bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Nonphysician Health Care Providers in the Physical Assessment and Diagnosis of Suspected Child Maltreatment: Results of a National Survey
Authors: Kelley Susan J. , Yorker Beatrice Crofts
Published: March 2007

The physical diagnosis and treatment of child abuse and neglect have traditionally fallen in the domain of physicians; however, nurse practitioners (NPs), registered nurses (RNs), and physician assistants (PAs) are assuming increasing roles in the evaluation and treatment of maltreated children. The role of nonphysician health care providers in evaluating cases of suspected child maltreatment (CM) is not without controversy and deserves close attention for several reasons. First and foremost, a diagnosis of suspected CM has serious civil and criminal legal ramifications. A “false positive” evaluation—concluding that abuse occurred when it has not occurred—could result in the wrongful removal of a child from his or her family, or criminal prosecution and conviction of an innocent individual, or both. On the other hand, a “false negative” finding—failing to diagnose suspected abuse when in fact it has occurred—could result in subjecting a child to subsequent abuse, resulting in increased physical and psychological harm. Because cases of CM often rely heavily on physical findings and laboratory evidence, examiners must be adequately prepared to perform such examinations. Expert testimony also plays a critical role in child abuse litigation. According to federal law, before a professional may testify as an expert witness, the judge must be convinced that the professional possesses sufficient “knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education” to qualify as an expert. Do RNs, NPs, and PAs possess the credentials necessary to qualify as expert witnesses in cases of CM? The purpose of this article is to describe the roles, responsibilities, and qualifications of NPs, RNs, and PAs working in the field of CM. More specifically, the results of a national survey of NPs, RNs, and PAs who perform physical assessments in cases of suspected child physical abuse, neglect, and sexual abuse will be presented.
Social and Scientific Influences on the Study of Children's Suggestibility: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Davis Suzanne L.
Published: March 2007

Modern research on children's suggestibility is largely designed to answer questions that arise when children become victim-witnesses in the legal system. However, this was not the case during earlier historical periods. In this article, the author expands previous discussions of the history of children's suggestibility research by examining the historical relation between societal beliefs and scientific inquiry about children's suggestibility, highlighting literature excluded from prior historical reviews of children's testimony. The author also considers the modern researcher in historical context.
Child Protection and Battered Women's Services: From Conflict to Collaboration
Authors: Beeman Sandra K. , Hagemeister Annelies K. , Edleson Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2007

The past three decades have witnessed a rapid expansion of programs for abused children and for battered women. Despite evidence that child maltreatment and woman battering often occur in the same families, these service sectors mostly operate independently of each other and are sometimes in conflict. There are scant data available on either the current practices of child protection workers and battered women's advocates in these cases or on the varying perspectives that bring them to conflict or collaboration. This article reports the results of an effort to systematically probe the practices and views of these two groups of workers in an effort to pinpoint ways in which current practices might evolve toward greater cooperation. Six focus group interviews involving 23 child protection workers and battered women's advocates were conducted. This article describes our methodology and results and concludes with a discussion of the future potential for resolving outstanding issues so that closer collaboration might develop.
Occupant Predictors of Household Energy Behavior and Consumption Change as Found in Energy Studies Since 1975
Authors: Guerin Denise A. , Yust Becky L. , Coopet Julie G.
Published: March 2007

Reported research since 1975 on human behavior and energy consumption was reviewed to identify occupant predictors of household energy‐consumption behavior and energy‐consumption change. The results of this review were framed against a human ecosystem theory model. Occupant predictors of reduced energy‐consumption behavior and energy‐consumption change were classified as occupant characteristics, occupant attitudes, and occupant actions. Variables identified in studies that most frequently affected energy behavior and energy consumption were income, age, education, home ownership, desire for comfort, major weatherization, and incentives. These findings support the underlying premise of the human ecosystem theory: Variables from the natural, the social, and the designed environments and human organism variables interact to affect energy consumption.
Sun Protection: Knowledge, Attitude, and Perceived Behavior of Parents and Observed Dress of Preschool Children
Authors: Black Catherine , Grise Kay , Heitmeyer Jeanne , Readdick Christine A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the actual and perceived sun‐protective practices of parents and caregivers of preschool children. Because children are dependent on adults for protection, an investigation of actual sun‐protection practices of parents, child caregivers, and retailers in Florida was conducted. One‐hundred children were observed at selected childcare centers to identify clothing worn during outdoor play. Eighty‐six parents or guardians of the children completed questionnaires regarding their sun‐protection knowledge, attitude, and perceived behavior. A survey of 15 retailers was conducted to determine sun‐protective products. Although parents were aware of the need to protect their children from the sun's UV rays, childcare observations revealed that children were wearing apparel that provided little sun protection. Retail stores were found to stock a limited supply of sun protective clothing and products for children.
Clothing and Personal Attractiveness of Adolescents Related to Conformity, to Clothing Mode, Peer Acceptance, and Leadership Potential
Authors: Creekmore Anna M.
Published: March 2007

