bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Mass Transfer on the Critical Conditions and the Time of the Coke Particle Ignition
Authors: Chernenko A. S. , Kalinchak V. V. , Korchagina M. N. , Darakov D. S.
Published: October 2019

The time evolution of the temperature in a coke particle during its ignition in a heated gas has been analyzed in order to analytically determine the induction period with regard for the mass transfer of oxygen to the particle surface. It is shown that the ignition process can be divided into characteristic stages. But the inflection points in the time dependence of the particle temperature do not coincide with the stage boundaries and, hence, cannot be used for their identification. When determining the end of the heating stage analytically, it is better to associate it with a temperature that is lower than the inflection temperature by one characteristic interval. When considering the further heating of the particle during the chemical reaction, the mass transfer has to be taken into account. A new method for the analytical determination of the ignition time is proposed, which makes allowance for chemical reactions and the mass transfer that simultaneously run in the transition and diffusion combustion regions.
PREVENTIVE METHODS IN REDUCTION OF MASTITIS PATHOGENS IN DAIRY COWS
Authors: Zigo FrantiÅ¡ek , Elečko Juraj , Farkašová Zuzana , Zigová Martina , Vasiľ Milan , Ondrašovičová Silvia , Lenka KudÄlkovÃ¡
Published: October 2019

Mammary gland tissue inflammation (mastitis) is the most frequent disease in dairy cattle in the world, and negatively influences the milk quality having consequences for the dairy processing industry. The aim of the study was analyze designed preventive and control methods focused to reduction of mastitis in herd of Slovak pied cattle in the east of Slovakia during two years of experiment. From 180 cows at quarterly intervals in the 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th month was performed a complex examination of health udder including an assessment clinical signs of mammary gland, abnormal udder secretions, Californian Mastitis Test (CMT) with subsequent collecting of milk samples for bacteriological examination. In the first year during the first two complex examinations, treatment of mastitis caused by coagulase positive staphylococci (S. aureus), coagulase negative staphylococci (S. haemolyticus, S. warneri, S. epidermidis) and Str. agalactiae, a reduction in prevalence from the original 41.3 % to 32.1 % was achieved. During the last two complex examinations in the first year the prevalence decreased to 25.2 % and then at the end to 21.1 %, respectively. The reduction of mastitis during the second year is characterized by a 22.1 %, 19.2 %, 12.2 % to 7.3 % mastitis, when the prevalence dropped by 5.5 %, respectively. Coagulase negative staphylococci and Str. agalactiae were the most numerous in each case during the second year and their occurrence subject to a proportional reduction. Proposed antimastitis methods and their implementation of continuous mastitis control system during two years, significantly reduced prevalence of mastitis by 34.0 % and influenced the occurrence of the most common pathogens of the mammary gland in monitored herd of dairy cows. Recorded reduction of mastitis in monitored dairy herd is an example of using available scientifically validated methods in a rationally compiled mastitis control program for the specific conditions of each dairy farm in the long period.
La construcción del capital social en los egresados de la Facultad de Artes Visuales (FAV) en Monterrey, México
Authors: Alonso González Tania Gissel , Morado Macías César
Published: October 2019

El presente artículo surge a partir de una investigación de tesis doctoral que busca describir y analizar los elementos que componen el capital social de los artistas visuales y sus etapas en el proceso de construcción. También interesa conocer cuál es el papel del capital social en su proyección profesional y cómo esto se vincula al desarrollo artístico y cultural de una ciudad industrial como Monterrey. A través de una metodología cualitativa se explora este capital en los artistas visuales egresados de la Facultad de Artes Visuales (FAV), al ser las entrevistas semiestructuradas la herramienta para desarrollar el proyecto, que se sostiene bajo un argumento central: la FAV como un pilar para la construcción del capital social de los artistas visuales de Monterrey. Desde este panorama, el principal objetivo del artículo es mostrar una síntesis de los resultados de investigación, lo cual posibilita la definición de los aspectos en el proceso de construcción de capital social, encontrados en los artistas visuales.
Fluctuaciones conceptuales. Nociones de lo teatral en las tesis de grado de tendencia teórica en la Escuela de Artes Dramáticas de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 1987-2016
Authors: Ovares Gutiérrez José Tobías
Published: October 2019

La presente historiografía analiza las fluctuaciones en el uso del concepto “teatro”, a lo largo de doce tesis de tendencia teórica para optar por el grado de licenciatura de la Escuela de Artes Dramáticas de la Universidad de Costa Rica, durante el periodo 1987-2016.
On the etiological relevance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in superficial and deep infections – a hypothesis-forming, retrospective assessment
Authors: Frickmann Hagen , Hahn Andreas , Berlec Stefan , Ulrich Johannes , Jansson Moritz , Schwarz Norbert Georg , Warnke Philipp , Podbielski Andreas
Published: October 2019

Introduction: Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are important causes of severe diseases like blood stream infections. This study comparatively assessed potential differences in their impact on disease severity in local and systemic infections.

