bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weighted Smolyak algorithm for solution of stochastic differential equations on non‐uniform probability measures
Authors: Agarwal Nitin , Aluru N. R.
Published: September 2010

This paper deals with numerical solution of differential equations with random inputs, defined on bounded random domain with non‐uniform probability measures. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the stochastic collocation approach, which seeks to approximate the unknown stochastic solution using polynomial interpolation in the multi‐dimensional random domain. Existing approaches employ sparse grid interpolation based on the Smolyak algorithm, which leads to orders of magnitude reduction in the number of support nodes as compared with usual tensor product. However, such sparse grid interpolation approaches based on piecewise linear interpolation employ uniformly sampled nodes from the random domain and do not take into account the probability measures during the construction of the sparse grids. Such a construction based on uniform sparse grids may not be ideal, especially for highly skewed or localized probability measures. To this end, this work proposes a weighted Smolyak algorithm based on piecewise linear basis functions, which incorporates information regarding non‐uniform probability measures, during the construction of sparse grids. The basic idea is to construct piecewise linear univariate interpolation formulas, where the support nodes are specially chosen based on the marginal probability distribution. These weighted univariate interpolation formulas are then used to construct weighted sparse grid interpolants, using the standard Smolyak algorithm. This algorithm results in sparse grids with higher number of support nodes in regions of the random domain with higher probability density. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate that the proposed approach results in a more efficient algorithm, for the purpose of computation of moments of the stochastic solution, while maintaining the accuracy of the approximation of the solution. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic analysis of Pteris vittata fronds: Two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi differentially modulate protein expression under arsenic contamination
Authors: Bona Elisa , Cattaneo Chiara , Cesaro Patrizia , Marsano Francesco , Lingua Guido , Cavaletto Maria , Berta Graziella
Published: September 2010

Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are the most widespread mutualistic symbioses between the roots of most land plants and a phylum of soil fungi. AM are known to influence plant performance by improving mineral nutrition, protecting against pathogens and enhancing resistance or tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The aim of this study was to investigate the frond proteome of the arsenic hyperaccumulator fern Pteris vittata in plants that had been inoculated with one of the two AM fungi (Glomus mosseae or Gigaspora margarita) with and without arsenic treatment. A protective role for AM fungi colonisation in the absence of arsenic was indicated by the down‐regulation of oxidative damage‐related proteins. Arsenic treatment of mycorrhizal ferns induced the differential expression of 130 leaf proteins with specific responses in G. mosseae‐ and Gi. margarita‐colonised plants. Up‐regulation of multiple forms of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, and enolase, primarily in G. mosseae‐inoculated plants, suggests a central role for glycolytic enzymes in arsenic metabolism. Moreover, a putative arsenic transporter, PgPOR29, has been identified as an up‐regulated protein by arsenic treatment.
The proteome of lysosomes
Authors: Schröder Bernd A. , Wrocklage Christian , Hasilik Andrej , Saftig Paul
Published: September 2010

Lysosomes are organelles of eukaryotic cells that are critically involved in the degradation of macromolecules mainly delivered by endocytosis and autophagocytosis. Degradation is achieved by more than 60 hydrolases sequestered by a single phospholipid bilayer. The lysosomal membrane facilitates interaction and fusion with other compartments and harbours transport proteins catalysing the export of catabolites, thereby allowing their recycling. Lysosomal proteins have been addressed in various proteomic studies that are compared in this review regarding the source of material, the organelle/protein purification scheme, the proteomic methodology applied and the proteins identified. Distinguishing true constituents of an organelle from copurifying contaminants is a central issue in subcellular proteomics, with additional implications for lysosomes as being the site of degradation of many cellular and extracellular proteins. Although many of the lysosomal hydrolases were identified by classical biochemical approaches, the knowledge about the protein composition of the lysosomal membrane has remained fragmentary for a long time. Using proteomics many novel lysosomal candidate proteins have been discovered and it can be expected that their functional characterisation will help to understand functions of lysosomes at a molecular level that have been characterised only phenomenologically so far and to generally deepen our understanding of this indispensable organelle.
Identification of osteocyte‐selective proteins
Authors: Guo Dayong , Keightley Andrew , Guthrie Jill , Veno Patricia A. , Harris Stephen E. , Bonewald Lynda F.
Published: September 2010

Since little is known regarding osteocytes, cells embedded within the mineralized bone matrix, a proteomics approach was used to discover proteins more highly expressed in osteocytes than in osteoblasts to determine osteocyte‐specific function. Two proteomic profiles obtained by two different proteomic approaches using total cell lysates from the osteocyte cell line MLO‐Y4 and the osteoblast cell line MC3T3 revealed unique differences. Three protein clusters, one related to glycolysis (Phosphoglycerate kinase 1, fructose‐bisphosphate aldolase A, hypoxia up‐regulated 1 [ORP150], triosephosphate isomerase), one to protein folding (Mitochondrial Stress‐70 protein, ORP150, Endoplasmin), and one to actin cytoskeleton regulation (Macrophage‐capping protein [CapG], destrin, forms of lamin A and vimentin) were identified. Higher protein expression of ORP‐150, Cap G, and destrin in MLO‐Y4 cells compared with MC3T3 cells was validated by gene expression, Western blotting, and in vivo expression. These proteins were shown to be selective in osteocytes in vivo using immuno‐staining of mouse ulnae. Destrin was most highly expressed in embedding osteoid osteocytes, GapG in embedded osteocytes, and ORP150 in deeply embedded osteocytes. In summary, the proteomic approach has yielded important information regarding molecular mechanisms used by osteocytes for embedding in matrix, the formation of dendritic processes, and protection within a hypoxic environment.
Two‐dimensional liquid chromatography system for online top‐down mass spectrometry
Authors: Tian Zhixin , Zhao Rui , Tolić Nikola , Moore Ronald J. , Stenoien David L. , Robinson Errol W. , Smith Richard D. , Paša‐Tolić Ljiljana
Published: September 2010

