bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Have the aims of the Finnish abortion law been reached?
Authors: Ritamies Marketta
Published: June 2020

The Finnish abortion law and its development is evaluated and the grounds and aims of the law are examined. The development of the abortion situation is described. On the basis of the above the author has reached the result that the Finnish abortion law has in many ways proven itself serviceable, the rate of abortions has reached such a low level that it is difficult to find a similar situation anywhere else in Europe. Illegal abortions have practically disappeared.
Effects of children on divorce probabilities and of divorce on fertility: the case of Finland 1984
Authors: Lutz Wolfgang
Published: June 2020

As a follow-up to the article, “The Demographic Dimensions of Divorce: The Case of Finland” by W. Lutz, A.B. Wils, and M. Nieminen, in Population Studies, 1991, this study looks explicitly at the interactions between childbearing and divorce. Specifically, the study looks at the effects of parity and age of the youngest child on divorce probabilities controlling duration of marriage, and the effect of marital status and the duration since divorce on parity-specific birth probabilities. Generally, controlling for other demographic covariates tends to change the usually considered bivariate associations between childbearing and divorce. For instance, when considering marital duration divorce probabilities are highest for childless women and lowest for women with two or three children, whereas the bivariate perspective shows a peak for parity one women.
Transformatin process in Estonia: a challenge for social policy
Authors: Trumm Avo , Kutsar Dagmar , Oja Urmas
Published: June 2020

The aim of this study is to analyze the new economic situation households have to face in Estonia and to discuss the new tasks and responsibilities of social policy in this new situation. The data used are based on a sample of 419 households monitored in January 1993. The study reveals that low income and unequal income distribution is characteristic of today’s Estonia. The average salary of households has continuously increased but the increase has all the time been lower than that of the cost of living. The article discusses the new socio-political tasks and responsibilities. The main task is to reach the optimal balance of limited resources between economic development and social expenditures. The state has to support disabled people who cannot work but it cannot take the responsibility of guaranteeing a minimum of living for everyone.
Family formation and structure in Finland
Authors: Lindgren Jarl
Published: June 2020

The article is an overview of the changes in family formation and structure in Finland during the last few decades. The period examined extends from the 1950s until the beginning of the 1990s with the emphasis on the current situation. The article starts with a look on the changes in union establishment and shows that, on the whole, the age at starting the union has been unchanged if one takes into consideration that a union today starts with premarital cohabitation. There are more divorces than earlier. The dissolution frequency is higher among consensual unions than in marriages. The most common type of family is a family consisting of married parents with children. Living in marriage has decreased among young persons while consensual unions have become more common. The proportion of one-parent families has been almost unchanged during the last two decades. In the 1990s there has been a weak tendency to a growing proportion of families with three children. The most apparent trend during the following decades will be the rapidly growing number of families without children.
The harmfulness or harmlessness of using an anticipatory regressor: how dangerous is it to use education achieved as of 1990 in the analysis of divorce risks in earlier years?
Authors: Hoem Jan M.
Published: June 2020

The case studies presented in this paper show that the chance of making a sensible analysis of the effect of education on divorce risks may be ruined for women who marry as teenagers if the educational variable is measured only at the end of the study period. By contrast, these adverse effects seem to be unimportant once the age at marriage is 20 or more.
Cancer mortality in Sweden from 1931 to 1992
Authors: Nordlund Anders
Published: June 2020

Trends in age-standardized cancer mortality for Swedish men and women, between 1931 and 1992, were studied using official cause of death statistics. Overall, age-standardized cancer mortality increased by about 16 percent among men and decreased by about six percent among women during the period studied. Among both men and women older than 70 years, age-standardized cancer mortality increased. In all other age groups decreases occurred. During the period studied, a number of changes have occurred that affect cause of death registration, for example, changes in classification routines and improved diagnosis. The exact magnitude of these effects on the observed trends is difficult to estimate, but it seems clear that a bias towards increasing age-standardized cancer mortality has been introduced. Furthermore, this bias may be substantial, thus obscuring the real trends in age- standardized cancer mortality.
The changing residential patterns of immigrants - the case of Sweden 1973-1992
Authors: Borgegård Lars-Erik , Håkansson Johan , Müller Dieter K.
Published: June 2020

Swedish immigration policy has recently changed. The plan known as “Whole of Sweden Strategy” no longer applies, and there is greater freedom to choose where one lives. Migration is important in the redistribution of the population, and thus immigration plays a significant role. In light of this, there are good grounds for following how concentration and dispersion of immigrant groups vary, both geographically and in time.
Effects of family characteristics on the labor force status of older married women in Finland
Authors: Reijo-Riskilä Marie
Published: June 2020

