bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Application of Irreversible (Nonequilibrium) Thermodynamic Principles to Enhance Solute Fluxes across Nanofabricated Hemodialysis Membranes
Authors: Hedayat Assem , Elmoselhi Hamdi , Shoker Ahmed
Published: November 2012

Objective. Nanotechnology has the potential to improve hemodialysis membrane technology. Thus, a major objective is to understand how to enhance toxic solute fluxes across these membranes. The aim of this concept building study is to review the application of irreversible thermodynamic (IT) to solute fluxes.Methods. We expanded the application of the Nernst-Planck equation to include the Kedem-Katchalsky equation, pH, membrane thickness, pore size, and electric potential as variables.Results. (1) Reducing the membrane’s thickness from 25 μm to 25 nm increased the flux of creatinine,β2-microglobulin, and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) by a thousand times but prevented completely albumin flux, (2) applying an electric potential of 50–400 mV across the membrane enhanced the flux of the respective molecules by71.167 ×10-3,38.7905 ×10-8, and0.595 ×10-13 mol/s, and (3) changing the pH from 7.35 to 7.42 altered the fluxes minimally.Conclusions. The results supported an argument to investigate the application of IT to study forces of fluxes across membranes. Reducing the membrane’s thickness—together with the application of an electrical potential—qualities achievable by nanotechnology, can enhance the removal of uremic toxins by many folds. However, changing the pH at a specific membrane thickness does not affect the flux significantly.
Monitoring Composites under Bending Tests with Infrared Thermography
Authors: Meola Carosena , Carlomagno Giovanni Maria , Bonavolontà Carmela , Valentino Massimo
Published: November 2012

The attention of the present paper is focused on the use of an infrared imaging device to monitor the thermal response of composite materials under cyclic bending. Three types of composites are considered including an epoxy matrix reinforced with either carbon fibres (CFRP) or glass fibres (GFRP) and a hybrid composite involving glass fibres and aluminium layers (FRML). The specimen surface, under bending, displays temperature variations pursuing the load variations with cooling down under tension and warming up under compression; such temperature variations are in agreement with the bending moment. It has been observed that the amplitude of temperature variations over the specimen surface depends on the material characteristics. In particular, the presence of a defect inside the material affects the temperature distribution with deviation from the usual bending moment trend.
Genistein Attenuates Vascular Endothelial Impairment in Ovariectomized Hyperhomocysteinemic Rats
Authors: Zhen Panpan , Zhao Qian , Hou Dandan , Liu Teng , Jiang Dongqiao , Duan Jinhong , Lu Lingqiao , Wang Wen
Published: November 2012

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a well-known independent risk factor for vascular diseases in the general population. This study was to explore the effect of genistein (GST), a natural bioactive compound derived from legumes, on HHcy-induced vascular endothelial impairment in ovariectomized ratsin vivo. Thirty-two adult female Wistar rats were assigned randomly into four groups (n=8): (a) Con: control; (b) Met: 2.5% methionine diet; (c) OVX + Met: ovariectomy + 2.5% methionine diet; (d) OVX + Met + GST: ovariectomy + 2.5% methionine diet + supplementation with genistein. After 12 wk of different treatment, the rats' blood, toracic aortas and liver samples were collected for analysis. Results showed that high-methionine diet induced both elevation of plasma Hcy and endothelial dysfunction, and ovariectomy deteriorated these injuries. Significant improvement of both functional and morphological changes of vascular endothelium was observed in OVX + Met + GST group; meanwhile the plasma Hcy levels decreased remarkably. There were significant elevations of plasma ET-1 and liver MDA levels in ovariectomized HHcy rats, and supplementation with genistein could attenuate these changes. These results implied that genistein could lower the elevated Hcy levels, and prevent the development of endothelial impairment in ovariectomized HHcy rats. This finding may shed a novel light on the anti-atherogenic activities of genistein in HHcy patients.
Hydroxychloroquine as Treatment for Inflammatory Subglottic Stenosis: A Second Successful Case
Authors: Desuter G. , Gregoire A. , Gardiner Q. , Houssiau F.
Published: November 2012

Inflammatory sub-glottic stenosis is a life threatening condition that represents a therapeutic challenge. Recently, hydroxychloroquine has been suggested as one efficient medical treatment option. This report describes the second case of successful treatment of inflammatory sub-glottic stenosis using hydroxychloroquine.
Traumatic Dental Injury—An Enigma for Adolescents: A Series of Case Reports
Authors: Krishna Akash , Malur Manjunath Hampanna , Swapna D. V. , Benjamin Shiny , Deepak Chris A.
Published: November 2012

Coronal fractures of permanent dentition are the most frequent type of dental injury. Fractured anterior teeth are usually treated with conventional post and core and crown techniques, after being treated endodontically. If the original tooth fragment is retained following fracture, the natural tooth structures can be reattached using adhesive protocols. Fiber-reinforced post makes the reattachment of the crown esthetically possible with minimal preparation and reduces the possibility of tooth fracture during function. This paper presents the therapeutic approach of reattachment of crown fragment to the tooth at the cervical and middle third levels.
The Structure of Reduced Sudoku Grids and the Sudoku Symmetry Group
Authors: Jones Siân K. , Perkins Stephanie , Roach Paul A.
Published: November 2012