An online metal‐free weak cation exchange‐hydrophilic interaction LC/RPLC system has been developed for sensitive, high‐throughput top‐down MS. Here, we report results for analyzing PTMs of core histones, with a focus on histone H4, using this system. With just ∼24 μg on‐column of core histones (H4, H2B, H2A, and H3) purified from human fibroblasts, 41 H4 isoforms were identified, with the type and location of PTMs unambiguously mapped for 20 of these variants. Compared to corresponding offline studies reported previously, the online weak cation exchange‐hydrophilic interaction LC/RPLC platform offers significant improvement in sensitivity, with several orders of magnitude reduction in sample requirements and a reduction in the overall analysis time. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first online 2‐D LC‐MS/MS characterization of core histone mixture at the intact protein level.
Synthesis of diblock copolymers containing poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
Authors: Hu Nan , Ji Wen‐Xi , Tong Yin‐Yin , Li Zi‐Chen , Chen Er‐Qiang
Published: September 2010

The reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization ofN‐vinylcarbazole (NVK) mediated by macromolecular xanthates was used to prepare three types of block copolymers containing poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK). Using a poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether based xanthate (PEG‐X), the RAFT polymerization of NVK proceeded in a controlled way to afford a series of PEG‐b‐PVK with different PVK chain lengths. Successive RAFT polymerization of NVK and vinyl acetate (VAc) with a small molecule xanthate (X1) as the chain transfer agent was tested to prepare PVK‐b‐PVAc. Though both monomers can be homopolymerized in a controlled manner with this xanthate, only by polymerizing NVK first could give well‐defined block copolymers. The xanthate groups in the end of PVK could be removed by radical‐induced reduction using tributylstannane, and PVK‐b‐PVA was obtained by further hydrolysis of PVK‐b‐PVAc under basic conditions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Block length determination of the block copolymer mPEG‐b‐PS using MALDI‐TOF MS/MS
Authors: Crecelius Anna C. , Becer C.Remzi , Knop Katrin , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: September 2010

The molar mass determination of block copolymers, in particular amphiphilic block copolymers, has been challenging with chromatographic techniques. Therefore, methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(styrene) (mPEG‐b‐PS) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and characterized in detail not only by conventional chromatographic techniques, such as size exclusion chromatography (SEC), but also by matrix‐assisted laser/desorption ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS/MS). As expected, different molar mass values were obtained in the SEC measurements depending on the calibration standards (either PEG or PS). In contrast, MALDI‐TOF MS/MS analysis allowed the molar mass determination of each block, by the scission of the weakest point between the PEG and PS block. Thus, fragments of the individual blocks could be obtained. The PEG block showed a depolymerization reaction, while for the PS block fragments were obtained in the monomeric, dimeric, and trimeric regions as a result of multiple chain scissions. The block length of PEG and PS could be calculated from the fragments recorded in the MALDI‐TOF MS/MS spectrum. Furthermore, the assignment of the substructures of the individual blocks acquired by MALDI‐TOF MS/MS was accomplished with the help of the fragments that were obtained from the corresponding homopolymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
A new water‐soluble branched poly(ethylene imine) derivative having hydrolyzable imidazolidine moieties and its application to long‐lasting release of aldehyde
Authors: Morinaga Hisatoyo , Morikawa Hiroshi , Sudo Atsushi , Endo Takeshi
Published: September 2010

A new water‐soluble poly(ethylene imine)‐derivative having imidazolidine moieties was developed. With using branched poly(ethylene imine) (BPEI) as a precursor, it was modified by Michael addition reaction of its primary amino group to an acrylate having poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chain. The modified BPEI was reacted with octanal to give the corresponding BPEI derivative having octanal‐derived imidazolidine moieties. The obtained polymer inherited the high hydrophilicity of the attached PEG chains to allow hydrolysis of the imidazolidine moieties under homogeneous conditions in aqueous media, leading to long‐lasting release of octanal. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Hierarchically‐ordered electroactive silica‐polyaniline nanohybrid: A novel material with versatile properties
Authors: Manian Manesh Kalayil , Iyengar Gopalan Anantha , Lee Kwang‐pill , Kim Nam Hee , Shanmugasundaram Komathi , Kang Seong Ho
Published: September 2010

