bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
He Suddenly Came Out with It—The Whole Program
Authors: Roll David L.
Published: March 2015

This chapter focuses on Harry Hopkins's residence at the White House beginning in 1940 as the most powerful man under Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration. It first considers Hopkins's relationship with Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt before turning to a discussion of events in May and June 1940 that inched the United States closer to World War II as France and the Low Countries collapsed in the face of Germany's assault and England was left alone against the Nazi onslaught. It then looks at Roosevelt's personal feelings toward Winston Churchill and how he viewed the security of the United States in relation to Great Britain. It also discusses Hopkins's role in laying the groundwork for a top-secret program, approved by FDR, that would lead to the Manhattan Project and the development of the atomic bomb.
The Right Man
Authors: Roll David L.
Published: March 2015

This chapter focuses on Harry Hopkins's travel to England in 1941 upon the orders of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who gave him at least two specific assignments. First, Hopkins was to assess whether the British people and their government, with aid from the United States, could withstand the attacks from air and sea and eventually prevail over Germany. Second, without committing the nation to anything specific, especially while the lend-lease legislation was pending in Congress, Hopkins was to convey to Winston Churchill the sense that America would support Great Britain as it fought the Nazis. Hopkins fueled Britain's unrealistic expectations, but as one with scant experience in foreign relations and military affairs, he seemed to have done well in the art of personal diplomacy.
We Are All in the Same Boat Now
Authors: Roll David L.
Published: March 2015

This chapter focuses on Harry Hopkins's diplomatic efforts to strengthen the ties that would bind the Anglo-American-Soviet coalition against Japan and Germany during World War II. It first considers President Franklin D. Roosevelt's last-ditch personal appeal to Japanese Emperor Hirohito for “peace throughout the whole Pacific area” before turning to the decrypted Japanese document that revealed the Japanese position, their moves into Southeast Asia, and their blaming the United States and its Western allies for increasing tensions in the region. It then assesses Adolf Hitler's declaration of war on the United States, Roosevelt's meeting with Winston Churchill, and Roosevelt's State of the Union message to a joint session of Congress in January 1942.
Some Sort of a Front This Summer
Authors: Roll David L.
Published: March 2015

This chapter focuses on Harry Hopkins's support for President Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to invade Western Europe in 1942 as part of the United States's strategy against Germany and Japan during World War II. It first examines the developments surrounding the war, including the surrender of the British garrison in Hong Kong to the Japanese, the retreat of American and Filipino troops under the command of General Douglas MacArthur to the Bataan Peninsula and the island of Corregidor in the Philippines, and Japan's invasions of Burma and the Dutch East Indies. It also considers the movement of the Afrika Korps, led by General Erwin Rommel, toward Cairo, along with the orders issued by Joseph Stalin of Russia to his generals to launch a major offensive in the south toward Kharkov and renew the Red Army's counterattack on German forces outside the capital. The chapter concludes by assessing the misunderstanding between Roosevelt and Winston Churchill over the proposed Anglo-American invasion of North Africa in 1942.
The Hopkins Touch
Authors: Roll David L.
Published: March 2015

This chapter focuses on Harry Hopkins's role as chief intermediary between Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II, with particular reference to his involvement in the decision-making process on both sides of the Atlantic. The Battle of Midway was being fought in the Central Pacific, and the U.S. Navy seemed to be getting the upper hand. Together with the standoff a month earlier in the Battle of the Coral Sea, when Japan's attempt to capture Port Moresby in the Southwest Pacific was checked, the Midway victory altered the balance of power in the Pacific and had vitally important strategic consequences. The threat posed by the link-up of the Japanese Navy and German forces in the Persian Gulf appeared to have dissipated. Without that threat, the buildup of troops and resources in England for a cross-Channel attack could be accelerated. This chapter also examines the discussions between Roosevelt and Churchill for designing and building the atomic bomb as part of what would become the Manhattan Project, along with plans for an invasion of French North Africa.
Lighting the Torch
Authors: Roll David L.
Published: March 2015

This chapter focuses on Harry Hopkins's influence on foreign affairs in the United States under President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration during World War II. It first considers Hopkins's marriage to Louise Gill Macy and his relationship with Eleanor Roosevelt before turning to a discussion of the midterm elections and Winston Churchill's meeting with Joseph Stalin in Russia to discuss the strategy of the Anglo-American-Soviet coalition, especially with respect to the invasion of North Africa. It then looks at the American economy and Congress's passage of the Economic Stabilization Act as well as Hopkins's proposal about deploying British and American air forces in the Caucasus in order to “encourage Russian resistance” to German attacks. The chapter also analyzes the implications of the assassination of Admiral Jean-François Darlan, recognized as the political leader of North Africa, in Algiers.
The View from Marrakech
Authors: Roll David L.
Published: March 2015

