bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Natural History of the Intercondylar Notch After Notchplasty
Authors: Mann Thomas A. , Black Kevin P. , Zanotti Daniel J. , Barr Michelle , Teater Thomas
Published: July 2017

Ten patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by one surgeon using autologous patellar tendon grafts were evaluated. A standardized technique of performing a notchplasty was done to remove at least 5 mm of bone at the anterior outlet of the intercondylar notch. Computed tomography scans were done preoperatively, within 1 week postoperatively, and after 1 year of follow-up. There were no statistically significant differences in the measured dimensions of the intercondylar notch between 1 week and 1 year postoperatively. While previous investigations have evaluated the relationship between intercondylar notch dimensions and risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury, we believe this is the first statistical study that addresses the natural history of the intercondylar notch in humans after bone resection. We believe that the data reported here may enhance our understanding and treatment of patients who have undergone previously failed anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions.
The Natural History of Acute, Isolated, Nonoperatively Treated Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Authors: Shelbourne K. Donald , Davis Thorp J. , Patel Dipak V.
Published: July 2017

We sought to determine prospectively the natural history of acute, isolated, nonoperatively treated posterior cruciate ligament injuries in athletically active patients. The study population consisted of 133 patients (average age, 25.2 years at time of injury). All patients completed a subjective questionnaire each year for an average of 5.4 years (range, 2.3 to 11.4). Sixty-eight of the 133 patients returned to the clinic for long-term follow-up evaluation. Objectively, physical examination revealed no change in laxity from initial injury to followup. No correlation was found between radiographic joint space narrowing and grade of laxity. The mean modified Noyes knee score was 84.2 points, the mean Lysholm score was 83.4, and the mean Tegner activity score was 5.7. Patients with greater laxity did not have worse subjective scores. No correlation was found between subjective knee scores and time from injury. Regardless of the amount of laxity, half of the patients returned to the same sport at the same or higher level, one-third returned to the same sport at a lower level, and one-sixth did not return to the same sport. Results of this study suggest that athletically active patients with acute isolated posterior cruciate ligament tears treated nonoperatively achieved a level of objective and subjective knee function that was independent of the grade of laxity.
How Three Methods for Fixing a Medial Meniscal Autograft Affect Tibial Contact Mechanics
Authors: Alhalki Mohammad M. , Howell Stephen M. , Hull Maury L.
Published: July 2017

We evaluated three methods for fixing a medial meniscal autograft to determine which method restored tibial contact mechanics closest to normal. The contact mechanics (maximum pressure, mean pressure, contact area, and location of the center of maximum pressure) of the medial tibial articular surface were determined using pressure-sensitive film while knee specimens were loaded in compression to 1000 N at 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45° of flexion. Pressure was measured for the intact knee, the knee after meniscectomy, and the knee with the original meniscus removed and reimplanted as an autograft using three different fixation methods. The contact mechanics of the autograft reinserted with bone plug fixation were closest to normal; however, the maximum pressure was significantly greater than in the intact knee. Adding peripheral sutures neither improved nor worsened the contact mechanics. Fixation with sutures only did not restore normal contact mechanics. We concluded that medial meniscal transplantation requires anatomic fixation of bone plugs attached to the anterior and posterior horns to restore contact mechanics closest to normal. Fixation of the meniscal horns with sutures alone cannot be recommended.
Intraarticular Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Placement on the Average Most Isometric Line on the Femur
Authors: Draganich Louis F. , Hsieh Yeou-Fang , Ho Sherwin , Reider Bruce
Published: July 2017

In the past, there has been a plausible hypothesis that anterior cruciate ligament graft placement at isometric sites, such that the tibial and femoral attachment sites remain equidistant from each other throughout knee range of motion, would increase the likelihood of a satisfactory outcome. For a given tibial placement we wanted to determine whether placing the graft on the average of the most isometric femoral line, a fixed distance from the outlet of the intercondylar notch, would return normal laxity to all knees. The three-dimensional kinematics of seven cadaveric knees were measured for angles from full extension to 90° of flexion at 15° increments. Physiologic levels of quadriceps muscle forces were applied to the intact knee, after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament, and after ligament reconstruction with a patellar tendon graft. On average, the reconstruction was found to return anterior-posterior translation, internal-external rotation, and varus-valgus rotation to levels not significantly different from those of the intact knee. However, the ranges of the translation and rotations were large. Placing the graft on the average most isometric femoral line did not restore knee laxity to normal in all knees. This supports the need to customize graft placement in each knee at the time of surgery.
Biomechanics of the Bankart Repair: The Relationship Between Glenohumeral Translation and Labral Fixation Site
Authors: Black Kevin P. , Schneider David J. , Yu James R. , Jacobs Chris R.
Published: July 2017

