bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advances in Fisheries Bioengineering
Authors:   U.S. Geological Survey, Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
Published: January 2021

Abstract.—Although many hydroelectric dams have fishways for upstream passage of migratory fish, passage delays often occur at these sites. Migrational delay may affect fish detrimentally in several ways, including depletion of energy reserves, suboptimal arrival timing at spawning sites, and prolonged exposure to hazardous conditions at the face of dams. We applied time-to-event analyses to passage times of radio-tagged adult Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha at four dams on the lower Columbia River, where many fish require several days to pass each dam. The analysis allowed us to determine instantaneous passage rates in response to fluctuating river conditions. By relating variability in passage rate to the predictor variables river temperature, river flow, and fish size, we determined the relative contribution of various factors to the passage time of migrating fish. We fit the model by maximizing the likelihood function that incorporated information from individuals rather than aggregated groups of fish. We used Akaike’s Information Criterion to distinguish among several competing models, each of which used a different predictor variable. We found that daytime passage rates were significantly greater than nighttime passage rates. Also, the influence of river flow, river temperature, and fish length on passage rates varied at the four dams. However, when a factor had a significant influence on passage time, the direction of the relationship was consistent across dams: river flow and fish length were positively related to passage time (greater values led to longer passage time), and river temperature was negatively related. This method is easily adaptable to study passage time of any fish population facing a broad range of obstacles to migration, whether natural or man-made.
An Experimental Investigation of Power Losses in Manual Transmission Gear Box
Authors: Pate Prakash D , Patel J.M.
Published: January 2021

In this study, the influence of a variety of operating conditions on the power losses and efficiency of an automotive manual transmission was investigated experimentally. An experimental methodology was developed to measure power losses of a manual transmission under both loaded and unloaded conditions while all operation parameters were controlled tightly. A set of fixtures and instrumentation were designed and implemented to apply the experimental methodology to a five-speed, manual transmission from a front-wheel-drive passenger vehicle. Experimental parametric studies were performed to quantify the influence of operating conditions including load, oil viscosity and oil volume on load-dependent (mechanical) and load-independent (spin) power losses of the transmission. Analysis of the power loss data revealed that all three of these parameters influenced the components of the transmission power loss significantly, and specific conclusions were drawn in order to aid attempts to increase overall transmission efficiency. The experimental database formed as a result of this study is extensive so as to allow a complete validation of transmission power loss models.
Column Study on the Removal of Metals from Industrial Effluents using the Biomass Sargassum sp
Authors: Saravanan A. , Uvaraja Uvaraja , Nishanth Nishanth , Krishnan Soundarajan
Published: January 2021

Heavy metals are ubiquitous environmental contaminants in industrialized societies. The presence of heavy metals in the environment is of major concern because of their toxicity, bio-accumulating tendency, threat to human life and the environment. Traditional methods have been used to remove heavy metals from effluent include chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation/reduction, ion exchange, electrochemical treatment, evaporation and filtration. Many of these methods are ineffective; resulting in low levels of metal ion removal and can also be economically inefficient. Biomass of brown marine macro algae is a renewable biological resource, which is available in large quantities and can form a good base for the development of biosorbent material. The work considered the parameters of the effluents and the experimental column model for the metal adsorption. Among the experimental model Thomas model fitted the column biosorption data well.
Mathematical Modeling and Torque Estimation For a Uni Directional Flap Turbine
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Bhardwaj Haresh S , Siddharth S.S. , Choudhary Mukesh , Yashwanth Nagella
Published: January 2021

This document is intended to quantify the amount of torque that can be produced from a flap tubine shown in the figure. The flap turbine is a ocean turbine designed in such a way that the forward and the backward waves make the turbine to rotate in the same direction. The flap arrangement open and closes to create torque in one particular diirection even though the source of the torque i.e the wave change direction. The model considers a simple mechanics principle of momentum transfer before and after impact and the torque is estimated as a function of the turbine geometric parameters and the wave approach velocity.
Finite Element Analysis of LPG Gas Cylinder
Authors: Rangari Laxmikant D. , Zode P. M. , Mehar P.G.
Published: January 2021

The present work involved the Finite Element Analysis of existing LPG gas cylinder to verify the burst pressure. The LPG gas cylinder is manufactured from low carbon steel. The LPG tanks are subjected to incremental internal uniform pressure in the FEA model. 2D nonlinear plane models are developed and evaluated under non-uniform and axis symmetric boundary conditions. For the analysis, the required actual shell properties including weld zone and thickness variation are investigated. Therefore the stress distribution has been analyzed using ANSYS 11 software for which maximum shear stress, equivalent shear stress at critical area has been calculated. Therefore 3D solid model has been chosen in order to predict the detailed stress.
ADDRESSING ISSUES IN INERTIAL NAVIGATION OF MICRO AERIAL VEHICLES (MAV) VIA AN EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER WITH BIASED SENSORS
Authors: AILNENI SANKETH
Published: January 2021

