bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kitaigorodsky Revisited: Polymorphism and Mixed Crystals of Acridine/Phenazine
Authors: Schur Einat , Nauha Elisa , Lusi Matteo , Bernstein Joel
Published: November 2014

Non‐stoichiometric molecular mixed crystals have potential as functional materials, the properties of which can be tailored by rationally changing their composition. The guidelines for their preparation were summarized over thirty years ago by Alexander Kitaigorodsky. Here those principles are revised in light of new studies on the acridine/phenazine system, and solvent‐assisted grinding is presented as a convenient synthetic procedure to afford a more homogeneous product than traditional solvent‐evaporation methods. Finally, the proposed prerequisite of crystal isostructurality/isomorphicity for the pure compounds, which seems to be violated in the present case, is discussed.
Water Freezing as a Regiocontrol Element in the Multicomponent Assembly of Cyclic Enones
Authors: De la Campa Raquel , Flórez Josefa
Published: November 2014

Regioselective synthesis of dialkoxy 2‐cyclopentenones and 2‐cyclohexenones with novel substitution patterns has been accomplished by the one‐pot combination of three simple starting materials (chromium carbene complex, Weinreb acetamide lithium enolate and 1‐alkoxyallenyllithium) under either anhydrous conditions or water‐promoted solidification of the reaction mixture. These results revealed an unprecedented water‐freezing effect that plays a key role to completely reverse the regioselectivity of the intramolecular carbometalation of an allene moiety.
High Impact of Uranyl Ions on Carrying–Releasing Oxygen Capability of Hemoglobin‐Based Blood Substitutes
Authors: Duan Li , Du Lili , Jia Yi , Liu Wenyuan , Liu Zhichao , Li Junbai
Published: November 2014

The effect of radioactive UO22+ on the oxygen‐transporting capability of hemoglobin‐based oxygen carriers has been investigated in vitro. The hemoglobin (Hb) microspheres fabricated by the porous template covalent layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly were utilized as artificial oxygen carriers and blood substitutes. Magnetic nanoparticles of iron oxide (Fe3O4) were loaded in porous CaCO3 particles for magnetically assisted chemical separation (MACS). Through the adsorption spectrum of magnetic Hb microspheres after adsorbing UO22+, it was found that UO22+ was highly loaded in the magnetic Hb microspheres, and it shows that the presence of UO22+ in vivo destroys the structure and oxygen‐transporting capability of Hb microspheres. In view of the high adsorption capacity of UO22+, the as‐assembled magnetic Hb microspheres can be considered as a novel, highly effective adsorbent for removing metal toxins from radiation‐contaminated bodies, or from nuclear‐power reactor effluent before discharge into the environment.
Rhodium Bis(quinolinyl)benzene Complexes for Methane Activation and Functionalization
Authors: Fu Ross , O'Reilly Matthew E. , Nielsen Robert J. , Goddard III William A. , Gunnoe T. Brent
Published: November 2014

A series of rhodium(III) bis(quinolinyl)benzene (bisqx) complexes was studied as candidates for the homogeneous partial oxidation of methane. Density functional theory (DFT) (M06 with Poisson continuum solvation) was used to investigate a variety of (bisqx) ligand candidates involving different functional groups to determine the impact on RhIII(bisqx)‐catalyzed methane functionalization. The free energy activation barriers for methane CH activation and Rh–methyl functionalization at 298 K and 498 K were determined. DFT studies predict that the best candidate for catalytic methane functionalization is RhIII coordinated to unsubstituted bis(quinolinyl)benzene (bisq). Support is also found for the prediction that the η2‐benzene coordination mode of (bisqx) ligands on Rh encourages methyl group functionalization by serving as an effective leaving group for SN2 and SR2 attack.
Commodity and resource ETF trading patterns during the financial crisis
Authors: Heinrich Torsten
Published: November 2014

This study estimates the parameters of a power law fit of the distribution of log returns of exchange traded funds (ETFs) before, during, and after the recent financial crisis. It is found, that there is considerable variation both between ETFs and between calm and turbulent phases. Exponents of the daily log return distribution are estimated to lie mostly between 3.0 and 5.0 depending on the ETF. In minute‐by‐minute, trading data much lower power law exponents have been found concentrating between 3.0 and 4.0 and sometimes dropping to values close to or below 3.0. Further, there is evidence for changes in the distribution during times of turbulence (value of the exponent, improvement in the goodness of fit measures of the distribution). It can be hypothesized that effects such as, infinite variance (for α < 3) or changes in the form of the distribution can occur, in turn affecting the predictability of the system which has implications for the possibility to control or regulate financial markets under such conditions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 73–83, 2016
Two‐Photon Absorption Properties of Eu3+‐DPA‐Triazolyl Complexes and the Derived Silica Nanoparticles Embedding These Complexes
Authors: Adumeau Pierre , Gaillard Claire , Boyer Damien , Canet Jean‐Louis , Gautier Arnaud , Mahiou Rachid
Published: November 2014

