bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La necesidad de una ética vinculada al big data
Authors: Matarín Eva
Published: January 2020

En la colección de Tecnología de la Editorial UOC se ha publicado el libro Una ética para big data. Introducción a la gestión ética de datos masivos, dedicado a la reflexión ética acerca de los problemas relacionados con la utilización de estos datos que son productos de la acción humana y cuya gestión tiene consecuencias directas tanto en la privacidad, como en la reputación y la identidad de las personas.
La era de la transformación tecnológica está trayendo consigo una metamorfosis de las sociedades, modificando desde la cultura hasta la manera que tenemos de comunicarnos como consecuencia de la generación masiva de datos que el desarrollo tecnológico está generando.
No obstante, como apunta la autora, Rosa Colmenarejo, esta transformación viene acompañada de nuevos y relevantes dilemas éticos, relacionados con los principios de beneficencia, autonomía, no-maleficencia y justicia.
Métodos computacionales en Comunicación
Authors: Hung Elias Said , Jabba-Molinares Daladier
Published: January 2020

El reciente aumento en los datos, herramientas y poder de procesamiento disponibles digitalmente está fomentando el uso de métodos computacionales para el estudio de la comunicación y en las Ciencias Sociales, en general. Un fenómeno que está abriendo nuevas líneas de investigación y aplicación práctica para la comprensión de fenómenos sociales en los contextos digitales actuales; así como en la identificación de factores que inciden en la ocurrencia de dichos eventos, en la aplicación de estrategias de comunicación, en el estudio de nuevos contextos de ejercicio ciudadano y de consumo de los usuarios desde los escenarios digitales actuales, y en la aplicación de nuevas metodologías que hasta no hace mucho eran ajenas al campo de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas. El presente número intenta abordar el tema central de este número, desde algunas perspectivas presentadas por los autores que hacen parte de este número, con el fin de contribuir a tener una visión general de enfoques y perspectivas más relevantes de aplicabilidad de este tipo de métodos a nivel de la comunicación en la actualidad.
Cow Dung as a Bioremediation Agent to Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Agricultural Soils
Authors: Neethu T. M. , Dubey P. K. , Kaswala A. R. , Patel K. G.
Published: January 2020

Petroleum derived products are very important as they are energy source and it is prone to accidental spill regularly during the exploration, production, refining, transport and storage. The characteristics of the hydrocarbon content of the petroleum mixture influence the degradability of individual hydrocarbon components; the simpler the hydrocarbon structure the easier its biodegradability and the complex the hydrocarbon structure the harder its biodegradability. Furthermore, the order of biodegradability of hydrocarbon is alkanes > alkenes > alkynes > aromatics. Bioremediation technologies are effective techniques to mitigate many organic and inorganic contaminants such as hydrocarbons, halogenated organic compounds, halogenated organic solvent, non-chlorinated pesticides and herbicides, nitrogen compounds, radionuclides, heavy metals. Bioremediation is having different strategies like an exploration of indigenous microbial populations, bio-stimulation, temperature, soil pH, bio-augmentation, phytoremediation, photo-degradation, phyto-volatilization and phyto-stabilization. Cow dung, excreta of bovine animal is a cheap and easily available bio-resource on earth. Many traditional uses of cow dung are already known in India. Cow dung harbors a diverse group of microorganisms that may be beneficial to humans due to their ability to produce a range of metabolites. Nowadays, there is an increasing research interest in developing the applications of cow dung microorganisms as a bioremediation agent to hydrocarbon contaminated soils. Microorganisms capable of degrading hydrocarbon pollutants have been identified and isolated from cow dung. These organisms include; Micrococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Enterobacter sp., Proteus kleibsilla, Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus and Penicillium. Therefore, cow dung is an effective, economical and eco-friendly bioremediation agent which can lead to the complete mineralization of hydrocarbon. The post remediation assessment of residual hydrocarbons in contaminated soil can be done with gas chromatographic fingerprinting technique and phytotoxicity bioassay.
Nutritional Composition of Little Millet Flour
Authors: Srilekha K. , Kamalaja T. , Uma Maheswari K. , Neela Rani R.
Published: January 2020

Modern man is facing a large number of dreadful diseases and disorders which were not known even known to ancient man. Dietary patterns were solely responsible for this ruinous situation. Hence replacement of empty calorie foods with nutritious grains- Millets helps to reduce the dual burden of malnutrition and also prevents and manages modern metabolic disorders. Hence the present study focuses on the evaluation of the nutritional composition of Little millet flour. Proximate and dietary fibre of flour was evaluated by the standard procedures of AOAC. The moisture content was 9.75 ± 0.07%, protein was 8.42 ± 0.27%, fatwas 2.10 ± 0.99%, ash was 1.75 ± 0.10%, energy was 351.65 ± 1.1 K. Cal, carbohydrate was 74.75 ± 0.36%, crude fibre was 3.20 ± 0.15% and dietary fiber was 12.51± 0.31%. Hence, it is suggestive that diversification of diet with little millet-based products would help to achieve food and nutritional security effectively and economically.
A Review: Date Palm Irrigation Methods and Water Resources in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Elfeky Ahmed , Elfaki Jamal
Published: January 2020

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), from Saudi Arabia, is a main tree particularly at arid areas. It plays an essential role in both food and food security. 75% of date production worldwide (approx. 5,096.99 tones) were come from Arab countries. Reduction of water opposite the increasing in the population are one of the future challenges for the country so, we focused in this study depending on the literatures to predict the novel approaches that can we used.
Compartment syndrome due to Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection: a case report
Authors: Igeta Ryuhei , Hsu Hsiang‐Chin , Suzuki Michio , Lefor Alan T. , Tsukuda Jumpei , Endo Takuro , Tanii Rimi , Taira Yasuhiko , Fujitani Shigeki
Published: January 2020

Background

Purpura fulminans secondary to Capnocytophaga canimorsus (C. canimorsus) infection without a wound is rare and often misdiagnosed initially. We report a patient who died due to C. canimorsus bacteremia with purpura fulminans and acute compartment syndrome of all extremities.