This paper presents two ways to implement Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm for Inertial Navigation of a Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV). The objective is to develop a fully integrated system using Micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) inertial sensors combined with low-update rate Global positioning system (GPS) measurements. The approach uses three accelerometers, three gyroscopes and GPS measurements to aid the EKF algorithm. Two ways to implement EKF (15-state and splitarchitecture) are presented and observability issues are addressed in each case. EKF performance was evaluated by comparing the estimates with the simulated truth data.
CONFIGURING SPRUE CONDUIT EXPANSION IN PLASTIC INJECTION MOULD DESIGN
Authors: LAKKANNA MURALIDHAR , KADOLI RAVIKIRAN , KUMAR G C MOHAN
Published: January 2021

Plastic injection mould design methodology and criteria to configure sprue bush for augmenting functionality are briefly compiled. Hereto prevalent sprue conduit design criteria is systematically consolidated and its sensitivity to machine, moulding and material influences are quantitatively ghettoised as expansion ratio on the basis of ubiquitous empirical relationships. This generic, simple, inexpensive preventive criterion exemplifies sprue bush conduit geometry design to inject melt specifically for a particular combination. Further for design meticulousness its sensitivity is also briefly deliberated over a feasible range to achieve best performance.
Recharge Free Electric Vehicles
Authors: M Varun. , Kumar Chaitra
Published: January 2021

Electric vehicles are the transportation machines which uses electric energy as power source for movement. The objective of this technical journal is to propose an idea to solve the electric automobile problems which are causing the back-log for sales and demand of electric automobiles in the Indian market. This is a technical journal consisting of a case study of electric vehicle problems in India, applications and advantages of electric vehicles, simple analysis of problems one by one based on common thinking abilities, disadvantages in electric vehicles, discussion of preferable solutions for the electric vehicle problems and its disadvantages, field survey, listing the situation in order systematically, different types of batteries that can be used, motors that can be preferred for electric automobiles, preferred solution discussion including result discussion with an example of electric automobile and finally conclusions. We have discussed on batteries and motors that are suitable for electric vehicles. We have tried to solve the problems of electric vehicles after listing the problems that can be faced in electric vehicles one by one. The main concept of this paper is having the battery exchange stations to exchange the charge dried batteries to fully charged batteries. In battery exchange stations, a customer using electric vehicles should pay some amount and can exchange his used batteries to fully charged batteries. We have discussed the way of working of battery exchange stations. Hydrogen fuel cell concepts are also detailed in this paper.
CDM Implementation in Domestic Energy Sector : Indian Scenario
Authors: Sreekanth K. J. , Jayaraj S. , Sudarsan N.
Published: January 2021

Since the Kyoto protocol agreement, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has garnered large emphasis in terms of certified emission reductions (CER) not only amidst the global carbon market but also in India. This paper attempts to assess the impact of CDM towards sustainable development particularly in rural domestic cooking sector. A detailed survey was undertaken in the state of Kerala, in southern part of India to evaluate the rural domestic energy consumption pattern. The data collected was analyzed through standard statistical software yielding insight into the interrelationships of the various parameters that influence domestic cooking energy consumption. The analysis facilitates assessing feasibility of CDM projects in the sector and related prospects pertaining to the Indian scenario..
Removal of Pb and Co from ground water in TADA Industrial estate using low cost Adsordent
Authors: Rao O.Kameswara , Venkateswarlu P.
Published: January 2021

The release of heavy metals into the environment is a worldwide major concern. Different studies have demonstrated that natural agents have a high removal capacity for divalent heavy metal ions. Wood ash is a natural adsorbent and, in comparison with others, has a very low price. In this study, the removal of heavy metals (Pb and Co) from Nippo Battery Industry (TADA, A.P.) effluent was investigated in batch condition. Pb and Co measurement in samples were done with atomic absorption equipment and test methods were adapted from standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. The effect of pH and the amount of adsorbent was determined and different adsorption isotherms were also obtained. This study shows that the adsorption process follows the adsorption Langmuir isotherm. The amount of wood ash has a great role in the adsorption rate and adsorption rate increased as wood ash increased. In the study, the reactions reached equilibrium in 3 h contact time. The maximum Pb removal efficiency was 96.0% at pH 2 with a contact time of 3 h and 100 g/L wood ash and the maximum Co removal efficiency was 98.9 % at pH 2 with a contact time of 3 h and 100 g/L wood ash. According to the results, wood ash is recommended as a low cost and available adsorbent to remove Pb and Co from municipal and industrial wastewaters.
A GENERALIZED SYSTEMS APPROACH TO METAL TO PLASTIC REPLACEMENTS
Authors: IYER PRASAD BALAN , GAVAL V. R.
Published: January 2021

Many companies have already been replacing components of their products with materials offering low-cost, weight-reduction options and also to supplement their green footprint on environment. This paper gives a systems approach to the whole metal to plastic replacement process that is common today in fields like automotive, medical, electrical electronics among others. This work clearly shows how a metal to plastic conversion project, right from the concept to the production stage, can be seen as a system with discrete inputs influencing the process due to their interdependency and how it leads to the desired output based on specific requirements. This paper would assist any project taken up in an industry or as a research study, aiming to replace a metal with a plastic component successfully.
Analysis of Factors Responsible For of Work Stress In Chemical Industries In Kerala, India
Authors: Kumar K. Satheesh , Madhu G.
Published: January 2021

