bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN THE GENERAL COMPOSITION OF SAMPLES IN SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Langstroth G. O. , Andrychuk D.
Published: April 2011

Variations that occur in intensity ratios belonging to pairs of elements on the addition of various extraneous substances to standard samples have been studied using a common type of condensed spark discharge. The extent of the variations depended on the test elements chosen, the nature of the added substance, the line pair investigated, and on whether or not the standard samples were buffered. The variations bore no apparent relation to the relative ionization potentials or atomic weights of the test elements, nor to any physical property of the added substances. In general, they were smaller for the line pairs having the most nearly equal excitation potentials. Usually, but not always, they were smaller for buffered than for unbuffered samples. Illumination of the electrodes with ultraviolet light, though resulting in steadier operation of the discharge, or alterations of the capacity in the sparking circuit did not reduce the variations materially. Operation of the discharge at constant current coupled with the use of a buffer however did reduce the variations considerably for the instances studied.
ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF NEUTRONS INSIDE A SCATTERING AND ABSORBING MEDIUM
Authors: Wallace P. R.
Published: April 2011

A method is developed for determining the moments of the angular distribution of monoenergetic neutrons diffusing inside a homogeneous medium. It is applicable to the 'asymptotic' region, i.e., the region in which surface effects may be neglected. In particular, a general derivation is given for the current-density relation, involving no assumptions about the relative cross sections for scattering and capture. The second moment is expressed in terms of derivatives of the density, and the analogous procedure for higher moments is indicated. Moments of the angular distribution relative to arbitrary directions in space are defined: general formulae and applications to special cases are given for the second moment. Comparison may be made with the results of elementary diffusion theory, in which the angular distribution is assumed to be essentially linear.
SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS OF FINE POWDERS USING MODIFIED PERMEABILITY EQUATIONS
Authors: Carman P. C. , Arnell J. C.
Published: April 2011

The several modified Kozeny equations for the measurement of the specific surface of fine powders by gas-permeability methods have been compared. The equations all give very similar surface area values for a set of experimental data. The physical significance of the empirical constants used is discussed and preference is indicated.
SOLAR ECLIPSE OBSERVATIONS OF THE IONOSPHERE
Authors: McLeish C. W.
Published: April 2011

The results are presented of ionosphere measurements made in the region of totality during the eclipse of July 9, 1945. An analysis of the results shows effective recombination coefficients of 1.6 × 10−8 for E region, 1.4 × 10−8 for F1 region, and 1.0 × 10−9 for F2 region. Evidence of a variable coefficient for E region agrees with the suggestion of Massey and others of a high negative ion density at this level.
GRAVITY ANOMALIES IN NORTHWESTERN CANADA
Authors: Innes M. J. S.
Published: April 2011

Free air, Bouguer, and isostatic anomalies are listed in a table of principal facts for 23 stations established by the Dominion Observatory in the area between latitudes 55 and 70 degrees, bounded on the east by Hudson Bay and on the west by Athabaska, Slave, and Mackenzie rivers. There is some evidence that the predominantly negative anomalies at stations in the Pre-Cambrian may be due to lack of isostatic adjustment following removal of glacial loads.
MEASUREMENT OF THE ENERGIES OF α-PARTICLES
Authors: Cranshaw T. E. , Harvey J. A.
Published: April 2011

The energies of the α-particles from weak preparations of several new radioactive substances were measured in a grid ionization chamber filled with argon. The accurately known energies of α-particles from several well known sources were used for calibration. The voltage pulses produced by electron collection from the tracks were amplified in a linear amplifier of high stability and converted into flat-topped pulses. An accurately known voltage was subtracted, and the small residual pulses were further amplified. The frequency distribution of pulse sizes was recorded on an electronic pulse analyzer.The final values of the energies are as follows:92U233, 4.823 ± 0.003; 89Ac225, 5.801 ± 0.010; 87Fr221, 6.298 ± 0.010;85At217, 7.023 ± 0.010; 84Po213, 8.336 ± 0.005; and 94Pu239, 5.159 ± 0.005 Mev.The ionization–energy curve in argon was found to be linear within experimental error for α-particles of energy 5 to 9 Mev. Extrapolation of this line determines an intercept of 85 kev. at zero ionization.
THE VIBRATIONAL CONSTANTS OF ACETYLENE
Authors: Nordin Norma Morgenroth , Haslam R. N. H.
Published: April 2011

On the basis of the work done by Darling and Dennison on the water vapor molecule, the vibrational constants of acetylene are calculated, taking into account the resonance interaction arising from the near equality of the fundamentals ν1 and ν3. Seventeen band centers are known experimentally. The band centers depend on the 10 constants χi, χik and γ which are functions of the potential constants. The expressions for the vibrational energies of the band centers are set up, those for interacting doublets or triplets being found by perturbation methods. The 10 constants are determined and the positions of eight bands calculated to check the results. The agreement is very satisfactory. The positions of 10 other bands not yet observed are predicted.
ABSORPTION MEASUREMENTS OF SOUND IN SEA WATER
Authors: Thiessen G. J. , Simpson F. W. , Leslie J. R.
Published: April 2011

Sound absorption measurements, made with a diverging beam in sea water, are given. They cover frequencies from 0.35 to 2.3 Mc. per second and are somewhat lower than those given by Richardson for fresh water. Conclusive comparison between these results and fresh water results cannot be made. Advantages of using long distances are discussed.
SEARCH FOR A 3.20 MEV. γ-RAY IN THE DISINTEGRATION OF THORIUM C″
Authors: Bell R. E. , Elliott L. G.
Published: April 2011

