bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Wong Magdalena
Published: January 2021

The chapter introduces a discussion about what the term 'a real man' means to interlocutors, opening up a wider consideration of hegemonic masculinity and Chinese masculinities. The study diverges from the classic interpretation of Raewyn Connell’s concept of hegemonic masculinity in one important respect. The term is usually associated with negative, toxic, sexist, oppressive male values and behaviours, but the version of hegemonic masculinity that has developed in China is identified as having an ethos that is exhibited in the social and family lives of men in diverse settings. The chapter also describes the research methodology and characteristics of the fieldwork site.
Beginnings
Authors: Tonguette Peter
Published: January 2021

Discussion of Bogdanovich’s parents, upbringing, education, background on stage, early writing career.
Introduction
Authors: DiSavino Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

Every study begins with a question and ends with many others.

When A. J. Bodnar and I began a fellowship project at Berea College in 2012, the name of Katherine Jackson French was unknown to us. We entered the vast vault of the Berea College Special Collections and Archives at Hutchins Library and entrusted ourselves to the tender mercies of the archivists Harry Rice and Shannon Wilson....
A Comparison of the Ballads of Katherine Jackson and Olive Dame Campbell/Cecil Sharp
Authors: DiSavino Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

The question of how our initial view of Appalachian balladry might have been different had Jackson published first is explored in detail. Jackson’s ballads are compared to Campbell and Sharp’s 1917 collection. Sharp’s musical claims to the pentatonic mode constituting proof of a connection to older Anglo music is debunked and the possible influence of other ethnicities upon Appalachian music is examined. Jackson’s emphasis on women as ballad keepers is discussed in detail, as is Sharp’s willful non-awareness of it. A detailed musical comparison between the two collections is given, and reasonable conclusions drawn as to how our understanding of balladry might have been different had Jackson published first.
8. Introduction by Katherine Jackson French
Authors: DiSavino Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

This little volume has a modest, though distinctly unique, purpose—the securing of these quaint renditions of the old English and Scottish ballads for future generations; these, journeying across the seas to Virginia and the Carolinas, were later hidden away in the Kentucky hills for 150 years. They are peculiarly Anglo-American, most characteristic of the traditional history and spirit of their composers of the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, and likewise, after generations of contact, made to be a part of the blood, bone, and sinew of the settlers in the remote land. Though told in their own homely household speech and illustrative of their own crude life, withal they are poems of the highest art—because they are not artful. They have lived because they were loved, and, with this excuse for existence, they have played for ages on free, generous, and impulsive minds. This, then, becomes an immemorial record of sentiment, loyalty, principle—a conserver of their love for poetry of song. Ballads are then an immemorial record of the pure ancestry of the singer and an undoubted proof of the sturdiness and truth of song in having been sufficient for another period of long yesterdays....
Military Agility
Authors: Finkel Meir
Published: January 2021

The ability to change swiftly from peace, or prolonged low intensity conflict, to the high intensity of war and succeed in the initial engagements is usually discussed in terms of readiness, capabilities, and capacity, and their related materiel, personnel, doctrine, and training. Every security establishment - whether state or non-state - is familiar with these aspects.
This book deals with important, complementary, but generally neglected "soft" aspects of moving from peace to war, such as the mental ability to shift from one reality to another; consolidating a coherent doctrine when war erupts in the course of an ongoing peacetime conceptual-doctrinal debate; gaining proficiency on short notice when new weapon systems become available only at the last minute (or even after units have deployed) and so forth.
The book draws from historical examples of Israeli “worst case" transition scenarios – namely the Yom Kippur and Second Lebanon Wars, as well as others. Concise examples from American military history demonstrate the endurance and universality of the challenge. Recommendations aimed at enhancing military organizations' preparations for rapidly and successfully transitioning from peace to war complete each chapter and are presented comprehensively in the conclusions.
Introduction
Authors: Finkel Meir
Published: January 2021

The introduction presents the current gap in the literature that the book aims to cover – the "soft" aspects of the rapid transition from peace to war. It points to four enduring and emerging reasons why military organizations should deal with this subject, then explains the relevancy of learning from the Israeli military experience, and concludes with a description of the book's organization.
Hastening Force Buildup before and during War
Authors: Finkel Meir
Published: January 2021

The chapter focuses on the limited ability to hasten force buildup by training troops with newly acquired weapon systems when war begins earlier than envisioned or during an ongoing war. Examples are taken from the Sinai War (1956) –ground and air forces; the Six-Day War; the Yom Kippur War, and others. Suggestions are given for risk management between investing in the present versus providing a solution for the future regarding the replacement of existing proven weapons with new unproven ones.
Conclusions
Authors: Finkel Meir
Published: January 2021

