bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in a Causal Model of Career Maturity
Authors: KING SUZANNE
Published: December 2011

Existing theories of career development are based primarily on observations of White, middle‐class men. This has prompted many writers to question the validity of these theories and to consider the development of a separate theory of career development for women. But before a separate theory can be justified, it must be established that sex differences in the career development process do exist. The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to determine if sex differences exist in the way six independent variables interact in a causal model of career maturity, and, second, to compare the relative strengths of each variable's effect on career maturity for boys and for girls. The results suggest that, although the basic causal patterns are similar for adolescent boys and girls, significant sex differences exist as well. The observed differences are consistent with Gilligan's hypothesized “relational component of identity.”
Using the DSM‐III‐R in Counseling
Authors: DOWNING HUNTER D. , PARADISE LOUIS V.
Published: December 2011

Familiarity with DSM‐III‐R is an important element in maintaining professional expertise for counselors. This article discusses the new revisions contained in the DSM‐III‐R.
Beatrice A. Wright: Broad Lens, Sharp Focus
Authors: HOLLINGSWORTH DAVID KEITH , JOHNSON WALTER CAL , COOK STEPHEN W.
Published: December 2011

Beatrice A. Wright, a prominent rehabilitation psychologist, was interviewed about various aspects of her personal life, scholarly contributions, professional development, and the field of rehabilitation psychology and counseling in general.
Paradoxical Interventions: A Review of the Recent Literature
Authors: DeBORD JEFFREY B.
Published: December 2011

The clinical outcome literature on the efficacy of paradoxical interventions in psychotherapy over the last 7 years is critically reviewed. Following a brief examination of previous literature reviews, the existing studies are examined under one of three general headings: paradoxical intention studies, symptom prescription studies, and reframing studies. The review concludes with a general evaluation of the current standing of paradoxical interventions and a call for an increase in the quality and quantity of experimental outcome studies involving paradoxical techniques.
Career Counseling with Gay Men: Issues and Recommendations for Research
Authors: HETHERINGTON CHERYL , HILLERBRAND ERIC , ETRINGER BRUCE D.
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the available literature on career issues facing gay men, identifies potentially crucial issues confronting practicing career counselors, and suggests how to work with gay men regarding career issues. Suggestions for future research are also presented.
Personally Speaking: We Are All TAPs (Temporarily Able Persons)
Authors: WARNATH CHARLES F.
Published: December 2011

Personally Speaking provides a forum for readers to describe important issues or events in their lives and the role, if any, counseling has played. Guidelines for submitting manuscripts may be obtained from Stephen G. Weinrach, 303 Falvey Hall, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085‐1699.
Sexual Compulsivity in Gay Men: Controversy and Treatment
Authors: PINCU LESTER
Published: December 2011

Compulsive sex among some gay men has been made a more significant issue by the AIDS epidemic. There is controversy as to whether or not compulsive sex is a disorder or if it should be thought of as addiction. The clinical usefulness of the addictive model is discussed, along with the commonalities between the two most prevalent and successful approaches used to treat this disorder: namely, group treatment and the self‐help Twelve Step addictive model.
Some Challenges of Integrating Sexual Orientations Into Counselor Training and Research
Authors: IASENZA SUZANNE
Published: December 2011

The field of counseling currently lacks an integrative approach on issues of sexual orientations in training and research. Despite changes in social and political realities and calls within the field for attention to these areas, little response has been forthcoming. Some of the challenges and difficulties involved in integrating sexual orientations into counselor training curricula and research are discussed. Suggestions are presented to help professionals gain a better understanding of sexual orientation issues for research and practice.
Effects of a Workshop on Mental Health Practitioners' Attitudes Toward Homosexuality and Counseling Effectiveness
Authors: RUDOLPH JAMES
Published: December 2011

The effects of a training workshop on mental health practitioners' attitudes toward homosexuality and counseling behavior were compared with the effects of no intervention. Treated subjects (n = 21) were enrolled in a 3‐day multimodal workshop about gay/lesbian counseling, and no‐treatment comparison subjects (n = 31) were enrolled in other counselor education coursework. Before and after the workshop, subjects completed homosexuality attitude questionnaires and a quasibehavioral gay/lesbian counseling effectiveness measure. Treated subjects improved significantly more than comparison subjects on all measures, and the gains remained in evidence at an 8‐week follow‐up. The multimodal training workshop thus appears encouraging as a possible means of instilling needed attitudes and skills in counselors of gay and lesbian clients.
New Directions in Lesbian Research, Theory, and Education
Authors: SANG BARBARA E.
Published: December 2011

In the last decade some exciting research has taken place within the lesbian community that has more to do with what is relevant to lesbian life‐styles and less to do with proving to society that “‘homosexuality’” is a viable life‐style. Current lesbian research tends to be descriptive and phenomenological as opposed to being formal empirical research. There is also a movement toward less reliance on existing theoretical models, which tend to be sexist and homophobic, to guide these observations. We need to discover our own voice.
An Exploratory Study of the Psychological Correlates of lnfertility on Women
Authors: FOUAD NADYA A. , FAHJE KRISTIN KONS
Published: December 2011