This study examines the influence of factors responsible for work stress among the employees in the chemical industries in Kerala, India. The sample size of the subjects selected for the study consists of 75 Engineers, 110 Supervisors and 675 Workers in the selected chemical industries in kerala ,India. Seven factors were identified with the existing literatures, and in consultation with safety experts for the evaluation of work stress. The instrument developed by using these factors had validity, unidimensionality and reliability. The response rate was 81.3%. It is observed that existence the factors responsible for work stress among all the categories of employees in these industries.
Rejection Minimization in Parabolic Leaf Spring Manufacturing Unit in India
Authors: Jayaswal Pratesh , Kushwah Arun Singh
Published: January 2021

In this paper, practical means of facilitating participatory steps taken in productivity enhancement with the emphasis on rejection minimization programs in parabolic Leaf Spring Manufacturing Unit in India were reviewed. Productivity has been the key factor in any industry and it can be enhanced by minimizing the rejections and down time of machine. Parabolic leaf spring plays a vital role in the suspension system of any automobile, since it has an effect on ride comfort and vehicle dynamics. In this present work, various approaches and efforts made for productivity improvement are discussed with the emphasis on reduction of rejections in terms of End Gap and Camber Less in leaf spring in Parabolic Leaf Spring Manufacturing Unit in India. The output of this work is reduction in production cost via minimizing the rejection, reworking, efficient and economical utilization of all input resources. This work provides an extremely valuable practical framework to companies who recognize the parabolic Leaf Spring Manufacturing.
DESIGN AND STANDARDIZATION OF BASE FRAME & ANT VIBRATION MOUNTS FOR BALANCED OPPOSED PISTON AIR COMPRESSOR
Authors: JADHAV KISHOR D. , DHANVIJAY MANEET.R.
Published: January 2021

Now days, Compressors are widely used in gas gathering, gas processing, and gas storage, chemical and refining applications. Compressors are mounted on the Base frame to carry its weight, to maintain its alignment and to assist in carrying the dynamic loads. Compressors base frame needs an effective design technology to ensure its required performance and functions satisfactorily. This paper represents a case study of the compressor base frame on which high speed reciprocating compressors are mounted. Attempts are basically made to standardize base frame for all type of piston compressor. Also, to design deck systems with effective vibration control, which able to sustain the dynamic forces occur in compressor and motor. Secondarily, anti vibration mounts can be select and arranged as they control the vibration of motor and compressor. By using FEA tool approach is made for the investigations of critical stresses. Also, to plot the harmonic responses of the base frame for acceleration with which it vibrate. Finally compare it with the standard data.
DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF CONDENSER FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BAMBOO VINEGAR
Authors: BISWAS ARIJIT , MAHANTA PINAKESWAR
Published: January 2021

This paper presents methods for the production of Bamboo Vinegar. Bamboo Vinegar is formed on condensation of Bamboo Vapor which is a byproduct of bamboo pyrolysis occurring during the process of production of Bamboo Charcoal. The Paper mentions the conventional practices of producing Bamboo Vinegar and provides detailed study on the development of a condenser of adequate rating and sizing for the production of Bamboo Vinegar. Appropriate assumptions are made in designing the condenser which is a modification of a shell and tube type heat exchanger. The condenser acts as a heat sink improving the yield and quality of bamboo vinegar produced. Designs have been attempted with strong consideration for manufacture and operational cost as the condenser finds application amongst rural people with little or no technical knowhow, therefore simplicity of design is absolutely critical. Experimental results confirm working prototype of condensation system. Improvement over conventional method of production is specified for in this paper.
INVENTION PROTOTYPE OF INDUSTRIAL SARDINE CUTTING MACHINE
Authors: BHARATHAN RAHUL , KAMATH RAGHAVENDRA B , BELWADI NISHAT
Published: January 2021

This paper gives the reader an insight in to the work we went through to invent the concept for an automated Industrial Sardine cutting machine. The challenge given to us by the Industry was to prototype a machine that can cut and gut the head of sardines automatically on a large scale. Variation of Fish size is not too much of a concern as the raw material is graded fish. We set out to invent a simple but strong concept resulting in a machine with minimal complexity which will reduce the cost of production and also improve the ease of maintenance. This paper is testament to how we achieved a supposedly complex automation using simple mechanical automation. To support our concept we also set out to build a prototype of the proposed machine to prove this concept will work.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN TILTING PAD THRUST BEARING WITH SINGLE CONTINUOUS SURFACE PROFILED SECTOR SHAPED PADS
Authors: PATIL ABHIJEET , SHINDE P.B. , CHAVAN S.P.
Published: January 2021

