bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Division of Labor among Primitively Social Bees
Authors: Michener Charles D.
Published: October 2006

Australian bees of the genera
Allodapula
and
Exoneura
which commonly live in colonies of two to several individuals exhibit a division of labor among the adult females. Most foraging individuals are unfertilized and have slender ovaries, yet gather pollen and carry it to the nest; in contrast, fertilized egg-laying bees are not commonly foragers. Such castes are functionally similar to workers and queens found in some members of two other families of bees and represent a noteworthy example of physiological and behavioral parallelism in which the activities of different individuals are coordinated to form a functional unit.
Iodine-131 in Utah during July and August 1962
Authors: Pendleton Robert C. , Lloyd Ray D. , Mays Charles W.
Published: October 2006

Nuclear explosions in Nevada in July 1962 caused an average intake of about 58,000 picocuries of I
131
and a peak intake of 800,000 picocuries of I
131
by Utah residents consuming one liter of milk per day. Corresponding infant thyroid doses were about 1 rad (average) and 14 rad (peak).
Sensitivity of Cultured Mammalian Cells to Streptomycin and Dihydrostreptomycin
Authors: Moskowitz Merwin , Kelker Norman E.
Published: October 2006

Cultured mammalian cells killed by streptomycin were essentially unaffected by an identical concentration of dihydrostreptomycin.
Teratogenic Effect of 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Mice
Authors: Poulson Evelyn , Robson J. M. , Sullivan F. M.
Published: October 2006

The subcutaneous injection of a single dose of 5-hydroxytryptamine into pregnant mice produced a large number of fetal abnormalities, mostly of the eyes, limbs, and tail; the skull and central nervous system were also sometimes affected. These effects could result from the action of the drug on placental function and blood supply.
Dialysis Studies in Rats on the Long-Acting Antimalarial CI-501
Authors: Waitz J. A. , Olszewski B. J. , Thompson P. E.
Published: October 2006

Through the use of dialysis sacks, containing the repository antimalarial CI-501, implanted intraperitoneally into rats, evidence has been obtained indicating a local rather than a systemic reservoir of the drug. These results suggest that the repository activity of CI-501 is due to drug release from the injection site and that the probability of toxic effects resulting from storage or accumulation of the drug in vital organs is remote.
Insect Fecundity and Fertility: Chemically Induced Decrease
Authors: Grosch Daniel S.
Published: October 2006

Ingestion of arsenite by braconid wasps, which have mature ovaries at eclosion, results in a nonselective lowering of egg production; of the eggs produced, the percentage of eggs hatched was not lowered. The effectiveness of the somatic tissues concerned with food assimilation and utilization was altered. The folic acid antagonist, methotrexate, inhibits developing gametes directly, so that differential destruction of gametes and death of zygotes occurs.
Tolerance between Host and Donor Tissue in Birds
Authors: Lapp W. S. , Jerome F. N. , Cringan A. T.
Published: October 2006

Two methods were used to develop tolerance in the host toward donor cells. In the first method chicken embryos were joined by the parabiotic union of the chorioallantoic membranes after 9 days of incubation. The second method consisted of the use of embryonic transplants of limb buds from donor embryo to host embryo. These transplants were made after 96 hours of incubation with chicken embryos. Other species used were incubated to comparable development. Both methods were successful in the development of tolerance. However, the degree of tolerance attained varied within each method.
Acetylcholine-like Activity in Sciatic Nerve
Authors: Carlini E. A. , Green J. P.
Published: October 2006

Extracts of sciatic nerve exhibit acetylcholine-like activity that is only partly attributable to acetylcholine. The extracts show relatively greater activity on the rectus abdominis muscle of the frog than on the ileum of the guinea pig. To prevent the action of the extract on the frog rectus abdominis muscle, a greater concentration of
d
-tubocurarine is required than is necessary to prevent the action of known acetylcholine.
Flavin Sensitized Photoreactions: Effects of 3-(
p
-Chlorophenyl)-1,1-Dimethylurea
Authors: Homann Peter , Gaffron Hans
Published: October 2006

Photooxidation reactions, which were inhibited by high concentrations of oxygen, were affected by the addition of 3-(
p
-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (CMU), but the response varied with the substrate being oxidized. With ascorbic acid and 2,3-diketogulonic acid, CMU reversed the inhibition caused by high concentrations of oxygen. With ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), tetraethylene tetramine, or Mn
++
as reductant, CMU itself inhibited the reactions. The photoreduction of flavins by EDTA and the bleaching of flavin mononucleotide under anaerobic conditions were also inhibited by CMU. Corresponding photoreactions sensitized by phthaleine dyes or methylene blue were completely insensitive to CMU. This compound therefore seems to change specifically the reactivity of excited flavin molecules.
Hydrated Electron: Production and Role in Photobiology
Authors: Swenson George W. , Zwicker Earl F. , Grossweiner Leonard I.
Published: October 2006

Many inorganic anions in aqueous solution either yield the hydrated electron on photolysis or they are strong scavengers. In neutral solution the hydrated electron is a primary photochemical product of aromatic amino acids.
Regulation of Enzyme Activity by Specific Reversal of Feedback Inhibition
Authors: Sturani Emmapaola , Datta Prasanta , Hughes Maysie , Gest Howard
Published: October 2006

Studies with a photosynthetic bacterium have revealed a novel type of regulatory control of enzymes participating in amino acid biosyntheses. Feedback inhibition of enzyme activity can be specifically reversed by ultimate end products of a branched pathway.
Killing of Cultured Rabbit Fibroblasts with Isoimmune Serum
Authors: Pious Donald A. , Mills Stanley E.
Published: October 2006

