bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acardiac twin pregnancies part III: Model simulations
Authors: van Gemert Martin J.C. , Ross Michael G. , Nikkels Peter G.J. , Wijngaard Jeroen P.H.M. van den
Published: September 2016

Background

Acardiac monochorionic twins lack cardiac function but grow by passive perfusion of the pump twin's deoxygenated arterial blood through placental arterioarterial (AA) and venovenous (VV) anastomoses and by hypoxia‐mediated neovascularization. Pump twins therefore must continuously increase their cardiac output which may cause heart failure. Our aims were: to adapt our twin‐twin transfusion syndrome model for acardiac twin pregnancies, to simulate pump and acardiac twin development, and to examine the model for early prognostic markers of pump twin survival.

Methods

We used an infinite acardiac placental resistance, based on placental dye injection studies and simulations, suggesting the AA‐Acardiac‐VV series resistance determines the pump twin's excess cardiac output. Pump and acardiac development were expressed by the pump's excess cardiac output versus its normal value, represented by pump/acardiac umbilical venous diameter (UVD) ratios.

Results

UVD ratios distinguish between AA‐VV anastomoses that do and do not cause hydropic pump twins. Pump twins can handle relative larger acardiac perfusion at later than earlier gestation. Both VV and acardiac resistances are significantly smaller than the AA resistance, based on respectively clinical data and acardiac blood volumetric growth.

Conclusion

Our simulations support clinical results which show that UVD ratios aid in the prediction of pump twin risk. The AA anastomosis controls the future of both the pump and the acardiac. Correlation between acardiac size and pump twin risk is secondary to the AA size but remains clinically usable. These factors may aid in the development of methods for pump twin prognosis and the promotion of selective clinical interventions.Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2016.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:1008–1015, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prospective cohort study of laparoscopic and open hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Xiang L , Li J , Chen J , Wang X , Guo P , Fan Y , Zheng S
Published: September 2016

Background

The safety and feasibility of laparoscopic hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with a diameter of 5 cm or less is well recognized. The role of laparoscopy in treating large HCC (5–10 cm) remains controversial. This prospective cohort study was undertaken to assess the short- and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic hepatectomy for large HCC and to compare this approach with open hepatectomy.

Methods

Patients with a solitary HCC (diameter 5–10 cm) who underwent open or laparoscopic hepatectomy were enrolled in a prospective observational study from January 2012 to April 2015. Perioperative and follow-up data were analysed.

Results

Some 128 patients underwent laparoscopic hepatectomy and 207 had an open hepatectomy. One and two perioperative deaths were reported in the laparoscopic and open groups respectively. Laparoscopic hepatectomy was converted to an open procedure in 12 (9·4 per cent) of 128 patients. More patients in the laparoscopic group underwent an anatomical hepatectomy than in the open group (45·3 versus 21·7 per cent; P = 0·001). The postoperative complication rate was 20·3 per cent for the laparoscopic group versus 35·7 per cent for the open group (P = 0·003). Mean(s.d.) duration of hospital stay was 11·4(3·1) and 15·8(7·7) days respectively (P < 0·001). One- and 3-year overall survival rates in the laparoscopic and open groups were 94·4 versus 93·6 per cent (P = 0·875), and 81·4 versus 82·2 per cent (P = 0·802), respectively. One- and 3-year disease-free survival rates were 89·4 versus 88·7 per cent (P = 0·825), and 67·3 versus 66·7 per cent (P = 0·902), respectively.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic hepatectomy is safe and feasible for the treatment of patients with large HCC.
Sleep duration and resting fMRI functional connectivity: examination of short sleepers with and without perceived daytime dysfunction
Authors: Curtis Brian J. , Williams Paula G. , Jones Christopher R. , Anderson Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2016

Background

Approximately 30% of the U.S. population reports recurrent short sleep; however, perceived sleep need varies widely among individuals. Some “habitual short sleepers” routinely sleep 4–6 hr/night without self‐reported adverse consequences. Identifying neural mechanisms underlying individual differences in perceived sleep‐related dysfunction has important implications for understanding associations between sleep duration and health.

Method

This study utilized data from 839 subjects of the Human Connectome Project to examine resting functional connectivity associations with self‐reported short sleep duration, as well as differences between short sleepers with versus without reported dysfunction. Functional connectivity was analyzed using a parcellation covering the cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar gray matter at 5 mm resolution.

Results

Self‐reported sleep duration predicts one of the primary patterns of intersubject variance in resting functional connectivity. Compared to conventional sleepers, both short sleeper subtypes exhibited resting fMRI (R‐fMRI) signatures consistent with diminished wakefulness, potentially indicating inaccurate perception of functionality among those denying dysfunction. Short sleepers denying dysfunction exhibited increased connectivity between sensory cortices and bilateral amygdala and hippocampus, suggesting that efficient sleep‐related memory consolidation may partly explain individual differences in perceived daytime dysfunction.

