bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Application Timing of Insecticides on Control of Southern Masked Chafer, 1997
Authors: Heng-Moss T. M. , Weinhold A. P. , Baxendale F. P.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE, on a golf course rough. The turf (50% Kentucky bluegrass and 50% perennial rye) was maintained at a mowing height of 2.0 inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.75 inch. Field conditions at the study site were; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3.5%; soil pH, 6.5; water pH, 7.0. Environmental conditions at the time of application, (17 Jun, and 12 Aug) were as follows: soil moisture 20%, and 22% by wt respectively; air temperature 84° F, and 64° F; soil temperature 65° F, and 66° F; relative humidity 32%, and 88%; wind direction and velocity 245° at 3 mph., and 345° at 7 mph. Plots were 6 X 10 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Liquid insecticides were applied using a CO2 sprayer with a TeeJet® 8002 nozzle at 30 psi and delivering 87 gpa. Following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Post-treatment precipitation totaled 8.34 inches. Treatments were evaluated 80 days after the first application on 05 Sep by removing from each plot six, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (2.10 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Control of European Chafer on Turf, 1997
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

An area of non-irrigated rough at The Country Club of Jackson in Jackson County. MI was used for this test. Plots were 4 ft X 4 ft separated by a 1-ft-wide buffer strip. Treatment grids were all laid out at the same time. Three different treatment blocks, each with its own check, were set up adjacent to each other. All treatments were replicated 6 times. Treatments 1-7 were applied on 17 Jun (Block 1). Treatments 8-14 were applied on 25 Jul (Block 2). Treatments 15-21 were applied on 29 Aug. All plots were irrigated with a sprinkler (0.5-0.7 cm water) immediately after all of the treatments were applied for the day. All liquid applications were made with a hand-held CO2 R&D Sprayer with a single 8003 nozzle at 50 psi at a rate of 175 gal/A finished spray. Granular materials were applied with a hand-held “salt shaker.” The plots were evaluated between 8 Sep and 7 Oct by digging a 2.04-ft2 area from the middle of each plot and counting the number of grubs.
Efficacy of Talstar Flow Able and Granular as a Preventative Against Black Turfgrass Ataenius Adults, 1997
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Lamarche Rachel , Hodgson Meggan
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted at Campbell’s Scottish Highlands Golf Course, Salem, NH. Four replications of six treatments were applied to a bluegrass fairway on 15 May at peak adult emergence. Each plot was 147 ft2, arranged in an RCB form. The liquid formulations were applied with a 2-wheel bicycle-type boom sprayer equipped with 4 spray heads; each head was fitted with an 8004 flattened fan-type nozzle and a 50-mesh strainer. CO2 was the source of pressure applied at 40 psi. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 1 gal/1000 ft2. All granulars were evenly applied with a large-holed, commercial salt shaker. The liquid formulations were allowed to dry; the granulars were watered in up to M". Weather conditions were as follows: air temp, 65°F; sky, overcast; wind, 10-15 mph. Soil conditions were as follows: temp (1-inch), 57°F; temp (2-inch), 55°F; texture, sandy loam; sand, 68%; silt, 24%; clay, 8%; moisture, 21.2%; organic matter, 5.2%; pH, 7. On 23 Jul, 2-ft2 sections of each plot were rated for live larvae; a Ryan sod cutter was used to cut into the turf.
Control of Glassywinged Sharpshooters on Oleander Under Greenhouse Conditions, Spring 1997
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A. , Blua M. J.
Published: December 2017

Rooted oleander cuttings were placed in 10-cm pots and allowed 8 wk growth (20-30 cm tall) before use. The plants were fertilized once a week with Mii acle Grow (150 mg N/liter) and irrigated every other d for three min by drip system. Plants were treated on 13 May with a backpack sprayer at 30-40 ps Following treatment, plants were caged (40 cm diam X 70 cm high acetate cylinder with screened top). Each cage contained 2 plants from a single treai ment and represented a single replicate. Eight wild (field collected) glassywinged sharpshooters were introduced each cage for 48 hours. Observations c mortality were made at 4, 24, and 48 hrs. This methodology was repeated on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 (new insects each time). A RBC design was used wit 3 replicates per treatment. Data were transformed arcsine vx prior to ANOVA, and Duncan’s multiple range test was used to separate means.
Efficacy of Foliar Applications of Acetamiprid and Fipronil on the Silverleaf Whitefly Under Greenhouse Conditions, 1997
Authors: Costa H. S. , Bethke J. A. , Redak R. A.
Published: December 2017

All trials were conducted in the greenhouse using Freedom Red® variety of poinsettia plants as hosts. Plants were treated using a 3-gal backpack sprayer, approximately 25 psi. No phytotoxicity was observed throughout the length of the trial. Trial 1. Groups of 10 whitefly adults were clip caged onto the undersides of the 5th newest open leaf of 40 poinsettia plants and allowed to oviposit for 6 hours. After 6 hours, adults were removed and the number of eggs counted on each leaf. Leaves with less than 10 eggs oviposited were not used in the study. Eggs were monitored until hatch and the number of immatures counted. Plants were treated when immatures were 1st to 2nd instar. Five plants were used for each of seven treatments. The number of immatures alive and dead were recorded 3, 7, and 10 days after treatment, and the percent mortality was calculated. Trial 2. Poinsettia plants naturally infested with immature whiteflies were treated with pesticides. Leaves with whitefly nymphs were selected from treated plants, five plants were sampled for each treatment. The majority of immatures on these leaves were 3rd^lth instar at time of treatment. The number of live and dead immatures present in a 3-cm-diameter circle was recorded 3, 7, and 10 days after treatment, and the percentage mortality calculated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Fisher’s LSD separation of means (P = 0.05). Means and standard errors are reported from untransformed data.
Insect Control on Apples Using Bt, 1997
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R.
Published: December 2017

