bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical evaluation of error in the isotopic analysis of carbon and oxygen as CO: considerations for determining two different isotopic abundance ratios simultaneously
Authors: Datta B. P.
Published: September 2002

The computations involved in the ${\bf CO_{2}^{+}}$ ion beam method of determining simultaneously a pair of constituent elemental isotopic abundance ratios P and Q (viz. 13C/12C and 17O/16O, or 13C/12C and 18O/16O, or 17O/16O and 18O/16O) are worked out, and the possible implications of their involvement as an analytical step are evaluated theoretically. It is shown, as an immediate consequence, that accurate measurements of the required isotopic ${\bf CO_{2}^{+}}$ abundance ratios (Rj and Rk) do not necessarily mean that the results (P; Q) are equally accurate. It is demonstrated that, and also explained why, the results can be far more inaccurate, or even in some cases more accurate, than the (Rj;Rk) values themselves. It is clarified how the errors of analysis (δP and δQ) are actually governed, and elaborated further by evaluating their variations as a function of different possible parameters which control their magnitudes. The investigations thus help to predict the required analytical conditions for accurate isotopic analysis of carbon and/or oxygen samples of any origin as ${\bf CO_{2}^{+}}$. The considerations for the case of natural samples predict that, while it should be generally possible to simultaneously determine the isotopic abundance ratios of 13C/12C and 18O/16O with an accuracy better than the measurements themselves, the determination of either the (13C/12C and 17O/16O) ratios or the (17O/16O and 18O/16O) ratios, with an accuracy as good as that of the measurements, would be extremely difficult and may, in practice, be impossible. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of automated matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for the measurement of enzyme activities
Authors: Kang Min‐Jung , Tholey Andreas , Heinzle Elmar
Published: September 2002

Sample preparation methods and data acquisition protocols were optimized for the application of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) to high‐throughput quantitative analysis of low molecular mass substrates and products of an enzyme‐catalyzed reaction. Using a deuterlum‐labeled internal standard, precise standard curves were obtained (r2 = 0.9998) over two orders of magnitude of concentration of rac‐1‐phenylethylamine (PEA), which is converted to 2‐methoxy‐N‐[(1R)‐1‐phenylethyl]acetamide (MET) by a lipase‐catalyzed reaction with ethylmethoxyacetate (EMA) as second substrate. Reliable relative standard deviations were achieved (≤5%) using automated analysis with peak intensity ratios between 0.2 and 5 of analyte to internal standard. This method permitted quantitative analysis of the lipase reaction, producing results comparable to those from gas chromatographic (GC) analysis in the dynamic range of GC. This work shows that MALDI‐TOFMS can be applied for the high‐throughput screening of enzymes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of temperature on the degradation of ZnS FED phosphors
Authors: Swart H. C. , Hillie K. T. , Greeff A. P.
Published: September 2002

The changes in cathodoluminescent brightness and changes in the surface chemistry of ZnS:Cu,Al,Au have been investigated using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and a photospectrometer. The ZnS:Cu,Al,Au phosphor powders have been subjected to electron beam bombardment of 2 keV, with an electron beam current density of 88 mA cm−2 at an oxygen pressure of 2 × 10−6 Torr. The studies were carried out between room temperature and 310 °C. Degradation was manifested by a non‐luminescent ZnO layer that formed on the surface of the phosphor according to the electron‐stimulated surface chemical reaction (ESSCR) mechanism. An increase in temperature led to a decrease in the surface reaction rate due to a decrease in the mean surface lifetime of the oxygen molecules on the surface, with a direct decrease in the ESSCR probability. Without the presence of the electron beam, no chemical reactions occurred on the surface up to 310 °C. Local heating due to the electron beam irradiation is not responsible for the chemical reactions on the ZnS phosphor surface. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoalignment mask fabricated directly on Si by AFM
Authors: Huang WenHao , Dang Xueming , Hu Qiao , Xia Yi , Telllo Marta , Calleja Montserrat , García Ricardo , Gómez‐Rodńguez J. M. , Baro A.
Published: September 2002

The alignment mask with submicrometre and nanometre sensitivity is very important and useful in the microelectronics industry and for nanoscience and technology in the near future. Here we report for the first time a nanoalignment mask that has been fabricated directly on Si by atomic force microscopy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS and surface resistivity measurements of plasma‐treated LDPE and ageing effects
Authors: Simon D. , Liesegang J. , Pigram P. J. , Brack N. , Pura J. L.
Published: September 2002

Low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) film containing a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) additive has been investigated using x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and surface resistivity measurements. The samples measured were: as‐received; plasma‐treated; washed with ethyl acetate; aged in air; and combinations of these treatments. Analysis by XPS has been used to characterize surface species concurrently with resistivity in the surface region to assist in understanding the relationship between charge transport and surface electronic structure. Radiofrequency plasma treatment causes major oxidation effects and lowering of resistivity in the first 4 s. With the same treatment time, in the case of washed samples, surface segregation of PDMS is enhanced, causing an initial increase of surface region resistivity. Plasma treatment beyond 4 s causes saturation of the O : C ratio in the surface and a loss of charged bonds. These points also allow a description of resistivity change with ageing, which includes hydration effects on exposure to air. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partial reduction of Si(IV) in SiO2 thin film by deposited metal particles: an XPS study
Authors: Komiyama Masaharu , Shimaguchi Takemi
Published: September 2002

