bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Little Lord Fauntleroy and the Evolution of American Boyhood
Authors: Carlson Katherine L.
Published: January 2010

This paper evaluates late nineteenth and early twentieth-century definitions of idealized childhood through an analysis of the rapid rise and fall of Frances Hodgson Burnett’s Little Lord Fauntleroy . The 1886 novel of a British-born and American-bred author, Little Lord Fauntleroy tells the story of an American-raised child whose British grandfather suddenly calls him to England to become an earl. Fauntleroy’s initial popularity, the paper argues, can be credited to his embodiment of concepts of innocent childhood found in lingering constructions of the Romantic child still flourishing on both sides of the Atlantic. The essay explores how in the early twentieth-century United States, such ideals came to be considered threats to nationalism because they smacked of an allegedly degenerate effeminacy caused by over-civilization. Though the infamously frilly Fauntleroy suit is actually only briefly described in the novel, it was widely marketed to early readers, and this paper contends that it became a straw man read in contrast to teleological conceptions of U.S. identity which venerated constructions of rugged, rebellious male adolescence as evidence of America’s rightful place at the pinnacle of social evolution. The paper concludes that the drama of Little Lord Fauntleroy ’s reception history suggests that the enormous cultural capital of the figure of the child stems from the way in which the transience and dependency of childhood exposes it to continual social repurposing under the cover of outwardly timeless essentialism.
Between Households: Children in Blended and Transitional Households in Late-Medieval England
Authors: Maddern Philippa
Published: January 2010

The predominance of the nuclear family in England since the fourteenth century and the concomitant theory that English children normatively lived with their families of origin at least until adolescence has been an article of belief almost unquestioned in late-medieval English historiography over the past forty years. Studies of late-medieval childhood have, in fact, rarely analyzed the lived situations of medieval children, instead primarily addressing the literary or prescriptive representations of childhood or children’s (mostly upper-class boys’) education. This paper throws such assumptions and approaches into question. I analyze accounts of the situations of both boys and girls aged under thirteen, from a wide range of social backgrounds, embedded in the records of church courts and Chancery and Papal Petitions in the period 1350–1500. I argue that a range of factors—most notably death of a parent and illegitimate birth—rendered children liable to be shifted from household to household, often outside their nuclear family altogether. These situations may not have been rare; analysis of records of Inquisitions Post Mortem shows that in nearly twenty percent of a large sample of late-medieval English families, at least one parent died before the eldest child of the couple was thirteen. Furthermore, death of a father, or illegitimacy where the parents were either clerics or servants, could send children into a great range of non-nuclear family situations—short-term wardships with strangers, underage marriages, a variety of boarding arrangements. Hence, though our sources do not allow a rigorous statistical study of the numbers of late-medieval English children living outside (or between) nuclear families, they enable us better to appreciate the mobility of children outside the nuclear family and bring into view the great range of household situations in which they lived.
Double Exposures: Twin Sisters’ Autobiographies and the Experience of Twinship
Authors: Halevi Sharon
Published: January 2010

The article considers how twins discursively negotiated and performed their twinship over the twentieth century through an examination of the jointly written narratives of self of three sets of identical, female, American twins. These years witnessed a shift in the academic, medical, and lay attitudes toward twins—a historical and social shift that I argue is reflected in their narratives and in their perceptions of self. Taken together these three joint autobiographies suggest that researchers’ findings regarding the movement of twins along a scale from compliance to contestation to denial is also a temporal movement, reflecting a gradual shift in social and gender expectations regarding twinship. The article sheds light on the history of the lived experience of twinship, in particular that of female twins, and reflects on a more general historical evolution of twentieth-century women’s performance of their individuality. After an introduction to the six women and their narratives of self, I turn to outline how each set of twins presented their twinship and individuality in their narrative. I conclude by considering some aspects concerning the historicity and gendering of twinship.
Acosmism or Weak Individuals?: Hegel, Spinoza, and the Reality of the Finite
Authors: Melamed Yitzhak Y.
Published: January 2010

Like many of his contemporaries, Hegel considered Spinoza a modern reviver of ancient Eleatic monism, in whose system “all determinate content is swallowed up as radically null and void.” This characterization of Spinoza as denying the reality of the world of finite things had a lasting influence on the perception of Spinoza in the two centuries that followed. In this article, I take these claims of Hegel to task and evaluate their validity. Although Hegel’s official argument for the unreality of modes in Spinoza’s system will turn out to be unsound, I do believe there is one crucial line in Spinoza’s system—Spinoza’s rather weak and functional conception of individuality—thats provides some support for Hegel’s reading of Spinoza.
Spinoza’s Model of Human Nature
Authors: Youpa Andrew
Published: January 2010

Commentators are divided over the cognitive status of Spinoza’s model of human nature: the free man. In this paper I defend an interpretation on which the idea of the free man is an inadequate idea from one perspective and an adequate idea from another. Regarded as the idea of a perfectly free finite thing, the idea of the free man is incoherent and, as a result, inadequate. However, regarded as the idea of the perfection of our nature and power, the idea of the free man is a way of conceiving God and, as a result, an adequate idea.
John Duns Scotus on God’s Knowledge of Sins: A Test-Case for God’s Knowledge of Contingents
Authors: Frost Gloria
Published: January 2010

