bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Патогенетичні механізми передпухлинної цитотрансформаци слизової оболонки порожнини рота в умовах нікотинової інтоксикації
Authors: ГАСЮК Н. В. , ЄРОШЕНКО Г. А.
Published: September 2015

У статті наведено результати комплексного морфологічного дослідження слизової оболонки порожнини рота за умов нікотинової інтоксикації, отримані шляхом комплексного цитологічного та статистичного вивчення. Наведені результати дають можливість характеризувати описані зміни як “дискератотичні”, або “проліферативні”, які в собі несуть цитоорієнтири дискератозу у вигляді порушення зроговіння епітелію даної анатомічної ділянки. Аналіз запропонованих нами схем патогенезу і наявність спільних складових у його ланках дають можливість розглядати наведену цитологічну перебудову — “запальний” тип цитограм та “дискератотичний” як два автономних процеси, які виникли на слизовій оболонці порожнини рота за умов впливу нікотину, так і ланки одного й того ж патогенетичного механізму на етапі передпухлинної трансформації.
Educação médica em terapêuticas não convencionais
Authors: Teixeira Marcus Zulian , Lin Chin An
Published: September 2015

A demanda da população pela medicina alternativa e complementar (CAM) vem aumentando substancialmente nas últimas décadas, exigindo dos médicos noções básicas dessas diversas terapias, a fim de que possam orientar os pacientes em tratamentos diferentes dos que estão habituados a prescrever. Assim sendo, compete às escolas de medicina propiciar aos estudantes o conhecimento das evidências científicas, dos pressupostos teóricos e das abordagens práticas empregadas por estas distintas formas de tratamento. A presente revisão tem o propósito de fomentar a discussão sobre o ensino de terapêuticas não convencionais nas escolas de medicina, enfocando o interesse da população e da classe médica, a importância das iniciativas na graduação e na pós-graduação (residência), e as perspectivas da educação médica em terapêuticas não convencionais.
Anamnese, exame clínico e exames complementares como testes diagnósticos
Authors: Benseñor Isabela M.
Published: September 2015

As principais ferramentas de que o médico dispõe para fazer o diagnóstico do paciente são anamnese e exame clínico. Hampton et al. em 1970 mostrou, em 80 pacientes ambulatoriais na Inglaterra que a anamnese isolada era responsável por 82,5% dos diagnósticos, exame clínico por mais 8,75% e exames complementares por mais 8,75%. Estudo realizado no HCFMUSP mostrou que a anamnese era responsável por 40,4% dos diagnósticos, exame clínico por mais 29,4% e exames complementares por mais 29,5%. O exame de laboratório ou de imagem, sempre traz informação sobre a sensibilidade e a especificidade do método; mas não se costuma ensinar a sensibilidade e a especificidade de dados de anamnese ou de manobras do exame clínico. Os resultados de um teste diagnóstico quando comparados a um padrão-ouro permitem a construção de uma table 2 x 2 com quatro possíveis interpretações dos resultados: (1) verdadeiro-positivo, quando positivo na presença da doença; (2) falso-positivo, se o teste revelar-se positivo em paciente sem doença; (3) verdadeiro-negativo, se o teste é negativo e o indivíduo não tem doença; (4) falso-negativo, se o teste é negativo na presença de doença. A partir desses dados pode-se calcular a sensibilidade, a especificidade, o valor preditivo positivo e negativo e as razões de verossimilhança positiva e negativa. A interpretação das informações coletadas na anamnese e no exame clínico como testes diagnósticos refina seu papel na investigação clínica em relação ao diagnóstico final. Os gastos com saúde são finitos e limitados ao orçamento público, e mesmo em um hospital terciário há restrições à realização desses exames causada pelo desbalanço entre demanda e capacidade de realização dos exames. A utilização desse tipo de ferramenta permite priorizar os pacientes que mais precisarão do exame complementar, e como consequência, leva a um melhor gerenciamento do sistema de saúde como um todo.
A evolução histórica do ensino da neuroanatomia
Authors: Faria José Weber Vieira de , Figueiredo Eberval Gadelha , Brito Daniella Rodrigues , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen
Published: September 2015

O estudo da neuroanatomia é mandatório e de fundamental importância para um bom exercício da medicina e, principalmente, da neurocirurgia. Esse artigo se propõe a revisar historicamente como ocorreu a evolução do ensino da neuro-anatomia em particular e da anatomia, em geral. Para essa finalidade foi realizada uma pesquisa com banco de dados em arquivos eletrônicos (PubMed, Lilacs) e em livros textos sobre o assunto.
Development of Network Synchronization Predicts Language Abilities
Authors: Doesburg Sam M. , Tingling Keriann , MacDonald Matt J. , Pang Elizabeth W.
Published: September 2015