Metal–support interactions in systems of dispersed metals supported on thin‐film silica surfaces were examined by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Four metal–silica systems—Pt–, Pd–, Ag–and Au–SiO2—all indicated the formation of partially reduced Si(IV) species by the metal deposition. The extent of the reduction varied little with the kind or amount of deposited metal species. On the other hand, the amount of this newly formed Si(IV–δ) indicated a strong metal species dependence. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EXAFS study of molybdenum oxide on the structure Al2O3
Authors: Shi Weiping , Cai Xiaohai , Wei Jiying , Ma Jun , Hu Tiandou , Wu Nianzu , Xie Youchang
Published: September 2002

In this paper, MoO3dispersed on an alumina support was studied. The dispersion threshold was determined by x‐ray diffraction and the Mo–O coordination structure was detected by extended x‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), which shows that the preferred dispersion phase is made up of [MoO4] polyhedrons. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Angular distribution of the surface excitation probability for medium‐energy electrons backscattered from a polycrystalline Au surface
Authors: Werner Wolfgang S. M. , Smekal Werner , Störi Herbert
Published: September 2002

Reflection electron energy‐loss spectra have been measured for medium‐energy electrons backscattered from a polycrystalline Au surface for emission angles between 15 and 90° with respect to the surface normal as well as for incidence angles in the same range. The surface excitation parameter (SEP) was extracted from each spectrum by fitting the raw data to theory and determining the ratio of the first surface loss peak to the elastic peak intensity. Both the energy and angular dependence of the SEP can be described by free electron theory when the electron momentum is rescaled by a material‐dependent parameter allowing the SEP in Au to be predicted for medium energies and arbitrary geometries. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface properties and solderability behaviour of nickel–phosphorus and nickel–boron deposited by electroless plating
Authors: Chow Y. M. , Lau W. M. , Karim Z. S.
Published: September 2002

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning Auger microscopy (SAM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and wetting force measurements have been applied to various nickel deposits prepared by standard electroless plating for probing the origins of solderability behaviour of ‘electroless nickel’. By controlling the plating chemicals and plating conditions, three kinds of electroless nickel deposits have been prepared, namely electroless nickel–high phosphorus (EN‐HP), electroless nickel–low phosphorus (EN‐LP) and electroless nickel–boron (EN‐B). Wetting balance measurements confirmed the solderability strength decreased in the order of EN−B>EN−LP>EN−HP. Unexpectedly, among the three EN deposits, EN‐B was found by XPS to have the thickest surface oxide, which opposes the traditional correlation of good solderability with thin surface oxide. On the other hand, SAM and AFM studies showed that the average nodule size increased in the order of EN−B<EN−LP<EN−HP. Accordingly, there appeared to be a correlation of small nodule size with good solderability. Solderability of ‘electroless nickel’ thus depended more on surface morphology than on surface oxidation. Nevertheless, further studies of the wetting kinetics of the EN deposits revealed that among the three EN deposits EN‐HP had the oxide structure that was most difficult to penetrate and thus the slowest to ‘wet’. The structure of the surface oxide therefore was found to affect the wetting kinetics of ‘electroless nickel’. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative XPS determination of Pt coverage on SrBi2Ta2O9 thin films for ferroelectric memories
Authors: Asami Katsuhiko , Koiwa Ichiro , Yamanobe Tomomi
Published: September 2002

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were conducted for a spin‐coated SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) system with sputter‐deposited 5 nm thick Pt film on it. The spectral peaks were analysed quantitatively under several surface structure models. The XPS results also were compared with SEM observation results. The Pt coverage was lowest (∼15%) on a specimen prepared from complexed alkoxide solution followed by a second annealing at 800 °C in O2 and sintering in a hydrogen atmosphere at 400 °C (H2 sintering), whereas it was highest (97%) on a specimen prepared from a sol–gel solution without any other treatment except crystallization. From regression analysis of all the data, the effects of the solution property, second annealing and H2 sintering on Pt coverage were evaluated. It was found that the effect of the second annealing in O2 was very large, whereas that of the H2 sintering does not give a large effect but it certainly causes a decrease in the apparent Pt coverage. Even the difference in solution for spin‐coating has an influence on the Pt coverage, i.e. sol–gel and complex solutions give the highest and lowest values, respectively. It was clarified that the Pt‐coverage had a clear correlation with fabrication factors, such as solution property, second annealing in O2 and H2 sintering. There was an excellent agreement between XPS and SEM results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of overlayer thickness by QUASES analysis of photon‐excited KLL Auger spectra of Ni and Cu films
Authors: Kövér L. , Tougaard S. , Tóth J. , Daróczi L. , Szabó I. , Langer G. , Menyhárd M.
Published: September 2002

Quantitative characterization of overlayer nanostructures is important for many practical applications and has become a feasible task for electron spectroscopy. The QUASES (Quantitative Analysis of Surfaces by Electron Spectroscopy) software package, developed recently, provides a general tool for quantification in XPS by analysing the spectral shape of the background caused by inelastic scattering of the signal electrons and has been applied successfully for determining the thickness of surface films in the nanometre range. In this work the application of such analysis is extended to metallic films having several tens of nanometre thickness and the accuracy of the results is tested by using independent methods.

