bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Controlled Current Matching in Polymer Tandem Solar Cells Considering Different Layer Sequences and Optical Spacer
Authors: Wang Zhizhe , Zhang Chunfu , Chen Dazheng , Zhang Jincheng , Feng Qian , Xu Shengrui , Zhou Xiaowei , Hao Yue
Published: November 2012

Considering the current matching of subcells, optimized active layer thicknesses are obtained for structures of indium–tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM)/zinc oxide (ZnO)/PEDOT:PSS/poly[3,6-bis(4'-dodecyl-[2,2']bithiophenyl-5-yl)-2,5-bis(2-ethyl-hexyl)-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-]pyrrole-1,4-dione]:[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (pBBTDPP2:PCBM)/Al (normal) and ITO/PEDOT:PSS/pBBTDPP2:PCBM/ZnO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Al (reverse) by detailed optical simulations. Because of the difference in optical electric field distributions induced by layer sequences and material properties, it is observed that the normal structure shows its superiority in current matching when the active layers are relatively thick. However, the reverse structure is better when the active layers are relatively thin. On the basis of the optimized active layer thicknesses, the influence of the optical spacer on device performance is discussed. The two structures mentioned above and two different spacer positions are considered here. From our results, it is clearly shown that the spacer closer to the cathode works more effectively and the spacer may further improve the matching of subcell current densities for the optimized tandem cell.
Reflections from a senior scholar
Authors: Watson Hugh J.
Published: November 2012

MIS Advisory Boards are a useful way for connecting with the business community. They can provide curriculum advice, assess the importance of emerging trends, provide speakers for classes, provide scholarships for students, participate in research studies, and promote the MIS program. The issues that arise when creating and sustaining a Board include how to get started, whether to have students on the Board, how much to charge for membership dues, how to sustain Board membership, how to make Board meetings interesting, how much work to expect from Board members, and how much to provide in scholarships. Experiences at the University of Georgia are described.
Pure type systems with corecursion on streams
Authors: Severi Paula G. , de Vries Fer-Jan J.
Published: November 2012

In this paper, we use types for ensuring that programs involving streams are well-behaved. We extend pure type systems with a type constructor forstreams, a modal operatornextand a fixed point operator for expressingcorecursion. This extension is calledPure Type Systems with Corecursion(CoPTS). The typed lambda calculus for reactive programs defined by Krishnaswami and Benton can be obtained as a CoPTS. CoPTSs allow us to study a wide range of typed lambda calculi extended with corecursion using only one framework. In particular, we study this extension for the calculus of constructions which is the underlying formal language of Coq. We use the machinery of infinitary rewriting and formalise the idea of well-behaved programs using the concept of infinitary normalisation. The set of finite and infinite terms is defined as a metric completion. We establish a precise connection between the modal operator (•A) and the metric at a syntactic level by relating a variable of type (•A) with the depth of all its occurrences in a term. This syntactic connection between the modal operator and the depth is the key to the proofs of infinitary weak and strong normalisation.
Can a Video Game Make Someone Nice?
Authors: Kapp Karl M.
Published: November 2012

In this article, Karl Kapp questions the effectiveness of games in changing leaner behaviors and attitudes. More precisely, does playing a prosocial game result in a person exhibiting prosocial behavior outside of the game environment? And what does this mean for game design as it relates to learning?
NK Cells in Healthy Aging and Age-Associated Diseases
Authors: Camous Xavier , Pera Alejandra , Solana Rafael , Larbi Anis
Published: November 2012

NK cells exhibit the highest cytotoxic capacity within the immune system. Alteration of their number or functionality may have a deep impact on overall immunity. This is of particular relevance in aging where the elderly population becomes more susceptible to infection, cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases amongst others. As the fraction of elderly increases worldwide, it becomes urgent to better understand the aging of the immune system to prevent and cure the elderly population. For this, a better understanding of the function and phenotype of the different immune cells and their subsets is necessary. We review here NK cell functions and phenotype in healthy aging as well as in various age-associated diseases.
Study on the Optimal Number of Transducers for Pipe Flow Rate Measurement Downstream of a Single Elbow Using the Ultrasonic Velocity Profile Method
Authors: Wada Sanehiro , Tezuka Kenichi , Treenuson Weerachon , Tsuzuki Nobuyushi , Kikura Hiroshige
Published: November 2012

This paper presents a new estimation method to determine the optimal number of transducers using an Ultrasonic Velocity Profile (UVP) for accurate flow rate measurement downstream of a single elbow. Since UVP can measure velocity profiles over a pipe diameter and calculate the flow rate by integrating these velocity profiles, it is also expected to obtain an accurate flow rate using multiple transducers under nondeveloped flow conditions formed downstream of an elbow. The new estimation method employs a wave number of velocity profile fluctuations along a circle on a pipe cross-section using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The optimal number of transducers is estimated based on the sampling theorem. To evaluate this method, a preliminary experiment and numerical simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are conducted. The evaluating regions of velocity profiles are located at 3 times of a pipe diameter () for the experiment, and 1 and for the simulations downstream of an elbow, respectively. Reynolds numbers for the experiment and simulations are set at and , respectively. These results indicate the efficiency of this new method.
Perianal Giant Condyloma Acuminatum—Buschke-Löwenstein Tumor: A Case Report
Authors: Tas Sukru , Arik Muhammet Kasim , Ozkul Faruk , Cikman Oztekin , Akgun Yilmaz
Published: November 2012

