bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Newspaper Reports of the Westminster Parliament
Authors: Franklin Bob
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines changing patterns of newspaper reporting of the proceedings of the Westminster Parliament during the twentieth century. It offers a detailed case study of coverage at a key moment and argues that since the 1990s, newspaper reports from the House fluctuated greatly in number and kind while also exhibiting a growing focus on lobby reporting at the expense of the Gallery tradition since the 1930s. Drawing on contemporary interviews with Parliamentary correspondents, combined with content analysis of national newspaper coverage, the chapter highlights  the striking decline in press reports across all national newspapers as well as the alleged ‘dumbing down’ of published Parliamentary stories. The chapter concludes by exploring the possibilities of digitally native editorial formats such as live blogging, developed at the end of the twentieth century, for enhancing Parliamentary coverage.
Concluding Comments
Authors: Conboy Martin
Published: September 2021

THIS VOLUME HAS drawn together a wide range of insights into the press over a period of just over a hundred years; a long twentieth century. It is generally acknowledged that if we had been looking for convenient dates to begin the discussion then the launch of Harmsworth’s ...
The CIA and Cuba: The Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis
Authors: Dylan Huw , Gioe David V. , Goodman Michael S.
Published: September 2021

This chapter is concerned with the some of the CIA’s operations against Cuba. It examines the ill-fated invasion at the Bay of Pigs by CIA backed and trained Cuban exiles, and how the failure impacted the agency. President Kennedy chose to fire the Head of the CIA and his deputy Allen Dulles and Charles Cabell. This occurred a short while before another, far more serious, crisis. In October 1962 reconnaissance aircraft provided evidence of a Soviet missile base on Cuba. This prompted the Cuban Missile Crisis. During the crisis the CIA was called on to provide intelligence on matters of the highest significance, and to do so it used the material provided by a Soviet source, Colonel Oleg Penkovsky.
Documents: Report on the Cuban Operation; The Inspector General’s Survey of the Cuban Operation; Oleg V. Penkovskiy.
The CIA and Arms Control
Authors: Dylan Huw , Gioe David V. , Goodman Michael S.
Published: September 2021

The chapter opens with an overview of how technological development has developed to allow US intelligence to acquire insight to support counter proliferation efforts. The capability of US intelligence became a key asset in agreeing international agreements, such as SALT. SALT I is the focus of the chapter. Whilst both the USSR and the US agreed to various limits on their strategic weapons verification that the other was abiding by the terms was to become key issue. Intelligence collection focused on imint and elint was the solution. In this case, intelligence was confidence. Document: Steering Group on Monitoring Strategic Arms Limitations.
1975: The Year of the ‘Intelligence Wars’
Authors: Dylan Huw , Gioe David V. , Goodman Michael S.
Published: September 2021

The chapter concerns the changes to oversight of the activities of the CIA following what it often termed the ‘Year of Intelligence’. It outlines the many developments to oversight, beginning with the Hughes-Ryan amendment and the system for approving covert action. But the Church Committee is the main focus. This Committee, and its recommendations, arguably had the greatest impact on changes to CIA oversight, and the US intelligence more broadly: the creation of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Document: Memorandum for all CIA Employees.
Watching Khomeini
Authors: Dylan Huw , Gioe David V. , Goodman Michael S.
Published: September 2021

The fall of the Shah of Iran is often quoted as a significant intelligence failure, this chapter focuses on Ayatollah Khomeini and the CIA analysis and assessments of this key individual. The chapter provides a potted biography of Khomeini, including his influence whilst in a series of exiles from Iran, whilst also detailing the misguided CIA analysis at the time of the extent of his influence within Iran, and how they evolved over time. The chapter concludes with a short overview of contact US officials had with Khomeini and his key advisers. Document: The Politics of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
The Soviet Leadership and Kremlinology in the 1980s
Authors: Dylan Huw , Gioe David V. , Goodman Michael S.
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on the CIA’s study of the leadership of the USSR, a practice sometimes known as Kremlinology. Periods of transition in the leadership of the USSR were extremely significant for the CIA, and the accession of Andropov was no different. Andropov swiftly took power within a week of Brezhnev’s death, and the CIA had to move quicky to assess how he would lead and shape the USSR. This is the focus of the first document. Andropov was but one of a succession of short-lived Soviet premiers, though. And the CIA had to assess the situation constantly. The remainder of the chapter takes a chronological look at successive CIA analyses of the likely successors to the ailing and aging Andropov through to Gorbachev. Documents: Assessment of Andropov’s Power; Gorbachev, the New Broom.
A Mole in Their Midst: The CIA and Aldrich Ames
Authors: Dylan Huw , Gioe David V. , Goodman Michael S.
Published: September 2021

The CIA worked hard to recruit agents of the KGB. The KGB reciprocated. They had some extraordinary successes. This chapter focuses on one, CIA officer Aldrich Ames. The chapter explores his personal and professional life, and how he came to be a double agent. It considers what information he chose to sell to the KGB and how damaging this was. It then considers the lingering doubts following Ames’ conviction: was he the only one? Document: Unclassified Abstract of the CIA Inspector General’s Report on the Aldrich H. Ames Case.
Memory and Trace
Authors: Iampolski Mikhail
Published: September 2021

