bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alloreactive T‐cell recognition of bovine major histocompatibility complex class II products defined by one‐dimensional isoelectric focusing
Authors: GLASS E. J. , OLIVER R. A. , WILLIAMS J. L. W. , MILLAR P.
Published: July 2010

Summary. T‐cell recognition of bovine MHC (BoLA) class II antigens was investigated in relation to BoLA class II polymorphisms defined by one‐dimensional isoelectric focusing (1D‐IEF). One‐way mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs), and allospecific cell lines and clones were used. In general, T‐cell responses correlated with the 1D‐IEF defined haplotypes (EDF types). However, with MLRs some responses appeared to be associated with BoLA class I differences. All combinations of responder‐stimulator pairs produced alloreactive T‐cell responses both in MLR and in generation of allolines/clones. Thus allospecific lines and clones were generated to all EDF types tested. Splits in the IEF typing were observed with EDF6 and EDF3, indicating that distinct BoLA class II haplotypes are not necessarily distinguished by 1D‐IEF alone. Furthermore, the patterns of reactivity with EDF3 expressing cells were complex with the T‐cell specificities splitting EDF3 into several distinct types. Also, in some cases it was clear that more than one T‐cell specifieity per EDF type was detectable. Thus, allospecific lines and clones provide complementary and additional information to the 1D‐IEF typing for polymorphism of the BoLA class II complex. This extra information is particularly important in terms of the functional significance of the BoLA complex for antigen presentation and immune response gene effects.
Ovine mitochondrial DNA: restriction enzyme analysis, mapping and sequencing data
Authors: HIENDLEDER S. , HECHT W. , DZAPO V. , WASSMUTH R.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Restriction endonuclease fragment patterns of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in sheep were analysed with 11 enzymes. Four breeds (Merinolandschaf, Rhoenschaf, Schwarzkoepfiges Fleischschaf and Skudde) of domestic sheep and European Mouflon were examined. A restriction map with 28 cleavage sites of seven enzymes was established. KpnI and PstI do not cut ovine mtDNA. Two EcoRI fragments of Merinolandschaf, Rhoenschaf and Mouflon each were cloned and partially sequenced. Intraspecific nucleotide sequence differences within 1.101 kb ranged from 0.09 to 0.27%. Hybridization analysis with a fragment of porcine mtDNA along with sequencing data from cloned fragments was used for orientation of the restriction map along the bovine sequence. Ovine mtDNA sequences encompassing parts of the Cyt.b‐, ND5‐, CoIII‐ and ATPase6 genes were compared with the corresponding sequences of the bovine mtDNA.
Rapid β‐lactoglobulin genotyping of cattle using the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: WILKINS R. J. , KUYS Y. M.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay has been developed for genotyping β‐lactoglobulin A and B variants in dairy cattle. Either blood or semen samples can be used as a source of DNA. The method is accurate, faster than Southern blot analyses and should prove a useful tool in breeding programmes.
Evolutionary genetics of ruminant lysozymes
Authors: IRWIN D. M. , PRAGER E. M. , WILSON A. C.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Comparative studies of mammalian lysozymes and their genes have contributed to knowledge of how new functions arise during evolution. The recruitment of lysozymes for functioning in the stomach fluid of ruminants has occurred in response to selection pressures that are partly known and on a time‐scale that is known. A semiquantitative analysis of adaptive evolution is thus made possible by the ruminant lysozyme system. Large‐scale production of lysozyme by the stomach lining entailed gene duplication as well as a change in gene expression. Remoulding of the lysozyme for working and lasting in the stomach fluid involved accelerated amino acid replacements, which may have been facilitated by intergenic recombination. The possibility that multigene families can accelerate adaptive evolution, by virtue of their capacity for bringing together functionally coupled substitutions, receives emphasis in this review.
Linkage of hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis in Quarter horses to the horse adult skeletal muscle sodium channel gene
Authors: RUDOLPH J. A. , SPIER S. J. , BYRNS G. , HOFFMAN E. P.
Published: July 2010

