bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous Flow Synthesis of Methanofullerenes in Microstructured Reactors: A Kinetic Study
Authors: Silvestrini Simone , Dalle Nogare Daniela , Carofiglio Tommaso , Menna Enzo , Canu Paolo , Maggini Michele
Published: September 2011

The kinetics of the cyclopropanation reaction of diethyl malonate with [60]fullerene were assayed to optimize the continuous flow synthesis of the methanofullerene monoadduct. Experiments were carried out under both batch and flow conditions, by sampling the reaction mixture at different times and separating the components by means of HPLC in a way that resembles a stop/quenched flow system with the addition of a chromatographic step before analysis. The observed concentration profiles of the fullerene species in the reaction mixture were used to calculate the pertinent rate constants and to optimize the selectivity towards the monoaddition product.
Like Attracts Like
Authors: Küppers Brigitte
Published: September 2011

Inspired by taking a close look at Mother Nature, polymer chemists began synthesising chains of molecules that all have the same length and structure and which can even self‐replicate. With this work, they are developing fundamental principles for new and interesting materials.
Selectivity and Transparency in Research Funding
Authors: Windbichler Christine
Published: September 2011

Countdown to the online election of the DFG review boards: The “parliament of science” lets Germany's researchers raise their voices on their own behalf – for more quality and unconventional thinking in research and research funding.
Lithe and Lissom – From the Hands of Robots
Authors: Marré Michael , Pietzka Daniel , Tekkaya A. Erman
Published: September 2011

Lighter frames make automobiles and aircraft more agile and environmentally friendly. Their design and manufacture require a complex combination of construction principles, materials and processes. Engineering scientists have created a production chain that combines automation with flexible manufacturing.
Microbes and Minerals
Authors: Kothe Erika
Published: September 2011

Microorganisms have a major impact, even on geological processes. A better understanding may help us to reduce environmental pollution in soils and plants.
Human immunodeficiency virus and liver disease forum 2010: Conference proceedings
Authors: Sherman Kenneth E. , Thomas David L. , Chung Raymond T.
Published: September 2011

Liver disease continues to represent a critical mediator of morbidity and mortality in those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The frequent presence and overlap of concomitant injurious processes, including hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infections, hepatoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapeutic agents, alcohol, and other toxins, in the setting of immunosuppression lead to rapid fibrotic progression and early development of end-stage liver disease. This conference summary describes the proceedings of a state-of-the-art gathering of international experts designed to highlight the status of current research in epidemiology, natural history, pathogenesis, and treatment of HIV and liver disease. (Hepatology 2011)
Regression of Established Hepatocellular Carcinoma Is Induced by Chemoimmunotherapy in An Orthotopic Murine Model
Authors: Avella Diego M. , Li Guangfu , Schell Todd D. , Liu Dai , Zhang Samuel Shao–Min , Lou Xi , Berg Arthur , Kimchi Eric T. , Tagaram Hephzibah Rani S. , Yang Qing , Shereef Serene , Garcia Luis S. , Kester Mark , Isom Harriet C. , Rountree Bart C. , Staveley–O'Carroll Kevin F.
Published: September 2011

The high rate of mortality and frequent incidence of recurrence associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) reveal the need for new therapeutic approaches. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of a novel chemoimmunotherapeutic strategy to control HCC and investigated the underlying mechanism that increased the antitumor immune response. We developed a novel orthotopic mouse model of HCC through seeding of tumorigenic hepatocytes from SV40 T antigen (Tag) transgenic MTD2 mice into the livers of syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. These MTD2–derived hepatocytes form Tag–expressing HCC tumors specifically within the liver. This approach provides a platform to test therapeutic strategies and antigen–specific immune–directed therapy in an immunocompetent murine model. Using this model we tested the efficacy of a combination of oral sunitinib, a small molecule multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor, and adoptive transfer of tumor antigen–specific CD8+ T cells to eliminate HCC. Sunitinib treatment alone promoted a transient reduction in tumor size. Sunitinib treatment combined with adoptive transfer of tumor antigen–specific CD8+ T cells led to elimination of established tumors without recurrence.

In vitro

studies revealed that HCC growth was inhibited through suppression of STAT3 signaling. In addition, sunitinib treatment of tumor–bearing mice was associated with suppression of STAT3 and a block in T–cell tolerance.

Conclusion

: These findings indicate that sunitinib inhibits HCC tumor growth directly through the STAT3 pathway and prevents tumor antigen–specific CD8+ T–cell tolerance, thus defining a synergistic chemoimmunotherapeutic approach for HCC. (Hepatology 2012;55:141–152)
Comparison of Eight Diagnostic Algorithms for Liver Fibrosis in Hepatitis C
Authors: Boursier Jérôme , de Ledinghen Victor , Zarski Jean–Pierre , Fouchard–Hubert Isabelle , Gallois Yves , Oberti Frédéric , Calès Paul
Published: September 2011

The sequential algorithm for fibrosis evaluation (SAFE) and the Bordeaux algorithm (BA), which cross–check FibroTest with the aspartate aminotransferase–to–platelet ratio index (APRI) or FibroScan, are very accurate but provide only a binary diagnosis of significant fibrosis (SAFE or BA for Metavir F ≥ 2) or cirrhosis (SAFE or BA for F4). Therefore, in clinical practice, physicians have to apply the algorithm for F ≥ 2, and then, when needed, the algorithm for F4 (“successive algorithms”). We aimed to evaluate successive SAFE, successive BA, and a new, noninvasive, detailed classification of fibrosis. The study included 1785 patients with chronic hepatitis C, liver biopsy, blood fibrosis tests, and FibroScan (the latter in 729 patients). The most accurate synchronous combination of FibroScan with a blood test (FibroMeter) provided a new detailed (six classes) classification (FM+FS). Successive SAFE had a significantly (