This chapter traces the evolution of Tarkovsky’s engagement with memory throughout his career. Whereas in Andrei Rublev he attempts to reconstruct Russia’s medieval environment by applying his method of direct observation, in Mirror the integration of the past into the present becomes thoroughly subjectivized through his modelling of material reality after his personal memories and photographs. Furthermore, by sharing the director’s individual realm of memory with viewers and making them accept it as their own, Mirror also aims to transcend it on the impersonal level. In his late features, Iampolski argues, Tarkovsky’s finally overcomes the subjective dimension of the past by shifting his attention to the objective trace of time expressed by the material indexality of things.
Implodes but Expands: How the ‘Islamic State’ Fights in Iraq
Authors: Ashour Omar
Published: September 2021

The chapter is composed of seven sections. The second section overviews the military build-up of IS and its predecessors in Iraq from October 2002 – the date when the founding leader of its predecessor organizations, Abu Mus‘ab al-Zarqawi, arrived in the northeast of the country – to June 2014, the date of IS establishment and self-declaration as a “caliphate.” The third, fourth, and fifth sections outline the details of the three battlefronts of Fallujah, Mosul, and Ramadi, as a sample reflecting how ISIS/IS have fought in Iraq within specific timeframes. The sixth section of the chapter analyses how IS fights in Iraq, using empirical data and battlefield observations from the three battlefronts and elsewhere in Iraq. Finally, the concluding section focuses on the future of IS insurgency in Iraq, after losing territory and shifting back to guerrilla and terrorism strategies and tactics.
Explodes and Expands: How the ‘Islamic State’ Fights in Syria
Authors: Ashour Omar
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the birth and the military build-up of ISIS/IS in Syria, as of 9 April 2013. It aims to explain how ISIS/IS was able to gradually develop their combat capacities and the resulting combat and military effectiveness in Syria. The chapter then focuses on describing and analysing the battlefronts of Raqqa Governorate between 2013 and 2019. Raqqa City, the governorate’s provincial capital, was the first “capital” of the organisation. Arguably, ISIS/IS had shown its maximum combat capacities in Syria during its occupation of the governorate and in defence of its “capital.” The chapter is partly based on interviews with Syrian rebels and soldiers who fought against IS in eight Syrian governorates: Raqqa, Deir Ezzor, Aleppo, Homs, Hama, Latakia, Damascus, and Rif Dimashq. It is also based on documents, audio-visual and photographic releases produced by ISIS/IS in Syria. The chapter also relies on official documents released by the US government, Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR), and other open-source materials. The chapter is composed of five sections. It overviews the military build-up of ISIS/IS in Syria since its establishment in April 2013. It then outlines the details of the battlefronts of Raqqa Governorates within specific timeframes. It analyses how IS fight in Syria, using data and observations from the Raqqa battlefronts as well as others, such as Deir Ezzor and Aleppo Governorates. Finally, it reflects on the future of IS insurgency in Syria after losing Raqqa and other territories and shifting back to mainly guerrilla and terrorism tactics.
Reloads, but Implodes: How the ‘Islamic State’ Fights in Libya
Authors: Ashour Omar
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides a historical overview of the birth of “Islamic State” in Libya, as of 22 June 2014. It aims to explain how the organisation was able to gradually develop their combat capacities in Libya since then. As a result of this, ISIS was able to take control of parts of Derna in October 2014, and the whole of Sirte by the end of May 2015. The occupations happened despite a lack of local support, state sponsorship or supportive geography. The chapter focuses on analysing the battlefronts of Derna and Sirte between June 2015 and December 2016, as a sample reflecting how IS fights in Libya. The chapter is partly based on interviews with soldiers and militiamen who fought against IS in the aforementioned battlefronts. It is also based on documents produced by ISIS in Libya, represented by two of its three former ‘provinces’: Cyrenaica and Tripolitania. The chapter also relies on official documents released by the US government, and on other open-source materials. The chapter is composed of six sections. First, it overviews the military build-up of IS in Libya since June 2014. Then, it outlines the details of the battlefronts of Derna and Sirte within specific timeframes. After that, it analyses how IS fights in Libya, using empirical data and observations from the two battlefronts and elsewhere in Libya. Finally, the concluding section reflects on the future of IS insurgency in Libya, after losing territory and shifting back to guerrilla and terrorism ways of warfare.
Lures and Endures: How ‘Sinai Province’ Fights in Egypt
Authors: Ashour Omar
Published: September 2021

The chapter focuses on the case of ISIS in Sinai (Sinai Province or SP) and its military capacities. It overviews the development of the predecessors of IS in Sinai, including Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis (ABM or Supports of Jerusalem) and al-Tawhid wa al-Jihad in Sinai (TJS or Monotheism and Struggle in Sinai). Despite being massively outnumbered and outgunned, ISIS in Sinai and its predecessors have survived ten years of brutal counterinsurgency and conventional tactics (2011-2021). This makes the case of ISIS in Sinai perhaps the most puzzling. SP has limited resources, even compared with other ISIS provinces. Geographically, its strongholds in the Northeast are not rugged (the peninsula’s high mountains are located in South and Central Sinai). Moreover, SP has limited support among a small, divided population, and it is surrounded by hostile authorities (Egypt, Palestinian Hamas, and Israel). The chapter develops an explanation of SP’s endurance by focusing on its tactics and by drawing upon interviews with former Egyptian army officers and security officials, Sinaian tribal leaders. The chapter also analyzes the Battle of Sheikh Zuweid of July 2015, in which SP executed the most complex military operation conducted by an Egyptian armed nonstate actor in the last one hundred years.
Agency with a Tactical Edge
Authors: Ashour Omar
Published: September 2021

