bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laboratory assessment of von Willebrand factor: differential influence of prolonged ambient temperature specimen storage on assay results
Authors: FAVALORO E. J. , MEHRABANI P. A.
Published: June 2007

Summary. The laboratory assessment of von Willebrand factor (VWF) is typically performed at specialist laboratory sites, particularly when performed as a battery of laboratory tests in a thorough workup for the diagnosis of von Willebrand's disease (VWD). In these cases, specimens could derive from a variety of off‐site sources, including smaller laboratories, and general clinical practitioners. Because of the potential for lack of control by the specialist laboratory over the method of specimen handling and transport from these sources, and recent VWF methodological advances, we investigated the effect of prolonged ambient temperature specimen storage on laboratory assay results. Thus, specimens were collected from 10 separate individuals, and each variably processed to provide an ideal (‘control') plasma specimen, and additional specimens that were then stored at ambient temperature for up to 7 days. Specifically, specimens were stored either as whole blood, or as separated plasma, and VWF tested in isolated plasma, post 24 h, post 48 h and post 7 days storage. Three separate laboratory assays for VWF were performed; (i) a standard ‘antigen’ (antisera‐ELISA‐based) assay (VWF:Ag), (ii) a standard ristocetin‐dependent‐platelet‐agglutination procedure (VWF:RCof) and (iii) a more recently described ELISA‐based functional collagen‐VWF binding assay (VWF:CBA). Results can be summarized as follows, (i) Plasma storage: there was no (statistically significant) change in VWF:Ag or VWF:RCof assay results over the 7‐day storage period; however, there was a small but statistically significant fall (P= 0.009) in VWF:CBA assay results after 7 days storage of plasma. (ii) Whole blood storage: there was no (statistically significant) change in VWF:Ag, VWF:CBA or VWF:RCof assay results over the 7‐day storage period, although the data suggested a trend towards increasing VWF:Ag over time. As a result of the change in assayed VWF:CBA following prolonged plasma storage, a similar small but statistically significant (P= 0.009) change (increase) in the VWF:Ag to VWF:CBA ratio was observed. This ratio has previously been determined to be useful in the differential diagnosis of VWD subtypes, with high VWF:Ag to VWF:CBA ratios potentially indicative of Type 2 VWD. Fortunately, the absolute magnitude of the altered ratio following prolonged plasma storage is unlikely in practice to affect the diagnosis of VWD in most testing cases. Nevertheless, there will be occasional borderline normal cases in whom the change in VWF:CBA, or in the calculated VWF:Ag to VWF:CBA ratio, may otherwise influence a clinical diagnosis of VWD. Caution is therefore suggested in the interpretation of laboratory‐derived VWF data, particularly if the specimen is derived as an off‐site referral.
Hepatitis B serology and DNA detection in multitransfused haemophiliacs and factor VIII and IX concentrates
Authors: WATSON H. G. , LUDLAM C. A. , REBUS S. , PEUTHERER J. F. , SIMMONDS P.
Published: June 2007

Summary. To assess the effect of HIV infection and the introduction of virus‐inactivated concentrates, we conducted a retrospective 20‐year longitudinal study of hepatitis B virus (HBV) serology and look for HBV DNA in recent serum samples of 63 multiply transfused haemophiliacs.

Of 63 haemophiliacs, 51 had evidence of previous HBV infection and 12 vaccinees had anti‐HBs only. Of 40 HIV‐negative, two had persistent HBsAg but all were HBV DNA negative. All 23 HIV‐positive were HBsAg‐negative. Loss of anti‐HBc(46% vs. 17.5%) and anti‐HBs (32% vs. 14%) was more commonly seen in HIV‐infected compared with noninfected individuals. One HIV‐positive individual had HBV DNA detectable by PCR. Restrospective testing demonstrated that re‐emergence was associated with loss of anti‐HBs and advanced HIV infection (CD4<50 × 106–1L CDC II), although eight other with CDC IV disease were HBV DNA negative.

Forty‐three batches of concentrates produced between 1965 and 1992 from both commercial and volunteer donors and subjected to different donor screening and virus inactivation methods were negative for HBV DNA. Some of these may have been infectious for HBV and therefore being negative for HBV may not equate with noninfectivity.

We conclude that both HIV‐positive and ‐negative haemophiliacs have lost protective antibodies against HBV since 1984 and that virus replication may re‐emerge at least in the HIV‐positive group. These observations may have implications for the management of their chronic liver disease and the risk of infection of sexual partners and medical attendants.
Alignment of multiple chromosomes along helical ParA scaffolding in sporulating Streptomyces hyphae
Authors: Jakimowicz Dagmara , Żydek Paulina , Kois Agnieszka , Zakrzewska‐Czerwińska Jolanta , Chater Keith F.
Published: June 2007

The dynamic, mitosis‐like segregation of bacterial chromosomes and plasmids often involves proteins of the ParA (ATPase) and ParB (DNA‐binding protein) families. The conversion of multigenomic aerial hyphae of the mycelial organism Streptomyces coelicolor into chains of unigenomic spores requires the synchronous segregation of multiple chromosomes, providing an unusual context for chromosome segregation. Correct spatial organization of the oriC‐proximal region prior to septum formation is achieved by the assembly of ParB into segregation complexes (Jakimowicz et al., 2005; J Bacteriol 187: 3572–3580). Here, we focus on the contribution of ParA to sporulation‐associated chromosome segregation. Elimination of ParA strongly affects not only chromosome segregation but also septation. In wild type hyphae about to undergo sporulation, immunostained ParA was observed as a stretched double‐helical filament, which accompanies the formation of ParB foci. We show that ParA mediates efficient assembly of ParB complexes in vivo and in vitro, and that ATP binding is crucial for ParA dimerization and interaction with ParB but not for ParA localization in vivo. We suggest that S. coelicolor ParA provides scaffolding for proper distribution of ParB complexes and consequently controls synchronized segregation of several dozens of chromosomes, possibly mediating a segregation and septation checkpoint.
Quiste epidermoide ciliado en el timo cervical de un cerdo (Sus scrofa domesticus) su significación
Authors: Postiglioni‐Grimaldi J.
Published: June 2007

El autor describe un caso de quiste epidermoide ciliado en el timo cervical de un cerdo, considerándolo como derivado del epiblasto, probablemente, del seno cervical del embrión.

