bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of the legislation governing proxy consent to treatment and research
Authors: Bravo G , Pǎquet M , Dubois M-F
Published: February 2003

Objective:To assess the knowledge of four groups of individuals regarding who is legally authorised to consent to health care or research involving older patients.

Design:A provincewide postal survey.

Setting:Province of Quebec, Canada.

Participants:Three hundred older adults, 434 informal caregivers of cognitively impaired individuals, 98 researchers in aging and 136 members of research ethics boards (REBs).

Measurements:Knowledge was assessed through a pretested postal questionnaire comprising five vignettes that describe hypothetical situations involving an older adult who requires medical care or is solicited for research. The respondent had to identify the person who is legally authorised to provide consent.

Results:Nearly 80% of all respondents provided the correct answer when the hypothetical scenario depicted a person who was competent to consent or incompetent but legally represented. Knowledge was worse (from 2% among older adults to 44% among REB members) for the scenario describing a research situation that involved an incompetent adult without a legal guardian.

Conclusion:The observed lack of knowledge raises doubts about the ability of current legislation to truly protect the rights of older adults with diminished decision making capacity. It points to the need for educational programmes aimed at increasing public awareness of the legislation put in place for those requiring special protection.
Relatives' attitudes towards informing patients about the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Pucci E , Belardinelli N , Borsetti G , Giuliani G
Published: February 2003

Objectives:To evaluate relatives’ attitudes towards informing patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) about their diagnosis.

Setting:A university hospital in Italy.

Methods:The closest relatives of each of 71 subjects diagnosed for the first time as having AD were interviewed, using a semistructured questionnaire. Spontaneous requests by relatives not to communicate issues concerning the diagnosis were also recorded.

Results:Forty three (60.6%) relatives spontaneously requested that patients not be fully informed. After being interviewed, nobody thought that the patient should be given all the information. Justifications were related to the fear of the onset or worsening of depressive symptoms in the patient.

Conclusions:In Italy relatives’ opposition to informing AD patients appears to be common. Knowledge of the relatives’ attitudes may be useful for clinicians but disclosure of diagnosis should be based on the clinical evaluation of the patient and on a prudent evaluation of the relationship between the patient and her/his relative caregiver.
Confidentiality and its limits: some contributions from Christianity
Authors: Torrance I R
Published: February 2003

The issue is whether Christianity, of its nature, would seek to prevent a justifiable breach of confidentiality or could endorse it, under certain circumstances, as the act which is fundamentally more loving or more truthful. The individualistic nature of Western Christianity is noted. The Lutheran theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer is used to show Christian support for dynamic rather than literal truth telling, and for awareness of the contexts and power relations within which persons stand.
Seed cone structure in conifers in relation to development and pollination: a biological approach
Authors: Tomlinson P Barry , Takaso Tokushiro
Published: February 2003

Seed production in conifers involves an extended sequence of developmental events that may take as long as 3 years to complete. There is a conflict between two major processes: initial pollination of ovules and subsequent maturation of seeds after fertilization. The conflict arises because ovules must be exposed at first to receive pollen (the gymno-ovulate condition), and subsequently seeds must be protected during maturation (the angiospermous condition). The "Florin model", which shows that the coniferous cone was ancestrally a compound structure, provides a constructional "Bauplan" whose modifications can be understood by developmental study. In the majority of conifers there is no consistent ovule-bearing structure, even though this is required by the model; much of cone ontogeny is determined by intercalary meristematic activity that results in cone closure after pollination. Two main constructional types can be recognized. In Cephalotaxaceae, Cupressaceae, Sciadopityaceae, Taxaceae, and Taxodiaceae (all without saccate pollen), pollen structure and function is uniform and not associated with special modification of the ovulate cone at the time of pollen capture. In the Pinaceae and Podocarpaceae (mostly with saccate pollen), the ovulate cone is usually highly specialized with regard to pollen capture. In the former group, developmental emphasis is on postpollination events that lead to seed protection or are associated with seed dispersal. In the latter group, there is a duality in ovulate cone morphology, initially associated with pollination, and subsequently with seed protection and dispersal. The general conclusion is that the coniferous cone cannot be treated as a static entity for comparative purposes. The functional attributes of cone structures need to be considered in a very broad context when the evolution of the coniferous cone is discussed.Key words: conifers, development, pollen capture, seed cone.
Genetic variability among strains of Phialocephala fortinii and phylogenetic analysis of the genus Phialocephala based on rDNA ITS sequence comparisons
Authors: Grünig Christoph R , Sieber Thomas N , Rogers Scott O , Holdenrieder Ottmar
Published: February 2003

