bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Enamel Matrix Derivative on Primary CD4+ T‐Helper Lymphocyte Migration, CD25 Activation, and Apoptosis
Authors: Gassmann Georg , Schwenk Bettina , Entschladen Frank , Grimm Wolf‐Dieter
Published: September 2009

Background: Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has a low immunogenic potential. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies on the influence of EMD on lymphocyte migration as a sensitive cellular reaction parameter. This study investigated the influence of EMD on primary T‐lymphocyte migration, CD25 activation, and activation‐induced cell death.

Methods: After immunomagnetic‐positive CD4+ lymphocyte separation from peripheral blood taken from three healthy volunteers per trial, the influence of EMD on cell locomotion was assessed in a three‐dimensional collagen matrix migration model (CMMM). Direct CD4+ cell contact with EMD at concentrations of 25 and 100 μg/ml was mediated in a one‐phase CMMM. We investigated the indirect influence of EMD in a two‐phase CMMM: one collagen phase contained 25 and 100 μg EMD/ml, using the same concentrations, and a second adjacent phase contained T lymphocytes. After time‐lapse videomicroscopy, the mean locomoting percentage of 30 randomly selected cells was analyzed. Using flow cytometry, CD25 receptor activation was assessed, and annexin V was used for apoptosis detection in lymphocytes challenged with 0, 1, 25, 50, and 100 μg EMD/ml.

Results: The one‐phase CMMM revealed a reduction and the two‐phase CMMM showed a dose‐dependent increase in the mean locomoting cell percentage (P <0.001). Increasing EMD concentrations resulted in dose‐dependent enhanced T‐cell CD25 receptor expression and in increasing apoptosis (P <0.001).

Conclusions: Our study showed immediate effects of EMD on primary CD4+ lymphocyte migration, CD25 activation, and apoptosis. CD4+ lymphocyte apoptosis may be a further possible background for uneventful early wound healing as seen clinically as the result of EMD application.
Venodilatory Effect of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor on Rat Gingiva
Authors: Gyurkovics Milán , Lohinai Zsolt , Győrfi Adrienne , Iványi Iván , Süveges Ibolya , Kónya Mária , Bodor Csaba , Székely Andrea D. , Dinya Elek , Fazekas Árpád , Rosivall László
Published: September 2009

Background: Endothelial cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and increased vascular permeability are among the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in various organs. However, the effects of VEGF on gingival hemodynamics, especially on venules, have not been thoroughly investigated. This study investigated the acute circulatory effects of VEGF on rat gingival venules.

Methods: Fifty‐six anesthetized rats were divided into five study groups; each rat received 10 μl of experimental solution dripped onto the lower interincisal gingiva. The groups included: 1) saline control (after the experiment, gingiva was excised for VEGF receptor 2 [VEGFR2] immunohistochemistry); 2) VEGF (0.1, 1, 10, or 50 μg/ml); 3) VEGF2 receptor antagonist 5‐((7‐benzyloxyquinazolin‐4‐yl)amino)‐4‐fluoro‐2‐methyl‐phenol‐hydrochloride (ZM323881; 20 μg/ml); 4) ZM323881 (20 μg/ml) followed by VEGF application (50 μg/ml after 15 minutes); and 5) VEGF (10 μg/ml), these rats were premedicated with nitric oxide (NO) synthase blocker (NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine‐methyl‐ester [L‐NAME]; 1 mg/ml in drinking water) for 1 week before the experiment. Changes in gingival superficial venule diameter were measured by vital microscopy prior to and 1, 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after the administration of the experimental solutions.

Results: VEGF dose‐dependently increased the venular diameter compared to saline. ZM323881 alone did not cause any alteration. Premedication with ZM323881 or L‐NAME decreased the dilatory effects of VEGF. VEGFR2 immunohistochemical labeling was observed in the wall of the venules.

