bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Let’s Celebrate!
Authors: Dilley Carrie , Gopher Lewis
Published: January 2018

The vernacular architecture of the Seminole Tribe of Florida has largely been given short shrift by architectural historians who tend to celebrate brick-and-mortar construction able to last hundreds of years. Traditional Seminole chickee construction emphasizes sustainable building techniques. Chickee structures were built for the needs of a population who frequently moved as a result of the relentless pursuit of the U.S. Army and the ongoing search for available resources. Approaching the issue of architectural heritage management is therefore significantly different in an on-reservation setting. While necessary as part of the National Historic Preservation Act Section 106 review process, opportunities for the tribal architectural historian to engage in meaningful projects with the community were extremely limited. Against this background, the Red Barn project represents a sea change in the history of the THPO and as a partner for community heritage activism.
Consultation and Compliance
Authors: Mueller Bradley M.
Published: January 2018

Today most people view the land base (and therefore area of interest) of the Seminole Tribe of Florida as the relatively small five reservations dotting the landscape of South Florida. This misleading demographic situation masks the sovereignty of a people who historically lived throughout a large portion of southeastern North America. Responsibilities for consultation with relevant agencies within the aboriginal, ancestral, and ceded lands of the Seminole Tribe of Florida is therefore no small task as this land base composes a large portion of nine individual modern states. With a staff of just two people who work back to back out of a single office, the compliance team must sift through the 99 percent of projects that do not impact sites of significance to the Tribe, in order to find the 1 percent that do.
Precarious Passages
Authors: Valkeakari Tuire
Published: January 2018

Precarious Passages investigates how one type of cultural production, fiction written in English, participates in the ongoing construction of black diasporic identity within the old Anglophone African diaspora in the Western world. Because the dispersed communities of the African diaspora are not united around any shared religion, secular culture in its various forms plays a major role in producing and reproducing the African diasporic imaginary—that is, in creating symbolic communities and in keeping alive the sense that there is something that can be called a black diasporic community and something that can be called a black diasporic identity, however nonprescriptively defined. Precarious Passages analyzes eleven novels of movement and migration written by eight contemporary novelists of African or African Caribbean descent (Charles Johnson, Lawrence Hill, Toni Morrison, George Lamming, Caryl Phillips, Andrea Levy, Cecil Foster, and Edwidge Danticat), reading these texts as cultural mediators of black diasporic memory and as active participants in the formation of black diasporic identity. In the process, Precarious Passages advances our understanding of current black Anglophone diasporic fiction by placing novels usually classified as “African American,” “black Canadian,” “black British,” or “postcolonial African Caribbean” in dialogue with each other. Works falling into these categories are traditionally read, interpreted, and anthologized separately, but Precarious Passages shows that the concept and empirical reality of the African diaspora facilitates an integrative approach to the black Atlantic literary imagination.
Introduction
Authors: Valkeakari Tuire
Published: January 2018

The introduction articulates this book’s four main arguments. First, as the selected novelists reimagine the lives of uprooted groups and individuals in various stages and settings of black history, they actively contribute to the ongoing transnational formation of black diasporic identity. Second, these novelists frequently evoke (some quite subtly) slavery and colonial modernity. Their allusions to the Middle Passage and enslavement speak to the choices that they make while participating in the continuing construction of black diasporic identity—regardless of whether they belong to the civil-rights generation of African American novelists or to the cultural-nationalist generation of Caribbean authors or to a later generation of contemporary transnational British, Canadian, American, and Caribbean writers. Third, as this book’s chapter on black soldiers’ wartime experiences abroad demonstrates, much can be gained through a dually focused thematic approach that both examines black novelists’ representations of diaspora and explores their depictions of more temporarily and loosely understood experiences of displacement or dislocation. Fourth, the novels discussed in this book portray a “diasporic double consciousness.” This term refers to the dislocated/relocated protagonists’ sense of not belonging and their simultaneous yearning to experience fulfilling human connection and communion in a place they could call “home.”
An African American Journey to Black Diasporic Consciousness
Authors: Valkeakari Tuire
Published: January 2018

This chapter demonstrates that Charles Johnson’s Middle Passage participates in the ongoing construction of black diasporic identity or consciousness by offering a philosophically and spiritually informed thematic narrative of the formation of a black diasporic subject. By the novel’s end, the protagonist arrives at an analytically and emotionally processed awareness of his identity position as a member of the African diaspora, recognizes that both rupture and connection characterize his relationship with Africanity, and acknowledges the necessity of an ever-continuing existential journey. This chapter also reveals that transformed/liberated perception and transformed/liberated consciousness are inextricably intertwined in Middle Passage. Owing to this connection, Johnson bolsters his narrative of the formation of diasporic subjectivity (a narrative of the formation of one type of transformed/liberated consciousness) by conversing with the role of perception in Melville’s Benito Cereno, in phenomenology, and in Buddhism. Finally, this chapter emphasizes that Johnson’s phenomenologically and Buddhistically informed emphasis on the malleability of black diasporic identity offers a counterargument to black cultural nationalistic positions, which he sees as propagating fixed, static notions of blackness.
Journeys to the Heart of Empire after World War II
Authors: Valkeakari Tuire
Published: January 2018

