bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Species abundance, distribution and diversity in time and space after centuries of botanical collecting in the Guianas
Authors: Haripersaud Padmattie , Steege Hans ter , Granville Jean-Jacques de , Chevillotte Hervé , Hoff Michel
Published: February 2019

For centuries, botanists have collected plant specimens across the Guianas (Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana). In this paper, we describe the construction of a comprehensive angiosperm specimen database for the Guianas and examine: (1) the historical accumulation of species and specimens; (2) the pattern of geographical expansion of collecting efforts; (3) the distribution of specimen records among families, genera, species, growth forms and countries. The cleaned database contained 168,487 specimen records belonging to 7146 species. The specimen records showed uneven distribution among families, genera, species, growth forms and countries. Although there was some species overlap between and among countries, unique species were collected in each country. Despite the high collecting efforts, many areas still remain under–collected.
The conservation of Acacia with A. penninervis as conserved type
Authors: McNeill John , Turland Nicholas J.
Published: February 2019

The suggestion that the procedure by which the Nomenclature Section of the XVII International Botanical Congress in Vienna in 2005 approved the conservation of the name Acacia with A. penninervis as conserved type was “invalid” and that as a result the conservation proposal was not approved by that Congress is demonstrated to be false. The corollary suggestion that the inclusion of Acacia as a conserved name in the Vienna Code might be questioned at the next Congress when that Code is proposed for ratification is consequently untenable and contrary to Art. 14.8 of the ICBN. An alternative procedure for those who feel that retaining A. penninervis as the type of Acacia will lead to disadvantageous nomenclatural changes is outlined. The authors acknowledge that the process for handling recommendations on conservation, especially by the Nomenclature Section, requires both clarification and improvement and they commit the Bureau of Nomenclature for the XVIII IBC to address this in co–operation with the General Committee and other interested parties.
A point of view on Article 30.5. of the Vienna Code concerning effective publication of theses
Authors: Teppner Herwig
Published: February 2019

The retroactive Art. 30.5 in the Vienna Code published in 2006 is discussed with respect to “internal evidence” for the intention of achieving effective publication. In the case of retroactive application of this article, the consideration of “external evidence” is also proposed.
Evolution and biogeography of alpine apomictic plants
Authors: Hörandl Elvira
Published: February 2019

Asexual organisms often occupy larger and more northern distribution areas than their sexual relatives, and tend to colonize more frequently previously glaciated areas. These phenomena, summarized under the term "geographical partheno ‐ genesis", seem to imply a short‐term advantage of asexual reproduction. Alpine biota, for instance, with their short growing seasons, cold climates and climatic histories shaped by glaciations are predisposed for the evolution and spread of apomictic plants. However, patterns and causes of geographical parthenogenesis for alpine species remain elusive, and for many alpine taxa the mode of reproduction is only poorly characterized. A survey of apomictic species in the European Alps presents some examples and case studies on geographical parthenogenesis. The distribution pattern may be explained by better colonizing abilities of asexual organisms because of uniparental reproduction. Apomixis has been advantageous for re‐colonization of the Alps after the retreat of glaciers, because of their ability to rapidly found populations via single individuals (Baker's Law). Asexual organisms also may perform better in diverse and narrow ecological niches. The distributional superiority of asexuals has also been attributed to indirect advantages of hybridity and/or polyploidy. Sexual hybrids or polyploids, however, when compared to sexual diploid progenitors, do not show patterns of geographical parthenogenesis. However, in the Alps, climatic oscillations may have triggered range fluctuations of species and breakdown of crossing barriers. Interspecific hybridization and polyploidy may have spurred recurrent origins of asexuality, while decreasing the fitness of sexual progenitor species. Biogeographical history in combination with the intrinsic advantages of apomixis may explain best the relative success of alpine apomictic plants.
Gentianella (Gentianaceae): A model taxon for evolution in the Alps
Authors: Greimler Josef , Park Jeong-Mi , Schneeweiss Hanna
Published: February 2019

Most taxa of European Gentianella sect. Gentianella are members of the group of Gentianella germanica, which is represented with 11 of its 15 taxa in the Alps. However, due to often minor morphological differentiation many of these taxa are lumped into informal aggregates. We give here an overview on taxonomy, distribution, and regional patterns in groups of closely related taxa and discuss evolutionary scenarios essentially based on morphological and AFLP evidence from earlier studies and new cpDNA RFLP data. Pleistocene climatic oscillations have obviously driven evolution in this group and have favoured cryptic speciation in G. germanica agg. resulting in the two widespread taxaG. germanica and G. rhaetica that may have come in secondary contact after the last glaciation in the western Alps. Other regional and local endemics from G. anisodonta agg. such as G. engadinensis and G. liburnica may represent peripheral isolates of G. anisodonta separated from this taxon by peripatric or parapatric speciation. There is also evidence for complex scenarios of introgression and reticulate evolution among G. rhaetica, G. obtusifolia, and G. austriaca in the eastern Alps. Such reticulate patterns and/or ancient polymorphism towards southjournalTitleeastern Europe may be the reason for unclear relationships within G. austriaca agg. and its relation to other taxa.
Biosystematic study of the diploid‐polyploid Pilosella alpicola group with variation in breeding system: Patterns and processes
Authors: Šingliarová Barbora , Hodálová Iva , Mráz Patrik
Published: February 2019

