bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of Median and Lower Incomes across Countries
Authors: Nolan Brian , Touzet Chloé
Published: October 2018

This chapter takes as its point of departure the distinction featuring extensively in comparative political economy research between liberal versus coordinated market economies, and also that between export- versus consumption-led growth ‘models’. It investigates whether these analytical frameworks help to explain differences in country performance in terms of growth in middle and lower income households, and thus whether the analytical frameworks and distinctions at the core of this strand of research are helpful in understanding country performance on the indicators on which this book is centrally focused.
The Labour Market
Authors: Holmes Craig
Published: October 2018

This chapter deals with wage dispersion, polarization, and job structures. It looks first how the structure of jobs and the wages they receive has changed across the OECD over recent decades, and shows the extent of variation across the OECD countries in that regard. It then considers the relationship between the shifts in the occupational structure this reveals and patterns of wage inequality. The UK, a prime example of a country with a significant loss of ‘middle’ jobs, is then studied in more detail, to tease out in particular the changing relationship between occupations and levels of pay. The relationship between occupational structures and wage mobility or progression over time for individuals is also explored.
Sifting through the ASHE
Authors: Cristini Annalisa , Geraci Andrea , Muellbauer John
Published: October 2018

This chapter presents an analysis of changing job and pay structures in the UK, constructing for this purpose a novel dataset covering each year from 1975 to 2015 linking different datasets and ensuring that key variables such as occupation are captured on as consistent a basis as possible. This provides the information base required to investigate job polarization in a much more disaggregated fashion than previously possible, allowing important distinctions to be made by gender, sector, and region, between full- versus part-time workers, and across birth-cohorts. The analyses are thus able to reveal the differing implications of long-term trends in job structures and pay for these different groups, and bring out what the varying patterns reveal about the underlying processes at work in the labour market.
Income Inequality, Living Standards, and Intergenerational Social Mobility
Authors: Bukodi Erzsébet , Paskov Marii
Published: October 2018

This chapter deals with mobility across generations, paying particular attention to the now-common notion that greater inequality in the distribution of income is associated with less mobility and equality of opportunity—as encapsulated in the so-called ‘Great Gatsby Curve’. The chapter first discusses the conceptual and empirical issues that arise with respect to this hypothesis. Focusing on mobility in terms of social class, it uses a new dataset constructed for the purpose to provide a novel up-to-date comparative account of intergenerational social mobility across thirty European countries, a much wider span than previously available. It then employs these data to investigate the role that income inequality and absolute living standards at the societal level play in affecting social class mobility across generations.
Dynamical Nuclear Polarization
Authors: Glazov M. M.
Published: October 2018

The transfer of nonequilibrium spin polarization between the electron and nuclear subsystems is studied in detail. Usually, a thermal orientation of nuclei in magnetic field is negligible due to their small magnetic moments, but if electron spins are optically oriented, efficient nuclear spin polarization can occur. The microscopic approach to the dynamical nuclear polarization effect based on the kinetic equation method, along with a phenomenological but very powerful description of dynamical nuclear polarization in terms of the nuclear spin temperature concept is given. In this way, one can account for the interaction between neighbouring nuclei without solving a complex many-body problem. The hyperfine interaction also induces the feedback of polarized nuclei on the electron spin system giving rise to a number of nonlinear effects: bistability of nuclear spin polarization and anomalous Hanle effect, dragging and locking of optical resonances in quantum dots. Theory is illustrated by experimental data on dynamical nuclear polarization.
Electron Spin Precession Mode Locking and Nuclei-Induced Frequency Focusing
Authors: Glazov M. M.
Published: October 2018

This chapter addresses a rich variety of effects in spin dynamics arising under the conditions of pump-probe experiments. Here we consider the case where the electron spin is injected by a periodic train of circularly polarized pump pulses and precesses between the pulses in an external magnetic field. Nontrivial effects such as resonant spin amplification and spin coherence mode-locking take place due to commensurability of the repetition period of pump pulses and the charge carrier spin precession period. Theoretical approaches to describing the electron and nuclear spin coherence and experimental manifestations of these unusual regimes of spin dynamics are discussed in detail.
Blunder
Authors: Porter Patrick
Published: October 2018

