bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between living arrangement and quality of life for older adults in the community
Authors: Bolina Alisson Fernandes , Araújo Mayssa da Conceição , Haas Vanderlei José , Tavares Darlene Mara dos Santos
Published: January 2021

Objective: to compare the sociodemographic and economic characteristics of the older adults in the community according to the living arrangement and to verify the association between the type of living arrangement and the quality of life scores. Method: a cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted with 796 older adults in the community. To assess quality of life (dependent variable), network and social support (adjustment variable), validated and applied chi-square tests, descriptive statistical analysis, multiple comparison analysis (ANOVA) and multiple linear regression model (p<0.05) were used. Results: the older adults who lived only with their spouses had better quality of life scores in all domains and facets, except in the death and dying domain, which did not show any significant difference. The lowest scores for quality of life were identified in the groups with the presence of children and, exceptionally, in the domain of social relationships and, in the facets death and dying and intimacy, those who lived alone had worse assessments. In the adjusted model, there was an association between the type of living arrangement and the different domains and facets of quality of life. Conclusion: living arrangement was associated with quality of life scores for older adults in the community, even after adjusting for the gender, age, number of morbidities, and social support variables.
Entrepreneurial tendency of Nursing students: a comparison between graduating beginners and undergraduate students
Authors: Trotte Liana Amorim Corrêa , Santos José Luís Guedes dos , Sarat Caroline Ferreira Neris , Mesquita Maria Gefé da Rosa , Stipp Marluci Andrade Conceição , Souza Patrícia de , Duarte Quézia Guedes de Mello , Gobato Bruno de Campos , Lima Claudia Feio da Maia
Published: January 2021

Objective: to compare the entrepreneurial tendency between beginner and graduating students from undergraduate Nursing courses. Method: this is a cross-sectional and quantitative research study. Data was collected from 377 Nursing students from four undergraduate Nursing courses in different Brazilian regions, 162 of them in first year and 215 in last year. Data was collected by means of a social and academic characterization form and the General Entrepreneurial Tendency Test. Data analysis was conducted by means of descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: the scores of the beginner students were below the mean in all dimensions of the instrument. The senior year students were above the test mean in the Impulse and determination dimension. A statistically significant difference was identified in relation to the course period and to the entrepreneurial tendency in the following dimensions: Need for achievement (p=0.001) and Impulse and determination (p=0.000). Conclusion: the results indicate the importance of investment by universities in the development of an entrepreneurial culture in higher education in Nursing.
Prone positioning as an emerging tool in the care provided to patients infected with COVID-19: a scoping review
Authors: Araújo Marília Souto de , Santos Marina Marisa Palhano dos , Silva Carlos Jordão de Assis , Menezes Rejane Maria Paiva de , Feijão Alexsandra Rodrigues , Medeiros Soraya Maria de
Published: January 2021

Objective: to describe scientific evidence regarding the use of prone positioning in the care provided to patients with acute respiratory failure caused by COVID-19. Method: this is a scoping review. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews was used to support the writing of this study. The search was conducted in seven databases and resulted in 2,441 studies, 12 of which compose the sample. Descriptive statistics, such as relative and absolute frequencies, was used to analyze data. Results: prone positioning was mainly adopted in Intensive Care Units, lasted from a minimum of 12 up to 16 hours, and its prescription was based on specific criteria, such as PaO2/FiO2 ratio, oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate. The most prevalent complications were: accidental extubation, pressure ulcer, and facial edema. Decreased hypoxemia and mortality rates were the main outcomes reported. Conclusion: positive outcomes outweighed complications. Various cycles of prone positioning are needed, which may cause potential work overload for the health staff. Therefore, an appropriate number of trained workers is necessary, in addition to specific institutional protocols to ensure patient safety in this context.
REORGANIZATION OF THE CENTRAL SUPPLY STERILE DEPARTMENT: NURSING STAFF’S CONTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Costa Ricardo da , Santos Tânia Cristina Franco , Queirós Paulo Joaquim Pina , Montenegro Hercília Regina do Amaral , Paiva Carolina Fraga , Almeida Filho Antonio José de
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the strategies used by nurses for organization and planning in the centralization process of the Central Supply Sterile Department at a General Hospital. Method: this is a qualitative study of the history of the present time, carried out through an interview with 8 nursing professionals, such as nurses and nursing technicians at a hospital in the city of Petrópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data collection took place between September 2017 and August 2018. For analysis and interpretation of the documentary corpus, pertinence, sufficiency, completeness, representativeness, homogeneity and organization of documents in chronological order of the events during the investigated period were considered. The historical context was triangulated, with social structures and the symbolic universe resulting from interviews and documentary analysis. Thus, the categories of analysis emerged. Results: the strategies used by nurses occurred through organization and new work practices, enhancement of the Central Supply Sterile Department, hiring new nursing technicians, staff training and insertion of new technologies before, during and after centralization from the Central Supply Sterile Department. Conclusion: material sterilization at Hospital Santa Teresa continued with fractional nursing care among surgical patients and material processing. The strategies to centralize the sterilization unit contributed to a correct sterilization of hospital materials, resulting in expressive gains for nursing, Hospital Santa Teresa, society and control of Infections Related to Health Care.
Vidas nuas: mulheres com HIV/aids em situação de violência de gênero
Authors: Ceccon Roger Flores , Meneghel Stela Nazareth , Íñiguez-Rueda Lupicinio
Published: January 2021

