bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modal Analysis on Linear Ultrasonic Motor
Authors: Luo Lei , Luo Qian
Published: March 2015

As the expanding applications of linear ultrasonic motor, the demand for high-thrust linear ultrasonic motor in the aerospace and industrial robots is growing. Consequently, for a high-thrust linear motor, it’s stator model was established according to the actual structure of the motor stator and was also analyzed of the motor stator modal by the finite element method. The results show that the inherent frequency of vibration for the motor stator increases with the order, and corresponds with the vibration mode, by which was realized to work for the linear ultrasonic motor.
Research on the Rehabilitation Robot Control Methods for Analysis of Lower Limb Kinetics during Sit to Stand Process
Authors: Liu Kun , Zhao Jian Chen , Cao En Guo , Han Xuan
Published: March 2015

A new method for analyzing lower limb kinetics during sit to stand process is presented, and a trajectory control method (TCM) and an impedance control method (ICM) for a rehabilitation robot are developed. During the sit to stand process (SSP), body segment rotational angles, movement trajectories, ground reaction forces (GRF), center of pressure (COP) and rope tensile forces are measured by the robot sensor system, and the joint moments of ankle, knee and hip are calculated in real-time control program. Test experiments were performed on six volunteers. The experimental results validate the theory that the control methods can assure the accomplishment of the sit to stand process in comfortable postures, and improve the condition of joint moments. The control methods are suitable for self-supported home training, and can be applied to assess kinetics parameters during the sit to stand process and improve the rehabilitation of patients.
A PCR Chip with Reusable Electrodes and its Temperature Analysis
Authors: Cao Jing Tong , Cui Feng , Chen Wei , Guo Zhao Xin , Chen Wen Yuan , Wu Xiao Sheng , Liu Wu , Zhang Wei Ping
Published: March 2015

This paper presents a new micromachined PCR chip with separable electrodes part and reaction chamber part. The electrodes part, employing Pt film resistor as heaters and sensors, is reusable, and the chamber part is a disposable PDMS-GLASS bonded structure. This PCR chip with reusable electrodes can largely reduce fabrication cost. COMSOL software is used to simulate the temperature distribution of the designed chip and then use infrared thermometer (NEC R300SR) to verify temperature distribution of the fabricated chip. The test results turned out to perfectly fit the simulation of temperature distribution, which provides reliable basis for further PCR amplification experiment.
Servo Controller Application and Design in ATP System
Authors: Li Xing Hong , Xiang Xian , Du Xiao Guang
Published: March 2015

With the rapid development of computer technology, it is widely used in the control field, including advanced alarm plane,cruise missile,radar,O-E theodolite,etc. The increasing complex and real-time arithmetic was applied in the ATP(Acquire Tracking Pointing) system of the control system for boosting the track、captring and pointing precision of O-E(photo-electric) theodolite, so it demanded the servo controller must complete more and more operations in shorter time. While the actual O-E theodolite accomplished the capture and tracking etc. based on PC104 system, so designed the servo control system based on embedded chip as CPU from the practicality, not only decreases the cubage of the system, but also increases the reliability and precision.
Trajectory Planning for a Articulated Robot
Authors: Wang Kai Kai , Li Jia Qi , Zou Yuan Wei , Wang Cheng Li , Liang Liu Bo
Published: March 2015

This paper focuses on the robot trajectory planning algorithm in-depth study, we propose a new path planning algorithm to ensure that the velocity and the acceleration of the starting point and the destination point are zero at the same time, and there are continuity of the intermediate points also.Give the matlab simulation waveform diagram and the algorithm at last,and this trajectory planning provides a good reference value for robot trajectory studies of future.
Experimental Evaluation of a Dual Piezostack-Driven Jetting Dispenser System
Authors: Jeon Jun Cheol , Hong Seung Min , Chung Jye Ung , Choi Seung Bok
Published: March 2015

In this paper, a new jetting dispensing system for underfill process is proposed and experimentally evaluated. The suggested system is actuated by two piezostack actuators positioned in parallel and a lever-hinge mechanism is used for amplifying a displacement of the piezostack actuators. After describing the geometric configuration and working principle of the proposed system, both geometric and material information are explained. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed system experimentally, an experimental apparatus are manufactured. The needle displacement and jetting weight of single dot are experimentally obtained and displayed.
Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty for Ball Pressure Test Based on Reading Microscope
Authors: Xin Tian , Zhou Jun Gang , Su Shi Qing , Xu Zhong Chun , Liu Ya
Published: March 2015

Ball pressure test is the heat resistance test of the electrical products material, whether it meets the requirements of material performance to eliminate security risks. Using reading microscope for ball pressure test measurement and its measurement uncertainty was analyzed in this paper, including measurement uncertainty sources, established mathematical model, uncertainty example and measurement uncertainty result. The measurement uncertainty was analyzed to ensure the accuracy of ball pressure test measurement result.
Geometric and Motion Error Model and Precision Analysis of Multiaxial EDM
Authors: Wang Min , Zhou Qiang , Liu Jian Yong , Zhai Li Jun
Published: March 2015

