bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENEGAKAN HUKUM LINGKUNGAN DALAM BIDANG PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH SEBAGAI PERWUJUDAN PRINSIP GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE DI KOTA SURAKARTA
Authors: , Rosita Candrakirana
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Waste management still be a problems which not yet solved. This research aims to study the problems in waste management in Surakarta. It was a doctrinal/normative legal research using the statute approach, which then analyzed qualitatively. There are laws correlated to waste management in Indonesia, they are Law number 18 Year 2008 on Waste Management, Law No. 32 of 2009 on the Protection and Environmental Management, and some more. The law enforcement in waste management refers to as known as legal system i.e. structure, substance, and culture. There are two kinds of waste management law enforcement; preventive and repressive way. The effectiveness on the enforcement refers to the combination of structure, substance, and law cultures of the community. The effective law enforcement on waste management also indicates the commitment of the government, both local and national, in applying the principles of Good Environmental Government in order to build community awareness on good and healthy environment.

Keywords: Effective law enforcement, waste management

 Abstrak

Pengelolaan sampah saat ini masih menjadi permasalahan yang belum terselesaikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji permasalahan dalam pengelolaan sampah di Surakarta. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum doktrinal/normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Data dikumpulkan dengan studi kepustakaan, kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif. Terdapat beberapa peraturan perundang- undangan yang mempunyai korelasi dengan pengelolaan sampah di Indonesia yaitu Undang-Undang No. 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup dan beberapa undang-undang lainnya. Penegakan hukum dalam pengelolaan sampah mengacu pada 3 sistem hukum yang merupakan gabungan dari komponen-komponen yaitu struktur, substansi, dan budaya. Selain itu berkaitan dengan penegakan hukum dalam pengelolaan sampah dapat dikaji dari 2 sisi yaitu penegakan hukum secara preventif dan represif. Penegakan hukum dalam pengelolaan sampah juga menjadi sebuah perwujudan pemerintah maupun pemerintah daerah dalam menerapkan prinsip Good Environmental Governance dengan tujuan akan menumbuhkan kesadaran bagi masyarakat akan lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat.
 Kata kunci : penegakan hukum, pengelolaan sampah
MAPPING AND PROTECTING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT IN THE FIELD OF THE TRADITIONAL BATIK DESIGN OF TIRTOMOYO AS THE CULTURAL HERITAGE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT BASED ON THE LOCAL GENIUS IN THE CREATIVE INDRUSTRIAL ERA.
Authors: . Sarwono .
Published: March 2017

In order to provide the protection to the “traditional batik art knowledge” in Tirtomoyo, Wonogiri, the local government policy rests on the potensial of art, commerce, services, education, tourism and sports.Here, it can be drawn the real purpose, that is to develop, to conserve, and to protect the traditional knowledge as the heritage and cultural expression, especially the traditional knowledge. In this case, the Intellectual
Property Right protection and its all varieties should be applied on the traditional intellectual art. However, it has not yet manifested the regional regulation on the Intellectual Property Right, especially the protection to the traditional knowledge. There has not been confirmation about what institutions will be responsible or what kind of agencies will be involved in providing the protection to the traditional knowledge, like the batik art, dance art, and others, so that they don’t seem loose accountability in handling it. The policy on the Intellectual Property Right, especially the one related to the traditional knowledge, is still partial or supplement. The Industry and Trade Department of Wonogiri regency, which handles the micro and medium industry field and is not related directly to the batik handicraft industry, has planned to make a program of batik handicraft industry as the regional superior.

Key words: Intellectual Property Right, Traditional knowledge, Batik Art.
Potential Financial Conflict of Interest Among Physician Editorial Board Members of Orthopaedic Surgery Journals
Authors: Mehlman Charles T. , Okike Kanu , Bhandari Mohit , Kocher Mininder S.
Published: March 2017

Background:

The practice of medicine is based on evidence from peer-reviewed literature. As can occur with author-related funding, the integrity of the process by which manuscripts are reviewed, edited, and approved for publication may be at risk due to financial conflict of interest. The purpose of our study was to assess potential financial conflict of interest among physician editorial board members of orthopaedic surgery journals.

Methods:

We identified the physician editorial board members of 15 orthopaedic surgery journals and searched the 2014 payments that were archived in the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments system (mandated by the Physician Payments Sunshine Act). Total dollar values were calculated and tabulated in a multilevel fashion: nothing reported, >$0 and ≤$10,000, >$10,000, >$250,000, and >$950,000.

Results:

We identified 908 physician editors of 15 orthopaedic surgery journals. Something of financial value was received by 78% (712 of 908) of these individuals. Rates of editorial board potential financial conflict of interest for individual journals ranged from 4% to 73% in the >$10,000 category. At the >$250,000 mark, rates ranged from 0% (2 journals) to 31%. When applying the >$950,000 criterion, physician potential conflict of interest ranged from 0% (5 journals) to 13%.

