bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the possibility of using suspension-log data to estimate historic overburden in shallow unconsolidated sediments
Authors: Wyatt Douglas , Waddell Michael
Published: January 2012

Suspension-log data are typically used for engineering and seismic studies in shallow unconsolidated sediments. At the USDOE Savannah River Site, suspension data were acquired in a series of deep boreholes (up to ∼400 m) to support high-resolution geological and geophysical investigations in the Upper Atlantic Coastal Plain. Although regional coastal plain stratigraphy is historically inferred from core, seismic, and log data, it became apparent that both major and minor unconformities and possibly formation contacts in the unconsolidated sediments of the Upper Atlantic Coastal Plain were strongly correlated to distinct variations in suspension data that translated from the deep to very shallow horizons. Overall, the suspension data contained more information (character) than typical wireline sonic logs, most likely because wireline logs are optimized for consolidated sediments (shales, sandstones, carbonates) while the suspension log is more optimized for unconsolidated sediments. Most coastal plain wireline-log stratigraphic correlations are based on gamma and resistivity data that often do not show much character in the freshwater-saturated sediments and correlations from paleontological and palynological analyses are often difficult because of the scarcity and oxidation of fossils. However, because of the correlation of suspension data with high-resolution near-surface engineering data from direct push, core samples, and shallow geophysics, it was noticed that it might be possible to correlate a deep regional engineering stratigraphy using the assumptions that coastal deposition proceeded to a zero stress level (i.e., subaqueous or subaerial exposure), that remnant burial stresses remain in deeper sediments, and that the Poisson's ratio determined from the P and SH data captured the remnant stress history. To explore this possibility, suspension-log data were correlated to stratigraphic horizons from geophysical, wireline, and direct push data. Correlated intervals were then analyzed using simple best-fit regression curves extrapolated to a value where the Poisson's ratio intersected a value for surface sediments (zero overburden) based on literature data. Initial results indicated that for some intervals an interpreted depth of historic overburden was reasonable. Overall results were mixed, but intriguing, suggesting that this technique might have value in estimating historic overburden and in providing better stratigraphic correlations. However, a better understanding of the suspension stratigraphic correlation and possibly a better model are needed.
THE WARBURG INSTITUTE AND ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY
Authors: van Eck Caroline
Published: January 2012

At first sight, classical architecture, with its continuous revivals and reworking of the forms of Greek and Roman building, would appear to offer a privileged field in which to apply Warburg's central notion of the survival of classical forms (Nachleben der Antike) and his view of art history's unfolding as a process of remembrance (or Mnemosyne). Yet Warburg himself did not write on architecture. The topic has also largely vanished from the pages of the Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, though in the past the journal has been the venue for influential publications on classical architecture. By comparing two Warburg circle publications from 1949 — Fritz Saxl and Rudolf Wittkower's British Art and the Mediterranean World and Wittkower's Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism — this article shows that architectural history of this kind, developed in the context of the Warburg Institute, is connected not only to Aby Warburg's ideas on Nachleben der Antike and Mnemosyne, but also to the organization and holdings of the Warburg Institute Library. Working in the Warburg Library gives architectural historians the intellectual space to think about architecture in terms of design issues, but moreover as an actor shaping society and culture. This article concludes that Warburg's thought offers important, and thus far hardly explored, starting points for new investigations of the built classical heritage.
Perceptual Learning Reduces Crowding in Amblyopia and in the Normal Periphery
Authors: Hussain Zahra , Webb Ben S. , Astle Andrew T. , McGraw Paul V.
Published: January 2012

Amblyopia is a developmental visual disorder of cortical origin, characterized by crowding and poor acuity in central vision of the affected eye. Crowding refers to the adverse effects of surrounding items on object identification, common only in normal peripheral but not central vision. We trained a group of adult human amblyopes on a crowded letter identification task to assess whether the crowding problem can be ameliorated. Letter size was fixed well above the acuity limit, and letter spacing was varied to obtain spacing thresholds for central target identification. Normally sighted observers practiced the same task in their lower peripheral visual field. Independent measures of acuity were taken in flanked and unflanked conditions before and after training to measure crowding ratios at three fixed letter separations. Practice improved the letter spacing thresholds of both groups on the training task, and crowding ratios were reduced after posttest. The reductions in crowding in amblyopes were associated with improvements in standard measures of visual acuity. Thus, perceptual learning reduced the deleterious effects of crowding in amblyopia and in the normal periphery. The results support the effectiveness of plasticity-based approaches for improving vision in adult amblyopes and suggest experience-dependent effects on the cortical substrates of crowding.
Prefrontal Cortex Mediates Extinction of Responding by Two Distinct Neural Mechanisms in Accumbens Shell
Authors: Ghazizadeh Ali , Ambroggi Frederic , Odean Naomi , Fields Howard L.
Published: January 2012

