bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies of human alloantigens on man‐mouse hybrids: possible syntheny between hl‐a and p systems
Authors: Fellous M. , Couillin P. , Neauport‐Sautes C. , Frezal J. , Billardon C. , Dausset J.
Published: February 2007

The expression of HL‐A, P and H (ABO) systems has been studied on man‐mouse hybrid clones and their subclones. Using the microcomplement fixation technique, we detected antigens of the HL‐A, P and H systems in some clones corresponding to the phenotype of the human cell donor. Absorption tests were used to provide the specificity of the alloantisera. We also found a positive correlation between the presence of HL‐A and P1/P antigens in these clones, but no correlation was found between HL‐A and Pk specificities and between HL‐A and H specificities. It was thought that the positive correlation might be due to a syntheny between HL‐A and P loci or to the presence of HL‐A and P specificities on a unique molecule. Therefore, preliminary experiments were made using antibody‐induced redistribution phenomena (capping) to study the relationships between P and HL‐A antigens at the cell surface. They indicated that the two molecules are independent of one another.
Complement and immunoglobulin levels in the serum and thoracic duct lymph of the rat
Authors: Kaartinen M. , Kosunen T. U. , Mäkelä O.
Published: February 2007

Blood serum and thoracic duct lymph were collected from sixteen rats. Total protein, albumin and electrophoretic (β + γ)‐globulin concentrations of both fluids were determined. The rats had been immunized with (4‐hydroxy‐5‐iodo‐3‐nitrophenyl)acetyl (NIP) or 2,4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP) hapten, and anti‐hapten antibodies were measured. Hemolytic complement was titrated in ten cases.

Logarithmic mean values (antilogs of logarithmic means) of the studied proteins or protein mixtures were the following:

Mol. Wt.
Serum concentration
Lymph concentration (% of serum concentration)

Albumin
69 000
28.8 g/l
60

(β + γ)‐globulin
150 000
13.4 g/l
51

7 S anti‐NIP
150 000
622 units
53

Complement
?
99 units
32

19 S anti‐DNP
900 000
18.4 units
25

While the results partly confirmed earlier data, two new findings emerged. One of them was the low concentration of hemolytic complement in the lymph. Another was evidence suggesting that rats with a low lymph antibody level tended also to have a low complement level. This was true even when all lymph values were corrected by a factor that brought the lymph albumin level to the albumin level in serum.
Agglutinating activities of the subunits of one igm cold agglutinin treated with various reducing agents
Authors: Doinel C. , Ropars C. , Salmon C.
Published: February 2007

A single 19 S IgM cold agglutinin was reduced with various agents. The agglutinating activity of such subunits and of reaggregation polymers was measured in a Technicon Autoanalyzer, using two different techniques.

Preservation of intra‐ and interchain disulfide bridges is essential for agglutinating activity. Excess 2‐mercaptoethanol destroyed this activity almost totally, whereas subunits obtained with 0.02 M cysteine retained the highest degree of activity. Subunits obtained with dithiothreitol also retained appreciable activity, although their interchain disulfide bonds were destroyed. Subunits prepared with mercaptoethylamine exhibited weak activity, which may be due to the disulfide bonds' being broken in one of the two μ‐light chain pairs.

The tridimensional structure and polymeric form of the molecule are essential factors, since noncovalent polymers always had a higher activity than their subunits. Reoxidation of nonalkylated subunits prepared by cysteine recovered 75 % of the native IgM activity.
Dna synthesis in vitro during contact sensitivity in the mouse
Authors: Barnes R. M. R.
Published: February 2007

A system is presented for the determination of DNA synthesis in vitro during contact sensitivity to picryl chloride in the mouse.

Lymph node cells from mice immunized by skin painting with picryl chloride responded in culture to various 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl (picryl) protein conjugates with increased incorporation of [14C]thymidine.

Some detail was devoted to defining the optimal conditions for culture and it is suggested that this technique would be useful to investigate whether responding cells in culture are thymus (T) or bone marrow (B)‐derived, the importance of hapten: carrier substitution ratios for cell triggering, and the effects of induction of immunological unresponsiveness.
in vitro studies of allotype suppression in mice
Authors: Jacobson Ethel B.
Published: February 2007

Long‐term allotype suppression in (SJL x BALB/c)F1 mice has been investigated in vitro, using a culture system which can be maintained over a period of at least 2 weeks.

Spleen cells from (SJL x BALB/c)F1 nonsuppressed mice, primed 2 to 5 months earlier, were cultured at a concentration of 3 x 106 cells together with 106 spleen or lymph node cells from suppressed or from nonsuppressed (control) mice and challenged in vitro with SRBC. Cultures were assayed on days 5, 8, 11, and 14 by the PFC assay, using specific anti‐allotype sera to develop indirect plaques.

