bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two-wavelength thermal–optical determination of light-absorbing carbon in atmospheric aerosols
Authors: Massabò Dario , Altomari Alessandro , Vernocchi Virginia , Prati Paolo
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Thermal–optical analysis is widely adopted for the quantitative
determination of total (TC), organic (OC), and elemental (EC) carbon in
atmospheric aerosol sampled by suitable filters. Nevertheless, the
methodology suffers from several uncertainties and artifacts such as the well-known
issue of charring affecting the OC–EC separation. In the standard approach,
the effect of the possible presence of brown carbon, BrC, in the sample is
neglected. BrC is a fraction of OC, usually produced by biomass burning with
a thermic behavior intermediate between OC and EC. BrC is optically active:
it shows an increasing absorbance when the wavelength moves to the blue–UV
region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Definitively, the thermal–optical
characterization of carbonaceous aerosol should be reconsidered to address
the possible BrC content in the sample under analysis. We introduce here a modified Sunset Lab Inc. EC–OC analyzer. Starting from a
standard commercial instrument, the unit has been modified at the physics
department of the University of Genoa (Italy), making possible the
alternative use of the standard laser diode at λ=635 nm and of
a new laser diode at λ=405 nm. In this way, the optical
transmittance through the sample can be monitored at both wavelengths. Since
at shorter wavelengths the BrC absorbance is higher, a better sensitivity to
this species is gained. The modified instrument also gives the possibility
to quantify the BrC concentration in the sample at both wavelengths. The new
unit has been thoroughly tested, with both artificial and real-world aerosol
samples: the first experiment, in conjunction with the multi-wavelength
absorbance analyzer (MWAA; Massabò et al., 2013, 2015), resulted in
the first direct determination of the BrC mass absorption coefficient (MAC)
at λ=405 nm: MAC =23±1 m2 g−1.
Bayesian deconstruction of climate sensitivity estimates using simple
models: implicit priors, and the confusion of the inverse
Authors: Annan James , Hargreaves Julia
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Observational constraints on the equilibrium climate sensitivity have been generated in a variety of ways, but the epistemic basis of these calculations have not always been clearly presented and a number of results have been calculated which appear to be based on somewhat informal heuristics. This causes a lack of clarity about the status of such results and how they compare to other analyses, in particular whether the differences between them may be due to differences in unstated assumptions rather than observational evidence. In this paper, we show how these problems can be resolved. We demonstrate that many of these estimates can be reinterpreted within the standard subjective Bayesian framework in which a prior over the uncertain parameters is updated through a likelihood arising from observational evidence. In many of these cases, the prior which was (under this interpretation) implicitly used exhibits some unconventional and possibly undesirable properties. We present alternative calculations which use the same observational information to update a range of explicitly presented priors. Our calculations suggest that the heuristic methods do often generate reasonable results, in that they agree fairly well with the explicitly Bayesian approach using a reasonable prior. However, we also find some significant differences and argue that the explicitly Bayesian approach is preferred, as it both clarifies the role of the prior, and allows researchers to transparently test the sensitivity of their results to it.
Description and evaluation of the tropospheric aerosol scheme in the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS-AER, cycle 45R1) of ECMWF
Authors: Rémy Samuel , Kipling Zak , Flemming Johannes , Boucher Olivier , Nabat Pierre , Michou Martine , Bozzo Alessio , Ades Melanie , Huijnen Vincent , Benedetti Angela , Engelen Richard , Peuch Vincent-Henri , Morcrette Jean-Jacques
Published: June 2019

Abstract. This article describes the IFS-AER aerosol module used operationally in the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) cycle 45R1, operated by the European Centre for Medium RangeWeather Forecasts (ECMWF) in the framework of the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Services (CAMS). We describe the different parameterizations for aerosol sources, sinks and its chemical production in IFS-AER, as well as how the aerosols are integrated in the larger atmospheric composition forecasting system. The focus is on the entire 45R1 code-base, including some components that are not used operationally, in which case this will be clearly specified. This paper is an update to the Morcrette et al. (2009) article that described aerosol forecasts at ECMWF, using the cycle 32R2 of the IFS. Between cycles 32R2 and 45R1, a number of source and sink processes have been reviewed and/or added, increasing notably the complexity of IFS-AER. A greater integration with the tropospheric chemistry scheme of the IFS has been achieved, for the sulphur cycle as well as for nitrate production. Two new species, nitrate and ammonium, have also been included in the forecasting system. Global budgets and aerosol optical depth (AOD) fields are shown, as well as an evaluation of the simulated Particulate Matter (PM) and AOD against observations, showing an increase in skill from cycle 40R2, used in the CAMS interim Reanalysis (CAMSiRA), to cycle 45R1.
Scientific drilling of sediments at Darwin Crater, Tasmania
Authors: Lisé-Pronovost Agathe , Fletcher Michael-Shawn , Mallett Tom , Mariani Michela , Lewis Richard , Gadd Patricia S. , Herries Andy I. R. , Blaauw Maarten , Heijnis Hendrik , Hodgson Dominic A. , Pedro Joel B.
Published: June 2019