P

< 10−3) lower diagnostic accuracy (87.3%) than individual SAFE for F ≥ 2 (94.6%) or SAFE for F4 (89.5%), and required significantly more biopsies (70.8% versus 64.0% or 6.4%, respectively,

P

< 10−3). Similarly, successive BA had significantly (

P

≤ 10−3) lower diagnostic accuracy (84.7%) than individual BA for F ≥ 2 (88.3%) or BA for F4 (94.2%), and required significantly more biopsies (49.8% versus 34.6% or 24.6%, respectively,

P

< 10−3). The diagnostic accuracy of the FM+FS classification (86.7%) was not significantly different from those of successive SAFE or BA. However, this new classification required no biopsy.

Conclusion:

SAFE and BA for significant fibrosis or cirrhosis are very accurate. However, their successive use induces a significant decrease in diagnostic accuracy and a significant increase in required liver biopsy. A new fibrosis classification that synchronously combines two fibrosis tests was as accurate as successive SAFE or BA, while providing an entirely noninvasive (0% liver biopsy) and more precise (six versus two or three fibrosis classes) fibrosis diagnosis. (Hepatology 2012;55:58–67)
Persistent Elevation of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Activator Inhibitors in Cholangiopathies Affects Liver Fibrosis and Differentiation
Authors: Huang Hsiang–Po , Chang Mei–Hwei , Chen Yi–Tzu , Hsu Hong–Yuan , Chiang Cheng–Lun , Cheng Tai–Shan , Wu Yao–Ming , Wu Mu Zon , Hsu Yu–Chen , Shen Chih–Che , Lee Chun–Nan , Chuang Ya–Hui , Hong Chia–Lun , Jeng Yung–Ming , Chen Pin–Hsun , Chen Huey–Ling , Lee Ming–Shyue
Published: September 2011

Alteration of cell surface proteolysis has been proposed to play a role in liver fibrosis, a grave complication of biliary atresia (BA). In this study we investigated the roles of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)–1 and –2 in the progression of BA. The expression levels of HAI–1 and –2 were significantly increased in BA livers compared with those in neonatal hepatitis and correlated with disease progression. In BA livers, HAI–1 and –2 were coexpressed in cells involved in ductular reactions. In other selective cholangiopathies, ductular cells positive for HAI–1 or HAI–2 also increased in number. Inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and bile acids differentially up–regulated expression of HAI–1 and –2 transcripts in fetal liver cells and this induction could be antagonized by a cyclooxygenase–2 inhibitor. Conditioned media from cell lines stably overexpressing HAI–1 or HAI–2 enhanced the fibrogenic activity of portal fibroblasts and stellate cells, suggesting that both proteins might be involved in liver fibrosis. Because HAI–1 and –2 colocalized in ductular reactions sharing similar features to those observed during normal liver development, we sought to investigate the role of HAI–1 and –2 in cholangiopathies by exploring their functions in fetal liver cells. Knockdown of HAI–1 or HAI–2 promoted bidirectional differentiation of hepatoblast–derived cells. In addition, we showed that the hepatocyte growth factor activator, mitogen–activated protein kinase kinase 1, and phosphatidylinositol 3–kinase signaling pathways were involved in hepatic differentiation enhanced by HAI–2 knockdown.

Conclusion

: HAI–1 and –2 are overexpressed in the liver in cholangiopathies with ductular reactions and are possibly involved in liver fibrosis and hepatic differentiation; they could be investigated as disease markers and potential therapeutic targets. (Hepatology 2012)
Characterization and evaluation of processes governing the groundwater quality in parts of the Sabarmati basin, Gujarat using hydrochemistry integrated with GIS
Authors: Rina Kumari , Datta P. S. , Singh Chander Kumar , Mukherjee Saumitra
Published: September 2011

Intense agricultural and industrial activities in any area are likely to make groundwater vulnerable with respect to its quality. In one such area which is a part of Sabarmati river basin of Gujarat, factors influencing the groundwater hydrochemistry in pre‐ and post‐monsoon season were evaluated. Groundwater samples were collected from 5 km × 5 km grids on the basis of spectral signature of vegetation and soil, observed on satellite image. Integration of Conventional graphical plots, Piper plot, saturation index values (estimated using PHREEQC) and GIS was helpful not only to create the database for analysis of spatial variation in respective water quality parameters but also to decipher the hydrogeochemical process occurring in such a large area. USSL diagram and % sodium were used to characterise the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. It was observed that leaching of wastes disposed from anthropogenic activities and agrichemicals is the major factor influencing the groundwater quality, in addition to the natural processes such as weathering, dissolution and ion exchange. Sea water relics are also impacting the groundwater quality. Control of indiscriminate and unplanned exploitation of groundwater, application of fertilizers and disposal of industrial wastes in the affected areas can possibly ensure groundwater protection from further pollution and depletion. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of anticipated climate change on direct groundwater recharge in a humid tropical basin based on a simple conceptual model
Authors: Thampi Santosh G. , Raneesh K. Y.
Published: September 2011

