bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical activity in high school during ‘free-time’ periods
Authors: Silva Pedro , Sousa Michael , Sá Carla , Ribeiro José , Mota Jorge
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine youth physical activity (PA) in free-time periods during high school days and their contribution to total PA. Differences in terms of sex, age, body mass index and school level were assessed in a sample of Portuguese adolescents. Participants totalled 213 (135 girls), aged 14.6±1.7, from two different Portuguese schools, 69 attending an urban school and 144 attending a rural school. Activity levels of five free-time periods were assessed with an accelerometry-based activity monitor (ActiGraph). The results indicated that boys had significantly higher levels of PA (counts min−1) than girls for two of the five periods (afternoon recess and after-school time). Activity levels were higher among younger students during three periods (before school, morning recess and afternoon recess). Significant differences in activity levels ( p < 0.001) between the two schools were also found. Despite being older the rural students were more active than urban. In conclusion, free-time periods in high school are a relevant context for PA promotion. In this study they contributed significantly for total daily PA in both sexes, with 37.7–42.7% for girls and 40.1–42.1% for boys.
Parental mediation of television viewing and videogaming of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and their siblings
Authors: Kuo Melissa H , Magill-Evans Joyce , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie
Published: October 2014

Adolescents with autism spectrum disorder spend considerable time in media activities. Parents play an important role in shaping adolescents’ responses to media. This study explored the mediation strategies that parents of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder used to manage television and video game use, factors associated with their use of different strategies, and whether mediation strategies changed over time. A secondary purpose was to examine whether parents applied different mediation strategies to adolescents with autism spectrum disorder versus siblings, and the factors that created stress related to managing media use. Parents of 29 adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and 16 siblings completed questionnaires at two time points. Parents most frequently supervised their television viewing by watching it with the adolescents, and used restrictive strategies to regulate their videogaming. Parents used similar strategies for siblings, but more frequently applied restrictive and instructive strategies for videogaming with adolescents with autism spectrum disorder than their siblings. Restrictive mediation of television viewing for the adolescents decreased significantly over the year. Adolescents’ time spent in media activities, age, and behavior problems, and parents’ concerns about media use were significant factors associated with the strategies that parents employed. Parents’ stress related to the adolescents’ behavioral and emotional responses to parental restrictions.
The history and development of trauma and emergency care in England
Authors: Kaneria Anshuni M
Published: October 2014

In the last decade, trauma care has become its own speciality. The creation of major trauma centres across the UK highlighted a clear clinical need to advance services for multiple injury patients who are known to have poor prognostic outcome. The story of trauma care development goes back well before the creation of the National Health Service (NHS). Although originally grouped with emergency medicine, the two have developed into their own distinct branches. This paper highlights key milestones and relationships in the development of trauma medicine alongside emergency medicine, from ancient times to present day, as well as the factors that have made them distinct. Reviewing the past can help medicine move forward.
Rethinking the participatory web: A history of HotWired’s “new publishing paradigm,” 1994–1997
Authors: Stevenson Michael
Published: October 2014

This article critically interrogates key assumptions in popular web discourse by revisiting an early example of web “participation.” Against the claim that Web 2.0 technologies ushered in a new paradigm of participatory media, I turn to the history of HotWired, Wired magazine’s ambitious web-only publication launched in 1994. The case shows how debates about the value of amateur participation vis-à-vis editorial control have long been fundamental to the imagination of the web’s difference from existing media. It also demonstrates how participation may be conceptualized and designed in ways that extend (rather than oppose) “old media” values like branding and a distinctive editorial voice. In this way, HotWired’s history challenges the technology-centric change narrative underlying Web 2.0 in two ways: first, by revealing historical continuity in place of rupture and, second, by showing that “participation” is not a uniform effect of technology, but rather something constructed within specific social, cultural, and economic contexts.
Transmodal redesign in music and literacy: Diverse multimodal classrooms
Authors: Tomlinson Michelle M
Published: October 2014

Two classrooms of diverse 5-year-old children were set the task of exploring ways of realising music invention through the semiotic import of composing resources. In both a rural and an inner-urban setting in Australia, children demonstrated syncretism in bilingual practices in communication. Visual multimodal analysis demonstrated how children were enabled to import music modes or conceptual elements of music within the overriding mode of music during music improvisation. By giving status to these minority literacies through music invention, children imported semiotic resources as elements of music (music modes) and cultural meanings across borders and contexts. These case studies investigated new ways of engaging diverse students beginning school. They explored the interconnectedness of cultures increasingly circumscribed in realities of classroom music and literacy. Conceptual understanding was established across modes of linguistics and music in both a rural and an inner-urban setting in Australia. Using social semiotic multimodal theory, the studies documented ways children create literacy forms through transmodal redesign of situated practices in music invention. Two focal composing activities, one from each setting, were selected as thematic cases. The first demonstrated how conceptual understanding was established across modes from linguistic (picture book literacy) to audio (music invention) and the second, from audio to verbal linguistics, through children’s music invention. The pedagogical implications of a conceptual framework, the Space of Music Dialogue, were demonstrated in this study. Through this multimodal framework, educators can explore the full extent of student voices in classrooms and evaluate their growth in conceptual understanding in music and linguistics.
Crossing the divide between them and us: Using photography to explore the impact organisational space can have on identity and child protection practice
Authors: Leigh Jadwiga
Published: October 2014

