bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lithography: Today’s Performance, Tomorrow’s Challenges
Authors: Brown Karen H.
Published: February 2023

The leading edge product in today’s semiconductor manufacturing is the 16M DRAM. Most manufacturers are into at least their first shrink and in many cases their second shrink generation with minimum critical dimensions in the 0.4-0.45μm range. The three key challenges for lithography today are critical dimension control, overlay and cost. These challenges are real at the half-micron generation and will become increasingly difficult challenges to meet as critical dimensions decrease.
EUV Characterization of a Four-Bounce Projection System
Authors: Gaines David P. , Vernon Stephen P. , Sommargren Gary E. , Fuchs Detlef
Published: February 2023

A four-bounce two-element projection system designed to achieve 0.14 μm resolution over a 1.2x5 mm2 ring field has been fabricated. The radiation transport properties of both the individual multilayer-coated optics and the assembled system has been measured. The individual mirror measurements demonstrated that the coatings were within 0.03 nm of d-spacing specifications; however, the mirrors exhibited significant scatter which reduced reflectance below the design specification of 60%. The peak radiation transport efficiency of the assembled projector was 7% at 13.2 nm. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this represented the first measurement of the radiation transport efficiency of a multi-element optical system for EUV lithography. Experiments performed at LLNL’s front-end test bed facility were consistent with the measured transport efficiency.
Nonspecular Scattering in EUV Lithography: Determining Specifications for Surface Finish
Authors: Stearns D. G. , Gaines D. P. , LaFontaine B. , Sommargren G. E. , Sweeney D. W. , Kania D. R. , Ceglio N. M.
Published: February 2023

As EUV lithography progresses from laboratory research to prototype
development the realistic performance of manufacturable components
becomes a primary concern. Nowhere is this more evident than in the
fabrication and implementation of the EUV imaging optics. It is now
well understood that the structure of the optical surfaces and the
multilayer coatings (ML) that make the surfaces reflective at soft
x-ray wavelengths must be specified and fabricated with unprecedented
accuracy. Errors in the structure, which include deviations in the
surface profile of the substrate and unintentional variations in the
multilayer period, cause aberations in the imaging process. When these
errors are at very long spatial wavelengths they are treated
deterministically, and can be evaluated (and hence corrected) using
interferometric methods now under development. However, there are
errors in the surface profile at all spatial frequencies. Describing
the exact structure of the surfaces of the optics at all spatial
scalelengths is an intractable problem. Instead the surface figure
errors at mid- and high-spatial frequency (called “roughness” or
“finish”) are treated statistically. Within this statistical
description, the effect of surface (and multilayer) roughness is to
remove intensity from the image (the specular field) and scatter it
throughout the image field. This nonspecular scattering is problematic
for two reasons: (1) it decreases the useful throughput of the optical
system and, (2) it produces a backround halo which reduces the
contrast of the image. In this paper we describe a method of relating
the nonspecular scattering to the roughness of the optical surfaces in
a distributed EUVL imaging system. Our ultimate goal is to develop a
robust specification of surface finish that can be used as the
guideline for manufacturing EUV optics.
Soft Xray Laser Experiments at the Novette Laser Facility
Authors: Matthews D. , Hagelstein P. , Kauffman R. , Lee R. , Wang C. , Medecki H. , Campbell M. , Ceglio N. , Stone G. , Leipelt G. , Lee P. , Drake P. , Pleasance L. , Seppala L. , Hatcher W. , Rambach G. , Heaton G. , Price R. , Ozarski R. , Speck R. , Manes K. , Underwood J. , Toor A. , Weaver T. , Coleman L. , DeMartini B. , Auerbach J. , Turner R. , Zagotta W. , Hawryluk A. , Rosen M.
Published: February 2023

We will summarize previous, as well as ongoing, work whose sole purpose is to demonstrate laser-pumped soft xray laser. We have concentrated our efforts on three possible laser schemes: 1) resonant photoexcitation, 2) collisional excitation, and 3) collisional recombination. Our earliest attempt only demonstrated a small gain of approximately 0.5-1 cm on the recombination scheme. Nevertheless, we have begun a multifaceted experimental program to determine what the crucial physics for all three schemes are, and where our experiments or predictions could have fallen short. We have combined our efforts with other facilities, such as KMS Fusion, Inc., where, with their Chroma Laser Facility, they are performing experiments to 1) test for line coincidences to 3 mA accuracy, 2) validating predicted density and temperature profiles using laser iterferometry and xray spectroscopy, and 3) testing the kinetics of inversion using a specialized experimental setup which is easily diagnosed, yet whose geometry closely resembles an xray laser target.
Zoneplates and their Applications in Soft X-Ray Imaging
Authors: Kirz Janos
Published: February 2023

Though the fabrication of zoneplates for XUV applications is not an easy task, and though the best zoneplates made to date are inefficient optical elements, these devices find important applications in soft X-ray microscopy where conventional lenses are unavailable. They are are also used as condensers and monochromators, and may even find a role in soft X-ray holography. We review the fabrication methods, the present state of the art and ideas for improvements in resolution and efficiency.
Molecular Dynamics Probed by VUV Radiation
Authors: Polanyi John C.
Published: February 2023