A strain of cultured fibroblasts from a Flemish rabbit, when repeatedly injected into New Zealand rabbits, appears to induce the formation of antibodies. Incubation of the donor fibroblasts with these antiserums results in a significant reduction in the number of cells that survive and multiply.
X-Rays: Are There Cyclic Variations in Radiosensitivity?
Authors: Rugh Roberts , Castro V. , Balter S. , Kennelly E. V. , Marsden D. S. , Warmund J. , Wollin M.
Published: October 2006

When adult CF1 mice of either sex were x-irradiated at various times of day and under various conditions of light and dark, their responses showed no cyclic variations. Radiodiagnosis and radiotherapy may be practiced with equal safety at all times.
Molecular Heterogeneity of Enzymes: Malate Dehydrogenase of
Euglena
Authors: Chancellor-Maddison Jennifer , Noll Clifford R.
Published: October 2006

Experiments with analogs of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide demonstrate that the molecular forms of malate dehydrogenase in
Euglena
vary with the nutritional environment. Electrophoretic separations on starch gel show that
Euglena
grown on autotrophic medium has a malate dehydrogenase which is lacking in
Euglena
grown on heterotrophic medium.
Fine Structure of a Diatom Centrosome
Authors: Drum Ryan W. , Pankratz H. Stuart
Published: October 2006

The centrosome of the diatom
Surirella ovalis
is a dense spherical structure 500 mμ in diameter with filaments 15 mμ in diameter connected to it. The interior is filled with uniform granules but does not contain a typical centriole or clear area. The filaments emanating from it resemble the filaments of the mitotic apparatus, but they are present during interphase and appear to terminate at pores in the nuclear envelope.
Ultramicrotome: A Simple, Easily Constructed Instrument
Authors: Clevenger Max R.
Published: October 2006

A practical microtome may be built with nominal skill, hand tools, and a drill press. Thermal specimen advance and cutting action by rod flexion eliminate pivots and critical moving parts. The cost of materials is negligible. Resultant sections are adequate for routine work in electron microscopy.
Actinomycin: Inhibition of Cortisone-Induced Synthesis of Hepatic Gluconeogenic Enzymes
Authors: Weber George , Singhal Radhey L. , Stamm Nancy B.
Published: October 2006

The cortisone-induced de novo synthesis of liver glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, aldolase, and lactic dehydrogenase was prevented by injections of Actinomycin D in the rat. In the in vitro assay systems, addition of actinomycin exerted no effect on the enzyme activities examined. The evidence favors the concept that the increased gluconeogenesis induced by corticoids entails at a certain stage an increased rate in the synthesis of gluconeogenic enzymes.
Delayed Incorporation of Tritiated Thymidine into DNA
Authors: Robinson Stephen H. , Brecher George
Published: October 2006

Delayed utilization of tritiated thymidine by regenerating mouse liver can be almost completely suppressed by a continuous infusion of nonradioactive thymidine. In addition, as shown earlier for lymphocytes, labeled granulocytes are a potential source of the tritium marker. These observations suggest that the delayed incorporation of label into DNA must be due to the transfer of labeled nucleoside, which may be derived either from the degradation of DNA or from a long-lived intracellular pool. In either case, the transferred material probably originates from all tissues that have a high rate of cell turnover.
Deoxycytidine in Urine of Humans after Whole-Body Irradiation
Authors: Berry Helen K. , Saenger Eugene L. , Perry Harold , Friedman Ben I. , Kereiakes James G. , Scheel Carolyn
Published: October 2006

Increased levels of deoxycytidine were found in the urine of two humans during the first 24 hours after irradiation. This substance presumably was produced by the breakdown of DNA following irradiation, or resulted from interference with the synthesis of DNA.
Chromosome Number of Rose Clover,
Trifolium hirtum
Authors: Britten E. J.
Published: October 2006

The somatic chromosome number of the cultivated
Trifolium hirtum
All. (rose clover) is 10. Satellites occur on one pair of the chromosomes. Out of approximately 70 species of this genus for which the chromosome numbers are known, only one other has a chromosome number of 10.
Abnormal Myoglobin Ultraviolet Spectrum in Duchenne Type of Progressive Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Miyoshi Kazuo , Saijo Kazuo , Kuryu Yojiro , Oshima Yasuo
Published: October 2006

Met-myoglobin isolated from gluteal muscle of cases with Duchenne type of progressive muscular dystrophy showed an abnormal ultraviolet spectrum. The maximum of the spectrum at
p
H 7.0 was at 275 mμ in contrast to that at 281 mμ in normal met-myoglobin. Such an abnormality was not found in the limb-girdle type of dystrophy and in progressive spinal muscular atrophy. The results indicate the presence of an abnormal myoglobin in the Duchenne type of progressive muscular dystrophy.
1,4-Benzoquinone Tetracarboxylic Acid Dianhydride, C
10
O
8
: A Strong Acceptor
Authors: Hammond P. R.
Published: October 2006

This exceptionally reactive compound 1,4-benzoquinone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride is one of the strongest π-acids yet described.
Natural Kinin in Peach Fruitlets
Authors: Lavee S.
Published: October 2006

An aqueous extract from peach fruitlets caused a kinin-like stimulation of olive callus in tissue cultures. Activity appeared only when indole-3-acetic acid was also used. The extract caused weight increase and growth characteristics similar to control cultures provided with commercial kinetin.
Accurate Chromatographic Method for Sorption Isotherms and Phase Equilibria
Authors: Helfferich F. , Peterson D. L.
Published: October 2006

