bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of atomic absorption spectroscopy method for platinum content determination to study functionalization of bone substitute materials with anticancer drug
Authors: Volchenkova V A , Kazenas E K , Kuvshinova E A , Petrakova N V , Smirnova V B , Andreeva N A , Fomina O N , Sergeeva N S , Barinov S M , Komlev V S
Published: December 2019

Methods of quantitative determination of the platinum content in high-salt solutions have been developed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Definitions were carried out for small volume bioassays during the research of functionalization of calcium phosphate substitute materials with anticancer drug, cisplatin. The conditions for the determination of Pt in the flame were optimized. The effects of the cisplatin matrix solutions, salt components and concentrations on the Pt absorption value were found out. The relevance of application of the flame version of the AAS method was shown in order to determine the platinum content in high-salt solutions, over 200 g/l, without matrix separation in a wide range of Pt concentrations from 0.1 to 50 µg/ml. This issue was targeted through the estimation of efficiency of Pt-containing drug incorporation and its dynamics release as an application method in the development of drug delivery systems for bone tumors treatment.
New technologies for obtaining thermoelectric materials
Authors: Ivanova L D , Granatkina Yu V , Malchev A G , Nikhezina I Yu
Published: December 2019

New technologies have been developed for production of thermoelectric materials based on fast melt crystallization rates on a cooled rotating disk (melt spinning) and on fast melt solidification in a liquid using the example of bismuth and antimony chalcogenides solid solutions. The use of the developed technologies allows to prepared materials with high strength and thermoelectric characteristics, which significantly exceed the characteristics of materials obtained by traditional methods.
Synthesis of new materials through microwave discharge initiated by pulses of high power gyrotron in the mixtures of metal and dielectric powders
Authors: Akhmadullina N S , Skvortsova N N , Stepakhin V D , Konchekov E M , Letunov A A , Kargin Yu F , Konovalov A A , Shishilov O N
Published: December 2019

Herein we describe a new plasma chemical method for synthesis of new materials. Plasma was generated as a result of microwave discharge initiated by pulses of high power gyrotron in the mixtures of metal and dielectric powders. The gyrotron operates at frequency of 75 GHz giving pulses with duration of 2-12 ms and power up to 550 kW. Mixtures of Al with Al2O3, AlN, melamine and NH4Cl were treated with the pulses in the specially constructed plasma chemical reactor, which allowed to collect products of the process and to carry out real time monitoring of the process with low- and high-speed cameras and spectrometers. We observed a complicate oscillating process, which led to formation of micro dispersed materials containing phases usually formed at high temperatures. It was shown that plasma temperature in all the experiments was at least 2500 K in all reaction areas and above 3500 K in main reaction zone. We also realized that addition of hydrogen-containing substances (e.g. C2B10H12) resulted in a noticeable intensification of the process – highly likely due to the change of reactions pathways through an involvement of hydrogen into the intermediate stages. Obtained data confirm that microwave discharge is a promising method for synthesis of new materials including fine structure materials, e.g. consisting of major phase micro particles covered with a thin layer of minor phase.
Some specific aspects of the process of production of pseudo-alloyed coatings by thermal spraying
Authors: Elaguina O Y , Gusev V M , Prygaev A K , Nesterenko N S
Published: December 2019

Pseudo-alloyed coatings are formed of two or more metals which keep interfaces and do not combine into entire phases in the process of application. Components included in pseudo-alloyed coatings usually stand in marked contrast by their physical and mechanical properties. It allows the production of a new range of properties depending on the combination of the used metals. Specific aspects of the process of production of pseudo-alloyed coatings by thermal spraying and impact of technology factors on the adhesive strength of the coating with the parent metal were examined in the present work.
Application of welding robot system in flame brazing of pipe parts for household appliances
Authors: Li Su , Ren Xianghui , Xin Yanggui , Liu Dan , Gao Shiyi
Published: December 2019

Pipe parts are an important part of the interior of household appliances. For the problem of low efficiency of traditional manual brazing and easy generation of welding defects such as blowholes and large welds, the robot flame brazing system has been developed to reduce this situation. It has reduced the dependence of pipe fittings welding on welder skills, while reduced labor intensity and improved production efficiency. It can save a lot of labor costs for enterprises and can be widely used in the household appliance industry.
Features of crosslinking polymerization in laser stereolithography
Authors: Nikitin A N , Cherebylo S A , Ipolitov E V , Kamaev S V , Markov M A , Novikov M M , Vnuk V V
Published: December 2019

The model of crosslinking polymerization in photopolymer for laser stereolithography has been proposed. The feature of this polymerization is that the initiation takes place by an irradiation with single pulse that should be enough to solidify the chosen parts of photopolymer. It is shown that despite of such initiation the polymerization passes the gel point due to the fast forming and crosslinking of polyradicals resulting in gel macromolecules. The influence of different factors (termination, trapping, crosslinking, cyclization) on position of the gel point is investigated. Branched level of macromolecules formed during polymerization is found to be mainly dependent on the rate of cyclization.
Synthesis and electrospinning of star-shaped poly(L-lactide) with different arm lengths
Authors: Puchkov A A , Tenchurin T Kh , Mamagulashvili V G , Shepelev A D , Kalinin K T , Kadina Yu A , Kamyshinsky R A , Sedush N G , Chvalun S N
Published: December 2019