The precision of Multiaxial EDM is improved by a geometric and motion error model of EDM. A lower numbered body array is introduced to describe the EDM with a homogeneous coordinate transformation used to model the geometric and motion errors of a typical body in the multi-body system. Multi-body kinematics are employed to derive the structural and motion relations and the corresponding location error equation。 The motion error chain for the EDM is analyzed to develop a versatile error model. An entire Multiaxial EDM is analyzed as an example to determine its errors. The method provides a reference for Multiaxial EDM precision design.
Joint Beamforming and Power Optimization with Per-Antenna Power Constraints in Cognitive MISO System
Authors: Zhu Wen Tao , Liu Xu , Yang Jing Bo
Published: March 2015

Joint Beamforming and power allocation schemes are considered for cognitive radio (CR) multiple input single output (MISO) system in this paper. We considered the robust downlink beamforming and power allocation problem with per-antenna power constraints which is more realistic in practice, instead of sum-power constraint, under the imperfect channel state information (CSI). Since the given optimization problem is a non-convex problem which is difficult to handle, we transformed it into second order cone program (SOCP) problem, which can be solved efficiently. Simulation shows that the proposed scheme indeed has a better performance in CR system.
Large Scale Motor Group Integrative Management and Control Network System Based on PLC-SCADA under Complex Environment
Authors: Zhao Li Ming , Zhang Bing
Published: March 2015

Using advantages of PLC, SCADA, inverter, bus and internet in industrial production, in order to cope with the characteristics of large number of motor, complex sequential logical, high drive control demanding and distributed in different territory, it designs a configuration monitoring system for motor group integrative management and control network system, which uses PPI protocol and USS protocol and fieldbus technology, configuration monitoring technology and network technology, etc. It can realize the effective management of large number of motor driving and control. Due to its function quite similar, S7-200 and S7-300 and MM440 in the paper can be replaced by other kinds of PLC and inverter on the market. So the control scheme proposed by this paper is more practical and universal. Application in textile printing and dyeing institutions multi-cell motor driving, it shows that the designed system can drive and control the motor group with high efficiency and reliable.Keyword:largenumberofmotor;motorgroupnetwork;driveandcontrol;inverter;PLC-SCADA.
Intelligent Operation and Maintenance of Substations Based on Internet of Things (IoT) Technology
Authors: Wang Yu Bo , Wang Zheng , Zhao Dong Yan , Zhang Hai Feng
Published: March 2015

The Internet of Things (IoT) technology has been extending its applications in the electric power system since the very beginning of the construction of the smart grid in China. Under such a background, this paper first discusses the technical principles and development goals of the IoT for the electric power system, which can also be called the “power grid IoT” in brief. And then, according to the technical principles mentioned above and the common guidance released by the power grid authorities, this paper presents an IoT technology based Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system for substations. The key technologies, functions and applications of the system are described respectively. The design of an extremely long-life and stable wireless temperature sensor is presented in detail. The functions of the SCADA system include substation equipment status monitoring, 3D-visualization, environment monitoring, spare parts location, asset management and so on. The applications of such a system can be regarded as efficient methods for substation intelligent operation and maintenance.
In Situ Growing of Co2+  Doped TiO2 Film on the Surface of Ti Plate and its Photo-Catalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Bai Xue Feng , Zhang Kui
Published: March 2015

Abstract: The Co2+ doped TiO2 film(Co-TiO2) was prepared by in-situ growing on the pure Ti plate substrate in the electrolyte solution of Na3PO4 containing CoSO4·7H2O by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) process. The effect of the amount of CoSO4·7H2O adding into the electrolyte solution on structure of Co-TiO2 and its activity of photo-catalytic hydrogen production had been studied. It was found that the characteristic peak(101) of anatase phase and the characteristic peak(002) of rutile phase appeared and the red shift of absorption edge occurred for Co-TiO2 films when adding CoSO4 into the electrolyte solution. It was shown from experimental results that the highest hydrogen production rate was 0.33 μmol/ h·cm2 over the above-prepared Co-TiO2 in CoSO4·7H2O content of 8.7 g/L.
Deposition Model of Sodium (Potassium) Fluorosilicate Fouling in Wet - Process Phosphoric Acid Production
Authors: Song Peng Yun , Deng Rong Qun , Zhu Dan
Published: March 2015

It is easy to form the crystallization fouling of sodium (potassium) fluorosilicate during the wet-process phosphoric acid (WPA) production, which seriously affects the continuity of production. The crystallization fouling deposition model is selected to establish a model to simulate sodium (potassium) fluorosilicate fouling deposition process and to predict the deposition rate of fouling in the pipe in this paper. The predicted results by the model are on the whole consistent with the existed experimental data. The factors, such as fluid velocity, temperature and ion concentration that affect fouling deposition rate were discussed, it was found that the fouling deposition rate increases with the increasing of fluid velocity, decreases with the increasing of temperature, and the greater the ion concentration, the greater the deposition rate.
Selective Formation of Herbicides by Selenium-Catalyzed Oxidative-Reductive Carbonylation of CO
Authors: Mei Jian Ting , Bai Xue Lian , Mu Zhong Guo
Published: March 2015

