bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DA CONVENÇÃO Nº 169 DA OIT À RESSIGNIFICAÇÃO DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS INDÍGENAS NAS CONSTITUIÇÕES LATINO AMERICANAS.
Authors: Monteiro Maia Adson Kepler , Torres Saulo De Medeiros
Published: August 2018

Este artigo analisa a evolução da Convenção nª 169 da OIT, em comparação com a Convenção nº 107, dentro da temática de direitos humanos dos povos indígenas. Após apontar o contexto da globalização como elemento intensificador dos conflitos interculturais entre indígenas e o Estado, grupos econômicos e indivíduos, este artigo propõe, com base na teoria de Boaventura Santos, a utilização da hermenêutica diatópica, no âmbito da interpretação das normas jurídicas, com o fim de reduzir a complexidade de nossa realidade social multicultural e encontrar soluções através do diálogo entre normas internas e internacionais e do uso do controle de convencionalidade.
O RISCO DE DESNATURAÇÃO DO CONCEITO DE SOCIOAFETIVIDADE PELO PROVIMENTO 63 DO CNJ
Authors: Domith Laira Carone Rachid , Assis Ana Cristina Koch Torres de
Published: August 2018

O Provimento 63/2017 do CNJ possibilitou o reconhecimento de paternidade e maternidade sociofetiva em cartório, o que antes só era possível judicialmente, mediante prova da existência deste vínculo parental. No âmbito administrativo não há necessidade de comprovação da relação socioafetiva. Pergunta-se: em caso de recém-nascido, como afirmar a existência da parentalidade socioafetiva se esta é construída ao longo do tempo? Embora o CNJ tenha valorizado o parentesco socioafetivo facilitando seu registro pelos envolvidos, acabou gerando o risco de desnaturação do conceito de socioafetividade.
A ESPECIFICIDADE DA NORMAS FAMILIARISTAS SOB O VIÉS DA DOUTRINA BRASILEIRA E PORTUGUESA
Authors: Lopes Maísa De Souza , Zalcman Vivian Gerstler
Published: August 2018

O Direito de Família é um dos ramos mais estudados da civilística. Ainda assim, pouca atenção é dada às características das normas familiaristas, cujo enfoque se pretende no presente. Os temas centrais do artigo são: a polêmica sobre o enquadramento do Direito de Família no âmbito do direito privado, seus caracteres particularizados e as implicações decorrentes dessa especificidade, e a sua classificação como um direito subjetivo. O estudo que se propõe será realizado sob o viés da doutrina brasileira e portuguesa. A metodologia que será aplicada na pesquisa é a hipotético-dedutiva. Ademais, a pesquisa será essencialmente bibliográfica e documental.
RESPONSABILIDADE OBJETIVA DAS PESSOAS JURÍDICAS NA LEI Nº 12.846/13: O INTERESSE COMO CRITÉRIO NORMATIVO E O CONFLITO DE INTERESSES COMO OBJETO DE COMPLIANCE
Authors: Aires Murilo Thomas , Sato Camila Yano
Published: August 2018

Observando-se o papel central da responsabilidade objetiva na Lei Anticorrupção brasileira, e a presença de critérios de imputação objetiva que a delimita, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o interesse da pessoa jurídica preconizado no artigo 2º, apoiando-se na doutrina societária. Buscou-se ainda abordar a questão do conflito de interesses, e como este pode ser objeto do principal instrumento preventivo indicado pelas normas anticorrupção: o compliance. Concluiu-se pela característica construtiva do conceito de interesse, e pelo importante papel do conflito de interesses como instrumento de prevenção da responsabilidade objetiva, e dos próprios atos lesivos em si.
O DIREITO AO ESQUECIMENTO E SUA PERSPECTIVA DE APRECIAÇÃO PELO SUPREMO TRIBUNAL FEDERAL
Authors: Cunha e Cruz Marco Aurélio Rodrigues da , Amorim Heica Souza
Published: August 2018

O presente artigo tem por objetivo examinar os fundamentos jurídicos do direito ao esquecimento no caso Aída Curi, que resultou na decisão de Repercussão Geral no Recurso Extraordinário (RE) nº 1010606 – RJ. Para tanto, utilizou-se o método dedutivo, com subsídio em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e a sucessão de três etapas. A principal conclusão é que atendendo as imposições dos Decretos 592/92 e 678/92 e aos artigos 20 e 21 do Código Civil, além de ser reconhecido o “direito ao esquecimento” no caso Aída Curi, a família deveria ter sido indenizada.
Avaliação do ciclo anual da Camada Limite Planetária na região Amazônica (Study of the annual cycle of the planetary boundary layer in the Amazon region)
Authors: Carneiro Rayonil Gomes , Fisch Gilberto , Borges Camilla Kassar , Moura Marcos Antonio Lima , Andrade Antonio Marcos Delfino de , Santos Aurilene Barros dos
Published: August 2018

