bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Preliminary Study of the Feeding Habits of the Japanese Oyster Drill, Ocinebra japonica
Authors: Chew Kenneth K. , Eisler Ronald
Published: April 2011

Individually marked Japanese oyster drills, Ocinebra japonica, were presented with a choice of four different food organisms: mussels (Mytilus edulis); clams (Venerupis japonica); and oysters (Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea lurida). During the course of the 65-day experiment mussels constituted 42.6 per cent of the food organisms attacked by drills; clams, 36.5 per cent; and oysters, 20.9 per cent. The average time that an Ocinebra took to drill though a shell and finish feeding on the body mass are: mussels, 4.98 days; clams, 6.31 days; Olympia oysters, 5.70 days; and Pacific oysters, 14.0 days (on the basis of one Pacific oyster). Experimental evidence suggests that a drill will continue to attack the same species of food organism that it had attacked previously, rather than moving to an easily accessible organism of a different species.
Artificial Drying of Salt Fish by Thermocouple Control
Authors: Legendre R.
Published: April 2011

In order to provide for ideal conditions of temperature and relative humidity in artificial dryers for salt fish a new method of control has been devised. A thermocouple, inserted in the flesh near the surface, regulates temperature of the air circulating in the dryer. Experiments with light and heavy salted fish confirmed theoretical considerations. The new method increases the drying rate, permits drying under unfavourable atmospheric conditions and avoids over-drying of the surface. Consequently, the difficulty of obtaining uniform batches of choice quality has been minimized. Light salted fish can be dried in three separate periods instead of four.
The Composition of the Fatty Acids Liberated from the Phospholipids in the Preparation of Salted Codfish
Authors: Cardin A. , Bordeleau M. A. , Laframboise A.
Published: April 2011

The component fatty acids of the phospholipids of fresh and light salted cod flesh were determined. During the preparation of light salted "Gaspé cure" codfish 77% of the phospholipids fatty acids are set free. The fatty acids liberated are mainly the C20 and C22 highly unsaturated. The C92 acids have a mean unsaturation of −11.5 H. The C16 saturated and unsaturated acids are also preferentially liberated.
On the Preference of Roaches (Leuciscus rutilus) for Trinitrophenol, Studied with the Fluviarium Technique
Authors: Lindahl Per Eric , Marcström Arne
Published: April 2011

The fluviarium, first described by Höglund (1951), has been improved in several respects.The reaction of roaches in stepped concentration gradients of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol has been studied in the fluviarium; all gradients used were of 10 equal steps, the lowest step being always pure tapwater. Preliminary experiments showed that specimens of this species are attracted by this substance in concentrations lower than 3 × 10−4 molar. However, their responsiveness varies very much, and seems to depend on length as well as on age, the smaller fishes reacting more promptly than the larger ones, and the older fishes more promptly than the younger ones. These differences are probably caused by different activity of the fishes.When the steepness of the gradients is increased the reaction of the fishes also increases, up to the gradient with maximal concentration about 8 × 10−5 molar. Then the reaction remains unaltered up to a maximum of at least 28 × 10−5 molar. Still steeper gradients cause a decrease in the reaction.The weakest gradient causing a reaction of the roaches has been estimated by statistical extrapolation to be one with maximum concentration of 0.38 × 10−5 molar.
A Method of Estimating Natural and Fishing Mortalities
Authors: Paloheimo J. E.
Published: April 2011

A simple method of estimating instantaneous natural and fishing mortality rates is given. It uses the maximum of the available information. The method requires data on numbers caught by age-classes, and data on (effective) effort for a series of years. For each year-class is calculated the weighted sum of catches from all age-groups from a given age on, and these sums are used as estimates of year-class strengths. The weighting factors depend on the instantaneous fishing and natural mortality rates; the best values of mortality rates are arrived at by iteration. When statistics are not complete a correction factor can be applied. This method is compared with Fry's "virtual" population size estimates; in both cases the basic statistics are catches. We have, however, introduced correction factors to allow for varying fishing intensities and incomplete statistics at older ages.
A Note on the Response of Developing Chum Salmon Eggs to Free Carbon Dioxide in Solution
Authors: Alderdice D. F. , Wickett W. P.
Published: April 2011

not available
The Rivers Inlet Sockeye Salmon
Authors: Foskett D. R.
Published: April 2011

The Rivers Inlet sockeye catch has averaged about 1 million fish per year, over 45 years. These are from smolts produced in a cold, deep lake, only 30 square miles in extent, and most of it heavily silted by glacial tributaries. The water has only a moderate lime content and its reaction is neutral or very slightly acid. The lake's plankton crops are small, though blooms of bluegreen algae occur in autumn in the clear uppermost basins, following on the death of large numbers of spawning sockeye. Smolts are unusually small in size, averaging about 2 grams when sampled in 1914–16 and again in 1954; almost all are age 1. The commercial gill-net fishery harvests most efficiently the salmon of intermediate sizes: the medium and large age 4 fish, and the medium and small age 5 fish. Hence escapement tends to consist of extremes of size, the larger age 5's, smaller age 4's, and almost all the age 3's. Sockeye spawning takes place in many inlet streams, along parts of the lake shore, and in the outlet river. The spawners in the various tributaries differ considerably in respect to the age structure of their runs, and to some extent in size at a given age, though the selective fishery may account for some part of these differences. Conditions for spawning and incubation in the region are still practically in their natural state.The most important management problem is to determine whether increasing the fry output into the lake would increase or decrease production of adult sockeye: the smolts are now so small that any larger numbers might possibly reduce their size below some critical level. Next in importance is to determine whether or not the present numbers of spawners are necessary to fertilize the lake for the growth of the young, and if so, whether a less valuable fertilizer might be substituted.
Shubenacadie Salmon
Authors: Huntsman A. G.
Published: April 2011