This paper discusses Scotus’s view of how God knows sins by analyzing texts from his discussions of God’s permission of sin and predestination. I show that Scotus departed from his standard theory of how God knows contingents when explaining how God knows sins. God cannot know sins by knowing a first-order act of his will, as he knows other contingents according to Scotus, since God does not directly will sins. I suggest that Scotus’s recognition that his standard theory of God’s knowledge of contingents could not account for how God knows sins may have contributed to his ultimate rejection of this theory.
Having Locke’s Ideas
Authors: Stuart Matthew
Published: January 2010

Our understanding of Locke’s theory of ideas is stymied by his reticence about what he means by ‘idea’. I attempt to work around the problem by focusing on some neglected questions that afford us a better picture of his theory. I ask not what his ideas are, but what kinds of states or episodes he counts as someone’s having an idea, and what is involved in having simple and complex ideas. I argue that although we can make sense of much of what he says about having simple and complex ideas, he is muddled about simplicity and complexity.
Seeing Through Images: The Bottom of Plato’s Divided Line
Authors: Dominick Yancy Hughes
Published: January 2010

In this paper I defend a reading of eikasia (the lowest condition in the soul
described on the divided line of Republic VI) as the viewing of an image as an image; this
condition need not involve any confusion of image and original. The “standard reading” of
eikasia , on which experiencing this state involves mistaking images for originals, is
unsatisfactory, despite the fact that it offers an attractive account of the relation of the line and the
cave. The initial description of eikasia makes the suggestion that Socrates believes that anyone
consistently mistakes images for originals implausible. Furthermore, the similarity later described
between eikasia and dianoia , the third highest state on the line, supports the claim that
eikasia can sometimes involve the successful study of an object through its image. After
outlining my view of eikasia and explaining these arguments against the “standard” view, I
return to the cave and attempt a pairing of the line and the cave that accords with my account of
eikasia .
Tokugawa Defense Redux: Organizational Failure in the Phaeton Incident of 1808
Authors: Wilson Noell
Published: January 2010

This article analyzes the response of local actors to the Phaeton incident of 1808 to illustrate how ambiguous distribution of military responsibility impeded effective maritime defense in Tokugawa Japan. By situating the response as a product of the evolution of military organization in Nagasaki dating to 1640, this essay offers a new picture of the harbor's security as a deliberate, long-term system instead of ad hoc responses to periodic threats. Finally, it explores how the post- Phaeton focus on material improvements to harbor defenses, instead of more precisely defining military organization, reflected tensions between custom and rule of law pervading the Tokugawa state.
The Novel's Other: Detective Fiction and the Literary Project of Tsubouchi Shōyō
Authors: Saito Satoru
Published: January 2010

This essay considers the intricate connection between detective fiction and the novel in the latter half of the 1880s through an examination of Tsubouchi Shōyō's literary project. A central figure in the articulation of the notion of the modern novel, Shōyō was also one of the first Japanese authors to experiment with detective fiction, translating Anna Katharine Green's XYZ as Nisegane tsukai in 1887. By reading his theoretical and fictional works in conjunction with this translation, I argue that the detective fiction genre played a critical role in legitimating the inherent contradiction in Shōyō's theory of the modern novel between its promotion of the moral author and the unethical potential of his mission.
A Comparative Study of Tenkō : Sata Ineko and Miyamoto Yuriko
Authors: Cullen Jennifer
Published: January 2010

How can we account for the very different reactions to political oppression of two prominent women writers in the proletarian literature movement in Japan? Scholars have dismissed Sata Ineko's tenkō as a practical response to quotidian demands while casting Miyamoto Yuriko's courageous refusal to compromise as enabled by her husband's example. In this essay, I attempt to go beyond explanations that rely on the differences between their personal lives and material conditions, focusing instead on their understandings of class identity, gender, and authorship. These issues affected not only their behavior under political persecution but their literary style, subject matter, and authorial voice.
Democratic Triumph, Scholarly Pessimism
Authors: Gilley Bruce
Published: January 2010

By any measure, democratization has achieved remarkable advances over the past twenty years. Why, then, have so many of the leading works written on the topic during this period been so full of gloom?
Democracy's Past and Future: Authoritarianism's Last Line of Defense
Authors: Schedler Andreas
Published: January 2010

Abstract: The new electoral authoritarian regimes of the post–Cold War era have formally adopted the full panoply of liberal-democratic institutions. Rather than rejecting or repressing these institutions, they manipulate them.
Democracy's Past and Future: The Crash of '08
Authors: Whitehead Laurence
Published: January 2010

Abstract: The short-term political impact of the economic crisis has been less dramatic than initially expected, but it may have lasting effects on the "quality" of democracy, including the legitimacy of prevailing financial institutions.
Democracy's Past and Future: Transitions to the Rule of Law
Authors: Fukuyama Francis
Published: January 2010

Abstract: While we have witnessed many transitions to multiparty systems, it has proven much harder for countries to attain a genuine rule of law. We need to know more about the origins of the rule of law in order to promote it successfully today.
Democracy's Past and Future: Schmitter's Retrospective - A Few Dissenting Notes
Authors: O'Donnell Guillermo
Published: January 2010

Abstract: Another coauthor of Transitions from Authoritarian Rule questions whether his former collaborator is underrating the current dangers to democracy.
Democracy's Past and Future: Why Democracy Needs a Level Playing Field
Authors: Levitsky Steven , Way Lucan A.
Published: January 2010

