bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relict sand wedge sites in Hungary – granulometry and quartz grain microfabrics
Authors: Farkas Beáta , Szabó Péter
Published: March 2022

Thermal contraction cracks are well-known proxies of frost action, both in recent and relict environments. A sedimentological analysis was carried out on relict sand wedges from two study sites (Kemeneshát and Mogyoród area) in Hungary, in order to investigate past periglacial processes in the Pannonian Basin. After adequate sample preparation, the grain size distribution of sand wedge infillings (N=82) was determined, and descriptive statistical analysis was carried out using GRADISTAT software. 470 quartz sand grains were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Thereby, the roundness of the grains was determined and grain surface microtextures were analysed. The results show that every sample from the Kemeneshát area exhibits poor sorting values and mainly polymodal distributions, while the Mogyoród samples are exclusively unimodal and moderately sorted. SEM investigation reinforces the abovementioned statements with Krumbein’s scale results. Most of the studied grains are angular, which refers to the short transportation time of the sediment. Crystal overgrowth was often found on the grains, which suggests sandstone or metamorphic origin for the infilling material. Intensively weathered grain surfaces mark lots of changes in the paleotemperature. Fresh, sharp edges, as well as big, unaltered conchoidal fractures and breakage blocks, indicate intensive frost weathering processes during the last damaging cycle of the sediment. These results help us to reduce the arising uncertainties in the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Pannonian Basin during Late Pleistocene.
Microplastic accumulation in streambed sediment downstream of a wastewater treatment plant in response to dynamic flow conditions
Authors: Drummond Jen , Schneidewind Uwe , Brekenfeld Nicolai , Nel Holly , Haverson Lee , Kukkola Anna , Sambrook-Smith Greg , Krause Stefan
Published: March 2022

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), are known sources of microplastics (1-1000 µm) to receiving streams. We analyzed surface water and streambed sediments at ~1km downstream of a WWTP in a rural stream near Birmingham, UK. To assess the temporal variation in microplastic transport and accumulation, we conducted a total of five sampling campaigns to sample both during high and low flow conditions. Point sampling was supported by semi-continuous measurements of flow and electrical conductivity to characterize the stream hydrologic conditions, especially in response to the WWTP effluent. We used the high frequency flow data as input to a mobile-immobile model for microplastic transport in streams that can account for the exchange between the surface water and streambed sediments, deposition and resuspension during baseflow and stormflow conditions. By combining the model with the less frequent microplastic measurements, we estimated inputs from the wastewater treatment plant and timescales of microplastic deposition and retention in the stream. Our findings advance the understanding of the interplay between microplastics depositing during low flows and resuspending during high flows, to improve predictions of microplastic fate and transport in river systems.
Studies for development of a system for rapid localization of the guns position in firing fields
Authors: Ionescu Constantin , Ghica Daniela Veronica , Toader Victorin , Marmureanu Alexandru , Neagoe Cristian , Predoi Cristian
Published: March 2022

Infrasound waves are generated by large range of natural and anthropogenic sources. Natural sources include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, bolides, storms and lightning, tornadoes, avalanches, tsunamis. Anthropogenic sources consist of nuclear explosions, chemical and accidental explosions, quarry blasts, aircraft activity, industrial, oil and gas refinery flares, hydroelectric dams etc.

In the military field, the infrasound generated by the military technique are important, both for moving vehicles and for shooting. They represent a way of activity revealing, and can be used only if the acoustic spectrum is well known, in order to be able to make a clear discrimination between the multiple possible sources. Therefore, the infrasound data characterized by frequency (Hz), maximum observed amplitude (Pa) and maximum estimated detection distance (km) are collected for the possible sources. At the same time, once an event is identified, the signal is processed to compute the direction (back azimuth) and speed.

Thus, in the framework of the PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-0100 project, we aim to develop a system for rapid localization of the position of the guns position in firing fields. Multiple tests were performed using different types of portable recording equipment with sampling rates between 1 and 50,000 SPS using different sensors (MEMS microphones, Chaparral M25 sensors, geophones, pressure microphones). By calculating the azimuth and the distance, testing sources could be identified. Methods for identification and alarming on the infrasonic events generated by weapons in belligerent areas based on the data provided by the pilot installation will be further developed in the framework of the mentioned project.
Landscape response to the linkage of two normal faults
Authors: He Chuanqi , Yang Ci-Jian , Rao Gang , Roda-Boluda Duna C. , Yuan Xiaoping , Yang Rong , Gao Lin , Zhang Li
Published: March 2022