A block of ‘Law Rome’ apple trees with a tree-row volume of approximately 200 gpa was used for this study in Dana, NC. Plots consisted of five trees with two trees serving as sample trees set up in a RCBD with four replications. All plots received the same fungicide program throughout the season and received 2% oil at green tip, Asana XL at tight cluster (29 March), and Guthion 50 W at petal fall (8 May). Applications for first-generation TABM were made on 17 Jun and 3 and 16 Jul which corresponded to 3rd, 4th and 5th cover sprays. Applications were made with a handgun sprayer operating at 175 psi and delivering 200 gpa.
Management of A White Grub Complex Prior to Egg Lay with 1.5-G Formulations of Halofenozide and Mach-2 Liquid Insecticide, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass (70%) and annual bluegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were added to 2.5 gal water and applied with a hand held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with fine top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (10 Jun) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 86° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 80° F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 70° F; RH, 45%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.375 inch; soil textural class, loam; soil particle size analysis: sand, 36.6%; silt, 47.5%; clay, 15.9%; organic matter, 3.4%; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 13.9; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.8; application time, late morning; and skies sunny. Immediately after application treatments were irrigated in with 0.1 inch of water. Post-treatment counts were made on 30 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of JB and NMC grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Management of a White Grub Complex After Egg Lay With 1.5-G Formulations of Halofenozide and Mach-2 Liquid Insecticide, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area, located in York County, PA, consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass (70%) and annual bluegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were mixed to 2.5 gal water and applied with a hand-held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with fine top dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (7 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 73° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 73° F: soil temperature at 2 inch, 70° F; RH, 30%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.375 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: sand, 35.1%; silt, 52.4%; clay, 12.5%; organic matter, 7.3%; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 21.0; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.8; application time, mid-morning; and skies sunny. Immediately after application treatments were irrigated in with 0.1 inch of water. Post-treatment counts were made on 30 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of JB, MJB, and NMC grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Efficacy of Halofenozide and Imidacloprid Treatments, Applied One Month After Post-Oviposition, to Suppress White Grubs, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass, located in University Park, PA, consisted primarily of perennial ryegrass (100%). Treatment plots were 8 x 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 727 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with fine top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. Three white PVC cylinders (8-inch diam X 6-inch height) were placed in each replicate and secured in place. Twenty-five JB adults were placed within each chamber and maintained inside by covering individual cylinders with white shade cloth. The latter procedure allowed for oviposition by adult females. PVC cylinders were removed following death of adult beetles. At treatment time (8 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 68° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 64° F; soil temperature at 2 inch 63° F; RH, 72%; amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.125 inch; soil textural class silty clay loam; soil particle size analysis: 16.4% sand, 55.0% silt, 28.6% clay; organic matter, 6.7%; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 22.3; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.9; treatments were applied in mid-morning; and clear skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.1 inch of water after treatments had dried. The area received extensive pre-irrigation watering because of the extremely dry weather conditions with 4.5 inches applied from Jul 2 through Jul 17. Additional irrigation was applied on an as needed basis. Posttreatment counts were completed on 25 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of JB grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Evaluation of Efficacy of Conventional and Experimental Insecticides for Control of Lepidopter-Ous Pests of Apples in Illinois, 1997
Authors: Weinzierl R. , Paoli R. L. , Shaw J. T. , Finger J. W.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were evaluated on a six-year stand of Gala trees at the University of Illinois Cruse Farm Urbana, Illinois. Applications for the DPX-MP062 were made every 10 days beginning on May 19,.at petal-fall: 19 and 29 May, 9, 19, and 30 Jun, 10, 20, and 30 Jul, 13 and 17 Aug. The Imadan applications were started in late May as follows: 29 May 10 and 24 Jun, 24 Jul, and 5 Aug. Checks received no treatment. All insecticide treatments were applied with an FMC-320 Airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 100 psi and 3.0 mph.
Control of Pavement Ants Around Apartment Buildings at Michigan State University, 1997
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Bak E. S. , Davis T. W. , Mott M. A.
Published: December 2017

