bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
5 Ballet Mécanique and International Modernist Networks
Authors: Oja Carol J.
Published: January 2010

More than any other event, the premiere of George Antheil's Ballet Mécanique at Carnegie Hall in New York City on April 10, 1927 brought music's role in the American machine movement into focus. Antheil's concert was also unusual in challenging racial segregation and in arranging a Dada spectacle that spurned long-held assumptions of concert decorum. A siren, airplane propellers, a player piano, ten conventional pianos, six xylophones, and a battery of other percussion instruments clustered on stage. At once infamous and undervalued, Ballet Mécanique presents a vivid picture of modernism's international traffic. It drew upon the culture of Dada, with which Antheil came in contact as a teenager in the United States, and was conceived together with a film by the Spanish cubist Fernand Léger. Furthermore, Ballet Mécanique's position as an early percussion work gives it historic pride of place next to Edgard Varèse's Ionisation of 1929-1931.
9 Ruth Crawford and the Apotheosis of Spiritual Dissonance
Authors: Oja Carol J.
Published: January 2010

Alone among the ultra-moderns, Ruth Crawford (1901-1953) became a rapt disciple of Dane Rudhyar, whom she met in 1925. She soon fell under his spell, “worshipping” him “intellectually”and finding herself “dazzled by his erudition”. She revered him as an “idol”. Thus, one of America's most uncompromising modernists—a composer who within a few years was to be hailed for her proto-serial writing and heterophonic ideal—encountered spiritual theories during a formative period in her compositional development. Crawford was never promoted or explicated by Rudhyar, as was the case with Carl Ruggles and Henry Cowell. Crawford stood apart in actually applying Rudhyar's theories to her compositions and gaining little attention from him for the results. Rudhyar credited some of his own piano works with inspiring the “first really interesting music Crawford wrote”.
11 Organizing the Moderns
Authors: Oja Carol J.
Published: January 2010

In his second inaugural address of 1917, President Woodrow Wilson declared the end of post-colonial isolation and the beginning of international leadership. Once World War I was over, transatlantic relations in music reflected such sentiments as much as they did in politics. France, the United States's wartime ally, became its peacetime friend. Forces of internationalization resounded throughout the new music scene. In 1920, the Prix de Rome was first awarded, launching a fellowship program for creative artists at the American Academy in Rome that continues to the present. The Conservatoire Américain at Fontainebleau opened the following year in France, initiating an ambitious, long-reaching Franco-American interchange. There and then the young Nadia Boulanger welcomed Aaron Copland as a pupil, the first of many gifted American musicians who entered her studio during the next half of the century.
16 A Quartet of New World Neoclassicists
Authors: Oja Carol J.
Published: January 2010

The Copland-Sessions Concerts celebrated youth, giving performance opportunities to composers who would eventually emerge as leaders in the United States. The stylistic range of music performed on the series was far broader than is generally recognized, yet there is no denying that one of its main constituencies was made up of composers with varying inclinations toward neoclassicism. Four of them are Roger Sessions, Walter Piston, Roy Harris, and Carlos Chávez, who, when placed alongside Aaron Copland and Virgil Thomson, broaden our perspective on the diversity of American attitudes toward neoclassicism. Sessions and Piston both adopted fairly traditional stances toward the aesthetic yet achieved quite different results, whereas Harris and Chávez took much more idiosyncratic approaches. All four negotiated individual contracts with this transatlantic aesthetic in some of their earliest mature works. Among American composers born around the turn of the century, Sessions was the one most comfortable with his connection to the music and traditions of Western Europe.
17 Europeans in Performance and on Tour
Authors: Oja Carol J.
Published: January 2010

While American neoclassicists obscured their stylistic connection to Western Europe, these same composers and their American contemporaries worked to foster transatlantic performance opportunities. The founding of New York City's modern music societies in the early 1920s generated a booming trade in European modernism, and other strategic points of Euro-American contact occurred, including especially the New York premieres of Pierrot lunaire and Le Sacre du printemps, the establishment of the International Society for Contemporary Music, and the United States tours of European composers. Through these tours and premieres, New York City not only caught up with Western Europe in presenting continental modernism but also became a desirable locale in its own right. Even though visiting European luminaries seemed to pay little attention to American composers of concert music, they helped alter the overall climate for modernism. As every year passed, New York seemed less provincial, and its young composers benefited from the difference.
18 Visionary Critics
Authors: Oja Carol J.
Published: January 2010

