bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prostate Cancer Progression Correlates with Increased Humoral Immune Response to a Human Endogenous Retrovirus GAG Protein
Authors: Reis Bernardo Sgarbi , Jungbluth Achim A. , Frosina Denise , Holz Megan , Ritter Erika , Nakayama Eiichi , Ishida Toshiaki , Obata Yuichi , Carver Brett , Scher Howard , Scardino Peter T. , Slovin Susan , Subudhi Sumit K. , Reuter Victor E. , Savage Caroline , Allison James P. , Melamed Jonathan , Jäger Elke , Ritter Gerd , Old Lloyd J. , Gnjatic Sacha
Published: October 2013

Purpose: Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) encode 8% of the human genome. While HERVs may play a role in autoimmune and neoplastic disease, no mechanistic association has yet been established. We studied the expression and immunogenicity of a HERV-K GAG protein encoded on chromosome 22q11.23 in relation to the clinical course of prostate cancer.

Experimental Design: In vitro expression of GAG-HERV-K was analyzed in panels of normal and malignant tissues, microarrays, and cell lines, and effects of demethylation and androgen stimulation were evaluated. Patient sera were analyzed for seroreactivity to GAG-HERV-K and other self-antigens by ELISA and seromics (protein array profiling).

Results: GAG-HERV-K expression was most frequent in prostate tissues and regulated both by demethylation of the promoter region and by androgen stimulation. Serum screening revealed that antibodies to GAG-HERV-K are found in a subset of patients with prostate cancer (33 of 483, 6.8%) but rarely in male healthy donors (1 of 55, 1.8%). Autoantibodies to GAG-HERV-K occurred more frequently in patients with advanced prostate cancer (29 of 191 in stage III–IV, 21.0%) than in early prostate cancer (4 of 292 in stages I–II, 1.4%). Presence of GAG-HERV-K serum antibody was correlated with worse survival of patients with prostate cancer, with a trend for faster biochemical recurrence in patients with antibodies to GAG-HERV-K.

Conclusions: Preferential expression of GAG-HERV-K ch22q11.23 in prostate cancer tissue and increased frequency of autoantibodies observed in patients with advanced prostate cancer make this protein one of the first bona fide retroviral cancer antigens in humans, with potential as a biomarker for progression and biochemical recurrence rate of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 19(22); 6112–25. ©2013 AACR.
Cytohistologic Correlation in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Gilani Syed M. , Mazzara Paul F.
Published: October 2013

Objective: This study was conducted to compare the correlation between Pap smear and colposcopic biopsy findings in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Study design: A total of 68,738 ThinPrep Pap smears were done in 2011 in our institution, and of these, 865 of the women (787 premenopausal and 78 postmenopausal) had subsequent colposcopic directed biopsies performed within 3 months of obtaining the results. Results: We discovered that 52.5% of the Pap smears in postmenopausal women versus 33.6% in premenopausal women were classified as false positive (FP), with respect to the biopsy, and of these, 47.6 vs. 17% cases had no transformation zone (TZ) on the subsequent biopsies, respectively. Interestingly, with respect to high-risk human papilloma virus (hrHPV) testing in patients having both Pap smear and biopsies performed, we found the Pap smear diagnoses were a better predictor of positive hrHPV than the respective colposcopic biopsies. Conclusion: As many of the FP postmenopausal women had an absent TZ (47.6%) on biopsy, and because the majority (83.3%) of those which had hrHPV testing were positive, we suggest that this indicates a potential sampling error on biopsy, perhaps due to an inability to visualize the involved area in older women due to an upward migration of the TZ.
The Origin of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Dictates Their Reparative Properties
Authors: Naftali‐Shani Nili , Itzhaki‐Alfia Ayelet , Landa‐Rouben Natalie , Kain David , Holbova Radka , Adutler‐Lieber Shimrit , Molotski Natali , Asher Elad , Grupper Avishay , Millet Eran , Tessone Ariel , Winkler Eyal , Kastrup Jens , Feinberg Micha S. , Zipori Dov , Pevsner‐Fischer Meirav , Raanani Ehud , Leor Jonathan
Published: October 2013

Background

Human mesenchymal stromal cells (
hMSC
s) from adipose cardiac tissue have attracted considerable interest in regard to cell‐based therapies. We aimed to test the hypothesis that
hMSC
s from the heart and epicardial fat would be better cells for infarct repair.

Methods and Results

We isolated and grew
hMSC
s from patients with ischemic heart disease from 4 locations: epicardial fat, pericardial fat, subcutaneous fat, and the right atrium. Significantly,
hMSC
s from the right atrium and epicardial fat secreted the highest amounts of trophic and inflammatory cytokines, while
hMSC
s from pericardial and subcutaneous fat secreted the lowest. Relative expression of inflammation‐ and fibrosis‐related genes was considerably higher in
hMSC
s from the right atrium and epicardial fat than in subcutaneous fat
hMSC
s. To determine the functional effects of
hMSC
s, we allocated rats to
hMSC
transplantation 7 days after myocardial infarction. Atrial
hMSC
s induced greatest infarct vascularization as well as highest inflammation score 27 days after transplantation. Surprisingly, cardiac dysfunction was worst after transplantation of
hMSC
s from atrium and epicardial fat and minimal after transplantation of
hMSC
s from subcutaneous fat. These findings were confirmed by using
hMSC
transplantation in immunocompromised mice after myocardial infarction. Notably, there was a correlation between tumor necrosis factor‐α secretion from
hMSC
s and posttransplantation left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction.