Several complexes and silica‐based nanohybrids of rare‐earth ions (Eu3+, Gd3+) have been synthesized from dimethyl 4‐azidopyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylate (4) following the Click chemistry approach. A complete spectroscopic study indicates that such compounds exhibit strong sensitization by the antenna effect from both UV and NIR excitations. The Gd3+‐based materials show phosphorescence under ambient conditions, which originates from the lowest‐energy intra‐ligand triplets. Fine analysis of the NIR excitation spectra using time resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy (TRS) indicates that the spectral repartition of the triplet T1 state differs notably between the complexes and the NPs embedding the complexes. Moreover the dependence of Eu3+ luminescence vs. incident beam power in the NIR region diverges from pure quadratic dependence expected in the framework of the two‐photon absorption process. The results are discussed considering the occurrence of a direct singlet‐to‐triplet optical absorption transition (S0→T1) upon NIR excitation.
Quenching of Fluorescence in Bodipy‐Derived Trifluoromethyl Enaminone Ligands upon Coordination to Copper(II)
Authors: Chopin Nicolas , Médebielle Maurice , Maury Olivier , Novitchi Ghénadie , Pilet Guillaume
Published: November 2014

The synthesis of two trifluoromethyl‐derived enaminone ligands, L1H (bidentate) and L2H2, (tridentate), which bear a fluorescent 4,4‐difluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (Bodipy) moiety, leads to the preparation and characterization of two CuII complexes {[Cu(L1)2]·2(CH2Cl2) (A) and [Cu4(L2)4]·4(C4H8O2) (B)} that exhibit different architectures. The magnetic properties of the cubane‐like complex B evidence a dominant ferromagnetic behavior characterized by exchange coupling constants J1 = +20.56(3) cm–1 and J2 = –10.29(2) cm–1. Indeed, whereas the luminescence properties of the Bodipy‐derived trifluoromethyl enaminones L1H and L2H2 are typical of the Bodipy skeleton, the emission is totally quenched in both mononuclear (A) and cubane (B) CuII complexes. To elucidate this quenching phenomenon, the Rehm–Weller equation has been used based on experimental cyclic voltammetry redox potential measurements. The result remains ambiguous for complexes A and B, and the origin of the quenching phenomenon, photoinduced electron transfer (PET) versus energy transfer (Förster or Dexter), cannot be deduced.
Multigram Four‐Step Synthesis of 1,4,7‐Triazacyclononanes with 2Ra/RbN‐Functionalization Pattern by Starting from Diethylenetriamine
Authors: Gros Guillaume , Hasserodt Jens
Published: November 2014

Polyazamacrocycles and their derivatives are appreciated for the strength of their corresponding metal complexes. 1,4,7‐Triazacyclononane (TACN) derivatives have been employed in an ever increasing number of applications. To this day, all synthetic routes to TACN derivatives that have identical or differing substituents require the initial preparation of unprotected TACN. Herein, we report the four‐step synthesis of TACN derivatives that have a 2Ra/Rb N‐functionalization pattern by starting from diethylenetriamine and employing an organic template strategy.
Quality of pain treatment after caesarean section: Results of a multicentre cohort study
Authors: Marcus H. , Gerbershagen H.J. , Peelen L.M. , Aduckathil S. , Kappen T.H. , Kalkman C.J. , Meissner W. , Stamer U.M.
Published: November 2014

Background

A large cohort study recently reported high pain scores after caesarean section (CS). The aim of this study was to analyse how pain after CS interferes with patients' activities and to identify possible causes of insufficient pain treatment.

Methods

We analysed pain scores, pain‐related interferences (with movement, deep breathing, mood and sleep), analgesic techniques, analgesic consumption, adverse effects and the wish to have received more analgesics during the first 24 h after surgery. To better evaluate the severity of impairment by pain, the results of CS patients were compared with those of patients undergoing hysterectomy.

Results

CS patients (n = 811) were compared with patients undergoing abdominal, laparoscopic‐assisted vaginal or vaginal hysterectomy (n = 2406, from 54 hospitals). Pain intensity, wish for more analgesics and most interference outcomes were significantly worse after CS compared with hysterectomies. CS patients with spinal or general anaesthesia and without patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA) received significantly less opioids on the ward (62% without any opioid) compared with patients with PCA (p < 0.001). Patients with PCA reported pain‐related interference with movement and deep breathing between 49% and 52% compared with patients without PCA (between 68% and 73%; p‐values between 0.004 and 0.013; not statistically significant after correction for multiple testing).