Conclusions:

Editor-related potential financial conflicts of interest exist in the orthopaedic surgery journals that we analyzed. These potential financial conflicts could possibly impact reviews.
Role of Weekly Teriparatide Administration in Osseous Union Enhancement within Six Months After Posterior or Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Osteoporosis-Associated Lumbar Degenerative Disorders
Authors: Ebata Shigeto , Takahashi Jun , Hasegawa Tomohiko , Mukaiyama Keijiro , Isogai Yukihiro , Ohba Tetsuro , Shibata Yosuke , Ojima Toshiyuki , Yamagata Zentaro , Matsuyama Yukihiro , Haro Hirotaka
Published: March 2017

Background:

For elderly patients, posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) or transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is usually performed to treat lumbar degenerative diseases. However, some patients exhibit pseudarthrosis following such procedures. The anabolic agent teriparatide is an approved treatment for promoting bone formation in osteoporotic patients. Our multicenter, prospective randomized study assessed the role of once-weekly teriparatide administration on patient outcomes following interbody fusion.

Methods:

Patients were females who were ≥50 years of age, had a bone mineral density (BMD) of <80% of the sex-matched young adult mean and/or previous spinal compression or femoral fractures, and had lumbar degenerative disease. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either weekly teriparatide, administered subcutaneously starting at week 1, for 6 months postoperatively (the teriparatide arm), or no teriparatide (the control arm). Blinded radiographic evaluations were performed using dynamic radiography and computed tomography (CT) and assessed by modified intention-to-treat analysis and per-protocol analysis. Clinical and neurological symptoms were evaluated using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOA-BPEQ) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).

Results:

Seventy-five patients were randomized to treatment, and 66 patients completed treatment. At 4 months postoperatively, bone fusion in the 2 center CT slices was significantly higher in the teriparatide arm compared with the control arm in the age-adjusted modified intention-to-treat analysis and was significantly higher at 6 months in the per-protocol analysis. Radiographic examinations showed no disc-space narrowing and no intervertebral disc instability. JOA-BPEQ and ODI results were improved postoperatively in both treatment arms.

Conclusions:

Weekly administration of teriparatide promoted bone formation at the surgical fusion site and decreased bone resorption, as indicated by bone metabolic marker results, within the early postoperative period. Our findings suggest that combining lumbar interbody fusion and teriparatide treatment may be an effective option for managing lumbar degenerative disease in elderly patients.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Native and Reconstructed Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Surgical Implications
Authors: Kraeutler Matthew J. , Wolsky Ryan M. , Vidal Armando F. , Bravman Jonathan T.
Published: March 2017

➤ Technical errors, such as nonanatomic tunnel placement, are among the most common causes of graft failure after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

➤ No clinical superiority has been demonstrated for double-bundle ACL reconstruction compared with single-bundle reconstruction.

➤ Single-bundle reconstruction of the anteromedial bundle has been shown to restore kinematics to the level of the intact knee, whereas reconstruction of the posterolateral bundle results in high graft forces.

➤ Regardless of surgical technique (single-bundle compared with double-bundle or anteromedial portal compared with transtibial), the surgeon should avoid placement of a vertical or low femoral tunnel, as this results in abnormal knee kinematics.

➤ ACL reconstruction is a patient-specific procedure, whereby surgeons should attempt to restore the native anatomy of the knee on a case-by-case basis and must take into account specific risk factors for ACL graft failure, such as younger age, higher activity level, and use of allograft, when counseling patients.
Entomotoxicology as a tool for solving criminal cases
Authors: Czepiel-Mil Katarzyna , Łoś Aleksandra , Marczewska Patrycja
Published: March 2017

Entomotoxicology deals with the analysis of toxic substances contained in arthropods that feed on dead bodies. Arthropods are a source of material for investigation when a human or animal body is in an advanced state of decomposition. Various chemical air pollutants, drugs, xenobiotics and pesticides can accumulate in the bodies of insect larvae. Entomotoxicology often involves examining insect larvae that have introduced to their metabolism various kinds of pharmaceuticals taken by people when they were alive. Chemical compounds which can cause death affect the development rate of arthropods living on corpses, delay colonization of insects by several days, or affect their number. Some compounds act as attractants or repellents and thereby influence how quickly insects appear on the body. Others have a mixed effect on insect development. During the initial development stage of the insect they act as an attractant, but in subsequent stages they slow down its development or act as a repellent. The concentration of chemical compounds accumulated in the bodies of larvae is different than in human tissues. Sometimes insects are better indicators of the presence of chemical compounds than material taken from the internal organs of a dead body. Moreover, the quantity of toxins detected in arthropods differs at different developmental stages. The concentration of a xenobiotic in the body of an insect depends on its type, the stage of development of the insect, and the part of the body it was collected from. Studies have determined that the best place to collect entomotoxicological samples is the internal organs (e.g. the liver). If this is not possible, insects are collected from the head area and the muscles. Due to the low popularity of entomotoxicological testing, this type of evidence often is either not collected at all or collected improperly, preventing valuable information from being obtained. Thus there is a need to verify and standardize methods for safeguarding arthropods for the purposes of entomological toxicology
Universalising the Concept of Avatarhood: Sri Aurobindo’s Discourse in Comparing Krishna, Christ, and Buddha
Authors: Kumar S.P. Suresh , Sumathi U.
Published: March 2017

