bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two‐dimensional J‐resolved proton MR spectroscopy and prior knowledge fitting (ProFit) in the frontal and parietal lobes of healthy volunteers: Assessment of metabolite discrimination and general reproducibility
Authors: Prescot Andrew P. , Renshaw Perry F.
Published: October 2012

Purpose:

To investigate human brain metabolite discriminability and general measurement reproducibility of two‐dimensional (2D) J‐resolved 1H MRS and Prior Knowledge Fitting (ProFit).

Materials and Methods:

2D J‐resolved 1H MRS spectra were acquired from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the parietal‐occipital cortex (POC) of 10 healthy subjects at a magnetic field strength of 2.9 Tesla. Amplitude correlation matrices were constructed for each subject and brain region to assess metabolite discriminability. ProFit‐estimated metabolite peak areas were normalized to a water reference signal, and intra‐ and inter‐subject reproducibility was evaluated.

Results:

Favorable between‐metabolite correlation coefficients (<20%) were observed for a range of metabolites. Lower correlation coefficients between a given pair of metabolite estimates were consistently observed for POC metabolites. The group mean correlation coefficient existing between glutamate and glutamine was calculated as −18% and −13% for ACC and POC, respectively. Most ACC and POC metabolites showed intra‐ and inter‐subject CV values of <15% and <20%, respectively.

Conclusion:

The observed Glu and Gln signal discrimination makes these techniques suitable for investigating a variety of psychiatric disorders. Intra‐ and inter‐subject metabolite level reproducibility was comparable to the existing literature findings. These data serve as a valuable benchmark for assessing future modifications to 2D 1H MRS data acquisition and ProFit analysis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:642–651. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detectability of hepatocellular carcinoma by gadoxetate disodium‐enhanced hepatic MRI: Tumor‐by‐tumor analysis in explant livers
Authors: Nakamura Yuko , Tashiro Hirotaka , Nambu Junko , Ohdan Hideki , Kakizawa Hideaki , Date Shuji , Awai Kazuo
Published: October 2012

Purpose:

To investigate the detectability of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on Gd‐EOB‐enhanced MR images (Gd‐EOB‐MRI), we performed tumor‐by‐tumor analysis of pathologically confirmed tumors using explants from cirrhotic patients who had undergone liver transplantation.

Materials and Methods:

We studied 11 explanted livers and classified the tumor intensity during the arterial phase (AP) and the hepatobiliary phase (HBP) as low in HBP with early enhancement (EE) in AP (A), as high in HBP with EE in AP (B), as low in HBP without EE in AP (C), as high in HBP without EE in AP (D), and as iso‐intense in HBP with EE in AP (E). The diagnostic criteria for HCC were (i) pattern A and C, (ii) pattern A and E, (iii) pattern C and E, and (iv) patterns A, C, and E.

Results:

Of the 71 HCCs, 22 were not detected at MRI; of these, 9 were moderately differentiated and 13 were well‐differentiated HCCs. The sensitivity of Gd‐EOB‐MRI for diagnostic criteria 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 63.4%, 52.1%, 22.5%, and 69.0%.

Conclusion:

The maximum sensitivity of Gd‐EOB‐MRI for HCC was only 69.0% even when diagnostic criteria that included all previously reported HCC patterns were adopted. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:684—691. © 2012 Wiley Perioidicals, Inc.
Tribological behaviour of protic ionic liquids with ammonium salts modified LABSA as lubricants and additives
Authors: Zhao Qin , Zhao Gaiqing , Zhang Ming , Wang Xiaobo , Liu Weimin
Published: October 2012

Two typical protic ionic liquids with ammonium salts modified linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (LABSA) were synthesised, and their tribological behaviours used as both lubricants compared with PAO10 and additives in PAO10 were evaluated with an Optimol SRV‐I oscillating reciprocating friction and wear tester. The results show that the two novel protic ionic liquids with ammonium salts modified LABSA exhibited excellent friction‐reducing and anti‐wear properties as lubricants and can also significantly improve the tribological performance of the base fluids as friction modifier additives. The worn surfaces were characterised by scanning electron microscope and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, indicating that the excellent anti‐wear and friction‐reducing performance could attributed to the boundary lubrication films that could contain both the tribochemical film composed of organic amine decomposed from the protic ionic liquids with ammonium salts and the stable chemical absorbed film through the interactions between the sulfonate anions and surface metallic atoms during the sliding process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eliciting Consumer Preferences for Certified Animal‐Friendly Foods: Can Elements of the Theory of Planned Behavior Improve Choice Experiment Analysis?
Authors: Nocella Giuseppe , Boecker Andreas , Hubbard Lionel , Scarpa Riccardo
Published: October 2012

