bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Highly Stereoselective Chiral Auxiliary‐assisted Reductive Cyclization to Furoindoline
Authors: Kumar Kapil , More Shital S. , Khatik Gopal L. , Rawal Ravindra K. , Nair Vipin A.
Published: March 2017

Highly stereoselective furoindoline derivatives were synthesized by exploring the imidazolidinone‐based chiral auxiliary‐mediated aldol adduct. The one‐pot reductive cyclization was achieved through NiCl2.6H2O/NaBH4.
Morphological specializations of the yolk sac for yolk processing in embryonic corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus: Colubridae)
Authors: Powers Kathryn G. , Blackburn Daniel G.
Published: March 2017

Non‐avian reptiles commonly are assumed to be like birds in their overall patterns of development. However, colubrid corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) have mechanisms of yolk cellularization and processing that are entirely different from the avian pattern. In birds, a vascular “yolk sac” surrounds and digests the liquid yolk. In contrast, in corn snakes, the yolk material is converted into vascularized cords of yolk‐filled cells. In this study, we used stereomicroscopy, histology, and scanning electron microscopy to analyze this unusual developmental pattern in corn snakes. Our observations reveal that the yolk sac cavity is invaded by endodermal cells that proliferate, absorb yolk spheres, and form aggregates of interconnected cells within the liquid yolk mass. As development proceeds, small blood vessels arise from the yolk sac omphalopleure, penetrate into the yolk mass, and become tightly encased in the endodermal cells. The entire vitellus ultimately becomes converted into a mass of vascularized, “spaghetti‐like” strands of yolk‐laden cells. The resulting arrangement allows yolk to be digested intracellularly and yolk products to be transported to the developing embryo. Indirect evidence for this pattern in other species raises the possibility that it is ancestral for squamates and quite possibly Reptilia in general.
MR cholangiography in potential liver donors: quantitative and qualitative improvement with administration of an oral effervescent agent
Authors: Kwon Heon‐Ju , Kim Kyoung Won , Choi Sang Hyun , Jung Jin‐Hee , Kim So Yeon , Kim Se‐Young , Lee Jeongjin , Jung Dong‐Hwan , Ha Tae‐Yong , Song Gi‐Won , Lee Sung‐Gyu
Published: March 2017

Purpose

To determine whether an oral effervescent agent improves magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) images, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in potential live liver donors.

Materials and Methods

This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board, and informed consent was waived. Seventy potential liver donors underwent 2D MRC before and after administration of an oral effervescent agent. One radiologist measured relative contrast ratio (rC) and relative signal intensity (rS) for right and left intrahepatic ducts (RHD and LHD), and common hepatic duct (CHD). After assessment of overall image quality, two other radiologists independently scored visualization of five ductal segments (RHD, LHD, CHD, cystic, and common bile duct) and assessed the preferred image set. In consensus, they assessed the biliary anatomy. The data were analyzed using a paired t‐test, Wilcoxon's signed‐rank test, and chi‐square test.

Results

Both rC and rS of RHD and CHD were significantly higher on MRC images after administration of an oral effervescent agent than before (P < 0.03). The overall image quality grades and biliary visualization scores for all five duct segments were significantly higher on MRC images after administration of an oral effervescent agent than before (P < 0.0001). Between these images, both readers more often preferred MRC images with an effervescent agent rather than those without this agent (reader 1: 56/70, 80.0%; reader 2: 55/70, 78.6%; P = 0.0003). The readers correctly assessed second‐order biliary tract anatomy in two more subjects on MRC after administration of an effervescent agent than before.

Conclusion

Oral administration of an effervescent agent improves MRC images, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in live liver donors.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1656–1663.
Atmospheric circulation patterns explaining climatological drought dynamics in the boreal environment of Finland, 1962–2011
Authors: Irannezhad Masoud , Ahmadi Behzad , Kløve Bjørn , Moradkhani Hamid
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

Understanding the atmospheric circulation patterns (ACPs) influencing drought development is important in management of this spatially extensive and recurrently prolonged natural hazard. Using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), this study evaluates the spatio‐temporal variability in climatological drought dynamics (in terms of intensity, frequency, duration, and extension) in Finland in 1962–2011. The SPEI values are calculated in 12‐, 3‐, and 1‐month time steps (SPEI‐12, ‐3, and ‐1, respectively) and the analyses are based on annual (SPEI‐12Ann), seasonal (e.g. SPEI‐3Win for winter), and monthly (e.g. SPEI‐1Dec for December) time scales. The relationships between SPEI values and well‐known ACPs of climate variability over Finland are also investigated. Our analysis shows that on national scale, the longest observed drought is 12 months (October 2002–September 2003) observed in SPEI‐12 values. Droughts intensify in April, August, and September, and largely occur over the south, centre, east, and west of Finland. December has the highest frequency of droughts, but with significant wetting trends. Analysis of annual SPEI‐12 indicates an increase in the probability of drought extent over time. In warm months (April–September), influential ACPs for temperature variability and drought conditions are mainly the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the Scandinavia pattern. For the cold months (October–March), the AO, the North Atlantic Oscillation, the East Atlantic, and the Polar patterns influence precipitation deficit and SPEI. Although Finland has experienced wetting trends during the period 1962–2011, this study provides a detailed spatial assessment of climatological drought variability and the plausible atmospheric circulation drivers for the boreal environment of Finland in recent decades.
Impacts of uncertainty in land surface information on simulated surface temperature and precipitation over China
Authors: He J. J. , Yu Y. , Yu L. J. , Liu N. , Zhao S. P.
Published: March 2017