Abstract: In some countries, democratic competition is undermined less by electoral fraud or repression than by a skewed playing field—unequal access to state institutions, resources, and the media.
Democracy's Past and Future: Why Are There No Arab Democracies?
Authors: Diamond Larry
Published: January 2010

Abstract: Democracy has held its own or gained ground in just about every part of the world except for the Arab Middle East. Why has this crucial region remained such infertile soil for democracy?
Democracy's Past and Future: Still Bowling Alone? - The Post-9/11 Split
Authors: Sander Thomas H. , Putnam Robert D.
Published: January 2010

Abstract: The crisis of the 9/11 terrorist attacks has sparked a surge of increased civic engagement by young people in the United States, but there is also evidence of a growing divide along class lines.
Democracy's Past and Future: Populism, Pluralism, and Liberal Democracy
Authors: Plattner Marc F.
Published: January 2010

Abstract: In recent years, scholars have begun to focus on the sources of "authoritarian resilience." But democracy has also shown surprising resilience, in part because the disorders to which it is prone tend to counteract each other.
John Locke on Conversation with Friends and Strangers
Authors: Yeo Richard
Published: January 2010

John Locke did not write an ‘essay’ on the standard humanist topic of friendship; yet his letters, notebooks, and major works contain significant reflections on it, if not a systematic position. This article considers what Locke thought about the importance of conversation, often paired in humanist writings with the ideal of a perfect friendship between two equals. He entertained a version of this notion, asserting that best friends must be lovers of truth, but also valued informal exchanges with strangers as sources of new information and ideas. For Locke, conversation with both friends and strangers was a necessary instrument in the pursuit of truth.
Familiar Epistolary Philosophy: Margaret Cavendish’s Philosophical Letters (1664)
Authors: Barnes Diana
Published: January 2010

The autobiographical terms in which Margaret Cavendish’s writing is often read obscure the degree to which she engaged with her intellectual heritage. Philosophical Letters (1664) in particular has been interpreted as Cavendish’s bid to establish her friendship and parity with her philosophical peers, but her argument has broader implications. She uses the genre of the familiar letter, or letter of friendship, to demonstrate that her philosophical ideas issue from sociable principles. Cavendish opens with a discussion of Hobbes’ Leviathan ostensibly focused upon non-political issues. However her political views are implied through the inherently sociable form of the letter. Cavendish uses the friendship letter to portray sociability as natural, and therefore, an ideal basis for the restored royalist polity.
Mary Astell on Virtuous Friendship
Authors: Broad Jacqueline
Published: January 2010

According to some scholars, Mary Astell’s feminist programme is severely limited by its focus on self-improvement rather than wider social change. In response, I highlight the role of ‘virtuous friendship’ in Astell’s 1694 work, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies . Building on classical ideals and traditional Christian principles, Astell promotes the morally transformative power of virtuous friendship among women. By examining the significance of such friendship to Astell’s feminism, we can see that she did in fact aim to bring about reformation of society and not just the individual.
Robert Southwell and Vincenzio Viviani: Their friendship and an attempt at Italian–English scientific collaboration
Authors: Boschiero Luciano
Published: January 2010

Vincenzio Viviani (1622–1703), mathematician and philosopher to the Grand Ducal Court in Tuscany, met Robert Southwell (1635–1702), Anglo-Irish gentleman with political aspirations and an interest in natural philosophy, in Florence in the winter of 1660. They became friends on the basis of their shared interests in mathematics and experiments. Their correspondence over almost forty years reveals that their friendship proved mutually beneficial: Southwell publicized Viviani’s work in England and Viviani urged his employers to recommend Southwell to King Charles II. In the early 1660s, they also hoped that their friendship would extend itself into collaboration between the Royal Society of London and the Accademia del Cimento in Florence.
Paper Trails and Eloquent Objects: Bluestocking friendship and material culture
Authors: Eger Elizabeth
Published: January 2010

The bluestocking circle valued friendship as a rational virtue. While inspired by classical Stoic ideals, they were also highly conscious of the role played by material culture in bridging the distance between individuals. Letters between Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Portland (collector of natural history specimens and art), Mary Delany (botanical illustrator), and Elizabeth Montagu (critic and salon hostess) reveal how emblems and gifts of friendship could subvert prescriptions of female ‘accomplishment’ and complicate the relationship between the intimate and the public. Working with paper, ink, and feathers, bluestockings engaged with the categories of nature and art in ways that reveal friendship as both spontaneous and constructed.
Banks, Tupaia, and Mai: Cross-cultural exchanges and friendship in the Pacific
Authors: Smith Vanessa
Published: January 2010

Joseph Banks’s relationships with two Oceanians, Tupaia and Mai, offer case studies for an examination of the role of friendship in cross-cultural scientific exchange. Tupaia, a Raiatean priest, travelled in the Endeavour through the Society Islands and to New Zealand and Australia, perishing in Batavia. Mai came to London with Tobias Furneaux in 1774 and was taken up by Banks and fêted by London society, returning to Tahiti with Cook in 1777. Scholarship has tended to emphasize the cynicism on both sides of these relationships: however the sources indicate that affective attachment and a degree of identification figured both in Banks’s depiction of the two friendships, and in the willingness of Tupaia and Mai to act as cultural informants.
The Structure of Stratification Theory
Authors: Haller Archibald O.
Published: January 2010

