bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agroforestry and Biodiversity
Authors: P. Udawatta Ranjith , Rankoth Lalith , Jose Shibu
Published: May 2019

Declining biodiversity (BD) is aecting food security, agricultural sustainability,and environmental quality. Agroforestry (AF) is recognized as a possible partial solution forBD conservation and improvement. This manuscript uses published peer-reviewed manuscripts,reviews, meta-analysis, and federal and state agency documents to evaluate relationships betweenAF and BD and how AF can be used to conserve BD. The review revealed that floral, faunal, and soilmicrobial diversity were significantly greater in AF as compared to monocropping, adjacent croplands, and within crop alleys and some forests. Among the soil organisms, arbuscular mycorrhizaefungi (AMF), bacteria, and enzyme activities were significantly greater in AF than crop and livestockpractices. Agroforestry also creates spatially concentrated high-density BD near trees due to favorablesoil-plant-water-microclimate conditions. The greater BD was attributed to heterogeneous vegetation,organic carbon, microclimate, soil conditions, and spatial distribution of trees. Dierences in BDbetween AF and other management types diminished with time. Evenly distributed leaves, litter,roots, dead/live biological material, and microclimate improve soil and microclimate in adjacentcrop and pasture areas as the system matures. Results of the study prove that integration of AFcan improve BD in agricultural lands. Selection of site suitable tree/shrub/grass-crop combinationscan be used to help address soil nutrient deficiencies or environmental conditions. Future studieswith standardized management protocols may be needed for all regions to further strengthen thesefindings and to develop AF establishment criteria for BD conservation and agricultural sustainability.
The Impact of Institutions on the Evolution of Tourism Accommodation Format: Evidence from Wulingyuan, China
Authors: Jiang Ting , Zhuo Shaobing , Zhang Chaozhi , Gao Jun
Published: May 2019

This paper examines the impact of institutions on evolution of tourism accommodation format in Wulingyuan, a well-known tourist destination in China, from the perspective of institutional cluster embeddedness. Data were primarily collected through interviews and participant observations. The findings show a five-stage evolution process starting from introduction (1982–1988), through growth (1989–2000), adjustment (2001–2004), and upgrade (2005–2010) to the current stage of individualization (2011–present). During the process, the informal institutions work to suppress, conflict with the formal institutions, yet transform into formal institutions in the end. In such a process, institutional loopholes and frictions are the norm, and tourism accommodation format evolves from extensive development to sustainable development. It suggests that the sustainable development of the tourism accommodation industry needs the synergy of formal and informal institutions.
Research on Innovation Behavior and Performance of New Generation Entrepreneur Based on Grounded Theory
Authors: Guan Hongjun , Zhang Zhen , Zhao Aiwu , Jia Jinyuan , Guan Shuang
Published: May 2019

In China, new generation entrepreneurs are gradually becoming the main force of intergenerational inheritance. New generation entrepreneurs have different educational background, growth experience and personality characteristics from the old generation entrepreneurs. They are endowed with the historical mission of an innovative generation. Therefore, it is of great significance to reveal the key factors influencing their innovative behavior and find out how to inspire their innovative behavior. Based on grounded theory and in-depth interviews, this study used NVivo 11 to deal with the recording materials. After a series of steps including open coding, spindle coding, selective coding and theoretical saturation test, it constructed a theoretical model of innovative behavior and innovative performance for new generation entrepreneurs. The purpose of this study was to improve the theory of entrepreneur innovation behavior and provide guidance for government to cultivate innovative spirit and innovative ability of new generation entrepreneurs. The research showed that: (1) New generation entrepreneurs’ personal traits and educational background affect their perceptions of innovation. (2) Risk awareness, understanding of innovation content and social capital would influence innovation behaviors. (3) Innovation behaviors further lead to changes in organization performance. Therefore, government should provide more opportunities for new generation entrepreneurs to widen their knowledge, social resources and innovation environment.
Social Impact Bonds for a Sustainable Welfare State: The Role of Enabling Factors
Authors: Carè Rosella , De Lisa Riccardo
Published: May 2019

The financial crisis has put pressure on governments throughout the world to reduce deficits with severe budgetary cuts in many welfare areas by reinforcing the need to modernize social policies and optimize their effectiveness and efficiency. Social impact bonds (SIBs) have rapidly become one of the most innovative financial schemes used by governments to privatize the upfront costs of welfare interventions by reducing taxpayer expenditure. Our analysis focuses on healthcare impact bonds (HIBs) that correspond to the adaptation of SIBs to health programs and are considered to be a viable way to fund out-of-pocket and preventive programs, especially considering the recent cuts to public healthcare expenditure. By using an in-depth qualitative analysis of existing practices based on a multiple case study approach, this study contributes to the ongoing debate on the role of SIBs for the future sustainability of welfare systems by proposing reflections and indications for the scalability and replicability of SIBs. With respect to the existing literature, this paper provides a theorization of the main scaling ingredients to be considered for the development of the SIB market as a supporting financial approach for new and emerging welfare needs by also proposing suggestions and insights and serving as a guide for scholars and practitioners.
Identifying Biomass-Based Value Webs for Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systems Modeling Approach
Authors: Anderson Carl C. , Denich Manfred , Neumann Kai , Amankwah Kwadwo , Tortoe Charles
Published: May 2019

