bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition as a Route to Triazolobenzodiazepines and Pyrrolobenzodiazepines.
Authors: Chambers Christopher S. , Patel Nilesh , Hemming Karl
Published: November 2010

Treatment of aldehydes (I) and (IV) with Bestmann—Ohira reagent (II) results in formation of alkynes which undergo intramolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with the azide moiety to furnish the target skeletons.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Access to Boryltetralins and Borylnaphthalenes via a Cycloaddition Using o‐Quinodimethanes.
Authors: Yoshida Hiroto , Mukae Masashi , Ohshita Joji
Published: November 2010

The reaction of borylalkenes (I) with in situ generated o‐quinodimethanes gives rise to anti‐boryltetralins (III), which are readily converted into borylnaphthalenes (IV) by oxidative aromatization.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Terminal Acetylenes Using POCl3 in Pyridine as Applied to Natural Triterpenoids.
Authors: Kazakova Oxana B. , Medvedeva Natalya I. , Tolstikov Genrikh A. , Kukovinets Olga S. , Yamansarov Emil Y. , Spirikhin Leonid V. , Gubaidullin Aidar T.
Published: November 2010

Four new triterpenoids with alkyne moieties are efficiently synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis Enables a Structural Revision of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis‐Produced Diterpene, Edaxadiene (I).
Authors: Spangler Jillian E. , Carson Cheryl A. , Sorensen Erik J.
Published: November 2010

Revision of the spectral data of edaxadiene leads to proposal of a new structure, namely (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Australin E Isolated from the Soft Coral Cladiella sp. Collected in Pohnpei Activates the Inositol 5‐Phosphatase SHIP1.
Authors: Williams David E. , Amlani Ashraf , Dewi Ariyanti S. , Patrick Brian O. , van Ofwegen Leen , Mui Alice L.‐F. , Andersen Raymond J.
Published: November 2010

Among the australins E (I) ‐H (IV), only (I) is found to be active.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Substituted Prolyl Peptides Using a Combination of Biocatalytic Desymmetrization and Multicomponent Reactions.
Authors: Znabet Anass , Ruijter Eelco , de Kanter Frans J. J. , Koehler Valentin , Helliwell Madeleine , Turner Nicholas J. , Orru Romano V. A.
Published: November 2010

3,4‐Disubstituted 1‐pyrrolines (I) and (V) generated from the corresponding meso‐pyrrolidines by biocatalytic desymmetrization with monoamine oxidase N, react with carboxylic acids (II) and isocyanides (III) in a highly diastereoselective Ugi‐type multicomponent reaction to give substituted prolyl peptides (IV) and (VI) with high enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation of Two New Terpeptin Analogues — JBIR‐81 and JBIR‐82 — from a Seaweed‐Derived Fungus, Aspergillus sp. SpD081030G1f1.
Authors: Izumikawa Miho , Hashimoto Junko , Takagi Motoki , Shin‐ya Kazuo
Published: November 2010

The two new terpeptin analogues JBIR‐81 (Ia) and JBIR‐82 (Ib) show stronger radical‐scavenging activities than the representative antioxidant α‐tocopherol.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐, S‐, and C‐Glycoside Castanospermine Analogues with Selective Neutral α‐Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity as Antitumor Agents.
Authors: Sanchez‐Fernandez Elena M. , Risquez‐Cuadro Rocio , Chasseraud Maud , Ahidouch Ahmed , Ortiz Mellet Carmen , Ouadid‐Ahidouch Halima , Garcia Fernandez Jose M.
Published: November 2010

Three novel castanospermine analogues (III), (VIII), and (XIII) are synthesized and found to display selective inhibitory activity against neutral α‐glucosidase as well as promising anticancer activity against human breast carcinoma cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Aspernidine A and B, Prenylated Isoindolinone Alkaloids from the Model Fungus Aspergillus nidulans.
Authors: Scherlach Kirstin , Schuemann Julia , Dahse Hans‐Martin , Hertweck Christian
Published: November 2010

The prenylated isoindolinone alkaloids aspernidine A (Ia) and B (Ib) are isolated from the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and anti‐HIV Activity of 2′‐Deoxy‐2′‐fluoro‐4′‐C‐ethynyl Nucleoside Analogues.
Authors: Wang Qiang , Li Yanfeng , Song Chuanjun , Qian Keduo , Chen Chin‐Ho , Lee Kuo‐Hsiung , Chang Junbiao
Published: November 2010

Based on the favorable antiviral profiles of 4′‐substituted nucleosides, novel cytosine (Ia), uracil (Ib), and thymine (Ic) analogues are synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: New Tensidols, JBIR‐86 and JBIR‐87, Isolated from Aspergillus sp. fJ80.
Authors: Takagi Motoki , Motohashi Keiichiro , Hwang Ji‐Hwan , Nagai Aya , Shin‐ya Kazuo
Published: November 2010

The new tensidols JBIR‐86 (Ia) and JBIR‐87 (Ib) are isolated from Aspergillus sp.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiodivergent Formal Total Synthesis of Aspercyclide C from L‐(+)‐Tartaric Acid
Authors: Prasad Kavirayani R. , Gandi Vasudeva Rao , Nidhiry John Eugene , Bhat Kavya S.
Published: November 2010

preparation of both enantiomers
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Rearranged Pentaprenylxanthonoid from the Resin of Garcinia hanburyi.
Authors: Tao Si‐Jia , Guan Shu‐Hong , Li Xing‐Nuo , Guo De‐An
Published: November 2010