Twelve apartment buildings with pavement ant activity were identified at MSU. The apartments were randomly selected for a perimeter treatment 1 ft up the foundation, 4 ft out on the turf, and approximately 110 ft in length. Each treatment was replicated three times. A population census was taken on 11 Jul using eight 3-inch-dia petri dishes per structure, baited with 3 ml of ‘Aunt Jemima Lite’ pancake syrup. The treatments were made on 11 Jul using a compressed air sprayer with a single-cone nozzle. Each treatment was applied to run off (approx. 1.75 gal per structure). Evaluations were made on 12 Jul (the bait dishes were placed in the treated area 4 hours after the treatments had dried), 18 Jul, 25 Jul, 1 Aug, 8 Aug, 15 Aug, 23 Aug, and 29 Aug by placing 8 pan-cake syrup-baited petri dishes in each of the treatment areas 18 hours in advance and then counting the number of ants in each dish.
Laboratory Bioassay of Beauveria Bassiana and Spinosad for Control of Grasshoppers
Authors: Demirel Nihat , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were con ducted with adult, field collected migratory grasshoppers to determine susceptibility to ingestion exposure to Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA (BotaniGard WP) or spinosad (Conserve SC). Grasshoppers were confined, 8 per petri dish, with 5 petri dishes used per treatment. Alfalfa was dipped in serial dilutions (0.25X) of the test materials, allowed to air dry and then placed with grasshoppers. After the originally treated foliage was consumed, untreated foliage was used to maintain grasshoppers in all treatments. Mortality was assessed at 24 hour intervals for six days following exposure.
Evaluation of Cabbage Varieties for Resistance to Diamondback Moth, 1995
Authors: Ivey P. W. , Johnson S. J.
Published: December 2017

A CR design with a split-plot treatment arrangement was used to partition cabbage variety and B. thuringiensis effects on DBM population in Port Antonio, Portland, Jamaica. Main plots were variety and consisted of two rows, 2.73 m long and 0.45 m wide, with 1.52-m unplanted areas between them. Subplots were insecticide treatment and consisted of one row treated with B. thuringiensis and the other untreated. Cabbage varieties selected were ‘Tropicana’ (a new hybrid), ‘Early Jersey’ (an open pollinated variety) (Petoseed, Saticoy, CA), and ‘KY Cross’ (the hybrid most widely grown in Jamaica) (Takii Seed, Kyoto, Japan). Plants were transplanted 0.45 m apart in raised beds spaced 0.91 m apart. Treatments for each cabbage variety were Agree 50 WP® (B. thuringiensis subspp. kurstaki and aizawai), applied weekly with a Solo 475 Knapsack Sprayer (Solo Incorporated, Newport News, VA) at the rate of 83 g in 15 liters of water, and untreated controls. Each treatment was replicated four times. Sampling of plants for diamondback moth was done weekly over a seven-week period (18 Nov to 30 Dec, 1995) by counting larvae on the leaves of 20 (10 in each subplot) plants. Insect count data were analyzed with ANOVA, and, where significant differences among insecticide treatments and cabbage varieties were detected, Fisher’s LSD Test was used for means separation.
Comparison of 6 Varieties of Spring Wheat for Resistance to Russian Wheat Aphid and Hessian Fly. 1997
Authors: Bragg D. E.
Published: December 2017

Six varieties of spring wheat plus a and a check of ‘Alpowa’ seed treated with Gaucho 480 (2 oz product/cwt seed) were seeded on 5 May at the USDA-ARS CFRF in on-farm strips of 15 X 354 feet per replicate in a CRB design. The 6 varieties and the check were evaluated 65-DAE (Feeks Scale 10) for % HF infested tillers and % RWA infested tillers. Comparison of the number of RWA per tiller were also made. Harvest data were collected as yield and % protein on 15 Aug.
Evaluation of Spin Out Supercover Plus, Amoco Rfx, and Texel Tex-R Ground Cover Fabrics Against Two-Striped Slug, 1996
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. , Jacobsen C. M.
Published: December 2017

The active ingredient in Spin Out is copper hydroxide. Spin Out is incorporated into Supercover Plus, Amoco RFX, and Texel TEX-R ground cover fabrics to deter root development by means of chemical root pruning. Efficacy against the two-stripped slug were conducted from 2 Dec through 9 Dec 96 at the Panaewa Farm Lots in Hilo, HI (study 1) and from 23 Dec through 27 Dec at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Waiakea Research Station in Hilo, HI (study 2). In study 1, Supercover Plus, Texel Tex-R, and an untreated ground cover (PAK, Wallacoochee, GA) were cut to 12 ft2 pieces and randomly placed in a slug infested area. Treatments were replicated 4 times. The number of live slugs on or beneath the ground covers were recorded daily. During the test period (study 1) the average daily rainfall was 0.6 ± 0.4 inches at a pH of 4.7 ± 0.3. In study 2, 1.0 ft2 wooden boxes were lined with Texel Tex-R, Amoco RFX, and untreated (PAK, Wallacoochee, GA) ground cover fabrics. Fifteen grams of ‘iceberg’ lettuce were placed in each box. Ten field collected slugs (a 2.54 cm in length) were added to each box, then covered with a Plexiglas cover. Treatments were replicated 4 times. Mortality was accessed 1 and 4 days after the slugs were added.
Codling Moth Control in Pears, 1997
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Nomoto R. M.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted on mature ‘Bartletty’ pear trees in a commercial orchard near Fairfield, CA. Eight treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. Treatments were applied with a handheld orchard sprayer operating at 200 psi and delivering 200 gpa of finished spray (2.87 gal/tree). Application timings were based on degree days (DD). DD were calculated with a 25 Mar biofix for the first generation and 1 Jun for the second generation using a single sine horizontal cutoff model with a: lower threshold of 50°F and an upper threshold of 88°F and with air temperature data from the IMPACT weather station in Cordelia. Target DD application timings (with actual DD timings and dates in parentheses) were: Knack and Comply with or without Volck oil at 100 DD (137 DD-8 Apr) followed by Azinphos-M at 650 DD (678 DD-16 May) from 1st biofix and 250 DD (311 DD-17 Jun) from 2nd biofix; Comply with Volck oil at 100 DD (137 DD-8 Apr) and 500 DD (521 DD-8 May) from 1st biofix followed by Azinphos-M at 250 DD (311 DD-17 Jun) from 2nd biofix; Danitol, Brigade, and Azinphos-M (industry standard) at 250 (294 DD-21 Apr) and 650 DD (678 DD-16 May) from 1st biofix and 250 DD (311 DD-17 Jun) from 2nd biofix. Control of the first CM generation was evaluated on 4 Jun by inspecting 50 fruit from the bottom of the tree canopy and 50 fruit from the top of the tree canopy/replicate. Control of the second CM generation was evaluated at commercial harvest on 21 Jul by inspecting a maximum of 125 fruit from the bottom of the tree canopy and 125 fruit from the top of the tree canopy per replicate. Control of motile TSSM, ERM, and PP nymphs was evaluated weekly from 4 Jun through 21 Jul by sampling 10 exterior and 10 interior leaves/replicate. The leaves were brushed and the motile TSSM, ERM, and PP nymphs were counted under magnification (20X).
Evaluation of Admire 2F and an Entomopathogenic Nematode to Manage Oriental Beetle Popula-Tions on Blueberries, 1997
Authors: Polavarapu S. , Peng H. , Stuart R. J.
Published: December 2017