Suppression of ill-timed or competing actions optimizes goal-directed behaviors. Diminished inhibitory control over such actions is a central feature of such disorders as impulsivity, obesity, and drug addiction. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is involved in suppression of unreinforced actions. Using reversible inactivation in rats, we demonstrate that vmPFC activity is also required for inhibition of unreinforced actions extinguished during learning of a cued appetitive task and that behavioral disinhibition following vmPFC inactivation depends on dopamine signaling in nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS). Combining electrophysiological recording in NAcS with vmPFC inactivation in rats reveals two neural mechanisms by which vmPFC inhibits unreinforced actions. The first is by suppressing phasic excitations that promote behavioral cue responding. The second is by increasing the basal firing of NAcS neurons that tonically inhibit reward seeking. These results identify the vmPFC and the NAcS as critical elements of the circuits relevant to suppression of inappropriate actions.
Fetal Testosterone Influences Sexually Dimorphic Gray Matter in the Human Brain
Authors: Lombardo Michael V. , Ashwin Emma , Auyeung Bonnie , Chakrabarti Bhismadev , Taylor Kevin , Hackett Gerald , Bullmore Edward T. , Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: January 2012

In nonhuman species, testosterone is known to have permanent organizing effects early in life that predict later expression of sex differences in brain and behavior. However, in humans, it is still unknown whether such mechanisms have organizing effects on neural sexual dimorphism. In human males, we show that variation in fetal testosterone (FT) predicts later local gray matter volume of specific brain regions in a direction that is congruent with sexual dimorphism observed in a large independent sample of age-matched males and females from the NIH Pediatric MRI Data Repository. Right temporoparietal junction/posterior superior temporal sulcus (RTPJ/pSTS), planum temporale/parietal operculum (PT/PO), and posterior lateral orbitofrontal cortex (plOFC) had local gray matter volume that was both sexually dimorphic and predicted in a congruent direction by FT. That is, gray matter volume in RTPJ/pSTS was greater for males compared to females and was positively predicted by FT. Conversely, gray matter volume in PT/PO and plOFC was greater in females compared to males and was negatively predicted by FT. Subregions of both amygdala and hypothalamus were also sexually dimorphic in the direction of Male > Female, but were not predicted by FT. However, FT positively predicted gray matter volume of a non-sexually dimorphic subregion of the amygdala. These results bridge a long-standing gap between human and nonhuman species by showing that FT acts as an organizing mechanism for the development of regional sexual dimorphism in the human brain.
In situ Synthesis of High Refractive Index PDMS/Metal Oxide Nanocomposites
Authors: Lu Qiaoyu , Mullins Michael E.
Published: January 2012

Organic-inorganic hybrids have been prepared with tailorable and enhanced properties which are unachievable using polymers or ceramics alone. By combining the flexibility of polymers with the electronic and optical properties of ceramic materials, these hybrids offer great potential for many optical, electrical and mechanical applications. Silicone polymers because of their desirable surface properties, excellent physical properties, heat stability, and high resistance to chemical and UV attack, have been widely used. Hybrid siloxane-metal oxide gels have been prepared via sol-gel techniques, by using hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) crosslinked by metallic alkoxides, M(OR)n. In this technique, the use of organic solvents permits organic and inorganic components to be combined at a molecular level with the desired composition. By varying the type and percentage of metal alkoxides during synthesis, transparent and homogeneous organic-inorganic hybrid materials with unique properties were obtained. Also a secondary metal oxide species was introduced to synthesize binary metal oxide-PDMS hybrids. Systematic experiments were carried out to study the effect of the reaction conditions and metal alkoxides-PDMS ratios on the properties of the final hybrids. These hybrids were spin coating on silicon wafers or molded into bulk films to be tested. The composition and the properties of the transparent inorganic-organic hybrids were investigated and characterized by ellipsometer and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Experimental results showed that the refractive index of the hybrid materials exhibits a proportional relationship with the metal oxide content, the higher the metal oxide content the higher the refractive index. The refractive index was increased from 1.4 of PDMS to 1.7 of metal oxide-PDMS hybrid with highest prepared metal oxide loading. From the FTIR spectra, the structures of the hybrids for various metal oxide-PDMS compositions were examined.
Composition and Size Effects on the Optical Properties of Isolated Silicon-Germanium Nanowires
Authors: Kallel Houssem , Chehaidar Abdallah , Arbouet Arnaud , Baron Thierry , Potié Alexis , Salem Bassem , Paillard Vincent
Published: January 2012

Silicon and Germanium nanowires (NWs) have shown a strong ability to enhance both the absorption and scattering of light. Tailoring the optical properties of Si or Ge NWs can be obtained by adjusting the nanowire diameter. Another parameter that can be used is the chemical composition of silicon-germanium (Si1-xGex-NWs) alloys. In this work, we perform a numerical study on the optical properties of single Si1-xGex-NWs based on the Lorenz-Mie theory. The effects of Ge composition, light polarization and angle of incidence on the nanowire optical properties are investigated.
Energy-efficient synthesis of ferrite powders and films
Authors: Sai Ranajit , Kulkarni Suresh D. , Vinoy K. J. , Bhat Navakanta , Shivashankar S. A.
Published: January 2012

