bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rate and State Simulation of Two Experiments with Pore Fluid Injection Under Creep Conditions
Authors: Rudnicki John
Published: February 2023

Recent industrial processes that involve injection of fluids, such as geothermal stimulation, disposal of waste water from hydraulic fracturing and carbon sequestration, have induced seismicity that has caused concern and resulted in discontinuation of the activity. Although field observations are the ultimate test of the effects of pore fluid on failure, their interpretation is complicated by heterogeneity of hydrologic and mechanical structure, and pumping and loading history. In particular circumstances, well-designed field tests can overcome some of these limitations. Laboratory experiments, despite their limited size and time scales, provide a more controlled environment that can yield an understanding of fundamental processes. Simple models that simulate the experiments can assess whether the mechanisms included in the models are sufficient to describe well the response or more complex formulations are needed. In addition, simulations can extend results for parameter values and loading programs beyond those achievable in experiments and aid in extrapolation to field applications.This work uses a spring-block model and rate and state friction to simulate experiments conducted in a double direct shear apparatus on simulated carbonate fault gouge (Scuderi et al., EPSL, 2017) and on a shale bearing rock (Scuderi and Collettini, JGR, 2018). Both sets of experiments used the same loading protocol and injected pore fluid under creep conditions. When velocity strengthening rate and state friction is used to simulate the experiments on the simulated carbonate fault gouge the results agree well with the observed onset of tertiary creep in the experiment. Thus, the simulation reinforces the observation that pore fluid injection can induce rapid slip even when the friction relation is velocity strengthening. The rate and state framework provides an interpretation alternative to the standard one of the Mohr's circle moving to the left as pressure increases. In the rate and state framework, the friction coefficient must increase with pore pressure increase. The shale has a very low nominal friction coefficient (0.28) and is much more velocity strengthening than the carbonate. The simulation agrees with the observations that increases in pore pressure induce an increase in slip velocity but the magnitudes reach only about 100 µm/s by the end of the experiment. The simulation predicts reasonably well the times at which representative values of the slip velocity and displacement occur but the overall agreement of simulation and observation is not as good as for the carbonate. Mechanisms other than rate and state friction, for example, direct dependence of the friction coefficient on slip and porosity changes, may be significant.
Carbon stocks and fluxes of Mangrove Associates(Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus) in Jeju Island, South Korea
Authors: Choi Yoojin , Kim Gwang-Jung , Lee Jeongmin , Kim Hyung-Sub , Park Minji , Son Yowhan
Published: February 2023

Mangrove associates, generally distributed in the landward fringe of mangrove forests, are one of the major carbon sinks. Mangrove associates are expected to increase in South Korea as their spatial distribution is shifting to poleward with global warming. However, understanding of carbon stocks and fluxes of mangrove associates is still limited. In this study, we estimated carbon stocks in soils and forest floors and measured carbon fluxes of soil CO2 efflux and net photosynthesis of Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus, mangrove associates which inhabit naturally in Jeju Island, South Korea from April to October, 2022. Four sites of H. hamabo (Gimnyeong – coast, Hado, Seongsan and Wimi) and P. ramosissimus (Gimnyeong – wetland and Daejeong 1 ~ 3) were selected. Soil carbon stocks at 0 – 10 cm depth from Gimnyeong – wetland, Seongsan, and Hado where soil horizons developed, and forest floor carbon stocks were quantified. In addition, soil CO2 efflux and net photosynthesis were measured once a month. Mean soil carbon stocks (t C ha-1) ranged from 29.0 to 30.1 while mean forest floor carbon stocks (t C ha-1) ranged from 2.8 to 5.8. Soil CO2 efflux rate (µmol CO2 m⁻² s⁻¹) in August was significantly higher than that in April and October. There was a positive correlation between soil CO2 efflux and soil (p < 0.001, r = 0.41) and air (p < 0.001, r = 0.52) temperatures compared to other factors such as soil water content (p > 0.05), and electrical conductivity (p > 0.05). Net photosynthesis (µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) was significantly high in July, and there were no significant differences among sites. Soil carbon stocks of the two species were higher than those of Quercus mongolica forests (27.8) in South Korea. Moreover, forest floor carbon stocks were higher compared to those of Q. glauca forests (1.32) in Jeju Island. Mean net photosynthesis (mean ± standard error, µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) of H. hamabo (8.9 ± 0.9) and P. ramosissimus (8.8 ± 1.3) in July were higher than that of Eleutherococcus gracilistylus (6.74 ± 0.26), a deciduous shrub inhabiting in Jeju Island. This study provides the first data base to estimate carbon stocks and fluxes of mangrove associates in South Korea and the results showed that H. hamabo and P. ramosissimus seem to be promising species for carbon sinks.AcknowledgementThis study was carried out with the support of the National Research Foundation, Republic of Korea (Project No. 2022R1A2C1011309), and the Warm-temperate and Subtropical Forest Research Center (Project No. FE100-2022-04-2022).
Medium and Long-term Forecast of Wind Power Trend Based on Regional Similarity
Authors: Wang Xianxun , Liu Yaru , Dong Defu , Wang Suoping
Published: February 2023