Compounds (I), (II) and (III) exhibit modest activity against HeLa tumor cell line.
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Phenylpropanoids from Inula nervosa Wall.
Authors: Yan Lan , Huang Ying , Fu Jian‐Jun , Qin Jiang‐Jiang , Zeng Qi , Zhu Yan , Yan Shi Kai , Zhang Wei‐Dong , Jin Hui‐Zi
Published: November 2010

The new compounds (I) exhibit mild inhibitory effects against NO production in LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Symmetry Switch of Cobalt Ferrocyanide Framework by Alkaline Cation Exchange.
Authors: Matsuda Tomoyuki , Kim Jungeun , Moritomo Yutaka
Published: November 2010

K1.88Co [Fe(CN)6]0.97·3.8H2O (I) is obtained from aqueous solutions of KCl, CoCl2, and K4[Fe(CN)6].
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Atomically Thin WO3 Sheets from Hydrated Tungsten Trioxide.
Authors: Kalantar‐zadeh Kourosh , Vijayaraghavan Aravind , Ham Moon‐Ho , Zheng Haidong , Breedon Michael , Strano Michael S.
Published: November 2010

Nanosheets of atomically thin WO3 layers are prepared by mechanical exfoliation of WO3·2H2O (obtained from pieces of tungsten foil in HNO3 at 80 °C for 6 h) using a piece of an adhesive tape, followed by annealing at 300 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Novel 1,3,4‐Oxadiazolylquinazolin‐4(3H)ones.
Authors: Patel Navin B. , Patel Jaymin C.
Published: November 2010

Synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial screening against two Gram‐positive bacteria (S.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of ortho‐Functionalized 4‐Aminomethylpyridazines as Substrate‐Like Semicarbazide‐Sensitive Amine Oxidase Inhibitors.
Authors: Haider Norbert , Hochholdinger Iris , Matyus Peter , Wobus Andrea
Published: November 2010

A series of pyridazines and pyridazin‐3(2H)‐ones bearing alkylamino side chains in ortho‐position relative to the ‐CH2‐NH2 unit (‐Aet) is synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of the Corrosion on the Surface Magnetic Properties in Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Materials
Authors: Garcia Jose A. , Pierna Angel R.
Published: November 2010

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 45Sc Solid State NMR Spectroscopy — A Complementary Tool to X‐Ray Crystallography for Structure Determination of Intermetallic Compounds
Authors: Eckert Hellmut , Poettgen Rainer
Published: November 2010

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Bridging C3 Ligands in Diiron Complexes: Unconventional Routes to New Functionalized Organic Frames
Authors: Zanotti Valerio
Published: November 2010

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Using Phosphonates to Probe Structural Differences Between Transuranium Elements and Their Proposed Surrogates
Authors: Diwu Juan , Nelson Anna‐Gay D. , Albrecht‐Schmitt Thomas E.
Published: November 2010

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dithiophosphonates and Related P/S‐Type Ligands of Group 11 Metals
Authors: Van Zyl Werner E.
Published: November 2010

Review: 73 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry and Biological Activities of Vibsane‐Type Diterpenoids
Authors: Fukuyama Yoshiyasu , Kubo Miwa , Esumi Tomoyuki , Harada Kenichi , Hioki Hideaki
Published: November 2010

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Nitrogen‐ and Oxygen‐Bridged Seven‐ to Ten‐Membered Carbocycles Using Metathesis Reactions
Authors: Takao Ken‐ichi , Tadano Kin‐ichi
Published: November 2010

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Surface‐Mediated Design and Catalytic Properties of Active Metal Complexes for Advanced Catalysis Creation
Authors: Tada Mizuki
Published: November 2010

Review: 225 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fabrication of Patterned Silane Based Self‐Assembled Monolayers by Photolithography and Surface Reactions on Silicon‐Oxide Substrates
Authors: Herzer Nicole , Hoeppener Stephanie , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: November 2010

Review: 182 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Versatile Reactivity of Tetra‐tert‐butyl‐cyclopentaphosphanide Monoanions.
Authors: Gomez‐Ruiz Santiago , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie
Published: November 2010

Review: 23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Strategies in Metathesis
Authors: Coperet C.
Published: November 2010

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Zeolites in Catalysis
Authors: Brown Stephen H.
Published: November 2010

Review: 168 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Biomimetic and Organocatalytic Syntheses of α‐Tocopherol
Authors: Chougnet Antoinette , Liu Kegang , Woggon Wolf‐D.
Published: November 2010

Review: 24 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: SmI2‐Induced Cyclizations and Their Applications in Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Nakata Tadashi
Published: November 2010

Review: 98 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromatic and Heterocyclic Perfluoroalkyl Sulfides: Methods of Preparation
Authors: Boiko Vladimir N.
Published: November 2010

Review: 299 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions and Properties of Fullerene (C60)
Authors: Lim Choong‐Sun , Hong Seong Kyu , Ko Weon Bae
Published: November 2010

Review: 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organo‐f‐Element Catalysts for Efficient and Highly Selective Hydroalkoxylation and Hydrothiolation
Authors: Weiss Charles J. , Marks Tobin J.
Published: November 2010

