bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of octopamine on the frequency tuning of the auditory system in Culex pipiens pipiens mosquito (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Vorontsov D. D. , Lapshin D. N.
Published: April 2024

We aimed at demonstrating the direct physiological effects of octopamine on the auditory responses of the Johnston’s organ sensory neurons in Culex pipiens pipiens mosquitoes. Responses to acoustic stimulation were measured as the frequency-threshold curves and as an instantly recorded autoexcitation frequency before and after the injection of octopamine (or chlordimeform, an agonist of octopamine receptors). The autoexcitation frequency was assessed by including the auditory neurons into a positive feedback loop, when the amplified neuronal response was used to drive the stimulating loudspeaker. Our results indicate that: octopamine affects the properties of the auditory system both in male and female mosquitoes; in female mosquitoes, octopamine significantly reduces the sensitivity of auditory neurons below 90 Hz and produces little effect in the high-frequency range (100 Hz and above); in male mosquitoes, octopamine significantly raises the tuning frequency of the auditory system (ratio of tuning frequencies before and after the injection 1.32–1.55). There is a strong sexual dimorphism in the octopaminergic modulation of the mosquito auditory system. The observed physiological effects of octopamine, both in male and female mosquitoes, cannot be fully explained by the modulation of mechanical stiffness of the antenna and must include the changes in frequency tuning of the auditory neurons.
Behavioural responses of cockroaches Periplaneta americana L. to short and long wavelength light in a wind tunnel
Authors: Zhukovskaya M. I. , Shchenikova A. V. , Selitskaya O. G. , Miltsyn A. A. , Novikova E. S. , Frolov A. N.
Published: April 2024

The behavioural responses of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana to short-wavelength and long-wavelength light were studied in a wind tunnel. Initial directional movement towards the light source was observed in response to both stimuli, but the latency in response to green light was significantly shorter. The cockroaches moving towards the UV light often returned to the less illuminated starting point, while this behaviour was not typical under green light. UV light often initiated masking, the behavior characteristic of the inactive, diurnal phase of the 24-hour cycle.
Features of speech signal recognition in conditions of vocal competition with normal hearing and with hearing or speech disorders
Authors: Balyakova A. A. , Labutina O. V. , Medvedev I. S. , Pak S. P. , Ogorodnikova E. A.
Published: April 2024

We studied the features of speech signals perception in conditions of vocal competition based on gender (male/female voice) in subjects of different ages and status of auditory and speech functions. Psychophysical measurements were carried out while simulating a “speech cocktail” situation by simultaneously pronounced different words by a male and female. The average fundamental voice frequency for the male speaker was 108 ± 5.92 Hz, for the female speaker – 185 ± 12.03 Hz. Both speakers were standard native speakers of the Russian language. Digital recordings of speech signals were equalized in intensity and compounded so that the total test stimulus was a synchronized mixture of words spoken by a male (M) and female (F) voice. Test speech signals were presented through headphones or through a speaker located in front of the auditor at a distance of 50 cm. The indicators of reaction time and the number of correct recognitions of words of the target speaker (M or F) were compared in 4 groups of subjects of different ages and hearing or speech status: adult subjects with normal hearing and speech (n = 35) and with hearing impaired (n = 26); schoolchildren with normotypical development (n = 26) and with speech disorders (n = 25). The results indicated a falling in the ability to segrerate target speech streams under conditions of vocal competition in the subjects with hearing and speech dysfunctions included in the comparative study. Differences in the perception of male and female voices in subjects with hearing loss and with speech problems were obtained. This result may have a biological and social basis. The data have practical significance for the development of a system of auditory and speech training and modern hearing aid technologies.
Тhe role of auditory feedback in voice control with normal and impaired hearing
Authors: Lunichkin A. M. , Shtin K. S.
Published: April 2024

Control of speech fulfilled by cooperation between feedforward control and feedback control. Feedforward control activates program of articulation, whereas feedback control carries acoustic and sensorimotor information about pronounced utterance. Their complementary speech control function described by the DIVA model, which based on adjustment of auditory and proprioceptive signals relatively to program of articulation in nerve centers. The inconsistency between the sensory information received via feedback and the presentation of the acoustic signal in the auditory nucleus causes corrective commands. Auditory feedback is necessary for the correct development of children’s articulatory skills, i.e. forming feedforward control. For this reason, prelingually deafened adults have significant articulation impairments due to immature articulatory skills. In postlingual deafness, the previously forming feedforward control allows pronounce phonemes successfully. However, in people with sensorineural hearing loss, control of phonation and articulation through the auditory feedback deteriorates, which expressed by an increase of voice intensity, changes in the speech spectral characteristics and instability in frequency and amplitude. Similar speech changes are found in speakers with normal hearing in the presence of noise that masks the speaker’s voice (Lombard effect). In noise, voice intensity increase, spectral characteristics of speech shift to the high-frequency region, and increase the amplitude and speed of articulatory movements (hyperarticulation). This speech reorganization is an adaptation of the speaker’s own voice to background noise, which purpose is to unmask the speech and restore auditory feedback control.
Experimental Approaches to the Study of Sound Sources Localization by Distance in Hearing Pathology
Authors: Ogorodnikova E. A. , Klishova E. A. , Andreeva I. G.
Published: April 2024

