bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alpha‐1‐antitrypsin and copper in the liver
Authors: CALLEA F. , RAY M. B. , DESMET V. J.
Published: April 2007

The incidental finding of orcein positive granules, indicating copper associated protein, in alpha‐1‐antitrypsin (AAT) positive liver biopsies stimulated a histochemical search for evidence of copper and copper‐binding protein in a series of 46 liver biopsies with histological evidence of AAT accumulation. Hepatic accumulation of copper and copper‐binding protein occurred in all 19 cirrhotics (100%) and in 14 out of 27 non‐cirrhotic livers (51.85%). The overall percentage was 71.73%. AAT and copper deposits coexisted in the same periportal hepatocytes. AAT globules showed positive reactivity both to rhodanine and orcein stains. The severity of chronic liver damage correlated with increasing amounts of copper deposition. It is suggested that in AAT storage, not only is the metabolism of this substance disturbed, but also that of proteins involved in copper metabolism and excretion, resulting in copper accumulation within hepatocytes.
Immunoperoxidase staining in the recognition of Aspergillus infections
Authors: SAEED EL NAGEEB , HAY R. J.
Published: April 2007

This study concerns the use of the indirect immunoperoxidase technique for labelling Aspergillus species in infected human and animal tissues in smears taken from cultures. Specific labelling without serious cross‐reactivity with Candida species or Zygomycete fungi was demonstrated using antiserum to Aspergillus. However, it was not possible to distinguish between two Aspergillus species, A. fumigatus and A. flavus with this technique. Pretreatment of sections with sodium azide and normal swine serum was effective in eliminating background staining. The method can be used to produce permanently stained sections and has applications in the recognition of hyphal fragments in tissue from infected patients.
Primary pulmonary ganglioneuroblastoma in an adult: maturation, involution and the immune response
Authors: COONEY T. P.
Published: April 2007

The features of a primary pulmonary ganglioneuroblastoma occurring in an adult are presented. The tumour showed evidence of both maturation and involution. Maturation appeared to be occurring in a centrifugal manner, a rim of mature ganglioneuromatous tissue enclosing the primitive neuroblastoma. Necrosis of the neuroblastomatous element was widespread and associated with deposition in the walls of numerous small vessels of an amorphous eosinophilic amyloid‐like material. Accumulation of this material had led to occlusion of some vessels with resultant necrosis of related tumour. A collarette of lymphocytes surrounded the tumour, and lymphocytic aggregates were prominent at the interface between neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma. Despite widespread vascular invasion, the patient remains well and apparently tumour‐free, 25 years post‐resection. The appearances may represent a combined cellular and humoral host response, and a possible relationship of this response to tumour maturation is suggested. The potential role of immunostimulation in the treatment of neuroblastoma is discussed.
The pathology of mesangial IgA nephritis with clinical correlation
Authors: SINNIAH R. , JAVIER A. R. , KU G.
Published: April 2007

Of 710 patients in whom renal biopsies with immunofluorescence, light and electron microscopic and clinical data were available, 239 had idiopathic mesangial IgA nephritis. In these 239 cases IgA was found alone in 45.7%, accompanied by IgG in 50.1%, IgM in 21.4%, C3 in 82.4% and fibrin in 37.2%. Serum immunoglobulin levels including IgA were not significantly raised, and complement C3 activation was via the alternative pathway. There was a wide range of glomerular lesions with minor change, minor change with focal and segmental lesions including sclerosis and mesangial cell hypercellularity, diffuse mesangial cell proliferation and, infrequently, diffuse sclerosing glomerulonephritis. The glomerular lesions were related to the stage, duration and severity of the disease. There was also a wide variability of clinical presentations, with asymptomatic and symptomatic microscopic haematuria‐proteinuria, macroscopic haematuria, recurrent proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, acute nephritis, hypertension, and uncommonly as acute renal failure and potassium losing nephritis. No aetiological agent was found, and both the streptococcus and HBsAg could not be identified. The disease(s) was the commonest type of primary glomerulonephritis (33.7%) in Singapore, another geographic area in addition to Japan and France, where this lesion has an apparent high incidence.
Bilateral incipient germ cell tumours of the testis in the incomplete testicular feminization syndrome
Authors: NOGALES F. F. , TORO M. , ORTEGA I. , FULWOOD HEATHER R.
Published: April 2007

The presence of bilateral incipient germ cell tumours in the testes of two cases of the incomplete testicular feminization syndrome (TFS) is reported and found to resemble that occurring in the testes of infertile men. Both the nature and nomenclature of the lesion is discussed, as is its relevance in the early diagnosis and improved therapy of testicular tumours, which occur frequently in TFS. Suggestions are made for a more complete postpubertal surveillance in these patients, including assay of tumour markers and bilateral biopsies in cases of complete TFS. In this condition the removal of the testes is usually delayed until the twenties when total feminization is achieved, thus increasing the chances of tumour development.
Gastritis cystica profunda
Authors: FRANZIN G. , NOVELLI P.
Published: April 2007