Members of the Pilosella alpicola species group (Asteraceae) are distributed throughout the alpine region of the European mountains (Alps, Carpathians, Balkan mountains). Like other Pilosella species groups (Hieracium subg. Pilosella), the taxonomy and species' relationships are poorly understood mostly due to widespread facultative apomixis, frequent hybridization and polyploidization—the most important phenomena substantially involved in the evolutionary history of the genus. We assessed morphology, ploidy level, variation in breeding system and molecular variation within the P. alpicola group to provide a new taxonomic concept and to clarify evolutionary relationships among species and origin of polyploids. Multivariate morphometric analyses (UPGMA, CDA, PCA) applied on 324 plants originated from 21 populations revealed existence of four well‐separated clusters corresponding to four allopatric taxa: P. alpicola s. str. (Alps), P. rhodopea (Balkan Peninsula, Southern Carpathians), P. serbica (Serbia and Montenegro) and P. ullepitschii (Carpathians). In total, four ploidy levels (2x, 3x, 4x, 5x) were detected among 557 plants analysed from 19 populations by classical chromosome counting and flow cytometric analysis. The tetra‐ and pentaploids of P. alpicola s. str. have an allopatric distribution (Wallis Alps vs. Dolomites, respectively). Four ploidy levels with complex cytogeographic pattern and high frequency of mixed ploidy populations (75%) indicating a primary contact zone were recorded in P. rhodopea. Pilosella ullepitschii and P. serbica are exclusively diploid and are both sexually reproducing. In spite of a clear morphological separation, a molecular analysis (ITS and cpDNA sequences) suggests close relationships and rather recent origin of all studied taxa, except P. alpicola s. str. The latter taxon is an agamospermic allopolyploid that likely originated polytopi cally from a hybridization between P. rhodopea from the Balkans and P. glacialis from the Alps. In contrast to P. alpicola s. str., our data strongly support an autopolyploid origin of P. rhodopea polyploids which reproduced strictly sexually. Pilosella petraea, sometimes treated as a member of the P. alpicola group, differs from the remaining taxa by its conspicuous morphology, ecology and ITS polymorphism and should be removed from the group. Range shifts and extinctions were likely involved in shaping the evolutionary and modern distributional pattern of the group. Our combined methodological approach enabled us to propose a new taxonomic circumscription for the P. alpicola group and revealed auto‐ and allopolyploidization events.
An updated phylogeny and classification of Lamiaceae subfamily Lamioideae
Authors: Bendiksby Mika , Thorbek Lisbeth , Scheen Anne-Cathrine , Lindqvist Charlotte , Ryding Olof
Published: February 2019

Lamioideae comprise the second‐largest subfamily in Lamiaceae. Although considerable progress has recently been made in Lamioideae phylogenetics, the subfamily remains one of the most poorly investigated subfamilies in Lamiaceae. Here we present a taxonomic update of the subfamily based on earlier published data as well as 71 new DNA extracts from relevant in‐ and outgroup taxa, and DNA sequence data from four chloroplast regions (matK, rps16, trnL intron and trnL‐F spacer). The phylogenetic positions of 10 out of 13 previously unplaced small or monotypic Asian lamioid genera and 37 additional lamioid species have been identified, and the classification is updated accordingly. Results from parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic methods corroborate earlier results, but phylogenetic resolution as well as overall branch support are improved. All newly added genera are assigned to earlier established tribes or the new tribe Paraphlomideae Bendiksby, which includes Ajugoides, Matsumurella and Paraphlomis. Acanthoprasium is resurrected as a genus. Transfer of species is proposed to ac ‐ commodate the monophyly of two genera (Lamium, Otostegia), whereas ten genera remain non‐monophyletic (Ballota s. str., Lagopsis, Leonotis, Leonurus, Leucas, Microtoena, Phlomoides, Sideritis, Stachys, Thuspeinanta). Eriophyton and Stachyopsis have been included in Lamieae, Hypogomphia in Stachydeae, and Loxocalyx in Leonureae. Betonica, Colquhounia, Galeopsis, and Roylea remain unclassified at the tribal level. Lamium chinense and three East Asian Galeobdolon species are transferred to Matsumurella. Sulaimania and four Otostegia species are transferred to Moluccella . Alajja and three Lamium species are transferred to Eriophyton. In total, 14 new combinations are made, one at the rank of subgenus and 13 at the rank of species.
Evolution of the central Mediterranean Centaurea cineraria group (Asteraceae): Evidence for relatively recent, allopatric diversification following transoceanic seed dispersal
Authors: Hilpold Andreas , Schönswetter Peter , Susanna Alfonso , Garcia-Jacas Núria , Vilatersana Roser
Published: February 2019

We explored the spatiotemporal diversification of the Centaurea cineraria group based on AFLP fingerprints and plastid DNA sequences applied to a broad sampling of Central Mediterranean taxa of the Acrolophus subgroup. Despite its morphological distinctness, monophyly of the C. cineraria group was not supported by our data. A distinct lineage mostly re ‐ stricted to Sicily (the Sicily group) comprised some members of the C. cineraria group but also included C. parlatoris, assumed to be a member of the C. dissecta group. The relationships of the Sicily group with other members of the Acrolophus subgroup could not be clarified. Molecular dating supported recent, presumably allopatric diversification whose onset dates back to less than 250,000 years within the Sicily group. Tunisia, the Aeolian Islands and the Island Ventotene in the central Tyrrhenian Sea were likely colonised from Sicily. The young age of diversification within the Sicily group rejects land bridges between Africa and Sicily, which were only available during significantly older periods, in favour of transoceanic seed dispersal. Dispersal might have been favoured by low sea levels during cold stages of the Pleistocene. The molecular data indicate that taxonomy of the C. cineraria group needs to be revised..
Testing the viability of seeds from old herbarium specimens for conservation purposes
Authors: Godefroid Sandrine , Van de Vyver Ann , Stoffelen Piet , Robbrecht Elmar , Vanderborght Thierry
Published: February 2019

