bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Paranasal Sinus Cancer Disease‐Specific and Conditional Survival
Authors: Sharma Rahul K. , Del Signore Anthony , Govindaraj Satish , Iloreta Alfred , Overdevest Jonathan B. , Gudis David A.
Published: July 2021

Objective

Socioeconomic status (SES) is often used to quantify social determinants of health. This study uses the National Cancer Institute SES index to examine the effect of SES on disease‐specific survival and 5‐year conditional disease‐specific survival (CDSS; the change in life expectancy with increasing survivorship) in paranasal sinus cancer

Study Design

Cross‐sectional analysis.

Setting

National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program.

Methods

A study of adults with sinus cancer between 1973 and 2015 was performed. The Yost index, a census tract–level composite score of SES, was used to categorize patients. Kaplan‐Meier analysis and Cox regression for disease‐specific survival were stratified by SES. CDSS was calculated with simplified models. Logistic regression was conducted to identify risk factors for advanced stage at diagnosis, multimodal therapy, and diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma.

Results

There were 3437 patients analyzed. In Cox models adjusting for patient‐specific factors, the lowest SES tertile exhibited worse mortality (hazard ratio, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.07‐1.39; P <. 01). After addition of treatment and pathology, SES was not significant (P =. 07). The lowest SES tertile was more often diagnosed at later stages (odds ratio [OR], 1.52; 95% CI, 1.12‐2.06; P <. 01). For those with regional/distant disease, the middle tertile (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.63‐0.90; P <. 01) and lowest tertile (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.62‐0.91; P <. 01) were less likely to receive multimodal therapy. SES tertiles primarily affected 5‐year CDSS for regional/distant disease. CDSS for all stages converged over time.

Conclusion

Lower SES is associated with worse outcomes in paranasal sinus cancer. Research should be devoted toward understanding factors that contribute to such disparities, including tumor pathology and treatment course.
Mechanics of Total Drum Replacement Tympanoplasty Studied With Wideband Acoustic Immittance
Authors: Eberhard Kristine Elisabeth , Masud Salwa Fatima , Knudson Inge M. , Kirubalingam Keshinisuthan , Khalid Hamza , Remenschneider Aaron K. , Nakajima Hideko Heidi
Published: July 2021

Objective

Poor hearing outcomes often persist following total drum replacement tympanoplasty. To understand the mechanics of the reconstructed eardrum, we measured wideband acoustic immittance and compared the mechanical characteristics of fascia‐grafted ears with the normal tympanic membrane.

Study Design

Prospective comparison study.

Setting

Tertiary care center.

Methods

Patients who underwent uncomplicated total drum replacement with temporalis fascia grafts were identified. Ears with healed grafts, an aerated middle ear, and no other conductive abnormalities were included. All patients underwent pre‐ and postoperative audiometry. Wideband acoustic immittance was measured with absorbance and impedance computed. Fascia‐grafted ears were compared with normal unoperated ears.

Results

Eleven fascia‐grafted ears without complications were included. Postoperatively, the median air‐bone gap was 15 dB (250‐4000 Hz), with variation across frequency and between ears. Fifty‐six control ears were included. Absorbance of fascia‐grafted ears was significantly lower than that of normal ears at 1 to 4 kHz (P <. 05) but similar below 1 kHz. Impedance magnitude demonstrated deeper and sharper resonant notches in fascia‐grafted ears than normal ears (P <. 05), suggesting lower mechanical resistance of the fascia graft.

Conclusion

The mechanics of fascia‐grafted ears differ from the normal tympanic membrane by having lower absorbance at mid‐ to high frequencies and thus poor sound transmission. The lower resistance in fascia‐grafted ears may be due to poor coupling of the graft to the malleus. To improve sound transmission, grafts for tympanic membrane reconstructions would benefit from refined mechanical properties.
Utilization of Cold Central Plant Recycled Asphalt in Long-Life Flexible Pavements
Authors: Timm David H. , Diefenderfer Brian K. , Bowers Benjamin F. , Flintsch Gerardo
Published: July 2021

