bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paper 13: Some Aspects of Diesel Exhaust Emissions, Especially in Confined Spaces
Authors: Lunnon C.
Published: June 2010

A study has been made of diesel exhausts, and this paper relates the essential parts of what was found. Exhaust pollutants and their physiological effects are examined, and the steps taken by the National Coal Board for the protection of personnel and against dangers from explosions and fire are considered. The action taken to comply with statutory exhaust gas checks is given, and the necessary minimum ventilation of tunnels to acceptable standards is detailed. Other aspects of exhaust fume control, including that in confined spaces above ground, are dealt with. Finally, methods of treating diesel exhaust emission are suggested.
Paper 17: Further Considerations in Injector Design for High Specific Output Diesel Engines
Authors: Curran J. P. S.
Published: June 2010

Although the complete fuel injection system is a critical feature for the reliable operation of all diesel engines, various applications place a different emphasis on service requirements; particularly with respect to nozzle and injector life. This paper deals with a number of rail traction problems which have arisen in the field where improvements in nozzle/injector life have been needed for both technical and economic requirements. One specific problem—that of injector spring failure—is covered in more detail. A study of spring dynamic behaviour has been made which shows that normal spring ‘surge’ theory does not adequately explain spring failure. A simple expression is derived indicating that injector spring dynamic stresses are independent of spring design parameters and are a function of nozzle needle velocity only.
Paper 3: The Pattern of Tractor Development in Germany
Authors: Sonnen F. J.
Published: June 2010

This paper reviews the types of tractor in use in West Germany and discusses the sales of new tractors over the last few years. It is shown that the interest in all-wheel drive tractors is steadily increasing owing to their higher power rating and improved tractive ability. The paper also comments on tractor equipment and design in relation to the proposed E.E.C. regulations for safety and performance, and concludes by summarizing some of the problems of tractor development.
Paper 4: Hydrostatic Transmissions for Agricultural and Industrial Vehicles
Authors: Eyles L. W. , Edghill C. M.
Published: June 2010

Examination of the operational requirements of agricultural tractors, combine harvesters, loading shovels, road rollers, dumper trucks, etc., and a comparison of the characteristics of various transmissions, shows that the hydrostatic type provides a stepless range of ratios which allows vehicles to operate with advantage relative to other transmission systems. Experimental work has proceeded over a number of years on two alternative systems: (1) hydraulic motors mounted in the wheels fed by an engine driven pump and giving maximum vehicle design freedom; and (2) an integrated pump and motor system driving into the conventional rear axle (gearbox replacement). These units are described and the relative operating characteristics have been established. The method of control of the transmission can have a major effect on work output, and field work in conjunction with the N.I.A.E. has been used to establish control requirements. Extensive field testing with agricultural tractors and other vehicles has shown the improvements in work rate and work quality that are obtainable, together with reliability and life characteristics.
Paper 5: Design Considerations Relating to Tractor Cabin Suspensions
Authors: Hilton D. J.
Published: June 2010

This paper describes work being carried out at the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering to determine the suitability and performance of various suspension designs and types for the improvement of tractor operator ride. Analytical and experimental work described relates mostly to suspension designs which are in principle of the single-degree-of-freedom type, though the feasibility of suspensions involving two or more degrees of freedom is considered. The advantage of employing a suspension frequency below that normally obtainable with seat suspensions is clearly shown. Some of the resulting design implications (including economic and safety aspects) are discussed both in relation to existing tractor configurations and to possible future developments in tractor evolution.
Paper 6: Special Needs of Industrial Tractors
Authors: Botterill J. R.
Published: June 2010

The description “industrial” is generally understood to apply to tractors built for industrial, constructional, and Public Works' usage. About 20 years ago agricultural tractors were modified by manufacturers, albeit modestly, to make them more suitable for industrial purposes. The special needs of this market, particularly for constructional work, soon involved more departures from the farm tractor specification but the basic economic advantages of using high volume components were retained for tractors of up to about 65 hp. The market requirements have been substantially met by three basic machines. This paper describes the special conditions and requirements on the main categories of small and medium tractor and indicates likely future trends on machines with world-wide sales appeal.
Paper 10: Laboratory Simulation of Field Load Spectrum
Authors: Singh G.
Published: June 2010

This paper presents details of a laboratory simulation of field load spectrum program developed and being implemented at the Advanced Project Engineering Division of Massey-Ferguson. The aspects of data acquisition, data reduction, and laboratory simulation are discussed.

