bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of partial substitution of wheat flour with resistant starch on physicochemical, sensorial and nutritional properties of breadsticks
Authors: Petchoo Jaruneth , Jittinandana Sitima , Tuntipopipat Siriporn , Ngampeerapong Chitraporn , Tangsuphoom Nattapol
Published: September 2020

This study determined the physicochemical, sensorial and nutritional properties of breadsticks to which a resistant starch (RS)‐rich ingredient was incorporated by partial substitution, that is, 40%–70%, of hard wheat flour in the control recipe. Wheat flour substitution at the levels exceeding 50% lightened the colour while decreasing the moisture content and hardness of breadsticks, which was explainable by the microstructure. Changes in properties of breadsticks also affected the suitability of its sensory attributes, particularly colour and texture. Breadsticks, of which half of wheat flour was substituted, contained less protein and calories but higher carbohydrate than the control formula. Such flour substitution increased RS content closed to its effective dose of 15 g in a 45‐g serving, which led to approximately 15% reduction in in vitro glycaemic index. Therefore, incorporating effective dose of RS in breadsticks could be performed, without causing substantial changes in product quality, by partial substitution of wheat flour.
The impact of pulsed electric fields on quality parameters of freeze‐dried red beets and pineapples
Authors: Ammelt Dagmar , Lammerskitten Alica , Wiktor Artur , Barba Francisco J. , Toepfl Stefan , Parniakov Oleksii
Published: September 2020

The effect of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on the cell disintegration index (Zp), the freeze‐drying process and the final product quality of red beet and pineapple tissue was studied. Red beets and pineapples were PEF‐treated at an electric field strength of 1.07 kV/cm and specific energy inputs of 1 kJ/kg and 4 kJ/kg (PEF1 and PEF2, respectively). Freeze‐drying was performed at a pressure of 1 mbar and heating plate temperature of 50 °C for red beet and 40 °C for pineapple. The quality of freeze‐dried tissue was evaluated by the analysis of residual moisture content, macrostructure, texture, colour and rehydration properties. For freeze‐dried red beets, the betalain content from extracts was studied. It could be stated that PEF pre‐treatment had no significant influence on drying time reduction, however significantly improved the final quality of freeze‐dried product. Moreover, the effect of PEF was strongly depending on type of plant material used.
The future is now? Clinical and translational aspects of “Omics” technologies
Authors: D’Adamo Gemma L , Widdop James T , Giles Edward M
Published: September 2020

Big data has become a central part of medical research, as well as modern life generally. “Omics” technologies include genomics, proteomics, microbiomics and increasingly other omics. These have been driven by rapid advances in laboratory techniques and equipment. Crucially, improved information handling capabilities have allowed concepts such as artificial intelligence and machine learning to enter the research world. The COVID‐19 pandemic has shown how quickly information can be generated and analyzed using such approaches, but also showed its limitations. This review will look at how “omics” has begun to be translated into clinical practice. While there appears almost limitless potential in using big data for “precision” or “personalized” medicine, the reality is that this remains largely aspirational. Oncology is the only field of medicine that is widely adopting such technologies, and even in this field uptake is irregular. There are practical and ethical reasons for this lack of translation of increasingly affordable techniques into the clinic. Undoubtedly, there will be increasing use of large data sets from traditional (e.g. tumor samples, patient genomics) and nontraditional (e.g. smartphone) sources. It is perhaps the greatest challenge of the health‐care sector over the coming decade to integrate these resources in an effective, practical and ethical way.
Nurses' communication with mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit: Umbrella review
Authors: Holm Anna , Viftrup Anette , Karlsson Veronika , Nikolajsen Lone , Dreyer Pia
Published: September 2020

Aim

To conduct a review summarizing evidence concerning communication with mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit (ICU).

Background

ICU patients undergoing mechanical ventilation are unable to communicate verbally, causing many negative emotions. Due to changes in sedation practice, a growing number of patients are conscious and experience communication difficulties.

Design

The umbrella review method guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute was applied.

Data Sources

A systematic search was done in the Cochrane Library, the Joanna Briggs Institute database, Cinahl, Pubmed, PsycINFO and Scopus between January ‐April 2019. Search terms were ‘nurse‐patient communication’, ‘mechanical ventilation’, ‘intensive care’, and ‘reviews as publication type’. Literature from 2009–2019 was included.

Review Methods

Following recommendations by the Joanna Briggs Institute, a quality appraisal, data extraction, and synthesis were done.

Results

Seven research syntheses were included. There were two main themes and six subthemes: (1) Characterization of the nurse–patient communication: (a) Patients' communication; (b) Nurses' communication; (2) Nursing interventions that facilitate communication: (a) Communication assessment and documentation; (b) Communication methods and approaches; (c) Education and training of nurses; and (d) Augmentative and alternative communication.

Conclusion

Nurse–patient communication was characterized by an unequal power relationship with a common experience – frustration. Four key interventions were identified and an integration of these may be key to designing and implementing future ICU communication packages.

