bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infants’ abilities to segment word forms from spectrally degraded speech in the first year of life
Authors: de la Cruz‐Pavía Irene , Hegde Monica , Cabrera Laurianne , Nazzi Thierry
Published: June 2024

Infants begin to segment word forms from fluent speech—a crucial task in lexical processing—between 4 and 7 months of age. Prior work has established that infants rely on a variety of cues available in the speech signal (i.e., prosodic, statistical, acoustic‐segmental, and lexical) to accomplish this task. In two experiments with French‐learning 6‐ and 10‐month‐olds, we use a psychoacoustic approach to examine if and how degradation of the two fundamental acoustic components extracted from speech by the auditory system, namely, temporal (both frequency and amplitude modulation) and spectral information, impact word form segmentation. Infants were familiarized with passages containing target words, in which frequency modulation (FM) information was replaced with pure tones using a vocoder, while amplitude modulation (AM) was preserved in either 8 or 16 spectral bands. Infants were then tested on their recognition of the target versus novel control words. While the 6‐month‐olds were unable to segment in either condition, the 10‐month‐olds succeeded, although only in the 16 spectral band condition. These findings suggest that 6‐month‐olds need FM temporal cues for speech segmentation while 10‐month‐olds do not, although they need the AM cues to be presented in enough spectral bands (i.e., 16). This developmental change observed in infants’ sensitivity to spectrotemporal cues likely results from an increase in the range of available segmentation procedures, and/or shift from a vowel to a consonant bias in lexical processing between the two ages, as vowels are more affected by our acoustic manipulations.

Research Highlights

Although segmenting speech into word forms is crucial for lexical acquisition, the acoustic information that infants’ auditory system extracts to process continuous speech remains unknown.

We examined infants’ sensitivity to spectrotemporal cues in speech segmentation using vocoded speech, and revealed a developmental change between 6 and 10 months of age.

We showed that FM information, that is, the fast temporal modulations of speech, is necessary for 6‐ but not 10‐month‐old infants to segment word forms.

Moreover, reducing the number of spectral bands impacts 10‐month‐olds’ segmentation abilities, who succeed when 16 bands are preserved, but fail with 8 bands.
Impact of preoperative haemoglobin A1c levels on postoperative outcomes in adults undergoing major noncardiac surgery: A systematic review
Authors: Yu Abby , Truong Quynh , Whitfield Karen , Hale Andrew , Taing Meng‐Wong , Barker Natalie , D’Emden Michael
Published: June 2024

Aims

Diabetes is known to increase morbidity and mortality after major surgery. However, literature is conflicting on whether elevated preoperative haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are associated with worse outcomes following major noncardiac surgery. We aimed to investigate the effect of incremental preoperative HbA1c levels on postoperative outcomes in adults who had undergone major noncardiac surgery.

Methods

We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library databases for eligible studies published between January 2012 and July 2023. Randomised controlled trials and observational studies (cohort and case–control studies) which measured HbA1c within 6 months before surgery and compared outcomes between at least three incremental subgroups or analysed HbA1c as a continuous variable were included. The systematic review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023391946).

Results

Twenty observational studies investigating outcomes across multiple surgical types were included. Higher preoperative HbA1c levels were associated with increased odds of overall postoperative complications, postoperative acute kidney injury, anastomotic leak, surgical site infections and increased length of stay. Each 1% increase in preoperative HbA1c was associated with increased odds of these complications. No association with reoperations and 30‐day mortality was identified. The literature was highly variable with respect to composite major complications, perioperative cardiovascular events, hospital readmissions, postoperative pneumonia and systemic thromboembolism.

Conclusions

Current evidence suggested that higher preoperative HbA1c levels were associated with increased odds of postoperative complications and extended length of stay in adults undergoing major noncardiac surgery. Further high‐quality studies would be needed to quantify the risks posed and determine whether early intervention improves outcomes.
Glucagon agonism in the treatment of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity
Authors: Winther Jonathan Brix , Holst Jens Juul
Published: June 2024

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with obesity and, therefore, it is important to target both overweight and hyperglycaemia. Glucagon plays important roles in glucose, amino acid and fat metabolism and may also regulate appetite and energy expenditure. These physiological properties are currently being exploited therapeutically in several compounds, most often in combination with glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) agonism in the form of dual agonists. With this combination, increases in hepatic glucose production and hyperglycaemia, which would be counterproductive, are largely avoided. In multiple randomized trials, the co‐agonists have been demonstrated to lead to significant weight loss and, in participants with T2DM, even improved glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. In addition, significant reductions in hepatic fat content have been observed. Here, we review and discuss the studies so far available. Twenty‐six randomized trials of seven different GLP‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R)/glucagon receptor (GCGR) co‐agonists were identified and reviewed. GLP‐1R/GCGR co‐agonists generally provided significant weight loss, reductions in hepatic fat content, improved lipid profiles, insulin secretion and sensitivity, and in some cases, improved HbA1c levels. A higher incidence of adverse effects was present with GLP‐1R/GCGR co‐agonist treatment than with GLP‐1 agonist monotherapy or placebo. Possible additional risks associated with glucagon agonism are also discussed. A delicate balance between GLP‐1 and glucagon agonism seems to be of particular importance. Further studies exploring the optimal ratio of GLP‐1 and glucagon receptor activation and dosage and titration regimens are needed to ensure a sufficient safety profile while providing clinical benefits.
Biological aging mediates the associations of metabolic score for insulin resistance with all‐cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among US adults: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Li Xiaoxuan , Wang Jia , Zhang Mengqi , Li Xiangjun , Fan Yuchen , Zhou Xinbei , Sun Yuxin , Qiu Zhenkang
Published: June 2024

Aim

To investigate the associations of metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS‐IR) with all‐cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD)‐specific mortality and the potential mediating role of biological ageing.

