bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Levantamento da ictiofauna da Floresta Nacional de Canela, na região superior da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Caí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
Authors: Dala-Corte Renato Bolson , Franz Ismael , Barros Marcelo Pereira de , Ott Paulo Henrique
Published: October 2009

Neste trabalho são apresentados dados referentes a um inventário da fauna de peixes da Floresta Nacional de Canela, uma Unidade de Conservação Federal localizada no trecho superior da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Caí, em elevadas altitudes da Serra Geral do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram amostrados nove pontos de coleta em diversos ambientes aquáticos, incluindo um banhado, açudes e arroios, situados tanto no interior quanto no entorno da unidade. Para a captura dos exemplares utilizou-se puçá, picaré, linhas de pesca, redes de emalhar e armadilhas do tipo covo. Ao total, foram encontradas 20 espécies pertencentes a 10 famílias e 6 ordens. Hyphessobrycon luetkenii teve distribuição mais ampla, ocorrendo em quase todos os pontos amostrados, enquanto Callichthys callichthys foi registrado somente em um ponto. Nos açudes, a ordem Perciformes foi a mais representativa, seguida por Cypriniformes e Characiformes. Esses ambientes caracterizaram-se pela predominância da família Cichlidae (Perciformes), cuja maioria das espécies Neotropicais tem preferência por ambientes de água parada. Com distribuição restrita aos açudes, destaca-se a ocorrência de 4 espécies exóticas introduzidas (Ctenopharingodon idella, Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix e Micropterus salmoides). Para os arroios, foi observado maior riqueza específica de Characiformes e Siluriformes de pequeno porte, padrão já encontrado em muitos estudos nos riachos sul-americanos. Destaca-se a presença de espécies com "status" taxonômico indefinido, tais como Trichomycterus sp. e Astyanax aff. scabripinnis, reforçando a importância dos levantamentos em riachos nas cabeceiras de rios do Rio Grande do Sul, para a obtenção de informações que subsidiem medidas de conservação desses ambientes. Embora as espécies exóticas tenham sido registradas apenas em açudes, recomenda-se a erradicação destas da unidade de conservação, em função das ameaças que podem representar à ictiofauna nativa e aos demais ecossistemas aquáticos da região.
Macroalgas de ambientes lóticos da região centro-oeste do Paraná, região sul do Brasil
Authors: Branco Ciro Cesar Zanini , Peres Cleto Kaveski , Krupek Rogério Antônio , Bertusso Fernando Rodrigo
Published: October 2009

Estudos taxonômicos enfocando o inventário de macroalgas de ambientes lóticos em diferentes regiões são considerados importantes contribuições para o conhecimento básico destas comunidades algais. Neste contexto, o principal objetivo desta investigação foi realizar um levantamento florístico das comunidades de macroalgas da região centro-oeste do estado do Paraná, região Sul do Brasil, uma área de clima subtropical pouco investigada. Vinte e dois segmentos de rios/riachos foram amostrados através da técnica da transeção. Vinte e quatro táxons de macroalgas foram encontrados, incluindo 18 táxons subgenéricos e 6 grupos vegetativos. Chlorophyta foi a divisão com maior número de espécies (13 táxons = 54%), seguida por Cyanophyta (cinco táxons = 21%) e Rhodophyta e Heterokontophyta (3 táxons = 12,5% cada uma). Phormidium retzii (C. Agardh) Gomont (Cyanophyta) foi a espécie melhor distribuída, e emaranhados de filamentos o tipo morfológico predominante. Apesar de todos os táxons já tenham sido previamente descritos para ambientes lóticos brasileiros, 5 espécies são novos registros para o estado do Paraná. Embora sem nenhuma espécie nova registrada, o levantamento taxonômico da região centro-oeste do estado do Paraná é extremamente relevante, uma vez que ele amplia as distribuições geográfica e ambiental das comunidades de macroalgas no Brasil.
Distribution extension of Scinax aromothyella (Anura, Hylidae)
Authors: Laufer Gabriel , Piñeiro-Guerra Juan Manuel , Pereira-Garbero Ramiro , Barreneche Juan Manuel , Ferrero Rosana
Published: October 2009

Scinax aromothyella is a recently described hylid frog. Its distribution is not well known. There are records for Misiones, Argentina and for southeastern Uruguay. Here we report a new record of S. aromothyella from Aceguá, Cerro Largo Department, Uruguay (31° 53' 39" S and 54° 9' 17" W), based in tadpoles collected on the 15 of August, 2007. This new record extends the distribution of S. aromothyella in approximately 100 km north from previous reports in Uruguay. The samples were collected in a site located 2 km away from the border line with Brazil, reinforcing the idea that S. aromothyella might occur in Rio Grande do Sul.
A 65‐in. slim (255‐mm depth) laser TV with wide‐angle projection optical system
Authors: Kuwata Muneharu , Sugiura Hiroaki , Sasagawa Tomohiro , Michimori Atsushi , Toide Eiich , Yanagisawa Takayuki , Yamamoto Syuhei , Hirano Yoshihito , Usui Masahiro , Teramatsu Shigenori , Someya Jun
Published: October 2009

Abstract— A high‐definition laser TV that employs a newly developed laser light source and a super‐wide‐angle projection optical system has been developed. This adoption of a laser light source with three primary colors helped to achieve an extremely wide color gamut, and, in addition, a compact optical engine, which has been optimized to the laser light source and contributed to the achievement of the stylish design of a large screen of 65 in., with the depth being only 255 mm.
Effect of slow display on detectability when browsing large image datasets
Authors: Badano Aldo
Published: October 2009

