bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Volcanic Rocks of the North-east of Fife
Authors: Durham James
Published: October 2009

Those who are acquainted with the more salient features of the geology of the great central valley of Scotland are aware that the broad band of Old Red Sandstone which extends from the base of the Grampians about twenty-five miles to the south-east is intersected by belts of volcanic rocks in lines, running from north-east to south-west, nearly coinciding with the strike of the beds. Of these volcanic belts by far the most extensive is that which forms the Fig. 1.
Sketch Map of the Country round Newport, Fife
southern boundary of the Lower Old Red Sandstone in this part of Scotland, and crosses the country almost uninterruptedly from sea to sea. It comprises some important ranges of hills, of which the Ochil range is the most conspicuous.

The north-east extremity of this great belt of volcanic rocks reaches the North Sea at the south side of the Firth of Tay, and forms, with certain interruptions, the southern shore of the estuary for some 18 or 20 miles; it here varies from five to ten miles in width, and on its south-eastern edge is in contact with the Upper Old Red and Carboniferous rocks. It seems probable that the line of contact is a line of fault.

As may be supposed, the long llne of shore in the Firth of Tay furnishes the most convenient section for studying the rocks which compose this igneous belt. Not only are such sections formed by the recent
On the Maxilla of Iguanodon
Authors: Hulke J. W.
Published: October 2009

So few cranial remains of
Iguanodon
have been recorded in this country that two fine fragments representing nearly the entire left maxilla have seemed to me deserving of being brought under the notice of the Geological Society. They derive an additional interest in having been found at Cuckfield, the locality rendered famous by Dr. Mantell's discovery there of a tooth, the first of that grand series of remains on which, jointly with Dr. Melville, he established the genus. The combined lengths of the two pieces amount to 29 centim., but a small intermediate fragment is missing, and if we estimate this at 1 centim., the length of the entire maxilla will have been not under 30 centim. The maximum vertical measurement in the present state of the jaw is 6·2 centim. These proportions show the form of jaw to be relatively longer and more slender than that of
Hypsilophodon
, from which it also differs in the bluntly rounded, not tapering, shape of its posterior extremity.

The external surface of the jaw slopes outwards as it ascends towards the upper border, and in the articulated skull would overhang the outer alveolar margin. It is perforated by a series of conspicuous vascular foramina. The inner surface of the bone is nearly plane in its posterior, and gently concave in its anterior half. I do not find any indication of palatal expansions. The upper border, the stoutest part of the bone, exhibits a deep sunken groove, which begins in a shallow pit (prelacrymal
Notes on the Relations of the Lincolnshire Carstone
Authors: Strahan Aubrey
Published: October 2009

The Carstone of Lincolnshire lies immediately below the Red Chalk, and rests upon the fossiliferous clays and limestone known as the Tealby Beds. The Tealby Beds were described in detail for the first time in 1867 by Professor Judd; and their relations to the Speeton section, and to beds of the same age throughout Northern Europe, were discussed in 1870 by the same observer. In 1883 the survey of the district was completed, with the result of verifying in almost every particular the conclusions which had been so ably worked out by Professor Judd. On one point only I ventured to form a somewhat different opinion, namely on the relations of the Carstone to the Red Chalk above and to the Tealby Beds below.

The following table gives (in brief) the correlations advocated by Prof. Judd, and shows also the names of the various subdivisions which have been adopted for the Survey publications, and which will be used in this paper :—

The Carstone, which was doubtfully correlated with the Upper Neocomian of Speeton, was believed by Prof. Judd to be quite unconformably overlain by the Red Chalk. This theory of an unconformity, however, has not been confirmed by an examination of the numerous sections of the junction that are exposed. The overlap of the Carstone by the Red Chalk, which at first sight seems strongly to support Prof. Judd's view of their relations, appears to be due to the steady attenuation of the Carstone northwards that is shared by
On some Perched Blocks and associated Phenomena
Authors: Hughes Thomas McKenny
Published: October 2009

It is important to record any facts which may throw light on the conditions which prevailed immediately after the age of extreme cold which is commonly spoken of as the Glacial Period.

In the north of England round the Lake Mountains we have many opportunities of examining details where the physical geography is so marked that we may often feel considerable confidence in the interpretation we put upon some of the facts observed. But even there we meet with curious phenomena upon the exact explanation of which we cannot yet with safety insist. Among these is the manner of occurrence of certain perched blocks.

Perched blocks we will define to be masses of rock placed in more or less elevated positions at which they could not have arrived by any of the ordinary operations of nature now in action in that locality. We wish by this to exclude all “tumblers” or masses which have fallen from the cliffs above, such as the “Bowder Stone,” in Borrodale, and also rocks trundled along by the mountain-torrents, which often in storm are swollen to the size of great rivers and leave small deltas of loose material or isolated blocks in positions we should never believe them capable of reaching as we watch the silvery trickling thread of water in fair weather.