Accurate and efficient medium and long-term forecast of wind power can provide technical support for efficient development and utilization of wind resources. Taking into account the regional characteristics of wind resources, the regional similarity factor is introduced into the study of wind power forecasting, and the long-term dependence of wind power, the Long Short-Term Memory method is selected for medium and long-term forecasting of wind power trend, a case study is carried out in five provinces of Northwest China. The results show that the error is reduced by an average of 20.80% compared with the forecast of individual stations, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method. Different area division methods result in different effects on improving the prediction accuracy. This study provides a new method and reference for medium and long-term wind resource prediction.
The key atmospheric drivers linking regional Arctic amplification with East Asian cold extremes
Authors: Zhuo Wenqin , Yao Yao , Luo Dehai , Simmonds Ian , Fei Huang
Published: February 2023

Across the winters of global warming and Arctic amplification (AA) era,  the frequency of extreme cold events in East Asia (EA) showed an upward trend. Here we constructed regional AA index in the winters of 1979–2019, and examine the atmospheric driver that linked with strong AA scenarios and cold extreme in EA. Results show that the local atmospheric blocking is key drivers for regional AA occurrence on the intraseasonal timescale. Ural-Siberia blocking, which is tightly linked to the warming over Barents-Kara Seas (BK), is the primary atmospheric mode when regional AA corresponds with extreme East Asian cold days. However, when there is no warming over BK during the associated cold days in EA, the warming over western hemisphere become prominent, accompanied by the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO−) and blocking dipole system located at mid-Siberian and East Asian continent. Under this circulation configuration, not only does EA exhibits extremely cooling, but also northeastern North America experiences significant cold anomalies. Furthermore, precursor signals at 2–10 days are found between NAO− and each regional AA event when the days of BK warming are excluded. Our results highlight the importance of atmospheric circulation on linking the warming of different Arctic sectors and cold extremes in the mid-latitude continent, and point out the independent role of NAO− and BKS warming on regional AA.
Modeling InSAR tropospheric delay based on their spatiotemporal characteristics: Application to postseismic displacements of the 2021 Maduo earthquake, China
Authors: Liu Jihong , Jónsson Sigurjón , Hu Jun , Burgmann Roland
Published: February 2023

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurements suffer from undesirable errors caused by tropospheric delays. Generally, two classes of methods are used to reduce InSAR tropospheric errors: Methods based on independent external information and methods using directly the InSAR data themselves (i.e., data-driven methods). External information methods use GNSS data, meteorological data, atmospheric model outputs, etc., and can be reliable but the external information is usually of significantly lower spatial resolution than needed to correct InSAR data. Data-driven methods, on the other hand, are based on the InSAR data directly and thus do not require any external data. Given that tropospheric delays are usually divided into two components, i.e., the stratified and turbulent components, and that these two components have different spatiotemporal characteristics, they are usually treated separately in data-driven correction methods. However, during such separated error reduction, the existence of one component affects the mitigation performance of the other component, which results in somewhat biased reduction of the tropospheric delays.Therefore, in this study we propose a new method to simultaneously model and mitigate the InSAR turbulent and stratified delays by taking their spatiotemporal characteristics as a priori information. In this method, which we call DetrendInSAR, the turbulent delay is regarded as a spatially slow-changing process and can therefore be fitted by position-related polynomials within a small area (e.g., 1 km x 1 km); the stratified delay can be linearly fitted with the local terrain height; and these a priori information is combined to establish a solvable mathematical model with respect to the tropospheric delay based on a novel pixel-by-pixel window-based modeling strategy. Besides, the displacement signals in the InSAR observations are assumed to be a temporally smooth process and therefore providing additional constraints for distinguishing between the displacements and turbulent delays in the DetrendInSAR modeling process. We validate the DetrendInSAR method using simulated datasets and a 16-month-long Sentinel-1 SAR data sequence of the postseismic deformation after the 22 May 2021 Maduo earthquake, China. We compare our results with the traditional data-driven strategy that fits a ramp and a terrain-related linear function over the whole image based on far-field signals and suppresses the turbulent delay by temporally averaging adjacent SAR-image acquisitions. The results obtained from ascending and descending orbits illuminate the logarithmic decay of the postseismic deformation after this earthquake. We also calculated the one-year postseismic east-west and vertical displacements of this earthquake, indicating that poroelastic rebound contributed to the postseismic deformation, rather than only the afterslip considered in previous studies.
Are the long-lasting isotope trends in central Patagonia independent from slab dynamics and upper-plate architecture?
Authors: Genge Marie , Witt César , Zattin Massimiliano , Bosch Delphine , Bruguier Olivier , Mazzoli Stefano
Published: February 2023