Fourteen cases of gastritis cystica polyposa, four gastric adenomas and 25 ‘mature’ erosions removed by diathermy at endoscopy were studied by light microscopy. Twenty surgical resections from gastric cancer patients and 18 gastric resections from gastroenterostomy patients previously operated upon for benign lesions were also studied. The mucosa showed consistent changes which were grouped as ‘gastritis cystica superficialis’. Most surgical specimens, three out of 25 ‘mature’ erosions, the four adenomas, and eight cases of gastritis cystica polyposa showed cystic gastric glands within the submucosa, closely resembling the changes seen in colitis cystica profunda. Thus the term ‘gastritis cystica profunda’ is proposed. It is suggested that ischaemia and chronic inflammation as well as the effects of surgery and presence of suture material have a role in the pathogenesis of gastritis cystica profunda. A correlation seems to exist between gastritis cystica profunda and gastric cancer.
The morphogenesis of adenocarcinoma of the cervix—a complex pathological entity
Authors: BOON MATHILDE E. , KIRK R. S. , RIETVELD‐SCHEFFERS P. E. M.
Published: April 2007

The cytological and histological features of 20 cases of adenocarcinoma of the cervix are presented of which 14 cases were in situ and two were microinvasive. The frequent association of atypia with malignancies of the cervical squamous epithelium is stressed. Abnormal reserve or stem cells were found in many of these cases. This study demonstrates the importance of the proper identification of these cells in cytological material and gives support to the theory that these cells play a role as a precursor cell to squamous and glandular neoplasms.
Grading of pulmonary vascular lesions‐a reappraisal
Authors: WAGENVOORT C. A.
Published: April 2007

Grading of pulmonary vascular alterations, introduced by Heath & Edwards (1958), has been widely used for assessment of the severity of hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease. Two factors call for a reappraisal of the grading principle: an increasing awareness of the complexity of the vascular lesions and an increasing use of lung biopsies for the pre‐operative evaluation of the operability of an underlying cardiac defect. We suggest that the grading system, as well as the previously proposed variations of it, no longer fulfil the requirements of unambiguous assessment of the severity of vascular disease. The degree and extent of the various lesions, the different types of intimal fibrosis, and the eventual decrease in number and size of vessels should all be assessed, not only for arteries but also for other vessels. Careful consideration and weighing of all these features are necessary in order to form an opinion on diagnosis and prognosis. This cannot be achieved by using a single grade.
Endocrine‐paracrine cells in pancreatic exocrine carcinomas
Authors: EUSEBI V. , CAPELLA C. , BONDI A. , SESSA F. , VEZZADINI P. , MANCINI A. M.
Published: April 2007

Eleven cases of primary pancreatic adenocarcinomas have been investigated histochemically, immunohistochemically and with electron‐microscopy. Endocrine‐paracrine (EP) cells were present in six of these tumours. In one case numerous 5HT‐enterochromaffin cells (EC) of the intestinal type and a few somatostatin immunoreactive D cells were found. Two cases contained insulin‐immunoreactive cells and another case displayed glucagon‐IR elements. In the remaining two cases argyrophilic cells were present. These findings demonstrate that polypeptide hormone or amine production is not restricted to islet cell tumours. It is suggested that both endocrine and exocrine components of the tumours studied might have derived from a common precursor.
Microscopical atrial amyloidosis in chronic heart disease
Authors: LOOI L. M.
Published: April 2007

Nineteen out of 121 consecutive cardiac biopsies from 107 patients were found to contain amyloid deposits on routine Congo red screening. Seventeen were left atrial appendages removed during mitral valvotomy for chronic rheumatic mitral valve disease while the remaining two were right atrial appendages excised during surgical repair of atrial septal defects. The distribution of amyloid deposits within the atria and their tinctorial characteristics are described. The high prevalence of atrial amyloidosis observed could not be attributed to generalized or senile amyloidosis. The possibility that this is a distinctive localized form of amyloidosis secondary to chronic heart disease is discussed.
Histopathology and localization of viral antigens in the liver of HBsAg positive homosexuals
Authors: PARADINAS F. J. , DAVIES D. R. , SUPRAN E. MARGARET , VIOLA L. , MARIGOLD J. H.
Published: April 2007

In a survey of the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B in a male homosexual population, liver biopsies were done in 28 asymptomatic patients who had persistently raised aminotransferases. Four patients had active cirrhosis (AC), 13 had chronic active hepatitis (CAH) of various degrees of severity and 11 had either chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH) or minor changes of the type seen in hepatitis B virus carriers. Core associated antigens and surface antigen, were demonstrated by the PAP immunoperoxidase method in 20 cases. Core and surface antigens tended to be present in the same areas of the biopsy and quantitation showed higher core to surface antigen ratios in CAH than in CPH, the difference being statistically significant. In seven cases no core‐associated antigens were demonstrated in the presence of surface antigen: most of these patients had either inactive disease or active cirrhosis. In one carrier neither antigen was demonstrated. Ten patients had two or more biopsies. Four of these had no treatment and the amounts of core and surface positive cells in the liver did not increase. Six were treated with immunosuppressants. This did not alter the degree of either inflammation or fibrosis, but the number of surface and core antigen positive cells in the liver was higher after treatment in almost every case.
Distinctive growth patterns between cerebral and cerebellar astrocytomas–a tissue culture study
Authors: ESCALONA‐ZAPATA J. , DIEZ‐NAU M. D.
Published: April 2007

