bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Without Leisure … ‘It Wouldn't Be Much of a Life’: The Meaning of Leisure for People with Mental Health Problems
Authors: Craik Christine , Pieris Yvonne
Published: April 2015

Previous research has explored the occupational engagement of people with mental health problems. This study set out to establish the meaning and value of leisure for people with enduring mental health problems living in the community. Using a mainly qualitative design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 participants randomly selected from clients referred to a local assertive outreach service in South-East England. Initially, the data were analysed for content, phrases, language and words used; subsequently, emerging themes were identified which were confirmed by a second occupational therapist. Three themes are reported here: why certain occupations were considered to be leisure, the feelings expressed during leisure and the value of leisure.

Although the participants had some difficulty in articulating their views, leisure was differentiated from other occupations, with the time available to complete a task in the absence of pressure being the distinguishing feature. Overall, the participants had positive views about leisure, which was valued in terms of meeting their individual and unique needs. The implications for occupational therapy are explored. In determining the meaning and value of leisure for people with mental health problems, more emphasis should be given to their actions and less to their skill in verbalising emotion.
Older People's Views about Community Falls Prevention: An Australian Perspective
Authors: Ballinger Claire , Clemson Lindy
Published: April 2015

Although targets have been set for the establishment of falls prevention services, little is known about the views of older people in respect of such initiatives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perspectives of the older participants in a community group falls prevention programme in Australia and to explore their views about the most and least useful aspects of the programme, using methods deriving from a grounded theory approach.

Semi-structured interviews were carried out with nine women and two men who had attended a falls prevention programme. The multifaceted intervention comprised seven weekly meetings of 2 hours each. The key principle underpinning the programme was enhancement of self-efficacy.

Four themes were identified through qualitative analysis: identity (focusing on participants as active elders); the salience of interventions (or the meaning attributed to different programme components); the social experience (the views about group interaction); and the consequences of participation. The participants were very positive about their experience of the programme and described a range of psychological and physical outcomes.

A decrease in the likelihood of a fall did not feature prominently in these interviews. It may be more meaningful to older people to embed falls prevention within a wider context of wellbeing and independence.
Managing Upper Limb Hypertonicity: Factors Influencing Therapists' Decisions
Authors: Rassafiani Mehdi , Ziviani Jenny , Rodger Sylvia , Dalgleish Lenard
Published: April 2015

This study employed social judgement theory to identify and determine the relative importance of factors influencing occupational therapists' subjective decision making when managing children and adolescents with cerebral palsy and upper limb hypertonicity. An extensive literature review was conducted to identify potential factors that might be used. Two clinical experts were then asked to review and refine these factors. Finally, 12 experienced occupational therapists who had worked with people with cerebral palsy for at least 5 years were asked to add or exclude factors and then to rank them. Thirty-seven factors that might influence therapists' decision making were identified and ranked.

The reason for referral and family's goals were ranked as the first and second most important factors respectively. Agreement among therapists was significant, but low (Kendall's W = 0.38; p<0.0001). When participants were divided into two groups, those who were very experienced (mean = 13 years, SD = 6.95) and those with less experience (mean = 5.6 years, SD = 0.55), the ranking of the factors did not differ significantly. These findings are discussed with respect to research in clinical decision making, the training of occupational therapists and the education of students.
Cultural Awareness in Occupational Therapy: The Chinese Example
Authors: Hopton Katherine , Stoneley Helen
Published: April 2015

This opinion piece presents an argument for the importance of being culturally aware in occupational therapy. A comparison of Chinese culture with occupational therapy philosophy leads it to propose that occupational therapy, in the United Kingdom, has been influenced by the Western health care system, within which it evolved. Key concepts in the philosophy of the profession, through to terms used in everyday practice, may not be culturally generalisable. Occupational therapists need to be aware of this when working with people from different cultures.
Client-Therapist Relationships: Experiences of Occupational Therapy Clients in Rehabilitation
Authors: Palmadottir Gudrun
Published: April 2015

The relationship between a therapist and his or her client has been recognised to be an important determinant of the success or failure of occupational therapy. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore clients' perceptions of the relationship that they formed with their occupational therapist in the context of rehabilitation. Twenty clients with varied health problems were interviewed.

The analysis of data revealed three main categories, therapist role, power and connection, as pertaining to the characteristics of the client-therapist relationship. From these categories, seven different relationship dimensions were identified and arranged hierarchically. The dimensions were described as concern, direction, fellowship, guidance, coalition, detachment and rejection. Relationships were generally experienced as positive; however, there were also examples of negative and detrimental experiences.

