bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notes d'étymologie grecque
Authors: Carnoy Albert
Published: October 2013

L'auteur présente des explications de mots grecs encore obscurs, en se basant uniquement sur les lois phonétiques de l'idiome hellénique. Il s'agit notamment de κόσμος Ένοάλιος, μέροπες, ἠλύσιον, λαοί, ἰχώρ, οἴη, πύξος, τζρἴνοζ, σίδη, σϋκον, ράξ, ἄπιον, σκολυμος, μαλάχη, etc.
Thétis, Hestia et Athéna
Authors: Jouan François
Published: October 2013

La légende d'Hestia dans l'Hymne Homérique à Aphrodite, v. 21-30, est calquée sur le mythe de Thétis, tel qu'il était développé dans les Catalogues hésiodiques. A son tour, Euripide s'est souvenu de ces vers de l'Hymne dans les Troyennes, v. 979-981, en évoquant le vœu de virginité d'Athéna.
Le songe de Xerxès et le rite babylonien du substitut royal (Étude sur Hérodote, VII 12-18)
Authors: Germain Gabriel
Published: October 2013

En racontant le songe et l'apparition qui troublent Xerxès au moment de commencer la deuxième guerre médique, Hérodote n'a pas saisi la logique profonde de ce récit, et ses commentateurs modernes ne semblent pas non plus l'apercevoir. L'oncle du roi y joue le rôle de « substitut royal », personnage attesté tout au long de la tradition babylonienne. Il suffit de se reporter à cette coutume religieuse pour retrouver le fil de l'histoire. Celle-ci est donc née à Babylone plutôt qu'en Perse.
Influenza della tradizione dei Sette Savi sulla « Vita di Solone » di Plutarco
Authors: Paladini Maria Luisa
Published: October 2013

L'esame particolareggiato dei passi della Vita solonea di Plutarco nei quali il personaggio spicca in qualità di Savio, e la constatazione che vi trova posto anche la trattazione di alcuni Savi tradizionali, nonchè il confrontο con le notizie trasmesse da altri autori, inducono a stabilire in questa biografia un influsso della tradizione dei Sette Savi, e a supporre che Plutarco abbia fatto uso, tra le altre, di una fonte specifica su questi ultimi, fonte presumibilmente ellenistica e, in particolare, d'impronta peripatetica. Al proposito si avanza l'ipotesi, corroborate da parecchi indizi, che possa trattarsi del Περί τῶν σοφῶν di Ermippo, il cui nome fu preso in considerazione anche da altri studiosi.
La représentation de la vieillesse dans les fragments 1, 2 et 5 (éd. West) de Mimnerme et dans les poèmes homériques
Authors: Galhac Sylvie
Published: October 2013

Le présent article a pour but de mettre au jour, à partir des fragments 1,2 et 5, la manière dont Mimnerme construit, par le biais de références constantes aux poèmes homériques, une représentation de la vieillesse rigoureusement opposée à celle qu'en offrent ces derniers. Ainsi, le poète élégiaque non seulement choisit, par rapport aux poèmes homériques, de présenter la vieillesse sous un jour entièrement négatif et de la dépeindre pour elle-même mais surtout la détache totalement des valeurs héroïques auxquelles elle est liée dans l'épopée : considérant les plaisirs amoureux comme le seul but valable de l'existence, il fait de la vieillesse un mal à la fois insupportable et incontournable, semblable à une première forme de mort pire encore que la mort elle-même. Ce faisant, il opère, par rapport à l'épopée, un net resserrement sur l'individu que la vieillesse atteint dans toute la profondeur de son être. Le propos du poète, on l'aura compris, est à la fois nouveau, profondément pessimiste et éminemment provocant.
Aphrodite à Délos : culte privé et public à l'époque hellénistique
Authors: Durvye Cécile
Published: October 2013

Cette communication, prononcée le 5 décembre 2005 lors d'une séance de l'Association des Études grecques, a pour objet de proposer une synthèse de nos connaissances sur le culte d'Aphrodite à Délos à l'époque hellénistique. Ce culte revêt trois formes principales. Un culte public donnant lieu à des fêtes, les Aphrodisia, est pratiqué pendant toute la période de l'Indépendance délienne (314-167 av. J.-C). Parallèlement, un culte présentant de forts caractères familiaux est fondé à la fin du ive siècle par un Délien nommé Stèsiléos ; pendant l'Indépendance, les descendants du fondateur continuent à intervenir dans ce culte localisé dans un sanctuaire construit par Stèsiléos. À l'époque de la domination athénienne, on ne sait si le culte public persiste ; le sanctuaire de Stèsilos en revanche connaît une fréquentation accrue, mais son public s'est modifié.
Byzance et les Philippe de Macédoine
Authors: Dumitru Adrian
Published: October 2013

Deux passages de Denys et de Frontin concernant le siège de Byzance par le roi Philippe de Macédoine sont assez énigmatiques. Nous proposons de les rattacher non à Philippe II, comme on le fait d'ordinaire, mais à Philippe V et d'en tirer toutes les conclusions qui peuvent s'en suivre, c'est-à-dire l'attaque de ce roi contre Byzance puis la sortie de la cité de la guerre en 200/199 par la conclusion d'un accord de paix séparée avec Philippe V. Ceci exclut donc l'hypothèse d'un traité entre Rome et Byzance au temps de la IIe Guerre de Macédoine.
La terminologie du livre : à propos des emplois d'ὕφος et ἔδαφος dans deux passages de Galien
Authors: Manetti Daniela
Published: October 2013