Both Ni and Cu KLL Auger spectra were photoexcited from Ni and Cu overlayers (deposited onto Si substrates) of different thicknesses in the 10–60 nm range, and were measured with high energy resolution. The film thickness values from the QUASES spectral shape analysis are compared with the data obtained by using a quartz crystal microbalance, cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Good consistency has been found for the thickness values obtained from the spectral shape analysis and from microscopy, especially for Ni films. Assuming nominal film thickness, the values of the inelastic mean free path of 6–7 keV energy electrons in Ni and Cu were also determined, showing good (Ni) or reasonable (Cu) agreement with those proposed by Powell and Jablonski. The effect of island formation was shown by the QUASES spectral shape analysis and confirmed by SPM. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient object promotion algorithm for persistent object systems
Authors: Printezis T. , Atkinson M. P.
Published: September 2002

We report on a bulk object‐loading algorithm for persistent object stores calledGhosted Allocation. It allocates large numbers of objects in a persistent store atomically, efficiently, and reliably. Its main strengths are that it minimizes I/O traffic, optimizes the disk access pattern, and does not impose complex requirements on applications. Our experiments demonstrate that theGhosted Allocationalgorithm is efficient and most importantly scalable, sustaining allocation rates of up to 63 000 objects s‐1. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GENEX: a tool for testing in ILP
Authors: Morin Johanne , Matwin Stan
Published: September 2002

Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) is a field of research in which logic programs are synthesized (learned) from examples. There is a need for a variety of large datasets to evaluate ILP learners. The paper describes an example generator program GENEXthat provides the user with a language in which to describe large sets of structured examples. GENEXis available on the WWW. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teaching formal methods lite via testing
Authors: Utting Mark , Reeves Steve
Published: September 2002

A new style of formal methods course is described, based on a pragmatic approach that emphasizes testing. The course introduces students to formal specification using Z, and shows how formal specification and testing can benefit each other, in both the validation and verification phases. It uses a tools‐based approach, with practical work that reinforces formal specification techniques as well as traditional software engineering skills, such as unit and system testing, inspection and defensive programming with assertions. The two main results are to identify several practical uses of formal specifications that are not widely practised or taught, and to demonstrate that teaching them results in a more interesting and relevant formal methods course. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lack of enhancing effect of two Kampo medicines, Sho‐saiko‐to (TJ‐9) and Sairei‐to (TJ‐114), on rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis initiated with N‐butyl‐N‐(4‐hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine
Authors: Hagiwara Akihiro , Sano Masashi , Tanaka Hikaru , Kawabe Mayumi , Tamano Seiko , Kadota Tadaomi , Yanagisawa Toshihiko , Maemura Shunichi , Ito Nobuyuki , Shirai Tomoyuki
Published: September 2002

The modifying potential of two Kampo medicines (Japanese traditional herbal medicines), Sho‐saiko‐to (TJ‐9) and Sairei‐to (TJ‐114), on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in male F344 rats initiated with N‐butyl‐N‐(4‐hydroxybutyl)‐ nitrosamine (BBN) was evaluated. Groups of 20 animals were given 0.05% BBN in their drinking water for 4 weeks and then 0.7 or 2.8% TJ‐9, 0.9 or 3.6% TJ‐114, or 3.0% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as a positive control substance in their diet for 32 weeks. All rats were killed after 36 weeks and examined histopathologically. No adverse effects of the test compounds were found in terms of survival, clinical sign, and body weight. Administration of 0.7 and 2.8% TJ‐9 and 0.9 and 3.6% TJ‐114 in the diet did not affect the incidences or extent of PN hyperplasia in the BBN‐treated rats. Incidences and multiplicities of papillomas were also not affected in rats fed 0.7 or 2.8% TJ‐9 and 0.9% TJ‐114, while they were significantly decreased in animals given 3.6% TJ‐114 in the diet. The results thus demonstrated that neither of the test chemicals exerted any promotional activity on urinary bladder carcinogenesis, in clear contrast to NaHCO3. In addition, bladder carcinogenesis was reduced by 3.6% TJ‐114 in the diet, under the present experimental conditions. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 22:41–50, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The sclerophytin A adventure
Authors: Paquette Leo A.
Published: September 2002

The structural designation A originally made by Sharma and Alam to sclerophytin A was considered to be ambiguous and so notably strained relative to B that the latter was targeted for de novo synthesis (Scheme 1). Our two successful routes began with (5S)‐(d‐menthyloxy)‐2(5H)‐furanone and involved the application of cycloaddition, Claisen ring expansion, transannular oxymercuration, and 1,2‐carbonyl transposition tactics to arrive at B. It was immediately apparent from polarity considerations and spectroscopic data that the antileukemic marine metabolite in question was in need of more deep‐seated structural revision. Following close re‐examination of an acquired authentic sample by advanced NMR techniques, the strong inference was made that sclerophytin A actually lacked a second oxygen bridge and was in reality the triol C. This conclusion was unequivocally confirmed by diverting an advanced intermediate generated earlier into a short sequence beginning with regiocontrolled dihydroxylation and terminating with configurational inversion at the secondary carbinol center. The status of other members of this series is also presented. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and The Japan Chemical Journal Forum Chem Rec 1:311–320, 2001.