Infertility—the inability to achieve a pregnancy after a year or more of regular, unprotected intercourse, or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth—will be experienced by 15 percent of the childbearing population at any time. This study investigates the effect of various factors related to infertility on women's self‐esteem and the concomitant incidence of depression. Sixty‐one women completed instruments measuring self‐esteem, depression, locus of control, and social support. Results are discussed with implications for counseling.
Content Analysis of the Journal of Counseling and Development: Volumes 48–66
Authors: PELSMA DENNIS M. , CESARI JOAN P.
Published: December 2011

A content analysis of the Journal of Counseling and Development was conducted for a 19‐year period (Vols. 48–66). Articles were cross‐classified under content headings and then grouped by the four editorship periods during this time (e.g., Goldman, 1969–1975; Sue, 1975–1978; Barclay, 1978–1984; Goodyear, 1984–1988). Results were compared to earlier studies to illustrate changes and trends in both the counseling professions and the Journal.
A Student Development Theory to Practice Workshop
Authors: SCHUH JOHN H.
Published: December 2011

This article describes a workshop designed to introduce Chickering's theory to paraprofessional staff.
Guidelines for Clients of Private Practitioners: Committing the Structure to Print
Authors: WEINRACH STEPHEN G.
Published: December 2011

Whether done explicitly or not, counselors structure the therapeutic relationship. Clients benefit because they are not left guessing about the ground rules. Counselors benefit from not having to redecide every time a new situation arises. Providing clients with the ground rules in writing helps counselors and their clients operate from a common frame of reference and reduces the likelihood that nontherapeutic issues will become a source of conflict. The author describes one practitioner's experiences in preparing and using guidelines with clients seen in a small private practice.
Let's Nuke the Transpersonalists: A Response to Albert Ellis
Authors: WILBER KEN
Published: December 2011

In a 1986 article, Albert Ellis proposed to use rational‐emotive therapy (RET) to save the world from religious and psychological fanatics and nuclear war. However, Ellis's article was marred by inaccurate, illogical, and absolutist attacks on religion and non‐RET psychologies and claims for RET. This article attempts to correct those errors and to provide a more balanced view of religion, RET, non‐RET therapies, and the role of psychology in averting nuclear war.
Assessing and Constructing a Meaningful System: Systemic Perspective in a College Counseling Center
Authors: TERRY LINDA L.
Published: December 2011

The author describes an application of family systems therapy to treatment in a college counseling center. This approach organizes treatment around the “meaningful system” rather than the family system and includes nonfamily significant others in treatment. Using the Brief Therapy model of the Mental Research Institute, the author addresses special considerations in providing systemic treatment in a college counseling center, assessment and construction of a meaningful system, and specific working procedures. Two case illustrations are provided.
Confidentiality, Counseling, and Clients Who Have AIDS: Ethical Foundations of a Model Rule
Authors: COHEN ELLIOT D.
Published: December 2011

Ethical theory is applied to the limits of confidentiality in cases involving sexually active clients who have AIDS, and a model rule is developed defining counselors' obligations to these clients and their sexual partners.
Living With the AIDS Virus: A Representative Case
Authors: GORDON JENNIFER , SHONTZ FRANKLIN C.
Published: December 2011

A human sciences, multilevel, hermeneutic approach was employed to study intensively the relevant life experiences of a 21‐year‐old male expert consultant who had tested positive for the AIDS virus but who was asymptomatic. The study is presented both as a methodological example of this type of research and as a contribution to understanding an important personal and social issue. Under supervision, the initiating investigator collected anamnestic, behavioral, and projective data, as well as dream reports and spontaneously produced artistic material from the expert consultant. A narrative was produced to describe the study, and the data were integrated in terms of five themes: feeling infected and infectious; facing death and dying; ambivalence; uncertainty; and secrecy. Special features of this method of research are discussed, as is its relevance to the needs and interests of professionals who work with this population.
Attitudes, Knowledge, and Sexual Behavior of High‐Risk Adolescents: Implications for Counseling and Sexuality Education
Authors: MELCHERT TIM , BURNETT KENT F.
Published: December 2011

A survey was conducted to examine high‐risk sexual behavior in a large group of adolescents who were involved with the juvenile justice system. The findings showed that these youth are at high risk for unintended pregnancy and AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Compared to national norms, the sample reported a very early mean age at first intercourse and a high rate of pregnancy. Those who had been involved in a pregnancy reported having begun sexual activity the earliest of those surveyed. Most participants reported an extremely unreliable use of birth control, with this unreliable use of birth control being strongly associated with espousal of high‐risk attitudes but generally unassociated with factual knowledge regarding pregnancy and contraception. These findings support the argument for expanding the scope of traditional sex education and beginning sexuality education programs earlier than they usually are in this country.
Counselor Credentialing and Interprofessional Collaboration
Authors: BROOKS DAVID K. , GERSTEIN LAWRENCE H.
Published: December 2011