The oxidative-reductive carbonylation of dimethyamine and aromatic nitro-compound catalyzed by selenium to yield herbicides has been studied. The selectivity of herbicide is above 99%. In the reaction there is a phase-transfer process.The catalyst can also be separated from the product by simple phase separation.
The Effect of Ge on the Electrochemical Performance of Sn/C Nanocomposite Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Deng Jian Qiu , Pan Jin , Chen Tian , Qin Hai Qing , Liu Wen Ping , Yao Qing Rong , Wang Zhong Min , Zhou Huai Ying
Published: March 2015

nanosized Sn-Ge/C composite powders were successfully prepared by rocking vibratory ball milling method, and characterized with X-ray powder diffraction and laser particle size analysis method. The electrochemical performance of the nanocomposite anodes was investigated by charge-discharge tests. The results show that Ge exhibits as the elemental form in the nanocomposites. The capacity of nanocomposite anodes can be enhanced by the introduction of micro-sized Ge powders. The Sn90Ge10/C nanocomposite anodes deliver the optimum electrochemical performance, including discharge capacity and cycling stability. However, the relatively fast capacity fade of the nanocompsoite anodes need to be further improved.
Preparation of Skin Care Lotion with the Substrate of Insect Wax and Camellia Oil
Authors: Ma Jin Ju , Ma Li Yi , Zhang Zhong Quan , Wang You Qiong , Zhang Hong
Published: March 2015

The compound of camellia oil and insect wax was applied in cosmetics supplemented by policosanol, fish collagen peptide and so on to prepare an O/W-type skin care lotion, and the lotion formula was finally confirmed as follows: camellia oil: 2.40-4.50%, insect wax: 0.80-2.40%, policosanol: 0.03-0.50%, sodium oleate: 1.40%, vaseline: 3.00-6.00%, glycerinum: 3.30-7.60%, triethanolamine: 0-0.50%, sodium carboxymethylcellulose: 1.00-2.00%, fish collagen peptide: 1.50-2.50%, methylparaben: 0.10%, propylparaben: 0.10%, deionized water: allowance. Various properties of the skin care lotion were tested according to relevant standards, and the sensory and physical-chemical indexes of the lotion all tallied with the national standards and some of them even were significantly better than the premium-grade standard requirements. The particles of the prepared lotion were mainly in uniform size and regular shape, which was similar to that of the reference commodity lotion. The skin care lotion was proven to be low in skin irritation and fine in moisturizing efficacy.
Research on Ultrasonic-Rebound-Strength Curve of Polypropylene Fiber Concrete in Chloride Environment
Authors: Sun Chang Zheng , Lin Ying Dong , Zhu Fan Fan
Published: March 2015

Exploring strength curve and the corrosion mechanism of polypropylene fiber reinforced cement in chloride environment by the ultrasonic-rebound method and wet-dry cycle method in the laboratory. And fitting actual strength with rebound value and ultrasonic velocity, the result indicates that compressive strength of polypropylene fiber reinforced cement has a good regression relationship with rebound value and supersonic velocity
Micro-Analysis of Sulfate Salt Attack Destruction on Autoclaved-Curing Concrete
Authors: Hu Yan Yan , He Ting Shu , Zhang Xian Zhe
Published: March 2015

The autoclaved-curing high strength concrete was prepared with quartz powder (QP). The deterioration behavior of concrete specimens partially exposed to Na2SO4solutions was analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer and X-ray diffraction as well. The results show that the interfacial transition zone cause the autoclaved-curing concrete damage. Sulfate chemical erosion is the main cause the damage of cement concrete. Hydration products of decomposition are the main cause of concrete crack mixing with QP. QP concrete is more susceptible to sulphate attack.
Discussion on Formula for the Flexural Capacity of Concrete Beams Strengthened with FRP
Authors: Chen Xu Jun , Yang Qiao , Guo Jun
Published: March 2015

The flexural capacity formula of reinforced concrete structure strengthened with FRP in Code for Design of strengthening concrete structure(GB 50367—2013) was introduced, and the rationality of the formula was analyzed. The results showed that the concrete compression height is independent of the tension strength of Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP), and the concrete compression height decreases with the increase of the tension strain of FRP, which is contrary to fact. The flexural capacity formula of reinforced concrete structure strengthened with FRP in Code for Design of strengthening concrete structure (GB 50367—2013) is worth discussing.
A Concise Approach for the Synthesis of 4-Nitrophenyl-β-D-ribofuranoside
Authors: Gong Zi Wen , Sun Zhi Dong , Ruan Zhi Zhong , Wu Yan Li , Xiao Qiang
Published: March 2015

An enzyme substrate, 4-nitrophenyl-β-D-ribofuranoside, was synthesized from commercially available 1,2,3,5-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-ribofuranoside andp-nitrophenol using an efficient glycosylation. The synthesized substrate can fulfill the requirements for the detection of ribofuranosidase.
High Current Pulsed Electron Beam Effect on Micro-Arc Oxidation Film of Ti Alloy
Authors: Zhao Hui , Du Chun Yan , Yang Jin Hua , Wang Xiao Hui
Published: March 2015

High Current Pulsed Electron Beam (HCPEB) was employed to treat Ti-6Al-4V alloy subjected to micro-arc oxidation. The surface morphology and phase composition of surface film were investigated, as well as the wear and corrosion resistance. The results show that the coarse porous ceramic coating becomes smooth and compact after electron beam treatment. High temperature stable rutile phase increases, and low temperature stable anatase phase reduces. The friction coefficient of composite coating reduces obviously and stabilizes at 0.2, and the wear resistance is improved. The increased corrosion potential and decreased corrosion rate exhibits an enhanced corrosion resistance.
Temperature Field Simulation of Electron Beam Cladding W Coating on Cu Substrate
Authors: Wan Li , Huang Yi Ping , Zhang Rui Bin , Yu Hai Hua , Li Hang , Duan Jun Wei , Liu Hai Lang
Published: March 2015

