bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Heat Treatment on Microstructure of High-Strength Manganese-Silicon Steels
Authors: Bublíková Dagmar , Jeníček Štěpán , Opatová Kateřina , Mašek Bohuslav
Published: November 2017

Today’s advanced steels are required to possess high strength and ductility. This can be accomplished by producing appropriate microstructures with a certain volume fraction of retained austenite. The resulting microstructure depends on material’s heat treatment and alloying. High ultimate strengths and sufficient elongation levels can be obtained by various methods, including quenching and partitioning (Q&P process). The present paper introduces new procedures aimed at simplifying this process with the use of material-technological modelling. Three experimental steels have been made and cast for this investigation, whose main alloying additions were manganese, silicon, chromium, molybdenum and nickel. The purpose of manganese addition was to depress the Ms and Mf temperatures. The Q&P process was carried out in a thermomechanical simulator for better and easier control. The heat treatment parameters were varied between the sequences and their effect on microstructure evolution was evaluated. They included the cooling rate, partitioning temperature and time at partitioning temperature. Microstructures including martensite with strength levels of more than 2000 MPa and elongation of 10–15 % were obtained.
Effect of Chemical Composition and Heat Treatment Parameters on the Structure and Properties of Vanadis 23 and Vanadis 30 PM High-Speed Steels
Authors: Sobotová Jana , Kuřík Martin , Lacza Jakub
Published: November 2017

The paper deals with the assessment of the effect of content of cobalt and cryogenic treatment on mechanical properties and structure of Vanadis 23 and Vanadis 30 PM high-speed steels. The studied characteristics are evaluated after conventional heat treatment (quenching and multiple tempering) and also when deep cryogenic treatment at -196°C/4 hours was inserted between quenching and tempering. The mechanical properties are assessed by a three-point bending flexural test and by measurement of the hardness. Metallographic analysis is performed using an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Analysis of Wrought Iron Metal Part of Cupola Construction in the Main Railway Station Plzeň from 1907
Authors: Matějová Miroslava , Fikrlová Růžena , Kasl Josef
Published: November 2017

The paper describes the metallographic analysis of a metal part from the cupola construction in the Main Railway Station in Pilsen. The station in the Art Nouveau style was completed in 1907. The part was screwed to a vertical column and used as a pulley, probably for the transport of other parts. The cross-section consisted of visible bands. The microstructure was heterogeneous, formed by connected individual bands, ferritic structure predominated, but in some bands it was ferritic - pearlitic. The structure contained both minor inclusions and complex elongated inclusions consisting of grains and binder - their composition was determined by ED microanalysis. The analysis showed that it is a wrought (puddled) iron with a considerable amount of slag, which was produced with technology used in the 19th century. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, modern steel production methods were used for profiles and thus it is unclear whether this screwed part for manipulation represents the whole construction.
Using Fractography for Determining of Technological Reasons of Defect and Brittle Fractures Occurrence in Steels
Authors: Bezecný Ján , Barényi Igor
Published: November 2017

The paper describes practical examples of identification of rupture defect on steel components and its connection with the violating of the production process. Every violation of optimal production technology causes irreversible changes in the material that are visible on the fracture after breaking. Characteristics of the fracture allow the backward identification of specific technological reasons for defect fracture origin and consequent degradation of utility properties of the component. Documented examples include wide spectrum of production technologies where defective fractures can occur as are casting, forming, heat treatment or surface treatment. Wider notice is dedicated to the brittle fractures caused by non-optimal heat treatment. Presented fractures are documented by macroscopical as well as microscopical study using SEM microscope and they represent handy atlas of defects fractures with usage in real industrial practice.
Structural Changes of Hot Work Tool Steel due to Heat load
Authors: Krum Stanislav , Pešlová Františka , Horník Jakub , Puchnin Maxim
Published: November 2017

The paper deals with the influence of thermal load on functionality of the Toolox 33 hot work tool steel equivalent to the materials of W.Nr. 1.2311, 1.2312, 1.2738 and P20 in order to assess its suitability as a material for glass manufacture preform. Using light and electron microscopy it was shown that the steel was highly unfitting for this application where the steel comes into contact with the hot glass. Regarding the evaluation of the microstructure, it was shown that intense decarburization reflecting on the fracture behaviour of the surface layer during the thermal load has occurred. This fact was confirmed by a static tensile test and hardness measurements. Moreover, the thick layer of flakes has formed on the surface.
Failure Mechanism of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings Subjected to Calcia-Magnesia-Alumino-Silicate Environmental Attack
Authors: Čelko Ladislav , Jech David , Komarov Pavel , Remešová Michaela , Dvořák Karel , Šulák Ivo , Smetana Bedřich , Obrtlík Karel
Published: November 2017

