bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current Policies and Pedagogies of English Language Teacher Education: Unveiling Social Challenges
Authors: Poudel Ganesh Prasad
Published: October 2024

This paper analyzes the current policies and pedagogies of English language teacher education, and the social inequalities associated with English language teaching. It also assesses the challenges of English language teachers to mitigate these social inequalities. It explores the roles and actions that English language teachers could perform to diminish these social inequalities. A review of the concerned literature and policy documents shows that the current policies and pedagogies of English language teacher education in Nepal have focused on the functional-communicative approach to English language teaching. However, the current social inequalities related to English language teaching are gender, class, caste or ethnic background and culture. The challenges for English language teachers are to address social justice and equity issues in multilingual and multicultural contexts. Thus, this study attempts to address social realities in English language teacher education so that it helps to reform current policies and practices. The role and actions of English language teachers should be directed to create critical consciousness.
Bored Piling in Bridge Construction: An experience of Kathmandu-Terai Fast Track (Expressway) Road Project
Authors: Bhandari Sahadev Bahadur
Published: October 2024

This paper describes the pile construction works in the Kathmandu-Terai Fast Track (Expressway) road project in Nepal. Bored pile works in the project included three methods: manual hole drilling, rotary drilling, and percussion hammer, depending on the geological condition, availability of the working area, soil types, and availability of the equipment. On the one hand, the manual hole excavation method is a simple technology that requires less working area and is very suitable in steep mountainous areas, which need a smaller working platform. On the other hand, it takes a long time to complete a hole and needs a sufficient diameter of the pile for the working people. The impact drilling method is suitable in silty soil and is the most cost-effective technology for pile boring. However, it is time-consuming compared to the rotary drilling method and not suitable for rocky soil. The rotary drilling method is suitable for every type of soil and the fastest method of pile boring, but it may face different types of problems when special care is not taken regarding equipment and soil properties. The article has compared the productivity of each methodology and the problems faced, such as hole collapse, discontinuity in pile concreting, and upliftment of the rebar. Solutions to these problems are also provided in this article.
A Historical Exploration of Military-Driven Infrastructure Development: Lessons Learnt and Way Forward
Authors: Thapa Subash
Published: October 2024

Military-driven infrastructure development has emerged as a critical aspect of national security and global power dynamics. This paper delves into the historical nexus between military strategy and infrastructure development. It aims to provide key insights and chart a pathway for future discourse. The study employs a qualitative research approach to comprehensively analyse relevant literature comprising case studies, theoretical frameworks, and empirical studies to elucidate the evolution of military involvement in infrastructure projects. It examines the ancient civilizations spanning through medieval advancements, colonial expansion, and post-war reconstruction efforts to trace the pivotal historical moments where militaries played a decisive role in shaping infrastructure landscapes. Likewise, the study advocates for a nuanced approach that prioritizes sustainable development goals. The paper identifies key themes, highlighting the potential of military-led infrastructure initiatives and the necessity for clear delineation of military involvement. Thus, the study substantiates the symbiotic relationship between security imperatives, infrastructure development, and economic prosperity, and offers strategic recommendations for future military-driven infrastructure development from a historical perspective.
Engineering Geological Complications of the Nepal Himalaya
Authors: Bhujel Balaram , Rain Md Faisal
Published: October 2024

The earth’s crust has been folded and uplifted due to the tectonic movement resulting in the elevated surface which is known as Nepal Himalaya. Geologically Nepal is divided into Terai, Churia, lesser Himalaya, Higher Himalaya and Tibetan Tethys zone from south to north. Due to the difficult and heterogeneous geology and topography of Nepal Himalaya: it is always challenging to establish any kind of engineering project. Geology always impacts on any kind of engineering construction within the earth. It is high time skilled manpower from geological and engineering fields collaborated for the sustainability of the engineering project. Risk and cost can be effectively reduced along with increasing the life span of the project if the proper engineering geological study is done before the establishment of any kind of engineering project. The tremendous loss of economy and destruction of the infrastructure has occurred in the past in different places of the world due to the negligence of engineering geological features of the site. Hence, proper engineering geological investigation is crucial for establishing any kind of engineering project within time, with minimum effort and cost for a longer period of time. This paper is the compilation of numerous literature review along with different professional and academic visits for addressing engineering geological complications of Nepal Himalaya.
Navigating Road Safety: Factors, Legislations, Safety Audits, Technological Advances and Challenges in Nepal
Authors: Hada Sakar , Khadka Raship
Published: October 2024

