bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimizing the Impact Resistance of Matrix-free Spectra®Fiber-reinforced Composites
Authors: Xu Tao , Farris Richard J.
Published: June 2005

It has been discovered that Spectra® fiber can shift its peak melting temperature upward by almost 10 if it is maintained at constant length. Based on this, a novel processing method called high-temperature, high-pressure sintering has been developed in which Spectra® cloth is consolidated using heat and pressure to make a matrix-free fiber-reinforced composite. Because of the outstanding properties of the Spectra® fiber, the resulting product is a high modulus, high strength, and high-impact resistant ‘one-polymer composite.’ The three key processing parameters are temperature, time, and pressure. The high temperature is in the vicinity of the fiber’s normal melting point so as to induce adequate, but not excessive melting, which allows for the fusion of the cloths on recrystallization. Time is important in the sense of facilitating heat transfer and promoting interfiber and interlayer adhesion while conserving the fiber’s high crystallinity and orientation. The high pressure exerted laterally on the cloths is required to constrain them and prevent shrinkage, as well as eliminate the voids and consolidate the materials. The very long relaxation time and the rubbery nature of ‘melted ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene’ retard the loss of orientation, and thus make this process possible. The influence of these parameters on the structure and properties of the consolidated structures are studied. Specifically, the crystallinity changes for specimens processed under different conditions are measured by DSC; the molecular orientation changes for specimens processed under different conditions are studied by WAXD; and the impact properties for specimens processed under different conditions are measured by instrumented puncture impact tests. The established process-structure-property relationship is used as a guideline to fine-tune and optimize the processing conditions in order to achieve the best possible impact properties.
HMG and the War against Dissent, 1914-18
Authors: Millman Brock
Published: June 2005

Total war is not simply a clash of forces but a content of societies. Defeat is almost never solely the consequence of events at the front, but develops from a complex of failures. In the case of the first world war social dislocation not only followed but preceded defeat. Understanding how dissent was moderated is of crucial importance to an understanding of why the first world war ended as it did. This article considers how dissent was combated in the first world war in general and particularly in Britain.
The Trial of László Bárdossy. The Second World War and Factional Politics in Contemporary Hungary
Authors: Benziger Karl P.
Published: June 2005

On New Year’s Day 2000, the Crown of St Steven, the symbol most central to the founding legends of the Hungarian kingdom c.1000 AD, was moved from the National Museum of Hungary to the parliament at the behest of the centre-right coalition government of Victor Orbán, prime minister of Hungary 1998-2002. Proponents of the crown’s move looked back to the medieval kingdom and its former glory as a major power on the European continent as a source of national inspiration. Those opposed to the crown’s move worried that the political symbolism of the crown would vivify memory of Hungary’s alliance with the Axis powers during the second world war and the accompanying history of repression and genocide.

The opposition’s fears seemed to be realized with the Hungarian Justice and Life Party’s (MIEP) decision to call for a re-examination of the trial of László Bárdossy, Hungary’s prime minister from 1941 to 1942. Bárdossy had been tried by the Hungarian People’s Court for war crimes and crimes against humanity in November 1945 and executed on 9 January 1946. Immediately after 1989 factional debates in Hungary tended to centre on each party’s association with neo-liberal ideology set in contrast to the various post-second world war regimes. Always in the background, however, were factional issues centred on collaboration with Hungary’s two second world war regimes.

What seems at first glance to be a matter of recidivist politics is actually a much more complicated matter; in fact, it lies at the heart of transition politics in Hungary. Histories of this period raise questions about the former prime minister’s role in the politics that led Hungary into the second world war and about the legitimacy of the war crimes trials that were held in Hungary following the armistice on 20 January 1945. This article investigates the various factional interpretations of Hungary’s role in the second world war under the regime of Miklós Horthy, using the trial of László Bárdossy as an exemplar and further, it examines its broader significance in the development of civil society in the twenty-first century.
‘Yours in Struggle for Majimbo’. Nationalism and the Party Politics of Decolonization in Kenya, 1955-64
Authors: Anderson David M.
Published: June 2005

Since the ending of colonial rule, the struggle for independence in Kenya has been seen as a triumph for the nationalist politics of the Kenya African National Union (KANU), the party that was victorious in the 1963 elections and held power until 2002. This article returns to the party politics of decolonization to reconsider the alternative vision of Kenya’s future then promoted by KANU’s rival party, the Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU). KADU supported majimboism (regionalism), a proposal for decentralization in which six or more provinces would each have equal status. In the heated politics of the early 1960s, majimboists were derided by KANU as tribalists. Under the de facto one-party state of Kenyatta’s KANU government, the majimboist cause was obscured by the nationalist project. This article returns to the forgotten history of majimboism to argue that the debates of the early 1960s remain relevant in contemporary Kenya. It outlines the politics of the majimbo debate of the 1960s to argue that regionalism was rooted in a colonial system of political mobilization. Those who supported majimboism were minorities, both African and European, fearing economic domination because of the underdevelopment of their regions, or political exclusion in a nation state dominated by more populous ethnic groups. The electoral politics of region and nation took shape within KADU and KANU respectively. The article goes on to analyse the importance of the Regional Boundaries Commission of 1962 in consolidating public support behind the two parties. The conclusion examines the revival of majimboism in the re-emergence of multi-party politics during the 1990s. Many of the constitutional claims made by KADU in the early 1960s are now again under consideration by the National Rainbow Coalition (NaRC) government, and majimboist ideas can be heard from KANU, now in opposition. Majimboism reflects a fundamental tension between region and nation that was not adequately addressed in the independence settlement. Its current revival highlights the limitations of the colonial model of government that Kenya retained. For that reason, regionalism may yet be a more enduring political project than was nationalism.
Cultures of Ageing in Thailand and Australia. (What Can an Ageing Body Do?)
Authors: Fox Nick J.
Published: June 2005