The contribution focuses on the description of failure mechanism of atmospheric plasma sprayed multilayer thermal barrier coatings subjected to calcia-magnesia-alumino-silicate (CMAS) environmental attack. To identify exothermic and endothermic reactions which occurred during heating/cooling by means of calorimetry was also utilized initial yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) powder subsequently used for thermal spraying of multilayer thermal barrier coating system (TBCs), CMAS powder later on utilized for thin layer deposition and its mixture. Atmospheric plasma spray technique was used to produce the TBCs on a grit blasted nickel-based superalloy substrates, where CoNiCrAlY powder was used for deposition of a bond coat and YSZ powder was sprayed as a top coat. In accordance to the aerospace standard the thin layer of CMAS was deposited on as sprayed TBCs samples surface from its colloidal solution by paint brush method. Burner-rig test, utilizing direct propane-oxygen flame, was used for thermal cyclic exposition of the multilayer coated samples at the temperature of 1150 °C. Samples after thermal cyclic exposure test were investigated by means of materialographic analysis approaches. The significant reduction in life-time of CMAS coated YSZ top coat was observed due to lower melting point phase formation and molten silicate crystallization within the pores providing the spallation identified as a major mechanism of TBCs failure.
Fractographical Analysis of Screws Used for Truck Cab Holding
Authors: Kejzlar Pavel , Švec Martin , Andršová Zuzana
Published: November 2017

The research deals with determination of the breaking cause of the screws used to attach the truck cabins. Scanning electron and light optical microscopy were used for engineering investigation of the fracture cause. Fractographical and structural analysis revealed fatigue mechanism of the screw fracture with morphology corresponding to the combination of tensile and bending stresses. Based on the acquired results a structural adjustment was recommended to the customer.
Analysis of Damage of Solder Joint of Heat Exchanger
Authors: Gejdoš Pavel , Klakurková Lenka , Juliš Martin , Horynová Miroslava , Páleníková Lucie , Švejcar Jiří
Published: November 2017

The paper focus on the metallographic analysis of damaged heat exchanger made of high‑alloy austenitic steel by soldering. The object in question is a soldered joint of main mounting plate of the heat exchanger and first heat exchanging plate of it. In this part of the heat exchanger after the vibration and pressure test crack appeared. The subject of the analysis is the evaluation of the microstructure of the solder joint (high-alloy austenitic steel and copper), and evaluation of the appeared crack. The problematic is solved with aid of metallographic analysis of the microstructure of the material, using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and the EDS microanalysis of chemical composition.
Downregulation of NFAT3 Due to Lack of T-Box Transcription Factor TBX5 Is Crucial for Cytokine Expression in T Cells
Authors: Kaminuma Osamu , Kitamura Noriko , Nishito Yasumasa , Nemoto Soichi , Tatsumi Hideki , Mori Akio , Hiroi Takachika
Published: November 2017

The NFAT family transcription factors play crucial roles in immunological and other biological activities. NFAT3 is rarely expressed in T cells, and the mechanisms and significance of the specific NFAT3 downregulation in T cells have been unknown. In human CD4+ T cells, overexpression of NFAT1 and NFAT3 enhanced and suppressed IL-2 expression, respectively. NFAT3 downregulation in Jurkat cells using RNA interference technology augmented IL-2 expression, whereas a knockdown of NFAT1, NFAT2, and NFAT4 suppressed it. The promoter/enhancer activity of the NFAT-binding site in the IL-2 gene was upregulated and downregulated by NFAT1 and NFAT3, respectively. A study employing NFAT1/NFAT3 chimeric molecules revealed that the region in NFAT3 responsible for NFAT promoter activity inhibition was located within its N-terminal transactivation domain, Ca2+-regulatory domain, and DNA-binding domain. Downregulation of NFAT3 expression in T cells is mediated by lower chromatin accessibility and enhancer activity in its promoter in comparison with aortic smooth muscle cells expressing endogenous NFAT3. The binding sites of T-box transcription factor TBX5 and NK-2 transcription factor–related locus 5 Nkx2.5, which were expressed at higher levels in aortic smooth muscle cells than in T cells, were located within the −387 to +97 NFAT3 promoter region, exhibiting the maximum enhancer activity. Mutating the binding site of TBX5 but not Nkx2.5 diminished the NFAT3 promoter activity, whereas the overexpression of TBX5 enhanced it. Introduction of TBX5 into CD4+ T cells enhanced the expression of NFAT3 and suppressed that of IL-2. TBX5 deficiency-mediated downregulation of NFAT3 is crucial for the high cytokine-producing activity of T cells.
Identity and Diversity of Human Peripheral Th and T Regulatory Cells Defined by Single-Cell Mass Cytometry
Authors: Kunicki Matthew A. , Amaya Hernandez Laura C. , Davis Kara L. , Bacchetta Rosa , Roncarolo Maria-Grazia
Published: November 2017