Care Presentation

A 38‐year‐old Japanese man with a history of alcoholism presented with a 2‐day history of gastroenteritis. The chief complaints were abdominal pain and diarrhea, and he had abdominal tenderness. Laboratory findings showed multiple organ failure. On day 2, pain in the lower extremities associated with motor and sensory dysfunction developed. On day 3, purpura on the whole body spread to all extremities. All four extremities became rigid, and acute compartment syndrome developed. The patient died due to uncontrolled hyperkalemia and lactic acidosis.

Conclusions

Capnocytophaga canimorsus transmission can occur through licking or even close contact with animals when a risk factor of C. canimorsus infection, such as alcoholism, is present.
Hydrogen‐Bonding Catalysis of Alkyl‐Onium Salts
Authors: Nakamura Takumi , Okuno Ken , Nishiyori Ryuichi , Shirakawa Seiji
Published: January 2020

The synthetic utility of alkyl‐onium salt compounds is widely recognized in the field of organic chemistry. Among the wide variety of onium salts, quaternary ammonium, phosphonium, and tertiary sulfonium salts have been the most useful compounds in organic syntheses. These compounds have been very useful reagents in the construction of organic building blocks. In addition, onium salts are known as reliable catalysts, which are used to promote important organic transformations by serving as phase‐transfer and ion‐pair catalysts through the activation of nucleophiles. Although phase‐transfer catalysis is a major direction for onium salt catalysis, hydrogen‐bonding catalysis of alkyl‐onium salts, which is promoted via the activation of electrophiles, has recently become a relevant topic in the field of onium salt chemistry. This Minireview introduces new possibilities and future directions for alkyl‐onium salt chemistry based on its use in hydrogen‐bonding catalysis and on its overall utility.
The MORN domain of Junctophilin2 regulates functional interactions with small‐conductance Ca2+‐activated potassium channel subtype2 (SK2)
Authors: Luo Tianxia , Li Liren , Peng Yanghao , Xie Rongrong , Yan Ningning , Fan Hongkun , Zhang Qian
Published: January 2020

Small‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channel subtype2 (SK2) are stable macromolecular complexes that regulate myocardial excitability and Ca2+ homeostasis. Junctophilin‐2 (JP2) is a membrane‐binding protein, which provides functional crosstalk by physically linking with the cell‐surface and intracellular ion channels. We previously demonstrated that the MORN domain of JP2 interacts with SK2 channels. However, the roles of the JP2 MORN domain in regulating the precise subcellular localization and molecular modulation of SK2 have not yet been incompletely understood. In the present study, in vitro and in vivo assays were used to confirm the physical interactions between the SK2 channel and JP2 in H9c2 and HEK293 cells, with a concentration on the association between the C‐terminus of SK2 channels and the MORN domain of JP2. Furthermore, the membrane expression of SK2 were found to be significantly impaired by the mutation or knockdown of JP2. Using immunofluorescence staining along with Golgi/early endosome markers, we studied the mechanisms of JP2‐regulated SK2 membrane trafficking, which indicates that the JP2 MORN domain is probably necessary for the retrograde trafficking of SK2 channels. The functional study demonstrates that whole cell SK2 current densities recorded from the HEK293 cells co‐expressing the JP2‐MORN domain with SK2 were significantly augmented, compared with cells expressing SK2 alone. Our findings suggest that the MORN domain of JP2 directly modulates SK2 channel current amplitude and trafficking, through its interaction with an overlapping region of the JP2 MORN domain on the SK2 C‐terminus.
Modeling essential connections in obsessive–compulsive disorder patients using functional MRI
Authors: Xing Xiaodan , Jin Lili , Li Qingfeng , Yang Qiong , Han Hongying , Xu Chuanyong , Wei Zhen , Zhan Yiqiang , Zhou Xiang Sean , Xue Zhong , Chu Xu , Peng Ziwen , Shi Feng
Published: January 2020

Object

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disease in which people experience uncontrollable and repetitive thoughts or behaviors. Clinical diagnosis of OCD is achieved by using neuropsychological assessment metrics, which are often subjectively affected by psychologists and patients. In this study, we propose a classification model for OCD diagnosis using functional MR images.

Methods

Using functional connectivity (FC) matrices calculated from brain region of interest (ROI) pairs, a novel Riemann Kernel principal component analysis (PCA) model is employed for feature extraction, which preserves the topological information in the FC matrices. Hierarchical features are then fed into an ensemble classifier based on the XGBoost algorithm. Finally, decisive features extracted during classification are used to investigate the brain FC variations between patients with OCD and healthy controls.