A simple conceptual semi‐distributed modelling approach for assessing the impacts of climate change on direct groundwater recharge in a humid tropical river basin is investigated. The study area is the Chaliyar river basin in the state of Kerala, India. Many factors affecting future groundwater recharge include decrease or increase in precipitation and temperature regimes, coastal flooding, urbanization and changes in land use. The model is based on the water‐balance concept and links the atmospheric and hydrogeologic parameters to different hydrologic processes. It estimates daily water‐table fluctuation and is calibrated and validated using 10 years of data. Data for the first 6 years (2000 to 2005) is used for model calibration, and data for the remaining four years (2006 to 2009) is used for validation. For assessing the impact of predicted climate change on groundwater recharge during the period 2071–2100, temperature and precipitation data in two post climate change scenarios, A2 and B2, were predicted using the Regional Climate Model (RCM), PRECIS (Providing Regional Climates for Impact Studies). These data were then corrected for biases and used in a hydrologic model to predict groundwater recharge in the post climate change scenario. Due to lack of reliable data and proper knowledge as to the magnitude and extent of future climatic changes, it may not be possible to include all the possible effects quantitatively in groundwater recharge modelling. However, the study presents a scientific method to assess the impact of predicted climate change on groundwater recharge and would help engineers, hydrologists, administrators and planners to devise strategies for the efficient use as well as conservation of freshwater resources. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of data assimilation with the Root Zone Water Quality Model for soil moisture profile estimation in the upper Cedar Creek, Indiana
Authors: Han Eunjin , Merwade Venkatesh , Heathman Gary C.
Published: September 2011

Data assimilation techniques have been proven as an effective tool to improve model forecasts by combining information about observed variables in many areas. This article examines the potential of assimilating surface soil moisture observations into a field‐scale hydrological model, the Root Zone Water Quality Model, to improve soil moisture estimation. The Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF), a popular data assimilation technique for nonlinear systems, was applied and compared with a simple direct insertion method. In situ soil moisture data at four different depths (5, 20, 40, and 60 cm) from two agricultural fields (AS1 and AS2) in northeastern Indiana were used for assimilation and validation purposes. Through daily update, the EnKF improved soil moisture estimation compared with the direct insertion method and model results without assimilation, having more distinct improvement at the 5 and 20 cm depths than for deeper layers (40 and 60 cm). Local vertical soil property heterogeneity in AS1 deteriorated soil moisture estimates with the EnKF. Removal of systematic bias in the forecast model was found to be critical for more successful soil moisture data assimilation studies. This study also demonstrates that a more frequent update generally contributes in enhancing the open loop simulation; however, large forecasting error can prevent more frequent update from providing better results. In addition, results indicate that various ensemble sizes make little difference in the assimilation results. An ensemble of 100 members produced results that were comparable with results obtained from larger ensembles. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A prospective, population‐based study of 40,000 women regarding host factors, UV exposure and sunbed use in relation to risk and anatomic site of cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Nielsen Kari , Måsbäck Anna , Olsson Håkan , Ingvar Christian
Published: September 2011

Prospective cohort studies about cutaneous melanoma (CM) risk are still few. Host factor‐ and UVR exposure data were collected prospectively by questionnaire in this population‐based cohort study including 40,000 Swedish born women, aged 25–64 years at enrolment (1990). Risk for CM (Cox regression and Stepwise Cox regression [SCR], hazard ratios [HRs] with 95% Confidence Intervals [CI]) in relation to risk factors, age groups (older or younger than 40 years) and primary site, were analyzed. In 29,520 women with complete follow‐up through 2007, 155 invasive and 60 in
situ CM were recorded. High numbers of nevi (HR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.7–5.0) and heredity (HR, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.0–6.8) were associated with risk for CM. SCR analysis added red hair as a risk factor. Sunbed use >10 times/year increased risk for women <40 years (HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.0–6.2) and a trend for risk associated with sunbathing vacations (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0–2.0) was shown for women >40 years. Trunk melanoma showed correlations with high numbers of nevi (HR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.2–7.3) and heredity (HR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.1–9.4). Head/neck site was correlated to sunbathing vacations (HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2–5.3) and heredity (HR, 7.6; 95% CI, 1.8–31.8). Our study supports divergent etiologic pathways to CM, with high numbers of nevi correlated to increased risk for trunk CM. Furthermore, it confirms that high numbers of nevi, red hair and heredity for CM are the most important risk factors and frequent sunbed use might be a risk factor for younger women.
Tumor lactic acidosis suppresses CTL function by inhibition of p38 and JNK/c‐Jun activation
Authors: Mendler Anna N. , Hu Bin , Prinz Petra U. , Kreutz Marina , Gottfried Eva , Noessner Elfriede
Published: September 2011

Lactic acidosis is common to most solid tumors and has been found to affect infiltrating immune cells. Here we document effector phase inhibition of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) involving complete blockage of cytokine production and partial impairment of lytic granule exocytosis. Lactic acidosis impaired TCR‐triggered phosphorylation of JNK, c‐Jun and p38, while not affecting MEK1 and ERK. The select targeting of signaling proteins involved in IFNγ production (JNK/c‐Jun, p38) without affecting those jointly used in cytokine regulation and granule exocytosis (MEK1/ERK) explains the observed split effect of lactic acidosis on the CTL responses. CTL inhibition by lactic acidosis showed fast dynamics with immediate onset and reversion. Functional recovery by neutralizing the extracellular pH despite continuous presence of lactate holds promise that CTL activity can be improved in the milieu of solid tumors with appropriate anti‐acidosis treatment, thereby increasing the efficacy of adoptive T cell therapy.
The restoration of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells as functional antigen‐presenting cells by NKT cell help and all‐trans‐retinoic acid treatment
Authors: Lee Jung‐Mi , Seo Jeong‐Hwan , Kim Yeon‐Jeong , Kim Yun‐Sun , Ko Hyun‐Jeong , Kang Chang‐Yuil
Published: September 2011

Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which accumulate during tumor progression, have been shown to function as important suppressor cells. In a previous study, we showed that immunosuppressive MDSCs could function as immunogenic antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) with the help of activated natural killer T (NKT) cells. In the current study, however, we found that MDSCs harvested at a late time point after tumor injection (late MDSCs) were poorly immunogenic even when stimulated with activated NKT cells. As tumor growth progressed, the expression of MHC and costimulatory molecules on MDSCs was gradually down‐regulated. Late MDSCs also had innate defects in activation and differentiation mediated by cytokine stimuli. Although late MDSCs treated only with all‐trans‐retinoic acid (ATRA), a stimulating agent for MDSC differentiation, could not become immunogenic, NKT ligand‐loaded, ATRA‐treated late MDSCs could be converted into immunogenic APCs to induce incremental immune responses. Furthermore, these effects were mediated by NKT cells secreting IFNγ, and ATRA‐mediated increases in glutathione (GSH) levels. Thus, combined treatment with differentiating and activating agents is a prerequisite for the conversion of late MDSCs into immunogenic APCs. Collectively, these results suggest that combined treatments are required for the differentiation and activation of late MDSCs in late stage cancer.
Eradication of large tumors expressing human papillomavirus E7 protein by therapeutic vaccination with E7 fused to the extra domain a from fibronectin
Authors: Mansilla Cristina , Berraondo Pedro , Durantez Maika , Martínez Marta , Casares Noelia , Arribillaga Laura , Rudilla Francesc , Fioravanti Jessica , Lozano Teresa , Villanueva Lorea , Sarobe Pablo , Borrás Francisco , Leclerc Claude , Prieto Jesús , Lasarte Juan José
Published: September 2011

Cervical carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide. It is well established that chronic infection of the genital tract by various mucosatropic human papillomavirus (HPV) types causes cervical cancer. Cellular immunity to E7 protein from HPV (HPVE7) has been associated with clinical and cytologic resolution of HPV‐induced lesions. Thus, we decided to test if targeting of HPVE7 to dendritic cells using a fusion protein containing the extra domain A (EDA) from fibronectin, a natural ligand for TLR4, and HPVE7 (EDA‐HPVE7) might be an efficient vaccine for the treatment of cervical carcinoma. We found that EDA‐HPVE7 fusion protein was efficiently captured by bone marrow derived dendritic cells in vitro and induced their maturation, with the upregulation of maturation markers and the production of IL‐12. Immunization of mice with EDA‐HPVE7 fusion protein induced antitumor CD8+ T cell responses in the absence of additional adjuvants. Repeated intratumoral administration of EDA‐HPVE7 in saline was able to cure established TC‐1 tumors of 5–7 mm in diameter. More importantly, intravenous injection with EDA‐HPVE7 in combination with the TLR ligand polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid (pIC), or with low doses of cyclophosphamide and the TLR9 ligand CpG‐B complexed in cationic lipids, were able to eradicate large established TC‐1 tumors (1.2 cm in diameter). Thus, therapeutic vaccination with EDA‐HPVE7 fusion protein may be effective in the treatment of human cervical carcinoma.
The wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway: A potential therapeutic target in the treatment of triple negative breast cancer
Authors: King Taj D. , Suto Mark J. , Li Yonghe
Published: September 2011

Breast cancer continues to be a serious health problem particularly in developed countries. Of particular concern is triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) which does not respond well to standard hormone therapy and is associated with poor overall patient prognosis. Recent studies indicate that Wnt/β‐catenin signaling is particularly activated in TNBC, such that the Wnt receptor frizzled‐7 (FZD7) and the Wnt co‐receptor LRP6 were found to be up regulated in TNBC. In addition, it has been demonstrated that transcriptional knockdown of LRP6 or FZD7 in TNBC cells suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, salinomycin, a selective breast cancer stem cell killer, was recently demonstrated to be an inhibitor of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling by inducing LRP6 degradation. Therefore, the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway and particularly the Wnt receptors on the cell surface may serve as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of TNBC. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 13–18, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of ecto‐NTPDases on UDP‐sensitive P2Y6 receptor activation during osteogenic differentiation of primary bone marrow stromal cells from postmenopausal women
Authors: Noronha‐Matos J.B. , Costa M.A. , Magalhães‐Cardoso M.T. , Ferreirinha F. , Pelletier J. , Freitas R. , Neves J.M. , Sévigny J. , Correia‐de‐Sá P.
Published: September 2011

