bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Free Group Algebras in Division Rings with Valuation II
Authors: Sánchez Javier
Published: July 2019

We apply the filtered and graded methods developed in earlier works to find (noncommutative) free group algebras in division rings.

If $L$ is a Lie algebra, we denote by $U(L)$ its universal enveloping algebra. P. M. Cohn constructed a division ring $\mathfrak{D}_{L}$ that contains $U(L)$. We denote by $\mathfrak{D}(L)$ the division subring of $\mathfrak{D}_{L}$ generated by $U(L)$.

Let $k$ be a field of characteristic zero, and let $L$ be a nonabelian Lie $k$-algebra. If either $L$ is residually nilpotent or $U(L)$ is an Ore domain, we show that $\mathfrak{D}(L)$ contains (noncommutative) free group algebras. In those same cases, if $L$ is equipped with an involution, we are able to prove that the free group algebra in $\mathfrak{D}(L)$ can be chosen generated by symmetric elements in most cases.

Let $G$ be a nonabelian residually torsion-free nilpotent group, and let $k(G)$ be the division subring of the Malcev–Neumann series ring generated by the group algebra $k[G]$. If $G$ is equipped with an involution, we show that $k(G)$ contains a (noncommutative) free group algebra generated by symmetric elements.
The Signs of Silence – An Overview of Systems of Sign Languages and Co-Speech Gestures
Authors: Mustapić Emilija , Malenica Frane
Published: July 2019

The paper presents an overview of sign languages and co-speech gestures as two means of communication realised through the visuo-spatial modality. We look at previous research to examine the correlation between spoken and sign language phonology, but also provide an insight into the basic features of co-speech gestures. By analysing these features, we are able to see how these means of communication utilise phases of production (in the case of gestures) or parts of individual signs (in the case of sign languages) to convey or complement the meaning. Recent insights into sign languages as bona fide linguistic systems and co-speech gestures as a system which has no linguistic features but accompanies spoken language have shown that communication does not take place within just a single modality but is rather multimodal. By comparing gestures and sign languages to spoken languages, we are able to trace the transition from systems of communication involving simple form-meaning pairings to fully fledged morphological and syntactic complexities in spoken and sign languages, which gives us a new outlook on the emergence of linguistic phenomena.
Self-Assessment of the Sounds of the English Language that Pre-Service EFL Teachers Consider Problematic to Pronounce
Authors: Kapranov Oleksandr
Published: July 2019