Methods

A cohort of 19 204 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2018 was recruited for this study. Cox regression models, restricted cubic splines, and Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to determine the relationships of METS‐IR with all‐cause and CVD‐specific mortality. Mediation analyses were performed to explore the possible intermediary role of biological ageing markers, including phenotypic age (PhenoAge) and biological age (BioAge).

Results

During a median follow‐up of 9.17 years, we observed 2818 deaths, of which 875 were CVD‐specific. Multivariable Cox regression showed that the highest METS‐IR level (Q4) was associated with increased all‐cause (hazard ratio [HR] 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14–1.67) and CVD mortality (HR 1.52, 95% CI 1.10–2.12) compared with the Q1 level. Restricted cubic splines showed a nonlinear relationship between METS‐IR and all‐cause mortality. Only METS‐IR above the threshold (41.02 μg/L) was positively correlated with all‐cause death. METS‐IR had a linear positive relationship with CVD mortality. In mediation analyses, we found that PhenoAge mediated 51.32% (p < 0.001) and 41.77% (p < 0.001) of the association between METS‐IR and all‐cause and CVD‐specific mortality, respectively. For BioAge, the mediating proportions of PhenoAge were 21.33% (p < 0.001) and 15.88% (p < 0.001), respectively.

Conclusions

This study highlights the detrimental effects of insulin resistance, as measured by METS‐IR, on all‐cause and CVD mortality. Moreover, it underscores the role of biological ageing in mediating these associations, emphasizing the need for interventions targeting both insulin resistance and ageing processes to mitigate mortality risks in metabolic disorders.
Association between longitudinal changes in body composition and the risk of kidney outcomes in participants with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Zu Cheng , Liu Mengyi , Wang Gangling , Meng Qiguo , Gan Xiaoqin , He Panpan , Zhou Chun , Ye Ziliang , Wei Yuanxiu , Su Xinyue , Zhang Yuanyuan , Qin Xianhui
Published: June 2024

Aims

To assess the relationship of longitudinal changes in fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM) and waist circumference (WC) with incident kidney outcomes in people with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Materials and Methods

A total of 3927 participants with baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 from the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial were included. The primary outcome was kidney outcomes, defined as a decrease in eGFR of at least 40% from baseline at follow‐up visit, or end‐stage kidney disease.

Results

During a median follow‐up of 8.0 years, 450 kidney outcomes were documented after the first 1 year. In the intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) group, reductions in FM (per 10% decrease, adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69–0.94) and WC (per 10% decrease, adjusted HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.59–0.88) from baseline to 1‐year follow‐up were significantly associated with a lower risk of kidney outcomes. The change in LM was not significantly associated with risk of kidney outcomes (per 10% decrease, adjusted HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.58–1.06). In the diabetes support and education group (control group), no significant association was found between changes in body composition and kidney outcomes. Similar results were observed for the 4‐year changes in body composition.

Conclusions

In this post hoc analysis of the Look AHEAD trial, longitudinal declines in FM and WC were associated with a lower risk of kidney outcomes in the ILI group in participants with overweight/obesity and T2DM.
Three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography measurements of ASD sizing parameters in comparison to balloon sizing method in percutaneous ASD closure
Authors: Narimani Sima , Ayati Aryan , Tayebi Amirhossein , Jalai Arash , Amirsardari Zahra , Sahebjam Mohammad , Zoroufian Arezou
Published: June 2024

Background

Balloon sizing (BS) has been used for device size selection in percutaneous atrial septal defect (ASD) closure. Due to its limitations, alternative imaging techniques like three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D‐TEE) are valuable for guiding ASD device size selection during ASD closure procedures. The purpose of this study was to compare ASD sizing using measurements obtained from 3D–TEE to those utilizing the standard balloon sizing method.

Methods

We identified 53 patients with single secundum type ASD without PFO who underwent percutaneous closure at the Tehran Heart Center between 2019 and 2022. Balloon sizing was performed in all patients with the stop‐flow technique, and the choice of device size was determined based on the sizing derived from BS. 3D‐TEE imaging was performed before the intervention, and the ASD shape and quality of ASD rims were assessed.

Results

Among the 53 patients who underwent single ASD device closure, multiple 3D TEE measurements significantly correlated with balloon sizing results. This included defect area, perimeter, and diameter obtained from 3D‐TEE images multi‐planar reconstruction. ASD perimeter detected by 3D TEE had the best correlation with BS results. When divided by the shape of ASD, there was no significant difference between our 3D‐images data and BS in round or oval‐shaped ASDs.

