bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La politique de l'emploi en Pologne au cours des années 1960-1970
Authors: Adel-Czlowiekowski Ignacy
Published: November 2010

Poland's Employment Policy in the Period 1960-1972.

Polish employment policies in the postward period are characterized by two distinct phases. In the first phase from 1945 until early 1960's there occurred a very rapid expansion of employment while the labor force grew rather slowly. From 1963 onwards, the labour force grew rapidly, while the rate of employment increase began to decline. As a result, substantial unemployment appeared both in the industry and in agriculture.

Vocational education and technical training of the labour force proceeded at a rapid pace throughout the first period. Remarkable achievements were accomplished in training of technicians and engineers. However, the expansion of higher education came to a stop in the mid 1960's and the utilization and deployment of the highly skilled labour force was frequently faulty and wasteful.

Slow growth of employment was due to a drop in the rate of an overall industrial expansion, to unbalanced allocation of resources, to investment in capital goods industries, rather than in consumer goods industries and services. Poor economic performance was also caused by excessive centralization, incompetent management and reliance on administrative methods, instead of on the free play of the market forces, and the mechanism of market prices, wages and other incomes. Poor system of work incentives hindered the rise of productivity ; low labour productivity resulted in low wages, insufficient personal incomes and low living standards. This in turn generated wide spread discontent of the population which led to an open workers' rebellion in 1970, and subsequently forced the party leaders to change their economic policies. The new economic policies adopted by the VI Party Congress in June 1972 reestablished the balance in favour of consumer goods production, raised money and real wages, provided stronger incentives for productivity increases and endeavoured to create more jobs for the rapidly growing labor force in the 1970's. '
Les travaux de la Commission économique pour l'Europe des Nations Unies sur la coopération industrielle
Authors: Yrjö-Koskinen K.
Published: November 2010

Les études entreprises depuis 1965 surtout montrent la nécessité de développer le système d'information, en particulier pour les petites et moyennes entreprises.

La coopération Est-Ouest présente de nombreux avantages pour les pays qui sont parties prenantes; elle permet, entre autres, d'exploiter les complémentarités entre pays d'Europe.

Le «Rapport analytique» propose des mesures pour intensifier et élargir la diffusion des informations et pour améliorer les modalités de financement.
Les intellectuels des années soixante-dix en Pologne
Authors: Mond Georges H.
Published: November 2010

Dans cette étude l'auteur conçoit « l'intelligentsia créatrice » comme des « intellectuels » en élargissant cette dernière notion par la prise en considération des savants, des prêtres et les laïcs-intellectuels catholiques, certains dirigeants- idéologues du parti au pouvoir, certains avocats et juges, ainsi qu'une partie des jeunes universitaires et parfois des enseignants de lycées. Il y a, en effet, plusieurs critères d'appartenance à cette couche socio-professionnelle et culturelle que sont les intellectuels, critères concernant en partie — bien que dans un contexte différent — aussi bien l'intelligentsia que les intellectuels.

Tout d'abord c'est l'instruction (généralement supérieure) qui constitue le trait significatif ; ensuite c'est la profession exercée par un intellectuel ; puis c'est également la fonction socio-politique et culturelle qu'il assume dans la société. A ces critères s'ajoute aussi celui de l'attitude et du comportement moral et socio-politique.

Les critères distinctifs de l'intellectuel polonais résultent également de ses origines sociales différentes. En 1970 encore, plus de la moitié des écrivains ou des journalistes polonais n'étaient ni d'origine ouvrière, ni d'origine paysanne.

Les intellectuels polonais ont des attitudes idéologiques et politiques fort diversifiées. On distingue dans ce milieu le courant marxiste, où des libéraux-modernistes coexistent avec des réalistes-technocrates et même avec d'assez vieux et néo-staliniens.

D'autre part, dans le courant catholique se distinguent des indépendants-libéraux et des conservateurs, les deux tendances essayant de garder leurs liens avec l'épiscopat polonais, sans parler des pro-communistes («Pax») qui prônent la coexistence de l'idéologie chrétienne avec la politique du pouvoir communiste qu'ils servent avec zèle.

Enfin, il y a aussi certains intellectuels qui n'appartiennent ni à la première famille, ni à la seconde. Ce sont des « indépendants ».

Les intellectuels jouent encore assez souvent (du moins ils en sont convaincus), le rôle de « conscience du peuple » comme dans le passé national. Le processus de transformation idéologique et morale de cette couche est seulement amorcé et le pouvoir s'en rend compte en tendant à renforcer les actions et les forces agissantes dans ce milieu important.

La conclusion finale de cette étude n'est ni pessimiste, ni optimiste. L'auteur estime que le poids socio-politique et culturel de cette couche de la société polonaise reste considérable et que l'équipe au pouvoir depuis 1971 semble s'en rendre compte. Ainsi l'auteur conclut : « si les promesses de 1971 sont tenues, malgré toutes les réserves et malgré la marge de manœuvre vraiment étroite, les intellectuels auront l'occasion de mettre toutes leurs capacités au service de leur pays » conformément à l'ancienne et illustre tradition. En 1974, hélas, cette perspective ne semble pas encore se dessiner.
Le rôle du droit dans les réformes économiques
Authors: Bar Ludwik
Published: November 2010

The Role of Legislation in Economic Reform.

