bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corrosion Resistance of Welds in 21%Cr Ferritic Stainless Steels – Is it Comparable to Type 304L?
Authors: Anttila Severi , Heikkinen Hannu Pekka
Published: July 2013

Corrosion resistance of gas-tungsten arc welds in two 21% chromium ferritic stainless steels was benchmarked against ferritic type 441 and austenitic type 304L stainless steels. Salt spray, pitting corrosion and ferric chloride tests were carried out for autogenous welds. Also, electron microscopy and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy examinations were made.The corrosion resistance in 21% chromium ferritic steel welds in chloride environments was seen comparable to those in type 304L, and an improvement was observed when compared to type 441 steel. However, the Mn-Cr-Ti-S sulfide domain may have an undesirable influence on end-grain pitting in ferric chloride test. Weld oxidation results in poor corrosion protection, and artificial mechanical cleaning alone is inadequate for restoring this, and hence pickling is advised.
Four Dimensional Description of the Stress-Strain Relationship of Sintered and Swaged Tungsten Powders
Authors: Lin Qiang , Peng Bo , Liu Zu Yan
Published: July 2013

The Stress-Strain Relationship of Materials can only be Obtained by Experimental Testing, and it is an Important Relationship Needed to Calculate the Plastic Deformation of the Materials. in this Paper, the Stress-Strain Relationships of Sintered Tungsten Powders and Swaged Tungsten Bars were Measured by Upsetting Tests on Gleeble1500, and the Relationships were Described in Four Dimensions by MatlabÔ which Displays the Relationships more Comprehensively and Clearly and Makes them Easy to be Understood and Compared with each other.
Theory of Constrained Cutting: Model of Chip Formation with a Developed Plastic-Deformation Zone
Authors: Proskokov A.V.
Published: July 2013

A Model of Chip Formation with a Single Conditional Shear Surface Cannot be Implemented in Determining the Stresses and Strains in the Blank and Chip neither Nor in Determining the Contact Stresses at the Working Sections of the Front and Read Cutter Surfaces. at the same Time, it has been Established Experimentally that the Cut Layer is Converted to Chip in a Plastic Zone of Complex Form. Numerous Attempts have been Made to Simulate this Zone by Constructing Slip-Line Fields. According to Plasticity Theory, Slip Lines Constitute Two Families of Mutually Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates, along which the Maximum Tangential Stress Acts. if the Kinematically Possible Slip-Line Field is Constructed, it is Possible to Calculate the Stress–strain State in the Chip-Formation Zone.
Achieving High Tensile Properties in a C-Mn-Si Structural Steel by Simulating Hot Rolling and Heat Treatment Schedules
Authors: Singh Balbir , Kumar V. , Ghosal S. , Jha B.K.
Published: July 2013

The C, Mn and Si impart high strength to steels through solid solution strengthening. On hardening and tempering, these elements further increase the strength substantially by exploiting hardenability potentials. With this point in view, a microalloyed C-Mn-Si steel was designed to have elements in the range of C:0.24-0.28, Mn:1.30-1.50, Si:1.30-1.50, Cr.0.10-0.20, Ni:0.20-0.40, Mo:0.15-0.25, P:0.015max, S:0.010max and H:2ppm max. Aiming at this range of chemistry, steel was made in an electric arc furnace, refined in VAD and continuous cast to 170mm x 1160 mm slabs. Prior to hot rolling of the slabs, hot deformation and dilatation studies were carried out in a Gleeble-3500C system for simulating hot rolling and heat treatment schedules. Employing the designed parameters, the slabs were hot rolled to 5 mm x 1135 mm x 4600 mm plates, which were subsequently hardened and tempered to obtain hardness levels >460 BHN, YS >1300 MPa, UTS >1500 MPa, elongation >8% and reduction in area >25% in the material. The plates contained >95% martensite in the microstructure and observed to have adequately smooth surfaces free from defects such as holes, roll marks, scabs and rolled-in scale, etc.
Keywords: Hardening, Tempering, Quenching, Simulation, Strategic Application
From big data to bedside decision-making: the case for AdverseEvents
Authors: Biondi Zoccai Giuseppe , Cavarretta Elena , Frati Giacomo
Published: July 2013

Evidence-based medicine has gained mainstream popularity, but it requires a delicate balance between clinical evidence, physician skills, patient preferences, and costs. Facing the individual patient, even a simple decision such as which antithrombotic agent should be prescribed becomes complex. There are several reasons for this conundrum, but one of the foremost is the limited external validity of pivotal randomized trials, with their extremely restrictive selection criteria. Post-marketing reporting of adverse events is a very useful and democratic means to appraise the risk-benefit profile, but to date such reports were not organized or available. The development of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) venue for such task, the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) has substantially improved data collection. However, analysis of this extensive relational database remains complex for most but few companies or agencies. AdverseEvents is a novel online platform enabling updated and user-friendly inquiry of FAERS. Given its ease of use, flexibility and comprehensiveness, it is likely going to improve decision making for healthcare authorities and practitioners, as well as patients. This is clearly testified by the precise and informative comparative analysis that can be performed with AdverseEvents on novel antithrombotic agents.
Repression of Factor VIII Inhibitor Development with Apoptotic Factor VIII-Expressing Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Sakurai Yoshihiko , Kasuda Shogo , Tatsumi Kohei , Takeda Tomohiro , Kato Junko , Kubo Atsushi , Shima Midori
Published: July 2013