Human CD3+CD4+ Th cells, FOXP3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells, and T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells are essential for ensuring peripheral immune response and tolerance, but the diversity of Th, Treg, and Tr1 cell subsets has not been fully characterized. Independent functional characterization of human Th1, Th2, Th17, T follicular helper (Tfh), Treg, and Tr1 cells has helped to define unique surface molecules, transcription factors, and signaling profiles for each subset. However, the adequacy of these markers to recapitulate the whole CD3+CD4+ T cell compartment remains questionable. In this study, we examined CD3+CD4+ T cell populations by single-cell mass cytometry. We characterize the CD3+CD4+ Th, Treg, and Tr1 cell populations simultaneously across 23 memory T cell–associated surface and intracellular molecules. High-dimensional analysis identified several new subsets, in addition to the already defined CD3+CD4+ Th, Treg, and Tr1 cell populations, for a total of 11 Th cell, 4 Treg, and 1 Tr1 cell subsets. Some of these subsets share markers previously thought to be selective for Treg, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Tfh cells, including CD194 (CCR4)+FOXP3+ Treg and CD183 (CXCR3)+T-bet+ Th17 cell subsets. Unsupervised clustering displayed a phenotypic organization of CD3+CD4+ T cells that confirmed their diversity but showed interrelation between the different subsets, including similarity between Th1–Th2–Tfh cell populations and Th17 cells, as well as similarity of Th2 cells with Treg cells. In conclusion, the use of single-cell mass cytometry provides a systems-level characterization of CD3+CD4+ T cells in healthy human blood, which represents an important baseline reference to investigate abnormalities of different subsets in immune-mediated pathologies.
Cross-departmental collaboration in strategic sourcing as a catalyst for supplier development: The case of Eskom
Authors: Mbiko Mzoxolo E. , Mbara Tatenda , Swanepoel Elana
Published: November 2017

Objective: The objective was to analyse the integration of and collaboration between strategic sourcing and supplier development at Eskom, South Africa’s primary electricity supplier, and to determine how strategic sourcing can be a catalyst for supplier development.Problem investigated: To address fragmented and inefficient procurement, Eskom instituted two departments, Commodity Sourcing (CS), to drive strategic sourcing, and Supplier Development and Localisation (SD&L), to drive supplier development. The problem is that collaboration between CS and SD&L has not materialised and thus their mandates have not been entirely achieved.Research design: A case study research design was employed, drawing from multiple sources of data to triangulate findings. Managers from two departments, CS and SD&L, were separately surveyed, while face-to-face interviews were conducted with executive management.Results: The findings revealed a lack of planning, implementation and monitoring of supplier development in the strategic sourcing process of CS. Although the procurement spend in CS is used to drive supplier development objectives, from the perspective of SD&L, in practice this does not fully materialise.Originality and/or value of the research: The study is unique as it focuses on cross-departmental collaboration within the organisation, rather than collaboration across the supply chain with external partners. From insights into the dysfunctional relationship between the departments, solutions for increased collaboration and effective supplier development could be suggested.Conclusion: For strategic sourcing to be a catalyst of supplier development, it is essential that an integrated strategic sourcing operating model incorporating the objectives of both CS and SD&L be developed.
Un-thinking the West: The spirit of doing Black Theology of Liberation in decolonial times
Authors: Vellem Vuyani S.
Published: November 2017

It is indisputable that Black Theology of Liberation (BTL) intentionally un-thinks the West. BTL has its own independent conceptual and theoretical foundations and can hold without the West if it rejects the architecture of Western knowledge as a final norm for life. This, however, is a spiritual matter which the article argues. The historical arrest of the progression of liberative logic and its promises might be self-inflicted by rearticulating and reinterpreting liberation strong thought. At a time when neofascism, which is virtually an open display of psychological and ideological confusion, racism, classism, sensibilities of integralism and gender violence, having become rife, liberal democracy is arguably in crisis today. BTL has to move beyond rethinking and repeating its tried and tested ways of response to black pain caused by racism and colonialism. Un-thinking the West is not only cognitive but also spiritual. Umoya, the spirit of life, the article argues, to un-think the West, constitutes inter alia, the rejection of Hellenocentric concepts as a starting point of knowledge. Umoya should reject the self-serving periodisation of history centred on Europe, dualistic obfuscating secularism and willingness by black to occlude their knowledge systems. Without this, the article argues, the lethargic sleep, the mocking laughter of the West at the self-wounding black African remains a syndrome that arrests the translation of liberation knowledge from history.
Getting the boys involved: Using an interactive questionnaire to investigate Grade 6 boys’ writing
Authors: Mather Nazarana , Rule Peter
Published: November 2017

Whilst research has been conducted on reading skills at primary school level in South Africa, not much research exists on writing, especially boys’ writing. This article focuses on the use of an interactive questionnaire to get Grade 6 boys involved in research that is based on a cycle of the writing programme as prescribed by the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement. Underpinned by literature on research with children and on boys’ learning and writing, a questionnaire was developed, piloted and adapted to engage boys actively in the research process and facilitate ease of use. The questionnaire was then administered to 39 Grade 6 boys from two schools in KwaZulu-Natal. An evaluation of the use of the questionnaire found that four key lessons emerged: attention to affective responses, supporting and scaffolding the process, using appropriate multi-modality and using incentives to engage participants. The article argues that careful consideration of the research participants’ interests, age, gender and cultural motivation is an important part of affording them agency in the research process.
Transformational leadership as a mediator in the relationship between satisfaction with remuneration and the retention of artisans in the military
Authors: Shabane Zamokuhle W. , Schultz Cecile M. , Van Hoek Catharina E.
Published: November 2017