Impact

Nurse–patient communication is characterized by an unequal power relationship with one joint experience – frustration. Four key interventions should be integrated when designing and implementing communication packages in the ICU. Findings are transferable to ICU practices where patients are conscious and experience communication difficulties.
The value of competitive employment: In‐depth accounts of people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Voermans Moniek A. C. , Taminiau Elsbeth F. , Giesbers Sanne A. H. , Embregts Petri J. C. M.
Published: September 2020

Background

Increasing the societal participation of people with intellectual disabilities via competitive employment requires a full understanding of what this means to them. This paper aims to provide an in‐depth examination of the lived experiences of people with intellectual disabilities in competitive employment.

Method

Interviews were conducted with six participants with mild intellectual disability or borderline functioning and good verbal communication skills. Interviews were analysed according to the guidelines of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Member checks were conducted.

Results

Analysis yielded three main themes: (a) Building on my life experiences, (b) My place at work and (c) Being a valuable member of society, like everyone else.

Conclusions

Competitive employment could make a substantial contribution to the sense of belonging to society and quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities. Nevertheless, they must cope with stigma‐related obstacles and feelings of being dependent on others in the work environment.
Temporal trends of catheter ablation for patients with atrial fibrillation: A Korean nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Lee Euijae , Lee So‐Ryoung , Choi Eue‐Keun , Han Kyung‐Do , Cha Myung‐Jin , Lip Gregory Y.H. , Oh Seil
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Catheter ablation (CA) for atrial fibrillation (AF) is used as a treatment to restore and maintain sinus rhythm in patients with AF. However, limited data exist regarding the temporal trends of AF ablation in Asia. This study aimed to describe the temporal trends of CA for AF in Korean over 11 years.

Methods

The nationwide claims database in Korea was utilized. Patients underwent CA for AF were identified using combinations of diagnostic codes, claims history, and procedure codes. Comorbidities and complications were also identified, and their temporal trends were evaluated.

Results

The numbers of patients underwent CA for AF were observed to gradually increased over 11 years (452 patients in 2007 vs. 3035 patients in 2017). Mean age of the study population increased (55.4 in 2007–2010 vs. 58.9 in 2015–2017); and mean CHA2DS2‐VASc score also increased (1.9 in 2007–2010 vs. 2.2 in 2015–2017). Risks of complications decreased during the study period but risks of all‐cause deaths did not changed significantly. Older age, women, hypertension, cerebrovascular accident, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, general anesthesia, and small procedure volume were independent predictors of complications but, only diabetes and occurrence of any complication were associated with mortality after CA.

Conclusion

CA for AF has become an increasingly important treatment option. Although the proportion of high‐risk patients increased, risks of complications decreased over time. Performing procedure without complications and prompt managements are essential to improve the outcome of the patients with AF underwent CA.
Sex differentiation in seasonal distribution of the starry smooth‐hound Mustelus asterias
Authors: Brevé Niels W. P. , Winter Hendrik V. , Wijmans Paul A. D. M. , Greenway Eleanor S. I. , Nagelkerke Leopold A. J.
Published: September 2020

This mark‐recapture study of starry smooth‐hound Mustelus asterias tagged during the summer months near the Dutch coast demonstrates a large‐scale spatial sex differentiation in their circannual migration patterns and small‐scale spatial sex differentiation during summer. Overwintering occurs in the North Sea, English Channel and Bay of Biscay, with significantly more males in the Northern North Sea and more females in the Bay of Biscay. During summer, sheltered sea arms off the Dutch coast were almost exclusively used by adult females. In subsequent summers post‐release, both sexes were mostly confined to the Southern North Sea, suggesting philopatry.
Clinical and pathological aspects of first report of Tunga penetrans infestation on southern brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Authors: Schott Diogo , Ribeiro Paula Reis , de Souza Viviane Kelin , Surita Lívia Eichenberg , de Amorim Derek Blaese , Bianchi Matheus Viezzer , Anicet Marina Zortea , Alievi Marcelo Meller , Pavarini Saulo Petinatti , de Carvalho Raimundo Wilson , Soares João Fábio
Published: September 2020

Background

Tungiasis is a neglected neotropical disease caused by penetration of Tunga spp. into the skin of the host.

Methods

Two primates were rescued from nearby different indigenous villages, and the clinical, pathological, and parasitological features of tungiasis were described. Flea identification occurred through their morphometry and was confirmed with the use of a dichotomous key.

Results

Monkey 1 was parasitized by 23 sand fleas and, after treatment, was assigned to the animal rehabilitation center. Monkey 2 was in poor body condition and died shortly after clinical examination. At necropsy, this primate was parasitized by 26 specimens of sand fleas.

Conclusions

Both animals altered their tree behavior by staying on the ground for long periods. This parasitic relationship implies the possibility of enlargement of the sand flea dispersion. Thus, this is the first record of Tunga penetrans occurrence in wild Alouatta guariba clamitans.
Falls risk score removal does not impact inpatient falls: A stepped‐wedge, cluster‐randomised trial
Authors: Jellett Joanna , Williams Cylie , Clayton Diana , Plummer Virginia , Haines Terry
Published: September 2020

Aims and objectives

To investigate the impact of removing a falls risk screening tool from an overall falls risk assessment programme on the rate of falls, injurious falls and completion of falls prevention activities by staff.

Background

Falls in older patients are common adverse events in hospital settings. Screening and assessing individual patients for risk of falls are a common, but controversial element of falls prevention strategies in hospitals.