The overview presents modern experimental approaches that are used to assess the ability to localize sound sources by distance in hearing pathology. The influence of the typical manifestations of hearing impairment on the processes of identifying the main localization cues – the signal level, the spectral features, binaural characteristics in auditory perception of the distance to stationary and moving sound or speech sources is considered. The review introduce to the results of the authors' own research and literature data on changes in hearing resolution by distance in sensorineural hearing loss, unilateral hearing loss, central auditory disorders, including age-related aspects of the problem. The compensatory potential of the auditory spatial function in non-invasive and invasive hearing aids, as well as its training with elements of acoustic virtual reality, is described. A methodical approach to forming of spatial scenes available for implementation in clinical practice is proposed.
Рsychoacoustic testing to assess the functional maturation of the central audiotory system
Authors: Savenko I. V. , Garbaruk E. S. , Boboshko M. Yu.
Published: April 2024

The age-appropriate development of the central auditory system is crucial for a child’s normal auditory and speech development. If there are any issues with this development, it can lead to central auditory processing disorders (APD) and problems with psychoverbal and general development. Psychoacoustic testing is an informative and accessible diagnostic tool for identifying signs of APD. This testing can be performed on children as young as four years old, provided there are normative data available for different age groups. The purpose of this study was to assess the functional state of the central auditory system using psychoacoustic methods in healthy children of different ages. Materials Methods. We examined 125 healthy full-term children between the ages of 4 and 17 years who had normal peripheral hearing and no speech, language, cognitive, or academic problems. The children were divided into five age groups: 4–5 years 11 months, 6–7 years 11 months, 8–9 years 11 months, 10–11 years 11 months, and 12 years and older. In addition to traditional audiological examinations, all children underwent tests to assess the functional state of the central parts of the auditory system, including tests for the perception of rhythmic sequences of stimuli, Random Gap Detection Test, monaural low redundant speech testing in quiet and in noise, alternating binaural speech testing, dichotic digits test, and a simplified version of the Russian matrix sentence test in noise (RUMatrix). The results showed that the tests used were sensitive to the functional state of various structures of the central auditory system, and signs of maturation in the “bottom-up” direction were demonstrated as the children grew older. The rate of evolutionary processes varied depending on the age group of the subjects. It was also shown that the morphofunctional development of the central auditory system is not completed by adolescence. Conclusion. These findings can be used to differentiate between the immaturity of the central auditory system, APD, and speech-language disorders of different types in children of different ages. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of early detection and intervention for any issues related to the central auditory system in children.
Group B Vitamins: From Homeostasis to Pathogenesis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Abdurasulova I. N. , Dmitriev A. V.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—It is well known that vitamins are essential micronutrients for the normal functioning of all body systems and must be supplied in sufficient quantities with food. The role of vitamins produced by the gut microbiota for host health is largely undefined. The review discusses the properties of eight water-soluble B vitamins, their complex effects on the functioning of the nervous system. Attention is paid to a little-studied issue - the synthesis of B vitamins by the intestinal microbiota and its role in vitamin deficiency in the body. It is proposed that interrelated factors – “Western diet”, altered composition (dysbiosis) of the intestinal microbiota and deficiency of B vitamins are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, a severe autoimmune demyelinating disease that affects people of working age. The available studies on the evaluation of the level of B vitamins in patients with multiple sclerosis and the use of high doses of these vitamins for the treatment of progressive forms of multiple sclerosis are presented. In addition, the idea of the possibility of using probiotic bacteria producing B vitamins in the treatment of multiple sclerosis is being put forward.
BIological and Pathophysiological Significance of De Novo Ceramide Biosynthesis Enzymes
Authors: Belik E. V. , Dyleva Yu. A. , Gruzdeva O. V.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—Ceramides are biologically active lipids with a wide range of effects that act as a second messenger in adipose tissue (AT) that regulates the metabolic homeostasis of the whole organism [83]. At least 3 ceramide synthesis pathways are known: de novo, sphingomyelinase, and the recycling/“rescue” pathway [47]. This review summarizes data on the physiological and pathophysiological effects of de novo ceramide biosynthesis enzymes.
The Social Anhedonia: (f)MRI Studies
Authors: Melnikov M. Ye.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—Anhedonia and, particularly, social anhedonia is an important psychiatric symptom playing a crucial role in the development of depression and schizophrenia. Social anhedonia in healthy people is related to changes in structure, activation, and connectivity of different regions in the prefrontal, temporal, parieto-temporal, and basal areas. In patients with schizophrenia the core fMRI correlates of social anhedonia are located in the temporal lobe. Studies in social anhedonia in depressions and other mental disorders are insufficient for drawing conclusions on this topic. Unlike physical anhedonia, social anhedonia demonstrates no specific link with the Nucleus accumbens volume or activation.
