bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Twin Studies in Medical Genetics
Authors: Propping P. , Vogel F.
Published: July 2016

It is the aim of twin studies to obtain results which are not only valid for twins, but apply to the whole population. Therefore the following questions have to be answered first: do twins differ from non-twins in the trait under study? Do different nongenetic factors act upon MZ and DZ twins which alter the probability of manifestation of a trait, even before birth? There are important differences in embryogenesis and placental blood flow in mono- and dichorionic twins; this can influence the normal fetal development. Therefore the value of twin studies alone in analysing the genetic component in the etiology of congenital malformations is rather ambiguous. Twin studies beyond the newborn period can be classified into four approaches: (1) Case reports; (2) Accumulated case reports; (3) Limited representative sample; (4) Unlimited representative sample. The most frequent systematic method in medical genetics is the establishment of all twins in a defined population of probands (3). Another successful application in the last few years has been in pharmacogenetics. Although no simple mode of inheritance could be discovered, it was possible to estimate the genetic component within the interindividual variability of the metabolism of certain drugs (nortriptyline, antipyrine, phenylbutazone, ethanol). Now, additional non-twin research is needed to work out single factors within the observed polygenic systems.
Ischemic Heart Disease in Death Discordant Twins - A Study on 205 Male and Female Pairs with Special Reference to Hereditary Factors
Authors: de Faire Ulf
Published: July 2016

From January 1971 to March 1973 all twin pairs in the Swedish Twin Registry below the age of 70, who became death-discordant, were continuously recorded. A total of 205 (78%) of the surviving cotwins were examined with respect to different manifestations of ischemic heart diseases (IHD) and several “environmental” and “biometric” risk factors. Among the death-discordant pairs, the cause of death was IHD in 57 pairs and other than IHD in 148 pairs. Analyses revealed that the prevalence rate of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, pathologic Q-wave, and ST depressions in connection with exercise, were significantly higher among the surviving cotwins whose partners had died from IHD than those whose partners had died from other causes. The same trends were seen for most of the risk factors measured both singly and in combination, although not very pronounced. The results indicate a substantial genetic influence in the development of IHD. The genetic influence is possibly transmitted not only through some of the risk factors measured, but also through other factors, still unknown.
Metabolic Research in Monozygotic Twins with Diabetes Mellitus: Progress Report
Authors: Goecke T. , Grote W. , Grueneklee D.
Published: July 2016

An intravenous and oral glucose tolerance test and an intravenous tolbutamide test have been performed in 11 MZ twin pairs, discordant for diabetes mellitus. Blood sugar, immunoreactive insulin, and free fatty acids were determined. The research aimed at finding out whether prediabetic subjects may show any characteristic parameter which could be suggestive of the hereditary disposition. Three MZ twins of juvenile diabetics showed a normal blood glucose, immunoreactive insulin, and free fatty acids during the glucose and tolbutamide loads within a maximum of 10 years observation.
Intrauterine Hypoxia — A Phenomenon Peculiar to the Second Twin
Authors: Derom R. , Thiery M.
Published: July 2016

During a 5-year period twin births occurrring at the university hospital were investigated for the presence of clinical and biochemical symptoms of intrauterine hypoxia. It appears that intrauterine hypoxia, when detectable, is limited to the second twin. Some factors which may influence the oxygenation of the second twin have been analysed, i.e., the mode of delivery, the time interval between deliveries, and the duration of gestation. No single explanation for the genesis of the hypoxia seems to be valid.
Early Diagnosis and Follow Up of Twin-Pregnancy Using a Two-Dimensional Ultrasonic Scanner
Authors: Abdulla Usama
Published: July 2016

A two-dimensional ultrasonic B scanner is used to diagnose both single and multiple early pregnancy The contact scanning method is used. The patient is required to have a full bladder if she is under 14 weeks gestation. The uterus and the cervix are outlined. Then a search is made for the gestation sac or sacs within the uterine cavity if the cyesis is under 10 weeks. Serial longitudinal and transverse scans are carried out to outline the gestation sacs. The fetal echoes within the gestation sac are seen and the fetal heart rate can be detected using the time-position display (TP). The patients that are studied fall into the following groups: (1) patients who are clinically suspected to have multiple pregnancy; (2) patients who have been on ovulation induction therapy; (3) patients with family history of twins; (4) patients with threatened abortion. The diagnosis of multiple pregnancy during the 11th week is equivocal. After the 12th week gestation the diagnosis is made by visualising the fetal head and the maturity is then estimated by measuring the biparietal diameter. Thus fetal growth can be assessed by carrying out serial biparietal diameter estimations.
Stuttering and Tics in Twins
Authors: Godai U. , Tatarelli R. , Bonanni G.
Published: July 2016