Design

A stepped‐wedge, cluster‐randomised controlled trial using a disinvestment approach.

Methods

This trial was carried out according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT). All patients were admitted to 20 health service wards (9 units) over the 10‐month study period. The control condition contained a falls risk screening tool element, a full falls risk factor assessment and intervention provision section. In the intervention condition, only the full falls risk factor assessment and intervention provision section was applied, and the falls risk screening tool element was removed. Fall rates were extracted from hospital level data, files were audited for tool completion, and nurses surveyed about tool use.

Results

There did not appear to be an impact on the falls rate per month when the risk screening tool component was removed (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.84—favours intervention, 95%CI = 0.67 to 1.05, p = .14) nor on the falls rate with serious injury (IRR = 0.90, 95%CI = 0.26 to 3.09, p = .87). There was a thirty‐six second reduction of time per patient reported by staff to complete paperwork (p < .001). There was no difference in the proportion of patients for whom the tool was completed, nor the number of falls prevention interventions identified for implementation.

Conclusion

Removing the falls risk screening tool section did not negatively impact falls and reduced time spent completing falls prevention paperwork.

Relevance to clinical practice

Falls prevention is an important issue in health services. Removal of a screening risk tool is unlikely to impact falls. This has the potential to reduce nursing administration time that may be otherwise redirected to individual approaches to falls prevention.
Intraoral Scans Alignment in Single Edentulous Arch Cases
Authors: Lo Russo Lucio , Troiano Giuseppe , Salamini Angelo , Guida Laura
Published: September 2020

Using intraoral scans for removable denture fabrication requires proper alignment according to maxillo‐mandibular relationships. The presented technique combines intraoral and extraoral scanning of the occlusion rim to obtain intraoral scan alignment and the transfer of all information for tooth arrangement to the digital workflow. The technique was developed for single edentulous arch cases and is particularly indicated for the edentulous mandible; nonetheless, it can also be used for the maxilla if a full‐size occlusion rim is required for optimal stability.
Trust in insurance: The importance of experiences
Authors: Courbage Christophe , Nicolas Christina
Published: September 2020

This paper investigates the predictors of trust in insurance and the importance of experiences in a cross‐country setting using a recent insurance industry survey conducted in seven industrialized countries. Preliminary data analysis reveals a very high prevalence of bad experiences with insurance whereby more than 50% of respondents acknowledge having had a bad experience with insurance. Our main findings show that experiences with insurance are one of the most important factors influencing trust in insurance, with the negative effect of a bad experience being more pronounced than the positive effect of a good experience. We also find that trust in insurance is higher among females, younger and less educated individuals, while being lower among individuals with higher insurance literacy. Additionally, access to insurance information through the internet is associated with lower trust in insurance, while higher trust is observed among individuals using newspapers and magazines.
Dynamic Photophysiological Stress Response of a Model Diatom to Ten Environmental Stresses
Authors: Li Zhengke , Li Wei , Zhang Yong , Hu Yingyu , Sheward Rosie , Irwin Andrew J. , Finkel Zoe V.
Published: September 2020

Stressful environmental conditions can induce many different acclimation mechanisms in marine phytoplankton, resulting in a range of changes in their photophysiology. Here we characterize the common photophysiological stress response of the model diatomThalassiosira pseudonanato ten environmental stressors and identify diagnostic responses to particular stressors. We quantify the magnitude and temporal trajectory of physiological parameters including the functional absorption cross‐section of PSII (σPSII), quantum efficiency of PSII, non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ), cell volume, Chla,and carotenoid (Car) content in response to nutrient starvation (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), silicon (Si), and iron (Fe)), changes in temperature, irradiance, pH, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) over 5 time points (0, 2, 6, 24, 72 h). We find changes in conditions: temperature, irradiance, and ROS, often result in the most rapid changes in photophysiological parameters (<2 h), and in some cases are followed by recovery. In contrast, nutrient starvation (N, P, Si, Fe) often has slower (6‐72 h) but ultimately larger magnitude effects on many photophysiological parameters. Diagnostic changes include large increases in cell volume under Si‐starvation, very large increases in NPQ under P‐starvation, and large decreases in the σPSIIunder high light. The ultimate goal of this analysis is to facilitate and enhance the interpretation of fluorescence data and our understanding of phytoplankton photophysiology from laboratory and field studies.
Risk factors for anaemia among Ghanaian women and children vary by population group and climate zone
Authors: Petry Nicolai , Wirth James P. , Adu‐Afarwuah Seth , Wegmuller Rita , Woodruff Bradley A. , Tanumihardjo Sherry A. , Bentil Helena , Donkor William E.S. , Williams Thomas N. , Shahab‐Ferdows Setareh , Selenje Lilian , Mahama Abraham , Steiner‐Asiedu Matilda , Rohner Fabian
Published: September 2020