Shifts in isotopic and trace element composition in magmatic zircon are commonly related to internal forcing independent of plate parameters (e.g., crustal thickness, delamination), or external factors that are governed by parameters of the down-going plate, particularly the slab dip. U-Pb geochronology, trace elements and Hf-O isotope analyses on detrital zircon from central Patagonia (45 °S – 48 °S) were used in this study as fingerprint for monitoring slab dip variations and related processes (e.g., arc migration, slab rollback) as well as upper-plate stress regime evolution. According to literature, main geodynamic events include: (i) two shallow slab episodes during late Triassic and late Early Cretaceous – early Paleogene times, the latter characterized by significant contraction; (ii) two phases of slab rollback during Jurassic – Early Cretaceous and late Paleogene, associated to a steep slab configuration, extensional processes and crustal thinning; (iii) a slab window episode during the Paleogene; and (iv) a Miocene contractional phase following an increase of plate convergence rates. Although slab dynamics seems structurally related with upper-plate architecture, it appears to exert little to null control on the magmatic arc reservoirs. Indeed, our results, integrated with published data from a larger area (40 °S – 52 °S), show long-lasting trends ( > 70 Ma) in the isotopic and trace elements record, that are mostly independent of these events. We thus consider that other processes, eventually coeval, controlled the enrichment of magmas and may overtake the influence of slab dip and upper-plate architecture on the isotopic and trace elements signature. These other processes include subduction erosion, ridge subduction, subduction of a younger slab, potential slab tearing, and/or change in convergence rates that affects mantle flow. 
Health effects study of ambient formaldehyde exposure based on satellite remote sensing
Authors: Su Wenjing , Ban Jie , Liu Cheng , Li TianTian , Hu Qihou
Published: February 2023

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a toxic and hazardous air pollutant that widely exists in atmosphere. Insufficient spatial and temporal coverage of surface HCHO measurements is limiting studies on surface HCHO-related air quality management and health risk assessment. The study derived global ground-level HCHO concentrations from satellite-based tropospheric HCHO columns. We conducted a two-stage time series analysis to investigate associations between ambient HCHO and daily nonaccidental, circulatory, and respiratory mortality in 275 Chinese counties. The results show that mortality risks in nonaccidental, circulatory, and respiratory diseases increased significantly and indicated a possible threshold concentration at approximately 5 ppb for significant impact on nonaccidental and circulatory diseases. Besides, global cancer burden caused by long-term outdoor HCHO exposure was estimated and we found up to 418188 more people worldwide will develop this cancer during the human life cycle. The global cancer burden is mainly from the South-East Asia region (33.11 %) and the Western Pacific region (22.95 %). This cancer occurrence in India and China is ranked 1st and 2nd in the world due to the large population size and serious HCHO pollution. Our results provide new insight into timely HCHO pollution regulation and health protection.
The emergence of Continental Crust Revealed by Machine Learning
Authors: Liu Chuntao , Keller C. Brenhin , Liu Xiaoming , Zhang Zhou
Published: February 2023

Reconstructing the emergence of the modern continental crust is crucial to understand the evolution of the crust, the onset of plate tectonics, elemental cycling, and long-term climate. However, it remains highly contentious about when and how the major subaerial continental crust emerged over time. Here, we used a machine learning (ML) model (XGBoost) to reveal the exposed history of continental crust over the last 3.8 billion years ago (Ga). First, we compiled ~10,000 modern subaerial or submarine basalts with major and trace elements to train the ML model. Then, the trained ML model (with resampling) was utilized to predict and calculate the mean proportions of subaerially erupted continental basaltic rocks since 3.8 Ga. The result suggested that the subaerial proportion only reached about 50% at ~2.5 Ga, indicating the exposure of the continental crust was far from the present-day level at the end of the Archean era. On the other hand, since ~1.8 Ga, the subaerial proportion of the continental crust exhibited a dynamic balance between ~60% and 80%, reaching the present-day level.
Storms and associated damages in Norway
Authors: Jaison Ashbin , Sorteberg Asgeir , Michel Clio , Breivik Øyvind
Published: February 2023

Extreme winds account for more than half of Norway’s insurance claims related to natural hazards [1]. Quantifying windstorm-damage relations is crucial to prepare for and mitigate the effects of future wind events. However, there has never been an attempt to quantify windstorm-damage relations at the municipality level in Norway. The work in hand employs four different damage functions at the municipality level of Norway. Along with the newly proposed modified Prahl damage function [2], an ensemble means of the damage estimates are tested for 356 municipalities in Norway. We evaluate the damage functions in terms of forecast accuracy. The spatial distribution of losses suggests severe damages along the west coast of Norway. Further inland in Norway, there are seldom any losses due to Norway’s unique topography and demography. The losses above the 99.7th percentile in each municipality constitute 85% of total national loss, and we focus on this extreme loss class. A significant agreement between the observed and estimated losses at the municipality and national levels indicates that the damage functions are suited for forecasting storm-induced damages. The damage functions are also able to successfully reconstruct the spatial spread and pattern of losses caused by very extreme windstorms.References1] Finance Norway, Natural Disaster Statistics (NASK), (2019)[2] B.F. Prahl et al., Applying stochastic small-scale damage functions to German winter storms, Geophysical Research Letters 39, (2012) 
 