Two methods to determine variability among strains of Phialocephala fortinii and sterile DSE (dark septate endophyte) Type 1 were compared: inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction analysis (ISSRPCR) and sequence analysis of the two internal transcribed spacers and the 5.8S ribosomal DNA (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2). Both methods showed similar results for some strains, but different results for others. Phylogenetic analysis of various strains of P. fortinii and Type 1 based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence information showed that Type 1 strains, with the exception of one Type 1 strain and a strain with a Type-1-like culture morphology, form a well-supported clade, whereas P. fortinii strains are much more variable and the relative position of many strains on the tree are unresolved. Two sterile DSE strains with Type 1 culture morphology form a well-supported clade, separate from the P. fortinii  Type 1 clade. Phylogenetic analysis of some species of the Leotiales and of Phialocephala and related species based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences indicate that the genera Phialocephala and Sporendocladia are polyphyletic. One major clade, supported by a high bootstrap value, is positioned as a well-separated lineage among members of the Leotiales. Phialocephala fortinii, Phialocephala dimorphospora, Phialocephala compacta, Phialocephala scopiformis, and Type 1, all known as endophytes of woody plant species, are positioned in this clade. A second well-supported clade including Phialocephala humicola, Phialocephala xalapensis, and Phialocephala fusca was positioned outside the Leotiales. Phialocephala xalapensis and P. humicola had identical sequences and were not separable based on morphology. The two taxa were, therefore, considered to represent the same species. Phialocephala virens, Phialophora finlandia, Sporendocladia foliicola, and Leptodontidium orchidicola were not included in either of the two Phialocephala clades.Key words: Phialocephala, phylogenetic analysis, internal transcribed spacer, DSE.
A paleolimnological investigation of the effects of forest fire on lake water quality in northwestern Ontario over the past ca. 150 years
Authors: Paterson Andrew M , Morimoto David S , Cumming Brian F , Smol John P , Szeicz Julian M
Published: February 2003

Fire is an important mechanism of disturbance in boreal ecosystems; however, the effects of fire on lake ecosystems are still not well understood. This study provides a detailed assessment of the impacts of fire on the limnology of a small oligotrophic lake (Lake 42), located approximately 200 km northwest of Thunder Bay, Ont. The study lake is characterized by a small drainage ratio (watershed area : surface area) and a relatively long water residence time. Age establishment and fire scar analyses determined that at least one, and perhaps two, major fires had burned to the lake's shoreline in the past ca. 150 years. Using a paleoecological approach, diatoms were examined in a 210Pb-dated sediment core. Following watershed fires, minimal changes were noted in the diatom species assemblage. These findings may be explained by the low sedimentation rates and small drainage ratio of the study lake, although other studies suggest that the biological response may be minimal compared with physicalchemical responses in some ecosystems. Beginning in the early 1980s, however, distinct changes were noted in the species assemblage and in diatom-inferred total phosphorus. Our findings suggest that the study lake may be more sensitive to precipitation inputs of nutrients than to inputs resulting from watershed disturbances.Key words: paleolimnology, diatoms, forest fire, water quality.
Shoot morphology and fate of buds in relation to crown location in youngFraxinus pennsylvanicavar.subintegerrima
Authors: Remphrey William R , Bartlett Grant A , Davidson Campbell G
Published: February 2003

The relationships between shoot size and morphological patterns and crown location were investigated in 6-year-old green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern.). In general, shoots were shorter in the inner part of the crown compared with either the top or bottom near the periphery. The differences were related to a reduction in both metamer number and length. In some cases the lower crown location was similar to the upper; in other cases it was similar to the inside. The fate of buds along a shoot was generally dependent on shoot position in the crown. A greater proportion of buds became lateral shoots and inflorescences in the top compared with the bottom of the crown, and the fewest developed towards the inside location. As the number of metamers per shoot increased, there was an increase in the proportion of lateral shoots produced and a decrease in the proportion of inflorescences and (or) aborted buds. For shoots with the same number of metamers per shoot, those in the top produced a greater proportion of inflorescences and lateral shoots compared with the bottom or inside. In all crown locations, the highest number of buds aborted near the base, the greatest proportion of inflorescences occurred in mid-shoot regions, and the largest proportion of lateral shoots occurred near the tip. The information presented in this paper will be used as a component in developing a simulation model of crown development.Key words: architecture, shoot, bud fate, green ash, metamer.
Taxanes in rooted cuttings vs. mature Japanese yew
Authors: Shi Qing-Wen , Petzke Tracy L , Sauriol Françoise , Mamer Orval , Zamir Lolita O
Published: February 2003

Two novel taxanes were identified from rooted cuttings of the Japanese yew, Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. Their structures were characterized as taxa-4(20),11-dien-2α,5α-diacetate-14β-(2'S,3'R)-3'-hydroxy-2'-methylbutyrate-10-β-glucoside (1) and 2α,5α,9α,10β-tetraacetoxy-13α-(Z)-cinnamoyloxy-taxa-4(20),11-diene (2). In addition, metabolites 343 were also characterized in the same cuttings. Taxanes 316 as well as three non-taxane metabolites (1719) have not previously been reported in the needles, stems, seeds, or bark of the mature T. cuspidata plant, although they have been found in other yews. The known taxanes 2043 were also detected for the first time in the rooted cuttings of the Japanese yew. Key words: Taxus cuspidata, Taxacae, taxanes, rooted cuttings, metabolites.
Free radicals formed by H(Mu) addition to fluoranthene
Authors: Brodovitch Jean-Claude , Addison-Jones Brenda , Ghandi Khashayar , McKenzie Iain , Percival Paul W , Schüth Joachim
Published: February 2003

