bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing Inappropriate Prescribing of Sublingual Nifedipine
Authors: Yasuda Sally U. , Woosley Raymond L.
Published: January 2017

Objective:

To report a program to reduce the practice of prescribing sublingual nifedipine.

Monitoring and Educational Program:

Pharmacy records were used to identify orders for sublingual nifedipine at Georgetown University Medical Center. Initial review showed 30–40 orders/month, or approximately 11 % of all nifedipine orders. A newsletter was published outlining Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee guidelines for the use of nifedipine when rapid onset of action is desired. Further educational efforts involved correspondence with each attending physician responsible for the sublingual nifedipine orders. A reduction in orders for sublingual nifedipine to approximately 10 orders/month (3.9% of total nifedipine orders) was observed after using this educational approach. The reduction in orders has been maintained by frequent contact with the attending physicians.

Conclusions:

Repeated educational measures have resulted in a reduction in the inappropriate prescribing of sublingual nifedipine.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Effect of Paclitaxel-Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles with a Core-Shell Structure on the Human Lung Cancer Cell Line A549
Authors: Wang Tieliang , Liu Ying , Wu Chao
Published: January 2017

A nanodrug delivery system of paclitaxel-mesoporous silica nanoparticles with a core-shell structure (PAC-csMSN) was used to increase the dissolution of paclitaxel (PAC) and improve its treatment of lung cancer. PAC was loaded into the core-shell mesoporous silica nanoparticles (csMSN) by the adsorption equilibrium method and was in an amorphous state in terms of its mesoporous structure. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that csMSN increased the dissolution rate of PAC and improved its lung absorption. The area under concentration-time curve (AUC) value of PAC-csMSN used for pulmonary delivery in rabbits was 2.678-fold higher than that obtained with the PAC. After continuous administration for 3 days, a lung biopsy showed no signs of inflammation. Cell apoptosis results obtained by flow cytometry indicated that PAC-csMSN was more potent than pure PAC in promoting cell apoptosis. An absorption investigation of PAC-csMSN in A549 cells was carried out by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). The obtained results indicated that the cellular uptake was time-dependent and csMSN was uptaken into the cytoplasm. All these results demonstrate that csMSN have the potential to achieve pulmonary inhalation administration of poorly water-soluble drugs for the treatment of lung cancer.
Field-of-study mismatch and overqualification: labour market correlates and their wage penalty
Authors: Montt Guillermo
Published: January 2017

Field-of-study mismatch occurs when a worker, trained in a particular field, works in another field. This study draws on the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) to explore how skill supply and labour market demand dynamics influence mismatch. It updates cross-national estimates on mismatch and estimates the mismatch wage penalty. Findings suggest that around 40% of workers are mismatched by field at their qualification level, 11% overqualified in their field and 13% overqualified and working outside their field. The saturation of the field in the labour market and the transferability of the fields’ skills predict the incidence of field-of-study mismatch and overqualification. Workers who are mismatched by field only suffer a wage penalty if they are overqualified.
Draft genome sequence of Arthrobacter sp. strain B6 isolated from the high-arsenic sediments in Datong Basin, China
Authors: Xu Linghua , Shi Wanxia , Zeng Xian-Chun , Yang Ye , Zhou Lingli , Mu Yao , Liu Yichen
Published: January 2017

Arthrobacter sp. B6 is a Gram-positive, non-motile, facultative aerobic bacterium, isolated from the arsenic-contaminated aquifer sediment in the Datong basin, China. This strain displays high resistance to arsenic, and can dynamically transform arsenic under aerobic condition. Here, we described the high quality draft genome sequence, annotations and the features of Arthrobacter sp. B6. The G + C content of the genome is 64.67%. This strain has a genome size of 4,663,437 bp; the genome is arranged in 8 scaffolds that contain 25 contigs. From the sequences, 3956 protein-coding genes, 264 pseudo genes and 89 tRNA/rRNA-encoding genes were identified. The genome analysis of this strain helps to better understand the mechanism by which the microbe efficiently tolerates arsenic in the arsenic-contaminated environment.
Desafio de ideias para o governo aberto: o caso da Polícia Militar de Minas Gerais – Brasil
Authors: Martins Teresa Cristina Monteiro , Bermejo Paulo Henrique de Souza
Published: January 2017

Busca-se identificar os resultados de uma plataforma de envio de ideias em termos de geração de inovações e do fortalecimento da colaboração, pilar do governo aberto. Plataformas de envio de ideias têm sido utilizadas por governos para a colaboração da sociedade na resolução de problemas públicos, entretanto a literatura carece de estudos sobre a absorção das ideias dos cidadãos para a produção de inovação e sobre as formas de comunicação bidirecional entre instituição pública e sociedade. O caso estudado é a aplicação da plataforma PrêmioIdeia no 8º Batalhão de Polícia Militar de Minas Gerais (8º BPMMG). Concluiu-se que a plataforma contribuiu para a abertura da instituição para a colaboração dos cidadãos. O artigo complementa a literatura demonstrando a aplicação de inovação aberta com finalidade social, para a captação da percepção de um grupo sobre um problema e envolvimento dos cidadãos na solução de grandes problemas públicos.
In silico gene expression profiling in Cannabis sativa
Authors: Massimino Luca
Published: January 2017