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The Effects of using Stimuli from Three Different Dimensions on Autoshaping with a Complex Negative Patterning Discrimination
Authors: Pearce John M. , George David N.
Published: September 2002

In two experiments pigeons received a complex negative patterning discrimination, using autoshaping, in which food was made available after three stimuli if they were presented alone (A, B, C), or in pairs (AB, AC, BC), but not when they were all presented together (ABC). Subjects also received a positive patterning discrimination in which three additional stimuli were not followed by food when presented alone (D, E, F), or in pairs (DE, DF, EF), but they were followed by food when presented together (DEF). Stimuli A and D belonged to one dimension, B and E to a second dimension, and D and F to a third dimension. For both problems, the discrimination between the individual stimuli and the triple-element compounds developed more readily than that between the pairs of stimuli and the triple-element compound. The results are consistent with predictions that can be derived from a configural theory of conditioning.
The Product of the Survival of Motor Neuron(SMN) Gene is a Human Telomerase-associated Protein
Authors: Bachand François , Boisvert François-Michel , Côté Jocelyn , Richard Stéphane , Autexier Chantal
Published: September 2002

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex that is minimally composed of a protein catalytic subunit, the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), and an RNA component, the telomerase RNA. Thesurvival of motor neuron (SMN) gene codes for a protein involved in the biogenesis of certain RNPs. Here, we report that SMN is a telomerase-associated protein. Using in vitro binding assays and immunoprecipitation experiments, we demonstrate an association between SMN and the telomerase RNP in vitro and in human cells. The specific immunopurification of SMN from human 293 cells copurified telomerase activity, suggesting that SMN associates with a subset of the functional telomerase holoenzyme. Our results also indicate that the human telomerase RNA and the human (h) TERT are not associated with Sm proteins, in contrast to Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomerase. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that hTERT does not specifically colocalize with wild-type SMN in gems or Cajal bodies. However, a dominant-negative mutant of SMN (SMNΔN27) previously characterized to elicit the cellular reorganization of small nuclear RNPs caused the accumulation of hTERT in specific SMNΔN27-induced cellular bodies. Furthermore, coexpression of SMNΔN27 and hTERT in rabbit reticulocyte lysates decreased the efficiency of human telomerase reconstitution in vitro. Our results establish SMN as a novel telomerase-associated protein that is likely to function in human telomerase biogenesis.
Corporate intelligence and transformational marketing in the age of the Internet
Authors: Trim Peter R.J.
Published: September 2002

Strategic marketing has established itself as a separate body of marketing knowledge and forced marketing strategists to think more deeply about establishing long‐term working relationships that are external to the organization. Relationship marketing has evolved and is playing an integral part in the formation of partnership arrangements in an era characterized by networks and technology utilization. The Internet represents an emerging vehicle for business transactions and is set to provide unique opportunities. Developing a mindset which takes into account the importance of strategic marketing, the necessity for relationship marketing and the interactivity offered by technology, are of interest to marketers who are employed within a strategic capacity. In view of this, senior marketing personnel need to pay attention to the areas of corporate intelligence and transformational marketing, if, that is, the organization is to develop a sustainable competitive advantage in a fast moving, complex and increasingly unpredictable world. It also means that senior management need to think in terms of establishing a number of distinct groups within the organization.
A study using the grey system theory to evaluate the importance of various service quality factors
Authors: Chen Cheng‐Nan , Ting Shueh‐Chin
Published: September 2002

Although the applications of grey system theory have been prosperous in the engineering field, there are very few applications to the management field. We argue that this theory is worthy of promotion to the management field. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to demonstrate the application of grey relation analysis, one part of the grey system theory, by analyzing the topic of service quality and customer satisfaction. Customers of the auto repair industry were chosen to find out the grey relation order of Parasuraman et al.’s ten factors. Tries to prove whether or not service quality and customer satisfaction are two different constructs. Finally, tries to verify the relative importance of technical quality and functional quality on service quality and customer satisfaction. The following is an enumeration of the important conclusions: each quality factor has a different effect upon service quality; each quality factor has a different effect upon customer satisfaction; service quality and customer satisfaction are different constructs in the minds of the consumers; technical quality and functional quality are of equal importance to service quality and customer satisfaction.
The configuration of the university image and its relationship with the satisfaction of students
Authors: Beerli Palacio Asunción , Díaz Meneses Gonzalo , Pérez Pérez Pedro J.
Published: September 2002

This work centers on the study of the image of universities, with the aims of explaining the process of image forming by means of its different components, both in its cognitive and affective dimensions and of analyzing its relationship with the students’ satisfaction with the university. The results of the empirical work carried out on a representative sample of 6,775 students studying at a Spanish university demonstrate that the cognitive component of image is an antecedent of the affective component. In turn, both of those components influence the forming of the overall image of the university and the cognitive, affective and overall images statistically and significantly influence the students’ satisfaction with the university.
CHAOTIC CONTROL USING FUZZY MODEL-BASED METHODS
Authors: LIAN KUANG-YOW , LIU PETER , WU TSU-CHENG , LIN WEI-CHI
Published: September 2002

