bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Etnonimai XVI–XVII a. latvių kalbos tekstuose: latviai, lietuviai, rusai
Authors: Trumpa Anta
Published: March 2019

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]

This article discusses the usage of ethnonyms denoting Latvians, Lithuanians and Russians in 16–17th century Latvian texts that are included in the Corpus of Early Latvian Texts. The objective of this article is to analyze the details of how these ethnonyms are used in these texts, the meanings attributed to them (especially in the case of ethnonyms denoting Lithuanians and Russians) and the differences from their usage in folklore.

It is concluded that latvietis and latvis – two ethnonyms denoting Latvians – can be found in texts (including unpublished manuscripts) dating back as early as the 17th century. The majority of them are practical texts, such as dictionaries, but there are original religious texts addressed to Latvians themselves, too – e.g., Eernst Glück’s preface to his New Testament translation of 1685, or the sermon books by Georg Mancelius.

The ethnonyms denoting Lithuanians – such as leitis, lietaviets and lietavnieks – also appear in 17th century dictionaries, occasionally also in the sermons by Mancelius. However, it is not always possible to tell whether these terms are used to denote an ethnicity or the inhabitants of the respective country. Unlike Latvian folksongs, the 17th century texts never use the ethnonym leiši to refer to Latvians.

Regarding the ethnonym denoting Russians in the early Latvian texts, there are several differences from the usage of denotations of Latvians and Lithuanians: 1) The word krievs (“Russian”) appears already in the 16th century; 2) It is included not only in the first Latvian lexicographical sources and in original religious texts (for instance the sermon books), but also in translated religious texts, where it has been employed as an equivalent of the ethnonyms used in the original texts; 3) In the 17th century, the word krievs has sometimes been included in compound botanic terms denoting plants introduced from other countries.
Influence of air distribution in modern large university lecture hall on thermal comfort
Authors: Budiaková Mária
Published: March 2019

The paper is focused on the influence of air distribution in modern large university lecture hall on the thermal comfort. Providing the optimal parameters of the thermal comfort in the interiors of a university is immensely important for the students. Meeting these parameters is inevitable not only from physiological point of view but also to achieve the desirable students' performance. Parameters of the thermal comfort are also influenced by air distribution system in large university lecture hall. Correct position of supply air and extract air is very important. Experimental measurements of thermal comfort were carried out in the winter season in the large lecture hall of Vienna University of Economics and Business. The device Testo 480 was used for the measurements. Obtained values of air temperature, air relative humidity, air velocity, globe temperature, indexes PMV and PPD are presented in the charts. Modern air distribution system and air conditioning system of the large university lecture hall were evaluated on the basis of thermal comfort parameters. Conclusion of this paper states the principles of how to design modern air distribution systems and air conditioning systems in the new large university lecture halls.
Is Kraków a smart city yet? Analysis of the effectiveness of implementing the smart city concept in Kraków
Authors: Gorzelany Julia , Lorek Stanisław
Published: March 2019

Cities play a fundamental role in the economic development of the country. The vast majority
of jobs, innovations and services are concentrated in the cities, thereby determining the country’s economy. Currently, the Smart City is the key concept of sustainable urban development
throughout the world. It covers a broad spectrum of issues related to effective, sustainable city
management. Today, Kraków faces important challenges in the field of socio-economic and
functional development. For years, the city’s authorities have been undertaking activities aimed
at making Kraków a smart and modern metropolis, based on scientific potential, while maintaining the unique historical and cultural heritage. The aim of the present work is to analyse the
effectiveness of implementing the Smart City concept in Kraków. To achieve that goal, the most
important resources, challenges and development aspirations of Kraków have been examined.
The strategic objectives set out in the Kraków Development Strategy and the degree of development of selected elements and systems of the city were also analysed. An important element of
the work is a questionnaire-based survey carried out among the residents of Kraków. The results
of the analyses do not fully confirm the effectiveness of the measures implemented. A city that
aspires to become a strong European metropolis should improve solutions to its current development problems, the most important of which include air quality and transport nuisance.
Application of selected statistical tests in levelling studies
Authors: Czempas Tomasz , Godek Klemens , Krupiński Waldemar
Published: March 2019

The following paper presents a comparative application of three selected tests (L’Abbé’s,
Kolmogorov’s, and Kuiper’s) in order to verify the normality of the distribution of measurement
errors in precise levelling. The calculations were made on the basis of observations obtained
from the levelling test network, established at the LZD experimental station in Krynica.
The tests subjected to the comparison have demonstrated that the distribution of error in the
studied tests is a normal distribution, and that there are no systematic errors in the measurements.
The Effect of Curricular Phase on the Clinical Reasoning Skills of Medical Students at the University of Nottingham
Authors: Khin-Htun Swe Yin , Coles Jake
Published: March 2019

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. IntroductionThere are many factors affecting the development of clinical reasoning (CR) skills. It has been suggested that the stage of undergraduate study of the student can affect their level of CR. The marks of CR questions in the summative exams of students studying medicine at the University of Nottingham (UoN) at different curricular phase were used to ascertain further insight into the theory.MethodAnalysis was conducted to determine whether there are significant differences in outcomes of CR scores within the summative written exam across the three categories of the independent variables of school year (2011-2012, 2012-2013 and 2013-2014) for Clinical Phase (CP) 1; (2013-2014, 2014-2015 and 2015-2016) for CP3.Results As a summary, the CR scores of summative written exams of students were significantly higher in the CP3 dataset than in the CP1 dataset for 3 cohorts.ConclusionThe CR scores from the summative written exams of students from all 3 different periods were significantly higher in the CP3 dataset than in the CP1 dataset. Therefore, the curricular phase and the exposure to clinical practices have an impact on the development of CR.
Synthesis of a benchmark exercise for geotechnical analysis of a thermoactive pile
Authors: Habert Julien , Mroueh Hussein , Josifovski Josif , Bogusz Witold , Sterpi Donatella , Georgiadis Konstantinos
Published: March 2019