Methods: Over a 5-year interval, patients in whom either E. coli or S. aureus was detected in superficial or primary sterile compartments were assessed for the primary endpoint death during hospital stay and the secondary endpoints duration of hospital stay and infectious disease as the main diagnosis.

Results: Significance was achieved for the impacts as follows: Superficial infection with S. aureus was associated with an odds ratio of 0.27 regarding the risk of death and of 1.42 regarding infectious disease as main diagnosis. Superficial infection with E. coli was associated with a reduced duration of hospital stay by −2.46 days and a reduced odds ratio of infectious diseases as main diagnosis of 0.04. The hospital stay of patients with E. coli was increased due to third-generation cephalosporin and ciprofloxacin resistance, and in the case of patients with S. aureus due to tetracycline and fusidic acid resistance.

Conclusions: Reduced disease severity of superficial infections due to both E. coli and S. aureus and resistance-driven prolonged stays in hospital were confirmed, while other outcome parameters were comparable.
DISTRIBUSI KAPAL IKAN PADA FASE BULAN GELAP DAN TERANG BERDASARKAN DATA SENSOR VISIBLE INFRARED IMAGING RADIOMETER SUITE (VIIRS) DI LAUT JAWA
Authors: Lumban-Gaol Jonson , Arhatin Risti Endriani , Syah Achmad Fachrudin , Kushardono Dony , Lubis Jordan Tito , Amanda Nabilla Dhani , Amanda Yustie , Octavia Widya
Published: October 2019

Kami menggunakan data harian sensor satelit Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day/Night Band (DNB) untuk pemetaan distribusi kapal-kapal ikan yang menggunakan cahaya untuk operasi penangkapan ikan selama periode 2015-2017 di Laut Jawa. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis perbedaan distribusi kapal-kapal ikan yang menggunakan cahaya untuk operasi penangkapan ikan antara fase  bulan terang dan fase bulan gelap. Survei lapangan dilakukan untuk mengetahui jenis kapal ikan yang menggunakan cahaya lampu untuk operasi penangkapan ikan. Kami menganalisis perbedaan distribusi kapal penangkap ikan antara bulan terang dan bulan gelap di Laut Jawa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah rata-rata kapal penangkap ikan menggunakan lampu untuk operasi penangkapan ikan di fase bulan terang badalah 230 unit sedangkan fase bulan gelap adalah 1.118 unit. Analisis statistik uji-t menunjukkan ada perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik antara rata-rata jumlah kapal ikan pada fase bulan terang dan bulan gelap.
Tribalism vs Cosmopolitanism as a Political Conflict of Modernity
Authors: Potulski Jakub
Published: October 2019

Current discussion on the consequences of modernity, and social effects of the ongoing globalization of the world, more and more frequently focus on the increasing number of signs of the world’s unification, and at the same time tendencies to divide it not necessarily according to the designated national borders, are becoming visible. Towards the end of the 20th century, factors conducive to integration of the world and communities that inhabit it, began to become more apparent. Integration complements, clubs and harmonizes particular spheres of human existence and activity. It is a process, during which the structure of integrating elements alters (they frequently undergo a forced change and adapt to each other) and the bond is subject to evolve. It is a dynamic process that creates new quality.
The Role of the Internet in Contemporary Democracies
Authors:   Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Poland), Musiał–Karg Magdalena
Published: October 2019

Recent worldwide convergence of telecommunication and information technologies and dynamic development of mass media lead to noticeable changes in functioning of contemporary countries and societies. Currently, modern information and telecommunication technologies (ICT) begin to play greater role and filter down to almost every field of contemporary human life becoming a very popular subject of researches. Information revolution, that is a rapid technological development, within the scope of computers, communication processes and so" ware (involving substantial decrease in the costs of processing and sharing information), is the driving force behind globalisation. As a result, many social spheres of men remain greatly influenced by modern technologies. Easy access to information (being a consequence of development of the Internet, television and mobile communications) affects millions of people in the world, and also changes rules of social life in a broader perspective. Increasingly greater social impact of telecommunication and information technologies and growing political importance of the Internet (as a form of ICT) seem to be vital arguments that substantiate the usefulness of this study. The aim was to answer question about influence of the Internet on political life, and thus its application into contemporary democracies. Answers to the above questions should be backed up with data concerning the usage of ICT (mostly the Internet) in various political processes. The further analysis include three phenomena: informing, communicating and voting.
Britain in the European Communities
Authors: Ronek Grzegorz
Published: October 2019