This article aims to explore how visual methods can be employed in social work research as a means of understanding the impact of space and environment in child protection practice. It will draw from the findings of a comparative ethnography, which, alongside the traditional methods of data collection, also involved the use of photography to capture the nature of two very different agencies situated in England and Belgium. The aim of using images was primarily to contextualise the everyday details of both settings and provide the reader with a visual dimension of what both agencies have embodied for the researcher, the participants and the service users. The findings demonstrate just how important the organisational setting can be in developing, or impairing, the way in which relationships are built between professionals and the families they work with.
World of Wordcraft: Foreign language grammar and composition taught as a term-long role-playing game
Authors: Gellar-Goad THM
Published: October 2014

This article outlines an innovative approach to the instruction of foreign languages: a term-long role-playing game in the style of tabletop role-playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons. Students adopt personas, avatars, or “player characters” and take them through adventures, exploration, puzzles, and fights with monsters, all of which are tied to specific language-acquisition exercises and practice. I detail at length my specific implementation in an advanced undergraduate Latin prose composition course at Wake Forest University and its overall successful results. I also offer advice, cautions, and additional resources for both small-scale and large-scale implementations of the role-playing game pedagogical methodology.
A test of vitamin D benefits on respiratory health mediated through inflammatory markers
Authors: Hendryx Michael , Luo Juhua
Published: October 2014

Previous studies have shown that vitamin D has beneficial effects on respiratory health. The role of inflammation as a possible mediator between vitamin D and respiratory health is not well understood. We used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2006 data (unweighted N = 12,856) to examine the mediating effects of biomarkers of inflammation on associations between vitamin D and respiratory health. Vitamin D was measured by serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D test. Respiratory health was measured by self-reported respiratory symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Biomarkers included C-reactive protein (CRP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and five leukocyte measures. Models controlled for season, age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, and current and former smoking. Lower levels of vitamin D were significantly associated with respiratory symptoms (linear trend p < 0.01) and with COPD (linear trend p < 0.0002) after adjusting for covariates. Adding biomarkers to the models to test for mediation, the vitamin D effect on respiratory health was not a consequence of any single marker but was partially attenuated as a combined result of leukocytes, AP, and CRP. Vitamin D is beneficial to improve respiratory health. Its benefits do not appear to be mediated by any single biomarker examined in this study; rather, benefits of vitamin D may act broadly through multiple mediating mechanisms.
Quantitative Analysis Tools and Digital Phantoms for Deformable Image Registration Quality Assurance
Authors: Kim Haksoo , Park Samuel B. , Monroe James I. , Traughber Bryan J. , Zheng Yiran , Lo Simon S. , Yao Min , Mansur David , Ellis Rodney , Machtay Mitchell , Sohn Jason W.
Published: October 2014

This article proposes quantitative analysis tools and digital phantoms to quantify intrinsic errors of deformable image registration (DIR) systems and establish quality assurance (QA) procedures for clinical use of DIR systems utilizing local and global error analysis methods with clinically realistic digital image phantoms. Landmark-based image registration verifications are suitable only for images with significant feature points. To address this shortfall, we adapted a deformation vector field (DVF) comparison approach with new analysis techniques to quantify the results. Digital image phantoms are derived from data sets of actual patient images (a reference image set, R, a test image set, T). Image sets from the same patient taken at different times are registered with deformable methods producing a reference DVFref. Applying DVFref to the original reference image deforms T into a new image R′. The data set, R′, T, and DVFref, is from a realistic truth set and therefore can be used to analyze any DIR system and expose intrinsic errors by comparing DVFref and DVFtest. For quantitative error analysis, calculating and delineating differences between DVFs, 2 methods were used, (1) a local error analysis tool that displays deformation error magnitudes with color mapping on each image slice and (2) a global error analysis tool that calculates a deformation error histogram, which describes a cumulative probability function of errors for each anatomical structure. Three digital image phantoms were generated from three patients with a head and neck, a lung and a liver cancer. The DIR QA was evaluated using the case with head and neck.
Leadership of international schools
Authors: Keller Dan
Published: October 2014