Legislation plays an important role in the planning and management of national economies and hence in the introduction of economic reforms. Multiple legal functions are an integral part of planning by setting forth the principles of econo- mie organization. Legislation equally intervenes in the principal fields of economic activity, fixing principles for action and determining the activities and procedure of control units.

National economies are organized with the aid of such judicial instruments as : the Law, regulations, resolutions, rulings, hearings and administrative acts. The Law, for example, permits the creation of national and territorial administrative bodies, determines their range of activity and the principles underlying the creation of firms and trusts. Regulations provide detailed instructions concerning the field of action, the organization and the procedure to be employed by administrative bodies and by state economic organizations. Resolutions are the chief instrument of the Council of Ministers in managing national economy and in economic organization ; they apply to firms and fusts in that they set the boundaries and principles of economic activity between firms and their subsidiaries and with other firms in the branch. Rulings constitute, among others, the judicial means of creating state firms, their division, fusion or liquidation. They also define the structures of these firms and the jurisdiction of the commissions. Administrative acts applied in economic organization are, for example, decisions with regard to the nomination or revocation of a firm director. In almost all cases of administrative decisions, the judicial instrument is essential in determining the structure of the unit being created, its field of activity, its prerogatives and obligations. The nature of the judicial relationship between thhe unit in question and higher authority or subordinate units is determined. The effectiveness of the solutions adopted strongly influences the authority of state economic structures and of the organisms they direct.

Administrative and civil legislation have a place in economic activity when conflicts occur, legislation determines who should arbitrate, and fixes the procedure.

It is in the interest of society to assure the control of economic activities. Judicial measures define the control units, their powers, methods and scope and determine whether control is to be in the hands of higher authority, other state organizations, social organisms or the citizens.

In view of these extended responsabilises, almost all legislative branches (administrative, civil, financial and labor legislation) have a contribution to make to the national economy. Their participation in national planning and economic management emphasizes the social role of legislation in building socialism.
Oligopole et réforme économique : le cas hongrois
Authors: Prybyla Jan S.
Published: November 2010

Oligopoly and Economie Reform : the Case of Hungary.

One of the key longer-term objectives of the Hungarian economic reform of 1968 was to replace detailed central physical planning of enterprise activity by a self-regulating market mechanism. AUocative rationality, as signalled in the self- regulating sphere of the economy by competitive market prices, was to become an important component of state planning and economic guidance. The article examines the problem of introducing competition into Hungarian industry. It notes that competition in industry is inhibited by the large size and high degree of concentration of enterprises. Moreover, unlike other oligopolistically-oriented economies, Hungary lacks competitive and imperfectly competitive modern small and medium-sized firms located between the monopolistic and oligopolistic giants and the final users. The 1968 reform accepted the existing oligopolistic structure of industry as a datum. From this acceptance flow a number of consequences regarding the role of government and pricing, which threaten to put a brake on the original intent of the reform. To ease the oligopolistic situation at home, steps have been taken to allow foreign competition to filter through into the domestic import and export business, and small and medium-sized enterprises run by collective farms have been promoted. The caution with which competition in industry has been approached, while understandable, may have negative effects on the whole longer range objective of the reform.
L'utopie et la science : l'économie politique dans la vision marxienne du communisme et pendant l'industrialisation soviétique
Authors: Smolar Aleksander
Published: November 2010

L'auteur procède à une comparaison de deux ordres qu'il qualifie lui-même d'un peu risquée : celui de l'utopie et celui du monde réel.

L'utopie est prise comme un type idéal (au sens weberien), une création théorique qui montre les circonstances dans lesquelles l'économie politique dans ses deux versions substantive (l'économie marxienne) et formelle (l'économie académique) n'aurait pas eu de raison d'être. Il semblait à l'auteur que les effets sur les deux niveaux, celui de l'utopie et celui de la pratique, étaient similaires et qu'il pourrait être utile d'analyser les prémisses du raisonnement marxien pour situer les causes de la liquidation de l'économie politique en U.R.S.S.

En Union Soviétique, au cours de la période 1930-1953, toutes les conditions formelles, nécessaires à l'accomplissement de la prophétie de la fin de l'économie politique, ont été remplies. Certes, elles l'ont été de façon perverse, réfutant toutes les valeurs auxquelles Marx tenait, mais l'analogie formelle n'en est pas moins incontestable.

De l'analogie entre d'une part, les prémisses de la thèse sur la fin de l'économie politique dans le socialisme et, d'autre part, les causes de sa liquidation en Union Soviétique au cours des années trente, peut-on conclure à un rapport de cause à effet ? Le rejet du calcul économique, de la rareté, de l'évaluation du temps, résultait-il vraiment de l'affiliation idéologique et du choix théorique? N'était-ce pas plutôt le contraire ? Si l'on suit la logique des attitudes extrêmes, le critère théologique de la vérité, pour lequel la réalité réelle est celle des livres sacrés, ne servait-il pas à la rationalisation de la politique choisie et qui avait ses origines ailleurs ? L'auteur tente de répondre à toutes ces questions et se demande pour finir s'il est sensé de rechercher des arguments rationnels pour expliquer un acte fondamentalement irrationnel. L'économie politique ne fut-elle pas la victime de cette même folie qui a annihilé la génétique, la théorie de la relativité, la sociologie, la linguistique, etc. ? Pour le pouvoir et ses objectifs, la liquidation de l'économie politique était, instrumentalement parlant, rationnelle. Pour l'auteur de cet article, ce pourrait être un argument en faveur de la thèse de l'irrationnalité totale du système instauré en Union Soviétique.
Self-assembly and semiconductivity of an oligothiophene supergelator
Authors: Pratihar Pampa , Ghosh Suhrit , Stepanenko Vladimir , Patwardhan Sameer , Grozema Ferdinand C , Siebbeles Laurens D A , Würthner Frank
Published: November 2010

