bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
River Basin Management in Lower and Upper Austria: Beginnings and Future Prospects
Authors: Cate F. M.
Published: May 2018

The feasibility of implementing integrated river basin management in countries with strong federal structures such as Austria or Germany has always been questioned. The present systems of water management in two Austrian states are examined as case studies. The obstacles to integrated river basin management are analysed. A possible solution is suggested, involving all stakeholders within an institutional framework to be created under the federal water law. In addition, the implications of the proposed EU Water Framework Directive for a federal state within a large, politically diversified basin (Danube River Basin) are analysed. Future prospects for river basin management, despite the inherent difficulties, are bright.
Updating the U.S. Nationwide Urban runoff quality data base
Authors: Smullen James T. , Shallcross Amy L. , Cave Kelly A.
Published: May 2018

Urban stormwater quality data collected over the past 20 years for several large government-sponsored sampling programs in the United States were assembled and analyzed to develop new nationwide estimators and statistics for urban storm water quality. We believe that this is the first attempt to assemble and analyze these major storm water quality data sets for this purpose. In this paper, the first public report of our work to-date, we present the results of the data acquisition, data base assembly, quality assurance, computation of new stormwater event mean concentrations and associated statistics, and comparisons with the original U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) results. The differences between the pooled means and those estimated from our analysis of the NURP data range from a 79% lower estimate for Copper to a 36% higher estimate for Biochemical Oxygen Demand. It is concluded that the variations between the NURP results and those developed here from the pooling of the three national data bases are important and that future work may provide a basis for differentiating Event Mean Concentrations among urban land uses, geographic region and seasons.
A study on the water quality of runoff from forest
Authors: Kawara Osami , Uehara Manabu , Ibaragi Kanako
Published: May 2018

The important non-point sources in Japan are urban areas, rice paddy fields and forest. The forest area in river basins occupies about 70 per cent. Furthermore, Japanese forest is usually on steep mountains. Therefore, pollutant loads from the forest cannot be ignored in Japan. In this study, we discuss the seasonal variations of water quality of runoff from forest, and of component runoffs, inter-surface runoff and groundwater runoff, based on observations and on the results separated by a numerical filter. The seasonal variations of water quality and four types of relations between water quality and flow rates of component runoffs were noted.
A storm water retrofit plan for the mimico creek watershed
Authors: Li J. Y. , Banting D.
Published: May 2018

Storm water quality management in urbanized areas remains a challenge to Canadian municipalities as the funding and planning mechanisms are not well defined. In order to provide assistance to urbanized municipalities in the Great Lakes areas, the Great Lakes 2000 Cleanup Fund and the Ontario Ministry of the Environment commissioned the authors to develop a Geographic Information System planning tool for storm water quality management in urbanized areas. The planning tool comprises five steps: (1) definition of storm water retrofit goals and objectives; (2) identification of appropriate retrofit storm water management practices; (3) formulation of storm water retrofit strategies; (4) evaluation of strategies with respect to retrofit goals and objectives; and (5) selection of storm water retrofit strategies. A case study of the fully urbanized Mimico Creek wateshed in the City of Toronto is used to demonstrate the application of the planning tool.
Model of spring runoff quantity and quality for urban watersheds
Authors: Bartošová Alena , Novotny Vladimir
Published: May 2018

Use of deicing chemicals to provide traffic safety during winter causes water quality problems for urban receiving waters. High chloride content from deicing salt changes partitioning between adsorbed and dissolved metals, increasing the dissolved (toxic) metal fraction in snowmelt. Abrasives generate large loads of suspended solids.

A model was developed to evaluate the impact of snow removal and road deicing practices on water quality of urban receiving waters. The model was calibrated using data from the Lincoln Creek watershed (Milwaukee, Wisconsin), and verified on 30th Ave. watershed (Edmonton, Alberta). The watersheds differ in winter weather pattern as well as in winter road maintenance. Road salt is used exclusively in Milwaukee to maintain road safety while sand-salt mixture is applied in Edmonton.

The quantitative part of the model is based on heat balance theory and describes the processes of snowpack formation, snow melting, infiltration, and runoff formation. The qualitative part calculates the accumulation of pollutants (atmospheric deposition, traffic emission, and deicing chemical application) in snowpack and resulting quality of snowmelt runoff. The mobility of pollutant in the snowpack is determined by partitioning to particulates and ice crystals. The results of simulation for chlorides, suspended solids, and lead are presented.
The huron river watershed council: grassroots organization for holistic watershed management
Authors: Brenner A. J. , Brush L. A. , Martin J. S. , Olsson K. Y. , Rentschler P. L. , Wolf J. K.
Published: May 2018

