bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzothiopyrans. Acid-Catalyzed Intermolecular Cycloaddition of Acetylenic Alcohols with Arenethiols
Authors: Ishino Yoshio , Masaoka Toshihiro , Hirashima Tsuneaki
Published: May 2006

Reaction of the acetylenic alcohols with arenethiols in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) gave 3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzothiopyrans (thiochromans) in good to excellent yields, the reaction of which may involve intermolecular cycloaddition via cationic intermediates.
Local Collapse of a Monolayer on an Aqueous Subphase at a Fairly High Surface Pressure Lower than Its Collapsing Pressure Visualized by Electron Microscopy
Authors: Iriyama Keiji , Araki Toshinari
Published: May 2006

Local collapse of a monolayer on an aqueous subphase at a high surface pressure below its collapsing pressure could be apparently visualized on the electron microscopic scale.
Convenient Synthesis of Some Functionalized Dewar Benzenes and Effect of Chlorine Substitution on the Rates of Their Aromatization
Authors: Tsuji Takashi , Watanabe Harumi , Tanaka Jun , Inada Mari , Nishida Shinya
Published: May 2006

1,4-Bis(hydroxymethyl) Dewar benzenes were prepared in five steps from dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in ca. 10% overall yield and rates of their aromatization were measured: dichloro substitution at both the 2,5- and 2,6-positions led to substantial deceleration of the isomerization.
A Pronounced Catalytic Activity of an Acidic Cesium Salt of 12-Tungstophosphoric Acid for Ester Decomposition in Solid–liquid System
Authors: Okuhara Toshio , Nishimura Toru , Ohashi Kazutaka , Misono Makoto
Published: May 2006

The acidic Cs salt of 12-tungstophosphoric acid (Cs/polyanion = 2.5) was much more active for liquid phase decomposition of cyclohexyl acetate than Nafion, HY-zeolite, H-ZSM-5, Al3+-exchanged montmorillonite, and SO42−/ZrO2.
CVD Preparation of Vanadium-oxide Supported on Silica Catalyst and Its Structure
Authors: Inumaru Kei , Okuhara Toshio , Misono Makoto
Published: May 2006

Elementary processes of the formation of vanadium-oxide on SiO2 by CVD of VO(OC2H5)3 were studied. All Si–OH groups on the SiO2 reacted with VO(OC2H5)3 to form either Si–O–V(=O)(OC2H5)2 or (Si–O)2–V(=O)(OC2H5). By the repeated CVD, highly dispersed V2O5 overlayer was formed as confirmed by XPS and XRD. This catalyst was much more active than V2O5/SiO2 prepared by an impregnation method for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol.
Diazo-Coupling with a Resorcinol-Based Cyclophane. A New Water-Soluble Host with a Deep Cleft
Authors: Manabe Osamu , Asakura Kazumichi , Nishi Tadahiko , Shinkai Seiji
Published: May 2006

A new water-soluble host molecule was synthesized by the diazo-coupling reaction of a resorcinol-based tetrameric cyclophane and p-sulfonatobenzenediazonium. In an aqueous system the product could include large guest molecules such as adamantane, pyrene, and coronene, the association constants being (2.0–4.6) ×104 M−1.
Enantiospecific Construction of Quaternary Carbon Center via Intramolecular 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition. A New Route to Natural (−)-Mesembrine from (S)-O-Benzylglycidol
Authors: Takano Seiichi , Samizu Kiyohiro , Ogasawara Kunio
Published: May 2006

Thermolysis of the aziridine ester, obtained from (S)-O-benzylglycidol, afforded the pyrrolidine lactone bearing a quaternary carbon center stereo-specifically in a good yield via intramolecular cycloaddition of the 1,3-dipole. The adduct (11) could be converted into natural (−)-mesembrine, the major alkaloid of Sceletium namaquense, and its N-demethyl derivative via a 8 step sequence of reactions.
Synthesis of Bidentate Lewis Acids and Their Properties as Host Molecules
Authors: Narasaka Koichi , Sakurai Hidehiro , Kato Takashi , Iwasawa Nobuharu
Published: May 2006

Bidentate Lewis acids, bis-arylboronates of 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1,1,5,5-tetramethylindacene-2R*,3R*,6R*,7R*-tetraol were synthesized from tetramethylindacene and were found to form complexes selectively with 4-aminopyridine derivatives.
An Oxygen Sensor Composed of Tightly Stacked Membrane/Electrode/Electrolyte
Authors: Katakura Katsumi , Noma Atsushi , Ogumi Zempachi , Takehara Zen-ichiro
Published: May 2006

A new type amperometric oxygen sensor operating at room temperature is constructed using Nafion, porous platinum cathode directly deposited on Nafion, and a polyethylene film covering the cathode surface directly. An oxygen reduction current is limited by oxygen diffusion rate through the diffusion-limiting polyethylene film and it changes in proportion to oxygen concentration of gases up to 100%.
Novel Disilylation and Germylation of Coordinated Dinitrogen in cis-[W(N2)2(PMe2Ph)4]
Authors: Oshita Hiroyuki , Mizobe Yasushi , Hidai Masanobu
Published: May 2006

When treated with a mixture of ClMe2SiCH2CH2SiMe2Cl and excess NaI, cis-[W(N2)2(PMe2Ph)4] (1) afforded , the structure of which was determined by the X-ray analysis. On the other hand, treatment of 1 with Me3GeCl in the presence of excess Nal gave two germylated dinitrogen complexes trans-[WI(NNGeMe3)(PMe2Ph)4] and mer-[WI2(NNHGeMe3)(PMe2Ph)3].
New Cembranoids from the Okinawan Soft Coral Sinularia mayi
Authors: Kusumi Takenori , Yamada Kengo , Ishitsuka Midori O , Fujita Yoshiharu , Kakisawa Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