A bis(trialkoxybenzamide)-functionalized quaterthiophene derivative was synthesized and its self-assembly properties in solution were studied. In non-polar solvents such as cyclohexane, this quaterthiophene π-system formed fibril aggregates with an H-type molecular arrangement due to synergistic effect of hydrogen bonding and π-stacking. The self-assembled fibres were found to gelate numerous organic solvents of diverse polarity. The charge transport ability of such elongated fibres of quaterthiophene π-system was explored by the pulse radiolysis time resolved microwave conductivity (PR-TRMC) technique and moderate mobility values were obtained. Furthermore, initial AFM and UV-vis spectroscopic studies of a mixture of our electron-rich quaterthiophene derivative with the electron acceptor [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) revealed a nanoscale segregated assembly of the individual building blocks in the blend.
SOVEREIGNTY OF A NATION IN THE PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM OF LITHUANIA: PROBLEMS AND PROPOSALS
Authors: Arlauskas Saulius
Published: November 2010

The aim of the article is to show in what way it is possible to guarantee the proper representation of human interests in the parliamentary form of government. To quote ideas of Mykolas Romeris concerning relationships between sovereign and State powers, it is stated that a special function of safeguarding of constitutionality as an expression of the Sovereign's will ought to be provided in the Constitution of Parliamentary Republic. In the article, it is demonstrated that such function is implemented in the Constitutions of France and Germany by granting a President to guarantee a proper work of parliamentary system (the function of political and legal reserve). It is also shown that in Lithuania, which is considered to be a Parliamentary Republic, the President does not perform a function of political and legal reserve and does not have appropriate authorizations. The author of the article proposes to follow the standards of Constitutions of France and Germany and to reconsider the competences between the institutions of the Seimas and the President.

Tautos suverenitetas parlamentinėje Lietuvos sistemoje: problemos ir pasiūlymai

Santrauka

Straipsnyje siekiama parodyti, kaip parlamentinė valdymo forma gali užtikrinti deramą žmonių interesų atstovavimą. Remiantis Mykolo Romerio idėjomis apie suvereno ir valdžios santykį teigiama, kad parlamentinės valstybės Konstitucijoje privalo būti numatyta speciali konstitucingumo apsaugos funkcija kaip suvereno valios išraiška. Parodoma, kad tokia funkcija numatyta Prancūzijos ir Vokietijos Konstitucijose, suteikiant Prezidentui funkciją užtikrinti deramą parlamentinės sistemos veikimą (politinio ir teisinio rezervo funkcija). Atskleidžiama, kad Lietuvoje, kuri taip pat yra laikoma parlamentine respublika, Prezidentas politinio ir teisinio rezervo funkcijos neatlieka ir atitinkamų įgaliojimų neturi. Straipsnyje siūloma pasekti Prancūzijos ar Vokietijos Konstitucijų pavyzdžiu ir peržiūrėti Seimo bei Prezidento kompetencijas.
TRANSFORMING BORDERS FUNCTIONS IN THE LITHUANIAN‐POLISH‐BELARUSIAN BORDERLAND
Authors: Nikiforova Basia
Published: November 2010

This article is an attempt to give an answer to the question: what are the consequences of the weakening factor of territorial belonging and how it in fact realizes in the Lithuanian‐Polish‐Belarusian borderland? In such a small territory as Lithuanian‐Polish‐Belarusian borderland it is possible to investigate two opposite, reciprocal processes: disappearances (the Lithuanian‐Polish borderland) and strengthening of borders (the Lithuanian‐Belarusian and Polish‐Belarusian borderland). Borders as markers of division have different functions. Using a “boundary narrative” we will analyse such functions as “border‐door”, “borderwall”, and “barrier”. A method of a free narration about a life on border will allow to create the generalized image of the inhabitant of a border zone, its way of life and to reveal its peculiar features. These peculiar features we will analyse in the case of Lithuanian‐Polish‐Belarusian borderland.

Kintančių sienų funkcijos lietuvių, lenkų ir baltarusių paribyje

Santrauka

Straipsnyje bandoma atsakyti į klausimą – kokios yra teritorinės priklausomybės veiksnio silpnėjimo pasekmės ir kaip jis iš tikrųjų formuoja lietuvių, lenkų ir baltarusių paribį? Tokioje mažoje teritorijoje, kaip lietuvių, lenkų ir baltarusių paribys, galima ištirti du priešingus abipusius procesus: sienų nunykimą (lietuvių, lenkų ir baltarusių paribys) ir jų tvirtėjimą (lietuvių ir baltarusių bei lenkų ir baltarusių paribys). Sienos, kaip padalijimų žyminiai, atlieka skirtingas funkcijas. Vartojant ribos naratyvą, analizuojamos tokias funkcijas, kaip riba–durys, riba–siena ir barjeras. Laisvos naracijos apie gyvenimą pasienyje metodas leis sukurti apibendrintą gyvenimo būdo pasienyje vaizdą ir atskleisti savitus jo bruožus. Juos analizuosime lietuvių, lenkų ir baltarusių paribio atžvilgiu.
Le modèle de corporate gouvernance : principes et portée en France
Authors: Labégorre Florence
Published: November 2010