The findings are discussed in relation to the definition of the therapeutic relationship and to client-centred practice. Occupational therapists are encouraged to consider their own attitudes, needs and boundaries when it comes to establishing close connections and to share power with their clients. Furthermore, therapists must explore which form of relationship and participation each client prefers in order to establish an effective collaborative relationship.
Occupational Performance of People Diagnosed with Schizophrenia in Supported Housing and Outreach Programmes in Australia
Authors: Fossey Ellie , Harvey Carol , Plant Gillian , Pantelis Christos
Published: April 2015

This study compared the occupational performance in activities of daily living (ADL) of people diagnosed with schizophrenia in two settings: 25 people in residential rehabilitation facilities and 18 people receiving intensive outreach support in their homes in urban Australia. All participants were assessed with structured interviews, the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (a performance-based measure of ADL ability) and the Life Skills Profile (an informant-report measure of disability).

Hypothesised differences in ADL performance between the two settings were not supported. Mean ADL process ability, based on the AMPS process skills subscale, indicated that the majority (58%) of the 43 participants needed some assistance in community living, irrespective of where they lived and the types of support received. Many participants (42%) performed ADL tasks with relative ease, efficiency, safety and independence as measured by AMPS, indicating that they could live in housing arrangements with outreach support. However, the ADL process ability measures for two-thirds of these participants indicated that they would struggle in community living in the absence of outreach support.

Given these findings, the eligibility criteria and screening for residential and outreach support services need re-examination and performance-based assessments of ADL ability could improve the identification of housing-related support needs. Occupational therapists have expertise in this area to develop individualised supports that enable a greater choice of living arrangements for people diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Occupational Therapists' Perceptions of Equality, Diversity and Career Progression in the National Health Service
Authors: Bogg Jan , Gibbons Charles , Pontin Eleanor , Sartain Samantha
Published: April 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate occupational therapists' perceptions of equality, diversity and career progression in the National Health Service (NHS). A quantitative national survey was undertaken and 396 occupational therapists responded.

The findings were assessed in relation to the respondents' own beliefs about equality and diversity. The key findings included that although the NHS is actively attempting to address equality and diversity issues, it is apparent that occupational therapists working within the NHS still perceive that problems exist. For example, 57% of respondents thought that women generally experienced some barriers to career progression, 71% perceived that people with disabilities experienced barriers to career progression, 73% thought that black and minority ethnic groups were not well represented in the occupational therapy profession, 62% thought ethnic minorities were not well represented in senior NHS positions and 36% thought that people with a different sexual orientation would experience barriers to career progression.

The article concludes that policy and procedures are making a difference in the NHS. However, staff at all grades and levels must be empowered to feel motivated and to be able to take policy and ‘make it real’, that is, to ensure that policies and guidelines link to employee perceptions of workplace reality. It is imperative to recognise and address current workforce perceptions in order to achieve change within the NHS workforce. The successful implementation of equality and diversity in the NHS is related to a (CARING) framework, developed from study findings. The framework promotes culture change and obligations underwritten.
Rehabilitation: In the Community or with the Community?
Authors: Sakellariou Dikaios , Pollard Nick
Published: April 2015

Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) is an approach that could usefully be applied by occupational therapists working towards access to occupation for all. CBR happens with, rather than in, the community. It allows communities to identify their problems and the causes, including the sociopolitical underpinnings of disability, to locate their needs and to take control of strategies that address those needs. A recent subproject of the World Federation of Occupational Therapists revealed a lack of consensus as to what constitutes CBR and a perceived overlap with community rehabilitation. This opinion piece aims to clarify the connection between the two approaches and to explore the implications for occupational therapists.
The Student's Perspective on What Makes an Exceptional Practice Placement Educator
Authors: Mulholland Susan , Derdall Michele , Roy Brigitte
Published: April 2015

A Canadian occupational therapy organisation has recognised exceptional student supervision for practice placements by giving awards since 1990. Students have voluntarily nominated their practice placement educator by writing a statement outlining why the educator deserved the award. To determine the student's perspective on what qualities make an exceptional educator, the researchers analysed the 103 nominations using thematic analysis. Four primary themes emerged from the data, namely creating a positive learning environment, facilitating learning, being a role model and having a positive effect on the student. Although this study focused on the exceptional practice placement educator, the findings are relevant to anyone striving to improve the quality of the practice placement learning experience.
What are the Care Needs for People with Motor Neurone Disease and How Can Occupational Therapists Respond to Meet These Needs?
Authors: Foley Geraldine
Published: April 2015