Some perched blocks may have been dropped off the margin of glacier-ice; some may have been floated on coast-ice or bergs. Among the perched blocks there are some, too, which all would
On certain Eocene Formations of Western Servia
Authors: Griffiths A. B.
Published: October 2009

The formation described, consisting of shales containing paraffin wax, is met with near the river Golabara,in the west of Servia, and is known to extend over about 30 square miles of country. It forms cliffs rising about 200 feet above the surrounding plains; these show numerous very thin layers of white and grey shale, sometimes separated by thin beds of whitish clay containing rock-salt. The whole geology of the district closely resembles that of the paraffin and salt districts of Galicia. The shales are very rich in paraffin, are entirely free from bituminous impurities, and have no odour. The paraffin in these deposits is probably of vegetable origin, produced by natural distillation of the old Brown Coals which abound in the vicinity.

On analysis the paraffin shale gave by distillation 2 per cent. of a semisolid hydrocarbon, resembling ozokerite wax, which, when extracted with benzoline, gave 1·75 per cent. of wax. The analysis gave:—

The old Brown Coals of the vicinity (which contain more or less rhombie iron pyrites, often in rather large macles) gave on analysis :—

The quantity of ash amounts to between 5 and 7 per cent.; it consists chiefly of alumina, magnesia, lime, iron-oxide, and silica.

The argillaceous deposits of' the neighbourhood, from which the paraffin shales were formed, are evidently of marine origin and contain abundance of fossils belonging to the genera
Ostrea
,
Cerithium
,
Cyrena
,
Nautilus
, and
Voluta
, besides numerous Nummulites and abundance of marine Diatomaceæ, the assemblage indicating an Upper Eocene age. Remains of
On the Skull and Dentition of a Triassic Saurian (
Galesaurus planiceps
, Ow.)
Authors: Owen Richard
Published: October 2009

In the year 1858 it was my good fortune to receive from Sir George Grey, K.C.B., Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, a fossil skull from the Triassic sandstone of the Rhenosterberg, which combined dental characters, indicated by the sockets and fragments of teeth, most resembling those of a Carnivorous Mammal, with the unequivocal cranial structure of a Saurian Reptile.

This interesting evidence of the Vertebrate life of that geological period and locality is described and figured in my ‘Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa,’ 4to, 1876, p. 23, pl. xviii. figs. 6–11, as a species of an extinct genus,
Galesaurus
, and as the type of a Division of the Class
Reptilia
, subsequent accessions to which, also described and figured in the same work, led me, by similar modifications of the dentition, to group them in a distinct suborder termed
Theriodontia
(
op. cit.
p. 15).

The collection of fossils from the same formation, in the locality of ‘Theba-chou,’ Basuto Land, subsequently deposited in the Geological Department of the British Museum of Natural History, by Dr. Exton, which, together with the evidence of a mammalian genus (
Tritylodon
), included remains of the reptilian genera
Kistecephalus
and
Batrachosaurus
, has also furnished the subject of the present paper.

Characters of the skull and teeth, more or less mutilated in the original specimen of
Galesaurus
, have been brought to light by careful removal of the adherent matrix from the present fossil, under the superintendence of my friend Mr. W. Davies, Assistant in
Evidence of Glacial Action in the Carboniferous and Hawkesbury Series, New South Wales
Authors: David T. W. Edgworth
Published: October 2009

Introductory.

The series of rocks in New South Wales which are coal-bearing, or intimately connected with the coal-bearing division, and are referable to the Mesozoic and Palæozoic eras, have been classed provisionally by the Government Geologist, Mr. C. S. Wilkinson, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c., as follows:—

Evidence of ice-action has been observed in the Carboniferous Marine series (No. 4), and phenomena which appear to be referable to a similar agency in the Hawkesbury series (No. 8).

I. C
arboniferous glacial beds
.

References by previous observers to Glacial Beds of Carboniferous etge in Australia.

The first description of boulder-beds in Hew South Wales, so far as I am aware, is that given by the late Dr. T. Oldham*, quoted by R. D. Oldham in the ‘Records of the Geological Survey of India,’ vol. xix. part i. 1886, p. 43. With reference to the Carboniferous marine beds at Wollongong, Dr. Oldham says :--" And still further, many of the lower beds of the Australian group, there so abundantly rich in marine fossils, are very similar to many of the beds in the Indian Talchlr series. There is the same mixture of pebbles and large rolled masses in a matrix of fine silt ; and much of this silt is of exactly the same peculiar bluish-green tint so characteristic of these beds in this country, and which when once seen ,can never be mistaken," &c.

Dr. Oldham, however, does not suggest a glacial origin for this formation. The next account of Carboniferous (?) Boulder-beds is
Further Notes on the Results of some Deep Borings in Kent
Authors: Whitaker William
Published: October 2009

I
ntroductory
R
emarks

The primary object of my paper read to the Society in 1886 was to describe the boring at Chatham, which had reached Oxford Clay; but the paper was extended, to include other borings in Kent which had passed through the Chalk, and had not been brought to the notice of geologists.

Since then further and fuller information has come to hand with regard to two of these borings, and another deep work has been carried through the Chalk and the Gault into the Lower Greensand.