Résumé Les actionnaires des grandes sociétés anonymes américaines initient le débat sur la distribution et l’exercice du pouvoir durant la décennie 1970. Rapports, études, recherches se multiplient sur les moyens de contrôler la direction. Quel modèle de gouvernance émerge de ce corpus ? S’est-il diffusé en France ? Ces questions, qui ont orienté nos travaux ces dernières années, seront successivement abordées. Les résultats sont synthétisés et mis en perspective des autres études sur le sujet.
Deux manières de présenter le défi de la justice globale
Authors: Dietsch Peter , Ferretti Thomas
Published: November 2010

Résumé L’aide au développement est la stratégie la plus couramment adoptée dans la réduction des inégalités Nord / Sud qui est le véritable défi de la justice globale. L’idéal redistributif sur lequel repose l’aide au développement est non seulement mal assuré au plan normatif, mais se révèle peu efficace sur le plan pratique. Peter Dietsch et Thomas Ferretti plaident, exemple à l’appui, pour une justice institutionnelle qui modifierait les rapports économiques entre pays en les plaçant sur un pied d’égalité.
30 ans apres, le retour ?
Authors: Le Hay Viviane , Sineau Mariette
Published: November 2010

Résumé En 1978, l’« effet patrimoine », découvert par Jacques Capdevielle et Élisabeth Dupoirier, connaissait un retentissement certain en science politique, suscitant l’intérêt de chercheurs français et étrangers pour une piste considérée comme heuristique. Depuis, la variable patrimoine est pratiquement tombée dans l’oubli. Cette recherche, menée à partir de l’enquête postprésidentielle Cevipof de 2007, montre que la présence d’une stratégie patrimoniale est toujours un facteur déterminant du rapport au politique et du vote. Posséder un patrimoine diversifié peut brouiller les frontières des univers « riches/pauvres » définis par les seuls revenus et effacer les normes politiques liées aux appartenances sociales, culturelles ou professionnelles. L’effet patrimoine persiste une fois contrôlé en régression l’effet des autres variables.
AFM study of steel corrosion in aqueous solutions in concrete
Authors: Díaz-Benito B. , Velasco F. , Guzmán S. , Calabrés R.
Published: November 2010

Early corrosion stages are studied in carbon steel by means of a solution simulating that contained in concrete pores. Non-carbonated solution contains 5% NaCl. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique is used to study material performance after different immersion times (up to 48 h). Obtained data are compared to electrochemical ones (corrosion potential and polarization resistance). Analysis of images and roughness evolution along time shows that steel initially tends to reach passivity, although the passive layer rapidly loses its protective character due to chloride attack.
Chiari Type I Malformation, Syncope, Headache, Hypoglycemia and Hepatic Steatosis in an 8-Year Old Girl: A Causal Association?
Authors: Tarani Luigi , Del Balzo Francesca , Costantino Francesco , Properzi Enrico , D’Eufemia Patrizia , Liberato Natascia , Spalice Alberto
Published: November 2010

Chiari type I malformation (CMI) is a congenital hindbrain anomaly characterized by downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum. Chiari type I malformation often presents with a complex clinical picture and can be sporadic or linked to a variety of genetic conditions. We report on a girl in whom Chiari type I malformation was associated with hypoglycemia, headache, vertigo, syncope and hepatic steatosis. We hypothesize that these symptoms are primarily a consequence of Chiari type I malformation.
Mechanisms for nutrient delivery to the inner shelf: Observations from the Santa Barbara Channel
Authors: McPhee-Shaw Erika E. , Siegel David A. , Washburn Libe , Brzezinski Mark A. , Jones Janice L. , Leydecker Al , Melack John
Published: November 2010

Oceanic sources of nutrients to the kelp forests of the Santa Barbara Channel were diagnosed using time series from three moorings in 12‐ to 17‐m water depth. An in situ nitrate autoanalyzer on the moorings provided the first high‐resolution time series of nitrate + nitrite (dissolved inorganic nitrogen, DIN) concentrations for this environment. Measurements between February 2001 and May 2003 show that the major mechanisms that supply DIN to the inner shelf of the Santa Barbara Channel are upwelling, diurnal internal motions, and storm runoff. These supply mechanisms vary in importance seasonally. Upwelling dominates increases of inner‐shelf DIN concentration between March and May and accounts for more than half of the annual advective DIN transport to shelf reefs. In summer, baroclinic motions akin to internal waves are an important source of DIN because they occur when surface nutrient concentrations are depleted and other supply mechanisms are inactive. Brief episodes of upwelling become important in late autumn and early winter. DIN inputs from storm runoff, detected as salinity dilution at the moorings and estimated from measurements of stream discharge and nutrient concentration, are significant during winter runoff events.
Confirmation of a new food chain utilizing geothermal energy: Unusual fatty acids of a deep‐sea bivalve, Calyptogena phaseoliformis
Authors: Saito Hiroaki , Osako Kazufumi
Published: November 2010