The history and development of counselor credentialing are presented, including the dimensions of standards, accreditation, certification, and licensure. Unresolved issues critical to the success of interprofessional collaboration are analyzed. The authors offer predictions for the future of the nonmedical mental health professions, based on their assessment that collaboration is an essential but often neglected ingredient.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Education on the College Campus: The Mandate and the Challenge
Authors: CASTRONOVO NEIL RYAN
Published: December 2011

The incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is associated with developing acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), is increasing within the college population. College professionals share in the mandate to implement AIDS education programs designed to raise awareness and offer more effective decision‐making and coping skills. One such program follows.
The John Dewey Academy: A Residential College Preparatory Therapeutic High School. A Dialogue With Tom Bratter
Authors: GLASSER WILLIAM
Published: December 2011

The John Dewey Academy is described and discussed by Thomas Bratter, president. The school views its mission to provide intensive educational and therapeutic assistance to self‐destructive adolescents who are psychologically intact and have superior potential. Similar to other secondary schools, The John Dewey Academy wants to be judged by the reputations of those colleges that accept its graduates.
In Celebration of Nature: A Dialogue With Jerome Kagan
Authors: ELLIS MICHAEL V. , ROBBINS ERICA S.
Published: December 2011

Jerome Kagan has studied the role of biology as a major determinant of human behavior for more than three decades. The results of this research have had significant impact on the field of developmental psychology and on our understanding of temperamental factors. Dr. Kagan discusses his career and the practical implications of his research.
Counseling Implications of Genetic Research: A Dialogue With Thomas Bouchard
Authors: SKOVHOLT THOMAS M.
Published: December 2011

Thomas Bouchard is a leading researcher of identical twins reared apart. In this interview he describes the major themes in the Minnesota twin research. Although the genetic influence is central, he also pleads for the impact of environmental factors in optimal human development. Included in the interview are the surprises he has experienced, his current focus, and his plans for the future research.
The Genetic and Psychophysiological Basis of Antisocial Behavior: Implications for Counseling and Therapy
Authors: RAINE ADRIAN , DUNKIN JENNIFER J.
Published: December 2011

The notion that crime may have a genetic and biological basis has been resisted due to the assumption that this view necessitates a deterministic attitude to crime. This article argues that this assumption is unwarranted, and that an understanding of the genetic and psychophysiological basis of crime and antisocial behavior has important implications for counselors dealing with antisocial individuals. The interaction between genetic and environmental factors suggests that environmental changes may reduce the expression of any genetic predisposition. Psychophysiological factors interact with social factors in producing antisocial behavior, and recent psychophysiological studies have identified enhanced attentional ability in antisocial individuals that can be capitalized on by counselors in diverting clients from an antisocial way of life.
Reading Disability: A Model for the Genetic Analysis of Complex Behavioral Disorders
Authors: LaBUDA MICHELE C. , DeFRIES J. C. , PENNINGTON BRUCE F.
Published: December 2011

Family, linkage, and twin studies of reading disability are briefly reviewed, and evidence is presented from the twin component of the Colorado Reading Project that implicates genetic factors in the expression of reading disability. Recently developed behavioral genetic methodology is outlined, which provides an estimate of the magnitude of these genetic effects. The present report details the application of this methodology to reading performance data obtained from 96 identical twin pairs and 72 fraternal twin pairs in which at least one member of each pair was identified as reading disabled. Results indicate that approximately 50% of the reading deficit observed in the probands may be attributed to genetic factors. Although such an analysis assumes that reading disability is a homogeneous disorder, there may exist alternative forms with differing genetic etiologies. To test this hypothesis, the methodology can be extended to assess differential genetic etiology in alternative subgroups of disabled readers.
Discovering Ourselves by Unfolding our Panorama: Interviewing Pioneers in Counseling
Authors: HEPPNER P. PAUL , WRIGHT DEBORAH M. , BERRY KATHRYN
Published: December 2011

In the last analysis, the essential thing is the life of the individual. This alone makes history, here alone do the great transformations first take place, and the whole future, the whole history of the world, ultimately spring as a gigantic summation from these hidden sources in individuals. In our most private and most subjective lives we are not only the passive witnesses of our age, and its sufferers, but also its makers.
Seasoned Reflections: A Dialogue With Clayton A. Morgan
Authors: SNOW BRENT M.
Published: December 2011

This article is an interview with Clayton A. Morgan, a distinguished rehabilitation counselor educator. The interview focuses on Dr. Morgan's experience and insight in areas such as the helping relationship, noncounseling variables in counseling, creative thinking and applied imagination, selection of graduate students, and communication.
Training Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors in Group Dynamics: A Psychoeducational Model
Authors: ELLIOTT TIMOTHY R.
Published: December 2011