Motor neurone disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder and from disease onset health care intervention is palliative in nature. Numerous studies on wellbeing in motor neurone disease are consistent with the palliative care literature, where the values assigned to non-physical life domains increase with disease progression. Occupational therapists should consider all components of wellbeing for people with motor neurone disease and not physical disability alone. A better understanding of motor neurone disease and an awareness of the service needs important to this client group are necessary to improve the quality of care and to assist occupational therapists in meeting care needs.
Building Reflective Practice through Preceptorship: The Cycles of Professional Growth
Authors: Morley Mary
Published: April 2015

A preceptorship process for newly qualified occupational therapists is presented, highlighting the importance of reflective practice within the preceptorship period to extend the skills of new practitioners and to promote professional growth. Models drawing on the learning cycle (Kolb 1984) are used to explore links between the processes of reflective practice, continuing professional development and preceptorship. This opinion piece introduces the National Health Service Knowledge and Skills Framework (Department of Health 2004) as a development tool and summarises the findings of a pilot study to show how preceptorship supports graduates in maintaining good habits of reflective practice and continuing professional development.
Defining an Occupational Therapy Intervention for People with Psychosis
Authors: Cook Sarah , Birrell Mel
Published: April 2015

The purpose of the study was to define occupational therapy in its entirety for people with psychotic conditions in community settings, in order to produce an intervention schedule for piloting in a randomised controlled trial. Initially, a draft schedule was designed using Creek's (2003) definition of occupational therapy as a complex intervention and other literature regarding psychosis. Consensus methods provided a systematic and transparent process for refining the schedule: the Delphi method was used with 20 local mental health occupational therapists followed by a modified nominal group technique with occupational therapists attending a national conference. This paper focuses on the process of gaining consensus and the practice-related issues that arose.

The results identified 82 components that detailed occupational therapy actions under 11 stages. The preferred approach was client centred, with models of practice, goals and actions chosen collaboratively with the individual client. Occupational therapy was defined as separate to care management but incorporated some generic tasks. The discussion of this study's implications includes setting a finite length of intervention; barriers to practice; the importance of activity analysis and doing activities together with clients; and how defining practice may help to clarify the role of the occupational therapist in multidisciplinary team work.
Sustaining a Focus on Occupation in Community Mental Health Practice
Authors: Pettican Anna , Bryant Wendy
Published: April 2015

Occupational therapists working in community mental health teams (CMHTs) are often challenged to justify their unique approach to health through occupation, within an environment that tends to press for generic working. Such a challenge requires practitioners to identify and communicate evidence that supports their unique occupational contribution. In the absence of extensive robust and relevant research evidence, it is suggested that the contribution of theoretical evidence be considered.

This paper, therefore, explores the potential of occupational justice and its related concepts to provide the profession with a theoretical justification for occupational therapists adopting an occupation-focused role in CMHTs. It begins with an overview of how CMHTs, generic working and occupational science have evolved. The concept of occupational justice and its related occupational risk factors are then analysed in relation to practice. The potential conflict between the professional commitment to client-centred practice and the generic worker model is also discussed. The paper concludes with recommendations for further exploration and consideration.
Occupational Therapy in Forensic Psychiatry: A Review of the Literature and a Call for a United and International Response
Authors: O'Connell Marita , Farnworth Louise
Published: April 2015

A review and critique of the literature on occupational therapy in forensic mental health settings was conducted. The results indicate that the evidence base supporting occupational therapy in a forensic mental health setting is relatively weak. Much of the literature describing the role of occupational therapy in a secure setting is over 10 years old and lacks currency, and many of the research-based articles lack methodological rigour. Research has often been conducted in isolation and over a diverse range of topics, which means that important research questions have not been studied systematically.

This paper argues that to enhance the credibility and efficacy of occupational therapy in forensic practice, a coordinated international network of therapists needs to be established. Using the strength of multi-site studies, such a group can build the evidence base for occupational therapy practice in forensic settings. In addition, better links between occupational therapy services and local universities should be formalised in order to promote ongoing research that meets rigorous research standards.
Occupational Therapy with Women and Children Survivors of Domestic Violence: Are We Fulfilling Our Activist Heritage? A Review of the Literature
Authors: Cage Anthea
Published: April 2015

The aim of this literature review was to examine the work of occupational therapists with women and children survivors of domestic violence. The review notes a dearth of research and literature by occupational therapists in this field. The articles by occupational therapists working with survivors of domestic violence document a gap in the profession's knowledge and skills in identifying and working with victims of violence, emphasising the importance of and need for the education of occupational therapists and occupational therapy students in this area.