In recent years, there has been significant effort in the synthesis of nanocrystalline spinel ferrites due to their unique properties. Among them, zinc ferrite has been widely investigated for countless applications. As traditional ferrite synthesis methods are energy- and time-intensive, there is need for a resource-effective process that can prepare ferrites quickly and efficiently without compromising material quality. We report on a novel microwave-assisted soft-chemical synthesis technique in the liquid medium for synthesis of ZnFe2O4 powder below 100 °C, within 5 min. The use of β-diketonate precursors, featuring direct metal-to-oxygen bonds in their molecular structure, not only reduces process temperature and duration sharply, but also leads to water-soluble and non-toxic by-products. As synthesized powder is annealed at 300 °C for 2 hrs in a conventional anneal (CA) schedule. An alternative procedure, a 2-min rapid anneal at 300 °C (RA) is shown to be sufficient to crystallize the ferrite particles, which show a saturation magnetization (MS) of 38 emu/g, compared with 39 emu/g for a 2-hr CA. This signifies that our process is efficient enough to reduce energy consumption by ∼85% just by altering the anneal scheme. Recognizing the criticality of anneal process to the energy budget, a more energy-efficient variation of the reaction process was developed, which obviates the need for post-synthesis annealing altogether. It is shown that the process also can be employed to deposit crystalline thin films of ferrites.
Boride-Based Materials for Energetic Applications
Authors: Whittaker Michael L. , Cutler Raymond A. , Anderson Paul E.
Published: January 2012

Metal borides (AlB2, MgB2, Mg0.5Al0.5B2, AlB12, SiB6 and MgAlB14) and boron carbide (B4C) reacted with Al were compared to B, Mg, Al, Mg-Al and Si as potential energetic fuel additives. Stoichiometric physical mixtures of powders corresponding to unreacted boride compounds (Al+2B, Mg+2B, Mg-Al+2B, Al+12B, Si+6B, Mg-Al+14B, and B4C+2Al) were also investigated in comparison to the compounds. Submicron boron was used, which resulted in very fine particle sizes for all materials studied. It was demonstrated that boride compounds were less sensitive to low-temperature oxidation in flowing air than physical mixtures or metallic fuels. Compounds with high mole fractions of boron were generally less sensitive, but their high temperature oxidation behavior showed no improvement over boron. Cylinder expansion testing of MgAlB14 exposed its poor performance in an energetic mixture. However, aluminum and magnesium diborides (AlB2, MgB2 and Mg0.5Al0.5B2) also had relatively low sensitivity and exhibited mechanisms to increase the rate of boron oxidation at high temperatures, showing promise as insensitive high-energy-density fuel additives. Detonation calorimetry of mixtures with AlB2 or Al+2B suggested that the AlB2 mixture released approximately 50% more heat per gram than Al +2B and underwent complete reaction. These results warrant further testing of the diboride compounds in energetic formulations. Due to the high cost of boron and acceptable performance of B4C-Al mixtures, B4C should also be investigated as a lower-cost alternative to boron.
Fabrication of Diamond Nanopit arrays by Room-temperature Curing Nanoimprint Lithography Using Glass-like Carbon Molds
Authors: Kiyohara Shuji , Ito Chigaya , Ishikawa Ippei , Takikawa Hirofumi , Taguchi Yoshio , Sugiyama Yoshinari , Omata Yukiko , Kurashima Yuichi
Published: January 2012

We have proposed the use of glass-like carbon (GC), as mold material because the 27-maximum etching selectivity of polysiloxane film against GC, which was approximately sixtimes larger than that of polysiloxane film against chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond film. We have investigated the fabrication of diamond nanopit arrays by room-temperature curing nanoimprint lithography (RTC-NIL) using GC mold, as applications to the emitter and the micro-gear. The polysiloxane has in the state of sticky liquid at room-temperature and negative-exposure characteristic. Therefore, the polysiloxane was used as RTC-imprint resist material, and also used as electron beam (EB) resist (oxide mask) material in EB lithography. We have fabricated the cylindrical GC nanodot mold with 500 nm-diameter, 600 nm-height and 2 μm-pitch. We carried out RTC-NIL using GC mold under the following optimum conditions: time from spin-coating to imprint of 1 min, imprinting pressure of 0.5 MPa and imprinting time of 5min. Then, we have processed the diamond film with an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) oxygen ion shower. We have fabricated diamond nanopit array with 250 nm-depth and 500 nm-diameter. The diameter of diamond nanopit pattern was in good agreement with that of GC mold. Moreover, the depth of the diamond nanopit patterns fabricated by RTC-NIL using cylindrical GC mold was three times larger than that using conical diamond mold.
Mucosite em pacientes portadores de câncer de cabeça e pescoço submetidos à radioquimioterapia
Authors: Santos Renata Cristina Schmidt , Dias Rodrigo Souza , Giordani Adelmo José , Segreto Roberto Araújo , Segreto Helena Regina Comodo
Published: January 2012

O objetivo do presente trabalho é classificar o grau de mucosite oral de acordo com os parâmetros internacionais do Common Toxicity Criterion (CTC) em pacientes portadores de tumor de cabeça e pescoço submetidos à radioterapia e quimioterapia concomitantes, e caracterizar um perfil dos pacientes em nosso meio, verificando os hábitos dos indivíduos, as características do tumor, o protocolo de tratamento e a intensidade desta reação aguda. Neste estudo foram avaliados 50 pacientes, submetidos à radioterapia em megavoltagem com doses entre 66 a 70 Gy e quimioterapia com cisplatina ou carboplatina concomitante. Semanalmente foi avaliado o grau de mucosite de acordo com o CTC, uma escala ordinal que apresenta 4 graus. Observou-se interrupção do tratamento por mucosite em 36% do total de pacientes e em 100% dos pacientes diabéticos, o que nos permitiu verificar que esta patologia contribui para a gravidade da mucosite.
Estresse, coping e estado de saúde entre enfermeiros hospitalares
Authors: Guido Laura de Azevedo , Linch Graciele Fernanda da Costa , Pitthan Luiza de Oliveira , Umann Juliane
Published: January 2012