The chapter outlines the research findings on how ISIS fights and what makes it unique in terms of relative combat effectiveness. It presents concluding observations for future research, with finding that a flexible shifting across three major types of strategies, 15 categories of tactics, and multiple operational approaches best explained ISIS success. Its strategic agility, operational adaptability and tactical innovations have made the difference and the chapter explains precisely how that works. The also chapter outlines how ISIS was able to build-up its combat capacities and how it effectively employed them to fight, expand, and endure in four countries. The level of tactical ingenuity and strategic adaptation of the organisation’s “provinces” and combat units is remarkable in comparison with other armed nonstate actors. In the Arab region, the combat effectiveness of ISIS surpasses that of many Arab armies, considering its limited resources. The chapter shows how the highlighted group of case-studies (represented by a sample of ISIS Provinces) poses challenges to some of the literature on military, insurgency and terrorism studies; as well as to some of the security policies employed in the region.
Representation, Perception and Cinematic Realism
Authors: Aitken Ian
Published: September 2021

The Introduction focuses upon general concepts related to cinematic realism, covering ideas related to philosophical realism, Gibson, Harré, externalism, the notion of Umwelt, and recent philosophical writings on the nature of film. The Introduction also focuses on notions of representation and presentation, phenomenology, the nature of the filmic object, and the relationship between light and the cinematic image.
Introduction to Lukács: Essence, Phenomena and Temporality
Authors: Aitken Ian
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces the thought of Georg Lukács, focussing on his ideas related to temporality, and the distinction between the essential and real life. The influence of Aristotle and Plato, particularly Platos’s ‘Theory of the Forms’, is also considered, and the chapter charts Lukács’s move from Platonism to Phenomenology, and the evolution of his key concepts of ‘soul’ and ‘form’.
Conclusion
Authors: López Lerma Mónica
Published: September 2021

In this book, I have focused on the aesthetic frames that mediate the senses (i.e., sensory perceptions and significations) of law and justice through a close analysis of a selection of contemporary Spanish films. Moving beyond the narrative and visual approaches dominant in law and film scholarship, I have addressed cinema as a multisensory embodied practice that combines ways of sensing, feeling, being, moving, and thinking. This approach not only enriches the cinematic analysis, but it simultaneously enables us to think of law in aesthetic terms, both as a symbolic way of conceiving the world and as its concretization in material practices....
‘An act of wilful defiance’: Objection, Protest and Rebellion in the Imperial War Museum’s First World War Galleries
Authors: Dolgoy Rebecca Clare
Published: September 2021

In spite of its purveyance of British stalwart tropes such as “the Tommies and the Officers”, the Imperial War Museum’s (IWM) new First World War Galleries feature stories of conscientious objectors and Irish Republicans, whose resistance to the war transgressed prevailing norms. They also highlight poet/soldier Siegfried Sassoon’s Soldier’s Declaration, a widely-circulated critical letter he intended as “an act of wilful defiance”. However, though these stories are displayed, this chapter argues that both the curatorial apparatus surrounding them (e.g. texts, objects), and the IWM’s historicizing of the past by claiming to present the events as they unfolded at that time subsume transgression in normative orders. This chapter contextualizes close readings of these three portrayals of transgression within broader Museum and Memory Studies discourses. It also situates the IWM’s narratives of mythic togetherness and tacit imperialism as an expression of what Paul Gilroy has defined as “postcolonial melancholia” as it is found in wider conceptions of British identity throughout the WWI Centenary commemorations – a period that loosely corresponded with the Brexit campaign and its consequences.
Introduction
Authors: Knowles Kim , Schmid Marion
Published: September 2021

Since at least the turn of the millennium, notions of film as a medium and cinema as an institution have undergone significant transformation. The shift from film to digital media, now a familiar historical narrative, has given rise to a moving image culture no longer bound to traditional sites of encounter and modes of address but taking on fluid identities in new contexts. Circulating widely in the wake of the digital revolution, the ‘death of cinema’ discourse describes the latest in a series of ‘deaths’, that, as André Gaudreault and Philippe Marion argue, have come to define a modern medium in a continual state of flux and transformation. Nonetheless, ‘[w]hat has incontestably changed today’, in their view, ‘is that cinema no longer has exclusive claim on our heart and is having a lot of trouble getting over the fact.’...
Film and Performance: Intermedial Intersections
Authors: Barber Stephen
Published: September 2021