An analysis of The Emigrants, The Final Passage, and Small Island, chapter 4 brings together this book’s arguments by exploring the relationship among diasporic, imperial, and national identity formations in George Lamming’s, Caryl Phillips’s, and Andrea Levy’s novels about West Indian immigrants (who are both African Caribbean diasporans and subjects of the British empire) settling in Britain after World War II. Lamming and Phillips—members, respectively, of the first and second generations of post-Windrush writers—convey a Middle Passage sensibility more powerfully than does Levy, who, in the generational classification of post-Windrush novelists, belongs to the third generation. Like The Emigrants and Final Passage, Small Island, too, underscores the antiblack racism experienced by black Caribbean migrants to Britain. Yet exilic melancholy, though a presence, does not dominate Small Island in the way it controls Lamming’s and Phillips’s writing. In Levy’s treatment, the story of the postwar black Caribbean diaspora in Britain grows into a narrative of active diaspora-making. Finally, the chapter also examines how each of these three authors portrays the gendered aspects of the postwar Caribbean migration to Britain.
Fit for War
Authors: Fitts Mary Elizabeth
Published: January 2018

In the mid-eighteenth century, the towns of the Catawba Nation were located near Nation Ford, where the main trading path that traversed the southern Appalachian Piedmont crossed the Catawba River. By serving as auxiliaries for the English colonies—particularly South Carolina—Catawba men from these communities had achieved notoriety and helped maintain the political autonomy of the Nation. However, this militaristic strategy precipitated a set of processes that transformed the conditions of daily life near Nation Ford. Two of these processes were settlement aggregation and the incorporation of native refugee communities. This book examines whether the political process of centralization through which refugees were incorporated into the Catawba Nation was accompanied by parallel changes in economic organization, particularly with regard to foodways. It also examines the impacts of settlement aggregation on the formulation of community identities. By combining information from historic documents and previously unpublished data from Catawba archaeological sites, this study provides access to the daily lives of the people living around Nation Ford during the mid-eighteenth century. Archaeological materials provide details concerning the activities of Catawba women, who played a large role in making pottery, farming, and collecting wild foods. When a food security crisis struck the Nation between 1755 and 1759, it was these women who worked to overcome the long-term effects of Catawba militarism. Ultimately, this study highlights the double-edged nature of strategies available to American Indian groups seeking to maintain political autonomy in early colonial period contexts.
Carolina
Authors: Fitts Mary Elizabeth
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the development of the Carolina colony from its inception through the mid-eighteenth century. In addition to providing a better understanding of Carolina’s geographic extent, composition, and interactions at mid-century, this history also highlights characteristics of settler colonialism in general, particularly the significance of initial conditions for subsequent colonial development. While at first considered a single political entity, two markedly different Carolinas emerged in the eighteenth century: North Carolina, initially guided by egalitarian defectors from Virginia, and South Carolina, dominated by Caribbean opportunists who perpetuated the export of American Indian slaves. Conflicts between these two groups and other Imperial powers drew American Indian polities into alliances that produced a cascade of long-lasting and extensive entanglements.
Hilly Land
Authors: Fitts Mary Elizabeth
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides a tour of the Nation Ford locality, which was the seat of the Catawba Nation in the mid-eighteenth century. The floral, faunal, geological, and infrastructural aspects of the landscape significant to the Catawba Nation’s subsistence economy and town organization are highlighted. Information from archival maps, topological relationships, and datable artifacts together are presented to argue that two archaeological sites, 38Yk434 and 38Yk17, are likely the physical remains of the Catawba towns Nassaw-Weyapee and Charraw Town, respectively. Intrasite spatial analysis is conducted using sub-surface evidence of architecture, along with artifactual evidence of activity patterns, to define the units of analysis that will be used to examine the organization of Catawba craft production (chapter 6) and foodways activities (chapter 7).
Springs Geology
Authors: O'Donoughue Jason
Published: January 2018

This chapter reviews the geological context of Florida’s springs and the St. Johns River valley. This provides a basis for understanding the abundance of springs in Florida and the forces that drive their geographic distribution and hydrology. The chapter begins with a sketch of the geologic history of the Florida Platform and the formation of the karst Floridan Aquifer system, with emphasis on those events and processes relevant to springs. This is followed by a discussion of the environmental factors affecting spring flow and how these were impacted by global and regional climatic changes during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. Finally, it discusses the geomorphology of the St. Johns River valley and the springs that feed into it.
Spring Origins
Authors: O'Donoughue Jason
Published: January 2018