Conclusion

The 3D‐TEE study is reliable for assessing ASD configurational characteristics in percutaneous device closure candidates. 3D‐TEE has the potential to accurately determine the appropriate device size and reduce complications, costs, and procedural duration. Further research is needed to validate these findings and establish the role of 3D‐TEE measurements in guiding the best treatment decisions for ASD closure.
Habitat opening fostered diversity: impact of dispersal and habitat‐shifts in the evolutionary history of a speciose afrotropical insect group
Authors: Hévin Noémie M.‐C. , Goldstein Paul Z. , Aduse‐Poku Kwaku , Barbut Jérôme , Mitchell Andrew , Zilli Alberto , Clamens Anne‐Laure , Capdevielle‐Dulac Claire , Wahlberg Niklas , Le Ru Bruno P. , Kergoat Gael J.
Published: June 2024

The opening of habitats associated with the emergence of C4 grasslands during the Neogene had a massive influence on the evolution of plant and animal communities. Strikingly, the impacts of grassland expansion on species diversification in Africa, where the largest surface of grasslands and savannas in the world is located, are not well understood. To explore the impact of habitat opening, we investigate the evolution of noctuid stemborers, a group of moths mostly associated with open habitats, and whose diversity is centered in the Afrotropics. We generate a dated molecular phylogeny for ca 80% of the known stemborer species, and assess the role of habitat opening on the evolutionary trajectory of the group through a combination of parametric historical biogeography, ancestral character state estimation, life history traits and habitat‐dependent diversification analyses. Our results support an origin of stemborers in Southern and East Africa ca 20 million years ago (Ma), with range expansions linked to the increased availability of open habitats to act as dispersal corridors, and closed habitats acting as potent barriers to dispersal. Early specialization on open habitats was maintained over time, with shifts towards closed habitats being rare and invariably unidirectional. Analyses of life history traits showed that habitat changes involved specific features likely associated with grassland adaptations, such as variations in larval behavior and color. We compare these findings to those previously inferred for an Afrotropical butterfly group that diversified roughly in parallel with the stemborers but distributed predominantly in closed habitats. Remarkably, these two groups show nearly opposite responses in relation to habitat specialization, whether in terms of biogeographical patterns, or in terms of rates of transition between open and closed habitats. We conclude that habitat opening played a major role in the evolutionary history of Afrotropical lineages through dispersal and adaptation linked to habitat shifts.
Union between deciduous and permanent as intrusive luxation sequelae: A case report
Authors: Boer Farli Aparecida Carrilho , Seixas Gabriela Fleury , Maximiano Thais Alexandre , Ferraresso Lucas Fernando Oliveira Tomáz , Neto Antonio Carrilho , Dezan Cássia Cilene
Published: June 2024

Traumatic dental injuries (TDI) are common in children due learning to walk and lack of balance that leads to falls. Luxation is the trauma that occurs most frequently in the deciduous, being that the intrusive and the avulsive are the ones that cause more damage to the permanent successors. The potential to cause disturbances to the developing permanent germ is high due to anatomical proximity and depends on age, direction of intrusion, severity and treatment. The consequences to the permanent range from hypocalcifications of enamel to retention of the permanent germ. In this case, the developmental disturbance of the tooth 21 presenting with acute dentoalveolar abscess was a result of a three‐degree intrusive luxation of the deciduous predecessor. The tooth 61 was misdiagnosed initially as avulsion, but it was a total intrusion as uncovered after a radiographic examination that showed an image suggestive of the presence of the deciduous tooth. The deciduous was extracted along with his permanent successor through outpatient procedure under antibiotic coverage and local anesthesia. The macro and microscopic analysis of the piece evidenced the presence of elements 21 and 61 closely united, as well as alterations provoked in both. There was remission of the infectious process and after 7 days it was verified the correct healing of the surgical wound. The radical outcome of this case emphasizes the relevance of appropriate clinical support as soon as possible in all TDI.
The unexpected influence of legacy conspecific density dependence
Authors: Magee Lukas J. , LaManna Joseph A. , Wolf Amy T. , Howe Robert W. , Lu Yuanming , Valle Denis , Smith Daniel J. B. , Bagchi Robert , Bauman David , Johnson Daniel J.
Published: June 2024

When plants die, neighbours escape competition. Living conspecifics could disproportionately benefit because they are freed from negative intraspecific processes; however, if the negative effects of past conspecific neighbours persist, other species might be advantaged, and diversity might be maintained through legacy effects. We examined legacy effects in a mapped forest by modelling the survival of 37,212 trees of 23 species using four neighbourhood properties: living conspecific, living heterospecific, legacy conspecific (dead conspecifics) and legacy heterospecific densities. Legacy conspecific effects proved nearly four times stronger than living conspecific effects; changes in annual survival associated with legacy conspecific density were 1.5% greater than living conspecific effects. Over 90% of species were negatively impacted by legacy conspecific density, compared to 47% by living conspecific density. Our results emphasize that legacies of trees alter community dynamics, revealing that prior research may have underestimated the strength of density dependent interactions by not considering legacy effects.
Malassezia specific IgE in head and neck dermatitis of eczema: A systematic review & meta‐analysis
Authors: See Tow Hui Xin , Yew Yik Weng
Published: June 2024

