bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of novel species of marine magnetotactic bacteria affiliated with Nitrospirae phylum
Authors: Qian Xin‐Xin , Liu Jia , Menguy Nicolas , Li Jinhua , Alberto François , Teng Zhaojie , Xiao Tian , Zhang Wenyan , Wu Long‐Fei
Published: April 2019

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of Gram‐negative bacteria characterized by synthesizing magnetosomes and swimming along geomagnetic field lines. Phylogenetically, they belong to different taxonomic lineages including Proteobacteria, Nitrospirae, Omnitrophica, Latescibacteria and Planctomycetes phyla on the phylogenetic tree. To date, six Nitrospirae MTB phylotypes have been identified from freshwater or low‐salinity environments and described in the literature. Here, we report the identification of two Nitrospirae MTB phylotypes collected, for the first time, from the marine environment. Both have a spherical morphology with a cell size of ~ 5 μM and similar motility but are different colours (black‐brown and ivory‐white) under the optic microscope. They synthesized bullet‐shaped iron‐oxide magnetosomes that were arranged in multiple bundles of chains. Moreover, the cytoplasm of the black‐brown Nitrospirae MTB contained sulphur inclusions that conferred on cells a rough, granular appearance. Phylogenetic analysis based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that they are two novel species and cluster with the previously reported MTB affiliated with the phylum Nitrospirae, thus extending the distribution of Nitrospirae MTB from freshwater to the marine environment.
Liana cover in the canopies of rainforest trees is not predicted by local ground‐based measures
Authors: Cox Casey J. , Edwards Will , Campbell Mason J. , Laurance William F. , Laurance Susan G. W.
Published: April 2019

Lianas (woody climbers) are structural parasites of trees that compete with them for light and below‐ground resources. Most studies of liana–tree interactions are based on ground‐level observations of liana stem density and size, with these assessments generally assumed to reflect the amount of liana canopy cover and overall burden to the tree. We tested this assumption in a 1‐ha plot of lowland rainforest in tropical Australia. We recorded 1072 liana stems (≥1 cm diameter at breast height {dbh}) ha−1 across all trees (≥10 cm dbh) on the plot and selected 58 trees for detailed study. We estimated liana canopy cover on selected trees that hosted 0–15 liana individuals, using a 47‐m‐tall canopy crane. Notably, we found no significant correlations between liana canopy cover and three commonly used ground‐based measurements of liana abundance as follows: liana stem counts per tree, liana above‐ground biomass per tree and liana basal area per tree. We also explored the role of tree size and liana infestation and found that larger trees (≥20 cm dbh) were more likely to support lianas and to host more liana stems than smaller trees (≤20 cm dbh). This pattern of liana stem density, however, did not correlate with greater liana coverage in the canopy. Tree family was also found to have a significant effect on likelihood of hosting lianas, with trees in some families 3–4 times more likely to host a liana than other families. We suggest that local ground‐based measures of liana–tree infestation may not accurately reflect liana canopy cover for individual trees because they were frequently observed spreading through neighbouring trees at our site. We believe that future liana research will benefit from new technologies such as high‐quality aerial photography taken from drones when the aim is to detect the relative burden of lianas on individual trees.
Local extinctions may be evidenced by the holes of the morphometric hypervolume in dung beetle communities
Authors: Alves Victor Michelon , Hernández Malva Isabel Medina
Published: April 2019

The body shape of a species is associated with its evolutionary history and can reflect behavioural peculiarities related to the ecological niche of each species. Morphology can characterise the morphometric niche of species and can be represented as body shape points within a morphometric universe. This information can be to calculate the morphometric diversity of communities through hypervolume metrics, and the hole sizes that remain in the morphometric hypervolume, which are empty areas with no species. Such holes may be ‘natural’ or caused by a local extinction. In this study, we evaluate the ecological community of dung beetles through the lens of morphometric diversity. We evaluated 38 dung beetle species from 30 subtropical communities in southern Brazil sampled in the summer of 2015, including 15 forest remnant communities from the Atlantic Forest and 15 communities from adjacent maize cultivations. The shape of 495 dung beetle specimens was measured using geometric morphometric and hypervolume techniques to calculate the morphometric diversity and the hole size of each of the 30 communities. We found that the taxonomic diversity positively correlated with the morphometric diversity and negatively correlated with the size of the holes. We also found that forest communities had higher values of morphometric diversity and smaller holes in the hypervolume than the maize cultivation communities, suggesting that local extinction may reduce community body shape spaces.
A review of the prognostic value of irrigation on root canal treatment success
Authors: Chubb David Wayne Ronald
Published: April 2019

The aim of this review is to discuss the requirements for effective irrigation of the root canal system and its role in treatment outcome. A review of the literature regarding irrigants, methods of irrigation and regimens was undertaken. It indicates that irrigation is comprised of a multitude of factors, and that effective irrigant delivery and agitation achieves mechanical, chemical and microbiological functions, which are prerequisites for obtaining a clean canal system. However, most studies are ex vivo and assess intermediate outcome values rather than treatment success. Additionally, there is an absence of high‐level evidence evaluating the effect of irrigation on the outcome of root canal treatment. Therefore, citing irrigation as a significant factor that affects root canal treatment success cannot be done. This highlights the need to further investigate the prognostic value of irrigation on root canal treatment success.
Validation of SNP associations with bovine ovulation and twinning rate
Authors: Kirkpatrick B. W. , Thallman R. M. , Kuehn L. A.
Published: April 2019