Conclusions

Overall, current findings indicate that R‐fMRI investigations should include assessment of average sleep duration during the prior month. Furthermore, short sleeper subtype findings provide a candidate neural mechanism underlying differences in perceived daytime impairment associated with short sleep duration.
Wiring of Photosystem I and Hydrogenase on an Electrode for Photoelectrochemical H2 Production by using Redox Polymers for Relatively Positive Onset Potential
Authors: Tapia Cristina , Milton Ross D. , Pankratova Galina , Minteer Shelley D. , Åkerlund Hans‐Erik , Leech Dónal , De Lacey Antonio L. , Pita Marcos , Gorton Lo
Published: September 2016

Photosystem I (PSI) is combined with Desulfovibrio gigas hydrogenase for the bioelectrocatalytic photosynthesis of hydrogen at an electrode surface. The activity of these two biocatalysts is linked by two redox polymers; a redox polymer with a relatively positive potential (loaded with an Os complex) is able to reduce PSI and thus facilitates the production of photoexcited electrons, whereas redox polymers of relatively low potential are able to transfer electrons to the hydrogenase. Two negative‐potential redox polymers are tested, with either a viologen pendant (4‐methyl‐4′‐bromopropylviologen functionalized linear polyethylenimine) or a cobaltocene pendant (cobaltocene‐functionalized branched polyethylenimine, Cc‐BPEI). Both are able to protect hydrogenase from O2 inactivation, but only the use of Cc‐BPEI yields significant photocurrents for H+ reduction, likely due to its lower redox potential. The photocurrents obtained are found to be proportional to the quantity of H2 produced, reaching a maximum of −30 μA cm−2 for the system incorporating Cc‐BPEI and showing a relatively positive onset potential at +0.38 V versus SHE.
Synthesis of Unprecedented Sulfonylated Phosphono‐exo‐Glycals Designed as Inhibitors of the Three Mycobacterial Galactofuranose Processing Enzymes
Authors: Frédéric Christophe J.‐M. , Tikad Abdellatif , Fu Jian , Pan Weidong , Zheng Ruixiang B. , Koizumi Akihiko , Xue Xiaochao , Lowary Todd L. , Vincent Stéphane P.
Published: September 2016

This study reports a new methodology to synthesize exo‐glycals bearing both a sulfone and a phosphonate. This synthetic strategy provides a way to generate exo‐glycals displaying two electron‐withdrawing groups and was applied to eight different carbohydrates from the furanose and pyranose series. The Z/E configurations of these tetrasubstituted enol ethers could be ascertained using NMR spectroscopic techniques. Deprotection of an exo‐glycal followed by an UMP (uridine monophosphate) coupling generated two new UDP (uridine diphosphate)‐galactofuranose analogues. These two Z/E isomers were evaluated as inhibitors of UGM, GlfT1, and GlfT2, the three mycobacterial galactofuranose processing enzymes. Molecule 46‐(E) is the first characterized inhibitor of GlfT1 reported to date and was also found to efficiently inhibit UGM in a reversible manner. Interestingly, GlfT2 showed a better affinity for the (Z) isomer. The three enzymes studied in the present work are not only interesting because, mechanistically, they are still the topic of intense investigations, but also because they constitute very important targets for the development of novel antimycobacterial agents.
Metallkomplexe als Antikrebsmittel
Authors: Kühn Fritz E. , Schmidt Andrea
Published: September 2016

Seit 1978 wird Cisplatin weltweit als Chemotherapeutikum gegen Krebs eingesetzt. Neben den entwickelten Resistenzen leiden Krebspatienten dabei jedoch an starken Nebenwirkungen. In der Tumorforschung wurden verschiedene Strategien entwickelt, um die Schattenseiten des Platinkomplexes zu beseitigen. Bereits Platinkomplexe der zweiten Generation weisen geringere Nebenwirkungen auf. Metallorganische Komplexe und Koordinationsverbindungen mit unterschiedlichen Metallen zielen sowohl auf das klassische Zielmolekül DNS als auch auf in Krebszellen überexprimierte Proteine und Enzyme ab. Bestimmte Wirkstofftransportsysteme werden spezifisch in Tumorgewebe angereichert und Antikrebsmittel können somit gezielt in Krebszellen wirken.
Room Temperature Phase Transition in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Thin Films Induced by Hydrohalic Acid Additives
Authors: Soe Chan Myae Myae , Stoumpos Constantinos C. , Harutyunyan Boris , Manley Eric F. , Chen Lin X. , Bedzyk Michael J. , Marks Tobin J. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: September 2016

