bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moldability of Nano Size Zirconia for Powder Injection Molding Process by Using PEG and PMMA Binders
Authors:   Mechanical Engineering Programme, Centre for Engineering Materials and Smart Manufacturing (MERCU), Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Basir Al , Sulong Abu Bakar ,   Mechanical Engineering Programme, Centre for Engineering Materials and Smart Manufacturing (MERCU), Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Eshak Etta ,   Mechanical Engineering Programme, Centre for Engineering Materials and Smart Manufacturing (MERCU), Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Nazihah Mas’ood Najlaa ,   Mechanical Engineering Programme, Centre for Engineering Materials and Smart Manufacturing (MERCU), Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Jamadon Nashrah Hani ,   Mechanical Engineering Programme, Centre for Engineering Materials and Smart Manufacturing (MERCU), Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Muhamad Norhamidi ,   Mechanical Engineering Programme, Centre for Engineering Materials and Smart Manufacturing (MERCU), Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
Published: February 2023

Powder injection molding (PIM) is a well-known manufacturing technique for the production of metal and ceramic near net shapes. Now-a-days, this technology is largely used in electronics, biomedical, aerospace, automotive, defence and telecommunication industries. In this paper, green parts of ZrO2 with polyethylene glycol (PEG), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and stearic acid (SA) binders were prepared by PIM process. The average particle size of ZrO2 powder was 50 nm with pycnometer density of 6.054 g/cm3. The ZrO2 powder was mixed with binder content of 73 wt.% PEG, 25 wt.% PMMA and 2 wt.% SA. The rheological results showed pseudoplastic properties of the feedstock at 140 °C and 160 °C, which was suitable for PIM process. The suitable injection molding parameters for feedstock at 51 vol.% powder loading such as mold temperature, injection temperature, injection pressure and holding time were 60 °C, 160 °C, 10 bar and 8 s, respectively. At the same powder loading, the green part density of 3.60 g/cm3 was measured, whereas for the three-point flexural, the measured strength was in the range of 13-15 MPa. For structural analysis, the morphological properties of the powder as well as the surface and the cross-section of the green part was examined.
Stochastic finite-fault modeling of ground motions from the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake. I. Validation on rock sites
Authors: Beresnev Igor A. , Atkinson Gail M.
Published: February 2023

The stochastic method of simulating ground motions from finite faults is validated against strong-motion data from the M 6.7 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake. The finite-fault plane is subdivided into elements, each element is assigned a stochastic ω2 spectrum, and the delayed contributions from all subfaults are summed in the time domain. Simulated horizontal acceleration time histories and Fourier spectra at 28 rock sites are compared with observations. We first perform simulations using the slip distribution on the causative fault derived from strong-motion, teleseismic, GPS, and leveling data (Wald et al., 1996). We then test the performance of the method using quasi-random distributions of slip and alternative hypocenter locations; this is important because the rupture initiation point and slip distribution are in general not known for future earthquakes.

The model bias is calculated as the ratio of the simulated to the observed spectrum in the frequency band of 0.1 to 12.5 Hz, averaged over a suite of rock sites. The mean bias is within the 95% confidence limits of unity, showing that the model provides an accurate prediction of the spectral content of ground motions on average. The maximum excursion of the model bias from the unity value, when averaged over all 28 rock stations, is a factor of approximately 1.6; at most frequencies, it is below a factor of 1.4.

Interestingly, the spectral bias and the standard deviation of the stochastic simulations do not depend on whether the fault slip distribution and hypocenter location are based on data or are randomly generated. This suggests that these parameters do not affect the accuracy of predicting the average characteristics of ground motion, or they may have their predominant effect in the frequency range below about 0.1 Hz (below the range of this study). The implication is that deterministic slip models are not necessary to produce reasonably accurate simulations of the spectral content of strong ground motions. This is fortunate, because such models are not available for forecasting motions from future earthquakes. However, the directivity effects controlled by the hypocenter location are important in determining peak ground acceleration at individual sites.

Although the method is unbiased when averaged over all rock sites, the simulations at individual sites can have significant errors (generally a factor of 2 to 3), which are also frequency dependent. Factors such as local geology, site topography, or basin-propagation effects can profoundly affect the recordings at individual stations. To generate more accurate site-specific predictions, empirical responses at each site could be established.
Stochastic finite-fault modeling of ground motions from the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake. II. Widespread Nonlinear response at soil sites
Authors: Beresnev Igor A. , Atkinson Gail M. , Johnson Paul A. , Field Edward H.
Published: February 2023

On average, soil sites behaved nonlinearly during the M 6.7 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake. This conclusion follows from an analysis that combines elements of two independent lines of investigation. First, we apply the stochastic finite-fault simulation method, calibrated with 28 rock-site recordings of the Northridge mainshock, to the simulation of the input motions to the soil sites that recorded this event. The calibrated model has a near-zero average bias in reproducing ground motions at rock sites in the frequency range from 0.1 to 12.5 Hz.