Cells from suppressed mice were extremely efficient in preventing a “b” allotype response of the primed cells in vitro, even though the “a” allotype response in the same cultures was unaffected. A time lapse of approximately one week in culture was required before suppression was very obvious. The suppressive effect was abolished by treatment of suppressor cells with anti‐θ serum. Evidence is presented that the suppressive effect is due to the production of a diffusible factor, rather than to a direct cell‐cell interaction.
Antibody response by rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes in microcultures
Authors: Luzzati Alma L. , Lefkovits I. , Pernis B.
Published: February 2007

The microculture method, originally developed for use with mouse spleen cells, was adapted for studying the antibody response of peripheral blood lymphocytes from primed rabbits. An optimal response was obtained with a cell density of 4 x 106 cells per ml. The antibody response had a relatively long latency and reached its maximum after 15 – 19 days of culture. The fraction of positive microcultures varied greatly from rabbit to rabbit, but usually did not exceed 20 %. The culture fluid of positive microcultures contained a varying level of anti‐SRC antibody, often reaching a hemolytic titer of 1 : 1000. An antibody response could also be obtained with rabbit spleen cells. In this case, the fraction of positive cultures was greater and the latency was shorter than with peripheral blood lymphocytes.
A rapid method for the isolation of functional thymus‐derived murine lymphocytes
Authors: Julius M. H. , Simpson Elizabeth , Herzenberg L. A.
Published: February 2007

A rapid method is described for effectively removing immunoglobulin‐bearing cells from either primed or unprimed mouse spleen and lymph node cell suspensions. Incubation of cell suspensions in nylon wool columns for 45 min at 37 °C resulted in a 9 to 100‐fold depletion of immunoglobulin‐bearing cells and a complementary 1.5 to 2‐fold enrichment of T cells in the column effluent populations.

The effluent population, derived from passage of spleen cells through these columns, was virtually devoid of B precursor and memory cell activity, but contained all of the helper cell and cytotoxic effector cell precursor activity when compared to unfractionated spleen cells.
Soluble mediators of t‐b interaction
Authors: Gisler R. H. , Staber F. , Rüde E. , Dukor P.
Published: February 2007

Supernatants of antigen‐activated T cells (ATC) were tested for their B cell‐activating potential in T cell‐deprived mouse lymphocyte cultures. Antigenic stimulation of ATC induced the simultaneous release of antigen‐specific and nonspecific factors. The effect of the nonspecific supernatant factor was restricted to the potentiation of antibody responses against fully or partially T‐independent antigens (dinitrophenylated aminoethyl dextran or heterologous erythrocytes, respectively). Expression of the nonspecific activity depended on a macrophage function, which could be replaced by 2‐mercaptoethanol, whereas the specific factor required the physical presence of the macrophage.
Antibody response, measured by a plaque assay, compared to cellular response after skin allograft in mice
Authors: Degiovanni G. , Lejeune G.
Published: February 2007

Lymph node cells and spleen cells from recipients of skin allografts were tested in vitro for both cellular and humoral immunity against the same target cells. Their maximum response is attained close to the time of skin allograft rejection. However, a significant number of plaque‐forming cells (PFC) and high circulating cytotoxic antibody titers were still observed at a moment when the cytotoxic effect expressed by the sensitized lymphocytes had disappeared. Pretreatment of sensitized lymphoid cells with anti‐θ‐serum and complement completely abolished cell‐mediated cytotoxicity.
Precursor cell division during the immune response in vitro: antigen‐induced and “spontaneous” antibody‐forming cells
Authors: Kettman J. , Yin Elaine , Dutton R. W.
Published: February 2007

“Background” or “spontaneous” plaque‐forming cells (PFC) which arise during in vitro culture of mouse spleen cells may be eliminated by a hot thymidine pulse. This does not prevent the subsequent addition of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or trinitrophenylated (TNP) SRBC eliciting a primary immune response.

Using mouse spleen cells, resently primed by carrier (SRBC), it was found that an early “hot pulse” (for the first 24 hours of culture) can eliminate the anti‐SRBC response, but not the primary anti‐TNP response which is dependent on carrier‐specific, θ‐bearing, radioresistant spleen cells.
The effect of pertussis adjuvant on antibody production: the need for thymus‐dependent lymphocytes
Authors: Hay F. C. , Torrigiani G.
Published: February 2007

The response to human serum albumin in the BALB/c mouse immunoglobulin classes has been examined both with and without B. pertussis (BP) organisms as adjuvant. Without BP, IgG1 was found to be the only thymus‐dependent class. The presence of thymus‐dependent lymphocytes was necessary for BP to have its full adjuvant effect, although some activity was observed in neonatally thymectomized mice. In thymectomized mice IgG1 antibody was stimulated significantly by BP, but only to half the level seen in intact mice. Although IgG2a and IgG2b both rose in these mice after BP treatment, the difference was not significant. IgA and IgM were both unchanged. Thus, as well as being needed for increased stimulation of IgG1, the thymus was particularly required for BP to increase the response in the classes of immunoglobulin not usually found to be thymus‐dependent for soluble antigens.
Studies in vascular permeability. ii. comparative extravasation of different immunoglobulin classes in normal guinea pig skin
Authors: Jullien‐Vitoux Danielle , Voisin G. A.
Published: February 2007

In an attempt to study the tissue accessibility for different immunoglobulin classes (known to be heterogenous according to their immunobiological and physiochemical properties) the extravasation rate of passively injected radiolabeled guinea pig IgG, IgG1, IgG2 and IgM were compared in normal homologous (guinea pig) cutaneous tissues.

As a criterion of unaltered globulins, the half‐lives were estimated and their immunobiological properties (complement fixation, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis or bacterial agglutination) were assayed before and after radiolabeling. The average half‐life of IgG1 was 6.8 days, that of IgG2, 4.8 and that of IgM, 1.2.

The extravasation rate of IgG was found higher than that of IgM by using a paired radiolabel technique, IgG and IgM mixture being injected intravenously simultaneously in the same animal. It was further found that the extravasation rate of IgG1 is slightly higher than that of IgG2.