The specific aim of this study was to quantify glenohumeral translations in cadaveric shoulders after repair of the superior and middle regions of a surgically created Bankart lesion and after repair of the superior, middle, and inferior regions of the same lesion. Anterior-posterior, superior-inferior, and medial-lateral translations in nine cadaveric specimens were tested with shoulders in 0°, 45°, and 90° of humeral abduction and varying degrees of humeral rotation. There was statistically significantly less anterior and inferior translation after three-site labral repair compared with after two-site labral repair, and this effect was greatest at 90° of glenohumeral abduction. The decreased translations demonstrated with three-site repair emphasized the importance of careful repair of the labrum to the inferior glenoid rim during a Bankart reconstruction and suggested that failure to do so may be a contributing factor to recurrent instability after anterior shoulder reconstruction.
Patellar Tendinitis: The Significance of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings
Authors: Shalaby Marc , Almekinders Louis C.
Published: July 2017

We evaluated the significance of magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with patellar tendinitis. Midline sagittal magnetic resonance images were taken of 12 knees from 10 patients and of 17 knees from 15 age- and activity-matched subjects who underwent imaging for reasons other than patellar tendinitis. Of the 12 magnetic resonance imaging scans of knees with clinical patellar tendinitis, 3 (25%) exhibited no defect and only 7 (58%) had unequivocal intratendinous lesions. Among the 17 scans of subjects without clinical patellar tendinitis, 5 (34%) showed no defect and 4 (24%) had unequivocal intratendinous lesions. Proximal tendon width was significantly larger for the tendinitis patient group (5.0 1.7 mm versus 3.9 1.0 mm), although considerable overlap was present. All subjects with unequivocal intratendinous signal changes had a significantly longer nonarticular inferior patellar pole and were significantly older (38.1 years versus 26.8 years). Only Blazina stage III lesions were associated with abnormal findings on magnetic resonance imaging. As a whole, the sensitivity and specificity of magnetic resonance imaging was 75% and 29%, respectively. In younger patients with relatively mild symptoms, magnetic resonance imaging did not show significant changes; in older, active patients changes may be present in asymptomatic knees.
The Effect of Cryotherapy on Intraarticular Temperature and Postoperative Care After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Ohkoshi Yasumitsu , Ohkoshi Megumi , Nagasaki Shinya , Ono Aki , Hashimoto Tomoyuki , Yamane Shigeru
Published: July 2017

The objective of this study was to elucidate how cryotherapy after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction affects intraarticular temperature and clinical results. A prospective and randomized study was performed on 21 knees of 21 patients. The ligament reconstruction was performed by single-incision arthroscopy using autogenous ham-string tendon. On completion of the surgery, thermosensors were implanted in the suprapatellar pouch and the intracondylar notch, and the intraarticular temperature was monitored while the joint was cooled. Cooling was performed in one group at 5°C (N 7) and in another at 10°C (N 7), for 48 hours. A control group (N 7) did not undergo cryotherapy. The cooled groups showed three temperature phases: a low-temperature phase immediately after the ligament reconstruction, followed by a temperature-rising phase and a thermostatic phase. The control group had no low-temperature phase and immediately entered a thermostatic phase. During the low-temperature phase in the treated groups, the temperature of the suprapatellar pouch and of the intercondylar notch were significantly lower than the body temperature. The pain score and the number of times an analgesic had to be administered were both significantly lower in the 10°C group than in the control group. Blood loss was significantly less in the 5°C group than in the control group.
Arthroscopic Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Corry Ian S. , Webb Jonathan M. , Clingeleffer Amanda J. , Pinczewski Leo A.
Published: July 2017

We compared the outcome of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendon autograft with outcome using patellar tendon autograft at 2 years after surgery. Patients had an isolated anterior cruciate ligament injury and, apart from the grafts, the arthroscopic surgical technique was identical. Prospective assessment was performed on 90 patients with isolated anterior cruciate ligament injury undergoing reconstruction with a patellar tendon autograft; 82 were available for follow-up. The hamstring tendon autograft group consisted of the next 90 consecutive patients fulfilling the same criteria; 85 were available for followup. Clinical review included the Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee scores, instrumented testing, thigh atrophy, and kneeling pain. These methods revealed no difference between the groups in terms of ligament stability, range of motion, and general symptoms. Thigh atrophy was significantly less in the hamstring tendon group at 1 year after surgery, a difference that had disappeared by 2 years. The KT-1000 arthrometer testing showed a slightly increased mean laxity in the female patients in the hamstring tendon graft group. Kneeling pain after reconstruction with the hamstring tendon autograft was significantly less common than with the patellar tendon autograft, suggesting lower donor-site morbidity with hamstring tendon harvest.
Concealed Knee Cartilage Lesions: Is Arthroscopic Probing Therapeutic?
Authors: Thein Rafael , Eichenblat Mario
Published: July 2017

