bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adiabatic Eastern Boundary Currents
Authors: Cessi Paola , Wolfe Christopher L.
Published: March 2013

The dynamics of the eastern boundary current of a high-resolution, idealized model of oceanic circulation are analyzed and interpreted in terms of residual mean theory. In this framework, it is clear that the eastern boundary current is adiabatic and inviscid. Nevertheless, the time-averaged potential vorticity is not conserved along averaged streamlines because of the divergence of Eliassen–Palm fluxes, associated with buoyancy and momentum eddy fluxes. In particular, eddy fluxes of buoyancy completely cancel the mean downwelling or upwelling, so that there is no net diapycnal residual transport. The eddy momentum flux acts like a drag on the mean velocity, opposing the acceleration from the eddy buoyancy flux: in the potential vorticity budget this results in a balance between the divergences of eddy relative vorticity and buoyancy fluxes, which leads to a baroclinic eastern boundary current whose horizontal scale is the Rossby deformation radius and whose vertical extent depends on the eddy buoyancy transport, the Coriolis parameter, and the mean surface buoyancy distribution.
On the Resonance and Shelf/Open-Ocean Coupling of the Global Diurnal Tides
Authors: Skiba Aaron W. , Zeng Libo , Arbic Brian K. , Müller Malte , Godwin William J.
Published: March 2013

The resonance of diurnal tidal elevations is investigated with a forward ocean tide model run in a realistic near-global domain and a synthesis of free oscillations (normal modes) computed for realistic global ocean geometries and ocean physics. As a prelude to performing the forward ocean tide simulations, the topographic wave drag, which is now commonly employed in forward ocean tide models, is tuned specifically for diurnal tides. The synthesis of global free oscillations predicts reasonably well the forward ocean diurnal tide model sensitivity to changes in the frequency, zonal structure, and meridional structure of the astronomical diurnal tidal forcing. Three global free oscillations that are important for understanding diurnal tides as a superposition of forced-damped, resonant, free oscillations are identified. An admittance analysis of the frequency sweep experiments demonstrates that some coastal locations such as the Sea of Okhotsk are resonant to diurnal tidal forcing. As in earlier work done with semidiurnal tides, a series of simulations are performed in which regions possessing significant coastal diurnal tides are blocked out. The largest perturbations to the open-ocean diurnal tides take place in Blocked Sea of Okhotsk experiments. Lesser but still significant perturbations also arise from the blocking out of other regions of large diurnal tidal elevations or dissipation. Interpretation of the results is made more complex, however, by the fact that substantial perturbations also arise from blocking out regions where neither tidal elevations nor dissipation are large. The “blocking” experiments are relevant to understanding tides of the ice age, during which lower sea levels entail a reduced area of continental shelves.
“LOIC Will Tear Us Apart”
Authors: Sauter Molly
Published: March 2013

This article explores the role of tool design and media coverage in the relative success of Operation Payback and earlier activist distributed denial-of-service (DDOS) actions. Through a close reading of changes in the tool’s interface and functionality across several iterations, the article considers the evolution of the Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC) DDOS tool, from one that appealed to a small, inwardly focused community to one that engaged with a larger population. The article further considers Anonymous’s contribution to the reframing of DDOS actions from a tool of direct action to a tool of media manipulation and identity construction as well as the news media’s role in encouraging individuals to participate in the Operation Payback actions.
Racism? Administrative and Community Perspectives in Data-Driven Decision Making
Authors: Khalifa Muhammad A. , Jennings Michael E. , Briscoe Felecia , Oleszweski Ashley M. , Abdi Nimo
Published: March 2013

This case study describes tensions that became apparent between community members and school administrators after a proposal to close a historically African American public high school in a large urban Southwestern city. When members of the city’s longstanding African American community responded with outrage, the school district’s senior administration backed away from their proposal to close the school, despite making what it felt was a “neutral” and technical-rational decision. However, the local community interpreted this move as the historical continuation of racist behaviors and policies that had been experienced by the community over a period of several decades. Critical race theory (CRT) allows for an analysis regarding the nature of these beliefs about race and indicates the need for school administrators to engage the realities of the community members they serve, rather than merely enacting technical-rational administrative behaviors that serve to continue regimes of marginalization and oppression.
“I Feel Nervous . . . Very Nervous” Addressing Test Anxiety in Inner City Schools Through Play and Performance
Authors: Lobman Carrie
Published: March 2013

The intense focus on standardized tests has created a culture of anxiety in many inner-city schools. This article presents the findings of a case study of a test anxiety program that helped inner-city students and staffs deal more productively with anxiety through play, performance, and team building. According to the findings, the program created an environment where children and teachers talked about, addressed, and even played with their fears around testing. The program did this by destigmatizing anxiety, using improvisation to transform children’s relationship to fear, and by creating new tools for dealing with anxiety and test-taking.
Professional Development for Special Education Reform
Authors: Naraian Srikala , Oyler Celia
Published: March 2013