The immunopathological consequences of these findings are discussed in view of the observed discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo activities of the same immune sera containing mixtures of antibodies of same specificity, but of the different immunoglobulin classes.
Inhibition of lymphocyte‐mediated cytolysis by the local anesthetics benzyl and salicyl alcohol
Authors: Kemp A. S. , Berke G.
Published: February 2007

The local anesthetics, benzyl and salicyl alcohol, are effective inhibitors of lymphocyte‐mediated cytolysis (LMC) in vitro. LMC is not inhibited when the cytotoxic lymphocytes or target cells are preincubated in drug concentrations which are inhibitory if present during the reaction. Analysis of the cytolytic reaction has indicated that the inhibition of LMC is due to an interference with the interaction of lymphocytes and target cells, rather than suppression of the lytic phase of the reaction. Investigation of the effect on LMC of a number of different compounds with local anesthetic properties has shown that they inhibit LMC when present in similar concentrations to those known to block nerve impulse conduction. It is suggested that reversible cell membrane disorganization produced by these substances is the means whereby LMC is inhibited.
Impaired recirculation of b lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Flad H. D. , Huber C. , Bremer K. , Menne H. D. , Huber H.
Published: February 2007

Lymphocytes of the peripheral blood and thoracic duct lymph were studied in 4 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL),1 patient with lymphosarcoma (LSA) and 3 patients with nonhematolo‐gical diseases (controls). When stimulated in vitro with phytohemagglu‐tinin (PHA) lymph lymphocytes of CLL patients responded markedly as determined by 14[C]thymidine incorporation, whereas blood lymphocytes showed a delayed and diminished response. The response of blood and lymph lymphocytes of the LSA and control patients was equal. Purified rabbit antisera against κ,λ, μ and γ‐chains were labeled with 25I and the labeled cells assessed by autoradiography. In CLL patients, the percentage of lymphocytes bearing κ and μ determinants was higher in the blood than in the lymph. Controls showed a much lower percentage of lymphocytes with immunoglobulins, which was equal in blood and lymph. Furthermore, the membrane dynamics of HL‐A‐anti‐HL‐A complexes on the surface of blood and lymph lymphocytes were studied by means of membrane fluorescence. In CLL, the percentage of lymph lymphocytes showing “cap formation” within 2 h was higher in the lymph than in the blood. Using autotransfusion of [3H‐]cytidine‐labeled blood lymphocytes, it is shown that the recovery of labeled cells in the lymph of CLL patients within 48 h is diminished compared to controls.

It is concluded that in CLL, the leukemic cells are B cells whose capacity to recirculate from blood to lymph through the postcapillary venules is impaired. Only a minor population of PHA‐responsive T cells appears to recirculate normally. Consequently, the concentration of T cells is higher in the lymph than in the blood and the leukemic B lymphocytes accumulate in the vascular pool. The impaired ability for recirculation and “cap formation” suggests a membrane abnormality of the CLL cell.
Heterogeneity in combining site specificity of anti‐hapten antibodies produced in response to a panosyl‐azoprotein conjugate
Authors: Martineau R. S. , Allen P. Z.
Published: February 2007

Panose (O‐α‐D‐glucosyl‐(1→6)‐O‐α‐D‐glucosyl‐(1→4)‐α‐D‐glucose) and maltose (O‐α‐D‐glucosyl‐(1→4)‐α‐D‐glucose) coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by means of an azophenyl linkage provided the synthetic antigens panosyl‐BSA and maltosyl‐BSA, used to examine the anti‐hapten specificity of rabbit sera prepared against panosyl‐BSA.

The combining site specificity of cross‐reactive antibodies in carrier‐absorbed anti‐panoside sera was investigated by quantitative hapten inhibition of maltosyl BSA‐anti‐panoside cross‐precipitation and compared with data obtained by inhibition of homologous precipitation.

Immunochemical data obtained demonstrate a heterogeneity in the combining site specificity of anti‐hapten produced in response to panosyl‐BSA and establish the occurrence of at least two distinct kinds of antibody directed against the α‐(1→6)‐α‐(1→4) sequence of glucose units. One type of anti‐panoside, inhibited more effectively by isomaltose than by maltose, shows isomaltose end group immunodominance. A second type of anti‐panoside, cross‐precipitated by maltosyl‐BSA and more effectively inhibited by maltose than by isomaltose, shows maltose immunodominance.
The effect of x‐irradiation on the appearance of antibody‐forming cells in the mouse spleen following the injection of sheep erythrocytes
Authors: Zaalberg O. B. , Van Meul V. A. Der , Rossi G.
Published: February 2007

The effects of ionizing irradiation on the formation of plaque‐forming cells (PFC) against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in the mouse spleen were investigated. The radiation effect is expressed as the reduction in numbers of PFC in irradiated mice as compared to the number of these cells in the control mice.

A simple negative exponential radiation dose‐response relation was obtained with mice which were injected with SRBC 24 h after irradiation. The D37 for both the primary and the secondary IgM and IgG responses under these conditions was about 90 rad. Antigen injection in a period extending from 24 h before, to 2 h after irradiation resulted in a dose‐response curve with a shoulder, both for the IgM and IgG response.

The doubling time of the number of PFC in the spleen during the first four days after antigen injection was not influenced by irradiation with 186 rad or less. With 279 rad, however, the doubling time increased.