Condyloma acuminatum caused by Human Papillomavirus is the most commonly occurring sexually transmitted infection in the anogenital region. Buschke-Löwenstein tumor (BLT) known also as giant condyloma acuminatum is a rare disease. The disease, for which the most important treatment method is the surgical excision, differs from normal condyloma acuminatum cases with its high degree of malignancy. The purpose of this paper is to present the case that reached huge dimensions in the perianal region and that was treated with wide resection in the literature.
A Gene Selection Method for Cancer Classification
Authors: Wang Xiaodong , Tian Jun
Published: November 2012

This paper proposes a method to select a set of genes from a large number of genes with the ability of classifying types of diseases. The proposed gene selection method is designed according to correlation analysis and the concept of 95% reference range. The method is very simple and uses the information of all genes. We have used the method in leukemia patients and achieved good classification results.
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Craniofacial Surgery: Current Techniques, Clinical Experiences, and the Future of Personalized Stem Cell Therapy
Authors: Chenard Kristofer E. , Teven Chad M. , He Tong-Chuan , Reid Russell R.
Published: November 2012

Critical-size osseous defects cannot heal without surgical intervention and can pose a significant challenge to craniofacial reconstruction. Autologous bone grafting is the gold standard for repair but is limited by a donor site morbidity and a potentially inadequate supply of autologous bone. Alternatives to autologous bone grafting include the use of alloplastic and allogenic materials, mesenchymal stem cells, and bone morphogenetic proteins. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are essential mediators of bone formation involved in the regulation of differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into osteoblasts. Here we focus on the use of BMPs in experimental models of craniofacial surgery and clinical applications of BMPs in the reconstruction of the cranial vault, palate, and mandible and suggest a model for the use of BMPs in personalized stem cell therapies.
Estimation of Saturation Flow Rates at Signalized Intersections
Authors: Shao Chang-qiao , Liu Xiao-ming
Published: November 2012

The saturation flow rate is a fundamental parameter to measure the intersection capacity and time the traffic signals. However, it is revealed that traditional methods which are mainly developed using the average value of observed queue discharge headways to estimate the saturation headway might lead to underestimate saturation flow rate. The goal of this paper is to study the stochastic nature of queue discharge headways and to develop a more accurate estimate method for saturation headway and saturation flow rate. Based on the surveyed data, the characteristics of queue discharge headways and the estimation method of saturated flow rate are studied. It is found that the average value of queue discharge headways is greater than the median value and that the skewness of the headways is positive. Normal distribution tests were conducted before and after a log transformation of the headways. The goodness‐of‐fit test showed that for some surveyed sites, the queue discharge headways can be fitted by the normal distribution and for other surveyed sites, the headways can be fitted by lognormal distribution. According to the queue discharge headway characteristics, the median value of queue discharge headways is suggested to estimate the saturation headway and a new method of estimation saturation flow rates is developed.
Synthesis of (±)‐Pisonivanone and Other Analogs as Potent Antituberculosis Agents
Authors: Babu A. Vasu , Rambabu A. , Giriprasad P. V. , Rao R. Surya Chandra , Babu B. Hari
Published: November 2012

A new class of alkylated chalcones and flavanones was synthesised and screened for antituberculosis, antixoidant, and cytotoxic activities. The desired compounds were synthesised using methyl substituted 2‐hydroxyacetophenone as a key intermediate. The acetophenone derivative having methyl substitution was prepared in turn from methtylated phloroglucinol by formylation (by Vilsmeier‐Haack reaction), followed by reduction with Wolf‐Kishnner approach, and finally acetylation was involved. Among 17 compounds, compound 5 and compound 4a inhibited M. tuberculosis at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the range between 25 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL. The remaining other 15 compounds also potently inhibited M. tuberculosis at MIC in range between 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL. Some of these compounds also showed moderate antioxidant and cytotoxic activities.
Communication about Psychotic Symptoms in Long-Term Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Federico M.T. , Priebe S. , Fusco C. , Strapelli N. , Singh R. , McCabe R.
Published: November 2012