One of the most important factors a! ecting British politics is its membership in the European Communities, which has already had massive implications for this country. The relationship between Britain and Europe has always been problematic. In Britain there has been little enthusiasm for European integration per se, and equally little understanding of the enthusiasm felt on the continent. Europe has been seen as a menace rather than an opportunity and very few British politicians have attempted to argue (as is commonplace on the continent) that monetary union, for instance, is the only way of regaining control over financial policy.The European idea of pursuing economic integration as a means to political union has also been met with blank incomprehension, if not outright hostility. Britain has always been attempting to slow down the process of integration and, consequently, has often fallen behind and had no choice but to catch up.
The Position of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Poland on the Privatization of Shipyards between 2005 and 2008
Authors: Kamola–Cieślik Małgorzata
Published: October 2019

Shipyards plants were a significant element of Polish government marine policies between 2005 and 2008. The decision made by the Council of Ministers, aimed at taking countermeasures against the credit balance of the following companies of the ship building sector: Stocznia Gdynia S.A., Stocznia Szczecińska Nowa Sp. z o.o. (SSN) and Stocznia Gdańsk Grupa Stoczni Gdynia S.A. (Stocznia Gdańsk GSG S.A.). The only way to achieve economic stability was first through a complete overhaul of their functioning and then through a privatization process. After Poland joined the EU on 1st May, 2004, the process of restructuring these companies was being conducted using public financial aid, to which the European Commission had to give its permission. While becoming the EU member state, Poland was obliged to inform the European Commission of its intention to ! nancially help the shipyards. The Commission‘s decision in this matter depended on how it assessed the plan of restructuring these companies.
Book review: Michał Pronobis, “Polska w strefie euro” [Poland in the Eurozone], C.H. Beck Publishing Company, Warsaw 2008, pp. 182
Authors:   Jan Dlugosz Academy of Częstochowa (Poland), Kraś Ireneusz
Published: October 2019

The processes of international integration have been noticed for years. The inconvenience with currency exchange has been perceived long ago by the representatives of classical economic thought – David Ricardo and the father of the common currency idea – J. Stuart Mill. He thought there is so much barbarism in many transactions in civilized countries that almost all independent states protect themselves by keeping their own currency. Although there is some inconvenience for those countries and their neighbours.
Methodology as an important value of political science research
Authors:   University of Gdańsk (Poland), Chodubski Andrzej
Published: October 2019

In reality of getting stronger infl uence of shaping the cultural and civilization mass-media image, human studies are facing new challenges. It is observed that the mass-media are trying to replace some of the sciences, namely the political science. In the practice of cultural life, we can notice the blurring of the borders between mass-media knowledge and actual science. The media commentary of political life is trying to become a research work. The marginalization of the methodology research in the political science leads to deformation of its own science creation. In the scientific recognition of socio-political reality, the methodology is responsible for creating theories, based on defi ning terms, methodological knowledge ordering, explaining and interpreting the knowledge according to particular rules, models, paradigms, etc.
The Sixth Republic under Roh Tae Woo: The Genesis of South Korean Democracy
Authors:   Jagiellonian University in Kraków (Poland), Strnad Grażyna
Published: October 2019

The inauguration of Roh Tae Woo as president of the Sixth Republic of Korea in February 1988 can be considered as a turning point in South Korean political history. The five years of the Roh Tae Woo administration, 1988–1993, contained many of the fi rst steps, albeit sometimes transitionally imperfect, toward democracy and an ultimate return to civilian rule of law, as well as greater political freedoms. According to Samuel P. Huntington, the Korean form of democratization was an example of transplacement, in which the government made concessions and opposition political groups accepted it to avoid mutual catastrophe. Furthermore, a case can be made for the mode of democratic transition in South Korea also being like Donald Share’s transition through transaction, Terry Lynn Karl and Philippe C. Schmitter’s transition by pact, and Adam Przeworki’s democracy with guarantees.
Agenda–setting versus Freedom of Speech
Authors:   Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland), Wojtkowski Łukasz
Published: October 2019

The most important issue of this paper is contained mostly, though vaguely, in the title. What is agenda-setting and how it is related with freedom of speech domain? In further part I will try to present those, theoretically distant problems. I will also try to present how political and business organizations can affect on daily agenda, so in fact how thy can create access to free speech. There are some situations in mass media world, when those practices can be considered as internal or external censorship. In this paper I specific cases, all selected from American political and media systems. I think that US system is full of contradictions, from law confl icts (state vs federal law, First Amendment), owners of mass media competition (corporations, FCC) and finally state controlled media on the contrary to free speech (censorship).
Book review: Andrzej Antoszewski, “Parties and Party Systems in the EU Member States at the Turn of the 20th and 21st Centuries”, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2010, pp. 376
Authors: Sielski Jerzy
Published: October 2019