Poly(trimethoxy silylpropylaniline), a nanoporous (pore diameter of 2.4 nm), electroactive (stable reversible redox characteristics), electrochromic (yellow at −0.10 V, blue green at +0.50 V, and dark green at +0.70 V), and pH‐sensitive, silica–polyaniline (PANI) hybrid material (designated as KGM‐1) has been synthesized in powder form by a simple one‐pot chemical synthesis as well as a “thin nanolayered film” by cyclic voltammetry. High‐resolution transmission image of KGM‐1 informs that the particles are spherical, with diameters in the range of 0.5–1.5 μm. X‐ray diffraction pattern of pristine KGM‐1 confirms the combined presence of ordered silica network and PANI chains. The surface area of calcined KGM‐1 is 40 m2/g (∼15 times higher than KGM‐1), and the average pore size is 2.4 nm. The N2 adsorption features also inform that PANI is present as a uniform layer within the pores of silica and because of that the silica pores are not completely blocked. The reversible redox transitions in PANI units and nanoporosity of KGM‐1 are effectively used for the electro‐driven loading/release of DNA or adenosine 5′‐triphosphate. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Novel UV initiator for functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes by atom transfer radical polymerization applied on two different grades of nanotubes
Authors: Daugaard Anders E. , Jankova Katja , Bøgelund Jesper , Nielsen Jens Kromann , Hvilsted Søren
Published: September 2010

A novel nonoxidative method for preparation of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) has been developed based on a UV sensitive initiator for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The method has been investigated with respect to ligands and polymerization time for the preparation of polystyrene functionalized MWCNT. It was found that pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) gave superior results with higher loading in shorter polymerization time. A comparative study of the method applied on two different grades of nonoxidized MWCNT has been performed, illustrating large differences in reactivity and polymer loading, underlining the importance of the choice of MWCNT starting material. In addition to styrene, also poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) was shown to polymerize from the surface of the MWCNT. Finally, initial results from composites of polystyrene or polyphenylenesulfide are presented. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
The effects of an intensive behavior and nutrition intervention compared to standard of care on weight outcomes in CF
Authors: Stark Lori J. , Opipari‐Arrigan Lisa , Quittner Alexandra L. , Bean Judy , Powers Scott W.
Published: September 2010

Inadequate intake and suboptimal growth are common problems for patients with CF and a critical target for intervention. The purpose of this study was to compare the growth outcomes of children with CF who participated in a randomized clinical trial to improve energy intake and weight to children with CF receiving standard of care during the same time period. Our primary outcome was change in body mass index z‐score (BMI z‐score) over 2 years. An exploratory outcome was forced expiratory volume at 1‐sec (FEV1) over 2 years. Participants were children ages 4–12 with CF, who participated in a randomized clinical trial of behavior plus nutrition intervention versus nutrition education alone, and a matched Comparison Sample receiving standard of care drawn from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) Registry. Children in the Clinical Trial Group (N = 67) participated in a 9‐week, nutrition intervention and were followed at regular intervals (3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months) for 2 years post‐treatment to obtain anthropometric and pulmonary function data. For each child in the Comparison Sample (N = 346), these measures were obtained from the CFF Registry at matching intervals for the 27‐month period corresponding to the clinical trial. Over 27 months, children in the Clinical Trial Group (the combined sample of the behavior plus nutrition and the nutrition alone) demonstrated significantly less decline in BMI z‐score, −0.05 (SD = 0.68, CI = −0.23 to 0.13), as compared to children in the Comparison Sample, −0.21 (SD = 0.67, CI = −0.31 to −0.11). No statistically significant differences were found for decline in FEV1 between children in the Clinical Trial Group and the Comparison Sample. The key implication of these findings is that intensive behavioral and nutritional intervention is effective and needs to be adapted so that it can be broadly disseminated into clinical practice. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46:31–35. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peptide vaccine candidates against classical swine fever virus: T cell and neutralizing antibody responses of dendrimers displaying E2 and NS2–3 epitopes
Authors: Monsó Marta , Tarradas Joan , de la Torre Beatriz G. , Sobrino Francisco , Ganges Llilianne , Andreu David
Published: September 2010

Three peptide‐based systems integrating B and T antigenic sites of CSFV and displaying the B epitopes in fourfold presentation have been designed and produced, and shown to bring about significant enhancements in immunogenicity over the peptides in monomeric form. Of the different strategies tested for producing the dendrimeric constructs, stepwise SPPS using 3,6‐dioxaoctanoic acid as flexible, PEG‐like spacer units at the branching points is clearly advantageous, in particular over ligation in solution. The constructs have been used for immunization of domestic pigs, in order to evaluate the protective response induced by each peptide constructs, and to characterize the B‐ and T‐cell response against CSFV in the natural host. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the limiting effect of the Earth's rotation on the depth of a stably stratified boundary layer
Authors: Mironov Dmitrii , Fedorovich Evgeni
Published: September 2010

Two alternative depth scales have been proposed for the case of a stably stratified boundary layer (SBL) where static stability is due to the surface buoyancy flux Bs. Kitaigorodskii in 1960 assumed that the Earth's rotation is no longer important as static stability becomes strong and that the SBL depth scales with the Obukhov length \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$L=-u_*^3/B_{\rm s}$ \end{document}, u* being the surface‐friction velocity. Zilitinkevich in 1972 proposed an alternative scale, (u*L/|f|)1/2, which depends on the Coriolis parameter f no matter how strong the static stability. Similarly, two alternative depth scales have been proposed for the case of a SBL dominated by static stability at its outer edge with buoyancy frequency N. The depth scale u*/N introduced by Kitaigorodskii and Joffre in 1988 does not depend on the Coriolis parameter, whereas the Pollard, Rhines and Thompson scale u*/|Nf|1/2 introduced in 1973 does.