Estudo quantitativo com o objetivo de identificar estressores, nível de estresse dos enfermeiros, estado geral de saúde e formas de enfrentamento utilizadas pelos enfermeiros no ambiente de trabalho. Os dados foram coletados utilizando-se três instrumentos: formulário para levantamento de atividades diárias; inventário de estratégias de coping; inventário sobre o estado geral de saúde. A população deste estudo foi composta de 143 enfermeiros e a maioria encontra-se com baixo nível de estresse (55,25%) e com estado regular de saúde (50,35%). Em relação às formas de enfrentamento, identificou-se resolução de problemas como o fator de maior média. Concluindo, ações educativas devem ser incentivadas, a fim de disponibilizar ferramentas para que o profissional desenvolva estratégias de coping resolutivas em seu dia a dia, minimizando o efeito do estresse no seu estado de saúde e no seu trabalho.
Eficácia de três métodos de degermação das mãos utilizando gluconato de clorexidina degermante (GCH 2%)
Authors: Cunha Érika Rossetto da , Matos Fabiana Gonçalves de Oliveira Azevedo , Silva Adriana Maria da , Araújo Eutália Aparecida Cândido de , Ferreira Karine Azevedo São Leão , Graziano Kazuko Uchikawa
Published: January 2012

A degermação cirúrgica das mãos e dos antebraços é um procedimento que integra as atividades de paramentação cirúrgica como uma medida de prevenção de infecção do sítio cirúrgico. Com o advento dos princípios antissépticos degermantes, a necessidade do uso de escovas para a degermação cirúrgica tem sido questionada e recomendado o abandono deste uso devido às lesões provocadas na pele. Com a finalidade de fundamentar a eficácia da técnica da degermação cirúrgica sem o uso de escovas ou esponjas, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar três métodos para degermação cirúrgica utilizando a formulação degermante de gluconato de clorexidina - GCH 2%: com escova, com esponja e sem artefato. Foram avaliados 29 profissionais da saúde, utilizando o método de caldo de luva para coleta de micro-organismos antes e depois de cada método testado. As análises estatísticas comprovaram não haver diferenças estatísticas significantes na redução microbiana entre os três métodos analisados (p=0,148), o que teoricamente descarta a necessidade da continuidade do uso de escovas e esponjas para a realização da degermação das mãos.
Solar drying of jack fruit almonds
Authors: Queiroz Alexandre J. de M , Dantas Hermeval J , Figueirêdo Rossana M. F. de , Melo Karla dos S
Published: January 2012

Dryers heated by solar energy have been constructed and used in drying whole and half jack fruit almonds. The samples were dried during the day in direct sun and in the conventional solar dryer prepared for this purpose. Another piece of equipment was built for reception and accumulation of sun energy in a body of water, which was used as a heat source for night drying. The drying with the sun energy was compared with artificial drying. The jack fruit almonds were dried whole, half, with pellicle and without it. The storage of solar energy in water was technically viable for use in night drying. The drying by combining solar dryers in the day and night periods were completed in approximately 35 hours, and were equivalent to artificial drying between 40ºC and 70ºC. Almond cut in half and the pellicle removed reduced the drying time.
Viabilidade e atividade antioxidante de sementes de genótipos de feijão-miúdo submetidos ao estresse salino
Authors: Deuner Cristiane , Maia Manoel de Souza , Deuner Sidnei , Almeida Andréia da Silva , Meneghello Géri Eduardo
Published: January 2012

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações salinas na germinação, produção inicial de biomassa e estresse oxidativo de quatro genótipos de feijão-miúdo de uso comum na região de São José do Norte-RS. As sementes dos genótipos Amendoim, Mosqueado, Baio e Preto foram semeadas em rolos de papel "germitest" embebido em solução de cloreto de sódio nas concentrações de zero, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mM e colocados para germinar a temperatura constante de 25 ºC. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, comprimento e massa seca da parte aérea e de raízes das plântulas, peroxidação de lipídios e atividade específica das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase, ascorbato peroxidase e catalase. O aumento da concentração de sal causou efeito negativo à germinação e primeira contagem das sementes dos quatro genótipos de feijão-miúdo a partir do tratamento com 100 mM de sal. Quanto aos parâmetros de crescimento, a análise conjunta das curvas de regressão, mostrou haver igual tendência para os quatro genótipos, com redução expressiva no crescimento concomitante ao aumento do estresse salino. Os efeitos desse estresse também foram evidenciados pelo aumento na peroxidação de lipídios no tratamento com 200 mM de sal, seguido pela menor capacidade antioxidante das enzimas, uma vez que, nas concentrações intermediárias de sal, as enzimas antioxidantes atuaram de forma eficiente na eliminação das espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs), evitando o estresse oxidativo. Estes resultados permitem concluir que, nas doses intermediárias de sal, houve um bom desenvolvimento inicial para os quatro genótipos de feijão-miúdo, sendo a melhor resposta obtida no genótipo Amendoim.
Migração internacional recente no amazonas: o caso dos Hispano-americanos
Authors: Silva Sidney Antônio da
Published: January 2012

