bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Irrigating Forage Crops with Saline Waters: 2. Modeling Root Uptake and Drainage
Authors: Skaggs T. H. , Shouse P. J. , Poss J. A.
Published: June 2006

The recycling of agricultural drainage water for irrigation is increasingly viewed as a desirable management practice in areas with limited options for drainage disposal. Modeling is potentially a cost‐effective approach to examining design and management options for drainage reuse systems, but questions exist about the accuracy of simulated root water uptake in dynamic, highly saline conditions such as those encountered in reuse operations. This study compares HYDRUS‐1D simulations of root water uptake and drainage with lysimeter data collected during an experiment in which forage crops (alfalfa [Medicago sativa L.] and tall wheatgrass [Agropyron elongatum (Host) P. Beauv.]) were irrigated with synthetic drainage waters. A trial‐and‐error fitting procedure was used to determine uptake reduction parameters for each crop. Good agreement between the model simulations and data was achieved, a noteworthy result given the broad range of experimental conditions considered: irrigation waters with salinities ranging from 2.5 to 28 dS m−1 and irrigation rates ranging from deficit to luxurious. The approximations required to derive uptake reduction parameters from published salt tolerance data are examined. Simulations are presented that attempt to account for the uncertainty in derived uptake reduction functions. Overall, we concluded that the general modeling approach captures many essential features of root water uptake under stressed conditions and it may be useful in designing and analyzing reuse operations.
Development of Novel Computational Strategies to Match the Challenges of Supramolecular Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Materials Science
Authors: Wesolowski Tomasz A.
Published: June 2006

Recent formal developments and applications of the 'freeze-and-conquer' strategy proposed by Wesolowski and Warshel in 1993 to study large systems at quantum mechanical level are reviewed. This universal approach based on density functional theory allows one to link, via the
orbital-free embedding potential, two parts of a larger system described at different levels of accuracy leading thus to significant savings in computational costs. As a result, applicability of conventional methods of quantum chemistry can be extended to even larger systems. It is shown that
the 'freeze-and-thaw' approach applying the first-principles based approximation to the orbital-free embedding potential recently developed in our group provides a powerful and universal technique to study such embedded molecules (or molecular complexes), which are not linked with their microscopic
environment by covalent bonds.
Implementation of a Process-Oriented ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 Management System in a Chemical Manufacturing Site
Authors: Rönninger Stephan
Published: June 2006

Quite often, literature and training courses define how the conversion of an ISO system into a process-oriented system should or could work in theory. By contrast, this is a description of a practical solution implemented in 2001 at our chemical manufacturing site in Switzerland. In
summary it can be said that sustainable development leads to a reduction in costs and a reduction in paperwork leaves more time for business. We therefore needed to set up just one simple management system for our tasks of preparing animal feed, food additives, pharmaceuticals and antibiotic
products. We have found a way to create an integrated management system which takes account of the different regulations and responsibilities which exist in a large company like Roche, and of different legislations, ISO systems and GMP requirements.
Physicochemical Mechanisms of Trace Metal Bioaccumulation by Microorganisms
Authors: Wilkinson Kevin J. , Slaveykova Vera I. , Hassler Christel S. , Rossier Claude
Published: June 2006

Our research group is working towards understanding the fundamental physicochemical mechanisms of trace metal biouptake by aquatic microorganisms in natural systems. Research is currently focused on identifying under what conditions uptake fluxes are limited by physical (e.g.
diffusion) as opposed to biological (transfer across biological membrane) processes. In addition, the complexation of the trace metals is being examined from both a thermodynamic (stability) and kinetic (lability) perspective in order to elucidate its effect on the overall uptake flux. Up-to-date
information on the group, including a current publication list can be found at http://www.unige.ch/cabe/wilkinson.
Information Sources on Patents and Trademarks - Search Possibilities: Waste of Time or Decision-Making Aid? Informationsquellen über Schutzrechte – Recherchemöglichkeiten: Zeitverschwendung oder Entscheidungshilfe?
Authors: Maschek Max
Published: June 2006

Patent rights and their utility in research and development are discussed. Up-to-date specialized knowledge goes far beyond text-book knowledge and helps to avoid expensive double development. Appropriate searches can be undertaken in both free databases and those subject to charge.
Trademark law is also discussed with advice on the available search options.
The 2002 Chemistry Olympiad in Groningen
Authors: Cosandey Maurice
Published: June 2006

At the 2002 Chemistry Olympiad in Groningen, in contrast to previous years, the Swiss students won no medals, although two of them missed the bronze medal only by one point.
Nanomechanics – The Link to Biology and Chemistry
Authors: Lang Hans Peter , Hegner Martin , Gerber Christoph
Published: June 2006