Normal fault linkage has significant impacts on uplift patterns and erosional processes in extensional regions. However, geomorphic process-based constraints on landscape response to normal fault linkage are still scarce. Here, we use landscape evolution models to examine how a landscape responds to the linkage of two normal faults. The results demonstrate that topography dynamically responds to the changes in uplift patterns that accompany fault linkage. Specifically, our results indicate that after fault linkage, (1) the steepest topography and the highest erosion rate shift from the center of each fault segment to the linkage zone; and (2) the main drainage divide evolves from an M-shape to a bow shape. We apply these findings to the Langshan Mountains in northern China, and suggest that the two piedmont fault segments have linked and that a high geohazard risk exists near the linkage zone, where the steep, transient topography is experiencing intense erosion.
Estimate of air quality in valleys of Yegoshikha river and Danilikha river 
Authors: Klochikhina Olga
Published: March 2022

Atmospheric air is the vital for life on Earth. The quality of air is the main issue that humankind faces every day. The quality of air in towns and cities is an essential aspect of health of the population. According to WHO report, 91% of all population lives in places where level of air pollution exceeds established standards. According to Rosgidromet report, the level of air pollution is estimated as ‘very high’ or ‘the highest’ in 40 Russian cities including Perm.

The objectives of this research are to determine what pollutants are the most significant and what sources of pollution make the greatest contribution in air pollution in Perm.

Data for this study comes from national net of measurements of air pollution of Rosgridromet and researches of air quality in different areas of Perm were conducted on demand of local government. In this study there has been little quantitative analysis of results of measurements that was hold close to valleys of minor rivers Daniliha and Egoshiha since 2016 to 2020. Air quality was estimated by comparing measurements of concentration of chemical substances with established hygienic standards. The spatial model of air quality in Perm was created using Unified Program of air pollution estimation ‘Ecologist’.

The first set of questions aimed to finding out the most significant pollutants in the air of Perm. The analyzed data show that the main pollutants in air of Perm are Formaldehyde, Nitrogen Dioxide, Phenol and Ethylbenzene. Exceedances of maximum one-time concentrations of all significant pollutants were identified. The most surprising aspect of the analysis of data is in the observing of exceedances of not only maximum one-time concentrations but of mean daily concentrations of formaldehyde that happen during all the period of study. A possible explanation for presence of nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde and ethylbenzene in the air of Perm might be that burning of fossil fuels by combustion engine of transport and by fuel power industry make the greatest contribution in air pollution. These results match those observed in earlier studies. Exceedances of maximum one-time concentrations of phenol may be explained by impact of mechanical engineering plants.

The results of this study indicate that the national net of measurements of air pollution of Rosgridromet is non-effective and doesn’t give enough information for estimation of air quality in Perm. More monitoring sites and more measured pollutants, especially carcinogenic, are required to determine the air quality and the impact of transport or industry or other sources of air pollution on human health.
Crustal deformation near Lisbon, Portugal, from GNSS and PSInSAR data
Authors: Fonseca João , Palano Mimmo , Falcão Ana , Hrysiewicz Alexis , Férnandez José
Published: March 2022

The Lisbon Metropolitan Area, in the southern sector of the Lusitanian basin, SW Portugal, has been affected by relevant seismicity. Known destructive earthquakes affecting the region range in time from 1344 to 1969, and include catastrophic occurrences in 1356, 1531, 1909 and 1755. Modern instrumental data are available for the M7.8 Cadiz Gulf earthquake of 1969 only, which reached EMS-98 intensity 5 to 6 in the study area. While several of these earthquakes nucleated offshore, the 1909 earthquake, with estimated magnitude in the range M6.0-M6.5, had a clear intraplate nature, and it is widely accepted that the M7 1531 earthquake also nucleated onshore, in the active structures of the Lower Tagus Valley. The relative importance of the contributions of onshore versus offshore sources to seismic hazard in Portugal is largely debated. On one hand, in view of the modest NW Africa – SW Iberia convergence rate (~4 mm/yr in a NW-SE direction), it has been argued that most of the cumulated crustal deformation is fully released by 1969-type offshore earthquakes of the Gulf of Cadiz, implying that intraplate faults account for very small slip-rates. It follows that destructive intraplate earthquakes are deemed very rare events with limited contribution to the probabilistic hazard. This view is supported by very low intraplate slip-rate estimates of 0.005 to 0.3-0.5 mm/yr derived from geological studies. However, seismic hazard disaggregation studies indicate that the dominant scenario is the rupture of an intraplate fault.

