bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Mark of Cain: Sovereign Negation and the Politics of God
Authors: Smith Ted A.
Published: October 2019

Hannah Arendt calls for the “abolition of sovereignty from the body politic.” In this article I affirm some key elements of Arendt’s critique, arguing against versions of Christian ethics that try to deploy divine authorization for particular policies, institutions, goals, or virtues. But I also argue that the attempt to abolish sovereignty allows the political process itself to become a sovereign good and erodes the forms of life that can sustain the kind of vision and politics that Arendt desires. The better alternative to the usual politics of sovereignty is not the absence of sovereignty, but a changed – and negative – conception of the relationship of sovereign power to the political order. In developing this argument I contend with Arendt’s reading of Herman Melville’s Billy Budd and, behind that, her reading of the biblical story of Cain and Abel. I argue that the city of Cain is made possible not by Cain’s murder of his brother, but by the mark with which God negates the legitimacy of both the murder and the violence to avenge the murder. Sovereign negation makes the polis possible.
METALWORKING TECHNIQUES ON THE EURASIAN STEPPES IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE: TECHNICAL ANALYSES OF THE BORODINO TREASURE SPEARHEADS
Authors: Shishlina Natalia , Loboda Anastasia
Published: October 2019

The Late Bronze Age is a period characterized by chariots and riders, spearheads, bows and battle axes. Such are the assemblages of grave goods attributed to the Seima‐Turbino, Timber‐grave, Abashevo, Sintashta, Pokrovsk and other cultures of the Eurasian forest‐steppe and steppe belt. Although hoard deposits are comparatively rare in this context, this category of finds has also provided some extraordinary examples of metalwork. This paper reports on the analysis of three such artefacts, namely the gold‐ornamented silver‐alloy spearheads from the ‘treasure’ recovered near Borodino in Ukraine at the beginning of the twentieth century. The high‐ resolution technological study of these items presented here includes experimental research to produce similar decorative patterns and a comparison of the resulting traces and imprints with the original archaeological artefacts. The results help to identify use‐wear traces and reveal new information about casting and crafting techniques, tool sets and individual technical styles. Although the spearheads share some basic decorative features such as a gold plate attached to the silver, variations in the tools used and the technical repertoire – chasing, punching, and cutting – suggest that the spearheads were decorated by different hands. The study inevitably leaves many questions about the ‘life history’ for these objects unanswered, but takes the first steps towards a more complete understanding of this remarkable assemblage.
Appropriations of a political machine: Translations of Pierre Le Moyne's Gallerie des femmes fortes (1647)
Authors: Conroy Derval
Published: October 2019

This article examines the published translations into Italian (1701) and Spanish (1702) of Pierre Le Moyne's Gallerie des femmes fortes (1647). Through an analysis of a number of peritexts, rather than the text itself, it aims to examine how Le Moyne's Gallerie, a volume fundamentally rooted in the political, ideological and aesthetic climate of 1647 France, was appropriated in other socio‐cultural and political climates. Freed from its original moment of creation and, to a lesser degree, from its creator, the book becomes a changing entity to be shaped at will by a new creator or creators, within a new set of sociocultural parameters. Analysis of the prologues, in particular, of translators Laura Maria Foschiera and Fernando Bravo de Lagunas y Bedoya, throws light on their respective socio‐cultural contexts and intended readerships, and highlights the importance of peritexts in shaping the book‐as‐object and its reception. Of particular interest is the Lima translation (1702) largely believed to have been lost up until now.
Clusters of health behaviours and their relation to body mass index among adolescents in Northern Finland
Authors: Marttila‐Tornio Kaisa , Ruotsalainen Heidi , Miettunen Jouko , Männikkö Niko , Kääriäinen Maria
Published: October 2019

Aims

To identify clusters of health behaviours among Finnish adolescents and examine whether these clusters are associated with body mass index (BMI).

Methods

The data, drawn from the prospective population‐based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986, comprised a total of 7182 adolescents who replied to a follow‐up postal questionnaire at the age 15 to 16. The adolescents were asked about multiple health behaviours, such as physical activity, screen time, cigarette smoking, alcohol use and diet. Adolescents who answered the questions concerning all of these variables were included in the study, yielding a final sample of 4305 subjects. K‐means cluster analysis was performed to identify group of adolescents with similar health behaviours. Chi‐squared tests were performed to analyse the association between the clusters and BMI.

Results

Two clusters – Healthy Lifestyle and Unhealthy Lifestyle – were identified for both genders. The values of all the studied variables differed significantly between the clusters identified for both boys and girls. No significant relationship between the identified clusters and BMI was found for either boys or girls.