The occupational therapy profession has a long history of activism. This article seeks to raise critical awareness of this heritage in relation to women and children survivors of domestic violence, and to explicate the theoretical underpinning for occupational therapists to work with survivors of domestic violence through a discussion of occupational apartheid and occupational justice. It explores occupational therapy's social vision and core principles in relation to survivors of domestic violence to demonstrate the crucial role that occupational therapists could play in this area, and calls for occupational therapists to be advocates for women and children and occupational justice. It is postulated that further research is needed to inspire and underpin practice.
Evidence for Occupational Therapy Interventions: Effectiveness Research Indexed in the OTseeker Database
Authors: Bennett Sally , McKenna Kryss , McCluskey Annie , Tooth Leigh , Hoffmann Tammy , Strong Jenny
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to determine the overall quantity and quality of randomised controlled trials and the quantity of systematic reviews relevant to occupational therapy practice.

The content of OTseeker ( www.otseeker.com ) was surveyed in June 2006. There were 3401 randomised controlled trials and 939 systematic reviews in OTseeker (total = 4340), published mostly in non-occupational therapy journals. The diagnostic areas of stroke (n = 458) and back or neck conditions/injuries (n = 391), and the intervention categories of exercise (n = 1262) and consumer education (n = 1098), were the most frequently listed. Although the quantity of evidence available about the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions is rapidly increasing, some areas require greater research effort. Occupational therapists also need to search more broadly than occupational therapy journals for research to support clinical decision making.
The Impact of Participating in a Poetry Workshop
Authors: Hilse Christine , Griffiths Sue , Corr Susan
Published: April 2015

Poetry writing is a creative activity and, as such, may contribute to intervention. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of poetry writing on individuals who had experienced mental health problems in the past. A qualitative approach, that of grounded theory, was used, including observations of a poetry writing group and in-depth semi-structured interviews with two group participants who had a previous history of mental health problems.

The main categories that emerged during data analysis were creation, communication, connection and awareness; these categories were unified by a central concept of personal meaning. The findings suggest that poetry writing creates and communicates meaning. In addition, internal connection (with self) and external connection (with others) may be facilitated through the communication of poetry. Communication and experiences of connection can lead to a greater awareness of self and others. Personal meaning is central to human life in symbolisation processes, which contribute to identity building.

The positive and negative impacts on mental health through the writing of poetry and participating in a group were identified. This is a small study and the findings are valid only in the immediate context of the study, but it provides a basis for further research.
The Impact of Binge Eating Disorder on Occupation: A Pilot Study
Authors: Singlehurst Hayley , Corr Susan , Griffiths Sue , Beaulieu Karen
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to ascertain the time-use patterns of those with binge eating disorder and to determine whether the disorder has an impact on everyday activities (occupations). Mixed method questionnaires, with open and closed questions, and time-use diaries were completed by 10 participants recruited through a self-help charity group. The findings suggest that the time-use patterns of those with binge eating disorder were comparable to the patterns of the general population within the United Kingdom, with the exception of eating and socialising. Three major themes emerged: preoccupation with food, body image concerns and impact on relationships. These suggest that binge eating disorder has an impact on self-care, leisure and productivity occupations. The questionnaires revealed additional eating-related occupations, undertaken while participating in other occupations. The identification of all occupations is important to enable health care professionals to understand the meaning and purpose of the occupational engagement of each individual with binge eating disorder.
British Journal of Occupational Therapy: Revised Categories of Submission
Authors: Goodacre Lynne , Atwal Anita , Cook Sarah , Duncan Edward A S , Molineux Matthew , Pinnington Lorraine
Published: April 2015

The British Journal of Occupational Therapy provides guidance on categories for submission within its author's guide. The Editorial Board has undertaken a major revision of these categories. This paper provides an overview of the new categories, in advance of publication of the full author's guide.
The Integration of Clinical and Managerial Supervision: A Critical Literature Review
Authors: Kleiser Helen , Cox Diane L
Published: April 2015

The introduction of a new development review process, the Knowledge and Skills Framework (KSF), has placed a greater demand on occupational therapists within the health service to be more accountable for practice. It has been proposed that the KSF may provide a useful structure for supervision in order to ensure continual development. Therefore, this literature review looked at the appropriateness of addressing both clinical and managerial issues within the supervisory process.

