bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS PENGARUH PERSEPSI RESIKO, PROMOSI, DAN KEPERCAYAAN MEREK TERHADAP NIAT BELI PASCA COVID-19
Authors: Ikhsani Khilyatin , Catur Widayati Christina , Endah Retno Wuryandari Nur
Published: June 2021

Di tahun 2020, Indonesia menghadapi Wabah Coronavirus Diseases (Covid-19). Sektor pariwisata merupakan salah satu sektor yang sangat terdampak akibat pandemi covid 19. Traveloka sebagai salah satu perusahaan startup unicorn yang bergerak dibidang akomodasi dan pariwisata juga ikut terdampak dari imbas peraturan pembatasan sosial berskala besar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh persepsi resiko terhadap niat beli, pengaruh promosi terhadap niat beli, dan pengaruh kepercayaan merek terhadap niat beli Traveloka Pasca Covid-19. Desain penelitian ini dengan eksplanatory. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini dengan mengambil teori dari Hair lima kali indikator dan mengisi kuisioner yaitu menggunakan metode accidental sampling namun tetap memenuhi kriteria yang sudah ditentukan. Teknik samplingnya adalah Purposive Sampling dengan jumlah populasi masyarakat di Tangerang Kota. Metode analisis kuantitatif dengan alat bantu SMART PLS. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah persepsi resiko berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap niat beli, promosi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap niat beli, dan kepercayaan merek tiak berpengaruh terhadap niat beli.
The admission of older patients to a dedicated short stay medical unit: learning from experience
Authors:   Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital 39 Aragon Avenue, Epsom, Surrey KT17 2QL, Chu Gavin S , Becque Taeko ,   University of Cambridge, Bariana Tadbir Kaur ,   Royal Free Hospital, London, Pereira Simi Rosy ,   Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge CB2 2QQ, Hayman Matt ,   Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Haydock Stephen F ,   Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge CB2 2QQ
Published: June 2021

The admission of older patients with acute medical problems to short stay medical units (SSMUs) is controversial in light of their longer expected length of in-patient stay (LoS), coupled with the greater resources required by such a department. We undertook a prospective study of 120 consecutive SSMU patients aged 60 years or over, to find out whether information gained during the admissions process could predict which candidates would subsequently have a successful SSMU outcome, as well as to assess the overall suitability of the SSMU to older patients. Our redesigned acute medicine services at Addenbrooker’s Hospital (Cambridge, UK) have taken account of our results, and we continue to admit older patients to our new Medical Short Stay Emergency Unit.
Prevalence of Colistin resistance among Enterobacteriaceae, A 10-year glance
Authors: Assama Riaz  , Dinali Obeysekera  , Kelsie Ruslow
Published: June 2021

Multidrug resistance is a global healthcare problem. Gram-negative organisms, particularly Enterobacteriaceae strains are responsible for almost 60% of nosocomial infections. Colistin acts as the last treatment resort in complicated, critical, and MDR cases; also become resistant in the last few years in an escalating manner. Its resistance has been reported almost all over the world. Since there is no alternative antibiotic of colistin-resistant isolates is available. The last year of 2020 was completely engaged with the Covid-19 pandemic for global healthcare systems. This issue is still persisting with no solution. Strict infection control policies and a noval antibiotic with lesser side effects are great in demand to resolve this issue. We gathered 28 studies from 2010 that reported colistin resistance among Enterobacteriaceae throughout the world. Colistin resistance still reported and escalated globally with no available solution. Asia was the leading region with 50% of selected studies followed by Europe and Klebsiella pneumonia and Klebsiella species were the leading organisms of colistin resistance among Enterobacteriaceae. This mini-review was designed to highlight the global importance of colistin-resistant isolates among Enterobacteriaceae, which still an unanswered question.
Myrtillocactus geometrizans fruit plant stimulated with Effective microorganisms
Authors: Domenico Prisa
Published: June 2021

The aim of this work is to develop an innovative technology for the cultivation of Myrtillocactus geometrizans, introducing the use of Effective microorganisms and at the same time, limiting the use of mineral fertilizers, plant protection products and improving the physico-chemical and organoleptic characteristics of garambullos for consumption and processing. The trial showed a significant improvement in the agronomic parameters analysed on Myrtillocactus geometrizans plants treated with Effective microorganisms. In particular, there was an increase in plant height and circumference, vegetative and root weight, number of flowers and fruits, number and length of thornes in plants treated with microorganisms. In addition, the use of EM microorganisms showed a significant increase in total betalains, ascorbic acid, phenols and total flavonoids in garambullos. It was important to underline how the use of Effective microorganisms guaranteed, despite the reduction of irrigation and fertilisation by 50% in the growing medium, the same results in terms of agronomic parameters and fruit production and quality as the control with irrigation and fertilisation under optimal conditions. The application of Effective microorganisms in agricultural processing can therefore guarantee higher production standards, with a possible reduction in costs fertilizer and water. Particularly for those farms that want to focus on the production of ornamental and fruit cacti. Fruits obtained from growing plants treated with Effective microorganisms have a high antioxidant and nutraceutical potential, which is very important especially in this age where food is also a medicine.
Parasitoids collected on oceanic and river islands: Bibliographical summary
Authors: Carlos Henrique Marchiori
Published: June 2021

