bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Limits of the Mexican Maquiladora Industry
Authors: Cobos Emilio Pradilla
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the growth of the maquiladora industry on Mexico's northern border. The concentration of capital, its productive structure, wages, working conditions and structural problems are analyzed. Its deleterious effect on the region and its major cities and the environment only exacerbate the unequal and subordinated pattern of Mexico's integration into the U.S.
Class, Gender and Ethnic Income Inequalities in 1973 and 1984: Findings from the Canadian National Surveys
Authors: Nakhaie M. Reza
Published: March 2007

This paper utilizes two sets of Canadian cross-sectional data collected in 1973 and 1984 for the purpose of evaluating competing theoretical explanations of the level, structure, and process of income inequalities within and between social classes and language and gender groups. The analysis shows a wide income gap between social classes both in 1973 and 1984. The income gaps between males and females are also large. The income gaps between Anglophones and Francophones tend to be much smaller than between class categories and gender groups in 1973, and more so in 1984. The greatest improvement in income disparities seems to come from less discriminatory pay structures and exploitation, not from human capital and individual characteristics.
Pay Equity and Wage Justice
Authors: Kates Carol A.
Published: March 2007

Pay equity job evaluations remove some wage bias, but do not resolve class inequalities. It is "socially efficient" to require capital to meet a democratic standard of wage justice, which would require firms to continuously upgrade job values, eliminate unskilled work, reduce hours of work, and pay a high minimum wage. Requiring firms to upgrade and equalize job structures builds on the pay equity argument and addresses both discrimination and class issues.
Multinational Corporations and the U.S. Economic Crisis: A Theoretical and Empircal Analysis
Authors: Ceyhun Fikret
Published: March 2007

This paper is a dialectical analysis of U.S. capital's response to the long term decline in the rate of profit. United States capital has become more global in the second half of the twentieth century. The expansion of multi-national corporations in this search for higher profits has undermined the accumulation of capital at home and deepened the U.S. economic crisis.
The Political Economy of Oil, Autos, and the Urban Environment in Venezuela
Authors: Angotti Tom
Published: March 2007

When Venezuela's economy, dependent on oil exports by the state-owned transnational corporation, produces a large surplus which the government uses to invest in urban infrastructure, especially highways. Highway investments and low gasoline prices reinforce auto dependency and contribute to urban congestion, air pollution, and public health problems. Oil and auto dependency benefit the middle and upper strata of the population, which have the highest levels of car ownership. The majority of the urban population do not own vehicles and suffer the worst consequences of environmental contamination.
Destructive Idealization: A Threat to Our Times
Authors: Molnos Angela
Published: March 2007

The objective of this paper is to introduce the concept of `destructive idealization' and to describe the process by which, given certain conditions, the future is destructively idealized. 1 outline the ways in which the human mind, once the here-and-now becomes intolerably frightening or painful, escapes into another time, another place, and idealizes it, a process in which the splitting of positive and negative feelings is inherent. As far as I am aware, this particular correlate of splitting has not yet been closely studied, nor the term `destructive idealization' used to designate it. The concept is defined and illustrated with contemporary examples.
The Effect of Gender on the Role of the Female Group Conductor
Authors: Conlon Isobel
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the issues of power and authority for the female group conductor in the beginning phase of the analytic group's de velopment. It discusses the role of conductor and the transference and countertransference relationships, and how these are affected by conscious and unconscious experiences of woman and mother.
Society's Changing Views on Mourning: Some Clinical Implications
Authors: Lakoff Robert S. , Azim Hassan F.A.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews some aspects of society's changing views on mourning and comments on the ambivalence with which society regards the mourner because of his association with death and loss. In this century, the disciplines of psychiatry and psychology have increasingly stepped in to fill the role vacated by the Church in relation to the needs of the mourner. The following two articles will elaborate on aspects of therapy with patients who have experienced loss, not only by death but also by other means such as separation or divorce.
Reflections on Group-Analytic Research
Authors: Kartenud Sigmund W.
Published: March 2007

As a specialized modality of the broader field of group psychotherapy, which in turn is a specialized modality of (psychoanalytic) psychotherapy, group-analytic research must address problems peculiar to group analysis as well as problems encountered in group psychotherapy research and the even more general problems of psychotherapy research.

