bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mount Ida from the Iliad to Turkish Folk Beliefs: Some Notes on Its Origin and Mythological Continuity
Authors: KÜLAHLI Nuriye
Published: December 2022

This study aims to find the origin of Kazdağı, which has an important place in both Greek and Anatolian mythology. Mount Ida had a geopolitical and economic importance for the people of Anatolia in ancient times. The significance of the mountain is also reflected to the myths, epics and the legends. Ancient writers give brief descriptions of the mountain and exemplifies the reasons why it is a holy place. A well-known epic, the Iliad emphasizes the richness of Ida in terms of its natural resources. This richness also enlightens the mythological importance of the mountain. Iliad clearly indicates the importance of Ida in Greek mythology. In Anatolia, Ida is known as “Kazdağı” and there have still been some folk beliefs and legends related to it. The most common of these is Sarıkız, which is extremely famous around Balıkesir and Edremit. Sarıkız, known as a local legend in Turkish culture, is unique as it shows its importance among the local inhabitants of “Kazdağı”. Given the fact that the origin of Ida, whose mythological importance was still kept among Turks, was rooted in Anatolia, it is inevitable to examine the journey from the Iliad to Sarıkız. In this context, the ancient and modern sources are investigated and the data gathered are given in the main part of the study. In conclusion, the article aims to contribute to the researches whose purposes are mainly to compare the Greek and Anatolian cultures in terms of important places. We intend to find out whether there is an interaction between the two cultures and if there has been this intercultural connection, how and in what aspects it is going on in terms of the importance of Mount Ida.
Giyilebilir Teknolojik Spor Ürünlerine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği (GTSÜYTÖ) Geliştirme Çalışması
Authors: ÇAR Bekir , BEZCİ Şakir , DOKUZOĞLU Gökhan , KURTOĞLU Ahmet
Published: December 2022

Bu çalışmanın amacı Giyilebilir Teknolojik Spor Ürünlerine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmasının yapılmasıdır. Çalışma grubunu 2020-2021 sezonunda çeşitli branşlarada aktif sporcu olup hem de bu spor ürünlerini kullanmakta olan ve araştırmaya gönüllülük esasına göre katılan 214 bireyden oluşurken yapılan normallik testi sonucu aykırı uç değer gösteren 4 anket formu analizden çıkartılmış olup 210 anket formu değerlendirmeye esas alınmıştır. Giyilebilir Teknolojik Spor Ürünlerine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği çalışmasına başlarken 22 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri sonucu açıklanan varyans değeri 60.08 olarak tespit edilen ölçeğin, 14 madde ve 2 faktörlü yapıyı desteklediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu faktörler 9 madde (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) Pozitif Tutum (PT) ve 5 madde (10,11,12,131,14) Negatif Tutum(NT) olarak adlandırılmıştır. Negatif tutum maddeleri ters kodlanmaktadır. Ölçeğin alt boyutlarına yönelik yapılan güvenirlik analiz sonçları iç tutarlık katsayısı ve test tekrar test yöntemiyle incelenmiş olup, hesaplanmış olan güvenirlik katsayıları 0.84 – 0.90 aralığında değiştiği görülmektedir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analiz sonuçları incelendiğinde yeterli derecede uyum indekslerine sahip olduğu istatistiksel olarak belirlenmiştir. Madde analizine göre incelendiğinde ise maddelerin ayırt edici olduğu görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak elde edilen bulgulara ait olarak Giyilebilir Teknolojik Spor Ürünlerine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği (GTSÜYTÖ)’ nün geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu istatistiksel olarak belirlenmiştir.
Abolition of Capital Punishment in India
Authors: Humd Sana , Umar Dr. Haris , Khan Dr. Mohd Wazid
Published: December 2022

This article is concerned with the penological perspective of capital punishment in India. It critically examines the contentious views of honorable courts, policymakers, commentators, human rights activists, and the Law Commission of India on whether capital punishment should be abolished or retained as earlier or whether there should be some alternative to it as it is practiced in other nations. In so doing, It has analyzed the penal provisions of different enactments provided in favor of Capital Punishment in India, including a critical examination of the lacuna in the enforcement and implementation of the death penalty. This article has referred to the contradictory landmark judgments of the hon'ble Courts of India. This article reviews the suggestions made by the Law Commission of India in its 262nd Reports to determine whether legislators have considered them for future adoption. It has also discussed the theories advocating capital punishment as well as systems of capital punishment in other countries.
Application of novel refined mixed finite elementmethod in the analysis of composite laminated beams
Authors: Ramtekkar G.D. , Patel K.S.
Published: December 2022