Synchronization of oscillations among brain areas is understood to mediate network communication supporting cognition, perception, and language. How task-dependent synchronization during word production develops throughout childhood and adolescence, as well as how such network coherence is related to the development of language abilities, remains poorly understood. To address this, we recorded magnetoencephalography while 73 participants aged 4–18 years performed a verb generation task. Atlas-guided source reconstruction was performed, and phase synchronization among regions was calculated. Task-dependent increases in synchronization were observed in the theta, alpha, and beta frequency ranges, and network synchronization differences were observed between age groups. Task-dependent synchronization was strongest in the theta band, as were differences between age groups. Network topologies were calculated for brain regions associated with verb generation and were significantly associated with both age and language abilities. These findings establish the maturational trajectory of network synchronization underlying expressive language abilities throughout childhood and adolescence and provide the first evidence for an association between large-scale neurophysiological network synchronization and individual differences in the development of language abilities.
The Role of Dopamine in Temporal Uncertainty
Authors: Tomassini Alessandro , Ruge Diane , Galea Joseph M. , Penny William , Bestmann Sven
Published: September 2015

The temporal preparation of motor responses to external events (temporal preparation) relies on internal representations of the accumulated elapsed time (temporal representations) before an event occurs and on estimates about its most likely time of occurrence (temporal expectations). The precision (inverse of uncertainty) of temporal preparation, however, is limited by two sources of uncertainty. One is intrinsic to the nervous system and scales with the length of elapsed time such that temporal representations are least precise for longest time durations. The other is external and arises from temporal variability of events in the outside world. The precision of temporal expectations thus decreases if events become more variable in time. It has long been recognized that the processing of time durations within the range of hundreds of milliseconds (interval timing) strongly depends on dopaminergic (DA) transmission. The role of DA for the precision of temporal preparation in humans, however, remains unclear. This study therefore directly assesses the role of DA in the precision of temporal preparation of motor responses in healthy humans. In a placebo-controlled double-blind design using a selective D2-receptor antagonist (sulpiride) and D1/D2 receptor antagonist (haloperidol), participants performed a variable foreperiod reaching task, under different conditions of internal and external temporal uncertainty. DA blockade produced a striking impairment in the ability of extracting temporal expectations across trials and on the precision of temporal representations within a trial. Large Weber fractions for interval timing, estimated by fitting subjective hazard functions, confirmed that this effect was driven by an increased uncertainty in the way participants were experiencing time. This provides novel evidence that DA regulates the precision with which we process time when preparing for an action.
Decoding Episodic Retrieval Processes: Frontoparietal and Medial Temporal Lobe Contributions to Free Recall
Authors: Kragel James E. , Polyn Sean M.
Published: September 2015

Neuroimaging studies of recognition memory have identified distinct patterns of cortical activity associated with two sets of cognitive processes: Recollective processes supporting retrieval of information specifying a probe item's original source are associated with the posterior hippocampus, ventral posterior parietal cortex, and medial pFC. Familiarity processes supporting the correct identification of previously studied probes (in the absence of a recollective response) are associated with activity in anterior medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures including the perirhinal cortex and anterior hippocampus, in addition to lateral prefrontal and dorsal posterior parietal cortex. Here, we address an open question in the cognitive neuroscientific literature: To what extent are these same neurocognitive processes engaged during an internally directed memory search task like free recall? We recorded fMRI activity while participants performed a series of free recall and source recognition trials, and we used a combination of univariate and multivariate analysis techniques to compare neural activation profiles across the two tasks. Univariate analyses showed that posterior MTL regions were commonly associated with recollective processes during source recognition and with free recall responses. Prefrontal and posterior parietal regions were commonly associated with familiarity processes and free recall responses, whereas anterior MTL regions were only associated with familiarity processes during recognition. In contrast with the univariate results, free recall activity patterns characterized using multivariate pattern analysis did not reliably match the neural patterns associated with recollective processes. However, these free recall patterns did reliably match patterns associated with familiarity processes, supporting theories of memory in which common cognitive mechanisms support both item recognition and free recall.
Neural Signatures of Controlled and Automatic Retrieval Processes in Memory-based Decision-making
Authors: Khader Patrick H. , Pachur Thorsten , Weber Lilian A. E. , Jost Kerstin
Published: September 2015