The ‘cultural turn’ in social gerontology addresses how ageing subjectivities emerge from social and cultural contexts. This article reports a phenomenological study of experiences of ageing in Thailand and Australia based on ethnography and interviews with older people in each setting. The data suggest that cultural contexts, issues of embodiment, dependency and institutionalization, and positive experiences of care are elements from which older people construct embodied subjectivities. The article is critical of approaches that suggest that reflexive modernization can explain the experience of ageing, and suggests that the cultural mediation of a disparate range of social relations can be understood by asking ‘what can an ageing body do?’
The Realities of Regulatory Change
Authors: MacKenzie Robert , Lucio Miguel Martínez
Published: June 2005

The article argues that any discussion of regulatory change should be sensitive to the manner in which regulation was originally constructed and developed. Any change can only be understood by a mapping of the complex interrelation of spaces, spheres and actors of regulation. The act of regulatory change requires shifts and re-alignments across a wide range of fronts. This is because regulation involves alliances and linkages across a range of spaces and actors, contingent upon the peculiarities and limits of different states and their respective civil societies. The manner in which regulatory change may be prosecuted also belies any notion of unproblematic transfer of responsibilities between actors.
Effect of Coating Thickness and Penetration on Shear Behavior of Coated Fabrics
Authors: Farboodmanesh S. , Chen J. , Mead J. L. , White K. D. , Yesilalan H. E. , Laoulache R. , Warner S. B.
Published: June 2005

Many applications have been developed by taking advantage of the combined properties of rubber and textiles. For example, the shear behavior of rubber-coated fabrics is governed by the interaction of its two components, which is dependent on the yarn mobility. In this paper, the effect of coating penetration and thickness on the shear behavior is studied, along with the development of a combined lubrication theory and flow through a porous media model for coating penetration. For the shear deformation of the fabrics, nine types of woven PET fabrics are made and dip-coated multiple times in neoprene latex, with and without a coagulant agent. The results show that with the increase of coating thickness and penetration, the shear behavior becomes more similar to cord/textile embedded in rubber. The results from the modeling section suggest that a model can be developed to link the process and the material parameters to the ensuing coated fabric structure and its mechanical response.
Emancipation, the media and modernity: some reflections on Garnham’s Kantian turn
Authors: Winston Brian
Published: June 2005

In Emancipation, the Media and Modernity, Nicholas Garnham argues for the continued viability of the Enlightenment project, suggesting that, despite attacks from the right and various postmodernists, ‘coercive inequality and avoidable ignorance’ still require an enlightened response. Discarding history is an especially fraught outcome of the turn away from Enlightenment values. Where history might inform, say, public debate and policy-making on and for the media, it is instead largely ignored. In consequence, the Enlightenment concept of free expression is now by no means seen as a crucial public good, the key human right. The history of the struggle for press freedom is forgotten. The basic principle of free speech is abridged and adjusted for non-print media as with current British communications regulatory structures. However, it can be argued that all of the received legitimations for media-specific content controls above the general law - from supposed spectrum scarcity through to the public right to know - are poorly grounded. Their undebated general acceptance dangerously undermines the concept of free expression. Yet, as Garnham reminds us, for Kant and his successors emancipation depended on enlightenment which in turn depended on publicity - the free exchange of ideas about the world and about social relations with fellow citizens in order to arrive at truth and a freely chosen and shared moral community.
Pacific camp: satire, silliness (and seriousness) on New Zealand television
Authors: Pearson Sarina
Published: June 2005

How camp has been defined, to whom it ‘belongs’, its politics and its pleasures have been the subject of vigorous debate since the 1960s. Although the bulk of discourse on camp has been associated with queer scholarship, camp is a useful framework for looking at Pacific Island popular culture in Aotearoa New Zealand. Not only are camp’s constituent elements of incongruity, theatricality, humor, irony and aestheticism found in Pacific Island broadcast imagery, but there are also broader arguments for the existence of an Antipodean camp within which Pacific Island variants of camp can be situated. While Pacific television comedy is ‘campy’ because it features drag and makes liberal references to popular cultural iconography, it also positions itself within a minority racial discourse of marginalization. This article explores how some performances of Pacific camp incorporate incisive political critiques about social, economic and cultural marginality within scenarios that have been dubbed ‘camp lite’.
Onto-theology and the incrimination of ontology in Levinas and Derrida
Authors: Papastephanou Marianna
Published: June 2005