Astrocytomas have been alternatively considered as a single entity with topographical variabilities or as two different tumours–cerebral astrocytomas and mid line‐cerebellar, astrocytomas. Twenty‐two astrocytomas, 13 of the cerebral hemispheres, six cerebellar, two brain stem and one of spinal cord, have been studied by short‐term tissue cultures. Two distinctive growth patterns have been found. Cerebral astrocytomas grew in the first week as radially arranged bipolar cells and subsequently by multipolar astrocytes in a reticular pattern. On the other hand, astrocytomas of the cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord showed radial growth of long bipolar cells which persisted during the first 2–3 weeks. Only in the fourth week did a reticular pattern develop, but most of the cells remained bipolar. After the fourth week, a small number of multipolar astrocytes appeared and in two cases Rosenthal fibres were found. It is thus suggested that astrocytomas may be subdivided into two entities, those of the cerebral hemispheres and others in the cerebellum, optic nerve, brain stem and spinal cord which can be grouped as midline astrocytomas.
In‐situ T lymphocyte identification in cutaneous tissue sections of benign and malignant dermatoses
Authors: CHU A. C. , FERGIN P. E. , MacDONALD D. M.
Published: April 2007

An indirect immunoperoxidase technique employing a specific anti‐human T lymphocyte antiserum has been used to identify T lymphocytes in cutaneous tissue sections of various benign and malignant dermatoses. Skin biopsies from patients with histologically confirmed lichen planus, discoid lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, actinic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma, Bowen's disease, keratoacanthoma, malignant melanoma, inflamed serborrhoeic warts, sarcoidosis, follicular lymphoma and multicentric reticulohistiocytosis were examined. T lymphocytes were found to be the predominant cell type in the cutaneous infiltrates of the majority of these dermatoses. However, only few T lymphocytes were identified in sarcoidosis where they tended to be restricted to the periphery of the epithelioid cell granulomas. Similarly, in the cutaneous infiltrates of follicular lymphoma and in a patient with multicentric reticulohistiocytosis, few T lymphocytes were identified.
Neurone specific enolase: an aid to the diagnosis of melanoma and neuroblastoma
Authors: DHILLON A. P. , RODE J. , LEATHEM A.
Published: April 2007

Melanoma and neuroblastoma are diagnosed by their clinical and histological features, including evidence of melanogenesis and neural differentiation respectively, by tumour cells. These criteria are occasionally inadequate. Melanoma and neuroblastoma are derived from a system of cells characterized by the content, precursor uptake and decarboxylation of particular amines (APUD cells). Neurone specific enolase (NSE) has been proposed as a specific marker for neural elements and APUD cells. Immunohistochemical cytoplasmic and fibrillary localization of this enzyme was demonstrated in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐processed sections of melanoma and neuroblastoma, constituting an additional aid to the identification of these tumours. The demonstration of an enzyme of the glycolytic pathway within tumour cells has implications in following the effects of anti‐tumour agents and these are discussed.
Ultrastructural comparison of Hodgkin's and non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas
Authors: PEIPER S. C. , KAHN L. B.
Published: April 2007

The ultrastructural features of Reed‐Sternberg cells and reactive epithelioid histiocytes from patients with Hodgkin's disease were compared with those of large cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas. The cytoplasmic organelles of Reed‐Sternberg cells were dissimilar to those of neoplastic large lymphocytes from follicular centre cell lymphomas, immunoblastic lymphomas, lymphoblastic lymphomas, and mycosis fungoides both in type and distribution. Reed‐Sternberg cells could be distinguished from reactive epithelioid histiocytes; however, the cytoplasmic organization of the Reed‐Sternberg cells bore a closer resemblance to these histiocytes than to the cells of the various large cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas.
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b in twins
Authors: GALERA H. , GONZALEZ‐CAMPORA R. , MATILLA A. , MARTIN I.
Published: April 2007

The syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN or MEA) type 2b is characterized by the association of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, phaeochromocytoma, ganglioneuromatosis and Marfan‐like features. Though this disorder usually shows a familial distribution, it may also appear spontaneously as the result of a genetic mutation. This paper describes the second case of MEA type 2 in twins, and appears to be the first description in twins of the association of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Marfan‐like features and multiple neuromas.
Hepatitis B virus surface antigen in glomerular immune complex deposits of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: LOOI L. M. , PRATHAP K.
Published: April 2007

In view of a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in the Malaysian population, indirect immunofluorescence examination for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was routinely performed on renal biopsy specimens at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, over a 3‐year period. Examination of renal tissue from 259 patients, including 47 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), revealed 43 cases with HBsAg in glomerular immune complexes. A significantly high proportion (30/43) of these were SLE patients. The deposits were granular in nature, situated in both the capiliary walls and mesangium and associated with immunoglobulin deposition. Morphological patterns of lupus nephritis involved were focal pro‐liferative (one case), diffuse proliferative (23 cases) and membranous (six cases). None of these patients showed clinical evidence of liver disease. The significance of these findings remains uncertain, but the possibility exists that the hepatitis B virus may have a role in the pathogenesis of SLE in the tropics where both SLE and HBs antigenaemia are common.
Aspergillus fumigatus infection of the optic nerve with mycotic arteritis of cerebral vessels
Authors: FERNANDO S. S. E. , LAUER C. S.
Published: April 2007

