bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability analysis of a closed underground hard rock metal mine using Finite Element Method
Authors: Praveena Das Jennifer , Porchelvan P.
Published: June 2022

Active deep hard rock metal mines with long mining history come with inherent problems of stability and mining induced issues. These hard rock mines once closed, still pose even greater environmental risks and stability concerns. The issues of post-mining impact on environment are usually undervalued and disregarded. It is very essential to give utmost importance to these mines by following standard mine closure methods and remediations using post-mining management plans for long-term monitoring and risk assessments associated with the mine for the safety of life and structures above. The area identified for the study is Kolar Gold Fields mine located in Karnataka, India. The mine was completely closed in 2000. The underground mine has been posing post-mining induced seismicity even today. Due to the complexity of the underground mine and the inaccessibility to the mine post closure, the Finite Element Method of approach has been used. The approach is developed to simulate a model similar to actual field conditions, subjecting them to the seismic loads, varying the parameters which play a significant role, assessing the entire Kolar Gold Fields mines for vulnerable zones subjected to post-mining induced effects and finally making it possible to evaluate the stability conditions of the deep hard rock underground metal mine. The simulations were carried out for the three cases with varying the peak ground acceleration (PGA) for a low PGA of 0.06g, for an intermediate PGA of 0.1g and high value of 0.2g. It can be inferred that as the acceleration is increased from 0.06g to 0.22g, there is a corresponding increase in ground acceleration observed at the ground surface for each case. The maximum acceleration for PGA of 0.06g is 0.071g, for PGA of 0.10g, it is 0.170g and for PGA of 0.22g it is 0.266g. The results were validated with the field observations (data of seismicity from installed seismic monitoring systems). The Finite Element Method of approach has aided in quick assessment of stability of the underground closed mine.
Pharmacognostical Studies and Anti-oxidant Activity of Tagetes erecta (Marigold) LINN Flower
Authors: Gupta Sushila , Chauhan Bhupendra , Kulshreshtha Mayank
Published: June 2022

Plants are the living gifts of nature. Drugs obtained from plants have very low side effects and are very popular worldwide. Tagetes erecta Linn locally known as Genda Phool (Marigold) belongs to the family Asteraceae. It is containing about 50 species of annual or perennial herbaceous plant. The plants have numerous pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antiepileptic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antidepressant, antifungal etc. It is used as wound healing, soothing and softening the skin and thus used in skin care products. Microscopic parameters (Tagetes erecta) showed the presence of calyx (dark green, ovate), corolla (Bright orange, oblanceolate), cortical portion and fibro vascular bundle and macroscopic parameters showed that the flower is of bright orange colour, aromatic odour and distinctly bitter taste. Total ash value, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble extract value, alcohol soluble extract value, loss on drying (moisture content) were found to be 4.91% w/w, 1.63% w/w, 0.2% w/w, 72% w/w, 16.7% w/w and 7.44% w/w respectively. Phytochemical analysis of different extract showed the presence of different primary and secondary metabolites like tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, alkaloids compound etc. The IC50 value was calculated.
Synthesis, molecular docking and in vitro cytotoxicity studies of 3,5-dimetyl arylazo pyrazole derivatives
Authors: Aggarwal Natasha N. , Gopika K.V. , Revanasiddappa B.C.
Published: June 2022

A new series of 3,5-dimethyl-arylazopyrazoles (3a-h) was synthesized by reacting various oxobutyrates (2) with 4-methoxy benzhydrazide (1) in glacial acetic acid medium. The oxobutyrates were prepared by diazotization of substituted anilines and subsequent condensation with acetyl acetone in the alcohol medium. The new compounds were elucidated on the basis of IR, 1H-NMR and mass spectral data and the compounds were screened for their in vitro cytotoxic activity using MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines. Some of the tested compounds showed weak to moderate cytotoxic effects.
Synthesis, Characterization and In Vitro Pharmacological Screening of 3, 4-Dihydropyrimidin-2-one Derivatives
Authors: Dey Biplab Kumar , Alam Faruk , Kemisetti Durgaprasad , Yakin Josef , Islam Mohidul
Published: June 2022

Reaction of ethyl-6-methyl–2-oxo-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 4- tetrahydropyrimidin-5-carboxylates (1) with hydrazine hydrate yielded 6-methyl-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 4- tetrahydropyrimidin-5-carbohydrazide (2). These products on reaction with cyanogen bromide gave 5- (5-amino 1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-6-methyl-4-phenyl- 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2 (1H)-ones (3). The resultant amino-oxadiazolylpyrimidinones were condensed with substituted aromatic aldehyde to obtain various 5-(5- {[-(4-substituted phenyl) methylidene]-amino}-1, 3, 4- oxadiazol-2-yl)-6-methyl-4-phenyl-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin- 2-one (4a-f). These products were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, mass spectra and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds (4a-f) were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against two gram positive and two gram negative bacteria along with two fungal species /yeast strains. All the synthesized compounds showed good antimicrobial activity. In addition, the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antioxidant properties. The results showed that the compounds 5-{5-[(4-chlorobenzylidene)-amino]-1, 3, 4- oxadiazol – 2 –yl } -6 – methyl – 4 - phenyl-3, 4 dihydropyrimidin -2 (1H) -one (4b) and 5-{5-[(4- hydroxybenzylidene)-amino]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl}-6- methyl-4-phenyl-3,4-dihydro pyrimidin- 2 (1H)-one (4d) revealed the highest antimicrobial and antioxidant activity throughout this work.
Simulation of Electrical Resistance of ZnO nanostructures using BG and SPC Models
Authors: Solanki Reena , Agrawal Seema
Published: June 2022

