bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
5.1.4 Information modelling and systems re‐engineering—an efficient approach to assessing complex current Norwegian natural gas transport operations
Authors: Statoil Hans J. Dahl
Published: September 2023

This paper presents the use of information models as tools for systematically assessing existing Norwegian natural gas transport operations. The models, integral parts of a systems re‐engineering process to analyze the entire transport operation, consist of a requirement traceability model, a system architecture model, a behavior model, and a context model. These models not only consistently define existing operations, but also verify how well the operations meet effectiveness measures that have been identified for the operations.

Systems re‐engineering and the models derived from it are shown here to reduce the asymmetry in information that is typically present in this industry between principals and their agents (e.g., authorities vs. system owners, system owners vs. system operators, and shippers vs. shippers' dispatching representatives). Further, information modelling of an existing system is shown here to differ from the more traditional application of information modelling: to bring a new system into being.

Models provide a scientific framework for evaluating how a changing business environment impacts existing operations. New legislative requirements and economic measures can be tested with models, which also allow new operational services and business opportunities to be identified and evaluated prior to implementation in actual operations.
7.1.2 Abatement Of Nonpoint Source Pollution: A Systems Engineering Model
Authors: Ghahramani Bahador , Elmaimani Bassam , Pope Tito
Published: September 2023

Nonpoint source pollution prevention management, primarily consisting of education and regulatory efforts, has met little success to date. Indeed, nonpoint pollution is getting worse, not better, and the Environmental Protection Agency rates it as the leading cause of water quality problems. We must deal with the problems through a systems approach to achieve workable, feasible solutions. Unlike point source input, where the levels, quantities, and consistency of loading are known, nonpoint source pollution must be modeled as an environmentally open system that is constantly changing. Successful nonpoint pollution management requires a systems approach for applying general land management practices to specific unique watersheds focusing on identifying the specific objectives, increasing participation of the affected people in the development process, and applying continuous refinements and improvements once the watershed's management system is implemented. This paper proposes a more holistic approach that will result in robust methods for modeling, implementing, and assessing the control and abatement of nonpoint source pollution.
3.2.3 The Use of an Information Model to Describe the SIRTF Spacecraft
Authors: Harrison Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2023

A space system information model (SSIM) was developed to guide the identification of the contents for a document which describes the spacecraft system of the NASA/JPL Space InfraRed Telescope Facility (SIRTF) program. The model was adapted from a general model presented by Dr. David Oliver in his tutorial, Engineering Complex Systems with Models and Objects. The contents of the description document are summarized. Additional benefits from using the SSIM for this and other space systems are identified. A range of further applications which can evolve from the SSIM are also discussed.
3.2.4 A Toolset for modelbased AOCS‐Design
Authors: Hoecherl F. , Wilke M. , Quirmbach O. , Surauer M. , Igenbergs E.
Published: September 2023

Due to increasing commercialisation in satellite business modern companies have to create proposals quicker and cheaper than ever before. To cope with those demands a model based design approach is currently implemented at the satellite division of DaimlerChrysler Aerospace.

The attitude and orbit control system (AOCS) is one of the key subsystems within a satellite, as it's heavily interfacing to all other subsystems.

A tool was developed which supports the AOCS‐designer in selecting suitable COTS‐components based on functional requirements. For each functional requirement (product‐function) a set of reference solutions is identified. Based on the designers selection of those reference solutions, a pre‐selection of suitable COTS‐components is being filtered from a component database.

After the designer has selected the final set of components, the tool provides a compliancy check to the initial requirements.
4.2.1 Emergence: A Challenge for the Systematic
Authors: McConnell G. R.
Published: September 2023

The word emergence is being used with increasing frequency. Emergent properties are recognised as a fundamental distinguisher of systems, but what exactly are these emergent properties?

This paper examines what these terms mean and why these concepts are not just relevant, but extremely important, to the systems engineering community. It represents an introduction for INCOSE to research which is being carried out in this area. It is therefore a ‘work in progress’ report which will hopefully be followed up at future conferences.

The aim of the research is to determine ways in which emergence could be better modelled so that it is less of a surprise when it occurs. Perhaps most important, from the viewpoint of the systems engineer, is to predict emergence which has a negative impact on the functioning of the system. It is these unpleasant surprises, often the cause of major problems, which must be addressed.
4.2.4 Guiding Principles for Next Generation Computer‐Aided Systems Engineering Tools
Authors: Sampson Mark E.
Published: September 2023