A 56‐year‐old Caucasian male, with no obvious immune deficit or systemic disease, presented with unilateral loss of vision due to A. fumigatus infection involving the right optic nerve. There was no proptosis. Despite fungal chemotherapy he developed central nervous system involvement with mycotic arteritis of the branches of the right middle cerebral artery, temporal lobe infarction and rupture of a mycotic aneurysm of the right internal carotid artery, and died. Review of the literature concerning orbital Aspergillus infection showed both this form of presentation and a rapidly fatal course to be unusual.
Signet‐ring cell adenocarcinoma of rectum: a histological, histochemical and electron microscopic study
Authors: SHOUSHA S.
Published: April 2007

A signet‐ring cell adenocarcinoma of rectum removed from a 71‐year‐old woman was examined by light and electron microscopy. Most of the mucin in the signet‐ring cells was of the neutral type, although acidic, mostly non‐sulphated, mucin was also present. Three other types of neoplastic cells were seen: undifferentiated, cells with intracytoplasmic lumina and argentaffin cells. The similarities between this tumour and tumours described in the stomach, appendix and breast are discussed.
Intramural gas cysts in a case of diverticular disease of the jejunum
Authors: ZAKHOUR H. D. , CLARK R. G.
Published: April 2007

A case of intestinal gas cysts in association with diverticula of the jejunum is reported. The principal theories of aetiology are presented and discussed in relation to the present case. It is proposed that the pathogenesis of the condition is better explained by a combination of mechanical and bacterial factors.
Circulating megakaryocytes
Authors: SCOTT G. B. D.
Published: April 2007

Cells resembling the smaller variants of the Warthin‐Finkeldey giant cells of measles were observed in the pulmonary alveolar capillaries in a high percentage of primates and humans apparently free from pathological changes associated with measles. Cells resembling megakaryocytes were found also in the liver and spleen in both groups but only in a small minority of cases. The relative appearances and distribution of these two types of cells pointed to their both being circulating megakaryocytes, the majority being filtered off in the pulmonary alveolar capillaries, where they become compressed. The paucity of these cells in other tissues is a reflection of the small number of megakaryocytes capable of passing along the alveolar capillaries. The presence of these cells in the lungs and to a lesser extent elsewhere appears to be a frequent occurrence in both diseased and healthy subjects and the factors involved in their appearance are discussed.
Ultrastructural findings in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and focal lymphocytic thyroiditis with reference to giant cell formation
Authors: KNECHT H. , HEDINGER CHR. E.
Published: April 2007

Ultrastructural findings in two cases of Hashimoto's disease and two cases of focal lymphocytic thyroiditis are reported. Stimulated thyrocytes, oncocytes and degenerating thyrocytes were observed in all cases. Multinucleated thyrocytes and epithelial pseudogiant cells were identified in Hashimoto's disease only. Infiltrating lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes and macrophages were present in all cases. The ultrastructure of germinal centres was similar to that seen in lymphatic organs. Giant cells of both intra‐ and extrafollicular localization were seen in Hashimoto's disease. Most of the giant cells were macrophage‐derived. Two different ways of giant cell formation were identified: besides the familiar dissolution of plasma membranes of adjacent macrophages, another mechanism of fusion was observed. At sites of contact, peculiar membrane structures were developed and disintegration of plasma membranes occurred in parts adjacent to these structures. These are not identical to desmosomes and are different from Langerhans’ granules. They probably represent special organelles for the initiation of cellular fusion.
Neutral mucin content of gastric carcinomas as a diagnostic aid in the identification of secondary deposits
Authors: COOK H. C.
Published: April 2007

A simple quantitative method used in conjunction with the diastase digestion‐Alcian blue‐PAS (D‐AB‐PAS) technique was employed in a retrospective study of 135 gastrectomy carcinomas, and in a range of 57 unrelated metastatic adenocarcinoma cases of confirmed origin, to determine what proportion of malignant cells/glands contained neutral mucin only, as against acidic mucin or mixtures of both acid and neutral types. Fifty of the gastrectomy cases (37%) showed a high neutral mucin content of 71% or more, this feature being more evident in the diffuse (D) type of tumour. The metastatic adenocarcinoma cases comprised 35 of non‐gastric origin of which eight (23%) had a high neutral mucin content of 71% or more, compared to 10 out of 22 cases of gastric origin (45%) having a neutral mucin content of 71% or more. It was felt significant that seven out of these 10 gastric cases were of the D type of tumour. The secondary adenocarcinoma of uncertain (unconfirmed) origin contained a group of cases with deposits of probable gastric origin of which more than half showed a high proportion of cells which contained neutral mucin only. The helpfulness of these findings is discussed.
Solitary plasmacytoma of the intestine
Authors: ASSELAH F. , CROW JULIE , SLAVIN G. , SOWTER G. , SHELDON C. , ASSELAH H.
Published: April 2007

The clinical, histological, immunological and ultrastructural features of two cases of solitary plasmacytoma of the gastrointestinal tract are described and related to the findings of other authors. The immunoperoxidase technique was found useful for the detection of intracellular immunoglobulin. Electron microscopy was performed on both tumours and the results are of considerable interest as few ultrastructural studies of human solitary plasmacytomas have been performed.
Benign mixed Müllerian tumour—adenofibroma of the fallopian tube
Authors: DE LA FUENTE A. A.
Published: April 2007