Neutral and polar lipids of the cold‐seep clam Calyptogena phaseoliformis were determined to assess the trophic relationship at hydrothermal vents. The clam obtained many of its lipids from the chemosynthetic microorganisms within the bacteriocytes on its gill filaments. The major fatty acids in the triacylglycerols and phospholipids in the clam consisted only of the n‐4 family polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) plus saturated and n‐7 monounsaturated fatty acids and were completely lacking n‐3 PUFA, such as docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3) and icosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3). Such unique fatty acid composition markedly differs from those reported for other marine animals, which depend on organic matter derived from surface‐layer phytoplankton. The relationship between C. phaseoliformis and its symbiotic bacteria is documented and revealed a closed novel food chain, independent of the photosynthetic food chain. The fluidity of the fatty acids in the animal’s membrane are maintained by adaptation of the exogenous n‐4 family PUFA. These unusual but dominant fatty acids are assimilated from the symbiotic chemosynthetic bacteria, which use only geothermal energy and minerals from the cold‐seep vents.
Nitrogen incorporation and retention by bacteria, algae, and fauna in a subtropical, intertidal sediment: An in situ 15N‐labeling study
Authors: Veuger Bart , Eyre Bradley D. , Maher Damien , Middelburg Jack J.
Published: November 2010

We performed a 15N‐labeling study to investigate nitrogen incorporation and retention by the benthic microbial community (bacteria and benthic microalgae) and fauna in the intertidal sediment of the subtropical Australian Brunswick Estuary. The main experiment involved an in situ 15N pulse‐chase experiment. After injection of 15NH4+ into the sediment, 15N was traced into bulk sediment, total hydrolyzable amino acids (THAAs, representing bulk proteinaceous biomass), the bacterial biomarker D‐alanine, and fauna over a 30‐ d period. Additional experiments included short‐term (24 h) incubations of sediment cores injected with different 15N‐labeled substrates (NH4+, NO3−, urea, and an amino acid mixture) and sediment core incubations for analysis of benthic fluxes of O2, dissolved inorganic carbon, NH4+, NOx−, dissolved organic nitrogen, and N2. 15N was rapidly incorporated and strongly retained in microbial biomass (THAAs) during the 30‐d period in situ, indicating efficient recycling of 15N by the benthic microbial community. Analysis of 15N in D‐alanine revealed a major bacterial contribution (50–100%) to total microbial 15N incorporation and retention. 15N was also incorporated into fauna via grazing on 15N‐labeled microbial biomass, but this was a negligible fraction (<1%) of total 15N in the sediment. Altogether, results show that efficient recycling of nitrogen by the benthic microbial community can be an important mechanism for nitrogen retention in the sediment and an important pathway supporting benthic microbial production.
Effect of varying calcium concentrations and light intensities on calcification and photosynthesis in Emiliania huxleyi
Authors: Trimborn Scarlett , Langer Gerald , Rost Bjö rn
Published: November 2010

Various protective and metabolic functions for coccolithophore calcification have been proposed such as providing a means to supply CO2 for photosynthesis. It has also been speculated that calcification helps to dissipate excess energy under high irradiance, thereby circumventing photoinhibition. To address these questions, cells of a calcifying strain of Emiliania huxleyi were grown at three irradiances (30, 300, and 800 µmol photons m−2 s−1) in combination with four calcium (Ca) concentrations (0.1, 1, 2.5, and 10 mmol L−1) leading to different degrees of calcification in the same strain. Growth rates (µ), particulate organic carbon (POC), and inorganic carbon (PIC) production as well as carbon isotope fractionation (p) were determined. Photosynthetic O2 evolution and CO2 and HCO3− uptake rates were measured by membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS). The application of this multimethod approach provides new information on the role of calcification in E. huxleyi. Noncalcifying cells showed POC production rates as high as calcifying ones. No differences in p were observed under different Ca concentrations. MIMS measurements indicate that noncalcifying cells can photosynthesize as efficiently as, or even more efficiently than, calcifying ones and that both use HCO3− as the main carbon source. The ratio of photosynthetic HCO3− uptake relative to net fixation did not differ among cells acclimated to 10 mmol L−1 or to 0.1 mmol L−1 Ca. These results indicate that (1) calcification is not involved in photosynthetic carbon acquisition, and (2) calcification does not provide a means of energy dissipation under high irradiances.
Depth‐related trends in metabolism of benthic and benthopelagic deep‐sea fishes
Authors: Drazen Jeffrey C. , Seibel Brad A.
Published: November 2010

The metabolism of several animal groups declines with depth even after adjustments for size and temperature. The “visual‐interactions hypothesis” explains this trend as the result of declining light levels that reduce the distances over which predators and prey interact. This reduction relaxes the selective pressure for locomotory capacity, and reductions in metabolic rate follow. The decline in visual interactions and metabolism is most pronounced among pelagic species, as this environment affords no refuge from predators. The visual‐interactions hypothesis thus predicts less depth‐related variation among benthic species. However, it has been tested primarily with pelagic animal data. Summarizing many scattered studies and data sets to further test the hypothesis, here we analyze the data for benthic and benthopelagic fishes. Oxygen consumption rates declined significantly with depth in benthopelagic and, to a lesser extent, benthic species. Trends in muscle metabolic enzyme activities generally corroborated these patterns. The anaerobic capacity of the white muscle indicated the greatest decline in pelagic and the smallest reduction in benthic species, as expected. Similar trends were not found in aerobic capacity, but this result may reflect a paucity of enzyme data for benthic species. Most of the studied fishes live off of California, where the presence of an oxygen‐minimum zone may influence some of the patterns observed. This preliminary analysis of data clearly illustrates that temperature and body mass cannot explain the variability evident in metabolism. Rather, some covariate of habitat depth acts to influence metabolism in benthic and benthopelagic fishes. The general trends are explained by the visual‐interactions hypothesis, but considerably more data are required to account for the variation in metabolism and lifestyle that is apparent. In particular, regional comparisons are needed to separate the influences of environmental factors, such as oxygen, which covary with depth.
Life at low temperatures: A novel breeding‐system adjustment in a polar cladoceran
Authors: Hebert Paul D. N. , Rowe Chad L. , Adamowicz Sarah J.
Published: November 2010

