bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High prevalence in Malawi of sight‐threatening retinopathy and visual impairment caused by diabetes: identification of population‐specific targets for intervention
Authors: Burgess P. I. , Allain T. J. , García‐Fiñana M. , Beare N. A. V. , Msukwa G. , Harding S. P.
Published: May 2014

Aims

To report the prevalence of all grades of diabetic retinopathy and associations with demographic, clinical and biochemical variables in people with diabetes in Southern Malawi.

Methods

We report baseline data from a 24‐month prospective cohort study. Subjects were systematically sampled from two hospital‐based, primary care diabetes clinics. Visual acuity, glycaemic control, systolic blood pressure, HIV status, urine albumin–creatinine ratio, and haemoglobin and serum lipid levels were assessed. Retinopathy was graded at an accredited reading centre using modified Wisconsin grading of four‐field mydriatic photographs.

Results

A total of 357 subjects were studied. Of these, 13.4% subjects were HIV‐positive and 15.1% had anaemia. The overall prevalence rates of any retinopathy, sight‐threatening diabetic retinopathy and proliferative retinopathy were 50.1% (95% CI 44.9–55.3), 29.4% (95% CI 24.7–34.1) and 7.3% (95% CI 4.6–10.0), respectively. In multivariate logistic analysis the presence of sight‐threatening retinopathy was associated with duration of diabetes (odds ratio 1.11, 95% CI 1.05–1.17), HbA1c (odds ratio 1.31, 95% CI 1.13–1.50), systolic blood pressure (odds ratio 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.04), haemoglobin (odds ratio 0.98, 95% CI 0.96–0.99) and LDL cholesterol (odds ratio 1.63, 95% CI 1.18–2.25). No significant association with HIV status was observed. In all, 3.6 and 1.4% of people in our study cohort had visual acuity worse than 6/18 and 6/60 in the better eye, respectively.

Conclusions

The present study found a prevalence of sight‐threatening retinopathy in diabetes clinics in one Sub‐Saharan African country of approximately four times that reported in recent European studies and a prevalence of proliferative retinopathy approximately 10 times higher. The association of sight‐threatening retinopathy with lower haemoglobin level is a new finding. Our results highlight the urgent need for provision of services for retinopathy detection and management to avoid a large burden of vision loss.
Hypoglycaemia symptoms and impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia in adults with Type 1 diabetes: the association with diabetes duration
Authors: Olsen S. E. , Åsvold B. O. , Frier B. M. , Aune S. E. , Hansen L. I. , Bjørgaas M. R.
Published: May 2014

Aims

To examine the association between diabetes duration and hypoglycaemia symptom profiles and the presence of impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was performed, using validated methods for recording hypoglycaemia symptoms and assessing hypoglycaemia awareness. The associations between symptom intensity, hypoglycaemia awareness and diabetes duration were examined, and the prevalence of impaired awareness was ascertained for Type 1 diabetes of differing durations.

Results

Questionnaires were mailed to 636 adults with Type 1 diabetes, of whom 445 (70%) returned them. A total of 440 completed questionnaires were suitable for analysis. Longer diabetes duration was associated with lower intensity of autonomic symptoms (P for trend <0.001), but no association was observed with neuroglycopenic symptoms. The overall prevalence of impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia in this cohort was 17% (95% CI 14–21%) and increased with diabetes duration, from 3% for duration 2–9 years to 28% for duration ≥30 years (P for trend <0.001). Low autonomic symptom scores were not associated with a higher prevalence of impaired awareness.

Conclusions

Longer diabetes duration was associated with lower intensity of autonomic symptoms and a higher prevalence of impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia, suggesting that subjective symptoms of hypoglycaemia change over time. These observations underline the need for regular patient education about hypoglycaemia symptomatology and clinical screening for impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia.
Polypharmacy in people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes is justified by current guidelines—a comprehensive assessment of drug prescriptions in patients needing inpatient treatment for diabetes‐associated problems
Authors: Bauer S. , Nauck M. A.
Published: May 2014

Aims

Our aim was to assess the number of medications prescribed to people with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus and to compare these to recommendations by guidelines.

Patients and methods

Data from 155 and 154 people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, respectively, were analysed. Prescribed medications (glucose‐lowering drugs, blood pressure medications, drugs to treat cardiovascular risk or diseases, etc.) were counted as compounds per day, tablets per day, injections per day, or other modes of administration.

Results

People with Type 2 diabetes were prescribed 8.4 ± 3.0 different drug compounds per day (maximum, 16), 8.6 ± 3.9 tablets per day (maximum, 22), 2.6 ± 1.6 injections per day (maximum, 7), in total 11.6 ± 4.5 doses of any medication per day (maximum, 27). The numbers for people with Type 1 diabetes were 5.5 ± 3.4 compounds per day (maximum, 15), 4.5 ± 4.3 tablets per day (maximum, 18), 3.9 ± 2.2 injections per day (maximum, 8), in total 8.5 ± 5.1 doses of any medication per day (maximum, 22). Over 97% of the prescriptions corresponded to recommendations by guidelines.