Orientation: The field of leadership has been extensively researched over the last couple of decades, with a particular emphasis on the different types of leadership styles. The most valuable resource that any manager works with is human resources. Studies have indicated that the way in which people are managed is influenced by the leadership styles of managers. This, in turn, influences employee behavioural intention, including intention to quit. Retention is, in turn, influenced by a number of factors, including remuneration. This study considers the relationship between satisfaction with remuneration and retention and the mediating role that a transformational leadership style may play in this regard.Research purpose: The objectives of this study were twofold. Firstly, to determine whether transformational leadership played a mediating role in the relationship between satisfaction with remuneration and intention to stay amongst artisans employed in the military. Secondly, to determine whether there were demographic differences for these findings.Motivation for the study: This study was conducted to determine whether a perceived lack or presence of transformational leadership influences the intention to quit amongst employees in relation to their level of satisfaction with their remuneration. In this way, the study may assist in determining strategies to improve artisan retention levels.Research methodology: The study was quantitative in nature. A survey research design was applied to collect data, using a questionnaire as the survey instrument, from artisans (N = 108) employed at a military unit in Pretoria.Main findings: The results revealed that the participants, regardless of gender or race, were generally unsatisfied with their remuneration. Transformational leadership was found to play a mediating role in the relationship between satisfaction with remuneration and intention to stay.Practical/managerial implications: Organisations should develop the transformational leadership skills of their managers in order to increase talent retention levels and reduce employees’ intentions to quit.Contribution and value additions: The results of the study could assist military base commanders in improving artisan retention levels through implementing effective transformational leadership development programmes.
Effectiveness of exercise in office workers with neck pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Louw Shereen , Makwela Shale , Manas Lorisha , Meyer Lyle , Terblanche Daniele , Brink Yolandi
Published: November 2017

Background: Non-specific neck pain is a common health problem of global concern for office workers. This systematic review ascertained the latest evidence for the effectiveness of therapeutic exercise versus no therapeutic exercise on reducing neck pain and improving quality of life (QoL) in office workers with non-specific neck pain.Method: Seven electronic databases using keywords, that is, ‘office workers’, ‘non-specific neck pain’, ‘exercise’ and/or ‘exercise therapy’, ‘QoL’, ‘strengthening’, ‘stretching’, ‘endurance’, ‘physiotherapy’ and/or ‘physical therapy’, were searched from inception until March 2017. Heterogeneous data were reported in narrative format and comparable homogenous data were pooled using Revman.Results: Eight randomised control trials were reviewed and scored on average 6.63/10 on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Five studies performed strengthening exercise, one study had a strengthening and an endurance exercise group, one study performed stretching exercise and one study had an endurance intervention group and a stretching intervention group. Five and four studies reported significant improvement in neck pain and QoL, respectively, when conducting strengthening exercise. When performing endurance exercises, one and two studies reported significant changes in neck pain and QoL, respectively. The one study incorporating stretching exercise reported significant improvement in neck pain. The meta-analysis revealed that there is a clinically significant difference favouring strengthening exercise over no exercise in pain reduction but not for QoL.Conclusion: There is level II evidence recommending that clinicians include strengthening exercise to improve neck pain and QoL. However, the effect of endurance and stretching exercise needs to be explored further.
Doubled Khovanov Homology
Authors: Rushworth William
Published: November 2017

We define a homology theory of virtual links built out of the direct sum of the standard Khovanov complex with itself, motivating the name doubled Khovanov homology. We demonstrate that it can be used to show that some virtual links are non-classical, and that it yields a condition on a virtual knot being the connect sum of two unknots. Further, we show that doubled Khovanov homology possesses a perturbation analogous to that defined by Lee in the classical case, and we define a doubled Rasmussen invariant. This invariant is used to obtain various cobordism obstructions; in particular, it is an obstruction to sliceness. Finally, we show that the doubled Rasmussen invariant contains the odd writhe of a virtual knot and use this to show that knots with non-zero odd writhe are not slice.
Xavier Herbert: Forgotten or Repressed?
Authors: Conor Liz , McGrath Ann
Published: November 2017

Xavier Herbert is one of Australia’s outstanding novelists and one of the more controversial. In his time, he was also an outspoken public figure. Yet many young Australians today have not heard of the man or his novels. His key works Capricornia (1938) and Poor Fellow My Country (1975) won major awards and were judged as highly significant on publication, yet there has been relatively little analysis of their impact. Although providing much material for Baz Luhrmann’s blockbuster film Australia (2008), his works are rarely recommended as texts in school curricula or in universities. Gough Whitlam took a particular interest in the final draft of Poor Fellow My Country, describing it as a work of ‘national significance’ and ensuring the manuscript was sponsored to final publication. In 1976 Randolph Stow described it as ‘THE Australian classic’. Yet, a search of the Australian Literature database will show that it is one of the most under-read and least taught works in the Australian literary canon. In our view, an examination of his legacy is long overdue. This collection brings together new scholarship that explores the possible reasons for Herbert’s eclipse within public recognition, from his exposure of unpalatable truths such as interracial intimacy, to his relationship with fame. This reevaluation gives new readings of the works of this important if not troublesome public intellectual and author.
‘Little Gunshots, but with the blaze of lightning’: Xavier Herbert, Visuality and Human Rights
Authors: Lydon Jane
Published: November 2017