Conclusions

It is important to consider multiple lifestyle‐related behaviours and trying to identify groups that present probability for developing lifestyle diseases.
Anchored hybrid enrichment challenges the traditional classification of flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)
Authors: Buenaventura Eliana , Szpila Krzysztof , Cassel Brian K. , Wiegmann Brian M. , Pape Thomas
Published: October 2019

Sarcophagidae is one of the most species‐rich families within the superfamily Oestroidea. This diversity is usually represented by three lineages: Miltogramminae, Paramacronychiinae and Sarcophaginae. Historically, the phylogenetic relationships among these lineages have been elusive, due to poorly supported hypotheses or small taxon sets, or both. This study provides a dramatic increase in molecular data, more balanced sampling of all three lineages from all biogeographical regions and a reassessment of morphological characters using scanning electron microscopy in the most comprehensive assessment of subfamily‐level phylogeny in Sarcophagidae to date. This analysis of the largest molecular dataset ever produced for a phylogenetic analysis of a fly lineage, with 950 loci from anchored hybrid enrichment comprising 435 930 bp from 101 species, revealed Paramacronychiinae as sister to Miltogramminae, not to Sarcophaginae, as suggested by adult morphology. Maximum likelihood analysis produced a well‐supported topology, with 91% of the nodes receiving strong bootstrap proportions (> 97%). In contrast to the molecular data, three out of nine morphological characters studied point to a sister‐group relationship of (Sarcophaginae + Paramacronychiinae) and the remaining six characters are either silent on subfamily relationships or in need of further study. Re‐examination of morphological structures provides new insights into the evolution of male genitalic traits within Sarcophagidae and highlights their convergence producing conflicting phylogenetic signal. Our phylogeny reconciles older and widely used systems of classification with tree‐based thinking and sets up a classification of flesh flies that is more aligned with their evolutionary history.
Identification of the novel HLA‐B*46:78 allele by next generation sequencing in a Chinese individual
Authors: Zhong Yan‐Ping , Quan Zhan‐Rou , Xiong Wen , Zou Hong‐Yan
Published: October 2019

HLA‐B*46:78 differs from HLA‐B*46:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution at position 205 in exon 2.
The Limits of Bayesian Thinking in Court
Authors: Meester Ronald
Published: October 2019

We comment on the contributions of Dahlman and of Fenton et al., who both suggested a Bayesian approach to analyze the Simonshaven case. We argue that analyzing a full case with a Bayesian approach is not feasible, and that there are serious problems with assigning actual numbers to probabilities and priors. We also discuss the nature of Bayesian thinking in court, and the nature and interpretation of the likelihood ratio. In particular, we discuss what it could mean that a likelihood ratio is in some sense uncertain.
Premedication for the prevention of nonhemolytic transfusion reactions: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ning Shuoyan , Solh Ziad , Arnold Donald M. , Morin Pierre‐Aurèle
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

The efficacy of premedication for the prevention of nonhemolytic transfusion reactions remains controversial. This systematic review and meta‐analysis assessed the effect of premedication on the rate of nonhemolytic transfusion reactions after allogeneic blood transfusion.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

We searched the literature using CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, and clinicaltrials.gov databases from inception until October 31, 2018. We included all randomized controlled trials comparing premedication to placebo or no treatment in patients receiving any labile blood product. Outcome measures were reported as relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Data were combined for similar outcomes where appropriate using a random‐effects model. Analyses were done at both the patient and transfusion level.

RESULTS

Three randomized trials using acetaminophen and antihistamine as premedication met the inclusion criteria. A total of 517 patients received 4444 red blood cell or platelet transfusions. Pooled patient‐level estimates with premedication for all nonhemolytic, febrile nonhemolytic, and minor allergic reactions were RR, 0.92 (95% CI, 0.63–1.35); RR, 0.54 (95% CI, 0.26–1.1); and RR, 1.37 (95% CI 0.81–2.31), respectively. Transfusion‐level analyses also showed no benefit with premedication. Of 517 patients randomized, only 27 (5.2%) had a history of transfusion reactions.

CONCLUSION

Routine premedication with acetaminophen and antihistamines did not prevent nonhemolytic transfusion reactions; however, the estimate of effect was greatest for febrile reactions. The impact of premedication in patients with a prior history of transfusion reactions remains unknown and requires further evaluation in future clinical trials.
Ex vivo evaluation of an alternative technique for resection of the proximal manica flexoria in horses
Authors: Noguera Cender Andrea , Mählman Kathrin , Lischer Christoph J.
Published: October 2019

Objective

To describe and evaluate an alternative technique for tenoscopic resection of the manica flexoria (MF).

Study design

Descriptive study.

Sample population

Equine cadaver forelimbs and hind limbs (n = 36).

Methods

Three surgeons varying in experience resected the MF in 12 limbs. The procedure was divided into six steps, including resection of the lateral/medial borders of the MF with a hook knife and resection of the proximal border with a micro scalpel. Outcomes compared between surgeons included completeness of resection, appearance of the margins of resection, appearance of the resected MF, collateral damage, and time required for resection.

Results

The MF was successfully resected in all specimens, with a median time of 14 minutes 54 seconds (range, 6 minutes 42 seconds to 43 minutes 33 seconds). Nineteen of 36 MF were categorized as symmetric, 11 of 36 MF were categorized as mildly asymmetrical, and six of 36 MF had unequal borders. No differences were detected between surgeons regarding the appearance of the MF and number of iatrogenic lesions. Five lesions were considered potentially clinically relevant; three were caused by the arthroscope in the scutum (1) and the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT; 2), and two consisted of DDFT damage caused by the microscalpel.