Plant collections in herbaria are potentially valuable seed sources for conservation and recovery. This paper explores the feasibility of "resurrecting" 26 extinct taxa from the Belgian flora by analysing the viability of seeds from old herbarium specimens that had been stored for 23 to 158 years. Seed viability was estimated by performing germination tests according to standard procedures. Germination was achieved for eight seeds from three herbarium specimens of a single species, Bupleurum tenuissimum, aged 101, 125 and 144 years. Seed maturity, storage conditions and seed senescence were the main factors influencing the viability of the investigated seeds.
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Algae: 10
Authors: Prud'homme van Reine Willem F.
Published: February 2019

It is recommended that the name Dasya baillouviana not be conserved with a conserved type; the committee is undecided on the proposal to conserve Achnanthes brevipes against A. adnata, A. bacillarioides, and A. dubia, and is seeking more comments by diatom specialists. Sycidium and Sykidion were considered not sufficiently alike to be confused, but the committee is undecided on the confusability of Sycidiaceae with Sykidiaceae and Sycidiales with Sykidiales. Recommendations are made on the membership of the Special Committee on Harmonization of the Nomenclature of Cyanophyta/Cyanobacteria established in 2005 but yet to be set up. The Committee's views on some modifications to the ICBN are presented including some proposals that might be made from the floor at the forthcoming Congress in Melbourne.
Systematics and evolution of the needle grasses (Poaceae: Pooideae: Stipeae) based on analysis of multiple chloroplast loci, ITS, and lemma micromorphology
Authors: Romaschenko Konstantin , Peterson Paul M. , Soreng Robert J. , Garcia-Jacas Nuria , Futorna Oksana , Susanna Alfonso
Published: February 2019

We conducted a molecular phylogenetic study of the tribe Stipeae using nine plastid DNA sequences (trnK‐matK, matK, trnH‐psbA, trnL‐F, rps3, ndhF, rpl32‐trnL, rps16‐trnK, rps16intron), the nuclear ITS DNA regions, and micromorphological characters from the lemma surface. Our large original dataset includes 156 accessions representing 139 species of Stipeae representing all genera currently placed in the tribe. The maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of DNA sequences provide strong support for the monophyly of Stipeae; including, in phylogenetic order,Macrochloaas remote sister lineage to all other Stipeae, then a primary stepwise divergence of three deep lineages with a saw‐like (SL) lemma epidermal pattern (a plesiomorphic state). The next split is between a lineage (SL1) which bifurcates into separate Eurasian and American clades, and a lineage of three parts; a smallPatis(SL2) clade, as sister toPiptatherums.str. (SL3), and the achnatheroid clade (AC). The AC exhibits a maize‐like lemma epidermal pattern throughout. AC consists of a core clade of Austral‐Eurasian distribution and a “major American clade” of North and South American distribution. The base chromosome number for Stipeae is somewhat ambiguous but based on our survey it seems most likely to bex= 11 or 12. Our phylogenetic hypothesis supports the recognition of the following genera and groups (listed by region): Eurasia—Achnatherum, “Miliacea group”, “Neotrinia” (monotypic),Orthoraphium(monotypic),Patis(also 1 from North America),Piptatherums.str.,Psammochloa(monotypic),Ptilagrostis, Stipa, “Timouriagroup”, andTrikeraia; Mediterranean—Ampelodesmos(monotypic),Celtica(monotypic),Macrochloa(monotypic), and “Stipella‐Inaequiglumes group”; Australasia—Anemanthele(monotypic), andAustrostipa; North America (NA)—“Eriocomagroup”,Hesperostipa,Oryzopsis(monotypic),Piptatheropsis, “Pseudoeriocoma group”, and “Stillmania” (monotypic); South America—Aciachne, Amelichloa(also NA),Anatherostipa(s.str.),Jarava(polyphyletic),Lorenzochloa,Nassella(also NA),Ortachne, Pappostipa(also NA), andPiptochaetium(also NA). Monophyly of Phaenospermateae including Duthieinae is demonstrated, and its inclusion within or treatment as sister to Stipeae is rejected.
Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic orchid genera Thaia and Tangtsinia: Evidence from molecular and morphological characters
Authors: Xiang Xiao-Guo , Li De-Zhu , Jin Wei-Tao , Zhou Hai-Lang , Li Jian-Wu , Jin Xiao-Hua
Published: February 2019

The phylogenetic position of two enigmatic Asian orchid genera, Thaia and Tangtsinia, were inferred from molecular data and morphological evidence. An analysis of combined plastid data (rbcL+matK+psaB) using Bayesian and parsimony methods revealed that Thaia is a sister group to the higher epidendroids, and tribe Neottieae is polyphyletic unless Thaia is removed. Morphological evidence, such as plicate leaves and corms, the structure of the gynostemium and the micromorphology of pollinia, also indicates that Thaia should be excluded from Neottieae. Thaieae, a new tribe, is therefore tentatively established. Using Bayesian and parsimony methods, analyses of combined plastid and nuclear datasets (rbcL, matK, psaB, trnL-F, ITS, Xdh) confirmed that the monotypic genus Tangtsinia was nested within and is synonymous with the genus Cephalanthera, in which an apical stigma has evolved independently at least twice. The tribe Neottieae (excluding Thaia) is strongly supported as monophyletic based on molecular analyses and divided into three clades as follows: Palmorchis diverged earliest; Cephalanthera (including the former Tangtsinia) is sister to the remaining of the genera; and Aphyllorchis is immediate sister to Limodorum, forming a third clade with Neottia Guett. (including Listera) and Epipactis.
Lectotypification of the name Eleutheranthera ovata Poit. (Asteraceae: Ecliptinae)
Authors: Orchard Anthony E. , Wilson Annette J.G.
Published: February 2019