A comparative vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete buildings using rapid visual screening methods and pushover analysis
Authors: Bektaş Nurullah , Kuria Kevin Karanja , Kegyes-Brassai Orsolya
Published: February 2023

One of the critical research areas of engineering science is the assessment of existing buildings' seismic vulnerability. Since the existing building stock is made up of structures that were built before design codes were developed, taking into account low or moderate design codes may make them vulnerable to an upcoming earthquake. To this end, rapid visual screening (RVS) methods can be used to identify building vulnerability before or after an earthquake. A number of RVS methods have been developed; however, it's critical to assess their accuracy in terms of their ability to reliably classify the state of building vulnerability. Therefore, this study offers an application of conventional RVS methods (FEMA P-154, RISK-UE Project, JBDPA), as well as a comparison of the results of the building safety level classification of 20 existing reinforced concrete buildings from Győr, Hungary. Pushover analysis was used as a detailed vulnerability assessment technique in addition to the RVS methods to evaluate one more reinforced concrete building. The findings of pushover analysis and RVS methods are contrasted to demonstrate how effectively RVS methods can be utilized to determine building vulnerability. Additionally, the findings of this study can be used to select an RVS method for commencing a pre-earthquake building assessment of the existing reinforced concrete building stock in the investigation area.Keywords: earthquake; existing buildings; vulnerability assessment; rapid visual screening; machine learning; building damage state
Evaluating groundwater responses to earthquakes using hydrological and environmental tracer data
Authors: Kaown Dugin , Koh Dong-Chan , Lee Jaemin , Kim Jaeyoun , Lee Kang-Kun
Published: February 2023

Environmental tracer data were applied to assess chemical signatures of deep fluid in the fault zones in the southeastern part of South Korea. After MW 5.5 Pohang Earthquake in November 2017, hydrogeochemical and environmental tracer data from groundwater samples around epicenter were monitored from 2017 to 2021. Monitoring wells significantly responded to the earthquakes were selected to evaluate temporal variations of environmental tracer data in the groundwater system. The southeastern part of South Korea shows a distinctive NNE-directed geomorphological feature with several strike-slip fault systems and two wells are closely located to this fault. One monitoring station, KW5, is closely located to the Ulsan Fault, which is a reverse. 3He/4He was slightly increased in most of groundwater samples from monitoring wells after MW 5.5 Pohang Earthquake, while 3He/4He decreased in some groundwater samples from wells around reverse fault (Ulsan fault). Especially, 3He/4He in the wells of KW5 station closely located to the Ulsan Fault considerably decreased after the earthquake. However, the concentrations of Na, Ca, SO4 and HCO3 increased around wells in Ulsan Fault after the earthquake. In this study, the response of aquifer system after earthquakes was compared to assess the differences in chemical changes of fluid around strike-slip and reverse faults using hydrogeochemical and environmental tracer data.This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2022R1A5A1085103).
Creep and seismic rupture of a serpentinite-rich Sumatran fault segment
Authors: Wei Shengji , Choong Zheng-Yang , Li Chenyu , Chen Yukuan , Umar Muksin , Lythgoe Karen , Arifullah Arifullah , Simanjuntak Andrean
Published: February 2023

Earthquake is produced by shear dislocation of rocks across the fault, the frictional status and the area of locked/creeping patches on the fault thus govern the size and occurrence of damaging earthquakes. To better understand these fundamental earthquake physics issues, we deployed over 130 short period seismic nodal stations along the plate boundary type Sumatran fault in Aceh region to cover a segment that was reported to be creeping at various depths. We maintained the nodal array deployment from Jan 2020 to July 2021 by recharging the nodes every 35 days. A machine learning based earthquake detection algorithm was applied to the acquired dataset, which results in a high-resolution seismic catalog that has more than 8000 micro-seismic events. These events clearly delineate the subvertical creeping segment of the Sumatran fault and its Seulimeum branch to the northwest. The seismicity on the creeping segment is almost uniformly distributed from 3 to 12 km in depth, confirming the creeping nature of the fault segment as revealed by geodetic observations, but providing a much more accurate depth constraint. In contrast, the Seulimeum fault branch shows a much deeper seismicity at the depth range of 18 to 25 km, indicating the entire upper crust is fully locked. Sharp stepovers are observed along both strike (~10km) and strike-normal (~4km) directions between the seismicity on these fault segments. The creeping segment of the Sumatran fault, as defined by similar earthquake families, agrees well with the lenses of serpentinite, which has much smaller frictional coefficient that facilitates fault creep. Similar earthquake families show ~ km scale lineation along strike of the fault, where repeating earthquake pairs are identified. However, two shallow Mw6 earthquakes occurred on the creeping segment in the last 25 years. In particular, finite fault inversion of the 2013 Mw6.1 earthquake shows the rupture from 12 km to the surface. These observations suggest a partially creeping/locking or conditionally stable frictional status on the serpentinite-rich segment of the Sumatran fault, that should be considered in both single event and earthquake cycle simulations, as well as seismic hazard assessment.
Is solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence derived index much useful in agricultural drought monitoring
Authors: Kumar Vaibhav , Chu Hone-Jay , Aman Mohammad Adil
Published: February 2023