This chapter addresses Miller’s hypothesis that the onset of spring flow led to the inception of shell mounding during the Mount Taylor period (7400–4600 cal BP) in the St. Johns River valley. It argues that spring flow has been treated as an ecological founding event by archaeologists. After discussing the concepts of “event” and “non-event” as they are used here, it discusses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based modelling of pressure within the Floridan Aquifer that approximate pre-modern conditions. Following this, the archaeological and paleohydrological records of two springs—Salt and Silver Glen—are presented. This work indicates that springs began flowing far earlier than previously thought and that the onset of spring flow was likely discontinuous and time-transgressive across the valley. It is therefore argued that the onset of spring flow was not, in itself, a significant event that precipitated rapid changes in human lifeways in the region.
Cahokia’s Beginnings
Authors: Betzenhauser Alleen
Published: January 2018

The combined movements of local and foreign people from pre-Mississippian villages and hamlets into mound centers and out to isolated farmsteads resulted in the creation of Cahokia at AD 1050 as an urban space and the center of a regionally integrated polity. Through these movements, landscapes were redefined and identities and power relations among local and foreign groups were negotiated. It is asserted that such movements interfered with local sources of power while a sense of shared identity was fostered through participation in communal events. Through analyses of site layout, occupational history, and material culture, the historical effects of these movements are traced.
Mississippian Processes and Histories
Authors: Cook Robert A.
Published: January 2018

The spread of Mississippian culture throughout much of the Eastern US has long been of interest to archaeologists. Interpretations of this spread have oscillated widely over the development of the discipline between what are generally referred to as historical and processual approaches. This chapter briefly summarizes these approaches and then directly examines some key aspects of each. Integration of mortuary data with biodistance and chemical analyses from human burials with environmental data provides a key to unlock both the processes and histories at play in the development of one area on which Mississippian culture developed. The central argument is that the basic structure of the Fort Ancient village developed in close connection with early interactions with Mississippian migrants. Village origins are linked to a series of general processes and specific historical developments involving exploitation of a particular type of environmental niche, reuse of ancient monuments, and referencing mythic Mississippian events. The basic conclusion is that it is much better to seek a model that incorporates elements of both culture process and culture history if we are to arrive at a more comprehensive understanding of the past.
The Relationship between Becoming Caddo and Becoming Mississippian in the Middle Red River Drainage
Authors: Regnier Amanda
Published: January 2018

Pre-Columbian Caddo culture is frequently viewed as a western extension of the Mississippian world, This chapter examines the timing and nature of the Early Caddo emergence in the Middle Red River drainage. While the Caddo drew upon the same religious traditions of the Mississippian world, they had their own separate shared ritual practices that set them apart.
Fort Walton Mississippian Beginnings in the Apalachicola–Lower Chattahoochee River Valley of Northwest Florida, Southwest Georgia, and Southeast Alabama
Authors: Du Vernay Jeffrey P. , White Nancy Marie
Published: January 2018

In the Apalachicola-lower Chattahoochee River valley, new data reaffirm a relatively seamless Fort Walton emergence from resident late Weeden Island groups circa A.D.900-1000 that was characterized by blending external Mississippian influences with local traditions. Check-stamped and other Woodland ceramics continued as Mississippian forms were adopted, but in non-shell-tempered wares. Maize was grown inland but agriculture may not have developed along the coast. Platform mounds were built and Woodland mound centers were reoccupied. Taken together, these data suggest that Fort Walton beginnings here involved negotiations between maintaining local identity and incorporating outside Mississippian practices.
Working Behind Bars: Employed Prisoners' Perception of Professional Training and Employment in Prison
Authors: Laskov Ronit Peled , Timor Uri
Published: January 2018

The research is aimed at examining the perceptions and attitudes of prisoners employed in enterprises in prison vis-à-vis employment and deriving conclusions regarding the impact of employment on the lives of prisoners in prison and its contribution to advancing their rehabilitation. Doing time is generally a painful experience, both physically and mentally, and often adversely influences prisoners’ life after release. Programs and activities have been developed in prisons in many countries, including Israel, to mitigate these impacts and at the same time reduce recidivism following release. A key such program is employment in enterprises within the prison walls, including training of prisoners in a variety of professions. In the framework of the present qualitative research 20 prisoners employed in enterprises in Israeli prisons were interviewed, and these aired their perceptions regarding employment and its effects. Three main themes and 18 sub-themes defining the attitudes of the prisoners to the issue emerged from the interviews. The first two themes are: employment provides benefits and alleviates the pains of imprisonment; and employment helps prisoners’ rehabilitation. The third theme emerging from the statements of an isolated number of prisoners is: employment is an act of exploitation on the part of the Prison Service and serves no useful purpose. The overall conclusion of the study is that employment in enterprises in prison is generally perceived by the prisoners as positive and contributory, in terms of both reducing the damage caused by imprisonment and raising the likelihood of the prisoner being rehabilitated through employment following his release.
Relationships between pulmonary function test parameters and quantitative computed tomography measurements of emphysema in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Šileikienė Virginija , Urbonas Marius , Matačiūnas Mindaugas , Norkūnienė Jolita
Published: January 2018