Why did Britain invade Iraq in March 2003? Debate around Iraq focuses often on illegality, lies, incompetence, or the personal psychology of Tony Blair. ‘Operation Telic’ is often presented as a war of bad faith, waged by elites who had unspeakable secret motives. Beyond fixations with ‘dodgy dossiers’, the flaws of individual leaders, or intelligence failure, Iraq was a real ideological crusade, made by people who were true believers. Deploying primary documents and retrospective testimonies of participants, Blunder reconstructs the assumptions underlying decisions, the policy ‘world’ that participants inhabited 2001–2003, and the way decisions were made. Contrary to much of the existing literature, this book puts ideas in the centre of the story. As the book argues, Britain’s war in Iraq was caused by bad ideas that were dogmatically and widely held. Three ideas in particular formed the war’s intellectual foundations: the notion of the undeterrable, fanatical rogue state; the vision that the West’s path to security is to break and remake states; and the conceit that by paying the ‘blood price’, Britain could secure influence in Washington DC. These issues matter, because although the Iraq War happened years ago, it is still with us. As well as its severe consequences for regional and international security, the ideas that powered the war persist in Western security debate. If all wars are fought twice, first on the battlefield and the second time in memory, this book enters the battle over what Iraq means now, and what we should learn.
Warpath
Authors: Porter Patrick
Published: October 2018

This chapter argues that Britain’s war in Iraq was enabled and driven by an interaction of power and ideas, a particular blend of fear and confidence. A set of ideas about how best to pursue security, ideas enabled by the capabilities of the US, created the warpath, and those ideas were insulated and taken for granted. A set of basic assumptions, and the logic of preventive and coalition war, went unexamined, and proved decisive. Blair and his inner circle assumed war was inevitable—the only prudent choice was to force the issue now, on their terms, rather than later, on Saddam’s. They worried predominantly about how to create conditions that would legitimize a British military campaign, that would generate enough support, and that would predispose the country against further postponement of the final reckoning. The case for war then grew stronger through the tightening pressures of mobilisation, and the mounting fear of the reputational costs of standing down. By taking this wandering course, they were moving towards a fixed end.
How is science to be carried forward, and its conclusions reported?
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

The chapter appraises science as an intellectual activity that is appropriately carried out on its own terms. Consequently, it is not appropriate to introduce references to God as a component part of a mathematical proof, nor of a system of forces in the natural world, nor of a sequence of impersonal processes in the biosphere. This does not mean that it is inappropriate to be thankful to God and to celebrate all these aspects of the world as gifts. They can be employed as opportunities to express appreciation through studying and understanding them better in their own right. Nevertheless, there may be processes, such as those which shape a person’s self-identity, in which it is appropriate to recognize God’s more direct role. Good practice concerning acknowledgements sections in scientific publications such as doctoral theses and journal articles is then discussed.
What does it mean to be me?
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

The chapter poses questions about personhood, and explores them through some philosophy, extended examples from machine learning and artificial intelligence, and religious reflection. Parfit’s Reasons and Persons and the use of game theory is explored. The question of human free will is framed as centring on the issue of responsibility. Recent advances in AI, especially learning systems such as AlphaGo, are presented. These do not settle any fundamental questions about the nature of consciousness, but they do encourage us to ask what our attitude to autonomous machines should be. The discussion then turns to human evolutionary development, and to what makes humans distinctive, touching on scientific, philosophical, and theological issues. Some aspects of philosophy and theology can be productively approached through storytelling; this fruitful method is seen at work in the Bible. To be responsible lies at the heart of what it means to be human.
The two Tabors
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

The book contains three autobiographical chapters, one from each of the authors. In this one Andrew Briggs (A.B.) presents some of his experiences. Professor David Tabor was an important scientific and personal influence on A.B. in his doctoral work at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. A visit to Mount Tabor in Israel gave a memorable opportunity for reflection on the connection between spiritual matters and physical, geographical matters. Another important influence was the humble Christian and great nineteenth-century physicist James Clerk Maxwell. Maxwell had a verse from Psalm 111 inscribed over the doors of the Cavendish laboratory. When the laboratory was moved into new premises, A.B. asked whether the inscription could be included. This was agreed by the relevant committee. It reads: ‘The works of the Lord are great, sought out of all them that have pleasure therein’: a lovely motto for scientists.
The deeply subtle nature of physically existing things
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

Physics borders onto metaphysics; in particular, it gives insight into the nature of physical reality. This nature is described by quantum mechanics; the chapter aims to show what kind of picture quantum mechanics provides. Physical existence is much more subtle than one might guess. Ordinary objects such as cups and tables are conglomerates not of brick-like particles but of interweaving oscillations like waves on an ocean. A significant aspect is a limit to the validity of reductionism in physical science, seen in the phenomenon of quantum entanglement. Entanglement is described through its experimentally observed nature. It plays a role in some natural phenomena, and it has technological applications to error-correction coding and quantum computing. The main features of these are introduced, in terms accessible to a general reader. A possible role for quantum entanglement in brain function is not established, but neither is it excluded.
A conversation about the themes, continued
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

