bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of charge distribution around a rising bubble in a 2‐D fluidized bed
Authors: Chen Aihua , Bi Hsiaotao T. , Grace John R. , Kleijn van Willigen Flip , Ruud van Ommen J.
Published: September 2005

A technique has been developed to determine the charge distribution around single rising bubbles in a two‐dimensional fluidized bed. Four induction probes positioned flush with the outside wall of the column and connected to charge amplifiers record induced charge signals as bubbles pass. The charge distribution surrounding a single bubble is then reconstructed with the assumption that the bubble is symmetrical and that the charge around the bubble remains constant as it rises. The emulsion phase far from the bubble in a two‐dimensional fluidized bed of glass beads was found to be charged negatively and, contrary to our previous assumptions, the charge density decreased gradually toward the bubble‐dense phase interface, with a nearly zero charge density inside the bubble. The wake of the bubble is more negatively charged than the emulsion phase, supporting our previous speculations. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 9q and p53 alterations in human bladder cancer
Authors: Hirao Shuya , Hirao Tomoko , Marsit Carmen J. , Hirao Yoko , Schned Alan , Devi‐Ashok Tara , Nelson Heather H. , Andrew Angeline , Karagas Margaret R. , Kelsey Karl T.
Published: September 2005

BACKGROUND

Somatic loss of the 9q allele as well as alteration of the tumor suppressor p53 occurs commonly in bladder cancers. Although alteration of p53 has been strongly associated with invasive stage disease, the prognostic significance of 9q loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and the relations between these alterations are less well defined.

METHODS

The 9q LOH was examined at five microsatellites and p53 alterations (mutation and persistent immunohistochemical staining) in a population‐based case series of 271 newly diagnosed bladder cancer patients. Loss of heterozygosity was scored quantitatively and p53 mutation completed using single‐strand conformation polymorphism screening followed by sequencing.

RESULTS

Overall, allelic loss at 9q was detected in 74.5% (202/271) of cases and allele loss was associated with invasive disease (P < 0.05). Although based on small numbers, all nine in situ lesions contained 9q LOH. Age, gender, and smoking were not significantly associated with chromosome 9q allele loss. Both intense persistent p53 staining and LOH at 9q were independently associated with invasive disease (P < 10−14 and P < 0.05, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

These data, using a population‐based sample, suggest a relation between 9q LOH and invasive stage bladder cancer, and thereby suggests that a tumor suppressor gene at this loci, in addition to p53, may be important in the development of this more aggressive form of the disease. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Amination with Oximes
Authors: Narasaka Koichi , Kitamura Mitsuru
Published: September 2005

The SN2 reaction has been well recognized not to occur at sp2 carbons, while such an SN2‐type substitution reaction was found to proceed readily at the sp2 nitrogen of oximes. Ab initio MP2 calculations show that the activation energy of the nucleophilic substitution at sp2 nitrogen is almost same as that of the Beckmann rearrangement. By the intramolecular SN2‐type reaction at the oxime nitrogen, various aza‐arenes and cyclic imines, such as quinolines, aza‐spiro compounds, and dihydropyrroles, can be synthesized. Intermolecular substitution of oximes with organometallic reagents also proceeds, and electrophilic amination of Grignard reagents is accomplished by the use of 4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐one O‐(phenylsulfonyl)oxime. Anion radicals generated by one‐electron reduction of oxime derivatives act as iminyl radical equivalents. That is, the intramolecular C–N bond formation of γ,δ‐unsaturated or β‐aryl oximes is induced by a single electron transfer to give various pyrroles, quinolines, and carbolines, in which phenols, hydroquinones, or copper reagents can be used as electron donors. A photo‐induced radical process is also applied to the transformation of γ,δ‐unsaturated oximes to dihydropyrroles. Oxidative addition of oximes to palladium(0) complexes generates alkylideneaminopalladium(II) species, which are utilized as key intermediates in carbon–nitrogen bond formation. Various aza‐heterocycles, including pyrroles, pyridines, isoquinolines, spiroimines, and aza‐azulenes, are synthesized from O‐(pentafluorobenzoyl)oximes having olefinic moieties via the intramolecular Heck‐type reaction (amino‐Heck reaction) by treatment with a catalytic amount of a Pd0 complex. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Radical Cyclization Approach to Cyclonucleosides
Authors: Navacchia Maria Luisa , Manetto Antonio , Montevecchi Pier Carlo , Chatgilialoglu Chryssostomos
Published: September 2005

Efficient methodologies based on consecutive radical reactions for the preparation of cyclonucleosides 5 and 13 are reported. The reactions were performed on modified thymidine and 2′‐deoxyadenosine substrates using (TMS)3SiH as the reducing agent. The protected 5′‐carbaldehyde 3 afforded the cyclonucleoside 4 in 85 % yield and in a diastereoisomeric ratio 4a/4b = 3:7. The mono‐desilylation at the 5′‐O position of these cyclonucleosides has been successfully achieved by UV irradiation affording quantitatively derivatives 5a and 5b. The protected 5′‐carbaldehyde 10 afforded the cyclonucleoside 12 in 70–75 % yield as a single diastereoisomer (5′R) either in deoxygenated solution, followed by in situ oxidation of the reaction mixture by chloranil, or in aerobic conditions. The photochemical 5′‐O‐desilylation of 12 has been obtained in 56 % yield affording the cyclopurine 13. The reaction mechanisms have been studied in some detail using a variant of the radical clock methodology. The C5′ radical 6 or 15, generated by addition of the (TMS)3Si· radical to the corresponding aldehyde, undergoes a 6‐exo‐trig cyclization on the base moiety prior to termination. The rate constants for both 6‐exo‐trig radical cyclizations have been estimated to be close to 105 s–1 at 86 °C, the cyclization on the purine moiety being 4–5 times faster than that on the pyrimidine group. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The energetics of wave‐driven mean flow oscillations
Authors: Wedi Nils P.
Published: September 2005