Models used in neoclassical economics assume human behavior to be purely rational. On the other hand, models adopted in social and behavioral psychology are founded on the “black box” of human cognition. In view of these observations, this paper aims at bridging this gap by introducing psychological constructs in the well‐established microeconomic framework of choice behavior based on random utility theory. In particular, it combines constructs developed employing Ajzen's theory of planned behavior with Lancaster's theory of consumer demand for product characteristics to explain stated preferences over certified animal‐friendly foods (AFF). To reach this objective, a Web survey was administered in the largest five EU‐25 countries: France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Findings identify some salient cross‐cultural differences between northern and southern Europe and suggest that psychological constructs developed using the Ajzen model are useful in explaining heterogeneity of preferences. Implications for policymakers and marketers involved with certified AFF are discussed.
Parametric representation of wave propagation in non‐uniform media (both in transmission and stop bands)
Authors: Popov A. , Kovalchuk V.
Published: October 2012

An analytical approach based on the parametric representation of the wave propagation in non‐uniform media was considered. In addition to the previously developed theory of parametric antiresonance describing the field attenuation in stop bands, in the present paper, the behaviour of the Bloch wave in a transmission band was investigated. A wide class of exact solutions was found, and the correspondence to the quasi‐periodic Floquet solutions was shown. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of symmetry/asymmetry of the nanoparticles structure on the thermal stability of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/polystyrene nanocomposites
Authors: Blanco Ignazio , Bottino Francesco Agatino , Bottino Paola
Published: October 2012

The thermal degradation of two polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/polystyrene (POSS/PS) nanocomposites of formula R8(SiO1.5)8 POSS/PS and R′1R7(SiO1.5)8 POSS/PS (where R′ = Phenyl and R = Cyclopentyl), at 5% of POSS concentration, was studied in both inert (flowing nitrogen) and oxidative (static air) atmospheres. Compounds were prepared by the polymerization of styrene in the presence of POSS. Degradations were carried out into a thermobalance, in the scanning mode, at various heating rates, and the obtained thermogravimetric (TG) curves were discussed and interpreted. The initial decomposition temperature (Ti), the temperature at 5% mass loss (T5%), the glass transition temperature (Tg), and the activation energy (Ea) of degradation of nanocomposites were determined and compared with each other and with those of unfilled PS. The Ti, T5%, and degradation Ea values of nanocomposites were higher than those of neat PS, thus indicating a better heat resistance and lower degradation rate, and then a better overall thermal stability. The use of POSS with a symmetric structure, in the synthesis of PS based nanocomposite, showed a decrease of Tg value not only in respect to asymmetric POSS/PS nanocomposite but also in respect to neat polymer, thus suggesting an influence of filler structure in the thermal properties of the materials. POLYM. COMPOS., 33:1903–1910, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Ion‐Beam Induced Surface Roughening of Poly‐(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) Tuned by a Mixture of Ar and O2 Ions
Authors: Dai Wei , Ko Tae‐Jun , Oh Kyu Hwan , Lee Kwang‐Ryeol , Moon Myoung‐Woon
Published: October 2012

The evolution of ion‐beam induced surface roughening of PMMA was investigated using an anode‐layer ion beam source with O2, Ar, and their mixture. Use of the O2 ion beam created rough granular patterns on the surface of PMMA because O2 ions could break the CC backbone and subsequently combine with the broken C bonds, resulting in local cross‐linking and aggregation. However, the Ar ion beam tended to reduce the surface roughness due to the decomposition of the oxygen‐containing ester groups (OCH3 and OCO) and the increase of an overall cross‐linking of the amorphous carbon layer, which played a role in etch resistance and suppression of polymer mobility as well as aggregation on the modified PMMA surface. By varying the ratio of Ar over O2, the surface morphology of PMMA was modified to exhibit features ranging from granular roughness to crater‐like features.

magnified image
Origin of family symmetries
Authors: Nilles H.P. , Ratz M. , Vaudrevange P.K.S.
Published: October 2012

Discrete (family) symmetries might play an important role in models of elementary particle physics. We discuss the origin of such symmetries in the framework of consistent ultraviolet completions of the standard model in field and string theory. The symmetries can arise due to special geometrical properties of extra compact dimensions and the localization of fields in this geometrical landscape. We also comment on anomaly constraints for discrete symmetries.
Six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 is down‐regulated by sex hormones in prostate cells
Authors: Gomes Inês M , Santos Cecília R , Socorro Sílvia , Maia Cláudio J
Published: October 2012

BACKGROUND

STEAP1 is over‐expressed in several types of tumors, especially prostate cancer, where it is localized in the plasma membrane of epithelial cells, at cell–cell junctions. Its role in prostate carcinogenesis and its regulation in prostate cells remain unknown. Therefore, we propose to study the effect of sex hormones in the regulation of STEAP1 expression in prostate cells in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS

LNCaP prostate cells were incubated with fetal bovine serum (FBS), charcoal‐stripped FBS (CS‐FBS), 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and 17β‐estradiol (E2) for different periods of stimulation. In addition, adult male Wistar rats were castrated and treated with DHT and E2. The levels of STEAP1 in response to treatments were analyzed by real‐time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

The treatment of LNCaP cells with DHT or E2 induces a down‐regulation of STEAP1 expression, while incubation with CS‐FBS has the opposite effect. Experiments using inhibitors of androgen and estrogen receptor (AR and ER) showed that down‐regulation of STEAP1 is AR‐dependent, but ER‐independent. However, the mediation of six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1) expression by AR seems to be dependent of de novo protein synthesis. In vivo studies showed that castrated rats express higher levels of STEAP1 protein when compared to intact rats, an effect reversed by DHT or E2 replacement.

