bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Prepared are Our Teachers for Mainstreamed Classroom Settings? A Survey of Postsecondary Schools of Education in New York State
Authors: Kearney Christopher A. , Durand V. Mark
Published: July 2017

This study examined the hypothesis that postsecondary schools of education are sufficiently preparing regular education students to work in integrated or mainstreamed classroom settings. Chairpersons of 58 such programs in New York State were queried about their programs' accreditation, coursework, and field experience requirements relevant to mainstreaming practices. Results indicated that only a minority of these programs were accredited by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education, offered dual certification in regular and special education, or required training in collaborative teaching and education.
Making Sense of Disability: Low-Income, Puerto Rican Parents' Theories of the Problem
Authors: Harry Beth
Published: July 2017

This article reports findings from an ethnographic study of the views of 12 low-income Puerto Rican parents whose children were classified as learning disabled or mildly mentally retarded. Different cultural meanings of disability and normalcy led parents to reject the notion of disability and focus on the impact of family identity, language confusion, and detrimental educational practices on children's school performance. Parents' views were in line with current arguments against labeling and English-only instruction.
Open Enrollment and Students with Disabilities: Issues, Concerns, Fears, and Anticipated Benefits
Authors: Ysseldyke James E. , Thurlow Martha L. , Algozzine Bob , Nathan Joe
Published: July 2017

Open enrollment is a hotly debated form of educational choice. More than 25 states have legislation establishing or expanding public school choice options. At an issues clarification working session, professionals, legislators, policymakers, parents, and students described issues and generated implications for serving students with disabilities. Participants identified three kinds of issues for districts and students: outcome, implementation, and demographic. Participants also expressed other concerns about choice: pupil benefit, parent involvement (or convenience), teacher/administrator job protection, change, and teacher workload.
Integrated Learning: Explicit Strategies and Their Role in Problem-Solving Instruction for Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Hollingsworth Maurice , Woodward John
Published: July 2017

This study investigated the effectiveness of an explicit strategy as a means of linking facts, concepts, and problem solving in an unfamiliar domain of learning. Participants were 37 secondary students with learning disabilities. All students were taught health facts and concepts, which they then applied to problem-solving exercises presented through computer-simulation games. Students in the experimental group were taught an explicit strategy for solving the problems; the comparison group was given supportive feedback and encouraged to induce their own strategies. The explicit strategy group performed significantly better on two transfer measures, including videotaped problem-solving exercises.
Employment of Related Service Personnel in Preschool Programs: A Survey of General Early Educators
Authors: Wolery Mark , Venn Martha L. , Holcombe Ariane , Brookfield Jeffri , Martin Catherine G. , Huffman Kay , Schroeder Carol , Fleming Lucy A.
Published: July 2017

This report describes a mail survey of general early childhood educators to determine the extent to which representatives from various disciplines, commonly found on early childhood education teams, are employed by general early education programs. Randomly selected respondents were from four types of programs: Head Start, public school prekindergarten, public school kindergarten, and community preschool/child care. Of the 893 mailed questionnaires, 483 (54.1%) were returned and coded. Respondents indicated that programs that enrolled at least one child with disabilities tended to employ higher percentages of personnel in related service disciplines than did programs with no children with disabilities. Among other results, surveys indicated that relatively few programs reported having sufficient related service personnel to form basic team constellations.
Adults with Learning Disabilities: Educational and Social Experiences during College
Authors: Greenbaum Beth , Graham Steve , Scales William
Published: July 2017

Forty-nine adults with learning disabilities were interviewed about their college experiences. Most of the respondents adjusted well to the demands and complexities of college. Approximately 90% of the participants graduated from college in approximately 5.5 years. In addition, students typically attended more than one college or university and pursued a variety of majors. Keys and barriers to success were examined, and recommendations were also made for improving educational outcomes.
Longitudinal Postschool Outcomes of Youth with Disabilities: Findings from the National Longitudinal Transition Study
Authors: Blackorby Jose , Wagner Mary
Published: July 2017

This article describes findings from the National Longitudinal Transition Study (NLTS) of Special Education Students regarding trends in the employment, wages, postsecondary education, and residential independence of youth with disabilities in their first 5 years after high school. Data from the NLTS indicated strong gains in all four outcome areas over time. In all areas, however, youth with disabilities continued to lag behind their peers in the general population. Several differences between youth in certain disability categories were found regarding employment, postsecondary education, and movement toward independence over time. Longitudinal outcomes also differed widely by gender, ethnicity, and high school completion status.
Legal Guidelines for the Delivery of Special Health Care Services in Schools
Authors: Rapport Mary Jane K.
Published: July 2017