As urban districts undertake special education reform initiatives to move toward inclusive schooling arrangements, educators are challenged to reflect critically on their practices to support greater participation of all students, including those with disabilities. The authors describe the narratives of three educators who participated in a professional development opportunity offered in the context of special education reform within a large urban school district. By exploring the parameters of their practice, their professional priorities and their struggles in adopting the offerings of this professional development, the authors derive important clues to the process of change that can inform professional development for inclusive practice.
What’s Wrong with Best Practice? Questioning the Typification of New Urbanism
Authors: Moore Susan
Published: March 2013

Best practice is most often perceived as a powerful heuristic tool for the dissemination of innovation and knowledge. Hence, its formation and acceptance are seldom questioned. The unquestioned compliance with practices labelled as ‘best’, however, obscures the processes of typification that enable it—that is to say, the cultural struggles, tensions, conflicts, collaborations, alliances and personal/professional justifications that prefigure it. This paper uses the proliferation of New Urbanism in Toronto to unpack theoretically the typification of best practice in order to demonstrate how the universal abstraction of this principle-based movement is underpinned by deeper, highly situated, constructions of aligned interests and emergent socio-political rationalities.
Asking Good Survey Questions
Authors: Dolnicar Sara
Published: March 2013

Surveys are the main instrument of data collection in empirical tourism research. The quality of the collected data depends on the quality of survey questions asked. This paper provides theory- and evidence-based guidance on designing good survey questions to increase the validity of findings resulting from survey research in tourism.
Friend or Ally: Whether Cross-Group Contact Undermines Collective Action Depends on What Advantaged Group Members Say (or Don’t Say)
Authors: Becker Julia C. , Wright Stephen C. , Lubensky Micah E. , Zhou Shelly
Published: March 2013

Previous research shows that positive contact with members of advantaged groups can undermine collective action among the disadvantaged. The present work provides the first experimental evidence of this effect and introduces a moderator which highlights the fundamental role of communication about perceptions of the legitimacy of intergroup inequality. Study 1 ( N = 267) focused on the lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgendered community’s struggle for same-sex marriage in California. In Study 2 ( N = 81), cross-group contact was initiated between members of two universities that differ in social status. Results revealed that positive cross-group contact undermined public collective action among the disadvantaged when the advantaged-group partner described their group’s advantaged position as legitimate or when they did not communicate their feelings about intergroup inequality (leaving them ambiguous). In contrast, when the advantaged-group partner clearly described the intergroup inequality as illegitimate, cross-group contact did not undermine participation in public collective action.
Communicative Power and Ideology in Popular Music
Authors: Morris Martin
Published: March 2013

Music constitutes communities in an aesthetically distinct way because it relies so centrally on bodily innervations. Such bodily innervation resonates with cognition and affective life and creates communities of listeners and producers. Following Theodor Adorno’s critical theory of music, however, we must distinguish these musical communities within the political economy of late capitalism. I examine this communicative power of music by considering Adorno’s critique of popular music in the political-economic context of the “informatization” of popular music under post-Fordism. Informatization has changed popular music production and consumption in important ways, but I seek to demonstrate that Adorno’s critique of music can still help us understand these changes. I emphasize the community constitutive power of music and I consider the non-Culture Industry form of heavy metal music as resistant music in the Adornoian critical theory tradition.
The effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on strength, proprioception, balance and mobility in people with stroke: a randomized controlled cross-over trial
Authors: Tyson Sarah F , Sadeghi-Demneh Ebrahim , Nester Christopher J
Published: March 2013

Objective:

To investigate the feasibility and potential efficacy of ‘activeTENS’ (that is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) during everyday activities) by assessing the immediate effects on strength, proprioception, balance/falls risk and mobility after stroke.

Design:

A paired-sample randomized cross-over trial.

Subjects:

Twenty-nine mobile chronic stroke survivors with no pre-existing conditions limiting balance or mobility or contra-indications to TENS.

Setting:

University clinical research facility.

Intervention:

A single session of ‘activeTENS’ delivered via a ‘sock electrode’ (70–130 Hz, five second cycle) plus a session of control treatment (wearing the sock electrode with no stimulation), lasting approximately two hours in total.

Main Outcomes:

Dorsiflexor and plantarflexor strength and proprioception using an isokinetic dyanometer, balance and falls risk (Standing Forward Reach Test) and gait speed (10-m walk test).

Results:

All participants tolerated ‘active TENS’. Most parameters improved during stimulation with activeTENS; balance ( p = 0.009), gait speed ( p = 0.002), plantarflexor strength ( p = 0.008) and proprioception of plantarflexion ( p = 0.029), except dorsiflexor strength ( p = 0.194) and dorsiflexion proprioception ( p = 0.078).

