bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Idade Média nos currículos escolares: as controvérsias nos debates sobre a BNCC
Authors: Teixeira Igor Salomão , Pereira Nilton Mullet
Published: February 2017

Resumo

Este artigo é sobre o papel da Idade Média nos currículos escolares. Foram consideradas duas versões da BNCC: a publicada em 2015 e a publicada em 2016. A partir da concepção que a aprendizagem histórica se dá também pela via do estranhamento, e considerando a “medievalística”, “medievalidade” e “reminiscências medievais”, problematiza-se o ensino de História da Idade Média no Brasil, a partir de algumas entradas. Entradas são oportunidades de inserções temáticas do medievo no contexto escolar: discursos midiáticos sobre o islã, diferenças entre Ocidente e Oriente e residualidades. Conclui-se que pode haver espaço para a Idade Média na Base desde que ampliada a compreensão do ensino de História para além dos “usos do passado”. Considera-se o ensino de Idade Média uma etapa importante na escolarização básica que pode favorecer a crítica e a compreensão das apropriações feitas do medievo.
A historiografia medieval e a escrita da História: os objetos impressos do Livro dos Feitos (1557)
Authors: Vianna Luciano José
Published: February 2017

O Livro dos Feitos é uma obra que apresenta as principais conquistas no âmbito da Reconquista realizadas pelo rei Jaime I de Aragão (1208-1276). Os objetos que formam sua tradição textual apresentam não somente as características do primeiro texto produzido pelo rei, mas também destacam as modificações/manipulações que foram acrescentadas aos diversos objetos da tradição textual no decorrer dos séculos. Neste artigo, apresentamos um dos objetos desta tradição textual, especificamente a edição R-15398 da Biblioteca Nacional de España, e analisamos a relação entre o mesmo e sua historicidade.
Ideias de jovens do ensino médio sobre história: um estudo na perspectiva da educação histórica
Authors: Germinari Geyso Dongley
Published: February 2017

Os estudos ancorados nos princípios da Educação Histórica têm centrado suas analises  nas  estratégias  de  aprendizagem  histórica  em  contextos  de escolarização,  tendo  como  pressuposto  que  a  intervenção  na  qualidade  da

Diálogos

aprendizagem  requer  o  conhecimento  sistemático  das  ideias  históricas  dos estudantes  e  professores.  Nessa  perspectiva,  o  artigo  apresenta  resultados parciais de uma pesquisa sobre as ideias de jovens estudantes do Ensino Médio sobre a disciplina de História. A investigação faz parte do projeto de pesquisa mais amplo, intitulado “O pensamento histórico de jovens de escolas da região centro­oeste do Estado do Paraná”, desenvolvido no Programa de Pós­Graduação em  Educação,  da  Universidade  Estadual  do  Centro ­Oeste  (UNICENTRO), campus  Irati­ PR.  A  análise  dos  resultados  indicam  que  a  ideais  dos  jovens priorizam a compreensão da História como à totalidade das ações humanas no tempo e no espaço.
O abade Frutuoso e a virgem Benedita: um exercício de comparação diacrônica
Authors: Frazão da Silva Andreia Cristina Lopes , Rodrigues da Silva Leila
Published: February 2017

Este artigo discute aspectos da vida religiosa feminina medieval, comparando a Vita Sancti Frutuosi (VSF), redigida em latim no século VII, e a versão deste texto em português arcaico, contida no Flos Sanctorum (FS) da UNB, transmitido por um único manuscrito datado do século XIV. Nosso objetivo é, a partir da análise dos trechos que relatam a relação de Frutuoso com a monja Benedita, identificar e discutir as semelhanças e particularidades entre as narrativas. A despeito de apresentarem a mesma trama, a VSF tem como objetivo sublinhar a superioridade do cristianismo e legitimar a vida monástica, enquanto a versão do FS ganha contornos de caráter organizador da vida religiosa feminina.
Apresentação
Authors: Dos Reis Jaime Estevão
Published: February 2017

Apresentação da Mesa Redonda
Perspectiva educacional em Zygmunt Bauman: a ‛trans-formação’ do eu no ‛capitalismo parasitário’
Authors: Bido José Mateus
Published: February 2017

A sociedade contemporânea, objeto de investigação do pensador Zygmunt Bauman, revela-se, na análise deste autor, como um cenário de intensas e profundas transformações. Os contextos histórico-social e político-econômico impelem o indivíduo a assumir um papel pessoal, no coletivo, que o isola como sujeito, forçando-o a romper os laços com o ser do outro, por meio da uma busca contínua pela satisfação desenfreada de necessidades externamente criadas. Os laços humanos são enfraquecidos e subjetivados à condição de ser sem o auto sacrifício. A identidade de ser, como consumidor,prolifera-se também pelo ‛caráter formativo’ que o mercado estampa nas individualidades. Nesse contexto, tudo se superficializa, inclusive, a relação entre os humanos, que assume a característica da frieza e do útil. As relações são mantidas pelo interesse. O significado das coisas define-se pelo vantajoso. Assim, o outro é o que o indivíduo pode dele consumir. Por outro lado, as organizações sobrevivem à medida que garantem a satisfação dos seus clientes. Por isso, a condição do eu Pós-Moderno vive mediante a tensão da relação com a subjetividade do outro e da reconstrução do seu significado no mundo. Este significado se distancia, cada vez mais, da concepção ontológica e se aproxima mais da perspectiva mercadológica. Trata-se de uma situação que exige uma lucidez do processo formativo e uma crítica reflexiva sobre os horizontes da formação do eu na Pós-modernidade.
Apresentação
Authors: Galuch Maria Terezinha Bellanda , Oliveira Terezinha
Published: February 2017

