bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of 3 moisturisers on skin surface hydration
Authors: MØSS Judi
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: The hydrating properties of three moisturising preparations, commonly recommended for the treatment of dry skin, were compared by utilising non‐invasive measuring methods.

Methods: The preparations were Decubal®/Abitima® cream, Dumex Ltd; pH5‐Eucerin® ointment, Beiersdorf; and Essex® cream, Schering Plough. Skicon‐200® and a Corneometer CM 420® were used for assessment of skin hydration. Readings of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin temperature were also taken. The study was conducted in 2 parts, each with 12 women. The preparations were applied to a designated area on the forearms 2× a day for 7 days; the 4th, untreated, area served as control. Readings were taken before the start of treatment and every morning during the treatment period and the following week.

Results: Both electrical measuring methods showed that hydration of the stratum corneum increased after a few days of treatment, especially after the application of Decubal®/Abitima®. TEWL was not affected by any of the treatments.

Conclusions: The two electrical methods ranked the products consistently, i.e. Decubal®/Abitima® >pH5‐Eucerin® >Essex®. Conductance (Skicon‐200) was more discriminative than capacitance (Corneometer CM420). However, these methods are not water specific. TEWL was not affected by the treatments.
Sources of unwanted variability in measurement and description of skin surface topography
Authors: Connemann Bernhard J. , Busche Heidrun , Kreusch Jürgen , Wolff Helmut H.
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: Quantitative measurement of skin roughness has proved to be a valuable tool in the efficacy‐control of external applications, but it suffers from not yielding easily comparable results. The most important sources of inter‐observer variability are high‐pass filters used to separate roughness and waviness, and low‐pass filters which result from the finite resolution of the instrument or from the finite sampling interval of digital measurement. In the present study, the effects of high‐pass filters and sampling intervals on the roughness measured were investigated.

Methods: Dynamically focusing optical profilometry was used to measure the surfaces of negative replicas of healthy human skin. High‐pass cut‐off wavelengths and sampling intervals were varied systematically.

Results/conclusions: Virtually unbiased estimates for the roughness parameters K, Sk, Rq, and Ra can be obtained using sampling intervals of 40 or even 80 μm. Regarding these roughness parameters, it is far better to do more scans than to shorten the sampling interval. The roughness parameters Rz, Rp, Rt, Rpm, Rmax, Pt, on the other hand are very sensitive to the influence of the sampling interval; to achieve satisfying estimates, the sampling interval should be no longer than 2 to 5 urn; as an important parameter’of the measurement, it is worthy of remark and should always be indicated. The way the mean square roughness Rq depends on the cut‐off wavelength is not well described by the Sayles‐Thomas‐relation Rq∼λc0.5. If the power‐spectrum |h*(v)|2 approximates sufficiently to a power law, |h*(v)|2∼vδ, a better estimate is given by Rq∼λcγ with γ=‐(δ+1)/2. In many cases, γ=1 or Rq∼λc will suffice.
Evaporimetiy in the differentiation of allergic, irritant and doubtful patch test reactions
Authors: Giorgini Simonetta , Brusi Claudio , Sertoli Achille
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: The aim is to evaluate, using evaporimetry, the possibility of getting further information supporting clinical reading of allergic, irritant reactions and doubtful patch test reactions.

Methods: The investigation was carried out on 204 patients (182 female and 22 male, mean age 31.6 years), patch tested routinely as suspects of allergic contact dermatitis. We evaluated 326 reactions (203 allergic, 123 irritant or doubtful).

Results: Mean values pf TEWL were: for the positive allergic reactions, 7.21 (SD, 2.26) at 48 h, 15.77 (SD, 5.50) at 72 h; and for the irritant or doubtful reactions, 7.55 (SD, 1.72) at 48 h, and 5.77 (SD, 1.41) at 72 h. TEWL in the 2 reactions groups at 72 h was significantly different (p<0.01).

Conclusions: The study shows (i) concordance between the evaporimeter values and the visual score; (ii) at 72 h, the evaporimeter values are increased in the allergic reactions but not in irritant or doubtful reactions; (iii) evaporimetry in the differential diagnoses of patch test reactions was deemed useful.
Comparison of human back versus arm skin region for its suitability to test weak irritants
Authors: Lavrijsen A. P. M. , Geelen F. A. M. J. , Oestmann E. , Hermans J. , Bodda H. E , Ponec M.
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: Large‐scale comparative screening of der‐matological and cosmetic products require non‐invasive bioengineering methods which give reproducible results that can be statistically analyzed. To determine the most suitable test region for testing irritating substances, the response of the skin to the weak irritant sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) was measured on standardized locations on the forearm and back. Furthermore, using 3 bioengineering methods, we aimed to establish the most sensitive method to measure skin response to SLS.

Methods: The baseline measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), cutaneous blood flow (CBF) and skin colour a*‐value were performed at 6 standardized locations on the volar forearms and at 12 locations on the back on 2 consecutive days, day 1 and 2, in 9 healthy volunteers. On day 2, 9 out of the 18 sites were exposed to 0.5% SLS by occlusive 24‐h patches and the skin response was evaluated on days 3 and 4.