We theoretically interpreted the anomalous temperature-dependence of electrical resistivity (T) of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures. Resistivity in the metallic phase is investigated using the Bloch- Gruneisen [BG] model of resistivity, whereas the resistivity (T) in the semiconducting phase of ZnO nanostructures is investigated using the small polaron conduction (SPC) model. In the low temperature domain, T indicates the presence of the semiconducting phase; it reaches an absolute minimum at 180 K and grows linearly with temperature in the high temperature region. The Bloch-Gruneisen [BG] model of resistivity was used to determine the contributions to resistivity made by intrinsic acoustic phonons (ac) and optical phonons (op) characterized by high frequency. The theoretically calculated resistivity by taking into account both phonons i.e. ac and op, as well as the temperature independent resistivity is summed along with the electron-electron interaction e-e to get the overall resistivity of the material. The small polaron conduction (SPC) approach is used to study resistivity in the semiconducting phase at low temperatures below 180 degrees Celsius.
SnO2 embedded activated carbon nanocomposites: Anchoring adsorption behavior for removal of iron from water
Authors: Ahmaruzzaman Md.
Published: June 2022

Detection and removal of iron are of great interest to environmental chemists. Herein, activated carbon has been synthesized from saw dust. Tin oxide nanoparticles were loaded on activated carbon to prepare efficient nanoadsorbent for the removal of iron from water. The prepared adsorbent was investigated and characterized by various techniques, such as FTIR, SEM, XRD, EDX analysis. The removal of iron was monitored by considering various parameters like amount of adsorbent, contact time and concentration of iron. Kinetic studies showed best fitting of pseudo first order kinetics with rate constant 0.012 min-1. The adsorption process was analyzed by using Freundlich isotherm and Langmuir isotherm models.
LC–MS/MS assay method development and validation for the simultaneous quantification of Solifenacin and Mirabegron in human plasma
Authors: Reddy Penchala Vaka , Battula Sreenivasa Rao
Published: June 2022

The present study intended to develop a simple and novel Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry/ Mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of solifenacin and mirabegron, a combined medication used for the treatment of overactive bladder symptoms in human plasma. Tolterodine drug is used as an internal standard in the study. Both the analytes and internal standard were isolated from 100 μL plasma samples by liquid-liquid extraction and then chromatographed on Zorbax C18 (4.6 mm×50 mm, 5 μm) column with a mobile phase consisting of methanol and 5mM ammonium formate in the ratio of 25:75 (v/v) pumped at 0.3 mL/min. The method had a chromatographic total run time of 5 min. The developed method gave symmetric peak at a retention time of 2.50 min, 2.99 min and 1.18 min respectively for solifenacin, mirabegron and nifedipine satisfying all the peak properties as per USP guidelines. The mass spectral characterization of separated analytes in the LC method was performed using mass detector operated at Multiple Reaction Monitoring mode with precursor-toproduct ion transitions at m/z of 363 to m/z of 110 as MH+ ion for solifenacin, m/z of 397 to m/z of 239 as MH+ ion for mirabegron. A very sensitive limit of detection of 7.5 ng/mL was observed and showed calibration curve linear over the concentration range of LLOQ to 1000 ng/mL. The other validation parameters were found to have acceptable accuracy, precision, linearity and selectivity. The mean extraction concentration was acceptable and very high for both the analytes in HQC, MQC and LOQ levels. Various stability studies of solifenacin and mirabegron such as freeze-thaw, short term, long term, auto-sampler and dry extract stability proved that the method was stable. Based on the results, it can be proved that the method was accurate, precise and specific for the simultaneous analysis of solifenacin and mirabegron in human plasma.
Assessment of metal pollution in sediment components of a monsoon-dominated coastal water at Malacca Strait
Authors: Rahim Mohamad Arif Che Abd , Shi Xuefa , Liu Shengfa , Mohamed Che Abd Rahim
Published: June 2022

Fluctuation levels of geochemical elements, sediment texture and nutrients were analysed from five surface sediments taken from the northern Malacca Straits. These samples were obtained during the RV Discovery Scientific cruises in September 2017 and April 2018 to assess pollution sources during monsoon events. The results show a higher output of clay and silt revealing that the monsoonal season and cross-shelf inputs affect textural sediment. On the other hand, fluctuations in geochemical concentrations are due to industrialization and urbanization along the Malacca Straits contributed by the local drainage basin. The presence of the monsoon also affects the diffusivity and absorption at the watersediment interface leading to constant fluctuation along the straits. Principal component analysis of the association between geochemical elements sediment texture and nutrients revealed hydrological factors, mobility and accumulation at the sediment interface.
Advances and prospects of medicinal herbs and their natural bioactive components for effective control of diabetics
Authors: Dey Pinaki , Sowmya Ashok , Jain Atishya Mahesh , Sreenath Amritha , Saji Gladys Sara
Published: June 2022