This paper aims at exploring how and why Sri Aurobindo compares the three Avatars namely Krishna, Christ, and Buddha in his Essays on the Gita, which is one of his major works. It is a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita. Sri Aurobindo expounds his philosophy of Integral Yoga in these essays by applying it to interpret the Gita.  Sri Aurobindo highlights the higher purpose of an Avatar which is the manifestation of Divine nature in human nature. This conception is beyond the generally perceived cause of preserving Dharma or fighting evil in humanity.  Sri Aurobindo focuses on the two aspects of an Avatar: the descent of the Divine into human form and the divine consciousness within the human form. In describing both these aspects Sri Aurobindo draws a comparison among Krishna, Christ, and Buddha.
Survey for the powdery mildew of black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] in parts of Northern Karnataka, India.
Authors: Kulkarni* Shripad Hanmntrao , S. Channaveeresh T.
Published: March 2017

Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe polygoni DC is one of the major constraints in the production of black gram, which lead to a potential decrease in yield (40-90%). In order to know the severity of black gram powdery mildew, the roving survey was carried out to know the severity of the disease in five districts of northern Karnataka viz., Belgaum, Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri and Uttara Kannada districts during Kharif and Rabi season of 2012-13. Maximum mean per cent disease severity (PDI) was observed in Belgaum district (68.72%) followed by Dharwad district (59.73%), Haveri district (52.10%) and Uttara Kannada district (44.59%). Whereas, minimum per cent disease severity (PDI) was noticed in Gadag district (20.23%).
Кристаллические дефекты в фотопреобразователях, полученных методом термомиграции
Authors: Лозовский В.Н. , Ломов А.А. , Лунин Л.С. , Середин Б.М. , Чесноков Ю.М.
Published: March 2017

Приводятся результаты исследований кристаллической структуры областей кремния, перекристаллизованных в процессе термомиграции жидкой кремний-алюминиевой зоной. Подобные области, легированные акцепторной примесью, необходимы для получения высоковольтных фотопреобразователей. С помощью рентгеновских дифракционных методов двухкристальных кривых отражения и топографии, а также просвечивающей электронной микроскопии высокого разрешения установлено, что при проведении термомиграции жидких зон в виде серии тонких полос или прямоугольных сеток формируются монокристаллические области. Выявлены дислокационные полупетли, которые лежат в поверхностных слоях лицевой и тыльной сторон подложки. В перекристаллизованных областях обнаружены \311\-дефекты. DOI: 10.21883/FTP.2017.03.44196.8264
Влияние энергии бомбардирующих электронов на проводимость эпитаксиальных слоев n-4H-SiC (CVD)
Authors: Козловский В.В. , Лебедев А.А. , Стрельчук А.М. , Давыдовская К.С. , Васильев А.Э. , Макаренко Л.Ф.
Published: March 2017

Проведено исследование электрофизических характеристик эпитаксиальных слоев n-4H-SiC (CVD) при его облучении электронами с энергиями 0.9 и 3.5 МэВ. Показано, что скорость удаления доноров увеличивается почти в 4 раза с ростом энергии бомбардирующих электронов в 4 раза, хотя сечение образования первичных радиационных дефектов (пар Френкеля в подрешетке углерода), ответственных за компенсацию проводимости материала, в этом диапазоне практически не зависит от энергии. Предположено, что причиной наблюдаемых различий является влияние первично выбитых атомов. Во-первых, с ростом энергии первично выбитых атомов начинают сказываться каскадные процессы. Во-вторых, увеличивается среднее расстояние между генетически родственными парами Френкеля и как следствие увеличивается доля не рекомбинирующих при облучении дефектов. Проведены оценки радиуса рекомбинации пары Френкеля в подрешетке углерода и возможного зарядового состояния рекомбинирующих компонент. DOI: 10.21883/FTP.2017.03.44199.8399
Излучательные d-d-переходы на центрах вольфрама в полупроводниках А-=SUP=-II-=/SUP=-В-=SUP=-VI-=/SUP=-
Authors: Ушаков В.В. , Кривобок В.С. , Пручкина А.А.
Published: March 2017

Исследованы спектры люминесценции примесных центров W в полупроводниках АIIВVI ZnSe, CdS и CdSe. Обнаружено, что при переходе от электронной системы 3d-центров (Cr) к системе 5d-центров (W) происходит существенное изменение спектральных характеристик примесного излучения. Идентификация электронных переходов проведена по диаграммам Танабе-Сугано теории кристаллического поля. С учетом особенностей спектров установлено, что излучательные переходы на 5d-центрах W в исследованных кристаллах происходят в области слабого кристаллического поля между уровнями с различными значениями спина. DOI: 10.21883/FTP.2017.03.44203.8398
Разрывы валентной зоны в напряженных слоях SiGeSn/Si с различным содержанием олова
Authors: Блошкин А.А. , Якимов А.И. , Тимофеев В.А. , Туктамышев А.Р. , Никифоров А.И. , Мурашов В.В.
Published: March 2017

Методом спектроскопии адмиттанса исследованы состояния дырок в квантовых ямах Si0.7-yGe0.3Sny/Si в диапазоне содержания олова y=0.04-0.1. Установлено, что энергия связи дырки растет с увеличением содержания олова. В рамках 6-зонного kp-метода определены энергии размерного квантования дырок в структурах, содержащих псевдоморфный слой Si0.7-yGe0.3Sny в матрице Si. Комбинацией результатов математического моделирования и экспериментальных данных определена величина разрыва валентной зоны на гетерогранице Si/Si0.7-yGe0.3Sny. Установлено, что зависимость экспериментальных значений разрыва валентных зон между псевдоморфными слоями Si0.7-yGe0.3Sny и Si от содержания олова описывается выражением Delta EVexp=(0.21±0.01)+(3.35±7.8·10-4)y эВ. DOI: 10.21883/FTP.2017.03.44205.8343
Особенности вольт-фарадных характеристик МДП-структуры Cu-SiO-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=--p-InSb
Authors: Алиев Р.А. , Гаджиев Г.М. , Гаджиалиев М.М. , Исмаилов А.М. , Пирмагомедов З.Ш.
Published: March 2017