In about 70% of the disintegrations, thorium C″ transforms to the ground state of thorium D by the emission of a β-ray and two successive γ-rays of energy 0.58 and 2.62 Mev. A search has been made for a γ-ray of energy 3.20 Mev. which would be emitted if a single radiative transition occurred. Using a source of radiothorium in equilibrium with its decay products, the secondary electrons ejected by the γ-rays from thin radiators of lead and uranium were analyzed in a magnetic lens spectrometer. No photoelectrons ejected by a 3.20 Mev. γ-ray were observed. If the γ-ray occurs its intensity is less than 0.2% of the intensity of the γ-ray at 2.62 Mev. This result is discussed in the light of the proposed disintegration schemes of thorium C″.
THE EMISSION OF L RADIATION FOLLOWING INTERNAL CONVERSION OF γ-RADIATION IN HEAVY ELEMENTS
Authors: Kinsey B. B.
Published: April 2011

The fluorescence yields of the L levels have been computed separately on the basis of radiation widths obtained from the work of Massey and Burhop, the widths of Auger transitions of the Coster–Kronig type measured by Cooper, and existing information on the widths of the L levels. In the case of fluorescence excitation, the total fluorescence yield calculated in this way is in general agreement with measurements of Lay. In the case of excitation by internal conversion of γ-radiation in the L levels, it is shown that the total fluorescence yield for elements in the vicinity of tantalum is appreciably less than the yield measured by Lay for fluorescence excitation, but that for the heavier elements near uranium, the yields should be comparable.
THE ALKALOIDS OF LYCOPODIUM SPECIES: X. LYCOPODIUM CERNUUM L.
Authors: Marion Léo , Manske R. H. F.
Published: April 2011

Lycopodium cernuum L., has yielded a new alkaloid, cernuine (L32), C16N26ON2, nicotine, and an uncharacterized base (L33). Lycopodine could not be isolated.
SOME NEW INDICATORS DERIVED FROM VANILLIN: 4-HYDROXY-3-METHOXY-β-NITROSTYRENE AND HOMOLOGUES
Authors: Stewart Ross , Clark R. H.
Published: April 2011

Vanillin has been condensed with certain nitroparaffins to produce four compounds with indicator properties. The benzoyl derivatives of two of these were also synthesized. The color change, pH range, and indicator constant were measured for each of the four indicators.
ABSORPTION DE L'ANHYDRIDE CARBONIQUE PAR L'ACIDE OLÉIQUE ET LE STÉARATE D'ÉTHYLE
Authors: Ouellet Cyrias , Dubois Jean-T.
Published: April 2011

not available
CATALYZED NITRATION OF AMINES: II. RELATIVE BASICITIES OF SECONDARY AMINES IN ACETIC ACID
Authors: Dunn G. E. , MacKenzie J. C. , Wright George F
Published: April 2011

Titration of a series of secondary amines with sulphuric or perchloric acid in acetic acid shows that those amines which do not require a chloride catalyst for their nitrations are more weakly proton-accepting than the amines which cannot be nitrated without catalyst. The weak proton-acceptance of imino-bis-acetonitrile which can be nitrated without catalyst is further typified by its tendency to co-ordinate with itself in 16% association in acetic acid solution. By contrast, dibutylamine, which cannot be nitrated without catalyst, is not associated in this medium.
LOW TEMPERATURE, LOW PRESSURE FRACTIONATION: NATURAL GAS
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Gillies A. , Hugill J. T.
Published: April 2011

A simple inexpensive apparatus was devised that could be used to carry out routine analyses of small samples of natural gas, or similar mixtures of lower boiling hydrocarbons, with an accuracy of 0.1% or better. The apparatus operates at low temperatures and pressures and can fractionate as little as 60 cc. A complete analysis takes about two and one-half hours and consumes 3 lb. of liquid air.
A RHEOLOGICAL STUDY OF SOLUTIONS OF NITROCELLULOSE
Authors: Fensom David , Greenblatt J. H.
Published: April 2011

By using a MacMichael viscometer the change in viscosity at various rates of shear was determined for solutions of various types of nitrocellulose in the solvents; acetone, n-butyl acetate, Hercules' mixed solvent, and dibutyl phthalate. It was found that all solutions of low intrinsic viscosity nitrocellulose were dilatant in dilute solution, while those of high intrinsic viscosity were thixotropic. Thixotropy also changed with concentration, the solutions studied going from dilatant to thixotropic through Newtonian types on increasing the concentration. Thixotropy and dilatancy were both found to decrease as the temperature increased. At a given concentration, both the viscosity and the structural viscosity of solutions varied with solvent, dibutyl phthalate giving both the highest viscosity figures and the greatest effect on structural viscosity.
THE STRUCTURE OF SOME DIELS–ALDER ADDITION PRODUCTS
Authors: Holmes H. L. , Alcock K. , Demianiw D. G. , Robinson J. W. , Rooney C. E. S. , Sundberg F. A.
Published: April 2011

Six addition products have been prepared by the combination of various unsymmetrical dienes with unsymmetrical dienophiles (aldehydes and nitriles). Only one of the two possible adducts was isolated from each reactant pair. The structures of these adducts were established by their dehydrogenation to various known substituted benzaldehydes and benzoic acids. The results of this work are in complete agreement with the conclusion of Hudson and Robinson that the reaction of a diene with a dienophile involves the union of the anionoid end of the diene with the cationoid carbon of the dienophile.
THE OXIDATION OF MERCAPTANS BY POTASSIUM PERSULPHATE IN HOMOGENEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Eager R. L.
Published: April 2011