Conclusions:

The results provide initial evidence of the potential of ‘active TENS’ to benefit physical function after stroke which warrants further phase II trials to develop the intervention. Concerns that stimulation could have a detrimental impact on balance and increase risk of falls were not supported.
The Intolerance Multiplier
Authors: Haight Alan Day
Published: March 2013

If prejudice divides and weakens the working class, then capital owners can impose more inequality without fearing unified resistance. Frustrated workers turn on each other as scapegoats, blaming their economic hardship on diversity (in terms of race, religion, ethnicity, immigration status, age, gender, education, sexual preference, and so on). If a demagogue shifts the intolerance curve upward, a multiplier process ensues: intolerance causes inequality, and inequality causes intolerance. Religious nationalism, right-wing control of the media, or a facade of democracy will shift the resistance curve rightward. Under fascism, hate speech is reinforced by police power, so both curves shift. Liberal arts education and exposure to cultural diversity may counter these shifts.
Experimental and numerical study of furniture fires in an ISO-room for use in a fire forecasting framework
Authors: Beji Tarek , Verstockt Steven , Van de Walle Rik , Merci Bart
Published: March 2013

The proposed method of forecasting a single-room fire growth based on inverse modelling relies upon the assimilation of temperature measurements at the doorway level from floor to soffit height. These measurements are processed in the context of a two-zone model to obtain transient profiles of neutral plane height, XN, and upper layer temperature, Tu. An additional correlation is used to deduce the smoke layer height, h, within the fire room. The obtained profiles of Tu, XN and h over a given period of time (the ‘assimilation window’) are used to estimate the fire growth factor, α, the time delay, t0, and the heat loss factor, λc, with a two-zone inverse modelling procedure. Instantaneous displays of the future fire development are then delivered. Experimental data of four furniture fires in an ISO-room are analysed to illustrate the proposed forecasting methodology, which provides positive lead times between 20 and 235 s, depending on the fire growth rate.
Clinical and Radiologic Features of Unilateral and Bilateral Schizencephaly in Polish Pediatric Patients
Authors: Kopyta Ilona , Jamroz Ewa , Kluczewska Ewa , Sarecka-Hujar Beata
Published: March 2013

Schizencephaly is a rare and severe congenital brain defect. Its etiology is not unequivocal and its clinical course differs with every case. The aim of the study was to analyze correlations between clinical and radiologic features of schizencephaly in Polish patients. The study group consisted of 25 children. Epileptic seizures were observed in 60% of cases and in 32% epilepsy was drug resistant. Generalized hypotonia was found in 24%, spastic diparesis in 48%, and spastic hemiparesis in 28% of cases. Seizures were more frequent in the bilateral than unilateral schizencephaly subgroup (72% vs 29%, P = .045). There was a correlation between the presence of the bilateral type II schizencephaly and the occurrence of seizures ( P = .002, r = 0.578). There is a correlation between the type of schizencephaly and the presence of seizures in Polish pediatric patients. In most of the patients, schizencephaly leads to developmental retardation and epileptic seizures.
A Survey of Child Care Centers about Breastfeeding Support in Adelaide, South Australia
Authors: Javanparast Sara , Sweet Linda , Newman Lareen , McIntyre Ellen
Published: March 2013

Background:

Australia has high rates of breastfeeding initiation, with a consistent decline over the first year. Furthermore, there is a growing trend of maternal employment and rising numbers of children enrolled in different types of child care services, both of which can have a negative impact on breastfeeding.

Objectives:

To provide evidence to better inform implementation of breastfeeding-friendly strategies in child care settings, this study examined breastfeeding policy and practice in child care centers in metropolitan Adelaide.

Methods:

The paper reports on a survey sent to 292 child care centers in metropolitan Adelaide in 2010. The survey collected information on center location and type, number of enrolled children under age 2, and number of breastfed babies. The survey also included questions about breastfeeding facilities and support, breastfeeding policies, staff training, and barriers to and recommendations to enhance breastfeeding support in child care centers.

Results:

Of the 62 completed returned surveys (21% response rate), 43 centers (69.4%) reported that they currently have children who receive breast milk at the center; however, in most centers, the total number of breastfed children was reported to be between 1 and 4; 76% reported that the center was supportive of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months; and 80.6% had statements on breastfeeding as part of their food and nutrition policies or guidelines. Furthermore, 64.5% reported there was no formal or informal training for staff on breastfeeding support, but 50% reported that staff members do provide breastfeeding advice to mothers of children in their center.