Apresentação da edição.
A Comparison of Commercially Available Auditory Brainstem Response Stimuli at a Neurodiagnostic Intensity Level
Authors: Keesling Devan A. , Parker Jordan Paige , Sanchez Jason Tait
Published: February 2017

iChirp-evoked auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) yield a larger wave V amplitude at low intensity levels than traditional broadband click stimuli, providing a reliable estimation of hearing sensitivity. However, advantages of iChirp stimulation at high intensity levels are unknown. We tested to see if high-intensity (i.e., 85 dBnHL) iChirp stimulation results in larger and more reliable ABR waveforms than click. Using the commercially available Intelligent Hearing System SmartEP platform, we recorded ABRs from 43 normal hearing young adults. We report that absolute peak latencies were more variable for iChirp and were ~3 ms longer: the latter of which is simply due to the temporal duration of the signal. Interpeak latencies were slightly shorter for iChirp and were most evident between waves I-V. Interestingly, click responses were easier to identify and peak-to-trough amplitudes for waves I, III and V were significantly larger than iChirp. These differences were not due to residual noise levels. We speculate that high intensity iChirp stimulation reduces neural synchrony and conclude that for retrocochlear evaluations, click stimuli should be used as the standard for ABR neurodiagnostic testing.
Low prevalence of Salmonella enterica in cull dairy cattle at slaughter in Northern Italy
Authors: Bonardi Silvia , Bruini Ilaria , Magnani Rossella , Cannistrà Nicolò , Brindani Franco
Published: February 2017

In order to evaluate Salmonella carrier status of cull dairy cattle at slaughter, 125 animals were randomly selected during the period February-May 2016. Dairy cows were reared in 89 farms located in two regions of Northern Italy (Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna regions), where bovine milk is primarily used for Parmigiano- Reggiano cheese and Grana Padano cheese production. Samples were collected by swabbing a 400-cm2 area of the brisket hide and by rectoanal mucosal swabs. They were tested following the reference ISO 6579 method and the isolates were serotyped following the Kauffmann-White-Le Minor scheme and genotyped by XbaI PFGE. Salmonella was detected in 1.6% of the brisket hide samples (2/125) (95% CI: 0.4-5.6) and never found in faecal samples (95% CI: 0-3%). The positive cattle were reared in two farms located only in Emilia- Romagna region. The isolates were typed as S. Derby and S. Seftenberg. The comparison of the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of the bovine strains with all the PFGE patterns of the same serotypes responsible for human salmonellosis cases notified in Emilia-Romagna region in the years 2013-2015 did not find any correspondence. Therefore, the role of cull dairy cattle in transmitting Salmonella to humans seems to be less important than those of pigs and poultry in EU, but more data are needed for completing attribution source studies.
Salting by vacuum brine impregnation in nitrite-free lonza: effect on Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Serio Annalisa , Chaves-López Clemencia , Rossi Chiara , Pittia Paola , Dalla Rosa Marco , Paparella Antonello
Published: February 2017

Lonza is a traditional Italian meat product made from whole pork muscles, which is typically cured by dry salting. In this work, we study the effects of Vacuum Brine Impregnation (VBI) as an alternative salting method on the survival of Enterobacteriaceae, in presence and in absence of nitrites. In comparison with the traditional brining process, VBI contributed to the reduction of Enterobacteriaceae population on product surface but induced contamination of the inner muscle tissues. Our results suggest that the species isolated became adapted to processing conditions, and salt tolerance was species- or strain- dependent. This result is of particular importance for future applications of VBI in Lonza manufacturing.
Genuine and natural: the opinion of teen consumers
Authors: Balzan Stefania , Fasolato Luca , Cardazzo Barbara , Penon Cristiana , Novelli Enrico
Published: February 2017

Food packaging frequently reports the terms natural, 100% natural or similar. Often these indications induce consumers to purchase those products that are considered healthier and fresher. The overall goal of this study was to assess what teen consumers perceive to be genuine and natural foods. A questionnaire was distributed to the students of some high schools (lyceum, technical and professional institutes). It was completed by 349 females and 314 males with an average age of 17.6 years. Respondents are quite interested in the information on recipes, diet, beauty and food safety; websites was an important information retrieval tool. Genuine food is defined mainly as fruits and vegetables, home-made and salubrious, with less or without fat and that are good for health. Meanwhile natural is demarcated primarily by the absence of additives and manipulation or treatments (negative impact). Also fruits and vegetables and organic production are associated to natural. The existence of a natural food preference is well described and the presence on food label may could cause a wrong perceptions of healthfulness. This
Occurrence of nematodes of the genus Anisakis in Mediterranean and Atlantic fish marketed in Sardinia
Authors: Casti Daniele , Scarano Christian , Piras Maria Cristina , Merella Paolo , Muglia Sonia , Piras Francesca , Garippa Giovanni , Spanu Carlo , De Santis Enrico Pietro Luigi
Published: February 2017