Resumo Em sociedades patriarcais de países periféricos, as mulheres sofrem os efeitos da exclusão social e de gênero, que as expõe à aquisição do HIV e que permanecem após o adoecimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar as experiências de violência de gênero na trajetória de mulheres que vivem com HIV. É um estudo qualitativo em que foram entrevistadas 61 mulheres vítimas de violência de gênero cadastradas em um Serviço Especializado em HIV/aids de um município do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi realizada análise crítica do discurso das narrativas produzidas por essas mulheres. Todas as entrevistadas relataram ter sofrido violações de direitos ao longo da vida, devido a processos históricos de exclusão, limitações no acesso à escola, ao trabalho, a serviços de saúde e à segurança. Nos serviços de saúde, o cuidado prestado pauta-se no modelo médico biopolítico capaz de postergar a morte, mas não de atendê-las com integralidade. Denominamos as trajetórias dessas mulheres de vidas nuas, conceito do filósofo Giorgio Agamben, tendo em vista que são consideradas desvalorizadas e supérfluas na sociedade, marcadas pelas violências e pelo HIV.
Inserción laboral de personas en situación de discapacidad en América Latina
Authors: Paz-Maldonado Eddy , Silva-Peña Ilich
Published: January 2021

Resumen Este artículo presenta una revisión bibliográfica sobre la inserción laboral de las personas en situación de discapacidad en América Latina. Se analizan leyes, informes técnicos y artículos científicos. Los resultados muestran un marco para la inserción laboral de las personas en situación de discapacidad constituido por la existencia de distintos instrumentos legales. Sin embargo, el desempleo, la pobreza, desigualdad y falta de oportunidades afectan a este colectivo. Las discusiones giran en torno a la necesidad de consolidar políticas públicas con el propósito de mejorar las condiciones de vida de estos seres humanos.
La eSalud en España: evolución, estado actual y perspectivas de futuro
Authors: Ramos Andrés Cernadas , Buceta Bran Barral , Silva Ángela Fernández Da , Lorenzo Ramón Bouzas
Published: January 2021

Resumen Ofrecer un análisis pormenorizado de la evolución e implantación de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) en el ámbito sanitario -eSalud- en España, atendiendo a los principales servicios implementados, su situación actual y sus perspectivas de futuro, así como a su posible impacto en el sistema sanitario y particularmente en sus usuarios. Se ha revisado la literatura científica sobre eSalud para identificar los servicios implementados más extendidos y sus características. En función de esa información se ha diseñado y administrado una encuesta a nivel estatal a usuarios del sistema nacional de salud de España (SNS) para conocer su percepción sobre los servicios recibidos y los obstáculos existentes para su pleno desarrollo. Los resultados fueron contrastados con otras fuentes secundarias. Existen servicios plenamente implementados y con un elevado nivel de uso; otros todavía permanecen en una fase más inicial. Se confirma una asimetría en los servicios ofertados por las administraciones de salud de las Comunidades Autónomas. Se confirma que el sistema sanitario español ha experimentado un importante avance tecnológico, orientando la eSalud hacia la oferta de servicios centrados en la equidad, la calidad y la eficiencia, aunque todavía subsisten obstáculos a superar.
Nutritional parameters of female goat kids fed diets containing detoxified castor bean cake
Authors: Araújo Ricardo Alves de , Neiva José Neuman Miranda , Rogério Marcos Cláudio Pinheiro , Cândido Magno José Duarte , Lucas Ronaldo Carlos , Pompeu Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco
Published: January 2021

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor bean cake (DCC), containing different alkaline solutions, on the nutritional parameters of Saanen and Anglo-Nubian female goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) kids. The treatments consisted of three diets: one based on corn and SM; and two with DCC with Ca(OH)2 or NaOH. Intake and digestibility data were analyzed in two phases according to the growth curves of the goats, which showed: a linear accelerated growth (phase I, from 60 to 298 days of life) and a reduction in the intensity of body growth (phase II, from 299 to 345 days). During phase I, the goat kids fed DCC with NaOH showed a lower intake of dry matter (DM) and nutrients. During phase II, there was significant effect of diets on the intake of nutrients, with the exception of ether extract (EE), total digestible nutrients, and metabolizable energy (ME). A diet effect was observed on the digestibility of DM, crude protein, EE, and neutral detergent fiber, mainly for goat kids fed diets with DCC. Despite their lower intake, the diets formulated with DCC do not negatively affect the nutritional performance of female goats kids in both growth phases, since they result in a greater feed efficiency.
Influência das variáveis envolvidas no plantio de arroz nas características da cinza de casca de arroz
Authors: Silva Everton José da , Akasaki Jorge Luís , Dasnoy Jean Richard
Published: January 2021