Измерены вольт-фарадные характеристики и проводимость МДП-структур на основе InSb при разных частотах измерительного сигнала с целью изучения влияния условий технологического синтеза на емкостные свойства данных структур. Обсуждается влияние положительного, встроенного в диэлектрик, заряда на измеренные характеристики образца, которое проявляется в виде резкого "переключения" емкости при смене полярности слабополевого внешнего воздействия (E<106 В/см). DOI: 10.21883/FTP.2017.03.44212.8220
Исследование глубоких центров в микроплазменных каналах фосфидгаллиевых светодиодов зеленого спектра излучения
Authors: Ионычев В.К. , Шестеркина А.А.
Published: March 2017

Проведено исследование статистической задержки микроплазменного пробоя в фосфидгаллиевых светодиодах зеленого спектра излучения. В температурном диапазоне 300-380 K обнаружено необычное сильное влияние глубоких центров на статистическую задержку лавинного пробоя при изменении их зарядового состояния снижением обратного напряжения на p-n-переходе. Выявлено четыре глубоких уровня и определены их параметры. DOI: 10.21883/FTP.2017.03.44213.8208
Параметрический резонанс и фотогальванические токи в слоистом кристалле TlGaSe-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-
Authors: Одринский А.П. , Seyidov M.-H.Yu. , Мамедов Т.Г. , Алиева В.Б.
Published: March 2017

Представлены результаты феноменологического исследования кинетики аномального фотоотклика слоистого сегнетоэлектрика-полупроводника TlGaSe2 в области температур T~170-280 K, соответствующей параэлектрической фазе кристалла. С учетом изменений с температурой кинетики фотоотклика предложены основные механизмы возникновения аномалий, связанные с пространственной неоднородностью локализованных и нелокализованных зарядов в объеме кристалла. Предложен механизм возникновения параметрического резонанса как обусловленного фотогальваническими токами в кристалле. DOI: 10.21883/FTT.2017.03.44152.189
Трехмерное моделирование нелинейной динамики доменных границ в пленках с перпендикулярной анизотропией
Authors: Зверев В.В. , Филиппов Б.Н. , Дубовик М.Н.
Published: March 2017

На основе численного решения уравнений Ландау--Лифшица--Гильберта выполнено трехмерное компьютерное моделирование статических конфигураций намагниченности и динамических процессов в доменной границе магнитно-одноосной пленки с перпендикулярной анизотропией. Рассчитанные статические состояния соответствуют доменной границе, содержащей блоховские линии с поверхностным распределением намагниченности, зависящим от толщины пленки. Показано, что такие структуры могут быть охарактеризованы определенными значениями гомотопического индекса. Установлено, что существующие в объеме пленки вихревые и антивихревые структуры образуют вихревые нити. Найден способ визуализации совместного движения вихревых нитей и блоховских точек, основанный на численном расчете значений гомотопического индекса и числа вращений. Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФАНО России (тема "Магнит", N 01201463328) при частичной поддержке УрО РАН (проект N 15-9-2-33), финансовой поддержке согласно постановлению N 211 Правительства Российской федерации, контракт N 02.A03.21.0006 и финансовой поддержке Министерства образования и науки РФ на основе госзадания, проект N 2705. DOI: 10.21883/FTT.2017.03.44161.310
Суперсверхтонкая структура спектров ЭПР примесных ионов Gd-=SUP=-3+-=/SUP=- в двойном фториде LiYF-=SUB=-4-=/SUB=-
Authors: Аминов Л.К. , Гафуров М.Р. , Кораблева С.Л. , Куркин И.Н. , Родионов А.А.
Published: March 2017

Исследованы спектры ЭПР ионов Gd3+, присутствующих в качестве малой примеси (~0.0001 at.%) в монокристалле LiYF4, в широком диапазоне температур от гелиевых до комнатных. На ряде компонент тонкой структуры спектра наблюдается четко выраженная суперсверхтонкая структура, зависящая от ориентации внешнего магнитного поля по отношению к кристаллографическим осям. В более ранних ЭПР-исследованиях двойных фторидов с примесью Gd3+ суперсверхтонкая структура не наблюдалась. Работа выполнена в рамках проекта бюджетного финансирования и программы повышения конкурентоспособности Казанского федерального университета. DOI: 10.21883/FTT.2017.03.44167.343
Характеризация тонких углеродных пленок на поверхности железа, сформированных магнетронным напылением с ионно-лучевым перемешиванием
Authors: Бакиева О.Р. , Воробьев В.Л. , Колотов А.А. , Немцова О.М. , Сурнин Д.В. , Михеев Г.М. , Гильмутдинов Ф.З. , Баянкин В.Я. , Картапова Т.С.
Published: March 2017