Review: 110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alkyl‐ and Cycloalkylamines by Mannich Reaction
Authors: Ipaktschi J. , Saidi M. R.
Published: November 2010

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metalation of Carbaporphyrinoid Systems
Authors: Lash Timothy D.
Published: November 2010

Review: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron Sequestration by Small Molecules: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies of Natural Siderophores and Synthetic Model Compounds
Authors: Crumbliss Alvin L. , Harrington James M.
Published: November 2010

Review: 261 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon Source Regulation of Antibiotic Production
Authors: Sanchez Sergio , et al. et al.
Published: November 2010

Review: 211 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: More than Just Bare Scaffolds: Towards Multi‐Component and Decorated Fibrous Biomaterials
Authors: Woolfson Derek N. , Mahmoud Zahra N.
Published: November 2010

Review: 107 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Self‐Assembly and Applications of Designer Peptide Amphiphiles
Authors: Zhao Xiubo , Pan Fang , Xu Hai , Yaseen Mohammed , Shan Honghong , Hauser Charlotte A. E. , Zhang Shuguang , Lu Jian R.
Published: November 2010

Review: 123 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Modeling Ionic Liquids and the Solubility of Gases in Them: Recent Advances and Perspectives
Authors: Vega Lourdes F. , Vilaseca Oriol , Llovell Felix , Andreu Jordi S.
Published: November 2010

Review: 186 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of Cation and Anion Structure of the Ionic Liquid on Extraction Processes Based on Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution
Authors: Marciniak Andrzej
Published: November 2010

Review: 27 refs.
The interference of heparin on IEF‐PAGE of erythropoietins
Authors: Reichel Christian , Benetka Edmund , Geisendorfer Thomas , Scheiblhofer Veronika , Abzieher Friedrich
Published: November 2010

Because of the risk of suffering a stroke or heart attack, some athletes and their medical supervisors admitted having used anticoagulants (e.g. acetylsalicylic acid) in combination with doping with recombinant erythropoietins (rhEPO). Heparin is one of the oldest and cheapest anticoagulants. The anticoagulative effect of heparin is a result of the binding of heparin to the plasma protein antithrombin III and the subsequent inactivation of blood clotting factors (e.g. factor IIa, IXa, Xa, XIa, XIIa). Heparin—a polyanion—is known to interact with carrier ampholytes used in IEF‐PAGE. Two different types of heparin pharmaceuticals are used for medical purposes: unfractionated heparins (UFH) and low molecular weight heparins (LMWH). Their influence on IEF‐ and SDS‐PAGE was investigated. Only UFH had a profound impact on IEF‐PAGE, leading to excessive smearing or complete abolishment of the EPO IEF‐profile and shifting of acidic EPO‐isoforms in the endogenous region of the gel. No such effect was observable for SDS‐PAGE. Remedies include immunoaffinity purification of EPO before IEF‐PAGE or the treatment of the urinary retentate with solid urea. A combined usage of IEF‐ and SDS‐PAGE is recommended for confirming the presence of rhEPO in urine and for further analysis of smearing (and therefore suspicious) samples. This two‐method approach is already in accordance with the technical document on EPO‐analysis (TD2009EPO) of the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chromanone Derivatives from the Pericarps of Calophyllum polyanthum
Authors: Wang Huan , Sun Qian‐Yun , Yang Fu‐Mei , Long Chun‐Lin , Wang Yue‐Hu , Tang Gui‐Hua , Zhao Fu‐Wei , Niu Hong‐Mei , Huang Qiao‐Qin , Xu Jin‐Jin , Wataya Yusuke , Ma Li‐Juan
Published: November 2010

Three new chromanone derivatives, calopolyanic acid (1), isocalopolyanic acid (2), and isorecedensic acid (3), were isolated from the pericarps of Calophyllum polyanthum Wall. ex Choisy, along with seven known compounds, apetalic acid, blancoic acid, chapelieric acid, methyl isoapetalate, isoapetalic acid, isocalolongic acid, and recedensic acid. All of these compounds were reported from C. polyanthum for the first time. The structures of 1–3 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.
New Glycosidic Constituents of Abutilon pakistanicum
Authors: Ali Bakhat , Fatima Itrat , Malik Abdul , Ahmed Zaheer
Published: November 2010

Pakisides A and B (1 and 2, resp.), new catalpol‐type iridoid glycosides, and a new glycoside, 3, of scutellarein have been isolated from the AcOEt‐soluble fraction of the whole plant of Abutilon pakistanicum, along with buddlejoside and lapachol. The structures of new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques including 1H‐and 13C‐NMR (DEPT), and 2D‐NMR experiments.
Three‐Component Reaction of Isocyanides and 2‐Formylbenzoic Acid with Dibenzylamine Catalyzed by Silica Nanoparticles under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Ramazani Ali , Mahyari Amir
Published: November 2010

Reaction of an isocyanide with an iminium ion intermediate, formed by reaction between 2‐formylbenzoic acid and dibenzylamine in the presence of silica nanoparticles (silica NP, ca. 42 nm) proceeds smoothly at room temperature to afford isocoumarin (=1H‐2‐benzopyran‐1‐one) derivatives in high yields (Scheme 1 and Table 1).
Unusual Reactions of (+)‐Car‐2‐ene and (+)‐Car‐3‐ene with Aldehydes on K10 Clay
Authors: Il'ina Irina V. , Volcho Konstantin P. , Korchagina Dina V. , Salnikov Georgi E. , Genaev Alexander M. , Karpova Elena V. , Salakhutdinov Nariman F.
Published: November 2010