A total of 63 twin pairs (22 MZ and 41 DZ), with one or both members affected by not organic stuttering and/or tics, have been drawn out of the Mendel Institute's twin file. Concordance of stuttering was observed in 10:12 MZ, but only in 2:19 DZ twin pairs; concordance of tics in 6:10 MZ and in 2:22 DZ twin pairs. Stuttering did not come out significantly associated either with other disturbances of language or with an IQ under the average; almost always it was possible to find out a precipitating factor. Significant relations between stuttering and tics could not be stated. Sex ratio, obtained regarding any affected subject separately, clearly turned in favour of males both in stuttering (32:12) and in tics (27:12). Stutterers and left-handers incidence in the families of stuttering subjects appeared significant in comparison with families of subjects with tics.
Influence of magnesium deficiency on horse foal tissue concentrations of Mg, calcium and phosphorus
Authors: Harrington D. D.
Published: July 2016

1. The effects of feeding with a purified magnesium-deficient diet (−Mg, 7–8 mg Mg/kg) on horse foal blood serum and tissue concentrations of Mg, calcium and phosphorus were studied, and the results compared with histopathological findings.

2. Serum concentrations of Ca and P were unaffected by feeding with the −Mg diet, whereas serum Mg concentrations decreased from a mean initial (day 0) concentration of 0.78 mmol/l to 0.53 mmol/l 7 d after foals were placed on the −Mg diet, and then continued to decrease at a slower rate.

3. Aorta concentrations of Ca and P, but not Mg, were positively correlated with the period of time foals were given the −Mg diet, verifying histopathological findings. Results for both aorta Ca and P analyses and histopathological studies indicated that mineralization of the aorta began approximately 30–35 d after foals were placed on the −Mg diet.

4. Feeding with the −Mg diet had no significant, analytically detectable effect on brain, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, skeletal or cardiac muscle concentrations of Ca, P or Mg, although microscopic evidence of mineralization was seen in some of these tissues from foals given the −Mg diet for 71–180 d.

5. A significant negative correlation was found between bone ash concentrations of Mg (rib, metacarpus and metatarsus) and the length of time foals were fed on the −Mg diet. Bone ash concentrations of Ca and P were, however, unchanged.

6. Low serum Mg values and negative correlations between the bone ash concentration of Mg and the period of time foals were fed on the −Mg diet supplemented with 390 mg Mg as MgO/kg were interpreted as suggesting that either this level of Mg supplementation is marginal for the growing foal, or that the Mg in MgO is not readily available to the growing foal.
Studies on the fortification of cane sugar with iron and ascorbic acid
Authors: Disler P. B. , Lynch S. R. , Charlton R. W. , Bothwell T. H. , Walker R. B. , Mayet Fatima
Published: July 2016

1. The feasibility of improving iron nutrition by fortifying cane sugar with Fe and ascorbic acid was studied.

2. It was found to be possible to add a number of Fe salts together with ascorbic acid to sugar without affecting its appearance or storage properties.

3. The absorption of Fe from fortified sugar eaten with maize-meal porridge or made into jam or biscuits was measured in ninety-four volunteer multiparous Indian women using the59Fe erythrocyte utilization method.

4. The absorption of Fe from sugar fortified with ascorbic acid and ferrous sulphate and eaten with maize-meal porridge was increased about twofold if the ratio, ascorbic acid: Fe was 10:1 by weight. If the ratio was increased to 20:1, Fe absorption was increased a further threefold.

5. Sugar fortified with soluble Fe salts, including FeSO4. 7H2O, discoloured both tea and coffee; sugar fortified with ferric orthophosphate did not have this effect.

6. Fe from FePO4. H2O was poorly absorbed when added with sugar to maize-meal porridge, and also when added with adequate quantities of ascorbic acid. This form of Fe was absorbed much less well than was the intrinsic Fe present in the maize.

7. When sugar fortified with FePO4.H2O and ascorbic acid was added to maize-meal porridge before cooking or was made into jam there was a several-fold increase in the amount of Fe absorbed.
The participation of methionine and cysteine in the formation of bonds resistant to the action of proteolytic enzymes in heated casein
Authors: Pieniaźek Danuta , Rakowska Maria , Kunachowicz Hanna
Published: July 2016

1. The influence of temperature, moisture content and the presence of glucose on the level of available methionine and cysteine in casein was studied.

2. Differences between total and available methionine and cysteine contents of heated casein (90° for 24 h) were determined by an in vitro method. The maximum losses in total and available methionine content were 22 and 51% respectively. The losses in total and available cysteine content were 24 and 100% respectively.

3. The results indicated that for heated casein the release of amino acids by proteolytic enzymes was less complete than for native casein.

4. The results of rat growth assays suggested that diets containing oxidized casein are less well utilized by rats than those containing native casein. The decrease in body-weight of rats receiving the diets containing oxidized casein could be counteracted by the addition of methionine and 20 g unoxidized casein/kg diet.

5. There was a lower level of some available amino acids (determined after enzymic hydrolysis using pancreatopeptidase E (EC3.4.4.7), leucine aminopeptidase (EC3.4.1.1) and prolidase (EC3.4.3.7)), including those essential for the rat, in oxidized casein as compared with native casein.