A case is reported of a 73‐year‐old woman with an intraluminal tumour near the fimbrial end of the fallopian tube apparently arising from the mucosa. It is proposed that the tumour should be considered as a benign variant of mixed Müllerian tumour and could also be called adenofibroma. One further similar case has been recently reported.
Primary malignant lymphomas localized in salivary glands
Authors: SCHMID U. , HELBRON DAGMAR , LENNERT K.
Published: April 2007

Biopsies from 25 patients with primary malignant lymphoma in the salivary region were investigated morphologically and the clinical findings were analysed. Cases showing myoepithelial sialadenitis or Sjögren's syndrome were not included. The tumour was localized in the parotid region in 21 cases and to the submandibular region in four cases. Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma was diagnosed on 21 biopsies and Hodgkin's disease on four: all patients were of stages I or II. The most frequent type of malignant lymphoma was the centroblastic‐centrocytic type; sclerosis was found in all but one of these 15 cases. Polymorphic immunocytoma was diagnosed in two cases, centroblastic lymphoma in two cases and immunoblastic lymphoma in two cases. In eight patients, the lymphomas definitely originated in intraglandular lymph nodes; in 10 other patients, the lymphomas might have developed in intraglandular lymph nodes. It was not possible to determine the origin of the lymphoma in the other seven cases. The prognosis was relatively favourable.
Passive diffusion in small intestinal mucosa in childhood
Authors: JACKSON D. , WALKER‐SMITH J. A. , PHILLIPS A. D.
Published: April 2007

The passive permeability of the small intestinal mucosa in childhood was investigated by studying the penetration of two light‐ and electron‐dense tracer molecules (ruthenium red mol. wt= 1000 and horseradish peroxidase mol. wt = 40000) into fixed biopsy specimens. Ruthenium red confirmed the presence of damaged and extruding epithelial cells in normal mucosa and showed a significant increase in such cells in abnormal mucosa. Horseradish peroxidase demonstrated that antigenically‐sized molecules could enter a proportion of these cells and significantly more cells were penetrated in abnormal mucosa, reflecting the ruthenium red results. Thus, anatomical pathways for passive diffusion of antigen through damaged or extruding cells exist in normal and, to a greater extent, in abnormal small intestinal mucosae in childhood. Further study using living tissue may reveal the importance of this phenomenon in relation to the active uptake of antigen.
Reporting of myometrial invasion by endometrial cancer
Authors: TEMPLETON A. C.
Published: April 2007

The depth of penetration through the myometrium is an important feature in assessing the prognosis and therapy of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. This is usually reported as a percentage figure and measured microscopically on a conventional microscopic block. Some potential defects in this method are examined. Depth of penetration is more reliably expressed as the amount of remaining uninvaded mvometrium, and is most readily visualized on a whole mount transverse section.
Evaluation of the automation of immunoenzymatic prcedures in a routine histo/cytopathological laboratory
Authors: LINDEMAN J. , Von GISE H. , SMID L. , MEIJER C. J. L. M.
Published: April 2007

Eighteen months experience in the use of an automated staining machine for lengthy histological and immunohistochemical stains in a routine pathology laboratory is described. The apparatus yields an important saving in time for technicians and can maintain the quality of staining at a standardized high level. A disadvantage is the larger volumes of reagents required. Introduction of the machine is recommended when at least five different but lengthy stains have to be performed each day. The considerable gain in time for the technicians has important consequences for the management of pathological laboratories in the near future.
Mast cells and the nodal sinus reaction in breast cancer
Authors: THORESEN S. , HARTVEIT F.
Published: April 2007

Mast cell counts in the sinuses of axillary nodes from breast cancer patients are shown to vary with the type of sinus reaction present. Few scattered mast cells were found in association with sinus histiocytosis. A mixed reaction, in which fewer histiocytes were present and more round cells, was accompanied by a significant increase in mast cell count, which in sinus catarrh showed a decrease. The possible role of sinus mast cells in relation to tumour spread is discussed.
Filamentous organisms in ulcerated intestinal type carcinoma of the stomach: an aid to biopsy diagnosis
Authors: MICHALEK HILMA , KISHABA T. , ISHIHARO M. , KEIDA Y. , KOHOUT‐DUTZ E. , DUTZ W.
Published: April 2007

Examination of the base of ulcerated gastric carcinomas in Okinawa, Austria and the USA revealed a variable infection with fungi and a thus far unidentified filamentous bacterial organism. These latter organisms were only found in ulcerated carcinomas, and never in diffuse carcinomas of the stomach or in benign gastric lesions. Recognition of these organisms in necrotic material from gastroscopic biopsies of an ulcer base without tissue from the ulcer margin permits the diagnosis of associated carcinoma.
Total parenteral nutrition‐induced cholestasis mimicking large bile duct obstruction
Authors: BODY J. J. , BLEIBERG H. , BRON D. , MAURAGE H. , BIGIRIMANA V. , HEIMANN R.
Published: April 2007