Development of factor VIII (fVIII)-neutralizing antibodies, called inhibitors, is a challenging problem in the management of hemophilia A patients. We explored the possibility of pretreatment with apoptotic fVIII-expressing embryonic stem (ES) cells to prevent the development of fVIII inhibitors. Murine ES cells integrated with the human F8 gene were differentiated into embryoid bodies, dissociated to a single cell suspension, subjected to hypo-osmotic shock to induce apoptosis, and intraperitoneally injected into hemophilia A mice. Inhibitors were induced by periodic intraperitoneal injections of recombinant human fVIII (rhfVIII). In the groups in which intraperitoneal injections of rhfVIII began at 1–3 weeks after pretreatment, the titers of inhibitors were significantly lower after the third administration of rhfVIII compared with that in the control group in which apoptotic Ainv18 ES cells (without the human F8 gene) were used for pretreatment, and continued to show lower levels until the sixth administration of rhfVIII. These results suggest that pretreatment with apoptotic hfVIII-expressing ES cells might be promising for the prevention of fVIII inhibitor development in hemophilia A patients.
Population Approach in Ecotoxicology (Stress Ecology)
Authors: Flynn Máurea Nicoletti , Pereira William Roberto Luiz Silva
Published: July 2013

Several lines of evidence suggest that the effects of stressors on populations can be calculated accurately by population modeling. Using monitoring data of natural population, population models were applied and the possibility of establishing environmental diagnoses from strictly ecological concepts is discussed. A procedure is offered for the modeling of natural population data and the establishment of population endpoints.
Influence of flood risk characteristics on flood insurance demand: a comparison between Germany and the Netherlands
Authors: Seifert I. , Botzen W. J. W. , Kreibich H. , Aerts J. C. J. H.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The existence of sufficient demand for insurance coverage against infrequent losses is important for the adequate function of insurance markets for natural disaster risks. This study investigates how characteristics of flood risk influence household flood insurance demand based on household surveys undertaken in Germany and the Netherlands. Our analyses confirm the hypothesis that willingness to pay (WTP) for insurance against medium-probability medium-impact flood risk in Germany is higher than WTP for insurance against low-probability high-impact flood risk in the Netherlands. These differences in WTP can be related to differences in flood experience, individual risk perceptions, and the charity hazard. In both countries there is a need to stimulate flood insurance demand if a relevant role of private insurance in flood loss compensation is regarded as desirable, for example, by making flood insurance compulsory or by designing information campaigns.
One plausible reason for the change in ENSO characteristics in the 2000s
Authors: Stepanov V. N.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. It is well known that El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) causes floods, droughts and the collapse of fisheries, therefore forecasting of ENSO is an important task in climate researches. Variations in the equatorial warm water volume of the tropical Pacific and wind variability in the western equatorial Pacific has been considered to be a good ENSO predictor. However, in the 2000s, the interrelationship between these two characteristics and ENSO onsets became weak. This article attempts to find some plausible explanation for this. The results presented here demonstrate a possible link between the variability of atmospheric conditions over the Southern Ocean and their impact on the ocean circulation leading to the amplifying/triggering of ENSO events. It is shown that the variability of the atmospheric conditions upstream of Drake Passage can strongly influence ENSO events. The interrelationship between ENSO and variability in the equatorial warm water volume of the equatorial Pacific, together with wind variability in the western equatorial Pacific has recently weakened. It can be explained by the fact that the process occurred in the Southern Ocean recently became a major contributor amplifying ENSO events (in comparison with the processes of interaction between the atmosphere and the ocean in the tropics of the Pacific). Likely it is due to a warmer ocean state observed from the end of the 1990s that led to smaller atmospheric variability in the tropics and insignificant their changes in the Southern Ocean.
Updated cloud physics improve the modelled near surface climate of Antarctica of a regional atmospheric climate model
Authors: van Wessem J. M. , Reijmer C. H. , Lenaerts J. T. M. , van de Berg W. J. , van den Broeke M. R. , van Meijgaard E.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The physics package of the polar version of the regional atmospheric climate model RACMO2 has been updated from RACMO2.1 to RACMO2.3. The update constitutes, amongst others, the inclusion of a parameterization for cloud ice super-saturation, an improved turbulent and radiative flux scheme and a changed cloud scheme. In this study the effects of these changes on the modelled near-surface climate of Antarctica are presented. Significant biases remain, but overall RACMO2.3 better represents the near-surface climate in terms of the modelled surface energy balance, based on a comparison with > 750 months of data from nine automatic weather stations located in East Antarctica. Especially the representation of the sensible heat flux and net longwave radiative flux has improved with a decrease in biases of up to 40 %. These improvements are mainly caused by the inclusion of ice super-saturation, which has led to more moisture being transported onto the continent, resulting in more and optically thicker clouds and more downward longwave radiation. As a result, modelled surface temperatures have increased and the bias, when compared to 10 m snow temperatures from 64 ice core observations, has decreased from −2.3 K to −1.3 K. The weaker surface temperature inversion consequently improves the representation of the sensible heat flux, whereas wind speed remains unchanged.
Morphologic and Functional Vessels Characteristics Assessed by Ultrasonography for Prediction of Radiocephalic Fistula Maturation
Authors: Jemcov Tamara K.
Published: July 2013

Purpose

Although native radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula (RCAVF) is the best vascular access for hemodialysis (HD), a major obstacle to increase its use is high frequency of fistulas that fail to mature. The aim of this study was to investigate and define cut-off values of morphologic and functional vessel parameters influencing successful RCAVF maturation using ultrasound.