The cannabis plant and its active ingredients (i.e., cannabinoids and terpenoids) have been socially stigmatized for half a century. Luckily, with more than 430,000 published scientific papers and about 600 ongoing and completed clinical trials, nowadays cannabis is employed for the treatment of many different medical conditions. Nevertheless, even if a large amount of high-throughput functional genomic data exists, most researchers feature a strong background in molecular biology but lack advanced bioinformatics skills. In this work, publicly available gene expression datasets have been analyzed giving rise to a total of 40,224 gene expression profiles taken from cannabis plant tissue at different developmental stages. The resource presented here will provide researchers with a starting point for future investigations with Cannabis sativa.
Information Sharing, Advice Provision, or Delegation: What Leads to Higher Trust and Trustworthiness?
Authors: Özer Özalp , Subramanian Upender , Wang Yu
Published: January 2017

In many market settings, a customer often obtains assistance from a supplier (or service provider) to make better-informed decisions regarding the supplier’s product (or service). Because the two parties often have conflicting pecuniary incentives, customer trust and supplier trustworthiness play important roles in the success of these interactions. We investigate whether and how the process through which assistance is provided can foster trust and trustworthiness, and thus facilitate better cooperation. We compare three prevalent assistance processes: information sharing, advice provision, and delegation. We propose that, even if the pecuniary incentives of both parties do not vary from one assistance process to another, the assistance process itself impacts the customer’s and supplier’s nonpecuniary motives that give rise to trust and trustworthiness. Consequently, the assistance process affects the level of cooperation and payoffs. We test our behavioral predictions through laboratory experiments based on a retail distribution setting. We quantify the impact of different assistance processes on trust, trustworthiness and channel performance, and identify the underlying drivers of those impacts. Our results offer insight into the role of the assistance process in managing supplier assistance effectively and why certain assistance processes may lead to more successful outcomes than others even if the pecuniary incentives remain unaltered.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2617 .

This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.
Notes on the genus Lissodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) with description of a new species
Authors: Selis Marco
Published: January 2017

A new species of the genus Lissodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993, namely L. celebensis sp. nov., is described. This is the first record of Lissodynerus from Sulawesi. Giordani Soika’s key is modified to include the new species. New distributional data are provided for three species, including the first record of the genus from Thailand.
Perbandingan Efektivitas antara Terapi Sinar Tunggal dengan dan Tanpa Kain Putih pada Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah dengan Hiperbilirubinemia
Authors: Djokomuljanto Stanislaus , Rohsiswatmo Rinawati , Hendarto Aryono
Published: January 2017

Latar belakang. Terapi sinar adalah terapi utama dalam penanganan hiperbilirubinemia. Meningkatkan intensitas sinar terapi sinar dengan menambahkan kain putih sebagai pemantul dapat meningkatkan efektifitas terapi sinar dan menurunkan kadar bilirubin serum lebih cepat.Tujuan. Membandingkan efektifitas terapi sinar tunggal dengan dan tanpa kain putih pada bayi berat lahir rendah dengan hiperbilirubinemia.Metode. Uji klinis acak terkontrol terbuka yang dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo dari bulan September sampai November 2012. Didapat 40 bayi berat lahir rendah dengan hiperbilirubinemia. Subjek dibagi dua kelompok secara random, yaitu kelompok terapi sinar dengan kain satin putih (kelompok intervensi, n=19) dan tanpa kain satin putih (kelompok kontrol, n=21).Tujuan utama adalah membandingkan perbedaan penurunan kadar bilirubin total dan indirek setelah 6 jam terapi sinar, lama penggunaan terapi sinar, dan efek samping dari terapi sinar.Hasil. Median (rentang) penurunan kadar bilirubin serum total setelah 6 jam terapi sinar 2,51 mg/dL (-0,61;5,18) pada kelompok intervensi dan 0,85 mg/dL (-1,67;5,50) kelompok kontrol, p=0,029. Sementara penurunan kadar bilirubin serum indirek setelah 6 jam terapi sinar 2,57 mg/dL (-0,42;5,63) pada kelompok intervensi dan 0,47 mg/dL (-1,63;6,00) kelompok kontrol, p=0,004.Penilaian secara Cox proportional hazard regression menunjukkan median dari penggunaan terapi sinar kelompok intervensi, yaitu 12 jam dan 28 jam pada kelompok kontrol. (perubahan chi-square 7,542; p=0,006; hazard ratio 0,565; IK95%: 0,197-0,762). Selama penelitian, tidak ditemukan efek samping hipertermia, diare, rashes, dan burns.Kesimpulan. Penggunaan kain satin putih meningkatkan efektifitas terapi sinar pada bayi berat lahir rendah dengan hiperbilirubinemia indirek tanpa efek samping.
Adhesion of a self-etching adhesive to caries-affected dentin treated with different methods for caries removal: a preliminary study
Authors: Matos Adriana Bona , De Azevedo Cynthia Soares , Trevelin Livia Tosi , Aranha Ana Cecília Correa
Published: January 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the adhesion of a self-etching system to caries-affected dentin (CAD) and sound dentin (SD) after different caries removal techniques by using microtensile bond strength test (?TBS). Materials and Methods: Twenty-four extracted human molars with coronal carious lesions were used. The samples were randomly divided into 5 groups, according to caries removal method: G1 - negative control (no removal); G2 abrasive disc; G3 – slow speed steel bur; G4 - Nd:YAG laser (energy density 21.2J/cm2); G5 - Er:YAG laser (energy density 80.24J/cm2). SD and  CAD/ infected dentin substrates were tested.  Self-etch system (Clearfil SE Bond) was applied and resin crowns were built up. Results: One-way ANOVA showed statistically significant difference between experimental groups (p<0.001), with significantly lower results for infected dentin (G1), when compared to all other experimental groups. A statistically significant higher bond strength value was observed for SD irradiated with Er:YAG laser when compared to CAD. For bur and Nd:YAG laser specimens, SD and CAD showed the same bonding performance. Conclusion: infected dentin is not an adequate substrate for bonding; Nd:YAG laser and steel burs showed the same bonding performance for both SD and CAD; while both dentins, when irradiated by Er:YAG laser, did not adequately interact with self-etching system resulting in poor adhesion.Keywords: Er:YAG laser; Nd:YAG laser; Infected dentin; Dentin.
Evaluation of morphological and chemical alterations in enamel, dentin and cementum after internal bleaching technique using different bleaching agents
Authors: Ferreira Nadia de Souza , Cardoso Paula Elaine , Ferreira Natalia Passos , Corocher Amanda Costa , Paulino Isabela Ferreira , Valera Marcia Carneiro
Published: January 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological and chemical alterations in enamel, dentin and cementum after internal bleaching using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Material and Methods: Seventy-two bovine incisor teeth were prepared, cut and bleached for 7 days as follows: HP: 35% hydrogen peroxide gel; HP+SP: 35% hydrogen peroxide gel + sodium perborate; CP: 37% carbamide peroxide gel; CP+SP: 37% carbamide peroxide gel + sodium perborate; SP: sodium perborate + water; and control: deionized water. The specimens were sectioned and prepared for morphological analysis under SEM and analysis of calcium, phosphorus, oxygen and carbon levels using EDS. Results: A significant reduction was found in the calcium levels in enamel after treatment with CP + SP and CP (p < 0.05). Carbon (organic part) was hardly altered in enamel. A significant reduction in the calcium levels was found in dentin in Groups HP+SP, CP and CP+SP. Phosphorus levels increased after SP+H20 (p < 0.05) and CP (p < 0.05). Carbon levels showed little variation and the largest amount was found in Groups CP and CP+SP (p < 0.05); in the other groups there was no alteration. A significant reduction in the calcium levels was found in the cementum in Group CP+SP (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Alterations in the enamel, dentin and cementum compositions occurred after bleaching and these alterations showed to be less significant with sodium perborate and water.Keywords: Carbamide peroxide; Hydrogen peroxide; Scanning electron microscopy; Sodium perborate; Tooth bleaching.
Do technology-based devices improve carious lesion detection?
Authors: Vitor Luciana Lourenço Ribeiro , Kobayashi Tatiana Yuriko , Carrara Cleide Felicio Carvalho , Rios Daniela , Silva Thiago Cruvinel , Machado Maria Aparecida Andrade Moreira , Oliveira Thais Marchini
Published: January 2017