Decision-making often requires retrieval from memory. Drawing on the neural ACT-R theory [Anderson, J. R., Fincham, J. M., Qin, Y., & Stocco, A. A central circuit of the mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 136–143, 2008] and other neural models of memory, we delineated the neural signatures of two fundamental retrieval aspects during decision-making: automatic and controlled activation of memory representations. To disentangle these processes, we combined a paradigm developed to examine neural correlates of selective and sequential memory retrieval in decision-making with a manipulation of associative fan (i.e., the decision options were associated with one, two, or three attributes). The results show that both the automatic activation of all attributes associated with a decision option and the controlled sequential retrieval of specific attributes can be traced in material-specific brain areas. Moreover, the two facets of memory retrieval were associated with distinct activation patterns within the frontoparietal network: The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was found to reflect increasing retrieval effort during both automatic and controlled activation of attributes. In contrast, the superior parietal cortex only responded to controlled retrieval, arguably reflecting the sequential updating of attribute information in working memory. This dissociation in activation pattern is consistent with ACT-R and constitutes an important step toward a neural model of the retrieval dynamics involved in memory-based decision-making.
Motor System Interactions in the Beta Band Decrease during Loss of Consciousness
Authors: Swann Nicole C. , de Hemptinne Coralie , Maher Ryan B. , Stapleton Catherine A. , Meng Lingzhong , Gelb Adrian W. , Starr Philip A.
Published: September 2015

Communication between brain areas and how they are influenced by changes in consciousness are not fully understood. One hypothesis is that brain areas communicate via oscillatory processes, utilizing network-specific frequency bands, that can be measured with metrics that reflect between-region interactions, such as coherence and phase amplitude coupling (PAC). To evaluate this hypothesis and understand how these interactions are modulated by state changes, we analyzed electrophysiological recordings in humans at different nodes of one well-studied brain network: the basal ganglia–thalamocortical loops of the motor system during loss of consciousness induced by anesthesia. We recorded simultaneous electrocorticography over primary motor cortex (M1) with local field potentials from subcortical motor regions (either basal ganglia or thalamus) in 15 movement disorder patients during anesthesia (propofol) induction as a part of their surgery for deep brain stimulation. We observed reduced coherence and PAC between M1 and the subcortical nuclei, which was specific to the beta band (∼18–24 Hz). The fact that this pattern occurs selectively in beta underscores the importance of this frequency band in the motor system and supports the idea that oscillatory interactions at specific frequencies are related to the capacity for normal brain function and behavior.
Horse Play in the Canadian West: The Emergence of the Calgary Stampede as Contested Terrain
Authors: Gerber Brittany , Young Kevin
Published: September 2015

Abstract

As one example of how modern Western societies are increasingly obliged to reconcile questions of civility and justice against common, indeed revered, practices that compromise nonhuman animals, this paper examines the recent history of public debate regarding the use of animals for public entertainment in the Canadian West. Using media-based public dialogue regarding the annual Calgary Stampede (and especially chuckwagon racing) as a case study and couching the high-risk use of horses in the sociological language of “sports-related violence,” the paper explores the various arguments for and against the continued use of horses at the self-proclaimed “Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth” despite unambiguous evidence of the harm that regularly, and sometimes graphically, occurs.
Distributed database system of the New Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles in Europe: the NA2RE project
Authors: Sillero Neftalí , Oliveira Marco Amaro , Sousa Pedro , Sousa Fátima , Gonçalves-Seco Luís
Published: September 2015

The Societas Europaea Herpetologica (SEH) decided in 2006 through its Mapping Committee to implement the New Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles of Europe (NA2RE: http://na2re.ismai.pt) as a chorological database system. Initially designed to be a system of distributed databases, NA2RE quickly evolved to a Spatial Data Infrastructure, a system of geographically distributed systems. Each individual system has a national focus and is implemented in an online network, accessible through standard interfaces, thus allowing for interoperable communication and sharing of spatial-temporal data amongst one another. A Web interface facilitates the access of the user to all participating data systems as if it were one single virtual integrated data-source. Upon user request, the Web interface searches all distributed data-sources for the requested data, integrating the answers in an always updated and interactive map. This infrastructure implements methods for fast actualisation of national observation records, as well as for the use of a common taxonomy and systematics. Using this approach, data duplication is avoided, national systems are maintained in their own countries, and national organisations are responsible for their own data curation and management. The database could be built with different representation levels and resolution levels of data, and filtered according to species conservation matters. We present the first prototype of NA2RE, composed of the last data compilation performed by the SEH (Sillero et al., 2014). This system is implemented using only open source software: PostgreSQL database with PostGIS extension, Geoserver, and OpenLayers.
Technological Democratization: The Potential Role of ICT in Social and Political Transformation in China and Beyond
Authors: Palmer Neal A. , Perkins Douglas D.
Published: September 2015

Abstract

This paper seeks to understand the role of the Internet and information and communications technology (ICT) in potential democratic movements. We propose an ecological model of technological development and democratization which recognizes that change can occur (1) at individual as well as social levels; (2) on a continuum from oppression to freedom; and (3) in multiple social spheres. Using case studies from China, we suggest that ICT might facilitate democracy on account of its potential transformations and efficiencies in terms of individuals’ relationships to knowledge and information; governments; persons, groups, and nongovernmental organizations; and work and traditional social roles.
Virtue and Hexis in Plotinus
Authors: Stamatellos Giannis
Published: September 2015