Conclusions: There is no remarkable VEGF production under physiologic circumstances in rat gingiva, but VEGF is able to increase gingival blood flow through the activation of VEGF2 receptors. Furthermore, NO release may contribute to VEGF's vasodilatory effect.
Evidence for Calcifying Nanoparticles in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Dental Calculus in Periodontitis
Authors: Zhang Song‐Mei , Tian Fei , Jiang Xin‐Quan , Li Jing , Xu Chun , Guo Xiao‐Kui , Zhang Fu‐Qiang
Published: September 2009

Background: Calcifying nanoparticles (CNPs), also known as nanobacteria, can produce carbonate apatite on their cell walls and initiate pathologic calcification. The objective of this study was to determine whether CNPs are present in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from subjects with periodontal disease and whether they can induce the pathologic calcification of primary cultured human gingival epithelial cells.

Methods: GCF and dental calculus samples were collected from 10 subjects with gingivitis and 10 subjects with chronic periodontitis. CNPs in GCF and calculus filtrates were detected with nanocapture enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits. The CNPs in cultures of dental calculus filtrates were also identified using immunofluorescence staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and chemical analysis. Pathologic changes in the CNP‐treated gingival epithelial cells were observed with TEM, alizarin red staining, and disk‐scanning confocal microscopy.

Results: CNPs were found in GCF samples from two subjects with chronic periodontitis. Based on chemical analysis, the surface‐associated material from CNPs isolated and cultured from calculus has a composition similar to dental calculus. The pathologic calcification of CNP‐treated gingival epithelial cells was also observed.

Conclusions: Self‐replicating calcifying nanoparticles can be cultured and identified from dental calculus. This raises the issue of whether CNPs contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
Association Among Menopause, Hormone Replacement Therapy, and Periodontal Attachment Loss in Southern Brazilian Women
Authors: Haas Alex N. , Rösing Cassiano K. , Oppermann Rui V. , Albandar Jasim M. , Susin Cristiano
Published: September 2009

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association among menopause, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and periodontal attachment loss (PAL).

Methods: Three hundred twenty‐eight women (40 to 69 years old) who participated in a previous oral survey in South Brazil were included. Women who reported not having their monthly menstrual cycles for ≥12 months were classified as postmenopausal. Postmenopausal women were categorized according to HRT. Women with ≥30% teeth with PAL ≥5 mm were classified as having periodontitis. The data were analyzed using a multivariable logistic regression model and adjusted for age, smoking, socioeconomic status, and dental care.

Results: The prevalence of periodontitis was significantly greater among postmenopausal women not using HRT (HRT−) than among premenopausal women (64.4% versus 46.3%; P = 0.005). Similarly, the multivariable analysis demonstrated a significantly higher chance of having periodontitis in postmenopausal HRT− women than in premenopausal women (odds ratio [OR], 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1 to 4.0). In contrast, no significant differences were observed in the prevalence of periodontitis between postmenopausal women using HRT (HRT+) and premenopausal women (48.8% versus 46.3%; P = 0.77). After adjusting for cofactors, postmenopausal HRT+ women did not have a greater likelihood of having periodontitis than premenopausal women (OR, 1.2; 95% CI: 0.6 to 2.5). No significant differences in tooth loss were observed among the study groups after adjusting for confounders.

Conclusions: Postmenopausal HRT− women had a greater chance of having periodontitis than premenopausal women. In contrast, postmenopausal HRT+ women and premenopausal women had similar periodontal status. HRT may have a beneficial effect on periodontal health.
Formylpeptide Receptor Single Nucleotide Polymorphism 348T>C and Its Relationship to Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Chemotaxis in Aggressive Periodontitis
Authors: Maney Pooja , Walters John D.
Published: September 2009

Background: Aggressive periodontitis (AgP) is associated with impaired polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotaxis toward bacterial N‐formylpeptides. Formylpeptide receptors (FPRs) play a major role in guiding PMNs to infection sites. Previous work revealed a significant association between FPR1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 348T>C and AgP in African Americans. We tested the hypothesis that 348T impairs PMN chemotaxis by decreasing FPR mRNA expression, thereby increasing susceptibility to AgP.