Vocational rehabilitation (VR) counselors often head interdisciplinary teams composed of various medical, educational, and allied health care professionals. Issues stemming from team dynamics can impede the delivery of services to eligible clients with disabilities. A psychoeducational program for training VR counselors in group dynamics is described, and the reactions of participants are discussed
Feminist and Nonsexist Counseling: Implications for the Male Counselor
Authors: DeVOE DOUG
Published: December 2011

Over the past 30 years much has been written about feminism, but the literature needs to point out morestrongly the critical role of counselors, particularly male counselors, in facilitating social change toward a more egalitarian view of the world. This article discusses, from a feminist perspective, issues of anger, power, autonomy, and gender role stereotyping and their importance for women in counseling relationships. Recommendations for training counselors in feminist or nonsexist therapy are also reviewed.
The Effects of Enhanced Informed Consent in a Pro‐Life Pregnancy Counseling Center
Authors: MARDIROSIAN KATHRYN , McGUIRE JOHN M. , ABBOTT DAVID W. , BLAU BURTON I.
Published: December 2011

The current study investigated the effects of an enhanced informed consent condition on attitudes toward a counselor, counseling situation, and decision making in a pro‐life pregnancy center. The following questions were specifically addressed: (1) Would enhanced informed consent be related to increased pro‐abort decisions? and (2) Would enhanced informed consent be related to more positive attitudes toward the counselor and center? Results suggested that enhanced consent did not lead to increased or decreased decisions to abort nor to differential attitudes toward the counselor or counseling setting. Results are discussed in terms of their support for the provision of full informed consent as consistent with both prevailing ethical and legal guidelines.
The Testing the Test Section of the Journal of Counseling & Development: Historical, Contemporary, and Future Perspectives
Authors: WATKINS C. EDWARD
Published: December 2011

This article examines the Testing the Test (TESTING) section of this journal and considers its past, present, and future. Also, to provide the reader with a reference sourceabout TESTING, all contributions to the section have been organized and placed in tabular form.
The Genealogical Search as a Counseling Technique
Authors: CHAMPAGNE DELIGHT E.
Published: December 2011

With selected populations, research into one's family history can serve as a foundation for personal healing, family communication, and personal growth. A framework for using genealogical research in counseling is provided, and a list of questions to guide the search is offered. Potential client issues and characteristics are discussed.
Continuing Education Services: A Survey of State Associations of AACD
Authors: WILCOXON S. ALLEN , HAWK RICHARD
Published: December 2011

This article describes a national survey regarding services for continuing education units (CEUs) in state branches of AACD.
Spouses of Cancer Patients: A Review of the Literature
Authors: KEITEL MERLE A. , CRAMER STANLEY H. , ZEVON MICHAEL A.
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the impact on the spouse when his or her partner is being treated for cancer. The disease is defined, treatment effects are outlined, and issues affecting the psychological and marital adjustment of spouses are described. Implications are offered for counselors who work with spouses of cancer patients.
A Comparison of Cognitive‐Behavioral and Process‐Oriented Group Counseling for General Anger Reduction
Authors: DEFFENBACHER JERRY L. , McNAMARA KATHLEEN , STARK ROBERT S. , SABADELL PATRICIA M.
Published: December 2011

Two counseled groups—one using anger reduction for cognitive‐relaxation coping skills and the other using time‐limited, anger‐focused, process‐oriented group counseling—were compared to an uncounseled control group. Both forms of counseling led to significant reductions on a number of trait, state, and person‐specific measures of anger as well as nontargeted general anxiety. Effects were maintained at 5‐week and 15‐month follow‐ups. At no point did counseling conditions differ significantly from one another, suggesting process groups are effective for general anger reduction and as effective as one of the best researched options in the field. Limitations of this conclusion are outlined along with needed research.
Female Aspirants to the Roman Catholic Priesthood
Authors: CELMER VIRGINIA , WINER JANE L.
Published: December 2011

Parish priests (n=85), nonparish priests (n=55), and women who aspire to, but who are barred from, ordination in the Roman Catholic Church (n=235) participated in an investigation of Holland vocational‐personality types, job satisfaction, and psychological dysfunction. Of the three groups, the women's Holland‐type code, as determined by the means of the Holland‐type scales of the Vocational Preference Inventory, was the most similar to the Holland‐type code of clergy member as assigned by the Dictionary of Holland Occupational Codes. Women who were barred from the priesthood reported less job satisfaction than the priests. Significant differences on three clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were in the direction of greater psychological dysfunction on the part of the priests.
A Client Perspective on Counselor Disclosure (Brief Report)
Authors: HENDRICK SUSAN S.
Published: December 2011

Disclosure by counselors and therapists to clients may be most useful when it is desired by clients. This study sought to explore the amounts and types of disclosures desired by actual clients and compared these to responses generated by an undergraduate student sample. The primary instrument employed was the Counselor Disclosure Scale, a newly developed measure assessing amount of disclosure desired by clients or potential clients. The results indicated virtually no differences in disclosure preferences between undergraduate and client participants. Implications of these findings for counseling practice are discussed.
The Assessment of Burnout: A Review of Three Inventories Useful for Research and Counseling
Authors: ARTHUR NANCY M.
Published: December 2011