A 3D Finite Element Model of the Temperature Field for Electron Beam Cladding of Pre-Tungsten Powder on the Surface of the Copper Block was Established, According to the Actual Situation of the Electron Beam Cladding Process, Based on Finite Element Analysis Software ANSYS Workbench, Analyzed the Temperature Field Distribution of the Electron Beam Cladding Process. Temperature Field Calculation Results Showed that the Cladding Process Heating and Cooling Speed was up to 103-104°C/s, and the Surface Temperature Increased Rapidly, while the Temperature of the Substrate Maintained Low, since the Water Cooling System.
Study on New Extrusion Route of Equal Channel Angular Processing in High Purity Aluminium
Authors: Ban Chun Yan , Yao Zhen , Gao Hai Tao , Zhu Si Xu , Guo Ya Ping , Cui Jian Zhong
Published: March 2015

The new extrusion route of ECAP which is called route 135 was put forward in this paper. The grain refinement of the traditional extrusion route BCand the new route of ECAP process in 99.9995% (5N5) high purity aluminum was compared using a die with a channel-intersection angle 90°. It was found through experiment that, the grain was very coarse in the cast ingot of 5N5 high purity aluminum, and the average grain size is about 60mm. High purity aluminum processed by one pass ECAP was refined notably, and average grain size is about 1000 μm. After two ECAP passes, the average grain size is 200μm with route BC, while it is less than 50μm with route 135. The refinement of two passes of route 135 is equivalent to the refinement of eight passes of route BC. It indicates that the route 135 is more effective than route BC. TEM micrograph of 5N5 high purity Al with different ECAP pass under route BCand route 135 was studied.
Study on the Modification of Blast Furnace Smelt Slag and Crystallization Behavior in the Solidification Process
Authors: Li Jie , Zhao Kai , Zhang Yu Zhu , Liu Wei Xing , Yang Ai Min
Published: March 2015

The direct fibrillation of blast furnace slag can solve these problems, such as having not been recycled of sensible heat, the consumption of water resources, environmental pollution and the low additional value of product, which are caused by the traditional water quenching method. The modification is the key problem of fiber forming. The thesis mainly aims at the study of viscosity of slag, the ability of crystallization and mineral phase structure after the modified process of blast furnace slag and confined the relevance of the three to optimize the appropriate texturizer and adding ratio. The results are as following: Iron ore waste rock, fly-ash and compounded texturizer can improve the high temperature viscosity of the slag respectively, while it has different effect on landing gradient of viscosity and temperature (Fly-ash occupies first place, compounded texturizer comes second and iron ore and waste rock comes the minimum). By analyzing the crystallization behavior of the slag in the solidification process, when the proportion of iron ore waste rock is more than 9%, the fly-ash is equal or greater than 8% and the compounded texturizer is more than 9%, the solidification slag will appear amorphous. The mineral composition of the slag transforms gradually from melilite to vitreous body, which will make the air hole of the vitreous body increased and aperture decreased. When the iron ore waste rock is added, the homogeneity of the air hole will deteriorate, while adding the fly-ash and compounded texturizer will strengthen the homogeneity of the air hole and make the mineral structure intensive gradually.
Investigation on Copper Flotation from a Complex Copper Ore, Yunnan Province
Authors: Cui Chuan Fa , Xian Yong Jun , Wen Shu Ming , Wang Yi Jie
Published: March 2015

The mineral processing flow sheet and reagent system of flotation copper minerals from alarge copper sulfide deposit in Yunnan were fully investigated. The results indicated that the optimum conditions for flotation of copper minerals from the material were identified as follows: grinding fineness of 80%(-0.074mm), dosage of CaO 800g/t, butyl xanthate 100g/t.Under such condition, a copper recovery of 90.57% with a concentrate grade of 19.52% was achieved from the material using a closed circuit flow sheet of one-stage roughing flotation, two-stage cleaning flotation and two-stage scavenging flotation.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Dumbbell-Shaped Polyrotaxane Based on Polytetrahydrofuran bis(3-aminopropyl) Terminated and α-Cyclodextrins Using Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) Dentrimers as Bulky Stoppers
Authors: Cong Ri Min , Yu Huai Qing , Yang Yan Gong , Yang Si Yi , Li Jiao , Si Wei Meng
Published: March 2015

A dumbbell-shaped polyrotaxane based on polytetrahydrofuran bis (3-aminopropyl) terminated and α-cyclodextrins using polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dentrimers as bulky stoppers was successfully prepared. The1H NMR results show that the peaks of α-CDs in these polyrotaxanes are broadened compared with pure α-CDs. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of the resulting polyrotaxanes suggest to produce a channel-type crystalline structure of inclusion complex. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the resultant polyrotaxanes show that α-CDs are significantly stabilized by the formation of the inclusion complexes.
Study on Numerical Simulation of Fully Mechanized Top Coal’s Caving Property of Tang Gong Ta Coal Mine
Authors: Liu Quan Ming
Published: March 2015