The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of ἕξις in Plotinus’ virtue ethics. It is argued that since ἕξις signifies a quality of being in a permanent state of possession and virtue is defined as an ἕξις that intellectualizes the soul, therefore, it is suggested that virtue is an active ἕξις of the soul directed higher to the intelligible world in permanent contemplation of the Forms.
Authentic Selfhood in the Philosophy of Proclus: Rational Soul and its Significance for the Individual
Authors: Riggs Timothy
Published: September 2015

This article presents a synoptic account of the faculties of rational soul in the philosophy of Proclus and an interpretation of the unity which this soul constitutes despite the plurality of its faculties and objects of its attentions. It seeks to demonstrate that Proclus, through his conceptual construction of a rational soul grounded in an objective and cosmic framework, accounts for at least some of the subjective aspects of selfhood which many contemporary philosophical theories take to be necessary for a concept of self, but that he does so on his own terms. This means, among other things, that Proclus posits each rational soul as a subjective entity with its own perspective on the world, but a perspective which is always grounded, more or less, in an objective knowledge of the world which belongs to it essentially and eternally. Despite grounding the subjective in the objective, Proclus is able to account for the individuality and uniqueness of souls within the limits of his objective framework.
Liquid Ritualizing
Authors: Arfman William R.
Published: September 2015

This article concerns itself with the challenges faced when “deliberately cultivating or inventing rites” (Grimes) in late modernity, a period which philosophers and sociologists describe as fluid, reflexive, risky, and post-traditional. Through analysis of the ritual field of collective commemoration, which in the last decades has emerged in the Netherlands, it is argued that such challenges are in fact overcome by an attitude of embracing the very aspects that characterize late modern times. This attitude is dubbed ‘liquid ritualizing,’ and it is contrasted to earlier forms of ‘rooted’ ritualizing in order to challenge certain fundamental claims regarding contemporary religiosity.
The Typological Legitimacy of Nonpublic Fundraising Foundations
Authors: Li Zhenghui
Published: September 2015

As an emergent type of charitable organizations, nonpublic fundraising foundations (非公募基金会) are questioned on its legal entity – on whether nonpublic fundraising foundations qualify as a valid type of charitable organizations. In terms of its origin, nonpublic fundraising foundations emerged in China as a product of the mixture of history, reality and imported elements. Fundraising, a key word in the term, is not a right but a duty. The problem with nonpublic fundraising foundations is the overstress on the concept on the one hand and the ignorance of the institution on the other. The solution lies in setting up a sound and clear institution, so as to form an organic system of charitable organizations. The fact that nonpublic fundraising foundations are hardly supported in the existing theories of legal personality reflects the need to reform relevant aspects in the legal system.
Quick Steps, Incremental Reform—Shenzhen Social Organization Registration Management System Reform
Authors: Xu Yushan , Luo Siying
Published: September 2015

This case study describes the process of Shenzhen’s social organizations registration and management system reform in the past ten years. Shenzhen has taken three modest reform measures, including the disconnection of trade associations from administrative departments, direct registration of trade associations and expanded range of direct registration, which has lowered the threshold for the registration of social organizations and kindled the vigor of social organizations. In line with the reform and devolution of city-level departments of civil affairs, different districts have made efforts to experiment and innovate with new policies, issuing reform plans regarding the filing of community social organizations, the incubation of social organizations, etc.
First crane fly from the Upper Jurassic of Australia (Diptera: Limoniidae)
Authors: OBERPRIELER STEFANIE K. , KRZEMIŃSKI WIESŁAW , HINDE JACK , YEATES DAVID K.
Published: September 2015

The first crane fly (Diptera: Tipuloidea) fossil discovered in the Upper Jurassic Talbragar Fish Bed in Australia is described and illustrated. Eotipula grangeri sp. nov., described from a single specimen, is assigned to the family Limoniidae based primarily on the conformation of wing veins. It is the second and oldest record of Limoniidae from Australia, and the first of Jurassic age from the southern hemisphere.
Characterization of Hydrometeors in Sahelian Convective Systems with an X-Band Radar and Comparison with In Situ Measurements. Part II: A Simple Brightband Method to Infer the Density of Icy Hydrometeors
Authors: Alcoba M. , Gosset M. , Kacou M. , Cazenave F. , Fontaine E.
Published: September 2015