The conversation begun in chapter 2 is continued. Why are we not agnostic, or what is the difference between our stance on uncertainty and agnosticism? A well-thought-through religious commitment involves, for academic types at least, a great deal of intellectual activity, which a typical agnostic response does not. There is more impetus to investigate the basis of our commitment, not less. Meanwhile, science is also a process of learning that involves reasonable commitment, not certainty. And do we have a final word for a certain class of reader: the committed Christian who is nervous of a career in science, or of embracing science in its fullness as a truth-seeking activity, not just as an aid to technology? The authors share their sense of the great value of science and its role as an enricher not an opponent of the aim to know and serve God.
Encoding Events
Authors: Hu Xuhui
Published: October 2018

This book presents theoretical and empirical research on the syntax of events within the broader framework of generative grammar. A central theoretical concern is how conceptual meaning interacts with narrow syntactic computation in the derivation of the information of an event. A set of Integration Conditions are proposed. Building on the Conceptual-Intentional Interface Conditions proposed in Chomsky’s (1995, 2000, 2001) Minimalist Programme, the Integration Conditions require that the content of the predicate be licensed by theta-role information generated by narrow syntax. Another theoretical component concerns the functional structure of events, which is related to such issues as the parallel between the event and nominal domains, the mapping of a predicate onto an entity, as well as the grammatical foundation of verb classification. The theoretical framework is applied in three areas: (1) the syntax of resultatives in English and Chinese, which exhibits how a theory of the syntax of events can address the thematic relationship between core arguments and predicates; (2) variation of resultatives at cross-linguistic and diachronic levels, which shows how the universal functional structure of events can be compatible with, and even contribute to, the theory of parametric variation in the generative tradition; and (3) applicative constructions, which extend the analysis of core arguments to non-core arguments, and shed light on the typology of verb/satellite-framed languages (Talmy 1991, 2000) and the analyticity parameter proposed in Huang (2015).
Non-canonical objects, motion events, and verb/satellite-framed typology
Authors: Hu Xuhui
Published: October 2018

Based on the Synchronic Grammaticalisation Hypothesis and the theory of the syntax of events, this chapter explores the syntactic nature of the Chinese non-canonical object construction. The object in this construction is introduced by a null P, which is incorporated into the verbal head position, and a lexical verb serves as a functional item, vDO. This account is extended to the analysis of the motion event construction in Chinese. It involves the incorporation of a P into the verbal head position filled with a vDO in the form of a lexical verb. The only difference is that this P is phonologically overt. Therefore, the [V+Path] chunk in Chinese is a single lexical item. This means that the Chinese motion event construction by nature patterns with its counterpart in verb-framed languages, a conclusion that goes against the common assumption that Chinese is a satellite-framed language.
Conclusion
Authors: Hu Xuhui
Published: October 2018

This chapter summarizes the major points developed throughout the book. The theoretical points of the syntax of events proposed in Chapter 2 are listed. The conclusions on the syntax of English and Chinese resultatives, applicative constructions in various languages, and Chinese non-canonical object and motion event constructions are presented, together with the implications for the verb/satellite-framed typology. The explanation of diachronic change and cross-linguistic variation is summarized, including both the historical development of Chinese resultatives, the variation of resultatives between Chinese and English on the one hand, and English and Romance on the other hand. The Synchronic Grammaticalisation Hypothesis is also summarized.
Introduction
Authors: Hornblower Simon , Biffis Giulia
Published: October 2018

The Introduction begins by briefly summarizing the remaining chapters. After a prefatory section, it examines the word nostos and cognates. A long section on nostos in Greek literature and history pays special attention to the Argonauts and to Xenophon’s Ten Thousand, and seeks to fill other gaps in the coverage of the remaining chapters. A section on exile and return from it, and the special vocabulary it attracted, is followed by a Conclusion: were nostoi always happy?
Nostoi as Heroic Foundations in Southern Italy
Authors: Genovese Guglielmo , Carver Genevieve
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines the myths of the South Italian nostoi of Epeios and Philoktetes. It argues that they are good evidence for early and friendly interaction between indigenous peoples and Greek arrivals. In particular, the dedication of warlike objects at local sanctuaries by these two heroes is a signifier for peaceful coexistence between those groups.
Nostos, a Journey towards Identity in Athenian Tragedy
Authors: Biffis Giulia
Published: October 2018