Data acquisition includes calibration of transducers and indexing or control pulse coding of the analog tape to assist subsequent processing of data on a digital computer system. Data reduction involves analog-to-digital conversion, binary conversion, calibration, collection of useful portions of raw digitized data, transformation of data to their proper engineering units and analyses of data in time and/or frequency domains. Laboratory simulation is accomplished in two basic forms: (1) Controlled dynamometer testing, utilizing weighted composite load–frequency histograms derived from the field data, is preferred for complex mechanical systems with high inertia undergoing variety of loads with severe extremes. (2) Shaker testing, utilizing electromagnetic and electrohydraulic shakers, is preferred for structural testing of entire mechanical systems or their components by providing a duplication of field vibrations through a closed-loop magnetic tape control. Power spectral density analyses of the random signals (involving input forcing functions to the mechanical systems) are performed to correct for the frequency response characteristics of the shaker systems and the mountings used for the testing. The pertinent load spectrums can also be synthesized from their corresponding power spectra by using a white noise generator as the input device in place of the closed-loop analog tape playback system.
Paper 11: How Implements May Change and Affect Tractor Design—Mouldboard Ploughs
Authors: Fleming-Brown D. H.
Published: June 2010

Although this paper will not entirely neglect other tillage implements, the main interest is in mouldboard ploughs, and the detailed arguments presented will revolve about them. Nevertheless, the principles behind these arguments will have wider applications and, to this extent, it is hoped that the paper will be of general interest.
Paper 13: The Shape of the Farm Tractor
Authors: Reece A. R.
Published: June 2010

Development of the modern farm tractor has settled down into the detailed improvement of a single form that completely dominates production throughout the world, with the exception of the U.S.S.R. The essential tasks that the tractor must perform are described, together with the technical requirements imposed by the agricultural environment. It is shown that in the future very little real improvement in performance can be obtained without a radical change of form. Such a change only occurs when new performance standards are required and new technological possibilities are available. The likelihood of such a change is discussed.
Paper 1: Industrial Reciprocating Compressors for Very High Pressures
Authors: Matile C.
Published: June 2010

The industrial use of very high pressures (above 1000 atm) is limited today to the production of low-density polyethylene. After a survey of the general conditions of thermodynamics, different partial aspects are dealt with from the point of view of development design, and operation.
Paper 3: An Analytical and Experimental Study of Self-Acting Valves in a Reciprocating Air Compressor
Authors: MacLaren J. F. T. , Kerr S. V.
Published: June 2010

A digital computer is used to solve the differential equations which form a mathematical model of a self-acting valve. The model describes the movement of a suction or a discharge valve, and the pressure difference across the valve. The computer results are compared with experimental records obtained over a range of operating conditions from a single-stage air compressor fitted with spring-loaded ring-plate valves. Subsequently the analysis provides conventional criteria of compressor performance.
Paper 4: The Storage of Gas by Compression
Authors: Drabble J. S.
Published: June 2010

This paper describes the installation of gas compressors connected to a Gas Board's grid main system. They are designed to increase the storage capacity of the system by raising the maximum working pressure. This is a technique known as ‘line packing’. Remotely controlled and unmanned, the automatic operation of the compressor stations is described in detail. Attention is drawn to the use of a simulator in the training of personnel. Operational experience to date is limited but items of interest are included. The paper concludes by indicating the future use of these machines in the natural gas era.
Paper 5: The Development of Centrifugal Gas Compressors for Process Plant Duty
Authors: Ibbott H. F.
Published: June 2010

This paper describes the various types of centrifugal compressor used in process plants, and continues to discuss the more important components of these compressors and particular design features which are required to overcome some difficult operational problems. Items of particular interest include a discussion on the latest form of compressor rotor construction, the techniques required for balancing a rotor at full speed, and a detailed analysis of shaft gas seals and problems that can arise with gas seals under certain operating conditions.

The paper also describes such special subjects related to process plant compressors as compressor selection and design by utilization of computers, methods of reducing time to produce compressor orders by discrete stockholdings; types of driver and shaft couplings used for these machines, and test facilities employed for centrifugal compressors which can be utilized to reduce commissioning periods at site.
Paper 7: The Line Pressure Diagram—a Versatile Information and Analysis Medium for Compressor Systems
Authors: Lorge R. A.
Published: June 2010

There is at present no single communications medium suitable for all types of compressor which demonstrates visually power, flow, temperature, and stress limits together on one diagram, in terms directly relevant to the process conditions with which the machines have to comply. This paper discusses the suitability of the line pressure diagram in meeting these requirements and points to some of the implications which this diagram presents, both for single and multi-machine installations of constant or variable speed, and for different types of machines in parallel or series arrangement. The paper constitutes a further development of information previously presented.
Paper 9: Development of a Fluidic Control System for Reciprocating Gas Compressors
Authors: McEachan D.
Published: June 2010

A programme of work has been carried out to assess the possible advantages of using fluidics to provide the digital ‘on–off’ control function for reciprocating gas compressors. The basic concept uses a precision test gauge as a high-accuracy pressure sensor, and the use of low-pressure fluidic equipment to provide the logic sequence for operation of the unloading equipment. Up to 28th February 1970 a simple on–off system of this type had achieved over 3000 hours of satisfactory operation, controlling the main works air compressor of the author's company†. Further design proposals are presented for multi-step and/or multi-compressor control systems which have considerable advantages in relation to cost, reliability, and simplicity compared with conventional systems, particularly where high accuracy, or the use of flameproof equipment, is of primary concern.
Paper 11: Special Features in Reciprocating Compressors for Polyethylene Production
Authors: Andrenelli A.
Published: June 2010