Recommendations for each aspect of the rapid transition to war appear at the end of each chapter and specific ones for the U.S. Army in Europe that are related to the emerging MDB concept. Broader understandings at better preparing the U.S. Army for the future transition to war are also given, with an emphasis on army training, education and career management.
Introduction
Authors: Immerman Richard H. , Engel Jeffrey A.
Published: January 2021

This section introduces readers to Woodrow Wilson and the magnitude of the global problems he faced as World War I raged—eventually with formal American participation—with no clear end in sight. More than a statement of war aims, Wilson’s Fourteen Points were a full-throated call for a new world order, one capable of surmounting the inherent problems that had plagued society and international affairs for generations. So profound were Wilson’s words and so great his legacy that historians no longer ask whether subsequent presidents were or were not Wilsonian in their foreign policies and worldviews. We ask how Wilsonian were they? The introduction also previews the fourteen solutions humbly offered in Wilson’s honor for our own times.
Multistakeholder Alliances
Authors: Kumar Raj
Published: January 2021

This chapter uses Woodrow Wilson’s fourteenth point as a basis for proposing multistakeholder alliances to solve global issues that require multiple perspectives and collaboration between the private and public sectors. The author explains the meaning of the term multistakeholder alliance and then offers recent examples of alliances formed to tackle difficult international issues such as vaccination, AIDS, and energy efficiency. The chapter concludes with the assertion that contemporary global issues cannot be resolved without the collaboration of companies, foundations, organizations, and influential individuals.
Protecting and Promoting Health in an Interdependent World
Authors: Bradley Elizabeth H. , Taylor Lauren A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the shortcomings of the current global health regime and proposes a new framework based on Woodrow Wilson’s ideas about global interaction and responsibility. The authors explain how critical it is to establish a successful new system, given climate change, microbial evolution, and the current political landscape. The proposed system must resolve the tension between national sovereignty and national interdependence, while also improving response time and investing in long-term solutions. The authors conclude that these guidelines can be met by introducing engaged pluralism and ambidextrous leadership.
Food Security
Authors: Simmons Emmy
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents a history of food crises to illustrate the need for greater food security, and it urges government leaders to learn from the past and take action when the next inevitable crisis arises. Six priorities for action are presented, recognizing the roles of violent conflict, water, weather patterns, inequality, women, and waste reduction. While considering these factors, organizations must partner to ensure that food systems are sustainable and productive, providing nutritious and safe food to populations around the globe. For this system to work, collaboration among all participants is crucial.
A Twenty-First-Century War on Poverty
Authors: Aris Giselle
Published: January 2021

Using Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points as a foundation, this chapter highlights poverty and wealth inequality to illustrate the problems inherent in uneven economic advancement. Governmental assistance and private philanthropy are not doing enough to address poverty, so the author proposes the use of impact investing, blended finance, and shared value partnerships to promote investment and business opportunities, even as these mechanisms take into account social and environmental costs. The chapter concludes by underscoring the importance of these flexible business models to tackle the large-scale challenges faced in the twenty-first century.
The Global Economy
Authors: Keys Barbara , Schuermann Til
Published: January 2021

This chapter begins by exploring some of the most upsetting financial crises in recent memory and then proposes potential “shock absorbers” for the global financial system. Greater globalization and built-in redundancies are needed if we want to avoid replicating the problems of the past, and psychological resilience is required to navigate future problems. The authors propose synthetic and invasive stress tests of current financial institutions to identify possible instigators or fissure points for future financial crises, and they urge government officials to publicly acknowledge that some financial crises may be unavoidable. These mechanisms cannot completely eliminate crises, but they can better prepare the system for recovery.
International Migration
Authors: Hollifield James F.
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates contemporary international migration patterns and the role of migration in the formation and sustenance of modern states. The author weighs the different options for immigration policy and control and concludes that the legal system for migration should be fixed and should treat immigrants respectfully. He argues that we need a system that facilitates the humane and orderly movement of individuals and families. This new migration regime should promote not only development but also security. Beyond the obvious humanitarian and moral imperatives, a humane immigration system is a public good, and the global community must come together to establish guidelines to improve the process for all parties involved.
Revolutionary Pairs
Authors: Ceplair Larry
Published: January 2021

Bucking the current trend of explaining revolutions via impersonal forces, this book argues that without revolutionary personalities revolutions would not occur. The great revolutionaries of the past two centuries have arrived in pairs. Though each pair differed in how they met, bonded, and diverged, they were similar in having an alpha partner, who recognized his need for the other and never seriously contemplated a separation. This book, in comparing the revolutionary careers of the five pairs also offers a cross-cultural analysis of revolutions, and, by focusing on the personal dimensions of the revolutionary process, puts meat on the bones of the current approach.
Karl Marx (1818–1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820–1895)
Authors: Ceplair Larry
Published: January 2021