Muonium has been used as an H atom analogue to investigate the free radicals formed by H addition to the polyaromatic hydrocarbon fluoranthene. There are nine unique carbons in the molecule, but only five radicals were detected. Muon and proton hyperfine constants were determined by transverse field µSR and µLCR, respectively, and compared with calculated values. All signals were assigned to radicals formed by Mu addition to C-H sites. There is no evidence for addition to the tertiary carbons at ring junctions.Key words: muonium, fluoranthene, free radical, hyperfine constants.
An ab initio study of conformations and IR spectra of 5-substituted 1,3-cyclopentadienes
Authors: Pye Cory C , Xidos James D , Burnell D Jean , Poirier Raymond A
Published: February 2003

A computational study of 5-substituted cyclopentadienes is presented. The substituents considered are the group 1417 elements of the second through fifth periods, saturated by hydrogens as needed to fulfill normal valence requirements. The conformational characteristics are examined and rationalized using bondantibond interactions and steric arguments. Trends in vibrational frequencies are discussed and compared with experiment where possible.Key words:cyclopentadiene, ab initio, spectra.
From T-antigen to plasmalogen-derived aldehydes: The identification of a marker of colorectal cancer in human rectal mucous
Authors: Krepinsky Jiri J , Kandel Gabor P , Yeung Ka Sing , Chociej Jacek , Chen Min , Cohen Gideon , Douglas Stephen P , Furrer Rudolf , Kukreti Vishal , Lupescu Niculina , Richens Enoka , Tanner Keith L
Published: February 2003

Recently, a simple noninvasive screening test for colorectal cancer was proposed, based on a hypothesis involving galactose-containing carbohydrate moieties such as the ThomsenFriedenreich antigen. According to the hypothesis, such carbohydrate moieties, present in the human rectal mucous of patients with colorectal cancer, can be specifically oxidized with galactose oxidase to form substances that, upon reaction with Schiff reagent, yield purple (magenta) coloured compounds. While evaluating this proposed test, we discovered that the colour formation is not due to the proposed reaction between oxidized galactose moieties present in rectal mucous and Schiff reagent. We found instead that the mucous from colorectal cancer patients contains compounds that form purple (magenta) adducts with the Schiff reagent directly, i.e., they do not require oxidation by galactose oxidase. We have identified these compounds as long-chain aliphatic aldehydes, mainly palmitic aldehyde C15H31CH=O and stearic aldehyde C17H35CH=O. We have further found that the aldehydes originate from plasmalogens present in the phospholipid fraction of the mucous obtained from colorectal cancer patients. The aldehydes, present in plasmalogens as enol ethers, are released by the acidity of the Schiff reagent and in turn react with the Schiff reagent to form the coloured adducts. Correct identification of these markers could lead to the development of a more accurate colorectal cancer screening tool and to a deeper understanding of colorectal carcinogenesis.Key words: T-antigen, plasmalogen-derived aldehydes, colorectal cancer marker.
A diene-transmissive approach to the quassinoid skeleton
Authors: Spino Claude , Hill Bryan , Dubé Pascal , Gingras Stéphane
Published: February 2003

Several tetracyclic molecules were prepared by diene-transmissive DielsAlder cycloadditions. Control over the stereochemical outcome of the cycloaddition was achieved and the structural features of the precursors affecting the stereochemistry is discussed. Useful information was gathered concerning the factors governing this stereocontrol, which will be indispensable for the future of this strategy.Key words: quassinoid, anticancer agent, diene-transmissive DielsAlder cycloaddition, oxadiene, hetero DielsAlder.
The oxidation of sulfides by chromium(V)
Authors: Jackson Lepage Carmela R , Mihichuk Lynn , Lee Donald G
Published: February 2003

The mechanism for the oxidation of sulfides by [(me4-salen)CrV(O)(pyO)]CF3SO3, where me4-salen is 8,8,8',8'-tetramethylsalen and pyO is pyridine N-oxide, has been investigated. Results from Hammett correlations on the rates of oxidation of substituted thioanisoles, frontier molecular orbital calculations, and product studies are consistent with a mechanism that is initiated by a single electron transfer to give a radical cation intermediate.Key words: oxidation, chromium(V), sulfides, radical cation, oxygen transfer.
Alkali metal ion catalysis in nucleophilic displacement by ethoxide ion on p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonate: Evidence for multiple metal ion catalysis
Authors: Buncel Erwin , Nagelkerke Ruby , Thatcher Gregory RJ
Published: February 2003

In continuation of our studies of alkali metal ion catalysis and inhibition at carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur centers, the role of alkali metal ions in nucleophilic displacement reactions of p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonate (PNPP) has been examined. All alkali metal ions studied acted as catalysts. Alkali metal ions added as inert salts increased the rate while decreased rate resulted on M+ complexation with 18-crown-6 ether. Kinetic analysis indicated the interaction of possibly three potassium ions, four sodium ions, and five lithium ions in the transition state of the reactions of ethoxide with PNPP. Pre-association of the anionic substrate with two metals ions in the ground state gave the best fit to the experimental data of the sodium system. Thus, the study gives evidence of the role of several metal ions in nucleophilic displacement reactions of ethoxide with anionic PNPP, both in the ground state and in the transition state. Molecular modeling of the anionic transition state implies that the size of the monovalent cation and the steric requirement of the pentacoordinate transition state are the primary limitations on the number of cations that can be brought to bear to stabilize the transition state and catalyze nucleophilic substitution at phosphorus. The bearing of the present work on metal ion catalysis in enzyme systems is discussed, in particular enzymes that catalyze phosphoryl transfer, which often employ multiple metal ions. Our results, both kinetic and modeling, reveal the importance of electrostatic stabilization of the transition state for phosphoryl transfer that may be effected by multiple cations, either monovalent metal ions or amino acid residues. The more such cations can be brought into contact with the anionic transition state, the greater the catalysis observed.Key words: alkali metal ion catalysis, nucleophilic displacement at phosphorus, multiple metal ion catalysis, phosphoryl transfer.
Simultaneous determination of copper, lead, cadmium, zinc, and selenium in cow liver by differential pulse polarography
Authors: Somer Güler , Guliyeva Gülbeniz , Ekmekci Güler , Sendil Olcay
Published: February 2003

