bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contact between Children Placed Away from Home and their Birth Parents: Research Issues and Evidence
Authors: Quinton David , Rushton Alan , Dance Cherilyn , Mayes Deborah
Published: March 2007

The importance of maintaining contact between children temporarily or permanently looked after away from their birth parents is now believed to be so important to their psychosocial development as to be written into the Children Act. This position has been argued both on the basis of the rights of children and birth parents and on the claimed strength of the research evidence concerning the positive effects of contact and the negative consequences of its absence. The quality of the research evidence is reviewed. It is concluded that evidence on either the beneficial or adverse effects of contact is not strong and that the design and/or analysis of existing studies contain a number of weaknesses that preclude clear research-based guidance to practitioners.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): New Hope for Children Suffering from Trauma and Loss
Authors: Greenwald Ricky
Published: March 2007

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a recently developed method for working through traumatic memories and related psychological problems. Recent literature reviews find strong support for EMDR's value in trauma therapy. The first studies using EMDR with children and adolescents yield similar findings. A case is presented to illustrate the procedure as used in clinical practice. EMDR appears to be a promising new resource for helping children and adolescents recover from trauma and loss.
Parenting and School Bullying
Authors: Smith Peter K. , Myron-Wilson Rowan
Published: March 2007

A significant proportion of children are bullied or bully others in schools. The problem of bullying can lead to severe immediate and long-term negative consequences for all involved in the situation. Intervention studies have shown that levels of bullying can be reduced, but not eradicated from schools. This may be because bullying behaviour has its origins in parenting as well as in the school environment. Little work has yet been done directly in this area. However, several studies in Europe, Australia and the US have now linked violent behaviour and harsh discipline in parents with bullying behaviour, and overprotectiveness in parents with victimization. Complexities are also emerging regarding the roles of bullying behaviour, including bully/victims whose parenting may be particularly dysfunctional; in differences between boys and girls; and in the different developmental pathways to bullying, and victimization. These issues are discussed in the light of recent developments in attachment theory. Relevant research is reviewed, emerging themes suggested and implications for practitioners are outlined.
Attributional Style and Locus of Control in Adults with Epilepsy
Authors: Gehlert Sarah
Published: March 2007

Little agreement exists on how attributional style and locus of control relate to one another. Some consider the two to be interchangeable; others say that they overlap but are not identical. This study of the perceptions of control (conceptualized as attributional style and locus of control) of 144 adults with epilepsy, measured via a mailed survey, lends support to the latter notion. Attributional style for bad events, but not for good events, could be predicted by length of time that participants had been seizure free. Locus of control could not be predicted. Differences in the nature of the two concepts and how they develop within individuals are examined to explain how changes in seizure control would effect one but not the other. Implications for other medical conditions are discussed.
Predicting Cardiac Patients' Quality of Life from the Characteristics of Their Spouses
Authors: Schröder Kerstin E.E. , Schwarzer Ralf , Endler Norman S.
Published: March 2007

Recovery from surgery can be facilitated by personal and social resources such as perceived self-efficacy and social support. Moreover, the existence of a social network and the behavior of its members can also have a positive effect. Patients ( N = 381; 302 men, 79 women) undergoing heart surgery were surveyed once before and twice after surgery. In addition, 114 social-network members (18 men, 96 women), most of them spouses, reported about their own perceived resources at Time 1. The patient-spouse dyad was chosen as the unit of analysis. It turned out that characteristics of spouses were related to those of patients. Recovery from surgery at Time 2 and readjustment to normal life after half a year (Time 3) could be partly predicted by spouses' perceived self-efficacy and social support as measured at Time 1.
Socio-economic Differentials in Health
Authors: Marmot Michael G. , Smith George Davey
Published: March 2007

The first Whitehall Study of British civil servants demonstrated an inverse gradient in mortality. The lower the grade the higher was the mortality risk. This higher mortality risk applies to most but not all causes of death. The Whitehall II Study, set up to investigate causes of this social gradient shows similarly marked gradients in morbidity. A review of potential causes of the gradient suggests that it is due neither to health selection nor simply to differences in lifestyle, but that relative deprivation—a psychosocial concept—and the accumulation of socially-patterned exposures over the life course, must be important. Whitehall II suggests that the operation of these factors is to be found in the specific circumstances under which people grow, live and work.
Where Eagles Dare
Authors: Jones Andrew
Published: March 2007