Partition coefficients can be determined with accuracy by a "tracerpulse" method in which the retention volume of a tracer of the respective species is measured. The method is applicable to multicomponent equilibria and can be used at elevated temperature and pressure. A less accurate "differential" method not requiring a tracer is also described.
Adequate Shelters and Quick Reaction to Warning: A Key to Civil Defense
Authors: Lynch Francis X.
Published: October 2006

Case histories collected by investigators in Japan during 1945 illustrate both the effectiveness of shelters and the dangers inherent in apathy of the population, which suffered needless casualties by ignoring air raid warnings. Adequate shelters and immediate response to warnings are essential to survival in nuclear attack.
Trachoma Agent: Glucose Utilization by Purified Suspensions
Authors: Ormsbee Richard A. , Weiss Emilio
Published: October 2006

Strain TE-55 of trachoma "virus" was extracted from infected chick-embryo yolk sacs, purified with the aid of diethylaminoethyl cellulose, and incubated with C
14
-glucose. Highly significant amounts of C
14
O
2
were produced from carbon-1, but not from carbon-6 of glucose. This demonstrates independent carbohydrate metabolism in an extracellular environment by a microorganism of this group.
Paleontologic Investigations at Big Bone Lick State Park, Kentucky: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Schultz C. Bertrand , Tanner Lloyd G. , Whitmore Frank C. , Ray Louis L. , Crawford Ellis C.
Published: October 2006

The Big Bone Lick area in Kentucky, the first widely known collecting locality for vertebrate fossils in North America, is being investigated for further faunal and geologic evidence. Mammal bones, ranging in age from Wisconsin (Tazewell?) to Recent, were recovered in 1962 from four different faunal zones in two terrace fills.
Homograft Rejection in the Fetal Lamb: The Role of Circulating Antibody
Authors: Silverstein Arthur M. , Prendergast Robert A. , Kraner Keith L.
Published: October 2006

Specific rejection of sterile orthotopic skin homografts by the fetal lamb in utero was unaccompanied by the presence of plasma cells in either the graft and its bed, or in the reactive draining lymph node. The grafts appeared not to stimulate the production of circulating immunoglobulins. The presence in the fetal circulation of rabbit anti-sheep 7S γ-globulin and anti-β
2M
-globulin did not inhibit the normal course of homograft rejection. These data support the contention that conventional circulating antibody is not an obligatory participant in the rejection of solid-tissue homografts.
Microstructure of Polymers by Tritium Autoradiography
Authors: Moyer J. D. , Ochs R. J.
Published: October 2006

Polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyethylene, containing tritiumlabeled additives and crystallized in thin films, were examined with autoradiographic stripping film. In the structures formed by isotactic polystyrene, tritiated atactic polymer concentrated in specific patterns in the outer regions. Polypropylene spherulites showed marked differences in the distribution of the tritiated additive, dilauryl thiodipropionate, whenever their optical properties also differed. Autoradiographs of polyethylene spherulites containing low molecular weight tritiated polyethylene exhibited concentric ring patterns similar to those observed on viewing the polymer film in a polarizing microscope.
A Remarkably Reduced Vascular Plant in the United States
Authors: Wagner Warren H. , Sharp A. J.
Published: October 2006

A clone-forming thallus lacking sex organs and propagating by gemmae occurs on rocks and tree trunks in the Appalachian region from Georgia to Virginia, Ohio, and Kentucky. Although bryophytic in appearance, the thallus is identified here for the first time as a greatly reduced variety of the vascular plant known as "shoestring fern,"
Vittaria lineata
(L.) J. E. Smith, or a closely related species. The normally dominant sporophytic phase of the life cycle has been eliminated and the plant exists only as a vegetative prothallus.
Shuttle-Streaming: Synchronization with Heat Production in Slime Mold
Authors: Allen Robert D. , Pitts W. Reid , Speir David , Brault James
Published: October 2006

Two small blobs and a channel excised from a slime mold plasmodium were allowed to fuse into a dumbbell-shaped mass in a thermally insulated Kamiya double chamber equipped with naked bead thermistors in contact with the blobs. Cyclic temperature differences of from 1 × 10
-4
to 5 × 10
-2
deg Celsius were recorded by a sensitive lock-in amplifier method with a basal noise level of less than 2 × 10
-5
deg Celsius and a time constant of 0.5 second. The temperature differences were caused by periodic bursts of heat production synchronized perfectly with the shuttle-streaming cycle and invariably localized at the source rather than the destination of the streaming cytoplasm. The results support the theory that the motive force for cytoplasmic streaming in the slime mold is pressure, probably generated by contraction of elements in the channel walls.
Temperature of an Iron Meteoroid in Space
Authors: Butler Clay P. , Jenkins Robert J.
Published: October 2006

The solar absorptance and hemispherical emittance of meteoritic iron has been measured from —100° to 300°C for a surface characterized by a 400-grit finish. If it is assumed that 10 percent of the surface is optically black because of holes and cracks, the temperature of an iron meteoroid at the earth's mean distance from the sun would be about 90°C.
Ethylene Oxide Sterilization of Tissue Culture Media
Authors: Brown Burke L. , Fuerst Robert
Published: October 2006

Liquid ethylene oxide, which kills bacteria, yeasts, and molds, was added to a tissue culture medium instead of the usual antibiotics. With some limitations, the use of ethylene oxide sterilization of tissue culture medium has been shown feasible. Data indicate that this method can be used in experiments involving the sterilization of test chemicals and components of the medium used for mammalian cells in culture.
Sarcomas in Cotton Rats Inoculated with Rous Virus
Authors: Svet-Moldavsky George J. , Svet-Moldavskaya I. A.
Published: October 2006