The islands, due to their discreet and isolated nature, offer excellent opportunities for understanding the origin, diversification and extinction of terrestrial biotas such as that of parasitoids. This study aimed to perform a bibliographic summary of the parasitoids collected on oceanic and river islands. For the elaboration of this study, researchers were carried out that contained published works reporting the main families, subfamilies and species. The mini review was prepared in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil in the years 2007 to 2021, using the Online Electronic Scientific Library (Scielo). Parasitoids are important natural regulators of insects and are prominent groups of natural enemies. They are also considered as bioindicators of biodiversity.
Design of atrazine containing polysaccharide based slow release formulations to control environmental hazards
Authors: Singh Baljit , Sharma Devender Kumar , Dhiman Abhishek
Published: June 2021

Atrazine is more reliable, flexible, effective and less expensive herbicide than any
other available weed control approaches. However, easy leaching of atrazine is a matter of great environmental and health concern which limits its strong recommendation for practical applicability. Hence, controlled release formulations of atrazine, specially based on natural polysaccharide, are required for delivery and resolve the problems associated with conventional formulations. In the present work, slow release atrazine containing alginate-agar based bead formulations have been prepared and characterized by scanning electron micrography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and swelling studies. The release of atrazine from the beads occurred through non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. The
release of atrazine from the beads in the soil has been observed slower and lesser in soil as compared to the in vitro release. Besides providing the slow release of atrazine, these formulations after degradation may enhance the fertility of the soil.
Synthetic Methods for Novel Benzofuran Derivatives and their Biological Activities
Authors: Senapati Bidyut Kumar
Published: June 2021

Benzofuran is the heterocyclic compound consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. The benzofuran moiety is widely distributed in both natural and artificial molecules. Substituted benzofurans are pharmaceutically important heterocycles that display numerous biological activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiHIV, anticancer, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory activities. Some derivatives of benzofurans are
also used as organic materials due to their optical and electronic properties. Owing to their broad spectrum applications, it is of great significance to develop systematic and novel approaches to benzofurans. During the past decades, many synthetic efforts have been devoted so far to the synthesis of benzofuran derivatives. The present review highlights the recently synthesized benzofurans and their biological activities.
Glucocorticoid receptor: A potent cellular & gene therapy target for cancer and cancer stem cells
Authors: Banerjee Rajkumar
Published: June 2021

Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is expressed in the cytoplasm of almost all cells, if not all of cancer and non-cancer cells. Moreover, unlike many other factors implicated with cancer, it is neither overexpressed nor is it expressed on cell-membrane surface to qualify
logically as a viable target for treating cancer. GR is importantly linked with alternate pathway of energy metabolism in cancer cells and our research indicated that cancer cells possibly tend to avoid activation of GR which would have otherwise instigate that energy demanding alternate pathway called gluconeogenesis. We discovered a way to
induce cancer cell-selective GR-transactivation which leads to among many things, gluconeogenesis, reversal of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), drug- sensitization in drug-resistant cancer cells etc. Thus, we proved, although it warrants further studies, that GR in cancer cells behave differently and hence it can be a viable target for the treatment of cancer.
Synthetic studies of antascomicin A: Construction of C1-C16 fragment
Authors: Vakiti Jithender Reddy , Ghosh Subhash
Published: June 2021

This communication describes the stereoselective synthesis of C1-C16 fragment of antascomicin A, a non-immunosuppressive immunophil-binding natural product. Evans aldol reaction was used extensively to install all the stereo centres present in the fragment. The hemikatel present in the fragment was synthesized via DMP-mediated oxidation of β-hydroxy amide followed by acid catalyzed hemiketalization.
Sosyal Hizmet Lisans Programlarında Araştırma Eğitimi: ABD ve Türkiye
Authors: AYYILDIZ Ali Artam
Published: June 2021

Tüm disiplin alanlarının lisans programlarında yer alan araştırma eğitimi her zaman incelemeye konu olmuş, değerlendirilmiş ve geliştirilmesi için öneriler oluşturulmuştur. Birçok üniversite ve birçok disiplinde olduğu gibi sosyal hizmet lisans eğitim programlarında da araştırma eğitimi önemle ele alınmakta, incelenmekte ve değerlendirilerek geliştirilmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalarda; sosyal hizmet öğrencilerinin araştırma eğitimi almalarının araştırma kavram ve becerileri üzerine olumlu etkisi olduğu gösterilmiştir. Sosyal hizmet lisans eğitimi diğer disiplin alanlarında olduğu gibi öğrenciyi mesleğine hazırlayan temel akademik programlardır. Bu nedenle lisans programının araştırma eğitimi hem eleştirel düşünme becerisinin geliştirilmesi hem de öğrenciyi kanıta dayalı mesleki uygulamalara hazırlaması açısından önemle ele alınmalıdır. Bu çalışmada, ABD ve Türkiye’de sosyal hizmet lisans programlarında yer alan araştırma eğitimi karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışma niteliksel içerik analizi yöntemiyle yapılmıştır. Lisans müfredat programları üniversite web sayfalarından incelenmiş ve iki ülkenin lisans araştırma eğitiminin yakın özelliklere sahip olduğu görülmüştür.
Ebeveynlerin Çocuklarının Eğitim ve Öğretiminde Karşılaştıkları Sorunlar
Authors: GÜNGÖR Cumhur
Published: June 2021