Although reactive additives have been employed in perovskite solar cells to enhance film morphology and significantly increase device performance, little is known about the effect of these additives on perovskite structural and optical properties. Here we report a systematic study of how the properties of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) are influenced by hydrohalic acid additives (HX; X=I, Br, Cl) in the precursor solution. Detailed structural and optical spectroscopic analysis reveals that all three acids affect the optical properties and alter the unit cell lattice parameters. Depending on the identity and concentration of HX, optical bandgaps widen or compress: addition of HBr yields a wider bandgap, whereas HI compresses the gap at high concentrations; HCl, on the other hand, has no significant effect on the bandgap. These changes can be understood by correlating them with the types of defects present in polycrystalline perovskite thin films in combination with the structural strain induced in very small crystallites. The presence of extra halides from HX in the precursor solution enables filling of the lattice vacancies in the perovskite, thereby altering metal–halogen–metal bond connectivity and consequently cell volumes and optical bandgaps. Remarkably, a room temperature tetragonal→cubic phase transition is observed for CH3NH3PbI3 films treated with high HX concentrations. Further insights into this anomalous phase transformation are obtained from in situ variable‐temperature X‐ray diffraction in the 25–55 °C (298–328 K) range, revealing a monotonic fall in transition temperature with increasing precursor solution HX concentration.
Multidimensional Perovskites: A Mixed Cation Approach Towards Ambient Stable and Tunable Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Koh Teck Ming , Thirumal Krishnamoorthy , Soo Han Sen , Mathews Nripan
Published: September 2016

Although halide perovskites are able to deliver high power conversion efficiencies, their ambient stability still remains an obstacle for commercialization. Thus, promoting the ambient stability of perovskites has become a key research focus. In this review, we highlight the sources of instability in conventional 3 D perovskites, including water intercalation, ion migration, and thermal decomposition. Recently, the multidimensional perovskites approach has become one of the most promising strategies to enhance the stability of perovskites. As compared to pure 2 D perovskites, multidimensional perovskites typically possess more ideal band gaps, better charge transport, and lower exciton binding energy, which are essential for photovoltaic applications. The larger organic cations in multidimensional perovskites could also be more chemically stable at higher temperatures than the commonly used methylammonium cation. By combining 3 D and 2 D perovskites to form multidimensional perovskites, halide perovskite photovoltaics can attain both high efficiency and increased stability.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytological Diagnosis in Multiple Myeloma With Leptomeningeal Involvement
Authors: Ren Haitao , Zou Yueli , Zhao Yanhuan , Li Jian , Han Xiao , He Junying , Guan Hongzhi
Published: September 2016

Multiple myeloma (MM) with central nervous system (CNS) infiltration is uncommon and the diagnosis is more complicated than that of MM. Here we report two cases of CNS MM that was diagnosed by cerebrospinal fluid cytology examination. Cerebrospinal fluid cytology examination can help to detect malignant cells and immunocytochemistry stain is of great value in identifying an unknown tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:66–68. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Less concern about stigma for mental health issues in college‐aged population
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: September 2016

College‐aged students associate mental health struggles and visits to a mental health professional or care facility with less stigma than did previous generations, but they still lack sufficient access to care for mental health concerns. That's according to a study released by the Anxiety and Depression Association of America. In fact, a majority of college‐aged students polled in the study (60 percent) said that seeing a mental health professional in times of need was viewed as a strength, the highest positive response for any age group polled.
The coevolution of sexual imprinting by males and females
Authors: Gómez‐Llano Miguel Angel , Navarro‐López Eva María , Gilman Robert Tucker
Published: September 2016

Sexual imprinting is the learning of a mate preference by direct observation of the phenotype of another member of the population. Sexual imprinting can be paternal, maternal, or oblique if individuals learn to prefer the phenotypes of their fathers, mothers, or other members of the population, respectively. Which phenotypes are learned can affect trait evolution and speciation rates. “Good genes” models of polygynous systems predict that females should evolve to imprint on their fathers, because paternal imprinting helps females to choose mates that will produce offspring that are both viable and sexy. Sexual imprinting by males has been observed in nature, but a theory for the evolution of sexual imprinting by males does not exist. We developed a good genes model to study the conditions under which sexual imprinting by males or by both sexes can evolve and to ask which sexual imprinting strategies maximize the fitness of the choosy sex. We found that when only males imprint, maternal imprinting is the most advantageous strategy. When both sexes imprint, it is most advantageous for both sexes to use paternal imprinting. Previous theory suggests that, in a given population, either males or females but not both will evolve choosiness in mating. We show how environmental change can lead to the evolution of sexual imprinting behavior by both sexes in the same population.
Fast and Low Loss Gate Driver for SiC‐MOSFET
Authors: YAMAGUCHI KOJI , MAGOME JUNICHI , SASAKI YUJI
Published: September 2016

This paper presents a gate driver with fast switching and low switching loss for silicon carbide‐metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors. The proposed driver consists of a very simple gate boost circuit and a speed up circuit, and so is cost‐effective. Normally, conventional gate drive methods include a trade‐off between switching losses and noise. The proposed gate driver can reduce switching losses without increasing surge voltage as well as voltage and current fluctuations. The proposed gate driver is able to eliminate the trade‐offs in the switching characteristics.
Hierarchical Structure of TiO2 Nano‐Aggregates Prepared by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Background Gas
Authors: UMEZU IKUROU , YOSHIDA TAKEHITO
Published: September 2016