Film and performance have always been closely interconnected, from the origins of cinematic projection in 1895. This essay, with a theoretical focus, explores how film and moving-image forms work to transform performance when they intersect with it, and vice versa. It examines how film serves to mediate and ‘reframe’ the experience and the time of live performance events, notably through the incorporation of moving-image elements into the space of performance, and through particular forms of projection and audience perception. It also probes how conceptions of intermediality can be traced specifically through the intersection of film and performance. The essay spans the entirety of moving image culture, beginning with an account of the connections between film and performance in the work of the German innovators of moving-image projection, the Skladanowsky Brothers, and ending with an examination of the work of the contemporary Lebanese filmmaker and performance artist, Rabih Mroué, whose work resonates with early cinema’s performative strategies but focuses also on current digital media events such as the dangerous ‘performative’ public filming with iPhones of government snipers in the streets of Syria.
‘What a curse these translators are!’ Woolf’s Early German Reception
Authors: Göske Daniel , Weiß Christian
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the initial phase of Virginia Woolf’s German reception, focussing on the four books which appeared in German before her death: Theresia Mutzenbecher’s version of Mrs Dalloway (1929), Karl Lerbs’s translations of Orlando: A Biography (1929) and To the Lighthouse (1931), as well as Herberth Herlitschka’s rendering of Flush: A Biography (1934). The correspondence between Insel Verlag and the translators indicates how the publisher and their translators altered details in the narrative and transformed what they called Woolf’s ‘Joycean style’. While Flush sold rather well, Woolf’s three masterpieces were commercially unsuccessful in the German market, though they received quite a good press. Young authors admired the ‘mystical’ modernism of Mrs Dalloway and important critics praised Woolf’s ‘superior cleverness’ in Orlando. Some reviewers, however, preferred Sackville-West’s ‘witty and ironic gossip’ to Woolf’s modernist style in To the Lighthouse. Based on Woolf’s correspondence, the Insel Verlag archive, close comparisons of original and translated texts, and a sketch of the early reviews, the chapter highlights some of the key players, who helped Woolf’s works into the world of books: publishers, editors, agents, translators, critics and far-flung friends.
The Translation and Reception of Virginia Woolf in Romania (1926–89)
Authors: Varga Adriana
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews the history of the reception and translation of Virginia Woolf’s works in Romania during the interwar period, the early 1940s, and the communist era (1945—1989), with a special focus on the reception of Orlando: A Biography in Vera Călin’s 1968 translation. It begins with a discussion of the earliest reviews of Woolf’s works and the first translations of her fiction, pointing out that during the interwar period Romanian critics considered Woolf to be part of a generation of British novelists who sought to push the limits of the genre and experiment with its language and form in ways that were similar to their own. Everything changed after 1945, when reviews and translations of Woolf and other Western authors came to a halt under the newly instituted communist regime and Soviet occupation. Translations began to flourish again starting in 1968, in a system that, paradoxically, both encouraged and censored them. It is this relationship between translation and censorship that the last part of this chapter examines, revealing interconnections of text and image, co-optation and subversion, original and translation.
The Reception of Virginia Woolf and Modernism in Early Twentieth-Century Australia
Authors: Bellamy Suzanne
Published: September 2021

This chapter surveys Woolf’s reputation in Australia from the 1920s to the 1970s as it was moulded by colonial cultural politics. The competing influences of cosmopolitanism and nationalism shaped the ebb and flow of Woolf’s reception in Australia during these decades. The rise of the more nationalist Leavisite curriculum in Australian universities from the later 1930s, coupled with ambivalent responses to Woolf’s death in 1941, led to more a more divisive reception of Woolf and modernism in Australia in the mid-century. Australian literary critics Nettie Palmer and Margaret (Margot) Hentze espoused a cosmopolitanism that they found reflected in Woolf’s work, a focus also embraced by Nuri Mass, who, in 1942, submitted the first student thesis on Woolf at University of Sydney. Finally, the chapter examines how three women Australian painters, including Grace Cossington Smith, were influenced by Woolf and the Bloomsbury group.
Dialogues between South America and Europe: Victoria Ocampo Channels Virginia Woolf
Authors: Carluccio Cristina
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses Virginia Woolf and Victoria Ocampo’s exchanges within a modernist transnational framework shaped by alternative forms of female writing and dissemination.
Rather than focusing on any cultural asymmetry between the English writer Woolf and the Argentinian author Ocampo, the analysis highlights the two women’s similar concerns and ideals regarding the female universe, and more specifically women writers. Their shared outlook constituted a powerful empathetic catalyst that allowed them to surpass any cultural and interpersonal distance and thus to satisfy their intellectual hunger. The presence of loans and inheritances – both imaginary and real – in Woolf and Ocampo’s interaction is analysed partly in the light of the global novel and located on a borderless spectrum of women’s writing. More specifically, Ocampo’s inter-textual dialogues with Woolf – such as those in her ‘Carta a Virginia Woolf’ (1934), which includes references to A Room of One’s Own (1929) – are read as a typically female form of dissemination, partly aimed at interrupting an otherwise male monologue. The two women’s face-to-face encounters – and recollections of them – are also pondered. Special attention is paid to their first meeting, when Woolf and Ocampo sealed a female intellectual pact against fascism as an overt manifestation of male tyranny.
Virginia Woolf’s Literary Heritage in Russian Translations and Interpretations
Authors: Bent Maria
Published: September 2021