Conclusion

The MF was successfully and symmetrically resected with minimal damage to adjacent structures by surgeons with varying levels of experience.

Clinical significance

The results of this study provide evidence to justify further evaluation of the technique described here in live horses with rupture of the MF.
The analgesic hybrid of dermorphin/substance P and analog of enkephalin improve wound healing in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Muchowska Adriana , Redkiewicz Patrycja , Różycki Krzysztof , Matalińska Joanna , Lipiński Piotr F.J. , Czuwara Joanna , Kosson Piotr
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the peptide analgesic hybrid compounds: AWL3106 analog of dermorphin and substance P (7‐11), and biphalin enkephalin analog on wound healing in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. The diabetes was induced in 6–7 week‐old male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. After 70 days, the wounds were created on the back of the rats and then, once a day for 21 days, the dressing containing lanolin ointment, 10% of keratin scaffolds, and 1 mM of AWL3106 or biphalin was applied. The wounds histology were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The orientation and organization of collagen was analyzed by Masson's trichome staining. The number of macrophages, blood vessels, and fibroblasts were visualized by CD68, CD34, and vimentin immunoreactivity, respectively. Our results demonstrated that the wound area of AWL3106‐ and biphalin‐treated groups was greatly reduced (up to 47% on the 7 day) in comparison with untreated diabetic groups. The immunohistochemical staining of macrophages demonstrated that AWL3106 and biphalin accelerated inflammatory progression and subsequently decreased persistent inflammation. The histological analysis showed that the structure of tissue in the groups under the study was very similar to the one of wound tissue in N‐DM group. The H&E and Masson's trichome staining demonstrated that the orientation and organization of collagen as well as the number and shape of blood vessels were better in 3106‐ and BIF‐treated group than in DM group. In conclusion, the obtained data suggested that our hybrid peptides enhanced wound healing, particularly by accelerating the inflammatory phase and promoted the wound closure.
Contribution of Human Reliability in Power Probabilistic Safety Assessment Models Versus Shutdown Models
Authors: Čepin Marko
Published: October 2019

Human reliability analysis is a method, which evaluates the human error probabilities of human failure events, which may arise when human actions are required in operation of the considered facility or system. The objective of the work is to show the contribution of human failure events in probabilistic safety assessment with focus on comparison of this contribution over the different plant operating states. The method integrates the diagnosis and action part, which are evaluated for all steps, which are needed for modeling of the human action under investigation considering the parameters, which impact the human failure probability and which are obtained from database. The results show that the risk contribution of human failure events is notably higher in low power and shutdown states than in full power operation. The results show that the human factor in shutdown plant states is the most important risk contributor regarding the contribution to the core damage frequency and regarding the risk reduction worth and risk achievement worth. Only at some plant operating states, some other groups of equipment show larger risk achievement worth than group of human failure events.
Impact of Advancing Technology on Nuclear Facility Operation
Authors: Corrado Jonathan K. , Sega Ronald M.
Published: October 2019

Many unfortunate and unintended adverse industrial incidents occur across the U.S. each year, and the nuclear industry is no exception. Depending on the severity, these incidents can be problematic for people, the facilities, and surrounding environments. These incidents occur for a number of varying reasons, but more often than not, human error is an accomplice. This article explores whether the complexity and changing technologies, which affect the way operators interact within the systems of the nuclear facilities, exacerbate the severity of incidents caused by human error. A review of nuclear incidents in the U.S. from 1955 to 2010 reaching level three or higher on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) scale was conducted. The cost of each incident at facilities that had recently undergone technological changes affecting plant operator's jobs was compared to those facilities which had not undergone changes. A t-test was applied and determined a statistically significant difference between the two groups. This affirmed that technological advances at nuclear facilities that affect how operators interact within the plant system increase the severity of resulting incidents. Next, a follow-on study was conducted to determine the impact from the incorporation of new technologies into nuclear facilities. The data indicated that spending more money on upgrades increased the capacity of the facility as well as the number of incidents reported, but the incident severity was minor.
Dealing With Stakeholders After Early Failures in a Gas Pipeline in Pristine Jungle
Authors: Otegui José Luis
Published: October 2019

The development of gas fields in the Peruvian Amazon jungle required the construction of new pipelines in unexplored tropical forest areas, which faced unexpected logistic and operative difficulties, including several leaks and ruptures. This article briefly describes those early failures and how collaboration among people with notable different interests, work cultures, and idiosyncrasies could eventually handle the pressure by regulatory agencies, shareholders, media, environmental NGOs, and political parties. All failures in the forest were due to soil movements, related to a poor understanding of topological and geotechnical characteristics of the hilly forest, and how water flow influenced soil stability. The reasons for public outrage after the failures are discussed, including politically fueled nationalistic sentiments, transnationally driven natural resource exploitation and indigenous power struggles. The oil and gas development was itself the main reason for most trouble; but leaks and failures severely weakened the position of the operator, who then implemented some methods to regain public consensus.
Strain Gage Ramifications on Mistuning in As-Manufactured Models and Experimental Testing
Authors: Gillaugh Daniel L. , Kaszynski Alexander A. , Brown Jeffrey M. , Beck Joseph A. , Slater Joseph C.
Published: October 2019

