bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSI-37 Comparative evaluation of growth parameters in pure and hybrid African catfishes
Authors: Abanikannda Olatunji , Abagun Ayobami , Jimoh Abayomi
Published: December 2019

Aquaculture assist in bridging the wide gap by meeting demands for fish and provision of less expensive animal protein in Nigeria. Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus bidorsalis are generally acceptable important species of catfish, and highly priced because of their high biological values in terms of protein retention, assimilation and low cholesterol content, necessitating the need to evaluate their potentials. Fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (purebreed) and Clariabranchus (hybrid) were grouped according to their weights, assigned to two tanks each and fed 5% of their body weight daily. Measurements of body weight (g), total length (cm) and standard length (cm) were taken weekly on each fish. At the commencement of the experiment, there were 281 fishes comprising 150 purebreed and 131 hybrid. By the end of the study (21 days), some died or were outliers and a total of 224 fishes comprising 108 purebreed and 116 hybrid were finally evaluated. Indices computed included Length-Weight Relationship (LWR), Fulton’s Condition Factor (K), Absolute Growth Rate (AGR), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Mean Growth Rate (MGR). The coefficient of the LWR was respectively 2.42 and 2.82 for the pure breed and hybrids. Effect of breed was highly significant (P < 0.01) on all variables studied and the hybrid consistently outperformed the pure breed except in exception of condition factor which is a measure of wellness of the fish (Table 1). The superiority of the hybrid in all variables studied except condition factor, is indicative of its potential as a better feed converter, thus it is more efficient in feed utilization, and it is recommended for commercial fish producers for maximum yield and higher profit. The study provides a veritable platform for further research on the potentials of interspecific hybridization with a view to minimizing production cost engendered by high cost of feed.
PSI-36 Effect of short-chain fructooligosaccharides on Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in mature and senior stock-type horses
Authors: McClure Emili , Heaton Courtney P , Sajeev Dishnu , Dinh Thu
Published: December 2019

Oxidative stress (OS) causes health complications through the destruction of cellular components as individuals age. Reactive oxygen species are used to measure OS through Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Other prebiotics have been used to reduce OS markers in numerous species; however, the effect of short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) on OS has not been studied in the horse. Ten healthy stock-type horses were blocked by age into 2 groups: mature (MA; n = 5; 7.0 ± 0.87 yr) and senior (SR; n = 5; 22.6 ± 1.1 yr) to analyze effects of scFOS on TEAC and TBARS. Horses were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 diets for 25 d before transition to another diet. Diets were bermudagrass hay offered at 1.5% BW/d hay as-fed, hay with a ration balancer (CON), or hay with a ration balancer and scFOS added at a rate of 2.5 g/kg (PRE). Prior to a total fecal collection for an alternate study, horses were fasted overnight for 8 h with blood samples taken immediately prior to feeding (0), 30, and 60 min postprandial. Oxidative stress markers were analyzed for the 2 ration balancer diets. Statistical analysis was performed with SAS using the MIXED procedure with horse within diet as a random effect with significance of P ≤ 0.05. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity was unaffected by diet (P = 0.827) or age (P = 0.347). Time (P = 0.006) was significant for TBARS which increased postprandial regardless of treatment or age. Consistent with other species, higher levels of OS was found in SR compared to MA regardless of time or diet (P = 0.037; 4.491 µM vs. 3.412 µM TBARS, respectively). These results indicate that scFOS do not seem to be effective in reducing OS in SR and MA horses.
PSIII-29 Effects of late gestational tall fescue forage system on spring-calving beef cow performance, circulating metabolites, and colostrum quality
Authors: Stephenson Emma L , Heller Meera C , Kenny Ann L , Meyer Allison M
Published: December 2019

Multiparous cows [n = 56; 639 ± 73 (SD) kg initial BW; 5.3 ± 0.4 initial BCS; 5.9 ± 3.0 yr of age; February 16, 2016 average calving date] were allocated by BW, BCS, age, and expected calving date to strip-graze endophyte-infected stockpiled tall fescue (STF; n = 4 pastures; 12.5% CP, 59.5% NDF; DM basis) or consume ad libitum endophyte-infected tall fescue hay (n = 4 uncovered drylots; 7.5% CP, 65.3% NDF; DM basis) for the last 75.0 ± 11.9 d of gestation. At 13.5 ± 1.6 d pre-calving, STF cows were moved to drylots and fed tall fescue haylage (12.6% CP, 61.7% NDF; DM basis). Effects of forage system were included in the model with pen as experimental unit. For gestational metabolites, effects of forage system, day, and their interaction were included with day as a repeated measure. Forage system did not affect (P ≥ 0.35) cow BW. Cows fed STF had greater (P ≤ 0.06) BCS than hay-fed cows at d 32 and 62 of study. Forage system did not affect (P ≥ 0.12) gestational plasma glucose or triglycerides. Serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were greater (P ≤ 0.005) in hay-fed cows at d 32 and 82 of study and less (P = 0.02) at d 62 of study. After study initiation, serum urea N was greater (P ≤ 0.002) in STF-fed cows than hay-fed cows. At colostrum sampling (6.8 ± 0.9 h postpartum), forage system did not affect (P ≥ 0.10) circulating NEFA, glucose, or triglycerides. Cows fed STF had greater (P ≤ 0.002) serum and colostrum urea N than hay-fed cows. Forage system did not affect (P ≥ 0.17) colostrum protein, lactose, triglyceride, or immunoglobulin concentrations. In conclusion, grazing STF improved cow BCS and altered cow metabolic status but did not affect colostrum quality.
PSVIII-26 Gene editing of complex traits
Authors: Ling Ashley , Rekaya Romdhane
Published: December 2019