Conclusions

The number of prescribed drugs is high in people with diabetes mellitus, and higher for those with Type 2 than with Type 1 diabetes. The compatibility of prescriptions with guideline recommendations suggests that even this high number of prescriptions will provide a clinical benefit. The current analysis could provide a basis for a realistic judgement of the burden imposed by polypharmacy in people with diabetes mellitus.
Correlation of adherence to the 2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America practice guidelines with patient outcomes in the treatment of diabetic foot infections in an outpatient parenteral antimicrobial programme
Authors: Pence L. M. , Mock C. M. , Kays M. B. , Damer K. M. , Muloma E. W. , Erdman S. M.
Published: May 2014

Aim

To evaluate adherence to the 2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America practice guidelines for the management of patients with diabetic foot infections and to determine an association between adherence and clinical outcome.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was performed to evaluate the management and clinical outcomes of patients with diabetic foot infections treated with outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy between 1 January 2011 and 30 June 2012 at Wishard Health Services/Eskenazi Health. Adherence to individual Infectious Diseases Society of America diabetic foot infection treatment guideline recommendations was measured, and then assessed in relation to clinical outcome.

Results

A total of 57 patients (61% male, mean age 54 years) with moderate to severe diabetic foot infection met the inclusion criteria. None of the treatment courses of these patients adhered to all the Infectious Diseases Society of America guideline recommendations. The recommendations most frequently adhered to were consultation of appropriate multidisciplinary teams (n=54, 94.7%) and performance of diagnostic imaging (n=52, 89.5%). The recommendations least frequently adhered to were diabetic foot wound classification scoring on admission (n=0, 0%), appropriate culture acquisition (n=12, 21.2%), surgical intervention when indicated (n=32, 46.2%) and appropriate empiric antibiotic selection (n=34, 59.7%). Of 56 patients, 52 (92.9%) experienced clinical cure at the end of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy compared with 34 of 53 patients (64%) at 6 months after the completion of therapy. Adherence to individual guidelines was not associated with clinical outcome. Patients who experienced treatment failure were more likely to have severe diabetic foot infection or peripheral neuropathy.

Conclusions

Adherence to the Infectious Diseases Society of America diabetic foot infection guideline recommendations was found to be suboptimal in the present study. The effect of adhering to individual Infectious Diseases Society of America diabetic foot infection recommendations on clinical outcome needs to be investigated.
Vegetative substrates used by larval northern pike in Rainy and Kabetogama Lakes, Minnesota
Authors: Timm Anne L. , Pierce Rodney B.
Published: May 2014

Our objective was to identify characteristics of aquatic vegetative communities used as larval northern pike nursery habitat in Rainy and Kabetogama lakes, glacial shield reservoirs in northern Minnesota. Quatrefoil light traps fished at night were used to sample larval northern pike in 11 potential nursery areas. Larval northern pike were most commonly sampled among floating‐leaf burreed Sparganium fluctuans, common burreed Sparganium eurycarpum, sedges Carex spp., hybrid cattail Typha × glauca and wild rice Zizania palustris. A negative binomial model of light‐trap catches using the presence/absence data for 2012 from all 11 bays included water elevation and the presence of cattail as significant variables. Ultimately, the species of vegetation may not be as important as the physical quality or form of the vegetation in supplying feeding and hiding cover. The aquatic plant species and structural forms encountered by larval northern pike suggest they use nearly any vegetated cover available in early spring. Water‐level regulations that change availability of aquatic vegetation are likely to influence recruitment of northern pike to larger sizes.
Characterization of the alimentary canal of the aphidophagous ladybird,Adalia bipunctata(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae): anatomical and histological approaches
Authors: Borges Isabel , Nóia Marlene , Camarinho Ricardo , Rodrigues Armindo S. , Soares António O.
Published: May 2014

The alimentary canal of the two‐spot ladybirdAdalia bipunctata(Linnaeus) (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae) presents the foregut (stomodeum), the midgut (mesenteron) and the hindgut (proctodeum). The shortest region is the foregut and the longest is the midgut. The relative proportions of the main regions were found to be similar for males and females. In the foregut it was possible to distinguish the pharynx, the esophagus and the proventriculus but no crop. The hindgut is composed of the ileum, rectum and rectal canal. Generally the organ width is similar for males and females, but females presented a wider proventriculus. The epithelium of the foregut varied from squamous to simple cuboidal and columnar. In the midgut the epithelium is simple columnar with goblet and regenerative cells. The epithelium of the hindgut varied from simple cuboidal to squamous. Females presented thicker midgut epithelium whereas males presented thicker epithelium in the esophagus. The anatomy of the alimentary canal ofA. bipunctataseems to conform to its carnivorous and recent phylogenetic status within the familyCoccinellidae.
Origins of formation waters in the Llanos foreland basin of Colombia: geochemical variation and fluid flow history
Authors: Gonzalez‐Penagos Felipe , Moretti Isabelle , France‐Lanord Christian , Guichet Xavier
Published: May 2014