The personal attractiveness of 228 high school students and the attractiveness of their clothing, as assessed by college student observers, were related to awareness of, and conformity to, the modal dress, to various types of peer acceptance, to participation in high school ac tivities, and to leadership potential. Significant correlation coefficients indicated that attrac tive students generally wore attractive clothing, and were aware of, and conformed to, the modal dress. The attractive students were also more likely to be accepted by their peers, to be selected for important roles in the high school situation, and to be more active in school ac tivities than students assessed as less attractive.
Division of Household Work: A Decade Comparison—1967–1977
Authors: Sanik Margaret Mietus
Published: March 2007

Although the seventies brought changes in the composition of the labor force, these changes were not, on the average, accompanied by changes in the division of labor within two‐parent, two‐child households. Time data, collected from this family type in 1967 and 1977, indicate that wives even when employed outside the home still spend more time in household production than other family members. Wives spent less time in dishwashing and care of clothing activities while children spent more time shopping in 1977 than in 1967. The input to all household production by the total family remained approximately 10 hours per day.
Planning for Retirement Security: What Helps or Hinders Women in the Middle Years?
Authors: McKenna Judy Sheaks , Nickols Sharon Y.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the retirement planning of women between 40 and 55 years of age within the theoretical framework of family re source management. A sample of 220 wornen completed mailed questionnaires. Retirement planning was defined as a five‐step managerial process. Descriptive responses of these women indicated high interest in retirement planning, but their level of planning raised serious concern for the future. Special emphasis on three social‐psychological concepts—risk taking, “math anxiety,” and locus of control—offered a unique perspective in this study. Multiple regression analysis found the following characteristics of women most active in retirement planning: higher household income, expected a pension, positive orientation toward finan cial risk, perceived control over chance, general willingness to take risks, internal belief in the ability to control one's life, comfort with math ability, and older age.
Expenditures for Services, Wife's Employment, and Other Household Characteristics
Authors: Yang Se‐Jeong , Magrabi Frances M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the wife's employment status and expenditures for purchased services—specifically, meals in restaurants and clothing care, child care, and domestic services. The sample consisted of 354 households from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1984 Inter view Survey. Tobit regression analysis was used to test the relationship. The results indicated that the amount of time the wife spent on work was positively related to expenditure on child care services, but not other services. Compared with nonemployed‐wife households, full‐time‐employed‐wife households were found to spend more on child care services. Expenditures for meals in restaurants were found to be higher for the full‐time employed wife compared to the part‐ time employed wife. Education of wife and household income were found to be significant factors in expenditures for most services.
Predictors of Time Allocation to Food Tasks in Dual‐Earner Families
Authors: Miller Joan Schroeder , Ackerman Norleen M.
Published: March 2007

While married women's labor force participation rates have risen, food tasks in the home have remained primarily women's work. Involvement of other family members in food tasks could ease the workload of employed wives. This study identified predictors of the husband's and children's food task time and com pared them to predictors of wife's and total family's food task time. A national sample of 562 dual‐earner families was used. Regression equations were com puted for husbands, children, wives, and the total family. The strongest predictor of husband's, wife's, and total family's food task time was the day of week. Food task time was highest on Saturday and Sunday. The food task time of children, wives, and total family—but not husband—differed among four dual‐earner family categories, which were based on husband's earnings and a husband/wife earnings ratio. Limited variance was explained.
University Student Satisfaction: Implications for Departmental Planning
Authors: Morgan George A. , Shim Soyeon
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this study were: (a) to investigate factors that might influence students' satisfaction with their majors/departments; (b) to examine attitudinal differences among groups of undergraduate students majoring in four home eco nomics areas; and (c) to derive implications for departmental planning based on students' expectations of and current satisfaction with their majors/departments. Data (N = 718) were collected from textiles and clothing departments at 16 major universities across the nation, including majors in merchandising, apparel design, interior design, and/or consumer science. Perceptions of one's courses, overall satisfaction with one's university, attitude toward one's major, and occupational orientation were the most frequently significant multiple‐regression predictor variables of students'satisfaction with their majors/departments. Students did not differ significantly in their expectations of career opportunitieslservices or pro gram enrichment and differed only slightly in their expectations of attributes related to program quality/status. However, there were significant differences in current satisfaction with the department among the four groups of students. Students also differed across majors in the areas of attitude toward one's major, academic/career influences, social and self influences, overall satisfaction with one's university, and occupational orientation. The authors discuss these attitu dinal differences, possible reasons for them, and implications for departmental planning, recruiting, and retaining students in each of the four program areas.
In‐Home Businesses: Profiles of Successful and Struggling Craft Producers
Authors: Littrell Mary Ann , Stout JaneAnn , Reilly Rae
Published: March 2007