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento do ciclo diário mensal da camada limite planetária ao longo do ano de 2014. Foram utilizados dados provenientes do Projeto GoAmazon (http://campaign.arm.gov/goamazon2014/) localizada próxima ao município de Manacapuru no Estado do Amazonas, sendo utilizados para medições da altura da camada limite planetária dados provenientes de radiossondas, e sensores remotos (ceilometer, SODAR, Lidar Doppler e Radar Wind Profiler). Foi verificado que a camada limite apresentou distinções entre suas alturas ao longo do ano, sendo influenciada pela intensidade dos fluxos a superfície. Com os meses do período chuvoso apresentando profundidade máxima na fase convectiva pouco acima dos 1.000 m, enquanto que durante a fase noturna esta apresentou oscilação de sua profundidade. Já nos meses do período seco sua altura atingiu valores em torno de 1.750 m na fase convectiva e, demonstrou a fase noturna mais estável ao longo do período.
Efektifitas Pembayangan yang dihasilkan Pohon dan Bangunan di Koridor Jalan Perkotaan Untuk Mencapai Kenyamanan Termal
Authors: Fibrianto Jockie Zudhy , Hilmy Mochamad
Published: August 2018

The road corridor in Pontianak City has different shading output depending on the sun orientation. The difference has caused a temperature difference that affects the pedestrian thermal comfort along the corridor. Identification and measurement of shading temperatures that occur due to buildings and trees were carried out for three days in each afternoon with relatively similar weather conditions. The road corridor that becomes the research location was at A. Yani St.-Gajah Mada St.-Tanjung Pura St., which has a North-South orientation and Teuku Umar St.-Diponegoro St.-Sisingamangaraja St., who has an East-West direction. The analysis phase is done by comparing the effectiveness of imagery produced by buildings and trees. After that, the identification and measurement results are compared with Indonesian thermal comfort standards SNI T-14-1993-03 to obtain suitable thermal comfort in the road corridors in Pontianak City.
Analisis penerapan metode activity based costing dalam menentukan besarnya tarif jasa rawat inap
Authors: Yemimaria Yemimaria , Utary Anis Rachma , Subhan Muhammad
Published: August 2018

Metode Activity Based Costing adalah metode untuk menentukan biaya produksi untuk menyediakan informasi biaya secara tepat dan akurat. Sistem Activity Based Costing tidak hanya menawarkan informasi biaya produk secara akurat, tetapi juga menyajikan informasi biaya dan kinerja kegiatan dan sumber daya manusia; dan dapat dicari biaya untuk biaya objek di samping produk tepat. Rumah Sakit Pupuk Kaltim Siaga Ramania di Samarinda adalah objek, di mana ia menawarkan lima jenis kamar untuk layanan rawat inap, seperti VVIP, VIP, kelas I, II, dan III. Kami mengusulkan sistem Activity Based Costing di Rumah Sakit Pupuk Kaltim Siaga Ramania di Samarinda untuk mengetahui bagaimana menentukan biaya rawat inap. Selanjutnya, kami mencoba membandingkan metode yang kami ajukan dengan biaya tradisional akuntansi. Hasil yang ditunjukkan metode, dibandingkan dengan metode umum menunjukkan bahwa sistem Activity Based Costing memiliki biaya lebih besar untuk kelas I Rp 385.856, kelas II Rp 337.458, dan kelas III Rp 331.559. Di sisi lain, sistem Activity Based Costing memberikan biaya lebih kecil sebesar Rp 760.540 dan Rp 591.171 untuk kelas VVIP dan kelas VIP. Hasil ini menjelaskan mengenai biaya aktivitas untuk setiap kamar secara akurat berdasarkan konsumsi aktivitas.
Pengaruh perencanaan karir pelatihan dan pengembangan karir terhadap kinerja karyawan
Authors: Mulyadi Rajib , Hidayati Tetra , Maria Siti
Published: August 2018

Perencanaan Karir, Pelatihan dan Pengembangan Karir merupakan salah satu dari berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi Kinerja Karyawan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis Perencanaan Karir, Pelatihan dan Pengembangan Karir PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk Samarinda. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan regresi linier berganda dengan sebutan SPSS versi 16 dalam menganalisis data. Hasil Pengujian hipotesis menunjukan bahwa Perencanaan Karir, Pelatihan dan Pengembangan Karir memiliki pengaruh positif signifikan terhadap Kinerja Karyawan PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk Samarinda.
Genetic Algorithm applied to the Functional Verification in Digital Systems
Authors: Franco Ricardo Augusto Pereira , Da Silva Karina Rocha Gomes , Rodrigues Cássio Leonardo
Published: August 2018

A critical stage of a hardware design is the hardware verification phase. The verification phase corresponds to the biggest bottleneck in a hardware design. The VeriSC methodology is a methodology to perform the hardware verification through of functional verification. In this work, we propose a novel improvement in VeriSC methodology data generation using Genetic Algorithms and feedback approach. The proposed algorithm will modify the data generation of this methodology, whose objective is to reduce the verification time and to improve the generated data. A DPCM and two modules of MPEG-DECODER are used as case studies. The results not only show that the proposed approach can achieve functional coverage with good performance, but also show that the execution time is better or similar to the former method used in VeriSC methodology. These results demonstrate the Genetic Algorithm approach explores the search space better than older approach. The data generation performed can also be used in other methodologies without any problem.
Characteristics of Organic TFTs with PBTTT-C12 as polymeric semiconductor layer
Authors: Romero Irene Aguilar , Alvarado Pulido Joaquín , Balderrama Vázquez Victor , Garduño Vértiz Iván , Estrada del Cueto Magali , Soto Blanca Susanna , Alcántara Iniesta Salvador
Published: August 2018