The celebrated laboratory experiment of Plumb and McEwan (J. Atmos. Sci. 1978; 35:1827–1839) represents a dynamical analogue to the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO), the dominant variability in the equatorial stratosphere. The experiment demonstrates the influence of small‐scale fluctuations on the long‐time behaviour of larger‐scale flows. In the direct numerical simulation of the laboratory experiment Wedi and Smolarkiewicz (Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 2005; 47:1369–1374) showed the occurrence of a number of internal gravity wave processes: wave reflection, wave–wave–mean flow interaction, critical‐layer formation and subsequent wave breaking, all of which are found in the atmosphere. Here, a comprehensive investigation of the energetics of wave‐driven mean flow oscillations is presented. The analysis confirms the accurate incorporation of the external forcing in the simulation, utilizing a generalized time‐dependent coordinate transformation. An available potential energy analysis (J. Fluid Mech. 1995; 289:115–128) is used to assess the process of fluid mixing and potential to kinetic energy exchange in wave–mean flow interactions. The results aid to clarify the physical mechanisms as well as the role of numerical dissipation for the onset and the development of zonal mean zonal flow oscillations and distinguish the accuracy of particular numerical choices for the simulation of wave–driven flow phenomena, i.e. flux‐form Eulerian or semi‐Lagrangian advection algorithms. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A short note on the reattachment length for BFS problem
Authors: Rajesh Kanna P. , Kumar Das Manab
Published: September 2005

The standard backward‐facing step flow problem is solved for steady state laminar case using stream function‐vorticity method. The steady state results are obtained as the asymptotic solution of the transient formulation. The primary reattachment length is studied and the discrepancy in the v velocity is reported. A method for determining appropriate locations for comparison is proposed. The energy equation is solved and found to be in good agreement with benchmark results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Horizontal equity in utilisation of care and fairness of health financing: a comparison of micro‐health insurance and user fees in Rwanda
Authors: Schneider Pia , Hanson Kara
Published: September 2005

This paper uses two methods to compare the impact of health care payments under insurance and user fees. Concentration indices for insured and uninsured groups are computed following the indirect standardisation method to evaluate horizontal inequity in utilisation of basic health care services. The minimum standard approach analyses the extent to which out‐of‐pocket health spending contributed to increased poverty. The analysis uses cross‐sectional household survey data collected in Rwanda in 2000 in the context of the introduction of community‐based health insurance. Results indicate that health spending had a small impact on the socio‐economic situation of uninsured and insured households; however, this is at the expense of horizontal inequity in utilisation of care for user‐fee paying individuals who reported significantly lower visit rates than the insured. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Value of life and behavior toward health risks: an interpretation of social capital
Authors: Folland Sherman
Published: September 2005

An individual assessing a risky job can be understood as a public good. He and each of his valued relationships place a demand for the preservation of his life and health for which he accepts a responsibility to preserve. Additional demands generally do not deplete his capacity for beneficial relationships, hence, they are nonrival. It follows that the more extensive are his relationships the greater is his social capital. Although a common metric to compare and aggregate such relationships is not practical, the paper demonstrates that the common social capital indicators can yield qualitative predictions on changes in risky behaviors in the context of conventional value of life models familiar within health economics. The individual will change his behavior toward risk upon experiencing an exogenous change in his social capital: when he marries, has children, acquires friends, or experiences a more socially active community. The empirical sections of the paper show this prediction to conform well to prior studies of micro data as well as to original empirical analysis of aggregate data. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are mental health insurance mandates effective? Evidence from suicides
Authors: Klick Jonathan , Markowitz Sara
Published: September 2005

Many states in the US have passed laws mandating insurance companies to provide or offer some form of mental health benefits. These laws presumably lower the price of obtaining mental health services for many adults, and as a result, might improve health outcomes. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of mental health insurance mandates by examining the influence of mandates on adult suicides, which are strongly correlated with mental illness. Data on completed suicides in each state for the period 1981–2000 are analyzed. Ordinary least squares and two‐stage least squares results show that mental health mandates are not effective in reducing suicide rates. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hippocampal theta rhythm: A tag for short‐term memory
Authors: Vertes Robert P.
Published: September 2005