Biological and chemical processes can be transduced into nanomechanical motion via change of surface stress on a cantilever. By coating the surface of each cantilever of a micro-fabricated array of silicon cantilevers with a different polymer, a versatile vapor sensor is obtained
that is able to discriminate between various solvent vapors using principal-component analysis techniques. In liquids such sensors allow rapid quantitative and qualitative detection of non-labeled biomolecules. Differential measurements of cantilever deflection (with respect to an unspecific
reference cantilever) allow the detection of sequence-specific DNA hybridization. Single-stranded thiolated DNA 12-mer sequences, anchored onto the surface of the gold-coated cantilevers of the array, provide a biosensor for the detection of their complementary strands in buffer solution.
The influence of the target-molecule concentration on the cantilever deflection is studied, and a value for the thermodynamic surface-solution equilibrium constant is derived from measurements on a cantilever.
Optimising the Addition of Transglutaminase in the Preparation of Sour Milk Products [1]
Authors: Wieland Lukas , Eugster Elisabeth , Eberhard Pius
Published: June 2006

The addition of transglutaminase in yoghurt production was examined in a diploma thesis. In comparison to the control sample, it was possible to reduce the thermal treatment of the yoghurt milk and to entirely eliminate the addition of skim milk powder. The resulting product showed
a high gel strength and only slight whey separation. The incubation temperature proved to be an important factor for success.
Improved Application Technique in Potato Cultivation
Authors: Irla Edward , Anken Thomas , Krebs Heinz , Rüegg Jacob
Published: June 2006

In particular in organic cultivation, potato blight caused by the fungus phytophthora infestans can lead to significant yield, quality and storage losses. Protecting potatoes against this disease demands preventive measures, appropriate regulation strategies, and optimum spraying
techniques. The latter involves an even distribution and deposition of the preventive copper contact fungicides on the stem and both sides of the leaves as well as a good penetration. Compared to conventional spraying, the newly developed underleaf spraying technique improved the coverage
of the potato leaves and decreased phytophtora infection significantly.
University of Applied Sciences Valais – 'Life Technology'
Authors: Besse Jacques , Duchemann Christine , Schmitt Rudolf , Wüst Bernard
Published: June 2006

The competence group 'Life technology' of the HEVs provides education and is actively committed in transfer technology and in applied research & development. The activities of the group are clustered according to three directions: food technology, biotechnology and analytical chemistry.
These main domains correspond to the three study programmes for the bachelor degree in engineering. A large range of facilities is available to cover the needs of education and other activities. Technology transfer is made possible thanks to projects in various domains: analytical and food
chemistry, development and validation of analytical methods, monitoring and quality control programs and product development. The analytical tasks are performed under strict quality control. The activities of the group are also strongly dedicated to applied research & development. The
strategy is structured around the following R & D axes: aromatic and medical herbs, geographic and biological authenticity, assessment of microbiological hazards during food processing, molecular characterization of microorganisms and development of analytical systems.
University of Applied Sciences Wädenswil
Authors: Bachmann Marco
Published: June 2006

The University of Applied Sciences Wädenswil offers three courses in Life Sciences and one course in Facility Management. The course in Food Technology is a three-year course. The very applied curriculum culminates in the diploma of Food Engineer FH. Three different specializations
can be chosen in the final year: food technology, beverage technology or nutrition. In the field of applied research and development the department works together with industry and with other Universities in Switzerland and in other countries.
Light Stabilisers
Authors: Leppard David , Hayoz Pascal , Schäfer Thomas , Vogel Thomas , Wendeborn Frédérique
Published: June 2006

The degradation pathways for polymeric materials and coatings under the influence of light and oxygen are presented and the consequent need for light-protecting agents (light stabilisers) is discussed. The mechanisms of action of hindered amine light stabilisers and certain UV-absorbers
are explained. The use of light stabilisers in photographic-, automotive- and wood-coatings as well as cosmetic applications is described.
Drugs and Driving: Analytical Strategy
Authors: Augsburger Marc
Published: June 2006

Consumption of psychoactive substances may impair driving performance. Because of the diversity of the substances, toxicologists have to develop analytical strategies which allow the detection and the quantification of drugs in biological samples. The analytical strategy described here
is composed of three steps: screening, confirmation, and quantification. For screening, immunological tests and chromatography techniques (GC and HPLC) are often used. For confirmation, identification by means of mass spectrometry is required, and quantification is often realized through chromatographic
techniques.
Prelog Lecture 2001
Authors: Grubbs Robert H.
Published: June 2006

On Monday, November 12, 2001, the rector, Prof. Dr. K. Osterwalder, presented the Prelog Medal 2001 to Prof. Dr. Robert H. Grubbs, California Institute of Technology. The title of the lecture that followed was 'The Design and Use of Ruthenium-Based Metathesis Catalysts'.
Spectroscopy and Quantum-Dynamics: From Vibrations to Reactions
Authors: Luckhaus David
Published: June 2006

The physical understanding of chemical reactivity builds on the connection between structural and dynamical molecular properties, such as the specific dynamical properties of functional groups which determine a molecule's chemical behavior. Studies of OH- and NH2 groups in
different environments demonstrate how experiment and theory combine to draw a detailed picture of the molecular quantum-dynamics. The hydrogen motion in a series of model systems elucidates important aspects of the N/O/H chemistry, with implications for radical and atmospheric chemistry.
In perfect analogy to the separation of electronic and nuclear motion in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, characteristic motions of individual structural features are adiabatically separated from the overall system dynamics. This phenomenon of vibrational adiabaticity will play a central
role in the understanding of the microscopic foundations of empirical structure–reactivity relationships.
Polymer Nanocontainers
Authors: Meier Wolfgang Peter
Published: June 2006

