bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations on Rosette Formation by Thymocytes and T Lymphocytes in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Sandberg G.
Published: July 2009

Irradiation (300 rad) of guinea pigs and subsequent transfer of bone marrow cells was followed by a decreased frequency of rabbit erythrocyte rosettes (a T lymphocyte marker) in peripheral lymphoid organs. Neonatal thymectomy did not potentiate this effect. A reduced amount of rosette-forming cells was also found in the thymus of irradiated animals. This was not affected by treatment with thymosin in vivo or in vitro, and was probably due to a reduced viability of the cells after irradiation since it was demonstrated that rosette formation among dead thymus cells was significantly less than among living cells. Incubation of normal thymocytes in non-supplemented medium for 2–4 h at 37 °C was also followed by a diminished rosette-forming capacity. The addition of thymosin or bovine serum albumin prevented both the decrease of rosette-forming cells and the reduction of viable cells during incubation. Thus, a diminished rosette formation may have been caused by reduced viability after incubation as well as after irradiation. The rosette-forming ability of only some dead thymocytes may reflect different subpopulations.
A New Well-Characterized, Purified Allergen Preparation from Timothy Pollen
Authors: Grimmer Ø. , Andersen I. , Dale S. , Oseid S. , Thorsdalen N. , Skålhegg B. , Aas K.
Published: July 2009

A purified allergen preparation, Timothy N, from timothy pollen (Phleum pratense) was characterized with respect to chemical properties in comparison with a commercially available crude extract, Timothy O, from the same pollen material. In Timothy N about 94% of the protein and 99% of both hexoses and pentoses were removed during the purification. Timothy N contains a limited number of proteins with molecular weights of about 15,000 and 30,000. A Timothy N solution of 0.010 mg/ml will have an allergenic activity of 1 HEP.
Characterization of the Allergenic Components of the House Dust Mite, Dermatophagoides farinae
Authors: Nakagawa Takemasa , Kudo Koichiro , Okudaira Hirokazu , Miyamoto Terumasa , Horiuchi Yoshihiko
Published: July 2009

Characterization and purification of the allergenic components of the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae, were investigated. It was found that the mite antigen was heat-stable, pronase-sensitive, and periodate-resistant, which suggested that the antigenic determinants of the mite antigen resided mainly in the protein component. Purification of the mite antigen was tried using Sephadex G-150, DEAE cellulose, and isoelectrofocusing columns. The most potent allergenic fraction was around 20,000–30,000 in molecular weight, although the allergenic activity spread in a wide molecular weight range. Prausnitz-Küstner type skin reactions were performed on rats using mouse homocytotropic antibodies for allergenic evaluation, and the clinical usefulness of this method is discussed.
Antigenic Correlations between Chicken Brain Organelles, Thymocytes and Bursacytes
Authors: Janković B.D. , Mitrović Kosana , Horvat J. , Mostarica Marija
Published: July 2009

Rabbit antisera to chicken whole brain and brain microsomes, synaptic membranes, and synaptic vesicles were used in cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence assays against chicken bursacytes and thymocytes. Brain organelles, bursacytes and thymocytes have shown to possess common antigenic determinants. The common antigen is present in small amounts on thymocytes and can be demonstrated only by immunofluorescence.
Anatomical Distribution of T and B Lymphocytes Identified by Immunohistochemistry in the Chicken Spleen
Authors: Hoffmann-Fezer G. , Rodt H. , Götze D. , Thierfelder S.
Published: July 2009

Antisera against chicken bursal and thymic lymphocytes were raised in rabbits. They were made specific for the target T or B cells by appropriat absorption and then used for immunohistochemical identification of T and B lymphocytes in tissue sections of chicken spleen, applying the unlabeled antibody enzyme method. Lymphocytes reacting with anti-chicken-thymus globulin predominated in the periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths and in the red-pulp cords. A few of these lymphocytes were localized between the periellipsoid lymphatic tissue and in germinal centers. The periellipsoid lymphocytes around the Schweigger-Seidel sheaths consisted of lymphocytes positive with anti-chicken-bursa-cell globulin. The majority of lymphocytes in the germinal centers were labeled also by anti-chicken bursa-cell globulin. Age-dependent changes in the anatomical localization of T and B lymphocytes are described between late embryonic development and an age of 2 years. The different conditions of avian and mammalian T and B cell distribution in the spleen were considered.
Metabolically Dependent and Independent Cell Surface Antigens
Authors: Manski W. , Whiteside Theresa L. , Coll J.
Published: July 2009

In contrast to metabolically dependent tissue-specific cell surface antigens (MDA) which are available for reactions with antibodies only on surfaces of metabolically active cells, the availability of the universally distributed blood group A or Forssman-type antigens on cell surfaces was found to be independent of the metabolic activity of cultured cells. In case of the MDA, cytotoxic reactions were induced by antibodies alone, resulting in a disorganization of the cellular sheet without a significant release of radioactive label. Radioactive release in this cytotoxic reaction was increased by the addition of complement without additionally affecting the degree of cell sheet disorganization. In case of Forssman and blood group A antigens, such morphologically demonstrable cytotoxicity required complement, and the resulting pathology was always accompanied by extensive release of cellular contents. The ability of anti-MDA antibodies to induce cytotoxic reactions in the absence of complement may be related to a vital role of MDA in cellular function.
Differential Effect of Vinblastine and Colchicine on Human Active and Total T Rosettes
Authors: Wybran Joseph , Govaerts André , Fudenberg Hugh
Published: July 2009

