bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dosimetric comparison of helical tomotherapy and volumetric modulated arc therapy in hippocampal avoidance whole‐brain radiotherapy
Authors: Zhang Huai‐wen , Hu Bo , Pang Hao‐wen
Published: November 2023

Objective

This study aimed to discuss the dosimetric advantages of helical tomotherapy (HT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) technology in hippocampal avoidance whole‐brain radiotherapy and provide references for clinical selection of ideal radiotherapy technology.

Methods

A total of 20 patients with hippocampal avoidance whole‐brain radiotherapy were chosen randomly. Computed tomography (CT) and MRI scanning images were input into the treatment planning system (TPS). After the CT and enhanced magnetic resonance T1 weighted images were fused and registered, the same radiation therapy physician was invited to outline the tumor target volume. PTV‐HS refers to the whole brain subtracted by 5 mm outward expansion of the hippocampus (HP). The prescribed dose was 30 Gy/10 fractions. HT and VMAT plans were designed for each patient in accordance with PTV. Under the premise that the 95% isodose curve covers the PTV, dose–volume histogram was applied to evaluate the PTV, conformal index (CI), heterogeneity index (HI), maximum dose (Dmax), mean dose (Dmean), minimum dose (Dmin) and absorbed doses of organs at risk (OARs) in HT and VMAT plans. Paired t‐test was performed to compare the differences between two radiation therapy plans, and p  <  0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

These two plans had no significant difference in PTV‐HS (max, min, and mean). However, the HI and CI of the HT plan were significantly better than those of the VMAT plan, showing statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). The HT plan was significantly superior to the VMAT plan in terms of the Dmax, Dmin, and Dmean of HP, left and right eye lens, left and right eye, and spinal cord, showing statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). The HT plan was also better than the VMAT plan in terms of the Dmax of the left optic nerve. However, the two plans showed no obvious differences in terms of the absorbed doses of the right optic nerve and brainstem, without statistical significance.

Conclusions

Compared with the VMAT plan of hippocampal avoidance, HT technology has significant dosimetric advantages. HT plans significantly decreased the radiation dose and radiation volume of OARs surrounding the target area (e.g., surrounding eye lens and eye, especially hippocampal avoidance area) while increasing the CI and HI of PTV dose in whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) greatly, thus enabling the decrease in the incidence rate of radioactive nerve function impairment.
Expressing Optogenetic Actuators Fused to N‐terminal Mucin Motifs Delivers Targets to Specific Subcellular Compartments in Polarized Cells
Authors: Wang Jiali , Platz‐Baudin Eric , Noetzel Erik , Offenhäusser Andreas , Maybeck Vanessa
Published: November 2023

Optogenetics is a powerful approach in neuroscience research. However, other tissues of the body may benefit from controlled ion currents and neuroscience may benefit from more precise optogenetic expression. The present work constructs three subcellularly‐targeted optogenetic actuators based on the channelrhodopsin ChR2‐XXL, utilizing 5, 10, or 15 tandem repeats (TR) from mucin as N‐terminal targeting motifs and evaluates expression in several polarized and non‐polarized cell types. The modified channelrhodopsin maintains its electrophysiological properties, which can be used to produce continuous membrane depolarization, despite the expected size of the repeats. This work then shows that these actuators are subcellularly localized in polarized cells. In polarized epithelial cells, all three actuators localize to just the lateral membrane. The TR‐tagged constructs also express subcellularly in cortical neurons, where TR5‐ChR2XXL and TR10‐ChR2XXL mainly target the somatodendrites. Moreover, the transfection efficiencies are shown to be dependent on cell type and tandem repeat length. Overall, this work verifies that the targeting motifs from epithelial cells can be used to localize optogenetic actuators in both epithelia and neurons, opening epithelia processes to optogenetic manipulation and providing new possibilities to target optogenetic tools.
Shape Morphing of Tubular Structures with Tailorable Mechanical Properties
Authors: Zhang Zhaohang , Krushynska Anastasiia O.
Published: November 2023

Tubular structures are in high demand in robotics, medicine, and electronics. They are expected to match different shapes under loading and simultaneously exhibit certain mechanical behavior, e.g., specific radial strength and local flexibility, that poses a complex engineering design task. Herein, strategies to achieve programmable shape morphing in patterned tubular structures are explored, whose mechanical properties for all types of deformation modes can be tailored on demand. The general design problem is formulated, and the programmable response for fundamental—expansion, bending, and twisting—modes activated by tension and pressurization is demonstrated. The design problem for expansion modes is solved analytically; the numerical results agree well with the experimental data for stereolithography three‐dimensional printed cellular tubes. The effects of loading and boundary conditions on the deformed shapes and the structural mechanical response are analyzed. Algorithm‐based design strategies are proposed to achieve quantitative and automatic design for complex deformation modes. The possible use of the proposed structures is also discussed with respect to several applications. The findings pave the way for multifunctional tubular structures by exploring the pluridimensional space of the geometric parameters of metamaterial patterns.
Dry and Lubrication Sliding Wear Characteristics and Wear Mechanism Mapping for In Situ Al–25Mg2Si Composites
Authors: Bhandari Rahul , Biswas Prosanta , Mallik Manab , Mondal Manas Kumar
Published: November 2023