Three new cembranoids, (+)-isosarcophine (1), (+)-8-hydroxyisosarcophytoxide-6-ene, and (+)-methyl cembra-1,3,7,11-tetraene-16-carboxylate have been isolated from Sinularia mayi, and their structures including the absolute configuration of 1 have been determined spectroscopically and by means of chemical reaction.
Photosensitized Isomerization of Hexamethyl(Dewar benzene) by Interactions with 1,4-Dicyanonaphthalene-Arene Exciplexes. An Adiabatic Triplex Pathway
Authors: Masaki Yasuhiro , Uehara Yoshikazu , Yanagida Shozo , Pac Chyongjin
Published: May 2006

The isomerization of Hexamethyl(Dewar benzene) to hexamethylbenzene is photosensitized by 1,4-dicyanonaphthalenearene exciplexes. Spectroscopic and quantum-yield studies suggest that the isomerization proceeds mostly through an adiabatic pathway from hypothetical termolecular excited complexes (triplexes).
An Ultramicrostructured Photoelectrode System Composed of TiO2 Single Crystal and Layered SiO2 and Pt Thin Film
Authors: Hiramoto Masahiro , Hashimoto Kazuhito , Sakata Tadayoshi
Published: May 2006

An ultramicrostructured photoelectrode system composed of a TiO2 single crystal and thin films of SiO2 and Pt was prepared by exposing the vertical section of the layered SiO2 and Pt film. The distance between the semiconductor and metal, i.e., the thickness of the SiO2 layer is made very thin (ca.140 nm). This electrode showed photoresponse under irradiation in the presence of vapor of water, ammonia, ethanol and acetone. This is the first micro-photoelectrode system which can work in the gas phase.
Formation of N21,N22-Etheno-Bridged Meso-Tetraphenylphlorins
Authors: Setsune Jun-ichiro , Ishimaru Yoshihiro , Kitao Teijiro
Published: May 2006

N21,N22-(1,2-Diphenyletheno)-meso-tetraphenylporphin hydroperchlorate was reduced by NaBH4 to the 5H-phlorin and deprotonated by NaOH to the free base. However, the N21,N22-hydroxymethyletheno derivative underwent intramolecular attack of the bridge hydroxy group on the 10-meso position to give the novel 10H-phlorin under basic conditions.
Electron Microscopic Evidence for Thermally Induced Phase Separation in a Monolayer Containing Dye-Surfactant and Fatty Acid
Authors: Iriyama Keiji , Araki Toshinari , Iwasaki Takashi
Published: May 2006

An evidence for the thermally induced phase separation in a mixed monolayer on an aqueous subphase was electron microscopically visualized.
New Catalytic Polymerization of Pyrrole
Authors: Toshima Naoki , Tayanagi Jun-ichi
Published: May 2006

Pyrrole can be easily polymerized to produce polypyrrole by using an AlCl3–CuCl–O2 cayalytic system. The yield of polypyrrole was very high and more than 600% based on the amount of CuCl used. The conductivity of the pressed polypyrrole was 10−2 S cm−1.
Hemin-Catalyzed Addition Reactions of Thiophenols to Styrene
Authors: Kano Koji , Takeuchi Masayuki , Hashimoto Shizunobu , Yoshidat Zen-ichi
Published: May 2006

Hemin promotes the Markovnikov-type addition reactions of thiols (origins of the thiols are their disulfide derivatives) to styrene in benzene–ethanol (1:1) containing NaBH4. The plausible reaction mechanism has been discussed.
Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Some Reactions of Bis(dimethylphenylsilyl) Ketone
Authors: Narasaka Koichi , Saito Nobuo , Hayashi Yujiro , Ichida Hikaru
Published: May 2006

The tide compound was prepared from bis(methylthio)methane as a crystalline compound. The molecular structure was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis, and reactions with alkyl metals and a Wittig reagent were examined.
Investigation on Photochemical Reduction of NAD+ to NADH in Liposomal Solution
Authors: Umeda Keisuke , Nakamura Asao , Toda Fujio
Published: May 2006

In the reaction system with AOH+ as a photosensitizer, the generation of NADH stopped after 20 min irradiation at low level. On the other hand, when a photosensitizer was Chla, non-stop generation of NADH was observed after 80 min irradiation. This is because NADH generated was consumed by a side reaction in AOH+-reaction system, whereas it does not occur in Chla-reaction system.
Stabilization of Stearic Acid LB Monolayer Film by Addition of n-Alkylthiol
Authors: Sawaguchi Takahiro , Nishizawa Matsuhiko , Matsue Tomokazu , Uchida Isamu
Published: May 2006

Stability of stearic acid LB monolayer in an aqueous solution is remarkably improved by the addition of n-alkylthiol. n-Alkylthiol adsorbs strongly on gold surface and acts as anchor of the stearic acid monolayer so as not to diffuse away from the substrate.
Dichotomous Reactivity of Halodisilanes in Oxidative Addition with Pt(PEt3)3. Formation of Bis(silyl)- or (Disilanyl)platinum Complexes
Authors: Yamashita Hiroshi , Kobayashi Toshi-aki , Hayashi Teruyuki , Tanaka Masato
Published: May 2006

The Si-Si bond in XSiMe2SiMe2Y (X, Y = F, F; Cl, Cl; Cl, Me; Br, Me) was readily cleaved with Pt(PEt3)3 to give cis-(XMe2Si)(YMe2Si)Pt(PEt3)2 complexes. On the other hand, ISiMe2SiMe3 selectively underwent oxidative addition at the Si–I bond to result in the formation of trans-(Me3SiMe2Si)PtI(PEt3)2.
Competitive Homogeneous Chemiluminescent Immunoassay Using Antigen-modified Sheep Red Blood Cells
Authors: Tatsu Yoshiro , Yoshikawa Susumu
Published: May 2006

A novel method for immunoassay is reported. A competitive assay for dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin (DNP-GGB) was performed using anti-DNP serum and DNP-sheep red blood cells (DNP-SRBC). After complement-mediated hemolytic reaction, the chemiluminescent measurements were performed without any separation procedure. The sensitivity was 0.1 μg/ml of DNP-BGG.
Electrodeposition of Sm–Co from Formamide Solution
Authors: Sato Yuichi , Ishida Hiroshi , Kobayakawa Koichi , Abe Yuki
Published: May 2006