Gene editing (GE) is a form of genetic engineering in which DNA is removed, inserted or replaced. For simple monogenic traits, the technology has been successfully implemented to create heritable modifications in animals and plants. The benefits of these niche applications are undeniable. For quantitative traits the benefits of GE are hard to quantify mainly because these traits are not genetic enough (low to moderate heritability) and their genetic architecture is often complex. Because its impact on the gene pool through the introduction of heritable modifications, the potential gain from GE must be evaluated within reasonable production parameters and in comparison, with available tools used in animal selection. A simulation was performed to compare GE with genomic selection (GS) and QTN-assisted selection (QAS) under four experimental factors: 1) heritability (0.1 or 0.4), 2) number of QTN affecting the trait (1000 or 10000) and their effect distribution (Gamma or uniform); 3) Percentage of selected females (100% or 33%); and 4) fixed or variable number of edited QTNs. Three models GS (M1), GS and GE (M2), and GS and QAS (M3) were implemented and compared. When the QTN effects were sampled from a Gamma distribution, all females were selected, and non-segregating QTNs were replaced, M2 clearly outperformed M1 and M3, with superiority ranging from 19 to 61%. Under the same scenario, M3 was 7 to 23% superior to M1. As the complexity of the genetic model increased (10000 QTN; uniform distribution), only one third of the females were selected, and the number of edited QTNs was fixed, the superiority of M2 was significantly reduced. In fact, M2 was only slightly better than M3 (2 to 6%). In all cases, M2 and M3 were better than M1. These results indicate that under realistic scenarios, GE for complex traits might have only limited advantages.
PSVIII-21 Bivariate genomic prediction with different heritability, QTL and SNP panel scenarios using artificial neural network
Authors: Peters Sunday O , Sinecen Mahmut , Kizilkaya Kadir
Published: December 2019

A bivariate simulation study was carried out to compare the accuracies of genomic predictions from bivariate artificial neural network model with 1 to 10 neurons (ANN-1–10) using the SNPs on the first chromosome of Brangus beef cattle for 50% genetically correlated two traits with heritabilities of 25% and 50% (T1h2=0.25 and T2h2=0.5) determined either by 50, 100, 250 or 500 QTL. After QTL were created by randomly selecting 50, 100, 250 and 500 SNPs from the 3361 SNPs of 719 animals, their effects were sampled from a bivariate normal distribution. The breeding value of animal i in each QTL scenario was generated as Σgijβ j where gij is the genotype of animal i at QTL j and the vector of β j has the effects of QTL j from a bivariate normal distribution for T1h2=0.25 and T2h2=0.5. Phenotypic values (Σgijβ j+ei) of animal i for traits were generated by adding residuals (ei) from a bivariate normal distribution to the Σgijβ j of animal i. Genomic predictions for T1h2=0.25 and T2h2=0.5 were carried out by bivariate Feed Forward MultiLayer Perceptron ANN-1–10 neurons with three sets of SNP panels, only QTL genotypes (Panel1), all SNP markers, including the QTL (Panel2), and all SNP markers, excluding the QTL (Panel3). The correlations between phenotypes and predicted phenotypes from 10-fold cross validation for bivariate analysis of T1h2=0.25 and T2h2=0.5 were used to assess predictive ability of bivariate ANN-1–10 neurons based on 4 QTL scenarios with 3 Panels of SNP panels. Correlations for genomic predictions of T2h2=0.5 were higher than those from T2h2=0.25 for all QTL and Panel scenarios (Table 1). Panle2 including QTL and SNP performs better prediction than Panel1 and Panel3 in QTL100, QTL250 and QTL500 scenarios and the correlation from Panel3 including only SNP, which is more realistic, are similar to or higher than those from Panel1.
PSVIII-27 A weighted genomic relationship matrix based on FST prioritized SNPs for genomic selection
Authors: Chang Ling-Yun , Toghiani Sajjad , Hay E L Hamidi , Aggrey Samuel E , Rekaya Romdhane
Published: December 2019

Using low to moderate density SNP marker panels, a substantial increase in accuracy was achieved. The dramatic increase in the number of identified variants due to advances in next generation sequencing was expected to significantly increase the accuracy of genomic selection (GS). Unfortunately, little to no improvement was observed. For mixed model-based approaches, using all SNPs in the panel to compute the observed relationship matrix (G) will not increase accuracy as the additive relationships between individuals can be accurately estimated using a much smaller number of markers. Due to these limitations, variant prioritization has become a necessity to improve accuracy. Further, it has been shown that weighting SNPs when calculating G could be effective in improving the accuracy of GS. FST as a measure population differential has been successfully used to identify genome segments under selection pressure. Consequently, FST could be used to both prioritize SNPs and to derive their relative weight in the calculation of the genomic relationship matrix. A population of 15,000 animals genotyped for 400K SNP markers uniformly-distributed along 10 chromosomes was simulated. A trait with heritability 0.3 genetically controlled by two hundred QTL was generated. The top 20K SNPs based on their FST scores were used either alone or with the remaining 380K SNPs to compute G with or without weighting. When only the top 20K SNPs were used to compute G, two scenarios were considered: 1) equal weights for all SNPs or 2) weights proportional to the SNP FST scores. When all 400K SNP markers were used, different weighting scenarios were evaluated. The results clearly showed that prioritizing SNP markers based on their FST score and using the latter to compute relative weights has increased the genetic similarity between training and validations animals and resulted in more than 5% improvement in the accuracy of GS.
PSVIII-22 Microsatellite-based heterozygosity fitness correlations in reindeer
Authors: Dotsev Arsen V , Kharzinova Veronika R , Romanenko Tatiana M , Brem Gottfried , Nikitkina Elena , Zinovieva Natalia A
Published: December 2019

