bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persistence of solid fuel use despite increases in LPG ownership: New survey evidence from rural north India
Authors: Gupta Aashish , Vyas Sangita , Hathi Payal , Khalid Nazar , Srivastav Nikhil , Spears Dean , Coffey Diane
Published: March 2019

Solid fuel use is an important contributor to air pollution and disease burden in India. We present survey evidence documenting LPG ownership and cooking fuel use in rural north India. LPG ownership has increased rapidly, substantially driven by the Ujjwala Yojana. Three-quarters of rural households in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh now have LPG. Almost all of these households also have a stove that uses solid fuels, and among those owning both, almost three-quarters used solid fuels the day before the survey. Household economic status, relative costs of cooking fuels, gender inequality, and beliefs regarding the ease, food taste, and health impacts of cooking with solid fuels versus LPG are important contributors to high solid fuel use despite LPG ownership. Households that continue to use solid fuels continue to expose themselves and their neighbours to harmful air pollution. To realize the full health benefits of Ujjwala’s expansion in LPG ownership, attention must now be turned towards discouraging the use of solid fuels and promoting exclusive use of LPG. This is an urgent priority for research, policy, and action.
PERAN TAREKAT QODIRIYAH DALAM PEMENANGAN GUBERNUR DAN WAKIL GUBERNUR SULAWESI BARAT
Authors: Muhammad Muhammad
Published: March 2019

Sejak diberlakukannya Pilkada langsung, ruang partisipasi rakyat dalam sistem politik di Indonesia semakin terbuka lebar. Rakyat semakin sadar akan peran pentingnya dalam mengambil sikap politiknya, tidak terkecuali komunitas tarekat Qadiriyah di Sulawesi Barat yang mengambil sikap untuk banyak mendukung pasangan Anwar Adnan Saleh â€“ Amri Sanusi. Penelitian ini memfokuskan kajian pada apa alasan tarekat Qadiriyah cenderung mendukung pasangan Anwar Adnan Saleh â€“ Amri Sanusi serta bagaimana peran tersebut dijalankan. Untuk tujuan tersebut, penelitian ini didasarkan pada penelitian studi kasus, dengan tipe penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Pemilihan informan yang akan diwawancarai pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Data yang dikumpulkan yaitu data primer dengan melakukan wawancara langsung kepada informan yang dipilih sebagai pedoman pengumpulan data yang kemudian dianalisis, sedangkan data sekunder yaitu data yang diperoleh dari berbagai sumber informasi terkait dengan masalah yang diteliti. Sumberinformasi yang dimaksud dapat berupa buku, jurnal, koran, dan situs-situs atau website yang diakses untuk memperoleh data yang akurat.Hasil penelitian ini kemudian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 3 faktor yang menjadi alasan tarekat Qadiriyah mendukung pasangan Anwar Adnan Saleh â€“ Amri Sanusi pada Pilkada Sulawesi Barat. Pertama, faktor sejarah yaitu adanya pengalaman pimpinan tarekat Qadiriyah pada masa lalu yaitu Syekh K. H. Muhammad Shaleh berpartisipasi sebagai juru kampanye partai Golkar. Kedua,, faktor kedekatan antara mursyid tarekat dengan Anwar Adnan Saleh. Ketiga, faktor nilai yang berlaku pada tarekat yang mewajibkan para pengikutnya untuk senantiasa patuh terhadap mursyidnya. Sedangakan dalam upaya untuk memenangkan pasangan Anwar Adnan Saleh â€“ Amri Sanusi, tarekat Qadiriyah secara garis besarnya melakukan 2 metode upaya, yaitu perjuangan di Internal maupun perjuangan di eksternal komunitas tarekat itu sendiri. Perjuangan di internal komunitas tarekat merupakan upaya yang dilakukan oleh elemen tarekat itu sendiri untuk mensosialisasikan tujuan tarekat Qadiriyah terlibat untuk mendukung salah satu calon pada Pilkada Sulawesi Barat sekaligus memaksimalkan dukungan dari komunitas tarekat itu sendiri. Perjuangan di eksternal komunitas tarekat merupakan upaya dari elemen tarekat Qadiriyah yang mempunyai pengaruh dalam masyarakat sehingga memungkinkan untuk dapat menjadi pendulang massa bagi Anwar Adnan Saleh â€“ Amri Sanusi. Elemen tarekat yang dimaksud di sini secara garis besarnya dibagi dalam 4 kelompok, yaitu imam mesjid, pejabat/mantan pejabat birokrasi, politisi dan pengusaha.
Pengembangan Kemampuan Sumber Daya Aparatur Birokrasi Lokal Dalam Penyelenggaraan Otonomi Daerah
Authors: Hartawan Hartawan
Published: March 2019