Summary.A genetic disease observed in certain Quarter horses is hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis (HYPP). This disease causes attacks of paralysis which can be induced by ingestion of potassium. Recent studies have shown that HYPP in humans is due to single base changes within the adult skeletal muscle sodium channel gene. A large Quarter horse pedigree segregating dominant HYPP was studied to determine if mutations of the sodium channd gene are similarly responsible for HYPP in horses. We used cross‐species, PCR‐mediated, cDNA cloning and sequencing of the horse adult skeletal muscle sodium channel α‐subunit gene to identify a polymorphism, and then used this polymorphism to see if the horse sodium channel gene was genetically linked to HYPP in horses. The sodium channel gene was indeed found to be tightly linked to HYPP (LOD = 2.7, 8 = 0). Our results suggest that HYPP in horses involves the same gene as the clinically similar human disease, and indicates that these are homologous disorders. The future identification of the specific sodium channel mutation causing HYPP in Quarter horses will permit the development of accurate molecular diagnostics of this condition, as has been recently shown for humans.
Multiple restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the porcine calcium release channel gene (CRC): assignment to the halothane (HAL) linkage group
Authors: MARIANI P. , JOHANSSON M. , ELLEGREN H. , HARBITZ I. , JUNEJA R. K. , ANDERSSON L.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Two cDNA probes for the porcine calcium release channel gene (CRC) were used in restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis in an attempt to develop genetic markers linked to the malignant hyperthermia (stress susceptibility) gene (HAL). Three TaqI RFLPs, denoted CRC1‐CRC3, each composed of two alleles, were detected. RFLPs were also detected with MspI and PvuII, but the MspI RFLP correlated completely with CRC3 in this material and the PvuII RFLP could not be scored reliably due to a minute size difference between the two allelic fragments. The autosomal codominant inheritance of these RFLP loci was confirmed by family analyses. Significant evidence for genetic linkage between the CRC1/CRC3 loci and the A1BG locus in the HAL linkage group confirmed a previous assignment of the CRC gene to chromosome 6 in the pig.
Assignment of the porcine tumour necrosis factor alpha and beta genes to the chromosome region 7p11‐q11 by in situ hybridization
Authors: SOLINAS S. , PAULI U. , KUHNERT P. , PETERHANS E. , FRIES R.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The loci of the porcine tumour necrosis factor genes, alpha (TNFA) and beta (TNFB), have been chromosomally assigned by radioactive in situ hybridization. The genomic probes for TNFA and TNFB yielded signals above 7p11‐q111, a region that has been shown earlier to carry the porcine major histocompatibility locus (SLA). These mapping data along with preliminary molecular studies suggest a genomic organization of the SLA that is similar to that of human and murine major histocompatibility complexes.
Demonstration of serum albumin (ALB) polymorphism in wild rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, by means of isoelectric focusing
Authors: FERRAND N. , ROCHA J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Genetic polymorphism of serum albumin was demonstrated by isoelectric focusing in wild rabbit populations from Portugal and England. Gene frequencies were estimated to be (1)ALB*1= 0.47, ALB*2= 0.49, ALB*3 = 0.04, in Portugal, and (2) ALB*1= 0.60 and ALB*2= 0.40, in England. One hundred Portuguese domestic rabbits of mixed breeds were all of ALB 1 type.
The sequence of porcine αs1‐casein cDNA: evidence for protein variants generated by altered RNA splicing
Authors: ALEXANDER L. J. , BEATTIE C.W.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A cDNA library was constructed from mRNA isolated from lactating porcine mammary gland and screened with a bovine αs1‐casein cDNA clone. Three classes of cDNA isolated varied in the number of bases within the coding region. The full length porcine αs1‐casein cDNA is 1124bp and codes a preprotein of 206 amino acids. The other two classes of αs1‐casein cDNA lacked 18bp and 60bp respectively when compared to the 1124‐bp cDNA sequence. PCR amplification confirmed the presence of these sequences in total RNA. These differences appear to be due to altered RNA splicing.
Genetic polymorphism of plasminogen and vitamin D binding protein in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.)
Authors: TATE M. L. , DODDS K. G. , THOMAS K. J. , McEWAN K. M.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Genetic polymorphism was detected in the red deer (Cervus elaphus L.), plasma proteins, plasminogen (PLG) and vitamin D binding protein (GC) using antiserum to human proteins. The affinity of the antisera to deer plasma was less than 10% that of a human standard but they bound specifically to proteins of molecular weight expected for GC and PLG.

Three codominant alleles of GC and five of PLG were observed. In a set 124 farmed deer calves and their parents, six calves had genotypes which were not consistent with the expectations of inheritance. Further inconsistencies were found when variation in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and transferrin (TRF) was examined. Using genetic models which included pedigree error parameters the data were shown to be consistent with genetic inheritance of all loci in a data set containing approximately 4.8% (SE 14%) parent‐progeny pedigree mismatches.