This paper discusses research into group analysis as a clinical discipline, that is, as a mode of psychotherapy for disturbed individuals, leaving aside applied group analysis and group analysis as a method for gaining deeper insight into cultural and community dynamics.
`Race' and Racism: An Attempt to Organize Difference
Authors: Dalal Farhad N.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the issue of `race' and racism in the context of Group-analytic psychotherapy. My contention is that at present there is no specific Group-analytic understanding of racism. 7he article is aimed at group conductors, focusing on what terms might be used to view these issues as they manifest in groups. It challenges the notion of `race' as an objective category and examines ways of viewing the phenomena of `race' and racism as dynamic processes rather than as fixed and concrete events.
The Emergence of Racism in Group Analysis
Authors: Blackwell Dick
Published: March 2007

Group analysis is particularly concerned with the permeation of the individual by the dynamics of her' social context. In a racist society the dynamics of racism will be internalized by all its members. We should expect this dynamic to emerge in an analytic group and should be prepared to analyse it. An example of the emergence of racism in an analytic group reveals the importance of group composition; the relationship between cultural difference and political and cultural domination; the responsibilities and self-awareness of the group conductor, and the psychodynamics of the victim-persecutor scenario.
Containing the Containers: The Staff Consultation Group
Authors: Rifkind Gabrielle
Published: March 2007

The author explores the need for staff consultation groups to `contain the containers', `the workers, the caring professions'. She outlines some of the factors to take into account when setting up these groups and comments on important aspects of the group process, particularly the role of the group conductor; focusing on the differences between staff group consultancy and group analysis.
Ego and Self in the Group
Authors: Erlich H. Shmuel
Published: March 2007

The psychodynamic concepts of ego and Self are interwoven with group phenomena in a number of ways. Even though ego/Self are at an opposite pole to group, they are also what makes up the group, and are in need of the group for attaining their fullest state. The group may also be viewed as having the character and quality of an ego/Self, albeit at a new level of conceptualization, as an entity in its own right. Understanding ego and Self as representing different experiential modes of the subject's relatedness to his or her object enables us to better understand ego and Self in the group, and can help account more fully for the different atmospheres that prevail in the Work Group as compared to the Basic Assumption Group. Such an understanding is in turn greatly facilitated by viewing experiences in groups through the experiential modalities of Being and Doing, which are embedded in the dimension of merger versus separateness of Self and object.
On Playing in the Group
Authors: Kay Margaret
Published: March 2007

Little has been written about play in adult therapy groups. This paper compares children's games with therapeutic factors in group analysis and explores the roles of play and playfulness in group psychotherapy.
Sociodrama
Authors: Kellermann Peter Felix
Published: March 2007

This article defines sociodrama as an experiential group-as-a-whole procedure for social exploration and inter-group conflict trans-formation. As such, sociodrama can be regarded as an action-oriented and structured counterpart to group analysis with large groups. After a brief description of its history, practice and theory, three different applications of sociodrama are described which alternatively focus on actual traumatic events and social crises, on political change and social disintegration, and on social diversity which leads to inter-group conflict and prejudice. The various goals of sociodrama, towards more homeostasis, equality and tolerance in society, may prepare the ground for inter-group conflict resolution and peace promotion on a more global socio-political scale.
Carl Menger's theory of invisible-hand explanations
Authors: Haller Markus
Published: March 2007

Carl Menger's theory of invisible-hand explanations is rooted in his methodology of the social sciences. Contrary to his 18th-century Scottish forerunners he explains both the emergence and the persistence of unplanned social institutions exclusively by the individual pursuit of perceived self-interest. Contrary to Hayek's evolutionary functionalism, Menger's theory is not confined to the explanation of efficient or beneficial institutions. And contrary to Buchanan and Vanberg's constitutional contractualism, it does not require that people form stable preferences over rules.
Stereotype fissure: Katz and Braly revisited
Authors: Philogène Gina
Published: March 2007

The recent switch from “Black” to “African American” symbolizes a transformation in the conceptualization of Americans of African descent away from race to culture. The tension between these two alternative social representations is examined by extending the attribution checklist procedure of Katz and Braly (1933) to show that subjects differentiate attributes associated with that group depending on the name used. A factorial analysis yielded three consistent (positive, negative, and boisterous) stereotype scales in juxtaposition with each other. An analysis of variance pertaining to these scales confirmed that those subjects using “African American” perceive the group more positively than those using “Black”. The contradistinction between a racially defined and a culturally defined group characterization, as crystallized in the competing denominations “Black” and “African American”, was further explored in a content analysis.
Pareto on idealization and the method of analysis-synthesis
Authors: Guala Francesco
Published: March 2007

Philosophers of science and philosophers of economics have recently “rediscovered” the problem of idealization. In this paper a taxonomy of different kinds of idealizing procedures is applied to Pareto's views on the status of economics among the social sciences. The paper aims to show that the evolution of Pareto's career as a social scientist can be seen in a new perspective, as a long and in the end unresolved struggle with the problem of analysis-synthesis.
Mind the Gap: The Philosophy of Gillian Rose
Authors: Tubbs Nigel
Published: March 2007