Pressures of 1000–3500 atm are necessary for the production of polyethylene at low density. These pressures are achieved using reciprocating compressors. The main problems concerned with their construction are the endurance limits of the components subjected to high pressure, the sliding seal between piston and cylinder, and the concentricity of thrust given to the piston by the mechanisms. These problems have been overcome by the use of special materials such as tungsten carbide and by the application of advanced design techniques.
Paper 13: The Increased Utilization of Reciprocating Compressors by the Diagnosis and Prevention of Valve Failures
Authors: Miles M. A.
Published: June 2010

This report summarizes the work carried out by the author, the object of which was to reduce valve failures in large process compressor (> 500 hp). The initial stages of the report are concerned with describing the cyclic operation of a valve, and from this tentative description it is noted that certain parameters are of extreme importance. Using these parameters, the effect on valve life is then examined; finally, the theoretical proposals are compared with actual cases of valve failure, shown in photographs. A measure of the success of the work can be gauged from the fact that it has led in numerous cases to a 95 per cent reduction in all random valve failures. For the convenience of readers, the steps taken to achieve this result have been listed in the conclusions.
Paper 16: Some Aspects of Screw Compressors
Authors: Hodge J.
Published: June 2010

The paper is concerned mainly with the oil-flooded type of screw compressor, which is largely used for portable machines from about 100 ft3/min up to the largest sizes, as well as for certain stationary and process purposes. The advance of the use of the screw compressor in the past decade is described, together with some of the technical problems that have been encountered. Recent developments in mechanical design, permitting higher outputs and pressures, together with changes in aerodynamic design enabling higher efficiencies to be obtained, are detailed. Various ancillaries, including the oil-separation system and control and protection equipment, are also discussed.
Paper 19: The Oil-Free Screw Compressor
Authors: O'Neill P. , Beatts W.
Published: June 2010

The initial development of oil-free screw compressors took place during the 1940s and 1950s. The research work carried out demonstrated that the compressor had a number of highly desirable features, many of which were not obtainable from existing compressor types. In addition, it was determined that the operating range of pressure and volume for which the compressor proved most suitable was effectively between the ranges of reciprocating and aerodynamic compressors. This paper discusses the principles used in designing a range of high-performance, oil-free screw compressors incorporating the knowledge learnt from earlier development work. The effect of operating conditions on performance is described and the limiting parameters identified. Certain effects of multi-staging are described, and a short description given of developments in screw compressors other than those that are oil free.
Paper 21: The Selection of Compressors for Industry
Authors: Brightwell M. A.
Published: June 2010

Air compressing machinery must be chosen for a particular application not only with regard to the duty and performance expected of the plant but also to its future and possibly extended use. This paper describes the different types of air compressing plant available and indicates the features likely to influence choice. The many compressors available for use in industry can be classified in three main groups, viz. ( a) rotary compressors, ( b) reciprocators, and ( c) flow machines, either centrifugal or axial. These three groups comprise 10 main types.
Paper 23: Automation of Control Systems for Reciprocating Compressors
Authors: Wiegand H. A.
Published: June 2010

Progress made in reciprocating compressor control systems in recent years has been dramatic. Extensive use of sophisticated compressor control systems has taken place in the natural gas pipeline industry. Automated pipeline compressors in a dozen stations, totalling 100 000 hp or more, may be under the command of a single operator. Rapid developments, particularly in solid-state technology, will permit compressor controls to be more extensive and reliable. With a continuing trend towards more complex plants and processes, more control functions will be automated since manual surveillance alone will find it difficult to provide assured improvement in compressor safety and performance.
Paper 4: Future Developments in Personal Transit
Authors: Ross H. R.
Published: June 2010

Personal rapid transit systems are now under development in the U.S.A. that promise to revolutionize public transport. These systems, comprising small capsules to transport family-sized groups of passengers, would operate on special guideways under full automatic control. Although it is foreseen that the initial installations of these types of systems in the next three to five years will be small in scale, typically a few miles of guideway, the potential exists for area-wide urban systems that will gradually take over many of the transport functions of the automobile and conventional urban transport.