Analyse des mots ὕφος et ἕδαφος qu'on trouve dans deux passages de Galien (ἕδαφος comme variante) et que les dictionnaires interprètent pareillement en lui donnant le sens de « texte », comme « miroir d'écriture ». Sur la base d'une étude comparée de l'histoire des deux mots, on trouve que ἕδαφος fait partie d'une terminologie précise, utilisée à partir de la philologie hellénistique (et même par Galien dans d'autres passages), pour décrire la page écrite et le rapport entre les colonnes d'écriture et les marges, tandis que ὕφος est utilisé pour désigner le « texte » lui-même à cause de son sens de base « tissu » et ne montre une relation avec ἕδαφος et la terminologie du livre qu'assez tard, à l'époque byzantine. Un problème textuel se pose parce qu'au moins dans un des deux passages de Galien la tradition manuscrite est partagée entre ὕφος et ἕδαφος.
L' Archidamos d'Isocrate : une politique de l'espace et du temps
Authors: Azoulay Vincent
Published: October 2013

Isokrates' Archidamos is an energetic appeal to oppose Messenia's secession from Sparta following the defeat at Leuktra in 371 BC. The speech has generally been interpreted either as growing out of the immediate political context, or as a gratuitous rhetorical exercise. By contrast, I suggest that the Archidamos stages a concrete problem in order to raise a fundamental issue of Greek political theory, that of a city's relation to its territory. Isokrates relies on a number of past examples to illustrate his argument. My study proposes that two frames of reference should be added, Xenophon's Anabasis, and a political and religious institution, the Spartan Krypteia. These links allow us to understand better why Isokrates picks the young prince Archidamos as his mouthpiece.
César et Lépide au pays des Lestrygons : à propos d'un passage corrompu du cinquième livre des Guerres civiles d'Appien d'Alexandrie
Authors: Etienne Maud
Published: October 2013

Historien de Rome et citoyen romain, Appien d'Alexandrie, qui vécut au IIe siècle de notre ère, est aussi un rhéteur et un érudit grec éprouvant de l'intérêt pour le passé historique et mythique de l'Hellade. En témoigne un passage du livre V des Guerres Civiles jusqu'alors considéré comme un locus desperatus : les manuscrits disent que, à la veille de la bataille de Nauloque, César et Lépide firent leur jonction dans «le territoire des Παλοαστηνῶν ». Nous proposons de corriger en πάλαι Λαιστρυγόνων et de traduire par « la terre ayant autrefois appartenu aux Lestrygons ». En évoquant ainsi le peuple mythique immortalisé par Homère, Appien, sans s'écarter de l'exactitude historique, retrace avec l'élégance d'un rhéteur les opérations de ravitaillement effectuées par les deux chefs d'armée dans les plaines fertiles de Léontini.
Optimization of solution-processed oligothiophene:fullerene based organic solar cells by using solvent additives
Authors: Schulz Gisela L , Urdanpilleta Marta , Fitzner Roland , Brier Eduard , Mena-Osteritz Elena , Reinold Egon , Bäuerle Peter
Published: October 2013

The optimization of solution-processed organic bulk-heterojunction solar cells with the acceptor-substituted quinquethiophene DCV5T-Bu4 as donor in conjunction with PC61BM as acceptor is described. Power conversion efficiencies up to 3.0% and external quantum efficiencies up to 40% were obtained through the use of 1-chloronaphthalene as solvent additive in the fabrication of the photovoltaic devices. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy investigations of the photoactive layer gave insight into the distribution of donor and acceptor within the blend. The unique combination of solubility and thermal stability of DCV5T-Bu4 also allows for fabrication of organic solar cells by vacuum deposition. Thus, we were able to perform a rare comparison of the device characteristics of the solution-processed DCV5T-Bu4:PC61BM solar cell with its vacuum-processed DCV5T-Bu4:C60 counterpart. Interestingly in this case, the efficiencies of the small-molecule organic solar cells prepared by using solution techniques are approaching those fabricated by using vacuum technology. This result is significant as vacuum-processed devices typically display much better performances in photovoltaic cells.
Flexible synthesis of anthracycline aglycone mimics via domino carbopalladation reactions
Authors: Leibeling Markus , Werz Daniel B
Published: October 2013

A synthesis of anthracycline aglycone derivatives is described. The key step utilizes a powerful domino carbopalladation approach and subsequent ring closure. During this process two of the four rings of the anthracycline scaffold are formed. Differently substituted carbohydrates and dialkyne chains serve as versatile and simple starting materials for the reaction sequence. Diverse building blocks lead to a variety of different products and a broad range of structural diversity.
USE OF RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE: A REVIEW
Authors: Safiuddin Md. , Alengaram Ubagaram Johnson , Rahman Md. Moshiur , Salam Md. Abdus , Jumaat Mohd. Zamin
Published: October 2013