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act includes school health services in a list of possible related services. The rising costs associated with education and the request for more extensive and costly services by children who have special health care needs have made the delivery of these services in schools as part of free, appropriate public education increasingly controversial. An examination of relevant documents and court decisions from the past 10 years provides insight into congressional intent, federal regulations, and local implementation of service delivery related to children with extensive health care needs.
Expanding Views on Transition
Authors: Repetto Jeanne B. , Correa Vivian I.
Published: July 2017

This position paper defines transition from the early childhood and secondary perspectives, proposes an infrastructure for an expanded definition of transition based on common components, and advocates for a seamless model of transition service delivery in general and special education. The model includes program planning from birth through age 21, and addresses curriculum, location of services, futures planning, multiagency collaboration, and family and student focus. The article presents guidelines for implementing this seamless transition model throughout early childhood, elementary, middle, and secondary school programs.
Educational Placements for Children Who are Ventilator Assisted
Authors: Jones David E. , Clatterbuck Chris C. , Marquis Janet , Turnbull H. Rutherford , Moberly Rebecca L.
Published: July 2017

As mechanical ventilation becomes more portable and home nursing care more available, children who rely on ventilators for life support are leaving hospitals and returning to their homes and schools. The authors surveyed 77 families during 1990–1991 to obtain information on the educational placements of these children and parental satisfaction with services. Interviews were conducted with a subsample of 22 families with differing levels of satisfaction and advocacy. Results suggest that barriers to the integration of these children into school-based programs are attitudinal more than technological. Parent satisfaction with services increased with the number of years the student was placed in school.
Ladders to Literacy: The Effects of Teacher-Led Phonological Activities for Kindergarten Children with and without Disabilities
Authors: O'Connor Rollanda E. , Notari-Syverson Angela , Vadasy Patricia F.
Published: July 2017

This study was designed to test the effects of activity-based phonological instruction delivered by five classroom teachers on the phonological skill development and reading and writing outcomes of kindergarten children with ( n = 31) and without ( n = 57) disabilities, and children repeating kindergarten ( n = 19) placed in general and self-contained classes. Teachers in the treatment received 10 inservice training sessions spaced over the school year and implemented from 100 to 281 activities during the 6-month intervention. Outcomes for treated children were compared with children matched for type (general or repeating kindergartners, or children with mild disabilities) in classrooms using the same background prereading curriculum. Results suggest that intervention delivered by nonresearch personnel can be an effective way to improve the literacy outcomes of children with a broad range of ability.
Putting Alternate Assessments into Practice: What to Measure and Possible Sources of Data
Authors: Ysseldyke Jim , Olsen Ken
Published: July 2017

The reauthorized Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires that states have alternate assessments in place by the year 2000. Personnel in departments of education are working on the development of alternate assessments that are to be used in accounting for the performance and progress of students with disabilities who do not participate in the typical state assessments. In this article, we define alternate assessment, describe methods that can be used to collect data, and describe domains in which data should be collected. We report the results of a focus group study in which teachers delineated ways in which data might be collected using each of the methods in each of the domains. We provide a set of initial thoughts that could serve as a starting point for designing alternate assessments.
Managing Limited Resources: Do Children with Learning Problems Share?
Authors: Siperstein Gary N. , Leffert James S.
Published: July 2017

The present study examined the ability of 56 children with learning problems (resulting from mental retardation or mild cognitive delay) and 56 children without learning problems to resolve the social problem of whether to share limited resources with a peer. Children with and without learning problems offered similar strategies for resolving hypothetical limited resources problems, but responded differently to an actual limited resources problem. Only 15% of the dyads of children with learning problems shared the limited resource as opposed to the 58% of children without learning problems. Non-sharers from the two groups differed in their explanations for their behavior. Results suggest the need for intervention efforts to address factors such as goal orientation and emotional arousal that influence whether children with learning problems choose to share in actual limited resources situations.
Reflections on a Research Career: It Ain't over Till it's over
Authors: Bryan Tanis
Published: July 2017

The CEC Research Award recognizes researchers for the significant contributions they have made to special education. We believe that the members of this distinguished group have much to share with our readers. We have invited each of them to contribute an article, addressing past, present, and future research needs and practices in special education. Tanis Bryan was awarded the Research Award in 1996, recognizing her 25 years of research in special education. Her article focuses on research and change in special education, the continued need for research on learning disabilities, and ways to ensure that research is translated into practice.
Classwide Peer Tutoring: Teaching Students with Mild Mental Retardation in Inclusive Classrooms
Authors: Mortweet Susan L. , Utley Cheryl A. , Walker Dale , Dawson Harriett L. , Delquadri Joseph C. , Reddy Shalini S. , Greenwood Charles R. , Hamilton Sandy , Ledford Deborah
Published: July 2017