In this paper the existing forms of land transport are reviewed to provide perspective for a discussion of advanced forms. The opportunities for advanced systems are seen in applications where existing modes are particularly deficient; for example, in high-density activity centres. It is shown that improvements in urban transport may be made by using more advanced technologies, or by a fundamental revision in the system concept, or both. The personal rapid transit concept is seen as a basic system innovation that offers a major departure from the mass transit concepts of the past. It is shown that it can be implemented either with conventional technology or may use advanced technology to reduce costs and improve performance. Three representative types of systems are described to illustrate hardware approaches by different industrial groups. The discussion emphasizes the possibilities of advanced technologies, an approach that appears to provide a better implementation of these systems and extend their potential. Possible long-range future developments in this new mode of land transport are reviewed.
Paper 5: Guided Buses on Segregated Ways
Authors: Hitchcock A. J. M. , Sedgfield H. B.
Published: June 2010

Throughways is the name given to an urban rapid transit system that is based on the use of standard buses operating on ordinary urban roads for part of the route and on reserved tracks, either at ground level or as elevated structure, on sections of routes where traffic congestion would ordinarily restrict the speed and make it difficult to predict schedules. On the reserved tracks the buses are automatically steered by a guidance unit. By this means narrow tracks can be used, and the buses can keep up a higher average speed (which is largely independent of weather) than would be possible with manual steering. The system includes automatic signalling equipment, to ensure safe merging of buses from lay-bys and feeder routes into a main stream operating at high density. This is intended not only to help maintain high schedule speeds and high capacities, even in bad weather or poor visibility, but also to reduce braking and acceleration rates, thus contributing to passenger comfort.
Paper 8: High-Speed Moving Pavements—Some of the Human Problems
Authors: Turner D. L.
Published: June 2010

High-speed moving pavements require intermediate equipment to accelerate and decelerate their passengers without discomfort or danger. Some of the known methods are described, with particular reference to the human problems. A pavement moving at 4·5 m/s (10 mile/h) cannot be built with a smaller capacity than 30 000 passengers per hour. Where smaller flows are anticipated a useful compromise may exist in using a ‘never stop’ railway with moving platforms to help passengers to mount and dismount.
Paper 9: Light Rail Vehicles for the Gothenburg Transit System
Authors: Mansson J.
Published: June 2010

The paper describes a new type of light rail vehicle which has been introduced into the Gothenburg transit system. The general features of the vehicle are described and details given of the equipment. Maintenance requirements, testing, and reliability are discussed. The differences which will be incorporated in future vehicles are briefly noted.
Paper 12: Automatic Fare Collection for Railways
Authors: Kent J.
Published: June 2010

This paper reviews the various devices employed to meter passengers into or out of an automatic fare collection system, and discusses some methods of fare collection, with particular reference to the ‘stored fare’ system. It is suggested that the stored fare concept might be the most appropriate as it would not only be sufficiently adequate to fulfil the requirements of commuters in small- or large-scale networks but would also minimize fraudulent attempts at fare evasion. To effect a more rigid control over passengers in an automatic fare paying system, the paper also discusses certain modifications that will be necessary in station layouts.
Living Radical Polymerizations in Supercritical CO2-Swollen Fluorinated Polymer Substrates
Authors: Arita Toshihiko , Yoshimura Tomoka , Adschiri Tadafumi
Published: June 2010

Living radical polymerizations (LRPs) in supercritical CO2-swollen polymer substrates were investigated. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in supercritical CO2-swollen polymer substrates produced interpenetration of PMMA chains in the mother polymer substrates. In addition, nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) of styrene in supercritical CO2-swollen polymer substrates resulted in interpenetration of polystyrene (PS) chains in the mother polymer substrates. The chain extensions of the penetrated PMMA chains by ATRPs of methacrylates were also performed. Chain extension ATRPs were carried out by immersing PMMA penetrated polymer substrate in a methanol solution for ATRP of another methacrylate. The chain extension was also successful. This is important for the development of the science and technology of polymer blends produced via living radical polymerizations.
Fingerprint-Detection of Sugar-Binding Proteins Generated by Labeled Structured Glycopeptides Arrays
Authors: Kawasaki Takayasu , Ohyama Takafumi , Hirata Akiyoshi , Nokihara Kiyoshi
Published: June 2010

Based on a novel biochip-concept involving labeled structured peptides and the “protein-fingerprint” method, the construction of O-glycopeptide-array on a novel chip material and their use for biodetection are described.
DGCR8 recognizes primary transcripts of microRNAs through highly cooperative binding and formation of higher-order structures
Authors: Faller Michael , Toso Daniel , Matsunaga Michio , Atanasov Ivo , Senturia Rachel , Chen Yanqiu , Zhou Z. Hong , Guo Feng
Published: June 2010

