bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associations of grip strength, walking pace, and the risk of incident dementia: A prospective cohort study of 340212 participants
Authors: Kuo Kevin , Zhang Ya‐Ru , Chen Shi‐Dong , He Xiao‐Yu , Huang Shu‐Yi , Wu Bang‐Sheng , Deng Yue‐Ting , Yang Liu , Ou Ya‐Nan , Guo Yu , Zhang Rui‐Qi , Zhang Yi , Tan Lan , Dong Qiang , Cheng Wei , Yu Jin‐Tai
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Grip strength and walking pace have been linked to cognitive dysfunction. Their relationships, however, demand further clarification as the evidence is derived primarily from less‐comprehensive investigations.

Methods

A total of 340212 UK Biobank participants without dementia and cardiovascular diseases at baseline were analyzed. Cox proportional hazard models assessed the longitudinal associations.

Results

Over a mean follow‐up of 8.51 ± 2.68 years, 2424 incident dementia cases were documented. A 5 kg increment of absolute grip strength was associated with lower risks of all‐cause dementia (hazard ratio [HR] 0.857), Alzheimer's disease (HR 0.874), and vascular dementia (HR 0.788). The patterns of associations remained similar when grip strength was expressed in relative terms and quintiles. A slow walking pace demonstrated consistent associations with increased risks of all dementia types.

Discussion

Our findings provide amplified evidence and suggest that muscle fitness, reflected by objective grip strength measures and self‐reported walking pace, may be imperative for estimating the risks of dementia.
Developing Isoxazole as a Native Photo‐Cross‐Linker for Photoaffinity Labeling and Chemoproteomics
Authors: Cheng Ke , Qi Junyang , Ren Xiaojie , Zhang Jie , Li Huangxu , Xiao Hanyue , Wang Rui , Liu Zhiyang , Meng Lingkuan , Ma Nan , Sun Hongyan
Published: September 2022

Photoaffinity labeling is a powerful technique to interrogate drug‐protein interactions in native cellular environments. Photo‐cross‐linkers are instrumental for this technique. However, the introduction of unnatural photo‐cross‐linkers may significantly reduce the bioactivity of the drug, thus impairing the chemoproteomic outcomes. Herein, we developed a common pharmacophore, isoxazole, into a natively embedded photo‐cross‐linker for chemoproteomics, which minimally perturbs the drug structure. The photo‐cross‐linking reactions of the isoxazole were thoroughly investigated for the first time. Functionalized isoxazoles were then designed and applied to protein labeling, demonstrating the superior photo‐cross‐linking efficiency. Subsequently, two isoxazole‐based drugs, Danazol and Luminespib, were employed in chemoproteomic studies, revealing their potential cellular targets. These results provide valuable strategies for future chemoproteomic study and drug development.
A Germapyramidane Switches Between 3D Cluster and 2D Cyclic Structures in Single‐Electron Steps
Authors: Coburger Peter , Masero Fabio , Bösken Jonas , Mougel Victor , Grützmacher Hansjörg
Published: September 2022

Reaction of the imidazolium‐substituted iphosphate‐diide, (Ipr)2C2P2 (IDP), with GeCl2 ⋅ dioxane and KBArF24 [(BarF24)−=tetrakis[(3,5‐trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate)] afforded the dicationic spherical‐aromatic nido‐cluster [Ge(η4‐IDP)]2+ ([1]2+) (Ipr=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazolium‐2‐ylidene). This complex is a rare heavy analogue of the elusive pyramidane [C(η4‐C4H4)]. [1]2+ undergoes two reversible one‐electron reductions, which yield the radical cation [2]⋅+ and the neutral GeII species 3. Both [2]⋅+ and 3 rearrange in solution forming the 2D aromatic and planar imidazolium‐substituted digermolide [4]2+ and germole‐diide 5, respectively. Both planar species can be oxidized back to [1]2+ using AgSbF6. These redox‐isomerizations correspond to the fundamental transformation of a 3D aromatic cluster into a 2D aromatic ring compound upon reduction and vice versa. The mechanism of these reactions was elucidated using DFT calculations and cyclic voltammetry experiments.
Hydrophilicity‐Based Engineering of the Active Pocket of D‐Amino Acid Oxidase Leading to Highly Improved Specificity toward D‐Glufosinate
Authors: Yang Kai , Huang Bin , Amanze Charles , Yan Zhen , Qiu Guanzhou , Liu Xueduan , Zhou Hongbo , Zeng Weimin
Published: September 2022

Due to its stringent stereospecificity, D‐amino acid oxidase (DAAO) has made it very easy to synthesize L‐amino acids. However, the low activity of the wild‐type enzyme toward unnatural substrates, such as D‐glufosinate (D‐PPT), restricts its application. In this study, DAAO from Rhodotorula gracilis (RgDAAO) was directly evolved using a hydrophilicity‐substitution saturation mutagenesis strategy, yielding a mutant with significantly increased catalytic activity against D‐PPT. The mutant displays distinct catalytic properties toward hydrophilic substrates as compared to numerous WT‐DAAOs. The analysis of homology modeling and molecular dynamic simulation suggest that the extended reaction pocket with greater hydrophilicity was the reason for the enhanced activity. The current study established an enzymatic synthetic route to L‐PPT, an excellent herbicide, with high efficiency, and the proposed strategy provides a new viewpoint on enzyme engineering for the biosynthesis of unnatural amino acids.
A Topology‐Defined Polyester Elastomer from CO2 and 1,3‐Butadiene: A One‐Pot‐One‐Step “Scrambling Polymerizations” Strategy
Authors: Chen Kaihao , Zhu Zhiqi , Bai Tianwen , Mei Yixuan , Shen Tianlun , Ling Jun , Ni Xufeng
Published: September 2022

