bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and distribution of gingivitis, periodontitis and missing teeth in adolescents and adults according to GPM/T index
Authors: Gaengler Peter
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine the distribution and the prevalence of periodontal disease in adolescents and adults using the WHO method TRS 621 and to propose a method of presenting the results by a simple index system. On the basis of a medium term longitudinal 5‐yr project 1048 subjects were examined in age group 1 (15–19 yr) and 425 subjects in age group 2 (35–44 yr). Each subject had a full mouth examination for the presence of supra‐or subgingival calculus, pocketing, bleeding and recession and the PI (Russell). These epidemiologic data were characterized by the ratio Gingivitis: Periodontitis: Missing teeth by using solely the recordings for bleeding, pockets and missing teeth. The mean GPM index in Group 1 was 15.4:0.6:0.8. The mean GPM index in Group 2 was 12.0:4.6:7.7. The Periodontal Index is more subjective than the TRS 621 method. Full mouth recording is required for the suggested GPM/T index analogous to the DMFT index. This new scoring ratio makes it possible to present data of the progression rate of periodontal disease by the increment of tooth related P/T and M/T. Both indices with the common M‐value (Missing) might be used for longitudinal programs of control and prevention of periodontal disease and dental caries.
Australian longitudinal study of time and order of eruption of primary teeth
Authors: Hitchcock Nancy Eva , Gilmour Annabel Inez , Gracey Michael , Kailis Desmond George
Published: May 2006

Abstract Timing and sequence of eruption of primary teeth were studied longitudinally in 164 healthy Australian children. Eruption of primary teeth typically began between 7 and 8 months and was completed by 28 months. Tooth eruption was not significantly related to growth rate or to psychomotor maturity. Comparison of the eruption ages in this study with those from longitudinal studies in other countries suggests that no real changes in these have occurred over 40 yr despite increased affluence in industrialised countries over that period.
Periodontal disease and approximal overhangs on amalgam restorations in Norwegian 21‐year‐olds
Authors: Lervik Tore , Riordan Paul J. , Haugejorden Ola
Published: May 2006

Abstract The prevalence of periodontal disease and overhanging approximal amalgam restorations in molars and premolars was registered in a clinical and radiographic examination of Norwegian adults (born 1959). A random sample of 250 persons was drawn from the populations of two neighboring towns where the Public Dental Services had operated different preventive programs. Results pertain to approximately 175 subjects whose mean age was 21.5 yr (SD 0.3). Twelve subjects had no gingival bleeding and the mean Gingival Bleeding Index of the group was 30.8 (SD 17.6). No pocket depth exceeded 5 mm. In eight subjects the radiographic distance from the cemento‐enamel junction to the interproximal alveolar crest was greater than 2 mm at one or more teeth. The mean number of filled approximal surfaces in molars and premolars was 12.8 (SD 6.8). Approximal overhangs were present in 87% of subjects, and at 1/4 of restorations. Ninety‐six percent of overhangs were less than 0.5 mm. There was no significant difference between the different subgroups of the sample for any of the variables studied.
Use of services, care‐seeking behavior and satisfaction among university dental clinic patients in Finland
Authors: Alvesalo Ilpo , Uusi‐Heikkilä Yrjö
Published: May 2006