Anhydrous samarium chloride, cobalt chloride and their coexisted solution of formamide were electrolyzed at constant current. From the results of XPS analysis of the deposits, their metallic states were found in the inside of the film. Cobalt rich codeposited film showed the saturation magnetization of 840 emu/cc and the coercive force of 18.1 Oe.
Rate of Spin-Trapping of Superoxide as Studied by Chemiluminescence
Authors: Gotoh Naohiro , Niki Etsuo
Published: May 2006

A novel method was developed and applied to the measurement of the rate constants for the interaction of superoxide with various spin traps. This method is based on the effect of spin traps on the chemiluminescence intensity emitted from the interaction of superoxide with a Cypridina luciferin analog, 2-methyl-6-phenyl- 3,7-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3-one.
Generalization, Alteration, and Enhancement of the Stereoselectivity in the Cieplak-Mode Reductions of 4-Alkoxy(or Silyloxy)cyclohexanones
Authors: Nagao Yoshimitsu , Goto Michimasa , Ochiai Masahito
Published: May 2006

Reductions of 4-alkoxy(or silyloxy)cyclohexanones with LiAlH4, AlH(i-Bu)2, and Li(s-Bu)3BH afforded the corresponding cis alcohols in 73–80% selectivities. Similar reduction of 4-benzyloxy- and 4-t-butyldiphenylsilyloxy-cyclohexanones with AlH(i-Bu)2 in the presence of EtAlCl2 gave trans alcohol (93% selectivity) from the former and cis alcohol (94% selectivity) from the latter, respectively.
Aromaticity of a Newly Synthesized Azulenone, Cyclohepta[b]thiophen-2-one
Authors: Machiguchi Takahisa , Yamabe Shinichi
Published: May 2006

Tropothione reacts with chloroketene to give 1-thia-2-azulenone (1) in addition to a 1:2 adduct. An MO calculation suggests that the latter is formed via a novel one-site electrophilic addition of chloroketene to 1.
Magnetic Field Effects and Reaction Mechanism in Photoredox Reaction of Nitro Group
Authors: Ishii Yukiko , Tukada Hideyuki , Nakagaki Ryoichi , Mutai Kiyoshi
Published: May 2006

Competitive inter- and intramolecular photoredox reactions of the nitro group in homologous series of compound, p-O2NC6H4O(CH2)nOC6H4NMe2-m (n = 2–12) are found to occur at the N-methyl group. The mechanistic aspects of the reactions are discussed in connection with the magnetic field effects on the reaction rate.
Chemical Constituents of Macromolecular Phase of Akabira Coal
Authors: Nomura Masakatsu , Matsubayashi Kenji , Miyake Mikio
Published: May 2006

A Residue fraction from extraction of Akabira coal was analyzed by Curie point pyrolysis, which showed a great increase of volatile from at 500 °C to 590 °C. A GC-MS analysis of the volatile at 590 °C indicated an evident appearance of phenol derivatives, in a series of alkane, alkene, cyclohexane, benzene, and naphthalene derivatives. SEM observation indicated that pyro-coke at 590 °C melted while that at 500 °C remained unchanged. Therefore, the abruptly increasing volatile at 590 °C originates mainly from macromolecular phase of coal.
A Direct Enzymatic Synthesis of Laurencin from Laurediol
Authors: Fukuzawa Akio , Aye Mya , Murai Akio
Published: May 2006

Deacetyllaurencin was synthesized in an enzymatic manner from (3E,6R,7R)-laurediol with lactoperoxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and sodium bromide.
A Facile Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)-1-Aryl-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropenes and (E)-1-Aryl-2-chloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropenes
Authors: Kuroboshi Manabu , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: May 2006

Arenecarbaldehydes ArCHO were allowed to react with a carbenoid reagent CF3CX2Mtl (X = Cl, Mtl = ZnCl; X = F, Mtl = Li) to give adducts ArCH(OH)CX2CF3 whose hydroxyl group was substituted by fluorine. Dehydrohalogenation of the resultant ArCHFCX2CF3 (X = Cl or F) with DBU or NaNH2/t-BuOH (cat) gave with excellent selectivity the title (E)-propenes.
Optically Active O-Acyl Cyanohydrins as Chiral Dopants for Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals
Authors: Kusumoto Tetsuo , Hanamoto Takeshi , Hiyama Tamejiro , Takehara Sadao , Shoji Tadao , Osawa Masashi , Kuriyama Takeshi , Nakamura Kayoko , Fujisawa Toru
Published: May 2006

O-Acyl cyanohydrins having a chiral center directly connected to the core aromatic ring were prepared through asymmetric hydrocyanation of 4-substituted benzaldehydes and shown to be excellent chiral dopants for ferroelectric liquid crystals.
The (xy)2(x2−y2) Vacancy Configuration in Co(II)-Formazan
Authors: Kawamura Yoshiko , Yamauchi Jun , Ohya-Nishiguchi Hiroaki
Published: May 2006

ESR spectra of two formazanyl cobalt(II) complexes were observed at room temperature, 77, and 4 K. The parallel components (g//) and the perpendicular components (g⊥) of their g values satisfied a relation g// > g⊥ > 2. These results could be interpreted by a rare three-vacancy configuration of (xy)2(x2−y2) in d-orbitals.
EXAFS Amplitudes of Six-Coordinate Aqua and Ammine 3d Transition Metal Complexes in Solids and in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Sakane Hideto , Miyanaga Takafumi , Watanabe Iwao , Yokoyama Yu
Published: May 2006

X-Ray absorption spectra of hexaaqua and hexaammine complexes of some 3d transition metals in solids and in aqueous solutions are measured and analyzed. It is found that the peak intensities in the EXAFS Fourier transforms for aqua complexes correlate with those for ammine complexes.
Crucial Effects of Residual Chlorine on the Dependency of the Selectivity of Cyclohexane Conversion on the Ru Dispersion of Ru/Al2O3
Authors: Kyomasu Ayumi , Okuhara Toshio , Misono Makoto
Published: May 2006

