bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-level metaphor and metonymy in meaning construction
Authors: Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez Francisco José , Mairal-Usón Ricardo
Published: August 2014

This chapter addresses the problem of meaning construction in grammar from the point of view of high-level metaphor and metonymy. We argue that meaning construction, in the sense given to this term by Panther (2005), is essentially an inferential activity whether at the level of so-called pragmatic meaning (e.g. implicature derivation, illocutionary meaning) or when dealing with core grammar phenomena, especially conversion processes and constructional alternation, which we explore within the domain of transitivity. In our study we are able to find high-level metaphor and metonymy at the basis of some of these grammatical processes. We also observe that the same principles and conceptual patterns (e.g. metaphor-metonymy interaction and metonymic chaining) that constrain metaphorical and metonymic activity at other levels of analysis are operational at the grammatical level too.
The role of metonymy in meaning construction at discourse level
Authors: Barcelona Antonio
Published: August 2014

The process of meaning construction, as understood by Panther and Thornburg(Panther 2005), namely the determination of both explicit and implicit meaning, is to a large extent guided or facilitated by conceptual metonymy. The previously published research of the author of this chapter on the function of metonymy in guiding text-level implicatures has been mostly confined to the study of brief written dialogues. The present chapter reports on a case study dealing with this function of metonymy in a relatively extended portion of a narrative text. The findings in the study confirm the hypothesis that metonymy is also the main conceptual mechanism guiding the implicatures invited by this type of text. The study also shows that the metonymies guiding the implicatures respond to a finite set of generic types.
Constructing the meanings of personal pronouns
Authors: Langacker Ronald W.
Published: August 2014

The meanings of personal pronouns are described using basic notions of Cognitive Linguistics. Among these notions are subjective vs. objective construal, profiling, grounding, intersubjectivity, paths of mental access, and conceptual blending. Pronouns are situated with respect to other strategies of nominal grounding. It is explained how personal pronouns can be used impersonally, and the meaning of impersonalit is characterized. Special attention is devoted to I and you. Their abstracted conceptual meanings invoke very basic cognitive models pertaining to the ground, a speech event, and subject vs. object of conception. With these models as inputs, the pronouns’ meanings are constructed through successive levels of blending. The crucial factor is intersubjectivity.
The construction of meaning in relative clauses
Authors: Nikiforidou Kiki
Published: August 2014

Greek relative clauses introduced by pu have been described as structurally determined constructions in which interpretation is precisely guided by the syntax of the clause. In contrast to this oversimplified view, I show that pu relatives regularly underspecify the intended interpretation, incorporating instead a great deal of indeterminacy (in the sense of Langacker) in the way(s) the meaning of the head is integrated with the content of the relative clause. The factors which influence the construction of meaning include the lexical (in frame semantic terms) and constructional properties of the head and the relative clause predicate, but extend further to completely pragmatic and context-specific motivations; in the latter case, the head and the overt constituents in the relative clause function simply as clues for the final interpretation. The inherent indeterminacy of the relative construction can be captured in terms of conceptual integration theory, where the blended space may be shown to contain more structure than that in the input spaces and/or the alternate construals of a sentence may yield more than one blend. Finally I suggest that, while indeterminate, the interpretation of pu relatives is sensitive to constraints deriving from the prototypical meaning of restrictive relatives and from conceptual structure as such.
Brutal Brits and persuasive Americans
Authors: Wulff Stefanie , Stefanowitsch Anatol , Gries Stefan Th.
Published: August 2014

“England and America are two nations divided by a common language.”(George Bernard Shaw)

Adopting a construction-based view of language (Goldberg 1995), we demonstrate that it is possible to uncover differences between British and American English at the lexicosyntactic level, showing that the collexemes, i.e. the words significantly associated with a construction, are variety-dependent. To this end, we compare more than 5,000 verb pair types as they occur in the two varieties in the so-called into-causative construction (as in He tricked me into employing him) and submit them to the scrutiny of a statistical test called distinctive collexeme analysis, which identifies those verbs that distinguish best between the two varieties. Interesting contrasts emerge, such as the predominance of verbal persuasion verbs in the cause predicate slot of the American English data as opposed to the predominance of physical force verbs in the cause predicate slot of the British English data. We discuss how these and other results create a picture of subtle, yet systematic, differences in meaning construction, and we offer an explanation of these differences as reflecting differently entrenched semantic frames.
Basic color terms from Proto-Semitic to Old Ethiopic
Authors: Bulakh Maria
Published: August 2014