Previous work identified SNP associations with twinning rate in the US Holstein population and developed a model for genomic prediction. The current study was conducted to assess the association of these SNPs with twinning rate and ovulation rate in a genetically diverse, outbred population selected for twinning and ovulation rate. A total of 18 SNPs that were components of a prediction equation for twinning rate in Holstein cattle were genotyped on 731 animals from the USDA Meat Animal Research Center production efficiency or twinning population. These 731 individuals were sires and dams well represented in the pedigrees of animals from the twinner population, and their genotypes were used in predicting genotypes for animals in the larger population (n = 16 035). Twinning rate and ovulation rate were analyzed in a two‐trait repeated records analysis with marker associations analyzed individually as fixed effects. Criteria for marker validation were effect estimate with a sign consistent with previous estimates and significance at a nominal P < 0.01. Of the 14 SNPs passing quality control assessments, only one was validated. A SNP in the 5′ flanking region of the IGF1 gene, discovered previously in a positional candidate gene analysis, was significantly associated with twinning rate in the USDA twinning population (P < 0.0002). This SNP may have utility in genomic prediction of twinning rate beyond the Holstein population.
Playing with Infrastructure like a Carishina: Feminist Cycling in an Era of Democratic Politics
Authors: Gamble Julie
Published: April 2019

This article discusses transit infrastructure as a site of radical possibility and limitation in an age of participatory democracy across Latin America. I focus on multiple spaces of participation in Quito, Ecuador to elucidate how citizenship and infrastructure are co‐produced through gendered processes. I first analyse city space of Quito from a gendered and infrastructural lens to consider how urban environments are dictated by violence and insecurity. Then, against this backdrop, I explore the spatial strategies of the feminist bicycle collective, Carishina en Bici, which translates from Quechua to “bad housewives that cycle”. Here, I draw on the concept of “deep play” to reveal how public practices in Quito question the equitable impacts of local democratic experimentation. To examine Carishinas’ spatial practices, I focus on an urban alleycat race, the Carishina Race, to show how strategic practices of solidarity reinsert feminist possibilities in urban space.
Fluid restriction negatively affects energy intake and growth in very low birthweight infants with haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus
Authors: Hansson Lena , Lind Torbjörn , Wiklund Urban , Öhlund Inger , Rydberg Annika
Published: April 2019

Aim

We explored if fluid restriction in very low birthweight (VLBW) infants with a haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) affected energy and protein intakes and growth.

Methods

Retrospectively, we identified 90 VLBW infants that were admitted to Umea University Hospital, Sweden, between 2009 and 2012: 42 with and 48 without haemodynamically significant PDA (hsPDA). Anthropometric, fluid, energy and protein intake data during the first 28 days of life were expressed as z‐scores.

Results

In the 42 infants diagnosed with hsPDA, fluid intake was restricted after diagnosis, resulting in a decrease in energy and protein intake. No decrease was observed in the other 48 infants in the cohort. Multivariate analysis showed that the z‐score of weight change depended on both ductus arteriosus status and energy intake; thus, infants with hsPDA did not grow as expected with the energy provided to them.

Conclusion

Energy and protein intake was diminished in prematurely born infants with hsPDA when fluid was restricted after diagnosis. The initial reduction in intakes may have contributed to the lower postnatal growth observed in these infants.
The Incredible Years® Teacher Classroom Management programme and its impact on teachers’ professional self‐efficacy, work‐related stress, and general well‐being: Results from theSTARSrandomized controlled trial
Authors: Hayes Rachel , Titheradge Daniel , Allen Kate , Allwood Matt , Byford Sarah , Edwards Vanessa , Hansford Lorraine , Longdon Bryony , Norman Shelley , Norwich Brahm , Russell Abigail Emma , Price Anna , Ukoumunne Obioha C. , Ford Tamsin
Published: April 2019

Background

Teaching is a stressful occupation with poor retention. The Incredible Years® Teacher Classroom Management (TCM) programme is a training programme that research has demonstrated may be an effective intervention for improving children's mental health, but little research has explored any impacts there may be on the teachers’ own professional confidence and mental health.

Aims

In this paper, we evaluate whetherTCMmay lead to changes in teachers’ well‐being, namely a reduction in burnout and an improvement in self‐efficacy and mental health.

Sample

Eighty schools across the South West of England were recruited between September 2012 and September 2014. Headteachers were asked to nominate one class teacher to take part.

Methods

Eighty teachers were randomized to either attend aTCMcourse (intervention) or not (control).TCMwas delivered to groups of up to 12 teachers in six whole‐day workshops that were evenly spread between October and April. At baseline and 9‐month follow‐up, we measured teachers’ mental health using the Everyday Feelings Questionnaire (EFQ), burnout using the Maslach Burnout Inventory‐General Survey (MBI‐GS), and self‐efficacy using the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale‐Short (TSES‐Short).