Objective:  To compare the visual-tactile examination with the technology-based caries detection examinations in children. Methods: We assessed the teeth next to the cleft area of 95 children aged 6 to 12 years with oral clefts but without the presence of any associated syndrome or craniofacial anomaly, according to the following detection methods: visual-tactile examination (Method 1), visual-tactile examination through operating microscope (Method 2), visual examination through LED-based fluorescence device (Method 3), using ICDAS-II scores. The caries detection methods were compared by Friedman test (P<0.05). Results: The efficacy of carious lesion detection methods were statistically similar (P=0.786). Conclusions: Technology-based devices did not improve caries diagnosis in children because their results were similar to those of visual-tactile clinical examination. From a clinical point of view, we recommended the dentists to be cautious in using these additional diagnostic measures to avoid false positive errors mainly in tooth surfaces difficult to be examined.Keywords: Dental Caries. Lenses. Fluorescence. Cleft lip. Cleft palate.
Biomechanical tools to study dental implants: A literature review
Authors: Tribst João Paulo Mendes , Dal Piva Amanda Maria de Oliveira , Borges Alexandre Luiz Souto
Published: January 2017

Since 1980, the biomechanical behavior of dental implants has received importance regarding the issue of failure in this rehabilitation system due to occlusal overload. Through bioengineering tools, several studies have been conducted to answer about the influence of different factors on the biological response. Bioengineering tools such as finite element analysis (FEA), strain gauge (SGA), photoelasticity (PEA) and digital image correlation (DIC) are widely inspiring clinical extrapolation of possible solutions in the mechanics of implantology. This study has aimed to investigate the available stress analysis methods to study dental implants’ behavior through a literature review. This review started with a PubMed search from the mostly old studies of each methodology correlated to biomechanical behavior of dental implants used with dental implants studies until 2016. FEA, SGA, PEA and DIC methodologies are capable to elucidate the mechanical behavior of this rehabilitation system. However, the combination of two or more methods gives more detailed explanation and avoids limitations of a single methodology.
Psychological landscape films: narrative and stylistic approaches
Authors: Melbye David
Published: January 2017

This article serves to broadly address formalist approaches to rendering natural settings psychological in cinema, or, in other words, mobilizing landscapes to function beyond their usual function as narrative backdrop. By “formalist” it should be understood that such an approach to visual representation is both inherently aggressive and experimental, where one implies the other, especially when compared to more realist modes of expression. Instead of human characters portrayed within an authenticating wilderness, as in the typical classical Hollywood Western, the precise topography of the landscape becomes reflective of a particular human consciousness.
Oportunidade perdida
Authors: Cunha Paulo
Published: January 2017