Methods: Blood samples were obtained from African American subjects (37 AgP cases and 38 controls). Chemotaxis to N‐formyl‐methionine‐leucine‐phenylalanine by freshly isolated PMNs was assayed in a modified Boyden chamber. RNA was isolated from PMNs, and FPR1 gene expression was quantified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To detect FPR1 5′ SNPs, genomic DNA was isolated, and four fragments spanning the FPR1 5′ region were PCR‐amplified and sequenced. Haplotype associations between SNP 348T>C and 5′ SNPs were analyzed.

Results: The homozygous 348T genotype was only found in AgP cases (P = 0.017; odds ratio, 18.9). Subjects with this genotype exhibited a significantly lower PMN chemotactic response relative to controls and to subjects with the 348C/C or 348T/C genotype (P <0.05). There were no significant differences in PMN FPR1 expression among subjects with the 348C/C, 348T/C, and 348T/T genotypes. Eleven FPR1 5′ SNPs were detected, but none of the predicted haplotypes reflected associations with AgP or with 348T.

Conclusions: Although the 348T/T genotype is relatively rare, it is associated with significantly impaired PMN chemotaxis and an increased risk for developing AgP in African Americans. These associations do not seem to be related to significant reductions in FPR1 transcripts in subjects expressing 348T.
Degradation of Vascular Endothelial Thrombomodulin by Arginine‐ and Lysine‐Specific Cysteine Proteases From Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Inomata Megumi , Ishihara Yuichi , Matsuyama Takashi , Imamura Takahisa , Maruyama Ikuro , Noguchi Toshihide , Matsushita Kenji
Published: September 2009

Background: The endothelial cell surface glycoprotein thrombomodulin (TM) inhibits vascular coagulation and inflammation via regulation of thrombin‐mediated activation of protein C. Porphyromonas gingivalis is the major periodontopathic bacterium and has been found in vessel walls and atherosclerotic lesions in humans. P. gingivalis‐derived cysteine proteases (gingipains) are known to enhance inflammatory and coagulant responses of vascular endothelial cells. However, it has not been elucidated whether gingipains affect vascular endothelial TM.

Methods: Purified arginine‐specific gingipains (Rgps) and lysine‐specific gingipain (Kgp) from P. gingivalis were used to investigate the effects of gingipains on recombinant human TM by immunoblot analyses. Flow cytometry and activated protein C assay were carried out to examine the effects of gingipains on vascular endothelial cell surface TM. Immunohistochemistry was performed to investigate TM expression in microvascular endothelia in gingival tissues taken from patients with periodontitis.

Results: Rgps and Kgp cleaved TM in vitro. Endothelial cell surface TM was also degraded by Rgps. Thrombin‐mediated activation of protein C was reduced by Rgps through TM inactivation. Gingival microvascular endothelial TM was reduced in patients with periodontitis.

Conclusions: P. gingivalis gingipains induced the degradation and inactivation of endothelial TM, which may promote vascular coagulation and inflammation. In addition, in vivo relevance was demonstrated by reduced expression of TM in gingival microvascular endothelia in patients with periodontitis, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
The Positive Relationship Between Excess Cement and Peri‐Implant Disease: A Prospective Clinical Endoscopic Study
Authors: Wilson Jr. Thomas G.
Published: September 2009

Background: Cement‐retained restorations are commonly used on dental implants. Residual excess cement after placement of fixed partial dentures has been associated with clinical and radiographic signs of peri‐implant disease. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between excess dental cement and peri‐implant disease using the dental endoscope.

Methods: Thirty‐nine consecutive patients with implants exhibiting clinical and/or radiographic signs of peri‐implant disease were studied. Patients were enrolled in the study during a 5‐year period in a private periodontal practice. Twelve of these patients had similar implants without signs of inflammation; these implants served as controls. There were 20 controls and 42 test implants. All were evaluated using a dental endoscope initially, and all but one implant was evaluated at a 30‐day follow‐up. Results from both groups were assessed by two trained operators and recorded.

Results: None of the controls and all 42 of the test implants had clinical signs of peri‐implant disease at initial treatment. Excess cement was found in none of the controls and 34 of the test sites. Thirty days after cement removal, 25 of 33 test sites from which the cement was removed had no clinical or endoscopic signs of inflammation.