Results

Using linear regression models, there was little evidence of differences at follow‐up between the intervention and control teachers on the outcomes (the smallestp‐value was .09).

Conclusions

Our findings did not replicate previous research thatTCMimproved teachers’ sense of efficacy. However, there were limitations with this study including low sample size.
Anti‐FIRΔexon2, a splicing variant form of PUF60, autoantibody is detected in the sera of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kobayashi Sohei , Hiwasa Takaki , Ishige Takayuki , Rahmutulla Bahityar , Kano Masayuki , Hoshino Tyuji , Minamoto Toshinari , Shimada Hideaki , Nomura Fumio , Matsubara Hisahiro , Matsushita Kazuyuki
Published: April 2019

Anti‐PUF60 autoantibodies are reportedly detected in the sera of patients with dermatomyositis and Sjögren's syndrome; however, little is known regarding its existence in the sera of cancer patients. FIR, a splicing variant of the PUF60 gene, is a transcriptional repressor of c‐myc. In colorectal cancer, there is an overexpression of the dominant negative form of FIR, in which exon 2 is lacking (FIRΔexon2). Previously, large‐scale SEREX (serological identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning) screenings have identified anti‐FIR autoantibodies in the sera of cancer patients. In the present study, we revealed the presence and significance of anti‐FIR (FIR/FIRΔexon2) Abs in the sera of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Our results were validated by an amplified luminescence proximity homogeneous assay using sera of patients with various cancer types. We revealed that anti‐FIRΔexon2 Ab had higher sensitivity than anti‐FIR Ab. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied for evaluating the use of anti‐FIRΔexon2 Ab as candidate markers such as anti‐p53 Ab and carcinoembryonic antigen, and the highest area under the ROC curve was observed in the combination of anti‐FIRΔexon2 Ab and anti‐p53 Ab. In summary, our results suggest the use of anti‐FIRΔexon2 Ab in combination with the anti‐p53 Ab as a predictive marker for ESCC. The area under the ROC curve was further increased in the advanced stage of ESCC. The value of anti‐FIRΔexon2 autoantibody as novel clinical indicator against ESCC and as a companion diagnostic tool is discussed.
The alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone acts as a local immune homeostasis factor in experimental allergic asthma
Authors: Webering Sina , Lunding Lars Peter , Vock Christina , Schröder Alexandra , Gaede Karoline I. , Herzmann Christian , Fehrenbach Heinz , Wegmann Michael
Published: April 2019

Background

Originally, the neuropeptide α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) has been described as a mediator of skin pigmentation. However, recent studies have shown that α‐MSH is able to modulate inflammation in various tissues including the lung. So far, it is still not clear whether α‐MSH also plays a role in allergic bronchial asthma.

Objective

This study aimed at investigating the role and regulatory mechanisms of α‐MSH in asthma pathogenesis.

Methods

α‐MSH levels were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of asthmatic and non‐asthmatic individuals as well as of healthy mice and mice with experimental asthma. Wild‐type mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) and exposed to an OVA aerosol in order to induce experimental allergic asthma. α‐MSH was administrated intratracheally, the α‐MSH antibody intraperitoneally prior each OVA challenge. Airway inflammation, cytokine production, mucus production, airway hyperresponsiveness and receptor expression were assessed.

Results

α‐MSH levels in BAL of asthmatic individuals and mice were significantly higher compared to healthy controls. In a mouse model of experimental asthma, α‐MSH neutralization increased airway inflammation and mucus production, whereas local administration of α‐MSH significantly reduced inflammation of the airways. The beneficial effects were further associated with decreased levels of eosinophilic chemoattractant factors that are released by MC5R‐positive T helper 2 and airway epithelial cells.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

α‐MSH acts as a regulatory factor to maintain local immune homeostasis in allergic bronchial asthma.
Alveolar ridge preservation in the posterior maxilla reduces vertical dimensional change: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Cha Jae‐Kook , Song Young Woo , Park Su‐Hyun , Jung Ronald E. , Jung Ui‐Won , Thoma Daniel S.
Published: April 2019

Objectives

To test whether or not alveolar ridge preservation reduces vertical changes in the posterior maxilla compared to spontaneous healing following tooth extraction.

Materials and methods

Forty subjects requiring extraction of maxillary posterior teeth with root apices protruding into the maxillary sinus floor were consecutively enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to either one of two surgical interventions: an alveolar ridge preservation procedure using collagenated bovine bone mineral and a resorbable collagen membrane (test) or no grafting (control). Cone‐beam computed tomographies were taken immediately and at 6 months after surgery, prior to dental implant placement.