A fast and simple method was established for the determination of trace elements in liver. DP polarograms of wet digested liver samples were taken in acetate buffer, pH about 4, for lead, cadmium, and zinc determinations. For copper, addition of EDTA at pH 4 was needed for a better separation from the iron peak. Selenite ion was determined using the hydrogen catalytic peak after the addition of Mo(VI) to the same solution. Trace element levels were different for two separate sections of liver. For the first section (S1) the quantities were found to be 8.12 ± 0.21 mg g1 Cu, 1.16 ± 0.12 mg g1 Zn, 1.09 ± 0.11 mg g1 Cd, 0.59 ± 0.07 mg g1 Pb, and 2.05 ± 0.22 mg g1 Se, in dry liver. For the second section (S2) the results were the same for selenium, but Cd was too small to be detected. The other trace element quantities were 0.48 mg g1 Cu, 0.22 mg g1 Pb, and 0.29 mg g1 zinc. The validity of the method was demonstrated with a synthetic sample resembling liver composition. This method enabled the simultaneous determination of heavy trace elements such as copper, lead, cadmium, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc by using an inexpensive instrument and without any separation or pre-concentration procedures.Key words: cow liver, determination, differential pulse polarography, trace elements.
The use of β-cyclodextrins to enhance the aqueous solubility of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene and their removal from soil organic matter: Effect of substituents
Authors: Shirin Salma , Buncel Erwin , vanLoon Gary W
Published: February 2003

This paper describes a systematic study for the evaluation of different substituted β-cyclodextrins (β-CDs), as agents for the enhancement of the aqueous solubility of two major organic pollutants, trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE). The aqueous solubility enhancement occurs through the formation of hostguest inclusion complexes between the CD molecule (host) and the polychloroethylene (guest) and is driven primarily by hydrophobic forces. The CDs evaluated are: methyl-β-CD (Mβ-CD), hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HPβ-CD), carboxymethyl-β-CD (CMβ-CD1, CMβ-CD2), and sulfated-β-CD (Sβ-CD1, Sβ-CD2); the degree of substitution was also varied. Using a 5% (w/v) aqueous CD solution, solubility enhancement factors (St/So) up to 5.5 and 14 were determined for TCE and PCE, respectively. Binding constants (K11) for TCE with the substituted CDs were evaluated using an 1H NMR technique; these were found to range from 3 to 120 M1. It was shown that solubility enhancement, as well as the binding constant, is dependent on the type and degree of substitution of the β-CD molecule; the determining factors are discussed. The CDs are also capable of effective removal of PCE and TCE retained by soil organic matter. Thus, a suitably substituted β-CD may be a valuable additive in pump-and-treat protocols for site remediation of polychlorinated organics. Key words: Cyclodextrin, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, solubility enhancement, binding constant, soil and water remediation.
DIAMONDS ARE NOT A MINIMUM WEIGHT TRIANGULATION'S BEST FRIEND
Authors: BOSE PROSENJIT , DEVROYE LUC , EVANS WILLIAM
Published: February 2003

Two recent methods have increased hopes of finding a polynomial time solution to the problem of computing the minimum weight triangulation of a set S of n points in the plane. Both involve computing what was believed to be a connected or nearly connected subgraph of the minimum weight triangulation, and then completing the triangulation optimally. The first method uses the light graph of S as its initial subgraph. The second method uses the LMT-skeleton of S. Both methods rely, for their polynomial time bound, on the initial subgraphs having only a constant number of components. Experiments performed by the authors of these methods seemed to confirm that randomly chosen point sets displayed this desired property. We show that there exist point sets where the number of components is linear in n. In fact, the expected number of components in either graph on a randomly chosen point set is linear in n, and the probability of the number of components exceeding some constant times n tends to one.
ENUMERATING TRIANGULATIONS IN GENERAL DIMENSIONS
Authors: IMAI HIROSHI , MASADA TOMONARI , TAKEUCHI FUMIHIKO , IMAI KEIKO
Published: February 2003

We propose algorithms to enumerate (1) regular triangulations, (2) spanning regular triangulations, (3) equivalence classes of regular triangulations with respect to symmetry, and (4) all triangulations. All of the algorithms are for arbitrary points in general dimension. They work in output-size sensitive time with memory only of several times the size of a triangulation. For the enumeration of regular triangulations, we use the fact by Gel'fand, Zelevinskii and Kapranov that regular triangulations correspond to the vertices of the secondary polytope. We use reverse search technique by Avis and Fukuda, its extension for enumerating equivalence classes of objects, and a reformulation of a maximal independent set enumeration algorithm. The last approach can be extended for enumeration of dissections.
GENERALIZED MELZAK'S CONSTRUCTION IN THE STEINER TREE PROBLEM
Authors: WENG JIA F.
Published: February 2003

