bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insecticide Sprays, 1993
Authors: Wright C. G. , Dupree H. E.
Published: December 2017

Kitchens in single family dwellings located in Harnett, Johnston, Sampson and Wake counties, NC served as test sites. Five kitchens with a minimum of 100 living German cockroaches sighted during a preliminary visual survey were assigned to each formulation. Preapplication visual tallies of living cockroaches in kitchens compared to tallies at specified intervals after treatment indicated efficacy. Formulations, supplied by Whitmire Research Laboratories, Inc., St. Louis, were applied from self-pressurized, aerosol-type containers into cracks and crevices. Nontest rooms in the dwellings were treated with the formulation as needed at each visit to minimize possible migration of German cockroaches into treated areas. Insecticide reapplications were made at 2, 4 and 8 wk only in kitchens and other rooms where any living cockroaches were observed during postapplication tallies. The amount of insecticide applied during the initial application and reapplications and the size, temperature, and relative humidity of the kitchens were recorded. Analyses were based on % reduction of cockroaches (pre- vs post-treatment tallies for a kitchen). Since the area of individual kitchen floor and wall spaces varied, the active ingredient applied per kitchen was converted to a 50 m2 basis for comparative purposes. The active ingredient applied in the initial applications for all formulations ranged from 0.01 to 6.3 g and from 0.0 to 3.7 g for the reapplications, respectively. Smaller quantities of insecticide were used for the reapplications because of partial cockroach control from the initial applications.
Laboratory Bioassay of Selected Bt Insecticides Against Tobacco Budworm, 1994
Authors: White C. A. , Leonard B. R. , Burris Gene , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Selected Bt insecticides were evaluated for efficacy and persistence against a laboratory colony of tobacco budworm (STV-LAB, USDA-ARS Southern Insect Management Laboratory, Stoneville, MS). Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 5 replications. Deltapine 51 cotton was planted 3 Jun in plots of 4 rows (40 inch centers) by 50 ft. Treatments were applied on 29 Jul with a tractor mounted spray boom equipped with a compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 10 GPA at 29 psi through two 8002 flat fan nozzles equally spaced per row. At 2 and 72 h after insecticide application, 10 cotton plant terminals were randomly collected from the center rows within each plot and placed in 1 oz clear plastic cups. One 2nd instar larva (≥3 days old; 3.3-7.7 mg) was placed in each cup and confined to plant terminals for 72 h. A larva was considered dead if it was unable to right itself within 15 s after being prodded.
Efficacy/Persistence Evaluations of Elm Bark Beetle Insecticides, Laboratory Bioassay
Authors: Eckberg Thomas B. , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Branches of Siberian elm were sprayed May 12 to point of run-off with insecticides to evaluate their potential for control of adults of the European elm bark beetle. Adult European elm bark beetles collected with pheromone-baited Lindgren funnels were placed in groups of ten in petri dishes and given portions of the treated branches as food. In the first trial, the experiment was initiated on 1 Jun and mortality evaluated at 15, 40 and 64 hours after exposure. Each treatment consisted of five replications of 10 beetles. In the second trial, the experiment was initiated on 11 Jun and mortality evaluated at 16, 43, 64 and 96 hours after exposure. Each treatment consisted of 10 replications of 10 beetles.
Toxicity of Neem Derived Insecticides to Various Life Stages of the Elm Leaf Beetle
Authors: Zimmerman Rick J. , Randolph Terri , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Elm leaf beetle eggs were field collected from the Ft. Collins, CO area in June of 1991. The eggs were placed in Petri dishes, sealed with Parafilm and maintained in a growth chamber at 25 ± 1°C. Sufficient number of eggs were collected which allowed a uniform age of 48 to 72 h post-eclosion for each of the three instars. Larvae were separated into 6 groups of 15/petri dish for Instar I and II, and 12/dish for Instar III. At the time of testing Siberian elm foliage was field collected and treated with the neem-derived insecticide Margosan-O in serial dilutions of between 1:80 and 1:640. The leaves were dipped for 5 seconds and allowed to air dry (approximately 30 minutes). The larvae were then placed onto the foliage in petri dishes and sealed with Parafilm. Mortality was assessed after 48, 96, 216 and 312 hours exposure. The larvae were maintained at a constant 25 ± 1°C for the duration of the study.
Chemical Evaluations for Control of Japanese Beetle on Grapes, 1994
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Fickle D. S. , Ellis M. S.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were evaluated for efficacy against the Japanese beetle in an experimental ‘Concord’ vineyard at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (935 liters/ha) on 13 and 27 Jul. A hand-held COz sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle was used to apply treatments. No surfactant was added to any of the treatments. On 27 Jul, after treated foliage was dry, 5 grape leaves were removed from the outside canopy of each plot for use in the bioassay. Leaves were brought into the lab on 0, 1, 3, 6, and 8 days after initial treatment and placed in round 1-gal cardboard containers along with 10 Japanese beetles. The beetles used in these studies were collected in traps in an untreated area. The 1-gal containers were modified by placing plastic liners inside and cheese cloth over the open top. After allowing beetles to feed on treated foliage for 24 h, a count of the number of dead beetles was taken. The insect holding room was maintained at 75°F (23°C) with ca. 65% RH. No phytotoxicity was observed in these studies.
Spray Table Evaluation of Foliar Applied Insecticides for Hop Aphid Control, 1994
Authors: Miller R. H. , Cone W. W.
Published: December 2017