This study mainly focuses on the effects of uncertainty in land surface information on mesoscale numerical simulation. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was used to simulate meteorological fields over China at a spatial resolution of 10 km during 2006. Near‐surface temperature and precipitation values obtained fromWRFwere evaluated using site observations. The effects of accurate and updated land surface information, including Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data, Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) land use data, vegetation fraction derived fromMODISnormalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) data (LASTsimulation), onWRF's performance were investigated by comparison with a simulation using the default land surface information (BASEsimulation).WRFreproduced the temporal and spatial variations of near‐surface temperature and precipitation over China accurately, although its performance varied significantly by season and region.WRFunderestimated near‐surface temperatures in most areas of the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, the Tibetan Plateau, the Northeast Plain, and the southeastern coastal regions, but temperatures were overestimated in most areas of the North China Plain, the Loess Plateau, Sichuan Basin, and western Xinjiang.WRFoverestimated (underestimated) precipitation in most humid (arid) areas. A positive (negative) bias in simulated precipitation is found in summer (winter). With updated land surface information,WRF's performance in terms of both daily average values and extremes improved, and the root mean squared error values for daily mean temperature and daily accumulated precipitation decreased by 7 and 2.3%. These improvements are significant for temperature, but not significant for precipitation. The uncertainty in land surface information has a greater influence on temperature than on precipitation. These findings are very important for weather forecasting and studies involving climatological analyses covering East Asia.
Anti‐fatigue activity of sea cucumber peptides prepared from Stichopus japonicus in an endurance swimming rat model
Authors: Ye Jing , Shen Caihong , Huang Yayan , Zhang Xueqin , Xiao Meitian
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

Sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) is a well‐known nutritious and luxurious seafood in Asia which has attracted increasing attention because of its nutrition and bioactivities in recent years. In this study, the anti‐fatigue activity of sea cucumber peptides (SCP) prepared from S. japonicus was evaluated in a load‐induced endurance swimming model.

RESULTS

The SCP prepared in this study was mainly made up of low‐molecular‐weight peptides (<2 kDa). The analysis result of amino acid composition revealed that SCP was rich in glycine, glutamic acid and proline. The endurance capability of rats to fatigue was significantly improved by SCP treatment. Meanwhile, the remarkable alterations of energy metabolic markers, antioxidant enzymes, antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress biomarkers were normalized. Moreover, administration of SCP could modulate alterations of inflammatory cytokines and downregulate the overexpression of TRL4 and NF‐κB.

CONCLUSION

SCP has anti‐fatigue activity and it exerted its anti‐fatigue effect probably through normalizing energy metabolism as well as alleviating oxidative damage and inflammatory responses. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Cosmetic outcome and quality of life are inextricably linked in breast‐conserving therapy
Authors: Volders José H. , Negenborn Vera L. , Haloua Max H. , Krekel Nicole M. A. , Jóźwiak Katarzyna , Meijer Sybren , M. van den Tol Petrousjka
Published: March 2017

Introduction

Cosmetic results and quality of life (QoL) are increasingly important in the treatment of breast cancer. This study was designed to determine the relationship between QoL and both subjectively and objectively measured cosmetic outcomes of breast‐conserving therapy (BCT), and its course over time.

Methods

A total of 128 breast cancer patients who underwent BCT as part of a prospective randomized controlled trial were included. QoL was measured using the EORTC QLQ‐C30 and QLQ‐BR23 at baseline, 3, 6, 12, and 36 months. Cosmetic outcome was determined by patient self‐evaluation, panel evaluation, and BCCT.core software.

Results

By 36 months, all QoL factors except arm symptoms had returned to baseline or improved. After adjustment for patient and tumor characteristics, a significantly better QoL in terms of body image, pain, and arm and breast symptoms was found for good/excellent cosmetic outcomes compared to fair/poor outcomes, as measured by both patient self‐evaluation and panel evaluation. The BCCT.core showed no correlation with any QoL factors.

Conclusion

There is a high correlation between poor cosmetic outcome and low scores on quality of life indicators, underlining the importance of achieving a good cosmetic outcome after BCT.
Light absorption by phytoplankton in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Authors: Letelier Ricardo M. , White Angelicque E. , Bidigare Robert R. , Barone Benedetto , Church Matthew J. , Karl David M.
Published: March 2017