The effect of vinblastine and colchicine on human blood T cell rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes was assessed. For some concentrations, both drugs increased the percentage of active T rosettes. In contrast, the total T rosette percentage was decreased by the same drugs. These experiments further confirm the heterogeneity of T cell rosettes and suggest the existence of three types of sheep red blood cell receptors on human blood T lymphocytes.
Rosette-Forming Mast Cells in Rat Anaphylaxis
Authors: Wallach Daniel , Renoux Mario-L.
Published: July 2009

Peritoneal mast cells from immunized rats can form rosettes with antigen-coated sheep red blood cells. The receptor responsible for this active rosette formation is shown to be IgE cytophilic antibody: rosettes are inhibited by previous contact of mast cells with antigen, or with anti-IgE antiserum; the kinetics of mast cell rosettes following a primary immunization with ovalbumin and Bordetella pertussis vaccine is similar to the kinetics of reaginic antibody response. Furthermore, a reaginic serum can induce passive rosette formation. There is no correlation between cell-bound and circulating IgE.
Sodium Fluoride – a Stimulus for a Calcium-Triggered Secretory Process
Authors: Patkar S.A. , Kazimierczak W. , Diamant B.
Published: July 2009

Calcium triggers the secretion of histamine from mast cells after previous exposure of the cells to sodium fluoride. The secretory process can be divided into a fluoride-activating step and a calcium-induced secretory step dependent on cellular metabolic energy. The secretory response induced by compound 48/80 in the absence of extracellular calcium was found to decrease after fluoride pretreatment of the cells. The response was, however, unaffected, provided calcium was introduced to the cells simultaneously with compound 48/80.
Pharmacologic Profile of a New Antiallergic Compound PRD-92-Ea
Authors: El-Azab Judy , Stewart Brian
Published: July 2009

PRD-92-Ea [5,5-Dimethyl-11-oxo-5H, HH-(2) benzopyrano (4,3-g) (1) benzopyran-9-carboxylic acid ethanolamine], was an active antiallergic compound in rat and monkey experimental models of immediate hypersensitivity. It inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, the rat PCA reaction after both intravenous and oral administration. It also inhibited the degranulation of rat peritoneal mast cells after antigenic challenge. PRD-92-Ea was also active in preventing bronchoconstriction in Ascaris-sensitive Rhesus monkeys after intravenous, topical and oral administration. Using chopped monkey tissues, it was found that PRD-92-Ea prevented histamine release from the respiratory mast cells, but not from the cutaneous mast cells. No reason for this dichotomy of effect is known. PRD-92-Ea showed antagonistic activity against the allergic mediators released from mast cells. In order of decreasing potency it was active against SRS-A (monkey lung), PGF2α, PGE2, serotonin, bradykinin and histamine. Apart from its antiallergic effects PRD-92-Ea had no other significant pharmacological activity.
β-Adrenercic Subsensitivity Induced by Chronic Administration of Terbutaline
Authors: Nelson Harold S. , Branch Bernard , Raine Dudley , Spaulding Harry , Black Waylon , Pfeutze Bruce , Wood Dale
Published: July 2009

The effect of 6-day courses of terbutaline and ephedrine on the metablic and hemodynamic responses to a 4-hour epinephrine infusion were compared in the same five individuals. Terbutaline suppressed the subsequent lactate response to epinephrine more than ephedrine did. The suppression of blood glucose response to epinephrine was similar for the two drugs. Ephedrine profoundly altered the hemodynamic responses to epinephrine causing significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures and slower pulse. Terbutaline did not alter the systolic blood pressure during subsequent epinephrine infusion, and had less effect than ephedrine on the diastolic pressure and heart rate during the infusion. The effect of terbutaline on physiologic responses to exercise was studied, employing both brief strenuous and prolonged moderate treadmill exercice. Following 6 days of terbutaline the blood glucose and lactate levels during and following exercise were consistently but not markedly reduced. There was no effect on hemodynamic responses or on blood levels of free fatty acids, nor did exercise tolerance appear to be reduced. The 6-day course of terbutaline did not alter the bronchial sensitivity to inhaled methacholine as measured by spirometry. We conclude that subsensitivity is a characteristic response in most tissues to chronic exogenous adrenergic stimulation. The failure to demonstrate altered methacholine sensitivity may indicate that the adrenergic receptors of the bronchial smooth muscles are an exception to this rule, or, more likely, may reflect the difficulty in demonstrating partial bronchial adrenergic blockade in normal individuals.
Alterations in Immune Responsiveness in Acute Measles and Chronic Post-Measles Chest Disease
Authors: Coovadia H.M. , Wesley A. , Henderson L.G. , Brain P. , Vos G.H. , Hallett A.F.
Published: July 2009