Using individual-level characteristics derived from the census of 1985 or earlier, the article examines labor force status (employment, unemployment, household work, retirement) of married Finnish women aged 45-64 on the basis of multinomial logit analysis. Controlling for background characteristics, i.e., age, education, health, industry and unemployment in the local labor market area, the effects of family characteristics were analyzed. Both higher family net income (excluding the income of the women concerned) and higher family liabilities were related to lower likelihoods of unemployment and retirement instead of employment. Household work was more likely with higher family income, but less likely with higher liabilities. A larger number of children living at home was related to the lower likelihood of women occupying non-employment statuses instead of employment. The spouses’ increasing age difference was related to the lower likelihood of unemployment and retirement instead of employment. The husband's labor force status was consistent with the wife’s labor force status.
Poverty and fertility: reproductive change under persistent poverty
Authors: Egerö Bertil
Published: June 2020

In recent contributions to the discussion of fertility change in poor societies, two main lines of interpretation can be identified, the “materialist” and the "ideational" respectively. While the former emphasizes economic and security factors as prime causes of reproductive patterns and changes, the latter stresses the importance of diffusion of ideas and norms. The ideational perspective supports “supply side” policies for fertility decline, while the materialist perspective lends support to a more indirect welfare or “demand" side orientation to population policy. Bangladesh belongs to a group of countries with persistent and widespread poverty where the beginnings of fertility decline have now been recorded. The absence of any visibly significant socioeconomic changes for its rural majority has been used to justify claims that family planning activities have an independent effect on fertility. The paper draws together available evidence on the circumstances of rural life in Bangladesh. Taken together, the evidence is that changes have occurred in social relations in the household, brought about by economic crisis and in turn enabling changes in childbearing. The Bangladesh evidence confirms the difficulties encountered on a conceptual level in trying to maintain a distinction between materialist and ideational approaches to fertility analysis. The distinction between the two lines is unclear, and upholding it could be counterproductive to advances in the understanding of fertility change.
Demographic situation in Eritrea
Authors: Woldemicael Gebremariam
Published: June 2020

This paper gives estimates of the following demographic indicators for Eritrea: population size, annual growth rate, age and sex composition, fertility, infant, and child mortality. Brief background sections place the demographic characteristics in a broader perspective. The data used in the analysis of fertility and mortality are taken from sample surveys conducted after independence. Other figures are obtained from government and non-government reports. Indirect techniques were employed to analyze the fertility and mortality rates. Results indicate that the total population of Eritrea in 1993 was roughly 3.5 million. The average annual rate of population growth is found to be about 3% . Children fourteen years old or younger are estimated to be about 46% of the total population. Only 4% of Eritreans are 65 years of age or older. The findings also reveal that fertility rates in Eritrea are high. Women have on average about 7.0 children. The findings further indicate an infant mortality of 112 and an under-five mortality of 208 deaths per 1,000 live births. Given the poor socioeconomic situation of the country, these rates, especially the infant mortality rate, are considered to be underestimates. Further research is therefore needed to ascertain the prevailing situation of Eritrea.
Parish records from Namibia 1925-1990 - an attempt to analyze fertility and mortality in Ovamboland
Authors: Notkola Veijo
Published: June 2020

The general aim of the study is to describe and to try to understand the population development (mortality and fertility) in Ovamboland in North-Namibia. Parish records are used as a primary source. The family reconstruction method based on marriage cohorts has been used. The data includes about 7,000 marriages and 27,000 children. Administrative and missionary records were used especially in interpretation of research results. According to the results both a clear decline and increase in fertility have occurred during 1930-1980 although fertility has been all the time close to natural fertility. Mortality declined in the 1950s in Ovamboland. The main cause for the mortality decline was probably the health care system built by the missionaries. At the same time, however, there was no more bad famines in the area during the 1950s and in general the nutrition level also improved during the 1950s.
A note on the use of anticipatory covariates in event history analysis
Authors: Alho Juha M.
Published: June 2020

Anticipatory covariates are regressors whose values become known only after the value of the dependent variable has been ascertained. Hoem (1995) has given an informal discussion concerning the possible pitfalls in the use of such covariates in event history analysis. This paper complements Hoem’s findings by using simple linear regression as the framework. It turns out that complex patterns of bias may be introduced by the use of anticipatory covariates. In all cases it may not be possible to guarantee that the magnitude of the bias remains small. Therefore, extreme care is needed in interpreting results from studies that have relied on anticipatory covariates.
The development of suicides in the Scandinavian and post-Soviet Baltic countries in a postindustrial-country context
Authors: Stepukonis Faustas
Published: June 2020

