bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RDA in Copac: A Practical Assessment
Authors: Cousins Shirley
Published: July 2014

Copac is best known as the UK national, academic and specialist research library catalogue, but the Copac team also provide the RLUK shared cataloguing database; thus changes in cataloguing standards mean considering the impact and potential of RDA across both services. This paper discusses initial thoughts on issues around adopting RDA from a union catalogue perspective, looking at some of the implications for data standardization, as well as deduplication and display. However Copac is not working in isolation: the union catalogue data is supplied by RLUK members, plus increasing numbers of other specialist institutions, so Copac staff carried out a short contributor survey in spring 2012 to gain an understanding of their contributors' plans, with a partial update to this in spring 2013. In general larger institutions were further ahead with their planning, whilst for some libraries there was still uncertainty over whether to move to RDA. For those planning to move to RDA the timescales vary significantly and Copac will be supporting AACR2 for some time to come. As for most libraries, Copac has limited resources. The staff are involved in a diverse range of activities, so they are conscious of the resource implications of any developments. However, they are also keen to explore the potential within RDA for new flexibility and relationships for the benefit of its user communities, alongside the enhanced potential for working with new data formats, including linked data.
Seafloor basalt alteration and chemical change in the ultra thinly sedimented South Pacific
Authors: Zhang Guo‐Liang , Smith‐Duque Christopher
Published: July 2014

Determining the relationship between ocean floor basalt alteration and sedimentation is fundamental to understanding how oceanic crust evolves with time. Ocean floor basalts recovered at IODP Sites U1365 (∼100 Ma) and U1368 (∼13.5 Ma) in the South Pacific have been subjected to remarkably low sedimentation rates (0.71 and 1.1 m/Myr−1, respectively). We report detailed petrographic and geochemical analysis of basalt cores from these sites in order to investigate what impact sediment insulation has on seafloor alteration beyond 10–15 Myr of ocean crust formation. Both sites exhibit low‐temperature (<150°C) alteration (e.g., iron‐hydroxides, carbonate, and quartz) within a predominantly oxidative regime, albeit with markedly different alteration styles and intensity. Alteration at Site U1365, which is predominantly composed of sheet flows, occurs mainly near sheet flow boundaries and fractures. In contrast, Site U1368 comprises interlayered pillows and thin sheet flows that have been subjected to relatively even levels of alteration. Variation of alteration style and intensity between Sites U1365 and U1368 appear closely tied to lithology and crustal structure. Although alteration‐induced elemental changes at both sites are similar in, e.g., increasing K, Rb, U, Ba, and Fe3+ and decreasing Fe2+, Ca, and Ni, they show distinct differences in Th, which is significantly decreased at Site U1365 but relatively constant at Site U1368. At both sites enrichment of LREEs relative to HREEs is ascribed to alteration. The greater vein abundance and notably higher Fe3+/TiO2, K2O/TiO2, LOI/TiO2, and Rb/TiO2 ratios of representative samples at Site U1365 compared to Site U1368 are attributed to increased alteration intensity. This is mirrored by greater overall chemical change (Fe2O3, FeO, CaO, K2O, Li, Rb, Pb, and U) observed at Site U1365 than those of Site U1368 and other DSDP/ODP sites between 6 and 46 Ma. Since both Sites U1365 and U1368 endured only minimal sedimentation, we attribute the differences in overall chemical change across the two sites to duration of exposure to seawater.
Calcium sulfate veins characterized by ChemCam/Curiosity at Gale crater, Mars
Authors: Nachon M. , Clegg S. M. , Mangold N. , Schröder S. , Kah L. C. , Dromart G. , Ollila A. , Johnson J. R. , Oehler D. Z. , Bridges J. C. , Le Mouélic S. , Forni O. , Wiens R.C. , Anderson R. B. , Blaney D. L. , Bell J.F. , Clark B. , Cousin A. , Dyar M. D. , Ehlmann B. , Fabre C. , Gasnault O. , Grotzinger J. , Lasue J. , Lewin E. , Léveillé R. , McLennan S. , Maurice S. , Meslin P.‐Y. , Rapin W. , Rice M. , Squyres S. W. , Stack K. , Sumner D. Y. , Vaniman D. , Wellington D.
Published: July 2014

The Curiosity rover has analyzed abundant light‐toned fracture‐fill material within the Yellowknife Bay sedimentary deposits. The ChemCam instrument, coupled with Mastcam and ChemCam/Remote Micro Imager images, was able to demonstrate that these fracture fills consist of calcium sulfate veins, many of which appear to be hydrated at a level expected for gypsum and bassanite. Anhydrite is locally present and is found in a location characterized by a nodular texture. An intricate assemblage of veins crosses the sediments, which were likely formed by precipitation from fluids circulating through fractures. The presence of veins throughout the entire ~5 m thick Yellowknife Bay sediments suggests that this process occurred well after sedimentation and cementation/lithification of those sediments. The sulfur‐rich fluids may have originated in previously precipitated sulfate‐rich layers, either before the deposition of the Sheepbed mudstones or from unrelated units such as the sulfates at the base of Mount Sharp. The occurrence of these veins after the episodes of deposition of fluvial sediments at the surface suggests persistent aqueous activity in relatively nonacidic conditions.
Characterization of flow parameters and evidence of pore clogging during limestone dissolution experiments
Authors: Luquot L. , Roetting T. S. , Carrera J.
Published: July 2014