When newborn cotton rats were inoculated with Carr's strain of the Rous sarcoma virus, 50 percent of the rats developed sarcomas. The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to the pathogenicity of various strains of this virus in other mammals.
Vitamin D
3
: Direct Action on the Small Intestine of the Rat
Authors: Schachter David , Kowarski Szloma , Finkelstein James D.
Published: October 2006

Vitamin D
3
placed directly into loops of rat duodenum in vitamin D deficient animals increases markedly the subsequent transport of calcium by slices of the duodenal loop in vitro. Under similar conditions the same dose of vitamin given intravenously or placed in a jejunal loop has little or no effect on the duodenal tissue. Thus the vitamin acts directly on the small intestine without prior activation in another organ.
Hemoglobin Solubility and α-Chain Structure in Crosses between Two Inbred Mouse Strains
Authors: Hutton John J. , Schweet Richard S. , Wolfe H. Glenn , Russell Elizabeth S.
Published: October 2006

In genetic crosses between mouse strains with low and high solubilities of hemoglobin, solubility segregated as a Mendelian unit and appeared to be determined by the alleles controlling α-chain structure. New data eliminate close linkage between the α-chain locus and genetic markers in linkage groups III, IV, XI, XIII, and XVI. Simplified methods are presented for screening differences in α-chain peptides and solubility.
Joint Occurrence of a Lichen Depsidone and Its Probable Depside Precursor
Authors: Culberson Chicita F.
Published: October 2006

A chemical race of the lichen
Cetraria ciliaris
Ach., known to produce the depside olivetoric acid, contains the corresponding depsidone, physodic acid, as well. Physodic acid may form by an intramolecular coupling of olivetoric acid.
Ameiotic Alternation of Generations: A New Life Cycle in the Ferns
Authors: Evans A. Murray
Published: October 2006

The fern
Polypodium dispersum
Evans (ined.) has a completely somatic alternation of generations. During sporogenesis the sporophyte exhibits 111 unpaired chromosomes, 16 spore mother cells, and 32 viable diplospores. The sporophyte arises by proliferation from a gametophyte lacking sex organs. This is the first completely documented report of this type of life cycle in the ferns.
Global Distribution of the Net Energy Balance of the Atmosphere from Tiros Radiation Data
Authors: Rasool S. I.
Published: October 2006

The radiation data from Tiros II and Tiros III have been analyzed to obtain the monthly averages of the global distribution of the total outgoing radiation from the earth. These data have been combined with climatological estimates of the incoming radiation for the same periods to obtain monthly averages of the regional distribution of the net energy balance. The results show that these data could be useful in studies of the meridional circulation and the evolution of large-scale weather systems.
Fibrous Filters as Particle-Size Analyzers
Authors: Silverman M. D. , Browning W. E.
Published: October 2006

A method was developed for characterizing radioactive aerosols by determining their distribution as a function of depth in fibrous filters under carefully controlled conditions. The method distinguishes the contributions of three major processes of filtration: diffusion, interception, and inertial impaction. For those experiments where diffusion is the controlling mechanism, particle sizes in the range of 50 to 500 Å thus determined compare favorably with those obtained from concentration and flow data and electron photomicrographs.
Lateral Hypothalamic Lesions: Effects on Drinking Elicited by Carbachol in Preoptic Area and Posterior Hypothalamus
Authors: Wolf George , Miller Neal E.
Published: October 2006

Lateral hypothalamic lesions in rats caused a pronounced depression of drinking in response to injections of carbachol into the preoptic area or the posterior hypothalamus. After the lesions were induced, daily free water consumption recovered 70 to 80 percent of that of control animals, but there was little, if any, recovery of drinking induced by carbachol.
Antidromic Inhibition Accompanied by Ventral Root Positivities
Authors: Werman Robert
Published: October 2006

Ventral-root positivities exhibiting the time course of antidromic inhibition were recorded in the cat. Hyperpolarization of the motoneuron occurs concomitant to antidromic inhibition without damage to the motoneuron. Under optimal conditions L7 and S1 ventral-root filaments show electrotonic potentials of positive sign with the time course of antidromic inhibition. Conditions predisposing to membrane depolarization are not responsible for this hyperpolarization. Antidromic inhibition was not found in roots caudal to S1.
Regenerating Tissues from the Cockroach Leg: A System for Studying in vitro
Authors: Marks Edwin P. , Reinecke John P.
Published: October 2006

Regenerating leg tissue of
Leucophaea maderae
shows considerable activity in vitro. Migrations of ameboid and fiber-like cells from the explant take place, vesicles are produced, and interaction occurs between tissues. The system described facilitates the study of these activities in vitro.
Liquid Film Hygrometer
Authors: Charlson Robert J.
Published: October 2006

An improved method of humidity measurement based on the dielectric constant of a liquid-solid mixture has shown agreement with a simple theory. The hygrometer has shown no measurable hysteresis and has identical time-response characteristics for increasing or decreasing humidity.
Gamma Hydroxybutyrate and Gamma Butyrolactone: Concentration in Rat Tissues during Anesthesia
Authors: Bessman Samuel P. , Skolnik Sandra J.
Published: October 2006

Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, when administered to animals or human beings, causes sleep. It is convertible to gamma-butyrolactone, which also produces sleep. Tissue concentrations in rats after administration of these two compounds show that the induced sleep is related to the concentration of the lactone in the brain.
Equilibrium of Talc with Enstatite and Quartz
Authors: Robie Richard A.
Published: October 2006