European countries have been admiring Virginia Woolf’s work since the late 1920s; however, it took over ninety years for her novels to be published in Russia. Initially, Woolf was briefly mentioned in Dmitry Svyatopolk-Mirsky’s 1934 famous volume Intelligentsia, but, after that, she appears to be all but forgotten until the late 1950s. This chapter traces Woolf’s sparse early critical reception in Russia up to the 1970s, followed by the first translations of her writings into Russian, which evolved from publications in the 1980s to the complete editions of her novels in the 2000s. I trace the subtle historical, political and social reasons underlying Woolf’s obscurity in Russia until very recently as politically motivated rather than just an oversight of an overlooked author in the history of Russian translation. My chapter ends with a detailed overview of contemporary academic considerations of Woolf in Russia, and the hope of future scholarship as translations of her work increasingly become more accessible.
Solid and Living: The Italian Woolf Renaissance
Authors: Bolchi Elisa
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the renewed attention that Virginia Woolf has been enjoying in Italy since her publication rights expired in 2011 and how such attention has kept growing together with Woolf’s appeal, consolidating her as a cultural icon in Italy. The study starts with an introduction to the early history of the publication of Woolf in Italy, mainly thorough documents held at the historical archive of Mondadori, the publisher who owned the Italian translation rights of the writer since 1944. When the rights first expired in 1991, a wave of retranslations appeared on the Italian marketplace, but the duration of the publication rights was soon extended to 70 years from the death of the author. Once Woolf’s works were finally in the public domain, their publication in Italy appeared in three venues: retranslations of her most important novels by leading publishers, translations of works that had never been translated before, and refined editions of her books by small, independent publishers. All of this ushered an ‘Italian Woolf Renaissance’. Including interviews with translators and publishers of Woolf’s works, and analysing their reception in the Italian cultural network through websites and social media, this chapter elucidates the reasons behind this ‘Woolf Renaissance’.
Virginia Woolf’s Enduring Presence in Uruguay
Authors: Cordery Lindsey
Published: September 2021

This chapter traces nearly ninety years of reading and writing on Virginia Woolf in Uruguay, focusing first on her early critical reception and then on distinguished Uruguayan writers who either explicitly or implicitly dialogue with her life and works. The study begins with Victoria Ocampo’s early engagements with Woolf’s works, which spurred translations initially on Orlando and A Writer’s Diary in the journals Sur, Marcha and Número. It then discusses the cultural context and early critical reception of Woolf in Uruguay, followed by the ways Stephen Daldry’s 2002 film The Hours kindled major interest in Woolf studies, leading many to re-read Mrs Dalloway and her other works. The chapter then moves on to consider Woolf’s influence on two major Uruguayan writers: Armonía Somers and Antonio Larreta. The final section looks at contemporary women writers who explicitly cite or ‘reverberate’ with Woolf: Cristina Peri Rossi, Alicia Migdal, Fernanda Trías and María Sánchez.
Rooms of Their Own: A Cross-Cultural Voyage between Virginia Woolf and the Contemporary Chinese Woman Writer Chen Ran
Authors: Huang Zhongfeng
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines how Virginia Woolf, particularly her feminist literary manifesto A Room of One’s Own, shaped the fictions of the contemporary avant-garde Chinese feminist writer and essayist Chen Ran, whose works depict Chinese women’s subjective and introspective experiences and desires from three perspectives. First, Woolf’s idea of a room of one’s own lays the theoretical and metaphorical feminist basis for Chen Ran’s works. Next, Woolf’s idea of androgyny inspires Chen Ran’s concept of ‘gender-transcendent consciousness’. Third, Woolf’s call for women’s writing – in particular her expression ‘Chloe liked Olivia’ – becomes the literary source and inspiration for Chen Ran’s notion of sisterly affection, which turns out to be an excellent example of gender-transcendent consciousness. Strongly influenced by Woolf, Chen Ran has created many new images of Chinese women with rebellious and insightful outlooks such as the perspectives of Yun Nan from ‘Breaking open’ (2002) and Ni Niuniu from A Private Life.
Trans-Dialogues: Exploring Virginia Woolf’s Feminist Legacy to Contemporary Polish Literature
Authors: Pająk Paulina
Published: September 2021

This chapter addresses the role Virginia Woolf plays in contemporary Polish literature, examining the significance of her modernist legacy – as a vital part of planetary feminism – to Polish feminist fiction. Though Woolf entered Polish culture in the 1920s and her hybrid fictional forms were translated in the 1950-60s, her reception was delayed. Feminist rewritings of Woolf’s oeuvre began to emerge after the first Polish translations of Orlando (1994) and A Room of One’s Own (1997), followed by her auto/biographical writings. Polish writers – Joanna Bator, Sylwia Chutnik, Marta Konarzewska, Renata Lis, Izabela Morska, Maria Nurowska, and Olga Tokarczuk – transform, rewrite and re-use Woolf’s works in Central European cultural contexts. The most visible signs of Woolf’s ‘afterlives’ are transtextual relations between contemporary fiction, biographies of Woolf and her oeuvre. This chapter explores biofiction with Woolfian themes and intertextual echoes that enhance polyphonic effects. It also focuses on hypertextuality by analysing the functions of Woolfian hypotexts, for instance, tracing back the generic fusing of the Nobel Prize Laureate Tokarczuk’s ‘constellation novels’ to Woolf’s hybrid fictional forms. The chapter applies Jessica Berman’s ‘trans critical optic’ that allows to read Polish textual dialogues with Woolf from transdisciplinary, transnational and transgender perspectives.
Clarissa Dalloway’s Global Itinerary: From London to Paris and Sydney
Authors: Latham Monica
Published: September 2021