Leaders of international schools find themselves operating within a loosely defined, yet rapidly growing, specialty niche of education. The leadership context for these schools is often filled with ambiguity and complex tensions between opposing forces. This article proposes a two-stage framework for critically analyzing the dualities of international schools. The first stage, ‘making sense of dualities’, adapts Simkins’ framework for sense-making in educational leadership. The second stage, ‘leading dualities’, utilizes Bolman and Deal’s four frames of leadership. Two categories of dualities are proposed for initial consideration: spatial dualities (opening gateways across eras) and temporal dualities (bridging boundaries across cultures). Specific examples of spatial dualities are analyzed within the context of an international school in Turkey. The Roman god Janus, whose two faces see opposite perspectives, is utilized as a metaphor for the simultaneous composite nature of dualities. The article concludes that it is the challenge of leaders to make sense of opposite perspectives within their school and leading their school community to do the same.
African American patient knowledge of kidney disease: A qualitative study of those with advanced chronic kidney disease
Authors: Kazley Abby S , Johnson Emily , Simpson Kit , Chavin Kenneth , Baliga Prabhakar
Published: October 2014

Kidney disease is a costly and prevalent condition that affects African Americans more than any other group. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge of kidney disease African American patients have about their disease. Four qualitative focus groups were conducted with kidney disease patients in which the patients gave thoughts and opinions on kidney disease and various components and factors of the condition. The data were independently reviewed and analyzed using Qualrus coding software. Dominant themes discussed in the focus groups included: causes of kidney disease, patient thoughts on dialysis as a treatment for kidney disease, information source for disease knowledge, thoughts on God and faith, reaction to kidney disease, and types of treatment available. The study found that the majority of patients were unaware of specific causes and risk factors of kidney disease, were unsure of available treatments, and had a severe lack of knowledge and support system in dealing with the condition. Early prevention and education programs aimed at high-risk populations would be very beneficial in decreasing the incidence and increase of kidney disease.
The psychosocial functioning of mothers of infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit in the north of Jordan
Authors: Al-Akour Nemeh Ahmad , Khassawneh Mohammad , Mohammad Jaradat Ahlam , Khader Yousef S
Published: October 2014

The primary aim of this study was to assess the effect of admission of infants to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) on the psychosocial functioning of their mothers. The secondary aim was to compare the psychosocial functioning of the mothers of infants admitted to NICU and the mothers of infants born at term and not admitted to NICU. A total of 75 consecutive mothers of infants admitted to NICU and 75 consecutive mothers of infants born at term and not admitted to NICU were included in the study. Mothers completed State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in three large hospitals in Irbid, Jordan in the period between November 2010 and June 2011. The results showed that mechanical ventilation, lower birth weight and lower gestation age were predictors of higher anxiety level and depression among mothers of infants admitted to NICU. Both groups (mothers of infants admitted to NICU and mothers of infants born at term and not admitted to NICU) scored high in Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Mangat Navjeet
Published: October 2014

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory condition. Its classic presentation is as an insidious inflammatory polyarthropathy with associated synovitis, pain and eventually joint deformity and destruction. Early diagnosis and treatment is crucial in minimising long-term morbidity and mortality. Therefore, GPs need to identify and appropriately refer those suspected of having RA. This article summarises the role of the GP in the management of RA.
People like me are never promoted! Plurality in hierarchical tournaments for promotion and compensation
Authors: Barnes Christopher M. , Johnson Hana Huang , Burch Tyler C.
Published: October 2014

A central tenet of tournament theory is that interhierarchical pay dispersion promotes effort and performance among employees—regardless of who ends up winning the tournament—because all employees seek to win and thereby receive the large pay raise. However, drawing from social identity theory, we propose that plurality in labor pools has important implications for tournament theory. Specifically, we posit that the performance benefits from interhierarchical pay dispersion are especially large when employees perceive previous promotees as similar to themselves, but minimal when they perceive dissimilarity. Dissimilarity to past tournament winners reduces the perceived probability of success and enhances the perception of injustice in response to interhierarchical pay dispersion, resulting in reduced performance and increased organizational deviance and turnover. Moreover, the influence of perceived demographic similarity on tournament effectiveness is strengthened by social creativity strategies and identity salience but weakened by social mobility strategies. Thus, in some contexts, interhierarchical pay dispersion will not only fail to promote performance, but will backfire and instead promote negative outcomes.
The scope of private practice amongst consultant urologists in the UK and Ireland – a BAUS Workforce survey
Authors: Payne SR , Joyce AD
Published: October 2014

Introduction:

A 2012 workforce survey of consultant members of the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) found that up to 75% of members participated in private practice. This survey specifically addresses the scope of private practice and members’ attitudes towards the private health industry (PHI).

Methods:

An online survey of all consultant members of BAUS was undertaken in May 2013. Questions were asked about how many had a private practice, how much time they devoted to it, about their relationship with insurers and their expectation of BAUS’s role within private health care.

Results:

A total of 47.2% responded to the survey, of whom 76.3% have a private practice. Among the respondents, 73.6% work as individual practitioners and 61% spend <6 hours a week practicing clinically. Adverse relationships with the PHI were significantly worse for those working in private practice alone, in consortia, and for those members working as sole practitioners who were consultants of <10 years standing. More than 85% thought that a unified voice would improve relationships with the purchasers of private health care.