Laser-induced fluorescence has proved to be a powerful tool for the study of inelastic collisions in gases and at surfaces. Joys and sorrows experienced in the attempt to extend such measurements into the VUV will be discussed and exemplified.
Anti-Stokes Raman Lasers
Authors: White J. C. , Henderson D.
Published: February 2023

This paper reports what we believe to be the first observations of stimulated, anti-Stokes Raman laser emission. A metastable Tl*(6p 2po3/2) population inversion was created by selective photodissociation of TlCl, and Raman scattering using 532 nm and 355 nm pump lasers resulted in stimulated emission at 376 nm and 278 nm, respectively. Likewise, inverted I*(5p5 2Po1/2) atoms have been used as a Raman medium; and with a 206 nm pumping source, we have generated tunable VUV radiation at 178 nm.
Recent Undulator and F.E.L. Experiments and Prospects at Lure
Authors: Ortega J. M. , Bazin C. , Bergher M. , Billardon M. , Deacon D. , Elleaume P. , Jezequel G. , Velghe M. , Petroff Y.
Published: February 2023

The recent experiments on the F.E.L. are described. The amplification of the emission emitted by the Optical Klystron and stored in the optical cavity has been demonstrated. An amplification of the stored emission by a factor of more than 2 is reported, indicating that the gain of the Optical Klystron is very close to the cavity losses ( 90 %). Plans to increase this gain include the use of an optimised electron energy (180 MeV), the injection of the ring with positrons and the construction of an additional high frequency RF cavity. Some prospects of the F.E.L. in the visible and U.V. regions on Super A.C.O. and D.C.I. are given. It is concluded that the electron beam properties and especially the maximum attainable electronic density are very crucial if one wants to reach the V.U.V. region. The mirror behavior under the very intense optical power delivered by the undulator on various harmonics should also receive a great concern.
3-D Pulse Propagation in an FEL Oscillator*
Authors: Tang Cha-Mei , Sprangle P.
Published: February 2023

We analyze the evolution of the 3-D radiation pulse in the free electron laser (FEL) oscillator, where the electron pulses have arbitrary radial and axial profiles. Radiation pulse is decomposed into Gaussian resonator modes. The electron dynamics and the radiation pulse are formulated self-consistently. We present numerical results in the small signal regime and the large signal trapped particle regime. In the trapped particle regime, the radiation field develops sideband, due to the particle oscillation in the ponderomotive potential well. We find that the wavelength of the amplitude modulation is approximately the pulse slippage distance. We will present the effect of the 3-D radiation field on the growth of the carrier frequency and the sideband frequencies.
Free-Electron Lasers in the X-Ray Region: The Quantum Regime
Authors: Gea-Banacloche Julio , Moore Gerald T. , Scully Marlan O.
Published: February 2023

The quantum regime for a free-electron laser is defined as that in which the energy lost by an electron upon emission of a photon is larger than the homogeneous broadening due to the finite interaction time. We anticipate that soft x-ray free-electron lasers pumped by an optical wave (rather than a permanent-magnet wiggler), will operate in that regime. The small-signal gain in this regime is given by an expression which is explicitly quantum-mechanical.
Quantum Flucuations in Free Electron Lasers
Authors: Benson Stephen
Published: February 2023

The effects of quantum flucuations are X-ray free electron laser performance is studied and shown to be negligible for all reasonable designs.
3% Solutions (To Formerly Intractable Problems)
Authors: Brown Linda R.
Published: February 2023

Positions, intensities and widths measured through Fourier transform spectroscopy have often revealed inadequacies in our quantum mechanical models. Analyses of infrared water, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and methane spectra that have reproduced intensities and widths to within an experimental precision of 3% or better are discussed along with recommendations for future measurements and analyses needed to advance our theoretical understanding of ro-vibrational spectra in the infrared.
Extended Quantitative Spectroscopy for Analysis of Atmospheric Infrared Spectra
Authors: Goldman Aaron
Published: February 2023

Identification and quantification of modem atmospheric spectra require extensions of current experimental and theoretical methods. Studies performed simultaneously over several spectra regions are discussed.
A New Balloon-Borne Fourier Transform Instrument for Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Trace Species
Authors: Camy-Peyret Claude , Flaud Jean-Marie
Published: February 2023

The Limb Profile Monitor of the Asmosphere (LPMA) instrument is a balloon-borne Fourier transform spectrometer designed to operate on a stratospheric gondola and to record high spectral resolution atmospheric spectra in absorption using the sun as a source. It is used to perform remote sensing measurements of atmospheric trace species in the mid-infrared and can also contribute to detailed validations of line-by- line atmospheric radiative transfer codes.
The Infrared Investigation on the Cassini Mission to Saturn
Authors: Jennings D.E. , Kunde V.G. , Ade P. , Barney R. , Bergman D. , Borelli R. , Boyd D. , Brasunas J. , Calcutt S. , Courtin R. , Cretolle J. , Crooke J. , Davis M. , Edberg S. , Flasar M. , Glenar D. , Hagopian J. , Hakun C. , Hayes P. , Herath L. , Horn L. , Karpati G. , Kellebenz C. , Lakew B. , Lindsay J. , Lyons James , Martineau R. , Martino A. , Matsumura M. , Melak T. , Michel G. , Morell A. , Mosier C. , Pack L. , Plants M. , Robinson D. , Rodriguez L. , Romani Paul , Trujillo C. , Vellacott Tim , Wagner K.
Published: February 2023