In samples from four deer populations representative of the red deer introduced to New Zealand the GC and PLG polymorphismms provided a probability of paternity exclusion (PE) of between 0.34 and 0.54 and when IDH and TRF were also included the PE was between 0.46 and 0.66. The four populations differed significantly in allele frequency, which supports historical evidence that they originate from separate introductions of small numbers of European red deer.
Sheep blood polymorphism and genetic divergence between French Rambouillet and Spanish Merino: role of genetic drift
Authors: NGUYEN T. C. , MORERA L. , LLANES D. , LEGER P.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Rambouillet sheep originating from Spanish Merino have been maintained in France as a small and closed flock since their importation. After 190 years of independent evolution, the flock has markedly differentiated from its Spanish parental population. The observed differences between them were characterized by the fixation in Rambouillet of the Mb and F30 alleles, which occurred in Spanish Merino with frequencies of 0.90 and 0.80 respectively (at two distinct blood group loci M and F30) and by the absence in Rambouillet of other alleles or phenogroups (at the Tf and the A, B, C blood group loci) which were observed in Spanish Merino with frequencies ranging from 0.10 to 0.28. On the basis of their phenotypic distributions at 11 blood polymorphic loci, the two populations differed significantly from each other (total x2 values = 352.62, 23 df, P < 0.001). By comparing the observed magnitude of gene frequency differences between Rambouillet and Spanish Merino with the estimate of inbreeding coefficient for Rambouillet obtained from pedigrees, it appeared that the observed genetic differences could be attributed to the evolutionary change due to random drift in the small and closed flock of Rambouillet.
Genetic analysis of fingerprints in Mérinos d'Arles X Booroola Merino crossbred sheep
Authors: LANNELUC I. , HOSPITAL F. , CHEVALET C. , ELSEN J. M. , GELLIN J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The M13.13 minisatellite probe, consisting of a polymer of the M13 VNTR consensus sequence, cross‐hybridized to ovine DNA and allowed detection of several polymorphic loci. Individual specific patterns were obtained in sheep using this probe. Pedigree analysis showed that individuals were heterozygous for most of the DNA fragments detected (88%). By studying the segregation of male's variable DNA fragments, a minimum of 10 loci were defined. The ovine DNA ‘fingerprint’ obtained with M13.13 is polymorphic enough to be used efficiently in animal identification, paternity testing, and possibly as a source of genetic markers for linkage analysis.
Expression and characterization of ovine major histocompatibility complex class II (OLA‐DR) genes
Authors: BALLINGALL K. T. , WRIGHT H. , REDMOND J. , DUTIA B. M. , HOPKINS J. , LANG J. , DEVERSON E. V. , HOWARD J. C. , PURI N. , HAIG D.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Previous work made use of nucleic acid probes corresponding to different subtypes of the class II regions of the human and murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) to isolate seven different alpha and 24 different beta genes of the ovine MHC from two cosmid libraries. In an attempt to identify pairs of alpha and beta genes capable of cell surface expression, all permutations of alpha and beta genes were in turn transfected into mouse L‐cells. Two pairs of alpha and beta genes co‐expressed and stable ovine MHC class II L‐cell lines were developed. The expressed alpha genes had previously been defined as DR‐alpha homologues (DRA) by differential Southern hybridization to human subtype specific class II probes. The expressed ovine beta genes were also assigned as ovine DR‐beta homologues (DRB) on the basis of their sequence having a higher degree of similarity with human DRB than any other subtype. A total of eight out of 23 anti‐sheep class II specific monoclonal antibodies were typed OLA‐DR specific by FACScan analysis using the L‐cell lines.
The nucleotide sequence of boar transition protein 2 (TNP2) cDNA and haploid expression of the gene during spermatogenesis
Authors: KEIME S. , KUMM S. , LUERSSEN H. , ENGEL W.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A cDNA clone coding for boar transition protein 2 (TNP 2) was isolated from a randomly primed cDNA library of boar testis. Sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 414bp (corresponding to 138 amino acids), 33bp of the 5′ untranslated and about 300bp of the 3′ untranslated region. As compared to TNP 2 of mouse and rat, similarity with TNP 2 of the boar is approximately 70% at the nucleotide level and only about 40% on the basis of amino acid sequence. The similarity between boar and bull TNP2 is 77% and 64%, respectively. Northern blot experiments with RNA of different boar tissues and in situ hybridization on mature boar testis sections revealed testis‐specific expression of the TNP 2 gene which is restricted to haploid germ cells. Hybridization experiments of boar TNP2 cDNA with testicular RNA of boar, bull, rat and mouse revealed decreasing intensities of the hybridization signals. With human testicular RNA no hybridization could be obtained.
Canine blood groups: description of 20 specificities
Authors: SYMONS M. , BELL K.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Twenty blood typing reagents, four agglutinins and 16 operable in the antiglobulin test, were prepared from 54 antisera which were produced in 24 dogs. Two of the reagents were identified as anti‐B and Nf6. Two of the antigens were shown by absorption and family studies to be linear subtypes. In most cases, detailed family studies demonstrated a Mendelian dominant inheritance for the genes controlling the canine red cell antigens. Gene frequencies were determined in various breeds of dogs and in the dingo.
Allele Ebdgjmr (E17) in the pig E blood group system
Authors: HOJNÝ J. , NIELSEN P. B.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A comparison of the standard E reagents provided clear evidence for the allele Ebdamr (E17) in Danish Landrace and wild pigs.
Sheep gene mapping: synteny between COL2AI and the LDHB‐PEPB‐TPI‐GAPD‐LALBA‐IGFl group
Authors: IMAM‐GHALI M. , SAIDI‐MEHTAR N. , GUERIN G.
Published: July 2010

Summary. DNA extracted from 21 hamster‐sheep hybrid cell lines was subjected, after Southern blotting, to hybridization with a type‐II alpha 1 collagen genomic probe (COL2A1). The corresponding locus was found to be syntenic with the LDHB‐PEPB‐TPI‐GAPD‐LALBA‐IGFl group in sheep.
A study on associaton between mastitis and serologically defined class I bovine lymphocyte antigens (BOLA‐A) in Norwegian cows
Authors: VÅGE D. I. , LINGAAS F. , SPOONER R. L. , ARNET E. F. , LIE Ø.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A total of 102 cows was tested for class I antigens of the bovine major histocompatibility complex. Half of the animals (51) had completed at least four lactations without any veterinary treatment for mastitis. The distribution of BOLA‐A antigens among these relative mastitis‐resistant cows was compared to that in the other half of the material (51), which comprised animals with at least one recorded treatment for mastitis. There were no statistically significant differences in BOLA‐A antigen frequency between cows with mastitis and cows without mastitis. The two most common antigens were A2 and w16. The frequency of these two antigens deviated from earlier estimates within the Norwegian cattle (NRF) population, the difference for w16 being statistically significant.
Diagnosis of bovine freemartinism by the polymerase chain reaction method
Authors: SCHELLANDER K. , PELI J. , TAHA T. A. , KOPP E. , MAYR B.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Using sex chromosome specific primers, leucocyte chimaerism in heterosexual bovine female twins was identified by combining polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction enzyme digests.
New A system allele of red cell alloantigens in Paso Fino horses
Authors: BOWLING A. T. , NICKEL L. S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Family data from Paso Fino horses support the existence of a new allele (Aabdf) in the A system of red cell alloantigens. Considering breeds throughout the world, the A system now consists of 13 alleles defined by reagents which serologically detect seven factors.
Direct sequencing and bidirectional allelle specific polymerase chain reaction of the bovine β‐casein B variant
Authors: DAMIANI G. , PILLA F. , LEONE P. , CACCIÒ S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. We have used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify exon VII of the bovine β‐casein gene. The mutations responsible for the B variant were identified by direct sequencing of the amplification products. A bidirectional allele‐specific PCR method (BAS‐PCR) has been developed using oligonucleotides overlapping the mutation site at their 3′ ends. This new procedure allows a rapid and reliable discrimination between the B and non‐B alleles of β‐casein.
Evidence for linkage between the swine L blood group and the loci specifying the receptors mediating adhesion of K88 Escherichia coli pilus antigens
Authors: VÖGELI P. , KUHN B. , KÜHNE R. , OBRIST R. , STRANZINGER G. , HUANG S. C. , HU Z. L. , HASLER‐RAPACZ J. , RAPACZ J.
Published: July 2010