Conclusions:

This survey confirms the breadth of private practice amongst UK urologists and demonstrates how they practice privately. It helps identify that they do have concerns regarding their contractual and financial relationships with the PHI.
Constitutive behaviour in as quenched Al–5Cu–0·4Mn alloy during hot deformation
Authors: Yang X. W. , Zhu J. C. , Li W. Y.
Published: October 2014

The overburning temperature of the ZL205A (Al–5Cu–0·4Mn) alloy is first determined by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Then, the solid solution temperature of ZL205A was determined by metallurgical microstructure observation. Isothermal compression tests of the as quenched ZL205A were conducted in temperature from 25 to 500°C and the strain rate from 0·001 to 1 s−1. The deformation behaviour of the as quenched ZL205A was investigated. The prediction of the flow stresses were studied using artificial neural network. The average absolute relative error between the predicted flow stresses and experimental results is 4·4, which demonstrates that the network proposed in the present paper has high precision. Therefore, it can be chosen as a thermomechanical model to treat the distortion problems of components during quenching process.
Rap1-GTP–interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM) is dispensable for platelet integrin activation and function in mice
Authors: Stritt Simon , Wolf Karen , Lorenz Viola , Vögtle Timo , Gupta Shuchi , Bösl Michael R. , Nieswandt Bernhard
Published: October 2014

Key Points

We describe the first knockout mouse model for RIAM. In contrast to previous studies using cell culture approaches, platelets from RIAM-null mice show normal integrin activation and function.
Percent plans, automatic admissions, and college outcomes
Authors: Daugherty Lindsay , Martorell Paco , McFarlin Isaac
Published: October 2014

Access to selective universities is highly coveted because of the perception that attending one provides opportunities otherwise difficult to obtain. To broaden access to the state’s flagship universities in a manner that does not rely on conventional affirmative action, Texas passed the Top Ten Percent Plan in 1997, which guarantees automatic admission to any public university in the state to students in the top decile of their high school class. We estimate the effect of eligibility for automatic admissions on college choice and persistence for students in a diverse urban school district. Regression discontinuity estimates show that eligibility for guaranteed admissions has a substantial impact on enrollments at Texas flagship universities and increases the number of semesters enrolled at flagships. The increase in flagship enrollments appears to displace enrollments in private universities but has no effect on overall college enrollment or the quality of college attended. The effects are concentrated in schools that have high college-sending rates (relative to other schools in the district), suggesting that automatic admissions may have little effect on students in the most disadvantaged schools.

Jel

I2
Interactive actuation of multiple opto-thermocapillary flow-addressed bubble microrobots
Authors: Hu Wenqi , Fan Qihui , Ohta Aaron T
Published: October 2014

Opto-thermocapillary flow-addressed bubble (OFB) microrobots are a potential tool for the efficient transportation of micro-objects. This microrobot system uses light patterns to generate thermal gradients within a liquid medium, creating thermocapillary forces that actuate the bubble microrobots. An interactive control system that includes scanning mirrors and a touchscreen interface was developed to address up to ten OFB microrobots. Using this system, the parallel and cooperative transportation of 20-μm-diameter polystyrene beads was demonstrated.
Health Care Prioritization: A Clinician's Duty
Authors: Barnieh Lianne , Donaldson Cam , Manns Braden
Published: October 2014

Purpose of review:

Publicly funded health care systems are increasingly confronted with fiscal and demographic challenges and face pressure to constrain resource use without impacting clinical outcomes.

Findings:

Clinicians routinely make decisions in the care of their patients that use finite health care resources. Aligning the goal of caring for their patients with ensuring that effective interventions are available for patients who are most likely to benefit is critical to sustaining the publicly funded health care system.

Implications:

Balancing the needs of patients with health care prioritization will require changes to be made across the health care system. Incorporating costs and value for money when caring for patients and making decisions will play an important role in efficiency and value in the health system.
The Reinvention of Communism: Politics, History, Globality
Authors: Walker Gavin
Published: October 2014

Since the turn of the twenty-first century, the term communism has returned to the theoretical and historical agenda with a striking force and a surprising novelty. In a wide range of fields of knowledge, the questions of the actuality and the history of the world communist movement, the theoretical tendencies of communist thought, and the current political possibilities of new developments of communism have been revisited and addressed anew. We can only be struck by the degree to which it now seems that communism, far from the dead end of the twentieth century it was long assumed to be, may be something profoundly of the twenty-first century, an idea and field of concepts whose time has come. But what is also striking is the link between this return of communism and its site of return: the field of “critical theory.” What makes this site peculiar and remarkable is that it too has been in a long retreat since the 1980s in the fields of knowledge production. Theory’s impulse toward the politicization of knowledge, the immanent critique of the university, and its inherent globality, the fact that theory has long provided a common language beyond the regime of national language, has been the target of an intense reconquest by institutional neoliberalism, conservative politics, and positivist knowledge work. Yet it is no surprise that the return of the communist idea—and the new developments of revolutionary politics around the world in recent years—should exert a decisive force on the character and function of theory itself. But we ought to also emphasize that this theoretical conjuncture—the historical moment of the emergence of a communist critical theory—corresponds to a real situation of new political significations, a new historical and social sequence.
The Politics of the Street: Commune and Party in the Age of Riots
Authors: Smith Jason E.
Published: October 2014