Results

Based on radiographic data, the level of the sinus floor remained stable over time (baseline to 6 months) in the test group (−0.14 mm [−0.31, −0.02]). In the control group, the sinus floor level shifted more coronally (−1.16 mm [−1.73, −0.61]) than the test group (p < 0.05). The test group demonstrated a significantly larger residual bone height than the control group at 6 months (7.30 mm [6.36, 8.20] vs. 4.83 mm [3.94, 5.76], respectively, p < 0.05). Implant placement without any additional sinus augmentation procedure was performed in 42.9% of test group cases, whereas in all of the subjects in the control group an additional augmentation procedure was needed (100% of the cases).

Conclusion

Alveolar ridge preservation in the posterior maxilla maintained the vertical bone height more efficiently and resulted in less need for sinus augmentation procedures at 6 months compared to spontaneous healing.
Implant treatment in immunosuppressed renal transplant patients: A prospective case‐controlled study
Authors: Hernández Gonzalo , Paredes Víctor , López‐Pintor Rosa María , de Andrés Amado , de Vicente Juan Carlos , Sanz Mariano
Published: April 2019

Objectives

The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate long‐term outcomes of implant therapy in a cohort of immunosuppressed renal transplant patients compared with a matched control group.

Material and methods

Pharmacologically immunosuppressed renal transplant patients received dental implant treatment between 2001 and 2011. Periodontal, clinical and radiographic parameters were prospectively measured with a mean follow‐up of 116.8 months (range from 84 to 192 months). A matched controlled non‐transplant sample receiving similar implant treatment in the same time was included as a control group.

Results

Implant survival rate was over 98% in both test and control groups (100% and 98.84%, respectively). Peri‐implant mucositis was diagnosed in 46.80% of the implants in the study group and in 48.80% in the control group. Peri‐implantitis occurred in 5.10% of the implants in the study group and in 8.10% of the controls. Wound healing and post‐operative pain were similar in both groups.

Conclusions

Despite the limitations of this study, pharmacological immunosuppression in renal transplant patients did not affect implant outcomes. Renal transplant patients should be carefully controlled periodically after implant treatment.

Clinical implications

The results from this investigation justify the use of dental implants for the dentalrehabilitation of immunosuppressed patients after renal transplantation provided they follow the necessarylong‐term monitoring and regular maintenance of their oral and systemic health.
A composite measure of habitat loss for entire assemblages of species
Authors: Simmonds Jeremy S. , Watson James E. M. , Salazar Alvaro , Maron Martine
Published: April 2019

Habitat destruction is among the greatest threats facing biodiversity, and it affects common and threatened species alike. However, metrics for communicating its impacts typically overlook the nonthreatened component of assemblages. This risks the loss of habitat going unreported for species that comprise the majority of assemblages. We adapted a widely used measure for summarizing researcher output (the h index) to provide a metric that describes natural habitat loss for entire assemblages, inclusive of threatened and nonthreatened species. For each of 447 Australian native terrestrial bird species, we combined information on their association with broad vegetation groups with distributional range maps to identify the difference between the estimated pre‐European and current extents of potential habitat, defined as vegetation groups most closely associated with each species. From this, we calculated the loss index (LI), which revealed that 30% of native birds have each lost at least 30% of their potential natural habitat (LI = 30). At the subcontinental scale, LIs ranged from 15 in arid Australia to 61 in the highly transformed southeastern part of the country. Different subcomponents of the assemblage had different LI values. For example, Australia's parrots (n = 52 species) had an LI of 38, whereas raptors (n = 32 species) had an LI of 25. The LI is simple to calculate and can be determined using readily available spatial information on species distributions, native vegetation associations, and human impacts on natural land cover. This metric, including the curves used to deduce it, could complement other biodiversity indices if it is used for regional and global biodiversity assessments that compare the status of natural habitat extent for assemblages within and among nations, monitor changes through time, and forecast future changes to guide strategic land‐use planning. The LI is an intuitive tool that can be used to summarize and communicate how human actions affect whole assemblages, not just threatened species.
Elective colectomy after acute diverticulitis: an international comparison
Authors: Hong M. K.‐Y. , Skandarajah A. R. , Joy M. P. , Hayes I. P.
Published: April 2019

Aim

Routine elective colectomy after acute diverticulitis is not recommended, yet significant numbers are still being performed. Amidst global concern over the rising costs of surgery and the value of healthcare, acute diverticulitis is a disease that is amenable to optimization of strategies for operative intervention. We aim to compare rates of elective colectomy after acute diverticulitis in the USA, England and Australia.

Method

Index unplanned admissions for acute diverticulitis were found from an international administrative dataset between 2008 and 2012 for hospitals in the USA, England and Australia. Recurrent unplanned admissions for acute diverticulitis and any subsequent elective admissions for colectomy were found between 2008 and 2014 to allow a minimum 2‐year follow‐up period. The primary outcome measured was elective colectomy rate. Secondary outcomes included rates of emergency operative intervention and recurrence. Multivariable analysis was performed to control for patient and disease factors.

Results

There were 7842 index unplanned admissions for acute diverticulitis over 4 years in selected hospitals from the USA, England and Australia. The elective colectomy rates were 13%, 5.4% and 3.4% for the USA, England and Australia, respectively. The propensity for elective colectomy was higher in the USA (OR 4.2, P < 0.001) and England (OR 1.8, P < 0.001) than in Australia. The recurrence rate in all patients with acute diverticulitis was 10% across the countries.