Inbred individuals often show reduced fitness due to increased number of loci identical by descent as the loss of heterozygosity may lead to the unmasking of deleterious recessive alleles. Inbreeding level can be measured either based on pedigree or genetic markers. The latter can be used for heterozygosity fitness correlation (HFC) studies in populations which pedigrees are unknown. Here, we estimated individual heterozygosity level in reindeer based on ten STR and investigated heterozygosity fitness correlations. A total of 64 individuals were divided into two groups: males (M, n = 16) and females (F, n = 48). The influence of inbreeding on height at withers (HaW), chest depth (CD), chest width (CW), chest girth (CG), wrist girth (WG), body length(BL), head length (HL), body weight (BW), hip width (HW) and loin width (LW) was examined. R package “inbreedR” was used for statistical analysis. Identity disequilibrium point estimate - g2 was calculated to estimate the correlations between inbreeding, multilocus heterozygosity (MLH) and fitness. For M group the measure of g2 was 0.03390±0.02564, p (g2 >0) = 0.017, and for F group - 0.03973±0.02377, p (g2 > 0) = 0.006. Expected r2 between inbreeding level and heterozygosity was 0.49795 and 0.40812 for M and F, respectively. The highest HFCs in M group were detected for CG - 0.35, WG – 0.26, BW – 0.18 and HW – 0.14 i.e. traits that are characteristics for body composition. The highest HFCs in F group were for LW – 0.22, CW – 0.16 and HaW – 0.15 i.e. traits related to reproductivity. For all the other traits HFCs were close to zero. Our study demonstrated that STR can be used for calculations of MLH and inbreeding correlations as well as for detecting traits that are influenced by inbreeding in reindeer. The study was supported by Russian Science Foundation (Pr. no.16-16-10068).
PSVIII-25 Effect of rate of weight gain and expected progeny difference (EPD) of the sire on puberty of crossbreed heifers (Angus x Nellore) weaned early
Authors: Barroso José P R , Oliveira Gabriela B , Polizel Daniel M , Biava Janaina S , Ferraz Marcos V C , Miszura Alexandre A , Martins André S , Limede Arnaldo C , Ferreira Evandro M , Pires Alexandre Vaz
Published: December 2019

This study evaluated whether the rate of weight gain (RWG) on pre-puberty and the Expected Progeny Difference (EPD) of the sire increases puberty rate in crossed beef heifers. Sixty Angus x Nellore heifers weaned early (102±4.3 d of age; 103±4.7 kg of BW) were used in a 2x2 factorial treatment design. Factor 1 was the RWG in period 1 (3rd to 7th month of age): High ADG (0.95 kg), with DMI ad libitum (HG) or Medium ADG (0.70 kg), with DMI of 1.5% of BW (MG); the diet was the same in different amount (CP 19%; NDF 21%; TDN 79%). In period 2 (7th month of age to puberty), all heifers were fed ad libitum (CP 16%; NDF 27%; TDN 78%). Factor 2 was the sire’s EPD for sexual precocity: Positive EPD (PE) or Negative EPD (NE). Puberty was considered when corpus luteum was identified by the weekly ultrasonography examination. Statistical analysis was performed using MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS 9.3. There was no interaction between factors. Considering the RWG (HG vs MG), there was no effect on puberty rate (77.5 vs 69.0 %; P = 0.36), BW (318.00±9.87 vs 318.84±10.49 kg; P = 0.93), age (332.04±11.99 vs 343.66±12.74 d; P = 0.36) and BCS at puberty (7.48±0.22 vs 7.28±0.24; P = 0.38). Considering the EPD (PE vs NE), there was effect on puberty rate (87.0 vs 59.5 %; P = 0.03) and BW at puberty (337.85±9.22 vs 299.00±11.14 kg; P = 0.0005). The EPD did not affect age (346.73±11.20 vs 328.98±13.52 d; P = 0.16) and BCS at puberty (7.38±0.21 vs 7.38±0.25; P = 0.97). In conclusion, the RWG from 3rd to 7th month of age did not influence puberty rate; however, the PE increased the puberty rate of Angus x Nellore heifers at 15th month of age.
PSVIII-29 Analysis of genotype by environment interaction across time for Nile tilapia reared in different production systems
Authors: Fernandes Arthur Francisco Araujo , Alvarenga Erika R de , Alves Gabriel F O , Manduca Ludson G , Toral Fabio L B , Valente Bruno D , Silva Martinho A , Turra Eduardo M
Published: December 2019

Nile tilapia is the second most important freshwater fish for human consumption worldwide and it is produced under many different conditions. Even though genotype by environment interaction (GEI) can arise due to many factors, most studies with tilapia have focused on water quality on pond and cage systems. Therefore, the objective of the current work was to evaluate GEI on body weight (BW) of Nile tilapia raised in biofloc technology (BFT), Cage, and recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) from 100 to 350 days of age. A Bayesian multi-trait random regression model (MTRRM) with age as random regression covariable was employed to evaluate the temporal trend of GEI. Estimated genetic correlations between BFT and RAS were above 0.7 for almost any combination of ages evaluated (Figure 1). However, genetic correlations between Cage at ages below 150 days with either BFT or RAS at any other age were positive but below 0.5. The posterior means of heritability for BW were found to reach peaks of 0.40, 0.38 and 0.29 around 230 days for RAS, BFT, and Cage respectively (Figure 2). Conversely, the ratio between common family environment and phenotypic variances presented an overall decreasing trend with minimums around 0.22, 0.15 and 0.10 at 230 days for Cage, RAS, and BFT, respectively. The MTRRM has shown to be a powerful statistical tool to assess changes across time for genetic parameters of interest. In conclusion, GEI was found to be dynamic across time, with stronger effects between Cage and both BFT and RAS if selection is promoted prior to 150 days. However, GEI is negligible for most of the situations considered if selection is performed after 200 days of age in either BTF or RAS, with the possibility of achieving better indirect selection results if selection is performed around 230 days.
PSIII-24 True nutrient and amino acid digestibility of commercial pork-based extruded dog foods using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay
Authors: Oba Patricia M , Swanson Kelly S
Published: December 2019