Reformasi birokrasi baik di tingkat pusat maupun di daerah. Reformasi ini dapat dilakukan melalui pembinaan dan pengembangan kemampuan sumber daya aparatur di daerah sebagai sarana perubahan perilaku dan pola pikir aparatur birokrasi. Pengembangan kemampuan sumber daya aparatur dapat dilakukan melalui peningkatan pendidikan formal dan kegiatan pendidikan non formal seperti pelatihan prajabatan, magang, workshop, atau dalam pengembangan code of conduct. Kegiatan ini merupakan salah satu strategis yang dapat dilakukan oleh pemerintah daerah dalam rangka merubah perilaku dan pola pikir aparatur birokrasi. Disamping itu pengembangan sumber daya aparatur dapat dilakukan dengan mengembangkan sistem rekrutmen yang profesional, tidak saja dalam memilih dan menempatkan aparat dalam suatu jabatan tertentu, tetapi sistem rekrutmen yang profesional juga diperlukan dalam penerimaan calon pegawai negeri sipil.
Le Toucher-massage® : expérience de patients hospitalisés souffrant de douleur chronique
Authors: Bollondi C. , Boegli M. , Breton C. , Cedraschi C. , Desmeules J. , da Rocha Rodrigues M.G.
Published: March 2019

Les interventions de massage permettent de diminuer les sensations liées à la douleur et surtout d’améliorer la qualité de vie des personnes confrontées à une douleur chronique. Un effet bénéfique est également relevé auprès des soignants et de l’entourage. Entre 2013 et 2017, des séances de Toucher-massage® ont été prodiguées par des infirmières formées auprès de 136 patients dans un hôpital universitaire suisse. Les commentaires spontanés des patients ont été recueillis à l’issue des séances dans un objectif d’évaluation de la satisfaction des patients et de l’amélioration de la qualité des soins. Une analyse thématique a permis de dégager trois thèmes spécifiques : le bien-être, la complicité et la gratitude. Les résultats obtenus rejoignent ceux de la littérature notamment en ce qui concerne la diminution de l’intensité de la douleur, le soulagement de différents symptômes, les sentiments de proximité avec les soignants et la valorisation de leur rôle.
La kétamine dans la douleur du cancer : une revue narrative de la littérature sur son efficacité
Authors: Treillet E.
Published: March 2019

La kétamine est utilisée à visée antalgique dans la prise en charge de la douleur chronique depuis de nombreuses années. Dans la spécificité de la douleur cancéreuse, peu d’études soutenant son intérêt existent. Les récentes lettres aux professionnels de santé de l’Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé (ANSM) nous poussent à la prudence quant à l’utilisation de la kétamine à visée antalgique. Cette revue de la littérature identifie le peu de données au sujet de l’intérêt de la kétamine pour la douleur du cancer. Celles-ci sont contradictoires tant pour les prises per os, sous-cutanées ou intraveineuses. De récentes études, d’assez bonne qualité méthodologique, exposent des efficacités similaires à celle du placebo. Des sept études qui ont été identifiées (quatre prospectives en double insu, une randomisée et deux études prospectives ouvertes), trois concluent à une inefficacité de la kétamine, trois à son efficacité et la dernière à une efficacité mitigée. Et pour autant, les revues de la littérature exposant ces articles se positionnent plutôt en faveur de son utilisation. Celle-ci se révèle nécessaire dans certaines situations complexes en fonction de la physiopathologie de la douleur du cancer.
Investiguer la relation entre douleur et conscience : une approche lésionnelle au moyen de l’électroencéphalographie
Authors: Lejeune N. , Mouraux A.
Published: March 2019

La douleur est une expérience subjective et dès lors probablement consciente. Les patients en état de conscience altérée (en état végétatif ou en état de conscience minimale) constituent un modèle pathologique de choix afin d’étudier les liens entre expérience de la douleur et conscience. Pour ce faire, étudier les réponses électroencéphalographiques de ces patients, générées par des stimulations empruntant soit la voie spinothalamique, soit la voie lemniscale, est une méthode de choix. De manière spécifique, l’étude des potentiels évoqués cérébraux générés par des stimuli froids est particulièrement intéressante, puisque les réponses observées sont convoyées au cerveau par la voie spinothalamique, tout en présentant l’avantage d’évoquer, du moins chez le sujet sain, des sensations non douloureuses. Techniquement, il est nécessaire d’utiliser une thermode capable de générer de manière très phasique des stimuli froids au contact de la peau. Un tel dispositif est disponible depuis peu, ayant par ailleurs le grand avantage d’être utilisable au chevet des patients. Les résultats de ces analyses pourraient avoir un impact éthique et clinique important dans la prise en charge des patients sévèrement cérébrolésés, incapables de communiquer leurs expériences sensorielles, y compris la douleur.
Effect of Fenugreek Use on Fasting Blood Glucose, Glycosylated Hemoglobin, Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, Blood Pressure and Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trials
Authors: Hassani Seyyedeh Seddigheh , Esmaeili Seyyed Saeid , Gholami-Fesharaki Mohammad
Published: March 2019

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major cause of death globally. It causes multiple problems in various organs and incurs heavy costs for patients and the community health system. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fenugreek intake on fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1C, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure and quality of life of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Materials and Methods: This randomized, double-blinded clinical trial study was conducted on patients with T2DM in Tehran, Iran in 2018. The treatment group received 5 g of fenugreek powder, and the placebo group received 5 g of wheat flour twice daily for two months before meals. Results: This study was performed on 62 patients (50% male and 50% female). Both groups had similar demographic characteristics. The results showed a significant difference between the mean FBS (P<0.001), HgA1C (P<0.001), BMI (P<0.001), waist circumference (P<0.001), diastolic blood pressure (P=0.005), and quality of life (P=0.015). There was no significant difference in mean systolic blood pressure (P=0.189) between groups. Conclusion: Given the positive effect of fenugreek on FBS, hemoglobin, HbA1C, BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure and quality of life, it can be recommended for controlling blood glucose in diabetic patients.[GMJ. 2019;inpress:e1432]
Study on Kinetic and Optimization of Continuous Advanced Oxidative Decolorization of Brilliant Reactive Red Dye
Authors: M. Hameed Forqan , M. Mousa Khalid
Published: March 2019

