bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Clouds: A New Way of Computing
Authors: Han Yan
Published: February 2013

This article introduces cloud computing and discusses the author’s experience “on the clouds.” The author reviews cloud computing services and providers, then presents his experience of running multiple systems (e.g., integrated library systems, content management systems, and repository software). He evaluates costs, discusses advantages, and addresses some issues about cloud computing. Cloud computing fundamentally changes the ways institutions and companies manage their computing needs. Libraries can take advantage of cloud computing to start an IT project with low cost, to manage computing resources cost-effectively, and to explore new computing possibilities.
President's Message: Moving Forward
Authors: Starr Karen J.
Published: February 2013

President's Message: Moving Forward
Authentication and Access: Accommodating Public Users in an Academic World
Authors: Weber Lynne , Lawrence Peg
Published: February 2013

In the fall of 2004, the Academic Computing Center, a division of the Information Technology Services Department (ITS) at Minnesota State University, Mankato took over responsibility for the computers in the public areas of Memorial Library. For the first time, affiliated Memorial Library users were required to authenticate using a campus username and password, a change that effectively eliminated computer access for anyone not part of the university community. This posed a dilemma for the librarians. Because of its Federal Depository status, the library had a responsibility to provide general access to both print and online government publications for the general public. Furthermore, the library had a long tradition of providing guest access to most library resources, and there was reluctance to abandon the practice. Therefore the librarians worked with ITS to retain a small group of six computers that did not require authentication and were clearly marked for community use, along with several standup, open-access computers on each floor used primarily for searching the library catalog. The additional need to provide computer access to high school students visiting the library for research and instruction led to more discussions with ITS and resulted in a means of generating temporary usernames and passwords through a Web form. These user accommodations were implemented in the library without creating a written policy governing the use of open-access computers.
The Next Generation Library Catalog: A Comparative Study of the OPACs of Koha, Evergreen, and Voyager
Authors: Yang Sharon Q. , Hofmann Melissa A.
Published: February 2013

Open source has been the center of attention in the library world for the past several years. Koha and Evergreen are the two major open-source integrated library systems (ILSs), and they continue to grow in maturity and popularity. The question remains as to how much we have achieved in open-source development toward the next-generation catalog compared to commercial systems. Little has been written in the library literature to answer this question. This paper intends to answer this question by comparing  the next-generation features of the OPACs of two open-source ILSs (Koha and Evergreen) and one proprietary ILS (Voyager’s WebVoyage).
Are Your Digital Documents Web Friendly?: Making Scanned Documents Web Accessible
Authors: Zhou Yongli
Published: February 2013

The Internet has greatly changed how library users search and use library resources. Many of them prefer resources available in electronic format over traditional print materials. While many documents are now born digital, many more are only accessible in print and need to be digitized. This paper focuses on how the Colorado State University Libraries creates and optimizes text-based and digitized PDF documents for easy access, downloading, and printing.
Dialectique de l’homogénéité et de la différence
Authors: Laflamme Simon
Published: February 2013

Deux grandes visions s’affrontent au XXe siècle : l’une veut que les sociétés humaines évoluent en se diversifiant, l’autre maintient que ces sociétés tendent vers la similitude. Mais ces visions sont nourries beaucoup plus par l’observation sommaire et l’autoréflexion que par l’analyse empirique. Les travaux empiriques qui se penchent sur cette problématique inclinent à relever une évolution double. Dans cet article, nous faisons état du positionnement contradictoire des visions en sciences humaines, nous tentons de fournir une explication de la double tendance que mettent en relief les travaux empiriques en en dialectisant les éléments et nous reprenons quelques-uns de nos travaux qui témoignent par l’observation de cette dialectique.
Nytt om NOR
Authors: Editor Editor
Published: February 2013

Inneholder diverse informasjon om NORs virksomhet, NORs vedtekter av 24 februar 1981 og oversikt over NORs medlemmer.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Feeding of reindeer calves for slaughtering in the autumn
Authors: Jacobsen Endre , Skjenneberg Sven
Published: February 2013

Experiments have been carried out for testing the profit of feeding reindeer calves to slaughter maturity in the autumn. The calves were fed a special reindeer calf feed KF-71 (see Table 1 & 2). 16 male calves were fed from September 9th to November 7th. The feed consumption per kg gain in dressed weight was 14,2 kg (estimated to 12,8 fattening feed units). The gain in dressed weight in the period was 5,8 kg per animal. Using the today price of reindeer feed and reindeer meat the feeding in this trial has not been profitable. Some other circumstances which are of importance in estimating the economy by feeding of reindeer calves for slaughter are discussed.

Teurastettavien poronvasojen ruokinta syksylla.

Abstract in Finnish / Ybteenveto: Poronvasojen ruokinnan kannattavuutta teurastusta silmallapitaen om selvitetty kokeellisesti erityisella tahan tarkoitukseen valmistetulla vakirehulla (taulukot 1 ja 2). Kokeissa ruokittiin 16 vasaa syyskuun 9. ja marraskuun 7. paivan valisena aikana. Rehun kulutus teuraspainon lisayksena saavutettua kiloa kohti oli 14,2 kg. Ruokintajakson aikana teuraspaino lisaantyi elainta kohti 5,8 kg. Kun huomioidaan ruokinnassa kaytetyn rehun hinta ja toisaalta vasanlihan hinta ei ruokinta ollut kannattavaa. Kirjoituksessa pohditaan myos muita suhteita, joilla on merkitysta arvioitaessa teurastettavien poronvasojen ruokinnan taloudellisuutta.

