bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface Modification of Silicon Carbide Wafers Using Atmospheric Plasma Etching: Effects of Processing Parameters
Authors: Jin Qi , Yuan Julong , Zhou Jianxing
Published: June 2023

Silicon carbide wafer serves as an ideal substrate material for manufacturing semiconductor devices, holding immense potential for the future. However, its ultra-hardness and remarkable chemical inertness pose significant challenges for the surface processing of wafers, and a highly efficient and damage-free method is required to meet the processing requirements. In this study, atmospheric plasma processing was used to conduct point-residence experiments on silicon carbide wafers by varying process parameters such as Ar, CF4, and O2 flow rate, as well as processing power and the distance between the plasma torch and the workpiece. We investigate the effects of these on the surface processing function of atmospheric plasma etching and technique for surface modification of silicon carbide wafers, evaluating the material removal rates. Then, according to the experimentally derived influence law, suitable parameter ranges were selected, and orthogonal experiments were designed to determine the optimal processing parameters that would enable rapid and uniform removal of the wafer surface. The results indicate that the volume removal rate of the plasma on the silicon carbide wafer achieves its maximum when the input power is 550 W, the processing distance between the plasma torch and workpiece is 3.5 mm, and when the Ar, CF4, and O2 flow rates are 15 SLM, 70 SCCM, and 20 SCCM, respectively.
Fundamental Understanding of Multicellular Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Different Electrical Configurations
Authors: Li Zifan , Gan Wee Chen , Tang Lihua , Aw Kean Chin
Published: June 2023

The single-cell triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) often produces insufficient energy, leading to the use of a multicellular TENG structure. This work experimented with and simulated a dual-cell TENG with various configurations in parallel and series arrangements. The working principle of charge generation during each phase of a contact–separation cycle was explained through the analysis and comparison of five electrical configurations of a dual-cell TENG. Our observations indicate that measuring the output charge of a TENG provides a more reliable performance comparison. Finally, multicellular TENG with four cells arranged in an X-shape (X-TENG), self-supporting structure is fabricated and further experimented with, validating our conjectures derived from a dual-cell TENG.
Design and Modeling of a Miniature Hydraulic Motor for Powering a Cutting Tool for Minimally Invasive Procedures
Authors: Vinnakota Manjeera , Bellur Kishan , Starnes Sandra L. , Schulz Mark J.
Published: June 2023

Miniaturization of multifunctional instruments is key to evolving less invasive medical procedures. The current work outlines steps towards developing a miniature motor to power a cutting tool of a millimeter-scale robot/device (target outside diameter ~2 mm) for minimally invasive procedures. Multiple motor concepts were explored and ranked using a Pugh matrix. The single-rotor hydraulic design was deemed most viable for prototyping and scale-down to the target size. Prototypes were manufactured to be progressively smaller using additive manufacturing. The smallest prototype fabricated was 2:1 scale of the desired final size with a 2 mm outside diameter (OD) rotor and a device OD of 4 mm. The scaled prototypes with an 8 mm rotor were lab tested and achieved average speeds of 5000–6000 RPM at a flowrate of 15–18 mL/s and 45 PSI water pressure. Ansys CFX was used as a design tool to explore the parameter space and 3D transient simulations were implemented using the immersed solid method. The predicted rotor RPM from the modeling matched the experimental values within 3% error. The model was then used to develop performance curves for the miniature hydraulic motor. In summary, the single-rotor hydraulic design shows promise for miniaturization to the target 2 mm size.
Through-Holes Design for Ideal LiNbO3 A1 Resonators
Authors: Wu Shu-Mao , Hao Chen-Bei , Qin Zhen-Hui , Wang Yong , Chen Hua-Yang , Yu Si-Yuan , Chen Yan-Feng
Published: June 2023

This paper proposes a method to realize ideal lithium niobate (LiNbO3) A1 resonators. By introducing subwavelength through-holes between the interdigital transducer (IDT) electrodes on the LiNbO3 surface, all unfavorable spurious modes of the resonators can be suppressed completely. It is convenient and valid for various IDT electrode parameters and different LiNbO3 thicknesses. Also, this method does not require additional device fabrication steps. At the same time, these through-holes can greatly reduce the suspended area of the LiNbO3 thin film, thus significantly improving the design flexibility, compactness, mechanical stability, temperature stability, and power tolerance of the resonators (and subsequent filters). It is expected to become an important means to promote the practical application of LiNbO3 A1 filters and even all Lamb waves filters.
Design, Fabrication, and Applications of SERS Substrates for Food Safety Detection: Review
Authors: Lin Ding-Yan , Yu Chung-Yu , Ku Chin-An , Chung Chen-Kuei
Published: June 2023