The book by Andrzej Antoszewski consists of three parts. The first of them is of a theoretical character. The author analyses the concept of liberal democracy, trying to present the problems connected with this issue. In the second chapter, he discusses the idea of a party as a political institution and presents how the social and cultural changes infl uence its activity. In a very interesting way, he describes the conditions in which political parties in Central and Eastern Europe were established. He wonders whether the diff erent circumstances in which they were formed have aff ected the way they operate and their mutual relations.
Book review: “Trójkąt Weimarski w Europie”, Klaus–Heinrich Standke (ed.), Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2010, pp. 951
Authors:   Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland), Marszałek–Kawa Joanna
Published: October 2019

The signifi cance of the Weimar Triangle as a platform for cooperation and solving the most important problems of continental Europe has been changing since the day it was established. Despite a number of signifi cant and spectacular achievements and answers given to the most crucial questions, there are still a lot of controversial issues in which the agreement cold not be achieved.
Book review: “What kind of information?”, Leon Dyczewski (ed.), Wydawnictwo KUL, Centrum Europejskie Natolin, Lublin–Warszawa 2009
Authors: Plewka Katarzyna
Published: October 2019

The publication “What kind of information?” was written a er conference at the same title took place in Lublin at 26 of May 2008. It was organized by Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski (Catholic Uniwersity of Lublin). Leon Dyczewski is the editor of this collection of lecture which were delivered during this conferences. This publication tries to answer the question how do we use diff erent kinds of information in media, PR, advertisements and other areas of human activity. Everyday everyone gets a lot of different information, so it is really important to make sure that this information came from safe sources. So we should demand from people who are taking, collecting, transforming and publicizing, a good quality of this product, which the information certainly is.
Saying Goodbye to Professor Mojsiewicz
Authors: Wallas Tadeusz
Published: October 2019

Although each of us is unique there is no one who could not be substituted. We can usually agree with this statement although sometimes we accept that there are exceptional individuals, though it is regretful that we do not encounter them frequently. There are people whose contribution to the life of a social group or an institution is diffi cult to replace. They integrate the group, motivate the group’s members to work better, offer a good example, willingly advise and help others, represent the ambitions of the group well, and so on. In the Poznań circle of political scientists Professor Czesław Mojsiewicz was such a fi gure. He had a tremendous infl uence on the profi le of this circle over the forty-two years of its active creation and shaping.
Between mission and commerciality. Professional journalistic standards in the modern mass media market
Authors:   Maria Skłodowska-Curie University in Lublin (Poland), Hofman Iwona
Published: October 2019

The term State appropriately reflects the dichotomous condition of contemporary journalism. The tension between the commercial and the functional side of the mass media leaves the journalist standing alone on the battlefiield facing a harsh dilemma to remain faithful to professional ethics or to give way to the pressure of ratings. In other words, striving to describe objectively, inform critically, and earnestly, leaves some space for your opponents or makes you dig out seemingly meaningful information and present it in the form of a factoid or a story that probably will not bring you closer to the truth but generates more buzz around the news and entertain the audience. It all comes down to a single choice – serious journalism versus tabloid journalism. In my opinion, it is a serious issue which has to be brought up in any discussion concerning the media. One can see it more clearly by looking closely at both notions. Serious journalism is responsible for its words, along with the awareness of the influence it has on the audience. Tabloid journalism, on the other hand, is marked by a nonchalant audience attitude. It is aware of its influence on the fans, but its impact is simplified compared to mass media doctrines, and comes down to the brutal slogan “riffraff would buy”. Though, not making a big fuss, it is worth saying that with journalism, having the meaning of a public service and letting down society, we are dealing with conflict of values and hitting rock bottom.
On formation of method in political science
Authors:   University of Gdańsk (Poland), Chodubski Andrzej
Published: October 2019

It is widely recognised, that the status of any scientific discipline is vitally determined by its methodological autonomy. These are theoretical rules on the acquirement of information about a given reality, its definitions, systematization, clarification and interpretation. It is a specific challenge with regards to political science, which stems from the subject of knowledge, the politics. This realm is known to humanity from the onset of structure-shaping and institutionalisation of social life, and since ancient times attempts at its theoretical clarification are being undertaken. It has taken an important place within philosophical thought, historical and legal analysis. This reality led to political science becoming an integrating platform for knowledge from areas of political and social philosophy, law, economy, history. This integration has made cognitive challenges superficial and as a consequence raised such questions as: is political science a scientific discipline? The unfavourable image was revealed as it was included in broad process of political education of society.
The participation of women in politics. Deliberations on the gender parity bill
Authors:   Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland), Marszałek–Kawa Joanna
Published: October 2019