6. Cysteic acid, in oxidized casein, probably makes impossible the utilization of the amino acids in its neighbourhood.

7. From the differences in the available amino acid contents of the native, oxidized and heated casein it was concluded that the oxidation of casein causes the formation of complexes in the polypeptide chain, resistant to enzymic hydrolysis, but to a much lesser extent than does heating.
Substrate interactions on the intestinal mucosa: a concept for the regulation of intestinal digestion
Authors: Ugolev A. M. , Gruzdkov A. A. , De Laey P. , Egorova V. V. , Iezuitova N. N. , Koltushkina G. G. , Timofeeva N. M. , Tulyaganova E. Ch. , Tsvetkova V. A. , Chernyakhovskaya M. Yu. , Shcherbakov G. G.
Published: July 2016

1. The hydrolysis of glycyl-L-leucine, glycyl-L-tyrosine, tributyrin, sucrose, maltose, soluble starch and α- and β-glycerophosphates by everted segments of rat intestine was estimated separately or in combination.

2. A comparative study showed significant interaction between different substrates which affected their digestion.

3. Two types of interaction were identified: products of hydrolysis (1) affected the hydrolysis of homologous substances, e.g. methionine and alanine inhibited glycyl-L-leucine hydrolysis, maltose reduced glucoamylase (α-1, 4-glucan glucohydrolase;EC3.2.1.3) activity (intracatenary interactions); (2) interfered with the hydrolysis of a different group of substances, e.g. tributyrin inhibited dipeptidase (glycyl-L-leucine hydrolase;EC3.4.3.2) and alkaline phosphatase (EC3.1.3.1), glycyl-L-leucine interfered with the activity of the latter enzyme (intercatenary interactions).

4. Mechanisms of interactions were suggested by the results of a comparison of the extent of inhibition or activation of two enzymes (glycyl-L-leucine hydrolase and alkaline phosphatase) in situ in everted intestinal segments or after solubilization with papain or Triton X-100, and different treatments known to affect allosteric sites of these enzymes.

5. Tributyrin and dipeptides were found to act on alkaline phosphatase as allosteric regulators. A discontinuity of the Arrhenius plot suggested the existence of different enzyme conformations which were re-arranged by tributyrin.

6. Substrate interactions in digestion were found in adult rat, cat, rabbit and hen. Substantial differences were found between classes (Aves and Mammalia), orders (rodents, lagomorphs and carnivores) and between age-groups within an animal strain (in this instance, for the rat).

7. These interactions are thought to be involved in the co-ordination of digestion with intestinal absorption and to regulate the time and site of subsequent hydrolysis.
The effect of feeding high levels of low-quality proteins to growing chickens
Authors: Wetnli E. , Morris T. R. , Shresta T. P.
Published: July 2016

1. Three growth trials were done using male broiler chicks. In the first two trials, groundnut meal was used, with and without supplementary methionine and lysine. In the third trial, soya-bean meal was used with and without supplementary methionine. Protein levels ranged in the first trial from 120 to 420 g/kg diet and in the third trial from 120 to 300 g/kg diet. Thus the assumed minimal amino acid requirements of the chick were supplied by high levels of low-quality dietary protein.

2. Diets based on cereals and groundnut meal did not support maximum live-weight gain or maximum efficiency of food utilization at any level of dietary protein. When the principal deficiencies of lysine and methionine were corrected, this protein mixture was capable of supporting the same growth rate as a control diet of cereals and herring meal.

3. Diets based on maize and soya-bean meal did not support quite the same growth rate as similar diets supplemented with methionine, even though the protein level in the unsupplemented diets was sufficient to meet the assumed methionine requirements.

4. These results are interpreted as examples of amino acid imbalance in diets composed of familiar feeding-stuffs. It is concluded that one cannot assume that the poor quality of a protein source can always be offset by increasing the concentration of dietary protein.
The effect of glucose infusion on the plasma free amino acids in sheep
Authors: Offer N. W. , Tas M. V. , Axford R. F. E. , Evans R. A.
Published: July 2016

1. Glucose in solution in saline, or saline alone, was administered to a group of twenty ewes during late pregnancy and again after lambing. Sequential blood samples were taken before and after the infusion and the concentration of plasma free amino acids was determined.

2. The effect of glucose was to reduce the concentrations of all amino acids except alanine. The reduction was greatest for tryptophan in the pregnant sheep, but this amino acid showed no significant change in the lactating animals.

3. An attempt to rank the amino acids on the basis of their response to glucose infusion indicated that, with the exception of tryptophan for the preparturient ewes, groups of essential amino acids could not be distinguished from each other. These groups were, for the preparturient sheep, valine, leucine, phenylalanine and isoleucine, and for the postparturient animals, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, valine and phenylalanine.
Effects of severe energy and protein deficiencies on the fibres and nuclei in skeletal muscle of pigs
Authors: Stickland N. C. , Widdowson Elsie M. , Goldspink G.
Published: July 2016

1. Measurements have been made of the size and number of muscle fibres and number of nuclei in a small indicator muscle (m. flexor digiti V brevis) in the fore-foot of the pig. Wellnourished, 10-d-old and 1-year-old animals were studied, as well as 1- and 2-year-old animals that were severely energy-deficient and protein-deficient.