This article explores the implications of Gillian Rose's social and political theory of modernity. For Rose, modernity not only construes `the autonomous moral subject as free within the order of representations and unfree within its preconditions and outcomes' (1996: 57), it is also `the working out of that combination' (ibid.). The implications of this view are explored below, concentrating in particular on the way Rose tackled the aporias and contradictions of modern sociology and social theory. Its conclusion is twofold. First, that Rose retrieves the absolute as fundamental to the meaning of social and political critique, and second that, in the face of demands for radical political action, not least in Marx's 11th thesis on Feuerbach, it is the religious dimension of our political experience that has been consistently overlooked. It is my argument that, in her concept of `the broken middle', Rose does not overcome the gap between theory and practice, but she does comprehend it as a way of life, one characterized by human struggling and failing. This way of life calls us to `mind the gap'.
Australian Civilization and its Discontents
Authors: Beilharz Peter
Published: March 2007

What are the peculiarities of Australian modernity? How can we make sense of Australia? This programmatic article opens up questions of how to think about Australia through thinking about thinking about Australia. National and imperial fallacies abound - that Australia is derivative of origin or environment, and is allegedly obsessed with identity crises. Much analysis of Australia is either celebratory or dismissive. Too often the question is `who are we?' rather than `what has been the nature of our collective and split experience?' The argument presented here is that the idea of Australian civilization can be used to hold these two dimensions together within the framework of an accelerating globalization process which divides rather than unites. Three negative and three positive theses are advanced to this end, anticipating a further article which follows Tocqueville into the antipodes.
On the Rationality of Evil: An Interview with Zygmunt Bauman
Authors: Welzer Harald
Published: March 2007

The interview discusses the interdependence of the scientist's biography and the field, the relationship between sociology and the Holocaust, and the question of aesthetics and style in writing on sociological topics.
From `Cambodge' to `Kampuchea': State and Revolution in Cambodia 1863-1979
Authors: Chandler David
Published: March 2007

The paper contrasts two readings of Cambodian politics and society, labelled by the author `Cambodge' and `Kampuchea'. The `Cambodge' reading was invented by the French in the colonial era (1863-1954). It blended the grandeur of Cambodia's past, symbolized by the Angkor ruins, with an assessment of the Cambodian people as insouciant and needful of protection. This reading persisted in the so-called `Sihanouk years' (1955-70). The `Kampuchea' reading was imposed by the Cambodian Communists (`Khmer Rouge') when they seized power in 1975. It emphasized the empowerment of the poor, a conflict model of society, the predominance of politics, and a Marxist-Leninist, linear view of history. Both readings were `top-down' and now (1997) that they have been discredited (although some of their ingredients persist) a comparison between them may be of historical interest.
The Southeast Asian Labyrinth: Historical and Comparative Perspectives
Authors: Arnason Johann P.
Published: March 2007

In the Southeast Asian context, the questions of civilizational identity and civilizational premises of modernity cannot be posed in the same way as with regard to China or India. From a long-term perspective, the most salient features of the region have to do with intercivilizational encounters and their local ramifications. As the debate on `Indianization' has shown, Southeast Asian traditions took shape in active interaction with dominant external models, and it is a flexible combination of imported and local patterns that is most characteristic of the region, rather than any persisting indigenous infrastructure. Cultural patterns of state formation are the most distinctive outcome of this process; they can be traced back to the Indianizing phase, but they also play an important role in the early modern history of the region, and they are relevant to the debate on `re-traditionalization' in contemporary Southeast Asia.
The Tao of Exchange: Ideology and Cosmology in Baudrillard's Fatalism
Authors: Lee Raymond L. M.
Published: March 2007

Baudrillard's fatalism could be interpreted as a unique synthesis of poststructuralism and Eastern philosophy. It may be construed as an effort to integrate the critique of the political economy of the sign with a romantic anthropology of symbolic exchange that is partly influenced by Taoist philosophy. As a whole, it comprises a type of countercultural response to a burgeoning simulacral order. This is a response that draws upon some aspects of Taoist thought because it ideally provides a non-Marxist approach to the critique of the sign, but is insufficiently developed to consider the problem of agency in Taoist non-causal action. This paper surveys the general direction of Baudrillard's writings and suggests possible areas of research emerging from the ambiguities of fatal theory.
The Resistance that Modernity Constantly Provokes: Europe, America and Social Theory
Authors: Wagner Peter
Published: March 2007

During the past two centuries, and in particular during the inter-war period, American ways of living and of thinking have become one principal object of European reflections on modernity. This essay explores some of the ways in which the rejection or affirmation of modernity in Europe has been channelled through observations on America. It is argued that the variety of European ways of looking at America also demonstrates the range of forms available to social theory for thinking the social world under conditions of modernity and that this European debate provided some seeds for the current discussion about `multiple modernities'.
Management Citizenship Behavior and its Consequences
Authors: HODSON RANDY
Published: March 2007