Thermoactive piles ensure a dual function: they support mechanically the superstructure and at the same time they are used as heat exchanger elements. In comparison to standard design practice, this requires considering the associated thermal loadings from the operation of the heat exchange system. To assess the thermal effects on the mechanical behaviour, different design assumptions and modelling approaches can be used. Therefore, within the framework of European Cooperation in Science and Technology Action TU1405 ‘Geothermal Applications for Buildings and Infrastructures’, benchmarking of a single geothermal pile has been performed. Hence, both heating and cooling of the pile were considered while different rigidities (representing the upper structure) on the pile head were assumed. The results show that a broad range of design assumptions could be used, which unfortunately lead to noticeable differences. Although the main focus was on the methods and assumptions employed, the exercise also opens questions about the influence of transient effects, thermal strains in the ground, temperature cycles and so on. Owing to the complexity of the topic, some of them were just mentioned, while others were addressed in greater detail. In general, the findings emphasise the need for further practice-oriented guidance to be presented in design guidelines and standards.
Centrifuge model studies on the settlement response of geosynthetic piled embankments
Authors: Reshma B. , Rajagopal K. , Viswanadham B. V. S.
Published: March 2019

The paper aims at comparing the deformation behaviour of unreinforced embankments, basal reinforced embankments and geosynthetic reinforced embankments with floating and end bearing piles. The floating piles were terminated within the soft foundation soil, while the end bearing piles transfer the loads to a hard stratum. Four series of centrifuge model tests were conducted at gravity g = 40, using the 4.5 m radius large beam centrifuge facility at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. The tests were performed at constant pile spacing, and the embankment was constructed using an in-flight sand hopper. The deformations were measured using Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDTs). A digital image analysis technique was employed to arrive at the surface displacements, displacement vectors, and displacement contours. The geogrid reinforced embankments resting on end bearing piles and floating piles showed 88% and 44% lesser settlements respectively, compared to the unreinforced embankments. The geogrid reinforcement helps to distribute the load uniformly. A deep-seated slope failure was observed for unreinforced embankments. The piled embankments proved to be a practical solution for construction without prolonged waiting periods for pre-consolidation of the foundation soil.
Digitális kihívások a környezetismeret oktatása terén
Authors: Nagy György
Published: March 2019

Education in the 21st century is unimaginable without the innovative application of technological developments. The way of cognition, understanding and learning affects the future applicability of knowledge, competences. In lower elementary schools, the environment-related content may be used most effectively when all senses are involved in the acquisition according to the content of  the knowledge and it reaches  the most efficient channel or combination of channels until logical processing. Therefore, when applying digital tools the following circumstances are to be considered:- Technological tools can make the teaching of environmental education more effective,- They cannot be used efficiently in every moment of the lesson,- Their application is limited by socio-economic opportunities,- Creative educators can demonstrate dangerous or costly interactions without digital tools.
DNA extraction and Nested PCR v1
Authors: Liu Xiaohua , Cao Jianping , Xu Meng , Xu Ning , Yang Fengkun , Wu Fangwei , Li Benfu , Liu * Aiqin , Shen * Yujuan
Published: March 2019

This is the protocol for the Nested PCR assay
Reseña: J. Varela, P. Parra y A. Val Cubero (2016). Memorias para hacer camino. Relatos de la vida de once mujeres españolas de la generación del 68
Authors: Iglesias Galdo Ana
Published: March 2019

Recensión de la obra de J. Varela, P. Parra y A. Val Cubero (2016)
Saúde e qualidade de vida de universitários da área da saúde
Authors: Carleto Cíntia Tavares , Cornélio Muriele Pereira Mendes , Nardelli Giovanna Gaudenci , Gaudenci Eliana Maria , Haas Vanderlei José , Pedrosa Leila Aparecida Kauchakje
Published: March 2019

Estudo exploratório, seccional, de abordagem quantitativa, cujos objetivos foram identificar os hábitos de saúde e mensurar a qualidade de vida (QV) de universitários da área da Saúde, bem como verificar a relação entre estas variáveis. A coleta de dados foi realizada em uma universidade pública federal de Minas Gerais, em 2012, por meio do National College Health Risk Behavior (NCHRB) e do World Health Organization Quality of Life-bref (WHOQOL-bref). Participaram deste estudo 253 estudantes, a maioria do sexo feminino, solteira e com média de idade de 22,4 anos. Os hábitos de saúde observados evidenciaram a necessidade de atenção à saúde dos universitários. Os melhores escores de QV foram obtidos nos domínios Físico e Relações Sociais sendo que estes correlacionaram-se positivamente com os hábitos saudáveis. Observou-se que quanto melhor a percepção de saúde dos universitários, melhor sua QV. Este estudo possibilitou conhecer melhor os hábitos de saúde e a QV dos participantes, bem como identificar a relação entre saúde e QV.
Recepção de ingressantes universitários: experiência construtivista relacional de discentes de enfermagem para integração
Authors: Torres Iasmim De Lima , Sousa Sarah Mota de , Rezende Marina Pereira
Published: March 2019