The Standish Group recently made major waves when it reported a disturbing 50%+ failure rate among software development projects. It places the blame squarely on a number of factors including; failure to understand and deliver customer requirements to design personnel, lack of real time decision support in concert with requirements, as well as delivery mechanism to feed requirements to downstream development tools–all of which falls in CAD/CAE poor purview of systems architects. This was brought closer to home at the 1999 INCOSE International Symposium, when Gerard Le Lann in his “Reality Check” paper threw the focus of blame from software to systems. “like blaming the transmission for engine problems”. This paper attempts to define some high level guiding principles for tools needed to support “systems thinking” and describes the features of these next‐generation systems development CAD/CAE environments needed to counter these alarming trends.
7.2.2 Selection of a Requirement Management Tool for a Semi‐Custom Design Company
Authors: Langston Dale Glyn , Hansen Mary Lynne
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this paper is to define how a requirements management tool might fit into a semi‐custom design company. The paper identifies why this selection is more complex for a semi‐custom design company than either a project‐based company or a pure product‐based company. The paper finally identifies a minimum set of requirements that must be satisfied by the requirements management tool.
7.2.3 A generic approach to implement information‐based system development
Authors: Fricke Ernst , Schulz Armin , Wehlitz Pamela , Negele Herbert
Published: September 2023

The idea of information‐based system development is to analyze, capture and model information flows within a company's processes related to system development. Building on those information flows an appropriate development process can be implemented. This has to be done throughout the entire life‐cycle, that is from first ideas and concepts to after‐sales service and field support.

This paper introduces a generic approach to set‐up and implement information‐based system development. A high level process as well as an appropriate modeling method to approach and capture information‐based system development is addressed. Typical results, insights and benefits gained from an implementation of information‐based system development are highlighted.
2.3.4 Five Realities for Systems Engineering in Commercial Enterprises
Authors: Lentz V.A.
Published: September 2023

System engineering has its origins in the complexity business. The legacy is in the large unprecedented systems built primarily in support of telecommunications, defense, and space applications. As the products provided by other segments of industry become more complex, smarter, systems engineering by what ever name is probably a good idea. There are several parallel initiatives which do some of the same things ‐ but systems takes the most holistic view. This is important to the profitability of a company over time ‐ the decades that it takes to discover, mature and incorporate disruptive technologies. It is also important to companies that support many similar products over a life span dictated by the customer rather than the producer.
4.3.1 Acquisition Strategies for the Management of Multinational Cooperative Research and Development Programs
Authors: Roe Charles L.
Published: September 2023

Collaborative efforts allow nations to pursue common‐interest programs too expensive for any one nation to attempt. The difficulties of these multinational developments are formidable. Program Managers must devise an acquisition strategy that allows them to control the direction and goals of the program by mobilizing programmatic, technology, management, and contracting processes. Several alternatives are available to these managers, and their choice of acquisition strategy can have a major impact on their ability to guide the program to a successful conclusion.
4.3.2 Assessing the relevance of systems engineering for electrical commercial product development
Authors: Parrot Olivier , De Paoli Claude , Rouge Alain , Dutey Catherine
Published: September 2023

Traditionally, MGE UPS Systems, like most commercial product suppliers, was used to rely on stamped‐commercial product development practices to manage time‐to‐market. But practices like concurrent engineering, project‐based and steering committee‐driven organization, system life‐cycle, are not anymore sufficient to answer always growing global market constraints. New practices as well as the solving of concurrent engineering side effects are becoming unavoidable.

This concerns in particular the introduction of global systems optimization Vs. Component optimization, which traditionally drives product commercial product development.

Systems engineering offers potential solutions to solve that issue although it was used so far for types of development and types of system which correspond to features that are almost opposite to ours (large vs. small systems, long vs. fast development, mono‐customer vs. market).

Time is a very precious resource for companies like ours, it is very difficult to find some time and motivation to set new practices in use; and especially practices that somehow tell that “you should waste a bit of your time at the beginning of the project to save more later on”.

Not an idea to be easily accepted by a product developer or manager ! This is why we carried out the SYRENA experiment, to address both in technical, managerial and cultural terms, the adoption of some systems engineering practices to develop faster small electrical systems.

This paper gives a bird's‐eye‐view of the findings of the SYRENA project w.r.t. to the technical, managerial and cultural acceptance of systems engineering.

From a technical standpoint, the experiment focused more specifically on the interface between marketing and engineering and addressed the interface of the system‐level requirements engineering process.
8.3.1 An instrument for establishing the operational need for the Dutch Defense
Authors: Ludema M.W.
Published: September 2023

The information process towards the Dutch parliament on the acquisition of defence material has improved considerable. Though several aspects are not or not to the appropriate detail addressed during the acquisition process, as was shown in an other research on the Dutch Defense System Acquisition Process. The same kinds of research was performed on the information process of the “Establishment of the Operation Need” of the Dutch Defense System Planning Process. This process lacks the structure and contents to adequately inform the Dutch Parliament on the transition from the planning via the operational need toward the actual acquisition process. Part of the problem is found in the way the Defense organization comprehends the actual need, and is a result of inadequate systems thinking. For the structuring problem a solution was proposed in rewriting the procedure and including an aspect list as a check list for writing appropriate documents.
8.3.3 Risk Management for the NASA/JPL Genesis Mission: A Case Study
Authors: Roberts Barney B. , Bennett Richard B.
Published: September 2023

Processes, just like any product, are designed to meet a set of requirements. The Risk Management Process for the Genesis Project began with the basic requirement to meet NASA and JPL policies and standards. Meeting these basic requirements was not as challenging as trying to avoid process execution flaws observed in the practice in other applications similar to the JPL environment. In addition, there were new issues and changing emphases that required the process to continuously evolve as the project matured.