The azo dye brilliant reactive red K-2BP (λmax = 534 nm) is widely used for coloring textiles because of its low-cost and tolerance fastness properties. Wastewaters treatment that contains the dye by conventional ways is usually inadequate due to its resistance to biological and chemical degradation. During this study, the continuous reactor of an advanced oxidation method supported the use of H2O2/sunlight, H2O2/UV, H2O2/TiO2/sunlight, and H2O2/TiO2/UV for decolorization of brilliant reactive red dye from the effluent. The existence of an optimum pH, H2O2 concentration, TiO2 concentration, and dye concentration was taken from the batch reactor experiments. The best conditions were pH=3, H2O2 dosage = 500 ppm, TiO2=100ppm and dye concentration=15 ppm .Under the most effective conditions, complete removal of the dye solution was achieved with different flow rates (10, 30, 60) ml/min. At flow rate of 10 ml/min, the percentage of decolorization were (80.47%, 84.65%, 89.42%, 77.5%) and at 60 mL/min (65.19%, 68.26%, 70.01%, 56.8%) for H2O2/sunlight, H2O2/UV, H2O2/TiO2/sunlight and H2O2/TiO2/UV respectively. Results of degradation information showed that the decolorization method was pseudo-first-order kinetics.
Interaction of Aqueous Cu2+ Ions with Granules of Crushed Concrete
Authors: F. Ali Alyaa , T. Abd Ali Ziad
Published: March 2019

The sorption of Cu2+ ions from synthetic wastewater using crushed concrete demolition waste (CCDW) which collected from a demolition site was investigated in a batch sorption system. Factors inﬂuencing on sorption process such as shaking time (0-300min), the initial concentration of contaminant (100-750mg/L), shaking speed (0-250 rpm), and adsorbent dosage (0.05-3 g/ml) have been studied. Batch experiments confirmed that the best values of these parameters were (180 min, 100 mg/l, 250 rpm, 0.7 g CCDW/100 ml) respectively where the achieved removal efficiency is equal to 100%. Sorption data were described using four isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Radke-Prausnitz). Results proved that the pure adsorption and precipitation are the main mechanisms for removal of copper ions from aqueous solution onto CCDW and sorption data can be represented by Langmuir and Radke-Prausnitz model. The copper ion was successfully removed from aqueous solution during batch experiments using CCDW in the particle size range 2–1 mm. Scanning electron microscopy detected that the removal of Cu2+ was found to arise from surface precipitation.
Removal of Manganese Ions (Mn2+) from a Simulated Wastewater by Electrocoagulation/ Electroflotation Technologies with Stainless Steel Mesh Electrodes: Process Optimization Based on Taguchi Approach
Authors: H. Salman Rasha
Published: March 2019

This study depicts the removal of Manganese ions (Mn2+) from simulated wastewater by combined electrocoagulation/ electroflotation technologies. The effects of initial Mn concentration, current density (C.D.), electrolysis time, and different mesh numbers of stainless steel screen electrodes were investigated in a batch cell by adopting Taguchi experimental design to explore the optimum conditions for maximum removal efficiency of Mn. The results of multiple regression and signal to noise ratio (S/N) showed that the optimum conditions were Mn initial concentration of 100 ppm, C.D. of 4 mA/cm2, time of 120 min, and mesh no. of 30 (wire/inch). Also, the relative significance of each factor was attained by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) which indicates that the percentage of contribution followed the order: time (47.42%), C.D. (37.13%), Mesh number (5.73%), and Mn initial Conc. (0.05%). The electrolysis time and C.D. were the most effective operating parameters and mesh no. had a fair influence on Mn removal efficiency, while the initial conc. of Mn. had no significant effect in the studied ranges of control factors. Regression analysis (R2= 90.16%) showed an acceptable agreement between the experimental and the predicted values, and confirmation test results revealed that the removal efficiency of Mn at optimum conditions was higher than 99%.
Estimation of rock strength from sonic log for Buzurgan oil field: A Comparison study
Authors: Hazem Hassan Khalid , A. H. Abdul Hussien Hassan
Published: March 2019

It is very difficult to obtain the value of a rock strength along the wellbore.  The value of Rock strength utilizing to perform different analysis, for example, preventing failure of the wellbore, deciding a completion design and, control the production of sand.  In this study, utilizing sonic log data from (Bu-50) and (BU-47) wells at Buzurgan oil field.  Five formations have been studied (Mishrif, Sadia, Middle lower Kirkuk, Upper Kirkuk, and Jaddala) Firstly, calculated unconfined compressive strength (UCS) for each formation, using a sonic log method.  Then, the derived confined compressive rock strengthens from (UCS) by entering the effect of bore and hydrostatic pressure for each formation.  Evaluations the result of compared rock strength generated from two wells for the same formation and match the bottom and top of this formation in two wells.