This study investigates the wear characteristics of Al–25Mg2Si composite synthesized via gravity casting. The research aims to understand the influence of applied load, test temperature, contact condition (dry and lubrication), and sliding distance on wear characteristics. Results show that higher loads and temperatures lead to increased wear loss and coefficient of friction. The worn surface morphology for higher loads and temperature shows deeper scratches and grooves, indicating severity in wear. The debris size and volume increase with an increase in load and temperature. The dominant mechanism is abrasive, adhesive, and oxidative for both the room‐ and high‐temperature dry sliding conditions. However adhesive and oxidative wear increase with the increase in test temperature. Abrasive wear is the only wear mechanism present during the lubricating sliding condition. Wear transition is noticed during the wear map analysis subjected to load, temperature, and sliding distance. In the case of room‐temperature test, severe–moderate–mild wear transition occurs with the increase in sliding distance and mild–moderate–severe wear transition occurs with the increase in test temperature and applied load. The roughness of the worn surface increases with an increase in applied load and temperature and the use of lubricant hugely reduces the surface roughness.
Ferromagnetic Elements in Two‐Dimensional Materials: 2D Magnets and Beyond
Authors: Papavasileiou Anastasios V. , Menelaou Melita , Sarkar Kalyan J. , Sofer Zdenek , Polavarapu Lakshminarayana , Mourdikoudis Stefanos
Published: November 2023

Ferromagnetism in 2D materials has attracted tremendous interest from the scientific community thanks to its potential for the design of magnetic materials with unique properties. The presence of a ferromagnetic element in a 2D material can improve the existing properties and offer new ones, giving rise to the development of manifold applications. This review focuses on recent advances and perspectives of 2D materials that bear at least one ferromagnetic element (iron, cobalt, nickel) as i) structural constituent, ii) dopant atom, or iii) adjacent atom through proximity effect. By describing in detail the magnetic properties that have emerged so far, their potential to form next‐generation 2D magnets is discussed. Moreover, the contribution of such 2D materials is analyzed in various applications (electrochemical, photochemical, optical, and electronic), aiming to explore further functionalities and capabilities of ferromagnetic elements, apart from their magnetic nature. Special attention is given to gadolinium and other rare earth elements that display a ferromagnetic order even at ultra‐low temperatures and form part of 2D structured materials, with particularly appealing properties deriving from their 4f electrons.
3D Assembly of Cryo(Bio)Printed Modular Units for Shelf‐Ready Scalable Tissue Fabrication
Authors: Luo Zeyu , Lian Liming , Stocco Thiago , Guo Jie , Mei Xuan , Cai Ling , Andrabi Syed Muntazir , Su Yajuan , Tang Guosheng , Ravanbakhsh Hossein , Li Wanlu , Wang Mian , Kuang Xiao , Garciamendez‐Mijares Carlos Ezio , Wang Di , Wang Zongliang , Liao Junlong , Xie Maobin , Xie Jingwei , Kang Heemin , Lobo Anderson Oliveira , Zhou Zongke , Zhang Yu Shrike
Published: November 2023

The human body relies on modular assembly for realizing its functions. Here the development of a bioinspired cryo(bio)printing‐based method is reported to fabricate shelf‐ready, storable modular scaffolds toward scalable tissue assembly. The mechanism lies in that the cryo(bio)printed modular scaffolds are first assembled into the final hierarchy in their frozen state, which can be subsequently bonded together into an integral piece by contacting each other at the interface during the melting and photocrosslinking processes. This method not only addresses the height limitation associated with the recently developed cryo(bio)printing technology by enabling scalable tissue fabrication through modular assembly, but also allows generating tissue constructs of same or dissimilar materials to fit defects of different scales and shapes, thus providing more precision treatment. Cellular evaluations on the cryobioprinted modular hydrogels validate cell viability, spreading, and differentiation following assembly. The chick ex ovo and rat subcutaneous implantation assays further confirm the potential of direct in vivo assembly using shelf‐ready cryobioprinted modular tissue constructs.
Bioactives and Biomaterial Construction for Modulating Osteoclast Activities
Authors: He Yuwei , Jiang Hong , Dong Shiwu
Published: November 2023

Bone tissue constitutes 15–20% of human body weight and plays a crucial role in supporting the body, coordinating movement, regulating mineral homeostasis, and hematopoiesis. The maintenance of bone homeostasis relies on a delicate balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoclasts, as the exclusive “bone resorbers” in the human skeletal system, are of paramount significance yet often receive inadequate attention. When osteoclast activity becomes excessive, it frequently leads to various bone metabolic disorders, subsequently resulting in secondary bone injuries, such as fractures. This not only reduces life quality of patients, but also imposes a significant economic burden on society. In response to the pressing need for biomaterials in the treatment of osteoclast dysregulation, there is a surge of research and investigations aimed at osteoclast regulation. Promising progress is achieved in this domain. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of how to modulate osteoclast activities. It summarizes bioactive substances that influence osteoclasts and elucidates strategies for constructing related biomaterial systems. It offers practical insights and ideas for the development and application of biomaterials and tissue engineering, with the hope of guiding the clinical treatment of osteoclast‐related bone diseases using biomaterials in the future.
Palygorskite‐Derived Ternary Fluoride with 2D Ion Transport Channels for Ampere Hour‐Scale Li‐S Pouch Cell with High Energy Density
Authors: Zhang Shilin , Sarwar Muhammad Tariq , Wang Jie , Wang Gang , Jiang Zhiyi , Tang Aidong , Yang Huaming
Published: November 2023