Eine Epidermoidzyste mit Borstenbesatz im Halsthymus eines Schweines (Sus scrofa domesticus) und ihre Bedeutung

Eine Epidermoidzyste mit 2 Borsten wird abgebildet, die im Halsthymus eines Schweines gefunden wurde. Die Zyste ist als Derivat des Epiblasten an‐zusehen und entstammt wahrscheinlich dem Sinus cervicalis.
Endocardial Surfaces in Man
Authors: Tucker Richard
Published: June 2007

The endocardial surfaces were studied by means of the scanning electron microscope. The subendocardial muscle bundles in the heart were separated by deep and spacious grooves. The division of muscle fibres frequently occurs in an X‐figure. The central portion of the figure is always elevated, although its length may vary in different fibres. The striae on the muscular fibres have also been described. Functional significance of the above findings was discussed.
The Foramina of the Cervical Vertebrae of the Ox
Authors: Smuts M. M. S.
Published: June 2007

All the macroscopically visible foramina of the atlas and axis in 20 oxen are examined and their size, incidence and connections described. The atlas possesses a canal connecting the atlantal fossa with the vertebral foramen. It is suggested that it be named “Canalis vertebroalaris”. The axis contains a prominent transverse canal rather than a foramen, with “cranial” and “caudal transverse foramina”. The canal occurs in an atypical location in 25 % of cases.
Die 3 Gleitdruckkörper des M. masseter des Meerschweinchens
Authors: Stede M. , Preuss F.
Published: June 2007

Die 3 Gleitdruckkörper des M. masseter des Meerscfaweinchens

Die 3 Gleitdruckkörper in verschiedenen Portionen des M. masseter des Meerschweinchens werden makro‐ und mikroanatomisch dargestellt. Besonderer Wert wird auf die Schilderung und Diskussion der Histologic und der Bedeutung eines Cubiculus genannten Kammerfeldes gelegt, das sich häufig an der Stelle einer sonst unter den Sesamkörpern befindlichen Bursa synovialis befindet. Der Cubiculus entsteht durch die Umwandlung des lockeren Bindegewebes in Lamellen, die Synovialiszellen enthalten, welche eine interlamelläre Synovia liefern. Deshalb wird ihm der Wert einer Bursavorstufe zuerkannt. Fälle, in denen er den Wert einer Rückbildungsstufe eines Gelenkes besitzt, werden erwähnt. Ferner wird angeregt, zwischen Gleitsehnen, Zugsehnen und Drucksehnen zu unterscheiden.
The Arteria maxillaris of the Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Badawi Helmi , El‐Shaieb Mohamed , Kenawy Ahmed
Published: June 2007

The origin, course, and distribution of the maxillary artery and its branches in the camel (Camelus dromedarius) were described in detail. Comparative anatomical differences of interest have been given whenever found beneficial.

Die A. maxillaris des Kamels (Camelus dromedarius)

Ursprung, Verlauf und Aufzweigung der A. maxillaris und ihrer Äste werden beim Kamel detailliert beschrieben. Auf vergleichend‐anatomische Unterschiede wird jeweils hingewiesen.

ĽArtère maxillaire du Chameau (Camelus dromedarius)

On donne la description détaillée de ľorigine, du trajet et de la distribution de ľ artère maxillaire (A. maxillaris) et de ses rameaux, chez le chameau. Chagne point est envisagé sous ľangle des différences, ďun point de vue comparatif.

La Arteria maxilar del camello (Camelus dromedarius)

En el camello, se describen detalladamente el origen, el trayecto y las ramificaciones de la A. maxillaris y sus ramas, destacándose las diferencias de su anatomía comparada.
Effect of Mitomycin C on the Chondrogenic Morphology in the Hind‐Limb of Chick Embryos
Authors: Sinha D. N. , Singh Shamer
Published: June 2007

Mitomycin C was injected on the 5th day of incubation into the yolk sac of White leghorn chicken eggs. The hind‐limbs were dissected and measured on 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th days of incubation. A statistically significant suppression of growth in treated limbs (P < 0.05) was observed from 6th through 9th day of incubation. Histological observations clearly demonstrated the suppressive and damaging effect of mitomycin C on the morphology of chondrogenic tissue, i. e., on the perichndrium and the differentiating cartilage cells. These changes were evident within 24 hours of the treatment and posibly cause the limb defects (described elsewhere) induced by this drug.

Einfluß von Mitomycin C auf die Chondrogenese der Beckengliedmaße von Hühnerembryonen

Mitomycin C wurde am 5. Bebrütungstag in den Dottersack von Eiern der Weißen Leghorn‐Rasse injiziert. Die Beckengliedmaßen wurden am 6., 7., 8. und 9. Tag abgetrennt und gemessen. Vom 6.‐9. Tag war eine signifi‐kante (P< 0,05) Wachstumsverzögerung feststellbar, wobei der Verzöge‐rungs‐ und SchädigungserTekt eindeutig das chondrogene Gewebe (Perichondrium und sich differenzierende Knorpelzellen) betrifft. Diese Veränderungen scheinen innerhalb von 24 Stunden nach der Injektion auf und verursachen wahrscheinlich jene Gliedmaßenschädigungen, wie sie von diesem Chemotherapeutikum induziert werden.