It is significant and challenging to use CO2 to produce polymeric materials, especially with olefins. Here, a novel strategy named “scrambling polymerizations” is designed and performed for the copolymerization of a CO2‐and‐1,3‐butadiene‐derived valerolactone, 3‐ethylidene‐6‐vinyltetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐one (EVL), with ϵ‐caprolactone (CL) to prepare polyesters. Anionic ring‐opening polymerization of CL and conjugated addition oligomerization of EVL take place individually to form PCL and EVL oligomers, respectively. Then EVL oligomers insert into PCL by transesterification resulting in polyester P(CL‐co‐EVL) with a tunable topology and composition. The non‐cytotoxic and degradable polyester network with elongation at break of >600 % can be used as an elastomer. We propose a method to provide polyester elastomers from CO2 and olefins for the first time, and expand the potential of transformation from sustainable feedstocks to polymeric materials.
An Atom‐Economic Enzymatic Cascade Catalysis for High‐Throughput RAFT Synthesis of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polymers
Authors: Li Ruoyu , Zhang Shudi , Li Quanshun , Qiao Greg G. , An Zesheng
Published: September 2022

High‐throughput synthesis of well‐defined, ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW) polymers by green approaches is highly desirable but remains unexplored. We report the creation of an atom‐economic enzymatic cascade catalysis, consisting of formate oxidase (FOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), that enables high‐throughput reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) synthesis of UHMW polymers at volumes down to 50 μL. FOx transforms formic acid, a C1substrate, and oxygen to CO2and H2O2, respectively. CO2can escape from solution while H2O2is harnessed in situ by HRP to generate radicals from acetylacetone for RAFT polymerization, leaving no waste accumulation in solution. Oxygen‐tolerant RAFT polymerization using enzymatic cascade redox cycles was successfully performed in vials and 96‐well plates to produce libraries of well‐defined UHMW polymers, and represents the first example of high‐throughput synthesis method of such materials at extremely low volumes.
Sulfenofunctionalization of Chiral α‐Trifluoromethyl Allylboronic Acids: Asymmetric Synthesis of SCF3, SCF2R, SCN and SAr Compounds
Authors: Wang Qiang , Nilsson Tomas , Eriksson Lars , Szabó Kálmán J.
Published: September 2022

We report herein a new method for the synthesis of densely functionalized chiral allyl SCF3, SCF2R, SCN and SAr species with a separate CF3 functionality. The synthetic approach is based on selenium‐catalyzed sulfenofunctionalization of chiral α‐CF3 allylboronic acids. The reactions proceeded with remarkably high stereo‐, diastereo‐ and site‐selectivity, based on the formation of a stable thiiranium ion followed by rapid deborylative ring opening.
Bimetallic nanoparticles supported ionic liquid as an effective heterogeneous nanocatalyst for green synthesis of chromenes under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Kazempour Somayeh , Naeimi Hossein
Published: September 2022

In this research, a novel bimetallic nanoparticles supported by 1,3‐bis (triethoxysilylpropyl) imidazolium hydrogen sulfate ionic liquid (Ni.Cu@SiO2.BSPIm/HSO4) are designed and prepared, and its catalytic activity is investigated in organic reaction. The prepared nanocatalyst was characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), energy‐dispersive X‐ray, thermogravimetric analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray powder diffraction techniques. This catalyst exhibited great activity in the one‐pot synthesis of chromene derivatives through condensation reaction. The products were obtained with high purity in high to excellent yields and short reaction times. The organic products were identified by melting points, FT‐IR, and 1H NMR analyses.
Gas separation improvement of PES/PSF/PVP blend mixed matrix membranes inclusive of amorphous MOFs by O2 plasma treatment
Authors: Asadabadi Simin , Ahmadi Feijani Elahe , Ahmadian‐Alam Leila
Published: September 2022

In this study, crystalline UiO‐66 and NH2‐UiO‐66 metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were prepared by typical solvothermal method and then were transformed into amorphous phase by using ball milling process. The prepared MOFs were incorporated into tertiary polymer blend matrix including polyethersulfone/polysulfone/polyvinylpyrrollidone (PES/PSF/PVP:40/40/20 wt%) to examine gas separation performance of constructed mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). The synthesized MMMs were analyzed by FT‐IR, SEM, TGA, XRD, AFM, and DSC methods and also by pure gas permeation test for CO2 and CH4 gases. Afterwards, the surface of amorphous MOF‐contained MMMs was influenced by O2 plasma to thrive polar groups of membranes surface. The best gas separation result owned to amorphous NH2‐UiO‐66 comprised MMM treated by O2 plasma for 3 min at 600 W with CO2 permeability and CO2/CH4 selectivity of 10.96 Barrer and 97.91, respectively. The mentioned MMM showed CO2 permeability and CO2/CH4 selectivity of 8.69 Barrer and 75.56 before plasma treatment which were 170 and 50% higher than those of pristine PES/PSF/PVP blend membrane.
Direct ink writing of reinforced polydimethylsiloxane elastomer composites for flexure sensors
Authors: Ma Zeyu , Zhang Xiaodong , Liu Hongcheng , Lu Shan , Qin Liguo , Dong Guangneng
Published: September 2022