Resumo A produção de arroz no Brasil em 2008 foi de aproximadamente 12 milhões de toneladas e para atingir essa quantidade são utilizadas diversas técnicas de plantio e diferentes cultivares nas distintas regiões onde o arroz é cultivado. Como a cinza de casca de arroz (CCA) é a pozolana de origem vegetal mais estudada pelos pesquisadores que trabalham na área de materiais pozolânicos, o presente trabalho compreende uma análise da influência que a forma de plantio, clima, solo, cultivares e fonte/quantidade de fertilizantes à base de nitrogênio utilizados na cultura do arroz exercem na composição química e propriedades cristalográficas da CCA. De acordo com os resultados obtidos neste trabalho, verifica-se a importância de se fazer ensaios rotineiros de análises químicas e de Difração de Raio-X para manter o controle de qualidade das CCAs produzidas, pois que em situação de produção em larga escala, podem ser utilizadas cascas de origens diferentes.
Comportamento da madeira a temperaturas elevadas
Authors: Figueroa Manuel Jesús Manriquez , Moraes Poliana Dias de
Published: January 2021

Resumo No Brasil, a combustibilidade da madeira e a insegurança diante de potenciais riscos relacionados a incêndios são consideradas restrições para a construção de edificações com sistemas estruturais em madeira. Essa situação é fruto do desconhecimento do comportamento da madeira em relação ao fogo. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica abrangente sobre o comportamento da madeira a temperaturas elevadas, abordando assuntos relativos à degradação térmica, à taxa de carbonização e à influência da temperatura sobre as propriedades mecânicas da madeira. Essas informações podem contribuir para o aprimoramento de modelos numéricos sobre o comportamento termomecânico de estruturas de madeira em situação de incêndio, para a construção de edificações mais seguras e também para a eliminação do preconceito relativo ao uso desse material na construção civil.
Estimativa da porosidade de argamassas de cimento e cal pelo método de cálculo de volumes
Authors: Quarcioni Valdecir Angelo , Chotoli Fabiano Ferreira , Ângulo Sergio Cirelli , Guilge Mario Sergio , Cavani Gilberto de Ranieri , Castro Alessandra Lorenzetti de , Cincotto Maria Alba
Published: January 2021

Resumo A presença de cal nas argamassas mistas é responsável pelo aumento na demanda de água de amassamento para uma dada consistência. A água adicional, que não é consumida na hidratação do cimento, permanece livre no sistema e, ao evaporar, dá origem a porosidade elevada da argamassa endurecida. Este trabalho apresenta o método do cálculo de volumes como uma ferramenta para estimar a porosidade de argamassas mistas a partir de seus constituintes, inclusive a cal, bem como sua correlação com propriedades relevantes no estado endurecido. O método apresentado mostrou-se favorável para a previsão de propriedades que definem o comportamento dos revestimentos de argamassa. Os dados apresentados sugerem continuidade e aprofundamento desta linha de estudo envolvendo aspectos não considerados no cálculo teórico de volume, tais como a influência da retração e da carbonatação nas argamassas.
The Home of the Heliand
Authors: Collitz Hermann
Published: January 2021

The Heliand is generally called an Old Saxon epic. Its language, however, is not a pure Saxon dialect but presents a peculiar mixture of Saxon with Frisian and Low Franconian forms, for which as yet no sufficient explanation has been offered.
Are French Poets Poetical?
Authors: Marcou P. B.
Published: January 2021

The question is not an idle one. At least many persons of discernment have answered it in the negative, and it may be worth our while to try to find out what grounds there may be for a judgment which strikes a Frenchman as little short of stupendous. And first, when French poetry is criticized, we may be sure that popular poetry or folk song cannot be meant. Surely that country cannot be barren of folk poets which has given us such gems of folk song as Jean Renaud, and Derrière chez mon père, to mention only two of the best. France has always had plenty of popular poetry that appealed to the masses and fulfilled its function of intensifying their emotion. William's Frenchmen of Normandy rushed at their English foes with the song of Roland on their lips, and Beaumarchais' “tout fiuit par des chansons” is still true. Stand near a big factory in Paris between eleven and twelve when the workmen are having their midday meal: you will as often as not find them listening to a fiddler playing and singing a song on the latest event of public interest. To cite two cases that came under my observation, the death of Pasteur and the loss of La Bourgogne were thus commemorated.
Studies in the Epic Poem Godefroi de Bouillon
Authors: Smith Hugh A.
Published: January 2021