For a given set of points in the Euclidean plane, a minimum network (a Steiner minimal tree) can be constructed using a geometric method, called Melzak's construction. The core of the Melzak construction is to replace a pair of terminals adjacent to the same Steiner point with a new terminal. In this paper we prove that the Melzak construction can be generalized to constructing Steiner minimal trees for circles so that either the given points (terminals) are constrained on the circles or the terminal edges are tangent to the circles. Then we show that the generalized Melzak construction can be used to find minimum networks separating and surrounding circular objects or to find minimum networks connecting convex and smoothly bounded objects and avoiding convex and smoothly bounded obstacles.
ENTROPIES OF GROUPS AS KNOT INVARIANTS
Authors: MESÓN ALEJANDRO M. , VERICAT FERNANDO
Published: February 2003

We use the Ghys, Langevin, Walczak-entropy to associate an invariant hK to a knot K. This is done by taking the knot group ΓK, or the orbifold group of K, acting on its Cayley graph [Formula: see text] . Different variants may also be considered: a) if the knot group is hyperbolic the action can be taken on the boundary of [Formula: see text], b) If E (K) is the exterior manifold of K in S3, and if F (K) is a fibration on E (K), then ΓK acts on F (K) by the global holonomy of a foliation transverse to the fibres. We perform some estimations of hK in the first case (ΓK acting on [Formula: see text]) and when a) and b) are considered.
Topological notions for Kauffman and Vogel's polynomial
Authors: Carpentier Rui Pedro
Published: February 2003

In [2] Kauffman and Vogel constructed a rigid vertex regular isotopy invariant for unoriented four-valent graphs embedded in three dimensional space. It assigns to each embedded graph G a polynomial, denoted [G], in three variables, A, B and a satisfying the skein relations: [Formula: see text] and is defined in terms of a state-sum and the Dubrovnik polynomial for links.

In [4] it is proved, in the case B = A- 1 and a = A, that for a planar garph G we have [G] = 2c - 1 (- A - A- 1)v, where c is the number of connected components of G and v is the number of vertices of G.

In this paper we will show how we can calculate the polynomial, with the variables B = A- 1 and a = A, without resorting to the skein relation.
LINK MAPS IN ARBITRARY MANIFOLDS AND THEIR HOMOTOPY INVARIANTS
Authors: KOSCHORKE U.
Published: February 2003

In this paper we generalize Milnor's μ-invariants of classical links to certain ("κ-Brunnian") higher dimensional link maps into fairly arbitrary manifolds. Our approach involves the homotopy theory of configuration spaces and of wedges of spheres. We discuss the strength of these invariants and their compatibilities e.g. with (Hilton decompositions of) linking coefficients. Our results suggest, in particular, a conjecture about possible new link homotopies.
EXISTENCE OF IDEAL KNOTS
Authors: GONZALEZ O. , DE LA LLAVE R.
Published: February 2003

Ideal knots are curves are that maximize the scale invariant ratio of thickness to length. Here we present a simple argument to establish the existence of ideal knots for each knot type and each isotopy class and show that they are C1,1 curves.
CONSTRUCTION OF KERNEL AGGREGATION OPERATORS FROM MARGINAL VALUES
Authors: KOLESÁROVÁ A. , MUEL E. , MORDELOVÁ J.
Published: February 2003

Binary kernel aggregation operators are studied, especially construction of kernel aggregation operators from the given values at boundary points. Kernel aggregation operators uniquely determined by their marginal values are characterized. The importance of shift invariant aggregation operators and k–medians for construction of such aggregation operators is shown. Several examples are given.
PROBABILISTIC MULTI-VALUED CONTRACTIONS AND DECOMPOSABLE MEASURES
Authors: HADŽIĆ OLGA , PAP ENDRE
Published: February 2003

A general fixed point theorem for a multi-valued probabilistic q-contraction f : S → 2S is proved, where (S, ℱ, T) is a complete Menger space and ℱ satisfies a growth condition which is connected with the countable extension of a t-norm T. As a corollary a generalization of Tardiff's result27 is obtained. A random fixed point result is proved, where a measure space related to decomposable measure is used.
HENSTOCK–KURZWEIL TYPE INTEGRAL BASED ON GENERALIZED g-SEMIRING
Authors: ŠTAJNER-PAPUGA IVANA
Published: February 2003

We shall consider special class of generalized semiring based on generalized pseudo-operations of the following form: x ⊕ y = g(-1)(εg(x) + g(y)), x ⊙ y = g(-1)(g(x)γg(y)), where ε and γ are arbitrary but fixed positive real numbers, g is a positive strictly monotone generating function and g(-1) is its pseudo-inverse. Using this pseudo-operations, corresponding pseudo-measure and the Henstock–Kurzweil type integral will be introduced and investigated.
p-SYMMETRIC FUZZY MEASURES
Authors: MIRANDA PEDRO , GRABISCH MICHEL , GIL PEDRO
Published: February 2003

In this paper we propose a generalization of the concept of symmetric fuzzy measure based in a decomposition of the universal set in what we have called subsets of indifference. Some properties of these are studied, as well as their Choquet integral. Finally, a degree of interaction between the subsets of indifference is defined.
STATES, UNIFORMITIES AND METRICS ON LATTICE EFFECT ALGEBRAS
Authors: RIEČANOVÁ ZDENKA
Published: February 2003

