bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electroretinography is a prognostic indicator for postoperative vision in dogs undergoing retinal reattachment surgery
Authors: Hoffman Allison , Sisler Steve , Pappania Marie , Hsu Kimberly , Ross Maya , Ofri Ron
Published: September 2017

Purpose

To determine whether pre‐operative electroretinography (ERG) predicts postoperative vision in dogs undergoing retinal reattachment surgery (RRS).

Methods

This 18‐month prospective study recorded signalment, duration, cause, and extent of retinal detachment and pre‐operative vision status. Rod and mixed rod‐cone ERG responses were recorded prior to RRS. Referring veterinary ophthalmologists assessed vision 2 months postoperatively.

Results

Thirty dogs (40 affected eyes) aged 4 months to 12.1 years were included. The detachment extent was 150°–320° in 15 of 40 eyes, 360° in 24 of 40 eyes, and not recorded in one eye. Most dogs had a genetic predisposition for retinal detachment. Eight eyes of seven dogs had previous cataract surgery. Mean estimated duration of detachment prior to surgery was 24.5 ± 19.6 days. Pre‐operatively, 34 of 40 eyes were blind, two of 40 eyes were sighted, and four of 40 eyes had severely diminished vision. Compared to normative ERG values in our clinics, pre‐operative ERGs were classified as “normal” in five of 40 eyes, “attenuated” in seven of 40 eyes, and “flat” in 28 of 40 eyes. Following RRS, the retina was fully reattached in all operated eyes. Two‐month postoperatively, 30 of 40 eyes had “normal” vision as defined by referring veterinary ophthalmologists, six of 40 eyes had “limited” or “diminished” vision and four of 40 eyes were blind. Normal vision was regained in 12 of 12 (100%) of eyes with normal or attenuated pre‐operative ERG's, but only in 18 of 28 (64%) of eyes with flat pre‐operative ERG ‘s (Linear‐by‐linear test, P = 0.029).

Conclusions

A recordable pre‐operative ERG, even if attenuated, is associated with return of vision in canine RRS patients, and is a favorable prognostic indicator.
Enlargement of the WHO international repository for platelet transfusion‐relevant bacteria reference strains
Authors: Spindler‐Raffel E. , Benjamin R. J. , McDonald C. P. , Ramirez‐Arcos S. , Aplin K. , Bekeredjian‐Ding I. , de Korte D. , Gabriel C. , Gathof B. , Hanschmann K.‐M. , Hourfar K. , Ingram C. , Jacobs M. R. , Keil S. D. , Kou Y. , Lambrecht B. , Marcelis J. , Mukhtar Z. , Nagumo H. , Niekerk T. , Rojo J. , Marschner S. , Satake M. , Seltsam A. , Seifried E. , Sharafat S. , Störmer M. , Süßner S. , Wagner S. J. , Yomtovian R. ,   ISBT Working Party Transfusion‐Transmitted Infectious Diseases (WP‐TTID), Subgroup on Bacteria
Published: September 2017

Background and Objectives

Interventions to prevent and detect bacterial contamination of platelet concentrates (PCs) have reduced, but not eliminated the sepsis risk. Standardized bacterial strains are needed to validate detection and pathogen reduction technologies in PCs. Following the establishment of the First International Reference Repository of Platelet Transfusion‐Relevant Bacterial Reference Strains (the ‘repository’), the World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Biological Standardisation (ECBS) endorsed further repository expansion.

Materials and Methods

Sixteen bacterial strains, including the four repository strains, were distributed from the Paul‐Ehrlich‐Institut (PEI) to 14 laboratories in 10 countries for enumeration, identification and growth measurement on days 2, 4 and 7 after low spiking levels [10–25 colony‐forming units (CFU)/PC bag]. Spore‐forming (Bacillus cereusPEI‐B‐P‐07‐S, Bacillus thuringiensisPEI‐B‐P‐57‐S), Gram‐negative (Enterobacter cloacaePEI‐B‐P‐43, Morganella morganiiPEI‐B‐P‐74, PEI‐B‐P‐91, Proteus mirabilisPEI‐B‐P‐55, Pseudomonas fluorescensPEI‐B‐P‐77, Salmonella choleraesuisPEI‐B‐P‐78, Serratia marcescensPEI‐B‐P‐56) and Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureusPEI‐B‐P‐63, Streptococcus dysgalactiaePEI‐B‐P‐71, Streptococcus bovisPEI‐B‐P‐61) strains were evaluated.

Results

Bacterial viability was conserved after transport to the participating laboratories with one exception (M. morganiiPEI‐B‐P‐74). All other strains showed moderate‐to‐excellent growth. Bacillus cereus, B. thuringiensis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. fluorescens, S. marcescens, S. aureus and S. dysgalactiae grew to >106 CFU/ml by day 2. Enterobacter cloacae, P. mirabilis, S. epidermidis, S. bovis and S. pyogenes achieved >106 CFU/ml at day 4. Growth of S. choleraesuis was lower and highly variable.