This essay situates recent calls for a return to the organizational form of the party by Bruno Bosteels and Jodi Dean in the current historical conjuncture. This conjuncture is described as an “age of riots”; this age, in turn, is defined both by a global capitalist crisis and an emergent “politics of the street.” The limits of this form of politics, I argue, give real urgency to the felt need for a new type of party form. My exploration of this question has recourse to a little-known text by Louis Althusser on the innovations of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, in particular the development of organs of power external to the Party. I conclude with a consideration of the way in which the notion of the commune poses a countermodel for thinking political organization that any current reconsideration of the party form must address.
Communism: An Idea to Be Divided
Authors: Russo Alessandro
Published: October 2014

The new debate on communism requires exploring two essential distinctions: between a political and a philosophical term, and between experimental and governmental communism. This twofold division, this article argues, has a contemporary urgency, which is based on an assessment of the sixties as well as on the assessment of the historical experience of modern communism that, in turn, the political configuration of the sixties motivates us to make.
The Materiality of Communism: Politics Beyond Representation and the State
Authors: Mezzadra Sandro , Neilson Brett
Published: October 2014

Arguing that the actuality of communism cannot be abstracted from the materiality of politics, this article engages with the works of Bruno Bosteels and Jodi Dean by affirming the radical innovation produced by the qualification of communism as a “real movement.” This entails an examination of past and present communist struggles that accounts for their irreducible differences and multiple modes of organization. We insist that the debate on communism must reckon with three unavoidable issues: property, internationalism, and subjectivity. In considering the mutual implication of these issues, and in discussing the related topics of political representation and the state, the article contends that communist politics today must remain open to the past, translate between different struggles, and construct an autonomy grounded in social being.
The Summer of the Multitude
Authors: Mendes Pedro B.
Published: October 2014

The year 2013 marked a turning point for Brazil. On one hand, it gave voice to a crisis involving the notion of development as a technocratic tool for achieving economic growth—in a “heated economy” at that. On the other hand, it signaled the rise of the Brazilian multitude and the paroxysm of a revolt that started at least as early as 2010 but that in reality can be traced to much more distant periods: the dictatorship that lasted from the sixties to the eighties back through to the core of Brazil’s racism and inequality, that is, the slavery period. In this sense, struggling against the country’s present and past, the multitude has needed to face the fact that there are not many tools available for understanding the moment in which we live. Thus, combining a lot of creativity and courage, poor people, who have experienced a newfound social mobility and who have affirmed themselves in the last decade, and an increasingly precarious middle class took over the streets in demonstrations that piggybacked on the subject of the World Cup to protest some of the most iniquitous conditions in contemporary Brazilian society (some of them aggravated by preparation for the mega-event). This article presents a brief genealogy of the amazing period known as the “June Days” in Brazil—but which has lasted even until now—and outlines some of the issues and problems it has brought to the surface.
Crystal structure of a signal recognition particle Alu domain in the elongation arrest conformation
Authors: Bousset Luc , Mary Camille , Brooks Mark A. , Scherrer Anne , Strub Katharina , Cusack Stephen
Published: October 2014

The signal recognition particle (SRP) is a conserved ribonucleoprotein particle that targets membrane and secreted proteins to translocation channels in membranes. In eukaryotes, the Alu domain, which comprises the 5′ and 3′ extremities of the SRP RNA bound to the SRP9/14 heterodimer, is thought to interact with the ribosome to pause translation elongation during membrane docking. We present the 3.2 Å resolution crystal structure of a chimeric Alu domain, comprising Alu RNA from the archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii bound to the human Alu binding proteins SRP9/14. The structure reveals how intricate tertiary interactions stabilize the RNA 5′ domain structure and how an extra, archaeal-specific, terminal stem helps constrain the Alu RNA into the active closed conformation. In this conformation, highly conserved noncanonical base pairs allow unusually tight side-by-side packing of 5′ and 3′ RNA stems within the SRP9/14 RNA binding surface. The biological relevance of this structure is confirmed by showing that a reconstituted full-length chimeric archaeal-human SRP is competent to elicit elongation arrest in vitro. The structure will be useful in refining our understanding of how the SRP Alu domain interacts with the ribosome.
EFFECT OF RAPID COOLING FROM THE SEMISOLID OR LIQUID RANGE ON STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF M2 TOOL STEEL
Authors: Dutkiewicz Jan , Maziarz Wojciech , Rogal Łukasz
Published: October 2014