The soil sites selected are those where there is colocation of strong-motion accelerographs and temporary instruments from the Northridge aftershock observation network. At these sites, weak-motion amplification functions based on numerous aftershock records have been empirically determined, in three separate investigations reported in the literature. These empirical weak-motion amplification factors can be applied to the simulated input rock motions, at each soil site, to determine the expected motions during the mainshock (i.e., neglecting nonlinearity). These expected motions can then be compared to the actual recordings during the mainshock.

This analysis shows that the recorded strong-motion spectra are significantly over-estimated if weak-motion amplifications are used. The null hypothesis, stating that the inferred differences between weak- and strong-motion amplifications are statistically insignificant, is rejected with 95% confidence in the frequency range from approximately 2.2 to 10 Hz. On average, the difference between weak- and strong-motion amplifications is a factor of 2. Nonlinear response at those soil stations for which the input peak acceleration exceeded 150 to 200 cm/sec2 contributes most to this observed average difference. These findings suggest a significant nonlinear response at soil stations in the Los Angeles urban area during the Northridge mainshock. The effect is consistent with the increase in damping of shear waves at high levels of strain, which is well known from geotechnical studies of soil properties.
Latin America has been under-represented in dementia clinical trials, we must turn the corner…
Authors: Allegri Ricardo , Román Fabián , Barceló Ernesto
Published: February 2023

The world’s population is aging, life expectancy is increasing in the past century as result of the improvements in healthcare and the people arrive to live longer and healthier. However, this has also resulted in increase the number of people with age-related diseases like most of dementia etiologies (fundamentally Alzheimer and Vascular dementia). The growth of people with dementia in the next 20 years will be exponential around the world but even more in those countries with Low and Medium Incomes (LMIC) due to the recently and future improve in health care and quality of life.
Consecuencias Neurológicas y Psiquiátricas a largo plazo (6 meses) en pacientes con COVID leve de la comunidad.
Authors: Román Fabián , Calandri Ismael L. , Caridi Aldo , Carosella María-Andrea , Palma Pablo-Alejandro , Llera Jose-Javier , Bartoloni Leonardo-Carlos , Sanz Pablo , Mouchet María-Emilia , Fernandez-Díaz Paula-Carolina , Morasso Carlos A. , Tarulla Adriana
Published: February 2023

Las complicaciones neurológicas a largo plazo de la infección por coronavirus han sido descriptas en los pacientes hospitalizados en el episodio agudo. De ellos el 63% presentaron fatiga y debilidad muscular, el 26% trastornos del sueño; 24% trastornos en la marcha y 23% ansiedad y depresión. A mayor severidad del episodio agudo mayor probabilidad de sintomatología neurológica a largo plazo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la prevalencia de síntomas neurológicos y psiquiátricos a los 6 meses en una cohorte de pacientes adultos, principalmente ambulatorios. Fueron evaluados mediante una entrevista telefónica 96 sujetos con una media de edad de 48 años, 54% mujeres, y el 86 % ambulatorios leves. De ellos a los 6 meses el 32% de la población presentaba aun síntomas neurológicos o psiquiátricos. Ansiedad (31%), fatiga (26%), niebla mental (24%), insomnio (22%), depresión (21%), y cefalea (19%) entre otros. Conclusiones: en el presente trabajo con sujetos que sufrieron COVID leve los síntomas neurológicos y psiquiátricos post COVID continuaron prominentes como lo reportado en otros trabajos en las formas agudas más graves.
Delay of Gratification in Costa Rican Preschoolers: Effect of Trust in the Experimenter and the Socio-Economic Status
Authors: Chaverri-Chaves Pablo , Conejo L. Diego , León-González Sara P. , Arrieta-Ávila L. Alonso
Published: February 2023

This study analyzed the effect of confidence in the experimenter on the performance of a group of Costa Rican preschoolers on self-control. In addition, the effect of socioeconomic status on performance on the marshmallow task was analyzed by a comparison of children from both different schools (public vs private) and different socioeconomic contexts within each school. The sample of participants was 67 children (26 girls, M of age = 63 months, SD = 6.03). Effects were found, both of the confidence in the experimenter and of the socio-economic status in self-control. The implications of this study for future studies with children and families are discussed.
Reversible cognitive impairment and parkinsonism with leukoencephalopathy due to cranial dural arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Lara-Sánchez Melanie , Dossi Daiana E. , Ameriso Sebastian
Published: February 2023

Parkinsonism and rapid cognitive impairment may have many causes, but only a few have specific treatment. Cranial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) represents 10-15% of intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Clinical manifestations depend on location and venous drainage. It is common the presence of pulsatile tinnitus, bruits and headache or headache and papilledema. Progressive cognitive decline is an unusual presentation due to bilateral thalamic edema or cortical venous hypertension. Endovascular or surgical treatment can reverse disease symptoms.We present a 74-year old man with rapidly progressive cognitive impairment and parkinsonism and a subsequent diagnosis of dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF). Brain MRI revealed diffuse leukoencephalopathy probably attributable to elevated venous pressure. He was treated with partial embolization with Onix and left transverse sinus angioplasty. Following the procedure, there was a substantial reduction of venous pressure signs and remarkable clinical and imaging improvement, persisting at two years follow-up. This case represents an unusual presentation of DAVF. It is important to suspect the diagnosis of DAVF in cases with rapidly evolving cognitive impairment, parkinsonism and leukoencephalopathy as it can be reversible with early treatment.
A case of successful surgical treatment for peritoneal seeding of hepatocellular carcinoma after radiotherapy and atezolizumab plus bevacizumab combination treatment
Authors: Cho Yuri , Kim Bo Hyun , Kim Tae Hyun , Koh Young Hwan , Park Joong-Won
Published: February 2023