To constrain the energy fueling photosynthesis in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) we characterize the variability of phytoplankton absorption spectra in conjunction with that of the light field at Station ALOHA (22°45′N, 158°00′W). Furthermore, we decompose the phytoplankton absorption into photosynthetic and photoprotective components based on high‐performance liquid chromatography pigment analysis. Between January 2006 and December 2012 the variability in chlorophyll‐specific absorption (
) above the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) layer was driven by changes in photoprotective carotenoid concentrations while the chlorophyll‐specific absorption of photosynthetic pigments (
) remained nearly constant with a mean (± SD) value of 0.008 ± 0.001 m2 (mg chl a)−1. In contrast, below the DCM layer changes in
resulted from increases in the relative contribution of photosynthetic pigments with depth, suggesting that the constancy in
above the DCM layer is controlled by nutrient limitation. While the daily photon fluxes absorbed by photosynthetic pigments in the upper 45 m did not vary at a seasonal scale, averaging 0.45 ± 0.12 mol quanta m−2 d−1 in winter and 0.46 ± 0.10 mol quanta m−2 d−1 in summer, when integrated over the upper 200 m these fluxes ranged from 0.64 ± 0.16 to 0.79 ± 0.19 mol quanta m−2 d−1 in winter and summer, respectively. Based on the rate of photons trapped by the photosynthetic pigments and on the seasonal euphotic zone depth integrated gross O2 evolution rates derived from
in situ incubations we estimate a mean photosynthetic yield of ∼0.1 mol O2 evolved per mol quanta absorbed by photosynthetic pigments.
Non‐paraxial polarization spatio‐temporal coupling in ultrafast laser material processing
Authors: Patel Aabid , Tikhonchuk Vladmir T. , Zhang Jingyu , Kazansky Peter G.
Published: March 2017

Two hundred years after Malus' discovery of optical anisotropy, the study of polarization‐driven optical effects is as active as ever, generating interest in new phenomena and potential applications. However, in ultrafast optics, the influence of polarization is frequently overlooked being considered as either detrimental or negligible. Here we demonstrate that spatio‐temporal couplings, which are inherent for ultrafast laser systems with chirped‐pulse amplification, accumulate in multi‐pulse irradiation and lead to a strongly anisotropic light‐matter interaction. Our results identify angular dispersion in the focus as the origin for the polarization dependence in modification, yielding an increase in modification strength. With tight focusing (NA ≥ ∼0.4), this non‐paraxial effect leads to a manifestation of spatio‐temporal couplings in photo‐induced modification. We devise a practical way to control the polarization dependence and exploit it as a new degree of freedom in tailoring laser‐induced modification in transparent material. A near‐focus, non‐paraxial field structure analysis of an optical beam provides insight on the origin of the polarization dependent modification. However, single pulse non‐paraxial corrected calculations are not sufficient to explain the phenomena confirming the experimental observations and exemplifying the need for multi‐pulse analysis.

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Electrogenic Single‐Species Biocomposites as Anodes for Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Kaiser Patrick , Reich Steffen , Leykam Daniel , Willert‐Porada Monika , Greiner Andreas , Freitag Ruth
Published: March 2017

Integration of electrogenic microorganisms remains a challenge in biofuel cell technology. Here, synthetic biocomposites (“artificial biofilms”) are proposed. Bacteria (Shewanella oneidensis) are embedded in a hydrogel matrix (poly(vinyl alcohol)) via wet‐ and electrospinning, creating fibers and nonwoven gauzes. The bacteria remain viable and metabolically active. The performance is compared to S. oneidensis suspension cultures and “natural” biofilms. While lower than with the suspension cultures, the power output from the fuel cells with the artificial biofilms is higher than with the natural one. Handling, reproducibility, and stability are also better. Artificial biofilms can therefore contribute to resolving fundamental issues of design, scale up, and monosepsis in biofuel cell technology.

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Three‐dimensional oxygen‐enhanced MRI of the human lung at 1.5T with ultra‐fast balanced steady‐state free precession
Authors: Pusterla Orso , Bauman Grzegorz , Bieri Oliver
Published: March 2017

Purpose

To assess the feasibility of 3D oxygen‐enhanced (OE) MRI of the lung at 1.5T using multi‐volumetric ultra‐fast balanced steady‐state free precession (ufSSFP) acquisitions.

Methods

Isotropic imaging of the lung for OE‐MRI was performed with an adapted 3D ufSSFP sequence using five breath‐hold acquisitions ranging from functional residual capacity to tidal inspiration under both normoxic (room air) and hyperoxic (100% O2) gas conditions. For each O2 concentration, a sponge model (which captures the parenchymal signal intensity variation as a function of the lung volume) was fitted to the acquired multi‐volumetric datasets after semiautomatic lung segmentation and deformable image registration. From the retrieved model parameters, 3D oxygen‐enhancement maps were calculated.

Results

For OE ufSSFP imaging, the maximum parenchymal signal is observed for flip angles around 23° under both normoxic and hyperoxic conditions. It is found that the sponge model accurately describes parenchymal signal at different breathing positions, thereby mitigating the confounding bias in the estimated oxygen enhancement from residual density modulations. From the model, an average lung oxygen enhancement of 7.0% ± 0.3% was found in the healthy volunteers, and the oxygen‐enhancement maps indicate a ventral to dorsal gravitation‐related gradient.