Physiological Functions of the Platelets and the Importance of the Correction of Their Disorders in Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Bouryachkovskaya L. I. , Lomakin N. V. , Popov E. G. , Melkumyants A. M.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—Platelets play a key role in the development of thrombosis and inflammation. These cells are the key participants in pathological thrombosis due to their ability to attach to damaged areas of blood vessels and further accumulation at the sites of damage. Although platelet activation and adhesion should be considered as a physiological response to a sudden rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, which frequently contributes to its repair, the uncontrolled progression of such a process in the coronary arteries may result in the formation of a thrombus occluding the lumen of the vessel, that cause the development of myocardial infarction. This review is mainly devoted to the consideration of the correction of platelet function using antiplatelet drugs, which have led to significant positive changes in the fight against acute coronary syndrome and myocardial infarction.
Calciopathies and Neuropsychic Disorders: Physiological and Genetic Aspects
Authors: Dyuzhikova N. A. , Pavlova M. B.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—Calcium is a key and universal second messenger, an effective regulator of metabolic processes. Calciopathies – violations of the use of calcium in the cell, caused by dysfunction of the subunits of the ion channel and/or proteins regulating them, include abnormalities in the work of regulatory pathways and mitochondria, accompany neuropsychiatric diseases. The identification of associated genes of calcium metabolism and the study of the role of changes in their work in the determination of such conditions is important for the search for new molecular targets for targeted pharmacotherapy of mental disorders and concomitant diseases, and their prevention. The review is devoted to the consideration of physiological and genetic disorders in the regulation of calcium homeostasis, the relationship with psychoneuropathology of various origins, known and promising therapeutic approaches to their treatment, based on the impact on the processes of calcium metabolism and the activity of calcium response genes.
A Role of the Hippocampus in Perception and Memory of Odors. Hypothetical Neural Mechanism
Authors: Silkis I. G.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—A mechanism for the interdependent functioning of the olfactory and hippocampal neural networks has been proposed. In this functioning, a significant role belongs to the long-term changes in the efficacy of connections between neurons from these networks, as well as from the ventral part of the basal ganglia, the frontal neocortical areas, the reuniens and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei. Odors are involved in spatial mapping and navigation since these two kinds of information are processed simultaneously and interdependently. The proposed mechanism for the formation of representations of “odor–object–place” associations in the activity of neurons from different hippocampal fields may underlie the participation of odors in the definition of “place fields”. The CA2 hippocampal field makes an important contribution to this process, facilitating the memorization and retrieval of information related to odors and their location. Due to hippocampal projections to olfactory structures, a spatial mapping of the environment is also formed in the activity of neurons in the piriform cortex. According to the proposed mechanism, damage to various parts of the analyzed chains, as well as weakening of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and olfactory bulb, should impair odor perception and memory for odors. This consequence is consistent with olfactory deficits in various neurodegenerative and viral diseases, as well as in aging.
Zebrafish as a Promising Model in Translational Neurobiology and Biomedicine
Authors: Kolesnikova T. O. , Ilyin N. P. , Kotova M. M. , Kaluev A. V.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—High prevalence of the central nervous system disorders necessitates novel methods and approaches for their pharmacological correction. Traditionally used rodent models are limited by high costs of research, complex maintenance and care, and long development. The use of alternative, aquatic model organisms, such as the zebrafish (Danio rerio), in translational neuroscience and medicine allows for fast efficient experimentation with easy maintenance, manipulations, and rapid development. Zebrafish are also sensitive to major classes of physiologically active agents, which makes this model indispensable for preclinical studies of a wide range of small molecules. The similarity of neurochemical systems, the presence of major neurotransmitters, a high degree of genetic and physiological homology with humans, the availability of both larval and adult fish models, and embryonic transparency provide multiple possibilities for using this organism to model CNS pathologies and its genetic and environmental causes.
Immune Function оf the Lymphatic System
Authors: Lobov G. I.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—The lymphatic system plays a critical role in immunity, going far beyond the simple transport of immune cells and antigens. The endothelial cells in the various parts of this vasculature are highly specialized to perform various specific functions. Lymphatic capillaries express chemokines and adhesion molecules that in tissues promote the recruitment and transmigration of immune cells. Signaling molecules produced by endothelial cells of lymphatic capillaries during inflammation modulate the migration of lymphocytes through venules with high endothelium from the blood into the parenchyma of lymph nodes. Lymphatic vessels provide active regulated transport of immune cells and antigens to the lymph nodes. In the lymph nodes, with their complex structure organized by stromal cells, optimal conditions are created for the contacts of antigen-presenting cells with lymphocytes. Different subpopulations of lymph node endothelial cells perform specific functions according to lymph node location and contribute to both innate and adaptive immune responses through antigen presentation, lymph node remodeling, and regulation of leukocyte entry and exit.
