bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of the N-related localized states in the electron emission properties of a GaAsN quantum well
Authors: Hsieh Meng-Chien , Wang Jia-Feng , Wang Yu-Shou , Yang Cheng-Hong , Chen Ross C. C. , Chiang Chen-Hao , Chen Yung-Fu , Chen Jenn-Fang
Published: November 2011

This study elucidates the influence of the N-related localized states on electron emission properties of a GaAsN quantum well (QW) that is grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The N-related localized states in a GaAsN QW are identified as both optical and electrical electron trap states. Furthermore, exactly how N-related localized states influence the electron emission properties of a GaAsN quantum well is examined. The presence of N-related localized states effectively suppresses the tunneling emission of GaAsN QW electron states, leading to a long electron emission time for the GaAsN QW electron states. Thermal annealing can reduce the number of N-related localized states, resulting in a recovery of the tunneling emission for GaAsN QW electron states. Increasing the annealing temperature can restore the electron emission behavior of GaAsN QW to the typical electron tunneling emission for a high-quality QW.
Diagnostics of fs pulses by noncollinear random quasi-phase-matched frequency doubling
Authors: Aleksandrovsky A. S. , Vyunishev A. M. , Zaitsev A. I. , Pospelov G. I. , Slabko V. V.
Published: November 2011

Noncollinear random quasi-phase-matched frequency doubling in nonlinear photonic crystal (NPC) of strontium tetraborate (SBO) can be used for background-free autocorrelation measurements of ultrashort pulses in wide spectral range without any angular tuning of nonlinear photonic crystal. Nonuniformity of reciprocal superlattice vectors spectrum of random structure does not affect the accuracy of measurement. Nonlinear photonic crystals of strontium tetraborate are attractive medium for cross-correlation measurements in deep and vacuum ultraviolet.
Surface-plasmon-assisted modal gain enhancement in Au-hybrid CdSe/ZnS nanocrystal quantum dots
Authors: Kim Jihoon , Lee Jaebeom , Kyhm Kwangseuk
Published: November 2011

Surface-plasmon-assisted modal gain enhancement was investigated in Au-hybrid CdSe/ZnS nanocrystal quantum dots. A fivefold enhancement of the modal gain was observed at room temperature in the presence of a Au film by using modal gain contour map analysis, and the photoluminescence intensity and size-selective photoluminescence excitation intensity increased significantly. The enhanced modal gain was attributed to the multiexciton states of neutral and charged biexciton and triexciton.
Communication: Partial linearized density matrix dynamics for dissipative, non-adiabatic quantum evolution
Authors: Huo Pengfei , Coker David F.
Published: November 2011

An approach for treating dissipative, non-adiabatic quantum dynamics in general model systems at finite temperature based on linearizing the density matrix evolution in the forward-backward path difference for the environment degrees of freedom is presented. We demonstrate that the approach can capture both short time coherent quantum dynamics and long time thermal equilibration in an application to excitation energy transfer in a model photosynthetic light harvesting complex. Results are also presented for some nonadiabatic scattering models which indicate that, even though the method is based on a “mean trajectory” like scheme, it can accurately capture electronic population branching through multiple avoided crossing regions and that the approach offers a robust and reliable way to treat quantum dynamical phenomena in a wide range of condensed phase applications.
Investigation of hydrogen effects on the properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 in tetragonal phase using water electrolysis technique
Authors: Shafiei A. , Nickchi T. , Oprea C. , Alfantazi A. , Troczynski T.
Published: November 2011

In this work, the interaction of hydrogen with Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) in the tetragonal phase is investigated using water electrolysis technique. Microstructural observations show the development of a hydrogen affected (corroded) layer adjacent to the electrode functioning as the cathode during the water electrolysis. A composite model is proposed for the microstructure of PZT affected by hydrogen generated during water electrolysis and changes of the electrical properties of PZT are linked to the model. Maxwell-Wagner polarization mechanism is proposed to be responsible for the changes of the hydrogen-affected PZT capacitance.
Individual plant species responses to phosphorus and livestock grazing
Authors: Dorrough J. , McIntyre S. , Scroggie M. P.
Published: November 2011

Livestock grazing and fertilisation are primary management activities that determine variation in plant species composition within grazed temperate grassy ecosystems of Australia. The present paper provides an extensive catalogue of the responses of individual species to grazing and fertilisation that can be used to guide management and restoration in differing situations. A hierarchical model that links plant species identities, simple plant traits and two continuous predictive variables (livestock density and available phosphorus) was used to estimate probability of occurrence of plant species across grazing and phosphorus gradients. Certain species and groups of species, particularly native perennial geophytes, ferns and shrubs, were especially sensitive to increases in each of these management gradients, whereas a small group of exotic plants were most tolerant. In the moderately intensive livestock production landscapes sampled, most native plant species preferred ungrazed areas with low available phosphorus. Many non-native plant species also tolerated or preferred such habitats. Less than 1% of all observed species are predicted to occur at high levels of available phosphorus (75 mg kg–1) and heavy stocking (9 dry sheep equivalents ha–1). There is, however, a suite of native species that persist at moderate livestock densities, but only if soils are not phosphorus-enriched. These data can be used to guide options for restoration including ranking of potential sites or selection of species for reintroduction. In most cases, livestock grazing intensity is thought to be the primary factor influencing plant species composition in grazed woodlands. These data, however, highlight the great importance of fertilisation history in limiting ground-layer plant diversity and determining options for management.
The ecological relationships and demography of restricted ironstone endemic plant species: implications for conservation
Authors: Yates Colin J. , Gibson Neil , Pettit Neil E. , Dillon Rebecca , Palmer Russell
Published: November 2011