Conclusions

Because of their proinflammatory properties,
hMSC
s from the right atrium and epicardial fat of cardiac patients could impair heart function after myocardial infarction. Our findings might be relevant to autologous mesenchymal stromal cell therapy and development and progression of ischemic heart disease.
Song, Y., Geng, K., Zhang, B., Hyde, K.D., Zhao, W.-S., Wei, J.-G., Kang, J.-C. & Wang, Y. (2013) Two new species of Pestalotiopsis from Southern China. Phytotaxa 126 (1), 22–30.

Authors: SONG YU , GENG KUN , ZHANG BIN , HYDE KEVIN D. , ZHAO WEN-SHENG , WEI JI-GUANG , KANG JI-CHUAN , WANG YONG
Published: October 2013

The authors of paper “Two new species of Pestalotiopsis from Southern China” regret that the affiliation of Bin Zhang is incorrect. His affiliation is “Plant Protection and Quarantine Station, Guiyang City, 550081, People’s Republic of China”, thus the superscript of his name should be changed from “1” to “3”.
Lipoprotein lipase activity in heterozygotes for lipoprotein lipase gene mutations reveals a gender bias
Authors: Murase Toshio , Ebara Tetsu , Okubo Minoru
Published: October 2013

Background

Familial lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency is a very rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by marked elevation of plasma triglyceride concentrations. Since 1989, a variety of mutations have been reported in affected patients. Studies on subjects with heterozygous LPL deficiency, on the other hand, have been limited.

Methods

We examined post-heparin plasma LPL activity in 15 subjects with heterozygous LPL deficiency.

Results

The heterozygotes exhibited normal or slightly elevated plasma triglyceride concentrations. The mean LPL activity was reduced by 25% in the heterozygotes relative to controls. Interestingly, LPL activity was reduced specifically in female heterozygotes.

Conclusion

LPL activity is decreased in female, but not in male, subjects heterozygous for a number of different LPL gene mutations.
Continuing the Legacy of David Livingstone: The contribution of fair trade to international development
Authors: Smith Alastair M.
Published: October 2013

Originally given as the inaugural annual ‘Fair Trade Lecture’ (March 2013), this article links together the events of 1) Fairtrade Fortnight, 2) the declaration of Scotland as a ‘Fair Trade Nation’ and 3) the Bicentenary of David Livingstone. Situated within an interpretation of ‘international development’ as the equalisation of individual human freedoms to live a subjectively valuable life, overall, I seek to highlight the continuing relevance of Livingstone’s thoughts and action for the contemporary fair trade movement. I identify that Livingstone’s promotion of international trade has remained a central component of today’s development policy. Moreover, I interpret his quest for ‘Legitimate Trade’ as a precursor to the contemporary view that trade interaction alone is insufficient for pro-development outcomes. Following an analysis of why current trade patterns often fail the development agenda, I highlight fair trade as one means through which ordinary citizens can contribute more certainly to the expansion of human freedoms. The final section echoes Livingstone’s call to action that readers play a heightened role in establishing fairer international trade: particularly by adopting a proactive approach to considering what constitutes ‘fair trade’ activity and how wider advocacy might be integrated into consumption based activism.
Tuareg separatism in Mali
Authors: Lecocq Baz , Klute Georg
Published: October 2013

This article provides a contextualized overview of Tuareg separatism and the violence that has attended it in Mali. The article sketches key episodes and developments in the conflict between the Malian state and Tuareg separatist nationalists, and outlines Tuareg political goals and internal dynamics. The article examines the impact on Tuareg separatism of the presence of international Jihadi-Salafist movements in the region and the resulting intrusion of the so-called “War on Terror” (Overseas Contingency Operations) during the past decade.
The Role of Affective Valence and Task Uncertainty in Human-Automation Interaction
Authors: Phillips Rachel , Madhavan Poornima
Published: October 2013

Mood can greatly influence how humans experience and react to the world around them. Therefore, it seems likely that mood can also influence interaction with automated decision systems and that this influence could be exacerbated by characteristics of a given task. To test these ideas, participants completed a series of complex visual search tasks with different levels of uncertainty. Half of the participants received negative mood manipulations and half received positive mood manipulations. Also, half of the participants received the assistance of an automated decision aid and half did not. Participants were assessed for system trust, confidence, sensitivity, and criterion setting. Results revealed that participants in a positive mood were more susceptible to the recommendations of the decision aid and were more confident than those in a negative mood. Automation presence tended to reduce the impact of task uncertainty on the dependent variables. These findings have implications for system design and implementation decisions.
Triangulation of Multiple Human Factors Methods in User Experience Design and Evaluation
Authors: Resnick Marc , Elkerton Jay , Maher Pete , Pastel Robert , Rodriguez Ania , Kelley Jeff
Published: October 2013