In the present article, the above formulations for the SBL depth are shown to be consistent with the budgets of momentum and of turbulence kinetic energy in the SBL. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that in the case of sufficiently strong static stability the alternative depth‐scale formulations represent particular cases of more general power‐law expressions. For a SBL dominated by the surface buoyancy flux, the generalized depth scale is given by L(|f|L/u*)−γ. For a SBL dominated by outer‐edge static stability, the generalized scale is (u*/N)(|f|/N)−δ. The exponents γ and δ lie in the range from 0 to 1/2. With γ = 1/2 and δ = 1/2, these expressions yield the Zilitinkevich scale and the Pollard et al. scale, respectively. In the limits γ = 0 and δ = 0, the SBL depth scales cease to depend on the Coriolis parameter in their explicit form and the formulations proposed by Kitaigorodskii and by Kitaigorodskii and Joffre, respectively, are recovered.

Simple dimensionality arguments are not sufficient to determine γ and δ. To do this would require an exact solution to equations governing the structure of mean fields and turbulence in the SBL. Since such a solution is not known, the exponents should be evaluated from experimental data. Available data from observations and from large‐eddy simulations are uncertain. They do not make it possible to evaluate γ and δ to adequate accuracy and to decide conclusively between the alternative formulations for the SBL depth. As regards practical applications, previously proposed multi‐limit formulations based on the above depth scales with γ and δ in the range from 0 to 1/2 are expected to give similar results for stability conditions typical of the atmospheric and oceanic SBLs, provided the disposable dimensionless coefficients in the multi‐limit formulations are appropriately tuned. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Synergy, coordination costs, and diversification choices
Authors: Zhou Yue Maggie
Published: September 2010

Sharing common inputs across business lines can potentially generate synergy that justifies related diversification. The pursuit of such synergy through diversification is, however, fundamentally driven by the indivisibility of inputs between firms. Following Penrose's insight, I argue that to realize this synergy, a firm needs to actively manage the interdependencies between different business lines, which, in turn, increases its coordination costs. The coordination costs may increase faster than synergy and set a limit to related diversification. This is particularly salient when the firm's existing business lines already have complex interdependencies among them. I test these arguments on a dataset of U.S. equipment manufacturers for the period 1993 to 2003. The results show that a firm is more likely to diversify into a new business when its existing business lines can potentially share more inputs with the new business; however, the firm is less likely to diversify into any new business when its existing business lines are complex. Importantly, the firm's likelihood of diversifying into a new business decreases more with the complexity in the firm's existing business lines if they share more inputs with the new business. These results suggest that increasing coordination costs counterbalance the potential synergistic benefits associated with related diversification. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Temperature Dependence of the Fracture Stress of Notched Tensile Specimens
Authors: Hinterndorfer Bernhard , Schneeweiß Günther , Felber Sonja
Published: September 2010

The fracture stresses of unnotched tensile specimens exhibit various temperature dependences. It is shown that such various dependences also occur in tensile tests on notched specimens. For that purpose tests were performed between ‐140 °C and +82 °C on notched specimens with notch root radii of 7.0, 2.0, and 0.075 mm. The observed data indicated seven temperature ranges with different temperature dependences of the fracture stress (and area reduction). These dependences were described by seven different fitting curves. The intersections of these fitting curves lead to the transition temperatures cleavage fracture ‐ mixed fracture and mixed fracture ‐ fibrous fracture. For notch root radii of 7.0 and 2.0 mm these tests yielded the same temperature dependences as were expected from unnotched tensile specimens. Specimens with a notch root radius of 0.075 mm showed some differences in the temperature dependence which are discussed in detail.
Longitudinal changes of insight in first episode psychosis and its relation to clinical symptoms, treatment adherence and global functioning: One-year follow-up from the Eiffel study
Authors: Segarra R. , Ojeda N. , Peña J. , García J. , Rodriguez-Morales A. , Ruiz I. , Hidalgo R. , Burón J.A. , Eguiluz J.I.I. , Gutiérrez M.
Published: September 2010

Objectives

The Eiffel study is a longitudinal, naturalistic study of patients with first episode psychosis (FEP) designed to evaluate the predictive value of defective insight on treatment adherence and global functioning.

Methods

Five hundred seventy-seven patients with FEP were assessed at baseline and at a 1-year follow-up. They were compared in terms of sociodemographic factors, psychopathology, insight, treatment adherence and functional outcome. Longitudinal functionality was prospectively assessed with the clinical global impression (CGI) and global assessment of functioning (GAF) rating scales.

Results

At baseline, up to 50% of our sample presented with a lack of insight. Most clinical symptoms, including insight, improved over the follow-up period. Insight, education and social withdrawal significantly predicted CGI and GAF at follow-up. Insight and level of education were predictive of treatment adherence.