Peritoneal seeding of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is incurable and has poor prognosis. A 68-year-old man underwent surgical resection for a 3.5 cm single nodular HCC at the tip of segment 3 and transarterial chemoembolization for a 1.5 cm-sized recurrent HCC at the tip of segment 6. 3 months later, an increasing 1 cm pelvic nodule on the rectovesical pouch warranted radiotherapy. Although it stabilized, a new 2.7 cm-sized peritoneal nodule in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) omentum appeared 3.5 years after radiotherapy. Hence, omental mass and small bowel mesentery mass excision were performed. 3 years later, recurrent peritoneal metastases in the RUQ omentum and rectovesical pouch progressed. 33 cycles of atezolizumab and bevacizumab treatment elicited stable disease response. Finally, laparoscopic left pelvic peritonectomy was performed without tumor recurrence. Herein, we present a case of HCC with peritoneal seeding that was successfully treated with surgery after radiotherapy and systemic therapy, leading to complete remission.
Association of serum vitamin D levels and simple febrile seizures in children
Authors: Adnan Mohammad Ahad , Hossain Mohammad Iqbal , Khanam Wahida , Mawa Jannatul , Ahmed Ifthakhar , Mondol M. Tariqul Islam
Published: February 2023

Background: Febrile seizure is one of the commonest childhood neurologic diseases. There is an increasing concern that vitamin D deficiency may play an etiological role. This study was conducted to find out the association between vitamin D levels and febrile seizure. Objective were to determine the association of vitamin D levels in children with simple febrile seizure.
Methods: This case control study was conducted in institute of child and mother health, Dhaka from July 2019 to June 2020. Children aged six to sixty months with simple febrile seizure were ‘cases’ and those having fever without seizure were controls. Detailed history regarding breastfeeding, intake of calcium and vitamin D rich diet, sunlight exposure, family history of seizure was taken and physical examinations were done. Data collection was done through a pretested structured questionnaire. Serum vitamin D level was measured.
Results: There were 44 cases of simple febrile seizure and 50 controls. Mean age of the study participants was 16.5±8.9 and 14.4±7.1 months in case group and control group respectively, with a majority in the age group 6-12 months. 34.1% of cases and 22% of controls had deficient vitamin D while 50% of cases and 34% of controls had insufficient vitamin D, respectively. Reduced vitamin D level was more common in case group. Mean vitamin D level was also significantly lower in case group.
Conclusions: Decreased vitamin D level was found to be significantly associated with simple febrile seizure.
Cranial ultrasound findings in asphyxiated term neonates and their correlation clinically with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy staging
Authors: Ganesan Dhanushuya , S. Saravanan
Published: February 2023

Background: The survival of asphyxiated neonates has significantly increased in recent years because of numerous advancements in contemporary neonatal intensive care. The most popular and easily repeatable imaging method for the neonatal brain, the neurosonogram can demonstrate the most common types of cerebral injury in preterms and term infants. This study aims to analyse the value of cranial ultrasonography as an investigative tool for birth asphyxia babies (>34 weeks) will be evaluated to learn the morphology of various cerebral lesions and to compare clinical findings with neurosonogram results.
Methods: An observational study was conducted in 75 neonates (>34 weeks) admitted in Government Cuddalore medical college with birth asphyxia. A detailed history and clinical examination was carried out according to the designed proforma. All the babies in the study group were subjected to cranial ultrasound and the morphology of findings studied. CUS findings were correlated clinically.
Results: Among babies with HIE stage I, 89.7% had normal Cranial Ultrasound Findings, and 10.3% had abnormal findings. 43.3% babies had abnormal Cranial ultrasound findings in HIE stage II, and 70% had abnormal findings in HIE stage 3.
Conclusions: Cerebral oedema was the commonest neurosonogram finding in Asphyxiated babies and HIE 3 had the maximum abnormal findings in our study. Since there is a positive correlation between the severity of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and cranial ultrasound findings, USG cranium can be performed as a screening tool in all neonates with birth asphyxia in whom additional investigations could not be performed.
Role of magnetic resonance imaging brain in children with developmental delay
Authors: Dittakavi L. V Padma Priyanka , Tanneru Shreya , Thanda Prasad , Thomas Suresh R. J.
Published: February 2023