Head and neck atopic dermatitis (HNAD) is a subtype of atopic dermatitis (AD), a common inflammatory skin condition with a distinctive clinical appearance. Malassezia spp., a predominant skin yeast, is considered to exacerbate HNAD. In this study, we investigate the prevalence of Malassezia‐specific IgE among HNAD patients. A comprehensive search was performed for observational studies analysing the association between Malassezia‐specific IgE and HNAD. This study was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses 2020 checklist and quality was assessed via the Newcastle‐Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS). Fourteen observational studies (840 patients) were included in the analysis. 58% of HNAD patients were male (95% CI: 45.2–69.7). Overall prevalence of Malassezia‐specific IgE among HNAD patients was 79.3% (95% CI: 57.5–91.5). Prevalence of Malassezia‐specific IgE among HNAD patients varied significantly between geographical regions (p = 0.0441), with 88% in non‐Asian regions (95% CI: 61.06–97.17) and 54.73% in Asian regions (95% CI: 34.36–73.63). Malassezia‐specific IgE prevalence among HNAD patients varied significantly among studies of higher and lower NOS quality score (p = 0.0386), with 95.42% in studies with NOS ≥7 (95% CI: 63.54–99.60) and 58.05% in studies with NOS <7 (95% CI: 41.44–73.01). Malassezia‐specific IgE prevalence among HNAD patients did not vary significantly between more and less predominant Malassezia species (p = 0.1048). Malassezia spp. plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of HNAD, and IgE anti‐Malassezia antibodies appeared to be a common marker for HNAD. Understanding the pathophysiology of Malassezia in HNAD can help develop more targeted therapeutic approaches in managing AD.
Effect of a low‐mineralized thermal spring water on skin barrier mechanical properties using atomic force microscopy
Authors: Mias C. , Stennevin A. , Doat G. , Catté A. , Chlasta J. , Bessou‐Touya S. , Duplan H.
Published: June 2024

The mineral content of thermal spring water (TSW) applied to the skin surface can directly influence the skin barrier. Indeed, our previous study showed that Avène TSW (ATSW), a low mineral content thermal spring water, protects the stratum corneum from dehydration compared to a mineral‐rich TSW (MR‐TSW) and maintains skin surface ultrastructure. While many TSWs have been recognized to have beneficial effects on skin, little is known about their localized and specific effects on skin barrier biomechanics at the nanometric scale. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of ATSW with a reference, MR‐TSW, on the biomechanical barrier properties of the skin under homeostasis conditions using atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM was used to obtain a precise nanomechanical mapping of the skin surface after three applications of both TSW. This provides specific information on the skin topographical profile and elasticity. The topographic profile of skin samples showed a specific compaction of the skin layers after application of MR‐TSW, characterized by an increase of the total number of external skin layers, compared to non‐treated samples. By contrast, ATSW did not modify the skin topographic profile. High‐resolution force/volume acquisitions to capture the elastic modulus showed that it was directly correlated with skin rigidity. The elastic modulus strongly and significantly increased after MR‐TSW application compared to non‐treated skin. By contrast, applications of ATSW did not increase elastic modulus. These data demonstrate that applications of MR‐TSW significantly modified skin barrier properties by increasing skin surface layer compaction and skin rigidity. By contrast, ATSW did not modify the topographical profile of skin explants nor induce mechanical stress at the level of the stratum corneum, indicating it does not disrupt the biophysical properties linked to skin surface integrity.
Reduced doses of emicizumab achieve good efficacy: Results from a national‐wide multicentre real‐world study in China
Authors: Xu Yuan , Wang Ying , Wu Runhui , Zheng Changcheng , Zhang Li , Xu Weiqun , Feng Xiaoqin , Wang Hua , Cao Xiangshan , He Liya , Xue Tianyang , Jin Mingwei , Xie Bingshou , Ling Jing , Sun Lirong , Su Rui , Cheng Hongbo , Fang Yongjun , Poon Man‐Chiu , Liu Wei , Zhang Lei , Xue Feng , Yang Renchi
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Reduced doses of emicizumab improve the affordability among patients in developing countries. However, the relationship between variant dose selection and efficacy in the real world of China is still unclear.

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of emicizumab especially in those on reduced dose regimens in a real‐world setting.

Methods

We carried out a multicentre study from 28 hospitals between June 2019 and June 2023 in China and retrospectively analysed the characteristics including demographics, diagnosis, treatment, bleeding episodes, and surgical procedures.

Results

In total, 127 patients with haemophilia A, including 42 with inhibitors, were followed for a median duration of 16.0 (IQR: 9.0–30.0) months. Median age at emicizumab initiation was 2.0 (IQR: 1.0–4.0) years. Median (IQR) consumption for loading and maintenance was 12.0 (8.0–12.0) and 4.2 (3.0–6.0) mg/kg/4 weeks, respectively. While on emicizumab, 67 (52.8%) patients had no bleeds, whereas 60 (47.2%) patients had any bleeds, including 26 with treated bleeds. Compared to previous treatments, patients on emicizumab had significantly decreased annualized bleeding rate, annualized joint bleeding rate, target joints and intracerebral haemorrhage. Different dosages had similar efficacy except the proportion of patients with treated spontaneous bleeds and target joints. Adverse events were reported in 12 (9.4%) patients. Postoperative excessive bleeding occurred following two of nine procedures.