Immune responses in 24 children with acute measles (AM) were compared with those in 20 children who had chronic pulmonary complications (CPMC) following measles. The immuno-suppressive effects of acute measles were extensive: total white cells were reduced and this reduction was accounted for entirely by lymphopenia which was equally expressed among the major lymphocyte sub-populations studied; the function of ‘T’ cells, assessed by radio-isotope incorporation into phytohaemagglutin (PHA) transformed lymphocytes and delayed skin hypersensitivity (DHR) to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), was depressed. Serum IgA was reduced in AM patients. In contrast there was a relative sparing of the measured indices of immunity in patients with chronic post-measles chest disease, with the major defect being an impaired DHR to DNCB. There were minor alterations of complement components in both groups of patients.
Rh Antibodies Produced by an Isoimmunized Chimpanzee; Reciprocal Relationship between Chimpanzee Simian-Type Isoimmune Sera and Human Anti-Rh₀Reagents
Authors: Socha W.W. , Moor-Jankowski J.
Published: July 2009

An isoimmune chimpanzee serum was found to contain, in addition to expected antibodies of the simian-type specificity anti-Lc, a fraction of anti-Rh₀ specificity, as proved by parallel tests with standard human anti-Rh₀ sera as well as by absorption experiments using human and chimpanzee red cells. On the other hand, the two human anti-Rh₀ sera tested in parallel were found to contain not only antibodies of specificity anti-Rh₀ but also antibodies capable of detecting Lc specificity on the chimpanzee red cells. The reciprocal relationship between human and chimpanzee isoimmune sera constitutes the first example of symmetrical cross-reactivity between closely related species. The new source of anti-Rh₀ reagents is expected to contribute additional information on the human Rh-Hr blood group system.
Use of an in vitro Antibody-Producing System for Recognizing Potentially Immunosuppressive Compounds
Authors: Archer D.L. , Smith B.G. , Bukovic-Wess J.A.
Published: July 2009

An in vitro primary antibody-forming system was used to detect immunosuppressive compounds, some of which were food additives and/or metabolites of food additives. The system used was found to be specific with regard to chemical inhibitors and advantageous because of the cellular interactions required for an antibody response.
Studies of the Radioallergosorbent Test and the Lymphocyte Stimulation Index in Symptomatic Ragweed Pollenosis
Authors: Yoo T.J. , Kuo C.Y. , Rajtora D.W. , Richerson H.B.
Published: July 2009

We followed 47 ragweed hay fever patients (not on immunotherapy) through a ragweed season by means of clinical evaluation and symptom scores. The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and lymphocyte stimulation index (LSI) were done to determine their reliability as predictors of clinical symptomatology. Symptom scores of 10 or above, denoting at least moderate daily symptoms, occurred in 36 patients (80%). Preseasonally, RAST class 2 or above was found in 34 patients (75%), of whom 29 patients (64%) had symptom scores of 10 or above. At that time, LSI was elevated in about 50% of the patients. Patients in RAST class 3 had the highest LSI as a group. Seasonal exposure boosted the LSI in 50% of the patients, whereas 25% were unchanged and 25% showed a decrease. The results suggest that neither RAST nor LSI are reliable predictors of clinical severity in ragweed pollenosis.
Effects of Variation in the Level of Haptenation of Heterologous Protein Immunogen on Cellular and Humoral Responses of the Guinea Pig
Authors: Ford W.H. , Ashworth L.A.E.
Published: July 2009

Groups of guinea pigs were sensitized with bovine γ-globulin (BGG) substituted with 0, 4, 12, or 40 dinitrophenyl (DNP) groups per molecule. Skin tests, lymphocyte stimulation, two lymphokine assays and antibody determinations were carried out after 21 days using all four antigens. In the extreme situations when BGG-sensitized animals were challenged with DNP40-BGG, or when DNP40-BGG-sensitized animals were challenged with BGG, the delayed skin reactions were transient and weakly indurated. BGG-sensitized guinea pigs injected with anti-DNP40-BGG serum showed no change in delayed skin response to DNP40-BGG, whereas anti-BGG serum enhanced the response of DNP40-BGG-sensitized animals to BGG. All immunized groups showed lymphocyte stimulation and lymphokine production by all antigens, but migration inhibition and lymphocyte stimulation followed less closely the pattern of delayed skin responses than did mitogenic factor output. The serum antibody response to DNP40-BGG as immunogen indicated that all carrier determinants were masked. At lower levels of substitution, anti-hapten titres were reduced and appreciable levels of anti-carrier antibody obtained.
Further Studies on the Structural Requirements of Sugars as Antagonists of the Changes in Vascular Permeability Produced by Sugar Polymers in Rat Skin
Authors: West G.B.
Published: July 2009

Hexoses and pentoses, but not tetroses or trioses, are potent inhibitors of the increase in vascular permeability in rat skin produced by the polysaccharides – dextran, mannan and glucan. The most active sugars are those with a D-threo type of structure in their cyclic form. The alcohols corresponding to the active sugars are much less inhibitory in this test. The results provide further information on the possible role of carbohydrate structures in antibody binding.
Host Response to Treponema pallidum Infection
Authors: Casavant C.H. , Wicher V. , Wicher K.
Published: July 2009

Sera from rabbits infected intratesticularly with Treponema pallidum but not from animals injected intratesticularly with other bacteria or with extract of normal rabbit testes demonstrated autoantibody to heart tissue. The antibody was organ-specific with cross-reactivity to skeletal muscle but was not species-specific. It could not be absorbed by T. pallidum, T. reiteri, Venereal Disease Research Laboratory reagent or rabbit mitochondrial preparation. The antibody had a transitional pattern of appearance; it could be demonstrated between 30 and 60 days after infection but it decreased or disappeared thereafter. In many instances, it could be shown between 2 and 3 years after infection. The finding of the heart-reacting antibody strongly suggests an autoimmune phenomenon associated with T. pallidum infection.
Comparison of Various Procedures for the Detection of Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Milgrom Felix , Kano Kyoichi
Published: July 2009