This study investigated the academic effects of classwide peer tutoring (CWPT) for students with mild mental retardation (MMR) and their typical peers in inclusive classroom settings. Four students with MMR were integrated in two, general education elementary classrooms during spelling instruction. Dependent measures included performance on weekly tests and direct observations of academic engagement. The results demonstrated increased spelling accuracy and increased levels of engagement for students with MMR and their typical peers during CWPT when compared to traditional teacher-led instruction, suggesting that CWPT is an effective instructional strategy for improving their spelling performance.
An Experimental Set-Up of Elastic-Store and Bit Stuffing
Authors: Ahmad Wasim , Hashmi Shahid
Published: July 2017

An experimental set-up of elastic-store and bit stuffing

A simple circuit for elastic-store and bit stuffing in digital multiplexers is presented. It can be easily fabricated in laboratory classes and gives a clear understanding of bit rate adjustment by introducing stuff bits in quasi-synchronous multiplexers.
Finite Difference Solution of Electrodynamic Problems
Authors: Sadiku Matthew N. O.
Published: July 2017

Finite difference solution of electrodynamic problems

Introducing the finite difference method to undergraduate students has been restricted to simple problems which have no bearing in the world of reality in which the students live. In this paper, we present in simple terms some non-trivial, real life problems as covered in a classroom setting at Temple University.
Graphical Simulation of an Analog Computer
Authors: Kabalan Karim Y. , El-Hajj Ali , Wazz Nabil
Published: July 2017

Graphical simulation of an analog computer

In this paper the simulation of an analog computer is introduced. The study describes the graphical part and the mathematical analysis that is involved in the simulation. With this simulation, the construction of a circuit and the evaluation of the system behaviour becomes possible. The simulation is suitable for educational environment.
Gate Drive Circuits for Power Mosfets
Authors: Coyle E. D. , O'dwyer J. , Duignan F.
Published: July 2017

Gate drive circuits for power mosfets

Advances in recent years in the manufacture of metal oxide Field Effect Transistors (Mosfets) have paved the way for new design criteria in solid-state switching power circuits. This paper gives an insight into the knowledge gained in the design of gate drive circuits for power mosfet switching devices.
Temperature Rise Test of Delta-Connected Induction Motors by Phantom Loading
Authors: Chan T. F.
Published: July 2017

Temperature rise test of delta-connected induction motors by phantom loading

This paper describes a new circuit arrangement suitable for performing heat runs on delta-connected induction motors using the phantom loading principle. Experiments performed on two laboratory-sized motors verified the practicability and accuracy of the method.
A Fluid Analogy to Mutual Inductance, Based on The Atmospheric Railway
Authors: Paor Annraoi M. De
Published: July 2017

A fluid analogy to mutual inductance, based on the atmospheric railway

It is shown that the propulsion system for the Kingstown (now Dùn Laoghaire) to Dalkey Atmospheric Railway (1843–1854) is a translational counterpart to an idling turbine analogue for self-inductance. A two-pipeline atmospheric system driving a whirligig is proposed as an analogue for mutual inductance.
An Investigation of the Frequency and Amplitude of Sampled Signals Using Fourier Series
Authors: Barry Noel , Mcquade Eamonn
Published: July 2017

An investigation of the frequency and amplitude of sampled signals using Fourier series

A sinusoid is sampled above and below the Nyquist rate and using a simple Fourier series technique, the impulse response is reconstructed to show the frequency and amplitude of the resulting sideband signals. From this information the frequency spectrum of bandwide signals, when sampled, is developed. Recovery of signals above and under the Nyquist rate is then investigated.
The Exact Integration Solutions to Establish The Potential V and Also E= 0 At Points Within Uniformly Charged Spherical Shells and Infinite Cylinders
Authors: Stewart B. G.
Published: July 2017

The exact integration solutions to establish the potential V and also E = 0 at points within uniformly charged spherical shells and infinite cylinders

Some students would like to see the exact integral solutions to substantiate continuity of V and E = 0 inside uniformly charged shells and infinite cylinders. Unfortunately no texts detail these solutions. This article outlines, for future reference, the exact (though complicated) formulations and integral evaluations, thus helping clarify and validate the simpler solutions.
Measurement of Magnetically Induced Stress as a Means of Determining Magnetization Characteristics of Mild Steel
Authors: Turvey K. , Turvey T.
Published: July 2017

Measurement of magnetically induced stress as a means of determining magnetization characteristics of mild steel

The magnetic major hysteresis loop and the initial magnetization curve are obtained for mild steel from measurements of the attractive force between magnetized semi-rings. A check determination of the hysteresis loop using a standard method yields good agreement.
An Intuitive Demonstration of Miller's Theorems
Authors: Festila Lelia , Miron C.
Published: July 2017

An intuitive demonstration of Miller's theorems

It is shown that Miller's theorems for parallel–parallel and series-series feedback amplifiers are equivalent to the decomposition of the feedback resistor into two resistors.
European Inter-Institutional Degree Course Collaborations in Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Authors: Jervis B. W. , Rodgers J. M. , Travis J. R.
Published: July 2017