CONCLUSIONS

STEAP1 is down‐regulated by DHT and E2 in LNCaP cells and in rat prostate. Prostate 73: 605–613, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wave‐cloud lines over northwest Australia
Authors: Birch Cathryn E. , Reeder Michael J.
Published: October 2012

The frequency of occurrence and formation mechanisms of wave‐cloud lines off the northwest coast of Australia are investigated. Prior to the present study, little was known about these wave‐cloud lines. Apart from being spectacular atmospheric phenomenon in their own right, these wave clouds can have a role in the secondary initiation of convection and can be a hazard to low‐flying aircraft. A climatology of wave clouds, produced from visible satellite imagery, suggests two main types of cloud lines form over northwest Australia. The first are bore‐like waves, similar in structure to the ‘morning glory’ of northeast Australia, and occur at least 2 to 3 times per month throughout the entire year. The second type are convectively generated cloud lines, which are more circular in shape, appear to originate from convective storms and occur at least 0.5 to 1.5 times per month during the wet season. High‐resolution, nested simulations are performed with the Met Office Unified Model for case‐studies of each type of wave. The bore‐like waves occurred in the presence of synoptic‐scale, low‐level southeasterly flow and a heat low along the northwest coast of Australia. At night, the offshore southeasterlies accelerate into the heat low and collide with the onshore sea breeze. The southeasterlies override the sea breeze and the wave‐cloud lines form at the leading edge of this front. The convectively generated waves radiate outwards from the convective storms producing compensating subsidence and adiabatic warming. These waves take the form of n=2 mode wave fronts, which span the entire depth of the troposphere and are similar in structure to waves produced by deep convection which are described in previous studies.
A multilevel study on trends in Malaysian secondary school students' science achievement and associated school and student predictors
Authors: Mohammadpour Ebrahim
Published: October 2012

This article aims to investigate variations in science achievement for secondary school students across the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) assessments and to examine the relations of several student‐ and school‐level factors with achievement. The data were obtained from 5,577, 5,314, and 4,466 Malaysian eighth graders who participated in TIMSS 1999, 2003, and 2007, respectively. A two‐level multilevel modeling technique was employed. The results indicate that 48.64%, 48.96%, and 60.95% of variance in achievement scores accounted for between‐school differences in the 1999, 2003, and 2007 studies, correspondingly. After controlling for the school‐level factors, gender followed by the science self‐concept in both the 1999 and 2003 studies; time spent on working at home and valuing science in the 2007 study, yielded the strongest link to achievement. At the same time, controlling for the student‐level factors, school location, instructional limitations, and teacher emphasis on homework had the strongest association with achievement, respectively, in all three studies. It was concluded that the variation in science achievement at both student and school levels was greatly increased in TIMSS 2007 compared to the two previous studies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 96: 1013–1046, 2012
“Balancing acts'': Elementary school girls' negotiations of femininity, achievement, and science
Authors: Archer Louise , DeWitt Jennifer , Osborne Jonathan , Dillon Justin , Willis Beatrice , Wong Billy
Published: October 2012

There is international concern over persistent low rates of participation in postcompulsory science—especially the physical sciences—within which there is a notable underrepresentation of girls/women. This paper draws on data collected from a survey of more than 9,000 10/11‐year‐old pupils and 170 interviews (with 92 children and 78 parents) from a 5‐year study of children's science aspirations and career choice in England, to explore how gender interacts with girls' science aspirations. The research found that even though most children aged 10/11 years enjoy science, the majority already see science careers as “not for me.” Using a feminist poststructuralist theoretical lens, this paper explores the identity work undertaken by the minority of girls who do identify with science and who express science aspirations at this age. It is argued that dominant associations of science with “cleverness” and masculinity pressurize girls to balance their science aspirations with performances of popular heterofemininity to render them “thinkable” (and that this occurs only within narrow parameters, through identity performances as either “feminine scientists” or “bluestocking scientists”). The paper concludes by discussing potential challenges girls may face in sustaining “thinkable” identifications with science and wider implications for encouraging greater female participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 96: 967–989, 2012
Comments on IMBAS: identity‐based multi‐user broadcast authentication in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Chien Hung‐Yu , Lee Chin‐I , Wu Tzong‐Chen
Published: October 2012

In 2008, Cao et al. proposed an identity‐based multi‐user broadcast authentication scheme (called IMBAS) for wireless sensor networks. The IMBAS consists of one elliptic curve‐based signature scheme, called variant of Bellare‐Namprempre‐Neven' Identity‐Based Signature (vBNN‐IBS), for user broadcast authentication; a new Schnorr signature with partial message recovery for sink broadcast authentication; and a password‐based private key protection to eliminate the threat caused by possible user device compromise. Compared with its counterparts, IMBAS owns better performance in terms of security, scalability, and efficiency. Unfortunately, this letter will show that (1) the password‐based protection scheme and the vBNN‐IBS scheme are not secure—a compromised user device will disclose the user private key—and (2) the new Schnorr signature with partial message recovery is vulnerable to existential forgery attack. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing age‐at‐onset risk factors with incomplete covariate current status data under proportional odds models
Authors: Wen Chi‐Chung , Chen Yi‐Hau
Published: October 2012