Three self‐report inventories designed to respond to the syndrome of burnout in helping professionals are reviewed. The Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Staff Burnout Scale for Health Professionals, and the Tedium Scale are each described for their use in measuring occupational burnout. The development of the instruments and related research are outlined with recommendations for future studies. Suggestions for use of the inventories in diagnostic and counseling settings are discussed.
Gender and Psychological Distress
Authors: COOK ELLEN PIEL
Published: December 2011

Gender is a multidimensional construct that encompasses the many ways society is differentiated on the basis of sex. To understand the role of gender in psychological problems of the sexes, counselors need to be aware of gender‐socialized individual characteristics, which may affect what psychological problems people develop, associated symptoms, and how people respond to the problems. It is also important to recognize how the broader sociocultural context presents men and women with different expectations, opportunities, and rewards.
Gender Roles, Sex, and the Process of Psychotherapy: Many Questions and Few Answers
Authors: MINTZ LAURIE B. , O'NEIL JAMES M.
Published: December 2011

While gender roles have a profound effect on individuals in our culture, there has been a dearth of research on the impact of counselor and client gender roles on the therapy process. Also, the research and theory that do exist on this topic suffer from the misguided assumption that biological sex is equivalent to socialized gender role behaviors. The authors review and critique the research and theory on sex, gender roles, and the process of therapy. A new paradigm through which to view and conduct this research is offered, and a number of potentially fruitful directions for future research are suggested.
Gender and Counseling in the Twenty‐First Century: What Does the Future Hold?
Authors: SCHER MURRAY , GOOD GLENN E.
Published: December 2011

As the twenty‐first century approaches, counselors will be increasingly called on to assist individuals and society in adapting to changing conceptions of gender. Hence, counselors must be aware of the impact of gender on the way in which our society is defined, organized, and functions in order to do the best possible job for our clients. Ignoring the impact of conceptions of gender on our work is an invitation to disaster.
Robert Callis: Developer of People and Builder of Programs
Authors: GREER RICHARD M.
Published: December 2011

This article contains highlights of an interview with Robert Callis concerning his personal and professional life and his career of developing people and building programs.
Confusions in Psychological Skills Training
Authors: MARTIN JACK
Published: December 2011

A critical examination of the idea of psychological skills training is undertaken. Questions are raised concerning the conceptual validity and generalizability of programs that attempt to train psychological skills us a means of “giving psychology away.” Although the critique presented is primarily conceptual, specific references and illustrations are drawn from recent research and theorizing in applied psychology, as well as from published literature in counseling and psychological education.
The University Counseling Center: An Agenda for the 1990s
Authors: BISHOP JOHN B.
Published: December 2011

Changes in higher education will hold special relevance for university counseling centers in the 1990s. Opportunities will exist for counseling center personnel to help institutions deal with some emerging problems. Research is reviewed that indicates that crisis management services, career development concerns, a changing student population, and issues related to retention all represent areas in which contemporary counseling centers could make significant contributions. Recommendations are made about how counseling centers might prepare themselves for such involvement.
Convergent Themes Across Jamesian and Jungian Thought
Authors: DAY BRYON
Published: December 2011

The pragmatic philosophy of William James and the analytic psychology of Carl Jung share many common characteristics. This article compares the Jamesian and Jungian perspectives on two issues central to the designs of each thinker: (1) the nature of the psyche and (2) the theory of knowledge. Attention is given to the ways in which Jung's personality theory gives expression to a philosophical position very similar to that developed by James. Jung himself did not systematically articulate the philosophical foundations of his personality theory. James's work provides valuable insights into these philosophical underpinnings. Potential benefits for the academician and practitioner are discussed.
Hypnocounseling: Ericksonian Hypnosis for Counselors
Authors: GUNNISON HUGH
Published: December 2011

Milton H. Erickson provided a wealth of therapeutic interventions that could be invaluable to counselors. The author describes hypnocounseling as an eclectic foundation, whereby Ericksonian hypnotic language patterns can be adapted by most counselors to their primary orientations and techniques.
Counselor Competency in the Courtroom
Authors: FORGE JAN LA , HENDERSON PHYLLIS
Published: December 2011

This article outlines general courtroom procedures and offers systematic practical advice for the counselor testifying as an expert witness. Major topics include the counselor role in court, preparing for testimony, answering questions, and dealing with the cross‐examination.
Oedipal Issues in Counseling Psychology
Authors: THOMAS KENNETH R.
Published: December 2011

The current status of counseling psychology is analyzed from the perspective of a Freudian, drive‐structure theory. It is argued that counseling psychology has committed the classical response to the Oedipal conflict in its treatment of counselor education by identifying with the aggressor (i.e., psychiatry and clinical psychology). A more unified relationship between counseling psychology and counselor education is recommended.
Empowerment in Counseling
Authors: McWHlRTER ELLEN HAWLEY
Published: December 2011