Bu araştırmanın amacı, çocuklarının eğitim ve öğretim sürecinde ebeveynlerin karşılaştıkları sorunlara ilişkin görüşlerinin incelenmesidir. Bu amaçla nitel araştırma desenlerinden olgubilim (fenemenoloji) deseni kullanılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında, çocuğu ilköğretim kademesinde öğrenim gören 19 ebeveyn ile görüşme yapılmıştır. Çalışmada katılımcı görüşlerini toplamak için araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler içerik analizi yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; ebeveynler, çocuklarının eğitim-öğretimi konusunda karşılaştıkları güçlüklerin ve sorunların çocuklarının kendi yapısından, sosyal etkileşimlerinin yetersiz olmasından, eğitsel açıdan sorun yaşamasından ve kısıtlı olanaklara sahip olmalarından kaynaklandığı görüşündedirler. Ebeveynlerin en fazla sorun yaşadığı konu ise özellikle belirli derslerde bilgi eksikliği yaşamaları ve bunun sonucunda çocuklarına gereken desteği sağlayamamalarıdır. Bunu ise pandemi sürecinin yarattığı sorunlar takip etmektedir. Ebeveynler çocuklarına okul ortamını sağlayamadıkları gibi çoğu zaman çocukları üzerinde gereken disiplini kuramadıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Ebeveynlerin çocuklarının davranışlarından kaynaklanan sorunlarla da baş etmede sıkıntı yaşadıkları, bunun da eğitimlerine yansıdığını belirttikleri görülmüştür. Çocuklarının eğitsel süreçlerinde ebeveynlerin karşılaştığı sorunları konu alan bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlardan yola çıkarak daha detaylı nedensel araştırmalar yapılabilir.
Kurum Denetim Raporlarının İncelenmesi (Adana İli Örneği)
Authors: ABBAK Ahmet Can , AKBAŞLI Sait
Published: June 2021

Eğitim kurumlarında harcanan maddi ve manevi kaynakların etkin kullanılıp kullanılmadığının tespiti için okullar, belirli aralıklarla denet-lenmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, kurum denetimine yönelik yöne-tici görüşlerini ve aynı bölgede bulunan eğitim kurumlarının denetim formlarını sunmaktır. Bu araştırma, doküman incelemesi ve görüşme tekniğinin kullanıldığı nitel bir çalışmadır. Bu amaçla, Adana ilinden ilkokul, ortaokul ve lise düzeyinden kurumlar ve yöneticiler seçilmiş-tir. Bu kapsamda, 11 adet kurum denetim raporuna ve 25 adet farklı amaçlarla gerçekleştirilmiş denetim raporuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca yöne-ticiler ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanarak görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Veriler, betimsel analiz tekniği ile analiz edilmiştir. Araş-tırma sonuçlarına göre kurumlar, destekleme yetiştirme kursları, taşı-ma, yemekhane ve genel olmak üzere dört farklı açıdan denetlenmiş-tir. Genel denetim formları, 2010 ile 2015 yılları arasında bazı deği-şimlere uğramıştır. Yönetici görüşlerine göre mesleki gelişim ve örgüt kültürü açısından yapılan denetimlerin, oldukça faydalı ve geliştirici olduğu söylenebilir. Yöneticiler tarafından, şeffaflık ve yetkinlik açı-sından denetim faaliyetlerinin, üniversite gibi bağımsız kişi ya da ku-rumlar tarafından yapılması önerilmiştir.
Necesidades de investigación y transferencia de tecnologías sobre cambio climático en Nicaragua: Una oportunidad en la Bioeconomía
Authors: Milán Pérez José Antonio , Zúniga-Gonzalez Carlos Alberto
Published: June 2021

El presente estudio se centró en identificar las brechas que existen en relación al conocimiento del cambio climático, sus impactos y oportunidades, así como identificar sus potencialidades y restricciones como una alternativa a la Bioeconomía. Se desarrolló un modelo de entrevistas, cuyo universo, tuvo por objeto la selección de tres tipos de poblaciones: Las Empresas Privadas, Instituciones de Educación Superior: Profesores y / o administradores y tomadores de decisiones de estas instituciones, las Instituciones Públicas y Organizaciones no Gubernamentales. Los resultados demostraron   que el sector privado otorga mayor prioridad a reducir costos e incrementar eficiencia, el aumento de la rentabilidad y retención de clientes en relación a responder eficazmente a las amenazas y oportunidades del cambio climático, lo que indica que existe una brecha de conocimientos en relación a los impactos y oportunidades que ofrece el cambio climático, mientras que en la docencia se observó que, existe una abundante formación de maestrías relacionadas con la temática medioambiental, sin embargo los cursos que se imparten en las universidades sobre cambio climático son muy escasos y por otro lado no existe un programa nacional de formación de postgrados en cambio Climático y sólo el 58% de los docentes entrevistados realizan tareas de investigación. En las instituciones públicas y ONG opinan que es baja la frecuencia de acceso a becas para adquirir conocimientos sobre cambio climático y que a nivel nacional la fuente de conocimientos sobre cambio climático muy frecuentemente utilizada por los docentes e investigadores es internet.
"To Be a Little More Realistic": The Ethical Labour of Suspension among Nightclub Hostesses in Southeast China
Authors: Fengjiang Jiazhi
Published: June 2021