This chapter focuses on Harry Hopkins's role as chief intermediary between Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in the two world leaders' Casablanca conference to discuss their strategy during World War II. Roosevelt was the first president to leave the United States in wartime, the first since Abraham Lincoln to visit troops in the field, and the first to fly while in office. Roosevelt's ostensible motive for the Morocco trip was to inspect American troops and to confer with Churchill as to where the Anglo-American forces should be deployed after they drove the Germans out of North Africa. This chapter also considers Joseph Stalin's reaction to the statement by Roosevelt and Churchill that the military decisions they made at the Casablanca conference “may well bring Germany to her knees in 1943”.
A Soldier’s Debt
Authors: Roll David L.
Published: March 2015

This chapter examines Harry Hopkins's influential role in U.S. foreign affairs under President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration during World War II. It first considers Hopkins's surgery due to his intestinal ailment and the criticisms he received from his political enemies and the press while he was in the hospital, It then assesses Hopkins's grief over the death of his eighteen-year-old son, Private First Class Stephen Hopkins, who was killed by a Japanese bullet through the forehead while digging a foxhole. It also discusses Roosevelt's perceived linkages between rough treatment of postwar Germany, Great Britain's economic plight, and an earlier end to lend-lease before concluding with an analysis of Winston Churchill's objection to the Morgenthau Plan.
The Root of the Matter
Authors: Roll David L.
Published: March 2015

This chapter examines Harry Hopkins's role in the Potsdam conference, the final meeting of the Big Three (United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union) during World War II. Held in Germany, Potsdam provided a venue for Harry S. Truman, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin to tackle a variety of issues such as the Manhattan Project. Hopkins did not attend the conference; he had just tendered his resignation from the government. This chapter also considers the charges that Hopkins aided the Soviet Union in developing the atomic bomb, the deterioration of Hopkins's health, and Congress's investigation into who was to blame for the Pearl Harbor attack. Finally, it assesses how an Iowa-born social worker and bureaucrat like Hopkins achieved such success in government and foreign affairs during the war.
Discarding of cod in the Danish Fully Documented Fisheries trials
Authors: Ulrich Clara , Olesen Hans Jakob , Bergsson Heiðrikur , Egekvist Josefine , Håkansson Kirsten Birch , Dalskov Jørgen , Kindt-Larsen Lotte , Storr-Paulsen Marie
Published: March 2015

Denmark was the first nation in Europe to promote the use of Fully Documented Fisheries (FDF) through Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM) and CCTV camera systems, with pilot schemes in place since 2008. In theory, such a scheme could supplement and even potentially replace expensive control and monitoring programmes; and when associated with a catch quota management (CQM) system, incentivize positive changes in fishing patterns in a results-based management approach. New data flows are, however, required to ensure the practical implementation of such a scheme. This paper reviews the quality of the FDF data collected during 2008–2014 and their potential in strengthening information on cod discards. The analyses demonstrate the improved reporting of discards in logbooks and overall discard reductions, but they also show that some uncertainties around the absolute estimates of discard quantities have remained. Regular validation of weight estimation methods and close collaboration between scientific monitoring and control are important to support the use of reported discards as a reliable source of information. We discuss the potential of electronic monitoring in the context of the EU landing obligation.
Beyond technology acceptance to effective technology use: a parsimonious and actionable model
Authors: Holahan Patricia J , Lesselroth Blake J , Adams Kathleen , Wang Kai , Church Victoria
Published: March 2015

Objective To develop and test a parsimonious and actionable model of effective technology use (ETU).

Design Cross-sectional survey of primary care providers (n = 53) in a large integrated health care organization that recently implemented new medication reconciliation technology.

Methods Surveys assessed 5 technology-related perceptions (compatibility with work values, implementation climate, compatibility with work processes, perceived usefulness, and ease of use) and 1 outcome variable, ETU. ETU was measured as both consistency and quality of technology use.

Results Compatibility with work values and implementation climate were found to have differential effects on consistency and quality of use. When implementation climate was strong, consistency of technology use was high. However, quality of technology use was high only when implementation climate was strong and values compatibility was high. This is an important finding and highlights the importance of users’ workplace values as a key determinant of quality of use.