Food security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is dependent on complex networks of interconnected actors and the flows of resources (biomass, capital) and information among them. However, the degree to which actors and value chains of different crops are in fact interconnected and their current systemic influence on food security are unclear. Therefore, the concept of “value webs” to better capture the complexity within the networks emerges. Biomass-based value webs of selected crops in Ghana, Nigeria, and Ethiopia are modeled using the systems analysis software iMODELER and by eliciting factors as well as their interconnections through participatory stakeholder workshops. Furthermore, a generic model was created compiling the country models to identify overarching system dynamics with supporting and hindering factors impacting food security in SSA. Findings from the country models show highly complex value webs, suggesting that the predominant value chain approach may oversimplify actual structures and resource flows in real life settings. However, few interconnections within the value webs link the actors and flows of different crops, contradicting predictions emerging from other research. Results from the generic model allow for a critical reflection on the relation between value web dynamics and food security policy in SSA. Current national and regional policy trends targeting market integration, mechanization, and reduction of post-harvest losses are supported by model results.
A Shared Container Transportation Mode in the Yangtze River
Authors: Huang Daozheng , Zhao Gang
Published: May 2019

Sharing economy is an emerging concept that has been implemented in several industries and has achieved huge success. Novel solutions, built on the emerging concept of sharing economy, such as Uber, Didi, Mobike, and Cargostream, offer unprecedented opportunities for maritime organizations to reform traditional water transportation. This paper presents an analysis framework of a shared container transportation mode to show the restrictions and benefit of the implementation of the concept of sharing economy in maritime transportation. As a typical inland water area in China, the Yangtze River is selected as the study area. A general shared container transportation framework is designed, including a new waiting mode, business process, and software platform system design. The new business process is developed to overcome the contradiction between the new shared container transportation mode and the traditional shipping process. The potential of the new mode is also discussed. It would contribute to the sustainability of maritime transportation with respect to energy saving.
Farm Diversification and Sustainability of Multifunctional Peri-Urban Agriculture: Entrepreneurial Attributes of Advanced Diversification in Japan
Authors: Yoshida Shingo , Yagi Hironori , Kiminami Akira , Garrod Guy
Published: May 2019

Multifunctionality of urban agriculture is essential for the sustainability of both cities and urban farms, especially in Asian mega-cities exhibiting extensive urban sprawl. To maximise the multifunctionality of these farms, entrepreneurial or innovative farm diversification is important. However, there is insufficient research on this issue in developed countries. This study aims to demonstrate the existence of advanced diversified farms characterised by entrepreneurship, skilled farm management and social networks and explore their economic and social sustainability by using data from a survey of 386 farms located close to urban areas in Japan. Gaussian mixture clustering analysis revealed that only about 10% of the sample can be classified as advanced diversified farms and most of the other diversified farms do not exhibit entrepreneurial attributes. Furthermore, regression analysis revealed that advanced diversification has a positive impact not only on the economic viability of farms, but also on their social performance. These findings have significant implications for policies promoting the sustainability of urban agriculture, suggesting that a more balanced promotion of the diversification and entrepreneurial attributes of farms is crucial to building a sustainable relationship between cities and urban agriculture.
Climate Change Resilience Strategies for the Building Sector: Examining Existing Domains of Resilience Utilized by Design Professionals
Authors: Rajkovich Nicholas B. , Okour Yasmein
Published: May 2019

Recently, climate change resilience efforts in the building sector have increased. Previous studies have examined the theoretical frameworks that have shaped the concept development of resilience. However, little is known about the theoretical approaches adopted by building professionals in their climate change resilience work. A literature review identified climate change resilience across four academic domains: ecology, engineering, disaster risk reduction, and the social sciences. To better understand how resilience is defined in the building sector, we examined eighteen climate change resilience documents developed to provide guidance to building sector professionals in the United States. Our analysis of these documents helps to understand how professionals are framing and possibly incorporating these strategies in their work, though we did not measure the adoption rate of each of the documents. We find that resilience is mostly a discourse on bouncing-back, preserving the status quo, and/or developing emergency responses to major hazards. Fewer documents incorporated an ecological or social science-based logic. This highlights the challenges of translating resilience from four academic domains into building strategies for the professional community. In closing, we discuss how competing conceptions of resilience may impact the implementation and effectiveness of climate change resilience strategies in the built environment.
Regenerative Food Systems to Restore Urban-Rural Relationships: Insights from the Concepción Metropolitan Area Foodshed (Chile)
Authors: Zazo-Moratalla Ana , Troncoso-González Isidora , Moreira-Muñoz Andrés
Published: May 2019