Conclusions

Insight significantly predicted the general clinical course, treatment adherence and functional outcome in our FEP sample after 1 year. Only education additionally accounted for the longitudinal course. Since our results suggest that better insight improves treatment adherence and consequently clinical course and functional outcome, insight could be a specific target of treatment in early intervention programs.
Spoiled Brides and the Fear of Education: Honour and Social Mobility among Dalits in South India
Authors: STILL CLARINDA
Published: September 2010

This paper examines female education, marriage and honour among upwardly mobile Dalits. Using data collected during fifteen months of ethnographic fieldwork (2004–2005) in a Dalit community in rural Andhra Pradesh, I describe how families who constitute the upper strata of Dalits are educating their daughters in order to marry them ‘upwards’ within their caste to a groom with prospects of employment. Education allows these Dalit girls to become housewives, escaping a life of demeaning agricultural labour, colloquially: ‘hard work in the hot sun’. But as educated wives they must have middle-class virtues to match. Unlike their labouring counterparts, their language, dress, movement and manners must convey shame and modesty. As their responsibility for maintaining family honour increases, they are progressively more scrutinised and controlled. I explore this heightened emphasis on honour among traditionally egalitarian Dalits and suggest reasons for the increasing concern about female sexuality. Education for girls is seen as a particularly risky business: on the one hand it provides opportunities for sexual encounters, but on the other hand it holds the promise of hypergamy. Given their already precarious circumstances, many Dalits choose to cut short the education of their daughters, rather than take the risk.
Tracking trends in key sites for biodiversity: a case study using Important Bird Areas in Kenya
Authors: MWANGI M. A. KIRAGU , BUTCHART S. H. M. , MUNYEKENYE F. B. , BENNUN L. A. , EVANS M. I. , FISHPOOL L. D. C. , KANYANYA E. , MADINDOU I. , MACHEKELE J. , MATIKU P. , MULWA R. , NGARI A. , SIELE J. , STATTERSFIELD A. J.
Published: September 2010

Important Bird Areas (IBAs) form a network of priority sites that are critical for the conservation of birds and biodiversity. A standard framework for monitoring IBAs is being implemented by the BirdLife Partnership globally. Scores are assigned on a simple ranked scale for state (condition), pressure (threats) and response (conservation action) at each site, from which IBA indices can be calculated. In Kenya, this scoring system was applied retrospectively using information in the national IBA directory (1999) and subsequent status reports (2004 and 2005). IBA indices for 36 IBAs show that their average condition deteriorated between 1999 and 2005, with the mean state score being between ‘unfavourable’ and ‘near favourable’. Pressures on IBAs showed a slight decline in intensity, especially from 2004 to 2005, coincident with an improvement in management that was reflected in increasing response scores. Compared to unprotected IBAs, officially protected sites had substantially greater conservation responses underway, were subject to marginally lower pressures and tended to be in slightly better condition. Other disaggregations of the data allow comparisons to be made for sites in different habitats, of different size, and managed by different agencies. This national example for Kenya suggests that the BirdLife IBA monitoring framework provides a simple but effective way of tracking trends in the state of IBAs, the pressures upon them, and the responses in place. The system is sensitive enough to detect differences between sites and over time, but simple enough to be implemented with little training and without sophisticated technology. The results provide vital information for managers of individual protected areas, management agencies responsible for suites of sites, and national governments, and can be used to track progress in tackling the global biodiversity crisis.
A comparison of preruminant bull calves of the Hereford × Friesian, Aberdeen Angus × Friesian and Friesian breeds
Authors: Roy J. H. B. , Hart I. C. , Gillies Catherine M. , Stobo I. J. F. , Ganderton P. , Perfitt M. W.
Published: September 2010

Twenty-four bull calves, eight Hereford × Friesian, eight Aberdeen Angus × Friesian and eight Friesian, were reared from birth to slaughter at 13 weeks of age solely on a milk substitute diet given ad libitum.

Samples of jugular blood were taken at weekly intervals from 5 days to 89 days of age for determination of concentrations of prolactin, growth hormone (GH), insulin and total thyroxine (T4) in plasma, tri-iodothyronine (T3) uptake, and thus free T4 index (FTI).

The Friesian calves had a higher mean body temperature and lower mean T3 uptake than did either of the beef crosses.

The Aberdeen Angus cross had a higher mean dry-matter intake per unit of metabolic body size (DMI/W0·73), heart rate and plasma insulin concentration than did the Hereford cross, and a higher insulin concentration but not a higher heart rate than did the Friesian. Live-weight gain and DMI/W0·73 for the Friesian was intermediate between that of the Aberdeen Augus cross and the Hereford cross.

DMI/W0·73 was positively correlated with insulin: GH ratio, prolactin: GH ratio and T4: GH ratio.

The increase in heart rate per unit DMI/W073, a measure of the heat increment of feeding, was negatively correlated with the plasma insulin concentration, insulin: T4 and insulin: GH ratios.