In recent years nanostructured materials have attracted increasing economical and scientific interest. The idea is to create new properties and new applications with well-known standard materials by controlling their size and morphology at the nanometer-size level. In this context polymer
nanocontainers have proven to be particularly interesting. The preparation of nanometer-sized containers that are both biocompatible and stable is, however, a very challenging task. The most promising materials in this respect are amphiphilic block copolymers that can be easily designed to
mimic biological membranes. Similar to conventional lipids, appropriate amphiphilic block copolymers may also self-assemble in aqueous media to vesicular structures that can be stabilized by polymerization. The long-term stability of these structures makes them well adapted for applications
and guarantees a constant nonchanging environment for embedded therapeutic or analytic molecules and promise interesting applications in pharmacy or biotechnology. Particularly since the permeability of such nanocontainers can be controlled by attaching stimuli-sensitive (i.e. pH, temperature,
specific molecules,…) groups to their surface or by inserting specific channel proteins into their shells. Furthermore, surface-bound ligands or reconstituted membrane proteins makes them suitable for molecular recognition.
Exegesis on Security, Insecurity, and Antisecurity Über Sicherheit, Unsicherheit und Antisicherheit – Eine Exegese. Definitionen, Beziehungen und Beeinflussungsmöglichkeiten; eine Analyse, nicht ausschliesslich für Industrie-Chemiker
Authors: Käser Kurt
Published: June 2006

The significance of the fundamental notion security is discussed in a context beyond chemistry. After attempting to give a definition of security, danger is recognized as insecurity. The parameters that characterize danger are severity, probability of occurrence, and the
quality of the probability information. Some classification methods of danger used outside chemistry are presented. Accidents are identified as antisecurity. The decomposition of an incident into the four necessary components: energy potential, a sensitising element, trigger, and resulting
damage is presented. Three examples illustrate this decomposition. Avoiding incidents and protection from damage is based on the reduction or elimination of at least one of the four components.
The Physics of Explosion Physik der Explosion
Authors: Wüthrich Kaspar
Published: June 2006

Some interesting physical aspects of chemical explosions are compiled. An explosion is understood as a fast release of energy. There are many types of explosion, including a deflagration as a pressure-controlled explosion and a detonation as an explosion independent
from boundary conditions. Using a simple model the coupling mechanisms between physics and chemistry in a reaction front of a gas explosion is enlightened. Exploding clouds of hydrocarbons dissipate the released energy mainly by means of heat radiation, blast waves and fragments. Simple theorectical
considerations show the principles to be respected in damage assessments of these phenomena.
Explosion Protection Concept for a Production Scale Reaction in a Pure Oxygen Atmosphere Explosionsschutzkonzept einer Reaktion in Sauerstoffatmosphäre im Produktionsmassstab
Authors: Obermüller Iris
Published: June 2006

The implementation of a catalyzed oxidation, as part of a new production plant launch, describes a challenging situation with regard to safety requirements. The reaction runs under a low pressure of pure oxygen. In order not to accumulate undesired byproducts during the reaction, a
continuous purge stream removes such compounds. Without a well-founded safety concept, a pure oxygen atmosphere, solvent vapour and an exothermic reaction could result in a highly explosive mixture. This could be due to an ignition spark, in particular at reduced minimum ignition energy in
pure oxygen. Due to the lack of information from the literature, further trials have been conducted to gain more safety data. Various single tests and simulated series of experiments have been adopted as a basis for the plant & process design. Data could be gained from the purge-pipe detonation
on the vessel top, the flame speed and from the maximum explosion pressure. The explosion-protection concept resulting from the above trials includes the following: a) The oxidation vessel needs to have an explosion-resistant construction; b) decoupling the explosion is enabled by reducing
pressure with a flame interrupter and an explosion barrier, a so-called fast acting valve; c) the production steps prior and after the oxidation step are protected through inertisation and follow the concept of avoiding inflammable atmospheres.
Safety and Protection Measures in Tank Farms and Underground Piping Sécurité et mesures de protection dans les parcs à réservoirs et les galeries souterraines
Authors: Kummer Jean-Pierre , Zufferey Gérard
Published: June 2006

The chemical site at Monthey consists of nearly one hundred production buildings and 27 tank farms. The internal guidelines stipulate the safety measures for the four companies on the site regarding tank farms and for the underground water piping network. Cimo engineers have developed
a special automatic fire fighting system (water + emulsifier) to protect the storage tanks situated in the tank farms as well as the storage areas. A network for chemical waters, clean water, and sewage water connect all the buildings to the wastewater treatment plant. The network is made
up of inspection galleries situated roughly eight meters below ground, underneath the site. A guideline stipulates the safety measures that must be observed by any employee having to enter a confined space in order to carry out inspection rounds or maintenance work. Different types of dangers
can arise, for example escape of toxic substances, explosive atmosphere, water pollution.
Generating and Maintaining Inert Atmospheres for Chemical Procedures L'inertage et les charges de produit dans un réacteur inerte
Authors: Spiesser Dominique
Published: June 2006