Abstract. A 70 m long continental sediment record was recovered at Darwin Crater in western Tasmania, Australia. The sediment succession includes a pre-lake silty sand deposit overlain by lacustrine silts that have accumulated in the ∼816 ka meteorite impact crater. A total of 160 m of overlapping sediment cores were drilled from three closely spaced holes. Here we report on the drilling operations at Darwin Crater and present the first results from petrophysical whole core logging, lithological core description, and multi-proxy pilot analysis of core end samples. The multi-proxy dataset includes spectrophotometry, grain size, natural gamma rays, paleo- and rock magnetism, loss on ignition, and pollen analyses. The results provide clear signatures of alternating, distinctly different lithologies likely representing glacial and interglacial sediment facies. Initial paleomagnetic analysis indicate normal magnetic polarity in the deepest core at Hole B. If acquired at the time of deposition, this result indicates that the sediment 1 m below commencement of lacustrine deposition post-date the Matuyama–Brunhes geomagnetic reversal ∼773 ka.
Fluid-mediated, brittle–ductile deformation at seismogenic depth – Part 1: Fluid record and deformation history of fault veins in a nuclear waste repository (Olkiluoto Island, Finland)
Authors: Marchesini Barbara , Garofalo Paolo Stefano , Menegon Luca , Mattila Jussi , Viola Giulio
Published: June 2019

Abstract. The dynamic evolution of fault zones at the seismogenic
brittle–ductile transition zone (BDTZ) expresses the delicate interplay
between numerous physical and chemical processes. Deformation and fluid flow
at the BDTZ are closely related and mutually dependent during repeating and
transient cycles of frictional and viscous deformation. Despite numerous
studies documenting in detail seismogenic faults exhumed from the BDTZ,
uncertainties remain as to the exact role of fluids in facilitating broadly
coeval brittle and ductile deformation at that structural level. We combine
structural analysis, fluid inclusion, and mineral chemistry data from
synkinematic and authigenic minerals to reconstruct the temporal variations
in fluid pressure (Pf), temperature (T), and bulk composition (X) of
the fluids that mediated deformation and steered strain localization along
BFZ300, a strike–slip fault originally active at the BDTZ. BFZ300 deforms
the Paleoproterozoic migmatitic basement of southwestern Finland and hosts
in its core two laterally continuous quartz veins formed by two texturally
distinct types of quartz – Qtz I and Qtz II, with Qtz I older than Qtz II.
Veins within the damage zone are formed exclusively by Qtz I. Mesostructural and
microstructural analysis combined with fluid compositional data indicate
recurrent cycles of mutually overprinting brittle and ductile deformation
triggered by oscillations of fluid pressure peaking at 210 MPa. Fluid
inclusion microthermometry and mineral pair geothermometry indicate that the
two documented quartz types precipitated from different fluid batches, with
bulk salinities in the 1 wt % NaCleq–5 wt % NaCleq range for Qtz I and in the 6 wt % NaCleq–11 wt % NaCleq range for Qtz II.
The temperature of the fluids involved with
initial strain localization and later fault reactivation evolved through
time from > 350 ∘C during Qtz I precipitation to
< 300 ∘C at the time of Qtz II crystallization. The peak
fluid pressure estimates constrain pore pressure oscillations between 80 and
210 MPa during the recorded faulting episodes. Our results suggest
variability of the physico-chemical conditions of the fluids steering
deformation (Pf, T, X), reflecting the ingress and effects of
multiple batches of fluid in the fault zone. Initial fluid-mediated
embrittlement generated a diffuse network of joints and/or hybrid–shear
fractures in the damage zone; subsequent strain localization led to more
localized deformation within the fault core. Localization was guided by
cyclically increasing fluid pressure and transient embrittlement of a system
that was otherwise under overall ductile conditions. Our analysis suggests that fluid overpressure at the BDTZ can play a key
role in the initial embrittlement of the deforming rock and steer subsequent
strain localization.
VISUOMENĖS SVEIKATOS SPECIALISTŲ VEIKLOS SOCIALINĖS REPREZENTACIJOS STRUKTŪRA IR JOS DINAMIKA
Authors: Jatkauskienė Birutė , Norkienė Sigutė , Nugaras Modestas , Norkutė-Macijauskė Urtė
Published: June 2019

Šiame straipsnyje pristatomi tyrimo, skirto visuomenės sveikatos specialistų veiklos socialinės reprezentacijos struktūros, jos dinamikos analizei, remiantis informacijos šaltinio patikimumu, rezultatai. Atliekant tyrimą siekta nustatyti, kas sudaro tyrimo dalyvių (Klaipėdos universiteto Sveikatos mokslų fakulteto pirmos pakopos studijų programų studentų) visuomenės sveikatos specialistų veiklos socialinės reprezentacijos centrinius ir periferinius elementus, atskleisti, kokią įtaką daro šaltinių patikimumo kintamasis socialinės reprezentacijos struktūrai, jos dinamikai, atlikus pakartotinę apklausą ir kt. Atsakymai į šiuos klausimus gali padėti suvokti dėstytojo, visuomenės sveikatos praktikų ir studentų tarpusavio santykius, teigiama linkme keisti susiformavusias neigiamas ar nepalankias komunikacijos nuostatas. Rezultatai. Atlikus tyrimą, nustatyta, kad visuomenės sveikatos specialisto veiklos socialinės reprezentacijos turinį, tyrimo dalyvių (Klaipėdos universiteto Sveikatos mokslų fakulteto pirmos pakopos studijų programų studentų kontrolinės grupės) nuomone, sudaro šie elementai: 1. Epidemiologinė priežiūra; 2. Ligų prevencija; 3. Konsultavimas; 4. Pirmos medicinos pagalbos teikimas; 5. Sveikatos sauga; 6. Sveikatos stiprinimas; 7. Sveikatos ugdymas; 8. Visuomenės sveikatos stebėsena.