This paper shows the application of refined finite element model developed by authors, which incorporate all the elastic equation that are, equilibrium equation, constitutive equation and kinematic equation to be satisfied explicitly at nodes. The present method considers the equilibrium equation for the refinement of the approximation function. Authors used the concept of mixed finite element model by choosing stress and displacement as the primary variable, along with the equilibrium equation as a refinement on approximation function. Ramtekkar [1] in his model restrict the arbitrary choosing of stress function by selecting the stress variation from displacement derived space, by imposing the elastic relations on the variation and then used the Minimum Potential Energy Principle to obtain the governing differential equation. In present work, authors satisfy the equilibrium equation at nodes also by considering the body forces as variables in the formulation which enables the model to satisfy the equilibrium equation explicitly at the node. The formulation is validated by the elastic beam problem solved by Pagano [2] for all three cases. Results obtained are very accurate and also shows faster convergence over the Ramtekkar [1] model.
Review on laminated composite plates
Authors: Dibyajyoti D. , Alfia B.
Published: December 2022

A composite material is a combination of different material which can be assembled to provide required engineering properties like bending, buckling, stiffness etc. It can give better properties than those of individual components. A lamina is the building block of modern composite laminated structures. A lamina is also known as a ply, or a layer. A laminate has several layers of lamina, or laminae. Since the early years of engineering, various types of laminated composite materials have been used in various engineering fields, such as in aerospace, military and automotive industries that are subjected to high temperatures. Thermal stress caused due to change in temperature, increase in temperature causes the changes in material properties of a plate which in turn complicates the analysis and design and may affect the structure also. Therefore, the analysis of thermal stress in design of structure is very important. A critical review of available literature for the prediction of the behaviour of laminated composites under thermal conditions is carried out and summarized. This work attempts to review the studies carried out from 2000 on laminated composite plates by representing classification based on Classical laminate plate concept, First order shear deformation theory, Higher order shear deformation theory, Layerwise theory and Thermal stress on laminated plates.
A step-by-step method for time-dependent analysis of composite beams
Authors: Patel K.A. , Shewarega Addisu , Chaudhary Sandeep , Nagpal A.K.
Published: December 2022

Composite beams composed of reinforced concrete slab and steel section joined by mechanical connectors. The concrete slab provides compressive strength, fire resistance, and floor surface, whereas the steel section provides high tensile strength. Steel-concrete composite structures are widely used in frame buildings and bridges due to their economic and structural advantages. In the existing literature, a hybrid analytical-numerical procedure is available for service load analysis of steel-concrete composite beams considering cracking, creep, and shrinkage in concrete. The procedure uses an age-adjusted effective modulus method (AEMM) to model creep and shrinkage effects. The AEMM is computationally efficient however, it compromises accuracy owing to the use of the same aging coefficient for creep and shrinkage. Therefore, in this paper, a step-by-step method (SSM) has been proposed for modeling the creep and shrinkage effects. The method takes into account the progressive concrete cracking with time due to creep and shrinkage. The method is computationally efficient for large composite frame buildings compared to the finite element method since no discretization of the member, along the length and/or across the cross-section, is needed. The method has been validated against experimental results available in the literature. It is observed that the SSM has greater accuracy than the AEMM.
Nonlocal modeling of crack-interface interaction in a composite system
Authors: Pranavi Dhaladhuli , Rajagopal Amirtham
Published: December 2022

The mechanical response and the fracture phenomena in a composite system not only depend on the elastic and fracture properties of individual constituents but also on additional parameters such as fiber alignment, fiber volume fraction, interface properties and laminate layup. Fiber alignment is one such parameter that governs the design of the composite according to the purpose required. In the present work, a nonlocal approach combined with a cohesive zone model is proposed and implemented in finite element framework. The proposed model can capture different failure phenomena in a matrix- fiber system. The influence of various properties of fiber, matrix, and the fiber-matrix interface on the mechanical response of the composite system is studied. An exponential coupled cohesive zone law is considered for modeling fiber-matrix interface. Smeared representation of crack and interface are considered in the analysis. The results are validated with numerical simulations present in the literature.
Effect of Graphene oxide Addition on Cement-Sand Mortar
Authors: Biswas Surajit , Mandal Saroj
Published: December 2022

The effect of addition of graphene oxide (GO) to the cement-sand mortar on its fluidity and strength was investigated. The dosages of GO addition were varied from 0.03% to 0.06% by weight of cement. The GO was sonicated with required water for uniform mixing and added to the dry mixture of Ordinary Portland Cement and sand of proportion 1:2 (by weight). The incorporation of GO in cement- sand mortar reduced its fluidity compared to control mortar (without GO). A maximum reduction in fluidity of 32% was noted for the GO addition of 0.03%. The compressive strength of mortar was enhanced with the addition of GO (up to 0.05%). However, such enhancement was reduced with further addition of GO. The 0.05% of GO addition increased the compressive strength of mortar by 49.8%, 25.6% and 20.3% compare to that of control sample at 3 days, 7 days and 28 days respectively. The flexural strength of GO based cement sand mortar was also increased substantially compared to control mortar at 0.05% GO addition. More flake like hydration products were observed in GO based cement sand mortars by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM).
Fascinate in approaching pH Water Consequences on Mechanical and Durability Properties
Authors: Agnihotri Anamika , Ramana P.V.
Published: December 2022