Pork-based dog foods are increasing in popularity, but there has been a lack of research conducted on these diets, including information about their digestibility. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine the true nutrient and amino acid (AA) digestibilities of commercial pork-based extruded dog foods using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. Four commercial extruded diets were tested in this study, including three pork formulas (PF1; PF2; PF3) with varying levels of legume content, and a multi-protein formula (MPF), all provided by Champion Petfoods (Alberta, Canada). A precision-fed rooster assay utilizing cecectomized roosters was conducted to determine the true nutrient digestibility and standardized AA digestibilities of the diets tested. All animal procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee prior to experimentation. 16 cecectomized roosters (4 roosters/substrate) were randomly assigned to test substrates. After 24h of feed withdrawal, roosters were tube-fed 30g of test substrates. Following crop intubation, excreta (urine and feces) were collected for 48h. Endogenous corrections for AA were made using 5 additional cecectomized roosters. All data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4. There were no significant differences in true macronutrient digestibilities among diets tested. For most of the indispensable AA, digestibilities were greater than 80%, with some being greater than 90%. For the majority of indispensable and dispensable AA, MPF had higher (P < 0.05) AA digestibilities than the other diets tested. For the majority of indispensable AA, PF1 had the lowest AA digestibilities. In general, the diet containing a mixed protein source had the greatest AA digestibilities, but all diets including those based on pork protein performed well.
PSIII-26 True nutrient and amino acid digestibility of black soldier fly larvae fed different forms and concentrations of calcium using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay
Authors: Do Sungho , Koutsos Elizabeth , Swanson Kelly S
Published: December 2019

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is an alternative protein source for animals, including dogs and cats. The larval diet may affect their nutrient composition and overall nutritional value. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) are common Ca sources, but differ in solubility (CaCO3 is insoluble; CaCl2 is soluble), so their intestinal absorption may differ. In addition, the Ca form and concentration may decrease mineral utilization and nitrogen digestibility, thereby affecting feed conversion efficiency. Our objective was to determine the effects of different forms and concentrations of Ca on true nutrient and amino acid (AA) digestibility of BSFL intended for use in animal feeds using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. All animal procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee prior to experimentation. 16 cecectomized roosters (4 roosters/substrate) were randomly assigned to test substrates. All contained 0.2% Ca in the commercial diet and additional Ca in these amounts and forms: BSFLA: 1.33% CaCl2; BSFLB: 1.0% CaCO3; BSFLC: 0.6% CaCO3; BSFLD: 0.5% CaCO3 + 0.7% CaCl2. After 24h of feed withdrawal, roosters were tube-fed 20g of test substrates. Following crop intubation, excreta was collected for 48h. Endogenous corrections for AA were made using 5 additional cecectomized roosters. All data were analyzed using SAS 9.4. True macronutrient and AA digestibilities were not different among substrates. Digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS)-like values were calculated to determine protein quality according to AAFCO and NRC recommended allowances for dogs and cats. Although AA digestibilities did not differ among groups, those containing CaCO3 generally had higher DIAAS-like values than the diet containing CaCl2 alone (BSFLA). Threonine, methionine, and arginine were often the first-limiting AA. Our results suggest that Ca source fed to BSFL did not affect AA digestibility and protein quality, despite affecting total calcium content of the BSFL.
PSIII-38 Pepsin-pancreatin protein digestibility of various protein sources intended for pet food
Authors: Morts Megan E , Silva Ingrid
Published: December 2019

Pet food companies need quality protein ingredients to offer new and different options for pet owners. Evaluating these proteins with animal feeding trials are time consuming and expensive. An in vitro (benchtop) method could provide detailed information about protein quality for novel ingredients. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to develop a pepsin-pancreatin digestibility assay and determine the appropriate incubation time for enzyme hydrolysis to approximate results from animal studies. Ingredients evaluated were faba beans, navy beans, spray-dried granulated egg, chick pea, pea protein concentrate (72% CP and 50% CP), green field peas, and sunflower meal. One gram of test ingredient was mixed with an HCl-pepsin solution and then incubated for 3 or 6 hours at 37°C before NaOH was added, stopping the pepsin reaction. Phosphate buffer with pancreatin was then added and the tubes were incubated for an additional 18 hours. Samples were then centrifuged, washed, filtered, and dried at 105°C overnight. Residual protein was determined with a modified Kjeldahl assay and was used to calculate protein digestibility. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure for mixed models (SAS v 9.4, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC). There was no interaction between test ingredient and time (P = 0.63). Incubation time did not influence protein digestibility (P = 0.69). Test ingredient did impact protein digestibility. Spray-dried granulated egg, faba bean, green field pea, and pea protein concentrate (50% CP) did not differ with digestibilities above 97% (P < 0.0001). Navy bean had a digestibility of 93%. The lowest digestibilities were sunflower meal and pea protein concentrate (72% CP). Overall, the crude protein digestibility was higher than expected. This data would suggest other factors, such as the amount and activity of the enzyme used, should be altered to obtain digestibility values that are consistent with reported values from animal studies.
PSI-7 Effects of sustained hyperprolactinemia in late gestation on mammary development of gilts
Authors: Caron Anouk , Hovey Russ C , Palin Marie-France , Cohen Julia R , Laforest Jean-Paul , Farmer Chantal
Published: December 2019

