bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of Korean and Japanese Standards for Improvement of Domestic Natural Smoke Ventilation Standards
Authors: Kim Taehyeong , Kim Yunseong , Lee Yoolim , Kwon Youngjin
Published: December 2024

This study aims to identify issues in domestic natural smoke ventilation standards and derive improvements. The objective of this study is to analyze the corresponding standards in Japan, which has a legal framework similar to that of Korea, and to determine the differences between the Korean and Japanese standards for natural smoke ventilation. The natural smoke ventilation-related standards addressed in Japan's Building Standards Act are used for comparison. The criteria for comparison include the evolution of the natural smoke ventilation standards in Korea and Japan, installation targets, installation methods, and design and maintenance guidelines. Based on this comparison, the following conclusions are drawn. First, there exists a need to review the current standards regarding the installation targets for natural smoke ventilation. Second, there is a lack of clear guidelines regarding installation methods and materials and this should be addressed by specifying various installation methods and the use of noncombustible materials in the standards. Third, when designing a natural smoke ventilation system, the issues related to existing fire compartments must be considered and guidelines regarding the horizontal distance between installations must be introduced. Finally, for a systematic inspection and maintenance process, the items under regular inspection should be subdivided into relevant categories.
The Spatial Relationship Between Risk and Vulnerability Associated with Particulate Matter
Authors: Bae Min-ki , Lee Tae-young , Bae Hyun-Joo , Yi Chae-yeon
Published: December 2024

This study presented an effective decision-making support plan for air-quality policy through a spatial analysis of the risks and vulnerabilities associated with particulate matter. The study defined the risks and vulnerabilities of particulate matter operationally, mapped Cheongju-Si as a case study, interpreted the spatial relationship between risk and vulnerability, and explored policy implications. New urban areas with a high proportion of industrial areas and adjacent to new housing estates and schools and old urban areas with low ground levels, a low proportion of urban parks, and a high concentration of old houses were identified as areas for priority management. The identified areas may be candidates for high-concentration intensive management and may be considered priority areas for the installation and distribution of emission-reduction equipment and the implementation of projects to support vulnerable groups. This study’s findings may be used as a basis for establishing both spatial environmental policies for the air sector in the integrated management of the land environment and air environmental policies that consider health equity.
Analysis of the Impact of Rainfall in Mountainous Areas of Jeju Island on Stream Flood Discharge
Authors: Kang Boseong , Ahn Soohwan
Published: December 2024

Jeju Island frequently suffers significant damage from streams and inland flooding during extreme rainfall events. However, disaster-prevention performance targets, often set using ASOS data from low-lying coastal areas, fail to adequately reflect regional characteristics. To address this issue, this study categorized Jeju Island into coastal, mid-mountain, and mountainous zones based on elevation and conducted a comparative analysis of probable rainfall amounts for streams across these regions. Additionally, the impact of rainfall was examined by comparing flood volumes between adjacent streams originating from different source locations. The analysis revealed that rainfall amounts exceeded disaster prevention performance targets by 24.4% to 64.0%, with rainfall in mountainous areas having the greatest impact on flood volumes in downstream regions. These findings underscore the importance of developing rational solutions through economic and other evaluations when implementing disaster prevention projects and setting disaster response performance targets.
Estimating Debris Flow Discharge Using UAV Photogrammetry and High-Resolution Topographic Data: A Case Study from Gokseong, South Korea
Authors: Jun Byonghee , Kim Namgyun
Published: December 2024

This study proposes a method for accurately estimating debris flow discharge using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry and high-resolution topographic data to determine the maximum flow level and channel bed elevation. Analyses of orthophotos and (Digital Surface Models) obtained using a UAV in the case of debris flows in Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do, revealed an increasing discharge from upstream to midstream. This increase was followed by a decrease in discharge downstream, owing to the reduced channel slope. This research contributes to the improvement of the precision of debris flow discharge predictions, which are essential for infrastructure design and disaster response. Moreover, this research highlights the need for further studies to address the environmental limitations and data processing challenges associated with UAV monitoring.
Fire Prevention at High-Voltage Cable Connection Points Using Internet of Things Wireless Technology
Authors: Kim Younghan , Seo Jongdeok , Mun Piljae , Nam Dong-Gun
Published: December 2024

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in fire prediction and prevention is part of the “Fourth Industrial Revolution.” This study aims to mitigate fire risks in high-voltage cable joints by monitoring the real-time temperature and ambient temperature/humidity changes driven by variations in contact resistance. The limitations of onsite inspections are addressed using a real-time monitoring system that employs SMS alerts, mobile applications, and web-based interfaces. By enabling managers to assess cable conditions remotely, this system significantly reduces the labor, time, and costs associated with inspections. Furthermore, an IoT-based long-range (LoRa) communication network was used to establish a comprehensive sensor network to gather data on temperature, humidity, as well as the operational status of automatic gas-extinguishing systems. LTE-M communication facilitates big data collection, enabling the prediction of temperature anomalies caused by insulation failure in high-voltage cables. This approach not only prevents fires but also ensures the continuous monitoring of automatic gas-extinguishing systems before and after fire incidents.
Role of a Fireboards in Enhancing the Fire Performance of Glued-Laminated Timber Columns
Authors: Cho Yonghyun , Cho Kyungsuk , Sim Jaeung , Yeo In-Hwan
Published: December 2024