Results

The proposed algorithm yielded a classification accuracy of 91.8%. Additionally, the well‐known cortico–striatal–thalamic–cortical (CSTC) circuit and cerebellum were found as highly related regions with OCD. To further analyze the cerebellar‐related function in OCD, we demarcated cerebellum into three subregions according to their anatomical and functional property. Using these three functional cerebellum regions as seeds for brain connectivity computation, statistical results showed that patients with OCD have decreased posterior cerebellar connections.

Conclusions

This study provides a new and efficient method to characterize patients with OCD using resting‐state functional MRI. We also provide a new perspective to analyze disease‐related features. Despite of CSTC circuit, our model‐driven feature analysis reported cerebellum as an OCD‐related region. This paper may provide novel insight to the understanding of genetic etiology of OCD.
Rationally Design of Near Infrared Light Responsive Micro‐Photoelectrodes for In Vivo Sensing of Neurotransmitter Molecules in Mouse Brain†
Authors: Zhao Yina , Wu Wenlong , Fu Baihe , Gan Liyong , Zhang Zhonghai
Published: January 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusion

The accurate quantification of neurotransmitter molecules is an indispensable means to reveal the physiological mechanisms of neuro movement in molecular level. However, existing detection strategies cannot fully meet practical needs, and the on‐site and in vivo detection of neurotransmitters in brain remains a great challenge. Here, we report the development of a near infrared light responsive photoelectrochemical (PEC) detection method for in vivo quantification of neurotransmitter dopamine in mouse brain. Under guidance of density function theory calculations, a combination strategy of non‐metal cation doping and defect engineering is introduced to rationally design the micro‐photoelectrodes with excellent biocompatibility and stability and implements the in vivo PEC detection of dopamine in mouse brain. It opens up a new way for the accurate in vivo detection of biomolecules and allows researchers to make novel inquiries for long‐standing questions in a new way.
A Biotemplating Route for the Synthesis of Hierarchical Fe2O3 with Highly Dispersed Carbon as Electron‐Transfer Channel
Authors: Yang Zhao , Kang Jianxin , Li Lidong , Guo Lin
Published: January 2020

Although the preparation of carbon composites has made great progress, the construction of systems comprising uniformly dispersed carbon as a framework to link active constituents still remains a challenge. Herein, a hierarchical Fe2O3/C composite was synthesized in a one‐step biotemplating route, where agarose was firstly reacted with Fe3+ and Ca2+ ions, which resulted in a competitive interaction between these ions and the hydroxy groups, then partly calcined to achieve the final product that consisted of α‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles embedded in highly dispersed carbon. The carbon within the composite acts as an efficient photoelectron transfer channel to improve conductivity during photocatalysis. The hierarchical Fe2O3/C composite exhibited a photodegradation rate constant (k) of 0.091 min−1, more than four times that of α‐Fe2O3 (0.020 min−1).
Internal mouth‐bar variability and preservation of subordinate coastal processes in low‐accommodation proximal deltaic settings (Cretaceous Dakota Group, New Mexico, USA)
Authors: van Yperen Anna E. , Poyatos‐Moré Miquel , Holbrook John M. , Midtkandal Ivar
Published: January 2020

Mouth bars are the fundamental architectural elements of proximal deltaic successions. Understanding their internal architecture and complex interaction with coastal processes (fluvial, tide and wave‐dominated) is paramount to the interpretation of ancient deltaic successions. This is particularly challenging in low‐accommodation systems, because they are commonly characterized by thin, condensed and top‐truncated sections. This study analyses the exhumed Cenomanian Mesa Rica Sandstone (Dakota Group, Western Interior Seaway, USA), a fluvio‐deltaic system covering a ca 450 km depositional dip‐parallel profile. The study targets the proximal deltaic expression of the system, using 22 sedimentary logs (total of 390 m) spatially correlated within a ca 25 km2 study area at the rim of the Tucumcari Basin. Analysis of facies distributions, depositional architecture and spatial extent of stratigraphic surfaces reveals a 6–10 m thick, sharp‐based and sand‐prone deltaic package, comprising several laterally extensive (>1.4 km width) mouth bars. Composite erosional surfaces infilled with multi‐storey fluvial and marine‐influenced channel deposits (12–20 m thick, 100–250 m wide) scour locally into the deltaic package. Based on differences in sedimentary structures, bed thicknesses, occurrence of interflood beds and bioturbation indexes, four different sub‐environments within single mouth bars were distinguished. These range from mouth‐bar axis, off‐axis, fringe to distal‐fringe deposits, which reflect waning depositional energy with increasing distance from the distributary channel mouth. The interpreted mouth‐bar components also show internal variability in dominant process regime, with overall river dominance but local preservation of tide influence in the fringe and distal fringe components. Mouth‐bar deposits amalgamate to form an extensive sand‐rich sheet body throughout the study area, in which interflood mudstone to very‐fine grained sandstone beds are nearly absent. These features reflect successive coalescence of mouth bars in a low accommodation/supply (A/S) setting. These conditions promoted recurrent channel avulsion/bifurcation and thus the potential reworking of previously deposited mouth‐bar fringe and distal‐fringe sediments, where time and background processes are better recorded. Results of this study evidence internal process‐regime variability within mouth‐bar components. They also caution against the possible loss of preservation of subordinate coastal processes (e.g. tidal indicators), and consequent underestimation of the true mixed influence in low‐accommodation deltaic settings.
Treatment outcomes in group‐based cognitive behavioural therapy for chronic pain: An examination of PTSD symptoms
Authors: Åkerblom Sophia , Perrin Sean , Fischer Marcelo Rivano , McCracken Lance M.
Published: January 2020

Background

The relevance of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms to outcomes of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for chronic pain is unclear. This study examines whether (a) traumatic exposure or the severity of PTSD symptoms at pre‐treatment predicts the outcomes (pain intensity/interference), (b) participation in this treatment is associated with reduced PTSD symptoms and (c) any observed changes in PTSD symptoms are mediated by changes in psychological mechanisms that have been shown to be of importance to PTSD and chronic pain.