This paper offers a concise statement of the theory of societal hierarchies known as stratification, a theory that, with proper data can describe the stratification system of any society at any given point in time. The theory provides each of the 21 (necessary and sufficient) parameters required for such a description. It begins with a brief review of the evolution of the theory from Ibn Khaldun (1377) to today.
Child Mortality in Eastern and Southern Africa
Authors: Handa Sudhanshu , Koch Steve , Ng Shu Wen
Published: January 2010

High rates of infant mortality in Africa continue to be a major public health concern today, despite the fact that most deaths can be prevented from well known, relatively low cost technologies. Using multiple years of DHS from four countries, we estimate the change in the relative risk of death as well as the main contributions to the change in mortality over time. We find significant declines in the mortality hazard in each of the 4 countries, with the largest declines in Malawi (44 percent) and Tanzania (22 percent) between the mid 1990s to mid 2000s, although there is significant variation by age group in the hazard rate across time. In Zambia for example, the hazard increased for children ages 25–60 months in spite of on overall decline in mortality, while in Mozambique the largest decline in mortality was exactly among this age group. The decomposition analysis illustrates that some of the main correlates of mortality did not contribute to overall declines over time, because the levels of these correlates did not change during the study period. This is particularly true for birth spacing, attended births and breastfeeding. The analysis also demonstrates the overall lack of explanatory power of the individual and household level variables available for use in the DHS, indicating the need to collect complementary supply side information, through community questionnaires for example, that can be linked to DHS households and thus expand the set of covariates available for modeling child survival and other health outcomes.
Exact Results for the Evolution of Stochastic Switching in Variable Asymmetric Environments
Authors: Gaál Bernadett , Pitchford Jonathan W , Wood A Jamie
Published: January 2010

The ability of bacteria to spontaneously switch their expressed phenotype from an identical underlying genotype is now widely acknowledged. Mechanisms behind these switches have been shown to be evolvable. Important questions thus arise: In a fluctuating environment, under what conditions can stochastic switching evolve and how is the evolutionarily optimal switching rate related to the environmental changes? Here we derive exact analytical results for the long-term exponential population growth rate in a two-state periodically changing environment, where the environmental states vary in both their duration and in their impact on the fitness of each phenotype. Using methods from statistical physics we derive conditions under which nonswitching is evolutionarily optimal, and we furthermore demonstrate that the transition between the nonswitching and switching regimes is discontinuous (a first-order phase transition). Our general analytical method allows the evolutionary effects of asymmetries in selection pressures and environmental growth rates to be quantified. The evolutionary implications of our findings are discussed in relation to their to real-world applications in the light of recent experimental evidence.
The Stockholm Neonatal Family Centered Care Study: Effects on Length of Stay and Infant Morbidity
Authors: Örtenstrand Annica , Westrup Björn , Broström Eva Berggren , Sarman Ihsan , Åkerström Susanne , Brune Thomas , Lindberg Lene , Waldenström Ulla
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE:

Parental involvement in the care of preterm infants in NICUs is becoming increasingly common, but little is known about its effect on infants' length of hospital stay and infant morbidity. Our goal was to evaluate the effect of a new model of family care (FC) in a level 2 NICU, where parents could stay 24 hours/day from admission to discharge.

METHODS:

A randomized, controlled trial was conducted in 2 NICUs (both level 2), including a standard care (SC) ward and an FC ward, where parents could stay from infant admission to discharge. In total, 366 infants born before 3707 weeks of gestation were randomly assigned to FC or SC on admission. The primary outcome was total length of hospital stay, and the secondary outcome was short-term infant morbidity. The analyses were adjusted for maternal ethnic background, gestational age, and hospital site.

RESULTS:

Total length of hospital stay was reduced by 5.3 days: from a mean of 32.8 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 29.6–35.9) in SC to 27.4 days (95% CI: 23.2–31.7) in FC (P = .05). This difference was mainly related to the period of intensive care. No statistical differences were observed in infant morbidity, except for a reduced risk of moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia: 1.6% in the FC group compared with 6.0% in the SC group (adjusted odds ratio: 0.18 [95% CI: 0.04–0.8]).

CONCLUSIONS:

Providing facilities for parents to stay in the neonatal unit from admission to discharge may reduce the total length of stay for infants born prematurely. The reduced risk of moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia needs additional investigation.
Az ANKARA-felirat és a Hettita Birodalom vége
Authors: Simon Zsolt
Published: January 2010

A tanulmány első része az ankarai ezüsttál hieroglif luvi feliratának datálására tett javaslatokat tekinti át kritikailag. Ezt a felirat epigráfi ájának és tartalmának részletes elmezése követi, amely arra mutat rá, hogy a felirat sajátosságait csak egy olyan Tudhaliya nevű hettita nagykirállyal lehet megmagyarázni, aki a Hettita Birodalom felbomlása után élt. A tanulmány második fele azt vizsgálja, lehetséges-e ez a javaslat történelmi szempontból, különösen a tabali nagykirályok tükrében.
A könnyűség súlya, avagy Philétas cipői
Authors: Pataki Elvira
Published: January 2010