Promovida pelo Movimento Ação Cidadã (MAC), a publicação do livro Flora Gomes. O Cineasta Visionário pretende “reunir contribuições, olhares e visões do campo académico, jornalístico e da crítica literária” provenientes de diferentes partes do mundo sobre uma das “referências positivas” da cultura Bissau-guineense.
Encore un film. Un recorrido por la exposición 4.56.20 de João Tabarra
Authors: Ponsa Marta
Published: January 2017

Comentarios criticos sobre la instalación cinematografica 4.56.20, que el artista portugués João Tabarra presenta en Solar, Galeria de Arte Cinemática de Vila do Conde hasta el próximo 31 de diciembre.
“More real than reality”: an interview with James Benning
Authors: Bértolo José , Nascimento Duarte Susana
Published: January 2017

James Benning was an invited speaker at the International Conference on Space and Cinema held at the University of Lisbon School of Arts and Humanities between the 28th and the 30th of November 2016. On the morning of the 29th, instead of delivering the protocol one-hour lecture, he presented his latest film, time after time – a montage of shots taken from earlier films, which the director had finished the week before –, in a world premiere at the Portuguese Cinematheque. We joined him in the afternoon for the conversation that follows, which took place on a small room at the University, with a view to the empty playground in a nearby kindergarten.
Bone Grafts in Periodontal Therapy
Authors: Sukumar Sujith , Dřízhal Ivo
Published: January 2017

This article is limited to a review of bone replacement graft materials used in periodontal therapy. The source, mode of bone regeneration and the respective advantages and disadvantages of autogenous, allogenic, xenogenic and alloplastic materials are discussed.
Reconstruction of an Orbital Floor Fracture in a 4-Year-Old Child
Authors: Chrobok Viktor , Pellant Arnošt , Novák Jan , Brožík Jan
Published: January 2017

The authors present a case of a 4-year-old girl with an orbital floor fracture. During surgery absorbable collagenous mesh (Pelvicol) was placed between the bone wall and the orbital periosteum. Pelvicol was selected as a natural xenogeneic tissue (porcine dermis) ready for first use in the reconstruction of the orbital floor fracture. The patient has fully recovered without any symptoms.
Surgical Treatment of a Giant Primary Cardiac Angiosarcoma
Authors: Sanli Maruf , Tuncozgur Bulent , Sevinc Alper , Daglar Bahadir , Bakir Kemal , Elbeyli Levent
Published: January 2017

Primary cardiac angiosarcoma is a rare tumor, and surgical resection is often required to relieve its symptoms. A 54-year-old male with a large primary cardiac angiosarcoma is described in this case report. The tumor was located in the right atrium and right ventricle. The bulk was resected with the right coronary artery (RCA), and partial right atrium and partial right ventricle resections were performed during cardiopulmonary bypass. The resected tumor measured 15 x 10 x 8 cm, and the histopathological diagnosis was well differentiated primary cardiac angiosarcoma. In the postoperative period, the patient was followed up for 22 months, and radiotherapy and chemotherapy were performed for metastases. The optimal therapy for cardiac angiosarcoma is still controversial, but combined treatment including surgical resection should be considered.
Ruptured Bronchial Artery Aneurysm: Case Report
Authors: Čečka Filip , Raupach Jan , Hoffmann Petr , Motyčka Petr , Štětina Milan , Neoral Čestmír
Published: January 2017

Bronchial artery aneurysm is a very rare condition. Its rupture can cause a life threatening hemorrhage. We report a case of a 50-year-old patient with a ruptured bronchial artery aneurysm who presented with epigastric pain. It is the first published case with such signs of a rupture of a bronchial artery aneurysm. CT scan confirmed the diagnosis. The patient was treated with endovascular embolization.
Asymptotic analysis of positive solutions of first-order cyclic functional differential systems
Authors: Jaroš Jaroslav , Takaŝi Kusano
Published: January 2017

The structure and the asymptotic behavior of positive
increasing solutions of functional differential systems of the
form

x
′

⁢

(
t
)

=

p
⁢

(
t
)

⁢

φ
α

⁢

(

y
⁢

(

k
⁢

(
t
)

)

)

,

y
′

⁢

(
t
)

=

q
⁢

(
t
)

⁢

φ
β

⁢

(

x
⁢

(

l
⁢

(
t
)

)

)

$x^{\prime}(t)=p(t)\varphi_{\alpha}\bigl{(}y(k(t))\bigr{)},\quad y^{\prime}(t)=%
q(t)\varphi_{\beta}\bigl{(}x(l(t))\bigr{)}$

are investigated in detail, where α and β are
positive constants,

p
⁢

(
t
)

${p(t)}$

and

q
⁢

(
t
)

${q(t)}$

are positive continuous
functions on

[
0
,
∞
)

${[0,\infty)}$

,

k
⁢

(
t
)

${k(t)}$

and

l
⁢

(
t
)

${l(t)}$

are positive
continuous functions on

[
0
,
∞
)

${[0,\infty)}$

tending to

∞

${\infty}$

with t,
and

φ
γ

⁢

(
u
)