Prolactin concentration, GH concentration and T3 uptake declined with age, whereas insulin concentration, T4 concentration and FTI increased with age. The relationship was linear for prolactin and insulin concentrations, but curvilinear for the other variables. The Friesian breed had a higher GH concentration than did the beef crosses during the first 12 days of life. The large increase in insulin concentration for the Aberdeen Angus × Friesian occurred from about 47 days of age. The peak T4 concentration and the lowest T3 uptake of the breeds occurred between 33 and 42 days of age.

Possible mechanisms for the control of dry-matter intake by preruminant calves and the difficulties associated with prediction of performance from plasma metabolic hormone concentrations obtained at a young age are discussed.
Growth of twin cattle fed in proportion to body weight
Authors: Taylor C. S. , Moore A. J.
Published: September 2010

Twenty-two pairs of female Friesian twin calvxs, fed a standard pelleted diet with an ME value of 9·3 MJ 'kg, were split between the following nutritional treatments: (a)ad libitum (b) a weekly amount equal to 24% of body weight or (c) equal to 20% of body weight. Each proportionally-fed animal eventually reached a break-point when the amount of food it was offered exceeded its intake capacity.

For the ‘24%’ and ‘20%’ regimes respectively, break-points occurred at a mean age of 40 and 48 weeks and at a mean body weight of 222 and 258 kg. Surprisingly, the mean body weights at these ages on the ad libitum regime were virtually the same (223 and 265 kg). Thus growth up to break-point was, on average, just as fast for proportional feeding as for ad libitum.

In general, growth up to break-point was significantly slower than the exponential rate expected from a simple linear model. Nevertheless, animals fed at the 20% level grew almost exponentially beyond 6 months of age, and the normally expected decline in the food efficiency ratio was delayed.

The hypothesis being tested was that a proportional feeding system, while in operation, would ensure highly efficient growth and that the break-point could be used as a self-determined optimal slaughter point for each individual. On the evidence obtained, further investigation would be worthwhile, especially at proportional feeding levels giving break-points beyond 1 year of age.
Live weights at fixed ages of Dairy Shorthorn, Red Friesian, Red Holstein, Meuse-Rhine-Yssel, Simmental and other sire breed progeny of Dairy Shorthorn, Red Friesian and crossbred dams, and estimates of heterosis and apparent heritability
Authors: Hocking P. M.
Published: September 2010

Dairy Shorthorn (DS), Red Friesian (RF), Red Holstein (RH), Danish Red (DR), Meuse-Rhine-Yssel (MR), Simmental (SM), British beef breeds (BB) and hybrid (HY, RF♂ × DS9 and RH♀ × DS?) bulls were progeny tested on DS, RF and HY cows as part of a breed improvement project. Live-weight records for 4 450 animals in 17 herds by 350 sires were used to calculate adjusted hundred-day weights from 100 to 700 days of age. Genotype × environment interactions were significant (P < 0·001) and data for two production systems (cereals and grass) were analysed separately. RF, RH, DR and MR progeny were, proportionally, 0·10 to 012 heavier than DS (P < 0·001). On cereals the SM were significantly heavier than these crosses (0·095, P < 0·001 at 400 days) but not on grass. BB and HY were generally not significantly different from DS. Only DS dams were represented on cereal systems. On grass, breed differences were similar for different dam breeds but estimates of hybrid vigour averaged 0·051 in RF♂ × DS♀, 0·061 in RF♂ × (RF♂ × DS♀)♀ and were not significantly different from zero in DS♂ × (RF♂ × DS♀)♀. Apparent heritability averaged 0·50 ± 0·12 but was lower during a period of feed restriction. The within-breed genetic correlation for live weight on the two systems of production was unity.
A note on some of the factors that affect the water consumption of lactating dairy cows at pasture
Authors: Stockdale C. R. , King K. R.
Published: September 2010

The influence of the level of dry-matter intake and the dry-matter concentration in the diet on the water consumption of dairy cows in early lactation was investigated for a 2-month period from early August to early October. The importance of the various components of weather on voluntary water intake was also examined. The cows used in the experiment either grazed pasture alone, or were offered pasture and pasture hay supplements. Mean voluntary water intake increased by 2·30 kg per cow per day for every additional kg dry matter consumed and also increased by 0·053 kg per cow per day for each g/kg increase in dry matter concentration. Of the climatic factors, rainfall had the greatest single influence on the daily fluctuations in voluntary water intake and this was negative. Intake was also negatively related to minimum temperature, relative humidity and wind, and positively related to sunshine and evaporation. Although maximum temperature per se had no apparent influence on intake, it showed a positive relationship after the removal of the effects of rainfall. A model for the prediction of total water consumption is:

Total water consumption (kg per cow per day) = 11·34 + 4·63 dry-matter intake (kg per cow per day) –0·036 dry-matter concentration (g/kg) + 0·84 mean temperature (°C).