Potable water is a treasurable and unusual commodity in emerging and advanced countries. Due to its limited availability, some waters not fit for drinking may be suitable for concrete making, provided they satisfy the acceptance criteria. One viable approach is to employ these non-potable waters with altered pH as a substitute for tap water in concrete. This study assessed the effect of mixing water's pH on concrete's mechanical and durability properties. Diverse mixing waters with pH1.9, pH3.2, and pH8.9 were obtained and subsequently compared mechanical and durability properties with the concrete mix of the same grade with normal mixing water of pH7.4 for the 7, 28, and 270 days. The maximum design compressive strength of 33.26 N/mm2, flexure strength of 3.02 N/mm2, and splitting tensile strength of 2.37 N/mm2 for tap water with pH7.4 for 28 days were recorded. The result indicates that the mechanical properties of water with pH1.9 strength decreased by 45.43%, pH3.2 strength decreased by 30.58%, and pH 8.9 strength increased by 7.69%. After that, research is done to obtain an exact optimum substitution level of cement by G.G.B.S. (15 – 60% at an increment of 15%) and Waste glass (5 – 20% at an increase of 5%) combined for the O.P.C. concrete mix followed by simulation for the same. A constant water/cement ratio of 0.4 was taken to analyze the mechanical properties (compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength) of the combination of waste glass and G.G.B.S. concrete mix.
Nonlinear Static Pushover Analysis of Hollow Shear Critical RC Bridge Piers Under Monotonic Loading: A Comparitive Study
Authors: Polimeru VijayKumar , Laskar Arghadeep
Published: December 2022

Hollow RC bridge piers exhibit several failure modes when subjected to extensive time varying loads during their service lives. Shear failure of hollow RC bridge piers is very critical as it is brittle in nature involving rapid deterioration of strength with increasing widths of the shear cracks and low ductility. Hence this type of failure is not desirable in the earthquake prone areas. Simulation models that can accurately predict the characteristic load deflection curve parameters (including yield load, peak load, ultimate load and corresponding drift, ductility and post peak strength degradation) are very much essential for efficient design of these structures. In the present study, a nonlinear static pushover analysis of three hollow rectangular RC bridge piers (one flexure critical and two shear critical) has been performed under monotonic loading using four different analysis techniques. The first type of simulation model used in the present study is based on the commonly used fiber based nonlinear beam-column elements with simple uniaxial material constitutive relationships, which are very effective in predicting the flexural response of bridge piers. The second type of simulation model used in the present study is also based on simple fiber based nonlinear beam-column elements. However, the constitutive relationships of steel in this model are modified to predict the post-peak strength degradation in shear critical bridge piers. The third type of simulation model is based on two dimensional (2D) CSMM based smeared RC plane stress elements. The fourth type of simulation model is an analytical model based on the sectional analysis method. The load deflection curve properties obtained from all the simulation models have been compared with each other and also with the experimental data. It has been concluded from the present study that all four models are equally efficient in predicting the behaviour of flexure critical bridge pier. However, in the case of shear critical bridge piers, predictions from the 2D CSMM based simulation model are more accurate.
Moment Rotation behavior of Top and Seat Angle Connection with Angle Stiffeners
Authors: Talla Navya , Baskar K.
Published: December 2022

The design specifications for seven commonly used semi-rigid steel connections have been embodied in Indian Standard Code of Practice for General Construction in Steel (IS800:2007). Bolted connections are proved to be efficient by several researchers for its energy dissipating capability under reversal of loading; among them top and seat angle (TSA) connection has higher capacity. An attempt has been made to investigate the behaviour of stiffened TSA connection by finite element analysis in this research. Previously published experimental specimens of TSA connection (RAMAN 2005) semi-rigid TSA bolted connection and their results have been considered to develop 3D Non-linear Finite Element (FE) model and analyses have been executed using the general purpose FE software. The M-?r behavior of numerical analyses are compared with that of the experimental results and thus, the FE model is validated. Further studies are carried out on TSA with all angles stiffened and TSA with angles subjected to tension alone are stiffened. The FE analysis results showed that TSA connection with only tension angles stiffened behave similar to that of TSA connection with all angles stiffened i.e., the stiffeners provided in compression angles does not contribute to the stiffness and connection capacity. The plastic flexural resistance of stiffened TSA connection has enhanced by 30% to that of TSA connection and the ratio of initial stiffness of stiffened TSA to the unstiffened TSA is found to be 1.25. So, the stiffened TSA connection is proved to be efficient in terms of both capacity and failure. The further studies have been carried out to investigate the influence of stiffener properties on the M-?r mechanism of the connection and the results showed that thickness of stiffener equal to the beam web thickness is more efficient.
Comparisons of Performance of Building Using Bright New And Old Rusted Rebar
Authors: Sachidananda Khwairakpam
Published: December 2022