This project sought to determine the effects of sustained hyperprolactinemia on mammary development in late-pregnant gilts. Gilts were divided into 3 groups on day 90 of gestation to receive i.m. injections of: 1) canola oil (CTL, n = 18) until day 109 of gestation, 2) domperidone (dopamine receptor antagonist) until day 96 (T7, n = 17) or, 3) domperidone until day 109 (T20, n = 17). Treated gilts also received domperidone orally from days 90 to 93. Blood was sampled on days 97 and 110 for prolactin and IGF-1 assays. Mammary glands were collected at necropsy on day 110 for compositional and cell proliferation analyses. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used for statistical analyses. On day 97 of gestation, prolactin concentrations were greater for T20 and T7 than CTL gilts (19.0, 18.9 and 6.0 ± 1.6 ng/mL, respectively, P < 0.001), and were also greater for T20 than T7 and CTL gilts on day 110 (21.7, 8.9 and 10.0 ± 1.5 ng/mL, respectively, P < 0.001). Concentrations of IGF-1 were greater for T7 and T20 than CTL gilts on day 97, and were greater for T20 vs T7 and CTL gilts on day 110 (P < 0.05). There were no effects of treatment (P > 0.1) on parenchymal or extraparenchymal tissue weights, or on cellular proliferation by immunohistochemistry for Ki67. Treatments did not alter concentrations of DM, fat or DNA (P > 0.1) in parenchyma, while concentrations of protein (P < 0.01) and RNA (P < 0.05) as well as total protein, RNA and DNA in parenchyma (P < 0.05) were lower in T20 than T7 or CTL gilts. Increasing prolactin concentrations for 7 or 20 d in late gestation had no beneficial effects on mammary composition, where sustained exposure for 20 d reduced metabolic activity.
PSVII-11 Monensin and supplementation level effects on ruminal parameters and in-situ disappearance of steers receiving bermudagrass
Authors: Sousa Jhone de , Vendramini Joao , Moriel Philipe , Silva Hiran da , Sanchez Joao , Sousa Luciano de
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of monensin and supplementation level on bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) in situ disappearance and ruminal parameters. The experiment was conducted in Ona, FL. Treatments were the factorial arrangement of 2 supplementation levels [0.4 (low) or 4 kg/d (high)] and 2 monensin levels (20 mg/kg of the DM intake or no monensin) distributed in a latin square design. Four rumen-cannulated steers were used with 10-d adaptation and 3-d incubation and collection periods. Samples were incubated in the rumen with nylon bags and analyzed for DM, CP, and NDF disappearance. Rumen fluid was collected for 3 d during the incubation period and analyzed for pH, ammonia, propionate, lactate, and butyrate. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of monensin on potential DM, CP, and NDF disappearance; however, greater supplementation level increased (P < 0.03) potential DM disappearance (64 vs. 61%) and NDF disappearance (60 vs. 57%). Steers receiving greater supplementation level had greater (P = 0.01) total DMI (1.4 vs. 1.0% BW) but there was no difference in forage DMI (P = 0.72, mean = 1.0 ± 0.1% BW). There was a monensin × supplementation level interaction on ruminal propionate concentration. The interaction occurred because there was no effect (P = 0.64) of monensin with low supplementation (mean = 12 ± 1.2 mol/100 mol); however, monensin increased propionate on high supplementation from 15 to 19 mol/100 mol. There was an increase (P < 0.05) in ruminal ammonia (from 1.9 to 4.4 mg/100 ml) and lactate (from 60 to 64 mol/100 mol) from low to high supplementation. Rumen pH and butyrate were not affected by monensin or supplementation (P > 0.12). Monensin did not change forage disappearance parameters but increased ruminal propionate production in steers receiving greater amount of concentrate.
PSVIII-16 Effects of an aggressive implant strategy on fabrication yields of Jersey steers
Authors: Wesley Kaitlyn , Kirkpatrick Tylo J , Pillmore Sierra L , Cooper Kimberly , Tennant Travis , Lawrence Ty
Published: December 2019

Jersey steers (n = 12) were used to evaluate the effects of an aggressive implant strategy aimed to improve value in historically low-value, dairy steers. Steers were fed for 420d after being randomly allocated to one of two treatments: IMP (Revalor-200 administered at d0-d70-d140-d210-d280-d350) or CON (negative control). Steers were harvested after 420d and were fabricated after chilling into primals, subprimals, and trimmed lean, fat, and bone components. Data were analyzed via independent t-test. Primals from IMP cattle were a greater percentage of round (P = 0.02; 22.93 vs 21.55%) whereas CON cattle were a greater percentage of rib (P = 0.01; 9.56 vs 8.81%) and plate (P = 0.06; 9.51 vs 8.43%). Subprimals were greater for IMP than CON in the brisket (P < 0.01; 2.55 vs 2.03%), bottom sirloin tri-tip (P = 0.04; 0.75 vs 0.64%), bottom round (P < 0.01; 3.23 vs 2.74%), and eye of round (P < 0.01; 1.35 vs 1.04%), with tendencies for differences in knuckle (P = 0.09; 3.01 vs 2.78%) and heel meat (P = 0.08; 1.20 vs 1.09%). Muscle to bone ratio was similar (P = 0.31) between CON (2.34:1) and IMP (2.54:1), whereas muscle to fat ratios were greater (P = 0.02) in IMP (4.05:1) than CON (2.68:1). Total carcass fat was greater in CON than IMP (P = 0.03; 20.19 vs 15.07%), total red meat yield was numerically larger in IMP than CON (P = 0.13; 59.02 vs. 53.88%), yet total bone was similar between treatments (P = 0.94; 22.97 vs 22.83%) cattle. These data indicate an aggressive implant strategy on Jersey steers can increase muscle to fat ratio and fabrication yields in the round and brisket, while reducing total carcass fat.
PSVIII-17 In vitro and in vivo investigations of effects of natural phytogenic compounds on muscle cell gene expressions and growth performance and carcass composition of finishing pigs
Authors: Kim Y-J , Kim J-H , Kim J-W , Kim S-H , Eun J -S , Hong S-M
Published: December 2019