Nustatyta, kad Sveikatos stiprinimas ir Sveikatos sauga tapo centriniais socialinės reprezentacijos elementais, o Ligų prevencija ir Visuomenės sveikatos stebėsena – periferiniais reprezentacijos elementais. Nustatyti visuomenės sveikatos specialistų veiklos reprezentacijos centrinės ir periferinės sistemų elementai verifikuoti atliekant interviu su eksperimentinių grupių nariais, taikant inversiją. Eksperimentinių grupių nariai pritarė kontrolinės grupės išskirtai socialinės reprezentacijos struktūrai.

Po kelių mėnesių atlikus pakartotinę apklausą nustatyta, kad šaltinių patikimumo kintamasis daro įtaką socialinės reprezentacijos struktūrai, jos dinamikai. Todėl Visuomenės sveikatos stebėsena iš periferinio elemento tapo centriniu visuomenės sveikatos specialistų veiklos socialinės reprezentacijos elementu. Stebimi ir kiti socialinės reprezentacijos struktūros pokyčiai, tik jie nebuvo tokie ryškūs.

Tai akivaizdžiai byloja, kad galima visuomenės sveikatos specialistų veiklos socialinės reprezentacijos elementų dinamika priklauso nuo patikimo informacijos šaltinio taikymo, naudojant įtikinimo paradigmą. Reprezentacijos dinamika reiškėsi aktyviau tais atvejais, kai tyrimo dalyviams buvo pateikta patikimų šaltinių informacija. Taigi nauja informacija, sustiprinta įtikinimo paradigma, gali pakeisti elemento prasmę, o po kurio laiko gali keistis ir pati visuomenės sveikatos specialistų veiklos reprezentacija. Šio tyrimo įžvalgas galima panaudoti dėstytojų, visuomenės sveikatos praktikų veikloje, siekiant suprasti šiuolaikinius studentus, jų vaidmenį, požiūrį į būsimą profesinę veiklą, komunikaciją ir kt.
Į ŠEIMĄ ORIENTUOTA SVEIKATOS PRIEŽIŪRA – BŪDAS SUMAŽINTI VAIKO PATIRIAMĄ NERIMĄ SKUBIOS PAGALBOS SKYRIUJE
Authors: Ganzijeva Kristina , Dagys Algirdas , Jankauskaitė Lina
Published: June 2019

Gydymo įstaigų baimė vaikų amžiuje – aktuali mokslinių tyrinėjimų sritis. Daugeliu atveju vien atvykimas į gydymo įstaigą vaikui gali sukelti stresą bei nerimą, todėl bendradarbiavimas su vaiku gali būti pasunkėjęs. Mokslinių tyrimų duomenimis, vaikams nerimą dažniausiai sukelia per mažas žinojimas apie tam tikrus objektus ir vaiko atsiskyrimas nuo jo artimųjų (mamos, tėčio ar globėjo). Mediko gebėjimas užmegzti ryšį su mažuoju pacientu priklauso tiek nuo gydytojo ar slaugytojo, tiek nuo vaiko gebėjimo bendradarbiauti. Į pacientą ir jo šeimą orientuota sveikatos priežiūros sistema – inovatyvus ir vis populiarėjantis sveikatos priežiūros paslaugas teikiantis metodas. Šis metodas pagrįstas bendradarbiavimu tarp sveikatos priežiūros paslaugų teikėjų ir pacientų, įtraukiant pacientus ir jų šeimas kiek įmanoma daugiau į konsultacijos, tyrimų ir gydymo procesą. Tinkamas bendradarbiavimas su paciento tėvais nulemia tikslesnę medicininę dokumentaciją, stipresnį ryšio su pacientu užmezgimą ir geresnį rekomendacijų laikymąsi. Kai tėvai būna šalia savo vaiko, jie gali suteikti jam tinkamą paramą, padėti išsakyti savo nusiskundimus, sumažinti raminamųjų/nuskausminamųjų medikamentų poreikį ir suteikti visą reikiamą informaciją. Tėvų noras būti šalia vaiko atliekant procedūras, imant tyrimus ar taikant gydymą turėtų būti gerbiamas, nes tėvų dalyvavimas labai svarbus ne tik jaučiamam nerimui gydymo įstaigoje, bet ir patiriamam skausmui.
Academic Specialization, Double Majoring, and the Threat to Breadth in Academic Knowledge
Authors: Pitt Richard , Pirtle Whitney N. Laster , Metzger Ashley Noel
Published: June 2019

This article examines the relationship between academic specialization and student exposure to a range of academic domains of knowledge. It uses a concentration measure—the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index—to investigate whether students who choose single majors or double major are more or less concentrated in nine domains of knowledge most postsecondary institutions consider to be the intellectual core of a liberal arts general education. The results, based on an analysis of 240 undergraduate transcripts, indicate that—relative to single majoring—choosing similar majors (hyperspecialization) significantly concentrates student learning and choosing very different majors (hypospecialization) leads to more breadth.
Technical Considerations and Fluoroscopy in Percutaneous Fixation of the Pelvis and Acetabulum
Authors: Banaszek Daniel , Starr Adam J. , Lefaivre Kelly A.
Published: June 2019