A Sudoku grid is a constrained Latin square. In this paper a reduced Sudoku grid is described, the properties of which differ, through necessity, from that of a reduced Latin square. The Sudoku symmetry group is presented and applied to determine a mathematical relationship between the number of reduced Sudoku grids and the total number of Sudoku grids for any size. This relationship simplifies the enumeration of Sudoku grids and an example of the use of this method is given.
Postanoxic Burst Suppression Electroencephalogram in a Comatose Child Associated with Spontaneous Eyelid Opening
Authors: Crawford John R.
Published: November 2012

Spontaneous eye opening associated with burst suppression electroencephalogram has been reported in adults following postanoxic injury. Previous reports have correlated the onset of epileptiform bursts with the eye opening and attribute it to a brainstem-release phenomenon associated with poor prognosis. The author presents a case of a 12-year-old boy with burst suppression electroencephalogram following severe anoxic injury where the eye opening occurred at the conclusion of the bursts that has never been previously reported. These electroencephalographic findings are important for intensive care physicians to recognize and may provide further insight into the pathophysiological mechanism of this rare phenomenon.
Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension and Right-Sided Heart Failure at Presentation in Grave’s Disease
Authors: Ganeshpure Swapnil Panjabrao , Vaidya Gaurang Nandkishor , Gattani Vipul
Published: November 2012

A young female presented with evidence of right-sided heart failure and was subsequently found to have significant pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). Because of her normal left ventricular function and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, the most probable site of etiology seemed to be the pulmonary vasculature. All the common possible secondary causes of PAH were ruled out, but during the investigations, she was found to have elevated thyroid function tests compatible with the diagnosis of Grave’s disease. The treatment of Grave’s disease, initially by medications and subsequently by radioiodine therapy, was associated with a significant reduction in the pulmonary artery systolic pressure. The purpose of this case report is to highlight one of the unusual and underdiagnosed presentations of Grave’s disease.
Liver Abscess and Pseudotumoral Gastric Lesion Caused by Chicken Bone Perforation: Laparoscopic Management
Authors: Ricci Gabriele , Campisi Nello , Capuano Giovanni , De Vido Luigi , Lazzaro Luca , Simonatto Giuliana , Termini Barbara , Turriziani Valeria , Fidanza Francesco
Published: November 2012

The accidental ingestion of a foreign body into the gastrointestinal tract is not uncommon, but the vast majority of foreign bodies pass through the gastrointestinal tract uneventfully within a week. Less than 1% of patients with foreign body ingestion develop complications such as perforation of the gastrointestinal tract. The migration of an ingested foreign body may result in chronic inflammation, a silent clinical course, and radiological features suggestive of a neoplasm. The authors report a case of chicken bone perforation of the gastric wall that leads to hepatic abscess formation and thereafter to submucosal pseudotumor of the gastric wall treated with totally laparoscopic management. Usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonography for a correct diagnosis is also stressed.
A Case of Delayed Diagnosis of Bilateral Ureteral and Bladder Injury after Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: An Unusual Complication
Authors: Goris-Gbenou Maximilien C. , Arfi Nicolas , Mitach Abdel , Rashed Sheer , Lopez Jean-Gabriel
Published: November 2012

The incidence of ureteral and bladder lesions after laparoscopic hysterectomy is the most encountered urinary complication in gynaecological surgery. We report the unusual case of 42-year-old woman who had a delayed diagnosis of bilateral ureteral injury associated with bladder lesion and loose of vaginal suture after undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy for uterine adenomyosis.
Advances in Targeting HER3 as an Anticancer Therapy
Authors: Jiang Ning , Saba Nabil F. , Chen Zhuo Georgia
Published: November 2012

HER3 (ErbB3) is a unique member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family (ErbB family). It functions only through dimerization with other members of the ErbB family and modulates activity and sensitivity to targeted cancer therapies. This paper briefly describes the mechanism of HER3 in signal transduction and its potential role in acquired resistance to EGFR- and HER2-targeted therapies. We also consider recent developments in HER3-targeting therapeutics and their combination with inhibitors of other ErbB members in clinical applications.
A Hemiclamshell Incision for a Giant Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Right Hemithorax
Authors: Kanlıoğlu Kuman Nilgün , Şen Serdar , Çokpınar Salih , Ceylan Emel , Tataroğlu Canten , Boğa Mehmet
Published: November 2012

A 41-year-old female was admitted with respiratory distress. Chest radiographs showed opacity in the right hemithorax with mediastinal shift. Computed tomography (CT) scan showed a pleural mass with a 22 cm diameter occupying the whole right hemithorax and causing atelectasis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed lower position of the right hemidiaphragm and the liver. Superior vena cava and heart were shifted to left. Presence of infiltration to the adjacent tissues could not be clearly evaluated because of pressure effect. Transthoracic needle biopsy specimen was reported to be benign. Because of the size and location of the mass, a hemiclamshell incision was chosen, which allowed excellent visualization and complete dissection of the giant tumor. The histopathology of the resected specimen confirmed solitary fibrous tumor. The patient was stabilized by careful observation and treatment. No complication except pneumonia in the postoperative first month occurred during the 22-month follow-up period.
Global Stability for a Binge Drinking Model with Two Stages
Authors: Huo Hai-Feng , Song Na-Na
Published: November 2012