Male politicians are becoming increasingly aware of the fact that women have great power. Girls account for 50% of the population of school students. Women seem to be much better at handling the financial crisis than men. The recession primarily aftected the masculine part of business – widespread layoffs hit typically male industries, such as cars, tobacco, financial services. In the U.S., men account for 80% of people who lost jobs as the result of the recent crisis. Moreover, it is women that make most decisions relating to household expenses. They are also more inclined to save up for future. They typically spend money on things like education, healthcare, food and cosmetics. They also invest in their children’s future. At present, women have about $10.5 trillion at their disposal, while men have approximately $23.4 trillion. However, this disproportion is still getting smaller. The past decade saw the distance between these two worlds constantly diminish. Women control $12 trillion out of $18.4 trillion spent by consumers every year. Moreover, the increasing number of working women – as Michael J. Silverstein points – means that their income is increasing.
60 years of diplomatic relations between Poland and the People’s Republic of China – historical review
Authors:   University of Gdańsk (Poland), Burdelski Marceli
Published: October 2019

The diplomatic relations between Poland and China had been established before World War II. The new stage in the relations has started on October 7, 1949, when Poland oficially recognized the People’s Republic of China (PRC), which was declared on October 1, 1949. Therefore, in 2009, we had two anniversaries: the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of china and the 60th anniversary of establishing the diplomatic relations between Poland and PRC. This gives the opportunity to summarize mutual relations. Those 60 years have been filled with positive stories, which had significant influence on the development of bilateral relations. However, one can also find dificult, even tragic moments during the history of these two nations. Those uneasy moments had also direct impact on mutual relations.
Human rights in the teachings and practices of Benedict XVI
Authors:   Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland), Zamojska Małgorzata
Published: October 2019

Joseph Ratzinger, chosen for the See of Peter 19 April 2005, after three years of papal ministry, may be, in my opinion, considered a worthy continuator of John Paul’s II mission, the latter described as the Human Rights Pope due to his activities in the field. The main goal of this essay is to analyze Benedict XVI’s most characteristic practices and texts, which directly refer to the issue of human rights, especially in the context of respect for and protection of human rights. The next aim is to show the contexts in which John Paul II’s great friend invokes or refers to the legacy of his eminent predecessor and to demonstrate the differences between John Paul II and Benedict XVI’s perception of the significance of human rights in the lives of contemporary societies.
The Pomeranian Region: parties and the party structure of the voivodeship sejmik after 1998
Authors:   University of Gdańsk (Poland), Słobodzian Beata
Published: October 2019

The elections are an important element of the political system; indicator of the proper functioning of a democratic state. It is also the method for selection of the persons who will hold certain positions, public ofices and will represent the interests of the electorate.
Book Review: “Political Science in Central–East Europe. Diversity and Convergence”, eds. Rainer Eisfeld, Leslie A. Pal, IPSA–AISP, Barbara Budrich Publishers (Germany), Opladen 2010, pp. 317
Authors:   Jagiellonian University in Kraków (Poland), Reichardt Iwona
Published: October 2019

In 2010, Barbara Budrich Publishers (Germany) published a book titled Political Science in Central-East Europe. Diversity and Convergence on the development and state of political science in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe. The book is a collection of 19 country reports (Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine), which, collectively, provide the much needed account on the discipline’s institutionalization throughout the region. Individual chapters – written by academic professors or lecturers – include such information as the state of research, teaching, major books and journals, international cooperation, public impact. The chapter on Polish political science was written by professor Teresa Sasinska-Klas, at the time of the publication, the President of the Polish Political Science Association.
Book Review: Łukasz Dominiak, “The value of community. Political philosophy of communitarism” [Wartość wspólnoty. O filozofi i politycznej komunitaryzmu], Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2010, pp. 351
Authors:   Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz (Poland), Karnowska Danuta
Published: October 2019

The most important ideologies of the XIX and the first half of the XX century took a stand on communities. This was expressed not only in the liberal criticism of the communal lifestyle but also in the socialist commendation; in the conservative hierachy or communist absolute equality. Invariably a community constituted one of the central categories around which concepts of life of a human being and functioning of the society were created.
The Vectors of Polish Migration in the World
Authors:   University of Gdańsk (Poland), Chodubski Andrzej
Published: October 2019

The migrations of population are considered to be one of fundamental values in the life of cultures and civilisations . They are regarded as a force that generates social and economic progress, political aspirations, a “school” of attitudes, behaviour, tolerance, entrepreneurship, criticism. At the same time it is pointed out that they should not be a spontaneous phenomena and process. It is essential to prepare oneself for functioning in an immigration reality, for various barriers reveal themselves in it and are overcome by immigrants only with effort. The psychological factor is important in this respect. A number of people encounter difficulties to adapt to a new cultural reality because of their personality (e.g. because of neuroticism, distrust towards the outside world, introvertism).
Sub–Saharan African Borderlands. Towards New Theoretical and Practical Approach to the Development of Africa
Authors:   University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (Poland), Żukowski Arkadiusz
Published: October 2019