A simple scheme that is based on the shape and intensity of the radar bright band is used to infer the density of hydrometeors just above the freezing level in Sahelian mesoscale convective systems (MCS). Four MCS jointly observed by a ground-based X-band radar and by an instrumented aircraft as part of the Megha-Tropiques algorithm-validation campaign during August 2010 in Niamey, Niger, are analyzed. The instrumented aircraft (with a 94-GHz radar and various optical probes on board) provided mass–diameter laws for the particles sampled during the flights. The mass–diameter laws derived from the ground-radar vertical profile of reflectivity (VPR) for each flight are compared with those derived from the airborne measurements. The density laws derived by both methods are consistent and encourage further use of the simple VPR scheme to quantify hydrometeor density laws and their variability for various analyses (microphysical processes and icy-hydrometeor scattering and radiative properties).
Streamflow Hydrograph Classification Using Functional Data Analysis
Authors: Ternynck Camille , Ben Alaya Mohamed Ali , Chebana Fateh , Dabo-Niang Sophie , Ouarda Taha B. M. J.
Published: September 2015

Classification of streamflow hydrographs plays an important role in a large number of hydrological and hydraulic studies. For instance, it allows decisions to be made regarding the implementation of hydraulic structures and characterization of different flood types, leading to a better understanding of extreme flow behavior. The employed hydrograph classification methods are generally based on a finite number of hydrograph characteristics and do not include all the available information contained in a discharge time series. In this paper, two statistical techniques from the theory of functional data classification are adapted and applied for the analysis of flood hydrographs. Functional classification directly employs all data of a discharge time series and thus contains all available information on shape, peak, and timing. This potentially allows a better understanding and treatment of floods as well as other hydrological phenomena. The considered functional methodology is applied to streamflow datasets from the province of Quebec, Canada. It is shown that classes obtained using functional approaches have merit and can lead to better representation than those obtained using a multidimensional hierarchical classification method. The considered methodology has the advantage of using all of the information contained in the hydrograph, thus reducing the subjectivity that is inherent in multidimensional analysis of the type and number of characteristics to be used and consequently diminishing the associated uncertainty.
Revisiting Oceanic Acoustic Gravity Surface Waves
Authors: Smith Jerome A.
Published: September 2015

The reintroduction of compressibility into the equations for surface gravity waves can permit mixed acoustic–gravity modes that are periodic in the vertical as well as horizontal directions. These modes interact with the bottom even in deep water, so bottom motion can excite them. Because they propagate rapidly, it has been suggested they may be useful as precursors of tsunamis. Here the equations are revisited, and, using some robust approximations, some physical understanding and interpretation of the phenomena are presented. It is posed that these new modes can alternatively be thought of as acoustic modes slightly modified by a gravity wave boundary condition at the surface, rather than as surface waves dramatically modified by compressibility. Their potential use is not diminished; indeed, this alternative perspective should help make implementation more practical.
Silence Speaks: The Relationship between Immigration and the Underreporting of Crime
Authors: Gutierrez Carmen M. , Kirk David S.
Published: September 2015

Scarce in criminological literature is an exploration of whether crime reporting varies geographically. Yet, there are substantive reasons to believe not only that the percentage of crimes reported to the police varies across jurisdictions but also that crime reporting can be explained by ecological characteristics. Drawing upon data from both the National Crime Victimization Survey and the U.S. census, this study examines the relationship between immigration and the likelihood that crimes are reported to the police. Results indicate that crime reporting is inversely related to increases in the relative size of both the noncitizen and foreign-born populations within a metropolitan area, and that the negative effect is greater for violence than for property crime. Implications for the underreporting of crime are discussed.
Parenting and stress: A study with Spanish and Portuguese at-risk families
Authors: Pérez-Padilla Javier , Ayala-Nunes Lara , Hidalgo María Victoria , Nunes Cristina , Lemos Ida , Menéndez Susana
Published: September 2015

This study analyzed parenting stress, parental sense of competence, and stressful life events in families at psychosocial risk in Western Andalusia (Spain) and the Algarve (Portugal). Differences and similarities between families from both countries on these dimensions were explored, as well as the influence of country of origin in determining risk profiles for this population. Although both groups shared some sociodemographic characteristics, differences were found on all studied dimensions, with Portuguese mothers showing higher levels of parenting stress, sense of competence, and accumulation of stressful life events. Results suggest that higher risk families tend to share psychosocial characteristics, regardless of their country of origin.
The Global Agenda: Perspectives from the Caribbean
Authors: Sogren Michele , Nathaniel Karene-Anne
Published: September 2015