The described test of inhibition of AA activity proved to be a procedure of exquisite sensitivity and specificity for detection of immune complexes. This could have been expected since AA is an antibody specifically combining with IgG antibody that suffered molecular transformation in the reaction with its corresponding antigen. Complexes formed at or close to the equivalence zone were most active in inhibiting AA, whereas those at extreme antigen excess did not inhibit it at all. Inhibition of AA was capable of detecting circulating immune complexes as well as immune complexes deposited in the tissues. It was also shown that by using this procedure, identification of the antigen participating in immune complex formation is feasible since excess of the specific antigen converts inhibitory complexes into inactive complexes.
Induction of Specific Unresponsiveness Against the C3H Mls-Antigen in Mice. Increase of Suppressive Capacity of C3H × CBA F1-Lymphocytes after Sensitization Against CBA Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Lilliehöök Bo , Blomgren Henric , Jacobsson Hans
Published: July 2009

Injection of adult CBA mice with lymphocytes from C3H × CBA donors leads to a specific reduction of the MLC reactivity of the recipients’ lymphocytes. This effect is mediated by a population of Fl-lymphocytes which do not seem to possess the relevant MLC-stimulatory Mls-antigen. In this investigation we have shown that injection of C3H × CBA mice with CBA, but not C3H spleen cells enhances the ‘tolerogenic’ capacity of their thymocytes and lymph node cells. A similar enhancing effect was achieved by ‘educating’ C3H × CBA lymphocytes in irradiated CBA, but not C3H hosts. The results indicate that C3H × CBA lymphocytes reduce the MLC-reactivity by reacting immunologically against CBA T-cells which possess recognition structures for the relevant Mis antigen. Lymphocytes of C3H × CBA mice can be sensitized against such recognition structures which thus renders them more ‘tolerogenic’.
Characterization of Surface Receptors on Bovine Leukocytes
Authors: Grewal Amarjit S. , Rouse Barry T. , Babiuk Lorne A.
Published: July 2009

Three bovine leukocyte populations – peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), mammary gland polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and macrophages (Mo) – were characterized with respect to five surface markers: surface immunoglobulin (SIg), sheep erythrocyte receptor, complement (C) receptor and Fc receptors for both IgG and IgM. The majority of PMN and Mo possessed C and Fc receptors for IgG, but lacked SIg and the erythrocyte receptor. The PMN, but not Mo, also expressed a Fc receptor for IgM. The PBL were heterogeneous with respect to their surface characteristics and evidence was presented for the following subtypes: (a) cells with the E receptor alone; (b) cells with E receptor plus the Fc(IgG) receptor; (c) cells with SIg plus the C receptor but minus the Fc(IgG) receptor; (d) lymphocytes with SIg plus the C receptor and the Fc(IgG) receptor, and (e) cells lacking E receptors and SIg but bearing Fc(IgG). It was assumed, but not proven, that some of these latter cells must also bear the C receptor. The significance of the various cell types in antiviral defense is briefly discussed.
Partial Purification of Human Kidney Antigens
Authors: Ahlmén Jarl , Haglid Kenneth , Rönnbäck Lars , Bucht Härje
Published: July 2009

A chromatographic method using immunoaffinity has been utilized in the search for kidney-specific antigens. After repeated absorptions by liver proteins coupled to a column of Sepharose CN-Br of a rabbit anti-human kidney serum, several antibodies remained. When these antibodies were coupled to a similar column and used for immunoaffinity chromatography, 8 kidney antigens, studied as peptides with molecular weights of 33,000, 80,000, 98,000 and 110,000–125,000 were obtained. They could not be found in similarly treated liver extracts.
Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor (ECF)
Authors: König Wolfgang , Czarnetzki Beate M. , Lichtenstein Lawrence M.
Published: July 2009

Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) can be released from human peripheral leukocytes by an IgE-anti-IgE reaction, by the calcium ionophore A 23187 and during phagocytosis. Supernatants and sonicates of unstimulated cells contain little or no ECF. On stimulation, however, ECF activity increases in the cells and even more so in the supernatants. This holds for purified neutrophils (PMNs) as well as for basophil-containing mononuclear cell preparations. These findings contrast with those in lung homogenates, where ECF-A is present in mast cells in a preformed state. On chromatographic analysis, the ECF present within cells does not differ from that released into the supernatant. For the generation of ECF, calcium and an intact cell are necessary. Inhibition of deoxyribo-nucleic acid (DNA) and protein synthesis do not affect ECF generation or release. The metabolic inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), suppresses ECF activity in leukocyte supernatants to a greater extent than in the cell pellets while the reserve is true for colchicine. This further confirms that ECF is not preformed within cells and that its generation and release are two active, distinct metabolic processes.
Glucans and Dextrans in Rats and Man
Authors: West G.B.
Published: July 2009