The Cassini spacecraft will to be launched on its mission to Saturn in October 1997. Upon arrival in 2004, Cassini will begin a four-year tour of the Saturnian system, the first visit to that planet since Voyager. Among several remote sensing instruments in its payload, the spacecraft will carry the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS), to study the atmospheres and surfaces of Saturn and its moons. CIRS will retrieve temperatures and gas compositions in the atmospheres of Saturn and its largest moon, Titan, from deep in their tropospheres to high in their stratospheres. CIRS will also investigate the thermal properties and composition of Saturn’s rings. Studies of Saturn and Titan will tell us about the formation and composition of the early solar system, the evolution of these two very different bodies along different paths, and how, at present, they change diurnally and seasonally. Spectra of the rings and the moon's solid surfaces will help determine their thermal characteristics, mineral compositions, and geological evolutions.
Photometric Characterization of a Fourier-Transform-Spectrometer
Authors: Maurer Hansjörg
Published: February 2023

Model of the Detected Spectral Signal of a Fourier-Transform-Spectrometer
Status of Optical Waveguide Devices by Ion Exchange
Authors: Fabricius N.
Published: February 2023

In the recent years the fabrication of integrated optical waveguide components by ion exchange in glass becomes a well established technology. Examples of commercially available devices for telecommunication and sensor applications are given to show the reached status of quality and reliability.
Index Gradient Fabrication by Ion-Exchange
Authors: Possner T. , Göring R. , Kaps Ch.
Published: February 2023

Although the ion-exchange technique has been used for more than a century to produce tinted glass and for several decades for glass strengthening it received increasing attention during the last 10 years. This attention arises from demands of integrated optics for low loss, robust and cheep waveguides and microoptic for small sized optical components fitted to miniaturized light sources, detectors and optical fibres as well as to arrays of these components. Today ion-exchanged components as the GRIN-rod lenses and planar microlenses are commercially available. Ion-exchanged branching elements are introduced into optical communication networks.
Effect of three-beam interference on phase-generated carrier demodulation of a fiber-optic interferometric sensor
Authors: Karim Farzia , Han Ming
Published: February 2023

Homodyne demodulation using a phase-generated carrier (PGC) has been applied in fiber-optic interferometric sensors to overcome the signal fading and distortion due to the drift of the operating point. An assumption needed for the PGC method to be valid is that the sensor output is a sinusoidal function of the phase delay between the arms of the interferometer, which is readily achieved by a two-beam interferometer. In this work, we theoretically and experimentally study the effect of three-beam interference, whose output deviates from a sinusoidal function of the phase delay, on the performance of the PGC scheme. The results show that the deviation could lead to additional undesirable terms in the in-phase and quadrature components in PGC implementation, which may result in significant signal fading with the drift of the operating point. The theoretical analysis leads to two strategies for eliminating these undesirable terms so that the PGC scheme is valid for three-beam interference. The analysis and the strategies were validated experimentally using a fiber-coil Fabry-Perot sensor with two fiber Bragg grating mirrors, each having a reflectivity of 26%.
End-to-end real-time holographic display based on real-time capture of real scenes
Authors: Zhang Shijie , Ma Haowen , Yang Yan , Zhao Weirui , Liu Juan
Published: February 2023

Holographic display is considered as a promising three-dimensional (3D) display technology and has been widely studied. However, to date, the real-time holographic display for real scenes is still far from being incorporated in our life. The speed and quality of information extraction and holographic computing need to be further improved. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end real-time holographic display based on real-time capture of real scenes, where the parallax images are collected from the scene and a convolutional neural network (CNN) builds the mapping from the parallax images to the hologram. Parallax images are acquired in real time by a binocular camera, and contain depth information and amplitude information needed for 3D hologram calculation. The CNN, which can transform parallax images into 3D holograms, is trained by datasets consisting of parallax images and high-quality 3D holograms. The static colorful reconstruction and speckle-free real-time holographic display based on real-time capture of real scenes have been verified by the optical experiments. With simple system composition and affordable hardware requirements, the proposed technique will break the dilemma of the existing real-scene holographic display, and open up a new direction for the application of real-scene holographic 3D display such as holographic live video and solving vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC) problems for head-mounted display devices.
The effect of different concentrations of chlorine-containing disinfectants on high-frequency contact table in intensive care units: A quasi-experimental study
Authors: Li Jing , Zhang Yanhua , Zhang Zhiyun , Zhang Haixia , Wang Xiaojuan , Wang Fuchuan , Wang Hongyu , Chen Meiling
Published: February 2023

Background

The hospital environment, particularly the intensive care unit (ICU), contributes to the transmission of several nosocomial pathogens, which can survive in this setting for a longer period of time and, in turn, contaminate the surfaces or the medical tools. Thus, appropriate disinfection of these areas and devices are crucial for controlling and preventing further infection. In this study, we examined the effect of different concentrations of chlorine-containing disinfectants (500mg/L, 1000mg/L, and 2000mg/L) on the ICU environment.