Cities, in recent years, have seen their functional and metabolic relationships with their agrarian hinterland being either broken off completely or substantially damaged. Within this context, Local Food Systems (LFS) can play a key role in restoring the supply relationships under regenerative assumptions. This paper analyses LFS within the Concepción Metropolitan Area (CMA) as a representative case of Metropolitan Areas in Chile. The aim of the paper is to evaluate whether LFS are regenerating sustainable rural-urban relationships, and to accomplish this goal, foodsheds have been used as a methodological tool to both characterise and represent food traceability. For this purpose, three quantitative foodshed indicators have been applied and three qualitative spatial analytical categories of the Regenerative Food Systems (RFS) defined to decode the behaviour of LFS in the CMA. The proposed method has been successful as an initial exploratory attempt to characterize the regenerative potential of RFS. The results highlight that LFS in the CMA are certainly restoring relationships between the city and its surrounding farmland by establishing new and renewed supply linkages. Further, the application of this method has shed light on some key aspects that show how an LFS is being converted into a potential RFS.
Risk-Based Assessment Engineering of a Parallel Robot Used in Post-Stroke Upper Limb Rehabilitation
Authors: Tucan Paul , Vaida Calin , Plitea Nicolae , Pisla Adrian , Carbone Giuseppe , Pisla Doina
Published: May 2019

Recently, robotic-assisted stroke rehabilitation became an important research topic due to its capability to provide complex solutions to perform the customized rehabilitation motion with enhanced resources than the traditional rehabilitation. Involving robotic devices in the rehabilitation process would increase the number of possible rehabilitated patients, but placing the patient inside the workspace of the robot causes a series of risks that needs to be identified, analyzed and avoided. The goal of this work is to provide a reliable solution for an upper limb rehabilitation robotic structure designed as a result of a risk assessment process. The proposed approach implies a hazard identification process in terms of severity and probability, a failure mode and effects analysis to identify the possible malfunctions in the system and an AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) to prioritize the technical characteristics of the robotic structure. The results of the risk assessment process and of the AHP provide the base of the final design of the robotic structure, while another solution, in terms of minimizing the risk for the patient injury, is obtained using an external measuring system.
A Novel Generalized Group-Sparse Mixture Adaptive Filtering Algorithm
Authors: Li Yingsong , Cherednichenko Aleksey , Jiang Zhengxiong , Shi Wanlu , Wu Jinqiu
Published: May 2019

A novel adaptive filtering (AF) algorithm is proposed for group-sparse system identifications. In the devised algorithm, a novel mixed error criterion (MEC) with two-order logarithm error, p-order errors and group sparse constraint method is devised to give a resistant to the impulsive noise. The proposed group-sparse MEC can fully use the known group-sparse characteristics in the cluster sparse systems, and it is derived and analyzed in detail. Various simulations are presented and analyzed to give a verification on the effectiveness of the developed group-sparse MEC algorithms, and the simulated results shown that the developed algorithm outperforms the previously developed sparse AF algorithms for identifying the systems.
Yellow Mealworm Larvae (Tenebrio molitor) Fed Mycotoxin-Contaminated Wheat—A Possible Safe, Sustainable Protein Source for Animal Feed?
Authors: Ochoa Sanabria Carlos , Hogan Natacha , Madder Kayla , Gillott Cedric , Blakley Barry , Reaney Martin , Beattie Aaron , Buchanan Fiona
Published: May 2019

The aim of this study was to determine the potential for accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) reared on high DON Fusarium-infected wheat and investigate the effects on production, survival and nutritional traits. Wheat containing 200 μg/kg DON was used as the control diet. A different source of wheat was sorted into six fractions and mixed to obtain low (2000 μg/kg), medium (10,000 μg/kg) and high (12,000 μg/kg) levels of DON. Each diet was replicated five times with 300 or 200 mealworms per replicate for the feeding and breeding trials, respectively. Trial termination occurred when the first two pupae were observed (32–34 days). There was no difference in the concentrations of DON detected in the larvae between diets that ranged from 122 ± 19.3 to 136 ± 40.5 μg/kg (p = 0.88). Excretion of DON was 131, 324, 230 and 742 μg/kg for control, low, medium and high, respectively. Nutritional analysis of larvae showed maximum crude protein of 52% and crude fat of 36%. Ash, fiber, chitin, fatty-acids and amino-acid content were consistent across diets. Survival was greater than 96% for all life stages and average daily gain ranged from 1.9 ± 0.1 to 2.1 ± 0.1 mg/day per mealworm. Larvae accumulated low levels of DON from Fusarium-infected wheat diets suggesting contaminated wheat could be used to produce a sustainable, safe protein source.
Dengue Virus and Influenza A Virus Co-Infection in Pregnancy: A Case Report
Authors: Guzmán-Rodríguez Mónica , Acosta-Ñañez Héctor F. , Mantilla Julio César , Bonelo Anilza
Published: May 2019

Dengue is still an important cause of disease and mortality in tropical countries, as is influenza A virus, which is also a cause of epidemics all over the globe. In this article, we present the case of a 31-year-old woman who was in her second trimester of pregnancy and presented with severe dengue with hematological and neurological complications, and premature labor. She was misdiagnosed with bacterial infection and received antibiotic treatment with no improvement of the clinical manifestations and previous to death, she was diagnosed with dengue infection. She died from cardiorespiratory arrest. In the postmortem evaluation, influenza A co-infection was confirmed and characterization of the tissue damage and immune response in lung, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, and brain was determined, finding a severe inflammatory response in lung with T cells and macrophages infiltrating the tissue. This case report highlights the risks of accepting a single diagnosis, especially in endemic countries to multiple tropical diseases, which can lead to delay in appropriate treatment that could reduce morbidity and mortality.
Hadron Spectra Parameters within the Non-Extensive Approach
Authors: Shen Keming , Barnaföldi Gergely Gábor , Biró Tamás Sándor
Published: May 2019