My aim in this article is to analyse the incrimination of ontology and ontological manifestations in reason, articulated speech and social order and argue that such an incrimination, which is characteristic of traditional philosophy, can be explained as a phenomenon of onto-theology. Then I demonstrate that the ideas of Levinas - and to some degree the Derridean response to them - suffer from residues of onto-theology to the extent that they preserve and promote the assumption that ontology is essentially violent. I claim that the Levinasian priority of ethics over ontology and the Derridean treatment of the opposition ‘ethics vs ontology’ rest on an epochal understanding of being. Such an understanding arrests time and echoes old religious doctrines that traditional philosophy preserved in a secular form and handed down to contemporary philosophical thinking. By charging Levinasian and Derridean ideas with onto-theology, I unveil what I consider to be one of the last dogmas of Occidental thought, i.e. the assumption that self-interest and violence are somehow endemic in the human condition. I suggest that we overcome this assumption, if we truly wish to view the I-Thou relation Other-wise.
Towards a Discursive Parapsychology
Authors: Wooffitt Robin , Allistone Simon
Published: June 2005

In recent years there has been a change in attitudes among psychologists and social scientists towards ostensibly paranormal experiences in general, and parapsychological research in particular. Instead of seeking to endorse or debunk claims of paranormal experience, attention has shifted to the analysis of the broader psychological, social and cultural implications of reports of anomalous phenomena. This paper contributes to this trend by arguing for a discursive psychological study of interaction between experimenter and subject in parapsychology laboratory experiments. Parapsychological experiments rely on mundane interactional practices which invoke the relevance of, or make explicit reference to, psychological and parapsychological states. These laboratory interactions can be investigated by conversation-analytic-informed discursive psychology. Some preliminary observations on data from ganzfeld ESP experiments are offered to illustrate the range of empirical issues which may be explored. These concern the socially organized properties of reports of conscious imagery; the use of a psychological thesaurus as part of the experimenter’s work; and the management of affiliation in experimenter-subject interaction. These observations suggest that discursive psychological research can be undertaken despite the controversial status of evidence for extra-sensorimotor communication. The paper argues that the discursive psychological studies of interaction in parapsychological experiments can yield findings relevant to the concerns of both parapsychology and discursive psychology, and can contribute to methodological issues in the broader study of consciousness.
Effects of Heat Treatment Conditions on Fresh Taste and on Pectinmethylesterase Activity of Chilled Mandarin and Orange Juices
Authors: Sentandreu E. , Carbonell L. , Carbonell J. V. , Izquierdo L.
Published: June 2005

Juices from oranges, mandarins and hybrids were thermally treated in a plate exchanger at different conditions to evaluate the effects of treatment on fresh taste and on residual pectinmethylesterase (PME) activity. Freshness was significantly higher in fresh juices than in samples treated at 70°C or higher temperatures for 10 seconds of retention time, whereas no differences were found among samples heated at temperatures from 70 to 90°C for the same time, however at 95°C fresh taste decreased again. Residual PME activity was about 20% in samples treated at 70°C for 5, 10 and 20 seconds and in those heated at 80°C for 5 and 10 seconds, decreasing to 15%, also at 80°C, when retention time increased to 20 seconds. A drastic reduction to about 3% of residual activity was observed at 85°C for 10 seconds. Minimum activities of 0-1% corresponded to samples treated at 95°C. Considering the results of sensory and residual enzyme analyses, the treatment at 85°C for 10 seconds can be considered suitable. In these conditions fresh taste did not differ from that of juices treated at lower temperatures but residual enzyme activity was clearly smaller and acceptable for chilled juices, products of high quality but short shelf life. On the other hand, a deeper reduction of PME activity increasing the temperature to 95°C does not seem advisable since fresh taste decreases. Mandarin juices pasteurised at 85°C for 10 seconds and pasteurised again at the same conditions did not show a further decrease of fresh taste. Two heat treatments were usually applied when packing plants receive the juice from other factories.
Note: Effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure on Extraction of Flavonoids in Propolis
Authors: Shouqin Z. , Jun X. , Changzheng W.
Published: June 2005

The effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the extraction of flavonoids components (chrysin and galangin) of propolis was studied. The experimental results showed that HHP did not modify their molecular structure. The extraction yields of flavonoids compounds by HHP for 1min were even higher than those obtained with extraction at room temperature (ERT) for 7 days. These excellent results showed a bright prospect for extraction of flavonoids components from propolis.
Production of Protein-Coated Low-Fat Potato Chips
Authors: Aminlari M. , Ramezani R. , Khalili M. H.
Published: June 2005