We prepared titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles by pulsed laser ablation of TiO2 target in O2 background gas. Effects of background gas pressure and substrate target distance on the structure of deposited films are clarified. The primary structure, nanocrystals, changes from rutile to anatase phase with increasing background gas pressure or substrate target distance. The porosity of aggregated structure increases with increasing background gas pressure or substrate target distance. These results indicate that confinement of the plume between target and substrate is important for structural formation. The hierarchical micron‐ and submicron‐sized structures were found by the analysis of scanning electron microscope images. The deposits are composed of primary, secondary, and tertiary structures: They are nanoparticles, submicron‐sized aggregates, and micron‐sized aggregates. The nonequilibrium aggregation processes of nanoparticles in the plume and/or on the substrate are essential for the formation of hierarchical structure.
Graphitization of Chlorohydrocarbons in Laser‐Induced Plasma Filaments
Authors: MIYASAKA ERINA , HAMAGUCHI TOMOYUKI , YATSUHASHI TOMOYUKI
Published: September 2016

The decomposition of aqueous chlorohydrocarbons regarded as environmental pollutants has been widely studied. However, it is usually difficult to separate liquid and/or volatile products originated from chlorohydrocarbons from reactant solution. We succeeded to precipitate hydrophobic carbon nanoparticles and their agglomerates from aqueous dichloromethane by femtosecond laser (0.8 μm, 40 fs) irradiation. In the case of water/dichloromethane bilayer solution, the precipitates were produced in abundance when the water layer was exposed to femtosecond laser pulses. The time evolution of pH and transmittance revealed that the precipitation of carbon particles was preceded by dechlorination. Focusing intense femtosecond laser pulses onto water creates a high density of reactive species in a well‐confined volume; that is, plasma filament. The graphitization hence solidification by using laser pulses could be a useful way to remove chlorinated compounds from their aqueous solution.
Electric‐Field Control of Magnetic and Polarizability Properties of Cyanide‐Bridged Fe–Co Clusters
Authors: Roman Marianna , Decurtins Silvio , Liu Shi‐Xia , Klokishner Sophia
Published: September 2016

We present a new microscopic approach for the description of the effects of an external direct current (dc) electric field on the magnetic, polarizability, and spectroscopic characteristics of molecular crystals containing cyanide‐bridged Fe–Co clusters as structural units. In addition to the interaction with the electric field, the model allows for metal–metal electron transfer, intracluster magnetic exchange, and long‐range electron‐deformational interactions, which are taken into account within the mean‐field approach. The external electric field gives a unique possibility to manipulate the polarizability, magnetic, and spectroscopic characteristics of cyanide‐bridged Fe–Co clusters.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Doped Polyaniline for Enhancing the Electrochemical Sensitivity of Mercury Ions
Authors: Nguyen Huy L. , Cao Ha H. , Nguyen Dzung T. , Nguyen Vân‐Anh
Published: September 2016

Polyaniline (PANi) was electro‐synthesized on the surface of screen‐printed carbon electrodes in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a dopant. The complex of aniline and SDS created a conductive (PANi‐SDS) film at lower aniline concentration. The PANi‐SDS film contained negative charge due to the anionic head of SDS. The PANi‐SDS modified electrode was integrated into a poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic chip as an electrochemical sensor for mercury detection. The presence of SDS in the polyaniline film enhanced the possibility of mercury ions uptake, and therefore, increased the peak current of square wave anodic stripping in the mercury detection. The mercury sensor exhibited a dynamic range from 6 to 35 nM with detection limit of 2.4 nM.
Three‐Dimensional Microstructural Characterization of Lithium Manganese Oxide with Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Maier Johannes , Pfeiffer Björn , Volkert Cynthia A. , Nowak Carsten
Published: September 2016

The microstructure of the active material of Li‐ion batteries has a crucial influence on local ion‐transport processes but is not yet well characterized. Atom probe tomography (APT), a method combining sub‐nanometer spatial resolution with sub‐parts‐per‐thousand chemical resolution is well suited for 3 D microstructural characterization. Herein, the results of the characterization of lithium (nickel)manganese oxides [L(N)MO] with APT are presented. Structural and chemical defects of different dimensions such as the segregation of Na impurities to grain boundaries and the appearance of a Ni‐rich foreign phase are detected. Furthermore, a lamellar microstructure correlated to fluctuations in the local Li content was observed, and its influence on Li transport in the material is discussed. In defect‐free regions, the lattice planes of LMO are reconstructed for the first time, and the high spatial resolution of APT is revealed. Thus, the results demonstrate the potential of APT for the 3 D microstructural characterization of LMO.
Variogram calculations for random fields on regular lattices using quadrature methods
Authors: Dutta Somak , Mondal Debashis
Published: September 2016

We discuss a numerical algorithm for calculating a large class of analytically intractable theoretical variogram functions that arise in studies of random fields on regular lattices. Examples of these random fields include conditional and intrinsic autoregressions, fractional Laplacian differenced random fields, and regular block averages of continuum random fields. Typically, the variogram functions for these random fields appear in the form of multi‐dimensional integrals, often with singularities at the origin, and the algorithm laid out to evaluate these integrals invoke certain quadrature rules and regression formulas based on the asymptotic expansions of these integrals. This is so that singularities at the origin can be accounted for in a straightforward manner. This numerical algorithm opens new avenues to advancing geostatistical data analysis, solving kriging and estimation problems and exploring properties for various lattice‐based random fields. The usefulness of this numerical method is illustrated by fitting certain theoretical variogram functions to ocean color and the Walker Lake data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of p‐y modeling approach for seismic response predictions of highway bridges
Authors: Xie Yazhou , Huo Yili , Zhang Jian
Published: September 2016