In this paper, we propose a fuzzy tracking control for chaotic systems with immeasurable states. First we represent the chaotic and reference systems into T–S fuzzy models. Some properties concerning the premise variable selection and controller placement for chaotic systems are discussed. When considering immeasurable states, an observer is designed along with the controller to track a reference model which is a fixed point, a stable nonlinear system, or a chaotic system. For different premise variables between the plant and reference models, a robust approach is used to deal with the problem. The conditions for dealing with the stability of the overall error system are formulated into LMIs. Since the simultaneous solution to both the controller and observer gains with disturbances are not trivial, a two-step method is utilized. The methodology proposed above is applied to both continuous-time and discrete-time chaotic systems. Two well-known examples, the Chua's circuit for continuous-time and Hénon map for discrete-time, are used in numerical simulations and DSP-based experiments. The results verify the validity of theoretical derivations.
Identification of Genetic Variants in Endothelial Lipase in Persons With Elevated High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Authors: deLemos Andrew S. , Wolfe Megan L. , Long Christopher J. , Sivapackianathan Rasheeta , Rader Daniel J.
Published: September 2002

Background—

Elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, and variation in HDL-C levels has been shown to be ≈50% heritable. Overexpression of endothelial lipase (EL), a member of the lipoprotein lipase gene family, markedly reduces HDL-C levels in mouse models. We hypothesized that genetic variation in EL might be associated with elevated HDL-C.

Methods and Results—

All exons and 1.2 kilobase of promoter of the EL gene were sequenced in 20 unrelated human subjects with high HDL-C levels. A total of 17 variants were identified. Six of these were potentially functional and were confirmed by restriction enzyme analysis. Four variants result in amino acid changes (Gly26Ser, Thr111Ile, Thr298Ser, and Asn396Ser,) and 2 variants were in the promoter (−303A/C and −410C/G). The genotype frequencies of each variant were determined in 176 black controls, 165 white controls, and 123 whites with high HDL-C. The Thr111Ile variant was the most common, with an allele frequency of 10.3% in blacks, 31.2% in white controls, and 32.6% in the high HDL-C group. The remaining variants all had allele frequencies <5.0% but differed in frequency among the 3 groups. Interestingly, Gly26Ser, Thr298Ser, and −303A/C were found in the black and high HDL-C white cohorts but were absent in the control white group.

Conclusions—

Six new potentially functional variants in EL were discovered through sequencing of the EL gene in subjects with high HDL-C levels. Differences in allele frequencies exist between blacks and whites and between control subjects and those with high HDL-C levels.
Review of Easterly’s The Elusive Quest for Growth
Authors: Wacziarg Romain
Published: September 2002

William Easterly's superb book draws on what we have learned from almost two decades of cross-country growth comparisons, providing a critical synthesis of the current state of empirical knowledge on growth. The author emphasizes policy and institution-driven incentives for growth, and also critically surveys evidence for more traditional sources of growth such as factor accumulation. Another contribution of the book is an accessible and detailed description of the vicious cycle of adjustment loans directed by the World Bank and IMF at countries that squander these resources in current consumption rather than investment, leading to stagnant growth, debt crises, debt relief and further adjustment loans.
Dioxa-dithia Macrocycle-bridged Dimeric with Hexakis(alkylthio) Substituents and Network Polymer Phthalocyanines
Authors: GÜREK A. G. , BEKARO ĞLU Ö.
Published: September 2002

1,7-dithia (12-crown-4)-bridged phthalocyanine network polymers were prepared from tetracyanodibenzo-[1,7-dithia(12-crown-4)]. In addition, the synthesis of two 1,7-dithia (12-crown-4) linked peripherally octa-substituted dimeric phthalocyanines, which contain a combination of hexakis(alkylthia) side chains, is described. These extremely soluble compounds were prepared by the condensation of an iminoisoindoline derivative and a subphthalocyanine. The novel compounds are characterized by elemental analyses, UV/vis, IR, mass,1H NMR and13C NMR spectroscopy. The electrical conductivity measurements of three of the four network polymers were unsuccessful; however chemical doping with NOBF4could be increased to a measurable value. The electrical conductivity of the dimeric phthalocyanines are in the semiconductor range.
Construction of a ‘Sequential Potential Field’ by [Cu(pc)]/[Zn(pc)] double-layered Thin Film: Application to Electrochromic and Electroluminescent Devices
Authors: TOMINAGA TSUYOSHI , HAYASHI KOHEI , TOSHIMA NAOKI
Published: September 2002

‘Sequential potential field’ is a concept to produce a potential cascade by the organization of redox components, and to aim for an effective and vectorial electron and/or hole transfer. Construction of the sequential potential field is examined by double-layered thin film composed of two kinds of metallophthalocyanine having different oxidation potentials, i.e. copper phthalocyanine and zinc phthalocyanine. In the electrochromic device of double-layered metallophthalocyanine thin films, hole transfer can be controlled by the order of deposition, which suggests that the present system is suitable for the construction of a sequential potential field. Double-layered metallophthalocyanine thin films were also used as a hole transfer layer in all-solid organic electroluminescent devices. In the case of an indium-tin oxide/copper phthalocyanine/zinc phthalocyanine/tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum/ Mg - Ag device for electroluminescence, a high brightness of more than 4000 cd m−2 can be achieved. This double-layered hole transfer system is more effective than the corresponding single hole transfer system, which is due to the construction of a sequential potential field in the hole transfer layer.
Novel and Improved Syntheses of 5,15-Diphenylporphyrin and its Dipyrrolic Precursors
Authors: BRÜCKNER CHRISTIAN , POSAKONY JEFF J. , JOHNSON CLAIRE K. , BOYLE ROSS W. , JAMES BRIAN R. , DOLPHIN DAVID
Published: September 2002