   Based on the obtained results, a good agreement between values of unconfined compressive strength from well (50) and well (47) that used real along of drilling section.  The net results of the match between rock strength for wells (BU-50, BU- 47) of five formations; Mishrif, Sadia, Middle lower Kirkuk, upper Kirkuk, and Jaddala were 97, 87, 96.5, 97, 86 %, respectively
An Introduction to Gel Inks: History and Analysis
Authors: Florence Darlene C. , Harralson Heidi H. , Barabe Joseph G.
Published: March 2019

With the increasing use and variety of gel pens on the market, forensic document examiners may encounter problems identifying gel pens from other common pen types. This study discusses the initial findings of an investigation into the history, technology, and properties of gel pens. Microscopical (visual) and chemical methods were also evaluated as ways to characterize and identify gel inks. The results of the study demonstrate that the presence of a gel ink can often be determined, but that some gel inks resemble other types of pens, especially roller balls, upon visual examination. Further, chromatographic methods used to characterize traditional dye-based inks may be less useful with gel inks; for these, other spectrometric methods including Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) were evaluated and proved useful.

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Effects of Writing Speed Upon Modes of Signature Simulation: A Kinetic Analysis
Authors: Phillips James G. , Noutsis Soula , Hughes Chris , Rogers Doug
Published: March 2019

To better distinguish between traced and freehand signature simulations, 12 participants practiced upon a WACOM SD420 graphics tablet tracing a historical signature at Slow or Very Slow speeds, with a subsequent comparison of freehand and traced signature simulations. Kinematic analyses focused upon stroke efficiency and pressure, while computer algorithms determined variability of simulations around an original. Traced simulations had reduced spatial variability after practice. Very Slow simulations were more dysfluent, had greater spatial error and employed more pressure. Pen pressures varied more with speed during freehand reproductions. Writing speed was an important contributor to line quality and spatial correspondence during signature simulation.

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Intramyocardial Calcification As A Rare But Significant Indication For Transfemoral TAVI?
Authors: Gerçek Mustafa , Gerçek Muhammed , Gummert Jan , Börgermann Jochen
Published: March 2019

We report on a 69-year-old female patient with severe valvular aortic stenosis who was hospitalized for cardiac decompensation for aortic valve replacement. Preoperative imaging (X-Ray, cat-scan and CMR) revealed significant and extraordinary intramyocardial calcification pronounced globally in the left ventricle and around the mitral valve. Due to high operative/surgical risk we preferred to approach an aortic valve replacement by transfemoral transcatheter procedure (TAVI-TF). Within the context of an undeniably elevated risk for ventricular injuries and dissections in conventional operations, highly progressed myocardial calcifications should lead to consider and prefer the transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement procedure.

Keywords: Aortic stenosis, intramyocardial calcification, transcatheter aortic valve replacement.
Association of tumor necrosis factor alpha -238G/A and -308G/A promotor polymorphisms with clearance of Hepatitis B virus infection in Turkish population
Authors: İnkaya Ahmet Çağkan , Türk Arıbaş Emel , Erayman İbrahim , Acar Hasan , Kandemir Bahar , Bitirgen Mehmet
Published: March 2019

Aim: Acute viral hepatitis B may lead to chronic hepatitis in 6% of adult population. We compared the frequency of Tumor necrosis factor alpha promotor polymorphisms in chronic hepatitis B patients and people with natural immunity against hepatitis B.

Material and Methodology: Chronic hepatitis B patients and age matched control cases with natural immunity to hepatitis B virus were recruited 1:1 in this study. Tumor necrosis factor alpha -238G/A and -308G/A polymorphisms were studied with PCR-RFLP. χ2 test was performed in statistical analysis.

Results: A total of 101 volunteers enrolled in two study groups. Thirty-eight men and 12 women constituted the chronic hepatitis B patient group and 40 men and 11 women recruited in natural immunity group. Frequency of -238G allele was 87.5% and 97% in chronic hepatitis B and natural immunity groups, respectively. Frequency of -308G allel was 93% and 92.1% in chronic hepatitis B and natural immunity groups, respectively. Frequencies of polymorphisms at positions -238 and -308 in the promotor of tumor necrosis factor alpha gene were not different between chronic hepatitis B and natural immunity groups.

Conclusion: Tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter polymorphisms at -238 and -308 positions do not effect the outcome hepatitis B infection in Turkish population. Clearance of hepatitis B virus infection is multifactorial. Thus, further studies needed to identify genetic predisposition to chronic hepatitis B infection.
An Extra- Spinal Tuberculosis Arthritis: case report
Authors: ISMAYILOVA MADINA
Published: March 2019

This case is reported to increase physicians’ awareness of possibility of tuberculosis (TB) in patients with arthritis, as early diagnosis, specific and adequate treatment can be rewarding for maintaining good joint function.
POST CAESAREAN SECTION WOUND INFECTION: MICROBIOLOGICAL PATTERN AND SUSCEPTIBILITY IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, JHALAWAR
Authors: Hora Dr.Shilpi , Pokra Dr. Manish , Sharma Dr.Pawan , Vijaywargiya Dr.Tarun Vijaywargiya , Jhanwar Dr.Anshul
Published: March 2019