In the fabrication process of OTFTs is necessary to focus on the electrical properties of channel’s materials to improve its behavior and then exploit the use of this technology in different applications. For this reason, this paper was focused into studying the electrical behavior of OTFTs made with PBTTT instead of P3HT OTFT process. Furthermore, two different contacts configuration were also included. The OTFT’s structure used in this work was upper drain and source contacts / top gate contact. In addition, OTFTs output characterizations were measured and their physical-electrical parameters, as mobility and threshold voltage, were extracted by UMEM method. Good agreement in output characteristics was obtained between experimental data and modeled extracted data. Finally, after one month, a degradation of less than 5 % of the output characteristics was observed.
State of Technology and Productivity in Pakistan’s Manufacturing Industries: Some Strategic Directions to Build Technological Competence
Authors: Zafar Mahmood
Published: August 2018

Historically, Pakistan’s economic growth record, especially of the manufacturing sector, has been quite satisfactory. However, since the late 1980s Pakistan has been facing a slow growth of manufacturing industries, particularly of the large-scale manufacturing units. This has led some economists to express the apprehension that perhaps de-industrialisation is taking place in the country. A careful analysis of the causes of this sluggish growth suggests that one of the main contributory factors is the slow growth in total factor productivity (TFP)—the best overall measure of competitiveness. What has caused this productivity slow-down? For Pakistan there is clear evidence of a relationship between the growth in total factor productivity and the ailing S & T apparatus. The results presented in the study also lend support to the hypothesis that knowledge capital, human capital, openness, and government policies are crucial determinants of total factor productivity growth. Given a liberal economic environment in the country, which is essential to improve efficiency and productivity, the paper offers four strategic directions in order to improve the status of the S & T system in Pakistan: (1) augment the public sector S & T apparatus with the private sector funding and oversight; (2) take measures to upgrade scientific research institutions to the international standard; (3) streamline the technology creation, absorption, and diffusion system; and (4) enhance the demand for S & T in industries. These strategic directions are designed in such a manner that they work together towards a series of phased reforms, which can create incentives and market-based mechanisms to enhance the technology system without relying on a radical shift in the governance element of the bureaucracy.
The Effects of Price-support Programme on Farm Tenancy Patterns and Farm Profitability: Some Evidence from Malaysia
Authors: Naziruddin Abdullah
Published: August 2018

Translog normalised restricted profit function model is specified and estimated for the four rice granary areas, each administered by a local government body, namely, the MIP, the KIP, the NWSP, and the KEIP, in which the price-support programme has some noticeable effects on farm tenancy and farms profitability. So far, there have been no empirical studies that have used this methodological framework to analyse such economic phenomenon in Malaysia. This, in fact, is the main contribution of the present paper. From the estimated function, the shadow values of land and labour are computed, which in turn are used to elucidate the behaviour of rice farmers in Malaysia. Together, the estimated and computed results, to a large extent, are successful in explaining the observed changes in farm tenancy patterns and the way the farmers (comprised of owneroperator, owner-tenant, and tenant-farmer) are “economically” responding to the sum of profits generated from rice farming and, subsequently, from the programme. Further, given the price-support programme, the results also point to the fact that rice farming in Malaysia is as lucrative a job as any other sub-sector outside this, in particular unskilled urban workers and electronics workers, and thus this programme could be pursued further.
OBITUARY------------Sultan S. Hashmi (1921-2000)
Authors: The PDR
Published: August 2018

Dr Sultan S. Hashmi, renowned demographer and a senior colleague at the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, passed away on August 31, 2000. His loss is deeply felt by PIDE and the entire community of social scientists in Pakistan. Dr Hashmi introduced demography as a discipline at PIDE, and then through it in Pakistan. He successfully applied his energies to raising the standards of demographic research as well as securing USAID endowment funds to support and sustain it. Many demographers of international repute, and certainly those working currently in Pakistan, owe much to his patronage, guidance, and encouragement.
Arun Agrawal. Greener Pastures: Politics, Markets, and Community Among a Migrant Pastoral People. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998. 219 pages. Price not given.
Authors: Faisal Bari
Published: August 2018

Most literature on political economy, both in Economics and Political Science, has tended to ignore migrant communities. But these communities pose interesting questions for academics. Migrant communities tend to face hostile environments in which they have to survive. Not only do governments “encourage” them to settle down, they also get marginalised in the politics of the regions in which they tend to move (or “settle down”). Arun Agrawal addresses some of these interesting questions in his book. Arun Agrawal is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University. This work, which started in 1989 and then formed a part of his doctoral dissertation at Duke University, has taken a decade to come out as a book. Some parts of it have also appeared earlier as journal articles.
Shahrukh Rafi Khan. Government, Communities, and Non-Governmental Organisations in Social Sector Delivery: Collective Action in Rural Drinking Water Supply. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 1999. 144 pages. Hardbound. Price not given
Authors: Atiq-ur- Rehman
Published: August 2018

