the majority of Raman studies have been performed using a single spectrum per cell, giving a limited view of the total biochemical response of the cell. In the current study, Raman mapping of the whole cell area was undertaken to ensure a more comprehensive understanding of the changes induced by X-ray radiation. On the basis of the collected Raman spectral maps, PLSR models were constructed to elucidate the time-dependent evolution of chemical changes induced in cells by irradiation, and the performance of PLSR models based on whole cell averages as compared to those based on average Raman spectra of cytoplasm and nuclear region. On the other hand, prediction of X-ray doses for individual cellular components showed that cytoplasmic and nuclear regions should be analysed separately. Finally, the advantage of the mapping technique over single point measurements was verified by a comparison of the corresponding PLSR models.
Genetics of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Abulaban Ahmad , Hafler David A. , Longbrake Erin E.
Published: June 2019

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It evolves in persons with a genetic predisposition to autoimmunity who are also exposed to a variety of environmental risk factors. MS causes extensive CNS demyelination and axonal damage accompanied by immune cell infiltrates, and genetic studies of individuals with MS have been foundational to understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. In this chapter, we will review the emergence of MS as a complex genetic disease and discuss the current frontiers of genetic research in MS. Attempts to leverage genetic data to predict individual-level responses to MS therapies and prognosticate disease severity have so far been less successful, and we will also review these efforts.
Optical Coherence Tomography in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Alonso Ricardo , Cohen Leila
Published: June 2019

The retina consists of multiple layers of different types of cells; the inner layer is known as the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and it consists of unmyelinated optic nerve axons coming from the retinal ganglion cells. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is able to detect subtle changes in the thickness of the retina by means of infrared light reflection, representing retinal and optic nerve damage in neuro-ophthalmology pathologies. In recent years, different research has suggested that retinal OCT is a sensitive and useful tool to measure axonal damage after optic neuropathy and to understand the process of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients using retinal changes as a window to the brain. The most important findings regarding the OCT in MS patients are described in this chapter.
Regulation of Oligodendrocyte Differentiation: New Targets for Drug Discovery in Remyelination
Authors: de Castro Fernando , Josa-Prado Fernando
Published: June 2019

The formation of myelin is one of the main characteristics of cell differentiation in central nervous system (CNS) development. In physiological conditions, oligodendrocytes are the only myelin-forming cells in the CNS. During development, oligodendrocytes derive from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). These represent important numbers in the adult CNS, in a relatively quiescent state. After damage, such as in multiple sclerosis (MS), OPCs react and increase their capacity to form new oligodendrocytes and myelin: this process is known as spontaneous remyelination. To date, the therapeutic arsenal to treat MS is composed only of immune-modulators that modify the evolution of the disease but do not replace the myelin lost and the dead oligodendrocytes. The very first clinical trial showing positive results with a remyelinating agent in MS were released in 2017, opening a door for an unmet need for current neurology: the use of (re)meylinating agents in clinics, normally in combination with immune-modulators, to attack MS in its neuropathological facet, too. In the present chapter we review: the basics of oligodendrogliogenesis and myelin formation during development; pathways in the adult involved in oligodendrogliogenesis that could be targets for future therapeutic designs in search of (re)myelination; and, finally, all the putative (re)myelinating agents currently in the pipeline.
Alteration in iron efflux affects male sex hormone testosterone biosynthesis in a diet-induced obese rat model
Authors: Kurniawan Adi Lukas , Lee Yu-Chieh , Shih Chun-Kuang , Hsieh Rong-Hong , Chen Seu-Hwa , Chang Jung-Su
Published: June 2019

Uncontrolled testicular iron efflux (indicated by increased testicular iron and hepcidin but decreased ferroportin) decrease the capacity of the testes to produce testosteroneviaimpaired mitochondrial biogenesis and endoplasmic reticulum function.
Label-free gold nanorod-based plasmonic sensing of arsenic(iii) in contaminated water
Authors: Das Anindita , Mohanty Sonali , Kuanr Bijoy Kumar
Published: June 2019

An efficient label-free strategy for arsenic(iii) sensing in water through the suppression of iron(iii)-catalyzed oxidative shortening of gold nanorods.
Gold redox catalysis for cyclization/arylation of allylic oximes: synthesis of isoxazoline derivatives
Authors: Jimoh Abiola Azeez , Hosseyni Seyedmorteza , Ye Xiaohan , Wojtas Lukasz , Hu Yong , Shi Xiaodong
Published: June 2019

Base-assisted diazonium activation has been employed to promote gold(i)/(iii) redox catalysis toward allylic oxime cyclization/aryl coupling.
Gold(i)-catalyzed cascade cyclization of O-tethered 1,7-enynes bearing a cyclopropane moiety: construction of multi-substituted furans
Authors: Zang Wenqing , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: June 2019

A gold-catalyzed cascade cyclization of O-tethered 1,7-enynes bearing a cyclopropane moiety has been reported in this communication, affording multi-substituted furans in moderate to good yields along with the further transformations.
2,2′:6′,2′′-Terpyridine switches from tridentate to monodentate coordination in a gold(iii) terpy complex upon reaction with sodium azide
Authors: Peng Kun , Friedrich Alexandra , Schatzschneider Ulrich
Published: June 2019

The X-ray structure of a gold(iii) azido complex with a terpyridine coligand in a very rare monodentate coordination mode is reported.
I2/CuCl2-promoted one-pot three-component synthesis of aliphatic or aromatic substituted 1,2,3-thiadiazoles
Authors: Wang Can , Geng Xiao , Zhao Peng , Zhou You , Wu Yan-Dong , Cui Yan-Fang , Wu An-Xin
Published: June 2019

An efficient I2/CuCl2-promoted one-pot three-component strategy for the construction of 1,2,3-thiadiazoles from aliphatic- or aromatic-substituted methyl ketones, p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide, and potassium thiocyanate has been developed.