Objective. CT is able to precisely define the pathological process in COPD. There are a number of previous articles discussing the distribution of emphysema and its connection with pulmonary function tests. However, the results obtained by the researchers are not identical.
Purpose. To assess relationships between emphysema and pulmonary function test parameters in COPD patients.
Materials and methods. Fifty-nine patients diagnosed to have COPD underwent chest CT examinations and pulmonary function tests.
For the quantitative assessment, percentages of low attenuation volume LAV950 HU (%) of a both lungs, the right lung, the left lung, and each lobe were obtained. Quantitative CT measurements were compared with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), the ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC), the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco) and total lung capacity (TLC).
Results. Except for the right middle lobe and the right upper lobe, respectively, all the quantitative CT measurements showed weak to moderate negative correlations with diffusing capacity (DLco) (r = –0.35 to –0.61, p < 0.05) and weak positive correlations with TLC (r = 0.34 to 0.44, p < 0.05). Group analysis indicated that LAV–950 HU (%) values of both lungs, right lung, left lung, and each lobe, except for right middle lobe, were increased in patients with GOLD stages 3 and 4 of COPD compared to GOLD stages 1 and 2 (p < 0.05).
Conclusion. CT measurements of emphysema are significantly related to pulmonary function tests results, particularly DLco.
Archaeobotanical Investigations of a Burnt-down Storage Shed in the Civitas Rutenica Quarter: An Insight into the Daily Lives of Foreigners in Vilnius in the Late Fourteenth Century – the First Half of the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Motuzaitė Matuzevičiūtė Giedrė , Jonaitis Rytis , Kaplūnaitė Irma
Published: January 2018

The article focuses on the study of a domestic building that was used to store crops and burned down sometime in the fourteenth century–the first half of the fifteenth century (the time limits are confirmed by a radiocarbon date received from dating cereal grains directly 484 ± 44 BP [FTMC-23-1]). This domestic building was situated within the boundaries of the Civitas Rutenica quarter of Vilnius, which was populated by the first Orthodox Christians of Vilnius. The earliest Orthodox Christians arrived in Vilnius from the Duchy of Galicia-Volhynia and from the Slavic cities of Black Rus sometime in the second half of the thirteenth century.
The archaeobotanical investigations of the storage shed have shown that the residents of Civitas Rutenica cultivated crops of rye and buckwheat. In total, about 40 litres of rye and a bag of buckwheat were recovered (the volume was not recorded during archaeological excavations). The crops contained unthreshed grains that were clearly left as seed to be planted the following year. A detailed analysis of those crop remains gives us two important insights into the lives of the population of Civitas Rutenica. There has been an ongoing debate on how the integration of the first Orthodox Christians took place in the city of Vilnius and whether their rights were restricted after Lithuania officially accepted Catholicism. The presence of cereal with chaff within the boundaries of the Orthodox city could imply that here people (at least some families) had rights to land ownership or rent, and that they were allowed to cultivate the land within or near the city boundaries. The data derived from studying archaeobotanical plant remains could also point towards the potentially positive relationships between the grand dukes of Lithuania and the Orthodox Christians of Vilnius. Nevertheless, it is important to note that the sample size is currently too small to make more conclusive observations.
The dominance of rye and certain weed types at the archaeobotanical assemblage points towards the crop cultivation conditions on well-drained sandy soils that could have been in a close proximity to the Orthodox quarter, such as the slopes of the Vilnia River.
Three Sixteenth-Century Dietaries
Authors: Fitzpatrick Joan
Published: January 2018