The purpose of this study was to prepare protein-coated potato chips and evaluate type of proteins and storage time on the quality of final product. Potato slices were prepared, blanched, immersed in solutions of sodium caseinate, whey proteins concentrate (WPC), or egg white and deep-fried in a mixture of corn oil and commercial hydrogenated oil. Chips were packed and stored for different times. The results showed that sodium bisulphite in blanching solution improved binding of proteins to potato slices. Protein coating resulted in significantly lower oil uptake of potato chips. Coating potato chips with sodium caseinate, WPC and egg white proteins resulted in 14, 5 and 12% reduction in oil uptake, respectively. Water retention and protein content significantly increased in protein-coated chips. Peroxide values increased with storage time in all samples. Protein-coated chips had a decrease in peroxide value between 30 to 50%. Sensory evaluation of chips showed that at all storage time intervals, flavour of sodium caseinate-coated chips were more acceptable than non-coated, WPC or egg white protein-coated chips.
Refined Analysis of Torsion and In-plane Shear of Honeycomb Sandwich Structures
Authors: Qiao Pizhong , Xu X. Frank
Published: June 2005

Multiple-Pass Homogenization (MPH) technique is used to derive formulas for equivalent torsional and in-plane shear stiffness properties of sandwich plates with periodic core structures. In the first pass of the MPH, a discrete core structure is homogenized in a principal axis resulting in piecewise constant material properties, based on which the second pass can be analytically processed with respect to macroscopic torsion and in-plane shear modes. Two equivalent shear stiffness properties of periodic core structures, G* cxy and G* cxy, corresponding to torsion and in-plane shear, respectively, are conceptually and analytically distinguished from each other. By using the Saint-Venant’s semi-inverse method and periodic boundary conditions, analytical solutions of the equivalent shear stiffness are explicitly obtained in the form of Fourier series, which consist of a Voigt-type upper bound term and a correction term. Effects of thickness ratio and core transverse shear stiffness on the two equivalent shear stiffness properties are assessed and discussed. The approximation scheme proposed by this study improves modeling of sandwich structures as orthotropic plates, which is expected to be useful in the practical design and optimization of sandwich structures.
Strategies for Dealing with Conflicts in Value Positions between Home and School: Influences on Ethnic Minority Students’ Development of Motives and Identity
Authors: Hedegaard Mariane
Published: June 2005

A theoretical model is presented in which participation in the school community is viewed as a multifaceted activity. In this model, culture is conceptualized as traditions of practice and as a societal field. The school practice and the role of the family and their differences in value positions about school life are interpreted as a central factor for children’s involvement and participation in school practice and for the type of conflict they may face. The type of conflict and the individual’s strategy for dealing with it influence the children’s development of motives and identity. Discrepancies and conflicts between Turkish-Danish students’ motives and their parents’ value positions about school life are analysed to see how this influences young persons’ feelings of well-being and development of motives and competencies. The analyses draw on (a) interviews with Turkish-Danish youth about their school life, friends, subject matter learning, family and future plans, and (b) interviews with parents about their conception of their children’s school life and future.
Library Co-Operation in the Inter-War Period: Lessons from History
Authors: McNicol Sarah
Published: June 2005

Collaboration between public and academic libraries is currently high on the political agenda and has been the subject of a number of research and demonstration projects during recent years. However, this is not a new venture for the library domain. For example, there was considerable focus on the issue of library co-operation during the interwar period. Given the long history of collaboration between public, academic and other libraries, it is, perhaps, surprising that there are still many difficulties which have yet to be overcome. This may be because past experiences have not been effectively researched, learned from and built upon.
Microbubble production in an in vitro cardiopulmonary bypass circuit ventilated with Xenon
Authors: Casey Neil D , Chandler James , Gifford David , Falter Florian
Published: June 2005

Xenon, as an anaesthetic gas, has the potential to be used in an increasing range of applications. However, its use in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has not yet progressed from the rat model due to concerns that its relative insolubility may cause microbubble formation and/or expansion in the micro-vasculature of the patient. An in vitro CPB circuit was designed to create and measure gaseous microbubbles over a range of temperature gradients, pressure drop and gas tensions. We were able to demonstrate that our test circuit did not produce any significant microbubbles and that, under normal physiological blood pressures, a fixed gas bubble in connection with the circuit did not grow in the presence of Xe.
Use of a dynamic bubble trap in the arterial line reduces microbubbles during cardiopulmonary bypass and microembolic signals in the middle cerebral artery
Authors: Perthel Mathias , Kseibi Samer , Bendisch Andreas , Laas Joachim
Published: June 2005

Neurological complications remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality of patients following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Microemboli, as well as cerebral hypoperfusion, are the main postulated mechanisms. This study demonstrates that the insertion of a dynamic bubble trap (DBT) into the curcuit reduces microbubbles in the arterial line and microembolic signals (MES) in the middle cerebral arteries (MCAs).