The use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in concrete as partial and full replacements of natural coarse aggregate is growing interest in the construction industry, as it reduces the demand for virgin aggregate. In addition, the use of RCA leads to a possible solution to the environmental problem caused by concrete waste and reduces the negative environmental impact of the aggregate extraction from natural resources. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the use of RCA in concrete based on the experimental data available in the published research. The most important physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of RCA are discussed in this paper. However, more emphasis has been given to discuss the effects of RCA on the fresh and hardened properties and durability of concrete. This paper also identifies the gaps existing in the present state of knowledge on RCA and RCA concrete and provides some recommendations for future research.
EFFICIENT THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELLING OF HIGH-RISE BUILDING STRUCTURES
Authors: Jameel Mohammed , Islam A. B. M. Saiful , Khaleel Mohammed , Amirahmad Aslam
Published: October 2013

A multi-storey building is habitually modelled as a frame structure which neglects the shear wall/slab openings along with the inclusion of staircases. Furthermore, the structural strength provided by shear walls and slabs is not precisely incorporated. With increasing building height, the effect of lateral loads on a high-rise structure increases substantially. Inclusion of shear walls and slabs with the frame leads to improved lateral stiffness. Besides, their openings may play imperative role in the structural behaviour of such buildings. In this study, 61 multi-storey building configurations have been modelled. Corresponding analyses are performed to cope with the influence of shear walls, slabs, wall openings, masonry walls and staircases in addition to frame modelling. The finite element approach is used in modelling and analysis. Structural responses in each elemental combination are evaluated through equivalent static and free vibration analyses. The assessment reveals that inclusion of only slab components with frame modelling contributes trivial improvement on structural performance. Conversely, the presence of shear wall slabs with frame improves the performance noticeably. Increasing wall openings decreases the structural responses. Furthermore, it is not recommended to model staircases in addition to frame–slab–shear wall modelling, unless the effect of wall openings and slab openings is adequately considered.
BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE PLATE GIRDERS WITH PARTIAL INTERACTION
Authors: Yatim Md Y. , Shanmugam Nandivaram E. , Badaruzzaman Wan
Published: October 2013

This paper is concerned with the behaviour and strength of composite plate girders in which, the interaction between the steel plate girder and concrete slab is partial. Based on curvature compatibility principle, an approximate method is proposed from which, the shear capacity and deflection at any given load may be determined. The tension field action developed in web panels at the post-buckling stage is incorporated in the solutions. From the results obtained by using the proposed method, it is found that the flexural stiffness and failure load drop with decrease in degree of interaction. Comparisons are made between the results obtained through the proposed method and the corresponding ones from finite element analysis. A satisfactory correlation between the results in terms of behaviour and strength establishes the accuracy of the proposed method.
A DIAGNOSTIC EXPERT SYSTEM TO OVERCOME CONSTRUCTION PROBLEMS IN RIGID HIGHWAY PAVEMENT
Authors: Mosa Ahmed Mancy , Taha Mohd Raihan , Ismail Amiruddin , Rahmat Riza Atiq O. K.
Published: October 2013

Constructing highway pavements faces complex problems, which are affected by multiple factors, where solution is nearly impossible without expert assistance. Diagnosing such construction problems and suggesting most suitable cost efficient solutions requires significant engineering expertise, which might not be available in all construction sites due to inadequate resource and remote locations. Developing an expert system in this domain is a very effective way to help novice engineers to overcome these problems and to learn about them. Moreover, the system can be used as an archive to document engineering knowledge and to share expertise among the experts in this domain. This article describes the development and evaluation stages of such a system, including knowledge acquisition, knowledge representation, system building, and system verification and validation. The initial knowledge is acquired from literature reviews. More expert knowledge is elicited through interviews and questionnaires. This knowledge is documented, analyzed, represented, and converted to computer software using the Visual Basic programming language and the system is called ES-CCPRHP. The system has been verified and validated in three ways: by extensive testing, comparison between system performance and expert reasoning, and case study. It can therefore be employed with confidence by end users.
Miguel Domingo, editor de la Aurora Patriótica Mallorquina (1812-1813)
Authors: Rodríguez Morín Felipe
Published: October 2013

Nous pensons que la personnalité de Miguel Domingo n’a pas été appréciée à sa juste valeur, ni lorsqu’il était à la tête de la Aurora Patriótica Mallorquina, ni par la suite. Il en va de même aujourd’hui, où il fait encore l’objet d’une indifférence généralisée et, à notre avis, injustifiée. L’objet de cette étude est de pallier cette carence en recherchant les traces qu’il a laissées dans la Aurora et qui constituent, de toute évidence, un legs bien plus important que ce que l’on croyait jusqu’ à présent. Ses efforts continuels pour chanter et diffuser les mérites de la Constitution, sa constante volonté de propager les droits et les libertés des citoyens, son combat, enfin, contre une religion mal comprise, font de lui l’un des principaux chantres du libéralisme, à cette époque, brève mais intense, où l’Espagne s’entrouvre sur la lumière de la liberté. Mettant à profit cette période, et pendant un peu plus d’un an et demi, la Aurora Patriótica Mallorquina, avec Miguel Domingo à sa tête, s’érige en un phare imposant du haut duquel est diffusée une idéologie politique rénovatrice.
Construction durable : expertise et contre-expertise d’architectes
Authors: Neuwels Julie
Published: October 2013