Rock dissolution induces changes in texture (porosity, pore‐size distribution, or tortuosity) which modify multiphase flow and transport properties (permeability, diffusion coefficient, retention curve). Limestone dissolution will occur during CO2 storage or acid injection for well stimulation. Therefore, characterizing those changes is essential for understanding flow and transport during and after the CO2 injection because they can affect the storage capacity, injectivity, and trapping mechanisms. Yet, few published studies evaluate the changes of hydrodynamic properties due to fluid‐rock interactions. We report seven dissolution experiments performed on four limestone samples by injecting water with pH ranging from 3.5 to 5.0. Sample porosity, diffusion coefficient, and pore‐size distribution were measured before and after each rock attack, which was repeated twice on three of the samples. Permeability was monitored continuously and chemical samples were taken to evaluate calcite dissolution. We find that overall porosity increases over time as expected. But the increase is nonuniform along the sample. At the samples inlets, large pores increase significantly while small pores remain unchanged, which is consistent with wormhole initiation. However, the size of largest pores is reduced at the outlet, which we attribute to clogging by particles dragged from the inlet. As a result, the overall permeability is reduced. Particle dragging is unlikely during supercritical CO2 storage because head gradients are small, but may be expected in the case of dissolved CO2 injection or during well stimulation by acid injection. Our results imply that dissolution is highly localized, which will result in a significant increase in capillary trapping.
NASA satellites point to cleaner U.S. air
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: July 2014

People living in major U.S. cities now enjoy better air quality than they did a decade ago, according to satellite images released by NASA last month. Data from the agency's Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) show that Americans are breathing less nitrogen dioxide, a yellow‐brown gas that can cause respiratory problems. The gas is produced by the combustion of gasoline in vehicle engines and coal power plants.
NASA launches carbon dioxide research satellite
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: July 2014

Last week NASA launched a new satellite to study atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Once in orbit, the Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 (OCO‐2) satellite, launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, will take more than 100,000 individual measurements of atmospheric CO2 per day.
Huss Receives 2013 Cryosphere Young Investigator Award: Citation
Authors: Hock Regine , Cogley Graham , Rasmussen Al
Published: July 2014

Matthias Huss is an outstanding young glaciologist who completed his Ph.D. in 2009 at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich, Switzerland, and currently has a joint appointment there and at the University of Fribourg. During his short scientific career, Matthias has made substantial and innovative contributions to a broad range of topics in glaciology, including modeling and projection of glacier mass and runoff changes, glacier outburst floods, glacier dynamics, and climate‐glacier interactions. His work ranges from local‐scale to regional‐ and global‐scale studies. Of note, he developed a new cutting‐edge and already widely used parameterization to model glacier retreat, which fills the gap between complex ice flow models and simple scaling methods. He also computed ice thickness distribution maps of all 200,000 glaciers in the world based on principles of flow dynamics. This unique data set has many applications, of which perhaps the most significant is the estimation of the total volume of stored ice, a quantity that is critical for projections of sea level rise and water resources during the 21st century.
Mitchell Receives 2013 Ronald Greeley Early Career Award in Planetary Science: Citation
Authors: McKinnon William B.
Published: July 2014

The Greeley Early Career Award is named for pioneering planetary scientist Ronald Greeley. Ron was involved in nearly every major planetary mission from the 1970s until his death and was extraordinarily active in service to the planetary science community. Ron's greatest legacies, however, are those he mentored through the decades, and it is young scientists whose work and promise we seek to recognize. This year's Greeley award winner is Jonathan L. Mitchell, an assistant professor at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Jonathan received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, and after a postdoc at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton, he joined the UCLA faculty, where he holds a joint appointment in Earth and space sciences and in atmospheric sciences.
Bursty flows in magnetosphere influence ionosphere
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: July 2014

In Earth's plasma sheet—a region of dense ionized gas that lies around the equatorial plane and extends into the magnetotail—plasma flows in large‐scale smooth flows as well as in small‐scale bursts. Studies have investigated the individual bursty flows but not the large‐scale effects of these bursts. To investigate how the bursty flows affect the magnetosphere and its coupling to the ionosphere, Yang et al. conducted two simulations, one with only large‐scale flows and the other with random bubbles and blobs of plasma flowing both toward Earth and away from it. They found that the bursty flows significantly altered the magnetic properties of the plasma sheet and the distributions of current in the ionosphere and that the properties found in the bursty flow simulations matched observations much better than the simulations without bursty flows.
Approximately 1.78 Ga mafic dykes in the Lüliang Complex, North China Craton: Zircon ages and Lu‐Hf isotopes, geochemistry, and implications
Authors: Wang Xi , Zhu Wenbin , Luo Meng , Ren Xingmin , Cui Xiang
Published: July 2014