Drought is multifaceted, more frequent hydrometeorological phenomena occurring worldwide. The intensity and frequency of droughts are increased with rising trend of global warming. These events significantly impact society which directly linked to agricultural productivity and economy. India witnessed these extreme drought events and have faced serious economic loses. Therefore, more effective, and reliable drought monitoring is essential for its mitigation and to enhance early warning systems. In addition, there are limited studies looking at the sensitivity of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) to response of meteorological parameters during drought event.   Therefore, a maiden attempt is taken to understand how terrestrial vegetation response under severe drought event which experienced in 2009 summer monsoon period (June to September) over Indo-Gangetic plain regions in India. We studied the productivity of vegetation over IGP region using solar-induced fluorescence as a proxy. Moreover, we have derived drought indices herein Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Standardized Soil Moisture Index (SSI), and SIF Health Index (SHI). These indices were utilized gridded monthly precipitation, evapotranspiration, soil-moisture, land surface temperature (LST) and solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) datasets from 2001 to 2020 over IGP region. In addition, statistical relationships and trends among these indices are evaluated through the Pearson correlation coefficient and Mann-Kendall test.Our findings provide promising results by addressing the major drought events over Indo-Gangetic plains in India in terms of intensity and spatial coverage. There is great significance to further understand the application of SIF in agriculture drought detection. The spatio-temporal patterns and trends of standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), and standardized soil-moisture index (SSI), have compared against solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence health index (SHI) anomaly for short, and mid-term (herein 01, 03 and 06 month time scales) for seasonal drought monitoring. Furthermore, the spatial extent of SPEI, SSI and SHI anomaly well agreed for the 2009 drought event across region.Overall, SIF can be reliable tool for agricultural drought monitoring in a timely and accurate manner. The resultant water stress leads to reduction in vegetation which reflected changes in SHI anomaly. This showcasing the ability of SIF to provide insight the link between carbon and water during droughts. Furthermore, it will enhance information for stakeholders, interested into future carbon-water cycle studies. Keywords: SPEI, SSI, SHI, and agricultural drought.
Low resilience of fractured groundwater systems to climate change and human activities
Authors: Su Jintao , Luo Xin , Jiao Jimmy
Published: February 2023

Groundwater, as an essential and dynamic part of hydrosphere, sustains the water demands and livelihoods in diverse landscapes and ecosystems. Currently, understanding on groundwater responses to climate variability is less addressed in IPCC reports yet important for future projections of water resources and management. Recent studies demonstrate that aridity index and likely hydrogeological setting jointly control the climate resilience of groundwater regionally and globally. However, most of these studies are bounded to quaternary sedimentary aquifers (i.e., North China plain, U.S. plains, Nubia plains) subject to intensive agricultural activities. Compared with quaternary aquifers which is dominated by porous media, groundwater in fractured bedrocks flows faster because of smaller effective porosities. The discharge and recharge processes are therefore expected to be more sensitive to climate variability and anthropogenic activities (i.e., pumping, urbanization, and reclamation) in fractured aquifer, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear, mainly limited by the lack of mature theory to delineate the interplays between fractured aquifers, climatic processes and human forcings, and the scarcity of long-term observation in the fractured bedrock aquifers.In this study, we leveraged the decadal weekly monitoring (1971-2000) of rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, groundwater table, and stream discharge the headwater catchments dominated by fractured aquifers. with and without major human disturbance. We identified the significantly lower resilience of these fractured groundwater systems to change climates and human activities. By examining the variations and phases of recharge and discharge (baseflow to the river channel), we concluded that the rapid recharge-discharge in the fractured bedrock groundwater might serve as an effective push-pull process to significantly lower the resilience of fractured groundwater systems to climate changes and human disturbance. Topographic metrics i.e., slopes and concavity, are not likely to influence the interplay between fractured groundwater system and climate/human forcings. Our results also highlight the potential teleconnections between the fractured groundwater system and long-term climate changes (i.e., El Niño-Southern Oscillation/Asian summer monsoon/ Asian winter monsoon). This study advances the understanding the role and behaviors of fractured groundwater systems under changing climate and human disturbance and pave the way for a sustainable groundwater management in the fractured groundwater systems from local to global scales.
Influence of hydrological element on qualitative-quantitative assessment of geodiversity for geosite recognition based on Western Samoa, SW Pacific
Authors: Zakharovskyi Vladyslav , Nemeth Karoly
Published: February 2023