Using a dense GNSS dataset coupled with PSInSAR analysis, we characterize the style of crustal deformation in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and estimate the associated fault slip rates. We provide evidence of sinistral simple shear driven by a NNE-SSW first-order tectonic lineament. PSInSAR vertical velocities corroborate qualitatively the GNSS strain-rate field, showing uplift/subsidence where the GNSS data indicate contraction/extension. We propose the presence of a small block to the W of Lisbon moving independently towards the SW with a relative velocity of 0.96±0.20 mm/yr. Comparison between geodetic and seismic moment-rates indicates a high seismic coupling. We conclude that the contribution of intraplate faults to the seismic hazard in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area is more important than currently assumed.
Variations of alpha particle parameters across corotating rarefaction regions
Authors: Durovcova Tereza , Safrankova Jana , Nemecek Zdenek
Published: March 2022

A corotating rarefaction region (CRR) is formed between the slow solar wind stream and the fast stream in front of it. It is associated with a region of small longitudinal extent on the solar surface and plasma parameters would correspond to a smooth transition between the interacting streams. However, previous studies have shown that the stream interaction can change parameters of individual solar wind components in an unexpected way. In our study, we focused on behavior of the second most abundant ionic component, alpha particles. Preliminary analysis of measurements at 1 AU revealed large variations of the alpha relative abundance (AHe) that did not correlate with the solar wind speed and alpha-proton relative drift changes. To determine the global profile of alpha properties across CRR at 1 AU, we performed the superposed epoch analysis of identified CRRs. We found continuous but spatially separated transitions of the alpha-proton relative abundance, relative drift, and alpha-proton temperature ratio from values corresponding to fast streams to those typical for slow streams. Despite the expectation that AHe would decrease from the beginning of the rarefaction, it corresponds to values usually observed in the fast solar wind for a large part of the CRR. Moreover, AHe is often enhanced near the expected stream interface. Therefore, we propose that a major part of the CRR is filled by the wind from a coronal hole and discuss various scenarios that could explain the obtained profiles of alpha particle parameters across CRRs. Finally, we use CRR observations at different radial distances from the Sun (Solar Orbiter, Ulysses, etc.) to identify effects connected with a radial evolution of these large-scale structures.
A global investigation of CMIP6 simulated extreme precipitation beyond biases in means
Authors: Abdelmoaty Hebatallah , Papalexiou Simon Michael , Rajulapati Chandra Rupa , AghaKouchak Amir
Published: March 2022

Climate models are the available tools to assess risks of extreme precipitation events due to climate change. Models simulating historical climate successfully are often reliable to simulate future climate. Here, we assess the performance of CMIP6 models in reproducing the observed annual maxima of daily precipitation (AMP) beyond the commonly used methods. This assessment takes three scales: (1) univariate comparison based on L-moments and relative difference measures; (2) bivariate comparison using Kernel densities of mean and L-variation, and of L-skewness and L-kurtosis, and (3) comparison of the entire distribution function using the Generalized Extreme Value () distribution coupled with a novel application of the Anderson-Darling Goodness-of-fit test. The results depict that 70% of simulations have mean and variation of AMP with a percentage difference within 10 from the observations. Also, the statistical shape properties, defining the frequency and magnitude of AMP, of simulations match well with observations. However, biases are observed in the mean and variation bivariate properties. Several models perform well with the HadGEM3-GC31-MM model performing well in all three scales when compared to the ground-based Global Precipitation Climatology (GPCC) data. Finally, the study highlights biases of CMIP6 models in simulating extreme precipitation in the Arctic, Tropics, arid and semi-arid regions.
Measuring resilience to multiple hazards: concepts, framework and application
Authors: Keating Adriana , Rubenstein Naomi , Campbell Karen , Norton Rachel , Nash David , Szoenyi Michael , Ianni Francisco
Published: March 2022

Resilience measurement frameworks that attempt to capture all hazards or are otherwise very generic do not support identification of actionable improvements in resilience. The questions of ‘resilience of what, to what?’ must be clearly defined. Building on the success of its flood resilience measurement for communities (FRMC) approach to measuring resilience to a single hazard, the Zurich Flood Resilience Alliance has now tackled this challenge  by developing and deploying a multi-hazard community resilience measurement framework and tool.

This presentation will outline the process of adapting a single-hazard resilience measurement approach to a multi-hazard one, which involved thoroughly engaging with questions about which aspects of a systems resilience are critical under a specific hazard, how they differ or converge with other hazards and why. As a result, the multi-hazard framework has been intentionally designed so that users can develop deeper insights into the hazard-specific aspects of a system as well as some of the more general resilience strengths and needs. Further, the multi-hazard framework has expanded the utility and capacity building benefits that were being achieved through the flood tool to different contexts and climate hazards.

We will present the final multi-hazard framework and how it is currently being used to jointly measure resilience two quite different hazards – flood and heatwave – in different settings in North and South America. Potential to add further hazards, such as wildfire and storms, will also be explored.
Potentiality of Multi-GNSS precise point positioning time transfer with ambiguity resolution in determining gravity potential
Authors: Xu Wei , Shen Wenbin , Li Lihong , Wang Lei , Ning An , Shen Ziyu
Published: March 2022