European inter-institutional degree course collaborations in electrical and electronic engineering

The national degree schemes in electrical and electronic engineering in three European Institutions are compared, and an inter-institutional collaboration for the exchange of students is described together with solutions to some of the associated difficulties.
The Teaching of Electronic Engineering-Related Subjects in the Ukraine
Authors: Sachenko Anatoly A. , Gibson Ian
Published: July 2017

The teaching of electronic engineering-related subjects in the Ukraine

The recent developments in Eastern Europe have allowed Western countries to influence the development of engineering in the Ukraine. This paper deals with the Department of Information Computing Systems and Control in the Institute of National Economy, Ternopol. Their course structure is discussed along with plans for the future.
Curriculum Design for a Technology Access Course
Authors: Tizard Jenny
Published: July 2017

Curriculum design for a technology access course

This article describes a system approach to technology used on a course for mature women with little maths and science background. Using practical work and materials written for schools, the aim is to increase the students’ confidence and enthusiasm for engineering and develop their technical competence and study skills.
Teaching System Identification to Undergraduate Students
Authors: Readle J. C.
Published: July 2017

Teaching system identification to undergraduate students

A final year course in system identification for undergraduate electrical engineers is described. Details of the course organisation are given, particularly with reference to the practical content of the course. Based on student feedback and assessment results, the aims of the course appear to have been largely achieved.
East-to-West Transformation Attempts for University-Level Education
Authors: Honzik Jan M.
Published: July 2017

East-to-West transformation attempts for university-level education

The history, present state, and possible future of the educational system at the FEE TU, Brno, Czechoslovakia are discussed. We are currently making efforts to change our system and introduce the credit system to be compatible with European standards. Problems associated with this change are presented.
From Pole Placement Feedback to Estimator Design Using Analog Computers
Authors: Pécute;Rez-Lozano Rigoberto , Soto Rogelio
Published: July 2017

From pole placement feedback to estimator design using analog computers

This paper describes analog-based control lab. simulations. Simulations deal with pole placement feedback and asymptotic observers. For asymptotic state observers, the transfer function approach is just outlined. All simulations are implemented using the state variable approach. Simulations are extended to analyze heuristic pole-placement selection and to evaluate reduced-order estimators.
Maxwell's Equations in the 21st Century
Authors: Buchanan W. J. , Gupta N. K.
Published: July 2017

Maxwell's equations in the 21st Century

The finite-difference time-domain method is a novel method for solving Maxwell's curl equations, especially when parallel-processing techniques are applied. The next generation of computers will bring a revolution by exploiting the use of parallel processing in computation to the maximum.
Educational Microcontrol Unit
Authors: Lesniewski Peter
Published: July 2017

Educational microcontrol unit

A versatile EPROM based microcontrol unit and application experiment boards have been described. The boards have been designed for laboratory and project work of Electronic and Computer Systems Engineering degree courses. The choice of various possible configurations extending beyond standard schemes allows students not only to learn first principles but also to develop a more creative perspective.
A Laboratory for Teaching Marine Control Systems which uses Data Acquisition Boards Installed in Microcomputers
Authors: Barros J. , Moreno V.
Published: July 2017

A laboratory for teaching marine control systems which uses data acquisition boards installed in microcomputers

This paper describes a laboratory which has been designed for the experimental teaching of automatic control systems to Marine Engineering students. Using data acquisition boards installed in IBM PC, we have designed a laboratory in which it is possible to perform experiments on instrumentation and automatic control.
Novel Method for The Generation of the Gaussian Density and Distribution Functions
Authors: Byrne Peter C.
Published: July 2017

Novel method for the generation of the Gaussian density and distribution functions

A method is presented for generating the Gaussian density and distribution functions. These functions are generated in a novel way, using a simple structure to first generate the Gaussian density and then integrating this function to generate the distribution function.
A Low-Cost Control Experiment for Systems with Large Time Constants and Unknown Time Delays
Authors: García-Sanz M. , Flórez J.
Published: July 2017

A low-cost control experiment for systems with large time constants and unknown time delays

A prototype that represents the thermal behaviour of a building modelled at reduced scale with a central heating system is described. It is a simple, robust experiment which can be used for a variety of control studies, especially those related with systems that present large time constants and unknown time delays.
A New Result in Optimal Control by Elementary Methods
Authors: Bell D. J. , Chua H. T.
Published: July 2017

A new result in optimal control by elementary methods

A partially singular trajectory for a linear system with scalar control is assumed to have a single junction point, the singular control depending explicitly only on the state vector. An analytical relationship is established between the junction time and end states.
Will Core Skills Improve Engineering Programmes?
Authors: Tizard Jenny
Published: July 2017

Will core skills improve engineering programmes?