Este artigo tem como objetivo relatar a experiência sobre a integração de discentes de Enfermagem para recepção e acolhimento de ingressantes no curso. Buscou-se descrever como os discentes de enfermagem participantes do Programa de Educação Tutorial (PET) desenvolvem suas atividades para a integração dos novos ingressantes, tendo como referencial teórico metodológico o construtivismo relacional. Essa compreensão teórica considera que a aprendizagem é um processo que procura instigar a curiosidade, onde o discente é levado a encontrar as respostas a partir de seus próprios conhecimentos e de sua interação com a realidade e com os colegas. O principal resultado relaciona-se ao Projeto “Amigos do PET”, que integra iniciativas como: recepção e seminários para integração; discussão de livros e filmes; orientações sobre como participar em projetos de extensão e pesquisas. De modo geral, essa atividade proporciona profunda interação dos discentes entre si, e aproximação dos discentes de Enfermagem com as ações desenvolvidas no Programa de Educação Tutorial.
Lingwistyka, glottodydaktyka, praktyka dydaktyczna –rola teorii językoznawczych w procesie glottodydaktycznym
Authors: Rzeszutko-Iwan Małgorzata
Published: March 2019

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie znaczenia wiedzy językoznawczej (koncepcji językoznawczych) w procesie nauczania języka polskiego jako obcego. Świadomość własnej tożsamości jako nauki pozwala glottodydaktyce na sensowną interakcję z obszarami pokrewnymi. Koncepcje pochodzące z innych dziedzin wiedzy, np. językoznawstwa, psychologii, są źródłem bodźców i inspiracji, wspomagają glottodydaktykę. Interdyscyplinarność bowiem powoduje rozszerzanie pola badawczego i stanowi znak czasu we współczesnej nauce. Zarówno lingwistyka, jak i glottodydaktyka posiadają wspólny przedmiot badań, jakim jest język, różnica dotyczy perspektywy oglądu prowadzonych analiz: zdefiniowania pojęcia i jego opisu oraz sposobów nauczania (uczenia się). Glottodydaktyk podchodzi do języka wieloaspektowo. Język bowiem to system, narzędzie komunikacji, źródło kultury i wiedzy o świecie. Zatem nie sposób nie zauważać i nie doceniać znaczenia teorii językoznawczych w metodyce nauczania języków obcych.
Glottodydaktyczne a lingwistyczne spojrzenie na błąd językowy
Authors: Skura Marta
Published: March 2019

Artykuł dotyczy lingwistycznego i glottodydaktycznego ujęcia błędu językowego. Punktem wyjścia jest stwierdzenie, że stosunek do błędu językowego w nauczaniu języka ojczystego jest inny od tego obecnego w glottodydaktyce. W glottodydaktyce obok normy lingwistycznej jest mowa o zmieniającej się normie glottodydaktycznej, która uwzględnia dydaktyczny punkt widzenia, np. poziom zaawansowania. Następnie zostają przedstawione typologie błędów – jedna obecna w kulturze języka polskiego, jedna klasyfikująca błędy popełniane w języku polskim przez uczniów liceum oraz jedna dotycząca błędów cudzoziemców w języku polskim. Na koniec dokonano zestawienia błędów leksykalnych popełnianych w języku polskim przez rodzimych użytkowników języka z błędami popełnianymi w języku polskim jako obcym.
Językowo-komunikacyjne cechy poleceń w wybranych materiałach dydaktycznych do nauki języka polskiego jako obcego
Authors: Szkudlarek-Śmiechowicz Ewa
Published: March 2019

Za punkt wyjścia przyjmuje się w artykule postulaty badawcze zaprezentowane ponad 20 lat temu przez Annę Burzyńską (1998) w publikacji poświęconej poleceniom dydaktycznym. Rozwój językoznawstwa oraz zmiany w glottodydaktyce, jakie dokonały się w tym czasie, są ważnymi przesłankami, które uzasadniają podjęcie tej tematyki na nowo. W części pierwszej niniejszego artykułu, teoretyczno-deskrypcyjnej, polecenie zostało poddane eksplikacji pragmatycznej (jako akt mowy) i charakterystyce komunikacyjnej (w sytuacji urzędowej i w sytuacji dydaktycznej). W części drugiej przedstawiono wyniki analizy wybranych podręczników i zeszytów ćwiczeń do nauki języka polskiego jako obcego na poziomie podstawowym i średnio zaawansowanym pod kątem zawartych w nich poleceń. Obie części służą jako podstawa do sformułowania wniosków końcowych. Zasadnicza konkluzja, jaką formułuje się w artykule, brzmi: tzw. polecenia dydaktyczne w podręcznikach i zeszytach ćwiczeń są aktami mowy potencjalnymi, aktualizowanymi każdorazowo w konkretnej sytuacji dydaktycznej, a szablonowość i schematyzm nie są ich wadami, lecz cechami pożądanymi; dotyczą bowiem strony formalnej poleceń oraz nazw powtarzalnych czynności, które pomagają kształcić podstawowe umiejętności, oryginalne natomiast są (powinny być) obiekty owych czynności (zawartość ćwiczeń i zadań, teksty itp.).
Pamiętniki jako źródło wiedzy o kształtowaniu się kompetencji leksykalnej (na przykładzie XVII-wiecznych Les anecdotes de Pologne… F. P. Dalairaca)
Authors: Zarębski Rafał
Published: March 2019