An explanation for the shoulder in the dose response curve is presented, which is an alternative to the usual explanation denoted by the “multi‐hit” effect of irradiation as a causative mechanism. It is postulated that the shoulder is a consequence of the masking of the irradiation effect by a process which normally regulates the extent of the immune response.
L'idiotypie des anticorps de lapins anti‐salmonella abortus‐equi (résultats récents)
Authors: Bordenave G.
Published: February 2007

Anti‐idiotypic sera which precipitate the anti‐Salmonella abortus‐equi (Sae) serum used for their preparation (homologous reactions) sometimes precipitate anti‐Sae sera other than the one used for their preparation (heterologous reactions). The frequency of these heterologous reactions is about 3 % for 5036 studied reactions.

We have detected heterologous idiotypes in several different individuals, which apparently were not distinguished from homologous ones in the reaction in gel medium with the same anti‐idiotypic serum. However, the quantity of heterologous anti‐Sae serum necessary for inhibiting the homologous reaction is always larger than that necessary for inhibiting the heterologous reaction observed with the same anti‐idiotypic serum.

Homologous and heterologous reactions indicate that antibodies produced by rabbits submitted to the same anti‐idiotypic immunization were sometimes directed against different idiotypes and even against different idiotypic determinants of the same idiotype.

We have separated two different IgG idiotypes by the isoelectrofocusing technique. These two idiotypes seem to have different idiotypic specificities.
L'idiotypie comparée des anticorps de lapins différents contre salmonella abortus‐equi et contre le virus de la mosaique du tabac. observation d'une réactivité croisée entre certains idiotypes d'anticorps contre ces deux matériels antigéniques
Authors: Bordenave G.
Published: February 2007

Idiotypic determinants of anti‐tabacco mosaic virus (TMV) antibodies produced by different rabbits can sometimes show a very strong similarity. The frequency of precipitin reactions between sera against anti‐TMV idiotypes and anti‐TMV sera which are not used for their preparation (heterologous reactions) is about 4 %.

We have compared idiotypy of anti‐TMV antibodies and idiotypy of anti‐Salmonella abortus‐equi (Sae) antibodies produced by different rabbits. We have observed precipitin reactions between anti‐Sae sera and sera against anti‐TMV idiotypes and vice versa. However, anti‐Sae antibodies do not combine with TMV and vice versa. Anti‐idiotypic sera which precipitate anti‐TMV antibodies in the homologous anti‐TMV serum can also precipitate anti‐Sae antibodies in a heterologous anti‐Sae serum. In the same way, anti‐idiotypic sera which precipitate anti‐Sae antibodies in the homologous serum can also precipitate anti‐TMV antibodies in a heterologous anti‐TMV serum. We have observed 3 heterologous reactions during the study of 1260 reactions in which anti‐TMV sera and sera against anti‐Sae idiotypes are involved. We have observed 3 heterologous reactions during the study of 436 reactions in which anti‐Sae sera and sera against anti‐TMV idiotypes are involved.

Previous absorption of anti‐idiotypic serum by the homologous serum causes these heterologous reactions to disappear. We have observed, in the case of two of these heterologous reactions, that addition to the anti‐idiotypic serum of an excess of the heterologous serum IgG could cause the homologous reaction to disappear.

These heterologous reactions between sera against different antigens do not seem to imply the rabbit rheumatoid factor‐like substance. These reactions imply idiotypy of anti‐Sae antibodies and idiotypy of anti‐TMV antibodies.
Differentiation of antibody‐synthesizing cells to production of allelic variants of rat immunoglobulin light chains
Authors: Rokhlin O. V. , Nezlin R. S.
Published: February 2007

In individual F1 hybrid rats, heterozygous for allelic genes of immunoglobulin light chains, the ratio of two allotypic variants of these chains was determined in antibodies to dansyl and p‐aminobenzoic groups. From data obtained it was concluded that the differentiation of antibody‐producing cells with respect to allelic genes represents an antigen‐independent process. The ratio of allotypes in antibodies was detected following each of three antigen injections. The allotypic composition of antibodies isolated after the primary immunization was shown to be different from that of antibodies formed after the second immunization. Such differences were not found between antibodies isolated after the second and third immunizations. It might be that a new or, in any case, renovated population of antibody‐producing cells is involved in immune response after a second antigen injection.
The separation of human b lymphocytes on a digestible immunoadsorbent column
Authors: Thomas D. B. , Phillips Bernice
Published: February 2007

A procedure is described for the separation of human B lymphocytes on a digestible immunoadsorbent. Antiglobulin was attached to a Sephadex support by means of a digestible gelatin bridge. Immunoglobulin‐bearing B cells were retained by the columns, while the eluate was enriched for T lymphocytes. Retained B cells were removed from the column by collagenase digestion. These cells were viable and responded to the mitogenic stimulation of phytohemagglutinin.
Cytotoxic activity of antibodies to a collagen‐like synthetic polytripeptide on cells in tissue culture
Authors: Maoz A. , Dym H. , Fuchs Sara , Sela M.
Published: February 2007

Antibodies to the ordered collagen‐like synthetic polymer (Pro‐Gly‐Pro)n, as well as antiserum to rat tail collagen, have a similar specific cytotoxic activity on primary cultures of rat muscle cells and on rat embryo fibroblasts. This cytotoxic effect is complement‐dependent, and could be observed both in monolayers and in cell suspensions.
Measurement of the second and fourth components of rat complement
Authors: Wyatt H. V.
Published: February 2007

Rat C4 from serum and rat C2 from tissue cultures and serum have been measured using different systems. For rat C2 the highest titer was obtained using EAC1gp 4gp and rat C‐EDTA 1:2 with a Tmax of about 10 min. The decay time of EAC1gp 4gp2rat was one log every 40 minutes. For measuring the C4 content of rat serum, rat C‐EDTA only increased the titer twofold over that obtained by using guinea pig C‐EDTA.
The allogeneic effect: Bystander effect in the primary immune response in vitro
Authors: Kettman J. , Skarvall H.
Published: February 2007

There is a strong stimulation of the primary immune response when spleen cells of the CBA/H and CBA/J strains of mice are cocultured in the Mishell‐Dutton system and stimulated with foreign erythrocytes or hapten‐erythrocyte conjugates. This stimulation occurs regardless of carrier (sheep red blood cells) priming of one donor of the spleen cells. The enhancement of the primary immune response is most evident early in the course of the immune response.