A more realistic two‐stage model for binge drinking problem is introduced, where the youths
with alcohol problems are divided into those who admit the problem and those who do not
admit it. We also consider the direct transfer from the class of susceptible individuals towards the
class of admitting drinkers. Mathematical analyses establish that the global dynamics of the model
are determined by the basic reproduction number, R0. The alcohol‐free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable, and the alcohol problems are eliminated from the population if R0 < 1. A unique
alcohol‐present equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if R0 > 1. Numerical simulations are also conducted in the analytic results.
Robust Finite‐Time H∞ Control for Impulsive Switched Nonlinear Systems with State Delay
Authors: Guo Jian , Liu Chao , Xiang Zhengrong
Published: November 2012

This paper investigates robust finite‐time H∞ control for a class of impulsive switched nonlinear systems with time‐delay. Firstly, using piecewise Lyapunov function, sufficient conditions ensuring finite‐time boundedness of the impulsive switched system are derived. Then, finite‐time H∞ performance analysis for impulsive switched systems is developed, and a robust finite‐time H∞ state feedback controller is proposed to guarantee that the resulting closed‐loop system is finite‐time bounded with H∞ disturbance attenuation. All the results are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, two numerical examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Shear Bond Strengths and Morphological Evaluation of Filled and Unfilled Adhesive Interfaces to Enamel and Dentine
Authors: Mortazavi Vajihesadat , Fathi Mohammadhosein , Ataei Ebrahim , Khodaeian Niloufar , Askari Navid
Published: November 2012

In this laboratory study shear bond strengths of three filled and one unfilled adhesive systems to enamel and dentine were compared. Forty-eight extracted intact noncarious human mandibular molars were randomly assigned to two groups of 24 one for bonding to enamel and the other for bonding to dentine. Buccal and lingual surfaces of each tooth were randomly assigned for application of each one of filled (Prime & Bond NT (PBNT), Optibond Solo Plus (OBSP), and Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB)) and unfilled (Single Bond (SB)) adhesive systems (n=12). A universal resin composite was placed into the translucent plastic cylinders (3 mm in diameter and 2 mm in length) and seated against the enamel and dentine surfaces and polymerized for 40 seconds. Shear bond strength was determined using a universal testing machine, and the results were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA, one-way ANOVA,t-test, and Tukey HSD post hoc test with a 5% level of significance.There were no statistically significant differences in bond strength between the adhesive systems in enamel, but CSEB and SB exhibited significantly higher and lower bond strength to dentine, respectively, than the other tested adhesive systems while there were no statistically significant differences between PBNT and OBSP.
Liquid Crystal Thermography Measurement Uncertainty Analysis and Its Application to Turbulent Heat Transfer Measurements
Authors: Rao Yu , Xu Yamin
Published: November 2012

Liquid crystal thermography is an advanced nonintrusive measurement technique, which is capable of providing a high-accuracy continuous temperature field measurement, especially for a complex structured heat transfer surface. The first part of the paper presents a comprehensive introduction to the thermochromic liquid crystal material and the related liquid crystal thermography technique. Then, based on the aythors' experiences in using the liquid crystal thermography for the heat transfer measurement, the parameters affecting the measurement uncertainty of the liquid crystal thermography have been discussed in detail through an experimental study. The final part of the paper describes the applications of the steady and transient liquid crystal thermography technique in the study of the turbulent flow heat transfer related to the aeroengine turbine blade cooling.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoporous Monetite Which Can Be Applicable for Drug Carrier
Authors: Salimi Esmael , Javadpour Jafar
Published: November 2012

Wormhole‐like mesostructured monetite was successfully synthesized using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C19H42BrN, CTAB), as a porosity agent. X‐ray techniques and FTIR reveal that the crystalline grains consist of highly crystalline pure monetite phase. Monetite rods with diameter around 20–40 nm and length in the range of 50–200 nm were confirmed by FESEM and TEM. Based on N2 adsorption‐desorption isotherms investigation, surface area increased up to 31.5 m2/g due to the removal of surfactant after calcinations at 400°C. The results indicate that CTAB can not only affect monetite crystallization but also change particles morphology from plate shape to rod‐like.
A Case Report of a Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor of the Oral Cavity in Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Öztürk Özmen , Tutkun Alper
Published: November 2012

Patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 develop both benign and malignant tumors at an increased frequency. Most of the malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are considered as high-grade sarcomas originating from tissues of mesenchymal origin. It is generally accepted that MPNSTs occur in about 2% to 5% of neurofibromatosis patients. In this paper, we present a 16-year-old male patient with neurofibromatosis who developed MPNST of the retromolar area. The mass enlarged rapidly in a period of 6 weeks. The patient was treated surgically, and a tumor mass with a diameter of  cm was excised, but after 8 months a recurrence was observed at the same site. The sarcomatous change in a neurofibroma has an extremely poor prognosis, so patients with neurofibromatosis should be closely monitored for a possible malignancy. A rapid change in size of a preexisting neurofibroma, infiltration of the adjacent structures, intralesional hemorrhage, and pain indicate a possible malignant transformation to MPNST.
Polarization Dependence of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering on a Single Dielectric Nanowire
Authors: Qi Hua , Rendell R. W. , Glembocki O. J. , Prokes S. M.
Published: November 2012