Conclusion

The WHO ECBS approved all bacterial strains (except M. morganiiPEI‐B‐P‐74 and S. choleraesuisPEI‐B‐P‐78) for repository enlargement. The strains were stable, suitable for spiking with low CFU numbers, and proliferation was independent of the PC donor.
Psychological and hormonal stress response patterns during a blood donation
Authors: Hoogerwerf M. D. , Veldhuizen I. J. T. , Merz E.‐M. , de Kort W. L. A. M. , Frings‐Dresen M. H. W. , Sluiter J. K.
Published: September 2017

Background and Objectives

Donating blood has been associated with increased stress responses, with scarce evidence indicating that levels of psychological and hormonal stress are higher pre‐donation than post‐donation. We investigated whether a blood donation induces psychological and/or hormonal stress during the course of a blood donation, and whether responses differed between men and women, first‐time and experienced donors and donors with high or low non‐acute stress.

Materials and Methods

In 363 donors, psychological (donation‐stress and arousal) and hormonal (cortisol) stress were measured by questionnaire and salivary sample at seven key moments during a routine donation. Non‐acute stress was assessed by a questionnaire. Repeated measurement analyses were performed, using the last measurement (leaving the donation center) as reference value.

Results

Levels of donation‐stress, arousal and cortisol were significantly higher during donation than when leaving the donation center. When compared with men, women reported higher levels of donation‐stress and cortisol in the first part of the visit. When compared with first‐time donors, experienced donors reported lower levels of donation‐stress during the first part of the visit, and higher levels of arousal but less reactivity throughout the visit. When compared to donors high on non‐acute stress, donors low on non‐acute stress reported lower levels of donation‐stress during the first part of the visit, and showed less cortisol reactivity throughout the visit.

Conclusion

Donating blood influences psychological and hormonal stress response patterns. The response patterns differ between women and men, first‐time and experienced donors and between donors high and low on non‐acute stress.
Reconsideration of blood donation testing strategy for human T‐cell lymphotropic virus in Australia
Authors: Styles C. E. , Seed C. R. , Hoad V. C. , Gaudieri S. , Keller A. J.
Published: September 2017

Background and Objectives

Universal testing of blood donations for human T‐cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) in Australia may no longer be appropriate given the low prevalence of HTLV infection and the mitigating effect of universal leucodepletion for cellular components. This study aimed to determine the most appropriate HTLV testing strategy using the Risk‐Based Decision‐Making Framework for Blood Safety.

Materials and Methods

The risk of HTLV transfusion–transmission using three testing strategies (universal, new‐donor and no testing) and cost‐effectiveness of the first two strategies were assessed using adaptations of published mathematical models.

Results

The overall prevalence for 2004–2014 was three HTLV‐positives per million donations. It was estimated that annually, universal testing incurred a cost of approximately AUD $3 million and prevented 83 HTLV‐positive cellular components from being issued, and new‐donor testing cost approximately $225 000 and prevented 81 components. The number of cases of transfusion‐transmitted HTLV and HTLV‐associated disease prevented per year by universal and new‐donor testing was essentially equivalent. According to preset risk thresholds, the risk of transfusion–transmission was negligible for universal and new‐donor testing, and minimal without testing.

Conclusion

Transfusion–transmission of HTLV is a minimal risk in Australia even without testing. However, any revision of testing strategy must consider not only risk and cost‐effectiveness, but also stakeholder, ethical and regulatory perspectives. Considering all relevant criteria, new‐donor testing is judged the optimal strategy because it is able to achieve almost the same outcomes as universal testing, at a fraction of the cost.
The role of the National Blood Transfusion Committee
Authors: Murphy M. F. , Pendry K.
Published: September 2017

Many countries have established national blood transfusion services in line with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and recommendations. However, according to WHO, few countries have developed policies and guidelines on the clinical use of blood and products which are being effectively implemented. This review outlines the WHO recommendations for a National Committee on the Clinical Use of Blood and describes the establishment of a National Blood Transfusion Committee (NBTC) in England and the first 16 years of its work. Although it is difficult to document the value of the NBTC with certainty, the improvements in transfusion safety in hospitals and the marked reduction in blood use across a large country would almost certainly not have happened to the same extent without it. The inclusive membership of the NBTC of Royal Colleges, professional organizations, National Health Service (NHS) Blood & Transplant as the national blood supplier and NHS senior management has been key to providing impetus to the implementation of the output of the NBTC. The linkage to hospital transfusion practice via the RTCs and HTCs has proved very beneficial for the dissemination of its work. Despite the excellent progress, there is much for the NBTC to do in the future to ensure that transfusion practice is as safe and as effective as possible.
The challenge of growing enough reticulocytes for transfusion
Authors: Severn C. E. , Toye A. M.
Published: September 2017

