bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Spanish‐language prenatal family health evaluation questionnaire: Construction and pilot implementation
Authors: Simpson Ellen , Gawron Timothy , Mull Dennis , Walker Ann P.
Published: April 2005

The Family Planning Council of America has constructed and implemented a genetic history questionnaire, the Family Health Evaluation, to elicit risk factors, to increase clients' knowledge about reproductive choices, and to improve access to genetic services. The objective of the present study was to develop and implement a Spanish‐language version of the Family Health Evaluation for data collection and risk assessment. The content of the Family Health Evaluation was modified to more clearly reflect the risks, exposures, and medical needs of an Hispanic, largely Mexican‐American, population. In the present study, the questionnaire was administered to women presenting for prenatal care. The data collected in this pilot study indicate that the questionnaire is effective in identifying individuals and families who would benefit from receiving additional information about a medical condition in their families, from genetic counseling or from a referral for high‐resolution ultrasound or other diagnostic procedures.
Scaling up from shifting‐gap mosaic to geographic distribution in the modeling of forest dynamics
Authors: Kohyama Takashi
Published: March 2005

Shifting‐gap mosaic is incorporated into the dynamic model of size‐structured forests along geographic gradients. In the model named SAL (size–age–location), a forest at a geographic location has a patch‐age structure, which approximates the shifting‐gap mosaic, and a tree‐size structure in each patch of the forest. Growth and recruitment occur in each patch and are regulated by patch‐scale crowding in terms of upper basal area. Seed production depends on the basal area density of mother trees at the forest scale. Seeds are dispersed to neighboring locations of the geographic landscape. After a century‐long “warming” treatment, a resident forest zone prevented, over several millennia, an invading forest zone from achieving a steady‐state range of geographic distribution. Introducing the gap mosaic into the model did not make substantial changes in the response of latitudinal forest zones to the warming treatment, but only moderately accelerated the migration speed of invader species. Temporal fluctuation in seed production without interspecific synchronization, or the lottery effect, did not facilitate the migration of invader species at all.
Reliability of the Spanish version of the Composite Scale of Morningness
Authors: Adan A. , Caci H. , Prat G.
Published: March 2005

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine the reliability of the Spanish version of Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) and its ability to measure the circadian typology.

Subjects and methods

Voluntary and unpaid psychology students (N = 391; 132 men and 259 women), aged between 17 and 33, completed the questionnaire between the months of September and December.

Results

The total score was independent of age and gender, with a close to normal distribution and a non-significant negative skewness. The internal consistency was high (Cronbach’s α = 0.87) and factor analysis extracted three factors labeled Time of Retiring (items 2 and 7), Activity Planning (items 8, 9, and 13) and Morning Affect (items 3–6, and 10–12). With the 10th and 90th percentiles as cut-off scores, scorers below 22 (N = 40; 10.2%) are classified as evening-types and scorers above 39 as morning-types (N = 28; 7.2%).

Conclusion

The Spanish questionnaire shares most of the good psychometric properties of other versions of the CSM, and thus can be used for Spanish-speaking student samples. Nevertheless, further studies of normative data in workers and aged subjects are needed in order to validate CSM.
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) is expressed in cancer cells and localizes to nuclei
Authors: Wang Mi , Qanungo Suparna , Crow Michael T. , Watanabe Michiko , Nieminen Anna-Liisa
Published: March 2005

Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain is expressed at high levels in brain and myogenic tissues, consistent with a role to inhibit apoptosis in the terminally differentiated cells. Expression of ARC in cancers is not known. In this study, we reported that ARC was highly expressed in various non‐myogenic and non‐neurogenic human and rat cancer cell lines. Unexpectedly, ARC was localized almost exclusively to the nuclei of cancer cells, which was unlike the cytoplasmic localization of ARC in non‐cancer cells. Furthermore, nuclear ARC in cancer cells did not co‐localize with nucleolus protein of 30 kDa, an alternatively spliced ARC isoform. These findings indicate that ARC is distributed differently in cancer cells than non‐cancer cells and thus might play a role in neoplastic transformation.
The meaning of time: polysemy, the lexicon and conceptual structure
Authors: EVANS VYVYAN
Published: March 2005

In this paper I argue that the lexeme time constitutes a lexical category of distinct senses instantiated in semantic memory. The array of distinct senses constitutes a motivated semantic network organised with respect to a central sense termed the SANCTIONING SENSE. The senses associated with time are derived by virtue of the interaction between the Sanctioning Sense, conceptual processing and structuring, and context. Hence, semantic representations, cognitive mechanisms, and situated language use are appealed to in accounting for the polysemy associated with time. The model adduced is termed PRINCIPLEDPOLYSEMY. The conclusion which emerges, in keeping with recent studies in lexical semantics, most notably Lakoff (1987), Pustejovsky (1995), Tyler & Evans (2003) and Evans (2004), is that the lexicon is not an arbitrary repository of unrelated lexemes; rather, the lexicon exhibits a significant degree of systematicity, and productivity. In order to adduce what constitutes a distinct sense, I introduce three criteria: (1) a meaning criterion, (2) a concept elaboration criterion and (3) a grammatical criterion. A further claim is that the lexicon exhibits significant redundancy. This position is at odds with SINGLE-MEANINGAPPROACHES to polysemy, which posit highly underspecified lexical META-ENTRIES, such as the generative approach of Pustejovsky (1995) or the monosemy position of Ruhl (1989). That is, I propose that lexical items constitute highly granular categories of senses, which are encoded in semantic memory (=the lexicon). This necessitates a set of criteria for determining what counts as a distinct sense without deriving a proliferation of unwarranted senses, a criticism which has been levelled at some studies of word-meaning in cognitive linguistics (e.g. Lakoff 1987).
The phonology of Greek lyric meter
Authors: GOLSTON CHRIS , RIAD TOMAS
Published: March 2005