The Huron River Watershed Council is a coalition of Huron Valley residents and local governments with the mission to inspire attitudes, behaviors, and economies that protect, rehabilitate, and sustain the Huron River. Its role as the coordinator and facilitator of river protection activities has been growing rapidly in recent years. The success of the Council has been its ability to respond to local conditions and deal with the concerns expressed by local communities. Its ability to cross jurisdictional and political boundaries that inhibit other organizations enables it to address water quality issues in an innovative and holistic manner. It does this through the series of programs listed below:The “Adopt-A-Stream” network of volunteers that regularly collect data on the biological integrity of the Huron River.A wellhead protection program to help communities prevent groundwater supply contamination caused by pollution leaching into local aquifers.The facilitation of a partnership to reduce phosphorus and soil entering the river system from storm water runoff in the urbanizing middle portion of the watershed.Land use planning and natural feature preservation tools to prevent the headwaters of the Huron River from developing in an environmentally destructive way.An information and education plan to reduce non-point source pollution by targeting specific behaviors of watershed residents.
The Role of Physical-Chemical Wastewater Treatment in the Mega-Cities of the Developing World
Authors: Harleman D. R. F. , Murcott S.
Published: May 2018

Should mega-cities of the developing world follow the development model of using municipal wastewater treatment technology of Western Europe and North America or is there an alternative “sustainable sanitation” approach? This paper tries to define the most efficient and cost-effective, minimum level of treatment needed to address one of the foremost problems of mega-cities, which is public health, putting forward the specific technological proposal of applying chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT). During the past ten years, the combination of low dosages of metal salts, such as ferric chloride, with very small dosages of anionic polymers, have resulted in an efficient single-stage treatment process known as CEPT. Some CEPT applications focus on increased suspended solids and/or BOD removal, increased flow capacity due to more rapid settling, while others are concerned with effluent disinfection by chlorine or ultraviolet light or with high levels of phosphorus removal through precipitation. A number of case studies with which the authors have been associated are used to illustrate a wide range of CEPT options that are particularly suitable for rapidly growing mega-cities. Examples are provided from Mexico City, Southern California, Hong Kong, Sao Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro.
Study of Coagulant Effect on Shallow-Bed (Traveling-Bridge) Contact Filtration for Effluent Reuse
Authors: Cikurel Haim , Sirak Itay , Tal Nelly Icekson , Zack Yaakov , Adin Avner
Published: May 2018

In this study, a shallow-bed traveling-bridge (SBTB) filter was used as a contact filter, to investigate the effect of coagulant addition to the filtration efficiency. The filter bed was 25 cm deep, containing 0.55 mm quartz sand. 10–15 m3/hr. secondary effluents were filtered at 3.5–5 m/hr. For different alum doses effective removal of particulates up to (70–80%), turbidity (65–70%) and phosphates up to (80–90%) was obtained. The headloss data indicated an increasing surface straining with the addition of alum which, by changing the (aluminum/TSS) ratio, increased the floc volume. For this reason an optimum alum dose range would be 10–15 mg/l. The efficiency of using high molecular weight, medium to high charge density cationic polymers as primary coagulants was also investigated. The medium cationic high molecular weight polymer used as a primary coagulant at a 0.5 mg/l dose was able to efficiently remove > 10 μm particulates but did not significantly improve turbidity. The same polymer used at a 3 mg/l dose improved the removal of the whole range of particles. By using a high cationic high molecular weight polymer as a secondary coagulant it was possible to decrease the alum dose necessary for an efficient filtration.
Textile Wastewater Reuse: Ozonation of Membrane Concentrated Secondary Effluent
Authors: Lopez A. , Ricco G. , Ciannarella R. , Rozzi A. , Di Pinto A. C. , Passino R.
Published: May 2018

Among the activities appointed by the EC research-project “Integrated water recycling and emission abatement in the textile industry” (Contract: ENV4-CT95-0064), the effectiveness of ozone for improving the biotreatability of recalcitrant effluents as well as for removing from them toxic and/or inhibitory pollutants has been evaluated at lab-scale. Real membrane concentrates (pH=7.9; TOC=190 ppm; CDO=595 ppm; BOD5=0 ppm; Conductivity=5,000 μS/cm; Microtox-EC20=34%) produced at Bulgarograsso (Italy) Wastewater Treatment Plant by nanofiltering biologically treated secondary textile effluents, have been treated with ozonated air (O3conc.=12 ppm) over 120 min. The results have indicated that during ozonation, BOD5 increases from 0 to 75 ppm, whereas COD and TOC both decrease by about 50% and 30 % respectively. As for potentially toxic and/or inhibitory pollutants such as dyes, nonionic surfactants and halogenated organics, all measured as sum parameters, removals higher than 90% were achieved as confirmed by the complete disappearance of acute toxicity in the treated streams. The only ozonation byproducts searched for and found were aldehydes whose total amount continuously increased in the first hour from 1.2 up to 11.8 ppm. Among them, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, propionaldehyde, and butyraldehyde were identified by HPLC.
Advanced Treatment Combination for Groundwater Recharge of Municipal Wastewater by Nanofiltration and Ozonation
Authors: Ernst M. , Jekel M.
Published: May 2018