Conclusion

The study demonstrates the feasibility of whole‐lung OE‐MRI from multi‐volumetric ufSSFP in healthy volunteers. Magn Reson Med 79:246–255, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Metalate‐Mediated Functionalization of P4 by Trapping Anionic [Cp*Fe(CO)2(η1‐P4)]− with Lewis Acids
Authors: Borger Jaap E. , Jongkind Maarten K. , Ehlers Andreas W. , Lutz Martin , Slootweg J. Chris , Lammertsma Koop
Published: March 2017

The development of selective functionalization strategies of white phosphorus (P4) is important to avoid the current chlorinated intermediates. The use of transition metals (TMs) could lead to catalytic procedures, but these are severely hampered by the high reactivity and unpredictable nature of the tetrahedron. Herein, we report selective first steps by reacting P4 with a metal anion [Cp*Fe(CO)2]− (Cp*=C5(CH3)5), which, in the presence of bulky Lewis acids (LA; B(C6F5)3 or BPh3), leads to unique TM‐substituted LA‐stabilized bicyclo[1.1.0]tetraphosphabutanide anions [Cp*Fe(CO)2(η1‐P4⋅LA)]−. Their P‐nucleophilic site can be subsequently protonated to afford the transient LA‐free neutral butterflies exo,endo‐ and exo,exo‐Cp*Fe‐ (CO)2(η1‐P4H), allowing controllable stepwise metalate‐mediated functionalization of P4.
TiO2 nanoparticles/poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) bionanocomposite films for packaging applications
Authors: Venkatesan Raja , Rajeswari Natesan
Published: March 2017

In this present study, biodegradable PBAT nanocomposites containing different weight percentages (1, 3, 5, 7, and 10% w/w) of TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by using solvent casting technique, chloroform as a solvent. The microstructure and morphology of the as‐synthesized poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT)/TiO2 nanocomposite films were characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscope. The thermal degradation of PBAT composites was studied by using thermogravimetric analysis. The mechanical strength of the films was improved by increasing TiO2 concentration. Tensile strength increased from 32.60 to 63.26 MPa, respectively. Barrier properties of the PBAT/TiO2 nanocomposites were investigated by using an oxygen permeability tester. The oxygen permeability (oxygen transmission rate) decreased with increasing the TiO2 nanoparticle concentrations. The PBAT/TiO2 nanocomposite films showed profound antimicrobial activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative foodborne pathogenic bacteria, namely, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, to understand to the zone of inhibition. These results indicated that filler–polymer interaction is important and the role of the TiO2 as a reinforcement in the nanocomposites was evident. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TET2 mutations in B cells of patients affected by angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Schwartz Friederike H , Cai Qian , Fellmann Eva , Hartmann Sylvia , Mäyränpää Mikko I , Karjalainen‐Lindsberg Marja‐Liisa , Sundström Christer , Scholtysik René , Hansmann Martin‐Leo , Küppers Ralf
Published: March 2017

Angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphomas (AITLs) frequently carry mutations in the TET2 and IDH2 genes. TET2 mutations represent early genetic lesions as they had already been detected in haematopoietic precursor cells of AITL patients. We show by analysis of whole‐tissue sections and microdissected PD1+ cells that the frequency of TET2‐mutated AITL is presumably even higher than reported (12/13 cases in our collection; 92%). In two‐thirds of informative AITLs (6/9), a fraction of B cells was also TET2‐mutated. Investigation of four AITLs by TET2 and IGHV gene sequencing of single microdissected B cells showed that between 10% and 60% of polyclonal B cells in AITL lymph nodes harboured the identical TET2 mutations of the respective T‐cell lymphoma clone. Thus, TET2‐mutated haematopoietic precursor cells in AITL patients not only give rise to the T‐cell lymphoma but also generate a large population of mutated mature B cells. Future studies will show whether this is a reason why AITL patients frequently also develop B‐cell lymphomas. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultra‐Performance Liquid Chromatography Hyphenated with Quadrupole‐Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry for Simultaneous Determination of Necine‐Core‐Structure Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Crotalaria sessiliflora L. without all Corresponding Standards
Authors: Zhang Wei , Huai Wenbei , Zhang Yi , Shen Jincan , Tang Xunyou , Xie Xiujuan , Wang Ke , Fan Huajun
Published: March 2017

Introduction

Crotalaria sessiliflora L. is a Chinese traditional herb for treatment of cutaneum carcinoma and cervical carcinoma. In addition to monocrotaline, coexisting pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) also require further quantification for quality control and pharmaceutical uses of the herb.

Objective

To establish a UPLC‐Q‐Orbitrap/MS method of simultaneous determination of coexisting PAs with same parent structure for quality control and comprehensive researches of Crotalaria sessiliflora L.

Methodology

PAs in Crotalaria sessiliflora L. were analysed by UPLC‐Q‐Orbitrap/MS method. Coexisting PAs were identified by mass data of full MS‐dd‐MS2 based on the characteristic fragmentation pattern and necine‐core structure. Moreover, quantification of PAs was conducted by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mode using m/z 138, m/z 120 and m/z 94 from identical necine‐core structure as quantitative ions with single monocrotaline standard for accurate calibration.

Results

Five PAs, named monocrotaline, retrorsine, senecionine, integerrimine, O‐9‐angeloylretronecine, were indentified and confirmed. Quantitative ions of m/z 138, m/z 120 and m/z 94 were used for quantification of PAs containing the necine‐core structure in Crotalaria sessiliflora L. The results demonstrated that contents, precision and recoveries of the five PAs mentioned earlier were respectively 3.307–30.35 μg/g, 1.1–4.5% and 88.91–92.33% while using m/z 120 as the best quantitative ion.