Long-life flexible pavements are well documented and used widely across the U.S. Found in every climate zone and traffic classification, long-life pavements do not experience deep structural distresses such as bottom-up fatigue cracking or substructure rutting. Full-scale test sections, built in 2003 at the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) Test Track, provided the basis for an optimized design approach that utilizes strain distributions for long-life thickness design. These sections, containing only virgin materials, were subjected to 30 million standard axle loadings with excellent performance in terms of rutting, cracking, and roughness. In 2012, three new sections were built at the Test Track using cold central plant recycled asphalt materials as the base layer. These layers, made from nearly 100% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), supported hot mix asphalt layers that also included RAP with one section featuring in-place stabilization of the existing aggregate base. This paper provides a direct comparison between the sets of sections to compare and contrast their performance histories and structural characterization, and consider their economic and environmental impacts. None of the recycled sections are exhibiting any surface deterioration, despite heavy trafficking, and the section with a stabilized base is exhibiting lower strains than established long-life pavement thresholds. The economic analysis suggested that the recycled sections can deliver similar performance at a lower average structure normalized section cost than the non-recycled sections. Furthermore, the section with the stabilized base and 76% recycled material is likely a long-life pavement and can potentially outperform the sections with no recycled content.
Distinct Gene Expression Profile in Patients With Poor Postoperative Outcomes After Rotator Cuff Repair: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Eager Jessica M. , Warrender William J. , Deusenbery Carly B. , Jamgochian Grant , Singh Arjun , Abboud Joseph A. , Spiller Kara L.
Published: July 2021

Background:

Impaired healing after rotator cuff repair is a major concern, with retear rates as high as 94%. A method to predict whether patients are likely to experience poor surgical outcomes would change clinical practice. While various patient factors, such as age and tear size, have been linked to poor functional outcomes, it is currently very challenging to predict outcomes before surgery.

Purpose:

To evaluate gene expression differences in tissue collected during surgery between patients who ultimately went on to have good outcomes and those who experienced a retear, in an effort to determine if surgical outcomes can be predicted.

Study Design:

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Rotator cuff tissue was collected at the time of surgery from 140 patients. Patients were tracked for a minimum of 6 months to identify those with good or poor outcomes, using clinical functional scores and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging to confirm failure to heal or retear. Gene expression differences between 8 patients with poor outcomes and 28 patients with good outcomes were assessed using a multiplex gene expression analysis via NanoString and a custom-curated panel of 145 genes related to various stages of rotator cuff healing.

Results:

Although significant differences in the expression of individual genes were not observed, gene set enrichment analysis highlighted major differences in gene sets. Patients who had poor healing outcomes showed greater expression of gene sets related to extracellular matrix production ( P < .0001) and cellular biosynthetic pathways ( P < .001), while patients who had good healing outcomes showed greater expression of genes associated with the proinflammatory (M1) macrophage phenotype ( P < .05).

Conclusion:

These results suggest that a more proinflammatory, fibrotic environment before repair may play a role in poor healing outcome. With validation in a larger cohort, these results may ultimately lead to diagnostic methods to preoperatively predict those at risk for poor surgical outcomes.
Change of Direction Biomechanics in a 180-Degree Pivot Turn and the Risk for Noncontact Knee Injuries in Youth Basketball and Floorball Players
Authors: Leppänen Mari , Parkkari Jari , Vasankari Tommi , Äyrämö Sami , Kulmala Juha-Pekka , Krosshaug Tron , Kannus Pekka , Pasanen Kati
Published: July 2021

Background:

Studies investigating biomechanical risk factors for knee injuries in sport-specific tasks are needed.

Purpose:

To investigate the association between change of direction (COD) biomechanics in a 180-degree pivot turn and knee injury risk among youth team sport players.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

A total of 258 female and male basketball and floorball players (age range, 12-21 years) participated in the baseline COD test and follow-up. Complete data were obtained from 489 player-legs. Injuries, practice, and game exposure were registered for 12 months. The COD test consisted of a quick ball pass before and after a high-speed 180-degree pivot turn on the force plates. The following variables were analyzed: peak vertical ground-reaction force (N/kg); peak trunk lateral flexion angle (degree); peak knee flexion angle (degree); peak knee valgus angle (degree); peak knee flexion moment (N·m/kg); peak knee abduction moment (N·m/kg); and peak knee internal and external rotation moments (N·m/kg). Legs were analyzed separately and the mean of 3 trials was used in the analysis. Main outcome measure was a new acute noncontact knee injury.

Results:

A total of 18 new noncontact knee injuries were registered (0.3 injuries/1000 hours of exposure). Female players sustained 14 knee injuries and male players 4. A higher rate of knee injuries was observed in female players compared with male players (incidence rate ratio, 6.2; 95% CI, 2.1-21.7). Of all knee injuries, 8 were anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, all in female players. Female players displayed significantly larger peak knee valgus angles compared with male players (mean for female and male players, respectively: 13.9°± 9.4° and 2.0°± 8.5°). No significant associations between biomechanical variables and knee injury risk were found.