Influence de la Mitomycine C sur la chondrogénèse des membres pelviens de ľembryon de Poulet

On a procédèà. des injections de Mitomycine C dans la vésicule vitelline ďceuf de Leghorn blanche, au 5e hour ďincubation. Les membres pelviens out été prélevés et mesurés aux 6e, 7e, 8e et 9e jours ďincubation. Du 6e au 9e jour, on a observé un retard de croissance significatif (P < 0.05) pour les membres des sujets ainsi trails. Les observations histologiques ont clairement demontréľeffet répressif et nocif de la mitomycine C sur le tissu chondrogène, en particulier sur le périchondre et sur les cellules cartilagineuses en voie de différenciation. Ces altérations se sont révélées évidentes dans les 24 heures après ľinjection et semblent être la cause possible des malformations des membres provoquées par ce médicament et qui ont été décrites par ailleurs.

La influencia de Mitomicina C sobre el desarrollo de los cartílagos en los miembros inferiores de embriones del polio

Se inyectó Mitomicina C en el saco vitelino de huevos de polios Leghorn blancos el 5° día de incubación y en los días 6, 7, 8 y 9 se cortaron y se midieron los miembros inferiores. Entre los días6–9, se observó una supresión significativa (P < 0,05) del crecimiento. Estudios histológicos demostraron la influencia nociva de la Mitomicina C sobre los tejidos condrógenos (pericondrio y células cartilaginosas en diferenciación). Estos cambios aparecieron 24 horas después de la inyección causando los mencionados defectos de los miembros.
A Quantitative Evaluation of Placentome Development in Zebu Cattle (Bos indicus)
Authors: Stickland N. C. , Purton M. D.
Published: June 2007

Quantitative changes occurring during placentome development were studied in detail in fetuses of local Zebu cattle ranging in age from about 75 to 245 days of gestation. Total placentome cross‐sectional area increased continuously throughout gestation, although placentome number remained constant; this was brought about by an increase in mean placentome crosssectional area alone. Mean placentome cross‐sectional area in the gravid horn was almost twice as great as that in the non‐gravid horn at all stages of gestation. Changes in placentome cross‐sectional area were closely related to changes in placentome depth and volume.

Quantitative Erhebungen zur Plazentomentwicklung beim Zebu

(Bos indicus)

Die quantitativen Veränderungen der Plazentomentwicklung wurden an Zebu‐Föten im Trächtigkeitsalter von 75–245 Tagen studiert. Bei gleichbleibender Anzahl der Plazentome nimmt deren Gesamtquerschnittsfläche während der Trächtigkeit ständig zu, und zwar als Folge der Zunahme der mittleren Flächengröße der einzelnen Plazentome, die durchweg im trächtigen Horn fast doppelt so groß war wie im nichtträchtigen. Diese Änderungen hängen mit Änderungen der Höhe und des Umfanges der Plazentome eng zusammen.

Evaluation quantitative du développement des placentomes chez le zébu

(Bos indicus)

Les changements quantitatifs qui se produisent pendant le développement des placentomes ont étéétudiés chez des fœtus de Zébu de race locale âgés de 75 à 245 jours de gestation. La surface totale des placentomes en coupe transversale augmente de façon continue pendant toute la gestation, bien que le nombre de placentomes reste constant. Ceci est réalisé par la seule augmentation de la surface moyenne de section des placentomes. Cette moyenne s'est avérEé presque deux fois plus grande dans la corne gravide que dans la corne non gravide à tous les stades de la gestation. Les changements ont été lié s à ceux du volume des placentomes.

Una evaluación cuantitativa del desarrollo de los placentomas del cebú

(Bos indicus)

Los cambios cuantitativos durante el desarrollo de los placentomas se estudiaron en fetos del cebú de aproximadamente 75 a 245 días de edad. Durante la gestación, la superficie total de cortes transversos de los placentomas aumenta constantemente, manteniétidose su número igual; esto se debe sólo al aumento de superficie cuyo promedio es casi el doble en el cuerno gravido en comparación con el otro. Estos cambios están intimamente relacionados con los cambios de los placentomas en altura y volumen.
A Study on Lig. nuchae of the One‐humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Mobarak A. M. , Fouad S. M.
Published: June 2007

The parts, attachment and structure of the Lig. nuchae are described and illustrated. In the camel, Lig. nuchae is greatly similar to that of the horse but much different from the same of the ox. Synovial bursae are absent.

Das Lig. nuchae des einhöckerigen Kamels (Camelus dromedarius)

Teile, Befestigung und Aufbau des Nackenbandes vom Kamel werden beschrieben. Es entspricht weitgehend dem des Pferdes, aber unterscheidet sich sehr von dem des Rindes. Schleimbeutel fehlen.
Feinstruktur des Bulbus olfactorius der Hauswiederkauer1,2
Authors: Löchelt F. , Goller H. , SCHNORR B.
Published: June 2007

Die feinstrukturellen Untersuchungen des Bulbus olfactorius von Rind, Schaf und Ziege ergeben, daß bei alien 3 Tierarten der charakteristische Aufbau aus adit voneinander leidit unterscheidbarer Sdiiditen sehr ahnlidi ist und audi zu den übrigen Säugern weitgehende Obereinstimmung besteht. Tierartlidie Untersdiiede sind lediglidi in der Didte der einzelnen Sdiiditen und in der Größe und Anordnung der Zellen und Fasern zu beobaditen. Audi der Bulbus olfactorius accessorius laßt nadi der Lage und Entfaltung nur geringe Untersdiiede zwisdien Rind und kleinen Wiederkauern erkennen.