2. The normal 1-year-old animals had much larger muscle fibres, with more nuclei, than the pigs in any of the other groups.

3. There were no significant differences between the numbers of fibres in the muscles of pigs in any of the four groups.

4. There was a significant difference between the number of fibres in the muscles of pigs coming from different litters, irrespective of their dietary history after birth. This suggests that the number of fibres is determined genetically before birth, and all that can take place after birth is an alteration in size.
New inhibitors of methane production by rumen micro-organisms. Experiments with animals and other practical possibilities
Authors: Czerkawski J. W. , Breckenridge Grace
Published: July 2016

1. Two inhibitors of rumen methane production were given to sheep and their effects were measured using an in vitro technique.

2. The substances used were trichloroethyl pivalate (TCE-P) and trichloroethyl adipate (TCE-A). In one experiment with two sheep TCE-P was injected into the rumen and in another experiment with two sheep the same inhibitor was mixed with the food just before feeding. In another experiment, TCE-A was given to two sheep at two dose levels, and in an experiment with four sheep two levels of inhibitor and two levels of diet were used.

3. In general the inhibition of methane production was greater with samples of rumen contents taken after feeding than with those taken before feeding. When sheep were given 120–300 mg TCE-P/d the inhibition of methane production ranged from 21 to 81%. When sheep given maintenance rations were given 125–300 mg TCE-A/d there was 28–90% inhibition of methane production. When sheep were given twice maintenance rations 150 mg TCE-A/d gave no inhibition and 300 mg TCE-A/d gave very low inhibition of methane production (about 16%).

4. In most experiments there was a significant increase in the propionic acid:acetic acid concentration ratio in the rumen when methane production was inhibited.

5. The possible practical use of inhibitors is discussed.
Serum colloidal osmotic pressure in the development of kwashiorkor and in recovery: its relationship to albumin and globulin concentrations and oedema
Authors: Coward W. A.
Published: July 2016

1. Serum colloidal osmotic pressure was measured in children ‘at risk’ to kwashiorkor, in others with frank signs of the disease and during recovery. Simultaneous estimations of serum albumin and globulin concentrations and assessments of the extent of oedema were also made.

2. During the development of kwashiorkor, serum colloidal osmotic pressure did not decrease significantly until albumin concentration was 25.1–27.5 g/l. Above 30.0 g/l, colloidal osmotic pressure was maintained at normal levels during which time a significant reciprocal relationship existed between albumin and globulin concentrations. These findings provide support for suggestions that there may be an oncotic regulation of albumin synthesis.

3. Low albumin concentrations were mainly responsible for the low colloidal osmotic pressures found in children with kwashiorkor and in agreement with previous findings the threshold for the formation of oncotic oedema was found to be about 2.35–2.65 kN/m2.

4. Values for colloidal osmotic pressure calculated from serum albumin and gobulin concentrations using empirical formulas did not agree well with measured values and no constant correction factor suitable over the whole range of albumin concentrations found in rural Ugandan children could be devised. In many hypoalbuminaemic children only direct measurement of serum colloidal osmotic pressure will indicate the true extent of risk to an episode of oedema.
Dinoflagellate cyst zonation for the middle to upper Eocene in the Austral Basin, southwestern Atlantic Ocean: implications for regional and global correlation
Authors: GONZÁLEZ ESTEBENET M. SOL , GUERSTEIN G. RAQUEL , RODRÍGUEZ RAISING MARTÍN E. , PONCE JUAN J. , ALPERÍN MARTA I.
Published: July 2016

The well-exposed marine Eocene units from southwestern Patagonia, Argentina, contain useful information for reconstructing regional climate and oceanographic patterns in an area adjacent to the Drake Passage. The aim of this paper is to integrate dinoflagellate cyst data from three sections of the southwestern Austral Basin (Río Turbio Formation) to propose a zonation scheme, which can be applied to other southwestern Atlantic Ocean sites. Assemblages of organic walled dinoflagellate cysts have been analysed in different cropping-out sections and cores, showing the high potential of this fossil group as biostratigraphic markers. Comparison of dinoflagellate cyst events of the upper member of the Río Turbio Formation with calibrated biostratigraphic ranges in the Palaeogene South Pacific Ocean allowed us to date and correlate these sedimentary sections. The resulting zonation consists of four dinoflagellate cyst zones labelled RTF 1 to RTF 4, between the middle Lutetian and late Priabonian. As a final point, we applied dinoflagellate cyst species with importance as palaeoenvironmental markers to assess long-term climatic and oceanographic evolution for the area. This study shows that the endemic–Antarctic dinoflagellate cyst assemblage is dominant during the middle to late Eocene (RTF 1 to RTF 3), while a significant replacement of these taxa by cosmopolitan species characterizes the upper part of the upper member of the Río Turbio Formation (RTF 4). This turnover seems to be a consequence of changes in the ocean circulation patterns forced by deepening of the southern Atlantic gateways (the Drake Passage and the Tasman Gateway).
The cult of Aphrodite in Miletos and its colonies
Authors: Greaves Alan M.
Published: July 2016