Neurophysiological and Vascular Mechanisms of Action of the Serotoninergic Drugs for Abortive Migraine Treatment
Authors: Sokolov A. Y. , Skiba I. B. , Lyubashina O. A.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—Migraine is a form of primary headache that affects at least 10% of the world’s population. In addition to recommendations for modifying the patient’s lifestyle, migraine management involves stopping an attack that’s already occurred and/or preventing its occurrence. In the abortive treatment of this cephalalgia, both non-specific (eg, non-opioid analgesics) and specific pharmacological agents, can be used. The latter include, in particular, serotonergic drugs of the classes of triptans (selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists), ditans (selective 5-HT1F-mimetics), and ergot alkaloids (non-selective modulators of various 5-HT receptor subtypes). The review discusses the currently availably results of numerous basic and applied studies of these drug groups, in which the neuronal and vascular components of their antimigraine pharmacodynamics were identified. A significant part of the information was obtained in vivo on the various experimental models of migraine based on the trigeminovascular theory of its pathogenesis. Other data are the results of ex vivo studies on isolated tissues and cell cultures. When analyzing these experimental results, evidence is provided in favor of similar mechanisms for realizing the antimigraine potential of all representatives belonging to the pharmacological classes listed, the neurotropic activity of which prevails over their direct intervention in vascular tone. At the same time, special attention is paid to the controversial and debatable issues in this area, the successful solution of which is a key to further progress in the pharmacotherapy of migraine.
Cognitive Architecture of Cognitive Activity: Modeling and Psychophysiological Assessment
Authors: Razumnikova O. M.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—The main approaches to modeling human cognitive activity and the underlying neural mechanisms are described. The systematization of cognitive architectures is given, and such popular models as ACT-R, SOAR, CLARION and CHREST is overviewed with examples of their practical application in psychology and neurophysiology. The use of the developed models of cognitive functions makes it possible to predict the effectiveness of perception and selection of information, which knowledge and procedures are required for the optimal solution of the problem, the expected error rate while task performing, and what functional brain system is used to organize behavior. Improvement and addition of existing models of cognitive architecture is considered as a prospect for the development of cognitive neuroscience, understanding the patterns of intelligence formation and the development of artificial intelligence.
Pharmacological Effects of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) оn Carbohydrate-Lipid Metabolism: Sex Dependence
Authors: Bazhan N. M. , Makarova E. N.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—Fibroblast growth factor (FGF21) is a hepatic hormone that helps the adapt to various metabolic stresses. The review considers some unresolved issues related to the physiological activity of this unique metabolic regulator, summarizes the basic knowledge about the pharmacological properties of FGF21, and highlights sex differences in their manifestation in the correction of obesity. The results are summarized showing that the effectiveness of using FGF21 for the treatment of obesity depends on the etiology of obesity and sex. The necessity of studying the mechanisms underlying sex differences in the action of FGF21 for its successful use in the treatment of obesity in males and females is emphasized.
Neurorehabilitation Based on Spinal Cord Stimulation and Motor Training
Authors: Stolbkov Y. K. , Gerasimenko Yu. P.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—The review presents recent data on the recovery of motor functions after spinal injuries: on spontaneous neuroplasticity; about plasticity, depending on physical activity; about the results of using epidural and transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord to restore movement control; on neurophysiological changes and mechanisms initiated by spinal electrical stimulation that may contribute to functional recovery after spinal cord injury.
Interaction of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Capsaicin-Sensitive Afferent Neurons in Gastroprotection
Authors: Yarushkina N. I. , Podvigina T. Т. , Morozova O. Yu. , Filaretova L. P.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurons with efferent-like function (CSN) make an important contribution to the regulation of the functions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and gastroprotection. The aim of the review was to analyze the data of literature, including the results of our own studies on the interaction of CRF and CSN in the gastroprotection and regulation of the functions of the gastrointestinal tract, with a focus on their most studied interaction in the regulation of the motor function of the gastrointestinal tract. Based on the results obtained by the authors of the review, the contribution of CSN to the implementation of the gastroprotective effect of CRF and, conversely, the participation of CRF in the gastroprotective effect of capsacin, which activates CSN, is discussed. The contribution of glucocorticoid hormones to the implementation of the gastroprotective action of CRF and the compensatory gastroprotective role of these hormones under conditions of shutdown of CSN functioning are considered.
Serfdom and migration policy in Russia in the late 16th - early 17th centuries
Authors: Yerusalimsky Konstantin Yur'evich
Published: April 2024