Results: For TEWL, CBF and a*‐value, no significant regional variations were found within individuals at any time on the arm locations and on the back locations. However, significant inter‐individual variation was found. At the back on day 4, a slightly higher skin response to SLS was found compared to that found on the forearms as measured by TEWL and the a*‐value. Of the 3 bioengineering methods used, TEWL was the most sensitive method to detect cutaneous response to the weak irritant used. TEWL measurements on days 1 and 2 performed at the 6 standardized locations on the volar forearms inside and outside a specially constructed air convection protection box, showed no relevant differences in measured TEWL values.

Conclusion: Both the forearms and the back were found to be suitable sites for irritancy testing. Since considerable differences in mean reactivity between subjects have been observed the use of large numbers of subjects in predictive irritant patch testing is required.
Barrier function of the skin in a repetitive irritation model and influence of 2 different treatments*
Authors: Gabard B. , Eisner P. , Treffel P.
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: The aim of this study was to develop and characterize an experimental model of cumulative irritant contact dermatitis using the repetitive application over 2 weeks of 2 different irritative stimuli, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) in low concentration and toluene. Further, it was intended to look at the effect of 2 different treatments which could influence the regeneration of the skin barrier, as already investigated in preliminary short‐term experiments.

Methods: Occlusive short‐time daily application of the irritants (SLS 30 min; toluene 10 min) was performed. After removal of the occlusive patch, the irritated areas were treated with 2 different preparations, Lotio Alba Aquosa and vaseline (white petroleum jelly). Bioengineering techniques were used to precisely measure the skin condition.

Results: A mild irritation was obtained under these experimental conditions. The bioengineering measurements allowed us to differentiate both irritants through their different influences on trans‐epidermal water loss and skin hydration. Treatment with vaseline did not significantly influence the course of the irritation, but Lotio Alba Aquosa clearly potentiated it, whereby different effects were noticed for both irritative stimuli.

Conclusions: The use of bioengineering techniques in this model of mild cumulative irritation allowed us to differentiate the action of both irritants, showing that they act through different mechanisms. The results of the treatments pointed out the need to treat an irritation with the right product for the right time period.
Bioengineering measurements of barrier creams efficacy against toluene and NaOH in an in vivo single irritation test
Authors: Treffel P. , Gabard B.
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: By now, only a few models have been published with the goal of testing barrier creams in vivo in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate with a single irritation test, barriers creams in humans against a lipophilic and a hydrophilic irritant, toluene and NaOH, respectively.

Methods: Both irritants were applied for 15 min after pretreatment of the skin with barrier creams. Non‐invasive bioengineering methods, such as skin colorimetry (a*) and cutaneous blood flow (CBF) measurements were used to assess product protection.

Results: After toluene application on control sites, the irritation appeared quickly (Tmax=3 min after patch removal), was significant (+5‐6 units for a* and+80% for CBF) and did not return to base value within 1 h. Skin irritation after NaOH application, as measured by a*, was less important (+2 units) and occurred later (T“max=40 min after patch removal). For this irritant, CBF response was minor and variable. When testing barrier properties of the products, none of them were able to prevent the skin erythema induced by toluene. Against NaOH, one barrier cream as well as petrolatum and a fatty cream protected the skin significantly.

Conclusion: The present study points out the unsatisfactory effectiveness of several commercially available barrier creams claimed to protect against lipophilic or hydrophilic irritants.
Skin critical surface tension
Authors: Khyat A. El , Mavon A. , Leduc M. , Agache P. , Humbert P.
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: Surface energy phenomena result from molecular interaction between substances. On the skin, they are involved in sweat and sebum dispersion, and in foreign substances, in spreading and absorption. However, they are unknown due to the scarce number of studies. The aim of this work was to find the skin critical surface tension (CST), an index of wettability, through a reliable technique, and to study the influence of skin lipid and of some oil‐in‐water (O/W) and water‐in‐oil (W/O) preparations.

Method: The CST was calculated using the Zisman equation, from the contact angle at equilibrium, of droplets of liquids whose surface tension was known. Contact angles were computed from the base and the height of the droplets viewed from their side through an operating microscope provided with a slanted mirror. Both volar forearm and forehead were studied.

Results: On volar forearm, the skin CST was 27.5±2.4 dyne/cm (n=12) and normally distributed. Forehead CST was above 50.7 dyne/cm. On both areas, defatting with ether reduced CST down to 21.6±2.6 dyne/cm, and 29.3±1.7 dyne/cm, respectively (p<0.001). Washing with soap reduced forearm CST down to 23.7±1.0 dyne/cm (p<0.01), and occlusion down to 21.6±3.4 dyne/cm (p<0.001). O/W cream application strongly decreased both forearm and glass slide CST, whereas W/O cream application either raised CST or left it unchanged; in all cases, changes were less marked on skin than on glass.