Fine structure of the olfactory bulb of the domestic ruminants

Electronmicroscopical examinations in ox, sheep and goat revealed that in all three species the olfactory bulb consisted of eight easily distinguishable layers, and that its structure was similar to that of the olfactory bulb of other mammals. Species differences were seen only in the thickness of the various layers and in the size and topography of the cells and fibers. There are only slight differences in position and development of the accessory olfactory bulb between ox and small ruminants.

Structure fine du Bulbus olfactorius des Ruminants domestiques

Les recherdies sur la structure fine du Bulbus olfactorius du Boeuf, du Mouton et de la Chèvre démontrent que, dans les trois espèces, les huit couches, qu'on discerne facilement les unes des autres, ont une structure caractéristique trés semblable et largement conforme à celle des autres Mammiféres. Les différences interspécifiques résident uniquement dans l'épaisseur propre des couches ainsi que dans la grandeur et la disposition des cellules et des faisceaux. Le Bulbus olfactorius accessorius ne présente en outre que ď infimes différences dans sa situation et son développement entre le Boeuf et les Petits Ruminants.

La estructura fina del bulbo olfatorio de los rumiantes domésticos

Investigaciones sobre la estructura fina del bulbo olfatorio de buey, oveja y cabra demuestran que en las tres especies de animales se encuentran las mismas estructuras de odio capas, bien diferenciadas entre si, que se observan an forma parecida también en los demás mamíferos. Diferencias entre una y otra especie aparecen solo en el espesor de las diversas capas y en el tamaño y la distribución de las células y fibras. Del mismo modo, el bulbo olfatorio accesorio no permite observar grandes diferencias entre el buey y los rumiantes pequeños, en los que se refiere a su situación y su desarrollo.
The Phalangeal Formula of Hemidactylus Oken, 1817 (Reptilia, Gekkonidae): A Correction and a Functional Explanation
Authors: Russell Anthony P.
Published: June 2007

This paper points out a situation in which a particular phalangeal modification in the genus Hemidactylus has been constantly interpreted in an erroneous manner. Conclusions about the actual situation result from the study of a wide range of genera and the modifications discussed may be utilized to set aside a particular assemblage of gekkonine geckos on the basis of the possession of a particular set of synapomorphies. The functional significance of this particular suite of modifications is considered and its probable evolutionary origin outlined. It is pointed out that particular phalangeal modifications are better indicators of phylogenetic affinity than are simple phalangeal counts.
UItrastructure of Theca Interna Cells of Porcine Ovarian Follicle*
Authors: Krzysztofowicz Anna , Stoklosowa Stanislawa
Published: June 2007

The theca interna cells display organelles typical for steroid‐producing cells. This is more obvious in the preovulatory phase than in the luteal phase. Parallel to the growth of the follicle the amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, of lipid droplets and of lysosomes increases. Concurrently, the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum decreases. Junctions of the “abutment nexus” type are more numerous in the preovulatory follicle.

Ultrastruktur von Theca interna‐Zellen aus Eierstockfollikeln vom Schwein

Die Theca interna‐Zellen besitzen einen Organellenbestand, der typisch fur Steroidhormon produzierende Zellen ist. Er ist präovulatorisch ausgeprägter als in der davor gelegenen Luteinphase. Parallel zum Follikelwachstum steigt die Menge des glatten endoplasmatischen Retikulum, der Lipidtröpfchen und der Lysosomen. Das rauhe endoplasmatische Retikulum vermindert sich entsprechend. Zellverbindungen vom Typ eines ˝abutment nexus kommen vermehrt praovulatorisch vor.
Anatomy of the Kidneys of a Newly Born Pigmy Hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis Morton)
Authors: Maluf N. S. R.
Published: June 2007

This is probably the first description of the renal anatomy of the pigmy hippopotamus. The observations were made with dissecting and transmitted light microscopes. Nephrons were micro‐dissected from macerated portions of the kidney. The apex of the renal loops is always at the wide helicoidal portion of the nephron and occurs in all zones but especially in the outer zone of the medulla. The kidney is the branched tubus maximus type, similar to that of the Nile hippopotamus. Distinguishing features are indicated and discussed.
A Prominent Consolidation in the Tendon of the Long Head of the Triceps Brachii Muscle in the Greyhound
Authors: McCarthy P. H.
Published: June 2007

A description is given of a consistently present and palpable tendinous consolidation located within the tendon of insertion of the long head of the triceps brachii muscle in the greyhound. Its function during flexion of the elbow joint is discussed, and compared with the parapatellar cartilage.
Ultrastructural Changes in the Adrenal Cortex of Rats Exposed to Extremely Low Temperatures
Authors: Vazquez R. , Bermejo F. , Castro A. Martin , Barahona M.
Published: June 2007

The response of the adrenal cortex to low temperature in relation to the length of the exposures is studied. The morphological changes of the adrenal cells, mainly in the Zona fasciculata, are examined. Thirty white rats of both sexes, divided into six groups, were exposed during time intervals of different lengths to temperatures ranging between – 12° and – 15°C. The cellular modifications encountered by means of the electron microscope at the level of the mitochondria, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the liposomes are analyzed and compared with the functional situation of the gland in an effort to establish the existence of a correlation between the morphology and the function.
Ultrastructural Classification of Three Different Rat Gonadotrophs after LH‐RH Stimulation
Authors: Seinsch W. , Römmler A.
Published: June 2007