Our measurements of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) on Ga2O3 dielectric nanowires (NWs) core/silver composites indicate that the SERS enhancement is highly dependent on the polarization direction of the incident laser light. The polarization dependence of the SERS signal with respect to the direction of a single NW was studied by changing the incident light angle. Further investigations demonstrate that the SERS intensity is not only dependent on the direction and wavelength of the incident light, but also on the species of the SERS active molecule. The largest signals were observed on an NW when the incident 514.5 nm light was polarized perpendicular to the length of the NW, while the opposite phenomenon was observed at the wavelength of 785 nm. Our theoretical simulations of the polarization dependence at 514.5 nm and 785 nm are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Morphological and Structural Studies of Titanate and Titania Nanostructured Materials Obtained after Heat Treatments of Hydrothermally Produced Layered Titanate
Authors: Razali Mohd Hasmizam , Mohd Noor Ahmad-Fauzi , Mohamed Abdul Rahman , Sreekantan Srimala
Published: November 2012

Different types of titanate and titania nanostructured materials have been successfully synthesised and characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and raman spectroscopy. Elemental analysis was determined by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyzer while thermogravimetric‐differential scanning calorimetry (TG‐DSC) was used to determine thermal stability. In this study, we found that nanotubes were formed during the washing treatment stage with HCl and distilled water. When the pH of the washing solution was 12, sodium titanate nanotubes were obtained, while when the pH of the washing solution was 7, hydrogen titanate nanotubes were obtained. Sodium titanate nanotubes were thermally stable up to 500°C; however, at 700°C, the nanotubes structure transform to solid nanorods. Meanwhile, hydrogen titanate nanotubes decomposed to produce titania nanotubes after heat treatment at 300°C for 2 hours. At 500°C, the tubular structure broke to small segments due to destruction of the nanotube. Further heat treatment at 700°C, led to the destruction and collapse of the nanotubes structure produce titania nanoparticles.
Superior Mesenteric Vein Occlusion Causing Severe Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage in Two Paediatric Cases
Authors: Fox Anna L. , Jones Matthew , Healey Andrew , Auth Marcus K. H.
Published: November 2012

Reports about superior mesenteric vein thrombosis in childhood are very rare and have not been associated with gastrointestinal bleeding. We describe two cases of severe bleeding from the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract in children who had undergone complex abdominal surgery at considerable time before. The first child had a tracheoesophageal fistula, corrected by division, gastrostomy insertion, and repair of duodenal rupture. The child presented with severe bleeding from the gastrostomy site and was diagnosed with a thrombosis of the proximal superior mesenteric vein. The second child had a gastroschisis and duodenal atresia, and required duodenoplasty, gastrostomy insertion, hemicolectomy, and adhesiolysis. The child presented with intermittent severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding, resulting from collateral vessels at location of the surgical connections. He was diagnosed with a thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein. In both children, the extensive previous surgery and anastomosis were considered the cause of the mesenteric thrombosis. CT angiography confirmed the diagnosis in both cases, in addition to characteristic findings on endoscopy. Paediatricians should suspect this condition in children with severe gastrointestinal bleeding, particularly in children with previous, complex abdominal surgery.
Group VIB Phospholipase A2Promotes Proliferation of INS-1 Insulinoma Cells and Attenuates Lipid Peroxidation and Apoptosis Induced by Inflammatory Cytokines and Oxidant Agents
Authors: Bao Shunzhong , Song Haowei , Tan Min , Wohltmann Mary , Ladenson Jack H. , Turk John
Published: November 2012

Group VIB Phospholipase A2(iPLA2γ) is distributed in membranous organelles in whichβ-oxidation occurs, that is, mitochondria and peroxisomes, and is expressed by insulin-secreting pancreatic isletβ-cells and INS-1 insulinoma cells, which can be injured by inflammatory cytokines, for example, IL-1βand IFN-γ, and by oxidants, for example, streptozotocin (STZ) or t-butyl-hydroperoxide (TBHP), via processes pertinent to mechanisms ofβ-cell loss in types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. We find that incubating INS-1 cells with IL-1βand IFN-γ, with STZ, or with TBHP causes increased expression of iPLA2γmRNA and protein. We prepared INS-1 knockdown (KD) cell lines with reduced iPLA2γexpression, and they proliferate more slowly than control INS-1 cells and undergo increased membrane peroxidation in response to cytokines or oxidants. Accumulation of oxidized phospholipid molecular species in STZ-treated INS-1 cells was demonstrated by LC/MS/MS scanning, and the levels in iPLA2γ-KD cells exceeded those in control cells. iPLA2γ-KD INS-1 cells also exhibited higher levels of apoptosis than control cells when incubated with STZ or with IL-1βand IFN-γ. These findings suggest that iPLA2γpromotesβ-cell proliferation and that its expression is increased during inflammation or oxidative stress as a mechanism to mitigate membrane injury that may enhanceβ-cell survival.
A Simple and Sensitive HPTLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Metformin Hydrochloride and Sitagliptin Phosphate in Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: Modi Darshana K. , Parejiya Punit B. , Patel Bhavesh H.
Published: November 2012