Flexible materials with ideally designed structures and properties through direct ink writing (DIW) offer vast potential for flexible wearable devices, sensors, soft robots, and so on. Despite its common use as a flexible material, Sylgard‐184's poor rheological properties restrict its ability of printing precision models by DIW. Herein, we have improved the viscosity of Sylgard‐184 by adding suitable crosslinkers and silica, which produce inks with high printing quality and a low slump rate (3.75%). In addition, the DIW printing process was investigated, and a theoretical model relating to the basic printing parameters was developed. With the model, it is possible to predict printing parameters for various elastomers. To further demonstrate the application of this strategy to flexible wearable devices, a sensor was printed. The sensor allowed real‐time monitoring of bending angles through bending angle tests. A change from 0 to 135° was detected using this bending sensor. We believe that the results of this research will provide ideas for the high‐quality printing of silicone elastomers.
Estimating ancient biogeographic patterns with statistical model discrimination
Authors: Gates Terry A. , Cai Hengrui , Hu Yifei , Han Xu , Griffith Emily , Burgener Landon , Hyland Ethan , Zanno Lindsay E.
Published: September 2022

The geographic ranges in which species live is a function of many factors underlying ecological and evolutionary contingencies. Observing the geographic range of an individual species provides valuable information about these historical contingencies for a lineage, determining the distribution of many distantly related species in tandem provides information about large‐scale constraints on evolutionary and ecological processes generally. We present a linear regression method that allows for the discrimination of various hypothetical biogeographical models for determining which landscape distributional pattern best matches data from the fossil record. The linear regression models used in the discrimination rely on geodesic distances between sampling sites (typically geologic formations) as the independent variable and three possible dependent variables: Dice/Sorensen similarity; Euclidean distance; and phylogenetic community dissimilarity. Both the similarity and distance measures are useful for full‐community analyses without evolutionary information, whereas the phylogenetic community dissimilarity requires phylogenetic data. Importantly, the discrimination method uses linear regression residual error to provide relative measures of support for each biogeographical model tested, not absolute answers orp‐values. When applied to a recently published dataset of Campanian pollen, we find evidence that supports two plant communities separated by a transitional zone of unknown size. A similar case study of ceratopsid dinosaurs using phylogenetic community dissimilarity provided no evidence of a biogeographical pattern, but this case study suffers from a lack of data to accurately discriminate and/or too much temporal mixing. Future research aiming to reconstruct the distribution of organisms across a landscape has a statistical‐based method for determining what biogeographic distributional model best matches the available data.
A lower Pliocene Erymnochelyini turtle (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) from the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Pérez‐García Adán
Published: September 2022

The presence of a pleurodiran turtle putatively attributable to Erymnochelys madagascariensis (i.e., the only representative of Erymnochelyini that is part of the current biodiversity) or to a closely related form was recognized, in the early 1990s, for the Lower Pliocene record of the Sinda‐Mohari region (Democratic Republic of Congo). The material attributable to it was restricted to postcranial remains. Although some elements of the anterior region of the skull were subsequently found, this taxon had not been analyzed in detail until now. Knowledge about Erymnochelyini has increased remarkably since the 1990s and, especially, during the 21st century. The taxon from the Democratic Republic of Congo is here analyzed in detail, not only considering current knowledge about the lineage but also incorporating new material into this study, highlighting several partial skulls. Thus, it corresponds to one of the members of this lineage represented by a greater number of skulls. It is attributed to a new taxon, Mokelemys mbembe gen. et sp. nov., being the only representative of Erymnochelyini currently known for the Pliocene record.
Primary characteristics of the extreme heavy rainfall event over Henan in July 2021
Authors: Sun Jianhua , Fu Shenming , Wang Huijie , Zhang Yuanchun , Chen Yun , Su Aifang , Wang Yaqiang , Tang Huan , Ma Ruoyun
Published: September 2022

During mid‐July 2021, an extreme heavy rainfall event (HRE) occurred in Henan Province (hereafter “21.7” HRE), with extreme hourly precipitation of 201.9 mm appearing at Zhengzhou station. Our preliminary analyses of the “21.7” HRE using the observations and ECMWF (European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts) ERA5 reanalysis data, reached the following conclusions. Favorable configurations of various synoptic weather systems (e.g., strong upper‐level high‐pressure ridge, intense middle‐level low‐pressure trough) acted as crucial background conditions for the occurrence of the “21.7” HRE. A 21‐h long‐lived mesoscale convective vortex (MCV), mainly located in the middle and lower troposphere west of Zhengzhou city, was a key system that produced the extreme hourly rainfall of 201.9 mm·h−1. The MCV's development/sustainment was dominated by the vertical transport of cyclonic vorticity and tilting, as well as the horizontal import of cyclonic vorticity to the vortex's key region. In contrast, the divergence‐related vertical shrinking was the most detrimental factor. Lagrangian moisture transport analysis showed that moisture for the extreme heavy rainfall in Zhengzhou on July 20 mainly came from levels below 2200 m, driven by airflows on the peripheries of tropical cyclones IN‐FA and CEMPAKA. To enhance the understanding of “21.7” HRE, we suggest more in‐depth investigations in the future.
Female sexual function in bladder cancer: A review of the evidence
Authors: Martin Rebecca , Renouf Tessa , Rigby Jeannie , Hafeez Shaista , Thurairaja Ramesh , Kumar Pardeep , Cruickshank Susanne , Van‐Hemelrijck Mieke
Published: September 2022

Background

Bladder cancer (BC) treatments are known to be invasive; nevertheless, research into the long‐term effects is limited and in the context of sexual function often male focussed. Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) has been reported in up to 75% of female patients. This systematic scoping review examines the literature on sexual consequences of BC in female patients.