A small-scale college-based research project examining the problems encountered by engineering students. Perceptions of the students and their lecturers are contrasted. The introduction of assessment of core transferable skills required by new courses would reduce these problems. However, engineering lecturers taking responsibility for skills teaching will be required to change their teaching style.
Parallel Processing Applications in Expert Systems in Power Systems
Authors: Wang J. P. , Trecat J.
Published: July 2017

Parallel processing applications in expert systems in power sytems

Parallel processing is widely used to reduce computation times. In its application to non-numerical problems, such as expert systems, inference method and problem size must be considered. A fault diagnosis expert system is considered as an example, with either a model-based or a rule-based inference, applied to power systems of various sizes.
Simulation of Induction Machines Using Phase Variables and the Explicit Inverse Inductance Matrix
Authors: Colak İ. , Garvey S. D. , Wright M. T.
Published: July 2017

Simulation of induction machines using phase variables and the explicit inverse inductance matrix

This paper addresses the simulation of induction machines using phase variables. It overcomes the chief disadvantage of phase-variables simulation by proving that the inverse of the inductance matrix can be obtained directly without numerical inversion of a 6 × 6 matrix. A closed form is given for this inverse.
Enhanced Learning of Electrical Systems Using Pspice — A Low Cost Solution
Authors: Cheung W. N.
Published: July 2017

Enhanced learning of electrical systems using PSpice — a low cost solution

The article discusses applications of the evaluation version of PSpice in the simulation of control systems with delayed feedback, and communication systems such as PSK, QPSK and MSK. Using the freely available software, students can explore the behaviour of electrical systems in a laboratory-like environment on their personal computers.
Stability of Discrete Linear Feedback Systems with Pulse-Width-Modulation Power Dispatch
Authors: Barry Noel
Published: July 2017

Stability of discrete linear feedback systems with pulse-width-modulation power dispatch

An adaptation of the circle criterion to pulse-width-modulation type nonlinearities in a digital control loop is presented. Formulae are derived for both gain and the mode of oscillations of the system response. Standard examples are taken, including that of a plant with a pole at the origin.
On The Routh-Hurwitz Criterion
Authors: Byrne Peter C.
Published: July 2017

On the Routh-Hurwitz criterion

The ‘ε method’ of Routh-Hurwitz criterion is examined. When roots occur on the imaginary axis it is found necessary to take the limit as c goes to zero, after each row is completed, to check for the occurrence of a row of zeros.
A New Automatic Design Method of Compensators in the Frequency Domain
Authors: Sandoval Juan Ma , Ibarrola Julio J. , Martinez Gamaliel
Published: July 2017

A new automatic design method of compensators in the frequency domain

The present work develops a new compensatory technique on the Black's plane with simple phase-advance and phase-lag networks, which is more systematic and yields a family of possible compensators fulfilling the specifications required. Among these compensators the best solution can be chosen according to some additional criteria, not specified initially.
A Pre-Sessional Mathematics Course*
Authors: Todd K. L.
Published: July 2017

The results of an intensive three-week Mathematics course to assist first-year students entering the mathematically intensive engineering degree course offered by the Department of Electronics at the University of York are given. The course has been taken by students with U.K. A-level and BTEC (HND and ND) qualifications.
Laboratory-Based Training for Electrical Engineering Freshman
Authors: Bhurtun Chawdhurry
Published: July 2017

Training to develop design and communication skills and team spirit at undergraduate level is described. After having been introduced to some fundamental engineering techniques, students work on mini-projects to gain hands-on experience. Assessment is based on submission of a report and an oral presentation.
Circuit Theory and Analog Electronics — Computer Aided Teaching
Authors: Pota Hemanshu R.
Published: July 2017

A computer aided approach to teaching undergraduate courses in circuit theory and electronics is discussed. It is shown that symbolic manipulation packages like MAPLE give an additional insight into the analysis — complementing the analysis using a numerical simulation package like SPICE — enabling the students to understand complicated circuits.
Mobile and Base Station Diversity Simulation Experiments in a Mobile Communications Course
Authors: Fontan F. P. , Castro M. A. V. , Seoane A. , Buonomo S. , Baptista P. , Hernando J. M.
Published: July 2017

A simulation experiment is presented that can be proposed to students taking a graduate course on mobile communications so that they become familiar with concepts like correlation, diversity and combining. Instead of using a complex fully statistical approach, a simpler and more intuitive geometrical approach is followed.
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem: A Simplified Approach
Authors: Paul D. K. , Gardner P.
Published: July 2017

This brief note illustrates a simplified approach for deriving the maximum power transfer condition through simple algebraic manipulation. The approach allows students in introductory electrical and electronic engineering courses to be introduced to this important concept before they have acquired the background calculus necessary for traditional treatment of the topic.
Controlling A Large Process with A Small Plc: A Senior Project Experience
Authors: Cheded L. , Fan Ramadan A.
Published: July 2017