The process was designed to avoid pitfalls encountered by others as they have tried to implement Risk Management. A set of lessons‐learned which covered the experiences of others, specific inputs from the project's Risk Manager, and the evolving needs of Genesis Project management guided the development of the process. This led to the necessity of a facilitated approach. The facilitated approach took advantage of the knowledge of the team members directly involved with the at‐risk elements and supplemented them with the specialized skills and tools required for Risk Analysis.

The resulting process was successful in managing the risks to the project. Results varied as the process and project matured. In general, the results indicate a good return‐on‐investment for the risk management activity. In addition, new lessons‐learned are being collected.
3.4.1 Systems Engineering Meta‐Tools for Complex Product Development
Authors: Negele Herbert , Wenzel Stefan
Published: September 2023

In order to successfully deal with increasingly complex product development systems, adequate methods can help to structure and classify the numerous relevant aspects in a clear, transparent manner. In this paper, several generic methods for structuring these aspects are presented which provide different useful perspectives. Since the methods presented try to give an integrative, comprehensive grasp of complex product development systems, they are proposed as meta‐tools for systems engineering.
3.4.2 Improving Systems Integrity by Using Thread Analysis for Design Validation
Authors: Collins Rob , Pearson Peter , Chattaway Peter
Published: September 2023

The techniques described in this paper have been developed and applied on a series of major systems engineering projects, most recently including the BOWMAN programme. BOWMAN will encompass the design, development, manufacture, conversion (rollout) and support of the new communications systems for the British Army. The BOWMAN contract will be valued in excess of £1.5 Billion and be delivered and installed over a period of 6 years.

Thread Analysis is a technique that enables systems design to be systematically inspected with respect to a number of desirable properties. Threads analysis finds application in domains including safety critical systems; security critical systems; concurrent, real‐time systems and systems with complex and diverse behaviour.

Thread Analysis is concerned with ‘unravelling’ and documenting sequences of dependent events within complex systems. The consideration of the way in which one event leads to one or more other events in the system and the consequent changes in that systems state can provide deep insight into its functioning and integrity.

This paper shows how the essentially simple technique of inspecting dependent sequences of system events can be applied in a surprising variety of ways to yield useful and powerful results.
3.4.4 A Systematic Method for Development of Reactive Real‐Time Systems
Authors: Grigg Alan , Henderson Neil
Published: September 2023

In this paper, we identify the need for a more systematic method to support the specification and analysis of reactive real‐time systems and propose such an approach based on real‐time transactions. Firstly, a graphical notation is outlined that can be used to specify the timing properties of real‐time transactions. Secondly, a rigorous formal notation is proposed to support the expression of transaction functionality. Finally, a timing analysis method is described that can be used to predict the timing behaviour of the system at any stage of refinement of the formal model. The use of the approach is illustrated via a case study. We suggest that the application of a more systematic approach to the development of real‐time systems can provide major cost benefits when considered over the life‐cycle of the system.
4.4.2 Risk and Performance
Authors: Snyder Frank J. , Buede Dennis M.
Published: September 2023

Risk is constantly present in the engineering design of systems. It influences all lifecycle phases of every system and manifests itself through a system's cost, schedule, and performance attributes. These attributes are expressed through a system's design requirements and therefore provide a measure of how successful a system is. Design requirements are stated by means of a design threshold and a design goal. The distance between the threshold and the goal, known as the design space, provides not only a measure of system performance, but also an understanding of system risk and risk management. Risk management is the sum of activities undertaken to understand, identify, classify, measure, and mitigate risk in the engineering design of systems. This paper presents an output‐oriented view of risk and risk management. It provides a taxonomy of risks that exploits the relationship between risk and performance and then discusses several hedging strategies that serve to manage risk in the engineering design of systems.
7.4.1 Reuse and COTS Lessons Learned for the Development Process and Team of Surveillance Radars
Authors: McGuire Kathleen
Published: September 2023

Surveillance radars developed in the 1990's have extensively exploited the use of previous developed components and subsystems to significantly reduce development cost and schedule. The wide array of experiences has offered interesting examples and lessons learned. Development of air traffic control and military ground based and airborne surveillance radars using reuse and COTS have saved millions of dollars and years of time.