Conclusion

This is the largest study describing patients with HA receiving emicizumab prophylaxis on variant dose regimens in China. We confirmed that nonstandard dose is efficacious and can be considered where full‐dose emicizumab is ill affordable.
THE IMPACT OF A LARGE DEPRECIATION ON THE COST OF LIVING OF RICH AND POOR CONSUMERS
Authors: Colicev Anatoli , Hoste Joris , Konings Jozef
Published: June 2024

Using retailer scanner data, we investigate how a sharp and abrupt depreciation of the exchange rate affects consumers' cost of living. We find that the marginal cost of imported goods increased, whereas their retail markups decreased compared to domestic products. There was also a surge in the entry and exit of both foreign and local product varieties post‐depreciation. Wealthier consumers, who spend more on imports, are hit harder by higher marginal costs but benefit from reduced markups and increased product diversity, unlike their less affluent counterparts.
Skin barrier: new therapeutic targets for chronic kidney disease‐associated pruritus – a narrative review
Authors: Zhai Siyue , Chen Lei , Liu Hua , Wang Meng , Xue Jinhong , Zhao Xue , Jiang Hongli
Published: June 2024

The current incidence of chronic kidney disease‐associated pruritus (CKD‐aP) in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) is approximately 70%, especially in those receiving dialysis, which negatively affects their work and private lives. The CKD‐aP pathogenesis remains unclear, but uremic toxin accumulation, histamine release, and opioid imbalance have been suggested to lead to CKD‐aP. Current therapeutic approaches, such as opioid receptor modulators, antihistamines, and ultraviolet B irradiation, are associated with some limitations and adverse effects. The skin barrier is the first defense in preventing external injury to the body. Patients with chronic kidney disease often experience itch due to the damaged skin barrier and reduced secretion of sweat and secretion from sebaceous glands. Surprisingly, skin barrier‐repairing agents repair the skin barrier and inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines, maintain skin immunity, and ameliorate the micro‐inflammatory status of afferent nerve fibers. Here, we summarize the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment status of CKD‐aP and explore the possibility of skin barrier repair in CKD‐aP treatment.
Discovery of a monoclonal, high‐affinity CD8+ T‐cell clone following natural hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Cai Curtis , Keoshkerian Elizabeth , Wing Kristof , Samir Jerome , Effenberger Manuel , Schober Kilian , Bull Rowena A , Lloyd Andrew R , Busch Dirk H , Luciani Fabio
Published: June 2024

CD8+ T cells recognizing their cognate antigen are typically recruited as a polyclonal population consisting of multiple clonotypes with varying T‐cell receptor (TCR) affinity to the target peptide–major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) complex. Advances in single‐cell sequencing have increased accessibility toward identifying TCRs with matched antigens. Here we present the discovery of a monoclonal CD8+ T‐cell population with specificity for a hepatitis C virus (HCV)–derived human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I epitope (HLA‐B*07:02 GPRLGVRAT) which was isolated directly ex vivo from an individual with an episode of acutely resolved HCV infection. This population was absent before infection and underwent expansion and stable maintenance for at least 2 years after infection as measured by HLA‐multimer staining. Furthermore, the monoclonal clonotype was characterized by an unusually long dissociation time (half‐life = 794 s and koff = 5.73 × 10−4) for its target antigen when compared with previously published results. A comparison with related populations of HCV‐specific populations derived from the same individual and a second individual suggested that high‐affinity TCR–pMHC interactions may be inherent to epitope identity and shape the phenotype of responses which has implications for rational TCR selection and design in the age of personalized immunotherapies.
Parental perceptions and acceptance of silver diamine fluoride staining in Italy
Authors: Cappiello Maria Chiara , Lardani Lisa , Fitzgibbon Raquel , Gatto Maria Rosaria , Crystal Yasmi Ornelas , Guinot Jimeno Francisco , Piana Gabriela , Bagattoni Simone
Published: June 2024

Background

Parental perceptions of staining due to silver diamine fluoride (SDF) could affect its utilization in paediatric dentistry. This study represents the second part of a wider project focused on SDF esthetic acceptability among Italian parents.

Aim

To evaluate parental acceptance of SDF staining in Italy and to assess whether the parent's level of acceptance depends on location, child's behavior, or demographic background.

Design

A cross‐sectional study was conducted among Italian parents of children attending two university dental clinics. We used a validated Italian version of the questionnaire “Parental Perceptions of Silver Diamine Fluoride Dental Color Changes.”

Results

Two hundred and thirty‐four parents took part in the survey. Of parents, 65.4% considered the staining on posterior teeth esthetically “acceptable” or “somewhat acceptable,” and 19.3% on anterior teeth (p = .001). In a scenario of positive cooperation, 48.5% of parents were “somewhat likely” or “very likely” to choose SDF to treat posterior teeth, and 17.6% on anterior teeth (p = .001). Level of acceptance increased as the difficulty the child would experience to receive conventional treatment increased.