Oppforing av reinkalver for slakting om høsten.

Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Det er gjort forsøk for å belyse lønnsomheten ved oppforing av reinkalver til slakt om høsten med et kraftfor laget til dette formål (se Tabell 1og 2). 16 oksekalver ble foret i tidsrommet 9/9 til 7/11. Forforbruket pr. kg tilvekst i slaktevekt var 14,2 kg(beregnet til 12,8 f.f.e.). Tilveksten i slaktevekt i perioden er beregnet til 5,8 kg pr. dyr. Med de priser vi idag har på reinkalvfor og på kalvekjøtt har denne foringen ikke vært regningssvarende. Det er diskutert andre forhold som har betydning for vurdering av økonomien ved oppforing av reinkalv til slakt.
The consequenses in Sweden of the Chernobyl accident
Authors: Johanson Karl J.
Published: February 2013

The 137Cs activity concentrations in various kinds of animal material show very large variations.
137Cs in reindeer forage plants 1986—1988
Authors: Eriksson Olof
Published: February 2013

The entire Swedish reindeer area was to some extent contaminated by radionuclides after the accident at Chernobyl, USSR, in 1986.
Transport and recycling of radiocesium in the alimentary tract of reindeer
Authors: Staaland Hans , Hove Knut , Pedersen Øyvind
Published: February 2013

Transport of radiocesium between the body pools and the alimentary tract was studied in 7 reindeer calves. Comparisons were made between reindeer receiving the Cs- binder Prussian blue (Ammon-ium-ironhexacyanoferrate) and untreated animals. The calves were fed lichens contaminated with 134Cs + 137Cs from the Chernobyl accident (about 10 kBq/day) for 4 weeks. Absorption and secretion of radiocesium, Na and K in the alimentary tract were calculated using 51Cr-EDTA as a reference substance. Thirteen sections of the alimentary tract were sampled and analysed for radionuclides and chemical composition. In 4 animals, feeding with contaminated lichens continued until they were slaughtered, whereas in the 3 others the lichen feeding terminated 4 days before slaughter. The activity concentration of Cs nuclides increased 5-17 - fold from duodenum to the distal colon, whereas the concentration of Na decreased and K remained almost constant. Radiocesium, Na and K were secreted into the rumen, the omasum and the abomasum, whereas Na and K also were secreted into the proximal small intestine. Prussian blue had no effect on Na and K recycling, but the flow of radiocesium from the abomasum to the anus and the fecal excretion increased markedly. In the 3 animals where feeding with contaminated lichens was disconutinued 4 days before slaughter, endogenous Cs was continuously recycled between the body pools and the alimentary tract. The net exchange of radiocesium between body pools and the alimentary tract was more than 4 times the amount ingested when lichens were fed. It is concluded that radiocesium is rapidly recycled between the alimentary tract and the other body pools. Cs-binders like ammonium-ironhexacyanoferrate may bind both endogenous Cs and Cs from feed.
Zeolite and bentonite as caesium binders in reindeer feed
Authors: Åhman Birgitta , Forberg Sevald , Åhman Gustaf
Published: February 2013

The effects of zeolite and bentonite on the accumulation and excretion of radiocaesium (Cs-137) in reindeer were studied in two feeding experiments. Six animals in each experiment were given lichens contaminated with radiocaesium from fallout after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. In addition, they were fed pellets containing bentonite (Experiment I) or zeolite (Experiment II). Two animals, controls, in each experiment received no caesium-binder. The activity concentration of radiocaesium in blood was used to evalute the radiocaesium level in the body. Faeces and urine were collected to measue the excration of radiocaesium. The animals in Experiment I were depleted of radiocaesium before the start of the experiment. After three weeks, with an intake of 17 - 18 kBq Cs-137/day, the controls had reached activity concentrations of radiocaesium in blood corresponding to 4 - 4.5 kBq Cs-137/kg in muscle. Reindeer fed 23 or 46 g of bentonite per day stabilized at values below 0.8 kfiq/kg in muscle. In Experiment II, the reindeer started with radiocaesium activity concentrations in blood corresponding to 2 - 4.5 kBq Cs-137/kg in muscle. After four weeks of feeding, with an intake at about 8.5 kBq Cs-137/day, controls had increased their radiocaesium values by an average of 40%. Reindeer receiving 25 or 50 g zeolite per day decreased with 18 and 45%, respectively. Net absorption of radiocaesium from the gastro-intestinal tract was calculated at 50 -70% in animals receiving no caesium-binder. Reindeer fed bentonite had an absorption below 10% while those fed zeolite absorbed around 35%.
The effects of stand characteristics on reindeer lichens and range use by semi-domesticated reindeer
Authors: Helle T. , Aspi J. , Kilpelä S.-S.
Published: February 2013