Using numerical simulation method,fully mechanized top coal’s caving property of Tang gong ta coal mine was studied.The results show at primary mining period of fully mechanized working face, there were stress concentration regions at the front and rear of coal wall,but it was not distinct in the front and top coal’s caving property was not ideal.When it advanced to 84m of the working face,there would be obvious peak stress at the front and rear of coal wall. It accelerated top coal’s caving.When it advanced to 140m of the working face,top coal was caved with coal mining.Finally it was proved on the scene. The results of the study in fully mechanized mining’s safety and efficiency has some guiding role.
The Study of Top Slag Reforming in the RH Refining Process
Authors: Zhang Bo , Hu Xun Pu
Published: March 2015

The top slag reforming in RH refining process was studied in this paper to decrease inclusion and improve the deep drawing property of Ultra-low carbon cold-rolled steel. Different experiment schemes of top slag reforming were conducted and the result show that, when Al40 was added on the surface of the slag after the ladle reach station uniformly, the size of inclusions was decreased and the quantity of large-volume inclusions was obviously decreased, and the top slag reforming will not have big impact on decarbonization in the RH refining process.
An Exact Analytical Solution for Star-Shaped Cracks
Authors: Chen Zhu
Published: March 2015

Using the method of complex analysis and by constructing conformal mapping, the study investigates the plane elasticity problem of star-shaped cracks and provides an analytical solution for the stress intensity factor (SIF) of crack-tip type I and II. Problems of the classic Griffith crack, the cross-shaped crack, concurrent uniformly distributed three-cracks and symmetrical eight-cracks are also simulated.
Research on Vibration Stress Relief for Cured SU-8 Photoresist Layer
Authors: Yang Qun Feng , Zheng Jian Yi , Wang Jun Qing , Zhao Xue Nan , Wei Da Yin , Zheng Gao Feng
Published: March 2015

The aim of this work is to reduce the residual stress in cured SU-8 Photoresist layer by vibration stress relief (VSR) method. The vibration device was designed according to the results of the ANSYS modal simulation, which was used for the thin film VSR. Meanwhile, some important influencing factors, such as the excitation current and the vibration time, have been discussed. The residual stress in the SU-8 layer was measured by profile method, and the values of residual stresses in the SU-8 layer before and after VSR were compared. The experimental results show that residual stress in SU-8 layer can be effectively eliminated or homogenized by VSR if the proper vibration parameters were chosen in the experiment.
Preparation of Chitosan Nanospheres by Miniemulsion Crosslinking Method
Authors: Liu Qing Shan , Yan Qing Fang , Yin Xiao Ying
Published: March 2015

Objective To obtain immobilized nanomaterials with good performance, the preparation condition of chitosan nanospheres by miniemulsion crosslinking method was optimized. Methods The chitosan nanospheres were synthesized by miniemulsion crosslinking method with Span80 and Tween80 as the emulsifier, glutaraldehyde as the crosslinker, n-hexane and paraffin liquid as oil phase,chitosan acetic acid solution as aqueous phase. The particle size was measured by Zetasizer nanoanalyzer. Results The results of the univariate tests show that the optimal preparation condition of chitosan nanospheres can be obtained when water/oil volume ratio is 3:2. The size distribution of chitosan nanospheres is 18.17nm to 190.1nm. Conclusion The chitosan nanospheres by miniemulsion crosslinking method are suitable materials as enzymes and proteins immobilized carrier.
Study on Preparation of Carbonaceous Pelletizing in Industrial Silicon Production
Authors: Yang Ni , Yu Xiao Hua , Xie Gang , Bao Chong Jun , He Xiao Cai
Published: March 2015

In this paper, the pelletizing as carbonaceous reducing agent of industrial silicon were prepared using anthracite fine, petroleum coke powders, charcoal powders and silica fume as materials, and starch D as binder, the effects of different wetting agents on performances such as compressive strength of fresh pelletizing and dry pelletizing, the heat intensity and the shatter strength were researched. The results show that: when starch D mass content was 3.04% and sodium hydroxide solution was used as wetting agent, the performances were better, and compressive strength of fresh pelletizing was 1401.1N, compressive strength of dry pelletizing was 8109.3N, the heat intensity was 95.34%, and the shatter strength was 99.09%.
Estradiol Inhibits Th17 Cell Differentiation through Inhibition of RORγT Transcription by Recruiting the ERα/REA Complex to Estrogen Response Elements of the RORγT Promoter
Authors: Chen Rong-Yi , Fan Yi-Ming , Zhang Qiuyang , Liu Sen , Li Qingli , Ke Guo-Lin , Li Chen , You Zongbing
Published: March 2015