This study aimed at investigating the expression and function of uracil nucleotide‐sensitive receptors (P2Y2, P2Y4, and P2Y6) on osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in culture. Bone marrow specimens were obtained from postmenopausal female patients (68 ± 5 years old, n = 18) undergoing total hip arthroplasty. UTP and UDP (100 µM) facilitated osteogenic differentiation of the cells measured as increases in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, without affecting cell proliferation. Uracil nucleotides concentration‐dependently increased [Ca2+]i in BMSCs; their effects became less evident with time (7 > 21 days) of the cells in culture. Selective activation of P2Y6 receptors with the stable UDP analog, PSB 0474, mimicked the effects of both UTP and UDP, whereas UTPγS was devoid of effect. Selective blockade of P2Y6 receptors with MRS 2578 prevented [Ca2+]i rises and osteogenic differentiation caused by UDP at all culture time points. BMSCs are immunoreactive against P2Y2, P2Y4, and P2Y6 receptors. While the expression of P2Y6 receptors remained fairly constant (7∼21 days), P2Y2 and P2Y4 became evident only in less proliferative and more differentiated cultures (7 < 21 days). The rate of extracellular UTP and UDP inactivation was higher in less proliferative and more differentiated cell populations. Immunoreactivity against NTPDase1, ‐2, and ‐3 rises as cells differentiate (7 < 21 days). Data show that uracil nucleotides are important regulators of osteogenic cells differentiation predominantly through the activation of UDP‐sensitive P2Y6 receptors coupled to increases in [Ca2+]i. Endogenous actions of uracil nucleotides may be balanced through specific NTPDases determining whether osteoblast progenitors are driven into proliferation or differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2694–2709, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
4.1G promotes arborization and tight junction formation of oligodendrocyte cell line OLN‐93
Authors: Xia Wenhao , Liang Fengyi
Published: September 2011

4.1G belongs to the membrane‐associated band 4.1 protein family, which plays important roles in establishing and maintaining the links between transmembrane proteins and the cytoskeleton. Till date, expression and functions of 4.1G in the central nervous system (CNS) have not been fully elucidated. We investigated expression, cellular/subcellular distribution, and biological roles of 4.1G in the rat CNS and in cultured oligodendrocyte cell line OLN‐93. Immunoblotting (IB) and immunoprecipitation revealed CNS 4.1G protein isoforms with molecular weights ranging from ∼80 to ∼180 kDa. In subconfluent OLN‐93 cell culture, overexpression of full‐length 4.1G and C‐terminal‐domain‐deleted 4.1G, but not the FERM‐domain‐deleted 4.1G, promoted cellular arborization. In confluent cells, endogenous 4.1G was upregulated and clustered in the cytoplasmic periphery together with tight junction protein ZO‐1. FERM domain seemed essential for this recruitment of 4.1G to OLN‐93 cell periphery. Calcium switch experiment demonstrated that overexpressed 4.1G promoted tight junction reassembly, whereas siRNA knockdown of endogenous 4.1G inhibited tight junction formation among confluent OLN‐93 cells. Together, these results suggest functional roles of 4.1G in cellular arborization and tight junction formation. In the CNS, 4.1G might be involved in maturation of host cells as well as in interaction among neurons/neuroglia. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2730–2739, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphological and morphometric characterization of agoutis' peripheral blood cells (Dasyprocta prymnolopha, wagler, 1831) raised in captivity
Authors: Júnior Airton Mendes Conde , De Moura Fortes Eunice Anita , De Menezes Danilo José Ayres , De Oliveira Lopes Luana , De Carvalho Maria Acelina Martins
Published: September 2011

Thirty adult agoutis (Dasyprocta primnolopha) from the Nucleus of Study and Preservation of Wild Animals at the Federal University of Piauí were used. Blood scrubs of these animals were colored by the Leishman method and analyzed in light microscopy. The cells had been measured using programs that analyze images (Leica QWin – Image Processing and Analysis Software). Mature erythrocytes, basophil reticulocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and thrombocytes were identified. Agoutis' erythrocytes presented elliptical form, without nucleus with an average diameter of 5.64 micromeres ± 0.38. The lymphocytes are spherical cells with scarce cytoplasm, dense and with a very centralized rounded nucleus measuring an average diameter of 13.20 micromeres ± 0.35. The monocytes are slightly basophilic, with a spherical nucleus, central constriction, and an average diameter of 20.59 micromeres ± 0.32. The neutrophils are spherical, with a polymorphic lobulated nucleus, with an average diameter of 11.2 micromeres ± 0.20. The eosinophils are spherical with lobulated nucleus and with an average diameter of 14.25 micromeres ± 0.36. Only five basophils were observed, with abundance of cytoplasmic granules with 9.8 micrometers of diameter ± 0.30. Thrombocytopenic pleomorphism was frequent. There were similarities in the cellular constituents in peripheral blood of agoutis and of other rodents and humans. The cellular types from the peripheral blood, the morphology, and morphometry of the blood's cells did not vary according to sex. © Microsc. Res. Tech. 00:000?000, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biomechanical and histological analysis after tenotomy of the long head of the biceps in the rabbit shoulder model
Authors: Kim Sae Hoon , Shin Seung Han , Oh Joo Han , Baek Goo Hyun
Published: September 2011