In 1989, the discovery and subsequent excavation of a sanctuary of Aphrodite at Zeytintepe, a low hill immediately adjacent to themetropolisof Miletos, confirmed what some scholars had long suspected — that worship of this goddess at the city dated back to the Archaic period. This article presents a brief outline of the evidence from these excavations together with a survey of the available evidence for the existence of cults of Aphrodite in Miletos' many colonies. Three conclusions are drawn: that Aphrodite was an important cult both in Miletos and in many of its colonies; that Aphrodite was worshipped as a sea goddess; and that there were local variations in the cult in these places.
In praise of the simple life: a new fragment of Diogenes of Oinoanda
Authors: Smith Martin Ferguson
Published: July 2016

The article presents a new fragment (NF 136), discovered in June 2003, of the Greek inscription set up by the Epicurean philosopher Diogenes of Oinoanda. The text is part of Diogenes' writingOld Age. Although brief, it is interesting, not least on account of its similarity to a well known passage of Lucretius (2.20–36). It begins with mention of ‘an elaborate house with fretted and gold-spangled ceilings’, evidently as something to be avoided, and goes on to recommend simple clothing and food, specifically cabbage. Its interest and value are enhanced by the near certainty that it joins up with a fragment (NF 94 = fr. 161 Smith) discovered in 1976.
The Ephesus excavations 1863–1874, in the light of the Ottoman legislation on antiquities
Authors: Donkow Izabella
Published: July 2016

The article discusses the introduction of Ottoman legislation on antiquities and its implication for the Ephesus excavations of 1863–1874, led by John Turtle Wood on behalf of the British Museum. It is argued that instrumental in the termination of the archaeological works at the site was the Ottoman law on antiquities of 1874, which was about to be promulgated and the recurrent difficulties in obtaining renewal of afirman, necessary for any archaeological endeavours undertaken by foreigners. Attention is drawn to the close relationship between the rise of the Imperial Museum in Istanbul, the promulgation and implementation of the Ottoman legislation on antiquities and their effect on circumscribing the archaeological activities of foreign nations. Growing contemporary Ottoman interest in antiquities, reflecting an increased awareness of their role in the re-definition of the identity of the country, laying claim to participation in European culture, is briefly touched upon.
Middle and Late Iron Age painted ceramics from Kinet Höyük: macro, micro and elemental analyses
Authors: Hodos Tamer , Knappett Carl , Kilikoglou Vassilis
Published: July 2016

This article presents the results of scientific analyses on a selection of sherds associated with two kilns from the site of Kinet Höyük (Hatay). The kilns are dated to the eighth century BC and the end of the seventh century BC. In between these two periods, archaeological evidence suggests a period of occupation by the Neo-Assyrians. The present study assesses the impact of this occupation on the pottery industry at the site using a combined approach of thin section and neutron activation analyses. The results of these analyses additionally allow for a new classification system of local wares.
Ancient mountain routes connecting central Anatolia to the upper Euphrates region
Authors: Ökse A. Tuba
Published: July 2016

Field surveys carried out within the upper Kızılırmak region have shown that the natural route-ways passing through the area have connected central Anatolia to eastern Anatolia throughout the ages. The route from north-central Anatolia reaches the Kızılırmak river by passing through the plains of Çekerek, Yıldızeli and Yıldız. The Kızılırmak river can be crossed on horseback where the road ends. A second route connects south-central Anatolia to Sivas by passing through the plains of Gemerek and Şarkışla, and leads to eastern Anatolia by passing through the Kızılırmak valley after Sivas. A third route reaches Altınyayla by passing through the Kızılırmak valley, the Şarkışla plain and reaches the plain of Malatya by travelling through a pass of the Kulmaç mountains running along the Balıklıtohma valley. A fourth route connects Sivas with Malatya via Taşlıdere, Ulaş, Kangal and Alacahan. Fieldwork has shown that these routes have been almost continuously used since the middle of the third millennium BC.
The theories of the ‘Great Caravan Route’ between Cilicia and Troy: the Early Bronze Age III period in inland western Anatolia
Authors: Efe Turan
Published: July 2016

At the beginning of the second settlement a change that we can define as a ‘breaking point’ takes place in Trojan indigenous cultural development. Behind this change must lie, to a great extent, the intensification of Troy's cultural and economic relations with the interior of Anatolia and beyond (north Syria and Mesopotamia). This change is archaeologically most evident in the pottery; the potter's wheel is introduced to Troy IIb along with new forms and wares. For a long time it has been widely accepted that the wheel – in use in north Syria and Cilicia since the Late Chalcolithic period – became known in the interior of western Anatolia only after its appearance at Troy, and there has been a general consensus that the potter's wheel and other Mesopotamian influences reached Troy through maritime trade from Cilicia westward and northward along the Anatolian coastline. The author, on the other hand, as early as the mid 1980s, had begun to defend the thesis that Trojan-Cilician relations were established over inland western Anatolia, rather than by sea. Here again he deals with the subject, now strengthened by new evidence that continues to come to light from recent investigations and excavations within western Anatolia – most especially that from Küllüoba, where excavation has been continuing under the author's auspices since 1996. The author now goes one step further to define this overland route between Cilicia and the north Aegean as the ‘Great Caravan Route’.
Hirbemerdon Tepe: a late third to mid second millennium BC settlement of the upper Tigris valley
Authors: Laneri Nicola , Valentini Stefano , D'Agostino Anacleto
Published: July 2016