We report on 34 knee arthroscopic procedures (of 976 knee procedures performed during a 2-year period) performed on patients with chronic knee symptoms or symptoms mimicking a torn meniscus. All patients had deep articular cartilage lesions over which the superficial cartilage appeared normal. These lesions were not diagnosed on radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging, or bone scintigraphy. Only careful arthroscopic probing disclosed the deep cartilage separation. The treatment consisted of cartilage puncturing with a probe, which in 14 cases led to the evacuation of blood. This simple technique produced resolution of symptoms in 30 (88.2%) patients. This condition affects athletes and soldiers undergoing military training and, in many cases, is an expression of an overuse syndrome. The incidence of these lesions was 3.5% in a series of relatively young patients. The lesion should be suspected in cases of unexplained knee pain in the athlete and soldier and in patients with previous negative arthroscopic examinations or meniscal lesions that were treated but remained unresolved. To our knowledge, bleeding from “closed” cartilage lesions has not been previously described. We raise the question of whether arthroscopic probing and cartilage puncturing is the method of treatment.
Biomechanical Analysis of Flat and Oblique Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy for Recurrent Patellar Instability
Authors: Cosgarea Andrew J. , Schatzke Matthew D. , Seth Ajay K. , Litsky Alan S.
Published: July 2017

Both flat (Elmslie-Trillat) and oblique (Fulkerson) osteotomy techniques are successful in treating patellar instability episodes by moving the tibial tubercle medially. The oblique osteotomy also results in anterior displacement that decreases patellofemoral forces. Recent reports have described proximal tibial fractures occurring during early weightbearing after oblique osteotomy. We performed oblique and flat osteotomies on 13 pairs of fresh-frozen cadaveric knees. The knees were then tested to failure on a materials testing system by exerting a load through the quadriceps tendon at a rate of 1000 N/sec to simulate a stumble injury. The failure mechanism for flat osteotomies was more likely to be tubercle “shingle” fracture, while oblique osteotomies more frequently failed through a tibial fracture or fixation failure in the posterior tibial cortex. Mean load to failure was significantly higher in the flat osteotomy specimens (1639 N versus 1166 N), as was total energy to failure (224 N m versus 127 N m). There was no significant difference in stiffness (87 N/cm versus 74 N/cm). We recommend the flat osteotomy for patients with isolated recurrent patellar instability and the oblique osteotomy in patients who have concomitant patellofemoral pain or articular degenerative changes. When an oblique osteotomy is used, we recommend postoperative brace protection and restricted weightbearing until the osteotomy heals.
The In Vivo Assessment of Tibial Motion in the Transverse Plane in Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Reconstructed Knees
Authors: Nordt William E. , Lotfi Paymaun , Plotkin Eric , Williamson Brian
Published: July 2017

Twenty-one knees with acutely injured anterior cruciate ligaments were reconstructed with patellar tendon autografts. Eight of the knees had concomitant medial ligament injuries that were not addressed surgically. Follow-up evaluation (average, 25 months) included computed tomography measurements to analyze transverse-plane laxity in both translation and rotation. These measurements were performed with the patient's leg in a load cell device that stabilizes the distal femur and applies known anterior translational force to the proximal tibia at approximately 20° of flexion. A torque apparatus was used to apply internal and external rotational torque to the leg. Images of the tibial plateau in neutral, internal, and external rotation were performed, with and without an anterior translational force. Both knees of each patient were tested and categorized as group I (anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed) or group II (uninjured). Translation as measured by computed tomography averaged 1 mm side-to-side difference. Internal rotation averaged 8.7° in group I knees and 10.8° in group II knees. External rotation averaged 9.1° in group I knees and 7.4° in group II knees. The eight knees with concomitant medial ligament injuries were analyzed separately; external rotation without anterior load in group I was 9.5°, compared with 5° in group II. This difference was significant (P 0.01).
Comparative Pull-Out and Cyclic-Loading Strength Tests of Anchorage of Hamstring Tendon Grafts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Giurea Mihai , Zorilla Pedro , Amis Andrew A. , Aichroth Paul
Published: July 2017

This study examined four devices for anchorage of hamstring tendons used as anterior cruciate ligament grafts: a stirrup, a clawed washer and screw, and “soft” and round-headed interference screws. Ultimate strength tests were performed using bovine tendons and bones. The stirrup was significantly stronger than the other anchorage devices, failing at 898 N. The clawed washer failed at 502 N, the soft screw at 691 N, and the round-headed screw at 445 N. Cyclic loading to 150 N (to simulate walking) caused elongation of 2.1 mm with the stirrup by 1100 cycles, and 6.7 mm with the clawed washer by 300 cycles. Different hole and soft screw diameters and placements (inside-out versus outside-in) allowed 1- to 3-mm slippage (no significant differences) by 1100 cycles. The round-headed screw allowed 6.8-mm slippage by 1100 cycles, and a sharp edge below the screw head caused tendon damage. Cyclic loads to 450 N (to simulate jogging) were then imposed until failure, and all specimens failed rapidly; only stirrup fixation kept all specimens intact after 300 load cycles. We concluded that anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions using hamstring tendons will slacken if rehabilitation is too aggressive, so forces on the reconstructed ligament should be minimized until tendon-to-bone healing occurs.
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Administration Causes Hypertrophy of Immobilized and Nonimmobilized Skeletal Muscle in a Sedentary Rabbit Model
Authors: Taylor Dean C. , Brooks Daniel E. , Ryan Jack B.
Published: July 2017