Sustainable and safe food is an important issue worldwide, and it depends on cost-effective analysis tools with good sensitivity and reality. However, traditional standard chemical methods of food safety detection, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), and tandem mass spectrometry (MS), have the disadvantages of high cost and long testing time. Those disadvantages have prevented people from obtaining sufficient risk information to confirm the safety of their products. In addition, food safety testing, such as the bioassay method, often results in false positives or false negatives due to little rigor preprocessing of samples. So far, food safety analysis currently relies on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), HPLC, GC, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and MS, all of which require significant time to train qualified food safety testing laboratory operators. These factors have hindered the development of rapid food safety monitoring systems, especially in remote areas or areas with a relative lack of testing resources. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as one of the tools of choice for food safety testing that can overcome these dilemmas over the past decades. SERS offers advantages over chromatographic mass spectrometry analysis due to its portability, non-destructive nature, and lower cost implications. However, as it currently stands, Raman spectroscopy is a supplemental tool in chemical analysis, reinforcing and enhancing the completeness and coverage of the food safety analysis system. SERS combines portability with non-destructive and cheaper detection costs to gain an advantage over chromatographic mass spectrometry analysis. SERS has encountered many challenges in moving toward regulatory applications in food safety, such as quantitative accuracy, poor reproducibility, and instability of large molecule detection. As a result, the reality of SERS, as a screening tool for regulatory announcements worldwide, is still uncommon. In this review article, we have compiled the current designs and fabrications of SERS substrates for food safety detection to unify all the requirements and the opportunities to overcome these challenges. This review is expected to improve the interest in the sensing field of SERS and facilitate the SERS applications in food safety detection in the future.
Research on the Application of Microcast Electromagnetic Coil in an Si MEMS Bistable Recoverable Safety and Arming Device
Authors: Lv Sining , Feng Hengzhen , Lou Wenzhong , Xiao Chuan , Su Wenting , Kan Wenxing , He Bo
Published: June 2023

A low-driving energy and bistable recoverable MEMS safety and arming device (S&A), based on microcasting technology and deep silicon etching technology, is proposed to meet safety system requirements. A force–electromagnetic combination solution is constructed for the Si MEMS S&A, with parameters and strength verified, ultimately achieving an S&A size of (13 × 13 × 0.4) mm. Additionally, a low-driving energy U-shaped electromagnetic coil (USEC) model is designed using microcasting technology, and an electrical–magnetic–mechanical coupling mathematical model is established to explore the relationship between design parameters and driving capacity and reliability. With a driving power of 8 V/0.5 A, the model achieves a stable electromagnetic driving force of 15 mN with a travel distance of 0.5 mm. Finally, the fabrication and testing of the USEC and S&A are carried out, with driving capability and S&A disarming ability tests conducted to verify the feasibility of the system design. Compared to the existing S&A, this scheme has the advantages of low-driving energy, recoverability, fast response speed, and strong adaptability.
Preparation and Characterization of a Nano-Inclusion Complex of Quercetin with β-Cyclodextrin and Its Potential Activity on Cancer Cells
Authors: Rajamohan Rajaram , Ashokkumar Sekar , Murugavel Kuppusamy , Lee Yong Rok
Published: June 2023

Quercetin (QRC), a flavonoid found in foods and plants such as red wine, onions, green tea, apples, and berries, possesses remarkable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. These properties make it effective in combating cancer cells, reducing inflammation, protecting against heart disease, and regulating blood sugar levels. To enhance the potential of inclusion complexes (ICs) containing β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in cancer therapy, they were transformed into nano-inclusion complexes (NICs). In this research, NICs were synthesized using ethanol as a reducing agent in the nanoprecipitation process. By employing FT-IR analysis, it was observed that hydrogen bonds were formed between QRC and β-CD. Moreover, the IC molecules formed NICs through the aggregation facilitated by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Proton NMR results further confirmed the occurrence of proton shielding and deshielding subsequent to the formation of NICs. The introduction of β-CDs led to the development of a distinctive feather-like structure within the NICs. The particle sizes were consistently measured around 200 nm, and both SAED and XRD patterns indicated the absence of crystalline NICs, providing supporting evidence. Through cytotoxicity and fluorescence-assisted cell-sorting analysis, the synthesized NICs showed no significant damage in the cell line of MCF-7. In comparison to QRC alone, the presence of high concentrations of NICs exhibited a lesser degree of toxicity in normal human lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells. Moreover, the individual and combined administration of both low and high concentrations of NICs effectively suppressed the growth of cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). The solubility improvement resulting from the formation of QRC-NICs with β-CD enhanced the percentage of cell survival for MCF-7 cell types.
Mind the Gap—A Perspective on Strategies for Protecting against Bacterial Infections during the Period from Infection to Eradication
Authors: Gal Yoav , Marcus Hadar , Mamroud Emanuelle , Aloni-Grinstein Ronit
Published: June 2023

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a pressing public health concern, highlighting the need for alternative approaches to control bacterial infections. Promising approaches include the development of therapeutic vaccines and the utilization of innate immune activation techniques, which may prove useful in conjunction with antibiotics, as well as other antibacterial modalities. However, innate activation should be fast and self- or actively- contained to prevent detrimental consequences. TLR ligand adjuvants are effective at rapidly activating, within minutes to hours, the innate immune system by inducing cytokine production and other signaling molecules that bolster the host’s immune response. Neutrophils serve as the first line of defense against invading pathogens by capturing and destroying them through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, intracellular degradation, and the formation of NETs. Nutritional immunity is another host defense mechanism that limits the availability of essential metals, such as iron, from invading bacterial pathogens. Thus, iron starvation has been proposed as a potential antibacterial strategy. In this review, we focus on approaches that have the potential to enhance rapid and precise antibacterial responses, bridging the gap between the onset of infection and the elimination of bacteria, hence limiting the infection by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
The Effect of Three Complexes of Iodine with Amino Acids on Gene Expression of Model Antibiotic Resistant Microorganisms Escherichia coli ATCC BAA-196 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-39
Authors: Kenesheva Sabina T. , Taukobong Setshaba , Shilov Sergey V. , Kuznetsova Tatyana V. , Jumagaziyeva Ardak B. , Karpenyuk Tatyana A. , Reva Oleg N. , Ilin Aleksandr I.
Published: June 2023