Optimized syntheses of 5,15-diphenylporphyrin (DPP, 1) and its dipyrrolic precursors are described. A novel procedure for the synthesis of dipyrromethane (2), prepared by hydrodesulfurization of the corresponding di-2-pyrrolylthione (8), is presented, as well as an improved method to isolate large quantities of 5-phenyldipyrromethane (4), prepared by the acid-catalysed condensation of pyrrole with benzaldehyde. These dipyrromethanes are key reagents in two high-yield (2+2)-type syntheses of DPP. 5-Phenyldipyrromethane was formylated to provide 1-formyl- (11) and 1,9-diformyl-5-phenyldipyrromethane (12), and reduction of 11 provided the corresponding hydroxymethyl compound 13. These compounds (11-13), however, were much less efficient precursors to DPP. Two polypyrrolic compounds, 1,1,2,2-dipyrrolylethane (9) and 5,10-diphenyltripyrrane (10), potentially useful for the synthesis of porphyrinic macrocycles, were isolated as side-products during the dipyrromethane and 5-phenyldipyrromethane syntheses.
Selective aggregation of zinc phthalocyanines in the skin
Authors: TABATA KENJI , FUKUSHIMA KAORU , ODA KAZUO , OKURA ICHIRO
Published: September 2002

In photodynamic therapy it is important to avoid undesirable side effects caused by photodynamic reactions with accumulated photosensitizers, especially in the skin. Although phthalocyanine monomers can serve as photosensitizers, aggregated phthalocyanines are inactive. In this study the aggregations of five zinc phthalocyanines (MSPc, TSPc, TX-101A, TX-105A and TX-106A) in the skin and in the tumor are compared. Every phthalocyanine was more dissociated in the tumor than in the skin. In particular, TX-101A and TX-106A remained in monomeric form in the tumor but were aggregated in the skin. The aggregation effects of phthalocyanines in organic solvents and biological materials were also investigated. These phthalocyanines were aggregated in water and ethanol and also by the addition of bovine serum albumin and ghosts of red cells. On the other hand, they were dissociated in propanol and also by the addition of low-density lipoprotein. It was found that the dissociation of these phthalocyanines depended strongly on the polarity of the solvents and on the biological microenvironment.
Molecular simulations of porphyrins and heme proteins
Authors: SHELNUTT JOHN A.
Published: September 2002

An overview of the use of classical mechanical molecular simulations of porphyrins, hydroporphyrins and heme proteins is given. The topics cover molecular mechanics calculations of structures and conformer energies of porphyrins, energies of barriers for interconversion between stable conformers, molecular dynamics of porphyrins and heme proteins, and normal-coordinate structural analysis of experimental and calculated porphyrin structures. Molecular mechanics and dynamics are currently a fertile area of research on porphyrins. In the future, other computational methods such as Monte Carlo simulations, which have yet to be applied to porphyrins, will come into use and open new avenues of research into molecular simulations of porphyrins.
Tetraimidazophthalocyanines
Authors: PARDO CARMEN , YUSTE MANUEL , ELGUERO JOSÉ
Published: September 2002

The first two phthalocyanines bearing four fused imidazole rings on the periphery have been prepared. The synthesis, though a conventional one, has required the preparation of 5,6-dicyanobenzimidazoles. The novel phthalocyanines show λmax at about 715 nm.
Non-uniformly substituted phthalocyanines and related compounds: alkylated tribenzo-imidazolo[4,5]- porphyrazines
Authors: BAKBOORD JOAN V. , COOK MICHAEL J. , HAMURYUDAN ESIN
Published: September 2002

The synthesis and properties of ‘3:1’ phthalocyanines, in which three of the benzenoid rings are similarly substituted whereas the fourth is differently substituted or is replaced by a heteroaromatic ring, are overviewed with an emphasis on contributions from the group at the University of East Anglia. The synthesis of novel hepta-alkylated tribenzo-imidazolo[4,5]porphyrazines as metal-free derivatives by cross-condensation of 3,6-dialkylphthalonitrile and 1-alkyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazole is described. The compounds show Q band absorption at 701 and 660 nm. The Q band is thus hypsochromically shifted relative to the Q band absorption of the corresponding metal-free octa-alkylphthalocyanines and the metal-free hexa-alkylated derivatives of tribenzo-pyridino[3,4]porphyrazines, tribenzo-thiopheno[2,3]porphyrazines and tribenzo-thiopheno[3,4]porphyrazines. Examples of the tribenzo-imidazolo[4,5]porphyrazines have been deposited as smooth, even and transparent spin-coated films with broad-band absorption in the region 600-750 nm.
Synthesis of new tetrapyrrolic derivatives—porphyrins as dienophiles or dipolarophiles
Authors: TOMÉ AUGUSTO C. , LACERDA PAULA S. S. , SILVA ANA M. G. , NEVES MARIA G. P. M. S. , CAVALEIRO JOSÉ A. S.
Published: September 2002