This chapter investigates tragedy engagement with stories of heroes’ returns, nostoi, and the idea of nostos. Surveying all occurrences of the word nostos and its cognates in tragedy, it shows how these relate to characteristic traits of nostos tales and to the building or consolidation of identity. Euripides’ Iphigeneia in Tauris is singled out, as it offers the chance to explore different strands of analysis at once: how return narratives, usually presented in diegetic mode, can be reinterpreted in a mimetic genre; how the characters’ identity is constructed through self-referential first-person speech narratives that describe a separation from home and the desire to return to it; how these narratives have at their centre the mutual relationship between the narrating subject and his/her own community (family ties included); and finally, how these autobiographical narratives in particular articulate nostoi motifs from a female perspective, being mainly uttered by women.
Failed nostoi and Foundations
Authors: Sweeney Naoíse Mac
Published: October 2018

This chapter takes a single well-documented example of a faulty nostos. It concentrates on the famous Homeric seer Kalchas who ended up buried at Ionian Kolophon and explains its Hellenistic manifestation in terms of Roman encroachment on the Greek East.
Mediterranean Perspectives on Departure, Displacement, and Home
Authors: Purcell Nicholas
Published: October 2018

This chapter takes the discussion into the Roman and Christian periods. It draws on evidence as diverse as Empedokles and Suetonius and queries the usual idea that home and homecoming were always viewed positively.
Modern Fortran Explained
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

Fortran marches on, remaining one of the principal programming languages used in high-performance scientific, numerical, and engineering computing. A series of significant revisions to the standard versions of the language have progressively enhanced its capabilities, and the latest standard—Fortran 2018—includes many additions and improvements. This second edition of Modern Fortran Explained expands on the first. Given the release of updated versions of Fortran compilers, the separate descriptions of Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 have been incorporated into the main text, which thereby becomes a unified description of the full Fortran 2008 version of the language. This is much cleaner, many deficiencies and irregularities in the earlier language versions having been resolved. It includes object orientation and parallel processing with coarrays. Four completely new chapters describe the additional features of Fortran 2018, with its enhancements to coarrays for parallel programming, interoperability with C, IEEE arithmetic, and various other improvements. Written by leading experts in the field, two of whom have actively contributed to Fortran 2018, this is a complete and authoritative description of Fortran in its latest form. It is intended for new and existing users of the language, and for all those involved in scientific and numerical computing. It is suitable as a textbook for teaching and, with its index, as a handy reference for practitioners.
Language elements
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

An introduction to the character set, the source form, types, constants, scalar variables, derived data types, arrays, the concepts of objects and subobjects, and allocatable and pointer objects.
Program units and procedures
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

A description of how a complete program is built from a main program and, optionally, subroutines and functions, some or all of which may be packaged into modules. They may themselves contain internal subroutines and functions. The methods by which information is transmitted between these components via arguments, host association, and use association are described. The concepts of scope and recursion are introduced.
Advanced type parameter features
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

The advanced type parameter features consist of type parameter enquiry and the ability to parameterize derived-data types.
Object-oriented programming
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm
Published: October 2018

The object-oriented approach to programming and design is characterized by its focus on the data structures of a program rather than the procedures. Often, invoking a procedure with a data object as its principal argument is thought of as ‘sending a message’ to the object. Special language support is typically available for collecting these procedures (sometimes known as ‘methods’) together with the definition of the type of the object. This approach is supported in Fortran by type extension, polymorphic variables, type-bound procedures, abstract types, and finalization.
Introduction
Authors: Arthur Richard T. W.
Published: October 2018

This chapter introduces the chief themes and arguments of the book. It is shown how some of the main current interpretations of Leibniz’s theory of substance are inconsistent with his description of how the paradoxes of the continuum are to be avoided: the phenomenalist interpretation is unable to account for the actuality of parts; the view that bodies are only real in essence is contradicted by Leibniz’s realistic talk of containment; the view that corporeal substances are unified aggregates is hard to reconcile with their being pluralities. A solution is sketched, and then the arguments of the individual chapters are summarized. In keeping with the theme of the labyrinth, each of the chapters follows a certain clue or Ariadnean thread that suggests a path through the labyrinth, and thus a resolution to the problem of the continuum.
Motion, Relativity, and Force
Authors: Arthur Richard T. W.
Published: October 2018

This chapter traces the development of Leibniz’s thought on form as the principle of activity of bodies, from his earliest thoughts on motion as interrupted by rests, through his neo-Hobbesian theory of endeavour as the foundation of continuity, to his rejection of this and a return to a variant occasionalist account, “transcreation”, and finally to his introduction of force as the foundation of continuity. It is explained in the chapter how the Principle of Equipollence functions as Leibniz’s Ariadnean thread leading him to his philosophy of force, and how the identification of causes breaks the equivalence of hypotheses regarding motion.
Continuance through Time
Authors: Arthur Richard T. W.
Published: October 2018