Methods

This quasi-experimental study was based on a convenient sampling method. In this study, High-frequency objects were selected as subjects in ICU, with a total sample of 216.A hall including 6 beds was examined,selecting 4 high-frequency surfaces per bed unit:a bed gear, infusion system, bed end table, and monitor were disinfected with 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/L of chlorine (as Cl2), respectively.The surface dissection was performed at 21:00 o’clock daily, after which ATP fluorescence monitoring and bacterial count detection were performed.

Results

There was no significant difference in ATP bioluminescence (F = 2.03, P > 0.05) and bacterial counting (χ2 = 2.03, P > 0.05) when using different concentrations of chlorine-containing disinfectant in the ICU. Yet, compared with high concentration (2000mg/L), a low concentration disinfectant reduced the hospital cost.

Conclusion

By reducing the concentration of ICU high-frequency contact table disinfectants, it is possible to reduce the risk of long-term contamination with chlorine-containing disinfectants and reduce the cost of using ICU chlorine-containing disinfectants.
Ageing with a twist: Intimacy and care amongst LGB older adults in Portugal
Authors: Santos Ana Cristina
Published: February 2023

Ageing is increasingly at the centre of both local and international politics and policies. However, the attention on the intersection of ageing and sexual diversity has remained largely absent from research agendas in the Portuguese context. This article addresses issues of care and intimacy experienced by self-identified lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) people over the age of 60 both before and during the COVID-19 outbreak in Portugal. The article is divided into four sections. In the introduction, the main issue addressed will be an explanation that draws on a theoretical framework informed by both LGBTQI+ and ageing and life course studies. The second section gives a necessarily brief overview of the socio-legal context of LGBTQI+ issues in Portugal and provides information regarding methodological aspects of the research. The third section explores experiences, prior and during the pandemic, of older adults who self-identify as LGB in the Portuguese context. Accompanied by excerpts from interviews originally carried out in 2019 and 2020, this section is structured around three topics: pandemic 2.0.; isolation and relational loneliness and health and care networks. The last section discusses the current impact of ageing and of ageism on older LGB adults, while also offering recommendations for future policy and scholarly work.
The Impact of The Climate on Dengue Fever Cases in Johor
Authors: Vallasamy Suriya Kumareswaran
Published: February 2023

Dengue fever is an infectious disease caused by one of four dengue viruses and spread by mosquitos, particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Dengue fever is a rapidly spreading disease that has become a major concern for international health, particularly the World Health Organization (WHO). In endemic tropical places, dengue transmission occurs all year, but there is a specific cyclical pattern associated with the rainy season. Temperature and rainfall levels in tropical and subtropical locations allow adult vectors to remain active all year. Weather components affects the metabolism, growth, development, and population of these mosquitoes, as well as rains with relatively extended irradiation effect the mosquito breeding habitat, all contribute to the formation of mosquito vector causes of dengue fever. Hence this study is conducted to explore the correlation between climate and the number of dengue cases in Johor. A cross sectional study was conducted with the secondary data of from E notification and Malaysia meteorological department from 1
st January 2020 to 31
st December 2020. A total number of 9414 dengue cases was reported on 2020.The correlation test is used to determine the magnitude and direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The results show a significant relationship between weather variables that have been studied: rainfall (p value >0.05, correlation coefficient -0.180) and temperature (p value <0.05, correlation coefficient - 0.87) towards dengue cases in Johor. In conclusion, temperature has positive correlation while rainfall has negative correlation to dengue cases in Johor respectively.
Conflicto trabajo-familia, síntomas emocionales negativos y satisfacción familiar en mujeres con trabajo remunerado durante la pandemia de COVID-19
Authors:   Facultad de Educación, Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Departamento de Trabajo Social, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile, Riquelme-Segura Leonor , Orellana Ligia ,   Centro de Excelencia en Psicología Económica y del Consumo, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile, Schnettler Berta ,   Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (Bioren-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile,   Centro de Excelencia en Psicología Económica y del Consumo, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile, Saracostti Mahia ,   Núcleo Científico Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile,   Escuela de Trabajo Social, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
Published: February 2023

Introducción: Durante la pandemia por COVID-19 las medidas de contención implementadas a nivel mundial han transformado la vida familiar y la forma de trabajar de las mujeres, profundizando desigualdades preexistentes tanto en el trabajo como en la familia. Método: Mediante ecuaciones estructurales se exploraron las relaciones entre el conflicto trabajo-familia, los síntomas emocionales negativos y la satisfacción familiar en mujeres de familias con doble ingreso. Se administraron cuestionarios a 430 mujeres que trabajaban de forma remunerada con al menos un hijo adolescente en Rancagua, Chile, quienes respondieron las dimensiones conflicto del trabajo a la familia y conflicto de la familia al trabajo de la Escala Interfaz Trabajo Familia; la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés (DASS-21); y la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida Familiar. Resultados: El conflicto trabajo-familia, en ambas direcciones, se asoció positivamente con síntomas emocionales negativos, los cuales, a su vez, se relacionaron negativamente con la satisfacción familiar. El conflicto de la familia al trabajo se relacionó negativamente de forma directa con la satisfacción familiar, mientras que los síntomas emocionales negativos mostraron un rol mediador entre el conflicto trabajo-familia y la satisfacción familiar. Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que, para mejorar la satisfacción familiar en situaciones de crisis, son necesarias intervenciones para mitigar las demandas laborales y familiares, así como reducir emociones negativas como depresión, ansiedad y estrés en mujeres madres que trabajan con remuneración.
MODIFIKASI ASSESSMENT TOOLS READINESS INDUSTRY 4.0 PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR
Authors: Agusti Febrina , Muhfudz Muhammad Syarqim , Risqi Fajar Tri , Dewi Kumaratih Kumaratungga
Published: February 2023