The theta rhythm is the largest extracellular synchronous signal that can be recorded from the mammalian brain, and has been strongly implicated in mnemonic functions of the hippocampus. We advance the proposal that the theta rhythm represents a “tag” for short‐term memory processing in the hippocampus. We propose that the hippocampus receives two main types of input, theta from ascending brainstem‐diencephalo‐septal systems and “information bearing” mainly from thalamocortical and cortical systems. The temporal convergence of activity of these two systems results in the encoding of information in the hippocampus, primarily reaching it via cortical routes. By analogy to processes associated with long‐term potentiation (LTP), we suggest that theta represents a strong depolarizing influence on NMDA receptor‐containing cells of the hippocampus. The temporal coupling of a theta‐induced depolarization and the release of glutamate to these cells from intra‐ and extrahippocampal sources activates them. This, in turn, initiates processes leading to a (short‐term) strengthening of connections between presynaptic (“information bearing”) and postsynaptic neurons of the hippocampus. Theta is selectively present in the rat during active exploratory movements. During exploration, a rat continually gathers and updates information about its environment. If this information is temporally coupled to theta (as with the case of locomotion), it becomes temporarily stored in the hippocampus by mechanisms similar to the early phase of LTP (E‐LTP). If the exploratory behavior of the rat goes unreinforced, these relatively short‐lasting traces (1–3 h) gradually weaken and eventually fade—to be reupdated. On the other hand, if the explorations of the rat lead to rewards (or punishments), additional modulatory inputs to the hippocampus become activated and convert the short‐term, theta‐dependent memory, into long‐term stores. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infant mental health programs: Experimenting with innovative models—One center's experience with new program funding
Authors: Bohr Yvonne
Published: September 2005

This article describes one child and family treatment center's process of creating a long‐awaited, new infant/child early intervention program. An experimental service model is discussed in the context of the need for empirically validated assessment and intervention for very young clients in high‐risk families. Case examples and illustrations of service flow are provided. Some features of this program, such as the fact that it was set up for a seamless transition to a treatment research project, are highlighted.
Sodium valproate inhibits glucose transport and exacerbates Glut1‐deficiency in vitro
Authors: Wong Hei Yi , Chu Tsui Shan , Lai Janice Ching , Fung Kwok Pui , Fok Tai Fai , Fujii Tatsuya , Ho Yuan Yuan
Published: September 2005

Anticonvulsant sodium valproate interferes with brain glucose metabolism. The mechanism underlying such metabolic disturbance is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that sodium valproate interferes with cellular glucose transport with a focus on Glut1 since glucose transport across the blood‐brain barrier relies on this transporter. Cell types enriched with Glut1 expression including human erythrocytes, human skin fibroblasts, and rat astrocytes were used to study the effects of sodium valproate on glucose transport. Sodium valproate significantly inhibited Glut1 activity in normal and Glut1‐deficient erythrocytes by 20%–30%, causing a corresponding reduction of Vmax of glucose transport. Similarly, in primary astrocytes as well as in normal and Glut1‐deficient fibroblasts, sodium valproate inhibited glucose transport by 20%–40% (P < 0.05), accompanied by an up to 60% downregulation of GLUT1 mRNA expression (P < 0.05). In conclusion, sodium valproate inhibits glucose transport and exacerbates Glut1 deficiency in vitro. Our findings imply the importance of prudent use of sodium valproate for patients with compromised Glut1 function. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amplification loop cascade for increasing caspase activity induced by docetaxel
Authors: Cao Dongxu , Qiao Bin , Ge Zhiqiang , Yuan Yingjin
Published: September 2005

The hierarchy of events accompanying induction of apoptosis by the microtubule inhibitor docetaxel was investigated in HL‐60 human leukemia cells. Treatment of HL‐60 cells with docetaxel resulted in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of caspase‐3 (‐like) protease, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase/stress‐activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) activation, bcl‐2 phosphorylation and apoptosis. Docetaxel elicited ROS production from NADPH oxidase as demonstrated by specific oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI). ROS mediated the caspase‐3 activation and apoptosis in HL‐60 cells. The caspase inhibitor acetyl‐Asp‐Glu‐Val‐Asp‐aldehyde (Ac‐DEVD‐CHO) effectively inhibited JNK/SAPK activation, bcl‐2 phosphorylation and partially attenuated the ROS production induced by docetaxel. Docetaxel‐induced bcl‐2 phosphorylation was completely blocked by expression of dominant negative JNK or the JNK/SAPK inhibitor SP600125. Overexpression of bcl‐2 partially prevented docetaxel‐mediated ROS production and subsequent caspase‐3 activation, thereby inhibiting apoptotic cell death. It is thus conferred that such sequent events as ROS production, caspase activation, JNK/SAPK activation, bcl‐2 phosphorylation and the further generation of ROS should be parts of an amplification loop to increase caspase activity, thereby facilitating the apoptotic cell death process. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans exert positive and negative effects in Shh activity
Authors: Carrasco Héctor , Olivares Gonzalo H. , Faunes Fernando , Oliva Carlos , Larraín Juan
Published: September 2005

Hedgehog (Hh) proteins are morphogens involved in short‐ and long‐range effects during early embryonic development. Genetic analysis in fly and vertebrate embryos showed that heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are required for Hh transport and signaling. To further understand how HSPGs regulate Sonic hedgehog (Shh), we performed experiments using cell culture and biochemical assays. When the synthesis of HSPGs was reduced, a decrease in Shh activity was observed. Contrary to that, addition of a peptide that competes the binding of Shh to HSPGs resulted in augmentation of Shh activity. From these results, we concluded that HSPGs exert positive and negative effects in Shh activity. This dual effect correlates with the finding that Shh interacts preferentially with two HSPGs. The current model for the role of HSPGs in Shh diffusion is discussed in view of our findings. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Specific radial positions of centromeres of human chromosomes X, 1, and 19 remain unchanged in chromatin‐depleted nuclei of primary human fibroblasts: Evidence for the organizing role of the nuclear matrix
Authors: Petrova Natalia V. , Iarovaia Olga V. , Verbovoy Valentin A. , Razin Sergey V.
Published: September 2005