Surgical site infection (SSI) is the third most common nosocomial infection. According to CDC’s National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system 38% of all nosocomial infections in surgical patients are surgical site infections (SSI).1 They have been responsible for the increasing cost, morbidity and mortality related to surgical operations .Even in hospitals, with modern facilities and following standard protocols of pre operative preparation and antibiotic prophylaxis, SSI continues to be a major problem
How Much Does Mitigation of Anthropogeneous Influence on Climate Change Cost?
Authors: Bashmakov I.
Published: March 2019

The assessment of the scale of anthropogeneous emission and concentration of greenhouse gases is given in the article. It is shown that mitigation is closely connected with issues of development goals, equity of distribution of goods produced and taken from the Nature and of sustainability of growth itself. An attempt is made to evaluate the costs of lowering emissions of greenhouse gases and Russia's role in the process. It is concluded that the main task for our country is to attract investments for transferring the economy on the energy-efficient path of development using the Kyoto Mechanisms.
The New Institutional Economics Particularities in Subject Matter and Methodology
Authors: Shastitko A.
Published: March 2019

Four dimensions related to methodological issues for development of new institutional economics as a research program are considered. Firstly, basic concepts and questions, including institutions, transactions, transaction cost, bounded rationality, assets specificity, fundamental transformation, private conflicts ordering, etc. Secondly, approaches to research by the description of new institutional economics as distinguished from other research programs. Thirdly, a set of models as instruments used for predictions. Fourthly, empirical testing of hypotheses formulated in the models, quantitative estimate.
Daniel Kahneman and Vernon Smith: Nobel Prize for the Feeling of Reality (Economic Analysis of Human Behavior)
Authors: Belyanin A.
Published: March 2019

Scientific achievements of 2002 Nobel Prize winners D. Kahneman and V. Smith are considered in the article. It is pointed out that for the first time the winner of the Nobel Prize in economics represents another scientific discipline - psychology. The main contribution of D. Kahneman in economic theory is the construction of the model of human behavior which differs from the classical homo oeconomicus model and reflects the peculiarities of human behavior more exactly. V. Smith is considered to be the father of experimental economics. By means of laboratory experiments he confirmed some basic theoretical hypotheses. Awarding the Prize to these scientists is the great step towards strengthening the interdisciplinary cooperation in the sphere of social sciences.
The Church and Society Dialogue under Conditions of the Formation Shift in Contemporary Russia
Authors: Simonov Hegoumen Philip
Published: March 2019

The article is devoted to main problems of Russia's contemporary development. It deals with attribution of the formation type of the country's socioeconomic system and the role of the specific superstructural factor - religious consciousness, which motivates the type of economic behaviour of the subjects of social development. Problems of genesis of the dependent type of development under conditions of the formation shift are specially analysed.
The Winding Road of Direct Investments
Authors: Starodubrovsky V.
Published: March 2019

The problem of economic growth perspectives in Russia is the most actual one both in the political, economic and social aspects. Obviously, the possibility of avoiding the stagnation first of all depends on effective investments. After a long and deep depression almost all industries could increase the production for some time by means of better utilization of productive capacities. This offered time for working out the development projects and creating the investment basis of growth. Has this possibility been realized? The analysis shows that investment activity is aimed not at overcoming but at fixing of the structural diseases of the Russian economy and stagnation of the processing industries.
From "Trade-Union of Oligarches" to Trade Union of Goods Manufacturers
Authors: Sulakshin S. , Romanikhin A.
Published: March 2019

Having analysed the shortcomings in activity of the Russian industrial unions, the authors propose measures for activating their further work. Namely, in their opinion, a new organization, set up along with the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation, may play an important role so that the non-commercial unions be consolidated. It is the only employers' union, running according to a separate law.
Problems of the Cultural Sphere Development in Russia
Authors: Gasratyan C.
Published: March 2019

The paper examines actual economic problems of the cultural sphere development in Russia. It considers processes of adaptation of cultural organizations to new market conditions, problems of government regulation and cultural policy. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the system of non-profit cultural organizations financing and tax benefits for them as well as to means of attracting potential private sponsors.
To the Birth Centenary of A.E. Probst
Authors: Granberg A. , Saveliev V.
Published: March 2019

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Economic Analysis of Environmental Law
Authors: Pakhomova N. , Richter K.
Published: March 2019

The basic concepts and the application potential of the new scientific direction – "law and environmental economics" – are considered in the paper. This area is closely related to the broader scientific discipline "law and economics". The authors study the results reached by the main scientific schools in that area: the Chicago school of law and economics, the school of law reformism and neo-institutional economics, and discuss the possibilities of their use in the ecological sphere. Special attention is paid to the field of social monitoring and control of the implementation of the state ecological policy by the civil society.
The Modern Corporate Conflict (Nature, Boundaries, Types, Methods of Regulation)
Authors: Osipenko O.
Published: March 2019