A imigração para o Amazonas continua sendo um campo aberto à pesquisa antropológica, seja aquela de cunho histórico, ainda pouco pesquisada, seja a mais recente, sobretudo a oriunda de países fronteiriços da Região Amazônica. Entretanto, o grande desafio que se coloca aos estudiosos dessa temática é superar a referência teórica que norteou as análises que tiveram como marco explicativo os ciclos econômicos, entre eles o da borracha. No caso da imigração recente para o Amazonas, a tentação é relacioná-la também com o ciclo de desenvolvimento econômico propiciado pela criação da Zona Franca de Manaus em 1967, fator que poderia por si só explicar a presença de novos imigrantes, entre eles os hispano-americanos. Compreender a lógica e as especificidades dessa presença é o que pretendemos discutir neste artigo, que se insere em uma preocupação de pensar a imigração no Amazonas não apenas como um fenômeno demográfico e econômico, mas sobretudo como um processo social de mão dupla, ou seja, que afeta tanto a sociedade de origem quanto a de acolhida, em suas dimensões sociais e culturais, nas relações de gênero e nos processos identitários.
O corpo na cidade: gênero, cultura material e imagem pública
Authors: Lima Solange Ferraz de , Carvalho Vânia Carneiro de
Published: January 2012

O artigo trata da cultura material mobilizada na construção da imagem pública de homens e mulheres a partir de duas dimensões: no sistema da retratística e no espaço urbano registrado fotograficamente. Cenários, mobiliário (de interiores e urbano) e especialmente o ferro ornamental são tratados como alguns dos suportes que organizam, na sociedade paulistana da virada do século XIX para o XX, as ações corporais e a delimitação dos espaços públicos e privados. Procura-se demonstrar em que medida as práticas cotidianas são determinadas por noções de decoro que se constituem materialmente, muitas vezes afasicamente e de modo diferenciado para os gêneros masculino e feminino.
Discursos distintivos a partir da cultura material têxtil no Brasil (1847-1910)
Authors: Neira Luz García
Published: January 2012

Ao final do século XIX, o processo de urbanização no Rio de Janeiro, demandou grande variedade de produtos industrializados para atender aos novos hábitos de socialização. Estabeleceu-se a importação e o comércio de tecidos ingleses e franceses, já que a indústria nacional não dispunha de tecnologia para sua produção. A partir da análise dos discursos encontrados nos anúncios comerciais publicados no período, demonstra-se que a procedência dos artefatos tornou-se importante elemento de distinção social sem relação com seu valor intrínseco.
Da colônia agrícola ao hospital-colônia: configurações para a assistência psiquiátrica no Brasil na primeira metade do século XX
Authors: Venancio Ana Teresa A.
Published: January 2012

Discute os sentidos do modelo institucional das colônias na assistência psiquiátrica no Brasil, considerando suas diferentes configurações no contexto das políticas públicas de saúde na primeira metade do século XX. Toma como fio condutor a Colônia Juliano Moreira, fundada em 1924 no Rio de Janeiro. Demonstra o significado atribuído à concepção de colônia agrícola e sua importância na formatação da Colônia Juliano Moreira, para compreender como o ideário da colônia agrícola foi traduzido na concepção de hospital-colônia a partir dos anos 1940, quando essa instituição sofreu processo de acentuada expansão de sua estrutura física e de seus recursos terapêuticos.
Pobreza e assistência no Rio de Janeiro na Primeira República
Authors: Viscardi Cláudia Maria Ribeiro
Published: January 2012

Analisa as propostas de assistência à pobreza elaboradas na primeira década do século XX na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, por alguns de seus mais destacados intelectuais e filantropos, denominados reformadores, articulados com o debate que se processava na Europa acerca das alternativas de combate à pobreza. Propõe-se a refletir sobre a maneira pela qual tais reformadores recepcionaram as soluções propostas e/ou implementadas na Europa e as adequaram à realidade brasileira, propondo medidas que visavam amenizar os problemas relativos à chamada questão social brasileira.
Filantropia, poder público e combate à lepra (1920-1945)
Authors: Santos Vicente Saul Moreira dos
Published: January 2012

Durante a Primeira República (1889-1930), a criação das Sociedades de Assistência aos Lázaros e Defesa Contra a Lepra, na década de 1920, foi um marco nas relações entre as entidades assistenciais e os poderes públicos. Inicialmente aquelas entidades mantiveram autonomia decisória, mas suas diretrizes mudaram quando estabeleceram relações mais próximas com a política de combate à lepra, após a criação do Ministério da Educação e Saúde Pública, em 1930, no âmbito das reformas implementadas a partir de então, e, especialmente, durante a prolongada gestão de Gustavo Capanema à frente daquele ministério (1934-1945).
Determinantes do nível de disclosure de instrumentos financeiros derivativos em firmas brasileiras
Authors: Mapurunga Patrícia Vasconcelos Rocha , Ponte Vera Maria Rodrigues , Coelho Antônio Carlos Dias , Meneses Anelise Florencio de
Published: January 2012

A pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar a existência de associação entre a divulgação de informações acerca de instrumentos financeiros derivativos e características econômicas de sociedades brasileiras de Capital Aberto. Para tanto, realizou-se levantamento em demonstrações financeiras padronizadas de 75 companhias listadas nos Níveis Diferenciados de Governança Corporativa da BM&FBovespa. Na primeira etapa, pesquisa documental identificou as informações acerca dos instrumentos financeiros derivativos divulgados pelas empresas, adotando-se métrica desenvolvida a partir dos dispositivos constantes do Pronunciamento Técnico CPC 14 - Instrumentos Financeiros: Reconhecimento, Mensuração e Evidenciação. Em análise preliminar, verificou-se que nenhuma das empresas da amostra apresentou todos os itens de evidenciação requeridos, bem como que apenas 11, dos 30 itens de evidenciação, foram divulgados por mais de 50% das companhias constantes da amostra. Em seguida, procedeu-se à Análise de Correspondência (ANACOR) para verificar a associação entre os atributos das firmas e seu nível de evidenciação. No que tange aos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que os atributos 'Tamanho' e 'Lucro' estão, positivamente, associados à divulgação de informações sobre instrumentos financeiros derivativos, não se verificando associação significante entre os atributos 'Endividamento' e 'Rentabilidade', com a divulgação de informações sobre instrumentos financeiros derivativos.
Distribuição das espécies e estrutura do manguezal do rio Benevente, Anchieta, ES
Authors: Petri Detony José Calenzani , Bernini Elaine , Souza Leandro Marelli de , Rezende Carlos Eduardo
Published: January 2012

A estrutura da floresta de mangue do estuário do rio Benevente, Anchieta, ES foi analisada pelo método de parcelas, com o propósito de avaliar a distribuição das espécies ao longo do rio. Os resultados indicaram uma tendência de distribuição das espécies, visto que Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm ex Moldenke e Rhizophora mangle L. exibiram maior dominância e densidade relativa nas áreas sob maior influência marinha, enquanto que Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn.f. e Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn. apresentaram maior densidade nas áreas sob maior influência de água doce. A densidade variou de 700 a 7.866 troncos.ha-1, a área basal de 10,3 a 72,2 m².ha-1, a altura média de 2,0 a 16,4 m e o DAP médio de 4,7 a 27,3 cm. A maioria das florestas analisadas exibiu distribuição de troncos do tipo jota invertido, com ausência de corte seletivo. A contribuição em área basal foi maior na classe diamétrica ≥10 cm, indicando o elevado desenvolvimento estrutural das florestas estudadas. As florestas analisadas exibiram bom estado de conservação.
Review of the geographical distribution of the white-spotted frog Chiasmocleis albopunctata (Boettger, 1885) (Anura, Microhylidae)
Authors: Forlani Maurício da Cruz , Valdujo Paula Hanna , Pavan Dante , Maciel Adriano Oliveira , Peloso Pedro Luiz Vieira
Published: January 2012

This paper presents a review of the geographical distribution of Chiasmocleis albopunctata (Boettger, 1885), based on data from literature, scientific collections, and field notes. Our reviewing significantly enlarges the distribution of the species within the Brazilian territory, with new records for the states of Bahia, Maranhão, and Tocantins. Among all species of the genus, C. albopunctata can be considered the one with the widest latitudinal and altitudinal ranges, as well as greater environmental plasticity.
Mecânica intrusiva gera forças de inclinação e estímulos ortopédicos com reposicionamento dentário e remodelação óssea simultâneos OU Na mecânica intrusiva não se aplica forças de intrusão, mas obtém-se o efeito intrusivo
Authors: Consolaro Alberto , Furquim Laurindo
Published: January 2012

As agressões de baixa intensidade e longa duração no periósteo induzem a formação de novas camadas e podem aumentar o volume do osso e mudar sua forma. Nas mecânicas intrusivas, a inclinação natural das raízes propicia que os movimentos dentários sejam de inclinação. Ao mesmo tempo que promove forças de compressão do ligamento periodontal dos dentes submetidos a esse tipo de mecânica, em outras áreas ocorrem forças de tensão com deflexão. Esses efeitos também envolvem as superfícies externas, visto que a espessura do osso no processo alveolar é pequena e pode levar à formação de novas camadas, incluindo a parte mais cervical da crista óssea alveolar. Nas mecânicas intrusivas, ocorre uma remodelação alveolar de natureza ortodôntica associada a uma modificação da estrutura óssea interna e externa, atendendo a demandas de forças com características ortopédicas. O efeito intrusivo nas mecânicas ditas intrusivas pode ser o resultado da remodelação alveolar induzida pelas forças de inclinação e da modificação do volume ósseo decorrente da formação óssea subperiosteal na parte externa do processo alveolar. Provavelmente, estudos imaginológicos apurados, com tomografias computadorizadas de alta precisão, poderão captar esses fenômenos subperiosteais em futuros trabalhos envolvendo pacientes antes e depois da aplicação das mecânicas intrusivas.
Dental and Maxillofacial Characteristics of Six Japanese Individuals with Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal Dysplasia-Clefting Syndrome
Authors: Okamura Erika , Suda Naoto , Baba Yoshiyuki , Fukuoka Hiroki , Ogawa Takuya , Ohkuma Mizue , Ahiko Nozomi , Yasue Akihiro , Tengan Toshimoto , Shiga Momotoshi , Tsuji Michiko , Moriyama Keiji
Published: January 2012

Objective

Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome is a congenital anomaly characterized by ectodermal dysplasia, ectrodactyly, cleft lip and palate, and lacrimal duct anomalies. Because this syndrome is frequently accompanied by a congenital lack of teeth, narrow palate, and malocclusion, comprehensive orthodontic intervention is required.