Almost a century after its publication, Virginia Woolf’s Mrs Dalloway (1925) continues to endure and influence many international contemporary writers. This chapter focuses on three contemporary women writers who have authored recent novels inspired by Mrs Dalloway and who have revived Dalloway-esque themes within a renewed spectrum of aesthetic, cultural and political contexts. From direct, intended homages to Woof’s Mrs Dalloway to more subtle allusions, Anne Korkeakivi (An Unexpected Guest, 2012), Carole Llewellyn (Une ombre chacun, 2017) and Gail Jones (Five Bells, 2011) have taken their own twenty-first-century Clarissa Dalloway to Paris and Sydney. These cities, with their topographic, historical and cultural specificities, function as the canvas for the contemporary characters’ wanderings. Korkeakivi, Llewellyn and Jones perpetuate Woolf’s Dalloway-isms, but they also make them new by adapting them to contemporary expectations, settings and situations.
The Dream Work of a Nation: From Virginia Woolf to Elizabeth Bowen to Mary Lavin
Authors: Laurence Patricia
Published: September 2021

Virginia Woolf provides a backbone for important arguments that transform our reading of women’s writing during times of rising nationalism and war. In Three Guineas and elsewhere, she creates a new ground for fiction by including what is commonly thought a ‘small’ rather than a ‘large’ subject, and she creates links between domestic and public ‘tyranny’. Woolf challenges the claims of critics who assert that women writers do not engage with or link their fiction to the wider society, the nation and the world. Inspired by Woolf, the Irish authors, Elizabeth Bowen and Mary Lavin, illuminate these ‘small’ shocks and events in the lives of individuals, families, communities and institutions. Bowen provides ‘in-between’ glimpses of war in her wartime stories, Ivy Gripped the Steps while Lavin creates close-ups of ‘small’ scenes of beleaguered widows, loyal wives, enfeebled husbands, independent daughters, and needy clergy in her short stories. The intimate lives revealed in these stories are not ‘outside’ of politics and history and the world but are a part of the historical texture of life. They present a resistance to dominant views and richer definitions of the future of community: the dream work of a nation.
Great Poets Do Not Die: Maggie Gee’s Virginia Woolf in Manhattan (2014) As Metaphor For Contemporary Biofiction
Authors: Layne Bethany
Published: September 2021

This chapter takes as its subject Maggie Gee’s novel Virginia Woolf in Manhattan (2014), which imagines what might transpire if Woolf were to be resurrected in twenty-first-century New York. She is conjured by the fictitious novelist Angela Lamb, who is visiting the Berg Collection in preparation for a keynote address at an international Woolf conference. As a contemporary novelist who recalls her subject to life, lends her clothing and helps her to sign her name, Angela is symbolic of the real-life novelists who recreated Woolf in their own image and reinterpreted her works in line with their respective versions. The chapter thus contends that Gee’s recent manifestation of Woolf-inspired biofiction may be read successfully as an extended metaphor for the twenty-year-old subgenre. This originated with Sigrid Nunez (1998) and Michael Cunningham (1998) and extends to recent work by Priya Parmar (2014) and Norah Vincent (2015). The chapter first examines issues of content, focusing on Gee’s presentation of Woolf’s suicide and sexuality. The discussion is then expanded to think critically about Woolf-inspired biofiction as a subgenre, particularly the ethical issues attendant on its invasion of the subject’s privacy.
From Traditional Islam to End-oriented Islam
Authors: Kadivar Mohsen
Published: September 2021

There are three approaches to the discussion of the compatibility of Islam (or more precisely shari‘a and fiqh) with modernity among Shi‘ite Muslim thinkers in the past century and a half. Although the ‘Constant and Variable Perspective’ in its different expositions by Na’ini, Tabataba’i and Muhammad Baqir Sadr, is the most famous perspective of the compatibility of Islam and modernity, it has four serious problems.
Ayatollah Khomeini’s Perspective of ‘Governmental or Expedient Fiqh’, which is the official policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, aside from its flexibility, encounters four problems too. The perspective of
‘End-Oriented Islam’ is the third approach that the author argues has four advantages. It has the capacity to give a new interpretation of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) in the modern world based on the spirit of Islam and the goals of the Qur’an, the Sunna (Tradition) of the Prophet. He finds the ‘End-Oriented Islam’ as a perfect perspective for the modern world.
The Rights of the Political Opposition in an Islamic Society
Authors: Kadivar Mohsen
Published: September 2021