W artykule podjęto próbę opisu kompetencji leksykalnej w XVII-wiecznym, francuskojęzycznym pamiętniku F. P. Dalairaca Les anecdotes de Pologne…. Autor, który był poddanym Ludwika XIV, przebywał na dworze króla Jana III Sobieskiego. W diariuszu dokumentującym wydarzenia związane z wyprawą wojenną w 1683 roku zamieścił bogaty polski materiał leksykalny. Na podstawie obserwacji słownictwa specjalistycznego i ogólnego, które zostało wplecione w tekst francuski, można sądzić, że autor posiadał zaawansowaną kompetencję językową w zakresie języka polskiego, był więc osobą dwujęzyczną. Poddany ekscerpcji pamiętnik stanowi ciekawe źródło do badań charakterystycznych dla mowy biblingwalnej zachowań językowych, które były konsekwencją dawnych kontaktów językowych.
Perception and Attitude of Consumers' Towards Packaged Drinking Water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Tilahun Minyahel , Beshaw Melaku
Published: March 2019

Descriptive research design was used to select 200 respondents (i.e., 100 from each study places) following purposive sampling technique on two study areas (Market; Living). Personal observation and interview with retailers were done to triangulate the collected data from the formal survey. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 software program. Descriptive statistical measurements, Index and multinomial regression model was calculated to assess the relationship between customers point of emphasis during packaged water buying and respondents demographic variables. Majority of the respondent who frequently purchase packaged water generated a monthly income between 5000 and 10000 Birr. Television and radio was ranked first compare to other Media. Living place customers were more health concerned as compared to market place customers. Market place customer’s primarily give emphasis to price of packaged water. Almost all (97%) customers did not have the awareness towards packaged water standards. Only 86(43%) of the total respondents checked the chemical composition, of which 74(85%) of the respondents did not understand it. Customers sex, educational level and health status showed significant relationship with choice of packaged water quality -1.42(p<0.05), price -2.45(P<0.01) and health status -1.80(P<0.05) in market place and living places, respectively.
Interpolation of Small Datasets in the Sandstone Hydrocarbon Reservoirs, Case Study from the Sava Depression, Croatia
Authors: Malvić Tomislav , Ivšinović Josip , Velić Josipa , Rajić Rajna
Published: March 2019

Here are analysed data taken in two hydrocarbon fields ("A" and "B"), located in the western part of Sava Depression (North Croatia). They are in the secondary phase of production. The selected reservoirs "L" (in the “A” Field) and "K" (“B”) are of the Lower Pontian (Upper Miocene) age and belong to Kloštar-Ivanić Formation. Due to strong tectonics, there are numerous tectonic block, relatively rarely sampled with well and laboratory tests. Here are selected two variables for interpolation - reservoirs permeabilities and the injected volumes of field water. The following interpolation methods are described, compared and applied: Nearest Neighbourhood, Natural Neighbour (the first time in the Sava Depression) and Inverse Distance Weighting. The last one has been proven as the most appropriate for datasets with size lower than 20 points.
Formation of Potassium 2-Hydroxy-6-naphthoate by Kolbe-Schmitt Carboxylation: A Joint Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Ahn So-Jin , Kim Du-Hyeon , Kim Eung-Gun , Lee Yong-Kul
Published: March 2019

The reaction mechanism of the carboxylation of K-2-naphthoxide was investigated by density functional theory calculations and spectroscopic studies. The reaction intermediates and products were confirmed by CO2 adsorbed-FTIR and 1H-NMR measurements. Four steps of the reaction pathway were identified: CO2 activation, electrophilic substitution, CO2-K complex rearrangement, and H-shift, producing 2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid (2,1-HNA), 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid (2,3-HNA), and 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid (2,6-HNA). The occurrence of CO2-K complex rearrangement was also confirmed. These energy profiles of reaction pathways for the reaction intermediates were well consistent the experimental results on the carboxylation of K-2-naphthoxide.
Clinical profile, in-hospital outcome and associated factors of stroke after the start of a standard organized stroke care unit at university of Gondar hospital, northwest Ethiopia.
Authors: Abdella Seid Getahun , Gebi Nebiyu Bekele , Gerffie Ermias Shenkutie , Tamirat Koku Sisay
Published: March 2019

Background: Stroke is the leading public health problem globally. Stroke management largely depends on non-drug interventions. Stroke care units are facilities in hospitals that showed patients increased survival, return home, and regain independence in daily activities. This study was aimed to assess clinical profile, in-hospital outcome and its associated factors of stroke after the start of a standard organized stroke care unit in the study area. Method: Hospital based cross sectional study was conducted from July 2015 to September 2017. A total of 151 stroke patients with computed tomography (CT) scan result were included in the study. Data was collected using standardized questionnaire from secondary sources like patients medical records. Binary logistic regression were fitted to identify predictor variables. Adjusted Odds ratio(OR) with 95% confidence interval was computed and variables with p-value less than 0.05 in the multi-variable regression model considered as significantly associated with the dependent variables. Result: Ischemic stroke (60.3%) subtype was the most common. The median age at presentation was 65 (IQR: 55-75) years. Hypertension (49.7%) and carotid atherosclerosis (54.7%) were the most commonly identified risk factors. Overall In-hospital mortality was 9.3% (95% CI: 5.2%-15.1%), poor disability outcome at discharge was 55.6% (95%CI: 47.3%-63.7%), and median length of hospital stay was 10 (IQR: 7-14) days. Being male (AOR=0.19, 95%CI: 0.038 0.97), longer in-hospital stays (AOR=0.21, 95%CI: 0.048 0.93) were significant predictors of in-hospital mortality. Furthermore increased ICP (AOR=2.81, 95%CI: 1.22 6.92) was also the predictor of poor disability outcome at discharge. Conclusion: In-hospital mortality was lower than previous studies. However post-discharge disability is higher. Male sex, length of in-hospital stay, was significant predictors of in-hospital mortality. Increased intracranial pressure was also significant predictor of poor disability outcome at discharge. Key words: In hospital outcome, Mortality, poor outcome, stroke care unit, Gondar
Study of wavefront aberrations on the corneal anterior surface and related factors in patients after corneal refractive surgery
Authors: Wu Cheng-Zhe , Cui Xun , Li Zheng-Ri , Cui Hong , Jin Hua , Li Cheng-Lin , Jin Hai-Yan , Li Yingjun
Published: March 2019

Background

To investigate the characteristics and distribution of anterior and posterior surface wavefront aberrations in patients suitable for corneal refractive surgery.