This final chapter concerns questions of the continuity of existence through time. There are various difficulties: if substances produce their own states, how is this compatible with divine concurrence? And if creation is continuous and yet their states are instantaneous, how does Leibniz avoid reducing monadic duration to a discontinuous aggregate of states? It is argued that a solution to these profound difficulties requires a recognition that monadic states are actually discrete and of finite duration, each containing other smaller states to infinity; yet they are physically continuous, in that each state issues by degrees from the preceding one, and there is no assignable instant at which change does not occur. It is also explained how momentaneous states and forces are to be understood in terms of Leibniz’s foundation for the differential calculus.
Introduction
Authors: Shea Nicholas
Published: October 2018

This chapter offers a breezy introduction to the content question, the question of what determines the content of a mental representation. Existing approaches are outlined: informational semantics, inferential role semantics, correspondence theories, ascriptionism and the intentional stance, and teleosemantics. This discussion highlights the major issues that the book’s positive account must address if it is to succeed.
Correlational Information
Authors: Shea Nicholas
Published: October 2018

Correlation is the first exploitable relation we will consider. Correlations turn into content when they are exploited by a system: the content-constituting correlations are those which unmediatedly explain a system’s performance of its task functions (and thereby qualify as UE correlational information). This chapter shows that this approach works for fixing content in a range of case studies from cognitive science. It does so without having to appeal to representation consumers whose outputs play a content-constituting role. In each case study, contents fixed in this way do a good job of underpinning the characteristic explanatory grammar of representational explanation: correct representation explains successful behaviour and misrepresentation explains failure.
Professionalizing the Police
Authors: Fielding Nigel G.
Published: October 2018

The police have long struggled with the concept of professionalism. The Victorians veered from regarding police as servants to sanctifying policing as a special calling, while the supposed Golden Age of Policing was riven by divisions of class as sharp as those of the social diversity that poses one of contemporary policing’s harshest tests. Police training has reflected these ambiguities and uncertainties. The ground its curriculum covers, pedagogy it employs, and structures through which it operates have been contested, troublesome to manage, and blamed for policing’s failures. Behind these frictions lie large issues of governance, policing’s place in society, and what it means to be professional. Policing’s contemporary rhetoric of managerialism, consumer focus, and technology is an expression of unreconstructed modernism. Late modernity is marked by uncertainty and scepticism. In ‘post-truth’ times, professionalism must accommodate ambiguities of class, ethnicity, and sexuality. The police languish as last believers in a monochrome vision of society while the norms that make for contemporary sociality have moved on to a multiplex of diversities that harbour new extremes both of tolerance and intolerance. True professionalism alerts practitioners to other ways of delivering social control and just societies: empowering citizens and encouraging autonomy; supporting new modes of social relationships and lifestyle; fitting provision to cases; pluralizing services. This yardstick is used to assess and challenge the recruit and in-service curriculum and to tease out the options around which professionalism can be configured and embedded such that it plays its part in a humane, coherent, and accountable framework of police governance.
Mission and Challenges
Authors: Fielding Nigel G.
Published: October 2018