Conclusion: These data demonstrate that the skin surface is primarily hydrophobic and paradoxically becomes more wettable through its lipidic component, especially the sebum. Emulsions seemed to interact with the skin and change its CST as would do their continuous phase only.
Electronic UV dosimeters
Authors: Wulf Hans Christian , Gniadecka Monika
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: The pathogenic role of ultraviolet (UV) in the development of skin cancer, skin ageing and immunosuppression makes it important to monitor human exposure to UV radiation. In a previous study we constructed UVB and UVC dosimeters based on a thermoluminescent phenomenon induced by UV in CaF2:Dy and CaF2 crystals. However, these dosimeters were insensitive to UVA radiation and readout was time‐consuming. In the present study we aimed to develop an electronic dosimeter suitable for UVA, UVB and UVC. The principle of this dosimeter is a measure of accumulated electric current induced by UV on a photodetector.

Methods: Electric current induced by UV on a photodetector was accumulated in a Plessey's E‐cell coulometer. A special reading device was constructed to quantify total charge of the coulometer. Sensitivity for UVA, UVB and UVC was achieved by the use of appropriate filters in front of the photodetector.

Results: The sensitivity of the electronic dosimeter increased with increasing wavelength of UV radiation; therefore, in UVB and UVC dosimeters the use of amplifiers was necessary. A linear response to UVA, UVB and UVC was achieved.

Conclusion: Dosimeters with a linear response to increasing doses of UVA, UVB and UVC have been constructed for personal monitoring of UV exposure.
Remittance spectroscopy of human skin in vivo
Authors: Geyer Annette , Vilser W. , Karte Kerstine , Wollina U.
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: The skin is an easily accessible organ on which non‐invasive examination methods can be applied. Recently spectroscopic methods have been introduced in characterization of skin under physiological and pathological conditions. To examine remittance spectroscopic qualities of human skin in vivo and to clarify the influence of selected test conditions, a single‐beam spectrometer MCS 410 (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) has been used.

Methods: Remittance spectra readings were performed in 35 volunteers. Wavelength ranged from 362 nm to 780 nm. Individual remittance values and their standard deviations were obtained from 20 readings under standardized test conditions. The effect of pressure, rubbing, cooling, washing, greasing and degreasing on average remittance values was investigated. Statistical analysis was done with paired Student's f‐test and Fisher's test.

Results: Pressure increased remittance values over a wide range of wavelength, peaking at 518 nm. Greasing and degreasing modified spectral remittance of shorter wavelength peaking around 362 nm. Rubbing and cooling did not induce significant variations of spectral remittance of skin.

Conclusion: Spectral remittance provides an individual profile in human skin, which may be influenced by pressure and greasing/ degreasing. To establish standardized test conditions with a narrow range of intra‐individual variation these items have to be kept constant.
Interlaboratory comparison and validity study of the Minolta ChromaMeters CR‐200 and CR‐300
Authors: Fullerton A. , Lahti A. , Wilhelm K.‐P. , Perrenoud D. , Serup J.
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: Interlaboratory comparison and validity study of the Minolta ChromaMeters. The aim was to study repeatability, day‐to‐day variation, week‐to‐week variation, effects of electrical switch on/off, different pressures used and external light conditions.

Methods: A circulation experiment among 4 European laboratories using the same procedures and measurements on the same circulated colour standards (white, pink, red) and on forearm skin. Measurements using both the laboratories actual in‐house calibration setting and calibration of all apparatus against a common white standard tile were performed.

Results and conclusions: High instrument repeatability for all apparatus with low coefficients of variation was found. The repeatability was poorer in vivo on forearm skin than on colour plates. Interday reproducibility was found to be high. One apparatus showed an unexpected major shift in a* and b* levels, probably related to the device. Interlaboratory calibration against a common white tile was found inadequate, since a large inter‐individual variation will always be present and will exceed the instrument variability, and since a difference in measuring level among devices could not be overcome. Increased pressure of the probe during forearm skin measurement introduced increased a* values. When doing more than 3 replicative measurements within a test site, the equipment should always be removed between each measurement, since continuous contact may result in larger in vivo variability. No effect was found of turning the electrical power on/off. Neither was ambient light found to influence the measurements. The use of a glass projection tube instead of the normal open tube was found to influence a* by decreasing the value.
Nickel: the search for alternative, optimal and non‐irritant patch test preparations
Authors: E.Wahlberg Jan
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: Several contact allergens including nickel are also irritants. Ideal patch test preparations should not miss cases of contact allergy and should be non‐irritant. The currently used nickel preparation (5% nickel sulfate in petrolatum; 0.19 m) is a compromise. The present aim was to compare the skin‐irritant potential of various nickel preparations (sulfate, chloride, nitrate in petrolatum and in water) by using the objective, noninvasive laser Doppler technique for assessment.

Methods: Preparations with various nickel concentrations and vehicle controls were applied under occlusion (Finn chambers) on the volar forearms of healthy subjects for 48 h. The test sites were examined visually and measured with a laser Doppler flowmeter before, and repeatedly after, removal of test patches. Some preparations were also used when patch testing consecutive dermatitis patients.