The typical breeding system of cladocerans, cyclic parthenogenesis, is poorly suited to polar settings because it requires one or more rounds of parthenogenesis before the production of males and sexual eggs. Past work has shown that many arctic cladocerans have secondarily made the transition to obligate, apomictic parthenogenesis. Arctic populations of Holopedium gibberum lack males, suggesting their possible adoption of this breeding system. However, this study shows that these lineages instead possess genotypic characteristics expected under either self‐fertilization or automictic parthenogenesis, the first record of such a breeding system in the Cladocera. As populations of Holopedium from southerly areas reproduce by cyclic parthenogenesis, this breeding system transition appears to represent an adaptive response to living at low temperatures.
Diatoms control nutrient cycles in a temperate, wave‐dominated estuary (southeast Australia)
Authors: Haese Ralf R. , Murray Emma J. , Smith Craig S. , Smith Jodie , Clementson Lesley , Heggie David T.
Published: November 2010

Diatoms are important primary producers within pelagic, benthic, and epiphytic communities, and their siliceous frustules sink rapidly to the sediment. We measured benthic nutrient and gas fluxes and water column and sediment properties in an estuary of southeastern Australia to identify control mechanisms coupling benthic and pelagic processes, in particular, how nutrients become fractionated by processes affecting benthic nutrient fluxes. During late spring, the water column of St. Georges Basin was oligotrophic, primary production was likely phosphorus (P) limited, and the phytoplankton community was dominated by cyanophytes. Molar ratios of dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2) to silica (Si) benthic fluxes, however, were equal to the molar composition of diatoms, indicating that diatoms preferentially sink and deliver the most labile organic matter fraction to the sediment. The congruent release of Si and carbon (C) implies a coupling of processes mobilizing Si and C. Extracellular polymeric substances surrounding the siliceous frustule are the primary labile organic matter fraction, and their rate of mineralization limits the dissolution of the siliceous frustule. Because decomposing biomass in sediments leads to net di‐nitrogen (N2) production and very efficient burial of P, the fate of diatoms significantly contributes to the removal of bioavailable nutrients. High dissolved inorganic nitrogen to dissolved inorganic P benthic flux ratios of 290 to 900 promote P limitation, particularly in shallow waterbodies with long water residence times.
Phytoplankton response to climate warming modified by trophic state
Authors: Huber Veronika , Adrian Rita , Gerten Dieter
Published: November 2010

We investigated the combined effect of reduced phosphorus supply and warmer winter and spring conditions on the diatom spring bloom of a shallow lake. Simulations with a simple dynamic model indicated that reduced ice cover and increasing water temperatures resulted in a more intense and earlier bloom independently of phosphorous concentrations. However, whereas the collapse of the bloom was caused by silicate limitation under high phosphorus supply, it was caused by Daphnia grazing under reduced phosphorus supply. This switch from a bottom‐up to a top‐down driven collapse of the diatom spring bloom explains why, despite similarly mild winters, the bloom was observed earlier under high than under reduced phosphorus supply in the lake studied. Thus, an assessment of possible changes in nutrient loading is crucial when anticipating how phytoplankton could evolve under future climate warming.
Zinc‐cobalt colimitation of Phaeocystis antarctica
Authors: Saito Mak A. , Goepfert Tyler J.
Published: November 2010

We present evidence demonstrating the capability of Phaeocystis antarctica colonies to substitute cobalt (Co) and zinc (Zn) as micronutrients, in which Co limitation is alleviated by additions of Zn and vice versa. Maximal growth rates and biomass were determined by fluorescence and the values obtained under replete Zn and no added Co conditions were significantly higher than under replete Co and no added Zn conditions, suggesting a preference for Zn over Co. The observation of Zn‐Co substitution in this high‐latitude member of the Prymnesiophyceae class, coupled with similar previous observations in the coccolithophore Emiliana huxleyi and several centric diatoms, suggests that Zn‐Co substitution could be a widespread global phenomenon in eukaryotic phytoplankton. The Zn‐Co biochemical substitution seen in Phaeocystis might be the result of evolutionary pressure for maintaining growth rates in high export environments in which rapid depletion of Zn, Co, and carbon occur simultaneously in the upper water column.
Relative influence of nitrogen and phosphorous availability on phytoplankton physiology and productivity in the oligotrophic sub‐tropical North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Moore C. Mark , Mills Matthew M. , Langlois Rebecca , Milne Angela , Achterberg Eric P. , La Roche Julie , Geider Richard J.
Published: November 2010