The effect of the film shape on the load carrying capacity of a hydrodynamically lubricated bearing has not been considered an important factor in the past. Flat faced tapered bearing and the Raileigh's step bearing of constant film thickness have been the primary forms of film shapes for slider bearing studies and design data developments. There are indications in the literature that surface profiling/texturing can have significant and positive influence on the load carrying capacity of hydrodynamic pad thrust bearings. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to compare the experimental results of pressure temperature distributions in slider bearing with flat surface and with different single continuous surface profiled (Cycloidal,Catenoidal,Quadratic) sector shaped pads. Pressure results presented in this paper can provide a platform for validation of theoretical models. An experimental study has been performed to investigate the influence of single continuous surface profiled sector shaped pads in tilting pad thrust bearing. It has been found that with cycloidal shaped surface profiled sector shaped pads the pressure generated within fluid film is enhanced which in turn causes enhancement in load bearing capacity of hydrodynamic bearing.
IMPACT OF ETHANOL BLENDS ON VARIOUS TECHNICAL PARAMETERS OF A FOUR STROKE 4-CYLINDER IC ENGINE
Authors: Pramanik Rudra Nandan , Pradhan Smruti Ranjan , Sahoo Prafulla Kumar
Published: January 2021

Due to rapid increasing in population human demands are also increases. So to fulfill all the human requirements various forms of energy should utilizes up to its optimum limit. But our technology is not so advance to utilize whole amount of energy without any loss, which may violates the various laws of physics. Basically for the transport purposes or running vehicle liquid or gaseous fuels are widely chosen due to their high calorific values less storing space and low emissive effects. But there natural stocks are limited so scientists are searching other modes of energy which may compensate these factors and producing cleaner and safer fuel energies. In India every year two third of fuel energy is utilized for transport purposes for which gasoline or diesel are greatly suited. Due to its availability and wide utility its price is also increasing in an alarming rate. So now a day’s other types of liquid fuels which generates from various artificial ways is introduce to work with the conventional fuels for compensating the rate of fuel used and emissive constituents which generates due to the consumption of fossil fuel alone. In this report we compare Ethanol blends (E10 and E20) with gasoline in a four stroke IC engine and measuring the various parameters by utilizing this mixture.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR THE ABRASIVE WEAR BEHAVIOR OF BAGASSE FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITE
Authors: MISHRA PUNYAPRIYA
Published: January 2021

In the present study, a mathematical model has been developed to predict the abrasive wear behavior of bagasse fiber reinforced polymer composite. The experiments have been conducted using full factorial design in the design of experiments (DOE) on pin-on-disc type wear testing machine, against 400 grit size abrasive paper. A second order polynomial model has been developed for the prediction of wear loss. The model was developed by response surface method (RSM). Analysis of variance technique at 95% confidence level was applied to check the validity of the model. The effect of volume percentage of reinforcement, applied load and sliding velocity on abrasive wear behavior was analysed in detail. To judge the efficiency and ability of the model, comparison of predicted and experimental response values outside the design conditions was carried out. The result shows, good correspondence, implying that, empirical models derived from response surface approach can be used to describe the tribological behavior of the above composite.
UNSTEADY LAMINAR CONVECTION FLOW OVER PERIODIC GROOVES BY USING SIO2-WATER NANOFLUID
Authors: HESHMATI AMIRHOSSEIN , PARSAZADEH MOHAMMAD , FATHINIA FARSHID
Published: January 2021

Unsteady laminar forced convection flow in a 2-dimensional channel over periodic grooves is numerically investigated. Finite volume method is used and the equations were discretized by second order upwind method. The ribheight to channel-height ratio (B/H) is 2. The downstream wall is heated by a uniform heat flux while the upstream wall is insulated. Quasi steady point was obtained at τ=10. The heat transfer is analyzed with different nanoparticles volume fraction and diameter of 0-4% and 20nm-50nm for SiO2 respectively at Reynolds number of 400 and τ=10. Water is used as a base fluid of nanoparticles. The results revealed 124% heat transfer enhancement compared to the water in a grooved channel by using SiO2 nanoparticle with volume fraction and nanoparticle diameter of 4% and 20nm respectively.
ECO-TWINGINE
Authors: SHARMA ANKIT , KOTHARI AMAN
Published: January 2021

ECO-TWINGINE could be the solution to the problem of rising price of fossil fuels, their depletion and the harm caused to the environment. The rising demand for more fuel efficient and green automobiles has forced the think tanks all over the world to contrive an alternate source of energy. Water is used as the alternate source of energy here; however gasoline is used for the initiation of the process. We intend to make the normal gasoline powered car more efficient, green and cheap in the long run.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TURBULENT LPG TURBULENT INVERSE DIFFUSION FLAME IN COAXIAL BURNER
Authors: REDDY S.SREENATHA , MURTHY K.L.N , PANDURANGADU V.
Published: January 2021