The reactions of (+)‐car‐2‐ene (1) and (+)‐car‐3‐ene (2) with aldehydes in the presence of montmorillonite clay were studied for the first time (Schemes 3 and 5). The major products of these reactions are optically active, substituted hexahydroisobenzofurans, probably formed as a result of an attack of the protonated aldehyde at the cyclopropane ring. Quite unexpectedly, the products are cis‐configured at the ring‐fusion site; the fact was established by means of quantum‐chemical calculations and NMR data. It appeared that the behavior of the 2 : 3 mixture 1/2 in reactions with aldehydes in the presence of K10 clay differed substantially from the reactivities of the corresponding individual monoterpenes.
Purines. Part XVI
Authors: Mosselhi Mosselhi A. , Pfleiderer Wolfgang
Published: November 2010

A series of N‐substituted 8‐aminoxanthines (=8‐amino‐3,7(or 3,9)‐dihydro‐1H‐purine‐2,6‐diones) 8–16 and 34–37 were synthesized from the corresponding 8‐nitroxanthines 1–7, 30–33, and 8‐(phenylazo)xanthines 17 and 18 by catalytic reduction. Another approach was derived from 6‐amino‐5‐(cyanoamino)uracils (=N‐(6‐amino‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐2,4‐dioxopyrimidin‐5‐yl)cyanamides) 23, 24, and 27 by base‐catalyzed cyclization yielding 25–28. All 8‐aminoxanthines 8–29 and 34–37 were acetylated to the corresponding 8‐(acetylamino)xanthines 40–57, and prolonged heating led to 8‐(diacetylamino)xanthines 58 and 59. Several 8‐aminoxanthines 8–13 were diazotized forming 8‐diazoxanthines 60–64. Coupling reactions of isolated 62 and 64 and intermediary formed 8‐diazoxanthines with 1,3‐dimethylbarbituric acid (=1,3‐dimethylpyrimidine‐2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)‐trione; 66) resulted in 5‐[(xanthin‐8‐yl)diazenyl]‐1,3‐dimethylbarbituric acids=3,7(or 3,9)‐dihydro‐8‐[2‐(1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐1,3‐dimethyl‐2,4‐dioxopyrimidin‐5‐yl)diazenyl]‐1H‐purine‐2,6‐diones) 67–80. The newly synthesized xanthine derivatives were characterized by the determination of their pKa values, the UV‐ and NMR spectra, as well as elemental analyses.
Direct metal‐catalyzed tritiation of organic compounds
Authors: Filer Crist N.
Published: November 2010

The metal catalyzed tritium labelling of diverse biologically relevant compounds at PerkinElmer Health Sciences is described. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skew deviation after intratympanic gentamicin therapy
Authors: Ng Diana , Fouladvand Mohammad , Lalwani Anil K.
Published: November 2010

Intratympanic gentamicin therapy for the treatment of episodic vertigo associated with Ménière's disease is generally well tolerated. Although auditory and vestibular symptoms following intratympanic gentamicin are well known, visual disturbance has not been previously described. In this report, we describe two patients with Ménière's disease who developed sudden onset of binocular vertical diplopia due to skew deviation after intratympanic gentamicin therapy. The skew deviation and diplopia resolved spontaneously and completely within 6 to 8 weeks without therapy. Development of diplopia due to skew deviation should be discussed as a potential complication in patients undergoing intratympanic gentamicin therapy. Laryngoscope, 2011
Changes in U.S. hospitalization and mortality rates following smoking bans
Authors: Shetty Kanaka D. , DeLeire Thomas , White Chapin , Bhattacharya Jayanta
Published: November 2010

U.S. state and local governments have increasingly adopted restrictions on smoking in public places. This paper analyzes nationally representative databases, including the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, to compare short‐term changes in mortality and hospitalization rates in smoking‐restricted regions with control regions. In contrast with smaller regional studies, we find that smoking bans are not associated with statistically significant short‐term declines in mortality or hospital admissions for myocardial infarction or other diseases. An analysis simulating smaller studies using subsamples reveals that large short‐term increases in myocardial infarction incidence following a smoking ban are as common as the large decreases reported in the published literature. © 2010 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in children with chronic granulomatous disease
Authors: Parekh Chintan , Hofstra Thomas , Church Joseph A. , Coates Thomas D.
Published: November 2010

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is characterized by fever, cytopenias, splenomegaly, and hemophagocytosis by macrophages activated by high cytokine levels. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is characterized by recurrent infections, hyperinflammation, and excessive cytokine release. This may predispose patients with CGD to developing HLH during an infection. We conducted a retrospective review of patients with CGD, treated at our institution between 1999 and 2008. Three out of 17 patients developed HLH. Patients with CGD may be at increased risk for developing HLH. Remission of HLH was achieved after treatment with antimicrobials, steroids, and intravenous immunoglobulin This approach to treatment appears to be effective. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:460–462. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful treatment of a child with T/myeloid acute bilineal leukemia associated with TLX3/BCL11B fusion and 9q deletion
Authors: Oliveira Jennifer L. , Kumar Riten , Khan Shakila P. , Law Mark E. , Erickson‐Johnson Michele , Oliveira Andre M. , Ketterling Rhett P. , Dogan Ahmet
Published: November 2010