Conclusion

In daily clinical practice, pain after CS is much higher than previously thought. Pain management was insufficient compared with patients undergoing hysterectomy. Unfavourable outcome was mainly associated with low opioid administration after CS. Contradictory pain treatment guidelines for patients undergoing CS and for breastfeeding mothers might contribute to reluctance of opioid administration in CS patients.
Characterization of a model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 autotrophic growth in a flat‐panel photobioreactor
Authors: Zavřel Tomáš , Sinetova Maria A. , Búzová Diana , Literáková Petra , Červený Jan
Published: November 2014

We characterized the photoautotrophic growth of glucose‐tolerant Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 in a flat‐panel photobioreactor running on a semicontinuous regime under various lights, temperatures, and influx carbon dioxide concentrations. The maximum reached growth rate was 0.135 h−1, which corresponds to a doubling time of 5.13 h—a growth speed never reported for Synechocystis before. Saturating red light intensity for the strain was 220–360 μmol(photons) m−2 s−1, and we did not observe any photoinhibition up to 660 μmol(photons) m−2 s−1. Synechocystis was able to grow under red light only; however, photons of wavelengths 405–585 and 670–700 nm further improved its growth. Optimal growth temperature was 35°C. Below 32°C, the growth rates decreased linearly with temperature coefficient (Q10) 1.70. Semicontinuous cultivation is known to be efficient for growth characterization and optimization. However, the assumption of correct growth rates calculation—culture exponential growth—is often not fulfilled. The semicontinuous setup in this study was operated as a turbidostat. Accurate online OD measurements with high time‐resolution allowed fast and reliable growth rates determination. Repeating diluting frequencies (up to 18 dilutions per day) were essential for rapid growth stability evaluation. The presented setup provides improvement to previously published semicontinuous characterization strategies by decreasing experimental time requirements and maintaining the culture in exponential growth phase throughout the entire characterization procedure.
Physical and chemical properties of isobutanol‐gasoline blends
Authors: Li Ying‐li , Yu Yong‐chang , Wang Zhi‐wei , Wang Jian‐feng
Published: November 2014

Blended fuels were obtained with isobutanol contents of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 vol % with pure gasoline fuel. The physical and chemical properties of isobutanol‐gasoline blends were investigated using test methods from standards and codes or calculation. No phase separation occurred in isobutanol‐gasoline blends at specific temperatures, and isobutanol and gasoline could be blended successfully in every ratio volume. The blended fuel properties were determined, that is, density, low heating value (LHV), 10% volume fraction, kinematic viscosity, stoichiometric air/fuel ratio, octane number, copper corrosiveness, and oxygen content. Moreover, the results of the density, LHV, and octane number of the isobutanol‐gasoline blends obtained from calculations can be used as a reference, but the results of the kinematic viscosity cannot. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 908–914, 2015
Fee Disclosure at a Cost
Authors: Fins Joseph J.
Published: November 2014

A commentary on “Financial Side Effects: Why Patients Should Be Informed of Costs,” by Alicia Hall, in the May‐June 2014 issue.
Therapeutic Dying
Authors: Dugdale Lydia S.
Published: November 2014

At face value, his question seemed sensible. We target cancer with chemotherapy and bone pain with narcotics. Why not also treat the “pathology” of dying? There exists precedent, after all, for the medicalization of less common human traits or conditions: shyness has become social anxiety disorder, and nocturnal leg jerking has become periodic limb movement disorder. We have developed therapies for these. It could follow that Mr. Roberts's dying might become a “life sustenance disorder” for which we could also prescribe therapy.
Engaging Pediatric Health Professionals in Interactive Online Ethics Education
Authors: Plantz Diane M. , Garrett Jeremy R. , Carter Brian , Knackstedt Angela D. , Watkins Vanessa S. , Lantos John
Published: November 2014

Bioethical decision‐making in pediatrics diverges from similar decisions in other medical domains because the young child is not an autonomous decision‐maker, while the teen is developing—and should be encouraged to develop—autonomy and decisional capacity. Thus the balance between autonomy and beneficence is fundamentally different in pediatrics than in adult medicine. While ethical dilemmas that reflect these fundamental issues are common, many pediatric physician and nursing training programs do not delve into the issues or offer specific training about how to deal with borderline cases.

To meet this need, the Children's Mercy Bioethics Center in Kansas City, Missouri, created a program specifically dedicated to serving practicing, experienced pediatric health professionals. Our students come from various professional disciplines: they are doctors, nurses, social workers, chaplains, lawyers, psychologists, counselors, and hospital administrators practicing in pediatrics.
Equity Theory Constructs in a Romanian Cultural Context
Authors: Buzea Carmen
Published: November 2014

This study explores how Romanian employees understand and describe equity theory constructs. We conducted 87 interviews to identify employee perceptions in relation to: (a) contribution that is worth rewarding, (b) expected rewards in return for contribution, (c) referent person selected for comparison in order to evaluate the fairness of employee–employer exchange, and (d) the dominant strategy to reduce inequity. Results show that Romanian employees expect to be rewarded first for their personal features and second for their work behavior. The nonfinancial rewards, mainly appreciation and recognition, have similar importance as financial reward. When they evaluate the exchange with the organization, Romanian employees choose not to compare with others or to compare with their own performance standards. The preferred strategy to reduce inequity is to cognitively distort inputs and outcomes, by lowering the value of work effort and maximizing the occupational status. Implications for human resource development practice and future research are considered.
An automated method to find transition states using chemical dynamics simulations
Authors: Martínez‐Núñez Emilio
Published: November 2014