In the homogeneous oxidation of mercaptans by potassium persulphate in concentrated acetic acid, the rate of disappearance of potassium persulphate during an experiment is first order with respect to the measured persulphate concentration. The rate constant is independent of the kind of mercaptan used, and is independent of mercaptan concentration over a wide range of mercaptan concentrations. The rate constant falls off, however, at low mercaptan concentrations, this falling-off being less pronounced if the rate is reduced by the addition of salts. The mercaptan concentration at which the rate constant, calculated from persulphate disappearance, becomes independent of mercaptan concentration increases as the temperature is increased. A salt effect prevails, the rate constant being decreased with increased potassium ion concentration. The equivalent conductance of solutions of potassium persulphate in the solvent used shows a behavior on dilution which indicates that potassium persulphate is incompletely ionized in the solvent. A mechanism is proposed for the reaction, in which it is assumed that dissociation of persulphate ions into sulphate free radicals is rate-controlling, with an activation energy of the order 26,000 cal. per mole.
THE CONCENTRATED SOLUTION VISCOSITY OF GR-S: ITS VARIATION (IN BENZENE) WITH TEMPERATURE AND CONCENTRATION
Authors: Cragg L. H. , Faichney L. M. , Olds H. F.
Published: April 2011

With a falling ball viscometer, measurements of the viscosity of solutions of GR–S in benzene have been made at very low rates of shear, at concentrations ranging from 10 to 19%, and at temperatures ranging from 10° to 35 °C. Within these limits, the viscosity of a solution of GR–S in benzene is given by the equation [Formula: see text]. Extrapolation, by means of this equation, to 100% polymer yields a value of 13.0 kcal. per mole for the energy of activation of flow of GR–S; this value, though of dubious antecedence, is yet of interest because it approximates that expected for GR–S on the basis of the behavior of such polymers as natural rubber and polystyrene.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXVII. CRYSTALLINE ESTERS SUITABLE FOR IDENTIFICATION AND ESTIMATION OF THE ISOMERIC 2,3-BUTANEDIOLS
Authors: Robertson Florence M. , Neish A. C.
Published: April 2011

The monoacid phthalates, di-p-nitrobenzoates, di-m-nitrobenzoates, di-3,5-dinitrobenzoates, di-p-bromobenzoates, and di-p-methoxybenzoates of levo-, and meso- and dl-2,3-butanediol were prepared to find which derivatives had the best properties for the identification of 2,3-butanediol isomers in a mixture. These are new compounds with the exception of the levo- and dl-monoacid phthalates and the meso-di-p-bromobenzoate. A procedure is given by which the optical isomers present in a 1 gm. sample of 2,3-butanediol can be identified, and the relative amounts of each estimated. They are converted to the di-p-nitrobenzoates, dissolved in chloroform, polarized to determine the concentration of the optically active isomers, and then fractionally crystallized for identification and estimation of relative amounts of the dl- and meso-esters.
THE SYNTHESIS OF D,L-ALANINE AND D,L-PHENYLALANINE BY WAY OF THE CORRESPONDING HYDANTOINS
Authors: Gaudry Roger
Published: April 2011

D,L-Alanine was prepared in an 80% over-all yield by heating lactonitrile with ammonium carbonate to give 5-methylhydantoin, and hydrolyzing the latter with barium hydroxide into the free amino acid. D,L-Phenylalanine was likewise prepared from phenylacetaldehyde, by way of the bisulphite addition compound and 5-benzylhydantoin, followed by hydrolysis. A 40% over-all yield of the amino acid was obtained.
THE PREPARATION OF EGG LECITHIN
Authors: Sinclair R. G.
Published: April 2011

Lecithin completely free of amino nitrogen and having N/P ratios of 1.00 to 1.01 has been obtained by cooling 10% solutions of mixed egg phospholipides in absolute ethanol to −35 °C. and eliminating the insoluble portions by filtration. These samples of lecithin have been considerably more unsaturated (I.N. 70 to 80) than those prepared by the cadmium chloride method of Pangborn (I.N. 55).
THE VEGETATIVE AND FROST-FREE SEASONS OF THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES AND THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES
Authors: Currie B. W.
Published: April 2011

A comparison is made of the changes in the lengths of the vegetative and frost-free seasons in the Prairie Provinces and the Northwest Territories, based on a mean daily temperature of 42° F. for growth and a minimum temperature of 32° F. for frost damage. Figures are included that show the broad details of the beginning and of the ending for both seasons. From these figures the lengths of the seasons may be deduced for various districts. A comparison is made of the average daily temperatures for the vegetative seasons at a number of representative places. The variability in the beginning and the ending of the frost-free season for a number of places is indicated by a table giving extreme, 25-percentile, 50-percentile, and 75-percentile dates. These values are shown graphically by a unique type of diagram that also shows the median length of the frost-free season.
THE ISOLATION OF A BLUE FLUORESCENT COMPOUND SCOPOLETIN, FROM GREEN MOUNTAIN POTATO TUBERS, INFECTED WITH LEAF ROLL VIRUS
Authors: Andreae W. A.
Published: April 2011