Conclusions To extend our effectiveness in implementing new health care information technology, we need parsimonious models that include actionable determinants of ETU and account for the differential effects of these determinants on the multiple dimensions of ETU.
TheSinorhizobium(Ensifer)frediiHH103 Type 3 Secretion System Suppresses Early Defense Responses to Effectively Nodulate Soybean
Authors: Jiménez-Guerrero Irene , Pérez-Montaño Francisco , Monreal José Antonio , Preston Gail M. , Fones Helen , Vioque Blanca , Ollero Francisco Javier , López-Baena Francisco Javier
Published: March 2015

Plants that interact with pathogenic bacteria in their natural environments have developed barriers to block or contain the infection. Phytopathogenic bacteria have evolved mechanisms to subvert these defenses and promote infection. Thus, the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) delivers bacterial effectors directly into the plant cells to alter host signaling and suppress defenses, providing an appropriate environment for bacterial multiplication. Some rhizobial strains possess a symbiotic T3SS that seems to be involved in the suppression of host defenses to promote nodulation and determine the host range. In this work, we show that the inactivation of the Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii HH103 T3SS negatively affects soybean nodulation in the early stages of the symbiotic process, which is associated with a reduction of the expression of early nodulation genes. This symbiotic phenotype could be the consequence of the bacterial triggering of soybean defense responses associated with the production of salicylic acid (SA) and the impairment of the T3SS mutant to suppress these responses. Interestingly, the early induction of the transcription of GmMPK4, which negatively regulates SA accumulation and defense responses in soybean via WRKY33, could be associated with the differential defense responses induced by the parental and the T3SS mutant strain.
MicroRNA844-Guided Downregulation of Cytidinephosphate Diacylglycerol Synthase3 (CDS3) mRNA Affects the Response of Arabidopsis thaliana to Bacteria and Fungi
Authors: Lee Hwa Jung , Park Young Ju , Kwak Kyung Jin , Kim Donghyun , Park June Hyun , Lim Jae Yun , Shin Chanseok , Yang Kwang-Yeol , Kang Hunseung
Published: March 2015

Despite the fact that a large number of miRNA sequences have been determined in diverse plant species, reports demonstrating the functional roles of miRNAs in the plant response to pathogens are severely limited. Here, Arabidopsis thaliana miRNA844 (miR844) was investigated for its functional role in the defense response to diverse pathogens. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing miR844 (35S::miR844) displayed much more severe disease symptoms than the wild-type plants when challenged with the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 or the fungus Botrytis cinerea. By contrast, a loss-of-function mir844 mutant showed an enhanced resistance against the pathogens. Although no cleavage was observed at the predicted cleavage site of the putative target mRNA, cytidinephosphate diacylglycerol synthase3 (CDS3), cleavage was observed at 6, 12, 21, or 52 bases upstream of the predicted cleavage site of CDS3 mRNA, and the level of CDS3 mRNA was downregulated by the overexpression of miR844, implying that miR844 influences CDS3 transcript level. To further confirm that the miR844-mediated defense response was due to the decrease in CDS3 mRNA level, the disease response of a CDS3 loss-of-function mutant was analyzed upon pathogen challenge. Increased susceptibility of both cds3 mutant and 35S::miR844 plants to pathogens confirmed that miR844 affected the defense response by downregulating CDS3 mRNA. The expression of miR844 was decreased, and the CDS3 transcript level increased upon pathogen challenge. Taken together, these results provide evidence that downregulation of miR844 and a concomitant increase in CDS3 expression is a defensive response of Arabidopsis to bacteria and fungi.
Characterization of Stripe Rust Resistance in Wheat Lines with Resistance Gene Yr17 and Implications for Evaluating Resistance and Virulence
Authors: Milus Eugene A. , Lee Kevin D. , Brown-Guedira Gina
Published: March 2015

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, has been the most important foliar wheat disease in south central United States since 2000 when a new strain of the pathogen emerged. The resistance gene Yr17 was used by many breeding programs to develop resistant cultivars. Although Yr17 was classified as a seedling (all-stage) resistance gene conferring a low infection type, seedlings with Yr17 frequently had intermediate to high infection types when inoculated with isolates that caused little or no disease on adult plants of the same wheat lines. The objectives of this study were to determine how to best evaluate Yr17 resistance in wheat lines and to determine which factors made seedling tests involving Yr17 so variable. Stripe rust reactions on wheat seedlings with Yr17 were influenced by temperature, wheat genotype, pathogen isolate, and the leaf (first or second) used to assess the seedling reaction. The most critical factors for accurately evaluating Yr17 reactions at the seedling stage were to avoid night temperatures below 12°C, to use the first leaf to assess the seedling reaction, to use multiple differentials with Yr17 and known avirulent, partially virulent and virulent isolates as controls, and to recognize that intermediate infection types likely represent a level of partial virulence in the pathogen that is insufficient to cause disease on adult plants in the field.
Race-Specific Adult-Plant Resistance in Winter Wheat to Stripe Rust and Characterization of Pathogen Virulence Patterns
Authors: Milus Eugene A. , Moon David E. , Lee Kevin D. , Mason R. Esten
Published: March 2015