L’institutionnalisation du développement durable dans le domaine de l’architecture induit diverses transformations dans le recours à l’expertise, à propos desquelles les architectes arborent des positions hétérogènes. Certains d’entre eux constituent des supports aux évolutions des politiques publiques, et tendent dès lors à être considérés comme des experts. D’autres, au contraire, doutent de, voire contestent, l’orientation normative qui s’en suit, par opposition ils peuvent être appréhendés comme de potentiels experts de l’expertise. Ces doutes sont considérés comme relevant d’un problème d’information, voire d’inertie au changement, par les pouvoirs publics qui ne cherchent dès lors pas à en tirer des enseignements. Visant à éclairer ces divergences d’opinions et de positions en matière de supports à l’action publique, la présente contribution aborde deux objets : l’implémentation de l’instrument de certification passive dans la politique énergétique bruxelloise, et les arguments d’architectes sceptiques, voire contestataires, ayant eux-mêmes réalisé un ou plusieurs bâtiments passifs. La confrontation de ces deux objets d’analyse met en évidence des divergences d’appréhension des notions de développement durable et d’architecture.
Programmed Death 1–Mediated T Cell Exhaustion during Visceral Leishmaniasis Impairs Phagocyte Function
Authors: Esch Kevin J. , Juelsgaard Rachel , Martinez Pedro A. , Jones Douglas E. , Petersen Christine A.
Published: October 2013

Control of Leishmania infantum infection is dependent upon Th1 CD4+ T cells to promote macrophage intracellular clearance of parasites. Deficient CD4+ T cell effector responses during clinical visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are associated with elevated production of IL-10. In the primary domestic reservoir of VL, dogs, we define occurrence of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell exhaustion as a significant stepwise loss of Ag-specific proliferation and IFN-γ production, corresponding to increasing VL symptoms. Exhaustion was associated with a 4-fold increase in the population of T cells with surface expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) between control and symptomatic populations. Importantly, exhausted populations of CD8+ T cells and to a lesser extent CD4+ T cells were present prior to onset of clinical VL. VL-exhausted T cells did not undergo significant apoptosis ex vivo after Ag stimulation. Ab block of PD-1 ligand, B7.H1, promoted return of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell function and dramatically increased reactive oxygen species production in cocultured monocyte-derived phagocytes. As a result, these phagocytes had decreased parasite load. To our knowledge, we demonstrate for the first time that pan-T cell, PD-1–mediated, exhaustion during VL influenced macrophage-reactive oxygen intermediate production. Blockade of the PD-1 pathway improved the ability of phagocytes isolated from dogs presenting with clinical VL to clear intracellular parasites. T cell exhaustion during symptomatic canine leishmaniasis has implications for the response to vaccination and therapeutic strategies for control of Leishmania infantum in this important reservoir species.
Horkos [oath] and the sacrament of language – The purloined letter
Authors: Meylahn Johann-Albrecht
Published: October 2013

The article will bring a reading of Agamben’s interpretation of horkos [oath] in the Sacrament of language, a reading of Derrida’s faith as the grammar of language, into conversation with Lacan’s interpretation of Poe’s ‘The purloined letter’ by taking into consideration the context of this reading: South Africa. South Africa is a multilingual context in the fullest sense of the word ‘multilingual’, and as such, it is faced with the dilemma of a corrupt postal system. The postal system is a metaphor for the system of communication where messages are sent and received. This postal system is corrupt as the sender and receiver of messages are not sacramentally bound by the same oath, and therefore the letters are doomed to be purloined. Derrida’s différance and the grammar of faith transcends the various languages and the various oaths as the quasi-transcendental condition for the sacrament of language, thereby opening a sacred space to encounter the inevitable corruption of the postal service.
Gendered representations of fatherhood in contemporary South African church imagery from three Afrikaans corporate churches
Authors: Koenig-Visagie Leandra H. , Van Eeden Jeanne
Published: October 2013

The South African secular media do not frequently portray men in parental roles; on the other hand, it seems that media and visual culture created by the Christian sector is more likely to engage with issues of fatherhood. Accordingly, it is relevant to explore representations of fatherhood in the Christian context, as these constitute some of the few examples of men�s parental roles in the South African visual culture landscape. Through a Barthean visual semiotic analysis, this article describes and problematises the representation (and non-representation) of certain aspects of fatherhood in the recent visual culture of three Afrikaans corporate churches in the Pretoria-Centurion area. It further establishes that strong connections between breadwinning, male headship and fatherhood exist in images created by these churches. Fathers are mainly shown as patriarchs, heads of households and as active outdoor adventurers. We argue that although men are depicted as involved parents, there are certain limitations and exclusions to this involvement.
Unitary Equivalence and Similarity to Jordan Models for Weak Contractions of Class C0
Authors: Clouâtre Raphaël
Published: October 2013