Abstract— In this work, the effect of display temporal characteristics on detectability of signals was studied by comparing detection performance with a slow liquid‐crystal‐display (LCD) monitor and a fast, cathode‐ray‐tube (CRT) monitor when browsing multi‐slice image datasets in stack‐mode presentation. Thirteen readers evaluated 200 image sequence pairs in a two‐alternative forced choice experiment. The image sets consisted of three‐dimensional cluster lumpy backgrounds and were presented to the readers in two display devices: a three‐million‐pixel medical color LCD and a color desktop CRT. For the LCD, many inter‐gray‐level transitions are on the order of 50–60 msec, which was almost twice the frame time. The CRT had 2–5‐msec inter‐gray‐level transitions. The reader study was performed with a graphical‐user interface programmed using direct calls to OpenGL libraries to precisely control the browsing speed. The results were analyzed in terms of the difference in reader performance for each reader and each display, between a browsing speed of 20 and 50 frames per sec (fps). Average reader performance difference between 20 and 50 fps was measured to be 0.049 and 0.156 for the CRT and LCD monitors, respectively. The corresponding drop in reader performance associated with slow display was 0.11.
Effect of gas pressure on permanent dark image sticking on a bright screen in AC plasma‐display panels
Authors: Park Choon‐Sang , Jang Soo‐Kwan , Tae Heung‐Sik , Jung Eun‐Young , Ahn Jeong‐Chull
Published: October 2009

Abstract— The permanent dark‐image‐sticking phenomenon on a bright screen was examined under various gas pressures in a 42‐in. ACPDP with an He(35%)‐Xe(11%)‐Ne gas composition. Infrared‐emission observations reveal that the discharge characteristics related to the MgO surface are almost the same in both the discharge and non‐discharge cells, whereas luminance observations show a deterioration in the visible‐conversion characteristics related to the phosphor layer in both the discharge and non‐discharge cells. Consequently, the permanent dark‐image‐sticking phenomenon on a bright screen is found to be strongly related to the deposition on the phosphor layer to the Mg species sputtered from the MgO surface due to a repetitive strong sustain discharge. For a decrease in gas pressure, the permanent dark image sticking on a bright screen became worse due to a severe degradation of the visible‐conversion characteristics of the phosphor layer caused by the deposition of higher amounts of sputtered Mg species on the phosphor layer, as confirmed by various measurements, such as Vt closed curves, time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectrometry, photoluminescence, and atomic‐force‐microscope analyses.
Empirical Temperature Calibration of Capacitance Probes to Measure Soil Water
Authors: Saito Tadaomi , Fujimaki Haruyuki , Yasuda Hiroshi , Inoue Mitsuhiro
Published: October 2009

Dielectric sensors have been widely used for nondestructive determination of volumetric soil water content (θ, m3 m−3). Since the output of such sensors is affected by soil temperature (T, °C), the calibration for the effect is indispensable for accurate determination of θ. The objectives of this paper were (i) evaluation of the temperature effects on outputs of the commercial capacitance probes called ECH2O probes for various types of soils, and (ii) to include temperature in empirical calibration equations. Laboratory experiments were performed to obtain probe outputs at various T (5– 35°C) and θ (air‐dry– near‐saturation), using four soils and four probe models with different oscillation frequencies (5 and 70 MHz). The results showed that the outputs linearly responded to T at constant θ for all tested soil–probe combinations. The slope values of the linear responses to T depended on θ. The curves of the output–θ functions at a reference temperature (25°C) varied among the soils and probe models. A calibration equation describing the probe output as a function of θ and T was derived for each soil–probe combination by combining the output–θ function at the reference temperature and the slope–θ function. The derived calibration equations substantially reduced the temperature effects on the probe outputs for all soil–probe combinations. We also briefly considered the theoretical background of temperature effects on the probe outputs based on the results from the experiments and the properties of the soils tested. To demonstrate the importance of temperature calibration, the derived calibration equations were applied to two field observations from arid reasons.
Profiling Rhizosphere Chemistry: Evidence from Carbon and Nitrogen K‐Edge XANES and Pyrolysis‐FIMS
Authors: Gillespie A. W. , Walley F. L. , Farrell R. E. , Leinweber P. , Schlichting A. , Eckhardt K.-U. , Regier T. Z. , Blyth R. I. R.
Published: October 2009