Early modern dietaries are prose texts recommending the best way to maintain physical and psychological well-being. This modern spelling edition is the first to make available to a modern audience three of the most important dietaries from the sixteenth century. The dietaries contained in this volume are Thomas Elyot's Castle of Health, Andrew Boorde's Compendious Regiment, and William Bullein's Government of Health, all popular and influential works that were typical of the genre. These works are here introduced, contextualized and, most importantly, edited for the first time, thus making them more readily available to scholars and students of Renaissance culture. Dietaries illuminate attitudes to food and diet in the period as well as ideas about how lifestyle impacts upon physical and psychological health, for example how much and what type of exercise one should take and how to sleep (for how long and in what position). Introductory material explores the dietary genre, its relationship to humanism, humoral theory, and the wide range of authorities with which the dietary authories engaged. The volume also provides an introduction to each of the works, including a biography of the author and a discussion of what is distinct about their book as well as an examination of the bibliographical and publication history of their dietary. In addition, the reader will benefit from comprehensive explanatory notes and appendices that provide prefaces to earlier editions, a glossary of words commonly used, and a list of authorities and works cited or alluded to in the dietaries.
Racisms and the Race Relations approach
Authors: Gilligan Chris
Published: January 2018

Beginning in the 1960s the UK government has developed the policy area of ‘race relations’. This chapter examines the intellectual antecedents of this policy area from its initial development in the USA at the end of the First World War, through its internationalisation after the Second World War (via the United Nations), to its place in UK ‘race relations’ policy. The chapter also outlines some of the key features of Race Relations theory and policy.
From civil rights to multiculturalism
Authors: Gilligan Chris
Published: January 2018

This chapter highlights the civil rights movement in Northern Ireland in the late 1960s and early 1970s as an example of an anti-racist (anti-sectarian) movement with an emancipatory dynamic. The chapter traces the containment of this emancipatory dynamic and points to the role of official anti-racism in containing the dynamic. The chapter then goes on to look at the peace process and the rise of a sectarianised multicultural anti-racism.
Introduction: ethnography, history and the vagaries of research
Authors: Hearn Jonathan
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces the study, and the reasons for returning to the original data after more than a decade. It gives an account of how the original research was conducted, outlining the research design and methods. The chapter reflects on the strengths and weaknesses of ethnographic research, explaining the idea of ‘salvage ethnography’, as the study of disappearing culture in the face social change. It argues that historical perspective changes our understanding of ethnographic material, concluding with a summary of the chapters to come.
History: from the Bank of Scotland’s origins to HBOS and crisis
Authors: Hearn Jonathan
Published: January 2018

This chapter recounts the history of the Bank of Scotland from its creation, through the formation of HBOS, up to the present, in the context of the development of the British banking sector. It also secondarily traces the history of the Halifax. It aims to provide a wide historical frame within which to interpret the recent events in the banking sectors, including the demise of HBOS and the banking crisis. It advocates a ‘light touch’ social evolutionary perspective, in which social change is viewed as the outcome of developing competition between organisations, and an evolving ecology among banking and financial organisations. It emphasises that the wider context of these developments, and for the formation of banks in the first place, is the relationship between the state and economic actors.
Change: discourses of agency and progress in organisational change
Authors: Hearn Jonathan
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how HBOS staff were coping with and making sense of rapid organisational change during the early days of merger. But more specifically, using material from staff training courses, it looks at how the Bank, like other modern organisations, develops its own internal discourse of the necessity and value of change, as a kind of moral imperative imposed on staff. Moreover, it looks at how the discourse of change within HBOS tended to construct Bank of Scotland as older and backward, and Halifax as younger and progressive, and the ideological work this was doing. The concept of ‘social change’ is scrutinised in the middle section, along with corollary concepts of competition, social structure and agency.
Identity: struggles with personhood, nationhood and professional virtue
Authors: Hearn Jonathan
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at questions of identity at various levels. It considers the Scottish identity of the Bank of Scotland, and how personal senses of Scottishness were refracted through that institutional national identity. It looks especially at how people’s personal identities in the Bank of Scotland were often bound up with an idea of being ‘professional bankers’ in contrast to more generic ‘sales people’ associated with the Halifax. It also considers the gendered dimension of identity. More generally, it is interested in how people invest their personal identities in larger social identities, and how this process is mediated by organisational contexts such as that of the Bank. The conceptual interlude in the middle argues the importance of this triad of the personal, the social, and the organisational, for understanding and analysing identity.
‘A l’apparir de la beltà novella/nasce un bisbiglio e ’l guardo ognun v’intende’: the arrival of Gerusalemme liberata in Elizabethan England
Authors: Lawrence Jason
Published: January 2018

