bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emotion Expression Processes in Children's Peer Interaction: The Role of Peer Rejection, Aggression, and Gender
Authors: Hubbard Julie A.
Published: December 2004

The goal of the current study was to investigate sociometric status, aggression, and gender differences in children's expression of anger, happiness, and sadness. Participants were 111 second‐grade African American boys and girls, half rejected and half average sociometric status, and half aggressive and half nonaggressive as assessed by their peers. Children interacted with a confederate in two standardized competitive game paradigms. Participants' expressions of anger, happiness, and sadness were observationally coded across facial, verbal intonation, and nonverbal modalities. Rejected children expressed more facial and verbal anger than average‐status children. Rejected children also expressed more nonverbal happiness than average children, but only during turns of the game that were favorable to the participant. Finally, boys expressed more facial, verbal, and nonverbal anger than girls.
Transitions On and Off AFDC: Implications for Parenting and Children's Cognitive Development
Authors: Smith Judith R. , Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne , Kohen Dafna , McCarton Cecelia
Published: December 2004

The goal of current national and state legislation on welfare reform is to decrease the number of people who are dependent on public assistance, most of whom are mothers and their young children. Mothers' patterns of welfare receipt in the 3 years following the birth of a child were examined vis‐à‐vis their associations with maternal emotional distress (General Health Questionnaire), provision of learning experiences (Home Observation of the Measurement of the Environment), parenting behavior, and the child's cognitive test score (Stanford‐Binet) in the third year of life. The data set was the Infant Health and Development Program, an eight‐site randomized clinical trial designed to test the efficacy of educational and family support services in reducing developmental delays in low‐birthweight, preterm infants (N= 833). Strong negative associations were found between receiving welfare and parenting behavior and child outcomes at age 3 years. Outcomes varied depending on when the mother received public assistance (earlier or later in her child's first 3 years) and family poverty status on leaving welfare. The parenting behavior of mothers who had left welfare by their child's third birthday was more likely to be authoritarian if she had left public assistance without also leaving poverty. Implications of these findings for the well‐being of children in low‐income families are discussed.
Do Relational Risks and Protective Factors Moderate the Linkages between Childhood Aggression and Early Psychological and School Adjustment?
Authors: Ladd Gary W. , Burgess Kim B.
Published: December 2004

This investigation addressed the question of how relational stressors and supports interface with a known behavioral risk (aggression) to influence early emerging adjustment trajectories. Children's risk for aggression, as well as multiple relational risk and protective factors (i.e., stressful and supportive features of peer and teacher relationships), were assessed in a sample of 396 children and used to predict changes in psychological functioning and school adjustment from the fall of their kindergarten year to the spring of their first‐grade year. Results were largely consistent with additive risk – maladjustment models; with few exceptions, relational experiences predicted adjustment beyond children's aggressive risk status. For some adjustment criteria, however, there was evidence to suggest that relational stressors or supports exacerbated or compensated for dysfunctions that were linked with aggressive behavior. Moreover, compared with early onset, the chronicity of children's aggressive risk status and relational stressors and supports bore a stronger association with changes in maladjustment. Analyses conducted by ethnic groups suggested that African American children, who were typically a minority among their European American classmates, were more likely to experience particular stressors (e.g., chronic peer rejection), and were less likely to be afforded some form of support (e.g., stable teacher – child closeness). However, the nature of the predictive linkages found between the relational risk and protective factors and later maladjustment did not differ substantially by SES or ethnicity. The importance of investigating behavioral risks in conjunction with the relational features of children's interpersonal environments is discussed.
Adolescent Twins and Emotional Distress: The Interrelated Influence of Nonshared Environment and Social Structure
Authors: Crosnoe Robert , Elder, Jr. Glen H.
Published: December 2004

This study examined the power of nonshared environment to differentiate the development of adolescent monozygotic twins, and the extent to which this power varied across social structural contexts (e.g., ethnicity, socioeconomic status). Estimation of difference score models on 289 same–sex monozygotic twin pairs from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health revealed that differences in maternal closeness, teacher bonding, and religious participation differentiated monozygotic twins on emotional distress, with the more distressed twin typically lower on all three. Family income was the strongest structural moderator of these relations, with parental autonomy granting more important in higher income families and religious participation more important in lower income families. Finally, in some groups, one monozygotic twin's emotional distress was also associated with the other twin's familial and extrafamilial relationships. The results of this study demonstrate that interpersonal contexts can shape monozygotic twins’ individual experiences within the structure of the larger society.
How Economists Think about Family Resources and Child Development
Authors: Foster E. Michael
Published: December 2004