A thermodynamic calculation of the vapor pressure of H
2
O in equilibrium with talc gives
p

H
2
O

of one atmosphere at 718° ± 15°K in contradiction to the results of Mueller.
B Cells Turn Off Virgin But Not Memory T Cells
Authors: Fuchs Ephraim J. , Matzinger Polly
Published: October 2006

There are three possible outcomes when a T cell recognizes a cell bearing a self or foreign antigen. (i) The T cell is not sufficiently signaled and is unaffected. (ii) The T cell is activated. (iii) The T cell is turned off. The differentiation state of the T cell is critical to the outcome. Although both virgin and memory T cells can be activated by antigens presented by "professional" antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, they differ in their responses to B cells. Experienced T cells respond to antigen presented by B cells, whereas virgin T cells are rendered tolerant. These findings may relate to the phenomena of low- and high-zone tolerance, neonatal tolerance, and the beneficial effect of blood transfusions on allograft survival.
Strontium and Calcium Reabsorption in Renal Tubules of the Newt,
Triturus pyrrhogaster
Authors: Ichikawa Ryushi , Enomoto Yoshikazu , Sakai Fuminori
Published: October 2006

Reabsorption of calcium in the proximal tubule cannulated in vivo exceeded reabsorption of strontium. The diuretics Diamox and Salyrgan depressed the reabsorption of calcium but not strontium.
Electrokinetic Behavior of Ion-Exchange Resin
Authors: Freeman David H. , Scatchard George
Published: October 2006

If a bed of ion-exchange beads immersed in water is subjected to a vertical electrical field of appropriate strength and polarity, vertical chains of beads are formed at the surface of the bed.
trans
-2-Dodecenal and 2-Methyl-1,4-Quinone Produced by a Millipede
Authors: Wheeler J. W. , Meinwald J. , Hurst J. J. , Eisner T.
Published: October 2006

An aldehyde,
trans
-2-dodecenal, heretofore known only from plants, has been identified in the defensive secretion of the spiroboloid millipede
Rhinocricus insulatus
. A second component, 2-methyl-1,4-quinone, was previously known from the secretion of related millipedes.
Coenzyme Q: Reversal of Inhibition of Succinate Cytochrome
c
Reductase by Lipophilic Compounds
Authors: Takemori Shigeki , King Tsoo E.
Published: October 2006

The activity of a particulate succinate cytochrome
c
reductase is inhibited by antimycin, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-
N
-oxide, 2-(9-cyclohexyl-
n
-nonyl)-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and thenoyltrifluoroacetone. The ratio of antimycin A (required for complete inhibition) to the molar content of the cytochrome
b
of the reductase is approximately 0.5 in contrast to the reported value of 1.0 or higher for succinate oxidase preparations. However, the degree of inhibition by antimycin is dependent on the exogenous coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) present. Indeed, the inhibition from any of these compounds is competitively reversed by exogenous coenzyme Q in the system.
Radioactivity Measurements in Alaskan Eskimos in 1963
Authors: Palmer Harvey E. , Hanson Wayne C. , Griffin Bobby I. , Fleming Dale M.
Published: October 2006

During the summer of 1963 people at five villages above the Arctic Circle in Alaska were measured for accumulated radioactivity with a portable whole-body counter. Adults of the interior village of Anaktuvuk Pass showed the highest average body burden, 628 nanocuries of cesium-137. This is an increase of nearly 50 percent over the summer before. The maximum burden found was 1.24 microcuries.
Interferon Production in Chickens Injected with
Brucella abortus
Authors: Youngner Julius S. , Stinebring Warren R.
Published: October 2006

Intravenous injection of large numbers of live, virulent
Brucella abortus
in chickens resulted in the appearance in the serum of a viral inhibitor indistinguishable from interferon. Inhibitor was detected as early as 3 hours after inoculation of brucellae and reached a peak between 6 and 12 hours.
Chlorophyll Content and Growth of Soybean Plants: Possible Interaction of Iron Availability and Day Length
Authors: Benedict H. M. , Swidler R. , Simons J. N.
Published: October 2006

Data indicate a relationship between the availability of iron and the response of "Hawkeye" soybeans to day length. The more readily available the iron, the less influence an increase in day length on dry weight. When iron was present but not chelated the plants remained green in a 16-hour day but became chlorotic in a 9-hour day.
Hypothermia, Asphyxia, and Cardiac Glycogen in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Miller James A. , Zakhary Rizkalla , Miller Faith S.
Published: October 2006

Cardiac glycogen was not affected by cooling guinea pigs for short periods. In normothermic animals it was reduced 75 percent or more at the time of death from asphyxia. Quickly cooled animals asphyxiated until the time of death of warm controls showed no significant losses of cardiac glycogen; animals cooled while breathing 10 percent oxygen plus 5 percent carbon dioxide showed slight reductions. Therefore, hypothermia spares cardiac glycogen during asphyxia, but there are factors other than cardiac glycogen which influence survival of asphyxiated animals.
Rous Sarcoma in Chinese Hamsters
Authors: Ahlström Carl Gustaf , Kato Rei , Levan Albert
Published: October 2006

A variant of the Rous sarcoma virus induced tumors in newborn Chinese hamsters within 2 to 8 weeks. The tumors grew progressively and sometimes metastasized. They were successfully transplanted in series in Syrian hamsters. The chromosomes of the tumors in the Chinese hamsters as well as of those transplanted into the Syrian hamsters were Chinese hamster chromosomes. Virus was demonstrated in the Chinese hamster tumors by injecting material from the tumors into chickens, where Rous sarcomas subsequently appeared.
Temperature Regime of Deep Lakes
Authors: Johnson Lionel
Published: October 2006