Reinforced cement concrete structure are the most common structures in India. The strength of structure depends mainly on two components i.e. concrete and steel rebar. One of the main constituent i.e. steel, changes its strength along with the changes in property of steel rebar irrespective of the types of steel, mainly due to rusting of iron i.e. formation of iron oxide by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water or air moisture. In the present study, experimental investigation has been done as to find the property of steel for the bright new rebar as well as for the old rusted rebar of a particular brand of steel rebar. The experimental result showed that the new bright rebar has ~ 50% higher yielding strength as compared to the old rusted rebar strength. The ductility of new bright rebar is having ~125% higher than the old rusted rebar. The material property of steel extracted from the experiment has been incorporated in Finite Element modelling of a particular building using SAP 2000. The building has been designed under the gravity load as well as uniform lateral load. The performance of building is found out through push over analysis in terms of load vs displacement. The ultimate strength of building using new rebar is around 60% higher than the strength of building with old rebar. The displacement capacity of building also differs significantly i.e. building with new rebar is having ~60% higher than building with old rebar’s. Overall, the steel rebars need to be protected from corrosion for the construction of structures.
On Structural Design of Steel Roof Truss Geometry Used in Factory Shed
Authors: Ghosh Arghya , Jana Sukanta
Published: December 2022

Use of steel is steadily increasing all over the world in civil engineering related fields due to its superior material properties like high strength and durability, high ductility, light weight etc. Various types of steel structures become more popular because of their high aesthetic appearance. Among these steel structures, roof trusses are widely used to cover large column free open areas like shopping malls, auditoriums, car parking lots, stadiums as well as factory sheds etc. Design of steel truss members is an important aspect to the practicing civil engineers. Hence this paper aims to study the design and analysis of different types of truss geometries used in a factory shed using commercial well-established software package STAAD Pro V8i. Various types of truss geometries like Pratt truss, Howe truss, Fink truss are considered in the present investigations with different aspect ratios. Besides these truss geometries, portal frame geometry is also taken up here to examine the best suitable geometries which are to be used as roofing units in industrial purposes. The results obtained from the present numerical experimentations are studied meticulously to extract a set of meaningful conclusions regarding the design and optimum choice of steel truss geometry which is used as roofing units in industrial sheds. The practical design guidelines along with the best choice of roof trusses are highlighted in the results and discussions section of this paper.
Behavioural Study of a Bridge using Isotruss Member, Box Section and Circular Tube Sections
Authors: Chachurde R.B. , Joshi R.R. , Roy S.
Published: December 2022

It is often necessary to cross a river or any other obstacle where no bridges exist or they have been collapsed due to natural disasters. In general already prefabricated bridge elements will be used. They are mostly made out of light as well transportable and detachable parts from high quality materials which could be fast to build Bridges with different span, width and load capacity. In the present paper behavior and performance of a Bridge, using three different types of truss members, namely Isotruss member, Box section and Circular tube, have been studied. Bridge is modelled and analysed using commercial Finite Element (FE) software. The Bridge is designed for a span of 10.50 m. Live load of 4 KN/m2 and wind load of 51.15 N, 70.34 N and 56.17 N applied as point load on Isotruss, Circular tube and Box section respectively are applied for designing the truss members. For serviceability condition stresses as well as deflections in members have been checked.
Flexural creep in plain concrete: State of the Art
Authors: Williams M. , Menon D. , Prasad A.M.
Published: December 2022

Concrete, being a viscoelastic material, creeps with time causing additional strains and deflections in flexural members. Most of the studies in creep of concrete are based on long-term tests on plain concrete standard cylinders under axial compression, very limited studies have been reported on creep of concrete in flexure and direct tension. Whether the mechanism of creep in tension is different from creep in compression is still being debated. Numerous studies have been reported in the literature showing varied results with regard to the effects of creep in direct compression, direct tension and flexure. This paper provides a brief review of various creep tests on plain concrete reported and attempts to understand the effects of various parameters on the creep behaviour of concrete. Some studies reported that the creep in tension is higher than that in compression, whereas a few others obtained contradictory results from creep tests. This may be attributed to the fact that the relative creep behaviour in tension and compression is highly sensitive to the material composition, exposure conditions and loading level. The studies by various researchers on flexural creep in plain concrete are also discussed.
Non-linear Dynamic Analysis of RC Structures Under Earthquake Sequences
Authors: Vadeo S.D. , Waghmare M.V.
Published: December 2022