We show that every state ω on a lattice effect algebra E induces a uniform topology on E. If ω is subadditive this topology coincides with pseudometric topology induced by ω. Further, we show relations between the interval and order topology on E and topologies induced by states.
GENERALIZED COMPOSITIONS OF FUZZY RELATIONS
Authors: DREWNIAK JÓZEF , KULA KRZYSZTOF
Published: February 2003

We examine compositions of fuzzy relations based on a binary operation *. We discuss the dependences between algebraic properties of the operation * and the induced sup –* composition. It is examined independently for monotone operations, for operations with idempotent, zero or identity element, for distributive and associative operations. Finally, we present consequences of these results for compositions based on triangular norms, triangular conorms and uninorms.
PROPERTIES OF REGULAR FUZZY RELATIONS
Authors: SOBERA JOLANTA
Published: February 2003

A special kinds of regular fuzzy relations are discussed. Some facts about sup – min composition of these relations and inverse relations are proved.
YANG MIAOZHEN: A WOMAN WARRIOR IN THIRTEENTH-CENTURY CHINA
Authors: Wu Pei-Yi
Published: February 2003

Hidden just below the surface in the Songshi is the story of a woman who contradicts every stereotypical view of her gender. Yang Miaozhen was a warrior, peerless both in single combat and in strategic planning. Before she was twenty, she commanded an armed band of ten thousand. She met her future husband when he and his soldiers flocked to her banner. The apparently uxorilocal marriage lasted as a partnership of equality. The couple went on to carve out a large area between Shandong and the Yangzi River and ruled it as their private domain. Although they ostensibly pledged allegiance to the Southern Song, any overseer sent from the court, whatever his station or achievement, could enjoy his tenure only at Yang Miaozhen's pleasure. After her husband's death, she led her troops to join the Mongols, who appointed her governor of Shandong. Thus her story stands on its head the complex patrilineal, patriarchal, and patrilocal system generally believed to have prevailed throughout Chinese history.
The Theaetetus on how we Think
Authors: Barton David
Published: February 2003

I argue that Plato's purpose in the discussion of false belief in the Theaetetus is to entertain and then to reject the idea that thinking is a kind of mental grasping. The interpretation allows us to make good sense of Plato's discussion of 'other-judging' (189c-190e), of his remarks about mathematical error (195d-196c), and most importantly, of the initial statement of the puzzle about falsity (188a-c). That puzzle shows that if we insist on conceiving of the relation between thought and its objects on the model of holding or grasping something in our hands, we will be unable to account for the possibility of false identity judgments: For no one who is literally grasping two things in his hands would seriously entertain the idea that one of the things is numerically identical with the other.
Aristotle's Literary Aesthetics
Authors: Ferrari
Published: February 2003

Against the consensus that Aristotle in the Poetics sets out to give tragedy a role in exercising or improving the mature citizen's moral sensibilities, I argue that his aim is rather to analyse what makes a work of literature successful in its own terms, and in particular how a tragic drama can achieve the effect of suspense. The proper pleasure of tragedy is produced by the plotting and eventual dispelling of the play's suspense. Aristotle claims that poetry 'says what is universal' not in order to suggest that poetry achieves anything of the effect of philosophy, but to explain how in creating his plots the poet takes into consideration what, in general, could be expected to happen. Chapter 4 of the Poetics is not a theory of mimesis but an analysis of the lowest common denominator of the pleasure we take in fictions. The inevitability or likelihood by which events in the tragic plot are to be connected has an aesthetic rather than a moral function. Doing away with the irrationality of chance and increasing the human intelligibility of the action is not its point; the point is to furnish the plot with the second half of the formula for successful suspense: that events in the plot should happen 'against expectation because of one another'. The first half of the formula is examined under the rubric of peripety or reversal. The formula as a whole describes the pivotal moment when the pieces of the plot suddenly fit with a configuration that only in retrospect can we see to have been falling into place all along. Pity and fear are the emotions on which Aristotle focusses because they are the emotions engaged by the tightening-towards-release of literary suspense. And the pleasure of catharsis is the pleasure of that release.
Aristotle's Two Intellects: A Modest Proposal
Authors: Caston Victor
Published: February 2003

In De anima 3.5, Aristotle argues for the existence of a second intellect, the so-called "Agent Intellect." The logical structure of his argument turns on a distinction between different types of soul, rather than different faculties within a given soul; and the attributes he assigns to the second species make it clear that his concern here - as at the climax of his other great works, such as the Metaphysics, the Nicomachean and the Eudemian Ethics - is the difference between the human and the divine. If this is right, we needn't go on a wild goose chase trying to invent a role for the so-called Agent Intellect to play. God moves our intellects as he moves the heavenly spheres, "as a beloved": he constitutes the complete actualization towards which all of our intellectual striving is directed. Aristotle regards such final causation as an efficient cause, but not in a way that would make it part of what we would call the causal processes or mechanisms of human psychology. But, he would insist, it is essential for appreciating who we are and what our place is in the world.
FROM FAITH TO FAITH: A FRESH EXAMINATION OF THE PREPOSITIONAL SERIES IN ROMANS 1:17
Authors: Quarles Charles
Published: February 2003