There are many design and evaluation methods that have been developed to assess and improve the user experience. Each of them has a unique set of advantages and disadvantages and using them in the appropriate combination is an essential part of human factors practice. Methods vary along several dimensions, including the stage of the design process where they are most effective, the resources needed to apply them, and the types of results that they provide. Triangulation is an approach to maximize the effectiveness of the aggregate user experience design and evaluation by creating a strategic combination of methods that considers each dimension and how they interact. This session demonstrated four user experience methods applied to a single software application and followed with a panel discussion comparing and contrasting the results of each method and how they fit together.
Task Shedding and Control Performance as a Function of Perceived Automation Reliability and Time Pressure
Authors: Bliss James P. , Harden John W. , Dischinger H. Charles
Published: October 2013

Research has demonstrated that workload and past machine performance influences operator allocation of task responsibilities to machines. We extended past investigations by offering task operators the opportunity to relinquish task control to a robotic entity. Forty-three participants navigated a remotely controlled vehicle around a prescribed course under conditions of low or high time pressure. While navigating, they could allocate camera monitoring to a low-or high-reliability automated agent. Results showed most participants retained control of the camera; others relinquished control immediately. Time pressure and reliability did not interact to influence task performance. Course navigation time was faster under high time pressure but errors were unaffected. Bivariate correlations revealed a positive relation between self-ratings of robotic expertise and pressure to perform, and between pressure to perform and errors committed during navigation. These results demonstrate low levels of trust in the robotic camera and comparative sensitivity of navigation time to time pressure.
Queueing Network-ACTR Modeling of Concurrent Tasks Involving Multiple Controlled Processes
Authors: Cao Shi , Liu Yili
Published: October 2013

An important research question of human performance modeling is how to model concurrent task performance and mental workload. In this paper, we introduce a new method to model concurrent tasks involving multiple controlled processes in need of dedicated cognitive resources, which previous methods have difficulties to model. The key concept is a filtering discipline implemented in Queueing Network-ACTR cognitive architecture that allows cognitive resources to be exclusively occupied by one of the concurrent tasks when necessary, instead of switching between the tasks as frequently as possible. In the simulations of dual-tasks involving diagnostic decision making and patient status tracking, we found that the new discipline is necessary to model human performance and mental workload. Implications and practical applications of Queueing Network-ACTR in system evaluation and design are discussed.
Improving Motorcycle Training Programs
Authors: Dewar Alexis R. , Rupp Michael A. , Gentzler Marc D. , Mouloua Mustapha
Published: October 2013

Motorcycle training and licensing both play an important educational role for preventing traffic accidents and ensuring public safety. While the majority of motorcycle research focuses on preventing accidents, there is relatively little research focusing on the critical skills needed for improving motorcycle training manuals and instructional programs. Previous research showed that accident rates, safety precautions, and risks have been linked to human performance. However, little is known about the effectiveness of motorcycle training programs and instructional course materials. In the present study, the gaps in learning to ride a motorcycle in a training course are identified. Ninety-four current motorcyclists ranging from 18 to 77 years of age completed an online questionnaire in an effort to better understand the components missing in the most frequently used motorcycle training manual in the United States, the Motorcycle Safety Foundation’s (MSF) Basic RiderCourse℠. Additionally, the implications of this survey for motorcycle training, safety, and educational programs are discussed.
Using Hierarchical Task Analysis to Compare Four Vehicle Manufacturers’ Infotainment Systems
Authors: Reagan Ian J. , Kidd David G.
Published: October 2013

Mobile technology has become pervasive in the driving environment, and its use has been linked to increased crash risk. Of particular concern are devices that place visual-manual demands on drivers. In response, auto manufacturers have started equipping vehicles with technology that allows occupants to interact with manufacturer-installed functions and portable devices using speech commands instead of traditional visual-manual inputs. Although voice interfaces alleviate competition for visual resources, they impose cognitive demand that can degrade driving performance, especially if they are too demanding. Hierarchical task analyses were performed for a set of in-vehicle tasks using visual-manual and auditoryvocal interfaces for four different production systems in 2013 model year vehicles to assess the number of steps required to complete the tasks. In general, tasks performed using voice interfaces could be completed in fewer operations than when performed visual-manually. However, in some instances, the voice interfaces required more operations than the visual-manual interfaces. The additional operations resulted from the inability to chain multiple speech commands and verification of speech commands. Allowing chained voice commands reduces the number of operations required to complete a task and should reduce task time and overall cognitive demand. Verification steps likely reduce error but may impose a greater working memory load than generating speech commands and, in some cases, may exceed the limitations of working memory. The findings from this study will be used in a larger field study examining cognitive demand associated with different voice interface designs and the effect on driving and secondary task performance.
Inadequate Monitoring in Advanced Stages of Disease with Lack of Supportive Counseling Increases Attrition among Patients on Antiretroviral Treatment at a Large Urban Clinic in Uganda
Authors: Nakiwogga-Muwanga Alice , Alamo-Talisuna Stella , Musaazi Joseph , Kambugu Andrew , Ssekawungu P. , Katabira Elly , Colebunders Robert
Published: October 2013

Background:

The purpose of this case–control study was to identify risk factors for loss to follow-up (LTFU).