The meter of Greek lyric poetry shows great variation within and between lines regarding the shape, number and combinations of basic metrical units. We offer a simplifying analysis in terms of markedness, in which meters are defined by distinctive violations of linguistic constraints controlling rhythm, layering, binarity, and alignment. The constraints that are distinctively violated in meter are low ranked in the phonology of Greek.
Composition of the organismic assemblage associated with Caretta caretta
Authors: Kitsos Miltiadis-Spyridon , Christodoulou Magdalini , Arvanitidis Christos , Mavidis Michalis , Kirmitzoglou Ioannis , Koukouras Athanasios
Published: March 2005

The organismic assemblage associated with Caretta caretta was studied in 37 loggerhead turtles, washed ashore dead at various localities in the northern Aegean Sea. A total number of 63 macrobenthic species and 17 species of macroalgae were identified. From these species, 41 and 13 respectively are reported for the first time as epibionts of this turtle. Analysis of the epibiont species distribution on six loggerhead turtles gave some evidence regarding the settlement preferences of certain epibiont species. From a biogeographical point of view, 61·3% of the epibiont species were cosmopolitan, 30·7% had an Atlanto-Mediterranean distribution, while 8% were Mediterranean endemics.
Fulvia fragilis (Bivalvia: Cardiidae): a lessepsian mollusc species from Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea)
Authors: Öztürk Bilal , Poutiers Jean-Maurice
Published: March 2005

During studies performed on the ecological conditions of Izmir Bay and its biota, a population of Fulvia fragilis was observed to have recently colonized the bay. In this study, some comments are provided on the anatomical, ecological, taxonomical and distributional aspects of the species, which was first encountered during late 2001 in Izmir Bay.
Evidence for a high‐Th, evolved lithology on the Moon at Hansteen Alpha
Authors: Lawrence D. J. , Hawke B. R. , Hagerty J. J. , Elphic R. C. , Feldman W. C. , Prettyman T. H. , Vaniman D. T.
Published: March 2005

We have revisited a previous interpretation of lunar Th abundances at Hansteen Alpha, which is thought to be a nonmare volcanic construct. Previous studies concluded that while Th abundances were higher than the surrounding mare basalts, Th abundances at Hansteen Alpha were not high enough to be indicative of known, evolved rock types. However, a forward modeling analysis of the Lunar Prospector gamma‐ray data provides evidence that Hansteen Alpha may have Th abundances up to 25 μg/g. This indicates Hansteen Alpha may be composed of a rhyolitic, volcanic lithology. We propose that a possible formation process for Hansteen Alpha is underplating where basaltic magma intrudes into and partially melts the overlying crust. The resulting partial melt is compositionally and thermally buoyant and can be erupted to produce rhyolite. Based on Earth‐analogues, underplating could explain both the composition and the relatively large volume (∼100 km3) of material represented by Hansteen Alpha.
Fractional boundary for the Gott-Hiscock string
Authors: Krisch J. P.
Published: March 2005

A fractional boundary condition is used to join the Gott-Hiscock string to a Levi-Civita vacuum. The use of a fractional derivative generates Israel boundary layers whose density depends on the order of the fractional derivative. Variable boundary layers for the same two bounding space–times can be studied. The string angular deficit depends on the order of the fractional deficit.
Thermophysical properties of liquid Te: Density, electrical conductivity, and viscosity
Authors: Li C. , Su C.-H. , Lehoczky S. L. , Scripa R. N. , Lin B. , Ban H.
Published: March 2005

The thermophysical properties of liquid Te, namely, density, electrical conductivity, and viscosity, were determined using the pycnometric and transient torque methods from the melting point of Te (723 K) to approximately 1150 K. A maximum was observed in the density of liquid Te as the temperature was increased. The electrical conductivity of liquid Te increased to a constant value of 2.9×105Ω−1m−1 as the temperature was raised above 1000 K. The viscosity decreased rapidly upon heating the liquid to elevated temperatures. The anomalous behaviors of the measured properties are explained as caused by the structural transitions in the liquid and discussed in terms of Eyring’s [A. I. Gubanov, Quantum Electron Theory of Amorphous Conductors (Consultants Bureau, New York, 1965)] and Bachinskii’s [Zh. Fiz.-Khim. O-va. 33, 192 (1901)] predicted behaviors for homogeneous liquids. The properties were also measured as a function of time after the liquid was cooled from approximately 1173 or 1123 to 823 K. No relaxation phenomena were observed in the properties after the temperature of liquid Te was decreased to 823 K, in contrast to the relaxation behavior observed for some of the Te compounds.
Investigation of electrical transport properties of as-implanted silicon for making micromachined uncooled bolometric arrays
Authors: Dutt M. B. , Mittal Vandna
Published: March 2005