Results: 0.19 m nickel chloride and nickel nitrate in petrolatum caused erythema as well as increase in skin blood flow, while lower concentrations (0.10, 0.05 and 0.01 m) did not affect skin blood flow. At higher concentrations the sulfate was less reactive than the other salts. The reactivity was more pronounced with the salts in petrolatum than in water. 0.05 m nickel nitrate was equivalent to 0.19 m nickel sulfate in diagnosing contact allergy in patch testing, while 0.30 m nickel sulfate in water missed several cases.

Conclusions: The laser Doppler technique is more sensitive than the naked eye and can indicate nickel patch test preparations with marginal irritant properties. Some promising alternative candidates have been identified.
Measurement of croton oil induced rabbit ear swelling and evaluation of anti‐inflammatory agents with a standard low pressure caliper
Authors: Manny‐Aframian V. , Shafran A. , Zlotogorski A. , Ginsburg I. , Dikstein S.
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: Carbobenzoxy‐phenylalanyl‐methionine (CBZ‐Phe‐Met), a known inhibitor of the chemotactic peptide N‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (fMLP) in vitro, has not been evaluated as a topical anti‐inflammatory agent in vivo. In order to measure the effect of CBZ‐phe‐met, one needs a repeat‐able, quantitative, easily obtainable standard measurement of the edema formation. In this study, a caliper designed for measuring soft materials was used to evaluate the edema, induced by croton oil on rabbit ears, as well as the effects of CBZ‐phe‐met.

Methods: The model used in this study was croton‐induced inflammation on rabbit ears. A caliper for measuring soft materials (European standard DIN 863 part 3, manufactured by TESA Ltd., Renens, Switzerland) was used to evaluate the edema, which is part of the inflammatory effect. The action of CBZ‐phe‐met and two other anti‐inflammatory agents; hydrocortisone and Na‐ibuprofen, were compared.

Results: CBZ‐phe‐met 1‐5% was found to reduce the edema on rabbit ears induced by croton oil by 15 to 93%. 5% CBZ‐phe‐met was found to be as effective as 5% Na‐ibuprofen and 0.1% hydrocortisone.

Conclusion: The caliper for soft materials was found to be suitable for measuring the edema induced by croton‐oil, as well as the reducing edema due to anti‐inflammatory treatment. It was also found that CBZ‐phe‐met is a potent topical anti‐inflammatory agent in the croton‐oil‐induced inflammatory model. This may indicate a new approach in the treatment of inflammation.
Visual scoring and laser Doppler perfusion imaging of skin irritancy induced by different nicotine patches
Authors: Krogstad Anne‐Lene , Pegenius Göran , Elam Mikael
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: Local skin reactions are the most common reason for discontinuation of transdermal nicotine replacement therapy in smoking cessation programs. The aims of the present study were (1) to quantify the intensity of skin reactions induced by different types of nicotine patches and (2) to compare the clinical evaluation of skin erythema using visual scores with independently performed quantitative estimates of skin perfusion.

Methods: Thirty‐three subjects were included in the study, each receiving 2 different types of nicotine patches (Nicotinell and Nicorette) and 1 type of placebo patch (Nicorette), placed ventrally on the upper arms according to a randomized protocol. Patches were removed after 24 h (Nicotinell) and 16 h (Nicorette), respectively, according to recommended application times. Visual scoring and laser Doppler perfusion imaging were performed 45 min after removal of patches, in a randomized order.

Results: Nicotinell patches induced the highest cumulative clinical score for skin irritancy. All 3 investigated patches gave rise to a slight but significant skin perfusion increase and individual visual scores and perfusion data correlated.

Conclusion The degree of skin irritancy and underlying perfusion increase induced by 1 daily maintenance dose of transdermal nicotine via a patch is low, but differs between patch types.
Sensitivity of cutometer data to stratum corneum hydration level
Authors: Murray B. C. , Wickett R. R.
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: The cutometer is an instrument that measures mechanical properties of skin. The NOVA dermal phase meter (DPM) measures the stratum corneum (SC) hydration level. The objectives of this study were to determine which parameters of the cutometer data curves were most sensitive to changes in SC hydration level, and to determine if lowering the skin stress applied by the cutometer would increase the instrument's sensitivity to SC hydration.

Methods: In two studies, the volar forearms of ten and six subjects, respectively, were hydrated with wet paper towels for ten min. Measurements were made with the cutometer at various vacuum levels, and with the DPM. In another study, leg skin of nine subjects was hydrated by applying moisturizing lotions for 2 weeks. Measurements were made with the cutometer and DPM.