A review of developmental trends in the suicide rate in the Baltic region and the OECD countries from the 1960s until the present is the focus of this article. The developmental trends are grouped into three typical clusters: the first cluster, distinguished by the highest suicide rates, comprises the former Soviet countries of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia; the second, the Scandinavian countries as an OECD subgroup with relatively high suicide rates in regard to the OECD average; and the third the postindustrial OECD countries as a whole, distinguished by a lower suicide level than in the previous clusters, but significantly exceeding the “third” world average. It is argued that the post-Soviet Baltic and Scandinavian model of suicide development can be explained by Durkheim’s classical suicide theory. However, explaining the postindustrial type of suicide tendencies requires acceptance of a long-lasting anomie model for the prediction of suicide rates. The discussion of long-lasting anomie features and their relation to the suicide rate is presented. The conclusion is that there are preconditions and empirical evidence for predicting the process of a declining suicide rate in the groups of the countries investigated.
Family dynamics in the Baltic Sea Area
Authors: Ritamies Marketta
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this article is to describe family dynamics in 1970-1996 in the five Baltic Sea countries of Sweden. Finland. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. In addition. France. Italy, and Poland will be included in the examination as countries of comparison representing Western. Southern, and Eastern Europe. The development which has occurred in the family formation, childbirth, and dissolution of families in the Baltic Sea countries will be examined using available statistical and research data. They will be used to discuss whether family dynamics in the Baltic Sea area reflects pan-European development and how family formation in the Baltic countries has been affected by earlier cultural and religious traditions, in addition to the impact of the Soviet system.

It has been noted that, in some respects, family formation development in the Baltic Sea countries in 1970-96, concerning the development of the marriage rate, for example, has reflected pan-European development. The countries in this group are. however, quite heterogeneous in regard to their family formation development. Sweden has been a pioneer in change and Finland has usually followed behind somewhat later. In the family formation of the Baltic countries, and above all. in the age at first marriage and the age at first birth, there is clear evidence of the influence of the Soviet system. Nevertheless, there are also features of their family formation which come close to development in Western Europe more than in Eastern European countries, in general. For example, the increasing prevalence in Estonia of extramarital births is most likely a manifestation of the impact of cultural traditions. Traditions apparently have also quickened the unusually rapid change in family formation occurring in the Baltic countries after the collapse of the Soviet system.
The development of family planning in Finland from the 1960s to the 1990s
Authors: Ritamies Marketta
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this article is to examine the development of family planning in Finland from the 1960s to the 199Os by comparing the results from several studies representing the entire country. First we will examine ideals concerning family size and the spacing of children. We will then focus on the conditions necessary for families to realize these ideals, which will include an examination of what families know about birth control and what contraceptive methods are available to them. Finally we will assess how family size ideals were realized - did the final number of children correspond to the family size set as a goal. ln the 1960s and the 1970s Finns were already considering a relatively small family as ideal, and essentially there has been no change in this ideal. The realization of family size ideals was still hindered in the early 1970s by the scarcity of information about sexual matters and the use of unreliable birth control methods. Couples ended up with a larger family than what they had considered ideal. With the spread of reliable contraceptive methods and the increase in knowledge about sexual matters starting in the 1970s, the final number of children in a family started to correspond to the ideal at the end of the decade. At the end of the 1980s the final number of children was already smaller than the ideal. Because there are deficiencies in the comparability of the studies made at different points of time, the results presented in the article should be examined with reservations, and seen mainly as demonstrating trends at the group level.
Sexual experiences of military conscripts at the end of the 1990s
Authors: Kontula Osmo , Jormanainen Vesa , Miettinen Anneli
Published: June 2020

The sexual socialization and sexual experiences of young men past their adolescence have been studied relatively little thus far. ln the present study, the subject was approached through surveys conducted in 1996 and 1998 in a number of garrisons. There were 984 male respondents in 1996 and 1220 in 1998. 20 years old on average. Both years, the response rate consisted of 98 percent of the conscripts selected for the study. The themes of the study were the sexual experience, number of partners and use of condoms among young men, and how these relate to the mens habits and values in general. Seventy-six percent of the men had engaged in sexual intercourse. One out of two had only one partner over the last year, and one out of four had more than one. For one out of three men. The most recent sexual itercourse occurred with a non-steady partner: Less than half of the men used a condom in their most recent sexual intercourse. The age for initiation into sexual intercourse and the number of partners were strongly correlated with whether the conscripts had secondary education and their use of intoxicants. Those who used more intoxicants, started engaging in sexual intercourse at a younger age and engaged into more relationships. Young men had steady relationships and acquired sexual experiences in accordance with their social skills and the choices the had made regarding their career.
Combining quantitative and qualitative research - a case study from survey methodology
Authors: Manderbacka Kristiina , Jylhä Marja
Published: June 2020

This paper presents a case study of combining two different approaches to examine the content and continuity of a single-item survey measure of self-rated health. Results from a qualitative and a quantitative study are discussed in order to illustrate the way the methods can complement each other in methodological research of survey measures. The results of the two studies are discussed in relation to one another; and the potential advantages of combining methods in methodological research of survey measures are discussed also in more general terms. In addition, other ways of combining the approaches in methodological studies are suggested.
Finnish attitudes towards immigrants in 1987-1999
Authors: Jaakkola Magdalena
Published: June 2020