Star-shaped biodegradable poly(L-lactide)s are perspective materials with tailored properties and degradation rates which can be controlled by number and length of the arms. Star-shaped 6-arm poly(L-lactide)s with arm lengths from 10 to 50 units were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization and studied by NMR, GPC and DSC. The effect of arm length on electrospinning of the star-shaped polymers was demonstrated. Structure of non-woven materials based on star-shaped PLLA and its mixtures with linear high molecular weight PLLA and PEO was studied.
Effect of laser energy density on microstructure and properties of laser cladding coating by powder feeding method
Authors: Wang Xu , Huang Enze , Guang Yu Yue , Du Kaiping , Li Zhengqiu
Published: December 2019

In this paper, the microstructure of laser cladding layer was studied under two laser conditions. The microstructure of laser cladding layer was characterized as directional rapid solidification. On the premise of forming a good metallurgical bond between the coating and the matrix, higher laser energy density was harmful to refine the coating structure and reduce the microhardness of the coating.
Microwave-induced phase transformations of iron oxide particles
Authors: Kanygina O N , Filyak M M , Chetverikova A G , Berdinsky V L
Published: December 2019

The article presents results of study of α-Fe2O3 response on microwave treatment. Microwave influence on iron oxides constituting nature occurring kaolinite clay were studied by a complex of methods. The original sample S0 was made from fine-dispersed Fe2O3 iron oxide particles. Sample S1 was produced via treatment with 2.45 GHz microwave field. Microwave treatment induced structure changes in iron oxides which manifest themselves through polymorphic changes. X-ray phase analysis shown that a deformation polymorphic transformation α-Fe2O3→γ-Fe2O3 takes place and two-phase hematite-maghemite state is formed. Problem of faint and overlapping diffraction peaks resolution is solved with wavelet transformation skeleton technique. Crystal particles of S0 sample are α-Fe2O3 hematite particles with rhombohedral lattice. After microwave treatment sample S1 developed new diffraction peaks corresponding to cubic γ-Fe2O3 maghemite crystal system. Polymorphic transition is accompanied with morphological changes. After the treatment surfaces of large particles are covered with smaller particles which are proved by the increase of samples fractal dimension from 2.83 to 2.85. Powder color changes from red-orange to dark brown which results in changes of all color parameters; the red component experience the biggest suppression and it is suppressed by the factor 2.
Charge-discharge properties of (Pb, Ba)Nb2O6-NaNbO3-SiO2 glass-ceramics under high electric fields
Authors: Zhang Qingmeng , Yang Jian , Chen Junyou , Yang Zhimin , Mao Changhui
Published: December 2019

In the work, 6 PbO-4 BaO-20 Na2O-40 Nb2O5-30 SiO2 glass-ceramic plates with large size were successfully fabricated. The sizes of glass ceramic dielectrics are 100 mm×100 mm×4 mm and the corresponding capacitances is 4.5 nF. Charge-discharge properties of glass-ceramic capacitors were investigated by measuring their hysteresis loops and pulsed discharge current-time curves with different RLC load and discharged voltages. The results show that the glass ceramic capacitors have high discharge energy efficiency at high electric field. The discharged energy efficiency is 92% calculated from P-E curves under 15kV/mm. Moreover, for the capacitor with the capacitance of 4.5 nF, over 73% of stored energy was released within 200 ns under 11.25 kV/mm. The glass-ceramic capacitors are very promising for pulsed power applications.
The behavior of radioactive metals (Am, Eu, Sr) during the processing of radioactive graphite in salt melts
Authors: Barbin N M , Kobelev A M , Terent’ev D I , Alekseev S G
Published: December 2019

The behavior of Am, Eu, Sr radionuclides was investigated by thermodynamic modeling method at heating of radioactive graphite in NaCl – KCl – Na2CO3 – K2CO3 molten salt with additives of nickel oxide NiO. The integrated thermodynamic analysis was carried out by means of TERRA software in temperature range 373-3273 K to determine possible composition of condensed and gaseous phases. It was established that americium is in gaseous state in temperature range 2773-3273 K. Europium is in the forms of gaseous EuO and Eu in temperature range 2373-3273 K. Strontium is in the forms of gaseous SrCl2, SrCl, Sr, SrO in temperature range 2373-3273 K.
Discussion on hydrogen quality detection methods for polysilicon production
Authors: Wan Ye , Yan Dazhou , Xiao Jin , Chu Dongxu , Zhang Yuanyuan
Published: December 2019

This article analyzed the key factors affecting the quality of hydrogen in combination with the improved Siemens polysilicon production process, and the quality detection methods of hydrogen are discussed. Regarding the different hydrogen sources, more scientific and effective quality detection methods are proposed. It is of great significance to strengthen the quality control of polysilicon production and enhance product competitiveness.
Determination of stress concentration factors from photometric analysis data
Authors: Ermishkin VA , Kulagin S P , Minina N A , Pokrasin M A
Published: December 2019