Acute bilineal leukemias are rare and are commonly associated with t(9;22) and MLL abnormalities. Herein, we report a pediatric case of bilineal T/myeloid acute leukemia associated with del (9q)(q13q22) and TLX3/BCL11B fusion due to the cryptic t(5;14)(q35;32). FISH studies confirmed the TLX3/BCL11B fusion in both the myeloid and lymphoid blasts, while the 9q deletion was restricted to the lymphoid component. Optimal therapy for such patients remains controversial and it is not clear if they should be treated with ALL or AML‐based chemotherapeutic regimens. Our patient has been in extended remission following ALL‐based chemotherapy and a matched unrelated cord blood transplant. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:467–469. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Silicon quantum dot based solar cells: addressing the issues of doping, voltage and current transport
Authors: Conibeer Gavin , Green Martin A. , König Dirk , Perez‐Wurfl Ivan , Huang Shujuan , Hao Xiaojing , Di Dawei , Shi Lei , Shrestha Santosh , Puthen‐Veetil Binesh , So Yong , Zhang Bo , Wan Zhenyu
Published: November 2010

Silicon quantum dot (Si QD) solar cells offer the potential to tune the effective band gap through quantum confinement and hence allow fabrication of optimised tandem devices in one growth run in a thin film process. Previous work in our group has shown how such cells can be fabricated by sputtering of thin layers of silicon rich oxide sandwiched between a stoichiometric oxide that on annealing crystallise to form Si QDs of uniform and controllable size. Doping multilayers with P and B allows formation of a rectifying junction with an effective band gap of 1.8 eV, which can give an open circuit voltage (VOC) of almost 500 mV. However, the doping behaviour of P and B in these QD materials is not well understood. In addition P and B have big but opposite effects on QD crystallisation, with P(B) forming larger (smaller) QDs than for undoped material. Two possible models for the doping mechanisms in these materials are explored: one relying on doping of a sub‐oxide region around the Si QDs and the other based on the differing nucleation effects of P and B. In addition initial results on hetero‐interfaces in the QD superstructure are assessed as a means to improve vertical current transport, and the effects of hydrogenation on improving VOC by passivating defects. Routes to incorporating these explanations for doping and other structural improvements are discussed as means of optimising the performance of these Si QD cells. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of preferential orientation of microcrystalline silicon and its impact on solar cell performance
Authors: Saito Kimihiko , Kondo Michio
Published: November 2010

The significance of preferential orientation in microcrystalline silicon for its post‐oxidation properties and solar cell performance has been investigated in the high crystalline volume fraction range. The degree of <110> preferential orientation can be varied by changing hydrogen/silane ratio in plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, and the crystalline volume fraction is lowered for a <110> oriented sample at the low hydrogen dilution ratio. In this study, we have improved the volume fraction by a seeding method, and, even under low hydrogen dilution, we have successfully controlled the preferential orientation of the samples with equivalently high crystalline‐volume‐fraction. Films in strong <110>‐preferential‐orientation show little amount of post‐oxidation, and the sharp signal at around 2100 cm−1 in the infrared (IR) absorption spectrum appears as the preferential orientation turns from the <110> to the <111> direction. The solar cell performance well agrees with the post‐oxidation properties. The origin of these preferential orientation impacts on post‐oxidation and on solar cell performance is discussed in terms of amorphous silicon passivation on the grain boundaries (GBs) presumably influenced by hydrogen/silane ratio. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy level tuning of polythiophene derivative by click chemistry‐type postfunctionalization of side‐chain alkynes
Authors: Yuan Yuping , Michinobu Tsuyoshi
Published: November 2010

A polythiophene derivative substituted with electron‐rich alkynes as a side chain was synthesized using the Suzuki polycondensation reaction. The electron‐rich alkynes underwent the “click chemistry”‐type quantitative addition reaction with strong acceptor molecules, such as tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), resulting in the formation of donor–acceptor chromophores. All polymers showed excellent solubilities in the common organic solvents as well as good thermal stabilities with their 5% decomposition temperatures exceeding 230 °C. The TCNE‐/TCNQ‐adducted polymers displayed well‐defined charge‐transfer (CT) bands in the low energy region. The CT energy of the TCNE‐adducted polymer was 2.56 eV (484 nm), which was much greater than that of the TCNQ‐adducted polymer [1.65 eV (750 nm)]. This result was supported by the electrochemical measurements. The electrochemical band gaps of the TCNE‐adducted polymers were much greater than those of the corresponding TCNQ‐adducted polymers. Furthermore, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, determined from the first oxidation and first reduction peak potentials, respectively, decreased with the increasing acceptor addition amount. All these results suggested that the energy levels of the polythiophene derivative can be tuned by varying the species and amount of the acceptor molecules using this postfunctionalization method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Shear band formation and mode II fracture of polymeric glasses
Authors: Archer Jared S. , Lesser Alan J.
Published: November 2010