There is considerable research interest in manufacturing blood products for patients using a variety of different cellular sources, including stem cells (embryonic, cord and adult), induced pluripotent stem cells and erythroid cell lines. Red blood cells (RBC) represent a particularly attractive regenerative medicine blood product due to the absence of the nucleus in the final cellular product meaning that they pose a minimal risk in terms of potential for transformation in the recipient, and allogeneic red cell transplants have been given for many years. The number of RBC required in a standard adult therapeutic dose (2 × 1012) is intimidating, but encouraging progress has been made in RBC production under good manufacturing practice from adult stem cells. Already, a cultured RBC (cRBC) mini‐transfusion has been conducted in a single volunteer illustrating that the cultured cells can survive in circulation and exhibit no adverse reaction. We must now demonstrate that cRBC are equivalent to the RBC produced naturally in donors by testing laboratory grown blood in multiple volunteers, with the possibility of showing that these cRBC have prolonged survival due to being freshly made reticulocytes. Work is also required on increasing the yield and scaling up cRBC manufacturing to generate clinical quantities of cRBC in a more efficient and cost‐effective ways.
Teenage blood donation: demographic trends, adverse reactions and iron balance
Authors: Eder A. F. , Crowder L. A. , Steele W. R.
Published: September 2017

Background

Young (16‐ to 17‐year‐old) volunteers donate substantially and disproportionately to the blood supply in the United States, accounting for less than 3% of the general population but about 10% of allogeneic whole blood collections. Donating blood, while quite safe overall, has some attendant risk, and teenage donors are the most susceptible to adverse reactions and injuries, as well as iron deficiency after blood donation.

Aim

To describe demographic trends in blood donation and the risk of adverse reactions and iron depletion among teenage (16‐ to 17‐year‐old) blood donors compared to older donors.

Methods

Review of demographic data and studies on blood donation by 16‐ to 17‐year‐olds.

Results

Adverse reactions after whole blood donation are most likely to occur in the youngest donors. The odds of syncope‐related injury after donation for a 16‐ or 17‐year‐olds are 2·5‐fold higher than 18‐ and 19‐year‐olds and 14·5‐fold higher than adults 20 years old or older, even after taking into consideration first‐time donation status and other predisposing factors. Moreover, iron deficiency, prevalent among teenagers, is aggravated by blood donation. Effective interventions to reduce the risk of reactions and mitigate iron deficiency are supported by research studies and large operational trials in blood centres, but have not been universally implemented.

Conclusion

Teenage donors continue to contribute substantially and disproportionately to the blood supply despite their higher risk of adverse reactions and possible adverse consequences of iron depletion after blood donation. Further measures could protect adolescent blood donors from donation‐related reactions, injuries and iron depletion.
Lessons for blood services following the Brussels terrorist attacks in March 2016
Authors: Compernolle V. , Najdovski T. , De Bouyalski I. , Vandekerckhove P.
Published: September 2017

On 22 March 2016, Brussels was confronted with terrorist attacks using explosive devices. Two nail bombs exploded at the airport and one nail bomb exploded in the subway. Thirty‐five people were killed, and approximately 340 got injured. Stock levels were excellent for all blood products and all blood groups. The amount of blood distributed on March 22 was at the high end but in line with the amount of blood products distributed on regular Tuesdays. The total order of blood group O Rhesus D (RhD)‐negative red cell units was nonetheless approximately twice as high as normal. For three University hospitals, we investigated in detail how many blood products were transfused to each of the hospitalized victims. Overall, the number of blood products needed was not excessive. We consistently communicated to the national media that no additional blood donations were needed. Nevertheless, the number of visits to our website was fourfold higher and the number of donors presenting at the donor centres twofold higher than normal. The number of donors presenting at mobile collections was not increased, mainly because one drive was cancelled by the continuing threat. In summary, the experiences in Flanders and Wallonia, following the Brussels attacks, are in line with those in other countries indicating that the amount of surplus blood to alleviate immediate needs generally is limited and the willingness for blood donation is high. In the end, it is important to raise awareness that blood required for today's disaster was donated yesterday.
Pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime after regional limb perfusion in standing horses
Authors: Oreff Gil L. , Tatz Amos J. , Dahan Roee , Segev Gilad , Haberman Shelley , Britzi Malka , Kelmer Gal
Published: September 2017

Objective

To determine the metacarpophalangeal joint fluid concentrations of ceftazidime administered via regional limb perfusion (RLP).

Animals

Eight healthy horses.

Methods

RLP was performed by injecting 2 g of ceftazidime and 60 mL of perfusate volume in the cephalic vein of standing, sedated horses. Serum and synovial fluid from the metacarpophalangeal joint were collected before perfusion and at 0.5, 2, 6, 12, 24 hours postperfusion. Ceftazidime concentrations were measured via liquid chromatography. Maximal concentration (Cmax), area under the curve (AUC), half‐life of the drug (T ½), and the timing of Cmax (Tmax) were determined to assess ceftazidime as a candidate drug for RLP. Continuous parameters were compared with the Mann‐Whitney U test. P value ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The Cmax of ceftazidime in synovial fluid (235 µg/mL) was 15 times higher than the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for most bacteria involved in orthopedic infections, including resistant pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 16 µg/mL). However, synovial concentrations decreased quickly and remained above the MIC in only 1 horse by 6 hours postperfusion.