Research in child development reveals that the sources, level, stability, and uses of family resources have a profound effect on children's well–being and long–term outcomes. Although that research has incorporated economic constructs and measures, developmentalists generally ignore the formal economic framework for thinking about family resources and child outcomes. Building on the premise that children are an investment, that framework explains how families allocate resources and links that decision to other family choices and to key child outcomes, such as schooling, morbidity, and mortality among others. This article explains economists’ general approach to family behavior (the so–called theory of household production) and then describes how that framework is useful for thinking about families and children. The article then outlines how economists model parental investment in children and examines the implications of that approach for developmental science. This discussion is illustrated using an example of interest to developmentalists—the involvement of children and adolescents in after–school activities. A concluding section discusses the benefits of and potential barriers to collaboration between economists and developmentalists.
Does Amount of Time Spent in Child Care Predict Socioemotional Adjustment During the Transition to Kindergarten?
Authors: Early Child Care Research Network National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,
Published: December 2004

To examine relations between time in nonmaternal care through the first 4.5 years of life and children's socioemotional adjustment, data on social competence and problem behavior were examined when children participating in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care were 4.5 years of age and when in kindergarten. The more time children spent in any of a variety of nonmaternal care arrangements across the first 4.5 years of life, the more externalizing problems and conflict with adults they manifested at 54 months of age and in kindergarten, as reported by mothers, caregivers, and teachers. These effects remained, for the most part, even when quality, type, and instability of child care were controlled, and when maternal sensitivity and other family background factors were taken into account. The magnitude of quantity of care effects were modest and smaller than those of maternal sensitivity and indicators of family socioeconomic status, though typically greater than those of other features of child care, maternal depression, and infant temperament. There was no apparent threshold for quantity effects. More time in care not only predicted problem behavior measured on a continuous scale in a dose‐response pattern but also predicted at‐risk (though not clinical) levels of problem behavior, as well as assertiveness, disobedience, and aggression.
Children at Play: The Role of Peers in Understanding the Effects of Child Care
Authors: Fabes Richard A. , Hanish Laura D. , Martin Carol Lynn
Published: December 2004

Although the studies of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Early Child Care Research Network (this issue) and of Watamura, Donzella, Alwin, and Gunnar (this issue) identify the potential of child care to affect children's adjustment, how these effects are produced remains unclear. In this commentary, it is argued that there is a need to expand child care research by considering one of the most important, but unrecognized, contributors to child care effects—peers. Research is reviewed that suggests that children's interactions in same‐sex peer groups at child care affect their short‐ and long‐term adjustment. We consider how research on early peer influences can inform the findings of the NICHD Early Child Care Research Network and Watamura et al. studies, as well as contribute to the next generation of child care research.
Developmental Change and Individual Differences in Children's Multiplication
Authors: Mabbott Donald J. , Bisanz Jeffrey
Published: December 2004

Age‐related change and patterns of individual differences in children's knowledge and skill in multiplication were investigated for students in Grades 4 and 6 (approximately ages 9 and 11, respectively) by examining multiple measures of computational skill, conceptual knowledge, and working memory. Regression analyses revealed that indexes reflecting probability of retrieval and special problem characteristics overshadow other, more general indexes (problem size and frequency of presentation) in predicting solution latencies. Some improvement in the use of conceptual knowledge was evident between Grades 4 and 6, but this change was neither strong nor uniform across tasks. Finally, patterns of individual differences across tasks differed as a function of grade level. The findings have implications for understanding developmental change and individual differences in mathematical cognition.
The Greater Fragility of Females' Versus Males' Closest Same‐Sex Friendships
Authors: Benenson Joyce F. , Christakos Athena
Published: December 2004

Sixty females and 60 males between 10 and 15 years of age were interviewed about difficulties in current and past close same‐sex friendships. Based on prior studies, it was hypothesized that females' closest same‐sex friendships would be more fragile than those of males. Analyses comparing only the closest same‐sex friendship of the two sexes demonstrated that females' current friendships were of a shorter duration, that females were more distressed than males when imagining the potential termination of their friendships, that more females' than males' friends already had done something to hurt the friendship, and that females had more former friendships that had ended than males had. Possible reasons are discussed for the greater vulnerability of this type of relationship for females.
The Role of Sex Hormone Replacement Therapy on Self‐Perceived Competence in Adolescents with Delayed Puberty
Authors: Schwab Jacqueline , Kulin Howard E. , Susman Elizabeth J. , Finkelstein Jordan W. , Chinchilli Vernon M. , Kunselman Susan J. , Liben Lynn S. , DÂ¹Arcangelo M. Rose , Demers Laurence M.
Published: December 2004