This article presents the responses from frontline social work practitioners, administrators and educators in Trinidad to the recently published Global Agenda for Social Work and Social Development. In acknowledging the significance of the Global Agenda, it became apparent that there was a need to solicit and channel the views of the local practitioners on this declaration. This article is based on a study carried out by the social work unit of the University of the West Indies. The study was intended to facilitate the articulation of the perceptions of key constituents about the Global Agenda and to critically analyse and respond to the Global Agenda within the context of a developing region. This article draws on the data that were collected from a focus group discussion among key constituents in the profession of social work in Trinidad. The findings support the Global Agenda as culturally relevant to the social realities facing Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean region at this time. The prevailing view was that notwithstanding the responsibility to institutionalise the currency of the profession to influence social policy development on critical human rights and social justice issues, country-specific mandates and jurisdictions must be maintained as the primary determinants of social work practice, education and policy development. The potential value, applicability and advancement of the four commitments put forward in the Global Agenda are also highlighted.
The Role of Regulatory Focus in How Much We Care About Enemies
Authors: Li Liman Man Wai , Masuda Takahiko
Published: September 2015

Past cross-cultural research studies in regulatory focus have showed that East Asians in general tend to be prevention-focused, whereas Westerners tend to be promotion-focused. Three studies extend these findings by investigating the role of regulatory focus on people’s experiences in enemyship—how people deal with their personal enemies. Study 1 demonstrated that Hong Kong Chinese, as one of representative prevention-focused East Asian groups, showed greater concern about their enemies in terms of perceived threats from their enemies, subjective awareness of enemies, and negative emotional experiences in enemyship, compared with European Canadians as one of representative promotion-focused Western groups. In addition, Study 2 demonstrated that Hong Kong Chinese memorized more pieces of information about a hypothetical enemy than did their Canadian counterparts, which demonstrated a greater concern about enemies among Hong Kong Chinese. Finally, while replicating Study 1, Study 3 demonstrated that participants’ regulatory focus explained the cultural differences in enemyship experiences. Implications for regulatory focus, cross-cultural research, and interpersonal relationship research are discussed.
Social Network Implications of Normative School Transitions in Non-Urban School Districts
Authors: Temkin Deborah A. , Gest Scott D. , Osgood D. Wayne , Feinberg Mark , Moody James
Published: September 2015

This article expands research on normative school transitions (NSTs) from elementary to middle school or middle to high school by examining the extent to which they disrupt structures of friendship networks. Social network analysis is used to quantify aspects of connectedness likely relevant to student experiences of social support. Data were drawn from 25 communities followed from sixth to ninth grades. Variability in timing of NSTs permitted multi-level longitudinal models to disentangle developmental effects from transition effects. Results indicated that friendship networks were most interconnected in smaller schools and among older students. Beyond these effects, transitions from a single feeder school to a single higher level school were not associated with changes in friendship patterns. Transitions from multiple feeder schools to a single higher level school were associated with diminished friendship stability, more loosely connected friendship networks, increased social distance between students, and friendship segregation between students who formerly attended different schools.
The Mediating Effects of Organizational and Supervisor Identification for Interactional Justice
Authors: Wang Ting , Jiang Huaibin
Published: September 2015

Interactional justice is an important management issue for government agencies because it arises from daily interpersonal interactions and thus affects subsequent working outcomes of civil servants. This study is aimed to investigate the differential mediating effects of organizational identification and supervisor identification to explain why interactional justice affects both organization-focused and supervisor-focused outcomes. Specifically, we predicted that organizational identification would mediate the association between interactional justice and organization-focused outcome (organizational citizenship behaviors directed at the organization), whereas supervisor identification would mediate the association between interactional justice and supervisor-focused outcomes (supervisor evaluation and organizational citizenship behaviors directed at the supervisor). To examine our hypotheses, we carried out a filed survey study and collected data from local civil servants in Sichuan province of China. Results supported our hypotheses. We discussed our study’s conceptual contributions and its practical implications for human resource management in government agencies, and pointed out directions for further research.
Assessing Partnerships Between the Military and Civilian Agencies to Meet Transitioning Service Members’ Needs
Authors: Neill-Harris Katharine A. , Resnick Sara , Wilson-John Wendi M. , Miller-Stevens Katrina , Vandecar-Burdin Tancy , Morris John C.
Published: September 2015

This study examines partnerships between the military and local communities by exploring communication channels of the U.S. military and civilian agencies that provide services to transitioning military members. This article reports on a study conducted in 2013 in the Hampton Roads, Virginia area, designed to determine the degree to which the military enters into partnerships with civilian service providers. We find that navy agencies in Hampton Roads do work with community partners, but the military is more directive than one might imagine in a true partnership, leading to “uneasy” partnerships. Additionally, there are important structural and organizational barriers that prevent true partnerships from developing between navy agencies and the community providers.
An intelligent algorithm for maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions
Authors: Duan Qichang , Mao Mingxuan , Duan Pan , Hu Bei
Published: September 2015