Cooperation in terms of Afro-regions should largely be based on the experience of Euro-regions, but necessarily must take into account African specifics, especially through the use of a far greater degree of informal cross-border economy and trade. Borderlands as regions of cooperation constitute the realization of the idea of integration from the bottom. This will foster a process of open borders, which in turn will lead to a real acceleration of the integration processes. Moreover, on both sides of the border / boundaries it is possible to start the process of regional identity, especially among the young generation, which would be a kind of “resurrection” of existing links from the pre-colonial past.
The AKP in Turkey: Interior Politics and Foreign Issues
Authors:   University of Wrocław (Poland), Sus Paweł
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this paper is to make a contribution to the understanding of the domestic patterns of the political competition in Turkey. Moreover, the paper will also focus on the new doctrine of Turkish foreign policy implemented after the electoral victory of the pro-Islamic Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi – AKP) in November 2002. In this article the AKP political platform is analyzed as a moderate pro-Islamic party because of its past connections with the Islamic National Outlook Movement of Necmettin Erbakan. In literature on the topic, all the Islamic political parties were connected to the political thought of N. Erbakan and known as the organizations of the National Outlook Movement tradition (Milli Görüş Hareketi). It should be noted that on this point, the first party was the National Order Party (Milli Nizam Partisi), second, the National Salvation Party (Milli Selamet Partisi), third the Welfare Party (Refah Partisi) and fourth the Virtue Party (Fazilet Partisi).
The Essence, Premises and Perspectives of Modernisation of the European Union
Authors:   Lazarski University in Warszawa, ISP PAN (Poland), M. Fiszer Józef
Published: October 2019

Modernisation of the European Union or just another modifi cation? Such a dilemma appears regularly during all inter-governmental conferences, specially before and after approving another revision treaty for the European Union. To answer such a question, fi rst the essence and meaning of these terms has to be explained, and to do so, the best option is to refer to their etymology. And so, according to the PWN “Dictionary of Foreign Words”, ‘modification’ »latin modification = measuring« is a change, transformation, remake; a modifi ed object, while ‘modernisation’ »fr. moderne = modern« is making something modern or making something contemporary’. Therefore, modernisation shall mean a broader and deeper process, these are actions leading to radical transformations and changes as compared to modifi cation, which usually precedes modernisation. It may then be said that as far as the European Union is concerned, commencing from its origination by the Maastricht treaty of 7th February 1992 till the latest revision treaty, i.e. the Lisbon treaty which became eff ective on 1st December 2009, we only witnessed its successive (permanent) modifi cation, that is slow transformations which were generally named extension and enhancement processes. Today, after nearly twenty years of remakes and use, the European Union needs not only a radical overhaul but rather modernisation, meaning its update and adapting to contemporary times. Today, the European Union requires adaptation to challenges and requirements of the 21st century determined by acceleration and globalisation progressing within all spheres of life.
Ideological Identification of Medium–Level Party Cadres in Poland
Authors:   Free University of Brussels (Belgium), De Waele Jean–Michel , Jacuński Michał ,   University of Wrocław (Poland), Pacześniak Anna ,   University of Wrocław (Poland)
Published: October 2019

Ideologies are fundamental in categorising, defi ning and evaluating political reality. They also condition the aims inspiring actors on the political stage, constituting, as it were, a bond providing parties, social groups and societies with sets of values and convictions that unite them. We are now witnessing an evolution of traditional political ideologies, triggered off by new challenges, the changing world order, processes of globalisation and Europeanisation, while political parties in Europe seem to resign from clear–cut ideological identifi cations, opting for the pragmatic, thus maximising their voting scores and, subsequently, efficient management of the public sphere. Politics is ever more frequently perceived as a mere struggle for power, political ideas are seen as slogans serving the purpose of winning votes or popular support, while ideologies have become “goods on display”, hiding deeper meanings of political life. Yet, at the same time ideologies still retain their purpose, infl uencing the functioning of political parties or political communities.
Issue 2012 Is Electronic Voting a Panacea for Low Election Turnout? Examples of Estonian e–Elections and Swiss e–Referendums
Authors:   Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Poland), Musiał–Karg Magdalena
Published: October 2019