Conclusions: Excess dental cement was associated with signs of peri‐implant disease in the majority (81%) of the cases. Clinical and endoscopic signs of peri‐implant disease were absent in 74% of the test implants after the removal of excess cement.
Local Delivery of Hyaluronan as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Johannsen Annsofi , Tellefsen Monica , Wikesjö Ulf , Johannsen Gunnar
Published: September 2009

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the adjunctive effect of the local application of a hyaluronan gel to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Methods: Twelve patients with chronic periodontitis were recruited to participate in a study with a split‐mouth design and provided informed consent. Plaque formation and bleeding on probing were evaluated pretreatment (baseline) and at 1, 4, and 12 weeks post‐treatment. Probing depths and attachment levels were evaluated at baseline and at 12 weeks. The patients received full‐mouth scaling and root planing. A hyaluronan gel was administered subgingivally in the test sites at baseline and after 1 week. Significant differences between test and control were evaluated using the paired t test, repeated‐measures analysis of variance (Wilks lambda), and a non‐parametric Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.

Results: A significant reduction in bleeding on probing scores and probing depths was observed in both groups at 12 weeks (P <0.05). Significantly lower bleeding on probing scores were observed in the hyaluronan group compared to control at 12 weeks (P <0.05). Mean probing depth reductions between baseline and 12 weeks were 1.0 ± 0.3 mm and 0.8 ± 0.2 mm for the hyaluronan and control groups, respectively. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (P <0.05).

Conclusion: The local application of hyaluronan gel in conjunction with scaling and root planing may have a beneficial effect on periodontal health in patients with chronic periodontitis.
An Atypical Form of Necrotizing Periodontitis
Authors: Guvenc Dilek , Gokbuget Aslan Y. , Cintan Serdar , Kara Goze , Cifcibasi Emine Yek , Unuvar Emin , Ciftci Sevgi , Keskin Fahriye , Kulekci Guven , Yaltirik Mehmet , Kilicoglu Hulya
Published: September 2009

Background: Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis/periodontitis are considered necrotizing periodontal diseases. This case report presents an atypical form of necrotizing periodontitis, which does not fit into this classification.

Methods: A 12‐year‐old child was referred to our clinic for gingival inflammation, extensive alveolar bone loss, and tooth mobility. Clinical and microbiologic examinations were carried out, and radiographs were taken. Clinical examination revealed soft and hard tissue destruction up to the mucogingival junction at the right maxillary premolar and mandibular incisors. Unusual infections or abnormalities in systemic functions were not detected through clinical and laboratory evaluations made at the Pediatrics Department, Istanbul University. Although an intensive established treatment protocol for necrotizing periodontitis was completed, management of long‐standing health conditions could not be achieved because of recurrence of the disease, which caused us to repeat this treatment protocol at short intervals.

Results: Investigation led to a diagnosis of an atypical form of necrotizing periodontitis because the disease had a recurrent acute phase even under a standard treatment protocol.

Conclusions: Our patient exhibits an unusual, necrotizing form of periodontal disease. The reason for the rapid rate of periodontal disease progression remains unclear.
Immediate Versus One‐Stage Restoration of Small‐Diameter Implants for a Single Missing Maxillary Lateral Incisor: A 3‐Year Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Degidi Marco , Nardi Diego , Piattelli Adriano
Published: September 2009

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the bone loss pattern and soft tissue healing of immediately versus one‐stage loaded 3.0‐mm‐diameter implants in cases involving a single missing lateral maxillary incisor.

Methods: Sixty patients with a missing lateral incisor in the maxilla were randomized to one of the treatments: 30 patients in the immediate‐restoration group and 30 patients in the one‐stage group. All implants were placed in healed sites and had to be inserted with a torque >25 Ncm. The implants in the immediate‐restoration group were fitted with a non‐occluding temporary crown on the day of surgery. Both groups received a full occluding final crown 6 months after surgery. Mean marginal bone loss, probing depth, and bleeding on probing were assessed at 6‐, 12‐, 24‐, and 36‐month follow‐up examinations by a masked examiner.