In this study the time transfer algorithms of the precise point positioning (PPP) and integer PPP (IPPP) are extended to Global Positioning System (GPS), Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and Galileo Navigation Satellite System (Galileo). Taking BRUX-OPMT, BRUX-PTB, BRUX-WTZR, and BRUX-CEBR four-time links as an example, the performances of the PPP and the IPPP time transfer of the GPS, BDS, Galileo and GLONASS systems are compared and analyzed. The results show that the performances of GPS and Galileo are better than those of BDS and GLONASS. With an ambiguity resolution, the frequency instability in time transfer can reach sub 10-16 level after five days. Compared with the PPP solutions, the long-term frequency stability of IPPP is improved by above 15% on average. If the frequency instability of the clock reaches 1 × 10-18, an equivalent altitude difference of 1.0 cm can be sensed with the help of the PPP or IPPP time transfer technique. High-precision GNSS time transfer methods, especially the IPPP time transfer techniques with their advantages in long-term stability, will provide prospective applications for determining the gravity potential, measuring height, and unifying the world height system. This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of China (NSFC) under Grants 42030105, 41721003, 41804012, 41631072, 41874023, Space Station Project (2020)228, and the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China under Grant 2019CFB611.

Keywords  Multi-GNSS  PPP  Ambiguity resolution  Time transfer  Gravity potential
Mapping the gender inequality of publishing in the Danish geosciences
Authors: Skytt-Larsen Christine Benna , Karlsson Nanna Bjørnholt , Andresen Katrine Juul , Breck Astrid , Sørensen Trine Kobbel , Wedel Maximilian Thomas
Published: March 2022

The STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) faculties in Denmark suffer from a dearth of women in tenured positions. This is particularly the case for the geosciences in spite of a seemingly equal distribution of men and women graduating in geoscience.

In this presentation, we highlight the disparities and processes that hinder women from progressing in an academic career in the geosciences in Denmark. We have collected data from Geocenter Denmark that comprises three institutions, Institute for Geoscience, University of Aarhus, Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources, University of Copenhagen and the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland. The data include information on all publications from 2018-2020 including number of publications per researcher, number of (female) authors per publication, impact factor etc. A detailed study has been performed tracking the publication records of all PhD students employed at Geocenter Denmark from
2010-2017. Our data also detail the uptake and graduation of undergraduate, masters and PhD students.

Our results show that for the last 15 years, an equal number of men and women have graduated with a geoscience degree in Denmark. Similarly, on average an equal number of men and women have been awarded a geoscientific PhD degree.

Analysis of publications from PhD students reveals disparities between genders. Regardless of gender, PhD students publish on average the same number of first author publications during the early years of their career* but male PhD students have more co-authorships. This suggests that female PhD students are not provided with the same opportunities for networking and co-authorship as their male colleagues.

This disparity continues on all levels, where more than 1/3 of all publications from Geocenter Denmark have no women on the author list. If the first author is male, the number of publications without any female co-authors further increases. Statistically, the chances of obtaining such a high number of publications without female co-authors by random is practically nil. We argue that mechanisms are in place that exclude women from contributing to and co-authoring studies.

Number of publications is a key factor in academic hireability and can determine success with career progression, funding applications etc. Our data highlight a structural problem in placing a high emphasis on the number of publications.

Disclaimer: Due to lack of data, we consider only binary gender and thus we cannot represent the true
non-binary gender diversity.
*here defined as up to and including 3 years after PhD graduation.
Classification of flood-generating processes in Africa
Authors: Tramblay Yves , Villarini Gabriele , Saidi Mohamed El Mehdi , Massari Christian , Stein Lina
Published: March 2022

Floods have large impacts on the populations and the economy of Africa, but little is known about the dominant flood generating mechanisms across this continent. This study is based on a large set of African basins, with the aim of identifying the main mechanisms causing floods. A total of 13815 flood events between 1981 and 2018 in 529 catchments are classified to identify the main flood drivers in different African regions. The classification is based on daily river discharge data together with precipitation and soil moisture from the ERA5-Land reanalysis, to identify flood events associated with short rains, long rains, or excess rain over saturated soils. Results indicated that processes related to soil saturation, either before floods or during long rainfall events, are strongly associated with the occurrence of floods in Africa. Excess rain in Western Africa, and long rain for catchments in Northern and Southern Africa, are the two dominant generating mechanisms, contributing to more than 75% of all flood events. Overall, no significant changes were detected in the relative importance of these drivers over the last decades. The major implication of these results is to underline the importance of soil moisture dynamics, in addition to precipitation intensity, to analyze the evolution of flood hazards or implement flood forecasting systems.