Blade-mounted strain gages are vital during rig and engine development to ensure safe engine operation. However, they also enable a change in dynamics of integrally bladed rotors (IBRs). State-of-the-art IBR dynamic response predictions are accomplished using as-manufactured models (AMMs) generated via optical topography measurements and mesh morphing. Two AMM finite element models (FEMs) are created of a 20-bladed IBR. One FEM has no strain gages present, where the second FEM includes strain gages on six blades. Traditionally, strain gages and lead wires are treated as the same material property as the IBR itself. It will be shown that the inclusion of strain gages in AMM's using this method changes the IBR's predicted mistuning. An alternative AMM approach is developed that changes the material properties of the finite elements attributed to the strain gages. The predicted mistuning for each AMM is accomplished using the fundamental mistuning model identification (FMM ID), where the predicted mistuning will be compared to both traveling wave excitation (TWE) experiments and a rotating, single stage compressor rig. Findings show mistuning predictions of the nonstrain gaged AMM compare far better to the experiments compared to the inclusion of the strain gages in the AMM. Additionally, altering material properties of the strain gages in the AMM improve mistuning prediction compared to treating the strain gages as the parent IBR material. Therefore, AMM should be acquired using clean, nonstrain gaged rotors or the material properties of strain gaged elements need to be altered to more accurately model the component.
Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Flexibility: A Dynamic Model for Compressor Intake Conditioning Through a Heat-Pump
Authors: Rossi Iacopo , Piantelli Luca , Traverso Alberto
Published: October 2019

The flexibility of power plants is a critical feature in energy production environments nowadays, due to the high share of nondispatchable renewables. This fact dramatically increases the number of daily startups and load variations of power plants, pushing the current technologies to operate out of their optimal range. Furthermore, ambient conditions significantly influence the actual plant performance, creating deviations against the energy sold during the day-ahead and reducing the profit margins for the operators. A solution to reduce the impact of unpredicted ambient conditions, and to increase the flexibility margins of existing combined cycles, is represented by the possibility of dynamically controlling the temperature at compressor intake. At present, cooling down the compressor intake is a common practice to govern combined cycle performance in hot regions such as the Middle East and Africa, while heating up the compressor intake is commonly adopted to reduce the minimum environmental load (MEL). However, such applications involve relatively slow regulation of air intake, mainly coping with extreme operating conditions. The use of continuously varying, at a relatively quick pace, the air temperature at compressor intake, to mitigate ambient condition fluctuations and to cope with electrical market requirements, involves proper modeling of the combined cycle dynamic behavior, including the short-term and long-term impacts of intake air temperature variations. This work presents a dynamic modeling framework for the whole combined cycle applied to one of IREN Energia's Combined Cycle Units. The paper encloses the model validation against field data of the target power plant. The validated model is then used to show the potential in flexibility augmentation of properly adjusting the compressor intake temperature during operation.
Comparison imaging ellipsometry and its application to crystallization of indium oxide thin films
Authors: Park Sungmo , Lee Jungtae , Kim Hyunjin , Kim Jaekyun , Kim Suenne , An Ilsin
Published: October 2019

Null imaging ellipsometry was developed to show the net change in polarization state between two samples. This system has no moving parts for nulling and does not exhibit azimuthal dependence on the optical elements. Therefore, this system is fast in data acquisition and easy to operate. In addition, image uniformity can be improved through a normalization process. For a demonstration, this system was applied to annealing studies of indium oxide thin films. The results show that this system can visualize the temperature dependence of the annealing as well as the progress of the annealing over time.
Criterion Validity of the Sedentary Behavior Question From the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire in Older Adults
Authors: de la Cámara Miguel A. , Higueras-Fresnillo Sara , Cabanas-Sánchez Verónica , Sadarangani Kabir P. , Martinez-Gomez David , Veiga Óscar L.
Published: October 2019

Background: To assess the validity of the single question to determine sedentary behavior (SB) by using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) in older adults. Methods: The sample included 163 participants (96 women) aged 65–92 years. Self-reported SB was obtained from the GPAQ. Objectively measured SB was assessed using the Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Activity. Participants wore the Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Activity continuously during 2 consecutive days while following their daily routine. The relative validity was assessed using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (ρ), and the agreement was examined using mean bias and 95% limit of agreement with the Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Activity as reference. Results: The results showed small correlations (ρ = .291, P < .001) between the SB from the GPAQ and the objective measures, and ranged from ρ = .217 to ρ = .491 depending on the potential moderator. Similarly, the GPAQ underestimates the SB for approximately 2 hours per day in older adults (limit of agreement = −7.3 to 3.4 h/d). Conclusion: The GPAQ may not be the most suitable questionnaire for measuring SB in this population and should be used with caution because those studies that use this questionnaire in older adults may have an inaccurate measurement of SB levels.
After decades, progress against an ‘undruggable’ cancer target
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: October 2019

