In-situ measurements of natural radioactivity levels in the gold mine tailings dams of the West Rand District, South Africa.
Authors: Moshupya Paballo , Abiye Tamiru , Korir Ian 
Published: March 2022

&lt;p&gt;Human activities such as mining and processing of naturally occurring radioactive materials have a potential to result in enhanced radioactivity levels in the environment. In South Africa, there has been extensive mining of gold and uranium which produced large mine tailings dams that are highly concentrated with radioactive elements. The purpose of this study was to carry out a preliminary survey on a large scale to assess the activity concentrations of &lt;sup&gt;238&lt;/sup&gt;U, &lt;sup&gt;232&lt;/sup&gt;Th and &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;K in mine tailings, soils and outcropping rocks in the West Rand District in South Africa. This was done to better understand the impact of the abandoned mine tailings on the surrounding soil. This study employed in-situ gamma spectrometry technique to measure the activity concentrations of &lt;sup&gt;238&lt;/sup&gt;U, &lt;sup&gt;232&lt;/sup&gt;Th and &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;K. The portable BGO SUPER-SPEC (RS-230) spectrometer, with a 6.3 cubic inches Bismuth Germanate Oxide (BGO) detector was used for in-situ measurements. In mine tailings the activity concentrations for &lt;sup&gt;238&lt;/sup&gt;U, &lt;sup&gt;232&lt;/sup&gt;Th and &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;K were found to range from 209.95 to 2578.68 Bq/kg, 19.49 to 108.00 Bq/kg and 31.30 to 626.00 Bq/kg, respectively. In surface soil, the activity concentration of &lt;sup&gt;238&lt;/sup&gt;U for all measurements ranged between 12.35 and 941.07 Bq/kg, with an average value of 59.15 Bq/kg. &lt;sup&gt;232&lt;/sup&gt;Th levels ranged between 12.59 and 78.36 Bq/kg, with an average of 34.91 Bq/kg. For &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;K the average activity concentration was found to be 245.64 Bq/kg, in a range of 31.30 - 1345.90 Bq/kg. For the rock samples analyzed, average activity concentrations were 32.97 Bq/kg, 32.26 Bq/kg and 351.52 Bg/kg for &lt;sup&gt;238&lt;/sup&gt;U, &lt;sup&gt;232&lt;/sup&gt;Th and &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;K, respectively. The results indicate that higher radioactivity levels are found in mine tailings than in rocks and soils. &lt;sup&gt;238&lt;/sup&gt;U was found to contribute significantly to the overall activity concentration in tailings dams as compared to &lt;sup&gt;232&lt;/sup&gt;Th and &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;K. It has been observed that the mine tailings have a potential to impact on the activity concentration of &lt;sup&gt;238&lt;/sup&gt;U in soil in the immediate vicinity. However, on a regional scale it was found that the radioactivity levels in surface soil mainly depend on the radioelement concentration of the underlying rocks. The contamination is only confined to areas where mine tailings materials are washed off and deposited on surface soils in close proximity to tailings sources. This serves as an indication that the migration of uranium from tailings dams is localized and occurs within short distances. It is recommended that further radiological monitoring be conducted in areas found to have elevated concentration of uranium-238.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords&lt;/strong&gt;-In-situ gamma-ray spectrometry, Mine tailings, Radioactivity, Soil.&lt;/p&gt;