Conclusion

The UPLC‐Q‐Orbitrap/MS method was established for simultaneous determination of five PAs in Crotalaria sessiliflora L. without all corresponding standards, and was proved that it was simple, convenient and effective for comprehensive quality control and pharmaceutical uses. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of novel copper nanoparticles/ternary polymer blend nanocomposites and their structural, thermal and rheological properties and AC impedance
Authors: Khalil Uzma , Haider Sajjad , Saleem Khan Muhammad , Haider Adnan , Khan Rawaiz , Alghyamah Abdulaziz A , Almasry Waheed A , Bououdina Mohamed
Published: March 2017

Copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs)/ternary polymer blend nanocomposites were synthesized via a solution‐casting technique. The nanocomposites were studied for their structural, thermal, rheological and electric properties. Scanning electron micrographs and atomic force micrographs showed no phase separation between the polymers, a narrow size distribution of Cu NPs (in the range 25–43 nm) and good dispersion of Cu NPs in the polymer matrix. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis confirmed the presences of Cu in the matrix. X‐ray diffraction data showed a characteristic face‐centred cubic architecture for Cu unit cell and interaction of the Cu NPs with oxygen‐carrying polymers. Thermogravimetric analysis showed an increase in the degradation temperature (from 254 to 268 °C) and three‐step degradation of the nanocomposites. Rheological analysis showed an increase in the complex viscosities and storage modulus for the nanocomposites. AC impedance studies showed increased ionic conductivities and decreased bulk resistance for the nanocomposites. All these studies suggested interactions between Cu NPs and polymer matrix and the formation of a network structure. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Sulfated hyaluronan attenuates inflammatory signaling pathways in macrophages involving induction of antioxidants
Authors: Jouy Florent , Lohmann Nadine , Wandel Elke , Ruiz‐Gómez Gloria , Pisabarro M. Teresa , Beck‐Sickinger Annette G. , Schnabelrauch Matthias , Möller Stephanie , Simon Jan C. , Kalkhof Stefan , von Bergen Martin , Franz Sandra
Published: March 2017

It is well recognized that high molecular weight hyaluronan (H‐HA) exerts potent anti‐inflammatory effects while its fragmentation into low molecular weight HA (L‐HA) is discussed to promote inflammation. Chemical modification of HA with sulfate groups has been shown to foster its anti‐inflammatory activity which seems to be maintained in sulfated low molecular weight HA derivatives (sL‐HA). However, the molecular mechanisms by which sL‐HA produces its anti‐inflammatory activity are not understood. In this study, we used global quantitative proteomics combined with targeted analysis of key proteins to characterize the effect of sL‐HA on fully differentiated human inflammatory macrophages (iMФ). Culture of iMФ with sL‐HA did not affect cell viability but resulted in a reduced pro‐inflammatory cytokine response of iMФ after activation indicating a profound counter‐regulation of their initial inflammatory phenotype. Rapid internalization of sL‐HA involving CD44 and scavenger receptors was observed. Furthermore, an upregulation of the antioxidants SOD2 and SOD3 was found while no oxidative stress was induced. Consequently, activity of transcription factors for inflammatory gene expression was downregulated in iMФ with sL‐HA after activation whereas anti‐inflammatory proteins were induced.

This study proves anti‐inflammatory properties of sL‐HA and provides information on its regulatory mode of action on iMФ.
Standardized Sophora pachycarpa Root Extract Enhances Osteogenic Differentiation in Adipose‐derived Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Mollazadeh Samaneh , Neshati Vajiheh , Fazly Bazzaz Bibi Sedigheh , Iranshahi Mehrdad , Mojarrad Majid , Naderi‐Meshkin Hojjat , Kerachian Mohammad Amin
Published: March 2017

Bone defect is an important topic in public health. Novel therapies are based on osteogenic induction by natural antiosteoporotic compounds including plant‐derived estrogens. In the current study, the osteogenic potential of Sophora pachycarpa root extract (SPRE) was explored on human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells. Herein, adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells were osteoinducted in the presence of increased concentrations of the extract for 21 days. Then, cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay, and the differentiated cells were stained by Alizarin Red S for calcium deposition and subjected to alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay for enzymatic activity. To assess the expression of bone‐related genes, treated cells were evaluated by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The MTT test demonstrated that SPRE had no toxic effects on the cell viability. Treating the cells with SPRE noticeably promoted ALP activity, mineralization, and mRNA expression of runt‐related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), bone gamma‐carboxyglutamate protein (BGLAP), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), and collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1). Additionally, cells subjected to 0.1 μg/mL SPRE showed the highest osteogenic effects. According to high‐performance liquid chromatography fingerprinting of SPRE, the osteoprotective effects of SPRE is probably due to presence of phytochemicals with estrogen‐like activity in the extract. Thus, SPRE might be a suitable therapeutic agent for bone defects therapy in the future research. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐linear mixing effects on mass‐47 CO2 clumped isotope thermometry: Patterns and implications
Authors: Defliese William F. , Lohmann Kyger C.
Published: March 2017

Rationale

Mass‐47 CO2 clumped isotope thermometry requires relatively large (~20 mg) samples of carbonate minerals due to detection limits and shot noise in gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). However, it is unreasonable to assume that natural geologic materials are homogenous on the scale required for sampling. We show that sample heterogeneities can cause offsets from equilibrium Δ47 values that are controlled solely by end member mixing and are independent of equilibrium temperatures.

Methods

A numerical model was built to simulate and quantify the effects of end member mixing on Δ47. The model was run in multiple possible configurations to produce a dataset of mixing effects. We verified that the model accurately simulated real phenomena by comparing two artificial laboratory mixtures measured using IRMS to model output.