 
Identifying conditions that sculpted bedforms - Human insights to build an effective artificial intelligence ‘AI’
Authors: Hillier John K. , Unsworth Chris , De Clerk Luke , Savel'ev Sergey
Published: March 2022

Insights from a geoscience communication activity, verified using preliminary investigations with an artificial neural network, illustrate that observation of humans’ abilities can help design an effective machine learning algorithm - colloquially known as Artificial Intelligence or ‘AI’. Even given only one set of 'training' examples, survey participants could visually recognise which flow conditions created bedforms (e.g. sand dunes, riverbed ripples) from their shapes, but an interpreter's geoscience expertise does not help.  Together, these observations were interpreted as indicating that a machine learning algorithm might be trained successfully from limited data, particularly if it is 'helped' by pre-processing bedforms into a simple shape familiar from childhood play. [https://gc.copernicus.org/articles/5/11/2022/]
Machine learning for boulder detection in acoustic data
Authors: Feldens Peter , Papenmeier Svenja , Themann Sören , Feldens Agata , Westfeld Patrick
Published: March 2022

Sublittoral hard substrates, for example formed by blocks and boulders, are hotspots for marine biodiversity, especially for benthic communities. Knowledge on boulder occurrence is also important for marine and coastal management, including offshore wind parks and safety of navigation. The occurrence of boulders have to be reported by member states to the European Union. Typically, boulders are located by acoustic surveys with multibeam echo sounders and side scan sonars. The manual interpretation of these data is subjective and time consuming. This presentation reports on recent work concerned with the detection of boulders in different acoustic datasets by convolutional neural networks, highlighting current approaches, challenges and future opportunities.
An ensemble model for gully erosion susceptibility mapping in highly complex terrain area
Authors: Yang Annan , Wang Chunmei , Pang Guowei , Long Yongqing , Wang Lei , M. Cruse Richard , Yang Qinke
Published: March 2022

Gully erosion is the most severe type of water erosion and is a major land degradation process. Predicting gully erosion susceptibility (GES) map efficiently and interpretably remains a challenge, especially in complex terrain areas. In this study, a new method called WoE-MLC model was used to solve the above problem, which combined machine learning classification algorithms and the weight of evidence (WoE) model in the Loess Plateau. The three machine learning algorithms taken into account included random forest (RF), gradient boosted decision trees (GBDT), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). And the performance of the models was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The results showed that: (1) GES maps were well predicted by machine learning regression and WoE-MLC models, with the area under the curve (AUC) values both greater than 0.92, and the latter was more computationally efficient and interpretable; (2) The XGBoost algorithm was more efficient in GES map than the other two algorithms, with the stronger generalization ability and best performance in avoiding overfitting (averaged AUC = 0.947), followed by the RF (averaged AUC = 0.944), and GBDT algorithm (averaged AUC = 0.938); (3) Slope gradient, land use, and altitude were the main factors for GES mapping. This study may provide a possible method for gully erosion susceptibility mapping at large scale.
On the North Atlantic Circulation
Authors: Rhein Monika
Published: March 2022

Based on new observations and on improved ocean and climate modeling, the last decade was marked by a seminal progress in our understanding of the North Atlantic circulation.  The presentation will summarize recent insights and discuss future challenges. Based on new observations and on improved ocean and climate modeling, the last decade was marked by a seminal progress in our understanding of the North Atlantic circulation.  The presentation will summarize recent insights and discuss future challenges. Based on new observations and on improved ocean and climate modeling, the last decade was marked by a seminal progress in our understanding of the North Atlantic circulation.  The presentation will summarize recent insights and discuss future challenges.  
Reconstructions of North Hemisphere summer temperature based on tree-ring proxies using linear and machine learning methods
Authors: Zhang Zeguo , Wagner Sebastian , Zorita Eduardo
Published: March 2022

In order to improve the climate reconstruction quality and better understand last millennium temperature variability, a reservoir computing (RC) method: Echo State Network (ESN) is applied for the reconstruction of the North Hemisphere summer seasonal temperature. ESN, a specialized type of recurrent neural network method, belongs to the family of machine learning methods, which is suitable for mapping complex systems with chaotic dynamics, for instance the hemisphere temperature variability. ESN is the widely implementation of RC and employs a structure with neuron-like nodes and recurrent connections, the internal reservoir, to handle the sequential data. It consists of three layers: input layer, reservoir layer and output layer; a randomly generated reservoir in ESN preserves a set of nonlinear transformations of the input data and a linear regression criterion is employed for its training process to optimize the parameters. ESN could provide an alternative nonlinear machine learning method that might improve the prediction or reconstruction skills of paleoclimate. In this context, we first conduct pseudoproxy experiments (PPEs) using three different Earth System Models (ESM), including Community Climate System Model CCSM4, the Max-Planck-Institute climate model MPI-ESM-P and the Community Earth System Model CESM1-CAM5. Two classical multivariable linear regression methods, Principal component regression and Canonical correlation analysis, are also employed as a benchmark. Among the three models providing climate simulations of the past millennium, both derived spatial and temporal reconstruction results based on PPEs demonstrate that ESN could capture more variance than other two classical methods, and could potentially achieve paleo-temperature reconstruction improvements. This suggests that the ESN machine learning method could be an alternative method for paleoclimate analysis.
Assimilation of total electron content in a SAMI3 simulation
Authors: Haiducek John , Helmboldt Joseph , Huba Joseph
Published: March 2022