Using the Ashura movement and the way of Husain b. Ali as case studies, this chapter proves that political freedoms are an integral part of the presence of Islam in the public sphere. The massacre at Karbala was one of the biggest turning points in the history of Islam. This chapter discusses this tragedy from the perspective of human rights, focusing on the rights of political opposition in the shari‘a. Husain b. Ali is the best example of political opposition against unjust rulers in the history of Islam.
There are three concepts that should not be confused: political opposition, baghi and muharib. Muharib refers to opposition in the form of terrorists and criminals, while baghi refers to regime changers or freedom fighters.
These are the sections of this chapter: Husain b. Ali as the Political Opponent of the Umayyads, The Right to Not Have Allegiance to a State, Accepting the Invitation of the Dissidents to Change the Oppressive Ruler, Baghi and Overthrow, The Crime of Muharabah and Armed Insecurity, The Rights of the Political Opponent, and Imam Husain and the Duty of Forbidding the Wrong.
Thinking the Unthinkable
Authors: Ward Ian
Published: September 2021

This chapter concentrates on the legal and political issues that arose during the so-called ‘war on terror’ in the first decades of the twenty-first century. Issues that were addressed, very directly, in a series of ‘verbatim’ plays written and produced in that moment. Amongst the most renowned were the so-called ‘Tribunal’ plays written by Richard Norton-Taylor. The genre, as the nomenclature suggests, sought to re-present various high-profile cases and judicial inquiries on the public stage. Whilst the chapter considers a number of different ‘verbatim’ plays, it focusses more closely on Norton-Taylor’s Called to Account. This play is unusual in that it presents a ‘virtual’ history of a fictitious trial, on war crimes charges, of the former Prime Minister, Tony Blair. In so doing, it challenges the defining pretence of the ‘verbatim’ genre; that the simple presentation of legal and quasi-legal transcript confirms the veracity of the text.
Uneasy Heads
Authors: Ward Ian
Published: September 2021

This is the second of the chapters on the writing of history in contemporary theatre. Here the focus is on Howard Brenton’s 55 Days, a play about the final weeks in the life of King Charles I, encompassing his trial and execution in January 1649. It is suggested that a number of themes in the play, most obviously those relating to the exercise of Crown prerogative, continue to resonate in our contemporary ‘age’ of constitutional reform. At the same, at the heart of Brenton’s play is the intimation that politics, however ‘high’, is something determined by individual human character. A variant on the familiar dichotomy, which underpins so much modern legal thought, between the ‘public’ and the ‘private’.
Love Stories and General Principles: The Development of the Production Code
Authors: Salzberg Ana
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines Thalberg’s role in crafting the Motion Picture Production Code and its influence on cinematic sensuality in a post-talkie context. In 1929, Thalberg would write “General Principles to Cover the Preparation of a Revised Code of Ethics for Talking Pictures” on behalf of a three-person subcommittee, thus informing the industry’s adoption of a formal Production Code in 1930. These Principles outline Thalberg’s theorization of how studios could engage with the issue of regulation while still maintaining their commitment to “entertainment value.” The chapter takes these General Principles – and Thalberg’s extemporaneous defence of them at a 1930 meeting of the Association of Motion Picture Producers – as a lens through which to consider early-Code films such as Norma Shearer vehicle The Divorcée (Leonard, 1930) and Anita Loos-penned Red-Headed Woman (Conway, 1932), starring Jean Harlow.
The Intelligent Producer and the Restructuring of MGM
Authors: Salzberg Ana
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers the impact of the 1933 studio restructuring that effectively demoted Thalberg from head of production to unit producer. In response, Thalberg would set out affirmations of his production ethos in private letters and a public article. In the case of the latter, Thalberg conceives of “the intelligent producer” who spares no creative or monetary expense in crafting entertainment – and in this way, Thalberg constructs an alternative to the Boy Wonder double that had shadowed him since the start of his career. The chapter argues that these personal and public statements present a theoretical turning point at which Thalberg reflected – and expanded – upon established concepts to conceive of a new future for production. The chapter explores how this transitional era played out in Thalberg’s films of the period, looking at Strange Interlude (Leonard, 1932), The Barretts of Wimpole Street (Franklin, 1934), and The Merry Widow (Lubitsch, 1934).
Introduction: foot notes
Authors: Ezra Elizabeth , Wheatley Catherine
Published: September 2021

This chapter, written by the book’s editors, provides an introduction to the role of shoes in cinema, discussing the significance of shoes in terms of gender identity, sexuality, race, ethnicity and social class, through the lens of a range of philosophical, psychoanalytic, and historical approaches. It also presents an overview of the chapters in the book, which cover films in a variety of genres from around the world, and from the silent era to the present. The wearing of shoes, it is argued, tells us a great deal both about the wearer and about the time and place in which the shoes are worn—and there is no better medium than film in which to convey the myriad qualities of shoes, which have the capacity to be both very special and very ordinary.
A girl and a shoe: Marcel Fabre’s Amor pedestre
Authors: Bugaj Malgorzata
Published: September 2021