As contemporary European music arrived in the United States and Americans devised their own brands of modernism, a new generation of critics took on a parallel challenge, attempting to interpret these rapid developments for a public that was often bewildered. While their ranks were not large, a few key figures rallied to the cause of the avant-garde. One of them was Carl Van Vechten, who wrote perceptive, even prescient evaluations of new music during the mid-1910s, just as the modernist movement began taking hold in New York City. The other was Paul Rosenfeld, who became an advocate of modernism in all the arts. Like Van Vechten, Rosenfeld's great awakening to modernist music came while traveling abroad: during a visit in 1914 to London, where he first heard the music of Alexander Scriabin. As music critics, both Van Vechten and Rosenfeld agitated for cultural change and grappled with contemporary European figures as well as American popular idioms. However, the two ended up in very different positions. Van Vechten's role in early 20th-century modernism is now largely forgotten, while Rosenfeld is lionized as one of modernism's great interpreters.
After Hitler
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H.
Published: January 2010

This book deals with the transformation of Germany after the Second World War and the Holocaust into a Western, democratic, and therefore civilized country. It proceeds in three stages, beginning with the Allied post-war policies of demilitarization, denazification, and decartelization. In the second part, it concentrates on the Westernization, inner democratization and generational rebellion of the 1960s, concluding with a section on the repudiation of Communism, the return to normalcy, and the issue of immigration during the 1990s.
Arriving at Democracy
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H.
Published: January 2010

This chapter focuses on the process of “inner democratization”, which went beyond a mere observance of democratic forms to an internalized belief in democratic value systems.
Introduction “The Angel Would Like to Stay, Awaken the Dead, and Make Whole What Has Been Smashed”
Authors: FOOTE THELMA WILLS
Published: January 2010

This book shows that racialized subjects are formations that arise out of historically specific projects and strategic relations of power — in this case study, the early modern project of colony building on Manhattan Island and its relations of colonial domination. This introductory chapter narrates that during the early modern era of European expansion and the emergence of the capitalist world system, Manhattan Island became a crossroads for the articulation of the ideal and material relations of colonial domination that produced relationally constituted and differentially value racialized subjects — for example, civilized and savage, colonizer and colonized, enslaver and enslaved, black and white. It notes that the quasi-military trading monopoly known as the Dutch West India Company built the first colonial outpost on Manhattan Island.
“Nothing That Is Necessary Is to Be Discouraged”
Authors: FOOTE THELMA WILLS
Published: January 2010

This chapter tracks the project of colony building on Manhattan Island following the English takeover of the North American territory previously called New Netherland and renamed New York. It shows that the labor imperatives of colony building produced a pattern of widespread slave ownership. It adds that the colonization project on Manhattan Island, in town and in the surrounding countryside, resulted in a mixed system of labor that combined slavery indentured servitude, and wage labor and brought a diverse population from various birth places, religions, and languages to the island-peninsula.
Hearing Bach's Passions
Authors: Melamed Daniel R.
Published: January 2010

Johann Sebastian Bach's two surviving passions—St. John and St. Matthew—are an essential part of the modern repertory, performed regularly both by professional ensembles and amateur groups. These large, complex pieces are well-loved; but because of our distance from the original context in which they were performed, questions and problems emerge. Bach wrote the passions for a particular liturgical event at a specific time and place; we hear them hundreds of years later, often a world away and usually in concert performances. They were performed with vocal and instrumental forces deployed according to early 18th century conceptions; we usually hear them now as the pinnacle of the choral/orchestral repertory, adapted to modern forces and conventions. In Bach's time, passion settings were revised, altered, and tampered with both by their composers and by other musicians who used them. Today, we tend to regard them as having fixed texts, to be treated with respect. Their music was sometimes recycled from other compositions, or reused itself for other purposes. We have trouble imagining the familiar material of Bach's passion settings in any other guise. We can learn about these issues by exploring the sources that transmit Bach's passion settings today, performance practice (including the question of the size of Bach's ensemble), delving into the passions as dramatic music, examining the problem of multiple versions of a work and the reconstruction of lost pieces, exploring the other passions in Bach's performing repertory, and sifting through the puzzle of authorship.
Which St. John Passion BWV 245?
Authors: Melamed Daniel R.
Published: January 2010

What do we do when a composition survives in several versions? J. S. Bach's St. John Passion presents a test case for our convictions about pieces and their multiple versions. Most people's sense that there is indeed a work identifiable as “the St. John Passion ” is confirmed by the assignment of a single Bach catalogue number (BWV 245) to it. But the situation is more complicated: there are multiple St. John Passions, some of which are recoverable and some of which are not. One may not really qualify as a version, depending on how one defines the concept.
Vox Feminae
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