Methods:

Cases and controls were selected from HIV-positive patients, aged 18 years and older, on antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the Infectious Diseases Clinic (IDC) in January 2008. As cases, we selected 209 patients who in 2008 did not return to the clinic within 90 days of their scheduled appointment date. As controls, we randomly selected 626 patients from the 5872 patients who were following up at the end of December 2008.

Results:

In multivariable logistic regression analysis, urban or semiurban residence, World Health Organization disease stage III or IV at ART initiation, a median CD4 count at last visit <200 cells/mm3, tuberculosis (TB) in the 6 months before the last visit, absence of counseling before ART initiation, and no disclosure of HIV status were associated with LTFU.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates the importance of close patient monitoring in advanced stages of disease, supportive counseling for patients initiating ART, extra psychosocial support for patients with TB and HIV coinfection, assisting patients with disclosure, and setting up a good referral system to retain patients on ART.
Discrimination of infectious hepatitis A virus and rotavirus by combining dyes and surfactants with RT-qPCR
Authors: Coudray-Meunier Coralie , Fraisse Audrey , Martin-Latil Sandra , Guillier Laurent , Perelle Sylvie
Published: October 2013

Background

Human enteric viruses are major agents of foodborne diseases. Because of the absence of a reliable cell culture method for most of the enteric viruses involved in outbreaks, real-time reverse transcriptase PCR is now widely used for the detection of RNA viruses in food samples. However this approach detects viral nucleic acids of both infectious and non infectious viruses, which limits the impact of conclusions with regard to public health concern. The aim of the study was to develop a method to discriminate between infectious and non-infectious particles of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and two strains of rotavirus (RV) following thermal inactivation by using intercalating dyes combined with RT-qPCR.

Results

Once the binding of propidium monoazide (PMA) or ethidium monoazide (EMA) was shown to be effective on the viral ssRNA of HAV and dsRNA of two strains of RV (SA11 and Wa), their use in conjunction with three surfactants (IGEPAL CA-630, Tween 20, Triton X-100) prior to RT-qPCR assays was evaluated to quantify the infectious particles remaining following heat treatment. The most promising conditions were EMA (20 μM) and IGEPAL CA-630 (0.5%) for HAV, EMA (20 μM) for RV (WA) and PMA (50 μM) for RV (SA11). The effectiveness of the pre-treatment RT-qPCR developed for each virus was evaluated with three RT-qPCR assays (A, B, C) during thermal inactivation kinetics (at 37°C, 68 C, 72°C, 80°C) through comparison with data obtained by RT-qPCR and by infectious titration in cell culture. At 37°C, the quantity of virus (RV, HAV) remained constant regardless of the method used. The genomic titers following heat treatment at 68°C to 80°C became similar to the infectious titers only when a pre-treatment RT-qPCR was used. Moreover, the most effective decrease was obtained by RT-qPCR assay A or B for HAV and RT-qPCR assay B or C for RV.

Conclusions

We concluded that effectiveness of the pre-treatment RT-qPCR is influenced by the viral target and by the choice of the RT-qPCR assay. Currently, it would be appropriate to further develop this approach under specific conditions of inactivation for the identification of infectious viruses in food and environmental samples.
Prognosis and ICU outcome of systemic vasculitis
Authors: Befort Patrice , Corne Philippe , Filleron Thomas , Jung Boris , Bengler Christian , Jonquet Olivier , Klouche Kada
Published: October 2013

Background

Systemic vasculitis may cause life threatening complications requiring admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes of systemic vasculitis patients admitted to the ICU and to identify prognosis factors.

Methods

During a ten-year period, records of 31 adult patients with systemic vasculitis admitted to ICUs (median age: 63 y.o, sex ratio M/F: 21/10, SAPS II: 40) were reviewed including clinical and biological parameters, use of mechanical ventilation, catecholamine or/and dialysis support. Mortality was assessed and data were analyzed to identify predictive factors of outcome.

Results

Causes of ICU admissions were active manifestation of vasculitis (n = 19), septic shock (n = 8) and miscellaneous (n = 4). Sixteen patients (52%) died in ICU. By univariate analysis, mortality was associated with higher SOFA (p = 0.006) and SAPS II (p = 0.004) scores. The need for a catecholamine support or/and a renal replacement therapy, and the occurrence of an ARDS significantly worsen the prognosis. By multivariate analysis, only SAPS II (Odd ratio: 1.16, 95% CI [1.01; 1.33]) and BVAS scores (Odd ratio: 1.16, 95% CI = [1.01; 1.34]) were predictive of mortality.

Conclusion

The mortality rate of severe vasculitis requiring an admission to ICU was high. High levels of SAPS II and BVAS scores at admission were predictive of mortality.
The in vivo blood compatibility of bio-inspired small diameter vascular graft: effect of submicron longitudinally aligned topography
Authors: Liu Ruiming , Qin Yuansen , Wang Huijin , Zhao Yong , Hu Zuojun , Wang Shenming
Published: October 2013

Background

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of deaths worldwide and the arterial reconstructive surgery remains the treatment of choice. Although large diameter vascular grafts have been widely used in clinical practices, there is an urgent need to develop a small diameter vascular graft with enhanced blood compatibility. Herein, we fabricated a small diameter vascular graft with submicron longitudinally aligned topography, which mimicked the tunica intima of the native arterial vessels and were tested in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats.