Tenotomy of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) is gaining popularity in shoulder surgery. We evaluated biomechanical and histological changes after tenotomy in a rabbit LHBT tenotomy model to confirm that autotenodesis is a phenomenon that occurs after the procedure. Twenty‐three rabbits were included. The right shoulder was harvested from 10 randomly selected rabbits. The shoulders were tested to determine the pullout strength of LHBT at the bicipital groove immediately after being tenotomized. The left shoulder of three of these rabbits also underwent histological analysis. The other 13 rabbits underwent LHBT tenotomy (tenotomy model). Six weeks post‐operatively, 10 were assigned for biomechanical study, and three underwent histological analysis. The pullout strength and histology were compared with the immediate post‐tenotomy data. The pullout strength of the immediate post‐tenotomy (5.53 ± 2.22 N) was significantly (p < 0.001) less than the pullout strength of the 6 weeks post‐tenotomy model (44.07 ± 7.75 N). On histological analysis, marked fibrosis was noted around the LHBT at the bicipital groove in the 6 weeks post‐tenotomy model. Adhesion of the LHBT at the bicipital groove after tenotomy, which is called “autotenodesis,” is a definite phenomenon that could help the tendon resist distal migration of the LHBT after tenotomy. These results support execution of biceps tenotomy in shoulder surgery. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:416–422, 2012
Sleep fears, sleep disturbance, and PTSD symptoms in minority youth exposed to Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Brown Tyish Hall , Mellman Thomas A. , Alfano Candice A. , Weems Carl F.
Published: September 2011

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common following the experience of a natural disaster and sleep disturbance is an important influence on its course in adults, but little research is available examining sleep and PTSD in youths. This study's objective was to evaluate the role of sleep disturbance and the developmentally influenced factor of fear of sleeping alone in the maintenance of posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms in youths. Deidentified data of 191 Hurricane Katrina survivors ages 8 to 15 were used in this study. We found cross‐sectional relationships of sleep disturbance and fear of sleeping alone with PTS symptom severity. Longitudinal analysis also indicated that general sleep disturbance at 24 months (T1) was predictive of PTS symptoms severity at 30 months (T2) even after adjusting for PTS symptom severity at T1, age, sex, and continued disrepair to the home. These results have implications for intervention strategies among youth exposed to traumatic events.
Rye bran alkylresorcinols suppress adipocyte lipolysis and hormone‐sensitive lipase activity
Authors: Andersson Ulrika , Dey Estera S. , Holm Cecilia , Degerman Eva
Published: September 2011

The effects of alkylresorcinols (ARs) isolated from rye bran on adipocyte lipolysis, hormone‐sensitive lipase activity and phosphorylation and on phosphorylation of protein kinase A substrates were studied. Preincubation with ARs for 18 h suppressed catecholamine‐stimulated lipolysis in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, phosphorylation of hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL), a key lipase responsible for stimulated lipolysis, and phosphorylation of protein kinase A substrates, were diminished after preincubation with ARs, whereas HSL protein expression was unaltered. ARs were also shown to inhibit HSL activity in an in vitro assay.
Oral arsenic trioxide for relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia in pediatric patients
Authors: Au Wing Y. , Li Chi‐Kong , Lee Vincent , Yuen Hui Leung , Yau Jeffrey , Chan Godfrey C.F. , Ha Shau‐yin , Kwong Yok‐lam
Published: September 2011

Four patients (age 3–11 years at diagnosis) with relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), 12–38 months from diagnosis, were treated with oral arsenic trioxide (As2O3). One patient was treated with oral As2O3 monotherapy and chemotherapy. Three patients failed initial oral or intravenous As2O3 monotherapy were treated with oral As2O3 plus ATRA followed by long‐term oral maintenance (cumulative As2O3 dose 280–2,100 mg). All patients achieved molecular remission, at a median follow up of 122 (10–132) months with no adverse effects. Oral As2O3, particularly in prolonged maintenance with oral ATRA may obviate the need of stem cell transplantation in relapsed pediatric APL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 630–632. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ansichtssache
Authors: Hinsch Klaus
Published: September 2011

Viele Objekte der belebten Natur, darunter Vogelfedern und Schmetterlingsflügel, schillern oder irisieren auf faszinierende Weise. Ursache ist jeweils eine kohärente Wechselwirkung des Sonnenlichtes mit regelmäßigen Objektstrukturen von der Größenskala der Lichtwellenlänge. Elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen zeigen räumliche Gitter oder Mehrschichtensysteme. Die Interferenz der daran gestreuten Wellen lässt sich durch Bragg‐Beugung beschreiben. Sie führt zu satten, winkelabhängigen Farben. Änderungen im Brechungsindex, etwa durch Anfeuchten, oder in der Größe, zum Beispiel durch Quellen in Wasser, bewirken überraschende und aufschlussreiche Farbverschiebungen. Das zeigen einfache Versuche an Pfauenfedern und Schmetterlingsschuppen.
Exotische Kernformen
Authors: von Oertzen Wolfram
Published: September 2011

Kerne werden mit dem Schalenmodel meistens als kompakte Kugeln beschrieben. Es gibt jedoch viele Kernzustände mit starker Deformation. Mit wachsender Deformation sind diese Zustände Vorläufer der Kernmoleküle, die aus mehreren Clustern aufgebaut sind. Letztere sind durch Austausch von Neutronen, das heißt eine “kovalente chemische Bindung”, auf der Femtoskala gebunden. Die getrennten Zentren sind nukleare Cluster mit N = Z und abgeschlossenen Schalen, die eine hohe intrinsiche Bindungsenergie besitzen. Zusätzliche Valenzneutronen sind schwach gebunden und können zu einem anderen Cluster hinüberwechseln. Damit ergibt sich bei Kernen auf der Femtoskala eine analoge Situation zu den Atomen, nämlich kovalent gebundene Kernmoleküle.
Weitreichender Windschatten
Authors: Emeis Stefan
Published: September 2011