Road transportation has become increasingly lethal, highlighting a need for swift implementation and road safety measures and enhanced study to develop more effective safety strategies. All factors related to the road environment, including road design, human behaviour, and vehicle characteristics, should be thoroughly inspected to more accurately and precisely understand their involvement in road accidents. Currently, the state of road-related legislation, databases, and technologies in Nepal is poor compared to other countries. The road safety bill has been pending since 2017, leaving the National Road Safety Council (NRSC) without clear ownership and resources. Developing countries like Nepal tend to prioritize infrastructure development over the management of resources for road safety audits. Prioritizing the introduction of effective road safety policies is critical, as further delays will result in preventable loss of human life and significant monetary costs.
Nepal’s challenging terrain and low-income status make it difficult to design, construct, operate and maintain roads to the highest standards. However, with the availability of more affordable hardware and advanced software, there should be a clear focus on utilizing these tools to improve road safety and address these challenges. The development of the Kathmandu-Terai Fast Track brings with it a significant responsibility to maintain road safety.
The Potential of Vetiver as the Finest Bio-Engineering Plant in the KTFT
Authors: Gautam Diwas , Lekhak Basant
Published: October 2024

The natural ground's initial strength is lost and it becomes unstable as a result of human and natural activity. Natural disasters like landslides, mass movement, soil erosion, the slow deterioration of rocks, and so forth are examples of natural activity. Artificial activities on the natural ground include blasting in the surrounding areas; building roads, dams, and high-rise structures in the vicinity that cause a lot of vibration in the ground; haphazard cut and fill operations on the stable ground; adding overburden pressures on ground, etc. From the perspective of soil protection, civil engineering structures were constructed during construction to protect unstable soil mass from weathering. On the other hand, it might not always be feasible or cost-effective to build supporting civil engineering structures or components. Therefore, the planting of living plants is done using a systematic pattern and standard methods to gradually improve the soil strength over time, either in conjunction with or independently of civil engineering structures; known as bio-engineering. The novel, useful bio-engineering grass known as "vetiver grass" is the main topic of this article, along with its potential in the Kathmandu Terai Fast Track (KTFT) road project.
Applicability of Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges in Megaprojects
Authors: Gupta Dinesh Kumar , Yadav Raghabendra
Published: October 2024

Nepal is currently experiencing significant growth in infrastructure development, with numerous bridge construction projects underway. Integrating health monitoring systems into these projects is crucial, aligning with global trends in infrastructure management. Implementing Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems using advanced sensors, data acquisition systems, and decision support mechanisms allows engineers to detect minute behavioral changes in critical infrastructure. This early detection capability enables timely interventions, enhancing structural safety and longevity. SHM systems can be tailored to meet specific operator and structure requirements, offering a cost-effective solution. With minimal installation costs, SHM can reduce overall maintenance and operational expenses by up to 98%, while providing invaluable life-saving warnings.
Seismic Performance and Construction Stability of Long- Span Continuous Rigid-Frame Bridges with Tall Piers
Authors: Yadav Raghabendra , Shrestha Bharat Lal , Paikara Ramesh Kumar , Gupta Dinesh Kumar , Yadav Preshna
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the construction stability and seismic performance of long-span continuous rigid-frame bridges (CRFBs) with extremely tall piers, a first for Nepal, exemplified by Bridge 37 on the Kathmandu – Terai/Madhesh Fast Track (Expressway) Road Project (KTFT). CRFBs, constructed using the Free Cantilever Method, offer advantages such as smooth driving, low cost, adaptability, and aesthetics. However, their design and construction in mountainous regions require meticulous detailing, particularly to handle the flexural requirements and seismic loads. Using finite element modelling with Midas Civil, this study evaluates construction loads, wind loads, and incidental loads. Key analyses include interaction curves, modal analysis, response spectrum analysis, and construction stage analysis. Results indicate that the fundamental time period of the bridge is 2.847 seconds with a fundamental frequency of 0.35 Hz. Maximum displacements due to seismic loading were found to be 220mm and 357 mm in x and y directions, respectively. The findings align with contemporary research, demonstrating adequate stability and performance under seismic conditions. This research provides valuable insights and guidelines for the design and construction of CRFBs in seismic regions, contributing to enhanced safety, stability, and durability of bridge infrastructure in Nepal.
Stress Induced Deformation in Phyllite Rock in Mahadevtar Tunnel of KTFT Road Project
Authors: Sharma Binayak , Acharya Bimala , Shrestha Bharat Lal , Paikara Ramesh Kumar , Gautam Niroj
Published: October 2024