This study aims to realistically simulate the seismic responses of typical highway bridges in California with considerations of soil–structure interaction effects. The p‐y modeling approaches are developed and validated for embankments and pile foundations of bridges. The p‐y approach models the lateral and vertical foundation flexibility with distributed p‐y springs and associated t‐z and q‐z springs. Building upon the existing p‐y models for pile foundations, the study develops the nonlinear p‐y springs for embankments based on nonlinear 2D and 3D continuum finite element analysis under passive loading condition along both longitudinal and transverse directions. Closed‐form expressions are developed for two key parameters, the ultimate resistant force pult and the displacement y50, where 0.5pult is reached, of embankment p‐y models as functions of abutment geometry (wall width and height, embankment fill height, etc.) and soil material properties (wall‐soil friction angle, soil friction angle, and cohesion). In order to account for the kinematic and site responses, depth‐varying ground motions are derived and applied at the free‐end of p‐y springs, which reflects the amplified embankment crest motion. The modeling approach is applied to simulate the seismic responses of the Painter Street Bridge and validated through comparisons with the recorded responses during the 1992 Petrolia earthquake. It is demonstrated that the flexibility and motion amplification at end abutments are the most crucial modeling aspects. The developed p‐y models and the modeling approach can effectively predict the seismic responses of highway bridges. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicity of individual pharmaceuticals and their mixtures to Aliivibrio fischeri: Experimental results for single compounds and considerations of their mechanisms of action and potential acute effects on aquatic organisms
Authors: Di Nica Valeria , Villa Sara , Finizio Antonio
Published: September 2016

In the first part of a broader study on the effects of individual and multicomponent mixtures of pharmaceutical active compounds, the authors used the Microtox® test system to analyze in detail the effects of 10 widely used human and veterinary pharmaceutical active compounds toward the bioluminescent bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri. The experimental results indicated moderate toxicity for the majority of the tested compounds. Comparison between experimental 50% inhibitory concentrations and those predicted from the quantitative structure–activity relationship models indicated that most of the tested pharmaceutical active compounds behave as polar narcotic compounds toward A. fischeri (only the antibiotic chlortetracycline seemed to have a specific mechanism of action). A comparison between the experimental results and a collection of acute toxicity data on other nontarget organisms indicated that in general A. fischeri has a comparable sensitivity to other aquatic species. However, according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, the majority of the investigated chemicals can be classified as harmful or nontoxic for aquatic ecosystems. Finally, based on comparisons among the 95th percentile of measured environmental concentrations found in European Union water bodies and acute toxicity data on various aquatic organisms, no risk to aquatic life exists when the tested pharmaceutical active compounds are assessed as individual chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:807–814. © 2016 SETAC
Disorder‐Specific Alteration in White Matter Structural Property in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder Relative to Adults With ADHD and Adult Controls
Authors: Chiang Huey‐Ling , Chen Yu‐Jen , Lin Hsiang‐Yuan , Tseng Wen‐Yih Isaac , Gau Susan Shur‐Fen
Published: September 2016

Objective

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are not only often comorbid but also overlapped in behavioral and cognitive abnormalities. Little is known about whether these shared phenotypes are based on common or different underlying neuropathologies. Therefore, this study aims to examine the disorder‐specific alterations in white matter (WM) structural property.

Method

The three comparison groups included 23 male adults with ASD (21.4 ± 3.1 years), 32 male adults with ADHD (23.4 ± 3.3 years), and 29 age‐matched healthy male controls (22.4 ± 3.3 years). After acquisition of the diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI), whole brain tractography was reconstructed by a tract‐based automatic analysis. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) values were computed to indicate tract‐specific WM property with adjusted P value < 0.05 for false discovery rate correction.

Results

Post hoc analyses revealed that men with ASD exhibited significant lower GFA values than men with ADHD and male controls in six identified fiber tracts: the right arcuate fasciculus, right cingulum (hippocampal part), anterior commissure, and three callosal fibers (ventrolateral prefrontal cortex part, precentral part, superior temporal part). There was no significant difference in the GFA values of any of the fiber tracts between men with ADHD and controls. In men with ASD, the GFA values of the right arcuate fasciculus and right cingulum (hippocampal part) were negatively associated with autistic social‐deficit symptoms, and the anterior commissure GFA value was positively correlated with intelligence.