This article explores the "ethical labour" of suspension––the conscious effort of deferring one's ethical judgement and reflections in order to avoid irreconcilable ethical conflicts between one's present activities and long-term goals. While people engage in ethical judgement
and reflections in everyday social interactions, it is the laborious aspect of regulating one's ethical dispositions that I highlight in the concept of "ethical labour." Although it cannot be directly commodified, ethical labour is a form of labour as it consumes energy and is integral to
the performance of other forms of labour, particularly intimate and emotional ones. This formulation of ethical labour draws on my long-term ethnographic research with a group of young women migrants working as hostesses in high-end nightclubs in southeast China. Many of them perform socially
stigmatized work with the goal of contributing to their family and saving money for a dignified life in the future. Ethical labour is essential to their hostess work because it enables them to juggle multiple affective relationships and defer the fundamental ethical conflict. They express
ethical labour through the phrase "to be a little more realistic," making sure that they obtain what they want at a particular moment. But ethical labour does not simply mean pushing ethical questions aside. It is sustained by conscious effort and is overshadowed by fears of ageing and failure
to achieve long-term life goals. Prolonged ethical labour often fails to resolve ethical conflict and may intensify one's stress. My analysis of these women migrants' situation contributes to the sex-as-work debate regarding women's agency in work and their subjection to exploitation.
A NOTE ON A GENERAL CLASS OF ARITHMETIC MEANS
Authors: CHU W. C. , HSU L. C.
Published: June 2021

The object of this note is to introduce a general class of arithmetic means for summing divergent series. A $q$-analogue is also presented.
First Record of Slime Molds in Biebrza National Park (NE Poland)
Authors: Ślusarczyk Dominika Małgorzata
Published: June 2021

This paper provides the first recorded data of slime molds in Biebrza National Park (NE Poland). In total, 16 species of myxomycetes belonging to nine genera were observed.
Rape culture in Classical Athens?
Authors: Koutsopetrou-Møller Sotiria Rita
Published: June 2021

Classical Athens had a culture of widespread sexual violence, where different forms of sexual misconduct were embedded in the normative framework. Numerous products of the city’s ‘popular culture’, such as mythology, literature and art, propagated the normalcy of rape. A large body of modern scholarship has correlated this frequency with the particular Athenian historical context during the Cassical period, underlining that ancient Athenians followed different standards and guidelines than we do for the evaluation of sexual behaviour. This article demonstrates that in Classical Athens the repeated representations of rape in literature and art were means to preserve the fundamental principles of the established male order. The power structure of the Classical Athenian polis fostered attitudes that remind us of the modern concept of ‘rape culture’. This concept, developed by feminist scholars to describe modern realities, reveals how societies can use culture to downgrade the moral wrongness of rape.  ‘Rape culture’ will be used in this article as a model, or analytical tool, to reinterpret the Classical literary evidence on Athenian attitudes towards sexual assault. I will argue that this model makes better sense of the evidence than the now prevalent relativistic interpretation.
Simulações Envolvendo Eletroquímica: Contribuições para o Ensino Médio
Authors: Viana Marcelo Machado , Barbosa Junior Atenildo Gonçalves
Published: June 2021

As simulações computacionais têm sido uma importante ferramenta de ensino frequentemente utilizada no ensino médio, contribuindo para a interatividade e inserção de tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TICs) no contexto escolar. No Ensino de Química, vários temas podem ser abordados utilizando essa tecnologia de ensino. Neste trabalho, o conteúdo eletroquímica foi escolhido por apresentar diversos exemplos tecnológicos e aplicação direta em nosso cotidiano. Inicialmente, foram realizadas uma revisão bibliográfica e uma análise das simulações deste tema disponíveis na internet, com base em critérios abordados na literatura sobre a qualidade de softwares educacionais. Alguns critérios como: facilidade de uso, recursos motivacionais, adequação dos recursos de mídia às atividades pedagógicas e conteúdos foram discutidos. Em particular, este trabalho traz uma contribuição para professores e alunos do Ensino Médio no sentido de auxiliar na escolha pela simulação a ser explorada nos processos de ensino e de aprendizagem do conteúdo eletroquímica.
Outils de percussion au Paléolithique supérieur ancien : l’exemple de sites aurignaciens et gravettiens en Vallée de la Vézère (Dordogne, France)
Authors: CHIOTTI Laurent
Published: June 2021

Among the raw materials used, quartz pebbles are widely used, irrespective of site and culture. Alongside this dominant material, a considerable diversity of materials was selected. This diversity may vary depending on the type of object/use, but also the site/culture
Clinical Significance of Positive Results of the BioFire Cerebrospinal Fluid FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis Panel at a Tertiary Medical Center in the United States
Authors: Waldrop Greer , Zucker Jason , Boubour Alexandra , Radmard Sara , Green Daniel A. , Thakur Kiran T.
Published: June 2021

Context.—

The FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis (ME) panel is the first US Food and Drug Administration–cleared multiplex polymerase chain reaction panel for the detection of central nervous system infections. While the assay's performance characteristics have been described, the real-world significance of positive results has not been fully characterized.