In the NATM Tunneling, the monitoring of the deformation of the surrounding rock is a basic means for confirmation consequently adaptation of the excavation stages as well as rock support measures. In the large tunnels, excavation and support works are carried out in different stages. Once the top heading portion of the tunnel was excavated, deformation leading to various types of problems on the primary support installed in the tunnel occurred at various spots in the approximately 329m stretch of the right tube and 182m stretch of the left tube in the Mahadevtar Tunnel of the Kathmandu Terai / Madhesh Fast Track (Expressway) Road Project (KTFT). Some of the problems noticed were longitudinal crack on shotcrete leading to spalling, steel ribs twisting, etc. The monitoring of the deformation was carried out and different correction measures were applied at site to ensure the long-term stability of the tunnel. For the sections yet to be excavated, the support measures were upgraded to cope with the encountered site situation. The numerical modeling was carried out considering original and modified rock support measures. The result showed that the support capacity curve for shotcrete is improved to a slight extent due to modified support measures. For the tunnelling in the weak rocks, selection of method and sequence of excavation, time taken between different stages of excavation and support application, adjustment of support measures as per site condition, and monitoring of the deformation are very crucial factors for the successful completion of the project. Monitoring of the deformation plays a crucial role to adjust support measures if required and to verify the adequacy of the installed support. Deformation shall be mostly converged, prior to installation of secondary support.
Green Infrastructure Solutions for Slope Stabilization along the Kathmandu Terai/Madhesh Fast Track Road Project
Authors: Dahal Alok , Khatiwada Rajiv , Lekhak Basant
Published: October 2024

This paper addresses and examines slope stability issues and the potential of green infrastructure along the Kathmandu-Terai/Madhesh Fast Track (KTFT) road project in Nepal. KTFT, a strategic infrastructure endeavor, traverses through diverse terrains, including steep mountains, unstable slopes, and river gorges, posing significant slope stability risks. The slope stabilization methods using traditional civil engineering techniques frequently result in negative technical, financial, and environmental effects, although positive outcomes are also possible under certain conditions. This study highlights green infrastructure as a viable and sustainable alternative, incorporating bioengineering, terracing, and re- vegetation techniques. In addition to stabilizing slopes efficiently, green infrastructure adheres to resilience, affordability, and environmental conservation concepts. This paper conducts a slope stability analysis using Cambisols soils along the KTFT route, demonstrating the significant improvement in slope stability with the implementation of green infrastructure. However, challenges like policy gaps, limited technical expertise, and social considerations need to be addressed for successful implementation. When choosing suitable green infrastructure techniques, this study highlights the significance of taking site-specific characteristics, financial constraints, and aesthetic concerns into account. It also emphasized that routine maintenance is necessary to guarantee the long-term viability of green infrastructure solutions. The promise of green infrastructure as a cutting-edge and environmentally friendly solution to slope stability problems that also promote environmental preservation and the long-term well-being of the area is highlighted in the paper's conclusion.
Stability Evaluation of Rock Pillar Between Twin Tunnels Using Numerical Modelling
Authors: Kalouni Suresh Raj , Kalouni Harendra Raj
Published: October 2024

The stability of rock pillars between twin tunnels is a critical aspect of tunnel design and construction. To ensure the stability of rock pillars between twin tunnels, this study employ numerical modeling to assess pillar stability based on excavation method, tunnel geometry, determine pillar length based on rock mass quality, and quantify deformation, stress, and zone of influence of twin tunnels. To explore the role of rock mass quality in influencing pillar stability, the study considers factors such as rock strength, intactness, and discontinuity characteristics.
Numerical modeling simulates the excavation process, considering the effects of rock mass properties, in situ stress conditions, and excavation methods. The results of the numerical simulations provide valuable insights for optimizing rock pillar design and construction practices for twin tunnels.
Highway & Expressway: Kathmandu Terai Fast Track & Its Multidimensional Impact in Shaping the Future of Nepal
Authors: Chaudhary Sumit , Pokharel Uzwal , Adhikari Sabin
Published: October 2024

Kathmandu Terai Fast Track is prioritized as a national pride project, constructed by the Nepal army. It is supposed to revolutionize transportation in the country. The KTFT Expressway plays a vital role in the state-building process, particularly by reducing travel time and quality of road communication to the provincial capitals. The project can accelerate the country's economic growth, improve trade links, provide greater market access to the industry, and connect southern states to the capital of the country. The project has a new approach to constructing roads, tunnels, and tall sophisticated bridges that allows technocrats to sharpen their knowledge and improve their skill. The project is marked as the game changer for the Nepalese economy. The article through the research methodology tries to incorporate the multidimensional impacts that the expressway will have in shaping the future of Nepal.
The Doklam Standoff and Importance of Strategic Border Infrastructures: A Critical Analysis from the National Security Perspective of India, China, and Bhutan
Authors: Paudel Bhuwan
Published: October 2024

Bhutan is a small landlocked and even in the 21st century self-isolated country located between the world's most populous neighbors i.e. India and China. Though it has long association and affinities with Tibet’s history, culture, and way of living, Bhutan has no formal diplomatic relations with its vicinity neighbor People’s Republic of China. But interestingly it adher5s to the One China Policy. This paper is trying to gain a deeper understanding about Bhutan’s relations with China and what exactly the border problem it has with China. In a similar vein, it also looks at why India actively engages in Sino-Bhutan border disputes without a formal request from Bhutan. Based on the available resources and various constraints for getting sufficient information, hermeneutic methodology has been applied. The paper also highlighted the strategic importance of the Doklam for trio countries and why strategic border infrastructures are remained priority which caused tussles in the relations of neighborhood relations.
A Paradigm on Kathmandu-Terai/Madhesh Fast Track (Expressway) Operation and Management
Authors: Gurung Indibar , Acharya Ramesh
Published: October 2024