Objective

This study aimed to systematically evaluate the evidence on female sexual function in BC to identify areas of unmet need and research priorities.

Evidence Acquisition

We performed a critical review of PubMed, PsychMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library in March 2020 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) extension for Scoping Reviews statement following Levac et al. methodology. Identified reports were reviewed according to the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) criteria. 45 publications were included.

Evidence Synthesis

There was an inconsistent use of patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs), with commonly used PROMs having a narrow symptom focus. However, common symptoms emerged: loss of desire, orgasmic disorders, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, difficult intromission, reduced clitoral sensation, psychological concerns related to diagnosis, fear of contamination and body image. Sexual activity was reduced in most groups, despite women expressing a motivation to retain sexual function. The degree of symptom distress associated with FSD is underreported. Evidence emerged regarding a gap for women in clinician counselling and follow‐up.

Conclusions

The patient's perspective of FSD in BC patients is poorly understood and under‐addressed in clinical practice. There have been very few qualitative studies of FSD in BC. Any intervention designed to address the problem must start with greater understanding of both the patients' and clinicians' perspective.

Lay Summary

We examined the evidence on sexual consequences of BC in women. It is apparent that despite common themes of sexual dysfunction emerging, the problem is poorly understood and addressed in clinical practice.
The use of goal‐based outcome measures in digital therapy with adults: What goals are set, and are they achieved?
Authors: Banwell Emily , Salhi Louisa , Hanley Terry , Facey‐Campbell Nicole
Published: September 2022

Objectives

The use of idiographic goal‐based outcome measures (GBO) to monitor progress in digital therapy with adults has received little research attention. This study aimed to identify broad patterns of GBO engagement in an anonymous digital therapy service for adults, including the extent to which goals are recorded as being met by the measures.

Methods

The GBO measured the progress made towards goal achievement within the service, using a 0‐ to 10‐point scale. This paper analysed GBO data from 442 users of a digital therapy service, using descriptive and inferential statistics. Service‐user demographics were examined, along with the level of progress per goal topic, the patterns of engagement with self‐set versus collaboratively set goals and the influence of key presenting issues on goal progress.

Results

One thousand two hundred and forty‐two goals were set, equating to a mean average of 2.23 goals set per person. Of those who engaged with the service in a sustained way, 31.6% of the goals were recorded as fully achieved, and the mean average progress was 4.35 points of a possible 10. Goals relating to signposting were frequently set. Goals set collaboratively with a practitioner were successfully achieved more often than those set independently, and those with a practitioner‐recorded presenting issue made the most goal progress.

Conclusions

Although nuances associated with digital environments should be considered if the findings of this study are to be transferable to other therapeutic settings, our insights suggest that GBOs appear useful for monitoring therapeutic progress with adults within the digital context.
Synthesis, Docking Study and Biological Evaluation of Amide‐Based Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitors with Novel Secondary Pharmacophore of Pyrimidin‐2‐ol
Authors: Hejazi Leila , Ebadi Abraham , Fakhar Zeynab , Nazari Maryam , Rezaee Elham , Abbas Tabatabai Sayyed
Published: September 2022

Soluble epoxide hydrolase enzyme (sEH) is one of the most promising and emerging targets to develop drugs for multiple disease indications, including hypertension, diabetes, stroke, dyslipidemia, pain, etc. Most inhibitor scaffolds have a urea or amide moiety to mimic the active‐site transition state. In this regard, we developed a series of amide sEH inhibitors with a pyrimidin‐2‐ol ring as a new secondary pharmacophore, which was subjected to in vitro evaluation. Compound 4w (4‐chloro‐N‐{4‐[6‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐hydroxypyrimidin‐4‐yl]phenyl}benzamide), which contains 4‐chloro substituent in both terminal phenyl rings, exhibited the most inhibitory activity against sEH with an IC50 value of 1.2 nM. Molecular docking analysis of the synthesized compounds revealed that the greater number of hydrogen bonding interactions of the amide group as the primary pharmacophore with Asp‐353, Tyr‐383, and Tyr‐466 as the key catalytic residue triad of the enzyme played a critical role and led to a more favorable binding affinity. Pharmacokinetic properties of the synthesized compounds were calculated in silico, and all ADMET indices fell within acceptable ranges. Altogether, the results of this work could provide useful information on 4,6‐diphenylpyrimidin‐2‐olas sEH inhibitors which can be utilized in further development in this area.
Hypersensitivity reaction to intravenous ondansetron: A case report
Authors: Devkota Sagar , Pradhan Umesh , Gajurel Ishu
Published: September 2022

Ondansteron is widely used as prophylaxis for postoperative nausea and vomiting and is associated with various side effects. We present a case of hypersensitivity reaction in the form of itching and rashes in a 6‐year‐old female patient with a single dose of intravenous ondansetron.
Manual wheelchair use leads to a series of failed shoulder replacements: A case report and literature review
Authors: Skedros John G. , Cronin John T. , Finlinson Ethan D. , Langston Tanner D. , Adondakis Micheal G.
Published: September 2022