In the author’s opinion, the inner factor of the corporate conflict is the dual essence of the joint-stock property. It generates the contradiction between the property right given by the share of the company and administrative rights of the shareholder fixed in the mechanism of joint-stock relations. Basic kinds of corporate conflicts are considered, they are classified according to the purposes pursued by the conflicting parties, and also according to the subjects of conflict. The author notes that one of the problems of the solving corporate conflicts is the "deficit" of the state the presence of which should render stabilizing influence on corporations.
Finacial Decentralization and Local Self-governance in the Period of Reforms
Authors: Chernyavsky A. , Vartapetov K.
Published: March 2019

This paper reviews Russian municipal budget revenues and expenditures reforms in 1992–2002. Recent tax reforms have resulted in the decrease of local fiscal autonomy. Municipal budget revenues have dropped sharply in relative as well as absolute terms. Despite significant formal expenditure powers Russian municipalities are completely financially dependent on higher-level governments. Within regions regional governments have continued to increasingly finance municipal social expenditures. The examination of possible scenarios of development after the enactment of the draft law"On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-governance in the Russian Federation" shows that the fiscal centralization trend will continue.
The Russian Face of Evolutionary Economics (on the 5th International Symposium on Evolutionary Economics "Economic Transformation and Evolutionary Theory of J. Schumpeter")
Authors: Kirdina S.
Published: March 2019

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Evolutionary Macroeconomics in Schumpeterian Perusal (to a New System of Interaction of "Innovator" and "Conservator")
Authors: Sukharev O.
Published: March 2019

The author analyses the problems of macroeconomic evolution from the Schumpeterian standpoint. The essence of the article is the search for economic policy microbasis, therewith the author suggests a new evolutionary model of interactions between "innovators" and "conservators." He takes a theoretical effort to correct significantly the concept of "creative destruction" widely used by the economists-evolutionists.
On the Notion of Value in the Modern Economy
Authors: Medvedev V.
Published: March 2019

The transformation of value in the modern economy based on interchangeability of resources and the increasing role of knowledge is considered in the article. The author provides critical analysis of denying commodity-money relations in the Soviet economy, the concept of overcoming commodity economy and destruction of value in the post-industrial economy. He argues for synthesis of the theory of labor value and the utility theory.
Pouring Water out of the Tub, Do not Forget the Baby! (On the Correlation of Antimonopoly Policy and Economic Development)
Authors: Shastitko A.
Published: March 2019

Key arguments on mutual exclusion of antimonopoly policy and economic development are criticized in the article. Analytical tools of the New Institutional Economics are used to identify the background of antimonopoly policy: property rights as a bundle of rights, externalities, transaction costs, comparative analysis of discrete structural alternatives. Perspective directions of constructive criticism and development of antimonopoly policy have been indicated.
Inflation and Exchange Rate Policy
Authors: Vdovichenko A. , Voronina B. , Dinnikova O. , Ustinov A. , Subbotin V.
Published: March 2019

In this article the trade-off between anti-inflation policy and policy aimed at limiting currency appreciation in Russia is analysed. A detailed overview of the Central Bank achievements in inflation restraining in 2003 as well as the analysis of the state budget role in the sterilisation process are given. A comprehensive study of trade-offs between inflation and rouble appreciation is provided. The authors analyse the influence of real rouble exchange rate on key sectors in mid-term, consider causes and consequences of "Dutch Disease" and examine effectiveness of its treatment by exchange rate policy. The authors come to a conclusion that the Bank of Russia would better give more attention to the inflation reduction policy while reducing its presence on the foreign exchange market and allow more rapid appreciation of the rouble.
Discourse and Development of Economic Knowledge
Authors: Kaz M.
Published: March 2019

Mechanisms of transformation of knowledge in economic science are considered in the article. The author analyses the sphere of labor motivation in the Soviet political economy. He demonstrates the possibilities of statistical distribution analysis in studying discourse practices, reveals stages of development and mechanisms of discourse formation in the Soviet political economy. The question about the limits of the normative ethic approach in economic research is also risen in the article.
Public Choice Theory. A Textbook. Chapter 7. Public Choice under Representative Democracy: Government and Coalitions in Parliament
Authors: Nureev R.
Published: March 2019

The specifics of pubic choice under representative democracy are considered in the seventh chapter of the textbook. The factors of forming of coalitions in parliament are analyzed. The methods of voting manipulation including the formulation of Arrow's impossibility theorem are described. The concept of logrolling is distinguished. The chapter also includes further readings, control tests and questions.
Paradox about the Actor (On the Book "Russian Industry: Institutional Development")
Authors: Kleiner G.
Published: March 2019

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Employment Protection Legislation and the Labour Market (International Expierence)
Authors: Vishnevskaya N.
Published: March 2019

The article considers the evolution of the employment protection legislation in the context of economic policy in industrial and transition countries. The author analyses the main elements of this legislation and the experience of labour reforms, the influence of labour legislation on the parameters of the labour market: employment, unemployment, economic activity.
Economy Modernization and the System of Values
Authors: Yasin E.
Published: March 2019