A method has been described for the isolation of a crystalline fluorescent compound that occurs in Green Mountain potato tubers during the first year of infection with leaf roll virus. The substance was identified as 7-hydroxy-6-methoxy 1:2 benzopyrone (scopoletin), previously isolated by Best from tobacco plants, infected with tomato spotted wilt virus.
WINTER CROWN ROT OR SNOW MOLD OF ALFALFA, CLOVERS, AND GRASSES IN ALBERTA: I. OCCURRENCE, PARASITISM, AND SPREAD OF THE PATHOGEN
Authors: Cormack M. W.
Published: April 2011

Winter crown rot or snow mold of alfalfa, clovers, and grasses, caused by an unidentified low-temperature basidiomycete, is widespread and often of major importance in the central and northern areas of Alberta and Saskatchewan. For example, during a six year period an average of 62% of the alfalfa stands examined in west-central Alberta were affected, and the average estimated damage was 10%. Severe damage also occurs in alsike and white Dutch clover, and in timothy, red top, and creeping red fescue. The disease is less prevalent in red clover, Kentucky bluegrass, and meadow fescue, and seldom occurs in brome grass, crested wheat grass, and slender wheat grass. Iris and other garden perennials, as well as dandelion, quack grass, and various wild plants are also damaged.The pathogen attacks the dormant plants beneath the snow during the first thaw in the late winter or early spring. The plants are killed or weakened in irregular patches as the result of rotting of the crown buds and tissues. These symptoms are distinct from those of true winter killing, with which the damage has been confused. The pathogen is difficult to isolate, except at a temperature near freezing from superficial mycelium or freshly infected tissues.The results of infection experiments in the field and under controlled conditions indicate that the development of the disease is associated with physiological changes in the host. Inoculated alfalfa plants brought inside at weekly intervals became susceptible at dates varying from late November to late December in different seasons. Infection was most severe under the conditions provided by a slowly melting snow cover and was also influenced by soil temperature, soil moisture, and growth of the pathogen.The pathogen appears to spread mainly by means of mycelium, since no sporulating stage has been found. The mycelium spreads both above and below ground at the time of the first spring thaw. The distance of radial spread, as measured by killing of the plants, varied in different years from 2.7 to 7.5 in. in dense alfalfa stands, and from 0. 5 to 6.0 in. in bare land.
EFFECT OF CROP DEBRIS, PLANT ROOTS, AND CROP SEQUENCE ON THE MICROBIAL FLORA OF THE SOIL IN RELATION TO ROOT ROT IN CEREAL CROPS
Authors: Tyner L. E.
Published: April 2011

The decomposition of wheat, oat, or barley straw in soil caused a marked increase in the microflora, as indicated by plate counts. The oat straw compost yielded significantly more colonies of fungi than either the wheat or barley straw composts. The population of bacteria and actinomycetes was increased to about the same degree by all three of the composts.In another laboratory experiment, wheat, oats, barley, and beans were planted in various rotations in pots of soil from field plots known to be heavily infested with the root-rotting pathogens Helminthosporium sativum P. K. and B., Ophiobolus graminis Sacc., and Fusarium spp. Fungi, mostly Penicillium spp. and Mucor spp., were up to 15 times more abundant from the rhizosphere of wheat roots than from the rhizosphere of oat, barley, or bean roots, regardless of crop sequence. It is assumed that the higher counts of saprophytic fungi obtained from the rhizosphere of wheat seedlings were directly correlated with the greater amount of dead root tissue on this crop, since disease on the wheat seedlings was more severe than on the other hosts. In a duplicate experiment in fallow soil, the rhizospheres of wheat, oats, barley, and beans yielded about equal numbers of fungi.
TRANSLOCATION OF 2,4-D IN INJECTED FLOWERING PERENNIAL SOW THISTLE PLANTS
Authors: Corns W. G.
Published: April 2011

Visible response to injection of flower heads of perennial sow thistle plants with herbicidal concentrations of 2,4-D appeared only in the uppermost regions of the plants. The herbicide moved downward through peduncles supporting treated heads, then it moved upward through neighboring peduncles. Apparently this pronounced ascent of herbicide was associated with transport of plant solutions to regions of rapid development and transpiration.On the other hand, response to injection of severed stems of flowering sow thistle plants was not limited to the region of treatment. The herbicide moved downward in treated stems, upward in their intact lateral branches, leaves, and flowers, and extensively downward and laterally in the root system.Significance of this multidirectional movement is discussed.
AN EXPERIMENT TO MEASURE POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Authors: Sanderson Marie
Published: April 2011

A method of obtaining daily values of the potential evaporating power of the atmosphere was used for the first time in Canada in 1947. The results verify Thornthwaite's formula for computing potential evapotranspiration in southern Ontario. The correlation between average runoff and computed water surplus for several watersheds in Ontario and Quebec is presented on a map.
PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY IN RELATION TO THE NITRATE REDUCTION TEST: Comment on a Paper by Isobel Dimmick
Authors: Taylor C. B.
Published: April 2011

not available
SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS OF THE GENUS BRASSICA
Authors: McGugan Jean M.
Published: April 2011