Results

Mixing effects were found to be dependent on end member isotopic composition in δ13C and δ18O values, and independent of end member Δ47 values. Both positive and negative offsets from equilibrium Δ47 can occur, and the sign is dependent on the interaction between end member isotopic compositions. The overall magnitude of mixing offsets is controlled by the amount of variability within a sample; the larger the disparity between end member compositions, the larger the mixing offset.

Conclusions

Samples varying by less than 2 ‰ in both δ13C and δ18O values have mixing offsets below current IRMS detection limits. We recommend the use of isotopic subsampling for δ13C and δ18O values to determine sample heterogeneity, and to evaluate any potential mixing effects in samples suspected of being heterogonous. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The addition of clay on the mechanical properties of surface‐treated CF‐filled PA66 composites
Authors: Chang Qiuxiang , Zhao Haojie , He Runqin
Published: March 2017

Polyamide 66 (PA66) composites filled with clay and carbon fiber (CF) were prepared by twin‐screw extruder in order to study the influence of nanoparticle reinforcing effect on the mechanical behavior of the PA66 composites (CF/PA66). The mechanical property tests of the composites with and without clay were performed, and the fracture surface morphology was analyzed. The results show that the fracture surface area of the clay‐filled CF/PA66 composite was far smoother than that of the CF/PA66 composite, and there formed a tense interface on the CF surface after the addition of clay. The tensile and flexural strength of CF/PA66 composites with clay was improved. The impact strength decreased because of the high interfacial adhesion. In conclusion, the addition of clay favored the improvement of the higher interface strength and so had good effect on improving the tensile and flexural properties of the composites. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface treatment of 25‐μm Kapton film by ammonia for improvement of TiO2/SiO2 coating's adhesion
Authors: Man Yanru , Li Zhonghua , Shu Ming , Liu Kai , Liu Huitao , Gao Yuan
Published: March 2017

Due to a smooth hydrophobic surface of Kapton film, it is very difficult to coat an inorganic oxide coating on its surface. In this study, the surface of Kapton was treated by NH3·H2O and silicon coupling agent to improve the polymer surface wettability. Changes in surface hydrophilicity were studied by contact angle measurement. The samples were irradiated by atomic oxygen (AO) in a ground‐based simulation system. TiO2/SiO2 multi‐layer coatings were prepared on the surface of Kapton by sol–gel method to resist AO erosion. The optical transmittance and surface morphology of samples were investigated by UV–vis spectroscopy and scanning electronic microscope. The results indicated that the TiO2/SiO2 sol could easily form a uniform thin coating on the surface of pretreated Kapton. After AO exposure, the coatings became more compact, without peeling off. The AO erosion yield value of coated Kapton was sharply down, and the samples had good optical transparency. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approaches to expanding the two‐arm biased coin randomization to unequal allocation while preserving the unconditional allocation ratio
Authors: Kuznetsova Olga M. , Johnson Victoria Plamadeala
Published: March 2017

The paper discusses three methods for expanding the biased coin randomization (BCR) to unequal allocation while preserving the unconditional allocation ratio at every step. The first method originally proposed in the contexts of BCR and minimization is based on mapping from an equal allocation multi‐arm BCR. Despite the improvement proposed in this paper to ensure tighter adherence to the targeted unequal allocation, this method still distributes the probability mass at least as wide as the permuted block randomization (PBR). This works for smaller block sizes, but for larger block sizes, a tighter control of the imbalance in the treatment assignments is desired. The second method, which has two versions, allows to tighten the distribution of the imbalance compared with that achieved with the PBR. However, the distribution of the imbalance remains considerably wider than that of the brick tunnel randomization – the unequal allocation procedure with the tightest possible imbalance distribution among all allocation ratio preserving procedures with the same allocation ratio. Finally, the third method, the BCR with a preset proportion of maximal forcing, mimics the properties of the equal allocation BCR. With maximum forcing, it approaches the brick tunnel randomization, similar to how 1:1 BCR approaches 1:1 PBR with the permuted block size of 2 (the equal allocation procedure with the lowest possible imbalance) when the bias approaches 1. With minimum forcing, the BCR with a preset proportion of maximal forcing approaches complete randomization (similar to 1:1 BCR). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coordination Modes of Hydroxamates in Neptunium (V) Complexes in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Dumpala Rama Mohana Rao , Rawat Neetika , Bhattacharya Arunasis , Tomar Bhupendra Singh
Published: March 2017

A theoretical study to understand molecular structures and coordination modes of neptunium complexes with three different substituent hydroxamates viz., acetohydroxamate (AHA), benzhydroxamate (BHA) and salicylhydroxamate (SHA) was carried out using density functional theory (DFT). The geometries for different complexes reported in literature MxLyHz (x:y:z) viz 1:1:1, 1:2:2 and 1:2:0 were optimized and interaction energies (ΔE) for complexation process were calculated to obtain the most probable structures of complexes. The ΔE value revealed, the complex stability order as NpO2+‐SHA > NpO2‐AHA > NpO2‐BHA which is in agreement with the reported experimental data. Higher negative charge on AHA compared to BHA leads to its higher interaction with NpO2 which in turn reflects in shorter Np‐Oeq (ligand) bond distances. In 1:1:1 complex of NpO2‐SHA, the binding mode involving ortho hydroxyl group and ‐NHO− oxygen atom (seven membered ring) shows most negative interaction energy.However, for binding of second ligand in 1:2:2 NpO2‐SHA complex, steric effects dominate and the mode involving five membered ring through oxygen atoms of ‐CONHO− is most stable.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Photosensitizing Activities of Ni(II) and Pd(II) Heteroleptic Dithiolate–dppf Complexes
Authors: Manar Krishna K. , Gupta Ajit N. , Gupta Arun K. , Prasad Lal B. , Srivastava Pankaj , Drew Michael G. B. , Singh Nanhai
Published: March 2017