M2 tool steel was used as a feedstock material for casting from the the semisolid range between 1310-1350oC corresponding to 25 - 50 % of the liquid phase. The chemical composition of the investigated steel is following: 0.85%C, 3.9 %Cr, 6.7 %W, 4.7 %Mo and 1.7 % V. A specially constructed machine allowed thixoforming in a protective argon atmosphere and semisolid forming at a high piston velocity powered by a high air pressure. After heating of the feedstock using induction heating by the stamping of semi-liquid sample to a graphite mould pre-heated by resistance heating. The material after thixoforming from 1315oC shows a globular microstructure with a relatively small globule’s size between 30-50 μm. The crystal structure of globules contained, austenite and martensite, while that of the eutectic, ferrite and W2C, Fe3C, Mo2C, M23C6 and VC carbides as determined by X-ray studies and confirmed using electron diffraction studies. The alloying elements like Mo, W and V are concentrated in the eutectic, while Cr only in thixoformed samples segregates to the carbides and indeed M23C6 was identified. The hardness significantly increases up to 780 HV after thixo-forming due to formation of martensite. The other part was cast from the liquid phase at 1450o C using melt spinning method allowing high cooling rate. The microstructure of melt spun ribbon shows a cellular microstructure of austenitic and martensitic structure without the eutectic. The WC and M23C6 carbides were located at the cell’s boundariers. The microhardness near 1300 HV of the ribbon was much higher than that of semisolid formed samples.
HIGH TEMPERATURE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Al-Al4C3 COMPOSITE PRODUCED BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING
Authors: Besterci Michal , Dobeš Ferdinand , Kvačkaj Tibor , Sülleiová Katarína , Ballóková Beata , Velgosová Oksana
Published: October 2014

A method of mechanical alloying process is described. It was proved that the transformation efficiency of carbon to Al4C3 by heat treatment of aluminium with the porous furnace black and electrographite at temperatures 723 – 873 K and time periods 1 - 10 hours is higher than that of the hard cracked graphite. The size of Al4C3 dispersed phase was measured on thin foil and it was constant and as small as 30 nm. Subgrain size measured in the range of 100 grains in thin foils depended on the carbon type.. It ranged from 0.3 to 0.7 μm. Mechanical properties were analyzed in a microstructural matrix (after extrusion) as well as in nano-matrix The temperature dependence of ductility, and reduction of area in the temperature range of 623 – 723 K and strain rate of 10-1 s-1, indicated a considerable increase of properties. In a case when the volume fraction of Al4C3 changes from lower to higher, the grain rotation mechanism dominates instead of the grain boundary sliding. Creep parameters for Al-Al4C3 systems and commercial IN9021 and IN9052 systems were compared. The dependence of the minimum deflection rate on the applied force as well as the dependence of the time to fracture on the applied force for two temperature levels (623 and 723 K) by small punch testing is depicted. The anisotropy of the creep properties and fracture using small punch tests for the Al-Al4C3 system produced by ECAP were analyzed.
FORMALIZATION OF THE VIRTUAL EVALUATION OF STRAIN INTENSITY IN SPDed COMMERCIALLY PURE COPPER BILLET
Authors: Huan Song-Jeng , Semenov Vladimir Ivanovich , Fakhretdinova Elvira Ildarovna , Raab Arseniy Georgievich
Published: October 2014

This work presented the results of solution of the strain intensity evolution in a commercially pure copper billet in the process of severe plastic deformation (SPD) by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) technique. At the stage of the modeling task preparation, the most significant factors affecting the strain intensity at ECAP are suggested to be the friction coefficient, as well as the deformation velocity. A computer virtual full factorial experiment (FFE) was conducted accompanied with the application program package “DEFORM-3D” by using two-level model with two unknown varied parameters, followed by the formalization of the results in the form of the regression equation, as well as the optimization of the selected factors. The deformation velocity which coincides with the punch displacement velocity and the friction factor were chosen as independent variables in the ECAP process of characterizing the processing and its effectiveness, which are in terms of strain intensity; whereas the strain intensity of the material was selected as a response variable (dependent variable). Based on the results of the friction coefficient (f.) determination and the strain intensity estimated value of 1.155, a friction coefficient priori was determined to be 0.10. Therefore, the deformation velocity (V) of 1.5 mm/s was obtained by solving the regression equation.
INNOVATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE INVESTMENT CASTING OF PRECIOUS ALLOYS
Authors: Grande Marco Actis , Forno Ilaria
Published: October 2014