1. Background: Iodine is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial disinfectant for topical application. Recent studies have shown promising results on the applicability of an iodine-containing complex, FS-1, against antibiotic-resistant pathogens. It was hypothesized that the antimicrobial activity of iodine-containing complexes may be modulated by the organic moiety of the complex, i.e., amino acids. 2. Methods: Gene regulation and metabolic alterations were studied in two model multidrug-resistant microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-39, and Escherichia coli ATCC BAA-196, treated with three complexes containing iodine and three different amino acids: glycine, L-alanine, and L-isoleucine. The bacterial cultures were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the complexes in the lagging and logarithmic growth phases. Gene regulation was studied by total RNA sequencing and differential gene expression analysis. 3. Results: The central metabolism of the treated bacteria was affected. An analysis of the regulation of genes involved in stress responses suggested the disruption of cell wall integrity, DNA damage, and oxidative stress in the treated bacteria. 4. Conclusions: Previous studies showed that the application of iodine-containing complexes, such as FS-1, serves as a supplement to common antibiotics and can be a promising way to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Current results shed light on possible mechanisms of this action by disrupting the cell wall barriers and imposing oxidative stress. It was also found that the effect of the complexes on metabolic pathways varied in the tested microorganisms depending on the organic moiety of the complexes and the growth phase when the complexes had been applied.
Investigation of the Critical Biomass of Acclimated Microbial Communities to High Ammonia Concentrations for a Successful Bioaugmentation of Biogas Anaerobic Reactors with Ammonia Inhibition
Authors: Kalamaras Sotirios D. , Christou Maria Lida , Tzenos Christos A. , Vasileiadis Sotirios , Karpouzas Dimitrios G. , Kotsopoulos Thomas A.
Published: June 2023

This study aimed to investigate the role of the bioaugmented critical biomass that should be injected for successful bioaugmentation for addressing ammonia inhibition in anaerobic reactors used for biogas production. Cattle manure was used as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion (AD). A mixed microbial culture was acclimated to high concentrations of ammonia and used as a bioaugmented culture. Different volumes of bioaugmented culture were injected in batch anaerobic reactors under ammonia toxicity levels i.e., 4 g of NH4+-N L−1. The results showed that injecting a volume equal to 65.62% of the total working reactor volume yielded the best methane production. Specifically, this volume of bioaugmented culture resulted in methane production rates of 196.18 mL g−1 Volatile Solids (VS) and 245.88 mL g−1 VS after 30 and 60 days of AD, respectively. These rates were not significantly different from the control reactors (30d: 205.94 mL CH4 g−1 VS and 60d: 230.26 mL CH4 g−1 VS) operating without ammonia toxicity. Analysis of the microbial community using 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed the dominance of acetoclastic methanogen members from the genus Methanosaeta in all reactors.
Mortality Due to Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteremia in an Endemic Region: No Better Than a Toss of a Coin
Authors: Tsachouridou Olga , Pilalas Dimitrios , Nanoudis Sideris , Antoniou Athanasios , Bakaimi Isidora , Chrysanthidis Theofilos , Markakis Konstantinos , Kassomenaki Angeliki , Mantzana Paraskevi , Protonotariou Efthymia , Skoura Lemonia , Metallidis Symeon
Published: June 2023

The incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bloodstream infections (BSIs) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Little evidence exists regarding the epidemiology of BSIs and the use of appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy in endemic regions. Novel diagnostic tests (RDTs) may facilitate and improve patient management. Data were assessed from patients with MDR Gram-negative bacteremia at a university tertiary hospital over a 12-month period. In total, 157 episodes of MDR Gram-negative BSI were included in the study. The overall mortality rate was 50.3%. Rapid molecular diagnostic tests were used in 94% of BSI episodes. In univariate analysis, age (OR 1.05 (95% CI 1.03, 1.08) p < 0.001), Charlson Comorbidity Index (OR 1.51 (95% CI 1.25, 1.83) p < 0.001), procalcitonin ≥ 1(OR 3.67 (CI 95% 1.73, 7.79) p < 0.001), and monotherapy with tigecycline (OR 3.64 (95% CI 1.13, 11.73) p = 0.030) were the only factors associated with increased overall mortality. Surprisingly, time to appropriate antimicrobial treatment had no impact on mortality. MDR pathogen isolation, other than Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumanii, was associated with decreased mortality (OR 0.35 (95% CI 0.16, 0.79) p = 0.011). In multivariate analysis, the only significant factor for mortality was procalcitonin ≥ 1 (OR 2.84 (95% CI 1.13, 7.11) p = 0.025). In conclusion, in an endemic area, mortality rates in MDR BSI remain notable. High procalcitonin was the only variable that predicted death. The use of rapid diagnostics did not improve mortality rate.
Clinical and Genomic Characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae with Concurrent Production of NDM and OXA-48-like Carbapenemases in Southern California, 2016–2022
Authors: Cerón Stacey , Salem-Bango Zackary , Contreras Deisy A. , Ranson Elizabeth L. , Yang Shangxin
Published: June 2023