A procedure to automatically find the transition states (TSs) of a molecular system (MS) is proposed. It has two components: high‐energy chemical dynamics simulations (CDS), and an algorithm that analyzes the geometries along the trajectories to find reactive pathways. Two levels of electronic structure calculations are involved: a low level (LL) is used to integrate the trajectories and also to optimize the TSs, and a higher level (HL) is used to reoptimize the structures. The method has been tested in three MSs: formaldehyde, formic acid (FA), and vinyl cyanide (VC), using MOPAC2012 and Gaussian09 to run the LL and HL calculations, respectively. Both the efficacy and efficiency of the method are very good, with around 15 TS structures optimized every 10 trajectories, which gives a total of 7, 12, and 83 TSs for formaldehyde, FA, and VC, respectively. The use of CDS makes it a powerful tool to unveil possible nonstatistical behavior of the system under study. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental study on vapour splitter in packed divided wall column
Authors: Huaqiang Ge , Xiangwu Chen , Nan Chen , Wenyi Chen
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

Adjustment of the vapour split in a divided wall column (DWC) is a great challenge. In order to resolve this problem, a vapour splitter was proposed and the properties and performance of the vapour splitter were examined in a number of experiments.

RESULTS

Gas flow rates and vapour split changed significantly with blade angle in the range 50–10°. When the liquid flow rates on both sides were the same, the vapour split reduced with increasing liquid flow rate. The gas flow rate decreased with increase of liquid flow rate in the same side. The vapour split increased when the gas velocity decreased. When the V‐type cap angle was 50° the gas nonuniformity was minimum. The gas nonuniformity also varied with blade angle, but fortunately remained at a low level.

CONCLUSION

The device can adjust the vapour split regardless of operating conditions. The gas is distributed uniformly before entering the packed bed. There are some limitations to this device, but the results indicate that the prospects of our vapour splitter are promising. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Prophylactic colectomy: Rationale, indications, and approach
Authors: Kalady Matthew F. , Church James M.
Published: November 2014

Discerning the genetics of hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes has enabled a more individualized approach to preventing and treating colorectal cancers in affected patients and families. As these syndromes carry significant risk of colorectal cancer (nearly 100% in some cases), prophylactic colectomy is an important option for preventing cancer. This article addresses the rationale and indications for prophylactic colectomy in hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes, and provides insight into the details of surgical management. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:112–117. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impacts of anastomotic complications on the health‐related quality of life after esophagectomy
Authors: Huang Qingyuan , Zhong Jiudi , Yang Tianzhen , Li Jinhui , Luo Kongjia , Zheng Yuzhen , Yang Hong , Fu Jianhua
Published: November 2014

Backgroud and objectives

Health‐related quality of life (HRQL) is of great importance in cancer management. The aim was to identify factors that influence postoperative HRQL in esophageal carcinoma patients.

Methods

A prospective cohort study was conducted to enroll 196 patients with esophageal carcinoma from November 2012 to June 2013. Sociademographic and clinicopathological parameters were recorded in detail. EORTC‐QLQ C30 and ES18 were used to assess HRQL before surgery, at discharge, 1 and 6 months after discharge. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors independently influencing quality of life at 6 months after discharge.

Results

HRQL dramatically decreased after esophagectomy, but restored within 6 months in the most scales. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that gender (P = 0.002) and anastomotic stricture (P = 0.001) were the independent predictors of poor global quality‐of‐life 6 months after discharge. Anastomotic stricture occurred in 22 patients (11.2%), and their performance in social function (P = 0.04), problems with eating (P = 0.006), choking when swallowing (P < 0.001) were significantly poorer at 6 months after discharge. There were not significant differences in global quality‐of‐life between patients with and without anastomotic leakage at three postoperative assessments.

Conclusions

Postoperative HRQL is restored within 6 months after discharge. Occurrence of anastomotic stricture significantly decreases HRQL after esophagectomy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:365–370. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rate Determination of the CO2* Chemiluminescence Reaction CO + O + M CO2* + M
Authors: Kopp Madeleine M. , Mathieu Olivier , Petersen Eric L.
Published: November 2014

Electronically excited carbon dioxide (CO2*) is known for its broadband emission, and its detection can lead to valuable information; however, owing to its broadband characteristics, CO2* is difficult to isolate experimentally, and its chemical kinetics are not well known. Although numerous works have monitored CO2* chemiluminescence, a full kinetic scheme for the excited species has yet to be developed. To this end, a series of shock‐tube experiments was performed in H2‐N2O‐CO mixtures highly diluted in argon at conditions where emission from CO2* could be isolated and monitored. These results were used to evaluate the kinetics of CO2*, in particular the main CO2* formation reaction CO + O + M CO2* + M (R1). Based on collision theory, the quenching chemistry of CO2* was estimated for 11 collision partners. The final mechanism developed for CO2* consists of 14 reactions and 13 species. The rate for (R1) was determined to within about ±60% using low‐pressure experiments performed in five different (H2‐)N2O‐CO‐Ar mixtures, as follows:
urn:x-wiley:05388066:media:kin20892:kin20892-math-0003 where R is the universal gas constant in cal/mol‐K and T is the temperature in K. Final mechanism predictions were compared with experiments at low and high pressures, with good agreement at both conditions for the temperature dependence of the peak CO2* and the CO2* species time histories. Comparisons were also made with previous experiments in methane–oxygen mixtures, where there was slight overprediction of CO2* experimental trends, but with the results otherwise showing a dramatic improvement over an earlier mechanism. Experimental results and model predictions were also compared with past literature rates for CO2*, with good agreement for peak CO2* trends and slight discrepancies in CO2* species time histories. Overall, the ability of the CO2* mechanism developed in this work to reproduce a range of experimental trends represents an important improvement over the existing knowledge base on chemiluminescence chemistry.
PD0332991 (Palbociclib) for treatment of pediatric intracranial growing teratoma syndrome
Authors: Schultz Kris Ann P. , Petronio Joseph , Bendel Anne , Patterson Richard , Vaughn David J.
Published: November 2014