Results: Sixty 3.0‐mm‐diameter implants were placed between July 2003 and February 2006; 27 (45.0%) were in men, and 33 (55.0%) were in women. All implants osseointegrated and were clinically stable at the 6‐month follow‐up. No statistically significant differences were observed for bleeding or plaque index. No implant fractures occurred. At the 36‐month follow‐up, the accumulated mean marginal bone loss and probing depth were 0.85 ± 0.71 mm and 1.91 ± 0.59 mm, respectively, for the immediate‐loading group (n = 30) and 0.75 ± 0.63 mm and 2.27 ± 0.81 mm, respectively, for the one‐stage group (n = 30). There was no statistically significant difference (P >0.05) for the tested outcome measures between the two procedures.

Conclusions: In the rehabilitation of a single missing lateral maxillary incisor, no statistically significant difference was assessed between immediately and one‐stage restored small‐diameter implants with regard to implant survival, mean marginal bone loss, and probing depth. Three‐millimeter‐diameter implants proved to be a predictable treatment option in our test and control groups if a strict clinical protocol was followed.
Salivary Antioxidants in Patients With Type 1 or 2 Diabetes and Inflammatory Periodontal Disease: A Case‐Control Study
Authors: Gümüş Pınar , Buduneli Nurcan , Çetinkalp Şevki , Hawkins Samuel I. , Renaud Diane , Kinane Denis F. , Scott David A.
Published: September 2009

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare salivary concentrations of reduced, oxidized glutathione, uric acid, ascorbic acid, and total antioxidant capacity in subjects with diabetes and systemically healthy subjects with inflammatory periodontal disease.

Methods: Sixteen patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), 25 patients with type 2 DM, and 24 systemically healthy patients, all with inflammatory periodontal disease, were recruited. Whole‐saliva samples were obtained, and full‐mouth clinical periodontal measurements, including plaque index, probing depth, gingival recession, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing, were recorded at six sites per tooth. Saliva flow rate and salivary levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione, vitamin C, uric acid, and total antioxidant capacity were determined. Data were analyzed statistically by non‐parametric tests.

Results: The subjects with type 2 DM had fewer teeth and more sites with probing depths >4 mm than the patients with type 1 DM (both P <0.01). The mean salivary reduced‐glutathione concentration was lower in patients with type 1 DM than in the other two groups (both P <0.05). No significant differences in the salivary concentrations of the other antioxidants measured were found among the groups (P >0.05). Oxidized glutathione levels in the patients with type 1 DM were significantly lower than in the systemically healthy group (P = 0.007). In both groups with diabetes, salivary reduced‐glutathione levels correlated positively with probing depth, and total antioxidant capacity correlated with salivary flow rate (P <0.01).

Conclusion: The decrease in salivary reduced‐glutathione levels in patients with type 1 DM may have a role in periodontal tissue destruction by predisposing tissues to oxidative stress.
Performance of Improved Cassava Genotypes for Early Bulking, Disease Resistance, and Culinary Qualities in an Inland Valley Ecosystem
Authors: Okechukwu Richardson U. , Dixon Alfred G. O.
Published: September 2009

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is commonly grown on residual moisture after rice (Oryza sativa L.) in inland valley swamps (IVS), but not much work has been done to select genotypes that could bulk early, and have high storage root yield in the IVS. Earlier improvement work focused on development of varieties adapted to upland conditions (12‐mo cycle), but recently farmers are requesting varieties that can mature early (6‐mo cycle) and are adapted to the IVS. The choice of the IVS is to be able to grow the crop during the dry season and in areas with marginal land that have streams passing through. Growing cassava during the dry seasons in the IVS with residual moisture as a second crop after rice has the potential to generate extra income from sale of both root and foliage for humans and livestock. Twenty‐one improved cassava genotypes and four popularly grown landraces were evaluated during the dry season in an inland valley slope at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria. Results showed that all genotypes sprouted well and were vigorous in growth. While cassava bacterial blight severity (CBBS) was low and not significant, 11 of the genotypes (including two landraces) showed moderate to resistant expression of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) symptoms. Though the genotypes showed moderate damage due to cassava green mite (CGM), fresh root yields obtained from the top performers (92/0427, 91/02327, 91/02322, 91/02324, and 94/0239) were as high as 25 to 28 t ha−1, with 36% dry matter content in 6 mo. Most of the improved cassava genotypes bulked early, had a low cyanogenic potential, acceptable culinary quality, and few storage root rots.
No Persistent Changes in Pasture Vegetation or Seed Bank Composition after Fallowing
Authors: Goslee Sarah , Sanderson Matt , Gonet Jeffery
Published: September 2009