The authors present a case of cholestatic jaundice which developed during total parenteral nutrition. The histology of the liver mimicked the picture of large bile duct obstruction. However, there was no duct obstruction and the symptoms regressed after the caloric input was reduced. At postmortem examination, the portal inflammatory infiltrate had cleared and was replaced by fibrosis. Alterations in bile chemistry could be responsible for the similarity between the lesions induced by parenteral feeding and those classically described in large bile duct obstruction.
Non‐ossifying fibroma or benign lipoblastoma of bone–an electron‐microscopic and histochemical study
Authors: LAZARUS S. S. , TROMBETTA L. D.
Published: April 2007

An ultrastructural and histochemical analysis was made of a lesion identified by light microscopy as a non‐ossifying fibroma of bone. A histogenetic sequence was traced from spindle‐shaped fibroblast‐like cells to multivacuolated lipoblasts with abundant glycogen. These lipid‐laden cells showed remarkable similarity to some cells of a well differentiated liposarcoma. Others have interpreted the lipid‐containing cells of non‐ossifying fibroma as representing fibroblasts which have imbibed or synthesized lipid or lipid‐laden macrophages. Our studies demonstrate that this tumour consists of primitive mesenchymal cells with partial maturation to early lipoblasts, suggesting its classification as a benign lipoblastoma of bone.
Nervous system antigens
Authors: GRAHAM D.I. , THOMAS D.G.T. , BROWN I.
Published: April 2007

Some of the better characterized proteins (markers) of the nervous system are described. The availability of specific antibodies to these markers has allowed the localization and assay of the proteins in tissue and biological fluids. There is some evidence that autosensitization may occur. Clinical application of these markers includes the evaluation and prognostic significance after stroke and head injury. The diagnostic histopathological use of the markers in the investigation of various tumours is summarized.
Primary malignant mesenchymal tumour of the liver in an elderly female
Authors: ELLIS I.O , COTTON R.E.
Published: April 2007

A case of primary malignant mesenchymal tumour of the liver occurring in an 86‐year‐old woman is described. This very uncommon tumour has previously only been described in children and young adults, the previous oldest being 28 years of age. The tumour was large, rapidly growing though well circumscribed and extensively necrotic. Microscopically it was mostly composed of spindle cell sarcoma without differentiating features. Epithelial lined ductules were seen throughout the tumour and degenerate hepatocytes were enveloped in the tumour peripherally. Intracytoplasmic and extracellular PAS‐positive, diastase‐resistant bodies were present, some showing positive staining for alpha‐1‐antitrypsin. The tumour is compared with previous reports and its differential diagnosis and nomenclature discussed.
Cancer in Crohn's disease—an ‘occult’ malignancy
Authors: THOMPSON E.M. , CLAYDEN G. , PRICE A.B.
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this case report of cancer complicating Crohn's disease is to highlight the occult nature of these tumours. From the literature it is apparent that the majority are only discovered by the pathologist. As many are inconspicuous even on macroscopic examination an improved method of dissection is suggested.
Inter‐observer variation in the histopathological reporting of Hodgkin's disease: an analysis of diagnostic subcomponents using kappa statistics
Authors: HOLMAN C.D.J. , MATZ L.R. , FINLAY‐JONES L.R. , WATERS E.D. , BLACKWELL J.B. , JOYCE P.R. , KELSALL G.R.H. , SHILKIN K.B. , CULLITY G.J. , WILLIAMS K.E. , MATTHEWS M.L.V. , ARMSTRONG B.K.
Published: April 2007

Levels of agreement between nine pathologists on the Rye classification of Hodgkin's disease and on diagnostic subcomponents used in applying the classification, were analysed by kappa statistics. Pathologists experienced comparatively little difficulty in agreeing on the presence of nodules and lacunar cells and hence best agreement was achieved on the nodular sclerosis category. Poorer agreement levels on the lymphocytic predominance, mixed cellularity and lymphocytic depletion categories were explained mainly by problems in the assessment of numbers of lymphocytes and abnormal reticulum cells other than Reed‐Sternberg cells. Identification of the Reed‐Sternberg cell, although of paramount importance to a diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease, appeared to have no great practical relevance to use of the Rye classification in this series of cases.
Pleomorphic lipoma: a tumour simulating liposarcoma
Authors: AZZOPARDI J.G. , IOCCO J. , SALM R.
Published: April 2007

Pleomorphic lipoma or giant‐cell lipoma is a recently recognized entity affecting predominantly elderly and middle‐aged men. The neck, shoulder region and back are the sites of predilection. The clinical setting is similar to that seen with spindlecell lipoma. The lesion is characterized by an intricate mixture of mature fibrous tissue, adipose tissue and myxoid tissue interspersed with cellular foci. Most characteristic of the latter are a variety of giant cells and especially the ‘floret’ giant‐cells, so named because of the arrangement of their nuclei which is reminiscent of the petals of a flower. The pleomorphism of the lesion frequently leads to misdiagnosis as liposarcoma. Criteria for the differentiation from the various types of liposarcoma are discussed. The possible relationship of pleomorphic lipoma to some of the ‘atypical lipomas’ described in the recent literature is analysed. The pleomorphic lipoma is a benign lesion of subcutaneous tissue which must be sharply differentiated from sarcomas. Some of the liposarcomas alleged in the literature to have originated within a pre‐existing lipoma possibly represented pleomorphic lipomas. Pleomorphic lipoma is an entity which must be added to the growing number of pseudosarcomatous lesions of soft tissue.
Possible liver cell differentiation in testicular germ cell tumours
Authors: JACOBSEN GRETE KRAG , JACOBSEN MARIANNE
Published: April 2007