Shahrukh Rafi Khan’s book comprises three chapters and 15 appendices— eight appendices attached with Chapter Two and the remaining with Chapter Three. The book contains around twelve tables. The case studies included by the author facilitate further insights into the sustainability of the schemes. Chapter One gives an overview of the philosophy, important concepts, and salient features of participatory development (PD). Khan explains the various approaches and methodologies developed and/or followed by different Non- Government Organisations (NGOs). He is of the opinion that the Agha Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP) followed an integrated development approach which paved the way to sustainability. The author also explains the alternate strategy to development that is practised by the Sungi Foundation. He also illustrates the lessons/experiences of various institutions/organisations in the field of PD. The author believes that the strength of PD is that it is complementary to both the state and the market.
Frisch Demand Functions and Intertemporal Behaviour in Consumption: The Turkish Case
Authors: Erdinc Telatar  , Funda Telatar  , Sadiye Turkmen
Published: August 2018

This paper examines the intertemporal behaviour in consumption for Turkey which has been experiencing high and chronic inflation since the late 1970s. The Frisch demand system is used to estimate three separate but inextricably intertemporal elasticities: intertemporal price elasticities of demand, commodity-specific intertemporal elasticities, and the intertemporal substitution elasticity of consumption. Our main result is that the Turkish households are reluctant to move their expenditures on non-durable goods from the current period to the next period, regardless of how high nominal interest rates are. This interesting result shows that the consumption behaviour in Turkey has been mainly shaped by uncertainty created by inflationary process and the tendency towards hedging against inflation.
A Re-examination of Fertility Transition in Pakistan
Authors: Ghulam Yasin Soomro
Published: August 2018

Pakistan is passing through an early stage of fertility transition. The slow-paced transition has been analysed in an earlier study done by Sathar and Casterline (1998), which concludes that the increase in the levels of prevalence has accelerated the fertility transition in Pakistan and as a consequence marital fertility has declined. However, this claim is not supported by the relevant statistics. A re-examination reveals that the effect of contraception is the lowest in the decline of fertility. The rise in marriages and breastfeeding has played a significant inhibiting role in the decline of fertility and marital fertility has remained constant. The structural adjustment programme (SAP), initiated in late 1980s, has led to more poverty and the proportion of never-married has increased in Pakistan as revealed by the Population Census 1998. Labour force participation by the females increased in the post-SAP period. The new economic situation appears to be indirectly responsible for the decline of fertility, and it appears to be consistent with the Malthusian macro theory of fertility.
Kamal Siddiqui. Land Management in South Asia: A Comparative Study. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1997. 484 pages. Hardbound. Rs 595.00.
Authors: Zulfiqar Ahmad Gill
Published: August 2018

There is something refreshingly honest about Dr Kamal Siddiqui’s writings on reform and management aspects of land in South Asia, where land is considered a source of prestige and political power. He has the analytical sharpness of an economist and the disciplined coolness of a bureaucrat. The author’s objective is to help shape land management policy appropriate to the needs of South Asia. He selects for investigation the time-period from the late 1940s to the present and studies seven entities: Punjab, Sindh, Utter Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bengal, and Bangladesh, in three countries, viz., Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. However, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka have not been included. We do not know why these smaller but equally important states were omitted from the land management perspective.
Matching Intentions with Divergent Agendas: Interplay of the
State, International Donors, and the Civil Voluntary Initiatives in
Pakistan
Authors: Bhatti Arshad Hussain
Published: August 2018

During the last two decades, there has been proliferation of
civil voluntary initiatives in the name of local and international
development. The international donors of a large variety have played
catalyst role in supporting such initiatives financially to help engage
in meaningful interaction with the states in whose jurisdiction they
operate. These initiatives have been given many names, most popular
being the NGOs (Non-Governmental Organisations). However, in this paper
one is referring to this collectivity as civil voluntary initiatives
(CVIs). They can be institutions, organisations or behaviours, forms of
social activism or participation—formal and informal, organised and or
random. There is general perception that these initiatives are “donor
driven” and follow a “western agenda”. We also observe that many
international donors do not tend to fund and encourage impartially; they
leave out faith-based groups from their support net. The latter
reportedly receive charity donations from foreign governments in the
name of serving religion—Islam, in the case of Pakistan.
A Note on the Sri Lankan Experience in Poverty Reduction
Authors: Gunatellike Naranjana
Published: August 2018