The attitudes of Finns towards foreigners were more negative during the time of widespread unemployment in 1993 than before (1987) or afterwards (1998-1999). Interviews with about 1000 person representing the entire population showed that the most educated and those who were personally acquainted with migrants were more positive - in accordance with the contact theory - than the others in their attitudes toward refugees and foreign job seekers and all the ethnic groups mentioned. Those with little education, pensioners, the unemployed, men supporters of the Central Party and those living in rural areas had more negative attitudes and believed - in accordance with the conflict theory - that they would take jobs and social benefits away from the Finns. In 1998 over one-third of the young men living in the rural areas supported the actions of skinheads against immigrants.
Minority rights and minority identities - Sámi in Finland and Sorbs in Germany
Authors: Reetta Toivanen
Published: June 2020

This paper deals with intemational minority rights and their meaning as an identityresource fr ethnic minorities. It asks why small national groups, such as the Sami andthe Sorbs, have not vanished, as was prophesied by modemisation theorists. In fact,the opposite has occurred. In Europe, small national minority groups are now clearlygaining more opportunities to invent their own "national" policies. After a short introductionthat provides some general background, 1discuss some common definitions ofminority rights and the specific meaning of 'minority identity' used in this paper. Then,1 show how minority rights and minority identities are linked to each other, and whyand how intemational minority protection treaties have become a part of the everydayvocabulary of Sami, Sorb and many other national movements. The examples 1 useoriginate mostly from my field studies with the Sorbs in Eastem Germany and the Samiin Northem Finland. 1 argue that not only the image of the group projected to itsmembers is influenced by these treaties, but that the definition of the group itself is alsochanged.
Rising Educational Levels Contribute to Compression of Morbidity. A Multi-State Life Table Analysis of the Netherlands 1995-2015
Authors: Anton E. Kunst , Inez M. A. Joung , Wilma J. Nusselder , Caspar W. N. Looman , Johan P. Mackenbach
Published: June 2020

Objective: This paper assesses whether the future rise in educational levels of theelderly may not only increase life expectancy (LE) but also at the same timecontribute to a reduction in life expectancy with disability (LED).Methods: For each educational level, LE and LED were estimated from multi-statelife tables with a disabled and non-disabled state. Basic transition rates wereestimated from regression analysis of data of a Dutch longitudinal study. The resultsper educational level were aggregated to the total population for the years 1995,2005 and 2015.Results: In 1995, men in the highest educational level had a 0.9 years longerLE and a 5.4 years shorter LED than men in the lowest level. Differences amongwomen were larger (2.0 and 8.3 years). Due to rising educational levels between1995 and 2015, LE for the total male population would increase by 0.2 years whileLED would decrease by 0.5 years. A larger effect was observed for women(0.2 and 1.5 years).Conclusion: Rising educational levels of the elderly are likely to contribute to acompression of morbidity over the next decades, especially among women.
Years Added to Life in Old Age
Authors: Väinö Kannisto
Published: June 2020

The momentous transition from high to low mortality - and thereby to modernsociety - has been thoroughly studied by measuring the dynamics of mortality byage and sex and by cause of death as well as by the ubiquitous summary measure,the life expectancy at birth. In the following, we look at it from a slightly differentangle, the years added to different stages of life, particularly to old age.
Future Developments of Residential Differentiation in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area: Are We Following the European Model?
Authors: Mari Vaattovaara
Published: June 2020

One of the main findings in the study on social inequality and spatial segregationin seven European cities is that, in spite of the scale of social differences in thedifferent cities, a similar pattern of urban spatial development is evident. Thephysical pattern of area differentiation shows a strong spatial pattern of continuityin the location of advantaged and less advantaged neighbourhoods. In addition, aclustering of both advantaged and deprived neighbourhoods was observed. Thesame pattern of change appears both in London and Helsinki - cities that stand atopposite ends of the spectrum of social and spatial difference (BETWIXT i; McIntoshand Vaattovaara 2001).The spatial clustering of advantaged and more deprived neighbourhoods appearsboth in Helsinki and London, but the grounds for change are different. Are we stillfacing a similar future? The aim in this paper is to compare patterns of residentialdifferentiation in Helsinki and London. Thus, the differences and connectionsbetween social and spatial differentiation and segregation are elaborated. GIS andcensus data will be utilized to examine social and spatial developments. A twophasemodel for the background of the developments in the Helsinki area isintroduced, resulting in a formulation for a model for future developments inresidential differentiation in the Helsinki metropolitan area.
Familial, Situational, and Attitudinal Determinants of Third-Birth Intentions and Their Uncertainty
Authors: Anne Ruokolainen , Irma-Leena Notkola
Published: June 2020