Total electron content (TEC) observations can provide insights into electron density variations in the ionosphere. Such variations are associated with many aspects of ionospheric dynamics, including traveling ionospheric disturbances. In the present work we assimilate observations of TEC and horizontal TEC gradients into the SAMI3 (SAMI3 is Another Model of the Ionosphere 3D) ionosphere model. Assimilation into SAMI3 is accomplished using an ensemble Kalman filter implemented within LightDA, an extensible data assimilation library. Our TEC gradient observations are obtained from the Very Large Array Low-band Ionosphere and Transient Experiment (VLITE) and the TEC measurements are derived from GNSS receiver data. VLITE provides high precision and high spatial resolution TEC gradient observations over a small area, while GNSS observations supplement these with global coverage. By leveraging TEC observations in a physics-based model through data assimilation, we aim to improve our understanding of ionospheric processes and develop tools for improved ionospheric forecasting capabilities.
Sediment composition and depositional environments in tropical Lake Sentani, Papua Province, Indonesia
Authors: Kallmeyer Jens , Nomosatryo Sulung , Tjallingii Rik , Henny Cynthia , Ridwansyah Iwan , Wagner Dirk , Tomás Sara
Published: March 2022

Tropical Lake Sentani in the Indonesian Province Papua consists of four separate sub-basins and is surrounded by a geologically  diverse catchment. Also, strong morphological differences between the sub-basins result in a unique water column structure for each basin, ranging from fully mixed to meromictic. We characterized the surface sediment (upper 5 cm) of the lake’s four sub-basins based on multivariate statistical analyses (Principal Component Analysis, hierarchical clustering) of major element compositions obtained by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) scanning. Three types of sediment are identified based on distinct compositional differences between rivers, shallow/proximal and deep/distal lake sediments. The different sediment types are mainly characterized by the amounts of organic carbon (TOC) and sulfur on one side and elements associated with siliciclastic rocks (Ti, Al, Si, K) on the other. Our study shows large spatial heterogeneity within the lake’s sub-basins that is mainly caused by catchment geology and topography, river runoff as well as the bathymetry and the depth of the oxycline.The samples from rivers and river mouths are dominated by siliciclastic elements and linked with coarser grain sizes as well as an abundance of mafic rock fractions or carbonates, depending on catchment geology. The sedimentary environment also controls the behavior of Fe and Mn, as these elements change from a positive correlation with siliciclastic elements in river samples to a negative correlation in the lake, indicating a more redox-sensitive behavior. These highly variable conditions make Lake Sentani a natural laboratory, with its different sub-basins representing different depositional environments under identical tropical climate conditions
An extended investigation of the long-term trends in the fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) calibration parameters on the four Cluster spacecraft
Authors: Alconcel Leah-Nani , Oddy Tim , Brown Patrick , Carr Chris
Published: March 2022

An extended investigation of the long-term trends in the fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) calibration parameters on the four Cluster spacecraft

Leah-Nani Alconcel1, Tim Oddy2, Patrick Brown2, and Chris Carr2

1 University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

2 Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Over 20 years of calibrated data from the Cluster fluxgate magnetometer instruments (FGMs) aboard the four Cluster spacecraft are now accessible through the European Space Agency (ESA) Cluster Science Archive (CSA). The FGM team at Imperial College – the PI institute that built and supports operation of the magnetometers – has regularly provided validated data to the CSA since its inception. In 2014, the team published an initial investigation of the long-term trends in the calibration parameter stability between 2001 and 2012. The investigation showed that the offset parameter drift for three of the Cluster spacecraft FGMs (C2, C3 and C4) was nearly negligible, with the fourth being approximately 0.2 nT per year. This remarkable level of consistency is crucial to Cluster mission science, as the FGM data are used for the derivation of some datasets from other Cluster instruments.

With our dataset doubled in length, it is possible to quantitatively analyse very slow variations (years-long) trends observed in both the offsets and other parameters. We are now able to present an update to the earlier work, showing correlations between instrument calibration and housekeeping parameters.
Source activation or fluvial transport – dynamic controls on spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of plastic pollution in river corridors
Authors: Krause Stefan , Nel Holly , Schneidewind Uwe , Kukkola Anna , Drummond Jennifer , Kelleher Liam , Lynch Iseult , Sambrook Smith Greg , Runkel Rob , Allen Deonie , Allen Steve , Wazne Mohammad , Dendievel Andre-Marie , Simon Laurent , Mermillod-Blondin Florian , Haverson Lee , Yonan Yasmin , Mourier Brice , Piegay Herve , Gomez-Velez Jesus
Published: March 2022

Microplastic pollution has been found to be ubiquitous in freshwater ecosystems around the world, with global models predicting river network contributions to the oceans to present major and still increasing sources of marine plastic waste. While previous research has to a large degree focussed on identifying potential sources of plastic pollution to freshwater ecosystems (such as wastewater treatment plants, storm sewers, urban areas), and attributing these to observed microplastic pollution patterns in river corridors, little is known under what conditions potential pollution sources become activated and connected to surface waters, and how the fluvial transport of different micro- and nanoplastic size fractions determines spatial patterns of plastics along river networks, including long-term deposition, storage and potential resuspension.