The effect of application time of Admire 2F (imidacloprid) and an entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (CruiserTM), on their efficacy against scarab grubs was assessed in blueberries. This trial was conducted in a 6-year-old ‘Elliott’ blueberry field in full production, near Hammonton, NJ. Blueberry bushes were approximately 4-5 ft tall and spaced 9 X 4 ft apart and were irrigated season long with overhead sprinklers. Soil type at this location was sandy loam with a pH of 4.0. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design with each replicate consisting of 36-ft long row of 8-9 bushes. Treatments were separated by a single row between blocks and 15-ft between treatments within a block. Three application timings of Admire (11 June, 8 July, 14 August) and two timings of Cruiser (8 July and 14 August) were evaluated. These dates approximately represent the beginning, peak, and completion of adult flight of OB in New Jersey. Insecticides were applied as a 1.5-ft band on both sides of the plant for a total of 108 ft2 per replicate. Insectides were applied with a CO2 pressurized Model T backpack sprayer (R & D sprayers) equipped with a single TeeJet nozzle (1105 VS) operated at 40 PSI and calibrated to deliver 100 gal/acre of finished spray. Field was irrigated for approximately 2 and 4 hours before and after spraying, respectively. Treatment effects were assessed by sampling soil and roots in 12-inches-diameter by 10-inches-deep areas around each of 4 randomly selected plants per replication for OB grubs. Plants were sampled between 23 September-3 October. Data were transformed to x + 0.5 before analysis of variance.
Insecticide Efficacy for Root Weevil on Red Raspberry, 1997
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Chamberlain J. D.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were replicated five times in a 4-year-old ‘Meeker’ raspberry field in La Center, WA. Plots measuring 1 row wide and 30 ft long were arranged in a RCB design. Full coverage sprays were applied on 10 Jun with a tractor-mounted 6-tank plot sprayer with an over-the-row boom. It was equipped with 14 D3-45 TeeJet nozzles per row at 200 psi and delivered 130 gal/acre at 2 mph. Basal sprays were applied with the same sprayer while using only the 3 lower nozzles on each side of the row. The nozzles were spaced 10 inches apart and the lower one was 12 inches above the soil line. Sampling began at 10 PM by placing a 3-ft-wide by 10-ft-long white cloth under each side of the row near the center of the plot. The top training wire was grasped tightly by hand and given 10 vigorous shakes. The weevils that were knocked off were counted with the aid of a flashlight and returned to the plots for later evaluation. Evaluations were made at 3, 6 and 14 DAT.
Root Weevil Control on Red Raspberry, 1997
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Chamberlain J. D.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were replicated five times in a 4-year-old ‘Chilliwack’ raspberry field j in Vancouver, WA. Plots measuring 1 row wide and 30 ft long were arranged in a RCB design. Full coverage sprays were applied on 10 Jun with a tractor-mounted 6-tank plot sprayer with an over-the-row boom. It was equipped with 14 D3-45 TeeJet nozzles per row at 200 psi and delivered 130 gal/acre at 2 mph. Basal sprays were applied with the same sprayer while using only the 3 lower nozzles on each side of the row. The nozzles were spaced 10 j inches apart and the lower one was 12 inches above the soil line. Sampling began at 10 PM by placing a 3-ft-wide by 10-ft-long white cloth under each side | of the row near the center of the plot. The top training wire was grasped tightly by hand and given 10 vigorous shakes. The weevils that were knocked off j were counted with the aid of a flashlight and returned to the plots. Evaluations were made at 3, 6, and 14 DAT. Brigade and Alert were reapplied 27 Jun j and sampled 4 and 14 DAT. Alert and both Brigade treatments significantly reduced the number of BVW up to 14 DAT and 4 DAT of the second application.
Bioassay Evaluation of Insecticides on Strawberry Fruit and Foliage, 1997
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S.
Published: December 2017