New drugs appear to block KRAS tumor growth protein.
Crossing the line
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: October 2019

Inside Russia's debate about a scientist's plan to create gene-edited babies.
Structural mechanism of a Rag GTPase activation checkpoint by the lysosomal folliculin complex
Authors: Lawrence Rosalie E. , Fromm Simon A. , Fu Yangxue , Yokom Adam L. , Kim Do Jin , Thelen Ashley M. , Young Lindsey N. , Lim Chun-Yan , Samelson Avi J. , Hurley James H. , Zoncu Roberto
Published: October 2019

Cellular response to nutrient status

An intricate regulatory mechanism is taking shape around control of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) protein kinase complex. Physiological responses of cells to nutrient abundance is regulated by signaling through mTORC1, which interacts with a complex of other proteins at the lysosome that includes small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), GTPase-activating proteins, and others. Lawrence
et al.
present a cryo–electron microscopy structure and biochemical experiments that reveal that the small GTPases act in unanticipated ways in the complex. The tumor suppressor folliculin (FLCN), along with FLCN-interacting protein 2, interacts with its partner GTPase RagC in both active and inactive states, suggesting that a particularly elaborate and stringent regulatory mechanism is at work.

Science
, this issue p.
971
Coupled electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and cerebrospinal fluid oscillations in human sleep
Authors: Fultz Nina E. , Bonmassar Giorgio , Setsompop Kawin , Stickgold Robert A. , Rosen Bruce R. , Polimeni Jonathan R. , Lewis Laura D.
Published: October 2019

Fluid dynamics during sleep

During non–rapid eye movement sleep, low-frequency oscillations in neural activity support memory consolidation and neuronal computation. Sleep is also associated with increased interstitial fluid volume and clearance of metabolic waste products. It is unknown why these processes co-occur and how they are related. Fultz
et al.
simultaneously measured electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and flow signals in the human brain (see the Perspective by Grubb and Lauritzen). Large oscillations of fluid inflow to the brain appeared during sleep and were tightly coupled to functional magnetic resonance imaging signals and entrained to electroencephalogram slow waves. Slow oscillatory neuronal activity thus leads to oscillations in blood volume, drawing cerebrospinal fluid into and out of the brain.

Science
, this issue p.
628
; see also p.
572
Atomic-scale spin sensing with a single molecule at the apex of a scanning tunneling microscope
Authors: Verlhac B. , Bachellier N. , Garnier L. , Ormaza M. , Abufager P. , Robles R. , Bocquet M.-L. , Ternes M. , Lorente N. , Limot L.
Published: October 2019

Single molecules sense spin

Imaging surface magnetism, and, in particular, spin excitations of adsorbed molecules or films, is challenging. Verlhac
et al.
demonstrate spin-sensing capability by using the magnetic exchange interaction between a surface sample and the spin-excited states of a nickelocene molecule attached to a scanning tunneling microscope tip. The spatial dependence of the exchange field at the atomic scale enabled imaging of magnetic corrugation with atomic-scale lateral resolution for iron atoms and small islands of cobalt atoms absorbed on nonmagnetic copper surfaces.

Science
, this issue p.
623
Structure of the RSC complex bound to the nucleosome
Authors: Ye Youpi , Wu Hao , Chen Kangjing , Clapier Cedric R. , Verma Naveen , Zhang Wenhao , Deng Haiteng , Cairns Bradley R. , Gao Ning , Chen Zhucheng
Published: October 2019

The architecture of the RSC complex

RSC is a Snf2-family chromatin remodeler complex that controls the promoter architecture of most of the genes in yeast. Using single-particle cryo–electron microscopy, Ye
et al.
determined the structure of RSC bound to the nucleosome. The structure reveals the modular architecture of RSC, shows how RSC engages the nucleosome, and explains the remodeling directionality. RSC shows strong similarities to homologous human complexes that are frequently mutated in cancers, and this structure provides valuable information for understanding these systems.

Science
, this issue p.
838
What does it mean to be alive?
How to Grow a Human: Adventures in How We Are Made and Who We Are
Philip Ball
University of Chicago Press, 2019. 384 pp.
Authors: Fisher Michael A.
Published: October 2019

A winding romp through advances in cell biology pushes readers to ponder the boundaries of life
Stem cell–driven lymphatic remodeling coordinates tissue regeneration
Authors: Gur-Cohen Shiri , Yang Hanseul , Baksh Sanjeethan C. , Miao Yuxuan , Levorse John , Kataru Raghu P. , Liu Xiaolei , de la Cruz-Racelis June , Mehrara Babak J. , Fuchs Elaine
Published: October 2019

Stem cells reshape a lymphatic niche

Adult stem cells can both self-renew and regenerate new tissue upon demand. They reside in microenvironments (niches) that balance these decisions to avoid tissue overgrowth, cancer, and aging. Using murine skin as a model, Gur-Cohen
et al.
uncovered a lymphatic network of capillaries associated with the stem cell niche of hair follicles (see the Perspective by Harvey). Stem cells reshaped their lymphatic environment by switching their secretome to coordinate lymphatic-niche association. During tissue regeneration, a dynamic change in epithelial-lymphatic communication remodeled this association, synchronizing stem cell and niche behavior.