Conclusion

There is a higher propensity for elective colectomy after acute diverticulitis in the USA than in England and Australia. This highlights the possibilities for a less aggressive surgical approach to reduce resource utilization, but prospective analysis of information on quality of life is required to support this.
Spectrum of cytomorphological features of extranodal NK/T‐cell lymphoma, nasal type
Authors: Kaur Kanwalpreet , Kakkar Aanchal , Bhardwaj Nishu , Sakthivel Pirabu , Singh Chirom Amit , Jain Deepali , Mathur Sandeep R. , Iyer Venkateswaran K. , Sood Rita
Published: April 2019

Objective

Extranodal natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL) is an aggressive extranodal lymphoma of NK‐cell or T‐cell lineage. Its clinical features overlap with those of several sinonasal mass lesions. While the histopathological features are well described, diagnosis is often difficult, owing to presence of extensive coagulative necrosis, so that repeated biopsies may sometimes be necessary for correct diagnosis. Literature on cytological findings of ENKTL is limited.

Methods

Cytomorphological features of cases of histologically confirmed ENKTL having corresponding cytology samples were reviewed retrospectively, to identify distinctive features that could possibly suggest this entity.

Results

Aspirates from five patients were studied: four from cervical nodes, one from cheek swelling and one from pleural fluid. Two aspirates were reported as positive for malignancy, two as atypical lymphoid proliferation and one was non‐diagnostic. Pleural fluid was reported as malignant, favouring a diagnosis of carcinoma. On cytology, aspirates showed medium to large cells with folded, indented nuclei and abundant pale cytoplasm, some with tongue‐like cytoplasmic protrusions. A distinctive feature was presence of large loose clusters of tumour cells with arborising capillaries running through them. Interestingly, necrosis was consistently absent. Subsequent biopsies from palate (three cases) and nasal masses (two cases) confirmed the diagnosis of ENKTL.

Conclusions

Suspicion of ENKTL on cytology is crucial for timely diagnosis to avoid diagnostic delay, especially when only highly necrotic biopsy samples are available. Awareness of distinctive cytomorphological features is required to make fine needle aspiration an effective diagnostic tool for initial diagnosis and for evaluation of possible recurrences.
Use and categorization of Light Detection and Ranging vegetation metrics in avian diversity and species distribution research
Authors: Bakx Tristan R. M. , Koma Zsófia , Seijmonsbergen Arie C. , Kissling W. Daniel
Published: April 2019

Aim

Vegetation structure is a key determinant of animal diversity and species distributions. The introduction of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) has enabled the collection of massive amounts of point cloud data for quantifying habitat structure at fine resolution. Here, we review the current use of LiDAR‐derived vegetation metrics in diversity and distribution research of birds, a key group for understanding animal–habitat relationships.

Location

Global.

Methods

We review 50 relevant papers and quantify where, in which habitats, at which spatial scales and with what kind of LiDAR data current studies make use of LiDAR metrics. We also harmonize and categorize LiDAR metrics and quantify their current use and effectiveness.

Results

Most studies have been conducted at local extents in temperate forests of North America and Europe. Rasterization is currently the main method to derive LiDAR metrics, usually from airborne laser scanning data with low point densities (<10 points/m2) and small footprints (<1 m diameter). Our metric harmonization suggests that 40% of the currently used metric names are redundant. A categorization scheme allowed to group all metric names into 18 out of 24 theoretically possible classes, defined by vegetation part (total vegetation, single trees, canopy, understorey, and other single layers as well as multi‐layer) and structural type (cover, height, horizontal variability and vertical variability). Metrics related to canopy cover, canopy height and canopy vertical variability are currently most often used, but not always effective.

Main conclusions

Light Detection and Ranging metrics play an important role in understanding animal space use. Our review and the developed categorization scheme may facilitate future studies in the selection, prioritization and ecological interpretation of LiDAR metrics. The increasing availability of airborne and spaceborne LiDAR data and the development of voxel‐based and object‐based approaches will further allow novel ecological applications, also for open habitats and other vertebrate and invertebrate taxa.
Integrating intraspecific differentiation in species distribution models: Consequences on projections of current and future climatically suitable areas of species
Authors: Lecocq Thomas , Harpke Alexander , Rasmont Pierre , Schweiger Oliver
Published: April 2019

Aim

Conventional species distribution models (SDMs) usually focus on the species level but disregard intraspecific variability. Phylogeographic structure and evolutionary significant units (ESU) have been proposed as pragmatic proxies to incorporate intraspecific differentiation in SDMs. Nevertheless, the efficiency of using these proxies in SDMs has been poorly investigated. We analysed how the projections of current and future climatically suitable areas can be affected when using ESU‐based or lineage‐based models compared to a species‐level model.

Location

West‐Palaearctic region.