The results indicate that despite many professions being unsure of how best to deliver supervision, there is a common understanding that a structure combining clinical and managerial supervision, such as the KSF, may be useful. It is, however, recommended that the roles of appraiser and supervisor remain separate, because many researchers found conflict within this duality of role as having an impact upon the effectiveness of supervision. It is also recommended that further research be undertaken in order to evaluate formally the effectiveness of integrating the KSF into supervision.
Embracing Opportunities: Stepping Out of the Box
Authors: Withers Carrie , Shann Samantha
Published: April 2015

This opinion piece begins to debate the opportunities facing occupational therapists and the occupational therapy profession in the light of the current climate in health and social care. The immediate concerns about reductions in traditional occupational therapy posts are real; however, they also provide an opportunity to explore and embrace the potential for occupational therapy in many areas. By identifying the cultural context of potential clients, occupational therapists have much to offer in a range of environments to a diverse population. There is a need to embrace these opportunities and to step out of the box.
International Exchange of Knowledge
Authors: Higman Patience
Published: April 2015

International occupational therapy organisations spend time and energy on arranging conferences and meetings for occupational therapists in order to encourage the exchange of ideas and developments. This is essential for the profession and its members; however, the barriers in the form of language, money and time often prevent attendance at such events. All professionals should be looking more at the advantages and doing everything possible to try to attend these events. Evidence-based practice is required in Europe and some evidence may be found there. This opinion piece provides some information about the international occupational therapy organisations in order to motivate readers to find out more from the websites given, to consider sharing knowledge and experience and perhaps to attend the European congress mentioned.
Carers' Perceptions of Community Occupational Therapy: Short Report
Authors: Birch Lorraine , Adams Jo
Published: April 2015

This paper reports on the experience of informal carers whose family members have received occupational therapy. The qualitative study focused on one city. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with six carers and the interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. The carers were generally satisfied with the occupational therapy that the care recipient received. The carers felt involved in the occupational therapy, although some had a lengthy wait for this. There were limited examples to demonstrate that carers received support in their own right during assessment and intervention. These findings highlighted the need for a timely occupational therapy service and the potential need to expand occupational therapists' role with carers.
Paediatric Application of Individualised Client-Centred Outcome Measures: A Literature Review
Authors: Tam Cynthia , Teachman Gail , Wright Virginia
Published: April 2015

A literature review was conducted to identify and compare the clinical utility of client-centred, individualised outcome measures for paediatric rehabilitation. Five measures were identified: the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) (28 studies); Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) (34 studies); Perceived Efficacy and Goal Setting System (PEGS) (2 studies); Target Complaints (TC) (1 study); and the Paediatric Activity Card Sort (PACS) (instruction manual only). The COPM and GAS have been used with children across a wide age range and variety of clinical settings. The PEGS and PACS provided young children direct involvement in the goal-setting process. Little evidence supports the use of TC in paediatrics.

Clinicians need to use individualised measures in a way that facilitates the maximal participation of children and families in goal setting and outcome evaluation. Clinicians should document their own role in goal setting. The use of individualised and client-centred measures can motivate children and families and focus their attention on therapy goals.
Sleep, Occupation and the Passage of Time
Authors: Green Andrew
Published: April 2015

This article explores the extent to which sleep has been considered in occupational therapy and occupational science and finds that the coverage of the subject is patchy: many authors do not mention it whereas some provide comprehensive and useful information. One reason for this variability could be that it is unclear whether sleep is an occupation and this question is debated. Although it is widely acknowledged that sleep is essential to the performance of daytime activity, most definitions of occupation and activity exclude sleep unless occupation is defined in the context of time use.

A brief review of the social history of sleep and the timing of occupations suggests that modern life and the natural sleep-wake cycle might be out of synchrony. The science of sleep is explored and the factors necessary for initiating sleep are examined, with aspects of daily occupation being found to influence sleep. It is suggested that, given the range of conditions affecting sleep that are seen by occupational therapists, it may be helpful to have a better understanding of sleep and the measures that might improve it. Because sleep occupies so much time, research in occupational science is recommended.
Occupational Therapy Led Health Promotion for Older People: Feasibility of the Lifestyle Matters Programme
Authors: Mountain Gail , Mozley Caroline , Craig Claire , Ball Linda
Published: April 2015

The aim of this feasibility study was to see if an occupation-based health-promoting intervention for community-living older people could be delivered successfully and also to provide some information to guide a future trial of clinical effectiveness. The participants' ages ranged from 60 to 92 years. Twenty-eight participants commenced the 8-month programme and 26 completed it; they have continued to meet independently following facilitator withdrawal.