Salmon from the fishery in the brackish outflow of the Shubenacadie River through its estuary and Cobequid Bay consist mainly of 3-year-old grilse that are much larger than comparable fish taken in Grand Lake at the head of the River, and somewhat larger than comparable fish taken in Minas Channel through which these waters are connected with the Bay of Fundy. These salmon are found to be peculiar also in age composition and thus to form a separate population. That they are large for their age is attributed to exceptionally good estuarial conditions for production of zooplankton and for feeding.With low rainfall these fish are caught mainly far in the outflow and with high rainfall far out. Their numbers fluctuate greatly for unknown reasons except that utter failure of the grilse in 1951 has been found related to lack of rain when they should have been spawned.
Haddock Scale–Otolith Comparisons
Authors: Kohler A. C. , Clark J. R.
Published: April 2011

Comparisons of scale and otolith age readings have been made for haddock from Subareas 4 and 5 of the ICNAF Convention Area. Percentage of disagreeing readings increases with increasing average age of the fish. In cases of disagreement, scale ages are consistently lower than otolith ages for fish above about 7 years of age in Subarea 5, and for practically all ages in Subarea 4. Variation in results from the 2 methods produces differences in relative strengths of year-classes but has little effect on growth rates.
Age and Growth of Smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), of the Miramichi River, New Brunswick
Authors: McKenzie R. A.
Published: April 2011

Smelt develop scales at 20 to 25 mm. length. The circuli or ridges on them grow from the anterior and posterior to meet laterally. The posterior free part of the smelt scale is larger than the anterior and is used in age determinations. When scale growth ceases during winter a "scar" or "line" forms just outside the incomplete ridges around the edge of the scale. Hatching occurs in early summer. Scales generally develop 2 to 3 months later. Some scales are only clear platelets at the end of the first growing season. The "line" which forms around the margin of each scale is the only evidence of the first annual growth check. A positive correlation exists between number of ridges formed on the scales during the first year and lengths of fish within a year-class. There is no significant difference in weight of the sexes at the same length during the fishery, though females do have a faster growth rate than males, accelerating as they grow older. In the fishery and at spawning the average size of different ages declines as the season progresses. Smelt in the Miramichi generally mature at the end of their second year when 105 to 120 mm. long. They are caught in the commercial fishery in quantity for the first time during the winter preceding the end of their second year when they usually comprise about two thirds of the catch. Early hatching is correlated with greater growth in the first year and this greater size persists as smelt grow older.
Herring Migrations in the Passamaquoddy Region
Authors: McKenzie R. A. , Skud B. E.
Published: April 2011

From June 20 to November 21, 1957, 37,495 herring were tagged in the southern part of the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine. These fish were immature and ranged in total length from 14.2 to 18.7 cm. and in age from 1 to 3 years. Recovery of 792 (2.1%) tagged individuals indicated that the herring moved in and out of Passamaquoddy Bay throughout the summer and early autumn. No interchange of herring took place between Passamaquoddy Bay and the coast of Maine or Nova Scotia. Herring moved into Passamaquoddy from as far south as Grand Manan Island and as far east as Point Lepreau. The greatest straight-line distance moved was 55 miles, the mean time before recapture was 12 days, and the longest time 82 days.
Studies of Reproduction and Feeding of Atlantic Cod (Gadus callarias L.) in the Southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence
Authors: Powles P. M.
Published: April 2011

Size at maturity, time of spawning, fecundity and food of cod were examined in the southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence during the summers of 1955 and 1956. In 1955 and 1956 males were 50% mature at 50 and 53 cm., respectively; females, for the same years, were 50% mature at 52 and 57 cm., respectively. The spawning period lasted from May to September, with peak spawning at the end of June. A cod of 51 cm. in length produced 200,000 eggs, while a larger specimen of 140 cm. in length carried 12 million ripening eggs.Small cod, of 11 to 30 cm. in length, selected a diet of pelagic crustaceans, namely mysids, euphausids and amphipods. With increase in size, cod adopted a more varied diet, in which fish and benthic invertebrates became increasingly important. At lengths over 70 cm., pelagic and bottom forms were taken in approximately equal volumes. Herring was the most important fish in the diet of large cod over 50 cm. in length.
The Action of Pseudomonas on Fish Muscle: 3. Identification of Organisms Producing Fruity and Oniony Odours
Authors: Castell C. H. , Greenough Maxine F. , Dale Jacqueline
Published: April 2011