Methods

Vascular grafts with aligned and smooth topography were prepared by electrospinning and were connected to the abdominal aorta of the SD rats to evaluate their blood compatibility. Graft patency and platelet adhesion were evaluated by color Doppler ultrasound and immunofluorescence respectively.

Results

We observed a significant higher patency rate (p = 0.021) and less thrombus formation in vascular graft with aligned topography than vascular graft with smooth topography. However, no significant difference between the adhesion rates on both vascular grafts (smooth/aligned: 0.35‰/0.12‰, p > 0.05) was observed. Moreover, both vascular grafts had few adherent activated platelets on the luminal surface.

Conclusion

Bionic vascular graft showed enhanced blood compatibility due to the effect of surface topography. Therefore, it has considerable potential for using in clinical application.
Vertically integrated shared learning models in general practice: a qualitative study
Authors: Ahern Christine M , van de Mortel Thea F , Silberberg Peter L , Barling Janet A , Pit Sabrina W
Published: October 2013

Background

The numbers of learners seeking placements in general practice is rapidly increasing as an ageing workforce impacts on General Practitioner availability. The traditional master apprentice model that involves one-to-one teaching is therefore leading to supervision capacity constraints. Vertically integrated (VI) models may provide a solution. Shared learning, in which multiple levels of learners are taught together in the same session, is one such model. This study explored stakeholders’ perceptions of shared learning in general practices in northern NSW, Australia.

Methods

A qualitative research method, involving individual semi-structured interviews with GP supervisors, GP registrars, Prevocational General Practice Placements Program trainees, medical students and practice managers situated in nine teaching practices, was used to investigate perceptions of shared learning practices. A thematic analysis was conducted on 33 transcripts by three researchers.

Results

Participants perceived many benefits to shared learning including improved collegiality, morale, financial rewards, and better sharing of resources, knowledge and experience. Additional benefits included reduced social and professional isolation, and workload. Perceived risks of shared learning included failure to meet the individual needs of all learners. Shared learning models were considered unsuitable when learners need to: receive remediation, address a specific deficit or immediate learning needs, learn communication or procedural skills, be given personalised feedback or be observed by their supervisor during consultations. Learners’ acceptance of shared learning appeared partially dependent on their supervisors’ small group teaching and facilitation skills.

Conclusions

Shared learning models may partly address supervision capacity constraints in general practice, and bring multiple benefits to the teaching environment that are lacking in the one-to-one model. However, the risks need to be managed appropriately, to ensure learning needs are met for all levels of learners. Supervisors also need to consider that one-to-one teaching may be more suitable in some instances. Policy makers, medical educators and GP training providers need to ensure that quality learning outcomes are achieved for all levels of learners. A mixture of one-to-one and shared learning would address the benefits and downsides of each model thereby maximising learners’ learning outcomes and experiences.
Effects of a multifaceted intervention on cardiovascular risk factors in high-risk hypertensive patients: the ESCAPE trial, a pragmatic cluster randomized trial in general practice
Authors: Pouchain Denis , Lièvre Michel , Huas Dominique , Lebeau Jean-Pierre , Renard Vincent , Bruckert Eric , Girerd Xavier , Boutitie Florent ,   The French National College of Teachers in General Practice
Published: October 2013

Background

Several observational studies on hypertensive patients have shown a gap between therapeutic targets recommended in guidelines and those achieved in daily practice. The ESCAPE trial aimed to determine whether a multifaceted intervention focused on general practitioners (GPs), could increase significantly the proportion of hypertensive patients at high risk in primary prevention who achieved all their recommended therapeutic targets.

Methods

A pragmatic, cluster randomized trial involving 257 GPs randomized by region. The GPs in the intervention group had a one-day training session and were given an electronic blood pressure measurement device and a short recommendation leaflet. Along with usual follow-up, they focused one consultation on hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors every six months for two years. They also received feedback at baseline and at one year on their patients’ clinical and biological parameters. Main outcome measures were change in the proportion of patients achieving all their therapeutic targets and each individual therapeutic target at two years, and quality of life.

Results

1,832 high-risk hypertensive patients were included. After two years, the proportion of patients achieving all their therapeutic targets increased significantly in both groups, but significantly more in the intervention group: OR (odds-ratio) 1.89, (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09 to 3.27, P = 0.02). Significantly more patients achieved their blood pressure targets in the intervention group than in the usual care group: OR 2.03 (95% CI 1.44 to 2.88, P < 0.0001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased significantly more in the intervention group than in the usual care group, by 4.8 mmHg and 1.9 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.0001 for both). There were no significant difference changes in physical and mental quality of life between groups.

Conclusion

An easy-to-perform, multifaceted intervention targeting only GPs increased significantly the proportion of high-risk hypertensive patients in primary prevention achieving their recommended therapeutic targets.

Trial registration

This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00348855
Accelerometry and salivary cortisol response during Air Force Special Tactics Officer selection
Authors: Cuddy John S , Reinert Andrew R , Hailes Walter S , Slivka Dustin R , Ruby Brent C
Published: October 2013

Background

Special Tactics Officer (STO) selection is conducted to select officers to enter the combat controller training pipeline. The aims were to determine physical activity patterns, estimate energy expenditure, and identify whether return and/or unsuccessful candidates demonstrated differences in cortisol responses compared to non-selected and/or first-time attendees.