Radial positions of centromeres of human chromosomes X, 1, and 19 were determined in the nuclei of primary fibroblasts before and after removal of 60%–80% of chromatin. It has been demonstrated that the specific radial positions of these centromeres (more central for the chromosome 19 centromere and more peripheral for the centromeres of chromosomes 1 and X) remain unchanged in chromatin‐depleted nuclei. Additional digestion of nuclear RNA did not influence this specific distribution. These results strongly suggest that the characteristic organization of interphase chromosomes is supported by the proteinous nuclear matrix and is not maintained by simple repulsing of negatively charged chromosomes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein‐1 associates transiently with lipid rafts
Authors: Wu Lihua , Gonias Steven L.
Published: September 2005

The low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein‐1 (LRP‐1) is a multifunctional receptor that undergoes constitutive endocytosis and recycling. To identify LRP‐1 in lipid rafts, we biotin‐labeled cells using a membrane‐impermeable reagent and prepared Triton X‐100 fractions. Raft‐associated proteins were identified in streptavidin affinity‐precipitates of the Triton X‐100‐insoluble fraction. PDGF β‐receptor was identified exclusively in lipid rafts, whereas transferrin receptor was excluded. LRP‐1 distributed partially into rafts in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and HT 1080 cells, but not in smooth muscle cells and CHO cells. LRP‐1 partitioning into rafts was not altered by ligands, including α2‐macroglobulin, platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB, and receptor‐associated protein (RAP). To examine LRP‐1 trafficking between membrane microdomains, we developed a novel method based on biotinylation and detergent fractionation. Association of LRP‐1 with rafts was transient; by 15 min, nearly all of the LRP‐1 that was initially raft‐associated exited this compartment. LRP‐1 in the Triton X‐100‐soluble fraction, which excludes lipid rafts, demonstrated complex kinetics, with phases reflecting import from rafts, endocytosis, and recycling. Potassium depletion blocked LRP‐1 endocytosis but did not inhibit trafficking of LRP‐1 from rafts into detergent‐soluble microdomains. Our data support a model in which LRP‐1 transiently associates with rafts but does not form a stable pool. Fluid movement of LRP‐1 between microdomains may facilitate its function in promoting the endocytosis of other plasma membrane proteins, such as the urokinase receptor, which localizes in lipid rafts. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Wnt antagonist secreted frizzled‐related protein‐1 controls osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis
Authors: Bodine Peter V.N. , Billiard Julia , Moran Robert A. , Ponce‐de‐Leon Helga , McLarney Sean , Mangine Annamarie , Scrimo Melissa J. , Bhat Ramesh A. , Stauffer Barbara , Green Jack , Stein Gary S. , Lian Jane B. , Komm Barry S.
Published: September 2005

Mechanisms controlling human bone formation remain to be fully elucidated. We have used differential display‐polymerase chain reaction analysis to characterize osteogenic pathways in conditionally immortalized human osteoblasts (HOBs) representing distinct stages of differentiation. We identified 82 differentially expressed messages and found that the Wnt antagonist secreted frizzled‐related protein (sFRP)‐1 was the most highly regulated of these. Transient transfection of HOBs with sFRP‐1 suppressed canonical Wnt signaling by 70% confirming its antagonistic function in these cells. Basal sFRP‐1 mRNA levels increased 24‐fold during HOB differentiation from pre‐osteoblasts to pre‐osteocytes, and then declined in mature osteocytes. This expression pattern correlated with levels of cellular viability such that the pre‐osteocytes, which had the highest levels of sFRP‐1 mRNA, also had the highest rate of cell death. Basal sFRP‐1 mRNA levels also increased 29‐fold when primary human mesenchymal stem cells were differentiated to osteoblasts supporting the developmental regulation of the gene. Expression of sFRP‐1 mRNA was induced 38‐fold following prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) treatment of pre‐osteoblasts and mature osteoblasts that had low basal message levels. In contrast, sFRP‐1 expression was down‐regulated by as much as 80% following transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 treatment of pre‐osteocytes that had high basal mRNA levels. Consistent with this, treatment of pre‐osteoblasts and mature osteoblasts with PGE2 increased apoptosis threefold, while treatment of pre‐osteocytes with TGF‐β1 decreased cell death by 50%. Likewise, over‐expression of sFRP‐1 in HOBs accelerated the rate of cell death threefold. These results establish sFRP‐1 as an important negative regulator of human osteoblast and osteocyte survival. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enzymatic remodeling of heparan sulfate proteoglycans within the tumor microenvironment: Growth regulation and the prospect of new cancer therapies
Authors: Sanderson Ralph D. , Yang Yang , Kelly Thomas , MacLeod Veronica , Dai Yuemeng , Theus Allison
Published: September 2005