Conclusions

This study highlights the disorder‐specific alteration of the microstructural property of WM tracts in male adults with ASD. Hum Brain Mapp 38:384–395, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IRAKM‐Mincle axis links cell death to inflammation: Pathophysiological implications for chronic alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Zhou Hao , Yu Minjia , Zhao Junjie , Martin Bradley N. , Roychowdhury Sanjoy , McMullen Megan R. , Wang Emily , Fox Paul L. , Yamasaki Sho , Nagy Laura E. , Li Xiaoxia
Published: September 2016

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐mediated activation of Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) in hepatic macrophages and injury to hepatocytes are major contributors to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. However, the mechanisms by which TLR‐dependent inflammatory responses and alcohol‐induced hepatocellular damage coordinately lead to alcoholic liver disease are not completely understood. In this study, we found that mice deficient in interleukin‐1 receptor‐associated kinase M (IRAKM), a proximal TLR pathway molecule typically associated with inhibition of TLR signaling, were actually protected from chronic ethanol‐induced liver injury. In bone marrow‐derived macrophages challenged with low concentrations of LPS, which reflect the relevant pathophysiological levels of LPS in both alcoholic patients and ethanol‐fed mice, the IRAKM Myddosome was preferentially formed. Further, the IRAKM Myddosome mediated the up‐regulation of Mincle, a sensor for cell death. Mincle‐deficient mice were also protected from ethanol‐induced liver injury. The endogenous Mincle ligand spliceosome‐associated protein 130 (SAP130) is a danger signal released by damaged cells; culture of hepatocytes with ethanol increased the release of SAP130. Ex vivo studies in bone marrow‐derived macrophages suggested that SAP130 and LPS synergistically activated inflammatory responses, including inflammasome activation. Conclusion: This study reveals a novel IRAKM‐Mincle axis that contributes to the pathogenesis of ethanol‐induced liver injury. (Hepatology 2016;64:1978‐1993).
Breast cancer screening effect across breast density strata: A case–control study
Authors: van der Waal Daniëlle , Ripping Theodora M. , Verbeek André L.M. , Broeders Mireille J.M.
Published: September 2016

Breast cancer screening is known to reduce breast cancer mortality. A high breast density may affect this reduction. We assessed the effect of screening on breast cancer mortality in women with dense and fatty breasts separately. Analyses were performed within the Nijmegen (Dutch) screening programme (1975–2008), which invites women (aged 50–74 years) biennially. Performance measures were determined. Furthermore, a case–control study was performed for women having dense and women having fatty breasts. Breast density was assessed visually with a dichotomized Wolfe scale. Breast density data were available for cases. The prevalence of dense breasts among controls was estimated with age‐specific rates from the general population. Sensitivity analyses were performed on these estimates. Screening performance was better in the fatty than in the dense group (sensitivity 75.7% vs 57.8%). The mortality reduction appeared to be smaller for women with dense breasts, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.87 (95% CI 0.52–1.45) in the dense and 0.59 (95% CI 0.44–0.79) in the fatty group. We can conclude that high density results in lower screening performance and appears to be associated with a smaller mortality reduction. Breast density is thus a likely candidate for risk‐stratified screening. More research is needed on the association between density and screening harms.
RNA‐Generated and Gene‐Edited Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Disease Modeling and Therapy
Authors: Kehler James , Greco Marianna , Martino Valentina , Pachiappan Manickam , Yokoe Hiroko , Chen Alice , Yang Miranda , Auerbach Jonathan , Jessee Joel , Gotte Martin , Milanesi Luciano , Albertini Alberto , Bellipanni Gianfranco , Zucchi Ileana , Reinbold Rolland A. , Giordano Antonio
Published: September 2016

Cellular reprogramming by epigenomic remodeling of chromatin holds great promise in the field of human regenerative medicine. As an example, human‐induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) obtained by reprograming of patient somatic cells are sufficiently similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and can generate all cell types of the human body. Clinical use of iPSCs is dependent on methods that do not utilize genome altering transgenic technologies that are potentially unsafe and ethically unacceptable. Transient delivery of exogenous RNA into cells provides a safer reprogramming system to transgenic approaches that rely on exogenous DNA or viral vectors. RNA reprogramming may prove to be more suitable for clinical applications and provide stable starting cell lines for gene‐editing, isolation, and characterization of patient iPSC lines. The introduction and rapid evolution of CRISPR/Cas9 gene‐editing systems has provided a readily accessible research tool to perform functional human genetic experiments. Similar to RNA reprogramming, transient delivery of mRNA encoding Cas9 in combination with guide RNA sequences to target specific points in the genome eliminates the risk of potential integration of Cas9 plasmid constructs. We present optimized RNA‐based laboratory procedure for making and editing iPSCs. In the near‐term these two powerful technologies are being harnessed to dissect mechanisms of human development and disease in vitro, supporting both basic, and translational research. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1262–1269, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A SEM study of the antenna and mouthparts of Omosita colon (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)
Authors: Cao Yan‐Kun , Huang Min
Published: September 2016