The determination of stress concentration factors in local areas of metal structures plays an important role in the evaluation of structural strength. Existing computational methods for their evaluation take into account only the geometric characteristics of the stress concentrators, and the experimental methodologies are notable for their laboriousness and are unsuitable for use under operational conditions. The paper proposes a new method for evaluating the stress concentration factors and discusses the results of its use on the example of aluminium alloy with notches sample under fatigue test conditions.
Studies of the propagation of elastic and plastic waves in cubic single crystals
Authors: Krivosheina M N , Tuch E V , Kobenko S V
Published: December 2019

The study of the elastic and plastic properties of a single crystal with cubic symmetry of mechanical properties under dynamic loading was carried out. In the work, the method of numerical simulation shows the effect on the output of an elastic precursor and a plastic compression wave of the orientation of the calculated coordinate system relative to the direction of loading. It is shown that the rotation of the calculated coordinate system by 450 around the axis of loading of the projectile and the target in the framework of numerical simulation of the process of shock loading affects the stress state of the target and the velocity profile of its rear surface. This is explained by the fact that in the plane of loading the elastic and plastic properties in a single crystal with cubic symmetry of properties change in accordance with the values of Euler angles.
Preparation of ultrafine α-Al2O3 powder from fly ash by ammonium sulfate roasting technology
Authors: Yan Wu , Haixia Xin , Yujun Xu , Jianan Liu
Published: December 2019

(NH4)2SO4 roasting technology was used for extracting alumina from fly ash which located in Shandong Zibo power plant. The roasting temperature, the mole ratio of Al2O3 to (NH4)2SO4 and roasting time on the effect of the extraction rate of alumina was studied. The optimal roasting technology condition is 380°C for 120min with mole ratio of Al2O3 to (NH4)2SO4 of 1:6. Under the optimal roasting condition, the extraction rate of Al2O3 can reached 82% and a new phase NH4Al(SO4)2 was formed in clinker. NH4Al(SO4)2 in clinker was dissolved by distilled water and then separated from silicon-rich residue by filtration. Iron in NH4Al(SO4)2 solution was removed by goethite process, and then, NH4Al(OH)2CO3 was synthesized by adding (NH4)2CO3 in NH4Al(SO4)2 solution. Ultrafine α-Al2O3 powder was prepared by calcining NH4Al(OH)2CO3 in 1200°C for 120min, which was characterized by XRD and SEM.
Nitriding in the reduction of tantalum and niobium oxide compounds with magnesium vapor
Authors: Orlov V M , Kryzhanov M V , Osaulenko R N , Lobov D V
Published: December 2019

The nitriding of the oxide compounds Ta2O5, Nb2O5, Mg4Та2O9 и Mg4Nb2O9 was carried out in two stages: 1 — reduction of oxides at the residual pressure of nitrogen or argon in the reactor of 5-10 kPa and a temperature of 820°C for 4 hours; 2 — nitriding of the obtained products in a nitrogen atmosphere at an overpressure of 30-100 kPa and a temperature of 820 or 900°C for 3-12 hours. The phase composition of the powders obtained after magnesium oxide leaching was studied on the DRON-4 diffractometer. The specific surface area was determined by the BET method on the Tristar II 3020 Micromeritics analyzer. Powders were obtained by nitriding Та2O5 и Nb2О5 reduction products which are a mixture of nitrides of different composition. The products of the Mg4Та2O9 и Mg4Nb2O9 reduction are not nitrated.
Structural Transformations in (Bi, Sb)2Te3 Solid Solutions Grown by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Bogomolov D I , Bublik V T , Ivanov A A , Voronov M V , Lavrent’ev M G , Panchenko V P , Parkhomenko Yu N , Tabachkova N Yu
Published: December 2019

We have studied the dependence of the thermoelectric properties of the bulk (Bi,Sb)2Te3 material on the temperature of spark plasma sintering (SPS). For analysis of the experimental results we took into account the regularities of structure formation in the material. The average crystallite size decreases with an increase in the SPS temperature to above 400 °C. Transmission electron microscopy showed that at above 400 °C the bulk and boundaries of the initial grains that are several micrometers in size contain a large number of nanosized grains (approx 10 – 20 nm) having the same composition. We show that the dependence of the thermoelectric properties of the material on SPS temperature correlates with changes in the fine structure of the material which is controlled by the redistribution of the intrinsic point defects. Our results suggest that, along with the well-known nanostructure formation processes, there is one more high-temperature self-organizing process of the formation of the nanostructural material based on the redistribution and change in the form of occurrence of the nonequilibrium point defects. This information can be used to broaden the possibilities of controlling the properties of the bulk thermoelectric material on the basis of (Bi,Sb)2Te3.
The search of new diagnosing and predicting methods to the thermomechanical and strength characteristics of the component base of control systems for unmanned vehicles of the “smart city” based on 5G technologies
Authors: Zuev S M , Fironov A M , Varlamov D O , Kuksa V V
Published: December 2019