Intracutaneous injections of three glucan contaminants of invert sugar solutions and crude cane sugar into human skin produced localised wheals and erythema reactions. These glucans of molecular weight between 12,000 and 1,400,000 were also active on intradermal injection into both dextran-sensitive and dextran-resistant rats, and, like dextrans, were active on subcutaneous injection into dextran-sensitive animals.
Effect of Long-Term Cyclophosphamide Treatment on T and B Lymphocytes in Normal Guinea Pigs
Authors: Revell P.A.
Published: July 2009

The effect of long-term repeated cyclophosphamide administration at low doses on T and B lymphocyte levels in the blood, lymph nodes and thymus of the guinea pig has been studied. A significant depletion of B cell levels occurred in the blood and the lymph nodes. Although there was evidence of depression of T cell levels in both blood and thymus, these changes were not statistically significant, except in the case of total T lymphocyte levels in the blood in one experiment. It is suggested that differences in sensitivity of T and B cells to cyclophosphamide may be related to differences in proliferative turnover and in their capacitv to repair damage to DNA.
Effect of Immunization on the Cyclic AMP Level and 3H-Thymidine Incorporation in Cultured Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Sandberg G. , Ernström U. , Nordlind K. , Fredholm B.B.
Published: July 2009

The cyclic AMP level and the uptake of 3H-thymidine were studied in short-term suspension cultures of guinea pig lymphoid cells. Spleen cells from animals immunized 3 days previously with typhoid vaccine were shown to differ in three respects from the normal cells: (1) The level of cyclic AMP was higher. (2) The cyclic AMP increase following addition of isoproterenol or adenosine was abolished. (3) Isoproterenol (10-5 to 10-4M) stimulated the uptake of 3H-thymidine in cells from immunized animals, while the uptake into normal cells was inhibited by these concentrations. A higher dose of isoproterenol (10-3M) inhibited 3H-thymidine uptake in both immunized and normal cells. The results reveal certain biochemical alterations in splenic lymphocytes after immunization. An altered 3H-thymidine uptake may be caused by the modified cyclic AMP metabolism in cells from immunized animals.
Prostaglandins and Inflammatory Cell Movement in vitro
Authors: Bray M.A. , Franco M.
Published: July 2009

The prostaglandins PGEl5 E2, F2α, and A1had no significant cell migration inhibitory or chemotactic activity for guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells when tested in vitro using respectively the capillary tube cell migration test and the Boyden chamber test for chemotaxis. PGE1 and PGE2 also did not affect the positive chemotactic action of lymphokine. The proposed role of prostaglandins as chemotactic agents in inflammatory responses therefore should be treated with some caution.
Studies of Contact Hypersensitivity and Tolerance in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Noonan Frances P. , Halliday W.J.
Published: July 2009

Contact hypersensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), picryl chloride (PCI) or oxazolone was induced in mice by skin painting with these agents, and was measured by skin testing in vivo using the ear swelling method. Prior adminstration of dinitrobenzene sulfonate (DNBS) or picryl sulfonic acid prevented sensitization to DNCB and PCI, respectively. Both this tolerization and the original sensitization were specific for the hapten used. Cyclophosphamide given before sensitization enhanced skin reactions, but when given before tolerization it interfered with establishment of tolerance. Cells from both sensitized and tolerized mice were shown to be reactive with the corresponding haptens in vitro in the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) reaction. LAI specificity was similar to that found for cutaneous reactivity. The reaction of DNCB-sensitized cells with DNBS led to the production of a soluble mediator which induced LAI in normal cells. The demonstration of potentially reactive cells in mice judged to be tolerant by skin testing indicates the concomitant existence of suppressor factors.
Studies of Contact Hypersensitivity and Tolerance in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Halliday W.J. , Noonan Frances P.
Published: July 2009

Methods were described in the previous paper for contact sensitization and tolerization to DNCB and to PCI, and for the detection of specifically reactive cells in vitro. These methods have now been used to detect regulating serum factors. The reactivity of PC from tolerant mice in LAI tests in vitro was blocked by serum from tolerant mice. Hapten specificity of blocking was demonstrated. Serum from hypersensitive mice lacked these blocking factors, and cells from such mice could not be blocked in vitro. Hypersensitive serum was able to counteract (unblock) the activity of tolerant serum. Both of these activities were absent in serum from cyclophosphamide-pretreated animals, and cells from such animals could be blocked in vitro. Provided recipients were properly prepared (by prior treatment with cyclophosphamide), hapten-specific tolerance to contact-sensitizing agents could be transferred by tolerant serum. In addition, tolerance could be terminated abruptly by suitably sensitized serum. These two activities corresponded to factors demonstrable in vitro. A further suppressive property of sensitized serum, namely the ability to inhibit partially the enhanced cutaneous reactions of cyclophosphamide-treated mice, was not apparent in vitro. The possible nature and origins of these serum factors are discussed.
Levels of Homocytotropic Antibody in Hereditarily Asplenic, Splenectomized and Normal Mice
Authors: Barnett John B. , Wust Carl J.
Published: July 2009

No significant differences were detected in circulating levels of IgE or IgG1 in hereditarily asplenic (Dh/ +) or splenectomized mice compared to normal controls (+ / +). These findings suggest that the spleen plays a minor role in the regulation of IgGl and IgE production in this mouse line.
Electrocardiographic Features of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
Authors: Jain Rahul , Dalal Darshan , Daly Amy , Tichnell Crystal , James Cynthia , Evenson Ariana , Jain Rohit , Abraham Theodore , Tan Boon Yew , Tandri Hari , Russell Stuart D. , Judge Daniel , Calkins Hugh
Published: July 2009

Background—

The purpose of this study was to reevaluate the ECG features of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD). The second objective was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the standard and newly proposed diagnostic ECG markers in the presence of a right bundle-branch block (RBBB).