The global emergence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) has become a critical public healthcare concern due to treatment challenges and high mortality. In recent years, there has been an increase in cases of CRKP co-producing New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases (NDM) and oxacillinase 48 (OXA-48)-like carbapenemases in the US. The aim of this study was to correlate the clinical and genomic characteristics of CRKP co-producing NDM and OXA-48-like carbapenemases isolated from patients in Southern California since 2016. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on clinical isolates obtained from various sources, including blood, abdominal fluid, wounds, and urine. Genetic diversity was observed in these CRKP, including ST-14, ST-16, ST-167, ST-437, ST-2096, and ST-2497 lineages. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two closely related clusters (ST-14 and ST-2497), with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) differences ranging from 0 to 36, suggesting a possible local spread of these CRKP. Significant antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes were identified in these CRKP, including blaNDM-1, blaNDM-5, blaOXA-232, blaOXA-181, blaCTX-M-15, armA, tet(A), and tet(D). Moreover, pColKP3-type and Inc-type plasmids known to harbor AMR genes were also detected in these isolates. Most of the patients infected with this rare type of CRKP died, although their severe comorbidities also played important roles in their demise. Our study highlighted the extremely limited treatment options and poor clinical outcomes associated with these dual-carbapenemase-producing CRKP. Real-time genomic surveillance of these unusual and deadly CRKP can provide critical information for infection prevention and treatment guidance.
The Combined Applications of Microbial Inoculants and Organic Fertilizer Improve Plant Growth under Unfavorable Soil Conditions
Authors: Al Methyeb Malek , Ruppel Silke , Eichler-Löbermann Bettina , Vassilev Nikolay
Published: June 2023

The performance of two bio-inoculants either in single or in combined applications with organic fertilizer was tested to determine their effect on plant growth and yield under normal and unfavorable field conditions such as low pH value and low content of P. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF; three species of Glomus) and the plant-growth-promoting bacterial strain Kosakonia radicincitans DSM16656 were applied to barley in a two-year field experiment with different soil pH levels and available nutrients. Grain yield; contents of P, N, K, and Mg; and soil microbial parameters were measured. Grain yield and the content of nutrients were significantly increased by the applications of mineral fertilizer, organic fertilizer, AMF, and K. radicincitans, and the combined application of organic fertilizer with AMF and with K. radicincitans over the control under normal growth conditions. Under low-pH and low-P conditions, only the combined application of the organic fertilizer with K. radicincitans and organic fertilizer with AMF could increase the grain yield and content of nutrients of barley over the control.
Biotite Geochemistry and Its Implication for the Difference in Mineralization in the Xiongcun Porphyry Cu–Au Ore District, Tibet
Authors: Tang Pan , Tang Juxing , Lang Xinghai , Lin Bin , Xie Fuwei , Sun Miao , Li Faqiao , Qi Jing , Cui Hao , Wang Mengdie , Xiong Yan , Tao Gang
Published: June 2023

The Xiongcun Cu–Au ore district is in the southern middle Gangdese Metallogenic Belt, Tibet, and formed during Neo-Tethyan oceanic subduction. The Xiongcun ore district mainly comprises two deposits, the No. I and No. II deposits, which were formed by two individual mineralization events according to deposit geology and Re–Os isotopic dating of molybdenite. The No. I deposit is similar to a reduced porphyry copper–gold deposit, given the widespread occurrence of primary and/or hydrothermal pyrrhotite and common CH4-rich and rare N2-rich fluid inclusions. The No. II deposit, similar to classic oxidized porphyry copper–gold deposits, contains highly oxidized minerals, including magnetite, anhydrite, and hematite. The halogen chemistry of the ore-forming fluid from the No. I and No. II deposits is still unclear. Biotite geochemistry with halogen contents was used to investigate the differences in ore-forming fluid between the No. I and No. II deposits. Hydrothermal biotite from the No. I deposit, usually intergrown with sphalerite, is Mg-rich and classified as phlogopite and Mg-biotite, and hydrothermal biotite from the No. II deposit is classified as Mg-biotite. Hydrothermal biotite from the No. I deposit has significantly higher SiO2, MnO, MgO, F, Li, Sc, Zn, Rb, Tl, and Pb contents and lower Al2O3, FeOtot, Cl, Ba, Cr, V, Co, Ni, Y, Sr, Zr, Th, and Cu contents than the biotite from the No. II deposit. Hydrothermal biotites from the No. I and No. II deposits yield temperatures ranging from 230 °C to 593 °C and 212 °C to 306 °C, respectively. The calculated oxygen fugacity and fugacity ratios indicate that the hydrothermal fluid of the No. I deposit has a higher F content, oxygen fugacity, and log(fHF/fHCl) value and a lower log(fH2O/fHF) value than the hydrothermal fluid from the No. II deposit. The biotite geochemistry shows that the No. I and No. II deposits formed from different hydrothermal fluids. The hydrothermal fluid of the No. I deposit was mixed with meteoric waters containing organic matter, resulting in a decrease in oxygen fugacity and more efficient precipitation of gold. The No. I and No. II deposits were formed by a Cl-rich hydrothermal system conducive to transporting Cu and Au. The decreasing Cl, oxygen fugacity, and temperature may be the key factors in Cu and Au precipitation. Biotite geochemistry allows a more detailed evaluation of the halogen chemistry of hydrothermal fluids and their evolution within porphyry Cu systems.
A Simple and Practical Bis-N-Heterocyclic Carbene as an Efficient Ligand in Cu-Catalyzed Glaser Reaction
Authors: Liu Jie , Zhu Yao , Luo Jun , Zhu Ziyi , Zhao Lin , Zeng Xiaoyan , Li Dongdong , Chen Jun , Lan Xiaobing
Published: June 2023