Objective.—

To evaluate the clinical significance of positive ME panel results in a tertiary care medical center in New York, New York.

Design.—

Four physicians independently performed retrospective clinical assessments of all positive ME panel results at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, including the Children's Hospital of New York, during an 18-month period. Each reviewer determined the likelihood of central nervous system infection for all cases and whether cases fit Brighton diagnostic criteria for meningitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis.

Results.—

Among 119 cases, there was 75% positive agreement (95% CI, 54%–89%) between ME panel results and clinical consensus, which varied among panel targets.

Conclusions.—

The ME panel showed good agreement with expert clinical consensus for patients presenting with acute meningitis/encephalitis. Factors contributing to clinically insignificant ME positive results included low pretest probability, traumatic lumbar puncture, specimen contamination, and detection of incidental viral targets such as human herpesvirus 6. Notably, the ME panel detected more than twice the number of cases of bacterial meningitis detected by culture alone, particularly among patients receiving empiric antimicrobial therapy before lumbar puncture. Appropriate test use and contextual interpretation of results are critical to leveraging the advantages of the platform while avoiding potential pitfalls.
Mancharse de tinta y recuperar las primeras impresiones
Authors: Massaguer Lluc
Published: June 2021

¿Por qué bien entrado el siglo XXI se recuperan y se activan talleres de letterpress (impresión con tipos móviles) cuando imprimir en digital es más rápido y cómodo? ¿Podríamos hacer un paralelismo con lo que pasa con la recuperación de los vinilos, en el mundo de la música, o con la fotografía analógica? Está claro que se trata de una tendencia. Pero ¿qué nos lleva a seguirla?
Computational-approach understanding the structure-function prophecy of Fibrinolytic Protease RFEA1 from Bacillus cereus RSA1
Authors: Sharma Chhavi , Nigam Arti , Singh Rajni
Published: June 2021

Microbial fibrinolytic proteases are therapeutic enzymes responsible to ameliorate thrombosis, a fatal cardiac-disorder which effectuates due to excessive fibrin accumulation in blood vessels. Inadequacies such as low fibrin specificity, lethal after-effects and short life-span of available fibrinolytic enzymes stimulates an intensive hunt for novel, efficient and safe substitutes. Therefore, we herewith suggest a novel and potent fibrinolytic enzyme RFEA1 from Bacillus cereus RSA1 (MK288105). Although, attributes such as in-vitro purification, characterization and thrombolytic potential of RFEA1 were successfully accomplished in our previous study. However, it is known that structure-function traits and mode of action significantly aid to commercialization of an enzyme. Also, predicting structural model of a protein from its amino acid sequence is challenging in computational biology owing to intricacy of energy functions and inspection of vast conformational space. Our present study thus reports In-silico structural-functional analysis of RFEA1. Sequence based modelling approaches such as—Iterative threading ASSEmbly Refinement (I-TASSER), SWISS-MODEL, RaptorX and Protein Homology/analogY Recognition Engine V 2.0 (Phyre2) were employed to model three-dimensional structure of RFEA1 and the modelled RFEA1 was validated by structural analysis and verification server (SAVES v6.0). The modelled crystal structure revealed the presence of high affinity Ca1 binding site, associated with hydrogen bonds at Asp147, Leu181, Ile185 and Val187residues. RFEA1 is structurally analogous to Subtilisin E from Bacillus subtilis 168. Molecular docking analysis using PATCH DOCK and FIRE DOCK servers was performed to understand the interaction of RFEA1 with substrate fibrin. Strong RFEA1-fibrin interaction was observed with high binding affinity (−21.36 kcal/mol), indicating significant fibrinolytic activity and specificity of enzyme RFEA1. Overall, the computational research suggests that RFEA1 is a subtilisin-like serine endopeptidase with proteolytic potential, involved in thrombus hydrolysis.
Comparative effects of Lime and Garlic extracts on the Bacterial Load and Nutritional Quality of processed Shrimps (Penaeus notialis) from Sombreiro River, River State
Authors: Nwaogwugwu K. C. , Efiuvwevwere B. J. O. , Agwa O. K. , Nwogwugwu N. U.
Published: June 2021