The Kathmandu-Terai/Mahesh Fast Track (Expressway) Road Project, being constructed under management of the Nepali Army, is anticipated to be a transformative initiative for Nepal, driving rapid economic development with remarkable contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). As Nepal’s pioneering expressway project, there ar concerns about is future operation and management. Globally, expressways are managed through various models, such as Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT), and Build-Transfer-Operate (BTO), etc. However, these models need to be adapted to fit Nepal’s specific conditions, economic status, laws, and regulations. Since the project is currently financed entirely by the Government of Nepal (GoN), government operation is also a possibility with the procurement of service provider. Moreover, Nepal lacks established standards for toll road. This paper conceptually recommends the hybrid model blending the significant element of BTO model for the operation and management of the KTFT, drawing on successful global practices and theoretical considerations for sharing financial risk between the GoN and private companies. However, special attention should be given for strengthening the local partner with priority.
Pendampingan Implementasi Teknologi Pakan Alternatif Ikan Lele Terintegrasi Magot BSF pada Pokdakan Rangkiang
Authors: Efendi Raimon , Eliza Eliza , Tri Yuniko Fauzi , Agustin Wulandari Ratih , Vani Meisy Tri , Ramadhani Wili , Dwi Armanda Septia
Published: October 2024

Pelatihan dan pendampingan implementasi teknologi pakan alternatif ikan lele terintegrasi magot BSF di Pokdakan Rangkiang Farm bertujuan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan efisiensi budidaya ikan lele dengan memanfaatkan sumber daya lokal. Latar belakang dari kegiatan ini adalah tingginya biaya pakan yang menjadi kendala utama bagi petani ikan lele, serta kebutuhan untuk meningkatkan hasil panen yang optimal. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini meliputi tahap persiapan, penyuluhan, praktik pembuatan pakan alternatif, serta penerapan teknologi manajemen berbasis web dan IoT. Hasil dari pelatihan menunjukkan peningkatan signifikan 80% peserta melaporkan peningkatan pemahaman, sementara 86,67% peserta mengalami peningkatan dalam pemahaman mengenai efisiensi dan efektivitas penggunaan teknologi pakan alternatif. Selain itu, peserta juga menunjukkan peningkatan keterampilan teknis dan percaya diri dalam menggunakan teknologi baru. Implikasi dari kegiatan ini adalah adanya potensi peningkatan ekonomi bagi kelompok tani melalui penerapan teknologi yang lebih efisien, serta kontribusi positif terhadap keberlanjutan lingkungan. Dengan demikian, pelatihan ini tidak hanya bermanfaat untuk meningkatkan kapasitas teknis peserta, tetapi juga untuk mendorong inovasi dan keberlanjutan dalam sektor budidaya ikan.
 
Training and mentoring for the implementation of alternative feed technology for catfish integrated with BSF maggot at Pokdakan Rangkiang Farm aims to increase the productivity and efficiency of catfish farming by utilizing local resources. The background of this activity is the high feed costs that are a major constraint for catfish farmers, as well as the need to improve optimal harvest results. The methods used in this activity include preparatory stages, counseling, practical training in making alternative feed, and the application of web-based management technology and IoT. The results of the training show a significant increase in participants' understanding of alternative feed technology and its application in catfish farming. Additionally, participants also demonstrate improved technical skills and confidence in using new technologies. The implications of this activity include the potential for economic improvement for farmer groups through the implementation of more efficient technology, as well as a positive contribution to environmental sustainability. Thus, this training is beneficial not only for enhancing participants' technical capacity but also for promoting innovation and sustainability in the fish farming sector.
From Tradition to Transformation: The Role of SMEs in Advancing Sustainable Tourism in Albania
Authors: Gjini Kladiola
Published: October 2024

Albania’s tourism industry has seen significant growth, captivat­ing travelers with its stunning landscapes, cultural heritage, and inviting at­mosphere. Within this context, SMEs in the hospitality sector have arisen as key players, advocating sustainable tourism. This chapter presents how Albanian SMEs’ have transitioned from traditional to eco-conscious busi­nesses, evaluating their contributions to economic, environmental, and so­cial sustainability, all while preserving local traditions and culture. Findings suggest that these SMEs significantly support local communities, generat­ing employment, sourcing locally, and supporting regional development. Moreover, they exhibit greater innovation and creativity in sustainable tour­ism. Albania’s SMEs show a growing commitment to environmental and so­cial sustainability, embracing eco-friendly measures while enhancing con­nections between tourists and local communities. Despite their positive im­pact, challenges hinder their full potential. To address these, targeted sup­port from policymakers and industry stakeholders is essential.
EXPLORING BEE VENOM VOLATILES: A PROMISING AVENUE FOR CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: Vural Nilüfer , Kaymak Sibel , Yüce Oğuz
Published: October 2024