Hildegard (1098-1179), the founder and abbess of a Benedictine nunnery in Bingen, Germany, first came to the attention of modern America in a book about headaches. Oliver Sacks’s 1970 book Migraines included an essay arguing that Hildegard’s mystical visions were “indisputably migrainous”, although with characteristic open-mindedness he has also written that this “does not detract in the least from their psychological or spiritual significance”. Today Hildegard of Bingen is known chiefly for her music. What brought about the change was a pair of 1982 CDs, Gothic Voices’s A Feather on the Breath of God, and Sequentia’s Ordo Virtutum. Both still stand among the best-selling recordings yet made of early music. This chapter presents an interview with Barbara Thornton, who discusses the music of Hildegard, Gregorian chant, color in music, imagery in Hildegard’s music, and feminine elements of Hildegard’s music.
Consistent Inconsistencies
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

To his devotees, Johann Sebastian Bach’s mystique originates in his music: one feels that there is much more to it than meets the ear, and that the extra something is profound. His mystique may be heightened, though, by our tantalizingly limited knowledge of his life and his performance style. For an example of the challenges of Bach scholarship, consider Bach’s articulation marks. These slurs and dots may have aided Bach’s contemporaries, but they flummoxed modern scholars for decades. The confusion lay in what Erwin Bodky called the markings’ “incredible discrepancies”. Through an exhaustive survey of Bach sources and Baroque performance treatises, John Butt discerned some of the motivation behind Bach’s markings. He showed that the markings give special insight into how Bach understood his music. This chapter presents an interview with Butt on Bach and his music, use of original musical instruments, Bach’s articulation marks, historical instruments, downbeat and dissonance, syntax, and Bach’s metaphysics.
Epilogue
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

The musicians interviewed in this book can be divided into three broad types. Artists of the first type uphold what might be called the central early music tradition: they adhere firmly to the ideal of trying to play music as it was played in its own time. The interviews show that historical evidence does not inspire everyone in the same way. The second type of artists rejects, at least partially, the core ideal of historical authenticity. Such artists are not complacent but rather know their history, and have rethought their styles. But unlike the first type, they flout history openly when they prefer something else. We might assume that these artists have been emboldened by the skeptics’ battering at the historicist ideal. On the whole though, it seems that both types one and two reach their positions not through the intellect but through temperament or artistic need. The third type is often a subset of the first type, which uses history radically to undermine a more basic assumption, one that the first two groups share with the mainstream.
Jewish Residential Patterns
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M.
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows that many Jews before 1850 lived in difficult housing conditions. Many were crowded into multiple dwellings caused by legal limitations on Jewish homeownership. In the middle of the 19th century, Jewish housing conditions improved markedly, but it is not certain that on average they were better than those of non-Jews. By 1871, something substantial had changed in the residential conditions of German Jewry. The extreme overcrowding, cramped housing conditions, and confinement to certain towns, neighborhoods, and provinces were decreasing rapidly. The huge Jewish communities in Posen and in certain south German villages were beginning to fade, but were by no means gone. Most German Jews still lived in the countryside or small towns.
Religious Practice and Mentality
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M.
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows how by 1870 Jewish religious practice and attitudes changed from being uniformly religiously traditional to running the gamut from preservation of the essence of the tradition at one end to the almost total abandonment of Jewish religious traditions on the other. Although most German Jews had already traveled a road away from tradition by 1870, almost all of them had grandparents who had been traditional Jews. It is difficult to guess what percentage of German Jews in 1870 still observed the rules of kashrut and the Sabbath.
Education and Vocational Training
Authors: Maurer Trude
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows that toward the end of the Weimar Republic the Jewish school system became an institution of protection against antisemitism and of strengthening Jewish consciousness. As the Nazis blocked this advancement by limiting access to secondary schools and higher education and strove to lower the Jewish level of education, Jews turned more toward their own history and culture, while preparing for emigration and also attempting not to lose sight of “general” history and culture.
Leisure Time and Social Life
Authors: Maurer Trude
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses the degree of integration of Jews with the non-Jewish environment and the bonds within the Jewish community. Although ostracized from German cultural life, Jews held fast to German culture and learned more and more about Jewish authors and Jewish history. A strengthened Jewish communal life and a return to Jewish holidays at home were also accompanied by an intellectual return to Judaism.
Approaching Electric Folka
Authors: Sweers Britta
Published: January 2010

As a re-evaluation of Bob Dylan's folk rock performance at Newport highlights, one central controversy of fusion music has been centered on the relationship between traditional and popular music. This discourse becomes especially apparent in the broader historical background of the partly strongly interrelated folk music revivals. The subsequent historical overview thus sketches the different Folk Revivals in America (1930s-1965) and American Folk Rock (1965-1970) and the Second British Folk Revival (1950s/60s), including the Skiffle Craze and the development of the folk club scene, which has strongly shaped the discourses regarding electric folk. As the focus of this study is set on electric folk from its emergence in the mid-1960s until its disappearance in the late 1970s, later developments after the re-emergence in the 1980s are only briefly sketched.
The Electric Folk Scene
Authors: Sweers Britta
Published: January 2010