The first chapter focuses on the literary impact of the enchantress Armida’s arrival in the Italian poem, examining how the poets Abraham Fraunce and Samuel Daniel respond directly to canto 4 of Tasso’s epic. In The Arcadian Rhetorike (1588), the earliest example of English engagement with Gerusalemme liberata, Fraunce draws most heavily on this canto of the Italian poem, and particularly the descriptions of Armida, for his abundant rhetorical illustrations from Tasso’s work. The Complaint of Rosamond (1592) was the first English poem to engage with the figure of Armida herself, demonstrated in Daniel’s frequent allusions to Tasso’s enchantress in relation to his own spectral narrator, many of which have not been previously detected. The first chapter also examines the numerous English poetic responses in the first half of the 1590s to the celebrated song from a later amorous episode, the canto della rosa heard in Armida’s garden in canto 16, in translations and imitations by Robert Southwell, Spenser and Daniel, as well as allusions in Shakespeare’s Venus and Adonis (1593), to illustrate how swift and pervasive the impact of Tasso’s epic on late Elizabethan verse was.
‘A place pickt out by choyce of best alyue,/That natures worke by art can imitate’: the Bowre of Blisse and Armida’s garden revisited
Authors: Lawrence Jason
Published: January 2018

The second chapter focuses on the best-known and most extensive imitation of Tasso’s poem in all of English literature, Spenser’s re-imagining and re-working of Armida’s enchanted garden in cantos 15 and 16 as the Bowre of Blisse in the final canto of Book 2 of The Faerie Queene (1590). Spenser’s almost immediate engagement with Gerusalemme liberata in his own romantic epic has long seen him acknowledged as ‘the arbiter of Tasso’s glory in the first half century of his life in England’. However, despite the voluminous critical work on Spenser’s episode and its sources, the profound indebtedness to Tasso throughout has, surprisingly, still not been fully appreciated and acknowledged. The second chapter of this study therefore offers a detailed re-appraisal of the complex relationship between the two episodes, to try to underline the sustained imitative virtuosity of Spenser’s emulation of his principal Italian source. The chapter also includes a brief consideration of Milton’s indebtedness to Tasso’s episode, and Spenser’s earlier imitation of it, in the poetic evocation of Eden in Book 4 of Paradise Lost.
Gerusalemme liberata and the visual arts in England
Authors: Lawrence Jason
Published: January 2018

The third chapter investigates the impact in England of visual depictions of scenes from Tasso’s romantic episodes, featuring both Rinaldo and Armida and the Tancredi and Erminia. Although no native English tradition of pictorial representation of Tasso’s poem ever developed, there is still evidence of a keen interest in such pictures: in the late 1620s Anthony Van Dyck received a commission for Charles I to produce a depiction of the Rinaldo and Armida episode, focused on a less familiar moment from canto 14, which he executed so successfully that it was instrumental in bringing the painter into the service of the king for the final decade of his career. The early eighteenth century witnessed the arrival in England of the first work by the French painter Nicolas Poussin, who repeatedly depicted scenes from a number of Tasso episodes during the 1620s and 1630s: his second version of the Tancredi and Erminia episode in canto 19 was brought to England by the collector Sir James Thornhill, and it soon inspired a detailed evaluation in relation to its literary source by the artist-critic Jonathan Richardson, which is also examined closely.
‘What enchanting Sound salutes my Ear?’: Gerusalemme liberata and the early development of opera in England
Authors: Lawrence Jason
Published: January 2018

By the 1620s, the romantic episodes in Gerusalemme liberata had become popular as a source for operatic libretti. The story of Rinaldo and Armida proved to be the most popular, and eventually, by the end of the seventeenth century, this phenomenon had reached the stage in England, via Italy, France and even Germany. The fourth chapter explores ambitious musical adaptations of the episode for the London stage in the native form of dramatic opera in John Dennis’s Rinaldo and Armida: A Tragedy (1699), with music by John Eccles, and in the through-sung Italianate form in Handel’s Rinaldo, with a libretto by Giacomo Rossi, first performed to great acclaim in 1711. It will also examine the idiosyncratic interpretation, by Paolo Rolli, of a different romantic episode in Tasso, that of Erminia and Tancredi, as the source for another Italianate London opera, Giovanni Bononcini’s L’Erminia favola Boschereccia (1723). These musical works founded, often closely but sometimes more freely, on the Italian poem demonstrate the breadth of Tasso’s impact in England, both chronologically and across a range of art forms.
The Omagh bombing and the community’s response
Authors: Bolton David
Published: January 2018

In this Chapter the author describes the circumstances and impact of the Omagh bombing which occurred in Northern Ireland in August 1998, just as the peace process was beginning to see political progress and violence had significantly reduced. The impact on casualties and their families in Omagh, Buncrana in the Irish Republic, and in Madrid, Spain, is described, as are the distress and traumatic consequences for the wider community. The responses of neighbours and friends, the wider Omagh community, its medical, education, not-for-profit and civic services, are described. The contribution of commemorative and arts based events is demonstrated. The risk to the developing peace process and the Belfast Agreement is outlined and how this impacted upon the development of therapeutic services for the local community. The role of politics and politicians in ensuring services were developed, is described.
The Northern Ireland Centre for Trauma and Transformation: a comprehensive trauma centre
Authors: Bolton David
Published: January 2018