The increased number of archaeological activities, underway as a result of the projected construction of the Ilısu dam to be built along the Tigris river in southeastern Anatolia, have brought to light numerous structures associated with the material culture of the late third millennium to mid second millennium BC. The assemblages are characterised by a local variety of pottery, the so-called ‘Red Brown Wash Ware’, usually found in contexts associated with materials similar to those available from contemporaneous periods in northern Mesopotamia, northern Syria and Anatolia. As a consequence, this paper investigates the apparent cultural interactions which took place between the Mesopotamian and Anatolian regions during the above-mentioned period, drawing on recent data obtained at the site of Hirbemerdon Tepe located along the upper Tigris river valley in southeastern Anatolia. Through this overview, an additional objective is to bring to a broader public the material culture of this relatively little known yet increasingly significant region of the ancient Near East.
Social transformations in the Late Neolithic and the Early Chalcolithic periods in central Anatolia
Authors: Marciniak Arkadiusz , Czerniak Lech
Published: July 2016

This article explores the character of social transformations within Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic communities of central Anatolia. This comprises the demise of neighbourhood communities that formed the social basis of the Early Neolithic period and the emergence of the household as a well-defined and autonomous entity. These changes are examined by focusing mainly on settlement patterns, the organisation of space and changes in architecture. The transformations are examined on the microscale, using Çatalhöyük as a case study, and on a regional scale focused on three areas of central Anatolia: the Beyşehir-Seydişehir area, the Konya plain and the Cappadocian region.
The emergence of different social systems in Early Bronze Age Anatolia: urbanisation versus centralisation
Authors: Çevik Özlem
Published: July 2016

The second half of the third millennium BC has generally been accepted as the period in which urbanisation took place in Anatolia. Prominent sites of this period are described by scholars as ‘towns’, ‘town-like settlements’, ‘city-states’ and ‘proto-city-states’. The use of a variety of terms for the same type of site implies that there is no clear consensus on the conceptualisation of this transformational process. It is generally accepted that, from the Neolithic period onwards, Anatolia did not display a great degree of cultural homogeneity, both in terms of material culture and social systems. The topography of Anatolia is divided by deep river valleys and high mountain chains, and this may well have been a crucial factor in stimulating cultural regionalism. This article suggests that Early Bronze Age populations in Anatolia did not just experience the process of urbanisation, but also centralisation. Furthermore, it has been argued that certain areas of Anatolia at this time experienced neither urbanisation nor centralisation, but remained rural. This paper utilises archaeological evidence, such as settlement patterns, settlement layouts and types of material culture that have social implications, to explain these phenomena.
The Anatolian Middle Bronze Age kingdoms and Alalakh: Mukish, Kanesh and trade
Authors: Yener K. Aslıhan
Published: July 2016

The comparisons at the heart of this article concern the varying roles of cuneiform texts, instrumental analysis and artefacts at the Bronze Age capital of Alalakh, located in the northeastern Mediterranean region of southern Turkey. The production of fine artefacts, such as sophisticated metallurgy, glass, faience, ivory carving and, especially, bronze, was under palace patronage, while trade and the networks of inter-regional relations facilitated the transport of materials across great distances in the ancient Near East. Several lines of evidence suggest that exchange relationships between Alalakh and the Middle Bronze Age central Anatolian kingdoms, such as Kanesh, were established prior to the arrival of Hattusili I. One category of artefact, ivory and bone with metallic embellishments, is emphasised here since the crafting of ivory and bone entails the use of local resources, while the plating with precious metals reflects artistic expression and exploitation that is international in scope. Several analytical techniques are presented, such as lead isotope ratios, scanning electron microscopy and polarizing light microscopy, which have aided in defining the artistic expression of Alalakh and the production of artefacts of power and prestige.
Strategies for future success: Remembering the Hittites during the Iron Age
Authors: Dodd Lynn Swartz
Published: July 2016

The Maraş and Sakçagözü valley surveys on the east side of the Amanus mountains provide new data regarding patterns of Hittite territorial management and administration. Sites dating to the Late Bronze Age II period were identified by the presence of burnished pottery, drab ware and, occasionally, by animal-shaped ceramic vessel fragments. The standardised drab ware pottery is emblematic of mass production and rigid control of labour sources and raw materials through systems designed to support the economic and political strategies of the Hittite court and to serve its interests. The settlement pattern is linked to Hittite regional needs for agricultural production, raw materials and territorial security. The distinct site location pattern indicates a strategic, restrained use of space by the Hittites. This left room for beneficial integrative features that local élites might emphasise for their own purposes, which comprise a foundation for the prestige later accorded to the Hittite legacy.
The Early Holocene occupation of north-central Anatolia between 10,000 and 6,000 BC cal: investigating an archaeologicalterra incognita
Authors: Düring Bleda S.
Published: July 2016