The objective of this research was to develop profiles of successful and struggling craft producers. The profiles were examined in relation to existing scholarship on entrepreneurship and served as the basis for generating hypotheses for future research. Seventy craft producers who worked in fiber, clay, and wood, and who had operated in‐home businesses for a minimum of three years, participated in telephone interviews intended to explore a range of topics related to their suc cess. Groups of successful (n = 34) and struggling (n = 36) craft producers were formed based on economic criteria and the participants' self‐ratings of success. Profiles of successful and struggling participants revealed differences in their business practices related to planning and management, employment, product development, pricing, marketing, and promotion. Findings suggest that success ful craft entrepreneurs have many behavioral characteristics in common with en trepreneurs who manufacture other products and who operate in settings outside the home.
Economic Resources, Influence, and Stress among Married Couples
Authors: Greaves Kathleen M. , Zvonkovic Anisa M. , Evans Lorina S. , Hall Leslie D.
Published: March 2007

Resource theory has suggested that power in a relationship rests on the ability to control important resources. With power defined as a potentiality, economic power as a concept needs to incorporate both the actual economic reward of income as well as the marital partners' potential as economic providers. One way to assess potential as an economic provider is by educational attainment. This research is drawnfrom a sample of 128 individuals (64 married couples). Using the couple as the unit of analysis, we divided the sample into different groups of couples. Results indicated that husbands' stress is related to the disparity of education, while wives' stress is related to the disparity of income. Results also indicated that stress was experienced when marital partners used certain influence strategies during the process of making a recent work/family decision.
Theses and Dissertations Completed in Family and Consumer Sciences: 1995
Authors: Lee Mi‐Young , Johnson Kim K. P.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the 753 titles of theses and dissertations completed in family and consumer sciences in colleges and universities throughout the United States in 1995. The tables present information by institution and by subject matter.
Reflections on the Purposes of Human Inquiry
Authors: Reason Peter
Published: March 2007

Human inquiry is participative, experiential, political, and action oriented. As such, it addresses very different purposes from orthodox social science, moving away from the narrow purpose of contributing to a field of knowledge toward a living inquiry that is integrated in the lives of all those involved. Such inquiry "faces the people" and "is of use," arising out of the needs and experiences of the people it serves, aiming to interrupt patterns of power that define issues in the service of the powerful. Using theory primarily in the service of the practical may also aim to speak out to a wider audience in a manner that causes them to reflect on the nature of knowledge making. In addition to immediate purposes, human inquiry also aims to heal the fragmented experience that is part of the legacy of positivism and to stand continually against the development of a new orthodoxy in inquiry.
Action Research, Democratic Dialogue, and the Issue of "Critical Mass" in Change
Authors: Gustavsen Bjørn
Published: March 2007

The idea of inquiry as a collaborative effort together with people rather than an investigation of them gives rise to a new generation of issues and problems: How to manage when the number of collaborators takes on substantial proportions? Of what does the collaboration consist in large-scale networks formed to create a shared under standing rather than diffuse any given understanding? On the basis of experience from action research in working life in Scandinavia, these and other problems linked to the relationships among language, inquiry, and "mass" are raised and discussed.
Reading the "Problem of Evaluation" in Social Inquiry
Authors: Schwandt Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

Current uncertainty in the social sciences surrounding efforts to represent social reality, the cultural authority of social science, and the legitimacy and validity of its knowledge claims, is due, in part, to debate about the moral and political meaning of social inquiry practices. Although this is by no means a new debate, it has been brought to the foreground in recent years through developments in feminist philosophy, critical theory, and practical hermeneutics. To encourage further discussion of the relationship between empirical and normative aspects of inquiry practices, this article provides three readings of the landscape of values: ways of conceiving of the moral life, impediments to public discussion of values in professional practice, and treatment of values in a specific practice of social inquiry.
Skirting a Pleated Text: De-Disciplining an Academic Life
Authors: Richardson Laurel
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author discusses the pleated text Fields of Play: Constructing an Academic Life, a book that enfolds traditional and experimental papers within "writ ing-stories" about the contexts in which she wrote the papers. The author focuses on three examples about disciplines and academic departments, and concludes with commentary on the consequences to the self of enacting feminist-poststructuralist writing practices.
Can There Be Criteria for Selecting Research Criteria?—A Hermeneutical Analysis of an Inescapable Dilemma
Authors: Garratt Dean , Hodkinson Phil
Published: March 2007