Although the use of anabolic agents in athletics has generated extensive publicity and controversy, the potential therapeutic benefits of these drugs have not been fully investigated. This randomized, blinded experimental study investigated whether short-term administration of an anabolic-androgenic steroid can limit immobilization-induced muscle atrophy in a rabbit model. We casted one hindlimb each in 48 New Zealand White rabbits and randomly assigned the rabbits to two groups. The treated group received weekly intramuscular injections of the anabolic-androgenic steroid, nandrolone decanoate (15 mg/kg). Immobilization significantly decreased muscle weights in both the treated rabbits and controls. Compared with controls, the body weights of the treated rabbits increased significantly at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. At 4 and 8 weeks, wet weights, dry weights, and contractile forces were significantly greater in both the casted and noncasted tibialis anterior muscle-tendon units of the treated group. Dry weights and casted contractile forces of the extensor digitorum longus muscle unit at 4 weeks and all measures at 8 weeks were greater in the treated rabbits than in controls. These results are contrary to previously accepted views that anabolic-androgenic steroid use leads to muscle hypertrophy only in conjunction with strength training. This study adds to the growing evidence that anabolic-androgenic steroids can produce significant skeletal muscle hypertrophy in sedentary populations.
Nonoperative Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Humeral Capitellum
Authors: Takahara Masatoshi , Ogino Toshihiko , Fukushima Shigenobu , Tsuchida Hiroyuki , Kaneda Kiyoshi
Published: July 2017

We examined 24 patients with osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum to determine the results of nonoperative treatment. The average age of the patients at the initial examination was 13.3 years (range, 11 to 16). All the patients were advised to stop heavy use of the elbow for 6 months. At the last examination, at a mean follow-up period of 5.2 years, 4 patients (17%) had no residual elbow pain, 7 (29%) had pain only with heavy activities, and 13 (54%) had pain with activities of daily living. Final radiographs were obtained for 15 lesions, of which 3 lesions were assessed as healed, 3 as improved, and 9 as not improved. Five of 11 lesions in the early stage and all 4 advanced lesions failed to show radiographic improvement. These results suggest that osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum has only a slight tendency to heal, and that instability can cause failure of the lesion to heal.
Finger Injuries in Extreme Rock Climbers
Authors: Klauser Andrea , Bodner Gerd , Frauscher Ferdinand , Gabl Markus , Zur Nedden Dieter
Published: July 2017

Dynamic high-resolution ultrasonography findings obtained in 34 extreme rock climbers with finger injuries were compared with those in 20 healthy volunteers. Thicknesses of the flexor tendon and A-2 flexor tendon pulley system were measured at the base of the proximal phalanx. The distance between the tendon and phalanx was evaluated with the finger in extension and in forced flexion as a measure of bowstringing. Gliding ability of the flexor tendons was assessed during active and passive motion. Compared with healthy volunteers, climbers showed a significantly increased thickness of the flexor tendons and the flexor tendon pulley system but no impairment of the gliding mechanism. Only in climbers did the distance between tendon and phalanx increase from 0.14 cm ( 0.07) during extension to 0.30 cm ( 0.09) during forced flexion. In three climbers with complete A-2 pulley ruptures this distance was up to 0.51 cm ( 0.15) during forced flexion. Clinically unsuspected synovial cysts, thickened joint capsules, fibrous tissue, or fluid collection were found only in climbers. We concluded that dynamic ultrasonography is a valuable tool for accurate assessment of early changes in “climber's finger.” It provides useful information, especially in cases where clinical evaluation is difficult, and should be performed to select appropriate therapeutic management.
The Early Effect of Ibuprofen on the Mechanical Properties of Healing Medial Collateral Ligament
Authors: Moorman Claude T. , Kukreti Udita , Fenton David C. , Belkoff Stephen M.
Published: July 2017