Methods and Results—

One hundred patients with ARVD (57 men; aged 39±15 years) and 57 controls (21 men; aged 40±17 years) were included. Among the 100 patients with ARVD, a complete RBBB was present in 17 patients, and 15 patients had an incomplete RBBB. T-wave inversion through V
3
demonstrated optimal sensitivity and specificity in both ARVD patients without a complete RBBB or incomplete RBBB (71% [95% confidence interval, 58% to 81%] and 96% [95% confidence interval, 81% to 100%], respectively) and in ARVD patients with incomplete RBBB (73% [95% confidence interval, 45% to 92%] and 95% [95% confidence interval, 77% to 100%], respectively). Between ARVD patients and controls with a complete RBBB, the only 2 parameters that differed were the prevalence of T-wave inversion through V
4
(59% versus 12%, respectively;
P
<0.05) and an r′/s ratio in V
1
<1 (88% versus 14%, respectively;
P
<0.005). In ARVD patients with complete RBBB, the most sensitive and specific parameter was an r′/s ratio <1.

Conclusions—

We evaluated comprehensively the diagnostic value of ECG markers for ARVD. On the basis of the findings, we propose an algorithm, with examination of QRS morphology being the first step, for ECG evaluation of ARVD patients. Definite criteria are then applied on the basis of the presence of no RBBB, incomplete RBBB, and complete RBBB to obtain the best diagnostic utility of the ECG.
On the Maximization of Information Flow Between Spiking Neurons
Authors: Parra Lucas C. , Beck Jeffrey M. , Bell Anthony J.
Published: July 2009

A feedforward spiking network represents a nonlinear transformation that maps a set of input spikes to a set of output spikes. This mapping transforms the joint probability distribution of incoming spikes into a joint distribution of output spikes. We present an algorithm for synaptic adaptation that aims to maximize the entropy of this output distribution, thereby creating a model for the joint distribution of the incoming point processes. The learning rule that is derived depends on the precise pre- and postsynaptic spike timings. When trained on correlated spike trains, the network learns to extract independent spike trains, thereby uncovering the underlying statistical structure and creating a more efficient representation of the incoming spike trains.
Adaptive Capability of Recurrent Neural Networks with Fixed Weights for Series-Parallel System Identification
Authors: Lo James Ting-Ho
Published: July 2009

By a fundamental neural filtering theorem, a recurrent neural network with fixed weights is known to be capable of adapting to an uncertain environment. This letter reports some mathematical results on the performance of such adaptation for series-parallel identification of a dynamical system as compared with the performance of the best series-parallel identifier possible under the assumption that the precise value of the uncertain environmental process is given. In short, if an uncertain environmental process is observable (not necessarily constant) from the output of a dynamical system or constant (not necessarily observable), then a recurrent neural network exists as a series-parallel identifier of the dynamical system whose output approaches the output of an optimal series-parallel identifier using the environmental process as an additional input.
Maximum Likelihood Decoding of Neuronal Inputs from an Interspike Interval Distribution
Authors: Zhang Xuejuan , You Gongqiang , Chen Tianping , Feng Jianfeng
Published: July 2009

An expression for the probability distribution of the interspike interval of a leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) model neuron is rigorously derived, based on recent theoretical developments in the theory of stochastic processes. This enables us to find for the first time a way of developing maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) of the input information (e.g., afferent rate and variance) for an LIF neuron from a set of recorded spike trains. Dynamic inputs to pools of LIF neurons both with and without interactions are efficiently and reliably decoded by applying the MLE, even within time windows as short as 25 msec.
Stimulus-Dependent Correlations and Population Codes
Authors: Josić Krešimir , Shea-Brown Eric , Doiron Brent , de la Rocha Jaime
Published: July 2009

The magnitude of correlations between stimulus-driven responses of pairs of neurons can itself be stimulus dependent. We examine how this dependence affects the information carried by neural populations about the stimuli that drive them. Stimulus-dependent changes in correlations can both carry information directly and modulate the information separately carried by the firing rates and variances. We use Fisher information to quantify these effects and show that, although stimulus-dependent correlations often carry little information directly, their modulatory effects on the overall information can be large. In particular, if the stimulus dependence is such that correlations increase with stimulus-induced firing rates, this can significantly enhance the information of the population when the structure of correlations is determined solely by the stimulus. However, in the presence of additional strong spatial decay of correlations, such stimulus dependence may have a negative impact. Opposite relationships hold when correlations decrease with firing rates.
Correlation Between Eigenvalue Spectra and Dynamics of Neural Networks
Authors: Zhou Qingguo , Jin Tao , Zhao Hong
Published: July 2009