Wells located in the Colombian Andean foreland often produce biodegraded hydrocarbons and relatively fresh water (total dissolved solids concentrations of 2000 mg l−1 dominate across most of the basin). The ratio of water to hydrocarbon in the produced fluids is high and has often been interpreted by explorationists and simulation engineers as being due to massive meteoric water invasion. To challenge this hypothesis, previously published and existing data are compiled here, along with 68 new water samples collected from both the surface (rivers) and subsurface (production wells), which are analyzed for major elements, salinity, and stable isotope compositions. The data indicate a mixed origin for the water, which involves formation water, meteoric water, and a third source that we interpret as being related to diagenetic processes (such as clay dehydration). Analyses of the variation of the parameters from north to south and west to east allow us to define the mixtures as coming from waters of different origins and make it possible to determine the relative contribution of each source.
Crystallization of Solgel‐Derived Glasses
Authors: Almeida Rui M. , Gonçalves M. Clara
Published: May 2014

This article deals with the controlled crystallization of solgel‐derived glasses, glassy films, and amorphous gels, emphasizing some of the authors' own work on silica‐based films for optical and photonic applications. The review includes a discussion of crystallization processes in gels and solgel‐derived glasses compared to melted glasses, followed by selected examples of crystallization in transparent glass‐ceramics, titania‐based materials and other oxides. These examples illustrate also a variety of different experimental techniques used to follow the crystallization phenomena.
Overview of reviews: Mechanical interventions for the treatment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Lisy Karolina , White Heath , Pearson Alan
Published: May 2014

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by a progressive and non‐reversible airflow limitation and symptoms of breathlessness, sputum production and cough. COPD is the fourth most common cause of mortality worldwide and represents a significant social and economic burden. As such, effective strategies that might be employed to treat COPD and manage symptoms need to be investigated. This overview aimed to summarize the existing evidence available in the Cochrane Library regarding the use of mechanical interventions used for the treatment and management of COPD. Systematic reviews that included adult participants with diagnosed COPD who received a mechanical intervention were included. Five reviews were included, and due to the heterogeneity of these reviews, direct and indirect comparisons of the effects of the intervention were not possible. Instead, data of the effectiveness of each intervention were extracted and summarized in tables and discussed as a narrative summary. Interventions included non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV), positive airway pressure (PEP) devices and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). Evidence regarding the effectiveness of NPPV was limited, and available data do not support the use of NPPV for patients with stable COPD. NPPV might, however, be of benefit as a weaning strategy for intubated patients and for patients experiencing respiratory failure; however, more research is required. Although PEP devices are considered as a safe airway clearance technique, data do not reveal a clear clinical benefit to their use. NMES is also regarded as safe for patients with COPD, and might also be beneficial in improving exercise tolerance and improving quality of life for patients with COPD.
Prevalence of ‘being at risk of malnutrition’ and associated factors in adult patients receiving nursing care at home in Belgium
Authors: Geurden Bart , Franck MPsych Erik , Lopez Hartmann Maja , Weyler Joost , Ysebaert Dirk
Published: May 2014

Malnutrition is a known problem in hospitals and nursing homes. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of being at risk of malnutrition in community living adults receiving homecare nursing and to determine factors independently associated with this risk of malnutrition. Furthermore, it also aimed to describe aspects of current nutritional nursing care. Patients (n = 100) are screened with the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool to evaluate their risk of malnutrition. A patient survey was used to analyse associated factors. In this population, 29% are at risk for malnutrition. Following a multivariate logistic regression analysis, ‘loss of appetite’ proved the most important factor. A survey for nurses (n = 61) revealed low awareness, poor knowledge, poor communication between stakeholders and a moderate approach of malnutrition. These findings should encourage homecare nurses to use a recommended screening tool for malnutrition and to actively observe and report loss of appetite to initiate the prescription of individual tailored interventions. Belgian homecare nurses' management does not yet fully comply with international recommendations. Additional training in nutritional nursing care and screening methods for malnutrition is needed. Systematic screening should be further developed and evaluated in this at‐risk population.
Critical thinking in nursing: Scoping review of the literature
Authors: Zuriguel Pérez Esperanza , Lluch Canut Maria Teresa , Falcó Pegueroles Anna , Puig Llobet Montserrat , Moreno Arroyo Carmen , Roldán Merino Juan
Published: May 2014

This article seeks to analyse the current state of scientific knowledge concerning critical thinking in nursing. The methodology used consisted of a scoping review of the main scientific databases using an applied search strategy. A total of 1518 studies published from January 1999 to June 2013 were identified, of which 90 met the inclusion criteria. The main conclusion drawn is that critical thinking in nursing is experiencing a growing interest in the study of both its concepts and its dimensions, as well as in the development of training strategies to further its development among both students and professionals. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that critical thinking has been investigated principally in the university setting, independent of conceptual models, with a variety of instruments used for its measurement. We recommend (i) the investigation of critical thinking among working professionals, (ii) the designing of evaluative instruments linked to conceptual models and (iii) the identification of strategies to promote critical thinking in the context of providing nursing care.
Effect of diabetic case management intervention on health service utilization in Korea
Authors: Shin Soon Ae , Kim Hyeongsu , Lee Kunsei , Lin Vivian , Liu George
Published: May 2014