We tested the hypothesis that injured ligaments in rabbits treated with ibuprofen would have decreased values of mechanical properties compared with the values of those treated with a placebo. In 24 New Zealand White rabbits, the medial collateral ligament of one hindlimb was ruptured; the contralateral ligament served as an internal control. The rabbits were treated orally, twice daily, with a 14-day course of either 35 mg of ibuprofen per kilogram of body weight or a placebo. The rabbits were sacrificed at 14 or 28 days, and the ligaments were tested in tension to failure at 0.15 mm/sec. There was no statistically significant difference in the values of mechanical properties of ligaments from rabbits treated with ibuprofen versus those treated with placebo at either 14 or 28 days after injury. Our findings suggest that there is no early deleterious effect of a short course of ibuprofen on the mechanical behavior of medial collateral ligaments.
Surgical Decompression of Chronic Central Core Lesions of the Achilles Tendon
Authors: Maffulli Nicola , Binfield Peter M. , Moore David , King John B.
Published: July 2017

We report the outcome of 14 athletes with chronic recalcitrant achillodynia and central core degeneration of the Achilles tendon. The patients underwent surgery after an average time from onset of symptoms to surgery of 87 months. All patients had undergone conservative management, including physical therapy treatment, orthoses, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and steroid injections. At an average follow-up of 35 months (range, 27 to 52), only 5 patients had an excellent or good result, despite reexploration in 6 of the 14 patients. In athletes with long-standing pain and central core degeneration of the Achilles tendon, prognosis is poor, and even reexploration is not successful. If the referral pattern allows, surgery should probably be undertaken earlier.
The Prevention of Ankle Sprains in Sports
Authors: Thacker Stephen B. , Stroup Donna F. , Branche Christine M. , Gilchrist Julie , Goodman Richard A. , Weitman Elyse A.
Published: July 2017

To assess the published evidence on the effectiveness of various approaches to the prevention of ankle sprains in athletes, we used textbooks, journals, and experts in the field of sports medicine to identify citations. We identified 113 studies reporting the risk of ankle sprains in sports, methods to provide support, the effect of these interventions on performance, and comparison of prevention efforts. The most common risk factor for ankle sprain in sports is history of a previous sprain. Ten citations of studies involving athletes in basketball, football, soccer, or volleyball compared alternative methods of prevention. Methods tested included wrapping the ankle with tape or cloth, orthoses, high-top shoes, or some combination of these methods. Most studies indicate that appropriately applied braces, tape, or orthoses do not adversely affect performance. Based on our review, we recommend that athletes with a sprained ankle complete supervised rehabilitation before returning to practice or competition, and those athletes suffering a moderate or severe sprain should wear an appropriate orthosis for at least 6 months. Both coaches and players must assume responsibility for prevention of injuries in sports. Methodologic limitations of published studies suggested several areas for future research.
The Lateral Elbow Ligaments
Authors: Berg Eugene E. , DeHoll Doug
Published: July 2017

Knowledge of the lateral elbow ligaments' normal anatomic relationships to osseous structures, as seen on standard radiographs, can facilitate the interpretation of arthrograms and an understanding of fracture mechanisms. We dissected fresh cadaveric elbows to isolate the entire lateral ulnar collateral and annular ligaments as well as their sites of osseous origin and insertion. We obtained radiographs of each ligament after painting them with a special radiopaque tantalum powder cyanoacrylic preparation. The resulting study allowed radiographic depiction of these important soft tissue structures in relation to the attendant osseous anatomy.
Identifying Learning Disabled Children: an Analysis of Some Measurement Problems
Authors: Saklofske D.H. , Yackulic R.A.
Published: July 2017

Research studies have reported that the WISC-R IQ's of some learning disabled children decrease during the period that the children receive individually designed education programs. It has been suggested that the apparent decreases do not necessarily reflect actual decreases in intellectual ability but rather may result from measurement problems inherent in the identification of LD children. Two models for identifying LD children were examined by applying identification criteria to a simulated population. One model employed a set of criteria which simulated standardized diagnostic measures. The second model simulated a two-stage identification process involving both teachers' clinical judgments and standardized diagnostic measures. The simulation of the two-stage process identified a sample whose characteristics closely resembled those of actual LD samples. Independently collected interview and questionnaire data obtained from school personnel involved in the LD identification process provided additional evidence that, prior to referring students for LD diagnosis, teachers screen students using idiosyncratic clinical criteria.
An Activity Group Intervention for School Children With Behavioral Problems
Authors: Beal A. Lynne
Published: July 2017

Latency-aged children with behavior problems participated in a lunch activity group at school. Members were given responsibility for designing the format of the sessions and performing the duties entailed in preparing and serving lunch, and cleaning up. The group chose a format which suggested their willingness to engage co-operatively in age-appropriate tasks. Themes that emerged during the sessions suggest that these children were aware of, and disapproved of their inappropriate behaviors. They made considerable progress in defining more appropriate behaviors and strategies for managing conflicts with peers. Teachers' ratings of their behavior show generalized gains in the development of more appropriate behaviors observed in the classroom. Comparison with a control group shows similar gains made by classmates included in the control group.
Developmental Trends in Information Processing and Reading: a Cross-Cultural Comparison
Authors: Williams David G.
Published: July 2017

This study examines developmental trends in the information processing and reading skills of Native Indian (Tsimshian) children living on the north coast of B.C. and non-Native children from Prince Rupert. Developmental trends in the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children: Mental Processing, and in reading decoding and comprehension were examined for 225 children ages 8-12.