During mixed spleen cell culture, cells of the CBA/H strain can recognize and proliferate in response to CBA/J spleen cells, but not vice versa. When CBA/H spleen cells are cultured with irradiated CBA/J spleen cells, there is a strong stimulation of the immune response of the B cells of the CBA/H strain even though they are bystanders to the ensuing allogeneic response.

Supernatants of 20‐hour cultures of mixtures of CBA/H and CBA/J spleen cells restored the immune responsiveness of spleen cells from nu/nu mice. The generation of this B cell stimulatory activity is dependent on the presence of Θ‐bearing cells of CBA/H origin during the 20‐hour culture. These findings are consistent with the release of a B cell stimulatory activity from mixtures of spleen cells of mice which differ at a locus associated with a mixed lymphocyte response which is not linked to the H‐2 gene complex (M locus).
The suppressive effect of carrier priming on the response to a hapten‐carrier conjugate
Authors: Elson C. J. , Taylor R. B.
Published: February 2007

Carrier‐primed cells, having some of the properties of T lymphocytes, have been found to inhibit the primary anti‐hapten response of spleen cells to challenge with a hapten carrier conjugate. The antibody response of CBA/Igb spleen cells in irradiated CBA (Iga) recipients was measured by means of a radioimmunoassay using 125I‐labeled anti‐Igb antibody. It was found that the primary anti‐2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl(TNP) response to TNP‐KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) was suppressed in recipient mice primed with KLH as compared with similarly treated unprimed or bovine serum albumin‐primed recipients. This suppression was transferred by injection of 108 spleen cells from CBA mice primed with KLH seven days beforehand, but not by injection of serum from such mice. The suppressive effect was abolished by treating the carrier‐primed spleen cells with anti‐T cell sera and complement before transfer. Priming with KLH seven days beforehand had only a small suppressive effect on the response to an unrelated antigen, DNP‐ovalbumin, but there was marked suppression if KLH was again administered with the unrelated antigen. It is considered that the suppressive effect is specific in induction, but nonspecific in expression and that it is a manifestation of a homeostatic mechanism limiting the extent of the immune response.
Localization and structural features of an antigenic determinant in sea anemone collagen
Authors: Nowack H. , Timpl R. , Nordwig A.
Published: February 2007

A major antigenic site of sea anemone collagen was localized in the CNBr peptide, CB6, which is derived from a central, helical portion of the molecule. Further tryptic digestion of CB6 yielded a serologically active peptide containing 58 amino acid residues and including the only two tyrosine residues of the α‐chain. The localization of antigenic determinants in terminal, nonhelical sequences previously found for several mammalian collagen antigens is apparently less important for invertebrate collagen.
Interference of oral immunization with the intestinal absorption of heterologous albumin
Authors: André C. , Lambert R. , Bazin H. , Heremans J. F.
Published: February 2007

Rats were immunized with human serum albumin (HSA) by a single intragastric administration of 200 mg of HSA. Two weeks later their capacity to absorb a similar intragastric test dose of HSA was found to be greatly impaired, the concentrations of HSA in mesenteric venous serum having been reduced to 33 %, 25 % and 60 % of those in similarly tested but unprimed animals, respectively 1, 2 and 3 hours after the intragastric test dose.

Rats given antigen (HSA) together with intestinal secretions from intragastric immunized rats also showed a striking decrease in intestinal absorption of a test dose, compared to controls given the antigen together with nonimmune intestinal secretions.

From these data it is concluded that local immunization of the gut impairs its capacity to absorb the corresponding antigen, and that this effect is largely due to the failure to absorb antigen bound to secretory antibodies.
In vivo and in vitro responses to tumor‐associated antigens: Apparent absence of T cell participation
Authors: Tyan M. L.
Published: February 2007

The tumor‐associated antigens of the murine tumors B16, SAD2 and C3HBA readily induced antibody production in vivo, but produced little transplantation immunity. These tumors grew better in normal syngeneic hosts than they did in lethally irradiated or thymectomized lethally irradiated, marrow reconstituted hosts, where they grew equally well. When blood or spleen cells were reacted with anti‐H‐2 sera directed against the responder cells or with anti‐Θ C3H sera and complement and then cultured with irradiated syngeneic tumor cells or extracts of these tumors, the responses to the tumor‐associated antigens and to two thymus‐independent antigens were not impaired; however, the same treatment greatly reduced the responses to allogeneic tumor or spleen cells and to two thymus‐dependent antigens. The observations suggested that the tumor‐associated antigens under study primarily stimulated B rather than T cells.
T cell‐mediated cytotoxicity: Discrimination between antigen recognition, lethal hit and cytolysis phase
Authors: Wagner H. , Röllinghoff M.
Published: February 2007

Using a 51Cr release cytotoxicity assay, the cytotoxic effector phase of in vitro activated mouse T lymphocytes (killer cells) against 51Cr‐labeled target cells has been investigated. It is shown that within 5–10 minutes of contact between killer cells and target cells, the target cells are already committed to lysis, therefore, antigen recognition and “lethal hit” must have taken place within this period of time. In contrast, target cell lysis (cytolysis phase) requires up to 3–4 h in order to be completed; it occurs independently of killer cells and it is highly temperature dependent.