Conclusion

RLP generated high synovial fluid concentrations of ceftazidime in the distal limb, but these concentrations decreased rapidly below the deliberately high MIC selected.

Clinical relevance

Once daily RLP, as applied in our study, with 2 g ceftazidime in standing horses, cannot be recommended for use in a clinical setting.
Discrimination and streaming of speech sounds based on differences in interaural and spectral cues
Authors: David Marion , Lavandier Mathieu , Grimault Nicolas , Oxenham Andrew J.
Published: September 2017

Differences in spatial cues, including interaural time differences (ITDs), interaural level differences (ILDs) and spectral cues, can lead to stream segregation of alternating noise bursts. It is unknown how effective such cues are for streaming sounds with realistic spectro-temporal variations. In particular, it is not known whether the high-frequency spectral cues associated with elevation remain sufficiently robust under such conditions. To answer these questions, sequences of consonant-vowel tokens were generated and filtered by non-individualized head-related transfer functions to simulate the cues associated with different positions in the horizontal and median planes. A discrimination task showed that listeners could discriminate changes in interaural cues both when the stimulus remained constant and when it varied between presentations. However, discrimination of changes in spectral cues was much poorer in the presence of stimulus variability. A streaming task, based on the detection of repeated syllables in the presence of interfering syllables, revealed that listeners can use both interaural and spectral cues to segregate alternating syllable sequences, despite the large spectro-temporal differences between stimuli. However, only the full complement of spatial cues (ILDs, ITDs, and spectral cues) resulted in obligatory streaming in a task that encouraged listeners to integrate the tokens into a single stream.
Quantifying Cricket Fast-Bowling Skill
Authors: Feros Simon A. , Young Warren B. , O’Brien Brendan J.
Published: September 2017

Objectives: To evaluate the current evidence regarding the quantification of cricket fast-bowling skill. Methods: Studies that assessed fast-bowling skill (bowling speed and accuracy) were identified from searches in SPORTDiscus (EBSCO) in June 2017. The reference lists of identified papers were also examined for relevant investigations. Results: A total of 16 papers matched the inclusion criteria, and discrepancies in assessment procedures were evident. Differences in test environment, pitch, and cricket ball characteristics; the warm-up prior to test; test familiarization procedures; permitted run-up lengths; bowling spell length; delivery sequence; test instructions; collection of bowling speed data; and collection and reportage of bowling accuracy data were apparent throughout the literature. The reliability and sensitivity of fast-bowling skill measures have rarely been reported across the literature. Only 1 study has attempted to assess the construct validity of its skill measures. Conclusions: There are several discrepancies in how fast-bowling skill has been assessed and subsequently quantified in the literature to date. This is a problem, because comparisons between studies are often difficult. Therefore, a strong rationale exists for the creation of match-specific standardized fast-bowling assessments that offer greater ecological validity while maintaining acceptable reliability and sensitivity of the skill measures. If prospective research can act on the proposed recommendations from this review, then coaches will be able to make more informed decisions surrounding player selection, talent identification, return to skill following injury, and the efficacy of short- and long-term training interventions for fast bowlers.
Functional Role of Movement and Performance Variability: Adaptation of Front Crawl Swimmers to Competitive Swimming Constraints
Authors: Simbaña Escobar David , Hellard Philippe , Pyne David B. , Seifert Ludovic
Published: September 2017

To study the variability in stroking parameters between and within laps and individuals during competitions, we compared and modeled the changes of speed, stroke rate, and stroke length in 32 top-level male and female swimmers over 4 laps (L1–L4) in 200-m freestyle events using video-derived 2-dimensional direct linear transformation. For the whole group, speed was greater in L1, with significant decreases across L2, L3, and L4 (1.80 ± 0.10 vs 1.73 ± 0.08; 1.69 ± 0.09; 1.66 ± 0.09  · s−1,P < .05). This variability was attributed to a decrease in stroke length (L2: 2.43 ± 0.19 vs L4: 2.20 ± 0.13 m,P < .05) and an increase in stroke rate (L2: 42.8 ± 2.6 vs L4: 45.4 ± 2.3 stroke · min−1,P < .05). The coefficient of variation and the biological coefficient of variation in speed were greater for male versus female (3.9 ± 0.7 vs 3.1 ± 0.7; 2.9 ± 1.0 vs 2.6 ± 0.7,P < .05) and higher in L1 versus L2 (3.9 ± 1.3 vs 3.1 ± 0.1; 2.9 ± 0.9 vs 2.3 ± 0.7,P < .05). Intra-lap speed values were best represented by a cubic (n = 38), then linear (n = 37) and quadratic model (n = 8). The cubic fit was more frequent for males (43.8%) than females (15.6%), suggesting greater capacity to generate higher acceleration after the turn. The various stroking parameters managements within lap suggest that each swimmer adapts his/her behavior to the race constraints.
Female Athletes With Varying Levels of Vertical Stiffness Display Kinematic and Kinetic Differences During Single-Leg Hopping
Authors: Waxman Justin P. , Ford Kevin R. , Nguyen Anh-Dung , Taylor Jeffrey B.
Published: September 2017