Electrical transport measurements have been carried out as a function of temperature on as-implanted silicon samples. Implantation species used are boron, argon, and a combination of both. The transport properties seemed to vary considerably from those of the conventional amorphous semiconductors. The cause for this type of behavior is considered to be due to the presence of strain-induced disorder created as a result of a high dose of implantation. Contributions from the disorder to electrical transport follow a square dependence in inverse temperature in all the samples studied. Also, temperature coefficient of resistance as high as −4.5%K−1 around a sheet resistivity value of 3.7×103Ω∕◻ near room temperature has been reported in this study that may ultimately be utilized for making temperature sensors of high figure of merit.
Recombination, gain, band structure, efficiency, and reliability of 1.5-μm GaInNAsSb/GaAs lasers
Authors: Goddard Lynford L. , Bank Seth R. , Wistey Mark A. , Yuen Homan B. , Rao Zhilong , Harris James S.
Published: March 2005

We present temperature-dependent measurements of the local Z parameter, which reflects the dominant recombination processes. At room temperature, Z increases with current from 1.2 at low bias up to a threshold value, Zth, of only 2.0, demonstrating the existence of significant amounts of monomolecular recombination. At elevated temperatures, Zth rises above 2.5. We calculate the laser’s band diagram and estimate 35 meV of band-gap renormalization at threshold through polarization-resolved measurements of exciton peaks in the absorption spectrum and inflection points of the absorption, spontaneous emission, and gain spectra. The small effective valence-band barrier height of 115 meV leads to hole leakage due to thermionic emission and carrier spillover into the barriers. This could explain the increase in Zth at elevated temperatures and decrease in internal quantum efficiency from 57% at 15 °C to 47% at 75 °C. We also analyze the spontaneous emission and gain spectra below and above threshold. The spontaneous emission clamped rather weakly at threshold, which also partially explains the low internal efficiency at room temperature. We present initial reliability measurements of over 100 h at 10-mW continuous-wave power from a single facet. After 50 h of life testing, the threshold current increased by 79% and the external differential quantum efficiency decreased by 39% of their respective pretest values. By comparing the local Z parameter versus current-density curves before and after life testing, we have identified an increase in monomolecular recombination as the main source of degraded device performance.
Dose-dependent precipitate evolution arising during implantation of Er into Si
Authors: Hogg S. M. , Pipeleers B. , Vantomme A. , Bender H. , Richard O. , Swart M.
Published: March 2005

Implant dose effects arising from the implantation of Er+166 into Si(111) have been investigated. This study encompasses a wide dose range from 4×1015 to 1.2×1017at.cm−2 and focuses on channeled implantation as random implantation leads to a high degree of self-sputtering and damage in the resultant silicide precipitates. Dramatic changes are observed in the shape of the implant profile as a function of dose. Buildup of damage to the crystalline lattice and increasing target density as the implant proceeds lead to a piling up of subsequently implanted Er. Concurrently, sputtering and redistribution of the implanted species cause the implant profile to broaden. The crystalline quality and elastic strain of the resulting ErSi1.7 precipitates have been studied using Rutherford backscattering and channeling spectrometry and high-resolution x-ray diffraction. Following implantation, the precipitates are under compressive elastic strain perpendicular to the sample surface. Its magnitude increases linearly with dose and is attributed to the accumulation of irradiation-induced defects. A two-step improvement in crystalline quality is ascribed to the rapidly improving coherence of the growing precipitates with the Si lattice, succeeded by a slow improvement as the peak Er concentration approaches the silicide stoichiometry. Transmission electron microscopy imaging reveals that the transition between the two regimes corresponds to the formation of a continuous silicide layer. These results have consequences for both precipitate and layer formation using ion implantation.
Calculation of IMAGE/MENA geometric factors and conversion of images to units of integral and differential flux
Authors: Henderson M. G. , Thomsen M. F. , Skoug R. , Denton M. H. , Harper R. , Funsten H. O. , Pollock C. J.
Published: March 2005

The Medium Energy Neutral Atom (MENA) instrument flown on the NASA IMAGE spacecraft is a time-of-flight neutral particle imager designed to image energetic neutral atom emissions from the Earth’s inner magnetosphere over an energy per mass range of 1–60keV∕amu. Images are generated by combining data from three separate heads and have a nominal angular resolution of 4°×4°. Here, we present a first-principles calculation of the geometric factors for each of the start-byte/stop-byte combinations for each of the three heads in the IMAGE/MENA instrument based on a detailed understanding of the its physical construction. The geometric factors are used to compute combined integral flux images and it is demonstrated that they result in head-to-head matching of the data that are both continuous and physically reasonable. We also discuss several issues associated with energy binning as a means for constructing differential flux images and present a powerful and robust approach that solves several critical problems inherent with this type of instrument.
High-power AlGaN∕InGaN∕AlGaN∕GaN recessed gate heterostructure field-effect transistors
Authors: Fareed R. S. Qhalid , Hu X. , Tarakji A. , Deng J. , Gaska R. , Shur M. , Khan M. A.
Published: March 2005