Methods

Sixty myopic patients (120 eyes, 14-46 years old) who underwent corneal refractive surgery were randomly selected by the Pentacam anterior segment analysis system with a spherical equivalent (SE) of -1.50 to -12.00 D. The corneal anterior and posterior aberrations (higher-order aberration, HOA; spherical aberration, SA; Coma; Trefoil) and Q and K values were detected, and a correlation analysis of the relevant parameters was carried out.

Results

The root mean square (RMS) values from 3 to 6 (RMS 3 to 6) of the whole eye higher-order wave surface aberrations at a 6.0 mm pupil diameter showed a decreasing trend in patients with corneal refractive surgery, and an RMS value of 3 accounted for 62.92% of the total HOAs. The coma ratio increased with increasing diopter, while the spherical aberration ratio was not changed. In addition, the spherical aberration was 0.203 ± 0.082 μm (range: 0.061 to 0.503 μm), and the Q30 was -0.19 ± 0.03 (range: -0.58 to 0.31), which showed a normal distribution. There were significant differences in coma aberrations (3, 1) in the low, middle and high myopia groups (P=0.013). The spherical equivalent was positively correlated with corneal coma (R = -0.241, P = 0.009), and the Q value was positively correlated with total higher-order as well as spherical aberrations (R = 0.326, P <0.001; R = 0.675, P <0.001).

Conclusions

Individual wavefront aberrations on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea are comparatively different, and the Zernike coefficients are related to the degree of myopia. Spherical aberrations are the most overriding aberrations of the cornea.
Solitary Fibrofolliculoma of the Upper Eyelid in a 68-year Old Female: A Case Report
Authors: Wang Wenqiu , Cheng Jinwei
Published: March 2019

Background

Fibrofolliculoma is a benign, perifollicular, connective tissue tumor, which is a clinically asymptomatic, 2-4 mm, skin-colored, dome-shaped smooth papule. It usually arises in the form of multiple lesions, and very rarely presents as a solitary lesion.

Case presentation

A 68-year-old female presented with an asymptomatic, flesh-colored mass on the right upper eyelid. The 5×5×4 mm lesion was located near upper lid margin. It was a skin-colored, dome-shaped, smooth nodule, with eyelashes on the surface, rubbery to palpation and not painful. The lesion was excised completely, and the diagnosis of fibrofolliculoma was confirmed through a histological exam.

Conclusions

Solitary fibrofolliculomas is rarely arising in the eyelid. However, it should be suspected when a localized mass lesion of the eyelid is encountered.
INTERACTION BETWEEN DATA COLLECTION AND ESTIMATION PHASES IN SURVEYS WITH NONRESPONSE
Authors: Särndal Carl-Erik , Traat Imbi , Lumiste Kaur
Published: March 2019

Inference in surveys with nonresponse has been studied extensively in the literature with a focus on the estimation phase. Propensity weighting and calibrated weighting are among the adjustment methods used to reduce the nonresponse bias. The data collection phase has come into focus more recently; the literature on adaptive survey design emphasizes representativeness and degree of balance as desirable properties of the response obtained from a probability sample. We take an integrated view where data collection and estimation are considered together. For a chosen auxiliary vector, we define the concepts incidence and inverse incidence and show their properties and relationship. As we show, incidences are used in balancing the response in data collection; the inverse incidences are important for weighting adjustment in the estimation.
MODIFIED RECURSIVE BAYESIAN ALGORITHM FOR ESTIMATING TIME-VARYING PARAMETERS IN DYNAMIC LINEAR MODELS
Authors: Olawale Awe O. , Adedayo Adepoju A.
Published: March 2019

Estimation in Dynamic Linear Models (DLMs) with Fixed Parameters (FPs) has been faced with considerable limitations due to its inability to capture the dynamics of most time-varying phenomena in econometric studies. An attempt to address this limitation resulted in the use of Recursive Bayesian Algorithms (RBAs) which is also affected by increased computational problems in estimating the Evolution Variance (EV) of the time-varying parameters. In this paper, we propose a modified RBA for estimating TVPs in DLMs with reduced computational challenges.
ON A SURPRISING RESULT OF TWO-CANDIDATE ELECTION FORECAST BASED ON THE FIRST LEADERSHIP TIME
Authors: Stepniak Czeslaw
Published: March 2019

This is a simple but provocative note. Consider an election with two candidates and suppose that candidate A was the leader until counting n votes. How to use this information in predicting the final results of the election? According to the common belief the final number of votes for the leader should be a strictly increasing function of n. Assuming the votes are counted in random order we derive the Maximum Likelihood predictor of the final number of votes for the future winner and loser based on the first leadership time. It appears that this time has little effect on the predicting.
THE ROLE OF BREASTFEEDING VIS-À-VIS CONTRACEPTIVE USE ON BIRTH SPACING IN INDIA: A REGIONAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Dwivedi Laxmi Kant
Published: March 2019