The selectivity of cyclohexane conversion over Ru/Al2O3 oppositely depended on the Ru dispersion between Cl-free Ru/Al2O3 and Cl-containing Ru/Al2O3 indicating that the residual Cl and the dispersion are the crucial factors controlling the selectivity.
Mild Acetylation of Amides, Thioamides, Ureas, and Thioureas Using Methyl Bis(1-naphthyl)bismuthinate in Acetic Acid
Authors: Ogawa Takuji , Miyazaki Kikuko , Suzuki Hitomi
Published: May 2006

Amides, thioamides, ureas, and thioureas were N-acetylated in good yield with acetic acid in the presence of methyl bis(1-naphthyl)bismuthinate at room temperature.
Nickel(II) Complex Catalyzed Epoxidation of Olefins with Molecular Oxygen and Primary Alcohol
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Takai Toshihiro , Yamada Tohru , Rhode Oliver
Published: May 2006

In the presence of a catalytic amount of bis[1,3-di(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-propanedionato]nickel(II) (=Ni(dmp)2), various olefins are smoothly monooxygenated into corresponding epoxides in good yields with combined use of molecular oxygen and primary alcohol.
Simple One-Pot Preparation of 1,2-Diacetoxy-2-propene. A Convenient Precursor of 1-Acetoxy-3-chloro-2-propanone
Authors: Sakai Kunikazu , Kondo Kiyosi
Published: May 2006

From a neat mixture of acetic anhydride and propargyl alcohol, 1,2-diacetoxy-2-propene was prepared by successive treatment with an acid catalyst and a Ru catalyst in one-pot procedure. The product was a convenient precursor of 1-acetoxy-3-chloro-2-propanone.
Regioselective Transformation of the Functional Groups of Coenzyme PQQ
Authors: Itoh Shinobu , Inoue Teruhisa , Fukui Yoshifumi , Huang Xin , Komatsu Mitsuo , Ohshiro Yoshiki
Published: May 2006

Regioselective transformation of the carboxyl groups of PQQ was performed by applying the regioselective hydrolysis of the three methyl ester groups of trimethyl 5-methoxy-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline-2,7,9-tricarboxylate (1).
Dehydrogenation of Cyclohexanol to Cyclohexanone Catalyzed by Tin Oxide and the Sulfated Tin Oxide
Authors: Hino Makoto , Arata Kazushi
Published: May 2006

Tin oxide prepared by hydrolysis of tin (II) octylate followed by calcination and the tin oxide sulfated by exposing to 0.5 mol/dm3 H2SO4 followed by calcination in air were highly effective as catalysts for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone in the presence of water, a selectivity of up to 99% for 90% conversion.
Large Reorganization Energies Associated with Electron-Transfer Reactions of Permethylated Catenates of Group 4B Elements
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Kitano Toshiaki , Mochida Kunio
Published: May 2006

Large reorganization energies (38 ± 5 kcal mol−1) are found to be required for electron-transfer reactions of permethylated catenates of group 4B elements. With such large reorganization energies the standard oxidation potentials of permethylated catenates of group 4B elements in acetonitrile are about 1 V lower than the corresponding peak potentials observed in the electrochemical oxidation.
Diastereoselective Addition of Organometallics to Chiral α-Keto Amides Having trans-2,5-Disubstituted Pyrrolidine
Authors: Kawanami Yasuhiro , Katayama Koji
Published: May 2006

The nucleophilic addition of organotitanium reagents to α-keto amides derived from (2R,5R)-trans-2,5-bis(t-butyldimethylsiloxymethylsiloxymethyl)pyrrolidine [(R,R)-BTBSP] afforded the corresponding α-hydroxy amides with very high diastereofacial selectivity.
Malachite Green as a Sensitive Free-Volume Probe
Authors: Kemnitz Klaus , Yoshihara Keitaro
Published: May 2006

Malachite green acts as a highly sensitive free-volume probe due to the delicate dependence of its mechanism of internal conversion on the environment. A strong contrast is observed between the temperature dependence of the fluorescence decays in the adsorbed state and in solid matrix.
Long-lived Colored Merocyanine Conformers in the Aggregates Formed on UV Irradiation of Spiropyran. A Raman Spectroscopic Study
Authors: Onai Yoshiyuki , Kasatani Kazuo , Kobayashi Makoto , Shinohara Hisanori , Sato Hiroyasu
Published: May 2006

Resonance Raman spectra of the aggregate formed on the UV irradiation of 6-nitro-1′,3′,3′-trimethylspiro[2H-1-benzopyran-2,2′-indoline] (6-nitro BIPS) in nonpolar solvents revealed the presence of long-lived colored merocyanine conformers.
Preparation and Properties of Organic Polymer Ferromagnet with Indigo Unit
Authors: Tanaka Hitoshi , Tokuyama Kouichi , Sato Tsuneyuki , Ota Tadatoshi
Published: May 2006

A new organic polymer ferromagnet with indigo unit in the main chain was prepared and its magnetic properties were examined. Resulting polymer contained the fraction which attracted to a permanent magnet and it showed a definitive hysteresis loop at room temperature.
Reactivities of Sulfur and Selenium in Adduct Formation of (η5-Cyclopentadienyl)(1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethylenedichalcogenolato)cobalt(III) Complexes with Ethyl Diazoacetate
Authors: Sakurada Masami , Okubo Joe , Kajitani Masatsugu , Akiyama Takeo , Sugimori Akira
Published: May 2006

The reactivity and selectivity of S and Se of (η5-cyclopentadienyl)(1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethylenedichalchogenolato)cobalt(III) in the alkylidene adduct formation with ethyl diazoacetate were studied. The relative reactivities of dithiolato, selenolatothiolato (1c), and diselenolato complexes are 1 : 26 : 400 at 40 °C. In contrast to the large difference in the reactivities in intermolecular competition, S and Se in 1c reacted with low intramolecular selectivity.
Increasing Packing Density of Hydrated Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Unilamellar Vesicles Induced by Trehalose
Authors: Nishiwaki Tetsuo , Sakurai Minoru , Inoue Yoshio , Chûjô Riichirô , Kobayashi Shôichi
Published: May 2006