The most important ideologists of modern revolutions, these two German thinkers were the closest of the pairs. They were like brothers, and Engels financially supported Marx. They participated in one revolution and commented critically on world events during the second half of the nineteenth century. Though they only wrote three books together, they influenced each other’s work.
Queer Musical Excess
Authors: Helford Elyce Rae
Published: January 2021

Queer reading strategies based on the approach of Alexander Doty reveal transgressive moments in Cukor’s three musical comedies: Les Girls (1957), Let’s Make Love (1960), and My Fair Lady (1964). Queer conceptualizations of the Hollywood musical, particularly the concept of “excess,” lead to readings of specific scenes that disrupt the heteronormative flow of the narratives. Gene Kelly performs a spoof of Marlon Brando in The Wild One, within a tale of a womanizer and the three women who love him; Milton Berle camps up a lesson on dating opposite Yves Montand; and Rex Harrison ponders why a woman can’t be more like a man, within a narrative that resists romantic closure.
Liberty Brought Us Here
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

Liberty Brought Us Here: The True Story of American Slaves Who Migrated to Liberia is a narrative nonfiction book that tells the compelling story of four adults and twelve children from southwestern Kentucky who, after being freed from slavery, migrated to Liberia. It is also the tale of Ben Major, the white man who freed them. The Majors and their former neighbors, the Harlans, were sixteen of the 16,000 black people who left the United States under the auspices of the American Colonization Society. It was the largest out-migration in the country’s history. The emigrants were of African ancestry, but they were not Africans, and were unprepared for the deprivation, disease, and disasters that awaited them. Unlike many former slave owners, Ben stayed in touch with the people he had freed. He sent them much-needed items, such as seeds, tools, books, medicine, and other supplies to help them survive and flourish. In return, they sent coffee, peanuts, and other items to Ben. Liberty Brought Us Here explores this unusual relationship between former slaves and their former owner in the context of the debate over slavery, the controversial colonization movement, and the establishment of the Republic of Liberia.
May I But Safely Reach My Home
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

On Tolbert Major’s last day in America, he wakes at dawn in a room at the Staten Island Quarantine Grounds. He rouses his sons and then walks down to the pier to see the Luna, the vessel that will take him and his family to Liberia, Africa. Tolbert recalls the send-off ceremony held the previous day, July 4, 1836, when officials from the New York Colonization Society joined dozens of newly emancipated slaves and freeborn black people in singing hymns, praying, and listening to speeches. (The emigrants weren’t ill; the mayor had temporarily housed them at the quarantine grounds.) The next morning, Tolbert, his sons, his brother Austin, their former neighbor Agnes Harlan, and the other emigrants board the ship Luna and prepare to sail. The passengers endure seasickness and weeks of anticipation as they sail across the Atlantic. Every sunset leaves behind loved ones and everything that is familiar. Every sunrise tugs them toward a new life.
Slavery and the Troublesome Question
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 2 establishes the background and context for the colonization movement, examines motives of supporters and opponents, and examines the establishment of the Liberian colony. For ninety-three years, the American Colonization Society supports emigration of freed slaves and freeborn black people from the United States to Liberia, ultimately transporting 16,000 people across the ocean. It is the largest out-migration in American history.
People of Culture and Refinement
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

Ben Major, who owned and then freed Tolbert, Austin, and their families, is a good-looking man with wavy dark hair, thick brows, and expressive eyes. In his late teens, he moves to New Orleans, where he and his brother work in a mercantile business. Slaves are one of the many commodities flowing into and out of the Crescent City. Ben is surrounded by slave markets and auction houses, and his time in the city influences his views on “the peculiar institution.” In 1819, following his brother’s death from yellow fever, Ben returns to Kentucky and marries Lucy Davenport. The couple settles in Christian County, Kentucky, where nearly half the population is enslaved. Supported by slave labor, the couple builds a home and farm, and starts a family.
We Have Had War with the Natives
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

Agnes Harlan’s son Lewis is dying of malaria. Despite her fervent prayers and attentive care, she loses her oldest child. On average, 20 percent of every boatload of immigrants to Liberia dies of malaria in the first year. In Tolbert Major’s May 1839 letter to Ben, he includes a short note to another man, James Moore, in which he reveals that Agnes has lost two of her sons since arriving in Liberia. Tolbert asks Moore to contact George Harlan, Agnes’s former owner, to tell him the news. The chapter discusses risks to health in Liberia, similar health risks in America, the Liberian system known as “pawning,” and a recent war with some of the indigenous people.
My Heart Yet Bleeds
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

Published history of the 1800s typically focuses on the accomplishments of white men. But a discussion of the colonization of Liberia would be incomplete without including the women. This chapter focuses on the involvement of women, black and white, in the colonization movement and the settlement of Liberia. Only about 10 percent of all slave owners were women, yet 21 percent of those who emancipated and colonized slaves were female. In the first two decades of colonization, 45 percent of the immigrants to Liberia were female, many of them widows or single mothers with small children. This chapter opens with the tale of Emily Tubman, a white woman from Georgia striving to free her slaves for migration, and the chapter includes the stories of several black women who start new lives in Liberia.
We Stand in Great Need of Seed
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