Conjugated diyne derivatives are important scaffolds in modern organic synthetic chemistry. Using the Glaser reaction involves the coupling of terminal alkynes which can efficiently produce conjugated diyne derivatives, while the use of a stoichiometric amount of copper salts, strong inorganic base, and excess oxidants is generally needed. Developing an environmentally friendly and effective method for the construction of symmetrical 1,3-diynes compounds by Glaser coupling is still highly desirable. In this study, we present an economical method for the production of symmetric diynes starting from various terminal acetylenes in a Glaser reaction. A simple and practical bis-N-heterocyclic carbene ligand has been introduced as efficient ligands for the Cu-catalyzed Glaser reaction. High product yields were obtained at 100 °C for a variety of substrates including aliphatic and aromatic terminal alkynes and differently substituted terminal alkynes including the highly sterically hindered substrate 2-methoxy ethynylbenzene or 2-trifluoromethyl ethynylbenzene and a series of functional groups, such as trifluoromethyl group, ester group, carboxyl group, and nitrile group. The established protocol is carried out in air under base-free condition and is operationally simple. These research work suggest that bis-N-heterocyclic carbene could also an appealing ligand for Glaser reaction and provide a reference for the preparation of symmetric 1,3-diynes in industrial filed.
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Blunt Potassium-Bromate-Induced Renal Toxicity by Reinforcing the Redox System
Authors: Alhazza Ibrahim M. , Hassan Iftekhar , Ebaid Hossam , Al-Tamimi Jameel , Hasan Zafrul
Published: June 2023

Potassium bromate (PB) is a general food additive, a significant by-product during water disinfection, and a carcinogen (Class II B). The compound emits toxicity depending on the extent of its exposure and dose through consumable items. The current study targeted disclosing the ameliorative efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) prepared by green technology in PB-exposed Swiss albino rats. The rats were separated into six treatment groups: control without any treatment (Group I), PB alone (Group II), ZnO alone (Group III), ZnO NP alone (Group IV), PB + ZnO (Group V), and PB + ZnO NPs (Group VI). The blood and kidney samples were retrieved from the animals after following the treatment plan and kept at −20 °C until further analysis. Contrary to the control (Group I), PB-treated rats (Group II) exhibited a prominent trend in alteration in the established kidney function markers and disturbed redox status. Further, the analysis of the tissue and nuclear DNA also reinforced the biochemical results of the same treatment group. Hitherto, Groups III and IV also showed moderate toxic insults. However, Group VI showed a significant improvement from the PB-induced toxic insults compared to Group II. Hence, the present study revealed the significant therapeutic potential of the NPs against PB-induced nephrotoxicity in vivo, pleading for their usage in medicines having nephrotoxicity as a side effect or in enhancing the safety of the industrial use of PB.
Conjugated Polymeric Materials in Biological Imaging and Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zheng Qinbin , Duan Zhuli , Zhang Ying , Huang Xinqi , Xiong Xuefan , Zhang Ang , Chang Kaiwen , Li Qiong
Published: June 2023

Conjugated polymers (CPs) have attracted much attention in the fields of chemistry, medicine, life science, and material science. Researchers have carried out a series of innovative researches and have made significant research progress regarding the unique photochemical and photophysical properties of CPs, expanding the application range of polymers. CPs are polymers formed by the conjugation of multiple repeating light-emitting units. Through precise control of their structure, functional molecules with different properties can be obtained. Fluorescence probes with different absorption and emission wavelengths can be obtained by changing the main chain structure. By modifying the side chain structure with water-soluble groups or selective recognition molecules, electrostatic interaction or specific binding with specific targets can be achieved; subsequently, the purpose of selective recognition can be achieved. This article reviews the research work of CPs in cell imaging, tumor diagnosis, and treatment in recent years, summarizes the latest progress in the application of CPs in imaging, tumor diagnosis, and treatment, and discusses the future development direction of CPs in cell imaging, tumor diagnosis, and treatment.
Four New Unusual Pentacyclic Triterpenoids from the Roots of Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait
Authors: Olatunde Olagoke Zacchaeus , Yong Jianping , Lu Canzhong
Published: June 2023