Hop leaves infested on the lower side with hop aphids were collected from a yard of Cluster LI hops in early October. Leaf squares measuring 2 to 3 cm on a side and containing from 20 to 100 aphids were placed on cotton padding in a square, polyethylene petri dish. Treatments consisted of various concentrations of M-Pede, Azatin EC and mixtures of the two materials applied at a rate equivalent to 160 gal/acre and 40 gal/acre. H20 checks were included in each spray series. Following treatment, aphids were examined under a magnifying scope at two post spraying intervals (PT), and the total number of aphids and the number of living aphids recorded. Percent mortality was computed.
Bioassay, Effect of Field-Aged Residue Degradation of Molt Accelerating Compounds and Penncapm, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

Using a leaf-disk bioassay, Rohm and Haas experimental ecdysone agonists or Molt Accelerating Compounds (MAC), RH-5992 and RH- 2485, and Penncap-M were evaluated for residue effects on PLR and OBLR neonate larvae. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The treatments were applied on 4 Aug ai the recommended rate with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Each treatmem was replicated three times with one tree in each. Ten leaves were collected from the interior canopy of each tree at 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 DAT. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm), keeping the leaves from each replication separate. Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaves. Five petri dishes were prepared for each tree and each leafroller species (75 larvae per treatment). The petri dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept ai 20°C constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded.
Bioassay, Laboratory Tests of Bacillus Thuringiensis Products on Leafroller Larvae, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

B. thuringiensis products, including two experimental products from Sandoz Crop Protection (SAN 420 and SAN 415), were evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay method for their effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A small amt (about 2 ml) of wetting agent, X-77®, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, their allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lid was put in place, and dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded. Ten dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).
Sevin Versus Cyfluthrin in Cucurbit Bait for Western Corn Rootworm Beetles
Authors: Hesler L. S. , Sutter G. R.
Published: December 2017

Four-day old, laboratoryreared male WCR beetles were assayed under clear plastic cones (11.5 cm diam., 9 cm ht.) placed on black poster board and set upon a laboratory countertop. Ten WCR were added per cone. WCR were fed until about 1 h before the bioassay. The narrow end of a no. 8 cork was fitted about 0.5 cm into an opening (2 cm diam.) at the top of the cone. This end was bored (1 cm depth, 1.3 cm diam.), and the bore was filled with 1.5 g of toxic bait. Bait contained 2% (wt.) carbaryl, 0.024% cyfluthrin, 0.12% cyfluthrin, or no insecticide. Carbaryl was a 40% AI (wt.) formulation of Sevin XLR, and cyfluthrin was a 93% pure technical grade material. Each bait contained 5% powdered root of buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima H.B.K.), which acted as a feeding stimulant. The remainder of the bait was composed of a 3:1 (w/w) mixture of artificial patty diet and corn oil. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Moribund beetles were counted at 30 min and 1 h.
Laboratory Evaluation of Compounds for Repellency Against the Cat Flea, 1994
Authors: Zhao Rongcai , Klotz J. , Moss J. , Davis L. , Patterson R.
Published: December 2017

Thirty compounds were screened for repellency against the adult cat flea and deet (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) was used as a standard for comparison. The compounds tested were obtained from the USDA-ARS Medical & Veterinary Entomology Research Laboratory, Gainesville, FL. One pair of knee-high white tube socks (80% cotton, 17% polyester, 3% Lycra, Dupont) was treated with a repellent in acetone solution at an estimated rate of 1 mg/cm2. Each sock was soaked in a solution of 950 mg technical repellent in 100 ml of acetone until the entire amount of solution was absorbed into the sock. The control socks were soaked in 100 ml of acetone. Both pairs of socks were then air-dried for two hours. Each trial was begun by the subject pulling on an under-layer of nylon stockings over his trousers before putting on the treated or control socks. The subject walked for three minutes in a 1 × 1 × 0.5 m square aluminum arena. The arena floor was covered with carpet and was infested before each trial with 200 newly emerged adult cat fleas. After the three minute trial period the subject removed each sock by rolling it off his leg and foot and placing it in a plastic bag which was then frozen to kill the fleas before they were counted. After each trial the carpet was vacuumed to remove fleas that did not attack the subject. To protect the carpet from contamination, the subject wore rubber sandals over the treated socks. Each trial was completed with the same subject used as treatment and control. Compounds which had percent repellency <70% were eliminated. For the remaining effective compounds, tests were replicated four times on different days for each repellent.
Evaluation of Neem-Derived Insecticides for Control of Western Tent Caterpillar, 1993
Authors: Eckberg Thomas B. , Cranshaw Whitney , Casey Sclar D.
Published: December 2017