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), via their interactions with numerous effector molecules such as FGF‐2, IL‐8, and VEGF, regulate the biological activity of cells by acting as co‐receptors that promote signaling. The extent and nature of their role as co‐receptors is often misregulated in cancer as manifested by alterations in HSPG structure and expression level. This misregulation of HSPGs can aid in promoting the malignant phenotype. In addition to expression‐related changes in HSPGs, recent discoveries indicate that HSPGs localized within the tumor microenvironment can be attacked by enzymes that alter proteoglycan structure resulting in dramatic effects on tumor growth and metastasis. This review focuses on remodeling of HSPGs by three distinct mechanisms that occur in vivo; (i) shedding of proteoglycan extracellular domains from cell surfaces, (ii) fragmentation of heparan sulfate chains by heparanase, and (iii) removal of sulfates from the 6‐O position of heparan sulfate chains by extracellular sulfatases. Assessing or monitoring the remodeling of HSPGs has important implications for tumor diagnosis and patient prognosis while therapeutic manipulation of the remodeling process represents an exciting new possibility for treating cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of serotonin receptors in the regulation of spawning in the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas)
Authors: Fong Peter P. , Wall Darcie M. , Ram Jeffrey L.
Published: September 2005

The serotonin (5‐HT) receptor subtype(s) mediating spawning in the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas), was investigated by examining the efficacy of specific serotonergic ligands at stimulating or blocking spawning. The receptor profile for spawning stimulation resembled that of a vertebrate 5‐HT1 type. The rank order of potency for agonists was 5‐HT (10−3 M) = 8‐hydroxydipropylaminotetral in hydrobromide (8‐OH‐DPAT) (10−4 and 10−3 M,5‐HT1A)>5‐HT (10−4 M) > 1‐(1‐naphthyl)piperazine (1‐NP) (10−4M,5‐HT1)> m‐trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) (10−4M, 5‐HT1)> 2‐methylserotonin (10−4M, 5‐HT3)> alpha‐methylserotonin (10−4M, 5‐HT2) = dopamine (10−3M) = norepinephrine (10−3M). In contrast, 5‐HT2 receptor antagonists were the most effective at blocking both 5‐HT‐and 8‐OH‐DPAT‐induced spawning. Cyproheptadine (10−4M; a 5‐HT2 antagonist) reduced spawning in 10−3M 5‐HT and completely blocked spawning in 10−4M 5‐HT and 8‐OH‐DPAT (10−4 and 10−3M). Mianserin (10−4M; a 5‐HT2 antagonist) reduced the intensity of 5‐HT (10−4and 10−3M)‐induced male spawning and completely blocked 8‐OH‐DPAT (10−4 and 10−3M)‐induced spawning in both sexes. NAN‐190 (10−4 M;a 5‐HT1A antagonist) reduced spawning in 10−3M 8‐OH‐DPAT but was ineffective at blocking spawning in 5‐HT (10−4 and 10−3M). Propranolol (10−4M, 5‐HT1), ketanserin (10−4M, 5‐HT2), and 1‐NP (10−4M) did not significantly block 10−3M 5‐HT‐induced spawning. The rank order of antagonists was, for 5‐HT (both 10−4 and 10−3 M), cyproheptadine> mianserin > NAN‐190> propranolol> ketanserin = 1‐NP;for 8‐OH‐DPAT (10−4 and 10−3M) it was mianserin = cyproheptadine > NAN‐190. To our knowledge, this is the first 5‐HT receptor characterization for a freshwater bivalve. Our results suggest that spawning in zebra mussels is modulated by a serotonin receptor(s)whose profile is unlike any described for vertebrates. © 1993 wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation of Isotactic Polypropylene/Organoclay Nanocomposites by Solution Mixing Methodology: Structure and Properties Relationships
Authors: Avella Maurizio , Cosco Simona , Errico Maria Emanuela
Published: September 2005

Isotactic Polypropylene (iPP) based nanocomposites filled with organo‐clay nanoparticles were prepared and the relationships between their structure and properties were investigated.

Modified C16‐C18 smectite clay nanoparticles were used in order to promote matrix/filler compatibilization and to improve interfacial adhesion. X‐Ray analysis performed on the nanocomposites demonstrated that at low organo‐clay content (1 and 3% by weight) a nanostructure has been obtained, while in presence of 5% by weight of organoclay cluster regions have been formed. Mechanical tests showed that the elastic modulus increases of about 20% compared to the neat polymeric matrix value when 1 and 3% of nanofiller is added.
Characterization and Properties of Hybrid Nanoparticle “inactive and active” Metal Polymer Films
Authors: Espuche E. , David L. , Afeld J.L. , Compton J.M. , Kranbuehl D.E.
Published: September 2005

A single stage in situ process using a precursor complex has been used to create a uniform dispersion of nanoparticles. The size and interparticle distance varies with the nature of the composition of the nanoparticle and the precursor complex‐polymer system. The process was used to create a uniform dispersion of inert, lanthanum oxide, as well as reactive, palladium and silver, nanoparticles.

For all three of these low 1 percent by volume nanoparticle polymer systems significant changes occurred in a range of properties. The nanoparticles increase the glass transition, in some cases creating in addition a broader temperature range for the glass transition. They also increase the crystalline‐melting transition temperature and produce a large decrease in the per cent crystallinity in the PVDF system.