Conclusion:

Female players were at increased risk of knee and ACL injury compared with male players. Female players performed the 180-degree pivot turn with significantly larger knee valgus compared with male players. However, none of the investigated variables was associated with knee injury risk in youth basketball and floorball players.
Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Academic Time Management and Procrastination Measure
Authors: Martinez Alfonso J.
Published: July 2021

Students’ ability to effectively allocate time toward educational tasks and reduction of maladaptive behaviors such as procrastination are important predictors of successful educational outcomes. The Academic Time Management and Procrastination Measure (ATMPM) purports to measure the extent to which students engage in such behaviors; however, the psychometric properties of the ATMPM have only been explored with exploratory techniques. In addition, the extent to which measurement invariance is supported among first-generation college students (FGCS) and non-FGCS is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to (1) examine the factor structure of the ATMPM within a college population by employing confirmatory factor analysis and to (2) investigate measurement invariance through an application of multiple group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA). Results supported a three-factor solution (planning time, monitoring time, and procrastination), and invariance analyses supported full configural, metric, and scalar invariance.
Study on the effect of hydrodynamic pressure on the tribological performance of textured bioimplants
Authors: Shen Gang , Zhang Jufan , Fang Fengzhou
Published: July 2021

Surface texturing is an effective technology in improving the tribological performance of artificial joints. However, the mechanism behind it is still a controversial topic, especially when talking about the functionality of hydrodynamic pressure. In this paper, Finite Difference Method was used to solve the steady-state Reynolds equation. It was found that, under the given conditions, hydrodynamic pressure only played a minor role in the tribological performance of textured bioimplants. A further theoretical study indicated that this phenomenon was attributed to the working environments of artificial joints: low viscosity lubricant and low sliding speed. A comparison study between tribo-systems with various working conditions also showed that hydrodynamic pressure played a more important role in the systems either under fast speed or lubricated by high-viscosity solution. Finally, a pin-on-disk frictional study was carried out with different sliding velocities and it was confirmed that hydrodynamic pressure has little effect on the tribological performance of textured bioimplants.
Establishing a trusting nurse-immigrant mother relationship in the neonatal unit
Authors: Kynø Nina Margrethe , Hanssen Ingrid
Published: July 2021

Background:

In the neonatal intensive care unit, immigrant parents may experience even greater anxiety than other parents, particularly if they and the nurses do not share a common language.

Aim:

To explore the complex issues of trust and the nurse–mother relationship in neonatal intensive care units when they do not share a common language.

Design and methods:

This study has a qualitative design. Individual semi-structured in-depth interviews and two focus group interviews were conducted with eight immigrant mothers and eight neonatal intensive care unit nurses, respectively. Data analysis was based on Braun and Clarke’s thematic analytic method.

Ethical considerations:

Approval was obtained from the hospital’s Scientific Committee and the Data Protection Officer. Interviewees were informed in their native language about confidentiality and they signed an informed consent form.

Results:

Trust was a focus for mothers and nurses alike. The mothers held that they were satisfied that their infants received the very best care. They seemed to find the nurses’ care and compassion unexpected and said they felt empowered by learning how to care for their infant. The nurses discussed the mother’s vulnerability, dependency on their actions, attitudes and behaviour.

Discussion:

Lack of a common language created a challenge. Both parties depended on non-verbal communication and eye contact. The nurses found that being compassionate, competent and knowledgeable were important trust-building factors. The mothers were relieved to find that they were welcome, could feel safe and their infants were well cared for.

Conclusion:

The parents of an infant admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit have no choice but to trust the treatment and care their infant receives. Maternal vulnerability challenges the nurse’s awareness of the asymmetric distribution of power and ability to establish a trusting relationship with the mother. This is particularly important when mother and nurse do not share a verbal language. The nurses worked purposefully to gain trust.
Supporting Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder in Singapore
Authors: Nah Yong-Hwee , Chen Mo , Poon Kenneth Kin-Loong
Published: July 2021

It has been reported that there is a rise in the number of individuals being diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Singapore along with evolving changes in public awareness, attitudes, and levels of financial support occurring in the field in recent years. As such, this column presents the current status and issues related to the identification of individuals with ASD and the provision of early intervention services, education, and transition services for these people in Singapore. Additional needs and future recommendations are also included.
Norwegian Orthodontists’ Experience and Challenges With Treatment of Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Saele Paul K. , Nordrehaug Aastrøm Anne-Kristine , Gjengedal Harald , Nasir Elwalid F , Mustafa Manal
Published: July 2021

Background:

Patients born with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) have orthodontic treatment challenges due to maxilla deficiency, malocclusions, and dental abnormalities. In Norway, orthodontic treatment is done by centralized CL/P teams. Due to traveling restrictions, this treatment might be done locally in the future. The experience of Norwegian community orthodontists in managing such patients has not been investigated previously.

Objective:

To assess Norwegian orthodontists’ management of patients with CL/P and need for further education.

Material and Methods:

All orthodontists in Norway were sent a questionnaire about their experience, challenges, and knowledge and asked about their need of further theoretical education and clinical training in the management of patients with CL/P.