The rhizosphere is a region of complex interactions among plants, soil, and microbiota and by its very nature, it presents many technical challenges to the analyst. Whereas previous studies have generally focused on root exudation in artificial systems, we compared whole‐soil samples from bulk and rhizosphere soils developed under field pea (Pisum sativaL.). Synchrotron‐based C and N K‐edge x‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and pyrolysis field‐ionization mass‐spectrometry (Py‐FIMS) were used to investigate plant effects on the organic chemistry of the rhizosphere in a growth chamber experiment. Soil type appeared to play a significant role in the development of the rhizosphere. Indeed, the C and N K‐edge XANES analyses revealed patterns of rhizosphere development that were strongly influenced by soil type. Relative to the bulk soil, pea rhizospheres developed on a clay soil showed increases in heterocyclic N compounds, proteins, and carboxylates. Pea rhizospheres developed on a sandy clay loam soil showed increased nitroaromatic compounds and reduced aromatics, while proteins, carbohydrates, and carboxylic compounds remained unchanged relative to the bulk soils. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry results showed that rhizosphere processes promote selective enrichment of lipid compounds (alkanes, alkenes, alkylamides, alkylaromatics, and alkyl, benzoic, and phthalic esters) with a concomitant depletion of carbohydrates, proteins, phenols, and lignins. These results suggest enhanced decomposition of labile organic matter at a molecular level in the rhizosphere, presumably as a result of enhanced microbial activity. The presence of nitroaromatic and alkylamide compounds in the rhizosphere indicates a unique cycling of N in this region. Synchrotron‐based analysis of whole soils offers useful, corroborating information regarding the organic chemistry of the rhizosphere when compared with established pyrolytic techniques.
Influence of Sedimentary Bedding on Reactive Transport Parameters under Unsaturated Conditions
Authors: Mayes Melanie A. , Tang Guoping , Jardine Philip M. , McKay Larry D. , Yin Xiangping L. , Pace Molly N. , Parker Jack C. , Zhang Fan , Mehlhorn Tonia L. , Dansby-Sparks Royce
Published: October 2009

Moisture and contaminant transport in partially saturated, heterogeneous, layered sediments is typically anisotropic. Solute transport parameters, including dispersivity and the adsorption coefficient, and the modeled concentration of reactive minerals may depend on the direction of flow with respect to sedimentary layering. Reaction rates, in contrast, should be independent of flow direction. We determined the influence of flow direction on transport parameters for nonreactive (Br−) and reactive (cobalt ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [Co(II)EDTA2−]) solutes under partially saturated conditions by imposing flow either parallel to or across sedimentary bedding in 11 intact sediment cores of various textures. Higher dispersivity of nonreactive tracers in parallel‐bed cores suggested fluid channeling through permeable layers, while low‐conductivity layers dampened channeling in cross‐bed samples. Rates of transformation of Co(II)EDTA2− into Co(III)EDTA− and of disassociation of Co2+ and EDTA4− were modeled assuming that the reaction rates were independent of the flow direction. The concentration of Mn oxides that was responsible for the transformation reaction was dependent on the flow direction, which governed the extent of contact between the solution and the solid phase. Similarly, the adsorption constants of Co(II)EDTA2− and Co(III)EDTA− were dependent on the flow direction but were also unique for each experiment. The modeled concentration of reactive minerals was the most sensitive parameter describing the reaction and transformation of Co(II)EDTA2−
Adsorption Kinetics of Glyphosate and Copper(II) Alone and Together on Two Types of Soils
Authors: Wang Yu-Jun , Cui Yu-Xia , Zhou Dong-Mei , Wang Shen-Qiang , Xiao An-Yun , Wang Ru-Hai , Zhang Hailin
Published: October 2009

Glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is a nonselective, postemergence herbicide that contains multiple functional groups, which can form strong coordination with metal cations to give bidentate and tridentate complexes. The complexation of glyphosate with metal cations may affect their distribution and bioavailability in soils. Adsorption kinetics of glyphosate and Cu(II) alone and together were studied using a continuous flow experimental setup on two soils with different characteristics at pH5.5. Four kinetic models, i.e., the Lagergren first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order, Elovich, and power function equations, were successfully used to describe their adsorption kinetics. Among the four models, the Lagergren first‐order kinetic model fit the experimental data of glyphosate and Cu(II) adsorption the best. Glyphosate significantly increased the adsorption quantity of Cu(II) on the Red soil (a Hapludult or Udic Ferrosol), due to the fact that Cu(II) was adsorbed on the sites where glyphosate had been strongly adsorbed. Glyphosate decreased the adsorption of Cu(II) on the Wushan soil (a Haplaquept or Anthrosol), however, because adsorption of glyphosate on this soil was weak and the complex of glyphosate and Cu(II) tended to be highly soluble in water, thus preventing Cu(II) from exchanging with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions on the soil surface. On the other hand, the presence of Cu(II) decreased the adsorption of glyphosate on both soils, which may be attributed to the lower affinity of the Cu(II)–glyphosate complex to the soils than glyphosate alone.
Short‐Term Changes in Extractable Inorganic Nutrients during Storage of Tropical Rain Forest Soils
Authors: Turner Benjamin L. , Romero Tania E.
Published: October 2009

The nutrient status of tropical forests is commonly assessed by measuring inorganic nutrients extracted from soil, yet samples from remote research sites may be stored for prolonged periods of time before analysis. We assessed the influence of soil storage conditions on extractable nutrients in three lowland tropical forests soils from the Republic of Panama. The soils spanned a strong rainfall gradient and contained contrasting chemical and physical properties. Storage treatments were: (i) room temperature (22°C in the dark), (ii) refrigerated (4°C in the dark), (iii) air dried (10 d at 22°C and 55% humidity), and (iv) frozen (−35°C). Ammonium and NO3 were extremely unstable and concentrations changed considerably within hours of sampling. Phosphate extracted by anion‐exchange membranes also changed rapidly following sampling, although cations (Ca, K, and Mg) extracted in Mehlich‐3 solution were less influenced by storage. Soil pH declined slowly in all samples during field‐moist storage (4 and 22°C). Freezing and air drying generally caused significant changes in extractable nutrients, although the effects varied among soils and nutrients. We therefore conclude that inorganic nutrients should be extracted from tropical forest soils within 24 h of sampling, and preferably on the day of sampling for N fractions, to ensure that values represent field conditions. Where this is not possible, rapid air drying or storage of field‐moist samples may be acceptable for some measurements (e.g., PO4, cations, pH), but are unlikely to provide realistic measurements of inorganic N.
Why Did Contracts Supplant the Cash Market in the Broiler Industry? An Economic Analysis Featuring Technological Innovation and Institutional Response
Authors: Dimitri Carolyn , Jaenicke Edward C. , Effland Anne B
Published: October 2009