Discovery of three sheets of original material of the name Eleutheranthera ovata Poit. in the herbarium of the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris permits the lectotypification of this (now rejected) name.
Schismatoglottis and Apoballis (Araceae: Schismatoglottideae): A new example for the significance of pollen morphology in Araceae systematics
Authors: Ulrich Silvia , Hesse Michael , Bröderbauer David , Wong Sin Yeng , Boyce Peter C.
Published: February 2019

Pollen characters in Araceae accord well with recent DNA–based phylogenies, and here we provide a new example of “compass needle” quality in Araceae on the basis of two closely related genera, Schismatoglottis and Apoballis. All investigated Schismatoglottis pollen is psilate (smooth pollen surface) with calcium crystals covering the pollen surface. By contrast, pollen of species transferred to recently resurrected Apoballis (Apoballis acuminatissima and A. mutata) is distinctively echinate (spiny). A unique layer covers the endexine of Schismatoglottis, and the whole pollen surface of Apoballis. Our findings strongly suggest that ““Schismatoglottis” species with echinate pollen fall into the genus Apoballis. Moreover, all schismatoglottid taxa perform spathe movements during anthesis to control the movement of pollinators. The spathe movements of Apoballis acuminatissima clearly differ from those known in Schismatoglottis species, and indeed are so far unique for the entire family. This, together with differences in floral odour is strongly suggestive of differences in pollination ecology between the genera Schismatoglottis and Apoballis.
Phylogeny and a revised classification of the Chinese species of Nyssa (Nyssaceae) based on morphological and molecular data
Authors: Wang Nian , Milne Richard I. , Jacques Frédéric M.B. , Sun Bao-Ling , Zhang Chang-Qin , Yang Jun-Bo
Published: February 2019

The taxonomy of Nyssa (Nyssaceae) in China is confused and uncertain due to differing views about how many species should be recognized, and a scarcity of good morphological differential characters. In the present study, we examined 52 morphological characters from up to fifty accessions each of six of the seven species recognized in the Flora of China: N. yunnanensis, N. javanica, N. sinensis, N. shangszeensis, N. shweliensis and N. wenshanensis. Based on both principal coordinate analysis and UPGMA cluster analysis, N. yunnanensis and N. javanica were both morphologically distinct. However, accessions of N. sinensis, N. shangszeensis, N. shweliensis and N. wenshanensis were intermixed in both analyses and could not be discriminated from each other. Sequence data from nuclear ITS and the chloroplast regions trnH-psbA, rps16r-f, trnL-rps32F, trnS-G and trnL-F were used to further analyze the Nyssa species listed above, together with N. aquatica and N. sylvatica from North America. All analyses of the DNA data using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods strongly supported the monophyly of Nyssa. Within Nyssa, N. yunnanensis and N. javanica were resolved as sister species, which were genetically distinct. The other four Chinese taxa were barely differentiated by molecular data, with only N. shangszeensis and N. wenshanensis weakly supported as monophyletic. Hence, based on morphological and molecular data, we recommend that N. shangszeensis, N. shweliensis and N. wenshanensis be reduced to synonyms of N. sinensis, and only N. sinensis, N. yunnanensis and N. javanica be recognized for Flora of China. The American N. aquatica and N. sylvatica were sister species in the cpDNA but not in the ITS analyses, indicating possible reticulate evolution.
A total evidence approach using palynological characters to infer the complex evolutionary history of the Asian Impatiens (Balsaminaceae)
Authors: Janssens Steven B. , Wilson Yi Song , Yuan Yong-Ming , Nagels Anne , Smets Erik F. , Huysmans Suzy
Published: February 2019

The present study contributes to a better understanding of major palynological trends in Impatiens, one of the largest genera in angiosperms, and evaluates the phylogenetic usefulness of pollen morphological characters in the genus. The pollen morphological diversity of 115 Asian species of the genus was investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and analyzed in a phylogenetic framework using Bayesian inference and Bayesian posterior character mapping as well as parsimony character optimization. Despite the rather young age of Impatiens and its extremely rapid radiation, a striking palynological variability could be observed. The ancestral pollen type in Impatiens is a triangular, tri–aperturate pollen grain with reticulate sexine ornamentation, which subsequently evolved into the main Impatiens pollen type: a 4–aperturate, rectangular pollen grain with a reticulate sexine ornamentation. The most recently diversified Asian clades are characterized by several reversions from 4–aperturate to 3–aperturate and changes in sexine ornamentation from reticulate to microreticulate sexine ornamentation. Also differences in pollen view can be observed amongst the most recently diversified Asian lineages ranging from circular, quadrangular, elliptic to sub–elliptic and rectangular. Although some pollen morphological characters seem to be homoplasious, others help to improve the resolution of some phylogenetically problematic lineages in the genus.
A dated species–tree approach to the trans–Pacific disjunction of the genusJovellana(Calceolariaceae, Lamiales)
Authors: Nylinder Stephan , Swenson Ulf , Persson Claes , Janssens Steven B. , Oxelman Bengt
Published: February 2019