Inertization, in other words the reduction of the partial pressure of oxygen, is the first unitary operation of every chemical reaction and/or formulation procedure carried out on an industrial scale. Oxygen is one of the components of the so-called 'infernal triangle': fuel, oxygen,
and ignition source. The major part of the raw materials used in chemical industry is combustable. It is therefore only possible to avoid the other two components of the triangle. There are still too many incidents and accidents occurring in the chemical industry. Avoiding ignition sources
can generally only be considered as an accessory measure since dosing electrically isolating liquids or solids may lead to potentially dangerous electrostatic discharges. The initial inertization of a chemical reactor is absolutely necessary but a relatively simple operation. When reagents
have to be added subsequently it is important to assure that the inert atmosphere is maintained. If this is relatively easy to achieve when dosing liquids from a closed tank, it is not that straightforward if solids or liquids from open containers are to be added or if the reactor has to be
opened to withdraw samples. Now there are simple devices available that guarantee the conservation of the inert atmosphere throughout the whole manufacturing procedure.
Microarrays and Surface Engineering for Bioanalysis
Authors: Gao Hui , Guinchard Sylvie , Crevoisier François , Angeloni Silvia , Sigrist Hans
Published: June 2006

Molecular engineering and covalent immobilization of biomolecules on material surfaces whilst retaining specificity and biological functions is a major challenge in bioarray manufacturing and analysis. Photochemical functionalization of materials enables specific bioengineering and
facile manufacturing of biotech products for microanalysis with concomitant surface passivation. Surfaces engineered with polysaccharides render materials hydrophilic, biocompatible and generally applicable for probe molecule immobilization. Products and procedures described support microanalytical
investigations in all '-omics' domains.
Current Response of Ionophore-Based Ion-Selective Electrode Membranes at Controlled Potential
Authors: Morf Werner E. , Zwickl Titus , Pretsch Ernö , De Rooij Nico F.
Published: June 2006

From electrochemical measurements at the interface of two immiscible electrolytes, the current at controlled potential is usually a linear function of the ion concentration in the aqueous phase. Surprisingly, a linear relationship between the current and the logarithm of the
sample ion activity is found here for corresponding measurements on ion-selective electrode membranes. Here we document these new findings and give a theoretical explanation for the apparent contradiction between the results obtained with the two kinds of systems.
Functional Liquid-Crystalline Materials Based on Ferrocene
Authors: Chuard Thierry , Deschenaux Robert
Published: June 2006

This short account demonstrates that ferrocene is a valuable unit for the elaboration of functional liquid-crystalline materials: 1) its three-dimensional structure allowed a clear structure-mesomorphic behavior relationship in the case of mono-, di-, and poly-substituted ferrocene-containing
liquid crystals to be established; 2) its derivatization at the 1,3-positions by two different substituents generated structures with planar chirality; and 3) its redox properties could be used to produce redox-active mesomorphic liquid crystals.
The Synthesis of a Pyrazol Analogon of Porphobilinogen with the Help of the Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction
Authors: Chaperon André , Bertschy Hugo , Franz-Schrumpf Anne-Laurence , Hugelet Bertrand , Neels Antonia , Stoeckli-Evans Helen , Neier Reinhard
Published: June 2006

The synthesis of a pyrazol analogon of porphobilinogen is described. The Mukaiyama crossed aldol reaction is the key step of our approach. The retrosynthetic analysis follows the mechanism for the biosynthesis of porphobilinogen initially proposed by Shemin.
Regional Emissions of Anthropogenic Halocarbons Derived from Continuous Measurements of Ambient Air in Switzerland
Authors: Buchmann Brigitte , Stemmler Konrad , Reimann Stefan
Published: June 2006

Man-made halocarbons have a considerable impact on the environment. Chlorine- and bromine-containing organic compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are responsible for the decline of stratospheric ozone and their use has therefore been regulated
in the Montreal Protocol. Fluoro-containing halocarbons are not regulated within this treaty, but as all halocarbons act as greenhouse gases, this group of compounds was included in the Kyoto Protocol. Halogenated ozone destroying CFCs and chlorinated solvents were continuously measured in
Switzerland at a suburban site near Zürich (Dübendorf) from 1994 until 2000 and since 2000 at the high alpine site of Jungfraujoch together with all greenhouse-active halocarbons. Furthermore, all anthropogenic halocarbons were measured in a campaign in Dübendorf in 2002. The
analysis of the measurements confirms that a substantial decline of their emissions took place as a consequence of the Montreal Protocol. On the other hand, the concentration of substitutes such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) increased dramatically. Linking continuously measured time series
with meteorological information allows an estimation of regional emissions of the regulated compounds for Switzerland. In contrast to trade survey statistics or inventories, this method is an efficient tool to track the development of diffusive emissions of substances in long term usage such
as foams and refrigerant systems.
Identifying Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Surfactants in Specialty Chemical Formulations of Environmental Interest by Fast Atom Bombardment/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Field Jennifer A. , Schultz Melissa , Barofsky Douglas
Published: June 2006