Xavier Herbert published his bestseller Capricornia in 1938, following two periods spent in the Northern Territory. His next major work, Poor Fellow My Country (1975), was not published until thirty-seven years later, but was also set in the north during the 1930s. One significant difference between the two novels is that by 1975 photo-journalism had become a significant force for influencing public opinion and reforming Aboriginal policy. Herbert’s novel, centring upon Prindy as vulnerable Aboriginal child, marks a sea change in perceptions of Aboriginal people and their place in Australian society, and a radical shift toward use of photography as a means of revealing the violation of human rights after World War II. In this article I review Herbert’s visual narrative strategies in the context of debates about this key historical shift and the growing impact of photography in human rights campaigns. I argue that Poor Fellow My Country should be seen as a textual re-enactment, set in Herbert’s and the nation’s past, yet coloured by more recent social changes that were facilitated and communicated through the camera’s lens. Like all re-enactments, it is written in the past conditional: it asks, what if things had been different? It poses a profound challenge to the state project of scientific modernity that was the Northern Territory over the first decades of the twentieth century.
Encountering Indigeneity: Xavier Herbert, ‘Inky’ Stephensen and the Problems of Settler Nationalism
Authors: Tout Dan
Published: November 2017

The 1930s in Australia was a period marked by rising awareness of and attention to Australia’s ‘half-caste problem’. Released and promoted in tandem with the 1938 sesquicentenary of Australia’s settler colonisation, Xavier Herbert’s novel Capricornia appeared as a searing protest against the exclusion of so-called ‘half-castes’ from white Australia. The novel itself was published by the Publicist Publishing Company, platform for rationalist and businessman W.J. Miles and editor and polemicist P.R. ‘Inky’ Stephensen, both strict advocates of a racially pure white Australia. Yet together, Herbert and his patrons capitalised on the sesquicentenary, and the Day of Mourning protests they helped organise, to promote what they proclaimed the ‘Great Australian Novel’. This article reads Herbert’s racial understandings in relation to those of Stephensen, and reads them both in relation to the prevailing circumstances of 1930s Australia, as well as the underlying dynamics of settler colonialism. Whereas Stephensen subscribed to the ‘Aryan Aborigines’ hypothesis and emphasised Australia’s supposed racial purity, Herbert celebrated instead the potentiality of ‘Euraustralian’ hybridity. While these approaches are ostensibly at odds, this article argues instead that they share a common drive towards settler indigenisation and independence as their ultimate aims.
The importance of nitrogen fixation to a temperate, intertidal embayment determined using a stable isotope mass balance approach
Authors: Russell Douglas G. , Kessler Adam J. , Wong Wei Wen , Cook Perran L. M.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The balance between denitrification and nitrogen fixation is the key control of the availability of nitrogen in coastal ecosystems and thus the primary productivity of these environments. However, evaluating the importance of denitrification and nitrogen fixation over large spatial and temporal scales is problematic. In this study, a combined mass and stable isotope balance of nitrogen was used to constrain the cycling of nitrogen in Western Port, Victoria – a temperate, intertidal embayment in south-eastern Australia. This method is a more effective approach compared to the extrapolation of discrete measurements and geochemical approaches. The validity of the isotope and mass balance model has been tested by comparing the output of the model with the average measured isotopic signature of the sediment in Western Port. Using previously measured rates of nitrogen fixation and denitrification in combination with the isotopic signature of nitrogen inputs from the catchment, atmosphere and the marine environment, the model returned an isotopic signature of 4.1 ± 2.5 ‰. This compares favorably with the average measured isotopic signature of the sediment of 3.9 ± 1.2 ‰. Sensitivity analysis confirmed that it was the isotopic values of the end-members, fractionation factors of assimilation and denitrification that exerted the greatest control over the isotopic signature of the sediment and not the loadings of the source and sink terms. Analysis of the relative importance of the various nitrogen inputs into the bay suggests that nitrogen fixation contributes 36 % of the total nitrogen inputs to Western Port.
TNO_CAMS high resolution European emission inventory 2000–2014
for anthropogenic CO2 and future years following two different
pathways
Authors: Denier van der Gon Hugo A. C. , Kuenen Jeroen J. P. , Janssens-Maenhout Greet , Döring Ulrike , Jonkers Sander , Visschedijk Antoon
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The most important climate forcer over the period 1750–present is CO2 from fossil fuel combustion (IPCC, 2013). European countries that are Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) submit national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories to the Climate Change secretariat. However, these reported emissions are annual totals and do not provide spatial or temporal patterns within the country. Recently the interest in high resolution CO2 emission data is growing, both from the side of the research community as well as cities that want to make tailored climate action plans. Here we present a model-ready historic emission inventory at high spatial resolution (~7×7 km) for UNECE-Europe for 15 consecutive years (2000–2014) providing CO2 from fossil fuels (CO2_ff) and CO2 from biofuels (CO2_bf) to support carbon cycle modelling and sub-national scale identification of emissions. Where available and considered fit for purpose, we have used CO2 estimates as reported by the Parties to UNFCCC. The data have been supplemented by other estimates, most notable from the IIASA GAINS model and the JRC EDGAR database to create a complete coverage. The growing importance of biofuel over the time 2000–2014 time period is clearly visible. This changes the isotopic signature of anthropogenic emissions which is important for quantifying fossil fuel emissions. The inventory is compatible with the TNO-MACC emission inventory for air pollutants (Kuenen et al., 2014) which can provide information on co-emitted species like CO and NOx. The dataset is complemented by two projections based on the CIRCE project scenarios and using the latest historic year (2014) as the starting point for projection. The scenarios include a business-as-usual and a climate change scenario. The projections provide a range of possible future emissions that can be used for sensitivity tests, for example when designing a possible future observational system. The annual grid-maps are available for the historical years 2000–2014 at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.112889, and for the future years 2018–2050 at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1009519.
Hot regions of labile and stable soil organic carbon in Germany – Spatial variability and driving factors
Authors: Vos Cora , Jaconi Angélica , Jacobs Anna , Don Axel
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels can be mitigated by sequestering carbon in the soil. Sequestration can be facilitated by agricultural management, but its influence is not the same on all soil carbon pools, as labile pools with high turnover may be accumulated much faster, but are also more vulnerable to losses. The aims of this study were to (1) assess how soil organic carbon (SOC) is distributed among SOC fractions on national scale in Germany, (2) identify factors influencing this distribution and (3) identify regions with high vulnerability to SOC losses. The SOC content and proportion of two different SOC fractions were estimated for more than 2500 mineral topsoils (
High Cut-off Membranes in Acute Kidney Injury and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Ricci Zaccaria , Romagnoli Stefano , Ronco Claudio
Published: November 2017