Mafic dyke swarms are excellent time markers and paleostress indicators. Numerous late Paleoproterozoic mafic dykes are exposed throughout the Trans‐North China Orogen (TNCO). Most of these dykes trend NW‐SE or NNW‐SSE, nearly parallel to the orogen, while a series of E‐W trending mafic dykes are restricted in the Lüliang and southern Taihang areas in the central segment of the TNCO. These dykes were mostly considered to be linked with breakup of the supercontinent Columbia previously. In this study, 16 mafic dykes were investigated in the Lüliang Complex. Zircon LA‐ICP‐MS dating of four samples yields magmatic crystallization ages of 1.78–1.79 Ga. These dykes belong to the tholeiite series and consist of basalt, basaltic andesite, and andesite. They are enriched in LREE and LILE and depleted in HFSE, and have negative zircon εHf(t) values of −1.7 to −12.2. The E‐W trending mafic dykes show similar geochemical and isotopic features compared to the NW‐SE trending dykes in other complexes. They were most likely originated from a lithospheric mantle metasomatized by subduction‐related fluids and later emplaced along extensional fractures in a postcollisional setting. NW‐SE trending fractures were formed due to gravitational collapse and thinning of the lithosphere. E‐W trending fractures in the central segment of the orogen constitute a transverse accommodation belt to equilibrate the different amounts of extension between the northern and southern TNCO. The impact of the postorogenic extension might have continued to approximately 1680 Ma as evidenced by the presence of abundant approximately 1750–1680 Ma anorthosite‐gabbro‐mangerite‐rapakivi granite suites (AMCG‐like) occurring in the northern NCC.
Multiphase OH oxidation kinetics of organic aerosol: The role of particle phase state and relative humidity
Authors: Slade Jonathan H. , Knopf Daniel A.
Published: July 2014

Organic aerosol can exhibit different phase states in response to changes in relative humidity (RH), thereby influencing heterogeneous reaction rates with trace gas species. OH radical uptake by laboratory‐generated levoglucosan and methyl‐nitrocatechol particles, serving as surrogates for biomass burning aerosol, is determined as a function of RH. Increasing RH lowers the viscosity of amorphous levoglucosan aerosol particles enabling enhanced OH uptake. Conversely, OH uptake by methyl‐nitrocatechol aerosol particles is suppressed at higher RH as a result of competitive coadsorption of H2O that occupies reactive sites. This is shown to have substantial impacts on organic aerosol lifetimes with respect to OH oxidation. The results emphasize the importance of organic aerosol phase state to accurately describe the multiphase chemical kinetics and thus chemical aging process in atmospheric models to better represent the evolution of organic aerosol and its role in air quality and climate.
Upper atmosphere cooling over the past 33 years
Authors: Ogawa Y. , Motoba T. , Buchert S. C. , Häggström I. , Nozawa S.
Published: July 2014

Theoretical models and observations have suggested that the increasing greenhouse gas concentration in the troposphere causes the upper atmosphere to cool and contract. However, our understanding of the long‐term trends in the upper atmosphere is still quite incomplete, due to a limited amount of available and well‐calibrated data. The European Incoherent Scatter radar has gathered data in the polar ionosphere above Tromsø for over 33 years. Using this long‐term data set, we have estimated the first significant trends of ion temperature at altitudes between 200 and 450 km. The estimated trends indicate a cooling of 10–15 K/decade near the F region peak (220–380 km altitude), whereas above 400 km the trend is nearly zero or even warming. The height profiles of the observed trends are close to those predicted by recent atmospheric general circulation models. Our results are the first quantitative confirmation of the simulations and of the qualitative expectations.
A posteriori adjustment of near‐term climate predictions: Accounting for the drift dependence on the initial conditions
Authors: Fučkar Neven S. , Volpi Danila , Guemas Virginie , Doblas‐Reyes Francisco J.
Published: July 2014

Climate predictions initialized from an observationally based state (OBS) drift toward the state of the unconstrained model, which makes the use of a posteriori correction methods essential to disentangle the climate signal of interest from the model bias. We propose that applying a linear regression of the predictions and corresponding OBS on the OBS initial conditions (IC), and substituting the latter for the former, offers an effective method for bias correction. The impact of this new method is examined on monthly means of large‐scale sea surface temperature indices and the Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent in EC‐Earth2.3 predictions. This postprocessing adjustment through a linear regression on the averaged OBS over the first forecast month as a temporarily smoothed proxy for OBS IC shows a reduction of model error with respect to the two established bias correction methods. Improvements are seen for at least two seasons and for some variables up to 5 years.
Investigation of the seasonal and local time variations of the high‐altitude sporadic Na layer (Nas) formation and the associated midlatitude descending E layer (Es) in lower E region
Authors: Yuan T. , Wang Jihong , Cai Xuguang , Sojka J. , Rice D. , Oberheide J. , Criddle N.
Published: July 2014

Recent studies have suggested that the major reservoir for the sporadic sodium layer (Nas) above 95 km in altitude is likely the sodium ion (Na+) within the sporadic E layer (Es) in the lower E region. However, theoretical and laboratory works have demonstrated that the metal ion's neutralization process is quite difficult above 100 km, while intensive neutral metal layers are consistently observed in the lower E region between 100 km and 125 km. In this paper, the multiyear observations of a Na lidar and an ionosonde at Utah State University (41.7°N, 111.8°W) and the nearby Bear Lake Observatory (41.9°N, 111.4°W) are utilized to understand their seasonal and local time variations. The comparison study between this set of the Nas and the nocturnal Nas observations in Beijing China (40.2°N, 116.1°E) reveals similar variations, but major differences are also noticed. To investigate the mechanism of these variations, the Hamburg Model of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere and the Climatological Tidal Model of the Thermosphere are utilized to simulate the ion vertical drift in the lower E region. The simulation shows that the lower E region is dominated by convergence of metal ions in summer, and ion diffusion prevails during winter. The tidal wind modulates the ion vertical drift speed and increases the likelihood of Es evolution at certain local times during the summer, while the tidal components of atmospheric density facilitate Nas formation by neutralizing the Na+ within the Es.
Southern Ocean velocity and geostrophic transport fields estimated by combining Jason altimetry and Argo data
Authors: Kosempa Michael , Chambers Don P.
Published: July 2014