Diabetes is considered one of the common and serious metabolic disorders throughout the world. As the incidence of diabetics, allied mortality is increasing rapidly and it has become a big threat to the global population. It is mainly identified as deficiency in insulin release by the pancreas and hence inability of the body to metabolize sugar. Such chronic hyperglycemia can lead to longer duration damage, abnormality and organs failure. Conventional expensive synthetic drugs failed to reduce the overall complications of this disease and also demonstrate several side effects. Such limitations necessitate the development of alternative therapies using antidiabetic agents originated from commonly available medicinal plants. Presently herbal medicines have received enough attention for the successful management of diabetics due to added advantages like better access, affordability and lower side effects. The present review provides enlightenment about the ability of herbal plants, mainly from Indian origin to regulate diabetics and their mechanisms involving bioactive compounds.
Development, Characterization and Analysis of Azelnidipine Co-Crystals
Authors: Patel Ekta C. , Patel Hemangi S. , Patel Mehul N. , Christian Jenee R. , Suhagia B.N.
Published: June 2022

Azelnidipine, an anti-hypertensive drug of dihydropyridine class, has low solubility and high permeability drug (class-2) and thus often shows dissolution rate-limited oral absorption and high variability in pharmacological effects. The purpose of study was to prepare co-crystals of AZL to enhance its solubility. Co-crystals were prepared by solvent evaporation method using different co-crystal formers. The prepared co-crystals were evaluated for solubility. The solid state property was characterized by microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was observed that the solubility of AZL co-crystals was significantly more than AZL. Co-crystal using succinic acid and saccharine gave maximum solubility. The microscopy, FTIR and DSC and studies of cocrystal confirmed the formation of co-crystals and indicated that new interactions were formed. In conclusion, co-crystals of AZL lead to the solubility enhancement and this can be further explored to study the impact of increased solubility on the bioavailability of AZL.
An extensible software platform for accelerating polymer discovery through informatics and artificial intelligence development
Authors: Park Nathaniel , Manica Matteo , Born Jannis , Zubarev Dmitry , Mill Nil , Hedrick James , Arrechea Pedro , Erdmann Tim
Published: June 2022

The inherent architectural complexity and stochasticity of polymeric materials combined with their myriad application domains present significant challenges for accurate data modeling and representation—hindering development of new artificial intelligence (AI) models and informatics needed to accelerate polymer research and discovery. To address these difficulties, we developed an extensible and re-composable data model for the organization of experimental data coupled with a flexible (hyper)graph representations of polymeric materials and supramolecular complexes. Implemented in a web application, these advances enabled the curation of more than 2600 experimental records across disparate experiment types, including small-molecule organic synthesis, polymer synthesis, supramolecular complex synthesis, and the assay of antimicrobial materials. The unified dataset enabled creation of chem- and polymer informatics and generative models for new ring-opening polymerization catalysts. These results demonstrate how an extensible data model and flexible polymer representation enable a customizable approach for unifying experimental materials data across multiple domains and provides a critical link to merge AI and automation in accelerated discovery workflows.
Calculation of mass transfer limitations of a gas-phase reaction in an isothermal fixed bed reactor: tutorial and sensitivity analysis
Authors: García-Sánchez Julieth , Valderrama-Zapata Rodrigo , Acevedo-Córdoba Luisa , Rincón-Ortiz Sergio , Baldovino-Medrano Víctor
Published: June 2022

The study of the reactivity of solid catalysts requires assessing chemical kinetics and mechanism in the absence of mass transport artifacts. These artifacts consist of the formation of concentration gradients either on the external or internal (inside nanopores) surface of the solid. Despite the existence of models and criteria for assessing the presence of mass transfer limitations during catalytic tests for gas-phase reactions in isothermal fixed bed reactors, the literature does not present straightforward protocols for performing the latter calculations. In this work, we present a systematic and complete protocol for the calculations above. The developed protocol serves as a tutorial for students and researchers. Particularly, the effectiveness factor for external and the Weisz-Prater number for the internal mass transfer limitations were developed. The oxidation of propane over mixed vanadium-aluminum (hydr)oxides was taken as a case study. Based on these protocols we perform a sensitivity study of the models for the following modifications: (i) the equation of state for modeling the thermodynamic properties of the gas phase, (ii) the particle size, (iii) the conversion of propane at two different temperatures and, (iv) the reactant used as a basis of the calculations; i.e., switching from propane to oxygen. Results showed that the model for calculating the effectiveness factor was poorly sensitive to all the above modifications. Meanwhile, the Weisz-Prater number was much more sensitive to the studied modifications, even reaching deviations up to ~200%.
Ricardo Palma: el poeta de Juvenilia
Authors: La Madrid Vivar Pablo Lenin
Published: June 2022

El objetivo del presente artículo es mostrar que el poemario Juvenilia constituye el inicio literario de Ricardo Palma y que el título es un neologismo creado por Palma. La poesía fue para Palma el impulso que necesitaba para producir su magnífica narrativa, reflejada en sus Tradiciones peruanas. Juvenilia, como testimonio poético de su juventud, aparece antes de sus demás producciones literarias. El romanticismo es la escuela en la que se sostiene, en consecuencia, el tono subjetivo de Juvenilia es una de sus características, como el uso de la métrica y del lenguaje poético que enriquecen la obra de Palma.
El proyecto de investigación y su relación con el descubrimiento científico
Authors: De la Lama Zubirán Paula , De la Lama Zubirán Marco A. , De la Lama García Alfredo E.
Published: June 2022