Colonies of late instar caterpillars feeding on mountain mahogany that had created tents were used for this experiment. All caterpillars on an individual tent were sprayed with each treatment and the larvae were subsequently collected after sprays had dried. Plots consisted of single colony of larvae and there were four replications of each treatment arranged in a randomized complete block design. Collected larvae were returned to the lab and separated into groups of approximately ten larvae per petri dish. These were initially fed treated foliage from the same plant from which they were collected; after the third day other foliage from untreated plants was substituted. Condition of larvae was assessed three and seven DAT. Since individual colony size varied (201 maximum; 27 minimum; 90 mean), percent mortality of each colony was used for analysis.
Apple Aphid Control, 1994
Authors: Bradley S. J. , Mayer D. F.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a 3-yr-old orchard with the trees planted at a spacing of 8 × 5 ft. The experimental design was seven 0.17 acre plots. Insecticides were applied on 15 Jun with a Rears Pak-Blast airblast sprayer delivering 100 gpa. Aphid control was evaluated by counting the number of aphids on 8 randomly selected tagged shoots per treatment pre-application and 2 and 10 d postapplication.
Peach, Oriental Fruitmoth Control with Insect Growth Regulators, 1994
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Biddinger David J.
Published: December 2017

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of ‘Sunhigh’, 2 replicates of ‘Redhaven’ and 2 replicates of ‘Cresthaven’. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. All trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 30 ft and were 10 years old. Sprays were applied with a handgun from a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump at 400 psi. Approximately 3.0 gallons of spray were applied per replicate tree (=225 GPA). The first application (29 Apr) was timed for 150° degree days (45°F base) after first trap capture of an adult OFM. Additional applications were made at 15 day intervals (13 and 28 May). Effectiveness on OFM was determined by randomly selecting 100 shoots per replicate tree and counting the number of shoots showing evidence of flagging.
Insecticide Evaluations Against Foliar and Fruit Feeding Insects on Blueberries, 1994
Authors: Polavarapu S. , Polk D. F.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a recently abandoned ‘bluecrop’ blueberry field in full production, near Whitesbog, NJ. Blueberry bushes were approximately 5 ft tall and spaced 9 × 4 ft apart. Treatments were replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design with each replicate consisting of 6 bushes in 2 rows. There were 2 unsprayed rows between blocks, and 3 unsprayed bushes between treatments within a block that served as buffer. Insecticides were sprayed to runoff with a Mighty Mac model PS-322T garden sprayer equipped with a Hamilton handgun operated at 200 psi. Approximately 1.25 to 1.5 gal of spray solution was applied per replicate (250-300 gal/acre). Insecticides were applied 3 times beginning petal-fall on 31 May, 10 June, and 23 June. Data were collected from 100 leaf and fruit cluster (CL) samples (25 clusters × 4 randomly selected bushes/replicate) on 8 June and 14 June. Samples consisted of 40 fruit clusters (10 fruit clusters × 4 randomly selected bushes/replicate) on 1 July. A leaf or fruit cluster was considered damaged if at least 1 leaf or fruit in that cluster was injured.
Apple, Control of the Obliquebanded Leafroller with Conventional Insecticides in Summer, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F.
Published: December 2017

Different insecticides were evaluated for their ability to control OBLR larvae of the summer generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard near Milton-Freewater, OR. Trees were 2-yr-old ‘Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The orchard was ditch irrigated. Treatments were applied to live-tree plots replicated five times in a RCBD. All treatments were applied on 6 Jul with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 29 Jul. Each tree was examined and the no. of live leafroller larvae recorded.
Evaluation of Miticides Applied by Airblast Sprayer to Florida Citrus, 1994
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M.
Published: December 2017

AC 303,630 2SC in combination with FC435-66 petroleum oil was compared to a standard Agri-mek + petroleum oil for efficacy against CRM. Treatments were assigned to 3 × 3 (=9 tree) plots in a RCBD, replicated 5 times on 10 ft tall trees with 7.5 × 25 ft spacing. Treatments were applied on 9 Jul using an FMC 352 PTO airblast sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure (180 psi) adjusted to apply 200 gpa. At each evaluation date, 20 fruit were randomly selected and examined on the center tree within each replicate using a 10X handlens. All live CRM (except eggs) were counted in two, 1-cm2 lensfields on the partially shaded sides of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were combined and recorded as one observation. Data were subjected to log10(X + 1) transformations for statistical analysis. Un-transformed means were presented for comparison.
Comparing Dupont Esfenvalerate Formulations and Permethrin for Control of Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage, 1994
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: December 2017

Cabbage was transplanted on 23 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 18-inch plant spacing. To insure an adequate population of cabbage loopers, on 22 Jul, three plants per treatment were inoculated with 50 CL eggs from our laboratory reared colony. ICW populations were natural. Inoculated larvae were allowed to reach second instar before treatments were applied. The trial was repeated a second time on 25 Aug with another inoculation of 50 CL eggs on three more plants per treatment. ICW populations again were natural. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row with HC 12 hollow cone tips, and delivering 30 gpa at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Bod sticker-spreader was applied at 0.1 % v/v with all treatments. Treatments for the first trial were applied on 1 Aug with evaluations made on 8 Aug. Treatments for the second trial were applied on 1 Sep with evaluations made on 7 Sep. Evaluations were made by selecting the three inoculated plants in each treatment, removing all leaves, and counting the number of live CL and ICW larvae. A two-way ANOVA was used for analysis of larvae using replicate totals.
Control of the Codling Moth with Pheromone and CM Granulosis Virus, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Gut L. J. , Doerr M. D.
Published: December 2017