Background: Communicating about psychotic symptoms can be challenging. This study aimed to identify (1) how psychiatrists and patients communicate about psychotic symptoms from a research and clinical perspective and (2) whether communication patterns depend on patients' symptom levels. Sampling and Methods: Consultations between 27 psychiatrists and 100 patients with long-term schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder in outpatient clinics were video-recorded, transcribed and coded. Symptoms were assessed on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Avoidance or engagement with psychotic symptoms was coded separately by researchers and three clinical psychiatrists. Results: Psychotic symptoms were not mentioned in 27% of consultations. Patients reported their absence in 34% of consultations and avoided talking about symptoms in 6%. Researchers rated psychiatrists as engaged in talking about psychotic symptoms in 15% of consultations and avoiding talking about them in 18% of consultations. Psychiatrists identified somewhat less avoidance (10%) and more engagement (23%). Psychiatrist avoidance was seen when the patient raised the topic and the psychiatrist gave brief responses and/or changed the topic. When psychiatrists engaged, they asked specific questions about symptoms, responded to patient concerns and provided explanations about symptoms. Psychotic symptoms were more often discussed with patients with more negative and general symptoms. Conclusions: There is considerable variation in whether psychotic symptoms are discussed or not in outpatient consultations. Whether psychiatrists discuss psychotic symptoms is influenced by patients' symptoms; however, not by their psychotic symptoms but rather by the presence of negative and general symptoms. Psychiatrists' ratings of communication identify broadly similar patterns as detailed research analyses.
Impact of Ancestry and Common Genetic Variants on QT Interval in African Americans
Authors: Smith J. Gustav , Avery Christy L. , Evans Daniel S. , Nalls Michael A. , Meng Yan A. , Smith Erin N. , Palmer Cameron , Tanaka Toshiko , Mehra Reena , Butler Anne M. , Young Taylor , Buxbaum Sarah G. , Kerr Kathleen F. , Berenson Gerald S. , Schnabel Renate B. , Li Guo , Ellinor Patrick T. , Magnani Jared W. , Chen Wei , Bis Joshua C. , Curb J. David , Hsueh Wen-Chi , Rotter Jerome I. , Liu Yongmei , Newman Anne B. , Limacher Marian C. , North Kari E. , Reiner Alexander P. , Quibrera P. Miguel , Schork Nicholas J. , Singleton Andrew B. , Psaty Bruce M. , Soliman Elsayed Z. , Solomon Allen J. , Srinivasan Sathanur R. , Alonso Alvaro , Wallace Robert , Redline Susan , Zhang Zhu-Ming , Post Wendy S. , Zonderman Alan B. , Taylor Herman A. , Murray Sarah S. , Ferrucci Luigi , Arking Dan E. , Evans Michele K. , Fox Ervin R. , Sotoodehnia Nona , Heckbert Susan R. , Whitsel Eric A. , Newton-Cheh Christopher
Published: November 2012

Background—

Ethnic differences in cardiac arrhythmia incidence have been reported, with a particularly high incidence of sudden cardiac death and low incidence of atrial fibrillation in individuals of African ancestry. We tested the hypotheses that African ancestry and common genetic variants are associated with prolonged duration of cardiac repolarization, a central pathophysiological determinant of arrhythmia, as measured by the electrocardiographic QT interval.

Methods and Results—

First, individual estimates of African and European ancestry were inferred from genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data in 7 population-based cohorts of African Americans (n=12 097) and regressed on measured QT interval from ECGs. Second, imputation was performed for 2.8 million SNPs, and a genome-wide association study of QT interval was performed in 10 cohorts (n=13 105). There was no evidence of association between genetic ancestry and QT interval (
P
=0.94). Genome-wide significant associations (
P
<2.5×10
–8
) were identified with SNPs at 2 loci, upstream of the genes
NOS1AP
(rs12143842,
P
=2×10
–15
) and
ATP1B1
(rs1320976,
P
=2×10
–10
). The most significant SNP in
NOS1AP
was the same as the strongest SNP previously associated with QT interval in individuals of European ancestry. Low probability values (
P
<10
–5
) were observed for SNPs at several other loci previously identified in genome-wide association studies in individuals of European ancestry, including
KCNQ1
,
KCNH2
,
LITAF
, and
PLN
.

Conclusions—

We observed no difference in duration of cardiac repolarization with global genetic indices of African American ancestry. In addition, our genome-wide association study extends the association of polymorphisms at several loci associated with repolarization in individuals of European ancestry to include individuals of African ancestry.
Blending into the Religious Landscape: The Yoginīs in Benares
Authors: Keul István
Published: November 2012

Abstract

This study looks at the past and present of Yoginī worship in Benares (Vārāṇasī, Kāśī). Textual sources from the twelfth century seem to indicate that the important religious center on the Ganges had a hypaethral sanctuary dedicated to this group of tantric goddesses at the beginning of the second millennium. The somewhat later Kāśīkhaṇḍa, the most important hymnic text on the mythology and religious topography of the city, can be read as describing and at the same time facilitating the gradual blending of an esoteric cult into the broader religious stream of an urban, devotionalized Śāktism. The second part of the study takes a closer look at the Cauṃsaṭhī Devī temple, the main site connected with Yoginī worship in contemporary Benares. Finally, three other places are described that local (traditional) scholars, in their publications, have indicated as Yoginī-related sites.
From Judah to Jamaica: The Psalms in Rastafari Reggae
Authors: Thompson Joseph
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Rastafari reggae bears a profound but problematic relation to the Judeo-Christian biblical texts, particularly the Psalms. Involving multiple religious and cultural transmissions, orders of intertextuality, the adaptation of Judaic psalms into reggae songs clearly constitutes some form of appropriation, an act of reinterpretation that has religious, political, cultural, and ethnic implications. This analysis aims to reconcile conflicting narratives explicating this relation and reinterpretation, approving the creative adaptation of biblical texts while resisting a trend in some of the prominent Rastafari scholarship to diminish or denigrate the Judaic experience out of which those texts originate. Rather than a form of “hijacking”—a favored metaphor in the recent secondary literature—the appropriation and transformation of the Psalms into Rastafari reggae is better understood as a tribute to the enduring power, relevance, and appeal of the biblical texts. The two forms of religious art enrich and reinforce one another, representing original and ongoing traditions of words and music as revolutionary cultural resistance and spiritual empowerment.
Distribution and abundance of the pelagic processid, Processa pippinae Wicksten & Méndez, 1985 (Decapoda, Caridea, Processidae), collected during the TALUD XIV cruise in the Gulf of California, Mexico, and description of a new genus
Authors: Hendrickx Michel E.
Published: November 2012