This paper describes the work of a senior project which investigated the possibility of controlling a large process with a small programmable logic controller (PLC). A new encoding strategy was successfully applied to overcome the low fan-out capability of the PLC. Both hardware and software aspects of this project are described and some extensions of this work are suggested.
Appliance Rigid Foams Blown with Cyclopentane and Cyclopentane/Isopentane Blends
Authors: Schilling S. L.
Published: July 2017

Since CFC 11 was eliminated from use in rigid foams in the mid 1990s, the blowing agent of choice in North America has primarily been HCFC 141b. In the USA, we are now faced with the phase-out of HCFC 141b by the year 2003. The blowing agent that will replace HCFC 141b must be non-ozone depleting and should also have low thermal conductivity and a low global warming potential. Hydrocarbons are some of the few blowing agents that meet these criteria and are approved by the United States Environmental Protection Agency to replace HCFC 141b in rigid polyurethane foams for appliance insulation [1].

Of the hydrocarbons being considered, cyclopentane is preferred, either by itself or in blends with other hydrocarbons. This is because of cyclopentane's favorable combination of low thermal conductivity, good solubility in polyols and reasonable boiling point, compared to other hydrocarbons. Not only is the thermal conductivity of cyclopentane lower than that of most other hydrocarbons, it is also lower than that of HFC 134a, another blowing agent which is approved for use after 2002.

This paper will examine the effect of two important factors, both theoretically and experimentally, on cyclopentane blown foams. These factors are (1) the amount of blowing obtained from carbon dioxide that is formed from the reaction between water and isocyanate, and (2) the ratio of cyclopentane to isopentane, which is used as the hydrocarbon blowing agent.
HFC-365mfc and HFC-245fa Progress in Application of New HFC Blowing Agents
Authors: Zipfel L. , Krucke W. , Borner K. , Barthtlemy P. , Dournel P.
Published: July 2017

For a few years now we have regularly reported our progress in the evaluation of possible 3rd generation blowing agents, and we have come to the conclusion that HFC-245fa and HFC-365mfc are the two leading candidates. Previous work included lab scale evaluation of foam samples, measurements of the main relevant physico-chemical characteristics, as well as a thorough evaluation of the chemical stability of HFC-365mfc and HFC-245fa in rigid polyurethane foams [1]. With larger quantities now available from our micropilot plant in Hannover, Germany, we have been able to enlarge our knowledge of HFC-365mfc to allow a sound comparison with the data already available for HFC-245fa.

In particular, physico-chemical characteristics have been refined and new ones have been measured; the evaluation of the chronic toxicity of HFC-365mfc is ongoing with first data reported here. Most importantly, additional lab scale tests and large scale trials on industrial lines have been performed to allow an in-depth study of performances in rigid polyurethane foams.

This paper completes our previous reports to offer the unique comprehensive comparison of HFC-365mfc and HFC-245fa.
Utilization of HFC-245fa in the Construction Industry
Authors: Bogdan M. C. , Parker R. C. , Williams D. J.
Published: July 2017

The effective use of insulation in both commercial and residential buildings is the key to energy conservation. The effectiveness of an insulation is dependent upon many factors. If the insulation is a foam plastic, the blowing agent used in the insulation is critical to its performance. There has been a transition in blowing agents over the last decade from CFC's to HCFC's and the industry will soon see another transition from HCFC's to a third generation blowing agent. The exact timing of these transitions is dependent upon the Montreal Protocol national and local regulations. Each transition in blowing agents requires modifications to the manufacturing process for the foam products.

AlliedSignal is dedicated to providing an HFC blowing agent to the construction industry and has identified HFC-245fa (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane) as our third generation blowing agent. Since 1994, we have published a series of papers on the development of this blowing agent. This paper discusses some of the key considerations required in making the transition from HCFC-141b to HFC-245fa in areas of polyisocyanurate boardstock and spray foam. It also discusses progress made in the application of HFC-245fa in bunstock and pour in place panel applications.

It will discuss the progress in areas such as raw materials and formulation optimization, possible equipment and processing parameters changes required to optimize performance, and a general discussion of foam properties, including flammability, in comparison to HCFC-141b blown foams.