The present experimental study investigates the turbulent LPG Inverse Diffusion Flame (IDF) stabilized in a coaxial burner in terms of flame appearance, visible flame length, centerline temperature distribution and oxygen concentration and NOX emission characteristics. The effect of air-fuel jet velocities on visible flame length is interpreted using global strain rate and a new devised parameter called Modified Momentum Ratio. The centerline temperature exhibits a steeper increase in the lower premixed zone of the IDF due to the enhanced premixing. Subsequently it declines gradually in the upper luminous portion owing to soot radiation and heat losses to the ambient. Further, the centerline oxygen depletes rapidly in the lower blue zone but found to increase gradually in the upper luminous portion of IDF. The centerline temperature and oxygen distribution along the flame length revealed the dual flame structure of IDF. The EINOX values exhibited a bell shaped profile and reached a maximum value around stoichiometric overall equivalence ratio.
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER AMONG WORKERS IN SMALL SCALE FORGING INDUSTRY
Authors: SINGH JASPREET , KOCHER GAUTAM , LAL HARVINDER
Published: January 2021

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are common health problem throughout the world and a major cause of disability in the workplace. This study was conducted among workers of a small scale forging Industries. The small scale forging units involve various kinds of high repetitive processes like Blanking, cutting, shearing, furnace loading, hammering, punching and trimming etc. the workers performing these type of activities are suffering from various MSDs. In this study I had surveyed 10 small scales forging industries and randomly selected 102 workers among these industries. The most common ergonomics problems were found in industry like wrong working positions of the workers and manual material handling. MSDs are found due to Inappropriate and poor working postures, lack of task variation, poor ergonomic design of work places, poor design of plant layout, long working hours, low salaries and awkward schedules are all areas where relatively simple intervention can Significantly reduce the rate of exposure to MSDs.
A NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR SERIES-SHUNT POWER QUALITY COMPENSATOR
Authors: RAOKHANDE DEVENDRA LAXMAN , PATIL DADGONDA
Published: January 2021

Advancement and extensive use of power electronic devices such as, fast switching uncontrolled/controlled convertors, invertors and cyclo-converters, high voltage power convertors used in HVDC, high voltage drives in traction system, arc furnaces, modern single phase electronic equipments like Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs), Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS), Personal Computers (PCs), printers, battery chargers, fax machines, photocopiers etc. creates power quality problems, the measure of it was voltage and current harmonics, poor power factor, imbalance, reactive power compensation, voltage regulation etc. Ideally power system network must be electrically clean, harmonics free, balanced, sinusoidal with unity power factor and regulated. This work deals with the performance of Series-Shunt Power Quality Compensator (SSPQC) under distorted source voltages and load currents. In this work a novel control strategy of Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) used to extract the fundamental reference voltage component and the ICC based technique used to predict source current which simplifies the computation and amplifies the system performance.
CONTROL OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR BASED WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS
Authors: REKHA A.V. SASI , KAVYA G. , SINDHU J. , VANI J. , PRASAD DR. S. SHIVA
Published: January 2021

The natural resources which can be renewed are Renewable energy resources. Due to the increased load demand in recent years demand for renewable energy resources have been increasing and attracting us. If this can be met using the renewable energy resources then it can be harmless to the environment. We opt Wind energy because of its enormous advantages, wind energy has emerged as the most reliable source of electric power, and is economically viable with the conventional sources. Wind energy is one of the most available forms of renewable energy. Loads can be classified based on their distance from the main grid. These can be remote villages, islands, ships, forests, deserts etc. For such loads there should be precise electrification system called as standalone generator system which provides constant nominal voltage and frequency. The Wind Energy Conversion system unit features a wind-turbine-driven Synchronous Generator, a diode bridge rectifier, a boost dc/dc converter, a battery bank, and a PWM dc/ac inverter. In this paper, distribution Generation is based on WECS using Synchronous Generator anticipated with a battery and Rectifier. The topology for the same has been demonstrated using MATLAB Simulink based simulations.
A NOVEL VLSI ARCHITECTURE OF HIGH SPEED 1D DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM
Authors: GUPTA POOJA , Lenka Saroj Kumar
Published: January 2021

This paper describes an efficient implementation for a multi-level convolution based 1-D DWT hardware architecture for use in FPGAs. The proposed architecture combines some hardware optimization techniques to develop a novel DWT architecture that has high performance and is suitable for portable and high speed devices. The first step towards the hardware implementation of the DWT algorithm was to choose the type of FIR filter block. Firstly we design the high speed linear phase FIR filter using pipelined and parallel arithmetic methods. This proposed filter employs efficiently distributed D-latches and multipliers. Furthermore this filter is used in the proposed DWT architecture. Thus, the new VLSI architecture based on combining of fast FIR filters for reducing the critical path delay and data interleaving technique for lower chip area. We synthesized the final design using Xilinx 9.1i ISE tool. We illustrate that a DWT design using a pipelined linear phase FIR filter coupled with data-interleaving gives the best combination of the performance metrics when compared to other DWT structures.
Fault location using Sweep Frequency Response Analysis in Disc type transformer winding
Authors: Joseph Jineeth , K Usha , S. Usa.
Published: January 2021