Anisakiasis is a gastrointestinal fishborne zoonosis caused by the ingestion of third stage larvae of the genus Anisakis. Between January and December 2013, 1112 specimens of four commercial fish species (Engraulis encrasicolus, Merluccius merluccius, Scomber colias and Trachurus mediterraneus) marketed in Sardinia (Italy) were examined for Anisakis sp. The overall prevalence of Anisakis spp larvae was 39.9%, all morphologically identified as Type I. Scomber colias showed the highest prevalence (100%), followed by M. merluccius (Atlantic 91.0%, Mediterranean 71.2%), T. mediterraneus (32.7%) and E. encrasicolus (25.9%). All the larvae found in Mediterranean hosts were genetically identified as Anisakis pegreffii, whereas 90.0% of the larvae found in the Atlantic M. merluccius belonged to Anisakis simplex sensu stricto and 10.0% to A. pegreffii. The mean abundance of Anisakis sp. larvae was positively correlated with fish size in E. encrasicolus, Atlantic M. merluccius and local M. merluccius. The prevalence of infection was greater in the body cavity (37.9%) than in the edible muscle (9.4%). However, 1.8% of the examined fish were infected exclusively in the muscle. Therefore, the risk associated to the consumption of raw or undercooked fishery products poses the need of measures such as visual inspection and preventive treatments to guarantee consumers’ health.
Anti-Listeria activity of lactic acid bacteria in two traditional Sicilian cheeses
Authors: Scatassa Maria Luisa , Gaglio Raimondo , Cardamone Cinzia , Macaluso Giusi , Arcuri Luigi , Todaro Massimo , Mancuso Isabella
Published: February 2017

Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogen frequently found in dairy products, and its growth is difficult to control. Bacteriocinlike inhibitory substances (BLIS), produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), having proven in vitro anti-Listeria activity, could provide an innovative approach to control L. monocytogenes; however, this application needs to be evaluated in vivo. In this study, twenty LAB strains isolated from different Sicilian dairy environments were tested for control of growth of L. monocytogenes in three different experimental trials. First, raw and UHT milk were inoculated with LAB strains alone, and LAB strains mixed with L. monocytogenes. Second, mini-cheeses containing LAB and/or L. monocytogenes were produced. Third, two traditional Sicilian cheeses inoculated with a multi-strain LAB mixture combined with L. monocytogenes were produced. The addition of BLIS produced by LAB to milk and in mini-cheese production was unable to inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes. However, an anti-Listeria effect was observed in the Pecorino Siciliano cheeses, where, after 15 days of ripening, the cheeses with added LAB had fewer L. monocytogenes compared to the control cheeses with no added LAB, while in the Vastedda della valle del Belìce cheeses, the multi-strain LAB mixture completely prevented the growth of L. monocytogenes.
Antibacterial activity of metabolites products of Vibrio alginolyticus isolated from sponge Haliclona sp. against Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Nursyam Happy
Published: February 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of primary and secondary metabolites from Vibrio alginoliticus isolated from sponge Haliclona sp. against Staphylococcus aureus. A descriptive method was used in this research. The antibacterial activity was analysed by paper disk method. The results showed that the primary metabolites produced by Vibrio alginoliticus that is in symbiosis with sponge Haliclona sp. were able to effectively inhibit Staphylococcus aureus growth with an inhibition zone diameter of 12.9 mm, while the secondary metabolites of 9.9 mm. Electrophoresis analysis of the primary metabolites showed that there were 11 protein bands which were not found in secondary metabolites. Protein bands with low molecular weights presumably had an inhibiting effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.
Production of farmstead lactose-free Pecorino di Osilo and ricotta cheeses from sheep’s milk
Authors: Pulinas Luisa , Spanu Carlo , Idda Ilenia , Ibba Ignazio , Nieddu Gavino , Virdis Salvatore , Scarano Christian , Piras Francesca , Spano Nadia , Sanna Gavino , De Santis Enrico Pietro Luigi
Published: February 2017