I have thought it well therefore to send this supplementary paper to the Society, especially as one of the borings, at Dover, has now thrown fresh light on that important and interesting subject, the underground geology of the London Basin. It was originally meant to incorporate these notes with others descriptive of deep borings in Surrey; but as those borings are not yet finished, and as there is a special interest in the Dover boring, it seems better to let the Surrey borings stand over, and to place the new Kentish information in the hands of the Society at once.

With regard to the doubt as to the depth of the second Chatham boldng, expressed on p. 30, it should be noted that whilst this depth is rightly made 965 feet from the surface, yet it is only 963 from the point from which the measurements were made, the coping level being 18 inches below the surface. 20 feet therefore wouldseem to be
On a Sacrum, apparently indicating a new type of Bird,
Ornithodesmus cluniculus
, Seeley, from the Wealden of Brook
Authors: Seeley H. G.
Published: October 2009

The discovery of the pneumatic condition of the vertebræ in Ornithosaurs and certain Dinosaurs showed that they diverge from Reptiles in structural characters which are typically Ornithic. The augmented number of vertebræ in the sacrum in both those groups also shows a divergence from existing Reptiles, which is markedly Avian. On the other hand, the small number of sacral vertebræ found in the
Archæopteryx
has proved that a bird may have the sacrum no more complex than in Ornithosaurs and Dinosaurs. The bird's sacrum formerly had a simpler structure, just as the intervertebral articulation was simpler; and we expect to find some of the distinctive osteological attributes of existing birds wanting among earlier representatives of the class. This would also be a fair inference from Prof. Huxley's exposition of the sacrum of the fowl. Sacral vertebræ are defined by their nerves uniting to form the sacral plexus; judged by this test, the fowl has five sacral vertebræ. But ossification has extended beyond them, so as to incorporate in the sacrum the four anterior vertebræ which were originally dorso-lumbar, and the five posterior vertebræ which were originally caudal. When the number of vertebræ is reduced, the structure of the sacrum may be simplified. At the present day the most striking character of a bird's sacrum is the absence of transverse processes extending outward from the bases of the true sacral vertebræ, so that deep depressions are formed in its middle region, comparable to the entire sacrum in some Ornithosaurs. These depressions
On the Leaf-beds and Gravels of Ardtun, Carsaig, &c., in Mull
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: October 2009

The Ardtun leaf-beds have once before formed the subject of a communication to this Society. Its author was the Duke of Argyll, and its interest exceptional, as it once for all fixed the age of the great Trap formation of the Inner Hebrides; and geologists learned that, even since a period so recent as the Tertiary, beds of most stubborn rock, exceeding 1000 feet in thickness, had been denuded and abraded until, over extensive areas, little more than the merest vestiges of them remained. The value of this discovery to the geologist can hardly be overestimated, for the data then furnished materially assisted to determine the age of the Traps stretching from Antrim to Greenland.

The fossil plants, to which so much importance attached, were briefly described in this paper by Edward Forbes, and all the most characteristic forms were figured. He inclined to the idea that they might be of Miocene age, but did not commit himself definitely ; while the Duke of Argyll, even though author of the paper, refrained from expressing any opinion. Prof. Heer, however, who was then describing the Miocene flora of (Eningen, pronounced them to be Miocene; and the weight of his authority has been such, that no serious attempt has ever been made to reexamine the evidence on which his opinion was based. This ruling was extended to the fossil plant-beds of Greenland, with the result that a vast series of physical changes, which extended over the entire Tertiary period, have been crowded
Notes on the Structures and Relations of some of the Older Rocks of Brittany
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: October 2009

Some unavoidable engagements prevented me from availing myself of the cordial invitation of the Société Géologique de France to our Members, and joining their excursion to Brittany last summer. My friend the Rev. E. Hill was, however, more fortunate, and his account was so interesting that I determined to spend part of my autumn holiday in learning something of the geology of a country to which many years ago I had paid a flying visit for the sake of its antiquities. I am greatly indebted to Mr. Hill for the loan of specimens, and for a number of valuable hints, both verbal and manuscript. Even greater are my obligations to Dr. Charles Barrois, who, being detained by official duties in the neighbourhood of Redon, most kindly wrote to me several times, pointing out the best localities for study, and in subsequent correspondence has imparted to me his views in the most frank and cordial manner. Some excuse may perhaps be needed for writing at all upon a district which is in the hands of geologists so competent as the members of the French Survey. The impressions formed during a passing visit may not unreasonably be deemed of no value in the presence of their more elaborate work. But in one respect (as Dr. Barrois urged in writing to me) I may hope my remarks may be not without use. I did not go to Brittany to criticize, but to compare. I looked at its rocks in the light of other
The Rocks of Sark, Herm, and Jethou
Authors: Hill E.
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
.—Sark, more fortunate than Guernsey, has the advantage of a good sketch map, which was published by Professor Liveing in vol. iv. of the ‘Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.’ The account of the geology which accompanies that map notices the principal feature, one singular and possibly unique, namely a series of conspicuously banded hornblendic schists between an upper and an under gneissose series; that is to say, there seems to be a series which is presumably stratified in the midst of apparent gneiss. Thinking that such a succession might throw light on some problems of “metamorphism,” I undertook a careful examination of the island; and the widespread interest now taken in ‘Archæan’ rocks emboldens me to give a brief account of my results. I owe a debt of gratitude to Professor Bonney for frequent and invaluable help.