Methods

As examples, we used three bumblebee species (133,787 observations). We assessed potential climatic niche differentiation between species level, lineages and ESUs, by determining the niche position and niche breadth for each classification level by outlying mean index analyses. Subsequently, we developed SDMs for each species and classification level separately using boosted regression trees prior to a comparison of their performances. Finally, we used the alternative models to project the extent of climatically suitable areas in 2070.

Results

We found that in spite of highly similar overall model accuracy, integrating intraspecific variability significantly increases model sensitivity (i.e., better predicting presences) while decreased model specificity (i.e., over‐predicting the range). Consequently, both predictions of current and projections of future suitable conditions differed among the three approaches.

Main conclusions

We showed that although integrating lineage or ESU information did not improve the accuracy of conventional species‐level SDMs, it led to considerably different conclusions. As SDM‐based climatic risk assessments are increasingly used to help and improve conservation plans, divergences and limitations of each modelling approach should be taken into account for developing efficient biodiversity management strategies. Lineage and ESU‐based SDMs offer the advantage to draw attention to species in which allopatric populations could display physiologically different responses to climate change when they lead to different results than species‐based models.
Camp‐based psychosocial intervention dosage and changes in independence in young people with spina bifida
Authors: Driscoll Colleen F Bechtel , Murray Caitlin B , Holbein Christina E , Stiles‐Shields Colleen , Cuevas Gina , Holmbeck Grayson N
Published: April 2019

Aim

To examine associations between camp‐based intervention dosage and changes in independence‐related skills for young people with spina bifida.

Method

Participants were 110 individuals (mean age [SD] 14y 7mo [6y 1mo], range 6–32y; 66 females, 54 males) who attended a summer camp for individuals with spina bifida between 2 to 6 times (mean 2.40; operationalized as ‘dosage’). Parents of young campers (e.g. those <18y) also participated in data collection. Campers and/or parents completed preintervention measures assessing campers’ level of medical responsibility, mastery over medical tasks, and social skills. Outcomes included change in preintervention scores from dose 1 to final dose.

Results

Hierarchical regression analyses with and without covariates (age, IQ, and lesion level at dose 1) revealed that increased dosage was significantly associated with greater parent‐reported improvements in campers’ medical responsibility and mastery over medical tasks. Increased dosage was also significantly associated with camper‐report of increased medical responsibility, but this relationship was no longer significant when including covariates. Intervention dosage was not associated with changes in campers’ social skills.

Interpretation

Repeated participation in a camp‐based intervention was associated with improvements in condition‐related independence. Future work may focus on the development of interventions to promote improvements in social skills for young people with spina bifida.

What this paper adds

Participating in an intervention over multiple summers is associated with increases in campers’ responsibility for spina bifida‐related tasks.

Repeated summer camp intervention participation is associated with improved mastery over condition‐related tasks for campers with spina bifida.

Repeated camp intervention participation is not associated with changes in social skills for campers with spina bifida.
FOOLING MYSELF OR FOOLING OBSERVERS? AVOIDING SOCIAL PRESSURES BY MANIPULATING PERCEPTIONS OF DESERVINGNESS OF OTHERS
Authors: Andreoni James , Sanchez Alison
Published: April 2019

We present a novel experiment demonstrating strategies selfish individuals utilize to avoid social pressure to be altruistic. Subjects participate in a trust game, after which they have an opportunity to state their beliefs about their opponent's actions. Subsequently, subjects participate in a task designed to “reveal” their true beliefs. Subjects who initially made selfish choices falsely state their beliefs about their opponent's kindness. Their “revealed” beliefs were significantly more accurate, which exposed subjects' knowledge that their selfishness was unjustifiable by their opponent's behavior. The initial false statements complied with social norms, suggesting subjects' attempts to project a more favorable social image. (JEL C9, D03, D83)
LIMITED ASSET MARKET PARTICIPATION AND THE EURO AREA CRISIS: AN EMPIRICAL DSGE MODEL
Authors: Albonico Alice , Paccagnini Alessia , Tirelli Patrizio
Published: April 2019

We estimate a medium‐scale dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model for the Euro area with limited asset market participation (LAMP). Our results suggest that in the recent European Monetary Union years LAMP is particularly sizable (39% during 1993–2012) and important to understand business cycle features. The Bayes factor and the forecasting performance show that the LAMP model is preferred to its representative household counterpart. In the representative agent model the risk premium shock is the main driver of output volatility in order to match consumption correlation with output. In the LAMP model this role is played by the investment‐specific shock, because non‐Ricardian households introduce a Keynesian multiplier effect and raise the correlation between consumption and investments. We also detect the contractionary role of monetary policy shocks during the post‐2007 years. In this period consumption of non‐Ricardian households fell dramatically, but this outcome might have been avoided by a more aggressive policy stance. (JEL C11, C13, C32, E21, E32, E37)
A retrospective study of survival of 196 replanted permanent teeth in children
Authors: Wang Guiyan , Wang Chao , Qin Man
Published: April 2019

Background/Aim

The extra‐alveolar period and storage medium are important for the survival of replanted teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors affecting the survival of replanted teeth in children.