The practice of fallowing pastures during the growing season is intended to increase plant diversity and allow natural reseeding of forage grasses. Fallowing delivers these benefits in New Zealand, but has been adopted on rotationally stocked farms in the northeastern United States with little or no quantitative assessment. Allowing the pasture to remain ungrazed may allow weedy species to produce seeds, and could reduce legume populations. We measured the seed bank composition (n = 23) and aboveground vegetation (n = 32) in paddocks that had been fallowed from 0–6 yr previously on an organic dairy in Maryland. Transect sampling was used to characterize the canopy cover of the dominant species three times per year for 3 yr. Germinable seed was identified from 5‐cm soil cores collected in the spring and autumn in 2 yr. Fallowing did not produce any changes that persisted for more than 2 yr in either the seed bank or the vegetation of this farm. Tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire] and other pasture grasses set seed, increasing in the seed bank during the fallow year, but this did not produce long‐term changes in either the seed bank or the vegetation. The proportion of weedy forbs in the seed bank increased, and the legume cover decreased, but only temporarily. Natural reseeding of tall fescue promoted by fallowing did not cause changes in the vegetation, but could lead to increased endophyte infestation in the endophyte‐free tall fescue originally planted.
Consequences of Conventional versus Organic farming on Soil Carbon: Results from a 27‐Year Field Experiment
Authors: Leifeld Jens , Reiser René , Oberholzer Hans‐Rudolf
Published: September 2009

Organic farming practices are regarded as being beneficial for the environment by promoting soil quality and sequestering soil organic carbon (SOC). We studied SOC dynamics in the long‐term field experiment DOK in Switzerland. The experiment compares three organically fertilized treatments under conventional (CONFYM), bioorganic (BIOORG), and biodynamic (BIODYN) management, and two systems with (CONMIN) or without (NOFERT) mineral fertilizer. We analyzed measured SOC time series from 1977 to 2004 and applied soil fractionation, radiocarbon dating, and modeling with the carbon model RothC. The SOC declined significantly in most parcels, but was not systematically different between systems. Initial SOC contents correlated with soil texture and were identified as being important with respect to the change rate. The SOC loss was at the expense of mineral‐associated carbon whereas the more labile fractions increased. The overall decline was explained by reduced carbon inputs since commencement of the experiment and was most pronounced in NOFERT and CONMIN. The model satisfactorily simulated the dynamics of most of the treatments for both initialization with equilibrium runs or measured SOC fractions. Carbon loss in CONFYM was not fully captured by the model. Composition of organic fertilizers depended on the particular management, and a model adjustment of their relative stability improved the match between model and measurements. Model runs without management effects indicated that the observed increase in temperatures at the experimental site does not induce a change in SOC. Overall, the study does not support a benefit of organic farming on SOC contents compared with conventional systems with manure.
Evaluation of Maize Inbred Lines for Resistance to Aspergillus and Fusarium Ear Rot and Mycotoxin Accumulation
Authors: Henry W. Brien , Williams W. Paul , Windham Gary L. , Hawkins Leigh K.
Published: September 2009