New data concerning the temperature of maximum density of fresh water under pressure have been obtained in Great Bear Lake, in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Previous theoretical determinations are discussed; Strøm's empirically determined figures are in agreement with these data.
Electroencephalographic Data: Reduction by Wave-Width Analysis
Authors: MacIntyre William J. , Wasman Marvin , Gluck Henry , Dines George A.
Published: October 2006

While frequency analysis of the electroencephalogram is not unusual, relatively little examination has been performed in the time domain. Separation of the waves into the intervals of their duration above a baseline, irrespective of wave shape, has allowed a simple, numerical distinction to be made between the "eyes-open" and "eyes-closed" electroencephalogram.
Contraction Hypothesis Consistent with the Kennedy-Thorndike Experiment
Authors: Kelly E. M.
Published: October 2006

A Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction augmented by an equal isotropic contraction gives a null result for all interferometric ether-drift experiments.
Phenotypic Repair of RNA-Bacteriophage Mutants by Streptomycin
Authors: Valentine Raymond C. , Zinder Norton D.
Published: October 2006

A class of host-dependent mutants of RNA-phage f2 are dependent on streptomycin for growth in certain bacterial hosts. Maximum response to streptomycin occurred late in the growth cycle of phage, indicating phenotypic "repair" of a late phage function.
Radium-226, Radium-228, Lead-210, and Fluorine in Persons With Osteogenic Sarcoma
Authors: Lucas H. F. , Holtzman R. B. , Dahlin D. C.
Published: October 2006

Concentrations of the naturally occurring alpha-emitting radioelements, radium-226, radium-228, and lead-210, and of stable lead and fluorine were determined in bone specimens from 32 individuals having a verified osteogenic sarcoma. Comparison of these results with those for the average person showed no significant differences in either the absorbed dose (rad) from the accumulated radioisotopes or in the concentrations of the elements studied.
Delayed Hypersensitivity in Man: Transfer by Lymphocyte Preparations of Peripheral Blood
Authors: Slavin Raymond G. , Garvin James E.
Published: October 2006

Eight passive transfers of delayed skin hypersensitivity to pollen antigens were achieved by injection of lymphocyte preparations of peripheral blood from sensitized donors into previously nonreactive subjects. The granulocytes and platelets were removed from the blood of each donor by passage through a column of glass beads coated with silicone.
Phenoloxidase System of the Blowfly,
Calliphora erythrocephala
Authors: Sekeris C. E. , Mergenhagen D.
Published: October 2006

In
Calliphora
larvae, an inactive precursor of the enzyme phenoloxidase is present in the hemolymph. A special activator enzyme is localized in the cuticle. When phenoloxidase precursor is allowed to react with the activator, it yields a soluble enzyme having the characteristics mainly of a diphenoloxidase. If, however, this conversion takes place in the presence of mitochondria, the phenoloxidase becomes bound to the mitochondria and the resulting preparation shows equally mono- and diphenoloxidase activity.
Gamma Globulin: Unmasking of Hidden Antigenic Sites on Light Chains
Authors: Nachman Ralph L. , Engle Ralph L.
Published: October 2006

Normal light (L) chains cleaved from normal pooled human gamma globulin contain immunologic determinants not overtly present in the native unreduced molecule. These hidden determinants are shared with Bence Jones proteins. Similarly, one of two Bence Jones proteins contained immunologic determinants which were not overtly present on the autologous serum myeloma protein.
Shape of the Recorded Area in Precession Photographs and Its Application in Orienting Crystals
Authors: Buerger M. J. , Dollase Wayne A.
Published: October 2006

The equation of the perimeter of the recorded area of zero-level precession photographs as a function of the orientation error is derived in polar coordinates. The angle between the tangent to the perimeter and the radius vector is also derived. How these relations can be conveniently applied to determining the orientation error of a crystal mounted on the precession instrument is discussed.
Hemoglobin Synthesis in Marrow Cell Culture: The Effect of Rat Plasma on Rat Cells
Authors: Gallien-Lartigue O. , Goldwasser E.
Published: October 2006

In cultures of rat marrow cells essentially all of the labeled iron which was incorporated into heme was shown to be in hemoglobin. Iron bound to rat plasma was incorporated into hemoglobin to a greater extent than was iron bound to fetal calf serum. Incorporation of iron bound to rat plasma was greater when some fetal calf serum was present than when rat plasma provided the total protein. These data suggest preferential use of homologous iron-binding proteins of the plasma.
Alkylation of Synthetic Polynucleotides
Authors: Ludlum David B. , Warner Robert C. , Wahba Albert J.
Published: October 2006

The synthetic polynucleotides may be used as models for the effects of alkylating agents on nucleic acid. Alkylation of polyadenylic acid with methyl methanesulfonate yields a polymer methylated in the one-position of adenine. This alteration in structure produces marked changes in physical properties and decreases the capacity to code for polylysine synthesis.
Intracellular Transport Apparatus of Phloem Fibers
Authors: Mitchell John W. , Worley Joseph F.
Published: October 2006