Material and Methods

Complete dental records of avulsed teeth including age, gender, extra‐alveolar time, storage type and period, stage of root development, crown fracture, gingival laceration, alveolar fracture, antibiotics, and splint type and period were obtained. Kaplan‐Meier, Cox regression and chi‐square tests were used to analyse the risk factors affecting survival (P < 0.05).

Results

The study included 196 replanted teeth with a mean follow‐up period of 4.0 years. Forty‐two (21.4%), 45 (23.0%), and 109 teeth (55.6%) showed functional healing, inflammatory resorption and replacement resorption. The root resorption incidence of teeth with extra‐alveolar time longer than 30 minutes was higher vs teeth with a time of less than 30 minutes (P = 0.010). Physiologically stored replanted teeth showed lower incidence of root resorption (19/31, 61.3%) than those stored in non‐physiologic media (94/114, 82.5%) (P = 0.025). Root resorption incidence of teeth stored non‐physiologically within 30 minutes and then transferred to physiologic media (25/33, 75.8%) was similar to that of teeth stored physiologically (P = 0.127). Teeth stored non‐physiologically for longer than 30 minutes had a significantly higher root resorption incidence (99/113, 87.6%) than teeth stored non‐physiologically within 30 minutes (55/83, 66.3%) (odds ratio = 1.726, P = 0.001). Pulp canal obliteration occurred in five of the 56 immature teeth (8.9%) but two of them were later extracted because of replacement resorption. The survival of mature teeth (111/140, 79.3%) was significantly higher than that of immature teeth (39/56, 69.6%) (P = 0.007).

Conclusions

This study suggested that non‐physiologic storage within 30 minutes was critical for the periodontal healing of replanted teeth. Replanted immature teeth had lower survival rates than mature teeth.
Longitudinal changes in 18F‐THK5351 positron emission tomography in corticobasal syndrome
Authors: Ezura M. , Kikuchi A. , Ishiki A. , Okamura N. , Hasegawa T. , Harada R. , Watanuki S. , Funaki Y. , Hiraoka K. , Baba T. , Sugeno N. , Oshima R. , Yoshida S. , Kobayashi J. , Kobayashi M. , Tano O. , Nakashima I. , Mugikura S. , Iwata R. , Taki Y. , Furukawa K. , Arai H. , Furumoto S. , Tashiro M. , Yanai K. , Kudo Y. , Takeda A. , Aoki M.
Published: April 2019

Background and purpose

Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is pathologically characterized by tau deposits in neuronal and glial cells and by reactive astrogliosis. In several neurodegenerative disorders, 18F‐THK5351 has been observed to bind to reactive astrocytes expressing monoamine oxidase B. In this study, the aim was to investigate the progression of disease‐related pathology in the brains of patients with CBS using positron emission tomography with 18F‐THK5351.

Methods

Baseline and 1‐year follow‐up imaging were acquired using magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography with 18F‐THK5351 in 10 subjects: five patients with CBS and five age‐matched normal controls (NCs).

Results

The 1‐year follow‐up scan images revealed that 18F‐THK5351 retention had significantly increased in the superior parietal gyrus of the patients with CBS compared with the NCs. The median increases in 18F‐THK5351 accumulation in the patients with CBS were 6.53% in the superior parietal gyrus, 4.34% in the precentral gyrus and 4.33% in the postcentral gyrus. In contrast, there was no significant increase in the regional 18F‐THK5351 retention in the NCs.

Conclusions

Longitudinal increases in 18F‐THK5351 binding can be detected over a short interval in the cortical sites of patients with CBS. A monoamine oxidase B binding radiotracer could be useful in monitoring the progression of astrogliosis in CBS.
The effects of valproic acid on early pregnancy human placentas: Pilot ex vivo analysis in cultured placental villi
Authors: Tetro Nino , Imbar Tal , Wohl Debra , Eisenberg Iris , Yagel Simcha , Shmuel Miriam , Eyal Sara
Published: April 2019

Valproic acid is an established structural and neurodevelopmental teratogen. Recently, we demonstrated that valproate alters the barrier function of perfused term human placentas. Here, we conducted a pilot study to evaluate the effects of subchronic valproate exposure on carrier expression in cultured placental villous explants from early human pregnancies. Placental tissue of gestational age 6‐13 weeks was collected from elective pregnancy terminations in women without known epilepsy. The effects of valproate (42, 83, or 166 μg/mL) on the mRNA expression of 37 major placental carriers and related genes were evaluated by a customized gene expression array (n = 5, 5 days). Five‐day exposure to valproate was associated with high variability in gene expression. However, two main gene clusters were identified, including a cluster of three major folate carriers. Exposure to low therapeutic levels of valproate (42 μg/mL) was associated with a tendency toward reduced mRNA expression of genes encoding folate and amino acid and fatty acid carriers (P = 0.065, paired analysis). Our initial findings suggest that valproate can affect the function of the human placenta during early pregnancy.
Burden and epidemiology of status epilepticus in infants, children, and adolescents: A population‐based study on German health insurance data
Authors: Schubert‐Bast Susanne , Zöllner Johann Philipp , Ansorge Sonja , Hapfelmeier Jana , Bonthapally Vijayveer , Eldar‐Lissai Adi , Rosenow Felix , Strzelczyk Adam
Published: April 2019

Objective

Status epilepticus (SE) is an important medical emergency condition with particularly unfavorable outcome in refractory and superrefractory SE (SRSE). The economic impact of SE and especially of SRSE in the pediatric population remains unclear. We aimed to determine the burden of illness of SE in a pediatric patient population.