Kesiapan menghadapi Industry 4.0 dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan penilaian. Berdasarkan model penilaian terdahulu menghasilkan kerangka kerja yang dapat dimodifikasi. Tujuan pada penelitian ini adalah modifikasi alat penilaian kesiapan Industry 4.0 agar dapat sesuai dengan situasi dan kondisi perusahaan yang ada di Indonesia. Implementasi penilaian akan dilakukan di Kota Surakarta yaitu perusahaan textile dan rokok. Metode yang digunakan yaitu Metode Delphi dan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Hasil dari penelitian yaitu didapatkan 2 indikator baru untuk menilai kesiapan Industri 4.0 yang sudah tervalidasi yaitu Indikator Sosial Teknologi dan Indikator Penelitian dan Pendanaan yang masuk pada Aspek Organisasi dan Budaya. Penilaian secara keseluruhan pada perusahaan sektor textile memiliki nilai kesiapan Industri 4.0 sebesar 0,94 dan perusahaan sektor rokok sebesar 0,82, dimana kedua sektor perusahaan masuk pada kriteria level 1 yaitu tahap awal penerapan Industri 4.0. Rekomendasi yang dirumuskan untuk langkah preventif kesiapan perusahaan menghadapi Industry 4.0 yaitu inovasi barcode pada kemasan, pembentukan divisi penelitian, inovasi mesin otomasi, dan sosialisasi industry 4.0. Abstract[Modification of Assessment Tools Readiness Industry 4.0 in Manufacturing Companies] Readiness for Industry 4.0 can be done by conducting an assessment. Based on the previous assessment model, it produces a framework that can be modified. The aim of this research is to modify the Industry 4.0 readiness assessment tool so that it is in accordance with the situation and conditions of companies in Indonesia. The implementation of the assessment will be carried out in Surakarta City, namely textile and cigarette companies. The method used is the Delphi method and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results of the study obtained 2 new indicators to assess the readiness of industry 4.0 which have been validated, namely Social Technology Indicators and Research and Funding Indicators which are included in Organizational and Cultural Aspects. The overall assessment of the textile sector companies has an industrial readiness value of 0.94 for industry 4.0 and for cigarette sector companies of 0.82, where both company sectors are included in the level 1 criteria, namely the initial stage of implementing Industry 4.0. Recommendations formulated for preventive steps for company readiness to face Industry 4.0, namely innovation of barcodes on packaging, establishment of research divisions, innovation of automation machines, and socialization of industry 4.0.Keywords: modification; readiness; assessment tool; Industry 4.0
Administrative Sciences and their Origin in Ancient Corinth (*)
Authors: Kantarelis Demetri
Published: February 2023

During Periander’s reign (c. 627–585 BCE), Corinth became the wealthiest city-state in pre-classical Ancient Greece. By relying on reviewing ancient and non-ancient writings about Ancient Corinth, I venture to claim that Periander invented the multi-divisional form of organization. Additionally, I claim that he deserves to be called the Father of Administrative Sciences because, in his attempt to manage the city-state (his organization) efficiently and effectively, he instituted adverse selection and moral hazard minimizing incentive mechanisms. Periander established a classless society and encouraged the creation of new products and services. He promoted competition, efficiency, and fairness. He was against free monopoly and opportunism of any short as well as against waste and luxury. He freed all slaves so that Corinthians focus less on inconsequential endeavors and more on how to sharpen skills and improve know-how to enrich their lives and their city-state. He enabled Corinthians to distribute their products all over the known world by relying on sea trade and trade centers (primary Corinthian colonies) and marketed his city-state products through effective marketing by relying, mainly, on diplomacy. He minted state-sponsored metal coin money which became the most popular medium of exchange in trade dealings across the Mediterranean Basin. Furthermore, he required sellers to issue receipts and pay taxes above a certain level of revenue. Undoubtedly, during Periander’s 40 years of reign, materially, culturally, and aesthetically, Ancient Corinth became the Shining City on a Hill.
The Policy of Maximum Pressure on Iran. US Policy Objectives and Effects
Authors: Fiedler Radosław
Published: February 2023

The main goal of this paper is to examine the Trump administration’s maximum-pressure policy toward the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main causes and rationale for withdrawing from the nuclear JCPOA are identified. In addition, the consequences of maximum pressure are addressed, which harm the so far failed JCPOA restoration negotiations. An additional thread in the article is a critical appraisal of the sanctions policy, which for decades has failed to deliver the results expected by the USA, which is an inhibiting factor in a dynamically changing international environment. Moreover, the costs to the US of sanctions pressure on Iran have been identified.
Matched design for marginal causal effect on restricted mean survival time in observational studies
Authors: Lin Zihan , Ni Ai , Lu Bo
Published: February 2023