DiGeorge critical region 8 (DGCR8) is essential for maturation of microRNAs (miRNAs) in animals. In the cleavage of primary transcripts of miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) by the Drosha nuclease, the DGCR8 protein directly binds and recognizes pri-miRNAs through a mechanism currently controversial. Our previous data suggest that DGCR8 trimerizes upon cooperative binding to pri-mir-30a. However, a separate study proposed a model in which a DGCR8 molecule contacts one or two pri-miRNA molecules using its two double-stranded RNA binding domains. Here, we extensively characterized the interaction between DGCR8 and pri-miRNAs using biochemical and structural methods. First, a strong correlation was observed between the association of DGCR8 with pri-mir-30a and the rate of pri-miRNA processing in vitro. Second, we show that the high binding cooperativity allows DGCR8 to distinguish pri-miRNAs from a nonspecific competitor with subtle differences in dissociation constants. The highly cooperative binding of DGCR8 to a pri-miRNA is mediated by the formation of higher-order structures, most likely a trimer of DGCR8 dimers, on the pri-miRNA. These properties are not limited to its interaction with pri-mir-30a. Furthermore, the amphipathic C-terminal helix of DGCR8 is important both for trimerization of DGCR8 on pri-miRNAs and for the cleavage of pri-miRNAs by Drosha. Finally, our three-dimensional model from electron tomography analysis of the negatively stained DGCR8–pri-mir-30a complex directly supports the trimerization model. Our study provides a molecular basis for recognition of pri-miRNAs by DGCR8. We further propose that the higher-order structures of the DGCR8–pri-miRNA complexes trigger the cleavage of pri-miRNAs by Drosha.
Stable tRNA-based phylogenies using only 76 nucleotides
Authors: Widmann Jeremy , Harris J. Kirk , Lozupone Catherine , Wolfson Alexey , Knight Rob
Published: June 2010

tRNAs are among the most ancient, highly conserved sequences on earth, but are often thought to be poor phylogenetic markers because they are short, often subject to horizontal gene transfer, and easily change specificity. Here we use an algorithm now commonly used in microbial ecology, UniFrac, to cluster 175 genomes spanning all three domains of life based on the phylogenetic relationships among their complete tRNA pools. We find that the overall pattern of similarities and differences in the tRNA pools recaptures universal phylogeny to a remarkable extent, and that the resulting tree is similar to the distribution of bootstrapped rRNA trees from the same genomes. In contrast, the trees derived from tRNAs of identical specificity or of individual isoacceptors generally produced trees of lower quality. However, some tRNA isoacceptors were very good predictors of the overall pattern of organismal evolution. These results show that UniFrac can extract meaningful biological patterns from even phylogenies with high level of statistical inaccuracy and horizontal gene transfer, and that, overall, the pattern of tRNA evolution tracks universal phylogeny and provides a background against which we can test hypotheses about the evolution of individual isoacceptors.
Reliability of the Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA) for Children and Youth With Acquired Brain Injury
Authors: Davis Elizabeth , Galvin Jane , Soo Cheryl
Published: June 2010

Introduction:The ability to use both hands to interact with objects is required in daily activities and is therefore important to measure in clinical practice. The Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA) is unique in evaluating the function of a child or youth's assisting hand, through observing the spontaneous manipulation of objects during bimanual activity. The AHA was developed for children with unilateral motor impairment, and shows strong psychometric properties when used with children who have cerebral palsy (CP) or obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP). The AHA is currently used in clinical practice with children who have an acquired brain injury (ABI), however there is limited research on the measurement properties of its use with this population.Objectives:The study aimed to determine the interrater and intrarater reliability of the AHA for children and youth with unilateral motor impairment following ABI. Methods: For interrater reliability, two occupational therapists (OT1 and OT2) independently rated the same 26 children and youth. For intrarater reliability, OT2 conducted a second assessment on the 26 participants 1 week later. Association between item scores on the AHA were analysed using weighted kappa (Kw), while intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used for domain and total scores.Results:The AHA items demonstrated good to excellent intrarater reliability (Kw= 0.67–1.00). Interrater reliability was good to excellent (Kw=0.60–0.84) for 20 of the 22 items of the AHA. Interrater and intrarater reliability coefficients for all domain and total scores were in the excellent range (ICC = 0.85–0.99).Conclusion:The current study indicates that the AHA shows good interrater and intrarater reliability when used with the paediatric ABI population. Findings provide preliminary support for the continued use of the AHA for children and youth with acquired hemiplegia.
Development and Evaluation of an Ecological Task to Assess Executive Functioning Post Childhood TBI: The Children's Cooking Task
Authors: Chevignard Mathilde P. , Catroppa Cathy , Galvin Jane , Anderson Vicki
Published: June 2010

Purpose:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often leads to executive functions deficits, which may be responsible for severe and longstanding disabilities in everyday activities. Sensitivity and ecological validity of neuropsychological tests of executive functions have been questioned. The aims of this study were to pilot an ecological open-ended assessment of executive functions in children, the ‘Children's Cooking Task’ (CCT), specifically to report its reliability, discriminant validity and concurrent validity.Methods:Twenty-five children with mild (n= 10) or moderate-to-severe TBI (n= 15), and 21 matched controls (aged 8 to 20 years) participated in the study. An open-ended cooking task was designed to test multi-tasking abilities. It required the preparation of two simple recipes using specific instructions. Outcome measures included the number of errors and an overall qualitative analysis of the task. Validating measures of executive functions included the Delis Kaplan Executive Function System, the Six-Part Test and two questionnaires completed by the child's primary care-giver: the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function and the Dysexecutive Questionnaire for Children.Results:Internal consistency of the Children's Cooking Task was high (Cronbach's alpha = .86), as was test–retest reliability (ICC = .89). Children with moderate-to-severe TBI, as well as children with mild TBI made significantly more errors in the Children's Cooking Task in comparison to controls (p< .001). The CCT was correlated with several tests and one questionnaire of executive functioning (Trails, verbal fluency, sorting, 20 questions, Dysexecutive Questionnaire).Discussion and Conclusion:The Children's Cooking Task has good interrater and test–retest reliability, as well as good discriminant and concurrent validity.
Using the La Trobe Communication Questionnaire to Measure Perceived Social Communication Ability in Adolescents With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Douglas Jacinta M.
Published: June 2010