This paper presents the results of research undertaken on an advanced treatment combination for polishing municipal wastewater with the purpose of a safe groundwater recharge. The results of a former study of DWQC initiated this research. It is envisaged that tertiary effluent is nanofiltrated to reject dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) to concentrations less than 2–3 mg DOC/L respectively <2 μg AOX/L. The brine will be given back in a recycling process to the sewage treatment plant after passing an oxidation step. To avoid rising scaling potentials and other negative impacts due to increasing salinity, the rejection characteristics of several NF-membranes were investigated. They show a strong dependence between DOC and sulfate removal. Biofouling on the membrane surface (Desal DK5) can be controlled by higher cross-flow velocities (CFV) of about 1 m/s, however, a suitable pre-treatment like slow sand filtration is required. High water conversion factors result in moderately higher biofouling. This shows that water quality is the main factor responsible for fouling and not the concentration of constituents. Ozonation experiments with the concentrate confirmed an enhanced biodegradability of refractory DOC. At a specific ozone consumption 1,7 mg O3/mg DOC0 the DOC reduction by micro-organisms (aerobic biotest) reaches its maximum after 14 days of biodegradation with a total reduction of 60%.
Pilot Scale UF and RO Studies on Water Reuse in Corrugated Board Industry
Authors: Yalcin F. , Koyuncu I. , Oztürk I. , Topacik D.
Published: May 2018

The coloured effluents from pulp and paper mill industry are treated anaerobically and/or aerobically by a two stage membrane system with high efficiency. Three different types of membranes (UF and RO (BW and SW)) were used in the experiments. Surface area of each membrane was 2 m2. The combination of ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) treatment achieve a very high removals of COD (98-99%), colour and conductivity. At the end of a single pass with RO using seawater (SW) membrane, the initial COD, colour and conductivity values were reduced to 10–20 mg/l, 0–100 Pt-Co units and 200–300 μs/cm, respectively. The influent, UF permeate, RO permeates for brackish water (BW) and seawater (SW) membranes were 6000–6700 μs/cm, 5500–5900 μs/cm and 200–300 μs/cm, respectively. Excellent conductivity rejections were obtained in the UF and RO membrane systems. Almost complete colour removals were achieved in the RO experiments with SW membranes. RO studies with BW membranes were also performed with the same permeate from the first stage UF study. The observed flux has declined with time and membranes were cleaned periodically to maintain a constant flux. Applying this advanced membrane treatment technology, it is clear that about 60 percent of the process water can be recycled in the investigated industry.
Biological Phosphorus Removal Using a Biofilm Membrane Reactor: Operation at High Organic Loading Rates
Authors: Castillo Pedro A. , González-Martínez Simón , Tejero Iñaki
Published: May 2018

This research describes Biological Phosphorus Removal at Organic Loading Rates from 5 to 30 g COD/m2·d using a laboratory scale Sequencing Batch Biofilm Membrane Reactor. The reactor was fed with synthetic wastewater based on sodium acetate with a COD:N:P ratio of 20:5:1. An average PO4-P removal of 72% was observed when the organic load was kept under 15 gCOD/m2·d. Maximum PO4-P removal of 85% was associated with a consumption rate of 700 mgPO4-P/m2·d. Increasing with the organic load, the PO4-P released during the anaerobic phase averages 40% over the influent concentration, showing a maximum value of 107%. Throughout the experiments, overall COD removal rates were above 90%, and the COD uptake during the anaerobic phase ranged between 60 and 80% for organic loading rates under 15 gCOD/m2·d. Simultaneous nitrification and dentrification took place during the transition from aerobic to anaerobic conditions at the beginning of every cycle. Average transformation rates between 0.6 to 2.0 gNH4-N/m2·d and 0.3 to 1.2 gNO3-N/m2·d were observed for organic loading rates under 15 gCOD/m2·d, corresponding to average NH4-N removal rates between 50 and 70%. Average effluent NO3-N ranged between 1.5 and 10.6 mg/l. Phosphorus contents of the biofilm based on dry mass ranged between 4.2 and 5.2%.
Alternative Treatment for Wastewater Destined for Agricultural Use
Authors: Jinénez B , Chávez A. , Hernández C.
Published: May 2018

An Advanced Primary Treatment (APT) system commercially known as ACTIFLO®, coupled with a system of filtration and chlorination are described. The system used microsand grains in the coagulation phase. This allowed an almost immediate start-up as well as an increase in loading in the sedimentation tank to rates far higher than those previously described (up to 180 m/h). The process was shown capable of treating wastewater from a combined drainage system, which typically varies in water quality and quantity. The ACTIFLO® process reduced TSS from 354 to 27 mg/L, helminth eggs from 24.8 to 1.2 HE/L, COD from 460 to 198 mg/L, TKN from 21.7 to 18.3 mg/L, and TP-P from 8.7 to 3.2 mg/L. To comply with WHO, 1989 recommendations regarding HE quality in water destined for irrigation of crops eaten raw it is necessary to add to the APT a system of filtration. In the paper two types of filter media are compared. In both cases the HE were reduced to <1.0 HE/L for filtration rates of up to 40 m/h. In the disinfection phase 10 mg Cl2/L were used to reduce the number of fecal coliforms from 6.5 × 108 to 340 MPN/100 mL.
Development of Design Criteria for Highly Efficient Biological Treatment of Textile Wastewater
Authors: Kroiss H. , Müller H.
Published: May 2018