The article presents and discusses a mixed-method study that aimed at establishing how pre-service teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) self-assessed those sounds of the English language that would cause problems for their pronunciation in EFL. Fourteen pre-service EFL teachers on the intermediate level of EFL proficiency whose first language (L1) was Norwegian were recruited for the study. They were asked to write reflectiveessays concerning the sounds of the English language that they considered problematic to pronounce. The participants’ essays were contrasted with the essays written by the control group that was comprised of 14 in-service EFL teachers whose L1 was Norwegian. The results of the analysis revealed that the participants identified several English sounds that they self-assessed as problematic to pronounce, e.g. /z/, /ð/, /θ/, and /ʌ/. The analysis of the controls’ essays yielded similar results. These findings and their linguo-didactic implications are discussed in the article.
Modelling fault reactivation with characteristic stress-drop terms
Authors: Beck Martin , Class Holger
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Predicting shear failure that leads to the reactivation of faults during the injection of fluids in the subsurface is difficult since it inherently involves an enormous complexity of flow processes interacting with geomechanics. However, understanding and predicting induced seismicity is of great importance. Various approaches to modelling shear failure have been suggested recently. They are all dependent on the prediction of the pressure and stress field, which requires the solution of partial differential equations for flow and for geomechanics. Given a pressure and corresponding mechanical responses, shear slip can be detected using a failure criterion. We propose using characteristic values for stress drops occurring in a failure event as sinks in the geomechanical equation. This approach is discussed in this article and illustrated with an example.
Renewal of aerosol data for ALADIN-HIRLAM radiation parametrizations
Authors: Rontu Laura , Pietikäinen Joni-Pekka , Martin Perez Daniel
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Radiative transfer calculations in numerical weather prediction (NWP)
and climate models require reliable information about aerosol
concentration in the atmosphere, combined with data on aerosol optical
properties. Replacement of the default input data on vertically
integrated climatological aerosol optical depth at 550 nm (AOD550,
Tegen climatology) with newer data, based on those available from
Copernicus atmosphere monitoring service (CAMS), led to minor
differences in the simulated solar irradiance and screen-level
temperature in the regional climate model HCLIM-ALARO simulations over
Scandinavia and in a clear-sky case study using HARMONIE-AROME NWP
model over the Iberian peninsula. In the case study, replacement of
the climatological AOD550 with that based on three-dimensional
near-real-time aerosol mass mixing ratio resulted in a maximum
reduction of the order of 150 W m−2 in the simulated local solar
irradiance at noon. Corresponding maximum reduction of the
screen-level temperature by almost two degrees was found. The large
differences were due to a dust intrusion from Sahara, which is
obviously not represented in the average climatological distribution
of dust aerosol. Further studies are needed in order to introdude
updated aerosol optical properties of all available aerosol types at
different wavelengths, make them available for the radiation schemes
of ALADIN-HIRLAM and test the impact on the predicted radiation
fluxes.
Reference crop evapotranspiration database in Spain (1961–2014)
Authors: Tomas-Burguera Miquel , Vicente-Serrano Sergio M. , Beguería Santiago , Reig Fergus , Latorre Borja
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Obtaining climate grids for distinct variables is of high importance to develop better climate studies, but also to offer usable products for other researchers and to end users. As a measure of atmospheric evaporative demand (AED), reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is a key variable for understanding both water and energy terrestrial balances, being important for climatology, hydrology and agronomy. In spite of its importance, the calculation of ETo is not very common, mainly because data of a high number of climate variables are required, and some of them are not commonly available. To solve this problem, a strategy based on the spatial interpolation of climate variables previous to calculation of ETo using FAO-56 Penman-Monteith was followed to obtain an ETo database for Continental Spain and Balearic Islands covering the 1961–2014 period at a spatial resolution of 1.1 km and at weekly temporal resolution. In this database, values for the radiative and aerodynamic components as well as the estimated uncertainty related with ETo are also provided. This database is available to download in Network Common Data Form (netcdf) format at https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/8615 (Tomas-Burguera et al., 2019), and a map visualization tool (http://speto.csic.es) is also available to help users to download data of one specific point in comma-separated values (csv) format. A relevant number of research ares could take advantage of this database. Providing only some examples: i) the study of budyko curve, which relates rainfall data with evapotranspiration and AED at watershed scale; ii) the calculation of drought indices using AED data, such as SPEI or PDSI; iii) agroclimatic studies related with irrigation requirement; iv) validation of Climate Models water and energy balance; v) the study of the impacts of climate change in AED.
A review of the global soil property maps for Earth system models
Authors: Dai Yongjiu , Shangguan Wei , Wei Nan , Xin Qinchuan , Yuan Hua , Zhang Shupeng , Liu Shaofeng , Lu Xingjie , Wang Dagang , Yan Fapeng
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Soil is an important regulator of Earth system processes,
but remains one of the least well-described data layers in Earth system
models (ESMs). We reviewed global soil property maps from the perspective of
ESMs, including soil physical and chemical and biological properties, which
can also offer insights to soil data developers and users. These soil
datasets provide model inputs, initial variables, and benchmark datasets. For
modelling use, the dataset should be geographically continuous and scalable and
have uncertainty estimates. The popular soil datasets used in ESMs are often
based on limited soil profiles and coarse-resolution soil-type maps with
various uncertainty sources. Updated and comprehensive soil information
needs to be incorporated into ESMs. New generation soil datasets derived
through digital soil mapping with abundant, harmonized, and quality-controlled soil observations and environmental covariates are preferred to
those derived through the linkage method (i.e. taxotransfer rule-based
method) for ESMs. SoilGrids has the highest accuracy and resolution among
the global soil datasets, while other recently developed datasets offer
useful compensation. Because there is no universal pedotransfer function, an
ensemble of them may be more suitable for providing derived soil properties to
ESMs. Aggregation and upscaling of soil data are needed for model use, but
can be avoided by using a subgrid method in ESMs at the expense of increases
in model complexity. Producing soil property maps in a time series still remains
challenging. The uncertainties in soil data need to be estimated and
incorporated into ESMs.
La formación histórica de gentilicios hispánicos en la Romania
Authors: Hernández Juan O.
Published: July 2019

La bibliografía académica y los proyectos de investigación más recientes sobre la “relación gentilicia” apenas se ocupan de la historia de la formación de gentilicios en las lenguas romances. La literatura sobre teorización de los gentilicios no esclarece la razón de la extraordinaria productividad gentilicia que presenta la Romania, ni aborda los antecedentes históricos de esta riqueza. Con el fin de contribuir a llenar este vacío, el presente artículo ensaya una introducción sucinta a la lexicogénesis gentilicia.
Letanía y poesía en el "Cancionero de Baena": el caso de Alfonso Álvarez de Villasandino
Authors: Piłat Zuzankiewicz2 Marta
Published: July 2019

Una gran parte de los poemas de Alfonso Álvarez de Villasandino, recopilados en el Cancio­nero de Baena, tiene como fuente de inspiración la tradición religiosa. El autor no solo apela en ellos a la temática sacra y hace gala de su conocimiento de los pasajes bíblicos, sino que también hace uso de las fórmulas procedentes de las oraciones litúrgicas tales como himnos y letanías. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es el análisis de sus cantigas y decires de carácter religioso, amoroso, panegírico y lamentatorio con el fin de detectar en ellos los elementos constituyentes del “verso litánico”, concepto propuesto por el filólogo polaco Witold Sadowski, así como determinar las funciones que estos desempeñan dentro de dichas composiciones.
Human Capital Investment and Economic Competitiveness (Indonesian Competitiveness among ASEAN Countries)
Authors: - Saparso , Winoto Hery , Wahyoedi Soegeng
Published: July 2019