High-rise timber buildings have emerged as a sustainable solution to reduce carbon emissions in the construction sector, offering advantages over multistory steel and concrete structures. However, concerns regarding the structural performance of these buildings during fire remain. Thus, to enhance fire resistance, timber elements are encapsulated in noncombustible materials. This study examines (i) the charring behavior of glued-laminated timber (GLT) columns made from three commonly used wood species in Korea (red pine, cedar, and larch) and (ii) the effect of fireboard types (gypsum, MgO, and CRC boards) on fire performance. Fire tests were conducted on unloaded GLT columns under ISO 834 standard fire conditions. The results include the temperature profiles and charring rates for both protected and unprotected columns, revealing that higher-density GLT columns exhibit reduced charring rates and greater fire resistance. Overall, encapsulation significantly delayed the onset of charring, highlighting its effectiveness in enhancing fire performance.
Experimental Study on the Fire Impact of Ceiling Insulation on CPVC Pipes
Authors: Lee Eunyoung , Kim Heung Yeol
Published: December 2024

Fires igniting within a ceiling space often escalate into large-scale fires because of delayed detection times, rapid fire spread, and difficulties in firefighting operations. This study investigated the effect of combustible insulation materials on CPVC piping in sprinkler systems using real-scale fire experiments. Based on the top floor of an apartment, this study focused on insulation materials with the highest fire load among the combustibles in the ceiling space. A field survey and fire tests were conducted, and the experiments with EPS and XPS insulation revealed rapid flame spread and the complete destruction of the CPVC piping owing to high heat intensity. Even PIR insulation, a fire-resistant material, causes the destruction of CPVC piping located directly above the fire source. This confirms that combustible insulation materials within the ceiling have a significant negative impact on the functionality of the CPVC piping, rendering it incapable of performing its intended functions. Therefore, this study suggests alternatives for enhancing the reliability of automatic fire-suppression systems during fires in ceiling spaces.
A Study on Prioritizing the Adoption of Smart Safety Technologies in Construction Sites through 3D Matrix Analysis Based on Accident Frequency and Worker Perceptions by Accident Type
Authors: Kyung Sae-Byeok , Lee Ho-Jun , Lee Eun-Yul , Jeon Kyo-Young , Kim Ju-Won
Published: December 2024

Efforts are underway to prevent accidents occurring in the construction industry, by adopting smart safety equipment and new technologies. To maximize the effectiveness of smart safety technologies, high-risk, high-frequency accident types at construction sites must be identified and worker feedback must be incorporated to prioritize the adoption of these technologies according to urgency. This study analyzed high-frequency detailed accident types using the Comprehensive Safety Information System for construction projects. A survey was conducted to collect data on the preferred accident types for technology adoption, and the accident types were perceived as high risk. Based on these results, three-dimensional matrix analysis was conducted to prioritize the adoption of smart safety technologies. The top priority for adoption was “Architecture + Reinforced Concrete Work + Formwork Fall”. These results indicate that the goal is to prevent frequent accidents at construction sites by efficiently applying smart safety technologies.
Comparative Study on the Spray Characteristics of Bottom-Up Sprinkler Heads
Authors: Lee Seokjae , Kim Hakjoong , Yang Lee-Kwang
Published: December 2024

Bottom-up sprinkler heads are typically installed in parking lots of buildings and in places without a semi-finished ceiling. However, bottom-up sprinkler heads that comply with domestic fire codes can exhibit water spray performances depending on the manufacturer. In this study, we compare the spray characteristics of bottom-up sprinkler heads manufactured by five different vendors in Korea by conducting a waterproof amount test, spray distribution test, and spray pattern analysis. The results of the waterproof amount test indicated that all sprinkler head samples showed minimum and maximum deviations of 0.02 and 1.11, respectively, from the reference K-factor of 80; these deviations were within the allowable range specified in the relevant regulations. Further, the spray distribution test results indicated that all sprinkler head samples satisfied the three performance criteria specified in the relevant regulations, the radial spray distribution showed differences, and two distinct spray patterns (one that wets the ceiling and another that does not) were observed.
Bridge Superstructure Component Performance Prediction Model Based on LightGBM
Authors: Bae Youngjae , Choi Yangrok , Kwon Kyungrok , Oh Seungchan , Kim Kibeom , Kong Jung Sik
Published: December 2024