The pelagic processid, Processa pippinae Wicksten & Méndez, 1985, has been reported previously as an endemic species in the northern Gulf of California, Mexico. Additional material collected accidentally in a benthic sledge and with a mid-water micronecton net is reported, including a series of small-sized specimens (CL 2.2 mm). The shape of the laterally compressed rostrum of this species varies considerably with size and among adult specimens. Based on several morphological characteristics of P. pippinae, a new genus, Maryprocessa, is proposed. Several unique characteristics separate Maryprocessa new genus from the other five genera of Processidae, including the laterally compressed rostrum overreaching the cornea, unique among the Processidae, the extraordinary long antennal and antennular flagella, the posterior lobe on the dorsal margin of the third abdominal somite, and the long, acute pair of spines on the posterior margin of the sixth abdominal somite.
Seasonal variations in the length of zooplankton related to certain physicochemical variables in two freshwater reservoirs
Authors: Bozkurt Ahmet , Çelik Kemal , Sevindik Tuğba Ongun
Published: November 2012

Seasonal variations in the body length of zooplankton were studied in relation to water temperature, nitrate (NO3), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total chlorophyll, Secchi disk depth, pH, conductivity, and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in a mesotrophic (Ikizcetepeler) and a eutrophic (Çaygören) reservoir from February 2007 to March 2008. During the study, the body lengths of a total of 7590 zooplankton specimens (1110 rotifers, 3270 cladocerans, and 3210 copepods) were measured. The length of the majority of the species was significantly smaller in summer than in winter, fall, and spring, including that of the most dominant species, Asplanchna priodonta, Daphnia galeata, Daphnia longispina, Diaphanosoma brachyurum, Bosmina longirostris, Leptodora kindtii, Ceriodaphnia pulchella, Cyclops vicinus, Metacyclops gracilis, and Acanthocyclops robustus (F > 5, ). Correspondence analysis (CA) showed that the body length of the zooplankton studied was inversely related to water temperature, whereas it was positively related to ORP and pH. The results of our study suggest that, although nutrients (NO3 and SRP) apparently have an effect on zooplankton body length only in the mesotrophic reservoir, temperature influences the body length in both the mesotrophic and the eutrophic reservoir.
Living with Heterogeneity
Authors: Guss Jason , Siroky David S.
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Short of partition, many scholars hold that consociational arrangements are the most effective democratic institutional mechanisms to manage ethnic differences and maintain peace in nations and groups recently engaged in violent ethnic conflict. Many countries have implemented consociational arrangements to redress identity-based conflicts over recognition and resources, but the empirical record is mixed at best. Restoring moderate politics and democratic order in ethnically divided societies after war is difficult. Consociationalism, however, is usually not the best or the only option. Consociationalism fails as a viable post-conflict political system, we argue, because it tends to reinforce centrifugal politics and to reify identity-based cleavages. The implementation of centripetal social and institutional reforms, which foster political and economic incentives for communities to reintegrate refugees, diversify existing populations, and engage in coalition politics, is more likely to restore moderation and minimize the risk of renewed ethnic violence. We explore these arguments using the critical case of Bosnia, drawing on examples from other parts of the world that have faced similar challenges. We argue that efforts to balance majority rule and the rights of the constituent peoples in Bosnia have created an unwieldy power-sharing architecture that satisfies none of the parties and is unable to govern. Post-war and deeply divided democracies, such as Bosnia, require reforms that move towards a centripetal, incentives-based approach to institutional design.
Decentering Rushdie: Cosmopolitanism and the Indian Novel in English, Pranav Jani, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2010
Authors: Stasi Paul
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Decentering Rushdie argues that postcolonial studies has consistently underestimated the investment of the English-language Indian novel in the nation by focusing on a handful of texts that conform to Western assumptions about the bankruptcy of the postcolonial nation-state. Taking Salman Rushdie’s work as the sign of a presumed homology between postcolonialism and a postmodern distrust of totality, Jani demonstrates that his novels are hardly representative of the range of Indian writing in English. Instead, in a series of expert readings of less well-known texts, he demonstrates the commitment to the decolonising project that exists even within the inevitably cosmopolitan worldview of Indians writing in a colonial language. Situating his work within foundational debates in postcolonial studies, this review demonstrates the fresh light he sheds on the vexed relations among historical location, political ideology and literary form.
Taming the Spirit
Authors: Tyson Paul G.
Published: November 2012

Abstract

This article explores connections between the decline of prophecy and the evolution of a monarchic mono-episcopate ecclesiological structure in the early Catholic Church. Of particularly interest in this evolution is the attempt to institutionalize the Holy Spirit within the post-apostolic ecclesial structure. This article argues that the Spirit of God is not governed by institutional necessity. Indeed, the freedom and resulting dynamism of the Spirit seems to require a light institutional structure and a radical power inverted vision of church such as seen in the Pauline churches. Hence this article argues that something like a Pauline ecclesiology is needed if the church is to practice an apostolic pneumatology.
Invasive bullfrogs as predators in a Neotropical assemblage: What frog species do they eat?
Authors: Boelter Ruben A. , Kaefer Igor L. , Both Camila , Cechin Sonia
Published: November 2012