Motivated by an epidemiological survey of fracture in elderly women, we develop a semiparametric regression analysis of current status data with incompletely observed covariate under the proportional odds model. To accommodate both the interval‐censored nature of current status failure time data and the incompletely observed covariate data, we propose an analysis based on the validation likelihood (VL), which is derived from likelihood pertaining to the validation sample, namely the subset of the sample where the data are completely observed. The missing data mechanism is assumed to be missing at random and is explicitly modeled and estimated in the VL approach. We propose implementing the VL method by integrating self‐consistency and Newton–Raphson algorithms. Asymptotic normality and standard error estimation for the proposed estimator of the regression parameter are guaranteed. Simulation results reveal good performance of the VL estimator. The VL method has some gain in efficiency compared with the naive complete case method. But the VL method leads to unbiased estimators, whereas the complete case method does not when missing covariates are not missing completely at random. Application of the VL approach to the fracture data confirms that osteoporosis (low bone density) is a strong risk factor for the age at onset of fracture in elderly women. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Part 2: Transformation from Wall Street to Well‐being
Authors: McIntyre‐Mills Janet , de Vries Denise
Published: October 2012

This paper is directed towards answering questions such as the following:•How can policy makers develop agreement on what constitutes and supports well‐being of the planet rather than the gross domestic product of a nation state (Stiglitz, Sen and Fitoussi)?•How can nested forms of participatory democracy and systemic governance do the following: (i) support the appropriate distribution and consumption of resources; and (ii) protect social and environmental diversity and justice at the local and regional levels? To this end, the paper addresses pathways to redress the commodification of relationships across human beings, the voiceless and the environment, on the basis of considering the consequences for the next generation of life on the planet. It makes the case that the ‘technologies of humility’ for social and environmental justice (Jasanoff) need to be informed by a caretaking approach. Many kinds of knowledge need to decentre anthropocentricism (Wynne) to protect biodiversity (Rose Bird, Freya Mathews, and Haraway). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of Rhenium‐Doped MoS2 Nanoparticles with Fullerene‐Like Structure
Authors: Yadgarov Lena , Stroppa Daniel G. , Rosentsveig Rita , Ron Racheli , Enyashin Andrey N. , Houben Lothar , Tenne Reshef
Published: October 2012

The synthesis of rhenium‐doped fullerene‐like MoS2 nanoparticles (Re:IF‐MoS2) is described. Careful inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis reveals that the concentration of the rhenium atoms in the IF‐MoS2 lattice is more than 10‐fold smaller than the weighted amount of this atom in the precursor powder. High resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy in high angle annular dark field mode is used to decipher the isolated rhenium atoms in the MoS2 lattice and confirm that these atoms substitute for molybdenum atoms. Scanning electron microscopy analysis shows that, in contrast to the undoped nanoparticles which tend to agglomerate, the Re:IF‐MoS2 nanoparticles self‐assemble on substrate surfaces forming an ordered tessellated monolayer. Theoretical quantum‐chemical calculations show that the Re level is some 180 meV below the conduction band. Furthermore, the rhenium electrons are fairly localized in the MoS2 lattice. At a higher concentration the rhenium atoms form a mini‐band below the conduction band which coincides with the Fermi level of the lattice.
Constraining compressed supersymmetry using leptonic signatures
Authors: Rolbiecki Krzysztof , Sakurai Kazuki
Published: October 2012

Abstract

We study the impact of the multi-lepton searches at the LHC on supersymmetric models with compressed mass spectra. For such models the acceptances of the usual search strategies are significantly reduced due to requirement of large effective mass and
$ E_T^{\mathrm{miss}} $
. On the other hand, lepton searches do have much lower thresholds for
$ E_T^{\mathrm{miss}} $
and p
T of the final state objects. Therefore, if a model with a compressed mass spectrum allows for multi-lepton final states, one could derive constraints using multi-lepton searches. For a class of simplified models we study the exclusion limits using ATLAS multi-lepton search analyses for the final states containing 2-4 electrons or muons with a total integrated luminosity of 1-2 fb−1 at
$ \sqrt{s}=7\,\mathrm{TeV} $
. We also modify those analyses by imposing additional cuts, so that their sensitivity to compressed supersymmetric models increase. Using the original and modified analyses, we show that the exclusion limits can be competitive with jet plus
$ E_T^{\mathrm{miss}} $
searches, providing exclusion limits up to gluino masses of 1 TeV. We also analyse the efficiencies for several classes of events coming from different intermediate state particles. This allows us to assess exclusion limits in similar class of models with different cross sections and branching ratios without requiring a Monte Carlo simulation.
Formulation and Evaluation of an Automatic Dishwashing Detergent Containing T1 Lipase
Authors: Rahman Izuddin Abdul , Rahman Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abdul , Salleh Abu Bakar , Basri Mahiran
Published: October 2012