For this study, we used data from the Finnish Womans Life Course and FamilyFormation Survey to study the decision to have or not to have a third child amongwomen who had two children. Our results show that almost one half of therespondents in our sample (n=636) desired to have three or more children, but only19 per cent intended to have a third birth, while 30 per cent were uncertain abouttheir intentions. We also found that a considerable proportion of the respondentshad decided to stop childbearing at a lower parity than desired. To study whatdetermines womens decision to have a third child we estimated three logisticregression models of the determinants of third-birth intentions and their uncertainty,separately for all women at parity two and for those who desired to have three ormore children. The results indicate that the factors associated with the intention tocease childbearing differ from those associated with the certainty of intention.Familial and attitudinal factors, such as the quality of partnership, genders of theexisting children, and family values, were independently associated with womensintentions to continue childbearing after two children or stop at parity two. However,social and economic constraints made women hesitate with regard to their futurefertility plans.
Economic Growth Rate May Be High in Spite of a Decreasing Working-age Population in Finland
Authors: Parkkinen Pekka
Published: June 2020

This article examines the possibilities for the growth of real income in Finland in a situation where the population is aging at a record rate. In contrast to other European countries, no larger age groups were born in Finland after the 1940s. Therefore, the labor force will decrease in long run, even though an abundant amount of labor reserves still exist in Finland after the exceptionally deep economic depression experienced in the previous decade. Finlands real income has been calculated as the product of the labor input and productivity per hour worked. The rate of change in productivity has been estimated on the basis of the historical development of labor productivity. On the basis of an analysis of labor input and productivity per hour worked, the real income of Finland per capita could rise to one-and-a-half times what it is now in one decade and a half, even if the working-age population decreased markedly and even if the number of hours worked per employed person declined at the traditional rate. Increasing immigration is not the only solution to the challenges of an aging and diminishing working-age population. By employing domestic labor reserves and improving productivity, reasonable economic growth rate can be achieved and at the same time the problems caused by uncontrolled immigration can be avoided.
Limitations to Win-win-win in Global Labor Migration
Authors: Tanner Arno
Published: June 2020

International migration of educated labor is an ever increasing phenomenon, which at best bene? ts the immigrant himself, the sending country and the receiving country alike. After an overview of such bene? ts, this article will focus on the limitations of international labor migration -induced bene? ts for the country of origin. Three aspects that might lessen the actual bene? ts of global migration of the educated for the sending country will be elaborated: the hazards of emigration from, of the lack of migrant return to and of money remittances to the developing sending country. When is emigration acutely hazardous for a small developing country, how often does migrant return occur, and what is the actual effect of money remittances? Finally, could such limitations to sending country bene? ts of international migration be eliminated or minimized through international cooperation?
Reasons for Migration Reverse in Estonia
Authors: Ainsaar Mare
Published: June 2020

During the past 30 years migration trends in most European countries have revealed some signs of deconcentration. The aim of this paper is to analyse the reasons of such deconcentration. For that purpose we will give an overview of literature on reasons of migration turnaround and provide a deeper case analysis of one country - Estonia. In Estonia internal migration ? rst turned in favour of rural areas in 1983. The trends of deconcentration continued and rural population increased at the expense of urban population at least until the end of the 1990s. The Retrospective Estonian Living Conditions Survey of 1999 is used to analyze the possible changes in reasons for migration turnaround. That survey provides a unique opportunity for comparing reasons of migration during periods of concentration and deconcentration. In the empirical part of this paper deconcentration will be de? ned as an out? ow of population from administrative town borders into rural areas. We will not distinguish between particular types of deconcentration for practical reasons of data limitation. We are particularly interested in migration because migration seems to be the most important factor contributing to quick population changes.
Yes, No, Maybe: Fertility Intentions and Reasons Behind Them Among Childless Finnish Men and Women
Authors: Miettinen Anneli , Paajanen Pirjo
Published: June 2020

In this paper we examine reproductive intentions among childless Finnish men and women aged 18 to 34 years. In Finland, as in other European countries, young adults are postponing parenthood to an ever-later age. Our intention is to investigate expressions of reproductive intentions, and particularly, to focus on the division of intentions between more positive and more hesitant expressions. We examine how education, factors related to economic security and values relate to childbearing hesitation among young adults. We also use information on the reasons that the young themselves have provided to examine differences in fertility intentions. Our study uses a sample of 724 men and women drawn from the PPA2 survey, which focused on Finns attitudes in 2002 toward family and children, family policy measures, values in life, and fertility intentions. We ? nd that education is related to postponement, and that unemployment increases hesitation. Partnership and the state of the relationship are clearly important preconditions for positive childbearing intentions among both men and women. Postponers are more likely to stress reasons that are related to present life situation and are more open to change, while persons who hesitate regarding future childbearing stress longer-standing reasons behind their intentions.
HIV and Fertility Decline in North-Central Namibia 1980-2004
Authors: Shemeikka Riikka , Notkola Veijo , Kuhanen Jan , Siiskonen Harri
Published: June 2020