Este artículo explica el por qué los científicos deberían poseer un auténtico compromiso existencial con el problema a investigar para ahondar en sus secretos y resolverlos; también que la formulación de un proyecto investigación, eventualmente, permite generar un descubrimiento científico; que el proyecto para continuar deberá ser aprobado por un director de tesis para que sea aceptado en un posgrado, o a un colegiado si se requiere utilizar los recursos de la institución; y finalmente, permitirá apreciar cómo se vinculan entre sí las etapas de dicho proyecto y la importancia de resolver cada una satisfactoriamente.
Impact of lowered pH on the morphological, physiological, and microbial community composition of the temperate calcareous sponge, Grantia sp.
Authors:   , McCullough Alice
Published: June 2022

Global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations have been increasing at unprecedented rates since the industrial revolution. The ocean has been acting as a buffer, absorbing CO₂, resulting in rising sea temperature (ocean warming; OW) and lowering its pH (ocean acidification; OA). OA is known to cause reductions in the calcification rates of marine calcifiers, resulting in dissolution of calcium carbonate shells and skeletons. Sponges have important functional and structural roles in marine ecosystems and there is some evidence to suggest that sponges may be “winners” under future ocean climate conditions due to their high level of resilience to OA and OW and the increased availability of space as a result of reductions in more sensitive calcifying species. Although this may be the case for those sponges with skeletons made up of siliceous spicules, little is known about how calcareous sponges, with calcite spicules, may react to OA conditions. This thesis addresses a knowledge gap on how temperate calcareous sponges may respond to OA using Grantia sp. as a model species. A twenty-eight-day experiment with three control (pH 8.0) tanks and three OA (based on IPCC (RCP8.5); pH 7.6) tanks was used to measure changes in sponge size, spicule size, spicule deformation, respiration rate and microbial community structure. I found no signs of corrosion or significant change in area of sponges, however, there was a significant 25% reduction in the spicule size under the projected climate change OA “worst case scenario” conditions, a sign that sponge growth was impacted under stressful external pressure. How this reduction is spicule size will impact the sponge is still unknown. Respiration rates of sponges were not significantly different between the control or treatment sponges, and the microbiome of control and OA sponges did not significantly differ, but they did change significantly over time (T0 compared to T28 (final day of the experiment). The microbiome over time changed with increasing abundance of microbes known to have a role in nutrient cycling and assisting in marine host’s acclimation to new niches with varied environmental conditions. My results suggest that while the physiology of Grantia sp. is not significantly affected by low pH conditions consistent with those predicted for 2100 under worst case climate scenarios, spicules were impacted with treatment sponges having smaller spicules. The consequences and mechanisms resulting in smaller spicules need further investigation. Overall, this study provides evidence that like many demosponges, calcareous sponges may have some resilience to OA impacts.
Biokontrol Mikoriza Vesikular Arbuskular Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produktivitas Kacang Merah (Phaseolus vulgaris) Terinfeksi Hawar Daun
Authors: Novelia Adelin , Yuliani Yuliani
Published: June 2022

Kacang merah (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) merupakan sayuran yang banyak dikonsumsi namun mengalami fluktuasi produksi akibat serangan hawar daun (common bacteria blight). Pengendalian penyakit dengan bahan kimia menyebabkan dampak negatif sehingga diperlukan adanya alternatif menggunakan agen biologi yaitu mikoriza. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh mikoriza terhadap pertumbuhan dan produktivitas kacang merah terserang hawar daun. Penelitian eksperimental ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan satu perlakuan dan empat taraf konsentrasi mikoriza (0 gram, 5 gram, 10 gram, dan 15 gram). Tanaman kacang merah berumur 10 HST diinokulasi mikoriza dan diinfeksi 5 ml Xanthomonas campestris pada bagian tajuk. Parameter penelitian adalah pertumbuhan yang meliputi  tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, jumlah bunga, berat basah, panjang akar, dan produktivitas yang meliputi jumlah dan berat polong, jumlah bintil akar, serta intensitas dan laju perkembangan penyakit yang diamati hingga 60 HST. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif kuantitatif menggunakan Anova satu arah dilanjutkan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian mikoriza berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan dan produktivitas kacang merah. Inokulasi mikoriza 10 dan 15 gram memberikan hasil terbaik dan tidak berbeda nyata terhadap pertumbuhan dan produktivitas tanaman, dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya. Perlakuan 15 gram mikoriza juga mampu meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman kacang merah terhadap infeksi hawar daun.
Penanda Karakter Varitas Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) Berdasarkan Karakter Morfologi
Authors: Nashira Devia Putri , Wisanti Wisanti , Putri Eva Kristinawati
Published: June 2022

Abstrak. Rambutan merupakan buah eksotik yang banyak dibudidayakan di Indonesia. Rambutan mudah melakukan penyerbukan silang sehingga mengakibatkan tingginya kemungkinan munculnya varitas baru dan semakin sulit untuk dibedakan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif dengan tujuan untuk menentukan penanda karakter morfologi rambutan. Prosedur penelitian meliputi tahap eksplorasi dan koleksi, pengamatan dan pengukuran, serta analisis penanda karakter. Eksplorasi dan koleksi dilakukan di Kecamatan Cileungsi dan Desa Bojong Kulur, Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat. Sampel penelitian berupa ranting dengan daun dan buah dari tujuh varitas rambutan meliputi Sikoneng, Binjai, Aceh Lebak, Simacan, Sinyonya, Kerikil, dan Gula Batu. Bukti morfologi berupa 6 karakter kuantitatif dan 24 karakter kualitatif.  Sebanyak 30 karakter yang dianalisis dengan Principal Component Analysis untuk menentukan karakter penanda tujuh varitas rambutan.  Karakter penanda yang ditentukan digunakan sebagai kunci identifikasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa karakter yang dapat digunakan antara lain: permukaan tangkai daun, bentuk ujung lamina, banyak buah pertandan, bentuk buah, warna kulit buah, berat kulit buah, kerataan warna kulit buah, ketertarikan buah, kerapatan rambut buah, warna rambut buah, warna aril, tekstur aril, kandungan air aril, aroma aril, kelekatan aril dengan kulit ari biji, kelekatan kulit ari biji dengan biji dan bentuk biji.
Efektivitas Hydrilla verticillata dan Lemna minor sebagai Fitoremediator LAS pada Deterjen Limbah Domestik
Authors: Nur Rizma Nur Fatikasari , Purnomo Tarzan
Published: June 2022