Shrimps are highly valued worldwide. They deteriorate rapidly after harvest except preserved. This study was undertaken to determine the bacterial load and nutritional quality of shrimps subjected to 20% lime juice, 50% garlic extract and distilled water followed by smoking and storage at ambient (room) temperature for 28 days. Fresh shrimp samples from Sombreiro River in Degema Local Government Area of Rivers State were used for this study. The Shrimps were analyzed for total viable counts (TVCs), Coliform, Staphylococcal, Vibrio, Salmonella, and Shigella counts. The control samples had highest protein content of 21.2±0.018 immediately after treatment while after smoking, samples treated with lime and garlic had higher protein content; highest in samples treated with lime juice with protein content of 63.27±1.20, garlic-treated samples and control sample had protein content of 60.5±2.49 and 51.27±10.76 respectively at end of storage. Garlic-treated samples had highest ash content of 15.46±0.11, lime-treated samples and control had ash content of 13.29±0.11 and 11.75±0.11 at the end of storage period. There were slight increases in nutrient level with storage. Samples treated with lime juice had lowest bacterial count throughout the four weeks of storage. At day 0, samples treated with lime, garlic- treated samples and control had total viable count of 1.7×103, 2.11×103 and 4.5×104 respectively, at the end of storage period. Lime-treated samples, garlic-treated samples and control had coliform count of 2.3×102, 5.89×102 and 5.27×104 respectively at the end of storage period. Total Staphylococcal count for lime-treated samples, garlic-treated samples and control at the end storage period were 4.9×102, 4.8×102 and3.5×103 respectively. Samples treated with lime and garlic had no Vibrio, Salmonella and Shigella after smoking till end of storage. In this study 20% lime juice proved more effective against bacteria though with no significant difference (p>0.05) and increased the nutritional value of smoked shrimps more than 50% garlic extract.
Short sleep and chronic neck and shoulder discomfort in nurses
Authors: Chin Wei-Shan , Chen Yi-Chuan , Lin Ting-Ti , Guo Yue-Liang Leon , Shiao Judith S C
Published: June 2021

Objective

Short sleep duration is common among nurses. Sleep restriction has been associated with musculoskeletal discomfort. However, studies on the effect of short sleep duration on chronic neck and shoulder discomfort in nurses have been lacking. The aim of this study was to determine whether short sleep duration is related to chronic neck and shoulder discomfort.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional survey of female nurses in secondary referral health centers in Taiwan. We applied stratified sampling based on region (north, central, south, and east) to select representative centers for this study. A self-administered structured questionnaire, including demographic data, the psychological working environment, and musculoskeletal symptoms, was administered to nurses. Multiple logistic regression and population attributable risk analyses were performed to assess the effect of average sleeping hours per working day on chronic neck and shoulder discomfort.

Results

A total of 1602 (78.9%) questionnaires were eligible for final analysis. The prevalence rates of chronic neck and shoulder discomfort were 33.9% and 34.7%, respectively. Population attributable risk estimation revealed that a sleep duration of <7 hours per working day was the most crucial factor for chronic neck and shoulder discomfort in the nurses, accounting for 8.8% of chronic neck discomfort and 8.6% of chronic shoulder discomfort respectively.

Conclusion

Our study found that sleep duration on working days was associated with chronic neck and shoulder discomfort in female nurses. Further interventions are warranted for maintaining nurses’ sleep hygiene.
Objective and subjective evaluation of tear film in machine carpet weavers
Authors: Estarki Fatemeh , Asharlous Amir , Mirzajani Ali , Abolghasemi Jamileh
Published: June 2021

Objectives

The present study was conducted to evaluate the status of tear film objectively and subjectively in machine carpet weavers.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, machine-made carpet weavers were compared with the controls who were selected from people working in other parts of the factory except for the production. A complete evaluation of ocular health was done for all participants. The blink rate, tear deformation Time (TDT), and ocular staining were evaluated as an objective assessment and the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) was used for a subjective assessment of the tear film status. The results were compared between the two groups using the SPSS software.

Results

The results of 46 weavers (mean age: 38.43 ± 6.10 years) and 46 controls (mean age: 33.20 ± 8.40 years) were analyzed. The mean of blink rate and OSDI score were significantly higher in weavers (Blink rate: 20.67 ± 4.18 blink/min, OSDI: 22.59 ± 9.51) in comparison with controls (Blink rate: 14.00 ± 3.30 blink/min, OSDI: 6.22 ± 4.78, P < .001). The mean TDT value of the weavers was significantly lower compared with the controls (10.27 ± 3.01 and 16.58 ± 4.18 s respectively, P < .001). Ocular surface staining was seen among 60.9% of weavers while there was 6.5% in the controls (P < .001). Based on the TDT test and OSDI results together, the percentage of dry eye in the weavers was 43.5% and that in the non-weavers was 2.2%, which showed that the relationship between weaving and dry eyes was statistically significant (P < .001).

Conclusions

The results indicate that increased symptoms and decreased tear stability in weavers compared with non-weavers lead to more tear film abnormalities in these individuals.
Challenges and solutions to embed cancer survivorship research and innovation within the EU Cancer Mission
Authors: Lawler Mark , De Lorenzo Francesco , Lagergren Pernilla , Mennini Francesco S. , Narbutas Saronas , Scocca Grazia , Meunier Françoise ,   the European Academy of Cancer Sciences
Published: June 2021

We have reached a watershed moment in Europe in our efforts to ensure increased survival and better outcomes for cancer patients. The EU Cancer Mission and the European Beating Cancer Plan together provide an unrivalled opportunity to make significant inroads into a disease that kills over 1.7 million European citizens annually. Harnessing these twin pillars of cancer research and cancer control can be transformative for the European cancer community and in particular for the European cancer patient. However, from a research perspective, in order to fully realise these benefits, we need to ensure that all aspects of the cancer continuum are addressed. Previous research efforts have focussed more on the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, whereas cancer survivorship, to date, has been overlooked. Here, we aim to redress this balance, by identifying the key challenges in cancer survivorship research that need to be addressed and proposing a series of recommended solutions, which, if acted upon, would deliver significant benefits for the nearly 20 million cancer survivors in Europe. To achieve this, we propose the development of a clearly articulated and sustainably funded European Cancer Survivorship Research and Innovation Plan. Embedding this plan within the framework of the EU Cancer Mission would be transformative for cancer survivors and society.
Civilian Immunity
Authors: Primoratz Igor
Published: June 2021