The decrees of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries restricting the migrations for the dependent people and peasants of the Russian state are closely connected with cross-border migration regimes that emerged after the wars for Livonia of the second half of the sixteenth century and as unifying tendencies between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth developed, and later as a result of the policy of the Militia and the government of Mikhail Romanov aimed at restoring “ranks” and limiting uncontrolled migration mobility. The article examines key legislative measures to maintain the “covenant” regime for the “departing” and “forced export” of people during the “years of limitations” in connection with international migration regulation under treaties between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1582-1619.
Smolensk nobility against the government: from the history of the abolition of serfdom in Russia
Authors: Gorskaya Natalia Ivanovna
Published: April 2024

The article analyzes the participation of the Smolensk nobility in the discussion of the peasant question in Russia in 1847-1859. The author focuses on the perception of government initiatives by the Smolensk nobility, its reaction to plans to abolish serfdom before the rescripts and during their discussion. The article shows that the local «program» of the abolition of serfdom in general was formed during the work of country meetings, before the opening of the provincial committee; that the government, involving the provincial nobility in the preparation of the reform, saw in him only an unquestioning executor of the orders of the center, that it was the clash of state and local interests that led to consolidation of Smolensk landowners, who defended the possibility of preserving farms even after the abolition of serfdom.
Electoral preferences in the elections to the all-Russian Constituent assembly in Belorussia in 1917.
Authors: Bukhovets O. G
Published: April 2024

The article encompasses the results of the author's elaboration of the 1917 elections to the Constituent Assembly statistical data recorded within the borders of the Belarusian civil districts and the Western Front. The regional particulars of electoral preferences are analyzed. Both the all-Russian leading parties (Bolsheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries) and "failed parties" (Kadets, Mensheviks and People's Socialists) significance in electoral process is identified. Attention is drawn to the particular role for electoral process demonstrated by parties and organizations founded on national or confessional bases - Belarusian, Jewish, Polish, Latvian, Orthodox Coreligionists, Old Believers. The reasons for the failure of the Russian and Belarusian electoral list of candidates are elucidated. The voting paradoxical results in relation to ethnic and confessional minorities of the Belarusian region are disclosed. The concepts of "exogenous", i.e. ethnic and confessional communities not rooted in the region, and "endogenous" (rooted) communities are introduced. The author emphasizes the perspective of application of elections to the Constituent Assembly statistical data as of the tools for the insight of the "great upheavals” era ethnic and national processes.
The first selection for cosmonauts: from idea to implementation
Authors: Batchenko Victoria Sergeevna
Published: April 2024

In the article describes the evolution of the idea of human spaceflight in the post-war period, the formation of a selection system for cosmonauts. Attention is drawn to the fact that by the time of the International Geophysical Year (1957-1958) in the USSR there was an opportunity to send a person on a suborbital flight, but it was decided to finalize the equipment for an orbital mission. At the same time, on the basis of unpublished documents, the progress of the search for applicants for the first cosmonaut team is shown, the reasons for the pilots' refusals from further tests at different stages of selection are revealed.
Propaganda of soviet space achievements in the 1960s and 1970s: forms, methods, restrictions
Authors: Komissarov Vladimir Vyacheslavovich
Published: April 2024

The article is devoted to the study of forms and methods of Soviet scientific and technical propaganda in the 1960s and 1970s. The main focus is on ways to promote Soviet space achievements. The article is based on archival documents, as well as on the materials of a number of popular magazines of this period. The following issues were carefully considered: the organization of scientific and technical propaganda in the USSR; methods of censorship control. The general conclusions of the study give an idea of two forms of coverage of scientific and technical achievements in the Soviet press of this period. The organization of scientific and technical censorship, in which the key role belonged not to the Glavlit, but to experts of branch research institutes and the Academy of Sciences, is also analyzed in detail.
Dead participants of the Time of Troubles (reburials as part of the socio-political crisis)
Authors: Shokarev Sergey Yur'evich
Published: April 2024