This study is to estimate the effectiveness of a diabetic case management programme on health‐care service utilization. The study population included 6007 as the intervention group and 956 766 as the control group. As the indicators of health‐care service utilization, numbers of medical ambulatory consultations, days of medication prescribed and medical expenses for one year were used, and we analysed the claim data of the health insurance from 2005 to 2007. The study population was classified into three subgroups based on the number of medical ambulatory consultations per year before this intervention. In the under‐serviced subgroup, the intervention group showed a significant increase in the number of consultations (3.2), days of prescribed medication (66.4) and medical expenses (287 900 KRW) compared with the control group. Conversely, in the over‐serviced subgroup, the intervention group showed a less decrease days of prescribed medication (1.6) compared with the control group. This showed that the case management programme led the intervention group to optimize their utilization of health‐care services by subgroups. It is necessary to evaluate the appropriateness of health‐care usage and clinical outcome to show the direct effectiveness of the case management programme by subgroups.
Power, Technology and Flexibility in Organizations
Authors: Clegg Stewart , Wilson Fiona
Published: May 2014

This paper critically reviews arguments about technology and their relationship to some positions which have recently been established in the sociological analysis of power. These positions reformulate the relationship between concepts of power and concepts of the organization. Each is seen as integral to the other rather than power being a merely contingent feature of some organizations. Emphasis is placed upon notions of practices and disciplines, ideas developed in order to link power and knowledge. The conception of organization analysis offered is as a cultural study, with power/knowledge inextricably intertwined in central focus. The paper reviews four broad positions in the debates on flexible manufacturing and articulates the conceptions of power and organization upon which each is premised. At the core of the paper, however, are issues surrounding the conceptualization of power.
Berreman Revisited; Caste and the Comparative Method
Authors: Sharma Ursula
Published: May 2014

In a series of articles and books published in the ‘60s and 70s, Gerald Berreman argued that the institution of caste is not confined to Hindu India. In particular he drew attention to the similarities between caste in India and race in the United States of America, and drew specific attention to the processes by which deference was exacted by high caste/whites and by which untouchables/blacks devised ways of dealing with demands for deference. The dominant trend in the ethnography of caste (and in ‘Indianist’ ethnography in general) is away from comparison, towards a Dumontian emphasis on the sui generis nature of Hindu society. This is in line with a tendency in western anthropology to stress the specific and incommensurable nature of particular cultures.

It is argued that despite this fragmenting trend, comparison is nonetheless a useful tool. While we may reject Berreman's grand schema for classifying different kinds of social inequality as representing a totalising enterprise which anthropologists have rightly discarded, his use of comparison is valuable on two counts:

a) it permits sociological generalisation about the micro processes by which domination is both attempted and resisted, b) it acts as valuable rhetorical device (used by ‘modernists’ and ‘post modernists’ alike) through which juxtaposition of the unexpected can surprise the reader into examining the implicit preconceptions and values which they bring to the analysis of other cultures.
Sex and Death among the Disembodied: VR, Cyberspace, and the Nature of Academic Discourse
Authors: Stone Allucquére Rosanne
Published: May 2014

As I lift the phone, put my feet up, and settle back in the chair before becoming Leila the Sex Kitten, the past few years of my life as a researcher pass before my hot, mascaraed eyes …
Public Nightmares and Communitarian Dreams: The Crisis of the Social in Social Welfare
Authors: Clarke John
Published: May 2014

This chapter examines the break-up of the welfare state as a process that involved a crisis of representation. In particular, social democratic images of the public and their embodiment in the organizational regimes of welfare bureau-professionalism were dislocated by the New Right's attack on the welfare state. The chapter argues that the attempt to reinvent the public's relationship to social welfare through the couplet of managerialism and consumerism created an impoverished conception of the public realm. Communitarianism has been presented as a response to this impoverishment. However, both lessons from history and the contemporary inflections of community suggest that communitarianism needs to be seen as an attempt to resolve the ‘crisis of the social’ in social welfare in regressive directions.
On Recalling Ant
Authors: Latour Bruno
Published: May 2014

The paper explores one after the other the four difficulties of actor-network theory, that is the words ‘actor’, ‘network’ and ‘theory’—without forgetting the hyphen. It tries to refocus the originality of what is more a method to deploy the actor's own world building activities than an alternative social theory. Finally, it sketches some of its remaining potential.
Our ‘Common European Home’—But Who Owns the House?
Authors: Markoff John
Published: May 2014