Growing teratoma syndrome is characterized by growth of mature teratoma elements of a mixed germ cell tumor despite resolution of immature/malignant elements with administration of chemotherapy. Surgical resection is the only known cure for growing teratoma syndrome but in the brain, complete resection may be impossible. In these instances, mature teratoma, although histologically benign, may be fatal. In this report, we present the case of a child with a large, rapidly growing, unresectable pineal region growing teratoma. PD0332991 was administered with stabilization of the solid, enhancing components of the mass. Minimal adverse effects were noted. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1072–1074. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Raman spectroscopy of graphite intercalation compounds: Charge transfer, strain, and electron–phonon coupling in graphene layers
Authors: Chacón‐Torres Julio C. , Wirtz Ludger , Pichler Thomas
Published: November 2014

Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are an interesting and highly studied field since 1970’s. It has gained renewed interest since the discovery of superconductivity at high temperature for CaC and the rise of graphene. Intercalation is a technique used to introduce atoms or molecules into the structure of a host material. Intercalation of alkali metals in graphite has shown to be a controllable procedure recently used as a scalable technique for bulk production of graphene, and nano‐ribbons by induced exfoliation of graphite. It also creates supra‐molecular interactions between the host and the intercalant, inducing changes in the electronic, mechanical, and physical properties of the host. GICs are the mother system of intercalation also employed in fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon‐composites. We will show how a combination of Raman and calculations of the density and the electronic band structure in GICs can serve as a tool to elucidate the electronic structure, electron–phonon coupling, charge transfer, and lattice parameters of GICs and the graphene layers within. This knowledge of GICs is of high importance to understand superconductivity and to set the basis for applications with GICs, graphene and other nano‐carbon based materials like nanocomposites in batteries and nanoelectronic devices.
Dynamic analysis of combined system of framed tube and shear walls by Galerkin method using B‐spline functions
Authors: Rahgozar Reza , Mahmoudzadeh Zahra , Malekinejad Mohsen , Rahgozar Peyman
Published: November 2014

In this article, dynamic parameters (natural frequencies and mode shapes) of tall buildings that consist of framed tube and shear walls are obtained using a simple approximate method. The three‐dimensional structure is replaced by an equivalent cantilever beam, considering both bending and shear deformations. On the basis of dynamic equilibrium, the governing differential equation of motion is obtained and converted to its corresponding weak form. B‐spline functions are then utilized to approximate the weak form and to obtain the final matrix form of the problem. Finally, by applying essential boundary conditions, the natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes are calculated. To demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method, numerical examples are solved, and the results are compared with those obtained from SAP2000 computer analysis. The results show that the proposed method is efficient and accurate enough to be used in preliminary design. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Longest Acenes
Authors: Bettinger Holger F. , Tönshoff Christina
Published: November 2014

For a long time, the largest known member of the acene series was hexacene, consisting of six linearly fused benzene rings. The next higher member, heptacene, is so highly reactive that either stabilization using substituents is required or matrix isolation techniques need to be employed for the detection of the parent hydrocarbon. This Record Review summarizes recent research that culminated in the synthesis of substituted and parent nonacene.
Penetrating Extremity Trauma
Authors: Ivatury Rao R. , Anand Rahul , Ordonez Carlos
Published: November 2014

Penetrating extremity trauma (PET) usually becomes less important when present along with multiple truncal injuries. The middle eastern wars documented the terrible mortality and morbidity resulting from PET. Even in civilian trauma, PET can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. There are now well‐established principles in the evaluation and management of vascular, bony, soft tissue, and neurologic lesions that will lead to a reduction of the poor outcomes. This review will summarize some of these recent concepts.
Evaluation of Training Program for Surgical Trauma Teams in Botswana
Authors: Hanche‐Olsen Terje Peder , Alemu Lulseged , Viste Asgaut , Wisborg Torben , Hansen Kari S.
Published: November 2014

Background

Trauma represents a challenge to healthcare systems worldwide, particularly in low‐and middle‐income countries. Positive effects can be achieved by improving trauma care at the scene of the accident and throughout hospitalization and rehabilitation. Therefore, we assessed the long‐term effects of national implementation of a training program for multidisciplinary trauma teams in a southern African country.