A
poiétés-grammatikos
Philétas életéről rendkívül hézagosak az ismeretek. A tulajdonképpen egyetlen, kései szerzőktől származó, látszólag érdektelen információ szerint a költő állhatatos, éjt nappallá tévő munkája következtében rendkívül sovány volt s ez vezetett halálához is. Az anekdota a források egy csoportjában (Ailianos, Athénaios) bizarr motívummal bővül, amely szerint
a leptoteros
Philétas lábán ólomsúlyokat hordott, hogy a szél fel ne kapja. A jelző bizonyára nem függetleníthető a hellenisztikus irodalomkritika
lepton
fogalmától s a történet metapoetikus olvasatának lehetőségét veti fel. A dolgozat kiindulópontja egy szintén Ailianos nál olvasható zoológiai paradoxon, amely a szél ellen védekező, könnyű és muzikális, szorgosan gyűjtögető méhekkel kapcsolatban hasonló ellensúly motívumot hoz. Az ebből adódó implicit méh — költő megfeleltetés (amely tradicionális, szakrális konnotációjú metaforája a görög irodalomnak s meghatározó a hellenisztikus poétika képrendszerében is) több szempontból is illenék a Philétas- hagyományba.
A periergos
alkotót élénk természettudományos érdeklődés jellemzi, töredékei között több mézzel, méhhel kapcsolatos maradt fenn, s a
melissa
a legújabb rekonstrukció alapján fontos szerepet játszhatott
a Démétér
ben is. Ugyanezen típusú metapoetikus természeti képen alapulnak emellett a Philétas művészetével kapcsolatos kortárs megnyilvánulások (l. a
VII. idyll
sáska-béka
synkrisis
ét, az
Aitia
előszavában szereplő kalász- tölgy metaforát) s a kósi alkotó hagyományosan önrefl exív kijelentésként értelmezett égerfa -verse is. Mindezek alapján az anekdota költőreprezentációja a könnyűség s az ellensúly motívuma révén poetológiai vonatkozásokkal bír.
A szónok költő és az istenapparátus
Authors: Nagyillés János
Published: January 2010

Lucanus epikus technikájának jellemző jegye az istenapparátus hiánya. A jelenség magyarázatára az utóbbi bő évszázadban számos magyarázat született. Egy részük nem annyira az istenapparátus hiányáról beszél, mint inkább arról, hogy a költő az epikus narratíva e transzcendens aspektusát a hagyományos istenek helyett a teljesen személytelen
fatum
mal s a hol filozófikusan
(fortuna),
hol mintegy istenségként felfogott
Fortuná
val helyettesíti. A modern elméletek már Lucanus költői látásmódjának újszerűségével magyarázzák a jelenséget. Az istenapparátus hiánya azonban csak egyike azon tüneteknek, melyeknek mindegyike jól magyarázható a szónoki munkamódszerrel, a retorikai
narratio
szabályainak követésével.
Új archaikus latin felirat Satricumból
Authors: Adamik Béla
Published: January 2010

Ennek a dolgozatnak a tárgya a latiumi Satricumban nemrég előkerült agyaghordó-töredékek archaikus latin feliratainak értelmezése. Megcáfoljuk G. Colonna, a felirat első és mindeddig egyetlen kiadójának elméletét, miszerint a legjelentősebb, „A” jelű töredék szövege indulatszóból és
accusativus exclamationis
okból álló akklamációt tartalmazna. Ehelyett ezt a feliratot tulajdonosmegjelölő szövegként értelmezzük, amely valószínűleg két,
pluralis genitivus
ban álló, a tulajdonosokat megjelölő és egy,
singularis nominativus
ban álló, a tulajdont megnevező szóból épül fel.
Goethe NAUSIKAA -töredéke
Authors: Tar Ibolya
Published: January 2010

Goethe töredék-voltában is megkapó
Nausikaa
című tragédiakezdeménye a nagy itáliai utazás szicíliai szakaszában készült 1787-ben, 165 sor és egy cselekményvázlat formájában. A Goethe egész életében áttételesen vagy közvetlenül ható Homéros-élmény egyik kulminációja a néhány kidolgozott részlet, amely egyszersmind az antikvitáshoz való újfajta viszonyulásról tanúskodik: nem utánzás, hanem a műalkotás által közvetített élmény saját személyiségbe való integrálása s ezen a szűrőn át az eleven élet – a természettel és az emberi érzelmekkel – művészi megragadása. Az Odysseus- és Nausikaa-típus különféle változatokban viszsza- visszatér Goethe különböző alkotásaiban; a maga számára is fájdalmasan befejezetlenül maradt Nausikaa címadó alakja a
Wahlverwandtschaften
Ottiliájában éled fel újra, s válik e tökéletes regény egyik meghatározó alakjává.
Quantum Dot Spectral Tuning of Multijunction III-V Solar Cells
Authors: Bailey Christopher , Hubbard Seth , Polly Stephen J , Forbes David V , Raffaelle Ryne P.
Published: January 2010