Mass balances and kinetic parameters for nitrification are essential tools for a rational design of aerobic biological treatment systems. These were determined in lab scale investigations and applied on representative assessment cases for mid- and long-term variations of nitrogen. Thus, with the help of dynamic simulation, criteria for the design of highly efficient biological treatment of textile wastewater were developed, which were also evaluated in economic considerations. Combined treatment of textile and domestic wastewater has shown to be advantageous, because it provides a constant basic nitrogen load. Furthermore, the choice of a sufficiently high sludge age is recommended to reach a reliable treatment system and a simple operation.
GAC Adsorption of Ozonated Secondary Textile Effluents for Industrial Water Reuse
Authors: Bergna Giovanni , Bianchi Roberto , Malpei Francesca
Published: May 2018

The paper presents the results obtained at laboratory, pilot and demonstrative scale with granular activated carbon adsorption as a mean to obtain effluent suitable as water supply for textile finishing industries, that require very stringent limits in terms of COD and colour removal. Laboratory scale tests evidenced that the specific carbon adsorption capacity, both for COD and colour, is highest for a sand-filtered + clariflocculated effluent and lowest for the sand-filtered + ozonated secondary effluent. Pilot and demonstrative scale tests were performed on three filters (0.3, 0.3 and 20 m3 of GAC each) fed with the full scale ozonated secondary effluent.
Saving of Water and Chemicals in Tanning Industry by Membrane Processes
Authors: Cassano A. , Molinari R. , Drioli E.
Published: May 2018

Some results on pressure-driven membrane operations able to improve chromium recovery from spent chromium tanning baths and to desalinate water discharged from filterpress after Cr(III) precipitation are reported. Nanofiltration was employed to concentrate chromium(III) using a spiral-wound module. Chromium concentration and COD in permeate were respectively about zero and 2–3 g/l as compared to initial feed values of 2.8 and 5.2 g/l; the high chloride concentration in the permeate suggested to reuse this solution in the pickling step saving fresh water and salts. The concentrate solution presented a higher chromium purification with respect to initial feed. It was tested in retanning, and after further concentration by chemical precipitation-dissolution method, in tanning operations. Chemical and physical analyses on leather treated with these solutions showed similar characteristics with respect to use of traditional chromium solution. Reverse osmosis was employed to reduce the high salt content in waste water from filter pressing of chromium hydroxide panels. Good rejection of reverse osmosis membrane to chloride and sulphate ions suggested the use of this operation for obtaining water, to be used in washings, or to sent to biological treatment of final waste water.
Transforming local government wastewater departments - from adversary to industrial partner
Authors: Pitman A. R. , Boyd L. A.
Published: May 2018

The need to remove nutrients from wastewater by biological means and dispose of sludge by-products in an efficient manner has prompted the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council to adopt a new approach to the management of industrial discharges. Giving a rebate on the normal discharge tariff will encourage the discharge of industrial effluents having a high readily biodegradable concentration (which would assist the BNR process). Those effluents having high concentrations of heavy metals (which would degrade the reuse value of sludge by-products) would be discouraged by means of an additional penalty above the normal discharge tariff.
Treatment of metals-contaminated wastewaters by use of natural zeolites
Authors: Ouki S. K. , Kavannagh M.
Published: May 2018

This paper assesses the potential of natural zeolite utilization as a low-cost in exchange material for heavy metals removal. Two natural zeolites, clinoptilolite and chabazite, have been evaluated with respect to their selectivity and removal performance for the treatment of effluents contaminated with mixed heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and Co). The effects of relevant parameters such as chemical treatment, metals concentration, pH, and presence of competing ions were examined. The results showed that the received zeolites contained exchangeable K, Ca and Na ions, but exposing them to concentrated NaCl solutions converted them to a homoionic state in the Na form which improved their exchange capacity. Clinoptilolite and chabazite exhibited different selectivity profiles for all metals studied except for Pb for which both zeolites performed exceptionally well.

The results also showed that chabazite exchange capacity is superior to that of clinoptilolite mainly due to the higher Al substitution of Si which provides chabazite with a negative framework favourable to higher exchange capability. The pH was found to have an effect on metal removal as it can influence both the character of the exchanging ions and the zeolite itself. Overall, the removal mechanism was controlled by ion exchange and precipitation was proven negligible.
Long-term stability of KEtX/Cu(OH)2 matrix in landfill leachates
Authors: Chang Juu-En , Lin Tzong-Tzeng , Ko Ming-Sheng , Chen Zhi-Jian , Chang Yi-Kuo
Published: May 2018

In this study, the long-term stability of KEtX/Cu(OH)2 matrix under early-period and late-period landfill leachates was evaluated using semi-dynamic leaching test (SDLT), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. The results of SDLT after 60-day periods of extraction indicated that the cumulative leaching of Cu was only 0.72% and 3.34% of the total Cu in the KEtX/Cu(OH)2 matrix under early-period and late-period landfill leachates, respectively. The investigation of crystallinity and functional groups between the leached KEtX/Cu(OH)2 matrices after 1-day and 60-day periods of extraction using XRD and FTIR indicated that the KEtX/Cu(OH)2 matrices were perfectly unaffected by the extraction using early-period and late-period landfill leachates during the 60-day leach time. Consequently, the KEtX/Cu(OH)2 matrix had a stabilizing behavior extracted in landfill leachates.
Ecological risk assessment as a framework for environmental impact assessments
Authors: Claassen M.
Published: May 2018