Zonal geostrophic velocity fields above 1975 dbar have been estimated for the Southern Ocean from 2004 into 2011 based on sea surface topography observed by Jason altimetry and temperature/salinity measured by Argo autonomous floats. The velocity at 1000 dbar estimated with the method has been compared to Argo drift trajectory at the same pressure level available from the Asia Pacific Data Research Center (APDRC). The inferred velocities agree with those from the Argo drift within the estimated sampling error of the latter, but have fewer gaps in space and time. The velocity has also been integrated from depth to surface to determine the mean and time‐variable zonal geostrophic transport in the Southern Ocean between 29.5°S and 58.5°S, primarily in the South Atlantic and South Indian Ocean basins, due to limitations in coverage of Argo. Analysis shows errors can be reduced by >70% by averaging gridded results over wide areas. Zonal transport averaged over the entire Indian Ocean basin shows a significant correlation with the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) at low frequencies: transport is higher than normal during a positive phase of the AAO, and lower during the negative phase.
Volume transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current: Production and validation of a 20 year long time series obtained from in situ and satellite observations
Authors: Koenig Zoé , Provost Christine , Ferrari Ramiro , Sennéchael Nathalie , Rio Marie‐Hélène
Published: July 2014

A 20 year long volume transport time series of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current across the Drake Passage is estimated from the combination of information from in situ current meter data (2006–2009) and satellite altimetry data (1992–2012). A new method for transport estimates had to be designed. It accounts for the dependence of the vertical velocity structure on surface velocity and latitude. Yet unpublished velocity profile time series from Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers are used to provide accurate vertical structure estimates in the upper 350 m. The mean cross‐track surface geostrophic velocities are estimated using an iterative error/correction scheme to the mean velocities deduced from two recent mean dynamic topographies. The internal consistency and the robustness of the method are carefully assessed. Comparisons with independent data demonstrate the accuracy of the method. The full‐depth volume transport has a mean of 141 Sv (standard error of the mean 2.7 Sv), a standard deviation (std) of 13 Sv, and a range of 110 Sv. Yearly means vary from 133.6 Sv in 2011 to 150 Sv in 1993 and standard deviations from 8.8 Sv in 2009 to 17.9 Sv in 1995. The canonical ISOS values (mean 133.8 Sv, std 11.2 Sv) obtained from a year‐long record in 1979 are very similar to those found here for year 2011 (133.6 Sv and 12 Sv). Full‐depth transports and transports over 3000 m barely differ as in that particular region of Drake Passage the deep recirculations in two semiclosed basins have a close to zero net transport.
The surface mixed layer heat budget from mooring observations in the central Indian Ocean during Madden–Julian Oscillation events
Authors: Chi Nan‐Hsun , Lien Ren‐Chieh , D'Asaro Eric A. , Ma Barry B.
Published: July 2014

The oceanic surface mixed layer heat budget in the central equatorial Indian Ocean is calculated from observations at two mooring sites (0°S 79°E and 1.5°S 79°E) during three active and calm phases of Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) events between September 2011 and January 2012. At both mooring locations, the surface mixed layer is generally heated during MJO calm phases. During MJO active phases at both mooring locations, the surface mixed layer is always cooled by the net surface heat flux and also sometimes by the turbulent heat flux at the bottom of the surface mixed layer. The turbulent heat flux at the bottom of the surface mixed layer, however, varies greatly among different MJO active phases and between the two mooring locations. A barrier layer exerts control on the turbulent heat flux at the base of the surface mixed layer; we quantify this barrier layer strength by a “barrier layer potential energy,” which depends on the thickness of the barrier layer, the thickness of the surface mixed layer, and the density stratification across the isothermal layer. During one observed MJO active phase, a strong turbulent heat flux into the mixed layer was diagnosed, despite the presence of a 10−20 m thick barrier layer. This was due to the strong shear across the barrier layer driven by the westerly winds, which provided sufficient available kinetic energy to erode the barrier layer. To better simulate and predict net surface heat fluxes and the MJO, models must estimate the oceanic barrier layer potential energy, background shear, stratification, and surface forcing accurately.
Factors controlling the ice nucleating abilities of α‐pinene SOA particles
Authors: Ladino L. A. , Zhou S. , Yakobi‐Hancock J. D. , Aljawhary D. , Abbatt J. P. D.
Published: July 2014

The ice nucleation abilities of fresh, water‐soluble, internally mixed, and photochemically oxidized α‐pinene secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles were investigated at cirrus cloud temperatures in a continuous flow diffusion chamber. SOA sampled from a flow tube (SOA‐fresh‐FT) mimicked freshly generated particles, while the water‐soluble organic compound fraction from a FT and smog chamber (SOA‐WSOC‐FT, SOA‐WSOC‐SC) mimicked cloud‐processed particles. SOA‐fresh‐FT, SOA‐WSOC‐FT, and SOA‐WSOC‐SC particles were not highly active at nucleating ice between 233 K and 213 K, with activation onsets (i.e.,  0.1% of particles forming ice) at or slightly above the theoretical homogeneous freezing line. A significant increase in the O/C of SOA‐WSOC‐SC via aqueous phase OH oxidation did not modify the ice nucleation abilities, indicating that the detailed composition of the particles is not of paramount importance to their ice nucleating abilities. Instead, precooling the SOA‐WSOC‐FT and SOA‐WSOC‐SC particles to 233 K dropped their ice nucleation onsets by up to 20% relative humidity with respect to ice, with lower temperatures likely driving the particles to be more viscous and solid‐like. However, it is possible that preactivation contributed to the reduction of the ice nucleation onsets. Particles composed of both SOA‐WSOC and ammonium sulfate (AS) were significantly less active in the deposition nucleation mode than pure, solid AS particles.
Mesospheric Inversion Layers at Chatanika, Alaska (65°N, 147°W): Rayleigh lidar observations and analysis
Authors: Irving Brita K. , Collins Richard L. , Lieberman Ruth S. , Thurairajah Brentha , Mizutani Kohei
Published: July 2014