Manual wheelchair users place high stress on their shoulders. We describe a 69‐year‐old male who developed end‐stage shoulder osteoarthritis from chronic manual wheelchair (MW) use. Three prosthetic total shoulder replacements failed, reflecting his refusal to transition to an electric wheelchair. MW use must be avoided in some of these patients.
An Enantioselective Approach to Heteroatom‐Containing Bicyclic Derivatives via Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Diels−Alder Reactions
Authors: He Jun‐Xiong , Si Xu‐Ge , Lu Qi‐Tao , Zhang Qian‐Wei , Cai Quan
Published: September 2022

Comprehensive Summary

Chiral heteroatom‐containing bicyclic scaffolds are important pharmacophores and prevalent in bioactive natural products and drug molecules. Herein, we report a unified approach for the divergent synthesis of chiral heteroatom‐containing bicyclic derivatives by lanthanide (III)‐catalyzed asymmetric inverse‐electron‐demand Diels–Alder reactions of 2‐pyrones. These reactions occur with various readily available dihydropyrroles and dihydrofurans as dienophiles, providing a step‐economical synthetic platform for densely functionalized cis‐hydroindoles and cis‐hydrobenzofurans with excellent yields and enantioselectivities. The synthetic utility of this approach is demonstrated by the concise synthesis of (–)‐α‐lycorane and (–)‐lycorine alkaloids.
Performance enhancement of visible light communication (VLC) system incorporating WMZCC‐OCDMA codes and PDM‐QPSK‐DSP data encoding
Authors: Kaur Harleen , Grewal Narwant Singh
Published: September 2022

Multi‐user optical code division multiplexing (OCDMA) in visible light communication (VLC) is an imminent domain for providing an even distribution of available bandwidth and improved security. Q4R1Zero cross‐correlation (ZCC) codes are widely reported, and improved performance is offered by them due to insignificant multiple access interference (MAI). However, practically, MAI exists in ZCC codes due to adjacent weights (W) in the code matrix rows for each user. Therefore, a novel ZCC code with a nonadjacent W is designed in this work to eradicate MAI limitations and is named weight managed ZCC codes (WMZCC). An indoor 100 Gbps/User OCDMA‐VLC system is realised using polarisation division multiplexed quadrature phase shift keying (PDM‐QPSK) and digital signal processing (DSP). Incorporation of DSP in the coherent receiver compensates the effects of dispersion and nonlinear effects and also performs phase estimation. Further, a state‐of‐the‐art comparison of WMZCC codes with diagonal identity matrix (DIM) and zero cross‐correlation resultant weight (ZCCRW) codes has been performed in terms of log symbol error rate (SER), Q factor, error vector magnitude percentage (EVM%) and log bit error rate (BER) log at different VLC lengths, Q4R1Transmitter half angles (THA), incidence half angles (IHA) and optical concentrators (cm2). Constellations are analysed with and without DSP, and according to the author's best knowledge, a 100 Gbps VLC system for five users covering 6 m at −3.42 log BER is demonstrated for the first time. Results revealed that weight management in WMZCC codes makes its performance improve as compared with ZCCRW and DIM codes.
A novel refined classification system for type 2 diabetes in adults: A Chinese retrospective cohort study
Authors: Guo Yan , Zhao Xiang , Liu Chao‐Qian , Huang Zhi‐Ping , Zou Da‐Jin
Published: September 2022

Aims

We propose a simple type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) classification method based on fasting C‐peptide (FCP) levels and examined its feasibility and validity.

Methods

Adult T2DM patients first diagnosed in our tertiary care centre from January 2009 to January 2020 were included. Patients were followed until January 2021; their clinical characteristics, chronic complications, treatment regimen, and glycaemic control were compared.

Results

In total, 5644 T2DM patients were included. Three subgroups were established based on FCP levels: subtype T1 (FCP ≤ 1.0 μg/L), 1423 patients (25.21%); subtype T2 (FCP 1.0–2.5 μg/L), 2914 patients (51.63%); and subtype T3 (FCP ≥ 2.5 μg/L), 1307 patients (23.16%). T1 was characterised by older age, lower body mass indices, higher initial glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, and the lowest homoeostatic model assessment 2 estimates ofβ‐cell function (HOMA2‐β) and HOMA2‐insulin resistance at baseline. The T3 group's clinical characteristics were opposite to those of T1. T3 patients showed higher incidence rates and risks of diabetic kidney disease, diabetic peripheral vascular disease, and non‐alcoholic fatty liver, while the risks of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic peripheral neuropathy were highest in T1. Insulin, glycosidase inhibitors, and thiazolidinedione were the most frequently used drugs, but the use of metformin, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor, and insulin secretagogue drugs was slightly lower in T1. T1 maintained higher HbA1c levels throughout follow‐up. Overall HbA1c fluctuations were more significant in T3 than in T1 and T2.