The paper presents a survey of the basic color terms of Old Ethiopic and attempts to reconstruct a typologically plausible transition from the Proto-Semitic basic color term system to the Old Ethiopic one. The immediate interpretation of etymological data results in a rather unlikely scheme of development: we have to suppose a transition from the Proto-Semitic system, which possesses at least four basic colour terms, toward four-member Old Ethiopic system; this transition would also involve replacement of the Proto-Semitic “yellow-with-green” colour category with a “green” category in Old Ethiopic without introduction of a new “yellow” category. An alternative reconstruction of the colour term evolution from Proto-Semitic to Old Ethiopic is tentatively suggested, according to which the Proto-Semitic basic colour terms are regarded as brightness terms.
Color terms in Colonia Tovar, an Alemannisch Enclave in Venezuela
Authors: Heinrich Albert C.
Published: August 2014

The Tovarese are located in a mountain valley some 40 kilometers west of Caracas. They are an ethnically distinct, endogamous group numbering some 3,000, mostly engaged in small-scale farming. Until about 1964 they were fairly well isolated from the rest of Venezuela, but since then – with the advent of a hard surfaced road – they are rapidly becoming integrated. Most speak Spanish; some older adults speak Modern Standard German (Schriftsdeutsch), and some of the middle-aged read it; and almost all speak the local form of Alemannisch. This is known both as dialekt and as baadiš, and, though many consider it as somehow inferior, they nonetheless regard it to be their own, proper ethnic-group-identifying language. It is the color terminology of this language that is under consideration.
The semiosis of Swedish car colour names: Descriptive and amplifying functions
Authors: Bergh Gunnar
Published: August 2014

This article deals with the different semiotic functions of complex car color names in Swedish. Based on a body of 150 authentic name types, collected from both newspapers and manufacturers’ catalogues, the study looks into the properties of these names from both a quantitative and qualitative perspective, discussing aspects such as morphological structure, information value, and status thinking as they apply to the data. The results of the analysis demonstrate that such color terminology is used to serve both descriptive and amplifying purposes, indicating that there is a complex interaction between physical and cultural aspects in the domain of car color semiosis. As a corollary of the patterns derived, it is argued that the car industry often seems to prefer connotation to denotation as its main color naming strategy.
Towards a new topology of colour
Authors: Saunders Barbara
Published: August 2014

The mainstream concept of ‘color’ implicitly contains a theory of unification (through percepts and sensations), about the physical universe and mind. ‘Color’ is the primal ‘glue’, the medium of ‘in-between-ness’ that holds world and mind together. I argue that a re-characterization of this theory and its buried preconceptions could generate, within a discipline like Anthropology, a new topology. In contrast to the theory of Basic Color Terms(1969, 1991), my suggestion is to draw on historiography and philosophy, rather than on unilineal, evolutionary science.What is of importance, as Robert MacLaury knew so well, is to question the way mainstream color theory remains disguised by functional coherence and formal systematizations of ‘data’.Were that knowledge, hitherto masked by physiological theory, to implode, then it would reveal the structures of history and power congealed within it. That would raise significant questions, especially about the nature of ‘cross-cultural’ experimentation on ‘color.’
Essential collocations for learners of English: The role of collocational direction and weight
Authors: Handl Susanne
Published: August 2014

This chapter points into a new direction for defining and classifying collocations, taking into account the needs of advanced learners of English. After a brief review of the common practice in representing collocations in dictionaries, the theoretical framework for the study is introduced. Most definitions are based on the claim that collocations constitute a gradable phenomenon. What is often not accounted for is the fact that their scalar characteristic lies in a set of three gradable criteria. This assumption is taken up to develop the multidimensional classification as an alternative to traditional methods. In this perspective collocations are understood as a product of two elements which can both have different positions on the lexical, the semantic and the statistical dimension. Within the core area of these dimensions, the quality of the relation between the two partners can be determined according to the role they play in the collocation, either a stronger or a weaker one. Thus collocations are not considered as uniform lexical combinations, but as directional relationships with the partners exerting different degrees of attraction, which can be used as a classifying feature for lexicography. The paper ends with a tentative proposal for an application of this notion of collocational direction and weight in learners’ dictionaries.
3. A unified approach to semantic frames and collocational patterns
Authors: Martin Willy
Published: August 2014

The aim of this chapter is to show that frames cannot only offer advantages in explaining the meaning of words (as is usually claimed), but also in clarifying their combinatorial behaviour. In order to do so, different kinds of frames are presented, ranging from the more language-oriented ones à la Fillmore to the more knowledge-in-general oriented ones à laMinsky to finally end up with what I call ‘conceptual semantic frames’. The latter do not only serve as a background for definitions but for word combinations and more particularly collocations as well. In the frame-based approach presented here I try to show that the more the collocator is, conceptually speaking, type-bound and the more it is, lexically speaking, token-bound, the more we are dealing with a collocation that forms a conceptual and lexical unit and therefore qualifies as a lexical collocation.
5. A very complex criterion of fixedness: Non-compositionality
Authors: Svensson Maria
Published: August 2014