Design

To highlight the specific dental and maxillofacial characteristics of ectrodactylyectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome, six Japanese individuals diagnosed with the syndrome are described here.

Patients

The subjects consisted of two boys and four girls (age range, 6.0 to 13.9 years) diagnosed with ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome by medical and dental specialists. Their conditions included ectodermal dysplasia (hypodontia, microdontia, enamel hypoplasia, and abnormalities in hair and nails), cleft lip and/or palate, and ectrodactyly. Cephalograms, panoramic x-rays, and dental casts were taken; systemic complications were recorded at the first visit to our dental hospital.

Results

All individuals had severe oligodontia with 9 to 18 missing teeth. The missing teeth were mainly maxillary and mandibular incisors and second bicuspids, arranged in a symmetrical manner. Cephalometric analysis showed retruded and short maxilla due to cleft lip and/or palate. It is interesting that all individuals showed a characteristically shaped mandibular symphysis with a retruded point B. It is likely that this unusual symphyseal morphology is due to the lack of mandibular incisors.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the presence of severe oligodontia in the incisal and premolar regions and describes a characteristic maxillary and mandibular structure in Japanese individuals with ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome.
Stereophotogrammetric Analysis of Nasolabial Morphology among Asian Malays: Influence of Age and Sex
Authors: Al-Khatib Ali R. , Rajion Zainul A. , Masudi Sam'an M. , Hassan Rozita , Anderson Peter J. , Townsend Grant C.
Published: January 2012

Objective

It is clear that population-specific norms should be used when planning plastic and reconstructive surgery for selected patients. In this study, we aimed to generate nasal and labial reference values by applying a stereophotogrammetric technique. A further aim was to investigate the effect of sexual dimorphism, age-related changes, and the interrelation between nasal and labial morphology.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

The data were collected from different locations on the Malaysian peninsula.

Participants

A total of 276 Asian Malays (138 males and 138 females) were included in this study, and a three-dimensional system was used for capturing data. The sample was divided into three age groups: 13 to 14, 15 to 17, and 18 to 36 years.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Twenty-five dimensions of the nose and lips were measured and analyzed separately in males and females.

Results

Significant differences between males and females were identified in 11 distances, and significant effects of age were found in most of the dimensions ( p < .05). Significant correlations between the nasal and labial dimensions were recorded, particularly between lateral lip height and width of the ala insertion. A principal component analysis showed interrelationships between the nasal width distances and upper lip height.

Conclusion

This study has provided a new three-dimensional database for nose and lip morphology in Malays and demonstrated patterns of variation that can be used by surgeons to make comparisons within and between different human populations and also to develop treatment plans for their patients.
Cancer-Associated Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutations
Authors: Yen Katharine E. , Schenkein David P.
Published: January 2012

The role of isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations as a therapeutic target for cancer therapy is examined.
Density‐dependent facilitation cascades determine epifaunal community structure in temperate Australian mangroves
Authors: Bishop Melanie J. , Byers James E. , Marcek Benjamin J. , Gribben Paul E.
Published: January 2012

Co‐occurring foundation species can determine biological community structure via facilitation cascades. We examined the density dependencies of facilitation cascades, including how the density of a basal foundation species influences the density of secondary foundation species, and how the density of secondary foundation species influences community structure. The system in which we assessed density dependencies was a temperate mangrove forest in which pneumatophores trap the fucoid alga Hormosira banksii and provide substrate for the oyster, Saccostrea glomerata. The alga and oyster in turn determine benthic community structure. In the field, algal biomass was positively correlated with pneumatophore density. Oysters, by contrast, were highly over‐dispersed and correlated with the presence/absence of pneumatophores. Epifaunal abundance and species richness were positively correlated with algal and oyster abundance, but their effects were independent. The positive effect of pneumatophore density on epifauna was primarily an indirect effect of trapping more algae. Pneumatophores did not directly influence invertebrate communities. Experiments revealed that, at very low pneumatophore densities, algal retention was insufficient to facilitate epifauna above that found on pneumatophores alone. At higher densities, however, increasing the density of pneumatophores increased algal retention, and the density and diversity of associated invertebrates. Shading by the mangrove canopy reduced algal biomass but did not modify the density‐dependent nature of the cascade. Our results extend facilitation theory by showing that the density of both basal and secondary foundation species can be critical in triggering facilitation cascades. Our study also reveals that, where foundation species co‐occur, multiple, independent cascades may arise from a single basal facilitator. These findings enhance our understanding of the role of density‐dependent facilitation cascades in community assembly.
A neighboring plant species creates associational refuge for consumer and host
Authors: Hughes A. Randall
Published: January 2012