Anaemia has serious effects on human health and has multifactorial aetiologies. This study aimed to determine putative risk factors for anaemia in children 6–59 months and 15‐ to 49‐year‐old non‐pregnant women living in Ghana. Data from a nationally representative cross‐sectional survey were analysed for associations between anaemia and various anaemia risk factors. National and stratum‐specific multivariable regressions were constructed separately for children and women to calculate the adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) for anaemia of variables found to be statistically significantly associated with anaemia in bivariate analysis. Nationally, the aPR for anaemia was greater in children with iron deficiency (ID; aPR 2.20; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.88, 2.59), malaria parasitaemia (aPR 1.96; 95% CI: 1.65, 2.32), inflammation (aPR 1.26; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.46), vitamin A deficiency (VAD; aPR 1.38; 95% CI: 1.19, 1.60) and stunting (aPR 1.26; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.46). In women, ID (aPR 4.33; 95% CI: 3.42, 5.49), VAD (aPR 1.61; 95% CI: 1.24, 2.09) and inflammation (aPR 1.59; 95% CI: 1.20, 2.11) were associated with anaemia, whereas overweight and obese women had lower prevalence of anaemia (aPR 0.74; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.97). ID was associated with child anaemia in the Northern and Middle belts, but not in the Southern Belt; conversely, inflammation was associated with anaemia in both children and women in the Southern and Middle belts, but not in the Northern Belt. Anaemia control programmes should be region specific and aim at the prevention of ID, malaria and other drivers of inflammation as they are the main predictors of anaemia in Ghanaian children and women.
Morphoanatomy and stigma receptivity in Tillandsia L. (Bromeliaceae) occurring in Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Souza Sandra de Oliveira , de Oliveira Rafaelle Souza , Souza Fernanda Vidigal Duarte , Aona Lidyanne Yuriko Saleme , Rossi Mônica Lanzoni , de Souza Everton Hilo
Published: September 2020

Species of Tillandsia L. are widely distributed in Brazilian ecosystems, and in the state of Bahia they can be found in the Atlantic Forest, Caatinga and Cerrado biomes. Studying the reproductive aspects of these species can support their management and conservation. In particular, stigma morphology is a conserved trait of Bromeliaceae and stigma receptivity can influence the success of pollination. The objective of this study was to characterize the morphoanatomy and classify the stigma types of Tillandsia species by means of light and scanning electron microscopy, as well as to evaluate the stigma receptivity by different methods and at three floral development stages. A total of 21 Tillandsia species found in Bahia were evaluated. The stigma receptivity was assessed with hydrogen peroxide (3%) and a solution of α‐naphthyl acetate. Four stigma types were observed: conduplicate‐spiral for the species of the Tillandsia subgen. Tillandsia, simple‐erect for species of T. subgen. Diaphoranthema, and simple‐truncate for the species of T. subgen. Phytarrhiza. The species of the T. subgen. Anoplophytum had three morphological types, conduplicate‐spiral, conduplicate‐patent and simple‐erect. All the species had trifid stigmas, monostratified epidermis, numerous idioblasts containing raphides in the fundamental parenchyma and an individual vascular bundle for each carpel. In all the species studied by the two methods of stigma receptivity the highest enzyme activity was observed during anthesis. The morphoanatomy of the stigma and style provides important information for the taxonomy of Tillandsia and the data on stigma receptivity can support studies of the reproduction and conservation of these species.
Epithelium‐Specific Runx2 knockout mice display junctional epithelium and alveolar bone defects
Authors: Xu Chang , Wang Aiqin , Zhang Li , Yang Chunyan , Gao Yan , Dong Zhiheng , Tian Yuan , Li Cong , Gao Yuguang
Published: September 2020

Objective

The aim of this investigation was to study the effects of Runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) on the junctional epithelium and alveolar bone.

Methods

The attachment level of the junctional epithelium and the resorption of alveolar bone were analyzed by histology and scanning electron microscopy. The expression of amelotin was determined by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real‐time PCR. The ultrastructure of the dentogingival interface was observed by transmission electron microscopy.

Results

The cKO mice demonstrated remarkable attachment loss, epithelial hyperplasia, and alveolar bone loss. The relative protein and mRNA expression of amelotin was increased in the junctional epithelium of the cKO mice. The attachment apparatus of the cKO mice showed ultrastructural deficiency.

Conclusions

Loss of Runx2 led to the junctional epithelium and alveolar bone defects in mice. Runx2 may play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the dentogingival junction and the normal structure of alveolar bone.
THE CHRONOLOGY OF ANGLO‐SAXON STYLE POTTERY IN RADIOCARBON DATES: IMPROVING THE TYPO‐CHRONOLOGY
Authors: Krol Tessa N. , Dee Michael , Nieuwhof Annet
Published: September 2020

In the fourth and fifth centuries AD, the Anglo‐Saxon style was introduced in north‐western Europe. To what extent immigrants contributed to this process for each region is still debated. How and when the Anglo‐Saxon style spread is essential in this debate. Handmade pottery is the most common find category, but so far it can only be dated globally. An earlier and a later style have been postulated and the introduction of this pottery is seemingly not simultaneous in every region. Hitherto this could not be supported by the radiocarbon dates. The present study shows that, with the help of Bayesian modelling, it is possible to substantiate these patterns, which is of utmost importance for understanding migration patterns, contacts and exchange along the southern North Sea coastal regions during this period.
The role of the disc damage likelihood scale in glaucoma detection by community optometrists
Authors: Formichella Paolo , Annoh Roxanne , Zeri Fabrizio , Tatham Andrew J
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Recent guidelines recommend disc damage likelihood scale (DDLS) is recorded for all referrals of suspected glaucoma from community optometrists to hospital eye services (HES) in Scotland. This study aimed to determine whether lower DDLS grades were associated with higher rates of discharge at the first visit to HES.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 618 consecutive new referrals from community optometrists to a university hospital glaucoma service. 65 (10.5%) included DDLS graded by the community optometrist. A comprehensive eye examination and optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed in the hospital glaucoma clinic and first visit discharge rate (FVDR) for different grades of DDLS compared. The relationship between DDLS and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness on OCT was also examined.