The study was carried out in Kuusamo (66°15'N, 29°05'E) and Inari (68°30'N, 28°15'E), northern Finland, where 24 and 22 Scots pine stands were studied respectively. Clear-cutting (logging residue) caused a decline in lichen biomass for some few years, but otherwise the age of the stand had no effect upon lichen biomass. Instead, a positive correlation was found between litter/logging residue and the mean height of lichens; in Kuusamo, logging residue decreased significantly with the age of the stand. Grazing pressure in terms of fecal group density increased with the age of the stand. The preference of old forests came visible also as a lower mean height of lichens, which eliminates the possibility that the preference of old forests is associated only to the use of arboreal lichens. In Inari, grazing pressure sharply increased after the stand had reached the age of 100 years despite scarce litter/logging residue and fair lichen ranges in younger forests; there prevailed a negative correlation between stand density and grazing pressure. It has been suggested that there might be three main reasons for reindeers preferring old forests: 1) hardening of the snow (because of winds) on clear-cut areas, 2) logging residue preventing digging for the food beneath the snow, and 3) poor visibility in young pine stands (Inari) which might increase predation risk.
Clarification of some api characteristics in relation to caribou (Rangifer tarandus)
Authors: Pruitt, Jr. William O.
Published: February 2013

A total of 2177 comparisons of api hardness vs. density in northern Saskatchewan, southeastern Manitoba and northeastern Finland revealed no consistent correlation (r varied from +.70 to -.17). A total of 1395 comparisons of horizontal hardness of the top layer of api to vertical hardness of the same layer of api in southeastern Manitoba, northeastern Finland and far eastern middle Finland revealed no consistent correlation (r varied from +.99 to -.20). Therefore one cannot substitute density for hardness nor horizontal hardness of the top layer for vertical hardness of the top layer in the terms of the Värriö Snow Index.
Survival strategies in arctic ungulates
Authors: Tyler N. J. C. , Blix A. S.
Published: February 2013

Arctic ungulates usually neither freeze nor starve to death despite the rigours of winter. Physiological adaptations enable them to survive and reproduce despite long periods of intense cold and potential undernutrition. Heat conservation is achieved by excellent insulation combined with nasal heat exchange. Seasonal variation in fasting metabolic rate has been reported in several temperate and sub-arctic species of ungulates and seems to occur in muskoxen. Surprisingly, there is no evidence for this in reindeer. Both reindeer and caribou normally maintain low levels of locomotor activity in winter. Light foot loads are important for reducing energy expenditure while walking over snow. The significance and control of selective cooling of the brain during hard exercise (e.g. escape from predators) is discussed. Like other cervids, reindeer and caribou display a pronounced seasonal cycle of appetite and growth which seems to have an intrinsic basis. This has two consequences. First, the animals evidently survive perfectly well despite enduring negative energy balance for long periods. Second, loss of weight in winter is not necessarily evidence of undernutrition. The main role of fat reserves, especially in males, may be to enhance reproductive success. The principal role of fat reserves in winter appears to be to provide a supplement to, rather than a substitute for, poor quality winter forage. Fat also provides an insurance against death during periods of acute starvation.
Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies associated with vesicular ulcerative and necrotizing lesions of the digestive mucosa in fallow deer (Dama dama L.)
Authors: Diaz Regina , Rehbinder Claes , Feinstein Ricardo , Nikkilä Tapio
Published: February 2013

Intracytoplasmic epithelial inclusion bodies in the digestive mucosa of fallow deer (Dama dama L.) were found to most probably be the result of an unspecific degenerative or post mortal change. There are reasons to believe that this is true also for the inclusion bodies found in reindeer, roe deer and moose.
The major histocompatibility complex of reindeer
Authors: Olsaker I. , Røed K. H.
Published: February 2013

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a system of closely linked genes showing an extremely high degree of polymorphism. These genes are major elements in the government of specific immune reactions. Consequently they may represent a genetic marker system well suited to investigate variability in selective pressure from disease agents on different populations. On this background we have started investigation of the MHC complex in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L). The MHC complex consist of polymorphic regions as well as regions conserved during evolution which should allow the use of cross-species reagents. We have shown that human MHC gene probes hybridize with genomic DNA from reindeer, and thus can be used as a tool in reindeer MHC research. By RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis using these probes we have also been able to show polymorphism in MHC related genes from reindeer.
The demonstration of a herpesvirus, related to bovine herpesvirus 1, in reindeer with ulcerative and necrotizing lesions of the upper alimentary tract and nose
Authors: Rockborn G. , Rehbinder C. , Klingeborn B. , Leffler M. , Klintevall K. , Nikkilä T. , Landén A. , Nordkvist M.
Published: February 2013