The present work was aimed to define and validate farmstead production of lactose-free Pecorino di Osilo cheese, fresh ricotta cheese, salted and smoked ricotta cheese (Ricotta mustia). The enzymatic activity of the commercial preparation containing lactase (1.1 g/mL), preliminarily tested using a spectrophotometric titration, showed activity equal to 4950±40 Neutral Lactase Units/g. The amount of lactase required to obtain the lactose-free milk was then established in triplicate laboratory trials, by adding the enzyme at concentrations of 0.7, 0.9 and 1.1 g/L in flasks containing 160 mL of raw sheep’s milk. Samples were incubated under conditions expected during milk storage and cheese-making. The residual lactose content in milk was determined by enzymatic method. The addition of lactase at concentration of 1.1 g/L of milk reduced the lactose concentration below the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.06 g/L. The procedure was validated at a dairy farm, using three different batches of bulk raw sheep's lactose-free milk that were transformed into Pecorino di Osilo cheese. The resulting whey was used to produce fresh ricotta and Ricotta mustia cheese. Raw milk and whey samples were always below lactose detection limit. The residual lactose was measured in Pecorino di Osilo cheese, after 24 hours and 30 days from production; in fresh ricotta cheese, after 48 hours; in 2 Ricotta mustia cheese after 7 days. The determination of lactose content in cheese samples was conducted by a GC-FID method, which showed a LOD and limit of quantification (LOQ) respectively of 1.8 and 5.6 mg/kg for cheese, and 1.35 and 4.2 mg/kg for both ricotta cheeses. The lactose concentration was always below the relevant LOD values in all samples. The mean concentration of galactose and glucose were respectively 13,000±2000 mg/kg and 11,000±2000 mg/kg in fresh Pecorino di Osilo, 1100±300 mg/kg and 1200±300 mg/kg in fresh ricotta and 950±400 mg/kg and 750±250 mg/kg in Ricotta mustia. The results of the present study showed that the production of farmstead lactose-free Pecorino di Osilo cheese and ricotta cheeses from raw sheep’s milk is easily achievable. The main issue for farmstead production of artisanal lactose-free products is the implementation of permanent procedures based on HACCP principles aimed to guarantee the effectiveness of the process and to acquire analytical evidences to demonstrate the fulfilment of law requirements for labelling.
Reduction of odorous compounds emissions from swine slurry by electrolytic treatments and copper addition
Authors: Podrecca Mauro , Chiumenti Alessandro , Da Borso Francesco , Contin Marco , De Nobili Maria
Published: February 2017

Swine livestock farms represent potential sources of emissions of gaseous compounds and odors in relation to slurry management, manure treatment, and particularly, storage. Electrolytic treatments of slurries were proposed to solve this pressing problem. Electrolytic treatment consists of the passage of a low electric current through the liquid phase of swine manure in storage basins determined by two or more electrodes with alternated polarisation. We investigated the mechanisms of odour reduction and evaluated the effects of current intensity and of anodically dissolved copper (Cu2+) ions. Fresh swine slurry was subject to electrolytic treatment in a bench top experiment, at 25 mA and 75 mA for 32 days with either copper or graphite electrodes. Emissions of methane, hydrogen sulphide, and volatile fatty acids were measured. Effects of copper addition to fresh swine slurry were also monitored in a bench top scale trial. Reduction of emissions was found to be due to both current passage and copper dissolution. Reduction of foul emissions in graphite electrodes assays resulted lower than in copper electrodes assays, although the direct additions of Cu2+ ions had a much larger effect than could be predicted from the results of electrolytic treatments with copper electrodes, probably due to the greater uniformity in distribution in swine manure. A simple empiric odour threshold value normalised index, odour offensiveness index of slurries, was found to be effective in differentiating treatments.
Calibration and comparison of different CFD approaches for airflow analysis in a glass greenhouse
Authors: Benni Stefano , Santolini Enrica , Barbaresi Alberto , Torreggiani Daniele , Tassinari Patrizia
Published: February 2017

CFD has been increasingly applied to greenhouses to optimise indoor environmental conditions for cultivation and management. Numerical simulations have proved fundamental for the enhancement of energy-efficient design criteria and management procedures. The objective of the study is the comparison between different computational approaches for the study of airflow patterns in a representative study case of a glass greenhouse, also through the calibration of the models and the validation of simulation results against experimental data. A three-span greenhouse of about 300 m2 located in Emilia-Romagna (Italy) has been considered as study case. Several analyses with the same boundary and initial conditions were performed using two codes, broadly used for research and design purposes. With both programs, 2D or 3D models have been used and, for every case, the grid convergence was verified by performing multiple steady state analyses with increasingly finer meshes. The results led to define the most suitable solutions to set up computational models for the simulation of airflow patterns inside a greenhouse. The study provided a preliminary outline of the differences due to the adoption of various computational approaches characterised by different levels of accuracy and complexity. The results indicate the advisability of further developing the research by carrying out deeper experimental insights necessary to quantify more in detail the validity and the reliability of the adopted analytical methodologies.
Dimensional analysis and stage-discharge relationship for weirs: a review
Authors: Bijankhan Mohammad , Ferro Vito
Published: February 2017

Deducing the weir flow stage-discharge relationship is a classical hydraulic problem. In this regard Buckingham’s theorem of dimensional analysis can be used to find simple and accurate formulas to obtain the rating curves of different weir types. At first, in this review paper the rectangular weir that is a very common hydraulic structure is studied. It is indicated that the crest shape, approach channel width, obliquity (angle between the weir crest and the direction normal to the flow motion) and vertical inclination (pivot weir) are the key-parameters affecting the flow over the rectangular weirs. The flow over the triangular, labyrinth, parabolic, circular, elliptical, and W-weirs are also studied using dimensional analysis and incomplete self-similarity concept. For all mentioned weirs the stage-discharge relationships are presented and the application limits are discussed. The results of this paper can be used and implemented by the irrigation and drainage network designers to simplify the procedure of weir design.
Mechanical vibrations in the transport of hatching eggs and the losses caused in the hatch and quality of broiler chicks
Authors: Donofre Ana Carolina , Oliveira da Silva Iran José , Cirqueira Nazareno Aérica , De Paula Ferreira Iuri Emmanuel
Published: February 2017