Results

The FVDR for patients with DDLS recorded in the referral was 27.7% (18 of 65) compared to 25% (138 of 553) in those without DDLS (p = 0.631). The FVDR was 50% for those with a DDLS of 3 in the worse eye, decreasing to 32% and 21% for DDLS grades of 4 and 5 respectively. No patient with a DDLS ≥ 6 was discharged at the first visit and none with a DDLS < 4 (the cut off for consideration of referral in Scottish guidelines) were found to have glaucoma. There was a significant but weak inverse relationship between DDLS and RNFL thickness. The strongest relationship was with average RNFL thickness (r = −0.378, p < 0.01) followed by superotemporal (r = −0.359, p < 0.01) and inferotemporal (r = −0.353, p < 0.01) RNFL thickness.

Conclusions

In patients referred to HES with DDLS information included, lower DDLS grading was associated with higher odds of being discharged at the first visit. DDLS grading by community optometrists had a poor correlation with RNFL thickness measured using OCT.
Lysine biofortification in rice by modulating feedback inhibition of aspartate kinase and dihydrodipicolinate synthase
Authors: Yang Qing‐Qing , Yu Wai‐Han , Wu Hong‐Yu , Zhang Chang‐Quan , Sun Samuel Sai‐Ming , Liu Qiao‐Quan
Published: September 2020

Lysine is the main limiting essential amino acid (EAA) in the rice seeds, which is a major energy and nutrition source for humans and livestock. In higher plants, the rate‐limiting steps in lysine biosynthesis pathway are catalysed by two key enzymes, aspartate kinase (AK) and dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), and both are extremely sensitive to feedback inhibition by lysine. In this study, two rice AK mutants (AK1 and AK2) and five DHDPS mutants (DHDPS1–DHDPS5), all single amino acid substitution, were constructed. Their protein sequences passed an allergic sequence‐based homology alignment. Mutant proteins were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli, and all were insensitive to the lysine analog S‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐l‐cysteine (AEC) at concentrations up to 12 mm. The AK and DHDPS mutants were transformed into rice, and free lysine was elevated in mature seeds of transgenic plants, especially those expressing AK2 or DHDPS1, 6.6‐fold and 21.7‐fold higher than the wild‐type (WT) rice, respectively. We then engineered 35A2D1L plants by simultaneously expressing modified AK2 and DHDPS1, and inhibiting rice LKR/SDH (lysine ketoglutaric acid reductase/saccharopine dehydropine dehydrogenase). Free lysine levels in two 35A2D1L transgenic lines were 58.5‐fold and 39.2‐fold higher than in WT and transgenic rice containing native AK and DHDPS, respectively. Total free amino acid and total protein content were also elevated in 35A2D1L transgenic rice. Additionally, agronomic performance analysis indicated that transgenic lines exhibited normal plant growth, development and seed appearance comparable to WT plants. Thus, AK and DHDPS mutants may be used to improve the nutritional quality of rice and other cereal grains.
Genomic analyses of diverse wild and cultivated accessions provide insights into the evolutionary history of jujube
Authors: Guo Mingxin , Zhang Zhongren , Li Shipeng , Lian Qun , Fu Pengcheng , He Yali , Qiao Jinxin , Xu Keke , Liu Linpei , Wu Miaoyan , Du Zheran , Li Sunan , Wang Junjie , Shao Peiyin , Yu Qiang , Xu Gan , Li Dengke , Wang Yongkang , Tian Shan , Zhao Jing , Feng Xue , Li Ruiqiang , Jiang Wenkai , Zhao Xusheng
Published: September 2020

The Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), a member of the Rhamnaceae family, is an important perennial fruit tree crop of substantial economic, ecological and nutritional value, and is also used as a traditional herbal medicine. Here, we report the resequencing of 493 jujube accessions, including 202 wild and 291 cultivated accessions at >16× depth. Our population genomic analyses revealed that the Shanxi–Shaanxi area of China was jujube's primary domestication centre and that jujube was then disseminated into East China before finally extending into South China. Divergence events analysis indicated that Ziziphus acidojujuba and Ziziphus jujuba diverged around 2.7 Mya, suggesting the interesting possibility that a long pre‐domestication period may have occurred prior to human intervention. Using the large genetic polymorphism data set, we identified a 15‐bp tandem insertion in the promoter of the jujube ortholog of the POLLEN DEFECTIVE IN GUIDANCE 1 (POD1) gene, which was strongly associated with seed‐setting rate. Integrating genome‐wide association study (GWAS), transcriptome data, expression analysis and transgenic validation in tomato, we identified a DA3/UBIQUITIN‐SPECIFIC PROTEASE 14 (UBP14) ortholog, which negatively regulate fruit weight in jujube. We also identified candidate genes, which have likely influenced the selection of fruit sweetness and crispness texture traits among fresh and dry jujubes. Our study not only illuminates the genetic basis of jujube evolution and domestication and provides a deep and rich genomic resource to facilitate both crop improvement and hypothesis‐driven basic research, but also identifies multiple agriculturally important genes for this unique perennial tree fruit species.
Are they worth it? Warmth and competence perceptions influence the investment of slack resources in and the efficacy of HPWS
Authors: Kim Kyoung Yong , Messersmith Jake G. , Allen David G.
Published: September 2020