Anurans are important prey for the American bullfrogLithobates catesbeianus, but field assessments of its diet in the context of a local prey assemblage are lacking. We aimed to identify the frog species consumed by an invasive bullfrog population in subtropical South America, and to assess their relative importance among other types of prey. Characterization of the frog assemblage in the study area also allowed us to calculate the degree of electivity of the recorded anuran prey, in order to gain insight regarding bullfrog feeding preferences and to test if the bullfrog prey composition differed from a random sample of the assemblage. A total of 32.6% of the bullfrogs had at least one anuran in the stomach contents, and post-metamorphic anurans represented 49.1% of the relative prey importance for adult bullfrogs. Anurans were preyed on by all size classes, and constituted the volumetrically most important prey category in the diet of individuals heavier than 100 g. Cycloramphidae, Hylidae and Leiuperidae were positively selected, andHypsiboas pulchellusandPhysalaemus cuvieriwere the species most often taken. We found a low occurrence of cannibalism, despite the high density of bullfrogs at the study site. Our results showed that the degree of electivity differed among bullfrog prey types, suggesting that some frog species may be preyed on in a higher proportion than their relative abundance in the assemblage. Testing the clues provided by this assemblage-level approach may lead to a better assessment of the interactions between bullfrogs and the native frog fauna.
Multiple Religious and Secular Definitions of Secular Adolescents in Israel
Authors: Gross Zehavit
Published: November 2012

Abstract

This study explores the validity of a novel theoretical model for assessing secularity and religiosity that proposes two dimensions — conceptual and inherited — in an effort to further refine the religious/secular dichotomy applied in research to date. These new dimensions describe the manner in which people structure their world, religious or secular world as the case may be, and the significance they ascribe to it. The study, conducted among grade 12 students (N=100) in state (secular) schools in Israel, revealed that only five of the eight types in the theoretical model are manifested empirically: three secular (conceptual, inherited and integrative) and two religious (conceptual and inherited). It posits that the concepts “religious” and “secular” are comprehensive and cannot fully describe the complexity of an individual’s self- and public definition in a modern, pluralistic world.
A Brand New Definition for the Crime of Aggression: The Kampala Outcome
Authors: Mancini Marina
Published: November 2012

At the first Review Conference of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which was held in Kampala in 2010, the negotiations on the crime of aggression resulted in a complex package, at the core of which are the definition of the crime and the conditions for the exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction over it. This article examines the definition of the crime of aggression, as enshrined in the new Article 8 bis, considering the various parts of that package as well as the existing practice and case law. On the basis of this analysis, it evaluates the relevance of the Kampala definition to the evolution of customary international law.
Restorative Justice and Transitional Justice at the ECHR
Authors: Sweeney James A.
Published: November 2012

The entire jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights contains just one reference to ‘restorative justice’, in the 2010 case of Đokić v. Bosnia and Herzegovina. The case concerned housing restitution after the conflict in former Yugoslavia and the reference to restorative justice was a quotation from the UN’s ‘Pinheiro Principles’. In its admissibility decision on 31 May 2011 in the case of Sfountouris and Others v. Germany, the European Court of Human Rights confirmed that the Convention imposes upon Contracting States no specific obligation to redress injustice or damage caused by their predecessor. Likewise, the Convention imposes no duty upon states to restore property which was transferred to them before they ratified the Convention (Kopecky v. Slovakia), or even to establish legal procedures in which restitution of property may be sought (Beshiri v. Albania). Yet restorative justice has real potential in transitional contexts, and means far more than property restitution. This article seeks definitional clarity and tracks the relationship between restorative justice and transitional justice in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, encompassing not only property restitution cases but also cases on successor trials, amnesties, truth and memorialisation, and lustration. The analysis draws upon recent scholarship on the sometimes antagonistic relationship between successor regimes’ transitional justice policies and their human rights obligations.
The Contribution of the Use of English in Africa to Dependency in Mission and Development
Authors: Harries Jim
Published: November 2012

Abstract

This article looks at the use of English in mission in the Third World, especially Africa. The original attempt to limit the spread of English in British colonies has failed. The West’s perception that use of its languages internationally does away with troublesome cultural differences is shown to be deceptive; African nations’ governing themselves using English are troubled by dependency, incompetence and corruption of their people and institutions. The attraction to African nations of the use of English in formal contexts ignores its negative consequences, including creation of dependency. Unfamiliar categories in English undermine native sensibilities, while implicitly suggesting that native-English speaking nations hold the key to African prosperity. The church — a body that serves primarily neither political nor economic interests — could lead the way to empowering the ‘poor’ in Africa by encouraging the use of indigenous languages.
Migration, Religious Diasporas, and Religious Diversity: A Global Survey
Authors: Johnson Todd M. , Bellofatto Gina A.
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Vast efforts are put into the collection of statistics in every country of the world relating to religious adherence. Quantitative tools in the context of demography – births, deaths, conversions, defections, immigration, and emigration – provide a comprehensive view of demographic changes in religious diasporas, which are created by the migration of people worldwide. Utilizing the taxonomies of religions and peoples from theWorld Christian Database(WCD) andWorld Religion Database(WRD), a preliminary examination of religious diasporas shows 859 million people (12.5% of the world’s population) from 327 peoples in diasporas around the world. The continuing trend of religious migration around the world is both increasing and intensifying religious diversity, especially in the former Christian West. This paper outlines some key issues relating to religious diversity in the twenty-first century and how the movement of peoples worldwide contributes to those issues.
A Roman Catholic Understanding of Ecumenical Dialogue
Authors: PUTNEY MICHAEL
Published: November 2012