In 11 male reindeer, all esposed to transportation stress, signs of conjunctivitis and later on ulcerative and necrotizing lesions of the mucosa of the nostrils and mouth were recorded. Blood and secretions from the nose were sampled. Antibodies to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) were detected in 2 animals. No animal had antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). Virus isolation was negative. The sampling was repeated 2 weeks later and complemented with biopsies from the mouth lesions, fixed in formalin. At this occasion 3 animals were seropositive to BHV-1 and in biopsies from 2 of these intranuclear herpesvirus-like particles were found by means of electron microscopy. Four animals, 3 of them seropositive, were treated with cortison during 8 days. The size of the ulcers in the mouth increased in all animals. A herpesvirus was isolated from 3 of them at 10 different occasions. The ultrastructural investigation of the virus suspension demonstrated the presence of typical herpesvirus particles. On day 11 all 4 animals suffered from a severe diarrhoea and anorexia. On day 12 one animal died and on day 13 post challenge with cortison two additional animals died. The remaining animal was slaughtered on day 13. Bacteriological investigation revealed growth of Fusobacterium necrophorum from the spleen and oral wounds of all 4 animals. The animals were obviously subjected to an infection with a herpesvirus colsely related to BHV-1. Virus could be liberated by cortison treatment. It is possible that infections with the found herpesvirus, and the lesions caused by it, may be the background to earlier recorded severe outbreaks of necrobacillosis of the alimentary tract in reindeer herds.
Transferrin variation and evolution of Canadian barren-ground caribou
Authors: Røed Knut H. , Thomas D. C.
Published: February 2013

Blood samples were obtained from 95 barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) of the Beverly herd in Northwest Territories, Canada. Polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis was used to score for genetic variation in the locus coding for transferrin. The pattern of allele frequency distribution are compared with previously reported values of Eurasian tundra reindeer (R.t. tarandus), Alaska caribou (R.t. granti), Peary caribou (R.t. pearyi), and Svalbard reindeer (R.t. platyrhynchus). In the Beverly herd a total of 21 different transferrin alleles were detected. The amount of genetic variation was higher in the Canadian barren-ground caribou than what has been detected in other subspecies of reindeer/caribou. Highly gene-tical differences in the allele frequencies were detected between the Canadian barren-ground caribou and the other subspecies. The genetic identity analyses indicates approximately the same amount of genetic differentiation when the Canadian barren-ground caribou are compared with Alaska caribou as with the Peary caribou. The allele frequency pattern could be explained by a possible origin of the Canadian barren-ground caribou from an ancestral population which was genetical influenced by animals surviving the We-ichselian glaciation in refugia both in high Arctic, in Beringia, and south of the ice sheet.
Parasite-host relationships of warble fly (Oedemagena tarandi L.) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.)
Authors: Solomakha A. I.
Published: February 2013

The interspecific relations of the warble fly and reindeer have assumed a character of a lenient parasitism. Many researchers note that almost all reindeer are infested by warble fly and reindeer and they also note that almost all domestic reindeer are more heavily infested than wild reindeer. Infestation rates in young domestic reindeer range from 26 to 324 larvae per animal and in young wild reindeer from 15 to 126 larvae per animal. Mature, domestic reindeer are infested with 25 to 417 larvae per animal and in mature wild reindeer the infestation ranges from 38 to 94 larvae per animal. Infestation rates decrease with age.
Neurological disorder in two moose calves ( Alces alces L.) naturally infected with Elaphostrongylus alces
Authors: Steen Margareta , Roepstorff Lars
Published: February 2013

Two months old moose calves exhibiting neurological signs were videotaped, killed and necropsied. The parasite Elaphostrongylus alces (Steen et al 1989) was found epidurally along the meninges of the spinal cord, and in the muscle faciae of the thoracic and lumbar regions. Progressive inflammatory processes were present in the epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium. Accumulations of inflammatory cells, eosinophils, lymfocytes and macrophages, were found around eggs and larvae and frequently, around regional blood wessels. The neurological disturbances in the moose calves were pronounced, with locomotive abnormalities and ataxia. They showed weakness in the hindquarters, with uncoordinated and swaying movements of the hind legs. In addition, one of the calves was lame on the left forelimb. The muscles of the leg were visibly atrophic. The lesions produced by E. alces at the lumbar nerve roots and in the cauda equina are suggested to be the cause of the clinical signs observed.
Foreword - Forord - Program
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

All abstracts and papers are published here as they were received and with only minor editing.
Flokkstrukturering - tiltak for lønnsom og ressurstilpasset reindrift (Herd structure and production)
Authors: Lenvik Dag
Published: February 2013

Da strukturerings- og optimaliseringsprosessen innen reindriften skjøt fart i Trøndelag, - i 1976-77 som følge av reindriftsavtalen -, hadde man felles startgrop med Finnmark, - en kjøttproduksjon på 10-12 kg pr. rein i vårflokken. Utviklingen etter 1976-77 har tatt ulike løp. Dette skyldes ikke rovdyr eller andre naturgitte forhold. Det bør derfor være mulig å snu trenden innen Finnmark ved i noen grad å følge de strategier og faglige opplegg som har vært grunnleggende for utviklingen i sør. Klarhet i sør og mangel på klarhet i nord med hensyn til rammebetingelsene for reindriftsutøvelsen (reintall og antall driftsenheter innen distriktene samt høgste reintall pr. driftsenhet) er kanskje den mest fundamentale forskjell mellom områdene.
The use of Cloprostenol and prostaglandin F2alpha to induce luteolysis in reindeer calves (Rangifer tarandus)
Authors: Ropstad Erik , Lenvik Dag
Published: February 2013