The rapid increase in the number of aging bridges domestically requires efficient maintenance strategies, which may utilize bridge performance prediction models. In this study, performance prediction models were developed for structural components with large amounts of data in the superstructure (concrete decks, PSC I girders, steel box girders, concrete crossbeams, and steel crossbeams) using data managed by a Bridge Management System. The condition rating from previous inspections (previous rating) had the greatest impact on the predictions, and regression analysis was used to train the model with the regression value of the previous rating rather than its representative value. Consequently, the prediction performance of the learning model improved, and the same method was applied to other superstructure components. Finally, the prediction results were analyzed by applying actual bridge data to the model.
Comparison Study between FEMA453 and the Shelter Guidance of Korea
Authors: Son Jin-Su , Lee Jin-Young
Published: December 2024

Approximately 20,000 emergency shelters are currently available in South Korea. Owing to the increase in North Korean threats and the frequency of earthquakes, emergency evacuation facilities are receiving increasing attention from both the public and professionals. However, most of these facilities have been built without appropriate structural design, owing to a lack of requirements. Underground facilities have certain areas where people can listen to radio broadcasts. This means that emergency shelters can provide administrative support and protection, but they do not guarantee citizens’ safety against threats. Moreover, numbers of citizens will congregate at shelters when a state of emergency is declared. However, if the shelters cannot play their roles of protection properly, mass casualty incidents can be expected at the shelters. A comparative study was conducted between FEMA and shelter guidance in Korea. Problems in the domestic emergency manual were noted, and improvement methods were proposed by analyzing FEMA.
Evaluating the Flexural Strengthening Performance of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Fiber-Enhanced Spray Materials
Authors: Chun Booki , Lee Seung Won , Woo Seong Yun , Yoo Doo-Yeol , Lim Kwang Mo , Yoon Yong-Sik
Published: December 2024

This study examined the compressive and tensile strengths of spray-applied strengthening materials and the flexural performance of concrete beams reinforced using these materials to assess the effectiveness of spray-based reinforcement techniques. The findings revealed substantial variations in performance influenced by fiber type, dosage, and casting method. Key factors affecting performance included fiber dispersion and bond strength within the spray-applied layer. The PE (polyethylene) fibers exhibited stable performance, while PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) fibers experienced significant degradation due to moisture absorption. These results offer valuable insights for optimizing the design and application of fiber-reinforced concrete, advancing repair and reinforcement methods in the construction sector.
Improvement in Tensile Performance of Ultra-high-performance Alkali-activated Concrete Using Surface-treated Steel Fiber
Authors: Kim Soonho , Woo Seong-Yun , Piao Rongzhen , Yoo Doo-Yeol
Published: December 2024

In this study, the tensile-performance enhancement of ultra-high-performance alkali-activated concrete (UHPAAC) was investigated by applying ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-treated steel fibers with increased surface roughness. Direct tensile tests and digital image correlation image analyses were conducted to evaluate its crack behavior. When EDTA-treated steel fibers were used in UHPAAC, the tensile strength and maximum tensile strain of the latter improved by approximately 70% and 1.5 times, respectively, compared with those of S13 steel fibers, with a strain energy density increase of approximately 2.8 times. Additionally, EDTA-treated fibers effectively reduced the average and maximum crack widths across all strain levels and facilitated the formation of approximately 1.5 times more microcracks, thus demonstrating excellent crack-width control and strain-hardening behavior. These results confirm that EDTA-treated steel fibers are effective in improving the tensile performance and microcrack behavior of UHPAAC.
Analysis of Factors Affecting the Durability of Electric Power Utility Tunnel Concrete: A Field Investigation
Authors: Chun Nakhyun , Choi Hyunki , Chung Joohong , Hwang Kyeongmin , Jung Hyungsuk
Published: December 2024

Recently, the service life of electric power utility tunnels has been rapidly increasing; however, inspection and maintenance are difficult because of the characteristics of electric power utility tunnels. In addition, there are no detailed guidelines for electric power utility tunnels regarding the safety and maintenance of existing facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a comprehensive performance evaluation system that reflects the characteristics of electric power utility tunnels. In this study, we determine and evaluate the factors influencing durability for the development of a comprehensive performance evaluation system for electric power utility tunnels via a field investigation.
Development of a Regression Model for Predicting Ground Subsidence Risk Using Machine Learning
Authors: Lee Sungyeol , Kim Jinyoung , Kong Myeongsik , Kang Jaemo
Published: December 2024

Ground subsidence occurs primarily in urban areas. The main causes of this damage are underground facilities and excavations. Ground subsidence presents significant risks to life and property, which causes social disruption and emphasizes the need for preventive measures. Recent studies have identified the causes of ground subsidence and developed effective risk management strategies. Because ground subsidence results from the complex interactions of multiple factors, a comprehensive approach to risk management is required. In this study, a machine learning-based regression model was developed to predict the risk of ground subsidence. The dataset included historical subsidence records, underground utility attributes, permeability coefficients, soil layer thicknesses, and elevation data for the study area. The collected data were preprocessed using the ArcGIS software suite. Additionally, condition-based datasets were constructed. These datasets were used to train the machine learning algorithms, and the performances of the models were evaluated using the root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) to enable the selection of the best-performing model.
A Study of the Correlation between ElNiño-Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole Mode Indices, and Korean Drought Indices
Authors: Park Joohee , Lee Jungmin , Byeon Seongjune
Published: December 2024