We investigate how the non-extensive approach works in high-energy physics. Transverse momentum ( p T ) spectra of several hadrons are fitted by various non-extensive momentum distributions and by the Boltzmann–Gibbs statistics. It is shown that some non-extensive distributions can be transferred one into another. We find explicit hadron mass and center-of-mass energy scaling both in the temperature and in the non-extensive parameter, q, in proton–proton and heavy-ion collisions. We find that the temperature depends linearly, but the Tsallis q follows a logarithmic dependence on the collision energy in proton–proton collisions. In the nucleus–nucleus collisions, on the other hand, T and q correlate linearly, as was predicted in our previous work.
Gravitational Qubits
Authors: Papini Giorgio
Published: May 2019

We report on the behavior of two-level quantum systems, or qubits, in the background of rotating and non-rotating metrics and provide a method to derive the related spin currents and motions. The calculations are performed in the external field approximation.
Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis Frequently Detectable in Commercial Equine Serum Pools
Authors: Meister Toni Luise , Tegtmeyer Birthe , Postel Alexander , Cavalleri Jessika-M.V. , Todt Daniel , Stang Alexander , Steinmann Eike
Published: May 2019

An equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) has been recently identified in association with equine serum hepatitis, also known as Theiler’s disease. This disease was first described by Arnold Theiler in 1918 and is often observed after applications with blood products in equines. So far, the virus has only been described in the USA and China. In this study, we evaluated the presence of EqPV-H in several commercial serum samples to assess the potential risk of virus transmission by equine serum-based products for medical and research applications. In 11 out of 18 commercial serum samples, EqPV-H DNA was detectable with a viral load up to 105 copies/mL. The same serum batches as well as three additional samples were also positive for antibodies against the EqPV-H VP1 protein. The countries of origin with detectable viral genomes included the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Italy, and Germany, suggesting a worldwide distribution of EqPV-H. Phylogenetic analysis of the EqPV-H NS1 sequence in commercial serum samples revealed high similarities in viral sequences from different geographical areas. As horse sera are commonly used for the production of anti-sera, which are included in human and veterinary medical products, these results implicate the requirement for diagnostic tests to prevent EqPV-H transmission.
Quantifying the Impacts of Climate Change, Coal Mining and Soil and Water Conservation on Streamflow in a Coal Mining Concentrated Watershed on the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Guo Qiaoling , Han Yaoyao , Yang Yunsong , Fu Guobin , Li Jianlin
Published: May 2019

The streamflow has declined significantly in the coal mining concentrated watershed of the Loess Plateau, China, since the 1970s. Quantifying the impact of climate change, coal mining and soil and water conservation (SWC), which are mainly human activities, on streamflow is essential not only for understanding the mechanism of hydrological response, but also for water resource management in the catchment. In this study, the trend of annual streamflow series by Mann-Kendall test has been analyzed, and years showing abrupt changes have been detected using the cumulative anomaly curves and Pettitt test. The contribution of climate change, coal mining and SWC on streamflow has been separated with the monthly water-balance model (MWBM) and field investigation. The results showed: (1) The streamflow had an statistically significant downward trend during 1955–2013; (2) The two break points were in 1979 and 1996; (3) Relative to the baseline period, i.e., 1955–1978, the mean annual streamflow reduction in 1979–1996 was mainly affected by climate change, which was responsible for a decreased annual streamflow of 12.70 mm, for 70.95%, while coal mining and SWC resulted in a runoff reduction of 2.15 mm, 12.01% and 3.05mm, 17.04%, respectively; (4) In a recent period, i.e., 1997–2013, the impact of coal mining on streamflow reduction was dominant, reaching 29.88 mm, 54.24%. At the same time, the declining mean annual streamflow induced through climate change and SWC were 13.01 mm, 23.62% and 12.20 mm, 22.14%, respectively.
Stormwater Retention and Reuse at the Residential Plot Level—Green Roof Experiment and Water Balance Computations for Long-Term Use in Cyprus
Authors: Charalambous Katerina , Bruggeman Adriana , Eliades Marinos , Camera Corrado , Vassiliou Loukia
Published: May 2019

Green roofs can provide various benefits to urban areas, including stormwater retention. However, semi-arid regions are a challenging environment for green roofs as long dry weather periods are met with short but intense rainfall events. This requires green roofs to retain maximum volumes of stormwater, while being tolerant to minimal irrigation supplies. The objectives of this study are (i) to quantify the stormwater retention of two substrate mixtures with two plant species under natural rainfall; (ii) to assess the performance of two plant species under two levels of deficit irrigation; and (iii) to compute stormwater runoff reduction and reuse by green roofs and rooftop water harvesting systems for three standard residential plot types in urban Nicosia, Cyprus. A rooftop experiment was carried out between February 2016 and April 2017 and results were used to compute long-term performance. Average stormwater retention of the 16 test beds was 77% of the 371-mm rainfall. A survival rate of 88% was recorded for Euphorbia veneris and 20% for Frankenia laevis, for a 30% evapotranspiration irrigation treatment. A combination of a green roof, rainwater harvesting system and 20-m3 tank for irrigation and indoor greywater use reduced stormwater runoff by 47–53%, for the 30-year water balance computations.
Experimental Hydraulic Investigation of Angled Fish Protection Systems—Comparison of Circular Bars and Cables
Authors: Böttcher Heidi , Gabl Roman , Aufleger Markus
Published: May 2019