The granule containing cells of the anterior pituitary lobe of metestrous female rats were observed by electronmicroscopy before and after i. v. injection of synthetic LH‐RH. Increased granule release was found in three different types of gonadotrophs after LH‐RH injection. All other known granule containing cells of the gland showed no response to LH‐RH. The three gonadotrophs were morphologically distinguished on the basis of differing cytoplasmic staining and on differences in Golgi aggregation and granule diameters. Furthermore, time‐dependent response‐differences were observed, whereby gonadotroph type I and II responded immediately to LH‐RH stimulation, type III on the other hand with a time‐lag of at least 30 minutes. These time‐related observations indicate that cells of type I and II secret LH, while cells of type III secret FSH.
Die Bildung des Gelenkspaltes, dargestellt am Ellenbogengelenk von Mäuseembryone*
Authors: Püschmann Hans
Published: June 2007

Licht‐ und elektronenmikroskopisch wurde die Entwicklung des Ellen‐bogengelenkes bei Mäusen vom 12. bis 19. Tag post conceptionem (p. c.) unter‐sucht. Im einheitlichen Mesenchym der Extremitatenknospe entwickeln sich am 12. Tag p. c. die Anlagen des Knorpels, die zunächst durch eine breite Interzone voneinander getrennt sind. Die Interzone zeichnet sich durch eine hohe Zahl von Zellkontakten aus. Dadurch entsteht eine zusammenhängende Zellpopulation, deren Aufgabe es ist, durch Synthëse und Sekretion einer hyaluronsaurereichen Interzellularsubstanz erstens das Zusammenfliefien der Knorpelanlagen zu verhindern und zweitens die Bewegung im Gelenk bei Beginn der Funktion zu ermöglichen. Diese Zone verschwindet am 17. Tag p. c. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt ist auch das erste Auftreten eines Gelenkspaltes zu sehen. Bis zur Geburt glätten sich die Gelenkflächen, und die Synovia wird elektro‐nenmikroskopisch sichtbar. In der Diskussion wird auf den unterschiedlichen Modus der Differenzierung und das spätere Schicksal eingegangen, dem die Zellen der Interzone und die Knorpelzellen unterliegen.
Analysis of Mammalian Masticatory Mechanisms: Progress and Problems
Authors: Gans Carl , Vree Fritz de , Gorniak Gerard C.
Published: June 2007

Direct measurement of bone movements and muscle activation in mammalian mastication is now possible. Early results indicate that the patterns are quite variable and depart from the stereotyped versions sometimes reported. Most mammals masticate unilaterally; only a few chew simultaneously on both sides. Orbital movements are complex and three‐dimensional. While most muscles are active during the reduction phase, it is difficult to define phases by sharp transitions of activity. The fascicles of pinnate muscles differ in fiber architecture and physiology; they tend to function at different times and with distinct mechanical advantages.

Interspecific diversity and marked responses to food consistency and size, still preclude generalizations. Improved methods for comparisons among orbits, for correlation of forces and excursions, and automated correlations of movements, forces and electromyograms are beginning to be available and need to be more generallv applied to analysis.
Alkaline Phosphatase Reaction in Hair Follicles of Male Beagle Dogs during Hair Cycle Stages*
Authors: Al‐Bagdadi F. K. , Titkemeyer C. W. , Lovell J.
Published: June 2007

The literature reviewed has revealed differences of opinion concerning the location of alkaline phosphates and its relationship to the hair cycle stages. This project was undertaken to determine alkaline phosphatase activity in the hair follicle stages: anagen, catagen, and telogen.

Skin biopsy samples were collected over a period of 1 year from 9 purebred male Beagle dogs. At the beginning of the experiment 3 dogs were 2 weeks of age, 3 dogs were 12 months of age and 3 dogs were 21 months of age. The skin biopsies were taken monthly from alternate sides of each animal near the thoracolumbar region. Samples were fixed in 80% chilled alcohol and the alkaline phosphatase activity was determined by Gomori's calcium cobalt method. A total of 250 slides with seven sections per slide was examined. Each slide contained between 14–60 hair follicles.

During anagen stage, the reaction of the dermal papilla for the presence of alkaline phosphatase was variable. A weak or negative reaction was observed in this study which was an unexpected finding. The reaction of the dermal papilla to alkaline phosphatase was positive in catagen stage. The cells of the dermal papillae in telogen stage were strongly alkaline phosphatase positive. The reaction was not confined to the blood vessels but occurred in all parts of the dermal papilla in both early and late stages.
Histological Studies on the Regional Postnatal Differentiation of the Epididymis in the Ram1
Authors: Nilnophakoon Nati
Published: June 2007

The regional postnatal development of the epididymal duct was studied with histological technique in 22 lambs of the “Swedish Landrace” breed at intervals from 1 week to 18 weeks after birth. At one week, the whole epididymal duct had a simple low columnar epithelium. In the terminal segment the epithelium ecquired a structure similar to that in the adult epididymis at the age of about 6 weeks. Normal spermatozoa were not seen in the cauda epididymidis until the lambs were about 18 weeks old. In the middle segment, distal, intermediate and proximal parts, the epithelium increased gradually in height and reached the adult type at about 12, 15 and 18 weeks, respectively. At about 12 weeks of postnatal life, the epithelium of the initial segment increased rapidly in height, at the same time as a distinct lumen formed in the seminiferous tubules. As far as histological features were concerned, the initial segment showed the adult type when the lambs were about 18 weeks old. The presence of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymidis indicates that the lambs readied sexual maturity at this age. It was concluded that the postnatal differentiation of the ram epididymis starts in the terminal segment and then ascends through the middle and initial segments.
Ultrastructural Study of the Basal Plasma Membrane of the Cow's Mammary Alveolar Cell
Authors: Morales Carlos Ramón , Pelozo Carlos
Published: June 2007