Results:

Norwegian orthodontists’ standard of knowledge of CL/P treatment is adequate. However, few respondents have treated a high number of cleft patients. Eighty-six percent of the participants believed that treating CL/P patients involves challenges, such as time-consuming treatment and technical difficulties. Increased perceived need for more education was revealed among participants stated unpreparedness during education (4 folds), encountered challenges, and lack of knowledge (almost 3 folds).

Conclusions:

The study revealed that community orthodontists in Norway lack experience and acknowledged the challenges in treating patients with CL/P. Most of the respondents perceived a need for additional education and clinical training to treat CL/P patients competently. The findings suggested more focus on patients with CL/P management in the curricula and more collaboration between centralized CL/P teams and community orthodontists.
Changes in the Transverse Dimension of the Maxillary Arch of 5-Year-Olds Born With UCLP Since the Introduction of Nationwide Guidance
Authors: Molyneaux Charlotte , Sherriff Martyn , Wren Yvonne , Ireland Anthony , Sandy Jonathan
Published: July 2021

Objective:

To determine whether the transverse dimensions of the maxillary arch of 5-year-old children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) have changed following centralization of cleft services in the United Kingdom.

Design:

Retrospective cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Digital analysis of UCLP maxillary dental casts.

Participants:

All available maxillary dental casts from 5-year-old participants of the Clinical Standards Advisory Group (CSAG, N = 114) and Cleft Care UK (CCUK, N = 175) studies.

Interventions:

Quantitative measurements of the intercanine width (ICW), intermolar width (IMW), and the distance from the midline to the greater and lesser side canine (GC/LC) and greater side and lesser side second primary molar (GE/LE). Degree measurements of the greater and lesser arch form angles, arch length, anterior palatal depth (APD), and posterior palatal depth were also measured.

Main outcome:

Differences between the transverse dimensions of the maxillary arch for the CSAG and CCUK cohorts.

Results:

In 5 (ICW, IMW, LC, LE, and APD) of the 11 measurements, there was a statistically significant difference between the CSAG and CCUK cohorts. In all of these, the CCUK values were greater than CSAG.

Conclusions:

There have been small but positive improvements for the transverse maxillary dimensions since centralization of the UK cleft service.
Orladeyo (Berotralstat): A Novel Oral Therapy for the Prevention of Hereditary Angioedema
Authors: Powell Jason , Piszczatoski Chris , Rubido Eric
Published: July 2021

Objective

The purpose of this article is to review the available trials that led to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of berotralstat, an oral kallikrein inhibitor, for the prevention of hereditary angioedema (HAE) attacks.

Data Sources

PubMed and ClincalTrials.gov were searched using key term berotralstat to identify phase III clinical trials related to the FDA approval of berotralstat from April 2018 to May 2021.

Study Selection and Data Extraction

Trials selected were those that influenced the FDA approval of berotralstat or provided novel information regarding the safety and efficacy of this therapy in the treatment of HAE.

Data Synthesis

Both APeX-2 and ApeX-J found clinically significant benefit with berotralstat 150 mg daily for reduction in HAE attacks when compared with placebo (1.31 vs 2.35, P < 0.001, and 1.11 vs 2.18, P < 0.001, attacks in the APeX-2 and APeX-J trials, respectively). APeX-2 also showed a statistically significant benefit for berotralstat 110 mg daily (1.65 vs 2.35 attacks [1.65 attacks, P = 0.024]).

Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice

An advantage berotralstat has over the other approved therapies is that it is administered orally, which may garner patient preference because of ease of administration. Berotralstat has also shown a potential benefit in reducing the need for standard-of-care treatment for HAE attacks, which has not been studied with alternative agents.

Conclusions

Berotralstat 150 mg daily has been proven safe and effective in clinical studies and appears to be a viable oral alternative to parenteral medications currently used in HAE prophylaxis.
The role of Doppler ultrasonography in vascular access surveillance—controversies continue
Authors: Malik Jan , Lomonte Carlo , Meola Mario , de Bont Cora , Shahverdyan Robert , Rotmans Joris I , Saucy Francois , Jemcov Tamara , Ibeas Jose
Published: July 2021

Chronic hemodialysis therapy required regular entry into the patient’s blood stream with adequate flow. The use of arteriovenous fistulas and grafts is linked with lower morbidity and mortality than the use of catheters. However, these types of accesses are frequently affected by stenoses, which decrease the flow and lead to both inadequate dialysis and access thrombosis. The idea of duplex Doppler ultrasound surveillance is based on the presumption that in-time diagnosis of an asymptomatic significant stenosis and its treatment prolongs access patency. Details of performed trials are conflicting, and current guidelines do not support ultrasound surveillance. This review article summarizes the trials performed and focuses on the reasons of conflicting results. We stress the need of precise standardized criteria of significant access stenosis and the weakness of the metaanalyses performed.
Assessment of Ventilation and Perfusion in Patients with COVID-19 Discloses Unique Information of Pulmonary Function to a Clinician: Case Reports of V/P SPECT
Authors: Bajc Marika , Hedeer Fredrik , Lindqvist Ari , Trägårdh Elin
Published: July 2021