The current article develops the concept of management citizenship behavior (MCB) as a complement to the widely used concept of organizational citizenship behavior. The concept of MCB facilitates an analysis of the behavior of managers as contributors to organizational viability. The author uses data coded from the population of organizational ethnographies (N = 108) to evaluate the determinants and consequences of MCB. Unstable product markets result in lower levels of MCB. Product market competition, however, appears to encourage MCB. In turn, MCB exerts a strong positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior and also reduces conflict between employees and managers and infighting among employees. MCB thus functions both as a mediator of organizational effects and as a strong independent influence. Increased attention to the causes and consequences of management citizenship behavior may assist in the identification of optimal conditions for organizational success and for meaningful work.
Cohabitation and the Declining Marriage Premium for Men
Authors: COHEN PHILIP N.
Published: March 2007

This article estimates the marriage effect on men's earnings using an alternate definition of marital status in which cohabitation is added as an additional category and using data from the 1976-1999 Current Population Surveys. Results show that the downward trend in the “marriage premium” is not as steep when cohabitors are excluded from the never-married reference group. The findings suggest that men's benefits from marriage have not declined as sharply as has been thought and highlight the importance of the diversity of family forms in studies of inequality. Future research that considers marital status should take into account the growing population of cohabitors.
Compliance Structures and Change Within Mental Health Service Organizations
Authors: Fourcher Louis a.
Published: March 2007

This is a descriptive study of the effects of externally demanded changes on the compliance structures of a mental health service organization. Compliance is approached as a reciprocal structure consisting of the exercise of power and the orientation of subordinated actors to that power. The failings of two administra tive strategies for instituting organizational change are traced to their inability to take full account of professional norms.
Husbands' Occupational Attributes as Constraints on Wives' Employment
Authors: Mortimer Jeylan , Hall Richard , Hill Reuben
Published: March 2007

This paper draws attention to the implications of the husband's occupational role for the wife's employment by reviewing a widely dispersed literature. It is argued that central attributes of the husband's work role limit the sharing offamily work and put pressure on the wife to participate in the "two-person career, " thereby limiting her own occupational participation and attainment. The socioeconomic rewards, career patterns, temporal requirements, geographical mobility pressures, and sex-typing of the husband's occupation are considered. Research is called for to investigate systematically: (1) the impacts of husbands' occupational attributes on wives' employment decision-making; (2) the effects of the "two-person career" pattern on men's, women's, and families' socioeconomic attainment; and (3) the new patterns of work and family integration that may be currently emerging.
Lessons at the Bottom
Authors: LEITKO THOMAS A. , GREIL ARTHUR L. , PETERSON STEVEN A.
Published: March 2007

Nonparticipation is the modal response of workers to worker participation schemes. Four case studies are analyzed to demonstrate how situational and role constraints in organizations make this the most practical adjustment. Organizational settings are viewed as socializing contexts that teach workers what is expected, what is valued, and what actually pays off. Lessons leading to nonparticipation include (1) “You're on the outside”; (2) “Don't look to work for satisfaction”; (3) “You don't know what's going on here”; (4) “You do what you're paid for”; and (5) “Participation costs.” The implications of this theoretical view for other forms of worker participation are outlined. Situational adjustment theory is argued to be a stronger explanation of organizational behavior than theories relying on “imported” values and needs.
Coping with Work Stressors in Nursing
Authors: PARASURAMAN SAROJ , HANSEN DONNA
Published: March 2007

The effect of coping behaviors on nurses' affective reactions to work-generated stressors was assessed, using data gathered from 215 nurses in a medical center hospital in the Midwest. Adaptive coping, reflecting problem-solving behaviors, was found to moderate the relationships of work overload and resource inadequacy with felt stress, and the stressors of resource inadequacy and assignment changes with organizational commitment. Maladaptive coping, representing emotional, self-protective behaviors, had significant main effects on the outcome measures, and was associated with increased felt stress, as well as decreased job satisfaction and organizational commitment.
New Technology, Job Content, and Worker Alienation
Authors: VALLAS STEVEN PETER
Published: March 2007

The introduction of new technologies into the advanced capitalist work process continues to provoke sharp theoretical debate. While mainstream theories predict an upgrading of work content, recent Marxist analyses argue that workplace automation tends to deepen the subordination of the worker beneath the means of production. This study aims to adjudicate between these rival perspectives. The analysis centers upon the communications industry in the United States, a highly automated “knowledge” industry rapidly undergoing the transition to competitive market conditions. Official statistics on the changing occupational structure of this industry, combined with survey data on job content, indicate the existence of an upgrading effect between 1950 and 1980. In more recent years, however, the onset of a deskilling trend is found: The more automated the workplace, the less autonomous and conceptually demanding the job tends to be. Further analysis suggests that workplace automation differentially affects the various occupational categories.
The Sociology of the Professions
Authors: MACDONALD KEITH , RITZER GEORGE
Published: March 2007