Results/conclusion: Significant changes in DPM and cutometer measurements were found after hydrating skin in each study. However, only three correlations were found between cutometer data and DPM data. The lack of correlation was perhaps due to the differences in the depth into the skin which the two instruments measure. It is not clear which cutometer data parameters are generally most sensitive to hydration level, since different parameters were found to be most sensitive in each of the three studies. Finally, lowering the cutometer vacuum level generally did not increase the sensitivity of the measurements to changes in hydration levels.
High‐frequency conductance measurement of the skin surface hydration state of dry skin using a new probe studded with needle‐form electrodes (MT‐8C)
Authors: Sasai Shu , Zhen Ya‐Xian , Tagami Hachiro
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: When high‐frequency conductance measurements are performed on dry scaly skin such as atopic xerosis, senile xerosis or psoriasis, the values recorded with a flat surfaced ordinary probe tend to be lower, indicating a reduced hydration state, than the actual one, because the rough and firm skin surface prevents close contact with the hard and flat surface of the applied probe.

Methods: We evaluated the usefulness of an MT‐8C probe (Measurement Technologies Cincinnati, USA), whose skin‐attaching portion is studded with 8 needle‐like electrodes instead of a flat surfaced type, for measurments on dry skin.

Results/conclusions: The MT‐8C probe yielded conductance values slightly higher than those recorded with the flat surfaced probe attached to Skicon in measuring the hydration state of moderately dry skin surface such as atopic xerosis and senile xerosis. It seems to be comparable or more sensitive than the capacitance recording with the Corneometer. The recorded values obtained with the MT‐8C probe showed more variations than the latter because of its higher sensitivity and much smaller contact area, that makes it difficult to touch to the same spots repeatedly. No such a difference was observed on severely dry skin and thickly scaly psoriatic lesions.
Effects of radiation on skin surface contour
Authors: Lefaix J‐L. , Mignot J.
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: Cutaneous relief varies according to numerous external and internal parameters such as sex, ageing, moisturizing, effect of radiation. The purpose of this initial study was to measure the sensitivity of skin relief as a parameter which varies with the intensity of radiation.

Methods: For this study, the skin relief of 5 pigs irradiated with 90 Sr‐90 Y β rays in different doses was evaluated over a period of 7 days after irradiation. From silicone rubber replicas taken on the skin relief, hard positive replicas were made. These were then used to quantify the skin topography with 3‐D contact profilometry.

Results: Whatever the dose, the vertical amplitude of the skin relief was lower in the irradiated areas than in the adjacent non‐irradiated ones. A mean decrease of 10‐15 % was detected as early as the first day after irradiation and reached large values (45%) in some animals.

Conclusion: 3‐D quantification of the skin relief can be used to quantify the modifications induced by irradiation. This method is interesting because it shows that it is possible to measure a significant variation only 1 day after irradiation, when no erythema is visible.
Microscopic FT‐IR/DSC combined system used to investigate the thermotropic behavior of lipid in porcine stratum corneum after pretreatment with skin penetration enhancers
Authors: Lin Shan‐Yang , Duan Kwo‐Jen , Lin Tsung‐Chien
Published: October 2006

Background: The stratum corneum (SC) is the outermost barrier of the skin to prevent environmental attack and water loss. The function of SC has been found to be related to the lipid phase transitions in SC. In this study, we used a newly developed microscopic Fourier transform infrared spectrometer equipped with a thermal analyzer (FT‐IR/DSC) system to simultaneously investigate the correlation between the thermotropic response and the structural changes of lipids in porcine SC after pretreatment with skin penetration enhancers.

Methods: The CH2 stretching vibrational bands near 2850 and 2920 cm‐1 of lipid in porcine SC pretreated with skin penetration enhancers were studied by this microscopic FT‐IR/DSC system.

Results: The results indicate that the temperature‐induced change in the peak position for both asymmetric and symmetric CH2 stretching bands was found to be shifted to higher wavenumber position with increased temperature and this alteration was reversible after cooling the heated SC sample, which was independent of the skin penetration enhancers pretreated except the SC sample pretreated with azone/propylene glycol.

Conclusion: The porcine SC pretreated with azone/propylene glycol exhibited a marked change in the phase‐transition temperatures of lipid during 1 st and 2nd heating processes, suggesting the synergistic effect of both azone and temperature on the lipid thermotropic behavior of porcine SC.
Computer simulation of skin color based on a multilayered skin model
Authors: Takiwaki Hirotsugu , Kanno Yoshiyuki , Miyaoka Yuki , Arase Seiji
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:

Melanin and hemoglobin are major cutaneous chromophores related to skin color. The purpose of this study was to develop a computer simulation system that demonstrates how skin color changes following changes in the amount and distribution of these chromophores.

Methods:

The optical theory of a multilayered skin model was used for simulation of skin color. Optical parameter values necessary for this model were estimated with a videomicroscope interfaced with a computer by analyzing videoimages of in vitro cutaneous components. The reflectance values of the model containing varying amounts of melanin and hemoglobin were predicted and the corresponding color was displayed. The results were compared with actual reflectance and color of various skin lesions.

Results:

Variations in the color of epidermal pigmentary disorders were especially well simulated by this system. The more complex colors of lesions associated with dermal melanocytosis, such as nevus of Ota, were demonstrated by inserting a melanin layer in the dermis of the model.