Geodiversity aspect concentrates on recognition and description of different elements of the abiotic nature, which range remains the same throughout majority of researchers; it includes geology, geomorphology, hydrology, climate, human and biological heritage (ex. Cultural objects and Fossils). However, here we decided to explore the hydrological aspect more precisely, which always mentioned but rarely described and/or implemented into assessment. Hence, we decided to explore it and calculate as an additional value for qualitative-quantitative assessment of geodiversity for geosite recognition. The assessment has developed based on the global parameter simply recognizable for two main elements geology and geomorphology, with an aim to highlight places of interest to minimize the area of field observation. Meanwhile, all other elements of geodiversity have considered as additional processes and materials which are influencing geological formation, where hydrology is setting eminent position.            For assessment of hydrology, we concentrated on two of the most common parameters, which can be easily calculated from standard SRTM data: Strahler order and watershed basin. Strahler order is demonstrated streams as branch hierarchy, where the sources are considered as first order and the main river is the last possible order. The evaluation system is directly connected to Strahler order as the larges stream is likely to carry the most diverse variety of rock samples transported from the high elevation source areas. Additionally, watershed area parameters have been used as overlapping layer for the geological model to demonstrate what kind of rock particles can be transported by the river system in particular water basin. Hence, this research explores influence of hydrological element on results of qualitative-quantitative assessment of geodiversity based on territory of Western Samoa, which includes Savaii and Upolu Islands dominated by Holocene shield volcanos and post/shield scoria cones.    
New 3D models for the subducted lithosphere of the Eastern Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Yeung Sonia , Forster Marnie , Jelsma Hielke , Simmons Adam , Spakman Wim , Lister Gordon
Published: February 2023

We present a new regional three-dimensional (3D) slab reconstruction of the Eastern Mediterranean Basin utilising the UU-P07 global tomography model and two earthquake data packages (GCMT and ISC) to produce 3D slab models to a depth of 2900 km. The model data are permissive of the presence of a south-eastward-propagating horizontal tear in the Aegean slab beneath the Rhodope Massif in the Balkanides extending towards the Thermaic Gulf. Alternatively: i) the local pattern of reduced amplitudes at ~ 200km depth could also reflect a different type of lithosphere; and/ or ii) tearing might have been preceded by down-dip stretching, resulting in abrupt thinning of the lithosphere in the extended zone.Further to the southeast, beneath the Peloponnese and Crete, the model data support the existence of multiple subduction-transform (or STEP) faults. The subduction–transforms have since themselves begun to founder, and to roll back towards the southeast.  Even further east, beneath Cyprus, the model data appears to support the existence of yet another STEP fault, linking the slab to the east flank of the Arabia indenter.  The 3D geometry of the subducted slabs demonstrates ‘lithological steps’ that formed as the lithosphere tore and bent while descending. Previous 3D reconstructions of the region’s deep lithospheric geometry confirmed the presence of fragmented segments but details on: i) the vertical extent of the descended slabs; and ii) the correlation between surface deformation structure and geometry at depth had yet to be established. In order to allow such a correlation, the 3D model was floated [or returned to the planet surface] utilizing a wire mesh with a Delaunay tessellation, using the program Pplates. This enabled area-balancing and therefore a more accurate approximation to the areal extent of the slabs prior to their subduction. The floated slab(s) can be incorporated in a 2D+time tectonic reconstruction to provide additional constraints not available using surface geology. The inferred tears correlate with surface structures such as the Strabo and Pliny trenches between the Hellenic Arc (Aegean Trench) and the Cyprian Trench near the Cyprus Arc, as well as with the seaward extent of the East Anatolian Fault separating the Cyprus Arc and the Arabian indenter. Such correlations between surface and deep lithospheric structures have four-dimensional (4D) implications for episodic closure of the West Tethys suture from its Mesozoic onset, through the tectonically active Tertiary to the present-day.
Stochastic Simulation of Realistic Continuous Snow Depth Time Series
Authors: Park Jeongha , Kim Dongkyun
Published: February 2023