Methods

From 2007 to 2009, an educational program for trauma, “Better and Systematic Team Training,” (BEST) was implemented at all government hospitals in Botswana. The effects were assessed through interviews, a structured questionnaire, and physical inspections using the World Health Organization’s “Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care.” Data on human and physical resources, infrastructure, trauma administrative functions, and quality‐improvement activities before and at 2‐year follow‐up were compared for all 27 government hospitals.

Results

A majority of hospitals had formed local trauma organizations; half were performing multidisciplinary trauma simulations and some had organized multidisciplinary trauma teams with alarm criteria. A number of hospitals had developed local trauma guidelines and local trauma registries. More equipment for advanced airway management and stiff cervical collars were available after 2 years. There were also improvements in the skills necessary for airway and breathing management. The most changes were seen in the northern region of Botswana.

Conclusions

Implementation of BEST in Botswana hospitals was associated with several positive changes at 2‐year follow‐up, particularly for trauma administrative functions and quality‐improvement activities. The effects on obtaining technical equipment and skills were moderate and related mostly to airway and breathing management.
Sagittal Abdominal Diameter is a Better Predictor than Body Mass Index for Duration of Laparoscopic Left Colectomy
Authors: Clerc Daniel , Blaser Benjamin , Demartines Nicolas , Christoforidis Dimitrios
Published: November 2014

Background

Visceral obesity (VO) increases technical difficulty in laparoscopic surgery. The body mass index (BMI) does not always correlate to intra‐abdominal fat distribution. Our hypothesis was that simple anthropometric measures that reflect VO, could predict technical difficulty in laparoscopic colorectal surgery, as reflected by the operative time, more accurately than the BMI.

Methods

Charts of all consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic left colon resection in our institution between 2007 and 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. On a preoperative CT scan, anthropometric measures were taken on an axial plane at the L4–L5 level. Demographic, operative and anthropometric CT measures were correlated with the operative time. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the value of anthropometric CT measures or BMI to predict the duration of the colectomy.

Results

121 patients with elective left colon resection for benign (56%) or malignant disease (44%) were included. There were 74 sigmoid resections (61%), 21 left hemicolectomies (17%) and 26 low anterior resections (22%). A longer sagittal abdominal diameter (≥24.8 cm) was significantly associated with longer corrected operative time (248 vs. 228 min, p = 0.043). In multivariate analysis, greater sagittal abdominal diameter, sagittal internal diameter and abdominal perimeter were significantly associated with longer operative time. No significant association was found for the BMI neither in univariate nor in multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

This study suggests that simple linear measures taken on a CT scan, such as sagittal abdominal diameter, sagittal internal diameter and abdominal perimeter, may predict longer operative time in laparoscopic left colonic resections more accurately than BMI.
Inventing the Future of Surgery
Authors: Marescaux Jacques , Diana Michele
Published: November 2014

Surgical innovation relies on patient safety and quality of life, which require a drastic iatrogenic impact reduction. A parallel development toward less invasive approaches has occurred in the field of surgery, interventional radiology, and endoscopy. Minimally invasive techniques provide unquestionable benefits to patients in terms of postoperative outcome. However, those techniques are not intuitive, and extensive training is required to overcome the inherent challenges and to be proficient and consequently to achieve a steep learning curve. Technologies have been developed by computer science and robotics departments, which might improve minimally invasive techniques. A new concept of cyber therapies is emerging through the development of computer and robotic sciences aiming at human–machine integration. Additionally, the convergence of surgery, endoscopy, and interventional radiology toward a hybrid therapeutic modality, namely image‐guided minimally invasive procedures, holds promises insofar as they could well maximize benefits in terms of efficacy and iatrogenic impact. In the present manuscript, the mainstays of these new paradigm developments are briefly outlined in light of our experience and vision of the future.
Reversible infantile mitochondrial diseases
Authors: Boczonadi Veronika , Bansagi Boglarka , Horvath Rita
Published: November 2014

Mitochondrial diseases are usually severe and progressive conditions; however, there are rare forms that show remarkable spontaneous recoveries. Two homoplasmic mitochondrial tRNA mutations (m.14674T>C/G in mt‐tRNAGlu) have been reported to cause severe infantile mitochondrial myopathy in the first months of life. If these patients survive the first year of life by extensive life‐sustaining measures they usually recover and develop normally. Another mitochondrial disease due to deficiency of the 5‐methylaminomethyl‐2‐thiouridylate methyltransferase (TRMU) causes severe liver failure in infancy, but similar to the reversible mitochondrial myopathy, within the first year of life these infants may also recover completely. Partial recovery has been noted in some other rare forms of mitochondrial disease due to deficiency of mitochondrial tRNA synthetases and mitochondrial tRNA modifying enzymes. Here we summarize the clinical presentation of these unique reversible mitochondrial diseases and discuss potential molecular mechanisms behind the reversibility. Understanding these mechanisms may provide the key to treatments of potential broader relevance in mitochondrial disease, where for the majority of the patients no effective treatment is currently available.
Education and Parental Involvement in Decision‐Making About Newborn Screening: Understanding Goals to Clarify Content
Authors: Potter Beth K. , Etchegary Holly , Nicholls Stuart G. , Wilson Brenda J. , Craigie Samantha M. , Araia Makda H.
Published: November 2014