In this chapter, John Markoff notes that although the European Union has a strong formal commitment to democratic values, for example in the tests it applies to new entrants, and although civic freedoms are strong throughout the EU, this body nevertheless poses a challenge to democratisation. This is because the development of democratic freedoms and political practices has, since the eighteenth century, been accompanied by the activities of social movements that have placed pressure ‘from below’ upon government bodies, making them accountable to the people. As more governmental power drifts upwards, above the level of the national state, the capacity of social movements to exercise influence decreases. Paradoxically, while the EU supports democracy within its member states, it remains relatively free of effective democratic control itself. During the nineteenth century, social movements reoriented themselves from local power structures to national states but they have been less effective in reorienting themselves yet again to the suprastate level.
Third Country Nationals as European Citizens: The Case Defended
Authors: Føllesdal Andreas
Published: May 2014

The Amsterdam Treaty bolsters Union citizenship in order to bring the European Union closer to the citizens of Europe.1 Inadvertently, this strategy gives citizens of non-EU states an inferior status in the European Union, even though they may be semi-permanent residents in a Member State. Union citizenship increases the social and political exclusion of third country nationals, in violation of the basic democratic principle that those affected by social institutions should also enjoy political levers of influence. This chapter first briefly sketches a Liberal Contractualist defence for awarding this group full citizenship in the relevant Member State, arguing in particular for three somewhat contested issues: that third country nationals should not only enjoy Union citizenship, but also be given national citizenship in the Member State of residence; that Member States may impose conditions, oaths etc. on such prospective citizens; and that Member States may withhold some privileges from those resident third country nationals who refuse to be naturalised. The chapter goes on to present and discuss, only to dismiss, the most plausible arguments offered in defence of current practice within the context of a Europe of open borders for Member State citizens. These arguments seek to deny citizenship to third country nationals in order to: protect national and locally endorsed values ensuring social homogeneity of the community; exclude people with non-liberal values; ensure commitment to a shared future which warrants democratic rights in the first place; avoid instability caused by citizens with conflicting multiple loyalties; ensure and foster the ideal of active political participation, impossible for dual citizens; and avoid backlash problems among current EU citizens which threaten the stability of welfare policies of member States and the EU.
Citizenship and Human Rights—Particular and Universal Worlds and the Prospects for European Citizenship
Authors: Jary David
Published: May 2014

This chapter* makes the argument that the concept of universal citizenship rights based on human need is compatible with a recognition that particularistic identity (eg specific nationalities) exist. Following Habermas, Jary makes the case that diversity is essential to the discourse of human culture. In the first part of the paper, Jary discusses the work of Feyerabend, Habermas, Turner, Doyal and Gough in order to establish the position that universal rights preserve the conditions for cultural diversification and autonomous action while also enabling a search for social solidarity and integration between different groups. In the second part of the chapter, on the historically substantive prospects for European Union citizenship, Jary draws on Habermas, Held, Linklater and others to show that an inclusionary, cosmopolitan emancipatory citizenship may develop within a post-national civil state.
Corporate Emotions and Emotions in Corporations
Authors: Flam Helena
Published: May 2014

Although sociology of organizations never banned emotions from its field of inquiry, first the sociology of emotions elevated them to central research objects. Disparate research on various types of enterprises shows that both managers and employees are much more emotional than most scientists would care to admit. Under constant pressure not to display their fears, anxieties or worries, they have to balance a mixture of emotions attending solidarity and competition with their peers. Whereas managerial roles actually call for occasional displays of anger at subordinates, anger is beyond the pale for subordinates who are supposed to swallow anger, humiliation or fear. Capitalist labour, no matter whether this of managers or that of workers, exacts a heavy emotional toll. While in handling their work managers rely heavily on the emotional support of their peers and secretaries, employees spin nostalgic stories or take to subversive workplace humour. Against this broader perspective, Arlie Hochschild's research and its critique have focused exclusively on the workers' emotional toll. In centre of interest is emotional labour exacted by employers and the many ways of managing undesired feelings which this labour requires. Hochschild's critics stress that subordinates often find ways of evading supervision and playing with rules for emotional display, so that they are much less subject to emotion management than her research agenda implies. Although Hochschild's research and its echo produced the only coherent body of theory-guided research to emerge so far within the sociology of organizations under the influence of the sociology of emotions, the chapter ends with an argument that her valuable yet work-focused approach has become constraining in times of disjointed, turbulent capitalism. Social change demands that we enlarge our scope of inquiry to include the experience of lay-off and unemployment as well as work-unrelated emotions and the broader society into our purview.
Managing the Emotions of Competition and Recognition in Academia
Authors: Bloch Charlotte
Published: May 2014