The genusJovellanais the sister group to the larger genusCalceolaria,together composing the family Calceolariaceae. Four species are currently recognised, two in New Zealand(J. sinclairii, J. repens)and two in Chile(J. punctata, J. violacea).The distribution is disjunct across the Pacific Ocean and has long been believed to be a remnant of an ancient vicariance following the breakup of Gondwana. In this study we infer a species tree phylogeny of the genus using three chloroplast and four nuclear DNA sequences. By exploring three modes of estimating stem and crown ages of the family Calceolariaceae, aJovellanaspecies tree could be inferred and dated using a secondary calibration. With this approach we can demonstrate that genetic data, despite slightly different signals from unlinked and linked molecular markers, support the idea that the presence ofJovellanain New Zealand is the result of recent long distance dispersal across the Pacific Ocean from South America.
Systematics of the Austral–Pacific family Goodeniaceae: Establishing a taxonomic and evolutionary framework
Authors: Jabaily Rachel S. , Shepherd Kelly A. , Gustafsson Mats H.G. , Sage Leigh W. , Krauss Siegy L. , Howarth Dianella G. , Motley Timothy J.
Published: February 2019

The Goodeniaceae, close relatives of the Asteraceae, are a conspicuous part of the flora of Australia and many islands in the Pacific. A comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family using cpDNA regions trnL–F and matK is presented, including representatives of all genera and nearly half the species. The family resolves into the two large clades: ‘LAD’ (Lechenaultia, Anthotium, Dampiera) and ‘Core Goodeniaceae’ (Brunonia, Scaevola, Diaspasis, Coopernookia, Goodenia, Selliera, Velleia, Verreauxia, Pentaptilon), which are also supported by morphological characters. The former Brunoniaceae, comprising the single species Brunonia australis, is clearly placed within the Goodeniaceae as sister to the remainder of Core Goodeniaceae while possessing many autapomorphic characteristics. Current subgeneric taxonomic groups are partially supported as monophyletic within Goodenia and Dampiera, but are generally non–monophyletic within Lechenaultia and Scaevola. Fruit types and floral traits involved in pollination and adaptations to aridity have evolved in a highly convergent fashion within several major clades. Rates of molecular evolution and number of extant taxa differ at several points between sister clades, particularly between Brunonia and the rest of Core Goodeniaceae, and between Scaevola s.l. and Goodenia s.l. Future taxonomic changes will involve the synonymization of Selliera and monotypic Diaspasis and, pending more comprehensive taxon and molecular sampling, the large, paraphyletic genus Goodenia may be split into at least three genera.
Phylogeny and biogeography of the tribe Liabeae (Compositae subfamily Cichorioideae)
Authors: Funk Vicki A. , Kelloff Carol , Chan Raymund
Published: February 2019

The tribe Liabeae (Compositae) contains ca. 175 species distributed in 18 genera and its members occupy a variety of habitats in the Andes of South America as well as in Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. The tribe is recognizable by a combination of morphological characters. DNA sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal ITS region and three chloroplast regions (trnL–F, 3’ end of ndhF, matK; a total of more than 5 kb of sequence data) were used to infer a phylogeny. The data were analyzed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. The results support the monophyly of the tribe and show a consistent placement for all genera except Cacosmia. Four well–supported clades are recovered in the remainder of the tribe, all recognized as subtribes. Liabineae (Ferreyranthus, Dillandia, Oligactis, Sampera, Liabum) are the sister group of the rest of the tribe. Sinclairineae (Sinclairiopsis and Sinclairia with segregates Liabellum and Megaliabum) are the sister group of Munnoziinae (Chrysactinium nested inside Munnozia s.l.) plus Paranepheliinae (Stephenbeckia,Microliabum, Pseudonoseris, Paranephelius, Chionopappus, Philoglossa, Erato). Cacosmia is placed as the sister group of either all the rest of the tribe or of subtribe Liabineae; morphologically its characters are either autapomorphic or plesiomorphic. Bishopanthus could not be confidently placed in any of the subtribes; it is only known from scraps of the type and a molecular study is not possible. The phylogeny slightly alters previous assumptions about the biogeography and it seems that Liabeae originated in the central and northern Andes and spread north and south with several independent introductions into Mexico and Central America and one into the Caribbean. With the exception of the Liabeae (Andes) and Moquineae (Brazil), all of the tribes in the subfamily Cichorioideae are either restricted to or have their basal grade in Africa.
Illogical etymology and the curious case of Ceramium
Authors: Huisman John M.
Published: February 2019

The etymology of names is regarded as an important component of taxonomic literature, but the derivation of names described in older works is often misinterpreted. The reasons for this are several–fold, including failing to consult the original publication, misinterpreting the describing author’s intentions, or attempting to retrofit a name to accommodate the current circumscription of the taxon. An example of the latter is the name Ceramium Roth, derived from the Greek ceramion, meaning pitcher or vessel, but currently applied to a genus of red algae with no vessel–like structures. It is shown that the name was most likely derived from an earlier publication, wherein it was coined in reference to the reproductive structures in a red alga currently known as Gracilaria and unrelated to present–day Ceramium.
A revised family–level classification for eupolypod II ferns (Polypodiidae: Polypodiales)
Authors: Rothfels Carl J. , Sundue Michael A. , Kuo Li-Yaung , Larsson Anders , Kato Masahiro , Schuettpelz Eric , Pryer Kathleen M.
Published: February 2019