Abstract This paper analyzes use of services, behavioral features and their intercorrelations among a random sample of 94 patients visiting University of Connecticut dental clinics. The data were collected in interviews and patient records. In care seeking the greatest percentage (34%) of respondents relied on the advice of friends, relatives or neighbors. This finding confirms the importance of the lay referring system. The influence of regular source of care was apparent when patients’frequency of visits in clinics exceeded considerably their visit frequency in the past. Even earlier irregular visitors made many visits during the past 12 months. The following dimensions of satisfaction were measured: difficulty in getting an appointment, general satisfaction with care, costs of care in general, convenience in treatment and satisfaction with oral health. The results show that opinions toward care and about dental health were dominantly positive ranging from 60 to 94% of all the answers. Costs were regarded as high by 54% of the subjects. There was a positive and significant correlation between degree of utilization and satisfaction with care. The correlation between satisfaction with oral health and number of teeth was non‐significant. There were several cumulative correlations, which suggests that one health related feature may predict a similar tendency in other health behaviors.
873 questions of Dutch dental patients: a challenge to dental health education
Authors: Eijkman M. A. J. , van Riel C. B. M. , van Dijk R. J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract 2000 persons from an a‐select sample of the Dutch population were sent a questionnaire in which the most important question was: “Did you have any questions on matters related to dentistry during the past year?” The question was by nature an open question, and the respondents were entitled to several answers. 640 questionnaires were sent back, of which 398 actually provided an answer to the request. Although the request was for questions only, there were also clear expressions of dissatisfaction. A coding system is described that was developed to classify the 873 answers, in which 751 were identified as questions and 122 as complaints. The problems are highly varied as to their contents. Most questions bear on the dentist's activities (35%). Most striking is that these questions can be answered by any dentist. The category on dental minded behavior accounts for 22% of the questions, that on various aspects of the dentist‐patient communication and on fear accounts for 17%, and the category on financial problems in dentistry accounts for 16%. Bearing in mind that the composition of the group of 640 respondents differs from that of the entire Dutch population, the results should be interpreted with due care. The discussion includes a plea for more DHE‐activities on an individual basis. Finally, it is shown what the use can be of a coding system of questions and complaints of patients in denial health care.
Psychometric measures of dental fear
Authors: Berggren Ulf , Carlsson Sven G.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Four psychometric scales: Corah Dental Anxiety Scale (CDAS), a modified version of the Geer Fear Scale (GFS), the Health Locus of Control Scale (HLCS), and a Mood Adjective Check List (MACL), were studied with regard to their implications for dental fear. Swedish versions given to groups of fearful and non‐fearful dental patients as well as non‐patients showed satisfactory metric properties. Mean scores obtained were in most cases similar to those reported for original American versions, even though some indications of cultural differences were observed. The scales seem to reflect important aspects of dental fear, and they represent a valuable methodology in research on etiology and treatment of dental fear.
Socioeconomic demand model for dental visits
Authors: Petersen Poul Erik , Pedersen Kjeld Möller
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to develop structural Socioeconomic demand models for dental visits. The explanatory variables were chosen selectively from the various theories concerning health services utilization. The models were constructed on data from a sociodental survey carried out among workers and staff members at a Danish shipyard. A sample of 988 employees was drawn by stratified random sampling and 841 persons were interviewed regarding dental visits and attitudes towards teeth and dental health services. The structural equations were estimated by means of multiple regression analysis using the two‐stage least‐squares method. Dental visits were influenced by dental health status, expectations about value of dental care, income, and price of dental care. Dental health was affected by the number of dental visits and age. Residence in rural areas during childhood and age had a negative effect on dental care early in life while years of schooling had a positive effect. Years of schooling had also a positive effect on expectations about value of dental care. The present study has shown that it is possible to construct structural models for the demand for dental care.
Reliability of coding depth of approximal carious lesions from non‐independent interpretation of serial bitewing radiographs
Authors: Pliskin Joseph S. , Shwartz Michael , Gröndahl Hans‐Göran , Boffa Joseph
Published: May 2006

Abstract In order to help understand the effectiveness of preventive care and the source of variation in treatment decisions, it is important to determine intra‐ and interexaminer agreement on the presence and depth of radiolucencies on bitewing radiographs when serial radiographs on individuals are available for interpretation. Serial radiographs on 24 subjects were read in succession, and one of four depth codes was assigned to approximal lesions. The radiographs were then read a second time, both by the person who had initially read the radiographs and by a second reader. Intraexaminer agreement on presence of a lesion ranged from 60% to 90%; four of the five readers had an agreement of over 78%. Interexaminer agreement on presence of a lesion ranged from 71% to 84%. Intraexaminer agreement on depth of lesion ranged from 64%, to 80%; four readers had an agreement of over 73%. Interexaminer agreement on depth of lesion ranged from 59% to 76%.
Dental caries and sucrose intake in five South African preschool groups
Authors: Cleaton‐Jones P. , Richardson B. D. , Winter G. B. , Sinwel R. E. , Rantsho J. M. , Jodaikin A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Dental caries, debris (DI‐S) and sugar intake were determined for 766 rural Black, urban Black, coloured, Indian and While children, using standardized techniques. In general sucrose intake, both quantity and frequency was low in rural Black children yet these children had relatively few caries‐free individuals and higher than expected mean dmft scores. Comparison with earlier studies in the same localities has shown a worsening of dental caries in all groups except the White, in which the situation has improved. Sucrose consumption declined in rural Black, and White groups, remained steady in urban Black children and increased in coloured and Indian groups.
Nutrition and health in childhood: causal and quantitative interpretations of dental caries
Authors: Persson Lars‐Åke , Stecksén‐Bijcks Christina , Holm Anna‐Karin
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of the present study was to suggest a causal model of dental caries and to discuss some quantitative interpretations of this model. Three age groups of children (4, 8 and 13 yr) from three different areas in Sweden were included. The caries status of the children was examined. A 7‐day record (4‐ and 8‐yr‐olds) and a dietary history (13‐yr‐olds) were used to estimate food intake. Sociodemographic data and data of caries preventive measures were obtained from parents/children. A causal model of dental caries is suggested and some quantitative interpretations are made by means of path analyses. Hypothetical examples of results of changes in caries determinants are given.
Oral hygiene, dental visits and age of denture for prevalence of denture stomatitis
Authors: Mikkonen Markku , Nyyssönen Viljo , Paunio Ilkka , Rajala Matti
Published: May 2006