The appended map (fig. 1) shows a diamond-shaped area about two miles long by one and a half broad, united at its southern end by a narrow isthmus to another about one mile long. This neck, called the Coupée, 200 feet above high-water mark and about 8 feet wide at the summit, is one of the island sights. The weather is rapidly cutting it down, and but for the roadway built up along its knifeedge the two areas would by this time be practically separate. Even between two of my visits a landslip had seriously increased the degradation. Previous writers have pointed out that the same action in a less advanced
On Tertiary Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from New Zealand
Authors: Waters Arthur Wm.
Published: October 2009

The Chilostomata have already been described in this volume of the Journal, p. 40, and therefore it is not necessary to repeat particulars about the localities.

This part I have kept back, hoping that the results of the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition might throw some light upon this unsatisfactory suborder; but Mr. Busk's second part of the Report is a great disappointment in this respect, as only thirty-three species are recorded, and these are for the most part well known and common. In fact, the results of this great expedition do not seem, so far as the Cyclostomata are concerned, to exceed what I presume a specialist might, after a storm, collect in a few morning walks in the neighbourhood of the Sydney Harbour.

We do not seem to make much progress with the discouraging Cyclostomata, or to obtain fresh characters upon which classifications can be based, and in fact there are a few New-Zealand fossils concerning which I cannot pronounce a definite opinion as to whether they really belong to the Bryozoa or not. However, although not satisfied with our means of classification, any fossils which can be readily recognized should be described, as, besides being useful stratigraphically, fuller acquaintance may gradually set us in the right lines.

I would propose that we should divide the Cyclostomata into two subdivisions, namely, first, the
Parallelata
, or those in which the surface of the zoarium is to a considerable extent formed of the lateral walls of the zoceeia, of which
Crisia
,
Entalophora
, Diastopora
On the London Clay and Bagshot Beds of Aldershot
Authors: Lyons H. G.
Published: October 2009

A residence in Aldershot has furnished me with facilities for observing numerous sections and exposures of the Bagshot Beds in the immediate neighbourhood of the North and South Camps, which

appear to me to bear strongly on the questions relating to the stratigraphy of the Bagshot area which have been raised of late.

I first propose to discuss one particular section which has been very differently interpreted by different observers.&

The section is one through Thorn and Redan Hills to the east of South Camp, and, as shown in fig. 1, is drawn in a direction N. 14° E. and S. 14° W., thus giving nearly the true dip of the beds, which dip slightly E. of N.

Commencing at the North end of the section (which is drawn on the scale of 4″ to one mile horizontal and 8″ to one mile vertical), the Pebble-bed, which I take as the line of division between the Upper and Middle Bagshot, occurs behind the Commissariat Stores, as described by Mr. Monckton (
loc. cit.
p. 410).

This bed of rolled black flint-pebbles can be traced round the east slope of the hill past the Magazine and the Cemetery, at each of which places it can be seen
in situ
, to the brow of the hill on which the Cambridge tIospital stands. Here the bed has rather thinned and the pebbles are imbedded in a more clayey bed than at the Commissariat Stores.

Walking down the road leading from the eastern end of
On Nepheline-Rocks in Brazil, with Special Reference to the Association of Phonolite and Foyaite
Authors: Derby Orville A.
Published: October 2009

The nepheline-rocks heretofore recognized in Brazilian territory are the phonolites and associated basalts of Fernando Noronha, a deep-sea island off the north-eastern shoulder of the continent, in lat. 3° 5′ S., long. 32° 24′ 19″ W., the volcanic nature of which appears to have been first recognized by Darwin in the ‘Voyage of the Beagle’. Recently a single small pebble from the little-known island of Trinidade, in lat. 20° 31′ S., long. 29° 19′ W., has come into my hands, showing that phonolite of somewhat different character from that of Fernando Noronha occurs at that place also.

Recent investigations have shown that nepheline-rocks of a somewhat different character are also abundantly developed on the mainland, and in such favourable conditions as to throw light on the relations of the granitic type of foyaite or elmolite-syenite to the other members of the group. The localities in which they have thus far been recognized are situated in the Provinces of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Minas Geraes, and their relative position and relation to the main orographie lines of the region in which they occur are shown in the accompanying sketch map (fig. 1). Three of these localities, Campo Grande, Cabo Frio, and the peak of Tingua, are in the immediate vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, the latter being in the Serra do Mar range, the two former among its foot-hills. Further south another set of localities occurs in the same range in the valley of the river Iguapé. In the
On some Occurrences of Piedmontite-Schist in Japan
Authors: Kotô Bundjiro
Published: October 2009

As already stated in a former paper, the occurrence of manganepidote or piedmontite is often associated with glaucophane-bearing rocks in the crystalline-schist system in Japan. The rock which contains piedmontite as an essential component is well characterized in outward appearance, being of a dark violet colour; hence it is locally named the ‘murasaki’ or violet rock, and it is most typically developed in the Island of Sikoku, especially in the neighbourhood of the city of Tokusima.