Although various excellent electrocatalysts/adsorbents have made notable progress as sulfur cathode hosts on the lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) coin‐cell level, high energy density (WG) of the practical Li‐S pouch cells is still limited by inefficient Li‐ion transport in the thick sulfur cathode under low electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) and negative/positive (N/P) ratios, which aggravates the shuttle effect and sluggish redox kinetics. Here a new ternary fluoride MgAlF5·2H2O with ultrafast ion conduction–strong polysulfides capture integration is developed. MgAlF5·2H2O has an inverse Weberite‐type crystal framework, in which the corner‐sharing [AlF6]–[MgF4 (H2O)2] octahedra units extend to form two‐dimensional Li‐ion transport channels along the [100] and [010] directions, respectively. Applied as the cathode sulfur host, the MgAlF5·2H2O lithiated by LiTFSI (lithium salt in Li‐S electrolyte) acts as a fast ionic conductor to ensure efficient Li‐ion transport to accelerate the redox kinetics under high S loadings and low E/S and N/P. Meanwhile, the strong polar MgAlF5·2H2O captures polysulfides by chemisorption to suppress the shuttle effect. Therefore, a 1.97 A h‐level Li‐S pouch cell achieves a high WG of 386 Wh kg−1. This work develops a new‐type ionic conductor, and provides unique insights and new hosts for designing practical Li‐S pouch cells.
A Bio‐Inspired Free‐Standing Film with Versatility: From Heterogeneous CTCs Programed Isolating to Breast Cancer Molecular Typing
Authors: Bai Mengqi , Qin Rong , Cheng Kai , Wang Zengkai , Zhang Liwei , Tian Xiaohua , Zhang Feiyi , Yang Yuhe , Hou Shuai , Xu Jian , Liu Lei
Published: November 2023

Developing a robust strategy for profiling heterogeneous circular tumor cells specifically, distinguishing the phenotypes of which in blood sample of cancer patient precisely, and releasing them sequentially, is significant for cancer management by liquid biopsy. Herein, a bio‐inspired free‐standing and flexible film composed of TiO2 nanotube and silk fibroin, fabricated with multiply dynamic bioactive surface (TSF/MDBS) by a simple and eco‐friendly way including using polydopamine chemistry and dual dynamic covalent chemistry, is reported. The as‐prepared TSF/MDBS binds specific peptides toward cells with epithelial biomarker and human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) biomarker, and antifouling agents bovine serum albumin for obviating platelets and proteins adhering of blood, can capture heterogeneous CTCs with enhanced capability due to the cytocompatible soft film and exquisite surface design, and further release the captured cells as program, by specifically breaking down the covalent bonds in sequence via the action of adding biocompatible molecules fructose and glutathione. By applying the TSF/MDBS, it can be tailored into desired pieces for identifying CTCs with different phenotypes (HER2‐high and HER2‐low) from the unprocessed blood samples of breast cancer patients, and finally profiling these heterogeneous CTCs, to discriminate HER2 positive or negative of breast cancer patients in clinical applications.
Quantification of the Deep Discharge Induced Asymmetric Copper Deposition in Lithium‐Ion Cells by Operando Synchrotron X‐Ray Tomography
Authors: Dayani Shahabeddin , Markötter Henning , von Nidda Jonas Krug , Schmidt Anita , Bruno Giovanni
Published: November 2023

Lithium‐ion cells connected in series are prone to an electrical safety risk called overdischarge. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the overdischarge phenomenon in lithium‐ion cells using operando nondestructive imaging. The study focuses on understanding the behavior of copper dissolution and deposition during overdischarge, which can lead to irreversible capacity loss and internal short‐circuits. By utilizing synchrotron X‐ray computed tomography (SXCT), the concentration of dissolved and deposited copper per surface area is quantified as a function of depth of discharge, confirming previous findings. The results also highlight for the first time a nonuniform distribution pattern for copper deposition on the cathode. This research provides insights for safer battery cell design.
Hierarchically Porous Ceramic and Metal‐Ceramic Hybrid Materials Structured by Vat Photopolymerization‐Induced Phase Separation
Authors: Essmeister Johannes , Fuchsberger Anna‐Maria , Steiner Deborah , Schwarz Sabine , Schachinger Thomas , Lale Abhijeet , Schwentenwein Martin , Föttinger Karin , Konegger Thomas
Published: November 2023

Additive manufacturing techniques such as vat photopolymerization have laid the foundation for impressive advances in the 3D structuring of ceramic materials. However, simultaneous structuring of these complex‐shaped ceramic objects on the sub‐µm scale, an essential feature for a wide range of applications in separation, energy conversion and storage, adsorption or sensing, has remained a tremendous challenge. This study demonstrates how complex‐shaped polymer‐derived SiOC ceramics exhibiting hierarchical porosity ranging from the sub‐µm‐ to the millimeter‐range can be generated by combining vat photopolymerization with photopolymerization‐induced phase separation using preceramic polymer‐based phase‐separating resins. In addition to allowing single‐step, multi‐level structural control, this new processing concept allows for the chemical modification of the 3D‐printable, phase‐separating preceramic polymer resins using organometallic compounds, including the possibility to generate functional metal nanoparticles in situ during the polymer‐to‐ceramic conversion. In this manner, a chemical toolbox is provided, facilitating the introduction of Ni, Co, Mo, or La into the hierarchically structured SiOC matrix. The versatile applicability of this new materials design approach is demonstrated by employing complex‐shaped, hierarchically porous monoliths containing in situ generated Ni nanoparticles as heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 methanation, with a profound increase in catalyst performance attained by oxidative post‐treatment of the metal‐ceramic hybrid material.
High‐Performance N‐MoSe2/P‐GeSn/N‐Ge van der Waals Heterojunction Phototransistor for Short‐Wave Infrared Photodetection
Authors: Cai Xinwei , Li Shuo , Qian Jinhui , Ding Haokun , Wu Songsong , Wang Rui , Wu Qiang , Shentu Xiaowei , Lin Guangyang , Li Cheng
Published: November 2023