Permasalahan lingkungan perairan yang marak terjadi adalah pencemaran limbah domestik akibat meningkatnya penggunaan deterjen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas Hydrilla verticillata dan Lemna minor sebagai fitoremediator penurunan kadar LAS deterjen limbah domestik dan mendeskripsikan pengaruh kadar LAS deterjen terhadap pertumbuhan Hydrilla verticillata dan Lemna minor. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan dua faktor perlakuan yaitu kadar LAS deterjen (0 mg/l, 5mg/l, 10 mg/l, dan 15 mg/l) dan jenis tumbuhan (Hydrilla verticillata, Lemna minor). Dalam penelitian dilakukan 3 kali pengulangan sehingga diperoleh 36 unit perlakuan. Parameter yang diukur meliputi kadar LAS deterjen air, kadar BOD, biomassa basah, pertumbuhan tumbuhan serta faktor lingkungan yaitu pH dan suhu air. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA two way dilanjutkan Uji Duncan taraf ketelitian 0,05. Data pendukung  pH dan suhu air dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh berbagai kadar LAS  deterjen dan jenis tumbuhan dalam penurunan kadar LAS deterjen. Penurunan kadar LAS deterjen tertinggi terjadi pada Lemna minor dengan kadar LAS deterjen 15 mg/l sebesar 97,48%. Kadar LAS deterjen dan jenis tumbuhan memengaruhi penurunan biomassa basah dan penurunan kadar BOD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Hydrilla verticillata dan Lemna minor efektif dalam menurunkan kadar LAS deterjen pada limbah domestik.
Pengaruh Fermentasi Acetobacter xylinum dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae terhadap Kualitas Nutrien dan Organoleptik pada Tepung Bit
Authors: Ramadhan Taufik , Isnawati Isnawati
Published: June 2022

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memaparkan pengaruh pemberian starter Acetobacter xylinum dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae terhadap kualitas nutrisi dan organoleptik pada tepung umbi bit (Beta vulgaris L.). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental. Digunakan 6 kali pengulangan percobaan yang disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Terdapat 3 perlakuan dalam penelitian ini, yakni pemberian starter A. xylinum (A), S. cerevisiae (S), dan tanpa difermentasikan  sebagai kontrol (K). Penelitian ini meliputi proses persiapan starter A. xylinum dengan didapat jumlah 108 sel/ml dan starter S. cerevisiae dengan jumlah 108 sel/ml, fermentasi umbi bit secara cair, proses penepungan, analisa nutrisi (kadar air, abu, protein, dan glukosa), serta analisa organoleptik meliputi warna, aroma, tekstur, dan rasa. Terhadap hasil penelitian ditunjukkan bahwa pemberian starter pada proses fermentasi umbi bit berpengaruh secara nyata terhadap kualitas nutrisi dan organoleptik tepung umbi bit. Perlakuan K didapat kadar air 15%, kadar abu 5,2%, kadar protein 5,85%, kadar glukosa 10,31%. Perlakuan S memiliki kadar air 9,67%, kadar abu 11,28%, kadar protein 1,04%, serta kadar glukosa 2,05%. Perlakuan A kadar airnya mencapai 13,33%, kadar abu 5,41%, kadar protein 10,31%, dan kadar glukosa 8,67%. Berdasarkan hasil uji organoleptik didapat bahwa perlakuan K paling tidak disukai oleh para panelis baik dari segi warna, aroma, tekstur, dan rasa. Pada perlakuan S, aroma dan tekstrunya sangat disukai para panelis. Sedangkan perlakuan A, warna dan rasanya sangat disukai para panelis. Perlakuan A menghasilkan karakteristik tepung umbi bit yang terbaik, baik ditinjau dari aspek kandungan nutrisi maupun aspek organoleptik.
Using Nominal Group Technique to Guide Research and Control Bias in Socio-Legal History Projects
Authors: Keyzer Patrick , Richardson Matthew
Published: June 2022

Bias can result in partiality in historical accounts and confirmation bias results in statements and characterisations being accepted as factual without reliance on critical tests. This paper provides an example of how a qualitative research technique called ‘nominal group technique’ (NGT) was used in a legal history project to control bias. The observations and conclusions may have a bearing on the part that NGT could play in other areas of legal research and historical research.
Book Review: Ulrike Schultz, Gisela Shaw, Margaret Thornton & Rosemary Auchmuty (eds) Gender and Careers in the Legal Academy
Authors: Stojanova Nadia
Published: June 2022