Abstract A representative sample of Finnish denture wearers (n= 3875) aged 30 or over were examined clinically and interviewed about their oral hygiene habits, use of dental services and possible prosthetic treatment during last visit to a dentist. Of these denture wearers, over 80% brushed their dentures at least once a day, and 16% visited a dentist at least once in 2 yr. For denture stomatitis the age‐standardized risk ratio decreased with brushing frequency in women and increased in men. For frequency of dental visits the prevalence of denture stomatitis increased in both men and women when visits were made over 2‐yr intervals. The prevalence of denture stomatitis was higher in the group with dentures over 1 yr old. It seems that the oral hygiene measures as they are generally carried out and regular dental visits are not effective enough methods in preventing denture stomatitis.
Oral health status of the Lengua Indians of Paraguay
Authors: Kieser Julius A. , Preston Charles B.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The dental and oral health status of 202 Lengua Indians of Paraguay was determined using DMT, Russell's PI and the Greene & Vermillion OHIS. Caries experience in young Lenguas was shown to be positively associated with exposure to Western culture. Mean DMT increased from 8.36 for 15–19 yr‐olds to 9.44 in 20–24 yr‐olds. For the 25–29 yr age group the DMT was 9.10 whilst 30–34 yr‐olds had a mean DMT of 8.67. The mean DMT of 9.64 for 35–40 yr‐olds increased to 9.84 for the over 40 age group. Oral hygiene and periodontal status were found to be similar to those reported in other Chaco Indian groups.
Twenty years of dental treatment in the Dutch Armed Forces
Authors: Meeuwissen Ronald , Eschen Siegfried
Published: May 2006

Abstract A mixed longitudinal descriptive survey has been designed to answer some questions regarding the effectiveness of dental health care. For a period of 20 years the dental records of 845 Dutch servicemen have been analyzed with regard to the amount of dental treatment per tooth and surface. Cross‐sectional results of this study are compared with those of other studies. Generally the results of this study concerning restorations and extractions per tooth type accord with the literature. The provision of full dentures is relatively low in the Army.
Immigrants and a public oral health care service for children in Denmark
Authors: Heidmann J. , Christensen L. B.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The present study was conducted to compare level of dental caries, treatment pattern and contact patterns with the Child Oral Health Care System of children of immigrants. The study comprised 239 Turkish, 117 Pakistani and 91 other immigrants and a control group of 359 Danish children. Data were extracted from the dental records in the clinic where they were treated. All groups of immigrants showed more caries in the primary dentition and less caries in the permanent dentition than Danish children of comparable age. For preschoolchildren a higher number of broken appointments were found for the immigrants as well as a higher number of appointments which were interrupted due to management problems. The consequences for planning preventive and restorative programs for children of immigrants are discussed.
Active‐involvement principle in dental health education
Authors: Schou Lone
Published: May 2006

Abstract A basic problem in dental health education (DHE) is that the effect usually disappears shortly after the termination of a program. The purpose of the present study was to obtain long‐term effect of a DHE‐program by emphasizing the active involvement of the participants. The sample comprised an experimental and a control group, each of 68 unskilled workers, aged 18–64. Active participation was obtained by various means: 1) Teaching was carried out in pre‐existing peer groups, 2) the participants’own goals and needs were included, 3) the traditional dentist‐patient barriers were excluded, 4) the traditional dentist‐patient roles were changed, and 5) the sessions were repeated. No dental treatment was included. The control group did not participate in the DHE‐programme. Plaque (PlI) and gingivitis (GI) were scored before the program, immediately after, and 6 months and 3′/i yr after the last session. In the experimental group PlI and GI decreased significantly from 1.30 and 1.42 at baseline to 0.39 and 0.97 6 months after the program, and 0.45 and 0.79 31/2 yr after the termination of the program. It is suggested that the reason for the long‐term effect obtained in the present study was the use of the principle of active involvement of the participants in the DHE‐program.
Stimulating dental attendance in the Netherlands: comparison of three conceptual frameworks
Authors: ter Horst Guusje , Hoogstraten Johan , de Haan Willem
Published: May 2006

Abstract A field‐experiment was done to study the differential effectiveness of three conceptual approaches to stimulate the demand for dental care. Persuasive messages were based on Ajzen & Fishbein's theory of reasoned action, on the health‐belief model, and on the notion that knowledge of rights and obligations is a prerequisite for seeking dental care. All messages included an application form and a return envelope. Subjects were 269 members of Amsterdam health insurance companies. They had not received regular dental treatment and/or a certificate of dental fitness for at least 21/2 yr. Subjects received one of the three messages, an application form only (with a return envelope), or no message at all. Applying for treatment and acquiring a dental certificate were the behavioral measures. In all, 47.4% of insured who received message and/or application form applied for treatment. No control subjects applied. Fifteen months later 70% of the applicants had obtained a dental certificate. A differential effectiveness of the three messages was absent. Contrary to our expectations the condition of no message, application form only proved as effective as the message conditions. Results furthermore indicate that the main reason for not applying concerns fear of dental treatment. Whether or not the subject applied did not correlate with his knowledge of rights and obligations, sex, age, level of education, and occupational status.
Effects of dental health education for mothers with young children in London
Authors: Holt Ruth D. , Winter Gerald B. , Fox Brenda , Askew Rosalind
Published: May 2006