The nanoparticles decrease the gas permeability by a factor of ten or more compared to the predicted result. Further, the nanoparticles made from reactive metals to certain gases displayed unique reactive characteristics with regard to selectively changing solubility and diffusivity.
PANI‐CSA: An Easy Method to Avoid ITO Photolithography in PLED Manufacturing
Authors: Vacca Paolo , Maglione Maria Grazia , Minarini Carla , Salzillo Giovanna , Amendola Eugenio , Della Sala Dario , Rubino Alfredo
Published: September 2005

In order to optimize polymer light emitting diode (PLED) performances, devices with holes injected through an Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) / Polyaniline (PANI) electrode into the polymer are much more efficient than devices fabricated with the anode made only by ITO. We demonstrated that by using doped PANI as hole injection layer in a polymer light emitting diode the manufacturing process can become simpler. Indeed, the pattern of conductive layer can be produced without ITO photolithography by UV exposition. As hole transporter layer, Poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK) was spin coated over the doped PANI layer and a layer of tris (8‐hydroxy) quinoline aluminum (Alq3) was then thermally evaporated so as to form the electron transport layer. To complete the device structure, Aluminum contacts were deposited onto the organic layers by vacuum evaporation at low pressure. The layers were characterized by X‐ray small‐angle diffraction, IR Raman and UV‐Vis spectroscopies. Devices without PANI and with PANI as HIL were studied.
Parkinsonism and Anderson Fabry's disease: A case report
Authors: Buechner Susanne , De Cristofaro Maria Teresa Rosaria , Ramat Silvia , Borsini Walter
Published: September 2005

We describe and present a videotape of a 57‐year‐old woman admitted to our Neurological Clinic at 46 years of age due to extrapyramidal manifestations suggesting Parkinson's disease (PD) and with a brain magnetic resonance imaging scan showing multi‐infarctual leukoencephalopathy. Various investigations led to the diagnosis of Anderson Fabry's disease (AFD). We discuss the possibility of correlation between the patient's parkinsonism and AFD. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Bergman spaces of higher‐dimensional hyperbolic polyhedron‐type domains I
Authors: Constales D. , Kraußhar R. S.
Published: September 2005

In this paper we develop explicit formulas for the Green's function and the monogenic reproducing Bergman kernel function of some hyperbolic polyhedron‐type domains that generalize the fundamental domain of the modular group SL(2,ℤ) to higher dimensions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ex vivo 3D diffusion tensor imaging and quantification of cardiac laminar structure
Authors: Helm Patrick A. , Tseng Hsiang‐Jer , Younes Laurent , McVeigh Elliot R. , Winslow Raimond L.
Published: September 2005

A three‐dimensional (3D) diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) method for measuring cardiac fiber structure at high spatial resolution is presented. The method was applied to the ex vivo reconstruction of the fiber architecture of seven canine hearts. A novel hypothesis‐testing method was developed and used to show that distinct populations of secondary and tertiary eigenvalues may be distinguished at reasonable confidence levels (P ≤ 0.01) within the canine ventricle. Fiber inclination and sheet angles are reported as a function of transmural depth through the anterior, lateral, and posterior left ventricle (LV) free wall. Within anisotropic regions, two consistent and dominant orientations were identified, supporting published results from histological studies and providing strong evidence that the tertiary eigenvector of the diffusion tensor (DT) defines the sheet normal. Magn Reson Med, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
4D radial coronary artery imaging within a single breath‐hold: Cine angiography with phase‐sensitive fat suppression (CAPS)
Authors: Park Jaeseok , Larson Andrew C. , Zhang Qiang , Simonetti Orlando , Li Debiao
Published: September 2005

Coronary artery data acquisition with steady‐state free precession (SSFP) is typically performed in a single frame in mid‐diastole with a spectrally selective pulse to suppress epicardial fat signal. Data are acquired while the signal approaches steady state, which may lead to artifacts from the SSFP transient response. To avoid sensitivity to cardiac motion, an accurate trigger delay and data acquisition window must be determined. Cine data acquisition is an alternative approach for resolving these limitations. However, it is challenging to use conventional fat saturation with cine imaging because it interrupts the steady‐state condition. The purpose of this study was to develop a 4D coronary artery imaging technique, termed “cine angiography with phase‐sensitive fat suppression” (CAPS), that would result in high temporal and spatial resolution simultaneously. A 3D radial stacked k‐space was acquired over the entire cardiac cycle and then interleaved with a sliding window. Sensitivity‐encoded (SENSE) reconstruction with rescaling was developed to reduce streak artifact and noise. Phase‐sensitive SSFP was employed for fat suppression using phase detection. Experimental studies were performed on volunteers. The proposed technique provides high‐resolution coronary artery imaging for all cardiac phases, and allows multiple images at mid‐diastole to be averaged, thus enhancing the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and vessel delineation. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Labeling fibroblasts with biotin‐BSA‐GdDTPA‐FAM for tracking of tumor‐associated stroma by fluorescence and MR imaging
Authors: Granot D. , Kunz‐Schughart L.A. , Neeman M.
Published: September 2005