On the basis of the observation of 31P{1H} nuclear Overhauser enhancement, trehalose is shown to increase the packing density of the polar head groups of phospholipid unilamellar vesicles. This finding is not consistent with previous results obtained for Langmuir-type membranes or multilamellar vesicles. The present results explain the anti-fusogenic ability of trehalose.
Facile Conversion of the t-Butylthio Group of 1,3,4,6-Tetrakis(t-butylthio)thieno[3,4-c]thiophene into Other Alkylthio Groups Initiated by Protonation
Authors: Tsubouchi Akira , Matsumura Noboru , Inoue Hiroo
Published: May 2006

The t-butylthio group of 1,3,4,6-tetrakis(t-butylthio)thieno[3,4-c]thiophene was converted into other alkylthio groups by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid, followed by alkylation with alkyl iodides.
Synthesis and Structure of Thiolate Complexes Containing (η5-C5Me5)RhIII Groups
Authors: Hou Zhaomin , Ozawa Yoshiki , Isobe Kiyoshi
Published: May 2006

Reaction of [Cp*RhCl2]2 (Cp* = η5-C5Me5) with NaSMe in H2O–MeOH (1:1 by volume) gave [Cp*Rh(μ-SMe)3RhCp*]Cl·2H2O which was converted to [Cp*Rh(μ-SMe)3RhCp*]2[W3S9] by treatment with WS42−. In the presence of MoO3 the reaction led to formation of [Cp*RhCl(μ-SMe)2RhCp*Cl]. X-Ray structure analyses revealed that [Cp*Rh(μ-SMe)3RhCp*]2[W3S9] has three μ2-bridged SMe ligands and that [Cp*RhCl(μ-SMe)2RhCp*Cl] has a syn-planar conformation with two μ2-bridged SMe ligands.
Importance of Apparent Density of BaLa2O4 Catalysts in Oxidative Coupling of Methane
Authors: Yamagata Nobutsugu , Abe Youji , Igarashi Kouji , Ishikawa Takao , Sahara Masae , Okazaki Susumu
Published: May 2006

A voluminous catalyst composed of mainly a composite oxide of BaLa2O4 was found to be effective for oxidative coupling of methane to ethane and ethylene. The high C2 yield is probably due to the low apparent density of the catalyst as well as to its high basicity.
Infrared Studies of the Phototransformation of Phytochrome
Authors: Sakai Jun , Morita Eugene Hayato , Hayashi Hidenori , Furuya Masaki , Tasumi Mitsuo
Published: May 2006

Infrared spectral changes caused by red light irradiation have been observed for pea phytochrome. The results obtained seem to contain useful information for elucidating structural changes of the chromophore and its environment occurring in the phototransformation of phytochrome.
Photochemical Surface Modification of Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) Film with 1-(1-Pyrenyl)-2-methylpropene
Authors: Ichinose Nobuyuki , Kitamura Noboru , Masuhara Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

Introduction of pyrenyl group to surface of a poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) film was achieved by photoreaction of the film with an acetonitrile solution containing 1-(1-pyrenyl)-2-methylpropene and dimethyl terephthalate (DMTP). Spatial patterning of the film was also explored to show a possible application of the method to microfabrication with photo-functional molecules.
Efficient NAD+-Regeneration System with Heterocyclic o-Quinones and Molecular Oxygen Catalyzed by Diaphorase
Authors: Itoh Shinobu , Mita Naruyoshi , Ohshiro Yoshiki
Published: May 2006

Addition of catalase and diaphorase drastically improved efficiency of the NAD+-regeneration system with heterocyclic o-quinones and molecular oxygen.
Synthesis of α-Keto-steroidal Spiro-thiazolidines
Authors: Takahashi Tomoyoshi , Takahashi Miki , Hashimoto Akira , Satoh Yasuo
Published: May 2006

α-Bromo-steroidal ketones were converted into α-keto spiro-thiazolidine derivatives with β-aminothiols (H2N(CH2)2SH, o-H2NC6H4SH), in pyridine solution at room temperature.
Highly Sensitive Analysis of SnO2/Solution Interface by Internal Reflection–Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Nakashima Tetsuto , Fujishima Akira
Published: May 2006

Internal reflection-fluorescence Spectroscopy was applied to the analysis of SnO2/solution interface. Changes in the fluorescence intensity of 1,3-di-n-butyl-5-[4-[3,3-dimethyl-1-(-sulfopropyl)-2-indolinylidene]-2 -butenylidene]-2-thiobarbituric acid sodium salt were measured at very low dye concentration as a function of pH. The point of zero charge and the distribution of the positive charge sites of SnO2 thin film surface were investigated. The electrochemical potential of SnO2/solution interface was estimated.
Kinetics of the Reaction between Cobalt and Selenium Vapor at High Temperatures
Authors: Sasaki Yoshinori , Takahashi Kazuhiro
Published: May 2006

Metallic cobalt was selenidized at temperatures of 550–700 °C in selenium vapor at 4.5 kPa. The products were Co3Se4 and CoSe2. All the selenidization reactions proceeded according to a parabolic rate law, and the component which diffused was cobalt.
35Cl NQR Spectra and the Addition Reactions to 2-Chlorobutadiene of N,N-Dichloromethane- and N,N,p-Trichlorobenzenesulfonamide
Authors: Nagao Yoshitaka , Katagiri Shigeyoshi
Published: May 2006

35Cl NQR spectra of N,N-dichloromethane- and N,N,p-trichlorobenzenesulfonamide were measured at liquid nitrogen temperature. The former compound showed a single absorption line at 53.570 MHz, while the latter three lines at 52.405, 52.041 and 35.529 MHz. The bond ionicities estimated from 35Cl NQR frequencies for these compounds were related to the yields of the addition reaction to 2-chlorobutadiene.
Effects of Zinc(II) on Fluorescence Properties of Divalent Europium–Poly(Methacrylate Containing 15-crown-5 Structure) Complex
Authors: Higashiyama Nobuyuki , Adachi Gin-ya
Published: May 2006