Earthquakes in active seismic regions usually occur in a series of medium to strong intensity ground motions at small intervals of times. A large intensity mainshock (MS) is often followed by a series of aftershocks (AS) or even preceded by smaller foreshocks. This sequence type of mainshock-aftershock (MS-AS) ground motions with varying intensity pose major seismic hazard as there is limited scope of repair and retrofitting between seismic events. Due to continuous and repeated seismic ground motions over a brief period of time, the damages in the structure gets accumulated and structure collapse. This study navigates the behaviour of reinforced concrete structures under such seismic sequences. For this purpose, the nonlinear response of three 12 storey reinforced concrete buildings (regular plan, mass irregularity and diaphragm irregularity) is evaluated. The buildings are subjected to five real seismic sequences from previous earthquakes. Nonlinear dynamic analyses are carried out to study the response of buildings under MS and MS-AS sequences considering: a) material and geometric non linearities and b) irregularities. A single highest aftershock is considered in the present study. The results in this study indicates that MS-AS seismic sequence considering both material and geometric nonlinearities has significant effect on the response of structure. It also showed that seismic sequences significantly alter the response of irregular structure.
Performance Assessment of Hybrid Steel Frames under Near-field Seismic Excitations
Authors: Sharma Vijay , Kumbhojkar Kedar , Shrimali M.K. , Bharti S.D. , Datta T.K.
Published: December 2022

Assessment of the seismic performance of steel structures is topical research for a variety of earthquakes. Moment-resisting rigid steel frames are generally designed and used for high seismic zones. However, the famous Northridge in 1994 and Kobe in 1995 earthquakes exposed the shortcomings of moment frames. During these events, the beam-column connections of rigid moment frames were severely damaged. Since then, an alternative of welded connections called bolted or semi-rigid connections is considered for designing or retrofitting of steel moment frames. From the last few years, the semi-rigid connections combined with rigid connections, termed as hybrid or dual frames have become widely popular for earthquake designers and engineers due to enhanced ductility and reduced cost of construction. Earlier research work was focused on far-field (FF) earthquakes, whereas, the near-field (NF) earthquakes are crucial for civil engineering structures. In this paper, an extensive numerical study is carried on rigid and hybrid steel moment frames for NF and FF earthquakes. For this purpose, a ten-story rigid steel frame is analyzed and designed for seismic requirements as per Indian Standards. The rigid connections of frames are replaced by semi-rigid connections with a moderate degree of semi-rigidity. The six different patterns (locations of semi-rigid connections) of hybrid frames are considered here to compare the seismic performance of hybrid frames under near field earthquakes. The nonlinear response-history analyses are executed using the SAP2000 software at two scaled PGAs defined as low (i.e., 0.2g) and high (0.5g) level. An ensemble of three time-histories, each for both types of earthquakes are considered for the numerical simulation. Response quantities of interest, namely, the maximum value of base shear, story displacement, inter-story drift ratio, the total number of plastic hinges, and the square root of the sum of squares of maximum plastic hinge rotations are considered for the decision of a most appropriate pattern for hybrid frames. The results of the numerical study indicate that the response behavior for the NF earthquakes is distinctly different both in nature and magnitude. It is observed that the seismic demands under the NF earthquakes are substantially more as compared to those obtained for FF earthquakes for all cases of hybrid frames. Further, it is also found that the pattern and number of semi-rigid connections in the hybrid frame have a vital role in seismic performance.
Punching Shear Capacity of RC Biaxial Voided Slab – Prediction by Critical Shear Crack Theory
Authors: Sagadevan R. , Rao B.N.
Published: December 2022

In this study the applicability of critical shear crack theory (CSCT) to biaxial voided slab is investigated, which predicts the punching shear capacity of solid slab. Based on the experimental results of biaxial voided slab available in the literature (40 specimens) the research is carried out. The experimental results showed that the load-rotation behaviour of biaxial voided slab is remain same as that of solid slab except for specimens with void located within 0.5d from face of the column. Further, the punching shear capacity of slab specimens with voids located beyond 2d distance from column face is almost the same as that of the solid slab. Depends on the available load-rotation data modified CSCT was developed depends on the location of the void from face of the column. The predictions were observed to be very scattered with a mean and standard deviation of 0.752 and 0.412, respectively. This is reasonable as the modified CSCT estimates the capacity with respect to the location of voids and ignores the area of void at the section considered. The CSCT approach needs to be further modified by including location and area of void to predict the punching shear capacity of biaxial voided slab with reasonable accuracy.
Influence of moment modification factor in lateral torsional buckling of doubly and monosymmetric sections
Authors: Mathew DivyaB. , Kumar J.VijayaVengadesh , Nazeer M.
Published: December 2022

Simply supported doubly symmetric prismatic beam subjected to uniform moment along the unsupported length is the simplest and basic case in the buckling analysis. The closed form solution for the elastic critical moment was derived based on the assumptions of perfect beam with standard restraint conditions at both ends of the beam. A perfect beam will be having linear-elastic behaviour without any type of geometrical or material imperfections. The standard conditions of restraint at each end of the beam in basic case are restrained against lateral movement, restrained against rotation about the longitudinal axis and free to rotate on plan. But in reality, loading conditions and conditions of restraint will vary widely from the basic case. An equivalent uniform moment factor is typically applied to elastic critical moment to account for the effects of variable moment and end restraints along an unbraced girder length. The values are derived numerically and varies with specifications. In this article equivalent uniform moment factor for IS 800-2007 and Eurocode 3 provisions are compared. The study is also extended to monosymmetric I sections.
Seismic Performance Assessment of a Tall RC Building Retrofitted with Shear Walls
Authors: Tramboo A.H. , Choudhury T.
Published: December 2022

Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings are the most commonly constructed structural forms across the world, and equally common is its susceptibility to damage during any seismic activity. Thus, there is especially a need to correctly assess and study the behaviour of RC structures, particularly the tall RC buildings. Tall RC buildings are increasingly becoming popular nowadays because they provide abundant floor area, where the land available for construction is less due to the rapid urbanisation. The understanding of the seismic performance of such buildings makes the seismic retrofitting procedures convenient and optimal to use. Seismic retrofitting measures are present in plenty for RC structures, each of which is used according to the need or the damage level incurred in the structure or its components. The present study thus focusses on a G+14 tall reinforced concrete (RC) building that was severely damaged during the 2015 Nepal Earthquake and was being retrofitted located at the Hattiban area in Nepal. As recommended in the recently developed guidelines for tall RC structures in IS 16700, the use of a 3D computer model is necessary for the seismic analysis and structural safety assessment of tall buildings. Thus, seismic performance is assessed using the structural analysis program SAP2000 for non-linear analysis of the considered structure. Further, seismic fragilities at specific damage levels are also determined.
Moment Curvature of Reinforced Concrete beams- An analytical and experimental validation
Authors: Suthar J.M. , Koshti U.K. , Purohit S.P. , Jadeja H.J.
Published: December 2022

Performance of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beam sections depend on their ability to undergo large inelastic deformation. Nonlinear analysis methods such as Pushover analysis demands inputs like moment curvature relationships of critical sections. This paper proposes analytical and experimental study of RC rectangular statically determinate beam sections. Beam specimens were tested under flexural loading. Behaviour of concrete and steel were also captured. An experimental study has been validated with various confinement models available in various research papers.
Seismic performance of RC plane frame building Irregular in Mass
Authors: Parekh D.B. , Suthar J.M. , Purohit S.P.
Published: December 2022

With increase in urban infrastructure, irregularities in buildings are increasing. These irregularities are results of aesthetic and functional needs. Past research works give clear difference between seismic response of regular and irregular building configurations. Seismic analysis and design of 10 storey Reinforced Concrete (RC) Moment Resisting Frame building is given in this paper. Vertical irregularity in terms of mass variation is present. Indian codes of practices are used for the modelling and analysis of building such as IS 1893(Part-1):2016 and IS 456. Linear static, linear dynamic and nonlinear time history analysis are used to get seismic response. Twenty-three earthquake ground motions have been used. Evaluated results such as displacement, storey drift, inter storey drift and storey shear are compared with regular building having similar configuration.
Seismic Fragility Assessment of RC Building Using HAZUS Methodology and Incremental Dynamic Analysis
Authors: Gandage S. , Goel M.D.
Published: December 2022

The technique of coupled building strategy is more viable to protect the adjacent buildings of dissimilar in characteristics against seismic hazards. The philosophy of coupled building control in which adjacent buildings are allowed to exerts counter-acting forces one upon another. This study includes the seismic performance of various Coupled Buildings with respect to Uncoupled Buildings for which two models of Coupled Building are considered that is, first one is the two-shear type adjacent buildings connected in-line with MR dampers and second one is same as first with taller building is isolated by Resilient-Friction Base Isolator at its foundation. The seismic response analysis of RC coupled buildings are studied in terms of peak responses subjected to unidirectional excitation due to Kobe 1995 earthquake. The governing equation of motion of various coupled buildings is solved numerically by Newmark’s step-by-step method. The dynamic behaviour of semiactive MR damper and R-FBI base isolation system has been predicted by modified Bouc-Wen model and Wen’s model respectively. This study employed the Lyapunov direct approach as a control algorithm for the stability analysis and design of semiactive MR controller. The responses of various coupled buildings and uncoupled buildings are simulated through MATLABâ computing software. This study outlined that model of Coupled Building-2 performs more effective in controlling the seismic responses whereas model of Coupled Building-1 performs well not only in reducing the responses but also avoid pounding from the adjacent buildings. Further, there is significant reduction in responses of taller building isolated by base isolation system whereas marginal reduction takes place in shorter building which is not isolated.
Seismic Response of Monolithic and Precast RC Building for Site-Specific Conditions
Authors: Deoda V.R. , Adhikary S.
Published: December 2022