Methods

Participants were 159 chronic pain patients who were consecutively admitted for a multidisciplinary, group‐based CBT program at the Pain Rehabilitation Unit at Skåne University Hospital. A self‐report measure of traumatic exposure and PTSD symptoms was administered before and after treatment, and at a 12‐month follow‐up, along with measures of depression, anxiety, pain intensity, pain interference, psychological inflexibility, life control and kinesiophobia.

Results

Traumatic exposure and PTSD symptom severity did not predict pain intensity or interference at 12‐month follow‐up. There were no overall significant changes in PTSD symptom severity at post‐treatment or follow‐up, but 24.6% of the participants showed potential clinically significant change at follow‐up. Psychological inflexibility mediated the changes that occurred in PTSD symptoms during treatment.

Conclusions

Neither traumatic exposure nor baseline symptoms of PTSD predicted the treatment outcomes examined here. Despite improvements in both comorbid depression and anxiety, participation in this pain‐focused CBT program was not associated with improvements in comorbid PTSD. To the extent that changes in PTSD symptoms did occur, these were mediated by changes in psychological inflexibility during treatment.

Significance

Pain‐focused CBT programs yield clinically meaningful improvements in pain and comorbid symptoms of depression and anxiety, but may have little effect on comorbid PTSD. This raises the issue of whether current pain‐focused CBT programs can be modified to improve outcomes for comorbid conditions, perhaps by better targeting of psychological flexibility, and/or whether separate treatment of PTSD may be associated with improved pain outcomes.
Who studies where? Boosting tropical conservation research where it is most needed
Authors: Reboredo Segovia Ana L , Romano Donato , Armsworth Paul R
Published: January 2020

Despite the mounting threats that tropical ecosystems face, conservation in the tropics remains severely under‐researched relative to temperate systems. Efforts to address this knowledge gap have so far largely failed to analyze the relationship between an author's choice of study site and that author's country of origin. We examined factors that motivate both foreign and domestic scientists to conduct research in tropical countries, based on a sample of nearly 3000 tropical conservation research articles. Many barriers that have historically deterred foreign research effort appear to have been overcome, although US scientists still respond negatively to safety concerns and distance. The productivity of local scientists is affected by corruption and lack of institutional support. Both foreign and in‐country scientists are increasingly working in places with more listed threatened species, but many regions still lack adequate conservation research. Although foreign scientists could be attracted to less‐studied areas through targeted grants, the long‐term solution must be to train and employ more local scientists.
Catalyzing fisheries conservation investment
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy P , Higgins Phoebe R , Quilligan Emma , Sethi Suresh A , Tobin‐de la Puente John
Published: January 2020

Wild‐caught fish account for approximately one‐half of all seafood consumed globally, yet there is strong evidence that improved science and management are needed to ensure the biological, economic, and social sustainability of this critical food source. Presently, insufficient resources are allocated to achieve such sustainability, but conservation finance offers promising new sources of funding for this necessary endeavor. We surveyed the most recent literature on conservation finance and interviewed practitioners to identify key obstacles and solutions to advancing fisheries conservation investments. We found that obstacles constraining these investments are also common in other, more mature conservation sectors. Solutions developed in these sectors – namely, capacity building, novel investment vehicles, increased communication among stakeholders, and better metrics – could help to overcome barriers to investment. As fisheries sustainability improvements require cooperation across the sciences, business, and finance communities, we hope this article will spur interest among these diverse stakeholders and catalyze fisheries conservation investment.
Varieties of populism
Authors: Devinney Timothy M. , Hartwell Christopher A.
Published: January 2020

Research Summary

The recent electoral popularity of populism suggests our understanding of global and domestic institutions and their impact and relevance to international business may require adjustment. In particular, the literature may be omitting key variables as to what the political environment entails. We propose a framework for understanding the differing varieties of populism. We examine what channels populist thought operates through and how various strains of populism concentrate on different facets of society. We articulate an operational definition for international strategy based upon prior research in economics, political science, and history. This framework is incorporated into current research on institutional theory as applied in international business, with the goal of proposing a more nuanced and foundational view of institutional environments and how they impact global strategy.