Bacteria capable of producing fruity and onion-like odours have been isolated from Atlantic cod and haddock fillets that had developed off-odours of this type. These organisms have been identified as being non-proteolytic strains of Pseudomonas fragi.Compared to other fish-spoiling bacteria, including cultures of Serratia, Proteus, Achromobacter, and green pigmented Pseudomonas, Ps. fragi is quite sensitive to the bacteriostatic action of antibiotics of the tetracycline group.
Extractives of Fish Muscle. 2. Solvent–Water Ratio in Extraction of Fat and Water-solubles
Authors: Dambergs N.
Published: April 2011

The efficiency with which acetone or isopropanol can extract fat, water-solubles, and proteinaceous materials from Atlantic cod muscle depends upon changes in the water content of the solvent. Optimum dilutions for maximum yields of extractives have been determined.
Three-year-old Pink Salmon
Authors: Anas Raymond E.
Published: April 2011

A specimen of Oncorhynchus gorbuscha 552 mm in fork length, taken in the Skeena River fishery in 1956, had scales indicating two years of growth completed and substantial 3rd-year growth.
Muscular Fatigue and Mortality in Troll-Caught Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
Authors: Parker Robert R. , Black Edgar C.
Published: April 2011

Blood samples were analyzed for lactic acid from 66 troll caught chinook salmon after from zero to 103/4 hours of rest. Fish were held in a live box aboard a trolling vessel. During the course of the experiment 22 individuals died. Analysis of these data indicate a general response of blood lactic acid comparable with results of other experiments. The typical response is a gradual increase of blood lactic acid to high levels in the third and fourth hours, followed by a general decline. Death is strongly associated with high blood lactic acid. The level of lactic acid response is not significantly increased with more than 10 minutes of vigorous exercise nor is it significantly affected by the size of the fish within the ranges sampled in this experiment. Mortality rate is estimated at 71% with 95 percent binomial confidence limits of 40% and 86%.
A Study of Six Winter Seasons of Commercial Fishing on Lake Winnipeg, 1950–1955
Authors: Hewson L. C.
Published: April 2011

Investigations of a Lake Winnipeg winter fishery for sauger, Stizostedion canadense, and yellow walleye, S. vitreum vitreum, during January and February each year revealed some significant changes in average size for two species as the season progressed, and from year to year. Average weight based on 50 to 1600 fish approximated 0.5 lb for sauger and 0.7 for walleye in most areas. Fishing success declined during the study period. A sample of the sauger catch revealed mainly age-groups III, IV and V. Fish catches appeared unrelated to either water temperatures or dissolved oxygen. Increased use of nylon nets had no apparent effect on annual production.
Habitat and Associated Fauna of Four Species of Fish in Ontario Streams
Authors: Hallam J. C.
Published: April 2011

Four species of fish found in Ontario streams can be divided into two distinct groups on the basis of habitat and associated fauna. Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) and Cottus bairdi Girard are found associated in cool source waters whereas Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque) and Micropterus dolomieui Lacépède occur together in warmer downstream waters. The latter group has more associated species of fish than the former. Some invertebrates such as certain stonefly and mayfly nymphs occur frequently with fish of one group and rarely with fish of the other group. They may be useful as indicators of waters likely to be inhabited by or suitable for the species of fish with which they are frequently associated.
Proteins in Fish Muscle. 15. Note on the Preparation of Actin from God Muscle with Potassium Iodide
Authors: Dingle J. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
The Relationship of the Juvenile Herring Stocks in Barkley Sound to the Major Adult Herring Populations in British Columbia
Authors: Hourston Alan S.
Published: April 2011

During the summers of 1951–53, small body-cavity tags were inserted in 55,547 juvenile (1-year) herring on the lower west coast of Vancouver Island. Fifty of these tags were recoved from the catches of adult fish between 1953–54 and 1956–57. These recoveries indicated homing by sub-district (the region occupied by an adult population) to be 52% after two years at large, and 64% after three years. Comparable data for herring tagged as adults showed 82% and 81% homing respectively. The greater tendency for the immature fish to mix with other adult populations may result from the fact that these fish join adult schools when the latter are considerably dispersed and intermixed on the offshore feeding grounds. Thus, population studies linking the juvenile and adult stages may require the use of a larger basic unit of area than that encompassing the distribution of the adult population. The dimensions of this unit will depend on the local potential for intermixing of adult populations at the time of recruitment.
Mesh Selection in Herring Gill Nets
Authors: Olsen Steinar
Published: April 2011

A method described by Holt (1957) to determine the effect of mesh selection in gill nets, has been applied to a material of herring collected in Newfoundland waters in 1957–58.The method requires simultaneous operation of two or more nets, differing slightly in mesh size, but identical in every other respect.The selection curve for herring nets was found to be fairly sharply peaked and slightly skewed to the right.Simultaneous samples of catches taken by three different mesh sizes and adjusted accordingly for the effect of mesh selection did not, in general, differ significantly in length composition over the main range of length distribution.
The Distribution of Chaetognatha in the Gulf of Alaska in 1954 and 1956
Authors: Sund Paul N.
Published: April 2011