The data transfer rate which in the near future will be provided by the 5G standard will allow to combine thousands of drones (unmanned aerial vehicles, UAV) in real time into a common network, capable of tracking any situation in the territory of a large metropolis (within the SmartCity project). The large number of UAVs which are in continuous operation in the airspace will lead to a situation where a variety of adverse climatic factors (high humidity, sudden gusts of wind, lightning minutes, electromagnetic fields, electron-ion irradiation, infrared heating, electrostatic discharge, corona discharge in the atmosphere, etc.) will influence on these UAVs. This can lead to systematic failure of this type of device which will lead to additional costs and deterioration of the quality of the system in general. Implementation in the drone-construction some systems similar to systems for protecting aircraft from lightning strikes (for example, the Faraday grille in the body) will lead to a significant increase in the costs of devices. Therefore, a develop proposals for measures to protect drones from such an impact, at the present stage of development, the diagnostic and prediction of the thermo-mechanical and strength characteristics of the component base of control systems of unmanned vehicles of a “smart city” using 5G technology when exposed to external electrical effects of considerable amplitude is of practical value.
Study of hydrogen redistribution in Ti49.1Ni50.9alloy (at %) with nanocrystalline structure by resistometric and durometer methods
Authors: Baturin A A , Lotkov A I , Grishkov V N , Rodionov I S
Published: December 2019

The electrolytical hydrogenation of TiNi-based alloys with shape memory and super elasticity results in a significant (by 1,5 times) increase in the microhardness of the surface layer. It is shown that the change of microhardness at long-term aging at room temperature in wire samples of Ti50,1Ni50,9(at %) alloy with nanocrystalline structure can be used for estimation of diffusion mobility of hydrogen. On wire samples with different diameters it is shown that the increase in the relative electrical resistance at 83K at long-term aging at room temperature for this alloy is also associated with the diffusion mobility of hydrogen. Estimates of the hydrogen diffusion coefficient DHshow that in nanocrystalline samples Ti50,1Ni50,9(at %) the diffusion mobility of hydrogen is higher than in coarse-grained samples. This is connected with the increased contribution of grain boundary hydrogen diffusion in samples with nanocrystalline structure.
Microstructure investigation of Ti-26Nb alloy manufactured from elemental powders by electron beam melting
Authors: Khrapov D , Surmeneva M , Koptioug A , Surmenev R
Published: December 2019

Alloys which are planned to be used for implants fabrication must possess excellent biocompatibility, high strength, and low Young’s modulus. A low elastic modulus, close to that of the cortical bone could significantly reduce the stress-shielding phenomenon usually occurring after surgery. Beta-titanium alloys such as Ti-Nb are good candidates for this purpose. Nb is known as a biocompatible metal used for titanium β-phase stabilization. Previous investigations indicate that the increase of Nb content results in the increase of β phase amount but the decrease of β grain size. In this study, we were aiming at the investigation of the microstructural properties of a titanium alloy manufactured by electron beam melting from the elemental powders mixture of Ti and Nb with 26 at.% of Nb. The influence of operating parameters on the efficacy of dissolving Nb particles in Ti was studied. The results obtained by SEM analysis demonstrated that electron beam energy has a significant effect on the homogeneity of the manufactured specimens. To obtain homogeneous and porosity-free specimens high energy level is required. The microstructure of these specimens was characterized.
Extraction and determination of humic acids in carbonaceous gold ores
Authors: Chen Guodong , Yang Hongying , Niu Huiqun , Tong Linlin , Zhong Shuiping , Liu Yuanyuan
Published: December 2019

Carbonaceous gold ores, containing carbonaceous matters which rob gold, is a kind of refractory gold ore. Humic acids are one of the gold-robbing carbons. In this paper, humic acids were extracted by mixed alkali heating leaching method from the gold concentrate of a carbonaceous gold mine in Guizhou, and the extraction rate was determined by the potassium dichromate oxidation-titration method. The influencing factors which were researched, were sodium hydroxide concentration, sodium pyrophosphate concentration, solid-liquid ratio, leaching temperature and stirring leaching time. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions were sodium hydroxide concentration 0.3 mol/L, sodium pyrophosphate concentration 0.06 mol/L, solid-liquid ratio 1:4, leaching temperature 70°C, stirring leaching time 24 h, and the productivity of humic acids was 1.1049%.
Technologies of obtaining aluminum oxynitride by HIP and reactive sintering methods and their influence on the phase composition and density of ceramics
Authors: Prosvirnin D V , Larionov M D , Kolmakov A G , Pivovarchik S V , Levina A V
Published: December 2019

In this paper, methods for sintering ceramics from aluminum oxynitride are considered. In particular, the effect of reaction sintering and hot isostatic pressing methods is investigated. The influence of these methods on the structure and phase analysis of the obtained ceramic samples was determined.
Effect of the pulse bias voltage parameters on the properties and composition of ZrN coatings deposited by vacuum arc method
Authors: Krysina O V , Shugurov V V , Prokopenko N A , Petrikova E A , Tolkachev O S , Denisova Yu A , Rygina M E
Published: December 2019