The archaeological study of landscapes has tended to focus on the most tangible aspects of the concept, such as topography, location and view, without focusing on those other aspects of landscape, which at first glance appear to be archaeologically less visible. This paper contends that land scapes cannot simply be considered as a series of unidimensional spaces, rather they must be considered as composed of lived places. This paper sets out to explore the way in which places within the landscape are conceptu ally framed and constituted through the animal life which inhabits them. The association between certain animal species with different kinds of place is seen as a crucial element in the relationship between place, memory and identity. It is suggested that all these elements of the materiality of animals are important in considering the way in which animals are understood and appropriated by people. These ideas will be examined through the analysis of a series of deposits associated with animals within chambered tombs, passage graves and settlement middens of the late Neolithic period in Orkney.
The Biology of Culpability:
Authors: ROSE NIKOLAS
Published: March 2007

This article considers the impact of the new biological criminology on control strategies. Biocriminology does not purport to have a general explanation for crime, but draws upon contemporary human genetics and neurobiology to account for what is represented as a growing social problem of violent and anti-social conduct. Jurisprudential notions of free will and responsibility are not being displaced by genetic essentialism in the courtroom, where the tendency is for an increased emphasis upon moral responsibility of all offenders for their actions. However, in other areas of the criminal justice system, we are seeing the emergence of new conceptions of the individual `genetically at risk' of offending, and the development of crime prevention strategies based upon a rationale of public health. This is not a new eugenics, but a control strategy that aims to identify, treat and control individuals predisposed to impulsive or aggressive conduct. The implications of the new biological criminology may be seen in the form of genetic discrimination, genetic screening in risk assessments and the use of quasi-consensual `treatment' for supposed biological tendencies, as conditions for a non-custodial sentence, loss of employment or denial of insurance or other benefits. The search for biological dispositions may also play a part in the increased use of preventive detention and other pre-emptive interventions for `the protection of the public' against those whose conduct seems to show wanton disregard for the moral constraints on the conduct of free individuals in a liberal society.
Confining Femininity:
Authors: BOSWORTH MARY
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author suggests that criminological accounts of the birth of the prison have been characterised by an unacknowledged chronological and gender bias. Rather than being the result of a global transformation in the ideology of punishment, as most authors have suggested with regard to men, the imprisonment of women was marked by significant continuities in forms and ideologies of punishment from the early modern period. To show this continuity, the author analyses the history of women's imprisonment in Hôpital de la Salpêtrière in Paris from 1684 to 1916. Despite the radical changes it underwent in different historical and political context, archival documents from the institution reveal that women throughout this period were brought to the prison on similar grounds and subjected to similar regimes. This article suggests that placing gender at the centre of the criminological enterprise transforms understanding of the development and legitimacy of imprisonment today and in the past.
Race, Class, and Psychological Distress: Contextual Variations across Four American Communities
Authors: Schwabe Annette M. , Kodras Janet E.
Published: March 2007

Analyses investigating the role of race and class in the propensity to psychological distress have yielded conflicting results. We contend that one reason for this inconsistency is that previous studies, based on empirical data drawn from different places and times, have interpreted results without reference to the distinctive racial contexts across the country. Because the specific local conditions in which individuals live differentially expose blacks and whites of different socioeconomic classes to psychological stressors, we seek to better understand how race and class patterns in distress are conditioned by place of residence. To examine the links between race, class, place, and distress, we conduct a quantitative analysis using data from the multi-site Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) program, which shows different relationships between distress, race, and class across four US communities. We then investigate these differences across place through a qualitative study of the local structural conditions that contextualize these relationships. Our historical review indicates that racial conditions vary substantially across the four sites, in accordance with our empirical analyses. We conclude that epidemiological research will be theoretically enriched and intervention strategies more effective as researchers design improved measures for the specific contextual conditions in which factors related to human health are embedded.
The Perils of Health Promotion and the ‘Barebacking’ Backlash
Authors: Crossley Michele L.
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to explore the idea that contemporary health promotion and education may actually be instrumental in creating the very conditions that encourage and perpetuate people’s ‘risky’ health practices. Using the example of gay men, unsafe sexual practices and the contemporary ‘barebacking craze’, it argues that ‘health promotion’ is increasingly being oriented to by gay men as something to ‘resist’ or ‘transgress’. The implications of this for future health promotion interventions are discussed.
Biomedical and Folk Medical Concepts of Adult Onset Diabetes in Jamaica: Implications for Treatment
Authors: Payne-Jackson Arvilla
Published: March 2007