The only one who has attempted any very complete classification of the mss. of Godefroi de Bouillon is Pigeonneau, in his work mentioned above, Le Cycle de la Croisade, where are summed up also most of the earlier studies in this field. He has considered all the important mss. and versions that I have given above, except the Bern ms. No. 627, marked S. However, the classification of Pigeonneau is far from sufficient for our purposes. Pigeonneau's purpose was to point out the various versions contained in these mss., rather than to determine their exact relationship to each other, and the proper measure of authority due to each in a critical edition of the text or in the settlement of disputed readings. In general, then, his classification is based on the contents of the mss., the various additions and omissions of each, and not usually, it would seem, on a close line for line comparison. It is, moreover, made for the entire cycle, and the relationship of the various mss. in each of the separate branches is not always specified. This relationship may vary from branch to branch. However, the chief insufficiency, for our use, of Pigeonneau's classification, in addition to that coming necessarily from his different purpose, is his very slight treatment of the Spanish version, and the fact that he did not treat at all ms. S. Both of these are of prime importance in any exact classification of the mss.; and to determine our passages particularly, it is absolutely necessary to know their relationship to the others. Nevertheless, Pigeonneau's classification has been of use as far as it has extended. I shall, then, summarize his results, to show what had been done already, and to bring out as well what remained to be done.
Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar in the Light of Some Other Versions
Authors: Ayres Harry Morgan
Published: January 2021

Some four years ago I was set the task of tracing the origin of two Dutch plays on Julius Cæsar which up to that time had received no critical attention. The examination of the dramatic treatment of Cæsar in various ages and literatures involved in the solution of this problem led me to the belief that we possessed a body of plays on this subject which might be made to yield some little light on Shakespeare's treatment of the character. His after all is only one of many. Cæsar has to the succeeding generations of men been everything from Satyr to Hyperion: from the “divus Julius” of Valerius Maximus to the arch-destroyer and brilliant opportunist of Professor Ferrero; from the execrated oppressor of Roman liberties of Lucan to the demi-god of Mommsen; from the perfect knight of Jehan de Tuin to the silly tyrant of Hans Sachs; and finally Dante's desperate resort to the last refuge of embarrassed compliment—“ What fine eyes he has;” almost every view, in short, has been held of him except that he was an inconsiderable or negligible person. A priori, then, the conjunction of great subject and great poet in the case of Shakespeare was auspicious, but the result, from Ben Jonson to Mr. Bernard Shaw, has seldom passed unchallenged. It is not, however, with what Shakespeare might have made of Cæsar, and has not, that I am here concerned; but rather with the attempt to explain, if it is possible, how he came to make of him what he did. At the risk, then, of saying some fairly trite things, I propose to examine Shakespeare's treatment of the character of Cæsar as it appears in his immediate source, Plutarch, with a view to showing at what points other dramatic treatments of the character serve, in my opinion at least, to explain Shakespeare's.
The Place and Function of a Standard in a Genetic Theory of Literary Development
Authors: Hoskins John Preston
Published: January 2021

In Modern Philology for April and July, 1909, I attempted to construct a theory of literary development on the basis of genetic psychology. Literature was there defined to be a function of consciousness, a psychological and social product devised for the purpose of revealing the ethical and æsthetic values of human life. So far as the propagation and variation of literary forms are concerned emphasis was laid upon the fact that these processes take place in every case through the medium of a conscious personality. This human consciousness is endowed with certain powers or aptitudes by virtue of which it assimilates to itself the traditions, conventions, artistic forms, religious beliefs, ethical convictions, scientific ideas, etc., of the society in which it is born, and hands them down to the generation that follows. The physical and mental endowment which enables the individual thus to learn and to transmit his acquirements to others constitutes his physical or biological heredity. The process of learning imitatively from the models, patterns, or examples, of one's predecessors is called by the psychologists “imitative selection”; and the great body of traditions, conventions, forms, from which the individual must learn, and to which he must adjust himself, is termed his “social heredity.” Variation in literature may therefore be defined as the attempt more or less constant to adjust literature to the writer's social heredity—or, as Prof. Manly has shown in the case of the mediæval drama, it is the combination of elements or unit characters hitherto kept separate. The cardinal factor to be emphasized in any study of variation in literature is therefore the individual consciousness, its power of imitative selection, its dependence on social heredity for the materials with which it works, and its power of constructive imagination by which new combinations are produced. For example, I showed that Hauptman's naturalistic drama is to be explained as the combination of the traditional dramatic form with the evolutionary idea that man's destiny is controlled by heredity and environment and not by free will. Both these elements, the traditional dramatic form and the evolutionary idea, Hauptmann assimilated from his social heredity, and then by his power of æsthetic invention he united them in a new variation, the naturalistic drama.
XXI.—Psychological Reasons for Lessing's Attitude Toward Descriptive Poetry
Authors: Goddard Eunice R.
Published: January 2021