Rayleigh lidar observations at Poker Flat Research Range, Chatanika, Alaska (65°N, 147°W), have yielded density and temperature measurements from 40 km to 80 km. These measurements have been made under clear skies at night between November 1997 and May 2009. We have identified and characterized 79 Mesospheric Inversion Layers (MILs) in the 40–70 km altitude region on 56 of 117 nights of observations between August and May. These 79 MILs have an average amplitude of 13 K, peak altitude of 61 km, topside lapse rate of 6 K/km, depth or thickness of 3 km, base altitude of 58 km, bottomside gradient of 5 K/km, and downward vertical velocity of 0.1 km/h based on the 2 h temperature profiles. MILs occur with a nightly occurrence rate of 48%, more frequently than previously reported at Arctic sites, but less frequently than at lower latitude sites. MILs are embedded in the larger planetary wave structure. MILs are found to occur most commonly in January as has been reported from lower latitude sites. We find that the planetary wave‐1 amplitudes are a factor 1.3 larger at an altitude of 5.0–6.5 scale heights (~32–39 km) on days when MILs are observed than when they are not observed. The planetary wave‐2 amplitudes are not significantly different when MILs are present and absent. We find that Eliassen‐Palm flux divergences at an altitude of 7–8 scale height (~45–52 km) are a factor 2.0 larger on nights when MILs are observed than when they are not observed. We also find that gravity wave potential energy densities are a factor 1.3 larger on nights when MILs are observed than on nights when they are not observed.
The effects of psammophilous plants on sand dune dynamics
Authors: Bel Golan , Ashkenazy Yosef
Published: July 2014

Mathematical models of sand dune dynamics have considered different types of sand dune cover. However, despite the important role of psammophilous plants (plants that flourish in moving‐sand environments) in dune dynamics, the incorporation of their effects into mathematical models of sand dunes remains a challenging task. Here we propose a nonlinear physical model for the role of psammophilous plants in the stabilization and destabilization of sand dunes. There are two main mechanisms by which the wind affects these plants: (i) sand drift results in the burial and exposure of plants, a process that is known to result in an enhanced growth rate, and (ii) strong winds remove shoots and rhizomes and seed them in nearby locations, enhancing their growth rate. Our model describes the temporal evolution of the fractions of surface cover of regular vegetation, biogenic soil crust, and psammophilous plants. The latter reach their optimal growth under either (i) specific sand drift or (ii) specific wind power. The model exhibits complex bifurcation diagrams and dynamics, which explain observed phenomena, and it predicts new dune stabilization scenarios. Depending on the climatological conditions, it is possible to obtain one, two, or, predicted here for the first time, three stable dune states. Our model shows that the development of the different cover types depends on the precipitation rate and the wind power and that the psammophilous plants are not always the first to grow and stabilize the dunes.
The heliospheric magnetic flux, solar wind proton flux, and cosmic ray intensity during the coming solar minimum
Authors: Smith Charles W. , McCracken K. G. , Schwadron Nathan A. , Goelzer Molly L.
Published: July 2014

Recent papers have linked the heliospheric magnetic flux to the sunspot cycle with good correlation observed between prediction and observation. Other papers have shown a strong correlation between magnetic flux and solar wind proton flux from coronal holes. We combine these efforts with an expectation that the sunspot activity of the approaching solar minimum will resemble the Dalton or Gleissberg Minimum and predict that the magnetic flux and solar wind proton flux over the coming decade will be lower than at any time during the space age. Using these predictions and established theory, we also predict record high galactic cosmic ray intensities over the same years. The analysis shown here is a prediction of global space climate change within which space weather operates. It predicts a new parameter regime for the transient space weather behavior that can be expected during the coming decade.
Growth of a Highly Porous Coordination Polymer on a Macroporous Polymer Monolith Support for Enhanced Immobilized Metal Ion Affinity Chromatographic Enrichment of Phosphopeptides
Authors: Saeed Adeela , Maya Fernando , Xiao Dianne J. , Najam‐ul‐Haq Muhammad , Svec Frantisek , Britt David K.
Published: July 2014

A simple room temperature solution‐based method for the preparation of highly porous iron(III) benzenetricarboxylate coordination polymer films on the internal surface of a macroporous polystyrene‐divinylbenzene‐methacrylic acid polymer is reported. The resulting metal‐organic polymer hybrid (MOPH) maintains a high specific micropore surface area of 389 m2 g‐1 and thermal stability above 250 °C in air. The MOPH preparation is readily adapted to a capillary column, yielding a flow‐through separation device with excellent flow permeability and modest back‐pressure. The excellent separation capability of the MOPH column is demonstrated by enriching phosphopeptides from mixtures of digested proteins. This approach to MOPH synthesis is easily implemented and likely adaptable to a wide range of coordination polymers and metal‐organic frameworks.
Liquid Metal Actuator for Inducing Chaotic Advection
Authors: Tang Shi‐Yang , Sivan Vijay , Petersen Phred , Zhang Wei , Morrison Paul D. , Kalantar‐zadeh Kourosh , Mitchell Arnan , Khoshmanesh Khashayar
Published: July 2014