We investigated the ecological relationships, reproductive biology and demography of four shrub taxa restricted to ironstone ranges in south-western Australia, to assess the feasibility of post-mining reintroductions. We found that three taxa were restricted to narrow fissures in massive ironstone and the fourth was restricted to fissures and skeletal soils over ironstone. In all taxa, adult plants were the most abundant life stage in populations and produced seeds annually. Newly emerged seedlings were observed in low numbers each winter of three census years, with the highest rates occurring when winter rainfall was above average in the semiarid Mediterranean climate. Mortality was highest and most variable for <1-year-old seedlings (50–93%), 1-year-old seedlings (17–67%), juveniles (21–54%) and vegetative adults (6–50%), and was lowest and least variable for the reproductive adults (2–7%). The restriction of three of our study taxa to narrow fissures excludes the option of using seedlings in reintroductions. Using seeds, although possible, will be both an inefficient and a high-risk strategy for at least three of the four taxa studied. This is because of the low frequency of years when winter rainfall is sufficient to stimulate high rates of seed germination, coupled with the consistently high rates of seedling mortality in most years, and no easy method for determining which rock fissures will be suitable for plant establishment. The more widespread taxa showed reproductive and demographic characteristics similar to those of the taxa restricted to the narrow fissures, indicating that establishment of many species will be difficult in this environment.
Wildlife tracking technology options and cost considerations
Authors: Thomas Bindi , Holland John D. , Minot Edward O.
Published: November 2011

Context Continued demand for long-distance remote wildlife tracking has resulted in the development of a variety of satellite tracking technologies. Choosing an appropriate satellite tracking system for a project involves financial, technical and operational tradeoffs associated with different systems. Aim The aim of the present research was to assess the technology options and associated costs to help wildlife researchers select the best tracking solution for their needs. Methods A technology-choice decision guide was developed to assist wildlife scientists select an optimal tracking technology. We undertook four satellite tracking case studies involving avian, aquatic and terrestrial species living in diverse environments around the world and use these case studies to validate and test the technology-choice decision guide and to calculate the cost effectiveness of alternative tracking methods. Technologies used in marine tracking were out of the scope of the present paper. Key results Choosing the tracking method best suited for a project requires (1) clearly specifying the data required to meet project objectives, (2) understanding the constraints imposed by the study species and its environment, and (3) calculating the net cost per datum of the various tracking methods available. Key conclusions We suggest that, in most circumstances, global positioning system (GPS) tracking is preferable to other options. However, where weight and environmental limitations prevent the use of GPS, alternatives such as Argos satellite Doppler-based positions (Argos) or very high frequency (VHF) can function adequately. Implications The present paper provides simplified criteria for selecting the best wildlife satellite tracking technology for different situations.
Sialic acid profiles in the respiratory tracts of selected species of raptors: evidence for potential binding sites for human and avian influenza A viruses
Authors: Han Chun-Hua , Lin Jian , Wang Xiuqing , Han Jing-Wen , Duan Hui-Juan , Pan Jie , Liu Yue-Huan
Published: November 2011

Context The ability of influenza A viruses to recognise and bind to cell surface receptors such as sialic acid linked to galactose by an α2,3 linkage (SAα2,3-gal) and sialic acid linked to galactose by an α2,6 linkage (SAα2,6-gal) is a major determinant of influenza A virus infection. Although the epidemiological surveys of influenza A virus infection in raptors suggest that some raptor species are susceptible to influenza A viruses under natural conditions, the sialic acid profiles in the respiratory and intestinal tracts of raptors are unknown. Aims To examine the sialic acid receptor profiles in the respiratory tracts of the selected raptor species and assess the potential susceptibility of raptors to avian and human influenza viruses and the role of raptors in the epidemiology and evolution of influenza A viruses. Methods The lectin immunohistochemistry staining method was used to examine the sialic acid profiles in the respiratory tracts of eight different species of raptors. Key results A strong staining with Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA), specific for sialic acid linked to galactose by an α2,3 linkage (SAα2,3-gal), was observed in the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract of Accipiter nisus and Falco tinnunculus. However, a positive staining for both MAA and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), specific for sialic acid linked to galactose by an α2,6 linkage (SAα2,6-gal), was detected in the epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract of Accipiter gularis, Buteo buteo, Otus sunia, Bubo bubo and Asio otus, and in the epithelial cells of the alveoli of Buteo buteo, Falco peregrinus, Otus sunia and Bubo bubo. Conclusions Both avian and human influenza A virus receptors are expressed in six species of raptors examined. There are some variations in the type and distribution of sialic acid receptor expression among different raptor species. No correlation between phylogeny of birds and their sialic acid receptor distributions was observed. Implications Since SAα2,3-gal and SAα2,6-gal are often considered as the primary receptors for avian influenza A viruses and human influenza A viruses, respectively, our data suggest that raptors could be a potential host for avian and human influenza A viruses.
Inflammasome components Asc and caspase-1 mediate biomaterial-induced inflammation and foreign body response
Authors: Malik Ahsan F. , Hoque Rafaz , Ouyang Xinshou , Ghani Ayaz , Hong Enping , Khan Khadija , Moore Laura Beth , Ng Gilbert , Munro Fay , Flavell Richard A. , Shi Yan , Kyriakides Themis R. , Mehal Wajahat Z.
Published: November 2011