Birth spacing is one of the important aspects of reproductive health. Therefore, it is felt by demographers that birth spacing needs to be studied from time to time in view of the epidemiological transition taking place worldwide. Using the third round of National Family Health Survey-3 data, the central hypothesis of this paper is to find out the relative advantages of breastfeeding over other methods of contraception among non-sterilized women by using simulative approach of the Cox regression analysis in India and its regions. The results show that if women were not having amenorrhea period and had a high level of breastfeeding, the chance of not having next live birth was only two percent lower than those women who were using spacing methods in India. This pattern was found to be almost similar in all the regions of India except central and southern regions. There is no significant gain in postponing the next live birth has been observed in using the contraceptives than breastfeeding. An effort has also been made to apprise the policymakers of the interrelation between breastfeeding, postpartum amenorrhea, contraceptive use and birth spacing. Nonetheless, policymakers should promote programs that encourage both breastfeeding and contraceptive use. Breastfeeding has direct benefits for infant health in addition to its role in lengthening birth intervals beyond postpartum amenorrhea.
SPATIAL MEASURES OF DEVELOPMENT IN EVALUATING THE DEMOGRAPHIC POTENTIAL OF POLISH COUNTIES
Authors: Majdzilska Anna
Published: March 2019

The study presents a demographic potential-based typology of Polish counties created using the spatial measures of development (available in the literature and proposed by the author). The typology reveals the location of Polish areas (regions) with the highest and lowest demographic potential.The analysis was performed on data sourced from the publications of the Central Statistical Office (GUS) on the age structure and selected developments in the natural movement and migrations in counties in the years 2005 and 2016.
CHANNEL PERFORMANCE UNDER VENDOR MANAGED CONSIGNMENT INVENTORY CONTRACT WITH ADDITIVE STOCHASTIC DEMAND
Authors: Bieniek Milena
Published: March 2019

Consignment as the shifting of the inventory ownership to a supplier is widely implemented in virtual market. In this form of business arrangement the supplier places goods at a retailer’s location without receiving payment, until the goods are sold. We consider a single period supply chain model, where the supplier contracts with the retailer with some probability of return. Market demand is additive, linearly price– dependent and uncertain. We focus on vendor managed consignment inventory (VMCI) channel, in which the supplier decides the consignment price and his service level and the retailer chooses the retail price. We study channel performance under VMCI setting by analysing how the model parameters influence decision quantities, channel profit and risk function. We also illustrate the obtained results by a numerical example, which explains the overall solutions well.
Nitrogen Requirements of Ethiopian Mustard for Biofuel Feedstock in South Dakota
Authors: Alberti Phillip , Osborne Shannon , Mathew Febina , Ali Shakaut , Sieverding Heidi , Kumar Sandeep , Nleya Thandiwe
Published: March 2019

Core Ideas

Brassica carinata is a new crop in the Northern Great Plains.

Best management practices including N fertilizer recommendations should be developed.

Seed yield and oil yield were optimized at 84 kg ha–1 of applied N fertilizer.

Seed oil concentration decreased linearly at a rate of 0.26 g kg–1 for every 1 kg ha–1 increase in N rate.

Economic optimum N rate varied from 60 to 81 kg N ha–1.

Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) is a non‐food oilseed crop that has received attention for its potential as a low‐input biofuel feedstock suitable for production in the semiarid regions of the Northern Great Plains (NGP). Because B. carinata is a new crop to the NGP, the best management practices have yet to be developed. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of N fertilizer rate on seed yield, seed oil concentration, and oil yield of B. carinata and to determine the economic optimum N fertilizer rates. Field studies were conducted at two locations in South Dakota to evaluate the response of two B. carinata varieties to five N fertilizer rates (0, 28, 56, 84, and 140 kg N ha−1) during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons. Increasing N fertilizer rate increased seed yield and oil yield, each reaching a peak at 84 kg ha−1 N and then slowly decreasing following a quadratic model. On the other hand, increasing N rate linearly decreased seed oil concentration. The economic optimum N rate ranged from 60 to 81 kg N ha−1 depending on cost of N fertilizer and the price of carinata seed. These results show that the N requirement for B. carinata is lower than that for many crops grown in the NGP, including corn and small grains. These findings confirm that B. carinata requires low N fertility and has the potential for incorporation into cropping systems in the semiarid regions of the NGP.
Tiller Initiation and its Effects on Yield and Yield Components in Winter Wheat
Authors: Tilley M. Scott , Heiniger Ronnie W. , Crozier Carl R.
Published: March 2019

Core Ideas

A marking technique was used to monitor leaf and tiller development.

The earlier a tiller is formed the more kernels it produces.

Seeding rate influences tiller initiation and productivity.