A simple, rapid, and precise high‐performance thin‐layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for simultaneous estimation of two antidiabetic drugs, metformin hydrochloride and sitagliptin phosphate, in tablet dosage form has been developed and validated. Chromatography was performed on silica gel 60 F254 plates with butanol : water : glacial acetic acid (6 : 2 : 2, v/v/v) as mobile phase. This system gave a good resolution for metformin hydrochloride (Rf value of 0.35 ± 0.01) and sitagliptin phosphate (Rf value of 0.75 ± 0.01). Detection and quantification were carried out at 227 nm. The linear regression data for the calibration plot showed a good relationship with r = 0.9995 and 0.9991 for metformin hydrochloride and sitagliptin phosphate, respectively. The method was validated for precision and recovery. The limits of detection and quantification were 13.05 and 39.56 ng/μL for metformin hydrochloride and 2.65 and 8.03 ng/μL for sitagliptin phosphate, respectively. The amounts of the drugs in the marketed formulation were 99.86% and 98.91% for metformin hydrochloride and sitagliptin phosphate, respectively.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some New Thiazolidin‐4‐one Derivatives of 4‐(6‐methylbenzo[d]thiazol‐2‐yl)benzamine
Authors: Hussein Awaz Jamil , Jalal Azeez Hashim
Published: November 2012

A number of derivatives of 2‐(substituted phenyl)‐3‐(4‐(6‐methylbenzo[d]thiazol‐2‐yl)phenyl) thiazolidin‐4‐one (3a–j) have been synthesized from the reaction of 4‐(6‐methylbenzo[d]thiazol‐2‐yl)benzenamine(1), with different substituted benzaldehydes (2a–j), followed by cyclocondensation reaction of the prepared imines with 2‐meraptoacetic acid in high yields. Furthermore, the structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by FT‐IR, 13C‐NMR,13C‐DEPT, and 1H‐NMR spectral data. The imines and thiazolidin‐4‐one derivatives were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli as gram negative and Staphylococcus aureus as gram positive, the results have shown significant activity against both types of bacteria.
Synthesis, Spectroscopy, Thermal Analysis, Electrochemistry and Superoxide Scavenging Activity of a New Bimetallic Copper(II) Complex
Authors: Sarma Babita , Das Diganta Kumar
Published: November 2012

A new bimetallic copper(II) complex has been synthesized with ligand obtained by the condensation of salicylaldehyde and the amine derived from reduction of nitration product of benzil. The ligand was characterized by 1H NMR and mass spectra, and the binuclear Copper(II) complex was characterized by vibrational and electronic spectra, EPR spectra, and magnetic moment measurement. Thermogravimetric analysis study and electrochemical study of the complex were also done. The complex was found to show superoxide dismutase activity.
Use of Forestry Wastes for Biosorption of Dyes and Cr (VI)
Authors: Berraksu Nariye , Ayan Ebru Mavioglu , Yanik Jale
Published: November 2012

The pine cone and oak cups pulp were used as low‐cost adsorbents for the removal of basic (Basic Red 18) and acidic (Acid Red 111) dyes and Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions. The adsorbents were modified by HNO3 to improve their biosorption capacity. The adsorbents were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. The zeta potential was determined as a function of the pH, in order to explain the effect of pH on electrostatic adsorption ability of biosorbent. Modification of adsorbents with nitric acid led to an increase in accessibility of some functional groups on the surface or a decrease in negativity of surface charge. The modification of pine cone increased its adsorption capacity for the basic dye, whereas the modification of oak cups pulp decreased the adsorption ability for basic dye to some extent. The adsorption isotherms fitted the Langmuir model. The adsorption capacities were found to be 142.85, 158.73, and 156.20 mg g‐1 for modified and raw pine cone and oak cups pulp, respectively. The acidic dye and Cr (VI) adsorptions were much lower compared to basic dye on all tested adsorbents. The results indicated that the forest wastes (pine cone and oak cups pulp) were an attractive candidate for basic dyes from aqueous solution.
Spectroscopic Analysis of a Theropod Dinosaur (Reptilia, Archosauria) from the Ipubi Formation, Araripe Basin, Northeastern Brazil
Authors: da Silva João Hermínio , de Sousa Filho Francisco Eduardo , Saraiva Antônio Álamo Feitosa , Andrade Nádia Amanda , Viana Bartolomeu Cruz , Sayão Juliana Manso , Abagaro Bruno Tavares de Oliveira , Freire Paulo de Tarso Cavalcante , Saraiva Gilberto Dantas
Published: November 2012

The Araripe Sedimentary Basin is known by the excellence of its fossils, regarding the preservation, diversity, and quantity. Here, we present a spectroscopic analysis using several experimental techniques (X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) as well as X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis applied in small fragments of bones from the posterior members of a theropod dinosaur. The results agree regarding the different composition of the stone matrix and the fossilized bone, indicating a partial substitution of the material by elements present in the depositional environment. However, differently from what is believed to occur, there is evidence that pyritization is not the only mechanism of fossilization for a specimen of Ipubi formation, but calcification, additionally, plays an important role in the fossil production of this Formation.
Rod‐Shaped Magnetite Nano/Microparticles Synthesis at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Ankamwar Balaprasad , Thorat Ashwini
Published: November 2012