The aim of this study was to estimate the development of fertility and the impact of HIV on this development in North-Central Namibia from 1980 to 2004. The main sources of data consisted of parish registers for eight Evangelical Lutheran congregations, the 1992 and 2000 Namibia Demographic and Health Surveys and the 1991 and 2001 population censuses. Developments in fertility were studied using the total fertility rate (TFR), age-speci? c fertility rates (ASFR), and standardized fertility distributions. The results show that fertility declined from 5.0 in 1980-89 to 4.1 in 1990-99 and to 3.5 in 2000-04. Among women in the 25-29 age group and older, fertility declined, while fertility among adolescents increased. Both age at ? rst marriage and premarital fertility increased during the study period. During the 1990s, HIV infection explained 25-29% of the decline in total fertility. If mortality continues to increase as a result of the HIV epidemic while fertility continues to decline, both because of HIV infection and for other societal reasons, the implications for future population growth rates and the countrys demographic structure are pronounced.
How do Locals in Finland Identify Resident Foreigners
Authors: Säävälä Minna
Published: June 2020

This study examines the identi? cation by Finns of foreign residents in Finland by analyzing data from a representative sample survey carried out in 2002. When people were asked to name a group of foreigners residing in Finland, the majority ?rst mentioned Somalis, despite the fact that only 4 percent of foreign residents are Somali and 6 percent of foreign-language speakers speak Somali. The general tendency when identifying resident foreigners is to refer primarily to ethnic or national groups; references to status (e.g. refugee, return migrant, guest worker) or religion (e.g. Muslim) are rare in the survey. In terms of ethnicity, identifying foreign residents in Finland is inconsistent, particularly as Russians and Estonians, the two largest groups, are not readily seen as foreign residents. The prevalence of answering Somalis could be considered an outcome of the maximally visible difference between Finns and Somalis. A logistic regression analysis is used to examine whether identifying resident foreigners differs according to socio-economic and educational characteristics, age, gender, region, and attitude towards the number of resident foreigners in Finland. The variables that signi? cantly in? uence the probability of answering Somalis and Russians are the respondents region, age, attitude towards the number of foreign residents in Finland, and to some extent, gender and higher education. Respondents occupational status, vocational education or income does not have a signi? cant impact on the answers. Regional differences appear to be a major factor affecting how foreigners are identi? ed, which shows that although the need to consider resident foreigners as visibly, culturally and linguistically maximally different may be a nearly universal base line for creating difference and identity, identifying foreign residents in Finland is not entirely independent of demographic realities.
The Identities of Young Interrnational Adoptees in Finland
Authors: Virkki Heidi
Published: June 2020

Of the 30,000 children adopted yearly all over the world, about 200-300 come to Finland. A former adoption donor country, Finland started receiving international adoptees in the 1970s. Nowadays, there are about 3,000 internationally adopted persons in Finland. This paper focuses on the views and experiences of young Finnish international adoptees, who were interviewed during summer and autumn 2005. Altogether three group interviews and six individual interviews were carried out. The main aim was to study cultural identity and experiences of difference. The primary objective of this study is to give a voice to young international adoptees in Finland and present results as examples of how the dominant population adapts to difference.
Análise da Internacionalização: Um Estudo de Caso da Indústria Têxtil Portuguesa no Mercado Brasileiro
Authors: Mannarelli Filho Téucle , Barbieri Renata , De Figueiredo Paloma Cardoso , Prates Glaucia Aparecida , Galli Lesley Carina do Lago Attadia
Published: June 2020

Objetivo do estudo: Investigar as oportunidades de internacionalização do Grupo empresarial da industrial têxtil portuguesa MoreTextile para o mercado brasileiro.Metodologia/abordagem: Realizou-se um estudo de natureza aplicada de orientação qualitativa por meio de um caso único.Originalidade/Relevância: O estudo justifica-se pelo tamanho e potencial do mercado brasileiro, associado a fatores facilitadores de tal processo, tais como as semelhanças culturais e a disponibilidade das matérias-primas necessárias para fabricar os produtos, tendo em vista que o Brasil está entre os cinco maiores produtores mundiais de algodão.Principais resultado:  Os principais aspectos positivos que justificam o processo de internacionalização da industrial têxtil portuguesa MoreTextile são: a abertura de novos mercados norteados por um consumo mais sustentável e a disponibilidade de matérias primas no Brasil. Os aspectos negativos são: as barreiras tarifárias, a alta competividade, a instabilidade política, a falta de mão-de-obra qualificada e os custos de logística.Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: o estudo permitiu verificar as oportunidades e as limitações no processo de internacionalização da indústria têxtil portuguesa para o mercado brasileiro.
A Alocação Estratégica de Recursos Institucionais para a Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu e o Desempenho dos Programas na Avaliação Capes: Um Estudo em Universidades Federais
Authors: Andrade Elida Furtado da Silva , Lobato Josiane de Oliveira , Maccari Emerson Antonio , Mazieri Marcos Rogério
Published: June 2020