Методами рентгеновской фотоэлектронной спектроскопии, рентгеноструктурного анализа, спектроскопии протяженных тонких структур энергетических потерь электронов и спектроскопии комбинационного рассеяния света изучены химический состав, межатомная химическая связь и особенности атомной структуры наноразмерных углеродных пленок на поверхности железа, полученных магнетронным напылением, до и после ионно-лучевого перемешивания. В зоне ионно-лучевого перемешивания обнаружены структурные неоднородности и нестехиометрические карбиды железа. Определены параметры локальной атомной структуры сверхтонкого поверхностного слоя и переходной области "углеродная пленка-металл". Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ (проект N 16-43-180765) и проекта УМНИК, дог. N 9302 ГУ2015. DOI: 10.21883/FTT.2017.03.44176.315
Углеродный композит на основе фуллеренов и терморасширенного графита
Authors: Берёзкин В.И. , Попов В.В. , Томкович М.В.
Published: March 2017

Синтезирован и исследован углеродный композиционный материал на основе фуллеренов и терморасширенного графита при разных их соотношениях (от 16 : 1 до 1 : 16 по массе). Образцы получены путем внедрения C60 в проводящую матрицу в результате термообработки исходных дисперсных смесей в вакуумном диффузионно-адсорбционном процессе, их дальнейшего холодного прессования и отжига. Показано, что между фуллеренами и окружением образуются ковалентные связи. Электропроводность образцов довольно высокая и находится в пределах от единиц до сотен (Omega·cm)-1. Концентрация носителей заряда (преимущественно дырок) составляет ~1019-1020 cm-3. Сделан вывод, что материал при использованных соотношениях компонентов можно отнести к металлическим системам со структурным беспорядком. Работа выполнена при частичной поддержке РФФИ (грант N 14-03-00496) и программы Президиума РАН (П-20). DOI: 10.21883/FTT.2017.03.44177.311
Магнитоэлектрический эффект в структуре никель--арсенид галлия--никель
Authors: Филиппов Д.А. , Фирсова Т.О. , Лалетин В.М. , Поддубная Н.Н.
Published: March 2017

Представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований магнитоэлектрического эффекта в структурах, полученных электролитическим осаждением никеля на подложку из арсенида галлия. Показано, что использование подслоя золото--германий--никель, напыленного на подложку, значительно повышает адгезию между электролитически осажденным никелем и подложкой. В полученных структурах обнаружен как линейный, так и нелинейный по переменному магнитному полю магнитоэлектрический эффект. Оба эффекта имеют резонансный характер, причем резонансная частота нелинейного эффекта в два раза меньше резонансной частоты линейного эффекта. DOI: 10.21883/PJTF.2017.06.44406.16488
Adsorption of [AuCl4]– on Ultrasonically and Mechanical-Stirring Assisted Mg/Al-NO3 Hydrotalcite-Magnetite
Authors: Sulistyaningsih Triastuti , Santosa Sri Juari , Siswanta Dwi , Rusdiarso Bambang
Published: March 2017

It has been examined the application of Mg/Al-NO3 hydrotalcite-magnetite synthesized mechanically (MHT) and ultrasonically (UMHT) by co-precipitation method as adsorbents for [AuCl4]– from aqueous solution. Two techniques of synthesis were conducted to determine the effect on the increase of adsorption ability of the [AuCl4]–. Magnetite and Mg/Al-NO3 hydrotalcite-magnetite synthesized by co-precipitation with modifications hydrothermal treatment at 120 °C for 5 h. The adsorbents were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Adsorption studies were done by getting the optimum pH, optimum contact time and the optimum concentration. A result of the adsorption study of [AuCl4]– on both adsorbents was optimum at pH 3 and fitted well to Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second-order kinetic models. The adsorption capacity of UMHT (ultrasonic technique) was 66.67 mg g-1 and it was higher than that of MHT (mechanic technique), i.e. 31.25 mg g-1. This shows that the ultrasonic radiation technique can increase the adsorption capacity of the [AuCl4]–. Based on the desorption using 0.5 mol L-1 NaOH solution, more [AuCl4]– was eluted from MHT, indicating that [AuCl4]– was weakly bound on MHT than UMHT.
Comparative Study on the Adsorption of [AuCl4]– onto Salicylic Acid and Gallic Acid Modified Magnetite Particles
Authors: Rahmayanti Maya , Santosa Sri Juari , Sutarno Sutarno
Published: March 2017

Salicylic acid-modified magnetite (Mag-SA) and gallic acid-modified magnetite (Mag-GA) particles were prepared by co-precipitation procedure. Characterization results showed the interaction that occurs between the surface of magnetite with salicylic acid (Mag-SA) and gallic acid (Mag-GA) was through hydrogen bonding. Adsorption of [AuCl4]– onto Mag-SA and Mag-GA surfaces as a function of initial pH, contact time, and initial concentration of the [AuCl4]– solution were comparatively investigated. Result showed that the optimum adsorption of [AuCl4]– onto Mag-SA or Mag-GA was found at pH 3. The adsorption process were found to allow the pseudo-second order equation, both for Mag-SA and Mag-GA. The parameters in isotherm adsorption equations conformed to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms very well for Mag-GA, but for Mag-SA, only conformed to the Langmuir isotherm very well. The result of this study demonstrate that the ability Mag-GA to adsorb [AuCl4]– higher than Mag-SA.
BOOK REVIEW. TA’WIL PROBLEMATICS AS EASTERN HERMENEUTICS IN LITERARY APPROACH
Authors: Rokib Mohammad
Published: March 2017