Hydrocarbon- and fluorocarbon-based surfactants are used in specialty or 'niche' chemical formulations that are designed for applications such as aircraft deicing and anti-icing, 'spreaders' that increase the effectiveness of pesticide formulations, and for fighting hydrocarbon-fuel
fires. The identity of the surfactants in specialty formulations is usually proprietary information. However, this information is needed to design studies that monitor the occurrence and fate of all the components of specialty chemical formulations that enter the environment and pose a risk
toward aquatic organisms. Fast atom bombardment/mass spectrometry (FAB/MS), while not a new technique, remains the fastest technique for identifying surfactants in complex mixtures because no sample preparation is required. FAB/MS was applied to samples of an aircraft deicer and anti-icer
and aqueous-film-forming-foams (AFFF) for the purpose of identifying the major classes of hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon surfactants. High mass accuracy FAB/MS measurements were made to identify an unknown fluorosurfactant in an AFFF formulation. Rapid identification of surfactants that are
released into the environment facilitates the subsequent selection of quantitative analytical methods that can be used to monitor the occurrence and fate of surfactants in the environment.
MSE Meili – Multiphase Systems Engineering: Inline Monitoring of Particulate Product Flows. Concentration, Velocity & Rate Measurement in Industrial Applications
Authors: Meili Reto T.
Published: June 2006

MSE Meili is an ETH spinoff company established in 1995 focusing on instrumentation for multiphase flows. The 'Labasys® instruments' – backscattered laser light intensities are the basis to determine solid concentrations, velocities and flow rates – have been
enhanced continuously make them suitable for industrial monitoring purposes. For example, both the accuracy and the application range have been extended by a more sensitive optic, efficient cleaning units have been added to avoid soiling of the optics. Among other enhancements, a direct calibration
procedure and explosion protection have been implemented. Examples showing the application of 'Labasys® instruments' in R&D and production monitoring are provided for illustration. Through an aligned palette of services, e.g. calibration or test measurements, MSE
Meili supports their customers in the energy production, chemical and food industries to realize the large potential for cost reductions by optimizing their processes monitoring with 'Labasys® instruments'.
Center for Chemical Sensors and Chemical Information Technology (CCS): Molecular Recognition and Chemical Sensor Development at CCS
Authors: Spichiger-Keller Ursula E.
Published: June 2006

The Center for Chemical Sensors and Chemical Information Technology (CCS) at ETH-Zürich has devoted its activities to the development of highly selective devices that access chemical information about the composition of a specimen. In this article the most prominent projects and
activities are summarized and the most relevant scientific results and research strategies are described. Apart from design and synthesis of novel ionophores for electrochemical sensors, research was focused on optical sensors, chromophores with specific characteristics as well as micro- and
nanodevices. Generally the research focus shifted from using small organic molecules to the development of oligopeptides to solve analytical problems in biotechnology, food technology and bioassays. Many collaborations with industrial partners have been established, and profit and drawbacks
of such collaborations are reconsidered at the end of the article. One so far unpublished feasibility study is described in more detail. In order to make commercial use of some of these developments, the spinoff companies SENSORIX and C-CIT AG were founded.
Exploiting Long-Lived Molecular Fluorescence
Authors: Nau Werner M. , Huang Fang , Wang Xiaojuan , Bakirci Huseyin , Gramlich Gabriela , Marquez Cesar
Published: June 2006

Fluorophores based on the azo chromophore 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene, referred to as fluorazophores, display an exceedingly long fluorescence lifetime. Besides the use in time-resolved screening assays, where the long-lived fluorescence can be time-gated, thereby improving the
signal to background ratio, a distinct application of fluorazophores lies in the area of biopolymer dynamics. For this purpose, one chain end is labeled with a fluorazophore and the other one with an efficient fluorescence quencher. The fluorescence lifetime of the probe/quencher-labeled peptide
then reflects the kinetics of intramolecular end-to-end collision. Applications to polypeptides are described and control experiments which establish the nature of the quenching mechanism as a diffusive process requiring intimate probe/quencher contact are described.
Catalytic Rigid-Rod ?-Barrels with Hydrazide Cofactors to Convert Poor Substrates as Hydrazone Conjugates
Authors: Som Abhigyan , Talukdar Pinaki , Baumeister Bodo , Matile Stefan
Published: June 2006

The usefulness of pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonates as cofactors for p-octiphenyl ?-barrel ion channels to mediate recognition and conversion of otherwise inaccessible benzaldehyde substrates is described.
New Media for Teaching and Communicating Inorganic Chemistry: The Projects CCN and CCI at the Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich
Authors: Piotto Stefano , Zürn Anke , Uhlig Wolfram , Mensing Christian , Rüttimann Bruno , Nesper Reinhard
Published: June 2006