 ABSTRACT
The Decree on Ecumenism and subsequent ecumenical documents indicate a growing commitment to ecumenical dialogue in the Catholic Church. Given the ecclesiology of communion of the Second Vatican Council and foundational ecumenical texts in St John's Gospel, it would be impossible for the Roman Catholic Church to be faithful to Christ if it were not engaged in dialogue with other Christian communions. Such dialogue is necessary for its own self-realization. Only through dialogue will it hear the call to conversion and receive the gifts that only other Christians can offer. for the Catholic Church to cease to be involved in ecumenical dialogue would be not just a moral failure, but an ecclesiological breakdown.
19TH CENTURY SPECTROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS IN ITALIAN ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES
Authors: CHINNICI ILEANA
Published: November 2012

title RIASSUNTO /title Questo paper esamina l'attivit di ricerca condotta in Italia nella seconda met del XIX secolo nel campo della nascente astrofisica, soffermandosi sugli strumenti allora utilizzati dai principali esponenti di questa disciplina e sui costruttori italiani di strumenti spettroscopici. Si tenta quindi di dare una spiegazione della debolezza dell'industria italiana in questo settore che si inquadra nella crisi generale del settore degli strumenti scientifici nel XIX secolo in Italia.
PER UN ARCHIVIO DELLA CORRISPONDENZA DEGLI SCIENZIATI ITALIANI
Authors: CARBONE LUCIANO , PALLADINO FRANCO , GATTO ROMANO
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title Federico Amodeo (1859-1946) was a mathematician and a historian of the mathematical sciences. As a mathematician he was "libero docente" at the University of Naples. His interests extended from projective to algebric geometry and his mathematical research was carried out for the most part from the mid-1880s until the end of the nineteenth century. As a historian he was active from the first years of the twentieth century until his death. In this capacity he was interested in mathematics, mathematicians and institutions in the Kingdom of Naples (later the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, from 1815), and also in the historical development of analytical and projective geometry and the history of conic sections. He held the chair in History of Mathematics in the University of Naples from 1905 until 1910, the year in which the chair was suppressed. Nonetheless he continued to teach this subject as a "libero docente" until 1923. Here we present the list of more than 1.300 writings, constituting his Correspondence, amongst which the letters of Castelnuovo, Pascal, Peano, Segre and Achille Sannia are of particular significance. We also present the complete list of his publications, reconstructed thanks to the consultation of incomplete printed bibliographies and a manuscript list.
ALCUNE LETTERE GIOVANILI DI B. DE FINETTI ALLA MADRE
Authors: DE FINETTI FULVIA
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title In the present paper six letters by B. de Finetti addressed to his mother E. Menestrina before and after his university degree are examined.
REPERTORIO DEI COSTRUTTORI ITALIANI DI STRUMENTI SCIENTIFICI
Authors: LUALDI ALBERTO
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title A biographical inventory of Italian scientific instrument makers has been conducted through extensive research in public and private collections throughout the world. The time-span is comprised between the 16th and the 18th centuries for each maker information about his signed and dated instruments, categories, collections and references has been given. As the first attempt of a listing of Italian makers, it must be considered as a work in progress. In a short time the text will be transfered on Internet to allow new additions and the corrections brought by the continuation of research.
I PRIMI CONTATTI FRA MAUROLICO E CLAVIO: UNA NUOVA EDIZIONE DELLA LETTERA DI FRANCESCO MAUROLICO A FRANCISCO BORGIA
Authors: D'ALESSANDRO PAOLO , NAPOLITANI PIER DANIELE
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title We provide here a new edition of the letter adressed by the mathematician Francesco Maurolico (1494-1575) to Francisco Borgia, general of the Society of Jesus. This allow us to demonstrate that the relationship between Maurolico and Christoph Clavius did not begin before July 1569. The previously known evidence and texts supported different hypotheses and conjectures.
LE CARTE DI ANGELO SECCHI S. J. (1818-1878) CONSERVATE PRESSO LA PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIT GREGORIANA. UN INVENTARIO INEDITO RIVISITATO
Authors: CHINNICI ILEANA , GRAMATOWSKI WIKTOR
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title The main archival documents on the life and the activity of Angelo Secchi S. J. are kept in the archive of the P. Universit Gregoriana in Rome. The enormous and varied collection of documents is an important source which appears to be crucial for the real understanding and evaluation of the work and the personality of Secchi as well as of the complex political and cultural context of his time. A brief introduction containing some biographical notes on Secchi and a description of the collection is followed by the complete inventory of the documents.
AN APPEALING CASE OF SPECTRA: PHOTOGRAPHS ON DISPLAY AT THE ROYAL SOCIETY, LONDON 1891
Authors: GAMBLE SUSAN
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title This essay compares the visual appearance and reception of two differing exhibits of spectroscopic data at the Royal Society's Conversazione of 1891; it is speculative in that there is no photographic record of the objects that were displayed. The authors Gabriel Lippmann (1845-1921) and Charles Piazzi Smyth (1819-1900) represent two different approaches both to astrophysics and photography current at the end of the nineteenth-century. I examine the importance of spectra as 'scientific' and aesthetic images. In particular, I explore how Gabriel Lippmann used the image of a spectrum to promote his invention of an instant 'interference' colour photography to a scientific milieu as well as a popular audience - eventually winning a Nobel Prize for this process in 1908.
TWO NEW ATTRIBUTIONS: A REFRACTIVE DIAL OF GUIDOBALDO DEL MONTE AND THE ROVERINO COMPASS OF FABRIZIO MORDENTE
Authors: CAMEROTA FILIPPO
Published: November 2012