In this work, a high‐performance two‐terminal n‐MoSe2/p‐GeSn/n‐Ge van der Waals (vdW) heterojunction phototransistor (HPT) is proposed and demonstrated for short‐wave infrared (SWIR) detection. With a high Sn content of 17.1% in the GeSn base region, the cutoff wavelength is extended to beyond 2400 nm. The substantial electron/hole injection ratio resulting from the large bandgap offset between the MoSe2 emitter and the GeSn base enables the harvesting of high photocurrent gain. A record high responsivity of 12.75 A W−1 and an excellent specific detectivity of 1.74 × 1010 Jones at 2250 nm are achieved under a collector‐emitter bias of 1.0 V at room temperature. A response time of 462 µs at 1550 nm outbalancing that of most vdW junction‐based devices is obtained for the non‐optimized devices. Those results show that the mixed‐dimensional GeSn HPT is one of the promising candidates for detection of infrared band above 2 µm.
Single Photon Emitters in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Fabricated by Focused Helium Ion Beam
Authors: Liu Guan‐Lin , Wu Xin‐Yu , Jing Peng‐Tao , Cheng Zhen , Zhan Da , Bao Yang , Yan Jia‐Xu , Xu Hai , Zhang Li‐Gong , Li Bing‐Hui , Liu Ke‐Wei , Liu Lei , Shen De‐Zhen
Published: November 2023

The 2D layered hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) material is a promising platform for making single photon emitters (SPEs). Integrate SPEs with photonic cavities or waveguides, requires the deterministic positioning of these emitters as accurately as possible. Among all of the alternative techniques, He+ focused ion beam (FIB) theoretically has sub‐nanometer precision, but its practical positioning accuracy in processing SPEs is limited by the inevitable detrimental byproduct defects. So far, it remains challenging to achieve an accuracy below 100 nm for the positioning of SPEs in hBN. Here, we present a two‐step method for creating SPEs at the predetermined positions in hBN that combines the He+ FIB irradiation and thermal annealing under an oxygen atmosphere. With this method, we have realized the positioning accuracy of less than 50 nm, which, to the best of our knowledge, stands as the highest among the currently available hBN SPEs preparation methods. Moreover, the SPE conversion yield was over 35% and the emission brightness of individual SPE achieved up to 3 × 105 counts/s at room temperature. These SPEs fabricated precisely with nanoscale accuracy in hBN are expected to be good candidates for making large‐scale integrated SPEs in photonic circuits.
Various Mechanisms of Additives in Different Additive Methods on the Crystallinity of Perovskite by Synchrotron Radiation Technology
Authors: Wang Dan , Guo Xihong , Shen Zhibang , Wang Xue , Chai Yuru , Dong Jinquan , Wang Zhen , Wu Zhonghua , Chen Yu , Sun Baoyun
Published: November 2023

Additives are one of the important means to improve the performance of perovskite solar cells. To explore the effects of different addition methods on the crystallinity of perovskite, in this paper, guanidine thiocyanate (GASCN) is added in three different methods, i.e., added in SnO2 precursor solution; in PbI2 precursor solution; or FAI precursor solution, respectively. The guanidine hydroiodide (GAI) and methylamine thiocyanate (MASCN) are selected as contrast additives to evaluate the role of GA+ and SCN−. Though the efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cells with all additives are improved, the systematic study by grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS), quasi‐in situ GIWAXS, and in situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) proved that the mechanism by the three different addition methods behaved in many different ways, which corresponded, respectively, to the surface of the SnO2 electron transport layer, dominance orientation especially vertical growth of perovskite, or low‐dimensional perovskite structure. This provides a new view for optimizing the appropriate synthesis conditions in the future.
2D Exotic Optical Lattice via a Digital‐Coding Circular Airy Beam
Authors: Sun Peisheng , Chen Lai , Pan Bailiang , Ye Linhua , Wang Chengfeng , Zhang Junxiang , Wang Li-Gang
Published: November 2023

Optical lattices have been widely used from classical to quantum physics. The tunable and scalable fabrication of lattices would be of great significance in lattice‐based multipartite applications. This work demonstrates first that a circular Airy beam (CAB), which has the peculiar properties of self‐healing and abrupt autofocusing, can be used to generate two‐dimensional (2D) optical lattices in propagation when encoded by a programmable spatial mask, resulting in the formation of large‐scale and tunable optical lattices with both axis and axial symmetry, and even high‐orbital kaleidoscope shapes. The efficient diffraction of CAB during the spatial crosstalk with the mask enables the realization of tunable lattices with rich periodicity and complexity. The study shows a flexible method to manipulate lattices with large‐scale and versatile structures for potential applications in integrated and scalable optical and photonic devices.
The Intermolecular Pauson‐Khand Reaction: Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities
Authors: Lledó Agustí , Solà Jordi
Published: November 2023

The rapid assembly of complex organic molecules from simple and structurally diverse building blocks is a prevalent challenge in organic synthesis. The Pauson‐Khand reaction (PKR) is a method of choice for the construction of five membered rings that has historically been popularized as a late‐stage intramolecular cyclization method. The intermolecular version of the PKR, on the other hand, constitutes a powerful approach for the rapid assembly of densely functionalized cyclopentanic cores at early stages of a synthetic sequence. Despite its potential, the intermolecular PKR is much less prevalent in the organic synthesis literature due to several historical limitations, most importantly a reduced scope with respect to the alkene component of the reaction. The last decade has witnessed important developments in the area including a) experimental and theoretical studies that provide a good mechanistic understanding of the reaction and its selectivity, b) methodological developments that have broadened the scope of potential alkene partners, and c) the development of catalytic enantioselective versions that provide useful levels of enantioselectivity. In parallel, remarkable synthetic applications of the intermolecular PKR have emerged, including (enantioselective) total syntheses of complex natural products (polycyclic terpenes, alkaloids, prostanes) as well as examples of industrial relevance. A fundamental limitation of the PKR that needs to be addressed in the future is the current lack of a ligand‐accelerated version of the reaction, which would be a promising advance towards developing more efficient and general catalytic (enantioselective) reactions.
CoOOH: Synthesis and Application in Alkaline Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Ren Xiaoqian , Dai Yulong , Wen Xinxin , Guo Bingrong , Shi Chenqi , Huang Xiaoxiao , Guo Ying , Li Siwei
Published: November 2023