Zooplankton collections from two cruises to the Gulf of Alaska during 1954 and 1956 were studied to determine the species of Chaetognatha present, to establish their distribution within those waters, and to consider the distribution of the species with regard to certain general hydrographic features prevalent in the region at the time the collections were made. Also considered were a few collections made during the summer of 1958 in the waters surrounding San Juan Island in the San Juan Archipelago, Washington.The general oceanographic features of the Gulf of Alaska are described. The distributions and frequency of occurrence of 3 species of 2 genera of chaetognatha are described and discussed. Eukrohnia hamata is found at most off-shore stations, diminishing in number nearer the coast in less saline waters. Sagitta elegans is apparently cosmopolitan in the areas studied. S. lyra an oceanic form, was found in regions influenced by waters of the Subarctic Region and the American Coastal Region. The presence of S. lyra in inland waters of the San Juan Archipelago during the summer of 1958 is considered to be an indication of the shoreward movement of oceanic waters.
Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During Spawning Migration: VI. Ribonucleic Acid and Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Authors: Creelman Vera M. , Tomlinson Neil
Published: April 2011

The quantity of ribonucleic acid phosphorus (RNA-P) and deoxyribonucleic acid phosphorus (DNA-P) in various tissues of the sockeye salmon has been determined at three points in its spawning migration. During migration a net decrease in RNA-P and a net increase in DNA-P occurred in the whole fish of both sexes. Major losses in RNA-P occurred in the flesh, alimentary tract and milt, while major gains in DNA-P occurred in the milt and roe. In the combined head, skin, bones and tail large gains in both RNA-P and DNA-P took place.
Orange-red Flesh in God and Haddock
Authors: Bligh E. G. , Dyer W. J.
Published: April 2011

Only rarely is Atlantic cod found with orange-red coloured skin and flesh. Astaxanthin and zeaxanthin, in the proportion of 2:1, were found to be responsible for the pigmentation of the flesh of such a specimen. Zeaxanthin was the only pigment detected in the flesh of a similarly pigmented haddock.
Vernal and Hiemal Races among Anadromous Fishes
Authors: Berg L. S.
Published: April 2011

not available
Proximate Analysis of Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii) and an Evaluation of Tester's "Fat Factor"
Authors: McBride J. R. , MacLeod R. A. , Idler D. R.
Published: April 2011

Samples of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) were obtained from commercial catches made at approximately monthly intervals for a period of a year. These samples were analysed for their water, oil, protein and ash content. The seasonal variations obtained in the analytical values in general confirmed those observed previously for this species of fish.When Tester's "fat factor" determined by dividing the weight of the fish by its weight in water was used to calculate the oil content of herring, the average deviation of the calculated oil content from that determined experimentally was 15% and the range of deviation was 2 to 49%. Use of the "fat factor" as a practical means of determining the oil content of herring is not recommended.
Sagitta lyra, a biological indicator species in the subarctic waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean
Authors: LeBrasseur R. J.
Published: April 2011

In the Gulf of Alaska the chaetognath, Sagitta lyra, was most frequently found in areas where the temperature at 150 m exceeded 6 °C and the salinity exceeded 33‰. Water of this character was mainly associated with a northward intrusion of warm water past the Canadian coast. Comparison of surface gillnet catches of salmon with occurrence of S. lyra showed that when S. lyra was present in the zooplankton, the salmon catch was small and when it was absent the catches of salmon could be quite large. This change in catch was even observed (on two occasions) on successive days at a station where the physical properties of the water did not change detectably.
Maximum Depth and Average Depth of Lakes
Authors: Neumann J.
Published: April 2011

By considering data of maximum depth and average depth for 107 lakes, it is suggested that an 'elliptic sinusoid' closely approximates the average shape of lake beds. The elliptic sinusoid is defined as a geometric body whose base is an ellipse such that planes perpendicular to the base ellipse passing through the centre of the latter intersect the surface of the body along troughs of sine curves. The results are capable of practical application.
Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During Spawning Migration.: IX. Fat, Protein and Water in the Major Internal Organs and Cholesterol in the Liver and Gonads of the Standard Fish
Authors: Idler D. R. , Bitners I.
Published: April 2011

Absolute changes in fat, protein and water of all major internal organs and free and esterified cholesterol of the liver and gonads of standard male and female sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during the 1957 Fraser River spawning migration to Stuart Lake are discussed. The alimentary tract is the major source of fat and protein from the internal organs and the greater part of this reserve is expended in the first 250 miles (403 km) of the river migration. The testes consumed only 0.5% of the energy expended from the body of the standard male while the ovaries consumed 8% of the energy expended from the body of the standard female.
Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During Spawning Migration.: X. Glucose, Total Protein, Non-protein Nitrogen and Amino Acid Nitrogen in Plasma
Authors: Jonas R. E. E. , MacLeod R. A.
Published: April 2011

not available
Studies of Haddock in the Passamaquoddy Bay Region
Authors: McCracken F. D.
Published: April 2011

From 1954 to 1957 haddock within Passamaquoddy Bay have been of intermediate sizes. Few small fish or large fish have been captured either by commercial fishermen or in small-mesh research nets. Tagged fish of the Passamaquoddy Bay region moved out of the Bay during winter and mingled mainly with haddock stocks off the New England States. In the following summer recaptures of tagged fish were again most numerous within Passamaquoddy Bay. Stocks of haddock within the Bay appear to result from annual migrations into the Bay in early summer. It is predicted that the proposed power structures would have no effect on haddock stocks outside the high and low pools but that they would probably seriously reduce the haddock population within the high pool.
Critical Size and Maximum Yield for Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
Authors: Parker Robert R.
Published: April 2011