We demonstrate the use of high-quality thin InGaN films as the reactive ion etching (RIE) stop layer for fabrication of recessed gate high-microwave-power AlGaN∕InGaN∕AlGaN∕GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors. We used migration-enhanced-metalorganic-chemical-vapor-deposition grown InGaN layer sandwiched in AlGaN barrier yields better than 10 times RIE selectivity of AlGaN and InGaN compared to our conventional standard AlGaN∕GaN high electron mobility transistors. The fabricated devices exhibited a 50% increase in the breakdown voltage, which is attributed primarily due to the improved electric field distribution at the gate edge and to the increased distance between the AlGaN surface and the device channel. The continuous wave microwave power was measured at the drain bias as high as 60V. The maximum output power and power added efficiency were 8.9W∕mm and 40%, respectively. The obtained results demonstrate a potential of this technique for development of the next-generation high-power transistors.
A zero dead-time, multihit, time and position sensitive detector based on micro-channel plates
Authors: Ismail I. M. , Barat M. , Brenot J.-C. , Fayeton J. A. , Lepère V. , Picard Y. J.
Published: March 2005

We have developed a fast multihit position and time sensitive detector with zero dead-time for heavy particles in the keV energy range. This new type of detector makes use of a micro-channel plates (MCP) assembly and combines a detection based on delay line anode with a simultaneous particle imaging with a CCD-camera. The time pickup accuracy is enhanced by digitalizing the MCP biasing signal. This detector, operating at kHz repetition rate, allows a position resolution better than 100μm and a time resolution better than 100ps to be achieved.
Photon emission in CuInSe2 thin films observed by scanning tunneling microscopy
Authors: Romero Manuel J. , Jiang Chun-Sheng , Noufi Rommel , Al-Jassim Mowafak
Published: March 2005

We report on the observation of photon emission from CuInSe2 (CIS) thin films by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), which results from the radiative recombination induced by tunneling electrons. Scanning tunneling luminescence (STL) spectroscopy suggests that photons are emitted near the surface of CIS. STL is excited by recombination of tunneling electrons with available holes in CIS or electron-hole recombination by impact ionization—unipolar and bipolar excitation, respectively. Which process becomes predominant depends on the voltage applied to the STM tip. Under unipolar excitation, the photon intensity decreases on grain boundaries when compared to grain interiors. Under bipolar excitation, on the other hand, no differences are observed in photon intensity. A reduction of the density of holes in grain boundaries, relative to grain interiors, can explain the observed behavior.
Temporal phenomena in inductively coupled chlorine and argon–chlorine discharges
Authors: Corr C. S. , Steen P. G. , Graham W. G.
Published: March 2005

Reproducible modulations in low-pressure, inductively coupled discharges operating in chlorine and argon–chlorine mixtures have been observed and studied. Changes in the light output, floating potential, negative ion fraction, and charged particle densities were observed. Here we report two types of unstable operational modes in an inductively coupled discharge. On the one hand, when the discharge was matched, to minimize reflected power, instabilities were observed in argon–chlorine plasmas over limited operating conditions of input power and gas pressure. The instability window decreased with increasing chlorine content and was observed for chlorine concentrations between 30% and 60% only. However, when operating at pressures below 5mTorr and the discharge circuit detuned to increase the reflected power, modulations were observed in a pure chlorine discharge. These modulations varied in nature from a series of sharp bursts to a very periodic behavior and can be controlled, by variation of the matching conditions, to produce an apparent pulsed plasma environment.
Infrared dielectric function of wurtzite aluminum nitride
Authors: Moore W. J. , Freitas J. A. , Holm R. T. , Kovalenkov O. , Dmitriev V.
Published: March 2005

The infrared dielectric function of wurtzite AlN has been determined by fitting an analytic Lorentzian dielectric function to experimentally observed interference fringes in infrared transmission. The analytic model is scaled to agree with recent measurements of the visible refractive index, and the experiment and model extend to the submillimeter range of the infrared. A complete, experimentally verified dielectric function is found from the visible to the submillimeter spectral region for radiation with E⊥c axis, and an analytic model is produced for E‖c axis. Refractive indices and extinction coefficients from the visible to zero frequency are presented.
Fullerene-doped hole transport molecular films for organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Yuan Y. , Grozea D. , Lu Z. H.
Published: March 2005

C 60 -doped N,N′-bis(l-naphthyl)-N, N′-diphenyl-1, 1′-biphenyl-4, 4′-diamine(NPB) film is studied as hole injection layer between indium tin oxide (ITO) and NPB. The doped films on ITO substrates were found to be thermally stable after being annealed at temperatures up to 120°C. This was attributed to a strong interaction between NPB and C60 providing a dipole force crosslinking NPB molecules, similar to a crosslinked thermoset polymer networks. Furthermore, the C60-doped NPB p-type hole injection layers yield devices having better efficiency and low driving voltage as compared with standard devices with CuPc as the hole injection layers.
How do rare Boronia species differ from their more widespread congeners?
Authors: Shapcott A. , Lamont R. W. , Thomson A.
Published: April 2005