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the bottleneck for electrochemical water splitting due to its sluggish 4‐electron kinetics and high formation energy of O═O bond. Multiple kinds of Co‐based compounds such as oxides, hydroxides, sulfides, phosphides and so on are demonstrated to possess excellent OER activity. However, these materials will partially or fully convert to CoOOH after OER, and therefore CoOOH receive extensive research interests as the true active species for Co‐based OER catalyst in the past decade. Herein, the OER mechanism and synthesis of CoOOH and the strategies are reviewed for enhancing the OER performance of this kind of catalyst. The synthetic methods for CoOOH, including wet‐chemical oxidation method, electrochemical oxidation method, molten‐salt‐assisted synthesis and hydrothermal method will be reviewed and compared. Moreover, the strategies will be summarized for design active CoOOH‐based OER catalysts such as element doping and construction of hybrid catalysts in detail. Finally, an outlook is provided about the remaining challenges and future opportunities in this area.
Small Angle X‐Ray Scattering Study for Investigating the 3D Packing Structure of Pt Catalysts on Gd‐Doped CeO2 Supports for Fuel Cells
Authors: Omote Kazuhiko , Iwata Tomoyuki , Kakinuma Katsuyoshi
Published: November 2023

A 3D structural model for fuel cell catalysis systems is constructed, which consist primarily of Pt and CeO2 nanoparticles, to fit observed small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) patterns by using the reverse Monte–Carlo (RMC) method. The observed SAXS patterns are well reproduced by those of the simulations. Pore size distributions using the obtained structure models are compared with the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) analysis for the nitrogen gas adsorption data, and the lower quartiles and medians of the pore diameters are reasonably consistent. In addition, analysis of the SAXS patterns indicates that the number of nanometer‐size Pt particles is much smaller than that of the introduced amount. This suggests that most Pt particles are not uniformly distributed in the catalysis system.
Arf1 GTPase Regulates Golgi‐Dependent G2/M Transition and Spindle Organization in Oocyte Meiosis
Authors: Zhang Kun‐Huan , Zou Yuan‐Jing , Shan Meng‐Meng , Pan Zhen‐Nan , Ju Jia‐Qian , Liu Jing‐Cai , Ji Yi‐Ming , Sun Shao‐Chen
Published: November 2023

ADP‐ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1) is a small GTPase belonging to the Arf family. As a molecular switch, Arf1 is found to regulate retrograde and intra‐Golgi transport, plasma membrane signaling, and organelle function during mitosis. This study aimed to explore the noncanonical roles of Arf1 in cell cycle regulation and cytoskeleton dynamics in meiosis with a mouse oocyte model. Arf1 accumulated in microtubules during oocyte meiosis, and the depletion of Arf1 led to the failure of polar body extrusion. Unlike mitosis, it finds that Arf1 affected Myt1 activity for cyclin B1/CDK1‐based G2/M transition, which disturbed oocyte meiotic resumption. Besides, Arf1 modulated GM130 for the dynamic changes in the Golgi apparatus and Rab35‐based vesicle transport during meiosis. Moreover, Arf1 is associated with Ran GTPase for TPX2 expression, further regulating the Aurora A–polo‐like kinase 1 pathway for meiotic spindle assembly and microtubule stability in oocytes. Further, exogenous Arf1 mRNA supplementation can significantly rescue these defects. In conclusion, results reported the noncanonical functions of Arf1 in G2/M transition and meiotic spindle organization in mouse oocytes.
ABIN1 (Q478) is Required to Prevent Hematopoietic Deficiencies through Regulating Type I IFNs Expression
Authors: Wu Xuanhui , Wang Yong , Chen Bingyi , Liu Yongbo , Li Fang , Ou Yangjing , Zhang Haiwei , Wu Xiaoxia , Li Xiaoming , Wang Lingxia , Rong Wuwei , Liu Jianling , Xing Mingyan , Zhao Xiaoming , Liu Han , Ge Lingling , Lv Ankang , Wang Lan , Wang Zhichao , Li Ming , Zhang Haibing
Published: November 2023

A20‐binding inhibitor of NF‐κB activation (ABIN1) is a polyubiquitin‐binding protein that regulates cell death and immune responses. Although Abin1 is located on chromosome 5q in the region commonly deleted in patients with 5q minus syndrome, the most distinct of the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs), the precise role of ABIN1 in MDSs remains unknown. In this study, mice with a mutation disrupting the polyubiquitin‐binding site (Abin1Q478H/Q478H) is generated. These mice develop MDS‐like diseases characterized by anemia, thrombocytopenia, and megakaryocyte dysplasia. Extramedullary hematopoiesis and bone marrow failure are also observed in Abin1Q478H/Q478H mice. Although Abin1Q478H/Q478H cells are sensitive to RIPK1 kinase–RIPK3–MLKL‐dependent necroptosis, only anemia and splenomegaly are alleviated by RIPK3 deficiency but not by MLKL deficiency or the RIPK1 kinase‐dead mutation. This indicates that the necroptosis‐independent function of RIPK3 is critical for anemia development in Abin1Q478H/Q478H mice. Notably, Abin1Q478H/Q478H mice exhibit higher levels of type I interferon (IFN‐I) expression in bone marrow cells compared towild‐type mice. Consistently, blocking type I IFN signaling through the co‐deletion of Ifnar1 greatly ameliorated anemia, thrombocytopenia, and splenomegaly in Abin1Q478H/Q478H mice. Together, these results demonstrates that ABIN1(Q478) prevents the development of hematopoietic deficiencies by regulating type I IFN expression.
Functional Connectivity Alterations and Molecular Characterization of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Tinnitus Pathology without Hearing Loss
Authors: Fan Ting , Guan Peng‐Fei , Zhong Xiao‐Fang , Xiang Meng‐Ya , Peng Ying‐Qiu , Zhou Ruo‐Qiao , Gong Jia‐Min , Zheng Yu‐Qing , Dai A‐Qiang , Feng Jia‐Ling , Yu Hong‐Zhe , Li Jian , Li Hua‐Wei , Wang Yun‐Feng
Published: November 2023