The objective of this paper is to investigate empirically the effects of investment in human capital on the competitiveness of the nation. Investment in human capital, particularly in terms of education, health, research and development, stimulates the economic growth and competitiveness of a country. The innovations developed through research and development (R and D) have been believed to cause the rapid economic growth. Education will also contribute to science and knowledge through R and D which is highly required for economic growth. Using descriptive cross-section data of investment in human capital combined with neoclassical economic thought, the paper investigates the transmission mechanisms of human capital investment to economic competitiveness of nations. The result of this research shows that the increasing growth of investment in human capital is positively correlated with the increase in the competitiveness of a country.
Effects of Cry toxins on non-target soil bacteria during a 2-year follow up study
Authors: Yaqoob Amina , Shahid Ahmad A. , Salisu Ibrahim B. , Azam Saira , Ahmed Mukhtar , Rao Abdul Q.
Published: July 2019

Genetically modified (GM) plants with insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes are widely accepted but their commercial utilization highlights the biosafety issues worldwide. The risk assessment of GM crops demonstrates their impact on the ecosystem as well as non-target organisms (NTOs). Among the NTOs, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) demand more critical experimental studies as they play a significant role in plant growth. A comparative study of Bt with non-Bt cotton rhizosphere was conducted, on selected bacterial strains. During the course of the study, biochemical characterization, auxin biosynthesis and molecular characterization was done to assess the effect of Bt toxins (Cry1Ac and Cry2A) on non-target PGPR strains. A significant decrease (p<0.05) in phosphatase activity was recorded in some of the experimental bacterial strains as compared to those of control strains. However, no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in other parameters like bacterial population, colony morphologies as well as biochemical activities. Thus, our study demonstrates the safe plantation of Bt crops with respect to soil bacteria.
Government Subsidy, Corporate Pay-Gap and Firm’s Financial Performance: Evidence from China
Authors: Bu Danlu , Shalchian Homayoon , Huang Rong , Hu Fang
Published: July 2019

We analyze the relation between government subsidization and the corporate pay-gap between executives and employees for a relatively large number of Chinese corporations. Our results show that government subsidy, under managerial control, can be used to increase executives’ compensation, and consequently, the corporate pay-gap in China. Our results also show that the effect of government subsidy on the corporate pay-gap is more significant among state-owned enterprises (SOEs) rather than private companies (non-SOEs). Finally, our results suggest that while the total pay-gap between the executives and employees has a positive impact on a firm’s financial success, the pay-gap caused by government subsidy negatively affects the firm’s economic performance.
The Emphasis on Ethnic Homogeneity and Japanese and Danish Immigration Policy
Authors: Morita Liang
Published: July 2019

This essay compares the Japanese emphasis on ethnic homogeneity in immigration policy with its counterpart inDenmark. Japan’s lack of integration policy stands out against the backdrop of Denmark’s elaborate civic integrationpolicy. A key reason for this contrast is the criterion that Japan is for the Japanese, and one has to be ethnically andculturally Japanese to be Japanese. Nihonjinron, a discourse on Japanese cultural uniqueness, has providedammunition for this. Denmark, on the other hand, is in principle open to those who adopt Danish values. Japan needsa strong integration policy as the number of immigrants increase. Until now, its emphasis on ethnic homogeneity hasled Japan to see immigrants as outsiders and to exclude them. Denmark, on the other hand, is willing to includeimmigrants on equal terms, on the condition that they adopt Danish values.
Literacy, Identity and Gender: A Case Study of Love Letter Writing Practices from Pakistan
Authors: Baig Fatima Zafar , Ahmed Naveed
Published: July 2019

This study aims to explore the identity (ies) and ideology (ies) embedded in the love letter writing practices of the people particularly in Pakistan. It brings forth the established social and cultural practices and thoughts of the letter writers from gender perspective. This study investigates the ways in which gender identity is enacted within the language of love letters. Being a significant social literacy practice, the writing of a letter is rooted in a particular social situation. Like all other types of literacy objects and events, the activity advances its meaning and significance from being situated and positioned in cultural beliefs, values, and practices. A case study of the young Pakistani couple has been conducted in this regard where the language used by couple in their love letters is analyzed from ideological perspective. The data are comprised of the love letters which are analyzed qualitatively. Street’s Ideological Model has been employed for qualitative analysis. The research finds out that the ways in which people communicate are constrained by the structures and forces of those social institutions within which they live and function. It also highlights the substantial role of language in the constructions and representations of social and cultural beliefs and values.
Filter Pie in the Control of the Nematoid of Root Lesions in the Soybean and Corn
Authors: Oliveira Rafaela Santos de , Rios Anderli Divina Ferreira , Oliveira Manoel Henrique Reis de , Silva Rafael Matias da , Ventura Matheus Vinicius Abadia , Trindade Kenia Lorrany , Silva Grasiele Teixeira da , Sousa Antônio Evami Cavalcante , Baliza Leônidas Miclos , Costa Estevam Matheus , Silva Millena Yorrana Oliveira , Francalino Patrícia Borges
Published: July 2019