Adult onset diabetes is one of the five leading causes of death in Jamaica. Patients report that they are not adequately informed about the nature or the management of their illness. Structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews, free listing, pile sorts, and interactional tapings of doctor–patient appointments were methods used to collect data. Differences in doctor and patient explanatory models and cultural concepts concerning etiology, symptoms, treatment, and lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise often result in miscommunication. Broader social factors including social class differences and asymmetrical power relationships between doctor and patients, and economic factors such as costs of medical care and medication, transportation, and food impact on successful patient management of the illness.
Epidemics, Panic and Power: Representations of Measles and Measles Vaccines
Authors: Dew Kevin
Published: March 2007

In anglophone countries, there have been increasing efforts to vaccinate the total population. A number of strategies have been employed in order to achieve this goal, including compulsory vaccination before children can attend school (USA); financial incentives to general practitioners and other vaccinators to achieve vaccination targets (UK); and, in New Zealand, a system known as mandatory choice. The New Zealand system involves education centres being co-opted into the medical domain to encourage parents to vaccinate their children. In order to promulgate such strategies, ‘vaccinepreventable’ diseases, vaccines, parents of unvaccinated children, and the children themselves are represented in particular ways. This paper examines the last three ‘epidemics’ of measles in New Zealand and the way in which the campaigns to prevent these epidemics represented the disease and other agents. Drawing on Foucault’s concepts of governmentality and bio-power, the paper explores the linkages between disease representations and the state.
Approval and Disapproval in the Narratives of Colorectal Cancer Patients and Their Carers
Authors: Little Miles , Jordens Christopher F.C. , Paul Kim , Sayers Emma , Sriskandarajah Dhananjayan
Published: March 2007

In examining the narratives of colorectal cancer patients and their carers, we have noted that approval and disapproval are expressed in many ways that reflect their importance in the process of medical care. When people construct free narratives that trace important segments of their biographies, they emphasize the approval and disapproval which others express for their choices, actions and moral qualities. They also want their own approval or disapproval for others to count in significant ways. Approval is widely recognized for its importance in human development, and it is generally a positive force. The seeking of inappropriate approval, however, may have unfortunate consequences. For health professionals, for example, conflicts may arise when they come to seek peer approval ahead of client approval, and when a career comes to matter more than the real social purposes for which the career is intended. Identification of the conflicts that this divided loyalty may induce helps in understanding some of the underlying issues which narratives raise. It is possible to construct a formal structure that can be used to examine the part which the seeking and receiving of approval play in the values expressed in medical narratives generally. Similar and equally powerful meanings attach to disapproval.
Focusing on Sex: Using Focus Groups in Sex Research
Authors: Frith Hannah
Published: March 2007

Recent commentators have advocated the greater use of qualitative methods in sex research. Drawing on the growing body of sex-related focus group research (including the author's own research on sexual refusals), this article highlights some key benefits of the focus group method. In particular, the collective discussion and interaction between research participants enables the exploration of under-researched topics, insight into the language commonly used by respondents to describe sexual activities, and provides the conditions under which people feel comfortable discussing sexual experiences.
Suicide in Emigrants from the Indian Subcontinent
Authors: Lester David
Published: March 2007

A survey of suicide in the four nations in the Indian subcontinent (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) and among emigrants from those nations in other nations revealed little that was culturally invariant in these groups. The suicide rates and sex ratio varied greatly between the different groups. There was a trend for young females and elderly males to have relatively higher suicide rates, and poisoning (followed by hanging) was the most popular method for suicide. Suggestions are made for future research on this topic.
Suicide in Japan: Present State and Future Directions for Prevention
Authors: Takahashi Yoshitomo , Hirasawa Hideto , Koyama Keiko , Senzaki Akira , Senzaki Kyoko
Published: March 2007

There were 23,104 suicides in Japan in 1996, making the suicide rate 18.4 per 100,000, which is not much higher than those of some European countries. This paper focuses on current trends of suicide in Japan. In addition, the problem of suicide among the elderly and some characteristic forms of suicide found in Japan, such as shinju (suicide pact) and inseki-jisatsu (suicide committed in order to take responsibility) are discussed. Future strategies are also proposed for suicide prevention in Japan.
Korean Culture and Sense of Shame
Authors: Lee Zuk-Nae
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the sense of shame in Korean culture. With Taoism, Korean culture began its transformation from a face-saving culture to a modern culture. Self-realization is the most important goal in a Taoist culture; the supreme value in the face-saving culture lay in the preservation of honor in the family. Influenced by western culture, modern Korean culture has come to focus on personal competence, mostly for the acquisition of material wealth. As a result, the crucial factor generating a sense of shame has shifted from failure of self-realization in the Taoist culture and injury of the family in face-saving culture, to personal incompetence in modern Korean society.
The origins of open visiting and resident mothers at Amersham Hospital
Authors: Burton Veronica M.
Published: March 2007