Instantaneous natural mortality rate is estimated from tagging and recovery data and compared with instantaneous relative growth rates for each life history type of chinook salmon. It is demonstrated that critical size is not attained prior to maturity, hence, juveniles should be protected from fishing if maximum yield in pounds is desired. Yield cannot be increased by a minimum size regulation, for losses due both to direct injury and hyperactivity reduce critical size to levels not ordinarily encountered by existing fisheries. A further complication arises in that size is not a reliable indicator of maturity. The most feasible alternative to a minimum size regulation appears to be spatial and temporal restriction of the fishery to known concentrations of maturing fish, together with the encouragement of non-size-selective gear.
Observations on Sound Scatterers in Newfoundland Waters
Authors: Olsen Steinar
Published: April 2011

A sound scattering layer in the warm surface water or at the depth of the summer thermocline has frequently been observed off the southern and western coasts of Newfoundland. The scatterers have not been identified, but are most likely of biological nature.An observation of a diurnal vertical migration of a deeper scattering layer is reported.
A Description of the Semi-buoyant Eggs and Early Developmental Stages of the Goldeye, Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque)
Authors: Battle Helen I. , Sprules William M.
Published: April 2011

The goldeye in Canada occurs in large muddy rivers and associated lakes, being most abundant on the plains. Spawning usually occurs from late May to early July. In Lake Claire, Alberta, males reproduce first at 6–9 years of age and females at 7–10 years; in southern Manitoba first maturity averages 2 or 3 years earlier than this. Goldeye eggs were discovered in Lake Claire. They are bathypelagic or semi-buoyant, a characteristic which is rare among freshwater fishes. The egg is spherical, measures 4 mm in diameter, has a wide perivitelline space, coarsely granular yolk, and a large oil droplet. Prehatching developmental stages, including the multicellular blastoderm, the 41- and the 51-somite embryos, are described; as are the diagnostic characteristics of early larvae (7.27–7.63 mm), late larvae (11.8–15.6 mm), postlarval young fish (16.0–29 mm), and a 33 mm fish.
An Oceanographical and Biological Reconnaissance of Kennebecasis Bay and the Saint John River Estuary
Authors: Trites R. W.
Published: April 2011

A preliminary survey of the oceanographic features of Kennebecasis Bay and the Saint John estuarial system was carried out in 1957–58 as part of the International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board Program.Kennebecasis Bay and Long Reach on the Saint John River are two-layer systems with a brackish surface layer overlying a deep saline layer. Two sills separate and restrict exchange of deep water in Kennebecasis Bay from that of the Bay of Fundy. The initial step in the formation of deep water of Kennebecasis Bay occurs in the gorge area between the two sills where saline water from the Bay of Fundy mixes vigorously with fresh water of the Saint John River. During periods of low river runoff combined with spring tides a portion of the mixed water penetrates inward over the sill at the entrance to Kennebecasis Bay.It is concluded that Kennebecasis Bay represents more extreme conditions than those predicted for Passamaquoddy Bay if power dams are constructed.
Inosine in the Muscle of Pacific Salmon Stored in Ice
Authors: Creelman Vera M. , Tomlinson Neil
Published: April 2011

not available
Alterations in Glycogen, Glucose and Lactate in Rainbow and Kamloops Trout, Salmo gairdneri, Following Muscular Activity
Authors: Black Edgar C. , Robertson Anne C. , Hanslip Arthur R. , Chiu Wing-Gay
Published: April 2011

Rainbow trout [Formula: see text] years old (fall spawners) raised in the hatchery at Summerland, B.C., and 2-year-old mature spawning Kamloops trout (spring spawners) captured from Lake Okanagan, were subjected to 15 minutes strenuous exercise. Muscle glycogen was depleted in both groups. Following 30 minutes of moderate activity, muscle glycogen remained high in the [Formula: see text]-year-old trout. Liver glycogen levels were not significantly lowered during either strenuous or moderate exercise. Blood lactate levels were markedly elevated during 15 min of strenuous exercise and continued to rise for 2 hours of post-exercise recovery in both groups of fish. In the [Formula: see text]-year-old trout, blood lactate declined to resting levels at about the 8th hour of recovery, and was increased 3-fold following 30 min of moderate activity. Blood glucose and hemoglobin were not significantly altered during either strenuous or moderate activity.In the [Formula: see text]-year-old trout, starvation of up to 7 days duration resulted in a marked depletion of liver glycogen. There was little change in muscle glycogen, blood lactate, glucose or hemoglobin, regardless of whether or not the fish had been exercised at the beginning of the starvation period. Feeding during the period of recovery from 15 min of strenuous exercise resulted in increases in both muscle and liver glycogen levels.
Possible Effects of Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Structures on the Canadian Lobster Industry
Authors: Wilder D. G.
Published: April 2011