The efficiency of waste from industrial processing has been increasingly studied in the control of phytonematoids, especially filter cake, coffee husks and sugar cane bagasse. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic residues through the use of filter cake to reduce the population density of Pratylenchus brachyurus (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae). The first experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in the completely randomized design in the 2 × 4 factorial scheme (soybean genotypes vs. filter cake doses) with four replications using soybean genotypes AS 3810 IPRO and LG60163 IPRO and the second experiment was carried out under the same conditions, with maize AG 1051 with four doses of filter cake with 7 replications. In both experiments, the planting was carried out in an area located in the city of Goianésia, Goiás, Brazil. The results showed that the population density of Pratylenchus brachyurus in the maize crop to grow AG 1051 did not show statistically significant difference by applying the different doses of filter cake. In soybean genotypes AS 3810 IPRO and LG60163 IPRO were affected in ways contrary to phytonematoid infestation, in which AS 3810 IPRO showed a population increase according to the increase of the applied amounts of filter cake, whereas in the cultivar LG60163 IPRO there was a decrease for doses of 10 tonnes/ha-1 and 30 tonnes/ha-1, with an increase of only 20 tonnes/ha-1.
Agronomic Performance of Millet Plants Grown in Soil Fertilized With Organic Wastes
Authors: Morais Wilker A. , Soares Frederico A. L. , Cunha Fernando N. , Teixeira Marconi B. , Costa Cicero T. S. , Filho Fernando R. Cabral , Vieira Gustavo da S. , Marques Vinícius de O. , Moraes Giovani S. , Alves Daniely K. M. , Pereira Leandro S. , Silva Igor O. F. , Costa Alef S. da S.
Published: July 2019

Information on the potential of organic matter for soil fertility is important to an efficiently replenishment of nutrients. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of millet plants grown in soil fertilized with different rates of organic wastes, through biometric variables. A randomized block experimental design with a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement was used with four replications, consisting of 32 experimental units. The treatments consisted of four organic matter sources (swine manure, sewage sludge, bovine manure, and poultry litter), and two organic matter rates (10 and 20 dm3); 50 dm3 pots filled with an agricultural soil that is predominant in the region were used. The pots were filled with 80% of soil and 20% of organic matter (10 dm3); and with 60% of soil and 40% of organic matter (20 dm3). Plant height (PH), leaf area (LA), stem diameter (SD), and number of expanded leaves (NL) were evaluated at 20, 40, 60, and 80 days after sowing (DAS); panicle length (PNL), and panicle diameter (PD) were measured at 80 DAS. All biometric variables evaluated indicated that the better organic matter rate for soil fertilization for millet crops is 10 dm3. In general, the highest panicle lengths and diameters were found in plants grown in soil with bovine manure.
Application of the Markov Chain in Macroeconomic Analysis of a Managed Forest in the Amazon
Authors: Acuña M. H. A. , Oliveira L. C. , D’Oliveira M. V. N. , Souza M. B. , Costa C. A. F. da
Published: July 2019

This study includes an economic analysis of the dynamics and prognosis of the forest structure of an area under sustainable forest management in the Amazon, in the primary production of tropical roundwood. It analyzes measurements taken between 2001 and 2011 and carries out forest forecasting for the period from 2001 to 2021 with the application of the Markov Matrix Chain. The variables measured by the probability matrix were transformed into equivalent annual rates and compared over the same period to the Brazilian macroeconomic indicators of gross domestic product (GDP) and the real interest rate of primary roundwood production (TJLP). The valuation of tree density utilized a series of average prices of world imports and exports of roundwood. Between 2001 and 2011, the parameters of the forest dynamics without valuation were similar to the TJLP (1.4% per year) and, when valued, the rates were close to the GDP of 3.5% per year. The forecast from 2001 to 2021 indicates that unrated economic groups behave in a similar way to the TJLP of 1% per annum and to the GDP of 2.2% per year, except the recovery category, which has a negative rate of 1.9% per year. The monitoring of tropical forests allows the achievement of economic indexes capable of assessing the anthropic and natural impacts in short periods of analysis and projecting them over time on natural capital.
Growth Analysis of Sourgrass: Does Herbicide Resistance Affect Its Development?
Authors: Adegas Fernando Storniolo , Gazziero Dionísio Luiz Pisa , Silva Alexandre Ferreira da , Concenço Germani
Published: July 2019

Sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) is highlighted as one of the most troublesome weeds in Brazilian agriculture. The growth analysis of the species and biotypes with resistance to glyphosate are preponderant to support management strategies. In this way, the aim of this work is to compare the growth of biotypes resistant and susceptible to glyphosate, and to characterize the species growth in field conditions. The greenhouse experiment was installed in randomized blocks design, in factorial scheme 2 × 10, with eight replications. Factor A comprised the biotypes, and factor B the fortnight evaluations. The dry mass of roots, stems, leaves and shoot were assessed, besides leaf area and plant height. From these variables, the relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and leaf area ratio were calculated. For the field experiment, the same variables were assessed and the same parameters were calculated, without distinction on resistant or susceptible biotype. The biotype with resistance to glyphosate did not show adaptative disadvantages compared to the susceptible one. In this way, it is necessary to prevent the entry of resistant biotypes in cropped fields, as once established the area may not naturally return to the initial frequency of susceptible biotypes. Sourgrass shown slow initial growth and dry mass accumulation up to 42 days after emergence, indicating that control of this specie should be performed preferably before this period.
Potential of Species of Green Coverage in Entisol
Authors: Ferreira Nubia M. , Santos Djail , Bertino Antonio M. P. , Cavalcante Alian C. P. , Pereira Walter E. , Bertino Antonio M. P. , Oliveira Ademar P.
Published: July 2019