Fibroblasts at the tumor–host interface can differentiate into myofibroblasts and pericytes, and contribute to the guidance and stabilization of endothelial sprouts. After intravenous administration of biotin‐BSA‐GdDTPA‐FAM in mice with subcutaneous MLS human ovarian carcinoma tumors, the distribution of the macromolecular MRI/optical contrast material was confined to blood vessels in normal tissues, while it co‐registered with αSMA‐positive stroma tracks within the tumor. These αSMA‐positive tumor‐associated myofibroblasts and pericytes showed uptake of the contrast material into intracellular granules. We evaluated the use of this contrast material for in vitro labeling of tumor fibroblasts as an approach for tracking their involvement in angiogenesis. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated internalization of the contrast material, and MRI revealed a significant increase in the R1 relaxation rate of labeled fibroblasts. R1 not only remained elevated for 2 weeks in culture, it also increased with cell proliferation, indicating prolonged retention of the contrast material and subsequent intracellular processing and redistribution of the material, and thereby enhancing MR contrast. Moreover, cells that were labeled ex vivo with MR contrast material and co‐inoculated with tumor cells in mice were detected in vivo by MRI. Uptake of the contrast material was suppressed by nystatin, suggesting internalization by caveolae‐mediated endocytosis. This study shows that labeling of fibroblasts with biotin‐BSA‐GdDTPA‐FAM is feasible and would allow noninvasive in vivo tracking of fibroblasts during tumor angiogenesis and vessel maturation. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wave propagation in a simplified modelled poroelastic continuum: fundamental solutions and a time domain boundary element formulation
Authors: Schanz M. , Struckmeier V.
Published: September 2005

In finite element formulations for poroelastic continua a representation of Biot's theory using the unknowns solid displacement and pore pressure is preferred. Such a formulation is possible either for quasi‐static problems or for dynamic problems if the inertia effects of the fluid are neglected. Contrary to these formulations a boundary element method (BEM) for the general case of Biot's theory in time domain has been published (Wave Propagation in Viscoelastic and Poroelastic Continua: A Boundary Element Approach. Lecture Notes in Applied Mechanics. Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 2001.). If the advantages of both methods are required it is common practice to couple both methods. However, for such a coupled FE/BE procedure a BEM for the simplified dynamic Biot theory as used in FEM must be developed.

Therefore, here, the fundamental solutions as well as a BE time stepping procedure is presented for the simplified dynamic theory where the inertia effects of the fluid are neglected. Further, a semi‐analytical one‐dimensional solution is presented to check the proposed BE formulation. Finally, wave propagation problems are studied using either the complete Biot theory as well as the simplified theory. These examples show that no significant differences occur for the selected material. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐linear finite element analysis of mechanical electrochemical phenomena in hydrated soft tissues based on triphasic theory
Authors: Chen Yuan , Chen Xian , Hisada Toshiaki
Published: September 2005

The well‐accepted triphasic theory for modelling the mechano‐electrochemical phenomena of charged hydrated soft tissue has been limited to infinitesimal deformation problems due to the difficulty of defining a common reference configuration for the whole tissue. In this paper, an imaginary reference configuration for soft tissue under large deformation is established based on the reference configuration of a solid matrix and a Piola transformation of the relative velocities of the fluid and ionic phases. A non‐linear finite element analysis formulation is proposed by applying a weighted residual method to the reformulated governing equations of triphasic theory reformulated in the imaginary reference configuration, with the displacement of the solid, fluid flows, ionic molar flows, hydrostatic pressure, and electrical potential as the unknown variables. After verifying the proposed finite‐element formulation by comparing the results of a linear‐confined compression problem with those obtained by the finite difference method, the numerical analysis of a three‐dimensional free‐swelling problem of articular cartilage with large deformation, and a strong non‐linearity in the material properties is carried out to reproduce the curling behaviour of articular cartilage strips in vitro when submerged in solution baths of various concentrations. The results obtained by finite element analysis are in agreement with those measured experimentally. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MLS‐based variable‐node elements compatible with quadratic interpolation. Part I: formulation and application for non‐matching meshes
Authors: Cho Young‐Sam , Im Seyoung
Published: September 2005

Two‐dimensional variable‐node elements compatible with quadratic interpolation are developed using the moving least‐square (MLS) approximation. The mapping from the parental domain to the physical element domain is implicitly obtained from MLS approximation, with the shape functions and their derivatives calculated and saved only at the numerical integration points. It is shown that the present MLS‐based variable‐node elements meet the patch test if a sufficiently large number of integration points are employed for numerical integration. The cantilever problem with non‐matching meshes is chosen to check the feasibility of the present MLS‐based variable‐node elements, and the result is compared with that from the lower‐order case compatible with linear interpolation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress integration and mesh refinement for large deformation in geomechanics
Authors: Nazem Majidreza , Sheng Daichao , Carter John P.
Published: September 2005

This paper first discusses alternative stress integration schemes in numerical solutions to large‐ deformation problems in hardening materials. Three common numerical methods, i.e. the total‐Lagrangian (TL), the updated‐Lagrangian (UL) and the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) methods, are discussed. The UL and the ALE methods are further complicated with three different stress integration schemes. The objectivity of these schemes is discussed. The ALE method presented in this paper is based on the operator‐split technique where the analysis is carried out in two steps; an UL step followed by an Eulerian step. This paper also introduces a new method for mesh refinement in the ALE method. Using the known displacements at domain boundaries and material interfaces as prescribed displacements, the problem is re‐analysed by assuming linear elasticity and the deformed mesh resulting from such an analysis is then used as the new mesh in the second step of the ALE method. It is shown that this repeated elastic analysis is actually more efficient than mesh generation and it can be used for general cases regardless of problem dimension and problem topology. The relative performance of the TL, UL and ALE methods is investigated through the analyses of some classic geotechnical problems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crosslinked styrene‐maleic acid copolymer complexes of some transition metals and their adsorption behavior
Authors: Deb P. C. , Rajput L. D. , Agrawal A. K. , Singh P. K. , Hande V. , Sasane S.
Published: September 2005