In a photovoltaic (PV) system, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) under partial shading (PS) conditions is a challenging task due to the presence of multiple peaks in the power voltage characteristics. This paper puts forward a novel artificial fish-swarm algorithm (FSA), which is optimized by particle swarm optimization with extended memory (PSOEM-FSA). In this algorithm, both the velocity inertia factor and the memory and learning capacity of PSOEM are introduced into the FSA. To validate the effectiveness of the novel algorithm, the PV system along with the proposed MPPT algorithm was simulated using Matlab/Simulink Simscape tool box. The simulation results show that the proposed approach is effective in MPPT under PS conditions and has a more stable performance when compared with the traditional methods in convergence speed and searching precision.
Surgical outcome of hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact atrial septum
Authors: Arai Sadahiko , Fujii Yasuhiro , Kotani Yasuhiro , Kuroko Yosuke , Kasahara Shingo , Sano Shunji
Published: September 2015

Background

The surgical outcomes of hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact atrial septum remains very poor in spite of the introduction of prenatal diagnosis before the Norwood operation. The hybrid operation consisting of bilateral pulmonary artery banding and balloon atrioseptectomy is one of the treatment strategies to potentially improve this patient population, however, the long-term outcomes are unknown.

Methods

Six consecutive patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact atrial septum, who underwent the hybrid operation between October 2006 and July 2014, were retrospectively reviewed. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with highly restrictive atrial communication was excluded.

Results

Three patients died after the hybrid operation, due to sepsis, cerebral bleeding, and heart failure. Three patients underwent the modified Norwood operation. One of these died due to severe hypoxia while awaiting the bidirectional Glenn operation. The others underwent a bidirectional Glenn operation and subsequent Fontan completion but died due to lung dysfunction and sudden hemoptysis.

Conclusions

The hybrid operation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact atrial septum may have improved the neonatal outcome and Fontan completion rate in this extremely high-risk group of patients, but the long-term outcome remains dismal. Considering the late mortality related to pulmonary complications, aggressive fetal intervention to create a nonrestrictive atrial septal communication to promote normal development of the pulmonary vessels may be the last resort to improve the long-term outcome.
Developing a tractable shape grammar
Authors: Krishnamurti Ramesh , Yue Kui
Published: September 2015

Previously, we examined tractable parametric shape grammars and developed a general paradigm for implementing classes of such grammars. A tractable shape grammar has polynomial computing complexity, and is specified in a way that is readily transformable to a computer program. By contrast, traditionally, shape grammars have been typically developed without a computer implementation in mind, either requiring ambiguity to be clarified, or it is hardly possible for the grammar to be implemented by a polynomial algorithm. Each tractable shape grammar is tied to a particular framework, which is backed by a data structure and supports a metalanguage. In this paper we illustrate the development of tractable shape grammars by transforming a shape grammar developed, essentially, in traditional fashion for the Baltimore rowhouse. The development is for a specific application context— to determine the interior layout of a building given its external features—and the process serves as a general strategy for developing tractable shape grammars.
Jeopardizing the Rule of Law
Authors: Newbold Stephanie P.
Published: September 2015

The research presented in this article is a product of my U.S. Supreme Court Fellowship in the Office of the Counselor to the Chief Justice. Founded in 1973 by former Chief Justice Warren Burger, the purpose of the Supreme Court Fellows program is to bring mid-career professionals interested in judicial branch governance to Washington to help advance the mission and goals of the judiciary. Working for an office that serves as an extension of the Chief Justice’s Chambers provided unparalleled access to learn first-hand (a) how the federal courts are managed and operated; (b) how the Chief Justice of the United States directs the managerial, budgetary, and policy priorities of the federal judiciary; and (c) how the Chief Justice and members of the Supreme Court cultivate relationships with members of the legislative and executive branches to secure the resources needed for the federal court system to carry out its constitutional obligations and judicial responsibilities. This article focuses specifically on sequestration, the most important policy and budgetary issue currently affecting the U.S. federal court system, and a topic that was a focal point during my Fellowship year. Currently, extreme budget cuts are prohibiting the federal courts and judicial branch agencies across the country from carrying out their responsibilities to the individuals they serve. If Congress continues enforcing the sequester, the third branch of government will no longer be able to contribute to the American constitutional order in an efficient, effective, and responsive manner. Consequently, the rule of law in the United States is in jeopardy.
Mapping gay and lesbian neighborhoods using home advertisements: Change and continuity in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Statistical Area over three decades
Authors: Whittemore Andrew H , Smart Michael J
Published: September 2015