Background: Developmental delay is one of the most common conditions encountered by paediatricians. It is defined as significant delay in one or more of the developmental domains. Evaluation of such children with neuroimaging is important to come to a specific diagnosis.  Early identification and diagnosis have implications for better treatment and parental counselling regarding the outcome. This study aims to observe the various findings in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain and to depict the aetiology in children with developmental delay.
Methods: A hospital based retrospective observational study, was carried out in Kamineni institute of medical sciences, Narketpally among 40 children aged between 6 months to 12 years, with features of developmental delay. MRI brain was done and findings were later classified into various etiological subgroups.
Results: Normal morphological MRI findings were seen in only 12.5% of children with developmental delay. Abnormal morphological findings in MRI were seen in 87.5%, out of which 40% showed metabolic and degenerative disorders, 37.5% of the findings depicted congenital malformations, 10% of them were of infectious aetiology.  The white matter was the most commonly involved anatomical structures i.e., (52.5%), followed by ventricles (20%).
Conclusions: MRI can easily detect many specific etiological and pathophysiological conditions thus; clinical diagnosis of developmental delay must be aided with neuroimaging for better understanding of the aetiology.
A retrospective study on acquired demyelinating diseases in children
Authors: Gajre Mona P. , Sarkate Akash D. , Joshi Swarali S. , Adhikari Arpita D. , Garg Ankur
Published: February 2023

Background: Acquired demyelinating diseases (ADS) соnstitute а heterogeneous grоuр of central nervous system disorders of autoimmune origin that causes significant physical and cognitive disabilities. Early recognition and prompt management causes significant improvement in acute episodes of demyelinating disorders.
Methods: 33 children diagnosed with demyelinating disorders at Lokmanya Tilal municipal medical college and hospital in Mumbai were enrolled. The study was conducted between January 2013 and November 2022.  Demographic data, clinical profile, CSF study, serum antibody, radiological findings were collected and results were analyzed. Statistical Data was analysed using statistical software GraphPad in Stat.V3.0. Data were presented in tables and figures whenever needed.  P value <0.05 considered as significant.
Results: Of 33 patients, 21 (63%) were cases of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), 6 (18.1%) of transverse myelitis (TM), 1 case of ADEM + TM (3%), 3 (9%) of neuromyelitis optica, 1 (3%) of Optic neuritis and 1 (3%) of multiple sclerosis. ADEM patients presented with encephalopathy and multifocal neurological deficits, 40% were MOG positive. Two patients were of multiphasic ADEM. Patients of transverse myelitis had paraparesis or quadriparesis and sensory + bladder involvement. Patients with NMO presented with bilateral visual impairment with limb weakness and bladder involvement. Steroids were the primary treatment, 3 patients (9%) required intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and 1 (3%) patient received plasma exchange therapy.
Conclusions: ADEM is the most common ADS. Early diagnosis and management with steroids therapy improves outcome in most of the patients. Non response to steroids warrants second line treatment options like IV Immunoglobulin (IVIG) or Therapeutic plasma exchange.
Evaluation of peak expiratory flow rate with severity of lower respiratory tract infection in children of Hadoti region
Authors: Tripathi Shobhit Kumar , Sahu Yatendra , Meena Neelam , Rathore Anjali
Published: February 2023

Background: Correlation of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) with severity of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and comparison of PEFR with same age, sex, height and nutritional status of children of age group 7 to 18 years.
Methods: This is a case control study in children in the age group of 7 to 18 years of both sexes suffering from LRTI admitted in department of paediatrics of a tertiary care government hospital of Hadoti region. The duration of study was October 2019 to September 2020. Group 1 (case group) comprised of children having LRTI, whereas group 2 (control group) comprised of healthy and asymptomatic children There were 250 children in each group and they were further categorized into 3 age groups of 7-10 years, 11-13 years and 14-18 years. The PEFR of LRTI group children was compared with control group children with the similar age, sex as well as the anthropometric measurements.
Results: In LRTI group, the PEFR had significant difference from control group, in all three age groups (p<0.0001). The study showed positive co-linear relationship between age, height, weight and BMI with PEFR in both males and females in LTRI and control groups.
Conclusions: Effect of PEFR depends upon anthropometric measurements of children of different age group in both LRTI population and control population. In control group PEFR showed significant difference between boys and girls, but in LRTI group PEFR showed non-significant difference between boys and girl in their respective age groups.
Correlation of serum ferritin level in transfusion-dependant thalassemia major patients: a study at a medical college affiliated hospital in Gujarat region
Authors: Bhalodiya Vijay R. , Valiya Lalji G. , Mehta Niyati A. , Padhariya Bhavin B.
Published: February 2023

Background: Beta thalassemia is one of the most common causes of inherited disorder in the world. In India, around 65000-70000 cases of thalassemia are present currently and every years around 9000-10000 new cases are added. Measurement of serum ferritin level gives an idea about when to start iron chelation therapy, which will reduce the concentration of iron in the serum and thereby prevents the multiple organ damages.
Methods: A prospective hospital based study was conducted on 100 children having beta thalassemia major. These children were regularly transfused at our hospital and their serum ferritin level were measured by ELISA based assay. Detailed transfusion history and demographic profile were recorded and compared with serum ferritin level. Results were analyzed with SPSS software and Microsoft Excels.
Results: In present study, mean serum ferritin level in 0-5 year age group was1262 µg/l, in 6-10 years age group was 1963.44µg/l and in 11-18 years age group was 2387.43µg/l. On applying ANOVA test, it was evident that there was a statistically significant correlation between increased serum ferritin level with increasing age of the patient as well as with increasing number of a total blood transfusion.
Conclusions: High serum ferritin level in beta thalassemia is associated with increasing age of children as well as with increasing transfusion dependency. Serum ferritin measurement at regular interval helps in determining the ideal timing to start iron chelation therapy in transfusion dependant thalassemic patients.
Clinical spectrum of infants with thiamine responsive pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Uppalapati Tanmayi , Krishna Yathirajam S. , Eregowda Adarsh
Published: February 2023