The genus Brassica with its numerous cultivated strains and weed varieties presents a difficult problem to the seed analyst. A solution is attempted in this paper. Peculiarities of seed color, shape, and histology have been used wherever possible as diagnostic characters. In cases where these were found to require verification the characters of the young seedlings were used to supplement them. It has been found possible to distinguish the seeds or seedlings of plants so closely related as to be separated in adult form only by differences in the depth of the yellow color in their roots and blossoms. Care has been taken to test the material for authenticity and to make sure that the seed and seedling characters chosen are closely linked in heredity with distinguishing characters of the species and varieties. A key for the identification of seeds of known varieties of Brassica has been evolved.
STUDIES ON THE HOUSEFLY (MUSCA DOMESTICA L.): I. THE BIOLOGY AND LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF LABORATORY POPULATIONS
Authors: Wilkes A. , Bucher G. E. , Cameron J. W. MacB. , West Jr. A. S.
Published: April 2011

Using the Peet-Grady method for propagating houseflies required as biological test animals, variations were observed that had considerable bearing on production and subsequent adult life. Differences in length of life, fecundity, time of emergence of the adults from puparia, and the onset of egg laying occurred between different populations of flies. Investigations were carried out to determine the extent and causes of the variations and to develop more suitable techniques for producing large numbers on a more accurately predictable basis. Variability in production of puparia was found to be due largely to the age of female stock and rate of fermentation in the rearing medium through their effects on egg hatchability and larval survival and excessive crowding caused by high temperatures. By using eggs from genetically-selected stock of known age and rearing in a temperature-controlled medium, production of flies was increased and maintained at a constantly uniform rate. A description is given of the equipment and methods used.
STUDIES ON THE HOUSEFLY (MUSCA DOMESTICA L.): III. THE EFFECTS OF AGE, TEMPERATURE, AND LIGHT ON THE FEEDING OF ADULTS
Authors: Bucher G. E. , Wilkes A. , Cameron J. W. MacB.
Published: April 2011

For a short time immediately after emergence adult houseflies do not consume food. Flies begin feeding at a temperature and age at which they first become active, although to some extent it is dependent on the relative proportions of the sexes, the presence or absence of light, and the accessibility of food. There appears to be no upper age limit at which flies cease to feed. At 27 °C. flies died in a very short time if they were not supplied with an abundance of liquid food. All flies died when starved for 24 hr. at 27 °C. after having once been fed.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PROVENTRICULUS OF ORTHOPTEROID INSECTS WITH REFERENCE TO ITS USE IN TAXONOMY
Authors: Judd W.W.
Published: April 2011

The structure of the proventriculus in 115 species of orthopteroid insects (eight orders) is investigated.The Blattodea, Mantodea, and Isoptera have a conical proventriculus, with 6 or 12 longitudinal teeth. There are eight tubular gastric caeca. The Ensifera (Grylloidea and Tettigonioidea) have a globular proventriculus with a tubular neck. In the globular part are six longitudinal folds each bearing a series of appendages and separated from one another by partitions. There are two bulbous gastric caeca. The four families of the Caelifera have a tubular proventriculus. The Acrididae have six longitudinal plates in the proventriculus and six gastric caeca with anterior and posterior projections. The other three families have no plates in the proventriculus. The Tridactylidae have two gastric caeca, the Tetrigidae have six short, conical caeca, and the Cylindrachaetidae have six long, tubular caeca.The Phasmida have a tubular proventriculus with longitudinal, spine-bearing folds and a long flaplike oesophageal valve. In the Grylloblattaria the organ is globular with 12 longitudinal folds in the intima, and two ranks of 12 pyramidal teeth at its posterior end. The Dermaptera have a tubular proventriculus, flared slightly where it joins the crop. Internally there are six longitudinal folds bearing small scalelike projections, and a cushion of bristles at the anterior end of each fold. In the Plecoptera the proventriculus is tubular, with 14 longitudinal, spine-bearing plates on its inner surface. There are seven tubular gastric caeca.A 'phylogenetic tree' demonstrates the relationships of the groups studied, and a systematic key is prepared.
THE FUNCTION OF THE GIANT AXON OF MYXICOLA INFUNDIBULUM MONTAGU
Authors: Nicol J. A. Colin
Published: April 2011

The polychaete, Myxicola infundibulum, contains a very large nerve fiber that runs throughout the nerve cord and gives off peripheral branches to the longitudinal muscles. Movements of the animal are quick synergic contractions of the whole body and slower metachronous locomotory movements. Injury to the giant axon without interrupting the rest of the nerve cord blocks the passage of the quick contraction but not of slower locomotory waves. It is concluded that the quick end-to-end shortening is intermediated by the giant axon and that slow waves of movement depend upon transmission through short segmentally linked neurones. Traction of one segment on another is not effective in transmitting either type of movement. The giant fiber response is of an all-or-none nature. Repetitive stimuli lead to summation of muscular contractions. The axon conducts in either direction during the natural life of the animal. The nature of the effective stimuli, the simplicity of the neuronal arrangement involved, and the character of the synergic response are discussed in terms of their survival value to the species.
ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES INFECTION IN GUINEA PIGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO EOSINOPHILIA AND RESISTANCE
Authors: Fallis A. Murray
Published: April 2011