Nutrient addition bioassay experiments were performed in the low‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll oligotrophic subtropical North Atlantic Ocean to investigate the influence of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and/or iron (Fe) on phytoplankton physiology and the limitation of primary productivity or picophytoplankton biomass. Additions of N alone resulted in 1.5‐2 fold increases in primary productivity and chlorophyll after 48 h, with larger (~threefold) increases observed for the addition of P in combination with N (NP). Measurements of cellular chlorophyll contents permitted evaluation of the physiological response of the photosynthetic apparatus to N and P additions in three picophytoplankton groups. In both Prochlorococcus and the picoeukaryotes, cellular chlorophyll increased by similar amounts in N and NP treatments relative to all other treatments, suggesting that pigment synthesis was N limited. In contrast, the increase of cellular chlorophyll was greater in NP than in N treatments in Synechococcus, suggestive of NP co‐limitation. Relative increases in cellular nucleic acid were also only observed in Synechococcus for NP treatments, indicating co‐limitation of net nucleic acid synthesis. A lack of response to relief of nutrient stress for the efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry, Fv :Fm, suggests that the low nutrient supply to this region resulted in a condition of balanced nutrient limited growth, rather than starvation. N thus appears to be the proximal (i.e. direct physiological) limiting nutrient in the oligotrophic sub‐tropical North Atlantic. In addition, some major picophytoplankton groups, as well as overall autotrophic community biomass, appears to be co‐limited by N and P.
Could stratospheric ozone depletion lead to enhanced aquatic primary production in the polar regions?
Authors: Hamre Børge , Stamnes Jakob J. , Frette BØyvind , Erga Svein Rune , Stamnes Knut
Published: November 2010

We study the effects of ozone depletion on primary production in ice‐covered and open polar waters using a spectral radiative transfer model combined with a parameterization of the inhibition of marine photosynthesis by ultraviolet radiation. We find that ozone depletion might not have a negative influence on the aquatic algal community at high latitudes but instead could enhance primary production. For an ozone depletion of 50%, we estimate the yearly averaged enhancement to be about 1%.
The relative importance of wind and ship waves in the littoral zone of a large lake
Authors: Hofmann Hilmar , Lorke Andreas , Peeters Frank
Published: November 2010

Surface waves and their interactions with sediments and benthic organisms are the main hydrodynamic process affecting littoral ecosystems. Here, we present a long‐term data set on surface‐wave parameters, which was obtained from the analysis of measurements with a pressure sensor. The data set covers a time period of a year and allows for resolving waves with heights down to less than a centimeter and frequencies up to 0.8 Hz. Wind waves and three different types of ship waves were distinguished by their spectral properties. In Lake Constance, ship‐generated waves are as important as wind‐generated waves and contribute about 41% of the annual mean wave energy flux to shore. In summer, during the most productive time period, ship waves dominate the wave field in terms of the energy flux to shore and also in their frequency of occurrence. Ship waves cause a diurnal and a seasonal pattern in the frequency of occurrence and in the heights of surface waves, whereas in the case of wind waves these parameters do not vary significantly with season or between nighttime and daytime. In contrast to wind waves that occur only sporadically, ship waves propagate into the littoral zone very frequently at regular time intervals. The different pattern of occurrence of ship and wind waves results in a different pattern of disturbance in the littoral ecosystem.
Predicting marine phytoplankton maximum growth rates from temperature: Improving on the Eppley curve using quantile regression
Authors: Bissinger Jan E. , Montagnes David J. S. , harples Jonathan , Atkinson David
Published: November 2010

The Eppley curve describes an exponential function that defines the maximum attainable daily growth rate of marine phytoplankton as a function of temperature. The curve was originally fitted by eye as the upper envelope of a data set, and despite its wide use, the reliability of this function has not been statistically tested. Our analysis of the data using quantile regression indicates that while the curve appears to be a good estimate of the edge of the data, it may not be reliable because the data set is small (n = 162). We construct a contemporary, comprehensive data set (n = 1,501) and apply an objective approach, quantile regression, to estimate its upper edge (99th quantile). This analysis yields a new predictive equation, µmax = 0.81e0.0631T, that describes the maximum specific growth rates (µmax, d−1) of marine phytoplankton as a function of temperature (T, °C). The Liverpool phytoplankton database (LPD) curve is higher than the Eppley curve across all temperatures, and at temperatures below 19°C, the Eppley curve falls below the lower 95% confidence interval of the LPD curve. However, the LPD Q10 value (1.88) is identical to that of the Eppley curve and thus supports the use of models that incorporate this as an estimate of phytoplankton growth‐rate response to temperature change. To assess the potential effect of the LPD curve on primary production, we embedded the LPD function into a one‐dimensional numerical model of a temperate, pelagic ecosystem. This analysis suggests that models using the Eppley function will underestimate primary production by as much as 30%.
Radon‐222 budget in Catalina Harbor, California: 2. Flow dynamics and residence time in a tidal beach
Authors: Colbert S. L. , Berelson W. M. , Hammond D. E.
Published: November 2010

We measured the flux of water through a beach at the head of Catalina Harbor, California, by monitoring the water table in a transect of wells perpendicular to the shoreline. During a 24‐h period, the volume of sediments filled and drained, the tidal wedge, was 7.4 m3 (m shoreline)−1, and the flux of water pumped across the beach face was 1.0 ± 0.3 m3 d−1 (m shoreline)−1. 222Rn concentrations measured in four wells were used to calculate the minimum age of water in the beach. Radon samples collected below the tidal wedge were not in equilibrium with the production rate, suggesting vertical mixing across the base of the tidal wedge. The age of water ranged from up to 8.0 d landward of the high water mark to less than 2.0 d in the littoral zone. This latter age agreed with an independent estimate of 1.7 ± 0.5 d on the basis of a mass balance for radon at the head of the harbor. However, a mass balance for water in the tidal wedge was significantly greater, 3.0 ± 0.5 d. The difference was most likely due to evasion of radon from wet, unsaturated sediments. Water draining out of the beach was a mixture of water that infiltrated the beach on the previous high tide and older water from either below or the back of the tidal wedge.
Microbial community diversity and heterotrophic production in a coastal Arctic ecosystem: A stamukhi lake and its source waters
Authors: Galand, Pierre E. , Lovejoy Connie , Pouliot JÉrÉmie , Garneau Marie-ève , Vincent Warwick F.
Published: November 2010