It was demonstrated that the basal system of folds of the secretory cells of the cow's mammary alveolus did not cover always the whole base of the cells. It was considered that the basal system of folds would increase markedly the absorption surface the milk's specific components. A schematic model of the architecture of these structures is presented.
Darstellung der Metaphasechromosomen des Schweines (sus scrofa dom.) im Raster‐Elektronenmikroskop2
Authors: Sysa Pawel S. , Gráf Linda
Published: June 2007

The appearance of metaphase chromosomes of the pig in the scanning electronmicroscope

Two karyotypes of the pig were examined, one using light‐microscopy after G‐band treatment and the other using scanning electronmicroscopy after BrdU treatment. In both cases the structures of the surface of the chromatids were identical.
Development of the Equine Venous Sinuses of the Dura Mater
Authors: Vitums Arturs
Published: June 2007

The equine dorsal sinus system of the dura mater develops from the dural venous plexuses. In early development, venous blood from these plexuses is drained into the primary head vein, which together with the stem of the caudal dural plexus joins the primitive internal jugular vein. After involution of the primary head vein new channels, the transverse and sigmoid sinuses, develop which empty into the internal jugular vein. The temporal sinus develops secondarily and coexists with the sigmoid sinus. After regression of the sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein, the temporal sinus represents the sole channel in the equine fetuses, by which venous blood from the brain is drained through the emissary vein of the retroarticular foramen into the external jugular system.
Angioarchitecture of the Arteries of the Testis of Goat (Capra aegagrus)
Authors: Dhingra L. D.
Published: June 2007

The arterioarchitecture of the goat testis was investigated by angiography and by dissection of the injected specimens. Salient features of branching and course of the testicular artery, both outside and inside the testicular parenchyma, has been discussed in relation to vascular adaptations.
“Nuage” in the Primordial Germ Cells of the Chick Embryo
Authors: Peris S. Climent , Götzens V. J. , Dominguez L.
Published: June 2007

The primordial germ cells (PGC) of the chick embryo in stage 4 of Hamburger/Hamilton (1951) have cytoplasmic formations similar in shape, texture, aggregation and relations with other cell components to the germinal plasm and “nuage” described in other species. The observation of this material in the earliest period of differentiation of PGC suggest that this substance plays an essential role in the determination of the germinal line in birds. The observation of “nuage” material in the PGC of the chick embryo adds evidence for this formation in germ cells.
Estudio anatómico y estructural del bulbo ocular del ratonero común (Buteo buteo buteo)
Authors: Roldán R. Martín , Layunta M. J. Blánquez
Published: June 2007

The Bulbus oculi of 25 buzzards of both sexes and of nearly the same age and weight, was examined with regard to its gross anatomy, strucutre, ultrastructure and size. The volume of the eyeball is of 9.5 cm3. In the Anulus sclerae there are about a dozen of cartilagineous plates, and in the Corpus ciliare there can be found between 112 and 115 Processus ciliares. The muscle of Müller was not observed. Morphological details of the Pecten are given and its functional significance is discussed.
Der Papillarkörper der Vormagenschleimhaut bei Schaf und Ziege
Authors: Weyrauch K. D. , Schnorr B.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the stereoscopic structure of the papillary body of the proventricular mucous membrane in the sheep and the goat. This papillary body hitherto has only been known from histological sections. — Tissue specimen were taken from freshly killed animals and put into 0.3% acetic acid, in order to let the epithelium peal off. The investigation was carried out with the scanning electronmicroscope. At places where the mucous membrane has a smooth surface, the papillary body consists of slender papillae and in the other proventricular portions it consists of cone‐, crest‐ or comblike propria elevations.
Electron Microscopic Examination of the Developing Bovine Glomerular Filtration Barrier
Authors: Canfield P. J.
Published: June 2007

Observations on the development of the bovine glomerular filtration barrier, with particular emphasis on the roles of the podocytes and endothelial cells, are presented. For this purpose, tissue from metanephroi of embryos and foetus and from kidneys of adult cows were examined with the transmission electron microscope. It was concluded that the endothelium and podocytes were dependent on one another for differentiation, and that once differentiated, they both contributed to basement membrane production.
Das Gebiß des Hausesels (Equus asinus asinus L.) Morphologisdie und röntgcnologische Untersudiungen
Authors: Bünger Von I. , Hertsch B.
Published: June 2007

In three donkeys the postnatal development of the teeth was studied at close intervals up to two years of age in one case and up to 5½ years in the other two cases. The findings were checked against the teeth in fÜrther 27 donkeys of known ages and two donkeys of estimated ages. The incisors were studied primarily by inspection and palpation, but also radiographically; whilst the cheekteeth were examined mainly radiographically.