The requirements for fish protection at hydro power plants have led to a significant decrease of the bar spacing at trash racks as well as the need of an inclined or angled design to improve the guidance effect (fish-friendly trash racks). The flexible fish fence (FFF) is a new developed fish protection and guidance system, created by horizontally arranged steel cables instead of bars. The presented study investigated experimentally the head loss coefficient of an angled horizontal trash rack with circular bars (CBTR) and the FFF with identical cross sections in a flume (scale 1:2). Nine configurations of different bar and cable spacing (blockage ratio) and rack angles were studied for CBTR and FFF considering six different stationary flow conditions. The results demonstrate that head loss coefficient is independent from the studied Bar–Reynolds number range and increases with increasing blockage ratio and angle. At an angle of 30 degrees, a direct comparison between the two different rack options was conducted to investigate the effect of cable vibrations. At the lowest blockage ratio, head loss for both options are in similar very low ranges, while the head loss coefficient of the FFF increases significantly compared to the CBTR with an increase of blockage. Further, the results indicate a moderate overestimation with the predicted head loss by common head loss equations developed for inclined vertical trash racks. Thus, an adaption of the design equation is proposed to improve the estimation of head loss on both rack options.
Exploration of the Snow Ablation Process in the Semiarid Region in China by Combining Site-Based Measurements and the Utah Energy Balance Model—A Case Study of the Manas River Basin
Authors: Liu Yan , Zhang Pu , Nie Lei , Xu Jianhui , Lu Xinyu , Li Shuai
Published: May 2019

Understanding the snow accumulation and melting process is of great significance for the assessment and regulation of water resources and the prevention of meltwater flooding, especially for the semiarid region in the Manas River Basin. However, the lack of long snow measurement time series in this semiarid region prevents a full understanding of the detailed local-scale snow ablation process. Additionally, the modeling of snow accumulation and melting is challenging due to parameter uncertainty. In this study, the snow ablation process in the Manas River Basin was quantitatively explored with long time-series of 3-h measurements of snow depth, snow density and snow water equivalent (SWE) at the Wulanwusu (WLWS), Hanqiazi (HQZ), and Baiyanggou (BYG) sites. This study explored the ability of the Utah energy balance (UEB) snow accumulation and melt model to simulate SWE, energy flux and water loss in the study area. Furthermore, the uncertainty in the ground surface aerodynamic roughness index zos in the UEB model was also analyzed. The results showed that: (1) noticeable variations in snow depth, SWE and snow density occurred on seasonal and interannual time scales, and variations in melting time and melting ratios occurred on short time scales; (2) a rapid decrease in snow depth did not influence the variations in SWE, and snow melting occurred during all time periods, even winter, which is a typical characteristic of snow accumulation in arid environments; (3) the UEB model accurately simulated the snow ablation processes, including SWE, snow surface temperature, and energy flux, at WLWS, HQZ, and BYG sites; (4) the lowest contribution of net radiation to melting occurred in the piedmont clinoplain, followed by the mountain desert grassland belt and mountain forest belt, whereas the contributions of net turbulence exhibited the opposite pattern; (5) the optimal zos in the UEB model was experimentally determined to be 0.01 m, and the UEB model-simulated SWE based on this value was the most consistent with the measured SWE; and (6) the results may provide theoretical and data foundations for research on the snow accumulation process at the watershed scale.
Effects of Environmental Conditions on Cathode Degradation of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell during Potential Cycle
Authors: Hashimasa Yoshiyuki , Daitoku Hiroshi , Numata Tomoaki
Published: May 2019

We investigated the effects of cell temperature and the humidity of gas supplied to the cell during the load cycle durability test protocol recommended by The Fuel Cell Commercialization Conference of Japan (FCCJ). Changes in the electrochemically active surface area (ECA) and in the amount of carbon support corrosion were examined by using the JARI standard single cell. The ECA declined more quickly when the gas humidity was raised, and the carbon corrosion was at the same level. These results suggest that the agglomeration of platinum was accelerated by the same agglomeration mechanism, i.e., by raising the humidity of the gas supplied to the cell.
Fragmentierte Identität
Authors: Goda Regina
Published: May 2019