Various techniques and technologies have been developed and fine-tuned in recent years which have made it possible to improve the investment casting process and extend its field of applicability such as, for example, the application of rapid prototyping, rapid manufacturing, casting simulation and “non-traditional” materials. In the past decades, companies working in the precious metals sector could keep in their collection the same products for a long period, eventually applying minor modifications. Nowadays innovation is considered one of the key point for the success of the production, coupled to an increased attention towards quality and reliability of the product. The present paper deals with an analysis of some of the innovations introduced into the investment casting of precious metals in the recent years, in terms of process analysis, new materials involved for the fabrication and metal alloys.
O przekładzie komiksu, czyli uwagi teoretyczno‑praktyczne o tłumaczeniu graficznym
Authors: Jankowski Jakub
Published: October 2014

About the Translation of Comic Books or theoretical and practical remarks about graphic translation

Comics is a peculiar kind of text and therefore its peculiarity and otherness implies the formulation of theoretical translation determinants. Comics use their language to tell a story and at the same time they become a language. As a peculiar visual language, it forces the translator to deconstruct the units in order to translate given comics due to the graphic meanings of units, the sequence logic of the tale and word/image tension as well as other mutual tensions between components. This article formulates determinants of graphic translation theory on the example of comics and certain practical employment of those rules.
O tłumaczeniu jednego wersu Burzy Shakespeare’a
Authors: Kowalcze‑Pawlik Anna
Published: October 2014

On Translating One Verse from Shakespeare’s The Tempest: Metaphor in Drama Translation
The aim of this article is to discuss the existing Polish translations of one passage from The Tempest in the light of such essential components of the translation process as the need to include the situational context, metaphorical language as well as the socio‑historical background of the source text. The first part of the article discusses the history of drama translation in Poland with reference to The Tempest of William Shakespeare, while the second part describes translation strategies correlating to two divergent interpretations which link character construction in language with the overall meaning of the dramatic work.
Eleganty, czyli Précieuses ridicules Moliera dla sceny Sturm und Drang Periode
Authors: Marczuk Barbara
Published: October 2014

Eleganty or Précieuses ridicules by Molière for the theatre of Sturm und Drang Periode

The paper discusses the anonymous Polish translation of Précieuses ridicules by Molière. The translation, sixth in the chronological order, dates from the beginning of the 19th century. The analysis of the text in question demonstrates the complete substitution of the French cultural indicators of the Louis XIV era by the German ones, reflecting the literary debates of the Sturm und Drang Periode. The article highlights also the adaptations for the new theatre stage that the original text underwent: the sketch of characters was further developed and the rapid plot twists were introduced. The analysis permits to discover the intermediary between the French original and the Polish translation: the adaptation produced by J.H.D. Zschokke (1771‑1848), entitled Die Eleganten. A hypothesis is put forward that the Polish version might have been developed in the milieu of Wojciech Bogusławski.
Platelet reactive alloantibodies responsible for immune thrombocytopenia in Malay population
Authors: Armawai Mohd I. , Hassan Afifah , Wihadmadyatami Hevi , Santoso Sentot
Published: October 2014

Background: Alloantibodies against human platelet alloantigens (HPAs) are responsible for the development of platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR) in patients receiving random platelets and bleeding disorder in babies with fetal neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT). Recently, our results based on the analysis of the allelic distribution of HPAs indicated that immunization may occur among Malay. In this study, we sought to analyze the frequencies of platelet reactive alloantibodies responsible for FNAIT and PTR in Malaysia.Methods: Sera from suspected FNAIT (n = 295) and PTR (n = 74) were collected in five years period (2008-2013) and tested for the presence of platelet reactive antibodies by the use of antigen capture assay.Results: In 5/74 (5.41%) platelet specific antibodies against HPA-2b (n = 1), HPA-5a (n = 1), HPA-5b (n = 1), HPA-15b (n = 2) could be identified in our PTR cohort. In FNAIT cohort, platelet specific alloantibodies could be detected in 18 sera (6.10%) consisting anti-HPA-1a (n = 1), anti-HPA-3a (n = 3), anti-HPA-5a (n = 6), anti-HPA-5b (n = 6), anti-HPA-15a (n = 1), and anti-HPA-15b (n = 1).Conclusion: Our study indicates that anti-HPA-3, -HPA-5 and -HPA-15 antibodies seems to be the most platelet specific antibodies involved in FNAIT and PTR cases in Malaysian population. Since similar HPA allelic distribution among Malaysian and Indonesian populations have been observed, immunization against these three HPA systems are expected to be the most potential risk of alloimmune mediated platelet disorders in Indonesia.
Validation of a Proposed Novel Equation for Estimating LDL Cholesterol
Authors: Meeusen Jeffrey W , Lueke Alan J , Jaffe Allan S , Saenger Amy K
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

Aggressive LDL cholesterol (LDL-C)-lowering strategies are recommended for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. A newly derived equation for LDL-C estimation was recently published that addressed limitations in the commonly used Friedewald LDL-C calculation method. The novel method was reported to classify patients with superior concordance to measured LDL-C compared to the Friedewald method, particularly in patients with LDL-C <70 mg/dL.