Conclusions:

Despite some strategies in place to support breastfeeding, there are no standards on breastfeeding policies, practices, and training in child care settings. Therefore, the extent and scope of such support depend on parental request and the perceptions and attitudes of child care center staff toward breastfeeding.
Internet Use, Online Communication, and Ties in Americans’ Networks
Authors: Chen Wenhong
Published: March 2013

Drawing on nationally representative survey data, this article examines the implications of Internet use and online communication for strong and weak ties in Americans’ social networks. In line with the existing literature, this research shows that frequent Internet use and online communication are associated with a larger core discussion network and a more extensive position-generated network. More importantly, this research provides a finer tuned analysis by disaggregating the overall network into strong and weak ties. First, Internet use—but not online communication—is positively related to weak-tie based network extensity in the position-generated networks. Second, Internet use and online communication are positively related to the number and the proportion of strong ties in Americans' core discussion networks. These results help reconcile some of the conflicting findings and interpretations based on different network measures in the exiting literature.
Web-Based Analysis of Internationalization in Israeli Teaching Colleges
Authors: Cohen Anat , Yemini Miri , Sadeh Efrat
Published: March 2013

The international activities of academic institutions dramatically expanded in volume, scope, and complexity during the past three decades. This expansion raised the need to monitor and assess the process at various levels and ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of internationalization. This study has two main aims: first, to present a model large-scale feasibility test for internationalization assessment through institutions’ websites; and second, to assess internationalization using the proposed methodology in teachers’ colleges in Israel. A website-based analysis was combined with in-depth interviews with colleges’ leadership. The use of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through systematic assessment of 21 teachers’ colleges in Israel. The effect of contextual variables such as colleges’ size, location (national periphery vs. center), and educational stream (Jewish-Secular, Palestinian-Arab, and Jewish-Religious) on internationalization expression and intensity are presented and discussed in detail. Internationalization levels were found to positively relate to the size of each institution and its proximity to Israel’s geographic center. In addition, Jewish-Religious and Palestinian-Arab colleges were found to possess lower general levels of internationalization in comparison to the Jewish-Secular stream. This article presents discussion and policy implications of the findings.
Follow and Facilitate
Authors: Bond Vanessa L.
Published: March 2013

The educational practices of the municipality of Reggio Emilia, Italy, are celebrated as among the best in the world. Inspired by this educational system, schools across America have adapted the Reggio Emilia approach. Yet, music educators may be unaware of its principles as the approach is not often discussed in music education literature. The purpose of this article is to describe the major tenets of the Reggio Emilia approach and to suggest how its principles might be incorporated into American music classroom contexts. Suggestions include creating a constructivist classroom, documenting student learning, and using the physical classroom environment to entice musicking.
Pain Treatment in Patients Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Later Stages
Authors: Fontes Ana Sofia , Gonçalves José F.
Published: March 2013

Pain is a common and debilitating symptom of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, although it is often underestimated and undertreated, especially in HIV-infected intravenous drug users. It is more likely to occur in the later stages of the HIV disease, where it assumes particular significance, especially in terminally ill patients. However, its successful management is possible, though the goal of effective therapy is hampered by the side effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy and drug–drug interactions. In order to appraise these issues, a search in MEDLINE database was conducted. Book reviews and a search on relevant Web sites were also included. Treatment of HIV is itself very complex and becomes even more difficult when palliative therapy is added. Protease inhibitors, mainly ritonavir, and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have higher interaction potential, due to their inducer or inhibitory actions on cytochrome P450, posing a risk when coadministered with palliative treatments; so, better outcomes can be achieved with knowledge of pharmacological aspects.
Preteaching Strategies to Improve Student Learning in Content Area Classes
Authors: Berg Jessica L. , Wehby Joseph
Published: March 2013

Students with mild to moderate disabilities, English language learners, and other at-risk groups frequently struggle academically in general education science and social studies classrooms. In this article, the research surrounding preteaching as an academic intervention for content area instruction is reviewed. General suggestions for preteaching science and social studies content to students from upper elementary to high school levels are given based on the theoretical and empirical literature. Subsequently, suggestions for implementing three types of preteaching are described in detail: vocabulary preteaching, preteaching with advance organizers, and preteaching targeting background knowledge. Conclusions are drawn regarding the utility of preteaching and the need for further research investigating preteaching interventions.
Mathematics, Secondary Students With Disabilities, and Web 2.0 Technologies
Authors: Brown Monica R.
Published: March 2013

The Internet and Web 2.0 technologies [i.e., (micro-)blogs, wikis, social networking sites, Voicethreads, etc.] allows today’s students to access mathematics and other general education curricula like never before. Since they already have the expertise in using the Internet, digital technologies, and other media compared to previous generations, it is imperative that teachers and students access these technologies to increase students’ understanding of and connections with the general education mathematics content. This article will discuss: (1) the mathematics performance of secondary students with disabilities; (2) technologies available for use in secondary mathematics classrooms; and (3) Web 2.0 tools that secondary students with disabilities can access and use in their mathematics classrooms and/or at home.
Positive and Negative Affect in Clinic-Referred Youth With ADHD
Authors: Okado Izumi , Mueller Charles W. , Nakamura Brad J.
Published: March 2013