Mode I and II fracture studies were performed from quasistatic to low velocity impact rates on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polycarbonate (PC). Mode II tests used an angled double‐edge notched specimen loaded in compression. The shear banding response of PMMA is shown to be highly sensitive to rate, with diffuse shear bands forming at low rates and sharp distinct shear bands forming at high rates. As the rate increases, shear deformation becomes more localized to the point where Mode II fracture occurs. PC is much less rate dependent and stable shear band propagation is observed over the range of rates studied with lesser amounts of localization. A new theory is formulated relating orientation in a shear band to intrinsic material properties obtained from true‐stress true‐strain tests. In a qualitative sense the theory predicts the high rate sensitivity of PMMA. A kinematic limit for orientation within a shear band is also derived based on entanglement network parameters. Mode II fracture in PMMA is shown to occur at this kinematic limit. For the case of PC, the maximum impact rates were not high enough to reach the kinematic limit. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Antagonistic effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on the impaired reproductive system of male rats induced by local subchronic exposure to 60Co‐γ irradiation
Authors: Luo Qiong , Cui Xiaoyan , Yan Jun , Yang Mingliang , Liu Jun , Jiang Yuanhai , Li Jingjing , Zhou Yinzhu
Published: November 2010

Lycium barbarum, a famous Chinese medicinal herb, has a long history of use in traditional medicine as an antioxidant and to promote sexual fertility. Polysaccharides are the most important functional constituents in L. barbarum fruits. In this study, male rats were exposed to subchronic 60Co‐γ irradiation to investigate the effects of LBP on sperm quantity and motility, sexual ability, serum hormone levels, oxidative status and testicular tissue DNA damage on days 1, 7 and 14 of treatment. It was found that LBP significantly increased the sperm quantity and motility, shortened the erection, capture and ejaculation latencies, increased the number of captures and ejaculations, and improved the sexual ability of male rats. LBP also played a significant role in the recovery of serum testosterone levels, increased superoxide dismutase activity, decreased malondialdehyde levels, promoted oxidative balance and rescued testicular DNA damage. In conclusion, LBP has significant protective effects against damage induced by local subchronic exposure to 60Co‐γ irradiation, allowing rats to achieve near‐complete recovery with LBP treatment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unified security architecture and protocols using third party identity in V2V and V2I networks
Authors: Choi Jaeduck , Jung Souhwan
Published: November 2010

VANETs have been developed to improve the safety and efficiency of transportation systems (V2V communications) and to enable various mobile services for the traveling public (V2I communications). For VANET technologies to be widely available, security issues concerning several essential requirements should be addressed. The existing security architectures and mechanisms have been studied separately in V2V and V2I networks, which results in duplicated efforts, security modules, and more complex security architectures. In this paper, we propose a unified security architecture and its corresponding security protocols that achieve essential security requirements such as authentication, conditional privacy, non‐repudiation, and confidentiality. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first study that deals with the security protocol in V2V as well as the handover authentication in V2I communications. Our proposal is characterized by a low‐complexity security framework, owing to the design and unification of the security architectures and modules. Furthermore, the evaluation of the proposed protocols proves them to be more secure and efficient than existing schemes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Streaming data
Authors: Szewczyk William
Published: November 2010

As the ability to collect data continues to outstrip the ability to process and analyze it, the age‐old paradigm of store‐and‐process is becoming untenable. Finding one or two interesting items in the midst of many possible signals depends on context which often changes over time. A new way to interact with data is needed to handle some of these challenges. The streaming data model is one such approach. In this article, we present the streaming data model as well as two approaches to designing algorithms to handle streaming data. The first, the single processor method, traces its heritage to database models. The second, the multi‐processor method, is more aligned with signal processing algorithms. We will close with a critique of the current approaches and some of the statistical challenges that streaming data pose. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 22–29 DOI: 10.1002/wics.130

This article is categorized under:

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Algorithms

Data: Types and Structure > Streaming Data

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Streaming Data Mining
Construction of Candida albicans Tet‐on tagging vectors with a Ura‐blaster cassette
Authors: Lai Wei‐Chung , Tseng Tzu‐Ling , Jian Ting , Lee Tai‐Lin , Cheng Chun‐Wen , Shieh Jia‐Ching
Published: November 2010

It has been difficult to develop molecular tools for studying the fungal pathogen Candida albicans because this species uses a non‐standard genetic code and is diploid without a complete sexual cycle. Vector systems with regulatable promoters to produce conditional mutants, epitope tags for protein detection and recyclable selection markers are useful for functional study of genes. However, most currently available vectors contain only a subset of desired properties, which limits their application. To combine several useful properties in one vector, the vector pTET25 was initially modified into pTET25M, so that the URA3 gene flanked by dpl200 could be used repetitively. To enable more choices for cloning, a multiple cloning site was introduced at both ends of GFP in pTET25M. GFP expression was induced by doxycycline in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner when the plasmid was introduced into C. albicans with or without URA3. The applicability of the vectors was verified by constructing strains capable of expressing either the N‐terminal GFP fusion of Cdc10 or the C‐terminal GFP fusion of Cdc11. Additionally, by replacing the GFP gene of pTET25M with DNA sequence encoding Cdc10 with an epitope tag of six histidine residues at the C‐terminus, doxycycline‐induced expression of CDC10 was achieved when the expression vector was introduced into C. albicans. This new system allows for inducible expression of a desired C. albicans gene with the advantage of convenience of cloning. It also allows the presence of a recyclable URA3 marker and the detectable expression of fusion or epitope‐tagged protein. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adapting multiuser 3D virtual environments to heterogeneous devices
Authors: de Araujo Regina Borges , e Silva Alessandro Rodrigues , Todesco Glauco
Published: November 2010