Tailored Systems Engineering development processes were key to optimize system quality, time and cost savings when using COTS and reuse. Tailored processes helped minimize the amount of “bumps in the road” and team morale issues frequently experienced with previously developed components.
2.5.3 SCE II™: Comprehensive, Integrated System Measurement During Use
Authors: Rust G Philip
Published: September 2023

The paper explores a comprehensive, integrated approach to the measurement of value‐for‐money during system utilization and highlights the role of systems engineers in the performance of this important activity. The linkage back to designed system cost‐effectiveness is illustrated and the transformation of the cost‐effectiveness model for application during system utlization is explained. The approach emphasizes the fact that only the total system can deliver total value and therefore the total, business system must be measured. The philosophy, principles, concepts and methodology of the measurement approach is elaborated. The paper concludes by listing the advantages of this new measurement approach.
3.5.1 The Taxonomy of Systems Engineering Competency for the New Millennium
Authors: Widmann E. R. , Anderson G. E. , Hudak G. J. , Hudak T. A.
Published: September 2023

This paper provides notable results of the continued development The Taxonomy Of Systems Engineering Competency, which is aligned with the EIA/IS 731.1 Systems Engineering Capability Model (SECM). The INCOSE Corporate Advisory Board has set a high priority on the development of this Taxonomy, which complements the use of the standard. For an organization to grow in systems engineering capability when implementing the EIA/ IS 731.1 SECM, individuals within that organization must also grow in increasing levels of competency. Key features of the EIA/IS 731.1 SECM, to which the taxonomy is to be aligned, are summarized. A foundation is presented for the development of the taxonomy's architecture, which is comprised of three highly aligned models. Each model is described in terms of its purpose, functions, inputs, and outputs. The basis of the Systems Engineering Competency Model is described in detail. The Taxonomy is linked closely to elements of the EIA/IS 731.1 SECM. An example demonstrates the application of the taxonomy to the development of a set of enabling skills for the conduct of quality management per the EIA/IS 731.1 SECM. The paper concludes with a description of future activities and a clarification of the relationship of this Taxonomy to the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge being developed by INCOSE. An appendix at the end of the paper provides a completed example of a set of enabling skills for the conduct of risk management per the EIA/IS 731.1 SECM.
3.5.3 Systems Engineering Framework for Deploying eCommerce Websites
Authors: Shah Bharat
Published: September 2023

The more recent rise of the World Wide Web (WWW), driven by corporate acceptance and adoption, has revolutionised a new age of doing business. Companies of all types and sizes are faced with doing business via Internet or face the risk of going out of business. This has led to an exponential growth in eCommerce (Electronic Commerce) using integrated communications and electronic data interchange (EDI) technologies.

This paper describes a Systems Engineering Life Cycle framework for the successful implementation of eCommerce application project. A methodology followed is based on systems engineering principles to ensure that eCommerce requirements are understood and designed properly. The highlights in support of this title include:

Emphasis on eCommerce application needs analysis;

Understand systems engineering framework to design, implement and maintain eCommerce applications;

Understand how eCommerce technologies can be applied to achieve competitive advantage by transforming relationships with customers, suppliers and business partners.
1.6.2 Electronic Systems Engineering (E‐SE): Exploiting Internet Technology – or – A Project Portal Primer
Authors: Pohlmann Lawrence D.
Published: September 2023

Is it time for E‐SE? Exploitation of internet technology by systems engineering (SE) will surely play heavily in our ‘New Century of Opportunity.‘ This paper addresses the use of internet technology for supporting: a) systems engineering on a project, and b) systems engineering process improvement in an enterprise. The paper is intended to assemble a set of concise and potentially useful guidance into one place.

Principles behind the popularity of the web are discussed. These are related to the needs of project and enterprise systems engineering and program management activities. Potential dimensions of web use are described and related to the concept of a ‘project portal.‘ A candidate project managers' wish list is presented. Lastly, a few comments are offered on futures of E‐SE. We may indeed be entering the age of E‐SE!
6.6.3 Testing—Let Me Count the Ways: Taguchi versus Combinatorial Design
Authors: Huller Jerry
Published: September 2023

Testers face the challenge of doing as much testing as possible within the available, and usually constrained, schedule. It is not practical to exhaustively test all combinations of system test cases. There are methods that generate a small subset of test cases that provide good coverage of the test domain. This paper discusses the author's experience with two such methods—Taguchi (orthogonal array) techniques and the Combinatorial Design Method (CDM). The CDM has proven to be more flexible for system level testing of commercial satellite ground systems.
8.6.1 Towards the Development of Domain‐Specific Guidelines for a Systems Engineering Framework: Commercial Aircraft
Authors: Jackson Scott , Simpson Mary J. , Atkinson Cheryl , Mathers Greg , Simpson Joseph J. , Duurland Erwin , Jain Ashok
Published: September 2023