Surgical treatment of the pelvic ring and acetabulum continues to evolve. Improved imaging technology and means for closed reduction have meant that percutaneous techniques have gained popularity in the treatment of the pelvic ring and, more recently, in the acetabulum. Potential benefits include decreased soft-tissue dissection, blood loss, and surgical time. However, these are technically demanding procedures that require substantial expertise from both the surgeon and the radiographer. This article details the necessary fluoroscopic views and general methods used in percutaneous techniques around the pelvis and acetabulum. Despite most studies reporting good-to-excellent clinical and radiographic results, further work is needed to facilitate standardization and optimization of these outcomes.
‘50 is het nieuwe 100’
Authors: Mein A.G.
Published: June 2019

‘50 is het nieuwe 100’ – Moeite met maatwerk bij het opleggen van boetes voor schending van de inlichtingenplicht uit de Participatiewet

Op overtreding van de inlichtingenplicht uit de Participatiewet staat een bestuurlijke boete. Aanvankelijk schreef de wet een relatief hoge boete voor (100% van het benadelingsbedrag). Echter, de CRvB heeft dit boetestelsel gematigd, met een beroep op de evenredigheid. Daartoe heeft het boetecategorieën geïntroduceerd (opzet, grove schuld, normale verwijtbaarheid en verminderde verwijtbaarheid) met bijbehorende boetehoogtes (100%, 76%, 50% en 25%). In de praktijk blijkt deze boetesystematiek niet goed werkbaar. De gemeentelijke boetefunctionaris kan moeilijk uit de voeten met dit begrippenkader, dat is ontleend aan het strafrecht. Gemakshalve kiest hij voor een boete die past bij normale verwijtbaarheid. Schiet de CRvB hiermee zijn doel voorbij?
Over pogingen de ondermijning te ontmijnen
Authors: Sackers H.J.B.
Published: June 2019

Over pogingen de ondermijning te ontmijnen

Zowel door het wetsvoorstel bestuurlijk verbod ondermijnende organisaties als door de verruiming van artikel 13b Opiumwet wil de regering de ondermijning aanpakken. Probleem is wel dat de politie nauwelijks geschoold is in de van het strafrecht afwijkende procesregels uit het bestuursrecht.
Rechtspraak; nemo tenetur en de smartphone
Authors: Nan J.S.
Published: June 2019

Rechtspraak; nemo tenetur en de smartphone – Noot bij Rb. Noord-Holland 28 februari 2019, ECLI:NL:RBNHO:2019:1568

In casu mochten opsporingsambtenaren de verdachte boeien en via zijn vingerafdruk diens iPhone ontsluiten. Deze handelwijze en het gebruik van het aldus verkregen bewijsmateriaal is niet in strijd met het nemo tenetur-beginsel, noch met de beginselen van proportionaliteit en subsidiariteit.
A new species of Ampharete (Annelida: Ampharetidae) from the West Shetland shelf (NE Atlantic Ocean), with two updated keys to the species of the genus in North Atlantic waters
Authors: Parapar Julio , MOREIRA Juan , BARNICH Ruth
Published: June 2019

Ampharete oculicirrata sp. nov. (Annelida: Ampharetidae) is described from samples collected by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Marine Scotland Science, in the West Shetland Shelf NCMPA in the NE Atlantic. This species is characterised by a very small body size, thin and slender paleae, twelve thoracic and eleven abdominal uncinigers, presence of eyes both in the prostomium and the pygidium, the latter provided with a pair of long lateral cirri. The external micro-morphology of the new taxon was studied using scanning electron microscopy and compared with species described or reported from the North Atlantic. Two complementary keys to all species of Ampharete in the area are also provided.
Checkout STEM: Expanding Access to STEM-Literacy Experiences
Authors: Nelson Sara , Beecher Constance C. , Heid Jerri
Published: June 2019

“I wanted to thank the individuals or individual who came up with the idea for the STEM kits . . . I am a nanny of three boys aged eight to thirteen years old, and all three enjoy working with the problem-solving skills, engineering, science, and other learning opportunities that the kits offer. Thanks so much for making education exciting and fun!”
Kvalitative analysemetoder i sundhedsforskning
Authors: Røikjer Lærke Bing
Published: June 2019

Boganmeldelse af fagbogen Kvalitative analysemetoder i sundhedsforskning.
Biographical introduction, Summary of Contents (manuscript version), Summary of Contents (Latin edition) and Summary of Contents (German edition)
Authors: Aspaas Per Pippin
Published: June 2019

This file contains a biographical introduction on Maximilianus (Maximilian) Hell (1720-1792) followed by summaries of contents of all three known versions of his treatise on the Aurora Borealis, the 'Lucis Boreæ Theoria nova' (manuscript version, c. 1770), 'Aurorae Borealis Theoria Nova' (Latin edition, 1776) and 'Neue Theorie des Nordlichtes' (German edition, 1792).
Under the Rays of the Aurora Borealis, vol. I
Authors: Tromholt Sophus
Published: June 2019

For a detailed summary of contents, see the introduction by Kira Moss, pp. 11-15.
Biographical introduction, Summary of Contents (first edition), Summary of Contents (1728 reprint), Summary of Contents (article by J. Kanold) and Summary of Contents (newspaper article)
Authors: Aspaas Per Pippin
Published: June 2019