Managerial Summary

The surge of populism globally—but especially in developed economies—has highlighted new perils for business strategy. Our current models of strategic thinking have not yet caught up to the reality of populism's moment, nor have they accurately captured what are increasingly important facets of a political system, such as traits of specific leaders. This paper examines the need to incorporate new perspectives on institutions into global strategy. In particular, we highlight the various varieties of populism—whether it focuses on economic, social, or political ends—and how each approach can impact a business in a different manner. In doing so, we provide some clarity and guidance for managers faced with political turbulence.
Anterior cingulate cortex differently modulates frontoparietal functional connectivity between resting‐state and working memory tasks
Authors: Di Xin , Zhang Heming , Biswal Bharat B
Published: January 2020

The brain frontoparietal regions and the functional communications between them are critical in supporting working memory and other executive functions. The functional connectivity between frontoparietal regions are modulated by working memory loads, and are shown to be modulated by a third brain region in resting‐state. However, it is largely unknown whether the third‐region modulations remain the same during working memory tasks or were largely modulated by task demands. In the current study, we collected functional MRI (fMRI) data when the subjects were performing n‐back tasks and in resting‐state. We first used a block‐designed localizer to define the frontoparietal regions that showed higher activations in the 2‐back than the 1‐back condition. Next, we performed physiophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis using left and right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and superior parietal lobule (SPL) regions, respectively, in three continuous‐designed runs of resting‐state, 1‐back, and 2‐back conditions. No regions showed consistent modulatory interactions with the seed pairs in the three conditions. Instead, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) showed different modulatory interactions with the right MFG and SPL among the three conditions. While the increased activity of the ACC was associated with decreased functional coupling between the right MFG and SPL in resting‐state, it was associated with increased functional coupling in the 2‐back condition. The observed task modulations support the functional significance of the modulations of the ACC on frontoparietal connectivity.
Multiple mechanisms underpin cerebral and cerebellar white matter deficits in Friedreich ataxia: The IMAGE‐FRDA study
Authors: Selvadurai Louisa P. , Corben Louise A. , Delatycki Martin B. , Storey Elsdon , Egan Gary F. , Georgiou‐Karistianis Nellie , Harding Ian H.
Published: January 2020

Friedreich ataxia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with reported abnormalities in cerebellar, brainstem, and cerebral white matter. White matter structure can be measured using in vivo neuroimaging indices sensitive to different white matter features. For the first time, we examined the relative sensitivity and relationship between multiple white matter indices in Friedreich ataxia to more richly characterize disease expression and infer possible mechanisms underlying the observed white matter abnormalities. Diffusion‐tensor, magnetization transfer, and T1‐weighted structural images were acquired from 31 individuals with Friedreich ataxia and 36 controls. Six white matter indices were extracted: fractional anisotropy, diffusivity (mean, axial, radial), magnetization transfer ratio (microstructure), and volume (macrostructure). For each index, whole‐brain voxel‐wise between‐group comparisons and correlations with disease severity, onset age, and gene triplet‐repeat length were undertaken. Correlations between pairs of indices were assessed in the Friedreich ataxia cohort. Spatial similarities in the voxel‐level pattern of between‐group differences across the indices were also assessed. Microstructural abnormalities were maximal in cerebellar and brainstem regions, but evident throughout the brain, while macroscopic abnormalities were restricted to the brainstem. Poorer microstructure and reduced macrostructural volume correlated with greater disease severity and earlier onset, particularly in peri‐dentate nuclei and brainstem regions. Microstructural and macrostructural abnormalities were largely independent. Reduced fractional anisotropy was most strongly associated with axial diffusivity in cerebral tracts, and magnetization transfer in cerebellar tracts. Multiple mechanisms likely underpin white matter abnormalities in Friedreich ataxia, with differential impacts in cerebellar and cerebral pathways.
A retrospective analysis of hospital treatment expenditures among young and middle age patients with cancer, 2013–2017 under health reform
Authors: Xu Junfang , Nicholas Stephen , Wang Jian , Yang Yuxia
Published: January 2020

Under 60 year olds represent a rapidly growing segment of the cancer population. They often face longer hospital stays, higher treatment intensity, and hospitalization costs. In this background, we aim to assess the impact of the 2009 reforms on the hospital expenses of younger cancer inpatients. Our study sample included 11 791 young and middle age stomach, lung, colorectal, esophageal, and breast cancer inpatients hospitalized during 2013 to 2017. Hospitalization treatment costs of under 60 cancer inpatients increased, but it fell in 2017 under the impact of the health reforms. However, out‐of‐pocket expenditures rose, which partly reflected the failure of the health insurance scheme to adequately cover cancer inpatient cost, potentially imposing financial hardships on cancer inpatients and their families. To continue to reduce the economic burden of cancer patients, early screening and diagnosis among younger populations and enhanced hospice care integrated with the ongoing primary health care reform are important.
An effective dual‐factor modified 3D‐printed PCL scaffold for bone defect repair
Authors: Li Yan , Li Qian , Li Hongming , Xu Xiao , Fu Xiaoming , Pan Jijia , Wang Hui , Fuh Jerry Ying Hsi , Bai Yanjie , Wei Shicheng
Published: January 2020

Numerous bioactive molecules produced in cells are involved in the process of bone formation. We consider that appropriate, simultaneous application of two types of bioactive molecules would accelerate the regeneration of tissues and organs. Therefore, we combined aspirin‐loaded liposomes (Asp@Lipo) and bone forming peptide‐1 (BFP‐1) on three dimensional‐printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold and determined whether this system improved bone regeneration outcomes. in vitro experiments indicated that Asp@Lipo/BFP‐1at a 3:7 ratio was the best option for enhancing the osteogenic efficiency of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). This was confirmed in an in vivo cranial defect animal model. In addition, RNA‐Seq was applied for preliminarily exploration of the mechanism of action of this composite scaffold system, and the results suggested that it mainly improved bone regeneration via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This approach will have potential for application in bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Soil trace gas fluxes in living mulch and conventional agricultural systems
Authors: Peters Samuel J. W. , Saikawa Eri , Markewitz Daniel , Sutter Lori , Avramov Alexander , Sanders Zachary P. , Yosen Benjamin , Wakabayashi Ken , Martin Geoffrey , Andrews Joshua S. , Hill Nicholas S.
Published: January 2020