Rotational streaming of cytoplasm occurs in the form of longicellular currents in immature and relatively mature fibers of bean stems. Plastids carried by these currents move continuously on their rotational course from one end of the cell to the other in relatively straight lines. A distance of approximately 2 millimeters, the average length of the fibers, is covered in about 3 minutes (3.6 cm per hour). The same type of streaming occurs in immature phloem fibers that develop within 24 hours after bean seeds are planted and before the plants appear above the soil surface. Rotational streaming also occurs in xylem fibers of bean stems and in cells which appear to be fibers in stems of young cucumber, tomato, sunflower, and flax.
Reinforcement as Input: Cyclic Variable-Interval Schedule
Authors: Staddon J. E. R.
Published: October 2006

Daily exposure of pigeons to four cycles of a reinforcement schedule in which the density of reinforcements varied cyclically as a function of time induced a periodicity in their responding matching that of the schedule, but out of phase with it. The technique used of presenting the same sequence of interreinforcement intervals in every session may have useful application in determining animals' adjustment to more complex temporal patterns of reinforcement. Investigation of animals' response to cyclic schedules of different frequencies suggests links with engineering methods of frequency analysis.
Lobuloalveolar Differentiation in Mouse Mammary Tissues in vitro
Authors: Ichinose Ruby R. , Nandi Satyabrata
Published: October 2006

Administration of lobuloalveolar mammogenic hormones (for a period insufficient to induce alveolar differentiation) to immature mice prior to cultivation of their mammary glands in chemically defined, hormone-supplemented media resulted in lobuloalveolar growth in vitro comparable to that of late pregnancy. No such growth occurred in cultures of mammary tissues from mice not treated with hormones. The use of tissues from hormone-treated donors might serve as a valuable tool for studies concerned with differentiation in vitro.
Polyploidy Induced by X-rays in Chinese Hamster Cells in vitro
Authors: Yu C. K. , Sinclair W. K.
Published: October 2006

The incidence of polyploidy (specifically, in this case, the doubling of the stemline chromosome number) induced by x-rays in cells cultured in vitro is about the same for both "near-diploid" and "near-tetraploid" sublines of the Chinese hamster. Endoreduplication is a principal cytological mechanism for this form of induced polyploidy.
Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Cytological Evidence of the Synthesis in the Nucleus
Authors: Hirai Tokuzo , Hirai Atsushi
Published: October 2006

Living tomato hair cells were directly injected with tobacco mosaic virus or tobacco mosaic virus RNA with a fine glass needle. Use of a fluorescent tobacco mosaic virus antibody showed the presence of the virus protein in the nucleus 6 to 18 hours after the injection. As time of infection progressed, staining of the cytoplasm became more prominent.
Protein-Bound Iodine in Serum of Rats Breathing 99 Percent Oxygen
Authors: Felig Philip , Goldman J. K. , Lee W. L.
Published: October 2006

Exposure of rats to 99 percent oxygen for 24 to 72 hours resulted in a significant fall in protein-bound iodine in serum. The fall was most prominent in the group treated for 72 hours and was not, however, associated with any detectable microscopic changes in thyroid structure.
Agammaglobulinemia: The Fundamental Defect
Authors: Fudenberg H. Hugh , Hirschhorn Kurt
Published: October 2006

Addition of phytohemagglutinin and of streptolysin S to in vitro cultures of leukocytes of normal and agammaglobulinemic subjects resulted in mitosis of lymphocytes and their differentiation to plasma cells. In contrast, specific antigens induced mitosis and differentiation of lymphocytes of normal but not of agammaglobulinemic donors. The data suggest that the absence of plasma cells in agammaglobulinemia is not in itself responsible for failure of antibody production, but is rather the morphologic concomitant of the primary defect (failure of antibody production on exposure to antigenic stimulus).
Antibody Response to Immunization by Different Routes
Authors: Shulman Sidney , Hubler Larrian , Witebsky Ernest
Published: October 2006

Rabbits were injected with human serum albumin once intravenously or intradermally with this antigen plus complete Freund adjuvant. The hemagglutinating titers of the antiserum and of the heavy and light antibody fractions were followed for several months. Circulation of heavy antibody in the intravenously injected group disappeared in 1 month, but in the intradermally injected group, it rose to a maximum titer, then declined, and then showed a second rise in titer. Light antibody showed increasing and then sustained titers over most of the time period. Heavy antibody failed to precipitate with antigen, even when it showed high hemagglutinating titers. Light antibody, in contrast, gave precipitation even when tested at much lower hemagglutination titers.
Plastids and Mitochondria: Inheritable Systems
Authors: Gibor A. , Granick S.
Published: October 2006

Evidence has been cited which indicates that RNA and DNA are present in plastids and mitochondria. A multigenic apparatus in the plastid is deduced from the properties of bleached
Euglena
strains. Control mechanisms are present for the differentiation of proplastids to chloroplasts in Euglena and in higher plants, and for the differentiation of promitochondria to mitochondria in yeast. An operon-regulator mechanism for this control is suggested. A comparison of the hereditary cytoplasmic units of
Euglena
plastids and yeast mitochondria indicates great similarities in their properties. Because of these similarities in two unrelated organisms, we suggest that a DNA unit which is self-duplicating and which serves as a code for RNA is the basic hereditary unit of each plastid and mitochondrion. Much work must be done if this reasonable hypothesis is to be converted into well-founded theory.