Winding faults are the leading cause of power transformer failures. Usually these failures develop in to more serious faults that would result in irreversible damage to the transformer winding and the consequential costs. This contribution is aimed at locating the faults by defining a set of two parameters based on change in impedance due to fault in the winding. Modeling and measurement of 22 kV continuous disc winding is done using circuit simulation package and sweep frequency response analyzer respectively.. The identified parameters are used in localization of faults in the transformer winding. The proposed method for localization of fault by measurement is validated by modeling.
A CURRENT-MODE RMS-TO-DC CONVERTER BASED ON TRANSLINEAR PRINCIPLE
Authors: DANESH MOHAMMAD HADI , NIKSERESHT SASAN , DEHDAST MAHYAR
Published: January 2021

In this paper a low-power current-mode RMS-to-DC converter is proposed. The proposed converter includes absolute value circuit, squarer/divider circuit, low-pass filter and square root circuit which employ CMOS transistors operating in weak inversion region. The RMS-to-DC converter has low power consumption (<1μW), low supply voltage (0.9V), wide input range (from 50 nA to 500 nA), low relative error (<3 %), and low circuit complexity. Comparing the proposed circuit with two other current-mode circuits shows that the former outperforms the latters in terms of power dissipation, supply voltage, and complexity. Simulation results by HSPICE show high performance of the circuit and confirm the validity of the proposed design technique.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DIGITAL PID CONTROLLER FOR PUSH-PULL DC/DC CONVERTER
Authors: NARAD KUNAL S. , GURUSWAMY K. P. , SINGH S. P.
Published: January 2021

This paper presents a method for the design and simulation of digital controller based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technique for DC/DC Push-Pull converter operating in continuous conduction mode. The Push-Pull converter is simulated using PSIM and controller is designed using MATLAB with the help of XILINX tool box. Using SimCoupler module in MATLAB, co-simulation of PSIM and MATLAB is obtained. The performance of FPGA based PID controller strategy is validated for line and load variations.
DISCRETE TIME MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL APPROACH FOR INVERTED PENDULUM SYSTEM WITH INPUT CONSTRAINTS
Authors: JOSHI HARSHITA , PAULOSE NIMMY
Published: January 2021

Model predictive control (MPC) includes a receding-horizon control techniques based on the process model for predictions of the plant output. Since late 1970’s several MPC approaches have been reported in the literature. Selection of the most appropriate MPC approach depend on the specific problem. In this paper, discrete time MPC is applied to a inverted pendulum system coupled to a cart. The objective of the MPC-controller is to drive the system towards pre-calculated trajectories that move the system from one reference point to another.Quadratic programming is used for optimization of objective function (with and without constraints).
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ZNO DOPED DIDYMIUM NANO POWDER SAMPLES
Authors: SHARMA MANISH , GAIROLA R.P.
Published: January 2021

In the recent years, much attention has been focused on wide band gap semiconductors materials because of their excellent potential for blue light emitting devices, short-wavelength laser diodes and detectors in UV-blue spectral region. The wide band gap ZnO is gaining much importance for the possible application due to the capability of ultraviolet lasing at room temperature and possibilities to engineer the band gap for further use. In order to attain the potential offered by ZnO, both high-quality n-and p-type ZnO are essential. In this work we synthese the ZnO nanopowder by Sol–gel method & after that the ZnO is doped with rare earth material didymium. Didymium is a naturally occurring element with major constituent Nd and Pr and is used in many applications. The FTIR, SEM and EDX characterization techniques are applied to study the sample & it has been found that the formation of pure phase of ZnO having wurtzite hexagonal structure occurs at 1%, But at higher concentration of Di (3%, 5%) the system shows mixed phase. Moreover SEM shows that the Di doped ZnO has well ordered morphology, has low aggregation and homogeneous distribution of particle size. Note that the synthesized system is also having band gap of 3.24 eV which is comparable with the standard value.
ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR OF SOI LDMOSFET WITH RESPECT TO TEMPERATURE AND DOPING USING T-CAD SIMULATOR
Authors: BAJPAI DEEKSHA , UPADHYAY AVNISH KUMAR
Published: January 2021