The terminology used in definitions of different types of fixed expressions (such as idioms, locutions, proverbs etc.) is complex and sometimes ambiguous.Within the field of phraseology, it is therefore subject to discussion. This chapter deals with the complexity of the notion of non-compositionality.Non-compositionality is a criterion that often appears in definitions of fixed expressions. It will be shown that there are four dichotomies of particular interest within the very notion of non-compositionality. These dichotomies are:motivation/non-motivation, transparency/ opacity, analysability/unanalysability and literal/figurative meaning. Other notions of relevance to non-compositionality, such as common meaning, prototypicality, salience and frequency as well as encyclopaedic compositionality will also be described and problematised. Finally, the notions of partial compositionality, holistic or atomistic compositionality, and lexical content or grammatical form, all describing different aspects of compositionality, will be evoked, to further demonstrate the complexity of this criterion of fixedness.
6. Reassessing the canon: 'Fixed' phrases in general reference corpora
Authors: Philip Gill
Published: August 2014

This chapter sets forth the argument for revisiting fixed phrases in the light of the knowledge that their fixedness is not necessarily something to be taken for granted. It focuses on the location and analysis of variant forms in general reference corpora. Existing phraseological structures, including collocational frameworks, idiom schemas and semi-prepackaged phrases, are introduced by way of background before a procedure for retrieving non-canonical forms of fixed expressions in general reference corpora is presented. Some implications relating to the study of variant forms are presented, along with suggestions for future research directions.
9. Foot and Mouth: The phrasal patterns of two frequent nouns
Authors: Lindquist Hans , Levin Magnus
Published: August 2014

In this paper concepts fromcognitive linguistics are combinedwith methods from corpus linguistics to study the phraseology formed around the frequent body part nouns foot and mouth. The material consists of The British National Corpus accessed through Fletcher’s (2003/2004) database Phrases in English supplemented with British, American and Australian newspapers on CD-ROM. In more than half of the occurrences in the BNC the single word forms foot, feet, mouth and mouths were used in phrases, where furthermore their meaning had often been extended metonymically or metaphorically. The frequent lemmas foot and mouth are thus frequent at least partly because they occur in conventionalized phrases. Body parts are frequently mapped onto topographical phenomena in phrases like the foot of the mountain and the mouth of the river. Apart from being used in such phrases mouth is often connected to conventional ways of describing eating, drinking, speaking and the experience and expression of emotions. Foot more often refers to location, and also occurs in phrases expressing other meanings, such as measurement. Metonymy and metaphor play a major role in the creation and extension of new phrasal patterns. Metonymic links are frequent because a physical reaction connected to the body part is used to represent the underlying emotion. In many cases these physical reactions have become such a conventionalized way of expressing the emotion that the reaction alone can stand for the emotion. The relative transparency of some phrases such as down in the mouth, stamping one’s foot and foaming at the mouth is likely to facilitate their learning in spite of the fact that they are not very frequent in themselves. Phrases are often manipulated in various ways, so that they occur in non-canonical forms and in word play. The use of word play shows that the borderline between literal and nonliteral meanings is fuzzy, and that both a literal and a nonliteral meaning can be available to speakers simultaneously, although at any given moment one is usually more salient than the other.
19. Dictionaries and collocation
Authors: Moon Rosamund
Published: August 2014

This chapter discusses the treatment of phraseology in dictionaries: its specific focus is on collocation and on English. It first describes the collocational behaviour of three words (river, rivet, riven), as observed in a large corpus of current English. It then considers the ways in which their collocates and patterning are represented in monolingual dictionaries for native speakers and for EFL/ESL learners, followed by bilingual French-English dictionaries and dictionaries of English collocations, assessing how far these dictionaries provide reasonable accounts of collocational phenomena.
Geography, selected Afro-Asiatic families, and Y chromosome lineage variation: An exploration in linguistics and phylogeography
Authors: Keita Shomarka Omar
Published: August 2014

While it is known and must be emphasised that language, biology, and culture do not travel as an obligatory package, this does not mean that congruence never exists and may be historically meaningful. In this paper the published Y chromosome data and branches of the Afro-Asiatic language family for which good genetic data exist were examined in an exploratory fashion to determine if there are patterns suggestive of overlap. Most of the Afro-Asiatic speakers shared the lineage defined by Yap descendant called PN2/215/M35. It was further found that that a key lineage – the M35/78 was shared between the populations in the locale of original Egyptian speakers and modern Cushitic speakers from the Horn. Amazigh (Berber) speakers had a high frequency of M35/81. Semitic speakers in the Near East had a higher frequency of non-Yap lineages defined by the M89 mutation, but some M35/M78 is found at a lower frequency in the Near East (vs supra-Saharan Africa). The data for Omotic and Chadic speakers is of poor quality due to sample size. The paper discusses some possible implications of the observed pattern and the need for better data.
The primary branches of Cushitic: Seriating the diagnostic sound change rules
Authors: Ehret Christopher
Published: August 2014