The vulnerable Boronia keysii Domin. (Rutaceae; BK) and the rare B. rivularis White. (BR), endemic to the Sunshine Coast region of Queensland, and the more widespread B. safrolifera Cheel. (BS) and B. falcifolia (BF), were studied. The taxonomic distinctiveness between the morphologically similar B. rivularis and its more southern congener B. safrolifera had previously been in question. This study clearly confirmed the long genetic separation of these two species. High levels of reproductive activity (%R) were observed in both of the threatened species (B. keysii: %R = 84; B. rivularis: %R = 66), which were also found to differ fundamentally in response to fire (obligate seed regenerators) from the more widespread species (facultative resprouters). Genetic diversity was not consistently related to rarity since B. keysii (vulnerable; He = 0.282) and B. falcifolia (common; He = 0.294) had significantly (P < 0.05) higher genetic diversity than did B. rivularis (rare; He = 0.155) and B. safrolifera (common; He = 0.197). There was no relationship between population differentiation and geographic distribution of species since B. keysii (FST = 0.293) and B. safrolifera (FST = 0.283) exhibited lower between-population diversity than did B. rivularis (FST = 0.360) and B. falcifolia (FST = 0.324). The average number of migrants per generation was less than one in all species (Nm = 0.604 for BK; 0.444 for BR; 0.634 for BS; 0.522 for BF). All four species are effectively inbred; however, B. keysii (F = 0.85) and B. falcifolia (F = 0.90) had significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of inbreeding than did B. rivularis (F = 0.621) and B. safrolifera (F = 0.472), indicating that inbreeding was not determined by conservation status.
Deadheads in wheat-field studies in Victoria.
Authors: Sims HJ , Meagher JW , Millikan CR
Published: March 2005

Data on the occurrence of deadheads in wheat have been collected in agronomy trials In Victoria over many pars. The main points arising from this data are- 1. No consistent differences in the susceptibility of many commonly grown Australian varieties. 2. No positive relationship between a root rot index and the number of deadheads. 3. A significant reduction in deadhead numbers with the use of superphosphate in half the fertilizer trials where counts were made. In other trials, where superphosphate had no significant effect, the general trend was still a reduction in deadheads where superphosphate was used. 4. In several trials, deadheads increased after a pasture period. Barley grass was a prominent species in many of the pastures and, in others, legume species were an important component. In some trials there were more deadheads where barley was included in the rotation and, in others, less deadheads where oats were included. 5. In general, there was an increase in deadheads when fallowing was delayed, especially if the initial working was not done until just before sowing. 6. Burning stubble, when the land was winter-fallowed, did not significantly, affect the number of deadheads.
Vital and operational statistics for a Peppin Merino parent stud flock
Authors: Short BF
Published: March 2005

Statistics are presented from a Peppin Merino parent stud on seasonal variation in flock fertility, differences in fertility between rams of various ages, lamb mortality, age composition of the ram pool, and the differential we of rams of various ages. Variation of the percentage of lambs born to ewes served was largely due to seasonal differences in the proportion of ewes (2.5 per cent to 26.5 per cent) with twins. The majority (about 7 per cent) of lamb deaths up to 24 hours after birth was due to natural causes. Total lamb mortality up to 21 days of age was 13 per cent of the number of lambs born. Male lamb mortality up to 24 hours, including lambs born dead, was higher than female mortality (17 per cent u. 6 per cent). Age composition of the ram pool and ram wastage indicated a replacement rate of about 25 per cent. Average age of rams was 4.4 years at the time of birth of their offspring. Ram fertility, assessed as the percentage of ewes lambing to ewes mated, was 55 per cent for two year old, 70 per cent for five year old, and 59 per cent for nine year old rams. From a total of 27 to 37 rams in we each year, 10 favoured rams sired 52 per cent to 70 per cent of lambs alive at 24 hours. These favoured rams were also above average age (5.1 years v. 4.4 years). Thus, favoured sires contribute more heavily to the future flock genotype than other sires; firstly because they have more offspring, and secondly, became pedigree records provide the basis for additional favouritism towards their offspring, especially in the choice of stud ram replacements. This operational pattern has the two-fold disadvantage of increasing the generation intervals relevant to flock replacements and of inefficient exploitation of genetic gains already, made. If, as we believe, this operational pattern is currently typical of the foremost studs of the Merino industry, if is a matter of some concern with respect to the implementation of genetic improvement programmes and the progress expected from them.Where present procedures follow such a pattern thy should be largely reversed so as to use a higher proportion of young rams and to mate them to a much larger proportion of the ewe flock.
The availability of mineral nitrogen in a wheat soil from southern New South Wales
Authors: Storrier RR
Published: March 2005