For some time now qualitative researchers have been debating the implications of the cri sis of representation in social and educational research. The untenability of any notion of absolute truth has left us with the problem of determining the status of research findings. Considerable attention has been devoted to finding criteria that will enable judgments to be made between competing research claims. However, this leads to a second, equally intractable problem: How can we determine which set of putative criteria to adopt? This article analyzes the nature of criteria in qualitative research from a hermeneutical per spective, arguing that criteria can only be located in the interaction between research findings and the critical reader of those findings. It is suggested that it is both illogical and pointless to attempt to predetermine a definitive set of criteria against which all qualitative research should be judged.
A Multivariate Model Explaining Men's Violence Toward Women
Authors: O'NEIL JAMES M. , HARWAY MICHELE
Published: March 2007

Violence against women by men is considered the single most serious threat to women's health and welfare in the United States. Knowledge about why male violence occurs against women is very limited. Previous theory and conceptualizations explaining men's violence have narrowly focused on individual factors or typologies. Predicting male violence is complex, necessitating a multivariate explanatory model. No heuristic model has been developed that explains the multiplicity of hypotheses that might explain men's violence toward women. This article presents a multivariate model explaining men's violence toward women using four content areas and 13 hypotheses. The content areas are: (a) macrosocietal explanation; (b) biological, neuroanatomical, hormonal explanation; (c) gender role socialization or gender role conflict explanation; and (d) intergender, relational explanation. Implications of the model for educational interventions, research, and training are explored.
Therapist Responses to Recovered and Never-forgotten Memories of Child Sex Abuse
Authors: TABACHNICK BARBARA G. , POPE KENNETH S.
Published: March 2007

In a national survey of 300 female and 300 male licensed psychologists, participants were presented with vignettes in which a 14-year-old girl told a therapist that her father had sexually abused her for a year at a specific age (either 2 or 8), that she either had or had not forgotten the abuse from the time of its occurrence until the current year, and that the therapist is the first one that she had told about the abuse. Participants provided information about the degree to which they found the allegations credible and the steps that they found important in responding to the allegations. The age at which the alleged abuse occurred and the therapist's age produced significant effects on evaluations of credibility, as did an interaction of therapist's sex and theoretical orientation. There was no difference in evaluations of credibility between male and female psychoanalytically oriented therapists; among nonpsychoanalytically oriented therapists, female respondents were more likely than male respondents to find the claim credible.
An Empirical Classification of Motivations for Domestic Violence
Authors: HAMBERGER L. KEVIN , LOHR JEFFREY M. , BONGE DENNIS , TOLIN DAVID F.
Published: March 2007

National survey research suggests that males and females are equally likely to perpetrate domestic violence, but surveys have not examined the interpersonal context or motivation for domestic violence. The questioning of identified partner assaulters suggests that females use violence for self-defense and escape, whereas males use violence to exercise control, punish, or demand attention. The perception of perpetrator violence, however, appears also to be a function of the gender of the individual appraising the violence. Six male and 6 female adult nonperpetrators sorted into categories the stated motivations for domestic violence of 215 male and 66 female court-referred perpetrators. Factor analysis revealed (a) motivations common to all: control, anger expression, and coercive communication; (b) motivations specific to gender of perpetrator: retaliation, self-defense, escape, and punishment; and (c) motivations specific to gender of perpetrator and sorter: alcohol use and response to verbal abuse.
Violence Against Women
Authors: HEISE LORI L.
Published: March 2007

This article encourages the widespread adoption of an integrated, ecological framework for understanding the origins of gender-based violence. An ecological approach to abuse conceptualizes violence as a multifaceted phenomenon grounded in an interplay among personal, situational, and sociocultural factors. Although drawing on the conceptual advances of earlier theorists, this article goes beyond their work in three significant ways. First, it uses the ecological framework as a heuristic tool to organize the existing research base into an intelligible whole. Whereas other theorists present the framework as a way to think about violence, few have attempted to establish what factors emerge as predictive of abuse at each level of the social ecology. Second, this article integrates results from international and cross-cultural research together with findings from North American social science. And finally, the framework draws from findings related to all types of physical and sexual abuse of women to encourage a more integrated approach to theory building regarding gender-based abuse.
The Power of the Street-Level Bureaucrat in Public Service Bureaucracies
Authors: Prottas Jeffrey Manditch
Published: March 2007