Conclusions

The new adult T2DM classification is simple and clear and will help classify different T2DM clinical characteristics and guide treatment plans.
Response of zooplankton to nutrient reduction and enhanced fish predation in a shallow eutrophic lake
Authors: Mao Zhigang , Cao Yong , Gu Xiaohong , Zeng Qingfei , Chen Huihui , Jeppesen Erik
Published: September 2022

As a key link between top‐down regulators and bottom‐up factors, zooplankton responds sensitively to environmental variations and provides information on the ecological state of freshwater systems. Although the response of zooplankton to anthropogenic pressures and fluctuating natural conditions, such as nutrient loading and climate change, has been extensively examined, findings have varied markedly. The mechanistic basis for the correlation between environmental variability and the zooplankton community is still debated, particularly for subtropical eutrophic lakes. We used two methods to analyze physicochemical and selected biological variables derived from long‐term monitoring of Lake Taihu, a subtropical shallow lake in China. We first applied random forest regression to examine how changes in zooplankton were related to a set of environmental variables on interannual time scales. Then we used the results to guide the construction of a conceptual model for piecewise structural equation modeling (pSEM) to quantify more precisely the zooplankton–environment relationship. Zooplanktivorous fish and nutrient concentrations were the most important predictors of long‐term trends in zooplankton in RF regression. Intensification of planktivorous fish predation led to a lower zooplankton biomass and smaller individuals through the removal of larger crustaceans. Moreover, suppression of zooplankton can in part be explained by increases in inedible algae, triggered by a combination of reduced nutrient concentrations and weakened grazer control. These results were also confirmed in the pSEM, which further indicated that top‐down regulators might be more important than bottom‐up factors for the zooplankton community in Lake Taihu. Our results suggest that stocking of filter‐feeding fish in the lake did not meet the expectation that they would control algae, but that the use of biomanipulation measures considering both water quality and fishery management seems promising. This study offers insights into how indicator metrics of zooplankton can improve our understanding of the associations between plankton communities and ecosystem alterations.
Comparing eating disorder treatment outcomes of transgender and nonbinary individuals with cisgender individuals
Authors: Riddle Megan C. , Robertson Lee , Blalock Dan V. , Duffy Alan , Le Grange Daniel , Mehler Philip S. , Rienecke Renee D. , Joiner Thomas
Published: September 2022

Objective

The purpose of this study was to compare symptom severity of eating disorders (EDs), depression and anxiety at admission and discharge for transgender and nonbinary (TNB) individuals and cisgender adult individuals receiving treatment for EDs at higher levels of care (HLOC), adding to the limited research in this area.

Method

Participants were 25 TNB individuals and 376 cisgender individuals admitted to a HLOC ED treatment facility. Participants completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐Q), Patient Health Questionnaire‐9, and Beck Anxiety Inventory at admission and discharge.

Results

TNB individuals showed significant improvements on EDE‐Q global scores between admission and discharge (Cohen's d = 1.27), and showed similar improvements on the EDE‐Q over the course of treatment (Cohen's d = 0.06) when compared to cisgender individuals. TNB individuals had more severe depression at admission (Cohen's d = 0.61). Although depression improved over the course of treatment for both groups, TNB individuals showed less improvement (Cohen's d = 0.59). Suicidality was higher for TNB individuals on admission and discharge and did not improve significantly over the course of treatment (Cohen's d = 0.38).

Discussion

This study provides preliminary evidence that TNB and cisgender individuals show similar improvement in ED symptoms during HLOC treatment. However, TNB individuals have more severe depression and less improvement in depression compared to cisgender individuals, without improvement in suicidality. TNB individuals may benefit from care targeting depression and suicidality during ED treatment.

Public Significance Statement

TNB individuals have increased risk of EDs. Little research addresses how TNB individuals respond to ED treatment, which was traditionally created for cisgender individuals. We present one of the first studies examining ED treatment outcomes for TNB adults. TNB individuals showed improved ED symptoms with treatment, but less improvement in depression and their suicidality remained elevated. This suggests the need for targeted treatment.
Prognosis of cardiogenic shock secondary to culprit left main coronary artery lesion‐related myocardial infarction
Authors: Galván‐Román Francisco , Fernández‐Herrero Ignacio , Ariza‐Solé Albert , Sánchez‐Salado José Carlos , Puerto Elena , Lorente Victòria , Gómez‐Lara Josep , Martín‐Asenjo Roberto , Gómez‐Hospital Joan A. , Comín‐Colet Josep
Published: September 2022

Aims

This study aimed to assess, in patients with cardiogenic shock secondary to unprotected left main coronary artery‐related myocardial infarction (ULMCA‐related AMICS), the incidence and predictors of no recovery of left ventricular function during the admission.

Methods and results

This was an observational study conducted at two tertiary care centres (2012–20). The main outcome measured was death or requirement for heart transplantation (HT) or left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) during the admission. A total of 70 patients were included. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was successful in 53/70 patients (75.7%). The combined endpoint of death or requirement of HT or LVAD during the admission occurred in 41/70 patients (58.6%). The highest incidence of the primary endpoint was observed among patients with profound shock and occluded left main coronary artery (LMCA) (20/23, 87%, P < 0.001). Although a successful PCI reduced the incidence of the event in the whole cohort (51.9% vs. 82.4% in failed PCI, P = 0.026), this association was not observed among this last group of complex patients (86.7% vs. 87.5% in failed PCI, P = 0.731). The predictive model included left ventricular ejection fraction, baseline ULMCA Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow, and severity of shock and showed an optimal ability for predicting death or requirements for HT or LVAD during the admission (area under the curve 0.865, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

ULMCA‐related AMICS was associated with a high in‐hospital mortality or need for HT or LVAD. Prognosis was especially poor among patients with profound shock and baseline occluded LMCA, with a low probability of recovery regardless of successful PCI.
Aortic thoracic neuromodulation in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Paolisso Pasquale , Dagan Amir , Gallinoro Emanuele , De Colle Cristina , Bertolone Dario Tino , Moya Ana , Penicka Martin , Degrieck Ivan , Vanderheyden Marc , Bartunek Jozef
Published: September 2022