Methods

Participants completed the STO selection, consisting of 5 days of physical and mental challenges. Participants were equipped with ActiCals®, and saliva samples were collected throughout the STO selection.

Results

Average activity counts were 684 ± 200 counts∙min−1, with no group differences. Estimated energy expenditure was 4,105 ± 451 kcal∙day−1. Cortisol was elevated following extended physical training but returned to baseline during rest. Return candidates had significantly lower cortisol responses compared to first-timers, 0.43 ± 0.06 μg∙dl−1 versus 0.76 ± 0.18 μg∙dl−1, respectively, p < 0.05.

Conclusions

An individual's salivary cortisol response to the stresses incurred during the STO selection has the potential to be incorporated into the entire picture of a candidate's performance and ability to handle stress.
Electricity rendered useful for mental illness: tribute to Richard Lovett – extra
Authors: Pérez Jesús , Faedda Gianni L. , Baldessarini Ross J.
Published: October 2013

A young gentlewoman of the parish of Clifton … had hysterics … which … deprived her of … memory and understanding, and … continued for a considerable time, notwithstanding the best advice of two eminent physicians. In this melancholic state she was brought to Worcester, to try the effect of electricity … As the head was the part affected, I guided the fire chiefly to that part, in as plentiful a manner as I well could, and caused it to pass quite through several times each day, so long as she stayed in town, so though scarce a week, yet it seemed to have the desired effect; for although, before she came to Worcester, she could not remember half an hour to an end, yet, soon after her return home, she could remember most remarkable things she saw done in Worcester; and not only her memory, but her understanding also returned, and she very soon became perfectly well. The operation was sometimes shocks, sometimes drawing off sparks from the head.
Professional life in child and adolescent mental health services may be getting more complicated, but cases are not
Authors: Thompson Anne E. , Nadkarni Amulya , Nazir Saeed A. , Sorour Walid , Owen Victoria , Buggineni Surendra Kumar
Published: October 2013

Aims and method

In 2006, staff in child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) in Lincolnshire, UK, felt that cases were becoming increasingly complex. The Pearce Case Complexity Scale (PCCS) and a staff opinions questionnaire were used to measure subjective and objective changes in case complexity in a relatively stable CAMHS service over a 10-year period from 1996 to 2006, with data examined between 2008 and 2010.

Results

Clinicians reported an increase in case complexity over time. However, the PCCS did not show a significant change in the decade studied.

Clinical implications

Staff anxiety could be a determinant of judgements they make about case complexity in CAMHS.
A solution to the ossification of community psychiatry
Authors: Tyrer Peter
Published: October 2013

The aim for seamless care that has long been the ultimate goal of good community psychiatry in the UK has disappeared, and there is now much needless argument over models of delivering care that ignore its main philosophy. It is argued that this ossification of care has not only made it ineffective, but has also promoted demoralisation and burn-out in the workforce, as the locus of control has shifted from clinician to managerial imperative. An initiative that can break up the opaque structures that hinder continuity of care is now available and a suggestion is made for a flexible, invigorated community care team system based on smaller catchment areas that allows a single team to combine the elements of assertive outreach, crisis resolution and early intervention with in-patient care.
Dear Editor, why have you rejected my article?
Authors: Pimm Jonathan
Published: October 2013

The experience of rejection of an article submitted for publication to a scientific journal can be particularly anxiety provoking, especially when the furtherance of an academic career or the gaining of a permanent post might be riding on getting it published. Many papers fail to get past the first hurdle and are not sent out for peer review, often as a result of the most basic of errors: the results are not generalisable, the paper adds nothing new to the subject, there are flaws in the study design or inappropriate statistics were used. Attention paid to formulating a clear research question and the adoption at the outset of a doable, interesting project will often help to avoid disappointment.
Overfeeding Over 24 Hours Does Not Activate Brown Adipose Tissue in Humans
Authors: Schlögl Mathias , Piaggi Paolo , Thiyyagura Pradeep , Reiman Eric M. , Chen Kewei , Lutrin Calvin , Krakoff Jonathan , Thearle Marie S.
Published: October 2013

Context:

Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated with cold exposure, but it is unknown whether overfeeding activates BAT.

Objective:

We determined BAT activation with cold, fasting, and overfeeding and the relationship of BAT activation with future weight change.

Design, Setting, Participants, and Interventions:

Sixteen healthy adults were evaluated during energy balance, fasting, and 24 hours of 200% overfeeding. All subjects had a fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (PET) scan after exposure to 16°C to determine cold-induced BAT activity (CIBA). The first six subjects had a second PET scan after 36 hours of fasting to establish the lack of BAT activation at 22°C. The other subjects' second PET scan occurred after 24 hours of overfeeding at 22°C but only if they demonstrated CIBA. Twelve subjects returned at 6 months for reassessment of body composition.

Main Outcome Measures:

BAT was defined in cool scans as voxels with a standardized uptake value (SUV) of 2.0 or greater and Hounsfield units between −250 and −10. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.