This sociocultural analysis depicts the electric folk scene as a coherent, yet heterogeneous entity, shaped by continuous line-up changes. As the musical hybridity is also reflected in the performance spaces, this chapter first analyses the folk club and the emerging progressive rock scenes in London of the 1960s. While having developed from the Second Folk Revival, electric folk was nevertheless facilitated by the venues of the progressive scene, including university auditories, festivals, radio DJs like John Peel, and independent record companies, although business always remained a difficult issue. The second part analyses internal characteristics such as the performer network, authority figures like Ewan MacColl and A. L. Lloyd, and the strikingly large number of female artists. The outlook into the 1990s reveals a consolidated scene characterized by distinct venues, festivals, key figures, and repertoires, whose continuous existence is also supported by independent low-key business and marketing strategies.
Individual Musical Approaches
Authors: Sweers Britta
Published: January 2010

In order to highlight the variety of the individual fusion styles, this chapter undertakes a deeper musical analysis. A central focus is set on Fairport Convention which, despite numerous line-up changes, still developed a recognizable folk-rock fusion style. The analysis particularly addresses the period with Sandy Denny (1967-1969), which ended with the recording of Liege & Lief. Steeleye Span, in contrast, developed a more rock-oriented approach, despite the stronger focus on traditional material, while Pentangle's acoustic jazz fusions were distinguished by a more transparent sound. The chapter also analyses the British guitar or “Folk Baroque” styles of Martin Carthy, Davy Graham, and Bert Jansch, and addresses the early music experiments of Shirley and Dolly Collins, and John Renbourn. Touching briefly on concept albums and progressive rock, the chapter is completed by a broader discussion of traditional elements in modern songwriting.
The Fight for “Freedom of Association”: Segregationist Rights and Resistance in Atlanta
Authors: Kruse Kevin M.
Published: January 2010

This chapter reveals how white parents used the rationale of “freedom of association” to protect their children from attending school with African Americans. It discusses that when it became apparent that the public school system would be desegregated, whites applied the same line of reasoning in reenrolling their children at private religious academies. It notes that these institutions had supposedly suffered defeat. It argues that the emphasis white Atlantans placed on the right to make choices for their children free of governmental inference was not merely a conceit intended to conceal their crude racial prejudice.
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Human Development
Authors: Coles Claire D.
Published: January 2010

This chapter begins with a brief discussion of how differences in methodologies have contributed to disagreements in the literature and among the public and many professionals about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. It then discusses thresholds and dose-response effects of prenatal alcohol exposure, physical effects of prenatal alcohol exposure, and neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal alcohol exposure.
Influence of Alcohol on Structure of the Developing Human Brain
Authors: Fryer Susanna L. , McGee Christie L. , Spadoni Andrea D. , Riley Edward P.
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses the brain structural changes arising from fetal alcohol exposure. It argues that teratogenic exposure to alcohol causes permanent changes in brain structure and differentially affects specific components and regions of the brain. These structural changes likely underlie deficits in the cognitive ability and adaptive functioning of exposed individuals. Structural brain deficits revealed by quantitative image analyses of alcohol-exposed individuals include reductions in overall brain volume and alterations in brain shape, density, and bilateral symmetry.
Effects of Ethanol on the Regulation of Cell Cycle in Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Zawada W. Michael , Das Mita
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses the effects of early ethanol exposure on the cell cycle, with particular reference to neuronal stem cells (NSCs) in the developing brain. Understanding how ethanol affects the cell cycle of NSCs might be valuable in the context of treating ethanol-induced developmental defects such as those observed in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). NSCs and the molecular components of the cell cycle are defined before delving into the effects of ethanol on the progression of the cell cycle.
Effects of Ethanol on Mechanisms Regulating Neuronal Process Outgrowth
Authors: Lindsley Tara A.
Published: January 2010

This chapter summarizes the effects of ethanol on the outgrowth and maturation of dendrites and axons, focusing on central nervous system neurons developing in vivo or in vitro. Selected observations highlight both well-established and emerging insights on the effects of ethanol on axonal and dendritic growth. One section describes how recent advances in developmental neural cell biology are informing work aimed at understanding the mechanisms underlying the disruption of neuronal development by ethanol.
Glial Targets of Developmental Exposure to Ethanol
Authors: Guerri Consuelo , Rubert Gemma , Pascual Maria
Published: January 2010

Glia are recognized as active partners with neurons as participants in neurotransmission and they play essential roles in axonal conduction, synaptic plasticity, and information processing. In the adult human brain, glia outnumber neurons by one order of magnitude. There are two classes of glia: microglia (which mediate inflammatory responses in the central nervous system) and macroglia. Macroglia are oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. This chapter focuses on astrocytes, which are the most paradigmatic glia.
Chapter 1 Introduction
Authors: Bybee Joan
Published: January 2010