The decision to write contracts for production of commodities can be framed as an institutional response to changing industry and market conditions. When innovations increase available rents to technology owners (or technology appropriators), contracts can replace cash market transactions even though contracts carry higher transaction costs. We proceed by first fully documenting technological innovation in the broiler industry and tracing the evolution of contracts in the broiler industry. Next, we adopt a stylistic model to demonstrate how technological innovation might induce a switch to contract sales from cash market transactions. This paper contributes to the literature by investigating major institutional change in the broiler industry through an integrated analysis that weaves together industry history with elements of institutional economics, transaction cost theory, and game-theoretic economic analysis.
Seeing With New Eyes: The Meaning of an Immersion Experience in Bangladesh for Undergraduate Senior Nursing Students
Authors: Maltby Hendrika J. , Abrams Sarah
Published: October 2009

Nurses must provide culturally appropriate care. A powerful strategy to enhance cultural competency is immersion. This can increase awareness of personal beliefs, values, behaviors, and learning from clients. A three week immersion experience for 17 senior undergraduate nursing students was organized in partnership with the Independent University, Bangladesh. Working with interpreters, students learned about people and healthcare through interviews and site visits. The purpose of this qualitative study was to discover the meaning of the immersion experience for nursing students through their reflective journals. These were thematically analyzed and four themes emerged: Beginning to See, Thinking about the Seen, Wanting to Change the Seen, and Transformed by the Seen. These themes combine into a framework that has been tentatively titled, Seeing Through New Eyes and will be further developed on future trips. Achieving cultural competency is a complex, long-term process that can be intensified with immersion experiences.
Possibilities of endodontic therapy of endodonic-periodontal lesions
Authors: Neskovic Jelena , Zivkovic Slavoljub
Published: October 2009

Intoduction. Endoperiodontal lesions are frequent in clinical practice and may require complex therapy. It is very important to determine differential diagnosis and the origin of the lesion, because the treatment plan is based on aetiology and stadium of the development of the lesion. Objective. The aim of this clinical study was to analyze the efficacy of endodontic treatment in different types of endodontic- periodontal lesions. Methods. Thirty patients and 42 teeth with diagnosed endoperiodontal lesions were included in the study and divided in two groups. Vital pulp therapy was applied to 18 vital teeth where the diagnosis was perio-endodontic lesions. The therapy of infected canal system was applied to 24 teeth with endodontic- periodontal or combined lesions. Standard endodontic procedure consisted of cleaning and shaping of the root canal system and between sessions filling with calcium-hydroxide paste. Obturation was made by lateral compact of the guttapercha and Apexit paste. Efficiency was evaluated clinically and radiographically three, six and twelve months later. Results. Radiographic and clinical follow-up showed a significant radiographic improvement and absence of subjective symptoms in a very high percentage of the treated vital and avital teeth. The results of this study showed that in the observation period of 12 months endodontic therapy was successful in 88.89% of vital teeth, and in the group of avital teeth the percentage was 91.67%. Conclusion. Endodontic treatment of the endoperiodontal lesions was sufficient and it was the basic condition to achieve a complete healing of endodontic-periodontal lesions. Such therapy ensures significant improvement or even complete healing of both types of lesions, of endodontic and periodontal origin.
Immunoglobulin genes and T-cell receptors as molecular markers in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Lazic Jelena , Dokmanovic Lidija , Krstovski Nada , Predojevic Jelica , Tosic Natasa , Pavlovic Sonja , Janic Dragana
Published: October 2009

Introduction. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a malignant clonal disease, one of the most common malignancies in childhood. Contemporary protocols ensure high remission rate and long term free survival. The ability of molecular genetic methods help to establish submicroscopic classification and minimal residual disease (MRD) follow up, in major percent responsible for relapse. Objective. The aim of the study was to detect the frequency of IgH and TCR gene rearrangements and their correlation with clinical parameters. Methods. Forty-one children with ALL were enrolled in the study group, with initial diagnosis of IgH and TCR gene rearrangements by polimerase chain reaction ( PCR). MRD follow-up was performed in induction phase when morphological remission was expected, and after intensive chemiotherapy. Results. In the study group IgH rearrangement was detected in 82.9% of children at the diagnosis, while TCR rearrangement was seen in 56.1%. On induction day 33, clonal IgH rearrangements persisted in 39% and TCR rearrangements in 36.5% of children. Conclusion. Molecular analysis of genetic alterations and their correlation with standard prognostic parameters show the importance of risk stratification revision which leads to new therapy intensification approach. MRD stands out as a precise predictive factor for the relapse of disease.
Die Nomoi Stratiotikos, Georgikos und Nautikos
Authors: Burgmann Ludwig
Published: October 2009