In the sociology of science, social relations have been discussed in terms of competition and recognition. The purpose of this chapter is to enlarge our understanding of the social relations of Academia by incorporating the emotional dimensions of these relations into our discussion. To this purpose the results of an empirical study of emotions and emotional culture in Academia is presented. These results are based on analytical distinctions between the structural conditions of emotions, the emotional culture of Academia, lived or felt emotions and the management of emotions. Within this analytical framework different ways of managing the emotions of uncertainty, shame, anger and pride are identified and presented. It is shown how these feelings emerged from the structural conditions of the social relations and it is shown how persons try to manage the mentioned emotions according to the tacit rules of feelings of Academia. The study shows how these emotions are managed according to the representative feelings of Academia. It is also shown, however, how these emotions and their management relate to damaged social bonds. These unintended consequences of the emotions and the emotional culture of Academia are interpreted as emotional fuel to the prevalent basic moods of academic departments and their research environment.
A sociofunctional approach to prejudice at the polls: are atheists more politically disadvantaged than gays and Blacks?
Authors: Franks Andrew S. , Scherr Kyle C.
Published: May 2014

Prejudice against atheists is pervasive in the United States. Atheists lag behind virtually all other minority groups on measures of social acceptance. The sociofunctional approach suggests that distrust is at the core of anti‐atheist prejudice, thus making it qualitatively different than prejudice against other disadvantaged groups. Accordingly, this research examined political bias against atheists, gays, and Blacks and the affective content accompanying such biases. Results indicated that atheists suffered the largest deficit in voting intentions from Christian participants, and this deficit was accompanied by distrust, disgust, and fear, thereby suggesting that the affective content of anti‐atheist prejudice is both broader and more extreme than prejudice against other historically disadvantaged groups. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed.
Regulatory mode orientations and well‐being in an organizational setting: the differential mediating roles of workaholism and work engagement
Authors: De Carlo Nicola A. , Falco Alessandra , Pierro Antonio , Dugas Michelle , Kruglanski Arie W. , Higgins E. Tory
Published: May 2014

This paper examines the relationships between two independent regulatory mode orientations, locomotion and assessment, and well‐being in organizational contexts. Results from a sample of 320 employees revealed that locomotion was negatively associated with burnout and psychological strain whereas assessment was positively associated with burnout and strain. The effects of locomotion and assessment on burnout and strain were mediated by workaholism and work engagement. Both locomotion and assessment predicted greater workaholism; however, locomotion was positively associated whereas assessment was negatively associated with work engagement. In turn, workaholism predicted greater burnout and strain, and work engagement predicted less burnout and strain. Implications for employee health and organizational success are discussed.
Hydrologic Controls on Nitrogen and Phosphorous Dynamics in Relict Oxbow Wetlands Adjacent to an Urban Restored Stream
Authors: Harrison Melanie D. , Miller Andrew J. , Groffman Peter M. , Mayer Paul M. , Kaushal Sujay S.
Published: May 2014

Although wetlands are known to be sinks for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), their function in urban watersheds remains unclear. We analyzed water and nitrate (NO3−) and phosphate (PO43−) dynamics during precipitation events in two oxbow wetlands that were created during geomorphic stream restoration in Baltimore County, Maryland that varied in the nature and extent of connectivity to the adjacent stream. Oxbow 1 (Ox1) received 1.6‐4.2% and Oxbow 2 (Ox2) received 4.2‐7.4% of cumulative streamflow during storm events from subsurface seepage (Ox1) and surface flow (Ox2). The retention time of incoming stormwater ranged from 0.2 to 6.7 days in Ox1 and 1.8 to 4.3 days in Ox2. Retention rates in the wetlands ranged from 0.25 to 2.74 g N/m2/day in Ox1 and 0.29 to 1.94 g N/m2/day in Ox2. Percent retention of the NO3−‐N load that entered the wetlands during the storm events ranged from 64 to 87% and 23 to 26%, in Ox1 and Ox2, respectively. During all four storm events, Ox1 and Ox2 were a small net source of dissolved PO43− to the adjacent stream (i.e., more P exited than entered the wetland), releasing P at a rate of 0.23‐20.83 mg P/m2/day and 3.43‐24.84 mg P/m2/day, respectively. N and P removal efficiency of the oxbows were regulated by hydrologic connectivity, hydraulic loading, and retention time. Incidental oxbow wetlands have potential to receive urban stream and storm flow and to be significant N sinks, but they may be sources of P in urban watersheds.
Influence of climatic niche suitability and geographical overlap on hybridization patterns among southern Californian oaks
Authors: Ortego Joaquín , Gugger Paul F. , Riordan Erin C. , Sork Victoria L.
Published: May 2014

Aim

Information on the association between geographical patterns of hybridization and the climatic niche requirements and co‐occurrence of the species involved can provide important insights that further our understanding of the factors promoting the formation of hybrid zones. Here, we test whether climatic niche suitability explains patterns of hybridization beyond spatial overlap in distributions of the geographically restricted Engelmann oak (Quercus engelmannii) and the widespread scrub oak species complex (Quercus spp.).

Location

Southern California, USA.

Methods

We sampled Engelmann and scrub oaks across 31 localities and genotyped 343 individuals at nine microsatellite loci. We used climatic niche modelling to assess the suitability of habitats for each parental species and hybrids and to analyse whether climatic niche suitability in addition to co‐occurrence are associated with observed spatial patterns of hybridization.