=

|
u
|

γ

⁢

sgn
⁡
u

${\varphi_{\gamma}(u)=\lvert u\rvert^{\gamma}\operatorname{sgn}u}$

,

γ
>
0

${\gamma>0}$

,

u
∈
ℝ

${u\in\mathbb{R}}$

. An extreme class of positive increasing solutions,
called rapidly increasing solutions, of the system above is analyzed by
means of regularly varying functions. The results obtained
find applications to systems of the form

x
′

⁢

(

g
⁢

(
t
)

)

=

p
⁢

(
t
)

⁢

φ
α

⁢

(

y
⁢

(

k
⁢

(
t
)

)

)

,

y
′

⁢

(

h
⁢

(
t
)

)

=

q
⁢

(
t
)

⁢

φ
β

⁢

(

x
⁢

(

l
⁢

(
t
)

)

)

,

$x^{\prime}(g(t))=p(t)\varphi_{\alpha}\bigl{(}y(k(t))\bigr{)},\quad y^{\prime}(%
h(t))=q(t)\varphi_{\beta}\bigl{(}x(l(t))\bigr{)},$

and to scalar equations of the type

(

p
⁢

(
t
)

⁢

φ
α

⁢

(

x
′

⁢

(

g
⁢

(
t
)

)

)

)

′

=

p
⁢

(
t
)

⁢

φ
β

⁢

(

x
⁢

(

l
⁢

(
t
)

)

)

.

$\Bigl{(}p(t)\varphi_{\alpha}\bigl{(}x^{\prime}(g(t))\bigr{)}\Bigr{)}^{\prime}=%
p(t)\varphi_{\beta}\bigl{(}x(l(t))\bigr{)}.$
Macrocyclic tetrakis-phosphines and their copper(I) complexes
Authors: Musina Elvira I. , Wittmann Tatiana I. , Dobrynin Alexey B. , Lönnecke Peter , Hey-Hawkins Evamarie , Karasik Andrey A. , Sinyashin Oleg G.
Published: January 2017

A series of mono-, di- and tetranuclear copper(I) complexes with macrocyclic 14-, 16-, 18- and 20-membered tetrakis-phosphine ligands (P4N2) was obtained and fully characterized including single crystal X-ray diffraction. The 14-membered P4N2 macrocycles form very stable cationic mononuclear tetraphospha-coordinated copper(I) complexes, whereas their higher 16-, 18- and 20-membered homologues give neutral dinuclear [Cu2I2L] complexes under the same conditions. An unusual tetranuclear complex with two three- and two four-coordinated copper(I) atoms was obtained from 16-PMes
4NCH2CH2Py-2
2 and copper(I) iodide. This is the first example of N-coordination of cyclic aminomethylphosphines towards “soft” copper(I).
“Farewell to America”
Authors: Richards Thomas
Published: January 2017

Historians have long tethered American overland migration to U.S. westward expansion, and they have presumed that Americans who left U.S. borders for Oregon and California in the early 1840s desired—and even assumed—that the United States would soon conquer the Far West. This article examines the words and actions of western migrants before U.S. expansion in 1846. It argues that, in fact, migrants left U.S. borders because their economic prospects were poor in the United States and thus that most migrants cared little whether the United States conquered the West in the near future. Indeed, some of the more ambitious migrants were even hostile to U.S. expansion, for they longed for a western republic of their own. Ultimately, Americans who traveled west did not ascribe to the idea of the United States’ Manifest Destiny but instead were seeking their own individual destinies.
An Empire of Remedy
Authors: Isenberg Andrew C.
Published: January 2017

In 1832, the United States began an extensive program to vaccinate Indians against smallpox. The program reached roughly 50,000 Indians both friendly and hostile to U.S. authorities. The program was far-reaching because more than they feared Indians, Americans feared the smallpox virus. Their terror was palpable in narratives published in the 1830s. In addition, as narratives from the period make clear, rather than thinking of diseases such as smallpox as providential scourges that would clear the way for U.S. settlement, officials offered the smallpox vaccine to Indians in an effort to win their goodwill, and detach them from alliances with Britain or Mexico (both of whom also offered vaccine to the Indians). Finally, as the U.S. began its tentative first moves into the West, narratives about vaccinating Indians helped Americans convince themselves that they were not simply conquerors but healers.
Consent by Proxy for Nonurgent Pediatric Care
Authors: Fanaroff Jonathan M. ,   COMMITTEE ON MEDICAL LIABILITY AND RISK MANAGEMENT, McDonnell William M. , Altman Robin L. , Bondi Steven A. , Narang Sandeep K. , JD MD , Oken Richard L. , Rusher John W. , Santucci Karen A. , Scibilia James P. , Scott Susan M.
Published: January 2017

This Clinical Report was reaffirmed November 2024.

Minor-aged patients are often brought to the pediatrician for nonurgent acute medical care, physical examinations, or health supervision visits by someone other than their legally authorized representative, which, in most situations, is a parent. These surrogates or proxies can be members of the child’s extended family, such as a grandparent, adult sibling, or aunt/uncle; a noncustodial parent or stepparent in cases of divorce and remarriage; an adult who lives in the home but is not biologically or legally related to the child; or even a child care provider (eg, au pair, nanny, private-duty nurse/nurse’s aide, group home supervisor). This report identifies common situations in which pediatricians may encounter “consent by proxy” for nonurgent medical care for minors, including physical examinations, and explains the potential for liability exposure associated with these circumstances. The report suggests practical steps that balance the need to minimize the physician’s liability exposure with the patient’s access to health care. Key issues to be considered when creating or updating office policies for obtaining and documenting consent by proxy are offered.
Características y utilización de la noción escatológica del purgatorio en Colombia
Authors: Tamayo Franco Rafael
Published: January 2017