Book Review: Ulrike Schultz, Gisela Shaw, Margaret Thornton & Rosemary Auchmuty (eds). 2021. Gender and Careers in the Legal Academy. (1st ed), Oxford, UK; New York, NY: Hart Publishing, ISBN: 9781509923113 2021, 569 pp.
Book Review: Simon Chesterman We, the Robots? Regulating Artificial Intelligence and the Limits of the Law
Authors: Wang Zhiqiong June
Published: June 2022

Book Review: Simon Chesterman.. We, the Robots? Regulating Artificial Intelligence and the Limits of the Law. UK: Cambridge University Press, 2021, pp. 289  ISBN 978-1-316-51768-0 Hardback, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009047081
Introduction
Authors: Wishart David
Published: June 2022

Issue 3 of Volume 37 of Law in Context  is an eclectic collection, to some extent (Adamson, Kinchin and a book review) evincing the interest in the digital world and its impact on law evident in the last couple of volumes but also covering such diverse matters as techniques of qualitative research (Keyzer and Richardson), the importance of critical reflection in legal education (Susler and Babacan), the personal privacy versus public safety trade-off in times of pandemic (Moulds et al), models of decision-making with and for adults with cognitive impairment (Then et al), and class actions and human rights litigation (Calnan). It includes three book reviews: of Schultz et al (eds) Gender and Careers in the Legal Academy, Phillip Ayres’ edit of the Washington Diaries of Owen Dixon 1942-1944, and, as mentioned above, of Simon Chesterman’s We the Robots.
Good agricultural practices in mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco); Perception and factors affecting awareness among farmers in Gulmi, Nepal
Authors: Sedhai Samikshya , Panth Bishnu Prasad , Dulal Puspa Raj , Adhikari Gaurav , Dhungana Surya
Published: June 2022

Citrus, in general, and mandarin, in particular, has long been one of Nepal's most important fruit crops. However, in recent years, a lack of good cultivation procedures and negligence has resulted in a significant reduction in its productivity. The declining situation cannot be controlled without the transfer of science-based knowledge and skills where Good Agricultural Practices have been linked to higher output. A study was carried out in 2020 to assess the perception of farmers towards Good Agricultural Practices and factors affecting awareness of GAP among mandarin growers. Altogether 100 households from Dhurkot and Chhatrakot Rural Municipalities, and Resunga Municipality from Gulmi district, were purposively chosen for the study in the command area of the PMAMP PIU Citrus Zone, and sampling was carried out using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected with the use of a semi-structured questionnaire, entered, and analyzed using SPSS and STATA software. The farmers were categorized into GAP aware and unaware based on the criteria made by the focus group discussion carried out with the leading farmers, mandarin experts, and government agriculture officers. The findings revealed that 39% of the total respondents knew about GAP for mandarin. The entire respondents agreed that GAP-produced fruit has a nicer appearance and better quality and fruits meet national and international standards and enhance exportability of fruits, however, 61.5% of respondents didn’t agree that GAP helps in providing subsidies from governmental organizations. The output of the binary logit model suggested that an increase in participation in training and contact with extension agents has a significant effect on awareness of GAP. Participatory GAP training, regular extension services to smallholding farmers could be beneficial for mandarin farmers leading to commercialization.
Impact of biochar and plastic mulch on soil properties in a maize field in Nepal
Authors: Bishwakarma Subash , Khanal Babu Ram , Shriwastav Chandeshwar Prasad , Dhakal Rabindra Prasad , Karkee Suraj Singh
Published: June 2022

Biochar is a carbon rich product obtained from organic material by a process called pyrolysis. Similarly, plastic mulch protects soil from erosion, conserve water, suppress weed, and makes soil condition favorable for crop growth. The use of biochar and mulch has the potential to boost soil fertility by raising soil pH, increasing water and nutrient holding capacity, improving cation exchange capacity, and increasing microbial population. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of biochar application and plastic mulch on soil properties applied in maize fields with sandy loam soil at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal from 31 March to 6 July 2018. The experiment was carried out in a split-plot design having plastic mulch as a main factor and biochar doses as a sub factor with three replications. The main plot is comprised of plastic mulch and no mulch. Similarly, the subplot consisted of four biochar doses i.e., 0 t/ha, 5 t/ha, 15 t/ha, and 25 t/ha. To know the effect of treatments the soil samples were collected at random points in the middle of each plot (to avoid edge effect) from 30 cm depth with the help of a screw auger. Dried, and grounded soil samples were analyzed in the lab. The results indicated that the Bulk density of soil relatively decreased with the plastic mulch but it was significantly higher in plots with biochar. 0 t/ha biochar showed the highest (1.22 gm/cm3) bulk density and the lowest was obtained from 25 t/ha (1.09 gm/cm3). However, soil parameters such as soil pH, Cation Exchange Capacity, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Organic Carbon were relatively higher under plastic mulch over no mulch. In the same way, the potassium content of the soil was significantly influenced by biochar doses, it was the highest at 25 t/ha (741.47 Kg/ha) and the lowest at 0 t/ha (351.60 Kg/ha). However, soil pH, CEC, N, P, and OC were relatively increased with increasing rates of biochar application. Therefore, application rate of 25 t ha−1 biochar and use of plastic mulch in soil is considered as suitable because these efficiently increase soil moisture. In addition to that biochar increase Potassium content, decrease bulk density, and also improves Soil pH, Cation Exchange Capacity, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Organic Carbon of soil.
Improvement of postharvest quality and shelf life of banana cv. Malbhog using different plant extracts and modified atmosphere packages in Chitwan, Nepal
Authors: Timilsina Umesh , Shrestha Arjun Kumar
Published: June 2022