In 1983 Richard Hall viewed the sociological study of the professions as near death. However, had Hall examined the recent British literature he would have come to a very different conclusion. Our survey shows that this is a very active area of research and theorizing and that there are important lessons in it for American students of the professions. First, unlike the American literature, work in Britain has not been dominated by fruitless efforts to find the characteristics that differentiate professions from other occupations. Second, the British literature contains four distinctive characteristics that differentiate it from the American literature. They are a focus on inter- and intraprofessional conflicts, the relationship between the professions and the polity, the link between the professions and social stratification, and theoretical roots in the classic ideas of observers such as Marx and Weber. Third, the realities examined in the British literature lead us to conclude that the professions will continue to be an active social force. It is imperative that the American literature be redirected to deal with these developments.
The New Occupational Structure
Authors: ABBOTT ANDREW
Published: March 2007

In this article I argue that changes in the structure of occupational life over the last half-century have outmoded the classical agenda of questions about occupations and the division of labor. I propose some new questions about this new occupational structure. The first concerns how different types of divisions of labor are established and why those different types are arrayed as they are in the current work world. The second concerns whether occupations in fact have any effective existence in that world. The third involves a critique of both our cultural construction of work and its uncritical acceptance by social scientists. The fourth issue concerns the co-optation of consumers as members of the division of labor. The fifth concerns the intricate modern relation of division of labor, occupation, organization, and such staffing institutions as the educational system.
Union Decline and the Political Demands of Organized Labor
Authors: CORNFIELD DANIEL B.
Published: March 2007

With the acceleration in the rate of U.S. union membership decline since 1970, organized labor has issued legislative demands for redistributing wealth and for protecting unions as organizations. Yet research on labor political action has de-emphasized not only the development of labor's legislative agenda, but also the forces, such as socioeconomic status and class conflict, which cause diverse occupational and industrial sectors of unions to issue different legislative demands. Analysis of resolutions passed at the 1981-87 AFL-CIO conventions shows that declining and/or predominantly white, male unions in construction and manufacturing tended to issue organizational legislative demands, while growing, service-industry unions with large minority and women memberships tended to issue redistributive legislative demands. The findings suggest that unevenness in class conflict across unions affects which unions issue organizational demands and that inter-union diversity in socioeconomic status affects which unions issue redistributive demands.
Skill
Authors: SPENNER KENNETH I.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews concepts and measures of skill in the social sciences. Conceptual positions differ in the ultimate origin of bases for skill, the locus and nature of skill valuation mechanisms, the extent of social constructionist influences, and the dimensionality of skill. An emerging consensus posits two organizing dimensions: substantive complexity and autonomy control. The major research designs that include the study of skill are highly varied and complementary in their knowledge yield. The major measurement strategies have shifted in recent years from nonmeasures and indirect measures of skill to direct measures of two types: expert systems and self-report measures. The review considers in detail the major expert system, the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, in terms of population coverage, aggregation bias, reliability, validity, and relationship to self-report measures.
Trends in Occupational and Industrial Sex Segregation in 56 Countries, 1960-1980
Authors: JACOBS JERRY A. , LIM SUET T.
Published: March 2007

This article examines trends in sex segregation by occupation and industry in 56 countries. International Labor Organization (ILO) data from roughly 1960 to 1980 for both developed and developing countries are included in the analysis. Evidence presented suggests that these data are reliable measures of the direction and rate of change in segregation. It was found that a majority of countries experienced declines in sex segregation between 1960 and 1980 and nearly all countries experienced declines in a size-standardized measure of segregation. A striking asymmetry in the experience of these changes for men and women was also found. In the great majority of countries, men experienced an increased chance of sharing an occupation (and industry) with women during this period, whereas women often (but not always) experienced a decline in the chances of being in the same occupational (and industrial) group as men. Finally, the article examines the effects on segregation of per capita GNP, women's labor force participation, the total fertility rate, women's educational levels, and urbanization, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The regression results are generally inconsistent with the predictions of the modernization perspective.
The Impact of Family Migration and Family Life Cycle on the Employment Status of Married, College-Educated Women
Authors: YU LUCY C. , WANG MIN QI , KALTREIDER LYNNE , CHIEN YING-YING
Published: March 2007