A newcomer to the field of linguistics might be surprised to learn that for most of the 20th century, facts about the frequency of use of particular words, phrases, or constructions were considered irrelevant to the study of linguistic structure. To the uninitiated, it does not seem unreasonable at all to suppose that high-frequency words and expressions might have one set of properties and low-frequency words and expressions another. So how is it that so many professional linguists for so many decades, maybe even centuries, have missed (or perhaps avoided) this basic point? One factor is that frequency effects tend to be observable at the level of the individual word or expression, while linguists have tended to focus their interest on the broader patterns of structure and the more abstract and generalized categories. This chapter discusses frequency effects, including the conserving effect, the reducing effect, and autonomy, all of which arise from token frequency. The link between word frequency and categorization is discussed, along with high and low frequency.
Chapter 10 Lexicalization of Sound Change and Alternating Environments
Authors: Bybee Joan
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines sound changes that occur at the boundaries between two words, setting up more than one variant for a word. What happens in such cases is interesting, because it is common for bound morphemes to have multiple variants but not so common for words to have variant forms. Based on final [s] reduction in Spanish dialects, the chapter argues that the spread of the reduced variant from pre-consonantal position (the original phonetic environment) to pre-vocalic position is the generalization of the more frequent variant—that which occurs before consonants. This chapter shows the power of the usage-based approach in explaining linguistic phenomena: the effect of frequency can explain why a word boundary so often behaves like a consonant. The reason is that word boundaries are most often followed by consonants and the more frequent variant eventually takes over. A second point is that the data show that individual words tend to resolve a large range of variation toward having a single variant.
Chapter 14 The Effect of Usage on Degrees of Constituency
Authors: SCHEIBMAN WITH JOANNE
Published: January 2010

This chapter deals with constituent structure, primarily in English, and argues that the non-semantic phenomena associated with constituent structure can be attributed to frequency of co-occurrence. It examines the phonological phenomenon of the reduction of don't, which is highly dependent on its frequency of use in different contexts. By phonological criteria the reduction of don't is more dependent on the subject than the following verb. This appears to be due to the higher frequency of I don't than any combination with a verb, even don't know. There are many degrees of constituency which derive in a direct manner from the frequency with which elements are used together: elements that are frequently found next to each other show a tighter constituent structure than those that collocate less frequently. Phonological and functional evidence from conversation suggests that repetition conditions chunking, sometimes overriding the syntactic and semantic logic of the organization of utterances.
An Empire Divided
Authors: Daughton J. P.
Published: January 2010

Between 1880 and 1914, tens of thousands of men and women left France for distant religious missions, driven by the desire to spread the word of Jesus Christ, combat Satan, and convert the world's pagans to Catholicism. But they were not the only ones with eyes fixed on foreign shores. Just as the Catholic missionary movement reached its apex, the young, staunchly secular Third Republic launched the most aggressive campaign of colonial expansion in French history. Missionaries and republicans abroad knew they had much to gain from working together, but their starkly different motivations regularly led them to view one another with resentment, distrust, and even fear. This book tells the story of how troubled relations between Catholic missionaries and a host of republican critics shaped colonial policies, Catholic perspectives, and domestic French politics in the tumultuous decades before the First World War. With case studies on Indochina, Polynesia, and Madagascar, this book challenges the long-held view that French colonizing and “civilizing” goals were shaped by a distinctly secular republican ideology built on Enlightenment ideals. By exploring the experiences of Catholic missionaries, one of the largest groups of French men and women working abroad, the book argues that colonial policies were regularly wrought in the fires of religious discord — discord which indigenous communities exploited in responding to colonial rule.
5 When Civilization Destroyed Paradise
Authors: DAUGHTON J. P.
Published: January 2010

This chapter tells of the destruction brought by the European contact with Pacific islanders. It explains that the case of Polynesian depopulation offers a particularly revealing case study of how the civilizing mission took shape in the first decades of the Third Republic. It also notes of the depopulation in late-nineteenth-century France and the Pacific. It also suggests that in France, missionaries were viewed as the imperfect solution for Republicans. It also narrates Paul Gaugin's experience as a witness to a failed mission. It tells that in almost every French possession and protectorate, the ministry met some resistance.
Family Talk
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia
Published: January 2010