The fifth volume in the series consists of Jens Christian Spidberg's short monograph Historische Demonstration und Anmerckung über die Eigenschafften und Ursachen des so genandten Nord-Lichts ('Historical Demonstration of, and Commentary on, the Properties and Causes of the so-called Northern Light'), first published by Johann Bernhard Heinzelmann in Halle in 1724. Spidberg's text was reissued, along with an introductory article by Johann Kanold, in Bautzen in 1728. Kanold's article is included as an appendix here. Another appendix is a 'letter to the editor' of the Copenhagen weekly, Nye Tidender om lærde og curieuse Sager, which Spidberg wrote in 1738. The present volume is introduced by a biographical essay and summary of contents by Per Pippin Aspaas from UiT The Arctic University of Norway.
Partial defoliation ofBrachypodium distachyonplants grown in petri dishes under low light increases P and other nutrient levels concomitantly with transcriptional changes in the roots
Authors: Wang Wei , Singh Sunil Kumar , Li Xiwen , Sun Hui , Yang Yu , Jiang Min , Zi Hailing , Liu Renyi , Zhang Huiming , Chu Zhaoqing
Published: June 2019

Background

There have been few studies on the partial defoliation response of grass. It has been unclear how partial defoliation may affect roots at the levels of nutrient accumulation and transcriptional regulation. Hereby we report a comprehensive investigation on molecular impacts of partial defoliation by using a model grass species,Brachypodium distachyon.

Results

Our Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry analyses ofB. distachyonrevealed shoot- and root-specific accumulation patterns of a group of macronutrients including potassium (K), Phosphorus (P), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), and micronutrients including Sodium (Na), iron (Fe), and Manganese (Mn). Meanwhile, our genome-wide profiling of gene expression patterns depicts transcriptional impacts onB. distachyonroots by cutting the aerial portion. The RNAseq analyses identified a total of 1,268 differentially expressed genes inB. distachyonwith partial defoliation treatment. Our comprehensive analyses by means of multiple approaches, including Gene Ontology, InterPro and Pfam protein classification, KEGG pathways, and Plant TFDB, jointly highlight the involvement of hormone-mediated wounding response, primary and secondary metabolites, and ion homeostasis, inB. distachyonafter the partial defoliation treatment. In addition, evidence is provided that roots respond to partial defoliation by modifying nutrient uptake and rhizosphere acidification rate, indicating that an alteration of the root/soil interaction occurs in response to this practice.

Conclusions

This study reveals how partial defoliation alters ion accumulation levels in shoots and roots, as well as partial defoliation-induced transcriptional reprogramming on a whole-genome scale, thereby providing insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the recovery process of grass after partial defoliation.
Ecological Factors and the Prevalence of Trypanosome Infections and Its Economic Implications for Livestock Industry in Simanjiro, Tanzania: A Review
Authors: Ngongolo Kelvin , Mtoka Samuel , Rubanza Chrispinus D.
Published: June 2019

Aims: Trypanosomosis is among one of the tropical neglected diseases which have impacted on human, livestock and wildlife. Different factors have been discussed by various researchers but ecological factors being considered in nutshell. This paper aimed at reviewing details on how the ecological factors influence the prevalence of trypanosome.

Study Design: Literature review where various literatures have been reviewed and the information synthesized. This paper has placed focus on: habitat type, wildlife management type, wildlife abundance and diversity, fire incidence and human activities.

Place and Duration of Study: This literature review work focused in Tanzania mainland and specifically on Simanjiro district for economic implication of trypanosomiasis for the period of 2011-2013 years.

Methodology: Literature Searching was done using key words in the following search engines Research gate, (https://www.researchgate.net), Google scholar, (https://scholar.google.com/), and PubMed. Manual search in printed documents were done in reports from government, poster, proceedings and publications which were not available in the internet.

Results: Variation of habitat types was observed to have impacts on spatial and temporal distribution of various tsetse flies and wildlife species which are vector and reservoirs of the diseases respectively. Incidence of fire affected the distribution of tsetse flies, wildlife and prevalence of trypanosome. For the interval of three years (2011-2013) a loss of more than 1million USD associated with trypanosomiasis is estimated in Simanjiro district. More money is used by pastoralists in treatment of animals than in spraying pesticides.

Conclusion: It is recommended that, more work to be done on the impact of ecological factors on trypanosomiasis. Also more effort is required in controlling the disease through collaboration of different stakeholders such as livestock officers, ecologists, veterinarians and other relevant agencies.
Land Size Class Wise Change in Cropping Pattern in Malda District – A Block Level Analysis
Authors: Siddiqui Shamsul H. , Rahaman Hasibur
Published: June 2019

Proportion of area under different crops and change therein remains a concern before policymakers, researcher, public policy analysts and, academia like geographers. As cropping pattern determines food security, internal consumption demand and export of crops, sustainable cropping arrangement is essential to follow. The paper examined the pattern and extent of cropping across land size categories at block level in Malda district of West Bengal. The change in cropping pattern from 1995-96 to 2015-16 has been assessed through secondary sources of data. The data for 2015-16 is extrapolated based on previous years (2005-06 and 2015-16) interpolated data. Data were processed in Excel spread sheets and results are shown through maps and tables. The maps were prepared in QGIS 2.18. The findings of the study show that gross cropped area under cereals, pulses and vegetables indicated negative growth while fibres, oilseeds and fruits area increased across land size classes but gain is maximum under marginal land size class. Total area under food crops decreased substantially over non-food crops. The study suggests policy intervention measure to boost up economically profitable crops for the sake of the development of Malda district.
Chiral Separations by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Ward Karen D. , Bravenec Ardith D. , Ward Timothy J.
Published: June 2019

