bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Evaluation and Correlation of Salivary Total Antioxidant Capacity and Salivary pH in Caries-free and Severe Early Childhood Caries Children
Authors: Nankar Meenakshi , Walimbe Hrishikesh , Bijle Mohammed Nadeem Ahmed , Muchandi Sneha , Chaturvedi Srishti , Karekar Priyanka
Published: May 2015

Background

Dental caries is a major problem in preschool children. The contribution of saliva in providing defense during caries process is of primary importance. pH buffer capacity through bicarbonate, phosphate and protein buffer systems have universal acceptance as a caries defense mechanism. Antioxidant capacity of saliva can constitute a first line of defense against chronic degenerative diseases including dental caries. Till date, no study is presented with salivary antioxidant capacity of younger children affected with severe early childhood caries with its salivary pH correlation. Hence, this study was carried out to compare, evaluate and correlate the salivary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and salivary pH of children with caries-free and severe early childhood caries.

Materials and methods

Fifty children from ages 3 to 5 years divided into two study groups had undergone screening. Group I (n = 25) with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and group II (n = 25) who were caries free. Unstimulated whole saliva of subjects were in the collection during the study by draining method. Salivary pH determination of saliva samples was done using pH indicator paper strips. The TAC was done using an antioxidant assay with the help of a spectrophotometer at wavelength 532 nm. The means of salivary pH and TAC were subjected to analysis using unpaired student ‘t’ test and correlation was determined using Pearsons correlation coefficient analysis.

Results

Mean salivary pH was higher in group II (7.46 ± 0.37). Mean TAC was greater in group I (1.82 ± 0.19). A statistically significant negative correlation as seen between TAC and salivary pH in S-ECC patients.

Conclusion

The study concludes that salivary TAC increases in patients with S-ECC are by that showing a high indirect relationship with salivary pH.