Investigating the causal relationship between exposure and time-to-event outcome is an important topic in biomedical research. Previous literature has discussed the potential issues of using hazard ratio (HR) as the marginal causal effect measure due to noncollapsibility. In this article, we advocate using restricted mean survival time (RMST) difference as a marginal causal effect measure, which is collapsible and has a simple interpretation as the difference of area under survival curves over a certain time horizon. To address both measured and unmeasured confounding, a matched design with sensitivity analysis is proposed. Matching is used to pair similar treated and untreated subjects together, which is generally more robust than outcome modeling due to potential misspecifications. Our propensity score matched RMST difference estimator is shown to be asymptotically unbiased, and the corresponding variance estimator is calculated by accounting for the correlation due to matching. Simulation studies also demonstrate that our method has adequate empirical performance and outperforms several competing methods used in practice. To assess the impact of unmeasured confounding, we develop a sensitivity analysis strategy by adapting the E-value approach to matched data. We apply the proposed method to the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) to examine the causal effect of smoking on stroke-free survival.
Crystal structure of 1,2,3,5,13-pentamethoxy-6,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,13b-decahydrobenzo[3′,4′]cycloocta[1′,2′:4,5]benzo[1,2-d][1,3]dioxole, C24H30O7
Authors: Chen Ren-Song , Ye Jiang-Hai , Luo Yu-Ling , Xu Chuan-Yan , Zou Juan , Zhang Jing-Jie
Published: February 2023

C24H30O7, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 11.4194(5) Å, b = 13.4657(6) Å, c = 14.7549(7) Å, V = 2268.86(18) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt
(F) = 0.0535, wRref
(F
2) = 0.1239, T = 273(2) K.
Crystal structure of bis(trimethylphenylammonium) aqua-oxido-octathiotritungstate, (Me3PhN)2[W3OS8(H2O)]
Authors: Kim Kang-Woo , Kim Sunghyeon
Published: February 2023

C18H30N2O2S8W3, orthorhombic, Pnma (no. 62), a = 17.0254(13) Å, b = 15.2534(10) Å, c = 11.8789(9) Å, V = 3084.9(4) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0342, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0856, T = 223 K.
Synthesis and physicochemical properties of sodium oleyl sulfate
Authors: Ren Xiaodan , Li Ping , Yang Xiaoyi , Guo Chaohua , Li Jianbo
Published: February 2023

In this paper, sodium oleyl sulphate (SOS) was successfully synthesised by reacting octyl alcohol (OA) with gaseous sulphur trioxide (SO3) as a sulphating reagent in a falling film reactor. The structure was determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) spectroscopy. The dynamic adsorption and aggregation behaviour of SOS was systematically investigated to reveal the relationship between the structure and properties of SOS. The physicochemical properties of SOS were determined by measuring the equilibrium surface tension, dynamic surface tension and dynamic contact angle, respectively. A laser particle size analyser and a transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to analyse the aggregation behaviour of SOS. Compared to sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and sodium n-octadecyl sulphate (C18H37OSO3Na), which have a similar structure to SOS, the increase in hydrophobic chain size and tighter molecular packing enabled by the polar head conformation caused a decrease in CMC and an increase in surface activity. The efficiency of the surface activity was controlled by a mixed diffusion kinetic adsorption mechanism. Moreover, SOS in aqueous solution showed efficient wettability on the surface of the low-energy paraffin film at concentration above the CMC. In addition, SOS molecules can spontaneously form spheroidal aggregates with increasing concentration, and the size of the aggregates increased with the concentration.
Using full factorial experiment to simulate electricity generation by solar batteries
Authors: Yefimenko A. A. , Logvinov O. V. , Prisyazhniuk L. I.
Published: February 2023

The amount of electrical energy generated by solar batteries (SB) depends significantly on their position relative to the Sun. The presence of dependencies of the initial parameter of the SB on the factors determining this position allows finding the optimal orientation of fixed or partially fixed SBs.
This paper presents the results of the study on the conditions of using a full factorial experiment for creating mathematical models — regression equations — to simulate the operation of solar batteries under the condition of reducing the amount of field tests necessary for this. It is shown that the simulation accuracy significantly depends on the range of factor values.
The conducted study demonstrates that the use of a full factorial experiment in the range of factor values approaching all possible is appropriate for preliminary simulation of the solar battery operation and an approximate assessment of the simulation results in connection with significant errors. Narrowing the range of factor values significantly reduces the deviations of simulation results from experimental data, which in many cases can be accepted, especially if the simulation results are used for specific operating conditions of the solar cell. In order to create mathematical models that would more accurately approach the actual ones obtained experimentally, it is necessary to use dependencies for concretized values of factors.
Soil-Transmitted Helminths Infection: the Severity Levels of Anemia and Concentration Levels in Bengkulu City
Authors: Triana Dessy , Fadhurrohman Galieh Riyasdi , Karima Nurul , Sinuhaji Besly , Sudarsono Wahyu
Published: February 2023

Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) is a worm infection with a prevalence of 1.5 billion people worldwide and is mostly found in preschool and school children. Worm infection can affect the level of concentration and the quality of children's learning which results in less optimal achievement within their potential. The purpose of the research was to determine the correlation between STH infection and anemia and the level of concentration in children grades II-VI of elementary school in Kampung Melayu Sub-district, Bengkulu City. The research conducted using an analytic observational with the cross-sectional design. The research took 215 students as samples with a stratified random sampling method. Feces specimens were examined by using Kato-Katz technique. Haemoglobin levels were measured by using the POCT method and students' concentration levels were tested by using the Bourdon Vos Test. The results showed a significant relationship between STH infection with the occurrences of anemia (p = 0.001; RP = 0.225) and very weak correlation strength between STH infection with the concentration level (p = 0.014; RP = -0.167). Worm infection in preschool and school children can cause anemia and nutrition deficiency which affect their growth and development, cognitive function, concentration levels and learning achievement. Continuous education and coordination with related institutions is necessary to carry out strategies for preventing and treating worms thoroughly.
Farmers’ Intention to Apply for National Health Insurance
Authors: Apriani Maya , Idris Haerawati
Published: February 2023

The number of people who worked as farmers is big enough to challenge the Healthcare Social Security Agency (BPJS Kesehatan) to achieve these targets. This study aims to determine the variables associated by the intention of farmers to apply for National Health Insurance in the working area of Sungai Rambutan Integrated Independent City Community Health Center in Ogan Ilir Regency. The type of this research is descriptive analytical research with a cross-sectional design. The samples used farmers in the work area of Sungai Rambutan public health center. 104 samples were selected by cluster random sampling. 57.7 % of the farmers have the intention to apply for national health insurance. There are five variables related to the intention of farmers to apply for national health insurance. Those variables are the behavioral beliefs, the outcome evaluation, motivation to comply, control beliefs, and perceived power. The outcome evaluation was the most dominant variable associated with the intention to apply for national health insurance since it controlled the other variables. To increase the number of national health insurance members, approaching local stakeholders to introduce and educate all people to apply and inform the benefit of national health insurance is required
Practice of Early Initiation of Breastfeeding in Sukoharjo Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Cognitive Theory
Authors: Ichsan Burhannudin , Maulana Faiz , Dytho Mada Sukma
Published: February 2023

Early initiation of breastfeeding (IMD) can reduce child mortality. The Sukoharjo district government trained birth attendants to practice of IMD. This qualitative study analyzed the practice of IMD in Sukoharjo. The theme of the results was: the practice of IMD in Sukoharjo seen from the Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Cognitive Theory. The categories found were: 1) There were several obstacles and support, 2) not all mothers had the intention to practice early initiation of breastfeeding (IMD), 3) in general, hospitals had not properly practiced IMD, 4) families did not obstruct IMD, 5) not all community health center  implemented IMD  according to standards, 6) not all birth attendants understood IMD correctly, 7) neighbors did not understand the importance of IMD, 8) not all mothers understood or asked for IMD before delivery, 9) birth attendants perceived that IMD was not burdensome, 10) health workers supported IMD, 11) there was government support, 12) mothers and birth attendants had good health expectations related to IMD, 13) the standard of IMD in Sukoharjo has been partially met. The conclusion is that the IMD in Sukoharjo was already underway but still needed a lot of improvement. When viewed from the TPB and SCT theory, some of the constructs were strong, but many of them were weak. Both of these theories can be used as a basis for interventions to improve the IMD.
Analysis of the Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Policy on Inpatients Antibiotics Use
Authors: Manurung Elfrida Rinawaty , Andriani Helen
Published: February 2023

The Exploration of Antimicrobial Consumption to Identify Targets for Quality Improvement in Indonesian Hospitals study showed that 97% of the use of empirical antibiotics was 81% empiric therapy, 12% medical prophylaxis, 4% surgical prophylaxis, and 16% without clear indications. The most common diagnoses are typhoid, pneumonia. and dengue fever. The Antimicrobial Stewardship Programme (ASP) Team supports the national program to reduce the use of irrational antibiotics. This study aims to analyse the ASP policy implementation on the use of antibiotics at the Royal Taruma Hospital. A secondary data on the use of Defined Daily Dose (DDD)/100 patient-days for the quarterly months of February, May, and August 2020. The 14 key informants' perceptions, opinions, thoughts are the primary data of qualitative research on the use of antibiotics during the ASP policy implementation. The three most antibiotics used were Ceftriaxone (64.7%), Levofloxacin (20.1%), and Meropenem (6.9%), which belong to the broad-spectrum antibiotic class. The total use of antibiotics was 1206.59 DDD/100 patient-days. The implementation of ASP policies has not been running optimally. It is necessary to formulate a pattern of germs and antimicrobial resistance, not only in the intensive room, but also in the care ward to achieve ASP quality indicators.
The Effect of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Mental Health (Children, Adolescents, Young Adults) and Mental Health Service: Systematic Review
Authors: Purnawati Endang , Saraswati Lintang Dian , Wurjanto Moh. Arie , Yuliawati Sri
Published: February 2023