Tolbert Major writes to Ben Major again in October 1840. He tells Ben that the supplies they brought to Liberia were stolen, and he asks Ben to send seeds and more supplies. The settlers struggle to establish themselves in Liberia, despite sometimes unkept promises of help from the American Colonization Society. Tolbert’s letters indicate that his relationship with Ben is evolving toward a relationship between peers—between the leader of one family and the leader of another—rather than the relationship between a slave and owner. This chapter also looks at how Governor Thomas Buchanan attempted to better meet the needs of the settlers.
The Dark Clouds Begin to Disappear
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

Austin Major, Tolbert’s brother, adds a note to Ben in Tolbert’s 1840 letter. Austin tells Ben he was ill for two years after arriving in Liberia, his supplies were stolen, and his hut burned. He makes a business proposition: “I have suffered much since I come here, but the dark clouds begin to disappear again if you can send us some few articles of trade, such as tobacco, cloth, pipes, beads such as china beads; it will be a profit to both of us.” He asks Ben to write to George Harlan, the man who had owned Agnes and her children. Harlan and many other former slave owners do not maintain contact with their former slaves. Ben’s choice to continue helping Tolbert, Austin, and the others—while not unheard of for former slave owners—is not typical.
Decidedly Antislavery
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

Back in the United States, proslavery and antislavery positions become polarized. Ben Major had not come to his decision to free and colonize his slaves in a vacuum but found support from some others in his denomination, the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), and his community. Their views are not universally accepted. A few abolitionists support colonization; most fervently oppose it. Some slave owners support colonization; others vilify their peers who free slaves for migration. The slave revolt aboard the Amistad and the subsequent 1841 Supreme Court decision fuel the debate in America over slavery and increase interest in colonization.
I Want to See You and Your Wife and Children Very Bad
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

After a silence of nearly four years, Tolbert Major writes again to Ben Major in 1847. He asks Ben to send writing paper, its scarcity accounting, in part, for the long delay between letters. Tolbert’s letter is filled with family news. He writes, “I want to see you and your wife and children very bad,” and asks Ben to send a drawing of him and his wife, Lucy, “for my children to look at when I am dead.” The relationships between enslaved people, their owners, and the owners’ families were complex, and this chapter explores that complexity. The chapter also explores the value colonists placed on education and the experiences of widows in Liberia.
The Love of Liberty Brought us Here
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

Early on the morning of August 24, 1847, a single cannon shot booms from Monrovia’s Central Fort Hill to announce the dawn. The shot could have awakened the whole town, except most people are already up and preparing to celebrate the birth of their new republic: the country had officially declared its independence the month before. In fewer than three decades, Liberia had expanded from a tiny, almost-failed settlement into a commonwealth, and finally into a true republic. Many of Liberia’s citizens write about finding a new sense of personhood, dignity, and autonomy in Liberia. Many letter writers allude to the scripture Micah 4:4: “But they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig tree; and none shall make them afraid. . . .”
He Was Killed by Those Barbarous People
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

Tolbert Major yawns and glances at his brother-in-law, Asbury Harlan. All is quiet in Fishtown. Garrison duty is often boring. Usually, there are five men on guard and he has someone to talk to besides Asbury. However, on the morning of November 5, 1851, the three other guards have volunteered to help build houses for new arrivals. From his vantage point, Tolbert glances toward the settlement. Out of the corner of his eye, he spots movement in the underbrush. The hostile Fishmen kill Tolbert, Asbury, and several others in their assault on Fishtown. They attack Bassa Cove a few days later. Wesley Harlan is shot in the face and subsequently loses an eye. Tolbert’s widow writes to Ben and breaks the news.
Conclusion
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

Of the sixteen Majors and Harlans who arrived in Liberia on the Luna in 1836, only six are still alive when the letters end in 1851, following the deaths of Tolbert Major and Ben Major. Did the Majors and Harlans—black and white—succeed in finding freedom, peace, and security in their new homes? What might have happened had the Liberian settlers remained enslaved in America? What might have happened to Ben Major had he made different choices? The author offers her thoughts and conclusions.
Afterword
Authors: Lindsey Susan E.
Published: January 2021