The first specimen that came under my notice was brought from Mount Otakisan, one mile to the south-west of the last-named city; and many localities have since been added to the list of places where it occurs, so that we are now able to trace out the geological horizon of the piedmontite-bearing rock everywhere within the crystalline-schist system of that island. The rock is, however, not exclusively confined to this region. It also has a wide distribution in the provinces of Musasi and Kozuké, on the main island, Honsiû.

The piedmontite is associated with fine quartz-grains; and by the parallel position of the former, the rock itself assumes a schistose structure, a vertical section presenting a regularly banded appearance resulting from the alternation of fine piedmontite layers with those of quartz.

The accessory components are muscovite (hydrous mica of Prof. Bonney†), greenish-yellow garnet, rutile, some felspars (probably orthoclase), blood-red iron-glance, and also opaque crystals of the same mineral. This is the typical piedmontite-sehist. In the glaucophane-bearing rocks‡ manganepidote also makes its appearance, but it
On the Alleged Conversion of Crystalline Schists into Igneous Rocks in County Galway
Authors: Callaway C.
Published: October 2009

Introduction.

The theory of the metamorphism of aqueous deposits into granite and other igneous rocks has been maintained by most Irish geologists, and is set forth with much detail in the elaborate memoirs of the Irish Geological Survey* on the district between Galway and Westport. It therefore seemed to me, after some preliminary work in Donegal†, that the Connemara region would probably afford rich material for the determination of the question. In this hope I was not disappointed; but while working at the relations between the igneous and the metamorphic rocks, another problem, the origin of the schists themselves, began to emerge. The result of my inquiries was a singular reversal of the theory I was examining. I found, not that the igneous rocks had been formed out of schists, but that some, at least, of the schists had been formed out of igneous rocks. The Galway region has, indeed, been most fruitful in suggestion, and has supplied me with a clue to the origin of some of the less complex gneisses.

I have to acknowledge my obligations to Profi Bonney, F.R.S., who has been kind enough to look through my microscopic slides, and to give me his opinion on critical points.

In discussing the origin of the igneous rocks, it will be desirable to state briefly the evidence upon which the theory of the Irish Survey has been based. I will give the chief points, as far as possible, in the words of the Survey Memoirs†

Of the granite
On the Remains of Fishes from the Keuper of Warwick and Nottingham
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: October 2009

At the meeting of the British Association which took place last September, at Birmingham, the Rev. P. B. Brodie called attention to some specimens of fishes which he had obtained from the Upper Keuper of Shrewley. The specimens, which he has kindly sent to me for examination, are, unfortunately, very fragmentary, but still many of their characters can be deciphered; and seeing that Ganoid fish-remains from these deposits are of such rare occurrence, it is very desirable to place on record any fresh evidence which may be brought to light. Portions of seven specimens have been found, the best preserved (Pl. XXII. fig. 1) showing the left side of the body, minus the head and nearly the whole of the tail, but with parts of the dorsal, pectoral, ventral, and anal fins preserved
in situ
, with one or two rays of the tail-fin. In its present condition the specimen measures one inch and a half in length.

The second specimen (fig. 2) seems to include the whole of a fish; but it is so curved round, twisted, and crushed, that its form is well-nigh obliterated. When perfect, it probably measured two inches and a half in length. The large fulcra of the tail-fin are well seen from above; but with the exception of one or two plates, probably belonging to the head, little of the structure can be made out.

The third specimen (fig. 3) appears to be a head with the right pectoral fin and a portion of the
Notes upon some Carboniferous Species of
Murchisonia
in our Public Museums
Authors: Donald Jane
Published: October 2009

It is exceedingly difficult to fix the limits of the genera of many fossil Gasteropoda and to ascertain their affinities with those of existing forms. As the soft parts of the animals are never preserved, the only data upon which we can rely are such as may be derived from the form and structure of the shell. The most characteristic feature in the
Murchisoniæ
is the slit in the outer lip, the successive filling-up of which gives rise to the formation of a band upon the whorls of the shell. Now this slit in the outer lip exists in several other genera, such as
Pleurotomaria, Pleurotoma
, some species of
Turritella, Siliquaria, Scissurella, Emarginula, Bellerophon
, and, to a greater or less degree, also in
Haliotis, Ianthina, Euomphalus
, &c. Of these genera, those which
Murchisonia
most resembles are
Pleurotomaria
and
Turritella
, and in some instances it is very difficult to draw the line between the genus
Murchisonia
and the genus
Pleurotomaria
; in both genera the slit is represented on the whorls by a well-defined band, and the only external difference between the shells is the form of the spire, that of
Murchisonia
being elongated, while in
Pleurotomaria
it is short. But there are shells of every intermediate length, and these have been referred sometimes to the one genus, and sometimes to the other. G. Lindström (‘Silurian Gasteropoda and Pteropoda of Got land,‘ p. 92*) thinks it well to limit the genus Murehisonia to shells which have a long slender spire of more
Notes on some Polyzoa from the Lias
Authors: Walford Edwin A.
Published: October 2009

The Polyzoa of the Lias at present known seem to be restricted to the genera
Stomatopora, Proboscina, Spiropora, Neuropora, Lichenopora, Semimulticlausa, Diastopora
(
Berenicea
being by later systematists classed with the
Diastoporæ
), and the genus it is now proposed to add, viz.
Tubulipora
.