The intensive use of the soil, associated with the application of chemical fertilizers, contribute to degradation processes that affect soil quality and crop production. The use of techniques that contribute to soil conservation and reduction of external inputsis important for the success of the agriculture, and hedging is an alternative. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytomass production nutrient accumulation and contents, as well as rate of decomposition of different species used as cover plants. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with nine treatments distributed in three blocks. The treatments were: Canavalia ensiformes (L.) DC., Crotalaria spectabilis Roth, Crotalaria ochroleuca G. Don., Crotalaria juncea L., Dolichos lablab L., Stizolobium niveum (Roxb.) Kuntze, Stizolobium aterrimum Piper & Tracy, Neonotonia wightii (Wight & Arn.) J.A. Lackey and Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br. The most recommended species as cover plants are C. ochroleuca and C. spectabilis for they produce more dry matter on the tops, 5.89 and 4.04 kg ha-1, in addition to greater accumulation of nutrients. C. ochroleuca and C. spectabilis had higher accumulation of N, P, K, Mg and S, and soil coverage with those species can be a good source of green manure. The recommended species for the highest coverage rate are: N. wightii; S. niveum and S. aterrimum. The recommended species for the lowest rate of decomposition are: S. aterrimum; S. niveum; P. glaucum and C. ochroleuca (0.245; 0.260; 0.264 and 0.276% month-1).
Growth, Productivity and Quality of Soybean Grains, Submitted to Different Seed Treatments
Authors: Passos Mádilo Lages Vieira , Ferreira Lusiane de Sousa , Figueirinha Késsia Tenório , Souza Jarlyson Brunno Costa , Ferreira Antonio Gabriel da Costa , Silva Carlos Augusto Alves Cardoso , Silva Eduardo Arouche da , Almeida Edmilson Igor Bernardo , Freitas José Roberto Brito , Sousa Washington da Silva
Published: July 2019

The protection conferred via chemical treatment of seeds is indispensable to the normal development of crops, with a view to the best use of its productive potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the soybean crop response, cultivate ‘FTS Paragominas RR’, to seed treatment. The study was conducted in an experimental area of the Center of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences of the Federal University of Maranhão, in Chapadinha (MA), from February to June 2018. A randomized complete block design was used, with split-plot in time. The plots consisted of five seed treatments: thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam fungicides, fludioxonil, carbendazim + thiram, the insecticide fipronil and the absence of the application. Throughout the crop cycle the agronomic characteristics were verified: plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area. And, at the time of harvesting, grain yield, the height of insertion of the first pod, the total number of pods and weight of 1000 grains. Seed treatments induced very variable responses on the growth and development of soybean ‘FTS Paragominas RR’. The best performances were obtained with the use of thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam fungicides (dose 198 mL) and fludioxonil (dose 200 mL). The application of carbendazim + thiram and fipronil, both at a dose of 200 mL, presented adverse effects throughout the vegetative and reproductive phases of soybean ‘FTS Paragominas RR’. None of the products provided significant increases in grain yield.
Gas Exchange and Photochemical Efficiency of Caatinga Plants Submitted to Different Water Management Strategies
Authors: Silva Lennon Kledson dos Santos , Alves Maria Claudjane Jerônimo Leite , Costa Renato Nunes , Silva Dayane Mércia Ribeiro , Santos Jania Claudia Camilo dos , Moura Flávia de Barros Prado , Júnior Jessé Marques da Silva , Silva José Vieira
Published: July 2019

Water availability is a critical point for dryland recovered on tropical regions of the world. This problem to become higher with the lacking information about the ecophysiologial behavior of the native plants on the initial growth stage under field conditions, mainly when these plants are submitted to different water availability levels. To address this question, we evaluated different water management strategies on the ecophysiological features of the five young native plants establishment in a degraded area located in the Caatinga, a dryland Brazilian forest. The water management strategies effects on native plants were checked by analyzing the photosynthesis rates, gas exchange and photochemistry efficiency in leaves of Crataeva tapia, Erythrina mulungu, Handroanthus impetiginosus, Tabebuia aurea and Ziziphus joazeiro. The experiment had four treatments (waterbox use, bovine manure, hydrogel, bovine manure plus hydrogel) and control. In the initial growth stage and under field conditions, the effects of water stress or water deficiency on the photosynthetic rates, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence a of the T. aurea, H. impetiginosus, C. tapia and E. mulungu, exposed to waterbox and hydrogel, associated or not with bovine manure, were partially or totally mitigated. The Z. joazeiro species has the adaptive intrinsic characteristics that allow them to with stand the most stressful environmental conditions and this naturally allowed presenting greater water use efficiency and absence of damage to the photosynthetic apparatus and high Fv/Fm ratio. In general, the water management strategies studied have alleviated the effects of water stress, totally or partially, on the ecophysiological processes of young native plants under field conditions.
Moral Disengagement Level of Team Athletes Depending on Unethical Behaviors They Perceived from Their Coaches
Authors: Guvendi Burcu , Isim Ayse Turksoy
Published: July 2019