The effects of family migration and family life cycle on the employment status of college-educated wives were examined using log-linear analysis. The best-fit model selected shows that both family life cycle and family migration significantly affected wives' employment status. When these two factors were examined simultaneously, they were about equally important; no significant family migration and family life cycle interaction effects were found on women's employment status. These findings indicate that the negative effects of family migration on wives' employment may be modified by the effects of family life cycle. The results also indicate that only extremely highly educated women initiate family migration.
The Effects of Parental Work and Maternal Nonemployment on Children's Reading and Math Achievement
Authors: PARCEL TOBY L. , NICKOLL REBECCA A. , DUFUR MIKAELA J.
Published: March 2007

James Coleman's theory regarding family social capital and Mel Kohn's ideas regarding work and personality suggest that parental work may affect child cognition. Using a sample of 1,067 9-to 12-year-old children of working and nonworking mothers from the 1992 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth's Child-Mother data set, we found that the most important determinants of children's reading and math achievement were characteristics of the children and parents themselves. Paternal work hours had some effects on math achievement, and maternal work influenced reading achievement under some conditions. Policies allowing parents of either sex to schedule work flexibly may facilitate child cognitive achievement.
Influence of Graphite Type, Modification and Hot Working on Wear of Aluminium Based Particulate Composites
Authors: Subramanian C. , Kishore
Published: March 2007

Graphite as a solid lubricant was incorporated in a Al-Si eutectic alloy by a liquid metallurgy technique. The pin-on-disc wear test unit was used to determine the friction and wear characteristics of the composites in the speed and bearing pressure ranges of 0.9 to 4.4 ms-1 and 0.15 to 1.02 MPa respectively. The pins of the composites were slid against a hardened (63 HRC) AISI-SAE 52100 steel disc under dry conditions for a distance of 5000 m. SEM features of the worn surfaces were correlated with the ob served wear data. An attempt was made to determine the effect of graphite type, modification of the matrix and hot working on wear behaviour of the composites. It was found that more than the graphite type, the silicon size influences the wear.
Transverse Cracking and Delamination in (0/±45/90)s CFRP Detected Through Acoustic Emission
Authors: Seldén Ragnar B. , Gustafson Claes-Göran
Published: March 2007

Acoustic Emission (AE) was used to detect fatigue damage initiation and growth in (0/±45/90) s carbon/epoxy laminates. The fatigue tests were performed at a frequency of 2 Hz and at a stress ratio σmin/σmax = R = 0.05. Cyclic peak loads varied between 30-48% of ultimate tensile strength.
Diffusion Studies on Advanced Fibre Hybrid Composites
Authors: Gopalan R. , Rao R.M.V.G.K. , Murthy M.V.V. , Dattaguru B.
Published: March 2007

The moisture diffusion characteristics of simple (E-glass, Graphite and Kevlar) and hybrid (E-Glass-Graphite, Graphite-Kevlar and Kevlar-E-Glass) unidirectional com posites have been studied at 296 K and 343 K under water immersion conditions. The equilibrium moisture content (Mm) and diffusion coefficient (Dx) of Kevlar fibre com posites are respectively as high as 5 and 10 times those of E-glass/Graphite fibre com posites. The hybridization of impermeable fibres (E-Glass and Graphite) in a com posite does not cause significant changes in the Mm and D x values of their simple com posites. Hybridization of impermeable fibres with permeable fibres (Kevlar), however, has a significant effect on the diffusion characteristics of their simple composites. The experimental data for simple and hybrid composites comprising both impermeable and/or permeable fibre composites show good correlations with the analytical Fickian Diffusion plot. The effect of edge coating on the moisture absorption is quite signifi cant in the impermeable fibre composites.
Damage in 2D Carbon-Carbon Composites by Short Pulsed Laser Induced Shock Waves
Authors: Gilath I. , Eliezer S. , Weisshaus H.
Published: March 2007

A high irradiance single beam short pulsed Nd: glass laser was used to generate shock waves in 2D carbon-carbon composites. Dynamic brittle fracture at ultra high strain rate was observed as a result of reflected shock waves as tensile waves from the back surface of samples. Successive stages of damage from incipient spallation to complete sample per foration were obtained by increasing gradually the laser energy. The thermo-mechanical damage on the front surface as a result of laser interaction with the target material and the mechanical damage at the back surface as a result of shock wave reflection were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The failure properties of the composites were related to the processing of densification and graphitization mode.
The Influence of Layer Waviness on the Stress State in Hydrostatically Loaded Cylinders: Further Results
Authors: Telegadas H.K. , Hyer M.W.
Published: March 2007

Further details are reported regarding the stresses around wavy layers in thick multilayer cylinders loaded with external hydrostatic pressure. Modelling strategies, as well as new results are presented. It is shown that interlaminar normal tension is possi ble if the wavy layers are near the inner radius. This despite the compressive nature of the problem.
Effects of Layer Waviness on the Compression Strength of Thermoplastic Composite Laminates
Authors: O'Hare Adams Daniel , Hyer M.W.
Published: March 2007