Results of Canonical Analysis and ANOVA revealed significant relationships between group membership, Simultaneous and Sequential Processing subtests, and Reading subtests. Differences between the two Native Indian groups were statistically significant. Experiential background was seen as the major determinant of information processing ability and development of reading skills.
Understanding Foreign Adolescents' Difficulties in Cross-Cultural Adjustment: A Self-Validation Model
Authors: Ishu Ishiyama F.
Published: July 2017

A model of self-validation is presented in this paper to explore and understand the nature of cross-cultural adjustment difficulties and feelings of loss and homesickness. Many young immigrants and foreign students go through painful experiences of cultural and personal disorientation and uprootedness in a new, unfamiliar environment. When they move from their homelands, they also leave behind some of the significant sources of self-validation which used to provide positive feelings and a sense of self-worth and meaning in life. Five interrelated psychological themes are discussed with case illustrations: (1) security, comfort, and support; (2) self-worth and self-acceptance; (3) competence and autonomy, (4) identity and belonging; and (5) love, fulfillment, and meaning in life. Social reinforcement, communication and social skills and multicultural awareness are also discussed as factors contributing to successful self-validation and relationship building between foreign students and host nationals.
Views from the Mainstream: Learning Disabled Students as Perceived by Regular Education Classroom Teachers and by Non-Learning Disabled Secondary Students
Authors: Chester Robert D.
Published: July 2017

In the context of a program for mainstreaming learning disabled students, this study compared the perceptions of learning disabled students held by non-learning disabled secondary students. Significant differences were found between the two groups for 15 of the 30 items on the questionnaire. For 14 of these 15 items, student responses were significantly more positive than those of the teachers. Overall, when the responses of the two groups were compared, teachers were much more likely to rate the learning disabled students as underachieving, uninterested, non-studious, not striving for success, ashamed, and lacking in self-confidence. By contrast, students rated their learning disabled peers negatively on only two items, those dealing with self-confidence and popularity.
A Psychometric Study of the Draw-A-Person: A Quantitative Scoring System
Authors: Saklofske D.H. , Braun S.M.
Published: July 2017

The Draw-A-Person: A Quantitative Scoring System was developed by Naglieri (1988) in response to the need for an updated version of human figure drawing tests. Reliability and validity data for a sample of Canadian children are reported. Several significant differences were found between United States norms and the Canadian data.
Law, Psychology, and Competency to Stand Trial: Problems with and Implications for High-Profile Cases
Authors: Arrigo Bruce A. , Bardwell Mark C.
Published: July 2017

Competency to stand trial (CST) determinations require an adherence to legal adjudication standards and psychological assessments methods. However, the forensic decision making on these matters is fraught with complex and enduring dilemmas. Questions persist about the vague and ambiguous nature of the precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court case law on mental illness and competency as applied to particular defendants. In addition, the clinical evaluation procedures pose sufficient validity and reliability problems that the assessment instruments themselves have been the source of considerable consternation. As a result, the medicolegal system, on occasion, has allowed controversial and profoundly disturbed mental health defendants to pro se their cases (e.g., Colin Ferguson) and/or has rendered questionable psychological screenings for high-profile CST cases (e.g., Theodore Kaczynski). In this article, the authors revisit the legal and psychological pitfalls attributable to the CST determination. They examine where and how the legal standard and the clinical evaluation procedures manufacture problematic results, particularly in well-publicized cases. They conclude by exploring the policy implications of their analysis for purposes of future criminal justice reform in this forensic mental health area.
Research Note: Firearms Tracing Data from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms: An Occasionally Useful Law Enforcement Tool but a Poor Research Tool
Authors: Kopel David B. , Blackman Paul H.
Published: July 2017

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (BATF) sometimes traces the history of firearms used in crime. Typically, the trace reveals the gun's history from its manufacture to its sale by a licensed retail firearms dealer. BATF traces occasionally have been a useful tool for investigating individual crimes. In recent years, however, some persons have attempted to use BATF trace data to study gun violence and evaluate firearms policies. There are severe limitations on the utility of the BATF data for criminological analysis. These limits include the relatively small number of crime guns that BATF traces, BATF's rules about what guns it will not even attempt to trace, and the limited information supplied by gun traces. The authors suggest that BATF trace figures are not a sound foundation for criminological research.
The Role of Small Religious Nonprofits in Changing Urban Neighborhoods
Authors: Wolpert Julian
Published: July 2017