Conclusions:

This system may be a useful tool for demonstrating the relationship between skin color and the amount and distribution of major cutaneous chromophores.
A simple method to estimate CIE‐L*a*b* values of the skin from its videomicroscopic image
Authors: Takiwaki Hirotsugu , Miyamoto Hiroshi , Ahsan Kamrul
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:

The C I E (Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage)‐L*a*b* is the most popular standardized color system. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple method for estimating C I E‐L*a*b* values of the skin using a video microscope and a computer.

Methods:

Skin images were obtained with a video microscope of various anatomical locations and ultraviolet B‐induced erythema and pigmentation in seven subjects. R G B (red, green, and blue) color coordinates of the images were converted into quasi‐L*a*b* values using formulae similar to those defined by C I E. These values were compared with C I E‐L*a*b* values simultaneously measured with a colorimeter.

Results:

The correlation coefficients between C I E‐ and quasi‐L*a*b* values were 0.97 (L*), 0.91 (a*), and 0.84 (b*

Conclusions:

Our method may be useful for deriving CIE‐L*a*b* values of the skin from its video microscopic image.
Site, gender and age variation in normal skin colour on the back and the forearm: tristimulus colorimeter measurements
Authors: Fullerton A. , Serup J.
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:

To study whether anatomical location and age and gender of subjects had any influence on the objective skin colour measurements.

Methods:

Baseline colour in prone position was measured with the Minolta ChromaMeter® in the upper, middle and lower level of the upper back and on the forearm of 168 volunteers. These two sites are commonly used in skin testing.

Results and conclusions:

Higher basal a* and lower basal L* levels were found on the upper scapular region compared to the lower scapular region and the subscapular region. The basal b* level showed no variation relative to site. The basal a* and the basal b* levels were lower on the forearm compared to the upper back while the basal L* level was higher. Females above 65 years showed a less coloured skin with lower values as compared to those of younger age. Females were found to have a generally lower basal a* level than males both on the upper back and forearm skin. These relatively major differences and sources of variation have to be considered when planning irritancy studies where colour differences between erythema and normal skin is used.
Assessment of erythema and skin perfusion by digital image analysis and scanner laser Doppler
Authors: Mattsson Ulf , Krogstad Anne‐Lene , Pegenius Göran , Elam Mikael , Jontell Mats
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:

In the present study, a model for measuring the intensity of skin erythema by computer‐assisted digital image analysis (DIA) was elaborated. The DIA technique was compared with laser Doppler perfusion imaging (PIM) to evaluate the relationship between erythema and skin perfusion.

Methods:

To produce erythema, three different types of nicotine patches (Nicotinell®, Nicorette® and Nicorette® placebo) were randomly applied ventrally on the upper arms for the time period recommended by the manufactures. After removal of the patches, colour photographs for subsequent DIA were taken and laser Doppler scanning for PIM was performed. The relationship between PIM and DIA was estimated intra‐ and inter‐individually.

Results/conclusions:

A statistically significant linear correlation between PIM and DIA data was found, but the relationship was relatively weak. This may be explained by the fact that DIA and PIM are influenced by different physiological factors such as skin chromophores and velocity of moving cells. The results strengthen the theory that erythema and perfusion measurements reflect separate physiological phenomena and that the methods should be considered complements to each other in the experimental situation.
Relationship between transepidermal water loss and temperature of the measuring probe
Authors: Thoma S. , Welzel J. , Wilhelm K.‐P.
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:

Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is an important parameter for the determination of skin barrier function. The open chamber method has been established as the technique of choice in most dermatological laboratories for measurements of TEWL. However, the influence of the probe temperature on TEWL measurements has been the subject of recent controversial debates. In this study the relationship between TEWL measured with the Tewameter and temperature of the measuring probe was therefore investigated by comparing two different measuring techniques.

Methods:

For one measurement, the probe was kept at room temperature (20°C) and for the other one, the probe was preheated to the actual temperature of the measuring object before obtaining the values. Measurements were performed on evaporative standards (EvSs) and healthy individuals. For the EvSs, semipermeable membranes were pulled over a petri dish filled with water, which could be heated.

Results:

TEWL values were found to depend on the temperature of the probe. TEWL values were higher when measured with the preheated probe. However, long‐term measurements revealed that TEWL values measured with the unheated probe reached those higher TEWL values after approximately 8 min measuring time.

Conclusions:

The final TEWL value was reached after shorter intervals for the preheated probe compared to the unheated probe (2.5 min vs. 4 min) for some measurements. However, preheating of the probe resulted in greater variability of the measurement values. Therefore, measurements with a preheated Tewameter probe is not be recommended.
Mechanical properties of primary anetoderma in a child
Authors: Piérard‐Franchimont C. , Henry F. , Pierard G. E.
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:

Anetoderma is a rare disease characterized by a prominent dermal atrophy with loss of elastic tissue. The aim of the study was to evaluate the rheological properties of anetoderma using a non‐invasive in vivo suction method.