title RIASSUNTO /title In questo articolo si propongono due nuove attribuzioni riguardanti due strumenti legati dalla comune provenienza urbinate, e precisamente dalla bottega del noto costruttore di strumenti scientifici Simone Barocci. Entrambi sono descritti da Muzio Oddi che offre la testimonianza decisiva per la loro attribuzione. Il primo un raro orologio a rifrazione conservato al Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze, documentato nella collezione medicea fin dal 1574 e identificabile con quello che Oddi afferma essere stato fatto costruire ad Urbino nel 1572 da Guidobaldo del Monte. Il secondo un compasso di proporzione conservato al Museo Correr di Venezia, in tutto corrispondente alla descrizione di un compasso che Oddi dice costruito da Simone Barocci per ordine di Fabrizio Mordente intorno al 1570. Quest'ultimo la prima versione del noto compasso che Mordente divulgher negli anni successivi attraverso i suoi trattati.
THE DIOPTRICS OF REFRACTIVE DIALS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: DUPRE SVEN
Published: November 2012

title RIASSUNTO /title Questo articolo tratta di un particolare tipo di strumenti ottici, gli orologi a rifrazione costruiti nel secolo XVI, collocandoli nel contesto delle conoscenze ottiche contemporanee. Verranno affrontate in primo luogo le propriet delle meridiane a rifrazione e la loro introduzione nel XVI secolo a opera del costruttore di strumenti tedesco Georg Hartmann. Si mostrer poi il modo in cui questi orologi a rifrazione venivano costruiti nel '500. Attraverso l'analisi delle note di Ettore Ausonio, il presente saggio sostiene che la procedura utilizzata dai disegnatori di strumenti del XVI secolo per la realizzazione di orologi a rifrazione si fondava sulle conoscenze della rifrazione contemporanee.
L'ONERE DELLA PROVA. IL SANT'UFFIZIO, L'ATOMISMO E I MEDICI ROMANI*
Authors: DONATO MARIA PIA
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title The essay aims at addressing the debates on corpuscular theories in Rome within the context of the political and religious tensions of the late 17th century. Documents in the archives of the Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede allow us to outline the changing attitudes of the Church of Rome towards atomistic philosophy and to highlight the factional clashes within Roman institutions on the issue. These dynamics gave way to the Congresso Medico Romano of G. Brasavola and G.M. Lancisi, an academy which soon became the promoting agent of an eclectic corpuscular medicine. The Holy Office put the success of the moderns into question in 1690, after Alexander VIII had come to the throne. The attack was part of a general repression of atomism (also in Naples and Florence) but also of quietism and freethinking. Despite the crisis, the moderns were able to bind their corpuscularism to a strictly defined epistemological model. In the frame of the contemporary biomedical sciences, questions on the ultimate nature of atoms could be abandoned without dismissing the corpuscular theory and practice of medicine.
PER UN ARCHIVIO DELLA CORRISPONDENZA DEGLI SCIENZIATI ITALIANI
Authors: MESCHIARI ALBERTO
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title William Henry Fox Talbot, pioneer of photography and discoverer of the negative-positive method, was in intermittent correspondence with Giovanni Battista Amici from 1822 to 1844. His original letters, kept by the Biblioteca Estense in Modena together with Amici's copies, are published here completely for the first time.
ATOMS IN FRENCH CHEMISTRY TEXTBOOKS DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY:
Authors: BELMAR ANTONIO GARCA , BERTOMEU SNCHEZ JOS RAMN
Published: November 2012