Innovation in continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT) utilized to treat acute kidney injury (AKI) and sepsis, has brought new machines and techniques. Part of these new advances are due to the availability of innovative biomaterials and the construction of membranes with larger pores and wide distribution of pore sizes. This includes the creation of a new generation of high cut-off membranes whose utilization in clinical practice is promising for the wide spectrum of solutes that are removed during extracorporeal therapies.

However, the enlargement of pore diameters brings some loss of albumin during treatment and this effect is still under evaluation, since there is a possibility that this is detrimental for the patient. A thorough review of the available clinical literature is reported in this paper with a reappraisal of the potential application of these new technologies.
POSICIONAMENTO DOS EDUCADORES E PESQUISADORES DO COLETIVO DO NESEF/UFPR SOBRE AS DECLARAÇÕES DA SEED EM RELAÇÃO AO RESULTADO DO IDEB DO PARANÁ , 22/08/2012
Authors: Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Sobre o Ensino de Filosofia NESEF
Published: November 2017

Nós, educadores e pesquisadores da Educação Básica, vimos manifestar nossa preocupação em relação à forma como a Secretaria de Educação do Estado (SEED) avaliou os resultados do IDEB do Paraná divulgados pelo MEC, especialmente no que se refere ao Ensino Médio. Recentemente em entrevista na imprensa a SEED divulgou nota manifestando sua preocupação sobre as quedas no Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (IDEB) no Paraná. Segundo o governo, a culpa se deve ao fato de que: “[...] No Ensino Médio foi implantada pela Gestão da Secretaria, em 2009, a redução da carga horária na grade curricular semanal das escolas da rede estadual de ensino, das disciplinas de Língua Portuguesa e Matemática, passando de quatro para três aulas e, em algumas situações, para duas aulas. Esta situação está sendo revista atualmente pela Secretaria”.
Uma defesa da leitura dos clássicos no ensino médio
Authors: Klein Glauber Cesar , Silva Diógenes Galdino Morais
Published: November 2017

A questão principal que permeia nosso texto é a seguinte: deve-se trabalhar com os clássicos da filosofia nos planos de ensino de filosofia para o ensino médio? A questão é complexa, exigindo que se faça uma reflexão sobre diversos conceitos que ai estão subjacentes: o que é um clássico?, o que é o ensino mesmo da filosofia?, oque é formação?, etc. Esse trabalho procura fazer essas reflexões a fim de elaborar uma resposta sifuciente à questão principal.
Manifesto do Coletivo NESEF em repúdio ao PL 6840/2013, em tramitação no congresso nacional.
Authors: UFPR NESEF
Published: November 2017

Nós trabalhadores (as) em educação, sabemos bem que o curriculo expressa a concepção da escola, mas isso não significa, em absoluto, que os problemas da educação nacional sejam originados pelo tipo de organização curricular. Os entraves à evolução qualitativa da Educação Nacional, muito alem do currículo prescrito, são reconhecidamente outros, tais como: baixos salários, condições de trabalho, transito difícil, formação do professor, processos democráticos precários em quase todas as instâncias educacionais, incluindo escolas, secretarias e conselhos.
O filme Medianeras sob a perspectiva da reificação e o ensino de Filosofia
Authors: Miranda Jr Gilberto
Published: November 2017