The participants were interviewed qualitatively before and after the 8-month programme. Additionally, pre-programme and post-programme measurements of cognition, depression, functional dependency and quality of life were conducted with each participant before and after the intervention.

The post-intervention interviews illustrated the individualised benefits experienced by the participants, with greater self-efficacy being a significant theme. A comparison of the pre-intervention and post-intervention scores on the quantitative measures showed an upward trend on all dimensions of quality of life. The measurement of cognition, depression and dependency proved useful for screening purposes and for identifying individuals at risk, but not as an outcome measure.

The delivery of the programme was feasible and its benefit to participants was observed, but there is a need for further research to test the intervention rigorously and to explore applicability in a range of settings.
An Exploratory Study of the Differences between Unidisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Goal Setting in Acute Therapy Services
Authors: Thomson Clare , Black Linda
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine the differences between unidisciplinary and multidisciplinary therapy goal setting in an acute trust. The ideal goal is thought to be SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely) and related to functional activity. Twenty-one therapists from one acute trust participated in the study. One group of therapists used a unidisciplinary approach to goal setting and one group of therapists used a multidisciplinary approach. Goals were collected over an 8-week period. The goals were scored as SMART and functional by three independent therapists blind to the method of working.

Compared with the unidisciplinary goals, the multidisciplinary goals were more frequently SMART (66/76 multi v 11/50 uni, p<0.001) and related to functional activity (64/76 multi v 31/50 uni, p<0.005). Multidisciplinary working seems to result in goals that are more likely to be SMART and functional. Nevertheless, it remains to be discovered whether setting SMART, functional goals improves patient outcomes.
The Reliability of Performance of Healthy Adults on Three Visual Perception Tests
Authors: Brown Ted , Mullins Erin , Stagnitti Karen
Published: April 2015

Problems with visual perceptual skills have been shown to have a negative impact on the daily living skills of individuals and are, therefore, commonly assessed by occupational therapists. The purpose of this study was to examine two types of reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability) of three newly revised or developed adult visual perception tests. The participants were 50 healthy adults, aged 18 to 55 years, from Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The participants completed the Developmental Test of Visual Perception — Adolescent and Adult (DTVP-A), the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test — Third Edition (MVPT-3) and the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills (non-motor) – Third Edition (TVPS-3). Internal consistency was examined using Cronbach's alpha calculations and test-retest reliability was analysed using Spearman rho non-parametric correlation coefficients.

The results indicated that the DTVP-A, the MVPT-3 and the TVPS-3 had total scale internal consistency correlation scores of 0.60 or higher (0.60, 0.69 and 0.63 respectively). The majority of the subscales of each test had lower correlation coefficients than the overall scores (ranging from 0.22 to 0.49). For the DTVP-A, MVPT-3 and TVPS-3 total scale scores, the test-retest reliability correlation coefficients were statistically significant (rho = 0.46, p<0.05; rho = 0.62, p<0.01; and rho = 0.59, p<0.01, respectively). Overall, the three visual perceptual tests exhibited low to moderate levels of internal consistency and test-retest reliability.
Occupational Therapy for Older Adults: Investments for Progress
Authors: Borell Lena
Published: April 2015

A keynote address given at the Council of Occupational Therapists for the European Countries' (COTEC's) 8th European Congress of Occupational Therapy, Hamburg, 22–25 May 2008, hosted by the Deutscher Verband der Ergotherapeuten e.V. (German Association of Occupational Therapists).
Therapists' Perceptions of how Teamwork Influences Client-Centred Practice
Authors: Sumsion Thelma , Lencucha Raphael
Published: April 2015

This qualitative study adds to the client-centred literature by focusing on occupational therapists' experience of working on teams that support clients with a severe and persistent mental illness from a client-centred perspective. The paper reports on the second category of data relating to a previously published paper, which replicated the work of Sumsion (2004).

Interviews were conducted with 12 therapists to capture their experience and interpretation of this approach to practice. The multiphased analysis included template analysis and open coding. It resulted in the creation of the category of meaningful goals, which addressed the work done to ensure that the goals towards which everyone was working were meaningful for the client. The facilitators related to these goals included team cohesion, the structure of the system and family collaboration and support. The challenges were differing perspectives and paradigms, competitive frameworks and time.