Methods:

The Cutometer SM 474 was used with a 2‐ mm probe and successive 500 mbar load cycles. Skin thickness was measured using a 20 MHz ultrasonography A mode scanner.

Results:

Skin of anetoderma is thinner than normal. Cutaneous extensibility is markedly increased. The viscous component predominates when the anetoderma skin is not yet unfolded. After preconditioning, the defect in elasticity is uncovered.

Conclusions:

As expected, the rheological properties of anetoderma are abnormal. The nature of the changes varies according to the absence or presence of preconditioning.
Suction blister techniques for measurement of human skin collagen synthesis
Authors: Autio P. , Oikarinen A.
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:

Types I and III collagen are the main fibrillar collagens in the skin. Marked changes occur in the biosynthesis of these proteins during treatment with various drugs, upon ageing and in several diseases. Since conventional methods of assessing these changes have several disadvantages, a new method for estimating collagen synthesis in human skin in vivo has recently been developed. In this method suction blisters are induced on intact, and treated or diseased skin and types I and III procollagen propeptides are measured radioimmunologically in suction blister fluid (SBF).

Conclusions:

The concentrations of type I and III procollagen propeptides in SBF reflect the corresponding local ongoing skin collagen synthesis. This method offers a new sensitive tool for experimental and clinical dermatology for monitoring skin collagen synthesis. With this method it has been possible, for example, for the first time directly to show in vivo that glucocorticoids rapidly and dramatically decrease human skin collagen synthesis.
Age‐related changes in the three‐dimensional morphological structure of human facial skin
Authors: Takema Y. , Tsukahara K. , Fujimura T. , Hattori M.
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:

The human face shows morphological changes with age. Although these changes are generally recognized as wrinkle formation, there have been no quantitative studies of three‐dimensional morphological changes with age in each area of the face. The object of the present study, therefore, was to evaluate age‐related three‐dimensional morphological changes in each area of the face.

Methods:

We obtained replicas using a silicon impression material from eight areas of the face (forehead, eye corners, upper eyelids, lower eyelids, glabella, cheeks, mouth angles, and nasolabial groove) of 136 healthy women, and performed morphological evaluations using a small object type three‐dimensional surface morphology measurement system (Voxelan, NKK Co. Ltd., Japan).

Results:

All parameters examined, with the exception of sWvin the cheeks, increased with age. The correlation between sWp and age was high in the following order: eye corners > mouth angles > glabella > nasolabial groove > upper eyelids > lower eyelids > forehead > cheeks. sWp in all areas except the eye corners was similar to the mean value in the cheeks in the group aged 18‐20 years. However, in the group aged 71‐83 years, marked differences were observed among the eye corners, glabella, mouth angles, nasolabial groove, and upper eyelids. Conclusion: Although sunlight is important in the development of three‐dimensional changes in surface morphology (wrinkles) in the face, other factors seem to play important roles for the progression of these changes.
Correlations between Dermal Torque Meter®, Cutometer®, and Dermal Phase Meter® measurements of human skin
Authors: Murray B. C. , Wickett R. R.
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:

The Dermal Torque Meter® (DTM) and the Cutometer® are instruments that measure mechanical properties of skin. The NOVA(tm) Dermal Phase Meter® (DPM) measures the stratum corneum (SC) hydration level. The objectives of this study were to determine which parameters of the DTM data curves were most sensitive to changes in SC hydration level, which of the two instruments (Cutometer or DTM) was most sensitive, and what correlations existed between the Cutometer and DTM data.

Methods:

Dry leg skin was created on nine subjects by washing with soap and using no moisturizers for one week. The skin was then treated with moisturizing lotions for two weeks. Measurements were made with the Cutometer, DTM, and DPM pre‐ and post‐treatment.

Results:

Significant changes in DPM, DTM, and Cutometer measurements were found after the moisturizer treatment. However, correlations were not found between mechanical property data and DPM data. The DTM had the two parameters with the highest sensitivity of all of the DTM and Cutometer parameters. Finally, correlations between the two instruments existed for only three of the ten parameters investigated.

Conclusions:

While measurements with all three instruments significantly changed in response to skin hydration, neither the DTM nor Cutometer data tended to correlate with DPM data, perhaps due to the differences in the depths into the skin which each instrument measures. Furthermore, the mechanical properties measured by the two instruments do not correlate well between the instruments. Finally, the DTM was found to have the most sensitive parameters.
In vitro calibration of the capacitance method (Corneometer CM 825) and conductance method (Skicon‐200) for the evaluation of the hydration state of the skin
Authors: Barel André O. , Clarys Peter
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:

A major problem with electrical measurements of the capacitance of the skin using the well kwown capacitance method (Corneometer) resides in the fact that the results of this instrument are expressed as arbitrary capacitance hydration units that are not directly related to real electrical units or to the water content of the horny layer. The purpose of this study was to establish a calibration of the capacitance method using a simple in vitro simulation system of the horny layer.

Methods:

The calibration of capacitance and conductance methods was carried out using cellulose filter papers saturated with water, aqueous solutions and liquids of different dielectric constant (sorption and desorption experiments).