The author’s concerted efforts to discover the fate of the surviving Majors and Harlans in Liberia are unsuccessful. However, the epilogue reveals what happened to Ben’s widow, Lucy, and the rest of his family after his death; summarizes the remaining years of George Harlan, who had freed Agnes Harlan and her family; examines the continued work of the American Colonization Society; and looks at the subsequent and rocky history of the Republic of Liberia. The afterword concludes by noting that the vine-and-fig-tree passage in Micah is preceded by this one: “They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks: nation shall not lift up a sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.” The author ends by expressing her hope that the people of Liberia will be able to build a stable nation where they can all live in peace under their own vines and fig trees.
Introduction
Authors: Birdwhistell Terry L. , Scaggs Deirdre A.
Published: January 2021

The introduction places the story of women at UK in an overall historical context of the institution and the place of women in administrative leadership positions over time. Rather than simply tracing the evolution of women’s experiences at UK, this study examines how women’s roles were constructed for and by UK women students and faculty. It also compares the entrance of women at UK with other public universities, especially in the south. It also questions the possibility of sexual harassment of women students in the first decades of their attendance at UK.
First Will Women to Succeed and the
Authors: Birdwhistell Terry L. , Scaggs Deirdre A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter follows the first generation of women to attend UK, including the first women to earn degrees and women’s academic successes generally. It explains the impact of not having women’s housing on campus until the opening of Patterson Hall in 1904. It introduces the first women members of the UK faculty and examines the challenges they faced. The chapter also explores the first efforts by women to create women’s organizations, such as literary societies, women’s intercollegiate athletics, and social activities on the UK campus.
World War II and the Illusion of Equality
Authors: Birdwhistell Terry L. , Scaggs Deirdre A.
Published: January 2021

As new president Herman Lee Donovan began at UK in 1941, Dean Sarah Blanding left and Sarah Bennett Holmes became Dean of Women. World War II heavily influenced enrollment patterns on campus, and male students left for war while military units began training and living on campus. Women students and faculty obtained unprecedented status and influence on the campus. The number of women faculty increased, and women students, for the first time, fully participated in a coed student government and university marching band. But many, if not most, of the gains quickly disappeared in the postwar return to “normalcy.” Dean Holmes fought hard to keep women students from being pushed aside by returning veterans and continued to be concerned about employment opportunities for women graduates.
America's Israel
Authors: Kolander Kenneth
Published: January 2021

The U.S.-Israel relationship that most people recognize today, which includes enormous amounts of U.S. military aid to Israel, a powerful strategic alliance, and an American willingness to acquiesce to Israeli occupation of certain Arab territories taken in 1967, came into existence between 1967 and 1975. The U.S. Congress played a key role in shaping American-Israeli relations during this period (as it does today) and, therefore, occupies a central place in this book. No book-length treatment of U.S.-Israel relations focuses primarily on the role of Congress. The imbalance in the scholarly perspective has created a misleading narrative that treats the legislative branch as being incidental to foreign policymaking. But in the years between the 1967 Arab-Israeli War and the 1975 Sinai II agreement, an activist Congress, empowered by the quagmire in East Asia and popular distrust of the presidency, and increasingly influenced by the Israel lobby, played a central role in reworking U.S.-Israel relations, and U.S. relations with the Middle East more generally.
Stepping Forward?
Authors: Kolander Kenneth
Published: January 2021

The third chapter, based on research from the Richard Nixon Presidential Library, FRUS, and the Congressional Record, explores congressional reactions to Nixon’s request for $2.2 billion in emergency military aid for Israel, as well as U.S. efforts to restart the peace process. Despite efforts by Fulbright and several other legislators, along with the Nixon administration’s lack of effort to justify such a massive aid package, Congress passed the emergency aid bill in full. Legislators successfully argued that Israel needed the immense amount of aid in order to feel strong enough to take risks in peace negotiations. But by May 1974, fearful that Israel felt too strong, the Nixon administration started to threaten to cut off all military aid to soften Israel’s position in peace negotiations. The fall of Nixon due to Watergate sapped the power of the White House at precisely the moment when a strong president was needed to advance such an ambitious program of U.S. peace diplomacy. Also important, Kissinger had to work against pro-Israel elements that sought to scuttle his gradual approach to a comprehensive peace.
“The Finest Ambassadors”
Authors: Kioussis George N.
Published: January 2021

In 1955, the US national soccer team landed at the Keflavik airport in Iceland for a government-sponsored three-match tour for the purposes of building goodwill. The exchange occurred as Icelandic public opinion mounted against the American military presence at Keflavik. With this tour, and a subsequent return tour of the Icelandic national team to the United States the following year, Washington used soccer to deal with the Keflavik situation specifically and the political realities of the region more broadly. The global game possessed a unique ability to cut across political lines, as evidenced in how the tours were mediated by Icelandic newspapers of varying political persuasion. It also explores how strategic mishaps—at the level of both federal and sport governance—were not enough to sully the goodwill-building potential of the venture on the whole.
“Because We Have Nothing”
Authors: Elsey Brenda
Published: January 2021