The Eu2+-Zn2+-poly(methacrylate containing 15-crown-5 structure) complex excited by U.V. light was found to yield bright blue emission. Its emission intensity was observed to be ca. 50% of that for CaWO4:Pb (NBS1026), while the emission intensity for Eu2+-poly(methacrylate containing 15-crown-5 structure) was ca. 20%. The luminescence lifetime gets much longer by virtue of the Zn2+ coexistence. This Eu2+-Zn2+-polymer complex will be a new promising blue phosphor.
Convenient Synthesis and Dichroic Properties of Heterocyclic Quinone Dyes, 3-(Dialkylamino)benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]furan-6,11-diones
Authors: Yoshida Katsuhira , Adachi Takako , Oga Norio , Kubo Yuji
Published: May 2006

New heterocyclic quinone dyes, 3-(dialkylamino)benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]furan-6,11-diones, were conveniently prepared from 1,4-naphthoquinone and m-(dialkylamino)phenols. These dyes show dichroic properties and good solubility in a nematic liquid crystalline system.
Preparation, Characterization, and Intercalation of (PbS)(TS2)2; (T = Ti, Nb, Ta), New Ternary Sulfides with Layered Composite Crystal Structure
Authors: Gotoh Yoshito , Akimoto Junji , Sakurai Makoto , Kiyozumi Yoshimichi , Suzuki Kunio , Oosawa Yoshinao
Published: May 2006

A few (PbS)(TS2)2; (T = Ti, Nb, Ta) type of ternary sulfides has been prepared. On the basis of powder X-ray diffraction, it is suggested that they have layered composite crystal structure in which a two-atom-thick PbS layer and two adjacent three-atom-thick TS2 sandwiches are stacked alternately. Intercalation of hydrazine into the sulfides has been observed.
Tetraaminoanthraquinones. New Donor for CT Complexes with Electric Conductivity
Authors: Matsuoka Masaru , Oka Hidetaka , Kitao Teijiro
Published: May 2006

Tetraaminoanthraquinones are found to be a novel electron donor to form intermolecular charge-transfer (CT) complexes with various acceptors. They show electric conductivity of 10−3–20 S cm−1 and are semiconductors.
Absolute Configuration of Sipholenol-A. Presence of Two Conformers of MTPA Ester Moiety in a Crystalline State
Authors: Inouye Yoshinobu , Ohtani Ikuko , Kusumi Takenori , Kashman Yoel , Kakisawa Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

Absolute configuration of sipholenol-A was established as (4S) by a single crystal X-ray analysis of its (S)-(−)-MTPA ester. Two conformers of the MTPA ester moiety were recognized as an occupancy of 0.5:0.5 in crystalline state; the positions of the groups can be rationalized by van der Waals interactions to nearest molecules.
The Utility of 2′-Thp Group in the Synthesis of the Relatively Long RNA Fragments on the Solid Phase
Authors: Tanimura Hiroshi , Imada Takashi
Published: May 2006

The stability of 2′-O-tetrahydropyranyl (Thp) group during several acidic treatments used for removal of 5′-O-9-(4-methoxy)phenyl xanthenyl (Mox) group in synthesis of 30 nucleotide long uridine molecules on the solid supports via cyanoethylphosphoramidite method is discussed.
Novel and Selective Enzymatic Hydrolysis of γ-Ester of Dimethyl α-Dehydroglutamate with α-Chymotrypsin A
Authors: Shin Chung-gi , Seki Masashi , Takahashi Nobuyuki
Published: May 2006

Selective enzymatic hydrolysis of γ-ester of Cbz–ΔGlu (OMe)–OMe with α-chymotrypsin at pH 9 was readily achieved to give the corresponding α-half ester (Cbz–ΔGlu–OMe) along with a small amount of Cbz–ΔGlu(OMe)–OH and Cbz–ΔGlu–OH.
Synthesis of 4,5-Ethylenedithio-4′,5′-(2-oxatrimethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (EOTT) and Electrical Conductivities of Their Ion-Radical Salts
Authors: Nakano Hideyuki , Yamada Kazuyori , Nogami Takashi , Shirota Yasuhiko , Miyamoto Akihito , Kobayashi Hayao
Published: May 2006

The title molecule (EOTT), which is a new unsymmetrical TTF derivative, was synthesized, and several ion-radical salts of EOTT were prepared by electrochemical crystallization. Room temperature conductivities of these salts were found to be in the range of 10−1–102 S cm−1. Among them, EOTT2IBr2 and EOTT2AuI2 showed metallic behavior in electrical conduction down to ca. 15 and 4.2 K, respectively.
Marbling with Amphiphilic Molecules on the Electron Microscopic Scale
Authors: Iriyama Keiji , Araki Toshinari , Tanaka Akira , Iwasaki Takashi
Published: May 2006

Electron microscopic technique allowed the visualization of a pattern in a monolayer similar to that in marbling with Chinese ink on the electron microscopic scale. On the basis of the visualized pattern, the origin of structural defects in a monolayer was speculated.
Electron Microscopic Evidence for the Preparation of Langmuir–Blodgett Film Systems without Any Micro-Pores
Authors: Iriyama Keiji , Tanaka Akira , Araki Toshinari , Yokoi Sei-ichi , Shimada Naoki , Shimada Shigeru , Iwasaki Takashi
Published: May 2006

Electron microscopic examinations of Langmuir–Blodgett film structure were able to help the preparation of the film systems without any micro-pores on the electron microscopic scale.
Direct Oxidation of Silicon Substrates Using ArF Excimer Laser Photolysis of N2O at Low Temperatures
Authors: Tsuji Masaharu , Sakumoto Minoru , Obase Hiroshi , Nishimura Yukio
Published: May 2006

Silicon has been directly oxidized by using oxygen atoms produced from an ArF excimer laser photolysis of N2O. Uniform Si2O films with a thickness of < 130 Å were grown at the substrate temperature range of 30–500 °C and a laser power of about 150 mJ. The dependence of the film thickness on the laser shots, the substrate temperature, and the N2O pressure was examined.
Acid-Catalyzed One-Electron Reduction of Nitrite to Nitric Oxide by an NADH Analog and 1,1′-Dimethylferrocene in the Absence and Presence of Dioxygen
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Yorisue Tomohiro
Published: May 2006