In the development of humanities in Indonesia, particularly literature, hermeneutics can be regarded as a relatively new approach. There are still a few literary studies involving solely this approach. Similarly, it has been difficult to find Indonesian written works, particularly books, that specifically discuss hermeneutics except those that are translation works. A book entitled Hermeneutika Sastra Barat dan Timur written by Abdul Hadi W.M. is one of the efforts to fill the gap in hermeneutic discourse in the approach of literary study in Indonesia.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Munandar Aris
Published: March 2017

Social/interpersonal context plays an important role in shaping the meaning of an utterance. Social context is, strictly speaking, extralinguistic (Lakoff, 1972: 911). Lakoff argues that “one must be able to refer to assumptions about the social context of an utterance, as well as to other implicit assumptions made by the participants in a discourse” (907). Regarding the complexity and changeable characteristic of social context, one should never take for granted that one rule of communication can apply in all situations. A communication under a special condition requires different rule application; something that is polite in normal context may become rude in a special context. Failure to observe the social context leads to a communication failure such as misinterpretation and offense. Therefore, one must excercise his/her sensitivenes even to the slightest change in the social context in order to make the communication succesful.
Differences in Perception and Diction on Two Translations Lelaki Tua dan Laut from Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea
Authors: Rahayu Lina Meilinawati
Published: March 2017

Translation of literary work is never simply the business of translating the work in the source language into the target language. Translation is always culture-sensitive, as it also means translating the source culture into the target culture. This study examines two translations of the novel The Old Man and The Sea (1952) by Ernest Hemingway in the Indonesian language. Both are titled Lelaki Tua dan Laut. The earlier  was published in 1973 and was translated by Sapardi Djoko Damono, while the latter was translated by Dian Vita Ellyati and was published in 2010. These two translated versions are compared with each other in order to identify differences in perception and diction. Differences in diction further influence the reader’s perception. Close examination of the two versions discovers contrasting perception and diction. The study finds that Djoko Damono’s translation builds meaning by using Indonesian equivalents to represent the concepts presented in the novel, while Ellyati’s builds meaning through description and explanation of said concepts. Djoko Damono’s translation attempts to maintain poetic expressions through the use of rhyming words; Ellyati’s translation goes for clarity of meaning. Djoko Damono’s translation uses extensive vocabulary with specific meanings, while Ellyati’s chooses to employ words with more generic meanings. These differences indicate that translation work is never final; it is an ongoing, ever changing process.
Book Review. Cultural Heritage in a Changing World
Authors: Paramita Ashika Prajnya
Published: March 2017

Edited by Karol Jan Borowiecki, Neil Forbes, and Antonella Fresa, this collection of essays was developed within the RICHES Project to address the issues surrounding cultural heritage in the era of digital technologies. The 21st century has witnessed rapid developments in digital technologies that have led to major changes in all aspects of society. This book aims to reflect the relationship between cultural heritage and these changes. Written by experts from various background, this book implements an interdisciplinary approach its observations, and provides a comprehensive view of the changes that occur in the society. In various perspectives, the collection show how cultural heritage, mainly in Europe, should be preserved through digital availability and accessibility.
Reflection on the Production of Knowledge: From Postmodernism to Pseudoscience
Authors: Tanudirjo Daud Aris
Published: March 2017

In the last few years, the Indonesian government has impelled academics and higher education institutions as the centre of knowledge production to publish their works in reputed international journal. This policy is necessary to elevate the position of Indonesian higher education institution in the World University Rankings. In fact, such a policy will not only have impact on the status of the higher education institution but also in the course of human culture and society. This article tries to reflect on the impact of the implementation of the policy in the wider cultural context. Predictably, new knowledge will only be circulated among the elite academics and the higher education institutions will become inaccessible ivory tower for the society. On the other hand, the society will tend to consume more pseudoscientific knowledge which is more attractive and easier to understand. Ultimately this will have a significant impact on the course and quality of human culture.
The Tradition of Melayokaken in Using Society: The Causal Factors and Its Impacts
Authors: Haryono Akhmad , Sofyan Akhmad , . Samudji
Published: March 2017

This article discusses the tradition of Melayokaken, the causal factors, and the impacts of the tradion on Using Society in Banyuwangi. Melayokaken, as a tradition of elopement, had been maintained by Using community for a long time. For some Using People in Banyuwangi (UPB), this tradition was regarded as a pride because it could help to maintain the tradition that had been formed since the time of their ancestors. But on the other hand, melayokaken tradition is considered violating the norms followed by Using people, namely religious norms, anti conflicts and living in peace. The method used in this study is qualitative method. Data were collected through participatory observations, interviews, notings, and recordings. The method of analysis used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. This research resulted in the finding that there is a factor that can maintain the tradition of melayokaken, namely as an alternative means to resolve the impasse communication in entering the marriage, for example due to: differences in status and social class, educational factors, the bride family may not marry more than one time in a year, the bridegroom candidate has not got a job yet, the candidates of the bride and the bridegroom are not yet old enough, the birth dates of the two are not good and matched, the marriage must not precede an older sister marriage, the bride candidate has already been betrothed by parents.This entails two impacts of the tradition, namely positive and negative. The positive side proves that melayokaken can penetrate the gap in status and social class between the two families and the things which are recognized less rational in the contemporary perspective. And the negative side proves that melayokaken had violated the norms, ethics, and religious values embraced by Using society although there was no significant impact on the doers’ social lives and in the community.
Common Discourse Patterns of Cross-diciplinary Research Article Abstracts in English
Authors: Hardjanto Tofan Dwi
Published: March 2017