The teeth of the donkey are narrower than those of the horse, and their replacement occurs about 3 months later than in the horse.
Histology and Mucosubstance Histochemistry of the Parotid Gland in Suckling, Prepuberal and Puberal Zebus (Bos indicus)
Authors: Vignoli V. V. , Nogueira J. C.
Published: June 2007

Histologic and morphometric alterations in the parotid salivary gland of 14 male Gyr Zebu were carried out coupled with a histochemical study of the mucosubstance of this gland. Animals ranging in age from 1–2 months to 17–21 months were utilized. The gland was found to represent a compound tubular gland which is entirely serous in older animals, but with mucous endpieces in younger animals. The morphologic and morphometric data indicate that this gland reaches anatomic maturity at about 13 months of age, an age which correlates with the onset of spermatogenesis in this species. The histochemical nature of secretions is discussed for various components of the gland.
La timectomía y su influencia en los organos endocrinos derivados de las ultimas bolsas faríngeas
Authors: Losada J. , Gil‐Zuricalday C. , Lor F. , Alcaraz E.
Published: June 2007

A study of the influence of thymectomy on the development of endocrine gland derivates from pharyngeal primordia was carried out in Wistar, white rats. It was demonstrated that thymectomy of 100–120 gram rats resulted in enhanced development of the thyroid, parathyroid and ultimobranchial.
Histological and Histochemical Studies on the Pyloric Mucosa of the Camel's Stomach (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Dougbag A. S. A. M. , Berg R.
Published: June 2007

A histologic and histochemical study of the pyloric mucosa was carried out in six one‐humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) of 2.5 to 10 years of age. The epithelial and glandular organization was described and the secretory cells characterized by the properties of their mucosubstance.
On the Ultrastructure of Seven Day Old Normal (Blastocysts) and Abnormal Bovine Embryos
Authors: Linares T. , Plöen L.
Published: June 2007

Twenty‐four 7 day old bovine embryos were collected from spontaneously ovulating heifers. The embryos were classified into three groups; normal, morphologically deviating or degenerated. Electron microscopy was used to ascertain the ultrastructural correlates to the phase contrast microscope classification. This study sustains the conclusion that only those embryos classified as normal blastocysts are likely to undergo further development.
The Conduction System in Cattle Hearts with Ventricular Septal Defects
Authors: van Nie C. J.
Published: June 2007

An anatomical study of abattoir acquired bovine hearts with ventricular septal defects was carried out. Hearts were fixed and stored in 4% formalin solution with heart dissection used for gross anatomical location of the conduction system of the ventricles. The distribution of the conduction system in a number of selected ventricular septal defects is described and compared with the normal.
Nachweis verschiedener Hydroxysteroid‐Dehydrogenasen in Circumanaldrüsen adulter Hunde
Authors: Schiffmann‐Wyttenbach Von Eva , Mosimann W. , König M.
Published: June 2007

Ligh‐, electronmicroscopical and histochemical examinations of the circumanal glands of adult dogs suggest that these glands take part in steroid metabolism. The glands have no excretory ducts.
The Microanatomy of the Coyote's (Canis latrans) Respiratory System
Authors: Morrison E. E. , Leipold H. W. , Kruckenberg S. M.
Published: June 2007

A Light, scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of the coyote respiratory system was carried out, utilizing ten coyotes of both sexes. The animals ranges in age from 8 to 24 months and were in good health. Comparison of the respiratory tissues of the coyote with other Canid species are made.
Equine Limb Anatomy: Peroneus Tertius Muscle Relationships
Authors: Lohse Carleton L. , Trout Donald R.
Published: June 2007

The peroneus tertius muscle is described, and its relationships to other muscles and tendons of the reciprocal mechanism are illustrated: A Manica musculiperonei (fibularis) tertii is an elliptical opening or sleeve formed by the peroneus tertius tendon around the tendon of the tibialis cranialis muscle. The functional significance of these structure is that they efficiently flex the equine hock.
Anatomic Study of the Veins and the Arteries of the Penis of the Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Gilanpour H.
Published: June 2007

A neoprene latex and gelatin injection corrosion study of the arteries and veins of the camel penis was conducted utilizing three intact male camels and ten excised penises. The gross anatomic distribution of arteries and veins supplying the penis is described and compared with that of other ruminants and with the horse.
Growth Gradients in the Skeleton of Cattle, Sheep and Pigs
Authors: Davies A. S. , Tan G. Y. , Broad T. E.
Published: June 2007

A study of growth gradients of the limbs and axial skeleton was carried out in cattle, sheep and pigs, with the aid of gross anatomical dissection. The comparative study is discussed relative to each individual species and to interspecies differences.
Location of Autonomic Cell Bodies Projecting to the Extrathoracic Smooth Muscle of the Canine Trachea
Authors: Bratton G. R. , Hudson LolaC. , Walker T. L. , Tatum M. E.
Published: June 2007

A study of the origin of the sympathetic postganglionic axons innervating the trachealis muscle of the dog was carried out using horseradish peroxidase as a retrograde neuronal marker. It was demonstrated that this technique is not fruitful in adult dogs, but in 12 puppies demonstrated that these neurons arise from the cervicothoracic, middle cervical and cranial cervical ganglia. Contributions of nucleus ambiguus, nucleus of the vagus nerve and the distal ganglion of the vagus nerve to innervation of the trachealis muscle were also demonstrated.
Entwicklungsbedingte Veränderungen von Struktur und Funktion des Pansenepithels*
Authors: Von Liebich H. G. , Scharrer E.
Published: June 2007

The postnatal development of the epithelium of the ruminal papillae was described in lambs during their first few weeks of life. Papillae from the ventral sac were collected from 4 one‐week‐old lambs and from 4 one‐month‐old lambs. The stages of epithelial differentiation, which were developmental, were discussed in relation to their transepithelial metabolic exchange.
Zur Frage der Umdifferenzierung der Knorpelzellen der Gelenkoberfläche am Beispiel der Synovialgrubenbildung*
Authors: Von Loeffler K. , Bidier I.
Published: June 2007