Vertical stiffness may contribute to lower-extremity injury risk; however, it is unknown whether athletes with different stiffness levels display differences in biomechanics. This study compared differences in biomechanics between female athletes (n = 99) with varying stiffness levels during a repetitive, single-leg, vertical hopping task. Vertical stiffness was calculated as the ratio of peak vertical ground-reaction force to maximum center-of-mass displacement. Tertiles were established using stiffness values, and separate 1-way ANOVAs were used to evaluate between-group differences. Stance times decreased, and flight times, ground-reaction force, and stiffness increased, from the low- to high-stiffness group (P < .050). The high-stiffness group displayed: (1) greater lateral trunk flexion (P = .009) and lesser hip adduction (P = .022) at initial ground contact compared to the low- and moderate-stiffness groups, respectively; (2) lesser peak hip adduction compared to the low-stiffness group (P = .040); (3) lesser lateral trunk-flexion (P = .046) and knee-flexion (P = .010) excursion compared to the moderate- and low-stiffness groups, respectively; and (4) greater peak hip-flexion (P = .001), ankle-dorsiflexion (P = .002), and ankle-eversion (P = .038) moments compared to the low-stiffness group. A wide range of variability in stiffness exists within a relatively homogenous population. Athletes with varying stiffness levels display biomechanical differences that may help identify the potential mechanism(s) by which stiffness contributes to injury risk.
One-Year Adherence to the Otago Exercise Program With or Without Motivational Interviewing in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Arkkukangas Marina , Söderlund Anne , Eriksson Staffan , Johansson Ann-Christin
Published: September 2017

This study investigated if behavioral factors, treatment with behavioral support, readiness to change, fall self-efficacy, and activity habits could predict long-term adherence to an exercise program. Included in this study were 114 community-dwelling older adults who had participated in one of two home-based exercise interventions. Behavioral factors associated with adherence to the exercise program over 52 weeks were analyzed. The behavioral factors, specifically activity habits at baseline, significantly predicted adherence to the exercise program, with an odds ratio = 3.39, 95% confidence interval [1.38, 8.32], for exercise and an odds ratio = 6.11, 95% confidence interval [2.34, 15.94], for walks. Being allocated to a specific treatment including motivational interviewing was also significantly predictive: odds ratio = 2.47, 95% confidence interval [1.11, 5.49] for exercise adherence. In conclusion, activity habits and exercise in combination with motivational interviewing had a significant association with adherence to the exercise program at a 1-year follow-up.
Understanding Physical Activity Motivation and Behavior Through Self-Determination and Servant Leadership Theories in a Feasibility Study
Authors: Gray Samantha M. , Wharf Higgins Joan , Rhodes Ryan E.
Published: September 2017

Despite its well-established benefits, physical activity engagement is low in the adult population; evidence suggests that this is especially a concern for women >60 years. The purpose of this mixed methods study was to explore the feasibility of a 6-week randomized control trial of self-determination theory-based dance and walking programs for older women. Primary outcomes were feasibility measures: recruitment, retention, and satisfaction. Secondary outcomes included self-reported physical activity, behavioral regulations, and psychological needs. Thirty-five women completed the study (M = 62.8 ± 4.8 years), representing 39% recruitment and 95% retention rate. Both programs were highly attended. Exploratory effect sizes for secondary measures were promising. Emergent themes highlighted the importance of servant leadership concepts in the group setting for motivating physical activity. Our findings provide support for expanding this trial to a full-scale study.
Sport for Adults Aged 50+ Years: Participation Benefits and Barriers
Authors: Jenkin Claire R. , Eime Rochelle M. , Westerbeek Hans , van Uffelen Jannique G.Z.
Published: September 2017

Despite the health benefits of sport, the proportion of people participating in sport decreases with age. This qualitative study explored the benefits and barriers regarding older adult community sport participation, from the perspective of national sporting organizations, in addition to older adult sport club and nonsport club members, across eight focus group interviews (n = 49). Seven benefits were discussed, primarily social and physical health and intergenerational opportunities. Ten barriers were also discussed, including physical health, time constraints, and lack of appropriate playing opportunities. Ensuring access to activities that can benefit social health is of great importance to older adults. As sport can provide participation opportunities across generations, it can be an ideal physical activity option for this age group. However, a major barrier is that sport policy often prioritizes the participation for younger age groups. Policymakers should include a focus on older adults, to derive social health benefits.
Physical Function and Health-Related Quality of Life in Overweight and Obese Rural Women Who Meet Physical Activity Recommendations
Authors: Hageman Patricia A. , Pullen Carol H. , Yoerger Michael
Published: September 2017