The objective of the present study was to determine the role of sex steroids in the development of self‐perceived competence during adolescence. The Harter Self‐Perception Scale was administered to 56 adolescents with delayed puberty who were receiving depo‐testosterone (males) or conjugated estrogens (females) administered in 3‐month blocks alternating with placebo. Treatment was given at three dose levels approximating early, middle, and late pubertal replacement levels. Hormone treatments had a significant positive effect for both males and females in one subscale domain — perceived job competence. Significant positive hormone effects were also obtained for perceptions of romantic appeal and close friendship in females and perception of athletic abilities in males. It can be inferred from the results of this study that the hormonal changes associated with sexual maturation have targeted influences on specific domains of self‐perceived competence and that there are clear gender differences.
Children's Understanding of the Distinction between Intentions and Desires
Authors: Schult Carolyn A.
Published: December 2004

Much of the previous research on children's understanding of intentions confounded intentions with desires. Intentions and desires are different, in that a desire can be satisfied in a number of ways, but an intention must be satisfied by carrying out the intended action. Children 3 through 7 years of age and adults were presented with situations in which intentions were satisfied but desires were not, or vice versa, in a story–comprehension task (N= 71) and a target–hitting game (N= 45). Although 3– and 4–year–olds were unable to differentiate desires and intentions consistently, 5– and 7–year–olds often matched the adult pattern. Younger children's difficulties in understanding intentions are discussed in terms of their use of a desire–outcome matching strategy and the representational complexities of intentions.
Children's Patterns of Preserving Emotional Security in the Interparental Subsystem
Authors: Davies Patrick T. , Forman Evan M.
Published: December 2004

Guided by the emotional security hypothesis, this research identified (1) individual differences in children's strategies for preserving their emotional security in the interparental relationship, and (2) the psychosocial and family correlates of these individual differences. Study 1 assessed reactivity to parental conflict simulations among 56 school–age children, whereas Study 2 solicited child and mother reports of 170 young adolescents’ reactions to actual marital conflict. Cluster analyses in both studies indicated that children fit three profiles: (1) secure children, who showed well–regulated concern and positive representations of interparental relationships; (2) insecure–preoccupied children, who evidenced heightened distress, involvement or avoidance, and negative representations of interparental relationships; and (3) insecure–dismissing children, who displayed overt signs of elevated distress, avoidance, and involvement and low levels of subjective distress, avoidance and intervention impulses, and negative internal representations. Results in both studies indicated that preoccupied and dismissing children experienced more interparental conflict than did secure children, and preoccupied children evidenced the highest levels of internalizing symptoms. Study 2 results indicated that dismissing children had the highest levels of externalizing symptoms and preoccupied and dismissing children reported more coping, family, and personality difficulties than did secure children.
Integrating PHIGS and User Interface Systems
Authors: Hardenbergh Jan , Michener James
Published: December 2004

The past five years has seen an explosion of rich and effective user interface management systems and toolkits and an increase in the expectations regarding application portability. Nearly a decade old, the PHIGS input model is inadequate in the face of this variety. “Fixing PHIGS” input would be a long and arduous task. Instead, PHIGS should be adapted to cooperate, not compete, with user interface systems. This can be done in two ways. An application can use both PHIGS input and input from a user interface system to accomplish its goals. Alternatively, an application can use input only from a user interface system, but in this case it needs utilities in PHIGS to gain access to information only PHIGS can supply. Specifically the utilities are needed for application‐initiated picking and for coordinate mapping.
A Methodology And Tool Set For Supporting The Development Of Graphical User Interfaces
Authors: Neelamkavil F. , Mullarney O.
Published: December 2004

A methodology and tool set for building application (assumed to be inherently non‐graphical) software with graphical user interface is described. Initially, pure application software is built from a set of basic building blocks; subsequently, graphical representations for application objects are defined without direct coding and then the graphical user interface is generated automatically. This paper concentrates on the graphical representation aspects of the user interface. Portability, configurability and sound software engineering principles are major considerations in the design of the overall system architecture. The prototype implementation is based on VDM (Vienna Development Method), Object‐based Design, GKS (Graphical Kernel System) and the programming language ADA. An example from CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) is used to illustrate the methodology presented here.
Triangle Sets in PHIGS PLUS: a Valuable Link with Finite Element Modeling
Authors: Bakker Miente
Published: December 2004

At the ISO/IEC editing meeting on PHIGS PLUS1 in Villars sur Ollon, Switzerland from 9 to 14 September 1990, an additional output primitive was added to PHIGS PLUS: TRIANGLE SET 3 WITH DATA together with its 2D shorthand. The principal reason for that addition was that only triangular primitives admit uniquely defined interpolation of data (colours, normals, etc.) across the facet.