Many factors present in eggs’ transportation from incubator to growing confinements can damage their integrity and, consequently, the results of the incubation. This study aimed to evaluate whether the intensity and duration of exposures of hatching eggs to mechanical vibrations were capable of affecting the hatch and the quality of broiler chicks. Four treatments, determined by two intensities of vibrations and two durations of exposures were evaluated and compared with a control group in a randomised design in blocks with four repetitions. The vibrations were applied by a mechanical shaker before incubation. Then the eggs were incubated and as the following responses were evaluated: hatchability, the type of embryonic mortality, the quality of the birds and the total of losses. The analyses were carried out by a binomial regression model, with application of the Wald test at 5% significance level. The results showed that the exposure of eggs to mechanical vibrations harmfully affects the hatchability and reduces the ratio (percentage) of high quality chicks. Highest vibration level together with longer duration of exposure resulted in worst hatchability and losses. It is argued that the mechanical vibrations are potentially damaging and should be regarded as an important factor in the management of hatching eggs.
Pre-milking mechanical teat stimulation and milking performance of dairy buffaloes in early lactation
Authors: Tangorra Francesco Maria , Leonardi Stefania , Bronzo Valerio , Rota Nicola , Moroni Paolo
Published: February 2017

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of pre-milking mechanical teat stimulation on milk yield and milking performance of dairy buffaloes in early lactation. For this purpose, twenty-two healthy Italian Mediterranean buffaloes in their first to third lactation and in early lactation (<120 days in milk) were subjected to two treatments of teat stimulation: i) washing of the teats with water for about 5 s and attaching of the milking unit within 60 s, without any pre-milking massage (farm milking routine); ii) fast pulsation (FP), achieved by increasing pulsation rate to 120 pulsations per min during the first 60 s after application of teat cups. Each treatment lasted for 10 days and the following parameters were measured: milk yield (kg/milking), milk yield at 2 min after unit attachment (kg), time between milking unit attachment and its automatic removal (min), peak milk flow rate (kg/min), and milking time to reach peak flow rate (min). The average milk flow rate (kg/min) was calculated by dividing milk yield by the actual milking time. Milk yield was not affected by mechanical pre-stimulation and during the first 2 min of milking 20.2% and 19.6% of total milk yield were milked respectively when treatments 1 and 2 were applied. The time elapsed from attachment of the milking cluster until its automatic removal was less than 8 min both for buffaloes subjected to FP, and for buffaloes subjected just to washing of the teats before attaching the milking unit. FP stimulation did not show an enhancing effect on peak and average milk flow rates and on milking time to reach peak flow rate.
Effective management of bone fractures with the IlluminOss® photodynamic bone stabilization system: initial clinical experience from the European Union registry
Authors: Gausepohl Thomas , Pennig Dietmar , Heck Steffen , Gick Sascha , Vegt Paul A. , Block Jon E.
Published: February 2017

The IlluminOss® system (IS) uses a light-curable polymer contained within an inflatable balloon catheter, forming a patient customized intramedullary implant. A registry was established in Germany and The Netherlands to prospectively collect technical and clinical outcomes in patients treated with IS for fractures of the phalange, metacarpal, radius, ulna, distal radius, fibula, clavicle and/or olecranon. Humeral, femoral, tibial and pelvic fractures were included under compassionate use. Procedural success included successful placement of the device at the target fracture site and achievement of fracture stabilization. Clinical and radiographic assessments were made postoperatively through 12 months. One hundred thirty two patients (149 fractures) were enrolled with most fractures (85%) resulting from low-energy trauma. Simple fractures predominated (47%) followed by complex (23%) and wedge (16%) fractures. Procedural success was achieved in all patients and no implants required removal or revision. Normal range of motion was realized in 87% of fractures. Radiographically, there was substantial cortical bridging, total dissolution of the fracture line, and complete fracture healing. Across a variety of fracture types, the IS provides a safe and effective approach for rapid healing and functional recovery.
Radiographic evaluation of common pediatric elbow injuries
Authors: DeFroda Steven F. , Hansen Heather , Gil Joseph A. , Hawari Ashraf H. , Cruz Jr. Aristides I.
Published: February 2017

Normal variations in anatomy in the skeletally immature patient may be mistaken for fracture or injury due to the presence of secondary centers of ossification. Variations in imaging exist from patient to patient based on sex, age, and may even vary from one extremity to the other on the same patient. Despite differences in the appearance of the bony anatomy of the elbow there are certain landmarks and relationships, which can help, distinguish normal from abnormal. We review common radiographic parameters and pitfalls associated in the evaluation of pediatric elbow imaging. We also review common clinical diagnoses in this population.
Waar die oog van stil word ‘loop die hart van […] vol’
Authors: Engelbrecht Anné
Published: February 2017

No abstract available.
A cultural-historical activity theory focus on the holders of indigenous knowledge as self-directed learners: Lessons for education in South African schools
Authors: De Beer Josef J. , Mentz Elsa
Published: February 2017