Objective: To examine self-reported positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) among youth with ADHD (only and comorbid) and other non-ADHD-referred youth in an ethnically diverse clinical sample. Method: Semi-structured interviews identified 80 pure ADHD, 284 ADHD plus one or more comorbidities, and 730 non-ADHD youth (e.g., other diagnoses or no diagnosis). The Positive and Negative Affect Scale–Children (PANAS-C) was used to assess affective states. Results: Even after controlling for the influence of potential confounds, youth with only ADHD reported higher PA and lower NA than other clinic-referred youth. The ADHD-comorbid group reported higher PA than the “non-ADHD” group, but these groups did not differ on level of NA. ADHD subtype did not influence results. Conclusion: Among clinic-referred youth, ADHD is associated with higher levels of PA and when there are no comorbid disorders, lower levels of NA.
The visual fix
Authors: Kilby Jane
Published: March 2013

This article questions the value of photographs of violence and suffering. Taking Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Philippe Bourgois’ anthology Violence in War and Peace (2004) as a point of departure and return, it will explore the significance of the inclusion of images of explicit violence when they readily acknowledge they risk both indifference and voyeuristic interest. Key to my analysis is the centrality of the body to the images. Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois are wary of reducing questions of violence to bodily suffering, but the admission of so many images of physical violation undercuts their critique of the primacy of the physical in our accounts of violence. The use of the body as a brute signifier of violence is deeply problematic, not least because it is tied to questions of race. Ultimately, it is argued, they attempt, unconsciously, to fix the nature of violence – which they deem slippery because it is irrefutably social – in the (visualized) body.
(Re)Tweeting in the service of protest: Digital composition and circulation in the Occupy Wall Street movement
Authors: Penney Joel , Dadas Caroline
Published: March 2013

Based on 17 in-depth interviews with people involved in the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement, we present a typology of how Twitter is used in the service of protest that draws attention to its utilization in conjunction with face-to-face actions. The OWS case study demonstrates how the rapid digital circulation of texts allows protestors to quickly build a geographically dispersed, networked counterpublic that can articulate a critique of power outside of the parameters of mainstream media. Furthermore, we find that the relay of pre-existing material was perceived to be just as meaningful a form of participation as drafting original compositions. By including these forwarding activities in their online efforts, these Twitter users worked to expand the circulation of information building and sustaining an OWS counterpublic. However, dependence on this external platform leaves protestors vulnerable to restrictions on their ability to communicate, as well as to unwanted surveillance from potentially hostile authorities.
Attachment and coping of dementia care staff: The role of staff attachment style, geriatric nursing self-efficacy, and approaches to dementia in burnout
Authors: Kokkonen Taru-Maija , Cheston Richard I.L. , Dallos Rudi , Smart Cordet A.
Published: March 2013

Past research suggests that dementia care staff are vulnerable to the development of burnout, which has implications for staff well-being and hence the quality of care for people with dementia. Studying personal vulnerability factors in burnout is important as it can guide staff training and support. Attachment theory suggests that adult attachment styles affect caregiving relationships and individuals’ responses to stress, providing a framework for understanding caregivers’ styles of coping. This cross-sectional survey study examined relationships between staff attachment styles, geriatric nursing self-efficacy, and approaches to dementia in burnout. Seventy-seven members of dementia care staff working on inpatient wards for older people completed self-report questionnaires. Insecure attachment, lower levels of self-efficacy, and more optimistic attitudes in staff were related to higher levels of burnout. Staff training on the role of attachment in dementia care is recommended. Further research is required to explore mediating factors between adult attachment styles and burnout.
Making the market place: a topography of Borough Market, London
Authors: Coles Benjamin F.
Published: March 2013

This edition of Cultural Geographies in Practice serves a dual purpose. It presents a photo-essay that depicts recent and ongoing ‘topographic’ research in London’s Borough Market, and it is an article about photography and topography as textual forms. The photo-essay examines London’s Borough Market through a series of assembled images that relates a narrative of Borough Market and demonstrates the inherent complexity of place. Through its unfolding, it seeks to variously question the ways in which text and pictures can be assembled into types of topographic (re)presentations. The article, presented as an essay, interrogates and simultaneously reclaims the practice of topography. It argues that topography is a methodological intervention into place and place-making as well as a critical spatial practice that can demonstrate place’s inherent complexity. The article further suggests that the implicit reflexivity of the essay-form through which photo-essays emerge allows for a critical spatial practice like topography to be undertaken.
Disproportionate Juvenile Minority Confinement
Authors: Davis Jaya , Sorensen Jon R.
Published: March 2013