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disorder caused by hypertension in blood vessels from heart to lungs. Exclusively breastfed infants are at the highest risk due to their high metabolic demand and low thiamine level in mothers. Symptoms are observed to be sometimes precipitated with the presence of co morbidity such as sepsis and lower respiratory tract infections. This study explains 10 cases with varied clinical presentation and response to management of different grades of infantile pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Lemierre's syndrome: an evolving disease
Authors: Manjunath Chaitra , Atkins Amanda , Ilonze Chibuzo
Published: February 2023

Lemierre’s syndrome is characterized by thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein with resulting systemic septic emboli. Most cases occur following an oropharyngeal infection and have been historically caused by the bacterial pathogen Fusobacterium necrophorum. However, infection from other pathogens is becoming more common in recent years. Our case is special in the sense that Lemierre’s syndrome was caused by staphylococcus aureus after influenza infection. A 23-month-old male presented with complaints of left neck swelling and recurrent fever for one week, following influenza A infection. The child was ill-appearing with fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, and erythematous swelling on the left cheek. Laboratory results revealed elevated inflammatory markers. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the neck showed loculated fluid collection suggesting an intra parotid abscess with poor visualization of the internal jugular vein (IJV). Blood cultures were positive for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Due to high clinical suspicion of Lemierre’s syndrome, a doppler ultrasound was obtained which showed a left IJV thrombus. CT scan of the chest after the clinical suspicion showed multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules suggesting septic emboli. He was treated with antibiotics and a six-week course of the anticoagulant with a resolution of his thrombus. Though historically, Lemierre’s disease is caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, other causative organisms such as methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus are increasingly being recognized. Lemierre’s disease can present as a complication of influenza. A high index of clinical suspicion based on the location of the abscess helped us delineate diagnostic tests and treatment.
Role of oral fluid, electrolytes and energy in various pediatric illnesses beyond diarrhea: an Indian expert panel consensus recommendation
Authors: Ghosh Apurba , Bavdekar Ashish Ramesh , Wadhwa Nishant , Chakravarty Pavitra , Nagpal Rahul , A. R. Somashekar , Shankar Janani , Canday Eileen , Bathina Haritha , Tesado Christian , Thakor Priti , Malve Harshad
Published: February 2023

Dehydration in non-diarrheal illnesses often goes unnoticed and there are no consensus treatment recommendations for management of dehydration in non-diarrheal illnesses. A multi-disciplinary committee of 10 experts from India gathered on virtual platform in September 2020 to develop consensus recommendation on current treatment strategies for managing oral fluid electrolyte and energy in pediatric patients during non-diarrheal illnesses and to identify unmet needs and gaps. A pre-meeting questionnaire-based voting system was adopted to reach consensus followed by a discussion between panel members. In absence of consensus, the topic was opened for debate to arrive at an aligned recommendation. Key clinical challenges include identifying dehydration in acute illnesses and recommending appropriate quantity and type of oral fluids based on symptom severity. This consensus statement provides guidance on management of dehydration in non-diarrheal illnesses including recommendation on oral fluid, electrolytes, and appropriate energy management in pediatric population. Oral fluid, electrolyte and energy supplementation were recommended based on symptoms in acute non-diarrheal illness increased insensible losses and/or decreased intake. Oral rehydration fluids should be prescribed accurately and at the right-time for countering dehydration, ideally early in the course of illness. Prescribing pattern should be precise and like intravenous fluids. Carbonated drinks and canned juices should not be recommended. Plain water may not be optimal in replacing electrolytes especially for anorexic patients who can only tolerate fluids. These clinical practice statements provide guidance for oral fluid, electrolytes, and energy recommendations for pediatric patients with various acute illnesses beyond diarrhea.
Foreign body in the right nasal cavity secondary to embedded dacryocystorhinostomy tube
Authors: Al-Arayedh Mohamed , Al-Rowaila Muneera , Al-Reefy Heba
Published: February 2023