Environmental impact assessments in South Africa are usually conducted according to the integrated environmental management (IEM) procedure. The preliminary investigation reported here, indicates that most of the ecological requirements specified in the IEM procedure are supported in the ecological risk assessment (ERA) framework. The main concern about the ERA process is that it might not allow for sufficient feedback and consultation during impact quantification. A lack of appropriate techniques and expertise has also been identified in the collation and integration of the various disciplines involved in an environmental impact assessment. The outcome of this preliminary investigation suggests the need for a more detailed evaluation of the applicability of the ERA framework in the IEM procedure.
Risk communication of hazardous processes associated with drinking water quality - a mental models approach to customer perception, part 1 - a methodology
Authors: Owen A. J. , Colbourne J. S. , Clayton C. R. I. , Fife-Schaw C.
Published: May 2018

This paper describes a new method of measuring drinking water quality perceptions. Expert knowledge was captured and developed into a model which characterises the potentially hazardous processes inherent in the supply of drinking water. The methodology is based on the psychological framework of “mental modelling” and compares differences in knowledge between water industry experts and lay people. Qualitative studies revealed striking differences between the two groups. These findings are being used to evaluate and improve communications between water companies and their customers about the risks associated with drinking water.
Integrated iron(II) oxidation and limestone neutralisation of acid mine water
Authors: Maree J. P. , Strydom W. F. , de Beer M.
Published: May 2018

Volumetric iron(II) oxidation rates exceeding 100 g/(l.d) were achieved by dosing powdered limestone to a bio-reactor treating artificial acid mine water. Neutralisation and partial sulphate removal were achieved as well. The rate is highly dependent on the surface area exposed to the liquid (RSA) and the OH−, oxygen, CaCO3, suspended solids and iron(II) concentrations, and less dependent on specific surface area (SSA) and pressure in the pH range 5 to 6. The chemical oxidation rate (pH greater than 6) is dependent on the OH−, oxygen, and iron(II) concentrations and the reactor surface area (RSA).
Pollution prevention and waste treatment in chemical synthesis processes for pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Kabdaşlı I. , Gürel M. , Tünay O.
Published: May 2018

Chemical synthesis processes of the pharmaceuticals industry produce wastewaters which are variable in character and highly strong. In-plant controls are important and highly effective in determining the final wastewater quality. At any rate several stages of treatment comprised of physical, chemical and biological are required to obtain a reasonable degree of treatment. The problem is further complicated in small-scale plants due to low volume of wastewaters and dilution requirements. In this study, a small-scale pharmaceuticals plant producing three common active materials was experimentally evaluated to assess the waste management alternatives. The processes were evaluated and a source-based pollution profile was prepared. Paracetamol wastewaters were found to be readily biodegradable. Omeprazole wastewaters could be biologically treated only after significant chemical treatment. Mephenoxalone wastewaters were in no case biologically degradable. Paracetamol and pretreated Omeprazole wastewaters could be biologically treated down to several hundreds of ppm COD at as high as 0.5 g COD/g VSS day FM ratio after several fold dilution. Results of the study were evaluated and discussed.
Managing urban wastewater for maximising water resource utilization
Authors: Tredoux Gideon , King Peter , Cavé Lisa
Published: May 2018

The Atlantis Water Resource Management Scheme uses artificial recharge of urban stormwater and treated wastewater to augment the natural groundwater resource. The key to the success of the scheme is the fractionation of the stormwater into components of distinctly different quality, and the separate treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater for different end-uses. The groundwater exploitation strategy is largely controlled by water quality requirements. Reuse of domestic and industrial wastewater depends on quality parameters. Tertiary treated domestic effluent is destined for indirect reuse via the aquifer, while treated industrial wastewater is used together with spent regenerant brine and stormwater from the noxious trade area for preventing seawater intrusion. Both residential and industrial stormwater is separated into the base flow and storm flow components and utilised for various purposes. The sustainable operation of the water resource scheme serves as a prototype for the optimal use of water and protection of the environment.
Scaling During Evaporation of Acidic Bleach Plant Filtrates
Authors: Järvinen Risto , Lievo Petri , Kiiskilä Erkki
Published: May 2018

The potential danger of heat surface scaling during the evaporation of acidic bleach plant filtrates is discussed. The results of ECF and TCF filtrate evaporation tests are presented. The purity of condensates is analyzed and their potential use to replace fresh raw water in bleached pulp washing is evaluated.