Die Studie befasst sich damit, wie die Identität einer Person konstruiert wird und welche Aspekte in ihrer Fragmentierung Bedeutung haben. Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung steht der Debütroman „Der lange Gang über die Stationen“ (2008) des österreichischen Gegenwartsautors Reinhard Kaiser-Mühlecker, dessen Protagonist, Theodor in einer Umwelt lebt, die seine Lebensform und seine Möglichkeiten eingrenzt. Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit jenen Faktoren, die die soziale und kollektive Identität bestimmen. Es werden die zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen hervorgehoben, die die Rollen und Erwartungen vorschreiben, denen Theodor entsprechen muss. Es wird ebenfalls untersucht, wie das kommunikative und das kulturelle Gedächtnis Theodors Zugehörigkeit konstruieren und wie diese mit den sozialen Verhältnissen zusammenhängen. In der Studie wird verdeutlicht, welche Wirkung die Unvereinbarkeit der unterschiedlichen Rollen auf die Identitätskrise und Entfremdung Theodors hat und welche Deutungsmöglichkeiten das Ende des Romans zulässt.
Az óészaki kultúra nyomai a modern fantasy-irodalomban: Tolkien és a skandináv mitológia
Authors: Purkarthofer Kornél
Published: May 2019

A dolgozat elsősorban J. R. R. Tolkien életműve és a skandináv mitológia közötti párhuzamokat kutatja. Vitathatatlan, hogy napjainkban széleskörű népszerűségnek örvend a vikingkori északi pogány hiedelemvilág a fantasy különböző közegein belül, mely az utóbbi évtizedekben kinőtte eredetileg kizárólag irodalmi műfajként betöltött szerepét, és egyfajta kulturális jelenséggé vált. Ahhoz azonban, hogy megérthessük, Tolkien maga hogyan vett részt ebben a folyamatban, és milyen kapcsolatot is ápolt a nevezett mitológiával, szükséges magyarázattal szolgálni bizonyos fogalmakat illetően. A dolgozat első fejezetei a fantasztikus irodalommal és annak manapság legismertebb műfajával, a modern fantasyvel foglalkoznak részletesebben, továbbá itt kerül sor Tolkien és forrásai, az óészaki kultúra, az Eddák, valamint az óizlandi sagák elhelyezésére is. A dolgozat második fele arra koncentrál, milyen tudományos-irodalmi tevékenység áll Tolkien 20. századi (mű)mitológiájának hátterében, és hogyan jeleníti meg a múlt század egyik legismertebb alkotója, a „high-fantasy atyja” az óészaki kultúra és skandináv mitológia elemeit saját, divatot teremtő történeteiben.
Kleist unterrichten
Authors: Nyéki Gábor
Published: May 2019

Welche Integrationsmöglichkeiten haben die klassischen literarischen Werke im heutigen DaF-Unterricht? Warum lohnt es sich, die Potenziale dieser Texttypen und ihrer Fortschreibungen/Adaptionen zu erforschen? Aus dieser Sicht beschäftigt sich der Beitrag mit der Chancen und Herausforderungen von Kleists Erzählung „Michael Kohlhaas“. Wie wird die Handlung des Textes z.B. im amerikanischen Western „The Jack Bull“ verwendet? Wie kann die Geschichte von Kohlhaas auf den Prozess der Adaptierung hinweisen? Wie können die ungarischen Adaptionen wie z.B. „Der Heizer“ von Péter Hajnóczy zu einer erfolgreichen Didaktisierung des Klassikers beitragen?
Die Neologismen der Flüchtlingskrise in der deutschen und ungarischen Presse
Authors: Putterer Elisabeth
Published: May 2019

Die Arbeit befasst sich mit den zwischen Januar 2015 und Oktober 2016 in der deutschen und ungarischen Presse erschienenen Neubildungen, die im Zusammenhang mit der Flüchtlingsproblematik entstanden. Das Ziel der Arbeit war, zu untersuchen, welche neuen lexikalischen Einheiten zur Benennung der Phänomene der Flüchtlingskrise in der Berichterstattung entstanden sind, welche Wortbildungsprozesse an der Bildung von Neologismen beteiligt waren, welche semantischen Eigenschaften, Motivationsbasen in den einzelnen Wortbildungen erkennbar sind-
Der Flaubert’sche Schnitzler
Authors: Czoller Viktória
Published: May 2019

Bis heute spürt man die Wirkung der Ohnmacht, die die Protagonistinnen von Schnitzler und Flaubert vor 120–160 Jahren erlebten. Sie sind Symbole der auf sich gestellten Menschen, die sich durch den wachsenden gesellschaftlichen Druck nicht nur von der Außenwelt, sondern auch von sich selbst isolieren. Die Studie geht von der Hypothese aus, dass die psychosoziale Kausalität in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts durch die Zusammenschau von „Die Toten schweigen“ und „Madame Bovary“ modelliert werden kann, weshalb die Novelle und der Roman nicht nur in einer rein intertextuellen Beziehung stehen, sondern einander ergänzend einen konkreten Zerfallsprozess darstellen, bei dem die Figuren das Schicksal beschuldigen. In diesem Rahmen werden Fragen diskutiert, wie das Ziel der Intertextualität, die vielfältig interpretierbare Entwicklungsfähigkeit der Protagonistinnen vor dem Hintergrund psychologisierender Ansätze und die Probleme der Ausdrucksfähigkeit angesichts der zahlreichen Ellipsen in den beiden Werken.
Encounters for foot and ankle pain in UK primary care: a population-based cohort study of CPRD data
Authors: Ferguson Rachel , Culliford David , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Pinedo-Villanueva Rafael , Delmestri Antonella , Arden Nigel , Bowen Catherine
Published: May 2019

Background

Older patients who have foot pain report variation in access to services to manage their foot health. To plan services it is essential to understand the scale and burden of foot pain that exists for GPs.