For lean meat production in swine industry, some synthetic compounds have been applied as feed additives in finishing swine feeds. However, this practice raises public concern due to potential imbalance of innate hormones coupled with a possible residue of the synthetic compounds in meat products after ingestion. In this study, we investigated natural phytogenic compounds (NPC) from fruit peel consisted of mainly ursolic and maslinic acids to enhance muscle development but decrease fat deposition in swine. To test effects on cell line, NPC was treated in the porcine primary cell line obtained from muscle tissue of piglets at approximately 6.5 kg of body weight and NIH-3T3-L1 cell line from mouse adipose tissue cell (Experiment 1). In the porcine primary cell line, immunofluorescence measurement indicated that myogenin expression increased at 20%, while the genes responsible for muscle development increased RNA abundance in MyoD at 20%, Mrf4 at 31%, PAX3 at 19%, and PAX7 at 16% observed in myotube development from myoblast when treated with NPC (P < 0.05). In NIH-3T3L1 cell, NPC treatment increased suppression on lipid accumulation at 40% (P < 0.05). In a follow-up in vivo investigation in a completely randomized design (Experiment 2), the same NPC tested in Experiment 1 at 0.53% dry matter (DM) did not affect intake of DM, whereas it tended to increase average daily gain compared with control without NPC supplementation (1.03 vs. 0.99; P = 0.08), leading to a tendency to increase gain-to-feed ratio (0.338 vs. 0.316; P = 0.12). While NPC supplementation did not influence hot carcass weight, animals treated with NPC decreased backfat thickness compared to those fed control (23.5 vs. 24.8 mm; P < 0.01). In summary, NPC from fruit improved growth performance and carcass trait due to their impacts on muscle cell development and fat deposition.
PSVII-40 Influence of mare body fat measures on colostrum composition
Authors: Carillo Brianna , Leatherwood Jessica , Latham Christine , Dickson Emily , Vogelsang Martha
Published: December 2019

Sixteen Quarter Horses (mean±SEM; 12±5 yr; 5.1±1.0 BCS; 579±9 kg BW) were used to test the hypothesis that mare body fat was related to colostrum composition. Mares received a commercial concentrate to meet NRC (2007) requirements and to maintain a BCS between 5 and 7. Horses were group-housed in dry lots with ad libitium access to coastal Bermudagrass hay. Within 1 wk of expected foaling date, ultrasound images were obtained to determine rump fat, intramuscular fat (IMF), and longissimus dorsi area and fat thickness (LDF) at the 13th/14th and 17th/18th ribs. At parturition, colostrum was collected by hand and evaluated for Brix%, immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations by commercial ELISA, and concentrations of protein, fat, lactose, somatic cell count, urea nitrogen, and non-fat solids (NFS) by a commercial laboratory. Correlations were determined using PROC CORR in SAS (v9.4). Significant correlations are presented in Table 1. Overall, mare LDF was correlated with protein, lactose, and NFS but was not related to Ig concentrations. Further, the common on-farm test for colostrum quality (Brix%) positively correlated with Ig, protein, and NFS levels.
PSIV-B-23 Late-Breaking: Detection of dietary external markers using portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for estimation of digestibility in beef cattle
Authors: Sarturi Jhones O , Sandes Michael D , Hoffmann Carly A , Henry Darren D , Weindorf David , Ramirez-Ramirez Hugo , Dias Evandro , Bouyi Legrand , Manahan Jeff , Hinds Jordan
Published: December 2019

The use of portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry to detect dietary external markers on processed or unprocessed bovine fecal specimens to estimate apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) was evaluated. Seven beef crossbred, ruminally-cannulated steers (BW = 520 ± 30 kg) were used in a completely randomized design. Steers were individually fed a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet ad libitum for 21-d. Degradable gel capsules containing 7.5 g of titanium dioxide and chromic oxide were placed inside the rumen through the ruminal-cannulae twice daily, throughout the experiment. Fecal samples were collected twice daily from d 14–21, stored frozen (-20oC), and thawed on d-21 to make a composite sample per steer/day. Wet chemistry analyses of fecal samples included atomic absorption for Cr and spectrophotometry for TiO2 and were compared with PXRF to determine the concentration of these markers on three types of fecal specimens: fresh (average 22.5 % DM), dried (60oC, 72 h), or dried/ground (1 mm). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedures of SAS with collection day as a repeated measure. Delta between ATTD estimated by wet chemistry and PXRF was not different from zero when using fresh fecal specimens analyzed for Cr (P = 0.40) or Ti (P = 0.14), while for dried or dried/ground specimens it differed (P ≤ 0.04), in which ATTD was underestimated by 3.6 and 1.1 percent units for Cr and Ti, respectively, when using PXRF. Concentration of Ti in fecal specimens was similar (P = 0.39) between analytical methodologies regardless of sample preparation. However, concentration of Cr was underestimated (P < 0.01) by 13% when PXRF was used in dried or dried/ground fecal samples compared to wet chemistry. Detection of Cr and Ti in fresh fecal samples with PXRF spectrometry seems to be a viable alternative to wet chemistry for estimating ATTD for finishing steers.
PSIV-B-31 Late-Breaking: The effects of iron overload on growth performance and iron metabolism in nursery piglets born at different sizes of development
Authors: Doan Nicole , Wang Elaine , Lönnerdal Bo , Ji Peng
Published: December 2019