Chaotic advection plays an important role in microplatforms for a variety of applications. Currently used mechanisms for inducing chaotic advection in small scale, however, are limited by their complicated fabrication processes and relatively high power consumption. Here, a soft actuator is reported which utilizes a droplet of Galinstan liquid metal to induce harmonic Marangoni flow at the surface of liquid metal when activated by a sinusoidal signal. This liquid metal actuator has no rigid parts and employs continuous electrowetting effect to induce chaotic advection with exceptionally low power consumption. The theory behind the operation of this actuator is developed and validated via a series of experiments. The presented actuator can be readily integrated into other microfluidic components for a wide range of applications.
Development of Highly Effective CaO‐based, MgO‐stabilized CO2 Sorbents via a Scalable “One‐Pot” Recrystallization Technique
Authors: Broda Marcin , Kierzkowska Agnieszka M. , Müller Christoph R.
Published: July 2014

Here, we report the development of novel, highly effective CaO‐based CO2 sorbents via a well‐scalable and economic synthesis technique, viz. the re‐crystallization of calcium and magnesium acetates in organic solvents. We successfully synthesized a material that possessed an excellent cyclic CO2 uptake (10.71 mmol(CO2) g(sorbent)−1 after 10 cycles), even under harsh, but practically relevant, regeneration conditions. To obtain such a high cyclic CO2 uptake, it was found to be crucial to mix the active component, CaO, and the high Tammann temperature support, MgO, on the nanometer scale. The synthesis technique developed only requires 8 wt% of MgO to effectively stabilize the cyclic CO2 uptake of the material. Furthermore, we established the influence of various synthesis parameters such as the molar ratio of Ca2+ to Mg2+ and the re‐crystallization media on the sorbent's morphology and, in turn, cyclic CO2 uptake. Our best material exceeded the CO2 uptake (10th cycle) of limestone by 200%.
Interface Functionalities in Multilayer Stack Organic Light Emitting Transistors (OLETs)
Authors: Capelli Raffaella , Dinelli Franco , Gazzano Massimo , D'Alpaos Riccardo , Stefani Andrea , Generali Gianluca , Riva Mauro , Montecchi Monica , Giglia Angelo , Pasquali Luca
Published: July 2014

Herein is described a multidisciplinary approach to understand the performance limitations of small molecule organic light emitting transistors (OLETs) based on a layered architecture, an innovative architecture potentially competitive with the state of the art and more flexible for spectral emission control. The processes of charge injection and field‐effect transport at metal/organic and organic/organic interfaces are analysed using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques in coordination. Atomic force microscopy and ultrasonic force microscopy are employed to characterize the interface morphology and the initial growth stages of organic films where charge transport actually occurs. X‐ray diffraction and near edge X‐ray dichroic absorption with linearly polarised light allow to determine the unit cell packing and the molecular orientation at the active organic interfaces, as well as the amount of non‐ordered domains. Moreover, chemical reactivity at the interfaces is measured by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is found that a strong reaction occurs at the metal‐organic interfaces, with molecular fragmentation. Additionally, the transport properties strongly depend on the nature of the materials forming the organic stack. Specifically, amorphous conjugated films as bottom layers can promote an increased molecular disorder in the upper active layer, with a concomitant deterioration of the conduction properties.
Donor‐Acceptor Interfacial Interactions Dominate Device Performance in Hybrid P3HT‐ZnO Nanowire‐Array Solar Cells
Authors: Whittaker‐Brooks Luisa , McClain William E. , Schwartz Jeffrey , Loo Yueh‐Lin
Published: July 2014

The adsorption of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) on metal oxide surfaces is a promising route to control electronic characteristics and surface wettability. Here, arylphosphonic acid derivatives are used to modulate the surface properties of vertically oriented ZnO nanowire arrays. Arylphosphonate‐functionalized ZnO nanowires are incorporated into hybrid organic‐inorganic solar cells in which infiltrated poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) serves as the polymer donor. Strong correlations between device short‐circuit current density (J
sc) and power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) with ZnO surface functionalization species are observed and a weak correlation in the open‐circuit voltage (V
oc) is observed. Inverted solar cells fabricated with these treated interfaces exhibit PCEs as high as 2.1%, primarily due to improvements in J
sc. Analogous devices using untreated ZnO arrays having efficiencies of 1.6%. The enhancement in J
sc is attributed to surface passivation of ZnO by SAMs and enhanced wettability from P3HT, which improve charge transfer and reduce carrier recombination at the organic‐inorganic interface in the solar cells.
Batch‐to‐Batch Variation of Polymeric Photovoltaic Materials: its Origin and Impacts on Charge Carrier Transport and Device Performances
Authors: Lee Harrison Ka Hin , Li Zhao , Constantinou Iordania , So Franky , Tsang Sai Wing , So Shu Kong
Published: July 2014