The Joint Commercial Aircraft Working Group (JCAWG) consists of members from INCOSE, other professional societies, major aircraft manufacturers, regulatory agencies, suppliers, and other companies in the commercial aircraft domain. JCAWG is chairing the development of a supplemental guideline for the Commercial Aircraft Transport Domain under the title of “Guidelines for the Application of Systems Engineering in the Commercial Aircraft Domain.” The primary purpose of the Guidelines is to span the gap between the ANSI/EIA standard and other guidelines in the aircraft industry. These Guidelines are expected to be the forerunner for similar guidelines in other application domains.
8.6.4 Denver International Airport: How could System Engineering Principles Have Prevented Disaster?
Authors: Cook R. H.
Published: September 2023

The new international airport in Denver is a massively complex project that suffered from serious delays and budget overruns. It has been extensively post‐mortemed in the press and trade journals, and its troubles even received a hearing before the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Aviation. This student paper, produced as part of work towards the MSWE degree at the University of Maryland University College, examines some of the airport's problems with a view to the role played by systems engineering in the conception, design, development, and installation of the airport's baggage handling system. What principles from the systems engineering discipline could have been applied, and how might they have affected the outcome of the project?
9.4 The Role of Configuration Management in Earned Value Management
Authors: Kehoe Karen G. , McCumber William H.
Published: September 2023

Project control is a delicate, interactive balancing act involving cumulative cost, consumption of time (schedule execution), and evolution of performance. Cost is reported to the project manager through finance; schedule status is reported through the operating departments; and performance is reported through systems engineering. Absent some unifying structure, these three essential elements of project control proceed asynchronously, independently of each other, and thus can be said to be time‐incoherent. Configuration management provides the needed unification. It gives context to accomplishment; substantiates products, and reconciles cost, schedule, and content. That is what this paper is about.
Dental hygiene student perceptions of a school‐based sealant program: A qualitative review
Authors: Hobbs Ashley J. , Mitchell Tanya V. , Bray Kimberly K. , Sutton Julie D.
Published: September 2023

Purpose/objectives

The purpose of this 2021 study was to explore experiences acquired from a school‐based sealant program (SBSP), to improve understanding of the relationship between SBSP and dental hygiene (DH) student outcomes, and to inform institutions of the value of educational experiences aiming to reduce disparities in access to dental care.

Methods

University of Missouri Kansas City School of Dentistry Senior DH students complete a community engaged course which includes participation in community projects and clinical activities targeting Kansas City's urban and surrounding rural environments. The SBSP is a component of this course. This investigation utilized a qualitative methodology to examine SBSP experiences through the experience of the primary investigator, on‐site dentist, and DH students involved in the program.

Results

Data analysis resulted in consensus of five synthesized conceptual models and twenty‐three emergent themes. The conceptual models include: competence, roles and responsibilities, social justice, value added, and lessons learned.

Conclusion

Based on triangulated results, SBSPs improve access to care for children, save dental costs, and provide essential experiences for DH students.
Polynomial differentiation composition operators from Besov‐type spaces into Bloch‐type spaces
Authors: Zhu Xiangling , Hu Qinghua , Qu Dan
Published: September 2023

We give some characterizations for the boundedness, compactness, and essential norm of some Stević–Sharma‐type operators called the polynomial differentiation composition operators from Besov‐type spaces into Bloch‐type spaces on the unit disk.
Prevalence and determinants of stunting among children under 5 years in remote Nepal
Authors: Karki Alisha , Rijal Barsha , Shrestha Ganesh , Makai Prabina , Joshi Saugat , Basnet Srijana , Neupane Rudra , Karki Jiban
Published: September 2023

Introduction

The growth and development of an individual is greatly influenced by their nutritional state during the first 5 years of life. Stunted growth and suboptimal weight gain remain major public health concerns during the most critical stages of growth and early childhood development. This study aims to assess the prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age and identify its associated factors in remote district of Nepal.

Methods

We conducted a survey with 487 mothers of children under 5 years of age in a remote area of Nepal. Smartphones were installed with KoBocollect software to collect the data. Trained health researchers collected the data including the anthropometric measurement (height, weight and mid‐upper arm circumference, MUAC) for assessment of the nutritional status. We followed World Health Organization guidelines for the anthropometric measurement and calculated theZ‐score using Emergency Nutrition (ENA) software. Regarding the questions related to dietary diversity, we used a validated questionnaire: household dietary diversity score, child dietary diversity score and women dietary diversity score. We analysed all the data from the survey using SPSS version 24. We performed descriptive and multivariable analyses to find the nutritional status and factors associated with stunting.