The difficulties of controlling the daily behavior of low level bureaucrats has been widely appreciated by both administrators and academic students of bureaucracy. This article provides a theoretically oriented explanation for this fact. Building on the concept of "boundary actor," it places the source of the low level bureaucrat's power in his/ her unique role as mediator between the bureaucracy and its "street-level" environment. The bureaucracy's dependence on its street-level bureaucrats for the efficacious transla tion of its environmental inputs (citizens) into processable units (clients) provides the bureaucrat with the leverage to interfere in the organization's "enforcement sequence." By manipulating the information available to the organization about its clients, the street-level bureaucrat can limit the agency's ability to influence his/ her own behavior. The mechanisms and the political environment of this manipulatory activity are discussed in detail.
The Adoption of Technological Innovations By Municipal Governments
Authors: Feller Irwin , Menzel Donald C.
Published: March 2007

Data on the adoption of 43 technological innovations in four service delivery fields (fire fighting, solid waste collection and disposal, traffic control, and air polution control) were obtained from nationally representative samples of municipal governments. Principal findings are that the adoption path for many technologies corresponds to traditional S-shaped diffusion curves, the rate and extent of adoption varies within and across functional fields, prevailing views of the "archaic" nature of the technologies in use in municipal agencies are overstated, and there has been a pronounced acceleration in the rate of adoption of technological innovations in all but the solid waste field. Alternative theoretical explanations for the observed patterns of adoption are considered. A number of variables are identified, each of which has some limited empirical support. It is proposed that future studies focus on the characteristics of innovations in relation to the performance needs and operating characterisitcs of municipal agencies rather than on purported generic differences in the receptivity to technological change of private sector and public sector organizations.
Urban Affairs Graduate Programs
Authors: Bingham Richard D. , Henry Gary T. , Blair John P.
Published: March 2007

Ranking urban affairs graduate programs is a difficult undertaking because there is no objective or consensual measure of quality. This study utilizes three empirical measures- reputation, productivity, and quality of individual output—to rank urban affairs programs. These measures as well as an overall ranking are presented for each program. In addition, per capita productivity and quality of individual output ratings are presented to control for program faculty size; the same measures are presented with the most productive member and the most cited member of each faculty removed from the respective rankings to control for a "superstar" effect.
Urban Inequality Revisited
Authors: Chakravorty Sanjoy
Published: March 2007

Urban size and growth rates have been the focus in the analysis of variation in income inequality among U.S. metropolises. Here, the author builds upon elements identified in the literature to examine 1990 census data for the total, white, and black populations. The regression results indicate that the causal structure of inequality has changed and that the determinants of intraracial inequality are different. The author argues that now the most significant determinants relate to local employment, and social and demographic conditions, reflecting a fundamental transformation from the importance of income level, industry mix, and race.
Ethnicity is not Enough
Authors: Underwood Katherine
Published: March 2007

The concept of deracialized electoral strategies has been applied primarily to African-American candidates running in majority white or racially mixed jurisdictions. The author explores the use of deracialized electoral strategies by victorious Latino city council candidates in Los Angeles. These candidates ran in Latino-majority city council districts, yet faced multiracial electorates. To build cross-racial support, the winning Latino candidates employed deracialized political styles, issue stances, and mobilization strategies. On the council, Latinos have pursued a largely deracialized agenda.
The Heritage Industry Russian Style
Authors: Mitchneck Beth
Published: March 2007

In advanced capitalist democracies, increased historical referencing has occurred within a context of changing regulatory modes from Fordism to post-Fordism. In post-Soviet Russia, historical referencing differs because of the confluence of three transitions: Fordism to post-Fordism, socialism to capitalism, and Soviet Russia to post-Soviet Russia. This article documents the use of history and culture by the Russian urban government in Yaroslavl' as a means of achieving stability. The author argues that the local government used historical referencing to attract the gaze of the international tourist and investor as well as the gaze of the Russian public.
A Spatial Model of Ideology and Political Communication
Authors: Endersby James W. , Ognianova Ekaterina
Published: March 2007

This study proposes a new application of spatial theory of voting from political science to the field of mass communications. Using national survey data, a spatial model is constructed to test the relative placement of journalists to politicians and parties in a two-dimensional ideological space. The results support the expectation that journalists are driven to maximize their audience in the same manner that politicians maximize votes and thus are located near the center of the ideological space. Related to citizen assessments of politicians and journalists are dimensions of ideology and partisanship and evaluations of news media performance.
An Analysis of 3D Crack Propagation using Cohesive Zone Models and the Theory of Configurational Forces
Authors: Costanzo Francesco
Published: March 2007