Transition metal complexes of linear and crosslinked styrene‐maleic acid copolymer were prepared in ethyl alcohol. The complexes appear as micro clusters fairly uniformly distributed in the copolymer matrix. Vapor adsorption–desorption studies of the complex beads with methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), toluene and ethyl alcohol show initial fast release followed by a steady and slow release. Hydrogen adsorption at room temperature was studied for a few complexes up to about 650 torr, which showed initial slow adsorption followed by a rapid increase at about 550 torr. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid enrichment of bioactive milk proteins and iterative, consolidated protein identification by multidimensional protein identification technology
Authors: Panchaud Alexandre , Kussmann Martin , Affolter Michael
Published: September 2005

Direct injection of complex protein mixtures, e.g. those derived from crude biological fluids, is often incompatible with conventional LC supports, because of column clogging and rapid deterioration of chromatographic performance. In this paper, we report the use of restricted access media to rapidly enrich and fractionate human breast milk. This resin, combining size exclusion and anion exchange functionalities, yielded a fraction enriched in soluble CD14 and showing specific sCD14‐dependant activity. This fraction was split into five aliquots, which were individually characterized using multidimensional protein identification technology. Reproducibility of the results was addressed by analysing and comparing five datasets using different protein identification tools available within the Sequest software. Furthermore, a comparison of three major releases of the Ensembl human protein database was performed to examine the effect of database updates on our results. We report here the benefit of repeated analysis of aliquots of the same fraction: first to increase the confidence in peptide identification by repeated confirmation in several aliquots; and second to assess experimental reproducibility. We demonstrate furthermore the effect of database modifications on the results and the importance of constantly re‐analysing data with new releases to keep them consistent and up to date with the latest protein identities and predictions available.
Comparative study of protein and mRNA expression during osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Czupalla Cornelia , Mansukoski Hannu , Pursche Theresia , Krause Eberhard , Hoflack Bernard
Published: September 2005

Osteoclasts, the bone‐digesting cells, are key players in bone remodeling. To identify proteins potentially involved in osteoclast function, we analyzed the patterns of protein expression during osteoclastogenesis by2‐D DIGE. As a model system we used the mouse myeloid Raw 264.7 cell line that differentiates in vitro into osteoclasts upon treatment with specific growth factors. In 2‐D DIGE, we identified 86 up‐ and 34 down‐regulated proteins including known osteoclast differentiation markers as well as proteins regulating key cellular functions of osteoclasts such as energy production, cytoskeleton dynamics, and digestion of organic and inorganic bone matrix. Comparison of protein expression using 2‐D DIGE techniques with mRNA expression analyzed by DNA microarrays revealed essentially two groups of genes. The first group comprises genes for which differences in both mRNA and protein expressions were found. A second group covers genes whose expression was not altered at the mRNA level but whose corresponding gene products exhibited different electrophoretic mobilities, thereby revealing potential changes in post‐transcriptional processing and PTM. Thus, these combined approaches identify new potential therapeutic targets for treatment of bone diseases and provide complementary information on regulatory processes that might affect osteoclastogenesis.
Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Assay in Patients with Graves’ Disease for Prediction of Postoperative Tetany
Authors: Moriyama Taiki , Yamashita Hiroyuki , Noguchi Shiro , Takamatsu Yuji , Ogawa Takahiro , Watanabe Shin , Uchino Shinya , Ohshima Akira , Kuroki Syoji , Tanaka Masao
Published: September 2005

We measured intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) levels before and after thyroidectomy in a large group of patients to test whether changes in IOPTH can predict postoperative tetany. Subjects were 111 consecutive patients (94 females and 17 males) with Graves’ disease undergoing subtotal thyroidectomy. Blood samples for IOPTH assay were obtained after anesthesia (basal) and following skin closure (postoperative). Data were compared between patients who developed tetany (n = 9) and those who did not (n = 102). There was no significant difference in sex, age, period of antithyroid drug administration, or the weight of the thyroid between the two groups. The preoperative serum calcium level was significantly lower (p < 0.05) and the basal IOPTH significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the tetany group than in the non‐tetany group. The IOPTH level was significantly lower (p < 0.005) and the average percent decrease in IOPTH levels was higher (p < 0.001) in the tetany group than in the non‐tetany group. A decrease in IOPTH of more than 70% was shown to be 78% sensitive, 94% specific, and 93% accurate, and it has 78% positive predictive value and 94% negative predictive value for the development of tetany. Our study shows that a postoperative decrease of IOPTH level is the most predictive of postoperative tetany of the clinical risk factors investigated. We recommend IOPTH measurement as an adjunct to postoperative management of patients with Graves’ disease to assist in preventing hypocalcemia and determining the earliest time for safe discharge.