Methods

Insurance records for patients aged 0‐18 years admitted between 2008 and 2015 were selected from a nationwide insurance research database utilizing International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD‐10) codes for SE (G41), epilepsy (G40), or febrile convulsions (R56). Patients were further classified based on admission to the intensive care unit and use of mechanical ventilation.

Results

The algorithm identified 11 693 seizure‐related admissions and classified 4% as SE. Of these cases, 282 (60.4%) were classified by the algorithm as nonrefractory SE (NRSE), 125 (26.8%) as refractory SE (RSE), and 60 (12.8%) as SRSE. The crude SE incidence was 17.6/100 000, with NRSE being 11.4/100 000, RSE 3.9/100 000, and SRSE 2.3/100 000. SRSE incidence peaked in the 0‐ to 1‐year‐old age subgroup accounting for 48.3% of all pediatric SRSE admissions. The median length of stay (LOS) for all SE cases was 7 days, with median 44.5 days in SRSE, 5 days in NRSE, and 12 days in RSE. Mean admission costs for total SE were €15 880, with a mean expense for SRSE of €75 358, for NRSE of €4119, and for RSE of €13 864. The mean LOS for non‐SE epilepsy admissions was 3 days, with mean costs of €2697 for epilepsy and €1614 for febrile convulsion admissions. There were no deaths in non‐SE and NRSE admissions, whereas the overall mortality for SE was 3%, with 5.6% in RSE and 11.7% in SRSE.

Significance

Although cases classified as SE represented 4% of the seizure‐associated admissions, they accounted for 22% of the overall costs. These costs were disproportionately represented by SRSE cases, which accounted for 62% of all SE‐associated costs.
Surgical outcomes and prognostic factors of drug‐resistant epilepsy secondary to encephalomalacia
Authors: He Xinghui , Zhai Feng , Guan Yuguang , Zhou Jian , Li Tianfu , Luan Guoming
Published: April 2019

Objective

To evaluate long‐term outcomes and prognostic factors in patients who underwent surgical resection for drug‐resistant epilepsy secondary to encephalomalacia.

Methods

A total of 143 patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy who underwent surgical resection with a follow‐up of at least 5 years were included. Seizure outcomes were evaluated based on the International League Against Epilepsy classification. Univariate analysis and a multivariate logistic regression model in a backward fashion were used to identify the potential predictors of seizure outcomes.

Results

Three months after surgery, 102 of 143 (71.3%) patients had achieved favorable seizure outcomes. Five years after surgery, 107 of 143 (74.8%) patients had achieved favorable seizure outcomes. Changes in the postoperative seizure status were observed in 22 of 143 (15.4%) patients during follow‐up, but the difference in the seizure‐free rate between 3 months and 5 years after surgery was not significant. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that only a monthly seizure frequency of >30 seizures (odds ratio = 3.42, 95% confidence interval = 1.19‐9.76) and bilateral ictal onset rhythms (odds ratio = 4.46, 95% confidence interval = 1.61‐12.39) were independent predictors of unfavorable seizure outcomes.

Significance

Surgical resection is an effective treatment for patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy secondary to encephalomalacia. Knowledge of the predictors of seizure outcomes may help during preoperative counseling and selection of optimal candidates for epilepsy surgery among patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy secondary to encephalomalacia.
Nonadherence to treatment regimens in epilepsy from the patient's perspective and predisposing factors: Differences between intentional and unintentional lack of adherence
Authors: Henning Oliver , Johannessen Landmark Cecilie , Nakken Karl O. , Lossius Morten I.
Published: April 2019

Nonadherence to recommended antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment regimens can result in seizure relapse with increased health risks. Nonadherence can be unintentional (eg, patients forget to take a dose), or intentional, when patients consciously decide not to follow the agreed AED treatment regimen. We aimed to determine the extent to which Norwegian patients with epilepsy (PWEs) report taking their AED differently from prescribed, either intentionally or unintentionally, and to identify risk factors for either form of nonadherence. Of 1182 PWEs who completed an online survey presented on the website of the Norwegian Epilepsy Association, 40% reported that they sometimes or often forget to take their AED as scheduled, and about 30% reported that they consciously chose not to follow the AED treatment plan agreed upon with their physician. Independent variables significantly associated with unintentional nonadherence include the following: feeling depressed, being younger than the mean age, and having memory problems. Independent factors significantly associated with intentional nonadherence include the following: feeling depressed, male gender, and perceptions of stigmatization. To improve the treatment of PWEs, it is important to distinguish between intentional and unintentional nonadherence to AED treatment regimens, as different risk factors and reasons associated with nonadherence to AED treatment regimens might require different interventions.