Improving the production of photocurrent in the middle junction of a InGaP/Ga(In)As/Ge triple-junction solar cells (TJSC) can improve the overall conversion efficiency of cell. One possible method to improve the middle junction photocurrent is inserting a quantum dot (QD) superlattice (SL) into the stack. It has been predicted that QD-SL enhanced TJSCs have an efficiency ceiling of 47% under a one-sun AM0 illumination spectrum. Additionally, QD array enhanced GaAs cells have the added benefit of possible intermediate band effects, anisotropic absorption and enhanced radiation tolerance. Embedding InAs quantum dots (QDs) in a single junction GaAs solar cell can increase sub-GaAs bandgap photocurrent generation. This method has been shown to improve the short circuit current density (Jsc) of single junction cells under simulated 1 sun air mass zero (AM0) illumination. However, the increase in strain due to the InAs QD self-assembly may cause defects that reduce the minority carrier lifetime resulting in losses in the cell open circuit voltage (Voc) on the order of 300-500 mV. The introduction of strain compensation (SC) layers into the superlattice (SL) structure of a QD solar cell has previously been shown to improve the device performance, including the partial recovery of Voc. Strain compensation can be used effectively to balance the residual strain, impede dislocation formation, and improve the solar cell characteristics. The effect of GaP strain compensation on the solar cell electrical and material properties was investigated. High resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) scans along the symmetric (004) Bragg peak show weak intensity and wide FWHM at the zero order SL peak (SL0) for non-SC samples. Optimum SC thickness was theoretically determined using a zero in plane stress method and experimentally verified using HRXRD. Optimal strain compensation was then used to increase the QD SL stacking from 5x to 10x and 20x. Use of SC resulted in shifting of the SL0 peak toward the substrate peak as well as reduced FWHM and improved SL peak definition. Kinematical diffraction modeling of the QD structures using numerical simulation indicated this peak shift resulted from reduced overall strain in the SL stack up to 5ML of SC. The material quality improvement in the SC QD solar cells was manifested in an improved spectral response and Jsc. The optoelectronic results for GaAs solar cells with QD SL’s demonstrate a strong dependence on GaP SC layer thickness. In addition, comparison of multi junction (MJ) solar cells which incorporate the SC QD SL’s demonstrate the utility of additional sub-GaAs bandgap current contribution as a tool for additional current-matching optimization in MJ solar cells.
Catastrophic Optical-damage in High-power, Broad-area Laser-diodes
Authors: Chin Aland K. , Bertaska Rick K. , Jaspan Martin A. , Flusberg Allen M. , Swartz Steve D. , Knapczyk Maciej T. , Smilanski Israel , Jacob Jonah H.
Published: January 2010

A detailed description of the phenomenon of catastrophic optical-damage (COD) in short (380μm cavity-length), 12μm aperture, proton-bombarded, double-heterostructure laser-diodes with uncoated facets was first presented in 1974. In these devices, COD generally initiates at the facets due to high optical-power density and propagate along transverse-mode filaments. To achieve reliable operation at high optical-power, broad-area laser-diodes have evolved to long (several-millimeter cavity-length), wide-aperture (50-200μm), dielectric-defined, broadened-waveguide, separate-confinement, double-heterostructure, quantum-well laser-diodes with coated, passivated facets. COD in these devices involve both transverse modes and ring-cavity modes.
InGaN Laser Diode Degradation. Surface and Bulk Processes
Authors: Perlin Piotr , Marona Łucja , Wisniewski Przemek , Leszczynski Mike , Prystawko Pawel , Boćkowski Michał , Czernecki Robert , Makarowa Irina , Kowalski Bogdan , Suski Tadek
Published: January 2010

We discuss main degradation mechanisms present in nitride based laser diodes operating in 400-440 nm spectral range. We can clearly divide the aging processes into these occurring on the exposed facets of the device and into the bulk phenomena. Surface processes are predominantly connected with photochemical reactions on the laser mirrors and manifest by the formation of the carbon deposits. The nature of these photochemical reactions resembles very closely the mechanism known as Package Induced Failure observed previously in case of 980 nm laser diodes. Degradation involving bulk like effects is much less understood. The experimental results by other group are not sufficient for proposing an unambiguous model of the physical effects involved. In particular, it consists in observation related to dopants diffusion and recombination mechanisms. Magnesium diffusion from the p-type layers into the active layer was proposed as a possible degradation path. However, our study of SIMS profiles in the device subjected to over 8 000 h of electrical stress reveals no visible modification in the Mg profile. The same holds for the hydrogen spatial distribution thus substantially limiting candidates for the diffusion processes. Nevertheless, it seems that the diffusion mechanism is involved in bulk degradation. The claim is supported by two facts: well confirmed stability of the extended defects network in nitride emitters and characteristic square-root time-dependence of the degradation rate.
A Study of Degradation in High Power Multi-Mode InGaAs-AlGaAs Strained Quantum Well Lasers as Pump Lasers
Authors: Sin Yongkun , Presser Nathan , Ives Neil , Moss Steven C.
Published: January 2010

Degradation processes in high power broad-area InGaAs-AlGaAs strained quantum well lasers were studied using electron beam-induced current (EBIC) techniques, time-resolved electroluminescence (TR-EL) techniques, and deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Accelerated lifetests of the broad-area lasers yielded catastrophic failures at the front facet and also in the bulk. EBIC was employed to study dark line defects generated in degraded lasers stressed under different test conditions. TR-EL was employed to study the intra-cavity intensity distribution in real time as devices were aged. DLTS was employed to study deep electron traps in both pristine and degraded laser diodes. Lastly, we present a possible scenario for the initiation of bulk degradation in the broad-area lasers.
Recombination-enhanced Dislocation Glides—The Current Status of Knowledge
Authors: Maeda Koji
Published: January 2010