The case of the 1962 World Cup sheds light on the relationship between the global Cold War and local popular culture in Latin America. Matches between teams from different sides of the Iron Curtain provoked commentaries on life in the Soviet Union and the possible advantages of state-controlled economies. It spoke volumes about the political scenario in Chile rather than in the United States or the Soviet Union. At the same time, football directors navigated Cold War divisions within FIFA to procure their support for Chile’s bid to host the Cup. When hoping to sway the Eastern bloc countries, directors emphasized the vibrant Chilean labor movement and respect for Socialist and Communist parties. This strategy paid off, garnering the vote of both the Soviet Union and the United States. The reluctance of the conservative Chilean government of Jorge Alessandri to invest in the event made it clear that Alessandri had little interest in using the World Cup to promote a political agenda. Nonetheless, the World Cup of 1962 demonstrates how informal actors understood themselves as ambassadors, debated the Cold War, and rendered sport a site of political performance.
High Jack
Authors: McCree Roy
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the operations of FIFA in the CONCACAF zone. In this regard, it examines three main areas: (i) the use of public or celebrity type diplomacy, courtesy of David Beckham, as part of the English bid to host the 2018 World Cup; (ii) the blurred nature of the distinction between state and non-state actors in the context of Caribbean soccer, given the fact that a former senior vice president of FIFA was also a senior member of the Government of Trinidad and Tobago; and (iii) the implications of this overlap for the workings of the state and the governance of the game. In addition, it is argued that FIFA has practiced a dark form of soccer diplomacy in this area, be it in relation to state or non-state actors, which has been marked by adherence to its “own rules of the game” to the general detriment of the sport.
The World Cup Is Ours!
Authors: Freitas Couto Euclides de , Valente Alan Castellano
Published: January 2021

As part of his broader efforts to improve Brazil’s position within the international system, Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Lula) frequently invoked a rhetoric about national identity that relied heavily on football. These efforts helped Brazil win the right to host the 2014 World Cup, and Lula and his successor, Dilma Rousseff, continued to utilize rhetoric that emphasized a mythical Brazilian identity as well as the valuable legacies for the country from hosting this mega-event. Whereas this language may have helped achieve the diplomatic goals of the Workers’ Party presidents within the international system and FIFA, this rhetoric failed to persuade the domestic population, resulting in widespread protests and significant challenges inside the country. Nonetheless, by evoking rhetorical myth and elevating it within diplomatic endeavors, Presidents Lula and Rousseff used football and the hosting of the 2014 FIFA World Cup as a form of representation of identity and national policy, projecting a specific image of Brazil abroad to help achieve the goals of expanding and enhancing the country’s status.
Conclusion
Authors: Beck Peter J.
Published: January 2021

The conclusion draws together key discussion points raised by individual contributors. In particular, the diverse approaches adopted by contributors highlight the need for greater precision regarding both the definitions of and the nature of sport diplomacy and diplomacy in sport. Individual chapters demonstrate also varying choices of suitable research sources, most notably concerning the use of archival sources, the media, and oral testimony. By using the many themes that emerged from the book, this conclusion explores and illuminates varying facets of the relationship between sport and diplomacy in general and between soccer and diplomacy in particular.
Background to Crisis
Authors: Goode James F.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses in general terms the origins of the arms embargo imposed on Turkey in 1974, emphasizing both the controversy over opium and the invasion of Cyprus. It also briefly relates the history of US-Turkey relations from the arrival of American missionaries and traders in the early nineteenth century to the advent of the Cold War. It explains the significance of the infamous Johnson letter of 1964. It concludes with the author’s reflections on a visit to a tense Cyprus in the summer of 1969.
Turning Congress
Authors: Goode James F.
Published: January 2021

This chapter follows the Ford administration’s efforts throughout 1975 to lobby Congress to lift the embargo and embargo supporters’ response to this pressure, highlighting the successes and failures of each. It examines the lobbying efforts of Greek, Armenian, and Jewish Americans to maintain the sanctions on Turkey. It discusses the reasons for the initial failure to pass the Scott bill in the summer of 1975, followed by the administration’s more successful campaign in the fall of that year. It focuses on the critical role of John Rhodes and the minority Republicans in this controversy. Finally, it discusses the elimination of the opium issue as a factor in US-Turkish relations by the end of 1975.
“They Have Made a Mess of Cyprus”
Authors: Goode James F.
Published: January 2021

This chapter opens with the 1976 presidential campaign. Each candidate made efforts to attract Greek Americans’ support, but Carter criticized Ford’s handling of Cyprus, promising to do more for the island, and won them over. Vice President Mondale played a major role in formulating foreign policy and also served as liaison with his former colleagues in Congress. The new administration had to decide quickly how to deal with Cyprus. The US-Turkey Defense Cooperation Agreement that Ford had submitted to Congress caused some awkwardness for the Democrats. The new president sent senior statesman Clark Clifford to the eastern Mediterranean to gather information. Following Clifford’s report, the administration seemed ready to pursue a bizonal solution on the island, which Archbishop Makarios was willing to accept. With Makarios’s unexpected death and Turkey’s continuing resistance to US pressure, however, the White House paid less attention to the island, turning its attention to other regional troubles.
The Individual
Authors: Pearson Joseph W.
Published: January 2021