Aim

To provide UK-wide population-level data of the frequency of foot and/or ankle pain encounters recorded in general practice.

Design and setting

Population-based cohort design study using data drawn from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) from January 2010 to December 2013.

Method

All CPRD data were collected prospectively by participating GPs. The primary outcome was prevalence of GP encounters for foot and/or ankle pain, stratified by age, sex, and different subgroups of causes.

Results

A foot and/or ankle pain encounter was recorded for 346 067 patients, and there was a total of 567 095 recorded encounters (mean per person 1.6, standard deviation [SD] 1.3). The prevalence of recorded encounters of foot and/or ankle pain was 2980 per 100 000 (3%). The number of patients with a recorded encounter of foot and/or ankle pain was 1820 per 100 000 (1.8%). Foot and/or ankle pain encounters were reported across all age groups (54.4% females), with those aged 71–80 years placing the greatest burden on GPs. The most common specified referrals were to orthopaedics (n = 36 881) and physiotherapy (n = 33 987), followed by podiatry (n = 25 980).

Conclusion

The burden of foot and/or ankle pain encounters recorded by GPs is not insubstantial, and spans all ages, with a high proportion of referrals to orthopaedics. The authors recommend further exploration of ‘first-contact practitioners’ for foot and/or ankle pain in general practice to alleviate the burden on GPs.
Study of molecular motions by neutron spectroscopy in organic solids (Review)
Authors: Springer T.
Published: May 2019

This review deals with problems in the field of molecular crystals which can be studied by means of neutron spectrocopy, particularly regarding the potentialities available at a high flux reactor with advanced instrumentation. The fundamental principles of neutron strectroscopy, especially the different ways to interpret the scattering data in terms of phonons, time-dependent atomic coordinates, and correlation functions are discussed briefly. Two classes of problems are treated :

1) The investigation of molecular vibrations (bond vibrations, librations, phonons).

This allows a determination of the force constants for translational and rotational motion of the molecules from which one obtains, in principle, information on the intermolecular forces if certain models are being applied. Special attention is paid to the study of high energy bond vibrations. So far, dispersion branches at lower energies have been investigated only for a small number of substances (hexamethylenetetramine, anthracene, methane).

2) The investigations of molecules performing rotational jumps between their quasi˗equilibrium positions. In such cases the neutron spectrum consists of a sharp elastic line at energy transfer ℏω = 0 (« Mössbauer Line ») plus a broadened quasi˗elastic line centered at ℏω = 0. With spectrometers of extreme resolution (3•10⁻⁷ eV) which have become available quite recently, a separation of both components is possible. The information obtainable are the jump rate and the average distribution in space of a proton bound to the molecule. Jump rates between 10⁸ sec⁻¹ and several 10¹² sec⁻¹ can be investigated.

3•10⁻⁷ eV).
Lattice defects and the plasticity of organic solids
Authors: Sherwood John Neil
Published: May 2019

Recent work on the mobilities of point and line defects in organic solids is summarized. It is shown that, whereas it has been common to discriminate between plastic and brittle solids there is no definite distinction. Those solids which are usually referred to as plastic crystals show a variation in plasticity from that characteristic of the more brittle phases (at high fusional entropies) to the highly plastic (at low fusional entropies). At high temperatures T > 0.75 Tm (the melting temperature), plastic deformation occurs by a dislocation climb mechanism. At T < 0.75 Tm this gives way to a slip mechanism. In the former case self˗diffusion is the rate controlling factor. There are indications that the variations in the rates of self˗diffusion are associated with changes in the nature or structure of the point defect in the systems.
A Study on the Level of Agreement between Impaired Elders and their Primary Family Caregivers: Problems in Family Proxy Assessments
Authors: LEE Mee-Ae
Published: May 2019

The study was carried out to identify whether or to what extent there is agreement between impaired elders and their primary caregivers with respect to their knowledge, attitudes, and opinions regarding long-term care. Three instruments were measured: 1) knowledge of the burdens on caregivers; 2) attitudes toward parent care; and 3) opinions on future-use of long-term care services. The study found statistically significant differences between patients and caregivers in their knowledge, attitudes, and opinions regarding long-term care, indicating that family proxy assessments might not reflect patients’ knowledge, attitudes, and opinions on long-term care. Accordingly, the study provides support for the proposal of legalizing proxy appointments to raise accuracy and dependability of family proxy assessments.
Resolving Conflicts between Informed Consent and Patients' Privacy in Medical Emergencies
Authors: Bae Hyun-A , LEE Seok-Bae , JANG Hye-Young
Published: May 2019