We investigated 12 patients during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The DBT was inserted between the arterial filter and the arterial cannula. For detection of microemboli before and after the DBT, a special ultrasound Doppler device was used. MES were detected by transcranial Doppler monitoring in both MCAs of the patients. Microbubbles and MES were counted during bypass. These data were compared to 12 patients who were operated in a previous period without the use of a DBT. There were no significant differences in both groups with respect to gender, age, crossclamp and bypass time and number of anastomoses. In the group without a DBT in the circuit, a mean of 6311 microbubbles per operation could be observed distal to the arterial filter, corresponding to 282 MES. After inclusion of a DBT, we could register, in the second group, 8496 microemboli proximal and 2915 distal of the DBT, corresponding to 89 MES per operation. The reduction rate of microbubbles in the tubing was 65.7%, corresponding to a reduction in MES of about 86.2%. We conclude that the insertion of a DBT in the arterial line of CPB circuit protects the cerebrovascular system from microembolic events, as demonstrated by lower MES counts.
Computational fluid dynamics study of the effects of the re-entrant lip shape and toroidal radii of piston bowl on a high-speed direct-injection diesel engine's performance and emissions
Authors: Zhu Y , Zhao H , Ladommatos N
Published: June 2005

The piston bowl design is one of the most important factors that affect the air-fuel mixing and the subsequent combustion and pollutant formation processes in a direct-injection diesel engine. The bowl geometry and dimensions, such as the pip region, bowl lip area, and toroidal radius, are all known to have an effect on the in-cylinder mixing and combustion process. In order to understand better the effect of re-entrant geometry, three piston bowls with different toroidal radii and lip shapes were investigated using computational fluid dynamics engine modelling. KIVA3V with improved submodels was used to model the in-cylinder flows and combustion process, and it was validated on a high-speed direct-injection engine with a second-generation common-rail fuel injection system. The engine's performance, in-cylinder flow, and combustion, and emission characteristics were analysed at maximum power and maximum torque conditions and at part-load operating conditions. Three injector protrusions and injection timings were investigated at full-load and part-load conditions.
Dynamics and control of gearshifts on twin-clutch transmissions
Authors: Goetz M , Levesley M C , Crolla D A
Published: June 2005

Based on a detailed dynamic model of an automotive powertrain containing a twin-clutch transmission, an integrated powertrain control for gearshifts is developed. The operation of this controller is demonstrated on the basis of simulation results for upshifts, downshifts, and multiple gearshifts taking place within the same half of the transmission. The control algorithm makes use of closed-loop control of clutch slip for a smooth transfer of engine torque with the aim of reproducing the operation of a one-way clutch. Further elements are a closed-loop control of engine speed through a combination of a manipulation of engine controls and clutch pressure. In addition, it is demonstrated that the control of transmission output torque during gearshifts can add robustness to the control and provides a means to manipulate directly the gearshift character. Finally, the dynamic effects of gear preselection through conventional hydraulically actuated cone-type synchronizers on the overall shift quality are discussed.
Formation of the Dianion and the Dimer of 9,10-Distannaanthracene
Authors: Saito Masaichi , Henzan Natsumi , Yoshioka Michikazu
Published: June 2005

The reaction of 9,10-diiodo-9,10-dihydro-9,10-distannaanthracene with lithium naphthalenide (2.5 equiv.) or excess lithium gave the 9,10-distannaanthracene dimer or the 9,10-distannaanthracene dianion. The formation of the latter was evidenced by NMR spectral analysis and a trapping experiment.
Tetrathiafulvalene Derivatives Recognition of Copper with High Selectivity
Authors: Fu Yanyan , Li Hongxiang , Liu Caiming , Hu Wenping , Zhu Daoben
Published: June 2005

New sensors based on D–A type tetrathiafulvalene derivatives are reported. These sensors can detect Cu2+ with high selectivity in the presence of other metal ions, including Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ etc., which usually interfere the detection of Cu2+.
A Selective Synthesis of 3,6-Dihydro-7H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-7-ones
Authors: Zhao Jun-Feng , Xie Chang , Ding Ming-Wu , He Hong-Wu
Published: June 2005

The carbodiimides 2, obtained from aza-Wittig reactions of iminophosphorane 1 with aromatic isocyanates, reacted with primary amine RNH2 (R ≠ H, Me) to produce isolable guanidine intermediates 3, which were further treated with sodium ethoxide in a mixed solvent to give selectivly one of the regioisomer 4 via a base catalytic cyclization mechanism. However, another regioisomers 5 were obtained directly as RNH2 (R = H, Me) were used in the absence of sodium ethoxide, via a direct cyclization mechanism.
Molecular Aggregation Structure of Poly(fluoroalkyl acrylate) Thin Films Evaluated by Synchrotron-sourced Grazing-incidence X-ray Diffraction
Authors: Honda Koji , Yakabe Hirohiko , Koga Tomoyuki , Sasaki Sono , Sakata Osami , Otsuka Hideyuki , Takahara Atsushi
Published: June 2005

Molecular aggregation structure of poly(fluoroalkyl acrylate) [PFA-Cy, where y is the fluoromethylene number of the fluoroalkyl (Rf) groups] thin films was characterized by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD). In-plane diffractions corresponding to the hexagonal packing of the Rf groups were measured for PFA-Cy with y ≥ 8 in the surface and bulk regions. This result indicated that the Rf groups were oriented almost perpendicular to the film surface.
Reversible 1,2-Migration of Aryl Groups on Silyl Ligands: Formation and Properties of Silylenetungsten Complexes Stabilized by an External Base
Authors: Suzuki Eiji , Okazaki Masaaki , Tobita Hiromi
Published: June 2005