How to cite this article

Muchandi S, Walimbe H, Bijle MNA, Nankar M, Chaturvedi S, Karekar P. Comparative Evaluation and Correlation of Salivary Total Antioxidant Capacity and Salivary pH in Caries-free and Severe Early Childhood Caries Children. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(3):234-237.
Impacts of emission reductions on aerosol radiative effects
Authors: Pietikäinen J.-P. , Kupiainen K. , Klimont Z. , Makkonen R. , Korhonen H. , Karinkanta R. , Hyvärinen A.-P. , Karvosenoja N. , Laaksonen A. , Lihavainen H. , Kerminen V.-M.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. The global aerosol–climate model ECHAM-HAMMOZ was used to investigate changes in the aerosol burden and aerosol radiative effects in the coming decades. Four different emissions scenarios were applied for 2030 (two of them applied also for 2020) and the results were compared against the reference year 2005. Two of the scenarios are based on current legislation reductions: one shows the maximum potential of reductions that can be achieved by technical measures, and the other is targeted to short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs). We have analyzed the results in terms of global means and additionally focused on eight subregions. Based on our results, aerosol burdens show an overall decreasing trend as they basically follow the changes in primary and precursor emissions. However, in some locations, such as India, the burdens could increase significantly. The declining emissions have an impact on the clear-sky direct aerosol effect (DRE), i.e. the cooling effect. The DRE could decrease globally 0.06–0.4 W m−2 by 2030 with some regional increases, for example, over India (up to 0.84 W m−2). The global changes in the DRE depend on the scenario and are smallest in the targeted SLCF simulation. The aerosol indirect radiative effect could decline 0.25–0.82 W m−2 by 2030. This decrease takes place mostly over the oceans, whereas the DRE changes are greatest over the continents. Our results show that targeted emission reduction measures can be a much better choice for the climate than overall high reductions globally. Our simulations also suggest that more than half of the near-future forcing change is due to the radiative effects associated with aerosol–cloud interactions.
Impact of vehicular emissions on the formation of fine particles in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area: a numerical study with the WRF-Chem model
Authors: Vara-Vela A. , Andrade M. F. , Kumar P. , Ynoue R. Y. , Muñoz A. G.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. The objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of vehicular emissions on the formation of fine particles (PM2.5; ≤ 2.5 μm in diameter) in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA) in Brazil, where ethanol is used intensively as a fuel in road vehicles. Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model is used as photochemical modelling tool to describe the physico-chemical processes leading to evolution of number and mass size distribution of particles through gas-to-particle conversion. A vehicular emission model based on statistical information of vehicular activity is applied to simulate vehicular emissions over the studied area. The study period during a month, between 7 August and 6 September 2012, is considered to perform the numerical simulations due to the availability of experimental data from the NUANCE-SPS (Narrowing the Uncertainties on Aerosol and Climate Changes in Sao Paulo State) project that aims to characterize emissions of atmospheric aerosols in the SPMA. Results show that the emission of primary gases from vehicles led to a production between 20 and 30% due to new particles formation in relation to the total mass concentration of PM2.5 in the downtown SPMA. Dust and sea-salt aerosols contributed with 40–50% of the total PM10 (PM10; ≤ 10 μm in diameter) concentration. Furthermore, ground level O3 concentration decreased by about 2% when the aerosol-radiation feedback is taken into account. Over 40% of the formation of fine particles, by mass, was due to the emission of hydrocarbons, mainly aromatics. An increase in the number of small particles impaired the ultraviolet radiation and induced a decrease in ozone formation. Availability of experimental measurements of atmospheric aerosols and the application of the WRF-Chem model, which simulates feedbacks between meteorological variables and chemical species, made possible to represent some of the most important properties of fine particles in the SPMA such as the mass size distribution and chemical composition in addition to evaluate its formation potential through the gas-to-particle conversion processes.
Modeling forest lines and forest distribution patterns with remote-sensing data in a mountainous region of semiarid central Asia
Authors: Klinge M. , Böhner J. , Erasmi S.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Satellite images and digital elevation models provide an excellent database to analyze forest distribution patterns and forest limits in the mountain regions of semiarid central Asia on the regional scale. For the investigation area in the northern Tien Shan, a strong relationship between forest distribution and climate conditions could be found. Additionally areas of potential human impact on forested areas are identified at lower elevations near the edge of the mountains based on an analysis of the differences in climatic preconditions and the present occurrence of forest stands. The distribution of spruce (Picea schrenkiana) forests is hydrologically limited by a minimum annual precipitation of 250 mm and thermally by a minimum monthly mean temperature of 5 °C during the growing season. While the actual lower forest limit increases from 1600 m a.s.l. (above sea level) in the northwest to 2600 m a.s.l. in the southeast, the upper forest limit rises in the same direction from 1800 m a.s.l. to 2900 m a.s.l.. In accordance with the main wind directions, the steepest gradient of both forest lines and the greatest local vertical extent of the forest belt of 500 to 600 m to a maximum of 900 m occur at the northern and western mountain fronts. The forests in the investigation area are strongly restricted to north-facing slopes, which is a common feature in semiarid central Asia. Based on the presumption that variations in local climate conditions are a function of topography, the potential forest extent was analyzed with regard to the parameters slope, aspect, solar radiation input and elevation. All four parameters showed a strong relationship to forest distribution, yielding a total potential forest area that is 3.5 times larger than the present forest remains of 502 km2.
Isotopically enriched ammonium shows high nitrogen turnover in the pile top zone of dairy manure compost
Authors: Maeda K. , Toyoda S. , Yano M. , Hattori S. , Fukasawa M. , Nakajima K. , Yoshida N.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. δ15N-NH4+ of dairy manure compost piles with and without bulking agent (10% w / w) were compared to understand the significant mitigation of N2O emission by the use of bulking agent. δ15N-NH4+ of each locations of the pile (top, side and core) were also compared. Piles with bulking agent showed significantly higher δ15N values (17.7 ± 1.3‰) than that of the piles without bulking agent (11.8 ± 0.9‰) at the end of the process, reflecting significant higher nitrogen conversion and NH3 loss occurred in the pile with bulking agent. The pile top samples, especially in the piles with bulking agent, showed very high NH4+ concentrations with significant high 15N (δ15N: 12.7–29.8‰) values, indicating extremely high nitrogen conversion, nitrification-denitrification activity of the microbes and NH3 volatilization occurred in this zone.
ORCHIDEE-SRC v1.0: an extension of the land surface model ORCHIDEE for simulating short rotation coppice poplar plantations
Authors: De Groote T. , Zona D. , Broeckx L. S. , Verlinden M. S. , Luyssaert S. , Bellassen V. , Vuichard N. , Ceulemans R. , Gobin A. , Janssens I. A.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Modelling biomass production and the environmental impact of short rotation coppice (SRC) plantations is necessary for planning their deployment, as they are becoming increasingly important for global energy production. This paper describes the modification of the widely used land surface model ORCHIDEE for stand-scale simulations of SRC plantations. The model uses weather data, soil texture and species-specific parameters to predict the aboveground (harvestable) biomass production, as well as carbon and energy fluxes of an SRC plantation. Modifications to the model were made to the management, growth, and allocation modules of ORCHIDEE. The modifications presented in this paper were evaluated using data from two Belgian poplar-based SRC sites, for which multiple measurements and meteorological data were available. Biomass yield data were collected from 23 other sites across Europe and compared to 22 simulations across a comparable geographic range. The simulations show that the model predicts very well aboveground (harvestable) biomass production (within measured ranges), ecosystem photosynthesis (R2 = 0.78, NRMSE = 0.064, PCC = 0.89) and ecosystem respiration (R2 = 0.95, NRMSE = 0.078 PCC = 0.91). Also soil temperature and soil moisture are simulated adequately, but due to the simplicity of the soil moisture simulation, there are some discrepancies, which also influence the simulation of the latent heat flux. Overall, the extended model, ORCHIDEE-SRC, proved to be a tool suitable for predicting biomass production of SRC plantations.