A continuum theory of 3D fracture with a cohesive zone model is presented. The analysis uses the theory of configurational forces and is valid for any crack propagation regime. The theory provides insight into the modeling of crack growth accompanied by progressive damage accumulation and other types of local microstructural changes. Furthermore, it offers justification for the introduction of less traditional cohesive zone models which, in addition to the opening displacement, include other types of crack surface deformation parameters.
Can a Linear Anisotropic Elastic Material Have a Uniform Contraction under a Uniform Pressure?
Authors: Ting T. C.T.
Published: March 2007

When a linear isotropic elastic material is under a uniform pressure, it produces a uniform contraction. If the material is anisotropic, it in general does not produce a uniform contraction except for a cubic material. We will show that there are special linear anisotropic elastic materials other than cubic materials for which a uniform contraction is possible under a uniform pressure. The material can be any one of the eight crystal groups. It means that the material can be monoclinic, orthotropic, trigonal, tetragonal, transversely isotropic, and, of course, cubic or isotropic. It can also be triclinic; that is, the material need not possess a plane of symmetry.
Rapid Mode III Interface Flaw Extension: Dissimilar Anisotropic Solids with Largely Arbitrary Orientations of their Principal Material Axes
Authors: Brock L. M.
Published: March 2007

Two half-spaces are rigidly bonded along a semi-infinite portion of their interface, but separated by a vanishingly-thin flaw along its remainder. They consist of dissimilar elastic solids with single planes of material symmetry. The symmetry planes coincide, but principal material axes of the two solids in the common plane are of arbitrary orientation with respect to each other, and to the interface. Anti-plane shear forces moving on the flaw surfaces are assumed to create steady-state interface flaw extension; flaw and forces move at the same constant speed. Exact solutions for any constant speed show that the interface shear wave speed in each solid is sensitive to material properties and principal axis orientation. The subsonic case is studied in more detail, and the energy dissipation rate is extracted. Calculations when one solid is isotropic show its sensitivity to non-orthotropy and to ratios of the shear moduli and mass densities.
Driving Force on Phase Transition Fronts in Thermoelectroelastic Crystals
Authors: Maugin G. A. , Trimarco C.
Published: March 2007

Starting from known physical balance laws and constitutive equations, this work develops in a rational number the canonical balance laws of momentum and energy at both regular and singular material points. This is achieved in the framework of the quasi-electrostatics of thermoelectroelastic crystals, with a view to providing a sound basis for the study of electroelastic fracture, and of the propagation of phase transition fronts. The latter receive special attention with the formulation of a true thermomechanics in which it is shown that a hot surface heat source develops at thermodynamically irreversible points of progress of such fronts. The expression of the driving force acting on such fronts in these conditions is obtained in terms of the relevant Hugoniot-Gibbs functional. This provides the basis for the formulation of simple criteria of progress of the front.
Internally Constrained Mixtures of Elastic Continua
Authors: Klisch Stephen M.
Published: March 2007

A treatment of internally constrained mixtures of elastic continua at a common temperature is developed. Internal constraints involving the deformation gradient tensors and the common mixture temperature are represented by a constraint manifold, and an internally constrained mixture of elastic continua is associated with each unique equivalence class of unconstrained mixtures. The example of intrinsic incompressibility of each constituent first proposed by Mills is discussed.
Physician collaboration in home health care
Authors: Goldberg Allen I.
Published: March 2007

To better understand physician participation in home care, leaders of the American Academy of Home Care Physicians determined current physician home care attitudes and activities (house calls and agency referrals). Physicians who directly get involved with home care and make house calls have a greater likelihood to work with home health agencies. The key to success in physician collaboration is understanding what physicians need and providing services they have had a role in planning, implementing, and evaluating. Major educational initiatives will be required to prepare physicians for their collaborative role. Key words: home health care; physi cian home health attitudes, practices, and activities; physician home health agency referrals; physician house calls
Evaluating the Work Satisfaction of Paraprofessionals in Home Health Care
Authors: Laferriere Rita H. , Bigelow Julie A. , Hallett Ann M.
Published: March 2007

Home health care paraprofessional services are one of the fastest growing disciplines in the home care industry today. As the need for these services continues to increase, the cost of recruitment, training, and orientation becomes a major concern. It is cost- efficient to ensure that competent paraprofessionals find satisfaction in their work and remain as long-term employees. This article will describe the process used by a Vermont home health care agency to evaluate and sustain the work satisfaction of its paraprofessional staff.
A New Class of Close Contacts: Home Health Care Workers and Occupational Exposure to Tuberculosis
Authors: Wurtz Rebecca , Lee Carla , Lama Jerry , Kuharik John
Published: March 2007