Science
, this issue p.
1218
; see also p.
1193
Measles virus infection diminishes preexisting antibodies that offer protection from other pathogens
Authors: Mina Michael J. , Kula Tomasz , Leng Yumei , Li Mamie , de Vries Rory D. , Knip Mikael , Siljander Heli , Rewers Marian , Choy David F. , Wilson Mark S. , Larman H. Benjamin , Nelson Ashley N. , Griffin Diane E. , de Swart Rik L. , Elledge Stephen J.
Published: October 2019

The toll of measles on the immune system

Many of the deaths attributable to measles virus are caused by secondary infections because the virus infects and functionally impairs immune cells. Whether measles infection causes long-term damage to immune memory has been unclear. This question has become increasingly important given the resurgence in measles epidemics worldwide. Using a blood test called VirScan, Mina
et al.
comprehensively analyzed the antibody repertoire in children before and after natural infection with measles virus as well as in children before and after measles vaccination. They found that measles infection can greatly diminish previously acquired immune memory, potentially leaving individuals at risk for infection by other pathogens. These adverse effects on the immune system were not seen in vaccinated children.

Science
, this issue p.
599
To help aging populations, classify organismal senescence
Authors: Calimport Stuart R. G. , Bentley Barry L. , Stewart Claire E. , Pawelec Graham , Scuteri Angelo , Vinciguerra Manlio , Slack Cathy , Chen Danica , Harries Lorna W. , Marchant Gary , Fleming G. Alexander , Conboy Michael , Antebi Adam , Small Gary W. , Gil Jesus , Lakatta Edward G. , Richardson Arlan , Rosen Clifford , Nikolich Karoly , Wyss-Coray Tony , Steinman Lawrence , Montine Thomas , de Magalhães João Pedro , Campisi Judith , Church George
Published: October 2019

Comprehensive disease classification and staging is required to address unmet needs of aging populations
Toward synthetic cells
Authors: Mitchison Timothy J. , Field Christine M.
Published: October 2019

Frog egg cytoplasm self-organizes into cell-like units by microtubule aster assembly and partition
Equity and excellence in science
Authors: Thorp H. Holden
Published: October 2019

The long strange trip to where I am today—the new Editor-in-Chief of the
Science
family of journals—began in the theater. My mom started the community theater in my hometown and my experiences there taught me many things, but two stand out. First, I was a bad actor. My mom humored me for a while giving me parts, but she let out a huge sigh of relief when I decided I could contribute more with a wrench or a bass guitar in my hand than on the stage.
A Novel TaqMan Assay for Detection ofRickettsia364D, the Etiologic Agent of Pacific Coast Tick Fever
Authors: Karpathy Sandor E. , Espinosa Alex , Yoshimizu Melissa H. , Hacker Jill K. , Padgett Kerry A. , Paddock Christopher D.
Published: October 2019

Pacific Coast tick fever is a febrile illness associated with the bite ofDermacentor occidentalisand results from an infection due to the intracellular pathogenRickettsia364D (also known by the proposed name “Rickettsia philipii”). Current molecular methods for the detection of this pathogen rely on the amplification of a conserved spotted fever group rickettsial gene (ompA) followed by DNA sequencing of the amplicon to identify the species.
Exercise alone and exercise combined with education both prevent episodes of low back pain and related absenteeism: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) aimed at preventing back pain
Authors: Huang Rongzhong , Ning Jie , Chuter Vivienne H , Taylor Jeffrey Bruce , Christophe Demoulin , Meng Zengdong , Xu Yu , Jiang Lihong
Published: October 2019

Objectives

We aimed to investigate which prevention strategies for low back pain (LBP) are most effective.

Design

We completed a Bayesian network meta-analysis to summarise the comparative effectiveness of LBP prevention strategies. The primary outcomes were an episode of LBP and LBP-associated work absenteeism represented as ORs with associated 95% credibility intervals (CrIs). We ranked all prevention strategies with surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) analysis.

Data sources

PubMed, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases were searched along with manual searches of retrieved articles. We only included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that reported an episode of LBP and/or LBP-associated work absenteeism evaluating LBP prevention strategies were included.

Eligibility criteria for selecting studies

Data were independently extracted by two investigators, and RCT quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool.

Results and summary

Forty RCTs were included. Exercise combined with education (OR: 0.59, CrI: 0.41 to 0.82) and exercise alone (OR: 0.59, CrI: 0.36 to 0.92) both prevented LBP episodes; exercise combined with education and education alone both had large areas under the curve (SUCRA: 81.3 and 79.4, respectively). Additionally, exercise (OR: 0.04, CrI: 0.00 to 0.34) prevented LBP-associated work absenteeism, with exercise and the combination of exercise and education ranking highest (SUCRA: 99.0 and 60.2, respectively).