This article provides guidelines for obtaining informed consent in medical emergencies. Obtaining consent from patients in the emergency room can prevent appropriate and timely access to their evaluation and treatment. While mentally competent adults always have the right to consent, whether or not a minor has the right to consent depends up his or her mental capacity. As such, there is room for flexibility concerning the legal age for informed consent. After a judgment is made on the patient’s capacity for consent, the urgency of the situation should be considered. If medical treated is needed immediately, it should be provided, even if the patient is a minor. When there is enough time for getting consent, a physician should try to obtain consent from a patient or legal surrogate.
The Development of a Research Ethics Education Program: Experiences, Current Situation, and the Need for Research Ethics Education
Authors: HAN Sung-Suk , AHN Sung-Hee , KU In-Hoe , LEE Mi-Song
Published: May 2019

This study examines the experiences, current situations, and educational needs of researchers in life sciences in order to develop an educational program for research ethics. A total of 267 subjects from medical center C participated in this study. The findings were as follows: 1) 43.8% of respondents agreed with the item, “I have included the name of a person in my research who didn’t contribute to my research”, while only 3.7% agreed with the statement, “I have tried to minimize risk factors which could impact on participants during the research process”; 2) on the status of ethics education, the number of discussions or lectures regarding research ethics and ethical problems was very low; 3) the highest acknowledged educational need was for “scientists’ ethical responsibility and attitudes(69.7%)”, while the lowest acknowledged need was for a “peer review system(27.0%)”; 4) differences in educational needs were found among the different disciplines. In medical science, research misconduct, human and animal research ethics, conflict of interest, and peer review were highlighted, while in basic biological science, animal research ethics and the relationships among research members were emphasized. In nursing science, ethics education on authorship and referencing was widely regarded as lacking. These findings indicate that research ethics education is needed in order to support responsible research conduct.
Ethical Issues in the Public Exhibitions of Human Cadavers in Korea
Authors: PARK Jae-Hyun
Published: May 2019

In 2002, an exhibition of human cadavers entitled “Body Worlds” was staged in Korea. Since then a number of similar exhibitions have been held across the country, drawing a total of more than four million visitors. These exhibitions, which display plastinated human cadavers in various poses, have been widely regarded as having scientific and educational value, teaching people about human life and health. However, there has been little public debate or discussion of the ethical issues associated with the exhibition of human cadavers. This article explains that the ethical principles governing cadaver use for medical education are as follows: 1) there should be no viable alternative to human cadavers for this purpose; 2) there should be concrete and explicit benefits from the use of cadavers; 3) informed consent should be obtained; 4) the cadavers should be respected and not be used for commercial purposes; and 5) privacy and confidentiality should be maintained. However, as it is argued in this article, the public exhibitions of human cadavers mentioned above violate several of these ethical principles: there are alternatives to the use of human cadavers for the purposes of health education, no explicit and concrete benefits were gained by using these human cadavers, the commercial dimension of the exhibitions violates the principle of respect for the dead body, and it is doubtful that informed consent was obtained from the people whose bodies were on display in these exhibitions. Thus, this article concludes that the exhibitions of human cadavers in Korea were unethical.
Lessons from the Operations of the Korean National Bioethics Committee
Authors: LEE Dong-Ik
Published: May 2019

On December 29, 2003, the Korean National Assembly passed the Bioethics and Biosafety Act, which came into effect in 2005. While many organizations - governmental, scientific, civic, ethical, and religious - participated in the public discussions leading up to the enactment of the Bioethics and Biosafety Act, none of these organizations was satisfied with the result once it was enacted. Many criticisms were raised, including criticisms of the National Bioethics Committee, which was established to enable all interested parties to voice their concerns concerning the bioethics legislation, to promote mutual understanding among the various parties, and to ensure that the pending legislation would be ethically sound. However, for reasons presented in this article, the Committee did not, and could not, fulfill its proper role of mediating disagreements and promoting consensus; instead, it enabled each of the various organizations concerned with the Bioethics and Biosafety Act to claim their own interests. The function of a committee is very much determined by its composition. So to understand why the National Bioethics Committee failed to function properly, one must look to its composition or organization. This article examines how the National Bioethics Committee was organized, describes its agendas and operational problems during a two-and-a-half year period, and presents a proposal for resolving those problems.
The Development of a Clinical Ethics Core Curriculum for Medical Trainees in Korea
Authors: CHEONG Yoo-Seock , KOH Youn-Suck , KWON Ivo , KIM Ock-Joo , PARK Jae-Hyun , SOHN Myong-Sei , LEE Il-Hak , LIM Ki-Young , CHANG Kee-Hyun
Published: May 2019

In 2007, the Korean Society for Medical Ethics Education (KSMEE), with the support of the Korean Academy of Medicine (KAM), developed a clinical ethics core curriculum for medical trainees in Korea. This article provides a summary of the contents of the curriculum developed by the KSMEE. The curriculum consists of six main subjects: doctor-patient relationships, interpersonal relationships with colleagues and paramedical persons, ethics related health policy, withholding and withdrawing of treatment, research ethics, and professionalism. Each main subject has three to four sub-sections. All issues were generated by medical ethics experts by means of group discussions and a survey of medical trainees at various university hospitals in Korea. Each subtitle has four parts including a general overview, learning goals, and two to three relevant clinical cases with key references. This curriculum is primarily for medical trainees, who are not well prepared for the diverse ethical challenges and ethical dilemmas they may face during their daily clinical activities.