Bee venom, a complex mixture of bioactive compounds, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties. Notably, the volatiles released by bee venom components have garnered attention for their potential in respiratory-related disease conditions. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a challenging disorder, characterized by a genetic mutation affecting the CFTR protein, leading to the production of thick and sticky mucus in various organs, particularly the lungs and digestive system, and necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. This research explored both bee venom volatiles’ chemical composition and the effects on airway inflammation and mucus viscosity in CF patients by in silico methods. GC/MS analyses with various SPME fibers have conducted the identification of 67 distinct components in volatile compounds of bee venom. For CW/DVB, CAR-PDMS, and DVB-PDMS fibers, the compounds identified in the highest amounts were perilla alcohol (42.21%), tetradecane (11.48%), and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-bis(2-methylpropyl) ester (39.98%), respectively. In silico analyses subsequently indicated that these components exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by modulating key cytokines and reducing inflammatory markers in CF airways. This research highlights the potential of bee venom volatiles as a novel therapeutic avenue for managing CF symptoms. Harnessing the unique properties of bee venom may offer new perspectives in the development of targeted therapies for individuals affected by cystic fibrosis.
Impact of Time-to-operation on In-hospital Mortality of Trauma Patients with Abdominal Injury Who Underwent Door-to-door Laparotomy
Authors: Kittidumkerng Tanyamon , Akaraborworn Osaree , Sangthong Burapat , Thongkhao Komet
Published: October 2024

Objective: Assessing the impact of time-to-operation, defined as the time from injury to incision, on in-hospital mortality of patients with abdominal injury who underwent door-to-door laparotomy was the primary objective. Other objectives were assessing the impact of time-to-operation on 24-hour mortality, hospital length-of-stay, and intensive-care-unit-free days of this population. Material and Methods: This retrospective study examined 15-year and older patients with abdominal injuries who underwent door-to-door laparotomy in Songklanagarind Hospital between January 1st, 2015 and December 31st, 2018. Univariable and multivariable statistical analyses of the associations between the variables and in-hospital mortality were done.Results: Among the 65 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 17 patients died, mostly due to exsanguination. The median time-to-operation was 165 minutes, with a maximum of 480 minutes and a minimum of 55 minutes. There were no statistically significant impacts of time-to-operation on in-hospital and 24-hour mortalities, hospital length-of-stay, or Intensive care unit (ICU)-free days. Multivariable analysis revealed three factors related to in-hospital mortality: Injury Severity Score (ISS) [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.09, p-value=0.002, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.022, 1.159], shock [adjusted OR 12.73, p-value=0.008, 95% CI 1.428,113.488], and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score <15 [adjusted OR 15.43, p-value=0.004, 95% CI 1.95, 122.106].Conclusion: There were no significant impacts of time-to-operation on in-hospital and 24-hour mortalities of patients with abdominal injury who underwent door-to-door laparotomy. Patients with higher ISS, signs of shock, and/or GCS score lower than 15 had higher in-hospital mortality.
Can DAOs Innovate Governance beyond Hierarchies?
Authors: Davidson Sinclair
Published: October 2024

Decentralised autonomous organisations (DAOs) represent a novel organisational form made possible by blockchain technology. This article summarises a research project that sets out to establish an intellectually coherent, consistent, and academically robust theoretical framework that locates DAOs within a theory of organisation. I examine the unique characteristics of DAOs, focusing on their ability to facilitate coordination and cooperation without traditional hierarchical structures. By leveraging market-like mechanisms and token-based governance, DAOs aim to reduce agency costs and promote inclusive decision-making. The efficacy of these mechanisms, however, in achieving effective governance remains an empirical question. This research provides a theoretical framework to understand DAOs within the context of organisational theory, offering insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers on the potential and challenges of this emerging form of organisation.
Flexible Thermoelectric and Piezoelectric Hybrid Energy harvester by Adopting a Multifunctional Cellulose-based Composite Film
Authors: Bae Bitna , Kim Cheol Min , Baek Changyeon , Lee Min-Ku , Lee Gyoung-Ja , Park Kwi-Il
Published: October 2024