Four insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against pest species listed above. A 5-year-old Allstar strawberry planting located at Moreland, OH was utilized for this study. Plots consisted of an 18-ft2 area, with 4 replicates per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar spray at the rate of 100 gpa (935 1/ha) on 17 July, using a hand-held constant-pressure CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-Tee Jet nozzle. Once the foliage dried, 3 leaves and 2 berries were sampled from the middle of each replicate and placed in ventilated 450-ml plastic containers. Five adults of each insect were added to each container. Tarnished plant bugs and spittle bugs utilized in this study were obtained from an untreated hay field. Strawberry sap beetles were obtained from laboratory-reared colonies. The number of dead insects was recorded after 24 hrs. of exposure to the treated fruit and foliage.
Evaluation of Micromite for Citrus Rust Mite Control, 1997
Authors: French J. Victor , Villarreal Santiago
Published: December 2017

Two Micromite formulations (25 W and 4 L) were compared to Alert 2 SC and Agri-Mek 0.15 EC + NR 435 Oil standard treatments for efficacy against CRM. A randomized block design was used with each treatment replicated 4 times on plots of 6 trees in a grove of 12-yr-old ‘Ruby Red’ grapefruit trees planted on 15 X 28 ft spacing. Treatment sprays were applied on 24 Apr and reapplied on 29 May, by an FMC 1229 commercial single volute sprayer with nozzling, pressure and speed calibrated to deliver 200 gpa. At each pre- and post-spray count, 25 fruit per replicate were randomly selected and examined for CRM in situ with a 10X handlens. All live CRM were counted in two, 1-sq-cm lens fields on the shaded side of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation.
Rust Mite Control on Citrus with Alert, 1997
Authors: Johnson Seth J. , Bourgeois Wayne J.
Published: December 2017

Alert at two rates per acre was compared with Alert at the lower rate tank mixed with Sunspray 7E petroleum oil and Vendex 50 WP. Treatments were assigned to 3 X 3 (= 9 trees) plots in a modified RCB design, replicated 3 times on 10- to 12-ft.-tall trees with 20 X 25 ft. spacing. Treatments were applied on 30 Jun using an FMC 1029 - 1 PTO airblast sprayer with speed, nozzling, and pressure adjusted to deliver 250 gpa. At each valuation date, 20 fruit were randomly selected and examined on the center tree within each replicate using a 10X handlens. All live PCRM (except eggs) were counted in two, 1 -cm2 lens field on partially shaded sides of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were combined and recorded as one observation. The fruit were also rated for damage in terms of % fruit surface russeted and % fruit rejected from U.S. No. 1 grade. Data on PCRM counts were statistically analyzed without transformation. Data on cumulative damage ratings were statistically analyzed after arcsine transformation. Untransformed means are presented in the table for comparison.
Insecticidal Control of Brown Citrus Aphid on Sweet Orange, 1997
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M. , Carlin P. W.
Published: December 2017

The trial was conducted in a commercial block of four-year-old ‘Valencia’ orange rooted to Carrizo citrange planted on a 12 X 24 ft. spacing. A RCB block design was used with 4 replications in separate rows and 5 treatments distributed in single-row plots separated by at least one guard tree. At least 10 new shoots not yet fully expanded and heavily infested with BCA were tagged at the onset of the trial. Foliar treatments were sprayed by hand on 24 Jun using a trailer-mounted sprayer equipped with a 13” brass GunJet Spray Gun fitted with a hardened stainless steel #3 orifice disc-type nozzle. The sprayer was supplied by a gasoline-powered diaphragm pump operating at 200 psi and calibrated to deliver 101 gpa. Tagged colonies were evaluated one day prior to treatment and 2, 7, and 14 DAT using a rating scale of 0 to 6:0 = no aphids, 1 = 1-12 aphids, 2 = 12-50 aphids, 3 = 50-150 aphids, 4 = 150-500 aphids, 5 = 500-1,000 aphids, and 6 = > 1,000 aphids. Average colony size was estimated at 4.6 prior to treatments. In addition, aphids were counted on 5 new pieces of the youngest flush that could be found on each tree on 7, 14, 21 and 28 DAT.
Evaluation of Miticides for Control of Pecan Leaf Scorch Mite on Pecan, 1997
Authors: Hall Michael , Shelton Richard
Published: December 2017

The trials were conducted at the Pecan Research-Extension Station on 60-year-old trees of the ‘Stuart’ cultivar. The miticides evaluated included Alert 2 SC at 0.05 and 0.10 lb (AI)/acre, Kelthane MF at 0.370 lb (AI)/acre, and TD-2383 at 0.750 lb (AI)/acre. Plots were laid out in a RCB design, with each treatment replicated 4 times. Pre-treatment counts were made on 14 Jul. Counts were made by randomly selecting and removing 10 compound leaves from each of the four trees per treatment. The leaves were then taken back to the laboratory where the number of mites and eggs found on the apical pair of leaflets were counted (40 pair of leaflets/treatment). Treatment applications were made on 15 Jul using a FMC 957 Speedsprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. Post-treatment counts were made at 7, 14, and 21 DAT. The procedures used for making post-treatment counts were identical to those used for making pre-treatment counts.
American Walnut Aphid Control, Ft. Collins, Co 1997
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted in a small grove of walnut in Ft. Collins, CO that was heavily infested by a late-season outbreak of American walnut aphid. Treatments involved spraying of individual leaves on 1 Sep with a handpump mister to wet the leaf surfaces. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications. Evaluation was done four days after treatment (5 Sep) and involved counting all aphids on four center leaflets on each treated leaf.
European Corn Borer Control, 1997
Authors: Eckenrode C. J. , Webb D. R. , Hessney M. L.
Published: December 2017