Implantation of biomaterials and devices into soft tissues leads to the development of the foreign body response (FBR), which can interfere with implant function and eventually lead to failure. The FBR consists of overlapping acute and persistent inflammatory phases coupled with collagenous encapsulation and currently there are no therapeutic options. Initiation of the FBR involves macrophage activation, proceeding to giant cell formation, fibroblast activation, and collagen matrix deposition. Despite the recognition of this sequence of events, the molecular pathways required for the FBR have not been elucidated. We have identified that the acute inflammatory response to biomaterials requires nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing 3 (Nlrp3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (Asc), and caspase-1, as well as plasma membrane cholesterol, and Syk signaling. Full development of the FBR is dependent on Asc and caspase-1, but not Nlrp3. The common antiinflammatory drug aspirin can reduce inflammasome activation and significantly reduce the FBR. Taken together, these findings expand the role of the inflammasome from one of sensing damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to sensing all particulate matter irrespective of size. In addition, implication of the inflammasome in biomaterial recognition identifies key pathways, which can be targeted to limit the FBR.
New Sources of Resistance to Cadophora gregata f. sp. adzukicola and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. adzukicola in Vigna spp.
Authors: Kondo Norio , Tomooka Norihiko
Published: November 2011

Adzuki bean brown stem rot (BSR), caused by Cadophora gregata f. sp. adzukicola, and adzuki bean Fusarium wilt (AFW), caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. adzukicola, are serious problems in Hokkaido, Japan, and have been managed using cultivars with multiple resistance. However, a limited number of adzuki bean varieties are resistant to these pathogens because of the frequent appearance of new races; thus, new sources of resistance have been sought in related Vigna spp., particularly in the section Angulares to which adzuki bean belongs. An analysis of selected Vigna accessions (JP81231 to JP235420) conserved in the Genebank of the National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan, revealed wide variation in resistance spectra and resistance combinations, and eight disease response groups (A to H) were identified. Four of eight were newly detected response groups, suggesting the existence of novel resistance genes. Of 252 accessions from 26 species, 28 accessions in Vigna angularis var. nipponensis, V. hirtella, V. minima, and V. tenuicaulis (section Angulares) from group D, which were cross-compatible with adzuki bean, are expected to be potential sources of multiple resistance genes. They were resistant to all races of BSR and AFW pathogens examined.
The emergence of time's arrows and special science laws from physics
Authors: Loewer Barry
Published: November 2011

In this paper, I will argue that there is an important connection between two questions concerning how certain features of the macro world emerge from the laws and processes of fundamental microphysics and suggest an approach to answering these questions. The approach involves a kind of emergence but quite different from ‘top-down’ emergence discussed at the conference, for which an earlier version of this paper was written. The two questions are (i) How do ‘the arrows of time’ emerge from microphysics? (ii) How do macroscopic special science laws and causation emerge from microphysics? Answering these questions is especially urgent for those, who like myself, think that a certain version of physicalism, which I call ‘micro-physical completeness’ (MC), is true. According to MC, there are fundamental dynamical laws that completely govern (deterministically or probabilistically), the evolution of all micro-physical events and there are no additional ontologicallyindependentdynamical or causal special science laws. In other words, there is no ontologically independent ‘top-down’ causation. Of course, MC does not imply that physicists now or ever will know or propose the complete laws of physics. Or even if the complete laws were known we would know how special science properties and laws reduce to laws and properties of fundamental physics. Rather, MC is a contingent metaphysical claim about the laws of our world. After a discussion of the two questions, I will argue the key to showing how it is possible for the arrows of time and the special science laws to emerge from microphysics and a certain account of how thermodynamics is related to fundamental dynamical laws.
A validated predictive model of coronary fractional flow reserve
Authors: Huo Yunlong , Svendsen Mark , Choy Jenny Susana , Zhang Z.-D. , Kassab Ghassan S.
Published: November 2011