In the work it is revealed that it is possible to control the structure, the phase and elemental composition of ZrN coatings by the change of the parameters of bias voltage (pulse repetition frequency, amplitude, pulse duty factor, etc.). It is established that optimum parameters of pulse bias voltage for the formation of ion-plasma ZrN coatings with a high hardness and wear resistance are Ub
= –150 V, γ = 85%, f = 50 kHz. At these parameters the synthesized coating based on ZrN consists of ZrN crystallites with a cubic crystal lattice, which has [111] texture. The coating has the high hardness (30.5 GPa) and high wear resistance (1.1·10–6 mm3N–1m–1).
Timelines for mitigating the methane impacts of using natural gas for carbon dioxide abatement
Authors: Klemun Magdalena M , Trancik Jessika E
Published: December 2019

Reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions through a reliance on natural gas can create a hidden commitment to methane (CH4) leakage mitigation. While the quantity of CH4 leakage from natural gas has been studied extensively, the magnitude and timing of the CH4 mitigation required to meet climate policy goals is less well understood. Here we address this topic by examining the case of US electricity under a range of baseline natural gas leakage rate estimates and emissions equivalency metrics for converting CH4 to CO2-equivalent emissions. We find that CH4 emissions from the power sector would need to be reduced by 30%–90% from today’s levels by 2030 in order to meet a CO2-equivalent climate policy target while continuing to rely on natural gas. These CH4 emissions reductions are greater than the required CO2 reductions under the same policy. Alternatively, expanding carbon-free sources more rapidly could meet the 2030 target without reductions in natural gas leakage rates. The results provide insight on an important policy choice in regions and sectors using natural gas, between emphasizing a natural gas supply chain clean-up effort or an accelerated transition toward carbon-free energy sources.
Soybean Host Plant Resistance to Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) and the Potential Role of Leaf Trichome Density
Authors: Lahiri S , Reisig D D , Reay-Jones F P F , Greene J K , Carter T E , Mian R , Fallen B D
Published: December 2019

Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) is an invasive pest of soybean that has spread across the southeastern United States since its initial discovery in 2009 in Georgia. Previous studies in the southeastern states have documented both the population dynamics of this pest and host plant resistance (HPR) among soybean varieties, although the specific mechanisms of HPR remain unknown. The objectives of this study were, therefore, to 1) quantify field resistance to M. cribraria in multiple soybean varieties in two states previously affected by severe M. cribraria infestations, North Carolina (NC) and South Carolina (SC); and 2) study the role of soybean trichome density in imparting resistance against M. cribraria. Soybean variety ‘Camp’ was least attractive to M. cribraria, through time and locations, suggesting consistent resistance. Other varieties showed variable performance among the locations and sampling dates. A significant difference in trichome density was evident. However, there was no correlation between trichome density and M. cribraria infestation. Compared to a previously published study in the same location, when M. cribraria adults emerging from overwintering dispersed into soybeans, in our study only first-generation adults dispersed into soybeans. Considering the current trend of significantly lower M. cribraria infestation rates in North and South Carolina, this pest may be finally succumbing to indigenous natural enemies and should be managed by incorporating integrated pest management tactics, such as HPR, that help conserve natural enemy populations.
The relation of structural valve deterioration to adverse remodelling and outcome in patients with biological heart valve prostheses
Authors: Issa Issa Farah , Dahl Jordi Sanchez , Poulsen Steen Hvitfeldt , Waziri Farhad , Pedersen Christian Torp , Riber Lars , Søgaard Peter , Møller Jacob Eifer
Published: December 2019

Aims

Native valve aortic stenosis is associated with adverse remodelling of the left ventricle and remodelling is stopped or even reversed with aortic valve replacement (AVR). However, the degeneration of bioprostheses and development of structural valve deterioration (SVD) may affect this.

Methods and results

To assess the association with SVD, remodelling and outcome 451 patients from a single surgical centre who had undergone AVR with a Mitroflow pericardial bioprosthesis were studied. All patients were assessed in 2014 and a subgroup of patients (N = 327) were re-exanimated again after at least 18 months [median time of 27 (interquartile range, IQR 26–33) months] including echocardiography, measurements of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and assessment of functional status. SVD was based on echocardiography. Moderate SVD was present in 63 patients (14%) and severe SVD in 19 (4%), in the subgroup with follow-up echocardiography 48 patients (15%) patients had moderate to severe SVD at first examination. Patients with SVD had significantly greater increase in left ventricular (LV) mass index [21.6 g/m2 (IQR 5.7–48.3 g/m2) vs. 9.1 g/m2 (−8.6 to 27.3 g/m2), P = 0.01]. Further, patients with SVD had lower LV ejection fraction [55% (IQR 51–62%) vs. 60% (IQR 54–63%), P = 0.01] at follow-up. During follow-up, 94 patients (21%) met the composite endpoint of death or reoperation due to SVD and 41 patient readmitted for heart failure. In multivariable Cox regression analysis, severe SVD [hazard ratio (HR) 2.64 (1.37–5.07), P = 0.004] was associated with composite endpoint, and readmission for heart failure [HR 3.82 (1.53–9.51), P = 0.004].