Multi-annual droughts in the English Lowlands: a review of their characteristics and climate drivers in the winter half-year
Authors: Folland C. K. , Hannaford J. , Bloomfield J. P. , Kendon M. , Svensson C. , Marchant B. P. , Prior J. , Wallace E.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. The English Lowlands is a relatively dry, densely populated region in the south-east of the UK in which water is used intensively. Consequently, parts of the region are water-stressed and face growing water resource pressures. The region is heavily dependent on groundwater and particularly vulnerable to long, multi-annual droughts primarily associated with dry winters. Despite this vulnerability, the atmospheric drivers of multi-annual droughts in the region are poorly understood, an obstacle to developing appropriate drought management strategies, including monitoring and early warning systems. To advance our understanding, we assess known key climate drivers in the winter half-year (October–March) and their likely relationships with multi-annual droughts in the region. We characterise historic multi-annual drought episodes back to 1910 for the English Lowlands using various meteorological and hydrological data sets. Multi-annual droughts are identified using a gridded precipitation series for the entire region, and refined using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI) and Standardized Groundwater level Index (SGI) applied to regional-scale river flow and groundwater time series. We explore linkages between a range of potential climatic driving factors and precipitation, river flow and groundwater level indicators in the English Lowlands for the winter half-year. The drivers or forcings include El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the North Atlantic tripole sea surface temperature (SST) pattern, the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), solar and volcanic forcing and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO). As expected, no single driver convincingly explains the occurrence of any multi-annual drought in the historical record. However, we demonstrate, for the first time, an association between La Niña episodes and winter rainfall deficits in some major multi-annual drought episodes in the English Lowlands. We also show significant (albeit relatively weak) links between ENSO and drought indicators applied to river flow and groundwater levels. We also show that some of the other drivers listed above are likely to influence English Lowlands rainfall. We conclude by signposting a direction for this future research effort.
A study on the use of planarity for quick identification of potential landslide hazard
Authors: Baek M. H. , Kim T. H.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. In this study we focused on identifying a geomorphological feature that controls the location of landslides. The representation of the feature is based on a high-resolution digital elevation model derived from the airborne laser altimetry (LiDAR) and evaluated by the statistical analysis of axial orientation data. The main principle of this analysis is generating eigenvalues from axial orientation data and comparing them. The planarity, a ratio of eigenvalues, would tell the degree of irregularity on the ground surface based on their ratios. Results are compared to the recent landslide case in Korea in order to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed methodology in identifying the potential landslide hazard. The preliminary landslide hazard assessment based on the planarity analysis discriminates features between stable and unstable domain in the study area well, especially in the landslide initiation zones. Results also show it is beneficial to build the landslide hazard inventory mapping, especially where no information on historical records of landslides exists. By combining other physical procedures such as geotechnical monitoring, the landslide hazard assessment using geomorphological features promises a better understanding of landslides and their mechanisms and provides an enhanced methodology to evaluate their hazards and appropriate actions.
The influence of surface characteristics, topography and continentality on mountain permafrost in British Columbia
Authors: Hasler A. , Geertsema M. , Foord V. , Gruber S. , Noetzli J.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Thermal and surface offsets describe mean annual ground temperature relative to mean annual air temperature, and for permafrost modelling they are often predicted as a function of surface characteristics and topography. As macroclimatic conditions influence the effectiveness of the underlying processes, knowledge of surface- and topography-specific offsets is not easily transferable between regions, limiting the applicability of empirical permafrost distribution models over areas with strong macroclimatic gradients. In this paper we describe surface and thermal offsets derived from distributed measurements at seven field sites in British Columbia. Key findings are (i) a surprisingly small variation of the surface offsets between different surface types; (ii) small thermal offsets at all sites (excluding wetlands and peat); (iii) a clear influence of the micro-topography at wind exposed sites (snow-cover erosion); (iv) a north–south difference of the surface offset of 4 °C in vertical bedrock and of 1.5–3 °C on open (no canopy) gentle slopes; (v) only small macroclimatic differences possibly caused by the inverse influence of snow cover and annual air temperature amplitude. These findings suggest that topoclimatic factors strongly influence the mountain permafrost distribution in British Columbia.
Ice-dynamic projections of the Greenland ice sheet in response to atmospheric and oceanic warming
Authors: Fürst J. J. , Goelzer H. , Huybrechts P.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Continuing global warming will have a strong impact on the Greenland ice sheet in the coming centuries. During the last decade (2000–2010), both increased melt-water runoff and enhanced ice discharge from calving glaciers have contributed 0.6 ± 0.1 mm yr−1 to global sea-level rise, with a relative contribution of 60 and 40% respectively. Here we use a higher-order ice flow model, spun up to present day, to simulate future ice volume changes driven by both atmospheric and oceanic temperature changes. For these projections, the flow model accounts for runoff-induced basal lubrication and ocean warming-induced discharge increase at the marine margins. For a suite of 10 atmosphere and ocean general circulation models and four representative concentration pathway scenarios, the projected sea-level rise between 2000 and 2100 lies in the range of +1.4 to +16.6 cm. For two low emission scenarios, the projections are conducted up to 2300. Ice loss rates are found to abate for the most favourable scenario where the warming peaks in this century, allowing the ice sheet to maintain a geometry close to the present-day state. For the other moderate scenario, loss rates remain at a constant level over 300 years. In any scenario, volume loss is predominantly caused by increased surface melting as the contribution from enhanced ice discharge decreases over time and is self-limited by thinning and retreat of the marine margin, reducing the ice–ocean contact area. As confirmed by other studies, we find that the effect of enhanced basal lubrication on the volume evolution is negligible on centennial timescales. Our projections show that the observed rates of volume change over the last decades cannot simply be extrapolated over the 21st century on account of a different balance of processes causing ice loss over time. Our results also indicate that the largest source of uncertainty arises from the surface mass balance and the underlying climate change projections, not from ice dynamics.
The Management Development Institute of Singapore in Tashkent (MDIST), Uzbekistan: Motives and Rationale
Authors: Sia Eng Kee
Published: May 2015