Myocardial fractional flow reserve (FFR), an important index of coronary stenosis, is measured by a pressure sensor guidewire. The determination of FFR, only based on the dimensions (lumen diameters and length) of stenosis and hyperaemic coronary flow with no other ad hoc parameters, is currently not possible. We propose an analytical model derived from conservation of energy, which considers various energy losses along the length of a stenosis, i.e. convective and diffusive energy losses as well as energy loss due to sudden constriction and expansion in lumen area.
In vitro
(constrictions were created in isolated arteries using symmetric and asymmetric tubes as well as an inflatable occluder cuff) and
in vivo
(constrictions were induced in coronary arteries of eight swine by an occluder cuff) experiments were used to validate the proposed analytical model. The proposed model agreed well with the experimental measurements. A least-squares fit showed a linear relation as (Δ
p
or FFR)
experiment
=
a
(Δ
p
or FFR)
theory
+
b
, where
a
and
b
were 1.08 and −1.15 mmHg (
r
2
= 0.99) for
in vitro
Δ
p
, 0.96 and 1.79 mmHg (
r
2
= 0.75) for
in vivo
Δ
p
, and 0.85 and 0.1 (
r
2
= 0.7) for FFR. Flow pulsatility and stenosis shape (e.g. eccentricity, exit angle divergence, etc.) had a negligible effect on myocardial FFR, while the entrance effect in a coronary stenosis was found to contribute significantly to the pressure drop. We present a physics-based experimentally validated analytical model of coronary stenosis, which allows prediction of FFR based on stenosis dimensions and hyperaemic coronary flow with no empirical parameters.
Impact of main branch stenting on endothelial shear stress: role of side branch diameter, angle and lesion
Authors: Chen Henry Y. , Moussa Issam D. , Davidson Charles , Kassab Ghassan S.
Published: November 2011

In-stent restenosis and stent thrombosis remain clinically significant problems for bifurcation lesions. The objective of this study is to determine the haemodynamic effect of the side branch (SB) on main branch (MB) stenting. We hypothesize that the presence of a SB has a negative effect on MB wall shear stress (WSS), wall shear stress gradient (WSSG) and oscillatory shear index (OSI); and that the bifurcation diameter ratio (SB diameter/MB diameter) and angle are important contributors. We further hypothesized that stent undersizing exaggerates the negative effects on WSS, WSSG and OSI. To test these hypotheses, we developed computational models of stents and non-Newtonian blood. The models were then interfaced, meshed and solved in a validated finite-element package. Stents at bifurcation models were created with 30° and 70° bifurcation angles and bifurcations with diameter ratios of SB/MB = 1/2 and 3/4. It was found that stents placed in the MB at a bifurcation lowered WSS dramatically, while elevating WSSG and OSI. Undersizing the stent exaggerated the decrease in WSS, increase in WSSG and OSI, and disturbed the flow between the struts and the vessel wall. Stenting the MB at bifurcations with larger SB/MB ratios or smaller SB angles (30°) resulted in lower WSS, higher WSSG and OSI. Stenosis at the SB lowered WSS and elevated WSSG and OSI. These findings highlight the effects of major biomechanical factors in MB stenting on endothelial WSS, WSSG, OSI and suggests potential mechanisms for the potentially higher adverse clinical events associated with bifurcation stenting.
Fitness in time-dependent environments includes a geometric phase contribution
Authors: Tănase-Nicola Sorin , Nemenman Ilya
Published: November 2011

Phenotypic evolution implies sequential rise in frequency of new genomic sequences. The speed of the rise depends, in part, on the relative fitness (selection coefficient) of the mutant versus the ancestor. Using a simple population dynamics model, we show that the relative fitness in dynamical environments is not equal to the geometric average of the fitness over individual environments. Instead, it includes a term that explicitly depends on the sequence of the environments. For slowly varying environments, this term depends only on the oriented area enclosed by the trajectory taken by the system in the environment state space. It is closely related to the well-studied geometric phases in classical and quantum physical systems. We discuss possible biological implications of these observations, focusing on evolution of novel metabolic or stress-resistant functions.
A novel property of spider silk: chemical defence against ants
Authors: Zhang Shichang , Koh Teck Hui , Seah Wee Khee , Lai Yee Hing , Elgar Mark A. , Li Daiqin
Published: November 2011

Spider webs are made of silk, the properties of which ensure remarkable efficiency at capturing prey. However, remaining on, or near, the web exposes the resident spiders to many potential predators, such as ants. Surprisingly, ants are rarely reported foraging on the webs of orb-weaving spiders, despite the formidable capacity of ants to subdue prey and repel enemies, the diversity and abundance of orb-web spiders, and the nutritional value of the web and resident spider. We explain this paradox by reporting a novel property of the silk produced by the orb-web spiderNephila antipodiana(Walckenaer). These spiders deposit on the silk a pyrrolidine alkaloid (2-pyrrolidinone) that provides protection from ant invasion. Furthermore, the ontogenetic change in the production of 2-pyrrolidinone suggests that this compound represents an adaptive response to the threat of natural enemies, rather than a simple by-product of silk synthesis: while 2-pyrrolidinone occurs on the silk threads produced by adult and large juvenile spiders, it is absent on threads produced by small juvenile spiders, whose threads are sufficiently thin to be inaccessible to ants.
Suppression of 9-cis-Epoxycarotenoid Dioxygenase, Which Encodes a Key Enzyme in Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis, Alters Fruit Texture in Transgenic Tomato
Authors: Sun Liang , Sun Yufei , Zhang Mei , Wang Ling , Ren Jie , Cui Mengmeng , Wang Yanping , Ji Kai , Li Ping , Li Qian , Chen Pei , Dai Shengjie , Duan Chaorui , Wu Yan , Leng Ping
Published: November 2011