Because of its important role in the advancement of science, attempts have been made to investigate research article abstracts in terms of both their discourse patterning and their linguistic characteristics. This research is an attempt to examine their rhetorical patterning. More specifically, it addresses the questions what common discourse patterns research article abstracts have and whether abstracts from different disciplines show different patterns. The research corpus contained 50 research article abstracts collected from five international journals published in the fields of biology, engineering, linguistics, medicine and physics. The data were analyzed using a four-move abstract structure developed by Hardjanto (1997). The results showed that Moves 1, 3 and 4 were found in most abstracts, and were, therefore, considered as obligatory moves in the abstracts. The most common pattern was found to be a pattern containing all the four moves in the order of 1-2-3-4, especially in abstracts from medicine and linguistics. Another common pattern was a 1-3-4 pattern, found especially in abstracts from biology and physics, whereas abstracts from engineering did not show any preference for a specific pattern even though 40% of them had a 1-2-3-4 pattern. These results suggest that there is a significant disciplinary variation in English research article abstract patterning.
BOOKE REVIEW. Finding a New Prism of Understanding the “Papua Conflict” Through Papua’s Insecurity: State Failure in The Indonesia Periphery
Authors: Sari Maretta Kartika
Published: March 2017

Another international published research voicing yet the Papua quandary was written by author Bobby Anderson, a non-Indonesian research worker who has been conducting much work in the area. Published in 2015, Papua’s Insecurity: State Failure in the Indonesian Periphery is part of the Policy Studies series, an ongoing publication project by the U.S.-based education and research institution of the East-West Center. Issues of the series are based on fieldwork and academic study, that aim primarily to provide new perspectives and insights on stakeholders’ policies—and in the context of this particular publication, those in the Papua region. It is also noteworthy that the series, tallying to the platform of the above-stated organization, cover the areas of Asia and have target readers comprised particularly of policy and business communities, academics, journalists, and the informed public who probably also hold a special interest in the relations between the U.S. and the region.
A UPLC-MS/MS METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SOFOSBUVIR FROM HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: Bhatt Darshan , Rajkamal B.
Published: March 2017

Objective: The present work aimed to develop a simple, rapid, specific and precise ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrophotometric (LC–MS/MS) validated method for quantification of sofosbuvir and internal standard (ISTD) Sofosbuvir-d3 in human plasma.Methods: Samples prepared by employing liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using 2.5 ml of ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separation was achieved on Gemini 5µ C18, 50 x 4.6 mm column using a mixture of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water to methanol at a ratio of 30:70 v/v as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 0.50 ml/min. The LC eluent was split, and approximately 0.1 ml/min was introduced into Tandem mass spectrometer using turbo Ion Spray interface at 325 °C. Quantitation was performed by transitions of 428.35/279.26 (m/z) for sofosbuvir and 431.38/282.37 (m/z) for sofosbuvir-d3.Results: The concentrations of ten working standards showed linearity between 4.063 to 8000.010ng/ml (r2 ≥ 0.9985). Chromatographic separation was achieved within 2 min. The average extraction recoveries of three quality control concentrations were 75.36% for sofosbuvir and were within the acceptance limits. The coefficient of variation was ≤15% for intra-and inter-batch assays. The %CV of ruggedness ranges 0.35% and 3.09%. The % stability of short term and long term stock solution stability studies was found to be 97.25% and 98.81% respectively.Conclusion: The results obtained for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, ruggedness and stability studies were within the acceptance limits. Thus the validated economical method was applied for pharmacokinetic studies of sofosbuvir.
ALGINATE BASED GASTRO-RETENTIVE RAFT FORMING TABLETS FOR ENHANCED BIOAVAILABILITY OF TINIDAZOLE
Authors: Manna Sreejan , Jayasri Kanchi , Annapurna Kancherla Radha , Kanthal Lakshmi Kanta
Published: March 2017

Objective: Tinidazole, a nitroimidazole derivative is having low aqueous solubility which is a major barrier for systemic drug absorption. The aim of the present research was to develop gastro retentive raft forming tablets of tinidazole to achieve prolonged gastric residence time and thus higher bioavailability.Methods: Solid dispersion of tinidazole was prepared by kneading method by using methanol and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Different concentration of sodium alginate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was used to formulate a suitable raft forming tablets and then evaluated for drug content, floating lag time, raft strength, raft volume, raft weight, drug release and release kinetics.Results: Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) study confirms compatibility between drug and polymer. The floating lag time was found in the range of 40±4 to 60±5 s for all the formulation. Raft strength for all the formulations was within the range from 3.03±0.12 to 5.92±0.06 g. The raft volume for all the formulation was found within the range of 7.37±1.86 to 9.84±2.76 ml. Raft weight was measured after completion of raft formation for each formulation and was found in the range of 5.21±1.17 to 7.88±1.95 g. In vitro dissolution was carried up to 8 h and percentage of drug release was found to vary between 79.71±2.18 to 94.32±1.79 %.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the combination of solid dispersion and raft formation increases the bioavailability of tinidazole in tablet formulation.
SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM THE MEDICINAL PLANT BAUHINIA ACUMINATA AND BIOPHYTUM SENSITIVUM–A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ITS BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES WITH PLANT EXTRACT
Authors: Antony Elizabath , Sathiavelu Mythili , Arunachalam Sathiavelu
Published: March 2017