This article provides an overview of international branch campuses (IBCs) in the context of higher education reforms in Uzbekistan. It also discusses the motives and rationale of establishing the Management Development Institute of Singapore in Tashkent (MDIST) in Uzbekistan based on the Institution Theory, shares its successes and reveals its uniqueness for transnational higher education provision. The purpose of this article does not seek to break new grounds within the transnational higher education industry; nonetheless it does attempt to provide a case reference offering comparative data for future study especially for alternative approaches/initiatives in higher education provision.
Access and Social Capital: A Profile of Community College and Global Counterparts
Authors: Raby Rosalind Latiner , Valeau Edward J.
Published: May 2015

Alternatives to the traditional four-year public and private university include a sector of higher education that offers a more advanced curriculum than secondary school and serves as a local and often lower-cost pathway that gives options for university overflow for adult learners, displaced workers, life-long learners, workforce learners, developmental learners, and non-traditional learners (Raby and Valeau 2009). These institutional types are known by several names including College of Further Education, Community College, Polytechnic, Technical College, and Technical and Further Education (TAFE) and are found on all continents. Based on a literature review of 1,083 academic publications these institutions share a mission that views educational access as necessary for growing the economic and social capital that is needed to help students improve lives. Central to this mission is the belief that any amount of post-secondary education is life-enhancing, regardless of length of study or level of completion. This article examines application of this mission at community colleges and global counterparts throughout the world.
Motherhood and the Machine
Authors: Nikolchina Miglena
Published: May 2015

In her conceptualization of the human as defined by the capacity for revolt Kristeva unavoidably touches upon issues of robotization, technology, and the virtual. The concepts of animal and machine, however, although they do appear occasionally and in important ways, are never at the focus of her inquiries and are absent in her “New Forms of Revolt.” Yet these two concepts to a large extent define the field of contemporary philosophical debates of the human giving rise to three major theoretical orientations. On the one hand, there is the trend which tries to come to terms with technological novelties and the merging of human and machine that they imply. This trend unfolds under the rubric of “transhuman” or “posthuman” and of the “enhancement” of man. The second trend predominates in animal studies. Mostly in an ethical perspective but also ontologically, this trend, to which Derrida’s later writing made a significant contribution, questions the idea of the “human exception” and the rigorous distinction between man and animal on which this exception rests. While apparently antagonistic, both trends align the human with the animal and oppose it to technology. The third trend collapses the distinctions on which the previous two rely through the lens of biopolitics: drawing on Heidegger, Kojève, and Foucault, it regards contemporary technological transformations as amounting to the animalization of man.  The human disappears in the animal, in the machine, or in the indistinguishability of the two, confirming what Agamben has described as the inoperativeness of the anthropological machine. The present text turns to Kristeva’s conceptions of motherhood and revolt as introducing a powerful inflection in this tripartite field. Remarkably, it is precisely new sagas of rebellious machines like Battlestar “Galactica” that foreground the relevance of Kristeva’s approach.
Fridenson, Patrick, Kikkawa, Takeo, ed. Gappon capitalism: the economic and moral ideology of Shibusawa Eiichi in global perspective. Tokyo: Tokyo Keizai Shinposha, 2014.
Authors: Nishizawa Mihoko
Published: May 2015

None
Museos y jóvenes: entre la incomprensión y el desencanto. Percepciones y argumentos juveniles sobre el consumo cultural de museos en Chile
Authors: Antoine-Faúndez Cristian David , Carmona-Jímenez Javiera
Published: May 2015

Los jóvenes son el público de museos menos explorado en los estudios sobre audiencias museales, situación paradójica al considerar su lugar estratégico en la reproducción cultural y el alto consumo cultural que emprenden en comparación con el resto de los sectores. El fenómeno del consumo de museos por jóvenes chilenos que se auto reconocen como público y no-público de museos se explora a partir de una aproximación cualitativa realizada con focus groups en las tres ciudades más grandes de Chile (Santiago, Valparaíso y Concepción). Entre las percepciones de los y las participantes se identifica la valoración del museo como institución cultural plenamente vigente, sin embargo en el cuestionamiento a la actividad de los museos los jóvenes revelan la especificidad de su matriz cultural, referida a una temporalidad social basada en el fragmento, el discurso de la familiaridad, proximidad y a la vez de la ruptura y crítica, y la experiencia estética/histórica museal basada en el placer y la fruición. Se propone una perspectiva general para avanzar en el esclarecimiento de los consumos culturales juveniles que permitan caracterizar de manera más precisa el lugar del museo y así diseñar políticas museales más eficaces.
El uso de las TIC en la enseñanza universitaria de la fotografía. Primeros resultados del proyecto de innovación docente de la Universidad de Murcia
Authors: Morgado-Aguirre Borja , López-Martín Elena , Conesa-Tejada Salvador
Published: May 2015