Cell wall catabolism during fruit ripening is under complex control and is key for fruit quality and shelf life. To examine the role of abscisic acid (ABA) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening, we suppressed SlNCED1, which encodes 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of ABA. To suppress SlNCED1 specifically in tomato fruits, and thus avoid the pleiotropic phenotypes associated with ABA deficiency, we used an RNA interference construct driven by the fruit-specific E8 promoter. ABA accumulation and SlNCED1 transcript levels in the transgenic fruit were down-regulated to between 20% and 50% of the levels measured in the control fruit. This significant reduction in NCED activity led to a down-regulation in the transcription of genes encoding major cell wall catabolic enzymes, specifically polygalacturonase (SlPG), pectin methyl esterase (SlPME), β-galactosidase precursor mRNA (SlTBG), xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (SlXET), endo-1,4-β-cellulose (SlCels), and expansin (SlExp). This resulted in an increased accumulation of pectin during ripening. In turn, this led to a significant extension of the shelf life to 15 to 29 d compared with a shelf life of only 7 d for the control fruit and an enhancement of fruit firmness at the mature stage by 30% to 45%. In conclusion, ABA affects cell wall catabolism during tomato fruit ripening via down-regulation of the expression of major catabolic genes (SlPG, SlPME, SlTBG, SlXET, SlCels, and SlExp).
Changes in Cell Wall Biomechanical Properties in the Xyloglucan-Deficient xxt1/xxt2 Mutant of Arabidopsis
Authors: Park Yong Bum , Cosgrove Daniel J.
Published: November 2011

The main load-bearing network in the primary cell wall of most land plants is commonly depicted as a scaffold of cellulose microfibrils tethered by xyloglucans. However, a xyloglucan-deficient mutant (xylosyltransferase1/xylosyltransferase2 [xxt1/xxt2]) was recently developed that was smaller than the wild type but otherwise nearly normal in its development, casting doubt on xyloglucan’s role in wall structure. To assess xyloglucan function in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) wall, we compared the behavior of petiole cell walls from xxt1/xxt2 and wild-type plants using creep, stress relaxation, and stress/strain assays, in combination with reagents that cut or solubilize specific components of the wall matrix. Stress/strain assays showed xxt1/xxt2 walls to be more extensible than wild-type walls (supporting a reinforcing role for xyloglucan) but less extensible in creep and stress relaxation processes mediated by α-expansin. Fusicoccin-induced “acid growth” was likewise reduced in xxt1/xxt2 petioles. The results show that xyloglucan is important for wall loosening by α-expansin, and the smaller size of the xxt1/xxt2 mutant may stem from the reduced effectiveness of α-expansins in the absence of xyloglucan. Loosening agents that act on xylans and pectins elicited greater extension in creep assays of xxt1/xxt2 cell walls compared with wild-type walls, consistent with a larger mechanical role for these matrix polymers in the absence of xyloglucan. Our results illustrate the need for multiple biomechanical assays to evaluate wall properties and indicate that the common depiction of a cellulose-xyloglucan network as the major load-bearing structure is in need of revision.
The Arabidopsis YUCCA1 Flavin Monooxygenase Functions in the Indole-3-Pyruvic Acid Branch of Auxin Biosynthesis
Authors: Stepanova Anna N. , Yun Jeonga , Robles Linda M. , Novak Ondrej , He Wenrong , Guo Hongwei , Ljung Karin , Alonso Jose M.
Published: November 2011

The effects of auxins on plant growth and development have been known for more than 100 years, yet our understanding of how plants synthesize this essential plant hormone is still fragmentary at best. Gene loss- and gain-of-function studies have conclusively implicated three gene families, CYTOCHROME P450 79B2/B3 (CYP79B2/B3), YUCCA (YUC), and TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS1/TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE-RELATED (TAA1/TAR), in the production of this hormone in the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Each of these three gene families is believed to represent independent routes of auxin biosynthesis. Using a combination of pharmacological, genetic, and biochemical approaches, we examined the possible relationships between the auxin biosynthetic pathways defined by these three gene families. Our findings clearly indicate that TAA1/TARs and YUCs function in a common linear biosynthetic pathway that is genetically distinct from the CYP79B2/B3 route. In the redefined TAA1-YUC auxin biosynthetic pathway, TAA1/TARs are required for the production of indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA) from Trp, whereas YUCs are likely to function downstream. These results, together with the extensive genetic analysis of four pyruvate decarboxylases, the putative downstream components of the TAA1 pathway, strongly suggest that the enzymatic reactions involved in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production via IPyA are different than those previously postulated, and a new and testable model for how IAA is produced in plants is needed.
Tectonic and climatic controls on the sequential arrangement of an alluvial fan/fan‐delta complex (Montserrat, Eocene, Ebro Basin, NE Spain)
Authors: Gómez‐Paccard M. , López‐Blanco M. , Costa E. , Garcés M. , Beamud E. , Larrasoaña J. C.
Published: November 2011