Result

We found a high prevalence of stunting, that is, 56.7% among children under 5 years of age. Sociodemographic variables like age, sex of the child and ethnicity were significantly associated with the prevalence of stunting. Male children (60.7%) were more likely to be stunted compared to females (51.8%). We found that children from the Brahmin/Chhetri ethnic group were more likely to be stunted compared to children from Dalit and Janajati. Mothers who delivered their youngest child by skilled health personnel were less likely to have their children to be stunted. Similarly, children aged 24–59 months were 2.5 times more likely to be stunted than those aged 6–23 months.

Conclusion

Stunting among children under 5 years of age is very high in the remote district of Nepal. Sex, age of the child, ethnicity and delivery by a health professional were associated with the prevalence of stunting. There is a need for awareness and public health intervention to reduce the prevalence of stunting and improve the nutritional status of children under 5 years of age in remote districts of Nepal. Furthermore, assessment of the nutritional status of children in other remote districts of Nepal is important.
Strengthened Interficial Adhesive Fracture Energy by Young's Modulus Matching Degree Strategy in Carbon‐Based HTM Free MAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cell with Enhanced Mechanical Compatibility
Authors: Liu Wen‐Wu , Li Cai‐Xia , Cui Chong‐Yang , Liu Guang‐Long , Lei Yi‐Xiao , Zheng Ya‐Wen , Da Shi‐Ji , Xu Zhi‐Qiang , Zou Rong , Kong Ling‐Bin , Ran Fen
Published: September 2023

Carbon‐based hole transport layer‐free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) have become one of the research focus due to low cost, easy preparation, and good optoelectronic properties. However, instability of perovskite under vacancy defects and stress–strain makes it difficult to achieve high‐efficiency and stable power output. Here, a soft‐structured long‐chain 2D pentanamine iodide (abbreviated as “PI”) is used to improve perovskite quality and interfacial mechanical compatibility. PI containing CH3(CH2)4NH3+ and I− ions not only passivate defects at grain boundaries, but also effectively alleviate residual stress during high temperature annealing via decreasing Young's modulus of perovskite film. Most importantly, PI effectively increases matching degree of Young's modulus between MAPbI3 (47.1 GPa) and carbon (6.7 GPa), and strengthens adhesive fracture energy (Gc) between perovskite and carbon, which is helpful for outward release of nascent interfacial stress generated under service conditions. Consequently, photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of optimal device is enhanced from 10.85% to 13.76% and operational stability is also significantly improved. 83.1% output is maintained after aging for 720 h at room temperature and 25–60% relative humidity (RH). This strategy of regulation from chemistry and physics provides a strategy for efficient and stable carbon‐based PSCs.
Additive Strategy Enhancing In Situ Polymerization Uniformity for High‐Voltage Sodium Metal Batteries
Authors: Ma Jian , Yu Mengyue , Huang Minghao , Wu Yueyue , Fu Chengyu , Dong Lei , Zhu Zhendong , Zhang Le , Zhang Zheng , Feng Xuyong , Xiang Hongfa
Published: September 2023

In situ polymerization to prepare quasi‐solid electrolyte has attracted wide attentions for its advantage in achieving intimate electrode–electrolyte contact and the high process compatibility with current liquid batteries; however, gases can be generated during polymerization process and remained in the final electrolyte, severely impairing the electrolyte uniformity and electrochemical performance. In this work, an in situ polymerized poly(vinylene carbonate)‐based quasi‐solid electrolyte for high‐voltage sodium metal batteries (SMBs) is demonstrated, which contains a novel multifunctional additive N‐methyl‐N‐(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA). MSTFA as high‐efficient plasticizer diminishes residual gases in electrolyte after polymerization; the softer and homogeneous electrolyte enables much faster ionic conduction. The HF/H2O scavenge effect of MSTFA mitigates the corrosion of free acid to cathode and interfacial passivating layers, enhancing the cycle stability under high voltage. As a result, the 4.4 V Na||Na3V2(PO4)2F3 cell employing the optimized electrolyte possesses an initial discharge capacity of 112.0 mAh g−1 and a capacity retention of 91.3% after 100 cycles at 0.5C, obviously better than those of its counterparts without MSTFA addition. This work gives a pioneering study on the gas residue phenomenon in in situ polymerized electrolytes, and introduces a novel multifunctional silane additive that effectively enhances electrochemical performance in high‐voltage SMBs, showing practical application significance.
Gravitation from optimized computation: Einstein and beyond
Authors: Carrasco Rafael , Pedraza Juan F. , Svesko Andrew , Weller-Davies Zachary
Published: September 2023