■ Before the 1950s, visiting was strictly limited in paediatric wards as it was believed to disturb or distress the child

■ Open visiting was an innovation in the 1950s based on attachment theory

■ Attachment theory identified the strong bond between mother and child, and saw separation of mother and child to be detrimental to the child

■ Residence of mothers was also introduced in recognition of the fact that the most vulnerable children needed the continuous presence of their mothers
Review : Child health — the future of paediatric nursing? A discussion paper
Authors: Cooper Christine , Coad James
Published: March 2007

■ A critical examination of some of the recommendations within the report 'Developing roles of nurses in clinical child health' (Report of Joint Working Party, 1996)

■ Practitioners have a responsibility to be proactive in analysing and shaping the developing role of the children's nurse to ensure quality of care for the child and family

■ The developing role of the children's nurse needs to incorporate a model which crosses traditional multidisciplinary boundaries

■ Improved quality in care can only be achieved when research into clinical outcomes within children's nursing are available. This will require sufficient support and resources)
charity profile le
Authors: Fry Tam
Published: March 2007

In 1998, celebrating 21 years promoting regular growth assessment for every UK child and innovating the training, measuring equipment and charts required for it.
Notes on common culture
Authors: Willis Paul
Published: March 2007

The book Common Culture provides a wealth of examples of young people's use of cultural commodities and the cultural media. These uses can be classified under the categories of symbolic work, symbolic creativity, and symbolic extension; in sum amounting to the resources and practices of an emerging common culture. These categories, engaging analytically with common culture, produce further refinements of received notions of 'work', 'post-modernism' and 'aesthetics', which, in their turn, further sensitize us to, and help us understand, important dynamics of change within late modern 'lived culture'.
‘Social Sharedness’ as a Unifying Theme for Information Processing in Groups
Authors: Tindale R. Scott , Kameda Tatsuya
Published: March 2007

Although much of the research on small groups in social psychology has emphasized cognitive, information-processing tasks (decision-making and problem solving), only recently have groups been conceptualized as information-processing systems. Partially due to this new conceptualization, group research is on the rise, yet much of this research is discipline specific. Few attempts have been made to integrate this research to provide common themes or frameworks across disciplinary boundaries. We propose that one potential unifying theme underlying much of the recent research on groups is ‘social sharedness’: the degree to which cognitions, preferences, identities, etc. are shared and are being shared within groups. Through a targeted review of the literature, we attempt to demonstrate that social sharedness is central to understanding group decision-making, provides a tie between past and current group research, and can serve a unifying function for future endeavors.
Social Identity and the Romance of Leadership: The Importance of being Seen to be ‘Doing it for Us’
Authors: Haslam S. Alexander , Platow Michael J. , Turner John C. , Reynolds Katherine J. , McGarty Craig , Oakes Penelope J. , Johnson Susan , Ryan Michelle K. , Veenstra Kristine
Published: March 2007

Previous research by Meindl (e.g. 1993) on the ‘romance of leadership’ suggests that individuals in leadership roles are perceived to be more charismatic to the extent that the organization they lead undergoes a crisis turnaround (e.g. moving from loss to profit) rather than a crisis decline (e.g. moving from profit to loss). Building on a social identity approach to leadership and previous research by Haslam and Platow (in press-a), this paper argues that this pattern should be tempered by the degree to which a leader’s behavior serves to affirm and promote an ingroup identity shared with followers. Consistent with this analysis, an experimental study ( N = 120) revealed that, independent of organizational performance, a (male) leader was seen as more charismatic in an intergroup context when his previous behavior had been identity-affirming or even-handed rather than identity-negating. Even-handed leaders also tended to be seen as particularly charismatic when they were associated with crisis turnaround, while identity-affirming leaders were protected from negative attributions in the context of crisis decline. These results suggest that social identity and self-categorization processes have a complex role to play in the emergence and perception of charismatic leadership.
Politeness, Power and Provocation: How Humour Functions in the Workplace
Authors: HOLMES JANET
Published: March 2007

This article examines verbal humour in routine interactions within professional workplaces, using material recorded in four New Zealand government departments. The problem of defining humour is discussed, followed by a brief outline of the theoretical models which underpin the analysis of the various functions which humour serves in professional organizations.