We obtain results on the unitary equivalence of weak contractions of class C0 to their Jordan models under an assumption on their commutants. In particular, our work addresses the case of arbitrary finite multiplicity. The main tool in this paper is the theory of boundary representations due to Arveson. We also generalize and improve previously known results concerning unitary equivalence and similarity to Jordan models when the minimal function is a Blaschke product.
The link between atmospheric radicals and newly formed particles at a spruce forest site in Germany
Authors: Bonn B. , Bourtsoukidis E. , Sun T. S. , Bingemer H. , Rondo L. , Javed U. , Li J. , Axinte R. , Li X. , Brauers T. , Sonderfeld H. , Koppmann R. , Sogachev A. , Jacobi S. , Spracklen D. V.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. It has been claimed for more than a century that atmospheric new particle formation is primarily influenced by the presence of sulphuric acid. However, the activation process of sulphuric acid related clusters into detectable particles is still an unresolved topic. In this study we focus on the PARADE campaign measurements conducted during August/September 2011 at Mt. Kleiner Feldberg in central Germany. During this campaign a set of radicals, organic and inorganic compounds and oxidants and aerosol properties were measured or calculated. We compared a range of organic and inorganic nucleation theories, evaluating their ability to simulate measured particle formation rates at 3 nm in diameter (J3) for a variety of different conditions. Nucleation mechanisms involving only sulphuric acid tentatively captured the observed noon-time daily maximum in J3, but displayed an increasing difference to J3 measurements during the rest of the diurnal cycle. Including large organic radicals, i.e. organic peroxy radicals (RO2) deriving from monoterpenes and their oxidation products in the nucleation mechanism improved the correlation between observed and simulated J3. This supports a recently proposed empirical relationship for new particle formation that has been used in global models. However, the best match between theory and measurements for the site of interest was found for an activation process based on large organic peroxy radicals and stabilized Criegee intermediates (sCI). This novel laboratory derived algorithm simulated the daily pattern and intensity of J3 observed in the ambient data. In this algorithm organic derived radicals are involved in activation and growth and link the formation rate of smallest aerosol particles with OH during daytime and NO3 during nighttime. Because of the RO2s lifetime is controlled by HO2 and NO we conclude that peroxy radicals and NO seem to play an important role for ambient radical chemistry not only with respect to oxidation capacity but also for the activation process of new particle formation. This is supposed to have significant impact of atmospheric radical species on aerosol chemistry and should to be taken into account when studying the impact of new particles in climate feedback cycles.
Estimating Asian terrestrial carbon fluxes from CONTRAIL aircraft and surface CO2 observations for the period 2006 to 2010
Authors: Zhang H. F. , Chen B. Z. , van der Laan-Luijkx I. T. , Machida T. , Matsueda H. , Sawa Y. , Fukuyama Y. , Labuschagne C. , Langenfelds R. , van der Schoot M. , Xu G. , Yan J. W. , Zhou L. X. , Tans P. P. , Peters W.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Current estimates of the terrestrial carbon fluxes in Asia ("Asia" refers to lands as far west as the Urals and is divided into Boreal Eurasia, Temperate Eurasia and tropical Asia based on TransCom regions) show large uncertainties particularly in the boreal and mid-latitudes and in China. In this paper, we present an updated carbon flux estimate for Asia by introducing aircraft CO2 measurements from the CONTRAIL (Comprehensive Observation Network for Trace gases by Airline) program into an inversion modeling system based on the CarbonTracker framework. We estimated the averaged annual total Asian terrestrial land CO2 sink was about −1.56 Pg C yr−1 over the period 2006–2010, which offsets about one-third of the fossil fuel emission from Asia (+4.15 Pg C yr−1). The uncertainty of the terrestrial uptake estimate was derived from a set of sensitivity tests and ranged from −1.07 to −1.80 Pg C yr−1, comparable to the formal Gaussian error of ±1.18 Pg C yr−1 (1-sigma). The largest sink was found in forests, predominantly in coniferous forests (−0.64 Pg C yr−1) and mixed forests (−0.14 Pg C yr−1); and the second and third large carbon sinks were found in grass/shrub lands and crop lands, accounting for −0.44 Pg C yr−1 and −0.20 Pg C yr−1, respectively. The peak-to-peak amplitude of inter-annual variability (IAV) was 0.57 Pg C yr−1 ranging from −1.71 Pg C yr−1 to −2.28 Pg C yr−1. The IAV analysis reveals that the Asian CO2 sink was sensitive to climate variations, with the lowest uptake in 2010 concurrent with summer flood/autumn drought and the largest CO2 sink in 2009 owing to favorable temperature and plentiful precipitation conditions. We also found the inclusion of the CONTRAIL data in the inversion modeling system reduced the uncertainty by 11% over the whole Asian region, with a large reduction in the southeast of Boreal Eurasia, southeast of Temperate Eurasia and most Tropical Asian areas.
Unconstrained, robust Kalman filtering for GNSS troposphere tomography
Authors: Rohm W. , Zhang K. , Bosy J.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The mesoscale variability of water vapour (WV) in the troposphere is a highly complex phenomenon and modeling and monitoring the WV distribution is a very important but challenging task. Any observation technique that can reliably provide WV distribution is essential for both monitoring and predicting weather. GNSS tomography technique is a powerful tool that builds upon the critical ground-based GNSS infrastructure – Continuous Operating Reference Station (CORS) networks and can be used to sense the amount of WV. Previous research suggests that 3-D WV field from GNSS tomography has an uncertainty of 1 hPa. However all the models used in GNSS tomography heavily rely on a priori information and constraints from non-GNSS measurements. In this study, 3-D GNSS tomography models are investigated based on an unconstrained approach with limited a priori information. A case study is designed and the results show that unconstrained solutions are feasible by using a robust Kalman filtering technique and effective removal of linearly dependent observations and parameters. Discrepancies between reference wet refractivity data derived from the Australian Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model (i.e. ACCESS) and the GNSS tomography model using both simulated and real data are 4.2 ppm (mm km−1) and 6.5 ppm (mm km−1), respectively, which are essentially in the same order of accuracy. Therefore the accuracy of the integrated values should not be worse than 0.06 m in terms of zenith wet delay and the integrated water vapour is a fifth of this value which is roughly 10 mm.