A total of 126 reindeer of about 7 months of age, were isolated from a flock at the end of the breeding season. The animals were treated either with 12.5 mg prostaglandin F2alpha (n = 41) or 0.25 mg cloprostenol (n = 50). Thirty-five animals were left untreated. Blood samples were collected before treatment and 2 Vi days later and the plasma progesterone concentrations were determined. A significant fall in progesterone concentration was seen in both treatment groups. A large proportion of animals responded to treatment with cloprostenol than with prostaglandin F2alpha. It was concluded that prostaglandins can be used to induce luteolysis in reindeer.
Radiostrontium, radiocesium and stable mineral composition of bones of domestic reindeer from Vågå, Norway
Authors: Staaland Hans , Bjørnstad Helge , Pedersen Øyvind , Hove Knut
Published: February 2013

Radiostrontium, radiocesium and macromineral concentrations were measured in metatarsal or metacarpal bones from 78 reindeer (59 calves and 19 adults) in the Vågå reindeer herding district in Southern Norway. Samples were collected in the period August 1988 to May 1989. Radiocesium concentrations increased from August through the winter. Radiostrontium varied slightly around an average value 1810 Bq/kg DM. Mg concentrations decreased through the winter, the concentrations of other minerals and bone density showed only small variations. No signs of mineral deficiencies were observed. It is concluded that radiostrontium mainly originated from the Chernobyl nuclear accident.
Radiostrontium, radiocesium og stabile mineraler in reinknokler fra Vågå, Norge

Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Innhold av radiostrontium, radiocesium og makromineraler ble målt i reinsdyrknokler (metatarsus og metacarpus) innsamlet fra 78 dyr (59 kalver og 19 voksne) tilhørende Vågå tamreinlag. Prøvene ble samlet i perioden august 1988 til mai 1989. Innholdet av radiocesium økte fra august og gjennom vinteren, mens innholdet av radiostrontium var temmelig konstant (1810 Bq/ kg tørrstoff). Magnesium innholdet avtok gjennom vinteren, mens innholdet av andre mineraler samt knoklenes tetthet varierte lite. Det ble ikke observert noen tegn på mineralmangel. Mesteparten av det radioaktive strontium kom fra atomkraftulykken i Tsjernobyl.
The First Arctic Ungulate Conference (AUC) 1991
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

The First Arctic Ungulate Conference (AUC) was held in Nuuk, Greenland, 3-8 September, 1991. It was planned as the Third International Muskox Symposium, but it was subsequently merged with the Sixth International Reindeer/Caribou Symposium into a AUC.

Regarding Proceedings, the Conference at Nuuk decided, in order to speed up the rate of publication, papers delivered at the AUC at Nuuk should appear in ordinary issues of RANGIFER. Consequently papers of the 1991 AUC will be found in Rangifer vols. 11-14.
Productivity of semi-domesticated reindeer in Finland
Authors: Kojola Ilpo , Helle Timo , Aikio Pekka
Published: February 2013

In spite of a twofold increase in the density of reindeer in Finland from 1974 to 1987, meat production per reindeer increased during this period. This was possible due to calf harvesting and supplemental feeding. Results from multiple regression models indicated that calf harvesting influenced both per unit area and per capita production more than supplemental feeding. Correlation between meat production and animal density decreased with increased supplemental feeding. Traditionally, southern and central herds of reindeer fed mainly on arboreal lichens in late winter; however, due to large-scale logging, woodlands rich of arboreal lichens had been greatly reduced. Economic carrying capacity of the winter range apparently has been exceeded in the south; a heavy crash in the number of reindeer is likely if supplemental feeding ceases. In northern herds, intensive calf harvesting enabled satisfactory yield without supplemental feeding. In northern herds, yield increased mainly per unit area (i.e. by increases in herd size); in the south yield per reindeer increased.

Lithantuotantoon vaikuttavat tekijat Suomen poron-hoidossa.

Abstract in Finnish / Tiivistelmd: Huolimatta Suomessa vuosien 1974 ja 1987 valilla tapahtuneesta porotiheyden kaksinkertaistumisesta, lihantuotto poroa kohti kasvoi jakson aikana. Tama johtui oletettavasti vasateurastuksesta ja lisaruokinnasta. Monimu-uttujaregressiomallien tulosten perusteella vasateurastuksella nayttaisi olevan lisaruokintaa suurempi vaikutus seka poroa etta pinta-alaa kohti laskettuun tuottoon. Ruokinnan tehostuessa pienentyi lihantuoton ja porotiheyden valinen riippuvuus. Etelaosan ja keskiosan porot syovat perinteisesti puussa kasvavia jakalia kevattalvella. Hakkuista johtuen luppometsien osuus on suuresti vahentynyt. Talvilaidunten ekonomien kantokyky on ilmeisesti ylitetty etela- ja keski-osassa; syva romahdus poromaarissa on todennakoista, jos ruokinta lopetettaisiin. Pohjoisosassa voima-perainen vasate-urastus mahdollistaa tyydyttavan tuoton ilman ruokintaa. Pohjoisessa tuotto kasvoi pinta-alayksikkoa kohden (poro-maarat kasvoivat), etelassa kasvoi poroa kohti laskettu tuotto.