Row crop agriculture is a significant source of two major greenhouse gases (GHGs) (carbon dioxide [CO2] and nitrous oxide [N2O]) and the air pollutant precursor ammonia (NH3). Fluxes of these naturally occurring trace gases are often augmented by agricultural practices, such as fertilizer application and crop systems management. A living mulch system (LMS) maintains a live cover crop year‐round and is an emerging agricultural system that can reduce pesticide and fertilizer use while maintaining yields. Multiple trace gas fluxes of GHGs and NH3 had not previously been measured together in an LMS of corn (Zea mays L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.). This study compared soil gas fluxes in a white clover LMS with two other cover crop systems and a no‐cover‐crop system. Infrared and gas chromatography measurements were taken over 2 yr in northern Georgia. Mean soil CO2 and N2O fluxes (159.7 kg ha−1 d−1 and 0.027 kg N ha−1 d−1, respectively) observed in LMS plots exceeded those from other treatments. Soil temperature, moisture, potentially mineralizable nitrogen (N), and nitrate partially explained these differences. Mean soil NH3 emissions were greater in LMS (0.089 kg N ha−1 d−1) compared with no cover crop (0.038 kg N ha−1 d−1). Increased N2O and NH3 fluxes could be from release of N from decomposition of clover and from release of N into the soil as the corn shades the clover. Although LMS plots did not reduce trace gas emissions, labile carbon content was at least 100 mg kg−1 greater than other treatments after 2 yr, improving soil health.
miR‐142‐5p protects against osteoarthritis through competing with lncRNA XIST
Authors: Sun Pengfei , Wu Yunpeng , Li Xuezhou , Jia Yuhua
Published: January 2020

Background

The relevance between abnormal microRNA expression and osteoarthritis (OA) has been elaborated in recent studies. Hence, the present study aimed to assess the impact of miR‐142‐5p on chondrocyte growth and apoptosis.

Methods

To mimic OA‐like chondrocyte damage, interleukin (IL)‐1β was used for chondrocyte treatment. The expression of miR‐142‐5p, SGTB, long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) X inactive specific transcript (XIST) and involved molecules such as Col2A1, Bcl‐2, MMP13 and Bax was determined via a quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. Functional roles of miR‐142‐5p, SGTB and XIST were monitored in 5‐ethynyl‐2'‐deoxyuridine, CCK‐8 and TUNEL experiments. Rescue analyses were conducted to consolidate the effect of the XIST/miR‐142‐5p/SGTB axis on chondrocytes in OA.

Results

miR‐142‐5p was down‐regulated in IL‐1β‐treated chondrocytes, whereas SGTB and XIST levels were increased. Overexpression of miR‐142‐5p stimulated proliferation and retarded apoptosis in IL‐1β‐treated chondrocytes. Meanwhile, miR‐142‐5p elevation was correlated with an elevation of Col2A1 and Bcl‐2, as well as a decline of MMP13 and Bax. A mechanistic study showed that miR‐142‐5p negatively regulated SGTB expression. Moreover, we found that lncRNA XIST could relieve the inhibition of miR‐142‐5p on SGTB expression. Augmentation of SGTB or suppression of miR‐142‐5p reversed the influence of XIST depletion on chondrocyte growth and apoptosis.

Conclusions

The present study has explored the fundamental role of miR‐142‐5p in IL‐1β‐treated chondrocytes, as well as the novel molecular mechanism constituted by miR‐142‐5p/SGTB/XIST in OA. Potentially, the results obtained may add new insight into OA pathogenesis.
Intra‐articular etanercept attenuates pain and hypoxia from TMJ loading in the rat
Authors: Sperry Megan M. , Yu Ya‐Hsin , Kartha Sonia , Ghimire Prabesh , Welch Rachel L. , Winkelstein Beth A. , Granquist Eric J.
Published: January 2020