History

In ‘Morris's Catalogue of British Fossils,’ published in 1854, there is no record of Polyzoa from the Lias ; but the steadily accumulating records of palmontological work enabled Mr. R. Etheridge, F.R.S., in 1882, in his Presidential Address to the Geological Society to tabulate three genera and six species. Vine in the British Association Report for the same year reviews but three genera and four species. French and German authors have, however, increased the number. Although Deslongchamps, having turned over his Neuropora to the Spongidse, mentions but two genera, representing as many species, Haime can add but one species more, saying, at the end of his admirable monograph, “on ne eonnait encore aueun bryozoaire dans le lias moyen ni dans le lias supdrieur.” Terquem and Pierre in 1865 recognize, in addition to some forms previously described by Fromentel, three genera new to the Lower Lias, and add also six new species: a few years later Dumortier catalogues in his list of fossils from the several divisions of the Lias of the Rhone basin seven species, of which four are new. Their occurrence in the Lias of Germany appears to be very rare, for Quenstedt and Oppel mention but one species.

The rarity of Polyzoa in
On the Superficial Geology of the Southern Portion of the Wealden Area
Authors: Elsden J. Vincent
Published: October 2009

Introductory.

More than thirty years have elapsed since Sir Roderick Murchison published his well-known paper “On the Distribution of the Flint Drift of the S.E. of England on the Flanks of the Weald and over the Surface of the North and South Downs”. The observations contained in that paper are stated by the author to be far from complete, and offered chiefly to elicit further inquiry and discussion. Since that time the 6-inch Ordnance maps of this area have been completed, and the superficial deposits of a considerable portion of the district mapped by the Geological Survey. No detailed description, however, of the nature and extent of the various drift-gravels of the southern portion of the Wealden area has been published since the completion of the accurately contoured maps of the Ordnance Survey. Apart from the importance attaching to any new investigations relating to the question of Wealden denudation, the superficial deposits of the area under consideration are of interest on account of their extremely scanty occurrence, many of the drift-beds to be hereafter described consisting of nothing more than a thin coating of flinty loam, or of the mere fragmentary remains of old beds of gravel. But in all cases the limits of these beds are sharply defined, and their relation to the present contours easily established. The following observations are offered as the result of a somewhat detailed examination of a considerable part of this area during the year 1886, but the investigation has of necessity been limited
Note on some Dinosaurian Remains in the Collection of A. Leeds, Esq., of Eyebury, Northamptonshire
Authors: Hulke J. W.
Published: October 2009

In a short visit which I made with Dr. Woodward in May 1886 to Eyebury to see the very rich and highly instructive collection of Saurian fossils made by Mr. A. Leeds from the Kimmeridge Clay of Northamptonshire, two series of remains arrested our attention by the close resemblances they bore to those of the Wealden
Ornithopsis
, H. G. Seeley, to
Omosaurus
, R. Owen, and to certain of the American Jurassic Dinosaurs described and figured by Prof. O. C. Marsh. We had not at that time with us on the spot the materials for instituting an exhaustive comparison, but on a second visit to Eyebury, recently made, I took with me Sir R. Owen's and Prof. O. C. Marsh's memoirs, and with these by me I re-examined the two series of fossils. The results of this renewed inquiry are so interesting that I venture to bring them under the notice of the Geological Society

Part I.—Ornithopsis Leedsii.

Synonyms :
Eucamerotus
, Hulke ;
Cetiosaurus
, R. Owen, partim ;
Getiosaurus
, Phillips, partim;
Ghondrosteosaurus
, R. Owen,partim;
Bothrospondylus
, R. Owen, partim.

The remains in Mr. Leeds's collection referable to this Dinosaur, or to a very nearly allied form, comprise several vertebrm, ribs, both pubes, both ischia, the right ilium, and many small fragments too imperfect for reunion and identification.

Vertebræ.—All the vertebræ are, I think, referable to the trunk ; they comprise four centra, and some portions of neural arches and processes. All the centra are much crushed and distorted, and they have lost
Notes on the Metamorphic Rocks of South Devon
Authors: Raisin Catherine A.
Published: October 2009

There are scanty notices, by De la Beche and other earlier writers, of this southernmost part of Devonshire ; but later it has been very fully described by Professor Bonney ~; and taking his paper as a guide, I was able during two visits to obtain some knowledge of the district. I have ventured to think that a few supplementary details might be of some slight interest.