The use of enzymes in detergent formulations is becoming popular due to the concerns about the environment. T1 lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3) was evaluated for its stability and performance in dishwashing along with other common components of an automatic dishwashing detergent. Therefore, the process of formulating the detergent would depend on the stability of T1 lipase, which may also reflect the performance during the washing. T1 lipase was mostly stable in nonionic surfactants, especially those that were made of polyhydric alcohols. T1 lipase was also stable in a mixture of sodium carbonate and glycine. However, sodium carbonate alone destabilized T1 lipase possibly due to the interaction between carbonates and Ca2+. These results indicated that polyhydric alcohols and glycine had stabilizing effects on T1 lipase. The dishwashing performance was evaluated in term of percent soil removed. The dishwashing performance of the formulated detergent was positively affected by the increase in temperature but negatively affected by the presence of hard water, specifically Ca2+ and Mg2+. However, T1 lipase was not negatively affected by the presence of hard water, and this enzyme was enhanced by the presence of polyacrylates. The presence of Ca2+ improved the structural integrity of T1 lipase. It is generally known that most enzymes that depend on Ca2+ for their structural integrity would be greatly destabilized in the presence of metal chelators; thus, stabilizing strategies such as adding glycine would be essential to maintain enzyme activity during the wash.
Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in Swiss teenagers with appendicular fractures: A prospective study of 100 cases
Authors: Ceroni Dimitri , Anderson de la Llana Rebecca , Martin Xavier , Lamah Léopold , De Coulon Geraldo , Turcot Katia , Dubois-Ferrière Victor
Published: October 2012

Background

The significance of subclinical vitamin D deficiency in the pathogenesis of fractures in children and adolescents currently remains unclear.

Objective

We aimed to determine the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and its effect on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) values in a collective of Swiss Caucasian children with a first episode of appendicular fracture.

Design and methods

One hundred teenagers with a first episode of appendicular fracture [50 upper limb fractures (group 1) and 50 lower limb fractures (group 2)] and 50 healthy controls (group 3) were recruited into a cross-sectional study. The BMC and BMD values were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was assessed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassays.

Results

From the 100 injured teenagers in the study, 12 % had deficient vitamin D levels (<20 ng/mL; <50 nmol/L) and 36 % had insufficient levels (≥20 <30 ng/mL; ≥50 <78 nmol/L), whereas 6 and 34 % of healthy controls were, respectively, vitamin D deficient and insufficient. There were no significant differences for serum 25(OH)D levels, L2–L4 BMD Z-score, and L2–L4 BMC Z-score variables ( p = 0.216) between the three groups nor for the calcaneal BMD Z-score variables ( p = 0.278) between healthy controls and lower limb fracture victims. Investigations on the influences of serum 25(OH)D on BMD and BMC showed no correlation between serum 25(OH)D and L2–L4 BMD Z-scores ( r = −0.15; p = 0.135), whereas low but significant inverse correlations were, surprisingly, detected between serum 25(OH)D and calcaneal BMD Z-scores ( r = −0.21; p = 0.034) and between serum 25(OH)D and L2–L4 BMC Z-scores ( r = −0.22; p = 0.029).

Conclusions

A significant proportion of Swiss Caucasian teenagers were vitamin D insufficient, independent of limb fracture status, in our study. However, this study failed to show an influence of low vitamin D status on BMD and/or BMC of the lumbar spine and heel.
Recognition of the let‐7g miRNA precursor by human Lin28B
Authors: Shaik Syed Ali P. , Ghoshdastider Umesh , Hoffmann Jan , Brutschy Bernd , Filipek Slawomir
Published: October 2012

Mammalian homologs of lin28: Lin28 and Lin28B block the post‐transcriptional processing of the let‐7 family of miRNAs. We report that in vitro the terminal stem‐loop region of the let‐7g miRNA precursor (pre‐let‐7g) required to bind Lin28B is restricted to 24 nucleotides (nt) including the 3′ GGAG motif. Additionally, full length Lin28B is required for efficient binding to pre‐let‐7g and the stoichiometry of the complex is 1:1. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations reveal the interactions of the pre‐let‐7g stem‐loop and the GGAG motif in the stem region to the cold shock domain (CSD) and to the zinc knuckle domain (ZKD) of Lin28B, respectively.
Spectral analysis of the transition to turbulence from a dipole in stratified fluid
Authors: Augier Pierre , Chomaz Jean-Marc , Billant Paul
Published: October 2012