The idea that warfare ought to be subject to restraint is probably as old as war itself. The restraints morality and law place on war fall under two heads: those concerning resort to war (jus ad bellum) and those concerning the ways war is fought (jus in bello). One of the rules comprisingjus in bello– on most accounts, its centerpiece – is that of discrimination (or, in legal parlance, distinction). It enjoins us to discriminate between legitimate and illegitimate targets in war and to restrict our attacks to the former. That means, roughly, that our acts of war may be directed only at enemy soldiers or combatants and military facilities, and that we must not attack civilians or noncombatants. Civilians (noncombatants) enjoy immunity against deliberately inflicted harm to life, limb, or property.
Anarchism
Authors: Crowder George
Published: June 2021

Anarchists believe that the state is a deeply harmful institution and that the good society is one without a state or government. Visions of a stateless society can be found throughout history, but comprehensive theories of anarchism emerged in the late eighteenth and mid‐nineteenth centuries in the wake of the French and Industrial Revolutions. Anarchist thinkers have appealed to a variety of ethical systems, these yielding different arguments against government and different understandings of the desirable anarchist society. In the “classical” tradition, thinkers such as Godwin, Proudhon, Bakunin, and Kropotkin argue for anarchism on grounds including utilitarianism, individual liberty, “mutualism” (fair exchange for equal value), and Darwinian evolution. Other streams of anarchism have appealed to Christianity, egoism, existentialism, feminism, ecologism, and postmodernism or poststructuralism. Recent radical movements, such as Occupy Wall Street and the “hacktivism” of Wikileaks, have been associated with anarchism. None of these approaches and applications is without its difficulties, but all pose a stimulating challenge to standard assumptions in moral and political philosophy.
Consequentialism
Authors: Cummiskey David
Published: June 2021

According to consequentialists, the overall goodness of results is the most basic moral consideration. For instance, if actions are the primary focal point of moral evaluation, the consequences of the actions will determine whether the action is right or wrong. If one is evaluating rules or social institutions, the evaluation will depend on the consequences of adopting the rules or institutions. Whatever the object of evaluation, the value of outcomes will provide the justification.
Testimony, Moral
Authors: O'Brien Dan
Published: June 2021

We often acquire beliefs on the say‐so of somebody else and it's plausible that we also acquire testimonial knowledge in this way. It is widely accepted that factual knowledge can be acquired via testimony, but can moral knowledge? There are optimists who do not find moral knowledge transmission problematic and pessimists who think that there is something morally or epistemically wrong in accepting the word of another on moral matters. Various reasons have been offered for pessimism. One could be skeptical concerning the existence of moral experts, or there may be difficulties involved in identifying who fills this role and thus in deciding who to trust on moral matters. Some pessimists accept that even though moral knowledge can be obtained from others, there is still a sense in which one is morally deficient in accepting moral testimony. The virtuous person should not just aim to have a comprehensive catalogue of moral knowledge; she is also a person who acts well, who acts for the right reasons, and who knows why a certain course of action is correct. She is someone with moral understanding, and this demands more than moral knowledge.
Moral Absolutes
Authors: Robinson Luke
Published: June 2021

The term “moral absolute” refers to many different ideas. In contemporary moral philosophy, it most commonly refers to the idea of a moral prohibition or rule that admits of no exception. Less commonly, it refers to the idea of a moral principle or standard that applies to all moral agents, rather than only to members of a particular society or culture or only to particular individuals (e.g., those who accept it). The present topic is moral absolutes in the first of these two senses. Notable philosophers who have maintained that there are such absolutes include Immanuel Kant and Elizabeth Anscombe. And the debate over the existence of moral absolutes has implications not only for general moral theory, but also for many topics in applied ethics. For example, the question of whether the moral prohibition against intentionally (or deliberately) killing the innocent is absolute has important implications for abortion, euthanasia, and noncombatant immunity. And there are ongoing debates about whether the moral prohibitions against terrorism and torture are absolute.
Commitment
Authors: Gilbert Margaret
Published: June 2021

This entry focuses on normative commitment and begins with a broad account of this. It next discusses moral commitment, then turns to what it refers to as commitments of the will, distinguishing between personal and joint commitments of the will. Sources of the former include personal decisions and intentions. Some important differences between these are noted. Personal commitments can be life‐shaping and the virtue of integrity has been associated with someone's consistency in conforming to such significant commitments. Joint commitments of the will arise when two or more people express their readiness to be committed as one in a particular way. Joint commitments are more stable than personal commitments insofar as a given party cannot unilaterally rescind the commitment. Those who are jointly committed in some way are answerable to one another for failure to conform to the commitment, are in a position to demand conformity of one another should deviance be threatened, have obligations to one another to conform, and corresponding rights against one another to conformity. Plausible accounts of many central social phenomena can be given in terms of joint commitments with different contents. These phenomena include social rules and conventions, collective beliefs and values, social groups of a central kind, and agreements and promises. Joint commitment is a context for loyalty and betrayal, as are friendship and other personal relationships, which may plausibly be thought of as grounded in joint commitments of the parties
Disabilities, People with
Authors: Wasserman David , Asch Adrienne , Cureton Adam
Published: June 2021