The chapter positions professionalism in policing and police training in the context of the contemporary police mission. It seeks to define and measure police work and the police mission by examining and assessing current policing strategies, the operation of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act in relation to suspect populations, and the role that the police play in responding to racism, hate crime, and terrorism. Adopting the idea of ruptured communities marked by division and polarization as a key challenge facing the police, it assesses how police respond to riots, organized crime and gang crime, and evaluates the practice of stop-and-search. It closes with the twin mythologies of new police governance—that new powers gained by the police lead to fewer constraints on their activities.
Satire and the “Deathles Soule”
Authors: Crowley Lara M.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 2 concerns early interpretations of Donne’s satiric poetry, specifically Metempsychosis. Investigating a copy of Donne’s strange poem in Folger, Manuscript V.a. 241, this study proposes that the compiler purposefully grouped it with the other contents—satiric dialogues by Lucian and a fable entitled “The Tale of the Fauorite”—because of a thematic link: the dangers of untrustworthy advisors. Donne had just cause to fear criticizing the court candidly, especially thanks to his Catholic family heritage. Surrounded by spies and censors, in 1601 Donne resorted to poetic subterfuge. Analysis of paratexts and thematic connections suggests that a contemporary reader interpreted Metempsychosis as topical satire on manipulative court counselors, thus reinforcing the modern critical contention that the poem satirizes Sir Robert Cecil. This study also reveals a reader who, while compiling the manuscript in approximately 1620, might have perceived that such criticisms maintained relevance for George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham.
“vntun’d, vnstrunge”
Authors: Crowley Lara M.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 4 engages Donne’s religious poetry. It reconsiders the authorship of “Psalm 137,” the only poem to appear in all seven seventeenth-century printed collections of his verse that is excluded from his current canon. Alexander B. Grosart attributed this scriptural verse translation to Francis Davison in 1872, based largely on style, and subsequent editors have followed his lead. This study reveals that material evidence points overwhelmingly toward Donne’s authorship, with only one scribe claiming Davison. The chapter also identifies topical, thematic, and verbal connections between this psalm translation and “Lamentations,” the one scriptural translation universally accepted as a Donne poem, as well as an echo of this particular “Psalm 137” in George Herbert’s “Denial.” Recognizing “Psalm 137” as a part of Donne’s canon alters our understanding of him as a verse translator in relation to his other divine poetry and prose.
“I their forger”
Authors: Crowley Lara M.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 5 explores Donne’s lyric poetry in British Library, Additional Manuscript 10309, a seventeenth-century miscellany prepared in a single italic hand. We investigate the manuscript’s eight heavily revised Donne poems, read—and perhaps compiled, even adapted—by Margaret Bellasis. This chapter attends to manuscript features such as titles and verbal variants in these poems, focusing largely on the highly variant versions of “Breake of day” and “The Will.” The verse adapter seems to deploy a consistent pattern of revision that emphasizes sincere love and dilutes bitterness, while still delighting in Donne’s witty premises. These supposedly corrupt texts (very corrupt indeed by traditional editorial standards) provide evidence of a sensitive literary mind at work within Donne’s poems. Through its detailed analysis of verbal adaptations, this chapter contributes a vital study to continuing conversations about early modern women as readers and writers.
Conclusion
Authors: Crowley Lara M.
Published: October 2018

The conclusion reiterates the book’s central thesis: that through seeking material clues within specific manuscript witnesses to texts written by Donne and his contemporaries, we can illuminate the literary interpretations of early readers who shared in these authors’ political, religious, and social contexts. Early modern manuscript compilers, scribes, and owners were all readers whose responses to literary texts can be discerned in certain cases. In addition, careful manuscript investigation can illuminate early readers’ perspectives on contemporary authors, topics, events, and prominent figures. The conclusion recalls the arguments and findings in each chapter and proffers additional avenues for critical inquiry.
Static electric fields in vacuum
Authors: Pierrus J.
Published: October 2018

This chapter begins using Coulomb’s law to derive Maxwell’s electrostatic equations for a vacuum. In doing this, the integral forms of the electrostatic potential Ф and field E are obtained. These results are then used to determine Ф and E for various charge distributions possessing some symmetry: either via Gauss’s law or by directly integrating a known charge density over a line, surface or volume. Applications which require the use of computer algebra software (Mathematica) are included. A multipole expansion of the potential Ф leads to the various multipolemoments of a static charge distribution. Examples which deal with important properties like origin independence are presented. A range of questions and their solutions, not usually encountered in standard textbooks, appear in this chapter.
Electromagnetic fields and waves in vacuum
Authors: Pierrus J.
Published: October 2018

In previous chapters four experimental laws of electromagnetism were encountered: Gauss’s law in electrostatics, Gauss’s law in magnetism, Faraday’s law and Ampere’s law. Now, in this chapter, these laws are generalized where appropriate to include the time-dependent charge and current densities ρ‎(
r, t) and J
(
r, t) respectively. The result is a set of four coupled differential equations—known as Maxwell’s equations— which provide the foundation upon which the theory of classical electrodynamics is based. One of the most important aspects which emerges from Maxwell’s theory is the prediction of electromagnetic waves, and an entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Some of the properties of these waves travelling in unbounded vacuum are considered, as well as their polarization states, energy and momentum conservation in the electromagnetic field and also applications to wave guides and transmission lines.
Legal Positivism about the Artifact Law
Authors: Leiter Brian
Published: October 2018

This chapter defends legal positivism against the backdrop of the assumption that law is an artifact, not a natural kind, and that it is an artifact whose nature does not depend on the intentions of a creator. It explores in more detail the philosophical significance of that fact, given the growing interest in that topic as reflected in this volume and offers a synoptic explanation of what makes that view of the nature of law so plausible. The chapter goes on to argue that even within the constraint imposed by the metaphysics of what law is, positivism satisfies the most important theoretical desiderata, including locating law within a naturalistic worldview.
Law as a Malleable Artifact
Authors: Schauer Frederick
Published: October 2018