Thermoelectric (TE) and piezoelectric (PE) energy harvesting are the most advantageous conversion mechanisms for converting energy generated by the human body into electrical energy, respectively. However, the development of a hybrid energy harvester is essential for achieving high energy conversion efficiency since a single energy harvester cannot convert enough energy. Herein, we present a flexible TE-PE hybrid energy harvester (f-TPHEH) based on a self-assembled single film consisting of Bi2Te2.7Sn0.3 particles, BaTiO3 nanoparticles, and cellulose. The fabricated f-TPHEH exhibited a maximum TE output power of 18.47 nW and a PE instantaneous output of 13.5 nW under integrated thermal and bending conditions (ΔT = 40 K, bending displacement = 7 mm). We conducted a theoretical analysis using multiphysics simulation based on finite element analysis to support the experimental measurements of the fabricated f-TPHEH. In addition, to demonstrate the mechanical stability of the cellulose matrix-based f-TPHEH, a durability test was performed up to 5,000 cycles of bending deformation. This study presents a method for developing the flexible hybrid energy harvester using a low-cost and simple fabrication process.
Sintering behavior of alumina by microwave hybrid sintering
Authors: Waqas Khalid Muhammad , Lee Bin
Published: October 2024

Microwave sintering is considered an ideal sintering process due to its rapid heating rate, low energy consumption, and uniform temperature distribution between the interior and surface. However, the difficulty of using a dilatometer and the lack of systematic research have hindered the investigation of activation energy and grain growth kinetics during microwave sintering. In this study, we examined the internal heating mechanism of microwave hybrid sintering, its sintering behavior, and its applicability to commercial processes such as tape casting. The results demonstrated that microwave hybrid sintering reduces the activation energy for both shrinkage and grain growth, confirming the presence of the "microwave effect." This study underscores the potential of microwave hybrid sintering for commercial applications, especially for large ceramic components.
Oxidation of Nitrite by an {Mn4O6}4+ Core in Aqueous Media: Proton Coupled Electron Transfer
Authors: Chatterjee Suranjana
Published: October 2024

Nitrous acid and its conjugate base nitrite are quantitatively oxidised to N(V) species in aqueous acidic (pH 2.0-6.0) media by a tetranuclear higher valent manganese complex [Mn4(µ-O)6(bipy)6] 4+(1, bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine), and its conjugate acid [Mn4(µ-O)5(µ-OH) (bipy)6] 5+ (1H+). As usual, protonated metal oxidant 1H+ reacts faster than 1, but an unusual observation of these reactions is the kinetic predominancy of HNO2 over its conjugate base NO2 - . Title complex 1 is stable in aqueous media over a long pH region and shows no ligand dissociative equilibria in the presence or absence of reducing agent. The reaction shows a remarkable kinetic isotope effect by increasing the reaction rate in D2O media. A hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanism (1e, 1H+; electroprotic) is appropriate to explain the isotope effect.
Gold-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Ortho-NitroAlkynylbenzene: Mechanistic Developments
Authors: Panda Biswajit
Published: October 2024

Gold catalysis has emerged as a pivotal area in modern organic synthesis, offering novel reactivity patterns and enabling the construction of intricate molecular architectures that were once considered challenging or inaccessible. While traditionally regarded as inert, the unique electronic properties of gold, particularly its propensity for π-acid activation and tolerance towards a wide range of functional groups, have propelled it to the forefront of modern catalysis. In recent decades, the exploration of gold catalysis has led to the development of a plethora of innovative synthetic methodologies, revolutionizing the way chemists’ approach complex molecule synthesis. Historically, gold was perceived as a noble metal with limited reactivity in organic transformations. However, pioneering work by Toste, Hashmi, and others in the early 2000s demonstrated that gold complexes could catalyze a diverse array of organic reactions, including formation of carbon-carbon as well as carbon-heteroatom bonds, cycloisomerizations, and rearrangements. This paradigm shift challenged conventional wisdom and opened up new avenues for leveraging gold as a catalyst in organic synthesis. The exceptional reactivity exhibited by gold catalysts can be attributed to several key factors. Unlike transition metals such as palladium or platinum, which typically operate in high oxidation states, gold commonly operates in low oxidation states, facilitating π-acid activation of unsaturated substrates. Additionally, gold complexes exhibit a high degree of coordination flexibility, enabling them to adopt diverse coordination geometries and accommodate a wide range of substrates. Furthermore, gold complexes are often airand moisture-stable, making them practical and user-friendly catalysts in synthetic laboratories.
Green Hydrogen, an Alternative Renewable Energy Source: Based on Solar-Energy-Driven Water-Splitting Technology
Authors: Dutta Amit Kumar
Published: October 2024