Determining the spatial distribution of gay and lesbian households is relevant to understanding gay and lesbian identity and empowerment, and it has been a goal for geographers over the past half century. Our paper answers to calls for investigations of gay and lesbian geography beyond traditional enclaves. We use 9210 street addresses of advertised rental and for-sale properties posted between 1986 and 2012 in the gay and lesbian-oriented Dallas Voice to map historical changes in the spatial distribution of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Statistical Area’s gay and lesbian population. We show how gay and lesbian markets contrast with those of all Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Statistical Area renters and homeowners, and consider our data in light of Dallas Voice coverage of how the location of the gay and lesbian population has shifted. Among other things, we find that advertisements have come to feature properties further from gay bars, and in census tracts of higher income, education levels, and rents, but that these advertisements also have consistently featured properties in census tracts with older construction and a higher proportion of same-sex coupled households. Our findings provide evidence of dispersion from old enclaves and reclustering in new areas, suggesting both lesser attachment to traditional enclaves, and the continuing importance of proximity to each other for gay and lesbian households.
Traditions and innovations
Authors: Lipphardt Veronika
Published: September 2015

This article gives an overview of the visual culture shared by a number of scientists studying human variation in the first half of the 20th century. This was a time when most scientists shared the conceptual and terminological framework of ‘racial classifications’ to capture the structure of human variation. Clearly, drawings – and later photographs – of people from all over the world constituted a crucial part of the well-established visual culture concerned with human variation. The article, however, focuses on the representational tools for visualizing aspects of human variation that were not so obvious to the eye of the observer. It contextualizes researchers’ strategies of visualizing human diversity within the pictorial traditions of relevant fields, particularly physical anthropology and human genetics. Starting from 1900, the article demonstrates how scientists built up a rich visual repertoire for understanding human diversity, one that integrated maps, tables, photos, drawings, diagrams, family and phylogenetic trees. The representations included abstract and non-abstract elements, but increasingly rested on diagrammatic visualizations. Notably, although these diagrammatic visualizations grew in sophistication and methodological rigor, they were rarely used in academic textbooks. More often, mixed strategies of visualizations – diagrammatic elements integrated into non-diagrammatic images – were chosen as representations for human diversity. In the postwar period, most of those visualizations disappeared from scientific publications, but not from popular media. For the scientific publications, one can argue that a number of scientists paid specific attention to visualizations and their deterministic potential. Some argued that particularly maps and trees were altogether problematic in their visualization of human evolution and human diversity. Others sought out new and better ways of constructing trees and maps to visualize truth-claims about human diversity. Here, diagrammatic elements played a key role. Notably, researchers who employed typological approaches for physical anthropology, and who admitted that there was a moment of intuition in their practices, aspired to meet the demands of mechanical objectivity by establishing abstract inscriptions of their typological assessments.
Extramedullary plasmacytoma: an unusual neoplasm in a HIV-positive patient
Authors: Joseph Anjana A , Pulimood Susanne , Manipadam Marie T , Viswabandya Auro , Sigamani Elanthenral
Published: September 2015

There is a wide range of plasma cell abnormalities in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Extramedullary plasmacytomas are not common in HIV infection, unlike plasmablastic lymphomas. An HIV-positive 44-year-old man on antiretroviral therapy presented with a rapidly progressing swelling on the face. Imaging revealed underlying bone destruction. Histologically, there was a tumour composed of small to medium-sized plasmacytoid cells admixed with many mature plasma cells and plasmablasts. These were positive for CD138 and MUM 1. Extramedullary multiple myeloma was ruled out as CD56 and cyclin D-1 were negative. EBV was negative. As the tumour cells were mostly mature, plasmablastic lymphoma was also excluded. The presence of a monoclonal protein (1 g%), IgG kappa type, was detected. Neoplasia of plasma cells acquires special clinical characteristics in PLHIV. These patients are younger, with a greater tendency to develop solitary extramedullary plasmacytomas with atypical clinical evolution and greater aggressiveness of the neoplastic process. All of these features, along with a high proliferation index (MIB1 60%) was found in our patient. We report this case for its rarity, histopathological dilemma and its atypical features in HIV infection.
Detecting time-specific differences between temporal nonlinear curves: Analyzing data from the visual world paradigm
Authors: Oleson Jacob J , Cavanaugh Joseph E , McMurray Bob , Brown Grant
Published: September 2015

In multiple fields of study, time series measured at high frequencies are used to estimate population curves that describe the temporal evolution of some characteristic of interest. These curves are typically nonlinear, and the deviations of each series from the corresponding curve are highly autocorrelated. In this scenario, we propose a procedure to compare the response curves for different groups at specific points in time. The method involves fitting the curves, performing potentially hundreds of serially correlated tests, and appropriately adjusting the overall alpha level of the tests. Our motivating application comes from psycholinguistics and the visual world paradigm. We describe how the proposed technique can be adapted to compare fixation curves within subjects as well as between groups. Our results lead to conclusions beyond the scope of previous analyses.