Lobster stocks outside Passamaquoddy Bay are not expected to be affected by the proposed development. Within the bay, the hatch, survival and settlement of larvae are expected to increase. An increased rate of exploitation, a modest increase in poundage of commercial landings, and a decrease in the average size of the lobsters caught are to be expected. The use of the bay as an important commercial collection, storage and distribution centre for live lobsters will be seriously affected.
A Mutant Pike, Esox lucius
Authors: Lawler G. H.
Published: April 2011

A striking variant of the northern pike, Esox lucius, differing from the normal pike in colour and in some morphological measurements, comprised 0.2% of the pike population of Heming Lake, Manitoba.
Underwater Television Observations of the Swimming Speed and Behaviour of Captive Herring
Authors: Brawn Vivien M.
Published: April 2011

The behaviour of groups of freshly caught herring in a cage at sea was observed by underwater television. Flight reactions occurred when the main engines of the supporting boat were started. When lowered in the water at about 0.3 ft (9 cm) per second, the herring descended by sinking while swimming horizontally. At 100 ft (30 m) herring which had been lowered from the surface swam normally and responded to currents under artificial light. They rose towards the surface by swimming vertically. Herring responded to real and apparent currents greater than 0.1 to 0.3 ft/sec (3–9 cm/sec) by swimming upstream at a rate in excess of the current speed, until their maximum swimming speed had nearly been reached. Maximum swimming speed varied from 3.0 ft/sec (91 cm/sec) for groups of mean length 15.2 cm (6 in) to 4.7 ft/sec (143 cm/sec) for fish 26.7 cm (10.5 in) mean length (end of head to longer lobe of the extended tail). This maximum swimming speed is the greatest speed that 50% of the fish group could maintain for 1 minute after swimming for 9 to 30 minutes at the rate shown by excited fish.
Records of Uncommon Fishes from Waters off the Maritime Provinces of Canada
Authors: Leim A. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Studies on the Life-History of the Ascarid Porrocaecum decipiens in the Bras d'Or Lakes, Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Scott D. M. , Black W. F.
Published: April 2011

Larvae of the parasitic ascarid (Porrocaecum decipiens) occurred commonly in the musculature and viscera of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the Bras d'Or Lakes. They were also present in the musculature of nine other species of teleosts and probably also in the viscera of skates (Raja sp.). Most larvae were longer than 20 mm. None was shorter than 10 mm, a fact which suggested the existence of some earlier intermediate host, probably an invertebrate. More than 8,000 mysids, an important food of fishes when they first become infected, were examined for nematodes. Although 110 nematodes were found, only one certainly and four dubiously appeared to be Porrocaecum. The definitive hosts were the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) and the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). The distribution of seals coincided with local variations in the incidence of the parasite in cod.
Economic Study of the Herring Fishery of Charlotte County, New Brunswick, 1956–1957
Authors: Doucet W. F.
Published: April 2011

This report presents the results of an economic survey of the herring fishery of Charlotte County, New Brunswick, conducted in 1957 and 1958. It contains: (a) a detailed account of the capital investment and income position of the fishermen who were engaged in the herring fishery during the years 1956 and 1957; (b) some evaluation of the economic effects which the construction of hydro-electric power dams in Passamaquoddy Bay would have on the herring fishery of the area.Except for a small complement of men employed on purse seiners, draggers and a few other modernized fishing craft, the fishing activity of Charlotte County fishermen is largely confined to inshore operations. As a result, the primary fishing industry is not highly capitalized. Average net incomes are also low compared with those prevailing in other industries, even with those derived from a number of fisheries elsewhere in the Maritime Provinces. Incomes from the weir fishery are particularly uncertain, in view of the wide fluctuation in yearly catches and the high, rigid operating costs. In contrast with weir fishing, purse seining has proven to be an efficient method of fishing in the region, and holds considerable promise for the improvement of earnings in the herring fishery.It is expected that the construction of the proposed power dams would add to the cost of maintaining and operating weirs in Passamaquoddy Bay, thereby reducing returns to owners and fishermen in this segment of the industry. In view of the low earnings now derived from weir fishing in certain sections of the area, it is likely that a number of weir owners would not continue to maintain their weir investments if the power dams were built.
The Effect of Marine Products on the Blood Cholesterol Levels in Man and in Animals. A Review
Authors: Wood J. D.
Published: April 2011

not available
Further Study of Larval Herring (Clupea harengus L.) in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine
Authors: Tibbo S. N. , Legaré J. E. Henri
Published: April 2011

Plankton surveys in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine in 1958 and 1959 indicated that the largest herring spawning areas in this region are on the northern edge of Georges Bank and off the southwest coast of Nova Scotia. The drift of larvae from the spawning grounds as indicated by increasing size and by the direction of non-tidal surface currents suggest that Bay of Fundy herring stocks are supplied chiefly from the Nova Scotia spawnings.
Slicing of Fillets as an Aid in Detection and Removal of Codworms from Atlantic Cod Fillets
Authors: Power H. E.
Published: April 2011

Slicing cod fillets longitudinally into slices [Formula: see text] inch (13 mm) thick can increase the efficiency of candling cod fillets for codworms to over 95%. The increase is greater in the larger fillets than in the smaller fillets if sliced. If fillets are not sliced the candling efficiency decreases with increasing size of fillets.
Competition for Food Between Redside Shiners (Richardsonius balteatus) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Two British Columbia Lakes
Authors: Johannes R. E. , Larkin P. A.
Published: April 2011