Methods

A prospective, observational study was performed on 122 patients (66 men) who underwent primary RCAVF creation. Internal diameters of cephalic vein (CVd) and radial artery (ARd), venous distensibility (VD), resistance index (RI) and endothelial function by flow mediated dilatation (FMD) were determined by ultrasound examination before AVF placement. AVF maturation was observed by measuring blood flow (Qa) and CVd 0, 14 and 28 days after creation. Depending on the time when AVFs attained maturity (Qa ≥500 mL/min, CVd ≥5 mm), patients were divided into three groups: (i) successful maturation (after four weeks), (ii) prolonged maturation (within eight weeks) and (iii) failure to mature.

Results

Only 11% of patients failed to achieve a mature RCAVF. Successful AVF maturation occurred in 53% of patients and prolonged maturation in 36% of patients. ROC analysis defined the limits of variables relevant for RCAVF success (CVd >1.8 mm, ARd >1.6 mm, VD >0.4 mm). Female sex was associated with prolonged maturation (OR 0.35, 95% CI=0.17-0.72; P=0.005) having a significantly smaller ARd (1.83 vs. 2.01 mm, P=0.01) but better FMD (2981.5 vs. 2689.5, P=0.02) compared to men.

Conclusions

ARd ≤1.6 mm, CVd ≤1.8 mm and VD ≤0.4 mm are exact cut-off points, which best predict nonmaturation of RCAVF. Women need extended time for adequately matured AVF.
Self-Biased-SMA Drive PU Microgripper with Force Sensing in Visual Servo
Authors: Chang Ren-Jung , Shiu Chih-Cheng , Cheng Chih-Yi
Published: July 2013

An innovative design of a polyurethane microgripper system with force sensor is developed for the measurement of gripping force in vision-based control. A microgripper mechanism integrated with a force sensing arm is fabricated by an excimer laser. The microgripper is actuated by a self-biased-SMA (Shape Memory Alloy) actuator. A computer-vision method through the ERES (Extended Regional Edge Statistics) algorithm is employed to track the motion of gripper. The position information of the gripping point together with the deflection of the force sensing arm is utilized for sensing force. A fuzzy expert with a PI controller in a visual servo is employed to test the performance of sensing the gripping force in grasping of 38μm diameter metal rod. In the performance test, the microgripper system provides a maximum gripping size of 40μm, a maximum force resolution of 1μN and a maximum gripping force of 58μN.
Efeito tamanho nos fundos de investimento brasileiros
Authors: Milani Bruno , Ceretta Paulo Sérgio
Published: July 2013

DOI: 10.5902/198346593607 The mutual fund industry plays an important role in picking up and allocating resources in Brazil. This market has grown considerably since country’s economic opening, both in number of funds and in equity under management.This article aims to investigate the impact of size and size variation of Brazilian mutual fund equities on its performanceandthe impact ofthe fund’s age. Panel data of daily frequency was used to analyze 162 Brazilian mutual funds with different benchmarks and management styles, concerning the 2001-2009 period. Several regressions were estimated, including variables that catch the equity and age evolution and dividing the sample in quartilesaccording the fund mean equity size. The conclusions show that Brazilian mutual funds  May be subject to size effect because, in general, funds with larger equity size present better performance. Age’s influence depends on the fund category.
The polyvalent scientist: the added value of management training
Authors: Theodosiou Maria , Amir-Aslani Arsia
Published: July 2013

The PhD is becoming more and more prevalent as a degree. However, PhD students are not adequately prepared for careers outside academia and most of them have trouble translating their skills to the job market. The biotech sector is a science-driven industry that is now mature and flourishing and requires business leaders that are technically trained. But technical skills are only a partial requirement, with in-depth industry education and knowledge being equally important. There is an inherent advantage to pursuing a PhD alongside education in management in the form of an advanced/professional masterâ€™s degree. This will allow PhDs to explore alternative careers outside academia.Â Â
A Role for Virtual Biotechnology Companies in Drug Discovery and Development?
Authors: Nicol Dianne , Liddicoat Johnathon , Critchley Christine
Published: July 2013

The orthodox business model of many drug discovery and development companies centres on adding value to early-stage discoveries prior to engaging with large pharmaceutical companies to bring products to market. Anecdotal observations suggest some companies are moving to a â€˜virtualâ€™ business model - instead of employing in-house scientists, a skeletal management team runs the company and out-sources all research and development. This article presents a novel method to determine whether companies are virtual, based on author bylines in peer-reviewed journal articles. Applying this method to Australian companies in this sector, the size of the cohort identified as virtual was much larger than anticipated, around 52%. The accuracy of this method has been verified statistically using interview data. This article discusses the value and limitations of this method, positing that it can be used to analyse industry and policy implications that may result from widespread adoption of the virtual model
The life sciences industry and the changing IP landscape
Authors: Williams Gareth
Published: July 2013

This article looks at the findings of Marks & Clerkâ€™s 2013 Life Sciences Report, launched in April 2013. Of interest to both R&D/IP experts and professionals in strategic positions within biotechnology companies, it explores many of the issues facing the biotechnology industry and is informed by an industry survey of over 330 international life sciences professionals. Topics explored include the financial climate, growing markets in Asia, IP reforms in the US and Europe, biosimilars and personalised medicine.
Tank management 101
Authors: Henderson Erika N.
Published: July 2013