Research regarding disproportionate minority contact (DMC) and the juvenile justice system has concentrated on the extent to which DMC exists instead of why it exists. There remains a dearth of discussion on the theoretical underpinning of the overrepresentation of minorities in the juvenile justice system. The current research addresses this theoretical gap by examining the relationship between the racial threat hypothesis and Black–White disparity in out-of-home placements in the juvenile justice system. State-level panel data were used in the comparison of juvenile arrests to placement data. The study yielded mixed support for the racial threat hypothesis, finding percentage Black to be significantly related to racial disparity in placement rates but the ratio of Black to White employment not significant. The results showing that crime-prone, urban areas exhibit higher rates of Black–White placement disproportionality indicate that some portion of the disproportionality stems from broader social inequalities.
Diverting Our Attention to What Works
Authors: Wilson Holly A. , Hoge Robert D.
Published: March 2013

This study evaluated the Ottawa Community Youth Diversion Program (OCYDP), a diversion program targeting medium-risk youth and structured according to the risk, need, responsivity principles of offender rehabilitation. The recidivism rate of 170 postcharge youth referred to the OCYDP were compared to that of 208 matched youth sentenced to a period of probation. Youth referred to diversion had significantly lower reoffense rates than those referred to probation even when controlling for risk level, age, gender, and nature of the index offense. However, program completion within the diversion program impacted outcomes, with those failing to complete the program showing higher recidivism levels than the probation youth. Results are discussed in terms of the impact of judicial system involvement and the provision of treatment.
Unbalanced Institutional Commitments and Delinquent Behavior
Authors: Stults Brian J. , Falco Christi S.
Published: March 2013

Institutional anomie theory (IAT) argues that crime results from a value complex that elevates the economy over other institutions. Though most assessments of IAT have been conducted at the macro level, the key relationships can also be evaluated among individuals. Using a national survey of high school seniors, we examine whether violence, theft, and substance use are related to individual commitments to economic and noneconomic institutions. Results show that adherence to economic values is positively related to certain forms of delinquency and that commitments to noneconomic institutions reduce delinquent behavior. Moreover, commitment to noneconomic institutions often reduces the effect of economic commitment on delinquency.
Violence and Externalizing Behavior Among Youth in the United States
Authors: Vaughn Michael G. , Salas-Wright Christopher P. , DeLisi Matt , Maynard Brandy R.
Published: March 2013

Despite research demonstrating that approximately 5% of study populations are composed of severely antisocial persons who account for a disproportionate share of problem behaviors, there have been no nationally representative studies assessing this phenomenon among adolescents. Using a large nationally representative sample ( N = 18,614), we identified a severe group (4.7% of respondents) characterized by involvement in varied and intensive externalizing behaviors, greater internalizing, lower academic achievement, and less parental involvement. The current study is the first nationally representative study of criminal careers/externalizing behaviors among adolescents in the United States, which is convergent with prior research and theory.
A Survey Examining the Correlations Between Japanese Little League Baseball Coaches’ Knowledge of and Compliance With Pitch Count Recommendations and Player Elbow Pain
Authors: Yukutake Taiki , Yamada Minoru , Aoyama Tomoki
Published: March 2013

Background:

With the incidence of Little League elbow increasing, pitch limit recommendations for preventing throwing injuries have been developed in both the United States and Japan. However, levels of knowledge of and compliance with these recommendations among coaches of young baseball teams in Japan remain unknown. The relationship between these levels and elbow pain among players has not been adequately studied.

Hypothesis:

Knowledge of and compliance with these recommendations is similar in the United States and Japan. Greater knowledge and higher levels of compliance have a significant correlation with reduced elbow pain in Little League baseball players.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Methods:

Coaches of youth baseball teams in Kyoto, Japan, completed a questionnaire assessing knowledge of and compliance with recommendations. Team variables and coach-related factors concerning elbow pain among young baseball players were surveyed, and the questionnaire investigated demographic data and elbow pain history in the previous 12 months.

Results:

In total, 123 baseball coaches and 654 baseball players aged 6 to 12 years participated in this study; data were analyzed for 113 coaches and 339 players. Among coaches, 39.8% had accurate knowledge of the recommendations (similar to the US data) and 28.3% complied with them (lower than the US data). There was no correlation between elbow pain and knowledge of and compliance with the recommendations, but coaches’ opinions on the number of games were indicated as a significant risk factor for elbow pain; the more coaches considered the number of games played, the fewer the number of players who experienced elbow pain.

Conclusion:

The level of knowledge of recommendations in Japan was similar to that in the United States, but compliance levels were far lower. There was no correlation between elbow pain and knowledge and compliance.