Two formulations of CM granulosis virus, a powder (CGI-9401) and liquid (CGI-9405), were evaluated for their ability to control CM in combination with pheromone mating disruption. Before application, milk and 45 ml of NU-FILM-P were added to the 25-gal mixture of both virus formulations. Powdered milk was used first generation at 1 lb/25 gal, and liquid milk was used second generation at 1 gal/25 gal. Pheromone application was a combination of 400 Isomate- C-plus and 200 Isomate-C dispensers per acre over the entire test block. The test was conducted in a five-acre apple block at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Columbia View Orchard. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type ‘Delicious’. Virus treatments were applied to six-tree plots replicated five times using a RCB design. All virus treatments were applied at approximately 150 degree day intervals against each CM generation following the first application with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. The first application against the first and second CM generation was based on an accumulation of 250 and 1200 degree days, respectively, after the capture of moths in pheromone traps. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 30 Aug. Twenty-five fruit from four trees per replicate were examined, and the number of CM injured fruit was recorded.
Insecticidal Control of European Corn Borer and Corn Earworm in Minnesota, 1994
Authors: Battels D. W. , Hutchison W. D.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota Southern Experiment Station at Waseca, MN. Sweet corn was planted 16 Jun in plots consisting of four rows, 25 ft (7.6 m) long on 30 inch (0.8 m) centers. Two untreated border rows and 6 ft (1.83 m) alleys separated the plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. A Hagie highboy sprayer, with two flat fan (8002VS) drop nozzles per row, was used to treat each plot. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 35 gpa (327.4 liters/ha) at 36 psi (2.8 kg/cm2) and 2 mph (1.2 km/hr). Sprays were initiated when the corn was at 25% silk. Treatments were applied on 16 and 24 Aug. The final scheduled treatment was omitted because of excessive precipitation. Plots were manually infested with about 25 neonate ECB larvae per primary earleaf on 18 Aug, two days after the first treatments were applied. Treatments were evaluated 14 Sep by randomly selecting 25 ears per plot (100 per treatment) and recording total larvae, larval size, location and feeding damage.
Control of Onion Thrips in Onions, Adjuvant Trial, Greeley, Co, 1992
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Al-Dosari Saleh
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted in a production field of transplanted onions (cv. ‘Iroquois’) near Greeley, CO. Onions were planted in two row beds and individual plots consisted of two beds, 25-ft in length, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments were applied 30 Jun and 22 Jul using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 20 gal/acre at 35 psi. Treatment evaluations were made by counting all thrips on six plants within the center rows of each plot.
Efficacy of Pyrethroid & Endosulfan Combinations Against Whitefly Adults on Spring Cantaloupes, 1995
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H.
Published: December 2017

Cantaloupes were direct seeded on 9 Mar into pre-irrigated beds spaced 80 inches apart at the University of Arizona, Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Plots consisted of 4 beds, 60 ft long with a 13 ft buffer between plots. Plot preparation and seasonal maintenance followed local practices. Plots were established and insecticide incorporated with furrow irrigation. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replicates. Foliar applications were made with a tractor drawn sprayer that delivered 48 gpa at 320 psi on 13 Apr, 3, 17 May. Adult efficacy was assessed by counting the number of adults per leaf from each of 10 leaves per plot, 1 day before treatments were applied and 4, and 7 days after treatment. Because of heterogeneity of mean variances, insect data was first transformed (log10 x + 1) before analysis of variance. Treatment differences among means were estimated with the Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch multiple F test.
Control of Whiteflies with Imidacloprid on Fall Cantaloupes, 1995
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. , Reyes F. J.
Published: December 2017

Cantaloupes were direct seeded on 23 Aug into beds spaced 80 inches apart at the University of Arizona, Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Plots consisted of 4 beds, 50 ft long with a 20 ft buffer between plots. Plot preparation and seasonal maintenance followed local practices. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replicates. Admire 2F treatments were applied 2 in. sub-seed furrow by injecting the material into the beds with long, narrow shanks in 20 GPA total volume of water before seeding. The Gaucho seed treatment was formulated at a rate of 35 g AI of imidacloprid/kg of cantaloupe seed. Foliar applications were made with a tractor drawn sprayer that delivered 48 gpa at 320 psi. The Capture+Thiodan mixture was applied on 8, 12, 20, and 27 Sep. Provado and Pyriproifen were applied on 8, 12, 20, 27 Sep and 7, 16 Oct. SPWF densities were estimated by counting the number of eggs and nymphs on two-cm2 disk sections taken from each of 20 leaves per plot on 7 Sep, 28 Sep and 2 Nov. Because of heterogeneity of mean variances, insect data was transformed (log10 x + 1) prior to analysis. Treatment differences among means were estimated with the Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch multiple F test.
Ear-Infesting Insect Control in Sweet Corn in Pennsylvania, 1995
Authors: Spangler S. M. , Piekielek N. , Grove T. , Rebarchak P.
Published: December 2017