This article examines the use of empowerment as a central component of counseling and as a criterion for evaluating counseling interventions. Definitions of empowerment across several perspectives are discussed and a definition of empowerment in the context of counseling is proposed. Based on this definition, potentially empowering and disempowering aspects of counseling are presented. Measurement and research issues and recommendations related to empowerment are highlighted.
Counseling and the Bystander‐Equity Model of Supervisory Helping Behavior: Directions for EAP Research
Authors: GERSTEIN LAWRENCE H. , BAYER GREGORY A.
Published: December 2011

The proliferation of Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) has created new opportunities for persons in the counseling profession to examine specific psychological, sociological, and environmental factors associated with employee occupational mental health, stress‐affected work performance, vocational adjustment, and job‐related social behavior. In this article, we discuss the contribution that Bayer and Gerstein's (1988a) Bystander‐Equity Model of Supervisory Helping Behavior can make to the pursuit of EAP research based on the traditions of the field of counseling. We also offer the field a structure for pursuing empirical and applied activities in EAP settings. Finally, we encourage counseling researchers and practitioners to respond to the challenge of working much more closely with EAPs, so that our profession can further establish its commitment to investigating various aspects of vocational behavior.
A Systematic Approach to Peer Group Supervision
Authors: BORDERS L. DIANNE
Published: December 2011

The structured peer group format encourages skill development, conceptual growth, participation, instructive feedback, and self‐monitoring. The procedure is described and illustrated.
Therapist Perceptions of Client Reactions
Authors: THOMPSON BARBARA J. , HILL CLARA E.
Published: December 2011

This study examined therapist ability to identify client‐reported reactions. Sixteen therapists each saw two volunteer clients for single counseling sessions. In postsession reviews, clients rated the helpfulness of, and indicated their reactions to, each therapist intervention. Therapists also rated the helpfulness of, and indicated their perceptions of client reactions to, each therapist intervention. In 50% of the instances therapists matched clients, that is, reported the same reaction cluster as the clients did. There were higher match rates on the reaction clusters of therapeutic work (62%), supported (54%), and no reaction (46%) than negative reaction (27%) and challenged (14%). When therapists matched on therapeutic work, helpfulness ratings for the following intervention were higher than when therapists did not match. In contrast, when therapists matched on negative reactions and no reaction, helpfulness ratings for the following intervention were lower than when they had not matched. Thus, therapists' ability to match client reactions was related to their ability to generate helpful interventions. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
No Work and All Play: An Analysis of a Response Style on the Strong‐Campbell Interest Inventory
Authors: BONYNGE EUGENE R.
Published: December 2011

Clients who place no significance on work, or who are not committed to work, present the career counselor with a challenging situation. The effects of the response style of such clients on the scales of the Strong‐Campbell Interest Inventory are examined and alternative interpretations are discussed.
Group Facilitation of the Grieving Process With Those Bereaved by Suicide
Authors: FREEMAN STEPHEN J.
Published: December 2011

People bereaved by suicide receive less sympathy and support from society than do those bereaved by other causes. By using Yalom's curative factors, Parkes's stages of grief, and Worden's tasks of grief resolution, a structured group model can be constructed to facilitate movement through the grieving process of participants bereaved by suicide.
Subliminal Self‐Help Tapes and Academic Achievement: An Evaluation
Authors: RUSSELL TANYA G. , ROWE WAYNE , SMOUSE ALBERT D.
Published: December 2011

Marketing claims of effectiveness in improving academic achievement through the use of commercially prepared subliminal audiotapes were investigated. Students enrolled in a career development class were randomly assigned to an active treatment group (n=25), an inactive treatment group (n=26), or a control group (n=22). Participants in the treatment group listened to tapes with subliminal affirmations masked by ocean waves. The inactive treatment group listened to placebo tapes with ocean waves but no subliminal messages. Dependent variables used were final examination scores from the class and current semester grade point average. No treatment differences on either dependent measure were found. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The NEO Personality Inventory: Using the Five‐Factor ModeI in Counseling
Authors: McCRAE ROBERT R. , COSTA PAUL T.
Published: December 2011

Personality psychologists have recently concluded that five major dimensions account for most individual differences in personality traits. The NEO Personality Inventory (NEO‐PI) is a concise measure of this Five‐Factor Model and of some of the important traits that define the factors. Characteristics of the test, features for administration and scoring, and studies of reliability, stability, and validity are summarized. The NEO‐PI may be particularly appropriate for use in counseling because it is brief, nonpsychopathological in content, and sensitive to client strengths as well as weaknesses. We suggest several ways in which the counselor can learn how to use the NEO‐PI effectively.
Psychological Response to Abortion
Authors: ARMSWORTH MARY W.
Published: December 2011