Irradiation of Cp*(CO)3WMe and HSiMe2Ar (Cp* = η5-C5Me5, Ar = Ph, pTol) in the presence of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) led to the formation of base-stabilized silylene complex Cp*(CO)2W(Ar)(=SiMe2·DMAP) (1). On gentle heating, 1 was converted to the corresponding silyl complex Cp*(CO)2(DMAP)WSiMe2Ar (2) through the 1,2-migration of the aryl ligand to the silylene silicon. Irradiation of 2 reproduced the silylene complex 1.
Adsorptive Removal of Bisphenol A by Calix[4]crown Derivatives: Significant Contribution of Hydrogen Bonding Interaction to the Control of Adsorption Behavior
Authors: Tsue Hirohito , Takimoto Tatsuya , Kikuchi Chieko , Yanase Haruna , Takahashi Hiroki , Amezawa Koji , Ishibashi Koichi , Tanaka Shunitz , Tamura Rui
Published: June 2005

Adsorptive removal of bisphenol A by finely powdered calix[4]crown derivatives has been investigated. Adsorption ability was strongly dependent on the molecular structures of the calix[4]crowns examined. Batch adsorption experiments and X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that the present adsorption behavior was controlled not only by hydrophobic interaction but also by hydrogen-bonding interaction on the solid surface.
Preparation and Characterization of Ca2+-free Methanol Dehydrogenase from Hyphomicrobium denitrificans A3151
Authors: Nojiri Masaki , Hira Daisuke , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Okajima Toshihide , Tanizawa Katsuyuki , Suzuki Shinnichiro
Published: June 2005

Ca2+-free Methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) has been prepared from Hyphomicrobium denitrificans A3151 and spectroscopically characterized. Ca2+-free MDH had full-oxidized pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ). Incubation of Ca2+-free MDH with Ca2+ ion led to reconstituted MDH containing full-reduced PQQ, which was tightly bound with Ca2+ ion and had the enzyme activity.
Highly Efficient Surface-enhanced Fluorescence on Ag Island Film of Large Pseudotabular Nanoparticles
Authors: Kawasaki Mitsuo , Mine Shuki
Published: June 2005

A highly reflective thick Ag island film, consisting of unique large pseudotabular nanoparticles, could be sputter-grown on mica. The film spin-coated with rhodamine B with a thin molecular spacer in between exhibited an unusually strong surface-enhanced fluorescence maximized at much shorter distance from the metallic surface than hitherto known.
Solvothermal Synthesis of Single-crystalline BaTiO3 Nanocubes in a Mixed Solution
Authors: Hou Bo , Li Zhijie , Xu Yao , Wu Dong , Sun Yuhan
Published: June 2005

The preparation of single-crystalline cubic perovskite BaTiO3 nanocubes with edge length of 40–90 nm via a solvothermal method without surfactant was reported, and the formation mechanism of the BaTiO3 nanocubes was discussed.
Subjectivity in the Opera Films of Jean-Pierre Ponnelle
Authors: CITRON MARCIA J.
Published: June 2005

A leading director of stage opera in the late 20th century, Jean-Pierre Ponnelle is also important as a director of opera film for television. Unlike full-length opera films that stress ideology (for example those of Losey, Rosi, or Syberberg), Ponnelle's opera films are striking in their emphasis on subjectivity. Examples from Ponnelle's most cinematic opera films—Madama Butterfly (1974), Le nozze di Figaro (1976), and Rigoletto (1982)—demonstrate key elements of his subjective emphasis: camera work that highlights the individual, including point-ofview technique, zoom shots, and low-angled shots; doubling, where mirrored or duplicated elements tell us more about a character; interior singing, where the viewer hears the soundtrack but sees no moving lips on screen; and manipulations of time, especially structural flashback, circularity, and quick flashes of past and future. Although Ponnelle's devices are cinematic, we see how his approach is more suited to television than to cinema. His emphasis on music and subjectivity would seem to preclude the term auteur, which usually describes a highly individual approach that minimizes handed-down elements. Yet the marriage of innovation and tradition witnessed in his work suggests that he may indeed be considered a major auteur of screen opera.
John Lennon, “Revolution,” and the Politics of Musical Reception
Authors: PLATOFF JOHN
Published: June 2005

The Beatles recorded two starkly different musical settings of John Lennon's controversial 1968 song “Revolution”: One was released as a single, the other appeared on the White Album (as “Revolution 1”). Lennon's lyrics express deep skepticism about political radicalism, and the single, with its lines “But when you talk about destruction/… you can count me out,” incited rage among critics and activists on the Left. Lennon appears less opposed to violent protest in “Revolution 1”—recorded first, though released later—where he sang “you can count me out—in.”