New heteroleptic complexes, [M(dithiolate‐dppf)] (M=Ni(II) 1,Pd(II) 2, dithiolate=2‐(methylene‐1,1′‐dithiolato)‐1,3‐indandione (L1); Pd(II) 3, 2‐(methylene‐1,1′‐dithiolato)‐5,5′‐dimethylcyclohexane‐1,3‐dione (L2); dppf = 1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy (IR, UV‐Vis., 1H, 13C and 31P NMR) and cyclic voltammetry. X‐ray crystallography revealed distorted square planar geometry with P2MS2 cores in 1–3, displaying M⋯H−C intramolecular anagostic interactions. Complexes 1–3 show luminescent characteristics in CH2Cl2 solution at room temperature emanating from the MLCT charge‐transfer state. Based on their optical and electrochemical properties, the sensitizing activities of 1–3 have been explored; the Ni complex 1 has shown significant light to electrical energy conversion efficiency with η value of 0.78%. All the three complexes with σrt, 10−6‐10−7 S cm−1 and Ea=1.00‐1.35 eV are weakly conducting but show semiconducting characteristic in the 303–363 K temperature range.
Insights into the effect of moisture absorption and fiber content on the mechanical behavior of starch–date‐palm fiber composites
Authors: Saleh Aya A. , Saleh Menna A. , Al Haron Mohamed H. , Farag Mahmoud
Published: March 2017

Biodegradable composites of starch–date‐palm fibers were prepared by first plasticizing corn starch and chemically treating the fibers before being formed by compression molding. The effect of fiber content on mechanical properties was examined and it was found that tensile strength and Young's modulus for 50 weight percent (wt%) fiber composite improved by 7 and 12.5 times, respectively, compared to thermoplastic starch. Impact strength showed similar behavior and improved by 4.3 times for 50 wt% fiber composites. At higher fiber content the matrix was insufficient to cover the fibers, causing the mechanical properties to deteriorate. The results also showed that exposure to moisture resulted in progressive decrease in mechanical properties with increasing moisture absorption. It was found that after reaching moisture saturation, the retained tensile strengths were about one‐third the starting values and the retained impact strengths were about two‐thirds the starting values.
Electronic spatiotemporal image correlation improves four‐dimensional fetal echocardiography
Authors: Guasina F. , Bellussi F. , Morganelli G. , Salsi G. , Pilu G. , Simonazzi G.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To compare the efficiency of electronic spatiotemporal image correlation (eSTIC) with that of conventional STIC to acquire four‐dimensional (4D) fetal cardiac volumes of diagnostic quality.

Methods

This was a randomized controlled trial of 100 patients in mid‐gestation with normal sonograms. In half of the cases, STIC volumes of the fetal heart were obtained with a conventional mechanical 4D probe and in the remaining cases eSTIC volumes were obtained with an electronic 4D probe. Examinations were kept within the timeframe allotted for a standard examination of fetal anatomy, and a maximum of two attempts were made at obtaining a 4D cardiac volume. Datasets were stored on a computer and subsequently analyzed and categorized as being of optimal, satisfactory or inadequate quality, depending on whether or not it was possible to perform an extended basic cardiac examination, including obtaining a three vessels and trachea view, as well as a clear reconstruction of both the aortic and ductal arches in the sagittal plane.

Results

The eSTIC volume datasets were more frequently of optimal or satisfactory diagnostic quality compared with conventional STIC (94% vs 76%, P < 0.0001). Failure to obtain an eSTIC volume of adequate quality was in all cases the consequence of an unfavorable position of the fetus.

Conclusions

Compared with a standard mechanical probe, the electronic 4D probe facilitates acquisition of sonographic cardiac volumes in mid‐trimester fetuses. In our hands, eSTIC volumes of optimal or satisfactory diagnostic quality, allowing a detailed offline evaluation of the fetal heart, were obtained in more than 90% of cases within the time frame of a standard examination of fetal anatomy. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Long‐Term Results Following Antibiotic Treatment of Acute Appendicitis in Adults
Authors: Lundholm K. , Hansson‐Assarsson J. , Engström C. , Iresjö B.‐M.
Published: March 2017

Background

Antibiotic treatment of acute appendicitis has gained interest and inquiries. Reports have demonstrated both safety and high resolution of symptoms and inflammation following antibiotic treatment of appendicitis, but information on long‐term results is required. Our present aim was therefore to evaluate long‐term recurrence rate of initial antibiotics‐alone treatment for suspected acute appendicitis.

Methods

Patients with favourable response to antibiotics in earlier randomized (RCT, n = 97) and population‐based (PBT, n = 342) studies as well as subsequently treated non‐randomized (Non‐R, n = 271) patients are evaluated for long‐term risk to relapse demanding surgical appendectomy; altogether 710 patients.