This entry discusses some of the main ethical issues concerning people with disabilities: what counts as a disability; the impact of disability on well‐being; the relevance of disability for decisions about creating and extending lives, allocating scarce resources, and undertaking medical and surgical interventions; the obligations of a just society to people with disabilities; and the ways that disability figures into our attitudes toward and relationships with one another.
Human Rights and Religion
Authors: Twiss Sumner B.
Published: June 2021

Human rights and religious traditions have had a long history of interaction, ranging from the medieval period to contemporary times. Many religious traditions have explicitly supported human rights through a rights‐oriented subtradition or by developing a theory of relationship with the norms represented by human rights. Other religious traditions have remained at odds with human rights with certain accentuated tensions. Such tensions include sites where particular human rights or their principles appear to challenge core aspects of traditional moral and religious identities as practiced over the centuries. There is no algorithm for resolving these tensions, and hope for their resolution must be sought within the traditions themselves. In addition, group difference and a sense of superiority have the potential for violence against out‐groups that challenge an in‐group's worldview, territory, values, and way of life; genocide, ethnic cleansing, and terrorism can occur as a result. Interestingly, human rights themselves can be interpreted as projecting a moral vision that has religious (or religious‐like) aspects that may constitute another point of practical convergence in an international overlapping consensus about the normative meaning and content of human rights.
Wolff, Christian
Authors: Rosenkoetter Timothy
Published: June 2021

Christian Wolff (1679–1754) was a philosopher, mathematician, and natural scientist of remarkable scope and astounding productivity, who ranks as the central figure of the pre‐Kantian German Enlightenment. Although Wolff is often considered primarily to be a theoretical philosopher whose contributions fall within ontology and metaphysics, this does not accord with his self‐understanding. His first published work, which gained him the attention of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646–1716), was in ethics, and practical philosophy was the focus of his energies during the final 16 years of his life. Moreover, even when he was writing in theoretical fields, Wolff understood his work to be ultimately aimed at helping people to lead more rational lives. Many of his philosophical works were written in German, which was unusual at the time, and was motivated by his Enlightenment project of making accessible to the general population their own capacities for adopting rational epistemic and practical policies. Wolff's terminological choices in these works proved pivotal for the subsequent development of German as a philosophically mature language, and thereby for German philosophy as a whole. Through his influence on students and others who read his works, Wolff was the first German philosopher to establish what could be considered a school. He maintains a lasting influence on the history of ethics, especially through Kant, who reacted to Wolff in part through the Wolffians Gottfried Achenwall (1719–72), Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (1714–62), and Georg Friedrich Meier (1718–77), whose works Kant used as textbooks on a regular basis.
Moral Uncertainty
Authors: Bykvist Krister
Published: June 2021

What should we do when we are not certain what we morally should do? There is a long history of theorizing about decision‐making under empirical uncertainty, but very little has been written about moral uncertainty. Only very recently have philosophers started to systematically address the nature of such uncertainty and its impacts on decision‐making. This entry addresses the main challenges raised by moral uncertainty and critically examines some proposed solutions.
Parfit, Derek
Authors: Temkin Larry , Goodrich James
Published: June 2021

Derek Parfit (11 December 1942–1 January 2017) worked on a broad range of issues in normative ethics, applied ethics, and metaethics; he also wrote on metaphysical issues with implications for morality, in particular on personal identity, time, and cosmogony. His original ideas and ingenious arguments are destined to be discussed for generations.
Poverty
Authors: Culp Julian
Published: June 2021

Poverty is generally perceived as a moral problem that needs to be resolved. Philosophical discussions of poverty concern the conceptualization of poverty, its particular nature as a moral problem, and the reasons for ascribing moral responsibility to alleviate poverty. Some philosophers are critical of exclusively income‐based understandings of poverty and suggest instead that poverty consists of a lack of particular opportunities such as being able to be well nourished. Yet even if philosophers agree on how to conceive poverty, they may nevertheless disagree whether the moral problem that poverty constitutes is a distributive injustice or simply a humanitarian concern. In addition, philosophers also offer various justifications of the moral responsibility to alleviate poverty. While some highlight the mere capacity to alleviate poverty, others emphasize the contribution to or the benefit from poverty. These philosophical inquiries are closely related to, and need to be informed by, social‐scientific research on poverty – especially research regarding the causes of poverty, the effects of poverty, and the solutions to poverty.
Date Rape
Authors: Carlson Amber
Published: June 2021

The term “date rape,” also known as “acquaintance rape,” commonly refers to rape perpetrated by someone known to the victim. Although traditional rape stereotypes suggest that rape occurs most often between strangers, statistics indicate that eight out of ten rape victims know their perpetrator. Rape myths and stereotypes continue to problematically influence the perception of date rape in various ways.