Although the Centers for Disease Control published infection control guidelines for tuberculosis in hospital and outpatient clinic settings, recommendations are not clearly established for protection of health care workers (HCWs) in the home and field, despite increased emphasis on directly observed therapy (DOT). HCWs visit clients with infectious tuberculosis (TB) in homes, homeless shelters, drug rehabilitation programs, and outdoor settings, and transport clients in cars. HCW exposure to airborne droplet nuclei is most significant during field visits made shortly after the client is diagnosed and for prolonged periods when the client is nonadherent to therapy or has a drug-resistant isolate. In the absence of formal guidelines to limit field HCWs' exposure to TB, we have proposed measures for their TB program that outline for HCWs recommended care of a patient with TB and appropriate HCW education to minimize TB transmission and exposure.
A Community-Based Long-Term Care Alternative: A Case Study
Authors: Case Cathleen Kasky , Seigal Nancy Savage
Published: March 2007

The Programs of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) model programs are in the forefront of redefining the delivery of long-term care to the frail elderly. The Elder Service Plan of Massachusetts (ESP) is one of several PACE sites providing comprehensive, cost-effective, community-based long- term care using a multidisciplinary team approach. A case study provides an example of how one participant on the verge of institutionalization is able to remain living in the community because of the flexibility that exists through the PACE model. ESP has maximized continuity of care through the role of a nurse practitioner, whose primary management areas are in the home and various skilled nursing facilities.
Competency-Based Orientation in Home Health Care: One Agency's Approach
Authors: Astarita Terasa M.
Published: March 2007

Providing an outcome-focused orientation experience for nurses who are novices to the specialty of home health care is a challenge to most home health care organizations. The exponential growth of the home health care industry and the rapid expansion of nursing specialty programs within home health care has created a demand for organizations to provide orientation programs that are standardized but individualized, quality based but cost-effective, and that demonstrate learning outcomes. The Visiting Nurse Association of Lancaster has demonstrated that the aforementioned criteria can be met with the development of competency- based orientation. Nursing staff development departments are a new and welcomed entity in home health care and are pivotal in successfully meeting regulatory, agency, and individual orientation requirements of both professional and paraprofessional staff.
Symptom Management: In Search of a Model for Home Health Care
Authors: Quinn Christina
Published: March 2007

Symptom management is used by individuals to monitor and assess their physical and psychologic state, make judgments concerning changes in their well-being, perform a treatment or action if needed, and evaluate the success of that action. Nurses must use models of symptom management to evaluate cues observed in the home health care client. Since clients are away from the constant monitoring of the hospital setting, they must be alert to symptoms when evaluating their health status. Several models of symptom management have been developed. A review of six models revealed two that would be applicable to the home health care setting.
Development of Home Health Care in Lithuania: Current Status and Key Development Issues
Authors: Barkauskas Violet H. , Šeškevičius Arvydas
Published: March 2007

Prior to independence in 1991, no formal home health care system existed in Lithuania. However, various services were provided in homes, including off-hours urgent care; social and health care services for the disabled and elderly through a voluntary organization; and the provision of medications and treatments by polyclinic nursing staffs. After independence, a number of additional home health care services were initiated, largely in response to the care needs of a large and growing elderly population. These evolving services are described as well as the factors facilitating and inhibiting the development of a national system of home health care for Lithuania.
Staff Development through Field Evaluation Days
Authors: Dete Mary K.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a method of staff development called field evaluation. It is a key to successful staff development. It illustrates the field evaluation as a system of performance measurement, policy compliance, and a springboard for continuance. Field evaluations incorporate the benefits of onsite mentoring, with the added value of onsite patient care evaluation.
Changing Home Care Compensation
Authors: Gilliland John C.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the legal considerations that provide opportunities and restrictions in restructuring and changing employee compensation in a home health agency. With the revolution underway in home care reimbursement, agencies are finding their current compensation structures often do not meet their need to control costs and achieve productivity measured in ways other than a large number of visits in a short period of time.
Citizen, Worker, and State: The Search For New Paradigms In Coping With Industrial Crises
Authors: Morehouse Ward
Published: March 2007

Industrial crises and disasters threaten the most fundamental human rights to life and health. The existing paradigm for protecting these rights is based on industry self-regulation and government policing. The inadequacy of this approach is evident in thousands of industrial accidents that kill and injure hundreds of thousands of victims each year. To cope with these crises we need new participative policing systems, complete hazard assessments, worker and community hazard indemnity funds, more equitable sharing of risks, international actions for coping with industrial hazards, and citizen and worker empowerment.
Causes of crises: the behavioral accident
Authors: Souder William E.
Published: March 2007