Stamukhi lakes are vast but little‐explored Arctic ecosystems. They occur throughout winter, spring, and early summer near large river inflows along the Arctic coastline, and are the result of freshwater retention behind the thick barrier of rubble ice (stamukhi) that forms at the outer limit of land‐fast sea ice. We examined the molecular biodiversity within all three microbial domains (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota) and the heterotrophic productivity in Lake Mackenzie, a stamukhi lake in the western Canadian Arctic, and made comparative measurements in the freshwater (Mackenzie River) and marine (Beaufort Sea) source waters. Bacterial and eukaryotic communities in the stamukhi lake differed in composition and diversity from both marine and riverine environments, whereas the archaeal communities were similar in the lake and river. Bacteria 16S ribosomal RNA sequences from the lake were mostly within freshwater clusters of Betaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes and the Archaea were within the Lake Dagow sediment and Rice cluster‐V clusters of Euryarchaeota. The eukaryotes were mainly ciliates from the subclass Choreotrichia, and there was a notable lack of flagellates. Heterotrophic production rates in the lake were lower than in the river and more similar to those in the sea, despite much higher bacterial concentrations than in either. The lake samples had markedly higher ratios of 3H leucine to 3H thymidine incorporation than in the river and sea, implying some physiological stress. Lake Mackenzie is an active microbial ecosystem with distinct physical and microbiological properties. This circumpolar ecosystem type, vulnerable to the ongoing effects of climate change, likely plays a key functional role in processing riverine inputs to the Arctic Ocean.
Iron and silicic acid concentrations together regulate Si uptake in the equatorial Pacific Ocean
Authors: Brzezinski Mark A. , Dumousseaud Cynthia , Krause Jeffrey W. , Measures Christopher I. , Nelson David M.
Published: November 2010

The effects of added Si and Fe on the rate of silicic acid uptake were examined during two cruises to the equatorial Pacific upwelling zone between 110°W and 140°;W. Maximum uptake rates of Si (Vmax) were highly consistent with a mean of 0.026 ± 0.007 h−1(n = 29), implying maximum diatom growth rates of ~0.6 d−1. Half‐saturation constants for Si uptake (KS) also showed little variance, averaging 1.7 ± 0.7 mmol L−1 Si(OH)4. No ecologically significant spatial or temporal patterns for either Vmax or KS were observed. Comparison of Si uptake rates at the ambient silicic acid concentration (Vamb) with Vmax indicated that the ambient [Si(OH)4] restricted Vamb to an average of 63% ± 13% of Vmax. Fe additions also caused significant increases in both Vmax and Vamb, indicating that the rate of Si uptake was also regulated by the ambient [Fe]. Fe additions had a variable effect on KS, but they consistently increased both Vmax and the initial slope of the kinetic curve (Vmax :KS), and thus the diatom assemblages’ ability to take up Si(OH)4 at low concentrations. Added Fe or Si increased Si uptake rates by 87% ± 59% and 69% ± 31%, respectively, indicating nearly equal roles for the two elements in limiting rates of Si uptake in situ. The largest average increase in Si uptake rates, 172% ± 43%, was observed when both Si and Fe were added, implying that together Si and Fe restricted Si uptake rates by almost a factor of three.
Water masses and biogeography of picoeukaryote assemblages in a cold hydrographically complex system
Authors: Hamilton Andrew K. , Lovejoy Connie , Galand Pierre E. , Ingram R. Grant
Published: November 2010

We investigated the influence of geographic distance, environmental variables, and water mass origin on picoeukaryote (phytoplankton and other protists <3 µm) assemblages to assess the presence of biogeographic patterns. The study region was an area of converging Arctic and Atlantic currents where several distinct water masses were overlain and intersecting. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of assemblages revealed 42 distinct band types overall, with minimum richness (8 band types) in Arctic surface water and Atlantic deep water, and maximum richness (22 band types) in regions of water mass mixing. Sequencing of DGGE bands revealed that most sequences (78 of 98) matched uncultured clones from major taxonomic marine groups, including the Acantharea, Bacillariophyceae, Cercozoa, Chrysophyceae, Dinophyceae, Prasinophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae, and stramenopiles, as well as the novel marine stramenopiles (MAST), alveolate groups I and II, and picobiliphytes. Multivariate statistical analysis of DGGE profiles revealed that picoeukaryote assemblage composition was positively correlated with geographic proximity, abiotic environmental conditions (salinity, photosynthetically active radiation, and transmissivity), and biotic community structure (total phototrophic biomass and size class). Picoeukaryote assemblage similarity was also strongly associated with water mass origin; assemblages in close spatial proximity (horizontally or vertically) showed less similarity if located in different water masses, while spatially distant assemblages showed higher similarity if located within the same water mass. This study highlights that ocean hydrodynamics must be considered to fully explain the distribution and diversity of microbes in this fluid realm.