There are direct relationships between the behavioral mechanisms and sensilla. To obtain a better understanding of the behavioral mechanisms in Omosita colon (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), we investigated the types, quantities, and distribution of sensilla on the antenna and mouthparts of O. colon by scanning electron microscopy. The clavate antenna comprised the scape, pedicel, and nine segment flagellomeres and had six types of sensilla, including two subtypes of sensilla chaetica (SC), three subtypes of sensilla basiconica (SB) and sensilla trichodea (ST), and one type of sensilla cavity, sensilla styloconica, and Böhm bristles (BB). The chewing mouthparts of O. colon consist of the labrum, mandible, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx and had seven types sensilla, including two subtypes of SC and sensilla placodea, seven subtypes of SB, and one type of BB, ST, sensilla coeloconica, and sensilla campaniformia. In this research, we also deduced the relationships between the sensilla on the antenna and mouthparts and their functions.
Medulloblastoma initiation and spread: Where neurodevelopment, microenvironment and cancer cross pathways
Authors: Martirosian Vahan , Chen Thomas C. , Lin Michelle , Neman Josh
Published: September 2016

Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant pediatric brain tumors. Over the past several decades, a wide range of tumor‐centric studies have identified genes and their regulators within signaling pathways that promote medulloblastoma growth. This review aims to raise awareness that transdisciplinary research between developmental neurobiology and cancer foundations can advance our current understanding of how the nervous system contributes to medulloblastomas. By leveraging current advances in neurodevelopment, microenvironment (including secreted neuropeptides), neurotransmitters, and axon guidance cues, we can uncover novel mechanisms used by the nervous system to promote medulloblastoma growth and spread. This will ultimately result in development of improved strategies for cancer prevention and treatment of pediatric patients with this devastating disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Studying the pathophysiologic connection between cardiovascular and nervous systems using stem cells
Authors: Coskun Volkan , Lombardo Dawn M.
Published: September 2016

The cardiovascular and nervous systems are deeply connected during development, health, and disease. Both systems affect and regulate the development of each other during embryogenesis and the early postnatal period. Specialized neural crest cells contribute to cardiac structures, and a number of growth factors released from the cardiac tissue (e.g., glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor, neurturin, nerve growth factor, Neurotrophin‐3) ensure proper maturation of the incoming parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons. Physiologically, the cardiovascular and nervous systems operate in harmony to adapt to various physical and emotional conditions to maintain homeostasis through sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Moreover, neurocardiac regulation involves a neuroaxis consisting of cortex, amygdala, and other subcortical structures, which have the ability to modify lower‐level neurons in the hierarchy. Given the interconnectivity of cardiac and neural systems, when one undergoes pathological changes, the other is affected to a certain extent. In addition, there are specific neurocardiac diseases that affect both systems simultaneously, such as Huntington disease, Lewy body diseases, Friedreich ataxia, congenital heart diseases, Danon disease, and Timothy syndrome. Over the last decade, in vitro modeling of neurocardiac diseases using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has provided an invaluable opportunity to elevate our knowledge about the brain–heart connection, since previously primary cardiomyocytes and neurons had been extremely difficult to maintain long‐term in vitro. Ultimately, the ability of iPSC technology to model abnormal functional phenotypes of human neurocardiac disorders, combined with the ease of therapeutic screening using this approach, will transform patient care through personalized medicine in the future. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronostratigraphic constraints on Middle Pleistocene faunal assemblages and Acheulian industries from the Cretone lacustrine basin, central Italy
Authors: Marra Fabrizio , Ceruleo Piero , Jicha Brian , Pandolfi Luca , Petronio Carmelo , Salari Leonardo , Giaccio Biagio , Sottili Gianluca
Published: September 2016

Integrated40Ar/39Ar, trace‐element, stratigraphic, palaeontological and palaethnological data provide geochronological and biochronological constraints for the sedimentary and tectonic history of a Middle Pleistocene fluvial–lacustrine basin near Rome (Cretone Basin, central Italy), which has yielded a significant record of mammal fossil remains and Palaeolithic industry. This work is a case study of the interplay between tectonics and glacio‐eustacy, which strongly influenced the evolution of the Tyrrhenian Sea margin of central Italy. Dating of tephra layers interbedded within the Cretone Basin lacustrine succession and reconstruction of relict terraced surfaces allow correlation with similar, geochronologically constrained, marine isotopic stages (MIS) 15–5 terraced deposits along the coast. Coupled extensional tectonics and regional uplift over the last 600 ka caused the progressive uplifting and westward migration of the main fluvial–lacustrine basin and the formation of a smaller satellite basin at its eastern margin. Here, stable environmental conditions during MIS 13–5 indicated continuous human and large mammal frequentation, as testified by lithic industry and fossil remains ascribable to the Acheulean and later early Middle Palaeolithic technocomplexes and Galerian–Aurelian mammal faunas, respectively. In addition to providing independent age constraints to glacial sea‐level oscillations of this region, the reconstructed chronostratigraphic setting for the Cretone Basin provides evidence for one of the oldest Acheulean lithic assemblage of central Italy, as well as new biochronological and palaeobiogeographical data for some Middle Pleistocene mammal species of Italy.
Recent applications of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis
Authors: Zhang Qian , Yang Feng‐Qing , Ge Liya , Hu Yuan‐Jia , Xia Zhi‐Ning
Published: September 2016