One-electron reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide proceeds efficiently by an acid-stable NADH analog, 9,10-dihydro-10-methylacridine (two-electron reductant) as well as 1,1′-dimethylferrocene (one-electron reductant) in the presence of perchloric acid in acetonitrile. The effects of dioxygen on both the one-electron and two-electron reductant systems are compared.
Oxidation of Silicon Substrates in the Flowing Afterglow by Using O2, N2O, and H2O
Authors: Tsuji Masaharu , Sakumoto Minoru , Fujii Yuichi , Obase Hiroshi , Nishimura Yukio
Published: May 2006

Silicon was directly oxidized by using O atoms and OH radicals produced from the Ar afterglow reactions of O2, N2O and H2O at substrate temperatures below 350 °C. Uniform thin SiO2 films were grown in all cases. The maximum film thickness was limited to about 20 Å by diffusion of oxidation species across the grown film.
Thermal Reactions of Xylenes in a Temperature Gradient System
Authors: Kawakami Shigenobu , Iwaki Shingo , Yu Aiming , Nakada Masashiro , Yamaguchi Tatsuaki
Published: May 2006

4,4′-Dimethylbibenzyl was produced in high yield with [2.2]paracyclophane and toluene as by-products by the dehydrogenative coupling of p-xylene under a temperature gradient system, i.e., the thermal diffusion reactor. The results were different from those by the conventional tube reactors where far less selectivity for 4,4′-dimethylbibenzyl was obtained.
Amphoteric Redox Nature of p-Benzoquinones with Donor- and Acceptor-Substituents
Authors: Kitagawa Toshikazu , Toyoda Jiro , Nakasuji Kazuhiro , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Murata Ichiro
Published: May 2006

The redox potentials of sixteen substituted p-benzoquinones were measured by cyclic voltammetry. In addition to the first and the second reduction potentials, the first oxidation potential showed linear dependence on Σ(σm + σp)/2 Hammett constant for a wide range of substituents.
Bacteria-Like Fixation of Carbon Dioxide under UV-Light Irradiation with Defect-Free ZnS Quantum Crystallites
Authors: Kanemoto Masashi , Shiragami Tsutomu , Pac Chyongjin , Yanagida Shozo
Published: May 2006

Photoreduction of CO2 to formic acid and a small quantity of CO can be achieved effectively in water by using defect-free ZnS quantum crystallites and their aggregates as catalysts and S2− and H2PO2− ions as sacrificial electron donors under >290-nm irradiation.
Unusual Copper Salt Promoted Addition Reactions of Cyclic 1,3-Dicarbonylmethanides to Olefinic Bonds
Authors: Ogawa Takuji , Hayami Kazuo , Iyama Hironobu , Suzuki Hitomi
Published: May 2006

Carbanions derived from cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds reacted smoothly with some vinyl bromides and 1,3-enones in HMPA in the presence of copper(I) iodide to give geminally disubstituted alkanes in good yields. The products were easily dehydrated intramolecularly to form 4H-pyran derivatives almost quantitatively.
The Effect of a Direct Dye on the Formation Process of the Structure of Bacterial Cellulose
Authors: Kai Akira , Kido Hiroyasu , Ishida Norikazu
Published: May 2006

It was found that the structure of cellulose obtained from the Acetobacter-culture in the presence of the direct dye of cellulose is fixed in a priori by the structure of a dye. The product from the culture with a direct red 80 formed the cellulose II, and it, from culture with a congo red formed the cellulose IV.
A Novel Ultra-thin Cation-exchange Membrane Prepared by Plasma Polymerization
Authors: Ogumi Zempachi , Uchimoto Yoshiharu , Yasuda Kazuaki , Takehara Zen-ichiro
Published: May 2006

An ultra-thin membrane containing sulfonic ester group was prepared by plasma polymerization of methyl benzenesulfonate and 1,3-butadiene. The sulfonic ester group of the plasma polymer was transformed to lithium sulfonate group by treatment with lithium iodide. The resultant ultra-thin cation exchange membrane was about 0.2 μm thick and pinhole-free, and showed high K+ ion transference number of 0.92 in the aqueous KCl system and resistance of 1.3 Ωcm2.
Convenient Syntheses of Oligoribonucleotides Having 2′-5′ and/or 3′-5′ Phosphodiester Linkage
Authors: Ozaki Hiroaki , Nakamoto Akio , Shimidzu Takeo
Published: May 2006

Sequence-defined Oligoribonucleotides having 2′-5′ and/or 3′-5′ phosphodiester linkage have been synthesized by use of 5′-protected ribonucleoside 2′,3′-cyclic phosphoramidite on solid support. In coupling reaction, pKa of azole as a catalyst governs the activation. The resulting 2′-5′ and/or 3′-5′ linked Oligoribonucleotides were easily separated by reversed-phase chromatography.
Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of Cyclopentadiene and Styrene with Chlorosilanes Catalyzed by Palladium Complexes of Chiral (β-N-Sulfonylaminoalkyl)phosphines
Authors: Okada Toshimi , Morimoto Toshiaki , Achiwa Kazuo
Published: May 2006

It was found that the palladium complexes of newly prepared chiral (β-aminoalkyl)phosphine derivatives bearing N-sulfonyl groups were efficient catalysts for asymmetric hydrosilylations of cyclopentadiene and styrene with chlorosilanes.
The Pendulum: The Auto-Oil Programmes Revisited
Authors: Taminiau Yvette , Molenkamp George , Tashchilova Svetlana
Published: May 2006

The Auto-Oil Programmes (1993–1996, 1997–2000) were considered a new model on how to solve environmental issue by close cooperation between the European Commission and industry, in particular the automobile and the oil industry. These programmes, in their larger context, are interesting cases to analyse the complexity of emission regulation. These cases are described in some details in this paper in order to distinguish patterns in the type of policy-making that have emerged over time. The main conclusion points to high complexity created by two types of tensions. One tension is that between the drivers of environmental policy: should it be target-based or should environmental policy serve the development of “state of the art technology”? The second tension relates to the question of the manageability of this policy area: should technical experts provide the main input for policy or should all parties that have a stake in this policy area become involved the so-called stakeholder approach? These questions illustrate the dilemmas that face the policy-makers. Different approaches or models can be distinguished over time. This results is a swing back and forth between them, best be described by the metaphor of a pendulum. This idea of shift in policy-making over time complements the existing models of European policy-making, in particular the work on policy-making by participation.
TAP – The Architectural Playground: A C++ Framework for Scalable Distributed Collaborative Architectural Virtual Environments
Authors: Seichter Hartmut , Donath Dirk , Petzold Frank
Published: May 2006