The correlation between ocean climate and Korean drought indices is key in explaining and predicting droughts in Korea. In this study, ocean climate index data, including El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) index values, were subjected to a Pearson correlation analysis with standardized precipitation index (SPI) data. The results of the analysis show that the SPI and ocean climate change are linked, which provides a possible explanation for the effect of ENSO and IOD on drought in Korea. However, because the magnitude of the observed link was not very large, the correlations ENSO and IOD indices, respectively, and SPI are statistically weak. On analysis of monthly data, significant correlations were mainly observed from January to May, with very weak correlations from June to December. Based on a regional analysis, twelve cities were divided into four groups with similar correlations between the analyzed indices.
Development of Natural Feature-Detection and -Matching Techniques for Monitoring Actual Retaining-Wall Displacements
Authors: Song Chang-Ho , Pham Minh-Vuong , Nguyen Ba-Quang-Vinh , Lee Ji-Sung , Kim Yun-Tae
Published: December 2024

The detection and monitoring of key points on a retaining-wall surface using a vision camera is crucial for measuring displacement. Researchers have previously proposed adding several artificial makers to a retaining wall to monitor displacement. However, the use of artificial markers presents several disadvantages. Additionally, vision-based displacement monitoring under field conditions are typically affected by problems such as illumination variation and strong wind-induced nonstationary cameras. Therefore, this study proposes a natural-target-based feature-matching method to extract natural features from retaining walls, thus enabling displacement calculation without artificial targets. Histogram equalization and homography algorithms are used to enhance the performance of the feature-matching algorithms and improve the accuracy of displacement calculation. An image dataset from a monitoring camera installed on an actual retaining wall at Seobu Mountain, Busan, Korea, is used to evaluate the performance of natural-feature extraction and displacement calculation. The results show that the feature-matching algorithm performed well in extracting and matching the natural features of the retaining wall compared with artificial markers. Additionally, the calculated horizontal displacement, settlement, and facing displacement of the actual retaining wall based on the single-camera and natural-feature-based methods indicate a maximum overall error of 3.8 mm.
Study of a Grid-Based Urban Drainage System Analysis Model
Authors: Yu Da Hae , Kim Dong Jun , Jeon Jin Hyeok , Song Yang Ho , Lee Jung Ho
Published: December 2024

As the focus shifts from responding to climate change to adapting to the climate crisis, the need for detailed water adaptation strategies is increasing. Local governments are required to implement measures to address urban flooding, and models such as XP-SWMM are being utilized. However, these models have limitations in terms of precision owing to the resolution of the available data. To address this issue, this study developed a grid-based urban flood analysis model capable of predicting urban flooding using high-resolution data based on a detailed grid of less than 10 m, adequately considering watershed characteristics. It integrates surface runoff analysis using the Clark Unit Hydrograph method and the D8 algorithm, conduit transport analysis linked with EPA-SWMM, and flood analysis modules utilizing the WCA2D method. Unlike existing urban flood analysis models, which require complex parameters and specialized expertise, this model minimizes the number of input parameters to enhance accessibility for practitioners while maintaining reliability in the analysis results. A grid-based model based on high-resolution spatial data can be employed by local governments to establish practical guidelines. It effectively identifies vulnerable flood areas within cities and supports the development of specific flood response strategies, thereby contributing significantly to urban flood management and resilience planning.
Method for Measuring Shear Strain of RC Panels Using the Quadrant Multi-Hinge Shear Testing Apparatus
Authors: Jeong Je-Pyong , Kang Dae-Hung
Published: December 2024

Four 500 mm × 500 mm × 90 mm reinforced concrete (RC) panels underwent shear tests under in-plane pure shear monotonic loading conditions using the Quadrant Multi-Hinge Shear Testing Apparatus, which was specifically designed and manufactured to measure both shear stress and shear strain. These tests, conducted on RC panels subjected to pure shear, varied in longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratios. The maximum shear stress (τ) reached 8.22 MPa, and shear strain values ranged from 10,963 to 21,000 με. The failure angle, shear stress, and shear strain were significantly affected by the principal compressive stress and the reinforcement ratio of the concrete. Notably, PSR-1, with a higher relative reinforcement ratio in the orthogonal direction, exhibited the largest shear strain.
Evaluation of Drought Resilience by Local Governments Considering the Cluster Characteristics of Drought Damage History by Water Use Type
Authors: Lee Seo Yun , Yoo Jin Gyeong , Park Jinhyeog , Yoo Do Guen
Published: December 2024