El nuevo marco pedagógico surgido tras la Declaración de Bolonia, el Comunicado de Praga y la implantación del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior, apuesta significativamente por las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación como parte de la evolución de las metodologías docentes. Las maneras de relacionarse e interactuar entre el docente y el discente han experimentado un asombroso cambio del que surgen nuevas iniciativas de enseñanza basadas, muchas de ellas, en la democratización de los contenidos a través del uso de las TIC. El presente artículo pretende mostrar los resultados obtenidos hasta el curso 2012/2013 tras la implantación del proyecto de innovación docente titulado “El uso de las TIC aplicadas al aprendizaje autónomo del alumno en la enseñanza universitaria de fotografía. Elaboración de un aula didáctica virtual para la asignatura y estudio de resultados de mejora en la adquisición de habilidades y competencias” desarrollado en la asignatura Dibujo con Luz. Fotografía, perteneciente al Grado en Bellas Artes de la Universidad de Murcia.empírico.
Mature Women Students’ Experiences of Social and Academic Support in Higher Education: A Systematic Review
Authors: Adu-Yeboah Christine
Published: May 2015

In the Widening Participation in Higher Education agenda, students’ retention and success should be a matter of concern, since high students’ attrition can negatively affect the reputation of institutions. Mature women students’ juggling roles and academic study place them at a high risk of dropping out or successful completion. Using the guidelines for systematic reviews formulated by the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre (EPPI-Centre), this review set out to examine institution-based support systems that are available to mature women students and their experiences of the support systems. It found that very few studies focus on women only. In the studies that included mature women or focused on them, support from friends, tutors and administrators emerged crucial in their stories of progression and successful completion, though this was not systematically administered. Overall, institution-based support was not an important source of support, as in most cases, students had no knowledge about it. The paper recommends the provision and systematic administration of institution-based support for mature women students and regular evaluation of such a system.
Burgercoöperaties. Speler of speelbal in de nieuwe verhoudingen tussen overheid, markt en samenleving
Authors: Bokhorst Meike , Edelenbos Jurian , Koppenjan Joop , Oude Vrielink Mirjan
Published: May 2015

Citizen collectives. Player or plaything in the innovative relationship between government, market and society

In the Netherlands citizens increasingly unite in cooperatives to realize common facilities and services in their neighborhood themselves. Apparently neither markets nor governments succeed in providing all the public goods and services that citizens strive for. Although these forms of self-organization are still young and their success is far from sure, they are seen as sources of social innovation and new ways of organizing that inspire many. Their example is followed widely: cooperatives seem to be rapidly emerging almost everywhere. Yet not much systemic knowledge is available on their nature, drivers, and impacts, nor on the conditions under which they flourish. In this special issue the state of the art regarding these cooperatives is examined in the areas of energy, care, broadband connections and housing. The various contributions show that the main challenge that cooperatives have to deal with is finding the balance between the ambition to preserve their identity as grass root organizations and the need for professionalization. Also they have to learn to build and maintain relationships with other organizations and actors in their environment on which they are dependent: governments, private parties and professionals.
Lokale energiecoöperaties: nieuwe spelers in de energie
Authors: Elzenga Hans , Schwencke Anne Marieke
Published: May 2015

Local energy cooperatives: new players in the energy sector

Currently, in the Netherlands there are about 150 energy co-operatives are actively working on the promotion of energy use reduction and renewable energy production. Among them are 15 experienced wind energy co-operatives that started almost 25 years ago, but the majority started in 2007 or later. Their aim is to mobilize investments in local renewable energy and social projects, and to use the revenues to enhance the local economy and social cohesion. The members of the co-operative become co-owners of the production units and collectively decide about the allocation of the revenues for new energy projects.In practice, new, inexperienced co-operatives in particular have difficulties realizing larger projects like wind turbines and solar parks. Fierce resistance from the local community is hampering wind projects, while limited financial support (i.e. subsidies) is the main obstacle for the realization of solar parks. In our view, it would help Dutch co-operatives if local politicians were to take a clear position on wind energy and act accordingly, and if the Dutch government were to broaden the financial support schemes for cooperatively owned and financed solar parks.
De koers van zorgcoöperaties
Authors: Bokhorst Meike
Published: May 2015

The development pathway of cooperatives in care: Collaboration without becoming the showpiece or the work horse of the participation society

Healthcare cooperatives are not only attractive to citizens, but they also seen by managers as a source of inspiration and as a means to provide care efficiently. This raises the question of how health cooperatives evolve and which relationship with governments is appropriate for them. The aim of this article is examine the state of the art regarding the rise and development of health cooperatives. This development depends on the degree to which health cooperatives are able to overcome cultural, legal and financial obstacles. Health cooperatives seems to be more promising and stable if they succeed in determining their own course, show that they can realize their aims themselves and while learning to work together with others.
De default settings van de participatiesamenleving
Authors: Uitermark Justus
Published: May 2015