Having a comprehensive, reliable water‐tank management program in place will save money and headaches in the future, and ensure delivery of quality water to the community.
Recent Advances in the Management of Hereditary Angioedema
Authors: Hemperly Stephen E. , Agarwal Niti Sardana , Xu Ying-Yang , Zhi Yu-Xiang , Craig Timothy J.
Published: July 2013

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic condition that manifests as painful and potentially life-threatening episodic attacks of cutaneous and submucosal swelling. It results from functional deficiency of C1 inhibitor (C1 INH), which is a regulator of the complement, fibrinolytic, kinin (contact), and coagulation systems. In patients with HAE, the low plasma concentration of functional C1 INH leads to overactivation of the kinin cascade and local release of bradykinin. Bradykinin is responsible for the pain, vascular permeability changes, and edema associated with HAE. Until recently, therapeutic options for HAE have been very limited. Many new therapies have emerged, however, such as C1 INH replacement drugs and medications aimed at components of the contact system (eg, plasma kallikrein inhibitor and bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist). The authors review current and novel treatments for patients with HAE.
Graphene‐Based Materials for Hydrogen Generation from Light‐Driven Water Splitting
Authors: Xie Guancai , Zhang Kai , Guo Beidou , Liu Qian , Fang Liang , Gong Jian Ru
Published: July 2013

Hydrogen production from solar water splitting has been considered as an ultimate solution to the energy and environmental issues. Over the past few years, graphene has made great contribution to improving the light‐driven hydrogen generation performance. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the recent research progress on graphene‐based materials for hydrogen evolution from light‐driven water splitting. It begins with a brief introduction of the current status and basic principles of hydrogen generation from solar water splitting, and tailoring properties of graphene for application in this area. Then, the roles of graphene in hydrogen generation reaction, including an electron acceptor and transporter, a cocatalyst, a photocatalyst, and a photosensitizer, are elaborated respectively. After that, the comparison between graphene and other carbon materials in solar water splitting is made. Last, this review is concluded with remarks on some challenges and perspectives in this emerging field.
Preparation and properties of novel hybrid resins based on acetylene‐functional benzoxazine and polyvinylsilazane
Authors: Li Guangzhu , Luo Zhenhua , Han Weijian , Luo Yongming , Xu Caihong , Zhao Tong
Published: July 2013

A serial of addition‐curable hybrid resins for resin matrix of advanced composites are prepared by thermal prepolymerization between acetylene‐functional benzoxazine(BZ) and polyvinylsilazane(PSN) with various weight ratios. Processing capability of BZ‐PSN resin is investigated by measuring viscosity. Cure behavior is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectra. Thermal property of cured BZ‐PSN resin is investigated by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). BZ‐PSN resin shows a low viscosity of 40–180 mPa·s between 60 and 90°C, and maintains the low viscosity for 6 h, indicating that the resin is suitable for resin transfer molding (RTM) process to fabricate composites. DSC results show that BZ‐PSN resin can be cured completely at about 250°C without adding any other curing additives. FT‐IR shows the reaction between BZ and PSN take place. TGA shows that thermal stability of cured BZ‐PSN resin is increased with the content of polyvinylsilazane increasing both in nitrogen and in air. DMA shows cured hybrid resins have excellent thermal properties. The excellent processability and thermal properties suggest that BZ‐PSN resin is a promising candidate for resin matrix of advanced composites. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3794–3799, 2013
Germinal Center Kinase–like Kinase Overexpression in T Cells as a Novel Biomarker in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Chen Yi‐Ming , Chuang Huai‐Chia , Lin Wen‐Chun , Tsai Ching‐Yi , Wu Chia‐Wei , Gong Ning‐Rong , Hung Wei‐Ting , Lan Tsuo‐Hung , Lan Joung‐Liang , Tan Tse‐Hua , Chen Der‐Yuan
Published: July 2013

Objective

Germinal center kinase–like kinase (GLK; also called MAPKKKK‐3) activates protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ) during T cell activation and controls autoimmunity in lupus patients. Intracellular kinases are involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We undertook this study to determine the role of GLK in RA.

Methods

The severity of collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) was studied in GLK‐deficient mice. Expression levels of GLK from RA patients were determined by Western blotting, flow cytometry, real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemical staining. Localization of GLK in T cells was identified by confocal microscopy. RA disease activity was assessed using the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints.

Results

GLK‐deficient mice displayed impaired CIA development and decreased inflammatory cytokine levels. Local T cell infiltration and collagen restimulation responses were impaired by GLK deficiency. RA patients showed significantly higher GLK protein and messenger RNA levels in peripheral blood T cells than did healthy controls. GLK‐overexpressing T cells in synovial fluid and synovial tissue samples from RA patients were increased compared with those from osteoarthritis patients. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry showed that GLK colocalized and coexisted with phosphorylated PKCθ in T cells from RA patients. Frequencies of GLK‐expressing T cells were significantly correlated with RA disease activity.