La Reforma y la Contrarreforma transformaron el cristianismo en la modernidad. En esa transformación, la noción del purgatorio permaneció como parte fundamental de la escatología católica; transmitida a las colonias españolas a través del proceso de evangelización y mantenida con el asentamiento de la autoridad de la Iglesia. En Colombia, la apropiación del purgatorio siguió las líneas generales de la tradición católica. Sin embargo, al igual que otras nociones escatológicas de castigo, fue útil en los procesos educativos y en debates políticos, hasta que las tendencias de secularización limitaron su utilización en la esfera pública. Con base en una metodología analítico-descriptiva y en la utilización de fuentes primarias y segundarias, el presente artículo tiene por objeto presentar las generalidades dogmáticas del purgatorio, así como las características de su apropiación y utilización en Colombia a finales del siglo XIX y en las primeras décadas del siglo XX.
“El delincuente de hoy, será el obrero del mañana”. Políticas de la infancia y trabajo: instituciones, discursos, prácticas en Colombia (1920-1940)
Authors: Garcés Hurtado Juan David
Published: January 2017

Este artículo estudia el proceso de configuración de la infancia como punto de convergencia de saberes, prácticas, teorías y técnicas que estuvieron permeadas por el fenómeno de la modernización a principios del siglo XX, en Colombia. La realidad del niño, visibilizado ahora como un ser dotado con sus propias especificidades, se enmarca bajo la lógica de los dispositivos de intervención que pretendían controlar, proteger y orientar las actitudes y sensibilidades del menor. Asimismo, con la adaptación de los saberes científicos en el sistema pedagógico escolanovista, se buscaba consolidar el proyecto de la infancia ideal, basada en los cánones de normalidad, inspirados en retóricas de pureza racial, inocencia, incorruptibilidad y superioridad moral. Es así como la actividad, en especial, el trabajo manual, se presenta como un factor que previene la decadencia social, pero, que a su vez, promueve la creación del ciudadano utópico diseñado para los fines económicos de la nación.
Relatos de viaje por Colombia, 1822-1837. Cochrane, Hamilton y Steuart
Authors: González Echeverry Rut Bibiana
Published: January 2017

Tradicionalmente la disciplina histórica ha valorado la literatura de viajes como fuente empírica, una cantera de datos para ilustrar hechos y procesos históricos. No obstante, en las últimas décadas desde los estudios literarios y la crítica poscolonial pensadores como Edward W. Said y Mary Louise Pratt han llamado la atención sobre tales escritos no sólo como artefactos literarios y estéticos autónomos, sino también como constructo ideológico de los viajeros escritores sobre los lugares transitados y descritos en sus obras. En el intersticio de estas perspectivas disciplinares y teóricas en este artículo se presentan tres claves interpretativas que permiten abordar los relatos de viaje en sí mismos, sin descuidar su inscripción en un contexto más amplio, como la apertura de los territorios americanos emancipados de la corona española y la expansión colonial de gran Bretaña durante el siglo XIX.
Reposar para trabajar: de la fatiga psicológica al universo del estrés. Colombia 1937-1991
Authors: Castaño González Eugenio
Published: January 2017

En este artículo se describen las formas cómo se objetivaron una serie de riesgos, comportamientos y prácticas psicológicas destinadas a optimizar rendimientos en los lugares de trabajo en Colombia, desde 1937 a 1991. El texto da cuenta de cómo esta gradual atención a los aspectos emocionales del trabajador colombiano, a través de la fatiga psicológica y el estrés, estuvieron ligados con dos aspectos fundamentales: el primero, marcado por el paulatino proceso de urbanización e industrialización que experimentó el país durante este periodo; y, el segundo, por la apertura a una mayor psicologización de la vida privada, a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX.
Del saber cotidiano al conocimiento científico de la enfermedad en las poblaciones. Dificultades y retos de la epidemiología como disciplina científica
Authors: Arias-Valencia Samuel Andrés
Published: January 2017

Este ensayo tiene como propósito revisar, a partir de la propuesta de Michel Foucault de umbrales de conocimiento, la trayectoria epistemológica de la epidemiología desde el siglo XVIII, cuando surge una práctica discursiva sobre la salud y la enfermedad de las poblaciones en los nacientes Estados modernos, hasta hoy, consolidada como una disciplina científica con alto refinamiento instrumental y técnico enmarcado en el positivismo científico y con una escasa reflexión teórica alrededor de su objeto: la salud, la enfermedad y la población. En consecuencia, el autor propone la urgencia de una apertura epistemológica y metodológica de la epidemiología que le permita comprender la complejidad del proceso salud– enfermedad-cuidado en las poblaciones más allá del restringido paradigma biomédico.
Carlos Rincón, Avatares de la memoria cultural en Colombia. Formas simbólicas del Estado, museos y canon literario. Colección Bicentenario de la Independencia 4 (Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, 2015), 496 pp.
Authors: Echavarría Carvajal Jorge Iván
Published: January 2017

Reseña evaluada por par académico sobre un libro de historia recientemente publicado.
Álvaro Casas Orrego y Jana Catalina Congote, coords. Actualizando discursos. Trazos de historia de la psiquiatría y de la salud pública en el contexto iberoamericano (Medellín: Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia, 2015), 294 pp.
Authors: Barrios López Manuela
Published: January 2017