Mechanical overloading of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and biochemical changes, like inflammation and hypoxia, contribute to cartilage degeneration and pain associated with osteoarthritis (OA). Yet, how overloading contributes to early dysregulation of chondrocytes is not understood, limiting the development of diagnostics and treatments for TMJ OA. Hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIF)‐1α/2α in chondrocytes were evaluated at Days 8 and 15 in a rat TMJ pain model induced by jaw loading (1 h/day for 7 days) using immunohistochemistry and compared between cases that induce persistent (3.5 N), acute (2 N), or no (0 N) sensitivity. Hypoxia was measured on Day 8 by immunolabeling of the tracer EF5 and 18F‐EF5 PET imaging. To assess the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in painful TMJ loading, intra‐articular etanercept was given before loading. Orofacial sensitivity was evaluated during and after loading. Facial grimace, TNF‐α, HIF‐2α, and hypoxia levels in the TMJ were measured after loading. HIF‐2α was elevated (P = .03) after 3.5 N loading at Day 8, but HIF‐1α was unchanged. EF5 uptake increased on Day 8 in the 3.5 N group (P < .048) by tissue assay and 18F‐EF5 PET. At Day 8, both HIF‐2α (P = .01) and EF5 uptake (P = .005) were correlated with loading magnitude. Etanercept attenuated sensitivity (P < .01) and the facial grimace on Day 7 (P = .01). It also reduced (P < .01) HIF‐2α and EF5 uptake on Day 8; but TNF‐α levels were not different from controls at that time. Findings suggest that TMJ loading that induces persistent sensitivity upregulates the catabolic factor HIF‐2α and reduces oxygen levels in the cartilage, which may be TNF‐driven.
Subcutaneous injection of recombinant heat shock protein 70 ameliorates atopic dermatitis skin lesions in a mouse model
Authors: Kao Jun‐Kai , Hsu Tzu‐Fang , Lee Ming‐Sheng , Su Tzu‐Cheng , Lee Cheng‐Han , Hsu Chien‐Sheng , Shieh Jeng‐Jer , Wang Jiu‐Yao , Yang Rei‐Cheng
Published: January 2020

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease and sometimes is a tough challenge for physicians. We previously reported that in Th2 environment, the production and secretion of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) from human keratinocytes was inhibited by recombinant heat shock protein 70 (rHSP70). The present study assessed the therapeutic effectiveness of rHSP70 in a mouse model of AD. An experimental model of AD was reproduced by systemic sensitization and local epicutaneous challenge with ovalbumin (OVA). Treatment of rHSP70 was performed by subcutaneous administration. The levels of OVA‐specific IgE, as well as cytokines, were detected by ELISA. Skin samples from patch areas were also taken for histologic examination. Injection of rHSP70 improved the histologic picture by reducing the thickness of epidermis and allergic inflammation. Skin sonography revealed rHSP70 ameliorated skin remodeling. rHSP70 also significantly decreased the protein expression of TSLP of skin from patch areas. Furthermore, in ex vivo studies also showed group of rHSP70 treatment decreased IL‐13, RANTES, MIP‐1β and increased IFN‐γ secreted from splenocytes stimulated with OVA. The rHSP70 intervention in the mouse model of AD reduced the skin expression of TSLP and attenuated the clinical appearance of OVA‐induced AD mice. The effect was achieved by suppressed Th2 immune response in injected skin tissue and enhanced systemic Th1 immune response. These results suggest that rHSP70 have potential as a promising protein for the treatment of AD.
MASS SPECTROMETRY‐BASED PERSONALIZED DRUG THERAPY
Authors: Cui Jia‐Jia , Wang Lei‐Yun , Tan Zhi‐Rong , Zhou Hong‐Hao , Zhan Xianquan , Yin Ji‐Ye
Published: January 2020

Personalized drug therapy aims to provide tailored treatment for individual patient. Mass spectrometry (MS) is revolutionarily involved in this area because MS is a rapid, customizable, cost‐effective, and easy to be used high‐throughput method with high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. It is driving the formation of a new field, MS‐based personalized drug therapy, which currently mainly includes five subfields: therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), pharmacogenomics (PGx), pharmacomicrobiomics, pharmacoepigenomics, and immunopeptidomics. Gas chromatography‐MS (GC‐MS) and liquid chromatography‐MS (LC‐MS) are considered as the gold standard for TDM, which can be used to optimize drug dosage. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐time of flight‐MS (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) significantly improves the capability of detecting biomacromolecule, and largely promotes the application of MS in PGx. It is becoming an indispensable tool for genotyping, which is used to discover and validate genetic biomarkers. In addition, MALDI‐TOF‐MS also plays important roles in identity of human microbiome whose diversity can explain interindividual differences of drug response. Pharmacoepigenetics is to study the role of epigenetic factors in individualized drug treatment. MS can be used to discover and validate pharmacoepigenetic markers (DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA). For the emerging cancer immunotherapy, personalized cancer vaccine has effective immunotherapeutic activity in the clinic. MS‐based immunopeptidomics can effectively discover and screen neoantigens. This article systematically reviewed MS‐based personalized drug therapy in the above mentioned five subfields. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev
Filtering power divider with good output balance and unsymmetrical structure
Authors: Luo Ming , Tang Xiao‐Hong , Xu Xin , Zhang Yong‐Hong , Wu Ri‐Han
Published: January 2020

This article presents a filtering power divider (FPD) that realizes 2‐order bandpass response by only using 2 shorted‐stub loaded resonators (SSLRs). The structure of the proposed FPD is unsymmetrical but it achieves a good output balance. The isolation between output ports is also realized. The detailed theoretical analysis suitable for the FPD with unsymmetrical structure is developed and a discussion for the output balance is also presented. An FPD that works at 2.39 GHz is fabricated and measured for demonstration. A good agreement is obtained between simulation and measurement.
Influence of dielectric layers on performance of transmission mode frequency selective surface based linear to circular polarization transformers
Authors: Clendinning Sarah , Cahill Robert , Zelenchuk Dmitry , Fusco Vincent
Published: January 2020