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is an important disease of wheat in the Great Plains and southeastern United States. Growing resistant cultivars is the preferred means for managing stripe rust, but new virulence in the pathogen population overcomes some of the resistance. The objectives of this study were to characterize the stripe rust resistance in contemporary soft and hard red winter wheat cultivars, to characterize the virulence of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates based on the resistances found in the cultivars, and to determine wheat breeders’ perceptions on the importance and methods for achieving stripe rust resistance. Seedlings of cultivars were susceptible to recent isolates, indicating they lacked effective all-stage resistance. However, adult-plants were resistant or susceptible depending on the isolate, indicating they had race-specific adult-plant resistance. Using isolates collected from 1990 to 2013, six major virulence patterns were identified on adult plants of twelve cultivars that were selected as adult-plant differentials. Race-specific adult-plant resistance appears to be the only effective type of resistance protecting wheat from stripe rust in eastern United States. Among wheat breeders, the importance of incorporating stripe rust resistance into cultivars ranged from high to low depending on the frequency of epidemics in their region, and most sources of stripe rust resistance were either unknown or already overcome by virulence in the pathogen population. Breeders with a high priority for stripe rust resistance made most of their selections based on adult-plant reactions in the field, whereas breeders with a low priority for resistance based selections on molecular markers for major all-stage resistance genes.
Challenges of adoption of internet banking service in Yemen
Authors: Al-Ajam Ali Saleh , Md Nor Khalil
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to determine the factors that influence individuals’ intention to adopt internet banking in the Republic of Yemen. The current study found that a lack of empirical studies have been conducted in this field in Arab countries, in general, and in Yemen, in particular.

Design/methodology/approach

– The theory of reasoned action (TRA) was extended by relative advantage, perceived risk, mass media, family’s influence, innovativeness, skepticism and technology readiness (TR). Paper survey was used to collect data from 1,500 bank customers. Structural equation modeling was employed to investigate the relationships between variables. The TRA was extended by relative advantage, perceived risk, mass media, family’s influence, innovativeness, skepticism and TR. Paper survey was used to collect data from 1,500 bank customers. Structural equation modeling was employed to investigate the relationships between variables.

Findings

– Customer’s behavioral intention was significantly influenced by attitude, subjective norms and TR. Overall, the results indicate that the model provides a good understanding of factors that influence the intention to use internet banking service. The model explained 63.8 percent of the variance in the behavioral intention.

Practical implications

– The findings are of great use to banks already offering internet banking but of even greater use for those banks which are planning to offer internet banking services. The results of the study could serve as a guideline for bank managers in understanding the factors and strategic market planning that needs to be initiated to increase internet banking adoption among current and potential customers.

Originality/value

– Factors such as perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and relative advantage have been found to be the determinants of internet banking adoption in previous studies. Along with the above variables, a new variable called TR has been analyzed in the present study. This kind of study has not been conducted in the Middle East context previously.
Consumer attitudes and purchase intentions toward Islamic banks: the influence of religiosity
Authors: Souiden Nizar , Rani Marzouki
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of religiosity on consumer attitudes and purchase intentions toward Islamic banks.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study takes place in the Tunisian context. Even though Tunisia is a Muslim country, the culture is considerably different from those of the Middle East or Malaysia (countries where the majority of studies on Islamic banks have taken place). Consequently, an adapted religiosity scale was developed to fit the study’s context. Then, the scale was pre-tested on a sample of 188 respondents. In order to test the research hypotheses, a second data collection, based on a convenience sampling technique, was undertaken, yielding a sample of 217 respondents.

Findings

– The religiosity variable was found to be tridimensional. Results show that the more a person fears divine punishment, the more he/she will develop a favorable attitude towards Islamic banks. Also, the more a person believes in Islamic laws, the more favorable his/her attitude towards Islamic banks. However, the relationship between religious involvement (practice and interest) and attitude toward Islamic banks is found to be insignificant. Other alternative models were tested and the results indicate that neither fear, nor beliefs, nor religious involvement has a direct effect on purchase intention. Thus, religiosity has an indirect effect on purchase intentions of Islamic bank services through attitude towards these banks.

Practical implications

– It is suggested that a communication strategy focusing on the compatibility of Islamic banks with Islamic beliefs and eliminating any doubt that Islamic bank operations are suspicious (from a religious point of view) could attract a segment of consumers who wish to be in harmony with the prescriptions of their religion. Islamic banks can better position their offers compared to conventional banks and improve the perception of actual or potential clients. The study offers some implications to managers of conventional banks as well.

Originality/value

– Previous studies have reported the strong impact of religion on Muslims’ attitude towards Islamic banks. The main contribution of this study is to show which dimension of religiosity has the most important impact on attitude and purchase intention toward Islamic banks.
Customer responses to integrity issues for travel services in China
Authors: Gong Jin-Hong , Xie Li-Shan , Peng Jia-Min , Guan Xin-Hua
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore integrity issues for travel services in China using the framework of a stress and coping model to focus on customers’ perceived unfairness, responsibility attribution and their negative emotions.