This paper investigates the seismic response of a rigid and flexible RC building by performing nonlinear time history analysis (NLTHA). In the present study, the numerical model of a 5-storey monolithic RC (MRC) and 5-storey precast RC (PRC) buildings are developed in SAP2000. The buildings are assumed to be situated in Assam and a real Silchar site from Assam is considered. For the NLTHA, six spectrum compatible time histories (SCTH) are considered. The first set comprises of 3 SCTH matched to the Indian seismic code design spectra (ISCDS) and the second set comprises of 3 SCTH matched to the site-specific elastic response spectra (SSERS). The NLTHA results show that the roof displacement of the MRC building is less as compared to the PRC building for all the considered cases. However, the response for both the structures for SSERS compatible time histories is more significant as compared to the ISCDS compatible time histories. It is interesting to note that when the energy dissipation in the structure is evaluated for ISCDS compatible time histories, the damage in PRC building is negligible as compared to MRC building. Moreover, for SSERS compatible time histories, the damage in both the buildings are comparable. The results show the importance of site-specific study and its response on the structure behavior.
Comparative Study on Seismic Performance of Existing Building with and without Retrofitting Using Lateral Load Resisting Systems
Authors: Trivedi Mansi , Doshi Aayushi , Koshy KshemaSara , Mohan S.C.
Published: December 2022

Due to the lack of awareness and practice of implementing earthquake resistant structures in the past, a huge number of buildings today do not comply with the existing/updated seismic codes in India. This issue is predominant in existing residential buildings which involves a high probability of loss of lives. The increase in population and clustered city areas make code non-compliance dangerous and risky especially in the Northern and North Eastern regions which come under seismic zones IV and V. Retrofitting strategies are thus an important aspect of building and life safety. This study involved the seismic performance of an adapted existing residential building taken in the North-East region. The seismic response analysis of the RC building was studied in terms of peak responses (deflection). The performance of the building was based on response spectrum and time history analysis. The main objective of this study is to provide a comparison between the most commonly used retrofit strategies – shear wall, bracings and viscous dampers. The responses of the building with the mentioned strategies and their varied configurations were modelled and analysed through ETABS software. This study outlined the feasibility of each retrofit strategy based on the optimum configuration for deflection control and basic cost estimate.
3D-Seismic Response Analysis of the Secondary Piping System in Building Under Bi-Directional Earthquake
Authors: Kamble Vishal , Bharti S.D. , Shrimali M.K. , Datta T.K.
Published: December 2022

The secondary piping systems running along the height of buildings are subjected to significant stresses and accelerations due to the earthquake. Extensive research on the seismic response of primary and secondary systems has been carried out in the past. State of the art review papers on the subjects summarizes those researches. Although the response of the secondary piping system running along with the height of the primary structure like the building has been studied before, the stresses and accelerations developed in the piping system developed due to the bi-directional earthquake are not widely studied. In this paper, a six storied building with a secondary system taken as a pipe running from 1st to 6th story on one side of the building is taken as an illustrative example. A 3-D model of the primary and secondary system is analyzed for bi-directional earthquakes. Considering the full interaction between the primary and secondary structures, the non- linear time history analysis is carried out in SAP 2000 to obtain different response quantities of interest for a PGA level 0.3g with the major to minor ground motion ratio taken as 1:2/3. Response quantities of interest include the maximum accelerations, maximum displacements, and maximum stresses developed at critical sections of the pipe. Also, the floor response spectra are obtained. Results of the numerical study indicate that significant accelerations and stresses are induced in the pipe for a PGA level of 0.3g; the absolute accelerations at the pipe supports vary significantly leading to the generation of large stresses in the pipe.
Seismic Response of Two-way Asymmetric building with Semi-Active Stiffness Damper Under Bi-Directional Excitations
Authors: Mehta NirmalS. , Mevada SnehalV. , Patel K.A. , Bhaiya Vishisht
Published: December 2022

This article presents a seismic response of a two-way asymmetric building installed with a semi-active stiffness damper (SASD). The seismic response analysis of asymmetric structure is studied in terms of peak responses subjected to bi-directional excitations. The responses are obtained by numerically solving the governing equation of motion using state-space method. The effect of stiffness ratio and lyapunov constant on peak response which includes lateral, torsional displacement, and acceleration. The responses of asymmetric controlled and uncontrolled systems are simulated through MATLAB. To study the effectiveness of dampers, the controlled response of the asymmetric system is compared with the corresponding uncontrolled response. The parametric study indicated that the semi-active stiffness damper is quite effective in reducing various responses. Furthermore, on the optimum value of stiffness ratio, effectiveness of semi-active stiffness damper is reduced for lateral and torsional acceleration.
Progressive Collapse of Flat Slab Buildings
Authors: Singh Namrata , Tolani Sunita , Bharti S.D.
Published: December 2022