Conclusion

GLK overexpression in T cells contributes to the pathogenesis of RA, indicating that GLK is a novel biomarker for autoimmune disease severity and a potential therapeutic target for RA.
Verformungen von Stahl‐ und Spannbetonträgern mit großen Stegöffnungen
Authors: Dreßen Tobias , Claßen Martin
Published: July 2013

Zur erfolgreichen Umsetzung nachhaltiger Gebäudekonzepte in der Praxis bedarf es innovativer Deckenlösungen, die durch hohe Flexibilität und Anpassungsfähigkeit beliebige Nutzungsänderungen ohne nennenswerte Eingriffe in das Tragwerk ermöglichen. Diese Flexibilität wird durch große Spannweiten und eine anpassungsfähige Leitungsführung der Gebäudetechnik erreicht. Zur Reduzierung der Deckenhöhe und des Ressourcenverbrauchs existieren Bestrebungen, die Gebäudetechnik vollständig in die Konstruktionshöhe der Decke zu integrieren. Dies erfordert die Anordnung von Öffnungen in den Stegen der aufgelösten Tragstruktur.

Für schlanke Tragelemente mit großen Spannweiten unter Biegebeanspruchung ist die Begrenzung der Verformungen häufig maßgebend für die Bemessung. Dabei ist neben zeitabhängigen Effekten insbesondere der Einfluss von Stegöffnungen auf die Verformungen zu berücksichtigen.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden bestehende Modelle zur Bestimmung der Zusatzverformungen infolge von Stegöffnungen in Stahl‐ und Spannbetonträgern analysiert und ein für eine Handrechnung geeigneter Ansatz für Spannbetonträger hergeleitet. Ein Vergleich mit Versuchsergebnissen bestätigt die trendfreie Erfassung der wesentlichen Einflussgrößen auf die Zusatzverformungen des entwickelten Modells.

Deformation of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams with large webopenings

The success of sustainable building concepts in practice strongly depends on the development of innovative floor slab solutions which feature high flexibility and adaptability and allow for easy changes of utilization. This flexibility is achieved by large spans and adaptive routing of building services. To reduce the construction height and the resource demand, there are efforts to fully integrate the building services into the construction height of the floor slab. This necessitates the arrangement of openings in the filigree structural elements.

For slender structural elements under bending loads with large spans the deflection control is decisive for design. Beside time depending effects the influence of large web openings on the deflections has to be taken into account. In this paper, existing models for the determination of the additional deflections due to large web openings in reinforced and prestressed concrete beams are analyzed and a simple approach for prestressed girders which is suitable for hand calculations is developed. A comparison with experimental results confirms the trend‐free detection of the significant factors influencing the additional deformations of the developed model.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Durchstanzen von Einzelfundamenten mit baupraktischen Abmessungen
Authors: Siburg Carsten , Hegger Josef
Published: July 2013

Zur Beurteilung des Durchstanztragverhaltens von Einzelfundamenten mit baupraktischen Abmessungen wurden 13 Durchstanzversuche an Platten mit einer gleichmäßigen Sohlpressung durchgeführt. Das Versuchsprogramm an den quadratischen Fundamentplatten mit und ohne Durchstanzbewehrung umfasst Fundamentbreiten von b = 1,20 bis 2,70 m und Plattendicken zwischen h = 0,45 und 0,65 m bei Schubschlankheiten zwischen aλ/d = 1,25 und 2,00.

Neben den gemessenen Stahldehnungen der Biegezug‐ und der Bügelbewehrung werden die Dickenmessungen und Sägeschnitte herangezogen, um das innere Riss‐ und Tragverhalten zu beurteilen. Zusammen mit den bereits am Institut für Massivbau durchgeführten Durchstanzversuchen an Einzelfundamenten erlauben die neuen Versuche eine Beschreibung der Einflüsse aus dem Maßstabseffekt der Plattendicke, der Betondruckfestigkeit, dem Längsbewehrungsgrad und einer Durchstanzbewehrung.

Experimental Investigations on Punching Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Footings with realistic dimensions

To evaluate the punching shear behaviour of footings with realistic dimensions, punching tests on 13 uniformly loaded specimens were conducted. The dimensions of the footings were between 1.20 m and 2.70 m in square and the thickness of the footing varying between 0.45 m and 0.65 m, resulting in a shear slenderness aλ/d between approximately 1.25 and 2.00.

In all tests, the steel strains of the flexural reinforcement and the stirrups were monitored. To examine internal cracking and failure characteristic, the increase of the slab thickness was measured during testing and together with the saw cuts evaluated. The aim of the present test program in combination with former tests conducted at RWTH University is to study the main parameters, which affect the punching shear strength of footings such as size effect of the effective depth, concrete compression strength, flexural reinforcement ratio, and punching shear reinforcement.
Validation of a new HPLC‐UV method for determination of the antibiotic linezolid in human plasma and in bronchoalveolar lavage
Authors: Fortuna Serena , De Pascale Gennaro , Ragazzoni Enzo , Antonelli Massimo , Navarra Pierluigi
Published: July 2013

A rapid and selective HPLC‐UV method was developed for the quantification of linezolid (LNZ) in human plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at the concentrations associated with therapy. Plasma samples were extracted by solid‐phase extraction followed by evaporation to dryness and reconstitution in mobile phase solution. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a C18 column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of dihydrogen phosphate buffer 50 mm (pH 3.5) and acetonitrile (60:40 v/v). The detection was performed using a photodiode array. Under these conditions, a single chromatographic run could be completed within 12 min. The method was validated by estimating the precision and the accuracy for inter‐ and intra‐day analysis in the concentration range of 25–25600 ng/mL. The method was linear over the investigated range with all the correlation coefficients R > 0.999. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision was within 8.90% and the accuracy ranged from −4.76 to +5.20%. This rapid and sensitive method was fully validated and could be applied to pharmacokinetic study for the determination of LNZ levels in human plasma and BAL samples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient chromatographic separation of intact proteins derivatized with a fluorogenic reagent for proteomics analysis
Authors: Ichibangase Tomoko , Yazawa Itaru , Imai Kazuhiro
Published: July 2013