Clinical symptoms of Ascaris infection were produced in guinea pigs by feeding several thousand eggs. Such infections caused a temporary loss in weight and severe congestion of the lungs but no elevation in temperature was observed. An eosinophilia was associated with infection and it reached higher levels following repeated infections. Injections of antigen caused a temporary rise in the number of eosinophiles. Guinea pigs developed a resistance as a result of infection. Some resistance was retained for at least 15 weeks following infection. A slight passive resistance resulted from injections of large quantities of serum from resistant animals and from injections of a liver extract prepared from resistant animals. The resistance was apparent from the amount of congestion in the lungs and the number and size of the larvae recovered from the lungs. The eosinophiles per se were not responsible for the resistance observed. It appeared that the body defences, in resistant animals, acted against the parasites before they reached the liver and more especially before they reached the lungs.
ETUDE DES PROPRIETES PHARMACOLOGIQUES DE L'ANNOTININE ET DE LA LYCOPODINE
Authors: Marier Guy , Bernard Richard
Published: April 2011

not available
GLYCOSURIA IN PHLORIZINIZED RATS DEPLETED OF PYRIDOXINE
Authors: Pagé Edouard , Gingras R.
Published: April 2011

Glucose excretion and dextrose: nitrogen ratios were measured following phlorizination in young fasting rats depleted of pyridoxine and in their pair-fed controls. The same determinations were also made in older and non-fasting animals following a period of 11 to 16 weeks on a sugar-free, pyridoxine-free ration. Pair-fed rats were again used as controls. No significant differences were found between groups. It is concluded that under the experimental conditions described, pyridoxine insufficiency does not exert a specific effect on gluconeogenesis.
THE FORMATION OF ACETATE IN BRAIN TISSUE SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Webb J. L. , Elliott K. A. C.
Published: April 2011

Observations have been made on methods for the determination of acetate and acyl phosphate in tissue suspensions. Previous work on the formation of acetate by respiring brain suspensions, especially in the presence of added pyruvate, has been confirmed. No evidence could be obtained that the substance formed is actually acetyl phosphate, which breaks down to yield acetic acid in the course of the estimation or enzymatically during the incubation of the tissue. The amount of acetate formed in brain suspensions is increased by the presence of malonate. It seems also to be increased by the addition of malate or α-ketoglutarate and by thiamine. Spontaneous breakdown of pyruvate could account for part of the acetate formed from pyruvate added to tissue. Fluoroacetic acid interferes with the determination of acetic acid. There was no evidence that it increases the formation of acetate by rat brain tissue suspensions. It does not affect the oxygen uptake of these suspensions with glucose or pyruvate as substrates.
THE INGESTION OF SEA WATER AS A MEANS OF ATTENUATING FRESH WATER RATIONS
Authors: Whillans Morley G. , Smith George F. M.
Published: April 2011

Though the drinking of undiluted sea water by the castaway has been shown to be dangerous, there have been few studies on the use of sea water diluted with fresh water. The experiment was designed to permit a statistical evaluation of relative gain or relative loss in body weights to human subjects, from drinking a daily supplement of sea water. The addition of 10 oz. of sea water to the daily ration of 16 oz. of fresh water resulted in a mean (corrected) weight saving of 2.24 lb. over a period of six days. This result was significant. That this relative gain in weight was beneficial is supported by the subjects' unanimous opinion to this effect, by the specific gravities of blood and urine, and by the figures for blood and urine electrolytes in control and experimental subjects.
SOME EFFECTS OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF THORIUM NITRATE TO MICE
Authors: Patrick S. J.
Published: April 2011

A method for the determination of microgram amounts of thorium in tissues by the use of the thorium isotope UX1 was developed.When an aqueous solution of thorium nitrate was administered orally to mice, the LD50 was found to be between 1.76 and 2.0 gm. of thorium per kgm. body weight. Mice supplied with a 0.1% solution of thorium nitrate as their only source of water exhibited a greater mortality than was found in a control group. The subcutaneous injection of 50 mgm. of thorium as a thorium nitrate solution into mice produced an acute, necrotizing, inflammatory reaction at the site of injection, but no other effects. The exposure of a group of mice to an aerosol of thorium nitrate solution on each of 90 days for 40 min. each day had no effect on their mortality. The average initial concentration of thorium for each exposure to the aerosol of thorium nitrate was 330 mgm. thorium per cu. m. of air and the average final concentration was 114 mgm. of thorium per cu. m. of air.Evidence was obtained that all the thorium administered orally as thorium nitrate solution to mice is excreted by way of the feces and that no absorption from the gastrointestinal tract takes place. It is suggested that thorium nitrate owes its oral toxicity to its local action on the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract.No evidence was obtained that thorium was transported to the viscera and very little thorium was excreted after the subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mgm. of thorium as thorium nitrate solution into mice. Most of the thorium remained at the site of injection for at least seven days. The cutaneous application of 0.3 ml. of BAL (2,3-dimercaptopropanol) appeared to cause a slight increase in the excretion of thorium, but the distribution of thorium in the mouse was not affected by this treatment.A group of mice was exposed for 180 min. to an aerosol of thorium nitrate that gave a maximum concentration of 107 mgm. of thorium per cu. m. of air and a final concentration of 3 mgm. of thorium per cu. m. of air. After this treatment the average amount of thorium found in and on one mouse was 256 μgm. Most of this was on the skin and most was excreted by way of the feces within a few days. Less than 0.2 μgm. of thorium was found in the liver, kidneys, spleen, blood, or femurs, immediately after the exposure or one day later. The average amount of thorium found in the lungs of one mouse immediately after the exposure was 3.12 μgm. and this amount decreased slowly over a period of 35 days.
SURFACE GROWTH OF BACTERIA ON CELLOPHANE
Authors: Reed G. B. , McKercher D. G.
Published: April 2011