Progressive collapse occurs when a local failure triggers successive failures leading to total collapse of the structure. In this project, progressive collapse analysis has been done using a finite element linear static and a non linear static analysis on a 6 storey flat slab building. Though there are dynamic methods also for the analysis but static method has been used owing to its practicality and simplicity in engineering world. Dynamic method is more complicated and involves a number of iteration before it can give any close to accurate result, hence is not in much demand nowadays. The results for the linear static analysis have been compiled in the form of demand capacity ratio at critical section and results for that of the non-linear static analysis have been compiled in the form of support rotation at joints. In both the case the building is not susceptible to progressive collapse both when the central column is removed and the corner column is removed.
Numerical Modelling of an Exterior RC Beam Column Joint Subjected to Cyclic Loading Strengthened Using UHPFRC and CFRP
Authors: Fayaz Q. , Kaur G. , Bansal P.P.
Published: December 2022

A poorly detailed reinforced concrete (RC) beam-column joint (BCJ) is highly susceptible to damage under seismic forces due to the generation of shear stresses. Shear stresses are generated due to the continuous change in the direction of the compression and tension forces acting on the beam-column joint. As a result, the strength, stiffness and the energy dissipation of the whole structure is affected. It needs to be addressed beforehand by improving its shear, tensile and energy dissipation capacities so that the damage is minimised. So a structure needs to be strengthened prior to any major damage. In the present study the seismic performance assessment of a BCJ strengthened by a combination of ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) and carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) has been done analytically in ABAQUS. The seismic parameters observed are the hysteresis response, strength, stiffness, ductility and energy dissipation of the specimens strengthened both by UHPFRC and CFRP. From the results it is clear that the combination of the two strengthening schemes is very efficient in increasing the peak load 2.62 times and the ductility by almost 6% of the specimens as compared to the specimens strengthened using only one scheme. Also the energy dissipation shows an increase of 7.3% in case of using the combination strengthening strategy. The rate of degradation of the strength is also reduced substantially.
A Review on the Selection of Real and Artificial Seismic Sequences for Analysis
Authors: Sabu Berlin , Balakrishnan S.Deepa
Published: December 2022

A huge mainshock activates several aftershocks, divulging the public to serious risk and impeding building repair, rehabilitation, and restoration works. The performance of a structure during multiple earthquakes depends on structural properties and the characteristics of ground motion. Hence, the selection of seismic sequence plays a vital role in the analysis. Presumption of spatial and temporal characteristics of aftershocks is needed for the identification of these repeated motions. This paper further looks into statistical variability connected with aftershock sequences. A critical review of different real and artificial seismic sequences taken for the analysis is carried out. A few studies reveal that a strong motion database for procuring actual mainshock aftershock sequences could underrate the aftershock effects as the database is inadequate and imperfect. It is also observed that artificial sequences can take the place of real sequences especially when an ample data set of real mainshock aftershock sequences are not accessible.
Behaviour of Irregular Reinforced Concrete Frames under Seismic Loading
Authors: Datta D. , Gopal A.L.Nanda
Published: December 2022

The present world demands the multi storey buildings due to lack of space availability in the urban areas to accommodate the increased population with their proposed requirements. Multi-storey building’s behaviour during high seismic action depends mainly on Structural configuration. Structural configuration having any discontinuities in plan or in elevation are termed as building with irregularities. When these irregularities are present in the structure, buildings suffer much more damage during strong earthquake excitations which was recorded in the past. The Irregularities are defined as per IS:1893 (Part 1)-2016 code.
This paper is concerned about the various types of plan, vertical and combined irregularities and their effect under seismic loading. The objective of the present study is doing linear static and dynamic analysis i.e., ESA and RSA on various irregular building frames and calculating their response using some seismic parameters like displacement response, storey drift, inter storey drift ratio and base shear for which the frames are designed using IS 456-2000 and special detailing for fulfilling the ductility requirement is done as per IS: 13920-2016. Comparison of the results of analysis in X and Y directions of irregular structures is done with regular structure. The scope of the present study also includes the maximum and minimum effect on the various types of irregular structures under seismic loading and to know if the presence of irregularities always amplifies the response or not.
Performance Assessment of Different Retrofitting Techniques for Steel-Framed Buildings
Authors: Tunvar A. , Bhaiya V. , Chaudhary R. , Gondaliya K.M. , Gajbhiye P.
Published: December 2022

The requirement for cost-effective critical infrastructure has made employing nonlinear analysis techniques an appealing choice. Estimating seismic loads on structures necessitates explicit consideration of inelastic structural behavior. Hence, nonlinear approaches such as pushover analyses have become more popular. In this study, the performance of a ten-story steel moment-resisting frame retrofitted with various bracings like diagonal-bracing, chevron bracing, x-bracing and k-bracing is evaluated using linear and nonlinear analysis. The responses, such as base shear, lateral load distribution, displacement, drift, and lateral stiffness, are determined using the ETABS-18 building analysis and design program. The results of the study show that the steel-braced frame systems have substantially greater strength and ductility capabilities than their unbraced or alternate steel-braced moment-resistant steel frame. Further, the unbraced steel frame has a low R-factor as compared to the bracing system due to the increased stiffness at the story level.