Layer waviness was investigated in T300/P1700 carbon/polysulfone com posite laminates under static compression loading. A three-step procedure was used to fab ricate isolated layer waves into the central 0° layer of [902/02/902/02/902/ /02w]s laminates. Efforts were made to insure that this three-step procedure itself did not degrade the lami nate quality. Layer wave geometries up to 1.5 layer thicknesses in amplitude and as short as nine layer thicknesses in length were tested. The more severe wave geometries pro duced reductions in static strength as high as 36 % , although the wavy 0° layer accounted for only 20% of the load carrying capacity of the laminate. Specimen failures were sudden and catastrophic. Brooming failure, characterized by through-the-thickness splaying of the layers and numerous delaminations near the waviness, was the common failure mode.
Orientation and Properties of Polypropylene
Authors: Jabarin S.A.
Published: March 2007

The orientation characteristics of polypropylene are studied with respect to annealing temperature, orientation temperature, stretch ratio and mode of extension, in order to determine optimum orientation conditions.
Mechanical Properties for CFRP/ Damping-Material Laminates
Authors: Fujimoto Jun , Tamura Tetsuya , Todome Kazuhide , Tanimoto Toshio
Published: March 2007

New materials that possess high damping capabilities and have high strength properties have been studied in carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP). These materials are referred to in this article as CFRP/damping-matenal laminates The CFRP/damping-material laminates investigated here are composed of a unidirectional car bon/epoxy prepreg sheet and a polyethylene-based damping material sheet used as an in terleaf. Cantilever beam tests revealed the high damping properties of these laminates. Loss factor values for these composites are 5 to 50 times as large as that for conventional CFRP. These values could be predicted by using the analysis constrained layer damping treatment, except for two specimens. Also, the interleaving effect on tensile and compres sion strength are discussed here. Tensile test results for quasi-isotropic laminate based composites indicated that the damping material interleaf is effective for suppressing delamination and multiple splitting in the 0° angle layer. The ultimate load increase of 3 to 15 % was caused by this suppression effect. Compression test results suggest that the in terleaf is not very effective for the compression strength increment.
Ownership, Costs, and Facility Characteristics in the National Long-Term Health Care Industry
Authors: Ullmann Steven
Published: March 2007

The rapid rise in long-term health care costs has become a matter of national concern. Recognizing the national trend toward fiscal responsibility, policy makers have become interested in methods of controlling costs without sacrifices in care. One area of interest is the effect of facility ownership on facility perform ance. For-profit facilities have generally been found to provide care at lower costs than non-profit facilities. Given such results, it is important to find whether there are any significant ownership-related differences in facility characteristics associated with these cost differences. This study examines data from the 1977 National Nursing Home Survey. It is found that for-profit skilled nursing facilities are lower cost than non-profit or government facilities. Further it is found that organizational form affects facility costs. Facility size, location, resident mix, and aspects of facility quality are found to be meaningfully associated with facility ownership-related and organization-related cost differences.
Report of a Statewide Conference of Scientific Investigators of Senile Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease Sponsored by the Governor of Florida
Authors: Duara Ranjan , Black Barbara C.
Published: March 2007

The first statewide meeting in Florida of scientific investigators of senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease was held at Mount Sinai Medical Center in Miami Beach under the auspices of Governor Bob Graham. A study group of prominent researchers identified opportunities for establishing a statewide network to exchange research efforts and findings among institutions in Florida. The scientific investigators addressed four primary areas: epidemiology, diagnosis and characteristics, treatment, and the establishment of a statewide network. A set of recommendations was made to the Governor and the Florida Committee on Aging on areas for future state involvement. Major recommendations include the development of a statewide information system containing a patient and resource registry, a scholarship program for certain specialists needed to conduct dementia research, educational programs on dementing illnesses for physicians and the general public, the establishment of a statewide advisory committee, and a determination of the magnitude of the problem in Florida by epidemiological studies.
Discriminators of Mutual Helping Behavior Among Older Adults and Their Siblings1
Authors: Suggs Patricia K.
Published: March 2007

The extended family is a potentially important source of assistance to older adults. The purpose of this study was to observe the amount and type of mutual help between older adults and their siblings and to determine whether older subjects could be grouped into either high or low levels of helping based upon one or more of five variables. Data were collected on the mutual helping patterns between 275 adults 65 years of age or older and their siblings of most contact. The results of a discriminant analysis showed that the respondents could be classified according to level of mutual helping behavior. Three classifying variables separated older adults and their siblings according to high or low levels of helping and explained 25% of the variance in helping behavior. Respondents with highest mutual help exchange engaged in more activities with siblings, were married, and had educational levels similar to those of their siblings. Types of help most frequently given and received were help when ill and transportation. Results from the study suggest that siblings in later life, while of limited functional importance in the helping network of older adults, provide essential help when needed.
Discharge Planning Needs for Hip Fractures: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Castillo Helen M. , Hall David C.
Published: March 2007