To update the status of knowledge on the recombination-enhanced dislocation glides (REDG) in semiconductors, which is one of the causes of serious degradation in bipolar devices, research progress achieved for the last decade has been surveyed. Rather than presenting a complete review over a wide range of material systems, a particular attention has been paid to the REDG effect in 4H-SiC for which a lot of information has been accumulated owing to extensive studies. Although the REDG effect exhibits features that could be interpreted in terms of the phonon-kick mechanism, conclusive proof is still lacking.
Modifications of Defects Concentration Induced by Ammonia Flow Rate and its Effects on Gallium Nitride Grown by MOCVD
Authors: Sundaram Suresh , Ganesh Vattikondala , Prem Kumar Thirugnanam , Balaji Manavaimaran , Ganesan Vedachala Iyer , Baskar Krishnan
Published: January 2010

Optical and schottky diode characteristics of unintentionally doped GaN films grown by MOCVD were reported. GaN epilayers were grown with different V/III ratio by varying the source ammonia (NH3) flowrate. It exhibit changes in the density of threading dislocations (TDs) and reduced carbon and oxygen impurity incorporation. The density of dislocations determined from hot-wet chemical etching and atomic force microscopy show that on decreasing the ammonia flowrate, threading dislocations decreases. Low energy positron beam was employed to study the Ga vacancies in the epilayers. S-parameter vs. positron beam energy curves clearly shows increase in SL on increasing the V/III ratio indicating that the point defects trapping positron increases. Corroborative HRXRD, Photoluminescence and Hall measurements confirm the reduction in trapping defects and threading edge dislocations with reducing V/III molar ratio. The effects of such variation of compensating centres and radiative centres as a function of MOCVD growth conditions on optical properties and schottky device characteristics like radiative decay lifetime, barrier height and reverse leakage current respectively were discussed.
Large Batch Etching of Gallium Nitride Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Tools as a Production Solution
Authors: Ren Zhong , Dineen Mark , Deng Ligang , Goodyear Andrew L. , Gunn Robert
Published: January 2010

A highly effective technique for etching large batches of GaN wafers, by means of Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) tools, has been developed. A variety of 27 × 2 inch wafer batch processes have been investigated and etch rates in excess of 140nm/min with selectivity of 0.9:1 to photoresist (PR) has been achieved.

Particularly, a special active spacer was designed and employed in the ICP system to control plasma profile during the processes. This technique was favourable for increasing etch rates and achieving good uniformities. Using this system a wafer-to-wafer batch uniformity of ±4% was realized.
A Comprehensive Approach to HEMT Reliability Testing
Authors: Cheney David , Gila Brent , Douglas Erica Ann , Ren Fan , Pearton S.
Published: January 2010

Reliability testing often manifests device weaknesses and failure mechanisms. As new materials and structures are developed, creative and different testing is often necessary to determine reliability. We are developing an in-house reliability test system that will provide the necessary testing flexibility of HEMT devices so researchers can pinpoint defects and vulnerabilities. Using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) power supplies and data acquisition equipment, a custom control system allows for many different tests: DC and RF, temperature, step/stress/recovery, high-speed pulse, and optical pumping, as well as combinations and automated sequencing of these tests. This flexibility allows for the creation of new test types as failure mechanisms are understood. The initial station will provide for the simultaneous, independent testing of 16 devices. This paper outlines the system design and capabilities, the motivation for the system, and some results from different tests.
Reliability of High-Temperature Operation for GaN-Based OPAMP
Authors: Nomoto Kazuki , Hasegawa Kazuya , Satoh Masataka , Nakamura Tohru
Published: January 2010

We demonstrated electrical characteristics of operational amplifier (OPAMP) circuits fabricated by GaN/AlGaN/GaN HEMTs operating over 100 oC. GaN/AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, with the extremely low source resistance were fabricated by multiple ion implantation, precisely controlled ion-implanted (I/I) resistors and Schottky barrier diodes were integrated on the silicon substrate. The GaN cap layer on the AlGaN was grown to decrease the gate leakage current and current collapse for AlGaN/GaN HEMTs.
High Current Gain Triple Ion Implanted 4H-SiC BJT
Authors: Tajima Taku , Nakamura Tadashi , Watabe Yuki , Satoh Masataka , Nakamura Tohru
Published: January 2010

We investigated triple ion implanted 4H-SiC BJT with etched extrinsic base regions. To remove the defects induced by ion implantation between emitter and base regions, the characteristics of triple ion implanted 4H-SiC BJT were significantly improved. Maximum common current gain was improved from 1.7 to 7.5.
Temperature Dependent Optical Band Gap Measurements of III-V Films by Low Temperature Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Casson Linda M. , Ndi Francis , Teboul Eric
Published: January 2010

Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy is a powerful technique for probing the structures of many types of III-V semiconductor materials. When a semiconductor material is excited at a particular wavelength, electron-hole pairs are generated. The most intense radiative transition is between the conduction band and valence band, and this measurement is used to determine the material band gap. Radiative and non-radiative transitions in semiconductors also involve localized defect levels. The photoluminescence energy associated with these levels can be used to identify specific defects, and the amount of photoluminescence can be used to determine their concentration, and thus predict device quality. At ambient temperatures, the PL signal is typically broad, as much as 100 nm in width. When cooled, structural details may be resolved, and a small spectral shift between 2 samples may represent a change in a structural parameter. Thus a system with high spectral resolution is required.