With the growing dissemination and reliability of wireless networks and the emergence of devices with increasing processing and communication power, applications that up to now were restricted to the PCs are being envisaged to run on devices as heterogeneous as wrist clocks, refrigerators with access to the internet, mobile phones, PDAs, set-top-boxes, game consoles etc. Application development for this myriad of devices and networks with different capabilities requires special attention from the software programmers and designers -especially when these applications are shared among multiple users. Application adaptation, which allows a software to react to device and environment resource variations, is an important process to fit the application to a certain device configuration. A large amount of work has focused on the adaptation of multimedia such as text, images, audio and video. Less attention has been given to 3D media adaptation — firstly because of the complexity involved in the 3D application adaptation, and also because true marketing opportunities for 3D applications in heterogeneous devices have just began to emerge. This paper analyses 3D media adaptation as a nonfunctional requirement for 3D multiuser virtual environment applications. An adaptation framework is proposed that can be integrated to the MPEG-4 standard to offer a solution to the adaptation of 3D multiuser virtual environment applications, which can be accessed from heterogeneous devices with different capabilities. The advantages of integrating the framework to the MPEG-4 standard are twofold: it favors the creation of complex applications, with high degree of interaction, such as multiuser 3D collaborative environments; and makes easier to build these applications for heterogeneous devices (from cellular phones to PDAs and set-top-boxes) since MPEG-4 is aimed at small mobile devices and narrowband networks, such as some wireless networks.
A prototype implementation of a distributed Satisfiability Modulo Theories solver in the ToolBus framework
Authors: Déharbe David , Ranise Silvio , Vidal Jorgiano
Published: November 2010

An increasing number of verification tools (e.g., software model-checkers) require the use of Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers to implement the back-ends for the automatic analysis of specifications and properties. The most prominent approach to build SMT solvers consists in integrating an efficient Boolean solver with decision procedures capable of checking the satisfiability of sets of ground literals in selected theories. Although the problem of checking the satisfiability of arbitrary Boolean combinations of atoms modulo a background theory is NP-hard, there is a strong demand for high-performance SMT-solvers.

In this paper, we describe the design and prototype implementation of—to the best of our knowledge—the first distributed SMT solver. The emphasis is on providing ways to reduce the implementation effort and to make the system easily extensible. This is achieved in two ways: (a) we re-use as much as possible the code of an available sequential SMT solver and (b) we adopt theToolBus architecture for rapid prototyping. The behavior of the distributed SMT solver was tested on a set of problems which are representative of those generated by software verification techniques. The experiments show the possibility to obtain super-linear speed-ups of the distributed SMT solver with respect to its sequential version.
Compositional abstraction ofCSP
Z processes
Authors: Farias Adalberto , Mota Alexandre , Sampaio Augusto
Published: November 2010

Data abstraction is a powerful technique to overcome state explosion in model checking. For CSPZ (a formal integration of the well-known specification languages CSP and Z), current approaches can mechanically abstract infinite domains (types) as long as they are not used in communications. This work presents a compositional and systematic approach to data abstract CSPZ specifications even when communications are based on infinite domains. Therefore, we deal with a larger class of specifications than the previous techniques. Our approach requires that the domains (used in communications) being abstracted do not affect the behaviour of the system (data independence). This criteria is used to achieve an internal partitioning of the specification in such a way that complementary techniques for abstracting data types can be applied to the components of the partition. Afterwards, the partial results can be compositionally combined to abstract the entire specification. We propose an algorithm that implements the partitioning and show the application of the entire approach to a real case study.
Imaging Approaches and Findings in the Reconstructed Breast: A Pictorial Essay
Authors: Scaranelo Anabel M. , Lord Bridgette , Eiada Riham , Hofer Stefan O.
Published: November 2010

Advances in breast imaging over the last 15 years have improved early breast cancer detection and management. After treatment for breast cancer, many women choose to have reconstructive surgery. In addition, with the availability of widespread genetic screening for breast cancer, an increasing number of women are choosing prophylactic mastectomies and subsequent breast reconstruction. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to present the spectrum of imaging findings in the reconstructed breast.
Women's Experiences and Behaviour at Onset of Symptoms of ST Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Herning Margrethe , Hansen Peter R. , Bygbjerg Birgitte , Lindhardt Tove
Published: November 2010

Background: Minimizing time from onset of symptoms to treatment (treatment delay) is crucial for patients with ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI), and one of the great challenges is to reduce the delay relating to the prehospital behaviour of the patient (patient delay). Studies indicate that women delay longer than men and insights into this area could lead to improved health education programmes aimed at reducing patient delay in women with STEMI.

Method: Open interviews with 14 women with STEMI were held during their hospital stay from June to September 2009. The interviews were aimed at exploring determinants of treatment delay, and were carried out and analysed within a phenomenological framework.

Findings: Three themes emerged important for the delay in seeking medical assistance: (1) Knowledge and ideas of AMI symptoms and risks. (2) Ambivalence whether to call for medical assistance or to cope with the situation. (3) Actions and strategies taken after onset of symptoms.