However, an additional advantage of this new primitive is its value for the visualization of scientific computing results. It corresponds in a very pleasant way with the Finite Element Method using piecewise linear blending functions on a triangular partition of the function domain.

In this paper, an outline will be given of the possible use of this function by Finite Element engineers.

1983 CR Categories: G.1.1, G.1.2,I.3.2,I.3.5,I.3.7, J.6.
Search for the Intersection Polygon of any Two Polygons: Application to the Garment Industry
Authors: Mangen Alain , Lasudry Nadine
Published: December 2004

One of the biggest problems usually encountered by the clothes manufacturer consists of placing various pattern parts on a rectangular area in such a way that the waste of material between the pieces is minimized.

To bring some automated help in this field, computer programs need first to handle the complicated contours of the pieces. One needs not only to check the overlap of two contiguous patterns, but also to compute their precise area of intersection, allowing in this way the use of some kind of combinatorial optimization.

In a wider context, it is possible to design a general purpose algorithm, able to build the complete structure representing the intersection of two polygons. It is remarkable that the same algorithm can also be used, with only a few modifications, to compute the union and the difference of any two polygons.
Cartographic Algorithms: Problems of Implementation and Evaluation and the Impact of Digitising Errors
Authors: Visvalingam M. , Whyatt J.D.
Published: December 2004

Cartographic generalisation remains one of the outstanding challenges in digital cartography and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). It is generally assumed that computerisation will lead to the removal of spurious variability introduced by the subjective decisions of individual cartographers. This paper demonstrates through an in‐depth study of a line simplification algorithm that computerisation introduces its own sources of variability. The algorithm, referred to as the Douglas‐Peucker algorithm in cartographic literature, has been widely used in image processing, pattern recognition and GIS for some 20 years. An analysis of this algorithm and study of some implementations in wide use identify the presence of variability resulting from the subjective decisions of software implementors. Spurious variability in software complicates the processes of evaluation and comparison of alternative algorithms for cartographic tasks. No doubt, variability in implementation could be removed by rigorous study and specification of algorithms. Such future work must address the presence of digitising error in cartographic data. Our analysis suggests that it would be difficult to adapt the Douglas‐Peucker algorithm to cope with digitising error without altering the method.
At Last an ISO C Binding of GKS
Authors: Bakker Miente
Published: December 2004

The C4 bindings of GKS1 and other semantic computer graphics standards like GKS–3D2 and PHIGS3 are long overdue. While GKS was completed in 1985 and GKS–3D2 (and PHIGS3) became an international standard in 1988, none of their C bindings could be standardized, for the simple reason that the C language itself was not a standard. Instead, a host of de facto GKS/C bindings9 appeared.

This paper will give the flavour of the ISO C binding5,6 of GKS; the main features will be outlined.

1983 CR Categories: D.3.0,I.3.0,I.3.4.
Development of an Intelligent Wheelchair Using Computer Graphics Animation and Simulation
Authors: Ojala Jari , Inoue Kenji , Sasaki Ken , Takano Masaharu
Published: December 2004

A new robot simulator JC‐1 is used as a control software development tool in a project in progress where an intelligent wheelchair for a blind user is being developed. The intelligent wheelchair is planned to be able to fulfill simple symbolic commands like “follow wall” or “follow object” and using the JC‐1 simulator an evaluation team which includes e.g. the user, a rehabilitation engineer and a software engineer, can check control algorithms and user interface routines before constructing a real wheelchair prototype. The JC‐1 simulator models the environment using simplified boundary‐ representation where objects, robot sensors and actuators are presented as symbolic objects in the graphics data‐base of the simulator. In the JC‐1 simulator a robot controller under development controls the motion of the graphical model of the robot while simulator commands or other robot controllers can be used to control the movement of disturbing obstacles. Computer graphics animation and simulation help to find fundamental design errors at an early design stage and as this paper suggests, enable the user of the final product to take part in to the designing process of the robot controller. Benefits and difficulties of using computer graphics simulation in the wheelchair development process are discussed.
Control Points for Multivariate B‐Spline Surfaces over Arbitrary Triangulations
Authors: Fong Philip , Seidel Hans‐Peter
Published: December 2004