This Chapter picks up from Chapters 2 and 3, and describes the establishment of the Northern Ireland Centre for Trauma and Transformation (NICTT), which was founded to build upon the work and experience of the Omagh Community Trauma and Recovery Team, after its closure in 2001. The author outlines the philosophy behind the new Centre and its programmes, and describes the some of the obstacles and circumstances in creating a distinctive service, in the post conflict period (where nonetheless there was still violence). The Chapter describes the extensive consultations within and beyond the Omagh community. The governance and management of the Centre is described along with challenges in funding and mainstreaming the skills and services developed by the Centre. The development of the Centre’s five key programmes - therapy, research, training and education, policy support and humanitarian relief, are outlined and described further in later chapters.
Research, advocacy and policy support
Authors: Bolton David
Published: January 2018

This Chapter looks in more detail at the research undertaken at the Northern Ireland Centre for Trauma and Transformation (NICTT), in Omagh. This included the randomised controlled trial (RCT) (in partnership with King’s College, London) of its trauma focused cognitive behavioural therapy programme, along with a series of studies undertaken in partnership with Ulster University that examined the epidemiological impact of the Troubles on the population of Northern Ireland. Both provided important new findings relating to the levels of exposure, levels of psychological problems and the social and economic consequences arising from personal experiences of violence linked to the Troubles. The Chapter concludes with a lengthy discussion on the challenges of undertaking research in communities affected by war and conflict, into the mental health and related impacts. This includes a discussion on how methods and approaches to studies in such contexts need to, for example, ask the right questions, if we are to understand and be able to respond to the impact of war and conflict on communities. The challenge of taking findings from research into policy advice, policy formulation, political and service development decisions - particularly in the context of conflict - is also discussed.
Postscript: the rupture of loss and trauma
Authors: Bolton David
Published: January 2018

The book concludes with the Postscript - a more personal reflection by the author on the impact of loss and trauma on individuals and the community affected by war, conflict and disaster. Beyond research and research findings, the author draws attention to the importance of empathy, to relationships, to the need for healing, to taking responsibility, to letting go, to social justice and fairness, to the need to invest in future generations after conflicts end, to the importance of hope, and the place of growth and resilience. He concludes with a plea for the human impact of war and conflict to be a key and early consideration, when peace is being made after conflicts end.
32 and 37 inches – the healthy body and the politics of waist circumference: a governmental analysis of the Stop the Spread campaign
Authors: Dukelow Fiona
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on a the 2011 health promotion campaign Stop the Spread, part of which involved the distribution of measuring tapes to the population via pharmacies to encourage people to measure their waists. Drawing on an analysis of campaign materials, the chapter explores the significance of Stop the Spread as a governmental technology and form of biopower in which medical discourse was utilised in an effort to not only re-programme ideas of what a normal healthy body should measure and look like, but also to more directly attempt to change behaviour by gifting people the technology to measure themselves, and to ultimately inscribe those numbers on their bodies. This chapter provides insights into how neoliberal governmentality is evolving in relation to public health policy, not least in the context of soft paternalism which is more directive in its use of techniques and strategies to steer norms and behaviour, whilst remaining highly individualised in terms of its understanding of health and its determinants.
The contemporary self in tobacco control: exploring the introduction of the smoking ban in Ireland
Authors: Fernández Eluska
Published: January 2018

This chapter is set in the context of the introduction of an outright ban on smoking in the workplace in 2004, an initiative that is widely regarded by Irish politicians, public health and anti-smoking advocates as a story of success, despite ‘common sense’ commentaries at the time suggested that the ban would be too radical a proposal.Drawing on commentaries from broadsheet newspapers and political speeches from the time, this chapter analyses the introduction of the smoking ban in Ireland as a successful exercise in ‘the conduct of conduct’ (Foucault, 1982) by exploring the types of conduct that were embraced and promoted in the context of the debates over the ban. Informed by the centrality of notions of rational, responsible and civilized selfhood in contemporary public health and health promotion discourses, the chapter reveals how notions of what came to be promoted as rational, responsible and civilized behaviours, and their flipside, irrational, irresponsible and uncivilized ones, were central to the exercise of power. It also reflects on how the regulation of smoking became interlinked with social and moral processes, and how some of these played a symbolic role in promoting boundaries between different social groups.
Place and identity
Authors: Leonard Madeleine
Published: January 2018