Porphyrins participate as dienophiles in Diels-Alder reactions with ortho-quinodimethanes or pentacene. They can also behave as dipolarophiles in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with a range of 1,3-dipoles. These two reaction types were successfully used to synthesize novel chlorins, bacteriochlorins and isobacteriochlorins.
Modification of β-positions in porphyrazines by substitution reactions
Authors: KHELEVINA OL'GA G. , CHIZHOVAN NATALIYA V. , STUZHIN PAVEL A.
Published: September 2002

Peripheral modification of the porphyrazine macrocycle is an important synthetic approach to β-substituted porphyrazine derivatives, especially those which cannot be obtained via direct template cyclotetramerization of maleodinitriles and other similar synthons. The paper presents the last results of the systematical investigation of the reactivity of unsubstituted porphyrazine (tetraazaporphine) in the reactions of electrophilic and radical substitution in pyrrole rings (bromination, chlorination, chloromethylation, nitration and sulfonation) and nucleophilic substitution reactions of chloro-, bromo- and sulfo-substituted porphyrazines.
Meso and β-pyrrole sulfonated porphyrins obtained by sulfonation of 5,15-bis(phenyl)porphyrin
Authors: GARCIA-ORTEGA HECTOR , RIBO JOSEP M.
Published: September 2002

The sulfonation of 5,15-bis(phenyl)porphyrin (DPP) in concentrated sulfuric acid results in substitution on the β-pyrrolic positions and the expected sulfonation on the para positions of the phenyl substituents. The sodium salt of 5,15-bis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin-2-sulfonic acid ( S 3 DPP ) was prepared in good yield, the sodium salts of 5,15-bis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin ( S 2 A DPP ), 5-phenyl-15-(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin-2-sulfonic acid ( S 2 B DPP ) and 15-phenyl-5-(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin ( S 1 A DPP ) were isolated, and 5,15-bis(phenyl)porphyrin-2-sulfonic acid ( S 1 B DPP ) was detected in a mixture with S 1 A DPP . The β-pyrrole sulfonato substituents are stable and their potential synthetic use is shown by the preparation of the trisodium salt of 10-bromo-5,15-bis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin-2-sulfonic acid ( BrS 3 DPP ) by NBS bromination of S 3 DPP . In a methanol/sulfuric acid mixture the sulfonation occurs on the meso positions, and the tetrasodium salt of 10,20-bis (4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin-5,15-disulfonic acid ( S 4 DPP ) was obtained.
NAFTA intra‐industry trade in agricultural food products
Authors: Qasmi Bashir A. , Fausti Scott W.
Published: September 2002

This paper focuses on NAFTA's impact on intra‐industry and inter‐industry trade in agricultural food products. Bilateral trade among the United States, Canada, and Mexico and their trade with the rest of the world during 1990 and 1995 are investigated. The study shows that U.S. trade patterns for agricultural food products are slowly changing. The proportion of the intra‐industry trade was higher for food products involving a greater degree of processing, whereas trade in bulk commodities with little or no processing was predominantly inter‐industry. U.S.–Canada bilateral trade has been increasingly more dominated by intra‐industry trade. On the other hand, Mexican bilateral trade with both the United States and Canada has been predominantly inter‐industry in nature. The study also indicated a decline in the proportion of intra‐industry trade in U.S. trade with the rest of the world during this period. [EconLit citations: F120, F190]. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of familial distress on growth and maturation of girls: A longitudinal study
Authors: Hulanicka Barbara , Gronkiewicz Lidia , Koniarek Jan
Published: September 2002

A longitudinal sample of girls (N = 271), all born during the same year, were examined at yearly intervals during a period of 11 (N = 174) or 8 years (N = 97). The data gathered included the following: age at menarche, anthropometric dimensions, skeletal maturity scores with the TW2 method, and questionnaire information about the present and past socioeconomic situation and family dynamics. The girls were divided into two groups. Group A (N = 207) comprised girls who lived in families free of strong traumatic events. Group B (N = 64) included girls whose family dysfunction exposed them to prolonged distress. Two anthropometric dimensions were central to the analysis: height and subischial leg length. Age at attaining four different maturity stages were also used: age at menarche, age at a Carpal score of 1,000, age at the RUS score of 1,000, and age at the total bone score of 995. The mean age at menarche of girls from group A was 13.3 years and that for girls in group B was 12.9 (F = 6.295, P < 0.01). There was no correlation between age and height at final stages of skeletal maturation, i.e., at a total bone score of 995 or a RUS score of 1,000 in group A. There was no significant difference in height between girls whose skeletal maturity was completed early and those in whom it was completed late. Girls from group B, whose skeletal maturity was reached earlier, were shorter than those who grew until a later age. In group B, the stature was positively correlated with the age at which the late stages of skeletal maturation was attained (r = 0.26 at a RUS score of 1,000 and r = 0.28 at a total bone score of 995, P < 0.05). Regardless of the ages at which any of the four maturity levels were reached by girls from group A, they were, on average, taller than those from group B at the same maturity level. Only at a RUS score of 1,000, when the sample size is reduced, the difference was not significant. The results show that girls exposed to familial distress are more likely to have an early puberty, which is associated with short final stature. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:771–776, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Health evaluation of translocated free‐ranging primates in French Guiana
Authors: de Thoisy Benoît , Vogel Ingrun , Reynes Jean‐Marc , Pouliquen Jean‐François , Carme Bernard , Kazanji Mirdad , Vié Jean‐Christophe
Published: September 2002