Utilizing research on organizational slack and the stereotype content model, the antecedents and consequences of high‐performance work system (HPWS) utilization are assessed in a sample of 108 small and medium‐sized enterprises in South Korea. The paper advances theory to demonstrate that organizational slack drives HPWS adoption, but only when the chief executive officer (CEO) views employees as worth the investment. A social psychology lens is used to illustrate the significance of CEO perceptions of employee warmth and competence as moderators of the relationship between slack resources and HPWS adoption in small firms. CEOs with available financial resources who also hold a high view of employee trustworthiness (i.e., warmth) and ability (i.e., competence) are likely to utilize higher levels of HPWS. Further, employee perceptions of CEO warmth and competence moderate the relationship between HPWS utilization and firm performance, such that high levels of perceived CEO warmth and competence enhance the efficacy of HPWS. The results serve to highlight the significance of perceptual factors in both the antecedents and outcomes of HPWS adoption, particularly in smaller firms.
Local and systemic immune mediators of Morada Nova lambs with divergent Haemonchus contortus resistance phenotypes
Authors: Barbosa Toscano João Henrique , Okino Cintia Hiromi , Barbosa dos Santos Isabella , Giraldelo Luciana Aparecida , Borsch von Haehling Marei , Novita Esteves Sérgio , Bassetto Cesar Cristiano , Talamini do Amarante Alessandro Francisco , de Souza Chagas Ana Carolina
Published: September 2020

Aims

Local and systemic immune mediators of Morada Nova lambs with divergent Haemonchus contortus resistance phenotypes were evaluated.

Methods and Results

Lambs were ranked through faecal egg counts (FEC) after two parasitic challenges with 4,000 H.contortus L3. After the second challenge, the lambs underwent a third artificial infection and were euthanized 7 days later. Immune‐related genes were quantified locally in abomasal mucosa and lymph nodes (CD4, IFNγ, IL4, IL5, IL13, IL2RA and MS4A2) and systemically in the whole blood (IL4 and IL13). Anti‐H. contortus IgG and IgA antibodies and eosinophils and mast cells counts were also investigated. Resistant animals presented higher systemic IgG and IgA titres, both negatively correlated with FEC. Susceptible animals had higher blood levels of IL4 transcripts. At the local level, resistant lambs had higher eosinophils counts and superior MS4A2 levels in abomasal fundic mucosa, besides higher IgA levels in abomasal mucus, while susceptible lamb had superior IL4 expression in abomasal lymph nodes.

Conclusion

These data indicate that resistant lambs had an immune response mediated by antibody‐mediated cytotoxicity. Also, the systemic humoral profile, particularly IgA isotype, seems to be a good resistance marker for Morada Nova sheep, as we found differences between groups even when FEC did not differ.
Predicting river mouth location from delta front dip and clinoform dip in modern and ancient wave‐dominated deltas
Authors: Zimmer Eva H. , Howell John A.
Published: September 2020

Wave‐dominated deltas and strandplains make up the majority of the world’s depositional coastlines, provide an important record of sea‐level change and serve as hydrocarbon reservoirs worldwide. Satellite imagery forms a great source of data on the recent depositional history of modern deltaic systems. In the subsurface, three‐dimensional seismic and well data make the three‐dimensional assessment of large‐scale deltaic reservoir bodies possible but struggle to resolve internal heterogeneities away from wells. To bridge this gap in characterizing deltaic sedimentation, this study combines measurements from both the shallow, high‐resolution section of three‐dimensional seismic data of the Eocene Halibut Delta in the Outer Moray Firth, offshore Scotland, with information from Google Earth’s satellite imagery and digital elevation model on south‐east Brazilian river deltas (São Francisco, Jequitinhonha, Doce and Paraíba do Sul) to present a means of predicting the location of fluvial sediment input points with respect to clinoform geometry. The key measurement for this study is the delta front and clinoform dip which has been measured at multiple locations along strike of the coastline of the examined deltas. Dip decreases away from the inferred river mouth for all deltas by 50% within 7.2 km. The river mouth location was inferred from the position of palaeo‐channels visible on the delta top and coarse sediment recorded in grab samples offshore for the south‐east Brazilian deltas, and from imprints of palaeo‐channels on attribute maps for the Eocene Halibut Delta. In summary, this study found that delta front dip is steepest at the location of the river mouth and decreases, along with grain size, away from it. This suggests that high dip values correlate with the proximity to the channel mouth and can be used to predict fluvial channel facies in modern deltaic systems and subsurface reservoirs.
An inflammation classification system using cytokine parameters
Authors: Roe Kevin
Published: September 2020