Germ cell tumours may imitate various structures of the developing embryo and foetus. Certain structures have, however, very rarely or never been observed in these tumours. Thus the presence of hepatic tissue in testicular germ cell tumours has not been reported. In a series of 37 non‐seminomatous testicular tumours seven tumours contained epithelial structures showing morphological and functional resemblance to liver cell trabeculae. These structures were present in tumours with yolk sac tumour (YST) components and most of the tumours also contained teratoid elements. With the immunoperoxidase technique the epithelial structures were heavily stained for alpha‐foetoprotein (AFP) and ferritin in all cases, while positive staining for albumin, prealbumin and transferrin was occasionally found. Alpha‐i‐antitrypsin and haemoglobin F were demonstrated in few scattered cells. Whether or not these epithelial structures should be included among the various patterns of YST or considered to be teratoid components is uncertain. It is suggested that examinations of the heterogeneity of the concomitant serologic AFP may support one or other assumption.
Epithelioid sarcoma: a tumour of myofibroblasts
Authors: BLEWITT R.W. , APARICIO S.G.R. , BIRD C.C.
Published: April 2007

A case of epithelioid sarcoma of scalp has been studied by light and electron microscopy, histochemistry and immunocytochemistry. The results suggest that epithelioid sarcoma is a tumour of myofibroblasts. The epithelioid appearance results from gross and disordered accumulation of cytoplasmic intermediate filaments (10 nm diameter), possibly of desmin type, producing the misleading light microscopical resemblance to epithelioid histiocytes and biphasic pattern of synovial sarcoma. The cause of the filament accumulation is unknown but it may represent a degenerative change leading to necrosis, a characteristic feature of epithelioid sarcoma.
Prognostic significance of a polypoid configuration in malignant melanoma
Authors: McGOVERN V.J. , SHAW H.M. , MILTON G.W.
Published: April 2007

In a review of 2296 patients with malignant melanoma, the overall incidence of a polypoid configuration was 21.5%. A markedly higher proportion of patients with polypoid melanoma than with dome‐shaped melanoma first presented for melanoma treatment already with metastases (i.e. clinical stage II or III). In patients with localized disease, more men than women tended to present with polypoid lesions. The majority of these lesions were of the nodular histogenetic type, greater than 3.0 mm thick and ulcerated. When patients with polypoid and dome lesions were matched according to three known important prognostic determinants: sex of patient, the thickness of their primary lesion and whether their lesion showed microscopic evidence of ulceration, no consistent differences in prognosis were detected between patients with polypoid and dome lesions. Thus it appeared that the poor prognosis for patients with polypoid lesions was not attributable to the configuration of their lesion per se but primarily due to the fact that they were typically thick, ulcerated lesions.
Penile verrucous carcinoma
Authors: McKEE P.H. , LOWE D. , HAIGH R.J.
Published: April 2007

Eleven patients with verrucous carcinoma of the penis are presented. The age range was from 41 to 80 years with a mean of 59 years. The pathological features of these tumours are described and the aetiology of penile verrucous carcinoma is discussed.
Myofibroblasts in central giant cell granuloma of the jaws: an ultrastructural study
Authors: EL‐LABBAN N.G. , LEE K.W.
Published: April 2007

The ultrastructure of stromal mononuclear cells and giant cells were studied in two cases of central giant cell granuloma of the jaws. The majority of stromal cells superficially resembled fibroblasts, but also contained intracytoplasmic myofilaments with electron dense bodies similar to smooth muscle cells. These cells were referred to as myofibroblasts. The other type of mononuclear cells resembled macrophages. Many of the myofibroblast type cells appeared close to giant cells and signs of early fusion between them could be demonstrated. It is suggested from these results that the giant cells in central giant cell granuloma form and increase in size through fusion of these cells.
Classification of intramucosal cysts of the stomach
Authors: KATO Y. , SUGANO H. , RUBIO C.A.
Published: April 2007

The occurrence of intramucosal cysts in the mucosa of resected stomachs was recorded in 91 consecutive patients having synchronous focal (elevated) dysplasia and/or adenocarcinoma elsewhere in the stomach. Intramucosal cysts were classified into foveolar cysts, pyloric gland cysts, fundic gland cysts, intestinal metaplastic cysts and ciliated‐cell cysts. The most common type was intestinal metaplastic cyst, which was present in 60% of the patients.
Tubulo‐interstitial disease in lupus nephritis. A morphometric study
Authors: MAGIL A. B. , TYLER M.
Published: April 2007