Examples of plant–animal and plant–plant associational defenses are common across a variety of systems, yet the potential for them to occur in concert has not been explored. In salt marshes in the Gulf of Mexico, the marsh periwinkle (Littoraria irrorata) is an abundant and conspicuous member of the community, climbing up the stems of marsh plants to remain out of the water at high tide. Though Littoraria are thought to primarily utilize stems of marsh cordgrass Spartina alterniflora as a source of food and refuge, Littoraria were more abundant in mixed assemblages of Spartina and Juncus roemerianus than in Spartina‐only areas at the same tidal height. Mesocosm experiments confirmed that Juncus provided a refuge for Littoraria, with predation by Callinectes sapidus (but not Melongena corona) reduced when Juncus was present. However, Littoraria's utilization of Juncus as well as the effectiveness of Juncus as a refuge depended strongly on plant height: when Juncus was experimentally clipped to a shorter height than Spartina, snail abundance on Spartina and snail predation by crabs increased. Interestingly, this plant–animal refuge led to a corresponding refuge for Spartina from Littoraria: Spartina plants lost less biomass to snail grazing when growing with Juncus in mesocosm and field experiments, and Spartina plants in natural assemblages were taller when growing with Juncus than when growing alone, even in the presence of abundant snails. This example highlights the potential importance of plant–plant and plant–animal associational refuges in competitive plant assemblages.
Building waterproofing remediation applying the 'total cut' method
Authors: Gavrilovic Dragan
Published: January 2012

The paper analyzes the specific problems of construction of a waterproofing system with an absolute control of the vertical penetration of ground water and dampness from the ground into higher levels of building masonry structure. This method can very suitably be applied in rehabilitation of old brick buildings where the usual waterproofing remediation systems cannot be implemented because of specific structure system The 'total cut' method is very suitable for use in the old traditional masonry buildings, which do not have reinforced concrete vertical beams and where using this method would not interfere with the continuous stability of the building.
Architectural aspect of solutions for ambiental conditions in the fresh fruit and vegetable wholesale market buildings
Authors: Timotijevic Branka
Published: January 2012

Provision of healthy nutrition, continuous supply with fresh, quality and price acceptable food, along with the intensive increase in the number of citydwellers, shows that the planning and construction of fresh food wholesale markets is necessary. Modern wholesale markets are technological and commercial complexes with considerable size of built-up areas, roads and extensive infrastructure. Large number of factors affects the planning and design of wholesale markets. Important factor affecting the spatial and functional solution for fruit and vegetable promotion and sale facilities buildings, is ambiental condition requirements. Ambiental condition requirements include temperature and humidity, as well as hygienic and health requirements. Regulations and guidelines that exist in the agri-food system supply chain 'from farm to fork' are also valid for fresh food wholesale markets. The organizations that provide recommendations are Food Agriculture Organisation (FAO), World Health Organisation (WHO), and World Union of Wholesale Markets (WUWM). Respect of the cold chain, traceability and hygiene and health standards are recommended in their Guidelines. These recommendations are to be implemented in the national regulations. This research assumption is that changes in ambiental conditions, caused by regulations and guidelines, significantly contributed to the transformation of spatial and functional wholesale fruit and vegetables building solutions. By those regulations and guidelines and new technology solutions this spatial and functional transformation has been accelerated The paper also presents a comparative analysis of spatial and functional solutions by the basic parameters such as facility size, functional layout, type and size of premises. Spatial-functional solutions of the buildings in wholesale market in Halles-e in Paris, Rome and the CAR-Corbas Lyon in Lyon were analysed. The research results confirmed the assumptions that changes in ambiental conditions entail changes in the spatialfunctional solutions i.e. change of the complete geometry of buildings and premises. The results have important application for practical use in planning and design of modern fresh fruit and vegetable market buildings.
In vitro degradation of diacetoxyscirpenol and T-2 toxin by use of Mucor racemosus fresen. f. racemosus isolate
Authors: Bocarov-Stancic Aleksandra , Stankovic Slavica , Levic Jelena , Salma Natasa , Pantic Vladimir , Barnic Sasa
Published: January 2012

Under controlled in vitro conditions the capacity of the Mucor racemosus f.
racemosus 1215/09 isolate to degrade type A trichothecenes
(diacetoxyscirpenol - DAS and T-2 toxin) was observed in the liquid nutritive
medium. According to previously performed experiments it was proved that the
selected isolate, originating from sunflower meal, had the ability to
degrade these fusariotoxins when growing on the modified Vogel?s agar
supplemented with crude extracts of DAS and T-2 toxin. In order to determine
biodegradation of fusariotoxins, the liquid nutritive medium - SPY (5%
sucrose + 0.1% peptone + 0.1% yeast extract, pH 6.2) was simultaneously
inoculated with the isolate M. racemosus f. racemosus 1215/09 and: a)
Fusarium semitectum SL-B (DAS producer) or b) F. sporotrichioides R-2301 (T-2
toxin producer). The SPY media, inoculated with single fungal isolates,
were used as a control of toxin biosynthesis. The cultures were incubated at
room temperature (21-26?C) on the rotary shaker (175 rpm). After the 3-5-day
incubation, the filtration of liquid cultures and the extraction of
fusariotoxins from filtrates with ethyl-acetate were performed.
Determinations of DAS and T-2 toxin were done by thin layer chromatography
using silica gel G. Depending on the incubation duration, M. racemosus f.
racemosus in the mixed culture with F. semitectum degraded from 90.0 to
99.97% of DAS present in the medium (40,000- 120,000 ?g l-1), while in the
mixed culture with F. sporotrichioides it degraded from 95.0 to 96.7% of T-2
toxin present in the medium (240,000 ?g l-1). Sterile filtrates of mixed
cultures and single culture of M. racemosus f. racemosus, obtained by passing
liquid cultures through the 0.45-?m membrane filter and added to the SPY
medium, did not affect degradation of type A trichothecenes that had been
biosynthesised by isolates F. semitectum SL-B and F. sporotrichioides R-2301
in the liquid medium.