Design/methodology/approach

– A content analysis of 80 online customer complaints provides a brief profile of these integrity issues.

Findings

– Integrity issues frequently appear during service delivery and are primarily rooted in the unethical behavior of travel service employees or partners. Service contracts and fairness are used by customers as standards to evaluate harm caused by integrity issues. Customers attribute responsibility for these issues to the travel agency or tour operator, and not their employees. Finally, customers feel angry and disappointed when they experience an integrity issue and sometimes feel helpless.

Research limitations/implications

– Future studies can collect data by multiple means and further examine the correlations between customers’ cognitive appraisals, negative emotions and relationship outcomes in the context of integrity violation.

Practical implications

– Integrity management in travel services should be integrated with service management and promise management. Travel agencies must take immediate actions to reduce the negative influences of integrity issues. Moreover, the tourism sector in China should make efforts to control integrity problems at the industry level.

Originality/value

– This study contributes to the prior model of trust violation by investigating the trigger events of integrity violation and emphasizing the roles of customers’ perceived unfairness and negative emotions.
What may lead you to recommend and revisit a hotel after a service failure instead of complaining?
Authors: Aguilar-Rojas Oscar , Fandos-Herrera Carmina , Flavián-Blanco Carlos
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to determine how a failure in the treatment received by consumers influences their intention to revisit a hotel, to recommend a hotel or to complain to a third party. The authors analyse perceived interpersonal justice, the role played by past encounters and the influence of consumer gender in a hotel recovery process.

Design/methodology/approach

– Using experimentation methodology applied to the hotel sector, the authors present four scenarios in a 2 × 2 (interpersonal justice/no interpersonal justice, prior experience/no prior experience) design with a sample of 352 consumers.

Findings

– The results obtained highlight the importance of interpersonal justice in a situation of service failure and the influence that prior experience and gender exert in the context of the hospitality industry. The study provides empirical evidence that, in a service failure setting, behavioural intentions (word of mouth, third-party complaints and intention to revisit) are conditioned by three different consumer characteristics, one affective (perceived interpersonal justice of the service provided), one cognitive (knowledge as a result of prior experience) and one socio-demographic (gender, important because of the differences between male and female consumer behaviour).

Originality/value

– This study proposes using the social cognitive theory in a service recovery process within a hospitality industry context. This theory has been successfully exploited in different areas, but in marketing research (especially in studies about service failure and recovery), it has not been applied. However, its use in marketing is particularly interesting because, through the consideration of three variables (perceived interpersonal justice, prior experience and consumer gender), the service provider could obtain knowledge from consumers interactions to help develop a better and more successful recovery system.
What drives café customers to spread eWOM?
Authors: Kim DongHee , Jang SooCheong (Shawn) , Adler Howard
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to determine hidden drivers of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) by modeling attributes of self-relevant and quality-relevant values. This is a meaningful extension of previous consumer behavior research regarding the association of eWOM and self-constructs.

Design/methodology/approach

– An on-site survey was conducted to collect data. Statistical analyses, including structural equation modeling and multigroup analysis, were used to empirically examine which factors significantly influence café customers to engage in eWOM.

Findings

– The study found significant drivers of eWOM intentions by examining self-relevant values connected with the café, such as conveying reflected appraisal of self, conspicuous presentation and self-image congruity beyond the simple evaluation of service quality. The moderating effect of consumer opinion leadership on the relationships between those drivers and eWOM intentions was also investigated.

Practical implications

– The results demonstrated that consumers’ self-construal value was a salient diver of eWOM intentions rather than service quality value itself. However, the findings showed that these service qualities positively influenced opinion leaders’ eWOM intentions to generate information. This makes an important contribution by providing practical messages for foodservice operators to develop more effective marketing strategies.

Originality/value

– The present research extends our understanding of the drivers of eWOM beyond the idea that eWOM simply reflects perceived quality evaluations. The authors found that consumers can construct a self-identity and present themselves to others in the virtual world by showing “what they eat or experience”.
Understanding regulatory focuses
Authors: Jung Hyo Sun , Yoon Hye Hyun
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The aim of the study was to examine whether five-star hotel employees’ promotion focus significantly influences their task-coping style, and whether their prevention focus has a significant effect on their emotion- and avoidance-coping styles. This study also investigates the moderating impact of employees’ tenure on the relationships between stress-coping styles and turnover intent.

Design/methodology/approach

– A total of 342 five-star hotel employees in South Korea participated in the study using a self-administered questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to examine the hypothesized relationships between the constructs.