As universidades públicas com importante atuação na pós-graduação stricto sensu têm, ao longo dos anos, procurado definir estratégias para alavancar o desempenho dos seus programas por meio de ações internas que os fortaleçam diante dos critérios exigidos na avaliação periódica realizada pela CAPES. Este estudo pretende analisar como as pró-reitorias de pós-graduação de universidades federais alocaram recursos institucionais em busca do desenvolvimento de seus programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu, no período de 2008 a 2017. Nesse sentido, foi realizado um estudo de caso múltiplo, utilizando como unidades de análise a Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso/UFMT, a Universidade Federal do Amazonas/UFAM e a Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul/UFMS.  Os dados primários e secundários, respectivamente, foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas com as pró-reitoras de pós-graduação stricto sensu das universidades investigadas e em sites e documentos oficiais disponibilizados pelas instituições, observando os preceitos da teoria Resource Based-view/RBV. Com os resultados da pesquisa, concluiu-se ser imprescindível para a expansão e/ou consolidação da pós-graduação stricto sensu, ofertadas pelas universidades federais, o seu reconhecimento pela administração superior como estratégica para o desenvolvimento institucional, fazendo-a constar no PDI e, respectivamente, nos planejamentos estratégicos de curto/médio prazos propostos pela gestão. Esse registro asseguraria a alocação de seus recursos institucionais utilizando sua experiência acumulada e de acordo com as políticas institucionais definidas em seu planejamento estratégico.
Avaliação do Nível de Maturidade da Indústria 4.0: O Caso de uma Empresa Estratégica de Defesa
Authors: Silva Marcus Vinicius Gonçalves da , Rocha Clarissa Figueredo
Published: June 2020

Objetivo:  Avaliar o nível de maturidade de uma Empresa Estratégica de Defesa (EED) sob a ótica dos conceitos da Indústria 4.0.Método: A pesquisa classifica-se em bibliográfica, qualitativa e descritiva, e utiliza-se do questionário desenvolvido pela Fundação IMPULS, empresa de consultoria alemã, traduzido e adaptado para este estudo, no caso da Indústria de Material Bélico do Brasil (IMBEL).Originalidade/Relevância: Um dos gaps no estudo da Indústria 4.0 no Brasil é a ausência de evidências empíricas sobre os impactos que as tecnologias decorrentes desse novo paradigma podem contribuir para o desempenho operacional das empresas. Diante dessa nova tendência, faz-se necessário analisar seus impactos nas empresas, de forma empírica, ao relacionar os construtos teóricos desenvolvidos e a realidade das empresas.Resultados: Os resultados revelam que a empresa analisada apresenta um nível de maturidade intermediário, categorizada como aprendiz em um modelo de maturidade da Indústria 4.0.Contribuições metodológicas: A pesquisa contribui com o desenvolvimento empírico de um modelo e fornece um instrumento de análise da maturidade da Indústria 4.0 que poderá ser utilizado em empresas de diferentes setores.Contribuições para a gestão: O questionário elaborado neste estudo (Apêndice), pode ser utilizado por outras Empresas Estratégicas de Defesa, além de outras empresas de manufatura de diferentes setores, para que possam avaliar o nível de maturidade da Indústria 4.0, com a finalidade de identificar as estratégias e o status de implementação desse novo modelo.
Disclosure de Informações sobre Segurança do Internet Banking em sites Bancários: o Papel da Internet na Difusão de Inovações
Authors: Malaquias Fernanda Francielle de Oliveira , Silva Daniela De Santi
Published: June 2020

Objetivo do estudo: Esse artigo teve como objetivo analisar o nível de disclosure de informações sobre segurança do Internet Banking em sites bancários, bem como os seus determinantes.Metodologia: A avaliação do nível de disclosure baseou-se em um framework com 25 itens, que se dividem em medidas físicas, administrativas e técnicas. Foram adotadas as abordagens quantitativas (estatística descritiva e análise de regressão multivariada) e qualitativa (análise de conteúdo) para análise dos dados.Originalidade/Relevância: Considerando que a segurança é um dos principais determinantes da adoção do Internet Banking, esse estudo visa ampliar a discussão sobre tecnologias bancárias e segurança da informação, focando em um tópico que ainda tem sido pouco explorado no cenário brasileiro.Principais resultados: Os principais resultados evidenciaram que o nível de informações sobre segurança divulgadas pelos bancos em seus sites é baixo. Bancos com maior número de agências, com maior rentabilidade e bancos privados apresentaram melhores níveis de disclosure.Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: No campo teórico, o estudo traz contribuições para a literatura ao abordar um tema ainda pouco explorado, especialmente no Brasil. Ademais, esta pesquisa aborda este tema considerando uma perspectiva tanto quantitativa quanto qualitativa, o que permite maior detalhamento sobre os itens a serem considerados pelas instituições financeiras ao oferecerem serviços eletrônicos aos seus clientes.Contribuições para a gestão: Os resultados da pesquisa podem contribuir para que os bancos avaliem e melhorem o nível de informações que estão sendo divulgadas para seus clientes a fim de aumentar a confiança dos consumidores no Internet Banking e, consequentemente, a difusão dessa tecnologia.
Pelatihan Penyusunan Soal Bahasa Indonesia Berorientasi HOT’S untuk Guru SMP dan SMA
Authors: Wardhana Dian Eka Chandra , Ariesta Ria , Sarwono Sarwit
Published: June 2020