 
Forestry and caribou in British Columbia
Authors: Stevenson Susan K.
Published: February 2013

Forest harvesting in mountain caribou range has been an issue for many years. Radiotelemetry studies on mountain caribou in the last decade have helped identify the geographic areas of conflict, improved understanding of the mechanisms by which forestry activities affect caribou, and suggested new approaches to management. Forest harvesting has begun to impact population of northern caribou, and researchers have begun to examine those impacts. Interest in integrating forest management and caribou habitat management has increased and has manifested itself in two ways: experimentation with special stand management practices intended to maintain or create caribou habitat, and the creation of tools to help managers make decisions in a landscape context.
The Mountain Caribou in Managed Forests Program: Integrating forestry and habitat management in British Columbia
Authors: Stevenson Susan K. , Child Kenneth N. , Watts Glen S. , Terry Eliot L.
Published: February 2013

Caribou in southeastern and east central British Columbia generally use old-growth forests rather than clearcuts or immature stands. During winter, they subsist on arboreal lichens, which are most abundant in old growth. The Mountain Caribou in Managed Forests program was initiated to adress the question: can forest stands be managed, through silvicultural systems and habitat enhancement techniques, to provide both timber and caribou habitat? The program includes radiotelemetry, habitat capability mapping, habitat management trials, and development of an integrated strategy. The management trials are aimed at maintaining arboreal lichens and other key habitat attributes in managed stands. The strategy development component involves wildlife biologists and foresters in developing and implementing solutions to logging-caribou conflicts.
Adapting sampling plans to caribou distribution on calving grounds
Authors: Crête Michel , Rivest Louis-Paul , Hénaff Didier Le , Luttich Stuart N.
Published: February 2013

Between 1984 and 1988, the size of the two caribou herds in northern Québec was derived by combining estimates of female numbers on calving grounds in June and composition counts during rut in autumn. Sampling with aerial photos was conducted on calving grounds to determine the number of animals per km2, telemetry served to estimate the proportion of females in the census area at the time of photography in addition to summer survival rate, and helicopter or ground observations were used for composition counts. Observers were able to detect on black and white negatives over 95 percent of caribou counted from a helicopter flying at low altitude over the same area; photo scale varied between = 1:3 600 and 1:6 000. Sampling units covering less than 15-20 ha were the best for sampling caribou distribution on calving grounds, where density generally averaged » 10 individuals-km"2. Around 90 percent of caribou on calving grounds were females; others were mostly yearling males. During the 1-2 day photographic census, 64 to 77 percent of the females were present on the calving areas. Summer survival exceeded 95 percent in three summers. In autumn, females composed between 45 and 54 percent of each herd. The Rivière George herd was estimated at 682 000 individuals (± 36%; alpha = 0.10) in 1988. This estimate was imprecise due to insufficiens sample size for measuring animal density on the calving ground and for determining proportion of females on the calving ground at the time of the photo census. To improve precision and reduce cost, it is proposed to estimate herd size of tundra caribou in one step, using only aerial photos in early June without telemetry.
The influence of snow depth and hardness on winter habitat selection by caribou on the southwest coast of Newfoundland
Authors: Tucker Brian , Mahoney Shane , Greene Bill , Menchenton Eric , Russell Lloyd
Published: February 2013

LaPoile Herd caribou winter in the coastal margin of their range in southwestern Newfoundland. Reduced snow depths near the coast (0-20 km inland), as a result of moderated winter temperatures and low elevations, appear to provide more favourable foraging conditions than do areas further inland. In the latter areas greatly increased snow depth and hardness combine to create very extreme winter conditions and these areas are avoided by caribou throughout the winter period.
The use of satellite images to estimate snow depth and distribution on the forested winter range of the Beverly caribou herd
Authors: Turney Laurence , Heard Douglas C.
Published: February 2013

Satellite imagery of passive microwave emissions from the earth accurately determined both snow depth and distribution on the Beverly caribou herd's forested winter range.
PART B: 5th American Caribou Workshop, 19-21 March 1991, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada.
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed. in chief) Sven
Published: February 2013

The 5th American Caribou Workshop was arranged at Yellowkife 1991 with 67 participants. The workshop addressed the issue of how ecological theory can be applied to practical caribou management problems. In addition to that theme, we also chose to highlight cooperative caribou management boards and the conservation and management of woodland caribou. The proceedings was publihed in two parts, part A and part B.
Insights for caribou/reindeer management using optimal foraging theory
Authors: Belovsky Gary E.
Published: February 2013

Optimal foraging theory is useful to wildlife managers, because it helps explain the nutritional value of different habitats for wildlife species. Based upon nutritional value, the use of different habitats can be predicted, including how factors such as insect harassment, predation and migration might modify habitat selection. If habitat value and use can be understood, then changes in habitat availability which are of concern to wildlife managers can be assessed. The theory is used to address diet choice and habitat use of caribou/reindeer. Diet choice is examined in terms of lichen composition of the diet and is demonstrated to be a function of daily feeding time, food abundance and digestive capacity. The diet choice model is then used to assess the nutritional profitability of different habitats and which habitat should be preferred based upon nutritional profitability. Caribou/reindeer use of habitats is demonstrated to be easily modified by insect harassment and predation which change the nutritional profitability of habitats differentially. The same type of approach could be used to explain migratory behaviour; however, the needed parameter values are unavailable. The results of this analysis lead one to question some common conceptions about caribou/reindeer ecology.
Models of ungulate population dynamics
Authors: Eberhardt L. L.
Published: February 2013