‘Poverty’ is a complex, multifaceted and much investigated
subject which has generated an colossal amount of literature. The
situation in relation to Sri Lanka is no different—both in relation to
the complexity of the subject and the investigation and literature it
has generated. Within the international debates, Sri Lanka has been used
extensively as a case study as in the early work on the basic needs and
growth versus welfare debates, UNICEF’s work on Adjustment with a Human
Face and more recently in the World Bank’s Voices of the Poor
qualitative study. The domestic research and literature has been as
prolific, the most recent group being the background material for the
Framework on Poverty Reduction.1 This paper will not attempt to
summarise the existing debates and literature or provide a comprehensive
overview to poverty and its many facets in Sri Lanka. Instead it will
briefly place Sri Lanka in the context of South Asia and look at the
policy framework which brought about the present situation and the
ongoing and envisaged policy changes. Finally it will highlight a few
selected issues which are of growing interest and have received
relatively less attention. A selected bibliography is provided at the
end.
Ethnicity and Earnings: An Analysis of Data for Karachi
Authors: Ashraf Javed , Ashraf Barjees
Published: August 2018

Pakistan is today, a case study in ethnic strife. Carved out
of pre- Independence India in 1947, the country is home to five broad
ethnic groups: Punjabis (the dominant segment of the population),
Balochis, Pathans and Sindhis. Each has a distinctive culture and
language. In spite of broad similarities stemming from a common religion
(more than 98 percent of the population is Muslim), several factors
combine to create dissension and discord. The fifth ethnic group in
Pakistan are the Muhajirs (which literally translates to “Immigrants”)
who migrated to Pakistan in large numbers from India in 1947. Most of
them settled in Karachi. Pakistan’s largest city, a teeming port city
with a current population of around 12 million. Charges of favouritism
in the award of jobs abound, and the Muhajirs in particular allege that,
not being “sons of the soil,” they are singled out for discriminatory
treatment. Given that this is the case, it is surprising that no study
has been carried out to ascertain if indeed, earnings differences
originate from ethnic differences in Pakistan. This study attempts to
examine this issue, and thus settle questions that have led to many a
pitched argument.
Some Non-price Explanatory Variables in Fertiliser Demand: The
Case of Irrigated Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Munir , Chaudhry M. Ghaffar , Chaudhry Ghulam Mustafa
Published: August 2018

It follows from the experience of World economies that rising
and balanced use of fertilisers is the key factor in agricultural
productivity [FAO (1995); SFS and STI (1996); Habib-ur-Rehman (1982) and
Pinstrup-Anderson (1976)]. In the case of Pakistan the stepped up
fertiliser use has been argued to be incritable to realise existing
untapped yield potential of major crops [Johnston and Kilby (1975)] and
to induce yield increasing technological change in future [John Mellor
Associates and Asianics Agro-Dev. International (1993)]. Although proper
malnutrition involves the use of primary, secondary and micro-nutrients,
Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus and Potassium (K) or NPK is generally
considered to be sufficient to harvest normal crop yields [FAO and IFA
(1999)]. Given this situation, this paper looks at various factors that
determine fertiliser use in Pakistan. Although price of fertiliser is a
critical factor in this respect [Schultz (1965) and Johnston and Cownie
(1969)], only non-price factors are considered in this paper due to
limitations of data. Apart from this introductory section, the paper
comprises of three more sections. The following Section 2 explains the
data and the empirical model. Section 3 presents the results. Section 4
summarises the main findings along with their policy
implications.
The Twin Deficits Phenomenon: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Aqeel Anjum , Nishat Mohammed
Published: August 2018

Like most developing countries a steady budget deficit in
Pakistan is the primary cause of all major ills of the economy. It has
varied between 5.4 to 8.7 percent during last two decades. On the other
hand the current account deficit varied between 2.7 to 7.2 percent
during the same period. The variations in fiscal policy can lead to
predictable developments in an open economy’s performance on current
account, remains a controversial issue. An important aspect of this
issue concerns what is termed as twin deficit analysis, according to
which fiscal deficits and current account balances are very closely
related so that reductions in the former are both necessary and
sufficient to obtain improved performance in the later. Theoretical work
on the relationship that exist between variations in fiscal policy and
the current account balance has been based upon two types of models.
These models are constructed from postulated behavioural relationships
that purport to describe how the economy works in aggregate without
explaining the behaviour of agents who make up the economy [Mundel
(1963); Branson (1976); Dornbusch (1976); Kawai (1985) and Marston
(1985)]. The second type of model, derives the important macroeconomic
relationships from the microfoundations of individual optimising
behaviour [Dixit (1978); Neary (1980); Obstfeld (1981); Persson (1982);
Kimbrough (1985); Frenkel and Razin (1986); Cuddington and Vinals (1985,
1986a) and Moore (1989)]. However, both of these approaches have yielded
divergent results.
The Concept of Land Ownership in Islam and Poverty Alleviation in
Pakistan
Authors: Iqbal Nuzhat
Published: August 2018

Land ownership—in its ethico-legal and historical
manifestations, reflects the importance of being a politico-economic
institution. In the process of its development, it includes various
heterogeneous elements of different systems of ownership. With the
growth of the Ummah, the principles of laws of ownership represent and
embody the relations, rights and duties to form the general law of
obligations at the state as well as individual level. This is the case
of economic and legal theory, regarding the ownership of land with
implicative infrastructure to build social welfare institutions of
Islam. It is generally and basically have been ordained that according
to the teachings of Islam, Real ownership belongs to Allah Almighty. Man
being the vicegerent holds property in trust for which he is accountable
to him in accordance with the clearly laid down economic philosophy of
Islam. Ownership of man is a concept alien to Islam as it belongs to
Allah Almighty only.
Attitude towards Interest-free Financing among Small Traders and
Farmers in Multan
Authors: Aslam Mohammad , Azid Toseef , Malik Shahnawaz
Published: August 2018