Reseña evaluada por par académico sobre un libro de historia recientemente publicado.
The Annales School and the Environmental History of Latin America
Authors: Tortolero Villaseñor Alejandro
Published: January 2017

There are different influences in Environmental Latin-American History. From the historical demography to anthropology, this discipline has been benefit from Cook and Borah’s contributions to Carl Sauer’s.  In this article, my contribution consists in broading the spectrum towards the European influence and particularly to the so-called Annales School. While it is true that this movement had a strong influence in Latin-American History, in contrast, in Environment Historians, such influence has not been comparable to quantity history or the history of prices. My purpose is to analyze the roots of this influence in Latin America, their scope and limits.
Improvement of the mechanical properties of mortar and concrete using ureolytic bacteria
Authors: Sahoo Kirti Kanta , Sathyan Aparna K. , Sarkar Pradip , Davis Robin
Published: January 2017

The construction industry uses cement, the production of which is heavy contributor to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and environmental damage. Any method that reduces the usage of cement could thus result in a substantial reduction of the overall carbon dioxide footprint of final cement-based products. In this study, ureolytic bacteria were used to improve the different properties of cement mortar and concrete. Properties such as compressive strength and sorptivity were studied experimentally. The experimental results showed that the compressive strength of both cement mortar and concrete increased with an increase in bacterial concentration due to microbiologically induced mineral precipitation. An optimum bacterial dosage of 107 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml was found for the maximum increase in compressive strength for both mortar and concrete. Capillary water absorption was also found to be lower for the bacterial specimens at the optimum dosage compared with that of the control specimens. Microstructural analysis, X-ray powder diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy confirmed the microbiologically induced mineral precipitation.
Grading of maritime pine from Sardinia (Italy) for use in cross-laminated timber
Authors: Concu Giovanna , De Nicolo Barbara , Fragiacomo Massimo , Trulli Nicoletta , Valdes Monica
Published: January 2017

In Italy, timber- and wood-based products are being increasingly used in construction due to their outstanding physical and mechanical properties. This paper presents the preliminary results of an experimental programme that aims to explore the possible use of Sardinian timber as structural material. For this purpose, locally grown maritime pine boards were visually graded and tested to destruction. Their physical (density, knots, grain deviation, annual ring width, moisture content, etc.) and mechanical (modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, ultrasonic velocity) properties were measured and are reported in this paper. Four-point bending tests were also carried out on cross-laminated timber panels made of the previously graded wood. The results demonstrate that it is possible to use maritime pine grown in Sardinia to produce cross-laminated timber panels for use in construction.
Study of soil nailed wall under service loading condition
Authors: Razavi Seyyed Kazem , Hajialilue Bonab Masoud
Published: January 2017

The technique of soil nailing as a method of soil reinforcement in situ has been increasingly used to stabilise steep slopes in open excavations over the last three decades. Wall deformations need to be limited to the allowable deformation during the design of soil nailed walls, especially when buildings or other underground facilities exist near the excavation. In this paper, to predict the wall deformation, a three-dimensional finite-difference model is verified by comparing the model results from an experimental wall and a numerical analysis from a wall in the literature. The numerical method is then used to investigate soil nailed wall behaviour under service loading conditions in terms of surface settlement, nail forces and the soil strain field. The behaviour is investigated to study the influence of: (a) the shear strength of the soil; (b) the distribution of nail lengths; (c) the vertical spacing of the nails; and (d) the elasticity modulus of the nails. The results could be useful for the design of soil nailed structures.
How Fast are Semiconductor Prices Falling?
Authors: Byrne David M. , Oliner Stephen D. , Sichel Daniel E.
Published: January 2017

The Producer Price Index (PPI) for the United States suggests that semiconductor prices have barely been falling in recent years, a dramatic contrast to the rapid declines reported from the mid-1980s to the early 2000s. This slowdown in the rate of decline is puzzling in light of evidence that the performance of microprocessor units (MPUs) has continued to improve at a rapid pace. Over the course of the 2000s, the MPU prices posted by Intel, the dominant producer of MPUs, became much stickier over the chips' life cycle. As a result of this change, we argue that the matched-model methodology used in the PPI for MPUs likely started to be biased after the early 2000s and that hedonic indexes can provide a more accurate measure of price change since then. MPU prices fell rapidly through 2004 on every price measure we present, with the PPI declining at an even quicker pace than the hedonic indexes. However, from 2004 to 2009, our preferred hedonic index fell faster than the PPI, and from 2009 to 2013 the gap widened further, with our preferred index falling at an average annual rate of 42 percent, while the PPI declined at only a 6 percent rate. Given that MPUs currently represent about half of U.S. shipments of semiconductors, this difference has important implications for gauging the rate of innovation in the semiconductor sector.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: The current state of the problem
Authors: Shmelev E I
Published: January 2017

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe lung disease, with death occurring within 2-5 years after its onset. IPF affects people in the second half of life. Its causes are unknown. Before 1999, IPF was out from the group of idiopathic interstitial lung diseases as a separate nosological entity. Practitioners very often (80%) make diagnostic errors in IPF and prescribe antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, which worsen the course of this disease. The distinctive feature of the pathogenesis of IPF is the absence of inflammation, which is clinically manifested by the inefficacy of glucocorticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory drugs. Pharmacological agents for the treatment of IPF have been designed since 2000. One of them has been registered and permitted for use in the Russian Federation. This paper is a review of an update on the problem of IPF, which should facilitate the appropriate orientation of physicians in diagnosing and treating this severe disease.
Nosocomial obstetric infections: Yesterday, today, tomorrow
Authors: Kuzmin V N , Arslanyan K N , Kharchenko E I , Adamyan L V
Published: January 2017