AbstractDental health education for mothers with young children is thought to be capable of achieving a high standard of dental health for these children. This study considers the dental health of a sample of 5‐yr‐old children whose mothers were given dental health education at an early stage in their child's life. The dental health education was given to one group during home visits and to a second through leaflets sent by post. Comparisons were made with a third group of children whose mothers had been randomly selected to form a control group. Sixty‐nine percent of children whose mothers were given advice at home were caries free, compared to 58% of children in the control group. Scores for gingivitis were also significantly lower in the first group. No significant differences in disease levels were seen between children whose mothers had been sent leaflets through the post and those in the control group. In relation to the use of fluoride supplements, 25% of the children whose mothers had been given personal advice received fluoride supplements regularly throughout the period of the study. Children of these highly motivated mothers showed less caries (83% were caries free) and lower levels of gingivitis than children who had never received supplements.
Prevalence of developmental defects of enamel and dental caries in New Zealand children receiving differing fluoride supplementation
Authors: de Liefde Betty , Herbison Graham Peter
Published: May 2006

Abstract A survey of the prevalence of dental caries and developmental enamel detects in 666 New Zealand children aged 9 years and with differing histories of fluoride supplementation was carried out in 1982. In the LF (low fluoride) group 22.8% of children had diffuse white opacities compared with the WF (water fluoridation) group, 36.7%, and the CT (continuous use of fluoride tablets) group 49.4% (P= 0.0018). When the tooth prevalence was determined, the differences were more marked with 4.9% of teeth affected in the LF group and 24.7% in the CT group. Dental caries prevalence in the fluoride history groups displayed an inverse relationship with fluoride supplementation, the LF group had a DM FT of 2.4, the WF group, 1.7 and the CT group, 1.2. The prevalence of both diffuse opacities and of dental caries in the PT group where tablets had been used to 5–6 yr of age was anomalous. The survey confirmed that diffuse opacities occur in children with a low fluoride intake but the prevalence increases in groups of children given fluoride supplements.
Relations between TMJ pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS) and some psychologic and biographic variables
Authors: Duinkerke Adriaan S. H. , Luteijn Frans , Bouman Theo K. , de Jong Hans Pieter
Published: May 2006

Abstract A total of 211 persons with a complete natural dentition were examined for signs and symptoms of the TMJ pain dysfunction syndrome. They also answered the questions of the Dutch version of the Hopkins Symptoms Check List (HSCL). Schooling, age and sex were also registered. Signs and symptoms of the TMJ pain dysfunction syndrome proved to be highly correlated to the psychologic and somatic scales of the HSCL with one exception: maximal mouth opening. The total palpation score proved to be a reliable, sensitive, easy and fast predictor for the seventy of the TMJ pain dysfunction syndrome.
Dental health services research in Scotland: a review of some 5‐year results
Authors: Elderton Richard J. , Nuttall Nigel M. , Eddie Susan , Davies Janet A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A longitudinal study of dental treatment carried out by the Dental Health Services Research Unit in Dundee has provided a unique opportunity to investigate a variety of aspects of dental care received by a sample of dentate individuals over 5 yr. The distribution of treatment indicated that frequent attenders, especially those who changed dentist, were particularly prone to having teeth filled and that two‐thirds of the restorative cost was spent on restoring tooth surfaces that had previously been filled. A quarter of the sample had severe periodontal disease and they (ended to visit a dentist less frequently than those with mild periodontal disease. They were also more likely to have teeth extracted but less likely to have a scaling or other periodontal treatment than the moderately diseased. The findings suggest that there is considerable scope for a less treatment‐orientated approach to the management of dental caries for those who currently receive most of the restorative treatment. The majority of the population who receive little dental care, especially those with severe periodontal disease, would probably gain by visiting a dentist more frequently. Dentists need to acquire a more positive attitude towards prevention and an increased ability to make intellectually based decisions not to treat.
Dental attendance of some of the common immigrant groups in Sweden
Authors: Widström Eeva , Martinsson Thore
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of this study was to see how Greek, Polish, Turkish, Yugoslavian and Finnish immigrants utilized dental services offered, as compared to Swedes. The study covered the years 1976–79, using figures from the National Social Insurance Board (NS1B). All foreign citizens of the aforementioned groups born on the 20th of any month and living in the county of Stockholm were selected, together with a comparison group of Swedish citizens. During the 4 yr in question, only 31% of the Greeks, 50% of the Poles, 28% of the Turks, 40% of the Yugoslavs and 75% of the Finns visited a dentist in Sweden, while 87% of the Swedes did. Few immigrants except some Finns went annually. A great majority of all Greeks, Turks and Yugoslavs either saw a dentist only once or else not at all during the whole period. Emergency treatment was significantly more common for these groups than for Poles, Finns or Swedes. The study revealed a fragmentary and episodic use of the denial services offered to most common immigrant groups in Sweden.
Oral health in a long‐term care institution equipped with a dental service
Authors: MacEntee Michael I. , Silver John G. , Gibson Gary , Weiss Rachel
Published: May 2006

Abstract The oral health and medico‐dental status of 250 mostly elderly residents of a long term care institution were assessed by examination and a review of medical records. In addition, attitudes to dental care, dental experiences, and demands for care were solicited from those who could participate in an interview. There were no dental complaints from 70% of those interviewed. The complaints most frequently reported were difficulties with mouth dryness, hygiene, and chewing. Natural teeth remained in at least one jaw in 30% of the 245 residents examined. Dental caries was present in 78% of this dentate group, with coronal and root lesions equally prevalent. Gingival bleeding was also common in this group and 29% had deep periodontal pockets. Nearly 50% of the mandibular dentures and 25% of the maxillary dentures examined were inadequate. Mandibular dysfunction occurred in 25% of the population and was more frequent in the dentate group. Oral mucosal pathoses were rare. No correlation was found between the systemic health and the oral health of the residents. There was a need to improve the oral hygiene of most of those examined. Less than 20% of the denture wearers would have benefitted from treatment and 10% of those with defective dentures were considered unsuitable for treatment. In contrast, 60%) of those with natural teeth required restorations and 36% needed one or more teeth removed. Very few urgent needs were seen. An inter‐examiner accumulative inconsistency of 11% was measured between the three examiners, and a third of the assessments made of periodontal status were contradictory.
Describing the severity of mottling in a community: a different approach
Authors: Butler William , Segreto Vincent , Collins Edwin
Published: May 2006

AbstractDean's community mottling index, though a useful summary measure, suffers from the use of arbitrary scores and the inability to describe the frequency in each of the levels of mottling. An alternative statistical approach, based on the proportional odds model, is used here to describe the severity of mottling in a community. The use of this model is demonstrated on prevalence data collected on 16 Texas communities.
Survival of dental restorations in young patients
Authors: Hunter Bruce
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of this study was to show how the survival of restorations placed in teeth of young patients varied with the age of the patient at the time of treatment. Data from the treatment records of 113 regularly attending patients at one practice were collected, and the fate and survival of 1327 restorations was determined from the sequences of treatment of each permanent tooth. Occlusal restorations occurred most frequently (37.6%) and together with the MO and DO restorations (22.6%) accounted for more than half of the restorations in the study. The proportion of replaced restorations increased with increasing patient age at the time of treatment, from 33% to 56%. The survival of all restorations improved the older the patient at the time of treatment, from 40% to 77% surviving 5 yr. The implications for the treatment of carious young permanent teeth are considered.
Prevalence of dental caries, patterns of sugar consumption and oral hygiene practices in infancy in S. Africa
Authors: Gordon Yasmin , Reddy Jairam
Published: May 2006

Abstract Dental caries is one of the most prevalent diseases of man and is the major cause of tooth mortality in the young. Although the precise aetiology of the disease is unknown, scientific evidence incriminates the interaction of three factors, viz. diet, plaque and the tooth. Several studies demonstrate a positive correlation between patterns of sugar consumption and caries experience. In contrast other studies showed no such association. This study investigated the frequency of sugar consumption habits, the mother's knowledge of oral hygiene as well as the oral hygiene methods she applies to her child and the prevalence of dental caries in infants between 1–2 yr of age. A representative sample of 100 mothers and infants from 10 child health clinics were interviewed. The results show that: 1) mothers have a limited knowledge about oral hygiene and oral hygiene practices; 2) infant sugar consumption habits seem to be influenced by the mother's sugar consumption habits; 3) infants are introduced to sucrose containing food and drinks at the time of the eruption of the first tooth; 4) the mean dmft(t) value in this group of infants was 2.37.
Relationship between enamel fluoride concentration and dental caries in a selected population
Authors: Nasir Haki‐lsmael , Relief Daniel Hugo , Jamison Homer Claude
Published: May 2006

Abstract The relationship between dental caries experience (DMFT) and enamel fluoride concentration (EnF) was determined in 100 freshman dental students aged between 20 and 26 yr. DMFT was determined by clinical examination and supplemented by hi tewing radiographs. Biopsies were performed on the maxillary right canine of each student by etching with 1 M perchloric acid for 5 s. A regression analysis of DMFT and EnF and of J/DMFT and InEnF indicated that the correlation coeffetients were not significant. Students exposed to fluoridated drinking water had significantly lower DMFT and significantly greater EnF than the students reared in areas with non‐fluoridated drinking water.
Demand for dental care in Sri Lanka
Authors: Warnakulasuriya Saman
Published: May 2006

Abstract The demand for dental care was assessed among 3000 dental patients visiting an out‐patient clinic in Sri Lanka. 46% of the patients sought treatment for complaints related to advanced stages of dental caries whilst 18% requested treatment for early stages of decay. 20% had complaints related to periodontal disease of which two‐thirds had advanced symptoms of mobility. The majority of the demands reflect a need for emergency care such as exodontia and dressings for cavities, which is currently being carried out by dentists but could easily be done by auxiliaries at low cost.
Examiner consistency and group balance at baseline of a caries clinical trial
Authors: Heifetz Stanley B. , Brunelle Janet A. , Horowitz Herschel S. , Leske Gary S.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Two experienced investigators (G.L. & H.H.) independently examined 629 children in grades 6–9 (ages 10–17 yr) for baseline DMFS data in a clinical trial of a caries preventive. The examiners used the same written and visual (slides) criteria for dental caries diagnosis, but did not standardize or calibrate their methods before or during the survey. Results showed overall mean DMFS scores for Examiners I and 2 that were remarkably similar, 8.35 and 8.16, respectively; coefficients of variation were identical, C.V. = 87%. The reliability coefficient for the two sets of data showed that only 4% of the variability in DMFS scores was due to examiner inconsistency and other measurement errors. The findings indicate that, without undergoing clinical calibration, the two experienced examiners attained a high level of agreement in scoring dental caries merely by adhering to clearly defined written and visual criteria. Only the 308 children in the 6th grade (ages 10–14 yr) participated in the study (children in grades 7–9 were a reference population). Participants were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. The allocation procedure produced mean DMFS scores for Groups I and 11 of 7.87 and 6.17 (Examiner 1) and 8.07 and 6.41 (Examiner 2), respectively. The mean scores differed by about 21% (II compared with I) for each examiner. Both differences were clinically and statistically significant (P<0.05). Randomized assignment had generated an imbalance of baseline DMF scores by group.
Caries prevalence in Icelandic chilcjren in 1970 and 1983
Authors: Moller Palmi
Published: May 2006

In the autumn of 1983 a clinical survey was carried out on 756 children aged 6–14 yr. residing in three non‐fluoridated communities in Iceland. The aim of the survey was to assess what changes, if any, in caries prevalence may have taken place as a result of the provision of free dental restorative services for these children since 1974. The 1983 prevalence data were compared with data obtained from a caries survey conducted in 1970 in ihe same areas in Iceland. The same examiner performed all examinations In both studies. Although considerable increase was noted in number of filled leeth with a corresponding decrease in carious and missing teeth, a sialistically significanl change in caries prevalence, (dft, dfs. DMFT. DMFS) did not manifest itself. The dfs and DMFS in 1983 was 8.9 and 9.5, respectively, compared to 8.5 and 10.4 in 1970. Over 90% ofthe toothpaste used in Iceland during the 1970's contained fluoride. The children in the three study areas had not been provided with any public preventive programs.
Streptococcus mutans and caries prevalence in rural Thai
Authors: Reichart Peter A. , Gehring Friedrich , Becker Jörgen , Geerlings Heinz
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The prevalence of dental caries was studied in 521 rural Thai using the DMFT index. The oral habit of chewing betel nut was recorded. Samples of drinking water were examined for fluoride concentrations. Plaque material from 500 patients was examined qualitatively for S. mutans. The DMFT (dmft) index score was comparably high for patients under 10 yr of age (4.12); the difference between the DMFT (dmft) score of this age group and the other age groups was statistically significant. The average DMFT (dmft) score was 1.34 + 2.67. There was no relation between oral habits and caries prevalence. Fluoride concentrations of the water samples were between 0.11 and 1.64 ppmF‐. 14.2% of 500 plaque samples were positive for S. mutans, predominantly of biotype I. The higher prevalence of caries in children may be attributable to changing patterns of life and nutrition.
Application of life table methodology in determining dental caries rates
Authors: Abernathy James R. , Graves Richard C. , Greenberg Bernard G. , Bohannan Harry M. , Disney Judith A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Probabilities of caries risk over time measured from eruption of first and second molars are illustrated using life table methodology. Life table rates based on 4,365 children in the National Preventive Dentistry Demonstration Program indicate that both fluoridation and sealants are effective in preventing caries on occlusal and buccal/lingual surfaces of molars. Effectiveness would probably have been greater on occlusal surfaces if sealants had been applied closer to the time of eruption. Similarities and differences between conventional DMFS indices and life table probabilities are discussed.
Traumatic dental injuries in children from private and public schools
Authors: Garcia‐Godoy Franklin , Dipres Firgia M. , Lora Iris M. , Vidal Estela D.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze, by age and sex, (a) the prevalence of traumatic injuries to permanent incisors and canines, and (b) their distribution according to type in children from private and public schools. The samples consisted of 1,200 children aged 7–16 yr old enrolled in 12 private and public schools from the city of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Garcia‐Godoy's classification for traumatic injuries was used. The prevalence of injuries in private schools was 21.3% and in public schools 16.3% (P < 0.05). The higher prevalence in private schools is mainly due to the enamel fractures. All together, more boys injured their teeth than girls. The most common type of injury in both sexes in private and public schools was the enamel fracture followed by the enamel‐dentin fracture without pulp exposure.
Cultural perceptions of pain and pain coping among patients and dentists
Authors: Moore Rod , Miller Marc L. , Weinstein Philip , Dworkin Samuel F. , Liou Hsiao‐hsiun
Published: May 2006

Abstract A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods were developed to describe pain and pain coping perceptions of 25 Chinese, 25 Anglo‐Americans and 35 Scandinavians (54 patients and 21 dentists). Results revealed universal dimensions of pain such as time, intensity, location, quality, cause and curability. More culture‐specific dimensions included the Chinese concept suantong, a multivariate concept of bone, muscle, joint, tooth and gingival pain. “Real” and “imagined” pains were mostly described by Western subjects, especially dentists; “imagined pain” being the conversion of fear or anxiety into perceived pain. These data indicate that the methods were sensitive to culture as a variable and indicate that ethnicity may play a stronger role in the perceptions of pain description than does professional socialization, but that professional socialization processes may have more influence on the perception of pain coping modes for this sample population.
Pattern of tooth loss in a selected population in Greece
Authors: Anagnou‐Varelzides Alice , Komboli Manto , Tsami Anta , Mitsis Fotis
Published: May 2006

Abstract The pattern of tooth loss with age for individual teeth was examined in a selected population. The survey covered patients attending the Dental School of Athens University. Tooth loss increased steadily with age and was higher for the periodontitis than the gingivitis group. Mortality of individual teeth was analyzed for each type of tooth within the maxillary pair and within the mandibular pair and no statistical significance was found. The statistically highly significant differences in loss rates within most groups of four teeth were clearly attributable to differences between the maxilla and mandible. For the permanent second molars differences in loss were close to the significance level while for the first molars the difference was statistically highly significant. A statistically significant difference was found between losses of the four second premolars while highly significantly differences were noticed between first premolars. Mortality for canines was low, but differences in losses were highly statistically significant. The two mandibular incisors had the lowest rates of loss in our sample, difference in loss between maxillary and mandibular incisors was statistically highly significant. Central incisors had a similar pattern of loss to that of lateral incisors but differences in loss rates were not statistically significant.
Tooth loss as related to dental caries and periodontal breakdown in adult Tanzanians
Authors: Baelum Vibeke , Fejerskov Ole
Published: May 2006

Abstract A total of 170 adults aged 30–69 yr from the Zanzibar and Pemba Islands (Tanzania) were examined for tooth loss, dental caries and loss of periodontal attachment. The cause of tooth loss was recorded from information given by the examinee to a Kiswahili‐English interpreter. Dental caries were recorded according to the depth of the lesion, i.e. involving enamel, dentin or pulp, respectively. Loss of attachment was measured as the distance in mm from the CEJ to the bottom of the pocket. The most severely affected surface determined the state of the tooth. The mean number of teeth present ranged from 29.5 in the youngest to 23.9 in the oldest age group. The mean number of teeth missing due to dental caries ranged between 2.1 and 7.0 teeth, and exceeded by far tooth loss due to periodontal breakdown which was only observed in the two oldest age groups. In all age groups the molars were the teeth most frequently missing and also the teeth most frequently affected by dental caries. Although a substantial number of the teeth in the older age groups demonstrated an extensive loss of attachment only a few teeth, mainly mandibular incisors, were lost due to periodontal breakdown within the age range examined.
Tooth mortality in women in a 12‐year follow‐up of a population sample in Gothenburg, Sweden
Authors: Ahlqwist Margarets , Bengtsson Calle , Gröndahi Hans ‐Göran , Hailing Arne
Published: May 2006

Abstract Women of different age groups in Gothenburg, Sweden were examined in 1968–69 and in 1980–81 by means of orthopantomography. The frequencies of missing teeth and edentulousness were determined. The follow‐up results among the same women showed only a small increase in edentulousness and in number of lost teeth during the period. A substantial decrease in edentulousness and frequency of missing teeth was observed between women of comparable age groups over the 12‐yr interval, presumably as a result of preventive measures and increased availability of dental health care resources.
Preeruptive effect of NaF tablets on caries in children from 12 to 17 years of age
Authors: Widenheim Jan , Birkhed Dowen , Granath Lars , Lindgren Georg
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preeruptive effect of NaF tablets on caries in proximal surfaces of permanent molars and premolars. The material consisted of 47 subjects who had consumed fluoride tablets for a minimum of 5 yr between 1/2 and 6 yr of age in accordance with recommendations from the National Swedish Board of Health and Welfare (F+‐group) and 69 comparable children who had never consumed such tablets (F‐‐group). All had resided since birth in an area with a water fluoride concentration of 0.2 ppm and had been exposed to fluorides in toothpaste, mouthrinse solution and varnish since at least the age of 6. The children were examined by means of bitewing radiographs at the ages of 12, 13, 14 and 17. Two confounding factors, i.e. salivary counts of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli, were estimated and used for correction of crude caries differences. The mean values of these factors were higher in the F‐‐group than in the F+‐group. The results showed a statistically significantly higher caries prevalence in the F‐ ‐group compared to the F+ ‐group when the children were 14‐yr‐old, 4.4 vs. 2.9 DFS, corresponding to a caries reduction of about 34%. After correction for confounding, this was reduced to 24%, representing a non‐significant difference of 1.1 DFS but still indicating a preemptive effect. At the age of 17, the difference in caries prevalence was statistically not significant, 7.1 vs. 5.6 DFS, corresponding to a reduction of 21%. Based on corrected data, this was reduced to 15%. A main finding was that caries reduction diminished with time.
Caries, oral hygiene and periodontal disease in handicapped adults
Authors: Pieper Klaus , Dirks Bärbel , Kessler Peter
Published: May 2006

Abstract Caries, periodontal disease, oral hygiene and treatment needs were assessed in a group of handicapped adults. The study group comprised 199 individuals aged 17‐64 yr, most of whom were mentally subnormal. The mean DMFT values ranged from 17.4 in the 17‐24‐yr‐old age group to 26.9 in the 55‐64‐yr‐old age group. Tooth loss increased rapidly with advancing age. In all age groups the F component was less than 20% and high numbers of untreated carious lesions were found. Of the group studied, 90% needed some conservative treatment. Oral hygiene was poor and a high prevelance of periodontal disease was found. Of the dentulous persons, 49% needed scaling and 34% complex periodontal treatment. The percentage of study group patients requiring dental treatment was very high, so that it can be concluded that dental care for the handicapped is insufficient. This situation must be improved and a suitable system for the delivery of preventive measures must be devised for this group of the population.
Amelogenesis imperfecta: prevalence and incidence in a northern Swedish county
Authors: Bäckman Birgitta , Holm Anna‐Karin
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of the study was to establish the prevalence and incidence of amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) in the county of Vasterbotten, northern Sweden using the criteria of Witkop & Sauk (1976). The diagnoses were based upon clinical and radiographic evidence. The study‐population consisted of all 3‐19‐yr‐olds born in the county from 1963 to 1979. AI was diagnosed in 79 children, 41 girls and 38 boys, giving a prevalence of 1.4:1000. The mean incidence 1963‐79 was 1.3:1000. Half of the children with AI had brothers or sisters in the group. The hypoplastic form was the most common (58 children) followed by the hypomaturation form (16 children). Only five children had the hypomineralization form.
Dental treatment needs in three institutions for the handicapped
Authors: Holland Timothy J. , O'Mullane Denis M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Treatment needs for caries, periodontal disease and dentures were assessed in 194 handicapped persons attending three institutions for the handicapped in Cork, Ireland. Criteria and methods of assessment used were those employed in the recently completed National Survey of Childrens' Dental Health in Ireland, which were based on (WHO) Oral Health Surveys ‐ Basic Methods. The need for extractions and complicated restorations was highest in older patients, whilst the removal of sub‐ and supragingival calculus was the most common periodontal treatment need. Treatment was completed for 130 patients by final year dental undergraduates or junior hospital staff (primary care), while the remaining 64 were treated by consultant staff (secondary care).
Reporting radiographic methods in dental epidemiologic and experimental studies
Authors: Sewerin Ib
Published: May 2006

Abstract A number of technical and methodologic factors govern the quality of the radiographic image. The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the attention paid to these factors in epidemiologic studies and clinical trials. The description of radiographic methods in a sample of scientific reports was reviewed. It is concluded that the descriptions arc generally sparse. They seem to be of an erratic character, and the data described are not selected according to their significance. Factors governing object coverage, image density and contrast, image geometry, and readability are discussed in relation to the descriptions analyzed. Recommendations for relevant and informative descriptions enabling the reader to evaluate and control the results of an investigation are presented.
Dental caries prevalence amongst 12‐year‐old urban children in East Africa
Authors: Frencken Jo , Manji Firoze , Mosha Hiasinti
Published: May 2006

Abstract It is commonly believed that the prevalence of dental caries in developing countries is increasing, though in Kenya and Tanzania there is insufficient information to confirm such trends. In order to test the hypothesis, therefore, 762 children in Dar es Salaam and 802 children in Nairobi aged 12 yr in 1984 were examined for dental caries as part of a baseline study to monitor changes of prevalence with time. Dental caries was recorded by surfaces using the criteria recommended by the WHO and examinations were performed by standardized examiners. The mean DMFT in Dar es Salaam of 0.67 (SD 1.20) was significantly higher than that for Nairobi, 0.51 (SD 1.23). No differences were found in the mean DMFS index. Nairobi children had a greater number of filled teeth and surfaces. Although a greater proportion of children were caries‐free in Nairobi than in Dar es Salaam, amongst those with caries, Nairobi children had significantly higher DMFS scores, and a greater proportion with DMFS> 4. The possible reasons for such findings are discussed. The mean DMFT and DMFS reported here are amongst the lowest reported in the recent literature from both countries.