One of the most apparent signs of the crisis of the democratic system is a systematically decreasing turnout level in national and supranational elections and referenda. In reports and analyses concerning the level of political participation, experts more and more frequently notice a decreasing tendency of the citizen’s involvement in numerous types of elections. As Ola Pettersson points out, “according to the sources, less and less citizens appear at the ballot boxes”. Jacek Raciborski indicates that one of the most signifi cant consequences of the low citizen’s participation at the election procedures is the considerable legitimacy deficit. A number of countries attempt to prevent these phenomena from happening by undertaking various actions aimed at increasing the level of citizens’ involvement in political life (notably by increasing their participation in elections). That would infl uence the growth of the legitimacy level of the undertaken political decisions. It is worth noticing, that apart from the commonly used ways of increasing election attendance (such as correspondence voting, mobile ballot boxes), over the last few years politicians in many countries have had numerous discussions aimed at the implementation of electronic voting (e-voting). Its followers claim that thanks to e-voting, election and referenda turnout may be increased, as this method enables disabled people and people who are abroad to take part in elections. Furthermore, a considerable advantage of e voting, compared to traditional voting in polling stations is of greater convenience than the former. The aim of the following text is to attempt to provide an answer to the question whether electronic voting can be treated as a panacea for low election turnouts, whether this form of voting may be a warranty of a higher level of voter’s attendance than before. In the article, the author bases on the experience connected with e voting in two European countries – Estonia and Switzerland, which can be referred to as the pioneers in the use of e voting.
A Toruń Publishing House Two Decades Later
Authors:   Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Poland), Kosman Marceli
Published: October 2019

The 18th day of June 2010 marked the twentieth anniversary of the Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek (WAM) publishing house. It was celebrated with a concert, entitled 20 years have passed, attended by numerous eminent guests from the world of politics, academia and culture who filled the theater to the brim. In the foyer they could see an exhibition of photographs illustrating the rich history of the publishing house. I use the term ‘publishing house’ as the company fully deserves this name, which is associated with the noblest traditions of Polish editorial work. Owing to Adam Marszałek, Toruń has grown to assume the leading position in this respect, leaving in its wake both companies of long standing tradition as well as those that have emerged over the last two decades, only a handful of which have survived till the present day.
International Academic Conference Report: Contemporary Latin America . Politics – Society – Economy (Toruń, April 18–19, 2011)
Authors:   Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland), Ratke Anna
Published: October 2019

On April 18–19, 2011 the University Library in Toruń hosted an international academic conference entitled Contemporary Latin America. Politics – Society – Economy (Współczesna Ameryka Łacińska. Polityka – społeczeństwo – gospodarka). The conference was organised by the Faculty of Political Sciences and International Studies of the Nicolas Copernicus University under the honorary patronage of the Marshal of the KujawskoPomorskie Voivodeship Piotr Całbecki, the President of Toruń Michał Zaleski, the Honorary Consul of the Republic of Peru in Toruń Stanisław Rakowicz, Ph. D. and the Rector of the NCU Prof. Andrzej Radzimiński, Ph. D. The participants represented higher education facilities from all over Poland as well as the international organisation, Community of Democracies.
Book Review: Przemysław Jan Sieradzan, The Red and Brown. The Alliance of the Radical Right and Left in Present–day Russia, Warsaw: Oficyna Wydawnicza ASPR–JR, 2010
Authors: Dmochowski Tadeusz
Published: October 2019

The monograph constitutes the fourth volume of an interesting series “Power, Elites, Leadership” edited by Tadeusz Bodio. The author divided his work into six chapters, of which two initial ones, focusing on the years 1991–1993, concern historical and genetic issues. The remaining chapters are devoted to the ideological standpoints of the major political trends of “the alliance of extremes”.
Book Review: Patryk Wawrzyński, Mit kulturowy jak czynnik kształtujący stosunki międzynarodowe, Toruń: Wydawnictwo MADO, 2011, pp. 170
Authors: Ogrodowska Dagmara
Published: October 2019

Understanding cultural patterns and meaning of symbols, that show academics from George H. Mead, through Ruth Benedict, to Cliff ord Geertz, enable the cognition of human behavior and disquisition on its social importance. Commonness and universality of the cultural studies prove that the Humanities’ center of gravity moved from describing the natural and material to explaining the cultural and inter-subjective.
Globalization — Politics — Education
Authors:   University of Gdańsk (Poland), Chodubski Andrzej
Published: October 2019

In the contemporary world, the development of education is given special importance. Education is considered as a basic force of civilization changes. Interdisciplinary education, focused on innovation, is seen as a necessary challenge to cultural changes. The level of education is becoming an increasingly important factor in determining the economic, political and social behaviour as well as values shaping systems. Currently, educational challenges are of interest to different actors of cultural life. They draw attention to the types of education, institutional arrangements, curricula, the teachers image, educators and students, teaching methods, forms of extracurricular education, financial aspects, etc. These issues are awakening big disputability, and even controversy, both political factors, responsible for shaping educational policy and public opinion, including teachers and researchers interested in various aspects of education. There is on the one hand – pursuance to preserve tradition, cultivating patterns developed in the historical process and enrich them through the elements of civilization challenges and on the other hand – promotes belief in the need for education outgoing to meet civilization challenges of education called modern, rejecting the existing patterns of development; moreover, in a Polish cultural reality, the traditional school model is known as a little – friendly institution for teacher and student.
The Need for New Research on Terrorism
Authors:   Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Poland), Wojciechowski Sebastian
Published: October 2019