This study evaluated drought resilience based on the results of cluster evaluation using drought damage history data from water use (living, agriculture, and industry) from the nationally recognized national drought information statistics collection as factors related to past drought damage. Regional drought damage grading data derived from past drought damage data, as well as qualitative and quantitative indicators for drought resilience evaluation proposed in previous studies, were combined to evaluate regional drought resilience. The results confirmed that drought damage history data by water use had a certain level of influence on the regional drought resilience evaluation. A realistic drought resilience evaluation methodology can be used to establish prevention, preparation, response, and recovery strategies for an entire drought cycle.
Analysis of Groundwater Recharge Changes in the Upper Reaches of the Yangjae Stream due to Changes in Land Material
Authors: Park Jae Beom , Lee Jung Min , Jun Hwan Don , Kal Byung Seok
Published: December 2024

This study analyzes the phenomenon of drought changes in urban areas due to changes in the land components, focusing on Gwacheon City. A SWAT model was constructed, and changes in groundwater recharge and runoff were calculated for drought assessment. The parameters that reflect changes in land components, including the runoff coefficient (Curve Number), soil moisture content (SOL_AWC), soil conductivity (SOL_K), upper roughness coefficient (OV_N), and storage coefficient (CANMX), and affect groundwater recharge, were selected. Changing all five parameters showed that groundwater recharge increased by approximately 3.37% compared with the current level, demonstrating the effect of drought alleviation. Further, when applied to both traffic and residential areas, which are impervious urban areas, the groundwater recharge increased by approximately 10.46%.
Cumulative Impact Assessment to Identify Environmental Health Vulnerable Areas: A Focus on Cumulative Stressors and Resiliency Index
Authors: Lim Yu-ra , Bae Hyun-Joo
Published: December 2024

To develop and implement policies that effectively protect public health from environmental pollution and hazards, it is essential to consider a range of environmental, social, and economic factors. Understanding regional differences driven by these factors is crucial. This study conducted a cumulative impact assessment using a screening method to identify regions most vulnerable to environmental and health risks. It applies the Cumulative Stressors and resiliency index (CSRI) to assess 250 local governments based on 17 indicators, which include both environmental stressors and resiliency buffers factors. The study also examines, the spatial distribution and correlation between asthma emergency visit rates and CSRI scores. In terms of cumulative impact, when factoring in community resilience, certain areas in the Chungcheong and Jeollabuk provinces stood out. These regions, characterized by high environmental exposure and pathological factors, ranked among the top 10% of areas experiencing environmental inequality based on the CSRI. Furthermore, an ANOVA analysis of CSRI scores and asthma emergency visit rates showed a significant statistically difference. The high-CSRI score group had an asthma emergency visit rate of 27.97 per 100,000 people, while the low-CSRI score group had a rate of 20.12. The findings from this study provide valuable scientific evidence to support the development of targeted policies. By screening areas and population that are particularly sensitive or vulnerable, the results enable a more rational and systematic approach to manage limited environmental health resources and personnel.
Prediction of Thermal Environment Vulnerability through Meso-Micro Climate Scale CFD Simulations: A Case Study of Pyeongtaek City, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea
Authors: Ahn Junghyeon , Kang Junsuk
Published: December 2024

This paper presents an integrated approach for predicting urban thermal environment vulnerability employing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations at the meso- and microclimate scales. The analysis focused on Pyeongtaek City, Gyeonggi Province, which covers an area of approximately 40 km in length. A mesoclimate-scale CFD simulation was performed to assess large-scale thermal patterns, which led to the identification of Bijun-dong, Poseung-eup, and Jisan-dong as climate-vulnerable regions. These areas exhibit elevated temperatures, which can be attributed to their geographical features. A subsequent microclimate-scale CFD simulation covering a 5 km2 area in greater detail provided deeper insights into the urban thermal environment. The findings revealed pronounced urban heat island effects in all three regions. Exacerbated by their geographic characteristics and irregular building layouts, these make them particularly susceptible to heat waves. More than 50% of the analyzed areas were identified as climate-vulnerable zones with temperatures surpassing 35 °C at an elevation of 1.5 m above sea level. Based on the results of the study, we propose strategic technologies and guidelines for mitigating climate risks such as heatwaves, and offer recommendations for improving urban climate resilience.
Development of a Non-Destructive Contact-Type Plant Growth Monitoring Sensor for Vegetation in LID Facilities
Authors: Park Sungil , Yoo Chanwoo , Joo Jingul
Published: December 2024

This study develops a non-destructive, contact-type flow monitoring sensor that uses capacitance measurement techniques to measure sap flow within plant stems non-destructively. Designed for remote, real-time data collection, the sensor effectively observes vegetation growth in low impact development (LID) facilities. Experimental results show that the sensor is suitable for assessing plant growth and stable establishment in these facilities. The sensor is expected to be cost-effective and highly applicable for monitoring vegetation growth and environmental stress factors in widely distributed LID facilities.
An Analysis of Rainfall-Derived Infiltration and Inflow Using Water Level-to-Flow Conversion
Authors: Kim Dong Jun , Yu Da Hae , Song Yang Ho , Lee Jung Ho
Published: December 2024