V/P SPECT from 4 consecutive patients with COVID-19 suggests that ventilation and perfusion images may be applied to diagnose or exclude pulmonary embolism, verify nonsegmental diversion of perfusion from the ventilated areas (dead space ventilation) that may represent inflammation of the pulmonary vasculature, detect the reversed mismatch of poor ventilation and better preserved perfusion (shunt perfusion) in bilateral pulmonary inflammation and indicate redistribution of lung perfusion (antigravitational hyperperfusion) due to cardiac congestion. V/P mismatch and reversed mismatch may be extensive enough to diminish dramatically preserved matching ventilation/perfusion and to induce severe hypoxemia in COVID-19.
Psychological distress and terrorist engagement: Measuring, correlating, and sequencing its onset with negative life events, social factors, and protective factors
Authors: Corner Emily , Gill Paul
Published: July 2021

This article employs probability-based modelling to unpack the complex and multifaceted individual, social, and psychological processes that may provide psychological protection for individuals engaged with terrorist groups. We outline the predictors of the onset of psychological distress across two phases of terrorist involvement (pre-engagement and engagement). Using a dataset of 96 terrorist autobiographies, we conduct sequence analyses to pinpoint the onset of psychological problems and the experiences that preceded and followed this onset. The results demonstrate a complexity in the relationship between mental disorders and terrorist engagement, as well as the heterogeneity of the lived experience of “being” a terrorist. The experience of psychological distress was mediated by numerous factors and the combination of these factors. The evidence suggests that, in certain cases, individual and group resilience may be a protective factor when an individual faces negative experiences. The presence of protective factors may not be sufficient to explain why group-actor terrorists present with a lower than expected prevalence of mental disorder. Future work should examine whether experiences commonly viewed as risk factors may be more useful in examining the occurrence of psychopathology in terrorists.
Shape memory alloy-spring damper for seismic control and its application to bridge with laminated rubber bearings
Authors: Cao Sasa , Yi Jiang
Published: July 2021

This study introduces a shape memory alloy (SMA)-spring damper which is composed of SMA bars and elastic springs arranged in perpendicular. The damper depicts a curved flag-shape hysteretic behavior that is endowed with self-centering capacities and large deformation capabilities but uses reduced amount of SMA material. A design procedure is proposed to apply the SMA-spring damper to the bridge with laminated rubber bearings which would slide under seismic excitations. Analytical results validate the effectiveness of SMA-spring dampers in seismic control of the bridge: (1) The damper provides trivial stiffness to the bridge at small displacement, and the isolation efficiency of the bridge is maintained; (2) large horizontal force is provided for the structures at large deformation of the bearings, which alleviates the excessive displacement of bearings and prevents span collapse; and (3) the damper helps recenter the bearings and reduce the residual displacement of the bridge.
Numerical investigation on low-frequency noise damping performances of Helmholtz resonators with an extended neck in presence of a grazing flow
Authors: Wu Weiwei , Guan Yiheng
Published: July 2021

In this work, modified designs of Helmholtz resonators with extended deflected neck are proposed, numerically evaluated and optimized aiming to achieve a better transmission loss performance over a broader frequency range. For this, 10 Helmholtz resonators with different extended neck configurations (e.g. the angle between extended neck and the y-axis) in the presence of a grazing flow are assessed. Comparison is then made between the proposed resonators and the conventional one, i.e. in the absence of an extended neck (i.e. Design A). For this, a two-dimensional linearized Navier Stokes equations-based model of a duct with the modified Helmholtz resonator implemented was developed in frequency domain. The model was first validated by comparing its numerical predictions with the experimental results available in the literature and the theoretical results. The model was then applied to evaluate the noise damping performance of the Helmholtz resonator with (1) an extended neck on the upstream side (Design B); (2) on the downstream side (Design C), (3) both upstream and downstream sides (Design D), (4) the angle between the extended neck and the y-axis, i.e. (a) 0°, (b) 30°, and (c) 45°, (d) 48.321°. In addition, the effects of the grazing flow Mach number (Ma) were evaluated. It was found that the transmission loss peaks of the Helmholtz resonator with the extended neck was maximized at Ma = 0.03 than at the other Mach numbers. Conventional resonator, i.e. Design A was observed to be associated with a lower transmission loss performance at a lower resonant frequency than those as observed on Designs B–D. Moreover, the optimum design of the proposed resonators with the extended neck is shown to be able to shift the resonant frequency by approximately 90 Hz, and maximum transmission loss could be increased by 28–30 dB. In addition, the resonators with extended necks are found to be associated with two or three transmission loss peaks, indicating that these designs have a broader effective frequency range. Finally, the neck deflection angles of 30° and 45° are shown to be involved with better transmission loss peaks than that with a deflection angle of 0°. In summary, the present study sheds light on maximizing the resonator’s noise damping performances by applying and optimizing an extended neck.
Exploring the perception of forensic science among police investigators in Nigeria: The role of sociodemographic markers
Authors: Sarki Zakariyya M. , Saat Geshina Ayu Mat
Published: July 2021