A magnetostratigraphy‐based chronological framework has been constructed in the Eocene sediments of the Montserrat alluvial fan/fan‐delta complex (southeast Ebro Basin), in order to unravel forcing controls on their sequential arrangement and to revise the tectonosedimentary history of the region. The palaeomagnetic study is based on 403 sites distributed along an 1880‐m‐thick composite section, and provides improved temporal constraints based on an independent correlation to the geomagnetic polarity time scale. The new chronological framework together with sequence stratigraphy and geohistory analysis allow us to investigate the interplay between factors controlling the sequential arrangement of the Montserrat complex at the different temporal scales and to test for orbitally driven climate forcing. The results suggest that the internal stacking pattern in transgressive and regressive sequences sets within the more than 1000‐m‐thick Milany Composite Megasequence can be explained as the result of subsidence‐driven accommodation changes under a general increase of sediment supply. Composite sequences (tens to hundreds of metres thick) likely reflect orbitally forced cyclicity related to the 400‐kyr eccentricity cycle, possibly controlled by climatically induced sea‐level fluctuations. This study also provides new insights on the deformational history of the area, and shows a correlation between (tectonic) subsidence and forelimb rotation measured on basin‐margin deformed strata. Integration of subsidence curves from different sectors of the eastern Ebro Basin allows us to estimate the variable contribution of tectonic loads from the two active basin margins: the Catalan Coastal Ranges and the Pyrenees. The results support the presence of a double flexure from Late Lutetian to Late Bartonian, associated with the two tectonically active margins. From Late Bartonian to Early Priabonian the homogenization of subsidence values is interpreted as the result of the coupling of the two sources of tectonic load.
Developments in the field of allergy in 2010 through the eyes of Clinical and Experimental Allergy
Authors: Katelaris C. H. , Linneberg A. , Magnan A. , Thomas W. R. , Wardlaw A. J. , Wark P.
Published: November 2011

In 2010 over 200 articles were published in Clinical and Experimental Allergy including editorials, reviews, opinion articles, letters, book reviews and of course at the heart of the journal, papers containing original data which have moved the field of allergy forward on a number of fronts. For the third year running the editors felt it would be of value to summarize the key messages contained in these papers as a snapshot of where the cutting edge of research into allergic disease is leading. We have broadly followed the sections of the journal, although this year the mechanistic articles are grouped together and the studies involving experimental models of disease are discussed throughout the paper. In the field of asthma and rhinitis phenotypes and biomarkers continue to a major pre‐occupation of our authors. There is continued interest in mechanisms of inflammation and disordered lung function with the mouse model of asthma continuing to offer new insights. There is also a steady flow of papers investigating new therapies, including those derived from plants and herbs, although many are mechanistic with too few high quality clinical trials. The mechanisms involved in allergic disease are well covered with many strong papers using clinical material to ask relevant questions. Pro‐pre and snybiotics continue to be of major interest to our authors and this remains a controversial and complicated field. The discipline of epidemiology has retained its interest in risk factors for the development of allergic disease with a view to refining and debating the reasons for the allergy epidemic. There is continued interest in the relationship between helminthic disease and allergy with a new twist in 2010 involving studies using infection with helminths as a potential treatment. The genetics of allergic disease continues to be very productive, although the field has moved on from only investigating single nucleotide polymorphisms of candidate genes to Genome Wide Association Studies and an increasing and welcome emphasis on gene–environment interactions. In the field of clinical allergy there is steady flow of papers describing patterns of drug allergy with renewed interest in reactions to contrast media, but food allergy is the major area of interest in this section of the journal. Lastly in the field of allergens there is a growing interest in the role of component resolved diagnosis in improving the diagnosis and management of allergic disease. Another excellent year, full of fascinating and high quality work, which the journal has been proud to bring to the allergy community.

Cite this as: C. H. Katelaris, A. Linneberg, A. Magnan, W. R. Thomas, A. J. Wardlaw and P. Wark, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 1690–1710.
Clinical relevance of RET variants G691S, L769L, S836S and S904S to sporadic medullary thyroid cancer
Authors: Machens Andreas , Frank‐Raue Karin , Lorenz Kerstin , Rondot Susanne , Raue Friedhelm , Dralle Henning
Published: November 2011

Background  Based on reports of higher frequencies among patients with sporadic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) relative to external controls, the RET (REarranged during Transfection) variants G691S, L767L, S836S and S904S have been considered disease modifiers, suggesting greater lifetime risks of MTC. Other studies, employing different external controls, failed to confirm this association. Using a complementary approach, this study aimed at exploring differences in clinico‐pathological characteristics among patients with sporadic MTC carrying no (wildtype), one (heterozygotes) or both (homozygotes) homologue RET variants in the germline, with wildtype cases acting as internal controls.

Methods  Included in this investigation were 150 patients with complete genetic information on G691S, L769L, S836S and S904S RET alleles operated on for sporadic MTC at a tertiary referral centre.