The default settings of the participation society

This contribution argues that self-organization is uneven: it emerges more in certain groups, sectors and geographical areas than in others. While the number of cooperatives has increased, their overall impact remains rather limited. Although the government rhetorically embraces cooperatives, in practices it is often hesitant or reluctant to lend support. Politicians are often ‘on a mission’ to promote startup companies and to obtain contracts or competitive advantages for large corporations. What if cooperatives would receive the same kind of support?
ZBO-evaluaties: verplicht, verzuimd, en veronachtzaamd?
Authors: van Thiel Sandra , Soetekouw Stefan , Dresmé Martijn , van Goch Peter
Published: May 2015

ZBO evaluations: obligatory, omitted, and overlooked?

This article describes our knowledge on the performance of ZBOs (a type of quangos), based on annual reports and official evaluations. We find that evaluations are not done very often even though they are required by law. The content and quality of evaluation reports do not always facilitate the drawing of clear conclusions. Evaluations and annual reports depict a modestly positive picture of ZBO performance, and a negative image of the relationship between ZBOs and their parent departments. Evaluation reports are only occasionally used in political debates and decision making on ZBOs. That raises the question of why politicians have so little interest in ZBO performance and its evaluations, all the more so because expectations regarding ZBO performance were very high at the time when these organizations were established.
Los espacios de intercambio. Los tianguis de Páztcuaro (Michoacán, México), entre la tradición y las estrategias de supervivencia
Authors: Fabre Platas Danú A. , Egea Jiménez Carmen
Published: May 2015

La intención del presente artículo es mostrar procesos sociales locales en coexistencia con las realidades posmodernas globales, donde parece persistir una lógica egocéntrica e hiperespecializada irremediable. Esta idea parte de observar la pervivencia y la renovación de solidaridades tradicionales en espacios que se asumen globalizados, pero en los que persisten o se recuperan tejidos sociales históricos donde la memoria colectiva actúa como resistencia cultural. En este contexto, se analizan, a través de la observación participante, dos tianguis localizados en el área purhepecha y protagonizados por la comunidad purhe: el tianguis del Santuario, en la ciudad de Páztcuaro, y el mojtakuntani o tianguis regional purhepecha, desarrollado por las poblaciones cercanas al lago de Pátzcuaro (Estado de Michoacán, México). Los tianguis son mercados públicos que se asumen aquí como espacios de intercambio y tienen la particularidad de que la actividad económica de adquisición de bienes se realiza a través del trueque, sin intervención de la moneda como valor de cambio.
Geography of Rural Enterprise Banking and Microfinance Institutions in Bangladesh
Authors: Mahmud Azim Uddin , Tulla Antoni F.
Published: May 2015

In remote areas of Bangladesh, it can be difficult for entrepreneurs, businesses and farmers to obtain needed bank loans, as banks are typically located in and around administrative centres. In addition, the banks have limitations in their product design (credit and savings) and have mostly avoided the challenges of rural enterprises. During the 1970s, the concept of the Microfinance Institution (MFI) emerged, based on the non-governmental organization model and favouring locations in rural areas not far from the administrative centres and rural markets. In this untapped market, MFIs grew by taking an institutional good practices approach and offering products designed to cater to low-income households and enterprises, although they still face legal constraints in holding public savings deposits. In addition, although the MFI reaches less accessible areas because of its organization pattern, its attempts to upscale MFI credit are not widely successful due to both unwillingness and inability of the existing microfinance client pool to repay loans. Therefore, it is important to explore which entity (bank or MFI) has an advantageous geographic distribution and institutional good practices to meet the needs of rural enterprise.
El turisme gastronòmic: autenticitat i desenvolupament local en zones rurals
Authors: Fusté Forné Francesc
Published: May 2015

Un dels turismes especialitzats que està assolint major importància en l’actualitat és el turisme gastronòmic. L’activitat agrícola i ramadera tradicional en l’àmbit del turisme rural està veient com la pràctica turística li guanya terreny, i en aquest sentit la gastronomia representa la integració dels trets característics del paisatge, tant natural com cultural, d’una destinació. No obstant, l’autenticitat pròpia de cada territori ha de fer front a una globalització cada vegada més ferotge, capaç de fer arribar la cuina i les formes de consum d’un costat a l’altre del món. Davant d’aquesta situació, el patrimoni culinari ha d’actuar com a font de desenvolupament local, sumant els esforços dels diferents sectors econòmics, i lluitant contra l’estacionalitat de la demanda turística. Tot, en un espai on els residents i els turistes puguin conviure de manera sostenible.
Imagen, localización y evolución de los centros comerciales en Argentina: un estudio de caso (Buenos Aires)
Authors: Sassano Luiz Silvana Fernanda
Published: May 2015