It is frequently asked whether the modern economy can function
without interest. This question has acquired some urgency in wake of the
recent ruling of Supreme Court banning interest in Pakistan. In this
respect every expert has his own opinion. Some pronounced that great
harm will result from the banning of interest. Others have the opinion
that such pronouncement is based on lack of understanding of the modern
economic system, as well as the nature of the Islamic prohibition of
interest. However, the banning of the rate of interest has affect on the
economic activity, i. e. especially on the small traders and farmers. It
is commonly argued that this change in capital market has two important
effects on the economy. It increased the capital supply while price
reduces, thus improving efficiency. And it makes also possible to
produce more with relatively less cost, thus has positive effect on the
growth of the economy
An Analysis of Reproductive Health Issues in Pakistan
Authors: Mahmood Naushin , Nayab Durr-e-
Published: August 2018

Population programmes in many developing countries have
emphasised on family planning services driven largely by numbers and
demographic targets. With the advent of the International Conference on
Population and Development (ICPD) in 1994, it has been recognised to
move beyond a narrow focus on family planning to a more comprehensive
concern of reproductive health oriented towards meeting the needs of
individuals and families. This advocated shift in population and
development strategy, especially in health emphasises that services be
offered to women, men and adolescents with a special focus on fulfilling
women’s health needs, safeguarding their reproductive rights and
involving men as equal partners in meeting the goal of responsible
parenthood [United Nations (1995)]. In response to ICPD’s mandate,
Pakistan’s population programme has increasingly been focussed on
various aspects of reproductive health and is in the process of
broadening the scope of services for a transition to reproductive health
without losing focus on achieving fertility reduction goal. In this
regard, the government has adopted a comprehensive population and
development policy incorporating an array of reproductive health
services and has integrated population and health departments and their
activities in dealing with RH problems. Under the consideration that the
revised programme can not simultaneously address all of the RH problems,
an integrated National Reproductive Health Services Package has been
developed to provide services to eligible women, men and adolescents
[Pakistan (1999)]. The major components of RH package
include:
An Empirical Analysis of Convergence Hypothesis
Authors: Ahmad Eatzaz , Naz Amber
Published: August 2018

A useful contribution of wide ranging debate in the growth
literature is that it has put forward a number of testable hypotheses.
One of such hypotheses is known as the convergence hypothesis whereby it
is postulated that in the long run developing countries would catch-up
with the developed countries in terms of per capita income. Although the
convergence hypothesis has gained researchers’ interest in recent times,
the basic proposition was laid down in the neo-classical growth model of
Solow (1956) and Swan (1956). Traditionally Solow-Swan model has been
regarded as a theoretically consistent answer to Harrods’s (1939) twin
problems of discrepancy between the warranted and natural rates of
growth and instability in the growth process. Although Solow- Swan model
is designed to study growth process within a single country, the concept
of conditional convergence is far from being alien to the model; it in
fact forms the core of argument in the attack on Harrod-Domar model
[Harrod (1939) and Domar (1946)].
Impact of Village-specific, Household-specific, and Technological
Variables on Poverty in Punjab
Authors: Azid Toseef , Malik Shahnawaz
Published: August 2018

Rural poverty remains a serious problem in Pakistan, with more
than 30 percent of rural population living in absolute poverty. In rural
Pakistan there is a big gap between rich and the poor. While the stake
of competition for position and status concerns the rich, the struggle
for survival in the midst of increasing crises embarrasses the poor. The
rural poor—the pauperised class—are week and powerless with inadequate
command over resources relative to needs. In fact, the polarisation
process which is making the rich richer and poor poorer is a consequence
of poverty. Neither the poor nor the outside well wishers have the power
to break the vicious deprivation trap. It is consensus that rural social
structure is responsible for rural underdevelopment.
Targeting Women in Micro-finance Schemes: Objectives and
Outcomes
Authors: Mumtaz Soofia
Published: August 2018

The ‘success’ of a development project, it is generally
accepted, is related to the feasibility of its objectives within the
socioeconomic conditions of the context in which the programme is to be
implemented. What remains less categorical however, is the
correspondence between the objectives of the programme design, and the
aims of those who seek to implement it. So long as these goals are
shared, the modifications in the design, necessitated by ground
realities can be tackled accordingly, and the efficacy of the
intervention can be gauged with reference to the convergent thrust.
Non-conformity between the two, on the other hand, can result in an
under utilisation of the potential that may exist for the translation of
defined objectives into practical measures, for the pursuit of desired
outcomes.
Emerging Capital Markets Development: A Case Study of Pakistani
Equity Markets
Authors: Shamsi Syed Furqan Haider , Bilgrami-jaffery Nighat
Published: August 2018