A challenge in designing effective education for parents about newborn screening (NBS) has been uncertainty about appropriate content. Arguing that the goals of education may be usefully tied to parental decision‐making, we sought to: (1) explore how different ways of implementing NBS differ in their approaches to parental engagement in decision‐making; (2) map the potential goals of education onto these “implementation models”; and (3) consider the content that may be needed to support these goals. The resulting conceptual framework supports the availability of comprehensive information about NBS for parents, irrespective of the model of implementation. This is largely because we argue that meeting parental expectations and preferences for communication is an important goal regardless of whether or notparents are actively involved in making a decision. Our analysis supports a flexible approach, in which some educational messages are emphasized as important for all parents to understand while others are made available depending on parents’ preferences. We have begun to define the content of NBS education for parents needed to support specific goals. Further research and discussion is important to determine the most appropriate strategies for delivering the tailored approach to education that emerged from our analysis.
Disclosing Genetic Information to Family Members About Inherited Cardiac Arrhythmias: An Obligation or a Choice?
Authors: Vavolizza Rick D. , Kalia Isha , Aaron Kathleen Erskine , Silverstein Louise B. , Barlevy Dorit , Wasserman David , Walsh Christine , Marion Robert W. , Dolan Siobhan M.
Published: November 2014

Inherited cardiac arrhythmias such as long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome, present clinical as well as ethical, legal, and social challenges. Many individuals who carry a deleterious mutation are largely asymptomatic and therefore may not be diagnosed until after the occurrence of a personal or family member's cardiac event. The familial nature of inherited genetic information raises numerous ethical, legal, and social issues regarding the sharing of genetic information, particularly when an individual found to carry a deleterious mutation refuses to disclose his or her results to at‐risk family members who could benefit from life‐saving treatments. This qualitative study sought to understand the experiences with genetic testing for individuals (n = 50) with a personal or family history of cardiac events or sudden death. Unstructured in‐person focus groups or interviews were conducted for each participant in the study. The recordings of these interviews were transcribed verbatim and subsequently analyzed and coded. Participants’ comments regarding sharing of genetic information centered around four main themes: (1) motivation to disclose; (2) extent of disclosure; (3) effect of disclosure on family dynamics; and (4) reasons for not sharing genetic information. The majority of individuals believed that affected individuals are obligated to disclose genetic information to family members. In the era of personalized medicine, the disclosure of genetic information provides individuals the opportunities to learn about the genetics, disease characteristics, and treatment options in order to reduce morbidity and mortality in themselves and their family members. Further research is necessary to identify and explore the barriers to sharing genetic information with at‐risk family members.
A Three‐Step Assay for Ceramide Synthase Activity Using a Fluorescent Substrate and HPLC
Authors: Couttas Timothy A. , Lim Xin Y. , Don Anthony S.
Published: November 2014

Ceramides are a family of signalling lipids with diverse physiological functions that include pro‐differentiative and pro‐apoptotic signalling. Ceramides and their derivatives are major constituents of myelin, maintaining neuronal conductivity. Ceramides are synthesized by ceramide synthases, of which there are six isoforms in mammals (CERS1–6). These enzymes catalyse the transfer of a variable length fatty acid to a sphingoid base, typically sphingosine or dihydrosphingosine. We previously reported a fluorescent thin‐layer chromatography assay for ceramide synthase activity. In this paper we describe an improved fluorescent assay, using HPLC to achieve clear resolution of closely related ceramide species and to facilitate easy quantification of both product and substrate. Our HPLC assay protocol eliminates the need for a chloroform extraction step. Instead a simple three‐step procedure is used: (1) reactions are run; (2) reactions are terminated with addition of methanol and centrifuged; (3) products are quantified with HPLC. HPLC resolution enables assays in which multiple fatty acid substrates are used in the same reaction. Using this approach, we show that CERS2 demonstrates a preference for the monounsaturated C24:1 fatty acid substrate compared to the saturated C24:0 substrate, potentially explaining why myelin is enriched in ceramides containing the monounsaturated form of very long chain fatty acids.
2D Resistivity Imaging for Delineation of Waterlogged Coal Workings in Unapproachable Underground Coal Mines to Check Inundation Hazard
Authors: Singh K. K. K.
Published: November 2014

2D Resistivity Imaging survey is a relatively a new technique used for detecting old, abandoned & unapproachable waterlogged areas in underground mines in recent years. Hingir Rampur Colliery of Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL) was facing problem due to presence of unapproachable underground waterlogged coal workings. Mine management was extracting coal in Seam I of Hingir Rampur seam (HR Seam) at the depth of 100 m. As they had planned to progress the workings of Seam I towards waterlogged goaves of 9 & 11 pits, they proposed to explore the status of waterlogged workings between Seam I of Hingir Rampur colliery and waterlogged goaves of 9 & 11 pits so that they could leave at least 60 m coal barrier from the waterlogged area to check inundation hazard.