Compared with individuals with hearing loss, tinnitus patients without hearing loss have more psychological or emotional problems. Tinnitus is closely associated to abnormal metabolism and function of the limbic system, a key brain region for emotion experience, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. Using whole‐brain microvasculature dynamics imaging, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is identified as a key brain region of limbic system involve in the onset of salicylate‐induced tinnitus in mice. In the tinnitus group, there is enhanced purine metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and a distinct pattern of phosphorylation in glutamatergic synaptic pathway according to the metabolome profiles, quantitative proteomic, and phosphoproteomic data of mice ACC tissue. Electroencephalogram in tinnitus patients with normal hearing thresholds show that the functional connectivity between pregenual anterior cingulate cortex and the primary auditory cortex is significantly increased for high‐gamma frequency band, which is positively correlated with the serum glutamate level. These findings indicate that ACC plays an important role in the pathophysiology of tinnitus by interacting with the primary auditory cortex and provide potential molecular targets in the ACC for tinnitus treatment.
Interrelation Between External Pressure, SEI Structure, and Electrodeposit Morphology in an Anode‐Free Lithium Metal Battery
Authors: Liu Wei , Luo Yiteng , Hu Yuhang , Chen Zidong , Wang Qiang , Chen Yungui , Iqbal Naseem , Mitlin David
Published: November 2023

The interrelation is explored between external pressure (0.1, 1, and 10 MPa), solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) structure/morphology, and lithium metal plating/stripping behavior. To simulate anode‐free lithium metal batteries (AF‐LMBs) analysis is performed on “empty” Cu current collectors in standard carbonate electrolyte. Lower pressure promotes organic‐rich SEI and macroscopically heterogeneous, filament‐like Li electrodeposits interspersed with pores. Higher pressure promotes inorganic F‐rich SEI with more uniform and denser Li film. A “seeding layer” of lithiated pristine graphene (pG@Cu) favors an anion‐derived F‐rich SEI and promotes uniform metal electrodeposition, enabling extended electrochemical stability at a lower pressure. State‐of‐the‐art electrochemical performance is achieved at 1MPa: pG‐enabled half‐cell is stable after 300 h (50 cycles) at 1 mA cm−2 rate −3 mAh cm−2 capacity (17.5 µm plated/stripped), with cycling Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.8%. AF‐LMB cells with high mass loading NMC622 cathode (21 mg cm−2) undergo 200 cycles with a CE of 99.4% at C/5‐charge and C/2‐discharge (1C = 178 mAh g−1). Density functional theory (DFT) highlights the differences in the adsorption energy of solvated‐Li+ onto various crystal planes of Cu (100), (110), and (111), versus lithiated/delithiated (0001) graphene, giving insight regarding the role of support surface energetics in promoting SEI heterogeneity.
Low‐Friction Graphene Oxide‐Based Ion Selective Membrane for High‐Efficiency Osmotic Energy Harvesting
Authors: Wang Dejuan , Wang Zequn , Chen Jialin , Zhi Hui , Liu Yongxu , Tang Jiebin , Li Ningbo , Zhang Yafang , An Meng , Liu Hong , Xue Guobin
Published: November 2023

Graphene‐based laminate membranes with selective ion‐transport capability show great potential in renewable osmotic energy harvesting. One of the great challenges is to reduce the overall energy barriers while remain the high ion selectivity in the transmembrane ion transport process. Here, a strategy is proposed to break the trade‐off between ion selectivity and permeability in laminar nanochannels using amphiphilic molecules as modifier, which enhances the surface charge density of nanochannel by loading more ion polymer with polar head and lows the frictional force of ion transport with hydrophobic tail. The conversion efficiency can reach to 32% in osmotic energy harvesting (0.5 m/0.01 m concentration gradient) after adopting this modifier. During the process of mixing real river water and seawater, the maximum power density can reach to 13.38 W m−2. The amphiphilic molecules also bind adjacent nanosheets, endowing the membrane's strong mechanical strength and high stability in aqueous solution. This work can open up a new way to regulate the transmembrane ion transport in 2D laminate membranes.
Effects of broiler litter age and application rate on nutrient mineralization under laboratory condition
Authors: Feng Hanxiao , Prasad Rishi , Chakraborty Debolina
Published: November 2023