The author on the example of the groups of countries (Western and Eastern Europe, Latin America and Eastern Asia) considers the connection of values and economic development. Spain has demonstrated serious advances in the system of values. The main factors are market reforms and democratization. Traditional Russian values seriously reflect relations of archaic society with agrarian-feudal economy and hierarchical structure of authorities. The Soviet system of values looked like a traditional one in many ways. In modern Russia under the influence of reforms and changes in the way of life the structure of value orientations moves more and more in the direction of liberal and productive values. As the author sees it formation of the productive system of Russian values requires time, continuation and completing of liberal institutional reforms, consecutive democratization, humanization of authorities, policy and social life.
Federal State Shareholdings in Russian Companies
Authors: Muravyev A.
Published: March 2019

This paper studies the impact of federal state shareholdings on the performance of Russian companies. It focuses on mixed ownership companies rather than conventional state enterprises and distinguishes between several types of federal state shareholdings and golden shares. Econometric analysis shows that companies with state ownership generally perform worse than the average firm in terms of labour productivity and profitability. However, there are remarkable differences in the performance of companies with different types of state shareholdings. These differences are explained by different degrees of the federal state control over such enterprises. The paper concludes that the government should avoid keeping equity stakes in companies unless there is a necessity to retain them. Finally, the issue of golden shares in strategically important companies seems to be a reasonable alternative to retaining some control over them through equity ownership.
Productive Capacities of Russian Enterprises
Authors: Aukutsionek S.
Published: March 2019

Well-known thesis that productive capacities constraints can be a strong obstacle to economic growth is discussed in the article. Basing on the Russian Economic Barometer data the author shows that the impact of such a factor upon economic growth in Russia is not as strong as many researchers think.
Public Choice Theory. A Textbook. Chapter 10. Political Economy and Public Policy. Administrative Resource
Authors: Nureev R.
Published: March 2019

The problems of public sector swelling known as "the Leviathan's menace" are considered in the tenth chapter of the textbook. The size of state expenditures and the limits of public sector are analyzed. The concept of administrative resource is defined and the methods of its estimation are offered. The chapter also includes further readings, control tests and questions.
The Role and Place of Budget Procedure in the System
Authors: Bushmin E.
Published: March 2019

The article is devoted to the analysis of improving budget process trends. The author offers the concept of "financial technologism". Its usage should promote an essential improvement of the budget process. The given concept is based on the fact that the regulation of budget procedure is the process of determination of "rules of the game", and the order of interaction of different institutions within the framework of the budget process, and the trends and volumes of expenses are the strategy of institutions. The procedure within the budget process plays a principal role as compared with the trends and volumes of public expenditures.
Political and Economic Factors of Russian Regions Development
Authors: Pelyasov A.
Published: March 2019

The results of the study of 15 Russian regions conducted in the framework of the Federal Target Program "Diminishing discrepancies in socioeconomic development of the regions of Russian Federation (2002-2010 and till the Year 2015)" are presented in the article. Basic features of two models of regional power's economic behavior (rent-seeking and self-constraint), the role of regional economic, social and natural gaps in contemporary development of the subjects of Russian Federation are determined. The notion of the integral type of activity is introduced. The importance of landscape and ethnic factors in using schemes of property rights on basic regional resources is shown. On the example of some Russian regions with long lasting feudal model of land ownership the role of economic history in forming contemporary fragmented corporate structure of regional economy and poorly integrated regional agrarian markets is demonstrated.
Public Choice Theory. A Textbook. Chapter 11. Political Business Cycle and Its Specifics in Contemporary Russia
Authors: Nureev R.
Published: March 2019

The concept of political business cycle proposed by Nordhaus and McRae is analysed in the eleventh chapter of the textbook. The problem of choice between inflation and unemployment is analyzed. The models of partisan cycle by Gibbs and Alesina are described. The model of political business cycle considering rent-seeking behavior is defined. The impact of mass media on electoral behavior is characterized. The chapter also includes further readings, control tests and questions.
Economic Analysis of Tax Reform
Authors: Vasilieva A. , Gurvich E. , Subbotin V.
Published: March 2019

The paper discusses progress in the implementation of tax reform in Russia. It is argued, basing on theoretical and cross-country analysis, that fine tuning of tax system is a more appropriate major target of reform, than cutting overall tax burden. A simplified model of demand for labor is used to estimate impact of tax reform on GDP composition and tax proceeds. The effect of reform on tax revenues is assessed as their reduction by 1.5% of GDP, compensated with expansion of tax bases. The decisions on further steps of tax reform are criticized as potentially dangerous for macroeconomic stability.
The Current State and the Outlook of Taxing Economic Rent in Russia
Authors: Kolesnik M.
Published: March 2019

The article is devoted to different questions of taxing excess profits generated by mineral resources extraction. The author begins with a brief review of the concept of rent evolution in the economic science. Then the modern point of view on this topic is presented. The new Russian tax on the mineral resources extraction is analyzed. The author comes to a conclusion of its non-usefulness if applied as an instrument of capturing economic rent. Different ways of improving natural resources taxation are considered, especially of using tax on additional profits from hydrocarbon raw materials recovery.
Public Choice Theory. A Textbook. Chapter 12. Constitutional Economics
Authors: Nureev R.
Published: March 2019

The necessity of formation of constitutional economics is considered in the twelfth chapter of the textbook. The model of constitutional order by F. Hayek is analyzed. The requirements to effective constitution are described. The law is viewed as the public capital. The concepts of defending and producing state are defined. The chapter also includes further readings, control tests and questions.
Russian Education in the Mirror of Demography
Authors: Grebnev L.
Published: March 2019