Terrorist attacks in various parts of the world evidence’s what a complex and dangerous problem we are facing, even though a great number of states and organizations have committed themselves to combating it, deploying a variety of resources and mechanisms for this purpose. Ne vertheless, there is no fully efficient method or system to counter terrorism. It is no use hoping that it will emerge soon (or ever), either. Therefore, combating terrorism resembles the struggle of the ‘global community’ with a globally operating enemy.
Compulsory Partnership Activities: the Biggest Challenges for Local Governments in the Local Democracy in France. The Case of the Implementation of the Local Directive on Advertising (RLP)
Authors:   University of Franche-Comté in Besançon (France), Morin Fabrice , Marszałek–Kawa Joanna ,   Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland)
Published: October 2019

The 5th French Republic was established after a period of parliamentary instability of the 4th Republic. It emerged from the concept of Charles de Gaulle, who presented its main ideas in his speech in Bayeux in 1946. As researchers indicate, the Constitution of the 5th Republic of 1958 met a wave of criticism after it came into force. For some it meant the introduction of the authoritarian political system in the state; others saw it as a system that will stabilize the situation in France and will prompt its development. It must also be noted that, although the French constitution has been amended a few times, its structure has never been questioned – even when some politicians changed their political stance and electorate. It is also worth pointing out that the critics of the existing political system focus on the excessive centralization of power in the executive bodies and on the minor role of public opinion in the formation of state ss policy. It should be noted here that until the constitutional reform of 2008, only the executive branch had initiated a referendum.
Political Paranoia – a Rule or a Chance?
Authors:   Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce (Poland), Miernik Rafał , Kasińska–Metryka Agnieszka ,   Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce (Poland)
Published: October 2019

Politics is a particular field of social activity where accusing an opponent of mental incapacitation occurs as a frequent element of the conducted narrative. Moreover, public opinion discrediting a profession of a politician is very eager to question the mental health of political actors. Vocabulary used in the public is a vital testimony of societies attitude towards people with mental disorders. However, we refer paranoia to personality traits of individuals while political paranoia refers to reaction to events, facts or to the way it is seen by individuals or groups. The authors do not have any ambition to carry out a psychological analysis of politicians. What is intriguing is the issue of using political paranoia (searching for enemies, tracking plots, fighting in defence of ideals, irrational justifi - cation of failures) in the group spectrum for elections. What is also intriguing is the answer to the question whether politicians are paranoid, or it is a well planned election strategy which aims to identify an opponent to consolidate a group of voters around the leader.
Britain's Membership in the European Communities and the European Union
Authors:   John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (Poland), Ronek Grzegorz
Published: October 2019

One of the most important factors affecting British politics is its membership to the European Communities (EC) and latter the European Union (EU), which has already had massive implications for this country. Th e relationship between Britain and Europe has always been problematic. In Britain there has been little enthusiasm for European integration per se, and equally little understanding of the enthusiasm felt on the continent. Europe has been seen as a menace rather than an opportunity and very few British politicians have attempted to argue (as is commonplace on the continent) about monetary union, for instance, it is the only way of regaining control over financial policy. The European idea of pursuing economic integration as a means to political union has also been met with blank incomprehension, if not outright hostility. Britain has always been attempting to slow down the process of integration and, consequently, has often fallen behind and had no choice but to catch up. However, the portrayal of Britain as a “difficult partner” or “laggard leader” in European affairs is only partly justified. Based on its specific understanding of national sovereignty, Britain has developed a much more pragmatic and instrumental approach towards Europe than most of its partners on the continent. Nevertheless, the country was a strong driving force in favor of integration in many crucial policy fields like the single market or trade policy. According to Alan Milward, the process of European integration entails “pooling” the sovereignty in order to protect national interests and extend national governments’ control of their own destinies. In Britain, contrary to the continent, national interests dictated a different line and it was only when exclusion from the Communities appeared to threaten them that the then British government began to accept the need for membership. The very different motivation behind British entry ensured that the British aims inside the Communities would be limited or “defensive”. The most controversial aspect of Britain’s membership of the EC has always related to “erosion” of its sovereignty.
The Dominant Position of China in the Global Economy
Authors:   Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Poland), Jaroszewska Beata
Published: October 2019

After a few decades of transformation China is becoming a major contender for the number two position in the world. Is it really possible? Will China balance the power of the United States? Today the United States supremacy is so great that it seems to be undeniable. The situation was similar at the end of the twentieth century when U.S. domination was obvious and any other reality was hard to imagine. Recently though, more and more often America’s political decisions are criticised. A few decades ago, in Beijing a new idea was developed. The essence of that idea was to transform the People’s Republic of China into a superpower. Since China was very vast and densely populated, but mostly a poor and backward country, it was a very daring vision. Years of consistent and painful reforms changed the way the world is looking at China, even though some of them were not accepted by international opinion.