The killer cell‐dependent phase (antigen‐recognition and “lethal hit”) is dissociated into two consecutive steps. The first step represents a specific and reversible event which takes place both at 4 °C and 37 °C. In contrast, the second step is found to be temperature dependent, but irreversible, and commits the target cells to lysis. It is concluded that the antigen recognition phase takes place during the first step and that the second step represents the “lethal hit” phase.
Low affinity antibody production in mice – a form of immunological tolerance?
Authors: Steward M. W. , Gaze Susan E. , Petty R. E.
Published: February 2007

Inbred mice differ in the relative affinity (KR) of specific antibody produced following four once‐weekly injections of human serum albumin (HSA) in saline. However, KR is high in all strains if the HSA is injected in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). Experiments were carried out to determine whether the low KR antibody responses of some mouse strains following immunization with HSA in saline were due to a form of immunological tolerance. Mice of strains which produce low KR antibody to HSA in saline (B 10.D2new and SWR/J) and strains which produce high KR antibody (Ajax and Simpson) were immunized by four once‐weekly injections of 1 mg HSA in saline and challenged with HSA in FCA.

Preimmunized “low KR” mice produced low KR antibody on challenge, whereas non‐preimmunized low KR mice produced high KR antibody on challenge. “High KR” mice produced high KR antibody on challenge even when preimmunized. The low KR response to challenge in preimmunized low KR mice was shown to be a result of delayed maturation of affinity and that the inability to produce high KR antibody in response to challenge persists for at least 9 weeks. These results suggested that the preimmunization of low KR strains had resulted in some form of immunological tolerance in which high affinity cells were unable to respond to the challenge of antigen in FCA.

Furthermore, following multiple injections (three injections a week for four weeks) of 10 μg or 5 mg of HSA in saline, antibody levels are significantly reduced in both high KR and low KR strains: KR is markedly reduced in the low KR strain and enhanced in the high KR strain.

These data are interpreted as providing evidence that interstrain differences in KR are due to greater susceptibility of high affinity cells in low KR strains to tolerance induction than the corresponding cells in high KR strains.
The generation of antibody diversity. III. Variation in the specificity of antibody produced within single clones of antibody‐forming cells in vitro
Authors: Pilarski Linda M. , Cunningham A. J.
Published: February 2007

Within single clones of antibody‐forming cells cultured in vitro, variant cells making different antibody specificities are generated at a high rate. This has been demonstrated in 2 ways. First, at limiting dilutions, mixtures of plaqueforming cells (PFC) of different specificities occur significantly more often than is expected from chance overlap of 2 clones. Second, PFC releasing uncommon, highly cross‐reactive antibody grow into clones which are much smaller than average, in mitogen‐stimulated cultures. This suggests that PFC of such rare types arise within clones initially producing other antibody specificities.
Selective triggering of B cell subpopulations by mitogens
Authors: Gronowicz Eva , Coutinho A.
Published: February 2007

We studied the pattern of responsiveness of normal spleen cells to three different B cell mitogens: dextran sulfate (DS), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD). Activation by DS results in extensive proliferation of cells, most of which are not high‐rate antibody‐secreting cells and can be reactivated. PPD activates high‐rate antibody synthesis in cells which are more restricted in mitotic capacity. LPS seems to activate both of these subsets of B cells.

LPS exhibits strong mitogenicity in vivo and a large fraction of LPS‐activated cells are high‐rate antibody‐secreting end cells.

It is suggested that these distinct subsets of B cells include cells at different stages of differentiation.
Studies on high and low dose paralysis. Different effect on antibody avidity and on immunocompetent subpopulations of lymphocytes in the mouse
Authors: Andersson B. , Celada F. , Åsjö Birgitta
Published: February 2007

Adult mice were immunologically paralyzed by repeated injections of bovine serum albumin. Partial paralysis was achieved both with a high dose regimen of 10–100 mg and with a low dose regimen of 1–10 μg. The avidity of the antibody produced in response to an immunizing dose of antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant was determined both at the serum level using an antigen‐binding test and at the level of single antibody‐forming cells using inhibition of antibody plaque‐forming cells by free antigens as a test system. The antibody was of relatively low avidity in high dose paralyzed animals, whereas low dose paralysis did not result in a change in the avidity. These data indicate that the B lymphocytes are target cells in high dose paralysis, since a cellular selection was shown to occur. In the low dose paralysis the B lymphocytes seem not to be the immediate target cells, since no cellular selection was demonstrated. Instead, it was shown that the main cellular defect in low dose paralysis was in the T lymphocytes, since carrier‐specific helper cells in an anti‐hapten response were shown to be depleted. Further, studying column purified B and T lymphocytes, it was shown that the cellular site of unresponsiveness in high dose paralysis was both at the B cell and at the T cell level. Low dose paralyzed animals had B cells of normal reactivity, whereas their T cells were paralyzed.
Antibodies of restricted heterogeneity obtained in rabbits immunized with tetraglycine peptide conjugated to an autologous carrier
Authors: Escribano M. J.
Published: February 2007

Antibodies specific for the tetrapeptide Gly‐Gly‐Gly‐Gly have been obtained in rabbits immunized with the peptide linked to an autologous carrier. Conjugation was performed using glutaraldehyde. Peptide‐carrier conjugates contained only one or two molecules of peptide per carrier molecule.