Findings

– Hotel employees’ turnover intent decreases when they are motivated by strategies corresponding to their regulatory focus. This study found that hotel employees’ promotion focus had a significant positive effect on their task-coping style, whereas prevention focus had a significant negative effect on the emotion- and avoidance-coping style. In addition, employees’ task-coping style negatively affected their intent to leave the organization, while their emotion-coping and avoidance-coping styles positively affected turnover intent. Finally, moderating effects were related to tenure in the causal relationships among stress-coping styles and turnover intent. Thus, one can infer that the emotion-coping style has a greater effect on turnover intent in employees with a relatively short tenure than in those with a long tenure.

Practical implications

– This study verified that hotel employees’ regulatory focus plays an important role in employee behavior within organizations just as individual characteristics such as personality or values do. Thus, a substantial application plan for employees’ regulatory focus was proposed for the organizational dimension. In addition, diverse plans were presented for employees’ flexible coping with stress, based on differing turnover intent, depending on employees’ stress-coping styles. Through this, a plan for reducing employee turnover intent was pursued.

Originality/value

– This study associated employees’ stress-coping styles, which had been dealt with in the human resources management area, with their regulatory focus and showed that different stress-coping styles might be derived using such regulatory focus; the resulting turnover intent might also be different. The study results can provide a theoretical basis for understanding relationships among regulatory focus, stress-copying styles and turnover intent as such research is relatively lacking. Finally, this study is meaningful in that it applied the regulatory focus theory centered on customer behaviors to employees and verified the moderating effect of employees’ tenure between stress-coping styles and turnover intent.
An EHD-mixed lubrication analysis of main bearings for diesel engine based on coupling between flexible whole engine block and crankshaft
Authors: Wei Lidui , Wei Haijun , Duan Shulin , Zhang Yu
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to develop a good calculation model to accurately predict the lubrication characteristic of main bearings of diesel engine and improve the service life.

Design/methodology/approach

– Based on the coupling of the whole flexible engine block and the flexible crankshaft reduced by the Component Mode Synthesis (CMS) method, considering mass-conserving boundary conditions, the average flow model equation and Greenwood/Tripp asperity contact theory, an elastohydrodynamic (EHD)-mixed lubrication model of the main bearings for the diesel engine is developed and researched with the finite volume method and the finite element method.

Findings

– Obviously, the mixed lubrication of bearings is normal, while full hydrodynamic lubrication is transient. The results show that under the whole flexible block model, maximum oil film pressure, maximum asperity contact pressure and radial shell deformation decrease, while minimum oil film thickness increases. Oil flow over edge decreases, and so does friction loss. Therefore, coordination deformation ability of whole engine block is favorable to mean load. In the whole block model, friction contact happens on both upper shell and lower shell positions. In addition, average oil film fill ratio at the key position becomes smaller in the whole engine block model, and consequently increases the chances of cavitations erosion more. So, wearing resistance of both upper and lower shells and anti-cavitations erosion ability must be enhanced simultaneously.

Originality/value

– Based on the coupling of the whole flexible engine block and the flexible crankshaft reduced by the CMS method, considering mass-conserving boundary conditions, the average flow model equation and Greenwood/Tripp asperity contact theory, an EHD-mixed lubrication model of the main bearings for the diesel engine is built, which can predict the lubrication of journal bearings more accurately.
Nurses’ and midwives’ information behaviour: a review of literature from 1998 to 2014
Authors: Ebenezer Catherine
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to provide an overview of recent literature on nurses’ and midwives’ information behaviour, with a particular focus on sources used and barriers encountered.

Design/methodology/approach

– Comprehensive searching was undertaken and an analysis of the appropriate literature carried out.

Findings

– Practitioners within the nursing profession have a marked preference for interactive and human sources of information. They habitually associate information seeking with professional development rather than with clinical practice. Lack of time is the most frequently reported problem; also, they frequently lack confidence in searching and appraising the professional literature and in applying research in practice. Cultural factors may inhibit information seeking in the workplace, and access to appropriate information technology may be limited.

Practical implications

– As a group, nurses and midwives present significant challenges to health library and information professionals seeking to design services to meet their needs. A perceived lack of access to information resources may be associated with pervasive information literacy skill deficits, with the inability to undertake critical appraisal of material that is retrieved, or with the lack of a workplace culture that is supportive of information seeking. To reach nurses and midwives, more than diligent marketing is required; library and information professionals need to work closely with the holders of nursing and midwifery research, practice development and educational roles within their institutions on “embedded”, specific information initiatives.

Originality/value

– An overview of recent work is presented on the information behaviour of nurses and midwives within developed economies, focusing particularly on the UK. It may be of interest and value to health librarians and to nursing and midwifery educators in facilitating evidence-based practice.
Synthesizing visual digital library research to formulate a user-centered evaluation framework
Authors: Albertson Dan
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to synthesize prior user-centered research to develop and present a generalized framework for evaluating visual, i.e. both image and video digital libraries. The primary objectives include comprehensively examining the current state of visual digital library research to: develop a generalized framework applicable for designing user-centered evaluations of visual digital libraries; identify influential experimental factors warranting assessment evaluation as part of specific contexts; and provide examples of applied methods that have been used in research, demonstrating notable findings.