It will focus on providing the information which board and system manufacturers and spray foam applicators will need to make a successful transition. This includes information on gasket compatibility, gloves, system vapor pressures, system packaging and shipping requirements and product performance.
A Novel Nucleating Agent-Based Technology Resulting in Low Density Rigid Polyurethane Foam for Appliances with Reduced Energy Consumption
Authors: Caprioli G. , Bernasconi R. , Hamilton A. , Van Liefferinge M. , Barettini S. , Cappella A.
Published: July 2017

Emulsion technology has proven to offer improvements to the performance of rigid polyurethane foam both in terms of general physical properties as well as for insulation performance. The presence of insoluble liquid materials generates a very fine celled structure leading to the above mentioned advantages. Earlier technological developments made in this direction made use of fully or highly fluorinated materials, an approach which became jeopardised because of the unfavourable environmental properties (especially the very high GWP) of this type of materials. A new approach has now been identified which via a similar process, results in polyurethane foam showing improved physical properties, but which doesn't offer negative environmental properties. The improved physical properties include a 10% reduction in minimum stable density in comparison to actual systems available in the market. This paper describes all aspects of this new approach, both in terms of its physical and environmental properties, as well as the final physical properties of the PU foam produced. The overall environmental impact of the different options identified using this approach also will be discussed. Several aspects of the effect of the emulsion technology on the general processing of the foam system will be highlighted. Sourcing, availability and cost impact of the new technology options will also be discussed.
Fundamental Study of Fluorinated Ethers as New Generation Blowing Agents
Authors: Takada N. , Tamai R. , Yamamoto H. , Sekiya A. , Tsukida N. , Takeyasu H.
Published: July 2017

The development of blowing agents that exhibit lower thermal conductivity, shorter atmospheric lifetime, and less adverse effects on the atmosphere is an urgent issue. We investigated three fluorinated ethers as blowing agent alternatives [2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether (HFE-254mf), 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl difluoromethyl ether (HFE-347mcf), and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether (HFE-347pc-f)] in terms of physical properties (boiling point and gaseous thermal conductivity), environmental adaptability (atmospheric lifetime), toxicity, flammability, solubility in polyols, and thermal stability.

By using these fluorinated ethers as blowing agents, we experimentally produced rigid polyurethane foams, all of which showed thermal conductivities lower than or equal to foams produced with the blowing agent alternative candidates, HFC-245fa and cyclopentane.
Evaluation of the Next Generation HFC Blowing Agents in Rigid Polyurethane Foams
Authors: Wu J. , Albouy A. , Mouton D.
Published: July 2017

The development of a third generation HFC blowing agent has achieved significant progress in the past few years. Several candidates have been identified as promising substitutes for HCFC-141b in foam applications.

Elf Atochem has striven to provide alternatives after HCFC-141b phases out in foam applications. This paper summarizes our recent research activities in HFCs in rigid polyurethane foam applications. It includes determinations of the weight loss of blowing agents during the foaming process. To predict long term aging behavior of polyurethane foams, we measured effective diffusion coefficients of HFC-245fa, HFC-365mfc and HCFC-141b. Also, stability of the foam systems (PUR and PIR) using HFC-365mfc as the blowing agent will be reported. The stability is indicated by the amount of decomposition during a certain period of time. Furthermore, we have studied effects of HFC-245fa foam density on the foam insulation (k-factor), dimensional stability and compressive strength. In this study, we also determined aged k-factors of HFC-245fa and HCFC-141b foams with different foam densities. Finally, we investigated HFC-134a in PUR foam as well as its solubility in several polyols.
Dimensional Stability of Polyurethane Rigid Foams Blown with CO2
Authors: Cecchini C. , Zannetti R. , Stefani A.
Published: July 2017

In recent years, water level in rigid foam formulations has been increased to such a point that the use of only the water/isocyanate reaction to provide all of the blowing has become a reality, at least for certain applications. Nevertheless, two limiting factors penalize the use of only CO2 blown foams: a too high λ aged value and a poor dimensional stability.

The objective of this research work was to record the variations with time of some parameters that affect dimensional stability of only CO2 blown foams, in order to establish eventual correlation between them and foam behavior.
Extruded Non-Crosslinked Foams Made from Ethylene-Styrene Interpolymers and Blends with Polyethylene
Authors: Chaudhary Bharat I. , Barry Russell P.
Published: July 2017

Ethylene-styrene Interpolymers (ESI) are a new class of polymers made by copolymerisation of ethylene and styrene monomers using INSITE® Technology, the patented constrained geometry single site catalysts and proprietary solution process of The Dow Chemical Company. The tradename of the Interpolymers is INDEX®. Foams with novel and unique properties have been made by expanding these polymers using physical blowing agents. This paper describes the properties of foams made from Interpolymers and blends with polyethylene.
Identification Evidence: Rule, Principle, Discretion and Reform of Code D following Forbes
Authors: Roberts Andrew
Published: July 2017