In his discussion in Laokoon of the limits of poetry Lessing declares that detailed description of bodies in space is unpoetical. He justifies his contention that progressive actions are the peculiar subject of poetry by reference (1) to the means of poetry and (2) to the practice of Homer, all of whose descriptions he affirms are progressive. Many critics have not been satisfied with Lessing's limitation of poetry to progressive actions, and have attacked his conclusions by showing (1) that his conception of the means of poetry is inadequate, (2) that Homer contains a number of descriptions of objects in space. Taking as a starting point Lessing's position in regard to these descriptions, I think it possible to explain on a psychological basis the reason for Lessing's assertion that the poet would better not attempt to describe objects in space, except by the Homeric device of substituting progression for co-existence.
I.—The Beginning of Italian Influence in English Prose Fiction
Authors: Savage Howard J.
Published: January 2021

“The probationary period of translation … marks the first stage in the development of prose fiction,” writes Professor J. W. H. Atkins, and inspection of even a few Elizabethan novels will convince one that the type is not indigenous to English soil. The use of the love affair, of realism in the telling, of ordinary people in ordinary surroundings, of the rival and the confidante, of even the minor love affair, and of a plot with well marked stages and characters influenced by events would have been impossible to English novelists without the example of their Italian predecessors. Before Euphues or The Adventures passed by Master F. I. or The Golden Aphroditis can be adequately accounted for, the contribution of Italy must be studied, not alone through such collections as Painter's Pallace of Pleasure (1566-67) and Fenton's Tragicall Discourses (1567), but—and this is of more importance—through single works outside collections, which were of sufficient length and interest to bear the test of printing as separate volumes.
Shaftesbury and the Ethical Poets in England, 1700-1760
Authors: Moore C. A.
Published: January 2021

One of the notable changes in English literature during the eighteenth century is a growth in altruism. It is a change which involves not only a breaking down of the old aristocratic indifference to the lower classes of society during the Restoration, but the establishment of a new ethical theory; literature displayed a broader human interest and assigned a new reason for its sympathy. It is usually assumed that the difference is due principally to the influx of French philosophy. This assumption at least minimizes the importance of a development which had taken place in the literature of England itself before the general interest in Rousseau. (The change, especially in poetry, is to be traced largely, I think, to the Characteristics (1711) of Lord Shaftesbury, whose importance as a literary influence in England has never been duly recognized. It has long since been established that his system of philosophy constitutes a turning-point in the history of pure speculation, especially in ethics; it has more recently been shown also that he is responsible for many of the moral ideas which inform the popular literature of Germany from Haller to Herder. But his influence upon the popular writers of his own country has received scant notice.
XIX.—The Sources of Chaucer's Parlement of Foules
Authors: Farnham Willard Edward
Published: January 2021

Theories offering interpretations of Chaucer's Parlement of Foules based upon the orthodox belief that the central incident of the poem is in some way connected with a royal marriage have at least refused to do loyal service at one prominent point. No theory of historical allegory has yet explained in a wholly satisfactory manner the outstanding fact that the Parlement of Foules is artistically a well rounded poem, and yet contains an unfinished story. Why does not the formel eagle choose her mate after our interest has been aroused in the pleadings of her lovers?
The American Dialect Dictionary
Authors: Mead William Edward
Published: January 2021

I wish to call attention to a work of national importance, which, in the judgment of those best entitled to an opinion, should be accomplished within the next decade, if it is to be well done. As is doubtless known to everyone here to-day, there has been in progress for many years a plan to prepare and publish an adequate dictionary of our American vernacular speech. But the details of the undertaking, the plan that should be followed, and the special reasons for making more rapid progress are matters that have received comparatively slight attention, even in this Association of representative American scholars.
Goethe's Theory of the Novelle: 1785–1827
Authors: Mitchell McBurney
Published: January 2021

In attempting to trace the theory of the German novelle back to its beginnings, a century and more ago, the student finds that Goethe's famous epigram of 1827: “Was ist die Novelle anders als eine sich ereignete unerhörte Begebenheit?” is rightly given third place chronologically among the more important contributions to the discussion before Tieck. Goethe's predecessors in this field were the brothers Schlegel, and their contributions were pioneer work in a truly peculiar sense of the word; for at the time they wrote, the German novelle was as good as non-existent, and criticism is wont to follow, not precede, literary production. It is true that both had foreign models from which to deduce their theory; in the case of Friedrich Schlegel, Boccaccio furnished the norm, for August Wilhelm, both Boccaccio and Cervantes. But it is also true that, as the foremost critical talents of the Romantic movement, the Schlegels were in search of a new literary form into which might be poured the new literary content of the movement with which they were allied; and so their critical statements are, in a certain sense, more or less conscious propaganda for Romanticism. It was in their characteristically Romantic flight from an uncongenial present that they rediscovered Boccaccio and Cervantes and realised that these two masters had excelled in a form not native to Germany. In introducing this form in theory into German literature theirs was pioneer criticism of the first order, and it is with no thought of belittling their attainment that attention may be called to the fact that their work was anticipated in a fashion by the greatest figure in literature among their contemporaries.
La Part de la Russie dans l'Acceptation Française du Subconscient en Littérature
Authors: Baldensperger Fernand
Published: January 2021

On trouve plus de rêves dans l'œuvre deDostoievsky que dans toute notre littérature classique.E. M. De Vogüé, Le Roman russe, p. 257.