It was shown both light and electronmicroscopically on cartilage of elbow and hock joints of calves and pigs that during formation of synovial fossae, fibrocytes and covering cells of the synovial layer can arise from chondrocytes.
Histology, Carbohydrate and Protein Histochemistry of the Mandibular Gland in Suckling, Prepuberal and Puberal Zebus (Bos indicus)
Authors: Nogueira J. C. , Vignoli V. V.
Published: June 2007

Histological, histometric and histochemical studies of the mandibular salivary glands of suckling, prepuberal and puberal zebu were carried out using 14 male animals. The developmental growth of this gland is characterized and correlated with histochemical development. These findings were correlated with other similar studies of Bovidae.
Teleonomie und Teleologie in der Phylogenese
Authors: Von Preuss F.
Published: June 2007

If one connects teleonomy and teleology with growth, then self‐sustaining growth is teleonomie and maturing growth is teleologie. Teleonomie growth happens throughout the lifetime as a direct consequence of active metabolism. Teleologie growth ends with propagation maturity which would not happen without metabolism, but is an indirect activity of the cells. This until now neglected differentiation leads to new conclusions about the beginning of life.
Dimensiones del velo omental del perro y su relación con el peso y la longitud corporal
Authors: Martin E. , Prevotel M. , Poey V. , del Rivera M. C.
Published: June 2007

The size of the borders of the omental veil as well as its relation to body length and weight, were studied in 71 mongrel dogs.

The average size of the omental veil in adult dogs was: caudal margin 17cm, cranial margin 16 cm, right margin 10 cm and left margin 7 cm.

A very significant relation (P < 0.001) was found between the dimensions of each border and the body length and weight.
Estructura del estroma conjuntivo del epidídimo del bovino cebú (Bos indicus)
Authors: Orsi A. M. , Vicentini C. A. , Valente M. M. , de Oliveira J. A. , Moreira J. E. , de Melo V. R.
Published: June 2007

Six adult Zébu cattle were used for a study of the histologic structure of the epididymus. Tissues were fixed in neutral formalin or in Bouin's solution. Tissues were prepared with parafin sectioning and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson and Mallory's trichrome stain and with aldehyde fuchsin and Gomori's argentamine stains. The structure of the connective tissue stroma is described and compared with that of other mammals. The presence of smooth muscle within the stroma and within the tunica albuginea is described for the Zébu.
Characterization of the Blood Cells of Australian Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus [SCHNEIDER] AND C. johnstoni [KREFFT])
Authors: Canfield P. J.
Published: June 2007

Circulating blood of eight crocodiles (four Crocodylus porosus [SCHNEIDER], four Crocodylus johnstoni [KREFFT]) was examined by light microscopy, cytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. The results were correlated and on that basis erythrocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes and three main types of granulocytes were characterized. Erythrocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes were similar in appearance to those described for other reptiles. In addition, lymphocytes and monocytes had ultrastructural details similar to those described for the cells in man. The three main granulocytes were designated types I, II and III. Type III had characteristics which were similar to those described for the basophil. Types I and II were eosinophilic on blood films stained with Giemsa. On ultrastructural detail, and by comparison with ultrastructural reports for the granulocytes of the fowl and lizard (Agamia stellio), type I appeared to be similar to the heterophil but type II could not be characterized definitely. However, the crystalline array present in granules of type II has been recorded for eosinophil granules in man.
Die Arteriae cerebri bei Meriones unguiculatus
Authors: KüNZEL Von W.
Published: June 2007

The Aa. cerebri were examined through corrosion casts in 20 jirds (“Gerbils”) Meriones unguiculatus. The variations in the break‐up of the vessels are given schematically.
Niveles de diferenciación estructural alcanzados por las células prospectivas cardiacas cultivadas in vitro
Authors: Arias Por M. , Garcia C. , Villar J. M.
Published: June 2007

A study of the ultrastructural characteristics of developing cardiac muscle cells from in vitro culture was carried out with die aid of tissues taken from the cardiogenic areas of 5 H. H. stage chick embryos. The characteristics of the developing cells were quite comparable to those developed in situ.
Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen am Alveolarepithel der Rattenlunge unter Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher Fixationswege
Authors: Kaup Von. F.‐J. , Drommer W.
Published: June 2007

Thirty specific pathogen‐free Han‐Wistar rats were fixed in two ways in preparation for electron microscopical studies of their lung tissue. (1) Perfusion through the vascular system, and (2) fixation via the air passages. Vascular perfusion gave better results for transmission electron microscopical studies, while fixation via the air passages was superior for scanning work.
Anatomical and Radiological Studies of the Iliopubic Cartilage in Adult Greyhounds
Authors: McCarthy P. H. , Wood A. K. W.
Published: June 2007

The iliopubic cartilages of 70 greyhounds (30 males and 40 females) were studied in animals ranging in age from 18 months to 4 years. A combination of anatomic dissection and radiographie techniques was used to characterize the incidence of ossification or mineralization. An increase incidence of radiodense areas was demonstrated in female animals, but it was not statistically significant. The probable functional role of the iliopubic cartilage is discussed.
Sacroiliac Joint of the Horse 3. Histological appearance
Authors: Ekman S. , Dalin G. , Olsson S.‐E. , Jeffcott L. B.
Published: June 2007

To establish a baseline for the histological appearance of the sacroiliac joint of the horse, joint specimens were collected from 41 horses from late fetal life to the age of 14 years. Sagittal sections from the joints were radiographed and sectioned for histological examination.

There was a striking difference in structure between the sacral and iliac articular cartilages, the former being hyaline and the latter predominantly fibrous. Degenerative changes were seen even in young horses and were more markec on the iliac side. The degeneration of the articular cartilage showed a progressive, age‐related pattern.