Introduction:The La Trobe Communication Questionnaire (LCQ) was developed to measure perceived social communication ability from various sources including the self-perceptions of individuals as well as those of others with whom they converse regularly (e.g., family members, friends and clinicians). It has been psychometrically evaluated with healthy young adults and adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and found to have acceptable reliability and validity. The present study was conducted to gauge the ability of the LCQ to distinguish between a group of adolescents who had sustained TBI and a control group of neurologically normal adolescents matched on the variables of socio-economic status (SES), age, gender and level of education completed.Method:Participants were 19 TBI dyads (TBI adolescents and close relatives) and 19 control dyads. All TBI adolescents had sustained severe injury (mean posttraumatic amnesia duration 33.76 days,SD18.13) due to moving vehicle-related trauma. Mean age at the time of injury was 16.33 years (SD 1.67) and at the time of assessment 17.11years (SD1.90). The LCQ was administered to all participants at home.Results:Perceptions of TBI adolescents and their relatives were significantly different from those of control dyads and consistent with a higher frequency of social communication difficulties in the TBI group. Difficulties reflected reduced conversational fluency and problems with managing the multiple demands of social discourse.Conclusions:The LCQ is a clinical tool that has sound potential to contribute to the multifaceted assessment of social communication in adolescents with TBI.
Effect of spermine and mineral nutrients on sunflower plants grown on a calcareous saline soil
Authors: Sakr M.
Published: June 2010

Two field experiments were carried out to investigate the role of seed soaking with spermine (Spm, 10 mg/l) and the foliar application of mineral nutrients (K and Zn), alone or in combination, in improving the tolerance of sunflower (
Helianthus annuus
L.) to calcareous and salinity stress conditions. Both the individual treatments and the interaction increased the stem diameter, shoot fresh and dry weights, yield, yield components and oil yield, as well as the concentrations of K, Ca, P and Zn and the K/Na ratio, whereas they decreased the Na concentration in the two growing seasons. The best results were obtained with the K+Zn+Spm treatment in both seasons.It could be concluded that seed soaking with Spm and the foliar application of K and Zn might alleviate the harmful effects of calcareous and salinity stress and enhance the ability of sunflower plants to tolerate these adverse conditions.
General and specific combining ability of in vitro doubled haploid maize lines in the field
Authors: Spitkó T. , SÁgi L. , Pintér J. , Marton C. , Barnabás B.
Published: June 2010

The breeding of hybrid maize now has a history of over 100 years. In 1908, George H. Shull was the first to report on the high yields, great uniformity and homogeneity of hybrids derived from a cross between two inbred lines. Following this discovery, consistent self-fertilisation over a period of six to eight generations was found to be an extremely efficient method for developing maize lines. From the mid-1970s, however, with the elaboration of the monoploid (
in vivo
) and microspore culture (
in vitro
) techniques, it became possible to develop homozygous lines within a year.With the help of an efficient plant regeneration system based on anther culture, large numbers of doubled haploid (DH) lines can be produced. In the course of the experiments the seed of DH plants selected over several years was multiplied and crossed with Martonvásár testers, after which the hybrids were included in field performance trials in three consecutive years (2005–2007). The aim was to determine whether the field performance of hybrids developed in this way equalled the mean yield of standards with commercial value. The data also made it possible to calculate the general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability of the parental lines, indicating the usefulness of the parental components in hybrid combinations and expressing the extent to which a given line contributes to yield surpluses in its progeny.A total of 52 maize hybrids were evaluated in the experiments in terms of yield and grain moisture content at harvest. The combinations, resulting from crosses between 12 DH lines, one control line developed by conventional inbreeding and four testers, were found to include hybrids capable of equalling the performance of the standards, and four DH lines were identified as improving the yield level of their progeny. As the experiment was carried out on a very small number of genotypes, the results are extremely promising and suggest that, if the range of genotypes used to develop DH lines is broadened and the sample number is increased, it will be possible in the future to find maize hybrids, developed with
in vitro
DH parental components, that surpass the performance of commercial hybrids.
Peptic ulcer: facts and questions – 2010
Authors: Hagymási Krisztina , Tulassay Zsolt
Published: June 2010