O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar a produção cinematográfica Medianeras – Buenos Aires na era do amor virtual sob aperspectiva do conceito de Reificação de György Lukács, problematizando transversalmente os protestos urbanos do início do século XXI e a vida urbana na contemporaneidade. Em seguida irá problematizar o uso de filmes no ensino de Filosofia, sua pertinênci a enquanto ferramenta de ensino -aprendizagem e o sentido da transversalidade como campo de atuação do ensino de Filosofia no Ensino Médio a partir da Lei de Diretrizes de Base nº 9394/96.
Leminski e a inversão do pensamento clássico cartesiano
Authors: De Moura Adriel Fonteles
Published: November 2017

Apresenta-se, neste trabalho, uma perspectiva de leitura que o escritor curitibano Paulo Leminski tem sobre a obra do filósofo René Descartes. No programa filosófico de Descartes, o pensamento moderno era a base de compreensão em relação a totalidade da natureza. Por outro lado, Leminski, na sua obra, experimenta literariamente a intersecção do pensamento moderno com um mundo totalmente diferente do contexto europeu. Portanto, este artigo tem por objetivo explicar como este paradigma moderno se dissolve e perde a sua efetividade no contexto do mundo tropical.
First observation of neutrophil extracellular traps in human leptospirosis
Authors: Scharrig Emilia , Drut Ricardo , Gomez Ricardo Martin
Published: November 2017

Leptospirosis is the most important global zoonosis and is caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Human leptospirosis ranges in severity from a mild, self-limited febrile illness to a fulminant life-threatening one but their pathogenesis is still unclear. The extracellular release of the nuclear DNA of neutrophils, called NETs, upon activation by microbes is a pathogen-killing mechanism of neutrophils described in 2004 although its presence in human pathology have been observed only very recently.We report a case of fatal fulminant leptospirosis with associated severe pulmonary involvement and shown for the first time, evidence of the presence of NETs in the lung tissue.
Echo of Poesy in South Africa’s Politics: Form and Resistance in Dennis Brutus’ “Simple Lust” and “Letters to Martha”
Authors: Kalu Obasi Kalu,
Published: November 2017

Apartheid in South Africa began in 1948 AD with the introduction of separatist rule that introduced draconian principles in government. This made formation of associations impossible. There was no free movement of the Blacks. Pass laws were imposed to prevent the Blacks from free movement. This approach brought protest among reasonable people of the World. Within the literary circle, protest literature ensued and emerged to join forces with organizations to clamp down on the draconian system operatives in South Africa. From the 1950s through the 60s and 80s witnessed a plethora of protest literature against the system of government in South Africa. This paper entitled “Echo of Poesy in South Africa Politics: Form and Resistance in Dennis Brutus’ Letters to Martha and A Simple Lust examined South Africa’s protest literature with particular  reference to Dennis Brutus’s poetry of resistance showing the various circumstances which Dennis Brutus offers his poetry of resistance.
Acculturative Stress and Disengagement: Learning from the Adjustment Challenges faced by East Asian International Graduate Students
Authors: Lyken-Segosebe Dawn
Published: November 2017

International graduate students meet TOEFL, GPA, and other admissions criteria to gain entry into US colleges and universities. During their stay in the USA, they provide educational and economic contributions for their host country. In contrast to their educational and economic potential, international students often demonstrate poor academic and social integration at their host institutions. Grounded theory methodology was used to investigate what accounts for the academic, cultural, and social adjustment problems faced by East Asian graduate students pursuing studies at an elite private not-for-profit university in the USA. Findings revealed that students experienced lowered self-confidence and acculturative stress as a result of challenges encountered during their first year, language barriers, different teaching styles and teaching environments, and their interactions with professors. Raising faculty sensitivity to cultural differences among international students, early adjustment counseling and obtaining regular feedback are recommended.Keywords: college student experience, student engagement, international students, adjustment, acculturative stress
Trends in the Biodiversity and Invasive Species Dynamics: Local Implications on Forest, Grassland and Ruderal Vegetation in Bratislava City, Slovakia, Central Europe
Authors: Rendekova Alena , Randakova Zuzana , Miskovic Jan , Micieta Karol
Published: November 2017

Biological invasions represent one of the most serious global environmental threats. One of their negative aspects is a biodiversity loss in the natural ecosystems. Our study reports the results of the evaluation of changes in the proportion of invasive alien species and the results of the evaluation of the changes of the diversity in various types of forest, grassland and ruderal vegetation of Bratislava city over the time. In total, 26 invasive alien taxa were recorded in the vegetation of Bratislava. The majority of invasive taxa were recorded in both time periods. Five invasive species (Echinocystis lobata, Fallopia japonica, Helianthus tuberosus, Juncus tenuis, and Solidago canadensis) were recorded only in the more recent period. Most of the invasive species prefer ruderal habitats, and some of them also invade the forest vegetation (mainly the floodplain forests). In the dry grasslands of the class Festuco-Brometea, no invasive species were recorded in both periods. The statistical analysis revealed the increase of the average percentual number of invasive alien species in the majority of classes of the forest and ruderal vegetation of Bratislava over the time. In the majority of classes, where the proportion of invasive species increased, the Shannon–Wiener index of diversity of all species decreased significantly over the time. Our results contribute to the knowledge about biological invasions in cities.
Sustainability of Current Account Deficit in Turkey and an Ampirical Analysys for Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks
Authors: Cigdem Gülgün
Published: November 2017