This article situates Dahalo and Southern Cushitic within an overall seriation of the early phonological evolution of each of the Cushitic sub-branches. A sequence of nine diagnostic sound changes solidly establishes Dahalo’s membership in the Southern Cushitic branch. Different sound change histories characterized the evolution of each of the proto-languages of Eastern Cushitic, Agaw, and Beja. Seriating the sound change histories in each branch reveals that the presence of the same or similar reflexes of certain consonants in different branches does not reflect closer branch relationships, but came about separately through the operation of differently ordered and structured sound change rules.
Slaying the Dragon across Eurasia
Authors: Witzel Michael
Published: August 2014

Myths relating the slaying of a large reptile by a hero or trickster deity appear in many mythologies across Eurasia and beyond, in Polynesia and the Americas. They are an important part of the creation myths. The killing of the monster liberates the dammed up waters as to make the world fertile and inhabitable for humans. Related is the connection between summer solstice and the marriage of the dragon slayer (or a hunter) with a local virgin, ultimately, the marriage of sun and moon, as found from Old India via China and Japan to the Kekchi Mayas. Such myths are traced back to a reconstructed Late Paleolithic mythology, called “Laurasian” that incorporates myths from the beginning of the world to its final destruction. Historical Comparative Mythology is to be added as another approach in our quest to understand early humans.
Historical interpretations of geographical distributions of Amerind subfamilies
Authors: Lepionka Larry
Published: August 2014

An outline of historical relationships between Amerind language subfamilies inferred from their geographic distributions, with the intent of providing testable hypotheses, is provided. It is contended that the major subfamilies of Amerind are not all independent derivations from Proto-Amerind. In brief, Equatorial and Andean languages are of independent origin in South America, whereas Tucanoan and Macro-Carib are derived from Equatorial, with the latter giving rise to Ge-Pano. Central Amerind and Chibchan are derivatives of Hokan, with Paezan derived from Chibchan. Hokan is a very early derivative of Penutian, as is Almosan at a later interval. Mosan and Keresiouan languages are derived from Almosan.
A wild 50,000-year ride
Authors: Lieberman Philip
Published: August 2014

The study of languages in prehistory critically involves the ever changing sound patterns of human languages, in short speech. Speech is the default medium for language, and it most likely has a long evolutionary history. However, the fully human speech anatomy which allows us to produce the most common, “universal” vowels [i], [u] and [a], first appears in the fossil record in the Upper Paleolithic (about 50,000 years ago) and was absent in both Neanderthals and earlier humans. Recent genetic evidence also suggests the appearance of the neural substrate that is necessary to regulate human speech within the past 100,000 years. Thus, we have had a wild ride – creating thousands of languages since the Upper Paleolithic start-point for fully human linguistic capacity.
The origin of language: Symbiosism and symbiomism
Authors: van Driem George L.
Published: August 2014

Symbiosism is a Darwinian model of language and its emergence. Symbiotic Theory operates on the Leiden definition of memes as isofunctional neuroanatomical entities corresponding to linguistic signs in the Saussurean sense, not on the Oxonian conception of memes as units of imitation. Symbiosism treats linguistic forms as vehicles for the reproduction of meaningful elements in the hominid brain and so transcends the obsolete discord between the functionalist or European structuralist conception of language, whereby linguistic forms are seen as instruments used to convey meaningful elements, and the formalist or generative approach, whereby linguistic forms are treated as abstract structures which can be filled with meaningful elements. Symbiomism is the philosophy of life which grew out of Symbiosism and which understands our individual and collective human identity as symbiomes of a biological host and a semiotic symbiont.
Early diffusion of domestic bovids in Europe
Authors: Tresset Anne , Bollongino Ruth , Edwards Ceiridwen , Hughes Sandrine , Vigne Jean-Denis
Published: August 2014