The word ‘chiral’ is derived from the Greek word ‘cheir’, which means hand. Chiral molecules are molecules that are related to each other in the same way that a left hand is related to a right hand. These molecules are mirror images of each other and are nonsuperimposable. Chiral separations traditionally have been considered among the most difficult of all separations since enantiomers have identical chemical and physical properties in an achiral environment. In this article, we will focus on techniques used in high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Most chiral separations by HPLC are accomplished via direct resolution using a chiral stationary phase (CSP). In this technique, a chiral resolving agent is bound or immobilized to an appropriate support to make a CSP, and the enantiomers are resolved by the formation of temporary diastereomeric complexes between the analyte and the CSP. In the last decade, the focus of research in chiral HPLC has shifted from the search for novel CSPs to the improvement of currently existing CSPs. The most important developments have been the increasingly faster methods and a trend for increased efficiency using smaller support particles and superficially porous particles in CSP columns.
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
Authors: Yuan Huimin , Olesik Susan V. , West Caroline
Published: June 2019

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) employs fluids that are raised above their critical pressure (Pc) and critical temperature (Tc) as mobile phases. Carbon dioxide is the fluid most commonly used as a mobile phase for SFC. It is capable of solvating nonpolar and moderately polar analytes. Cosolvents and additives are combined to CO2to increase the polarity range of analytes. SFC has a wide versatility in terms of retention mechanisms as all stationary phases employed in normal‐phase or reversed‐phase chromatography can be used. The advantages of SFC over liquid chromatography (LC) include higher efficiency separations and faster speed of analysis and method development. The advantage of SFC over gas chromatography (GC) is that SFC can efficiently separate thermally labile and nonvolatile compounds without the need for derivatization. Capillary SFC is commonly used to separate petroleum distillates and by‐products. The most employed packed‐column SFC is mostly used to analyze achiral and chiral pharmaceuticals, natural products, food products, agrochemicals, and other contaminants in food products or in the environment, and more recently for the analysis of biological samples (lipidomics, metabolomics, and pharmacokinetic studies for instance). Preparative packed column supercritical fluid chromatography (pSFC) is principally employed not only for the purification of pharmaceuticals but also for natural products.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Nanotechnology: Applications in Clinical Diagnostics and Monitoring
Authors: Snyder Jessica L. , Skewis Lynell R. , Demas Vasiliki , Lowery Thomas J.
Published: June 2019

Significant progress has been made over the last two decades toward the development of cutting edge diagnostics using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and T2magnetic resonance (T2MR). The MNP‐based assay design, termed magnetic relaxation switch (MRSw) biosensing, has allowed for the application of T2MR to a wide range of clinical diagnostics. In MRSw assays, superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) switch between dispersed and agglomerated states and affect the T2MR relaxation rate of surrounding water molecules. Sensitive T2MR relaxation measurements can be performed in complex, heterogeneous, biological samples owing to their inherently low magnetic background. MRSw assays have been designed for rapid and sensitive detection of disease biomarkers, pathogens, and cancer cells in both simulated samples and clinical studies.
Fluorescence of Natural and Synthetic Gem Diamond: Mechanism and Applications
Authors: Breeding Christopher M. , Eaton‐Magaña Sally
Published: June 2019

Fluorescence is a property exhibited by all states of matter but rarely is it more impressive than the blue gleam emitted when a gem‐quality diamond is exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. Diamond fluorescence and phosphorescence are a product of atomic impurities like nitrogen and boron that can occur in concentrations as low as several parts per billion, yet still impact the body color and luminescence characteristics. Distribution of fluorescence in gem diamond is different between natural and laboratory‐grown crystals and is often changed by treatments aimed at modifying diamond color, making it a valuable gemological identification tool. While diamond is most readily recognized as a gemstone, its value is even greater in the technology sector where single photon emitting defects in diamond are a key component in today's research on quantum computing and semiconductor applications.
Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry of Plants: Techniques and Applications
Authors: Doell Stefanie , Arens Nadja , Mock Hans‐Peter
Published: June 2019

Mass spectrometry coupled with LC (liquid chromatography) separation has developed into a technique routinely applied for targeted as well as for nontargeted analysis of complex biological samples, not only in plant biochemistry. Earlier on, LC‐MS (liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry) was mostly part of the efforts for identification of one or few unknown metabolites of interest as part of a phytochemical study. As a major strategy, unknown compounds had to be purified in sufficient quantities. The purified fractions were then subjected to LC‐MS/MS as part of the structural elucidation, mostly complemented by NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) analysis. With the advance of mass spectrometry instrumentation, LC‐MS is now widely applied for analysis of crude plant extracts and large numbers (100s to 1000s) of samples. It has become an essential part of metabolomic studies (see Metabolomics), aiming at the comprehensive coverage of the metabolite profiles of cells, tissues, or organs. Owing to the huge chemical diversity of small molecules, conditions for the extraction will restrict the subfraction of the metabolome, which can be actually analyzed. The conditions for LC have to be adjusted to allow good separation of the particular metabolites from the respective extract. Major consideration will be the selection of an appropriate column and suitable eluents, the establishment of gradient profiles, temperature conditions, and so on.
Identification of Medicinal Plants Using
DNA
Barcoding Technique
Authors: Pang Xiaohui , Chen Shilin
Published: June 2019

Medicinal plants have been used in the health care system in China for thousands of years. The correct identification of these plants is a prerequisite for their safe application. At present, the traditional methods are insufficient to meet the demands of identification, and a rapid and accurate method for authentication of medicinal plants is needed. DNA barcoding, a technique aiming at detecting species‐specific differences in a short region of DNA, provides a new powerful tool toward addressing this problem. Recently, ITS2 (second internal transcribed spacer) barcode has been broadly recognized and widely applied in the discrimination of herbs, and a publically available DNA barcoding system for identifying herbs has been established. Principles for identification of herbs using DNA barcoding have been embodied into the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. In this article, we introduce the DNA barcoding technique and determine its usage in discriminating medicinal plants, as well as its advantages and limitations.
Boron: Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Schubert David M.
Published: June 2019