The need for zero-emission, eco-friendly hydrogen fuel has increased enormously over the years due to adverse impacts on the environment caused by conventional fuels such as natural gas, coal, oil, fossil fuels, bio-mass etc. This chapter reports the safest and most efficient route for hydrogen-fuel production based on solar-energy-driven watersplitting technology over a heterogeneous photo-catalyst. Several challenges have been made for the extension of photo-catalyst, based on nano-sized semiconducting materials such as binary and ternary metal chalcogenides nano-materials, CuS, CdS, Fe3O4, CuInO2, CuInS2, CuGaS2 and their composites with hetero-nanostructure. When the nano-structures have the ability to absorb solar-light-energy (having a narrow band gap energy < 3.6 eV), i.e., to utilise the most of the solar-spectrum, the photo-catalytic performances have increased much more. The catalytic performances of the semiconductors have also been improved for enhanced hydrogen production using nano-engineering technology, i.e., different modifications to the nano-catalyst surface and electronic energy structure, so that they can act as an efficient photo-catalyst for solar-energy driven water electrolysis to produce enhanced large-scale hydrogen-fuel. The possible mechanism of the photo-chemical processes has also been explored through the formation of free electron-hole pair (e- /h+) on suitable heterogeneous catalyst’s surface and controlling the kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction. How the proposed nano-catalyst materials have been designed to optimize solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency, improve the rate of hydrogen production and commercialized for the sake of society has been deliberated.
Impact of particle morphology on the shear behavior of quarry dust / sea sand - concrete interface in geotechnical structures
Authors:   Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Deshan K.A.M.M. , Sampath K.H.S.M.
Published: October 2024

Soil-structure interaction is a fundamental consideration in geotechnical and structural engineering, influencing various applications such as pile systems, retaining walls, and other foundational structures. In recent years, the use of alternative materials like quarry dust and sea sand as complete replacements for traditional materials in ground improvement projects has gained attention due to their potential to enhance soil properties and overall geotechnical performance. This study focuses on the shear strength of the soil-concrete interface, particularly when utilizing quarry dust, river sand, and sea sand. The primary objective is to evaluate the influence of particle morphology on the shear behavior of these materials through a series of direct shear tests. Quarry dust, river sand, and sea sand samples were collected from different regions in Sri Lanka and subjected to thorough testing, including sieve analysis and direct shear tests, to investigate their gradation and interface shear behavior. The samples were tested in fully dry conditions, with particle sizes ranging from 0.075 mm to 2.36 mm. Additionally, particle morphology parameters such as angularity, roughness, roundness, and sphericity were quantified using image analysis techniques. These parameters were then correlated with the shear strength characteristics of the soil-concrete interface. Experimental results indicate that angular-shaped quarry dust particles exhibit an enhanced friction angle and interface friction angle by 10.8% and 12.4%, respectively, with an increase in angularity from 1.091 to 1.122, compared to spherical or rounded particles. Additionally, with an increase in regularity from 0.76 to 0.81, the interface friction angle decreased from 27.40 to 24.80, and the friction angle decreased from 32.40 to 28.90, marking percentage decreases of 9.7% and 11.0%, respectively. When comparing the coefficient of uniformity (Cu) values of the quarry dust, river sand, and sea sand samples, it was identified that higher Cu values correspond to higher friction angles and interface friction angles. The friction angle has increased by 4.7% and 15.6%, respectively, at the soil interface and the soil-concrete interface when the Cu value rises. Additionally, an increase in particle sizes increases the shear strength of samples. For instance, for a normal stress of 150 kPa, when the particle size increases from 0.075 mm to 2.36 mm, the shear strength increases by 21.2%. The study concludes that quarry dust, with its angular and irregular particles, can enhance the shear strength of soil-concrete interfaces, making it a suitable material for geotechnical applications. However, the developed correlations are valid only within the analyzed particle size range, and further studies are recommended to extend the applicable range and include the effects of moisture content on interface shear strength.
Development of a damage assessment matrix for load-bearing masonry houses
Authors:   Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Thalpage S.L. , Jayasinghe C. , Ariyaratne I.E.
Published: October 2024

Masonry houses are common types of buildings constructed using materials like bricks, stones, or concrete blocks. They are popular due to their durability and aesthetic appeal. However, as masonry structures age, they become vulnerable to various forms of crack damage that can potentially compromise their structural integrity and the safety and comfort of their occupants. While numerous studies have examined the condition assessment of buildings, they primarily rely on visual inspection conducted by inspectors who often base their evaluations on personal experience, biases, and risk attitudes. Recognizing the absence of a standardized method for assessing wall crack damages, this research study was aimed at developing a crack damage assessment matrix specifically focusing on single-story, load-bearing masonry houses. A database surrounding over 270 instances of cracks in approximately 60 houses from the Higurankgoda area in Sri Lanka, is considered to determine the key factors influencing the damage severity and safety of the house. Severity considerations include crack length, width, and number of cracks in the wall, while safety factors encompass crack severity level, separation level of the crack, surface condition of the cracked wall, crack location, crack direction, and structural degradations. To construct a data-driven prioritization matrix, the study employs the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and a probability-based approach, utilizing real-world data to assign reliable weightage to each parameter. This research determines the influence weightage of each parameter on overall safety and stability. The calculated weightage results indicate that the parameter with the highest impact is from the structural degradations, while the parameter with the lowest impact is from the crack direction. This matrix facilitates a Risk Level Index (RLI) to assess the overall impact of individual cracks and a systematic approach is proposed to determine the overall risk level of the house. The systematic approach illustrates the risk level for the house when it has varying numbers of wall cracks based on the generated RLI value and the number of cracks in each influence category. Fifteen single-story load-bearing masonry houses were selected for the testing and verification of the developed matrix, and the outcomes of the matrix were compared with the already assigned risk levels by experts for each house. The proposed matrix was tested and validated with more than 80% accuracy level. This prioritization matrix will empower engineers, and homeowners to efficiently prioritize repair efforts and allocate resources based on potential risk. The proposed approach integrates advanced analytical techniques with practical insights to enhance decision-making in addressing wall crack damages in masonry houses.
Intergenerational communication in song “Saat Kau Telah Mengerti” with Hjelmslev’s semiotic perspective
Authors: Susanto Jennifer , Harsono Flavianus Nanda , Marta Rustono Farady , Panggabean Hana Rochani Gustasari , Wijaya Beby Chandra
Published: October 2024