Cattle, sheep and goat were domesticated in the Near-East during the 9th millennium BC. From there, sheep and goat, which had no wild ancestors in Europe, were introduced to this continent at the beginning of the 7th millennium B.C. and diffused following two main flows: a southern route along the northern coastline of the Mediterranean, and a northern route across central Europe following the Danubian corridor. Possible scenarios of migration have been complicated to investigate regarding cattle, as the species had a possible wild ancestor in Europe: the local aurochs, whose disappearance only occurred at the end of the 17th century A.D. and whose remains are hardly distinguishable from those of the early domestic forms on the basis of classical osteometry. A tight cooperation between Archaeozoology and Genetics has provided, in the frame of several publicly funded projects (among which the OMLL scheme), substantial new data allowing refinement of historical scenarios to a degree never achieved thus far. We were able to demonstrate that local aurochs did not contribute, or contributed to a very limited extent, to the constitution of European domestic cattle herds, whose origin can be clearly traced back to the Near East. Thus, from this point of view, domestic cattle biogeographical history is very similar to sheep and goat, and their appearance in Europe probably owes more to farming pioneers than to local hunter-gatherers. Analyses of goat aDNA revealed the preservation of an important genetic diversity very far from the diffusion centre. This is suggestive of the persistence of gene flow between domestic herds across the dispersion area along the different diffusion routes, which prevented the occurrence of severe bottleneck effects. This diversity also indicates that the existence of contacts between farming groups encompassed very large areas. It is very interesting to note that recent works published on domestication and diffusion of pig in Neolithic Europe have proposed very different scenarios. This highlights the specificity of domestic bovids as tracers of human contacts, exchanges and displacements during the Neolithicisation of Europe.
East meets West
Authors: Jacquesson François
Published: August 2014

The paper describes the ethnic and linguistic situation in North-East India, a corridor between highland Tibet and lowland Bangladesh, with currently more than 100 languages. The paper pictures the mosaic of languages and the logic of contacts in the region.
The primate roots of human language
Authors: Zuberbühler Klaus , Ouattara Karim , Bitty Anderson , Lemasson Alban , Noë Ronald
Published: August 2014

Our research describes the natural communication in different primates, as well as their underlying cognitive abilities. We are interested in the communication skills and social cognition of monkeys and apes in their natural habitats. For this purpose, we observe wild groups in Africa and Asia during their daily activities in order to understand what communication signals they are able to produce, under what circumstances they produce them, and what sorts of responses they elicit from listeners. Once we have gathered enough information to suspect a relationship between a particular call type, a set of events and a typical response, we conduct a field playback experiment to determine the call’s meaning. During such an experiment we play back a recorded example of a particular call to a naïve receiver in order to study its response. For example, chimpanzees produce different types of food grunts depending on the type of food they find, such as apples or bread. We found that these calls were indeed meaningful to other chimpanzees. For instance, if we played back recordings of ‘apple grunts’ listeners were more likely to look for food in places where they previously found apples, but not bread, and vice versa. In another study, we found that some monkeys are able to combine some of their vocalizations in systematic ways to create different combinations with separate meanings. Our playback experiments showed that it was the combinations of calls, rather than the individual calls themselves, which carried the meaning, an example of simple primate ‘grammar’.
Chomsky between revolutions
Authors: Hyman Malcolm D.
Published: August 2014

The revolutionary nature of Chomskyan linguistics must be considered within the framework of another ‘revolution’, in psychology, from behaviorism to cognitivism. George Miller dates this paradigm shift to a conference held at MIT in 1956, in which Chomsky participated. This change of focus is, in turn, related to the development of the digital computer and the promise of understanding and modeling thought using the techniques of computer science. Chomsky evolves from behaviorism to mentalism between Syntactic Structures (1957) and Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965). This led psycholinguists to consider the relationship between deep structure and surface structure in processing. However the results were not very promising, and Chomsky himself seemed to abandon psychological reality as a relevant consideration in linguistic analysis. His focus on intuition favored rationalism over empiricism, and innate structures over acquired behavior. This biological turn – the search for the language ‘organ’, the ‘language acquisition device’, etc. – became the new foundation for a science of linguistics. This, however, leads to problems with evolutionary biology, and Chomsky’s appeal to biology has explained little and created serious conundrums. The biological approach is linked to the claims of the ‘poverty of the stimulus’, i.e. the claim that children learn the structures of language with remarkably little input, and therefore must have innate structures that explain this human capability. This has been attacked from two fronts: first, suggestions that the stimulus is not as poor as claimed, and second, hypotheses that language learning does not require a richly structured and highly restricted learning mechanism. These approaches divorce cognitivism from Chomskyan linguistics, and pursue instead such language acquisition theories as statistical language learning, latent semantic analysis, and agent-based modeling. Chomsky’s resolute antiempiricism ends up isolating his linguistic theory from the forefront of current trends in biology and psychology.
Chomsky in search of a pedigree
Authors: Hamans Camiel S.J.N. , Seuren Pieter A.M.
Published: August 2014