Banana has a very short storage life. It is highly perishable, and therefore susceptible to several diseases resulting in extensive postharvest losses.  A research entitled “Improvement of Postharvest Quality and Shelf life of Banana cv. Malbhog using different Plant Extracts and Modified Atmosphere Packages in Chitwan, Nepal” was conducted at the Post-Harvest Horticulture laboratory of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. The main objective of the research is to know the appropriate plant extracts and modified atmosphere package (MAP) for banana ripening and to now the effect of different plant extract on disease incidence and severity of banana. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design which consisted of eight treatments viz. Control, Garlic extracts, Neem extracts, Onion extracts, Sesamum oil, Ginger extract, Unperforated low-density polyethylene (50 µm) containing cotton soaked with KMnO4  and perforated low-density polyethylene (50 µm)  containing cotton soaked with KMnO4   respectively and replicated thrice. Different post-harvest parameters were recorded at three days intervals for 15 days. From the experiment, the lowest firmness (0.467kg/cm2) and the highest pulp (4.075) to peel ratio was noted with control. The maximum vitamin C content (6.633 mg/100 g) was recorded with the Neem extract. Regarding the organoleptic test, the index value of overall acceptability (0.87), sweetness (0.80) and flavor (1.0) were depicted highest with control whereas the low-density polyethylene containing cotton dipped in KMnO4 resulted in minimum spoilage loss (43.77%). The minimal disease incidence was noticed with the unperforated LDPE containing KMnO4 (25%) followed by Neem extracts. From the experiment, it was concluded that the low-density polyethylene-containing cotton dipped in KMnO4 and Neem extract performed significantly better in terms of post-harvest parameters and disease incidence.  Further studies regarding the use of other plant extracts and modified atmospheric packages were recommended.
Scope and challenges of mushroom production and their mitigations in Nepal: A review
Authors: Sapkota Rojina , Joshi Dipesh , Bogati Sujan , Malla Santoshi
Published: June 2022

This review paper aims to discuss and compile information regarding various scopes, challenges, and mitigating measures of mushroom cultivation in Nepal. Overall information on mushroom cultivation comprising its status, scope, and problems is vital for bringing positive change in this sector. Different secondary sources of information were reviewed and analyzed including journals like Elsevier and Springer. In Nepal, the production of mushrooms has increased about 8.23 times over a decade until 2020. Nepal is blessed with a range of ecosystems that really are ideal for mushroom production. Different mushroom species have been commercially cultivated in different parts of Nepal. Mushroom production can be used as an alternative source to overcome food and nutrition security problems and eventually leads to the livelihood improvement of people in developing countries like Nepal. The study revealed that mushrooms can be used to fight several diseases with their nutritional and medicinal properties. The demand for mushrooms is increasing nowadays more than ever. With the implementation of various measures with proper coordination and planning, mushroom cultivation can be proliferated. As a result, the mushroom industry has a lot of potentials to help the country's socioeconomic transition. Nepal can capitalize on this opportunity by enacting appropriate and concrete national mushroom policies and programs.
Nitrogen management in boro rice using chlorophyll meter (SPAD) under sub-tropical condition
Authors: Sarker Uttam Kumer , Uddin Md. Romij , Hossain Md. Delwar , Begum Shahanaz , Hasan A.B.M. Raqibul
Published: June 2022

Nitrogen deficiency in rice has so far received limited attention in Bangladesh. Balanced fertilization is a pre-requisite for better rice production and it is necessary to determine optimum combination of fertilizer dose and varieties. The field experiment was carried out during the period from November 2020 to May 2021 at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh to study the SPAD value and yield performance of boro rice varieties at different nitrogen levels. The experiment comprised of four boro rice varieties viz., BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan58, BRRI dhan74, BRRI dhan81 and four level of nitrogenous fertilizers viz. 50 kg N ha-1, 100 kg N ha-1, 150 kg N ha-1 and 200kg N ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. SPAD value ranged from 34.01 to 42.12 for variety and 37.81 to 42.15 for nitrogen application, while leaf nitrogen ranged from 2.98 to 3.67 % for variety and 2.94 to 3.48%.  The yield contributing parameter varied significantly with variety and nitrogen rate. The highest grain yield (6.13 t ha-1) was found in BRRI dhan58 and the lowest (3.89 t ha-1) was observed in BRRI dhan28. In terms of fertilizer management, the highest grain yield (5.35 t ha-1) was obtained due to the application of 150 kg N ha-1 and the lowest grain yield (4.72 t ha-1) was recorded from50 kg N ha-1. The interactive effect of variety and fertilizer application exerted that the yield of BRRI dhan58 with 150 kg N ha-1 was the highest (6.59 tha-1) and the lowest performance (3.42 tha-1) in grain yield was found in BRRI dhan28 with 50 kg N ha-1. Thus, the variety BRRI dhan58 with 150 kg N ha-1 was superior for attaining the highest yield.
Do Stakeholder Relations Matter for Chaebol Companies? Evidence from Korean Product Market Supply Contracts
Authors: Kwon Kyoung-min , Jung Hojin
Published: June 2022