A useful theory for analyzing ungulate population dynamics is available in the form of equations based on the work of A. J. Lotka. Because the Leslie matrix model yields identical results and is widely known, it is convenient to label the resulting equations as the "Lotka-Leslie" model. The approach is useful for assessing population trends and attempting to predict the outcomes of various management actions. A broad list of applications to large mammals, and two examples specific to caribou are presented with a simple spreadsheet approach to calculations.
Detection of density-dependent effects on caribou numbers from a series of census data
Authors: Messier Francois
Published: February 2013

The main objective of this paper is to review and discuss the applicability of statistical procedures for the detection of density dependence based on a series of annual or multi-annual censuses. Regression models for which the statistic value under the null hypothesis of density independence is set a priori (slope = 0 or 1), generate spurious indications of density dependence. These tests are inappropriate because low sample sizes, high variance, and sampling error consistently bias the slope when applied to a finite number of population estimates. Two distribution-free tests are reviewed for which the rejection region for the hypothesis of density independence is derived intrinsically from the data through a computer-assisted permutation process. The "randomization test" gives the best results as the presence of a pronounced trend in the sequence of population estimates does not affect test results. The other non-parametric test, the "permutation test", gives reliable results only if the population fluctuates around a long-term equilibrium density. Both procedures are applied to three sets of data (Pukaskwa herd, Avalon herd, and a hypothetical example) that represent quite divergent population trajectories over time.
The implications of environmental variability on caribou demography: theoretical considerations
Authors: Schaefer James A. , Messier Francois
Published: February 2013

Random environmental influences, such as snow cover, are widely regarded as an integral feature of caribou population dynamics. We conducted computer simulations to explore the ramifications of such stochastic variability for caribou demography. We devised 4 models with increasing levels of complexity: Model 1, density-independence under different levels of stochasticity and r; Model 2, non-linear effect of snow cover on r; Model 3, non-linear effect of snow cover on r and stochasticity as a function of population size; and Model 4, non-linear effect of snow cover on r, stochasticity as a funciton of population size, and density-dependence according to the logistic equation. The results of Model 1 indicated that nearly all caribou populations subject only to environmental vagaries experienced either extincition or irruption. Model 2 revealed that non-linear effect of snow cover depressed the realised r as a function of population size. Finally, Model 4 suggested long-term population as previously reported in literature, but with reduced chance of overshooting K under moderate to high environmental variability.
Can woodland caribou and the forest industry coexist: The Ontario scene
Authors: Racey Gerald D. , Abraham K. , Darby W. R. , Timmermann H. R. , Day Q.
Published: February 2013

Ontario is in the process of developing a strategy to improve the likelihood of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) and the forest industry coexisting in the province. This strategy is described within a set of proposed Timber Management Guidelines for the Provision of Woodland Caribou Habitat. The proposed guidelines advocate managing for large blocks of suitable winter habitat across caribou range, large cutovers to regenerate caribou winter habitat and the protection of traditional calving areas and travel routes. Summer habitat will be provided by the resulting mosaic. The forest industry can provide a sustainable supply of woodland caribou habitat that was traditionally maintained by wildfire.
The Greenland muskox population status 1990
Authors: Boertmann David , Forchhammer Mards , Olesen Carsten Riis , Aastrup Peter , Thing Henning
Published: February 2013

The indigenous population of muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) in North and Northeast Greenland is estimated at 9 500-12 500 which is about the half of the previous estimate. This difference is mainly explained by a much better basis for estimating and to a lesser extent by a general population decrease in Northeast Greenland. The introduced population in the Kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strømfjord) area is still increasing, and is now (1990) estimated at c. 2 600. Quota based harvesting has been allowed since 1988. New populations have been introduced to the Ivittuut-area in Southwest Greenland in 1987 and to three locations in the Avanersuaq (Thule) area in Northwest Greenland in 1986. The present status of the latter populations are more or less unknown, while the Ivittuut population is thriving and has a very high rate of increase.
Comparative ecological and behavioral adaptations of Ovibos moschatus and Rangifer tarandus
Authors: Klein David R.
Published: February 2013

Caribou/reindeer and muskoxen are the only two ungulate species that have successfully occupied arctic tundra habitats. Although confronted with similar environmental constraints, their morphological dissimilarities have enabled them to develop unique behavioral and ecological adaptations that under most circumstances result in minimal overlap in use of forage resources. The large body and gut capacity of muskoxen have enabled them to adopt a strategy maximizing rate of forage intake and energy conservation, whereas caribou/reindeer of substantially smaller body size must pursue selective feeding, requiring high mobility and high energy expenditure. Responses to predators and insects by the two species show similar contrasts in associated energy costs. When confronted with environmental extremes that limit forage availability, competition for food may occur and the resulting differential success is a reflection of their divergent evolutionary routes.
Muskox and caribou adaptation to grazing on the Angujaartorfiup Nunaa range in West Greenland
Authors: Staaland Hans , Olesen Carsten Riis
Published: February 2013