Mycotoxin contamination in corn (Zea mays L.) grain is a worldwide threat to safety of both human food and animal feed. A select group of inbred corn lines was evaluated in field trials for ear rot caused by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides and mycotoxin accumulation in grain. Our goal was to identify lines resistant to both fungi. In separate tests, 20 inbred lines were inoculated with either A. flavus or F. verticillioides After harvest, ears were rated for rot and evaluated for levels of aflatoxin or fumonisin contamination. Inbred line Mp717 exhibited low grain aflatoxin contamination and it also had the lowest levels of fumonisin. Inbred line Mp317 has been shown previously to have low levels of F. verticillioides kernel infection and fumonisin contamination. Mp317 also had low levels of aflatoxin contamination in this study. Area of the ear rotted by F. verticillioides and A. flavus was significantly correlated to toxin production for both fumonisin (P = 0.0002; r = 0.74) and aflatoxin (P = 0.004; r = 0.61), indicating that inbreds exhibiting aflatoxin resistance may also be good sources of fumonisin resistance. Our method of quantifying ear rot may also be used to rapidly screen lines for A. flavus resistance and subsequent aflatoxin accumulation in preliminary evaluations.
Yields of Alfalfa Varieties with Different Fall‐Dormancy Levels in a Temperate Environment
Authors: Wang Chengzhang , Ma B. L. , Yan Xuebing , Han Jinfeng , Guo Yuxia , Wang Yanhua , Li Ping
Published: September 2009

Fall dormancy (FD) is an important indicator of winter hardiness in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), but the relationship between FD and the yield potential of alfalfa varieties with contrasting FD classes has not been determined in the temperate regions with mild winters. This study was conducted with 42 varieties of eight FD classes (2–9) over four consecutive years to determine the relationship of seasonal and annual total dry matter (DM) yields with FD classes. The results showed that all the eight FD varieties survived over the winter without any persistency problems during the four production years. The greatest average DM yield of 24.4 Mg ha−1 yr−1 was achieved with ‘Runner’ (FD2), while the smallest yields were found in ‘Defi’ (FD5). There were no differences in annual DM yields of varieties among FD classes 3 and 5 to 9. Time of cuts affected DM yields (P < 0.01) with the first three cuts accounted for 80% of the total yields. Dry matter yields for some of the dormant, semidormant and nondormant varieties were also the greatest and notable yield differences (P < 0.05) were found among the same FD varieties, whereas overall annual total DM yields were not correlated with FD classes. Our data suggest that FD class should not be used as the main criteria for alfalfa variety improvement and/or introduction of new varieties into temperate regions, and also highlight the importance of early season management to achieve great annual total herbage yields in the temperate regions, such as North Central China.
Yield and Plant Growth Response of Peanut to Midseason Forage Harvest
Authors: Sorensen Ronald B. , Nuti Russell C. , Butts Christopher L.
Published: September 2009

Harvesting of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) foliage during the growing season may increase farm revenue through the sale of peanut hay; however, it is unknown how the peanut plant will respond to forage removal with respect to plant characteristics, pod yield, quality, and revenue. This experiment was a randomized complete block design where peanut foliage was harvested or sprayed with a plant growth regulator prohexadione calcium (PHDC; Ca salt of 3, 5‐dioxo‐4‐propionylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid). There were nine treatments replicated five times. Peanut ‘Georgia Green’ was planted in twin rows during 2005 and 2006 on Tifton loamy sand. Peanut foliage was harvested at 20‐cm height at 60, 90, and 120 days after planting (DAP). The PHDC was applied at recommended rates and timing. Leaf density was higher for peanut plants treated with PHDC compared with plants cut for forage. Leaf‐to‐stem ratios were higher with plants harvested early (60 DAP) compared with those harvested later (120 DAP). Total forage mass was lowest at 60 DAP and increased with single or multiple harvests. Total forage removed with one single midseason harvest was not different from an associated multiple harvest. Peanut pod yield decreased about 12% for each harvest. Peanut grade (total sound mature kernels, TSMK) decreased as the number of harvests increased, conversely, other kernels (OK) increased as the number of harvests increased. Pod and forage revenue was highest for the nonharvest and single‐harvest treatments and decreased with the multiple harvests.
Cotton Planting Date: Yield, Seedling Survival, and Plant Growth
Authors: Boquet Donald J. , Clawson Ernest L.
Published: September 2009