Conclusions: Three factors determined whether women showed appropriate behaviour for reduced patient delay after onset of symptoms: (1) identifying the symptoms as being of cardiac origin, (2) having a prepared action plan in case of an emergency situation, and (3) living with someone or contacting other persons.
Laboratory studies of Blattisocius keegani (Fox) (Acari: Ascidae) reared on eggs of navel orangeworm: potential for biological control
Authors: Thomas H.Q. , Zalom F.G. , Nicola N.L.
Published: November 2010

Blattisocius keegani (Fox) is a predatory mite in the family Ascidae (Acari), noted for potential biological control of Coleopteran stored product pests. Performance of B. keegani on eggs of navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was investigated. Mites completed development from egg to adult in 9.2±0.22 days at 25°C and 50–60% relative humidity, and in 6.33±0.29 days at 32.2°C, 30% relative humidity. Mites provisioned with three or five eggs consumed a median of 1.25 to 1.5 eggs, with a maximum of three eggs consumed over 24 h. Regression analyses indicated egg-laying by B. keegani was significantly correlated with the number of A. transitella eggs consumed, and female mites laid an average of 5.82±0.44 eggs over 72 h. Blattisocius keegani, developed on fresh and frozen eggs, laid significantly more eggs when provided with fresh eggs (F3,26=6.16, P=0.0026) and were able to develop on frozen Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs as an alternative host. Mites were equally fecund when fed eggs stored at 0° or −20°C. Provisioning of adult moth bodies in addition to egg prey items increased mite fecundity, although it was demonstrated that B. keegani are phoretic on adult moths as well. The results are the first experimental evidence of B. keegani as a predator of Lepidopteran eggs, as a phoretic species, and of their potential for biological control of navel orangeworm.
Closed Einstein–Weyl structures on compact Sasakian and cosymplectic manifolds
Authors: Matzeu Paola
Published: November 2010

We study closed Einstein–Weyl structures on compact K-contact, Sasakian and cosymplectic manifolds. In particular we prove that compact Sasakian and cosymplectic manifolds endowed with a closed Einstein–Weyl structure are η-Einstein.
LIBERALISM, SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AND THE VALUE OF PROPERTY UNDER THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors: Allen Tom
Published: November 2010

In most of Europe, expropriation must comply with the standards set under European human rights law. Article 1 of the First Protocol (‘P1-1’) to the European Convention on Human Rights declares that ‘every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions.’ The European Court of Human Rights has stated that the right would be ‘largely illusory and ineffective’ if it did not guarantee full compensation in all but exceptional circumstances.1It is quite clear, however, that this was not the belief of at least some of the States that had signed it when it came into force in 1954. P1-1 makes no reference to compensation. An interference must be lawful, and in the public or general interest, but there is nothing that expressly requires compensation. Nevertheless, the Court has declared that any interference with the right to the peaceful enjoyment of possessions must strike a ‘‘fair balance’ between the demands of the general interest of the community and the requirements of the protection of the individual's fundamental rights’,2and this means that expropriation without compensation that is reasonably related to the value of the property would normally violate the owner's rights under P1-1.3
PUBLIC HEARINGS AT THE WTO APPELLATE BODY: THE NEXT STEP
Authors: Alvarez-Jiménez Alberto
Published: November 2010

The WTO Appellate Body has so far authorized public appeal hearings as the exception, not the rule: it is limited to those instances in which the main parties request it. Such authorization constitutes a very positive development for the WTO dispute settlement system, for it enhances the transparency of the system at its highest stage. Indeed, the Appellate Body is becoming a leading actor in the formation of international law1 owing to the fact that it is the most active international court of the world, the relevance of the issues it deals with and the fact that it is at the apex of a dispute settlement system with permanent and exclusive jurisdiction over 153 States. Nonetheless, it is not in tune with inter-state international adjudication where the trend concerning hearings is, for good reason, geared towards openness and transparency, not privacy, as the rule.
I. HARMONIZING THE LAW APPLICABLE TO DIVORCE AND LEGAL SEPARATION—ENHANCED COOPERATION AS THE WAY FORWARD?
Authors: Fiorini Aude
Published: November 2010

After almost two years of uncertainty, the EU is now progressing towards the adoption of harmonized rules on the law applicable to divorce through the activation, for the very first time, of the enhanced cooperation mechanism.
THE BOUNDARIES OF JUSTICIABILITY
Authors: McGoldrick Dominic
Published: November 2010

This article examines the application of the principle of justiciability principally where it has been invoked in the context of claims in the UK courts related to foreign affairs or public international law. It is submitted that the modern judicial trend is to find that issues are justiciable and focus instead on the degree and intensity of the review exercised. The trend is directed and supported by the growing importance of human rights and the rule of law.
TEN YEARS OF EUROPEAN FAMILY LAW: RETROSPECTIVE REFLECTIONS FROM A COMMON LAW PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Shúilleabháin Máire Ní
Published: November 2010

Council Regulation 1347/2000 (the ‘Brussels II Regulation’) marked the beginning of the ‘Europeanization’ of family law. This article analyses the development of EU family law policy over the last decade, with particular focus on the common law perspective. It is argued that the Brussels II Regulation and the ensuing EU family law measures have had (and will have) a significant negative impact in English and Irish law, clashing with internal legal policy and sitting uneasily alongside existing legal structures.