Results  Not one statistically significant dose–response relationship was identified between any RET variant (wildtype vs RET heterozygotes vs homologue RET homozygotes) and patient age at MTC diagnosis, gender, primary tumour size, extrathyroidal extension, numbers of involved and removed lymph nodes, or distant metastasis. L769L and S836S homozygotes, unlike G691S and S904S homozygotes, were either rare or absent, limiting the analyses to comparisons of heterozygosity versus wildtype. On time‐to‐event analysis, G691S, L769L, S836S or S904S carriers and noncarriers developed MTC at similar rates.

Conclusions  In carriers and noncarriers of the RET variants G691S, L767L, S836S and S904S, sporadic MTC appeared clinically and pathologically indistinguishable. This observation, along with the inconclusive evidence of previous association studies, calls for larger longitudinal association studies with age‐ and sex‐matched external controls and additional functional studies of RET biology.
Effects of mashing on total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of malts and worts
Authors: Zhao Haifeng , Zhao Mouming
Published: November 2011

Effects of mashing on total phenolic contents (TPC), radical‐scavenging activity, reducing power and metal chelating activity of malts and corresponding worts were clarified in this study. Results showed that there were significant variations in TPC and antioxidant activity across malts and worts. An 8.8% of increase in TPC was observed during the early stage of mashing, accompanied by an increase in antioxidant activity. However, 2.6% of decrease in TPC and inconsistent changes in antioxidant activity were found during the mashing at higher temperature. Overall, mashing resulted in 6.0% and >10.0% of increases in TPC and antioxidant activity, respectively. Moreover, Pearson correlation analysis revealed that there were good correlations (ranging from 0.622 to 0.735, P < 0.01) between TPC and antioxidant activity of malts and worts. Additionally, mashing resulted in more positive correlations between TPC and antioxidant activity, emphasising the key role of malt phenolic compounds for wort antioxidant activity.
Use of dried blood spots for the determination of genetic variation of interleukin‐10, killer immunoglobulin‐like receptor and HLA class I genes
Authors: Ndlovu B. G. , Danaviah S. , Moodley E. , Ghebremichael M. , Bland R. , Viljoen J. , Newell M.‐L. , Ndung'u T. , Carr W. H.
Published: November 2011

Optimal methods for using dried blood spots (DBSs) for population genetics‐based studies have not been well established. Using DBS stored for 8 years from 21 pregnant South African women, we evaluated three methods of gDNA extraction with and without whole‐genome amplification (WGA) to characterize immune‐related genes: interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), killer immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIRs) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I. We found that the QIAamp DNA mini kit yielded the highest gDNA quality (P< 0.05; Wilcoxon signed rank test) with sufficient yield for subsequent analyses. In contrast, we found that WGA was not reliable for sequence‐specific primer polymerase chain reaction (SSP‐PCR) analysis of KIR2DL1, KIR2DS1, KIR2DL5 and KIR2DL3 or high‐resolution HLA genotyping using a sequence‐based approach. We speculate that unequal template amplification by WGA underrepresents gene repertoires determined by sequence‐based approaches.
Who needs admission among infants with acute otitis media?
Authors: Bitar Mohamed A , Baz Rami , Sabra Omar
Published: November 2011

Aim:  Management of acute otitis media (AOM) in infants younger than 2 months old is controversial. It varies between treatment on an outside basis, and hospitalization for intravenous antibiotics and sepsis work‐up based on variability of the reported AOM pathogens in this particular group. Our aim is to identify clinical indicators that may suggest a need for an invasive medical work‐up and/or hospitalization of these young patients, and compare their management to that of older infants.

Methods:  Retrospective chart review. Admitted infants with AOM and a random sample of infants presenting to the emergency room with AOM over a 20‐year period. Infants younger than 2 months were designated as ‘young infants’, and those older as ‘older infants’. Demographic data, relevant history, physical examination, laboratory studies and treatment were reviewed.

Results:  Twenty‐nine admitted infants were included (13 young infants). A sample of 58 outpatients was studied, including two young infants. Compared to older inpatient infants, admitted young infants were less febrile (P < 0.05), had more benign white cell count (P < 0.05) but had more otorrhea (P < 0.05). These grew gram‐negative organisms. Sepsis work‐up was negative. Young infants were more likely to be admitted (P < 0.05). Admitted older infants had more otorrhea than outpatients (P < 0.05) or a complication (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  Young infants often need admission for intravenous antibiotics, until middle ear culture is out. Sepsis work‐up may be necessary only in toxic patients. Older infants need admission when severely ill or have a complication.
Effectiveness and Effects of Promotion Strategies for Behaviour Change: Solar Water Disinfection in Zimbabwe
Authors: Kraemer Silvie M. , Mosler Hans‐Joachim
Published: November 2011