Results:

Although 75% of the subjects demonstrated visible CIBA, none had visual BAT activity after overfeeding. CIBA was greater than that observed in the same defined BAT voxels after fasting (n = 6; 2.9 ± 0.5 vs 1.2 ± 0.2; Δ = −1.7; 95% confidence interval −2.4, −1.0 SUV; P < .01). In the second cohort, CIBA was also higher than observed BAT voxel activity after 24 hours overfeeding (n = 8; 3.5 ± 0.7 vs 0.9 ± 0.2; Δ = −2.6; 95% confidence interval −3.2, −1.9 SUV; P < .01). Baseline CIBA negatively correlated with changes in fat mass after 6 months (r = −0.72, P = .009).

Conclusions:

BAT may be important in weight regulation unrelated to the response to overeating.
Studies of morphogens: keep calm and carry on
Authors: Stathopoulos Angelike , Iber Dagmar
Published: October 2013

Morphogens are signaling factors that direct cell fate and tissue development at a distance from their source, and various modes of transport and interpretation have been suggested for morphogens. The recent EMBO Workshop on ‘Morphogen gradients’, which took place in Oxford, UK in June 2013, centered on the formation and interpretation of such morphogen gradients during development. This meeting allowed an exchange of views in light of recent results. Here, we provide a brief overview of the talks, organized in relation to several major themes of discussion at the meeting: (1) morphogen gradient formation; (2) morphogen gradient interpretation; (3) signaling networks and feedback in morphogenesis; (4) emergence of patterns; (5) scaling of patterns; (6) the control of growth; and (7) new techniques in the field.
Brinker possesses multiple mechanisms for repression because its primary co-repressor, Groucho, may be unavailable in some cell types
Authors: Upadhyai Priyanka , Campbell Gerard
Published: October 2013

Transcriptional repressors function primarily by recruiting co-repressors, which are accessory proteins that antagonize transcription by modifying chromatin structure. Although a repressor could function by recruiting just a single co-repressor, many can recruit more than one, with Drosophila Brinker (Brk) recruiting the co-repressors CtBP and Groucho (Gro), in addition to possessing a third repression domain, 3R. Previous studies indicated that Gro is sufficient for Brk to repress targets in the wing, questioning why it should need to recruit CtBP, a short-range co-repressor, when Gro is known to be able to function over longer distances. To resolve this we have used genomic engineering to generate a series of brk mutants that are unable to recruit Gro, CtBP and/or have 3R deleted. These reveal that although the recruitment of Gro is necessary and can be sufficient for Brk to make an almost morphologically wild-type fly, it is insufficient during oogenesis, where Brk must utilize CtBP and 3R to pattern the egg shell appropriately. Gro insufficiency during oogenesis can be explained by its downregulation in Brk-expressing cells through phosphorylation downstream of EGFR signaling.
Mode Transition Control Using Disturbance Compensation for a Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Kim Hyunsup , Kim Jihun , Lee Hyeongcheol
Published: October 2013

This paper proposes a new approach for the mode transition control in a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) with an engine clutch. During mode transition, a noticeable jerk or torque fluctuation in the hybrid powertrain, which may result in the vibration of the drivetrain and an unpleasant driving sensation, occurs frequently because of discontinuity of the dynamics and the characteristics of the powertrain system. Therefore, ensuring smooth vehicle operation during the mode transitions is an important objective of the HEV control.

This paper presents a four-phase control strategy during transition from the electric vehicle mode to the hybrid mode by using disturbance observers. The disturbance observer estimates and compensates for disturbances to improve control accuracy, tracking performance, and drivability. The vehicle model is developed to represent the characteristics of the transient response of the target system and is used to simulate and verify the proposed control algorithms. The simulation results show the validity of the proposed control algorithms.
WHY ECONOMIC GROWTH IS NEVER SUSTAINABLE
Authors: Brīvers Ivars
Published: October 2013

The first decade of the XXI century clearly shows that the notion of the people concerning the values and goals in economy should be revised. As a result of global crisis economic theory may experience essential changes, as it was during the Great Depression in the XX century. The aim of the paper is to show the necessity of reconsidering the goals in economy. The hypothesis is that growth economy has become non-sustainable and it should be substituted by an economy of a different design – steady-state economy. The paper contains a review and analysis of various ideas about the problem, focusing mainly on the interpretation of the notion of sustainable development and the costs and benefits of economic growth; the way, how we measure things in economy and about the widespread illusions about the possibility of perpetual economic growth. The conclusion is that any growth, including economic growth is never sustainable.
TAXATION SYSTEM OF UZBEKISTAN: INFLUENCE OF TAX REFORMS ON SMALL ENTERPRISES
Authors: Dekhanov Makhamadali
Published: October 2013

The problems of SME development and high tax rates have always been one of the most important social problems in any state. In recent years the taxation issue has gained a very big importance from the government policymakers. Politicians suggest further decrease of tax rates for small and medium enterprises and also improvement of single tax policy. This paper is dedicated to the analysis of influence of tax reforms on small enterprises in Uzbekistan.. Particularly it analysis how single tax effects the development and functioning of the SMEs. The base hypothesis used in this research paper is Laffer’ hypothesis, which states that decrease of tax rates will encourage the development of the enterprises and will raise more government revenues. This effect will be achieved through better business conditions, which ensures the financial sustainability of the business. Another point is the lower avoidance rate, where enterprises will not be more needed to hide their revenues and avoid taxes.The research results showed that implementation of lower tax rates and single tax policy, positively effect the development of the SME sector. Despite the policies and actions taken by government authorities, there is still space for improvements.
Basic Requirements Of The Basel Committee On Regulating Capital Adequacy And Liquidity Of Commercial Banks
Authors: Berdiyarov Bahriddin
Published: October 2013