Law is not a natural kind, but is instead an artifact. Like all artifacts, the artifact of law is created by human beings. But what human beings create can be re-created, and thus the artifact that is law is always open to modification or revision. And if law is open to modification or revision, then so too is our concept of it. This chapter explores the way in which one form of jurisprudential scholarship is that which seeks not to identify what our concept of law now is, but, rather, what our concept of law ought to be, in light of any number of moral or pragmatic goals.
Law, Morality, Art, the Works
Authors: Toh Kevin
Published: October 2018

(i) What is the law on such-and-such? (ii) What is the most fundamental law of a particular legal system? (iii) In virtue of what is a certain rule the most fundamental law of a particular legal system? And (iv) what facts need to exist in a community of people for that community to have laws? According to the orthodox position in contemporary Anglophone legal philosophy, the correct answer to (iv) would enumerate only certain behavioral and psychological facts, and these facts would be those in virtue of which the other three questions are ultimately answered. In reaction to this orthodoxy, this chapter argues that a very plausible answer to (iv) would be neutral in its implications for (i)–(iii), and, further argues that contents of laws are unlikely to be determined solely by what legal officials or others think and do.
On the Artifactual—and Natural— Character of Legal Institutions
Authors: Roversi Corrado
Published: October 2018

Are legal institutions artifacts? If artifacts are conceived as entities whose existence depends on human beings, then yes, legal institutions are, of course, artifacts. But an artifact theory of law makes a stronger claim, namely, that there is actually an explanatory gain to be had by investigating legal institutions as artifacts, or through the features of ordinary artifacts. This is the proposition explored in this chapter: that while this understanding of legal institutions makes it possible to find common ground between legal positivism and legal realism, it does not capture all of the insights offered by these two traditions. An artifact theory of law can therefore be necessary in explaining the law, but it will not suffice to that end. This chapter also posits that legal artifacts bear a relevant connection to certain conceptions of nature, thus vindicating one of the original insights behind natural law theory.
Legal Systems as Abstract Institutional Artifacts
Authors: Burazin Luka
Published: October 2018

This chapter claims that legal systems are abstract institutional artifacts and that as such they existentially or ontologically depend on collective intentionality in the form of (a we-mode) collective recognition. It argues that this recognition, as a social practice accompanied with its participants’ particular attitude toward it, constitutes a social norm by which a group of people collectively imposes an institutional status of officials or make it the case that an institutional status of legal system exists. It further claims that legal systems often emerge gradually from standing rudimentary pre-legal practices which may be said to create the context in which social norms of recognition can emerge. Finally, it argues that the actual existence of a legal system depends on whether or not the content of collective recognition was largely successfully realized, which is manifested precisely in people actually using a legal system, i.e., in their social (legal) practices.
Obligations from Artifacts
Authors: Bix Brian H.
Published: October 2018

A persistent question in modern legal philosophy is whether or how (human-created) legal rules and legal systems can produce moral obligations for citizens. Contemporary theorists have sought answers to this problem in the ideas of conventions, coordination problems, and plans. Some theorists argue that the law—that all legal rules—create general and at-least-presumptive moral obligations; others argue that the law, at best, occasionally triggers pre-existing moral obligations—some legal rules creating moral obligations for some people. This chapter explores the issue of how and when law creates moral obligations, and also considers a more recent approach to the nature of law which has raised doubts regarding whether the law is in fact artifactual in the way most theorists (and most citizens) believe.
Introduction
Authors: Ben-Haim Yakov
Published: October 2018

Innovations provide new and purportedly better opportunities, but—because of their newness—they are often more uncertain and potentially worse than existing options. To use or not to use a new and promising but unfamiliar and hence uncertain innovation? That dilemma faces just about everybody. This chapter introduces the idea of an innovation dilemma and briefly surveys the following chapters. The endless possibilities for discovery and invention imply the boundlessness of our current ignorance. Brief discussion of Knightian uncertainty and Herbert Simon’s “bounded rationality” leads to the limits of optimizing the outcome of our decisions. This motivates the method of robustly satisficing critical requirements. Finally, cultures of innovation and progress are briefly described and critiqued.
Innovation Dilemmas: Examples
Authors: Ben-Haim Yakov
Published: October 2018

Innovation dilemmas come in myriad forms, arising from the human potential for discovery and invention. These innovations are attractive, and promise to be improvements. However, they are distilled from the endless unknown and are accompanied by considerable uncertainty, so their promise may be illusory. This chapter examines a range of innovation dilemmas, selected for their diversity; some are concrete and technological, others abstract and conceptual. We consider e-reading and its uncertain implications for young readers; military hardware and development of the Messerschmidt jet fighter plane; bipolar disorder and pregnancy; disruptive technology and the manager’s innovation dilemma; agricultural productivity and world hunger; military intelligence and foresight; and controlling an invasive biological pest that perhaps is neither invasive nor a pest. Finally, we discuss the habit of open-mindedness, which is both desirable but also sometimes an innovation dilemma.
Landscape Protection in International Law
Authors: Strecker Amy
Published: October 2018