After secondary immunization, some of the rabbits produced anti‐tetrapeptide antibodies which were isolated from individual sera using tetrapeptide‐Sepharose immunoadsorbent. The amount obtained varied from 20 to 200 μg/ml of serum. Isolated specific anti‐tetrapeptide antibodies were found to belong to both IgG and IgM classes. The IgG antibodies as analyzed by isoelectric focusing showed a very restricted pI spectrum. Both IgG and IgM antibodies showed a restricted allotypic specificity.
T cell suppression of contact sensitivity in the mouse. II. The role of soluble suppressor factor and its interaction with macrophages
Authors: Zembala M. , Asherson G. L.
Published: February 2007

Contact sensitivity in the mouse is assessed by the increase of ear thickness 24 hours after challenge with antigen and can be passively transferred by T cells in the lymph nodes and spleen of immunized mice. The lymph node cells of mice pretreated with picrylsulfonic acid specifically depress the passive transfer of contact sensitivity to picryl chloride by immune cells.

“Suppressor” lymph node cells from mice injected with picrylsulfonic acid (−6 days) and painted with picryl chloride (‐1 day) were incubated in vitro for 48 hours. Immune lymph node cells incubated in these supernatants have reduced ability to transfer contact sensitivity. This suppression is specific and passive transfer of contact sensitivity to 4‐ethoxymethylene‐2‐phenyloxazolone is unaffected by incubation of immune cells in supernatant. Control supernatants from the cells of mice which did not receive picrylsulfonic acid or were not painted shortly before harvesting were inactive.

The suppressor activity is absorbed by peritoneal exudate cells and these then acquire the ability to suppress passive transfer‐“arming for suppression”. Normal and immune lymph node cells, and spleen cells do not become inhibitory under similar conditions.

The suppressor activity of suppressor supernatants (which contain 10 % fetal calf serum) withstands freeze drying, heating at 56 °C and trypsin. Its production is T dependent and is abolished by treatment with anti‐Θ serum and complement. The hypothesis is put forward that the active factor in suppressor supernatants is a specific T cell product either free or combined with antigen.
Characterization of virus‐specific cytotoxic T cell clones from allogeneic bone marrow chimeras
Authors: Pircher Hanspeter , Baenziger Jürg , Schilham Marco , Sado Toshi , Kamisaku Hitoko , Hengartner Hans , Zinkernagel Rolf M.
Published: March 2007

We established several H‐2‐restricted lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)‐specific cytotoxic T cell clones from spleens of virus‐primed C57BL/6 or C57BL/10 (H‐2b) and B10.BR (H‐2k) mice and from allogeneic C57BL/10→B10.BR and B10.BR→C57BL/10 bone marrow chimeras. Two T cell clones of H‐2b origin and restricted to H‐2b, 3 of H‐2k origin and restricted to H‐2k were compared with two clones each derived from the two types of chimeras. Their surface phenotype was found to be Lyt‐2+, L3/T4− and KJ16‐133+ (2 of 9). Clones from chimeras expressed bone marrow donor H‐2 and are restricted to the recipient H‐2.

H‐2k‐restricted clones were all specific for Kk whereas all H‐2b‐restricted clones were specific for Db. These restriction specificities could be further defined by the blocking activity of various monoclonal anti‐H‐2 antibodies. Interestingly the anti‐H‐2Db antibodies blocked the restricted virus‐specific killing activity of the clones derived B10.BR→C57BL/10 chimeras much more effectively than the activity of the clones derived from conventional H‐2b mice.

The various clones differed with respect to their fine specificity for LCMV strains. The 3 clones of conventional B10.BR origin only recognized LCMV‐WE but not LCMV‐Armstrong, Aggressive or Docile; H‐2b‐restricted conventional clones recognized target cells infected with all LCMV strains except LCMV‐UBC‐Docile; the T cell clones from the bone marrow chimeras recognized with one exception all LCMV strains tested.
T cell activation by anti‐idiotypic antibody: mechanism of interaction with antigen‐reactive T cells
Authors: Rees Ann D. M. , Scoging Anne , Dobson Nicola , Praputpittaya Kriangsak , Young Douglas , Ivanyi Juraij , Lamb Jonathan R.
Published: March 2007

It has been shown that the activation of T cells by an anti‐idiotypic antibody (anti‐Id) TB71 containing an internal image of the corresponding mycobacterial antigen (38 kDa) was achieved by the interaction of anti‐Id TB71 with the T cell receptor complex (CD3/Ti). The accessory cell requirement in this response could not be replaced by anti‐Id TB71 coupled to Sepharose beads and was not inhibited by Fc receptor blockade. When taken together with the finding that anti‐Id TB71‐induced proliferation of a T cell clone was restricted by determinants encoded by the major histocompatibility complex, these findings suggested that anti‐Id TB71 was presented to 38‐kDa antigen‐reactive T cells by the same mechanisms as conventional antigenic determinants. That is, both stimulated T cells through the CD3/Ti complex and had to be presented in the context of class II molecules on accessory cells. The finding that the disruption of the integrity of the anti‐Id TB71 combining site did not affect T cell responsiveness although antibody binding was ablated implied that anti‐Id TB71 may be partially degraded and re‐expressed with MHC class II determinants.
Induction of interferon‐γ production and Ia expression by interleukin 1 in bone marrow culture cells
Authors: Puri Joseph , Eglash Barbara , Lonai Peter
Published: March 2007