Humour can express positive affect in interaction. It can also facilitate or `licence' more negative interpersonal communicative intent. While politeness theory can account for the former, as a means of expressing collegiality at work, or de-emphasizing power imbalances, in its standard form politeness theory does not explain barbed, competitive or confrontational humour. For this it is necessary to look to `the dark side of politeness' (Austin, 1990). An alternative perspective thus examines the extent to which humour functions, especially in unequal encounters, as an acceptable strategy to help superiors maintain a position of power but also as a strategy used by subordinates to licence challenges to the power structures within which they operate, and as a legitimizing strategy in attempts at subverting the repressive or coercive discourse of superiors.
The Language of Ambiguity
Authors: HE AGNES WEIYUN
Published: March 2007

This article explores communicative processes in Chinese involving Chinese American children in order to explain the notion of preference for ambiguity, a characteristic often invoked when describing the Chinese as a group. It also speculates on the impact this notion has on children's socialization. Preference for ambiguity can be defined as making ambiguous something that is otherwise clear-communicating ambiguously or conveying something that is ambiguous-communicating ambiguity. Treating ambiguity as an interaction-centered and activity-bound phenomenon rather than a purely semantic or logical problem, this article locates ambiguity in the intersubjectivity co-constructed by all participants and explores its role in the construction of cultural, situational and interpersonal contexts. It shows that ambiguity is shaped not only by lexico-grammar but also by discourse structure.

This article draws data from a total of 30 hours of audio/video recorded classroom interactions involving 4 teachers and about 35 students (age 4.5 to 9 years) in two Chinese Heritage Language Schools in the USA as well as from observations and interviews. In the classroom context, children are compelled to make speculations and draw inferences regarding their interlocutors' references, intentions, dispositions and goals. They do so without confronting their interlocutors or holding their interlocutors accountable. In contrast, teachers freely and vocally (re-)formulate, clarify, question and interpret children's utterances in an effort to make the children's stances unequivocal. This study suggests that the communicative patterns observed with respect to ambiguity may play an important part in the socialization of cultural knowledge and cognitive styles.
Formulation and Reformulation Procedures in Verbal Interactions between Experts and (Semi-)laypersons
Authors: CIAPUSCIO GUIOMAR E.
Published: March 2007

This article has a dual purpose: on the one hand, it aims to add to the study of text production from a formulation-centered perspective (Antos, 1982; Gülich and Kotschi, 1995); on the other, since the analysis and discussion of linguistic problems presented here focus on a specific discourse type within scientific communication, this article is intended as a contribution to scientific communication studies. As I am particularly interested in text production as a process, the corpus I examine consists of oral interviews. In particular, I explore the oral interaction between scientists and specialized journalists that precedes the writing of science popularization texts targeted for the lay reader. I analyze and assess, from a structural and functional point of view, two types of recurrent formulation procedures usually deployed by experts: `illustration' and `reformulation', and claim they constitute resources for the construction of the interlocutors' discursive identities.
Legitimizing Immigration Control: A Discourse-Historical Analysis
Authors: VAN LEEUWEN THEO , WODAK RUTH
Published: March 2007

Austrian immigration authorities frequently reject the family reunion applications of immigrant workers. They justify their decisions not only on legal grounds but also on the basis of their own often prejudiced judgements of the applicants' ability to `integrate' into Austrian society. A discourse-historical method is combined with systemic-functionally oriented methods of text analysis to study the official letters which notify immigrant workers of the rejection of their family reunion applications. The systemic-functionally oriented methods are used in a detailed analysis of a sample of rejection letters while the discourse-historical method allows this analysis to be intertextually connected to other related genres of discourse and strategies of argumentation, and to the history of post-war immigration in Austria generally.
Electronic Monitoring of Offenders:
Authors: SMITH DAVID
Published: March 2007

After summarizing the development of electronic monitoring as a penal measure in England and Wales and elsewhere, the article presents the main findings of evaluative research on pilots of restriction of liberty orders with electronic monitoring in three Sheriff Courts in Scotland. The evaluation found that fewer orders were made than the contractors who supplied the equipment had expected, and that it was rare for orders to be completed without some breach of their requirements. Younger offenders, and those with serious criminal records, were less likely to complete orders successfully. Although there was no consensus about the types of offence or offender for whom the orders were most suitable, they were generally imposed on young men for whom the alternative would have been a custodial sentence or another high-tariff community penalty. It was estimated that the orders replaced custody in about 40 per cent of cases, but they would only produce a cost saving if the sentences they replaced were relatively long. Offenders and their families generally welcomed the orders, since they believed them to be alternatives to custody. The policy implications of the research are discussed, in the context of more general reflections on the issues raised by electronic tagging.
Munchausen's Syndrome in Learning Disability
Authors: Morgan C. N. , Roy A. , Houldey Lesley , Miller David
Published: March 2007