During the Time of Troubles, several exhumations were carried out, some of which took the form of public actions (the destruction of the grave of Boris Godunov, the burning of the remains of False Dmitry I, the transfer of the relics of Tsarevich Dmitry Uglichsky). The meaning of these events was reduced to two opposite trends: destruction and restoration. Destruction was directed against the graves and remains of political enemies. The restoration has become part of the political rehabilitation and revival of the traditional order. In addition to the political, these events had a deep religious and symbolic meaning, giving a sacred meaning to the «right» side, and an infernal meaning to the «false» side.
Historical chronology and the initial old russian chronicle
Authors: Danilevsky Igor Nikolaevich
Published: April 2024

The chronological systems used by the first chroniclers are very poorly understood. The purpose of the article is to propose a new method that will clarify our understanding of the chronographic (annual) dates given in The Tale of Bygone Years. The article proposes to use information about indirect manifestations of solar activity to identify texts that precede The Tale of Bygone Years. This made it possible to identify several reports of the Tale of Bygone Years, the annual dates of which are given according to the Annian era, which was 5500 years from the Creation of the world BC. A hypothesis that in one of the sources used by the compiler of The Tale of Bygone Years, annual dates are given in the Annian era, was proposed on this basis.
Distribution of the cyrillic printed book of the 16th-17th centuries in the regions of Russia
Authors: Kokoreva Tatiana Anatol'evna , Pozdeyeva Irina Vasil'evna
Published: April 2024

The paper, for the first time, raises and resolves the question of how in XVI-XVII centuries’ copies of books printed in Cyrillic by Moscow Printing House and other printing houses were distributed to regions of Russia. The books analyzed in this paper were identified, studied and received scientific descriptions, as a part of the long-term efforts by the Moscow State University archaeographers and local specialists trained by them. The paper analyzes 2,932 copies of 520 publication titles that were delivered to regions in XVI-XVII century and preserved there until the end of the twentieth century. The ratio of Moscow and foreign publications in the regions, included in the study, allows to assume coordination of publishing plans between foreign Slavic printing houses and Moscow Printing House.
Preliminary investigation into the case of the tomsk pogrom of 1905 and siberian justice
Authors: Krestiannikov Evgenii Adol'fovich
Published: April 2024

The article is devoted to one of the cruelest atrocities in the history of late imperial Siberia and the circumstances of its investigation by the justice authorities. Tomsk survived the pogrom, which was characterized by an aggravation of political confrontation, the intensification of criminal elements, numerous acts of murder and robbery. The preliminary investigation of the crimes committed was carried out slowly, experiencing numerous obstacles and influences. This was dictated by the scale of the atrocities, the peculiarities of the investigative situation, the limited resources of the judiciary, the interest of the authorities, various groups, and individuals to hide traces of their involvement in the escalation of bloodshed.
Professor N. P. Zagoskin – rector of the Imperial Kazan University
Authors: Usmanova Diliara Mirkasymovna
Published: April 2024

The article is devoted to the biography of Nikolai Pavlovich Zagoskin (1851-1912), an outstanding representative of Kazan professorship, whose fate was connected with Kazan Imperial University for more than forty years. In 1906 he was highly honored and trusted by his colleagues and was elected the rector of the Kazan University. N.P.Zagoskin's rectorate was held during one of the most difficult periods in the history of Russian universities. The years of the first Russian revolution are characterized by the unusual activity of students' movement, accelerated involving of the university representatives into social-political life of the country, strained relations of the university professorship with the higher administration represented by trustees and people of the Ministry of education. In spite of the short period of N.P.Zagoskin's term in office (1906-1909) this administrative experience was of great importance for the university and for the rector himself. N.P. Zagoskin belongs to the most prominent and influential rector in the history of Kazan University.
The fight against illegal logging in the European North of Russia in the end of the 18th - first half of the 19th century (on the materials of the Vologda province)
Authors: Plekh Olesya Anatol'evna
Published: April 2024

The article examines illegal logging in the Vologda province at the end of the XVIII - first half of the XIX century on a wide range of archival materials. Particular attention is paid to the activities initiated by the state to combat this phenomenon, and the activities of local officials that contributed to its prosperity. In the European North of Russia, both unauthorized logging, organized by peasants for their own needs, and illegal logging by industrialists under the patronage of local officials, had a significant scope. It is shown that the formation of forest protection legislation continued throughout the entire period, but, despite all attempts to improve the rules for the use of forests, it was hardly possible to create a management system and effective supervision, excluding the possibility of abuse, even by the middle of the 19th century.
Features of military construction in the White South(on the example of the Troops of the Novorossia Regionof the Armed Forces of the South of Russia)
Authors: Posadskiy Anton Viktorovich
Published: April 2024