This article examines and evaluates important interpretations of the εκ πιστεως εις πιστιν prepositional series in Rom. 1:17. It evaluates these interpretations in light of four criteria: (1) Is the interpretation consistent with usage of the construction in ancient Greek texts? (2) Does the interpretation address a theme of Romans that is prominent enough to account for its inclusion in the programmatic statement? (3) Is the interpretation consistent with Paul's normal modes of expression? (4) Is the interpretation compatible with the Hab. 2:4 citation? These criteria raise serious doubts about several well-established interpretations and suggest that scholars should more seriously consider the interpretation of Chrysostom and other Greek fathers.
VOLLMACHT IM JOHANNESEVANGELIUM
Authors: Metzner Rainer
Published: February 2003

Der johanneische Vollmachtsbegriff gehört zu den Heilsbegriffen des 4. Evangeliums, dessen Verständnis für die johanneische ”Sehweise“ von tragender Bedeutung ist. Der 4. Evangelist hat ihn der synoptischen Tradition entlehnt und ”johanneisch“ vertieft. Er versteht unter Vollmacht ein Autorisierungsgefüge in der Gemeinschaft von Vater, Sohn und Glaubenden. Alle Vollmacht ist in Gott begründet, der Sohn empfängt in höchster Autorität die Doxa des Vaters, seine Liebe, sein Wissen und seine Lebensmacht und läßt die Glaubenden daran teilhaben. Der 4. Evangelist macht deutlich, daß Vollmacht eine positive Gabe göttlicher Liebe ist, die der ungläubigen Welt und ihrem ”Herrscher“ vorenthalten bleibt.
FEMALE RESPONSES TO MALE COOS IN THE COLLARED DOVE STREPTOPELIA DECAOCTO
Authors: Secondi Jean , De Bakker Merijn , Ten Cate Carel
Published: February 2003

Birdsong is one of the main models in sexual selection studies. Most investigations focused on oscines in which male song and female preference learning occur. Yet, some non-oscines are well suited for such studies as well. In Columbidae song learning does not occur. However, like in oscines, song is involved in inter- and intra-sexual interactions. Surprisingly, experimental evidence of female song-based preferences are still largely lacking in this group. We conducted playback tests on wild-caught Streptopelia decaocto females. We tested for the sexual function of song by playing decaocto songs versus songs of an unrelated species. We then investigated female responses to trill. Although they do not produce this trait, males react more strongly to artificially trilled decaocto songs, i.e. to conspecific songs in which a trill from a S. roseogrisea song has been inserted, than to normal decaocto songs. We also tested female responses to S. roseogrisea songs. Females flew more often and with a shorter latency during decaocto songs than during wren songs, suggesting that species recognition occurred, but we found no evidence of preference for trilled decaocto songs. The low activity observed during the experiment might have obscured actual preferences. Nevertheless, females consistently reacted more to normal decaocto songs than to trilled decaocto or roseogrisea songs. This contrasts with the strong responses for trilled decaocto songs and the virtual lack of reaction to S. roseogrisea songs observed in males. Thus, female collared doves, as receivers, may have different characteristics from males and impose constraints on the evolution of song.
THE STRESS RESPONSE OF EUROPEAN STONECHATS DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF STRESSOR
Authors: Canoine Virginie , Hayden Timothy , Rowe Kevin , Goymann Wolfgang
Published: February 2003

The acute increase in plasma levels of corticosteroid hormones in response to a stressful situation is essential for adequate physiological and behavioural responses to unpredictable events. The pattern and amplitude of the corticosteroid stress response has been extensively studied to compare endocrine adaptations between different life history stages, but also to determine environmental and physiological disturbances. Most studies on birds have used a simple and repeatable standardized stress-protocol. After capture, blood samples are taken at fixed time intervals from the bird kept in a cloth bag. Capture and handling during this procedure are stressful events which typically result in enhanced secretion of corticosterone. However, it is not known whether the stress response obtained with the cloth bag protocol is comparable with a life-threatening situation such as the confrontation with a predator. In this study, we investigated the plasticity of the stress-response towards different stimuli. We compared the stress responses of European stonechats (Saxicola torquata rubicola) exposed to different stressors: (1) a standard cloth bag; (2) space restraint by caging; and (3) caging and additional confrontation with a live predator, a tawny owl (Strix aluco). Our results show that the stress response induced by the predator was greater and the stress response induced by the cage tended to be greater than that induced by the cloth bag protocol. Thus, the present study showed that the stress response may vary depending on the type of stressor.
LE COMMERCE CONJUGAL GÂTE-T-IL LE LAIT MATERNEL? SEXUALITE, MEDECINE ET DROIT DANS LE SUNNISME ANCIEN
Authors: Benkheira Mohammed
Published: February 2003