In recent years (1970-90) the caribou population of the Angujaartorfiup Nunaa range has decreased from about 40 000 animals to 2000. Overgrazing presumably depleted the lichen resources on the range during the population peak. At the same time altogether 27 muskoxen introduced in 1962 and 1965 have proliferated and the muskox population reached 3000 animals in 1990. At the present monocots dominate the diet for both species. The alimentary tract of both muskox and caribou collected in the fall of 1990 had characteristics of grazing ruminants, e.g. relatively small caecum-colon compared to total alimentary size and large alimentary fill relative to body weight. Caribou had an omasum comparable in size to the grazing Svalbard reindeer whereas the omasum of the muskoxen in size, resembled that of domestic cattle. Both winter and summer samples showed highest ruminal hemicellulose and cellulose concentrations in the muskoxen, whereas lignin and nitrogen were equal in the two species. Conclusively our data suggest adaptation to grazing in both species, but more so in muskoxen than in caribou.
Status and trends of Rangifer tarandus and Ovibos moschatus populations in Canada
Authors: Ferguson Michael A. D.
Published: February 2013

We identified 97 Rangifer tarandus and 17 Ovibos moschatus populations in Canada. In July 1991, the Canadian populations totalled 1.9 to 2.6 million caribou, 13 600 reindeer and 108 600 muskoxen. Seven barren-ground caribou populations contributed about 75% to Canada's total number of caribou. Most population trends of these barren-ground caribou had shiftet from increasing in the early 1980s to stable or decreasing in the late 1980s. The George River herd of Quebec and Labrador has been decreasing since 1987, but remains the largest Canadian caribou population. The ecological factors driving barren-ground caribou population dynamics are not well understood. Arctic islands caribou are about 17% of all Canadian caribou. Over 60% of Arctic islands caribou occurred on Baffin Island. Most Arctic islands populations were decreasing with the exceptions of Southampton, Bathurst, Victoria and Baffin islands. Movements within and between islands are not well understood, and probably limit the usefulness of small surveys for indicating long-term trends of Arctic islands caribou populations. Woodland caribou form about 7% of all Canadian caribou, with about 40% of these occurring on the island of Newfoundland. Most Canadian woodland caribou have not been well studied or censused. In many areas, they were faced with an increasing rate of habitat loss. Exceptions included: some eastern Yukon populations and most Newfoundland populations which were increasing. Over 70% of the Canadian muskox population occurred on Banks and Victoria islands. Almost all muskox populations were increasing, especially those on Banks, Victoria, Melville and Bathurst islands. Muskoxen on the mainland Northwest Territories are re-colonizing southern portions of their historical distribution.
Humane management of captive muskoxen
Authors: Lund D. C.
Published: February 2013

Agriculture Canada has supervised muskoxen harvests in the Canadian Arctic since 1985. In early 1991 a management system was empolyed that involved penning of large herds (up to 200 head) and feeding in confinement for several days before slaughter. A total of 409 head were slaughtered during two seperate operations. Their behavior was observed, carcasses were examined post-mortem, and specimens were collected for analysis. The purpose of the study was to determine if maintaining wild muskoxen in captivity, with the provision of feed, caused excessive stress on the muskoxen or deleteriously affected meat quality. The good quality grass hay provided was readily accepted, the muskoxen generally did not escape the simple enclosure, there was no evidence of increased aggression due to confinement, and no apparent digestive upset. Blood analysis (cortisol), meat quality tests (pH, shear values), and first hand observation indicated no detectable increase in stress due to confinement and no loss of meat quality.

 
The introduction of reindeer to Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard: grazing preference and effect on vegetation
Authors: Staaland H. , Scheie J. O. , Grøndahl F. A. , Persen E. , Leifseth A. B. , Holand Ø.
Published: February 2013

In 1978 after about 100 years of absence, 15 Svalbard reindeer, Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus were reintroduced to Brøggerhalvøya, a peninsula on the north-western coast of Svalbard. This stock had increased to about 200 animals in 1989. Studies of reindeer grazing behaviour were carried out in 1979-1980 and 1988¬1989. Highly prefered lichen species such as Cetraria nivalis had almost completely disappeared by 1989, whereas a less prefered species, Cetraria delisei, was still abundant. Year round dietary intake of grasses, lichens and herbs e.g. Oxyria digyna, had decreased by 1989, whereas that of mosses had increased. Essentially reindeer showed a more opportunistic grazing behaviour with more balanced utilization of all types of plant associations in 1989. The grazing behaviour of the reindeer on Brøggerhalvøya is therefore similar to that observed for Svalbard reindeer in general.
Regional differences in density-dependent mortality and reproduction in Finnish reindeer
Authors: Kojola Ilpo , Helle Timo
Published: February 2013

Reindeer in the southern and central regions of reindeer husbandry in Finland feed on arboreal lichens or are given supplementary rations from midwinter whereas in the northern region reindeer use snow-covered forage throughout winter. Rates of mortality and reproduction were examined using data from population crashes of semi-domesticated reindeer that occurred in Northern Finland during 1960-1987. The mortality and reproductive rate were density-dependent in the southern region and the mortality was density-dependent in the central region. The density-dependence was most probably due to food competition in forest cutting areas where reindeer gather to feed on arboreal lichens from felled trees. In the northern region mortality was not density-dependent indicating that where reindeer feed on over-utilized winter range the effects of increased feeding competition are masked by very large changes in the availability of forage.