In this paper, the effect of temperature variation and doping variation of p-body on various parameters like Breakdown voltage, on resistance, drain leakage current, threshold voltage etc of SOI laterally diffused MOSFET has been analyzed. Since power mosfet is designed for radio frequency power amplifiers which is used in wireless system-on-a-chip applications. The device is fabricated on a thin-film SOI wafer in order to reduce the leakage current and also prohibit the formation of parasitic diode with substrate. On the basis of analysis we are able to prove that this SOI LDMOSFET has +ve temperature coefficient for breakdown voltage, negative temp coefficient for threshold voltage, positive temperature coefficient for on resistance and +ve temperature coefficient for drain leakage current.
FAST LOW POWER FREQUENCY SYNTHESIS APPLICATIONS BY USING A DCVSL DELAY CELL
Authors: BABU N. KUMAR , SASIBALA P.
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we proposed two new structures for differential cascode voltage switch logic (DCVSL) pull-up stage. In conventional DCVSL structure these lies a drawback i.e. low-to-high propagation delay is larger than high-to-low propagation delay which could be reduced by using DCVSL-R. Using resistors in DCVSL-R structure, parasitic effects are coming into picture and it occupies more area on the chip [1]. To minimize these problems we propose a new Ultra Low Power Diode (ULPD) structures in place of resistors. This provides the minimum parasitic effects and occupies less area on the chip. Second one uses Complementary Pass Transistor Logic (CPTL) structure, which provides complementary outputs. This is an alternate circuit for conventional DCVSL structure. The performances of the proposed circuits are examined using cadence and model parameters of a 180nm CMOS process. This simulation result of the two circuits is presented and is compared. These circuits are suitable for VLSI implementation. Secondly, we proposed two new CMOS Schmitt trigger circuits. These Schmitt trigger circuits are evaluated both analytically and numerically with the sources from proposed ULPD ring oscillators. The hysteresis curves of the circuits are presented. The Schmitt triggers introduced here are most suitable for high speed applications. The proposed circuits havebeen designed in TSMC-0.18μm 1.8v CMOS technology and analyzed using spectre from cadence Design systems at 50MHz and 103MHz.
POWER REDUCTION BY GUARDED EVALUATION CONSIDERING LOGIC ARCHITECTURE AND USING CLOCK GATING
Authors: SURESH G. , KUMAR A.RAM
Published: January 2021

In this paper, guarded evaluation is a dynamic power reduction technique by identifying sub circuits inputs and kept constant at specific times during circuit operation. In certain condition, some signals within the digital design are not observable at output. So make such signals as guarded (constant). There by reducing the dynamic power. Here we apply this technique for all digital circuits. The problem here is to find conditions under which a sub circuit input can be held constant with disturbing the main circuit functionally (correctness). Here we propose a solution for discovering the gating inputs based on inverting and non-inverting methods. By including “clock gating” we still reduce the dynamic power and leakage power especially for sequential circuits and also used to some small combinational circuits.
IMPLEMENTATION OF HIGH SPEED-LOW POWER TRUNCATION ERROR TOLERANT ADDER
Authors: NAGENDLA SYAM KUMAR , MIRANJI K.
Published: January 2021

Now a Days in modern VLSI technology different kinds of errors are invitable. A new type of adder i.e. error tolerant adder(ETA) is proposed to tolerate those errors and to attain low power consumption and high speed performance in DSP systems. In conventional adder circuit, delay is mainly certified to the carry propagation chain along the critical path, from the LSB to MSB. If the carry propagation can be eliminated by the technique proposed in this paper, a great improvement in speed performance and power consumption is achieved. By operating shifting and addition in parallel, the error tolerant adder tree compensates for the truncation errors. To prove the feasibility of the ETA, normal addition operation present in the DFT or DCT algorithm is replaced by the proposed addition arithmetic and the experimental results are shown. In this paper we propose error tolerant Adder (ETA). In the view of DSP applications the ETA is able to case the strict restriction on accuracy, speed performance and power consumption when compared to the conventional Adders, the proposed one provides 76% improvement in power-delay product such a ETA plays a key role in digital signal processing system that can tolerate certain amount of errors.
A DESIGN OF AREA AND POWER EFFICIENT HIGH SPEED DATA PATH LOGIC SYSTEM
Authors: MURTHY G. NARAYANA , TRINATH R.
Published: January 2021

Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is one of the fastest adders use in many data-processing processors to perform fast arithmetic functions. From the structure of the CSLA, it is clear that there is scope for reducing the area and power consumption in the CSLA. This work uses a simple and efficient gate-level modification to significantly reduce the area and power of the CSLA. Based on this modification 8-, 16-, 32-, and 64-b square-root CSLA (SQRT CSLA) architecture have been developed and compared with the regular SQRT CSLA architecture. The proposed design has reduced area and power as compared with the regular SQRT CSLA with only a slight increase in the delay. This work evaluates the performance of the proposed designs in terms of delay, area, power, and their products by hand with logical effort and through custom design and layout in 0.18- m CMOS process technology. The results analysis shows that the proposed CSLA structure is better than the regular SQRT CSLA.
MULTILEVEL INVERTER BASED GRID CONNECTED STATCOM
Authors: MYTHILI POCHANAPEDDI , RAMU GRANDHI
Published: January 2021

Modern day power systems, power electronic devices are playing vital role in every aspect of the power system network. Among various devices multi-level inverters are the most efficient devices due to their Simple circuit configuration, reliability and cost effective implementation. Application of multi-level inverters along with STATCOM using SPWM (Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation) technique improves the operation & utilization of power system. Because STATCOM injects reactive component into the power system during large disturbances. This paper deals with multilevel converter based STATCOM and the results are studied through MATLAB Simulink.
Segmentation of Database Images Using Gradient Based Multiscale Morphological Reconstruction
Authors: Nithya A. , Kayalvizhi R.
Published: January 2021