This planting was seeded on 25 Jun at the Fruit and Vegetable Research Farm near Geneva, NY, using a tractor-powered two-row seeder planting 8 seeds/ft. Plots consisted of two rows 50 ft long with 3 ft row widths. Each plot was separated by two untreated buffer rows to minimize spray drift. Each treatment was replicated four times in a RCB design with a 20-ft buffer zone between adjacent replications. In this trial, larvae were inoculated in each plot twice, about 24 h pre- and post-spray, respectively. It was necessary to infest snap bean plots with ECB with colonies because exceedingly low levels of natural infestation of beans by this pest in this climate precluded statistical comparisons among 1 treatments. Plants were in varying stages of development (i.e., pre-bloom to pin pod) at the time of larval inoculation, the majority being in late bloom. On 18 Aug, an estimated 595 ECB first instars were placed on 30 ft of each treatment row in each replication. Before the inoculations were initiated, larvae were evenly dispersed in corncob grits. They were then applied evenly over the plants with a Davis Insect Inoculator (Bio-serv, Inc., P.O. Box 450, Frenchtown, NJ 08825). The plant foliage was moistened with water before the inoculations using a backpack sprayer so that the mix of corn cob grits and larvae would adhere to the foliage. On 19 Aug, spray treatments were applied using a CO2 powered tractor mounted six nozzle boom delivering 45 gal water/acre at 40 lbs psi. The second inoculation consisted of about 560 ECB larvae placed on only 15 ft of each treatment row on 20 Aug. Thus, there were portions of each row that received two inoculations (simulating two oviposition periods) while the rest of each row (clearly marked and staked) received only the first inoculation (simulating a single oviposition peak). Plants were inspected for ECB injury and larvae on 8 Sep by pulling out all plants in the 30-ft inoculated sections, thus including plants that were inoculated both once and twice.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control or Corn Earworm on Snap Bean, 1997
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: December 2017

Snap bean was planted on 28 Jul 1997,1 mile west of Stark City, MO. Plots consisted of seven 60-ft-long rows which were separated by 30-in space and one untreated row separated plots. : Experimental design was RCB with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a bicycle sprayer equipped with 10 Tee Jet 80015 nozzles calibrated to deliver 15.2 gpa at 2.4 mph. Treatments were applied 5, 10, and 17 Sep. At plant maturity (22 Sep), corn earworm were sampled by making 50 sweeps per plot and percentage pod damage was determined on 2-row meters harvested from the center 3 rows of each plot.
Evaluation of Repellents for Control of Flea Beetle on Broccoli, Co, 1997
Authors: Al-Doghairi Mohammed , Cranshaw Whitney , Gerace Dan , Al-Jaber Ahmed , Demirel Nihat , Tupy Andrea , Kramer-Wilson Karen , McElwey Sally
Published: December 2017

Broccoli (cv. ‘Premium Crop’) was transplanted on 19 May at the Horticulture Field Research Center in Ft. Collins, CO. Plots consisted of a single row, 20 ft in length (15-in in-row spacing) arranged in RCB design with four replications. Each plot consisted of 16 plants. Repellent treatments were applied on 4, 10, 17, and 27 Jun to point of runoff with a pump mister sprayer. Insect counts were made on 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 17, 18, 20, 23, and 28 Jun, and 4 Jul by whole plant examination of 5 plants in the center of each plot.
Control of Lepidoptera on Cabbage, 1997
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Dunlap Michael J.
Published: December 2017

‘Hinova’ cabbage was transplanted at the Fry Farm, OARDC, Wooster, OH, on 30 Jun. Plots were 2 rows wide on 36-in centers, 39 ft long, and separated by 11-ft alleys. Plants were at 16-inch spacing within the rows. Each treatment was replicated four times in a RCB design. Treflan 4 E at 2 pts/acre was incorporated 27 Jun prior to planting. Treatments were applied 25 Aug, 3 and 18 Sep using a tractor mounted drop nozzle boom sprayer delivering 50 gpa at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Three plants per plot were randomly selected and inspected for DBM, ICW, and CL small (lst-2nd instars) and large (≥3rd instars) larvae, and ICW and CL eggs, on 22 Aug, 2, and 9 Sep. On 24 Sep, three plants per plot were randomly selected and destructively sampled for the above as well as pupae of each species; the heads of these three plants were weighed. To rate marketability, 20 cabbage heads per plot were inspected on 25 Sep, and rated according to Greene et al. (J. Econ. Entomol. 62(4): 798-800). Data presented are from the 24 Sep insect samples and the marketability ratings
Control of Cabbage Looper, Diamondback Moth, and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage with Pyrethroid Insecticides, 1997
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Baumann Donna , Parr Annika
Published: December 2017

‘Bravo’ cabbage were planted in 35-ft-long 1-row plots on 31 Jul. Plants were spaced 22 inches apart in the row with 72 inches between rows. The treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 3 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 2.0 gal of water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at ] 30 psi. Treatments were applied on 20 and 27 Aug; 5, 22 Sep and 1, 7 Oct. Foliage injury was rated on 1-6 scale as follows: 1) no apparent insect feeding; 2) minor insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves, 0-1% leaf area eaten; 3) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with no head dam-1 age, 2-5% leaf area eaten; 4) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with minor feeding on head, 6-10% leaf head unmarketable during nor- j mal marketing conditions; 5) moderate to heavy feeding on wrapper and head leaves and moderate number of feeding scars on head, 11-30% of leaf area 1 eaten; 6) considerable insect feeding on wrapper and head leaves with head having numerous feeding scars, over 30% of leaf area eaten.
Control of Lepidopterous Insects on Cabbage, 1997
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R.
Published: December 2017