The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between moral disengagement level of team athletes and unethical behaviors they perceived from their coaches by examining moral disengagement level of team athletes depending on unethical behaviors they perceived from their coaches. The target population of the study consists of 305 team athletes whose age average is 20.45 ± 4.68 and who are training with the same trainer for average of 2.01 ± 1.69 years and from basketball, football and volleyball branches. In this study, “Moral Disengagement in Sport” and “Athlete’s Perception about Coaches’ Unethical Behaviors” scales have been used as data collection tools. Descriptive statistics, t test, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation analysis were used for the analysis of data. According to the findings of the study, it was observed that there was a positive low level of correlation between moral disengagement and athlete’s perception about unethical behaviors of the coach. Younger athletes have a higher perception about unethical behavior they perceived from coaches. Moral disengagement scores of male athletes, athletes who did not take part in national team and athletes who were punished were significantly higher. Significant difference was observed in moral disengagement and in the sub-dimensions of the athletes’ perception about their coaches’ unethical behavior scales by branch. When the meeting level of athletes with their coaches in the social environment examined, it was seen that there was a significant difference in all sub-dimensions of the athlete’s perception regarding the coach’s unethical behaviors scale. When athlete’s level of communication with their coaches was examined, there was a significant difference in all sub-dimensions of the athlete’s perception regarding the coach’s unethical behaviors scale. As a result, as the level of unethical behavior that athletes perceived from their coaches increases, the level of moral disengagement also increases.
Noodtestamenten en artikel 4:61 BW
Authors: de Jonge H.J.
Published: July 2019

Noodtestamenten en artikel 4:61 BW

In deze bijdrage wordt ingegaan op de regeling van de noodtestamenten onder het huidige en oud BW. De auteur heeft onderzocht hoeveel noodtestamenten er (de laatste jaren) zijn opgesteld. Daarnaast heeft hij een (korte) rechtsvergelijking gemaakt tussen de Nederlandse regeling omtrent noodtestamenten en die van België en Duitsland. In het verlengde daarvan is de auteur specifiek ingegaan op degene die het noodtestament verlijdt. Deze persoon wordt in artikel 4:61 BW aangeduid als de ‘andere persoon’. Ten opzichte van deze andere persoon geldt een bevoordelingsverbod. In de praktijk blijkt dit bevoordelingsverbod geen rol van betekenis te spelen.
Van salafistisch gedachtegoed alleen kun je niet leven: de financiële zelfredzaamheid van 131 uitreizigers nader bekeken
Authors: Soudijn Melvin
Published: July 2019

An in-depth study of the financial self-sufficiency of 131 jihadi travellers

The present article examines the financial life of 131 jihadi travellers (JTs), also known as foreign terrorist fighters, from the Netherlands. For the purpose of the research, access was acquired to all their banking transactions in the year preceding their departure: over 60,000 transactions in total. Their income from work or employment, various forms of social assistance, student grants, and other income or expenditure were examined. The data provided a good picture of their financial independence, i.e., the extent to which they were capable of making their own living or needed to claim assistance from the authorities. The analysis shows that it is highly exceptional for Dutch JTs to be financially independent. Only 5 percent have sufficient income from work or employment without making any claims on the government for financial assistance, and are free of mounting debts. The low score can for a large part be explained by the fact that almost half of the JTs are under 23 years of age and/or receive a student grant. Their financial picture largely resembles ordinary students. Older JTs (over 22 years of age, and not having received a student grant for at least one year) underperform, however. Only 9 percent are financially independent. Financial support could perhaps be used to monitor or steer recipients’ role in society.
INTERPRETATION OF SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS AS A METHOD OF PERSONALISING GUIDE NARRATION (on the Example of Analysis Regarding Zoomorphic Symbols in the Selected Emblems of Tenement Houses in Kraków)
Authors: Janeczko Karolina
Published: July 2019

Purpose. Identification of the author's interpretation of the symbolic representations of zoomorphic character as a developmental and attractive method of enriching the interpretation of historical heritage in the work of a city tour-guide and the independent planning of thematic sightseeing routes for various groups of the customers. Methods. Historical and cultural analysis of the function and essence of selected semantic symbols as a scientific interpretation of the semiological and pragmatic pattern. Findings. The analysis showed rich, symbolic “capacity” and attractiveness of the zoomorphic symbolic representations in the architecture of old-town Krak ów for the purposes of tour guiding. Research and conclusions limitations. Due to logistical constraints, analysis concerns the centre of old-town Krakow, with a few references to particularly interesting representaions outside the city centre. Practical implications. The author's symbolic interpretation of the cultural heritage presented in this text can be practically used as a market-competitive form of personalising guide narration. It is also important that it can be successfully applied to work with tourists of any age. Originality. The article combines historical and artistic analysis as well as practical and methodological aspects. Ready examples and proposals can be a non-standard and interesting vademecum, especially forbeginning city tour-guides. Type of paper. A review and didactic article, presenting the author's methods of the guide narration from a practical eprspective.
Edema Induced by sPLA2 from Crotalus durissus terrificus Involves PLC and PKC Signaling, Activation of cPLA2, and Oxidative Stress
Authors: H. Toyama Marcos , R.C. Costa Caroline , N. Belchor Mariana , P. Novaes Danielle , A. de Oliveira Marcos , Ie Rolando , Hessel Gaeta Henrique , de O. Toyama Daniela
Published: July 2019