Either iron excess or iron deficiency may adversely affect growth of pigs. This study assessed the effect of dose of iron supplement on growth and iron metabolism in nursing piglets born small (SGA) or appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Eight SGA piglets (BW=1.18 kg) and 16 AGA piglets (BW=1.73 kg) were enrolled on postnatal day (PD) 1. The SGA piglets orally received high iron supplementation (15 mg/kg·d; SGAH), and AGA piglets orally received either high (15 mg/kg·d; AGAH, n = 6) or low iron supplementation (1 mg/kg·d; AGAL, n = 6) from PD 2 to 21. Body weight was recorded every third day. Blood samples were collected on PD 1, 7, 14, and 21. Liver and duodenal mucosa samples were collected on PD 21 to analyze the mRNA and protein expressions of iron transporters and regulators. All data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the PROC MIXED of SAS. The SGA piglets had lower hematocrit and hemoglobin than AGA piglets on PD1 (P < 0.05). The dose of iron supplement did not affect the growth trajectory of nursing piglets. In comparison with AGAL group, high iron increased (P < 0.05) hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma iron, transferrin saturation, and iron load in duodenal mucosa (DM) and liver on PD 21 regardless of birth BW. High iron reduced the DMT1 and TFRC and increased FTL in DM (P < 0.05). High iron decreased TFRC and increased HAMP in liver (P < 0.05). Hepatic expression of H-ferritin were increased (P < 0.05) by high iron. Despite drastic induction of HAMP in liver, protein expression of ferroportin in DM were unaffected by high iron intake. In conclusion, iron transporters and regulators in liver and gut were coordinately regulated to prevent iron overload, but the hepcidin-ferroportin axis was unresponsive to dietary iron intake.
PSV-28 Effect of a neuro-sensory additive on meat quality of feedlot finishing beef cattle
Authors: Desrousseaux Guillaume , D’Aurea Andre Pastori , Fernandes Lauriston Bertelli , Tozetto Rodrigo
Published: December 2019

Combining natural additives with specific and selected neuro-sensory molecules is a possible solution to manage stress in feedlot beef cattle. The objective of this study was to assess the use of a neuro-sensory additive (VeO) on meat quality of finishing feedlot beef cattle. This study was conducted from May to August in the Premix Research Center, Patrocínio Paulista, Brazil. VeO is based on a specific extract from Rutacea family. 80 Nellore bulls were randomly assigned to a control group (C) and a treated group (V) with 40 animals in each (10 per pen). Both groups received the same total mixed ration supplemented with Fator P (Premix, Brazil) with the addition of VeO as the only difference for 100 days up to slaughter. 160 cuttings in Longissimus muscle were sampled from C carcasses and V carcasses (n = 20) and packed in PVC blister packs 48h post-mortem. Analyzed variables were red color (a*), yellow color (b*) and drip losses (%) at packing then 3 days, 5 days and 7 days after. Statistical analysis was performed through mixed procedure of SAS software. Interactions between treatment and time was observed for values a* (P = 0.003) and b* (P = 0.056) and drip losses as well (P = 0.03). Globally meat from animals fed VeO presented more stable red and yellow colors. From day 5, it presented more intense red and yellow colors in comparison to meat from control animals. At day 7 drip losses were reduced with treatment (V: 8.7% vs. C: 11.4%, P = 0.012). Results showed that the use of the neuro-sensory additive during finishing of feedlot beef cattle improved appearance of meat after slaughter, leading to possible extended shelf life.
PSV-34 Carcass characteristics of Criollo and Criollo crossbred steers raised on Chihuahuan Desert rangeland
Authors: McIntosh Matthew , Cibils Andres , Estell Rick , Gonzalez Alfredo , Spiegal Sheri , Blair Amanda , Nyamurekung’e Shelemia , Soto-Navarro Sergio A , Tolle Cindy
Published: December 2019

We compared carcass characteristics of 11 Raramuri Criollo (RC) and 8 Criollo x Brangus crossbred (XC) steers raised together on Chihuahuan Desert rangeland. Steers entered the trial (completely randomized design) at approximately 5 months of age (December, 2015). Initial weights of RC and XC steers were 233.7 ± 7.8 and 231.4 ± 9.2 kg, respectively. Steers weighed 423.1 ± 7.8 (RC) and 483.0 ± 9.2 (XC) kg at 29 months of age (February 1, 2018), before being shipped to South Dakota where they were fed hay for approximately one month until slaughter (February 28, 2018). Carcass characteristics, such as hot (HCW) and cold carcass weights (CCW), preliminary yield grade (PYG), ribeye area (REA), marbling score (MS), and quality grade (QG) were assessed. Breed effects for all variables (excluding QG) were analyzed using SAS Proc Mixed; SAS Proc Npar1way was used to evaluate QG. Compared to XC, RC steers had lighter (P < 0.01) HCW (220 ± 5 vs. 265 ± 6 kg) and CCW (210 ± 5 vs. 254 ± 6 kg), and smaller (P < 0.01) REA (56 ± 1.4 vs. 61.7 ± 1.6 cm2). No differences (P > 0.05) were observed between RC and XC steers in PYG (2.3 ± 0 vs. 2.4 ± 0.2) or MS (452 ± 31 vs. 456 ± 36). Average QG for all carcasses was between high standard and low choice and was not different (P > 0.05) for RC versus XC carcasses. Our preliminary results show no major difference in carcass quality parameters of RC and XC steers developed on Chihuahuan Desert rangeland.
PSV-33 Marbling and expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in the muscle of Nellore and Nellore × Angus steers fed whole shelled corn diets
Authors: Ladeira Marcio M , Teixeira Priscilla , Rodrigues Aline , Coelho Tamara , Santos Ana Carolina , Junior Jose Maria Oliveira , Casagrande Daniel
Published: December 2019