Six-week-old field-grown cabbage ‘Rio Verde’ transplants were planted on 20 May at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station (Fletcher, NC). Plots consisted of two 25-ft-long rows on 3.5-ft. centers with plants spaced at 12 inches within rows and 7 ft of cultivated soil between treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times and arranged in a RCB design. The evaluated materials are listed in the tables and all materials were applied on 30 Jun, 8, 17, and 24 Jul, and 1 and 8 Aug. Applications were made with a tractor-mounted PTO-powered sprayer delivering 50 gpa through 3 hollow-cone nozzles per row (1 overhead and 2 drop nozzles). Lepidopterous larval populations were counted weekly on 10 plants/treatment, and on each sample date the total number of small (1st to 3rd instar) and large (>3rd instar) larvae of each species was recorded. Crop quality was assessed on 30 Jul by rating 10 heads/treatment on a scale of 0-5 (description of scale in results table) and all heads receiving a rating of ≤2 were considered marketable. All data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA, and means were separated by LSD (P = 0.05).
Control of Aster Leafhopper on Carrots, 1997
Authors: O’Rourke P. K. , Burkness E. C. , Hutchison W. D.
Published: December 2017

‘Blaze’ was planted 16 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount, MN. Plots consisted of three 2-row raised beds, 25 ft (7.6 m) long. Beds were spaced at 3 ft (0.9 m), rows at 1 ft (0.3 m) with 12-ft (3.7 m) alleys separating all sides of each plot. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied witha CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using a single-nozzle wand fitted with an XR-Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzle with no screen. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 25 gpa (233.8 1/ha) at 35 psi (242 kPa). Three applications were made on 17 and 29 Jul, and 7 Aug. All sweep samples consisted often sweeps taken with a 15-inch diameter sweep net (nylon mesh) from the center two rows of each plot. A pre-application sweep sample was taken 1 d prior to each application. Sweeps for ALH were taken 1, 4, and 8 d after treatment (DAT).
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae with Insecticides, 1997
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Holloway C.Wade
Published: December 2017

‘Blue Max’ collards were direct seeded on Nov 12 near Sted-man, NC and ‘Morris’ collards were transplanted on 7 Jul at McGees Crossroads (MGX) near Benson, NC. Single-row plots 10 ft long on 42-inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design at both locations. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow-cone nozzle (18X) operating at 60 psi to deliver 54.5 gpa. Applications with Triton AG-98 (spreader) were made with all treatments in Test 1 on 28 May and in Tests 2 and 3 on 15, 21, and 27 Aug. Treatments 1 and 2 were applied as a tank mix. Visual estimates of foliar damage and insect counts were made for Test 1 on 4 Jun, and for Tests 2 and 3 on 21, and 27 Aug and 2 Sep.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn, 1997
Authors: McLeod Paul , Katayama R. W.
Published: December 2017

The study was located at the University of Arkansas Main Experimental Station, Fayetteville. Plot was a single 50-ft-long row. Single buffer rows separated plots. Insecticides were ap-plied with a backpack sprayer equipped with 1 Tee Jet 8003 nozzle calibrated to deliver 34.5 gpa at 30 psi. Treatments were applied 15, 18, 21, 24, and 27 Aug in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots were harvested on 29 Aug and ears were rated for damage: good (no CEW damage), damaged (ears with damage confined to the apical inch), and cull (ears with damage past the apical inch). Live CEW larvae within each ear were also counted. Data were analyzed with SAS Proc ANOVA and means of good, marketable (good + damaged ears), and larvae per ear were separated by LSD.
Evaluation of Foliar Materials to Control Lepidopterous Larvae on Sweet Corn, 1997
Authors: Nault Brian A. , Speese John
Published: December 2017

Sweet corn was planted on 30 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25-ft-long row, which was flanked by untreated guard rows, all separated by 3 ft space. There were 9 treatments plus an untreated check arranged in a RCB design with six replications. Two of the treatments were applied on a 5-6 d schedule (18, 25, and 31 Jul), whereas the remainder were applied on a 3-4-d schedule (18, 21, 25, 28, and 31 Jul). Materials were applied with a propane-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a single, hollow-cone nozzle/row calibrated to deliver 41 gal of spray/acre of 40 psi. Sprays were directed at the ears and were initiated when corn was in full silk. On 4 Aug, 15 ripe ears were taken from each plot and rated for damage as follows: fresh market (no damage), processing (no damage + damage only within 1.5 inches from the tip), cull (any damage between the base and 1.5 inches from the tip). The total numbers of live larvae of each species/15 ears were also counted.
Control of Fall Armyworm on Sweet Corn, Spring 1996B
Authors: Seal Dakshina R. , McCord Elzie
Published: December 2017