sPLA2 from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom, free of crotapotin (Cdt sPLA2), purified and isolated sPLA2, was able to significantly increase lipid peroxidation, which occurred simultaneously with increased arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. In addition, MDA and AA levels were elevated at 15 min after Cdt sPLA2 injection and after peak edema (negative control). Thus, oxidative stress and ROS play important roles in the inflammation induced by Cdt sPLA2. On the other hand, edema induced by sPLA2 involves the direct and indirect mobilization of arachidonic acid by the involvement of phosphokinase C (PKC) and phospholipase C (PLC), which indirectly stimulates cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2). We also observed that the specific antivenin against Cdt venom had no significant effect on the neutralization of induced edema compared to the natural products 5-caffeine-linoleic acid (5CQA) and dexamethasone (AACOCF3). Our results also indicate that there was improvement in the inhibition of edema of natural polyphenolic compounds compared to antivenin or inhibition of the enzymatic activity of sPLA2 due to the fact that 5CQA is a potent antioxidant compound. Thus, our results show a clear correlation between increased arachidonic acid metabolism and oxidative stress.
Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Knežević Snežana , Gajović Z.I. , Petrović M.N.
Published: July 2019

Uvod: Primarni medijastinalni B krupnoćelijski limfom je redak, visoko agresivan oblik non Hodgkinovog limfoma i javlja se u 5-7 % svih difuznih velikoćelijskih B limfoma i 2% svih non Hodgkinovih limfoma. Vodi poreklo od medularnih ćelija timusa i ima sopstvenu histogenezu. Tipično obolevaju mlade žene u trećoj i četvrtoj dekadi života. Sindrom gornje šuplje vene je prisutan u više od 50% slučajeva, sa otokom lica, ruku, dubokim venskim trombozama, dispnejom, disfagijom, bolom u grudima, glavoboljom i kašljem. Dijagnoza se postavlja patohistološkom i imunohistohemjskom analizom hirurškog bioptata dobijenog medijastinoskopijom. Blagovremena terapija ciklusima monoklonskih antitela i polihemioterapijom omogućava stabilan relaps bolesti. Prikaz bolesnika: Pacijentkinja, stara 37 godina, javlja se prvi put na pregled kod svog izabranog lekara jer je već u nekoliko navrata posećivala Službu hitne medicinske pomoći zbog kašlja, osećaja da je nešto davi, nedostatka vazduha, pritiska i bolova u glavi kao i otečenosti vrata i lica. Započeta detaljna dijagnostika. Radiološki utvrđen tumor medijastinuma, kompjuterizovana tomografija potvrdila i poslata na referentni Institut gde je videoasistiranom torakoskopskom hirurgijom i patohistološkom analizom dijagnostikovan PMBCL CSII AM+. Ordinirano šest ciklusa rituksimab, ciklofosfamid, doksorubicin, vinkristin i prednizolon terapijskog protokola koje je podnela sa očekivanim neželjenim dejstvima. Kontrolna pozitronska emisiona tomografija utvrdila da se tumorska masa u potpunosti povukla. U remisiji je dve godine, dobro se oseća i javlja se na redovne kontrolne preglede. Zaključak: Na izabranom lekaru je velika odgovornost u prepoznavanju ranih simptoma maligne bolesti što ubrzava postavljanje konačne dijagnoze i blagovremeni početak lečenja.
Estudio comparado de la regulación del Lobbying: Reino Unido, Francia y la Unión Europea
Authors: Oliver González Ana Belén
Published: July 2019

Purpose: This study seeks to describe lobbying regulations through a comparative study of three legal systems, concretely of the UK, France and the EU. Design/methodology: The research technique is qualitative as it explains this process from the definition, characterisation and regulation of lobbies in the EU, France and the UK, seeking a broad understanding of the influence exerted by lobbies. The research was carried out following the premises of the comparative method for research through which a contrast was made between the policies of regulation and transparency and the policies influencing the Community institutions and the institutions of France and the United Kingdom through lobbies, thus observing their characteristics, the applicable regulations valid for the three legal systems, identifying common points, similarities and differences.
Findings: There is no homogeneous framework for evaluation or subjection that is not susceptible to violation by lobbies, just as there is no single framework in the two countries analysed. These are innovative mechanisms for regulating the lobbying profession.
Research limitations/implications: To select among the extensive existing bibliography the one that deals specifically with the notion of lobbies in the EU, in France and in the United Kingdom, since the literature on the subject is extensive, but they are joint studies that save without deepening the object of this study: the comparison of the regulation of lobbying in different legal frameworks. Three different legal systems make lobbies act differently adapting to the regulations in force in each country.
Originality/value: This unpublished and original research aims to share with the academic community the study and comparison of the regulation of lobbying according to different legal frameworks, contributing to visualize a legitimately recognized profession, but seen as an opaque activity...
Kashmir as a Symbol of Pakistan: Why Violence in Kashmir Never Stop?
Authors: Hwang Wonjune
Published: July 2019