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in young age groups (children, adolescents, and young adults) has a higher prevalence than individuals at other stages of the lifecycle (adults and the elderly). The implementation of mental health services faces more barriers to professional care than in the pre-pandemic period. This study aims to identify the effect of sociodemographic and Public Health Measures on the mental health of young age groups and mental health services during the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic review without meta-analysis was performed on seven databases. The selection procedure followed the flow diagram of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Inclusion criteria included all types of research that looked at the impact of COVID-19 on mental health and mental health services. There are 44 included articles and the quality assessment shows that the study was evaluated as 80% and 100% quality criteria met. During the implementation of Public Health and Social Measures, the young age group experienced mental health problems, including stress, depression, anxiety, sleeping disorder, eating disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder related to socioeconomic status, academic, and social factors. This systematic review proves that the COVID-19 pandemic affects the mental health of the young age group and mental health services.
Revolutionizing Fuel Cell Efficiency with Non-Metallic Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reactions
Authors: Zhang Ruiquan , Zhang Zhou , Chen Qing , Hu Maocong , Yao Zhenhua
Published: February 2023

Platinum-based catalysts are widely used in oxygen reduction reactions, but platinum’s high cost and low reserves have restricted their sustainable development. With continuous in-depth research, it has been found that metal-free catalysts also have better catalytic activity in oxygen reduction reactions and have great potential for development due to the low cost and abundant reserves of metal-free catalysts, which has become a hot research direction. This paper reviews the application of metal-free catalysts in oxygen reduction reactions, including heteroatom-doped carbon-based catalysts, polymeric nitrogen catalysts, and emerging carbon catalysts. This work provides insights into developing non-platinum catalysts for oxygen reduction reactions by comparing the catalytic activity, selectivity, and prolonged stability.
Technological features of obtaining alloys and master-alloys of TI-ZR-NB-SN system in the conditions of electron beam casting technology
Authors:   Physico-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys of the NAS of Ukraine, Voron M. , Schwab S. , Selin R. ,   E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, NAS of Ukraine
Published: February 2023

Electron beam casting technology is a unique method for obtaining cast products and semi-finished products from a wide range of titanium alloys. This technology can be very promissing in production of biocompatible titanium alloys for endoprosthesis. A particularly difficult and important task in this context is preparation of Ti-Zr-Nb-Sn system alloys with high strength and low modulus of elasticity. As a result of experimental development of specified alloys melt preparation technological modes, possibility of obtaining complex titanium alloys with a high content of zirconium and niobium was shown. It is also determined, that when the niobium content in the charge is more than 30 % wt. there is a decrease in the concentration of titanium and zirconium in the melt due to their freezing on the walls of the skull. As a result, there is a change in the chemical composition of the melt, the amount of niobium in which can exceed 50 % wt. Maximum amount of tin that can be assimilated in titanium-based melts under EBCT conditions is 5 % wt., and niobium-based melts are twice less. It has been proven that obtaining melts of Ti-Zr-Nb-Sn system with a precise chemical composition, using the chosen method, is a difficult and still unsolved problem, but due to the possibility of melting alloys with a high content of niobium and zirconium in its conditions, this method is effective in the production of master alloys and ingots for the production of powders used as raw materials for additive tmanufacturing. Keywords: titanium alloys for endoprosthesis, foundry production, Ti-Zr-Nb-Sn, electron-beam casting technology.
Usability testing of a blind intubation device for intubation novices: a randomized crossover simulation study
Authors: Kim Dae Kon , Kim Yu Jin , Jeong Joo , Joo Yoon Ha , Jo You Hwan , Park Seung Min
Published: February 2023

Objective A new blind intubation device (BID) has been developed for endotracheal intubation. This study aimed to test the usability of the BID in comparison to direct laryngoscopy (DL) and video laryngoscopy (VL) with inexperienced healthcare providers for endotracheal intubation.Methods This was a randomized crossover simulation study. Participants who had conducted fewer than five live intubation sessions were included in the study. The manikin simulation was conducted using a Laerdal trainer airway manikin. Participants performed intubation using all three devices, DL, VL, and BID. The primary outcome was intubation success rate in the first pass the secondary outcome was intubation time to first ventilation, and the tertiary outcome was dental injury.Results A total of 45 healthcare workers who were novices in intubation participated in this study, including 13 physicians (interns), 14 emergency medical technicians, and 18 nurses. The intubation success rates in the first pass with BID, DL, and VL were 93.3%, 91.1%, and 97.8%, respectively (P=0.53). The intubation times to first ventilation with BID, DL, and VL were 13.15±6.16, 19.07±7.71, and 17.31±6.57 seconds, respectively (P<0.01). The proportions of dental injuries associated with BID, DL, and VL were 0% for physicians; 28.6%, 14.3%, and 0%, respectively for emergency medical technicians; and 27.8%, 11.1%, and 16.7%, respectively for nurses.Conclusion We performed a pilot study to test the usability of the new BID. There was no significant difference in intubation success rate in the first pass among BID, DL, and VL. The intubation time to first ventilation was shorter with the BID compared to DL and VL.