Chemistry teaching is traditionally a difficult task as it comes alive only through experiments. Secondly, extreme reductionism does not apply to chemical understanding because chemical ensembles by definition constitute very large sets of mobile particles. Teaching and learning of
chemistry has to provide a feeling for the complexity of interactions, which is hidden behind the chemical symbolism. As safety requirements and reduction of costs have become important factors, experiments very often are the first to be cancelled in chemical courses. We present here an internet-based
system for teaching chemistry and narrowing the gap between research and teaching in this field.
The Basel NanoBio-Network
Authors: Hegner Martin
Published: June 2006

This article provides a brief overview of the ongoing life science projects within the National Centre of Competence in Research 'Nanoscale Science' (NCCR) network. Within the NCCR, a team of ~40 scientists from various research fields is working on the fundamentals of biological nanoscience
and on the development of the next generation of nanosensors. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of the projects, the involved Swiss researchers have built during the last three years a network of collaborating experts in the various fields. Such strong networking provides both an efficient
approach to research and a good exchange of know-how.
Conclusions of the BioValley MedTech Day, Thursday 21 October 2004
Authors: Roth Jean-François
Published: June 2006

Jean-François Roth, president of the government of the Republic and Canton of Jura, in his conclusions at the MedTech Day in Basel of the BioValley Life Sciences Week, emphasized the importance his canton attributes to being tied to the Life Sciences environment of Basel and
the BioValley. The canton of Jura, lying in the southern-most part of the BioValley, has a strong tradition in watchmaking which later branched out into microtechnology, an industry which requires precision and meticulousness. Therefore, there is a strong relationship between microtechnology
and life sciences and more specifically, medical technology. Since medical technology is a fast growing business area, the Canton of Jura took the strategic decision to place the support of this industry at the centre of its economic development plans.
The European Pharmacopoeia: A Common European Initiative by the Council of Europe
Authors: Le Tarnec Caroline Larsen
Published: June 2006

The European Pharmacopoeia, founded in 1964, ensures the quality and safety of medicines by elaborating compulsory standards, by describing quality control methods, and by making it possible to detect counterfeit medicines. European Pharmacopoeia standards apply to all medicines regardless
of their origin, their method of production or their type. The official standards published by the European Pharmacopoeia provide a legal and scientific basis for quality control during the development, production, and marketing of medicines. The establishment of the European Pharmacopoeia
in Strasbourg represents an important strategic asset to the BioValley showing the trinational region as an importance life sciences cluster.
The BioValley Life Sciences Week, Where Biotech and MedTech Met
Authors: Suter Christian , Bühler Fritz R.
Published: June 2006

For the third time the BioValley Life Sciences Week took place from October 13 to 22, 2004 in the French, German, and Swiss centers of the BioValley Life Sciences Network. Events included a 'Science et Cité' evening in Lörrach about new concepts in cancer management, the
Business Platform in Freiburg where Biotech met Pharma, the 'Fête de la Science' in Strasbourg highlighting the challenges for XXIst century research, the BioValley Annual Conference in Colmar where the BioValley profile was discussed, the University Day in Strasbourg presenting the
European Pharmacopoeia and looking at Drug Discovery 2004 and a sequence of events in Basel which were attended by more than 1500 persons. Events in Basel included the Science Day on systems biology and nanosciences, the Connect Day which was devoted to Partnering and Financing, the Medtech
Day where this less well known but very important industry showed its cutting edge technologies, and finally the BioValley College Day attracting several hundred students from the neighboring high schools of the three countries. The BioValley Life Sciences Week has established itself firmly
in the calendar of the region and will be organized again in the fall of 2005.
The Centre for Chemical Sensors and Chemical Information Technology (CCS) in Micro- and Nanotechnology
Authors: Spichiger-Keller Ursula E. , Schär-Zammarettia Prisca
Published: June 2006

A selection of the most challenging projects in micro- and nanotechnology tackled at CCS during the last few years are discussed. The ultimate challenge was to localize voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels on membranes of living cells by ion-selective AFM-tips. In order to address
this goal, a procedure to simulate the ion transport over ion-channels was developed. Two types of living cells were investigated; Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK-F) cells and adult rat cardiomyocytes (ARC). The results of force microscopy were compared to the patch clamp technique
and to immunoselective staining and localization by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The lateral resolution of the AFM imaging technique, the rate-limiting steps, the force applied to the cells by the AFM-cantilever and the mechanism of the detection principle are addressed.
Exploration des liquides ioniques comme nouvelle classe de solvants pour les réactions chimiques
Authors: Aebischer Jean-Nicolas , Corminboeuf Grégory , Martia Roger , Vanoli Ennio
Published: June 2006

Ionic liquids based on laurylsulfates and tosylates anions were developed and characterized. A Heck reaction (synthesis of trans-ethylcinnamate) was optimized in 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-tosylate ionic liquid. The recycling of the reaction medium, including the catalyst and
the ionic liquid, was carefully studied and the following results were obtained: eleven reactions were performed without further catalyst additions, the average yield was 85% with an average reaction time of 10 h.
Prospects for the Xenopus Embryo Model in Therapeutics Technologies
Authors: Brändli André W.
Published: June 2006