In a red-brown earth soil from Wagga Wagga the fluctuations in the level of mineral nitrogen (ammonia plus nitrate-nitrogen) and its availability to wheat under growing period rainfalls of 6 inches and 16 inches were studied. Ammonia-nitrogen did not exceed 8 lb nitrogen per acre 6 inches but showed statistically significant short term fluctuations. Mineral nitrogen decreased steadily from the 4-5 leaf stage of plant growth, reaching minimum values in the ear-emergence period when a temporary nitrogen deficiency occurred. Following rainfalls of about one inch or more, conditions favoured biological activity and nitrogen was mineralized, absorbed by the crop and/or leached down the profile. In one season a release of mineral nitrogen about two weeks before flowering contributed an estimated 20-30 per cent of the total nitrogen uptake of the crop. Nitrogen uptake by the wheat crop ceased after flowering and subsequent changes in mineral nitrogen level reflect the net result of mineralization and demineralization processes, and nitrogen uptake by weeds, particularly skeleton weed. Absorption of nitrogen from the profile depended upon seasonal conditions, with the surface 18 inches suppling the greater part of the nitrogen absorbed by the crop. This indicates the need to sample regularly to at least a depth of 18 inches, particularly during the period from 4-5 leaf to flowering, when studying the relation between mineral nitrogen and crop growth. The data suggest that the response of wheat, as measured by grain yield and protein content, to the higher levels of mineral nitrogen in the improved soils of southern New South Wales is determined by soil moisture levels, particularly in the post-flowering period.
Varieties of Solanum tuberosum, subsp. andigena, as a source of resistance to common scab
Authors: Conroy RJ , Jessup RJ
Published: March 2005

High resistance to potato scab of two varieties of the tetraploid Solanum tuberosum subspecies andigena has been demonstrated in a replicated trial at Spring Hill in the central tablelands of New South Wales. The use of scab resistant varieties of this subspecies in a breeding programme would present less difficulty than the use of diploid or triploid species.
The short term effects of time and frequency of burning on native pastures at Katherine, N.T
Authors: Norman MJT
Published: March 2005

A report is given of the first five years of an experiment at Katherine, N.T., concerned with the effects of time and frequency of burning on the dry matter yield, nitrogen yield and botanical composition of native pasture on Tippera clay loam. Sampling in 1961-62 showed that all burning treatments reduced dry matter yield in comparison with unburned pasture Pasture burned biennially in the late dry season (September) showed the least reduction in yield. Biennial burning was less detrimental than annual burning ; burning in late dry season was less detrimental than burning in early dry season. Burning in late dry season increased the proportion of annuals in the pasture. All treatments other than biennial burning in late dry season reduced the proportion of Themeda australis (R. Br.) Stapf., the dominant perennial grass. Burning biennially in January or in April increased the proportion of Chrysopogon fallax, S. T. Blake. The provisional recommendation for Themeda-Sorghum pastures in the Katherine area is to bum in late dry season at intervals of not less than two years.
Control of seed setting in Stipa falcata
Authors: Williams OB
Published: March 2005

Stipa falcata Hughes (slender spear grass) causes substantial losses to the sheep industrt through injury to young sheep, and damage to skins. The present methods of control, avoidance and mitigation, are ineffective. A t Deniliquin, N.S.W., a substantial reduction in the number of inflorescences and in the amount of mature seed can be achieved by mowing during the seven to ten days between elevation of the flowering tillers, and flowering. The seeding of Danthonia caespitosa Gaudich. was not affected by mowing at this time. A dragging method was ineffective in controlling Stipa seed-set. Mowing is expensive, and cheaper methods are needed.
The residual value of a sulphatic fertilizer applied to a basaltic soil
Authors: Spencer K
Published: March 2005

Yield responses d a native pasture on a basaltic soil near Willow Tree, New South Wales, were measured in the second, fourth, and seventh years after the application of several rates of calcium sulphate in the first year. The value of the residues declined sharply at first and then more slowly. Fifty per cent of the potential response by the legumes (the responsive component of the pasture) was achieved by an application of 7lb of sulphur an acre in the first year ; residues from an application of 20 lb of sulphur an acre were required in the second year, and from 48 lb S of sulphur an acre in the fourth year, to obtain the equivalent responses. By the seventh year, effects were too small to allow the derivation of a comparable figure.
The estimation of the phosphorus fertilizer requirements of wheat in southern New South Wales by soil analysis
Authors: Colwell JD
Published: March 2005

The usefulness of five contrasting methods of soil analysis for estimating the phosphorus fertilizer requirements of wheat in southern New South Wales has been investigated, using yield data provided by 27 field experiments. Because the level of yield of wheat is strongly affected by seasonal environmental conditions poor correlations are obtained between soil analysis and absolute or relative yield of wheat, Much better and often significant correlations are obtained between soil analysis and the absolute increase in yield from fertilizer application. The best correlations were obtained with an 0.5M NaHCO3 extraction of soil phosphorus. A regression response surface calculated from these relationships provides a method for making direct estimates of fertilizer requirements for maximum economic return to farmers under average climatic conditions. The precision of these estimates is limited more by the flatness of the response surface and uncontrolled variation in the field data, than by inadequacies in the representation of available phosphorus by the NaHCO3 analysis.
Changes in the hay production and the harvest index of Australian oat varieties
Authors: Sims HJ
Published: March 2005