In this article, we investigate the electromagnetic behavior of freestanding and dielectric embedded frequency selective surface (FSS) based linear to circular polarization convertors. The two structures were designed to operate in transmission mode at normal incidence and yield the lowest value for axial ratio (AR) at frequencies around 10 GHz. In addition to providing mechanical robustness, a 72% increase in the 3 dB AR bandwidth (BW) is achieved when the 140‐μm thick perforated FSS sheet is inserted between two 5‐mm thick polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) slabs. At oblique incidence a downward shift in frequency is observed, however the BW is still significantly larger than the results obtained for the freestanding periodic array within a field of view of ±30° in the cardinal planes. Spectral transmission measurements presented for both anisotropic media verify the simulated results.
Gain enhancement of microstrip antenna with a novel DNG material
Authors: Urul Bülent
Published: January 2020

In this study, a novel double‐negative compact metamaterial (MM) that can operate in Ku‐band (12 GHz) is designed and fabricated. It is shown that the proposed structure can be used as a MM for a wide bandwidth of 6 GHz. A double electromagnetic lens layer is then formed using this MM unit cell in an array. Afterwards, obtained lens layers are used together with a conventional microstrip patch antenna (CMPA) operating at 12 GHz. The effect of the MM on the antenna gain and directivity is examined. The CMPA and MMs are fabricated, and measurements are performed in Akdeniz University Microwave Laboratory and simulated with Microwave Studio by Computer Simulation Technology. 71% and 50% improvement in antenna gain and directivity are obtained by using it as a double MM lens layer.
Detection of myocardial medium‐chain fatty acid oxidation and tricarboxylic acid cycle activity with hyperpolarized [1–13C]octanoate
Authors: Yoshihara Hikari A.I. , Bastiaansen Jessica A.M. , Karlsson Magnus , Lerche Mathilde H. , Comment Arnaud , Schwitter Juerg
Published: January 2020

Under normal conditions, the heart mainly relies on fatty acid oxidation to meet its energy needs. Changes in myocardial fuel preference are noted in the diseased and failing heart. The magnetic resonance signal enhancement provided by spin hyperpolarization allows the metabolism of substrates labeled with carbon‐13 to be followed in real time in vivo. Although the low water solubility of long‐chain fatty acids abrogates their hyperpolarization by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization, medium‐chain fatty acids have sufficient solubility to be efficiently polarized and dissolved. In this study, we investigated the applicability of hyperpolarized [1–13C]octanoate to measure myocardial medium‐chain fatty acid metabolism in vivo. Scanning rats infused with a bolus of hyperpolarized [1–13C]octanoate, the primary metabolite observed in the heart was identified as [1–13C]acetylcarnitine. Additionally, [5‐13C]glutamate and [5‐13C]citrate could be respectively resolved in seven and five of 31 experiments, demonstrating the incorporation of oxidation products of octanoate into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. A variable drop in blood pressure was observed immediately following the bolus injection, and this drop correlated with a decrease in normalized acetylcarnitine signal (acetylcarnitine/octanoate). Increasing the delay before infusion moderated the decrease in blood pressure, which was attributed to the presence of residual gas bubbles in the octanoate solution. No significant difference in normalized acetylcarnitine signal was apparent between fed and 12‐hour fasted rats. Compared with a solution in buffer, the longitudinal relaxation of [1–13C]octanoate was accelerated ~3‐fold in blood and by the addition of serum albumin. These results demonstrate the potential of hyperpolarized [1–13C]octanoate to probe myocardial medium‐chain fatty acid metabolism as well as some of the limitations that may accompany its use.
Craniofacial second primary tumors in patients with germline retinoblastoma previously treated with external beam radiotherapy: A retrospective institutional analysis
Authors: Jiménez Irene , Laé Marick , Tanguy Marie‐Laure , Savignoni Alexia , Gauthier‐Villars Marion , Desjardins Laurence , Cassoux Nathalie , Dendale Rémi , Rodriguez Joseph , Doz François , Brisse Hervé J. , Aerts Isabelle
Published: January 2020

Background

The long‐term survival of germline retinoblastoma patients is decreased due to the risk of second primary tumors (SPTs) that occur years after the diagnosis of retinoblastoma. This risk is related to genetic predisposition and other factors, such as the treatment of retinoblastoma by external beam radiotherapy (EBRT).

Procedure

We studied the incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of specific craniofacial SPTs developed within the margins of radiation field in a cohort of 209 patients with germline retinoblastoma treated with EBRT at our institution between 1977 and 2010. Clinical characteristics, survival, incidence, and histology of craniofacial SPTs were recorded.

Results

Fifty‐three of the 209 patients developed 60 distinct craniofacial SPTs in irradiated field with a median time from EBRT of 16.9 years (4‐35) and a median follow‐up of 24.8 years (5.3‐40). Osteosarcoma (33.3%) and undifferentiated sarcoma (23.3%) were the more prevalent histological entities. Benign tumors (16.7%) also occurred. The cumulative incidence of craniofacial SPTs reached 32.6% at 35 years after EBRT, and the median survival after diagnosis was five years. In our series, irradiation under 12 months of age, bilateral EBRT, or previous treatment of retinoblastoma with chemotherapy did not significantly increase the risk of craniofacial SPTs.

Conclusions

This work presents a strong argument to avoid EBRT in the management of retinoblastoma and emphasizes the high risk and poor prognosis of specific craniofacial SPTs. This study also points to the question of the need and benefits of special programs for early detection of craniofacial SPTs in survivors of irradiated germline retinoblastoma.