Conclusion

Staining on posterior teeth is more acceptable to parents than staining on anterior teeth. Level of acceptance on anterior teeth increases when sedation or general anesthesia is the alternative for the child.
Clinical perspectives on sampling and processing approaches for the management of infection in diabetic foot ulceration: A qualitative study
Authors: di Martino Erica , Nelson Elizabeth Andrea , Nixon Jane Elizabeth , Russell David Alexander , Goodman Anna Louise , Mehta Sanjeev Rasiklal , Game Frances
Published: June 2024

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) often become infected and are treated with antimicrobials, with samples collected to inform care. Swab samples are easier than tissue sampling but report fewer organisms. Compared with culture and sensitivity (C&S) methods, molecular microbiology identifies more organisms. Clinician perspectives on sampling and processing are unknown. We explored clinician perspectives on DFU sampling—tissue samples/wound swabs—and on processing techniques, culture and sensitivity or molecular techniques. The latter provides information on organisms which have not survived transport to the laboratory for culture. We solicited feedback on molecular microbiology reports. Qualitative study using semi‐structured interview, with analysis using a Framework approach. CODIFI2 clinicians from UK DFU clinics. Seven consultants agreed to take part. They reported, overall, a preference for tissue samples over swabbing. Clinicians were not confident replacing C&S with molecular microbiology as the approach to reporting was unfamiliar. The study was small and did not recruit any podiatrists or nurses, who may have discipline‐specific attitudes or perspectives on DFU care. Both sampling approaches appear to be used by clinicians. Molecular microbiology reports would not be, at present, suitable for replacement of traditional culture and sensitivity.
Quality of life measurement in urticaria: Position statement of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology Task Forces on Quality of Life and Patient‐Oriented Outcomes and Urticaria and Angioedema
Authors: Chernyshov P. V. , Finlay A. Y. , Tomas‐Aragones L. , Zuberbier T. , Kocatürk E. , Manolache L. , Pustisek N. , Svensson A. , Marron S. E. , Sampogna F. , Bewley A. , Salavastru C. , Koumaki D. , Augustin M. , Linder D. , Abeni D. , Salek S. S. , Szepietowski J. , Jemec G. B.
Published: June 2024

The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV) Task Forces on quality of life (QoL) and patient‐oriented outcomes and on urticaria and angioedema recommendations for the assessment of Health‐related (HR) QoL in all patients with urticaria in research and practice are as follows: to use the DLQI for adults and the CDLQI for children as dermatology‐specific and the CU‐Q2oL as a disease‐specific HRQoL instruments in urticaria; to use generic instruments to provide comparison of data on urticaria with non‐dermatologic diseases, or to compare with healthy volunteers or the general population; to select validated HRQoL instruments with appropriate age limits; to present exact numeric data for HRQoL results; correct title of any HRQoL instrument should be used, along with its correct abbreviation and the reference to its original publication, where possible. The EADV TFs discourage the use of non‐validated HRQoL instruments and modified HRQoL instruments that have not undergone standard validation.
Exploring the potential of insect gut microbes for advancing renewable energy production
Authors: Fu Chun , Shah Assar Ali , Alissa Mohammed , Alsuwat Meshari A. , Ullah Shakeeb , Khan Muhammad Shuaib , Zaman Ali
Published: June 2024

Insect gut microbes represent a rich source of enzymes and metabolic pathways that can be harnessed to advance renewable energy production. This review explores the potential of insect gut microbiota in the context of biomass degradation and biofuel production. Insects, particularly wood‐feeding species like termites and beetles, harbour complex microbial communities in their guts that efficiently break down lignocellulosic materials into simple sugars. These sugars can then be fermented into biofuels such as ethanol and methane. Recent research has focused on identifying key microbial species and enzymes involved in this process, as well as on engineering these microbes to enhance their efficiency and substrate specificity. Additionally, the ecological roles of these microbes in insect digestion and their potential for biotechnological applications beyond biofuel production are discussed. Overall, understanding and harnessing insect gut microbes holds great promise for advancing sustainable and renewable energy solutions.
My feed is what I eat? A qualitative study on adolescents' awareness and appreciation of food marketing on social media
Authors: van der Bend Daphne L.M. , Beunke Tjamke A. , Shrewsbury Vanessa A. , Bucher Tamara , van Kleef Ellen
Published: June 2024

Background

Adolescents spend much of their time online and hence are exposed to a lot of non‐core (energy‐dense, nutrient‐poor) social media food marketing (SMFM). This may influence their dietary choices and health. This present study aimed to investigate adolescents’ perceptions towards SMFM; that is, their recognition and appreciation of SMFM.

Methods

Semi‐structured one‐on‐one interviews were conducted with Dutch adolescents aged 13–16 years (n = 16), on Skype. Examples of food promotions on Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok and YouTube were discussed with adolescents.

Results

Adolescents’ reasons for recognising and appreciating or liking SMFM were often related to the level of product integration. Factors that determined participants’ recognition of SMFM included product focus (e.g., brand or product prominence), sponsorship disclosure, type of content (paid, influencer and peer‐generated content) and promotional strategy (e.g., discounts, promotional texts, layout). Participants’ appreciation of SMFM was determined by the format of a post (image, video, text, pop‐up), trustworthiness of the source (brand, celebrity, friend/peer), type of product promoted (core, non‐core) and appearance or layout of a post (e.g., professionalism, appeal).