Antibiotic resistance of microorganisms is one of the most acute problems of modern obstetrics. The paper analyzes current antibiotic resistance. It considers the mechanisms of its formation and ways to overcome the resistance.
Estimation of poor prognostic factors in patients with pulmonary artery thromboembolism
Authors: Vasiltseva O Ya , Vorozhtsova I N , Lavrov A G , Karpov R S
Published: January 2017

Aim. To identify predictors of fatal outcome in hospitalized patients with risk factors (RF) for pulmonary artery thromboembolism (PATE) during its occurrence. Subjects and methods. To determine predictors of fatal outcome in patients with PATE, the data of a 10-year city hospital pulmonary embolism registry were used to analyze RF for PATE (according to European and Russian guidelines), complaints, medical histories, and laboratory and instrumental data, which can be identified at general surgery or general therapy hospital, as well as a nosological entity existing in the patients. Results. According to the existing idea on thrombogenesis, RF for PATE and its fatal outcome, information about used treatment, and autopsy data, 137 parameters were selected in patients with PATE. For estimating the risk of death in patients with PATE, a logistic regression analysis was employed to make a mathematical model encompassing 10 indicators: bed rest; the presence/absence of lung diseases; chronic venous insufficiency; obesity; the symptom complex of cor pulmonale; postinfarction cardiosclerosis of the left ventricle, pericardial effusion; right atrial dilatation; right ventricular dilation; right ventricular systolic pressure >36 mm Hg as evidenced by echocardiography. Conclusion. The mathematical model built during the study allows the calculation of a risk for fatal outcome in the development of PATE for a specific patient in terms of its individual characteristics.
Prospects for rheumatoid arthritis pharmacotherapy: New opportunities and recommendations
Authors: Nasonov E L
Published: January 2017

The paper considers a current strategy, international and Russian recommendations for the pharmacotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), one of the most common and severe human immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. It emphasizes the need for early diagnosis and therapy with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, primarily methotrexate (MT), starting at the onset of the disease, and careful monitoring of therapeutic effectiveness, allowing RA remission to be achieved with a treatment-to-target strategy. The author discusses recent RA pharmacotherapy advances that are related to the rational use of MT, biological agents, and the new targeted JAK inhibitor tofacitinib.
Role of fibroblast growth factor 23 in the development of cardiovascular diseases in patients with end-stage renal failure on programmed hemodialysis
Authors: Dzgoeva F U , Sopoev M Yu , Bestaeva T L , Khamitsaeva O V , Ktsoeva F A , Sageeva R O
Published: January 2017

Aim. To determine the nature of changes in fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) and other bone mineral metabolism parameters detectable in the blood of patients with end-stage chronic renal failure (CRF) and to analyze their links to the development of cardiovascular events in uremic intoxication. Subjects and methods. A total of 75 patients (45 men and 30 women) aged 23 to 66 years (mean age, 53±2.1 years) with Stage VD CKF were examined. The levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus, the morphogenetic protein FGF-23, and the cardiospecific protein troponin I were investigated. Doppler echocardiography was performed on an Aloka 4000 machine. Left ventricular (LV) mass index (LVMI), LV systolic and diastolic function, and peak systolic blood flow velocity in the aortic arch (Vps) were estimated. Results. As LVMI became higher, there were increases in the level of PTH and that of FGF-23 that plays a significant role in the processes of bone remodeling and vascular calcification. Analysis of correlations between a change in FGF-23 concentrations depending on the morphological and functional parameters of the cardiovascular system (CVS) revealed a strong direct correlation between FGF-23 levels and LVMI (r=0.746; p
Polypragmasy: A clinical pharmacologist’s view
Authors: Sychev D A , Otdelеnov V A , Krasnova N M , Ilyina E S
Published: January 2017

In the modern world, there is a rapid advance in the design and clinical introduction of a huge number of drugs that are able to cure a patient or to improve his/her health status on the one hand and to cause significant harm to his/her health on the other. Polypragmasy is the desire to enhance the efficiency of treatment and to help the patient recover from all developed diseases inevitably leads to the use of a large number of medications. At the present time, polypragmasy as a result of iatrogenia is a serious public health problem, as it is clinically manifested by a reduction in the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy, by the development of severe adverse drug reactions, and by a considerable increase in healthcare expenditures. The reason for the simultaneous prescription of multiple drugs may be comorbidity (multimorbidity), the availability of drugs, as well as clinical guidelines, manuals of professional medical associations, treatment standards that contain recommendations for using combination therapy with more than 5 drugs for only one disease in some cases, the efficiency of which corresponds to a high level of evidence. Currently, the fight against polypragmasy is one of the important tasks in rendering medical care to elderly and senile patients since it is a major risk factor of adverse drug reactions in this category of people. To minimize polypragmasy in elderly patients, it is necessary to use current methods for analyzing each prescription of a drug (the index of rational drug prescribing; an anticholinergic burden scale) and those for optimizing pharmacotherapy with the use of restrictive lists (Beers criteria, STOPP/START criteria) that will be able to reduce the number of errors in the administration of drugs and to maximize the efficiency and safety of pharmacotherapy.