This letter presents a study of the correlation between the eigenvalue spectra of synaptic matrices and the dynamical properties of asymmetric neural networks with associative memories. For this type of neural network, it was found that there are essentially two different dynamical phases: the chaos phase, with almost all trajectories converging to a single chaotic attractor, and the memory phase, with almost all trajectories being attracted toward fixed-point attractors acting as memories. We found that if a neural network is designed in the chaos phase, the eigenvalue spectrum of its synaptic matrix behaves like that of a random matrix (i.e., all eigenvalues lie uniformly distributed within a circle in the complex plan), and if it is designed in the memory phase, the eigenvalue spectrum will split into two parts: one part corresponds to a random background, the other part equal in number to the memory attractors. The mechanism for these phenomena is discussed in this letter.
When the good times are over: Professionals encountering new technology
Authors: Eriksson-Zetterquist Ulla , Lindberg Kajsa , Styhre Alexander
Published: July 2009

Information and communication technologies play a key role in contemporary organizations. Supported by a longitudinal study of changes in purchasing practices, owing to the implementation of an e-business system at a large, global corporation, this article shows the interplay between the technology and the role of the users. We argue that the introduction of the e-business system increased the hierarchy and bureaucracy but also that the purchasers' professional identities and established work procedures were threatened by the technology being used. The results indicate how a technological artifact is by no means detached from the broader reformulating of managerial procedures and practices, instead reflecting and embodying some of the managerial virtues of predictability and hierarchy. Since technology is playing an increasingly key role in most industries and domains, it is also suggested that the intersection between technology and professions be examined in more detail.
Effects of a Cyclooxygenase-2 Preferential Inhibitor in Young Healthy Dogs Exposed to Air Pollution: A Pilot Study
Authors: Calderón-Garcidueñas Lilian , Mora-Tiscareño Antonieta , Gómez-Garza Gilberto , Carrasco-Portugal Miriam Del C. , Pérez-Guillé Beatriz , Flores-Murrieta Francisco J. , Pérez-Guillé Gabriela , Osnaya Norma , Juárez-Olguín Hugo , Monroy Maria E. , Monroy Silvia , González-Maciel Angelica , Reynoso-Robles Rafael , Villarreal-Calderon Rafael , Patel Sarjubhai A. , Kumarathasan Prem , Vincent Renaud , Henríquez-Roldán Carlos , Torres-Jardón Ricardo , Maronpot Robert R.
Published: July 2009

Residency in cities with high air pollution is associated with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in healthy children, young adults, and dogs. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may offer neuroprotection. The authors measured the plasma concentrations of 3-nitrotyrosine and the cerebro-spinal-fluid concentrations of prostaglandin E2 metabolite and the oligomeric form of amyloid derived diffusible ligand; measured the mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin 1β, CD14, and Aquaporin-4 in target brain areas; and evaluated brain MRI, cognition, and neuropathology in 8 dogs treated with a preferential cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (Nimesulide®) versus 7 untreated litter-matched Mexico City dogs. Nimesulide®significantly decreased nitrotyrosine in plasma ( p < .0001), frontal gray IL1β ( p = .03), and heart IL1β ( p = .02). No effect was seen in mRNA COX2, amyloid, and PGE2 in CSF or the MRI white matter lesions. All exposed dogs exhibited olfactory bulb and frontal accumulation of Aβ42in neurons and blood vessels and frontal vascular subcortical pathology. White matter hyperintense MRI frontal lesions were seen in 4/6 non-treated and 6/8 treated dogs. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may offer limited neuroprotection in the setting of severe air pollution exposures. The search for potentially beneficial drugs useful to ameliorate the brain effects of pollution represents an enormous clinical challenge.
Preservice music teachers' and therapists' nonverbal behaviors and their relationship to perceived rapport
Authors: Darrow Alice-Ann , Johnson Christopher
Published: July 2009

The purpose of the two studies reported in the article was to determine whether or not a relationship exists between preservice music therapists' and teachers' nonverbal behaviors and their perceived rapport. In study 1, evaluators ( N = 56) viewed a stimulus tape consisting of 15 45-second segments of 15 preservice music therapists leading songs appropriate for various groups of music therapy clientele. Evaluators then judged the preservice therapists for perceived client rapport under one of three conditions: video-only, audio-only, and audio/ video, and then provided comments regarding their evaluations. Two trained observers also viewed the stimulus tape and simultaneously recorded the preservice music therapists' use of the following nonverbal behaviors: proximity, gestures, facial affect and eye contact. Results of the data analyses and evaluator comments indicated that: (1) nonverbal behaviors most important to rapport ratings and client engagement were eye contact and the use of gestures; and (2) rapport ratings were not dependent upon nonverbal behaviors alone, but upon the verbal behaviors and musical skills of the preservice therapists' as well. To determine what behaviors beyond musicianship contribute to appraisals of rapport, evaluators ( N = 78) in a follow-up study viewed 60-second segments of 10 preservice music teachers' verbal introductions to musical selections under the three conditions (audio-only, video-only, and audio/video), and again provided comments and rated the preservice teachers' perceived rapport. The video-only group assigned the highest rapport ratings for six of the 10 teachers, and significantly so for three of those six, indicating that nonverbal behaviors may play a role in the perception of teacher rapport. Findings of both studies indicate that nonverbal behaviors are important to verbal and musical behaviors in determining therapists' and teachers' rapport.
Tragedy, Theodicy and 9/11: Rhetorical Responses To Suffering and Their Public Significance
Authors: Pirro Robert
Published: July 2009