This paper follows the changing fortunes of Chomsky’s search for a pedigree in the history of Western thought during the late 1960s. Having achieved a unique position of supremacy in the theory of syntax and having exploited that position far beyond the narrow circles of professional syntacticians, he felt the need to shore up his theory with the authority of history. It is shown that this attempt, resulting mainly in his Cartesian Linguistics of 1966, was widely, and rightly, judged to be a radical failure, even though it led to a sudden revival of interest in the history of linguistics. Ironically, the very upswing in historical studies caused by Cartesian Linguistics ended up showing that the real pedigree belongs to Generative Semantics, developed by the same ‘angry young men’ Chomsky was so bent on destroying.
Colour terms
Authors: Rakhilina Ekaterina V. , Paramei Galina V.
Published: August 2014

Russian attributive constructions with colour terms are analyzed using the Russian National Corpus. We focus on recently emerging colour terms and their development through to the early twenty-first century. Terms are considered in a construction-based framework, as syntactic-semantic rule pairs, with the emphasis on dynamics in their taxonomic combinability. This is exemplified by constructions denoting the brown category: names for objects, having similar referential meaning, collocate exclusively with one of the contending colour terms, buryj (older) or koričnevyj (newer). We argue that constraints on the usage of a colour term reflect a taxonomic boundary between two classes: the older term applies to natural objects whereas its new rival initially applies to artefacts, later expanding to natural objects. This finding indicates that discourse functioning of emerging colour terms is driven by the cognitive concept of ‘naturalness’. Combinability with nouns from both taxonomic classes is suggested as a supplementary linguistic criterion of colour term basicness.
Aspects of armorial colours and their perception in medieval literature
Authors: Huxtable Michael J.
Published: August 2014

This article builds on work previously published (Huxtable 2006: 199–217) to explore three key aspects of the interpretation of armorial colours as written in texts of different genres from the twelfth to fifteenth centuries. These key aspects are: (1) the use of a didactic theological discourse that had emerged in the late eleventh century and was concerned with the ‘spiritual’ nature of knighthood (viewing it as a military wing of the priesthood); (2) the use of ideas gleaned from the period’s natural philosophy, concerned with the nature of colour as material (that is, derived from the elemental qualities of bodies); and (3) the use of a creative mode in which complex symbolic and allegorical models of identity could be composed.
Warm, cool, light, dark, or afterimage
Authors: Sandford Jodi L.
Published: August 2014

Conceptual color metaphor/metonym (CCMM) and our semantic frame of color are motivated through the embodied co-occurrence of color experience as light (RGBu) and as pigment/substance (RYBu [CYM where C= cyan M = Magenta]). Conceptual perceptive mapping establishes a cognitive mechanism to accommodate the positive and negative connotations in relation to both conventional and non-conventional color items. Fifty participants assessed 143 items in four color tasks, involving the eleven universal basic color concepts. The items were divided between the visual and the linguistic aspects: color metaphor and color metonym. This paper investigates the results in the strictly hue dimension in comparison with the conceptualization of temperature warm/cool and brightness light/dark. Furthermore, the presence of a linguistic and a visual ‘afterimage’ effect is analyzed. CCMM theory helps explain how individuals conceptualize and categorize opponent polysemic association functions in the parallel signal/symbol cognitive processing of color and color language.
Colour and autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Franklin Anna , Sowden Paul T.
Published: August 2014

There is converging evidence for atypical perception in those with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). This chapter reviews a series of studies that have initiated the investigation of colour perception in ASD. Research is reviewed that identifies effects of colour on reading speed, visual discrimination and atypical behaviour in ASD. We also reviewed research that suggests that encoding of colour is atypical in those with ASD, and studies that provide evidence for reduced chromatic discrimination in those with the disorder. The theoretical and practical implications of investigations of colour perception in ASD are highlighted. Avenues for further research are suggested that could clarify how those with ASD process and experience the world of colour.
Towards a phonetically-rich account  of speech-sound → colour synaesthesia
Authors: Smith Rachel , Moos Anja , Cartwright-Hignett William , Simmons David R.
Published: August 2014

This paper explores the contribution that phonetics can make to research into certain types of synaesthesia: those which have speech sounds as the ‘inducer’ or trigger for the synaesthetic experience, and colour as the ‘concurrent’ or triggered experience. These variants are under-researched relative to other variants. We first discuss the complex inter-relationship between speech sounds and graphemes as synaesthetic inducers, then review recent findings concerning the parameters of speech that can evoke impressions of colour. These findings suggest systematic relationships, but a more detailed phonetic approach is needed to better understand the mappings.
Colour and emotion
Authors: Simmons David R.
Published: August 2014