‘Silver Queen’ corn was seeded in Rockdale soil on 25 Feb 1996. A randomized complete block design was employed to provide 4 replicates each for 6 treatments comprising a plot size of 3 rows, 30 feet long. Insecticide applications were initiated when 2-5% of the plants were infested with FAW. Whorl treatments were continued on approximately 7-day intervals beginning 19 Mar. Whorl applications were made with a shaker jar, 10 cm above the whorl. This jar was fitted with a screen mesh lid appropriate for granular flow. No phytotoxicity was observed with either product. Evaluations were conducted 24 hours after each treatment by extracting 10 plants from plot centers, bagging in polyethylene bags and transporting to the laboratory. Each plant was dissected, larvae extracted and counted. FAW populations were significantly reduced by all treatment compared to untreated check plots.
Control of Fall Armyworm on Sweet Corn, Spring 1996C
Authors: Seal Dakshina R. , McCord Elzie
Published: December 2017

‘Silver Queen’ corn was seeded in Rockdale soil on 20 Mar 1996. A randomized complete block design was employed to provide 4 replicates each for 8 treatments comprising a plot size of 4 rows, 30 feet long. Insecticide applications were initiated two weeks after planting and continued on a 4-5-day interval beginning 31 Mar. Liquid insecticides were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles per row at 40 PSI delivering 70 GPA to the corn whorl. Granules were sprinkled into each plant whorl with an 8-oz. bottle fitted with a fine-mesh screw cap. Mesh openings were designed to allow proper release of the sized granules. Larvae were counted in 10 randomly selected whorls in the center 20 feet of each plot row. Although FAW population were unseasonably low, all treatments significantly reduced the number of larvae per whorl, on average, except MYX837-936 at 2 qt/acre.
Rcupcake: an R package for querying and analyzing biomedical data through the BD2K PIC-SURE RESTful API
Authors: Gutiérrez-Sacristán Alba , Guedj Romain , Korodi Gabor , Stedman Jason , Furlong Laura I , Patel Chirag J , Kohane Isaac S , Avillach Paul
Published: December 2017

Motivation

In the era of big data and precision medicine, the number of databases containing clinical, environmental, self-reported and biochemical variables is increasing exponentially. Enabling the experts to focus on their research questions rather than on computational data management, access and analysis is one of the most significant challenges nowadays.

Results

We present Rcupcake, an R package that contains a variety of functions for leveraging different databases through the BD2K PIC-SURE RESTful API and facilitating its query, analysis and interpretation. The package offers a variety of analysis and visualization tools, including the study of the phenotype co-occurrence and prevalence, according to multiple layers of data, such as phenome, exposome or genome.

Availability and implementation

The package is implemented in R and is available under Mozilla v2 license from GitHub (https://github.com/hms-dbmi/Rcupcake). Two reproducible case studies are also available (https://github.com/hms-dbmi/Rcupcake-case-studies/blob/master/SSCcaseStudy_v01.ipynb, https://github.com/hms-dbmi/Rcupcake-case-studies/blob/master/NHANEScaseStudy_v01.ipynb).

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Efficacy and Safety Outcome Domains and Outcome Measures in Systematic Reviews of Neuropathic Pain Conditions
Authors: Dosenovic Svjetlana , Jelicic Kadic Antonia , Jeric Milka , Boric Matija , Markovic Domagoj , Vucic Katarina , Puljak Livia
Published: December 2017

Objectives:

Heterogeneity of outcome domains, used in interventional trials and systematic reviews (SRs) for neuropathic pain (NeuP), makes decisions on the comparative effectiveness of available treatments difficult. This study analyzed outcome domains and measures used in SRs of randomized controlled trials on efficacy and safety of interventions for NeuP and compared them with the core outcome set (COS) and core outcome measures (COMs) for chronic pain recommended by the Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT).

Methods:

Five electronic databases were searched to find SRs of interventions for NeuP. Outcome domains and measures were independently extracted by 2 authors, and compared against the IMMPACT-recommended COS and COMs. Outcome domains specified in the methods and reported in the results were also compared.

Results:

Ninety-seven SRs were analyzed. The 2 core domains most frequently specified in the methods and reported in the results of SRs were pain and symptoms and adverse events. Pain intensity was mostly assessed with Visual Analog Scale (n=59) and Numerical Rating Scale (n=29). The incidence (n=70) and severity (n=60) were most commonly reported for adverse events. There were 240 different outcome measures used for the assessment of treatment efficacy and safety.

Conclusions:

Authors of SRs in the field of NeuP insufficiently use relevant recommended COS and COMs for chronic pain. More effort should be put into the implementation of COS to ensure that the study results can be compared and combined. There is a need for defining core outcome domains and measures specific for NeuP.
Treatment of Deltoid Injuries Associated With Ankle Fractures
Authors: Hsu Andrew R.
Published: December 2017

Complete avulsion of the superficial deltoid complex off the medial malleolus can occur during high-energy ankle fractures in young patients. Partial deltoid ligament injuries can also occur with avulsion fractures off the tip of the medial malleolus in low-energy ankle fractures in the elderly. Infolding and retraction of the avulsed deltoid complex can cause persistent widening of the medial clear space and lead to ankle fracture malreduction, postoperative medial gutter pain, and medial ankle instability. It is important for physicians to recognize and repair superficial deltoid ligament injuries in the setting of ankle fractures in order to restore ankle collateral ligament anatomy and help improve clinical outcomes. The deep deltoid ligament is generally difficult to repair in the acute setting and reconstructed later on if chronic ankle instability and valgus deformity develop in the future.

Level of Evidence: Level V—Expert Opinion.