Underlining the application of forensic science methods in police investigations is investigators’ perceptions of the methods. The premise is that a positive perception indicates a willingness to apply forensic science in criminal investigations, regardless of prior forensic training. This study compared common sociodemographic markers with regard to perceptions of forensic science application in criminal investigations among investigating police officers in Nigeria, controlling for forensic training. The six sociodemographic markers were: gender, age, marital status, highest educational qualification, rank, and years in service. The survey used a self-administered questionnaire for data collection. Based on a total population of 3771 investigating police officers, a sample size of 347 was determined using Krejcie and Morgan’s formula ( Krejcie RV and Morgan DW (1970) Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement 30(3): 607–610). A potential 20% dropout rate was added giving a sample size of 416. No difference was found across the sociodemographic markers with regards to the perception of forensic science utilization in criminal investigations ( p > .05), except for the highest educational qualification ( p = .008) and rank ( p = .042) of the respondents. The perception score was higher in the primary school category than in the secondary school and diploma certificate categories. Comparison between the categories secondary certificate and degree/HND certificate indicated a statistically significant lower perception score in the secondary certificate category. The perception score was lower in the diploma category than in the degree/HND certificate and postgraduate categories. For police rank, pairwise comparison showed that the officer category had a higher perception score than the constable category. There was also a statistically significant higher perception of forensic science among inspectors than among constables. It is recommended that educational qualification and rank should be considered when deploying police personnel to the criminal investigation department.
A simplified framework for prediction of sensor network coverage in real-time structural health monitoring of plate-like structures
Authors: Ghyabi Mehrdad , Nemati Hamidreza , Dehghan-Niri Ehsan
Published: July 2021

In this article, the coverage area prediction of piezoelectric sensor network for detecting a specific type of under-surface crack in plate-like structures is addressed. In particular, this article proposes a simplified framework to estimate the coverage of any given sensor network arrangement when a critical defect is known. Based on numerical results from finite element methods (FEM), a simplified framework to estimate coverage area of any given network arrangement is developed. Using such a simplified framework, one can avoid time-consuming procedure of evaluating numerous FEM models in estimating sensor network coverage. Back-scatter fields of partial cracks are estimated using a proposed function, whose parameters are estimated from the results of a limited number of FEM simulations. The proposed function efficiently predicts the back-scattered field of any combination of transmitters and receivers for a given crack geometry. Superposition is used to estimate the coverage area of an arbitrary piezoelectric (e.g., PZT) sensor network. It is shown that the coverage area of a sensor network depends on both sensor network geometry and defect properties (e.g., crack inclination) and it is not necessarily a linear function of the number of sensors. Furthermore, it is shown that the network arrangement has an important effect on the geometry of the coverage area. Experimental results of a network of 14 PZTs in two clusters confirm the accuracy of the method.
BeiDou satellites cross-regional communication path assignment model and resource management
Authors: Liu Sheng , Wu Di , Zhang Lanyong
Published: July 2021

Time division inter-satellite communication and ranging link assignment of BeiDou satellites have made important progress; however, there is still the unsolved issue of integrated communication between ground gateway, aircraft, or even ship, and the BeiDou satellites. Therefore, in this study, we develop a path assignment model based on the idea of clustering and Markov chain. The optimal path is determined by the objective function based on the maximum transition probability. The transition probability takes into account the communication environment, congestion status, aircraft mobility, and reduces the complexity of path assignment by hiding the topology in the region. At the same time, due to the limited resources of onboard computing, storage and bandwidth, we also design a resource management strategy based on task urgency, aimed at minimizing the unreasonable allocation index, to enable the readjustment of link application resources. Finally, the performance of the model and the strategy in average link handover times, link reliability, resource allocation fairness, and network quality of service is determined by simulation.
Defining the ‘best interests’ of children during the post-1945 transformations in Europe
Authors: Gnydiuk Olga
Published: July 2021