In this study, Turkey’s current account deficit problem between the years 1980-2016 is tested whether it is sustainable or not. For this purpose, the ADF and the PP Unit Root test were applied firstly to the annual current account deficit (CAD)/GDP data from the IMF. Then, Lee Strazicich (2003, 2004) Unit Root Tests with two structural breaks was applied. Allowing Lee Strazicich with two structural breaks differs from the Zivot-Andrews (ZA)(1992) and Lumsdaine-Papell (LP) (1997) unit root tests in establishing the basic hypothesis. The ZA and LP unit root tests are based on the basic hypothesis of unit root existence without structural fracture. Based on the Lagrange multiplier proposed by Schmidt and Phillips (1992), LM unit root test with two structural breaks developed by Lee-Strazicich adopted the structural fractured unit root basic hypothesis.According to the ADF and PP test results, the CAD/GDP series is stationary at the level for both models. According to the LM test results, the unit root null hypothesis could be rejected. It is a stationary process in Turkey. This result is consistent with the ADF and PP test results. Empirical findings obtained from LM unit root test with two structural breaks show that current account deficits in Turkey are sustainable. The fact that the current account deficit is sustainable means the sustainability of external debts. The sustainability of deficit is one of the most emphasized issues especially from the perspective of countries which are dependent on foreign capital to finance their development and also crucial for the global system.
Konstrukční výzkum ve vzdělávání
Authors: Ellederová Eva
Published: November 2017

Cílem této studie je vymezit pojetí konstrukčního výzkumu ve vzdělávání jako výzkumného designu, který klade důraz na vývoj řešení komplexních problémů v pedagogické praxi a na vývoj či validaci teorií o vzdělávacích procesech a vzdělávacích prostředích. Pro objasnění významu konstrukčního výzkumu je vymezena jeho otevřená a intervenční povaha a dualistický přínos. Následně se pokoušíme zmapovat samotný vznik, vývoj a současný stav konstrukčního výzkumu ve vzdělávání, který na začátku 21. století zahájil novou etapu praktické výzkumné metodologie vedoucí k účinnému překlenutí propasti mezi výzkumem a praxí ve formálním vzdělávání. Studie umožňuje porovnat zastoupení konstrukčního výzkumu ve vybraných zemích, oblastech vzdělávání a typech intervencí. Těžištěm je přehledová studie realizovaných konstrukčních výzkumů, které se zaměřují převážně na design učebních materiálů a výuku jazyků. Na základě analýzy empirických studií diskutujeme důležité faktory a doporučení z ní vyplývající a představující teoretická a metodologická východiska pro námi zamýšlený konstrukční výzkum učebnice pro výuku angličtiny pro specifické účely.
Teoretická východiska mediální výchovy jako determinant mediálněpedagogické praxe
Authors: Valenta Petr
Published: November 2017

Cílem teoretické studie je nastínit strukturální problémy mediální výchovy vyplývající z její teoretické závislosti na mediálních studiích a sociálněvědním paradigmatu výzkumu mediálních účinků. V úvodu je mediální výchova představena v teoretickém poli mediálních studií. Je argumentováno, že mediální výchova nedisponuje vlastní teorií, nýbrž odvozuje poznatkový aparát, didaktické cíle, obsah a metody od dominantních konceptů médií generovaných v oboru mediální studia. Strukturálním elementem mediálněpedagogické praxe je přitom koncept účinků médií a přístup k jejich zkoumání. Převaha sociálněvědního přístupu ve výzkumu mediálních účinků vede k formování konceptu mediálních účinků, které lze pozorovat, popsat a zobecnit. Tento přístup však neumožňuje plně uchopit problematiku médií v jejich sociálním a kulturním kontextu a vede k ustavení mediální výchovy, která je protekcionistická, normativní a objektivistická. Závěrem je pak nabídnuta alternativa v podobě kritického přístupu umožňujícího strukturovat mediální výchovu jako autonomní výzkumné a pedagogické pole. Mediální výchova může nabírat řadu různých podob na základě toho, jaké teoretické koncepty médií považuje za referenční. Dominantní model mediální výchovy, orientovaný na sociálněvědní paradigma výzkumu mediálních účinků, může být obohacen o další perspektivy, které umožní komplexnější porozumění médiím v jejich sociálním kontextu a povedou ke kritické reflexi nejen mediálních, ale obecně sociálních a mocenských praxí. Takové pojetí mediální výchovy bude efektivněji přispívat k rozvoji kriticky smýšlejícího aktéra mediální komunikace. Je nezbytné znovu promyslet teoretická východiska a cíle mediální výchovy a vyvázat ji z teoretické závislosti na konceptu mediálních účinků formulovaného v sociálněvědním paradigmatu mediálních studií. Integrace interpretativních a kritických přístupů podpoří lépe rozvoj kritické mediální gramotnosti a umožní mediální výchově vytvářet vlastní poznatkový aparát a organizovat autonomně vlastní pedagogickou praxi.