The chapter explores Whig thinking on the shaping, obligations, and role of the individual in American politics.
Conclusion
Authors: Pearson Joseph W.
Published: January 2021

So what happened to the Whigs? The antebellum political party died a slow death from 1845 to 1854. First, President James K. Polk provoked a morally bankrupt war with Mexico in 1845, annexing Texas, and extending the nation’s borders to California’s Pacific coastline along the way. The addition of so much new territory so quickly drove questions about slavery that moderate Whigs and Democrats alike had dodged for thirty years from the abstract into the public square. On the one hand, many Americans (mostly northern and middle western, mostly Whiggish) argued that slavery should not spread to any new states formed from the territories stolen from Mexico. To the contrary, many other Americans (mostly southern, mostly Democratic) argued that slaves were a legitimate form of constitutionally protected property that could not legally be excluded from territory won using the common treasury and national armies. The discovery of gold in California in 1849 only added fuel to the partisan fire because it inspired so many people to head west in search of fortune, hastening that state’s ability to meet the demographic requirements for admission to the Union, and forcing the country at large to grapple with questions for which it was unprepared. Thus, the contest was joined over the central issue that was to dominate all American political life for the next dozen years, namely, the disposition of the territories. For the moment, moderates who desperately longed for a compromise that might stifle the underlying issue of slavery held the majority. However, it is a truism that happens to be true that, in crises of this sort, extremists grow in power, swallowing up all political space in the conciliatory center....
A Doctor for Rural America
Authors: Barksdale Clowse Barbara
Published: January 2021

Frances Sage Bradley (1862-1949) was one of the first female graduates of Cornell University Medical College (1899). She spent the next half century advancing the causes of public health and medical care for neglected women, infants, and children. In 1915 she closed her private practice and became a medical field agent for the US Children’s Bureau in isolated rural areas of ten states, including Appalachia. Enactment of the federal Maternity and Infant Protection Act of 1921 [Sheppard-Towner Act] opened further healthcare reform opportunities. A prolific writer, the doctor generated voluminous official reports and dozens of freelance articles and stories. Those trying today to provide primary healthcare to underserved Americans face many of the same obstacles that challenged Dr. Bradley a century ago.
1916
Authors: Barksdale Clowse Barbara
Published: January 2021

Bradley spent a year investigating the health of rural North Carolinians in the coastal plain and mountains. Disparity between the care available to whites and blacks challenged Bradley’s racial attitudes, especially vis-à-vis midwives and maternal mortality. The bureau published a book-length account of her North Carolina findings that inspired other states to request rural field studies by Bradley.
1923–1925
Authors: Barksdale Clowse Barbara
Published: January 2021

Bradley moved to Berea, Kentucky, where she wrote a variety of stories and articles based on her medical field work. She then replaced an ill colleague, administering Sheppard-Towner programs in Montana. She traveled throughout the then third largest state, encouraging public health workers and publicizing shocking conditions of Native Americans on several reservations.
Introduction
Authors: Hill Kimberly D.
Published: January 2021

The introduction explains how analysis of the mission work performed by Althea Brown and Alonzo Edmiston contributes to studies of historically black education, American Protestant church history, southern history, colonialism, and the African diaspora. It states how the activities of these two ministers added nuance to two major controversies in their lifetimes: the development of race-specific pedagogy and the expansion of segregation among many American Protestant denominations. The source material used to analyze the Edmistons and the American Presbyterian Congo Mission is introduced in comparison with scholarly perspectives on how African villagers and students also shaped mission policies.
Congo Missionaries and the Perpetuation of Manual Labor, 1908–1936
Authors: Hill Kimberly D.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 2 analyzes the effect of globalized industrial education strategies on the career prospects of African American missionaries. It identifies the restrictive policies applied to students and graduates from the three institutions that the Edmistons were affiliated with: Fisk University, Stillman Institute, and Tuskegee Institute. The chapter explains how the couple tried to adjust to new work expectations without either reducing their ministries to manual labor alone or falling victim to undisclosed moratoriums on African American international travel. It also shows how increased colonial demands for African laborers increased the pressure for African Americans to design a just alternative within the setting of the mission stations.
Implementing Historically Black Education Strategies at the Presbyterian Congo Mission, 1918–1919
Authors: Hill Kimberly D.
Published: January 2021