Conclusion

SVD in aortic bioprostheses is associated with adverse LV remodelling and adverse outcome.
Good Spirit, Good Life: A Quality of Life Tool and Framework for Older Aboriginal Peoples
Authors: Smith Kate , Gilchrist Lianne , Taylor Kevin , Clinch Christine , Logiudice Dina , Edgill Paula , Ratcliffe Julie , Flicker Leon , Douglas Harry , Bradley Kate , Bessarab Dawn
Published: December 2019

Background and Objectives

The lack of appropriate quality of life (QoL) measures is a major barrier to planning and delivering health and aged care services for older Indigenous peoples worldwide. QoL is dependent on cultural values and priorities may vary between age groups. This project aims to develop a QoL tool for older Aboriginal Australians.

Research Design and Methods

The study was completed with Aboriginal Australians aged over 45 years living in Perth and Melbourne, Australia. Participatory Action Research methods were applied with an Indigenous research paradigm. Semistructured interviews were undertaken to identify the factors important to having a good life. Factors were further explored in yarning groups with older Aboriginal peoples to develop the draft QoL tool questions. Face validity of the tool was completed in two regions.

Results

The participants preferred the term “a good life” to QoL. Having a good spirit is at the core of having a good life. The protective factors for a good life were family and friends, health, culture, Elder role, respect, Country, spirituality, services and supports, community, future plans, safety and security, and basic needs.

Discussion and Implications

Twelve factors were identified and developed into key questions for the Good Spirit, Good Life tool. The draft tool will undergo quantitative validity testing, prior to embedding in service provision to inform care for older Aboriginal peoples. With local adaptation, the tool, accompanying framework, and participatory methods for development may have wider applicability to other Indigenous populations worldwide.
Differential Expression of Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products in Mice Susceptible or Resistant to Chronic Colitis
Authors: Bramhall Michael , Rich Kevin , Chakraborty Ajanta , Logunova Larisa , Han Namshik , Wilson James , McLaughlin John , Brass Andy , Cruickshank Sheena M
Published: December 2019

Background

Identifying the factors that contribute to chronicity in inflamed colitic tissue is not trivial. However, in mouse models of colitis, we can investigate at preclinical timepoints. We sought to validate murine Trichuris muris infection as a model for identification of factors that promote development of chronic colitis.

Methods

We compared preclinical changes in mice with a resolving immune response to T. muris (resistant) vs mice that fail to expel the worms and develop chronic colitis (susceptible). Findings were then validated in healthy controls and patients with suspected or confirmed IBD.

Results

The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) was highly dysregulated between resistant and susceptible mice before the onset of any pathological signs. Increased soluble RAGE (sRAGE) in the serum and feces of resistant mice correlated with reduced colitis scores. Mouse model findings were validated in a preliminary clinical study: fecal sRAGE was differentially expressed in patients with active IBD compared with IBD in remission, patients with IBD excluded, or healthy controls.

Conclusions

Preclinical changes in mouse models can identify early pathways in the development of chronic inflammation that human studies cannot. We identified the decoy receptor sRAGE as a potential mechanism for protection against chronic inflammation in colitis in mice and humans. We propose that the RAGE pathway is clinically relevant in the onset of chronic colitis and that further study of sRAGE in IBD may provide a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target.
The policy space for a novel industrial policy in Europe
Authors: Pianta Mario , Lucchese Matteo , Nascia Leopoldo
Published: December 2019

This article examines the main actions in the field of industrial, investment and innovation policy currently carried out at the European level, focusing on the changes in Europe’s manufacturing production since the 2008 crisis. Current actions by the EU in this field are assessed—including funding programs, fiscal rules, competition policy, the Juncker Plan-InvestEU initiative and the activities of European Investment Bank. The present and potential space for such initiatives is examined in the light of the growing debate on the need for a return to a greater role for public policies in favoring sustainable growth and support investment. In view of the debate on the new EU budget 2021–2017, the scope for a more active industrial policy is discussed.
Requiem for Risk: Non-knowledge and Domination in the Governance of Weapons Circulation
Authors: Stavrianakis Anna
Published: December 2019

Analyses of risk in international political sociology and critical security studies have unpicked its operation as a preventive and preemptive political technology. This article examines the countercase of the governance of weapons circulation, in which risk has been mobilized as a permissive technology. Examining UK arms exports to Saudi Arabia and the war in Yemen, I demonstrate how risk assessment constitutes a regime of recklessness in which risk is made not to matter in three main ways: systematic not-knowing about international humanitarian law violations; claims of unintentional harm and practices of reputation management; and future-proofing the inherent temporality of risk. I argue that risk has served to facilitate arms exports despite the potential for harm: it has been mobilized as a mode of domination. This does not suggest a failure of risk as a governance strategy or a contradiction in its operation, however. Rather, it illustrates the generative character of risk as a regulatory technology in contexts marked by asymmetrical power dynamics. If the potential for domination is built into the operation of risk, we need a requiem for risk and a search for alternative grounds of repoliticization that can generate more adequate modes of regulation and accountability.
The Argument Against a Biosimilar Switch Policy for Infliximab in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Living in Alberta
Authors: Kaplan Gilaad G , Ma Christopher , Seow Cynthia H , Kroeker Karen I , Panaccione Remo
Published: December 2019