Colony‐stimulating factor‐induced bone marrow (BM) cultures are a good source of antigen‐presenting macrophages. However, they failed to present antigen to T cell clones when antigen was introduced as a short pulse only. Adding interleukin 1 (IL1) to BM culture cells before antigen pulse restored their antigen‐presenting activity concomitant to a 2–10‐fold increase in Ia antigenicity. We performed a series of experiments to test the mechanism of this IL 1‐induced activation. Our findings suggest that IL1 influences Ia expression and antigen‐specific T cell proliferation by inducing interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) production. IFN‐γ is produced in this system probably by residual Thy‐1‐positive cells in the BM cell culture.
Mitotic rate maturation in the Peyer's patches of fetal sheep and in the bursa of Fabricius of the chick embryo
Authors: Reynolds John D.
Published: March 2007

The metaphase arrest technique was used to quantitate the mitotic rate in sheep Peyer's patches (PP) and in the chicken bursa of Fabricius. It was shown that the mitotic rate in these tissues was the same whether or not the animal had been exposed to extrinsic antigen. The mitotic rate was calculated from the rate of accumulation of metaphase cells in tissue sections taken up to 4 h after i.v. vincristine. The follicular B cells in PP of fetal sheep at 3–5 days before birth, and in the bursas of chick embryos 2–3 days before hatching, none of which had experienced extrinsic antigen, entered mitosis at a rate of 5.2%/h and 7.5%/h, respectively. A similar analysis was done on animals at approximately 6 weeks of age, at which stage the PP and bursa had received chronic exposure to antigen from the gut. The mitotic rates were not significantly different from those in fetuses, i.e., 5.4%/h for PP and 6.0%/h for the bursa. In the follicles of both young lambs and juvenile chickens, the mitotic rate was 2–3 times greater in the outer, or cortical zone, than in the inner, or medullary zone. In a similar study of the thymus, no significant differences were found between the mitotic rates in fetal sheep and young lambs. The mitotic rate for the thymus was 15–20‐fold less than for the PP. It is proposed that sheep PP, the chicken bursa and the thymus have in common the important characteristic of establishing a maximal rate of lymphocyte division prior to being exposed to antigen.
Expansion and functional activity of Ly‐1+ B cells upon transfer of peritoneal cells into allotype‐congenic, newborn mice
Authors: Förster Irmgard , Rajewsky Klaus
Published: March 2007

Transfer of peritoneal cells from adult donors into newborn, allotype‐congenic mice led to colonization of the recipient mice by donor‐derived B lymphocytes expressing the Ly‐1 surface marker (Ly‐1 B cells). These cells not only persisted in the recipient mice for at least 5 months, but also increased in number. In contrast, bone marrow‐derived stem cells did not or scarcely give rise to B cells after intraperitoneal injection into congenic newborn recipients under the same experimental conditions.

Approximately half of the IgM in the serum of peritoneal cell‐recipients was produced by donor‐derived Ly‐1 B cells, suggesting that high levels of serum IgM in a normal mouse are produced by this B cell subpopulation. The transferred Ly‐1 B cells were able to respond in a normal fashion to α(1 → 3)dextran, but they did not participate in thymus‐dependent and ‐independent (TI II) immune responses to the hapten (4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP). In neither the immune response to α(1 → 3)dextran nor that to NP were we able to detect an influence of the transferred Ly‐1 B cells on the selection of the idiotypic repertoire in the recipient mice.
The response of selected human B cell lines to B cell growth and differentiation factors
Authors: Shields John G. , Smith Susan H. , Levinsky Roland J. , Defrance Thierry , De Vries Jan E. , Banchereau Jacques , Callard Robin E.
Published: March 2007

Fifteen human B cell lines were tested for their ability to respond to B cell growth and differentiation factors present in phytohemagglutinin‐conditioned medium. Five lines responded significantly: CESS showed an increase in IgG production only, HFB1 and BALM1 showed an increase in proliferation only and L4 and BALM4 showed an increase in both IgG production and proliferation. When four of the responding lines (CESS, HFB1, L4 and BALM4) were cultured with human recombinant‐derived interleukin 1, interleukin 2, interleukin 4 or interferon‐γ no significant response was seen. CESS, L4 and BALM4 all increased IgG production in response to partially purified B cell growth factor (Cellular Products, Inc., Sera‐Lab., Crawley Down, GB) and B cell differentiation factor‐containing supernatant from the T24 bladder carcinoma cell line. HFB1, L4 and BALM4 all showed increased tritiated thymidine incorporation in response to purified B cell growth factor but not in response to B cell differentiation factor‐containing supernatant. These lines may prove useful in the study of B cell growth and differentiation factors and their receptors.
Complement activation by IgM: evidence for the importance of the third constant domain of the μ heavy chain
Authors: Shulman Marc J. , Collins Catherine , Pennell Nancy , Hozumi Nobumichi
Published: March 2007

We have isolated and analyzed the DNA encoding the μ heavy chain constant region of a mutant IgM which is defective in initiating complement‐dependent cytolysis. By assaying the expression of μ genes which were constructed in vivo from mutant and normal gene segments, we have mapped the mutation into a 555‐base pair segment. In this segment there is one nucleotide change, such that the mutant μ gene encodes serine rather than the normal proline at amino acid position 436 in the third constant domain. We have used site‐directed mutagenesis to revert this mutation to the normal sequence and shown that this substitution results in the production of IgM with the normal phenotype.