Guru Bahasa Indonesia SMP/SMA abad 21 adalah guru yang dapat merumuskan soal-soal yang dapat mengembangkan kecakapan bernalar siswa (HOTs), namun sampai saat ini soal yang dirumuskan masih berkisar pada soal LOTs (C1, C2, dan C3). Dengan demikian perlu pelatihan penyusunan soal Bahasa Indonesia yang berorientasi HOT’s. Metode pelatihan yang digunakan adalah model proses program pelatihan yang dikemukan oleh Leagens. Model ini berupa model instruksional yang memuat komponen situasi, masalah, tujuan, dan cara untuk mencapai tujuan atau S-M-T-C. Data kegiatan pengabdian ini diambil dengan pre test dan post test dengan instrumen soal HOTs yang berbentuk essay. Analisis data pengabdian dianalisis dengan uji T. Hasil pelatihan yang diperoleh adalah ada perubahan tingkah laku guru (subyek) pelatihan yang dibuktikan dengan hasil analisis data yang dikumpulkan dengan uji T. Hasil pelatihan adalah rata-rata nilai jawaban intrumen oleh responden pada pre test sebesar 46,63 lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan rata-rata nilai jawaban intrumen pada post test oleh responden yaitu 72,60. Hasil uji t menunjukkan bahwa nilai P(T<=t) one-tail sebesar 0,00. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa nilai pre test berbeda nyata dengan nilai post test karena nilai P(T<=t) one-tail lebih rendah dari taraf 5% (0,05).
PROFITABILITAS, KARAKTER EKSEKUTIF, KEPEMILIKAN KELUARGA DAN TAX AVOIDANCE PERUSAHAAN
Authors: Kepramareni Putu , Yuliastuti Ida Ayu Nyoman , Suarningsih Ni Wayan Ari
Published: June 2020

Abstrak

 

Tax avoidance  merupakan upaya yang dilakukan seseorang untuk mengurangi atau meminimalkan kewajiban pajaknya tanpa melanggar ketentuan undang-undang perpajakan yang berlaku. Wajib pajak berusaha untuk meringankan kewajiban pembayaran pajak dengan meminimalkan jumlah pajak yang harus dibayar. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi seseorang dalam melakukan tax avoidance yaitu profitabilitas, karakter eksekutif dan kepemilikan keluarga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh dari variabel-variabel tersebut yaitu variabel profitabilitas, karakter eksekutif dan kepemilikan keluarga terhadap variabel tax avoidance. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia selama periode 2014-2018. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 14 perusahaan yang diperoleh melalui metode purposive sampling dan diteliti selama 5 tahun sehingga sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 70 sampel. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik analisis regresi linear berganda. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa profitabilitas tidak berpengaruh terhadap tax avoidance perusahaan, sedangkan karakter eksekutif dan kepemilikan keluarga berpengaruh positif terhadap tax avoidance  perusahaan.

 

Kata kunci: profitabilitas, karakter eksekutif, kepemilikan keluarga dan tax avoidance

 

Abstract

 

Tax avoidance is an attempt by someone to reduce or minimize their tax obligations without violating the provisions of applicable tax laws. Taxpayers try to ease the tax payment obligations by minimizing the amount of tax that must be paid. There are several factors that can influence someone in doing tax avoidance, namely profitability, executive character and family ownership. This study aims to examine the effect of these variables, namely profitability, executive character and family ownership on tax avoidance variables. This research was conducted at manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2014-2018 period. The samples used in this study were 14 companies obtained through the purposive sampling method and studied for 5 years so that the samples in this study were 70 samples. Data analysis technique used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis techniques. The analysis shows that profitability has no effect on corporate tax avoidance, while executive character and family ownership have a positive effect on corporate tax avoidance.

 

Keywords: profitability, executive character, family ownership and tax avoidance
Media Sosial dan Interaktivitas dalam Dunia Public Relations
Authors: Putra I Gusti Ngurah
Published: June 2020

Keberadaan media social saat ini tidak bisa diabaikan peranan dalam berbagai bidang kehidupan termasuk dalam bidang public relations. Bagi praktek public relations, kehadiran media social bukan saja menambah media baru sebagai media komunikasi untuk kegiatan public relations, tetapi juga mengubah praktek public relations secara radikal. Praktek public relations sebelum kehadiran media social cenderung bersifat komunikasi satu arah. Dengan kehadiran media social, praktek public relations tidak lagi hanya mengandalkan komunikasi searah, tetapi juga komunikasi yang bersifat interaktif. Artikel ini mendiskusikan berbagai dimensi media social dan pengaruhnya pada aspek interaktivitas dalam dunia public relations.