A peptikus fekélybetegség kóroktana és klinikai megjelenési formái átalakulóban vannak. A
H. pylori
-fertőzés mellett a nem szteroid gyulladáscsökkentők és a kis dózisú acetilszalicilsav-kezelés kóroki szerepe ismert. A
H. pylori
-pozitív fekélybetegség a baktérium eradikációjával gyógyítható. Az NSAID-fekély megelőzésére a savszekréció-gátló adását pedig a gyomor-bél rendszeri, valamint szív-ér rendszeri kockázati tényezők határozzák meg. A számos kóroki tényező és az új, hatékony kezelési módok alkalmazása ellenére továbbra is vannak megválaszolatlan kérdések. Előtérbe kerültek az NSAID- és a
H. pylori-
negatív fekélyek, amelyek száma növekszik, kezelésük tisztázásra vár. A
H. pylori
-eradikáció sikertelensége is gyakoribbá vált, az optimális kezelési mód hiányzik.
Meteorology and the human body: two hundred years of history
Authors: Forrai Judit
Published: June 2010

Az újkori meteorológiatudomány a XVIII. században kezdődött. Az áttörés akkor következett be, amikor megfigyelőhálózatot hoztak létre számos országban. Vizsgálták és értékelték a levegő hőmérsékletét, tisztaságát, a por mennyiségét, a levegő nyomását, annak ingadozását, hatását az emberi szervezetre. Új teóriákat állítottak fel a légköri mikroorganizmusok tulajdonságaira. A kórokozók ritmusának változásait és a klimatológiai változások összefüggéseit vizsgálták.
Cooperative Research Program Goals in New England: Perceptions of Active Commercial Fishermen
Authors: Hartley Troy W. , Robertson Robert A.
Published: June 2010

Cooperative fisheries research will continue to expand throughout the United States with the 2007 reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Act, which called for the development of regionally-based cooperative research programs nationwide. We report on a survey of individuals actively engaged in commercial fishing in New England (N = 295) that asked how important and achievable cooperative research programmatic goals are and why. One goal, “the promotion of partnerships between fishermen and scientists,” was particularly important to fishermen because partnerships are believed to be in everyone's interests, enhance the quality of the science, lead to better management decisions, improve the professional relationships between fishermen and scientists, and speak to a fishermen's sense of professional duty. However, fewer respondents considered the partnership goal achievable because of a wide range of obstacles. Based upon the findings and published studies on the perceptions of scientists and mangers, we discuss recommendations for cooperative research managers.
Vertical Zoning in Marine Protected Areas: Ecological Considerations for Balancing Pelagic Fishing with Conservation of Benthic Communities
Authors: Grober-Dunsmore Rikki , Wooninck Lisa , Field John , Ainsworth Cameron , Beets Jim , Berkeley Steve , Bohnsack Jim , Boulon Rafe , Brodeur Richard , Brodziak John , Crowder Larry , Gleason Danny , Hixon Mark , Kaufman Les , Lindberg Bill , Miller Marc , Morgan Lance , Wahle Charles
Published: June 2010

Marine protected areas (MPAs), ideally, manage human uses that threaten ecosystems, or components of ecosystems. During several recent MPA designation processes, concerns have arisen over the scientific justification for no-take MPAs, particularly those that restrict recreational fishing for pelagic species. An important question is: under what conditions might recreational pelagic fishing be compatible with the conservation goals of an MPA that is primarily focused on benthic communities? In 2005, an expert workshop of fisheries biologists, marine ecologists, MPA managers, and recreational fishermen was convened by NOAA's National MPA Center to evaluate the limited empirical data on benthic-pelagic coupling and to help provide practical advice on this topic. The participants (i) proposed a preliminary conceptual framework for addressing vertical zoning, (ii) developed preliminary guidelines to consider when evaluating whether to allow or restrict pelagic fishing in an MPA, and (iii) identified future research priorities for understanding benthic-pelagic coupling. A suite of ecological conditions where recreational pelagic fishing may not be compatible with benthic conservation were identified: (1) high relief habitats, (2) depths shallower than 50–100 m (depending upon the specific location), (3) major topographic and oceanographic features, and (4) spawning areas. Similarly, pelagic fishing is not likely to affect benthic communities adversely in many circumstances. Until further scientific study can shed more light on the issue of how benthic-pelagic linkages affect specific conservation targets, the proposed framework in this manuscript provides practical, easily-applied guidance for using vertical zoning to manage fishing in multiple use MPAs that focus on benthic conservation.
The 1962 Rotenone Treatment of the Green River, Wyoming and Utah, Revisited: Lessons Learned
Authors: Wiley Robert W.
Published: June 2010