This article demonstrates by means of four examples how the holders of indigenous knowledge were and are self-directed learners. They take the initiative to diagnose their learning needs and learning goals, identify resources for learning, choose appropriate learning strategies, and evaluate the outcomes. The construct of the ethnobotanical knowledge index is used to show how people in the Northern Cape in South Africa become self-directed learners to survive. By using third-generation cultural-historical activity theory, we show the lessons this holds for the classroom, which often is characterised by teacher-centred transmission mode teaching and learning, with very little self-directed learning.
Fast Linearized Augmented Lagrangian Method for Euler's Elastica Model
Authors: Zhang Jun , Chen Rongliang , Deng Chengzhi , Wang Shengqian
Published: February 2017

Recently, many variational models involving high order derivatives have been widely used in image processing, because they can reduce staircase effects during noise elimination. However, it is very challenging to construct efficient algorithms to obtain the minimizers of original high order functionals. In this paper, we propose a new linearized augmented Lagrangian method for Euler's elastica image denoising model. We detail the procedures of finding the saddle-points of the augmented Lagrangian functional. Instead of solving associated linear systems by FFT or linear iterative methods (e.g., the Gauss-Seidel method), we adopt a linearized strategy to get an iteration sequence so as to reduce computational cost. In addition, we give some simple complexity analysis for the proposed method. Experimental results with comparison to the previous method are supplied to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method, and indicate that such a linearized augmented Lagrangian method is more suitable to deal with large-sized images.
Total Variation Based Parameter-Free Model for Impulse Noise Removal
Authors: Sciacchitano Federica , Dong Yiqiu , Andersen Martin S.
Published: February 2017

We propose a new two-phase method for reconstruction of blurred images corrupted by impulse noise. In the first phase, we use a noise detector to identify the pixels that are contaminated by noise, and then, in the second phase, we reconstruct the noisy pixels by solving an equality constrained total variation minimization problem that preserves the exact values of the noise-free pixels. For images that are only corrupted by impulse noise (i.e., not blurred) we apply the semismooth Newton's method to a reduced problem, and if the images are also blurred, we solve the equality constrained reconstruction problem using a first-order primal-dual algorithm. The proposed model improves the computational efficiency (in the denoising case) and has the advantage of being regularization parameter-free. Our numerical results suggest that the method is competitive in terms of its restoration capabilities with respect to the other two-phase methods.
Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedure for Vehicle Components - Part 13: Immunity to Electrostatic Discharge
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard specifies the test methods and procedures necessary to evaluate electrical components intended for automotive use to the threat of Electrostatic Discharges (ESDs). It describes test procedures for evaluating electrical components on the bench in the powered mode and for the packaging and handling non-powered mode.

A procedure for calibrating the simulator that is used for electrostatic discharges is given in Appendix A.

An example of how to calculate the RC Time Constant is given in Appendix B

Functional Performance Status Classifications for immunity to ESD and Sensitivity classifications for ESD sensitive devices are given in Appendix C.
Specification for O-Ring Face Seal Connectors: Part 1 - Tube Connection Details and Common Requirements for Performance and Tests
Authors:   Hydraulic Tube Fittings Committee
Published: February 2017

The three parts of SAE J1453 cover material, dimensional, and performance requirements of steel O-ring face seal (ORFS) connectors for tubing and the O-ring face seal interface and nut portion of hose stem assemblies for nominal tube diameters of 6 mm through 50 mm.
Test Component Specifications
Authors:   Truck and Bus Foundation Brake Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice contains the reference information for SAE J1802.
Off-Board Diagnostic Connector
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

SAE J1939-13 specifies the diagnostic connectors used for off-board connection to a vehicle’s SAE J1939 communication links. The defined diagnostic connectors support connection to the twisted shielded pair media (SAE J1939-11), the Reduced Physical Layer unshielded twisted pair (SAE J1939-15), the unshielded twisted pair of SAE J1939-14, as well as the twisted unshielded quad media (ISO 11783-2).
Physical Layer, 500 Kbps
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

This document defines a physical layer having a higher bandwidth capacity than other physical layers defined for SAE J1939. Newer transceiver technologies are utilized to minimize EMI.

This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for light- and heavy-duty vehicles on- or off-road as well as appropriate stationary applications which use vehicle derived components (e.g., generator sets). Vehicles of interest include but are not limited to: on- and off-highway trucks and their trailers; construction equipment; and agricultural equipment and implements.
Application Layer—Generator Sets and Industrial
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

SAE J1939-75 Generator Sets and Industrial Applications defines the set of data parameters (SPNs) and messages (PGNs) for information predominantly associated with monitoring and control generators and driven equipment in electric power generation and industrial applications. Applications using the SAE J1939-75 document may need to reference SAE J1939-71 for the SAE J1939 parameters and messages for monitoring and controlling the power units, e.g. engines and turbines, that power the generators and driven industrial equipment.
Cartridge Cavity
Authors:   Air Brake Tubing and Tube Ftg Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard covers complete general and dimensional data for the manufacture of, T6061-T6 Aluminum cavities designed to receive Push To Connect threadless fittings known as “cartridges“, for air brake applications. This document is not intended to specify or recommend any style or manufacture of such cartridges but to establish uniform cavity dimensions for interchangeability purposes.
Inverter Requirements for Class Eight Trucks - Truck and Bus
Authors:   Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to describe the application of single-phase DC to AC inverters, and bidirectional inverter/chargers, which supply power to ac loads in Class heavy duty on-highway trucks (10K GVW). The document identifies appropriate operating performance requirements and adds some insight into inverter selection.