No severe scaling was observed on the heat surfaces. The precipitation seems to happen for the most part in situ in the liquid phase. This means, however that the evaporator should be designed so that it tolerates suspended matter in the evaporated liquid. When the pH of the filtrate is properly adjusted the purity of the condensates meets, after slight stripping, the requirements set for the wash water of bleached pulp.
Quality of Anaerobic Compost from Paper Mill and Municipal Solid Wastes for Soil Amendment
Authors: Poggi-Varaldo H. M. , Trejo-Espino J. , Fernández-Villagómez G. , Esparza-García F. , Caffarel-Méndez S. , Rinderknecht-Seijas N.
Published: May 2018

Our previous work has shown the technical and economic feasibility of the solid substrate anaerobic digestion (DASS) of municipal and non-hazardous industrial solid wastes. However, the anaerobic compost (AnC) quality for direct application as a soil amender or other alternative uses are issues that have received scarce attention. This research aimed at reviewing the advances made by our Group in two areas: anaerobic compost quality determination, and its post-treatment by aerobic composting. A factorial experiment 4×2×2 was run. The factors were feedstock type (4 mixtures of food waste, FW, and lignocellulosic fraction, LG: 100%FW, 67%FW-33%LG, 33%FW-67%LG and 100%LG or FS1, FS2, FS3 and FS4 respectively), temperature (35°C and 55°C), and mass retention time (MRT, 16 and 23 days). The LG fraction consisted of paper mill sludge cake. Anaerobic compost from DASS reactors operated at 23 day/35°C) was fed to lab scale semi-continuous aerobic composters (5 day and 10 day MRT, 35°C and 55°C).

The AnC coming from feedstocks with increasing proportion of LG fraction (FS3 and FS4) gave the lowest chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), volatile organic acids (VOA) and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations in the extract and the highest germination indices (GI). The AnC from thermo- digesters showed a lower quality than those from mesophilic reactors (presumably associated to higher contents of VOA and TAN in the extracts), while AnC from digesters at 23 day-MRT had a better quality than those from reactors operated at 16-day-MRT. Overall, AnC generated in reactors fed with FS3 and FS4, at 35°C and 23 day-MRT showed the highest quality. Heavy metal concentrations in all the AnC were lower than the maximum levels indicated in USA and European compost quality standards. However, high total oxygen uptake (UAD), moderate-to-high concentrations of VOA and GIs under 60% indicated that the AnC was not suitable for direct use as a soil improver. Regarding the aerobic post-composting, operation at longer MRT (10 day) and 55°C gave aerobic composts of better quality than those coming from 5 day-MRT composters. Aerobic post-composting caused considerable reductions of TAN, VOA, UAD, immediate oxygen demand rate, and increased compost GI up to approximately 100%.
Biosludge Incineration in a Recovery Boiler
Authors: Harila P. , Kivilinna V.-A.
Published: May 2018

An activated sludge process is an effective tool against effluent emissions in a pulp mill. It has only a few features which can be regarded deficiences. One of them is that effluent treatment of a modern pulp mill creates some 10-20 tonnes dry solids of biosludge per day. This sludge is difficult to burn due to its high moisture content. The most common way is to mix biosludge with primary sludge, to dewater the mixture in presses and finally to burn it in a solid fuel boiler. This type of sludge treatment incurs rather high costs and does not produce any net energy. Also combustion emissions vary depending on the boiler type.

The Metsä-Botnia Kemi Pulp Mill was the first mill in the world to burn biosludge in a recovery boiler. The system start-up was in 1993 and it has been in operation ever since.

Mechanically dewatered biosludge is mixed with weak black liquor and concentrated in a conventional evaporation plant equipped with a pressurized superconcentrator unit. In a modern recovery boiler, firing conditions are well controlled and monitored. Better emission control than in most bark fired boilers is achieved.

Accumulation of nonprocess elements, corrosion, plugging, scaling and some other operational problems were expected. A lot of experience has been gathered during the years of operation and reviewed in this presentation. The achieved benefits of the system are discussed.

Disposal of biosludge in a recovery boiler offers an economically and environmentally attractive alternative. Probably the best evidence from this is the fact that Metsä-Botnia has applied the same process solution in the recent reconstruction of the recovery departments at the Jouteno Mill.
Respect for the Environment is Part of Competitiveness - Best Available Technology Applied to an Old Pulp Mill at Kaskinen
Authors: Reilama I. , Ilomäki N.
Published: May 2018

Oy Metsä-Botnia Ab's Kaskinen mill produces ECF and TCF bleached softwood and hardwood pulp on a single continuous production line. Production capacity has been raised from 250,000 tonnes to 420,000 tonnes a year after the commission in 1977. The basic process solutions date mainly from the 1970s. However, process technology has been gradually modernised. With systematic and well-timed process development investments the mill has remained competitive and among frontrunners in terms of environmental protection. Today, Kaskinen represent the best available technology (BAT) applicable to old mills. Effluent loading in general and nutrient emissions in particular has diminished during the development projects of the mill. Comparison to other mills shows that as far as effluent emissions are concerned, Kaskinen is one of the best pulp mills in Finland and Scandinavia. In this presentation, Kaskinen is also compared to Metsä-Rauma, the first greenfield TCF mill in the world, which was started up in 1996. Kaskinen's pioneering work on TCF technology was used as a basis for process solutions in the Rauma greenfield project.
Biochemistry and Ecology of Resin Acid Biodegradation in Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Treatment Systems
Authors: Mohn William W. , Martin Vincent J. J. , Yu Zhongtang
Published: May 2018