Simultaneous PMC and PMSE observations with a ground-based lidar and SuperDARN HF radar at Syowa Station, Antarctica
Authors: Suzuki H. , Nakamura T. , Ejiri M. K. , Ogawa T. , Tsutsumi M. , Abo M. , Kawahara T. D. , Tomikawa Y. , Yukimatu A. S. , Sato N.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. A Rayleigh–Raman lidar system was installed in January 2011 at Syowa Station, Antarctica (69.0° S, 39.6° E). Polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) were detected by lidar at around 22:30 UTC (LT −3 h) on 4 February 2011, which was the first day of observation. This was the first detection of PMCs over Syowa Station by lidar. On the same day, a Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) HF radar with oblique-incidence beams detected polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) between 21:30 and 23:00 UTC. This event is regarded as the last PMC activity around Syowa Station during the austral summer season (2010–2011), since no other PMC signals were detected by lidar in February 2011. This is consistent with results of PMC and mesopause temperature observations by satellite-born instruments of AIM (Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere)/CIPS (Cloud Imaging and Particle Size) and AURA/MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) and horizontal wind measurements taken by a separate MF radar. Doppler velocity of PMSE observed by the HF radar showed motion toward Syowa Station (westward). This westward motion is consistent with the wind velocities obtained by the MF radar. However, the PMSE region showed horizontal motion from a north-to-south direction during the PMC event. This event indicates that the apparent horizontal motion of the PMSE region can deviate from neutral wind directions and observed Doppler velocities.
Phosphate supply explains variation in nucleic acid allocation but not C : P stoichiometry in the Western North Atlantic
Authors: Zimmerman A. E. , Martiny A. C. , Lomas M. W. , Allison S. D.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Marine microbial communities mediate many biogeochemical transformations in the ocean. Consequently, processes such as primary production and carbon (C) export are linked to nutrient regeneration and are influenced by the resource demand and elemental composition of marine microbial biomass. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that differential partitioning of element resources to various cellular components can directly influence overall cellular elemental ratios, especially with respect to growth machinery (i.e., ribosomal RNA) and phosphorus (P) allocation. To investigate whether allocation to RNA is related to biomass P content and overall C : P biomass composition in the open ocean, we characterized patterns of P allocation and C : P elemental ratios along an environmental gradient of P-supply in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre (NASG) from 35.67° N 64.17° W to 22.67° N 65.52° W. Because the NASG is characterized as a P-stressed ecosystem, we hypothesized that biochemical allocation would reflect sensitivity to bioavailable P, such that greater P supply would result in increased allocation toward P-rich RNA for growth. We expected these changes in allocation to also result in lower C : P ratios with increased P supply. In contrast to our predictions however, bulk C : P ratios were decoupled from allocation to nucleic acids and did not vary systematically across a P supply gradient of 2.2–14.7 μmol m–2 d–1. Overall, we found that C : P ratios ranged from 188–306 along the transect, and RNA represented only 6–12% of total particulate P, whereas DNA represented 11–19%. However, we did find that allocation to RNA was positively correlated with SRP supply rate, suggesting a consistent physiological response in biochemical allocation to resource supply within the whole community. These results suggest that community composition or non-nucleic acid P pools may influence ecosystem scale variation in C : P stoichiometry more than nucleic acid allocation or prevailing environmental conditions in diverse marine microbial communities.
Mangroves in peril: unprecedented degradation rates of peri-urban mangroves in Kenya
Authors: Bosire J. O. , Kaino J. J. , Olagoke A. O. , Mwihaki L. M. , Ogendi G. M. , Kairo J. G. , Berger U. , Macharia D.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Marine ecosystems are experiencing unprecedentedly high degradation rates than any other ecosystem on the planet, which in some instances are up to four times that of rainforests. Mangrove ecosystems have especially been impacted by compounded anthropogenic pressures leading to significant cover reductions of between 35 and 50% (equivalent to 1–2% loss pa) for the last half century. The main objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that peri-urban mangroves suffering from compounded and intense pressures may be experiencing higher degradation rates than the global mean (and/or national mean for Kenya) using Mombasa mangroves (comprising of Tudor and Mwache creeks) as a case study. Stratified sampling was used to sample along 22 and 10 belt transects in Mwache and Tudor respectively, set to capture stand heterogeneity in terms of species composition and structure in addition to perceived human pressure gradients using proximity to human habitations as a proxy. We acquired SPOT (HRV/ HRVIR/ HRS) imageries of April 1994, May 2000 and January 2009 and a vector mangrove map of 1992 at a scale of 1 : 50 000 for cover change and species composition analysis. Results from image classification of the 2009 image had 80.23% overall accuracy and Cohen's Kappa of 0.77, thus proving satisfactory for use in this context. Structural data indicate that complexity index (CI) which captures stand structural development was higher in Mwache at 1.80 compared to Tudor at 1.71. From cover change data, Tudor had lost 86.9% of the forest between 1992 and 2009, compared to Mwache at 45.4% representing very high hitherto undocumented degradation rates of 5.1 and 2.7% pa, respectively. These unprecedentedly high degradation rates, which far exceed not only the national mean (for Kenya of 0.7% pa) but the global mean as well, strongly suggest that these mangroves are highly threatened due to compounded pressures. Strengthening of governance regimes through enforcement and compliance to halt illegal wood extraction, improvement of land-use practices upstream to reduce soil erosion, restoration in areas where natural regeneration has been impaired, provision of alternative energy sources/building materials and a complete moratorium on wood extraction especially in Tudor creek to allow recovery are some of the suggested management interventions.