Inflammation can be created by several different causes, including a blood clot, an immune system disorder, a cancer, an infection, a chemical exposure, a physical injury, or a neurological condition, such as Alzheimer's or depression. In particular, many infections by viral, bacterial, fungal and protozoan pathogens can cause inflammation. Inflammations can have far‐reaching medical consequences, because chronic or frequent inflammation can assist cancers and initiate autoimmune diseases. Determining the cause of an inflammation can be essential for the medical treatment of an individual, and a classification system can be a useful tool to help a diagnosis, confirm a diagnosis and to determine the most appropriate treatment. However, at present there is no classification system for the different causes of inflammation. This paper describes a classification system that uses seven distinct cytokine parameters to enable the determination of the cause of an inflammation. This classification system is expandable, and it can help determine whether an inflammation is caused by an ischaemia, an immune system disorder, a cancer, an infection, a chemical, a physical injury, or a neurological condition. In some cases, this classification system can help enable a quick primary or secondary determination of an urgent medical emergency when other medical diagnostic resources are unavailable.
Associations of sedentary behavior bouts with community‐dwelling older adults' physical function
Authors: Wilson Jason J. , McMullan Ilona , Blackburn Nicole E. , Skjødt Mathias , Caserotti Paolo , Giné‐Garriga Maria , Farche Ana , Klenk Jochen , Dallmeier Dhayana , Deidda Manuela , Roqué i Figuls Marta , Tully Mark A.
Published: September 2020

The study aim was to explore associations between sedentary behavior (SB) bouts and physical function in 1360 community‐dwelling older adults (≥65 years old). SB was measured using an ActiGraph wGT3X + accelerometer for seven consecutive days at the dominant hip and processed accordingly. Various SB bout lengths were assessed including: 1‐ to 9‐minutes; 10‐ to 29‐minutes; 30‐ to 59‐minutes; and ≥60‐minutes, as well as maximum time spent in a SB bout. Total SB time was adjusted for within the SB bout variables used (percentage SB time in the SB bout length and number of SB bouts per total SB hour). Physical function was assessed using the 2‐minute walk test (2MWT), 5‐times sit‐to‐stand (chair stand) test, and unipedal stance test (UST). Hierarchical linear regression models were utilized. Covariates such as moderate‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA), demographic and health characteristics were controlled for. Lower percentage time spent in ≥60‐minute SB bouts was significantly (P < .05) associated with longer 2MWT distance while lower numbers of ≥60‐minute SB bouts were associated with longer 2MWT distance, shorter chair stand time and longer UST time. There were mixed associations with physical function for 10‐ to 29‐minute SB bouts. In a large cohort of European older adults, prolonged SB bouts lasting ≥60‐minutes appear to be associated with reduced physical function after controlling for MVPA and numerous other important covariates. Besides reducing SB levels, these findings suggest there is a need to regularly interrupt prolonged SB to improve physical function in older adults.
Does Deliberation Increase Public‐Spiritedness?
Authors: Wang Rui , Fishkin James S. , Luskin Robert C.
Published: September 2020

Objective

This article investigates the hypothesis, dating back to de Tocqueville and Mill, that deliberation helps make citizens more “public‐spirited,” increasing their support for policies that benefit the community, even at some possible cost to themselves. The hypothesis has previously occasioned much speculation but little empirical investigation.

Methods

We employ data from a series of regional Deliberative Polls in Texas, gathering random samples from seven different service areas for weekend‐long deliberations about the pros and cons of alternative energy choices. Confidential questionnaires were administered at time of recruitment and at the end of the weekend.

Results

The participants showed an increased willingness to pay for renewable energy, conservation, and to see to it that everyone’s basic needs are met. The contours of these results suggest that they should be taken as evidence of increased public‐spiritedness.

Conclusion

We provide new evidence in support of the venerable hypothesis that deliberation increases public‐spiritedness—among deliberation’s most important but hitherto least examined effects.
Consistency grammar for 3D indoor model checking
Authors: Nikoohemat Shayan , Diakité Abdoulaye A. , Lehtola Ville , Zlatanova Sisi , Vosselman George
Published: September 2020

Indoor 3D models are digital representations of building interiors reconstructed from scanned data acquired by laser scanners, digital depth (RGBD) cameras, and CAD drawings. Consequently, there is noise in the source data and a notable variety in the methods used to treat the noise and to process these data into reconstructed models. Alas, the correctness of these reconstructions and thus their suitability for a given application are uncertain. There is a lack of a robust base logic that would allow for controlling the consistency of these (automatically) generated models. Fortunately, correctness criteria are well‐defined through existing international standards. Hence, we propose a conceptual framework based on formal grammars to check the semantic, geometric, and topological consistency of a reconstructed 3D model. The proposed method proceeds in three steps to validate the model: (1) correctness checking of individual components; (2) consistency verification of instances’ interactions; and (3) model consistency check for targeted applications. Our method identifies the components in the model that violate the given rules derived from the current standards and expert knowledge. Ultimately, we propose a quantified formulation of our method that may be straightforwardly integrated into industrial‐level model checkers. The approach is independent of level of details and reconstruction method.
On the Definition of Slavery
Authors: Rota Michael
Published: September 2020

A number of non‐equivalent definitions of slavery have been offered by historians, sociologists, bodies of international governance and legal scholars. None is clearly adequate. Here I review extant definitions of slavery found in or suggested by Lovejoy, Patterson, Honoré, Bales, Ingram and the League of Nations 1926 Slavery Convention, and argue that each is subject to counterexample. I then attempt to formulate and defend a more adequate definition, one focusing on consent, control, and the intentions of the slaveholder, and relevant for the present as well as the past.
Outcomes of C difficile infection in solid‐organ transplant recipients: The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2015‐2016
Authors: Mahatanan Rattanaporn , Tantisattamo Ekamol , Charoenpong Prangthip , Ferrey Antoney
Published: September 2020

Background

Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at an increased risk for CDI. A recent study showed an overall improvement in mortality amongst hospitalized individuals with CDI, but it is unclear if this benefit extends to SOT recipients.