For this purpose, Resistivity Imaging (RI) survey were conducted along the six profiles A, B, C, D, E and F in Hingir Rampur colliery in the proposed area for exploration of the waterlogged workings between Seam I and waterlogged goaves of 9 & 11 pits. Pole-pole array of RI survey was used in this study. Considering the indirect approach of geophysical methods, two boreholes (CMRI-31&CMRI-32) were being drilled along the profiles D and F to confirm the RI data, which were nearer to the coal extraction site. After correlating and corroborating of borehole data with RI data, it was confirmed that strata were hard, compact and dry at 60 m from the surface and continued up to 146 m depth. Hence, it was concluded that mining can be done safely at the depths varying from 100 m to 146 m.
Costo de servir como variable de decisión estratégica en el diseño de estrategias de atención a canales de mercados emergentes
Authors: Mejía Argueta Christopher , Higuita Salazar Catalina
Published: November 2014

Este artículo tiene como objetivo documentar diferentes enfoques tradicionales sobre el análisis de costos para mercados emergentes a fin de hallar brechas y áreas de oportunidad relacionadas con la temática del costo de servir. El artículo encuentra que no existe una metodología adaptada para mercados emergentes que permita analizar detalladamente la rentabilidad en canales, clientes y productos para crear estrategias de atención acordes con las necesidades que estos grupos expresan. Al final de la revisión y contraste de metodologías, se explica una tabla con los procedimientos analizados y las áreas de oportunidad más importantes que servirán de base para la creación de una metodología de costo de servir para mercados emergentes.
Occurrence of Helicobacter pylori in saliva from preschool‐age children
Authors: Ueda Jun , Yamaguchi Akira , Shibasaki Kohichi
Published: November 2014

Introduction: It is known that initial infection with Helicobacter pylori can occur in children aged 5 years or less, but there have been no studies investigating the period of initial infection. Here, 418 children attending preschool, and their parents, were tested for H. pylori DNA by real‐time PCR using saliva samples in order to infer the period of initial infection of H. pylori.

Methods: Subjects took samples of their saliva by chewing on a sterile absorbent cotton roll for 2 minutes, and samples were stored at −80°C until they were examined. DNA was extracted from 100 μl of saliva and was tested for H. pylori DNA using the TaqMan method.

Result: The H. pylori DNA detection rate among children was: 4.1% among 3‐year‐olds, 4.9% among 4‐year‐olds, 10.0% among 5‐year‐olds, and 13.3% among 6‐year‐olds. The detection rate thus increased with age, showing a sharp increase from age 4 to 5 years. The rate of H. pylori detection among mothers of H. pylori‐positive children was 56.2%, which was significantly greater than the rate among mothers of H. pylori‐negative children (17.2%).

Conclusion: These results suggest that initial infection occurs even in children aged under 3 years, and the rise in detection rate between age 4 and 5 years suggests that there is a high risk of H. pylori infection during this period. Furthermore, the finding that the positivity rate was significantly higher among mothers of H. pylori‐positive children than mothers of H. pylori‐negative children indicates that mother‐child infection is the most important route.
Nutritional ecology of obesity: from humans to companion animals
Authors: Raubenheimer David , Machovsky-Capuska Gabriel E. , Gosby Alison K. , Simpson Stephen
Published: November 2014

We apply nutritional geometry, a framework for modelling the interactive effects of nutrients on animals, to help understand the role of modern environments in the obesity pandemic. Evidence suggests that humans regulate the intake of protein energy (PE) more strongly than non-protein energy (nPE), and consequently will over- and under-ingest nPE on diets with low or high PE, respectively. This pattern of macronutrient regulation has led to the protein leverage hypothesis, which proposes that the rise in obesity has been caused partly by a shift towards diets with reduced PE:nPE ratios relative to the set point for protein regulation. We discuss potential causes of this mismatch, including environmentally induced reductions in the protein density of the human diet and factors that might increase the regulatory set point for protein and hence exacerbate protein leverage. Economics – the high price of protein compared with fats and carbohydrates – is one factor that might contribute to the reduction of dietary protein concentrations. The possibility that rising atmospheric CO2levels could also play a role through reducing the PE:nPE ratios in plants and animals in the human food chain is discussed. Factors that reduce protein efficiency, for example by increasing the use of ingested amino acids in energy metabolism (hepatic gluconeogenesis), are highlighted as potential drivers of increased set points for protein regulation. We recommend that a similar approach is taken to understand the rise of obesity in other species, and identify some key gaps in the understanding of nutrient regulation in companion animals.
A cryptic species ofAphis gossypii(Hemiptera: Aphididae) complex revealed by genetic divergence and different host plant association
Authors: Lee Y. , Lee W. , Lee S. , Kim H.
Published: November 2014

Three cryptic species,Aphis gossypii,Aphis glycines, andAphis rhamnicolasp. nov., are recognized as sharing buckthorn plant,Rhamnusspp. as primary hosts. These aphid species have morphological similarities; however, there are significant genetic differences between the three cryptic species. Based on the high level of genetic divergence and the different secondary host association, we described a new species,Aphis rhamnicolasp. nov., for apterous and alate vivipara, fundatrix, ovipara, and gynopara, including diagnostic key for the host sharing species in the genusAphis.