This paper integrates field-based evidence of our global river microplastic survey and several comparative large river network studies (including the rivers Ganges, Boulder Creek, Rhone, and others) with river basin to global scale plastic fate and transport models to identify major drivers of hotspots and hot moments of riverine plastic pollution. Our results highlight under what conditions prior knowledge of the source distributions of plastic pollution carries significant predictive capacity for expected river corridor microplastic concentrations and when (and where) these patters can get transformed substantially by fluvial transport (and transformation) processes. Fusing this experimental evidence with our model predictions revealed significant differences in the downstream footprint, longevity and legacy of dominant sources and transport controls of plastics in the water column and in streambed sediments, driven by gravitational settling, hyporheic exchange flow and resuspension processes.  
Immersive storytelling and the power of using 360 to amplify the experiences, agency and action of children and young people facing flood risk
Authors: Parsons Katie J. , Lloyd Williams Alison , Skinner Chris , Parsons Daniel R.
Published: March 2022

Flood hazard is projected to at least double by 2050 as a consequence of the impacts of climate change, meaning many more societies and communities will need to be able to mitigate and adapt to the resultant increase in flood risk.

One often overlooked aspect of flooding is the experiences of children and young people who also deal with disasters first-hand and who often have a very different viewpoint than adults.  In 2014 researchers (Lloyd Williams et al., 2017) worked with flood-affected children, using creative and participatory methodologies to explore their experiences and tell their story. The research gave the young people the opportunity to express their voice on this issue and take action, including the production of Children’s Flood Manifestos that called for changes in UK flood management. A key feature of these manifestos was the call for all children to receive flood education as part of the school curriculum.

The research reported herein takes up that call by seeking new and innovative ways to engage young people with flood education. As part of the work, the children’s flood stories have been brought to life through the use of immersive storytelling and 360 technologies. In the Help Callum and Help Sali immersive videos, generated via the project, the viewer gets to experience the children’s stories first-hand and develop an understanding of some of the issues that young people face during flood events. As part of the immersive journey the viewer is asked to think about what would have helped the children and how we could all be better prepared for flooding. To complement these films, we have co-created a suite of learning resources with teachers, young people and England’s Environment Agency, including links to the National Curriculum and the Sustainable Development Goals, exploring how the videos can be used to communicate and contribute to better understanding, and subsequent action, in response to flood risk among a new generation of young people.

The paper will show you how it is possible to not only communicate your science but also demonstrate how working with young people can help to build agency, self-esteem and be a means to taking meaningful action.

Lloyd Williams, A., Bingley, A., Walker, M., Mort, M. and Howells, V., 2017. “That’s Where I First Saw the Water”: Mobilizing Children’s Voices in UK Flood Risk Management. Transfers, 7(3), pp.76-93.

 
Using dye tracers to understand the development of the T–-S structureof the ocean thermocline
Authors: Nurser A. J. George , Marzocchi Alice
Published: March 2022

Understanding what sets the T--S relation within the thermocline, and
how long and what volume of ventilated waters in each T--S class stay in the sub-surface
thermocline is a key question for climate prediction. In particular the sparsity of
the T--S distribution has been a puzzle since the days of
Stommel. Here we use runs performed for the TICTOC project, in which water is labelled by its
year of ventilation and its source region, to understand how the
volumetric T--S relation is laid down year on year, and  evaluate the
importance of near-surface (mostly vertical) mixing in the first year of ventilation
against longer term mixing (much of which is isopycnal) in specifying the T--S distribution.
A first attempt at a continental scale geothermal heat flow model for Africa
Authors: Al-Aghbary Magued , Sobh Mohamed , Gerhards Christian
Published: March 2022

Reliable and direct geothermal heat flow (GHF) measurements in Africa are sparse. It is a challenging task to create a map that reflects the GHF and covers the African continent in in its entirety.

We approached this task by training a random forest regression algorithm. After carefully tuning the algorithm's hyperparameters, the trained model relates the GHF to various geophysical and geological covariates that are considered to be statistically significant for the GHF. The covariates are mainly global datasets and models like Moho depth, Curie depth, gravity anomalies. To improve the predictions, we included some regional datasets. The quality and reliability of the datasets are assessed before the algorithm is trained.