In this study, we investigate the effect of supply contracts signed with Chaebol companies in order to analyse the certification effect of trading relationships with Chaebols on suppliers. We find that the suppliers suffering from information asymmetry can sacrifice the direct profits gained from a supply contract with a Chaebol group member contractee while pursuing certification for further growth. The valuation of suppliers with a Chaebol group member as the contractee is lower when the suppliers’ information asymmetry is higher. The results also show that the operational margins of the suppliers deteriorate after obtaining a supply contract with a Chaebol group member, whereas the sales increase significantly more than the contract amount. These results imply that the Chaebol groups play a role in the certification of the product market and help quality suppliers achieve greater recognition.
A survey of caustic cocktail events in rebreather divers
Authors:   Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit, Curtin School of Nursing, Curtin University, Western Australia, Buzzacott Peter , Dong Grant Z ,   Divers Alert Network, Durham, North Carolina, USA, Brenner Rhiannon J ,   Divers Alert Network, Durham, North Carolina, USA, Tillmans Frauke ,   Divers Alert Network, Durham, North Carolina, USA
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Closed-circuit rebreathers (CCRs) are designed to be watertight. Ingressing water may react with carbon-dioxide absorbent in the CCR, which may produce alkaline soda with a pH of 12-14, popularly referred to by CCR divers as a ‘caustic cocktail’. This study aimed to explore divers’ responses to caustic cocktail events and to investigate if CCR diving experience is associated with experiencing a caustic cocktail. Methods: An online survey instrument was developed and an invitation to participate was extended to certified CCR divers aged ≥ 18 years. Relationships between number of caustic cocktail events and potential risk factors: age; hours of rebreather diving experience; and number of rebreather dives were explored. Results: Of the 413 respondents, 394 (95%) identified as male, mean age was 46 years and median length of CCR certification was six years. Fifty-seven percent (n = 237) of respondents reported having experienced a caustic cocktail. The probability of self-reporting none, one, or more caustic cocktail events increased with experience. Divers reported a variety of first aid treatments for caustic cocktails, with ~80% citing their CCR instructor as a source of information. Conclusions: The more hours or dives a CCR diver accrues, the more likely they will self-report having experienced one or more caustic cocktail events. The majority of CCR divers responded to a caustic cocktail by rinsing the oral cavity with water. A proportion of divers, however, responded by ingesting soda, dairy, juice, or a mildly acidic solution such as a mixture of vinegar and water. The recommendation to immediately flush with water needs reinforcing among rebreather divers.
FEM and CFD Analysis of a Hybrid Cooling System Design in Oil-Type Transformers
Authors: TOREN Murat
Published: June 2022

Oil-type transformers (YTT) are electrical machines with high usage in the transmission and distribution process of electrical energy. These transformers are widely used due to their low production costs and wide usage area. In the distribution system of electrical energy, approximately 80-85% of transformers consist of YTT. When these data are taken into account, the importance of the operation, performance parameters and the cooling systems that affect them come to the fore increasingly. The cooling of YTT is generally provided with naphtanic / paraffinic based oils, also called transformer oil. The use of oils for cooling purposes in YTT causes environmental pollution and requires high costs for operation, maintenance-repair activities. Today, current and interdisciplinary researches are carried out for the cooling of transformers with alternative methods.

In this study, heat transfer of 5kVA YTT at nominal operating conditions in cooling systems designed as hybrids is analyzed by finite element method (FEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). From the results obtained from the designs, the YTT life cycle can be increased up to 5.48 - 166.6 hours.
Italian anarchism, transnationalism and emigration to Brazil: Contributions to theoretical debate
Authors: Romani Carlo
Published: June 2022

The transnational networks built by anarchists’ activists in the end of the 19th and beginning the 20th centuries, are already much known by the historiography. For Italian anarchism, due to the political persecution suffered in the 19th, transnational networks became the rule of the movement. Italian's anarchist immigration to South American cone was part of this transatlantic history. The encounter of many activists in São Paulo, Brazil, allowed the creation of several affinity groups working together, an important improve to the propaganda. In 1904, one of these efforts resulted in their aim media, “La Battaglia”, maybe the most important, certainly a very popular periodical in Brazil until 1913.
The practice of armed struggle of the Organización Popular Revolucionária – 33 Orientales in Uruguay (1968-1972)
Authors: Viana Rafael
Published: June 2022

This article aims to analyze the formation, conception and armed action of the Organización Popular Revolucionária – 33 Orientales (OPR-33), the armed wing of the Federación Anarquista Uruguaya, which operated mainly on Uruguayan soil and was later transferred to Argentina. In this article, we will analyze the organization's armed actions on Uruguayan soil and its relationship with social and union struggles in that country, in the context of the hardening of the constitutional regime. Against the backdrop of the Cuban Revolution, the action of the rights in Uruguay and the formation of a guerrilla grammar in the country, the article intends to elucidate the practice of OPR-33 from case studies.
Slavery and Post-Abolition in Ceará: memories and trajectories of liberated populations in the city of Redemption
Authors: Santos Gomes Arilson
Published: June 2022

Redemption, located in the Region of the Baturité Massif, is considered the symbol city of abolition in the State of Ceará. In the municipality, the liberation of the enslaved occurred in 1883, five years before the Aurea Law of 1888. From the investigations about the descendants of freedpeople in the region, and through the use of oral sources, in the light of the concepts of memory and collective memory (HALBWACHS, 1990; POLLAK, 1989), thematic and life histories were conducted (ALBERTI, 2005). The intention was to assist in understanding the possible destinies of the liberated populations, in Redemption, after abolition.