Results

Clinical characteristics among randomized and non‐randomized patients were similar without any statistical difference according to abdominal symptoms and degree of systemic inflammation (CRP, WCC) when antibiotic treatment started. Females and males showed the same results. The median follow‐up time was 2162 days (5.92 years), and the range across highest and lowest follow‐up was 3495 days (range 2–3497) for the entire group, without significant differences among subgroups (RCT, PBT, Non‐R). The cumulative probability for relapse of appendicitis demanding appendectomy was: 0.09, 0.12, 0.12 and 0.13 at 1‐, 2‐, 3‐ and 5‐year follow‐up, with a probability of 0.86 ± 0.013 without appendectomy after 8 years. This may imply an overall benefit of 60–70% by antibiotics during expected 10‐year follow‐up accounting for initial treatment failures at 10–23% in our published reports.

Conclusion

Antibiotic treatment is safe and effective as a first‐line therapy in unselected adults with acute appendicitis with a risk around 15% for long‐term relapse following favourable initial treatment response.
The Effect of Parathyroidectomy on Risk of Hip Fracture in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Isaksson Elin , Ivarsson Kerstin , Akaberi Shahriar , Muth Andreas , Sterner Gunnar , Karl‐Göran Prütz , Clyne Naomi , Almquist Martin
Published: March 2017

Background

Secondary hyperparathyroidism increases the risk for fractures. Despite improvement in medical therapy, surgical parathyroidectomy (PTX) often becomes necessary, but its effect on risk of fractures is not clear. Our aim was to study the effect of parathyroidectomy on the risk of hip fractures in patients on dialysis or with a functioning renal graft at time of parathyroidectomy.

Design

In a cohort of 20,056 patients on dialysis or with functioning renal allograft, we identified 590 patients who underwent parathyroidectomy between 1991 and 2009. Of these, 579 were matched with 1970 non‐PTX patients on age, sex, cause of renal disease and functioning renal allograft or not at the time of PTX or at the corresponding time for non‐PTX patients (t). We calculated the risk for hip fracture after PTX using crude and adjusted Cox proportional hazards regressions, adjusting for time in renal replacement therapy before t, time with functioning renal allograft before and after t, comorbidity at t and a hip fracture before t.

Results

The adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for hip fracture was 0.40 (0.18–0.88) for PTX patients, compared to non‐PTX patients. When analyses were performed separately for sex, only women had a lower risk of hip fracture after PTX compared to non‐PTX patients. The risk of hip fracture after PTX was similar in patients with or without functioning renal allograft at time for PTX.

Conclusion

Parathyroidectomy is associated with a lower risk of hip fracture in female patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.
In Search of Somatic Precursors of Spontaneous Insight
Authors: Shen Wangbing , Yuan Yuan , Tang Chaoying , Shi Chunhua , Liu Chang , Luo Jing , Zhang Xiaojiang
Published: March 2017

Abstract. A considerable number of behavioral and neuroscientific studies on insight problem solving have revealed behavioral and neural correlates of the dynamic insight process; however, somatic correlates, particularly somatic precursors of creative insight, remain undetermined. To characterize the somatic precursor of spontaneous insight, 22 healthy volunteers were recruited to solve the compound remote associate (CRA) task in which a problem can be solved by either an insight or an analytic strategy. The participants’ peripheral nervous activities, particularly electrodermal and cardiovascular responses, were continuously monitored and separately measured. The results revealed a greater skin conductance magnitude for insight trials than for non-insight trials in the 4-s time span prior to problem solutions and two marginally significant correlations between pre-solution heart rate variability (HRV) and the solution time of insight trials. Our findings provide the first direct evidence that spontaneous insight in problem solving is a somatically peculiar process that is distinct from the stepwise process of analytic problem solving and can be represented by a special somatic precursor, which is a stronger pre-solution electrodermal activity and a correlation between problem solution time and certain HRV indicators such as the root mean square successive difference (RMSSD).
Ralph Cicerone (1943–2016)
Authors: Molina Mario
Published: March 2017

The former president of the National Academy of Sciences was an accomplished atmospheric scientist and a proponent of multidisciplinary collaboration, but most of all, he was a good friend.
Rapid breeding of parthenocarpic tomato plants using CRISPR/Cas9
Authors: Ueta Risa , Abe Chihiro , Watanabe Takahito , Sugano Shigeo S. , Ishihara Ryosuke , Ezura Hiroshi , Osakabe Yuriko , Osakabe Keishi
Published: March 2017

Parthenocarpy in horticultural crop plants is an important trait with agricultural value for various industrial purposes as well as direct eating quality. Here, we demonstrate a breeding strategy to generate parthenocarpic tomato plants using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. We optimized the CRISPR/Cas9 system to introduce somatic mutations effectively into SlIAA9—a key gene controlling parthenocarpy—with mutation rates of up to 100% in the T0 generation. Furthermore, analysis of off-target mutations using deep sequencing indicated that our customized gRNAs induced no additional mutations in the host genome. Regenerated mutants exhibited morphological changes in leaf shape and seedless fruit—a characteristic of parthenocarpic tomato. And the segregated next generation (T1) also showed a severe phenotype associated with the homozygous mutated genome. The system developed here could be applied to produce parthenocarpic tomato in a wide variety of cultivars, as well as other major horticultural crops, using this precise and rapid breeding technique.