Conclusions

The present study contributes to the ongoing debate on how to increase adolescents’ resilience to commercial messages that promote non‐core foods. Adolescents mostly enjoy watching non‐core video content from peers or influencers and do not perceive this as food marketing. It is recommended that future studies investigate the effects of earned social media marketing formats (i.e., unpaid peer and influencer endorsements) promoting non‐core foods on adolescents’ dietary intake, and how they can be made more critical towards such types of SMFM.
Examining Cesarean Among Individuals of Advanced Maternal Age in Nurse‐Midwifery Care
Authors: Kanjanakaew Antita , Song MinKyoung , Driessnack Martha , Erickson Elise N.
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Cesarean rates are rising, especially for individuals of advanced maternal age (AMA), defined as aged 35 or older. The Robson 10‐Group Classification System (TGCS) facilitates assessment and comparison of cesarean rates among individuals in different settings. In midwifery‐led care, in which pregnant people are typically healthier and seek a vaginal birth, it is unknown whether individuals of AMA have different antecedents leading to cesarean compared with younger counterparts. This study aimed to examine antecedents contributing to cesarean using Robson TGCS for individuals across age groups in midwifery care.

Methods

This study was a secondary analysis of 2 cohort data sets from Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) and University of Michigan Health Systems (UMHS) hospitals. The samples were individuals in midwifery‐led care birthing at either OHSU from 2012 to 2019 or UMHS from 2007 to 2019.

Results

A total of 11,951 individuals were studied. Overall cesarean rates were low; however, the rate for individuals of AMA was higher than the rate of their younger counterparts (18.30% vs 15.10%). The Robson groups were similar; however, the primary contributor among AMA individuals was group 5 (multiparous with previous cesarean), followed by group 2 [nulliparous with labor induced or prelabor cesarean], and group 1 [nulliparous with spontaneous labor]. In contrast, the primary contributors for younger individuals were groups 1, 2, and 5, respectively. In addition, prelabor cesarean and induced labor partly mediated the relationship between AMA and cesarean among nulliparous individuals, whereas prelabor cesarean was the key contributor to cesarean among multiparous people.

Discussion

The cesarean rate in midwifery‐led care was low. Using Robson TGCS provided additional insight into the antecedents to cesarean, rather than viewing cesarean as a single outcome. Future studies should continue to use Robson TGCS and investigate antecedents to cesarean, including factors influencing successful vaginal birth after cesarean in individuals of AMA.
Influence of self‐management, self‐efficacy, depression and social support on quality of life in patients undergoing haemodialysis by disease stage in South Korea
Authors: Chang Aekyung , Kim Jisoo
Published: June 2024

Aim

To investigate the influence of self‐management, self‐efficacy, depression and social support by disease stage on quality of life in patients undergoing haemodialysis in South Korea.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey design was used. Participants completed self‐report questionnaires.

Methods

A convenience sample of 409 patients undergoing haemodialysis were recruited to complete self‐report questionnaires. T‐tests, ANOVA, multiple comparisons with Dunnett's T3 post hoc test, Pearson's correlation coefficients and hierarchical linear multiple regression were conducted using IBM SPSS version 25.0.

Results

The crisis stage group had the highest mean quality of life score (M = 83.92). Factors influencing quality of life were social support and depression in the crisis stage and depression, self‐efficacy and self‐management in the stable stage, explaining 38.5% and 51.5% of the total variation each. In the downward stage, only depression was a significant predictor of quality of life, explaining 55.9% of it.

Conclusion

Long‐term intervention to decrease depression regardless of disease stage to improve quality of life in haemodialysis patients is required. Nursing interventions should include increasing social support to promote patients' quality of life in the crisis stage and improving self‐efficacy and self‐management in the stable stage.

Implications for the profession and/or patient care

Based on quality of life predictors, the development and implementation of patient‐centered nursing interventions considering the patient's disease stage can improve haemodialysis patients' quality of life.

Impact

There is minimal research on patients' quality of life considering disease stage.

Depression was a significant factor of haemodialysis patients' quality of life in all stages, while social support was significant in the crisis stage and self‐efficacy and self‐management was significant in the stable stage.

Reporting Method

This study was reported according to the STROBE checklist.

Patient or Public Contribution

Validated interviewer‐administered questionnaires were completed by patients undergoing haemodialysis in this study.
Recombinant human fibroblast growth factor and autogenous bone for periodontal regeneration: Alone or in combination? A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Kojima Kosuke , Kamata Yohei , Shimizu Tomoko , Sato Satsuki , Suzuki Sota , Takanashi Yuya , Hojo Sawako , Yoshino Takeshi , Fuchida Shinya , Tamura Toshiyuki , Minabe Masato , Kodama Toshiro , Kessoku Takaomi , Oyamada Shunsuke
Published: June 2024

Aim

To compare the outcomes of therapy using recombinant human fibroblast growth factor (rhFGF)‐2 combined with autologous bone grafting (ABG) therapy with those of rhFGF‐2 alone and ABG alone in the treatment of periodontal intraosseous defects.

Methods

Periodontal intraosseous defects were randomized to receive rhFGF‐2 therapy + ABG, rhFGF‐2 therapy alone, or ABG alone. Periodontal examination and periapical radiography were performed preoperatively and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively.