Four new unusual pentacyclic triterpenoids (1–4) were isolated from the roots of Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and HRESIMS.
Optimisation of Additives to Maximise Performance of Expandable Graphite-Based Intumescent-Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Composites
Authors: Kabir Imrana I. , Carlos Baena Juan , Wang Wei , Wang Cheng , Oliver Susan , Nazir Muhammad Tariq , Khalid Arslan , Fu Yifeng , Yuen Anthony Chun Yin , Yeoh Guan Heng
Published: June 2023

The effect of varying the weight percentage composition (wt.%) of low-cost expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), fibreglass (FG), and vermiculite (VMT) in polyurethane (PU) polymer was studied using a traditional intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system. The synergistic effect between EG, APP, FG, and VMT on the flame retardant properties of the PU composites was investigated using SEM, TGA, tensile strength tests, and cone calorimetry. The IFR that contained PU composites with 40 wt.% EG displayed superior flame retardant performance compared with the composites containing only 20 w.t.% or 10 w.t.% EG. The peak heat release rate, total smoke release, and carbon dioxide production from the 40 wt.% EG sample along with APP, FG, and VMT in the PU composite were 88%, 93%, and 92% less than the PU control sample, respectively. As a result, the synergistic effect was greatly influenced by the compactness of the united protective layer. The PU composite suppressed smoke emission and inhibited air penetrating the composite, thus reducing reactions with the gas volatiles of the material. SEM images and TGA results provided positive evidence for the combustion tests. Further, the mechanical properties of PU composites were also investigated. As expected, compared with control PU, the addition of flame-retardant additives decreased the tensile strength, but this was ameliorated with the addition of FG. These new PU composite materials provide a promising strategy for producing polymer composites with flame retardation and smoke suppression for construction materials.
Chemical Compositions of Eupatorium heterophyllum Leaf Samples from Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces of China—Isolation of 13 New Sesquiterpene Lactones
Authors: Hu Yiming , Saito Yoshinori , Okamoto Yasuko , Matsuo Yosuke , Gong Xun , Tanaka Takashi
Published: June 2023

Eight samples of Eupatorium heterophyllum leaves were collected at different locations in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in China, and their chemical constituents were investigated. Thirteen previously undescribed sesquiterpene lactones—seven germacranolides, three eudesmanolides, two guaianolides, and a 2-norelemanolide—were isolated, and their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analyses. The major constituents in the six samples from northwestern Yunnan and Sichuan are hiyodorilactones A and B, whereas that in the two samples from the region near Kunming, Yunnan is eupatoriopicrin. These results and previously reported results suggest the presence of locality-dependent intra-specific diversity in the chemical constituents of E. heterophyllum leaves.
Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Biological Activities, and Computer-Aided Analysis of Potentilla nepalensis Hook Compounds as Potential Melanoma Inhibitors Based on Molecular Docking, MD Simulations, and ADMET
Authors: Sharma Subhash , Kumar Vikas , Yaseen Muhammad , S. Abouzied Amr , Arshad Abgeena , Bhat Mashooq Ahmad , Naglah Ahmed M. , Patel Chirag N. , Sivakumar Prasanth Kumar , Sourirajan Anuradha , Shahzad Adnan , Dev Kamal
Published: June 2023

Potentilla nepalensis Hook is a perennial Himalayan medicinal herb of the Rosaceae family. The present study aimed to evaluate biological activities such as the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities of roots and shoots of P. nepalensis and its synergistic antibacterial activity with antibacterial drugs. Folin–Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride methods were used for the calculation of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC). A DPPH radical scavenging assay and broth dilution method were used for the determination of the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the root and shoot extracts of P. nepalensis. Cytotoxic activity was determined using a colorimetric MTT assay. Further, phytochemical characterization of the root and shoot extracts was performed using the Gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) method. The TPC and TFC were found to be higher in the methanolic root extract of P. nepalensis. The methanolic shoot extract of P. nepalensis showed good antioxidant activity, while then-hexane root extract of P. nepalensis showed strong cytotoxic activity against tested SK-MEL-28 cells. Subsequently, in silico molecular docking studies of the identified bioactive compounds predicted potential anticancer properties. This study can lead to the production of new herbal medicines for various diseases employing P. nepalensis, leading to the creation of new medications.
Federated Learning for Clinical Event Classification Using Vital Signs Data
Authors: Rakhmiddin Ruzaliev , Lee KangYoon
Published: June 2023

Accurate and timely diagnosis is a pillar of effective healthcare. However, the challenge lies in gathering extensive training data while maintaining patient privacy. This study introduces a novel approach using federated learning (FL) and a cross-device multimodal model for clinical event classification based on vital signs data. Our architecture employs FL to train several machine learning models including random forest, AdaBoost, and SGD ensemble models on vital signs data. The data were sourced from a diverse clientele at a Boston hospital (MIMIC-IV dataset). The FL structure trains directly on each client’s device, ensuring no transfer of sensitive data and preserving patient privacy. The study demonstrates that FL offers a powerful tool for privacy-preserving clinical event classification, with our approach achieving an impressive accuracy of 98.9%. These findings highlight the significant potential of FL and cross-device ensemble technology in healthcare applications, especially in the context of handling large volumes of sensitive patient data.
Nanostructure Design of Catalysts: Latest Advances and Prospects
Authors: Qin Zuzeng
Published: June 2023