Here, we reported room temperature synthesis of Fe3O4 rod‐shaped nano/microparticles by chemical reduction method from FeCl3 precursor and NaBH4 as the reducing agent in the presence of the pyrrole as a capping agent. The magnetic Fe3O4 particles were characterized by several methods, such as SEM, XRD, FTIR, and TGA. The average aspect ratio of Fe3O4 rod‐shaped particles was ~2.8. These particles were redispersed in deionised water to form a colloidal solution and showed magnetic properties. This economical synthesis route is scalable, and Fe3O4 particles can be exploited for various applications such as MRI contrast enhancement, biodiseperations, Ni‐Fe batteries, and as a catalyst.
Synthesis, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antimycobacterial, and Cytotoxic Activities of Azetidinone and Thiazolidinone Moieties Linked to Indole Nucleus
Authors: Saundane A. R. , Walmik Prabhaker
Published: November 2012

2‐N‐(2‐Phenyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)imino‐4‐arylthiazoles (3a–c) were used as key synthons for the preparation of (4‐arylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐4‐(2‐phenyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)azetidin‐2‐ones (4a–c) and 3‐(4‐arylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2‐(2‐phenyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)thiazolidin‐4‐ones (5a–c). These newly synthesized compounds have been characterized with the help of IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectral studies. All compounds were screened for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimycobacterial, and cytotoxic activities. Some of the compounds displayed excellent activity.
An Investigation of Chitosan‐Grafted‐Poly(vinyl alcohol) as an Electrolyte Membrane
Authors: Danwanichakul Panu , Sirikhajornnam Pongchayont
Published: November 2012

The membrane of chitosan‐grafted‐poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (CS‐g‐PVA/PVA) was investigated along with chitosan (CS), PVA, CS/PVA, and Nafion 117 membranes for transport properties of water and methanol, mechanical properties, and ionic conductivity. The ionic conductivity, σ, of the crosslinked CS‐g‐PVA/PVA membrane was about 4.37 mS cm−1 and the methanol permeability, PS, was 1.8 × 10−7 cm2s−1. These gave the selectivity, σ/PS, of 23.95 mS·s·cm−3 compared with 16.35 mS·s·cm−3 of Nafion 117 membrane. The conductivity of the crosslinked CS‐g‐PVA/PVA membrane was greater than others including Nafion 117 when the membranes were saturated with methanol solution of which concentration was greater than 20%. This fact and that the mechanical properties of the wet crosslinked CS‐g‐PVA/PVA membrane were comparable to those of other membranes made it a promising material to be used as an electrolyte membrane in a direct methanol fuel cell.
Anticorrosive Performance of Zinc Phosphate Coatings on Mild Steel Developed Using Galvanic Coupling
Authors: Arthanareeswari M. , Kamaraj P. , Tamilselvi M.
Published: November 2012

The anticorrosive performance of zinc phosphate coatings developed by galvanic coupling technique on mild steel substrates using the cathode materials such as titanium (Ti), copper (Cu), brass (BR), nickel (Ni), and stainless steel (SS) is elucidated in this study. Thermal and chemical stability tests, immersion test in 3.5% NaCl, ARE salt droplet test, and salt spray test were carried out. The study reveals that the mild steel substrates phosphated under galvanically coupled condition showed better corrosion resistance than the one coated without coupling. The open circuit potential (OCP) of phosphated mild steel panels in 3.5% NaCl was found to be a function of phosphate coating weight and porosity of the coating.
2‐Hydroxy‐1‐naphthaldehyde‐P‐hydroxybenzoichydrazone: A New Chromogenic Reagent for the Determination of Thorium(IV) and Uranium(VI)
Authors: Devi V. S. Anasuya , Reddy V. Krishna
Published: November 2012

Simple, sensitive, selective, direct, derivative, and simultaneous spectrophotometric methods are developed for the determination of uranium and thorium individually and simultaneously. The methods are based on the reaction of 2‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthaldehyde‐p‐hydroxybenzoichydrazone (HNAHBH) with thorium(IV) and uranium(VI). HNAHBH reacts with thorium and uranium at pH 6.0 forming stable yellow and reddish brown coloured complexes, respectively. [Th(IV)‐HNAHBH] complex shows maximum absorbance at 415 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range 0.464–6.961 μg mL−1 with a detection limit of 0.01 μg mL−1 and molar absorptivity, ε, 3.5 × 104 L mol−1 cm−1. Maximum absorbance shown by [U(VI)‐HNAHBH] complex is at 410 nm with Beer’s law range 0.476–7.140 μg mL−1, detection limit 0.139 μg mL−1 and molar absorptivity, ε, 1.78 × 104 L mol−1 cm−1. Highly sensitive and selective second‐order derivative methods are reported for the direct and simultaneous determination of Th(IV) and U(VI) using HNAHBH. The applicability of the developed methods is tested by analyzing water, ore, fertilizer, and gas mantle samples for thorium and uranium content.
Antioxidant, Anti‐Inflammatory, and Cytotoxic Activities of Garcinia nervosa (Clusiaceae)
Authors: Seruji N. M. U. , Khong H. Y. , Kutoi C. J.
Published: November 2012