The inadequacy of medical therapies for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is driving the development of device‐based solutions targeting underlying pathophysiologic abnormalities. The maladaptive autonomic imbalance with a reduction in vagal parasympathetic activity and increased sympathetic signalling contributes to the deterioration of cardiac performance, patient fitness, and the increased overall morbidity and mortality. Thoracic aortic vagal afferents mediate parasympathetic signalling, and their stimulation has been postulated to restore autonomic balance. In this first‐in‐man experience with chronic stimulation of aortic vagal afferents (Harmony™ System, Enopace, Israel), we demonstrate improved left atrial remodelling and function parallel with improved left ventricular performance. The observed favourable structural and functional cardiac changes remained stable throughout the 1 year follow‐up and were associated with improved symptoms and physical fitness. The current experience warrants further validation of the endovascular stimulation of aortic thoracic afferents as a new interventional approach for device‐based treatment in HFpEF.
Risk factors for pre‐heart failure or symptomatic heart failure based on NT‐proBNP
Authors: Aoki Shoko , Yamagishi Kazumasa , Kihara Tomomi , Tanaka Mari , Imano Hironori , Muraki Isao , Shimizu Yuji , Hayama‐Terada Mina , Umesawa Mitsumasa , Sankai Tomoko , Okada Takeo , Kitamura Akihiko , Kiyama Masahiko , Iso Hiroyasu
Published: September 2022

Aims

Evidence on the risk factors for incident heart failure in Asia has been limited. We sought to identify the risk factors for pre‐heart failure or symptomatic heart failure, based on N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), in the Japanese general population.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study based on the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study involving 5335 Japanese individuals whose NT‐proBNP levels were measured between 2010 and 2015. Of these, 2768 people aged between 30 and 69 years who undertook annual cardiovascular risk surveys at least once between 1990 and 2000 were retrospectively eligible to be participants in this study. We performed multivariable logistic regression analyses to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of pre‐heart failure or symptomatic heart failure defined as NT‐proBNP >400 pg/mL or as having a diagnosis of heart failure and taking medication for heart failure for several cardiovascular risk factors (body mass index, blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol, triglyceride, smoking status, drinking status).

Results

We identified 85 cases of heart failure. The multivariable ORs (95% CIs) were 5.70 (2.70–12.0) for body mass index of 27–29.9 kg/m2 and 5.91 (2.19–16.0) for ≥30 kg/m2 compared with 21–22.9 kg/m2; 2.49(1.01–6.13) for systolic blood pressure of ≥160 mmHg vs. <130 mmHg; 2.87(1.23–6.68) for diastolic blood pressure of ≥100 mmHg vs. <80 mmHg; 5.16(2.14–12.4) for diabetes vs. non‐diabetes; and 2.24 (0.92–5.49) for current smokers of ≥20 cigarettes/day vs. never smokers. The multivariable ORs (95% CIs) of the number of risk factors, defined as the sum of four risk factors (obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and current smoker) was 6.80 (3.69–12.5) for ≥2 risk factors vs. no risk factors.

Conclusions

The accumulation of these risk factors was associated with a graded higher risk of pre‐heart failure or symptomatic heart failure.
Acicular Nickel on Carbon Nanofiber as Electrochemical Sensor Electrode for the Rapid Detection of Aqueous and Gaseous Formaldehyde at Room Temperature
Authors: Chai Ai‐Wen , Wang Cheng‐Chien , Chen Chuh‐Yung
Published: September 2022

The rapid and straightforward detection of formaldehyde (FA) in the environment is crucial for preventing the accidental inhalation of FA and limiting skin exposure to FA. In this study, we developed a simple nickel‐based electrocatalytic electrode on carbon nanofibers (CNFs−Ni), which is suitable for rapidly detecting FA at room temperature. Centrifugal electrospinning was used to obtain polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers, which was subsequently stabilized and carbonized to fabricate the CNFs. Carbonization of the CNFs occurred at various temperatures (Tc=1200, 1300, 1400, and 1500 °C). PAN CNFs served as a highly conductive template for electroless plating under a magnetic field of 500 G to grow acicular nickel. The amperometric responses of the CNFs−Ni to aqueous FA were then measured. A lab‐built amperometric gas sensor (CNFs−Ni 1–8), which comprised CNFs with a reduced Ni loading, was used as the electrode for detecting gaseous FA. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and chronoamperometry were used to evaluate the sensitivities of the electrodes. Within the linear range of 0.05–91.5 mM, the CNFs1400‐Ni electrode was highly sensitive for detecting aqueous FA (2592 μA mM−1 cm−2), as evidenced by the fast response time (6 s). At a low concentration of gaseous FA (0.5 ppm), the laboratory‐built FA gas sensor was stable (98.3 %) and had a fast response time (5 s) after 9 h of continuous operation.
U–Pb and Re–Os geochronology of the Yundukala Au–Cu–Co deposit in East Junggar, NW China: Constraints on the timing of mineralization and ore‐bearing rocks
Authors: Yang Fuquan , Geng Xinxia , Zhang Hanqing , Li Ning , Yang Chengdong , Zhang Zhenlong , Li XiaoZhuang
Published: September 2022