Design/methodology/approach

– The framework presented in the present study depicts a set of user-centered methodological considerations and examples, synthesized from a review of prior research that provides significant understanding of users and uses of visual information.

Findings

– Primary components for digital library evaluation, pertaining to user, interaction, system and domain and topic, and their implications for interactive research are presented. Methods, examples and discussion are presented for each primary evaluation component of the framework.

Practical implications

– Previously applied evaluations and their significance are described and presented as part of the developed framework, providing the importance of each component for practical application in future research and development of interactive visual digital libraries.

Originality/value

– Visual digital libraries warrant individual assessment, apart from other types of digital collections, as they offer users more ways to retrieve and interact with collection items. The present study complements prior digital library evaluation research by demonstrating the need for a separate framework due to variations influenced by visual information and reporting on evaluations from different perspectives.
The Shark Jaw and the Elevator: Arguing the Case for the Necessity, Harmlessness and Fairness of the Norwegian Pension Reform
Authors: Ervik Rune , Lindén Tord Skogedal
Published: March 2015

Based on the retrenchment literature, Norway is an unlikely candidate for comprehensive pension reform because of its unique economic situation, with a steadily growing petroleum fund and substantial tax revenues flowing into the public coffers. Thus, politicians should encounter difficulty convincing the electorate and strong interest groups of the need for reform. Nevertheless, reform did occur in Norway, and reform justifications faced surprisingly brief and light opposition. This article investigates the policy discourses applied and argues that two images of justification in the Norwegian pension reform process partially explain how resistance to the reform was overcome. The first image is a type of crisis scenario that is neatly cached in the ‘shark jaw’ image. The shark jaw can be visualised in a graphic illustration in which projected future petroleum revenues and pension expenses are displayed simultaneously. The lines for the two indicators extend in opposite directions, forming an image resembling a jaw. The second image frames the actual reform as an improvement; this view illustrates how the reform allows one to enter an ‘elevator’ that moves one upwards, presenting a stark contrast to the substance of retrenchment. The article is informed by Schmidt's discursive‐institutionalism perspective and her distinction between coordinative and communicative discourses. Empirically, the article relies on a comprehensive collection of materials, including document analysis, parliamentary debates, interviews, media searches and opinion surveys.
Study of the Behaviors of Gunshot Residues from Spent Cartridges by Headspace Solid‐Phase Microextraction–Gas Chromatographic Techniques
Authors: Chang Kah Haw , Yew Chong Hooi , Abdullah Ahmad Fahmi Lim
Published: March 2015

Gunshot residues, produced after shooting activity, have acquired their importance in analysis due to the notoriety of firearms‐related crimes. In this study, solid‐phase microextraction was performed to extract the headspace composition of spent cartridges using 85‐μm polyacrylate fiber at 66°C for 21 min. Organic compounds, that is, naphthalene, 2,6‐dinitrotoluene, 2,4‐dinitrotoluene, diphenylamine, and dibutyl phthalate were detected and analyzed by gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection technique. Evaluation of chromatograms for diphenylamine, dibutyl phthalate, and naphthalene indicates the period after a gunshot was discharged, whether it was 1 days, 2–4 days, <5 days, 10 days, 20 days, or more than 30 days ago. This study revealed the potential effects of environmental factors such as occasional wind blow and direct sunlight on the estimation of time after spent cartridges were discharged. In conclusion, we proposed reliable alternative in analyzing the headspace composition of spent cartridges in a simulated crime scene.
Small Peptides with a Big Role: Antimicrobial Peptides in the Pregnant Female Reproductive Tract
Authors: Tribe Rachel M.
Published: March 2015

There is a growing interest in the role of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the female reproductive tract during pregnancy. This commentary highlights recent advances in the field including those of Itakoa and colleagues who have demonstrated elafin and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) expression in cervical cells from pregnant women during pregnancy. They suggest that these specific AMPs may be raised in women in true preterm labour. This complements other studies exploring the use cervico‐vaginal fluid elafin and other antimicrobial peptides as biomarkers to predict risk of spontaneous preterm birth early in pregnancy. With continued focus on the contribution and regulation of these important small peptides in pregnancy, the potential of AMPs as clinical tools for identifying women most at risk of spontaneous preterm birth should soon be realised.
Effectiveness of core biopsy for screen‐detected breast lesions under 10 mm: implications for surgical management
Authors: Farshid Gelareh , Downey Peter , Pieterse Steve , Gill P. Grantley
Published: March 2015

Background

Technical advances have improved the detection of small mammographic lesions. In the context of mammographic screening, accurate sampling of these lesions by percutaneous biopsy is crucial in limiting diagnostic surgical biopsies, many of which show benign results.