This can only be used to predict the water requirements of lactating dairy cows in different environments.
Welfare Conditionality, Inequality and Unemployed People with Alternative Values
Authors: Dunn Andrew
Published: September 2010

Labour and Conservatives' claims that welfare conditionality is ‘fair’ rely upon an empirically unsupported assumption that almost-equal opportunities can exist alongside starkly unequal outcomes. Fifty interviews examined in-depth a diverse sample's values, views about work and welfare, and labour market choices. Respondents' views on equality strongly influenced their views on conditionality and what they considered acceptable labour market behaviour. ‘Alternative’ unemployed respondents, who rejected politicians' suggestions they ‘should work’, nevertheless favoured an equal society with work obligations and often undertook voluntary work. The article concludes that policy-makers should be more sensitive to Jobseeker's Allowance claimants' diverse moralities and motivations.
Have Families Been Rethought? Ethic of Care, Family and ‘Whole Family’ Approaches
Authors: Murray Lesley , Barnes Marian
Published: September 2010

‘Whole family’ approaches to intervention and prevention have raised the profile of ‘family’ within social policy, where the family is constructed as a site of child care and protection, neglect and disadvantage. However, ‘family’ is a taken-for-granted and narrowly defined concept within policy documentation, and often used interchangeably with ‘parents’. This paper uses Sevenhuijsen's (2003) ‘Trace’ approach to explore the use of the concept of ‘family’ across a number of interrelated social policy streams. The efficacy of familial approaches is considered through a feminist ethic of care approach that questions both gendered and generational assumptions about families in practice.
Das Stigma psychischer Krankheit
Authors: Schomerus Georg
Published: September 2010

Das Stigma psychischer Krankheit stellt eine erhebliche Belastung für die Patienten dar. Dabei leiden die Betroffenen sowohl unter der Stigmatisierung durch die Öffentlichkeit als auch unter selbststigmatisierenden Kognitionen und Affekten. Beide Formen des Stigmas bedürfen unterschiedlicher Interventionen. Das vorliegende Themenheft stellt aktuelle Arbeiten zur Bekämpfung des öffentlichen Stigmas und über Mechanismen der Selbststigmatisierung und Stigmabewältigung vor. Ansatzpunkte für psychotherapeutische Interventionen zur Reduzierung der Belastung durch Stigma werden diskutiert.
Einstellungen und Soziale Distanz gegenüber psychisch Kranken
Authors: Stadler Sofie Maria
Published: September 2010

Anliegen: Es sollte überprüft werden, ob durch gemeindepsychiatrische Tagesstätten initiierte Kontakte mit psychisch kranken Personen eine Einstellungsverbesserung bewirken. Methode: Hierzu wurden Probanden mit und ohne gemeindepsychiatrische Tagesstätte im Umfeld über ihre Kontakte und Einstellungen zu psychisch Kranken befragt. Die Einstellungsmessung erfolgte mittels dem Inventar «Community Attitudes towards the mentally Ill» und sieben Fragen zur Sozialen Distanz. Diverse Gruppenvergleiche wurden anhand des Mann-Whitney U-Tests durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Probanden mit Kontakt zu psychisch Kranken sowie Probanden im Umfeld einer gemeindepsychiatrischen Tagesstätte zeigen signifikant positivere Einstellungen. Schlussfolgerungen: Gemeindeorientierte sozialpsychiatrische Arbeit, die die Interaktion zwischen «Kranken» und «Gesunden» fördert, kann Stigmatisierung wirksam reduzieren.
Intelligenz- und Aufmerksamkeitsleistungen von Jungen mit ADHS
Authors: Hellwig-Brida Susanne , Daseking Monika , Petermann Franz , Goldbeck Lutz
Published: September 2010

Es wurden die Leistungen von 85 Jungen mit unbehandeltem ADHS im Alter von 6 bis 13 Jahren in den Indizes Arbeitsgedächtnis und Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit des HAWIK-IV sowie die Leistungen einer Teilstichprobe von 68 Kindern im Alter von 6 bis 10 Jahren in der Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung für Kinder (KITAP) erfasst. Zusätzlich zum Vergleich der Ergebnisse dieser Gruppen mit Normwerten wurden die Ergebnisse der Kinder mit kombiniertem und vorwiegend hyperaktiv-impulsivem ADHS-Typ sowie der Kinder mit dem vorwiegend unaufmerksamen ADHS-Typ getrennt analysiert. Es zeigten sich signifikante Defizite in den Bereichen Arbeitsgedächtnis, Reaktionszeitstabilität, Inhibition, kognitive Flexibilität, Daueraufmerksamkeit und geteilte Aufmerksamkeit mit Effektstärken im mittleren bis großen Bereich. Unterschiede zur Norm in der Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit traten nur in der Gruppe des unaufmerksamen Subtyps auf. Bei maximal 50 % der Kinder konnten in den genannten Parametern auffällige Minderleistungen festgestellt werden.
Zum Konzept der nichtsprachlichen Lernstörung
Authors: Tischler Lars , Knievel Julia , Jacobs Claus , Petermann Franz
Published: September 2010

Rourkes Konzept der nichtsprachlichen Lernstörung (NSL) wird von seinen Ursprüngen her erklärt und kritisch bewertet. Eine Weiterentwicklung diagnostischer Kriterien vom WISC zum HAWIK-IV wird vorgenommen. Das komplexe Syndrom NSL wird therapiebezogen auf seine Kernsymptome reduziert. Visuelle Wahrnehmungsstörungen werden als bedeutsame Einflussfaktoren für die Ausbildung umschriebener Entwicklungsstörungen schulischer Fertigkeiten aber auch emotionaler und Verhaltensstörungen ausgemacht. Die Autoren stellen ein Konzept zur Diagnostik und Therapie visueller Wahrnehmungsstörungen im Sinne einer Lern- und Entwicklungsstörung vor.
Modeling the presunrise plasma heating in the low‐ to midlatitude topside ionospheres
Authors: Chao C. K. , Su S.‐Y. , Huba J. D. , Oyama K.‐I.
Published: September 2010