We propose an approach for stochastic simulation of realistic continuous snow depth time series using a snow depth estimation model and a stochastic weather generation model. The snow depth estimation model consists of three steps: (1) determination of the precipitation type, (2) estimation of  the snow ratio, and (3) estimation of the decreased snow depth. In the first step, air temperature and relative humidity are used as indicators to determine the type of precipitation when precipitation occurs. In the second step, when the type is determined as snow, the snow ratio is estimated, converting the depth of precipitation into depth of fresh snow. Here, the air temperature is used as an indicator to estimate the snow ratio using sigomidal relationship with the snow ratio. In the last step, the amount of decreased snow depth was estimated using a novel temperature index snowmelt equation considering a trend of depth-dependent decreasing snow depth. The snow depth estimation model was applied to the four snowiest meteorological stations of Korea and yielded high Nash Sutcliffe efficiency values which ranged between 0.745 and 0.875 for calibration, and ranged between 0.432 and 0.753 for validation. This calibrated snow depth estimation model was then applied to the simulated weather time series (precipitation, temperature, and relative humidity) from the stochastic weather generation model to simulate continuous snow depth time series. The simulated snow depth data accurately reproduced standard and extreme value statistics of the observed data, the latter of which were consistent with the estimates provided in Korean Building Code. Then, the model was extended to investigate the influence of climate change on the future snow depth. For this, future weather statistics were obtained by applying factor of change to the current weather statistics and then were used to calibrate the weather generation model. Lastly, the future snow depth time series for three future time windows (2021-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100) were simulated using future weather time series and snow depth estimation model. This research was supported by a grant(2022-MOIS61-003) of Development Risk Prediction Technology of Storm and Flood for Climate Change based on Artificial Intelligence funded by Ministry of Interior and Safety(MOIS, Korea).
Impact of energy and vehicle transformation through 2050 on atmospheric PM2.5-metals concentration and aerosol acidity that induce respiratory inflammation in Japan; focus on the changes in exhaust/non-exhaust and upstream emissions
Authors: Kayaba Satoko , Kajino Mizuo
Published: February 2023

Transition metal components in PM2.5 induce inflammation of the respiratory system. The increase in aerosol acidity due to gaseous pollutants promotes metal dissolution and contributes to redox activation. In this study, the impact of renewable energy shifting, passenger car electrification and light-weighting on atmospheric concentration of PM2.5 total mass, Fe, Cu, Zn and aerosol acidity in Japan over 2050 was evaluated using a regional meteorology-chemistry model. The primary emissions of PM2.5, Fe, Cu, and Zn were reduced by 9%, 19%, 18% and 10%, and their surface wide-area concentrations decreased 6 – 8%, 10 – 12%, 16 – 18% and 2 – 4%, respectively. On a PM2.5 mass basis, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have been considered to have no advantage in non-exhaust PM emissions because the increased tire and road wear and resuspension due to their heavy weight offset the benefit of brake wear reduction by regenerative brake. Indeed, passenger car electrification without light-weighting also did not significantly reduce total primary PM2.5 emissions in Japan in this study (-1.4%), but was highly effective in reducing metals, especially Fe and Cu (-6.7% and -11.4%, respectively). Furthermore, this study estimated that even tire and road wear and resuspension could be reduced if the drive battery and body frame were light-weighted, and the benefit would be larger. Therefore, vehicle electrification (mainly BEVs) and light-weighting could be one of the effective means of reducing the risks of respiratory inflammation. The renewable energy shifting reduced SOx and NOx emissions from thermal power plants and decreased aerosol acidity near power plants (approximately pH +0.2), while the passenger car electrification reduced NOx and NH3 emissions and slightly increased aerosol acidity in urban, as a result of acid-base balance (in July, approximately pH -0.1 – -0.2). However, anyway, the sensitivity of water-soluble metal concentrations was mostly dependent on changes in primary metal emissions and little affected by changes in aerosol acidity (0 – +2% for Fe, 0 – +0.5% for Cu and Zn). Therefore, it was suggested that primary emission control of metals is more important than gaseous pollutants in reducing water-soluble metal concentrations.
Performance of Low-Cost Sensors in Measuring Particulate Matter Concentrations in Indoor and Outdoor Environments
Authors: Rubal Rubal , Ambekar Anirudha , Thajudeen Thaseem
Published: February 2023

Air pollution is one of the major causes of early death worldwide and is especially widespread in many low-and middle-income nations (LMICs). Preliminary monitoring networks, satellite retrievals of air-quality-relevant species, and air quality models show that in Asian countries, ambient fine particulate matter (PM) concentrations exceed World Health Organization guidelines, despite the fact that many areas generally remain unmonitored and understudied. The size of PM in the air and the ratio of fine to coarse PM determine the ability to affect the environment and health. Although better monitoring of the air quality levels is of prime importance, the costs involved in setting up monitoring stations are often a big hurdle. This study investigates the distribution and proportion of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 at multiple locations in an educational institute in Goa. In addition to continuous monitoring using low-cost sensors (LCS), including PMS5003, PMS A003, PMS 7003, Winsen ZH 06, SPS 30, Novafitness SDS 011, and Honeywell HPMA, we have also attempted to compare the performance of these sensors with Alphasense OPC N3 at Indian Institute of Technology Goa. The performance of LCS was examined in a variety of environmental settings throughout the research period. The factors such as reference bias, temporal drift, particle composition effect, Pearson correlation, sensor repeatability, and climatic influence on sensor data have been analyzed to assess their significance in the analytical results. Pearson correlations (r = 0.64 - 0.83) between the investigated devices demonstrated the efficacy of low-cost Plantower PM sensors in monitoring PM10 and PM 2.5 in the field. The correlation between the low-cost sensor and OPC was lower in sites with a more significant concentration of coarse particles. As expected, the measurements are also influenced by atmospheric conditions, particularly temperature and relative humidity. The time-series results also clearly show the increased concentration levels during the winter (greater than the national standards) but less in summer and winter. This study also attempts to analyze the air quality at different locations in Goa with LCS, and the PM concentration is compared with gravimetric samplers at those locations.
Major results from the Hisaki mission and future perspectives
Authors: Tsuchiya Fuminori , Kasaba Yasumasa , Yoshikawa Ichiro , Murakami Go , Yamazaki Atsushi , Yoshioka Kazuo , Kimura Tomoki , Tao Chihiro , Koga Ryoichi , Kita Hajime , Masunaga Kei , Kagitani Masato , Sakai Shotaro , Kuwabara Masaki
Published: February 2023