(nemacki) Die drei im Titel genannten Rechtssammlungen werden in der Sekundarliteratur gew?hnlich parallelisiert und im historischen Ambiente der Ecloga (741) angesiedelt. Der Nomos Stratiotikos kann jedoch nicht sp?ter als in der Mitte des 7. Jh. entstanden sein. ?berdies sind die strukturellen Unterschiede zwischen den drei Sammlungen betr?chtlich.
The Bulgarian Kingdom in the 13th century: Trends and factors in its foreign policy
Authors: Gjuzelev Vasil
Published: October 2009

An attempt has been made in the article in order to summarize the foreign policy of Bulgaria during the 13th century. The author's observations are based both on individual sources and on a number of studies (above all on Bulgarian medieval studies). It is stressed that, once the Latins had conquered Constantinople in 1204, the Bulgarian Kingdom emerged on the historical scene as the main support and defender of the Balkan Orthodox world. It played, having been the main ally of Nicaea, an important role in restoring of the Byzantine Empire in 1261. The Tatar Golden Horde was an extremely negative factor for the foreign policy of Bulgaria after 1242-1243. Special attention is devoted to rich Bulgarian-Serbian relations. The animosity between the two states was connected to the expansion of the Serbian Kingdom during the second half of the century in Macedonia, and in the areas of Belgrade, Branicevo and Vidin. A considerable place in the Bulgarian foreign policy was attributed to the relations with the Roman Church and the Catholic states (the Hungarian Kingdom, the Latin Empire in Constantinople, the Kingdom of Naples, etc), as well as with the merchant republics of Ragusa, Venice and Genoa.
Sr'bski i b'lgarski praznicni minei ot XIII vek: S'postavka na s'stava i strukturata
Authors: Stankova Radoslava
Published: October 2009

(bugarski) Statijata razglezda s'postavitelno dva sr'bski i edin b'lgarski praznicen minej. S'postaven e s'stav't (kalendar't) i strukturata (liturgicnite osobenosti). Osnovnijat izvod e za po-goljamata konservativnost na sr'bskite r'kopisi, poradi poveceto inovativni liturgicni elementi v b'lgarskija r'kopis.
Angelite: Paziteli na vhoda
Authors: Gerov Georgi
Published: October 2009

(bugarski) Statijata prosledjava ikonografskata evoljucija na izobrazenijata na arhangelite Mihail i Gavriil, pomesteni pri vhoda na pravoslavnija hram. Povraten moment v neja e 13 vek. Togava arhangel Mihail zapocva da se izobrazjava kato voin. S tova apotropejnite mu funkcii namirat adekvaten vizualen izraz. K'm kraja na stoletieto arhangel Gavriil zapocva da se izobrazjava kato pisar - ikonografija, kojato sce b'de dorazvita i utv'rdena prez 14 vek. Prez postvizantijskata epoha v obraza na Mihail se pojavjavat elementi, koito akcentirat v'rhu roljata mu na psihopomp.
Journal of Management Accounting Research: Content and Citation Analysis of the First 20 Years
Authors: Lindquist Tim M. , Smith Gerald
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This article provides a content and citation analysis of 186 articles published in the Journal of Management Accounting Research (JMAR) between 1989 and 2008. We first examine JMAR's national and international presence. Then an analysis of JMAR is structured by a taxonomy used by Hesford et al. (2007) to classify the articles into content, source disciplines, research methods, and contributors. Articles and citations in JMAR are analyzed and the most-cited authors, articles, journals, and books are presented. The extent to which JMAR authors are cited in leading non-management accounting journals is also presented. Finally, authorships and editorial contributions by international faculty are compiled and discussed.
Microalbuminuria, Preeclampsia, and Preterm Delivery in Pregnant Women With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Jensen Dorte M. , Damm Peter , Ovesen Per , Mølsted-Pedersen Lars , Beck-Nielsen Henning , Westergaard Jes G. , Moeller Margrethe , Mathiesen Elisabeth R.
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE

To study the association between microalbuminuria and development of preeclampsia and preterm delivery in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a population-based prospective study in 846 normoalbuminuric or microalbuminuric women with type 1 diabetes without antihypertensive treatment in early pregnancy. Data were collected prospectively by one to three caregivers in each center and reported to a central registry.

RESULTS

The prevalence of microalbuminuria in the first trimester was 10%, median diabetes duration was 11 years, and third-trimester A1C was 6.6%. The frequencies of preeclampsia and preterm delivery before 34 weeks in the microalbuminuric group were 40 and 13%, both significantly higher than those in the normoalbuminuric group (12 and 6%, respectively, P < 0.001). After adjustments for possible confounders, significant predictors for development of preeclampsia were microalbuminuria (odds ratio 4.0 [95% CI]), nulliparity (3.1 [1.9–5.1]), and third-trimester A1C (1.3 [1.1–1.5] per 1% increase). Delivery before 34 weeks was associated with early microalbuminuria in univariate analyses, but in multivariate analyses A1C was the only significant predictor of this outcome. Preeclampsia was associated with a threefold higher risk of delivery before 34 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of microalbuminuria in early pregnancy is associated with a fourfold increased risk of developing preeclampsia. A1C values during pregnancy are highly predictive of both preeclampsia and preterm delivery. Future research with antihypertensive treatment in normotensive, microalbuminuric pregnant women to prevent preeclampsia is proposed.
Glycemia and Its Relationship to Outcomes in the Metformin in Gestational Diabetes Trial
Authors: Rowan Janet A. , Gao Wanzhen , Hague William M. , McIntyre Harold David
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE

To determine how glucose control in women with GDM treated with metformin and/or insulin influenced pregnancy outcomes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Women randomly assigned to metformin or insulin treatment in the Metformin in Gestational Diabetes (MiG) trial had baseline glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results and A1C documented, together with all capillary glucose measurements during treatment. In the 724 women who had glucose data for analysis, tertiles of baseline glucose values and A1C and of mean capillary glucose values during treatment were calculated. The relationships between maternal factors, glucose values, and outcomes (including a composite of neonatal complications, preeclampsia, and large-for-gestational-age [LGA] and small-for-gestational-age infants) were examined with bivariable and multivariate models.