The purpose of the study is to trace and review the growth and
development of the Pakistani Equity Market. The capital markets in
Pakistan has been undergoing a major restructuring programme. Number of
measures have been taken to liberalise investment procedures and
encourage capital formation through stock exchanges, enlarge size and
depth of capital markets. We are witnessing globally a remarkable pace
of change from a social and economic perspective. Capital markets being
driven by the floods of competition and technology are experiencing so
many new challenges and changes inducing them to incline more towards
complex structures which would not have been considered possible few
time back. Capital markets play an important role in the economic
development of emerging capital markets. These markets are an important
and efficient conduit to channel and mobilise funds to enterprises, and
provide an effective source of investment in the economies they serve.
Well functioning markets ensure that both corporations and investors get
or receive fair prices for their securities. Their role for mobilising
savings for investment in productive assets is acute which subsequently
enhance the country’s long term growth prospects. Therefore we can
deduce here that their role is like a major catalyst for transformation
of the country’s economy into a more efficient and competitive emporium
within the global workroom.
Devolution and Fiscal Decentralisation
Authors: Pasha Aisha Ghaus , Pasha Hafiz A
Published: August 2018

Fiscal decentralisation represents the transfer of resources
from higher to lower levels of government usually accompanied by an
enhancement in responsibilities and functions of sub- national
governments and greater autonomy in their budget making and financial
decisions. The rising demand generally for decentralisation in
developing countries in recent years is a consequence of the broader
processes of globalisation, liberalisation and deregulation. Political
imperatives for decentralisation have been created by the urge for more
effective democratisation and the need to bring governments closer to
the people for greater accountability and better articulation of their
needs and preferences. In a number of countries, including Pakistan, the
failure of central or state/provincial governments to adequately capture
local preferences and provide basic services have strengthened the case
for use of local governments as delivery agents, such that the
production and distribution of services is carried down to the lowest
unit of government capable of capturing the associated costs and
benefits.
Pakistan’s Economy: Potential and Challenges (Patron’s
Address)
Authors: Chaudhry Shahid Amjad
Published: August 2018

Mr President, Distinguished Delegates, Excellencies,
Colleagues, Ladies and Gentlemen: Assalam-o-Alaikum. The Annual
Conference of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists has
traditionally provided the people of Pakistan—both practising economists
and ordinary citizens—with a forum to debate in a rigorous analytical
framework the major economic issues facing the country. In this context,
the theme of the current conference “Growth, Poverty and
Decentralisation” is particularly appropriate as Pakistan begins the
21st century. Many important issues will be discussed by the honourable
participants during the Conference and an excellent start reflecting the
quality of the debate has been made by the paper just presented by Dr
Kemal. I, on my part, would like to take this opportunity to talk about
Pakistan’s economy in an overall poverty elimination perspective and
particularly the potential and challenges facing it in this regard. As a
starting point, a summary of the potential of the Pakistan economy is in
order. First, Pakistan is the home of the oldest and largest integrated
land and water systems in the world. The world’s other old river
basins—the Nile and the Tigris/Euphrates—have remained relatively minor,
while Pakistan’s Indus Basin is still vital and robust. Last year,
Pakistan’s record wheat crop again showed the world the potential of the
Great Indus Food Machine.
Adoption of Recommended Varieties: A Farmlevel Analysis of Wheat Growers in Irrigated Punjab
Authors: Muhammad Iqbal  , M. Azeem Khan
Published: August 2018

This study uses farm level data to analyse the determinants of adoption of recommended wheat varieties in irrigated Punjab, Pakistan. A notable proportion of wheat acreage is sown to non-recommended wheat varieties in the province. These cultivars had either lost (overtime) or did not have resistance against yellow rust. Farm size, education, and size of wheat enterprise on the farm are the important determinants of adoption of recommended wheat varieties while tractor ownership and irrigation source play a positive but insignificant role in the adoption decisions. Age and tenure proved to be less of a constraint towards adoption of the recommended wheat varieties. The likelihood of the adoption of recommended wheat varieties varied among tehsils, with the highest probabilities of adoption in Melsi and Arifwala tehsils of cotton-wheat zones I and II respectively.
Agnihotri Satish Balram. Sex Ratio Patterns in the Indian Population: A Fresh Exploration. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2000. 379 pages. Hardbound. Indian Rs 475.00.
Authors: Rashida Haq
Published: August 2018

The term sex ratio is used to mean male per 1,000 female population, while the female-male ratio (FMR) means the number of females per 1,000 male population. The proportion of women to men in the Indian population is 927 to 1,000, strikingly below the world average of 990 to 1,000. What is of major concern is the fact that this female-male ratio (FMR) not only has a declining trend but also varies by region, social status, age group, and levels of prosperity. This book provides an entirely fresh perspective on the perplexing puzzle of the low proportion of women in the Indian population. The main focus of this study is on mapping the diverse and complex pattern of the FMRs along different relevant dimensions. The analysis also shows sensitivity to diversity that improves our understanding of the problem significantly even at rudimentary levels of analysis.
Jasmine Mirza. Between Chaddor and the Market: Female Office Workers in Lahore. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2002. 266 pages. Hardbound. Rs 395.00.
Authors: Tanvir Anjum
Published: August 2018