The article examines the practice of military construction within the Armed Forces of the South of Russia - in the troops of the Novorossiysk region of General N.N. Shilling in the second half of 1919 - early 1920. The characteristic of the Novorossiysk region from the point of view of the composition of the population is given. An outline of attempts to deploy large infantry formations based on the personnel of the old Russian army is proposed. The conclusion is made about the reasons for the failures of these efforts. The behavior of the population of Novorossiya and partly of the Right-Bank Ukraine was assessed and it was concluded that the main available resources of the white command were military corporations and a number of national minorities, primarily colonists. In the absence of active support of the white power from the majority of the Russian-Ukrainian population, the white command could not create stable and numerous formations, although the white troops showed good results practically until the end of the struggle.
Stalingrad in the strategic plans of the military-political leadership of the USSR and Germany in 1942-1943
Authors: Morozov Miroslav Eduardovich
Published: April 2024

The article presents the modern concept of the history of the Battle of Stalingrad, as well as the totality of the most important strategic decisions of the warring parties, which led to the crushing defeat of the Wehrmacht, the elimination of its 6th german Army, which became one of the most important turning points in World War II.
On the way to stalingrad: the events of 1942 in the context of the Battle
Authors: Kudryashov Sergey Valer'evich
Published: April 2024

The article examines the important military developments of the winter, spring and summer of 1942 in the context of the history of the Battle for Stalingrad. The main focus is on the Battle for the Caucasus and its impact on combat events around Stalingrad.
The Battle of Stalingrad: some topical issues of study
Authors: Uhl Matthias
Published: April 2024

This article provides an overview of recent German and international research on the history of the Battle of Stalingrad. The publication also lists research questions, the answers to which will contribute to gaining a more complete picture of this arguably most important battle of the Second World War. Therefore, further research on the work of the Red Army's military intelligence service before and during the battle, on the logistics and supply of the fighting troops, and on the German air raids on the city on the Volga will play a special role.
RSFSR People’s Commissariat for Justice and its activity on the courts management (1941-1945)
Authors: Rybakov Vladislav Aleksandrovich
Published: April 2024

The article, based on documents from the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GA RF), evaluates the role of the RSFSR People’s Commissariat for Justice (PCJ) in the courts management and comprehensively presents the mechanism of this management by the republican justice administration bodies in the period 1941-45. The author analyzes the main tools of the mechanism in extraordinary war conditions. The conclusion is about the combination of two trends in the activities of justice administration bodies. On the one hand, these authorities sought to achieve uniformity in the courts functioning and the correctness of their application of legislation, but, on the other one, carried out direct illegal pressure on them. The justice administration by the republican PCJ led to large-scale repressions, but at the same time caused the relative stability of the system and its ability to function in the war situation.
"“The International” is outdated for our people". Creation of the national anthem of the USSR (1943-1944)
Authors: Devyatov Sergey Viktorovich , Zhilyaev Valentin Ivanovich , Nevezhin Vladimir Aleksandrovich
Published: April 2024

The article examines the process of work of the state commission headed by K.E. Voroshilov and A.S. Shcherbakov on the creation of the text and musical accompaniment of the new National Anthem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics instead of the "International". "The source base of the article was made up of previously unknown materials of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Archive of Russian Foreign Policy, as well as published documents and memoirs. Since the poems and music for the new anthem were selected on a competitive basis, dozens of Soviet poets and composers were able to participate in this competition. Stalin closely followed the work of the Voroshilov-Shcherbakov commission. He periodically gave instructions to the authors of the words of the anthem (S.M. Mikhalkov and G.A. Urekioyan), attended the auditions of its musical accompaniment. It is concluded that the work on the creation of a new anthem of the USSR in 1943-1944 was the implementation of an important state project that had no analogues in Soviet history. Keywords: "International", the National Anthem of the USSR, I.V. Stalin, K.E. Voroshilov, A.S. Shcherbakov, the Union of Soviet Writers of the USSR, the Committee for the Arts of the USSR, the Union of Soviet Composers of the USSR.
Legislative regulation of the execution of military orders at state-owned mining plants
Authors: Shumkin Georgiy Nikolaevich
Published: April 2024

The article considers the process of creating " Temporary rules for giving and executing orders of the Military and Maritime ministries by state-owned mining plants, analyzes the editions of 1871 and 1888. It is concluded that the " Rules "of 1871 more expressed the interests of customers who sought to free themselves from" mandatory relations " with the mining department. The "Rules" of 1888 and other later editions were aimed at protecting the interests of mining enterprises. Thanks to them, state-owned mining plants secured a significant share of the Russian arms market, which became one of the reasons for the weakness of the Russian military industry by the beginning of the First World War.
"It smells of kerosene". Danube shipping company and russian policy in the Balkans at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries
Authors: Vishnyakov Yaroslav Valerianovich
Published: April 2024