RESULTS

Baseline OGTT did not predict outcomes, but A1C predicted LGA infants (P = 0.003). During treatment, fasting capillary glucose predicted neonatal complications (P < 0.001) and postprandial glucose predicted preeclampsia (P = 0.016) and LGA infants (P = 0.001). Obesity did not influence outcomes, and there was no interaction between glycemic control, randomized treatment, or maternal BMI in predicting outcomes. The lowest risk of complications was seen when fasting capillary glucose was <4.9 mmol/l (mean ± SD 4.6 ± 0.3 mmol/l) compared with 4.9–5.3 mmol/l or higher and when 2-h postprandial glucose was 5.9–6.4 mmol/l (6.2 ± 0.2 mmol/l) or lower.

CONCLUSIONS

Glucose control in women with gestational diabetes mellitus treated with metformin and/or insulin is strongly related to outcomes. Obesity is not related to outcomes in this group. Targets for fasting and postprandial capillary glucose may need to be lower than currently recommended.
Age-related changes in substance P-immunoreactive nerve structures of the rat recto-anal region
Authors: Lazarov Nikolai , Itzev Dimitar , Usunoff Kamen , Negrev Negrin , Radomirov Radomir
Published: October 2009

The recto-anal region is innervated by extrinsic and intrinsic nerves and a number of neuropeptides including substance P (SP) have been suggested to participate in the regulation of intestinal movements. We examined the age-related changes in the distribution of SP-immunoreactive nerve structures in the distal part of the rat large intestine. Using immunohistochemistry, the presence of SP was studied in fresh tissues from Wistar rats at different ages taken at three sampling sites, the distal rectum, anal canal and internal anal sphincter. In the 15-day old rats the myenteric plexus of the distal rectum and anal canal was well outlined by numerous SP-immunoreactive varicose nerve fibres encircling immunonegative perikarya. In the circular muscle layer, nerve fibres and small nerve bundles ran parallel to the muscle cells, while in the longitudinal muscle layer, only occasional nerve fibres were seen. At the level of the internal anal sphincter, no myenteric ganglia were present. Here, thin varicose fibers ran parallel to the smooth muscle cells. In the 3-month old rats, a larger number of intensely staining SP-immunoreactive nerve fibres were found and in the circular muscle layer, thicker nerve strands were observed. In the 26-month old rats, the density and staining intensity of SP-immunopositive nerve fibres in the myenteric plexus was lower than in the 3-month-old rats. Similar changes in the SP-immunostained fibres in the internal anal sphincter were observed. Degenerative alterations in SP-containing fibres during aging appear to play a role in ano-rectal motility and sphincter control.
Properties of a poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer membrane
Authors: Zhu Guo-Quan
Published: October 2009

Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-block-PBLG-graft-PEG) copolymer was synthesized by the ester exchange reaction of PBLG-block-PEG copolymer with a PEG chain. Surface morphology of the PEG-block-PBLG-graft-PEG copolymer membrane was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Mechanical and chemical properties of the PEG-block-PBLG-graft-PEG copolymer membrane were investigated by tensile testing and contact angle testing. The effects of grafting ratio on the properties of PEG-block-PBLG-graft-PEG copolymer membrane were primarilly studied.
Integrated CMOS system and thermally actuated optical switch for wavelength modulation/lock in communication network
Authors: Liou J. , Tseng F.
Published: October 2009

The advancement of communication technology and growth of internet traffic have continuously driven the fast evolution of networks. Compared to the traditional optoelectronic switch, all-optical switch provides high throughput, rich routing functionalities, and excellent flexibility for rapid signal exchange in fiber optical network. Among various all-optical switches, thermal actuated ring switch provides the advantages of high accuracy, easy actuation, and reasonable switching speed. However, when scale up, thermal ring switch may encounter issues related to fabrication error, non-accurate wavelength response, and large terminal numbers in the control circuit. In this research, we propose the employment of an integrated CMOS control circuit to compensate the fabrication error and tune as well as lock the wavelength in a thermal-actuated ring-type optical switch through a frequency modulation scheme. Additional functionalities can also be added in this circuit by tailoring externally the roundtrip loss or coupling constants of the ring. The design concept can be easily scaled up for large array optical switch system without much change in the terminal numbers thanks to the three-dimensional hierarchy of control circuit design, which effectively reduces the terminal numbers into the cubic root of the total control unit numbers. The integrated circuit has been designed, simulated, as well as fabricated, and demonstrated a decent performance with free spectral range (FSR) equal to 1.5 nm at 1534 nm and very accurate wavelength modulation to 0.3 nm within 0.01 nm fluctuation for thermal actuated ring type optical switch.
Evaluation of Speed Monitoring Displays for Work Zones in Las Vegas, Nevada
Authors: Teng Hualiang (Harry) , Xu Xuecai , Li Xin , Kwigizile Valerian , Gibby A. Reed
Published: October 2009