The symptoms of vaginal candidiasis exacerbate in the second half of the menstrual cycle in premenopausal women when the serum estradiol level is elevated. Estradiol has been shown to inhibit Th17 differentiation and production of antifungal IL-17 cytokines. However, little is known about the mechanisms. In the present study, we used mouse splenocytes and found that estradiol inhibited Th17 differentiation through downregulation of Rorγt mRNA and protein expression. Estradiol activated estrogen receptor (ER)α to recruit repressor of estrogen receptor activity (REA) and form the ERα/REA complex. This complex bound to three estrogen response element (ERE) half-sites on the Rorγt promoter region to suppress Rorγt expression. Estradiol induced Rea mRNA and protein expression in mouse splenocytes. Using Rea small interfering RNA to knock down Rea expression enhanced Rorγt expression and Th17 differentiation. Alternatively, histone deacetylase 1 and 2 bound to the three ERE half-sites, independent of estradiol. Histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 dose- and time-dependently increased Rorγt expression and subsequently enhanced Th17 differentiation. In 15 healthy premenopausal women, high serum estradiol levels are correlated with low RORγT mRNA levels and high REA mRNA levels in the vaginal lavage. These results demonstrate that estradiol upregulates REA expression and recruits REA via ERα to the EREs on the RORγT promoter region, thus inhibiting RORγT expression and Th17 differentiation. This study suggests that the estradiol/ERα/REA axis may be a feasible target in the management of recurrent vaginal candidiasis.
Perturbed T Cell IL-7 Receptor Signaling in Chronic Chagas Disease
Authors: Albareda M. Cecilia , Perez-Mazliah Damián , Natale M. Ailén , Castro-Eiro Melisa , Alvarez María G. , Viotti Rodolfo , Bertocchi Graciela , Lococo Bruno , Tarleton Rick L. , Laucella Susana A.
Published: March 2015

We have previously demonstrated that immune responses in subjects with chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection display features common to other persistent infections with signs of T cell exhaustion. Alterations in cytokine receptor signal transduction have emerged as one of the cell-intrinsic mechanisms of T cell exhaustion. In this study, we performed an analysis of the expression of IL-7R components (CD127 and CD132) on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and evaluated IL-7–dependent signaling events in patients at different clinical stages of chronic chagasic heart disease. Subjects with no signs of cardiac disease showed a decrease in CD127+CD132+ cells and a reciprocal gain of CD127−CD132+ in CD8+ and CD4+ T cells compared with either patients exhibiting heart enlargement or uninfected controls. T. cruzi infection, in vitro, was able to stimulate the downregulation of CD127 and the upregulation of CD132 on T cells. IL-7–induced phosphorylation of STAT5 as well as Bcl-2 and CD25 expression were lower in T. cruzi–infected subjects compared with uninfected controls. The serum levels of IL-7 were also increased in chronic chagasic patients. The present study highlights perturbed IL-7/IL-7R T cell signaling through STAT5 as a potential mechanism of T cell exhaustion in chronic T. cruzi infection.
New and improved infrared absorption cross sections for dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12)
Authors: Harrison J. J.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Despite its widespread commercial use throughout the twentieth century, primarily in the refrigeration industry, dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) is now known to have the undesirable effect of depleting stratospheric ozone. As this long-lived molecule slowly degrades in the atmosphere, monitoring its vertical concentration profile using infrared sounders on satellite platforms crucially requires accurate laboratory spectroscopic data. This work describes new high-resolution infrared absorption cross sections of dichlorodifluoromethane over the spectral range 800–1270 cm−1, determined from spectra recorded using a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer (Bruker IFS 125HR) and a 26 cm-pathlength cell. Spectra of dichlorodifluoromethane/dry synthetic air mixtures were recorded at resolutions between 0.01 and 0.03 cm−1 (calculated as 0.9/MOPD; MOPD = maximum optical path difference) over a range of temperatures and pressures (7.5–761 Torr and 190–294 K) appropriate for atmospheric conditions. This new cross-section dataset improves upon the one currently available in the HITRAN and GEISA databases.
Major constrains of the pelagic food web efficiency in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Zoccarato L. , Fonda Umani S.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Grazing pressure plays a key role on plankton communities affecting their biodiversity and shaping their structures. Predation exerted by 2–200 μm protists (i.e. microzooplankton and heterotrophic nanoplankton) influences the carbon fate in marine environments channeling new organic matter from the microbial loop toward the "classic" grazing food web. In this study, we analyzed more than 80 dilution experiments carried out in many Mediterranean sites at the surface and in the meso-bathypelagic layers. Our aims were to investigate prey-predator interactions and determine selectivity among energy sources (in terms of available biomass), efficiency in the exploitation and highlight likely constrains that can modulate carbon transfer processes within the pelagic food webs. Generally, microzooplankton shown higher impacts on prey stocks than heterotrophic nanoflagellates, expressing larger ingestion rates and efficiency. Through different trophic conditions characterized on the base of chlorophyll a concentration, microzooplankton diet has shown to change in prey compositions: nano- and picoplankton almost completely covered consumer needs in oligotrophy and mesotrophy, while microphytoplankton (mostly diatoms) represented more than 80% of the consumers' diet in eutrophy, where, nevertheless, picoplankton mortality remained relatively high. Ingestion rates of both consumers (nano- and microzooplankters) increased with the availability of prey biomasses and consequently with the trophic condition of the environment. Nevertheless, overall the heterotrophic fraction of picoplankton resulted the most exploited biomass by both classes of consumers. Ingestion efficiency (as the ratio between available biomass and ingestion rate) increased at low biomasses and therefore the highest efficiencies were recorded in oligotrophic conditions and in the bathypelagic layers.
Spatial patterns in glacier characteristics and area changes from 1962 to 2006 in the Kanchenjunga–Sikkim area, eastern Himalaya
Authors: Racoviteanu A. E. , Arnaud Y. , Williams M. W. , Manley W. F.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. This study investigates spatial patterns in glacier characteristics and area changes at decadal scales in the eastern Himalaya – Nepal (Arun and Tamor basins), India (Teesta basin in Sikkim) and parts of China and Bhutan – based on various satellite imagery: Corona KH4 imagery, Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Radiometer (ASTER), QuickBird (QB) and WorldView-2 (WV2). We compare and contrast glacier surface area changes over the period of 1962–2000/2006 and their dependency on glacier topography (elevation, slope, aspect, percent debris cover) and climate (solar radiation, precipitation) on the eastern side of the topographic barrier (Sikkim) versus the western side (Nepal). Glacier mapping from 2000 Landsat ASTER yielded 1463 ± 88 km2 total glacierized area, of which 569 ± 34 km2 was located in Sikkim and 488 ± 29 km2 in eastern Nepal. Supraglacial debris covered 11% of the total glacierized area, and supraglacial lakes covered about 5.8% of the debris-covered glacier area alone. Glacier area loss (1962 to 2000) was 0.50 ± 0.2% yr−1, with little difference between Nepal (0.53 ± 0.2% yr−1) and Sikkim (0.44 ± 0.2% yr−1. Glacier area change was controlled mostly by glacier area, elevation, altitudinal range and, to a smaller extent, slope and aspect. In the Kanchenjunga–Sikkim area, we estimated a glacier area loss of 0.23 ± 0.08% yr−1 from 1962 to 2006 based on high-resolution imagery. On a glacier-by-glacier basis, clean glaciers exhibit more area loss on average from 1962 to 2006 (34%) compared to debris-covered glaciers (22%). Glaciers in this region of the Himalaya are shrinking at similar rates to those reported for the last decades in other parts of the Himalaya, but individual glacier rates of change vary across the study area with respect to local topography, percent debris cover or glacier elevations.
Determination of the Chemical Composition of Tea by Chromatographic Methods: A Review
Authors: Yashin Alexandr Ya , Nemzer Boris V. , Combet Emilie , Yashin Yakov I.
Published: March 2015