Boron is unique among the elements and displays remarkable chemistry in all of its compounds. It is widely distributed at low concentrations in the environment and is nearly always found bound to oxygen in its natural forms. Boron is roughly the tenth most abundant element in seawater, where it exists primarily as boric acid. In addition to amorphous boron, several crystalline allotropes exist, with the β‐rhombohedral phase being the most stable form of the element under standard conditions. The borospherene B40cluster and 2D borophenes are more recently documented forms of boron. Metal borides are important to electronics, thermoelectrics, and superhard materials. Most have high melting points, high hardnesses, and good resistance to chemical attack. Refractory boron materials, including boron carbides, nitrides, and phosphides are discussed, as well as molecular boron–nitrogen, boron–phosphorus, boron–sulfur, and boron halide compounds. Boron‐containing amorphous metals are used as master alloys in electrical devices and in strong magnets. The vast majority of industrial use of boron on a tonnage basis involves boron–oxygen compounds. Condensation of boric acid, B(OH)3, and its conjugate base, B(OH)4−, in aqueous solution results in polyborate anions which provide the basis for many industrial products. Boric acid reacts with alcohols to form esters having industrial uses. Reversible borate ester formation with 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diols provides the basis for adhesives and oilfield applications and is central to the bioinorganic chemistry of boron. Boron enters the life cycle of plants and animals, primarily as naturally occurring boric acid found at low concentrations in natural waters and soils. Boron is essential to plants, including important food crops, resulting in extensive use of borates as agricultural micronutrients to correct suboptimal soil boron levels. Borax pentahydrate (disodium tetraborate pentahydrate) is the world's largest volume boron chemical product, followed by boric acid. Major industrial applications of borates include the manufacture of glasses, ceramics, electronic displays, consumer products, construction materials, industrial fluids, fire retardants and in metallurgy, optoelectronics, and agriculture. Other commercially important compounds, such as zinc borates, are discussed.
Cadmium: Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Bright Kochappi C. , Joseyphus R. Selwin
Published: June 2019

As a large, soft, heavy element, the chemistry of cadmium is marked by relatively weak bonding to carbon and other more electronegative atoms. Organocadmium compounds thus demonstrate diverse reaction chemistry. Furthermore, the large size and low valency of cadmium lead to interesting aggregated compounds. The reactivity and structural importance of organocadmium compounds find applications as nonlinear optical, thermal resistive, and dielectric materials.
Nitrogenase: Metal Cluster Models
Authors: Ohta Shun
Published: June 2019

Nitrogenases are metalloenzymes that are involved in the biological fixation of nitrogen. Nitrogenases contain the following metal–sulfur clusters: the [Fe4S4] cluster, the P‐cluster, and one of the FeMo‐cofactor, the FeV‐cofactor, or the FeFe‐cofactor. At present, structures of all clusters except for that of the FeFe‐cofactor have been determined by X‐ray diffraction studies of nitrogenases. The metal–sulfur clusters in nitrogenases have remained challenging synthetic targets due to their unique structural features. In addition, the elucidation of the properties of the cluster models, including their structural, spectroscopic, magnetic, and electronic characteristics, as well as their reactivity may further our understanding of the properties and functionality of nitrogenases. This article reviews hitherto reported structural models of nitrogenase metalloclusters. Although the synthesis of reliable structural models of the FeMo‐cofactor and the FeV‐cofactor remains challenging, high‐precision structural models have already been obtained for the [Fe4S4] cluster and the P‐cluster, which has allowed systematic investigations into their structures and redox properties. This article also summarizes the current state‐of‐the‐art regarding the functional modeling of nitrogenases with metal–sulfur clusters, which includes the reduction of hydrazine to ammonia and of C1‐substrates to hydrocarbons, and N2‐binding. Moreover, the reactivity of nitrogenase with a structural model inserted instead of the FeMo‐cofactor has recently been reported.
Tracking Metal Ions in Biology UsingX‐Ray Methods
Authors: James Simon A. , van der Ent Antony , Harris Hugh H.
Published: June 2019

In this article, we describe the current state‐of‐play and potential future developments for a set of experimental methods that rely on X‐rays to probe metal ions in biological systems, especially X‐ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), which are almost always performed at synchrotron light sources to give suitable sensitivity to biologically realistic concentrations of metal ions. We do not take a comprehensive viewpoint, but rather choose particular applications to illustrate where these methods shine, directly probing the native coordination environment where no other techniques can, providing a complementary picture to that provided by other methods, and acting as a vital sanity check on results derived from other less direct methods.
Degradable Inorganic Polymers
Authors: Teasdale Ian
Published: June 2019