Die Reduktion der Windgeschwindigkeit in Nabenhöhe im Inneren großer Windparks lässt sich aus einer Impulsbilanz analytisch ableiten. Diese betrachtet das Gleichgewicht zwischen der Impulsaufnahme durch die Turbinen und dem Untergrund sowie der Impulsnachlieferung von oben durch die Atmosphäre. Durch einen ähnlichen Ansatz lässt sich auch die Nachlauflänge großer Windparks berechnen. Hieraus lassen sich optimale Abstände für die Turbinen im Windpark abschätzen, ebenso die optimalen Abstände benachbarter Windparks.
Neuer Strom in alten Netzen?
Authors: Tenbohlen Stefan , Probst Alexander , Wajant Patrick
Published: September 2011

Die elektrische Energieversorgung verändert sich dramatisch. Der Umbau des Kraftwerkparks, dezentrale Einspeisung und neue Verbraucher wie Elektroautos stellen das Stromnetz der Zukunft vor völlig neue Herausforderungen. Zum einen muss das Netz für die Fernübertragung ausgebaut werden. Die Energie wird zum Beispiel zunehmend von Windparks produziert, die weiter weg von den Verbrauchern stehen. Zum anderen muss das Netz der Zukunft Erzeuger, Speicher und Verbraucher intelligent verbinden. Dazu tragen auch intelligente Stromzähler bei, die seit dem 1. Januar 2010 in Neubauten und sanierten Altbauten eingesetzt werden müssen.
Schläge, Sprünge, Taktik
Authors: Thaller Sigrid , Tilp Markus , Mathelitsch Leopold
Published: September 2011

Durch Ausnützen des Magnus‐Effekts können Volleybälle hoch über das Netz geschlagen werden und dadurch leichter den gegnerischen Block überwinden. Beim Flatteraufschlag wird die Flugbahn durch unregelmäßige Richtungswechsel für den Gegner unberechenbar. Spezielle Methoden der Videoanalyse ermöglichen die Untersuchung der Taktik und das automatisierte Erkennen von Sprüngen und Sprintbewegungen.
Mikroskopie mit einer Quantenspitze
Authors: Günther Andreas , Fortágh József
Published: September 2011

Die Rastersondenmikroskopie zählt heute zu den bedeutendsten Analysemethoden der modernen Nanotechnologie. Dabei werden mikroskopisch kleine Festkörperspitzen über Oberflächen gerastert, um die Topographie oder andere physikalisch‐chemische Eigenschaften der Oberfläche zu kartographieren. Am Physikalischen Institut der Universität Tübingen ist es nun gelungen, ein neuartiges Rastersondenmikroskop zu entwickeln, bei dem ein verdünntes, ultrakaltes Quantengas aus wenigen tausend Rubidiumatomen als Rastersonde verwendet wird. Damit lassen sich elektromagnetische Eigenschaften und die Topographie von nanostrukturierten Oberflächen mit einer bislang unerreichten Kraftsensitivität bis unter 10−24 N vermessen.
Das Gras wachsen hören
Authors: Rolfs Claus
Published: September 2011

Mensch und Tier nutzen den Schall in unterschiedlichem Maße, um sich in der Umwelt zu orientieren und zu kommunizieren. Aus den Wellen lassen sich Informationen über Abstand, Richtung, Geschwindigkeit und Natur der Schallquelle gewinnen. im Ozean sind Schallwellen sogar über Hunderte von Kilometern vernehmbar, so dass sie hier das bevorzugte Informations‐ und Kommunikationsmittel der Tiere sind.
Lichtkreuze mit Hintersinn
Authors: Schlichting H. Joachim
Published: September 2011

An einem sonnigen Tag tauchen manchmal auf Häuserwänden und Straßen Lichtkreuze auf. Sie entstehen durch die Reflexion des Sonnenlichts an doppelt verglasten Fenstern. Ihre Formen und Farben verraten einiges über die Fenster.
Das seltsame Verhalten von Superbällen
Authors: Vollmer Michael , Möllmann Klaus‐Peter
Published: September 2011

Superbälle sind nicht nur für Kinder ein Riesenspaß, auch “ausgewachsene” Physiker können sich für dieses, auch Flummi genannte, Spielzeug begeistern. Sie springen deutlich höher von einer Unterlage wieder weg als andere Bälle, und bei schrägem Wurf ändern sich bei den Kollisionen mit der Unterlage Betrag und Orientierung der Eigendrehung. Die sehr eigentümliche Kinematik lässt sich mit Hochgeschwindigkeitskameras gut untersuchen.
Rechnen, Rechnen, Rechnen
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: September 2011

Die Rechnerei steht am Anfang seiner Tätigkeit. Und sie gehört zum Letzten, was ihm bleibt: Zwar entwickelt sich der Gesuchte zu einem der wichtigsten praktischen Astronomen seiner Tage – allerdings nicht durch Beobachtungen, sondern durch seine Rechenarbeit.
Olivenölwürfel: vernetzende Emulgatoren
Authors: Vilgis Thomas
Published: September 2011

Wohlschmeckende Würfelchen aus Oliven‐ oder Kürbiskernöl steigern den Genusswert eines Tellers erheblich. Diese “festen Öle” haben Biss und einen intensiven Geschmack. Mit dem im Eiklar enthaltenen Protein Ovalbumin lässt sich dies leicht und ohne Aufwand bewerkstelligen.
The role of disorder in sodium‐doped LaMnO3
Authors: Liu Hao , Li Yongtao , Zhang Hongguang , Chen Yuanyuan , Chen Lingshan , Dong Xueguang , Chen Kai , Li Qi
Published: September 2011