Clinical Relevance:

The Little League elbow problem should be addressed at global and national levels.
Introducing Social Emotional Learning to Music Education Professional Development
Authors: Edgar Scott N.
Published: March 2013

There are more knowledge bases, skills, and dispositions that teachers need to have than can be covered in undergraduate music teacher education. One knowledge base that music teachers could benefit from, which is rarely covered in preservice teacher education, is social emotional learning (SEL) and techniques to implement it in their classrooms. Professional development (PD) can help provide career-long growth. The purpose of this article is to review literature on PD in relation to SEL techniques for music educators. Following an explanation of SEL, literature will be discussed in the areas of: (a) PD for teaching SEL techniques; (b) PD in general education, divided into subtopics of evaluation and effectiveness, reflective teaching as a PD experience, and collaboration as a PD experience; and (c) PD in music education. Implications and suggestions for SEL PD for music educators conclude this article.
Accelerated progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Eμ-TCL1 mice expressing catalytically inactive RAG1
Authors: Nganga Vincent K. , Palmer Victoria L. , Naushad Hina , Kassmeier Michele D. , Anderson Dirk K. , Perry Greg A. , Schabla Nathan M. , Swanson Patrick C.
Published: March 2013

Key Points

Expressing dominant-negative RAG1 to inhibit BCR editing of autoreactivity in CLL-prone Eμ-TCL1 mice accelerates disease onset. Gene expression profiling studies provide evidence of distinct but convergent pathways for CLL development.
Global proteomic analysis of the oocyst/sporozoite of Toxoplasma gondiireveals commitment to a host-independent lifestyle
Authors: Possenti Alessia , Fratini Federica , Fantozzi Luca , Pozio Edoardo , Dubey Jitender P , Ponzi Marta , Pizzi Elisabetta , Spano Furio
Published: March 2013

Background

Toxoplasmosis is caused by the apicomplexan parasiteToxoplasma gondiiand can be acquired either congenitally or via the oral route. In the latter case, transmission is mediated by two distinct invasive stages, i.e., bradyzoites residing in tissue cysts or sporozoites contained in environmentally resistant oocysts shed by felids in their feces. The oocyst plays a central epidemiological role, yet this stage has been scarcely investigated at the molecular level and the knowledge of its expressed proteome is very limited.

Results

Using one-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography-linked tandem mass spectrometry, we analysed total or fractionated protein extracts of partially sporulatedT. gondiioocysts, producing a dataset of 1304 non reduntant proteins (~18% of the total predicted proteome), ~59% of which were classified according to the MIPS functional catalogue database. Notably, the comparison of the oocyst dataset with the extensively covered proteome ofT. gondiitachyzoite, the invasive stage responsible for the clinical signs of toxoplasmosis, identified 154 putative oocyst/sporozoite-specific proteins, some of which were validated by Western blot. The analysis of this protein subset showed that, compared to tachyzoites, oocysts have a greater capability of de novo amino acid biosynthesis and are well equipped to fuel the Krebs cycle with the acetyl-CoA generated through fatty acid β-oxidation and the degradation of branched amino acids.

Conclusions

The study reported herein significantly expanded our knowledge of the proteome expressed by the oocyst/sporozoite ofT. gondii,shedding light on a stage-specifc subset of proteins whose functional profile is consistent with the adaptation ofT. gondiioocysts to the nutrient-poor and stressing extracellular environment.
Results of a phase I dose escalation study of eltrombopag in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma receiving doxorubicin and ifosfamide
Authors: Chawla Sant P , Staddon Arthur , Hendifar Andrew , Messam Conrad A , Patwardhan Rita , Kamel Yasser Yasser Mostafa
Published: March 2013

Background

The objective of this Phase I dose escalation study was to explore the safety and tolerability of eltrombopag, an oral, nonpeptide, thrombopoietin receptor agonist, in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and thrombocytopenia due to treatment with doxorubicin and ifosfamide (AI) combination chemotherapy.

Methods

Patients aged 18 or older with histologically confirmed, locally advanced or metastatic STS were treated with 1 cycle of AI followed by AI with eltrombopag starting at Cycle 2, using 2 different dosing schedules. The study design included an eltrombopag dose escalation phase starting at 75 mg daily to determine the optimal biological dose (OBD).

Results

Eighteen patients were enrolled and 15 received at least 1 dose of chemotherapy; 3 patients withdrew prior to receiving eltrombopag. Seven, 4, and 1 patients received 75 mg, 100 mg, and 150 mg eltrombopag daily, respectively. No dose-limiting toxicities were reported. Due to slow recruitment, the study was closed prior to identifying an OBD. The most common hematologic adverse events (AEs) were thrombocytopenia (80%), neutropenia (73%), and anemia (67%). The most common nonhematologic AEs were fatigue (53%), alanine aminotransferase increased, constipation, and nausea (47% each). Eleven of 12 patients who received eltrombopag completed at least 2 chemotherapy cycles; all had increased platelet counts on Day 1 of Cycle 2 (cycle with eltrombopag) compared to Day 1 of Cycle 1 (cycle without eltrombopag).