Abstract

A new principle in quantum gravity, dubbed spacetime complexity, states that gravitational physics emerges from spacetime seeking to optimize the computational cost of its quantum dynamics. Thus far, this principle has been realized at the linearized level, in holographic theories with Einstein gravity duals, assuming the so-called ‘Complexity-Volume’ (CV) proposal. We expand on this proof in two significant directions. First, we derive higher-derivative gravitational equations by including appropriate corrections to the CV dictionary. Second, we show semi-classical equations arise by considering the leading bulk quantum corrections to CV. Our proof is valid for two-dimensional dilaton gravities, where the problem of semi-classical backreaction can be solved exactly. However, we argue the principle should hold more generally, leading us to a concrete proposal for bulk complexity of perturbative excited states in arbitrary dimensions. Our results demonstrate the robustness of spacetime complexity as a guiding principle to understand gravity in terms of quantum computation.
Plan B: new Z′ models for b → sℓ+ℓ− anomalies
Authors: Allanach Ben , Mullin Anna
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Measurements of b → sμ+μ− transitions indicate that there may be a new physics field coupling to di-muon pairs associated with the b to s flavour transition. Including the 2022 LHCb reanalysis of RK and $$ {R}_{K^{\ast }} $$

R

K
∗

, one infers that there may also be associated new physics in b → se+e− transitions. Here, we examine the extent of the statistical preference for Z′ models coupling to di-electron pairs taking into account the relevant constraints, in particular from experiments at LEP-2. We identify an anomaly-free set of models which interpolates between the Z′ not coupling to electrons at all, to one in which there is an equal Z′ coupling to muons and electrons (but where in all models in the set, the Z′ boson can mediate b → sμ+μ− transitions). A 3B3 − Le − 2Lμ model provides a close-to-optimal fit to the pertinent measurements along the line of interpolation. We have (re-)calculated predictions for the relevant LEP-2 observables in terms of dimension-6 SMEFT operators and put them into the flavio computer program, so that they are available for global fits.
Classical observables from the exponential representation of the gravitational S-matrix
Authors: Damgaard Poul H. , Hansen Elias Roos , Planté Ludovic , Vanhove Pierre
Published: September 2023

Abstract

By combining the KMOC-formalism with the exponential representation of the scattering matrix we show that the two-body scattering angle is given by the corresponding matrix element of the exponential representation. This holds to all orders in the Post-Minkowskian expansion of gravity when restricted to the conservative sector. Once gravitational radiation is taken into account new terms correcting this relationship appear starting at fourth Post-Minkowskian order. A systematic expansion of the momentum kick is provided to any order, thus illustrating the iterative structure that partly recycles terms from lower orders in the Post-Minkowskian expansion. We provide explicit results for this computation to fourth Post-Minkowskian order, the first complete calculation at this order based on scattering amplitudes.
Thermodynamics of the three-dimensional black hole with torsion
Authors: Avilés Luis , Hidalgo Diego , Valdivia Omar
Published: September 2023

Abstract

The stationary black hole solution of a Chern-Simons model based on the semi-simple extension of the Poincaré gauge group is studied. The solution resembles the metric properties of the BTZ geometry but contains, in addition, non-vanishing torsion. The global structure of spacetime is characterized by three conserved charges: two associated with the mass and angular momentum and one extra constant triggered by spacetime torsion. Consequently, we show that the entropy deviates from the standard Bekenstein-Hawking value and discuss the implications of torsional charges in the context of black hole thermodynamics.
Effective weak and vague convergence of measures on the real line
Authors: Rojas Diego A.
Published: September 2023

We expand our effective framework for weak convergence of measures on the real line by showing that effective convergence in the Prokhorov metric is equivalent to effective weak convergence. In addition, we establish a framework for the study of the effective theory of vague convergence of measures. We introduce a uniform notion and a non-uniform notion of vague convergence, and we show that both these notions are equivalent. However, limits under effective vague convergence may not be computable even when they are finite. We give an example of a finite incomputable effective vague limit measure, and we provide a necessary and sufficient condition so that effective vague convergence produces a computable limit. Finally, we determine a sufficient condition for which effective weak and vague convergence of measures coincide. As a corollary, we obtain an effective version of the equivalence between classical weak and vague convergence of sequences of probability measures.
A new combined asymptotic-tolerance model of thermoelasticity problems for thin uniperiodic cylindrical shells
Authors: Tomczyk B. , Gołąbczak M. , Gołąbczak A.
Published: September 2023

The objects of consideration are thin linearly thermoelastic Kirchhoff–Love-type circular cylindrical shells having a periodically microheterogeneous structure in circumferential direction (uniperiodic shells). The aim of this contribution is to formulate and discuss a new averaged mathematical model for the analysis of selecteddynamic thermoelasticity problemsfor the shells under consideration. This so-called combined asymptotic-tolerance model is derived by applying the combined modelling including the consistent asymptotic and the tolerance non-asymptotic modelling techniques, which are conjugated with themselves into a newprocedure. The starting equations are the well-known governing equations of linear Kirchhoff–Love theory of thin elastic cylindrical shells combined with Duhamel–Neumann thermoelastic constitutive relations and coupled with the known linearized Fourier heat conduction equation. For the periodic shells, the starting equations have highly oscillating, non-continuous and periodic coefficients, whereas equations of the proposed model have constant coefficients dependent also on a cell size.
Older age and the presence of intrameniscal signs are risk factors for nonsurgical treatment failure of symptomatic intact discoid lateral meniscus
Authors: Luo Zhongyu , Qian Jun , Lu Xin , Fan Yu , Chang Xiao , Jiang Bo , Li Mingxia
Published: September 2023

Purpose

The treatment for symptomatic intact discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) is controversial and the long‐term clinical outcome remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to analyze the overall failure rate of nonsurgical treatment for symptomatic intact DLM and identify the risk factors for nonoperative management failure.