A model of potential carbon dioxide efflux from surface water across England and Wales using headwater stream survey data and landscape predictors
Authors: Rawlins B. G. , Palumbo-Roe B. , Gooddy D. C. , Worrall F. , Smith H.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Measurements of CO2 partial pressures (pCO2) in small headwater streams are useful for predicting potential CO2 efflux because they provide a single concentration representing a mixture from different hydrological pathways and sources in the catchment. We developed a model to predict pCO2 in headwater streams from measurements undertaken on snapshot samples collected from more than 3000 channels across the landscape of England and Wales. We used a subset of streams with upstream catchment areas (CA) of less than 8 km2 because below this scale threshold pCO2 was independent of CA. A series of catchment characteristics were found to be statistically significant predictors of pCO2 including three geomorphic variables (mean altitude, mean catchment slope and relief) and four groups of dominant catchment land cover classes (arable, improved grassland, suburban and all other classes). We accounted for year-round, temporal variation in our model of headwater pCO2 by including weekly or monthly analyses of samples from three headwater catchments with different land use and geomorphic features. Our model accounted for 24% of the spatial and temporal variation in pCO2. We calculated monthly long-term (1961–1990) average flow volumes (litres) on a 1 km grid across England and Wales to compute potential C fluxes to the atmosphere. Our model predicts an annual average potential C flux of 60.8 kt C across England and Wales (based on free C concentrations), with lower and upper 95% confidence values of 52.3 and 71.4 kt C, respectively.
Focal mechanisms in the Southern Aegean from temporary seismic networks – implications for the regional stress field and ongoing deformation processes
Authors: Friederich W. , Brüstle A. , Küperkoch L. , Meier T.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The lateral variation of the stress field in the southern Aegean plate and the subducting Hellenic slab is determined from recordings of seismicity obtained with the CYCNET and EGELADOS networks in the years from 2002 to 2007. First motions from 7000 well-located earthquakes were analysed to produce 540 well-constrained focal mechanisms. They were complemented by another 140 derived by waveform matching of records from larger events. Most of these earthquakes fall into 16 distinct spatial clusters distributed over the southern Aegean region. For each cluster, a stress inversion could be carried out yielding consistent estimates of the stress field and its spatial variation. At crustal levels, the stress field is generally dominated by a steeply dipping compressional principal stress direction except in places where coupling of the subducting slab and overlying plate come into play. Tensional principal stresses are generally subhorizontal. Just behind the forearc, the crust is under arc-parallel tension whereas in the volcanic areas around Kos, Columbo and Astypalea tensional and intermediate stresses are nearly degenerate. Further west and north, in the Santorini-Amorgos graben and in the area of the islands of Mykonos, Andros and Tinos, tensional stresses are significant and point around the NW–SE direction. Very similar stress fields are observed in western Turkey with the tensional axis rotated to NNE–SSW. Intermediate depth earthquakes below 100 km in the Nisyros region indicate that the Hellenic slab experiences slab-parallel tension at these depths. The direction of tension is close to east-west and thus deviates from the local NW-oriented slab dip presumably owing to the segmentation of the slab. Beneath the Cretan sea, at shallower levels, the slab is under NW–SE compression. The lateral and depth variations of the stress field reflect the various agents that influence tectonics in the Aegean: subduction of the Hellenic slab, incipient collision with continental African lithosphere, roll back of the slab in the south-east, segmentation of the slab, arc volcanism and extension of the Aegean crust.
Recent mass balance of the Purogangri Ice Cap, central Tibetan Plateau, by means of differential X-band SAR interferometry
Authors: Neckel N. , Braun A. , Kropáček J. , Hochschild V.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Due to their remoteness, altitude and harsh climatic conditions, little is known about the glaciological parameters of ice caps on the Tibetan Plateau. This study presents a geodetic mass balance estimate of the Purogangri Ice Cap, Tibet's largest ice field between 2000 and 2012. We utilized data from the actual TerraSAR-X mission and its add-on for digital elevation measurements and compared it with elevation data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. The employed data sets are ideal for this approach as both data sets were acquired at X-band at nearly the same time of the year and are available at a fine grid spacing. In order to derive surface elevation changes we employed two different methods. The first method is based on differential synthetic radar interferometry while the second method uses common DEM differencing. Both approaches revealed a slightly negative mass budget of −44 ± 15 and −38 ± 23 mm w.eq. a−1 (millimeter water equivalent) respectively. A slightly negative trend of −0.15 ± 0.01 km2 a−1 in glacier extent was found for the same time period employing a time series of Landsat data. Overall, our results show an almost balanced mass budget for the studied time period. Additionally, we detected one continuously advancing glacier tongue in the eastern part of the ice cap.
The Critical Manifesto: Marx and Engels, Haraway, and Utopian Politics
Authors: Weeks Kathi
Published: October 2013