Access to suitable animal models is essential in the field of therapeutics technologies. Recently, lower vertebrates have emerged as attractive low-cost animal models which offer new exciting applications in functional genomics and therapeutics technologies. Amphibian embryos of the
genus Xenopus have long served as important models for the study of vertebrate development. Xenopus is evolutionary significantly less distant to humans than fish models, which suggests that experimental findings gained with Xenopus will more accurately predict human biology.
Numerous experimental advantages, including external development, large size, identifiable blastomeres, and their ability to withstand extensive surgical intervention and culture in vitro, have favored the use of the Xenopus model in the past. More recently, the introduction
of a simple efficient method to disrupt gene functions and the rapid development of genomic resources has further increased the attractiveness of this low-cost, high-throughput model for the analysis of vertebrate gene functions. Using the Xenopus embryo as the primary animal model,
our research in the field of therapeutics technologies has focused on the identification and validation of novel drug targets by employing genomic and transcriptomic information in the analysis of the molecular and cellular processes underlying kidney organogenesis and vascular development.
Furthermore, our research on signaling pathways controlling cellular differentiation of embryonic tissues provides important insights that may ultimately lead to the development of novel cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine. Finally, we are exploring the possibility of employing the
Xenopus embryos in chemical library screens to identify novel chemical modulators of organogenesis.
Exploring Barrier Mechanisms Relevant for Drug Therapy
Authors: Wunderli-Allenspach Heidi , Bucher Karsten , Hofmann Jiri , Marenchino Marco , Thomae Anita , Günthert Maja , Krämer Stefanie D.
Published: June 2006

Membranes play an important role in the compartmentalization of cells and organs. Up to 500 different lipids have been reported to be present in different biological membranes. The origin and meaning of this diversity is not well understood. Membranes mediate the necessary separation
between organizational units, but also provide the possibility to connect them. Overcoming the membrane barriers within the body is a major task for any therapeutic agent. The research of the Wunderli group is concentrated on elucidating the basis of drug–membrane interaction and permeation
processes, on unraveling the mechanism of action of multi-substrate membrane transporters such as the multi-drug resistance protein P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and on the modulation of paracellular diffusion. Three major projects are pursued: (1) drug–membrane interaction and permeation studies
with liposomes of different lipid composition; (2) studies on the mechanism of action of the P-gp with proteoliposomes; (3) modulation of the tight junctions (TJs) of cell barriers to enhance the paracellular transport of hydrophilic therapeutic entities, e.g. peptides.
Drug Discovery in Oncology
Authors: García-Echeverría Carlos
Published: June 2006

A deeper understanding of the molecular events leading to tumour formation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis has provided a new mechanistic basis for oncology drug discovery: targeted anticancer therapy. By specifically blocking the molecular pathways implicated in the pathogenesis
of cancer, targeted anticancer agents are expected to alter the natural course of the disease and, at the same time, to offer an enhanced therapeutic index over traditional cytotoxic agents. Following this new paradigm, extracellular matrix remodelling enzymes, growth-factor receptors, signal
transduction proteins, and regulators of cell-cycle and gene expression have been the subject of intense drug discovery activities. Three representative areas of research in which targeted cancer therapy has advanced with some success have been selected to briefly illustrate the current status
and some of the challenges of drug discovery in oncology.
Chemical Analysis and Ecotoxicological Effects of UV Absorbing Organic Chemicals in Aquatic Environments
Authors: Fent Karl , Kunz Petra , Wolf Markus , Schmutz Hansruedi , Gygax Daniel , Schanné Clemens
Published: June 2006

Substances that exert adverse effects on reproduction and fertility are a cause of concern. UV filters used in sunscreens and in the protection of materials may enter aquatic environments. Properties of UV filters such as environmental persistency and high lipophilicity make an environmental
risk assessment desirable, in particular as some of them show hormonal activity at high concentrations. In this research project conducted within the National Research Programme NRP50, hormonal activities of UV filters are evaluated in vitro in recombinant yeast system and in vivo
in fish and frogs.
Toward Active-Site Compression in Rigid-Rod ?-Barrels
Authors: Baudry Yoann , Ronan Dawn , Matile Stefan
Published: June 2006

Applying the Woodhull equation to organic chemistry, a concept to maximize remote control of chemical processes that take place within synthetic multifunctional pores is described.
7-Hydroxyquinoline·(NH3)3: A Model for Excited State H-Atom Transfer Along an Ammonia Wire
Authors: Tanner Christian , Manca Carine , Leutwyler Samuel
Published: June 2006