This paper investigates why we lack convincing evidence for human activities in north-central Anatolia for the period between 10,000 and 6,000 BC cal. This paucity of data can be contrasted with substantial evidence for Neolithic communities in south-central Anatolia from about 8,500 BC cal, and of earlier hunter-gatherer communities in that region. This difference in our data is especially problematic because in terms of ecology both regions appear to be broadly similar. In this paper this enigmatic paucity of evidence for the Early Holocene occupation of north-central Anatolia will be scrutinised. In particular, this entails a discussion of the existing discourse on the paucity of evidence and an evaluation of the three types of argument that have been put forward to explain it: first, that the region was not occupied because of unfavourable ecological conditions; second, that the practices of Early Holocene groups in north-central Anatolia have left an insubstantial archaeological record; and, third, that the paucity of evidence is best explained by a combination of the factors of site preservation, site visibility and research intensity. Finally, a research strategy will be proposed for the future investigation of the Early Holocene occupation of north-central Anatolia.
Aspects of Effeminacy and Masculinity in theIliad
Authors: Ransom Christopher
Published: July 2016

This paper considers the figure of the realised or hypothetical effeminised male in Homer'sIliad,and discusses the impact of effeminacy upon idealised masculine identity in the epic. The idea of effeminacy in theIliadis explored alongside several related but distinct concepts, such as cowardice, childishness, dress, physical appearance and battle-field rebukes and insults. The second half of this paper addresses more specifically the figure of Paris and the comparisons drawn between Paris and his brother Hektor. I argue that actualised or hypothetical effeminacy is constructed in theIliadin order to define, by contrast, a ‘proper’ masculinity, founded on concepts of martial fortitude and civic responsibility, thoroughly antithetical to the ‘other’ which the effeminised male symbolises.
Response and Composition in Archaic Greek Poetry
Authors: Burton Diana
Published: July 2016

This paper discusses a series of archaic poems in which one poet responds directly to the work of another, identifying the other by name or by direct allusion (for example, Simonides frag. 542 PMG, Solon frag. 20 West, Sappho frag. 137 Voigt). Such responses often disagree with their models, and this disagreement is frequently constructed in terms of a correction, not only to the subject matter, but also to the way in which the original is composed. These responses, therefore, not only reflect the pattern of improvisation and ‘capping’ common to much Greek poetry, but form an ongoing debate on the nature and role of the poet and his poetry. The construction of such responses also serves to underline both the importance of improvisation and the permanency of the fame conveyed by the completed poem.
Suggestions of Sentiment: The Epitaphs of Tomb 87 (Isola Sacra)
Authors: Westcott Ellen
Published: July 2016

Epigraphic material has traditionally been used to explore a variety of topics ranging from demography to family relationships, but the subject of emotion is not often addressed. In this paper I examine three inscriptions which were discoveredin situin Tomb 87 at the cemetery at Isola Sacra. The paper provides a detailed analysis of these inscriptions within both their immediate context and the broader context of the body of epigraphic material discovered at the cemetery. Here I comment on the function of the inscriptions in relation to their location in the tomb and identify evidence related to the expression of emotion. I focus on the extent to which sentiment could be an element in the commemorative practice of ordinary Romans in the early centuries AD with a particular emphasis on the relationship between freedman and patron.
The Origins and Shape of Plato's Six-BookRepublic
Authors: Tarrant Harold
Published: July 2016

This paper argues that the six-bookRepublicused by the lexical author known as the Antiatticista is not, as hitherto conveniently assumed, ourRepublicarranged in fewer books, but a sub-final version lacking certain parts, most obviously VIII and most of IX, and possessing interesting variations. The argument rests on what would otherwise be a very high error-rate (38%) compared with the more reliable citations of other Platonic works, and with the citations of Herodotus and Thucydides. It demonstrates that VIII and most of IX belong stylistically to the opposite extreme from I, and may therefore be the last composed. It argues that the Platonic collection used by the Antiatticista antedates hiatus-avoiding dialogues, and belongs to a location other than Athens or Alexandria, and probably in Sicily or Italy. It concludes that one cannot trust any attempt to arrange ourRepublicby the notional six-book order.
Catullus 8: The Lover's Conflict
Authors: Connor P. J.
Published: July 2016

The dichotomy between lover and poet; the relationship with comedy; the force of the metre: these are the considerations that have told most in recent years in the interpretation of Catullus' poem 8,Miser Catulle.