We investigate the spectral properties of the turbulence generated during the nonlinear evolution of a Lamb–Chaplygin dipole in a stratified fluid for a high Reynolds number $Re= 28\hspace{0.167em} 000$ and a wide range of horizontal Froude number ${F}_{h} \in [0. 0225~0. 135] $ and buoyancy Reynolds number $\mathscr{R}= Re{{F}_{h} }^{2} \in [14~510] $. The numerical simulations use a weak hyperviscosity and are therefore almost direct numerical simulations (DNS). After the nonlinear development of the zigzag instability, both shear and gravitational instabilities develop and lead to a transition to small scales. A spectral analysis shows that this transition is dominated by two kinds of transfer: first, the shear instability induces a direct non-local transfer toward horizontal wavelengths of the order of the buoyancy scale ${L}_{b} = U/ N$, where $U$ is the characteristic horizontal velocity of the dipole and $N$ the Brunt–Väisälä frequency; second, the destabilization of the Kelvin–Helmholtz billows and the gravitational instability lead to small-scale weakly stratified turbulence. The horizontal spectrum of kinetic energy exhibits a ${{\varepsilon }_{K} }^{2/ 3} { k}_{h}^{\ensuremath{-} 5/ 3} $ power law (where ${k}_{h} $ is the horizontal wavenumber and ${\varepsilon }_{K} $ is the dissipation rate of kinetic energy) from ${k}_{b} = 2\lrm{\pi} / {L}_{b} $ to the dissipative scales, with an energy deficit between the integral scale and ${k}_{b} $ and an excess around ${k}_{b} $. The vertical spectrum of kinetic energy can be expressed as $E({k}_{z} )= {C}_{N} {N}^{2} { k}_{z}^{\ensuremath{-} 3} + C{{\varepsilon }_{K} }^{2/ 3} { k}_{z}^{\ensuremath{-} 5/ 3} $ where ${C}_{N} $ and $C$ are two constants of order unity and ${k}_{z} $ is the vertical wavenumber. It is therefore very steep near the buoyancy scale with an ${N}^{2} { k}_{z}^{\ensuremath{-} 3} $ shape and approaches the ${{\varepsilon }_{K} }^{2/ 3} { k}_{z}^{\ensuremath{-} 5/ 3} $ spectrum for ${k}_{z} \gt {k}_{o} $, ${k}_{o} $ being the Ozmidov wavenumber, which is the cross-over between the two scaling laws. A decomposition of the vertical spectra depending on the horizontal wavenumber value shows that the ${N}^{2} { k}_{z}^{\ensuremath{-} 3} $ spectrum is associated with large horizontal scales $\vert {\mathbi{k}}_{h} \vert \lt {k}_{b} $ and the ${{\varepsilon }_{K} }^{2/ 3} { k}_{z}^{\ensuremath{-} 5/ 3} $ spectrum with the scales $\vert {\mathbi{k}}_{h} \vert \gt {k}_{b} $.
Infection levels of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep and goats in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Koinari M. , Karl S. , Ryan U. , Lymbery A.J.
Published: October 2012

Gastrointestinal parasites of livestock cause diseases of important socio-economic concern worldwide. The present study investigated the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep and goats in lowland and highland regions of Papua New Guinea (PNG). Faecal samples were collected from a total of 165 small ruminants (110 sheep and 55 goats) from February to April 2011. Analysis by a modified McMaster technique revealed that 128 animals (72% of sheep and 89% of goats) were infected with one or more species of gastrointestinal parasites. The gastrointestinal parasites found and their prevalences in sheep (S) and in goats (G) were as follows: strongyle 67.3% (S), 85.5% (G);Eimeria17.3% (S), 16.4% (G);Strongyloides, 8.2% (S), 23.6% (G);Fasciola, 5.5% (S), 18.2% (G);Trichuris, 1.8% (S), 3.6% (G); andNematodirus, 1.8% (S), 3.6% (G). Two additional genera were found in goats:Moniezia(9.1%) andDictocaulus(3.6%). This is the first study to quantitatively examine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in goats in PNG. The high rates of parasitism observed in the present study are likely to be associated with poor farming management practices, including lack of pasture recovery time, lack of parasite control measures and poor-quality feed.
Neuroendocrine differentiation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Schartinger V H , Falkeis C , Laimer K , Sprinzl G M , Riechelmann H , Rasse M , Virgolini I , Dudás J
Published: October 2012

Objective:

Tumours with neuroendocrine differentiation frequently express chromogranin A, synaptophysin and somatostatin receptors. The role of neuroendocrine differentiation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is not yet clear.

Method:

The presence of chromogranin A, synaptophysin and somatostatin receptors was studied immunohistochemically in 78 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma specimens.

Results:

Sparse chromogranin A expression was found in 41 per cent, associated with high chromogranin A messenger RNA expression and the presence of dense core granules. Low synaptophysin expression was found in 18 per cent. The highest staining scores were found for somatostatin receptor 5 (82 per cent), followed by somatostatin receptor 1 (69 per cent) and somatostatin receptor 2 (54 per cent), whereas somatostatin receptors 3 and 4 expression was low. Expression was not correlated with tumour stage or survival.

Conclusion:

Cells with neuroendocrine differentiation are sparsely scattered in some head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Their pathophysiological role is elusive. In contrast, somatostatin receptor and particularly somatostatin receptor 5 expression is frequent in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Somatostatin receptor expression is not considered to indicate neuroendocrine differentiation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Mysidopsis cachuchoensis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae), a new suprabenthic mysid from bathyal soft-bottoms of the Le Danois Bank (southern Bay of Biscay)
Authors: San Vicente Carlos , Frutos Inmaculada , Sorbe Jean Claude
Published: October 2012