The 7-hydroxyquinoline·(NH3)3 cluster has been used as a model to study excited state H-atom transfer along a hydrogen-bonded NH3…NH3…NH3 wire. Excitation of the supersonically cooled cluster
to its vibrationless S1 state produces no reaction, whereas excitation of ammonia-wire vibrations induces fluorescence of the excited 7-ketoquinoline·(NH3)3 cluster, revealing the excited state enol ? keto tautomerization. This reaction is
assumed to occur via successive H transfers along the ammonia wire in a Grotthus-like process. Ab initio calculations of the reaction path show that proton and electron movement along the wire are closely coupled. The rate-controlling S1 state barriers arise from crossing
of a ??* and a Rydberg-type ??* electronic excited state.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Internal Mobility of Gd3+-Based MRI Contrast Agents: Consequences for Water Proton Relaxivity
Authors: Borel Alain , Yerly Fabrice , Helm Lothar , Merbach André E.
Published: June 2006

The increasing use of contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for medical diagnosis is due to the ability, called relaxivity, of these paramagnetic compounds to accelerate the relaxation of the surrounding water proton spins. A new classical force field for molecular
dynamics simulations of Gd3+ polyaminocarboxylates has recently been published, which allows the study of the chelate internal mobility. We present two selected examples where such motions can affect relaxivity. Knowing the relationship between the bound water proton and oxygen
mobility is important for the combined analysis of multinuclear NMR studies, and we show that they differ significantly. Next, we observe symmetry changes over time in the Gd3+ coordination polyhedron of the acyclic complexes. We propose that such rearrangements can play a role
in the electron spin relaxation of Gd3+ chelates, an important result considering the uncertainty still attached to this particular factor.
Decontamination After Chemical Incidents
Authors: Geissmann Felix
Published: June 2006

Incidents with release of chemicals are insidious. The HazMat team has not only to overcome the immediate consequences of a spill but also the decontamination of casualties, fire service personnel and equipment. By following the zone concept and correct procedures, emergency services
personnel can minimise the risk of contamination. Training of proper decontamination principles is a demanding task. Proven decontamination procedures are described in detail and some case studies are presented.
Spills of Acids and Bases
Authors: Gsell Felix
Published: June 2006

Due to their hazardous characteristics acids and bases present an intrinsic risk in the event of spillage. To prevent injuries from chemical contamination, HazMat unit personnel use protective suits and proper decontamination procedures. Nitrous acid is especially insidious since it
causes severe burns with wounds that take a long time to heal. In addition it produces hydrogen and nitrous oxide gases by redox reactions with metals. Risk assessment for a production site and case studies of incidents are presented.
EPR Becomes Reality at Finland's Olkiluoto 3
Authors: Güldner Ralf , Giese Ulrich
Published: June 2006

The EPR is a third-generation pressurized water reactor (PWR). Its development was started in 1992 by Framatome and Siemens within a Franco-German partnership. Since 2001 this work has been continued by Framatome ANP, which was formed when the two companies merged their nuclear businesses.
The French company AREVA, world market leader in nuclear technology, holds a 66% share in Framatome ANP, with Siemens owning 34%. From the very start, development of the EPR was focused on improving plant safety and economics even further. The new reactor development was jointly financed together
with the leading power utilities of both countries. The first steps towards realization of an EPR nuclear power plant were taken at Olkiluoto, Finland in 2004 [1][2], consisting of initial preparation of the construction site. By mid-February 2005 the local municipality – Eurajoki –
had issued a construction permit, and the Finnish Government a construction license pursuant to the Finnish Nuclear Energy Act. This had been preceded by a preliminary safety assessment prepared by the Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) for the Finnish Ministry of Trade
and Industry in which STUK verified that it did not see any safety-related issues opposing issuance of the nuclear construction license. STUK emphasized that the evolutionary design of the EPR had been further improved by AREVA compared to the previous product lines. Concreting work began
this spring and the unit will start commercial operation in 2009. Construction of an EPR has also been given the political go-ahead in France. According to the utility Electricité de France (EDF) the new reactor will be built as a forerunner of a later series at the site of Flamanville
in Normandy. Construction is scheduled to begin in 2007. An EPR nuclear power plant has a rated electric capacity of around 1600 MW, depending on specific site conditions. Being the product of intense bilateral cooperation the EPR combines the technological accomplishments of the world's two
leading PWR product lines – France's N4 and Germany's Konvoi. At the same time it incorporates a new class of safety: its highly advanced safety systems represent a further enhancement of the high safety level already provided by nuclear plants currently in operation in Germany and France.
To attain the specified safety goals, measures have been taken to further reduce the probability of occurrence of core damage and to also ensure that all consequences of a (hypothetical) accident involving core melt remain restricted to the plant itself. The EPR has additionally made great
progress in terms of low power generating costs, conservation of natural resources, and minimization of waste volumes. From the viewpoint of the European nuclear community, it therefore demonstrates nuclear energy's excellent prospects for the future as an economical option for carbondioxide-free
base-load power generation in our liberalized power markets.
Diagnosis of Engines by Oil Analysis
Authors: Painot Jacques , Ischi Gregory
Published: June 2006

Oil analysis is an easy and cheap diagnosis procedure to check the optimal functionality of engines. Often it prevents major breakdown situations. The metal content in engine oil measured in function of time delivers significant information on wear and/or mechanical irregularities of
the engine.