Wheeler, following Morris, takes the poem as a comic exercise. Fordyce, Fraenkel and Quinn think of it as a serious examination of the lover's internal conflict. Commager (‘if it would be foolish to deny the poem's comic overtones, it would be equally foolish to maintain that those are the only ones’) juggles with the two. One conviction that seems shared by most, however, is that the poem, in a sense, describes full circle, returning to its starting point.
Sulla's Early Fortunes and his Reputation
Authors: Hillard T.W.
Published: July 2016

Plutarch reports that when Sulla was giving himself airs after his successful service under Marius in the Jugurthine war (107-105 B.C.), one of the nobility reproached him with regard to his improved circumstances. (It is my guess Sulla had asserted that his achievements in Numidia heralded a return of his family's interrupted renown — with all the social, moral and financial assumptions this implied.) The riposte was, according to Plutarch:(Sulla1.4), which Plutarch took to mean (i) that Sulla's patrimony had been negligible (having already stated categorically that Sulla was reared in unenviable domestic circumstances —intelligence he seems to have gathered from this item and one other [discussed below] which he proceeds to relate as evidence) and (ii) that his wealth had been gained subsequently (and, it goes without saying, from other quarters). Plainly the antagonistic observation implied that Sulla's fortune was outside the bounds of what was proper. Sulla was demeaned. The biographer comments for his readers' information that ‘… though the age of pure and upright manners had passed and people had degenerated and given way to their appetites for luxury and extravagance, yet [the Romans of that period] still thought that to forsake one's hereditary povertywas just as disgraceful as to squander a fortune that one had inherited‘ (ibid).
Who Murdered Gallienus?
Authors: Saunders Randall T.
Published: July 2016

There are several ancient and Byzantine accounts of the assassination of the emperor Gallienus (253-68), who was murdered while besieging a rebellious general, Aureolus, at Milan in early September 268. But few of these accounts agree fully on those who were responsible for the killing, and some are openly contradictory. Modern scholars, in turn, have not been in accord on the members of the conspiracy. A close examination of these sources demonstrates that only three men are reliably attested to have been involved: Heraclianus, Gallienus’ praetorian prefect; Claudius II Gothicus, emperor in 268-70; and Aurelian, emperor in 270-75. In addition, the investigation provides further insights into the development of the historical traditions pertaining to this period of Roman history.
‘By the gods, boy, … Stop bothering me! Can't you tell Menander from Plautus?’ or How Dis Exapaton does not help us understand Bacchides
Authors: Damen Mark L.
Published: July 2016

So much has been written about Menander's Dis Exapaton and its correspondence to Plautus' Bacchides that little more than a quarter of a century after the publication of its longest and most important fragmentary remains, the so-called ‘Dis Exapaton papyrus’, it seems almost foolhardy to assert there is anything new to be said about Plautus' workmanship or the relationship between the Roman play and its model. But there is. Most studies have focused on direct comparison of Menander's and Plautus' texts through detailed examination of the deletions and insertions, mutations and mutilations that Plautus committed or achieved, depending on one's perspective. We limit our profits, however, when we limit our vision and there is more known about Menander's Dis Exapaton than just what corresponds directly to Bacchides 494-561. By addressing closely the wider context of Plautus' drama, especially the various methods he is known to have used in reconstituting Greek plays for the Roman stage, and applying that to what we know about his and Menander's drama in general, we stand to gain further insight into Plautus' innovations as well as an important reminder of the traps and pitfalls inherent in dealing with fragmentary remains. Dis Exapaton is, after all, not the only incomplete work here; Bacchides is not preserved intact, either.
Rewriting and Rereading theFasti: Augustus, Ovid and Recent Classical Scholarship
Authors: Fantham Elaine
Published: July 2016

May I begin by thanking you sincerely for inviting me to give this Todd Memorial Lecture? I am sensible of the honour, not only in memory of the pioneer Australian Latinist whose name it bears, but in view of the roll-call of Classical scholars who have spoken before me. I am particularly conscious of my own debt to two predecessors here, the unforgettable Sir Ronald Syme and my former teacher Gordon Williams, who from their different viewpoints have had a considerable influence on present day approaches to Augustan—and some would say un-Augustan—poetry.

I shall be talking today about two kinds offastior calendar, the public, inscribed,fastiof Augustan Rome, and the poeticFastiof Ovid, the last great poet of the age of Augustus. But I should first introduce both calendar and calendar poem, before moving on to discuss the interpretative battle which has recently developed over Ovid's complex but fascinating work.
The Teaching of Latin and Greek in Universities in Australia and New Zealand: Present and Future
Authors: Horsley G.H.R. , Minchin Elizabeth , Lee K.H.
Published: July 2016

Most classical journals report on research on literary, historical and linguistic questions, and rarely allocate space to discussions of pedagogy at tertiary level. This article, however, falls into the latter category. It takes the form of a report on the teaching of Latin and Greek (both classical and post-classical) in universities in Australia and New Zealand; and it makes a number of suggestions regarding the future of the classical languages in this region.

Any general examination by an outsider of the situation of Classics in Australian and New Zealand universities would readily conclude that most departments are managing well, or at least holding their own, compared to other disciplines. Student enrolments are high overall, since most departments, like those in Britain and North America, have expanded their teaching range to embrace ancient history, classical literature in translation and, in some cases, archaeology. This has been the situation for the best part of the last two decades. Often these subjects were introduced in order to ‘subsidise’ and protect the continuance of Greek and Latin with their smaller numbers; but they have been extremely popular with students in every university in Australasia in which they are taught. And so these teaching areas have come to have a life and a rightful presence of their own.