IL s'en faut, on le sait, que l'Occident ait dû être soudainement initié à des prestiges inconnus quand se révélèrent, plus ou moins indiscrètement, les attraits du subconscient comme un élément des lettres et des arts. Sans doute, avec Descartes, une philosophie d'idées “distinctes,” et bientôt une esthétique “raisonnable” l'emportaient sur ce que Gassendi et même Malebranche concédaient à la fantaisie ou à des résidus d'impressions, et l'Entendement humain de Locke n'admettait pas que l‘âme pût être vraiment active dans le sommeil; “un homme endormi, et pensant sans le savoir, est une autre personne que le même homme à l‘état de veille.”
Negative Capability and Wise Passiveness
Authors: Wigod Jacob D.
Published: January 2021

Garrod, in his essay on Keats, equates Wordsworth's “wise passiveness” with Keats's “negative capability.” At least, he fancies that Keats's expression embodies “a quality not essentially different” from Wordsworth's. I contend that, in truth, the two are poles apart.

In context, Garrod is referring to Keats's attitude toward Coleridge, as set forth in his famous letter of December 1817 to his brothers. Going to and returning from a Christmas pantomime with his friends Brown and Dilke, Keats had “not a dispute but a disquisition, with Dilke on various subjects”; whence, suddenly “several things dove-tailed in my mind, and at once it struck me what quality went to form a Man of Achievement, especially in Literature, and which Shakespeare possessed so enormously— I mean Negative Capability, that is, when a man is capable of being in uncertainties, mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason—Coleridge, for instance, would let go by a fine isolated verisimilitude caught from the Penetralium of mystery, from being incapable of remaining content with half-knowledge.”2
On Iriarte's Versification
Authors: Clarke Dorothy Clotelle
Published: January 2021

Tomás de iriarte (1750-91) is often called upon to furnish early or embryonic examples of modern metric forms because he, perhaps more than any other writer of his time, consciously attempted to exploit the wealth of Spanish verse and strophe arrangements then known and to enrich the language with new forms and combinations. Emiliano Díez Echarri even goes so far as to say that Iriarte was “capaz con un poco más de estro poético de haber renovado toda nuestra métrica.” Other well-known scholars, including Menéndez y Pelayo, Miguel Antonio Caro, Manuel González Prada, Julio Saavedra Molina, Pedro Henríquez Ureña, and Marasso Roca, to name only a few, have at one time or another studied some phase of Iriarte's versification, though no general survey of it has, to my knowledge, been made. The “Géneros de metro usados en estas fábulas” appended to the Fábulas literarias lists forty types, but does not tell the whole story of the versification in the Fábulas—much less of Iriarte's work as a whole. A study of Iriarte's versification would have at least a threefold value: it might (1) serve as a near equivalent to a summary of Spanish formal or learned versification to and including his time; (2) indicate a stronger Italian influence on Spanish metrics at this particular period than has generally been suspected; and (3) bring into clearer focus the original or near-original phases that may have influenced subsequent metric technique, given the fact that Iriarte's work has been so widely known. This paper will attempt to expand especially the first and third of these features of Iriarte's work.
The College Teacher of English and Foreign Language Study
Authors: J.H.F.
Published: January 2021

Since its organization fifteen years ago, the Commission on Trends in Education, a standing committee of the Modern Language Association of America, has been concerned about the increasingly unfortunate consequences of the monolingualism of most American college graduates. Mastery of the English language and of English or American literary studies must remain forever provincial to those lacking a knowledge of foreign languages, and it is surely important, in peace as in war, to be able to communicate directly with other peoples. The Commission on Trends in Education is therefore enthusiastically supporting the Foreign Language Program of the Modern Language Association in its study of our linguistic inadequacies and its attempt to remedy them.
Report of the Philological Association of the Pacific Coast
Authors: Okerlund Arlene N.
Published: January 2021