A new suprabenthic mysid, Mysidopsis cachuchoensis sp. nov., is described from specimens sampled with a suprabenthic sled at the ‘Le Danois' Bank (the ‘El Cachucho' Marine Protected Area; southern Bay of Biscay). The main distinguishing features of this new species are the structure of its eyestalk and antennal scale as well as the armature of its telson and uropodal endopods. Inferred from the present unique record (828 m depth, inner basin between the bank and the Cantabrian shelf), it seems to be a rare endemic species of the bank, living on muddy bottoms of the upper bathyal.
Remitting ‘filial co-habitation’: ‘actual’ and ‘virtual’ co-residence between Korean professional migrant adult children couples in Singapore and their elderly parents
Authors: KIM JEEHUN
Published: October 2012

Based on in-depth interviews with middle-class Korean professional sojourner migrant married couples in Singapore and their elderly parents, this paper examines how the cultural meaning and social practice of filial co-habitation and support have been transformed in an international migration context. Transnational co-residence and visiting among these families are examined and a differentiated and patterned organisation of support by sons versus daughters for their own elderly parents is demonstrated. Although the immigration regulations and co-ethnic community environments for older Koreans in Singapore pose a challenge to elderly parents, the family remains the most important nexus of care and support. By adopting ‘virtual’ and ‘actual’ co-residence strategies and deploying multi-purpose long-term visits by wives and children in Singapore to their elderly parents in Korea, and by remitting regular financial contributions, these families are able to maintain the cultural ideal of filial co-residence and support. However, the gendered traditional co-habitation ideal differentiates between actual and virtual co-residence. The actual co-residence pattern was mainly adopted by first sons/daughters-in-law couples and the elderly parents of the first sons, whereas the virtual co-residence pattern was mainly adopted by sons-in-law/daughters couples and the elderly parents of daughters. These results show that patterned two-way transnational mobility for providing care and support is shaped by cultural norms and the practical negotiation of family obligations.
Organizing public opinion in a resonating box: the Gülich rebellion in early modern Cologne, 1680–1686
Authors: BELLINGRADT DANIEL
Published: October 2012

The article analyses one of the most spectacular urban rebellions of the early modern Holy Roman Empire of the German nation from the perspective of local acts of communication. Led by the merchant Nikolaus Gülich, the ‘Gülich rebellion’ convulsed the free and imperial city of Cologne in the 1680s. Gülich appealed to public opinion and used media impulses within the urban community to campaign successfully against the corruption of the city council.
Like an old cathedral city: Belfast welcomes Queen Victoria, August 1849
Authors: CONNOLLY S.J.
Published: October 2012

Belfast, with its history of communal violence, is normally seen as lying outside the mainstream of nineteenth-century British urban development. The queen's visit, however, reveals a community characterized by much the same mixture of civic pride and diffidence that characterized other provincial centres. The episode also casts light on the ambivalent attitude of the British and Irish political establishments to the new industrial town, and on Belfast's ambiguous position within the Irish urban hierarchy.
Associational culture and the shaping of urban space: civic societies in Britain before 1960
Authors: HEWITT LUCY E.
Published: October 2012

We currently know civic societies as a widespread part of the amenity lobby, yet their history is little explored. Focusing on the emergence and growth of civic societies before 1960, this article examines some of that history. The first section provides a background context, linking civic groups to shifting ideas about architecture and space, and to reform movements of the nineteenth century. The second section explores the growth in numbers of associations and their memberships. The third section develops a discussion of the ideas and activities of societies, focusing particularly on their articulation of social and spatial interconnection, their use of a prescriptive urban aesthetic and their political influence.
King Sam and I
Authors: Jacob Kathryn Allamong
Published: October 2012

The first of the nineteenth-century books about Washington, D.C., that I read at the start of my dissertation research, John Forney'sAnecdotes of Public Men(1873), included this description of one of the capital's residents:

What a delicious volume that famous man of the world, Sam Ward, who is every body's friend, from black John who drives his hack to the jolly Senator who eats his dinners and drinks his wine—from the lady who accepts his bouquet to the prattling child who hungers for his French candies—what a jewel of a book he could make of the good things he has heard at his thousand “noctes ambrosianae!”
Tracking Down “The Public Man”
Authors: Crofts Daniel W.
Published: October 2012

What, one might ask, isThe Diary of a Public Man,and why should subscribers toThe Journal of the Gilded Age and the Progressive Erawant to know about it? The diary purportedly dates from the tension-filled weeks preceding the outbreak of the Civil War, but it was first published in a popular magazine in 1879. Its appearance then suggested that somebody thought it would attract an audience of Gilded Age readers, which indeed happened. Their curiosity was intensified because the diary's publisher concealed the identity of its author. We now know why the alleged diarist had to be cloaked in anonymity—the supposed prewar diary actually was written shortly before its publication, long into the postwar era. Most outrageously, the diarist proves to have been an imaginary construct—not a real person.
Empire and Migration: Coastwise Shipping, National Status, and the Colonial Legal Origins of Puerto Rican Migration to the United States
Authors: McGreevey Robert C.
Published: October 2012