After World War II, the welfare workers of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and International Refugee Organization took care of refugee children in post-war Germany and assisted them in returning to their home countries. This article analyses the changes in welfare workers’ decisions about the future of unaccompanied displaced children of presumably Ukrainian origin in the light of the post-1945 transformations. It explores the relationship of transformations in the humanitarian approach to child resettlement with geopolitical ruptures between the former Allies after 1945. It aims to demonstrate that by 1947, welfare workers’ preconceived notion that the ‘best interests’ of Ukrainian children were served by reconnecting them with family and homeland, wherever possible, had given way in the face of political transformations that welfare workers confronted on the ground during the transition from war to peace. Despite their deep commitment to restoring children to their national and familial roots, they soon began to consider that allowing Ukrainian refugee children to emigrate was better for them than their repatriation to Soviet Ukraine.
Research on automatic detection technology for the compensation hole shape and position parameters of a brake master cylinder
Authors: Zhao Changfu , Ding Hongchang , Cao Guohua , Hou Han
Published: July 2021

Machine vision is a key technology to achieve high detection accuracy for the compensation hole parameters of automobile brake master cylinders, which influence automobile safety and parking reliability. As an important part of the automobile brake master cylinder, the compensation hole can play an important role in regulating the brake fluid in the reservoir tank and brake chamber, and its dimensional accuracy and processing quality are strictly controlled. Therefore, determining how to accurately obtain images of the compensation hole is a primary problem in the detection of compensation hole parameters. In this paper, fully automatic equipment for compensation hole detection in automobile brake master cylinders is designed using an image processing algorithm to realize the automatic positioning of the compensation hole and automatic detection of size parameters. Experiments show that the automatic positioning and detection time for the compensation hole is less than 8 s, the detection accuracy of the compensation hole size is higher than ±0.021 mm, and the position detection accuracy for the compensation hole is higher than ±0.045 mm. The compensation hole detection technology proposed in this paper provides high real-time performance and good robustness while meeting accuracy requirements and detection speed.
The Neuroscientification of Psychology: The Rising Prevalence of Neuroscientific Concepts in Psychology From 1965 to 2016
Authors: Haslam Nick , Vylomova Ekaterina , Murphy Sean C. , Wilson Sarah J.
Published: July 2021

The apparent convergence of psychology and brain science has been the subject of both celebration and critique, but it has never been systematically charted. We examined historical trends in the representation of neuroscientific concepts in a corpus of 798,402 psychology journal articles published over the past half century, from 1965 to 2016. A dictionary of 522 uniquely neuroscience-related terms was developed, and the percentage of article abstracts in which at least one term appeared was calculated for each year. This percentage grew from 9.15% to 16.45% over the study period, whereas the percentage containing a subset of 199 terms containing the prefix “neur-” rose much more steeply, from 2.30% to 10.06%. From the mid-1970s, the growing representation of neuroscience in psychology was linear. Proportions were highest among journals covering neuropsychology and physiological psychology and behavioral neuroscience, lowest in those covering social psychology and developmental and educational psychology, and intermediate in those covering experimental and cognitive psychology and clinical psychology. The steepest rises were found in social and clinical psychology journals. Changes in the most salient neuroscientific terms revealed historical shifts in technology, topic, and anatomical focus, which may contribute to our understanding of relationships among mind, brain, and behavior.
Frailty and cerebrovascular disease: Concepts and clinical implications for stroke medicine
Authors: Evans Nicholas R , Todd Oliver M , Minhas Jatinder S , Fearon Patricia , Harston George W , Mant Jonathan , Mead Gillian , Hewitt Jonathan , Quinn Terence J , Warburton Elizabeth A
Published: July 2021

Frailty is a distinctive health state in which the ability of older people to cope with acute stressors is compromised by an increased vulnerability brought by age-associated declines in physiological reserve and function across multiple organ systems. Although closely associated with age, multimorbidity, and disability, frailty is a discrete syndrome that is associated with poorer outcomes across a range of medical conditions. However, its role in cerebrovascular disease and stroke has received limited attention. The estimated rise in the prevalence of frailty associated with changing demographics over the coming decades makes it an important issue for stroke practitioners, cerebrovascular research, clinical service provision, and stroke survivors alike. This review will consider the concept and models of frailty, how frailty is common in cerebrovascular disease, the impact of frailty on stroke risk factors, acute treatments, and rehabilitation, and considerations for future applications in both cerebrovascular clinical and research settings.
Influence of Psychological Distance on People’s Willingness to Help Accident Victims: Discrepancies Between Implicit and Explicit Inferences
Authors: Taniguchi Yuri , Ikegami Tomoko
Published: July 2021