Through everyday talk, individuals forge the ties that can make a family. Family members use language to manage a household, create and maintain relationships, and negotiate and reinforce values and beliefs. The studies in this book are based on a unique research project in which four dual-income American families recorded everything they said for a week. This book extends our understanding of family discourse and of how family members construct, negotiate, and enact their identities as individuals and as families. This book addresses issues central to the academic discipline of discourse analysis as well as to families themselves, including decision-making and conflict-talk, the development of gendered family roles, sociability with and socialization of children, the development of social and political beliefs, and the interconnectedness of professional and family life. This book provides insights into the subtleties of family conversation.
“Al Gore's our guy”: Linguistically Constructing a Family Political Identity
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia
Published: January 2010

Researchers have suggested that family discourse can work toward socializing children into the political beliefs of their parents, thereby “reproducing” political values and behaviors across generations of the same family. This chapter shows that a family's political identity can be a fundamental component of family identity. It considers how members of one family construct a family identity based on their support of Democratic Party presidential candidate Al Gore. The chapter illustrates how family members use language during conversations to create a group, rather than individual, identity and how political socialization is multidirectional in the family context, where all family members play a role in constructing the family identity. It also contributes to research in political socialization, wherein researchers have previously claimed that the family is of great importance in this process but have relied on interviews and surveys.
Gatekeeping in the Family: How Family Members Position One Another as Decision Makers
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia
Published: January 2010

This chapter reconciles a seeming contradiction between what some parents say and what they do. It argues that parents may simultaneously serve as gatekeepers in domains such as caregiving and financial management while explicitly expressing egalitarian views for professional and parental role sharing because retaining control of these domains may fulfill family members' co-existing needs for connection and control. Gatekeeping refers to any situation in which an institutional member is empowered to make decisions affecting others. The apparent discrepancy between a couple's ideology and behavior may result from their need to fulfill the coexisting but contradictory needs for connection and control. Using sociolinguistic methods, this chapter contributes to the study of maternal gatekeeping in social psychology, which tends to rely on self-report surveys and statistical correlations. It also contributes to the substantial literature on gatekeeping in sociolinguistics by identifying the linguistic means by which the identity of “gatekeeper” is (co-)constructed.
Sharing Common Ground: The Role of Place Reference in Parent-Child Conversation
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows that family values maybe created, shared, and confirmed through talk about place as one father and son discuss who lives in the houses surrounding them. Specifically, it considers the relationship between place and language in interactions in which a father and his four-year-old son talk about their neighborhood surroundings. It focuses on those instances in which awareness of surroundings surfaces as a topic of family talk and explores how place reference contributes to the creation of a family identity. The father orients his son to a new physical condition in his environment (an unknown person working in the neighborhood) and helps him gain a better understanding of the social landscape of the neighborhood by talking about who lives where, with whom, and how these people and places differ from their own family and home. In this case, place serves as a resource for talk, place and talk stand in a mutually constitutive relationship, and family members may use such talk to strengthen interpersonal bonds and confirm matching perceptions and meanings connected to place, including shared family beliefs.
Brain Temperature Regulation During Normal Neural Function and Neuropathology
Authors: Kiyatkin Eugene A.
Published: January 2010

This chapter deals with brain temperature as a physiological parameter, which is determined primarily by neural metabolism, regulated by cerebral blood flow, and affected by various environmental factors and drugs. First, normal fluctuations in brain temperature that are induced by salient environmental stimuli and occur during motivated behavior at stable normothermic conditions are examined. On the basis of thermorecording data obtained in animals, the range of physiological fluctuations in brain temperature, their underlying mechanisms, and relations to body temperatures are described. The temperature dependence of neural activity and the dual “functions” of temperature as a reflection of metabolic brain activity and as a factor that affects this activity are considered. Third, pharmacological brain hyperthermia is discussed, focusing on the effects of psychomotor stimulants, highly popular drugs of abuse that increase brain metabolism, diminish heat dissipation, and may induce pathological brain overheating. The role of brain hyperthermia in leakage of the blood-brain barrier, development of brain edema, acute abnormalities of neural cells, and neurotoxicity, is also examined.
Neurobiology Of Chronic Pain
Authors: Zhuo Min
Published: January 2010