Associations of physical function and health-related quality of life in 297 rural women, ages 40–69 years (body mass index of 28–45 kg/m2) who met activity criterion were examined using cross-sectional baseline data from the Women Weigh-in for Wellness trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01307644). Assessments included demographics, 400-m walk, timed chair stands, and health-related quality of life using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29). Women were classified as active if they had ≥500 metabolic equivalent·min/week by the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey (n = 103, 34.7%), or ≥150 weekly minutes of greater than or equal to moderate intensity activity by accelerometry (n = 222, 74.8%). Ordinal logistic regression models adjusted for age, comorbidities, and body mass index were calculated. Meeting activity guidelines per self-report was associated with perceptions of less fatigue and greater satisfaction with social roles, whereas meeting guidelines as measured by accelerometry was associated with faster gait speed.
Ego-Oriented Learners Show Advantage in Retention and Transfer of Balancing Skill
Authors: Meira Cassio M. , Fairbrother Jeffrey T.
Published: September 2017

Task-oriented individuals believe capabilities can change and focus on learning, self-reference, mastery, personal improvement, and effort. Ego-oriented individuals believe capabilities are fixed and focus on performance, outcome, other-reference, and personal success. We examined the effects of task and ego orientations on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of a balance task. Eighteen acquisition trials with knowledge of results on a 40-s balance task (parallel stance) were performed. Retention and transfer (staggered stance) were administered 24 h later, with three no–knowledge of results trials each. Analyses showed that the high-ego-oriented individuals showed better balance on transfer than the low-ego-oriented ones, suggesting that those who score high in ego might be predisposed to use adaptive strategies to facilitate performance when feedback is withdrawn on learning tests. To test this hypothesis, the second experiment investigated the relationship between knowledge of results and goal orientations. Task, design, and procedure were identical to the first experiment. The analyses indicated that ego-oriented individuals were capable of sustaining balance for a much greater length of time on retention and transfer than task-oriented ones, mainly when knowledge of results was present on acquisition trials. This finding reinforces the advantage of ego over task goal orientation when learning a new motor task.
Use of Pitcher Game Footage to Measure Visual Anticipation and Its Relationship to Baseball Batting Statistics
Authors: Morris-Binelli Khaya , Müller Sean , Fadde Peter
Published: September 2017

Professional baseball batters’ (N = 105) visual anticipation of pitch type and location were measured using a video-based temporal occlusion test and correlated with their baseball batting statistics. Participants watched in-game footage of skilled baseball pitchers that was temporally occluded at the point of ball release, and at 80 ms and 200 ms after ball release. Participants made written predictions of pitch type and location. Results indicated there was a significant positive correlation between anticipation of combined pitch type and location 80 ms after ball release with slugging percentage (r = .21). There was a significant negative correlation between anticipation of pitch type alone 200 ms after ball release and strikeouts (r = −.28), indicating higher prediction is associated with fewer incorrect swing choices. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between anticipation of pitch type alone 200 ms after ball release and on-base percentage (r = .23) as well as walk-to-strikeout ratio (r = .25). These small relationships are consistent to the batting statistics we predicted and can be due to the range of competitive levels in the leagues the participants had played. The findings further theoretical and applied knowledge of the role visual anticipation contributes to baseball batting game performance. The findings also suggest that game footage can be used to assess and potentially to train visual anticipation skill, which is highly valuable for athletes and high performance support staff in sporting organizations.
Calculation of Resistive Loads for Elastic Resistive Exercises
Authors: Picha Kelsey , Uhl Tim
Published: September 2017

Context: What is the correct resistive load to start resistive training with elastic resistance to gain strength? This question is typically answered by the clinician’s best estimate and patient’s level of discomfort without objective evidence. Objective: To determine the average level of resistance to initiate a strengthening routine with elastic resistance following isometric strength testing. Design: Cohort. Setting: Clinical. Participants: 34 subjects (31 ± 13 y, 73 ± 17 kg, 170 ± 12 cm). Interventions: The force produced was measured in Newtons (N) with an isometric dynamometer. The force distance was the distance from center of joint to location of force applied was measured in meters to calculate torque that was called “Test Torque” for the purposes of this report. This torque data was converted to “Exercise Load” in pounds based on the location where the resistance was applied, specifically the distance away from the center of rotation of the exercising limb. The average amount of exercise load as percentage of initial Test Torque for each individual for each exercise was recorded to determine what the average level of resistance that could be used for elastic resistance strengthening program. Main Outcome Measures: The percentage of initial test torque calculated for the exercise was recorded for each exercise and torque produced was normalized to body weight. Results: The average percentage of maximal isometric force that was used to initiate exercises was 30 ± 7% of test torque. Conclusions: This provides clinicians with an objective target load to start elastic resistance training. Individual variations will occur but utilization of a load cell during elastic resistance provides objective documentation of exercise progression.
Chronic Stretching During 2 Weeks of Immobilization Decreases Loss of Girth, Peak Torque, and Dorsiflexion Range of Motion
Authors: Wilson Samantha J. , Christensen Bryan , Gange Kara , Todden Christopher , Hatterman-Valenti Harlene , Albrecht Jay M.
Published: September 2017