Global distributions of presunrise ion heating were discovered by the Ionospheric Plasma and Electrodynamics Instrument onboard the ROCSAT‐1 satellite in the low‐ to midlatitude topside ionosphere. The most significant presunrise ion heating was clearly found in the 0400–0500 LT sector and asymmetrically located in the South Pacific and North Atlantic region during the June and December soltices, respectively. Local time variations of ion temperature from 0000 to 0600 LT indicate that the temperature of the presunrise heating increases gradually after its early onset. Despite the late onset of the sunrise heating, the temperature increases rapidly and goes beyond that of the presunrise heating after 0430 LT. To identify possible heating sources, electron temperature observed by the HINOTORI satellite is compared and found similar patterns to the distributions of the presunrise ion heating. With the aid of the SAMI2 model of the ionosphere, these distributions and the local time variations of the temperature at 600 km altitude can be reproduced. The presunrise plasma heating is caused by photoelectrons streaming along field lines from low altitudes of the sunlit magnetic conjugate ionosphere. The early onset of the presunrise heating is one of the main factors to maintain the plasma temperature higher before 0430 LT. In addition, abundant amounts of light ions act as proxies in the processes of the presunrise heating to indirectly transfer thermal energy from electrons to O+ and to speed up the increase of O+ temperature. Asymmetrical hemispheric temperature distributions of the presunrise heating during the solstices are the result mainly of the geomagnetic dipole offset from the center of the Earth.
True polar wander since 32 Ma B.P.: A paleomagnetic investigation of the skewness of magnetic anomaly 12r on the Pacific plate
Authors: Horner‐Johnson Benjamin C. , Gordon Richard G.
Published: September 2010

We test the fixed hot spot and fixed spin axis hypotheses through a paleomagnetic investigation of the skewness of crossings of magnetic anomaly 12r (32 Ma B.P.) between the Galapagos and Clarion fracture zones on the Pacific plate. We focus on this region for three reasons. First, numerical experiments show that these crossings, of all those available from the Pacific plate, should contain the most information about the location of the 32 Ma B.P. paleomagnetic pole for the Pacific plate. Second, many of the available crossings are from vector aeromagnetic profiles, which have superior signal‐to‐noise ratios. Third, the rate of seafloor spreading recorded in these crossings exceeds the threshold (half rate of 50 mm a−1) above which anomalous skewness is negligible. The new pole (83.5°N, 44.6°E) has compact 95% confidence limits (ellipse with major semiaxis length of 3.1° toward 84° clockwise from north and minor semiaxis length of 1.2°) and is not subject to the biases inherent in other methods for estimating Pacific plate paleomagnetic poles. The pole differs significantly by ≈5° from the pole predicted if the Pacific hot spots have been fixed with respect to the spin axis, thus demonstrating, for the first time from paleomagnetic data, that Pacific hot spots have moved relative to the spin axis since the formation of the elbow in the Hawaiian‐Emperor chain. The pole is consistent, however, with previously published paleomagnetic poles in a reference frame fixed relative to Indo‐Atlantic hot spots. Thus, the new results require no motion between Pacific and Indo‐Atlantic hot spots since 32 Ma B.P. Instead, superimposed on whatever motion occurs between hot spots, as expected for true polar wander.
Rupture characteristics of the 2005 Tarapaca, northern Chile, intermediate‐depth earthquake: Evidence for heterogeneous fluid distribution across the subducting oceanic plate?
Authors: Kuge Keiko , Kase Yuko , Urata Yumi , Campos Jaime , Perez Andriana
Published: September 2010

We examined the rupture of the 2005 Tarapaca, northern Chile, earthquake at about 110 km depth with respect to both kinematic and dynamic characteristics by using regional and teleseismic waveforms. The earthquake has a downdip tensional focal mechanism. The subhorizontal rupture is characterized by two patches of large slip and high stress drop which are aligned nearly in the east‐west direction, being perpendicular to the direction of the Chile Trench. Rupture initiated in the eastern patch and then propagated to the western patch. Between the two patches, there exists a region of nonpositive stress drop and high strength excess, which can cause subshear rupture to propagate from the eastern to the western patches but radiates little seismic waves. Seismic radiation energy from this earthquake tends to be low, which is consistent with the nonpositive stress drop and high strength excess between the two patches. While the physical mechanism of intermediate‐depth earthquakes is still controversial, current leading hypotheses are associated with dehydration within subducting plates. The rupture characteristics of the Tarapaca earthquake can be related to heterogeneous fluid distribution due to the dehydration. The spatial separation and dominant stress of the two large‐slip patches agree with the characteristics of the previously reported double seismic zone beneath Chile. The two patches may be the manifestation of the double seismic zone where dehydration reactions can release fluid. Using a numerical simulation of 3‐D dynamic rupture, we have shown that weakening due to fluid can account for the rupture characteristics of the Tarapaca earthquake.