East Junggar is an important part of the Central Asia Orogenic Belt and has developed a multi‐epoch and multi‐type metallogenic system. Yundukala is a recently discovered large intrusion‐related Au–Cu–Co deposit. The No. 1 main mineralization zone mainly occurs in the contact area between fine‐grained diorite and basalt. Massive and vein mineralization have developed there, but the ore‐bearing stratum, ore‐bearing intrusive rocks, and metallogenic ages are not clear. Zircon SHRIMP U–Pb dating of the porphyritic diorite and fine‐grained diorite yields ages of 416.1 ± 3.9 Ma and 411.1 ± 7.5 Ma, respectively. The dioritoid intruded into the ore‐bearing stratum, indicating that this formation is part of the Early Palaeozoic strata rather than the Middle Devonian Beishan Formation. The Re–Os isochron age of the chalcopyrite in the massive mineralization is 402.6 ± 5.2 Ma; thus, the massive mineralization is related to fine‐grained diorite and formed in the Early Devonian. Six sulphides and four sulphides from the vein mineralization yield Re–Os isochron ages of 352.8 ± 1.8 Ma and 354 ± 23 Ma, respectively, and the limited vein mineralization was formed during 353–354 Ma. The massive and vein mineralizations in the Yundukala deposit were formed in the Early Devonian and Early Carboniferous.
Silmitasertib plus gemcitabine and cisplatin first‐line therapy in locally advanced/metastatic cholangiocarcinoma: A Phase 1b/2 study
Authors: Borad Mitesh J. , Bai Li‐Yuan , Richards Donald , Mody Kabir , Hubbard Joleen , Rha Sun Young , Soong John , McCormick Daniel , Tse Emmett , O'Brien Daniel , Bayat Ahmad , Ahn Daniel , Davis S. Lindsey , Park Joon Oh. , Oh Do‐Youn
Published: September 2022

Background and Aims:

This study aimed to investigate safety and efficacy of silmitasertib, an oral small molecule casein kinase 2 inhibitor, plus gemcitabine and cisplatin (G+C) versus G+C in locally advanced/metastatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Approach and Results:

This work is a Phase 1b/2 study (S4‐13‐001). In Phase 2, patients received silmitasertib 1000 mg twice daily for 10 days with G+C on Days 1 and 8 of a 21‐day cycle. Primary efficacy endpoint was progression‐free survival (PFS) in the modified intent‐to‐treat population (defined as patients who completed at least one cycle of silmitasertib without dose interruption/reduction) from both phases (silmitasertib/G+C n = 55, G+C n = 29). The response was assessed by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors v1.1. The median PFS was 11.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.6, 14.7) versus 5.8 months (95% CI, 3.1, not evaluable [NE]) (p = 0.0496); 10‐month PFS was 56.1% (95% CI, 38.8%, 70.2%) versus 22.2% (95% CI, 1.8%, 56.7%); and median overall survival was 17.4 months (95% CI, 13.4, 25.7) versus 14.9 months (95% CI, 9.9, NE) with silmitasertib/G+C versus G+C. Overall response rate was 34.0% versus 30.8%; the disease control rate was 86.0% versus 88.5% with silmitasertib/G+C versus G+C. Almost all silmitasertib/G+C (99%) and G+C (93%) patients reported at least one treatment emergent adverse event (TEAE). The most common TEAEs (all grades) with silmitasertib/G+C versus G+C were diarrhea (70% versus 13%), nausea (59% vs. 30%), fatigue (47% vs. 47%), vomiting (39% vs. 7%), and anemia (39% vs. 30%). Twelve patients (10%) discontinued treatment because of TEAEs during the study.

Conclusions:

Silmitasertib/G+C demonstrated promising preliminary evidence of efficacy for the first‐line treatment of patients with locally advanced/metastatic cholangiocarcinoma.
Sediment sources and delivery of Norwegian mountain rivers in a changing climate
Authors: Bogen Jim
Published: September 2022

The projected climate change for Norway through the 21st century predicts that the temperature will increase significantly. Events with heavy rainfall will be more intense and occur more frequently. Rain floods will increase in magnitude and also occur more frequently. Extreme flooding and heavy rain will significantly impact the sediment dynamics in rivers. In the mountain areas, floods are often associated with erosion, transport and deposition of coarse sediment along the streams. These processes are related to bed load transport and pose a hazard in addition to the elevated water discharge and have to be included in management plans for river basins. This article studies the bed load delivery from sources that contribute the most to the sediment budget in the Gudbrandsdalslågen river basin during the large magnitude floods in 2011 and 2013. More than 100 debris slides and debris flow were triggered in the tributary river Veikleåi by the heavy rain and snowmelt during these floods. The volume of the contribution from debris flows and erosion and deposition of the river bed was determined by subtracting digital elevation models acquired during repeated airborne LIDAR surveys. In the river Dørja the supply of sediment from a number of debris flows caused extensive aggradation and channel changes. In their new position, lateral erosion by these channels triggered slides on the adjacent slopes. The contributing volumes of debris flows, lateral erosion, and river bed erosion and deposition were determined from the LIDAR surveys. Relations obtained from studies of sediment transport in modern glacier rivers were used to obtain estimates of the ratio of bed load versus suspended load derived from the Pleistocene moraine deposits. Several monitoring stations using conventional methods for measuring bed load and suspended load recorded very large volumes of sediment delivery during both of the extreme floods. The results of the study may be used to identify necessary locations for check‐dams and erosion protection works in order to adapt to climate change.