Brush borders or enterocytes obtained from the small intestine of 248 pedigreed pigs were tested by adhesion assayin vitrowith enterotoxigenicEscherichia(E.). coli strains, each expressing one of the three K88 pilus variants K88ab, K88ac and K88ad. All pigs were classified as belonging to one of the four adhesion phenotypes: I ‐ K88ab(‐), ac(‐), ad(‐); II‐K88ab(‐), ac(‐), ad(+); III‐K88ab(+), ac(+), ad(‐); and IV‐K88ab(+), ac(+), ad(+). Serum or red cells were typed for 15 blood group systems: A‐O, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N and O; for 11 biochemical polymorphisms: PI1, PI2, PO1A, A1BG, GPI, PGD, TF, HPX, ADA, PGM and AMY; the polymorphism at the IGHG1 locus. Linkage analysis was performed between the alleles at the locus (loci) specifying K88 receptors able to bind one or more different serological types of K88 E. coli and alleles for markers at other loci. Linkage was demonstrated between the locus for the L blood group system and the locus (loci) for K88E. colireceptors (Ẑ= 3.24), adding one locus (loci) to the previously identified linkage group IV (LGIV) [L‐SLB]. The maximum likelihood estimate of the recombination fraction (0C) was 0.23. No evidence was found for linkage between any of the other biochemical and immunogenetic markers and the receptor locus (loci) of K88E. coli.
Segregation and linkage analysis*
Authors: ELSTON R. C.
Published: July 2010

Computer programs are available in the software package SAGE to perform a variety of segregation and linkage analyses used by human geneticists. These methods are designed specifically to uncover major gene segregation in pedigree data coming from non‐inbred populations. With the aid of a closely linked polymorphic marker, they can detect a locus that contributes as little as 10% to the variation of a quantitative trait in a pedigree sample of several hundred individuals.
Assignment of the pig apolipoprotein B locus (APOB) to chromosome region 3q24‐qter
Authors: SOLINAS S. , HASLER‐RAPACZ J. , MAEDA N. , RAPACZ J. , FRIES R.
Published: July 2010

The locus for apolipoprotein‐B (APOB) has been chromosomally assigned in swine by in situ hybridization of a genomic probe to metaphase chromosomes. As expected based on the observation of extensive linkage conservation and based on the previous assignment of the malate dehydrogenase locus (MDH1) in swine, APOB maps to chromosome 3, specifically to region 3q24‐qter. Variations at APOB may represent both in humans and in swine risk factors for hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerosis. Evidence presented here that the human and porcine APOB occupy evolutionarily conserved chromosome regions provides a basis for using the pig as an animal model to study the APOB associated atherosclerosis risk.
Detection of bovine β‐lactoglobulin genomic variants by the polymerase chain reaction method and molecular hybridization
Authors: JADOT M. , LALOUX J. , BURNY A. , KETTMANN R.
Published: July 2010

A method is described for identifying variants at the bovine β‐lactoglobulin locus by combining polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and molecular hybridation.
One‐dimensional isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting of equine major histocompatibility complex class I antigens
Authors: SCHUBERTH H.‐J. , ANDERS I. , PAPE U. , LEIBOLD W.
Published: July 2010

The cells of 60 randomly selected Hannoveranian warm‐blooded horses were subjected to one‐dimensional isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting with a cross‐reacting monoclonal antibody (Bo 1) recognizing bovine class I antigens. The banding patterns were correlated with the serologically defined specificities of the ELA‐A locus. ELA‐A2 was correlated with four bands, while ELA‐A5, ELA‐W18, ELA‐A6, ELA‐A14 and ELA‐A9 were correlated with a single band each. The complexity of the pattern and additional polymorphic bands which could not be correlated to any of the known ELA specificities may indicate biochemical variants of established serological specificities or still‐undetected allelic products of more than one class I locus expressed at the surface of horse cells. Here we present the first description of the biochemical complex polymorphism of equine MHC class I molecules using one‐dimensional isoelectric focusing. Direct comparison of biochemical and serological polymorphisms revealed potentials and limitations of both techniques which supplement each other. Their combination will improve and enhance the definition of expressed products of different loci in the ELA class I region.
Alloreactive T‐cell recognition of bovine major histocompatibility complex class II products defined by one‐dimensional isoelectric focusing
Authors: GLASS E. J. , OLIVER R. A. , WILLIAMS J. L. W. , MILLAR P.
Published: July 2010