Results:

Using this in vitro method, correlations were established between the capacitance values and the quantity of water adsorbed on the filter and with the dielectric constant of the liquid saturating the filter paper. High correlations were observed during sorption and desorption experiments between the capacitance and conductance measurements.

Conclusions:

In vitro calibration of the capacitance method is now possible with this simulation model of the horny layer. Furthermore, determination of the range of sensitivity, accuracy, repeatability and depth of detection of the measuring probe of the capacitance and conductance method were carried out.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of water penetration through skin protectant barriers
Authors: Shah Sadiq , Kirchner Fred
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:

To evaluate moisture penetration through thin films of skin protectants both in vivo and in vitro.

Methods:

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used in the reflectance mode. The in vivo studies involved moisture penetration through skin in the absence and presence of thin skin protectant films on the forearm. Moisture penetration through the stratum corneum was monitored by peeling layers of stratum corneum with Scotch(tm) tape. The in vitro studies involved the use of a 1 mm thick film of the skin protectant products on the window of the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) cell. The moisture penetration in both cases was determined by monitoring the water band at 3300 cm−1. The two products evaluated were petrolatum and iLEX®.

Results/Conclusions:

Both the in vivo and in vitro results suggest that FTIR reflectance spectroscopy can be used to determine moisture penetration through skin protectant barrier films.
EEMCO guidance for the assessment of stratum corneum hydration: electrical methods
Authors: Berardesca E. ,   European Group for Efficacy Measurements on Cosmetics and Other Topical Products (EEMCO)
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:

The improvement of stratum corneum hydration is one of the most important claims in the cosmetic industry.

Methods:

Objective assessment of moisturization can be done with devices based on electrical methods provided these instruments are used in an appropriate manner.

Results:

This paper deals with the biophysical basis behind these techniques and describes the most important variables, pitfalls and drawbacks related to measurements and current instrumentation. Individual‐related and environment‐related variables are also analyzed as well as study designs for predictive or use tests.

Conclusions:

Practical suggestions for standardization of measurements are given.
Applications of Raman spectroscopy to skin research
Authors: Lawson Emma E. , Edwards Howell G. M. , Williams Adrian C. , Barry Brian W.
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:

Raman spectroscopy has been used for a range of biomedical applications: the study of normal and diseased tissues, and the interaction of chemical agents with tissues, implants and even single cells. The object here was to review the extent to which the Raman spectroscopic technique has been applied to skin research, considering the implications of different instrumentation, comparing animal and human skin, healthy and diseased skin and in vivo and in vitro sampling.

Conclusions:

Raman spectroscopy is a versatile and non‐destructive technique for the study of skin.
The effectiveness of massage treatment on cellulite as monitored by ultrasound imaging
Authors: Lucassen G. W. , van der Sluys W. L. N. , van Herk J. J. , Nuijs A. M. , Wierenga P. E. , Barel A. O. , Lambrecht R.
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:

The visual appearance of cellulite or the‘orange peel’look of skin is a common cosmetic problem for many women. Cellulite, or more correctly lipodystrophy, is a modification of the adipose tissue, whereby the fat lobules are swollen as the result of a disturbed blood and lymph micro‐circulation and fibrosclerose of connective tissue. In the wealthy diversity of products against cellulite, objective methods to measure their efficacy are of growing importance. The purpose of this study is to establish the effectiveness of a skin massage treatment by quantifying the changes in the skin via ultrasound imaging, during and following treatment.

Methods:

Using 20 MHz C‐mode ultrasound scanning, a three‐dimensional subsurface is constructed that represents the dermis‐hypodermis tissue interface. In normal cellulite‐free skin, this interface is smooth. In the case of cellulite, however, the dermis‐hypodermis junction appears as an irregular surface. Qualitatively, the effect of cellulite treatment is inferred from changes in the shape of this junction. In order to quantify the effect, we chose to monitor the junction area. For the treatments, we used a specially designed handheld electro‐mechanical massage device that was moved along the thigh. Treatments were conducted for 3 months, three times a week, during 15 min on each upper leg of 20 healthy female volunteers with moderate symptoms of cellulite (Curri's classification 1‐2). Ultrasound measurements were performed monthly, and continued for 2 months after the treatments were stopped.

Results:

The results, on average, indicate a significant smoothening of the dermis‐hypodermis surface (relative surface area reduction 34+3%, 50±3% and 56±2% after 1, 2 and 3 months of treatment, respectively). The smoothening can be described by a mono‐exponential function with a time constant of 1.1 month. After the treatments were discontinued, the relative surface area gradually increased (with a time constant of 2.6 month), which indicates that the effect of massage is not permanent.

Conclusion:

Treatment of cellulite by means of an electro‐mechanical skin fold massage apparatus significantly smoothens the structure of the dermis‐hypodermis interface. Three‐dimensional ultrasound imaging of the dermis‐hypodermis junction could serve as an objective method to monitor the effectiveness of cellulite treatment.