I. B
oundary
of S
laty
and
M
etamorphic
S
eries

As I had not time to visit thoroughly all parts of the district, I tried primarily to make an examination of the exposures in the vicinity of the junction of the slaty and the metamorphic series. Here I was anxious to arrive independently at a conclusion on the question whether metamorphism had affected a continuous series of beds, or whether the southern rocks had the character of a separate and probably much older formation. :Hence, before visiting any of the sections already described, I made expeditions to two localities on the shores of the estuary north of Portlemouth, where I found exposures, m one place quite, in the other nearly, continuous from Devonian to metamorphic rocks. had no real difficulty in deciding when I had passed from one formation to the other, and the opinion then formed as to the complete distinctness of the two series was confirmed by further examination in the field and by the microscope.

Along the southern boundary of the slaty rocks, I visited the cliff exposures of the eastern and western
Note on the so-called “Soapstone” of Fiji
Authors: Brady Henry B.
Published: October 2009

Soon after the cession of the Fiji Islands to the British Crown, some ten or twelve years ago, it was determined bv the authorities to remove the government offices from Levuka, a flourishing settlement on the little island of Ovalau, to some locality on one of the larger islands of the group. The site chosen for the new capital was Suva Point, a promontory on the south coast of Viti Levu, commanding a considerable bay or harbour to the west, and rising on the land side to an elevation of 300 or 400 feet. How far the geological aspects of the question were taken into consideration it is needless now to inquire; we may confine our attention to the fact that the area selected presents certain peculiar and interesting features in respect of its superficial deposits.

I visited the islands in 1874–5, but owing to repeated detentions, there and elsewhere, the result of quarantine regulations, the rainy season had already set in before permission was given to land, and at Suva I was in consequence unable to do any great amount of field observation. The geological features of the localities have, however, been described by a competent naturalist, Mr. Horne, in the following terms :—

“In Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, sedimentary or limestone rocks are found on all the mountains. Where absent, denudation, it is conjectured, has been the cause... At suva the strata on the sides of the slopes lie at a greater or less, while on the
On the Position of the Obermittweida Conglomerate
Authors: Hughes T. McKenny
Published: October 2009

On the south-west side of the little valley of the Mittweida, within an easy drive from Annaberg, about 25 miles south of Chemnitz, and twice that distance south-west of Dresden, there is a remarkable section which seems to show a strong conglomerate, crushed, it is true, but otherwise not much altered, intercalated among the gneiss and mica-schist which cover so large an area in that part of Saxony. It is therefore of some importance to inquire how far it would be possible to admit other explanations of the section than that which seems at first sight to be the obvious inference, and to consider whether an examination of the rocks in the field and a comparison of the mode of occurrence of other similar conglomerates render it possible to explain away the apparent interstratification of the conglomerate and gneissie series.

I am indebted to Professor Credner, not only for much information on the subject, but for references to previous writers. The first notice seems to be that of Dr. Sauer, of Leipzig*, under whose guidance I visited this locality a few years ago, and whom I take this opportunity of thanking for much kind attention.

The occurrence of this conglomerate is indicated on the Geological Map of Saxony and in the section given in its margin†.

Professor Justus Roth, of Berlin, wrote a paper † upon these conglomerates in 1883, and afterwards referred to them in his work on General and Chemical Geology ∮ published in Berlin in 1887.

Von
Notes on a part of the Huronian Series in the Neighbourhood of Sudbury (Canada)
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: October 2009

During my visit to Canada in 1884, I had the opportunity, through the liberality of the Directors of the Canada Pacific Railway, of examining more minutely than is possible to the passing traveller the geological structure of a part of the route over which the line had recently been constructed. I had further the great advantage of being accompanied by Dr. Selwyn, the Director General of the Geological Survey of Canada, to whom I record my most grateful thanks, not only for advice and guidance on the spot, but also for information and specimens subsequently supplied. The study of these has brought out some peculiarities which I think may help to render more precise the term Huronian, and throw some light on general questions of metamorphism*.

On the Canada Pacific Railway, the Laurentian series, which has been traversed for nearly 240 miles†, comes to an end near a little station called Wahnepitae. The last rock seen is highly crystalline, an eclogite or garnetiferous hornblendic gneiss, which apparently dips at a rather low angle towards the S.E. Hard at hand is a river, on the opposite side of which rises an ice-worn range of low rocky hills considered to be the Huronian. The valley is believed to follow the line of a fault. The latter rock is mainly composed of quartz and felspar, with but little mica, though occasional thinnish bands of a fissile mica-schist occur. It is much jointed, and appears to have a flaggy bedding, reminding me in its
Note on a new Wealden Iguanodont and other Dinosaurs
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: October 2009

Introductory
.—The primary object of this communication is to bring to the notice of the Society numerous remains of an apparently new Iguanodont Reptile obtained by Mr. C. Dawson, F.G.S., of St. Leonards, from the Wadhurst Clay (one of the beds of the Hastings Sand, or lower division of the Wealden), and recently acquired by the British Museum; and also a maxilla from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight, apparently referable to
Ornithopsis
. Having, however, recently examined the whole of the collection of Dinosaurian remains preserved in the Museum, in the course of the preparation of the first part of the forthcoming ‘Catalogue of Fossil Reptilia’ of the collection, I have also made certain observations regarding other members of the order, which may be conveniently recorded at the same time.