This paper describes first results of a test implementation that implements the new multivariate B‐splines as recently developed by Dahmen et al. 10for quadratics and cubics. The surface scheme is based on blending functions and control points and allows the modelling of Ck− 1 ‐continuous piecewise polynomial surfaces of degree k over arbitrary triangulations of the parameter plane. The surface scheme exhibits both affine invariance and the convex hull property, and the control points can be used to manipulate the shape of the surface locally. Additional degrees of freedom in the underlying knot net allow for the modelling of discontinuities. Explicit formulas are given for the representation of polynomials and piecewise polynomials as linear combinations of B‐splines.
The Generation of Circular Arcs on Hexagonal Grids
Authors: Yong‐Kui Liu
Published: December 2004

The best disposition of a discrete set of points on the plane can be reached if the points are on a hexagonal grid. This paper describes two algorithms for circular arc mesh point selection on hexagonal grids. They find the closest integer coordinates to the actual circular arc using only integer arithmetic. Error criteria are explicitly specified.
Electronic Kaleidoscopes for the Mind
Authors: Pickover Clifford A. , Rudolph Larry
Published: December 2004

The goal ofthis article is to present an informal introduction and tutorial on aestheticallypleasing kaleidoscopic images. The article is intended for the non‐mathematical reader interested in computer art. Simple generating formulas and recipes are included.
The Governance of Transnational Firms: some preliminary hypotheses
Authors: Gillies James , Dickinson Mark
Published: December 2004

Despite the tremendous importance of transnational firms in the world economy, relatively little is known about the structure of their boards and how they are governed. Four hypotheses, suggested by intuition and the general literature, are examined: that the composition of boards of large transnationals is likely to be substantially different from that of national boards; that boards of transnationals will take a leadership role in dealing with social and economic issues that transcend national boundaries; that boards of subsidiaries of transnationals are playing an increasing role in the general operations of transnationals; and that boards of transnationals will show a larger concern for stakeholders than boards of national firms. On the basis of very limited data it is concluded that all hypotheses are false. Moreover, based on Canadian experience, it is suggested that the strategy of many large transnationals of eliminating the boards of subsidiaries may be a major mistake. Finally, a request is made for anyone wishing to participate in a large research project on the governance of transnational corporations to contact the authors.
Corporate Governance and Capital Structure Decisions of the Chinese Listed Firms
Authors: Wen Yu , Rwegasira Kami , Bilderbeek Jan
Published: December 2004

This paper studies the relationship between some characteristics of the corporate board and the firm’s capital structure in Chinese listed firms. The findings provide some preliminary empirical evidence and seem to suggest that managers tend to pursue lower financial leverage when they face stronger corporate governance from the board. However, the empirical results of the relationships are statistically significant only in the case of the board composition and the CEO tenure. The results are statistically insignificant in the case of the board size and fixed CEO compensation. This may in general suggest that, up to the time period of our investigation, the corporate board structures and processes in Chinese listed firms might not as yet be fully working in the manner, or as well, as might have been so far assumed on the basis of Western theoretical finance literature.
3M and Imation: Demerger as a Source of Innovation
Authors: Denton John , De Cock Christian
Published: December 2004

The case documents an eventful year in the history of 3M, a company that until November 1995 had been considered a paragon of corporate consistency. The particular emphasis of this case is on the spin‐off or demerger of 3M's data storage and imaging businesses into a new company called Imation. Although the decision to demerge was taken in a global context, the detailed comments and reflections of participants involved in this process are drawn from Europe and, in particular, from the UK. The case makes extensive use of quotes from these managers in order to bring to life decisions and events. This case explores the strategy behind 3M's decision to demerge, and considers the myriad of structural and cultural issues arising from the decision. Finally, the case examines the results of the demerger and assesses the position of the fledgling company.
Appropriation of Technology as a Creative Process
Authors: Degele Nina
Published: December 2004

The developers of software create software, and the users of software engage in a process of its appropriation. This article describes how these processes can be analyzed within a framework based on systems theory. At least three areas are worthy of attention: The distinction between use of software and use of “hard” technology; the appropriation of software at managerial level and creativity as a recursive process in multi‐level systems. It is hoped that this framework might provide a useful research tool in furthering understanding of the creative process occurring in software applications.
The Use of Creativity Techniques in OHS Risk Management
Authors: Culvenor John
Published: December 2004

Modern legislation governing the management of occupational health and safety is now often based on what is known as the performance‐based approach. The performance‐based approach mandates a problem‐solving process known as risk management. The risk management models revolve around a method of injury prevention known often as the hierarchy of control. The first priority in the hierarchy is elimination of the hazard, while the least preferred methods rely on behavioural approaches or personal protective equipment. The high‐order controls on the hierarchy require a rethinking of the system to make the workplace intrinsically safe. However, in practice, the implementation of this kind of thinking is conceptually very difficult. This paper explores these issues and suggests that the techniques of creative thinking have a logical and worthwhile role in the performance‐based risk management model.
Meetings of the Future: Enhancing Group Collaboration with Group Support Systems
Authors: Briggs Robert O. , De Vreede Gert‐Jan
Published: December 2004