This article considers the role of research in helping counselors examine their assumptions regarding the complex issue of abortion.
The Use of Metaphor to Overcome Inmate Resistance to Mental Health Counseling
Authors: ROMIG CHARLES A. , GRUENKE CAROL
Published: December 2011

Mental health professionals who work with inmates typically encounter resistance to their services. Understanding the processes and purposes of inmate resistance is essential to establishing the rapport needed for counseling to take place. Metaphors, anecdotes, and stories can be used effectively in responding to inmate resistance. Two case examples are included to illustrate these techniques.
Silent Casualties: Partners, Families, and Spouses of Persons With AIDS
Authors: WILLIAMS R. JANE , STAFFORD WILLIAM B.
Published: December 2011

When AIDS is diagnosed, more than one person are affected. Partners, families, and spouses of persons with AIDS (PWAs) also find their lives irrevocably changed by the disease. To date, however, most of the counseling, psychological, and psychiatric literature has focused on the diagnosed PWA and his or her psychosocial needs, with only brief mention of significant others. Although some descriptive literature has recently been published, research on specific programs and types of interventions with significant others of PWAs is virtually nonexistent. This article surveys the literature currently available on needs and support of partners, families, and spouses of PWAs and urges that greater services be provided for these persons, and greater attention be paid to them by researchers.
Transference, Insight, and the Counselor's Intentions During a Counseling Hour
Authors: GELSO CHARLES J. , HILL CLARA E. , KIVLIGHAN DENNIS M.
Published: December 2011

The interactive effects of transference and client insight on session quality, and the relationship between transference and counselor intentions, were studied within the context of a single counseling session. Thirty‐eight experienced counselors audiotaped one counseling session and rated their intentions for each intervention. Counselors also rated transference, insight, and session quality. As hypothesized, when transference was high, client insight was positively related to session quality. Furthermore, negative transference was related to several counselor intentions. Negative transference may signal counselors to focus on the relationship and underlying client issues, and to avoid structuring and directing behavior change.
Academic Locus of Control, Self‐Esteem, and Perceived Distance From Home as Predictors of College Adjustment
Authors: MOONEY SCOTT P. , SHERMAN MARTIN F. , LO PRESTO CHARLES T.
Published: December 2011

Eighty‐eight female college freshmen completed questionnaires designed to assess academic locus of control, self‐esteem, and geographical distance from home (actual and perceived) as predictors of college adjustment. Results indicated that an internal academic locus of control, a high level of self‐esteem, and a perception that the distance from home was “just right” were related to four dimensions of college adjustment (Personal, Academic, Social, and Attachment). Regression analysis revealed that each predictor variable significantly increased the overall predictive accuracy of college adjustment. No associations, however, were found between actual distance and the various dimensions of college adjustment. Finally, the implications of using multiple predictors of college adjustment are discussed.
The Buros Tradition and the Counseling Profession
Authors: CLAIBORN CHARLES D.
Published: December 2011

The Buros Institute has promoted a scientist‐practitioner philosophy of test use. This philosophy is incorporated into the objectives set forth in The Nineteen Forty Mental Measurements Yearbook (Buros, 1941) and may be considered the Buros tradition. The services provided by the Institute and the scientist‐practitioner values embodied in the tradition have benefited the counseling profession greatly.
In Response to Brooks and Gerstein: Mental Health Counseling Is More Diverse Than You Imply
Authors: METCALF HELEN E. , DEAN DONNA M. , BRITCHER JOHN C.
Published: December 2011

Current and past presidents of the Washington Mental Health Counselors Association respond to Brooks and Gerstein's (1990) article “Counselor Credentialing and Interprofessional Collaboration.” They question whether descriptions of mental health counseling practices and standards contained in that article apply to the majority of mental health counseling practitioners.
Contribution of Cultural Worldview to Generic Counseling and Development
Authors: IBRAHIM FARAH A.
Published: December 2011

A brief review of the major advances in multicultural counseling and psychotherapy literature and research is presented. A major emphasis is on the construct of “worldview” and on how knowledge and understanding of client worldview leads to more effective, ethical, sensitive, and client‐specific counseling and development activities and interventions. This article reviews research and theory to support use of the worldview construct as a mediating variable in counseling and development interventions. This information can help the process of engaging clients, training effective and sensitive counselors, understanding organizational culture, and understanding the impact of gender on worldviews of men and women. Current research on the construct of worldview and its applications in counselor training, in counseling interventions, and in industrial‐organizational settings is presented.