We present a family–level classification for the eupolypod II clade of leptosporangiate ferns, one of the two major lineages within the Eupolypods, and one of the few parts of the fern tree of life where family–level relationships were not well understood at the time of publication of the 2006 fern classification by Smith & al. Comprising over 2500 species, the composition and particularly the relationships among the major clades of this group have historically been contentious and defied phylogenetic resolution until very recently. Our classification reflects the most current available data, largely derived from published molecular phylogenetic studies. In comparison with the five–family (Aspleniaceae, Blechnaceae, Onocleaceae, Thelypteridaceae, Woodsiaceae) treatment of Smith & al., we recognize 10 families within the eupolypod II clade. Of these, Aspleniaceae, Thelypteridaceae, Blechnaceae, and Onocleaceae have the same composition as treated by Smith & al. Woodsia–ceae, which Smith & al. acknowledged as possibly non–monophyletic in their treatment, is circumscribed here to include only Woodsia and its segregates; the other “woodsioid” taxa are divided among Athyriaceae, Cystopteridaceae, Diplaziopsidaceae, Rhachidosoraceae, and Hemidictyaceae. We provide circumscriptions for each family, which summarize their morphological, geographical, and ecological characters, as well as a dichotomous key to the eupolypod II families. Three of these families— Diplaziopsidaceae, Hemidictyaceae, and Rhachidosoraceae—were described in the past year based on molecular phylogenetic analyses; we provide here their first morphological treatment.
Phylogenetic placement of the Dominican Republic endemic genusSarcopilea(Urticaceae)
Authors: Jestrow Brett , Valdés James J. , Jiménez Rodríguez Francisco , Francisco-Ortega Javier
Published: February 2019

Since the first collection in 1910, botanists have recognizedSarcopilea(Urticaceae) as a dramatic example of convergence with succulent woody members of Crassulaceae. Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS and thetrnL–Fnon–coding plastid DNA regions placeSarcopileain a Neotropical clade ofPilea. A study of the cystolith, pollen and achene morphology, and of hydathode, hydrenchyma, and stomata position was also performed, confirming the molecular results. Across Rosales, leaf succulence is restricted to the generaPileaandSarcopilea. Furthermore, all succulent species ofPileahave an abaxial water–storage hydrenchyma layer in their leaves, a condition unique to the genus. The conditions of adaxial stomata (epistomatic, hyperstomatic), as well as hydathodes restricted to the submarginal abaxial leaf surface, were found in all Neotropical leaf–succulent species. Carbon isotope–ratio mass spectroscopy showsSarcopileato have C3photosynthesis, therefore Crassulacean acid metabolism is still unknown in Rosales. The impact of molecular systematics of Caribbean endemic genera is discussed. In light of the new phylogenetic placement ofSarcopilea, a replacement name is provided (Pilea fairchildiana).
Phylogenetic placement of two enigmatic genera, Borthwickia and Stixis, based on molecular and pollen data, and the description of a new family of Brassicales, Borthwickiaceae
Authors: Su Jun-Xia , Wang Wei , Zhang Li-Bing , Chen Zhi-Duan
Published: February 2019

Capparaceae (Brassicales) as traditionally circumscribed is heterogeneous, and several genera have been segregated from it based on molecular and/or morphological data. However, Borthwickia and Stixis, two Southeast Asian endemic genera of Capparaceae with controversial positions, have not previously been evaluated in a molecular phylogenetic study. Here, we used four plastid DNA regions (matK, ndhF, rbcL, trnL–trnF) and pollen data to determine their phylogenetic relationships within core Brassicales. Our results showed that neither Borthwickia nor Stixis is a member of Capparaceae. The two genera, together with Forchhammeria, Gyrostemonaceae, Resedaceae, and Tirania, formed a clade with strong support. Stixis is closely related to Tirania, a relationship that is also supported by morphological characters, such as six sepals and three–or four–locular ovaries. Most interestingly, Borthwickia was resolved as sister to the Forchhammeria–Resedaceae–Stixis–Tirania clade with moderate to strong support. However, Borthwickia differs markedly from its sister group in having opposite leaves, one indistinct stigma, more than four carpels and locules, a linear ovary with ridges, and pollen grains with perforate exine sculpturing. Thus, we describe a new family, Borthwickiaceae, for the genus.
The nomenclature of the lycophyte species Phlegmariurus mingcheensis Ching (Huperziaceae)
Authors: Zhang Li-Bing , Moore Gerry , Orchard Anthony E.
Published: February 2019

In 1982, Ren Chang Ching twice described the same lycophyte species under the names Lycopodium mingcheense (published in April; the original “minchegense” spelling being a correctable error) and Phlegmariurus mingcheensis Ching (published in May). Phlegmariurus mingcheensis cannot be taken as a combination based on Lycopodium mingcheense because in the original publication a different holotype was indicated and the name Lycopodium mingcheense was not mentioned. The correct names for this species in Huperzia, Lycopodium, and Phlegmariurus are Huperzia mingcheensis (Ching) Holub (basionym: Phlegmariurus mingcheensis), Lycopodium mingcheense Ching, and Phlegmariurus mingcheensis Ching, respectively. The recent lectotypification of the name Lycopodium mingcheense using P.S. Chiu 2069 (PE) was redundant since this specimen was clearly indicated as the holotype in Ching’s original publication. The recent new name Phlegmariurus mingjoui X.C. Zhang is an illegitimate superfluous name.
Disposition of the names published by A. Peter in Convolvulaceae
Authors: Staples G.W. , Austin Daniel F. , Simão-Bianchini Rosangela
Published: February 2019