Pakistani society at present is in a state of transition from the traditional to the modern. Recent decades have witnessed marked changes in social values and norms, particularly those pertaining to the gendered structure of society. More and more women of the urban lower-middle class are seeking employment outside their homes—in offices, factories, and shops, etc. Not only that; they have started working in what are generally considered to be exclusively ‘male occupations’. With this change, a process of de-segregation of the life-worlds has been initiated affecting the entire social life and gender order of the society. This is the central theme of an interesting and insightful book by Jasmine Mirza, who is a sociologist by training.
Kanakalatha Mukund and B. Syama Sundari. Traditional Industry in the New Market Economy: The Cotton Handlooms of Andhra Pradesh. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2001. 169 Pages. Hardback. Rs 395.00.
Authors: Ilhan Niaz
Published: August 2018

The authors set out to examine the competitiveness of the handloom weaving industry in modern India from the market point of view. The three themes, which the authors themselves point out in the introduction, deal with cotton handlooms in the general context of traditional industry, present a detailed description of the situation in Andhra Pradesh and evaluate the effectiveness of government policy. An the heart of the argument is the need for policy-makers to make their decisions on the basis of “empirical data rather than received wisdom” (p. 19). The fact is that in spite of being regarded as a “...residual subsistence activity” (p. 16) handloom weaving has maintained its share of output through the decades, competition from power-looms notwithstanding.
Institutional Approach to E-commerce: An Integrated Framework for Pakistan
Authors: Bushra Hamid
Published: August 2018

Pakistan needs to knit itself into global information economy in order to ensure economic development. E-commerce is the essential tool through which this objective can be met. Currently, the economy is in a transition, the span of which needs to be shortened in order to meet the global challenges in the coming years. An institutional approach is essential to develop e-commerce. An appropriate institutional framework will shorten the time span of the transition period and will ensure a smooth transition to information economy. It will provide an effective and efficient use of the existing institutional infrastructure and development of new institutions. It calls for close coordination between the government, industry, and international organisations.
Crowding-in or Crowding-out? Modelling the Relationship between Public and Private Fixed Capital Formation Using Co-integration Analysis: The Case of Pakistan 1964-2000
Authors: Naveed H. Naqvi
Published: August 2018

This paper uses the Co-integrating VAR’s [Johansen (1988); Ericsson, et al. (1998)] to examine the relationship between economic growth, public investment, and private investment in the presence of unit roots. Exogeneity is not implicitly assumed but explicitly tested for, and evidence of co-integration and feedback between public and private investment leads to a model in the form of a parsimonious VAR. The analysis is conducted using 37 years of annual data for Pakistan. The analysis suggests that public investment has a positive impact on private investment, and that economic growth drives both private and public investment as predicted by the accelerator-based models.
The Long-run and Short-run Impact of Exchange Rate Devaluation on Pakistan’s Trade Performance
Authors: Zehra Aftab  , Aurangzeb .
Published: August 2018

In estimating trade elasticities for Pakistan, most previous researchers have employed non-stationary data and OLS or 2SLS techniques. In this paper we use Johansen’s cointegration methodology to re-investigate the long-run trade elasticities and existence of the Marshall-Lerner condition. Using quarterly data, the trade performance with Pakistan’s ten major trading partners is empirically tested. Moreover, we also investigate the short-run exchange rate dynamics by constructing an error-corrrection model to trace the j-curve.
Ghanshyam Shah (ed.). Dalit Identity and Politics. New Delhi:
Sage Publications, 2001. 363 pages. Indian Rs 295.00.
Authors: Niaz Ilhan
Published: August 2018

Edited by Ghanshyam Shah, Professor of Social Sciences at the
Centre of Social Medicine and Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru
University, New Delhi, Dalit Identity and Politics is the second volume
in a series about the culture and politics of Dalits. It comprises
fourteen research articles that cover Dalit culture, history, politics,
and economics, and makes for fascinating reading. The introduction,
which is written by the editor, identifies the major challenge faced by
the present generation of Dalit intellectuals as resolving
“…contradictions that have emerged with growing stratification within
the community thanks to the limitations of welfare of ‘protective’
measures in the capitalist economy” (p. 25). Other major challenges
include addressing the dependence of Dalits on state intervention in an
age of public sector shrinkage, and the persistent inability of Indian
parliamentary democracy to bring about fundamental social
change.
John G. Sommer. Empowering the Oppressed: Grassroots Advocacy Movements in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2001. 207 pages. Paperback. Price not given.
Authors: Tanvir Anjum
Published: August 2018

Advocacy movements all over the world have been quite instrumental in bringing about social change. The efforts of groups involved in such movements are directed towards realising the core human values of justice and equality by securing the human and civil rights of the poor, oppressed, and marginalised sections of society. Lately, many groups have realised that merely obliterating the effects of oppression, discrimination, and injustice is not enough—these efforts must be supplemented by attempts to address their root causes as well. Only by doing so, the constructive changes occurring in society owing to the struggle of these movements can become sustainable.