Sweet corn was planted on 6 Jun near University Park (Centre Co.), with rows 2.5 ft apart. The design was a RCB (5 blocks per treatment). Plots (treatments within blocks) were two rows wide by 35 ft long, with 2 untreated rows on each side. Blocks were separated lengthwise by 10-ft alleyways. Sprays were delivered with a high-clearance sprayei with two nozzles/row set at tassel height at a 45° downward angle. Sprays were applied at 52 gal/acre, nozzle pressure 35psi, and tractor speed 2.6 mph Sprays were applied on 28 July, and 2, 7, 10, 15 and 18 August. At harvest (22 August), 20 ears were picked randomly from each plot. For each ear the number of insects of each species was noted. For each 20-ear sample (plot), the proportions of the sample with insect damage at the tip, side, and shank were noted.
Use of Labeled and Experimental Insecticides for Control of European Corn Borer on Sweet Corn in Wisconsin, 1995
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan
Published: December 2017

‘Heritage’ sweet corn was planted at the Arlington Agriculture Research Station, Arlington, WI at 23,000 seeds per acre on 15 June. Each treatment was 6 rows wide and 60 feet long, arranged in a RCBD, replicated four times. The sprays were applied 6, 11, 17 and 25 August. All treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer equipped with D2/23 TeeJet disc-core nozzles and delivered 10.76 gallons of finished spray per acre at 40 PSI when driven at 2.5 MPH. Plots were evaluated 8 September by removing 25 ears per treatment and recording number of damaged ears and the size of larvae present. “Early” ECB larvae were shorter than ¼ inch, “mid” larvae are longer than ¼ inch but shorter than ½ inch, and “late” larvae were longer than ¾ inch.
Onion Maggot Control, 1995
Authors: Davis M. Kortier , Grafius E. , Garvin P.
Published: December 2017

‘Golden Cascade’ onions were seeded at two commercial farms in Michigan: one in Stockbridge (Ingham Co.) on May 10 and another near Grant (Newaygo Co.) on May 17. Single rows were planted using a vee-belt seeder with a 1-inch wide shoe. Plots were 10 ft long and were replicated five times in a RCB arrangement. Seeds were planted at the rate of 12 per foot, for a total of 120 seeds per plot. All seeds were film coated with Progro in the coating, including the control. Seven insecticide treatments were tested: two in-furrow, one planter box and four seed coat treatments with insecticide also incorporated into the seed coating. Starting approximately two weeks post-planting, onion plants were counted and evaluated weekly for onion maggot damage.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Western Flower Thrips on Onions, 1995
Authors: Sparks Alton N. , Anciso Juan
Published: December 2017

A small plot test was conducted in a commercial onion field near Alamo, Texas, to evaluate selected insecticides for efficacy against the western flower thrips. Plots measured two rows (one 40 inch bed) by 20 feet, with one bed buffers between plots. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized (40 psi) backpack sprayer in a total volume of 30 gal per acre. Nozzle arrangement consisted of two 10X nozzles per bed. Treatments were applied 17 and 24 Mar. Thrips were monitored by random selection of 5 plants per plot and counting all thrips present.
Onion Maggot Control, Prattsburg, 1995
Authors: Webb D. R. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: December 2017

Seeds were planted 19 Apr in muck soil near Prattsburg, New York, on Franjo Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Germination and damage counts were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were planted using a hand-pushed cone seeder at the rate of 9 seeds/ft. Some insecticides were applied before planting as seed treatments by A. G. Taylor’s Horticultural Science Seed Treatment Laboratory at Geneva, NY, by film-coating an aqueous suspension of 3 parts by weight of Opadry AG, to 10 parts by weight of the seed protectors. All seed treatments also included Progro at the rate of 25 g of formulation/kg of raw seed to minimize incidence of onion smut (Urocystis cepulae). Other insecticide treatments were applied as in-furrow drenches in 75 gal water/acre at planting, or after seedling emergence as over-furrow sprays in 500 gal water/acre. Furrow treatments for smut included Dithane F-45 at planting using 2.4 qts formulation/acre based on a 15-inch row width. Over-furrow insecticide sprays were applied 23 May. Cumulative damage readings were made once or twice weekly between 23 May and 30 Jun.
Insect Management on Bell Pepper in West-Central Florida, Fall 1994
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set 8 Aug, 12 inches apart on 8-inch-high and 32-inch-wide beds of fumigated EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single row of 12 plants with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and sprays were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 16, 21, 29 Sept, 7, 13, 20, 27 Oct, 3, 10, 16, 23, 29 Nov, 6 and 13 Dec. The sprayer was outfitted with a single nozzle with a D-5 disk and #45 core and delivered 100 gpa at 60 psi. Granular applications were made just prior to soil fumigation (about 2 weeks prior to planting) in two narrow bands 10 inches on either side of bed centers. On 5-6 Oct, each plant in each plot was inspected for small (≤0.5 inch long) and large (0.5 inch long) beet armyworm larvae. On 3 Nov, each plot was rated by two persons for increasing percentage of defoliation by beet armyworm larvae using the Horsfall-Barratt system. With this system, ratings of 1-12 corresponded to 1-100% defoliation. The ratings were averaged prior to analysis. Fruit were harvested on 2, 21 Nov, 14 and 19 Dec and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number of fruit damaged by beet armyworm larvae were determined. Fruit with slight feeding damage only on the stem or calyx were considered marketable. Fruit with either slight or severe damage on the fruit wall were considered unmarketable. Fruit also were examined for the presence of oviposition scars on the outside of the fruit and for the presence of larval feeding damage on the inside of the fruit caused by the pepper weevil. On 16 Dec, each plot was sampled by dislodging the insects from the tops of five plants with a 12 inch garden stake into the bottom of a rectangular cake pan painted black and coated with a thin film of vegetable oil. The numbers of pepper weevil adults, armyworm larvae, predator adults and immatures, and aphids were counted. The numbers of predators were totaled over all species since few of any one species were present.
Potato Insect Pest Control, 1995
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Dunlap Michael J.
Published: December 2017

‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted 23 May at the Fry Farm, OARDC, Wooster, OH. Plant spacing was 38 inches between rows and 9 to 10 inches between plants. Fertilizer was applied at planting (1750 lb/acre 10-20-20). The Admire 2F (in-furrow) treatment was applied at planting (24 May for this treatment only) using a CO2 compression sprayer at 20 psi with a 8004 flat fan nozzle delivering the insecticide into the seed furrow. The field was treated for weed control on 20 Jun with 0.75 lb/acre of Sencor DF. Fungicide, 1.5 lb/acre Pencozeb DF, was applied 23 Jun, 5, 25, 31 Jul, 1, and 11 Aug. Paraquat, 1 pt/acre, was applied 15 Sep as a vine killer. Plots were two rows wide and 50 ft in length, with 9 ft alleys separating plots and 6 ft alleys separating blocks. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design. Foliar treatments were initiated when the first generation larvae were increasing in the plots. Foliar applications were made 27 Jun, 11, 28 Jul, and 10 Aug. Cygon 4 E, 1 pt/acre, was added to the tank mix (TM) of Regent 80 WG (TM) and Cryolite 96, 11 Jul and 10 Aug to suppress PLH populations. Foliar treatments were applied with a tractor mounted drop nozzle boom sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Number of eggs, small (instar 1-2), large (instar 3–4) larvae, and adults were counted and percent defoliation was visually estimated in five 1-m lengths of row per plot weekly. Leafhopper nymphs and aphids were sampled by visually inspecting 25 compound leaves per plot on each sampling date. Potatoes were harvested 10 Oct with all grading finished by 12 Oct.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes With Foliar Insecticide Sprays, 1995
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Mulford Karen , Baumann Donna
Published: December 2017

‘Red Norland’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 29 Mar, ’95. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 30 psi. Treatments were applied 23 May and 4 and 12 Jun. Trigard plots were sprayed with Asana XL 0.05 lb (AI)/ acre and PBO 8EC 0.375 (AI)/acre on 12 and 19 Jun. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae, egg masses/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 26 Jun from 20 feet of row.
Soil and Foliar Insecticides on Colorado Potato Beetles And Defoliation in Potato, 1995
Authors: Pavlista Alexander D.
Published: December 2017

The trial was conducted at the Panhandle Research and Extension Ctr., Scottsbluff, NE, on a drained sandy loam with a pH of 7.5 and 1% organic matter. Fertilization was 150 lb N/acre, 100 lb P/acre, no potassium or sulfur. Plots were double rows spaced 36 inches and 40 feet long. Treatments were replicated five times in a latin square design. Precut, TOPS 2.5D-treated potatoes variety ‘Atlantic’ were planted on 12 May in soil at 45-50 deg F. Turbo was applied at emergence for weed suppression. Spring (Apr-Jun) was unusually wet and cold while Aug was unusually hot and dry. Irrigation was by a Lockwood Linear Move (overhead sprinkler) system applying ½ inch per week during tuber bulking. Thimet 20G and Admire 2F were applied in a band into the furrow prior to seedpiece drop. Foliar treatments, Asana XL and Provado 1.6F, were applied on 13 Jul (38 days after plant emergence) above canopy in 20 gal/acre. CPB population and defoliation were rated on a visual scale from 0 (no beetles) to 10 (totally covered with beetles), and 0 to 100%, respectively, by two people. Readings were taken at foliar treatment, 11, 18 and 25 DAT.
Control of Corn Wireworms in Potatoes, Spring, 1995
Authors: Seal D. R.
Published: December 2017