This paper accounts for all the names published by A. Peter in his account of Convolvulaceae for Engler and Prantl’s Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. In total, 31 Peter names in Convolvulaceae, 22 new species and 9 new combinations, are resolved in this paper. The taxonomy, nomenclature, and relevant literature are discussed for each name. Lectotypes or neotypes are chosen for some names that have not previously been typified.
Updating classifications to reflect monophyly: 10 to 20 percent of species names change in Poaceae
Authors: Vorontsova Maria S. , Simon Bryan K.
Published: February 2019

The ongoing realignment of angiosperm classification to create monophyletic groups is associated with the publication of numerous new combinations to transfer species between genera. How many species names will change in total? We use Poaceae as a model group to estimate the total number of name changes. We compare the species names accepted by the traditional classification system in GrassBase with the species names accepted by the recent research results compiled in GrassWorld. We estimate that 10%–20% of Poaceae species will have moved to a different genus by the time the realignment is complete. This is the first published estimate for a number of name changes associated with classification realignment to monophyletic groups.
Phylogeny ofCurcuma(Zingiberaceae) based on plastid and nuclear sequences: Proposal of the new subgenusEcomata
Authors: Záveská Eliška , Fér Tomáš , Šída Otakar , Krak Karol , Marhold Karol , Leong-Škorničková Jana
Published: February 2019

Curcumacomprises 120 species that occur throughout tropical and subtropical Asia. The taxonomy of the genus is haunted by polyploid speciation and homoploid hybridization, making it the most challenging genus in Zingibereae (Zingiberaceae).Curcumais best known for turmeric (C.longa),but numerous species are extensively used as medicinal plants, ornamentals, and sources of starch, among many other uses. The delimitation of the genus has been a matter of dispute since its establishment by Linnaeus (1753), and further conflict has arisen from recent molecular and morphological studies suggesting either paraphyly ofCurcumaor the necessity to broaden the genus to include four small genera(Laosanthus, Paracautleya, Stahlianthus, Smithatris)as well as several species currently placed inKaempferiaandHitchenia.All previous infrageneric classifications were based on limited material that did not include species from the Indochinese f loristic region, and these classifications are unable to unequivocally accommodate all currently known members of the genus. To test the monophyly and delimitation ofCurcumaand to gain more insight into infrageneric relationships, three plastid regions(trnL–trnF, psbA–trnH, matK)and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced. FiftyCurcumaspecies covering the morphological and geographic variation of the genus and 12 Curcuma–like species currently or previously treated as members of other genera were included in this study. In addition, four Zingibereae and three other Zingiberaceae species were used as outgroups. The results of maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses clearly support a broad generic boundary forCurcuma,with inclusion ofLaosanthus, Paracautleya, Stahlianthus, Smithatrisand some species ofKaempferiaandHitchenia (K. scaposa, K. candida, H. caulina, H. glauca).Four main groups inCurcumas.l. were detected, and their importance for classification at the subgenus level is discussed. A new infrageneric classification is proposed here with a formal description of a new subgenus. Cloning uncovered a broad range of variation of ITS sequences within individuals, particularly in the terminal ‘Curcuma’ group containing representatives of the nominal subgenusCurcuma.This ‘intra–individual ITS polymorphism’ increases with ploidy level and is coupled with preferred vegetative reproduction. Additional studies are needed to further uncover highly complex relationships in this subgenus.
Molecular phylogenetics and classification of Euphorbia subgenus Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Yang Ya , Riina Ricarda , Morawetz Jeffery J. , Haevermans Thomas , Aubriot Xavier , Berry Paul E.
Published: February 2019

Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce contains around 600 species and includes the largest New World radiation within the Old World–centered genus Euphorbia. It is one of the few plant lineages to include members with C3, C4 and CAM photosynthesis, showing multiple adaptations to warm and dry habitats. The subgenus includes North American–centered groups that were previously treated at various taxonomic ranks under the names of “Agaloma,,, “Poinsettia”, and “Chamaesyce”. Here we provide a well–resolved phylogeny of Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce using nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplast ndhF sequences, with substantially increased taxon sampling compared to previous studies. Based on the phylogeny, we discuss the Old World origin of the subgenus, the evolution of cyathial morphology and growth forms, and then provide a formal sectional classification, with descriptions and species lists for each section or subsection we recognize.
VincetoxicumandTylophora(Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae: Asclepiadeae)—two sides of the same medal: Independent shifts from tropical to temperate habitats
Authors: Liede-Schumann Sigrid , Kong Hanghui , Meve Ulrich , Thiv Mike
Published: February 2019