The distribution, movements, behaviour and food of trout and shiners in Paul and Pinantan Lakes were studied to determine the items and mechanisms of interspecific competition between them. Data from recent years were compared with data for years when trout alone inhabited the lakes.No interspecific aggression was observed. The possibility that the two species were competing for space was discounted. Stomach contents of shiners in Pinantan Lake revealed a marked qualitative diurnal food cycle. In Paul Lake, shiners have drastically reduced the Gammarus population relative to its pre-shiner abundance, forcing trout, as well as the shiners themselves, to shift their diets to other foods. This overgrazing was caused by the concentration of large numbers of shiners over the shoals where Gammarus are also present in their highest concentrations, and the ability of shiners to pursue food deeper into the weeds and to graze an area more thoroughly than trout. In Pinantan Lake, shiners have apparently reduced the density of Daphnia to a point where trout are unable to feed on them as rapidly as in pre-shiner years. The ability of both species to utilize many types of food tends to reduce the intensity of competition.The study demonstrates how false implications may arise from an appraisal of competition not initiated until after the effects of competition have been observed. If observations had not been made on Paul Lake until after competition had been observed, the importance of Gammarus as an item of competition would probably have been overlooked and the whole competitive relationship misconstrued.Environmental factors and behaviour were shown to be important influences on the dynamics of competition. The physical and biological environment and the distribution and behaviour of competitors may be in states of continual flux in which case the niches of the competitors cannot be considered constant.
A Note on the Morphology of the Basins of the Great Lakes
Authors: Anderson D. V.
Published: April 2011

Neumann (1959) has suggested the elliptic sinusoid as a model for an average lake. Area–depth curves for the Great Lakes are compared with the corresponding curves given by the Neumann model which, it is suggested, should be useful in idealized calculations on a lake.
Abnormalities in Lake Erie Whitefish
Authors: Lawler G. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Egg Counts of Lake Erie Whitefish
Authors: Lawler G. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Plasma Proteins of Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, as Separated by Zone Electrophoresis
Authors: Vanstone W. E. , Ho F. Chung-Wai
Published: April 2011

Plasma proteins, as separated by zone electrophoresis, of coho salmon have been investigated from an early age to spawning and death. A protein fraction which may be similar to γ-globulin in other vertebrates increased throughout the period studied. Smolt transformation was associated with a temporary disappearance of the fastest migrating protein fraction. A lipoprotein fraction, presumably serum vitellin, was associated with egg formation. Serum vitellin was absent from the plasma of males, immature females, spawning females and spawned-out females.
Influence of Size Upon the Adaptation of Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) to Sea Water
Authors: Houston Arthur H.
Published: April 2011

Steelhead trout in the smolt phase of development adapted to sea water (salinity 22–24 parts per thousand) more rapidly and with less extensive departures from regulated conditions of water–electrolyte balance than did the larger post-smolts. By contrast, the extent and duration of the corresponding changes accompanying adaptation of juvenile chum salmon to sea water varied inversely with size. The data are discussed in relation to the distinction between smolting and non-smolting salmonid species.
A Limnological Reconnaissance of a Nova Scotian Brown-water Lake
Authors: Smith M. W.
Published: April 2011

Summer hydrography and biota of a Nova Scotian brown-water lake are described. A bloom of a dinoflagellate was noted. Zooplankton was plentiful. With a range in pH of 4.3–4.8, mollusks were absent. Chaoborus dominated in the poor bottom fauna. Standing crop of fish was low at 19 kg per ha. Yellow perch were most numerous, exhibiting a decline in growth rate to age III, then increasing when the fish reached a size to be piscivorous. Fish-cultural implications are briefly discussed.
Proximate Composition of Canadian Atlantic Fish: I. Variation in Composition of Different Sections of the Flesh of Atlantic Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)
Authors: Mannan A. , Fraser D. I. , Dyer W. J.
Published: April 2011

The composition of various portions of the edible flesh of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) varies greatly, especially in lipid content. The muscle of the belly flap and the dark muscle along the lateral lines in the upper and lower sides have a high lipid content, 2.4 to 9.7%, with correspondingly lower moisture content, about 68 to 75%, and a slightly low protein content, about 16.3 to 19% (protein N × 6.25) in comparison with the light meat. The latter, which makes up the larger part of the edible tissue, nearly 90%, ranges from 0.9 to 1.4% lipid, 75 to 77% moisture and 17.5 to 20.3% protein. These values are almost identical to those for Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis). Non-protein nitrogenous extractives are also lower in the white meat.The figures most often quoted in nutritional tables for the lipid content of halibut (5 to 6%) are probably much too high for the portions usually eaten, which average about 1.2% for the white meat, and about 1.5% if the dark meat is included.
Proximate Composition of Canadian Atlantic Fish: II. Mackerel, Tuna and Swordfish
Authors: Mannan A. , Fraser D. I. , Dyer W. J.
Published: April 2011