Los centros comerciales son los máximos espacios de consumo simbólico y mercantil de la sociedad capitalista actual. El objeto de la investigación de este artículo es analizar los centros comerciales en Argentina, particularmente en la ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, su evolución, características estructurales, localización geográfica y motivaciones de los ciudadanos que los consumen. Uno de los principales resultados fue determinar como en un “país semiperiférico” han logrado introducirse y consolidarse como un formato modernizador de la actividad comercial, y, por otro lado, la concentración espacial de centros comerciales en Buenos Aires está estrechamente relacionada con la alta densidad de población y con el alto poder adquisitivo de la zona donde se emplazan.
Benito del Pozo, Paz (dir.) (2014). Planificación territorial y desarrollo del suelo empresarial en España
Authors: Luna Rabanal César
Published: May 2015

Benito del Pozo, Paz (dir.) (2014)Planificación territorial y desarrollo del suelo empresarial en EspañaCizur Menor (Navarra): Thomson Reuters / Aranzadi, 242 p.ISBN 978-84-9059-391-2
Speck, Jeff (2012). Walkable City: How Downtown Can Save America, One Step at a Time
Authors: Marquet Oriol
Published: May 2015

Speck, Jeff (2012)Walkable City: How Downtown Can Save America, One Step at a TimeNova York: North Point Press, 312 p.ISBN 978-0865477728
Pensar topográficamente: Lugar, espacio y geografía
Authors: Malpas Jeff
Published: May 2015

El texto parte de la consideración de una serie de problemas relacionados con la manera en que se ha producido el denominado «giro espacial» en distintas disciplinas sociales, con el fin de reivindicar una forma de pensamiento topográfico que asuma el lugar como centro de compresión de lo humano. Para ello, se presentan una serie de nociones básicas (como las de límite, determinación o crítica) que articulan el marco dentro del cual los conceptos de espacio, lugar y tiempo pueden definirse ontológicamente y que ofrecen una manera de reflexionar sobre el lugar de lo humano, que es, a la vez, una reflexión sobre el propio lugar del pensamiento.
Influence of chalcopyrite structure on their leaching by sodium nitrate in sulphuric acid
Authors: Sokić Miroslav , Radosavljević Slobodan , Marković Branislav , Matković Vladislav , Štrbac Nada , Kamberović Željko , Živković Dragana
Published: May 2015

During the chalcopyrite leaching by sodium nitrate and sulfuric acid solution, leaching rate decreases with increasing the time and a part of chalcopyrite mineral grains remains in the leach residue. In chalcopyrite concentrate, 95.5 % of chalcopyrite mineral occurs as in liberated grains, and the rest is in association with gangue minerals, which is very favorably from the aspect of hydrometallurgical treatment. Complex forms, like impregnations and complex intergrowths, do not exist. After experiments carried out, leaching of copper achieved 84 % at temperature 80 o C and time 240 min. In the all leach residues, 97 % chalcopyrite mineral grains occur as liberated with highly corroded surfaces. Therefore, the structural assembly of chalcopyrite grains is favorable and no reason to reduce the leaching rate in the final stage of reaction. Reason for this is elemental sulfur, which was formed during the reaction, precipitated at the particle surfaces, and slowed down the leaching rate in the final stage of leaching process.
Influence of reducing agents and surfactants on size and shape of silver fine powder particles
Authors: Dimitrijević Stevan P. , Kamberović Željko , Korać Marija , Anđić Zoran , Dimitrijević Silvana , Vuković Nikola
Published: May 2015

Silver fine powder with different shapes and sizes were prepared by chemical reduction and characterized by scanning electron microscope. In this paper was presented the method for the preparation of the fine Ag powder with particles size smaller than 2.5 µm with suitability for the mass-production scale. Reduction was performed from nitrate solution directly by vigorous stirring at room temperature by three different reduction agents, with and without presence of two dispersants. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the preferred size of the particles obtained in all experiments with aim of the protecting agent. Larger particles and wider size distribution were obtained without surfactants although with average size of about 1 µm and small quantity of larger clusters of primary particles that is out of the fine powder classification. High purity, 99.999%, of silver was obtained in every experiment.
Investigation the solidification of Al-4.8 wt.%Cu alloy at different cooling rate by computer-aided cooling curve analysis
Authors: Dehnavi Mehdi , Vafaeenezhad Hosein , Sabzevar Mohsen Haddad
Published: May 2015

Depending on the casting conditions and alloy composition, microstructure and properties of the aluminium alloys will be different. There are many techniques available for investigating the solidification of metals and alloys. In recent years computer-aided cooling curve analysis (CA-CCA) has been used to determine thermophysical properties of alloys, latent heat and solid fraction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cooling rate on the structural features of Al-4.8 wt.%Cu alloy by thermal analysis of cooling curves. To do this, Al-4.8 wt.%Cu alloy was melted and solidified applying 0.04, 0.42, and 1.08 °C/sec cooling rates. The temperature of the samples was recorded using a K thermocouple and a data acquisition system connected to a PC. It was found that the formation temperatures of various thermal parameters such as (liquidus, solidus and eutectic temperatures) are shifting by increasing of cooling rate from 0.04 °C/sec to 1.08 °C/sec. The structural results show that grain size and secondary dendrite arm spacing decreased by increasing of cooling rate.
Aluminothermic Production of Titanium alloys (part 1): Synthesis of TiO2 as input material
Authors: Achimovičová M. , Hassan-Pour S. , Gock E. , Vogt V. , Baláž P. , Friedrich B.
Published: May 2015