Architecture is built information [1]. Architects have the task of restructuring and translating information into buildable designs. The beginning of the design process, where the briefing is transformed into an idea, is a crucial phase in the design process. It is where the architect makes decisions that influence the rest of the design development process [2]. It is at this stage where most information is unstructured but has to be integrated into a broad context. This is where TAP is positioned – to support the architect in finding solutions through the creation of spatially structured information sets without impairing creative development. We want to enrich the inspiration of an architect with a new kind of information design. A further aspect is workflow in a distributed process where the architect's work becomes one aspect of a decentralised working pattern. The software supports collaborative work with models, sketches and text messages within a uniform environment. The representations of the various media are connected and combined with each other and the user is free to combine them according to his or her needs.
Materials in Architectural Design Education Software: A Case Study
Authors: Moloney Jules , Issa Rajaa
Published: May 2006

Most CAAD software in use for architectural education relies heavily on abstract geometry manipulation to create architectural form. Building materials are usually applied as finishing textures to complement the visual effect of the geometry. This paper investigates the limitations of commonly used CAAD software in terms of encouraging an intuitive thinking about the physical characteristics of building materials in the context of the educational design studio. The importance of the link between representation and creativity is noted. In order to sample the current functionality of typical software used in architectural education a case study involving 80 first year architecture students is presented. These outcomes are discussed and the possibility for new or extended software features are suggested. The paper concludes with an argument for design software that redresses the balance between geometry and materials in architectural design education.
New Design Methods for Computer Aided Architectural Design Methodology Teaching
Authors: Henri H. Achten
Published: May 2006

Architects and architectural students are exploring new ways of design using Computer Aided Architectural Design software. This exploration is seldom backed up from a design methodological viewpoint. In this paper, a design methodological framework for reflection on innovate design processes by architects that has been used in an educational setting is introduced. The framework leads to highly specific, weak design methods, that clarify the use of the computer in the design process. The framework allows students to grasp new developments, use them in their own design work, and to better reflect on their own position relative to CAAD and architectural design.
Going Back in History
Authors: Montagu Arturo F.
Published: May 2006

This paper combines an acknowledgement of the influential work of Tom Maver with a personal retrospective view of the early experimentations and developments in Computer Aided Architectural Design and related art and design fields.
CAAD's Seven Arguable Virtues
Authors: Koutamanis Alexander
Published: May 2006

In 1995 Maver proposed seven deadly sins for CAAD as the prelude to a critical discussion on the principles, methods and practices of the field. In an attempt to return to this discussion, in this paper these sins are linked to the seven deadly sins and the complementary seven heavenly virtues. The analysis of computational processes into a theoretic, an algorithmic and an implementational framework provides a framework for the positioning of sins and possible or already attained virtues in CAAD.
The Dual Heritage of CAAD Research
Authors: Kvan Thomas
Published: May 2006

The development of research in computer aided architectural design has evolved in the context of architectural design. A review of Tom Maver's work is undertaken from the perspective of his shortest paper, CAAD's Seven Deadly Sins. In that paper cautions were given to researchers. Here these cautions are interpreted in the context of the dual heritage of our field in science and creative arts. An examination of Tom Maver's own work suggests that these sins are counterbalanced by a like number of virtues and it is suggested that these are demonstrated in the corpus of his work and the community he has fostered.
Deconstructing the Software Interface: A Critical Close Reading of AutoCAD
Authors: Senagala Mahesh
Published: May 2006

AutoCAD maintains a nearly 70% market share in the PC-based AEC sector and wields enormous influence over design and production processes in architectural firms and schools. Such an impact is, perhaps, more than what a single building can hope to achieve. The design implications of such a market monopoly are many. Based on Derridean operations of Deconstruction, the paper will deconstruct AutoCAD's latent agenda. The paper will do a critical close reading of AutoCAD for its design preferences, spatial conceptions, worldviews, resistances, stratifications and organizational predispositions with respect to architectural design process. For purposes of brevity, this paper will focus on the architecture of AutoCAD's interface. The results of the paper would be the beginning of a critical theory that can be employed in the process of software design for design professions.
Visualizing Intangible Realities in Design
Authors: Muñoz Patricia L. , Coronel Juan P. López
Published: May 2006

This paper explores an enormous potential of digital media in the area of morphology in industrial design, which goes beyond its extended and widespread possibilities of visualization and materialization. The visualization of the concepts that sustain the identity of our projects, even though they are invisible in finished products, can be explained and made evident through digital media. Intelligible aspects acquire perceptual shapes in order to make its apprehension easier. In this sense, we understand that virtual simulation is an important tool of cognitive mediation.
An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Sketch Representations in Early Stage Digital Design
Authors: Hannibal Claire , Brown Andre , Knight Michael
Published: May 2006

This paper presents an experimental approach that examines the response of non-architects to three virtual representations of architecture within a non- immersive Virtual Reality (VR) environment. It investigates the use of current digital technologies in their ability to facilitate early design stage sketch representation and explores the communication of early stage digital design proposals in order to determine the effect of representation type upon perception.
3-Axis CNC Milling in Architectural Design
Authors: Aitcheson Robert , Friedman Jonathan , Seebohm Thomas
Published: May 2006

Physical scale models still have a role in architectural design. 3-axis CNC milling provides one way of making scale models both for study purposes and for presentation in durable materials such as wood. We present some types of scale models, the methods for creating them and the place in the design process that scale models occupy. We provide an overview of CNC milling procedures and issues and we describe the process of how one can creatively develop appropriate methods for milling different types of scale models and materials. Two case studies are presented with which we hope to convey not only the range of possible models that can be machined but also the way one creatively explores to arrive at appropriate milling strategies. Where apposite, we compare 3-axis CNC milling to newer technologies used for rapid prototyping but rapid prototyping is not a primary focus.