A 39-year-old male patient was presented with foreign body sensation eight months post unilateral dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) tube procedure in his right lower Punctum. On examination, the (silicon-based stent) was patent on the right orbital Punctum. However, the nasal element of the DCR tube was undetected during examination using the nasal speculum. endoscopic examination of the nasal cavity failed to reveal the nasal portion of the tube. None of the approaches performed were successful to detect the exact site of the stent. Therefore, the patient was transferred to the theatre to remove the tube surgically under general anaesthesia. In the operating table, endoscopic examination of the right nasal cavity revealed a granuloma over the nasal portion of the tube, embedded in the lateral nasal wall. Accordingly, the granuloma was then suctioned, which led to the appearance of the DCR tube. The tube was then removed, and the patient established a patent nasal airway. The patient was discharged on the same day, with no postoperative complication. As per the presented case, the following case report will be discussing the potential causes that might have led to the granuloma formation. We aim in the analysis of this case to scale down post DCR procedure complications by comparing the efficacy of silicon-based stents to other type of stents, as to guide surgeons into a safer and lesser invasive approach. In the majority of complicated DCR procedures with granuloma formation, the granulomas are suctioned in a clinical setting. However, the patient needed a more invasive approach, by removing the granuloma surgically to establish a patent nasal airway.
Unusual cause of ear wax
Authors: Malhotra Sonali
Published: February 2023

Sir,
We were provoked to write this short piece after we encountered around 50 cases presenting to us in Otorhinolaryngology OPD (from August 2020 till May 2021) at our institution with an atypical cause of ear wax. The current COVID-19 pandemic has imposed the worldwide use of masks in addition to social distancing. With this background, we present an interesting cause of ear wax. We had 186 patients coming to the OPD with ear wax out of which only 50 adult patients never had accumulation of wax before.  Patients using ear buds on regular basis, using earphones/ headphones for prolonged durations i.e., more than one hour/day, history of ear discharge or any otological surgeries in the past, using masks with strings were excluded from the study.
Evaluation of effectiveness and tolerability of a moisturiser as an adjuvant to isotretinoin therapy for acne: a real-world evidence
Authors: Tahiliani Sushil T. , Saraf Vinay V. , Jadhav Sonali P. , Poojary Priya V. , Vaidya Abhijit J. , Sawant Sandesh V. , Panda Madhumita S. , Gogtay Jaideep A.
Published: February 2023

Background: Moisturizers are recommended as an adjuvant to acne therapies especially topical/systemic retinoids to counteract their cutaneous side-effects. Moisturisers also reduce inflammation and the intensity of acne. The compliment study was designed to evaluate effectiveness and tolerability of moisturiser (Excela, Cipla Ltd., Mumbai, India) in patients prescribed isotretinoin for managing their acne in real-world scenario.
Methods: This open-label, observational, prospective, non-comparative multicentre study was conducted between June 2019 and January 2020. Patients who were prescribed Excela moisturiser as an adjuvant to isotretinoin for acne management were enrolled. After four weeks, the investigator graded the patient’s skin on smoothness and softness on a five-point scale and dryness, scaling and redness on a four-point scale. Its organoleptic characteristics and tolerability were evaluated using the subject assessment questionnaire.
Results: We enrolled 200 patients (average age: 24.02±5.44 years). Investigators rated smoothness and softness of the skin as very good to excellent in 129 (64.5%) and 113 (56.5%) patients. No patient reported severe skin dryness, scaling or redness. Very good to excellent spreadability and appeal was rated by 132 (66.0%) and 133 (66.5%) patients, respectively. Eighty (40%) patients rated the moisturiser as non-greasy/non-sticky. Itching (1%), redness (0.5%), cold (0.5%), and cough (0.5%) were reported as adverse events but were of mild intensity and unrelated to the study product. No patient experienced serious adverse event or moisturiser-related adverse event.
Conclusions: Overall, Excela moisturiser was effective and tolerable in patients with acne who were prescribed isotretinoin at the end of 4-week-long treatment period.
Recurrent vesicular palmoplantar dermatitis: a clinical study in children and adolescents
Authors: S. Mrudula , Nandakishore Thokchom , Kongbam Linda , Valsalan Bhavya , V. Nischith , Ralte Lalthlamuana
Published: February 2023

Background: Previously known as dyshidrosis, recurrent vesicular palmoplantar dermatitis (RVPD) is presented as severe eruption of non -erythematous, symmetrical vesicles or bullae located along the lateral sides of fingers, on the palmar or plantar areas, and developing into a chronic and recurrent condition. Although very frequently observed on the hands, there are no specific studies about such eczema in children and adolescents. Objectives of current study was to study clinical profile of RVPD in children and adolescents, and monitor the association of RVPD with seasonal variations, hyperhidrosis, atopy and nickel sulphate.
Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in fifty patients affected by RVPD coming to out- patient department of dermatology in regional institute of medical sciences, Imphal, Manipur for a period of 24 months (October 2019 to September 2021) were collected using questionnaire. Data including age, sex, seasonal variation, hyperhidrosis, and atopy were collected. Relevant laboratory investigations like KOH examination, patch testing etc. were performed. Children (<12 years) and adolescents (13-18 years) irrespective of sex coming to opd were included and those unwilling to participate and treated elsewhere were excluded. Ethical approval was obtained from research ethics board and statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 21.
Results: Majority (44%) of patients were in the age group 1-5 years. Hyperhidrosis (12%) was identified as second most contributing factor for RVPD after idiopathic cases. Atopy was the most common associated factor followed by seasonal warm weather exacerbation.
Conclusions: RVPD onset may occur at an early age, developing into a chronic and recurrent infection. Hyperhidrosis and atopic status was established in the clinical profile.
Consenso en hidratación infantil saludable. Nuevos conceptos y recomendaciones actuales en el contexto de la triple y la cuádruple carga de malnutrición
Authors: Perea Martínez Arturo , INP COyENT , A.C AONMI
Published: February 2023