Le problème de la simulanéité des rapports sexuels et de l'allaitement a beaucoup préoccupé les juristes musulmans anciens, soit parce que le lait maternel était pensé comme une conséquence de ces mêmes rapports, soit parce qu'on croyait qu'ils étaient nocifs et pouvaient le corrompre, menaçant ainsi la santé de l'enfant nourri au sein. Cet article aborde seulement ce dernier aspect, en partant d'une contradiction entre deux traditions prophétiques, l'une compilée par Mālik, l'autre par Abū Dāwūd et Ibn Māğa. Alors que selon la première, les rapports sexuels simultanés à l'allaitement sont permis, selon la seconde, ils sont à déconseiller, voire à interdire. Si les textes juridiques ne nous apprennent rien sur les usages dans l'Arabie centrale au VIIème siècle, de nombreuses traditions semblent indiquer que la croyance en la nocivité des rapports sexuels pendant l'allaitement était assez répandue en Irak. L'hypothèse proposée ici est que le texte retenu par Mālik s'inscrit en faux contre cette croyance non pour des raisons médicales, mais principalement pour des raisons juridiques, morales et peut-être aussi théologiques.
SEEING IS BELIEVING: THE POWER OF VISUAL CULTURE IN THE RELIGIOUS WORLD OF AŞE ZÄR'A YA'EQOB OF ETHIOPIA (1434-1468)
Authors: Kaplan Steven
Published: February 2003

The prevailing image of Zär'a Ya'eqob has tended to emphasize the intellectual at the expense of the experiential and political power at the expense of religious power. It is to these relatively neglected aspects of religious life that this article is devoted. It is our purpose here to emphasize the importance of the Cross, the image of the Virgin, the construction of churches and other visual aspects of religious life in Zär'a Ya'eqob's Ethiopia. No other Ethiopian ruler confronted the religious challenges presented by a divided Church and a largely unChristianized empire as systematically and as successfully as Zär'a Ya'eqob. Moreover, he was as sensitive to the daily unspoken truths of religious life as he was to great theological debates and controversies. He understood power in all its manifestations and sought to protect his state, his church, and his people with every means at his disposal. By promoting devotion to both the Cross and the Virgin Mary, he built on the foundations prepared by his parents, especially his father Dawit. He also mobilized Christian symbols which transcended local rivalries and regional loyalties. These symbols, as well as the churches he built, were also particularly suited to visual representation and hence comparatively easy to propagate among Ethiopia's largely illiterate population. They were, moreover, effective instruments of divine power, which brought home not only the message of Christianity's truth, but also its efficacy in the face of the numerous threats that Christians faced on a daily basis.
World city actor-networks
Authors: Smith Richard G.
Published: February 2003

This paper introduces some new theoretical ideas to a literature that is just beginning to conceptualize globalization and cities as networks. The idea of networks is a fashionable one, but the idea is not new and has taken several forms over the years. This paper discusses some of the more recent and influential ideas about networks to argue for some new theoretical and empirical directions in the field of globalization and world cities. First, the shift from the idea of a hierarchy of world cities developed by writers such as John Friedmann to the idea of a world city network developed by writers such as Peter Taylor is discussed. Second, the paper provides a critique of the neo-Marxist account of globalization as a series of meta-networks advanced by Manuel Castells to expose the limitations of an approach that has been broadly adopted by several globalization and world cities scholars. Finally, it is argued that further progress in the conceptualization and empirical study of world cities and their networks can be made through an engagement with the literatures of actor-network theory and non-representational theory.
Cell contact-dependent positioning of the D cleavage plane restricts eye development in theIlyanassaembryo
Authors: Goulding Morgan
Published: February 2003

In embryos of the gastropod Ilyanassa obsoleta, the first-quartet micromeres of the A, B and C lineages (1a, 1b, and 1c) are each competent to form an eye in response to signaling from the 3D cell. The first-quartet micromere of the dorsal D lineage (1d) is smaller than the others, divides at a slower rate, and lacks the ability to form an eye. These properties of 1d all depend on inheritance of vegetal polar lobe cytoplasm by its mother cell D at second cleavage. I show that they depend also on the presence of cells adjacent to D during the late four-cell stage: after ablation of the A and/or C cells before this stage, 1d inherits more cytoplasm than normal, divides more rapidly, and frequently forms an eye. In non-D lineages, cleavage plane positioning and micromere division rates are relatively insensitive to cell contacts. Compressing whole embryos during third cleavage also leads to an increase in 1d volume correlated with abnormal eye formation; this suggests that the normal effect of cell contacts is to position the D cell cleavage furrow closer to the animal pole, and the enhanced division asymmetry of the D cell contributes to the suppression of eye development.
distal antennaanddistal antenna relatedencode nuclear proteins containing pipsqueak motifs involved in antenna development inDrosophila
Authors: Emerald B. Starling , Curtiss Jennifer , Mlodzik Marek , Cohen Stephen M.
Published: February 2003

Legs and antennae are considered to be homologous appendages. The fundamental patterning mechanisms that organize spatial pattern are conserved,yet appendages with very different morphology develop. A genetic hierarchy for specification of antennal identity has been partly elucidated. We report identification of a novel family of genes with roles in antennal development. The distal antenna (dan) and distal antenna-related(danr) genes encode novel nuclear proteins that are expressed in the presumptive distal antenna, but not in the leg imaginal disc. Ectopic expression of dan or danr causes partial transformation of distal leg structure toward antennal identity. Mutants that removedan and danr activity cause partial transformation of antenna toward leg identity. Therefore we suggest that dan anddanr contribute to differentiation of antenna-specific characteristics. Antenna-specific expression of dan and danrdepends on a regulatory hierarchy involving homothorax andDistal-less, as well as cut and spineless. We propose that dan and danr are effector genes that act downstream of these genes to control differentiation of distal antennal structures.