A method is described for the cultivation of bacteria on the surface of sheets of cellophane spread over layers of absorbent material as cotton saturated with any desired fluid medium. The method has proved to be useful in preparing suspensions of bacteria reasonably free from contamination by the culture medium.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: XXVIII. CHLORIDE SHIFT IN CURED PORK
Authors: Grant G. A. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: April 2011

Carefully conducted flavor tests and chemical analyses for chloride ion showed that bacon of the Wiltshire type increased in saltiness and water extractable chloride during storage. Enzyme digests of freshly cured pork gave higher chloride recoveries than those obtained in water extraction procedures. On the other hand, recovery of sodium ion in freshly cured material was identical by water extraction, enzyme digestion, or a wet ashing procedure. These results show that the chloride ion is bound by the muscle constituents and that it can be released by enzyme action. This mechanism would explain the increase in saltiness observed in stored bacon.
A Continuous Laboratory Vacuum Evaporator
Authors: Adelman M. , Hall R. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
EFFECT OF PROCESSING AND STORAGE ON THE QUALITY OF GELOSE FROM IRISH MOSS (CHONDRUS CRISPUS)
Authors: MacDougall D.
Published: April 2011

Irish moss (Chondrus crispus) from Canada's east coast was used to study possible improvements in the production and storage of gelose. The optimum pH for the extraction of gelose from Irish moss was between 6 and 7. Fine leaf particles, which prevent rapid filtration, were readily removed by supercentrifuging. Comparison of drum drying and drying from the frozen state showed that the former caused a marked lowering of viscosity but had little effect on suspending power or jelly strength. The logarithm of the viscosity determined by means of a MacMichael viscosimeter was related directly to the concentration; therefore, viscosity measurements can be corrected for the moisture content of the samples. The effect of storage temperature on deterioration was greater than the effect of relative humidity. Samples stored at 0° and 40° F. for 12 weeks showed no significant changes in viscosity or suspending power, whereas those stored at 80° and 120° F. deteriorated very rapidly. Material was vacuum ice-dried to 2% moisture without damage but the quality decreased when the extracts were stored at high temperatures.
THIAMINE AND RIBOFLAVIN CONTENT OF WHEAT, BARLEY AND OATS GROWN IN DIFFERENT SOIL ZONES IN ALBERTA
Authors: McElroy L. W. , Kastelic J. , McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

A study was made of the thiamine and riboflavin content of Marquis wheat, Newal barley, and Victory oats grown in Alberta in the years 1944 and 1945 under widely different conditions of soil and climate. The mean thiamine content of Victory oats, 5.6 ± 1.5 μgm. per gm., was found to be significantly higher than that of Marquis wheat, 4.4 ± 1.2, or of Newal barley, 4.6 ± 1.0 μgm. per gm. A positive correlation between protein and thiamine content was demonstrated m wheat and oats but not in barley. In all three grains the mean thiamine content of samples grown in the brown soil zone was significantly higher than that of samples grown in the gray soil zone. The mean values obtained for riboflavin were 1.34 ± 0.23, 1.25 ± 0.25, and 1.27 ± 0.18 μgm. per gm. in wheat, barley, and oats, respectively. No significant correlation between protein and riboflavin was found in any of the three cereals. The mean riboflavin content of samples of wheat, barley, and oats grown on gray soils was slightly lower than that of samples grown on black or brown soils.
THE OXIDATION, IGNITION, AND DETONATION OF FUEL VAPORS AND GASES: IV. THE CAUSE OF DETONATION OR COMBUSTION KNOCK IN ENGINES
Authors: King R. O.
Published: April 2011

A nuclear theory of self-ignition is described which is based on the substitution of finely divided carbon for the nuclear drops of the Callendar theory. The finely divided carbon appears in the gaseous combustible mixture in the engine as a result of pyrolysis of the lubricating oil or of the fuel. The theory is therefore of general application and can be applied to explain combustion knock or detonation when permanent gases such as hydrogen as well as hydrocarbon vapors are used as fuel for the carburetor type of internal combustion engine. The theory is supported by experimental evidence quoted mainly from earlier publications and is intended as a working hypothesis for further confirmatory experiments.
PRODUCTION OF SYRUPS FROM WHEAT, POTATO, TAPIOCA, AND WAXY CEREAL STARCHES
Authors: Clendenning K. A. , Wright D. E.
Published: April 2011

Syrups prepared in semipilot plant equipment from wheat, corn, waxy corn, tapioca, and potato starches of low protein content were almost identical in taste and appearance. Differences in nature and amount of non-carbohydrate constituents did not necessitate modifications of the process. Wheat, corn, and waxy corn slurries hydrolyzed at approximately the same rate with 0.2% hydrochloric acid whereas potato starch hydrolyzed less rapidly. Contamination with 1.6% protein did not depress the hydrolysis rate but promoted foaming, turbidity, and bitterness. Loss of insoluble solids on the filter press averaged 1.25% for cereal and 0.3% for potato starch hydrolyzates. Complete decolorization of 14° and 30° Bé. syrup was effected by 0.5% activated carbon, based on the juice weight at each stage. Tap water promoted color development in the evaporator and inhibited color removal by active carbon. Color and fluorescence development in stored syrups was promoted by protein impurities, light, and tap water, and was strongly inhibited by sodium bisulphite. Syrups that remained colorless almost indefinitely were prepared from prime quality starches by using distilled water in the process and either acid-extracted carbon or bone char as decolorizing agents.
THE RAPID DETERMINATION OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN AIR
Authors: Katz Morris , Katzman John
Published: April 2011