A better understanding of the mechanisms and ecology of resin acid biodegradation will contribute to improved performance of existing treatment systems and development of new treatment systems for pulp and paper mill effluents. Using molecular genetic methods, we have partially elucidated the biochemical pathway for degradation of abietane resin acids by Pseudomonas abietaniphila BKME-9. We identified genes encoding putative membrane-associated proteins that are required for abietane metabolism. These proteins may function in cellular uptake of, or response to, resin acids. Genetic and physiological evidence suggests that a monooxygenase is involved in the biochemical pathway. A quantitative PCR assay was developed for ditA1, a gene from BKME-9 encoding resin acid degradation. In an aerated lagoon treating pulp mill effluent, a population carrying ditA1 was found, which was a small fraction (10−7) of the total microbial community. This population was evenly distributed throughout the system and was a stable member of the community over time. Quantitative PCR assays were used to monitor Pseudomonas abietaniphila BKME-9 and Zoogloea resiniphila DhA-35 when they were separately used to inoculate a complex microbial communities in laboratory sequencing batch reactors. Both inocula were stably maintained in the community for 24 days. These inocula stimulated resin acid removal by the community when it was stressed by high pH or by high resin acid loading.
Effects of Kraft Evaporator Condensate Matrix on Methanol Removal in a High Temperature Membrane Bioreactor
Authors: Bérubé P. R. , Hall E. R.
Published: May 2018

This study investigated the removal of methanol from kraft pulp mill condensate using a high temperature membrane bioreactor (MBR). The effects of the complex matrix associated with real condensate, on methanol metabolism and removal kinetics, were examined. The measured specific methanol utilization rate observed during the treatment of real condensate was lower than that previously observed with synthetic condensate. The difference could not be attributed to inhibitory effects of the real condensate matrix. Instead, the reduction was attributed to a shift in the composition of the microbial community present in the MBR. The shift resulted from competition between non-methylotrophic and methylotrophic microorganisms for the available methanol. The non-methylotrophic microorganisms exhibited a lower specific methanol utilization rate (0.45/day) than the methylotrophic microorganisms (0.81/day), resulting in a lower overall specific methanol utilization rate of 0.55/day. Nonetheless, the specific methanol utilization rate observed in the present study at 60 °C was still more than 20 % higher than previously reported values from other studies of biological treatment of condensate at much lower temperatures.
Microbiology and chemical engineering-new possibilities for interdisciplinary cooperation in the development of small anaerobic wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Kozariszczuk M. , Wenzel W. , Kraume M. , Szewzyk U.
Published: May 2018

Anaerobic degradation of waste water in fixed bed reactors is investigated using molasses as an example of complex composed waste water. The results of differently sized rectors are shown to be transferable and can be used for the design of small waste water treatment plants. The assessment of the reactor performance is done not only by material balances but also by applying microbiological parameters. Modern microbiological methods enable the incorporation of biological parameters into reactor design and process control. The results of these measurements lead to a better understanding of the correlation between changing process parameters and the state of the microbial population. Thus new tools are available to maintain stable and save anaerobic processes.
Reed bed systems: design, performance and maintainability
Authors: Gschlößl T. , Stuible H.
Published: May 2018

Constructed wetlands in many different forms have been used in the rural regions of Bavaria for sewage treatment for several years. In 1998 the Abwassertechnische Vereinigung (ATV) published unique design and treatment guidelines with the aim to operate reed bed plants up to a size of 1000 p.e. according to technical standards concerning the oxidation of BOD and COD which will be presented. The treatment capacities of two reed bed plants in Bavaria which were constructed in accordance with these technical standards have been characterised by a high quality effluent during the first ten years of performance. This was especially the case during summer. After more than ten years the plant of See showed a reduced treatment quality. Practical results of investigations on the absorption of heavy metals and other hazardous organic compounds in the substrate of the two reed bed plants will demonstrate that only copper and zinc are significantly stored in the material after more than ten years of performance. The possibility of advanced sewage treatment in constructed wetlands will be discussed.
Membrane bioreactors and their role in wastewater reuse
Authors: Jefferson B. , Laine A.L. , Judd S.J. , Stephenson T.
Published: May 2018

The potential of membrane aeration bioreactors (MABR), biological aerated filters (BAF) and membrane bioreactors (MBR) for grey water recycling has been evaluated. The MBR demonstrated the highest efficacy towards grey water recycling in terms of the three main water quality determinants of CBOD5, turbidity and total coliforms, providing 100% compliance in all cases. The membrane provided a solid free effluent and a biological culture adapted to treat the relatively difficult to degrade fractions of the grey water. The initial flux rate through the system was 28 l m−2h−1, which then gradually decreased to a stable level of 8 l m−2h−1. This demonstrated the process to be operating under sub critical flux conditions where no irreversible fouling occurs. Volumetric loading rates were correspondingly low due to the low flux rates and the weak strength of grey water, but process efficacy remained high throughout the loading rate range of 0.005–0.11 kgBOD m−3d−1 employed. The MBR was seen as particularly suitable as it was very effective at stabilising influent water quality variations and acted as a disinfection barrier to the water, providing a disinfection mechanism.
The European Credit Transfer System (ECTS): introduction and practical experience at the Technical University of Denmark
Authors: Larsen B. S.
Published: May 2018