Results

Our data indicated that hybrid zones are located in areas that are geographically constrained by the presence of scattered patches of Engelmann oak within a matrix broadly occupied by scrub oaks. However, the climatic niche of hybrids differed from that occupied by both Engelmann and scrub oaks, suggesting the importance of climate on their establishment and persistence beyond the simple role of geographical overlap of parental species distributions. We also found that even moderate levels of introgression contributed to increased genetic diversity in Engelmann oak but not in scrub oaks.

Main conclusions

These results show that hybrid zones follow a mosaic pattern constrained by the presence of scattered patches occupied by Engelmann oak and climatically suitable areas that favour the establishment of hybrids. The low rates of ongoing hybridization and the bimodal distribution of parental genotypes found here suggest that hybridization is not threatening Engelmann oak and this phenomenon could instead be promoting the acquisition of favourable alleles that may increase the adaptive potential of this vulnerable species.
Assessing coastal species distribution models through the integration of terrestrial, oceanic and atmospheric data
Authors: Rickbeil Gregory J. M. , Coops Nicholas C. , Drever Mark C. , Nelson Trisalyn A.
Published: May 2014

Aim

When considering multiple species in distribution models, environmental variables should be selected that describe the group of species' environmental requirements. This can, however, be challenging in locations such as coastal areas, where different species may respond to terrestrial, oceanic and/or atmospheric conditions. Here, we evaluate the use of remotely sensed (RS) terrestrial, oceanic and interpolated climate variables, as well as a more detailed shore‐zone data set, as a means of modelling the distributions of coastal bird species with diverse habitat requirements.

Location

Coastal British Columbia, Canada.

Methods

Boosted regression trees were used to model the distributions of 60 species of coastal birds using each environmental variable group, run individually and in combination. Models were assessed for their predictive ability and model fit, as well as for model overfitting.

Results

Models that incorporated terrestrial data were found to produce the highest model fit and predictive ability of the broad‐scale environmental groups. Incorporating the fine‐scale shore‐zone data offered little improvement, as did selecting the best model in terms of predictive ability by species. Model fit and predictive ability were also found to vary by functional feeding group, with insectivores and benthivores being the best‐modelled.

Main conclusions

Having access to both broad‐scale RS environmental data and more detailed coastal shore‐zone data produced modest improvements over employing RS environmental data alone. Models using only the terrestrial data set, however, performed similarly to the best single model type (terrestrial + shore‐zone), indicating that broad‐scale environmental data also offer an effective means of estimating coastal bird distributions. Testing multiple environmental variable groups in different combinations and selecting the best model allowed models to be optimized by species; conversely, the results of a ‘one model fits all’ approach were comparable to those of the best models, indicating that a single‐model approach is also valid.
Ontogeny of critical and prolonged swimming performance for the larvae of six Australian freshwater fish species
Authors: Kopf S. M. , Humphries P. , Watts R. J.
Published: May 2014

Critical (<30 min) and prolonged (>60 min) swimming speeds in laboratory chambers were determined for larvae of six species of Australian freshwater fishes: trout cod Maccullochella macquariensis, Murray cod Maccullochella peelii, golden perch Macquaria ambigua, silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus, carp gudgeon Hypseleotris spp. and Murray River rainbowfish Melanotaenia fluviatilis. Developmental stage (preflexion, flexion, postflexion and metalarva) better explained swimming ability than did length, size or age (days after hatch). Critical speed increased with larval development, and metalarvae were the fastest swimmers for all species. Maccullochella macquariensis larvae had the highest critical [maximum absolute 46·4 cm s−1 and 44·6 relative body lengths (LB) s−1] and prolonged (maximum 15·4 cm s−1, 15·6 LB s−1) swimming speeds and B. bidyanus larvae the lowest critical (minimum 0·1 cm s−1, 0·3 LB s−1) and prolonged swimming speeds (minimum 1·1 cm s−1, 1·0 LB s−1). Prolonged swimming trials determined that the larvae of some species could not swim for 60 min at any speed, whereas the larvae of the best swimming species, M. macquariensis, could swim for 60 min at 44% of the critical speed. The swimming performance of species with precocial life‐history strategies, with well‐developed larvae at hatch, was comparatively better and potentially had greater ability to influence their dispersal by actively swimming than species with altricial life‐history strategies, with poorly developed larvae at hatch.
Risk of Thiazide‐Induced Metabolic Adverse Events in Older Adults
Authors: Makam Anil N. , John Boscardin W. , Miao Yinghui , Steinman Michael A.
Published: May 2014

Objectives

To evaluate the risk and predictors of thiazide‐induced adverse events (AEs) in multimorbid older adults in real‐world clinical settings.

Design

Observational cohort study.

Setting

National Veterans Affairs data from 2007 to 2008.

Participants

Veterans aged 65 and older newly prescribed a thiazide (N = 1,060) compared with propensity‐matched nonusers of antihypertensive medications (N = 1,060).