A granular form of silver permanganate on a zinc oxide carrier has been found to oxidize carbon monoxide in air at ordinary temperatures and at high space velocities. There is no noticeable change in activity over the range of 30 to 100% relative humidity of the air, although a small amount of water vapor is essential to initiate the combustion of carbon monoxide. The above properties have been utilized in the rapid determination of low concentrations by measuring the heat of oxidation in a thermocouple cell. The relation between the potential of the thermocouple junctions and the concentration of carbon monoxide is linear over the range of 0 to 600 p.p.m. at a definite space velocity. With increasing flow rate at a constant concentration the potential rises rapidly to a maximum, but in the range of optimum flow the flow rate may be varied considerably without producing a major change in e.m.f. The thermal efficiency is about 81% at the optimum flow rate. Hydrogen, unless it is present in amounts considerably in excess of the carbon monoxide concentration, does not introduce an appreciable error in the determination. The method is applicable to the field determination of considerably less than 0.005% carbon monoxide in air and the degree of precision is about equal to that of most laboratory methods. Twenty to twenty-five cubic centimeters of the material will give a useful life of over eight hours in continuous tests on concentrations below 0.1% carbon monoxide.
CANADIAN ERUCIC ACID OILS: II. EDIBLE USE OF RAPE AND MUSTARD SEED OILS
Authors: Lips H. J. , Grace N. H. , Hamilton Elinor M.
Published: April 2011

Canadian grown rape and mustard seed oils were alkali refined with 10° Bé. sodium hydroxide, bleached for 20 min. at 212° F. with 2 or 4% Superfiltrol, and deodorized at 464° F. for one hour. These oils were lighter in color and more viscous than commercial corn oil, had smoke points over 400° F., and were clear at refrigerator temperature (40° F.). Consumer acceptance tests indicated that the erucic acid oils, either fresh or aged for 10 days at 100° F., were generally as acceptable as corn oil when used as salad oils or for the preparation of mayonnaise and pastry. The fresh oils were generally not as satisfactory as corn oil for the preparation of doughnuts, although some of the aged oils gave results comparable with those for aged corn oil.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON FACTORS AFFECTING THE STRUCTURE OF CALCIUM SOAP LUBRICATING GREASE
Authors: Sproule L. W. , Pattenden W. C.
Published: April 2011

Examination with the electron microscope indicates that the soap particles contained in calcium soap lubricating greases have an unusual structure. They are about 1 μ long, and consist of fibers coiled in spiral forms, or of two twisted together in a ropelike manner. The effect of two factors on the form of the dispersed soap particles was investigated. The addition of water to stabilize a dispersion of calcium soap in mineral oil was found to orientate the soap particles from minute, nondescript form to fibers having a wavy, loosely coiled appearance. The shearing action associated with the mixing of the grease during its preparation caused the fibers to assume a spiral or twisted form.
CANADIAN AERIAL MAGNETIC SURVEYS (M.A.D.)
Authors: Bailey Ralph
Published: April 2011

Tests concluded with an airborne magnetic detector measuring the earth's total field indicate a high degree of accuracy and speed for reconnaissance work over large areas. Cheapness of operation and freedom from small local anomalies make this a valuable tool for geophysical prospecting.
THE FUNDAMENTAL ACTION OF INTENSIFYING SCREENS IN GAMMA RADIOGRAPHY
Authors: Harrington E. L. , Johns H. E. , Wiles A. P. , Garrett C.
Published: April 2011

The nature of the intensifying action of lead screens and Patterson screens has been investigated for gamma radiography. For the lead screens used it was found that nearly 52% of the blackening of the film is due to electrons ejected from the front screen and nearly 48% due to electrons ejected from the back screen. The blackening of the film due to the absorption by the film itself of the radiation is small. Similar results were obtained with Patterson screens except that about 10% of the effect of the screens is due to low energy radiation (light) which was stopped by 3 mgm. per cm.2 of aluminum.
SPECIFIC HEATS OF MANGANESE AND BISMUTH AT LIQUID HYDROGEN TEMPERATURES
Authors: Armstrong L. D. , Grayson-Smith H.
Published: April 2011

New measurements of the specific heats of manganese and bismuth in the temperature range 14° to 22° K. are reported. The specific heats of these metals are compared with theory. In both cases the approximate theoretical formula[Formula: see text]where CD(x) is the Debye function, is accurately obeyed over the limited temperature region concerned. However, comparison with measurements at other temperatures shows that this may lead to erroneous conclusions. For manganese a precise conclusion is not possible, and it is estimated that the electronic specific heat coefficient A lies between 0.0035 and 0.0040, while θ varies with temperature from 365 to 390 degrees. For bismuth it is concluded that the electronic specific heat is negligible. This permits an accurate determination of θ, and it is found that the variation of θ with temperature is remarkably similar to that predicted by Blackman for a simple cubic lattice.
THE RESONANCE METHOD OF MEASURING THE RATIO OF THE SPECIFIC HEATS OF A GAS, Cp/Cv: VI. CARBON DIOXIDE, NITROUS OXIDE, AND METHANE
Authors: Katz L. , Leverton W. F. , Woods S. B.
Published: April 2011

Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane have been carefully purified and the variation of γ with pressure measured. The results when extrapolated to zero pressure give values of γ0 which are in agreement with those obtained by spectroscopic methods. Agreement in each case is better than 0.10%.