During rainfall, the rise in groundwater levels, coupled with defects in pipe connections and manhole joints, increases Rainfall-Derived Infiltration and Inflow (RDII) in separate sewer systems. This results in exceedances of planned wastewater volumes and a surge in Separate Sewer Overflows (SSOs). To implement effective measures in the sewer system, it is crucial to monitor the long-term sewage flow under both dry and wet weather conditions to identify RDII sources within the sub-basins. However, because of the cost disparity between installing flow meters and water-level sensors, many municipalities opt for the latter, which is more economical but limits the accuracy of flow measurement. Therefore, this study developed a methodology to estimate flow rates based on measured water-level data, which were validated using adjacent flow measurement data. This water level-to-flow conversion method is expected to be utilized through the installation of water-level sensors owing to their ease of deployment, in addition to budgetary constraints that limit the use of flow meters. This approach enables the application of water-level data for flow estimation.
Analysis of Flood Damage Mitigation Effects Based on the Presence of a Rainwater-Retaining Facility Through Flood-Depth Distribution Analysis by Grid
Authors: Kang Jonghwan , Lee Woojin , Jun Hwandon
Published: December 2024

In recent years, localized heavy rainfall due to climate change has caused increased flood damage in urban areas. To address this issue, efforts are being made to mitigate damage through the installation of a rainwater-retaining facility and improved sewer systems. Various methods have been proposed to analyze the flood mitigation effects of these measures, with commonly used approaches including the analysis of overflow volume, peak flood discharge, and flood maps. However, these methods have limited capacity to accurately assess the reduction in flood depth, which directly affects human safety and property. Additionally, the use of flood maps requires visual analysis, which makes it difficult to evaluate the reduction effects accurately. Therefore, this study proposes a new method for flood reduction using grid-based flood-depth distribution analysis. The maximum flood depth for each grid was determined using the XP-SWMM urban runoff model, and the number of grids for each 0.1-meter flood-depth interval was analyzed using a Python program. Consequently, under various rainfall scenarios and boundary conditions, the proposed analysis method enables a more quantitative assessment of flood mitigation effects by comparing the number of reduced flood-depth grids before and after the installation of the rainwater retention facility. This approach also allows for a more precise assessment of the reconstruction of flood-depth grids, which directly affects human safety and property.
Development of a Real-Time Flood Prediction and Warning System for Underground Excavation Sites Based on Nomographs
Authors: Lee Song I , Wang Jeong Ah , Choi Jongwon , Jun Hwandon
Published: December 2024

In August 2022, a localized torrential downpour in Seoul highlighted the growing frequency of extreme rainfall events linked to climate change. Simultaneously, rapid urbanization has led to higher population densities and an increase in underground space development and excavation projects, such as the Yeongdong-daero complex transit center and the construction of the Greater Seoul Metropolitan Express Railway (GTX). This study examines the risks to evacuation routes at ‘underground excavation sites’ during heavy rainfall. Based on this analysis, a system for calculating evacuation buffer time and providing real-time flood forecasting and warnings were developed. A testbed was established in a basin susceptible to recurrent flooding, driven by seawater, external water, and internal water. The study modeled excavation sites with depths of less than 10 m, which were the areas currently excluded from intensive underground safety regulations. The flood risks along the evacuation routes were quantified using a depth-velocity product model. To stimulate real-time flood risks, a rainfall scenario was created by combining observed and predicted rainfall data from the weather radar. The real-time flood forecasting and warning system developed in this study, if implemented nationwide in flood-prone areas, could provide timely warnings to site managers and officials, enabling immediate evacuation based on the risk assessments of evacuation routes in different rainfall scenarios.
Structural analyses of the AAA+ ATPase domain of the transcriptional regulator GtrR in the BDSF quorum‐sensing system in Burkholderia cenocepacia
Authors: Yan Xin‐Fu , Yang Chunxi , Wang Mingfang , Yong Yonlada , Deng Yinyue , Gao Yong‐Gui
Published: November 2021

Global transcriptional regulator downstream RpfR (GtrR) is a key downstream regulator for quorum‐sensing signaling molecule cis‐2‐dodecenoic acid (BDSF). As a bacterial enhancer‐binding protein (bEBP), GtrR is composed of an N‐terminal receiver domain, a central ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA+) ATPase σ54‐interaction domain, and a C‐terminal helix‐turn‐helix DNA‐binding domain. In this work, we solved its AAA+ ATPase domain in both apo and GTP‐bound forms. The structure revealed how GtrR specifically recognizes GTP. In addition, we also revealed that GtrR has moderate GTPase activity in vitro in the absence of its activation signal. Finally, we found the residues K170, D236, R311, and R357 in GtrR that are crucial to its biological function, any single mutation leading to completely abolishing GtrR activity.
Assessment of log‐based fingerprinting system of Mobius3D with Elekta linear accelerators
Authors: Noh Yu‐Yun , Kim Jihun , Kim Jin Sung , Shin Han‐Back , Han Min Cheol , Suh Tae Suk
Published: November 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the matching error that occurs when the Mobius3D fingerprinting system is applied in conjunction with an Elekta linear accelerator (LINAC) and to offer an acceptable and alternative method for circumventing this problem.