Iguanodonts
.—Commencing with the Iguanodonts, I may first of all observe that I fully concur in the view which M. Dollo informs me he now takes as to the specific identity of
Iguanodon bernissartensis
and
I. Seelyi
; and, although the original description is very meagre and unaccompanied by a figure, I think we ought to adopt the former and earlier name for the species which has been so well described by the Belgian naturalist. The British Museum possesses a considerable series of the remains of this species, many of which were referred by Sir R. Owen to
Cetiosaurus
and
Pelorosaurus
, while others have been described under the name of
Iguanodon Mantelli
.

In addition to the two Wealden species of
Iguanodon
(
I.
On the Cae Gwyn Cave
Authors: Hughes T. McKenny
Published: October 2009

In a communication which I made to the Society “On the Drifts of the Vale of Clwyd and their Relation to the Caves and Cave-deposits”*, I considered the subject under the following heads:—

(1) The Age of the Drift.

(2) The Relation of the Deposits in the Caves to that Drift.

In discussing the age of the drift, I was of course obliged to offer a tentative classification of the Pleistocene deposits of the district in order to show the relative position and age of the St. Asaph beds, to which I referred the drift on the flanks of the hill in which the Ffynnon Beuno Caves occur.

The classification I suggested has been called in question, and I have relegated the discussion of this part of the subject in its wider bearing to a separate paper.

It will be desirable, however, to restate briefly the conclusions at which I then arrived. They were:—

That the interpretation of the glacial phenomena of North Wales is much more simple than that suggested by most recent observers in East England.

That we have evidence of the following sequence of events:—

That glacier-ice came down from the Snowdon and Arenig group of mountains, riding across pre-existing north and south valleys as far at any rate as the Cheshire plain on the east, and as far as the Irish Channel, which was the corresponding north and south valley on the west.

That glacier-ice came also from the north and held back the
On two New Lepidotoid Ganoids from the Early Mesozoic Deposits of Orange Free State, South Africa
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: October 2009

The fine series of South-African fossils brought to the British Museum in 1883 by Dr. Hugh Exton, F.G.S., Curator of the Bloemfontein Museum, Orange Free State, has already furnished two important novel types of Vertebrata, made known at the meetings of this Society by Professor Sir Richard Owen*. There still remain, however, other interesting forms, adding to our knowledge of the palæontology of the early Mesozoic strata whence they were derived, and among these are some beautifully preserved examples of a Lepidotoid Ganoid fish. Two specimens of another new Ganoid have also been lately received from the same source, and the affinities of these types have so important a bearing upon the question of the age of the Stormberg Beds of South Africa, that it seems advisable to place on record their discovery and to offer a detailed description of their characters.

I. Seminotus capensis, sp. nov.† (Pl. VI. figs. 1-5.)

The first series of the fossil fishes in question comprises portions of four individuals displayed upon the surface of a slab of sandstone, mainly in counterpart. Each of these shows more or less of the scaly trunk; and, in addition, one example exhibits the head, pectoral fin, and dorsal fin; another, the dorsal and caudal fins; a third, a nearly complete tail and the anal fin; while the fourth is almost perfect behind a point a little in advance of the pelvic fins. There are thus materials for determining all the more salient features of the
On Insoluble Residues obtained from the Carboniferous-Limestone Series at Clifton
Authors: Wethered Edward
Published: October 2009

The Carboniferous-Limestone rocks at Clifton are well known and have been the subject of several communications to the Geological and other Societies. Among the authors of such communications I may mention Sir H. de la Beche, Sir A. Ramsay, Dr. Buck]and, Mr. Conybeare, Mr. Etheridge, Mr. Tawney, and Mr. Stoddart; the papers and monographs written by the investigators just named deal mostly with the physical, stratigraphical, or palæontological problems which the rocks of the gorge of the Avon have presented for solution; I am not aware that any one has examined the residues obtained from the limestone after boiling portions in strong acid.

Professor Hull's classification of the Carboniferous series seems to me to be the most comprehensive yet produced; but there may be some difference of opinion as to the term Yoredale when applied to the Upper Limestone of the Bristol and Somersetshire coal-fields. If Professor Hull means, by the term Yoredale, the beds which mark those physical conditions which closed the Limestone Period and ushered in the Millstone Grit and Coal-measures, then he is correct in saying that there is at Clifton a series of deposits, represented by a thickness of about 100 feet, which mark the close of the Limestone Period and the coming in of the Millstone Grit. They are the beds referred to by Sir H. de la Beche as “Upper Mixture of Sandstones, Marls, and Limestones.”

Hitherto the limestones known as the “Black Rock” have been regarded as the base of the Middle