To test the hypothesis that immune complex deposition can mediate tubulo‐interstitial damage in lupus nephritis, a correlative immunofluorescent (IF) and morphometric study of 43 renal biopsies from 39 patients with diffuse proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis was done. The point‐counting method was used to determine the percentage of the cortical tubulo‐interstitial system occupied by the mononuclear cell infiltrates (infiltrate index) and by the interstititum (interstitial index). The estimated amount of deposits containing immunoglobulin along tubular basement membranes and within the interstitium was expressed as a percentage of tubulo‐interstitial volume. Interstitial cell infiltrates were present in 40 of the 43 biopsies and tubulo‐interstitial immune deposits were noted in 29 biopsies. Linear regression analysis showed a statistically significant correlation between interstitial and infiltrate indices (r= 0.553, P<0.001). Correlations between (a) the extent of immune deposits and interstitial index (r= 0.239) and (b) immune deposits and infiltrate index (r= 0.280) were not significant. The results do not support the hypothesis that immune deposits mediate tubulo‐interstitial injury and suggest that the damage is effected by the inflammatory cell infiltrates.
Peritoneal epithelial lesions associated with proliferative serous tumours of ovary
Authors: McCAUGHEY W.T.E. , KIRK MARY ELLEN , LESTER WANDA , DARDICK I.
Published: April 2007

The peritoneal epithelial lesions in 40 cases of proliferating ovarian serous tumour are described. The lesions were varied and of both neoplastic and non‐neoplastic form. The most common was serous tumour similar to that in the associated ovarian neoplasm. Tumour of this type was present in some or all of the peritoneal lesions in 77.5% of cases. In nearly two‐thirds, the tumour was superficial; in the rest it invaded omentum. Occasionally, the infiltrating tumour was poorly differentiated. Benign tubular lesions resembling endosalpingiosis occurred in 16 (40%) of the 40 cases, but in seven it was associated with serous tumour. Psammoma bodies frequently accompanied serous tumour and endosalpingiosis and in occasional cases the majority of lesions consisted of psammomatous foci. The duration of follow up is too short to adequately assess the biological significance of these findings but it is clear that the peritoneal tumour occasionally may kill the patient within a few years. ‘Serous tumour of low malignant potential’ is the most appropriate term to describe the general group of ovarian serous tumours of so‐called ‘borderline malignant’ type.
Postirradiation malignant fibrous histiocytoma arising in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma and producing alpha‐1‐antitrypsin
Authors: SPAGNOLO D.V. , PAPADIMITRIOU J.M. , ARCHER M.
Published: April 2007

A fatal nasopharyngeal malignant fibrous histiocytoma developed in a young male after irradiation of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma diagnosed 5 years earlier. The sarcoma extended from the nasopharynx into the floor of the pituitary fossa and into both parasellar regions. There was no clinical evidence of any distant spread. Many of the malignant cells contained cytoplasmic granular and globular PAS‐positive inclusions shown to be alpha‐1‐antitrypsin immuno‐histochemically. Ultrastructurally, this probably corresponded to electron‐dense material with distinctive patterns and which had accumulated within distended ergastoplasmic cisternae of the neoplastic cells. Three previously reported cases of postirradiation sarcomas arising in nasopharyngeal angiofibroma were said to be fibrosarcomas and none produced alpha‐1‐antitrypsin.
Evaluation of pathological criteria for diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: ROSE A. G.
Published: April 2007

This study aims to evaluate and compare the current pathological criteria for the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOCM). The following criteria were applied to 39 autopsy patients whose hearts showed myofibre disarray: (i) disarray involving more than 5% of ventricular septal myofibres, (ii) asymmetrical septal hypertrophy (ASH), (iii) mirror‐image subaortic plaque, and (iv) a positive histologic HOCM index (HHI). Group 1 (27 patients) with greater than 5% ventricular septal myofibre disarray were diagnosed as HCM, whereas group 2 (12 patients) had less than 5% disarray. The mean disarray value in group 1 was 52% compared to 1.2% in group 2. The two groups showed significant differences regarding ASH and in the amounts of myofibre disarray in the free walls of both ventricles. A new finding was mat the histologic HOCM index was significantly higher in patients who died suddenly. The HHI was the commonest positive criterion in group 1, followed by ASH and a mirror‐image endocardial plaque. None of the current imperfect pathological criteria for the diagnosis of HCM can be used as the ‘gold standard’.
Renal morphological changes in idiopathic acute fatty liver of pregnancy
Authors: SLATER D. N. , HAGUE W. M.
Published: April 2007

Renal morphological changes are described in four cases of idiopathic acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Light microscopy showed mild glomerular hypercellularity together with thickening and narrowing of capillary loops. In two cases the tubules showed lipid accumulation which included free fatty acids. Electron microscopy showed mesangial cell interposition between the basal lamina and endothelial cells. Glomeruli contained electron dense material in a subendothelial location. Immunoperoxidase stains showed diffuse segmental deposits of fibrin/fibrinogen and IgM in relation to glomerular capillary loops. IgG and C3 were found in three and two cases respectively. Pathogenetic mechanisms including disseminated intravascular coagulation, immune complex deposition and alterations in lipid metabolism are discussed. Coexistent preeclampsia is considered to be an unlikely explanation for the changes. There is a possibility that these renal changes comprise an early feature of idiopathic acute fatty liver of pregnancy.
Eosinophilia in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, external genitalia and anus—clinical correlations
Authors: LOWE D. , FLETCHER C.D.M.
Published: April 2007

The incidence and pattern of tumour‐associated eosinophilia is described in squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, vulva, penis, scrotum and anus. Massive tissue eosinophilia appears to be related to the histological differentiation of the tumours in which it occurs, and in the cases in this series was associated with a favourable prognosis. Circulating eosinophilia occurred in patients with metastatic disease and a poor prognosis.