Material and methods

To avoid the multileaf collimator (MLC) conflicting error in the Mobius3D fingerprinting system, we developed an in‐house program to move the MLC in the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) radiotherapy (RT)‐Plan to pertinent positions, considering the relationship between log data and planned data. The re‐delivered log files were calculated in the Mobius3D system, and the results were compared with those of corrected data (i.e., we analyzed a pair of re‐collected log data and the previous DICOM RT‐Plan data). The results were then evaluated by comparing several items, such as point dose errors, gamma index (GI) passing rates, and MLC root‐mean‐square (RMS) values.

Results

For the point dose error, the maximum difference found was below 2.0%. In the case of GI analysis of all plans, the maximum difference in the passing rates was below 1.4%. The statistical results obtained using a paired Student's t‐test showed that there were no significant differences within the uncertainty. In the case of the RMS test, the maximum difference found was approximately 0.08 mm.

Conclusions

Our results showed that all the mismatched log files were sufficiently acceptable within the uncertainty. We conclude that the matching error obtained when applying Mobius3D to an Elekta LINAC may be addressed using a simple modification of the fingerprinting system, and we expect that our study findings will help vendors resolve this issue in the near future.
Adult‐onset rapidly worsening progressive myoclonic epilepsy caused by a novel variant in DHDDS
Authors: Kim Seondeuk , Kim Man Jin , Son Hyoshin , Hwang Sungeun , Kang Mi‐Kyoung , Chu Kon , Lee Sang Kun , Moon Jangsup
Published: November 2021

Progressive myoclonic epilepsy (PME) is a heterogeneous neurogenetic disorder manifesting as progressive myoclonus, seizure, and ataxia. We report a case of PME caused by a novel DHDDS variant. Additionally, by reviewing the literature on DHDDS mutations, we compared the phenotype of our patient with previously reported phenotypes. We identified DHDDS (c.638G>A, p. Ser213Asn) as a likely pathogenic variant. The literature review revealed 15 PME patients with DHDDS mutations from 13 unrelated families. According to previous studies, late‐onset patients tend to have a slow‐progressive disease course. Although his myoclonus and ataxia were adult onset, our patient experienced rapid disease aggravation.
Human Organs‐on‐Chips: A Review of the State‐of‐the‐Art, Current Prospects, and Future Challenges
Authors: Zarrintaj Payam , Saeb Mohammad Reza , Stadler Florian J. , Yazdi Mohsen Khodadadi , Nezhad Mojtaba Nasiri , Mohebbi Shabnam , Seidi Farzad , Ganjali Mohammad Reza , Mozafari Masoud
Published: November 2021

New emerging technologies, remarkably miniaturized 3D organ models and microfluidics, enable simulation of the real in vitro microenvironment ex vivo more closely. There are many fascinating features of innovative organ‐on‐a‐chip (OOC) technology, including the possibility of integrating semipermeable and/or stretchable membranes, creating continuous perfusion of fluids into microchannels and chambers (while maintaining laminar flow regime), embedding microdevices like microsensors, microstimulators, micro heaters, or different cell lines, along with other 3D cell culture technologies. OOC systems are designed to imitate the structure and function of human organs, ranging from breathing lungs to beating hearts. This technology is expected to be able to revolutionize cell biology studies, personalized precision medicine, drug development process, and cancer diagnosis/treatment. OOC systems can significantly reduce the cost associated with tedious drug development processes and the risk of adverse drug reactions in the body, which makes drug screening more effective. The review mainly focus on presenting an overview of the several previously developed OOC systems accompanied by subjects relevant to pharmacy‐, cancer‐, and placenta‐on‐a‐chip. The challenging issues and opportunities related to these systems are discussed, along with a future perspective for this technology.
A Review on Applications of Superhydrophobic Materials in Civil Engineering
Authors: Wang Ning , Wang Qing , Xu Shuangshuang
Published: November 2021

Superhydrophobic (SHPB) materials have attracted a lot of attention in civil engineering due to their unique wettability in recent years. The SHPB characteristics pave up a new way for the applications of SHPB materials in civil engineering. In this review, the applications research progress of SHPB materials in various fields of civil engineering is summarized. The waterproofing, self‐cleaning, anticorrosion, anti‐icing, and antifogging applications of SHPB materials in architectural engineering are discussed. The applications of SHPB materials in road and bridge engineering such as anti‐icing and antiskidding are listed. The applications of SHPB materials in heating and ventilation engineering are ranged from anticondensation, antifrosting to dust removal. The anticorrosion and antibiofouling applications of SHPB materials in structural engineering in marine environment are presented. The key problem of insufficient mechanical and chemical durability of SHPB materials when applied in civil engineering is pointed out, and the application trend of SHPB materials in civil engineering is prospected. Finally, based on the detailed discussion of the applications of SHPB materials in civil engineering, a brief summary is proposed. It is expected that SHPB materials can be widely and systematically applied in civil engineering, making important contributions to multifunctional development of civil engineering in the future.
Rational Assembly of Liquid Metal/Elastomer Lattice Conductors for High‐Performance and Strain‐Invariant Stretchable Electronics
Authors: Wang Zhenyu , Xia Xuting , Zhu Meng , Zhang Xingle , Liu Rui , Ren Jun , Yang Junyi , Li Ming , Jiang Jing , Liu Yu
Published: November 2021