Understanding the neurobiology of sensory synapses in the central nervous system provides us with basic knowledge of physiological and pathological pain, and has the potential to reveal possible drug targets for treating chronic pain. Pain-related synapses are found not only in the spinal cord dorsal horn, but also in many cortical areas. More importantly, recent evidence suggests that injury causing chronic pain also triggers long-term plastic changes in sensory synapses, including those in the spinal dorsal horn and frontal cortex. Changes in synaptic plasticity are not just limited in excitatory glutamatergic synapses but are also found in inhibitory synapses. This chapter reviews recent progress in these areas, in particular, integrative physiological investigations of chronic pain. Pain can be divided into two groups: physiological pain and pathological pain. This chapter also discusses peripheral nerves and dorsal root ganglion cells, plastic molecular targets for chronic pain, long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex, synaptic transmission at the spinal cord dorsal horn, and the role of cortical regions in pain perception.
Gene Therapy Toward Clinical Application in the Cardiovascular Field
Authors: Nakagami Hironori , Osako Mariana Kiomy , Morishita Ryuichi
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses the results of a study which assessed the potential of hepatocyte growth factor as a powerful angiogenic factor for treating peripheral arterial disease. It describes a novel strategy for combating the disease processes whereby the transcriptional process is targeted by transfection of cis-element double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), which served as a decoy. Transfection of decoy attenuates the authentic cis-trans interaction, leading to removal of trans-factors from the endogenous cis-elements and subsequent modulation of gene expression. A decoy was developed for nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB) that resulted in the inhibition of NF-κB-dependent gene activation including several kind of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. In animal experiments, the transfection of NP-κB decoy into coronary artery decreased the infarction size in the ischemic-reperfusion rat myocardial infarction model, and also reduced the neointimal formation after balloon injury of rat carotid artery. Taken together with the results from other animal models, ODN decoy strategy has a great potential in gene therapy for cardiovascular diseases.
Cicero and the Law
Authors: Harries Jill
Published: January 2010

As an advocate, Cicero had intellectual preoccupations which he shared with his being a philosopher. In his theorising on advocacy, Cicero drew on his practical experience in the courts. Conversely, in his handling of law in all its forms before his public audiences, This chapter argues that Cicero's use of law as an advocate is best explained in terms of three factors: first, the nature of public pleading; second, the many uncertainties and obscurities inherent in the multifarious nature of Roman law in the first century BC, which allowed space for genuine dispute; and third, Cicero's contention, expressed most fully in the De Oratore of 55 BC, that knowledge of law per se was less important than eloquence in the winning of cases. Analysis of Cicero's speech on the disputed citizenship of L. Cornelius Balbus in 56 BC shows how his eloquent exploitation of legal obscurity before a patriotic audience worked in practice.
Audience Expectations, Invective, and Proof
Authors: Craig Christopher
Published: January 2010

In his defence of his friend Milo, who has been accused of seditious violence for murdering Cicero's enemy Clodius, Cicero argued that, even if Milo had murdered Clodius, he should still be acquitted because the removal of Clodius was in the best interests of the res publica. Cicero's assertion of veracity, in the midst of a torrent of invective asserting that Clodius was murderous, rapacious, sacrilegious, unsparing of his own family, guilty of incest with his sister, hateful to the gods, and a clear and present danger to the continued survival of the Roman state, nicely underscores the problem of audience perceptions of invective in Ciceronian oratory. This chapter examines why Cicero feels the need for this assertion by analysing his speech for Milo as a case study of his use of invective in a judicial speech. It also discusses whether the audience expects exuberant ad hominem attacks not to be true, and if they do not, then what is the relationship of ad hominem attacks to factually probative argument.
Literature and Persuasion in Cicero’s Pro Archia
Authors: Berry D. H.
Published: January 2010

Pro Archia has been described as undoubtedly the least typical forensic speech of Cicero. Cicero's client is not, as so often, a prominent Roman aristocrat accused of violence, bribery, or extortion, but a Syrian poet whose claim to Roman citizenship was disputed. This chapter reviews the historical circumstances of Archias' trial, and then discusses the speech itself and some of the issues it raises, especially that of why the encomium of literature is included, and how it contributes to the defence. The chapter examines the style used by Cicero in Pro Archia and asks what it was about this particular case that led him to adopt such a style. It argues that Pro Archia is an exercise in persuasion.
Epilogue: Cicero and the Modern Advocate
Authors: Laws John
Published: January 2010

This chapter looks at connections, similarities, and differences between the courts of Cicero's ancient Rome and the practice of the advocate's profession in modern England. In the field of civil cases, the institutional independence of the advocate's profession in England is perhaps clearest in the context of judicial review litigation, in which executive decisions taken by government ministers or in their name are challenged every day in the court calendar. The art of advocacy is the art of persuasion, with Cicero's spectacular success depending on a mixture of flattery, emotional appeal, and the force of argument. The modern advocate's ethics are by no means only concerned with the virtues of courage and independence and the cab-rank rule. He also has a duty to the court, which in today's jurisdiction is a permanent obligation. Cicero would not have recognised such a duty as it is now conceived.
The ‘Memoirs’: Autobiography in Time of Revolution
Authors: WOMERSLEY DAVID
Published: January 2010