Objective: The aim of current study was to synthesise silver nanoparticles from the leaf extracts (aqueous and methanol) of two medicinal plants Bauhinia acuminata and Biophytum sensitivum and to compare its biological activities with that of plant extract.Methods: Silver nanoparticles were synthesised, and it was characterised using UV-Visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and GC-MS analysis were done for silver nanoparticle extract. The biological activities such as DPPH scavenging assay, haemolytic assay and antimicrobial assay were done for both nanoparticle and plant extract.Results: The UV-Visible spectroscopy showed the formation of nanoparticles in a size range of 400-460 nm. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of biologically active compounds like DL-alpha-tocopherol and Alpha-tocopherol-beta-D-mannose. FTIR analysis of silver nanoparticles and leaf extracts showed the formation of aldehydes, alkenes, amines, alcohols, etc., which confirmed the presence of the compounds present in plant extracts. SEM image showed the formation of nanoparticles of size 2 micrometre. Phytochemical analysis of plant extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. The methanol extract of Bauhinia acuminata showed high DPPH scavenging activity of 90% compared to that of the silver nanoparticle. The percentage hemolysis of all extracts was found to be 6%-39%. The antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts showed excellent activity towards Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogens.Conclusion: The results of present study showed that the silver nanoparticle synthesised from the plant extract has many bioactive compounds and it was found to have significant biological activities but comparatively lesser than plant extract. It concludes the both plant and nanoparticle extract can be used as a potential resource for therapeutic purpose.
EVALUATION OF ANTIULCER ACTIVITY OF MUCOADHESIVE MICROGRANULES CONTAINING RANITIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN EXPERIMENTAL RATS
Authors: Ikasari Endang Diyah , Utomo Anang Budi , Setyopuspito Anastasia , Adhityaasmara Dhimas , Setyowati Hanny
Published: March 2017

Objective: Ranitidine hydrochloride is a competitive inhibitor of histamine H2-receptors, the drug of choice in the treatment of ulcer. The drug has a short biological half-life of approximately 2–3 h, thus a sustained release dosage form of ranitidine HCl is desirable. The aim of this study was to formulate and in vitro evaluate micro granules of ranitidine HCl using 8% aloe vera powder due to cytoprotective effects.Methods: Micro granules were prepared by wet granulation method using aloe vera powder as bio-adhesive polymer. The animals were albino male Wistar rats, divided into 4 groups. One group as a control group, the second group as placebo, third groups received ranitidine without aloe vera, and fourth groups as the treated group received ranitidine micro granules. The damage of ulceration was induced with absolute ethanol, dosing at 1 ml/200 g animal body weight. The microscopic observation was done at the first and third day after treatment.Results: At the first day, the reference and treated group showed the lower ulcer number score mean and ulcer diameter score mean than placebo group. The ulcer index and curative value of reference group were better than treated group, 51.3% and 29.7% respectively. But, at the third day, ulcer index and curative value of treated group possessed better result than reference group, confirming that aloe vera acts as mucoadhesive polymer and gives the release of drug in a sustained manner.Conclusion: Aloe vera powder (Aloe vera (L.) Webb) can be used to formulate micro granules for the prolonged delivery of ranitidine HCl. The micro granules containing in ranitidine dose of 0,04 mg/kg body weight reduce the ulceration induced by absolute ethanolKeywords: Aloe vera powder, Microgranules, Ranitidine HCl, Ulceration, Macroscopic view
EMULGEL: A NEW APPROACH FOR ENHANCED TOPICAL DRUG DELIVERY
Authors: Yadav Sunil Kumar , Mishra Manoj Kumar , Tiwari Anupamaa , Shukla Ashutosh
Published: March 2017

Emulgel is used to treat aches and pains caused by colds, headaches, muscle aches, backaches, arthritis and other conditions and injuries. The patient adherence to topical formulations is significant in relation to chronic skin diseases, like fungal infections, acne, psoriasis. Emulgel is one of the recent technology in NDDS used topically having characteristics of dual control release i.e. emulsion as well as gel. Emulgels have emerged as one of the most interesting topical delivery systems as it has dual release control system i.e. gel and emulsion. When gel and emulsion are used in combined form, the dosage form are referred as emulgel.
ADAPTOGENIC ACTIVE COMPONENT FROM MYXOPYRUM SMILACIFOLIUM
Authors: Siju E. N. , Samu Jolly , Minil M. , Rajalakshmi G. R.
Published: March 2017

Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the adaptogenic active component from the extracts of Myxopyrum smilacifolium.Methods: The plant extract was undergone different separation technique viz precloumn, HPTLC, etc for isolation of pure compound. Thereafter the pure compound was subjected to IR, NMR, LC-MS for structural elucidation.Results: Chemical characterization of the adaptogenic fraction by spectroscopy showed iridoid glycoside as major constituents.Conclusion: The present study showed iridoid glycoside is considered the adaptogenic agents of Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume.