bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are periodontitis and dental caries associated? A systematic review with meta‐analyses
Authors: Romandini Pierluigi , Marruganti Crystal , Romandini William Giuseppe , Sanz Mariano , Grandini Simone , Romandini Mario
Published: December 2023

Aim

The epidemiological relationship between periodontitis and caries remains controversial, and evidence synthesis is currently lacking. Therefore, this systematic review was designed to answer the following PECO question: ‘In human adults (P), do subjects suffering from periodontitis (E) have higher presence/number of untreated carious lesions and caries experience (O) than subjects not suffering from periodontitis (C)?’.

Materials and Methods

Observational studies that met specific inclusion criteria established to answer to the PECO question were included. Two review authors independently searched for eligible studies, screened the titles and abstracts, carried out the full text analysis, extracted the data and performed the risk of bias assessment. In case of disagreement, a third review author took the final decision during ad hoc consensus meetings. Data synthesis was carried out through random‐effects meta‐analyses.

Results

A total of 18 studies on 21 cohorts, involving 135,018 participants, were included. Meta‐analyses showed a significant association between periodontitis and the presence of at least one tooth with either untreated carious lesions (odds ratio [OR] = 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.32–2.01; p <.00; I2 = 83.0%) or caries experience (decayed and filled teeth ≥ 1) (OR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.01–1.59; p = .038; I2 = 90.0%). Moreover, subjects with periodontitis exhibited a higher number of surfaces (difference in means [MD] = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.46–1.27; p <.001; I2 = 0.0%) and teeth (MD = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.28–0.42; p <.001; I2 = 69.6%) with untreated carious lesions, as well as a higher number of teeth with caries experience (standardized difference in means  [SMD] = 1.46; 95% CI: 0.15–2.78; p = .029; I2 = 98.9%) compared with those without periodontitis. Sensitivity analyses focusing on severe periodontitis as exposure mostly showed consistent results. Estimates for caries experience were only slightly attenuated in adjusted models compared with crude models. Subgroup analyses by caries location also indicated that periodontitis was associated only with root caries, while it was not with caries affecting the anatomical crown.

Conclusions

Periodontitis was found to be associated with the presence and number of treated/untreated root carious lesions. Therefore, caries‐specific preventive measures (e.g., fluorides) should be considered for individuals with periodontitis.
A multi‐centre randomized controlled trial on alveolar ridge preservation with immediate or delayed implant placement: Need for soft‐tissue augmentation
Authors: Cosyn Jan , Seyssens Lorenz , De Bruyckere Thomas , De Buyser Stefanie , Djurkin Andrej , Eghbali Aryan , Lasserre Jérôme Frédéric , Tudts Marco , Younes Faris , Toma Selena
Published: December 2023

Aim

To assess the impact of the timing of implant placement following alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) on the need for soft‐tissue augmentation (STA) and to identify the risk factors for horizontal and vertical soft‐tissue loss.

Materials and Methods

Patients with a single failing tooth in the anterior maxilla (15–25) were treated at six centres. Following tooth extraction, they were randomly allocated to the test group (immediate implant placement, IIP) or control group (delayed implant placement, DIP). ARP was performed in both groups and implants were immediately restored with an implant‐supported provisional crown. Six months after tooth extraction and ARP, a panel of five blinded clinicians assessed the need for STA on the basis of anonymized clinical pictures and a digital surface model. Lack of buccal soft‐tissue convexity and/or mid‐facial recession qualified for STA. Pre‐operative and 6‐month digital surface models were superimposed to assess horizontal and vertical soft‐tissue changes.

Results

Thirty patients were included per group (test: 20 females, 10 males, mean age 53.1; control: 15 females, 15 males, mean age 59.8). The panel deemed STA as necessary in 24.1% and 35.7% of the cases following IIP and DIP, respectively. The difference was not statistically significant (odds ratio [OR] = 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.54–5.84]; p = .343). Loss of buccal soft‐tissue profile was higher following DIP (estimated mean ratio = 1.66; 95% CI [1.10–2.52]; p = .018), as was mid‐facial recession (mean difference [MD] = 0.47 mm; 95% CI [0.12–0.83]; p = .011). Besides DIP, regression analysis identified soft‐tissue thickness (−0.57; 95% CI [−1.14 to −0.01]; p = .045) and buccal bone dehiscence (0.17; 95% CI [0.01–0.34]; p = .045) as additional risk factors for mid‐facial recession. Surgeons found IIP significantly more difficult than DIP (visual analogue scale MD = −34.57; 95% CI [−48.79 to −20.36]; p < .001).

Conclusions

This multi‐centre randomized controlled trial failed to demonstrate a significant difference in the need for STA between IIP and DIP when judged by a panel of blinded clinicians. Based on objective soft‐tissue changes, patients with thin buccal soft tissues, with a buccal bone dehiscence and treated with a delayed approach appeared particularly prone to soft‐tissue loss.
Trends in adolescent emotional problems in Wales between 2013 and 2019: the contribution of peer relationships
Authors: Anthony Rebecca , Moore Graham , Page Nicholas , Ollerhead Catherine , Parker Jack , Murphy Simon , Rice Frances , Armitage Jessica M. , Collishaw Stephan
Published: December 2023

Background

Epidemiological evidence shows a substantial increase in adolescent emotional problems in many countries, but reasons for this increase remain poorly understood. We tested change in emotional problems in a national sample of young people in Wales in 2013, 2017 and 2019 using identical symptom screens, and examined whether trends were accounted for by changes in youth friendship quality and bullying.

Methods

The present study of 230,735 11–16‐year olds draws on repeat cross‐sectional data obtained on three occasions (2013, 2017 and 2019) in national school‐based surveys in Wales (conducted by the School Health Research Network). Emotional problems were assessed with a brief validated symptom screen (the SCL‐4).

Results

There was a significant increase in emotional problem scores between 2013 and 2019 (b[95% CI] = 1.573 [1.380, 1.765]). This increase was observed for all ages and was more pronounced for girls than boys (interaction b [95% CI] = 0.229 [0.004, 0.462]) and for young people from less affluent families (interaction b [95% CI] = −0.564[−0.809, −0.319]). Of the total sample, 14.2% and 5.7% reported frequent face‐to‐face and cyberbullying respectively. There were modest decreases in friendship quality and increases in rates of bullying between 2013 and 2019, but accounting for these changes did not attenuate estimates of the population‐level increase in emotional problems.

Conclusions

This study provides evidence of a substantial increase in emotional problems among young people in Wales, particularly for young people from less affluent backgrounds. Changes in bullying or friendship quality did not explain this increase.
Augusto Bonome and his revolutionary studies on leprosy in the early 20th century
Authors: Valle F. , Magno G. , Zanatta A.
Published: December 2023

Background

Augusto Bonome (1857–1922), professor at the University of Padua until 1922, was involved in a study about a particular kind of pulmonary leprosy, being the first to testify the lepromatous alterations also in the deepest parts of the respiratory tract, even though the same Gerhard Hansen (1841–1912) had denied the possibility that lungs could host Mycobacterium leprae.

Objectives

It is necessary to reevaluate the research done by Bonome to also demonstrate how it can still be relevant today in further comprehension of leprosy.

Methods

Bonome's advances in leprosy studies are testified by some specimens from the Morgagni Museum of Pathological Anatomy of the University of Padua. Among the specimens, there is a peculiar case of advanced tuberous leprosy in an adolescent, who died in 1908, of which the face, the larynx, the hands and genitals are still preserved today in the Museum.

Results

Through autoptic and histological analysis of this specimen, Bonome succeeded in identifying a peculiar case of bone toxoid‐infectious dystrophy besides characteristic leprous laryngitis, which caused the death of the young leprosy patient.

Conclusions

The results confirmed the innovative research carried on by Bonome during his medical career, being among the first to offer an important contribution to improving and revolutionary knowledge on leprosy which could still be useful today.
Advances in loquat post‐harvest preservation and the application of nanotechnology for its active packaging
Authors: Su Jingyi , Luo Yali , Cao Zhaoxin , Wang Xinyu , Ge Xueme
Published: December 2023

The loquat fruit is liked by many people for its rich nutritional value. However, loquats do not tolerate storage during post‐harvest storage and transportation and are prone to spoilage, making their value significantly reduced. The physical, chemical, and biological preservation techniques for loquat are discussed in this work; nevertheless, the conventional preservation techniques have drawbacks, including high costs and a lot of residues. The article reviewed major uses of nanotechnology based on its properties, which are expected to make up for the shortcomings of conventional preservation methods through extending the post‐harvest storage period and improving the post‐harvest quality of fruits and vegetables with the removal of ethylene, antioxidants, and antimicrobials. The article concludes with a summary of the ways that nanotechnology is now helping to improve the quality of loquats after harvest and increase their shelf life. The development of nanotechnology‐related preservation technologies may be very beneficial for post‐harvest fruits and vegetables because of recent advancements in quality control methods and technologies. Nanotechnology is anticipated to become a state‐of‐the‐art substitute for post‐harvest fruit and vegetable storage and transportation.
Investigation of extraction phenomena in continuous circulation coffee brewing and comparison with other brewing methods
Authors: Zwicker Matthew , Lim Loong‐Tak
Published: December 2023

This study investigated a continuous circulation cold brewing (CCCB) process using a modified single‐serve brewer that allowed recirculation of the brew within the single‐use capsules. The changes of total dissolved solids (TDS), titratable acidity (TA), caffeine and 5‐caffeoylquinic (5‐CQA) concentrations over time during the CCCB process were evaluated using two masses of coffee grounds (10 and 12.5 g). To elucidate the extraction process, Weibull distribution, pseudo‐first order, and pseudo‐second order models were fitted to the extraction kinetics data. The physicochemical quality of the brews produced from the CCCB process were also compared to brews produced though traditional cold brew steeping (separated by gravity and forced filtration) and single‐serve hot brewing processes. Significantly lower (p < 0.05) TDS, TA, and 5‐CQA concentrations than traditional cold brew methods were observed. This observation was due to flow channeling/detachment phenomena in the coffee bed which resulted in localized flow and reduction of coffee‐water contact area. In comparison, the 30 min full immersion processes resulted in approximately 70% of the TDS, TA, and caffeine levels during the first 30 min of brewing, suggesting that cold brewing processes may not have to be >8 h in length if these are the targeted brew quality indices.

Practical applications

This study examined the kinetics and physicochemical quality of continuous circulation cold brewing of coffee and compared it to traditional full immersion cold brewing methods. The findings in this study indicated that: (1) The brew recirculation method explored was not on par with traditional full immersion cold brewing methods in terms of extraction yield due to flow channeling issues present in single‐use capsules; (2) The extraction time of traditional cold brewing processes can potentially be shortened on the basis of TDS, TA and caffeine content; (3) The choice of filtration mechanism is significant when considering the extraction yield of a brewing process.
Prestige, Promotion, and Pay
Authors: FERREIRA DANIEL , NIKOLOWA RADOSLAWA
Published: December 2023

We develop a theory in which financial (and other professional services) firms design career structures to “sell” prestigious jobs to qualified candidates. Firms create less prestigious entry‐level jobs, which serve as currency for employees to pay for the right to compete for the more prestigious jobs. In optimal career structures, entry‐level employees (“associates”) compete for better‐paid and more prestigious positions (“managing directors” or “partners”). The model provides new implications relating job prestige to compensation, employment, competition, and the size of the financial sector.
Lender Automation and Racial Disparities in Credit Access
Authors: HOWELL SABRINA T. , KUCHLER THERESA , SNITKOF DAVID , STROEBEL JOHANNES , WONG JUN
Published: December 2023

Process automation reduces racial disparities in credit access by enabling smaller loans, broadening banks' geographic reach, and removing human biases from decision making. We document these findings in the context of the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), where private lenders faced no credit risk but decided which firms to serve. Black‐owned firms obtained PPP loans primarily from automated fintech lenders, especially in areas with high racial animus. After traditional banks automated their loan processing procedures, their PPP lending to Black‐owned firms increased. Our findings cannot be fully explained by racial differences in loan application behaviors, preexisting banking relationships, firm performance, or fraud rates.
‘On the slope of an erupting volcano’: A qualitative study on the workplace violence experiences of psychiatric nurses
Authors: Küçük Öztürk Gülhan , Başer Eylül , Engin Esra
Published: December 2023

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

Workplace violence is common in healthcare.

Workplace violence remains a complex and serious occupational hazard in healthcare.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

Since there is no study examining detailed explanations of experiences and perspectives of workplace violence among psychiatric nurses, this study will act as a guide for psychiatric nurses.

This study provides information about how psychiatric nurses evaluate the concept of workplace violence from their perspective, what it means to them and the effects of workplace violence.

What are the implications for practice?

Considering the effects of workplace violence, a preventive, systematic and holistic approach should be used in psychiatry and community mental health centres.

Supportive interventions should be used to improve the health and safety of psychiatric nurses and patients.

Introduction

Workplace violence is common in healthcare and remains a complex and serious occupational hazard.

Aim

This research was conducted to assess the workplace violence experiences and perspectives of psychiatric nurses.

Method

This study was a qualitative study conducted using a grounded theory approach method. The study was conducted between November 2022 and January 2023. The purposeful sampling method was used, and 11 psychiatric nurses were interviewed. Data were collected with an information form and a semi‐structured interview form. The data were analysed using content analysis, and themes were created.

Findings

The ages of the psychiatric nurses ranged from 38 to 57 years. Themes and sub‐themes related to the workplace violence experiences and perspectives of psychiatric nurses included the way of violence (rising tension, eruption of the volcano, unintentional violence and turning to ash) and empowerment (ash cloud and ring of fire).

Conclusion

Psychiatric nurses stated that they were exposed to verbal and physical violence for many reasons, that this situation seriously affected their physical, mental and social health and that in addition to the devastating effects of violence, they became stronger by developing various skills to protect against violence.

Implications for Practice

Supportive interventions should be used to improve the health and safety of psychiatric nurses and patients. Strategies can be developed to include psychiatric nurses in occupational health nursing courses.
Identifying genes for regulating osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells in inflammatory environments by bioinformatics analysis
Authors: Wang Qing , Yang Xiaojie , Wang Xuechun , Wang Xuan , Zhang Jie , Gao Ya , Pan Jinsong , Wang Shiwei
Published: December 2023

Background and Objectives

Periodontitis is an immuno‐inflammatory disease caused by dental plaque biofilms and inflammations. The regeneration of bone tissue in inflammatory environment is of great significance for the treatment of periodontal disease, but the specific molecular mechanism of bone formation in periodontitis still needs further exploration. The objective of this study was to identify key osteogenesis‐related genes (ORGs) in periodontitis.

Methods

We used two datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to find differentially expressed mRNAs and miRNAs, further performed Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Then we predicted the downstream genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) by the TargetScan database and established a miRNA‐mRNA regulatory network. Finally, the osteogenic mechanism of periodontitis was explored through quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) by inducing inflammatory environment and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs.

Results

Through differential expression analysis and prediction of downstream target genes of DEMs, we created a miRNA‐mRNA regulatory network consisting of 29 DEMs and 11 differentially expressed osteogenesis‐related genes (DEORGs). In addition, the qRT‐PCR results demonstrated that BTBD3, PLAT, AKAP12, SGK1, and GLCE expression levels were significantly upregulated, while those of TIMP3, ZCCHC14, LIN7A, DNAH6, NNT, and ITGA6 were downregulated under the dual effects of inflammatory stimulation and osteogenic induction.

Conclusion

DEORGs might be important factors in the osteogenic phase of periodontitis, and the miRNA‐mRNA network may shed light on the clarification of the role and mechanism of osteogenesis in periodontitis and contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Sleep disturbance as a precursor to anxiety, depression, and PTSD among rural Kenyans: A cross‐lagged panel analysis from a rural Kenyan interventional cohort
Authors: Goodman Michael L. , Lee Miryoung , Springer Andrew , Schick Vanessa , Vaughan Elizabeth , Markham Christine , Gitari Stanley , Mukiri Fridah
Published: December 2023

Sleep quality is essential to biopsychosocial functioning, yet there remains limited longitudinal research on sleep and mental or social well‐being within low‐ or middle‐income countries. This study utilised longitudinal cohort data from a community‐based empowerment programme in Meru County, Kenya to assess cross‐lagged correlations between sleep disturbance, social support, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress. Participants (n = 373; 92% women; age range 18–86 years) who reported more sleep disturbance at T1 reported significantly more symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD, and significantly less social support at T2 (average 11 weeks later), controlling for all within‐time correlations across measures, within‐measure correlations across time, and sociodemographic background characteristics. The findings are consistent with research across high‐income countries, underscoring the need for more contextualised research into sleep behaviours across low‐ and middle‐income countries. The findings may inform interventions to increase mental and social well‐being within Kenya.
How best to combine liver transplantation and bariatric surgery?—Results from a global, web‐based survey
Authors: Widmer Jeannette , Eden Janina , Abbassi Fariba , Angelico Roberta , Rössler Fabian , Müllhaupt Beat , Dutkowski Philipp , Bueter Marco , Schlegel Andrea
Published: December 2023

Background and Aims

Obesity is a growing healthcare challenge worldwide and a significant risk factor for liver failure as seen with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Combining metabolic‐bariatric surgery (MBS) with liver transplantation (LT) appears as attractive strategy to treat both, the underlying liver disease and obesity. However, there is an ongoing debate on best timing and patient selection. This survey was designed to explore the current treatment practice for patients with NASH and obesity worldwide.

Methods

A web‐based survey was conducted in 2022 among bariatric and LT surgeons, and hepatologists from Europe, North and South America and Asia.

Results

The survey completion rate was 74% (145/196). The average respondents were 41–50 years (38%), male (82.1%) and had >20 years of clinical experience (42.1%). Centres with a high LT‐caseload for NASH were mainly located in the USA and United Kingdom. Almost 30% have already performed a combination of LT with MBS and 49% plan to do it. A majority of bariatric surgeons prefer MBS before LT (77.2%), whereas most of LT surgeons (52%) would perform MBS during LT. Most respondents (n = 114; 80%) favour sleeve gastrectomy over other bariatric techniques. One third (n = 42; 29.4%) has an established protocol regarding MBS for LT candidates.

Conclusion

The most experienced centres doing LT for NASH are in the USA and United Kingdom with growing awareness worldwide. Overall, a combination of MBS and LT has already been performed by a third of respondents. Sleeve gastrectomy is the bariatric technique of choice—preferably performed either before or during LT.
Ferritinophagy‐mediated ferroptosis facilitates methotrexate‐induced hepatotoxicity by high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)
Authors: Wang Chengbo , Leng Maodong , Ding Cong , Zhu Xiangzhan , Zhang Yaodong , Sun Chenchen , Lou Pu
Published: December 2023

Background and Aim

Hepatotoxicity is a well‐defined reaction to methotrexate (MTX), a drug commonly used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and various tumours. We sought to elucidate the mechanism underlying MTX‐induced hepatotoxicity and establish a potentially effective intervention strategy.

Methods

We administered MTX to liver cells and mice and assessed hepatotoxicity by cell viability assay and hepatic pathological changes. We determined ferroptosis and ferritinophagy by detecting ferroptosis‐related markers and autophagic degradation of ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1).

Results

We have shown that hepatocytes treated with MTX undergo ferroptosis, and this process can be attenuated by ferroptosis inhibitors. Interestingly, NCOA4‐mediated ferritinophagy was found to be involved in MTX‐induced ferroptosis, which was demonstrated by the relief of ferroptosis through the inhibition of autophagy or knockdown of Ncoa4. Furthermore, MTX treatment resulted in the elevation of high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) expression. The depletion of Hmgb1 in hepatocytes considerably alleviated MTX‐induced hepatotoxicity by limiting autophagy and the subsequent autophagy‐dependent ferroptosis. It is noteworthy that glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a precise inhibitor of HMGB1, effectively suppressed autophagy, ferroptosis and hepatotoxicity caused by MTX.

Conclusion

Our study shows the significant roles of autophagy‐dependent ferroptosis and HMGB1 in MTX‐induced hepatotoxicity. It emphasizes that the inhibition of ferritinophagy and HMGB1 may have potential as a therapeutic approach for preventing and treating MTX‐induced liver injury.
Effects of hunting on mating, relatedness, and genetic diversity in a puma population
Authors: Erwin John A. , Logan Kenneth A. , Trumbo Daryl R. , Funk W. Chris , Culver Melanie
Published: December 2023

Hunting mortality can affect population abundance, demography, patterns of dispersal and philopatry, breeding, and genetic diversity. We investigated the effects of hunting on the reproduction and genetic diversity in a puma population in western Colorado, USA. We genotyped over 11,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), using double‐digest, restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) in 291 tissue samples collected as part of a study on the effects of hunting on puma population abundance and demography in Colorado from 2004 to 2014. The study was designed with a reference period (years 1–5), during which hunting was suspended, followed by a treatment period (years 6–10), in which hunting was reinstated. Our objectives were to examine the effects of hunting on: (1) paternity and male reproductive success; (2) the relatedness between pumas within the population, and (3) genetic diversity. We found that hunting reduced the average age of male breeders. The number of unique fathers siring litters increased each year without hunting and decreased each year during the hunting period. Mated pairs were generally unrelated during both time periods, and females were more closely related than males. Hunting was also associated with increased relatedness among males and decreased relatedness among females in the population. Finally, genetic diversity increased during the period without hunting and decreased each year when hunting was present. This study demonstrates the utility of merging demographic data with large‐scale genomic datasets in order to better understand the consequences of management actions. Specifically, we believe that this study highlights the need for long‐term experimental research in which hunting mortality is manipulated, including at least one non‐harvested control population, as part of a broader adaptive, zone management scheme.
Endothelial deficiency of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor leads to blood–brain barrier disruption and accelerated endothelial senescence in mice, mimicking aspects of the brain aging phenotype
Authors: Gulej Rafal , Csik Boglarka , Faakye Janet , Tarantini Stefano , Shanmugarama Santny , Chandragiri Siva Sai , Mukli Peter , Conley Shannon , Csiszar Anna , Ungvari Zoltan , Yabluchanskiy Andriy , Nyúl‐Tóth Ádám
Published: December 2023

Introduction

Age‐related blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, cerebromicrovascular senescence, and microvascular rarefaction substantially contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies established a causal link between age‐related decline in circulating levels of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), cerebromicrovascular dysfunction, and cognitive decline. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of IGF‐1 signaling on senescence, BBB permeability, and vascular density in middle‐age and old brains.

Methods

Accelerated endothelial senescence was assessed in senescence reporter mice (VE‐Cadherin‐CreERT2/Igf1rfl/fl × p16‐3MR) using flow cytometry. To determine the functional consequences of impaired IGF‐1 input to cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells, BBB integrity and capillary density were studied in mice with endothelium‐specific knockout of IGF1R (VE‐Cadherin‐CreERT2/Igf1rfl/fl) using intravital two‐photon microscopy.

Results

In VE‐Cadherin‐CreERT2/Igf1rfl/fl mice: (1) there was an increased presence of senescent endothelial cells; (2) cumulative permeability of the microvessels to fluorescent tracers of different molecular weights (0.3–40 kDa) is significantly increased, as compared to that of control mice, whereas decline in cortical capillary density does not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions

These findings support the notion that IGF‐1 signaling plays a crucial role in preserving a youthful cerebromicrovascular endothelial phenotype and maintaining the integrity of the BBB.
Exploring Causal Relationships between Leukocyte Telomere Length, Sex Hormone‐Binding Globulin Levels, and Osteoporosis Using Univariable and Multivariable Mendelian Randomization
Authors: Sun Kaibo , Li Mengying , Wu Yongtao , Wu Yuangang , Zeng Yi , Zhou Shengliang , Peng Linbo , Shen Bin
Published: December 2023

Objective

Recent evidence supports that leukocyte telomere length (LTL) may be positively associated with healthy living and inversely correlated with the risk of age‐related diseases, including osteoporosis. Furthermore, it is important to note that sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) levels play a crucial role in the regulation of osteoporosis by influencing the availability of sex hormones. Hence, this study holds significant importance as it aims to unravel the roles of LTL and SHBG levels and determine which one acts as a predominant intermediary factor in influencing osteoporosis. Using Mendelian randomization (MR), we can gain valuable insights into the intricate relationships between aging, sex hormones, and bone health.

Methods

Univariable and multivariable and MR analyses were employed in this study. First, we used genetic variants associated with both LTL, as determined from a study involving 472,174 European participants by Codd et al., and SHBG levels, as identified in a study conducted by Ruth et al. with 370,125 participants, as instrumental variables (IVs). Then we aimed to establish a causal relationship between LTL and SHBG levels and their potential impact on osteoporosis using univariable MR. Finally, we conducted multivariable MR to provide insights into the independent and combined effects of LTL, SHBG levels on osteoporosis risk. We used various MR methods, with the primary analysis employing the inverse‐variance weighted (IVW) model.

Results

Univariable MR analysis reveals a potential causal effect of longer LTL on reduced risk of osteoporosis [odds ratio (OR): 0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.73–0.99; p = 0.03]. Conversely, higher genetically determined SHBG levels affect the risk of osteoporosis positively. (OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.09–1.75; p < 0.01). We observed a negative causal effect for LTL on the occurrence of SHBG (OR: 0.96; 95% CI 0.94–0.98, p < 0.01). After adjustment of using multivariable MR, the causal effect of LTL on osteoporosis (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.84–1.03; p = 0.14), and the effect of SHBG on osteoporosis (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.16–1.75; p < 0.01) were observed.

Conclusion

Longer LTL may confer a protective effect against osteoporosis. Additionally, the levels of SHBG appear to play a crucial role in mediating the relationship between LTL and osteoporosis. By understanding the interplay between these factors, we can gain valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying bone health and aging and potentially identify new avenues for prevention and intervention strategies.
Generalisability of the interpersonal theory of suicide to latent profiles of young people attending treatment in a suicide prevention service
Authors: Janackovski Atanas , Deane Frank P. , Hains Alex , Kelly Peter J. , Robinson Laura D.
Published: December 2023

Objective

The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (ITS) could help identify differences in groups of suicidal adolescents and inform treatment.

Method

Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) using thwarted belongingness (TB), perceived burdensomeness (PB), hopelessness, and capability was conducted on data from an at‐risk clinical sample (N = 500). The ITS prediction that changes in TB and PB are associated with changes in suicidal ideation was tested using admission and discharge data.

Results

Latent Profile Analysis identified three profiles with increasing complexity and severity on ITS factors. The profiles were labelled low‐severity (7.6% of participants), moderate‐severity (45.2%), and high‐severity (47.2%). ITS predictions were partially supported for the full sample and only for the high‐severity and moderate‐severity subgroups, whereby changes in TB were significantly associated with changes in suicidal ideation over the course of treatment. However, changes in PB were only significant in the moderate‐severity subgroup, and none of the ITS predictions were supported in the low‐severity subgroup. Additionally, effect sizes for changes in TB and PB were modest in all analyses.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the importance reducing low belongingness in youth, which is a component of all supported interventions of youth suicide prevention. However, given the modest association of changes in ITS variables had with changes in suicidal ideation, it may be fruitful to elaborate on the relative importance on types of low belongingness or include other non‐ITS variables.
Geomapping of pediatric dermatologists: A tool to promote diversity and equity in dermatology
Authors: Beiter Kaylin , Garza‐Mayers Anna Cristina
Published: December 2023

There is a lack of racial and ethnic diversity across the field of dermatology, including the subspecialty of pediatric dermatology. Residency programs are improving recruitment and mentorship of medical students who identify with racial or ethnic minority communities (underrepresented in medicine [URiM]) to dermatology overall, a goal similarly held by our subspecialty. The objectives of this study were to create an online mapping tool to visually centralize the list of 142 dermatology residency programs, 105 with practicing pediatric dermatologists on faculty and 51 that offer financial scholarships for URiM visiting medical students completing away rotations. With this tool, we hope that prospective students may not only identify potential pediatric dermatology mentors for virtual and in‐person activities, but that they may also build connections with and increase their chance of matching at prospective residency programs with demonstrable commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion.
Rapid 3D modelling: Clustering method based on dynamic load balancing strategy
Authors: Ge Yingwei , Guo Bingxuan , Xu Guozheng , Liu Yawen , Jiang Xiao , Peng Zhe
Published: December 2023

Three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction is a pivotal research area within computer vision and photogrammetry, offering a valuable foundation of data for the development of smart cities. However, existing methods for constructing 3D models from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images often suffer from slow processing speeds and low central processing unit (CPU)/graphics processing unit (GPU) utilization rates. Furthermore, the utilization of cluster‐based distributed computing for 3D modelling frequently results in inefficient resource allocation across nodes. To address these challenges, this paper presents a novel approach to 3D modelling in clusters, incorporating a dynamic load‐balancing strategy. The method divides the 3D reconstruction process into multiple stages to lay the groundwork for distributing tasks across multiple nodes efficiently. Instead of traditional traversal‐based communication, this approach employs gossip communication techniques to reduce the network overhead. To boost the modelling efficiency, a dynamic load‐balancing strategy is introduced that prevents nodes from becoming overloaded, thus optimizing resource usage during the modelling process and alleviating resource waste issues in multidevice clusters. The experimental results indicate that in small‐scale data environments, this approach improves CPU/GPU utilization by 35.8%/23.4% compared with single‐machine utilization. In large‐scale data environments for cluster‐based 3D modelling tests, this method enhances the average efficiency by 61.4% compared with traditional 3D modelling software while maintaining a comparable model accuracy.
A horizontal view of primary metabolomes in vegetative desiccation tolerance
Authors: Dace Halford J. W. , Reus Robbin , Ricco Celeste Righi , Hall Robert , Farrant Jill M. , Hilhorst Henk W. M.
Published: December 2023

Vegetative desiccation tolerance (VDT), the ability of such tissues to survive the near complete loss of cellular water, is a rare but polyphyletic phenotype. It is a complex multifactorial trait, typified by universal (core) factors but with many and varied adaptations due to plant architecture, biochemistry and biotic/abiotic dynamics of particular ecological niches. The ability to enter into a quiescent biophysically stable state is what ultimately determines desiccation tolerance. Thus, understanding the metabolomic complement of plants with VDT gives insight into the nature of survival as well as evolutionary aspects of VDT. In this study, we measured the soluble carbohydrate profiles and the polar, TMS‐derivatisable metabolomes of 7 phylogenetically diverse species with VDT, in contrast with two desiccation sensitive (DS) species, under conditions of full hydration, severe water deficit stress, and desiccation. Our study confirmed the existence of core mechanisms of VDT systems associated with either constitutively abundant trehalose or the accumulation of raffinose family oligosaccharides and sucrose, with threshold ratios conditioned by other features of the metabolome. DS systems did not meet these ratios. Considerable chemical variations among VDT species suggest that co‐occurring but distinct stresses (e.g., photooxidative stress) are dealt with using different chemical regimes. Furthermore, differences in the timing of metabolic shifts suggest there is not a single “desiccation programme” but that subprocesses are coordinated differently at different drying phases. There are likely to be constraints on the composition of a viable dry state and how different adaptive strategies interact with the biophysical constraints of VDT.
Disturbance reduces the moss‐dominated biocrust inhibition on infiltration and improves soil moisture storage within the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Ju Mengchen , Hill Robert L. , Bu Chongfeng , Wang Qingxuan , Li Xinkai , Bai Hao
Published: December 2023

Various factors influence biocrust effects on infiltration and soil moisture. On China's Loess Plateau, well‐developed moss‐dominated biocrusts reduce infiltration and suppress shrub growth, however, the interrelationships between rainfall conditions and disturbance management to alleviate these impacts are unknown. In a semiarid watershed on the Loess Plateau, we applied two forms of disturbance, scarification (controlled harrowing) and compaction (simulated grazing), at four intensity levels (control‐intact, light, moderate, and heavy) to well‐developed moss‐dominated biocrusts and a bare soil (BS) for comparisons to form eight treatments with three replications. Rainfall intensity and depth, soil moisture, run‐off, and sediment yield were measured during the rainy season (July–October). In total, well‐developed biocrusts did not significantly affect infiltration but reduced soil moisture at depths of 120–180 cm (p < 0.05), and disturbance increased infiltration and deep soil moisture beneath biocrusts (p < 0.05). Rainfall conditions changed the effects of biocrusts and disturbance. Under long, low‐intensity rainfall, moss‐dominated biocrust infiltration was slightly greater than BS, but scarification increased infiltration and compaction reduced it (p < 0.001). Under short, high‐intensity rainfall, biocrusts reduced infiltration, and disturbance intensity increased infiltration and sediment yields (p < 0.001). Light grazing or using light or moderate scarification improves well‐developed moss‐dominated biocrust infiltration in the pastures during May–June before the rainy season during July–October on the Loess Plateau, while avoiding increased soil erosion.
Back from the past? Assessment of nitrogen removal ability of buried historic wetland soils before and after a 1‐year incubation on a restored floodplain
Authors: Peck Erin K. , Inamdar Shreeram , Kan Jinjun , Peipoch Marc , Gold Arthur J. , Merritts Dorothy J. , Walter Robert C. , Hyland Ethan G. , Wegmann Karl W. , Yaculak Alexis M. , Rahman Moklesur
Published: December 2023

Stream, floodplain, and wetland restorations enhance water quality and ecological function; however, soil health is prioritized infrequently in restoration planning and monitoring. Buried, historic, hydric soils—common across U.S. mid‐Atlantic valley bottoms beneath legacy sediments—are not included in most floodplain restoration designs, though they may retain favorable biogeochemical characteristics and host legacy microbial communities that could support ecosystem recovery if exhumed and preserved. To assess the efficacy of including historic hydric soils in floodplain restoration for nitrogen (N) removal, we characterized pre‐Euro‐American settlement wetland soils buried below legacy sediments and now exposed along incised streambanks across the mid‐Atlantic. We compared carbon (C) and N contents; C:N ratios; nitrate‐N and ammonium‐N concentrations; denitrification rates; functional genes for denitrification (nosZ) and nitrification (amoA for ammonia oxidizing archaea [AoA] + ammonia oxidizing bacteria [AoB]); and phospholipid fatty acid biomasses of historic wetland soils with contemporary wetland soils before and after an 1‐year incubation in a recently restored floodplain. Compared to modern wetland soils, historic hydric soils buried by legacy sediment are less nutrient‐rich, have fewer functional genes for and lower rates of denitrification, and possess significantly less microbial biomass. Following the 1‐year incubation, many of these concentrations, rates, and gene counts increased in historic soils, though not substantially. Ultimately, our results suggest that while inclusion of historic, hydric soils and their legacy microbiomes is valuable for N‐removal in floodplain restoration, the recovery of historic, hydric soils is predictably slow, and attainment of restoration goals, such as increased denitrification, may require multiple years.
Omission as a modern form of bias against Native Peoples: Implications for policies and practices
Authors: Fryberg Stephanie A. , Dai J. Doris , Eason Arianne E.
Published: December 2023

The omission of Native Peoples’ existence, experiences, and perspectives is systematic and widespread across numerous societal domains, referred to asNative omission. In mainstream media, for example, less than 0.5% of representations are of contemporary Native Peoples. We theorize that Native omission is a tool furthering settler colonial goals to oppress and eventually erase Native Peoples. To make this case, we will review both experimental and national survey studies that unpack how Native omission shapes psychological processes among non‐Native and Native individuals and contribute to discrimination, oppression, and disparities facing Native Peoples. We then discuss ways in which Native Peoples are actively resisting Native omission. Finally, we provide a series of policy recommendations to address Native omission and promote Native equity. By making visible the pernicious consequences of omission for Native Peoples, we chart a path for creating a more equitable future.
Analysis of Sprint Ski Mountaineering Performance
Authors: Fornasiero Alessandro , Fornoni Simone , Callovini Alexa , Todesco Beatrice , Savoldelli Aldo , Schena Federico , Holmberg Hans-Christer , Pellegrini Barbara , Bortolan Lorenzo
Published: December 2023

Ski mountaineering sprint competitions are short individual races involving 3 uphill sections (U), 3 transitions (T), and a final descent. To date, relatively little is known about this novel Olympic discipline, and here we examined (1) the contribution of the time spent on U, T, and final descent to overall finishing time and (2) the potential relationships with final ranking. During the different rounds of 2 International Ski Mountaineering Federation World Cup sprint competitions, male and female ski mountaineers were video recorded. Correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were used to investigate the impact of U, T, and final descent on the best overall finishing time. Linear-mixed model analysis was applied to explore potential interactions between section times, rounds, and final ranking. Overall, U (r = .90–.97) and T (r = .57–.89) were closely correlated with the best overall finishing time (all P < .05). U explained approximately 80% to 90% of the variation in the best finishing time for both sexes, with U + T explaining approximately 95% to 98% of this variation. In each successive round, the ski mountaineers eliminated were all slower on U than the Top 3 (all P < .05). The fastest skiers increased their performance on U in the later rounds of the competitions, while those eliminated showed a tendency toward a decrease. Our findings reveal that world-class sprint ski mountaineers conduct transitions optimally and perform effectively uphill. Training for such competitions should aim to improve short supramaximal uphill performance (∼1.5–2.5 min), ensuring that this does not decline with multiple efforts. These insights into ski mountaineering sprint performance are of considerable value in connection with training for the 2026 Winter Olympics.
A Methodological Comparison of Protocols and Analytical Techniques to Assess the Outcome Measures of Submaximal Fitness Tests
Authors: Shushan Tzlil , Lovell Ric , McLaren Shaun J. , Barrett Steve , Buchheit Martin , Scott Tannath J. , Norris Dean
Published: December 2023

Background: Submaximal fitness test (SMFT) outcome measures are frequently collected with a wide array of technologies and methodological approaches. Purpose: To examine the test–retest reliability of various SMFT outcome measures derived from different protocols and analytical techniques. Methods: Twenty-six semiprofessional adult soccer players performed 3 SMFT protocols, including 2 continuous (3 min, 11 and 12.8 km·h−1) and 1 intermittent (4 × 50 m, 18 km·h−1) twice, each separated by 7 days. Heart-rate (HR) indices (exercise HR, HR recovery) and scapula-mounted (PlayerLoad vector magnitude) and foot-mounted (flight time and contact time, stride length) microelectrical mechanical system–derived variables were collected using different time frames and analytical approaches adopted in the literature and practice. Absolute reliability was quantified as the group mean difference, typical error of measurement, also expressed as the coefficient of variation (where appropriate) and standardized units (ie, d). Intraclass correlation coefficient was used to quantify relative reliability. Results: The highest degrees of reliability were evident for exercise HR (typical error: 1.0%–1.6% points), the vertical component of PlayerLoad (expressed in arbitrary units; coefficient of variation: 5.5%–7.0%), and contact time (coefficient of variation: 1.5%–3.0%). These estimates were not influenced by SMFT protocol or analytical approach. All other measures displayed poorer reliability and/or were different between protocols and analytical methods. Conclusions: SMFT protocols impact the test–retest reliability of various outcome measures; however, exercise HR, vertical PlayerLoad, and contact time (derived from foot-mounted micro-electrical mechanical systems) appear to have stable measurement properties to assist the assessment of aerobic capacity and lower-limb neuromuscular status, respectively.