The article, based on the documents of the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, for the first time introduced into scientific circulation, reveals the plans of the Russian Empire for economic penetration into the markets of Serbia and other Balkan countries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A special place in the economic strategy of the St. Petersburg ruling circles in relation to the Balkan region was played by the activities of the Russian Danube shipping company, which was assigned not only a commercial, but also a political role, as one of the important factors in strengthening Russian influence in the Balkan countries, primarily in Serbia. In addition, the development of navigation along the Danube in the late XIX - early XX centuries. allowed the Russian Empire to gain a foothold in the oil markets of both the Balkan countries and Austria-Hungary and Germany. In 1914-1915.namely on the ships and barges of the Russian Danube Shipping Company, a special-purpose expedition headed by M.M. Veselkin, military cargo was transported for Serbia, which was an important factor in Russian-Serbian military cooperation during the First World War.
The League of Nations on the road to War: the position of the USSR
Authors: Khormach Irina Aleksandrovna
Published: April 2024

The article is devoted to the problem of world-class international organizations, in this case the League of Nations, fulfilling the tasks for which they were created. The author examines the strategy of the League of Nations in connection with the implementation of its main function - the prevention of wars and the preservation of the Versailles system of international relations and the position of the Soviet leadership in this regard. The main attention is paid to the evolution of the course of the League of Nations under the influence of the leading states during the periods of the growth of the aggressive aspirations of Germany, Italy and Japan, the aggravation of international relations and local wars - the Italo-Ethiopian War, the Spanish Civil War, Japanese aggression in the Far East and China, German aggression in Europe and the attempts of the USSR to keep the organization from the course of encouragement of the aggressor. The author analyzes the participation of the Soviet state in the activities of the League of Nations in the field of disarmament and arms reduction, examines the reasons for the disruption of this most important part of the organization's work to preserve peace.
The role of intelligence in the creation of the first samples of Soviet nuclear weapons
Authors: Guangxiang Zhang
Published: April 2024

The successful completion of the Soviet nuclear project was due to the combination of internal and external factors. Of course, the privileges and guarantees provided by the government for the scientific research and production of nuclear weapons, as well as the arduous efforts made by scientists to overcome various difficulties, have played an important role. But equally important is the use of foreign experience, mainly known through intelligence. Intelligence activities helped the Soviet Union absorb and utilize foreign experience. Neither the emphasis on the decisive role of intelligence, nor the denial of its importance contributes to a systematic and scientific understanding of its purpose and role. The Soviet Union was able to complete all nuclear research independently, but this would require more resources and time.
Allodial monasteries of the Russian Middle Ages: Bulgak Monastery in the Grand Duchy of Ryazan
Authors: Bondarenko Andrei Andreevich , Khoruzhenko Oleg Igorevich
Published: April 2024

In this work the following phenomena understudied in historiography are researched: foundation, operation, and decline of allodial monasteries. It is supposed that the spread of such ancestral pilgrimages was considerably wider than it has been thought in the literature before now. They did not grow into significant landowner monasteries, by and large. The research of these phenomena is achievable by using source study methods, including the analysis of toponymy and of the cadaster, deed, and cartography sources. The opportunities of such approach are demonstrated through the example of a short history of the Bulgak Monastery in the Principality of Ryazan. The localization of that monastery within the one-third domain of Prince Fyodor Vasilievich enabled to identify his churchwarden as Matvey Denisievich Bulgak Yuriev whose varieties of fortune explain the reasons for a quick decline of that religious house.
Patriarch Iov and the Russian bishops of the last quarter of the 16th – early 17th century
Authors: Usachev Andrey Sergeevich
Published: April 2024

The article deals with the internal factors of the Russian episcopate’s formation in the 16th century. It was established that the belonging to the influential church groups had played the most important role till the last quarter of the 16th century. There were three - the monks’ community of the Holy Trinity-St. Sergius monastery, the Kirillo-Belozerskii monastery, the Iosifo-Volockii monastery. The period, when Simon (the monk of the Holy Trinity- St. Sergius monastery) was the metropolitan, was characterized by the increase of the number of the bishops from this monastery (1495-1511). The metropolitan Daniil (1522-1539) who was from the Iosifo-Volockii monastery strengthened the position of this monastery. The metropolitan Makarii (1542-1563) tried to strike a balance between these two groups. The patriarch Iov (1586-1605) didn’t belong to the influential church groups. That’s why their influence on the governing of the Russian church was minimized. The bishops were appointed from about 15 monasteries. It was connected, on the one hand, with the attempt of Iov and his ally the Godunovs to weaken the “aristocratic” monasteries, on another hand - with the death of the last capable representative of the dynasty in 1584. For a long time the dynasty supported these influential monasteries and others.