This document applies to factory and after-market installed DC-to-AC inverter systems (Including inverter chargers) providing up 3000 W of 120 VAC line-voltage power as a convenience for operator and passenger use. Such inverters are intended to power user loads not essential to vehicle Operation or safety (e.g., HVAC, TV, microwave ovens, battery chargers for mobile phones or laptop computers, audio equipment, etc.).

Systems incorporate the inverter itself as well as the input, output, control, and signal wiring associated with the inverter. Requirements are given for the performance, safety, reliability, and environmental compatibility of the system.

These are recommended requirements to be used by vehicle manufacturers in the development of their own specifications, which may incorporate more or less stringent requirements.

This document scope excludes military vehicles, bus and 28 V systems.
R-1234yf and R744 Design Criteria and Certification for OEM Mobile Air Conditioning Evaporator and Service Replacements
Authors:   Interior Climate Control MAC Supplier Committee
Published: February 2017

The intent of this standard is to establish a framework to assure that all evaporators for R-744 and R-1234yf mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems meet appropriate testing and labeling requirements. SAE J639 requires vehicle manufacturers to perform assessments to minimize reasonable risks in production MAC systems. The evaporator (as designed and manufactured) shall be part of that risk assessment and it is the responsibility of the vehicle manufacturer to assure all relevant aspects of the evaporator are included. It is the responsibility of all vehicle or evaporator manufacturers to comply with the standards of this document at a minimum. (Substitution of specific test procedures by vehicle manufactures that correlate well to field return data is acceptable.) As appropriate, this standard can be used as a guide to support risk assessments.

With regard to certification, most vehicle manufacturers have established formal production part approval processes (PPAP) where compliance certification is established and formally documented. For an evaporator manufacturer of non-original equipment parts (or a vehicle manufacturer that does not have a formal part compliance certification process) then the certification described in this standard is the requirement to which those evaporators shall comply. In this case, the evaporator manufacturer or an independent institution shall complete the evaporator certification according to SAE J2911. An example of the latter would be the completion of witness testing by the evaporator manufacturer with the submission of certification documents by the witness organization.

Refrigerant R-152a was excluded from this standard because a secondary loop refrigerant system is required. This standard also does not apply to R-134a refrigerant evaporators because it is proven in use.
Automotive Hydraulic Brake Tube Joints
Authors:   Hydraulic Brake Components Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This document applies to 90 degree double inverted flares used on common sizes of automotive hydraulic brake tubes, and their associated tube nuts and mating ports. The intent of this standard is to replace the use of SAE J512 and SAE J533 for automotive hydraulic brake tube connections.
Use of Model Verification and Validation in Product Reliability and Confidence Assessments
Authors:   Ground Vehicle Reliability Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE standard outlines the steps and known accepted methodologies and standards for linking Model V&V with model based product reliability assessments. The standard’s main emphasis is that quantified values for Model-based product reliability must be accompanied by a quantified confidence value if the users of the model wish to claim use of a “Verified and Validated” model, and if they wish to further link into business and investment decisions that are informed by quantitative second-order risk and benefit cost considerations.
Brake Insulator Damping Measurement Procedure
Authors:   Brake NVH Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This procedure is applicable to modes between 1500 and 15 000 Hz. The parameters measured with this procedure are defined as the damping factor, ξ for first three bending modes of the beam. The procedure will focus on bending modes only.
LEAD-FREE SOLDER VALIDATION TEST PLAN
Authors:   USCAR
Published: February 2017