This is a case report and discussion of a man who presented with both learning disabilities and Munchausen's syndrome, a combination that is rarely described in the professional literature. Most individuals with Munchausen's syndrome disengage from professional services once diagnosed. In this report a case is described where an individual was followed up for a period of two years with treatment that appeared to be successful. Treatment is important for the individual, as some of the behaviours exhibited in order to feign illness are potentially dangerous, sometimes leading to death. Also, these individuals can use up vast amounts of health resource inappropriately in both unnecessary investigations and hospital admissions.
What Is Marketing Knowledge?
Authors: Rossiter John R.
Published: March 2007

Marketing knowledge is the foundation of our discipline. However, there is not yet clear agreement about what marketing knowledge is. Three stages are envisioned in a project to investigate marketing knowledge: identification of the forms of marketing knowledge, specification of and agreement on the content, and development of a comprehensive test to measure acquisition of marketing knowledge. This article attempts the first stage, proposing that the four forms of marketing knowledge are: marketing concepts, structural frameworks, strategic principles, and research principles.
Living with Ambivalence
Authors: O’Donohoe Stephanie
Published: March 2007

Although the ambivalence of public attitudes to advertising is often acknowledged, it has been undertheorized. This paper begins with an overview of prior research on the structure of attitudes to advertising, and a case is made for ambivalence as a central characteristic. It is also argued that research on attitudes to advertising has generally focused on the content of attitudes at the expense of contextual factors, yet consumers do not relate to advertising in isolation from their experiences of popular culture, postmodernism and advertising literacy. Ambivalence in consumer attitudes to advertising is revisited by considering three sets of tensions which are related to these contextual factors. The paper concludes by considering the implications for advertising production and consumption in postmodern times.
Former Family Carers’ Subjective Experiences of Burden
Authors: Andrén Signe , Elmståhl Sölve
Published: March 2007

The general knowledge of family caregivers’ experience of burden during the continuing care of a close relative with dementia is incomplete. Several types of care settings are available today, and, for carers, modalities of burden probably differ between these settings. The aim of this study was to explore whether burden differed significantly between former family caregivers (FFCs) to people with dementia who were in group living care (GLC), a small home-like unit for six to eight people, compared with people with dementia in nursing homes (NH). Twenty-six FFCs to people with dementia living in GLC and 17 FFCs to people with dementia living in NHs participated in the study. Validated scales were used to assess symptoms of dementia and provide a picture of caregiver burden, including factors such as strain, emotional involvement and environmental burden. We found that FFCs to people with dementia in NH care had a significantly higher degree of total burden, strain and environmental burden compared with FFCs to people with dementia in GLC. A significant percentage of FFCs also reported receiving insufficient information about dementia and support services. It is suggested that by adjusting physical and psychosocial settings to the cognitive state of the resident, as was done in the GLC approach, may explain the feelings of reduced burden experienced in these group of FFCs.
Rawls in France
Authors: Audard Catherine
Published: March 2007

The reception of Rawls in France has been an extremely complex story where forces of innovation have been, in the end, overwhelmed by the resistance of `philosophical nationalism'. This is surprising as, in many ways, France was going through tremendous changes and modernization at the time of the translation of A Theory of Justice in 1987. In that context, Rawls's project seemed to have something useful and suggestive to offer: bridging the gap between freedom and equality in a new version of social democracy, combining social justice and market efficiency, respecting the plurality of values within civil society and creating a consensus on democratic legitimacy. But the intellectual obstacles, represented mostly by the French idiosyncratic brand of republicanism, were to prove too strong to allow for a true `liberalization' of French intellectual and political life. Whereas a number of lawyers, economists and political scientists as well as proportion of the French civil service saw all the benefits of a rigorous engagement with Rawls, philosophers and the intelligentsia on the whole, with the exception of Paul Ricoeur, reacted negatively to Rawls.
Gold Dust or Nuggets? a Brief Response To J. Kenneth Kuntz
Authors: Crenshaw James L.
Published: March 2007

Of Kuntz's arguments against my position in 'Wisdom Psalms?', I find only one to have any merit, and it is tangential to the discussion. The vague and misleading category 'Wisdom Psalms' is useless in scholarly research.
Judges in Recent Research
Authors: Craig Kenneth M.
Published: March 2007