Sodium‐doped LaMnO3 samples were prepared by the urea combustion method and the structure of the samples was determined by X‐ray diffraction experiments. The local structure of the samples was measured with extended X‐ray absorption fine structure of the Mn K‐edge. The resistance of the samples (with and without applied magnetic field) shows a metal–insulator transition that implies the competition between large structural disorder and charge ordering. The sample with the largest Debye–Waller factor has the highest insulator–metal transition temperature (TIM) but the smallest magnetoresistance (MR) ratio. This indicates the different roles of disorder that plays on MR ratio and TIM in sodium‐doped LaMnO3 materials.
Study on photoemission mechanism for negative electron affinity GaN vacuum electron source
Authors: Qiao Jianliang , Chang Benkang , Qian Yunsheng , Wang Xiaohui , Li Biao , Fu Xiaoqian
Published: September 2011

The whole process including photoelectron excitation, transportation from bulk to surface and escape to vacuum by traversing surface barrier was analyzed in detail. Photoelectron excitation relates to the band structure of photocathode material and the absorption coefficient of the material. In the bulk of GaN photocathode, the photoelectrons mainly are transited into Γ valley first, when the energy is great enough, the photoelectrons can scatter into higher M‐L valley or A valley from Γ valley. The electrons excitated in conduction band will move from bulk to surface by diffusing or drifting. The diffuse length for GaN photocathode is about 3μm by calculating. After the thermal electrons of Γ valley move into surface band bend area, they will drift to the surface because of the electric field of band bend area. The transmission coefficient relates to the incident electron energy, the height and width of the surface potential. The quantum yield formulas of NEA GaN photocathode were gotten by solving the diffuse equation of non‐equilibrium carriers. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of outgassing on the field emission property of tetrapod ZnO
Authors: Cui Yunkang , Zhang Xiaobing , Lei Wei , Wang Jinchan , Di Yunsong , Yang Xiaxi , Chen Jing
Published: September 2011

To study the mechanism of current degradation of a cold cathode, the outgassing measurement of a field emission diode with tetrapod zinc oxide (ZnO) cathode has been taken with a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) in an ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) system. It was found that the H2, CO2, CO, and CH4 were outgassed from the diode during the working process. The partial pressure of outgassing increases with the increased emission current density. The field emission properties of the cold cathode, such as turn‐on field, threshold field and the emission current density, were largely related to the pressure of the outgases. From the outgassing experimental results, the relation between the emission current degradation and the outgassing of field emission devices has been found. Due to the outgassing, the work function of ZnO cold cathode increases, while the field enhancement factor decreases. Therefore, the outgassing plays very important role in the current degradation for the field emission devices (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Baicalin Down‐regulates the Expression of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Effectively for Rats with Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Dai Shi‐Xue , Zou Ying , Feng Yan‐Ling , Liu Hong‐Bo , Zheng Xue‐Bao
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether baicalin, a Chinese herbal extract, down‐regulates the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), an inflammatory factor that regulates the function of macrophages (MΦ), in rats with trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)‐induced ulcerative colitis (UC). The results showed that baicalin simultaneously down‐regulated the expression of MIF, the quantity of MΦs and the amount of MΦ‐related cytokines, including macrophage chemotactic factor‐1 (MCP‐1, CCL2) and macrophage inflammatory protein‐3α (MIP‐3α, CCL20), in rats with UC. There was no statistical difference between baicailin and mesalazine in down‐regulating the expression of MIF. Our study demonstrated that baicalin, an inexpensive but effective monomer, could be a new and alternative pharmaceutical for UC. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ARE TWO SYSTEMIC FISH ASSEMBLAGE SAMPLING PROGRAMMES ON THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER TELLING US THE SAME THING?
Authors: Dukerschein J. T. , Bartels A. D. , Ickes B. S. , Pearson M. S.
Published: September 2011

We applied an Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) used on Wisconsin/Minnesota waters of the upper Mississippi River (UMR) to compare data from two systemic sampling programmes. Ability to use data from multiple sampling programmes could extend spatial and temporal coverage of river assessment and monitoring efforts. We normalized for effort and tested fish community data collected by the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program‐Great Rivers Ecosystems (EMAP‐GRE) 2004–2006 and the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) 1993–2006. Each programme used daytime electrofishing along main channel borders but with some methodological and design differences. EMAP‐GRE, designed for baseline and, eventually, compliance monitoring, used a probabilistic, continuous design. LTRMP, designed primarily for baseline and trend monitoring, used a stratified random design in five discrete study reaches. Analysis of similarity indicated no significant difference between EMAP‐GRE and LTRMP IBI scores (n = 238; Global R = −0.052; significance level = 0.972). Both datasets distinguished clear differences only between ‘Fair’ and ‘Poor’ condition categories, potentially supporting a ‘pass–fail’ assessment strategy. Thirteen years of LTRMP data demonstrated stable IBI scores through time in four of five reaches sampled. LTRMP and EMAP‐GRE IBI scores correlated along the UMR's upstream to downstream gradient (df [3, 25]; F = 1.61; p = 0.22). A decline in IBI scores from upstream to downstream was consistent with UMR fish community studies and a previous, empirically modelled human disturbance gradient. Comparability between EMAP‐GRE (best upstream to downstream coverage) and LTRMP data (best coverage over time and across the floodplain) supports a next step of developing and testing a systemic, multi‐metric fish index on the UMR that both approaches could inform. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.