Speed monitoring displays (i.e., speed trailers) have been evaluated in many states for reducing vehicular speeds in work zones. This study evaluated the enhancements to speed trailers regarding message size, the use of flashing, and the presence of more than one speed trailer in work zones. Field tests were conducted at two sites in the Las Vegas, Nevada, area, and traffic data were collected for statistical analysis. Regression models were developed to estimate the speeding likelihood and vehicle speeds on the basis of the free-flow speed data. The results indicated that the size of displayed messages and the use of flashing did show significant impact on speeding likelihood and speed reduction for vehicles in work zones. The extent of the impact varied for vehicle classification, the lanes they were operating in, and the day or night in which they were deployed. This study recommended larger message size and the use of flashing signs for speed trailers. More than one speed trailer was recommended for additional speed reduction.
Nighttime Visibility of Prototype Work Zone Markings under Dry, Wet-Recovery, and Rain Conditions
Authors: Higgins Laura , Miles Jeffrey D. , Carlson Paul , Burns David , Aktan Fuat , Zender Mark , Kaczmarczik James M.
Published: October 2009

This paper presents the findings of a dynamic pavement marking visibility study conducted as part of the FHWA Highways for LIFE Technology Partnerships Program Temporary Wet-Weather Pavement Markings for Work Zones project. Three prototype optics-on-paint marking systems employing high refractive index dual-optics drop-on elements were evaluated at night under dry, wet-recovery (immediately after rainfall), and rain conditions. These three prototypes were chosen based on their durability from an initial pool of 22 experimental systems evaluated in a test deck. This dual-optic system was designed to provide good visibility in both dry and wet weather conditions. Two commercially available marking systems were also evaluated as industry benchmarks (one glass beads-on-paint system, one wet-reflective removable tape). Thirty participants driving through simulated work zones on a closed course viewed all of the marking types at night under all three weather conditions. Each driver's task was to identify the direction of work zone lane shift tapers delineated by the markings. In wet recovery, all three prototype marking systems and the wet-reflective tape sustained 60% to 80% of their dry average detection distances, and in rain, they sustained 50% to 70% of their dry average detection distances. In contrast, the average wet-recovery and rain detection distances for the conventional glass beads-on-paint benchmark system dropped to 28% and 17% of the dry detection distance, respectively. In addition, participants failed to detect the conventional glass beads-on-paint benchmark system in nearly half of the observations in the rain condition.
How Drivers Perceive Visibility in Blowing Snow
Authors: Matsuzawa Masaru , Takechi Hirotaka , Kajiya Yasuhiko , Ito Yasuhiko , Igarashi Mitsunori
Published: October 2009

Road meteorological observatories measure visibility with visibility meters. However, visibility values measured by visibility meters stem from the meteorological definition, which comes from a perspective different from that of road use. Subject experiments were therefore conducted with road videos in blowing snow conditions to clarify the difference between visibility perceived by drivers and that measured with a visibility meter. The experiments revealed that visibility perceived by drivers in blowing snow was approximately 70 m lower than conventionally measured visibility. Also, a high correlation was observed between the visibility perceived by drivers and the sum total of projected area of snow particles passed through a unit area in a unit time. It was also learned that the visibility perceived by drivers during blowing snow was affected by the intensity of visibility fluctuation, the presence or absence of snowfall, road surface conditions, the surrounding environment (i.e., urban or suburban), and the time of day, and is hardly influenced at all by the direction of the snowstorm. On the basis of the above results, the need for a visibility index for road traffic in blowing snow was suggested.
The Cellular and Molecular Immune Response of the Weanling Piglet to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
Authors: Bi Shuguang , Das Rina , Zelazowska Elzbieta , Mani Sachin , Neill Roger , Coleman Gary D. , Yang David C. , Hammamieh Rasha , Shupp Jeffrey W. , Jett Marti
Published: October 2009

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a biothreat agent, etiologic agent of food poisoning, and potent inducer of toxic shock syndrome. This heat-stable exoprotein is thought to act as a superantigen to induce T cell–specific pathology. Most animal models do not accurately map the clinical syndrome of human SEB exposure. Previously, we have demonstrated the utility of the weanling piglet model of SEB intoxication. Here, we analyze gross and histopathologic specimens from lymphoid tissue of these animals. Hematological testing was completed to observe changes in circulating leukocytes. Further, these leukocytes were differentiated and the subsets were subsequently analyzed using flow cytometry. Cytokine mRNA was quantified in lymphoid tissue and peripheral blood cells and compared to actual protein concentration using ELISA. The mRNA expression levels for several cell markers implicated in T and B cell differentiation were quantified and compared to control animals, as were levels for apoptosis-related genes. Lymphadenopathy was constantly seen post mortem. SEB-exposed animals had a leukocytosis which increased linearly over the time course. Monocyte levels increased over time, while lymphocyte levels peaked at 6h and then returned to baseline. Most cytokines had mRNA levels that were upregulated after exposure. Detection of serum cytokine changes was accomplished; however, these patterns did not always follow those seen in the differentially expressed genes. Both pro- and anti-apoptotic genes were differentially expressed in exposed animals. This paper reports, for the first time, the immunological findings in the weanling piglet model of SEB intoxication. From this work it is clear that there is not one absolute cell-mediated pathway contributing to the pathology these animals exhibit as a result of SEB exposure.
Clinical Presentation of Acute Hepatic Failure - A Study of 40 Cases
Authors: Islam N , Zaman A , Abdullah ABM
Published: October 2009