Conclusions

Exercise alone and exercise combined with education can prevent episodes of LBP and LBP-related absenteeism.

Trial registration number

PROSPERO 42017056884.
Competing mortality risks analysis of prediagnostic lifestyle and dietary factors in colorectal cancer survival: the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study
Authors: Oyeyemi Sunday Oluwafemi , Braaten Tonje , Skeie Guri , Borch Kristin Benjaminsen
Published: October 2019

Background

It remains unclear whether or which prediagnostic lifestyle and dietary factors influence colorectal cancer (CRC) survival following diagnosis. This study used competing mortality risks analysis to evaluate the association between these factors and CRC survival.

Methods

A total of 96 889 cancer-free participants of the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study completed the study’s baseline questionnaire on lifestyle and dietary factors between 1996 and 2004. Of the 1861 women who subsequently developed CRC, 550 had CRC as the cause of death, while 110 had a non-CRC cause of death. We used multiple imputation to handle missing data. We performed multivariable competing mortality risks analyses to determine the associations between prediagnostic lifestyle and dietary factors and CRC survival. Cause-specific HRs were estimated by Cox regression and subdistribution HRs were estimated by the Fine-Gray regression with corresponding 95% CIs.

Results

Following multivariable adjustment, a prediagnostic vitamin D intake of >10 μg/day compared with ≤10 μg/day was associated with better CRC survival (HR=0.75, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.92). Other prediagnostic lifestyle and dietary factors showed no association with CRC survival. The corresponding results obtained from cause-specific Cox and Fine-Gray regressions were similar.

Conclusion

Our study shows that prediagnostic vitamin D intake could improve CRC survival.
Prognostic models for adverse pregnancy outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Authors: Heestermans Tessa , Payne Beth , Kayode Gbenga Ayodele , Amoakoh-Coleman Mary , Schuit Ewoud , Rijken Marcus J , Klipstein-Grobusch Kerstin , Bloemenkamp Kitty , Grobbee Diederick E , Browne Joyce L
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Ninety-nine per cent of all maternal and neonatal deaths occur in low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC). Prognostic models can provide standardised risk assessment to guide clinical management and can be vital to reduce and prevent maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. This review provides a comprehensive summary of prognostic models for adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes developed and/or validated in LMIC.

Methods

A systematic search in four databases (PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, Global Health Library and The Cochrane Library) was conducted from inception (1970) up to 2 May 2018. Risk of bias was assessed with the PROBAST tool and narratively summarised.

Results

1741 articles were screened and 21 prognostic models identified. Seventeen models focused on maternal outcomes and four on perinatal outcomes, of which hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (n=9) and perinatal death including stillbirth (n=4) was most reported. Only one model was externally validated. Thirty different predictors were used to develop the models. Risk of bias varied across studies, with the item ‘quality of analysis’ performing the least.

Conclusion

Prognostic models can be easy to use, informative and low cost with great potential to improve maternal and neonatal health in LMIC settings. However, the number of prognostic models developed or validated in LMIC settings is low and mirrors the 10/90 gap in which only 10% of resources are dedicated to 90% of the global disease burden. External validation of existing models developed in both LMIC and high-income countries instead of developing new models should be encouraged.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42017058044.
Effects of intraoperative PEEP on postoperative pulmonary complications in high-risk patients undergoing laparoscopic abdominal surgery: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Zhou Zhen-feng , Fang Jun-biao , Wang Hong-fa , He Ying , Yu Yong-jian , Xu Qiong , Ge Yun-fen , Zhang Miao-zun , Hu Shuang-fei
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs), strongly associated with higher mortality risk, can develop in up to 58% of patients undergoing abdominal surgery. More and more evidence shows that the use of a lung-protective ventilation strategy has a lung protection effect in patients undergoing abdominal surgery, however, the role of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) during the intraoperative period in preventing PPCs for laparoscopic surgery is not clearly defined.

Methods and analysis

A total of 208 patients with a high risk of PPC, undergoing laparoscopic abdominal surgery, will be enrolled and randomised into a standard PEEP (6–8 cm H2O) group and a low PEEP (≤2 cm H2O) group. Both groups will receive a fraction of inspired oxygen of 0.50 and a tidal volume of 8 mL/kg ideal body weight (IBW). Standard perioperative fluid management and analgesic treatments are applied in both groups. The primary end point is PPC within 7 days after surgery. Secondary end points are the modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score, postoperative extrapulmonary complications, postoperative surgical complications, intensive care unit length of stay, hospital length of stay, 30-day mortality.

Ethics and dissemination

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medicine College) (registration number KY2018026) on 22 October 2018. The first participant was recruited on 15 April 2019 and the estimated completion date of the study is October 2021. The results of this trial will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal.

Trial registration number

http://www.chictr.org.cn, ID: ChiCTR1800019865. Registered on 2 December 2018; preresults.
Joint production of research priorities to improve the lives of those with childhood onset conditions that impair learning: the James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership for ‘learning difficulties’
Authors: Lim Ai Keow , Rhodes Sinead , Cowan Katherine , O'Hare Anne
Published: October 2019

Objectives

To engage children and young people with conditions that impair learning, their parents/carers and the health, education, social work and third sector professionals to identify and prioritise research questions for learning difficulties.