The 1962 rotenone treatment of the Green River in southwestern Wyoming and northeastern Utah was planned to depress populations of undesirable fish species, primarily common carp (Cyprinus carpio), before closure of Flaming Gorge Dam (1962), and upstream Fontenelle Dam (1964). Pre-treatment surveys catalogued fish and aquatic insect communities, distributions of native and introduced fishes, and aquatic habitat. Near-term, post-treatment evaluations documented the effects of rotenone treatment on the aquatic fauna. Long-term, post-treatment assessments gauged development of sport fisheries for introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and followed the status of native fishes and aquatic insect fauna. Fisheries biologists planned the project because the two dams would alter the river system to the disadvantage of native, big-river fish such as razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) and Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheiius lucius). Further, nuisance species, such as common carp introduced in the Green River system in the late nineteenth century, would benefit from the new lentic habitats. After-project work showed that rotenone treatment depressed nuisance nonnative fishes and that none of the native big-river fish populations were eliminated. Post-treatment studies showed that native fish populations were far more impacted by impoundment than by the rotenone treatment. Careful pre-treatment planning and well-handled application of rotenone accomplished project objectives without eliminating native fishes.
Autocidal Technology for the Control of Invasive Fish
Authors: Thresher Ronald E.
Published: June 2010

Recombinant genetic technology offers considerable potential for the safe, cost-effective control of invasive fish. This article reviews the range of genetic approaches suggested for controlling invasive species, and considers their practicality, likely efficacy, and the risks they entail. Implementation of any genetic method to control invasive fish will be heavily influenced by an as yet unknown level of public acceptability and a regulatory and policy framework for managing environmental applications of genetic technology that is confused at almost all jurisdictional levels.
Transição para o exercício profissional em enfermagem: uma experiência em grupo operativo
Authors: Corrêa Adriana Katia , Mello e Souza Conceição B. de , Saeki Toyoko
Published: June 2010

Este estudo qualitativo tem como proposta analisar a utilização da abordagem de grupo operativo de Pichon-Rivière como possibilidade de criar espaço para troca de experiências entre alunos do 8º semestre do Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto/USP, com o intuito de aliviar ansiedades, facilitando a elaboração das vivências cotidianas, integrando pensar, sentir e fazer. Foram propostos sete encontros grupais, semanalmente, utilizando a técnica de grupo operativo. Os registros foram analisados, sendo construída a crônica de cada encontro. Os discentes refletiram sobre suas vivências no enfrentamento desse momento de transição para a vida profissional e os docentes questionaram as experiências relacionadas ao processo ensino-aprendizagem, repensando acerca dos limites do modelo tradicional de ensino.
A universidade "extendida": estratégias de ensino e apredizagem em enfermagem
Authors: Loyola Cristina Maria Douat , Oliveira Rosane Mara Pontes de
Published: June 2010

Reflexão sobre a prática de enfermagem que aproxima, teoricamente e de forma propositiva, as atividades de extensão ao ensino de graduação. O ensino de enfermagem é abordado a partir da prática de extensão universitária, a qual tem que estar assentada no processo ensino-aprendizagem e que representa um plus de refinamento universitário, na medida em que organiza um movimento de levar a universidade para fora do campus e de trazer a cidade para dentro da universidade. A extensão é um ensino vivo, no qual o aprendizado curricular fica exposto à incerteza do saber fazendo. Reflete-se a prática da enfermeira sob a proposta da extensão universitária, como uma possibilidade de levar conhecimento à comunidade e ao mesmo tempo aprender com ela.
Ação educativa à gestante fundamentada na promoção da saúde: uma reflexão
Authors: Silveira Isolda Pereira da , Campos Antônia do Carmo Soares , Carvalho Francisca Ana Martins , Barroso Maria Grasiela Teixeira , Vieira Neiva Francinely Cunha
Published: June 2010

Reflexão sobre a atenção à mulher no período gravídico tomando como referência as Conferências Internacionais da Promoção da Saúde e vivência profissional das autoras nesta área. Objetiva-se refletir sobre a complexidade que envolve as estratégias de Educação em Saúde destinadas à promoção da saúde da gestante, especialmente aquelas que envolvem a ação educativa transformadora por parte dos profissionais na busca da promoção da saúde.
Ética na formação profissional: uma reflexão
Authors: Pinheiro Patrícia Neyva da Costa , Marques Maria de Fátima Cardoso , Barroso Maria Grasiela Teixeira
Published: June 2010

Inquietações sobre os valores éticos, enfocando a ética e o ser humano nos impulsionou a desenvolver o presente trabalho, cujo objetivo é refletir sobre as questões éticas da atualidade e suas implicações na formação profissional. Para embasar nossas reflexões, buscamos a literatura pertinente sobre o assunto e destacamos nossos comentários em dois subtemas: implicações éticas na desigualdade social e desafios para resgatar a ética. Destacamos o pensamento de que a ética na sociedade atual encontra-se disseminada e pouco consistente diante da deturpação de valores, portanto, cabe ao futuro profissional questionar e revisar suas ações, constantemente, com o intuito de resgatar valores humanos voltados para o respeito e a solidariedade. Diante do exposto, consideramos estar na ética a luz para guiar as mudanças em nossa sociedade, que poderão servir de base para construir uma sociedade mais justa e digna para todos.