In Amor Pedestre (1914), part of a series of silent Italian comedy shorts directed by and starring Marcel Fabre, shoes truly take centre stage, as the actors are shot entirely from the knees down. While the emotions, behaviours and gestures of the evolving story are conveyed solely through the movement of the performers’ feet, it is through shoes that we come to recognise the characters, their gender and their class. By reducing the whole of the actor’s body to a part and questioning the notion of the face as the essential element in silent film, Amor Pedestre subverts established conventions and challenges traditional film grammar.
The two textures of invisibility: shoes as liminal questionings in Sullivan’s Travels
Authors: Fuery Kelli
Published: September 2021

Preston Sturges’s 1941 film Sullivan’s Travels investigates the question of what it is to wear another person’s shoes, by looking not at shoes that pinch, but at shoes that are pinched, or stolen. This pinching of a pair of shoes signals to the audience a philosophical questioning of truth regarding the human condition, a questioning which transcends the footwear itself. Analsing Sturges’s film through the lens of Jacques Derrida’s discussion of the Kantian perergon in The Truth in Painting (Derrida, 1987), this chapter argues that Sullivan’s Travels offer a doubling of identity, a binocular vision of the world that makes it possible to hold two perspectives concurrently.
How to see through a shoe: the fashion show sequence in How to Marry a Millionaire
Authors: Salzberg Ana
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyses the fashion show sequence in How to Marry a Millionaire (Jean Negulesco, 1953). In this spectacle of sensory plenitude, which features a pair of translucent platform heels, gives objective form to the film’s overarching games of revelation. The shoes worn by Marilyn Monroe, with their versatility in function and meaning, offer a means of thinking through the shifting parameters not only of the culture of visibility in Golden-Age Hollywood, but also of the various screens on which they are viewed today.
Frenetic footwear and lively lace-ups: the spectacle of shoes in Golden Age Hollywood animation
Authors: Holliday Christopher
Published: September 2021

The character “Mammy Two-Shoes,” a faceless African-American caricature of a housemaid who co-starred in seventeen Tom and Jerry shorts between 1940 and 1952, was visible only by her imposing footwear, which stomped and scurried through absurd cat-and-mouse narratives. Yet the history of popular animation reveals a range of cartoon media that have explored the medium’s ‘illusion of life’ credentials via the narratological possibilities of sentient and spectacular shoes. This chapter seeks to outline this longstanding representational tradition of prescribing agency, authority and motion to footwear in animation, examining how animated shoes provide the ideal place to explore some of the fundamentals of the medium’s distinct rhetoric and unique formal language.
Ferragamo’s shoes: from silent cinema to the present1
Authors: Paulicelli Eugenia
Published: September 2021

This chapter traces the life and career of Italian shoe designer Salvatore Ferragamo. Ferragamo’s life and work is a compelling story that helps us understand several cultural contexts and threads that link different worlds and industries: shoes and cinema; Italy and America; cultural heritage and national identity. Ferragamo’s career took him from an early life of hardship in Italy to a career as shoemaker to the stars in Hollywood, where he worked on a number of iconic films, and finally, back to Italy, where he transformed the Italian and global fashion industries, while continuing to influence costume design in Hollywood.
The dramatic performer
Authors: Kelly Gillian
Published: September 2021

The first genre chapter concerns Power’s many roles in dramatic films. His first and final films were both dramas, as was his star making role Lloyds of London (Henry King, 1936), and it is with an analysis of this film that the chapter begins. Applying a chronological approach to Power’s roles in dramatic productions, the chapter explores each of his films within this genre in turn, some in more detail than others, in order to suggest what changed and what remained the same about his performance style, image and physical appearance across his career from becoming a star in 1936 to his last completed film before his untimely death, the court-room drama Witness for the Prosecution (Billy Wilder, 1957). Other films which receive more attention are his first anti-hero role in Johnny Apollo (Henry Hathaway, 1940) and one of his darkest and best-known films, Nightmare Alley (Edmund Goulding, 1947), made after his return to Hollywood after three years of active duty during World War II.
The war hero
Authors: Kelly Gillian
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores Power’s work within the genre of the war film, which began around the time that Britain entered World War II. Even in war-themed films, elements that had made Power a recognisable star image were present, only now positioned within a wartime setting. His familiar witty dialogue, wide grins and charm with the ladies from earlier comedies and musicals are overtly displayed in A Yank in the RAF (Henry King, 1941) and Crash Dive (Archie Mayo, 1943), despite much of the latter taking place onboard a submarine with a crew made up exclusively of men. This chapter examines Power’s four war films in chronological order to help illustrate the development of a newfound masculinity and maturity in Power’s screen image, which advances from his cocky self-assuredness and incessant womanising in his first war film, A Yank in the RAF, through his psychological issues in This Above All (Anatole Litvak, 1942), to his more stable and understanding relationship in his last war film: American Guerrilla in the Philippines (Fritz Lang, 1950).
Introduction
Authors: Partis-Jennings Hannah
Published: September 2021

Take, for instance, one European embassy (which will remain unnamed). One night, its staff were awoken by gunfire. Frantically, they scrambled for the underground safe room. One clenched a gun, another cried in the corner. Their radios were silent. They assumed the security team was busy fighting outside. It turned out Afghanistan had won a big cricket match and half the city was engaged in a little celebratory gunfire. The embassy security team was indeed busy – watching the game....