Certified seed pieces of ‘LaRouge’ potatoes were planted on raised beds of Perrine marl soil in Homestead, FL on 14 Feb. 1995. All cultural practices were as recommended. Plant spacing was 6 inch within the row and 3 ft between rows. Plants were fertilized with 1700 lb./acre with granular fertilizer (8:16:16) on two dates at planting and 2 wk after planting. Treatment plots were four rows X 25 ft arranged in RCB with four replications. The treatments evaluated for wireworm control were: 1) Admire (0.50 lb. [AI]/ acre; 2 & 3) two rates of Regent (0.20 & 0.10 lb. [AI]/acre; 4) Mocap (3.00 lb. [AI]/acre); and 5) a nontreated check. All treatments were compared with a nontreated check. Insecticide applications were made in 4 inch deep furrow 4 inches apart from the seed row two weeks after planting. Insecticides were evaluated by collecting all potatoes from the 19 feet areas at the center of two middle rows. Potato tubes were checked for wireworm feeding damage characterized as deep and shallow holes; and weighed.
Control of Silverleaf Whitefly in Squash, 1995
Authors: Seal D. R.
Published: December 2017

Squash (‘Dixie’) was planted in Homestead on 25 March 1995. Plant spacing was 1 ft in the row and 3 ft between rows. Plants were fertilized with 1700 lb./acre with granular fertilizer (8:16:16) on two dates, at planting and 2 wk after planting. Plots were two rows, 25 ft. long. Five treatments were arranged in RCB with four replications. Drench applications of Admire were made by pouring 6 oz. of insecticide solution at the base of each plant 10 days after planting when all plants germinated. Foliar applications were made on three dates (6, 12 and 20 April) using a backpack sprayer with two nozzles per row at 40 psi. Spray volume was 50–70 gpa. Insecticides wert evaluated by collecting samples consisting of five matured leaves (one/plant) from the center of each treatment plot on each of three sampling dates 7 13 and 21 April. Numbers of whitefly adults were recorded on each sampling leaf by gently turning the leaves in the field. The leaves were then incised and transported to the laboratory to record numbers of eggs and nymphs on randomly selected three 1 sq. cm. areas of each leaf. Incidence of squash silverleaf was studied on each sampling date by counting the total numbers of plants with silverleaf symptom in each treatment plot.
Insect Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, SPRING 1995
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set 10 Mar, 18 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15 ft row with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 3, 10, 17, 24 Apr, 1, 8, 15, 22, 31 May, 6 and 12 June. The sprayer was operated at 60 psi and delivered 60 gpa for the first two applications, 90 gpa the next two applications, and 120 gpa for the remaining applications using a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #25 core. On 10 May and 19 June, the numbers of tomato pinworm leaf rolls were counted by two persons in a 2 min. whole plot search. On 10 May, the numbers of Liriomyza spp. leafmines were counted by two trained observers in a 1 minute whole plot search. Pinworm and leafminer damage counts of both persons were totalled. Fruit were harvested on 10 May, 1, and 15 June. The number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number and weight of fruit damaged by armyworm larvae and flower thrips (fruit with five or more oviposition dimples on the blossom end) were determined.
Control of Tomato Pinworm (Tpw) Keiferia Lycopersicella with Fermentation Product Insecticides, Spring 1995
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M.
Published: December 2017

Greenhouse raised tomato seedings were planted on six blacksided plastic mulched beds 32” wide on 27 Feb at 18” spacing. Beds 240” long were fumigated with a 67/33% mixture of methyl bromide and chloropicrin at a rate of 2201b/acre and subsurface irrigated. Plants were sprayed weekly with an alternating combination of Maneb 80 WP at 1.5 lb/acre plus Kocide 101 at 2 lb/acre and Bravo 720 at 2 pt/acre for disease control. Imidacloprid (Admire® 2F) was applied on 2 Mar as a soil drench at a rate of 1 pt/acre to control whitefly. Four blocks of 3 beds each were divided into 9 plots 40 feet long and one row wide assigned to treatments in a RCB design with 4 replications and 9 treatments. Applications were made weekly beginning 14 Apr with a high-clearance, self-propelled sprayer operated at 2.5 mph and equipped with a diaphragm pump operating at 200 psi delivering spray from the side through Albuz@ “yellow” hollow cone nozzles, 8 per row delivering 98 gpa except for the first spray when 6 nozzles were employed to deliver 74 gpa. Latron CS-7 was tank mixed at 16 oz/100 gallon spray. Pheromone wing traps and baits supplied by AgriSense® were used to monitor TPW populations. Plants were evaluated twice by counting all live TPW larvae on one side of 8 plants per plot. Fruit was harvested from 10 plants per plot and marketable fruit graded on a commercial table with weights and numbers recorded and unmarketable fruit was evaluated for pinworm damage. Production was valued on a $12/$9/$7 market for extra-large, large, and medium fruit per 25 lb box.
Control of Southern Armyworm with Bacillus Thuringiensis in Staked Tomato, Fall 1994
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M.
Published: December 2017