Measurements

The primary outcome was a composite of metabolic AEs defined as sodium less than 135 mEq/L, potassium less than 3.5 mEq/L, or a decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of more than 25% from the baseline rate. Secondary outcomes included sev‐ere AEs (sodium <130 mEq/L, potassium <3.0 mEq/L, or a decrease in eGFR of more than 50%).

Results

Over 9 months of follow‐up, 14.3% of new thiazide users developed an AE, compared with 6.0% of nonusers (number needed to harm (NNH) 12, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 9–17, P < .001); 1.8% of new users developed a severe AE, compared with 0.6% of nonusers (NNH = 82, P = .008), and 3.8% of new users had an emergency department visit or hospitalization with an AE, compared with 2.0% of nonusers (NNH = 56, P = .02). Risk of AEs did not vary according to age, but having five or more comorbidities was associated with 3.0 times the odds (95% CI = 1.4–6.2) of developing an AE as having one comorbidity (hypertension). Low‐normal and unmeasured baseline sodium and potassium values were among the strongest predictors of hyponatremia and hypokalemia, respectively. Only 42% of thiazide users had laboratory monitoring within 90 days after initiation.

Conclusion

Thiazide‐induced AEs are common in older adults. Greater attention should be paid to potential complications in prescribing thiazides to older adults, including closer laboratory monitoring before and after initiation of thiazides.
Specialization for aggression in sexually dimorphic skeletal morphology in grey wolves (Canis lupus)
Authors: Morris Jeremy S. , Brandt Ellissa K.
Published: May 2014

Aggressive behaviour is important in the life history of many animals. In grey wolves (Canis lupus), territory defence through direct competition with conspecifics is severe and often lethal. Thus, performance in aggressive encounters may be under strong selection. Additionally, grey wolves frequently kill large dangerous prey species. Because both sexes actively participate in aggressive activities and prey capture, wolves are expected to exhibit a low level of musculoskeletal sexual dimorphism. However, male wolves more often lead in agonistic encounters with conspecifics and must provision the nursing female during the pup‐rearing period of the breeding season. These behaviours may select for males that exhibit a higher degree of morphological adaptation associated with aggression and prey capture performance. To test this prediction, we assessed skeletal sexual dimorphism in three subspecies of grey wolves using functional indices reflecting morphological specialization for aggression. As expected, sexual dimorphism in skeletal shape was limited. However, in two of three subspecies, we found sexually dimorphic traits in the skull, forelimbs and hindlimbs that are consistent with the hypothesis that males are more specialized for aggression. These characters may also be associated with selection for improved prey capture performance by males. Thus, the sexually dimorphic functional traits identified by our analysis may be adaptive in the contexts of both natural and sexual selection. Several of these traits may conflict with locomotor economy, indicating the importance of aggression in the life history of male grey wolves. The presence of functional specialization for aggression in a generally monogamous species indicates that sexual dimorphism in specific musculoskeletal traits may be widespread among mammals.
Level of confidence in venepuncture and knowledge in determining causes of blood sample haemolysis among clinical staff and phlebotomists
Authors: Makhumula‐Nkhoma Nellie , Whittaker Vicki , McSherry Robert
Published: May 2014

Aims and objectives

To investigate the association between confidence level in venepuncture and knowledge in determining causes of blood sample haemolysis among clinical staff and phlebotomists.

Background

Various collection methods are used to perform venepuncture, also called phlebotomy, the act of drawing blood from a patient using a needle. The collection method used has an impact on preanalytical blood sample haemolysis. Haemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells, which makes the sample unsuitable. Despite available evidence on the common causes, extensive literature search showed a lack of published evidence on the association of haemolysis with staff confidence and knowledge.

Design

A quantitative primary research design using survey method.

Methods

A purposive sample of 290 clinical staff and phlebotomists conducting venepuncture in one North England hospital participated in this quantitative survey. A three‐section web‐based questionnaire comprising demographic profile, confidence and competence levels, and knowledge sections was used to collect data in 2012. The chi‐squared test for independence was used to compare the distribution of responses for categorical data. anova was used to determine mean difference in the knowledge scores of staff with different confidence levels.

Results

Almost 25% clinical staff and phlebotomists participated in the survey. There was an increase in confidence at the last venepuncture among staff of all categories. While doctors' scores were higher compared with healthcare assistants', p ≤ 0·001, nurses' were of wide range and lowest. There was no statistically significant difference (at the 5% level) in the total knowledge scores and confidence level at the last venepuncture F(2,4·690) = 1·67, p = 0·31 among staff of all categories.

Conclusion

Evidence‐based measures are required to boost staff knowledge base of preanalytical blood sample haemolysis for standardised and quality service. Monitoring and evaluation of the training, conducting and monitoring haemolysis rate are equally crucial.

Relevance to clinical practice

Although the hospital is succeeding in providing regular training in venepuncture, this is only one aspect of quality. The process and outcome also need interventions.