Some pressing problems await solution. We do not understand the nonrandom distribution of plastids in the mitotic divisions of variegated plants. A related unresolved problem is that of maternal inheritance, in which nonrandom segregation of cytoplasmic organelles occurs after fertilization, causing elimination of the organelles which are contributed by the male parent. How different are the gene components of one plastid in a cell from the gene components of other plastids in the same cell, and how do we test for these differences? Can gene exchange or recombination occur between organelles within the same cell? The answers to these questions may have to await development of more sophisticated techniques, such as the ability to transplant these organelles between different cells or to culture cellular organelles in vitro.
Dependence of a Gm(b) Antigen on the Quaternary Structure of Human Gamma Globulin
Authors: Polmar Stephen H. , Steinberg Arthur G.
Published: October 2006

The antigens associated with the Gm(b) factor of human 7
S
γ-globulin differ in Caucasoids and Negroids. The studies reported here show that an antigen, Gm(b
w
), associated with the Gm(b) of whites but not with that of Negroes, is present on the S (slow) fragment of 7
S
γ-globulin obtained by digestion with papain or pepsin. All other Gm antigens thus far studied have been found on the F (fast) fragment. The antigens Inv(a) and Inv(b) were detected on isolated L-chains, and Gm(a) and Gm(b) were detected on isolated H-chains, but Gm(b
w
) was detected on neither. Recombining the H- and L-chains restored activity for Gm(b
w
) comparable to that of intact γ-globulin.
Irradiation of the Blood: Method for Reducing Lymphocytes in Blood and Spleen
Authors: Barnes Benjamin A. , Brownell Gordon L. , Flax Martin H.
Published: October 2006

Insertion of a beta-emitting source into the right atrium of the heart permits intensive irradiation of the circulating blood, with subsequent depletion of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and lymphoid organs.
Fetal Death from Nicotinamide-Deficient Diet and Its Prevention by Chlorpromazine and Imipramine
Authors: Fratta Italo , Zak Sylvia B. , Greengard Paul , Sigg Ernest B.
Published: October 2006

Feeding a diet deficient in nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, and tryptophan to pregnant rats causes death and resorption of all fetuses. This effect can be prevented by administration of either chlorpromazine or imipramine. Analysis of maternal liver at the time of fetal resorption indicates that the observed effects may be mediated through modification of the concentration of the pyridine nucleotide coenzymes.
Iodine-125 Distribution between Follicular Colloid and Colloid Droplets in Mouse Thyroid Gland
Authors: Bauer Walter C. , Meyer John S.
Published: October 2006

Radioautographs of tissue from the thyroid gland prepared 24 hours after the administration of iodine-125 showed that the concentration of radioactivity in intracellular colloid droplets was the same as that in the follicular colloid. This observation indicates that colloid droplets are due to phagocytosis of small portions of follicular colloid.
Poliovirus Type 1: Neutralization by Papain-Digested Antibodies
Authors: Vogt Arnold , Kopp Rudolf , Maass Gunter , Reich Leo
Published: October 2006

Papain-digested rabbit antibody (Porter's fractions I and II) can neutralize poliovirus. Neutralizing capacity after digestion ranged from 35 to 45 percent of that of the undigested antibody. No definite dissociation of the antibody fragments from the virus was observed after the reaction mixture had been diluted in a neutral medium.
Raoult's Law Study of Vanadium Pentafluoride in Uranium Hexafluoride
Authors: Shrewsberry Reynard C. , Musulin Boris
Published: October 2006

Binary systems of liquid vanadium pentafluoride dissolved in liquid uranium hexafluoride are non-ideal, with negative deviations from Raoult's law in the temperature range 75° to 92°C.
Binding of an Alpha Globulin to Hyaluronateprotein in Pathological Synovial Fluids
Authors: Sandson John , Hamerman David
Published: October 2006

Rabbits were immunized with hyaluronateprotein isolated from normal or pathological synovial fluids. Immunoelectrophoresis of hyaluronidase-digested pathological hyaluronateprotein and its antiserum showed a single precipitin arc extending through both alpha globulin zones. Digested normal hyaluronateprotein formed no lines with either its antiserum or with that to pathological hyaluronateprotein. The antigenic component present in pathological hyaluronateprotein formed a reaction of complete fusion with a serum protein which was identified by immunoelectrophoresis as an alpha globulin.
Tuberculin Reactivity of a Carbohydrate Component of Unheated BCG Culture Filtrate
Authors: Baer Harold , Chaparas Sotiros D.
Published: October 2006

Carbohydrate and protein fractions from the filtrate of a culture of
Mycobacterium bovis
strain BCG have equal activity in sensitive guinea pigs. The sequential action of two proteolytic enzymes caused little alteration in the reactivity of the carbohydrate but almost completely eliminated the reactivity of the protein.
Chemical Variations in a Granitic Pluton and Its Surrounding Rocks
Authors: Baird A. K. , McIntyre D. B. , Welday E. E. , Madlem K. W.
Published: October 2006

New techniques of x-ray fluorescence spectrography have provided, for the first time, abundant data regarding chemical variability of granitic rocks on different scales. The results suggest that current designs of sampling plans for trend surface analysis should be modified; in particular several specimens, preferably drill-cores, may be required at each locality.
Ionosphere Explorer I Satellite: First Observations from the Fixed-Frequency Topside Sounder
Authors: Calvert W. , Knecht R. W. , VanZandt T. E.
Published: October 2006

The satellite has yielded new information on the arrangement of irregularities in sheets and the structure of plasma resonances in the ionosphere. Studies of the geographical distributions of the different kinds of spread F, sporadic E, and other phenomena will be facilitated by the satellite. More phenomena will undoubtedly be recognized as the records are studied.
Photoisomerism: A Colorless Photoinduced Intermediate of
o
-Nitrobenzylpyridine
Authors: Sousa John A. , Loconti Joseph D.
Published: October 2006

Exposure to light of
o
-nitrobenzylpyridines at —185°C yields a long-lived colorless intermediate which is converted to a colored isomer on warming.