In this paper, a modular Low Temperature Photoluminescence system (LTPL) for measuring optical band gap as a function of temperature is described. Results show that the optical band gap shifts towards higher energy as the sample temperature decreases.
Approaches to Solution Deposited Flexible Composite Vapor Barrier Films
Authors: Gerbec Jeffrey A. , Granstrom Jimmy , Nulwala Hunaid , Campos Luis M. , Hawker Craig
Published: January 2010

Liquid resin hybridized silica sol-gels and thiol-ene elastomers were evaluated as compatible materials to form thin film, flexible multilayered structures. Liquid resins are cast and cured in air and ambient pressure on the order of minutes. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) reveals homogeneous interfaces and robust interfacial adhesion under tensile and compressive stress. Thickness of the hybrid glass and thiol-ene films range from 0.80μm to 1.5μm and 8 μm to 16 μm respectively.
Plasma Spray of Nano Composite Ceramics Using Solution Precursors and Combustion Synthesized Nano Powders
Authors: Muoto Chigozie Kenechukwu , Jordan Eric H. , Gell Maurice , Aindow Mark
Published: January 2010

Plasma spraying is a well-established method for depositing nanostructured ceramic coatings on structural components. Two different plasma spraying techniques - solution precursor plasma spray (SPPS) and suspension plasma spray (SPS) - have been used to produce MgO-50vol% ZrO2 composite coatings. The microstructural features of the coatings were characterized using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) and X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD). The micro hardness of the coatings was measured on cross-sectional samples. The coatings produced using the SPS process with ethanol-based suspensions at a high plasma torch power (45.5 kW) exhibited the densest microstructures with hardnesses as high as ∼1350 HV. However, the backscattered electron (BSE) ESEM characterization of these coatings revealed that the coatings obtained using the SPPS technique had superior chemical homogeneity over those obtained using the SPS technique.
Divacancy-Hydrogen Complexes in Zinc Oxide
Authors: Kuriplach Jan , Brauer Gerhard , Melikhova Oksana , Cizek Jakub , Prochazka Ivan , Anwand Wolfgang
Published: January 2010

In the present work we study Zn+O divacancies filled up with varying amount of hydrogen atoms. Besides the structure and energy-related properties of such defects, we also investigate their capability to trap positrons taking into account positron induced forces. We show that the Zn+O divacancy may trap positrons when up to two hydrogen atoms are located inside the divacancy. The calculated properties are discussed in the context of other computational and experimental studies of ZnO.
P-type Nitrogen Doped ZnO Films Grown By Thermal Evaporation
Authors: Mu Wei , Guo Lei , Kerr Lei , Look David C.
Published: January 2010

We report the formation of p-type nitrogen doped ZnO (ZnO:N) grown by thermal-evaporation deposition. The effects of nitrogen precursors on the electrical and optical properties of ZnO:N were investigated. This study shows that growth process plays a critical role in the electrical properties of ZnO:N. The chemical reaction mechanism was analyzed.
Effect of Aluminum Nitrate Concentration in Zinc Acetate Precursor on ZnO:Al Thin Films Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis
Authors: Jongthammanurak Samerkhae , Phakkeeree Sirirak , Boontongkong Yot , Thanachayanont Chanchana
Published: January 2010

Aluminium-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) films have been prepared by spray pyrolysis technique using the mixed solution of zinc acetate dihydrate and aluminium nitrate nonahydrate in methanol. Concentration of aluminum in the solution was varied in a range of 1, 3 and 5 atomic percents. The results from X-ray diffraction showed that the preferred orientation of ZnO films changed to the [002] direction when the concentration of aluminum in the solution exceeded 1 atomic percents. ZnO films deposited from the 3 atomic percent Al containing solution had the largest grains and showed the lowest resistivity of 75 Ω-cm. Addition of aluminum into the precursor solution shifted the absorption edge towards longer wavelengths.
High quality p-type ZnO film grown on ZnO substrate by nitrogen and tellurium co-doping
Authors: Park Seunghwan , Minegishi Tsutomu , Park jinsub , Lee Hyunjae , Taishi Toshinori , Yonenaga Ichiro , Oh Dongcheol , Jung Mina , Chang Ji-Ho , Hong Soonku , Yao Takafumi
Published: January 2010

Nitrogen and tellurium co-doped ZnO (ZnO:[N+Te]) films have been grown on (0001) ZnO substrate by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The electron concentration of tellurium doped ZnO (ZnO:Te) gradually increases, compared that of undoped ZnO (u-ZnO). On the other hand, conductivity of ZnO:[N+Te] changes from n-type to p-type characteristic with a hole concentration of 4×1016 cm-3. However, nitrogen doped ZnO film (ZnO:N) still remain as n-type conductivity with a electron concentration of 2.5×1017 cm-3. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy reveals that nitrogen concentration ([N]) of ZnO:[N+Te] film (2×1021 cm-3) is relatively higher than that of ZnO:N film (3×1020 cm-3). 10 K photoluminescence spectra shows that considerable improvement of emission properties of ZnO:[N+Te] with an emergence of narrow acceptor bound exciton (A°X, 3.359 eV) and donor-acceptor pair (DAP, 3.217 eV), compared with those of u-ZnO. Consequently, high quality p-type ZnO with high N concentration is realized by using Te and N co-doping technique due to reduction of Madelung energy.