This article provides an insight into the development of inorganic polymers as (bio)degradable materials. A particular focus is placed on recent advancements to prepare stable polymers showing stimuli‐responsive degradation, that is which degrade only upon exposure to certain stimuli, with the aim of producing materials, which are stable for their usage lifetime but degrade rapidly thereafter. Firstly, these works are placed in the context of biodegradable polymers in general, as well as state‐of‐the‐art organic polymers showing stimuli‐responsive degradation. Degradable polymers is a field which is currently of great importance, both in advanced biomedical applications for which polymeric materials have become indispensable, but also for ever‐growing societal and environmental concerns regarding the use of biopersistant polymers. The inclusion of inorganic components into polymers can lead to unique properties and responsiveness compared to traditional carbon‐based polymers, as is demonstrated by a number of examples herein including phosphorus and boron‐based polymers and metallopolymers, which degrade or depolymerize in response to specific triggers including visible light and oxidation.
Enabling Tailorable Optical Properties and Markedly Enhanced Stability of Perovskite Quantum Dots by Permanently Ligating with Polymer Hairs
Authors: Yoon Young Jun , Chang Yajing , Zhang Shuguang , Zhang Meng , Pan Shuang , He Yanjie , Lin Chun Hao , Yu Shengtao , Chen Yihuang , Wang Zewei , Ding Yong , Jung Jaehan , Thadhani Naresh , Tsukruk Vladimir V. , Kang Zhitao , Lin Zhiqun
Published: June 2019

Instability of perovskite quantum dots (QDs) toward humidity remains one of the major obstacles for their long‐term use in optoelectronic devices. Herein, a general amphiphilic star‐like block copolymer nanoreactor strategy for in situ crafting a set of hairy perovskite QDs with precisely tunable size and exceptionally high water and colloidal stabilities is presented. The selective partition of precursors within the compartment occupied by inner hydrophilic blocks of star‐like diblock copolymers imparts in situ formation of robust hairy perovskite QDs permanently ligated by outer hydrophobic blocks via coprecipitation in nonpolar solvent. These size‐ and composition‐tunable perovskite QDs reveal impressive water and colloidal stabilities as the surface of QDs is intimately and permanently ligated by a layer of outer hydrophobic polymer hairs. More intriguingly, the readily alterable length of outer hydrophobic polymers renders the remarkable control over the stability enhancement of hairy perovskite QDs.
Nitrogen Vacancies on 2D Layered W2N3: A Stable and Efficient Active Site for Nitrogen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Jin Huanyu , Li Laiquan , Liu Xin , Tang Cheng , Xu Wenjie , Chen Shuangming , Song Li , Zheng Yao , Qiao Shi‐Zhang
Published: June 2019

Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) under ambient conditions provides an avenue to produce carbon‐free hydrogen carriers. However, the selectivity and activity of NRR are still hindered by the sluggish reaction kinetics. Nitrogen Vacancies on transition metal nitrides are considered as one of the most ideal active sites for NRR by virtue of their unique vacancy properties such as appropriate adsorption energy to dinitrogen molecule. However, their catalytic performance is usually limited by the unstable feature. Herein, a new 2D layered W2N3 nanosheet is prepared and the nitrogen vacancies are demonstrated to be active for electrochemical NRR with a steady ammonia production rate of 11.66 ± 0.98 µg h−1 mgcata−1 (3.80 ± 0.32 × 10−11 mol cm−2 s−1) and Faradaic efficiency of 11.67 ± 0.93% at −0.2 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode for 12 cycles (24 h). A series of ex situ synchrotron‐based characterizations prove that the nitrogen vacancies on 2D W2N3 are stable by virtue of the high valence state of tungsten atoms and 2D confinement effect. Density function theory calculations suggest that nitrogen vacancies on W2N3 can provide an electron‐deficient environment which not only facilitates nitrogen adsorption, but also lowers the thermodynamic limiting potential of NRR.
Integrating Flexible Filament Circuits for E‐Textile Applications
Authors: Komolafe Abiodun , Torah Russel , Wei Yang , Nunes‐Matos Helga , Li Menglong , Hardy Dorothy , Dias Tilak , Tudor Michael , Beeby Stephen
Published: June 2019

Practical wearable e‐textiles must be durable and retain, as far as possible, the textile properties such as drape, feel, lightweight, breathability, and washability that make fabrics suitable for clothing. Early e‐textile garments were realized by inserting standard portable electronic devices into bespoke pockets and arranging interconnects and cabling across the garment. In these examples, the textile merely served as a vehicle to house the electronics and had no inherent electronic functionality. A reduction in electronic component size, the development of flexible circuits, and the ability to weave robust interconnects offer the potential for improved levels of electronic integration within the textile. The weaving of electronic circuit filaments less than 2 mm wide into fabrics such that the electronics are fully concealed in the textile and given extra protection by the surrounding textile fibers is introduced. The failure mechanisms for different filament circuit designs before and after integration into the textile are investigated with a 90° cyclical bending test. Results show that encapsulated filament circuits embedded within the textile survive 45 washing cycles and more than 1500 cycles of 90° bending around a bending radius of 10 mm, performing five times better than equivalent filament circuits before integration into the fabric.
High‐Resolution Scanning Probe Nanolithography of 2D Materials: Novel Nanostructures
Authors: Rani Ekta , Wong Lu Shin
Published: June 2019

2D materials have attracted tremendous research interest since the isolation of graphene. Their remarkable optical, electronic, and mechanical properties show that they hold great potential across a range of technological applications. As a result, there is a growing demand for low‐cost, low‐energy, and high‐resolution lithography methods that will enable the integration of 2D materials into complex integrated circuitry, biomedical devices, and in the generation of quantum‐confined nanostructures. Recent advances in scanning probe nanolithography (SPL) techniques for the lithography of 2D materials such as graphene, black phosphorus, molybdenum disulfide, and tungsten diselenide are discussed, including the various physiochemical aspects of subtractive and additive lithography of these materials. Examples of 2D‐material‐based devices fabricated by SPL and their properties are also described. The comparative advantages of the individual SPL techniques are discussed along with the future outlook of SPL for 2D materials.