Design

Prospective surveys and consensus meeting guided by methods advocated by the James Lind Alliance.

Setting

Scotland.

Methods

The Priority Setting Partnership came together through discussion and collaboration between the University of Edinburgh, Scottish charity The Salvesen Mindroom Centre and partners in the National Health Service, education services and the third sector. A steering group was established. Charity and professional organisations were recruited. Suggested questions were gathered in an open survey and from research recommendations by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network Guidance. Suggested questions and recommendations were summarised into 40 indicative research questions. These indicative questions were verified as uncertainties from research evidence. Respondents each nominated up to 10 questions as research priorities in an interim survey. The 25 highest-ranked questions from the interim survey were prioritised at the final priority setting workshop.

Participants

367 people submitted suggestions (29 individuals affected by learning difficulties, 147 parents/carers and 191 professionals). 361 people participated in the interim prioritisation (41 individuals, 125 parents/carers and 195 professionals). 25 took part in the final workshop (5 young people, 6 parents and 14 professionals).

Results

Top three research priorities related to (1) upskilling education professionals, (2) best education and community environment and (3) multidisciplinary practice and working with parents. Top 10 included best early interventions, upskilling health, social and third sector professionals, support for families, identifying early signs and symptoms, effective assessments and strategies against stigma and bullying and to live independent lives.

Conclusions

Results will now be a resource for researchers and funders to understand and resolve learning difficulties and improve the lives of those affected with childhood onset conditions that result in learning difficulties.
Pragmatic cluster randomised cohort cross-over trial to determine the effectiveness of bridging from emergency to regular contraception: the Bridge-It study protocol
Authors: Cameron Sharon Tracey , Baraitser Paula , Glasier Anna , McDaid Lisa , Norrie John , Radley Andrew , Stephenson Judith M , Trussell James , Battison Claire , Cameron Sarah , Cowle Kathleen , Forrest Mark , Gilson Richard , Goulao Beatriz , Johnstone Anne , McDonald Alison , Morelli Alessandra , Patterson Susan , Sally Deirdre , Stewart Nicola
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Oral emergency contraception (EC) can prevent unintended pregnancy but it is important to start a regular method of contraception. Women in the UK usually access EC from a pharmacy but then need a subsequent appointment with a general practitioner or a sexual and reproductive health (SRH) service to access regular contraception. Unintended pregnancies can occur during this time.

Methods and analysis

Bridge-It is a pragmatic cluster randomised cohort cross-over trial designed to determine whether pharmacist provision of a bridging supply of a progestogen-only pill (POP) plus rapid access to a local SRH clinic, results in increased uptake of effective contraception and prevents more unintended pregnancies than provision of EC alone. Bridge-It involves 31 pharmacies in three UK regions (London, Lothian and Tayside) aiming to recruit 626–737 women. Pharmacies will give EC (levonorgestrel) according to normal practice and recruit women to both intervention and the control phases of the study. In the intervention phase, pharmacists will provide the POP (desogestrel) and offer rapid access to an SRH clinic. In the control phase, pharmacists will advise women to attend a contraceptive provider for contraception (standard care).

Women will be asked 4 months later about contraceptive use. Data linkage to abortion registries will provide abortion rates over 12 months. The sample size is calculated on the primary outcome of effective contraception use at 4 months (yes/no) with 90% power and a 5% level of significance. Abortion rates will be an exploratory secondary analysis. Process evaluation includes interviews with pharmacists, SRH clinicians and women. Cost-effectiveness analysis will use a healthcare system perspective and be expressed as incremental cost-effectiveness ratio.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval was received from South East Scotland REC June 2017. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and conference presentations.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN70616901.
Can foot angle influence the risk of injury to the lower limb joints during a field hockey hit?
Authors: Feeley Frances E , Arnold Graham P , Nasir Sadiq , Wang Weijie W , Abboud Rami
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The lower limb is widely reported as the most commonly injured body part in the field of hockey, more specifically lateral ankle sprains and internal knee injury. Despite this, there remains limited understanding of how the biomechanics of the sport could be adapted to minimise injury. The aim of this study was to propose a foot position during the hockey hit that results in the smallest joint angles and moments, from a total of four different foot positions: 0°, 30°, 60° and 90°, which may correlate to injury risk.

Method

Eighteen players from the local University Ladies Hockey Club participated in this study. Each player was required to perform a hit with their lead foot in four different positions: 0°, 30°, 60° and 90°, where 0° was a lead foot position perpendicular to the direction of motion of the ball. Angles and moments were calculated with the Vicon system using force plates and motion analysis.

Results

Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between the angles and moments of the four foot positions tested, indicating that foot angle can influence the degree of angulation, and moments, produced in the lower limb joints during the hockey hit.

Conclusion

There is a relationship between lead foot position and the angles and moments produced in the lower limb joints during the hockey hit, and this may correlate with injury risk.