Meetings frequently fail to meet the objectives or expectations of the participants. The factors that diminish performance, including creativity, can be addressed through the application of electronic group support systems. A brief history of group support systems is provided. Recent developments are examined, and it is suggested that the systems offer more than the earlier planning function. Specifically they permit more opportunities for designing meeting processes to meet the contingent requirements of each group of users. As such the systems do not remove the need for leadership, merely provide ways through which leadership efforts can be supported and enhanced.
The Dynamic Marketing–Entrepreneurship Interface: A Creative Management Approach
Authors: Nyström Harry
Published: December 2004

In recent years increasing attention has been paid to the marketing – entrepreneurship interface in the management literature. This work is valuable in pointing out the need for a multidisciplinary perspective and a more holistic approach to research in the area. The present article argues that there is a need to further extend the paradigm and study the interface in a more dynamic context, than that which is provided by traditional economic approaches to marketing and entrepreneurship. This is done by using a creative management approach, which ties together economic, organizational and psychological mechanisms, to try to understand the dynamic marketing and entrepreneurship interface in a strategic management perspective. The creative management approach should be viewed as a meta‐model which includes the economic model as a way of describing the outcome of the dynamic process.
Special Feature: The Second Great Industrial Revolution
Authors: Rickards Tudor , Moger Susan
Published: December 2004

In this issue we are pleased to celebrate the building of the world’s first computer – a machine that could hold a user program in electronic storage and process it at electronic speeds. The first program worked at 11.00am on 21 June 1948. The development took place at the University of Manchester, and has been celebrated by the reconstruction of that first machine and a re‐running of the original program, in the city on the same date, fifty years later.

In this feature we look at the events that led to this momentous discovery, and at the careers of the developers, Tom Kilburn and Freddie Williams. Chris Burton, who led the reconstruction project, gives a fascinating account of the work required to bring ‘The Baby’ back to life.

The material produced for this feature was written at the University of Manchester, as part of the 50th anniversary celebrations. We would like to thank the editorial team of ‘This Week, Next Week’ the newsletter of the University, for access to the material which appears here, with slight modifications.
Exploring the Link between Dominant Logic and Company Performance
Authors: Von Krogh Georg , Erat Pablo , Macus Mark
Published: December 2004

To revitalize the discussion on dominant logic our paper aims to establish the forgotten link between dominant logic and firm performance. To do so, the concept is enhanced conceptually and operationalized by developing a framework including firms’ conceptualization of the business (external environment) and of themselves (internal environment) and performance. The framework is applied to a longitudinal study of two consumer electronics firms. The empirical evidence shows that differences in dominant logic lead to different strategic reactions to developments in the industry, and thus result in performance differences.
Using an Analytic Hierarchy Process in Advertising Creativity
Authors: Davies Mark
Published: December 2004

The potential contribution of an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for enhancing the creative brief within advertising is discussed. AHP software used as a group decision support system (GDSS) can facilitate the creative process by encouraging the generation of ideas. The structuring stage facilitates the sorting of those ideas in to a coherent decision model that represents all alternatives, providing focus and relevance. Structuring and the evaluation stage encourage the blending of rational and intuitive thought. Finally, additional facilities allow the advertiser to reflect and revise their decisions. Overall, it would appear the technique has much potential for managing creativity.
Innovation through Strategic Community Management: A Case Study Involving Regional Electronic Networking Promotion in Japan
Authors: Kodama Mitsuru
Published: December 2004

This paper discusses the basic framework of strategic community management. It will be argued that a community producer creates, based on his vision, a concept of a business community comprised of diverse types of businesses and processes to achieve business innovation. The producer serves an important function in creating a strategic community. A regional initiative towards electronic networking will be studied that illustrates the use of information and multimedia technologies as an instance of the latest business case of strategic community management. It shows how a community producer has created a strategic community in which the central government, regional government, universities, hospitals, private businesses and Not for Profit Organizations take part in the advancement of regional electronic networking.
Highways, Alleys and By–lanes: Charting the Pathways for Ideas and Innovation in Organizations
Authors: Hellström Christina , Hellström Tomas
Published: December 2004

The present paper introduces a view of how ideas develop in organizations that goes beyond the traditional focus on either individual or structural conditions for creativity and innovation. An interview study was conducted with key actors in a large Swedish telecom company. A model was then constructed where idea development is viewed as a process of combining and integrating various informal, yet powerful qualities of the organization. The paper argues that successful idea development depends on the capacity of actors and ideas to move on ‘organizational highways, alleys and by–lanes’. A number of suggestions are presented for how to stimulate the processes of creativity and innovation from this perspective.
Innovation Compass: A Self–audit Tool for the New Product Development Process
Authors: Radnor Zoe J. , Noke Hannah
Published: December 2004