Despite the fact that mankind has been drinking tea for more than 5000 years, its chemical composition has been studied only in recent decades. These studies are primarily carried out using chromatographic methods. This review summarizes the latest information regarding the chemical composition of different tea grades by different chromatographic methods, which has not previously been reviewed in the same scope. Over the last 40 years, the qualitative and quantitative analyses of high volatile compounds were determined by GC and GC/MS. The main components responsible for aroma of green and black tea were revealed, and the low volatile compounds basically were determined by HPLC and LC/MS methods. Most studies focusing on the determination of catechins and caffeine in various teas (green, oolong, black and pu-erh) involved HPLC analysis.

Knowledge of tea chemical composition helps in assessing its quality on the one hand, and helps to monitor and manage its growing, processing, and storage conditions on the other. In particular, this knowledge has enabled to establish the relationships between the chemical composition of tea and its properties by identifying the tea constituents which determine its aroma and taste. Therefore, assessment of tea quality does not only rely on subjective organoleptic evaluation, but also on objective physical and chemical methods, with extra determination of tea components most beneficial to human health. With this knowledge, the nutritional value of tea may be increased, and tea quality improved by providing via optimization of the growing, processing, and storage conditions.
“BEING WHAT ONE OUGHT TO BE”: ENGLISH AS A LINGUA FRANCA IN THE ACADEMIC SPOKEN DISCOURSE OF BULGARIAN AND GERMAN STUDENTS
Authors: Slavova Emilia
Published: March 2015

In an age of globalization and super-diversity, the concept of English as a national, homogeneous entity has been seriously undermined, and non-native speakers have been encouraged to use the language without constant recourse to the native-speaker ideal. Yet different varieties of English have different value attached to them on the linguistic market, in Bourdieu’s terms; and non-native speakers are in possession of different linguistic capital. The paper focuses on the relationships and attitudes to English on behalf of Bulgarian and German university students participating in a joint project in which a corpus of academic spoken English is compiled. Alongside collecting the corpus, the project appears to have a positive educational outcome in that it raises awareness about the specificity of English as a lingua franca.
L’influence de la propension à schématiser par marques sur une stratégie d’alliance marque/label écologique
Authors: Carsana Laurence , Jolibert Alain
Published: March 2015

La stratégie d’alliance d’une marque et d’un label est de plus en plus répandue, mais celle-ci est coûteuse pour les entreprises qui doivent pouvoir s’assurer de son efficacité. Pour accroître les connaissances sur l’alliance marque/label, nous avons étudié l’influence de la schématisation par marques sur l’image d’un produit et l’intention d’achat. Les résultats montrent que la schématisation par marques modère l’influence de l’alliance marque/ label écologique sur l’évaluation des attributs produit et l’intention d’achat pour une catégorie de produit ayant une bonne congruence produit/label. En effet, la stratégie d’alliance marque/label aura un effet positif sur l’évaluation des attributs du produit pour les individus qui schématisent peu. La schématisation par marques aura une influence positive sur l’intention d’achat quel que soit le produit présenté (avec ou sans alliance marque/label).
Management des communautés externes et des équipes internes : vers des frontières flexibles ?
Authors: Diviné Marc , Stal-Le Cardinal Julie
Published: March 2015