The main purpose of this research is to improve the accuracy of object segmentation in database images by constructing an object segmentation algorithm. Image segmentation is a crucial step in the field of image processing and pattern recognition. Segmentation allows the identification of structures in an image which can be utilized for further processing. Both region-based and object-based segmentation are utilized for large-scale database images in a robust and principled manner. Gradient based MultiScalE Graylevel mOrphological recoNstructions (G-SEGON) is used for segmenting an image. SEGON roughly identifies the background and object regions in the image. This proposed method comprises of four phases namely pre-processing phase, object identification phase, object region segmentation phase, majority selection and refinement phase. After developing the grey level mesh the resultant image is converted into gradient and K-means clustering segmentation algorithm is used to segment the object from the gradient image. After implementation the accuracy of the proposed G-SEGON technique is compared with the existing method to prove its efficiency.
Reliability Analysis of A Radial Distributed Generation Distribution System
Authors: Mazidi Peyman , Sreenivas G.N.
Published: January 2021

Distributed Generation (DG) plays an important role in current power systems with high demand growth. DG provides an alternative to the traditional electricity sources like oil, gas, coal, water, etc. and can also be used to enhance the current electrical system. DG distribution is likely to improve the reliability of a power distribution system by at least partially minimizing unplanned power interruptions to customers due to loss of utility generators or due to faults in transmission and distribution lines/equipments. In this paper, a typical distribution system is considered and to show the reliability enhancement of the system, different components (fuses, disconnects, DGs) are step by step taken into account and added to the system in five cases. Analytical methodology is used for the analysis. The results demonstrate that DG does improve the reliability of the distribution system.
ANALYSIS OF GRAPH CLUSTERING BASED NORMALIZED GRAPH CUT FOR IMAGE SEGMENTATION
Authors: RAJU K. , YADAV DR.M.NARSING , MARIYADAS M.
Published: January 2021

The humans have sense organs to sense the outside world. In these organs eyes are vital. The human eyes capture the light from the outside world and save the information as images in the brain. The human brain analyses the image data and gets the required information from the surroundings. Images are most prominent and easy way of representing a data. The art of representing information through the images is as old as the civilized man. Moreover the images can convey a clear data representation than the words or some other representation. Image segmentation is an old research topic, which has gained its importance in the past four decades. There are several previous methods for the segmentation. But there is no optimal solution for the judgment. This is because there is no specific benchmark for the judgment. In our project we propose a new method for the segmentation of an image called “The Normalized Graph Cut Segmentation”. It is a global view concept which considers image as a graph model. The segmentation is done by using the similarity measurement technique. The problems of over segmentation and effect of noise can be overcome by this technique. The method is tested for various test cases like the landscape images, texture based images, high density feature based images and the performance of the algorithm has been tabulated.
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION HAZARDS ON ECOLOGY
Authors: KUMAR CH. R. PHANI , KUMAR K V SATYA , RAO DR. V. MALLESWARA
Published: January 2021

The energy supplied to a human is food water and air, all these are polluted in today’s life, and at most the energy content or the supplements that carry vitamins and proteins are plants and their grains. These plants are affected by Electromagnetic radiation, thus the radiated food grains and leafy vegetables are the food supplements for human. The study of these properties using the electric potential flow through the plants and the protein levels gives the threat level of electromagnetic radiation .In this paper an attempt is made to analyze the hazard effect on plant, the at most food supplement for human.
DEMULTIPLEX THE SSB SIGNAL WITHOUT THE INTERFERENCES BETWEEN THE EVEN AND THE ODD SUBCHANNELS
Authors: Rout Mrs. Ranjita , Padhy Jagan Bihari
Published: January 2021

This letter studies the interference between the even and the odd subchannels in the interleaved multiplexing optical fast orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing system, which is caused by the non-orthogonal demultiplexing transform at the receiver. To eliminate this interference, frequency and timing off-sets are introduced deliberately at the receiver to form orthogonal bases, which coincide with the discrete cosine and sine transforms of type- IV. Thus, the symbols can be demultiplexed at the receiver without any interference between subchannels, and the proposed receiver design can be implemented efficiently. Finally, analysis and simulation are provided to verify its feasibility and the ability to eliminate such interference.
An Efficient Algorithm for On-line Placement of Partially Reconfigurable Devices
Authors: Marksia U.Lenin , Darwin S.
Published: January 2021

Partial Runtime Reconfigurable (PRTR) FPGAs allow HW tasks to be placed and removed dynamically at runtime. We make two contributions in this paper. First, we present an efficient algorithm for finding the complete set of Maximal Empty Rectangles on a 2D PRTR FPGA, which is useful for online placement and scheduling of HW tasks. The algorithm is incremental and only updates the local region affected by each task addition or removal event. Second, we present an efficient online deadline-constrained task placement algorithm for minimizing area fragmentation on the FPGA by using an area fragmentation metric that takes into account probability distribution of sizes of future task arrivals as well as the time axis. The techniques presented in this paper are useful in an operating system for runtime reconfigurable FPGAs to manage the HW resources on the FPGA when HW tasks that arrive and finish dynamically at runtime. Online placement methods are required that achieve a high placement quality and lead to efficient implementation.