Gibbon's autobiographical project, the six drafts of his Memoirs of My Life, was the instrument on which he eventually settled to attempt the rescue of his reputation in the wake of the French Revolution and the damage it had inflicted. This chapter offers a general account of the successive re-writings of the Memoirs, draws attention to how they differ in character depending on whether Gibbon was envisaging posthumous or non-posthumous publication, relates the sequence of composition and the character of the six drafts to the timetable of events in France, and indicates how Gibbon's literary executor, Lord Sheffield, contrived to obscure Gibbon's intentions for this work not only by publishing a conflated version but also more insidiously by giving misleading indications concerning Gibbon's motives in writing this work.
Ambitions and Traditions
Authors: Howell David
Published: January 2010

The Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) began to develop a distinctive identity after the 1906 election. Previously the small Labour Representation Committee Group had been overshadowed by the Liberals-Labour, but the PLP's membership of thirty transformed its status. The shift of most Miners' MPs to Labour at the start of 1910 confirmed this pre-eminence. The Trade Union Act of 1913 and the subsequent ballots for the establishment of political funds underlined the commitment of most trade union officials and activists to independent political action. The long-term significance of this near monopoly of labour representation was uncertain, but that the alliance between trade unions and socialists had established an assured parliamentary presence seemed clear by 1914. Already routines and traditions were developing within the PLP and a leadership group was emerging that would dominate both the PLP and the wider party until 1931.
The Political and the Industrial
Authors: Howell David
Published: January 2010

Trade union priorities lay at the heart of the Labour Representation Committee's formation in 1900, which was evident in the new organization's structure and in its pragmatic electoral and parliamentary strategy. Prior to 1914, the Parliamentary Labour Party led by Ramsay MacDonald often behaved like a trade union pressure group. Its concerns involved the priorities of specific unionized occupations. The shifting party alignments and strengths from 1918 led to heightened trade union hopes for the Labour Party. Liberal disunity and Labour expansion meant that a Labour Government was becoming increasingly plausible. This prospect inevitably raised the question of the appropriate relationship between the individual unions and the Trades Union Congress — and the Labour Party and a Labour Government. This chapter looks at the internal politics of selected trade unions such as the Miners' Federation of Great Britain, as well as the conflict involving particular individuals who were both prominent Labour politicians and important trade union officials like Jimmy Thomas.
The Special Relationship
Authors: Howell David
Published: January 2010

When the Labour Party led by Ramsay MacDonald took office for the second time in June 1929, Walter Citrine, the General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress (TUC), hoped that his organization's relationship with the Government would be more harmonious than with its predecessor in 1924. The unhappiness of trade unions about the 1924 Government stemmed in part from the response of a Labour Government to industrial action by a union affiliated to the Labour Party. During the second Labour Government, labour disputes were initiated typically by employers seeking pay cuts and cost-cutting changes in a context of depression. Against the factors favouring distinctiveness and independence, trade unions in the late 1920s placed much weight on the election of a Labour Government; the corollary was that the Government-TUC relationship should be harmonious and productive. This chapter examines the politics behind the Labour-TUC relationship and how both parties responded to issues such as rising unemployment.
Socialist Think Tank
Authors: Howell David
Published: January 2010

Analysis of Independent Labour Party (ILP) politics after the electoral advance of 1922 is easily distorted by knowledge of what followed. In May 1923, Ramsay MacDonald assessed his first few months as leader. He had envisaged the expanded Parliamentary Labour Party as offering the chance to provide an effective and electorally credible opposition. H. N. Brailsford, who had been appointed editor of the New Leader – hitherto the Labour Leader — as part of Clifford Allen's campaign to modernize the ILP, saw the ILP commitment to constructive socialism and ethical propaganda as radically different from any theatrical dramatization of the class struggle. MacDonald envisioned a modernized propaganda paper which would offer information on party activities. This chapter examines Allen's desire to reform the ILP and how it failed, along with the demise of New Leader as a socialist paper.
Progressive Varieties
Authors: Howell David
Published: January 2010

The Labour Party meeting held in the spring of 1924 featured two new party recruits, Oswald and Cynthia Mosley. The inclusion of a woman was indicative of the degree to which the Labour Party was integrated into the dominant culture, an integration which limited any iconoclasm and involved an effective acquiescence in inequalities. In the election of November 1922, Labour gained three seats in Sheffield, a city where Liberalism was in confused retreat. These parliamentary successes were the prelude to a Labour majority on the city council four years later. In a heavily industrial city, these advances seemed indicative of the party's potential strength amongst specific working-class occupations. Yet none of Sheffield's Labour victors in 1922 came from the trade union movement. For some recruits, the Labour Party of Ramsay MacDonald and Philip Snowden seemed attractive. In the 1920s, this pattern of recruitment seemed to highlight a shift in progressive politics that fitted into a broader vision of Labour's Forward March. This presentation simplified the complex routes by which Liberals crossed into the Labour Party.