Broiler litter (BL), a byproduct of the broiler (Gallus gallus sp.) production cycle, can be regarded as a beneficial organic source to supply essential nutrients for crop growth. Understanding BL nutrient mineralization helps producers better manage nutrients on farms. However, the effects of BL age (length of time BL stays in poultry house before it is cleaned out, also known as the clean out frequency of BL) and application rate on the mineralization of BL nutrients are still poorly understood. Therefore, a 150‐day laboratory incubation study investigated the influence of BL age (6, 18, and 30 months) and application rate (5 and 10 Mg ha−1) on nutrient mineralization. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with three replications. Soil samples were collected at day 0, 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 and analyzed for nitrogen (N) species nitrate, ammonium, total N, and water‐extractable nutrients (water‐extractable phosphorus, potassium [WEK], calcium [WECa], magnesium [WEMg], iron [WEFe], copper [WECu], zinc (WEZn), boron [WEB], and manganese [WEMn]). Results showed that BL nutrient mineralization was affected by BL age or application rate, except WEFe. A greater amount of nitrate‐N was released during the first month, suggesting faster nitrification during the first 30 days after application. Mineral N (sum of nitrate‐ and ammonium‐N) release was more significant with the increasing age of BL and application rate. Greater availability of WEK, WECa, WEMg, and WEB was found in 18‐ and 30‐month BL from 10 Mg ha−1, and lowest in 6‐month BL from 5 Mg ha−1, whereas 6‐month BL with 10 Mg ha−1 has the greatest WECu. Our results suggested that older BL (30 months) with a greater application rate (10 Mg ha−1) had greater nutrient supply potential.
Construction of core–shell Co@CuCo/Al2O3 catalyst to boost the low‐temperature hydrogenation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Zhang Fengyu , Wu Huifang , Wang Qian , Li Dianqing , Feng Junting
Published: November 2023

Reducing catalyst costs and reaction energy consumption is a potent way to advance biorefinery energy from fundamental research to industrial implementation. Herein, we developed a series of low‐cost CuCo/Al2O3 catalysts for hydrodeoxygenation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural to biofuel 2,5‐dimethylfuran (DMF). Combined characterizations showed CuCo alloy and Co@CuCo core–shell structures were successfully constructed by reducing layered double hydroxides (LDHs) at different temperatures. Detailed catalytic performance studies found that Co@CuCo catalyst achieved a decent DMF yield of 91.7% under 130°C and 1 MPa H2, which is milder than most literatures. While the CuCo alloy catalyst only gave 23.2% yield. H2‐TPD and in situ‐IR indicated the CuCo‐alloy shell can prevent oxidation of Co core, so that maintain its high H2 dissociation capacity. Moreover, the electronic structure changes in the Cu–Co alloy promote the hydrolysis of CO bond. Hence, the local atomic arrangement and corresponding electronic structure in the Co@CuCo structure jointly strengthened the low‐temperature reactivity.
Co(III) ‐Catalyzed Regioselective [4+2]‐Annulation of N‐Chlorobenzamide with Allenes and Vinyl Acetate
Authors: Chandra Devesh , Sachin  , Sharma Upendra
Published: November 2023

A regioselective annulation protocol of N‐chlorobenzamide with allenes and vinyl acetate is reported using a less expensive catalytic system, i. e. Co(III) catalysis and Na2CO3 as base. (CO) NH−Cl acts as both, an internal oxidant and a directing group. Allenes are successfully annulated with N‐chlorobenzamide, providing different exocyclic isoquinolone derivatives in good to moderate yield. Notably, vinyl acetate acts as an acetylene surrogate and undergoes annulation using the developed protocol to provide isoquinolone in excellent yield. Interestingly, in situ deprotection of the acetyl group allowed the quantitative synthesis of hydroxyisoquinolone.
Regulation of Antigen‐Specific Immunotherapy with Nanomaterials
Authors: Ye Weifan , Jia Yiwen , Ren Hongze , Xie Yujie , Yu Meihua , Chen Yu
Published: November 2023

Nonspecific immunotherapies often induce general immune activation or suppression. Conversely, antigen‐specific immunotherapy, which refers to dampening or augmenting adaptive immunity against a disease‐specific antigen, increases T‐cell target specificity to pathological tissues, thereby reducing side effects on the rest of the immune system. Advances in engineering strategies for nanomaterials have enabled the feasible modulation of their physicochemical features to incorporate antigens and inherently interact with innate immune cells, which remarkably amplifies the orchestration of antigen‐specific immune responses against cancer and autoimmune diseases. From this contemporary perspective, the basic principles of antigen‐specific immunotherapy are briefly introduced and we elucidate how the latest nanoengineering paradigms regulate the functions of heterogeneous subsets of immune cells, such as antigen‐presenting cells, B cells, and regulatory or cytotoxic T cells, promoting antigen‐specific immunotherapy to treat autoimmune diseases and cancer. An outlook on prospects and remaining challenges have been discussed for, translating scientific discoveries of powerful nanomaterials into medical advances in antigen‐specific immunotherapy, thus offering new treatment modalities for patients with unmet needs.
Broadband Hybridly Polarized Vector Vortex Raman Microchip Laser
Authors: Miao Yujie , Shi Qinan , Zhu Xingyu , Zhang Lin , He Hongsen , Dong Jun
Published: November 2023