Whilst there are many anecdotal links between particular colours and particular emotions, there is relatively little in the way of systematic research. In this chapter a protocol is proposed for establishing these links empirically which is then tested on the emotional terms “pleasant”, “unpleasant”, “mood-enhancing” and “calming”. It was found that it is possible to establish reliable colour-emotion associations, at least with culturally homogeneous participants. A framework for understanding these associations is proposed.
Chapter 11. Metarepresentation, Homo religiosus, and Homo symbolicus
Authors: Barrett Justin L.
Published: August 2014

What cognitive adaptation enabled humans to become the distinctively symbolic species that we are? Drawing upon insights from the cognitive sciences and evolutionary psychology, research in cognitive science of religion (CSR) converges on the claim that the ability to form mental representations about mental representations (metarepresentation) is a key factor enabling and encouraging religious expression. Such metarepresentation may also be the key to symbolic behaviour – including linguistic expression – more generally. If so, then the same cognitive equipment that underwrites symbolism also gave rise to religion, and the two could have evolved concurrently.
“Laura! Laura! Wake up”
Authors: Lakoff Robin T.
Published: August 2014

The concepts of intertextuality and appropriation have been of great use, since their introduction by Bakhtin and Kristeva, in a wide range of disciplines. Although the distinction between them remains elusive, both refer to citations – explicit and otherwise; direct or indirect – of texts in other texts. This paper discusses the social and political functions of such references, including, when successful, the achievement of cultural cohesion, but, when unsuccessful, the reverse. Several examples are discussed briefly, and two political cartoons from American popular publications during the 2008 presidential election, one successful and the other not, are analyzed at length and compared and contrasted.
Chapter 3. Investigating gender variation of English loanwords in German
Authors: Callies Marcus , Onysko Alexander , Ogiermann Eva
Published: August 2014

This article examines variation in gender assignment to English loanwords – a phenomenon that has rarely been studied on a large empirical basis to date. We report on a multi-method study of gender assignment to Anglicisms as evidenced by large newspaper corpora and experimental data elicited from German native speakers, allowing empirically well-grounded insights into methodological and sociolinguistic factors that determine gender variation. In contrast to earlier studies which assume variation in gender assignment to be especially prevalent in the early stages of integration, thus claiming that there is comparatively little variation in general, our findings show a substantial amount of variation among the test items. In general, we find that variation is higher in the informant data when compared to the corpus data.
Chapter 5. Semi-automatic approaches to Anglicism detection in Norwegian corpus data
Authors: Andersen Gisle
Published: August 2014

This article describes corpus-based research methods and language processing tools that are used for the systematic study of the influence of English on Norwegian lexis. The tools are developed in connection with the Norwegian Newspaper Corpus (NNC) project. The study presents a survey of the types of phenomena that an Anglicism detection tool should aim at identifying and the problems associated with the orthographic and morphological variability of Anglicisms. It also describes the development of an Anglicism detection tool and accounts for a set of experiments using lexicon-based, n-gram-based and combinatory methods. Finally it describes recently developed machine learning techniques that have been developed by the NNC team, arguing that the computational approach to Anglicism identification is a fruitful one.
Chapter 10. Newly-coined Anglicisms in contemporary Spanish
Authors: Oncins-Martínez José Luis
Published: August 2014

The creation of new digitized corpora of Spanish such as CORDE and CREA in the late years of the 20th century came to facilitate enormously the job of lexicographers and linguists interested in studying the influence of English on Spanish. Indeed, these electronic resources offer sounder and more reliable ways of exploring and characterizing Anglicisms in Spanish. The present article situates itself in this corpus-based approach and shows how the aforementioned electronic resources can help us track down the occurrence of foreign usages more systematically and assess the extent of their presence in Spanish more accurately.
Initiating activity shifts through use of appraisal forms as material objects during performance appraisal interviews
Authors: Mikkola Piia , Lehtinen Esa
Published: August 2014

This study shows how participants of performance appraisal interviews use appraisal forms as material objects in initiations of activity shifts. Participants negotiate their willingness to proceed from one interview item to another by gazing at, pointing toward and manipulating the forms. This study contributes to earlier studies of written documents as material objects in interaction, by showing, firstly, how written documents can be used in a step-by-step embodied negotiation; secondly, how orientation to material objects makes it possible for participants to conduct two activities at the same time; and thirdly, how the document’s role as the agenda of an encounter is consequential for the activity. The data of this study consist of six video-recorded appraisal interviews from a Finnish public organisation.
Establishing joint orientation towards commercial objects in a self-service store
Authors: De Stefani Elwys
Published: August 2014