The objectives and the core elements of the European Course Credit Transfer System (ECTS) are briefly described. ECTS is a tool to manage student mobility as it facilitates transparency, academic recognition, and commitment of the student and involved institutions. The impact on student mobility and teaching after implementation of ECTS at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) is reported. The ratio of guest students attending advanced environmental engineering courses at DTU increased from 7 percent of class to almost 50 percent over a three-year period. The number of DTU students studying abroad was also affected by the implementation of ECTS in combination with DTU's additional internationalisation activities. In 1998 DTU achieved balance between the inflow and outflow of students.
Fact-finding survey of actual garbage discharged from dormitory and its biological anaerobic-aerobic treatment
Authors: Imai T. , Ukita M. , Sekine M. , Fukagawa M. , Hakanishi H.
Published: May 2018

The objective of this study is to find a possibility of complete treatment of garbage and resource recovery (production of methane from available utility of carbon resource in garbage) by biological treatment process. As the first step, a fact-finding survey of actual garbage discharged from the dormitory of the Ube National College of Technology (equivalent to 300 population) was carried out. Second, the combined biological anaerobic-aerobic treatment, i.e. combination of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process and aerobic membrane bioreactor (AMB) process, was applied to the garbage treatment. The applicability and efficiency of this system were investigated in this study. The survey results showed that the composition and quantity of garbage from a student dormitory changed slightly during a week due to the change of the menu, however, they remained almost unchanged during the entire experimental period. The experimental results showed high biodegradability of the garbage, and demonstrated its suitability for methane production. The soluble nitrogen removal was high: over 97%. No excess sludge was wasted from the system. A high treatment efficiency of simultaneous organic carbon and nitrogen was obtained. The possibility of complete treatment of garbage with this process has been positively demonstrated by this study.
Kinetics of accelerated solid-state fermentation of organic-rich municipal solid waste
Authors: Viéitez E.R. , Mosquera J. , Ghosh S.
Published: May 2018

Biotransformation of landfill solid wastes is a slow process requiring decades for completion. Accelerated anaerobic fermentation in modulated landfill environments may alleviate or eliminate pollution of land, water and air. This research was undertaken to demonstrate the application of biphasic fermentation to a simulated laboratory-scale landfill to effect rapid biomethanation of biodegradable solids.

The biphasic process consisted of solid-state, acidogenic fermentation of the organic fraction of MSW followed by biomethanation of acidic hydrolysates in a separate methane fermenter. Solid-state fermentation of the MSW with effluent recirculation resulted in rapid hydrolysis, acidification and denitrification, with soluble COD and VFA concentrations accumulating to inhibitory levels of 60,000 mg/l and 13,000 mg/l, respectively, at a pH of 4.5. The landfill gas methane concentration reached a maximum of 55 mol.%. By comparison, the methanogenic reactor produced high methane-content (70–85 mol.%) gases. The biphasic process effected carbohydrate, lipid, and protein conversion efficiencies of 90%, 49%, and 37%, respectively. Development of a Monod-type product-formation model was undertaken to predict methane formation and to determine kinetic parameters for the methanogenic processes in the simulated landfill and separate methane reactors. A first-order solids hydrolysis rate constant of 0.017 day−1 was evaluated to show that landfill solids hydrolysis was slower than the inhibited methanogenesis rate.
Olfactometric characterisation of sludge odours
Authors: Lambert S. D. , Beaman A. L. , Winter P.
Published: May 2018

Conventional olfactometric techniques have been used to evaluate odours from sewage treatment and sludge storage facilities primarily in terms of odour concentration relative to their detection thresholds. However, such data conveys limited information that would be useful for determining the causes of most odours or the most appropriate remediation measures to be taken. Thispaper discusses some recent work undertaken to characterise the olfactometric profiles of different odours. Standard descriptive terms were used to characterise odours at normalised, moderately strong concentrations. These were used directly for the calculation of hedonic tone. They were also collated into a small number of generic odour groups and plotted to allow visual comparisons of different odour profile fingerprints. Such odour characterisations have proved to be very useful and may easily be incorporated into normal olfactometric evaluations.
Can stored sludge cake be deodorised by chemical or biological treatment?
Authors: Lambert S. D. , McGrath K. E.
Published: May 2018

The storage of sludge cake provides an opportunity for septicity to develop, withattendant odours. Moreover, the odour prevention, containment and minimisation procedures used successfully in the rest of the works may not be adaptable to sludge storage and subsequent transport and disposal. Odourscan be released throughout storage and, in addition, the subsequent movement of the cake can release high concentrations of odours which have accumulated.

This paper focuses on the use of five types of chemical and biological treatment product to remediate odour in stored cake sludges: oxidising agents, bacteriological/enzymatic preparations, biological suppressants, nutrients, and odour neutralisers. Their action is described in terms of their effects on the microbial population of the sludge, the types of odours they are designed to eradicate, and how they are used in practice.