Vegetative growth in the form of tillers is crucial to final yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). To understand the impact management practices have on tiller initiation, a study was conducted using two seeding rates (1.9 × 106 vs. 6.8 × 106 ha−1) and two N timing applications (single vs. split). Tillers initiated in the fall made up the majority of spikes compared to tillers initiated from 1 January to the start of jointing (GS 30). Tillers initiated in March at either seeding rate produced very few kernels spike–1, low kernel weight, and contributed little to yield. At the high seeding rate, tillers initiated prior to 1 January were responsible for more than 87% of the grain yield. Tillers produced in January– February produced 5 to 11% of the final yield, while tillers produced in March contributed less than 2%. In contrast, at the low seeding rate tillers produced in January–February made up 20 to almost 60% of the final yield. Overall, this study shows the timing and rate of leaf initiation impacts yield and yield components. Earlier tillers have an advantage in that they have shorter periods of leaf development that result in more leaf area which in turn supports more kernel spike–1 and heavier kernels, thus more grain weight per spike. Timing of N (single vs. split) application resulted in no significant impact on tiller development, spike number, kernel number, kernel weight, or grain yield.
The Charosphere Promotes Mineralization of 13C‐Phenanthrene by Psychrotrophic Microorganisms in Greenland Soils
Authors: Karppinen Erin M. , Mamet Steven D. , Stewart Katherine J. , Siciliano Steven D.
Published: March 2019

When soil is frozen, biochar promotes petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) degradation, yet we still do not understand why. To investigate microbial biodegradation activity under frozen conditions, we placed 60‐μm mesh bags containing 6% (v/v) biochar created from fishmeal, bonemeal, bone chip, or wood into PHC‐contaminated soil, which was then frozen to −5°C. This created three soil niches: biochar particles, the charosphere (biochar‐contiguous soil), and bulk soil outside of the bags. After 90 d, 13C‐phenanthrene mineralization reached 55% in bonemeal biochar and 84% in bone chip biochar charosphere soil, compared with only 43% in bulk soil and 13% in bone chip biochar particles. Soil pH remained near neutral in bone chip and bonemeal biochar treatments, unlike wood biochar, which increased alkalinity and likely made phosphate unavailable for microorganisms. Generally, charosphere soil had higher aromatic degradative gene abundances than bulk soil, but gene abundance was not directly linked to 13C‐phenanthrene mineralization. In bone chip biochar‐amended soils, phosphate successfully predicted microbial community composition, and abundances of Bosea and Caulobacter increased in charosphere soil. Biochar effects on charosphere soil were dependent on feedstock material and suggest that optimizing the charosphere in bone‐derived biochars may increase remediation success in northern regions.

Core Ideas

13C‐phenanthrene was mineralized in the charosphere of bone chip biochar particles.

pH and nutrient availability were dependent on biochar type and sampling location.

Biochar effects are localized in specific spatial niches of the soil.
Drought Performance and Physiological Responses of Bermudagrass and Seashore Paspalum
Authors: Jespersen David , Leclerc Monique , Zhang Gengsheng , Raymer Paul
Published: March 2019

Drought is a major abiotic stress that affects turfgrasses, leading to progressive declines in plant health and eventual death of turf areas. A collection of bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.; ‘Celebration’, ‘TifTuf’, and ‘Tifway’) and seashore paspalums (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz; ‘SeaIsle I’, ‘SeaStar’, and UGA1743) were used to determine differences in drought performance and associated mechanisms. Plants were exposed to drought trials during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons using an automatic rainout shelter. Performance was assessed by measuring visual turf quality, normalized difference vegetation index, and green cover via digital image analysis. Additional measures including membrane stability, canopy temperature difference, relative water content, osmotic adjustment, and canopy respiration rates were also taken to better understand the underlying physiology responsible for differences in drought performance. Results showed a range of drought performance among cultivars, with Tiftuf consistently being the top performer with quality ratings of 6 and 5 in 2016 and 2017, respectively, and SeaStar consistently being the most drought sensitive with quality ratings of 4 or less for both years. The other bermudagrass and paspalum cultivars had similar performance to each other during drought. TifTuf was able to maintain lower canopy temperatures and higher relative water content and had the greatest accumulation of osmolytes during drought. Drought decreased respiration rates and membrane stability more in paspalum than bermudagrass cultivars. Understanding mechanisms responsible for differences among cultivars and how these mechanisms are affected by environmental conditions is essential for improving drought performance in turfgrasses.
Comparative Study of the Developmental Traits and Yield Components of Bread Wheat under Field Conditions in Several Years of Multi‐Sowing Time Experiments
Authors: Kiss Tibor , Bányai Judit , Balla Krisztina , Mayer Marianna , Berki Zita , Horváth Ádám , Veisz Ottó , Bedő Zoltán , Karsai Ildikó
Published: March 2019

The main aim of the experiments was to demonstrate the possible correlation between developmental and morphological traits and yield components under variable climatic conditions. For this purpose, a collection of 188 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes with a heterogeneous gene pool was included in a 3‐yr field experiment applying normal and late sowing dates each year. Under these conditions, almost all the traits were significantly influenced by the genotype, which had the greatest effect on the morphological traits and yield components (explaining 20–58 and 50–60% of the phenotypic variance for the two trait groups, respectively). In the case of plant development, however, the year effect, particularly in the late sowing treatment, was more significant than that of the genotype. Sowing date had the strongest effect on the early developmental phases, explaining 50% of the phenotypic variance, whereas the year had a significant influence on the late developmental phases, being responsible for 37 to 53% of the phenotypic variance. The turning point between the two factors was during the first phase of rapid stem elongation. The environmental driven variation in developmental patterns led to significant variation in yield‐related traits, which ranged from 4.6 (average thousand‐kernel weight) to 16.3% (average seed number) with normal sowing, and from 2.9 (average seed weight) to 29.4% (average thousand‐kernel weight) under late sowing conditions. The significance of the two intervals, from sowing to the start of rapid (intensive) stem elongation and from the start of stem elongation to the boot stage (Z49), was most apparent in the case of yield‐related traits.
Impact of Nitrogen Application Timing, Nitrogen Source, and a Single Fungicide Application on Large Patch of Zoysiagrass
Authors: Koehler John F. , Miller Gerald L.
Published: March 2019