A nonmedical switch policy is currently being considered in Alberta, which would force patients on originator biologics to biosimilar alternatives with the hypothetical aim of reducing costs to the health care system. The evidence to support the safety of nonmedical switching in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is of low to very low quality; in fact, existing data suggest a potential risk of harm. In a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials, one patient would lose response to infliximab for every 11 patients undergoing nonmedical switching. Switching to a biosimilar has important logistical and ethical implications including potential forced treatment changes without appropriate patient consent and unfairly penalizing patients living in rural areas and those without private drug insurance. Even in the best-case scenario, assuming perfectly executed switching without logistical delays, we predict switching 2,000 patients with Remicade will lead to over 60 avoidable surgeries in Alberta. Furthermore, nonmedical switching has not been adequately studied in vulnerable populations such as children, pregnant women, and elderly patients. While the crux of the argument for nonmedical switching is cost savings, biosimilar switching may not be cost effective: Particularly when originator therapies are being offered at the same price as biosimilars. Canadian patients with IBD have been surveyed, and their response is clear: They are not in support of nonmedical switching. Policies that directly influence patient health need to consider patient perspectives. Solutions to improve cost efficiency in health care exist but open, transparent collaboration between all involved stakeholders is required.
Evaluation of hydrocarbon potential using fuzzy AHP-based grey relational analysis: a case study in the Laoshan Uplift, South Yellow Sea, China
Authors: Sheng Jie , Sun Jihong , Bai Yongliang , Liu Zhan , Wei Helong , Li Lianwei , Su Guohui , Wang Zhao
Published: December 2019

Effective evaluations of hydrocarbon potential contribute to delineating promising target areas for further exploration. Sparse available data and known hydrocarbon reservoirs in frontier areas present considerable challenges to the weighting of geological factors when evaluating hydrocarbon potential. This study proposes a hydrocarbon potential mapping method that employs grey relational analysis (GRA) based on a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (fuzzy AHP). GRA is a comprehensive evaluation method that represents the hydrocarbon favourability according to the proximity between evaluation targets and the ideal target based on multiple evaluation factors and weights among them. To overcome the uncertainty and vagueness in the weighting procedure, the fuzzy AHP technique relies on experts’ knowledge to define the relative importance of evaluation factors and exploits triangular fuzzy numbers to simulate experts’ judgements in pairwise comparisons. The fuzzy AHP-based GRA method was tested using an example in the Laoshan Uplift in the South Yellow Basin of China. This test application not only quantified the favourability of local traps but also revealed their spatial variations on favourability maps and indicated potential targets for further exploration. The results obtained by the fuzzy AHP-based GRA method were more reliable than that of entropy weight-based GRA and displayed a suitable consistency with known geological information, thus demonstrating that such a procedure could reveal the potential spatial features of hydrocarbon accumulations and support the evaluation of hydrocarbon potential in relatively unknown areas.
Model development and analysis of coal permeability based on the equivalent characteristics of dual-porosity structure
Authors: Guo Haijun , Wang Kai , Cheng Yuanping , Yuan Liang , Xu Chao
Published: December 2019

Mining is a dynamic fracture process of coal and/or rock. The structural failure of coal bodies will change the coal matrix-fracture characteristics and then affect the distribution characteristics of the coalbed methane (CBM). Because of the structural complexity of coal, the coal matrices and fractures will be assumed to the geometries with rule shapes when the gas seepage characteristics in coals are analyzed. The size of the simplified geometries is the equivalent scale of dual-porosity coal structures (i.e. the equivalent fracture width and equivalent matrix scale). In this paper, according to the reasonable assumptions with regarding to dual-porosity coal structures, a new coal permeability evolution model based on the equivalent characteristics of dual-porosity structure (ECDP model) was built and the effect of the equivalent characteristics of dual-porosity structure on the coal permeability evolution law was analyzed. It is observed that if the initial fracture porosity is constant and the equivalent matrix scale increases, the range in which the permeability of coal rises with rising gas pressure increases; if the equivalent fracture width decreases and the equivalent matrix scale is constant, the range in which the permeability of coal rises with rising gas pressure decreases. The ECDP model is more suitable for revealing the evolution law of the coal permeability when large deformations occur in the coal bodies and/or the coal structure is damaged irreversibly, especially during enhancing CBM recovery.
Development of a Novel Orthotopic Primary Human Chordoma Xenograft Model: A Relevant Support for Future Research on Chordoma
Authors: Salle Henri , Pocard Marc , Lehmann-Che Jacqueline , Bourthoumieu Sylvie , Labrousse François , Pimpie Cynthia , Lemnos Leslie , Guichard Jean-Pierre , Froelich Sebastien , Adle-Biassette Homa
Published: December 2019