This paper presents a diagnostic tool referred to as the innovation ‘compass’. The innovation compass uses self–audit methodology to identify gaps between current and desired performance of individual organisations. The innovation compass aids organisations in identifying where problems lie within the organisation. This information can then be used in developing an action plan to improve their new product development performance. The compass acts as a support tool to the linear and mechanistic processes of managing new product development, such as the Stage Gate Model. The compass comprises of five core themes; structure, leadership, output, teams and context representing the fundamentals of the innovation process. A combined methodological approach was used, by means of both qualitative and quantitative techniques with organisations. The methodology adopted has allowed for benchmarking of these themes to occur, with additional depth added from the qualitative semi–structured interviews. This paper discusses the rationale for a tool such as the compass.
Human Sexuality
Authors: Peplau Letitia Anne
Published: December 2004

A large body of scientific research documents four important gender differences in sexuality. First, on a wide variety of measures, men show greater sexual desire than do women. Second, compared with men, women place greater emphasis on committed relationships as a context for sexuality. Third, aggression is more strongly linked to sexuality for men than for women. Fourth, women's sexuality tends to be more malleable and capable of change over time. These male-female differences are pervasive, affecting thoughts and feelings as well as behavior, and they characterize not only heterosexuals but lesbians and gay men as well. Implications of these patterns are considered.
The Neurochemistry of Pair Bonding
Authors: Curtis J. Thomas , Wang Zuoxin
Published: December 2004

The formation and maintenance of social attachments are fundamental to human biology. Because deficits in the ability to form such attachments are associated with a variety of psychological disorders, an understanding of the neural basis of social attachment may provide insights into the causes of such disorders. Comparative studies using several closely related species of voles that display different social organizations and behaviors have begun to provide important insights into the neurochemical events underlying social attachment. Here we review recent developments in the study of social attachment, focusing on the roles of specific neurochemical systems in pair-bond formation.
Memories from the Cradle
Authors: Howe Mark L.
Published: December 2004

How far back can we, as adults, remember details of our life experiences? Current popular and scientific beliefs are contradictory, with the latter stipulating that personal memories do not begin until the late preschool years (age 4–5 years) and the former claiming that we not only remember being born, but can also remember in utero experiences. In this review, these beliefs are examined in a scientific context and evaluated in terms of empirical data about the development of early memory. The theory proposed here is that memories for personal experiences are not possible until the advent of the cognitive self, around the age of 18 to 24 months. This age is much earlier than that proposed as the age of the earliest memories in other scientific accounts and much later than that proposed in popular beliefs about early memory. New data from a cross-sectional and longitudinal study of early memory development and the emergence of the self clearly show the origins of personal memory coincide with the emergence of the early self.
The Mining Industry and the State: The Politics of Tin Restriction in Bolivia, 1936–1939
Authors: Hillman John
Published: December 2004

In the aftermath of the Chaco War (1932–1935) a strong left nationalist political current emerged in Bolivia which defined the three large mining companies of Patiño, Hochschild and Aramayo as a superstate, controlling both the economy and the politics of the nation to their own advantage. This article challenges that characterisation by examining the way in which the state exercised control over the two largest producers. Unfortunately, the state lacked the technical capacity to use its powers responsibly, preventing the development of a coherent mining policy.
Evaluation of a Mental Health Service for Young Children: Development, Outcome and Satisfaction
Authors: Thompson Margaret J. J. , Coll Xavier , Wilkinson Suzanne , Uitenbroek Daan , Tobias Aurelio
Published: December 2004

Background: Over a 10‐year period (1984–1996) a child guidance clinic developed a service in the community for parents with young children with mental health problems. This included support for primary care staff and training courses. The clinical input to the young children developed from a clinic within the child guidance clinic (1984–87), to a specialist clinic for under fives (1990–91) to a service run by a nurse in the community (1994–95), with nurses referring to colleagues only the more complicated cases.

Method: The work in 1990–91 was compared with the work in 1994–95. The family and clinic scored the outcome of the work, by recording the severity of the problem, separately, on unanchored 5‐point Likert scales before and after treatment. For the evaluation in 1994–95 a satisfaction questionnaire was also developed. The cost of running the two different clinics was calculated.