The model's performance is validated against Australia, which has a large database of GHF measurements. The predicted GHF map of Africa shows acceptable performance indicators and is consistent with existing recognized GHF maps of Africa.
Trait-network reveals the adaptation strategies of plants
Authors: Pan Quan , Peaucelle Marc , Bauters Marijn , Verbeeck Hans
Published: March 2022

Multi-traits covariation and plant trait-network have become a hot issue in the current research. The adaptation of plants to environmental changes depends on the coordinated changes of multiple traits, and ecosystem processes and functions also rely on the combined effects of multiple traits. Recent studies show that the combination of traits in different organs of plants has great potential to study the adaptation strategies of plants to their environment, but such assertions have not been proven on a larger scale. For exploring plant adaptation strategies worldwidely,we collected 268680 trait records with environmental background information from TRY database after pre-processing, including 4 taxonomic traits and 22 continuous traits from different organs of 25014 species. In this research, we consider species as basic units,as they are the units for responding to environmental change and ecosystem management. This presentation mainly covers the adaptation strategies embodied by different plant trait-network and the main environmental factors that drive the change of plant trait-network. Revealing the interdependence of plant traits could not only advance our understanding of the adaptive strategies of plants, but also helps to optimize the vegetation dynamic models. At the end,  this presentation will prospect for potential and ideas for research on plant trait-network for vegetation model improvement and ecosystem management measures.
Physical Regimes of 2D MHD turbulent reconnection in different Lundquist numbers
Authors: Sun Haomin , Yang Yan , Lu Quanming , Lu San , Wan Minping , Wang Rongsheng
Published: March 2022

Using two-dimensional (2D) MHD simulations in different Lundquist numbers , we investigate physical regimes of turbulent reconnection and the role of turbulence in enhancing the reconnection rate. Turbulence is externally injected into the system with varying strength. External driven turbulence contributes to the conversion of magnetic energy to kinetic energy flowing out of the reconnection site and thus enhances the reconnection rate. The plasmoids formed in high Lundquist numbers contribute to the fast reconnection rate as well. Moreover, an analysis of the power of turbulence implies its possible association with the generation of plasmoids. Additionally, the presence of turbulence has great impact on the magnetic energy conversion and may be favorable for the Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) instability in the magnetic reconnection process.
Ranking the drivers of the Martian bow shock location: a statistical analysis of Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN and Mars Express observations
Authors: Garnier Philippe , Jacquey Christian , Gendre Xavier , Génot Vincent , Mazelle Christian , Fang Xiaohua , Gruesbeck Jacob , Sanchez-Cano Beatriz , Halekas Jasper
Published: March 2022

The Martian interaction with the solar wind leads to the formation of a bow shock upstream of the planet. The shock dynamics appears complex, due to the combined influence of external (solar photons, solar wind plasma and fields) and internal (crustal magnetic fields, ionized atmosphere) drivers. The extreme ultraviolet fluxes and magnetosonic mach number are known major drivers of the shock location, while the influence of other possible drivers is less constrained or unknown such as crustal magnetic fields or the solar wind dynamic pressure and the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) intensity and orientation.

We analyze and rank the influence of the main drivers of the Martian shock location, based on published datasets from Mars Express and Mars Atmosphere Volatile EvolutioN missions and on several methods such as the Akaike Information Criterion, Least Absolute Shrinkage Selection Operator regression, and partial correlations. We include here the influence of the crustal fields, extreme ultraviolet fluxes, magnetosonic mach number, solar wind dynamic pressure and various Interplanetary Magnetic Field parameters (intensity and orientation angles).

We conclude that the major drivers of the shock location are extreme ultraviolet fluxes and magnetosonic mach number, while crustal fields and solar wind dynamic pressure are secondary drivers at a similar level. The IMF orientation also plays a significant role, with larger distances for perpendicular shocks rather than parallel shocks.
Quantifying the economic feasibility of solar irrigation in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Falchetta Giacomo , Semeria Francesco , Tuninetti Marta
Published: March 2022

An erratic water supply is a limiting factor for crop production. In several world regions, switching from rainfed to irrigated agriculture has allowed farmers to increase production robustly and stabilise agricultural yields. Yet, in sub-Saharan Africa - the world region with the fastest demographic growth - extensive rain-fed still agriculture accounts for more than 90% of agricultural land, more than one-in-six people are undernourished, and electricity access mostly lacks in rural areas. Previous assessment revealed significant solar irrigation technical potential in the region thanks to the large availability of water supply sources and high solar irradiance. To assess the economic feasibility of this large-scale transformation, here we conduct a high-resolution assessment of solar irrigation solutions, comparing system costs with potential revenues. We estimate and locate the share of rainfed cropland in SSA could be equipped with solar irrigation while ensuring groundwater sustainability and calculate the relative payback time. In addition, we estimate how and to what extent the transition could positively impact food security, in term of kilocalories, and protein and fat grams per capita per year. Our analysis supports public and private actors working along the water-energy-food-economy nexus wishing to identify economic feasibility areas, quantifying the potential net economic benefit of developing solar irrigation, and fostering investment for a synergetic achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. 