A detailed investigation of the impact of molecular weight distribution of a photoactive polymer, poly[N‐9′‐heptadecanyl‐2,7‐carbazole‐alt‐5,5‐(4′,7′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐2′,1′,3′‐benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT), on photovoltaic device performance and carrier transport properties is reported. It is found that different batches of as‐received polymers have substantial differences in their molecular weight distribution. As revealed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), two peaks can generally be observed. One of the peaks corresponds to a high molecular weight component and the other peak corresponds to a low molecular weight component. Photovoltaic devices fabricated with a higher proportion of low molecular weight component have power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) reduced from 5.7% to 2.5%. The corresponding charge carrier mobility at the short‐circuit region is also significantly reduced from 2.7 × 10−5 to 1.6 × 10−8 cm2 V−1 s−1. The carrier transport properties of the polymers at various temperatures are further analyzed by the Gaussian disorder model (GDM). All polymers have similar energetic disorders. However, they appear to have significant differences in carrier hopping distances. This result provides insight into the origin of the molecular weight effect on carrier transport in polymeric semiconducting materials.
Donor NK cell licensing in control of malignancy in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Nowak Jacek , Kościńska Katarzyna , Mika‐Witkowska Renata , Rogatko‐Koroś Marta , Mizia Sylwia , Jaskuła Emilia , Polak Małgorzata , Mordak‐Domagała Monika , Lange Janusz , Gronkowska Anna , Jędrzejczak Wiesław Wiktor , Kyrcz‐Krzemień Sławomira , Markiewicz Mirosław , Dzierżak‐Mietła Monika , Tomaszewska Agnieszka , Nasiłowska‐Adamska Barbara , Szczepiński Andrzej , Hałaburda Kazimierz , Hellmann Andrzej , Komarnicki Mieczysław , Gil Lidia , Czyż Anna , Wachowiak Jacek , Barańska Małgorzata , Kowalczyk Jerzy , Drabko Katarzyna , Goździk Jolanta , Wysoczańska Barbara , Bogunia‐Kubik Katarzyna , Graczyk‐Pol Elżbieta , Witkowska Agnieszka , Marosz‐Rudnicka Anna , Nestorowicz Klaudia , Dziopa Joanna , Szlendak Urszula , Warzocha Krzysztof , Lange and Andrzej ,   on behalf of the Polish Donor‐Recipient Matching Study Group
Published: July 2014

Among cancers treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation (HSCT), some are sensitive to natural killer (NK) cell reactivity, described as the “missing self” recognition effect. However, this model disregarded the NK cell licensing effect, which highly increases the NK cell reactivity against tumor and is dependent on the coexpression of inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor (iKIR) and its corresponding HLA Class I ligand. We assessed clinical data, HLA and donor iKIR genotyping in 283 patients with myelo‐ and lymphoproliferative malignancies who underwent HSCT from unrelated donors. We found dramatically reduced overall survival (OS), progression free survival (PFS), and time to progression (TTP) among patients with malignant diseases with the lack of HLA ligand cognate with this iKIR involved in NK cell licensing in corresponding donor (events 83.3% vs. 39.8%, P = 0.0010; 91.6% vs. 47.7%, P = 0.00010; and 30.0% vs. 17.3%, P = 0.013, for OS, PFS, and TTP, respectively). The extremely adverse PFS have withstand the correction when patient group was restricted to HLA mismatched donor‐recipient pairs. The incidence of aGvHD was comparable in two groups of patients. In malignant patients after HSCT the missing HLA ligand for iKIR involved in NK cell licensing in corresponding donor (“missing licensing proof”) induced extremely adverse survival of the patients due to the progression of malignancy and not to the aGvHD. Avoiding the selection of HSCT donors with the “missing licensing proof” in the malignant patient is strongly advisable.Am. J. Hematol. 89:E176–E183, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential circadian catecholamine and cortisol responses between healthy women with and without a parental history of hypertension
Authors: James Gary D. , Alfarano Alexandria S. , van Berge‐Landry Helene M.
Published: July 2014

Objectives

Previous studies suggest that otherwise healthy individuals who have a parental history of hypertension (PH+) have an accentuated reactive rise in catecholamines and cortisol to laboratory stressors as well as elevated plasma levels when compared with those with no parental history (PH−); however, few, if any, studies have evaluated whether parental history affects the responses of these hormones to changing environmental circumstances in everyday life. The purpose of this study was to compare urinary catecholamine (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and cortisol excretion and ambulatory blood pressures (BPs) across three daily microenvironments between women with and without a parental history of hypertension.

Methods

The women in the study (PH+, N = 62, age = 35.2 ± 9.1; PH−, N = 72, age = 33.8 ± 10.0) worked in clerical, technical, or professional positions at a major medical center in New York City. Urinary hormone excretion rates and ambulatory BP were measured across three daily microenvironments: work (11 am to 3 p.m.), home (approximately 6 p.m. to 10 p.m.), and during sleep (approximately 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.). History group comparisons by microenvironment were made using repeated‐measures ANCOVA and ANOVA analyses.