A revised phylogeny of Tylophorinae, based on 77 species of all genera presently attributed to the subtribe(Biondia, Blyttia, Diplosstigma, Goydera, Pentatropiss, Pleurostelma, Rhyncharrhena, Tylophora, Vincetoxicum)is presented. Five chloroplast markers(trnT–L,trnL–F,andpssbA–trnHintergenic spacers as well as thetrnLandtrnGintrons) and two nuclear markers (ITS, ETS) were used, totalling in 3809 base pairs. Tylophorinae are strongly monophyletic and consist of several well–defined clades. Backbone resolution between these clades is low, indicating a rapid early radiation.Pentatropissis sister to all remaining taxa, albeit with weak support; all other taxa form one big clade not corresponding to previous generic delimitations. Therefore, all genera except forPentatropissare subsumed underVincetoxicum.The early branching clades ofVincetoxicums.l. all grow in Africa, where the group originated ca. 18 Ma ago, correlating with the closure of the Tethys Ocean. The first round of differentiation took place between 12 and 15 Ma ago, resulting in Tylophorinae being distributed over almost all of their present range except for South Africa, Arabia and Europe. Two unrelated lineages of temperate, mostly erect plants hitherto named‘“Vincetoxicum”have arisen from more tropical lineages, hitherto named“Tylophora”.One clade of African species is nested inside the Australasian assemblage; this clade contains exclusively polyploid species and its re–immigration to Africa took place in the Messinian, at ca. 6.8 Ma. The EuropeanVincetoxicumspecies split from erect steppe plants of temperate Asia at ca. 4.5 Ma, coinciding with the uplift of the Tibetan plateau. This group contains two species that are presently aggressively spreading in North America after chance introductions.
Lectotypification of two Linnaean names in Chenopodium L. (Chenopodiaceae)
Authors: Iamonico Duilio , Jarvis Charles E.
Published: February 2019

The typification of the names Chenopodium aristatum L. (= Teloxys aristata (L.) Moq.) and Chenopodium multi–fidum L. (= Dysphania multifida (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants) (Amaranthaceae) is discussed. Specimens from the Linnaean Herbarium (LINN) are designated as lectotypes for the names Chenopodium aristatum L. and Chenopodium multifidum L.
Nomenclatural notes on Leguminosites and several taxonomically relevant names (fossil Leguminosae)
Authors: Wang Qi
Published: February 2019

Bowerbank (1840) proposed Leguminosites for fossil seeds with uncertain affinities within Leguminosae Juss., but later workers demonstrated that his voucher specimens represent seeds of Magnolia L., Icacinicarya E. Reid & M. Chandler, genera of Sapindaceae Juss., and other non–legumes (e.g., Carpolithus Brongn.). Thus, Leguminosites, unless conserved, must be applied to non–legume entities under Art. 7.1 of the Vienna Code. Although more than 300 species of Leguminosites variously used for fossil legume leaves, fruits and seeds with uncertain affinities have been described by subsequent palaeobotanists, the legume identity of the majority of species names awaits confirmation by reinvestigation of the original materials and discovery of better preserved materials. Hence, conservation of Leguminosites may be premature for nomenclatural stability. It is suggested that the application of the fossil–generic name Leguminosites to isolated remains of more than one organ type should be avoided if the congeneric evidence for these organs is lacking. Therefore, isolated fossil legume leaves, fruits and seeds with uncertain affinities can be placed under at least three different fossil–generic names respectively in spite of the fact that they may, at least in part, apply to the same organism. It appears to be better to abandon Leguminosites and propose a new generic name for fossil legume seeds with uncertain affinities. Leguminocarpum Dotzler (1937) has priority over Legumino–carpon Göpp. ex Pálfalvy (1951) for fossil legume fruits with uncertain affinities. Leguminophyllum A. Escalup–Bassi (1971) and Parvileguminophyllum Herend. & Dilcher (1990), which may be synonymous, can be used for fossil legume leaves with uncertain affinities.
Whole­genome triplication and species radiation in the southern African tribe Heliophileae (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Mandáková Terezie , Mummenhoff Klaus , Al-Shehbaz Ihsan A. , Mucina Ladislav , Mühlhausen Andreas , Lysak Martin A.
Published: February 2019

The unigeneric tribe Heliophileae includes ca. 90 Heliophila species, all endemic to southern Africa. The tribe is morphologically the most diverse Brassicaceae lineage in every aspect of habit, foliage, flower and fruit morphology. Despite this diversity, virtually nothing is known about its origin and genome evolution. Here we present the first in­depth information on chromosome numbers, rDNA in situ localization, genome structure, and phylogenetic relationship within Heliophileae. Chromosome numbers determined in 27 Heliophila species range from 2n = 16 to 2n = ca. 88, but 2n = 20 and 22 prevail in 77% of the examined species. Chromosome­number variation largely follows three major lineages (A, B, and C) resolved in the ITS phylogeny. Clade A species mostly have a chromosome number of 2n = 20, whereas 2n = 22 is the dominant number in clade C (2n = 16 and 22 were counted in two diploid species of clade B). The number and position of 5S and 45S rDNA loci vary between species and cannot be employed as phylogenetically informative characters. Seven species with different chromosome number and from the three ITS clades were analyzed by comparative chromosome painting. In all species analyzed, 90% of painting probes unveiled three homeologous chromosome regions in Heliophila haploid chromosome complements. These results suggest that all Heliophila species, and probably the entire tribe Heliophileae, experienced a whole­genome triplication (WGT) event. We hypothesize that the mesohexaploid ancestor arose through hybridization between genomes resembling the Ancestral Crucifer Karyotype with n = 8. The WGT has been followed by species­specific chromosome rearrangements (dip­loidization) resulting in descending dysploidy towards extant quasi­diploid genomes. More recent neopolyploidization events are reflected by higher chromosome numbers (2n = 32­88). The WGT might have contributed to diversification and species radiation in Heliophileae. To our knowledge, this is the first study to document polyploidy as a potential major mechanism for the radiation of a Cape plant lineage.