Cet article s’attache à analyser les points communs entre l’animation de communautés de clients et la collaboration marketing interne à l’entreprise. L’étude fait apparaître 17 outils communs, une corrélation entre les deux activités et un niveau d’usage trois fois supérieur en interne. Elle met en évidence trois intentions managériales identiques en interne et externe : la valeur ajoutée, la satisfaction et l’extension des frontières, supportées par vingt-deux attitudes essentielles. Le management des frontières constitue un savoir-faire émergeant qui ouvre de nouveaux champs d’action marketing : l’intégration de certaines communautés internes et externes et l’absorption de communautés.
La città e gli orfani
Authors: Bearzot Cinzia
Published: March 2015

The contribution traces the evolution of the Greek legislation on orphans, especially in the better-known Athenian context. It highlights the interest towards the children of citizens deprived of protection. This interest is extended, beyond the aspects referred to property (protection of the

), also to the affective and human side (the conditions of the

and the concern for the development of

, namely that feeling of mutual goodwill and affection which can be experienced in the context of a family).
Aspetti dell’evergetismo scolastico: l’ellenismo, tempo di integrazioni
Authors: Criscuolo Lucia
Published: March 2015

Education was in antiquity, as now, one of the main features that could mark a difference between people in the centre or at the borders of any society. During Hellenism, moreover, the problem of teaching Greek to many people whose mother language was different became a strategic and relevant issue for the most powerful monarchies, the Ptolemies, the Seleucids and the Attalids. Kings, cities and private benefactors were aware of the importance of a good education in creating strong social support and consensus, both in the

and in the

. Gymnasia, foundations and fiscal provisions were the instruments employed by public and private benefactors in order to provide such an important basis to implement and develop a Greek way of life. On the other hand, a cultural training could help small social groups, which were excluded because of their foreign origin, to achieve acceptance and integration in the new society.
Il ruolo sociale del «benefattore» nell’Atene del primo ellenismo
Authors: Landucci Gattinoni Franca
Published: March 2015

In the Hellenistic period, the survival of the Greek

depended in fact on the goodwill of the various rulers, who, either directly or through their collaborators, «helped» the cities themselves, living rise to that complex social, political and economic phenomenon which is called «evergetism» and that is known to us thanks to a myriad of documentary sources, especially epigraphic. Considering the number of the Athenian inscriptions, the paper focuses on some cases, that can be dated during the second half of the IV century BC, in which Athens rewarded the «benefactors» by granting to them honors and privileges, sometimes including even the granting of citizenship. Of particular relevance is the case of the Akarnanian physician Evenor, who spent most of his life in Athens exactly in the second half of the IV century BC and who is known to us thanks to a substantial epigraphic dossier. A careful examination of the documentation let to the conclusion that he was a «friend» of the Macedonians and that the decrees in his honor were voted when the city was led by a pro-Macedonian government. This conclusion contradicts the present

of the scholars, who have always considered that the honors were decreed to Evenor when s was led by democratic anti-Macedonian governments.
Marginalità e integrazione dei Liguri Apuani: una deportazione umanitaria?
Authors: Thornton John
Published: March 2015

This paper examines the evidence for the forced migration of the Apuan Ligurians to Samnium in 180 BC. Comparing this episode with similar transfers of populations in the ancient Mediterranean world, the article argues that the deportation aimed at controlling this fierce people. Questioning the view of the humanitarian nature of the deportation, the paper also suggests that the Ligurians did not approve their enforced transfer to Samnium.
Responding to the public health consequences of the Ukraine crisis: an opportunity for global health diplomacy
Authors: Mackey Tim K , Strathdee Steffanie A
Published: March 2015

Introduction

Peace and stability in Eastern Europe is now at a crossroads with the rapidly deteriorating foreign policy crisis continuing to unfold in the Ukraine. However, largely overlooked in the context of other foreign policy and diplomatic priorities are the serious public health consequences for the region following the annexation of Crimea and the subsequent decision to ban opioid substitution therapy in the disputed territory.

Discussion

On 1 May 2014, the Republic of Crimea officially announced it would end access to opioid substitution therapy, an essential harm reduction tool recognized by international organizations and virtually all other European countries. The policy development marks a critical reversal in the region’s fight against its growing HIV epidemic and also threatens years of public health gains aimed at providing evidence‐based and integrated treatment approaches to combat drug dependence and HIV. Beyond these risks, the Ukrainian conflict could also negatively impact control of other infectious diseases that are converging with HIV and injection drug use, such as multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis and hepatitis C virus. The continuing conflict is also likely to have a significant negative impact on Ukraine’s fragile public health system leading to even worse population health outcomes than currently experienced by the country.

Conclusions

In response to this crisis, the application of global health diplomacy principles represents a possible route of advocacy to ensure that HIV prevention, humane treatment of substance using populations, and improving public health outcomes in the region are pursued among concerned international stakeholders. In order to be effective, global health diplomacy efforts must be coordinated and advocated in all forms of diplomatic engagement, including at the core, multistakeholder and informal levels and through existing channels such as the different human rights bodies of the United Nations as well as amongst other actors. Hence, the Ukraine crisis represents a critical moment for the practice and advancement of global health diplomacy in order to ensure global public health priorities are given their rightful place in foreign policy making to hopefully help in bringing resolution to the current conflict.