This article examines colonial legal categories such as “national status” and “coastwise shipping” that shaped the movement of goods and people between U.S. colonies and the metropole. Focused on the case of Puerto Rican migration to the U.S. mainland in the early twentieth century, it argues that these legal categories conditioned migration patterns and that migrants, in turn, actively shaped new legal categories. Drawing on sources from both U.S. and Puerto Rican archives, this article contributes to an emerging body of literature on U.S. imperialism, law, and migration in the Americas. It shows that colonial legal categories are critical to understanding enduring migration streams to the United States that have long been embedded in imperial relationships.
Sedimentary process control on carbon isotope composition of sedimentary organic matter in an ancient shallow‐water shelf succession
Authors: Davies S. J. , Leng M. J. , Macquaker J. H. S. , Hawkins K.
Published: October 2012

Source and delivery mechanisms of organic matter are rarely considered when interpreting changingδ13C through sedimentary successions even though isotope excursions are widely used to identify and correlate global perturbations in the carbon cycle. Combining detailed sedimentology and geochemistry we demonstrate how organic carbon abundance andδ13C values from sedimentary organic matter from Carboniferous‐aged mudstones are influenced by the proportion of terrestrial versus water column‐derived organic matter. Silt‐bearing clay‐rich shelf mudstones that were deposited by erosive density flows are characterized by 1.8–2.4% organic carbon and highδ13C values (averaging −22.9 ± 0.3‰, n = 12). Typically these mudstones contain significant volumes of terrestrial plant‐derived material. In contrast, clay‐rich lenticular mudstones, with a marine macrofauna, are the products of the transport of mud fragments, eroded from pre‐existing water‐rich shelfal muds, when shorelines were distant and biological productivity in the water column was high. Higher organic carbon (2.1–5.2%) and lowerδ13C values (averaging −24.3 ± 0.5‰, n = 11) characterize these mudstones and are interpreted to reflect a greater contribution by (isotopically more negative) amorphous organic matter derived from marine algae. Differences inδ13C between terrestrial and marine organic matter allow the changing proportions from different sources to be tracked through this succession. Combiningδ13C values with zirconium (measured from whole rock), here used as a proxy for detrital silt input, provides a novel approach to distinguishing mudstone provenance and ultimately usingδ13C to identify oil‐prone organic matter in potential source rocks. These results have important implications for using bulk organic matter to identify and characterize global C‐isotope excursions.
Dynamic process of turbidity generation triggered by the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake
Authors: Noguchi Takuroh , Tanikawa Wataru , Hirose Takehiro , Lin Weiren , Kawagucci Shinsuke , Yoshida‐Takashima Yukari , Honda Makio C. , Takai Ken , Kitazato Hiroshi , Okamura Kei
Published: October 2012

We analyzed the distribution of turbidity in seawater near the epicenter of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake (Mw 9.0) as well as the mineral composition and grain size distribution of suspended particles and of shallow sediments in cores from the same area. One month after the earthquake in an area where large changes in bathymetry accompanied the earthquake, we observed a strong turbidity anomaly above the seafloor (maximum 5 mg/L) that greatly exceeded turbidity measured several years before the earthquake (average 0.59 mg/L). The suspended particles were composed of material similar to the surface material of the sediment cores, and we inferred that they were generated locally by a disturbance due to slope failure. We estimated slope stability on the basis of the geophysical characteristics of the sediment cores as well as the acceleration of the earthquake. Our results showed that a submarine landslide could have been induced by the very large ground acceleration of the Tohoku earthquake, as high as 10–15 m/s2, even if the sediment layer on the sliding surface was thin. We interpreted the turbidity anomaly observed one month after the Tohoku earthquake as the result of shallow submarine landsliding and stirring up of unconsolidated sediment around the epicentral area.
Generation and characteristics of equatorial plasma bubbles detected by the C/NOFS satellite near the sunset terminator
Authors: Huang Chao‐Song , de La Beaujardiere O. , Roddy P. A. , Hunton D. E. , Ballenthin J. O. , Hairston M. R.
Published: October 2012

We present the observations of equatorial plasma bubbles in the evening sector by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite during 2011. We illustrate with a few examples the overall properties of the equatorial ionosphere as the solar activity approached maximum. C/NOFS was often below the F peak and this allowed us to examine the early phases of irregularity formation. We show examples when C/NOFS detected a continuous generation of plasma bubbles near the sunset terminator over eight successive orbits (∼12 h). A clear prereversal enhancement of upward plasma drift occurred between 18:00 and 19:00 LT when plasma bubbles were detected by C/NOFS, and the peak value of the upward ion drift at or near the magnetic equator was 40–70 m s−1. In some cases, C/NOFS was well below the Fpeak and detected wide regions with very low plasma density over ∼3000 km in longitude in the evening sector, and plasma bubbles were generated within the low‐density region. C/NOFS also detected simultaneous existence of plasma bubbles between 19:00 and 03:00 LT, corresponding to a longitudinal coverage of ∼12,000 km. Significant differences in the characteristics of plasma bubbles between periods of low and high solar activity are identified. Large plasma bubbles occur in the midnight‐dawn sector at low solar activity but in the evening sector at high solar activity. The lifetime of plasma bubbles is long (7 h or longer) at low solar activity but is short (∼3 h) at high solar activity. Broad plasma depletions occur near dawn at low solar activity, but wide low‐density regions with multiple plasma bubbles occur in the evening sector at high solar activity.