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is a sustainable method of water treatment. Despite the simplicity and many advantages of SODIS, past behaviour change campaigns have seen limited success. This study aims to compare intervention strategies in their efficiency in changing behaviour and to analyse which behavioural factors are differentially affected. The following factors were analysed in this study: intention, subjective norm, behavioural control, beliefs, habits, frequency of talking, knowledge and tension. The promotion strategies used in this intervention study were promoters, a pass‐on task, prompts, public commitment and disseminating knowledge with inducing tension. Inhabitants of high‐density areas near Harare, Zimbabwe, were interviewed at different points in time. High SODIS consumption was achieved when the promoter intervention was followed by a memory‐aiding technique such as prompts or public commitment. Consequently, this combined‐intervention strategy increased all behavioural factors and kept them at a high level. A continued pass‐on task alone did not change behaviour and had decreasing effects on several behavioural factors. When the pass‐on task was combined with disseminating knowledge with inducing tension, high SODIS water consumption was also reached, but several behavioural factors stayed at a low level. More effective intervention strategies are identified and discussed.
Perceived Distributive Fairness of European Transfer Payments and EU‐Taxes in Austria, the Czech Republic, and the United Kingdom
Authors: Hartner‐Tiefenthaler Martina , Kubicek Bettina , Kirchler Erich , Rechberger Silvia , Wenzel Michael
Published: November 2011

The present research compared a distributive fairness model of EU transfer payments (Hartner, Rechberger, Kirchler, & Wenzel, 2011) between three countries: Austria, the Czech Republic, and the UK. The model postulates an interplay between EU‐tax compliance, distributive fairness, outcome favorability as well as national and European identification. Results across countries showed that EU‐tax compliance was positively related to distributive justice, which was in turn related to outcome favorability and identification. National identifiers perceived EU membership as unfavorable in financial and socio‐political terms, and thus considered the transfer payments as less fair. Dual identifiers perceived the socio‐political outcomes as more favorable, and thus evaluated the transfer payments as fairer. Although the basic structure of the model was valid across all three countries, two country‐specific results were found. First, in the UK individual tax paying behavior was influenced by outcome favorability, whereas in Austria and the Czech Republic this relationship was mediated via distributive fairness. Second, in the Austrian sample, the differentiation between patriots and nationalists proved fruitful since nationalists considered the EU transfer payments as unfair, unlike patriots. In the UK and the Czech Republic the distinction between nationalists and patriots did not add any further information.
Teachers' Voices in the Context of Higher Education Reforms in Armenia
Authors: Karakhanyan Susanna , van Veen Klaas , (Theo) Bergen Th.C.M.
Published: November 2011

In this article, teachers' sense‐making and reasoning about higher education reforms in a post Soviet country, namely Armenia, are examined using an analytical framework with six sensitising concepts: beliefs, emotions, attitudes, change knowledge, attributions and organisational culture. The results of semi‐structured interviews with 12 Armenian higher education teachers showed that they mainly felt distrust towards reforms and that the implementation initiatives caused dissatisfaction, frustration and therefore distortion. At a deeper level, the teachers mostly felt excluded from the reform process and that their role was depreciated. One striking feature was the predominant causal attribution of teachers to external, unstable and uncontrollable factors which question the success of the reforms.
Coping with Complexity and Instability in the UK Vocational Training System1
Authors: Halász Gábor
Published: November 2011

Vocational training systems that take the needs of the word of work seriously and maintain strong and dynamic connections with it are faced to growing complexity and instability. Some countries try to cope with this through creating new mediation mechanisms between the systems of training and work that allow higher level complexity while maintaining appropriate social control over the linkages between these systems. The training policy of the United Kingdom offers an interesting example for this. The key message of this article is that increasing complexity and high level instability may seriously impede the engagement of employers for training and human resource development but reducing it have to be made in a cautious way, so that it does not harm the achievement of the strategic goals of making training more demand‐led, making it more responsive to the changing skills needs of companies and letting employers have a decisive role in determining the content of training and the way it is delivered. The skills policy of the United Kingdom is used as an example to illustrate the growing social complexity that characterise modern social systems, including vocational training, and one specific way of devising public policies based on new innovative forms of steering and regulating that enhance coping with complexity and instability.
Maturation of rapid auditory temporal processing and subsequent nonword repetition performance in children
Authors: Fox Allison M. , Reid Corinne L. , Anderson Mike , Richardson Cassandra , Bishop Dorothy V.M.
Published: November 2011

According to the rapid auditory processing theory, the ability to parse incoming auditory information underpins learning of oral and written language. There is wide variation in this low‐level perceptual ability, which appears to follow a protracted developmental course. We studied the development of rapid auditory processing using event‐related potentials (ERPs) elicited by tone pairs presented at varying inter‐stimulus intervals (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 ms) in a sample of children (N = 103) aged 7–9 years initially and again at 9–11 years. We also assessed their ability to repeat nonsense words at both time‐points. The amount of difference between the ERP to single tones and paired tones (as assessed by the intra‐class correlation coefficient, ICC) provided a measure of the brain’s capacity to discriminate auditory information delivered at different presentation rates. Results showed that older children showed greater neural discrimination to tone pairs than younger children at rapid presentation rates, although these differences were reduced at slower presentation rates. The ICC at time 1 significantly predicted nonword repetition scores two years later, providing support for the view that rapid auditory temporal processing ability affects oral language development in typically developing children.