Drawing on construal-level theory, this study explored how a sense of psychological distance from an accident influences people’s willingness to help victims. We conducted a scenario experiment with a sample of 81 Japanese undergraduates. Participants were presented with a short scenario describing an accident that happened on either a distant or a nearby mountain. The results show that the greater the distance perceived by participants from the accident, the more likely they were to infer negative traits about the victim at an implicit level. However, the more they inferred negative traits at an implicit level, the more likely they were to attribute the cause of the accident to external situational factors, at an explicit level. Finally, explicit external causal attribution aroused greater sympathy for the victim, resulting in an increased willingness to help. This discrepancy between implicit and explicit inferences was discussed in terms of cognitive elaboration, in which people engage in helping behaviors when they feel responsible for the fate of the victim.
COVID on Campus: Assessing the Impact of the Pandemic on Undocumented College Students
Authors: Enriquez Laura E. , Rosales William E. , Chavarria Karina , Morales Hernandez Martha , Valadez Mercedes
Published: July 2021

This article examines the initial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on undocumented college students. Deploying an ecological framework, we situate students’ experiences within their families, communities, and educational institutions. We draw on qualitative and quantitative survey responses from 1,067 undocumented students attending California 4-year universities. Qualitative findings show that immigration status exacerbated the negative economic effects of the pandemic, leading to severe financial strains that had cascading negative effects on undocumented students’ academics and health. Regression analyses confirm the strong association between students’ preexisting economic insecurity and negative effects of the pandemic. Legal vulnerability and family strains moderated this relationship, but campus environment had little effect.
Nutritional Status is Associated with Permanent Tooth Eruption in a Group of Brazilian School Children
Authors: Reis Caio L. B. , Barbosa Mariane C. F. , Henklein Suelyn , Madalena Isabela R. , de Lima Daniela C. , Oliveira Maria A. H. M. , Küchler Erika C. , Oliveira Daniela S. B. de
Published: July 2021

The present study aimed to investigate the association between nutritional status with delayed tooth eruption (DTE). Oral examination was performed in schoolchildren (8-11 years old), and DTE was defined by absence of dental gingival emergence or when primary tooth was still present in the oral cavity after the expected time. BMI z-score of each child were collected and nutritional status was defined. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression adjusted by age and gender were performed. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) were calculated. The established alpha was 5%. Among 353 included children, 247 were classified as eutrophic, 16 as underweight, 64 as overweight, and 26 as obese. Underweight was associated as a risk factor to DTE ( P = .014; OR = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.3-9.8), and underweight girls had more chance to present DTE than eutrophic girls ( P = .048; OR = 4.4; 95% CI = 1.1-17.2) in chi square test. In logistic regression, underweight was associated as a risk factor to DTE (OR = 4.21; CI 95% = 1.42-12.43; P = .009). Underweight children have a higher risk of DTE in permanents.
The Personal and the Political: Gender Equity and Attitudes toward Birth Restriction in Contemporary Urban China
Authors: Zhou Yun
Published: July 2021

Birth rates have declined globally over the past several decades. Extensive research has applied the gender equity theory to examine the link between individuals’ gender role attitudes and their fertility ideations in postindustrial democracies. A puzzle remains: does individuals’ gender ideology still matter for their fertility ideation when the state constrains individuals’ rights to have children? The author turns to a postsocialist authoritarian setting and examines the link between individuals’ gender role attitudes and attitudes toward the state’s birth restriction in contemporary urban China. Using four waves of the China General Social Survey between 2010 and 2015, the author demonstrates that individuals with more egalitarian gender role attitudes show significantly stronger support for the state’s birth restriction that limits the number of children. This article highlights an underarticulated dimension in research on gender equity and fertility ideation: the role of the state and how individuals experience the state’s reproductive control.
Accelerated cellular rejection with prominent interstitial hemorrhage following cemiplimab treatment: How can we approach a renal transplant recipient under anti-PD1 therapy?
Authors: Hermida-Lama Evelyn , Rodriguez Diana , Cuadrado Elena , Montagud Enrique , Xipell Marc , Piñeiro Gastón , Diekmann Fritz , García-Herrera Adriana , Puig Susana , Torregrosa Vicente , Quintana Luis F
Published: July 2021

The development of immune checkpoints from which tumor cells escape has revolutionized oncology in the past decade. However, its use is not indicated for solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients who wish to develop a state of immune tolerance to preserve the graft. The dysregulation of the immune system furthermore poses these patients at a higher risk of developing malignancies. Given the lack of therapeutic alternatives and the vital risk associated with oncological disease, the use of immunotherapy has been indicated in some cases for SOTR patients. Case reports confirm the imminent risk of rejection, especially cellular, which is higher with anti-PD1 relative to anti CTLA-4. This suggests a fundamental role for PD-1 in the development of graft tolerance. In light of these results, the use of anti-PD-1 would seem incompatible with graft survival; however, some cases have been reported describing the use of anti-PD-1 without loss of the renal graft. We present a case of accelerated allograft cell rejection with cemiplimab (anti-PD1) that required an allograft nephrectomy and briefly review the different immunosuppressive strategies used in kidney transplant recipients who received antiPD-1.