This book explores the various avenues—institutional, substantive, and procedural—for the protection of landscape in international law. Since the inclusion of ‘cultural landscapes’ within the scope of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention in 1992, landscape has gained increasing importance at the international level. ‘Cultural landscapes’ were intended to give recognition to the intangible and associative values attached to certain landscapes, to sustainable agricultural practices, and to ‘people and communities’—essentially the human dimension of landscape. This shift came full circle with the adoption of the European Landscape Convention (ELC) in 2000. The European Landscape Convention conceives of landscape above all as a people’s landscape and accordingly, provides for the active participation of the public in the formulation of plans and polices. It not only focuses on outstanding landscapes, but also on the everyday and degraded landscapes where most people live and work. This brings ‘landscape’ back to its early etymological origins—when it corresponded to a close up, human perspective—and has a number of implications for human rights, democracy, and spatial justice. How does international law, which deals for the most part with universality, deal with something so region-specific and particular as landscape? What is the legal conception of landscape and what are the various roles played by international law in its protection? This book assesses the institutional framework for landscape protection, analyses the interplay between landscape and human rights, and links the etymology and theory of landscape with its articulation in law.
Introduction
Authors: Strecker Amy
Published: October 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to Landscape Protection in International Law. It discusses the scope and terms of reference used throughout the book and provides an overview of the book’s structure. Since the adoption of the European Landscape Convention in 2000, there has been a burgeoning amount of literature relating to landscape from a variety of disciplines. However, in the realm of legal analysis there has been comparatively scarce investigation. While it is true that landscape requires more than strict legal approaches, the conceptual convergence of landscape, law, and justice means that law as a discipline can contribute to discussions on landscape governance in a productive way, especially given the expanding normative framework dealing with landscape protection at the international level.
Conceptualizing Landscape
Authors: Strecker Amy
Published: October 2018

Chapter 2 traces the etymological origins of the term ‘landscape’ and discusses the theoretical and historical underpinnings of the term. In particular, it discusses how the concept of landscape has evolved from being conceptually dependent upon nature, to a much wider conception of landscape as something socially and culturally produced. This social interpretation of landscape brings it closer to its early etymological origins, to what Kenneth Olwig terms the ‘substantive nature’ of landscape. This chapter also discusses the relationship between landscape and the related concepts of property, heritage, and commons. It shows how landscape has undergone shifts in meaning over time, and argues that the most recent shift links landscape to human rights, democracy, and public space.
The 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention
Authors: Strecker Amy
Published: October 2018

Chapter 5 analyses the evolving conception and protection of landscape in the World Heritage Convention. First, it traces the development of landscape protection from its early conceptual dependency on nature, to the incorporation of ‘cultural landscapes’ within the Convention’s scope in 1992. It then discusses the typology of cultural landscapes, issues of representativeness and the implications of the Word Heritage system for landscape protection globally, as well as locally. In this regard, a number of cases are analysed which, on the one hand, support the World Heritage Convention’s instrumental role in landscape governance, but which on the other, highlight the problems involved in ascribing World Heritage status to living landscapes from a spatial justice perspective.
Introduction: The Proggy Mat
Authors: Canevaro Lilah Grace
Published: October 2018

Through an initial anecdote, the Introduction begins by demonstrating that people and things communicate with and through each other. The story offers a way in to issues that will be central to the book, such as authorship and tradition, representation and imagination, communication and the negotiation of agency. From it comes the hypothesis that the relationship between objects and agency is coloured, influenced, even constituted by gender roles. It then offers a chapter-by-chapter summary of the book and concludes with a set of methodological reflections that highlight the importance of a critical approach to the New Materialisms, and the advantages of their combination with Gender Theory.
How Far Are We from a Hot Bath?
Authors: Canevaro Lilah Grace
Published: October 2018

Chapter 1 places this book against a backdrop of New Materialisms, using the framework of Thing Theory in its various manifestations to unpack seemingly innocuous but in reality surprisingly loaded terms like ‘object’ and ‘agent’, and raising the question of boundaries: to what extent does the Materialist slogan ‘Things are us!’ apply to Homer? It explores the issue of representation and the substantial difference it makes to the status of objects and the location of agency, and tackles the productive tension between this book’s core approaches: Gender Theory and New Materialism. The historical and social ramifications of the book are addressed, and some initial dichotomies and categories begin to be drawn out, with a particular focus on memory.