The recent development of nanotechnology has laid the foundation for the design and preparation of various nanostructured materials [...]
Fabrication of Z-Type TiN@(A,R)TiO2 Plasmonic Photocatalyst with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Wang Wanting , Wu Yuanting , Chen Long , Xu Chenggang , Liu Changqing , Li Chengxin
Published: June 2023

Plasmonic effect-enhanced Z-type heterojunction photocatalysts comprise a promising solution to the two fundamental problems of current TiO2-based photocatalysis concerning low-charge carrier separation efficiency and low utilization of solar illumination. A plasmonic effect-enhanced TiN@anatase-TiO2/rutile-TiO2 Z-type heterojunction photocatalyst with the strong interface of the N–O chemical bond was synthesized by hydrothermal oxidation of TiN. The prepared photocatalyst shows desirable visible light absorption and good visible-light-photocatalytic activity. The enhancement in photocatalytic activities contribute to the plasma resonance effect of TiN, the N–O bond-connected charge transfer channel at the TiO2/TiN heterointerface, and the synergistically Z-type charge transfer pathway between the anatase TiO2 (A-TiO2) and rutile TiO2 (R-TiO2). The optimization study shows that the catalyst with a weight ratio of A-TiO2/R-TiO2/TiN of approximately 15:1:1 achieved the best visible light photodegradation activity. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of fabricating plasmonic effect-enhanced Z-type heterostructure semiconductor photocatalysts with enhanced visible-light-photocatalytic activities.
Cargo-Dependent Targeted Cellular Uptake Using Quaternized Starch as a Carrier
Authors: Blitsman Yossi , Benafsha Chen , Yarza Nir , Zorea Jonathan , Goldbart Riki , Traitel Tamar , Elkabets Moshe , Kost Joseph
Published: June 2023

The tailored design of drug delivery systems for specific therapeutic agents is a prevailing approach in the field. In this paper, we present a study that highlights the potential of our modified starch, Q-starch, as a universal and adaptable drug delivery carrier for diverse therapeutic agents. We investigate the ability of Q-starch/cargo complexes to target different organelles within the cellular landscape, based on the specific activation sites of therapeutic agents. Plasmid DNA (pDNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) were chosen as representative therapeutic molecules, acting in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and membrane, respectively. By carrying out comprehensive characterizations, employing dynamic light scattering (DLS), determining the zeta potential, and using cryo-transmitting electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), we reveal the formation of nano-sized, positively charged, and spherical Q-starch complexes. Our results demonstrate that these complexes exhibit efficient cellular uptake, targeting their intended organelles while preserving their physical integrity and functionality. Notably, the intracellular path of the Q-starch/cargo complex is guided by the cargo itself, aligning with its unique biological activity site. This study elucidates the versatility and potency of Q-starch as a versatile drug delivery carrier, paving the way for novel applications offering targeted delivery strategies for potential therapeutic molecules.
SnS2 as a Saturable Absorber for Mid-Infrared Q-Switched Er:SrF2 Laser
Authors: Li Chun , Yang Qi , Zu Yuqian , Din Syed Zaheer Ud , Yue Yu , Zhai Ruizhan , Jia Zhongqing
Published: June 2023

Two-dimensional (2D) materials own unique band structures and excellent optoelectronic properties and have attracted wide attention in photonics. Tin disulfide (SnS2), a member of group IV-VI transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), possesses good environmental optimization, oxidation resistance, and thermal stability, making it more competitive in application. By using the intensity-dependent transmission experiment, the saturable absorption properties of the SnS2 nanosheet nearly at 3 μm waveband were characterized by a high modulation depth of 32.26%. Therefore, a few-layer SnS2 was used as a saturable absorber (SA) for a bulk Er:SrF2 laser to research its optical properties. When the average output power was 140 mW, the passively Q-switched laser achieved the shortest pulse width at 480 ns, the optimal single pulse energy at 3.78 µJ, and the highest peak power at 7.88 W. The results of the passively Q-switched laser revealed that few-layer SnS2 had an admirable non-linear optical response at near 3 μm mid-infrared solid-state laser.
Correlates of Undernutrition in Older People in Guadeloupe (French West Indies): Results from the KASADS Study
Authors: Simo-Tabue Nadine , Boucaud-Maitre Denis , Letchimy Laurys , Guilhem-Decleon Jeff , Helene-Pelage Jeannie , Duval Guillaume T. , Tabue-Teguo Maturin
Published: June 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the risk factors for undernutrition in community-dwelling older adults in Guadeloupe (Caribbean islands). Methods: We used data from the KArukera Study of Aging-Drugs Storage (KASADS), an observational cross-sectional study of community-dwelling older people living in Guadeloupe. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) was used to assess the risk of undernutrition. An MNA-short form (SF) score ≤11 defined the risk of undernutrition. Depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale, cognitive function was assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), frailty was assessed using the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures index (SOF), and dependency was assessed using Lawton’s instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scale. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the correlates of undernutrition. Results: The study sample comprised 115 patients aged 65 years or older; 67.8% were women, and the mean age was 76 ± 7.8 years. The prevalence of undernutrition was 21.7% (95% CI = 15.2–30.1%). In our bivariate analysis, the risk of undernutrition was associated with MMSE score, IADL score, frailty, and CES-D score. We found no significant relation between nutrition risk and other variables, such as marital status, pain, or polypharmacy. In the multivariate analysis, the factors associated with the risk of undernutrition were MMSE score (Odd-Ratio (OR): 0.74 (0.58–0.97)) and CES-D score (OR: 1.13 (1.02–1.27)). Conclusions: Cognitive decline and the risk of depression were independently associated with the risk of undernutrition in community-dwelling older people in Guadeloupe. Although we cannot imply causality in this relation, the detection of these three key geriatric syndromes in community-dwelling elders is essential to prevent adverse health outcomes. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
Alternative School Breakfast Service Models and Associations with Breakfast Participation, Diet Quality, Body Mass Index, Attendance, Behavior, and Academic Performance: A Systematic Review
Authors: Olarte Deborah A. , Tsai Marisa M. , Chapman Leah , Hager Erin R. , Cohen Juliana F. W.
Published: June 2023