The essay focuses on the manifesto as a utopian genre and presents the category of the critical manifesto as a way to understand some of its internal differences. The analysis centers on a comparison between a traditional example of the form, Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto, and a critical version that rethinks both the form itself and the content of its claims, namely, Haraway's “Manifesto for Cyborgs.” Moylan's concept of the critical utopia will be borrowed to explicate Haraway's further development of the traditional manifesto's form and content.
The Green Anarchist Utopia of Robert Nichols's Daily Lives in Nghsi-Altai
Authors: Jaeckle Daniel P.
Published: October 2013

Robert Nichols's Daily Lives in Nghsi-Altai is a highly acclaimed but infrequently studied series of four novels from the 1970s. With a political structure consisting of communes, syndicates, and federations as well as a mixed economy and a highly developed ecological theory and practice, Nghsi-Altai offers a green anarchist utopia as an alternative to a misguided “America.” Yet the society faces potentially destabilizing problems from within, and the writing is sufficiently self-conscious to classify the utopia of the tetralogy as critical rather than programmatic.
Utopian Experimentation and Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray
Authors: Fritz Morgan
Published: October 2013

Oscar Wilde's only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890), has often been viewed as an extension of the escapist aestheticist doctrine of his critical essays and of his utopian vision put forth in “The Soul of Man Under Socialism.” Taking the novel as an instance of a bargain-with-the-devil tale, this essay explores the possibility that, in Dorian Gray, Wilde subjected his abstract utopianism to a concrete fictional experiment, finding it wanting in terms of its omission of the social consequences of self-development through Individualism.
‘Do larger molars and robust jaws in early hominins represent
dietary adaptation?’ A New Study in Tooth Wear
Authors: Clement Anna , Hillson Simon
Published: October 2013

Diet imposes significant constraints on the biology and behaviour of animals. The
fossil record suggests that key changes in diet have taken place throughout the
course of human evolution. Defining these changes enables us to understand the
behaviour of our extinct fossil ancestors. Several lines of evidence are
available for studying the diet of early hominins, including craniodental
morphology, palaeoecology, dental microwear and stable isotopes. They do,
however, often provide conflicting results. Using dental macrowear analysis,
this new UCL Institute of Archaeology project will provide an alternative source
of information on early hominin diet. Dental macrowear has often been used to
analyse diet in archaeological populations, but this will be the first time that
this type of detailed study has been applied to the early hominin fossil
record.
Reflections on the 1943 ‘Conference on the Future of
Archaeology’
Authors: Moshenska Gabriel
Published: October 2013

At the height of the Second World War the Institute of Archaeology hosted a
conference in London to map out the post-war future for archaeology. Over a
bank-holiday weekend in August 1943 several hundred archaeologists –
amateurs, professionals, academics, civil servants and refugees – debated
the future of archaeology. The discussion ranged across fields as diverse as the
British Schools of Archaeology abroad, Islamic urban archaeology, licences for
excavators, and the need for a national card-index of archaeological sites. Two
themes loomed over the event: the question of state funding and control of
archaeology caused considerable controversy; whereas the need for greater public
engagement and education in archaeology enjoyed near-universal approval. Today
the proceedings of the conference are a rich, illuminating and often amusing
snapshot of British archaeology at a pivotal moment in its development.
Přehledové studie: jejich typologie, funkce a způsob vytváření
Authors: Mareš J.
Published: October 2013

Studie seznamuje čtenáře s tím, jak napsat kvalitní přehledovou studii, která by shrnula soudobé poznatky o zvoleném výzkumném tématu. Cílem studie je předložit typologii přehledových studií; charakterizovat různé funkce, jež mohou jednotlivé typy přehledových studií plnit; ukázat, jak se má postupovat při výběru témat, při přípravě podkladů a při vlastním sepisování přehledové studie. V první části je představeno 11 typů přehledových studií, jak těch obecně známých, tak i méně známých. Ve druhé části je podán stručný přehled žánrů, které nepatří do kategorie přehledových studií. Třetí část charakterizuje rozdílné funkce, které přehledové studie plní (usnadňují porozumění předkládanému výzkumu, jsou přínosem pro autora studie, pro vývoj oboru, pro ostatní badatele). Čtvrtá část textu přibližuje problémy, před nimi stojí autor při volbě tématu pro přehledovou studii a nabízí možná řešení. Pátá část shrnuje postup při přípravě podkladů pro přehledovou studii (rešerše literatury, zúžení prvotního výběru prací, kritické čtení, analýza textů, tvorba přehledových tabulek). Šestá část nabízí rady, jak postupovat při samotném sepisování přehledové studie. Tam, kde je to účelné, jsou vedle doporučení, jak správně postupovat, zmiňovány i typické chyby, jichž by se měl autor vyvarovat. Ve vyspělých zemích mají zájemci k dispozici tři typy materiálů, které učí studenty a mladé vědecké pracovníky, jak mají psát přehledové studie. Jsou to doporučení, která lze nalézt na webových stránkách univerzit (obvykle v rámci tzv. Writing Centres), jsou k dispozici časopisecké články na toto téma anebo vycházejí obsáhlejší příručky. V České republice zatím takový soubor doporučení nebyl k dispozici. Předkládaný přehled se snaží tuto mezeru zaplnit. Kromě obecných rad a doporučení je přehled doplněn konkrétními ukázkami.