Methods

We scrutinized the 2015 and 2016 National Inpatient Sample (NIS), the largest all‐payer inpatient database in the United States for CDI data in patients with SOT. SOT was defined as any recipient who had received a heart, lung, liver, intestinal, kidney, pancreas, or combined thoracic and/or abdominal organ transplantation. Baseline characteristics, comorbidities, and concomitant diagnosis of pneumonia or urinary tract infection were adjusted for in our analysis. Primary outcomes included inpatient mortality, hospital length of stay and total hospital charges.

Results

A total of 105 780 hospital discharges of SOT recipients were included. The incidence of CDI was 3554 (3.36%) among SOTs. CDI was associated with a higher inpatient mortality (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.56‐2.20, P < .01), longer length of hospital stay (mean difference 5.07 days, 95% CI 4.43‐5.71, P < .01) and higher total hospital charges (mean difference 43 958 US dollars, P < .01).

Conclusion

Our study found that CDI is associated with poorer overall outcomes among hospitalized SOT recipients. However, there was a possible improving trend of the outcomes when compare to previous studies.
Development of pure red cell aplasia by transmission and persistent infection of parvovirus B19 through a kidney allograft
Authors: Inoue Dan , Oda Takashi , Iwama Sachiko , Uchida Takahiro , Kojima Tadasu , Tomiyasu Tomohiro , Yoshikawa Noriko , Yamada Muneharu , Okihara Masaaki , Akashi Isao , Kihara Yu , Konno Osamu , Iwase Makoto , Iwamoto Hitoshi
Published: September 2020

We report a case of pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) caused by parvovirus B19 (PVB19) infection, which was transmitted through a kidney allograft. The patient underwent a living‐donor kidney transplant from his wife at the age of 60. Despite successful engraftment with a normal creatinine level, he developed severe anemia that required frequent blood transfusions 2 months after transplantation. Renal anemia was unlikely as his serum erythropoietin level was extremely high. A bone marrow aspiration test demonstrated the existence of large proerythroblasts. Although anti‐PVB19 IgM antibody levels were not increased, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected PVB19 DNA in his serum. Thus, he was diagnosed as having PRCA induced by PVB19 infection. PCR analysis of total DNA isolated from 0‐hour biopsy sections showed the existence of PVB19 DNA. Furthermore, PVB19 proteins was detected on renal tubules of 0‐hour allograft by immunoperoxidase staining. Thus, transmission of PVB19 through the allograft was confirmed. A single course of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy resulted in substantial improvement; however, the effect was limited, and severe anemia relapsed after 5‐6 months. Several courses of IVIG with adjustment of immunosuppressive drugs resulted in long‐term remission. Our case demonstrates that donor‐transmitted PVB19 infection should be suspected in kidney transplant recipients who develop refractory anemia during the early post‐operative phase.
Literature review of allograft adenovirus nephritis and a case presenting as mass lesions in a transplanted kidney without symptoms of urinary tract infection or acute kidney injury
Authors: Watanabe Megumi , Kaneko Shuzo , Usui Joichi , Takahashi Kazuhiro , Kawanishi Kunio , Takahashi‐Kobayashi Mayumi , Shimizu Tatsuya , Ishii Ryota , Tawara Takashi , Tsunoda Ryoya , Nagai Kei , Kawamura Tetsuya , Fujita Akiko , Kai Hirayasu , Morito Naoki , Saito Chie , Oda Tatsuya , Nagata Michio , Yamagata Kunihiro
Published: September 2020

Adenovirus (AdV) infection is a common complication in bone marrow/hematopoietic stem cell transplant and solid organ transplant recipients. AdV infection usually presents as hemorrhagic cystitis, but sometimes it can progress to acute kidney injury showing AdV nephritis (AdVN). We present the case of a 52‐year‐old Japanese female who had received a living kidney transplantation (KT) from her husband. At 21 months post‐KT, the patient presented with a fever, but no renal dysfunction and no abnormal urine findings. A contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a few mass lesions with hypoperfusion in the transplanted kidney. An enhanced CT‐guided biopsy targeting one of these lesions revealed a necrotizing tubulointerstitial nephritis suggesting AdVN. The polymerase chain reaction tests for ADV were negative in a urine sample but positive in the sera and the frozen kidney biopsy samples. AdVN can manifest as an unusual pattern of acute lobar nephritis/acute focal bacterial nephritis‐like localization without symptoms of acute kidney injury or urinary tract infection. Enhanced CT can provide clues for clinical diagnosis.