The reception of “Revolution” reflected a focus on the words and their apparent political meanings, largely ignoring the musical differences between the two recordings of the song. Moreover, the response to “Revolution” had much to do with public perceptions of the Beatles. Their rivals the Rolling Stones, seen as a more radical alternative voice, released the equally political “Street Fighting Man” at virtually the same moment in 1968. The much more favorable public reaction to the latter had at least as much to do with the way the bands themselves were perceived as with differences between the songs.
FDA Drug Approval Summary: Pemetrexed for Injection (Alimta®) for the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Cohen Martin H. , Johnson John R. , Wang Yong-Cheng , Sridhara Rajeshwari , Pazdur Richard
Published: June 2005

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Add pemetrexed to the chemotherapy armamentarium.Interpret the results of non-inferiority survival analyses.Define accelerated approval of new drugs for new indications.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

On August 19, 2004, pemetrexed for injection (Alimta®; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, http://www.lilly.com) received accelerated approval as monotherapy for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had received prior chemotherapy.

Approval was primarily based on a single, controlled, unblinded trial. Five hundred seventy-one protocol-eligible patients were randomized to receive either pemetrexed or docetaxel (Taxotere®; Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Bridgewater, NJ, http://www.aventispharmaus.com). The primary efficacy end point was overall survival. The median survival times were 8.3 months in the pemetrexed arm and 7.9 months in the docetaxel arm. Neither superiority nor noninferiority for overall survival could be demonstrated, the latter because a reliable and consistent survival effect of docetaxel could not be estimated and because of significant crossover of pemetrexed-treated patients to docetaxel after tumor progression. Comparable response rates, 9.1% for pemetrexed and 8.8% for docetaxel, times to progressive disease, and progression-free survival times supported the conclusion that an effect of pemetrexed on survival was reasonably likely, however.

In addition, pemetrexed was felt to have a more favorable safety profile than docetaxel. Of greatest importance, pemetrexed caused significantly less neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, neutropenic infections, and need for granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factors.
AIDS-Related Malignancies: Emerging Challenges in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Cheung Matthew C. , Pantanowitz Liron , Dezube Bruce J.
Published: June 2005

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of Kaposi's sarcoma, with a special emphasis on Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8, and outline treatment approaches.Discuss the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and treatment of AIDS-related lymphomas.Discuss the increasing incidence of non-AIDS-defining malignancies such as Hodgkin's lymphoma and plasma cell disorders in patients with HIV infection.Explain how, in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, both AIDS-related lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma patients may be treated with therapies previously reserved for their immunocompetent counterparts.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients are at increased risk of developing cancer, particularly in the later stages of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Despite the advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), malignancy in this population is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (ARL) are the most common AIDS-defining malignancies. AIDS-related KS varies from minimal to fulminant disease. Treatment decisions for AIDS-related KS are guided largely by the presence and extent of symptomatic disease. In addition to HAART, excellent treatments exist for both localized disease (topical gel, radiotherapy, and intralesional therapy) and advanced disease (liposomal anthracyclines, paclitaxel). Novel therapies that have become available to treat AIDS-related KS include angiogenesis inhibitors and antiviral agents. ARL comprises a heterogeneous group of malignancies. With the immune restoration afforded by HAART, standard-dose chemotherapies now can be safely administered to treat ARL with curative intent. The role of analogous treatments used in HIV-negative patients, including monoclonal antibodies and autologous stem cell transplantation, requires further clarification in HIV-positive patients. HIV-infected patients also appear to be at increased risk for developing certain non-AIDS-defining cancers, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Although the optimal treatment of these neoplasms is at present uncertain, recent advances in chemotherapy, antiretroviral drugs, and supportive care protocols are allowing for more aggressive management of many of the AIDS-related cancers. This article provides an up-to-date review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of various AIDS-related malignancies that are likely to be encountered by an oncologist practicing in the current HAART era.
Risk Models for Predicting Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia
Authors: Lyman Gary H. , Lyman Christopher H. , Agboola Olayemi ,   Anc Study Group
Published: June 2005

Neutropenia and its complications, including febrile neutropenia, are major dose-limiting toxicities of systemic cancer chemotherapy. A number of studies have attempted to identify risk factors for neutropenia and its consequences to develop predictive models capable of identifying patients at greater risk for such complications and to guide more effective and cost-effective applications of the colony-stimulating factors. A systematic review of the literature showed that age, performance status, nutritional status, chemotherapy dose intensity, and low baseline blood cell counts were associated with the risk of severe and febrile neutropenia or reduced chemotherapy dose intensity in multivariate analysis in two or more studies. Similarly, age, diagnosis of leukemia or lymphoma, high temperature or low blood pressure at admission, and i.v. site infection along with low blood cell counts and organ dysfunction were associated with serious medical complications of febrile neutropenia, including bacteremia and death. The available risk model studies, however, had several limitations, including retrospective analyses of small study populations lacking independent validation, frequent missing values, and differences in the predictive factors considered. To overcome the limitations of previous studies, efforts are under way to develop and validate risk models based on large prospective studies in representative populations of patients receiving systemic chemotherapy.
Dispersion in core–annular flow with a solid annulus
Authors: Fallon Marissa S. , Chauhan Anuj
Published: June 2005