This study identified the unique contribution that families provided to a client-centred approach. Overall, the study makes a significant contribution to the literature and to therapists' understanding of the factors that influence the therapist's ability to facilitate client-centred practice.
Developing the Occupational Self Assessment: The Use of Rasch Analysis to Assure Internal Validity, Sensitivity and Reliability
Authors: Kielhofner Gary , Forsyth Kirsty , Kramer Jessica , Iyenger Anita
Published: April 2015

This paper reports the results of three studies that examined the internal validity, sensitivity and reliability of the Occupational Self Assessment (OSA), a self-report of Occupational Competence and Value for occupational performance and participation (Baron et al 2006). All three studies used a Rasch measurement approach to explore the psychometric properties of iterative versions of the OSA.

The first study showed that the ‘Myself’ Occupational Competence and Values items constituted a unidimensional construct, but did not discriminate optimally between participants. The results also suggested that the two ‘My Environment’ scales did not contain enough items to exhibit adequate measurement properties.

Next, the rating scales were changed from three-point to four-point categories. The second study examined these changes and provided evidence to support the use of a four-point Occupational Competence scale. The Values rating scale was further revised because sensitivity did not improve.

The third study confirmed that the OSA items in combination have good internal validity and measure the unidimensional constructs of Occupational Competence and Values. Further, both four-point rating scales resulted in improved person separation, indicated increased sensitivity, and could be used in a consistent manner by 90% of participants with a range of disabilities from a variety of contexts.
Living with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Parents' Experiences of Treatment Regimens and Home Exercise Programmes
Authors: Jones Fiona , Rodger Sylvia , Broderick Sarah , De Monte Rachel
Published: April 2015

The parents of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis have been identified as pivotal facilitators of children's involvement in treatment regimens, including home exercise programmes. As such, parents' perspectives regarding the factors that influence participation in their children's treatment regimens, and in particular home exercise programmes, are addressed in this study. In depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 families. Rigour was ensured through a rich description of participants, peer and member checking, field journals and audit trails.

Four key topics related to the process — the experience of the child's diagnosis, community access and participation, treatment regimens and the impact of these regimens on the parent's roles and relationships — and were addressed. Seven key themes emerged, namely the difficult process of diagnosis, the emotional toll, medications, exercises, life revolves around arthritis, parents' relationship with their child and other family members, and parents and paid work. The implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.
The Elizabeth Casson Memorial Lecture 2009: Rethink, Reimagine and Refocus
Authors: Lawson-Porter Anne
Published: April 2015

The Elizabeth Casson Memorial Lecture 2009, given on 25 June at the 33rd Annual Conference and Exhibition of the College of Occupational Therapists, held at the Brighton Centre, Brighton, Sussex.
Occupational Therapy in Mainstream Primary Schools: An Evaluation of a Pilot Project
Authors: Hutton Eve
Published: April 2015

This article describes the outcome of an evaluation of a paediatric occupational therapy intervention piloted in two primary schools in East Kent. Two therapists were based in schools and worked in partnership with teachers and teaching assistants (TAs). They spent the equivalent of 2 days a week in the school, with the aim of increasing the knowledge and skills of teachers and TAs in the engagement and participation of children in a range of school-based occupations. Interviews with the teaching team carried out at the conclusion of the intervention explored the impact on the knowledge and skills of the school staff and the quality of the children's school experience.

The positive response of the schools has led to the development of a bank of occupational therapy resources for primary schools. The work associated with the development of the resources has been supported by a 2008 Training Development Agency for schools Research and Development Award. The possibilities of extending this approach are explored.
Reviewing the Theory and Practice of Occupational Therapy in Mental Health Rehabilitation
Authors: Waghorn Geoff , Lloyd Chris , Clune Alexis
Published: April 2015

The delineation of evidence-based practices in supported employment for people with schizophrenia now represents a paradigm shift in the theory and practice of mental health rehabilitation. The principles and methods of traditional vocational rehabilitation and traditional mental health rehabilitation are giving way to evidence-based practices in supported employment, which are consistently proving two to three times more effective at producing competitive employment outcomes.

These practices include close coordination with optimal forms of mental health treatment and care and highly individualised forms of intensive supported employment. There is a focus on the vocational services being provided, whereas the traditional and currently prevailing approach follows a more gradual and stepwise process with less of an individual focus, and where individual characteristics are considered important predictors of vocational rehabilitation success.