The dynamics of several demographic indicators of Russia - child and teenage cohorts in 1970-2000, life expectancy in 1995-2000, migration flows among federal districts in the period between two censuses of 1989 and 2002 - are considered in the article. The author puts forward the hypothesis about the influence of these indicators on the level of education in narrow and broad senses - in educational institutions and the society as a whole. He estimates the perspectives of regional higher educational institutions under conditions of absence of plan distribution of graduates and the double cyclical fall in the number of high school graduates. The agenda for the development of a two-stage system of higher education corresponding with international integration processes is formulated.
On the Effectiveness of National Resources Utilization
Authors: Fedorenko N. , Simchera V.
Published: March 2019

The authors are of the opinion that in order to answer the question of Russia's resource potential utilization it is necessary to measure national resources, estimate their real size, the degree of their assimilation and effectiveness. Coefficients of resource potential assimilation are considered, which suggest not only its low level but also the absence of corresponding demand. For making specific decisions aimed at increasing the level of resources utilization the authors propose a number of measures.
Structural Maneuver and Economic Growth
Authors: Yasin E.
Published: March 2019

The article proposes the realization of structural reforms in the Russian economy. The author points out three sectors of the modern economy: the export sector, mainly energy and raw materials; the sector oriented at domestic market; the non-market sector, which includes, besides budgetary sphere, electricity production, gas industry and utilities. The idea is to considerably limit the size of the non-market sector at the expense of the said industries and broaden in them the sphere of competitive relations, leveling relative prices and hence creating additional stimuli to modernization of the economy.
Institutional Investors on the Securities Market
Authors: Khmyz O.
Published: March 2019

Acording to the author's opinion, institutional investors (from many participants of the capital market) play the main role, especially investment funds. They supply to small-sized investors special investment services, which allow them to participate in the investment process. However excessive institutialization and increasing number of hedge-funds may lead to financial crisis.
Russian Oil: Production and Exports
Authors: Liuhto K.
Published: March 2019

Statistical data on reserves, production and exports of Russian oil are provided in the article. The author pays special attention to the expansion of opportunities of sea oil transportation by construction of new oil terminals in the North-West of the country and first of all the largest terminal in Murmansk. In his opinion, one of the main problems in this sphere is prevention of ecological accidents in the process of oil transportation through the Baltic sea ports.
Honesty and Trust in the Light of the Post-Socialist Transition
Authors: Kornai J.
Published: March 2019

In the first half of the 2002-2003 academic year, the members of a focus group at Collegium Budapest centred their research on examining the subject "Honesty and Trust in the Light of the Post-Socialist Transition". There were economists, political scientists, sociologists, anthropologists, legal scholars and philosophers in the group, some of them from the post-socialist region and others from elsewhere, conveying their experiences of honesty and trust in their respective countries. The research covered hundreds of phenomena and relations. The author of this paper confines himself to three problems: relations between firms; building a trustworthy state; the strategy for building trust.
Development of Corporate Governance Standards in UK: The Higgs Report
Authors: Gracheva M.
Published: March 2019

In 2001-2002 numerous scandals have occurred in developed countries in connection with financial reports' distortions and breaches of good corporate governance principles. As a result, regulatory bodies began to study the role of boards of directors in preventing such cases, putting an emphasis on the duties and powers of non-executive directors. Serious steps have been taken in United Kingdom, where the first corporate governance standards were established in the beginning of the 1990s. The article analyses the document published in January 2003 — the review of the role and effectiveness of non-executive directors prepared by D. Higgs team. The author considers the peculiarities of the British corporate governance system and examines most important provisions of the Higgs report.
On the Right of Property on Externalities
Authors: Novikov V.
Published: March 2019

The basis of discussion on antitrust policy — the property rights theory — is identified in the article. The author analyses both some aspects of the new institutional theory and value judgments that are used in defining goals of state economic policy. He concludes that the tasks of antitrust policy should be changed and proposes some directions for such correction.
Robert Engle and Clive Granger: New Spheres of Economic Research (Nobel Prize in Economics 2003)
Authors: Kantorovich G. , Touruntseva M.
Published: March 2019

This paper is dedicated to the achievements of Robert Engle and Clive Granger which allowed to overcome a serious crisis in macroeconomics and financial market analysis. The main concepts of cointegration theory and different estimation methods of cointegration equations are considered in the first part of the paper. The areas of application of cointegration theory and possible extensions are briefly described as well. The financial time series model with conditional heteroskedastisity is analyzed in the second part of the paper. The main prerequisites of the method suggested by R. Engle are formulated and its extensions and areas of application are defined.
Macroanalysis of Exchange Rate: From Cassel to Obstfield and Rogoff
Authors: Moiseev S.
Published: March 2019

In the last few decades exchange rate economics has seen a number of important developments, with substantial contributions to both the theory and the empirics of exchange rate determination. This article presents a survey of exchange rate models from classical purchasing power parity to new open economy macroeconomics. Significant attention is given to five directions of analysis: goods market approach, optimum currency area theory, monetarist's approach, new developments into the open economy macroeconomic theory, and several empiric models of exchange rate.