Small religious nonprofits (SRNPs) providea variety of services to residents of low-income center-city neighborhoods, but the magnitude and effectiveness of their service contribution are difficult to assess and evaluate. A preliminary field study of SRNPs in selected communities in Philadelphia and in Trenton, New Jersey, that have undergone profound neighborhood social and demographic change has identified widespread prevalence of SRNPs in these communities and deep commitment to address their service needs. Detailed neighborhood studies are needed to examine comparatively how SRNPs and secular agencies respond and adjust to altered service demands, client populations, and financing options.
Governance and the Small, Religiously Affiliated Social Service Provider
Authors: Stone Melissa M. , Wood Miriam M.
Published: July 2017

Religiously affiliated providers of social services are becoming increasingly important in the transformation of social welfare policy in the United States. This article focuses on governance issues and challenges facing these small service providers. Using perspectives from the organization and management literatures and examples from prior research, the article makes three general observations. First, predictable patterns of governance exist, depending on the types of structural relationships religiously affiliated agencies have with their religious bases. Second, governance will be affected by particular characteristics of both small and religious organizations. Third, growth presents critical challenges to the ability of these providers to maintain their indigenous religious cultures. Hypotheses are offered to stimulate further research in each of these areas.
The Technicity of Time
Authors: Mackenzie Adrian
Published: July 2017

In modern social and critical theory, clocks have figured as the embodiment of social order or, more ominously, as an exemplar of the threat posed to living thought by technology. As an alternative to such a bipolar evaluation, this paper examines the technicity of clocktime. The concept of technicity was suggested by the French philosopher, Gilbert Simondon. It is way of understanding the mode of existence of technical objects ontogenetically, that is, in terms of how they come to be rather than what they are. This paper introduces an ontogenetic account of clocktime as a new capacity to articulate diverse geographical, economic, technical and political realities together. It explains the convoluted precision of contemporary clocktime ensembles as just such an articulation. It discusses an ineliminable residue of metastability in the increasing precision of clocktime.
`Are You Going Home Already?'
Authors: Rutherford Sarah
Published: July 2017

Drawing on Weberian theory of social closure, this article explores how the long hours culture fostered in so many British organizations may act as a means of social closure to exclude women managers from senior positions. The research, conducted in eight different divisions of two UK companies, an airline and a merchant bank, shows that access to the resource of time is vital to be a successful manager. Women are less likely to have equal access to time because of the gendered division of domestic labour, and indeed men's time is often made available to them by their partners at home. At a time when women can offer almost everything that men can in terms of ability, skills and experience, time becomes the differentiating feature which makes men more likely to achieve promotion. The research shows the convergence of patriarchal and organizational desires/interests.
The Time Game
Authors: Klingemann Harald
Published: July 2017

The social notion of time, subjective time horizons and past-present-future orientations are rarely discussed in addiction treatment research. However, it can be assumed that treatment satisfaction and treatment success will also depend on the way staff and patients handle and manage time during inpatient treatment. This article presents the first data on the dimensions and patterns of time use, in the Forel alcohol clinic, among selected therapeutic communities for drug users, and from a general population sample in Switzerland. The following issues are addressed: Is the future-orientation of drug and alcohol patients lower than in the general population? How well do time perspectives of patients and therapists match? What types of time management, or `sub-cultural roles' (e.g. `doing time', `killing time'), can be observed? How well do time orientations predict treatment satisfaction and expected treatment success? The article concludes with an outline of possible follow-up work.
Time Management
Authors: Sabelis Ida
Published: July 2017

The topic of time management inevitably emerges when researching concepts of time in organizations. And, as we live in a society where we deal with organizations all the time and in a variety of forms, we are continually confronted with the way in which time is managed in an `organizational' way. This article departs from a critical overview of time-management literature and confronts the assumptions therein with the experiences of a (female) chief executive, managing her time. By taking time management literally, it is shown that underneath, other temporal markers are essential and that concepts of time management necessarily provide a perspective that is risky and too limited.
The Obama Legacy in the Middle East and the Trump Challenge
Authors: Freedman Robert O.
Published: July 2017

During the second term of President Barack Obama, US-Israeli relations sharply deteriorated. After a positive visit by President Obama to Israel in March 2013, major disagreements erupted over the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, over the nuclear deal with Iran and, especially, over the construction of Jewish settlements in the Israeli-occupied West Bank. Making matters worse, personal recriminations crept into the Israeli-American dialogue on the disputes. While the two countries signed a major military assistance agreement in September 2016, Israeli settlement expansion after the election of Donald Trump as the US President in November 2016 led to a further deterioration of relations between the Obama Administration and Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu, which was demonstrated by the Obama Administration’s failure to veto a UN Security Council Resolution condemning Israeli settlements.
Book Review: Simon Mabon, Saudi Arabia and Iran Power and Rivalry in the Middle East
Authors: Mishra Prem Anand
Published: July 2017

Simon Mabon, Saudi Arabia and Iran Power and Rivalry in the Middle East. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2016, pp. 298, Price not mentioned. Paperback. ISBN: 978-1-78453-466-0
Strategies for World Peace: Peace Research and Peace Movements
Authors: Kumar Veena Ravi
Published: July 2017

Peace is not an esoteric word. It has philosophical underpinnings and real world connotations. In a nuclear era with the latest, and manifest, conflicts which may end in total war, peace becomes a deceptively complex word.