The seventy-third annual meeting of the Philological Association of the Pacific Coast was held in San Jose, California on 28 and 29 November 1975 with 276 members attending. San Jose State University was the host institution with arrangements for the meeting coordinated by the Local Committee of Scott Rice (Chairman), Catherine Blecki, Esther Pereyra-Suarez, John Pollock, and Joachim Stenzel. The conference was distinguished by an unusually invigorating Presidential Address by Eli Sobel entitled “In Symbol of Hope.” At the banquet, President Sobel also honored R. S. Meyerstein with a resolution recognizing his extraordinary dedication to duty and his special service to PAPC during the previous ten years, when he had served as Secretary-Treasurer.
Briefing: The role of higher-education apprenticeship in apprentices’ mental health and well-being
Authors: Umeokafor Nnedinma
Published: January 2021

This briefing considers the roles of apprenticeship delivery features in the mental health and well-being (MHW) of apprentices in higher education, arguing that there is a need for empirical research in this area. This stems from the very little (if not no) attention that the area has received. Some of the recommended empirical investigations include whether or not the influence of the apprenticeship delivery features on the MHW of apprentices varies because of the differences in industries – for example, construction, environmental sciences and healthcare. If this is the case, to what extent is it applicable? There is also a need to understand the extent to which the personal characteristics of apprentices impact on their MHW. This study also shows that the MHW of apprentices is likely to improve if learning and teaching strategies in universities are better connected (or go hand-in-hand) with work-based learning or activities. However, this is subject to investigation. The proposed research will contribute to the limited knowledge relating to the mental health of future professionals (including apprentices) that are currently studying in higher-education institutions.
PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESSES DURING THE ECONOMIC CRISIS
Authors:   FSBEI HE «Ufa State Petroleum Technological University», Yusupova R.A.
Published: January 2021

One of the main tasks of the company's economic security is to assess the level of protection against external and internal threats in order to ensure its stable and effective development. Enterprise security means the state of security of legal, economic and industrial relations, as well as material, intellectual and information resources, which expresses the ability of the enterprise to operate sustainably and effectively. This is especially important in the current reality because of the coronavirus infection. The year 2020 has taken a huge toll on small and medium-sized businesses. Managers and managers should seriously consider how to act in this situation, and what measures should be taken to neutralize threats. The article reveals the impact of the economic crisis on the functioning of the enterprise and methods of minimizing its impact. These methods are as follows: - use of risk management as a part of the company's management system, regardless of its size and the specific production or service provision; - comprehensive market research; - search for highly qualified personnel; - transition to outsourcing. The article describes outsourcing as a scheme of interaction with external suppliers in more detail. Internationally outsourcing has long been recognized as a means of improving the efficiency of an enterprise. However, Russian companies attract independent contractors to perform certain functions carefully[2]. Also, outsourcing helps companies to develop in the market, at the same time reducing costs and maintaining a high position in the market, improve the quality of products and services, reduce risks, which is most important during the economic crisis in the country.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN A PANDEMIC. WORK EXPERIENCE OF THE UFA BRANCH OF FSBEI HE «FINANCIAL UNIVERSITY UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION»
Authors:   Ufa Branch of FSBEI HE «Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation», Kolganov E.A. , Lekhmus M.Yu. ,   Ufa Branch of FSBEI HE «Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation»
Published: January 2021

The article highlights the practice of using digital technologies in the educational process during the virus pandemic. The use of digital technologies in education is dictated by modernity and supported at the state level. Digitalization during the virus pandemic is a new social situation of "digital divide", "digital citizenship", "digital socialization". The most important changes in education during the pandemic are related to the transition to full digitalization of education. In this process, I fundamentally change the technology, structure of training and organization of the educational process. The use of new information and communication technologies is an initial condition for the further development of digital pedagogy. Organizationally, the active transition to digital education technologies is based on new educational standards, using a new competence approach. Universities began to effectively use a two-component information and educational environment, which combines the resources of international educational platforms with the content of their own developments, which contributes to the development of their own information technologies. Introduction of a modern digital educational base of the educational process-information and educational environment (IOS). The introduction of digital educational technologies in the higher education system will make changes in the qualification requirements for the teaching staff. Teachers began to use digital technologies to ensure their work. Changes in education related to the pandemic have led to profound changes in the labour market. This is a reason for further reorganization of the educational process. Electronic library systems of all universities of the world, as well as teaching materials of teachers, have become available to all students. Such actions have led to a serious restructuring of the educational process, changing the role of the teacher, who in the future will not explain this or that material, but will help to find the location of this material and understand it.
THE BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS: AN INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors:   FSEBI HE «Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation», Vukolov D.M.
Published: January 2021