Methods

Women undergoing core biopsy between January 1997 and December 2007 for <10‐mm lesions are included. Patient demographics, imaging features and final histology were tabulated. Performance indices were evaluated.

Results

This audit includes 803 lesions <10 mm. Based on core histology, 345 women (43.0%) were immediately cleared of malignancy and 300 (37.4%) were referred for definitive cancer treatment. A further 157 women (19.6%) required diagnostic surgical biopsy because of indefinite or inadequate core results or radiological‐pathological discordance, and one woman (0.1%) needed further imaging in 12 months. The open biopsies were malignant in 46 (29.3%) cases. The positive predictive value of malignant core biopsy was 100%. The negative predictive value for benign core results was 97.7%, and the false‐negative rate was 2.6%. The lesion could not be visualized after core biopsy in 5.1% of women and in 4.0% of women with malignant core biopsies excision specimens did not contain residual malignancy. Excessive delays in surgery because of complications of core biopsy were not reported.

Conclusion

Even at this small size range, core biopsy evaluation of screen‐detected breast lesions is highly effective and accurate. A lesion miss rate of 3.1% and under‐representation of lesions on core samples highlight the continued need for multidisciplinary collaboration and selective use of diagnostic surgical biopsy.
‘Annexins’ themed section
Authors: Flower R J , Perretti M
Published: March 2015

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Annexins VII Programme. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue‐7
Curcumin Binding to Beta Amyloid: A Computational Study
Authors: Rao Praveen P. N. , Mohamed Tarek , Teckwani Karan , Tin Gary
Published: March 2015

Curcumin, a chemical constituent present in the spice turmeric, is known to prevent the aggregation of amyloid peptide implicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. While curcumin is known to bind directly to various amyloid aggregates, no systematic investigations have been carried out to understand its ability to bind to the amyloid aggregates including oligomers and fibrils. In this study, we constructed computational models of (i) Aβ hexapeptide 16KLVFFA21 octamer steric‐zipper β‐sheet assembly and (ii) full‐length Aβ fibril β‐sheet assembly. Curcumin binding in these models was evaluated by molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies. In both the models, curcumin was oriented in a linear extended conformation parallel to fiber axis and exhibited better stability in the Aβ hexapeptide 16KLVFFA21 octamer steric‐zipper model (Ebinding = −10.05 kcal/mol) compared to full‐length Aβ fibril model (Ebinding = −3.47 kcal/mol). Analysis of MD trajectories of curcumin bound to full‐length Aβ fibril shows good stability with minimum Cα‐atom RMSD shifts. Interestingly, curcumin binding led to marked fluctuations in the 14HQKLVFFA21 region that constitute the fibril spine with RMSF values ranging from 1.4 to 3.6 Å. These results show that curcumin binding to Aβ shifts the equilibrium in the aggregation pathway by promoting the formation of non‐toxic aggregates.
Insulin degludec/insulin aspart produces a dose‐proportional glucose‐lowering effect in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Heise T. , Nosek L. , Klein O. , Coester H. , Svendsen A. L. , Haahr H.
Published: March 2015

Aims

To evaluate the pharmacodynamic dose–response relationship of insulin degludec/insulin aspart (IDegAsp), a novel, soluble co‐formulation of the ultra‐long‐acting basal insulin, insulin degludec (IDeg), with the rapid‐acting prandial insulin (IAsp), across different doses in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM).

Methods

This was a randomized, single‐centre, double‐blind, four‐period, incomplete block, crossover trial. A cohort of 33 people with T1DM received single doses (0.4, 0.6 or 0.8 U/kg) of IDegAsp or the comparator, biphasic insulin aspart 30, in a randomized sequence of four treatment periods, each separated by a washout of 13–21 days. Pharmacodynamic response was assessed using a 26‐h euglycaemic glucose clamp, with blood glucose stabilized at a target of 5.5 mmol/l (100 mg/dl).

Results

A rapid onset of action and a distinct peak attributable to IAsp was observed in the glucose infusion rate (GIR) profile, followed by a separate, flat and stable basal glucose‐lowering effect attributable to the IDeg component. The mean area under the GIR curve over 24 h (AUCGIR,0–24 h), and the mean maximum GIR (GIRmax) increased with increasing dose level of IDegAsp. A dose–response relationship for IDegAsp was demonstrated for AUCGIR,0–24 h and GIRmax, indicating dose proportionality. A dose–concentration relationship was also observed for both the basal and bolus components of IDegAsp.

Conclusions

IDegAsp has a clear dose–response relationship, indicating the clinical potential for straightforward titration according to individual patient needs.