This article surveys research published from 1990 to the present on the book of Judges. The material is arranged in two sections. In the first part, attention is given to major judges and characters (Ehud, Deborah, Gideon, Abimelech, Jephthah, Samson, Micah and the unnamed woman of ch. 19). In the second section, the focus shifts to a consideration of other material published since 1990, including 'Feminist Interpretations', 'Literary Treatments', 'Commen taries and Books', 'Isolated Passages', and 'Other Articles'.
The Planned and Unintended Emotions Generated by a Corporate Change Program
Authors: Turnbull Sharon
Published: March 2007

The problem and the solution. Managing emotional behavior as a leverage point for organization change is an increasingly popular concept.This article investigates the implications of the management of emotions through planned corporate change programs. It suggests that the emotions produced by such programs are not always congruent with those desired and invoked by the organizations engaging in such programs, and that the deliberate managing of emotion may instead lead to unintended and unexpected emotions within the participants of such programs.Drawing on data from an in-depth study of one such program,the article comparatively analyses the emotions designed into the program, comparing these with empirical evidence of the emotions displayed by the participants on the program. It finds considerable differences, which it argues are important areas for future human resource development research.
Measuring Performance Improvement
Authors: Bates Reid A.
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. Large amounts of time and money are spent on performance improvement efforts without measuring the results In advocating measurement as an indispensable component of performance improvement, this chapter discusses the most appropriate measures for demonstrating performance improvement, explains how and why they should be linked, and cites studies that demonstrate performance improvement in organizations
Cultural Trauma and Recovery
Authors: SALZMAN MICHAEL B.
Published: March 2007

This article examines an essential psychological function of culture and the consequences of its traumatic disruption from the perspective of terror management theory. The experience of indigenous peoples in their contact with Europeans and the social, psychological, and behavioral consequences of that traumatic contact constitute the focus of this examination. Culture, it is suggested, serves as a psychological defense cooperatively constructed to manage the terror inherent in human existence and allow anxiety-prone human organisms to act adaptively. Implications for mental health professionals working with culturally diverse populations and with people seeking to recover, clarify, and affirm their cultural foundations are considered.
Policy Implications of Research on Nurse Staffing and Quality of Patient Care
Authors: Buerhaus Peter I. , Needleman Jack
Published: March 2007

This article provides a comprehensive overview of nursing workforce studies, examines current efforts to investigate the relationship between hospital nurse staffing and patient outcomes that are sensitive to nursing, and discusses the implications for public and private policy making. Although the impact of hospital restructuring on nurses is generally well known, public policy making in this area has not resulted in significant changes. The lack of substantial policy is attributed to insufficient empirical evidence linking changes in hospital nurse staffing to adverse patient outcomes. Even though new studies are providing a rapidly expanding body of knowledge, readers are urged to use caution when using these findings to support mandated hospital nurse staffing levels. The level of sophistication that would allow precise estimates of minimal acceptable staffing levels and ratios will not be achieved. The authors suggest areas for future research that would further knowledge and policy development in this area.
Children’s Health Insurance Program: A Case Study in Policy Implementation
Authors: Hanley Barbara E. , Iachini Robin M.
Published: March 2007

The Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) is the lynchpin of President Clinton's efforts to obtain universal health care coverage. Created by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, CHIP provides health insurance coverage to low-income children who are ineligible for Medicaid. Implementation of this program, however, is intricate, complex, and problematic. CHIP is a joint federal-state initiative crosscutting a host of regulatory agencies' jurisdictional boundaries. Policy implementation, the third component of the policy process, hangs in delicate balance based on interagency cooperation, state compliance, and negotiations with policy actors. The authors use Ripley's model to analyze CHIP's implementation through five functional activities: resource acquisition, interpretation, planning and organizing, providing benefits and services, and use of coercion. They illustrate the role of political and organizational influences in implementation, dynamics that are integral to policymakers' ability to create, sustain, and evaluate successful public programs.
Empowering Communities to Influence Public Policy: Healthy Families Maryland—A Case Study
Authors: Thompson Linda S. , Butler Georgene
Published: March 2007

For many years, the community, in conjunction with family and friends, has had a central interest and role in child rearing and child development. As the numbers of children at risk for compromised development and less than optimal outcome increase, it becomes even more apparent that communities and persons most interested in the development of children become intricately involved in influencing those policies and programs that ultimately affect healthy child and family development. The intent of this article is to highlight the importance of advocacy and to provide a model of community action that leads to policy formation, program development and financing, and ultimately, community empowerment as related to healthy child and family development.
Supreme Court Update
Authors: Mech Ann
Published: March 2007