Home care of hip-fractured individuals, especially the elderly, requires extensive teaching and discharge planning by professionals in the acute care setting. Discharge planning, including a thorough assessment of patients' needs while hospitalized and a specific instructional plan for home care, is expected to facilitate recovery from major hip surgery. This study validates the need for health care professionals to intensify their efforts to provide a comprehensive care plan for these patients and their families.
Older Veterans — Possible Forerunners of Migration: Migration Patterns of the Elderly Veteran Population Versus the General Elderly Population, 1960-1980
Authors: Cowper Diane C. , Corcoran Elizabeth H.
Published: March 2007

We provide a descriptive comparison of the interstate migration patterns between the general elderly population and the elderly veteran subpopulation for the migration periods 1955-60, 1965-70, and 1975-80. National surveys have shown that, in general, veterans have higher income levels than the general population. Given that high socioeconomic status is associated with long-distance migration, we hypothesize that veterans, as a group, are more mobile and move longer distances when compared with the general elderly population. Additionally, new destination sites are usually discovered by those who have relatively higher socioeconomic status. Thus, it may be that elderly veterans are the forerunners to new destinations.
Determinants of Senior Center Attendance and Participation
Authors: Ralston Penny A.
Published: March 2007

This study determined factors associated with two major dimensions of senior center involvement ; (a) frequency and duration of attendance and (b) use of activities and services, using participants (N = 623) from 15 centers located in a county in a Midwestern state. Results of multiple regression, which controlled for the effect of centers through use of dummy variables, showed that those who felt that the meal was important to daily food intake and who lived closer to the center attended more freguently, and those who were older had attended longer. Respondents who participated in activities had higher educational levels, and those who used services were less mobile, made friends at the senior center, and had hrgher life satisfaction. The multiple regression as well as subsequent analyses, however, demonstrated that the variability among senior centers rather than participant characteristics had the larger effect on the dimensions of senior center involvement.
Effects of Exposure to Aggressive Behavior on Job Satisfaction of Health Care Staff
Authors: Dougherty Linda M. , Bolger John P. , Preston David G. , Jones Shirley S. , Payne Helen C.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effects of exposure to the aggressive and disruptive behavior of institutionalized elderly patients on health care staff's job satisfaction. Aggressive behavior was defined as physical, verbal, or general disruptive behavior. Health care staff from a geriatric long-term care hospital were interviewed about their exposure to these types of aggressive behavior and the effect of this exposure on job satisfaction. Job satisfaction was significantly correlated with overall exposure to aggressive behavior. Although physical aggression was reported more frequently, exposure to verbal aggresscon correlated higher with job satisfaction. Exposure to aggressive behavior was the best predictor of job satisfaction, followed by level of education. These findings indicate that job satisfaction is negatively affected by exposure to aggressive behavior but positively affected by educational level. The role of educational programs in moderating the impact of exposure to aggressive behavior on job satisfaction is discussed.
The Impact of Companion Animals in Later Life and Considerations for Practice
Authors: Boldt Margaret A. , Dellmann-Jenkins Mary
Published: March 2007

Interaction with companion animals, or pets, is increasingly recognized as a contributor to well-being in later life. This article focuses on the actual impact of animal companionship on older adults' (institutionalized and community dwelling) physical, social, and psychological health. Considerations for practice are discussed, with particular emphasis on professionals' recognizing the effect of multiple life-course factors that may moderate the therapeutic value of companion animals. Such factors include older persons' health, financial status, housing situation, and current and previous attitudes and attachments to pets.
Barriers to Solutions: Service Delivery and Public Policy in Rural Areas
Authors: McCulloch B. Jan , Lynch Michael S.
Published: March 2007

Improvements in individual and community resources are complicated by inadequate rural public policy and increasing difficulties in the delivery of services, including health care. This article examines rural service delivery, particularly the delivery of health care, and public policy issues in the context of persistent rural poverty. Barriers, including those at both individual and community levels, are discussed as well as artificial barriers that professionals may impose as they work to improve the life status of older rural adults. Initiatives currently underway for the improvement of rural service delivery and issues regarding the development and implementation ofpublic policy responsive to rural areas also are discussed. Recommendations forfuture service delivery in and public policy for rural areas are noted. Central to this discussion is the recognition that any attempt to improve the quality of life for older adults m rural areas, particularly when applied to the reduction of current financial distress, will be developed and implemented during times of increased program and employee accountability at all levels.