Highly stretchable and conductive composites have gained tremendous research interests due to the imperative demands in the fields of stretchable electronics and soft robotics. However, it is challenging to maintain the original performance of the composites under complex external deformations. Here, a one‐step dual‐material 3D printing technique is developed to rationally assemble liquid metal (LM) into an elastomer lattice. The 3D interconnected and deformable liquid conductive network is supported by a highly ordered and robust polydimethylsiloxane lattice skeleton, yielding the resultant composites high electrical conductivity (1.98 × 106 S m−1), stretchability (180%), and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (72 dB). Unlike those composites with dispersed fillers, the LM/elastomer lattice composites deliver negligible electromechanical coupling, showing a negative resistance change of only −2% at a large tensile strain of 100%. The composites also exhibit strain‐invariant EMI shielding performance in a strain range of 0–100%, and present exceptional stability over 1000 rigorous cycles of stretching and releasing. The applications of the composites in flexible display circuits, microwave shielding layer, and EMI shields in wireless power transmission systems are demonstrated. The current findings suggest an effective strategy for fabricating LM‐based composites with precisely controlled and unprecedented multi‐functionality.
Engineering Ultrasmall Ferroptosis‐Targeting and Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species‐Scavenging Nanozyme for Alleviating Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Wang Keyi , Zhang Yang , Mao Weipu , Feng Wei , Lu Shuting , Wan Jian , Song Xinran , Chen Yu , Peng Bo
Published: November 2021

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious renal dysfunction syndromes, which predominantly correlates with the excess production of endogenous reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RO/NSs), triggering a series of pathological processes including cellular apoptosis, renal fibrosis, and ferroptosis. Ferroptosis as an iron‐dependent nonapoptotic regulated cell death is extensively involved in renal damage. Herein, the authors report the engineering of ultrasmall KCa(H2O)2[FeIII(CN)6]·H2O nanoparticles as multienzyme mimetics, termed as CaPB nanozymes, for effectively scavenging RO/NSs and further inhibiting ferroptosis for the treatment of AKI. CaPB nanoparticles can effectively mimic the activity of multienzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, CaPB nanozymes serving as a robust ferroptosis inhibitor significantly increase the expression of ferroptosis regulator glutathione peroxidase 4 in vitro. Furthermore, the renal accumulation of CaPB nanozymes effectively protects the kidney from oxidative injury and alleviated ferroptosis after intravenous administration. Additionally, the abnormal expression of inflammatory factors is further inhibited by CaPB nanozymes. The results demonstrate that the engineered ultrasmall CaPB nanozyme as a multienzyme mimetic features high potential for RO/NSs scavenging and treating AKI via inhibiting ferroptosis, which promises the clinical translation on the treatment of AKI and other RO/NSs‐related renal diseases.
High‐Efficiency Sb2(S,Se)3 Solar Cells with New Hole Transport Layer‐Free Back Architecture via 2D Titanium‐Carbide Mxene
Authors: Li Hu , Lin Limei , Yao Liquan , Wu Fengying , Wei Dong , Liu Guoliang , Huang Zhigao , Chen Shuiyuan , Li Jianmin , Chen Guilin
Published: November 2021

MXene, a class of 2D materials of metal carbide or nitride, has attracted a lot of attention recently due to its excellent optical and electrical properties. In this work, titanium‐carbide MXene (Ti3C2Tx) is introduced as a back electrode in Sb2(S,Se)3 thin‐film solar cells (FTO/CdS/Sb2(S,Se)3/MXene) for the first time, which displaces traditional carbon (C) and gold (Au) electrodes entirely. Impressively, thanks to its high conductivity, mild reflectivity, and flexible flake architecture, the MXene‐based device performance outperforms typical C and Au electrodes by 153% and 77%, respectively. Specifically, the tunable work function of MXene and a beneficial Sb–O bond formed between Sb2(S,Se)3 and MXene efficiently suppress the recombination and enhance charge transport by enjoying the unique merit of the rich terminal groups of MXene. As a result, the best efficiency of 8.29% of MXene‐based Sb2(S,Se)3 solar device is achieved, which represents the highest performance of noble metal and/or hole transport layer‐free derived Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cells to date. This result has revealed that MXene is a feasible material to substitute the back electrode in Sb‐based solar cells to reach high efficiency, low cost, and high stability.