Results

The results show that epinephrine excretion among PH+ women was 36% higher than PH− women (P < 0.008) over the entire day and that nocturnal cortisol excretion was also greater among PH+ women (P < 0.045). PH+ women also had statistically significantly higher systolic (4 mm Hg higher; P < 0.01) and diastolic (2 mm Hg higher, P < 0.03) BP when compared with PH− women across all daily microenvironments.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that there may be genetically linked mechanisms which elevate tonic epinephrine levels and nocturnal cortisol levels that contribute to elevating circadian BP. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:753–759, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative effectiveness of medical and surgical therapy on olfaction in chronic rhinosinusitis: a prospective, multi‐institutional study
Authors: DeConde Adam S. , Mace Jess C. , Alt Jeremiah A. , Schlosser Rodney J. , Smith Timothy L. , Soler Zachary M.
Published: July 2014

Background

Evidence comparing the impact of medical and surgical management of chronic rhinosinusitis on olfactory function is limited. This study evaluates olfactory outcomes in patients who failed initial medical management and elect either continued medical management or endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) followed by medical management.

Methods

Adult subjects were prospectively enrolled into a nonrandomized, multi‐institutional cohort. Baseline characteristics, quality‐of‐life and objective clinical findings were collected along with 2 quality‐of‐life disease‐specific measures, the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI) and Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22). The primary outcome measure was the posttreatment change (≥6 months) in the Brief Smell Identification Test (B‐SIT). Bivariate and multivariate analyses compared B‐SIT changes by treatment type while controlling for baseline cofactors.

Results

Subjects (n = 280) were enrolled between March 2011 and May 2013. Baseline B‐SIT scores (mean ± standard deviation) were comparable between medical and surgical treatment groups (8.8 ± 3.2 vs 9.0 ± 3.2; p = 0.703). Subjects with baseline impaired olfaction (n = 83; 29.6%) experienced B‐SIT improvement in both the medical (n = 17; 2.3 ± 2.8; p = 0.005) and surgical (n = 66; 2.1 ± 3.0; p < 0.001) cohort. A total of 38.6% of subjects with impaired olfaction return to normal olfaction at follow‐up with no difference identified between treatment modalities (p = 0.803). Multivariate analyses identified prior surgery as a predictor of less improvement regardless of treatment modality in patients with baseline impaired olfaction. Average changes in B‐SIT scores were comparable between treatment groups (p > 0.050).

Conclusion

Subjects electing ESS experienced gains in olfaction comparable to subjects electing continued medical management. Further study with larger sample size and more sensitive measures of olfaction are needed to determine differences between treatment groups.
Hemostasis with emergently modified application of intra‐aortic balloon occlusion in a patient with impending cardiac arrest following blunt proximal thigh amputation
Authors: Uchida Kotaro , Homma Hiroshi , Oda Jun , Yukioka Tetsuo , Nagai Noriko , Mishima Shiro , Ohta Shoichi
Published: July 2014

Case

A 30‐year‐old woman had her left thigh run over by a train. We tried to compress the left femoral area to control the arterial bleeding, but bleeding continued from the stump and injured soft tissue. The application of a tourniquet bandage also failed because of the limited remaining thigh. She developed impending cardiac arrest. As the left femoral arterial pulsation was still palpable, we inserted an intra‐aortic balloon occlusion catheter percutaneously. The hemorrhage from the stump region decreased rapidly. She was transferred to an operating room to carry out surgical hemostasis, and it was confirmed with deflation of the balloon in the common iliac artery.

Outcome

There was no complication of the skin or soft tissue at the surgical site caused by impaired circulation, and her consciousness fully recovered.

Conclusion

We report the successful control of bleeding by the emergently modified application of intra‐aortic balloon occlusion in the left common iliac artery.
Nachweis von Diwasserstoffbrücken in einem chiralen Amin‐Boran‐Komplex in Lösung mittels VCD‐Spektroskopie
Authors: Merten Christian , Berger Christopher J. , McDonald Robert , Xu Yunjie
Published: July 2014

Infrarot‐ und Schwingungszirkulardichroismus‐Spektren (vibrational circular dichroism, VCD) eines chiralen Amin‐Borans in Lösung werden diskutiert. Durch Vergleich experimenteller und berechneter Spektren kann erstmals die Bildung von durch Diwasserstoffbrücken gebundenen Dimeren in Lösung nachgewiesen werden. Die VCD‐Banden der Dimere zeigen eine hohe Empfindlichkeit für die Bindungstopologie der Diwasserstoffbrücken, so dass detaillierte Strukturinformationen abgeleitet werden können. Weiterhin kann gezeigt werden, dass das Diwasserstoffbrückennetzwerk in Lösung und im kristallinen Zustand unterschiedlich ist.
Protein Interactions with Polymer Coatings and Biomaterials
Authors: Wei Qiang , Becherer Tobias , Angioletti‐Uberti Stefano , Dzubiella Joachim , Wischke Christian , Neffe Axel T. , Lendlein Andreas , Ballauff Matthias , Haag Rainer
Published: July 2014

Protein adsorption is considered to be the most important factor of the interaction between polymeric biomaterials and body fluids or tissues. Water‐mediated hydrophobic and hydration forces as well as electrostatic interactions are believed to be the major factors of protein adsorption. A systematic analysis of various monolayer systems has resulted in general guidelines, the so‐called “Whitesides rules”. These concepts have been successfully applied for designing various protein‐resistant surfaces and are being studied to expand the understanding of protein–material interactions beyond existing limitations. Theories on the mechanisms of protein adsorption are constantly being improved due to the fast‐developing analytical technologies. This Review is aimed at improving these empirical guidelines with regard to present theoretical and analytical advances. Current analytical methods to test mechanistic hypotheses and theories of protein–surface interactions will be discussed. Special focus will be given to state‐of‐the‐art bioinert and biospecific coatings and their applications in biomedicine.