Mackerel, tuna and swordfish (order Acanthopteri) have a prominent red or dark brown fatty lateral-line tissue which, in the samples analyzed, had a lipid content varying from 6% in swordfish to 22% in mackerel. A white blubber or layer of fat tissue, almost two-thirds lipid, may also be present beneath the skin. The white meat was also fatty, from 2% in swordfish to 8% in tuna. The belly-flap muscle of mackerel contained from about 20 to 40% fat. Protein, ash and moisture percentages were lower in the fatty tissue, showing that fat replaces some protein as well as water. Non-protein nitrogen averaged 20% of the total nitrogen, higher than in halibut and the cod family. In tuna and mackerel the protein content was 19% in the white meat and 14% in the brown lateral-line tissue, similar to halibut but higher than in the cod family.
The Amino Acid Composition of Cod Tropomyosin
Authors: Hoogland P. L. , Freeman H. C. , Truscott Beryl , Waddell A. E.
Published: April 2011

The amino acid composition of cod tropomyosin was determined. Most analyses were done by chromatography on columns of ion-exchange resins (Moore and Stein technique); tryptophan and cystine were determined chemically.The results are compared with published values for tropomyosins from other sources. Similarities and differences between the various tropomyosins are discussed. The probable number of residues of each of the amino acids in the tropomyosin molecule is calculated.
Two Epidemics of Apparent Kidney Disease in Cultured Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)
Authors: Bell Gordon R.
Published: April 2011

Two epidemics of a severe disease in cultured, juvenile pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) are described. The symptomatology of the disease and the morphology of the stained bacteria found in tissue lesions suggest that the fish were affected by "kidney disease". If the presumptive diagnosis is correct, this report is the first record of kidney disease occurring in pink salmon.
A Systematic Study of the Salvelinus alpinus Complex in North America
Authors: McPhail J. D.
Published: April 2011

Sympatric populations of Salvelinus malma and Salvelinus alpinus from Karluk and Fraser Lakes, Kodiak Island, Alaska, were compared using the discriminant function analysis. The analysis indicated that hybridization between S. malma and S. alpinus rarely, if ever, occurs in these lakes. Therefore, S. malma and S. alpinus are considered distinct species. Data on 507 S. malma and 411 S. alpinus from 77 localities suggest at least two distinct forms of both S. malma and S. alpinus in North America. Speculations are made on the origin and evolution of S. malma and S. alpinus.
Chemical Characteristics of Salted Cod
Authors: Cardin A. , Bilinski E. , Maltais F. , Bordeleau M. A. , Laframboise A.
Published: April 2011

A study has been made of the formation of decomposition products in three different types of salted codfish. The total volatile acids, trimethylamine, ammonia and free α-amino acids were determined on 50 samples of each type of salted fish. The total volatile acids and trimethylamine were found to be chemical indices which enable a clear differentiation between light- and heavy-salted cures. The presence of large quantities of these two decomposition products is typical of light-salted cures, especially of the "Gaspé cure".The influence of the degree of salt saturation in the brine and in the muscle itself during processing, on formation of decomposition products, is discussed.
Order of Succession of Different Types of Infraoral Lamina in Landlocked Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)
Authors: Vladykov V. D. , Mukerji G. N.
Published: April 2011

Infraoral lamina were studied of 630 lampreys from Lake Erie, Ontario, Lake Seneca, New York, and the Père Marquette River, Michigan. The number of cusps on the first set of the lamina is always repeated in consecutive new sets, but the size of the cusps and their orientation vary. The width of the lamina increases slowly from 4.5 to 16.5 mm, with successive replacements of the corneous sheath. The main types of lamina are: normal (teeth large, evenly spaced, their points nearly parallel), inclined (teeth large, evenly spaced, their tips inclined mesad), and rosebud (teeth very small and clustered near the middle of the lamina; concentric lines on the basal portion). There is also the type intermediate between inclined and normal. Newly transformed lampreys and others less than 180 mm long have normal laminae. The rosebud lamina is characteristic of half-grown specimens, being most frequent among lampreys 250–400 mm long. In adults, feeding in lakes, the predominant type is the inclined lamina. In spawning specimens the normal lamina is most characteristic. Thus the usual succession throughout life is: normal, rosebud, inclined, and finally normal again. In spawning specimens there are two new sheaths underneath the old one, one below the other.
Seasonal Fishing Quality Provided by the Natural Reproduction of Speckled Trout in Three Ontario Ponds
Authors: McCrimmon Hugh R.
Published: April 2011

A study was made of semi-monthly speckled trout catches from three similar ponds during the 5 fishing seasons for the 1956 to 1960 period. A catch totalling 15,088 trout and taken by 3,696 rod-hours was analyzed. Above-average catches of 2.9 undersized and 3.3 keeper trout per rod-hour occurred during the May 1–15 interval when the trout were particularly susceptible to angling. After this time, semi-monthly catches, composed of approximately equal numbers of undersized and keeper trout, averaged 3.8 trout per rod-hour. Except for the May 1–15 interval, variations in the levels of semi-monthly catches were found to result from differences in fishing intensity rather than from significant changes in the availability of trout. Annual natural reproduction and the continuous recruitment of young fish into the size group vulnerable to angling, therefore, maintained a standing population of trout at a level adequate to provide stability in the quality of angling throughout the fishing season.