T‐cell recognition of bovine MHC (BoLA) class II antigens was investigated in relation to BoLA class II polymorphisms defined by one‐dimensional isoelectric focusing (1D‐IEF). One‐way mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs), and allospecific cell lines and clones were used. In general, T‐cell responses correlated with the 1D‐IEF defined haplotypes (EDF types). However, with MLRs some responses appeared to be associated with BoLA class I differences. All combinations of responder‐stimulator pairs produced alloreactive T‐cell responses both in MLR and in generation of allolines/clones. Thus allospecific lines and clones were generated to all EDF types tested. Splits in the IEF typing were observed with EDF6 and EDF3, indicating that distinct BoLA class II haplotypes are not necessarily distinguished by 1D‐IEF alone. Furthermore, the patterns of reactivity with EDF3 expressing cells were complex with the T‐cell specificities splitting EDF3 into several distinct types. Also, in some cases it was clear that more than one T‐cell specifieity per EDF type was detectable. Thus, allospecific lines and clones provide complementary and additional information to the 1D‐IEF typing for polymorphism of the BoLA class II complex. This extra information is particularly important in terms of the functional significance of the BoLA complex for antigen presentation and immune response gene effects.
Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a chicken ornithine decarboxylase cDNA
Authors: JOHNSON R. , BULFIELD G.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A chicken embryo cDNA library was screened with a mouse probe for ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and 14 positively hybridizing clones isolated. The longest of these (1.7 kb) was sub‐cloned and sequenced. It is estimated that the clone comprises approximately 98% of the coding region for chicken ODC. The DNA sequence shows 78% identity with the human ODC cDNA sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence is almost 90% homologous to mouse and human. Both the peptide and cDNA sequences show interesting potential regulatory features which are discussed here.
Detection of bovine αs1‐casein genomic variants using the allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction
Authors: DAVID V. A. , DEUTCH A. H.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A method was developed to distinguish between genotypic variants B and C of bovine αs1‐casein, using the allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (ASPCR). The αs1‐casein genotype determined for 17 Jersey cows by the ASPCR method was confirmed by typing the αs1‐casein milk proteins on isoelectric focusing gels. Using the ASPCR method described, rapid analysis of the αs1‐casein genotype of bulls is now possible. In addition, K‐casein genotypes can be determined from the same PCR reaction.
Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis: detection of a single base substitution in the cattle β‐lactoglobulin gene
Authors: TEE M. K. , MORAN C. , NICHOLAS F. W.
Published: July 2010

Summary. An A  G transition in exon III is known to differentiate alleles A and B of the cattle β‐lactoglobulin (BLG) gene. A BLG exon III fragment containing the transition site was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) was then used to detect this transition and hence to genotype cattle: the AT base‐pair in allele A was readily distinguished from the GC base‐pair of allele B. TGGE can be used to detect any single base‐pair substitution, and thus is a powerful method of detecting genetic variability.
Bovine and ovine DNA microsatellites from the EMBL and GENBANK databases
Authors: MOORE S. S. , BARENDSE W. , BERGER K. T. , ARMITAGE S. M. , HETZEL D. J. S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Bovine and ovine microsatellite sequences were extracted from the EMBL and GENBANK databases. When analysed for number of alleles and degree of heterozygosity in the CSIRO cattle reference families, allele numbers range from 1 to 14 with heterozygosities, in the polymorphic systems ranging from 15.8% to 100%. Six (46%) of the 13 bovine systems tested gave specific and polymorphic products in sheep. Similarly 2 of the 4 ovine systems gave specific and polymorphic products in cattle. These data define 11 bovine and 8 ovine microsatellite systems which are associated with known genes and are thus useful for comparative mapping studies.
Mouse monoclonal antibodies to swine blood group antigens
Authors: GONZALEZ A. , FRIEND M. , MORERA L. , VÖGELI P. , LLANES D.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Eight mouse hybridomas with haemagglutination capacity to swine blood group antigens were obtained, three of them producing antibodies capable of being used as blood group reagents. Two detected the Ba factor and another the Fa factor. The others gave non‐specific and weak reactions or cross‐reaction with antigens present in more than one system. We conclude that mouse monoclonal antibodies are also suitable for use in swine as a complement of polyclonal reagents.
Mapping the bovine genome: methodological aspects and strategy*
Authors: Fries R.
Published: July 2010

Summary

The mapping of genes that control traits of economic importance will ultimately lead to the unravelling of the molecular basis of genetic variation. The main prerequisite for mapping of the unknown genes is a sufficient number of highly polymorphic marker loci which are evenly distributed along the chromosomes. The establishment of such a marker map in cattle and other species is based on methods used in human gene mapping. Comparative mapping facilitates saturation of the chromosomes with markers by utilizing the high degree of conservation of synteny among mammalian species. Comparative mapping will also allow access to the detailed mapping data and to extensive sequence information expected from the human genome initiative.
Characterization of porcine polymorphic microsatellite loci
Authors: Coppieters W. , Van de Weghe A. , Peelman L. , VAN Zeveren A , Bouquet Y. , Depicker A.
Published: July 2010

Twenty‐seven (CA)n and two (GA)n microsatellite clones were isolated out of a size‐selected genomic pig library. These were sequenced and the number of uninterrupted dinucleotides was found to range from 12 to 26. Flanking primers were chosen for 11 dinucleotide repeats and optimal conditions for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications were established. Different microsatellite loci were amplified simultaneously by combining primer sets. Related and unrelated pigs were screened for length polymorphisms of the different microsatellite loci. The polymorphic information content (PIC) of these loci ranged between 0.62 and 0.83. Segregation studies in pig reference families established Mendelian inheritance. Locus S0022 was found to be X‐linked.
DNA sequence analysis of serologically detected ELA class II haplotypes at the equine DQP locus
Authors: Szalai G. , Lazary S. , Bailey E. , Gerber H.
Published: July 2010