METHODS

We evaluated the performance of the novel method within an independent cohort of 23 055 patients with LDL-C measured by the gold standard β-quantification reference method.

RESULTS

Overall Friedewald underestimated and the novel method overestimated measured LDL-C. Both estimations significantly deviated from the reference method when LDL-C was <70 mg/dL. Overall, the Friedewald and novel calculations correctly classified 77% and 78% of patients, respectively. The largest discrepancy in classification was observed in individuals with measured LDL-C <70 mg/dL. For this group the novel calculation would reclassify 8.7% of patients as >70 mg/dL compared to the Friedewald equation.

CONCLUSIONS

We compared both novel and Friedewald estimated LDL-C against the LDL-C reference method; in contrast, the prior study relied on validation of a subset of samples by β-quantification to allow the use of the vertical autoprofile method for LDL-C measurement. We conclude that the novel method has some benefits but it is unclear whether improvements over the Friedewald calculation are substantive enough to justify making the change in routine clinical practice and to improve patient outcomes.
Feasibility of Low-Throughput Next Generation Sequencing for Germline DNA Screening
Authors: Sapari Nur Sabrina , Elahi Eiram , Wu Mengchu , Loh Marie , Ng Hong Kiat , Han Xiao , Yap Hui Ling , Klemm Thomas P , Pang Brendan , Benoukraf Touati , Teo Yik Ying , Iacopetta Barry , Lee Soo Chin , Soong Richie
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

Next generation sequencing (NGS) promises many benefits for clinical diagnostics. However, current barriers to its adoption include suboptimal amenability for low clinical throughputs and uncertainty over data accuracy and analytical procedures. We assessed the feasibility and performance of low-throughput NGS for detecting germline mutations for Lynch syndrome (LS).

METHODS

Sequencing depth, time, and cost of 6 formats on the MiSeq and Personal Genome Machine platforms at 1–12 samples/run were calculated. Analytical performance was assessed from 3 runs of 3 DNA samples annotated for 7500 nucleotides by BeadChip arrays. The clinical performance of low-throughput NGS and 9 analytical processes were assessed through blinded analysis of DNA samples from 12 LS cases confirmed by Sanger sequencing, and 3 control cases.

RESULTS

The feasibility analysis revealed different formats were optimal at different throughputs. Detection was reproducible for 2619/2635 (99.39%) replicate variants, and sensitivity and specificity to array annotation were 99.42% and 99.99% respectively. Eleven of 16 inconsistently detected variants could be specifically identified by having allele frequencies ≤0.15, strand biases >−35, or genotype quality scores ≤80. Positive selection for variants in the Human Genome Mutation Database (colorectal cancer, nonpolyposis) and variants with ≤5% frequency in the Asian population gave the best clinical performance (92% sensitivity, 67% specificity).

CONCLUSIONS

Low-throughput NGS can be a cost-efficient and reliable approach for screening germline variants; however, its clinical utility is subject to the quality of annotation of clinically relevant variants.
Jenseits von Ethik. Zur Kritik der neuroethischen Enhancement-Debatte
Authors: Hoyer Armin , Slaby Jan
Published: October 2014

In recent years, the theme of neuroenhancement has led to many heated discussions and to a surprising range of academic endeavours dealing with the topic. Most notably, the emerging field of neuroethics has become a prominent, almost monopolistic arena for this debate. In our paper, we provide an overview of issues relevant to the theme of enhancement, starting from a precise conceptualisation of the relevant range of phenomena and practices, including some informed estimates as to the prevalence and efficacy of neuroenhancement. We then sketch an alternative critical perspective that, in our view, is better suited than the narrow perspective of neuroethics to deal with the many relevant societal developments and normative orientations that inform both the alleged enhancement “trend” and the public debates surrounding it. We support our case for what we call a critical philosophy of neuroscience by discussing recent forms of venture science that have emerged in line with the commercialising of academic research and with the commodification of life and health. Furthermore, we point to a trend towards blind acceleration in various spheres of contemporary life, and discuss its ramifications for the theme of enhancement. Countering the perspective of applied ethics, we finally call for a more explicitly political positioning on the part of those that deal with these themes.
Genesis und Geltung zusammen denken. Hans Joas, interviewt von Malte Dreyer und Walter Zitterbarth
Authors: Joas Hans , Dreyer Malte , Zitterbarth Walter
Published: October 2014

The following interview takes up and discusses central questions of Hans Joas’ theory of human rights. Joas explains how the genealogy of human rights relates to their validity and distinguishes his approach from others by stressing the emotive quality of values. He addresses the critique leveled at him of rooting human rights in religion and elaborates on what he terms the “sacredness of the person”. In doing so, he demonstrates that his version of universalism is rooted in the pragmatist understanding of human action which stresses the importance of experience, argument and narrative for the emergencies of values.