Methods

Consecutive patients who underwent nonsurgical treatment for symptomatic intact DLM at our hospital from 2014 to 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into Group A (failure group) and Group B (nonfailure group) based on overall failure criteria: conversion to surgery, progression of a tear on MRI re‐examination, or severely abnormal International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores. Statistical analyses between the two groups were performed for demographic and radiographic characteristics. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors associated with worse outcomes.

Results

One‐hundred and four knees in 96 patients were included in this study. After a mean follow‐up of 76.9 ± 11.1 months, 25 knees (24.0%) met the overall failure criteria. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that age and the presence of intrameniscus signals increased the risk of nonoperative management failure. The clinical criterion of age > 37.5 years combined with the imaging criterion of the presence of intrameniscal signals predicted conservative treatment failure of symptomatic intact DLM with a sensitivity of 0.87 and a specificity of 0.91.

Conclusion

Twenty‐five (24.0%) knees that underwent nonsurgical treatment met the overall failure criteria after a mean follow‐up of 76.9 months. With increased age and the presence of intrameniscal signals, the nonoperative results become worse.

Level of evidence

III.
Welcome to the Punch. Local exposure to refugees and hate events in Italy
Authors: Denti Daria , Faggian Alessandra
Published: September 2023

Which are the effects of hosting refugees on hate events, the most extreme acts against minorities? While growing research considers the link between refugees and voting behaviors, little is known about the influence of refugee reception on radicalization of anti-immigrant attitudes. Exploiting a novel database on geotagged hate events in Italy and the geography of refugee hosting centers, this paper provides novel evidence on the effect of exposure to refugees on hate in Italian provinces. Using instrumental variable estimation, we show that provinces with bigger refugee hosting capacity experienced higher incidence of hate.
An adaptive method for bandwidth selection in circular kernel density estimation
Authors: Zámečník Stanislav , Horová Ivana , Katina Stanislav , Hasilová Kamila
Published: September 2023

Kernel density estimations of circular data are an effective type of nonparametric estimation. The performance of these estimations depends significantly on a smoothing parameter referred to as bandwidth. Selecting suitable bandwidths for these types of estimation pose fundamental challenges, therefore fixed bandwidth selectors are often the initial choice. The study investigates common bandwidth selection methods and proposes novel methods which adopt the idea from the linear case. The attention is also paid to variable bandwidth selection. Using simulations which incorporate a range of circular distributions that exhibit multimodality, peakedness and skewness, the proposed methods were evaluated and then compared with other bandwidth selectors to determine their potential advantages. Two real datasets, one containing animal movements and the other wind direction data, were applied to illustrate the utility of the proposed methods.
Analysis of health concerns not addressed by REACH for low tonnage chemicals and opportunities for new approach methodology
Authors: Botham Philip , Cronin Mark T. D. , Currie Richard , Doe John , Funk-Weyer Dorothee , Gant Timothy W. , Leist Marcel , Marty Sue , van Ravenzwaay Bennard , Westmoreland Carl
Published: September 2023

In Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) the criterion for deciding the studies that must be performed is the annual tonnage of the chemical manufactured or imported into the EU. The annual tonnage may be considered as a surrogate for levels of human exposure but this does not take into account the physico-chemical properties and use patterns that determine exposure. Chemicals are classified using data from REACH under areas of health concern covering effects on the skin and eye; sensitisation; acute, repeated and prolonged systemic exposure; effects on genetic material; carcinogenicity; and reproduction and development. We analysed the mandated study lists under REACH for each annual tonnage band in terms of the information they provide on each of the areas of health concern. Using the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) REACH Registration data base of over 20,000 registered substances, we found that only 19% of registered substances have datasets on all areas of health concern. Information limited to acute exposure, sensitisation and genotoxicity was found for 62%. The analysis highlighted the shortfall of information mandated for substances in the lower tonnage bands. Deploying New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) at this lower tonnage band to assess health concerns which are currently not covered by REACH, such as repeat and extended exposure and carcinogenicity, would provide additional information and would be a way for registrants and regulators to gain experience in the use of NAMs. There are currently projects in Europe aiming to develop NAM-based assessment frameworks and they could find their first use in assessing low tonnage chemicals once confidence has been gained by their evaluation with data rich chemicals.