The genetic diversity at the ELA DQβ locus was investigated using polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. Based upon serological methods 16 class II homozygous animals were selected and their genomic DNA was used. A DQβ gene from an equine cDNA library was also sequenced. Our methology and the similarity between the genomic and the cDNA sequences suggest that the studied locus is expressed on equine lymphocytes. In the predicted amino acid sequence the most extensive variation is located at residues 56–60. The pattern of these five amino acids is strongly correlated to the serological ELA class II specificities (W13, W22, W23, Be200). The alleles corresponding to the W23 specificity are the most divergent among the equine DQβ alleles and also from other mammalian DQβ sequences.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the chicken B‐F and B‐L genes and their association with serologically defined B haplotypes
Authors: Juul‐Madsen H. R. , Simonsen M. , Hedemand J. E. , Salomonsen J.
Published: July 2010

Seven serologically defined chicken haplotypes have been analysed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with chicken cDNA probes specific for MHC class I and II. The results demonstrate an excellent correlation between the observed RFLP banding patterns in the investigated haplotypes and the serological B‐typing. In future, RFLP analysis in addition to serological B‐typing may sharpen the tools in the search for recombinant chromosomes separating B‐F and B‐L.
Synteny mapping in the horse using horse‐mouse heterohybridomas
Authors: Williams H. , Richards C. M. , Konfortov B. A. , Miller J. R. , Tucker E. M.
Published: July 2010

In a study of 35 horse‐mouse heterohybridoma cell lines, synteny in the horse was found between LDHB, PEPB and IGFl and between NP, MPI and IDH2. A synteny between ADA and PEPC was also indicated. The loci for horse immunoglobulin light chain (IgL) genes and for LDHA were independent.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellites from the canine genome
Authors: Holmes N. G. , Humphreys S. J. , Binns M. M. , Holliman A. , Curtis R. , Mellersh C. S. , Sampson I.
Published: July 2010

Microsatellite sequences comprising (dC‐dA)n.(dG‐dT)n repeats have been isolated from canine libraries and sequenced. Oligonucleotide primers have been synthesized to the micro‐satellite flanking sequences and used in the polymerase chain reaction to amplify those loci from genomic DNA. The degree of polymorphism of each microsatellite was estimated in a set of unrelated dogs. It is concluded that of the 10 loci studied, nine are sufficiently polymorphic to be useful in genetic studies.
Cloning of a polymorphic canine genetic marker which maps to human chromosome 9
Authors: Hershfield B. , Chader G. , Aguirre G. , Hershfield B. , Aguirre G. , Chader G.
Published: July 2010

We describe the cloning of a novel canine polymorphic genetic marker which maps to human chromosome 9. The sequence is 2092 bp, 59% GC rich, and contains three GC boxes. Chemilumin‐escent probing of zooblots showed evolutionary conservation. Dogs have three Bam HI alleles: 2.3 kb, 2.1 kb and 1.7 kb. Allele frequencies in 17 unrelated dogs representing 13 breeds are presented. Polymorphism for the 1.7‐kb allele in beagles is common. The 2.1‐kb allele is probably the ancestral allele since it is the most common and is also noted in the Cape hunting dog. Interestingly, in more than 50 dogs tested to date, the 2.3‐kb allele has been found only in miniature and giant schnauzers. This points to a common origin for these two breeds.
A new, partially deficient transferrin variant in the pig
Authors: Ĉ ízová D. , Stratil A. , Ĉepica S. , Müller E.
Published: July 2010

A new, partially deficient transferrin variant (TF F) was found in serum samples of a wild boar and his offspring from crossing with Pietrain sows. Family analyses confirmed its genetic control by a codominant allele, TFF. Finding of this new variant has brought the total number of pig transferrin variants to nine (F, I, A, B, C, X, D', E, D).
Characterization of the 3‘ untranslated region of bovine parathyroid hormone gene in N'Dama and Boran cattle
Authors: Agaba M. , Kemp S. J.
Published: July 2010

We describe a polymorphism in the bovine gene PTHG which can be readily typed by PCR assay. The polymorphism is codominantly inherited and the allele frequencies appear characteristic of Bos indicus and B. taurus cattle.
Assessment of DNA fingerprinting for determining genetic diversity in sheep populations
Authors: Hermans I. F. , Chambers G. K. , Jordan T. W. , Morris C. A. , Towers N. R.
Published: July 2010

Genomic DNA, prepared from 12 animals from four sheep flocks, was digested with either HaeIII or Hin fI and probed with three DNA fingerprinting probes. Mean DNA fingerprint band sharing and band frequency calculated for each flock were used to estimate genetic diversity. Each of the DNA fingerprinting systems showed the same trend in diversity within the sampled flocks, and greater diversity between the flocks than within the flocks. DNA fingerprinting therefore provides a useful measure of genetic diversity in sheep.
Equine plasminogen polymorphism: allelic frequencies in 23 breeds
Authors: Bowling A. T. , Penedo M. C. T. , Gordon L. , Bell K.
Published: July 2010

A modified procedure for detection of the two alleles of equine plasminogen using Western blotting methods following polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing is described. Gene frequencies in 23 breeds and Equus przewalskii are provided.
Highly polymorphic microsatellite markers in poultry
Authors: Crooijmans R. P. M. A. , van Kampen A. J. A. , van der Poel J. J. , Groenen MAM
Published: July 2010