To achieve more efficient separation of intact proteins for proteomics applications, three columns of differing diameters (4.0, 4.6 and 6.0 mm internal diameter) were chosen for comparison and investigated to identify optimal conditions. The column with the largest diameter gave the largest peak capacity, showing the efficient separation of intact proteins, such as two protein standards, glutathione S‐transferase and β‐lactoglobulin. On the other hand, a low‐molecular‐weight compound was separated effectively on the smaller diameter column, demonstrating that the separation mechanism seems to differ between high‐ and low‐molecular‐weight compounds. Finally, using the 6.0 mm i.d. column, 680 protein peaks were observed in mouse liver extracts, demonstrating that a wider diameter separation column is effective for intact protein separations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The advances of electromigration techniques applied for alkaloid analysis
Authors: Dziomba Szymon , Belka Mariusz , Kowalski Piotr , Plenis Alina , Bączek Tomasz
Published: July 2013

Alkaloids are natural products of metabolism found mainly in plants. Their diversified pharmacological activities as medical agents and extensive occurrence in nutritional products demand the development of reliable and sensitive analytical tools. This review presents the developments in the field of electromigration techniques and specifically capillary and microchip electrophoresis. We include the main aspects of interest to researches over the past 12 years. The scope of this review covers detection, on‐ and off‐line preconcentration techniques, chiral separation and developments in the field of microchip electrophoresis. Their applications in alkaloid determination, capillary electrochromatography and inter‐molecular interactions are also examined. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization and quantification of 10‐hydroxycamptothecine in Camptotheca acuminate and its medicinal preparation by liquid chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Chen Qinhua , Pan Guangmin , Xiong Lin , He Hongsheng , Yang Hangdong
Published: July 2013

A rapid and sensitive method for the identification and quantification of 10‐hydroxycamptothecine (HCPT) in Camptotheca acuminata Decne is described. The HCPT standard solution was directly infused into the ion trap mass spectrometers (IT/MS) for collecting the MSn spectra. The electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectral fragmentation pathway of HCPT was proposed and the ESI‐MSn fragmentation behavior of HCPT was deduced in detail. The major fragment ions of HCPT were confirmed by MSn in both negative ion and positive ion mode. The possible main cleavage pathway of fragment ions was studied. Quantification of HCPT was assigned in negative‐ion mode at a product ion at m/z 363 → 319 by LC‐MS. The LC‐MS method was validated for linearity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision, and then used to determine the content of the HCPT. Lastly, the LC‐MS method was successfully applied to determine HCPT in real samples of Camptotheca acuminate Decne and its medicinal preparation in the first time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revising the Corporate Social Performance Model – Towards Knowledge Creation for Sustainable Development
Authors: Siltaoja Marjo Elisa
Published: July 2013

The objective of this paper is to offer a revision of the corporate social performance (CSP) model. CSP exemplifies how corporate social responsibility translates into an organization's practice by focusing on three key features of performance: principles, processes and outcomes. However, the development of the model has not kept pace with the literature on social and environmental responsibility. This study builds on an argument that if corporate social responsibility in general – in which CSP plays an important role – is to respond to the challenges of sustainable development, the CSP of businesses could be more profoundly planned in order to design knowledge outcomes that contribute to meeting those challenges. The paper thus answers the recent call for the development of a CSP model by revising some of the key elements in the existing model and also by adding a knowledge creation dimension. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
The Effect of Family Ownership on Different Dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence from Large US Firms
Authors: Block Joern H. , Wagner Marcus
Published: July 2013

Previous research has shown that family firms differ from non‐family firms with regard to aggregate measures of corporate social responsibility (CSR). We argue that CSR is a multidimensional concept that comprises several aspects, which range from employee relations to ecological concerns and product issues. Based on an organizational and family identity perspective, we argue that the effect of family ownership can differ across various CSR dimensions. Family firms can be responsible and irresponsible regarding CSR at the same time. We use a dataset of large US firms to test our hypotheses. Our Bayesian regressions show that family ownership is negatively associated with community‐related CSR performance and positively associated with diversity‐, employee‐, environment‐ and product‐related aspects of CSR. The largest positive effect of family ownership on CSR performance exists with regard to product‐related aspects of CSR. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Inhibition of MMP14 potentiates the therapeutic effect of temozolomide and radiation in gliomas
Authors: Ulasov Ilya , Thaci Bart , Sarvaiya Purvaba , Yi Ruiyang , Guo Donna , Auffinger Brenda , Pytel Peter , Zhang Lingjiao , Kim Chung Kwon , Borovjagin Anton , Dey Mahua , Han Yu , Baryshnikov Anatoly Y. , Lesniak Maciej S.
Published: July 2013