Peace Research and peace movements become dualities which are necessary strategies for world peace. As a scientific compilation of data and meaning methodology, they are a comparatively new phenomena but in terms of some kind of a movement have always been active. Even if only a protest by a minority it has been an ongoing phenomenon.

Peace Research and eventually peace movements become part of a social consciousness that is important to achieve a political end—world peace.

This paper spells out the meaning of Peace Research, its development and links with peace movements. Some peace movements in different parts of the world have been brought out merely to substantiate the peace research and its concepts. It is by no means exhaustive. A lot needs to be researched and brought out. But one main idea seems amply clear that the world system needs restructuring to absorb Peace Research and peace movements if only to rationalise it, make it viable for both study and activism. So also a change is needed among the “realist” thinking if only to achieve positive and developmental peace, i.e. peace combined with social justice.
Network of communities in the fight against AIDS: local actions to address health inequities and promote health in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Edmundo Kátia , Guimarães Wanda , do Socorro Vasconcelos Maria , Baptista Ana Paula , Becker Daniel
Published: July 2017

When combined with major social inequities, the AIDS epidemic in Brazil becomes much more complex and requires effective and participatory community-based interventions. This article describes the experience of a civil society organisation, the Centre for Health Promotion (CEDAPS), in the slum communities (favelas) of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Using a community-based participatory approach, 55 community organisations were mobilised to develop local actions to address the increasing social vulnerability to HIV/AIDS of people living in squatter communities. This was done through on-going prevention initiatives based on the local culture and developed by a Network of Communities. The community movement has created a sense of “ownership” of social actions. The fight against AIDS has been a mobilising factor in engaging and organising communities and has contributed to raising awareness of health rights. Local actions included targeting the determinants of local vulnerability, as suggested by health promotion workers.
Public health policies as guides for local public policies: the experience of Sobral-Ceará, Brazil
Authors: Monteiro Andrade Luiz Odorico , de Holanda Cunha Bareta Ivana Cristina , Ferreira Gomes Cid , Chagas Canuto Ondina Maria
Published: July 2017

The accelerated urbanisation process that Brazil has gone through in the last 50 years has given rise to daunting challenges for public managers, especially in terms of local public policy management for the building of “healthy cities”. In Sobral, a municipality of 173,000 inhabitants in Ceará in the North-eastern region of Brazil, a number of municipal policies were initiated beginning in 1997, many in partnership with the federal and state governments. They were inspired by the vision of a healthy and equitable city and were marked by strategic planning and the implementation of intersectoral projects. This article lays out some of the actions and their results, including an increase in the public supply of drinking water from 65% to 97% of households; an increase in sewage networks from 7% to 65%; an increase in public refuse collection from 42% to 90%; the expansion of green areas; the construction of nine kilometres of bicycle paths; the universalisation of integral health care through the Family Health Strategy through a network with specialised out-patient and hospital services; and a 148% increase in the number of children enrolled in primary school. These initiatives also resulted in the improvement of quality of life indicators, including a reduction in infant mortality from 61.4 to 19.0 per thousand live births, a drop in the mortality rate from traffic accidents from 33.40 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2001 to 15.25 in 2003; and a jump in literacy rates among children in the first cycle of primary school from 40 to 90.7%. In the present article, the authors describe some of the successful strategies and projects initiated between 1997 and 2003, and discuss how this experience could be reproduced in other communities across Brazil and around the world.
Geographically-based approaches to the integration of health promotion into health systems: a comparative study of two Health Action zones in the UK
Authors: Springett Jane
Published: July 2017

Health Action Zones (HAZs) were introduced in the UK in the late 1990s as a whole system approach to public health and health care. Resources were targeted in historically deprived subregional units of England. Based on process evaluations undertaken in their fourth year of operation, the approaches taken by two HAZs were compared. Each had different histories of intersectoral cooperation and strategic approaches to integration. Both operated in a rapidly changing policy and organizational environment. This undermined attempts to sustain a consistent vision and eventually led to the demise of HAZs as subregional units. The approaches chosen by these two HAZs to integrate health promotion into health systems cannot be divorced from the political, historical and geographical contexts in which they were initiated. What the experiences of the two HAZs demonstrate is that while subregions and localities can potentially benefit from a whole systems perspective, there are deep-seated structural problems that constrain progress. Their experience demonstrates that context is of key importance in understanding the outcomes of any intervention aimed at promoting health.