This paradigm shift now challenges occupational therapists working in mental health rehabilitation to revise their theory and practice critically in order to support the implementation of evidence-based practices in supported employment for people with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. This article discusses how occupational therapists can adapt to this paradigm shift and revitalise their theory and practice in mental health rehabilitation.
Taking up Arts and Crafts in Later Life: A Qualitative Study of the Experiential Factors That Encourage Participation in Creative Activities
Authors: Reynolds Frances
Published: April 2015

Background and aim:

Creative occupations promote wellbeing among older people, but how people discover creative occupations in later life, or why they intensify their participation in certain creative occupations after retirement, is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the experiential factors that older women perceive as encouraging their take-up of, and participation in, visual art-making during later life.

Method:

Twelve older women (aged 61–80 years) were recruited through a magazine for an older readership. Their interview transcripts were subject to interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Findings:

A variety of distal and proximal factors appeared to encourage the take-up of art-making in later life. Distal factors included pre-existing craft skills, family role models and positive attitudes to managing change. Proximal factors included the need to fill occupational voids and the sensitive encouragement of husbands and friends. Serendipitous events featured in some accounts.

Conclusion:

The participants did not uniformly regard themselves as creative. None had participated in the visual arts throughout adulthood. The multiplicity of influences that enabled these older women to participate in art in later life extends previous research findings and may encourage occupational therapists to help clients to regain wellbeing through exploring novel creative arts occupations.
On-road driving assessment and route design for drivers with dementia
Authors: Berndt Angela H , May Esther , Darzins Peteris
Published: April 2015

Introduction

Dementia causes the progressive loss of cognitive capacities and thus impairs social and daily living skills. Dementia, to varying degrees, influences driver performance and safety. Eventually drivers affected by dementia must stop driving so they do not harm themselves or others. However, having to stop driving can result in loss of mobility and social connections. Therefore, assessing drivers with dementia is important. Driving assessment is susceptible to possible biases, including unreliable driving performance measures or driving routes that are inconsistent in the levels of difficulty of the driving tasks and manoeuvres. The aim of the study was to determine what measures of driving performance could optimally be applied to occupational therapy on-road driving assessments.

Method

All drivers with dementia underwent a 60 minute, set route on-road driving assessment that consisted of 110 pre-programmed observation points.

Results

The study identified 80 sufficiently challenging driving tasks and described the relationship of driving error to that task, for example, critical errors at unguided intersections.

Conclusion

The results of the task-demand by error type analysis identified a list of task items that can be applied to assessment route design to increase consistency of on-road assessment for people with dementia.
Determining fitness to drive: A systematic review of the methods and assessments used after mild traumatic brain injury
Authors: Baker Anne , Unsworth Carolyn A , Lannin Natasha A
Published: April 2015

Introduction

Limited evidence is available to support knowledge of the time-frame and capacity for fitness to drive after mild traumatic brain injury. The aim of this systematic review was to identify what methods and assessments are, or could be used to determine fitness to drive for this population.

Method

We undertook a systematic search of six electronic databases. Two authors rated all studies for methodological content and quality, and standardised data were extracted. Narrative analysis was conducted to understand the content of eligible studies.

Findings

A total of 2022 articles were retrieved; seven articles met the inclusion criteria. Self-reported questionnaires, non-standardised assessments, questionnaires completed by next-of-kin, and simulator tests were the primary methods used to determine fitness to drive. Only one assessment has been used to aid recommendations about fitness to drive in the acute hospital setting. Six additional standardised assessments were identified that have the potential to predict fitness to drive in this population group; however, these assessments require further psychometric testing prior to use.

Conclusion

While a variety of methods and assessments are currently used, there is little research evidence to suggest when individuals are able to return to driving after mild traumatic brain injury. Research is urgently required to determine a consistent and standardised approach to assessing fitness to drive following mild traumatic brain injury.
Creativity … Group Challenges … Pottery … Films … Poetry … Music … Art O.T. with Adolescents
Authors: Gill Thelma
Published: April 2015

This article deals with an adolescent occupational therapy programme carried out on two wards of London Psychiatric Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada. One ward dealt with drug abuse and the other with the whole spectrum of adolescent problems. The purpose of the article is to give occupational therapists greater insight into the problems facing adolescents and then offer some concrete suggestions for programmes found to be very effective with this age group.
Occupational Therapy Education in Canada: The Facts and Figures
Authors: Madill Helen M. , Brintnell E. Sharon
Published: April 2015

Over the past five years (1973–78) the Canadian educational model for occupational therapy has undergone considerable revision. The role of the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists in this development is reviewed. Implications for the 1980's are discussed in light of the recent Symposium on Occupational Therapy (Toronto, 1978). Data augmenting this review are presented in tabular form.