Metalloproteinases are membrane‐bound proteins that play a role in the cellular responses to antiglioma therapy. Previously, it has been shown that treatment of glioma cells with temozolomide (TMZ) and radiation (XRT) induces the expression of metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14). To investigate the role of MMP14 in gliomagenesis, we used several chemical inhibitors which affect MMP14 expression. Of all the inhibitors tested, we found that Marimastat not only inhibits the expression of MMP14 in U87 and U251 glioma cells, but also induces cell cycle arrest. To determine the relationship between MMP14 inhibition and alteration of the cell cycle, we used an RNAi technique. Genetic knockdown of MMP14 in U87 and U251 glioma cells induced G2/M arrest and decreased proliferation. Mechanistically, we show that TMZ and XRT regulated expression of MMP14 in clinical samples and in vitro models through downregulation of microRNA374. In vivo genetic knockdown of MMP14 significantly decreased tumor growth of glioma xenografts and improved survival of glioma‐bearing mice. Moreover, the combination of MMP14 silencing with TMZ and XRT significantly improved the survival of glioma‐bearing mice compared to a single modality treatment group. Therefore, we show that the inhibition of MMP14 sensitizes tumor cells to TMZ and XRT and could be used as a future strategy for antiglioma therapy.
Ethical Considerations involved in Seeking the Views of Young People and their Parents on Medical Reports received following a Child Protection Medical Examination
Authors: Higgs Sarah , Finlay Fiona
Published: July 2013

Key Practitioner Messages

Copying correspondence and reports to parents is one approach to the principle of professionals working in partnership with parents.

There is currently little research on what constitutes good practice in copying correspondence and reports to parents of maltreated children; a poor response rate limited the ability of this project to contribute to this.

The difficulties encountered in obtaining ethical approval for this study have implications for other researchers in the child protection field.
Significant Efficiency Enhancement of Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaics Using Solution‐Processable Interfacial Bilayers
Authors: Zhong Ze , Liu Jian , Xie Zhi Yuan , Wang Zhi Yuan
Published: July 2013

A solution‐processable interfacial bilayer is found to be able to significantly increase a short‐circuit current and thus the overall performance of bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic cells. The interfacial bilayer is comprised of surface‐modified single‐layer graphene oxide and a donor polymer. The use of the interfacial bilayer can minimize exciton quenching and inverse current and does not alter the energy level of photovoltaic devices, which is also applicable to other organic optoelectronic diode devices.
Simultaneous Direct Voltammetric Determination of Metal‐Oxide Nanoparticles from Their Mixture (CuO/NiO)
Authors: Teo Wei Zhe , Pumera Martin
Published: July 2013

Metallic oxide nanoparticles are increasingly being incorporated into consumer products, posing health hazards and damage to the ecology when they are released into the environment. In view of this situation, the development of highly sensitive and facile methods for the detection and quantification of harmful metallic oxide nanoparticles present in a sample is necessary. In addition, it is important to be able to detect nanoparticles from their mixtures. Hence, in this preliminary work, the electrochemical behaviors of copper oxide/nickel oxide nanoparticle mixtures (CuO–NiO NP) in alkaline media have been studied to investigate the possibility of simultaneously determining two nanoparticles in a complex system. It was discovered that this technique could quantify the amount of copper oxide and nickel oxide nanoparticles in the range of 0.5–2.0 μg if the mass ratio of the copper oxide and nickel oxide nanoparticles in the mixture is one. However, if the ratio deviates from one, quantification becomes unreliable. More studies need to be carried out to investigate the reasons behind this phenomenon to allow for indiscriminant application of this technique in the future.
Mechanistic Study of the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Alcohols by TEMPO and NHPI
Authors: Rafiee Mohammad , Karimi Babak , Alizadeh Saber
Published: July 2013

Kinetic studies and optimization are of interest as essential steps in the field of catalysis. We performed a complementary study of the electrocatalytic performances of (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yl)oxyl (TEMPO) and N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) towards alcohol oxidation by using voltammetry as a versatile and informative technique. Both organocatalysts exhibited a good and well‐defined electrocatalytic activity in aqueous solution. Investigations of the efficacy of the reaction conditions revealed that the catalytic performance is greatly affected by the pH of the solution—and that there is a fundamental difference in reactivity between these apparently similar systems. TEMPO is an efficient catalyst in mild basic carbonate buffer, whereas NHPI acts efficiently in diluted acetic acid solution. Moreover, the effects of the alcohol type and the substituents were evaluated for a complete series of alcohols, and new kinetic data were obtained by means of voltammetric analyses and digital simulations of the cyclic voltammograms. Preparative electrocatalytic conversions of some alcohols were also examined under optimum conditions, and the results were encouraging.
Electrochemically Driven Cup‐and‐Ball CuI and CuII Complexes
Authors: Menard Nicolas , Hériot Yohann , Le Mest Yves , Reinaud Olivia , Le Poul Nicolas , Colasson Benoît
Published: July 2013

The conformation of copper “funnel” complexes that contains a coordinating appended arm can be electrochemically switched between endo, which corresponds to the self‐coordination of the arm through the cavity, and exo positions. This process, which is reminiscent of a cup‐and‐ball device, is activated by an exogenous ligand for complexes that contain a hydroxy‐terminated arm. The exchange is electrochemically triggered and is operated in either CuI or CuII redox states, depending on the exogenous ligand, that is, CO or n‐butylamine, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid State Structure of Bi(N3)3, Bi(N3)3·Solvates and the Structural Dynamics in the [Bi(N3)6]3‐ Anion.
Authors: Rosenstengel Kati , Schulz Axel , Villinger Alexander
Published: July 2013