This chapter investigates how persons shopping together initiate orientation towards commercial objects that populate self-service stores. Drawing on the methods developed in conversation analysis, it discusses the actions that shoppers accomplish when introducing a ‘new’ object into their interaction. In the supermarket setting, objects are available resources: as customers navigate through the aisles of the store, they use (commercial) objects as landmarks, as resources allowing them to organise their overall shopping activity, to initiate buying decisions, to engage in topic talk, etc. This study furthermore discusses the multimodal resources that shoppers employ when establishing a joint focus of attention and analyses the categorisation work that they accomplish when orienting towards objects that are on sale.
The temporal orders of multiactivity
Authors: Mondada Lorenza
Published: August 2014

This chapter deals with multiactivity as the participants’ coordination of concurrent activities in which they are involved at the same time. Drawing on ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, and considering time as both a crucial dimension for defining the phenomenon and an important source of variation within it, the chapter focuses on different temporal orders characterising multiactivity and offers a systematic account of their organisation. Although this conceptualisation of time is based on a careful examination of how surgeons manage multiactivity in the operating room, the temporal orders identified in this way address general issues concerning the temporal and sequential organisation of concurrent courses of actions.
Sustained orientation to one activity in multiactivity during prenatal ultrasound examinations
Authors: Nishizaka Aug
Published: August 2014

Drawing on 32 video-recordings of prenatal ultrasound examinations in Japan, I explore practices that the participants employ to organise multiactivity. I demonstrate that transitory phases in each examination, for example searching a next item to show on the ultrasound monitor, are systematic opportunities for the participants to initiate additional activities, such as giving general advice. During such phases talk is released from the ongoing ultrasound examination and is available for other activities. However, while engaging in an additional activity, participants sustain their orientation to the ongoing examination through gaze directions, body orientations, hand movements, and so forth. I conclude by discussing implications for healthcare practices of this organisation of multiple activities.
Suspending action
Authors: Keisanen Tiina , Rauniomaa Mirka , Haddington Pentti
Published: August 2014

This paper examines the interactional management of multiple on-going activities via the use of ‘suspension’. We discuss one practice used in achieving suspension, an action combination where items such as wait or hang on first identify on-going or emerging multiactivity and are followed by talk that somehow addresses the interactional contingencies involved. We show that suspension turns are indicative of participants’ orientation to incompatibility between multiple courses of action or activities. This may be related to such local contingencies as mobility, temporality and the use of different embodied resources. The database consists of approximately 36 hours of audio- and video-recorded everyday interactions in English and Finnish from a variety of situations. The study employs the methodology of conversation analysis.
A body and its involvements
Authors: Raymond Geoffrey , Lerner Gene H.
Published: August 2014

This chapter investigates some of the ways participants use adjusting actions to produce a range of emergent relationships between distinct courses of action. It describes body-behaviourally realised practices for the management of two intersecting courses of action. We first show how the continuing realisation of two courses of action can be preserved moment-by-moment with only negligible adjustments. We then describe how two adjusting actions – suspending and retarding – can be deployed to sustain visible commitment to an ongoing course of action while pursuing a second course of action, thereby realising the second course of action as interjected into the first. In summary, this chapter shows how forms of ‘multiactivity’ emerge as practical solutions to dual involvements in interaction with others.
Local Support for Alcohol Control Policies and Perceptions of Neighborhood Issues in Two College Communities
Authors: Fairlie Anne M. , DeJong William , Wood Mark D.
Published: August 2014

Background

Although valuable, national opinion surveys on alcohol policy may be less informative for policy development at the local level. Using samples of adult residents in 2 college communities, the present study: (1) measured public support for local alcohol control policies to stem underage drinking and alcohol overservice in on-premise outlets, (2) assessed residents’ opinions regarding neighborhood problems, and (3) identified factors associated with strong policy support.

Methods

We administered random-sample telephone surveys to residents aged 21 years and older in college communities located in Community 1 ( N = 501; mean age = 57.4 years, SD = 14.7) and Community 2 ( N = 505; mean age = 56.0 years, SD = 15.2). The response rates were typical of telephone surveys (Community 1: 33.5%; Community 2: 29.9%). We assessed support for 16 alcohol control policies and the occurrence of specific types of neighborhood incidents (e.g., witnessing intoxicated people). We used multiple regression analyses to determine factors associated with policy support.

Results

Residents in Community 1 reported significantly higher weekly alcohol use, a greater number of witnessed neighborhood incidents, and a higher level of perceived neighborhood problems than did residents in Community 2. Residents in Community 1 perceived local alcohol control policies and their enforcement to be significantly stricter. Overall, policy support was high and did not differ between the communities. In both communities, higher policy support was significantly associated with being female, being older, less weekly alcohol use, and lower perceived strictness of alcohol control policies and enforcement.

Conclusions

It is important for campus officials and community leaders to be aware of and publicize favorable public opinion when advocating for policy change, especially at the local level. Information on residents’ perceptions of the neighborhood issues they face can also inform local policy and enforcement efforts.