This chapter outlines the importance of space and place in ‘post conflict’ Belfast by critically unpacking how territory and division remain important for certain groups. Through outlining important links between place and identity, the book calls into question Northern Ireland’s status as one of the most successful ‘post conflict’ societies in the world. This sets the scene for the book’s primary purpose which is to illuminate the everyday spatial practices of teenagers who grow up in divided localities. By redressing the relative lack of research on the lives of young people who grow up in estranged and declining communities, the book illuminates what young people’s everyday spatial movements can tell us about the visible and invisible borders of politically contested cities.
It’s just another brick in the wall: teens’ perceptions and experiences of peace walls, flags and murals
Authors: Leonard Madeleine
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the physical landscape enclosing interface areas and the impact that this physical landscape has on the perceptions and actions of young people living in segregated areas. This involves a recognition that the physical landscape plays an important role in structuring how individuals feel and behave as attitudes and actions are grounded, situated, performed and experienced within specific environments. How teenagers’ manage, reproduce and challenge the spatially visible and physical divisions such as peace walls, flags and murals that surround the localities in which they live their daily lives is illuminated. The chapter demonstrates how young people’s perceptions of these physical markers of ethno-national identity are multiple and contradictory. They evaluate, assess, manage and negotiate these symbols in multiple ways at times supporting and at times challenging the perspectives of significant others.
The Great Exhibition, 1851
Authors: Shears Jonathon
Published: January 2018

This Sourcebook is the first of its kind to provide a comprehensive selection of carefully edited primary material on the subject of the Great Exhibition of 1851. The book allows teachers and students to study the iconic event of the Victorian age in its original context through the eyes of those who witnessed and wrote about it. The sources reproduced here – many for the first time in their entirety – include excerpts from the official guidebook to the Exhibition, newspapers and magazines, diaries and correspondence, poetry and stories and the records and correspondence of the Royal Commission. The sources are arranged by themes in six chapters – Origins and Organisation, Display, Nation, Empire and Ethnicity, Gender, Class and Afterlives – prefaced by critical introductions that establish the major scholarly trends in writing about the Exhibition. The book is hospitable to both new readers requiring an introduction to the subject and experienced researchers in the field looking for a resource where the key accounts of the Exhibition can all be found in one place.
The Absurdity of Bureaucracy
Authors: Vohnsen Nina Holm
Published: January 2018

The absurdity of bureaucracy offers an ethnographic portrayal of an attempt to make and implement evidence-based policy set in the Danish labour market system in 2009. It departs from the author’s puzzlement that the civil servants she met during her research would maintain a double stance towards their work; they were convinced they were in the process of constantly improving the welfare system while at the same time they found the outcome of their decisions and the system they constructed in the process deeply absurd. The main protagonist of the book is the randomized controlled trial Active – Back Sooner which was a central component of the Danish Government’s Action Plan on Sickness Benefit meant to reduce to the cost of sickness benefit and to secure the ‘active labour force’. It is the continuous planning and disintegration of this effort and the myriad of decisions made in relation to it that is the primary object of empirical portraiture and theoretical discussion. Based on 12 months of participant observation and ethnographic interviewing in the Danish Ministry of Employment and one of the implementing municipalities the book documents how rejected reasons and alleyways of action return to haunt the decision-makers (be they caseworkers, the government administration, or politicians) creating an absurd world of contradictions and dilemmas. The book documents how ‘going wrong’ is built into the very nature of decision-making and suggests that the analysis of absurdity is central to any understanding of how policy develops and how implementation works.
Introduction: the absurdity of bureaucracy
Authors: Vohnsen Nina Holm
Published: January 2018

The introduction lays out the book’s empirical interest (the repercussions of policy), the analytical focus (decision-making) and its theoretical aim (to theorize the non-linear aspect of implementation by addressing it through the lens of the absurd). This introduction firmly places the book in the fields of implementation and development studies, but does so by introducing a focus on all that is rejected, ignored and excluded from planning and bureaucratic decision-making. The introduction also provides a reflection on how best to write complexity and incoherency, and it develops the book’s primary analytical writing style inspired by photojournalism, more specifically environmental portraiture (Kobré 2008).
Epilogue: bureaucracy—choose your own adventure
Authors: Vohnsen Nina Holm
Published: January 2018

This chapter is an interactive novel where the reader is invited to step into the role of caseworker and implementer of policy. The form is in itself an analytical point: any decision the reader makes might later trap him or her or have unintended consequences. By taking one decision rather than another, the reader is cut off from knowing what other decisions might have led to. The epilogue thus paraphrases the central Kierkegaardian dilemma that will return to haunt policy implementation: what you will regret is not the thing you do but all the thing you by implication did not do. The method used is the style of writing sometimes referred to as a branching-plot novel or gamebook. The idea is that the reader participates in the narration of the story by taking decisions in key moments. The aim of this is to engage the reader and make them ‘complicit’ in the casework rather than analytically distanced. The validity rests on a close commitment to the empirical data. Each situation described did take place in November 2009, each decision has been made by one of the municipal caseworkers, and the reflective voices narrated in the text echo explicitly voiced concerns.