The current paper highlights theBaselI, Basel II & Basel III requirements on capital adequacy and liquidity of commercial banks.  In the paper, Basel II structure, methods of loan risk assessment, coefficients of loan risk assessment, credit risk measurement for counterparty banks are discussed.  Moreover, assessments of Basel III on bank chances against crisis driven from financial and economic crunches, risk management, performance quality and bank transparency improvement measures are presented.  At the end, the author gives his conclusions on the essence and necessity of new regulatory standards of the Basel Committee on bank’s supervision in the structure of the supervision of credit institutions.
Mechanism Improvement Of State Support For Small Businesses Through Tax Tools In Uzbekistan
Authors: Murodova Nodira
Published: October 2013

This article highlights the tax incentives offered by the Uzbek Government to the small businesses with hope to increase the share of the private sector in country GDP. In the paper the author researched a number of  tax privileges  that became available since the Independence years. On  the basis  of the scientific  findings  the author has worked out a number of practical proposals to improve the mechanism of state support for small businesses through tax tools.
Pathogenic Approaches To The Treatment Of Patients With Acute Pneumonia Progressing With Bronchial Obstruction
Authors: Khaidarova M
Published: October 2013

At the analysis of clinical efficiency of differential therapy inthe  patients  with  AP  with  BO  the  type  vegetative  nervous system is defined. In the patients with hypersympathicotonic VR  (group  II)  and  asympathycotonic  VR  (III  group).during differential treatment there was noted reduction in duration of dyspnea, pulmonary cyanosis,  moist pulmonary rales . In  the  patients  with  AP  with  BO  alongside  with  changes biochemical, immune and vegetative status there was found wrong  attitude    of  the  family  to  the  child,  and  also the psychological behavioral deviations in the child as increasd anxiety,  aggression;  on  a  background  of  complex  therapywere  performed  psychological  correctional  methods  oftreatment:  musictherapy,  psychogymnastics,  gameexercises. At  catamnestic  observation  within  one  year  of  40  childrenwho  have  received  on  a  background  of  other  methods  of treatment psychocorrection, repeated bronchial obstructionwas  observed  only  at  15  %  observable  children.  In  control group  already  through  3  months  45  %  of  children  have addressed  with  repeated  episodes  BO  at  pneumonia  and
Role Of Lymphatic Polychemotherapy And Ehf Therapy In Treatment Of Colorectal Cancer Complicated By Carcinomatosis Of Abdominal Cavity
Authors: AKBAROV E , Navruzov S , Abdujapparov S , Islamov H
Published: October 2013

Aim: to improve treatment results of colorectal cancer, complicated carcinomatosis of abdominal cavity, by associated using of endolymphatic chemotherapy (ELCT) and local extremely high frequency (EHF) therapy.Materials and methods: I-group – 21 people (33.3%) performed colostomy, then neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy by the scheme FOLFOX-4. It was held two cycles, after two cycles their were received cytoreductive surgery;II group – 26 people (41,3%) received cytoreductive operations with early postoperative intra-abdominal chemotherapy by oxaliplatin (200 mg/m(2) at day 1 and 5-FU 650 mg/m(2) from days 1 to 4.III group – 16 people (25,4%) also performed colostomy, then used 2 courses of ELCT with local EHF therapy and all patients were received cytoreductive operations. ELCT was carried out injecting oxaliplatin-100 mg/m(2) a day during 12 hours and then 5 – FU in doze of 600 mg/m2 a day during 72 hours by the instrumentality of the dozer and LV-200 mg/m(2) (2-h intravenous infusion). During ELCT patients received local EHF therapy in abdominal cavity for an hour.Results: After chemotherapy the partial regress of tumor observed in 1st group in 4,8 % and in 3rd –37,5 %, stabilization of process noted in 28,6 and 50% cases, progressing –66,7 and 12,5% cases correspondingly to groups. Histomorphologic study of malignant foci after ELCT+EHF therapy showed reduction of specific area of parenchyma cancer cell from 57 till 39% simultaneous growth of stroma from 40 till 58% and in necrosis area – from 1,8 till 2,5%. Mitotic activity of tumor cells in the 1st group decreased (average in 22 un.), but in 3rd group it decreased until 11 units. Analysis of life span showed that in 1st group of patients 2-year survival rate was 66,7%. In 2nd group of patients 2-year survival rate was 42,3%. Сonclusion: ELCH+EHF-therapy has high clinic efficacy and promotes to decrease terms of progression of tumor process, increases life span from 0 till 24% and quality of life of the patients. ELCH+EHF-therapy brings to reduction of specific area of parenchyma in cancer cells from 57 till 39% with simultaneous growth of stroma area from 40 till 58% and necrosis area – from 1,8 till 2,5%. ELCT+EHF-therapy lowers mitotic activity of tumor cells, activates apoptosis, hemodynamic and metabolic rates.