Context: Chronic plantarflexor (PF) stretching during ankle immobilization helps preserve calf girth, plantarflexion peak torque, and ankle dorsiflexion (DF) motion. Immobilization can lead to decreases in muscle peak torque, muscle size, and joint range of motion (ROM). Recurrent static stretching during a period of immobilization may reduce the extent of these losses. Objective: To investigate the effects of chronic static stretching on PF peak torque, calf girth, and DF ROM after 2 weeks of ankle immobilization. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: Athletic training facility. Participants: A total of 36 healthy college-aged (19.81 [2.48]) females. Interventions: Subjects were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: control group, immobilized group (IM), and immobilized plus stretching (IM+S) group. Each group participated in a familiarization period, a pretest, and, 2 weeks later, a posttest. The IM group and IM+S group wore the Aircast Foam Pneumatic Walker for 2 weeks on the left leg. During this time, the IM+S group participated in a stretching program, which consisted of two 10-minute stretching procedures each day for the 14 days. Main Outcome Measures: One-way analysis of variance was used to determine differences in the change of ankle girth, PF peak torque, and DF ROM between groups with an α level of <.05. Results: A significant difference was noted between groups in girth (F2,31 = 5.64, P = .01), DF ROM (F2,31 = 26.13, P < .001), and PF peak torque (F2,31 = 7.74, P = .002). Post hoc testing also showed a significance difference between change in calf girth of the control group compared with the IM group (P = .01) and a significant difference in change of peak torque in the IM+S group and the IM group (P = .001). Also, a significant difference was shown in DF ROM between the control group and IM+S group (P = .01), the control group and the IM group (P < .001), and the IM+S group and the IM group (P < .001). Conclusion: Chronic static stretching during 2 weeks of immobilization may decrease the loss of calf girth, ankle PF peak torque, and ankle DF ROM.
Effects of 3 Infraspinatus Muscle Strengthening Exercises on Isokinetic Peak Torque and Muscle Activity
Authors: Yu Il-young , Lee Dong-kyu , Kang Myoung-Joo , Oh Jae-seop
Published: September 2017

Context: The infraspinatus muscle plays a particularly important role in producing primary external rotation (ER) torque and dynamic stability of the shoulder joint. Previous studies have reported that prone external rotation with horizontal abduction (PER), side-lying wiper exercise (SWE), and standing external rotation (STER) were effective exercises for strengthening the infraspinatus. However, we do not have enough knowledge about changes in muscle strength and dynamic muscle activity in each exercise under dynamic conditions. Objective: To compare the ER muscle strength, muscle activity among exercise methods and between muscle contraction types during 3 different exercises. Design: Repeated measures design in which ER muscle strength and muscle activities data were collected from subjects under 3 exercise conditions. Setting: Outpatient clinic. Participants: A total of 15 healthy men with no shoulder, neck, or upper-extremity pain were participated. Intervention: The subjects performed 3 different exercises randomly in concentric and eccentric using a Biodex dynamometer at an angular velocity of 60°/s. Main Outcome Measures: The ER peak torque (PT) data was collected and surface electromyography was used to measure the activity of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles and infraspinatus to posterior deltoid muscle activity ratio. Results: There was significant main effect for muscle contraction type in ER PT (P < .05). The concentric PT was greater during PER (P < .05) and SWE (P < .05) compared with eccentric. The main effect for exercise was found in ER PT and muscle activity (P < .05). The ER PT and infraspinatus muscle activity were the largest increased during PER whereas the lowest during STER in both concentric and eccentric (P < .05). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that PER is an exercise for strengthening the infraspinatus muscle effectively.
Kinematics of the Spine During Sit-to-Stand Movement Using Motion Analysis Systems: A Systematic Review of Literature
Authors: Pourahmadi Mohammad Reza , Ebrahimi Takamjani Ismail , Jaberzadeh Shapour , Sarrafzadeh Javad , Sanjari Mohammad Ali , Bagheri Rasool , Taghipour Morteza
Published: September 2017

Context:Clinical evaluation of the spine is commonplace in musculoskeletal therapies, such as physiotherapy, physical medicine/rehabilitation, osteopathic, and chiropractic clinics. Sit-to-stand (STS) is one of the most mechanically demanding daily activities and crucial to independence. Difficulty or inability to perform STS is common in individuals with a variety of motor disabilities, such as low back pain (LBP).Objective:The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate available evidence in literature to determine 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional kinematics of the spine during STS in patients with LBP and healthy young adult participants using motion analysis systems (electromagnetic and marker based).Methods:Electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE [National Library of Medicine], Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) were searched between January 2002 and February 2017. Additionally, the reference lists of the articles that met the inclusion criteria were also searched. Prospective studies published in peer-reviewed journals, with full text available in English, investigating the kinematics of the spine during STS in healthy subjects (mean age between 18 and 50 y) or in patients with LBP using motion analysis systems, were included. Sixteen studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. All information relating to methodology and kinematic modeling of the spine segments along with the outcome measures was extracted from the studies identified for synthesis.Results:The results indicated that the kinematics of the spine are greatly changed in patients with LBP. In order to develop a better understanding of spine kinematics, studies recommended that the trunk should be analyzed as a multisegment. It has been shown that there is no difference between the kinematics of patients with LBP and healthy population when the spine is analyzed as a single segment. Furthermore, between-gender differences are present during STS movement.Conclusion:This review provided a valuable summary of the research to date examining the kinematics of the spine during STS.
Thirty Percent of Female Footballers Terminate Their Careers Due to Injury: A Retrospective Study Among Polish Former Players
Authors: Grygorowicz Monika , Michałowska Martyna , Jurga Paulina , Piontek Tomasz , Jakubowska Honorata , Kotwicki Tomasz
Published: September 2017