The hay and grain yields of oat varieties currently widely grown in Australia have been compared with the old standard variety Algerian. The increased yield of the newer varieties is due almost entirely to increased grain : hay ratios (harvest index) and not to any increase in dry matter production. Only one variety in the study showed a significant improvement in dry matter production and, in this, the grain : hay ratio (harvest index) was not significantly altered.
Septicaemia disease of the honeybee in Victoria
Authors: Langridge DF
Published: March 2005

An outbreak of a septicaemic condition of bees occurred in East Gippsland, Victoria, during the autumn, winter, and spring of 1958. The condition appears to conform generally with cases of septicaemia recorded in Canada, United States, and France. A causative organism has been isolated from septicaemic bees in Victoria which appears to fall into the type of the Pseudomonas species of Landerkin and Katznelson (1959). This organism has been proved pathogenic to bees when inoculated by dipping or injection.
Reproductive performance of Border Leicester × Merino ewes in northern Victoria when joined in the spring
Authors: Cannon DJ , McConchie BJ
Published: March 2005

Observations were made on three flocks of half-bred ewes, of breeding Border Leicester X Merino, when joined to Dorset Horn rams in October and November 1961 and at lambing in March-April 1962. In the three flocks involved 98-88 per cent of the ewes joined had mated by November 15, and 95-68.5 per cent had lambed by April 11.
The effects of wool length and nutrition on heat reactions of Merino sheep in the field
Authors: Parer JT
Published: March 2005

Shorn sheep were more sensitive to changing ambient thermal conditions than unshorn sheep. The average 8.00 a.m. rectal temperature was lower, and the daytime rectal temperature equal to or greater than that of unshorn sheep during hot days. The average respiration rate of shorn sheep was up to twice that of unshorn sheep in the sun during the middle of the day. Wool tip temperature of unshorn sheep was greater than that of shorn sheep, apparently because of the greater absorptivity of the dark, dirt-impregnated rip. The average rectal temperature of sheep in poor body condition was more thermolabile than that of sheep in good body condition. During the early morning it was lower, and during hot sunny days it tended to increase to a higher value than that of the well conditioned sheep. The capacity of the sheep to dissipate heat was tested by imposing an added thermal burden through exercise. The average rectal temperature rise of the poor conditioned sheep was 2.9�F, almost twice that of the well conditioned sheep, but heat dissipating mechanisms were adequate to eliminate much of the added heat within 40 minutes.
The effect of particle size on the availability of brimstone sulphur to white clover
Authors: Weir RG , Barkus B , Atkinson WT
Published: March 2005

Brimstone, of three different particle size gradings, was compared with finely powdered gypsum in a three year study, on a white clover pasture. Dry matter yield and sulphur recovery were highest ,from gypsum in the first harvest, but brimstone sulphur gave better residual effects. Fineness of grinding influenced the initial availability of brimstone sulphur. The possibility of using particle size gradings to obtain a degree of controlled availability in sulphur fertilizer is discussed in relation to graziers' present and possible future demands. In mixtures of elemental sulphur with soluble sulphate, fertilizers, for example sulphur-fortified superphosphate, a limited amount of delayed release from the elemental sulphur could spread the response over a longer period.
The control of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) with some recently developed fungicides
Authors: Kuiper J , Janes BS
Published: March 2005

In field trials, dodine (n-dodecylguanidine acetate) controlled apple scab or black spot, Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint., more effectively than several other fungicides at commonly used concentrations. The other fungicides in decreasing order of effectiveness were :-glyodin (2-heptadecyl-2-imidazoline acetate), thiram (tetramethylthiuram disulphide) and tecoram (bis-(dimethyldithiocarbamoyl)-ethylenebisdithiocarbamate). In a single trial, glyodin was superior to 2-heptadecyl-2-imidazoline. No phytotoxicity was observed in the trials.
The effect of dipping on the incidence of DDT in dairy products
Authors: Gilbert WS
Published: March 2005

The DDT content of milk, cream, and factory butter from cattle dipped fortnightly in 0.5 per cent DDT baths for the control and attempted eradication of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Can.) has been measured. Contamination of milk under control conditions was higher than that reported by others using comparable spraying techniques. This is ascribed either to the generally greater thoroughness of the dipping technique in applying DDT to animals or to the greater deposition and penetration of DDT taking place with the particular formulations used. Successive dippings over a period of 15 months under eradication conditions caused much higher contamination, and DDT residues persisted in butter for at least nine months after dipping stopped. DDT storage in animal body fat was favoured by lowered butterfat production, but most of the stored DDT was excreted when butterfat production rose again.
Changes in face cover of Merino and Corriedale sheep throughout the year
Authors: Jefferies BC
Published: March 2005

Face cover scores were recorded in Merino and Corriedale aged ewes in May, six weeks before lambing, in July, on due date of lambing, and in January, at weaning. There was a significant decrease in face cover score in both breeds from July to January. In each case the major component of the change was seasonal, the effect of lactation being marked in the Merinos but slight in the Corriedales. There was a slight seasonal change in the Merinos from May to July and none in the Corriedales, neither breed showing any effect of pregnancy stress.
The influence of rate and frequency of superphosphate application on pasture yield
Authors: McLachlan KD , Norman BW
Published: March 2005