In our continuing interest on Sarawak Garcinia species, we carried out the evaluation of antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory and cytotoxic activities on the methanolic extracts of Garcinia nervosa. The extracts were prepared from its air‐dried grounded leaves and barks. The evaluation of antioxidant activities was done using the (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) DPPH radical scavenging assay and the result showed high radical scavenging activities. Meanwhile, the anti‐inflammatory evaluation was performed using the lipoxygenase assay, hyaluronidase assay, and xanthine oxidase assay which showed, both of these extracts exhibited high anti‐inflammatory properties. The lipoxygenase assay showed a high inhibition of enzyme activity for the barks extracts and a moderate enzyme activity for the leaves extracts. However, there were low inhibitions for both extracts in the hyaluronidase assay and only the barks extracts exhibited moderate antigout properties in the xanthine oxidase assay. For the cytotoxic assay, the extracts exhibited positive responses against the three cancer cell lines, the HeLa cell lines, MCF‐7 cell lines, and HT‐29 cell lines. Thus, Garcinia nervosa contains high antioxidativeand anti‐inflammation properties, which have great potential in the development of pharmaceutical and dermatological products.
The Kynurenine Pathway in Brain Tumor Pathogenesis
Authors: Adams Seray , Braidy Nady , Bessesde Alban , Brew Bruce J. , Grant Ross , Teo Charlie , Guillemin Gilles J.
Published: November 2012

Brain tumors are among the most common and most chemoresistant tumors. Despite treatment with aggressive treatment strategies, the prognosis for patients harboring malignant gliomas remains dismal. The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the principal route of l-tryptophan catabolism leading to the formation of the essential pyridine nucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), and important neuroactive metabolites, including the neurotoxin, quinolinic acid (QUIN), the neuroprotective agent, picolinic acid (PIC), the TH17/Treg balance modulator, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA), and the immunosuppressive agent, l-Kynurenine (KYN). This review provides a new perspective on KP dysregulation in defeating antitumor immune responses, specifically bringing light to the lower segment of the KP, particularly QUIN-induced neurotoxicity and downregulation of the enzyme α-amino-β-carboxymuconate-ϵ-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) as a potential mechanism of tumor progression. Given its immunosuppressive effects, 3-HAA produced from the KP may also play a role in suppressing antitumor immunity in human tumors. The enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) initiates and regulates the first step of the KP in most cells. Mounting evidence directly implicates that the induction and overexpression of IDO-1 in various tumors is a crucial mechanism facilitating tumor immune evasion and persistence. Tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase (TDO-2), which initiates the same first step of the KP as IDO-1, has likewise recently been shown to be a mechanism of tumoral immune resistance. Further, it was also recently shown that TDO-2–dependent production of KYN by brain tumors might be a novel mechanism for suppressing antitumor immunity and supporting tumor growth through the activation of the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). This newly identified TDO-2-KYN-AhR signaling pathway opens up exciting future research opportunities and may represent a novel therapeutic target in cancer therapy. Our discussion points to a number of KP components, namely TDO-2, IDO-1, and ACMSD, as important therapeutic targets for the treatment of brain cancer. Targeting the KP in brain tumors may represent a viable strategy likely to prevent QUIN-induced neurotoxicity and KYN and 3-HAA–mediated immune suppression. Cancer Res; 72(22); 5649–57. ©2012 AACR.
Angiopoietin-2 Functions as a Tie2 Agonist in Tumor Models, Where It Limits the Effects of VEGF Inhibition
Authors: Daly Christopher , Eichten Alexandra , Castanaro Carla , Pasnikowski Elizabeth , Adler Alexander , Lalani Alshad S. , Papadopoulos Nicholas , Kyle Alastair H. , Minchinton Andrew I. , Yancopoulos George D. , Thurston Gavin
Published: November 2012

The angiopoietins Ang1 (ANGPT1) and Ang2 (ANGPT2) are secreted factors that bind to the endothelial cell–specific receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2 (TEK) and regulate angiogenesis. Ang1 activates Tie2 to promote blood vessel maturation and stabilization. In contrast, Ang2, which is highly expressed by tumor endothelial cells, is thought to inhibit Tie2 activity and destabilize blood vessels, thereby facilitating VEGF-dependent vessel growth. Here, we show that the inhibition of tumor xenograft growth caused by an Ang2-specific antibody (REGN910) is reversed by systemic administration of the Tie2 agonist Ang1. These results indicate that Ang2 blockade inhibits tumor growth by decreasing Tie2 activity, showing that Ang2 is a Tie2 activator. REGN910 treatment of tumors resulted in increased expression of genes that are repressed by Tie2 activation, providing further evidence that REGN910 inhibits Tie2 signaling. Combination treatment with REGN910 plus the VEGF blocker aflibercept reduced tumor vascularity and tumor perfusion more dramatically than either single agent, resulting in more extensive tumor cell death and more potent inhibition of tumor growth. Challenging the prevailing model of Ang2 as a destabilizing factor, our findings indicate that Ang2 plays a protective role in tumor endothelial cells by activating Tie2, thereby limiting the antivascular effects of VEGF inhibition. Thus, blockade of Ang2 might enhance the clinical benefits currently provided by anti-VEGF agents. Cancer Res; 73(1); 108–18. ©2012 AACR.
Polo-like Kinase 1: A Potential Therapeutic Option in Combination with Conventional Chemotherapy for the Management of Patients with Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Maire Virginie , Némati Fariba , Richardson Marion , Vincent-Salomon Anne , Tesson Bruno , Rigaill Guillem , Gravier Eléonore , Marty-Prouvost Bérengère , De Koning Leanne , Lang Guillaume , Gentien David , Dumont Aurélie , Barillot Emmanuel , Marangoni Elisabetta , Decaudin Didier , Roman-Roman Sergio , Pierré Alain , Cruzalegui Francisco , Depil Stéphane , Tucker Gordon C. , Dubois Thierry
Published: November 2012