Acute hepatic failure (ALF) is a medical emergency. The clinical presentation of acute liver failure depends upon the causes. A total 40 patients of ALF were observed for clinical presentation during the period from January 2003 to July 2004. The patients were admitted in three different tertiary care hospitals in Bangladesh. The patients were selected randomly by the diagnostic criteria. Male predominant majority of the patients were between the age 10 - 40 years & presented within the 4th week of illness. Patients presented with jaundice and varying grades of hepatic encepalopathy. Most of the patients presented with nausea, Vomiting and loss of appetite. About a quarter patients presented with bleeding manifestation. About half of the patients presented with fever but itching & ascites were the least presenting features in this study.   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v36i2.3607 Bangladesh Medical Journal 36(2) 2007 31-33
Post Operative Chylothorax after Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Hassan MK , Hosain SN , Hasan KA , Ahsan NAK , Chowdhury MMG
Published: October 2009

We reviewed the management of 6 cases of chylothorax (5 male, 1 female; 1-12 years old) following 500 cardiothoracic procedures during January 2004- December 2006 at National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dhaka. Results: The surgical procedures preceding the occurrence of lymph leak included ligation of PDA in 3 patients (50%), modified Blalock-Taussig Shunt in 2 cases (33.33%), bidirectional Glenn shunt in 1 case (16.67%). A protocol for management of postoperative chylothorax was applied for all patients. In this protocol, non-surgical management was always the first line of treatment for patients with postoperative chylothorax in the form of intercostal tube drainage and diet modification using either medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). All of our patients responded to conservative therapy. Conclusions: Conservative management of postoperative chylothorax should be the first line of treatment in postoperative chylothorax either by MCT diet alone or (in case of failure) to be followed by TPN and complete bowel rest.   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v36i2.3610 Bangladesh Medical Journal 36(2) 2007 42-43
Menopause and Hormone Therapy
Authors: Yasmin Nahid , Sultana Sayeeda , Habib Shahin Akhter Jahan
Published: October 2009

Background: Menopause is a natural biological process, not a medical illness. Although it is associated with hormonal, physical and psychosocial changes in life, it is not the end of youth or of sexuality. Several generations ago, few women lived beyond menopause, Today, women may spend as much as half of their life after menopause. Hormone therapy (HT) has been widely used in recent decades to relieve the signs and symptoms of menopause and - doctors thought- to prevent disease associated with aging. However, new long term evidence has demonstrated that hormone therapy may actually increase risk of serious health conditions, such as heart disease , breast cancer and stroke. Oestrogen therapy is still a safe, short -term option for some women, but numerous other therapies also are available to help women manage menopausal symptoms and stay healthy during this important phase of life.   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v36i2.3612 Bangladesh Medical Journal 36(2) 2007 48-51
Evaluation of Impact of Existing Extra Curricular Activities at Undergraduate Medical and Dental Education in Bangladesh
Authors: Talukder Md Humayun Kabir , Faruque Mohammad , Alam Kazi Khairul , Nargis Tahmina , Hussain Syed Md Akram , Hossain Md Zakir , Nazneen Rumana , Rahman Md Zubaidur
Published: October 2009

With an objective to evaluate the impact of existing extracurricular activities at undergraduate medical and dental education in Bangladesh this descriptive study was designed and collected information conveniently from 515 students and 155 teachers from randomly selected medical and dental colleges of the country. The respondents (100%) supported more than one extracurricular activity for the medical and dental students. More than 65% were in favor of games, sports and cultural functions. Some students clubs are also popular among the respondents but only 10.8% respondents supported student politics. The respondents who were against student politics viewed that it hamper educational activities and disciplines in their institutes. About half the respondents (48.8%) were unsatisfied with the present academic activities in their medical colleges. Respondents advised to develop infrastructures, accommodation facilities, teaching aids, libraries, administrative supervisory in the institutes. They also demand more trained teachers, good students-teachers relationship to raise standard of the medical and dental colleges to a satisfactory level. Key words: Extracurricular activities, Evaluation, Impact.   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i1.3600 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(1) 2008 6-9
Retrospective Study on Suicidal Cases at Sir Salimullah Medical College Morgue House in the Year 2008
Authors: Das Tejendra Chandra , Rahim Mostaque , Hoq Md Nazmul , Ahmed Mosahef Uddin , Yasmin Sharmin , Sarker Tamim Rahman
Published: October 2009

Suicide is one of the commonest causes of unnatural death in the world. The number of suicide is increasing over the period of time. Our research focused on a number of factors associated with the occurrence of suicide, these includes- age, gender, religion, cause of death, modes of death. A total of 95 cases of suicide were studied in Sir Salimullah Medical College morgue house in the year 2008. The victims were composed of 33 males (34%) & 62 females (66%) and the age group of 21-30 years was the most common, which indicates occurrence of suicide is more common in young females. Of 95 cases, the most common cause of death was due to asphyxia, 88 cases (92%). Other cases include respiratory failure- 3 cases (3%), hemorrhage & shock- 4 cases (5%). In the discrimination of cause of death, we obtained information on victims & witness as well as investigating the scene & post mortem examination of the victim.   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i2.3593 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(2) 2008 50-51