Hisaki is an earth orbiting extreme ultraviolet spectroscope dedicated for observing solar system planets. Thanks to its monitoring capability, Hisaki has carried out unprecedented continuous observation of Io plasma torus, Jovian aurora, and Mars and Venus upper atmosphere since December 2013. One of notable phenomena observed by Hisaki is significant enhancements of neutral gas (sodium and oxygen) from Io occurred in the spring of 2015. Hisaki revealed that not only the plasma source, but transport, heating, and loss processes of magnetospheric plasma were influenced by the variation in the neutral source input. The presentation will include related topics from recent Hisaki publication. Since the autumn of 2016, the Juno spacecraft was in the orbit around Jupiter. Hisaki monitored activities of Jovian aurora and the plasma torus in the Juno era. These datasets will provide opportunities to compare in-situ observation by Juno with the global view by Hisaki. JAXA approved the Hisaki mission period by the end of March 2023. As a future remote observation platform, we are going to propose a UV space telescope, LAPYUTA (Life-environmentology, Astronomy, and PlanetarY Ultraviolet Telescope Assembly), a Japanese-leading mission using heritages of UV instruments for planetary science (e.g., Hisaki) and space telescope techniques for astronomy. One of goals of this mission is dynamics of our solar system planets and moons as the most quantifiable archetypes of extraterrestrial habitable environments in the universe. Water plume that gushes from the subsurface ocean of Galilean moons and tenuous atmosphere which is generated by bombardment of energetic charged particles to the surface are primary targets of LAPYUTA. As the plume activity and the atmosphere are not stable, continuous monitoring with high spatial resolution is essential. The icy moon's plume and ambient space will be deeply explored with the spacecraft by NASA's and ESA's icy moon missions in 2020s-2030s. The complementary remote sensing by LAPYUTA will visualize their global structure and temporal dynamics.
Does plant ecosystem thermoregulation occur?
Authors: Guo Zhengfei , Still Christopher , Lee Calvin , Ryu Youngryel , Blonder Benjamin , Wang Jing , Bonebrake Timothy , Hughes Alice , Li Yan , Yeung Henry , Zhang Kun , Law Ying , Lin Ziyu , Wu Jin
Published: February 2023

To what extent plants thermoregulate their canopy temperature (Tc) in response to environmental variability is a fundamental question in ecology, and influences accurate projections of plants' metabolic response and resilience to climate change. However, debate remains, with opinions ranging from no to moderate plant thermoregulation capacities. Traditionally, it has been hypothesized that if plant thermoregulation occurs (i.e. ‘limited homeothermy’ hypothesis holds): 1) Tc will change more slowly than Ta over time, leading the Tcvs. Ta regression slope < 1; 2) Tc is cooler than Ta when Ta exceeds some threshold, typically during high net radiation conditions (e.g. at midday). Here, with global datasets of Tc, air temperature (Ta), and other environmental and biotic variables from FLUXNET and satellites, we tested the ‘limited homeothermy’ hypothesis across global extratropics, including temporal and spatial dimensions. Our results demonstrate that across daily to monthly timescales, over 80% of sites/ecosystems have Tcvs. Ta regression slopes≥1 or Tc>Ta around midday, which rejects the ‘limited homeothermy’ hypothesis. For those sites unsupporting the hypothesis, their Tc-Ta difference (ΔT) still exhibits considerable seasonality that is negatively, partially correlated with their canopy structure seasonality (as indicated by leaf area index), implying a certain degree of thermoregulation capability. Across global sites, both site-mean ΔT and slope indicator exhibit considerable spatial variability, with ΔT having greater variability than the slope indicator. Furthermore, this large spatial ΔT variation (0-6°C) can be mainly explained by environmental variables (38%) and, to a lesser extent, by biological factors (15%). Our results suggested that plant thermoregulation patterns are diverse across global extratropics, with most ecosystems rejecting the ‘limited homeothermy’ hypothesis, but their thermoregulation still occurs, implying that slope<1 or Tc<Ta are not necessary conditions for plant thermoregulation.