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, an alternative liquid chromatography mode, is of particular interest in separating hydrophilic and polar ionic compounds. Compared with traditional liquid chromatography techniques, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography offers specific advantages mainly including: (1) relatively green and water‐soluble mobile phase composition, which enhances the solubility of hydrophilic and polar ionic compounds; (2) no need for ion‐pairing reagents and high content of organic solvent, which benefits mass spectrometry detection; (3) high orthogonality to reverse‐phase liquid chromatography, well adapted to two‐dimensional liquid chromatography for complicated samples. Therefore, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography has been rapidly developed in many areas over the past decades. This review summarizes the recent progress (from 2012 to July 2016) of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis, with the focus on detecting chemical drugs in various matrices, charactering active compounds of natural products and assessing biotherapeutics through typical structure unit. Moreover, the retention mechanism and behavior of analytes in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography as well as some novel hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography columns used for pharmaceutical analysis are also described.
Reversible Deactivation of Enzymes by Redox‐Responsive Nanogel Carriers
Authors: Peng Huan , Rübsam Kristin , Jakob Felix , Pazdzior Patrizia , Schwaneberg Ulrich , Pich Andrij
Published: September 2016

Novel redox‐responsive polymeric nanogels that allow highly efficient enzyme encapsulation and reversible modulation of enzyme activity are developed. The nanogel synthesis and encapsulation of enzyme are performed simultaneously via in situ crosslinking of pyridyldisulfide‐functionalized water‐soluble reactive copolymers, which are synthesized via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer copolymerization. Obtained nanogels with loaded cellulase demonstrate very good colloidal stability in aqueous solutions. The enzymatic activity of cellulase is greatly reduced when encapsulated in the nanogels and rapidly recovered in 10 × 10−3 m dithiothreitol solution. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)‐based experiments indicate that the recovered enzymatic activity is mainly ascribed to the release of the enzyme due to the degradation of the disulfide crosslinking network after addition of dithiothreitol (DTT), instead of the enhanced substrate transport rate. The developed enzyme immobilization method opens new possibilities for reversible activation/deactivation of enzymes and opens up new directions for targeted protein therapy and biotechnology applications.

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Consistency of “Probable RBD” Diagnosis with the RBD Screening Questionnaire: A Follow‐up Study
Authors: Stefani Ambra , Mahlknecht Philipp , Seppi Klaus , Nocker Michael , Mair Katherina J. , Hotter Anna , Stockner Heike , Willeit Johann , Kiechl Stefan , Rungger Gregor , Gasperi Arno , Poewe Werner , Högl Birgit
Published: September 2016

Introduction

The aim of this study was to evaluate the consistency of “probable RBD” diagnosis with the RBD screening questionnaire (RBDSQ) assessed 2 years apart in a population‐based study.

Methods

Probable RBD was assessed by RBDSQ in 2008 and in 2010 in the Bruneck Study Cohort, with participants aged ≥60 years.

Results

A total of 437 participants completed the RBDSQ in 2008 and 2010. There were 29 (6.6%) and 23 (5.3%) participants with probable RBD in 2008 and in 2010, respectively. Only eight (1.8%) screened positive on both occasions. RBDSQ values 2 years apart showed low correlation with each other (Spearman rank coefficient r = 0.348, P < 0.001) and low agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.388, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

We found low agreement between the two assessments. Possible explanations are the fluctuation of untreated RBD expression and the poor utility of the RBDSQ to detect RBD in the general population. Until further PSG validation of the RBDSQ in population‐based studies, investigators must be aware of the inherent uncertainty of questionnaire‐based RBD diagnosis.
Quenching solutions of a stochastic parabolic problem arising in electrostatic MEMS control
Authors: Kavallaris Nikos I.
Published: September 2016

In the current paper, we consider a stochastic parabolic equation that actually serves as a mathematical model describing the operation of an electrostatic actuated micro‐electro‐mechanical system. We first present the derivation of the mathematical model. Then after establishing the local well posedeness of the problem, we investigate under which circumstances a finite‐time quenching for this stochastic partial differential equation, corresponding to the mechanical phenomenon of touching down, occurs. For that purpose, the Kaplan's eigenfunction method adapted in the context of stochastic partial differential equations is employed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of the relaxation kernel in diffusion processes and viscoelasticity with memory via deconvolution
Authors: Pandolfi Luciano
Published: September 2016

We present an algorithm for the identification of the relaxation kernel in the theory of diffusion systems with memory (or of viscoelasticity), which is linear, in the sense that we propose a linear Volterra integral equation of convolution type whose solution is the relaxation kernel. The algorithm is based on the observation of the flux through a part of the boundary of a body.

The identification of the relaxation kernel is ill posed, as we should expect from an inverse problem. In fact, we shall see that it is mildly ill posed, precisely as the deconvolution problem which has to be solved in the algorithm we propose. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local well‐posedness and zero‐αlimit for the Euler‐αequations
Authors: Yue Gaocheng , Zhong Chengkui
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we prove the local‐in‐time existence and a blow‐up criterion of solutions in the Besov spaces for the Euler‐αequations of inviscid incompressible fluid flows in. We also establish the convergence rate of the solutions of the Euler‐αequations to the corresponding solutions of the Euler equations as the regularization parameterαapproaches 0 in. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.