title RIASSUNTO /title Gli ELMENS DE CHIMIE medicale di Mateu Orfila i Rotger (1787-1853) costituiscono una eccellente fonte storica per lo studio dell'ascesa e caduta della teoria atomica nella Francia della prima met dell'ottocento. Il libro fu ristampato otto volte fra il 1817 e il 1851; inoltre parecchie versioni ridotte furono pubblicate in inglese, spagnolo, tedesco, italiano e olandese. Vogliamo analizzare in primo luogo come la teoria atomica fu ricevuta dai libri di testo francesi appartenenti alle prime due decadi dell'ottocento. Gli atomi furono visti dagli autori francesi come strumenti pratici e non come novit teoriche. Vedremo come ci occorre nelle prime edizione dei libri di testo di Orfila e Thenard. Alla fine del 1820 nuovi metodi per il calcolo di pesi atomici furono introdotti nei libri di testo, insieme alle formule di Berzelius. Vedremo come la teoria atomica raggiunge il suo punto culminante nei libri di Orfila e Thenard tra le edizioni del 1827 e 1835. Per ultimo discuteremo perch Orfila cancell i pesi atomici della settima edizione del suo libro pubblicato nel 1843. Analizzeremo i suoi argomenti epistemologici, la sua visione della differenza fra atomi ed equivalenti, i suoi interessi per la chimica vegetale e animale e le costrizioni istituzionali (programmi ufficiali) per quello che si riferisce alla teoria atomica. Non si pu ridurre ad un solo motivo la reazione di Orfila rispetto alla teoria atomica nella decade del 1840. Lui scelse una posizione particolare fra le varie prese in quegli anni dagli autori francesi di libri di testo
SUL RITROVAMENTO DI UN CARTEGGIO SCIENTIFICO DI EMANUELE FERGOLA
Authors: CIRELLA EMILIA OLOSTRO , LISA IODICE , GATTO ROMANO
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title This is a short note to announce the discovery of about 150 letters which form part of Emanuele Fergola's correspondence. Formerly in the possession of a relative, Signor Francesco Luccio, they will be added to the already sizeable collection of correspondence conserved in the Historical Archive of the Capodimonte Astronomical observatory of which Fergola was director from 1889 until 1909. A complete inventory of the letters is provided.
THE MEDIEVAL HEBREW AND ITALIAN VERSIONS OF IBN MU'DH'S ON TWILIGHT AND THE RISING OF CLOUDS
Authors: GOLDSTEIN BERNARD R. , SMITH A. MARK
Published: November 2012

title RIASSUNTO /title Il breve trattato di Ibn Mu'dh, scienziato arabo spagnolo dell'undicesimo secolo, presenta un metodo singolare per determinare l'altezza dell'atmosfera. L'originale arabo perduto, ma il testo conservato in tre versioni medievali. Due di esse sono tradotte direttamente dall'arabo: una versione latina del tardo dodicesimo secolo attribuibile a Gerardo da Cremona, e una traduzione ebraica di Samuel ben Judah di Marsiglia, redatta nel quattordicesimo secolo. La terza una versione italiana anonima, tradotta dal latino, conservata soltanto in un manoscritto del Trecento. Qui vengono pubblicate le versioni ebraica e italiana.
IL DECLINO DELLA DOTTRINA DEL BLASTEMA
Authors: PARETI GERMANA
Published: November 2012

 SUMMARY
In the 1850s the German rejection of the Schwannian cell-blastema theory relating to cytogenesis implies a re-examination of the common features of new-formations (tumors, cancroids, tubercles) made up of an intermixture of imperfectly formed cells, nuclei and exudates. But the belief that amorphous blastema played no role in the genesis of cells involves the critical analysis objected by R. Virchow to humoral pathology and the discussion of the conceptual error of «ontologizing», i.e. conceiving diseases as distinct entities. Virchow's anticontagionist attack is a feature of this antiontological opposition. In this attitude we can see the transition from the classificatory, natural-historical and genetic principles. The conclusive discussion of the recent interpretations of Virchow's cellular pathology shows the historiographic attitude to change from mechanism to neovitalism in biological theory. This interpretation must not ignore that in the study of tumors Virchow was always in search of a biochemical theory.
RICOSTRUIRE LA BIBLIOTECA DI UNO SCIENZIATO: IL CASO DI A. M. LORGNA
Authors: FARINELLA CALOGERO
Published: November 2012

 SUMMARY
Starting from the recent publication of the mathematician and chemist Anton Maria Lorgna's private library inventory, this paper analyses in detail its peculiarities. Through the analysis of the manuscript correspondence between Lorgna and the Paduan book-seller Carlo Scapin and his Italian and European friends, the A. examines how the library developed. He underlines that the existence of particular groups of books is to be connected with Lorgna's interest in peculiar researches, as it is confirmed by his manuscripts on those arguments kept in the Public Library of Verona.
CATALOGHI DI STRUMENTI SCIENTIFICI NELLA BIBLIOTECA DELL'OSSERVATORIO ASTRONOMICO DI PALERMO*
Authors: FODERÁ GIORGIA , MARTINES FRANCESCA , RANDAZZO DONATELLA
Published: November 2012

 SUMMARY
The present catalogue includes the descriptions of 147 trade publications, dealing with scientific instruments, belonging to the Library of the Palermo Astronomical Observatory. This collection is a rather conspicuous one, especially if one considers the traditionally «ephemeral» nature of such material. A number of catalogues (73) were published before 1915, while the remaining span up to 1972. For consistency with the Handlist of Scientific Instrument-Makers Trade Catalogues, 1600-1914 published in 1990 by R. G. W. Anderson, J. Burnett, B. Gee, of which the present catalogue is meant to be an addendum, we have followed the same temporal partition. Items are listed in alphabetical order by makers' name, and in within publications by the same maker, in chronological order. Descriptions follow the ISBD rules, i.e. they are divided into a sequence of areas, separated by conventional punctuation. Every effort has been made to give publications dates, even though these are sometimes approximative, being desumed from information internal to the text.