Psychology as a branch of science could not take its place in the world for a long time. This fact says about a huge omission of a horribly mass of the intelligence by a human. However psychology became more significant for people and the economy in general. Being a science that would not exist without a human, it is impossible to omit its influence in it. Therefore, the main goal of this work is to consider the influence of behavioral mechanisms on decision-making by economic agents and, as a result, on the economic growth. Openings within the frame of behavioral economics embraces both the present and the past, which are aimed at showing both the fundamental nature of this knowledge and their undisputable relevance. These factors together represent a brief history of the development of this branch of knowledge. Through the prism of the main achievements of scientists of different years in the sphere of behavioral economics, which are selected according the author's preference, the irrational behavior of consumers was analyzed. This behavior was clearly reflected in the examples, which showed simultaneously both: the main flaws of the classical macroeconomic models, and the importance of considering behavioral economics when analyzing aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Such examples were taken from foreign practice and the historical past of Russia. At the end of the analysis of the influence of behavioral factors on economic agents some conclusions occur. They were confirmed by the statistics or logical facts that flowed from the fundamental laws of macroeconomics. As a result, it was concluded that it is impossible to simply answer the question of about what the result the behavioral economy leads to (growth or decline). Because much depends on the degree of economic power of the economic agents, as well as it depends on many other factors (age of consumers, degree of education, personal characteristics of each consumer, market for analysis, state policy, mentality, etc.).
ANALYTICAL MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF THE UNIVERSITY
Authors:   FSBEI HE «Maikop State Technological University», Yagubov E.Z. ogly , Babenko V.V. ,   FSBEI HE «Syktyvkar State University named after Pitirim Sorokin»
Published: January 2021

The problems of the quality of higher education are constantly discussed at different levels, but so far no precise recipes for a radical change in the situation have been developed. Constantly changing standards, dictated by the trend of the times and changes in the requirements of the labor market, only exacerbate this situation. As they say, if you constantly loosen the ground, nothing will sprout on it. However, the rapid obsolescence of knowledge, the need for timely and effective changes in the educational process to meet the requirements of the market and the employer, the displacement of outdated professions by new ones, weak basic training (in most cases) of school graduates require different approaches to optimizing the educational process in universities. The key problems of the educational process in universities lie in its different understanding by teachers, students, heads of basic educational programs (OEP) and the employer. The student and the employer understand (or should understand) that relevant knowledge is needed that meets the requirements of the current market, which can constantly change, and in this case, the educational process must be quickly rebuilt. Teachers and leaders of OOP offer for study the material that they themselves own, regardless of whether there is a need for this knowledge (sometimes very outdated) among students who are later expected by the employer. One of the approaches that can make it possible to effectively optimize the educational process depending on the changing realities of time and the market is the project approach, which, according to the authors, must be laid as the basis for the design of the educational process at the university. The article simulates the educational process of the university in order to identify the factors that determine its effectiveness and the possibility of following these factors. The ways of optimization (reengineering) of this process, increasing its adaptability to the requirements of the labor market are proposed.
TRAINING OF MEDICAL PERSONNEL IN THE COUNTRY IN THE CONDITIONS OF WARTIME (1941-1945)
Authors:   Institute for the Development of Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Khadimullina E.D. , Ahmadullin M.L. ,   FSBEI HE «Ufa State Petroleum Technological University», Khadimullin R.R. ,   FSBEI HE «Bashkir State University»
Published: January 2021

The article examines changes in the system of Soviet public health that occurred during the Great Patriotic War. At that time, special attention was paid to improving the system of medical education. Before the educational institutions, an important task was set for the training of qualified personnel and the restructuring of scientific research in the field of health. The teaching methodology was changed: the number of hours for studying military medical disciplines increased, the training was temporarily carried out according to reduced curricula and terms, the early graduation of fourth-year students was carried out. Conducted transformations allowed the universities in a short time to provide the front with the necessary medical personnel. In addition, much attention was paid to improving medical services and expanding the network of medical and preventive institutions. Research work carried out in medical universities and scientific institutions allowed the introduction of new tools and methods for treating patients and the wounded. Scientists who made important discoveries in medicine were awarded high awards. Their development contributed to the successful solution of the problems of medical care and treatment of the wounded and sick.
TRADE SECRECY AND ITS ROLE IN COMBATING THE STATE OF THE SHADOW ECONOMY
Authors:   FSBEI HE «Ufa State Petroleum Technological University», Gabidullina E.V. , Gareeva Ya.R. ,   FSBEI HE «Ufa State Petroleum Technological University», Khabibullina KhabibullinaA.Z. ,   FSBEI HE «Ufa State Petroleum Technological University»
Published: January 2021

This article deals with the study of commercial secrecy and its role in the development of the shadow economy. The article describes the concept and specifics of the development of the shadow economy. Features of the development of the shadow economy and its development in the State have been identified. The author defines the role of commercial secrecy as one of the tools of the expression of shadow economy. Economic espionage is defined as a means of causing harm to the activities of economic agents and the State as a whole. Through fraud and various illegal activities, business-related methods and technologies can be identified for use in other entities or for other purposes. Such actions cause economic damage to economic agents. With global digitization, more and more information is being converted to electronic mode. It becomes more difficult to implement than it does with paper-based documents. The conclusion is that there is a need to develop regulatory requirements to define the security aspects of commercial activities and ways to ensure their safety. This will help to minimize the shadow economy