La hidratación es un proceso de consumo de agua que aporta grandes beneficios y mantiene la homeostasis hídrica de un organismo. Las fuentes de hidratación en el mundo se han diversificado en razón de la amplia disponibilidad de productos hídricos para el consumo humano. La calidad de los mismos es igualmente variable y van desde los que aportan solo agua hasta aquellos que contienen vitaminas, minerales, electrolitos, azúcares, edulcorantes no calóricos, colorantes, entre otros constituyentes.
Econometric Estimation of the Capital Stock and the Production Function: The Case of the Bahamas, Barbados, Jamaica, and Suriname
Authors: Baca Campodónico Jorge F. , Reyes-Tagle Gerardo
Published: February 2023

Most studies of total factor productivity (TFP) and long-term production functions use capital stock time series obtained from ad hoc estimates of the rate of depreciation and the initial capital stock. This paper introduces a methodology that allows the simultaneous econometric estimation of the capital stock, the production function parameters, the rate of depreciation, and the initial capital stock. The proposed methodology, using the underlying cost function to the production function, allows for the incorporation of information about the relative prices of the factors of production and the possibility of having variable depreciation rates over time. The proposed methodology is applied to the case of the Bahamas, Barbados, Jamaica, and Suriname for the period 1989-2019 using national accounts data published by the statistical services of these countries.
The Causal Impact of Covid-19 Government-backed Loans on MSMEs Liquidity and Earnings
Authors: Cerda Maikol , Gertler Paul , Higgins Sean , Montoya Ana María , Parrado Eric , Undurraga Raimundo
Published: February 2023

We conducted two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the impact of government-guaranteed loans offered by the Chilean and Colombian governments. The public funds of these programs greatly expanded following the start of the Covid-19 pandemic and offered loans to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises to mitigate the negative impact of the shock. Through a collaboration with private banks, we launched two experiments which offered loans to a sub-set of the 10,072 Chilean and 3,079 Colombian small businesses that took part in our experiments. Most of these firms had previously applied for a loan during the pandemic--but prior to the RCTs--but were rejected by banks due to their risk analysis of the firms. With take-up rates of 27% and 29%, respectively, we find that Covid-19 loans had a significant positive impact on the total liquidity that treated MSMEs could access: total liquidity with the formal banking system increased by 15.7% (statistically significant at the 1% level). The results of our RCTs will inform Latin American governments concerning their strategies to support MSMEs via government-backed loan programs and will shape similar public policies in the future.
Diversidade fúngica em diferentes áreas de utilização do solo do Bioma Pampa
Authors: Rodrigues Douglas Henrique Giovanella , Müller Thais , Rempel Claudete , Silva Guilherme Liberato da , Heidrich Daiane , Maciel Mônica Jachetti
Published: February 2023

No sul do Brasil, juntamente com a Argentina e o Uruguai, está situado o Bioma Pampa. A diversidade fúngica presente neste local pode ser afetada pelos meios de exploração do solo, que acabam, consequentemente, influenciando as demais comunidades biológicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a comparação da diversidade fúngica em diferentes áreas de utilização do solo do Bioma Pampa. Para tanto, foram realizadas coletas de solos na cidade de Pantano Grande, situada no Rio Grande do Sul. Três diferentes áreas de utilização do solo foram amostradas: área nativa, de pastagem e de silvicultura. Os fungos do solo foram isolados por meio da técnica da diluição decimal. A identificação ocorreu por meio das observações das características macro e microscópicas. Através de métodos estatísticos, analisou-se a diversidade dos fungos e se fez a comparação da comunidade de fungos entre as áreas amostradas. Foram isolados 265 indivíduos distribuídos em nove tipos taxonômicos. As três áreas apresentaram quatro táxons em comum (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sp., Trichoderma sp. e Fusarium sp.), enquanto as áreas utilizadas para a pastagem foram as únicas a apresentar exclusividade na presença de um táxon (Verticillium sp.). Com isso, pôde-se concluir que o solo das áreas utilizadas para pastagem apresenta a maior biodiversidade fúngica entre as áreas estudadas, entretanto, a riqueza fúngica entre os diferentes tipos de uso do solo não apresentou diferenças.
Does the wall thickness of the left atrial appendage and its isthmus depend on their macroscopic characteristics?
Authors: Gaponov A. A. , Dmitrieva E. G. , Malov Ya. S. , Iakimov A. A.
Published: February 2023