The Taylor dispersion of a solute is studied in a core–annular geometry. The fluid flows only through the core, but the solute can diffuse into the solid annulus. The long time limit of the dispersion coefficient D* is derived by a regular expansion in the aspect ratio for two different scalings of the Biot number (Bi), which is the dimensionless interfacial mass‐transfer resistance. The results for the case of O(1) Bi match those obtained by Aris and a number of other researchers. In the case of O(ε) Bi, where ε is the aspect ratio, the average mass‐transfer equations for the core and the annulus are coupled and do not simplify to a simple convection–dispersion form. The average mass‐transfer equations are derived for two velocity profiles: Poiseuille flow and plug flow. The dispersion coefficient for the limiting case when both the core and the annulus are radially well mixed at all times is also determined for the case of O(1) Bi. For O(1) Bi, the dispersion of the solute arises as a result of molecular diffusion, interfacial mass‐transfer resistance, and convective flow, and the contribution from interfacial mass‐transfer resistance is independent of the velocity profile. This dispersion coefficient reduces to the classical result of fluid flow through a tube in the limit of vanishing annulus thickness and also for the case when the solute has zero solubility in the solid. The core–annular geometry mimics the Krogh cylinder, which is a model used for analyzing mass transfer from capillaries into surrounding tissue. The model predictions for the dispersion coefficients in different tissues agree reasonably with the experimentally reported values, and the agreement is the best for muscles, where the Krogh cylinder model is expected to most closely resemble the actual physiology. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of fluoxetine 20 mg capsules (Flutin and Prozac) in healthy human volunteers
Authors: Najib Naji M. , Idkaidek Nasir , Beshtawi Muntaser , Mohammed B. , Admour Isra' , Alam S. Mahmood , Dham Ruwayda , Qumaruzaman
Published: June 2005

A bioequivalence study of two oral formulations of 20 mg fluoxetine was carried out in 24 healthy volunteers following a single dose, two‐sequence, crossover randomized design at International Pharmaceutical Research Centre (IPRC), Amman, Jordan. The two formulations were Flutin capsules (Julphar, UAE) as test and Prozac capsules (Eli Lilly, UK) as reference product. Test and reference capsules were administered to each subject after an overnight fasting on two treatment days separated by a 28 day washout period. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 360 h. Plasma harvested from blood was analysed for fluoxetine by a sensitive, reproducible and accurate LC‐MS method. Various pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC0–t, AUC0–∝, Cmax, Tmax, T1/2, and λZ were determined from plasma concentrations for both formulations and found to be in good agreement with reported values. AUC0–t, AUC0–∝ and Cmax were tested for bioequivalence after log‐transformation of data. No significant difference was found based on ANOVA; 90% confidence interval (94.60%–106.41% for AUC0–t, 94.6%–108.14% for AUC0–∝; 91.88%–103.65% for Cmax) for test/reference ratio of these parameters were found within FDA acceptance range of 80%–125%. Based on these statistical inferences, it was concluded that Flutin is bioequivalent to Prozac and can be used interchangeably in medical practice. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maternal diet alters exencephaly frequency in SELH/Bc strain mouse embryos
Authors: Harris Muriel J. , Juriloff Diana M.
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND

The SELH/Bc mouse inbred strain, with a high frequency of nonsyndromic, genetically‐multifactorial exencephaly, is a model for human cranial neural tube defects (NTDs). Maternal diet affects risk of human NTDs.

METHODS

Exencephaly frequencies in SELH/Bc embryos were compared in 8 studies in which dams were fed alternative commercial Purina diets (5015 and 5001) or semisynthetic diets, and in several studies in which maternal diet was supplemented with a specific nutrient, either in drinking water or food before and during pregnancy, or by intraperitoneal injection on E7 and/or E8.

RESULTS

The exencephaly frequency in SELH/Bc embryos was 2‐ to 8‐fold higher when the dams were fed Purina 5015 (averaging 23% exencephaly) or a semisynthetic diet modeled on Purina 5015 (averaging 28%) or NIH‐31 standard diet (23%), compared with Purina 5001 (averaging 7%). The exencephaly frequency remained high (41%) on a semisynthetic diet modeled on Purina 5001. The exencephaly frequency was not reduced significantly by maternal supplementation with folic acid, nor with each of zinc, methionine, niacin, brewers' yeast, riboflavin, vitamin B12, or inositol. Nor was it reduced by maternal diets with supplemental methyl donors and cofactors or with reduced fat.

CONCLUSIONS

The frequency of exencephaly in SELH/Bc embryos is strongly influenced by a specific unidentified aspect of the commercial ration Purina 5001 that prevents 55–85% of exencephaly in SELH/Bc embryos, when directly compared with an alternative commercial ration Purina 5015 or its semisynthetic mimic. This strong maternal diet effect on NTD frequency may point to novel nutritional approaches to prevention of human NTDs. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.