Microsatellite markers have been established for a large number of species, but up till now very few polymorphic microsatellite markers have been reported in poultry. We have isolated 34 polymorphic chicken microsatellite markers of the poly (TG) type. The number of repeats varied from 9 up to 33. Often, other repeats such as poly (T) or poly (GAA) were present adjacent to the poly (TG) repeat. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of the microsatellites resulted in detection of three or more alleles in a test panel of five different animals for 75% of the microsatellites. Segregation of five microsatellite markers has been tested in a small family.
Somatic cell mapping of the bovine prion protein gene and restriction fragment length polymorphism studies in cattle and sheep
Authors: Ryan A M , Womack J E
Published: July 2010

Brains affected by the progressive neurological disease bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contain scrapie‐associated fibrils and the protease‐resistant isoform of prion protein. The gene encoding the normal host prion protein (PRNP) has been mapped to human chromosome 20 and mouse chromosome 2 with the hamster cDNA probe pEA974. Using this probe and a panel of bovine‐rodent hybrid somatic cells, we have mapped PRNP to bovine syntenic group U11 (100% concordancy). PRNP restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were detected with five of six enzymes (BglII, EcoRI, HindIII, MspI and TaqI) in sheep, in contrast to one of 16 enzymes (HincII) in cattle. Codominant segregation of the bovine HincII RFLP was demonstrated in six backcross pedigrees. While PRNP RFLPs are tightly linked to scrapie incubation period, and consequently susceptibility or resistance to disease in rodents and sheep, the relationship between the PRNP RFLPs and BSE incubation period has not been determined.
DNA fingerprinting in roe deer using the digoxigenated probe (GTG)5
Authors: Mörsch G , Leibenguth F
Published: July 2010

The digoxigenin‐labelled oligonucleotide (GTG)5 was used as a multilocus probe to detect hypervariable microsatellites in roe deer DNA digested with Hae III. The resulting fingerprints of 24 animals belonging to four subpopulations were characterized with regard to within‐subpopulation as well as between‐subpopulation similarity. The mean number of polymorphic fragments was 20 and the average band‐sharing rate for unrelated animals 0.27. A mean probability of 91.5% for a fragment to be present in the heterozygous state was evaluated and the probabilities of identical band patterns in unrelated individuals were estimated to be in the range 1.3 times 10‐16 ‐ 2.5 times 10‐18. Though band‐sharing rates of animals belonging to different subpopulations (range 0.18‐0.24) were lower than those of within‐subpopulations, several measures of population subdivision and the genetic distance do not reveal a striking differentiation of the subpopulations studied.
Pronounced differences in the frequency of TaqI βA‐inhibin alleles between sheep breeds with different reproductive performance
Authors: Leyhe B , Hiendleder S , Jaeger C , Wassmuth R
Published: July 2010

A total of 419 individuals of four breeds with differing fecundity (Rhoenschaf, Merinolandschaf, East Friesian Milksheep, Romanov) and several wild sheep of the Ovis musimon, O. orientalis, O. vignei and O. ammon groups were screened for genetic variation at the βA‐inhibin (INHBA) locus with up to 11 enzymes. The four breeds differed significantly (P< 0.001) in TaqI allele frequencies. The frequency of the TaqI A allele coincided with the average litter size in each breed.
Conformation polymorphisms and targeted marker development
Authors: Kirkpatrick B W , Hart G L
Published: July 2010

Genetic markers were developed for three targeted bovine loci using both single‐stranded and double‐stranded DNA conformation polymorphisms. Eight of nine DNA fragments exhibited single‐stranded conformation polymorphisms while only one of nine exhibited a double‐strand conformation polymorphism. All but one of the polymorphic fragments exhibited two allelic forms, with the exception being a single‐stranded conformation polymorphism with three alleles. Utility of conformation polymorphisms relative to microsatellite markers for linkage map development and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping was assessed by comparing frequency of heterozygote parents from reference and resource families. Heterozygosity was greater for microsatellite markers (P < 0.01) and reference family parents (P < 0.01), though the disparity between marker types tended to be less dramatic for the reference family parents (P < 0.09). These results suggest conformation polymorphisms will be a useful tool for targeted marker development in linkage map and comparative map development provided genetically diverse families are studied.
Association of major histocompatibility complex antigens (BOLA‐A) with AI bull progeny test results for mastitis, ketosis and fertility in Norwegian Cattle
Authors: Mejdell C M , Lie Ø , Solbu H , Arnet E F , Spooner R L
Published: July 2010

Altogether 424 Norwegian AI bulls, progeny tested for clinical mastitis, ketosis and fertility (recorded as nonreturn percentage), were typed by Edinburgh and Oslo allo‐antisera to bovine lymphocyte antigens (BOLA‐A) over a 7‐year period. Significant effects of BOLA‐A on disease were revealed. A2 was associated with relative resistance to mastitis, a positive influence on fertility, and a possible relative resistance to ketosis, while A13 was associated with relative resistance to ketosis. The previously reported associations of All and w16 with relative susceptibility to mastitis were not confirmed in the present material.
Linkage of bovine erythrocyte antigen loci B, C, L, S, Z, R‘ and T’ and the serum protein loci post‐transferrin 2 (PTF 2), vitamin D binding protein (GC) and albumin (ALB) to DNA microsatellite markers
Authors: Kappes S M , Bishop M D , Keele J W , Penedo M C T , Hines H C , Grosz M D , Hawkins G A , Stone R T , Sunden S L F , Beattie C W
Published: July 2010