Chordomas are slow-growing rare malignant neoplasms. The aim of this study was to establish a primary model of chordoma in the lumbosacral orthotopic area, to compare the growth rate to the subcutaneous site, and to show that this new graft site optimizes tumor growth and bony invasion. Eleven chordoma samples were transplanted subcutaneously in the flank and/or in contact with the lumbosacral region and grown into nude mice. Engraftment rate was significantly more successful in the lumbosacral environment compared with the flank at P0. Two xenografts from 2 patients showed bone invasion. One tumor was maintained through multiple rounds of serial transplantation, creating a model for study. Histological and immunostaining analysis confirmed that tumor grafts recapitulated the primary tumor from which they were derived, consisting of a myxoid chordoma expressing brachyury, cytokeratin AE1, EMA, and VEGF. Clear destruction of the bone by the tumor cells could be demonstrated. Molecular studies revealed PIK3CA and PTEN mutations involved in PI3K signaling pathway and most of the frequently reported chromosomal alterations. We present a novel orthotopic primary xenograft model of chordoma implanted for the first time in the lumbosacral area showing bone invasion, PIK3CA, and PTEN mutations that will facilitate preclinical studies.
Social Practices of Rule-Making for International Law in the Cyber Domain
Authors: Raymond Mark
Published: December 2019

In 2013, despite deteriorating relations between Russia and the United States and increased global contention over cybersecurity issues, participating states in the First Committee of the United Nations General Assembly agreed on a landmark report endorsing the applicability of existing international law to state military use of information technology. Given these conditions, the timing of this agreement was surprising. In this article I argue that state representatives engaged in a rule-governed social practice of applying old rules to new cases, and that the procedural rules governing this practice help to explain the existence, timing, and form of the agreement. They also help to explain further agreements expressed in a follow-on report issued in 2015. The findings of the case study presented here demonstrate that social practices of rule-making are simultaneously rule-governed and politically contested, and that outcomes of these processes have been shaped by specialized rules for making, interpreting, and applying rules. The effectiveness of procedural rules in shaping the outcome of a contentious, complex global security issue suggests that such rules are likely to matter even more in simpler cases dealing with less contentious issues.
The HeartMate II™ Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist System
Authors: Farrar David J.
Published: December 2019

The HeartMate II™ Left Ventricular Assist System has been implanted in more than 26,000 patients and is the most widely used and studied durable mechanical circulatory support device in patients with advanced heart failure. The device is intended for use as bridge to transplantation in candidates at risk of imminent death from non-reversible left ventricular (LV) failure and for destination therapy for use in patients with end-stage LV failure. This chapter describes each component of the system, the mechanisms of the pump itself, the physiology of blood flow under different pump speeds and pressure gradients, and ways to prevent pump thrombus. In addition, the functions and interface of the System Controller and System Monitor are detailed, including the settings displayed on the monitor and the type of alarms provided, as well as their appearance on the interface. The chapter closes with a discussion of how a ramped-speed study using echocardiography and hemodynamic assessment can identify the pump speed that provides the desired level of cardiac support for each patient.
The psychology of pain-related disability: Implications for intervention
Authors: Sullivan Michael J. L. , Donayre Pimentel Stephania , Paré Catherine
Published: December 2019

Research over the past two decades a pointed to a number of pain-related psychological variables and mental health conditions that impede recovery following musculoskeletal injury. This chapter briefly reviews evidence suggesting that pain-related psychological variables such as recovery expectancies, self-efficacy, pain catastrophizing, perceived injustice, and fear-avoidance beliefs, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) play a significant role as determinants of work-disability in individuals with musculoskeletal conditions. Although significant advances have been made with respect to the identification of psychological variables that contribute to prolonged work disability, what has lagged is the development of risk-targeted interventions to promote occupational reintegration. Although numerous clinical trials have shown statistically significant changes in pain-related psychological risk factors, the clinical significance of observed changes has been questioned. The development and evaluation of risk targeted interventions aimed at promoting occupational reintegration in work-disabled individuals will need to be a priority for future research in this area.
Palliative Care and End-of-Life Care
Authors: Bouleuc Carole , Langenaeken Christine
Published: December 2019

Abstract: Quality palliative care requires the integration of palliative care into standard oncological care, an educated workforce, and access to essential drugs. Referral criteria for specialist palliative care include time- and needs-based criteria. Prognostic scores have been constructed to assist in prognostic assessment but remain inaccurate in the individual patient. Patient–clinician communication is essential; guidelines for effective communication have been developed, and communication skills training and early exposure are important. Advanced care planning is of paramount importance for patients and families, since it can reduce aggressiveness of end-of-life care. Barriers to the development of palliative care need to be addressed; a resource-stratified practice guideline has been developed making recommendations for model of care, staffing requirements, roles, and training needs of members. Quality indicators have been developed as well, and these focus mainly on outcome indicators. The movement to legalize assisted dying has met with much controversy, yet this may also be an opportunity for communication, transparency, and accountability.