Breast cancers are composed of molecularly distinct subtypes with different clinical outcomes and responses to therapy. To discover potential therapeutic targets for the poor prognosis-associated triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), gene expression profiling was carried out on a cohort of 130 breast cancer samples. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) was found to be significantly overexpressed in TNBC compared with the other breast cancer subtypes. High PLK1 expression was confirmed by reverse phase protein and tissue microarrays. In triple-negative cell lines, RNAi-mediated PLK1 depletion or inhibition of PLK1 activity with a small molecule (BI-2536) induced an increase in phosphorylated H2AX, G2–M arrest, and apoptosis. A soft-agar colony assay showed that PLK1 silencing impaired clonogenic potential of TNBC cell lines. When cells were grown in extracellular matrix gels (Matrigel), and exposed to BI-2536, apoptosis was observed specifically in TNBC cancerous cells, and not in a normal cell line. When administrated as a single agent, the PLK1 inhibitor significantly impaired tumor growth in vivo in two xenografts models established from biopsies of patients with TNBC. Most importantly, the administration of BI-2536, in combination with doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide chemotherapy, led to a faster complete response compared with the chemotherapy treatment alone and prevented relapse, which is the major risk associated with TNBC. Altogether, our observations suggest PLK1 inhibition as an attractive therapeutic approach, in association with conventional chemotherapy, for the management of patients with TNBC. Cancer Res; 73(2); 813–23. ©2012 AACR.
Antitumor Activity of Saracatinib (AZD0530), a c-Src/Abl Kinase Inhibitor, Alone or in Combination with Chemotherapeutic Agents in Gastric Cancer
Authors: Nam Hyun-Jin , Im Seock-Ah , Oh Do-Youn , Elvin Paul , Kim Hwang-Phill , Yoon Young-Kwang , Min Ahrum , Song Sang-Hyun , Han Sae-Won , Kim Tae-You , Bang Yung-Jue
Published: November 2012

Src is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase involved in the cross-talk and mediation of many signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation, adhesion, invasion, migration, and tumorigenesis. Increased Src activity has been reported in many types of human cancer, including gastric cancer. Therefore, this factor has been identified as a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatments, and targeting Src in gastric cancer is predicted to have potent effects. We evaluated the antitumor effect of a c-Src/Abl kinase inhibitor, saracatinib (AZD0530), alone or combined with chemotherapeutic agents in gastric cancer cell lines and a NCI-N87 xenograft model. Among 10 gastric cancer cell lines, saracatinib specifically inhibited the growth and migration/invasion of SNU216 and NCI-N87 cells. Saracatinib blocked the Src/FAK, HER family, and oncogenic signaling pathways, and it induced G1 arrest and apoptosis in SNU216 and NCI-N87 cells. Apoptosis required induction of the proapoptotic BCL2 family member Bim. Knockdown of Bim using siRNA decreased apoptosis induced by treatment with saracatinib, suggesting that Bim has an important role in saracatinib-induced apoptosis. Saracatinib enhanced the effects of lapatinib, an EGFR/HER2 dual inhibitor, in SNU216 and NCI-N87 cells. Furthermore, combined treatment with saracatinib and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or cisplatin exerted synergistic effects in both saracatinib-sensitive and saracatinib-resistant cells. Consistent with our in vitro findings, cotreatment with saracatinib and 5-FU resulted in enhanced antitumor activity in the NCI-N87 xenografts. These data indicate that the inhibition of Src kinase activity by saracatinib alone or in combination with other agents can be a strategy to target gastric cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 12(1); 16–26. ©2013 AACR.
Stress Reduction in the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Schneider Robert H. , Grim Clarence E. , Rainforth Maxwell V. , Kotchen Theodore , Nidich Sanford I. , Gaylord-King Carolyn , Salerno John W. , Kotchen Jane Morley , Alexander Charles N.
Published: November 2012

Background—

Blacks have disproportionately high rates of cardiovascular disease. Psychosocial stress may contribute to this disparity. Previous trials on stress reduction with the Transcendental Meditation (TM) program have reported improvements in cardiovascular disease risk factors, surrogate end points, and mortality in blacks and other populations.

Methods and Results—

This was a randomized, controlled trial of 201 black men and women with coronary heart disease who were randomized to the TM program or health education. The primary end point was the composite of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Secondary end points included the composite of cardiovascular mortality, revascularizations, and cardiovascular hospitalizations; blood pressure; psychosocial stress factors; and lifestyle behaviors. During an average follow-up of 5.4 years, there was a 48% risk reduction in the primary end point in the TM group (hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.29–0.92;
P
=0.025). The TM group also showed a 24% risk reduction in the secondary end point (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.51–0.1.13;
P
=0.17). There were reductions of 4.9 mmHg in systolic blood pressure (95% confidence interval −8.3 to –1.5 mmHg;
P
=0.01) and anger expression (
P
<0.05 for all scales). Adherence was associated with survival.

Conclusions—

A selected mind–body intervention, the TM program, significantly reduced risk for mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke in coronary heart disease patients. These changes were associated with lower blood pressure and psychosocial stress factors. Therefore, this practice may be clinically useful in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
www.clinicaltrials.gov
Unique identifier: NCT01299935.