Knowledge in interrelations between gross anatomy of the left atrial appendage (LAA) and thickness of the walls of LAA and periauricular area enables decreasing operational risks in LAA ostium occluding and «Cox-Maze» surgery for atrial fibrillation. The aim of the study was to identify significant interrelations between the macroscopic characteristics of the LAA (size, shape, number of lobes) and the parameters of the wall thickness of the LAA and its isthmus. Material and methods. The study includes 50 heart specimens of patients died from non-cardiac diseases. We examined 60 anatomical sections from 30 hearts by means Olympus SZX2-ZB10 microscope, and histological slices from 20 hearts. Results. The layers of the LAA wall were thinner than those in the isthmus. The thickness of LAA walls did not show direct correlation with the external dimensions of LAA. We found inverse correlation (Rs = – 0.4, p < 0,05) between the thickness of the myocardium, endocardium and some external sizes of LAA. The wall thickness of «chicken wing», «cauliflower» and «arrowhead» was the same. The wall of single-lobe LAA was thinner than that of two-lobed LAA (p = 0.036). The LAA isthmus wall was thinner (p = 0.03) in hearts with «cauliflower» LAA compared to hearts with LAA resembled a «chicken wing». Differences in wall thickness in LAA of various shapes were due to the degree of subepicardial fatty tissue development. Intracardiac operations should be done with the utmost care in patients with «cauliflower» LAA and single-lobe LAA to avoid damage of the LAA and periauricular area. Conclusions. The research found clinically significant interrelations between the LAA wall thickness and the number of its lobes as well as between the LAA isthmus wall thickness and LAA shape variants.
A unified design for validation of methods for quality control of blood components
Authors: Kalinina E. N. , Kormshchikova E. S. , Vildanova N. S. , Sherstnev F. S.
Published: February 2023

Quality assurance of transfusion media is a fundamental principle of the functioning of all blood service institutions, allowing guaranteeing the safety of the recipient. An integral part of the procuring process of blood components is their laboratory testing, which results reliability and reproducibility can be proved by carrying out of validation of analytical methods. The aim of the study was to define the rules for planning and carrying out validation tests of methods for quality control of blood components, including verification of their compliance with established acceptance criteria. Material and methods. The analysis of the literature about the safety of blood components and the quality of laboratory tests was carried out with an assessment of the applied significance of the information proved. Results and discussion. As a result of the work done, a unified model for confirming of the accuracy of determining of the safety indicators of transfusion media was created, which contributes to improving of the quality of donor biomaterial and the effectiveness of therapy. Conclusions. The presented validation design is relevant for medical organizations working in the sphere of blood donation and its components.
Kryzys społecznej gospodarki rynkowej w kontekście procesów globalizacji
Authors: Dylus Aniela
Published: February 2023

In the context of globalization processes, the social market economy (SME) is in the crisis. Reflection on the features of that model is
closely related with the scientific dispute over its designation. It could be perceived as a theory, political program, sort of economic order,
structure, model or system of economic and social development. Sometimes it is seemed as an idealistic vision or even political utopia
(Niklas Luhmann). Others (eg. Peter Koslowski) argue that this system has come to an end. In favor of this thesis they refer to various
arguments: lack of consensus on redistribution, demographic crisis, depletion of solidarity resources, intergenerational imbalance that
threatens the retirement systems and many others. Despite the range of these arguments, it appears that the SME still has a specific potential
that could be freed. Combating difficulties associated with globalization processes such as: dominance of the economy over politics, ‘tax
starvation’ of the welfare state, marginalization of trade unions, dispersion of ownership and its detachment from responsibility,
‘financialization’ of economy, dominance of ‘casino capitalism’, could help to heal SME. The crisis on financial markets might be
paradoxically an opportunity to return to the ethical foundations of the SME.
Etyczne aspekty globalizacji gospodarki
Authors: Sobuś Paweł Bogumił
Published: February 2023

The globalization constitutes the multilevel phenomenon. It also concerns the economic sphere. It is connected with the rapid
technological development. In order to achieve this increasingly more recent economic successes do not forget about the one,
who is to be source and the purpose of any activity – of a man.
Józefa Tischnera rozumienie pracy
Authors: Zywar Gabriela
Published: February 2023

Work cannot be separated from human life. Nowadays, the concept of work has been usually perceived only from an economic
perspective as a factor of production process. Does acquiring the means of livelihood is the only value of human work? No doubt, it is a very
basic goal, but not the only one. Besides this dimension, there are many other important aspects of human work.
In the first part of my paper, I point out two possible understanding of the phenomenon of human work
– an objective and a subjective one. The objective sense has to show haw men reign over the earth (material production). The subjective one
emphasizes the dignity of human person (philosophical anthropology and ethics). According to Tischner it would be a mistake to take into
account only the objective meaning of work, since the moral sense would have been omitted.
In the second part, I will adduce the dangers to the proper understanding of human work which arise when one chooses the wrong
concept of man (philosophical anthropology). In the philosophical understanding, work is a derivative of the accepted vision of man. In order
to avoid the situation of objectifying of man (problem of reification), we should conceive him as a personal being who crates himself in the
process of work.
In the final part of my presentation, the phenomenon of work is discussed as a mean of improvement and perfection of human being
which is done in cooperation with others. By the means of work man enters into relations with God, with the material world, with others
(the social world) and with himself. By the above mentioned means she discovers the purpose of her life.