Two general sorts of responses to the suffering caused by the 9/11 attacks are distinguishable in the statements of public officials, journalists, and citizens: one manifests a tragic sensibility, another takes the form of theodicy. Each response entails a distinctive set of expectations about the nature of political agency and solidarity in a democracy. With its claim of access to a transcendental form of truth, theodicy promises a robust sense of political solidarity and agency based on a shared religious belief. Tragic modes of appeal muster their consolatory effects by appealing to intuitions or taste rather than religious belief and therefore potentially remain open to more diverse public audiences.
Revising Foucault's Model of Modernity and Exclusion: Gauchet and Swain On Madness and Democracy
Authors: Weymans Wim
Published: July 2009

This article reveals how Marcel Gauchet and his late wife Gladys Swain revise Foucault's history of madness and modernity by arguing that the history of modern civilization represents a recognition of the mad, rather than their exclusion. Turning to the French Revolution, the article then examines the relationship between disciplinary practices and a wider democratic context. It shows that while Foucault reduces democratic societies to proto totalitarian practices, Gauchet and Swain give a broader and more historically complex account of asylums and the democratic context in which they emerge. This allows them to see resistance in the asylum and in democratic societies in general: while Foucault thought the panoptic asylum revealed modernity's ultimate success, for Gauchet and Swain it proved only its failure. However, the article ends by arguing that, despite all their differences, Gauchet and Swain's critique of contemporary societies remains in some respects indebted to Foucault.
'Messianicity' in Social Theory? A Critique of a Thesis of Jacques Derrida
Authors: Harrington Austin
Published: July 2009

Jacques Derrida's vision of 'messianicity' in his book Specters of Marx and the essay 'Faith and Knowledge: The Two Sources of “Religion” at the Limits of Reason Alone' has been widely appreciated by scholars. Yet little fundamentally critical engagement appears to have been made with some important historical-sociological questions raised by Derrida's ideas in these texts. Drawing on earlier reference-points in 20th-century critical theory and sociology, the present article argues for some objections to Derrida's presentation of the significance of religious messianism in modern Western social and political thought. The central claim defended is that Derrida invidiously marginalizes some important non-messianistic idioms, sources and traditions of thinking about religious history and its bearing on contemporary social and political self-understanding.
What Is Work? Key Insights From the Psychodynamics of Work
Authors: Deranty Jean-Philippe
Published: July 2009

This article aims to present some of the main results of contemporary French psychodynamics of work. The writings of Christophe Dejours constitute the central references in this area. His psychoanalytical approach, which is initially concerned with the impact of contemporary work practices on individual health, has implications that go well beyond the narrow psycho-pathological interest. The most significant theoretical development to have come out of Dejours's research is that of Yves Clot, whose writings will constitute the second reference point in this article. The article attempts to demonstrate that the thick definition of work that Dejours and Clot operate with, as a result of their focus on its psychological function, speaks directly, in substantial and critical ways, to all disciplines with an interest in work, to philosophers, social theorists and social scientists, including economic theorists.
Duty Bound?
Authors: Hewamanne Sandya
Published: July 2009

This article analyzes how the complex intersections of political economy of war and transnational production led to particular social dynamics between Sri Lanka's women Free Trade Zone workers and military personnel. It explores the new spaces of violence against factory workers that resulted from increased militarization and women's FTZ garment factory employment. The article shows how the militarizing process continued even during the peace process and asserts that there will be little hope of eliminating the new spaces of violence without revising some of the political economic processes behind the war and transnational production.
Containing East Bengal
Authors: Toor Saadia
Published: July 2009

Recent scholarship on the state has moved towards a focus on state formation as a contingent and contradictory process, and the role of culture therein. Since all states today are understood to be `nation-states', `national culture' becomes a key arena for struggles over hegemony and consequently for understanding nation-state formation. This article uses the `national language controversy' in Pakistan between 1947 and 1952 as a lens through which to explore the relationship between discourses of national culture and the consolidation and contestation of power within the modern (postcolonial) nation-state.
Enduring Local Justice in India
Authors: Mathew Leemamol , Pellissery Sony
Published: July 2009

How do collective societies deal with the issue of justice? Addressing this central question, we argue that collective societies emphasise understanding rather than rational agreement. As a result, different notions of justice embedded with socio-local identities are acceptable in a given society. Therefore, to grapple with the question of the relationship between diversity and justice, it is important to unearth the extra-rational elements in the exercise of justice. Rationally oriented notion of justice has been anthropocentric and it has focused on attaining common good. On the other hand, justice system that aims at rhythmic existence with living and non-living organisms de-emphasises consensus on justice itself.
Controlling government expenditure by external review: The 1921—2 “Geddes Axe”
Authors: Burrows Geoff , Cobbin Phillip
Published: July 2009

The Lloyd George-appointed Committee on National Expenditure (Geddes Committee), charged with reducing projected 1922—3 Supply Expenditure by £100m comprised outstanding businessmen who employed an extraordinary range of techniques and approaches, some of great antiquity (but nowadays thought to be “modern”), and others genuinely novel, to lay the groundwork for returning British public expenditure to a peace-time footing following a post-Armistice budgetary crisis. Drawing mostly on documents lodged at the UK National Archives, the methodologies and political, institutional and behavioural dynamics of Committee operations are analysed to show how it achieved arguably the most profound analysis of British public expenditure ever undertaken.