Highly explosive Bi(N3)3 is obtained by the reaction of BiF3 with Me3SiN3 in MeCN under solvothermal conditions at 90—100 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Semiconducting [(Bi4Te4Br2) (Al2Cl6‐xBrx)]Cl2 and [Bi2Se2Br](AlCl4): Cationic Chalcogenide Frameworks from Lewis Acidic Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Biswas Kanishka , Chung In , Song Jung‐Hwan , Malliakas Christos D. , Freeman Arthur J. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: July 2013

The new semiconducting halide‐chalcogenide [(Bi4Te4Br2) (Al2Cl5.46Br0.54)]Cl2 (I) is synthesized by reacting Bi, Te, and excess AlCl3 in [emim]Br (closed glass vial, 165 °C, 5 d; 74% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Double‐Asymmetric Hydrogenation Strategy for the Reduction of 1,1‐Diaryl Olefins Applied to an Improved Synthesis of CuIPhEt, a C2‐Symmetric N‐Heterocyclic Carbenoid.
Authors: Spahn Elizabeth , Albright Abigail , Shevlin Michael , Pauli Larissa , Pfaltz Andreas , Gawley Robert E.
Published: July 2013

This publication consists of optimization studies for the double‐asymmetric hydrogenation of compound (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfenate Substitution as a Complement and Alternative to Sulfoxidation in the Diastereoselective Preparation of Chiral β‐Substituted β‐Amino Sulfoxides.
Authors: Soederman Stefan C. , Schwan Adrian L.
Published: July 2013

Coupling of arene‐, alkene‐, and alkanesulfenate anions with chiral β‐amino iodides is found to provide a useful method to prepare optically active β‐amino sulfoxides.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Direct Cyanation of C(sp3)—H Bonds.
Authors: Hoshikawa Tamaki , Yoshioka Shun , Kamijo Shin , Inoue Masayuki
Published: July 2013

The functionalization of aliphatic C—H bonds is achieved by direct photolytic cyanation with TosCN.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyst‐Controlled Site‐Selective Allenylation of Ketones and Aldehydes with Propargyl Boronates.
Authors: Fandrick Keith R. , et al. et al.
Published: July 2013

The substitution pattern both on the copper‐catalyst ligand and on the propargyl boronate are crucial for the site selectivity of the reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient α‐Chlorination of 2‐[(1‐Oxocyclohex‐2‐en‐2‐yl)methyl]‐1,3‐dicarbonyl Compounds Using Sodium Hypochlorite.
Authors: Mhasni Olfa , Rezgui Farhat
Published: July 2013

A mild, convenient, and cheap method for the regioselective chlorination of various dicarbonyl compounds (I) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Cyclopropyl Halides.
Authors: Grupe Sabine , Jacobi von Wangelin Axel
Published: July 2013

A simple protocol for the mono‐dehalogenation of various dihalocyclopropanes using tert‐butylmagnesium chloride in combination with Fe(acac)3 is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: PEG‐Supported Recyclable Catalyst for Enantioselective Ethylations.
Authors: Zeng Xiaofeng , Malik Debasis , Chen Ryan , Lee‐Ruff Edward
Published: July 2013

Full recovery of the catalyst can be achieved by addition of diethyl ether.
ChemInform Abstract: Conversion of Phenols into Aryl tert‐Butyl Ethers under Mitsunobu Conditions Utilizing Neighboring Group Contribution.
Authors: Wolfgardt Annette , Bracher Franz
Published: July 2013

N‐Boc‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)piperidine (I) acts as tert‐butyl source for the conversion of phenols into corresponding tert‐butyl ethers (III) under neutral Mitsunobu conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly (Z)‐Selective Synthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated Nitriles Using the Horner—Wadsworth—Emmons Reaction.
Authors: Ando Kaori , Okumura Miho , Nagaya Shigeo
Published: July 2013

The novel reagent (I) renders possible the conversion of aldehydes into the desired α,β‐unsaturated nitriles.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Free Intramolecular Formal Carbon Insertion into σ‐C—C Bonds: A New Approach Toward Phenanthrols and Naphthols.
Authors: Xia Ying , Qu Peiyuan , Liu Zhenxing , Ge Rui , Xiao Qing , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: July 2013

The novel methodology allows the conversion of biphenyl carbaldehydes and related heterocyclic compounds into hydroxy‐substituted polycyclic aromatic products.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of α,β‐Epoxy Esters via One‐Pot Organocatalytic Epoxidation and Oxidative Esterification.
Authors: Xuan Yi‐ning , Lin Han‐Sen , Yan Ming
Published: July 2013

A series of α,β‐epoxy esters (III) is readily prepared by an epoxidation reaction of cinnamaldehydes (I) in the presence of a proline‐derived catalyst followed by oxidative esterification of intermediate α,β‐epoxy aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzofuran and Indole Synthesis via Cu(I)‐Catalyzed Coupling of N‐Tosylhydrazone and o‐Hydroxy or o‐Amino Phenylacetylene.
Authors: Xiao Tiebo , Dong Xichang , Zhou Lei
Published: July 2013

Title compounds (III), (V), and (VII) are prepared via a CuBr‐catalyzed coupling‐allenylation‐cyclization sequence under ligand‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: An Aquatic Pseudo‐Four‐Component Reaction for the Synthesis of Highly Substituted Thiophenes.
Authors: Zali‐Boeini Hassan , Ghani Maryam
Published: July 2013

A general method is achieved by condensation of bromoacetophenones in the presence of Na2S to generate diketo sulfide intermediates.