Seven bovine erythrocyte antigen loci and three serum protein loci were tentatively assigned to chromosomes or synteny groups by linkage analysis to previously assigned microsatellite DNA markers. The erythrocyte antigen locus EAB was mapped to synteny group U27; EAC to chromosome 18, synteny group U9; EAL to chromosome 3, synteny group U6; EAS to chromosome 21, synteny group U4; EAZ to chromosome 10, synteny group U5; EAR' to chromosome 16, synteny group U1; and EAT' to chromosome 19, synteny group U21. The vitamin D binding protein (GC) and albumin (ALB) loci were assigned to chromosome 6, synteny group U15 and post‐transferrin 2 (PTF 2) to chromosome 19, synteny group U21.
Cloning, sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a porcine cDNA for OCT2
Authors: Tuggle C K , Helm J , Rothschild M F
Published: July 2010

A full‐length pig cDNA for the POU‐domain protein OCT2 has been isolated and sequenced. The 478 amino acid‐long reading frame in pig OCT2 is 97% identical to human OCTZA, indicating strong conservation of function for this immunoglobulin regulatory protein. To investigate the potential use of this cDNA for mapping and identifying linkage of OCT2 to economic traits, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was used to identify a TaqI polymorphism. A population of 60 unrelated animals, as well as multigenerational families, were typed for this RFLP and showed variability in several American and Chinese breeds. The Taq I polymorphism was also detected by a non‐POU‐domain OCT2 probe, demonstrating that this RFLP is located in the OCT2 gene. This result suggests that OCT2 is likely to be a single‐copy gene in swine as seen in other mammals.
Integrating the porcine physical and linkage map using cosmid‐derived markers
Authors: Ellegren H , Chowdhary B , Johansson M , Andersson L
Published: July 2010

An essential part in the development of informative linkage maps is to include genetic markers that have been anchored by physical mapping. Here a set of 18 porcine cosmid‐derived genetic markers are reported that have been mapped by linkge analysis, and that also have been physically localized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Three different strategies were used to establish polymorphic markers from the cosmid clones. Firstly, dinucleotide microsatellite loci were derived by sequencing cosmid subclones containing (CA), repeats. Secondly, variable SINE 3′ poly(A) tracts (SINEVA) were identified by direct SINE‐PCR amplification of cosmid clones. Thirdly, the cosmids were used in Southern blot hybridization to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Compared with the most recent consensus compilation of the porcine gene map, the present assignment of markers to chromosomes Zp, 3, 4, 10, 12q, and 16 represents the first loci mapped to these chromosomes, for which linkage as well as in situ data are now available.
Fifteen new synteny assignments of microsatellites to the bovine genome
Authors: Guérin G , Nocart M , Kemp S J
Published: July 2010

A panel of 36 hamster‐bovine hybrid cell lines was used to assign 15 bovine microsatellites. Locus identification, synteny group and/or chromosome assignment and registration number were as follows: ILSTS001 (U22, Chr07, D7S13), ILSTS002 (U09, Chr18, D18S7), ILSTS004 (U10, Chr01, D1S28), ILSTS005 (U05, Chr10, D10S25). ILSTS006 (U22, Chr07, D7S8), ILSTS008 (U24, Chr14, D14S15), ILSTS010 (U27, DU27S11), ILSTS011 (U24, Chr14, D14S16), ILSTS012 (U16, Chr11, D11S26), ILSTS015 (U07, Chr25, D25S3), ILSTS016 (U04, Chr21, D21S22), ILSTS017 (X, DXS11), ILSTS018 (U15, Chr06, D6S15), ILSTS019 (U07, Chr25, D25S7) and ILSTS020 (U05, Chr10, D10S27). These results contribute to the international effort to improve the bovine genetic map.
PCR‐RFLP typing of the bovine myoglobin gene
Authors: Agaba M , Kemp S J
Published: July 2010

We have identified substitutions in the 31 untranslated region of the bovine myoglobin gene, one of which affects an MboII restriction enzyme site resulting in a bi‐allelic restriction fragment length polymorphism. Co‐dominant inheritance of the alleles in three reference families was observed using a polymerase chain reaction—restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. The distribution of the alleles seems characteristic of cattle type—one of the alleles was not detected in purely taurine breeds. Furthermore, we mapped, using the polymerase chain reaction on a bovine–rodent somatic cell hybrid panel, the myoglobin gene to bovine chromosome five. It is therefore syntenic with γ‐interferon and insulin‐like growth factor in which we have not found polymorphism. The myoglobin locus therefore serves as a type one marker on bovine chromosome five.
Direct characterization of bovine microsatellites from cosmids: polymorphism and synteny mapping
Authors: Ferretti L , Leone P , Pilla F , Zhang Y , Nocart M , Guérin G
Published: July 2010

A (TG)8 oligonucleotide probe was used to screen 186 cosmids from a commercial bovine cosmid library. Of the 56 positive discovered, 7 were sequenced in the region of the microsatellite and analysed for polymorphism. These microsatellites, IDVGA‐2, ‐3, ‐7, ‐8, ‐9, ‐10, ‐11 showed the following number of alleles and polymorphism information content (PIC) values (7/0.616, 8/0.693, 6/0.641, 5/0.643, 2/0.239, 10/0.844, 6/0.720). The microsatellites were also assigned to synteny groups as follows: IDVGA‐2/U17, IDVGA‐3/U16, IDVGA‐7/U7, IDVGA‐8/U29, IDVGA‐9/U3, IDVGA‐10/U19, IDVGA‐11/A (probably U18).