Hybridly polarized (HP) vector vortex Raman lasers dramatically extend their applications on optical microscopy, optical communication, and quantum information. Spatial light modulators and waveplates are widely used for generating HP vector vortex lasers, however, the performance and beam quality of HP vector vortex lasers are restricted by diffraction loss and low damage threshold of these optical elements. Here, HP vector vortex Raman microchip lasers constructed with Yb3+:Y3Al5O12 (Yb:YAG) and vanadate (YVO4) crystals is demonstrated. The states of polarization (SoP) of HP vector vortex lasers are combination of radial and anti‐radial polarizations (RP‐ARP), azimuthal and anti‐azimuthal polarizations (AP‐AAP). The SoP of HP vector vortex lasers can be controlled by adjusting the length of YVO4 crystal and applying pump power. Maximum output powers are 456 and 586 mW with optical efficiency of 7.1% and 9.2% for HP vector vortex lasers with SoP of RP‐ARP and AP‐AAP. The HP vector vortex Raman lasers with SoP of RP‐ARP and AP‐AAP oscillate ≈1076 nm with bandwidths of 11.4 and 10.8 nm. High beam quality is achieved for HP vector vortex lasers with measured M2 nearly equal to theoretical value. The broadband HP vector vortex Raman lasers with high beam quality extend applications on optical trapping, and quantum information processing.
Study of Effective 2+1 Dimensional Gravity in Ferrofluid‐Based Hyperbolic Metamaterials
Authors: Smolyaninova Vera N. , Cartelli Jonathon , Christopher Nathaniel , Kist Benjamin , Perry Jonathan , Spickard Stephanie , Devadas Mary Sajini , Smolyaninov Igor I.
Published: November 2023

Recent theoretical and experimental work demonstrated that nonlinear optics of ferrofluid‐based hyperbolic metamaterials exhibit very unusual spatiotemporal dynamics. Here a detailed theoretical and experimental study of mutual interactions of individual self‐focused optical filaments inside this metamaterial is reported. In agreement with theoretical expectations, the observed mutual interactions of individual filaments exhibit strong similarities with general relativity in 2+1 dimensions, which predicts that these interactions must have predominantly non‐Newtonian topological character. This observation is important since 2+1‐dimensional gravity is an exactly solvable theory even in the quantum gravity limit.
An Aptamer‐Based Nanoflow Cytometry Method for the Molecular Detection and Classification of Ovarian Cancers through Profiling of Tumor Markers on Small Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: Li Jin , Li Yingying , Li Qin , Sun Lu , Tan Qingqing , Zheng Liyan , Lu Ye , Zhu Jianqing , Qu Fengli , Tan Weihong
Published: November 2023

Molecular profiling of protein markers on small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) is a promising strategy for the precise detection and classification of ovarian cancers. However, this strategy is challenging owing to the lack of simple and practical detection methods. In this work, using an aptamer‐based nanoflow cytometry (nFCM) detection strategy, a simple and rapid method for the molecular profiling of multiple protein markers on sEVs was developed. The protein markers can be easily labeled with aptamer probes and then rapidly profiled by nFCM. Seven cancer‐associated protein markers, including CA125, STIP1, CD24, EpCAM, EGFR, MUC1, and HER2, on plasma sEVs were profiled for the molecular detection and classification of ovarian cancers. Profiling these seven protein markers enabled the precise detection of ovarian cancer with a high accuracy of 94.2 %. In addition, combined with machine learning algorithms, such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and random forest (RF), the molecular classifications of ovarian cancer cell lines and subtypes were achieved with overall accuracies of 82.9 % and 55.4 %, respectively. Therefore, this simple, rapid, and non‐invasive method exhibited considerable potential for the auxiliary diagnosis and molecular classification of ovarian cancers in clinical practice.
Atroposelective Synthesis of Planar‐Chiral Indoles via Carbene Catalyzed Macrocyclization
Authors: Yang Gongming , He Yi , Wang Tianyi , Li Zhipeng , Wang Jian
Published: November 2023

Indole‐based planar‐chiral macrocycles are widely found in natural products and bioactive molecules. However, in sharp contrast to the preparation of indole‐based axially chiral structures, the enantioselective catalysis of indole‐based planar‐chiral macrocycles is still a formidable task so far. Here we report an N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐catalyzed intramolecular atroposelective macrocyclization of 3‐carboxaldehyde indole/pyrroles, featuring with broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance, and allowing for a rapid access to diverse indole/pyrrole‐based planar‐chiral macrocycles with various tether‐lengths (10–16 members) in good yields and with excellent enantioselectivities. Importantly, the indole‐based macrocyclic structures with both planar and axial chirality were directly and efficiently obtained through this protocol with excellent enantioselectivities and diastereoselectivities. In addition, these synthesized planar‐chiral macrocycles offer many possibilities for chemists to develop new catalysts or ligands, as well as new reactions.
Metallfreie B−B Dehydrokupplung eines Einfachen Boran‐Addukts: Bequemer Zugang zu einem Nukleophilen Diboran(4)
Authors: Kistner Lucas , Sigmund Lukas Maximilian , Grieser Fabian Frank , Krauß Julian , Leingang Simone , Kaifer Elisabeth , Greb Lutz , Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: November 2023

Die selektive Bildung homonuklearer Bindungen ist in der synthetischen Chemie von zentraler Bedeutung. Insbesondere Dehydrokupplungsreaktionen sind als ökologische und ökonomische Alternativen zu etablierten reduktiven Bindungsbildungsreaktionen attraktiv, da sie nicht den Einsatz stöchiometrischer Mengen eines Reduktionsmittels erfordern und nur wertvollen Wasserstoff als Nebenprodukt erzeugen. Hier berichten wir über eine metallfreie B−B‐Dehydrokupplungsreaktion, die direkt von einem einfachen, leicht zugänglichen BH3‐Addukt startet und einen bequemen Zugang zu einem neuen nukleophilen Dihydridodiboran in exzellenter Ausbeute bietet. Das Dihydridodiboran wiederum aktiviert Wasserstoff, sodass durch D2‐Aktivierung quantitativ das Dideuteridodiboran aus dem Dihydridodiboran erhalten werden kann. Auf Grundlage detaillierter quantenchemischer Berechnungen wird der Mechanismus dieser beispiellosen Reaktion aufgeklärt. Einige für die metallfreie Dehydrokupplung essenzielle Kernpunkte werden aufgezeigt und dadurch der Weg für einen systematischen Zugang und Anwendung bereitet.