Context: Female football is becoming an increasingly popular women’s team sports discipline around the world. The Women’s Football Committee in the Polish Football Association has developed a long-term strategic plan to popularize the discipline across the country and enhance girls’ participation. On one hand, it is postulated to increase the number of female footballers, and on the other hand, it is crucial to decrease the number of girls quitting football prematurely. Objective: To find the reasons for sports career termination among female football players. Design: Cross-sectional with retrospective information about reasons of career termination. Setting: Online questionnaire was filled out by online access. Participants: Ninety-three former female footballers. Main Outcome Measures: Factors leading to career termination. Methods: Participants completed the online questionnaire. The analysis was performed referring to 2 groups: “injury group”—in which the injury was the main reason for quitting football, and “other group”—in which the female player stopped playing football due to all other factors. Results: Thirty percent of former Polish female football players terminated their career due to a long-term treatment for an injury. Over 27% (27.7%) females had ended their careers because they were not able to reconcile sports with work/studying. Over 10% (10.8%) of former football players reported that becoming a wife and/or mother was the reason for career termination. Losing motivation and interest in the sport was reported by 9.2% (n = 6) of present study participants who decided to terminate the career due to noninjury reasons. Conclusions: The results clearly show that more effort is needed to support female football players, especially after an injury, so that they do not quit the sport voluntarily.
Neutrophil macroaggregates promote widespread pulmonary thrombosis after gut ischemia
Authors: Yuan Yuping , Alwis Imala , Wu Mike C. L. , Kaplan Zane , Ashworth Katrina , Bark David , Pham Alan , Mcfadyen James , Schoenwaelder Simone M. , Josefsson Emma C. , Kile Benjamin T. , Jackson Shaun P.
Published: September 2017

Neutrophil macroaggregates induce a distinct arterial-venous thrombotic response in the lung after gut ischemia.
Crystal Structures of Two Immune Complexes Identify Determinants for Viral Infectivity and Type-Specific Neutralization of Human Papillomavirus
Authors: Li Zhihai , Wang Daning , Gu Ying , Song Shuo , He Maozhou , Shi Jingjie , Liu Xinlin , Wei Shuangping , Li Jinjin , Yu Hai , Zheng Qingbing , Yan Xiaodong , Baker Timothy S. , Zhang Jun , McLellan Jason S. , Li Shaowei , Xia Ningshao
Published: September 2017

Persistent, high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer. Neutralizing antibodies elicited by L1-only virus-like particles (VLPs) can block HPV infection; however, the lack of high-resolution structures has limited our understanding of the mode of virus infection and the requirement for type specificity at the molecular level. Here, we describe two antibodies, A12A3 and 28F10, that specifically bind to and neutralize HPV58 and HPV59, respectively, through two distinct binding stoichiometries. We show that the epitopes of A12A3 are clustered in the DE loops of two adjacent HPV58 L1 monomers, whereas 28F10 recognizes the HPV59 FG loop of a single monomer. Via structure-based mutagenesis and analysis of antibody binding, we further identified the residues HPV58 D154, S168, and N170 and HPV59 M267, Q270, E273, Y276, K278, and R283, which play critical roles in virus infection. By substituting these strategic epitope residues into other HPV genotypes, we could then redirect the type-specific binding of the antibodies to these genotypes, thus highlighting the importance of these specific residues, HPV58 R161, S168, and N308 and HPV59 Q270, E273, and D281. Overall, our findings provide molecular insights into potential structural determinants of HPV required for infectivity and type specificity.

IMPORTANCE
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are considered the major causative pathogens of cancers that affect epithelial mucosa, such as cervical cancer. However, because of the lack of high-resolution structural information on the sites of neutralization, we have yet to determine the precise mode of HPV infection and how different types of HPV cause infection. Our crystal structures in this study have uncovered discrete binding stoichiometries for two different antibodies. We show that one A12A3 Fab binds to the center of one HPV58 pentamer, whereas five 28F10 Fabs bind along the top fringe of one HPV59 pentamer. Furthermore, through targeted epitope analysis, we show that 6 to 7 discontinuous residues of the L1 major capsid protein of HPV are determinants, at least in part, for virus infection and type specificity. This knowledge will help us to unravel the process of HPV infection and can potentially be used to drive the development of therapeutics that target neutralization-sensitive sites.