Results: The results indicated that there was a slight fall in the effect size for the clinical work in 1994–95, but this method of working was two‐thirds of the cost of the previous clinic. The parents were satisfied with both services. The post‐contact parental satisfaction questionnaire had face validity, construct validity and internal consistency.

Conclusions: Nurses working on their own in the community can be a cost effective method for working with families with young children. Some families will need to be referred on to specialist teams and more work needs to be done to establish which families and when referral is appropriate. The questionnaire was shown to be a valid and reliable way of assessing family satisfaction.
Mixed oligopoly and spatial agglomeration
Authors: Matsushima Noriaki , Matsumura Toshihiro
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe investigate a mixed market where a state‐owned welfare‐maximizing public firm competes against profit‐maximizing private firms. We use a circular city model with quantity‐setting competition. In contrast to a pure market case discussed byPal (1998a), spatial agglomeration of private firms always appears in equilibrium. All private firms locate at the same point, and the public firm locates at the opposite side. We also find that this equilibrium pattern of the location is second best provided that output of each private firm cannot be controlled by the social planner. JEL Classification: H42, L13

Oligopole mixte et agglomération spatialeLes auteurs examinent un marché mixte où une entreprise publique possédée par l’État et cherchant à maximiser le niveau de bien‐être est en concurrence avec des entreprises privées qui cherchent à maximiser leurs profits. On utilise un modèle de cité circulaire où la concurrence se fait en choisissant la quantité produite. En contraste avec le cas du marché parfait discuté par Pal (1998a), l’agglomération spatiale des entreprises privées paraît être en équilibre. Toutes les entreprises privées se localisent au même point, et l’entreprise publique se localise du côté opposé. Il appert que ce pattern d’équilibre de localisation est un équilibre de second ordre compte tenu du fait que la production de chaque entreprise privée ne peut être contrôlée par le planificateur social.
Is the export‐led growth hypothesis valid for Canada?
Authors: Awokuse Titus O.
Published: December 2004

Abstract Empirical evidence linking exports to economic growth has been mixed and inconclusive. This study re‐examines the export‐led growth (ELG) hypothesis for Canada by testing for Granger causality from exports to national output growth using vector error correction models (VECM) and the augmented vector autoregressive (VAR) methodology developed in Toda and Yamamoto (1995). Application of recent developments in time series modelling and the inclusion of relevant variables omitted in previous studies help to clarify the contradictory results from prior studies on the Canadian economy. The empirical results suggest that a long‐run steady state exists among the model's six variables and that Granger causal flow is unidirectional from real exports to real GDP. JEL Classification: F43, C32

Est‐ce que l’hypothèse de la croissance engendrée par les exportations est valide pour le Canada? Les résultats empiriques des études tentant de montrer le lien entre les exportations et la croissance économique sont mixtes et ne contiennent pas de résultats concluants. Cet article ré‐examine l’hypothèse dans le cas du Canada en testant la causalitéà la Granger pour les exportations et la croissance du produit national, en utilisant les modèles VECM et la méthodologie VAR développés par Toda et Yamamoto (1995). L’application de certains développements récents dans l’analyse des séries chronologiques et l’inclusion de variables pertinentes omises dans les études antérieures aident à mettre de l’ordre dans les résultats contradictoires des études antérieures portant sur l’économie canadienne. Les résultats empiriques suggèrent qu’un régime permanent existe entre les six variables du modèle et que la causalitéà la Granger est unidirectionnelle des exportations réelles vers le PIB réel.
The Grace of God and the Equality of Human Persons
Authors: Melanchthon Monica Jyotsna
Published: December 2004

The central concept in Reformation Theology—grace—finds resonance with notions of grace in Indian culture. The challenge of grace in India today is to bring equality to persons victimized by caste and genter discrimination. This article discusses (1) the biblical and theological meaning of “the grace of God”; (2) the universality of the grace experience; (3) the experience of society's excluded peoples; (4) sin; and (5) the graced community as a community of equals.
The Futurity of God in Lutheran Theology
Authors: Shults F. LeRon
Published: December 2004

Futurity is God's gift to us. To understand God in light of Infinite Trinitarian Futurity places eschatological redemption closer to us than we are to ourselves. One legacy of the Lutheran branch of the Reformation is the “turn to Futurity” as we see it in Luther, Kierkegaard, Braaten, Jensen, Jungel, Pannenberg, and Peters.
Tensions in Evangelical Theology
Authors: Olson Roger E.
Published: December 2004

Evangelical Theology in North America has separated itself from fundamentalism; yet it is still subject to convulsive controversy over scripture, the role of women in leadership, postmodernity, and the doctrine of God. Although a legacy of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism, evangelical theology takes a variety of forms, many in completition with one another as controversies rage.