This article reports on the hydrometallurgical production of synthetic anatase from ilmenite. Mechanical activation followed by pressure leaching facilitates the leaching of ilmenite and the separation of titanium/iron by means of the synchronous hydrolysis of anatase. At 95% TiO2, the produced synthetic anatase fulfills the requirements for the aluminothermic production of titanium alloys.
The relationship between surface treatments and corrosion resistance of hot-dip galvanized steel
Authors: Bakhtiari Amirreza
Published: May 2015

In this work three surface treatments such as: polishing, sand-blast and polishedoxidized have been carried out on the hot-dip galvanized coatings. The roughness and corrosion resistance of coatings have been studied. Surface morphology of coatings has evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Corrosion behavior was analyzed by salt spray cabinet test and Tafel extrapolation test. The results showed that the sample under sand-blasted treatment exhibited the highest roughness number. Tafel polarization and salt spray cabinet tests reveal the sample with great roughness number have weak corrosion resistance. Difference observed in corrosion behaviour can be explained by difference in surface roughness.
Semi-empirical software for the aluminothermic and carbothermic reactions
Authors: Gavrilovski Milorad , Manojlović Vaso , Kamberović Željko , Korać Marija , Sokić Miroslav
Published: May 2015

Understanding the reaction thermochemistry as well as formatting the empirical data about element distribution in gas-metal-slag phases is essential for creating a good model for aluminothermic and carbothermic reaction. In this paper modeling of material and energy balance of these reactions is described with the algorithm. The software, based on this model is basically made for production of high purity ferro alloys through aluminothermic process and then extended for some carbothermic process. Model validation is demonstrated with production of FeTi, FeW, FeB and FeMo in aluminothermic and reduction of mill scale, pyrite cinders and magnetite fines in carbothermic process.
The Influence of the Chemical Composition on the Corrosion Performances of Some Al-Fe-Si, Al-Mg-Si and Al-Mg-Mn Type of Alloys
Authors: Delijić Kemal , Markoli Boštjan , Naglič Iztok
Published: May 2015

Paper presents the results on the corrosion behavior of some Al-Fe-Si, Al-Mg-Si and Al-Mg-Mn alloys in their final commercially usable tempered state. Durability of alloys was quantified and compared in the sense of corrosion rates in aqueous solutions while also having in mind the role of alloy chemistry. Open circuit corrosion potential (OCP) measurements, linear polarization and potentiodynamic anodic/cathodic polarization was employed in order to determine the corrosion behavior of samples in the mixture of chloride ions containing aqueous corrosion ambient. We found out that AlFe0.83Si0.18(AA8079), AlMg0.63Si0.72 (AA6005) and AlMg4Mn (AA5182) alloy exhibited the highest rates of passivation in 0.51 mol NaCl solution. The group of Al-Fe-Si alloys exhibited the greatest sensitivity to the changes in chemical composition under potentiodynamic polarization. Artificially aged Al-Mg-Si extruded profiles and fully annealed (after cold rolling) Al-Mg-Mn sheets exhibit very similar levels of equilibrium potentials E(I=0) in 0.51 mol NaCl solution. In the case of Al-Fe-Si alloys, we found that Fe/Si ratio also plays an important role, next to the total content of Fe and Si. Alloys with high Fe/Si ratios showed almost 30 % lower polarization resistance compared to the alloys with balanced Fe/Si, even in the case of the equal total content of alloying elements. The AlMg0.7Si1.2Mn0.8 alloy aged after quenching in the sprayed water and AlMg4Zn1.3Mn0.4 annealed sheet exhibit very similar levels of corrosion rates in 0.51 mol NaCl solution.
Impact of major alloying elements on the solodification parameters of cast hypoeutectic AlSi6Cu (1–4 wt.%) and AlSi8Cu(1−4 wt.%) alloys
Authors: Djurdjević Mile B. , Manasijević Srećko
Published: May 2015

The present work displays the potential of cooling curve analysis to characterize the solidification path of cast hypoeutectic series of Al-Si6-Cu(1−4 wt.%) and Al-Si8- Cu(1−4 wt.%) alloys. The aim of this work was to examine how variation in chemical composition of silicon and copper may affect characteristic solidification temperatures, fraction solid, and thermal freezing range of investigated alloys. Eight different Al−Si−Cu alloys (Al-Si6-Cu1, Al-Si6-Cu2, Al-Si6-Cu3, Al-Si6-Cu4, Al-Si8-Cu1, AlSi8-Cu2, Al-Si8-Cu3 and Al-Si8-Cu4) have been analyzed applying cooling curve analysis technique. Characteristic solidification temperatures have been determined using cooling curves or their corresponding first derivative curves along with ΔT curves. Fraction solid curves determined from recorded cooling curves have been used to calculate terminal freezing range and estimate crack susceptibility coefficient for each alloy. Theoretical mode for prediction of the cracking susceptibility coefficient developed by Clyne and Davies has been considered in this work. In addition, a novel mathematical model for prediction of crack susceptibility coefficient based on data collected from cooling curve analysis has been proposed.