Conclusions

Although data are limited, safety data were consistent with the known toxicities of AI combination chemotherapy or the side effect profile of eltrombopag seen in other studies. Available data suggest a potential pre- and post-chemotherapy dosing scheme for eltrombopag when administered with AI chemotherapy, and support further investigation of eltrombopag treatment in patients with chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia.
Prevalence of antifolate resistance mutations in Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Afghanistan
Authors: Awab Ghulam R , Pukrittayakamee Sasithon , Jamornthanyawat Natsuda , Yamin Fazel , Dondorp Arjen M , Day Nicholas PJ , White Nicholas J , Woodrow Charles J , Imwong Mallika
Published: March 2013

Background

Artesunate plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (AS+SP) is now first-line treatment for Plasmodium falciparum infection in several south Asian countries, including Afghanistan. Molecular studies provide a sensitive means to investigate the current state of drug susceptibility to the SP component, and can also provide information on the likely efficacy of other potential forms of artemisinin-combination therapy.

Methods

During the years 2007 to 2010, 120 blood spots from patients with P. falciparum malaria were obtained in four provinces of Afghanistan. PCR-based methods were used to detect drug-resistance mutations in dhfr, dhps, pfcrt and pfmdr1, as well as to determine copy number of pfmdr1.

Results

The majority (95.5%) of infections had a double mutation in the dhfr gene (C59R, S108N); no mutations at dhfr positions 16, 51 or 164 were seen. Most isolates were wild type across the dhps gene, but five isolates from the provinces of Kunar and Nangarhar in eastern Afghanistan had the triple mutation A437G / K540E / A581G; all five cases were successfully treated with three receiving AS+SP and two receiving dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. All isolates showed the pfcrt SVNMT chloroquine resistance haplotype. Five of 79 isolates had the pfmdr1 N86Y mutation, while 52 had pfmdr1 Y184F; positions 1034, 1042 and 1246 were wild type in all isolates. The pfmdr1 gene was not amplified in any sample.

Conclusions

This study indicates that shortly after the adoption of AS+SP as first-line treatment in Afghanistan, most parasites had a double mutation haplotype in dhfr, and a small number of isolates from eastern Afghanistan harboured a triple mutation haplotype in dhps. The impact of these mutations on the efficacy of AS+SP remains to be assessed in significant numbers of patients, but these results are clearly concerning since they suggest a higher degree of SP resistance than previously detected. Further focused molecular and clinical studies in this region are urgently required.
Detecting activity locations from raw GPS data: a novel kernel-based algorithm
Authors: Thierry Benoit , Chaix Basile , Kestens Yan
Published: March 2013

Background

Health studies and mHealth applications are increasingly resorting to tracking technologies such as Global Positioning Systems (GPS) to study the relation between mobility, exposures, and health. GPS tracking generates large sets of geographic data that need to be transformed to be useful for health research. This paper proposes a method to test the performance of activity place detection algorithms, and compares the performance of a novel kernel-based algorithm with a more traditional time-distance cluster detection method.

Methods

A set of 750 artificial GPS tracks containing three stops each were generated, with various levels of noise.. A total of 9,000 tracks were processed to measure the algorithms’ capacity to detect stop locations and estimate stop durations, with varying GPS noise and algorithm parameters.

Results

The proposed kernel-based algorithm outperformed the traditional algorithm on most criteria associated to activity place detection, and offered a stronger resilience to GPS noise, managing to detect up to 92.3% of actual stops, and estimating stop duration within 5% error margins at all tested noise levels.

Conclusions

Capacity to detect activity locations is an important feature in a context of increasing use of GPS devices in health and place research. While further testing with real-life tracks is recommended, testing algorithms’ performance with artificial track sets for which characteristics are controlled is useful. The proposed novel algorithm outperformed the traditional algorithm under these conditions.
Obesity, diabetes mellitus, and the risk of female breast cancer in Eastern China
Authors: Wang Xiao-Lei , Jia Cun-Xian , Liu Li-Yuan , Zhang Qiang , Li Yu-Yang , Li Liang
Published: March 2013

Background

This study was designed to explore the relationship between obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), and female breast cancer in Eastern China.

Methods

A 1:3 matched case–control study was carried out, comprising 123 women with breast cancer and 369 controls. All of the 492 subjects were selected from a previous epidemiological survey of 122,058 women in Eastern China.

Results

There were significant differences between the case and control groups in waist circumference and body mass index (BMI), but not in waist to hip ratio or hip circumference. There was a significant difference between the two groups in BMI for post-menopausal women, and a significant difference in waist circumference for pre-menopausal women. After adjustment for other factors, BMI was still significantly associated with breast cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 1.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14 to 2.19). DM was significantly associated with breast cancer (OR = 3.35, 95% CI 1.02 to 11.01) in the univariate analysis but not in the multivariate analysis (P = 0.059).

Conclusions

Obesity might be a risk factor for female breast cancer. We found different strengths of association for women with different menopausal status when we examined the relationship between obesity and breast cancer. The association between DM and female breast cancer should be further confirmed with larger sample sizes.