Results

At the 12 months follow‐up, all three groups showed significant improvement in the clinical attachment level (CAL): 5.6 ± 1.6, 5.8 ± 1.7, and 5.2 ± 1.6 mm in the rhFGF‐2 + ABG, rhFGF‐2 alone, and ABG alone groups, respectively, with no significant inter‐group differences (p < .05). rhFGF‐2 therapy (alone or in combination) resulted in greater bone defect filling (BDF) (2.3 ± 1.2 mm and 2.6 ± 1.9 mm, respectively) than ABG therapy alone (1.2 ± 1.2 mm). Gingival recession was lesser in the ABG alone (1.2 ± 1.1 mm) and rhFGF‐2 + ABG groups (1.4 ± 0.8 mm) than in the rhFGF‐2 alone group (2.2 ± 1.2 mm).

Conclusion

The results of this study showed that at 12 months postoperatively, all treatments resulted in statistically significant clinical improvements compared to the baseline. From these results, it can be concluded that rhFGF‐2 promotes hard tissue regeneration in intraosseous defects.
Association between asthma and periodontitis: A case–control analysis of risk factors, related medications, and allergic responses
Authors: Saleh Muhammad H. A. , Decker Ann M. , Kalani Khushboo , Hoang Khoa , Mandil Obada , Gathalia Parth , Ray Bidisha , Lugogo Njira , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: June 2024

Aims

This study aimed to investigate the association between asthma, related allergies and medication use, and the presence and severity of periodontitis among individuals at the University of Michigan School of Dentistry.

Methods

Employing a case–control design, the study analyzed data from 892 patients, half with asthma and half without asthma. Data collection included demographics, asthma history, medication use, allergies, and periodontal examination outcomes, including probing pocket depth (PPD), mobility, furcation involvement, and radiographic bone loss (RBL). Logistic regression models assessed the relationship between asthma and periodontitis, adjusting for confounders.

Results

Asthmatic patients exhibited significantly lower odds of periodontitis (OR = 0.10, p < .001) and were less likely to present with advanced stages (OR = 0.23, p < .001) and grades of the disease (OR = 0.31, p < .001) compared to non‐asthmatic patients. The study also found a higher proportion of females in the asthmatic group (67% vs. 51.8%, p < .001). Smoking was identified as a significant factor associated with periodontitis in patients with asthma, with former smokers at more than double the odds (OR = 2.28, p = .035) and current smokers at a slightly lower yet significant odds (OR = 1.87, p = .050). Additionally, asthmatic patients on adrenergic inhalers had an increased likelihood of developing periodontitis (OR = 1.76, p = .045). Allergies to codeine and latex were associated with higher odds of periodontitis, with ORs of 3.41 and 6.09, respectively.

Conclusions

Asthma was found to be associated with lower odds of periodontitis. However, this association appears to be modified by smoking habits and the use of certain asthma medications, which are related to an increased likelihood of periodontitis among asthmatic patients.
Alteration in neural oscillatory activity and phase‐amplitude coupling after sleep deprivation: Evidence for impairment and compensation effects
Authors: Liu Zehui , Zhou Yuqi , Hao Chao , Ma Ning
Published: June 2024

Insufficient sleep can significantly affect vigilance and increase slow‐wave electroencephalographic power as homeostatic sleep pressure accumulates. Phase‐amplitude coupling is involved in regulating the spatiotemporal integration of physiological processes. This study aimed to examine the functional associations of resting‐state electroencephalographic power and delta/theta‐gamma phase‐amplitude coupling from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to posterior regions with vigilance performance after sleep deprivation. Forty‐six healthy adults underwent 24‐hr sleep deprivation with resting‐state electroencephalographic recordings, and vigilant attention was measured using the Psychomotor Vigilance Task. Power spectral and phase‐amplitude coupling analyses were conducted, and correlation analysis was utilized to reveal the relationship between electroencephalographic patterns and changes in vigilance resulting from sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation significantly declined vigilance performance, accompanied by increased resting‐state electroencephalographic power in all bands and delta/theta‐gamma phase‐amplitude coupling. The increased theta activity in centro‐parieto‐occipital areas significantly correlated with decreased mean and slowest response speed. Conversely, the increased delta‐low gamma and theta‐high gamma phase‐amplitude couplings negatively correlated with the deceleration of the fastest Psychomotor Vigilance Task reaction times. These findings suggest that sleep deprivation affects vigilance by altering electroencephalographic spectral power and information communication across frequency bands in different brain regions. The distinct effects of increased theta power and delta/theta‐gamma phase‐amplitude coupling might reflect the impairment and compensation of sleep deprivation on vigilance performance, respectively.
Earnings assimilation of post‐reunification East German migrants in West Germany
Authors: Riphahn Regina T. , Sauer Irakli
Published: June 2024

We investigate the wage assimilation of East Germans who migrated to West Germany after reunification (1990–99). We compare their wage assimilation to that of ethnic German immigrants from Eastern Bloc countries and international immigrants to West Germany who arrived at the same time. The analysis uses administrative as well as survey data. The results suggest that East Germans faced significant initial earnings disadvantages in West Germany, even conditional on age and education. However, these disadvantages were smaller than those of international immigrants, supporting the beneficial role of cultural similarity. The earnings gap relative to West German natives narrowed over time for all immigrants. These findings are robust to controlling for potentially endogenous return migration and labor force participation. Controls for fixed effects reveal that positive assimilation for East German and international immigrants was concentrated among highly educated immigrants.