Kashmir has been a 'powder keg' in South Asia. In this region, India and Pakistan waged three all-out wars and numerous skirmishes. Kashmir has been occupied separately since 1947, but still, both sides claim the other’s occupation is illegal. Muslim Kashmiris, who are allegedly supported by Pakistan, continuously commit terrorist acts, and in return, Indian officials in Jammu and Kashmir violently suppress demonstrations and commit human right violations. After 9/11 in 2001, terrorists have become demonized and pardonless. This article focuses on analyzing the sources of violence and Pakistani intervention. The idea of this article is theoretically based on Volkan's chosen trauma and symbol of identity. Continuous massacres and discriminations in Kashmir committed by Hindu Indians have formed the identity of Pakistanis as the chosen trauma, and current discriminations and persecutions reactivate their fear and anger. Cessation of the violence must be the priority on Kashmir issue. For this, discriminations and persecutions should be suspended.
Genetic interactions of G-quadruplexes in humans
Authors: Zyner Katherine G , Mulhearn Darcie S , Adhikari Santosh , Martínez Cuesta Sergio , Di Antonio Marco , Erard Nicolas , Hannon Gregory J , Tannahill David , Balasubramanian Shankar
Published: July 2019

G-quadruplexes (G4) are alternative nucleic acid structures involved in transcription, translation and replication. Aberrant G4 formation and stabilisation is linked to genome instability and cancer. G4 ligand treatment disrupts key biological processes leading to cell death. To discover genes and pathways involved with G4s and gain mechanistic insights into G4 biology, we present the first unbiased genome-wide study to systematically identify human genes that promote cell death when silenced by shRNA in the presence of G4-stabilising small molecules. Many novel genetic vulnerabilities were revealed opening up new therapeutic possibilities in cancer, which we exemplified by an orthogonal pharmacological inhibition approach that phenocopies gene silencing. We find that targeting the WEE1 cell cycle kinase or USP1 deubiquitinase in combination with G4 ligand treatment enhances cell killing. We also identify new genes and pathways regulating or interacting with G4s and demonstrate that the DDX42 DEAD-box helicase is a newly discovered G4-binding protein.
Consistent operator semigroups and their interpolation
Authors:   Department of Mathematics, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand, ter Elst A.F.M. , Rehberg J. ,   Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics, Berlin, 10117, Germany
Published: July 2019

Under a mild regularity condition we prove that the generator of the interpolation of two C0-semigroups is the interpolation of the two generators.
A Beurling theorem for noncommutative Hardy spaces associated with semifinite von Neumann algebras with unitarily invariant norms
Authors:   Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, U.K., Liu Wenjing , Sager Lauren ,   Department of Mathematics, Saint Anselm College, Manchester, NH 03102, U.K.
Published: July 2019

We prove a Beurling-type theorem for H∞-invariant spaces of Lα(M,τ), where α is a unitarily invariant, locally ∥⋅∥1-dominating, mutually continuous norm with respect to τ, where M is a von Neumann algebra with a faithful, normal, semifinite tracial weight τ, and H∞ is an extension of Arveson's noncommutative Hardy space. We use our main result to characterize the H∞-invariant subspaces of a noncommutative Banach function space I(τ) with the norm ∥⋅∥E on M, the crossed product of a semifinite von Neumann algebra by an action β, and B(H) for a separable Hilbert space H.
Wiener--Hopf operators admit triangular factorization
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya nab. 7, 199034, Russia \textit{and} St. Petersburg Department of Steklov Mathematical Institute of Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Fontanka 27, 191023, Russia, Bessonov R.V.
Published: July 2019

We prove that every positive bounded invertible Wiener--Hopf operator admits triangular factorization. This answers the question posed by L. Sakhnovich in 1994.
Microwave Supported Solvent Free Reaction of EMME in the Synthesis of Pyrazolopyrimidopyrimidines
Authors: Shah Rina D. , Shah Nirmal M. , Vivek C. Ramani
Published: July 2019

Diethyl ethoxy-methylenemalonate the versatile reagent used to synthesize pyrazolopyrimidopyrimidines (3) as antimicrobial agents from the reaction between EMME and 1-substituted 3-(methylthio) 3H-pyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidine-4-amines (1) using Gould Jacob reaction. A comparison of conventional and microwave supported solvent-free reaction has been studied.
Novel Cationic Polyurethane Surfactants Containing Saturated Chains- Part 1: Synthesis, Characterization and Surface Activity
Authors: El-Rahman Taiea Nasser R. Abd , A. Youssif Mona , A. Negm Nabel
Published: July 2019

Novel cationic polymeric surfactants were synthesized throughout the reaction of monoester of triethanol amine and two saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid and stearic acid) and TDI (toluene diisocyanate). The obtained polyurethane (PU) then was reacted by acetyl chloride to yield the desired surfactants. The structures of the produced compounds were described by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and their average molecular weights. Silver nanocomposite of the prepared cationic PU surfactants were characterized via physical combination by chemically prepared silver nanoparticles. The structure of the silver composite was determined using: Ultra-violet spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) spectroscopy. The effect of the hydrophobic chains on the surface activities of the synthesized cationic polymeric surface active agents and their silver nanocomposite was studied.