Large patch is the most severe disease on ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) fairways, tees, and lawns in the US transition zone. A disease management strategy integrating cultural practices would be preferable to multiple fungicide applications. This experiment examined the effects of N application timing, N source, and a single fungicide application on disease severity. Calcium nitrate, urea, and ammonium sulfate were examined for effects on large patch in a greenhouse study. In the field, these N sources were applied on a standard summer schedule, or augmented with fall, spring, or fall + spring applications when 5‐d average 5‐cm soil temperatures reached 18°C. Plots received one spring application of tebuconazole at 0.824 kg a.i. ha−1 on the same day as spring N application or were left unsprayed. Nitrogen source did not affect pathogen infection or disease severity. Spring N applications were most consistent at reducing disease severity compared with summer‐only applications of N. Spring tebuconazole applications did not prevent large patch but reduced overall severity. A management strategy incorporating N applications in the spring could be effective in decreasing large patch outbreaks in the field compared with only applying N in the summer.
Relationships between Cell Wall Digestibility and Lignin Content as Influenced by Lignin Type and Analysis Method
Authors: Grabber John H.
Published: March 2019

Difficulties in measuring the lignin content of forage and biomass crops confounds efforts by plant breeders and molecular biologists to grasp how shifts in lignin chemistry affect fiber digestibility. In this study, relationships between digestibility and lignin content were examined by artificially lignifying Zea mays L. cell walls with bulk polymers composed of p‐hydroxyphenyl‐guaiacyl (HG) and guaiacyl (G) units or with endwise polymers composed of G, guaiacyl‐syringyl (GS), and guaiacyl‐syringyl‐p‐coumaric acid (GSpCA) units. Regressions of in vitro rumen gas production or nonfermented polysaccharides (NFP) vs. lignin content accurately measured by an indirect spectrophotometric method revealed that G‐bulk and especially syringyl (S)‐rich endwise polymers were the least inhibitory to digestion. While providing biased estimates at low lignin contents, the acetyl bromide‐soluble lignin (ABSL) assay correctly ranked how endwise polymers affected the digestibility of highly lignified cell walls, but the method required unique absorption coefficients to assess relationships for bulk polymers. Conversely, the Klason lignin (KL) method provided more accurate estimates at low lignin contents, but varying recovery of KL among lignin types created bias for highly lignified cell walls. Overall, our results indicate that S‐rich lignins are the least inhibitory to digestion, but detecting desirable shifts in lignin chemistry will require the judicious use of several analytical methods.
Interpretacja dogmatów
Authors: Góźdź Krzysztof
Published: March 2019

Dogmat nie jest „suchym” twierdzeniem, formułą, która naweti „straszy”, lecz jest wyrazem żywej wiary Kościoła, która w swejistocie jest niezmienna. Jednak wyraz tej wiary w przepowiadaniui przyjmowaniu (w dogmatach) dotyczy danej epoki historyczneji jej aktualnego ducha rozumienia, stąd konieczna jest ciągle nowainterpretacja tej samej i niezmiennej prawdy wiary w języku teologicznym.Taka interpretacja jest wyrazem żywej Tradycji, przyzachowaniu zasady ciągłości i niesprzeczności wypowiedzi. Podstawąreinterpretacji jest nie tylko podstawowa relacja Tradycji doObjawienia, do Pisma Świętego, ale także sama historyczność wiaryi historyczność dogmatów.Przeprowadzone badania nad kwestią interpretacji dogmatów doprowadziłydo jeszcze jednego zdumiewającego wniosku, że proponowanaprzez Międzynarodową Komisję Teologiczną tzw. interpretacjaaktualizująca, w zasadzie ma miejsce w tym toku myślowym JosephaRatzingera, choć on sam ani słowem nie wymienia nazwy tej interpretacji.Okazuje się, że teksty Ratzingera – mówiące o Tradycji, historiidogmatów, czy o relacji dogmatu do Biblii i do historii – powstałydużo wcześniej niż wspomniany dokument MKT. Już w połowielat 60., znajdujemy je w dziele pod red. K. Rahnera i J. Ratzingera,Offenbarung und Überlieferung. Hans Urs von Balthasar zum 60.Geburtstag, Freiburg 1965, s. 25-69, oraz później: Das Problem derDogmengeschichte in der Sicht der katholischen Theologie, Köln1966; Zur Frage nach der Geschichtlichkeit der Dogmen, w: OttoSemmelroth (red.), Martyria, Leiturgia, Diakonia. Festschrift fürHermann Volk zum 65. Geburtstag, Mainz 1968, s. 59–70. Oznacza to, że Ratzinger w swoich badaniach wyprzedził o kilka lat wspomnianydokument. Nie ujmuje to w niczym doniosłej treści dokumentu natemat interpretacji dogmatów. Cała część dokumentu, poświęcona„interpretacji aktualizującej” znajduje odzwierciedlenie w samodzielnychbadaniach Ratzingera. Zarówno zasady tej interpretacji,trwała wartość formuł dogmatycznych, jak i kryteria tej interpretacji(s. 295-298 dokumentu), są treściowo obecne w tekstach Ratzingera.Z drugiej strony rodzi się pytanie, czy dokument MKT, przygotowywanypod kierunkiem bpa W. Kaspera, nie korzystał z tekstówRatzingera. Nie ma o tym śladu w dokumencie, ale swoistym kanonemtekstów przygotowywanych przez MKT jest nie umieszczanieautorów współczesnych, a powoływanie się niemal wyłącznie nateksty eklezjalne.