Single (biennial) and split (annual) dressings of superphosphate, supplying the same quantity of fertilizer in the two year period, were compared on established pastures at eighteen sites. The granitic, sedimentary, and basaltic soils used, differed in their requirement for the fertilizer. While current response to the fertilizer was independent of the total amount of superphosphate previously applied there was evidence of a residual value for the fertilizer on these soils. This apparent contradiction is discussed. Significant responses to superphosphate application were recorded at eight sites. Even on the most responsive of the eight soils, a total dressing of 2 cwt an acre in the two year period satisfied the pasture requirements. Frequency of application had little effect on pasture yields. However, where it did affect yields, the split application was favoured in the second year due to the low residual value of the fertilizer on those soils. As soils of low residual value could not be readily distinguished on the basis of fertilizer history, it is suggested that superphosphate should be applied to pastures on the responsive non-basaltic soils as annual dressings of 1 cwt an acre. There was no evidence that more frequent applications were needed for winter than for mature pasture production.
Fungicides for the control of tobacco blue mould in the field
Authors: Paddick RG
Published: March 2005

A wide range of fungicides and antibiotics was tested under field conditions for control of blue mould of tobacco (Peronospora tabacina Adam). Zineb and maneb, used at weekly intervals, have given consistently good results without adversely affecting leaf quality. Heavy atmospheric spore loads reduced the absolute affectiveness of the fungicides but the trend towards higher yields of saleable leaf was maintained. Best control throughout the season was obtained with zineb spray from transplanting to early January and subsequently zineb dust to the beginning of harvest. Results with maneb were not significantly different from those with zineb.
The winter growth of selected pasture grasses
Authors: Williams CN , Biddiscombe EF
Published: March 2005

The mean daily growth increments for seven species of pasture grass were measured at intervals throughout the autumn, winter, and spring of 1962 on two field sites having different temperature spectra due to aspect differences. Other factors of the environment were similar on the two sites. The warmer site consistently outyielded the cooler, but when growth was plotted against field temperature it was seen that some species showed a reduced sensitivity to temperature during the mid-winter period. The possible relationships of this dormancy reaction to photoperiod, incoming radiation, frost occurrence, and floral initiation and development are considered.
Studies in the wool production of grazing sheep. 2. Variation in wool characteristics with season and stocking rate
Authors: McManus WR , Arnold GW , Paynter JR
Published: March 2005

A four-year study of the variation in wool characteristics of both periodic midside fleece samples and whole fleeces is reported. The wools are derived from an experiment (Arnold, McManus and Bush 1964) in which Merino wethers were continuously grazed on improved pastures at four widely different stocking rates. Despite very large differences in pasture availability and nutritional patterns between treatments the fleeces were essentially similar in staple length, fibre diameter, clean scoured yield, wax and suint content, in quality count and subjective characteristics of soundness, handle, colour, and character. The value of the fleeces was similar for all treatments. Staple length and fibre diameter were lowest in late summer and late winter, when feed quantity and quality, respectively, were also lowest. On all treatments over half the fleeces exhibited 'trade tenderness' attributable to undernutrition in summer. Winter shearing minimises the effects of undernutrition in winter on the soundness of the fleeces. The staple length on the tattoo midside was 21 per cent greater than annual growth on the alternate midside region. Possible reasons for this increase are discussed.
The nutritive value of protein in subtropical pasture species grown in south-eastern Queensland
Authors: Milford R , Haydock KP
Published: March 2005

Examination of the data from 138 indoor pen-feeding trials with sheep showed that, for 22 grasses and 6 legumes grown in south-east Queensland, crude protein digestibility was related to percentage crude protein content (R = 0.885 ; P<0.001) and to the nitrogen balance of the sheep (R = 0.776 ; P<0.001). The equations derived from these relations can be used to estimate the nutritive value of protein from the crude protein content. Under ad lib. feeding; zero nitrogen balance was estimated to occur at a crude digestibility of 49 per cent (95 per cent fiducial limits = 47, 52) and this digestibility was attained at a crude protein content of 8 per cent (95 per cent limits = 7.0, 9.0). The implications of these estimates are illustrated with the aid of some data on changes with age in the crude protein content of sub-tropical grasses and legumes.
Pasture responses to traces of zinc in phosphate fertilizers
Authors: Ozanne PG , Shaw TC , Kirton DJ
Published: March 2005

The effect of zinc present as a contaminant in commercial superphosphate was compared with the zinc in zinc sulphate (ZnSO4.7H2O) in its effect on subterranean clover grown on a deficient light soil (Kojonup sand) in the field. A dressing of 55 grams of zinc an acre, applied as a contaminant in superphosphate, increased the yield of subterranean clover in the pear of application from 2300 to 3200 lb of dry matter an acre. The total uptake of zinc in the tops was increased from 11 to 19 grams of zinc an acre. The proportion of the contaminant zinc absorbed from superphosphate was at least equal to that absorbed from a dressing of ZnSO4.7H2O. These results are discussed in relation to the zinc contents of superphosphate and of various compounds used in phosphatic fertilizers. The evidence indicates that the amount of zinc contaminant applied in the present experiment could be contained in dressings of even less than 2 cwt an acre of superphosphate.