Among over 40 mammal species threatened by the filling of a hydroelectric dam reservoir in French Guiana, three species of primates have been translocated, comprising 124 red howler monkeys, six white‐faced sakis, and 95 golden‐handed tamarins. Health status of the animals was evaluated by direct physical examination and by hematological, biochemical, virological, and parasitological surveys of collected blood. The physical condition of the howlers was slightly worse toward the end of the capture period, but that of sakis and tamarins remained satisfactory. Several ectoparasites (ticks, larvae of dipterous insects, fleas, and lice) were collected, and various wounds, apparently nondebilitating, were recorded in howlers. Hematological and biochemical profiles determined for the three species revealed a slight anemia in howlers. Entamoeba, Strongyloides, and Trypanoxyurus were common in fecal samples of howlers. A survey of blood smears from the three species revealed infection by several types of microfilaria, Trypanosoma rangeli‐like and Plasmodium brasilianum in all three, and Trypanosoma cruzi‐like in howlers. These infections had no significant impact on the health status or the hematological profiles. Serologic investigations revealed occasional reactions against Toxoplasma gondii, a strong anti‐Plasmodium response in the two Cebidae species, and a weaker one in tamarins. Attempts to isolate arbovirus failed, but antibody responses to Mayaro and yellow fever viruses were strong, especially in the howlers. A strong correlation between age and serological status led to a better understanding of the epidemic cycles. Our survey indicates French Guianan primates are reservoirs for several anthropozoonoses, including malaria, Chagas disease, and arboviruses. Am. J. Primatol. 54:1–16, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexually dimorphic mandibular morphology in the first few years of life
Authors: Loth Susan R. , Henneberg Maciej
Published: September 2002

Sex differences in the youngest skeletons are very subtle, and any method that can separate males and females significantly better than chance will be of value. Compounding the problem is a paucity of immature skeletons of documented age and sex. In 1992, S.R.L. examined 62 juvenile mandibles of white and black South Africans of known age and sex (from birth to 19 years) from the Dart Collection to determine if the sexes could be differentiated by morphologic traits. By age 6 years, adult chin shapes were already recognizable. Prior to that age, differences were observed in the shape of the inferior border of the symphysis and outline of the body. The male chin base extends steeply downward relative to the adjacent body, coming to a point or squaring off at the symphysis. In females, the symphysis descends gradually to a more rounded base, and even when pointed, the transition is not abrupt. On the outer border of the corpus, the sides diverge sharply to form a \_/ shape from a roughly horizontal anterior region in males, while the female contour is rounded, reflecting the smoothly curved transition from front to sides. These traits were manifest from the eruption of the central incisors until about 4 years of age. The features were tested on all 19 Dart Collection mandibles in that age range. Average accuracy for three different testers was 81%, and males were consistently identified more accurately than females. This new method was then tested on a known sex sample of 11 individuals from 0 to 7 years of age. These included CT scans of 9 French children and the remains of 2 South African black forensic cases. Sexing accuracy was 82% (9/11). The only two missexed cases were both female and over age 6 years. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that it is possible to determine the sex of very young mandibles. The new sexually dimorphic morphologic configurations introduced here have demonstrated repeatable discrimination with the highest level of accuracy (81%) reported and tested for this age group. Preliminary research indicates that both the male and female shapes are clearly recognizable in archaeologic and premodern hominids as well as chimpanzees. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:179–186, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging appearance of the symptomatic perforating artery in patients with lacunar infarction: Occlusion or other vascular pathology?
Authors: Wardlaw Joanna M. , Dennis Martin S. , Warlow Charles P. , Sandercock Peter A.
Published: September 2002

Lacunar infarction is associated with distinct clinical features. It is thought to result from occlusion of a deep perforating artery in the basal ganglia, centrum semiovale, or brainstem. However, occluded perforating arteries have only rarely been observed at postmortem in patients with lacunar stroke and have not been noted previously on imaging despite the increasing sophistication of the techniques. We observed nine patients with lacunar stroke imaged with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in whom we observed a linear structure with density or signal features consistent with an occluded (or at least abnormal) perforating artery associated with the relevant lacunar infarct. The appearance might also have been caused by a leak of blood and fluid into the perivascular space around the artery, as in several patients the width of the tubular vessel‐like structure (>1mm in diameter) was greater than the expected width of a perforating artery (<0.8mm in diameter). This interpretation is supported by the fact that the area of infarction was usually around the abnormal vessel, not at the end of it. We describe the patients' clinical and imaging features, and discuss alternative explanations for the imaging appearance and the implications for gaining insights into the cause of lacunar infarction.