The song “Saat Kau Telah Mengerti” (lit. “When You Have Understood”), recorded by Virgoun, was streamed over a million times on YouTube when it was released in January last year and has been circulated in various edited versions on various online platforms. The lyrics present messages of hopes and wishes from parents to their children, thus touching the hearts of its listeners. Through the song's music, lyrics, and video clips, the objective of this research is to interpret and explore the meaning of parents' communication with their children. This study focuses its research question on elements utilized in the lyrics, music, and video clips of the song. This research analysis uses a qualitative approach with an interpretative paradigm based on Louis Hjelmslev's semiotic method and the validity test, which will be achieved through triangulation. Through Hjelmslev's semiotic research on forms and substance of expression and content, this research found that a communication gap exists between parents and their children. The gap stems from the generational differences between fathers and daughters, which this song seeks to bridge by encouraging the child to empathize with the parents. The actions of parents who strive for their children's benefit can occasionally be misinterpreted by their children as something negative. Based on the results, the study recommends music as an effective tool for conveying messages to mitigate parent-child communication gap
The representation of qurban in muslim designer community da’wah posters eid-al-adha theme
Authors: Muntazori Ahmad Faiz , Sunarto Bambang , Christomy Tommy
Published: October 2024

Muslim Designer Community (MDC) is a forum for Muslim designers to actively conduct da’wah activities through visual media, especially in the form of posters. In this article, however, the theme that was chosen to be discussed is da’wah posters on Eid al-Adha. Eid al-Adha has an important value in Muslims because it concerns many things in Muslim life, both the vertical relationship between servants and their God, and the horizontal relationship between humans and humans and the social environment. This research focuses on the initial step in understanding MDC's da'wah posters, especially the posters related to Eid-Al-Adha as a multifaceted ritual in Islamic celebratory holy day, by dissecting the structure of da'wah posters posted by MDC through their social media account. This research uses a qualitative method. Data analysis was carried out using Roland Barthes' semiotics, namely by revealing visual markers as signifiers in da'wah posters. The result shows that the Eid al-Adha theme posters discussed above represent Qurban as the main message conveyed in the da'wah media using design elements in the form of artwork, visualizing the commands in the Qur'an and Hadith. Title and Image have a dominant role in conveying the message in the da'wah poster. The implication of this study shows that Da'wah posters are the implementation of religious values into the field of visual communication design, resulting in a new strategy of preaching using visual media. The combination of visual communication design and religious ideology has an important role in providing stimulus about religious messages to the audience.
Hadroh music as a means of religious communication
Authors: Masduki Anang , Prayudha Prayudha , Niu Panqiang , Wajiran Wajiran
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the role of Islamic art, specifically Hadroh, in conveying religious messages within communities with limited exposure to spiritual practices and religious studies. Given the prevalence of such circumstances, particularly among individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, alternative approaches to religious communication are essential. In response, the Santri Besek of Surokarsan village, Yogyakarta, have adopted Hadroh art as a means of religious preaching. Through a comprehensive examination conducted in Surokarsan village, utilizing methodologies including in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation, this research explores the effectiveness of using art as a medium for religious communication. The findings reveal significant enhancements in da'wah efficacy, particularly among mothers, teenagers, and children. Participants demonstrated heightened enthusiasm towards fostering mosque prosperity, indicative of the impact of art-based religious communication. Notably, the study identifies a notable shift in the religious practices of mothers, with increased engagement in rhythmic recitations of Sholawat accompanied by Hadroh, even among those previously less active in spiritual activities. Furthermore, children exhibit greater receptivity to religious education when delivered through rhythmic or melodic formats, suggesting the potential for innovative approaches to religious instruction. In conclusion, this research underscores the value of incorporating art, particularly Hadroh, in religious communication strategies, particularly within communities facing limited exposure to traditional spiritual practices. By leveraging artistic mediums, such as music and rhythm, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of how to effectively convey religious messages and promote religious engagement among diverse populations.