Se presenta un repaso de los mayores avances en consejería multicultural y de la literatura e investigación en psicoterapia. Se pone un gran émfasis en la construcción de una visión universal y en como el conocimiento y entendimiento de la visión universal del cliente redunda en intervenciones mas efectivas, éticas, y sensibles. El trabajo revisa investigaciones y teorías para apoyar el uso del constructo de la visión universal coma un variable intermedia entre la consejería y las intervenciones de desarollo. Esta información puede ayudar al proceso de vinculación del cliente, entrenamiento de consejeros efectivos y sensitivos, comprensión de la cultura organizacional, y las diferentes maneras de concebir la visión universal por hombres y mujeres. Se presentan las investigaciones corrientes sobre la construcción de la visión universal y sus aplicaciones en el entrenamiento de consejeros, en intervenciones de consejería, y en ambientes industriales/organizacionales.
Exploring the Different Levels of Multicultural Counseling Training in Counselor Education
Authors: D'ANDREA MICHAEL , DANIELS JUDY
Published: December 2011

The authors discuss the various approaches to multicultural counseling training currently being used in counselor education programs. In doing so, they outline a developmental framework that describes the types of training thought to be available to counseling students at this time.

Los autores discuten los diferentes tipos de entrenamiento multicultrual que se usan hoy en día en los programas educativos de consejería. Al hacerlo, proporcionan un esquema del estado actual de desarrollo que describe los tipos de entrenamiento que se cree que están disponibles actualmente para los estudiantes de consejería.
Sensitizing Counselors and Educators to Multicultural Issues: An Interactive Approach
Authors: ANDERSON DONNA J. , CRANSTON‐GINGRAS ANN
Published: December 2011

This discussion describes a program that was developed to provide an opportunity for children of farm workers to accrue academic credit toward graduation. It was also designed to include intense interaction between the students and educators. This program illustrates how multicultural awareness can be developed within a relatively short period of time through immersion in experiences and by providing appropriate incentives.

Se describe un programa que se desarrolló para dar una oportunidad a los hijos de agricultores para ganar créditos académicos para graduarse. También lo diseñaron para incluir interación intensa entre estudiantes y educadores. Este programa muestra como se puede desarrollar un conocimiento multicultural en relativamente muy poco tiempo a través de la inmersión en experiencias y dando incentivos apropriados.
Culture‐Specific Counseling: An Alternative Training Model
Authors: NWACHUKU UCHENNA T. , IVEY ALLEN E.
Published: December 2011

Culture‐specific counseling has been proposed as a supplement to cross‐cultural and multicultural approaches. In the culture‐specific approach, we start with the culture and its peoples and search out natural helping styles. In contrast with the conventional approach of adapting existing counseling theory to “fit” a new culture, the culture‐specific method seeks to generate new theory and technologies of helping. This preliminay study uses a case model drawn from African‐Igbo culture and applies anthropological constructs that seek to discover a more culturally sensitive approach to counseling theory, to training in counseling skills and knowledge, and in using evaluative research techniques. The methods used in this report may be useful in generating a new set of theories more relevant to many different cultural groups.

Se ha propuesto que la consejería culturalmente específica sirve como un complemento al acercamiento intercultural y multicultural. En el acercamiento culturalmente específico, empezamos con la cultura y sus gentes y buscamos estilos naturales de ayudar. En contraste con el acercamiento convencional en el que se adapta la teoría existente de consejería para que se ajuste a una cultura nueva, el método culturalmente específico procura engendrar nuevas teorías y técnicas de ayuda. Este estudio preliminar usa un caso modelo sacado de la cultura africana Igbo, aplicando constructos antropológicos que intentan descubrir un acercamiento más sensitivo a la teoría de consejeriá, preparación en habilidades y conocimientos de consejería, y en el uso de técnicas de investigación evaluativas. Los modelos usados en este artículo pueden ser útiles para engendrar un nuevo grupo de teorías mas pertinente para muchos grupos culturales diferentes.
Reflections on a Multicultural Internship Experience
Authors: KISELICA MARK S.
Published: December 2011

During the 1986–1987 academic year, the author worked as a predoctoral intern in a multicultural counseling training program. In this article the author shares his reflections on the internship and provides potential trainees with a vicarious experience of the following important challenges encountered in multicultural counseling: (a) addressing the fears involved in crossing cultural boundaries, (b) learning about and working with ethnic‐minority groups, (c) developing culturally appropriate counseling skills, and (d) confronting ethnocentrism. As a case study in multicultural training, this article supports the training models of Pedersen (1988) and Sue, Akutsu, and Higashi (1985). Implications of the author's experiences for counselor training are discussed.

Durante el año académico 1986–1987 el autor trabajó como interno predoctoral en un programa de entrenamiento de consejería multicultural. En este artículo el autor comparte sus reflexiones del internado y describe a los potenciales practicantes los importantes desafíos que se pueden encontrar en la consejería multicultural: (a) los miedos que hay en cruzar fronteras culturales; (b) trabajar con grupos de minorias étnicas y aprender de ellos; (c) el desarrollo de habilidades de consejería culturalmente apropiados; y (d) el enfrentarse al etnocentrismo. Este articulo, como un caso de estudio en entrenamiento multicultural, sostiene los modelos de entrenamiento de Pedersen (1988) y Sue, Akutsu, y Higashi (1985). Se discuten las implicaciones de las experiencias del autor para el entrenamiento de consejeros.