The 2001 term of the U.S. Supreme Court opened on October 1st under political circumstances far different than could have been contemplated when the previous month began. The Court, at the center of the controversy in the disputed presidential election, now finds itself mostly removed from the current foreign policy crisis in which both the executive and legislative branches of the federal government are embroiled. None-theless, the Court begins its term with a wideranging docket that includes at least one case dealing with a patient’s ability to sue an HMO.
Medicare, Past, Present, and Future: A Policy Perspective
Authors: Jennings Carole P.
Published: March 2007

This article traces the history of the Medicare program from its inception in 1965 when it passed as part of President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society era in public policy, through major cost containment reforms in the 1980s and 1990s, and the far-reaching effects of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997. Implications for nurses who work in public policy are provided as well as scenarios for future reform. Key political players in the Medicare reform debate are introduced and their positions are explained and placed in an overall federal framework for health care reform.
Heating Panels for Accomodation Obtained from Textiles Made Electrically Conductive by Polypyrrole Deposit
Authors: Jolly R. , Petrescu C. , Thieblemont J.C. , Marechal J.C. , Menneteau F.D.
Published: March 2007

The Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur les Matériaux (CEREM: Materials Research Centre) of the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) devel ops, as part of its research result valorization assignment, specific products making use of electronic conductive polymers. The low temperature radiant heating panels for accommodation have been studied together with the Centre Scientifique et Tech nique du Bâtiment (CSTB: Building Scientific and Technical Centre). The heating el ements are produced from textiles made electrically conductive from polypyrrole deposit. The synthesis conditions have been optimized, a process for making the electrical connections has been proposed, and the evolution in time of the perfor mances of these heating elements has been studied for a period of time greater than 500 days and compared to the previously established predictive models. Finally, tech nical solutions aiming at increasing stability in time of these elements have been pro vided and evaluated.
The Recovery, Concentration, and Recycling of Polymers from Diluted Polymer Dispersions by Ultra- and/or Microfiltration and Evaporation
Authors: Augustus Joseph
Published: March 2007

Waste is the result of a bad process. That's the philosophy of ?AURECO!. Our problem solving strategy for waste streams is in short form RRR: Reduce, Recycle, or Re-use. Technical and financial data will be presented from which the reader can conclude that it is economically and environmentally sound to con centrate diluted polymer dispersions and recycle them internally or re-use them by selling them. It will be concluded that there will be real profits and no waste any more.
A New Generation of Textile Substrates and Applied Coatings for Automotive Air Bag Fabrics
Authors: Kerr Richard C.
Published: March 2007

Requirements from original equipment manufacturers and tier 1 suppliers to the automotive companies have catalyzed the need to develop new and innovative approaches for the design and construction of air bag (cushion) ma terials. From these requirements, innovative yarns, new coating approaches, and a family of chemically engineered textile substrates were developed to meet the challenges demanded by cost-performance formulas, recyclability, and designer flexibility. These differentiated approaches represent tomorrow's hybrid solution to the next generation of automotive air bags.
Coalitional Maintenance
Authors: McCARTY NOLAN , ROTHENBERG LAWRENCE
Published: March 2007

Research on parties has bifurcated between studies of parties in elections and parties in the legislature. This analysis brings the theoretical insights from the study of legislative parties to bear on the role that parties play in elections. The authors apply recent theories of legislative parties to highlight the dilemmas that parties face in electing their candidates and attempting to mediate between these office seekers and interest-group contributors. The authors maintain that parties best serve the long-term interests of their candidates by rewarding those who cater to interests aligned with the party and punishing others who solicit support from opponents. This proposition is tested using data on party contributions to House incumbents during the 1995-1996 electoral cycle. The authors find that incumbents who relied more on opposition groups for funds in the 1993-1994 cycle received less funding from their party. The results provide evidence that parties play the role of intermediary between groups and politicians.
Competing Explanations of Split-ticket Voting in American National Elections
Authors: MATTEI FRANCO , HOWES JOHN S.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors propose an extension to Fiorina's balancing model based on voters' electoral expectations and test this extension and several implications of the theory. The authors examine the observed pattern of ticket-splitting and find it less consistent with a balancing perspective than with an alternative approach stressing separation between presidential and congressional voting. They also address the relationship between party polarization and ticket-splitting; their results indicate that the occurrence of split ballots does not increase with polarization. A further test identifies respondents with both the sophistication and the motive to engage in balancing behavior. According to this analysis, balancing considerations influence, at most, the very small group of voters whose sophistication and electoral expectations give them the tools and the incentive to pursue balance with a split ballot. Ticket-splitting appears to result far more from incumbency and cross-pressured voters holding candidate evaluations at odds with their partisan learnings.