The United States (US) School Breakfast Program provides Breakfast After The Bell (BATB) to alleviate hunger, provide nutrition, and ensure students have a healthy start to the day. This study aims to review the evidence regarding the impact of BATB on students’ diet and academic outcomes, including participation, diet quality and consumption, body mass index (BMI) and weight status, attendance, classroom behavior, and academic performance. The articles were extracted from three electronic databases and published since the start of the literature through December 2022. Studies were peer-reviewed; quantitative research articles or government reports; and conducted in public or private elementary, middle, and high schools. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Thirty-seven studies were included in this review. This review found BATB increased school breakfast participation, improved diet quality, and improved classroom behavior particularly among students from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds and students eligible for free or reduced-price meals. The impact of BATB on BMI and weight status, academic achievement and attendance was mixed. This review is particularly timely given free school meals and updated school nutrition standards are being prioritized over the next decade in the US. Thus, it is important to evaluate the nutritional and educational outcomes of BATB. (PROSPERO registration: CRD42021289719).
Influence of Vitamin D on the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome and Hormonal Balance in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Lejman-Larysz Katarzyna , Golara Anna , Baranowska Marta , Kozłowski Mateusz , Guzik Paweł , Szydłowska Iwona , Nawrocka-Rutkowska Jolanta , Sowińska-Przepiera Elżbieta , Cymbaluk-Płoska Aneta , Brodowska Agnieszka
Published: June 2023

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder that affects 8–13% of women of reproductive age. It is one of the most common causes of infertility and is associated with hyperandrogenism in the form of hirsutism and acne, non-ovulatory cycles, and characteristic ovarian morphology. The available research on serum vitamin D deficiency in patients with PCOS and the appropriateness of vitamin D supplementation in this group of women is inconclusive, so we decided to investigate the influence of vitamin D on the incidence of metabolic syndrome and hormonal balance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. The study comprised 120 women aged between 18 and 42 years, who were divided into two groups: a group with diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and a group of regularly menstruating women without features of androgenisation, in whom polycystic ovary syndrome was excluded. Each patient underwent a history and physical examination, including a gynecological examination, anthropometric measurements were taken, including height, weight, waist, and hip circumference, and blood pressure was measured using the Korotkow method. In the female patients, the following parameters were also determined from the blood: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), oestradiol, TSH, ft4, prolactin (PRL), total testosterone, DHEASO4, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), androstendione, 25(OH) vitamin D3 metabolite. The majority of the patients with polycystic ovary syndrome were found to have deficient or suboptimal serum vitamin D levels, and the effects of vitamin D on the SHBG levels and free-androgen indices in these patients was examined. The effects of vitamin D on the incidence of metabolic syndrome and BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, waist circumference, and blood pressure in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome were also found.
Intragastric Safflower Yellow Alleviates HFD Induced Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in Mice through Regulating Gut Microbiota and Liver Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Authors: Hu Wenjing , Lyu Xiaorui , Xu Hanyuan , Guo Xiaonan , Zhu Huijuan , Pan Hui , Wang Linjie , Yang Hongbo , Gong Fengying
Published: June 2023

The gut microbiota was reported to play a significant role in the progression of the metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Our recent study suggested that gastrointestinal tract and liver were important targets mediating the anti-obesity effects of intragastric safflower yellow (SY). Therefore, our present study aims to investigate the effect of intragastric SY on MAFLD and possible mechanism. DIO mice were treated with 125 mg/kg/d SY for 12 weeks by gavage. We found intragastric SY significantly slowed weight gain of body, reduced the food intake and liver weight, improved hepatic steatosis, liver function and glucose metabolism in DIO mice. The comparison between OGTT and IPGTT illustrated OGTT produced a better improvement of glucose tolerance after SY treatment. We also found intragastric SY significantly increased the energy expenditure and locomotor activity of DIO mice. SY obviously decreased the expression of lipogenesis-associated and ERS-related genes in liver of DIO mice and PA-induced MAFLD hepatocyte model. Gut microbiota analysis demonstrated intragastric SY apparently changed the diversity and composition of gut microbiota of DIO mice. Further function prediction analysis indicated that gut microbiotas in SY-treated mice was positively related with energy metabolism, lipid metabolism and endocrine system. Intragastric SY has a significant therapeutic effect on MAFLD, which is mediated partly by modulating gut microbiota and improving liver ERS.