The objective was to evaluate marbling and the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in the muscle of Nellore and Nellore × Angus steers fed whole shelled corn (WSC) diets. Thirty-two steers with initial average body weight of 353 ±25.3 kg were used in a completely randomized design using a 2 × 2 factorial design (2 breeds and 2 diets). One diet had 80% of WSC and 20% of a soybean meal and mineral-based supplement. The other diet had 74% of WSC, 20% of the same supplement, and 6% of sugarcane bagasse. Immediately after the slaughter of steers (around 450 kg of body weight), longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle samples were collected, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C for gene expression analyses using RT-qPCR. Twenty-four hours after slaughter, samples were taken from LT muscle to analyze marbling score. The model included breed, diet, and their interaction as fixed effects and animals as random effect. There was no effect of breed (364 and 358; P = 0.80) and diet (355 and 367; P = 0.56) on LT marbling. Nellore × Angus steers had greater expression of LPL, FASN, and CPT2 (Table 1), which means a greater lipid turnover. The expression of SCD1 gene tended to increase (P = 0.06) in muscle of Nellore steers fed WSCB diet, while in Nellore × Angus muscle, this diet tended to decreased SCD1 expression. Regarding diet, steers fed WSC had lower expression of FABP4, and greater expression of ACOX1. In conclusion, Nellore × Angus had greater fatty acid uptake, synthesis, and oxidation that did not result in greater intramuscular fat. In addition, animals fed whole shelled corn diet with sugarcane bagasse did not increase expression of SREBF1 and lipogenic genes, and consequently did not increase marbling. Funded by Capes, Fapemig and INCT-Ciência Animal.
PSIX-31 The mineral profile of GuarPro F-81, a potential protein source for swine and other livestock in the United States
Authors: Liao Shengfa F , Humphrey Rebecca , Brett James , Rude Brian
Published: December 2019

High feed cost is a major economic concern in animal production industries, largely due to the increasing global demands for foods, feeds, and biofuels. Animal producers, especially animal nutritionists, have been searching for alternative feedstuffs to reduce the feed cost. Guar meal is the main by-product from the guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba L.) gum industry. Although said to be unpalatable and maybe toxic, the new guar meal products, such as GuarPro F-81, possess promise to be alternatives for feeding animals, mainly because they contain great amounts of protein and carbohydrates and are inexpensive. The proximate nutrient values and amino acid profile of GuarPro F-81 have been previously reported, and this study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the mineral contents of GuarPro F-81 are comparable to that of soybean meal. Three GuarPro F-81 samples were randomly collected from a guar meal production company in India and aliquoted to 30 to 100 g/sample after arrival for analysis in four university and commercial laboratories. The results showed that GuarPro F-81 contained (as-fed basis; mean ± SD, n = 4) 0.22 ± 0.015% calcium, 0.77 ± 0.022% phosphorus, 0.40 ± 0.023% magnesium, 1.67 ± 0.079% potassium, 0.016 ± 0.012% sodium, 249 ± 42.8 ppm iron, 21.3 ± 1.78 ppm manganese, 72.8 ± 9.00 ppm zinc, and 11.5 ± 7.25 ppm copper. The sulfur content was 0.54 ± 0.177% (n = 2) and the nickel content was 5.30% (n = 1). When compared with soybean meal (dehulled, solvent extracted), the contents of iron, magnesium, zinc, sulfur, and phosphorus in GuarPro F-81 are approximately 154, 50, 49, 34, and 8% greater, respectively, while the contents of copper, potassium, calcium, manganese, and sodium are approximately 24, 25, 34, 40, and 80% less, respectively. Nonetheless, the bioavailabilities of these minerals warrant further investigation.
PSIX-9 Dietary β-sitosterol improves immunity and antioxidant status in broilers
Authors: Cheng Yefei , Chen Yueping , Wen Chao , Zhou Yanmin
Published: December 2019

The application effects of phytosterols on poultry production have been reported. However, due to the mixed compositions, it is difficult to explain their action mode and physiological functions. β-sitosterol, the most abundant phytosterol, is naturally widespread in plant products. Information, however, is scarce in terms of effects of β-sitosterol on broilers. This research therefore investigated effects of dietary β-sitosterol with different levels on immunity and antioxidant capacity in broilers. Two hundred and forty one-day-old chicks were randomly allocated into five treatments of six replicates. Chickens in the five groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control group), 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/kg β-sitesterol for 42 days, respectively. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. Polynomial contrasts were used to test the linear and quadratic response to β-sitosterol levels. Difference among groups was evaluated using Tukey’s test, which was considered significant if P < 0.05. Dietary β-sitosterol linearly increased (P < 0.05) contents of serum immunoglobulin G and hepatic glutathione, activities of serum superoxide dismutase and catalase, whereas linearly decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of serum tumor necrosis factor α and hepatic malondialdehyde. Serum interleukin 1β level was linearly and quadratically reduced by β-sitosterol inclusion (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, dietary β-sitosterol with higher levels than 60 mg/kg increased concentrations of serum immunoglobulin G and hepatic glutathione, activities of serum superoxide dismutase and catalase (P < 0.05), whereas decreased serum tumor necrosis factor α content (P < 0.05). Its dosages higher than 40 mg/kg reduced serum interleukin 1β content (P < 0.05), and 100 mg/kg of which lowered hepatic malondialdehyde concentration (P < 0.05). The results indicated that dietary β-sitosterol could improve immunity and antioxidant ability in broilers. Also, a level of 80 mg/kg β-sitosterol supplementation was recommended into broiler diet.