This guideline is applicable to existing lead solder production products that will change to lead-free solder processes to meet the ELV Directive 2000/53/EC Annex II, exemption 8B requirements. This guideline is applicable to similar products used by multiple OEM's that have the same manufacturing processes / equipment. The intent is to streamline the supplier’s environmental testing via common qualification to reduce timing, quantities, and costs.
Limits on the ability of global Eulerian models to resolve intercontinental transport of chemical plumes
Authors: Eastham Sebastian D. , Jacob Daniel J.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Quasi-horizontal chemical plumes in the free troposphere can preserve their concentrated structure for over a week, enabling transport on intercontinental scales with important environmental impacts. Global Eulerian chemical transport models (CTMs) fail to preserve these plumes due to fast numerical dissipation. We examine the causes of this dissipation and how it can be cured. Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-5) meteorological data at 0.25°  ×  0.3125° horizontal resolution and  ∼  0.5 km vertical resolution in the free troposphere are used to drive a worldwide ensemble of GEOS-Chem CTM plumes at resolutions from 0.25°  ×  0.3125° to 4°  ×  5°, in both 2-D (horizontal) and 3-D. Two-dimensional simulations enable examination of the sensitivity of numerical dissipation to grid resolution. We show that plume decay is driven by flow divergence and shear, filamenting the plumes until GEOS-Chem's high-order advection scheme cannot resolve gradients and fast numerical diffusion ensues. This divergence can be measured by the Lyapunov exponent (λ) of the flow. Dissipation of plumes is much faster at extratropical latitudes than in the tropics and this can be explained by stronger divergence. The plume decay constant (α) is linearly related to λ, and increasing grid resolution provides only modest benefits toward plume preservation. Three-dimensional simulations show near-complete dissipation of plumes within a few days, independent of horizontal grid resolution and even in the tropics. This is because vertical grid resolution is inadequate in all cases to properly resolve plume gradients. We suggest that finer vertical grid resolution in the free troposphere is essential for models to resolve intercontinental plumes, while current horizontal resolution in these models (∼  1°) is sufficient.
Modelling the radiative effects of smoke aerosols on carbon fluxes in
Amazon
Authors: Moreira Demerval S. , Longo Karla M. , Freitas Saulo R. , Yamasoe Marcia A. , Mercado Lina M. , Rosário Nilton E. , Gloor Emauel , Viana Rosane S. M. , Miller John B. , Gatti Luciana V. , Wiedemann Kenia T. , Domingues Lucas K. G. , Correia Caio C. S.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Every year, a dense smoke haze of regional dimensions covers a large portion of South America originated from fire activities in the Amazon Basin and Central parts of Brazil during the dry/biomass-burning season between August and October. Over a large portion of South America, the average aerosol optical depth at 550 nm exceeds 1.0 during the fire season while the background value during the rainy season is below 0.2. Smoke aerosol particles increase scattering and absorption of the incident solar radiation. The regional-scale aerosol layer reduces the amount of solar energy reaching the surface, cools the near surface air, and increases the diffuse radiation fraction over a large disturbed area of the Amazon rainforest. These factors affect the energy and CO2 fluxes at the surface. In this work, we applied a fully integrated atmospheric model to assess the impact of smoke aerosols in CO2 fluxes in the Amazon region during 2010. We address the effects of the attenuation of the solar global radiation and the enhancement of the diffuse solar radiation flux inside the canopy. Our results indicated that the smoke aerosols led to an increase of about 22 % of the gross primary productivity of Amazonia, 9 % of plant respiration and a decline in soil respiration from of 3 %. Consequently, Amazonia net ecosystem exchange during September 2010 dropped from +101 to −104 TgC when the aerosol effects were considered, mainly due to the aerosol diffuse radiation effect. For the forest biome, our results pointed to a dominance of the diffuse radiation effect on CO2 fluxes, reaching a balance of 50 % – 50 % between the diffuse and direct aerosol effects for high aerosol loads. For C3 grass type and cerrado, as expected, the contribution of the diffuse radiation effect is much lower, tending to zero with the increase of aerosol load. That is, the Amazon during the dry season, in the presence of high smoke aerosol loads, change from being a source to be a sink of CO2 to the atmosphere.
A new zenith-looking narrow-band radiometer-based system (ZEN) for dust aerosol optical depth monitoring
Authors: Almansa A. Fernando , Cuevas Emilio , Torres Benjamín , Barreto África , García Rosa D. , Cachorro Victoria E. , de Frutos Ángel M. , López César , Ramos Ramón
Published: February 2017

Abstract. A new zenith-looking narrow-band radiometer based system (ZEN), conceived for dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) monitoring, is presented in this paper. The ZEN system comprises a new radiometer (ZEN-R41) and a methodology for AOD retrieval (ZEN-LUT). ZEN-R41 has been designed to be stand alone and without moving parts, making it a low-cost and robust instrument with low maintenance, appropriate for deployment in remote and unpopulated desert areas. The ZEN-LUT method is based on the comparison of the measured zenith sky radiance (ZSR) with a look-up table (LUT) of computed ZSRs. The LUT is generated with the LibRadtran radiative transfer code. The sensitivity study proved that the ZEN-LUT method is appropriate for inferring AOD from ZSR measurements with an AOD standard uncertainty up to 0.06 for AOD500 nm  ∼  0.5 and up to 0.15 for AOD500 nm  ∼  1.0, considering instrumental errors of 5 %. The validation of the ZEN-LUT technique was performed using data from AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) Cimel Electronique 318 photometers (CE318). A comparison between AOD obtained by applying the ZEN-LUT method on ZSRs (inferred from CE318 diffuse-sky measurements) and AOD provided by AERONET (derived from CE318 direct-sun measurements) was carried out at three sites characterized by a regular presence of desert mineral dust aerosols: Izaña and Santa Cruz in the Canary Islands and Tamanrasset in Algeria. The results show a coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.99 to 0.97, and root mean square errors (RMSE) ranging from 0.010 at Izaña to 0.032 at Tamanrasset. The comparison of ZSR values from ZEN-R41 and the CE318 showed absolute relative mean bias (RMB)  <  10 %. ZEN-R41 AOD values inferred from ZEN-LUT methodology were compared with AOD provided by AERONET, showing a fairly good agreement in all wavelengths, with mean absolute AOD differences  <  0.030 and R2 higher than 0.97.