"Something snapped and he went off the deep end." "He acted completely out of character." "He had always been the ideal of safe behavior, but he sud denly did this dumb thing." These statements describe behavioral accidents. The role of the individual employee and behavioral accidents as causes of in dustrial crises has not been fully explored. This paper discusses an interactive computer model of the behavioral accident phenomenon that is being used at the US Bureau of Mines in an attempt to reduce industrial crises in under ground coal mining.
Toward a systemic crisis management strategy: learning from the best examples in the US, Canada and France
Authors: Pauchant Thierry C. , Mitroff Ian I. , Lagadec Patrick
Published: March 2007

Pauchant, T.C., Mitroff, I.I. and Lagadec, P., 1991. Toward a systemic crisis management strat egy : learning from the best examples in the US, Canada and France. Industrial Crisis Quarterly, 5: 209-232.

While managing industrial crises has become a pressing necessity, many man agers have not yet developed a substantive effort in the area and/or still focus only on the reactive and technological sides of crisis management. Based on 350 confidential interviews conducted during the last five years in American, Canadian and French firms, we discuss in this article some of the most inno vative efforts that managers who have embraced a systemic perspective have implemented in their organizations. We hope that these suggestions will assist managers in undertaking a more systemic crisis management strategy in their organizations in the future.
Toward a Comparative Framework for Learning From Experiences With Interactive Technology Assessment
Authors: Grin John , Hoppe Rob
Published: March 2007

To learn from experiences with interactive technology assessment (ITA), a framework for comparative analysis and evaluation is needed. Such a framework is developed in this article, taking into account both institutional and epistemological considerations. It is argued that a stakeholder-focused TA—the most participatory form of TA from an institutional point of view—can hardly contribute to behavioral change of public decision makers and corporate managers. Instead, institu tional and epistemological considerations are best reconciled in inter pretive forms of ITA, but only if the analysts consistently apply a constructivist methodology. In order to facilitate the elaboration of interpretive ITA, a set of institutional and methodological criteria to compare and assess practical approaches to ITA is developed.
Risk Assessment and Management: A Critique of Current Practices and Policy Implications
Authors: Ehrenfeld John R.
Published: March 2007

Risk assessment and management and their progeny risk perception and communication, pervade social dialogue and policy formulation in much of social, particularly environmental, action today. Following an introduction to the current context, the article critically examines the nature of risk relative to the policy domain. The critique suggests that the objective positivist notion of risk that dominates current dialogue has obscured the full set of concerns of the parties involved and has led to breakdowns common in risk dialogues. An alternative construction of risk based on speech act theory and social construction, particularly as adapted by Habermas, is offered along with consequent reinterpre tations of risk. The reconstruction shows a fundamental difference between the social process of assessing environmental hazards, such as chemicals and incinerators, and the individual act of assessing risk prior to taking an action. The article concludes with suggestions for improved processes to deal with "risky" propositions.
Neuropsychological assessment of attention in ADHD adults
Authors: Taylor C.J. , Miller D.C.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the utility of a variety of neuropsychological measures of attention in the assessment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults. The Attentional Impairment Index (Al) is introduced along with a procedure for computation, and is intended as an experimental measure which can be used to indicate the presence and severity of an attentional problem. Results indicated that the severity of attentional impairment (Al) was affected by the number of diagnoses, subtype of ADHD, and group classification (No Diagnosis, ADHD, or Other Psychiatric diagnoses). Overall group differences indicate a decline in performance on the neuropsychological test measures as the severity of diagnosis increased, with two exceptions. One was the number of failures to maintain response set on the WCST, and the other was the overall level of attentional impairment as measured by the Al Index. Both of these scores were most impaired in the ADHD group. The summary measures from the Stroop, WCST, FSIQ, and Trail Making Test successfully differentiated both the clinical groups from those not meeting full diagnostic criteria for any disorder.
Family dysfunction is more strongly associated with ADHD than with general school problems
Authors: Kaplan B.J. , Crawford S.G. , Fisher G.C. , Dewey D.M.
Published: March 2007

Having a child for whom success at school is elusive is a challenge faced by many families. Such school difficulties are known to increase parenting stress, but what is not known from previous research is whether Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) poses an additional challenge over and above the difficulties encountered due to general school problems. We asked the parents of 248 school-aged children to complete the General Function scale from the McMaster Family Assessment Device. Stringent research criteria were used to categorize the children as having primarily ADHD (N = 49), primarily reading disability (RD) (N = 59), both ADHD and RD (N = 50), or neither (controls) (N = 90). Thirty-five children also met criteria for oppositional defiant disorder (OPD). ADHD (either alone, or in combination with RD) was associated with significantly more problems in family functioning, even after the children with OPD were excluded from the analyses.