This article was written prior to the publication of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Temporary Modifications to Code D) Order 2002, which came into force on 1 April 2002. It concerns paragraph D2.3 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, Codes of Practice, now replaced by the temporary provisions, which sets out the circumstances in which the police were required to conduct an identification parade. It is suggested that the rule in paragraph D2.3 was not sufficiently flexible to perform the function required of it. The attempts of the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords to provide guidance on the application of this inadequately drafted provision in the cases of Popat and Forbes are subjected to critical analysis. An outline proposal for reform is put forward. It is suggested that Code D ought to be replaced by specific statutory provision addressing the issue of admissibility. The aim of this legislation would be to provide a more flexible and sophisticated rule for determining the circumstances in which a parade ought to be held than provided by the present regulatory scheme and at the same time provide a statutory framework for the exercise of discretion in determining the admissibility of eyewitness identification evidence. While the temporary provisions have introduced some flexibility into determining the question of whether or not a parade or video identification ought to be held, they have not resolved the points of general concern raised in this article. It is submitted that the case for reform of the type outlined in this article is all the more pressing.
Visual Analogies of Verbal Operations
Authors: O'Connor N. , Hermelin B.
Published: July 2017

Language was analysed into four arbitrarily selected linguistic operations. These operations, seriation, cross-modal coding, immediate memory and cue matching, were translated into visual forms and presented as four tasks. If these tasks were solved by a subject it could be assumed that he understood the basis of linguistic operations whether he could speak or not. Aphasics and the deaf learned the tasks, thus establishing their competence with linguistic operations. Speaking psychotic children failed some of the tasks and speechless psychotic children failed all tasks. Immediate memory discriminated speaking and speechless groups, failure in seriation characterised psychotics but not imbeciles.
A Study of Nonsense Syllables Spoken by Two Language Groups in Varying Conditions of Sidetone and Reading Rate
Authors: Singh Sadanand , Black John W.
Published: July 2017

Twenty-eight experimental subjects, 14 English-speaking and 14 Hindi-speaking, were assigned to record an equal number of paired nonsense syllables under two conditions of three variables: (1) delayed and normal sidetone, (2) noisy and quiet conditions of listening, and (3) fast and normal rates of speaking. The results show that the two language groups did not differ statistically significantly in the mean duration of the syllables nor in mean syllabic speech power. The duration of speech was universally lengthened under the condition of delayed sidetone, as compared to the normal. The duration was also longer under the condition of normal rate of reading as compared to the fast. Both delayed sidetone and noise in the earphones increased the mean syllabic speech power of the speakers. Presumably the noise reduced the talkers' awareness of the delayed sidetone.

Although delayed sidetone increased the number of phonetic errors as compared to the normal sidetone for all, the two language groups differed significantly in scores that were derived from the phonetic transcriptions of recorded verbal material.
A Probabilistic Procedure for Grouping Words into Phrases
Authors: Stolz Walter
Published: July 2017

A procedure based on the frequency and redundancy of sequences of syntactic word-classes was devised to identify behavioural word groups, or phrases. A small sample of these phrases, derived from processing a short corpus of running text, was compared with phrases produced by immediate constituent analysis of the same text. Over 50% agreement between the two procedures was found, with a majority of the disagreements being attributable to the disparity in descriptive power between the two analytic procedures rather than to a conceptual difference in the types of word-group defined.
The Elaborated Code in Working Class Language
Authors: Robinson W. P.
Published: July 2017

Previous results have shown that working-class boys differed from middle-class boys in the language used in certain controlled situations. This investigation examines the possibility that the use of a relatively ‘restricted’ code by these working-class boys was a matter of preference rather than inability. Social class differences did not appear when the pressure on both groups was to use ‘elaborated’ code in a formal letter; differences did appear in informal letters and these were generally similar to those previously found.
Effects of Shared Referential Experience Upon Encoder-Decoder Agreement
Authors: Clark Ruth Anne , Williams Frederick , Tannenbaum Percy H.
Published: July 2017

The effects of referential experience upon encoder-decoder agreement were studied by presenting decoders with stimuli (abstract paintings) originally used to elicit the messages. Agreement was assessed in terms of two measures of word predictability—verbatim replacement and replacement of words of the same grammatical form classes as the deleted items. Results indicated that referential experience enhanced verbatim replacement and more for lexical type words than for members of grammatical function classes. There were no such effects upon grammatical replacement Further, there were no differences according to whether the messages had been encoded as objective descriptions or as subjective interpretations of the stimuli.
Children's Attention and Articulation
Authors: Locke John L. , Goldstein Jeffrey I.
Published: July 2017

Eighty four-year-olds were given an articulation assessment, a phonetic learning task, and a test of acoustic vigilance in order to study attention as a factor in children's natural and experimental acquisition of articulatory behaviour. The measure of attention was the number of supra-threshold signals detected; phonetic learning was based on subjects' approximations to a Swedish disyllable. Attenders and non-attenders differed in sound learning but not significantly so. Children with high articulation scores were significantly more attentive to acoustic stimuli and were significantly better in phonetic learning than children with low scores on the articulation test. These findings are discussed primarily in terms of their implications for the conduct and interpretation of research rather than immediate clinical value.