Greenhouse raised tomato seedings “Florasette” were planted 8 Sep. 1994, 18 inches within the row on six subirrigated beds, 240 ft long, 32 ft wide on 6 ft centers. Beds had been fumigated with methyl bromide + chloropicrin 67/33 at a rate of 2201b/acre and mulched with whiteside polyethylene. Each of 4, 125 ft blocks was divided into 4, 3-row plots 25 ft long plus 2.5 ft walkways. Plants were sprayed weekly with an alternating combination of Maneb 80 WP at 1 lb/acre plus Kocide 101 at 31b/acre and Bravo 720 at 1.5 pt/acre for disease control. Plants were inoculated on 5 Oct with beet armyworm and on 19 Oct with SAW on 19 Oct to supplement natural populations by applying 2-3 neonates (2-3 per plant) in Grito-O-Cobs (20-40 mesh) to foliage with a “bazooka” gun. Treatments and spray schedules are given in Tables 1 and 2. Spray was delivered weekly for 7 weeks starting in 21 Oct using a high clearance sprayer equipped with yellow hollow cone Albuz nozzles at 200 psi pump pressure. Configuration for the first 4 applications was 9 nozzles per row, one overhead and four each side calibrated to deliver 89 GPA. An additional nozzle per side drop was added for the last 3 applications to deliver 110 GPA. Larval populations were evaluated weekly from 21 Oct to 29 Nov on 6 ft of row from the center of each 3-row plot in two-plant (between-stake) units. Larvae were counted in 3 size categories: small, medium and large but only medium and large are reported. Fruit of marketable size was harvested on 21 Nov & 02 Dec and graded on a commercial table with weights and numbers recorded.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1995
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: December 2017

The plots, 34 ft X 36 ft, were in a 2-yrold stand of ‘Wampr’ variety alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gpa. Treatments were applied on 19 Apr with a low pressure, low volume, Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 Spraying Systems 8003 stainless steel Tee Jet nozzles and operated at a pressure of 35 psi. A standard treatment of Furadan 4 F was applied at the rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre for comparison. Population densities of AW larvae were determined 6, 9, 14, 19 and 21 days DAT by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net
Control Of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae In Tennessee, 1995
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Burgess E. E. , Roberts C. H.
Published: December 2017

Insecticide treatments were evaluated in a 3-yr stand of alfalfa at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield. Plots were 20 ft X 20 ft replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Blocks were separated by 15 ft alleys. Soil type was Minvale silt loam. Nine insecticide treatments were applied on 29 Mar when 70% of the tips were damaged and AW larvae averaged 10.9 larvae/sweep. Chemicals were applied using a tractor mounted CO2-powered 10 ft boom sprayer at the rate of 30 gal/acre. AW samples were collected on 3, 12, 18, 25 Apr and 2 May using a 15 inch insect net, and consisted of 5 pendulum sweeps from each plot. A 34 in X 20 ft strip was harvested from the middle of each plot on 22 May to determine green weight yields. Moisture content of alfalfa was 70.58%.
Use Of Labeled And Experimental Insecticides For Control Of Potato Leafhoppers, Tarnished And Alfalfa Plant Bugs And Pea Aphids In Wisconsin, 1995
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots measuring 40 X 50 ft were established in a field of ‘ICI 931’ alfalfa at the University of Wisconsin Agricultural Research Station, Arlington, WI. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Insecticides were applied on 30 Jun by using a tractormounted compressed air sprayer equipped with 8001 Teejet flat fan nozzles delivering 18 gal of spray/acre at 40 psi when driven at 2.6 mph. Insect abundance was estimated by taking twenty consecutive pendulum sweeps in each plot with a 15 inch diam sweep net at 7, 11 and 14 DAT.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola: Seed & Granular Treatments, 1995
Authors: McCaffrey J. P. , Harmon B. L.
Published: December 2017

Plots were established at the University of Idaho Plant Science, Moscow, ID. ‘IMC 144’ Canola treated by Rhone-Poulenc and untreated seed from the same lot was planted at 6 lb/acre using a 6-row (7 inch spacing), small-plot, cone seeder on 19 May. Some untreated seed plots also received granular Furadan treatments at planting. Control plots were planted with untreated seed and no Furadan. Plots were 3.5 X 16 ft arranged in a RCBD with each treatment replicated 4 times. The plots were cultivated, harrowed and fertilized (200 lb/acre 40-0-0-6 and 150 lb/acre 16-20-0) prior to planting. FB damage ratings and counts of all plants in 3.3 ft of rows 3 and 4 were made on 30 May, 2 and 7 Jun. Damage to cotyledons was scored using a 0-6 rating system. Capture 2EC (0.04 lb [AI]/acre) and Thiodan 3EC (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) were applied 6 and 24 Jul, respectively to control late season aphid infestations. Plots were havested 22 Sep with a small-plot combine (4.6 ft header). All data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, Crookston, Mn, 1995
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Holder Bobby
Published: December 2017

Hybrid Canola seed (‘Hyola 401’) was obtained from Zeneca Seeds, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. One third of the seed was coated with Gaucho 480F by Gustafson, Inc., Piano TX, 1/2 was mixed with Furadan CR10 and 1/3 untreated. Plots were 25 ft X 50 ft and planted with a standard plot drill on 15 May. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design replicated 2 two time. Germination and maturity were uniform.