This chapter details aspects of Fisk University, Stillman Institute, and Tuskegee Institute that Althea Brown and Alonzo Edmiston adapted for religious education from 1918 to 1919. It analyzes each missionary’s experiences at one of these campuses between 1892 and 1904 to show the academic roots of their perspectives on art, folklore, finance, local politics, and sustainable agriculture. Details of the consequences of colonial taxation and forced labor help explain why the Edmistons’ plans for the Luebo Agricultural College failed the following year. Descriptions of the student body suggest that the legacy of the college reflected its balance of classical and industrial education even when its agricultural goals went unmet.
Neighbors Recognizing and Redefining Identities in the Belgian Congo, 1916–1935
Authors: Hill Kimberly D.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 4 explains how the ministerial priorities of Althea Brown and Alonzo Edmiston developed through coordination with African villagers, students, and church members in the Belgian Congo. The missionaries’ descriptions of local life are analyzed through comparison with historical context and anthropological studies of the region. African theology produced in the three decades following decolonization is introduced as an interpretive lens for analyzing the perspectives of African people experiencing the first decades of transition from Congo Free State policies to the Belgian Congo government. The chapter closes by identifying the Edmistons’ sense of kinship with the Kuba kingdom as their link to specific rituals in African traditional religion.
Every Hill a Burial Place
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

In 1966, the Peace Corps and Tanzania, both newly established, faced a major international crisis when a Peace Corp volunteer was to be tried in Tanzania on a charge of murdering his wife, also a volunteer. This book examines how each of these entities arrived at this juncture—that is, the founding of the Peace Corps and the path to independence for Tanzania, the trial and its aftermath. Two assessors acted as jury, one a white American working in Tanzania, the other a black Tanzanian who had recently returned from graduate studies in the United States and who had been part of the famous African Airlift that brought Africans to America, including Barack Obama’s father, to study. That program, designed to undercut Russian efforts to lure Africans to the Soviet Union, foreshadowed many of the Cold War conflicts between the United States and Tanzania, including the U.S. role in the Congo, the Vietnam War, and apartheid in South Africa. The book explores how government officials, both American and Tanzanian, private attorneys, friends and relatives of the couple, and witnesses dealt with the complex situation.
A Tale of Three Cities
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

The action takes place along a triangle between three towns in Tanzania. Mwanza, the third-largest city in Tanzania, sits on the shores of Lake Victoria at an altitude that provides a pleasant, temperate climate. The trial eventually will be held in Mwanza. Maswa, adjacent to the famous Serengeti National Park, is the site of Peppy’s death and where various preliminary activities take place. It is a small, dusty town. Dar es Salaam, is the site of the U.S. embassy and the Peace Corps headquarters in Tanzania. Communications between Tanzania and Washington, D.C., flow out of Dar es Salaam, the capital of Tanzania at the time, which is on the coast facing Zanzibar and the Indian Ocean.
Government Officials Clarify the Situation
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

Tanzania Peace Corps director Paul Sack and Peace Corps doctor Tom McHugh fly to Mwanza, meet with attorneys, then fly to Maswa. In Maswa, they meet Bill, who appears to be suffering from a severe stress reaction; McHugh performs a postmortem on Peppy; and they fly back to Mwanza, where McHugh assists an eminent pathologist from Nairobi in a second and more complete autopsy. In Dar es Salaam, Peace Corps officials meet with Tanzania police officers to find out how the police plan to proceed, while Peace Corps medical staff deal with the complex issues of obtaining a coffin suitable for withstanding the heat and humidity, the proper medical exit authorization, and where to find an expert pathologist.
Syracuse University Training and Marriage
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

Peppy Dennett and Bill Kinsey spent three months at Syracuse University in training for their teaching assignment in Africa. Their time at Syracuse is discussed, especially the content of the training program. Bill was scheduled for a post in Malawi, so he needed a transfer to allow the marriage and joint posting in Tanzania. Peppy’s mother opposed the marriage at first; she was appalled at the quick decision to wed. She relented and pulled everything together for a wedding, and they were married a few days before leaving for Africa. Peppy’s sister and Peppy’s friends describe their reaction on their first and only meeting with Bill before the couple left for Africa: “We hardly knew him.”
Peace Corps Training in Tanzania, Binza Upper Primary School
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2021

The Kinseys’ group trained in the small southern Tanzanian town of Mbeya, where they learned about their school, health issues, travel problems, and more. Peppy talks to a another volunteer who has been teaching in the country for a year, and they discuss problems in Peppy’s marriage. The Kinseys finally arrive in Maswa to begin teaching at Binza Upper Primary School. Life is difficult there, especially with the headmaster, so they seek a transfer to another school, but they immerse themselves in school life, teaching, directing clubs, coaching, making new friends, and they eventually withdraw their transfer request. A new Peace Corps volunteer couple arrive nearby and describe their life and friendship with Bill and Peppy.