New cultivars, changes in technology and production practices, and climate change may have altered the optimal planting time for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the midsouthern United States. A field experiment was conducted from 2002 through 2005 on Gigger silt loam to define planting date (PD) effects on selected cotton cultivars. Six cultivars in 2002 (Deltapine DP555BR and Delta Pearl, Phytogen PHY355, SureGrow SG215BR and SG821, and Stoneville ST4892BR) and eight cultivars in 2003 through 2005 (DP555BR, DeltaPearl, PSC355, DP444BR, Fibermax FM960BR, PHY410RR, ST4892BR, and ST5599BR) were planted on or near eight PDs (25 March; 5, 15, and 25 April; 5, 15, and 25 May; and 5 June). Data were collected on seedling emergence, plant height, main stem node number, nodes above white flower, lint percentage, lint yield, fiber properties, soil and air temperature, rainfall, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Planting date and cultivar affected most measured variables, and although there were some significant PD × Cultivar interactions, these were very small in relation to the main effects. Low soil temperature, few heat units, and rainfall combined to reduce seedling survival at early PD to <15%. For lint yield, the optimal PD was earlier than in previous studies and the highest average yield (1700 kg ha−1) was produced from a PD between 15 April and 5 May. Cotton planted at a PD later than 5 May did not benefit from recent changes and improvements in technology and, therefore, incurred yield declines similar to those reported in the 1970s.
Integrating Winter Annual Forages into a No‐Till Corn Silage System
Authors: Faé Giovani Stefani , Sulc R. Mark , Barker David J. , Dick Richard P. , Eastridge Maurice L. , Lorenz Nicola
Published: September 2009

The benefits of cover crops within crop rotations are well documented, but information is limited on using cover crops for forage within midwestern United States cropping systems, especially under no‐tillage management. Our objective was to evaluate plant, animal, and soil responses when integrating winter cover crop forages into no‐till corn (Zea maysL.) silage production. Three cover crop treatments were established no‐till after corn silage in September 2006 and 2007 at Columbus, OH: annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumL.), a mixture of winter rye (Secale cerealeL.) and oat (Avena sativaL.), and no cover crop. Total forage yield over autumn and spring seasons was 38 to 73% greater (P≤ 0.05) for oat + winter rye than for annual ryegrass. Soil penetration resistance (SPR) in May 2007 was 7 to 15% greater (P≤ 0.10) in the grazed cover crops than in the nongrazed no cover crop treatment; however, subsequent silage corn yield did not differ among treatments, averaging 10.4 Mg ha−1in August 2007. Compared with the no cover crop treatment, cover crops had three‐ to fivefold greater root yield, threefold greater soil microbial biomass (MB) in spring 2008, and 23% more particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations in the 0‐ to 15‐cm soil depth. Integration of forage cover crops into no‐till corn silage production in Ohio can provide supplemental forage for animal feed without detrimental effects on subsequent corn silage productivity, with the added benefit of increasing labile soil C.
Symbolic Interdependence, Imagined Interaction, and Relationship Quality
Authors: Honeycutt James M.
Published: September 2009

Symbolic interdependence is a process that is the outcome of emerging values, beliefs, and meanings between two individuals when developing an intimate relationship. Symbolic interdependence is correlated with relationship quality. However, a potential mediating variable between symbolic interdependence and relationship quality lies in the form of imagined interactions; covert dialogues with relational partners whereby individuals imagine talking with others thereby allowing a mechanism to mentally examine and espouse values while facilitating catharsis. Intimate couples in long-standing relationships and random-paired couples were examined in order to test the degree of symbolic interdependence. LISREL models among intimate couples revealed the partial mediation of imagined interaction between symbolic interdependence and relationship quality compared to alternative models.
The Importance of Image Formation Time in Image-Aided Methods for Word Memorization
Authors: Campos Alfredo , Pérez-Fabello María José , Gómez-Juncal Rocío
Published: September 2009

The present study investigated whether the length of time subjects are allowed for image formation in image-aided word-memorization protocols influences recall. To this end, we selected 363 high-school students who were presented with a list of 24 words to be learned by the rote method, an image-aided method with normal image, or an image-aided method with bizarre image; the time allowed for image formation was 10, 20, or 40 seconds. Recall was then evaluated immediately after the test and 1 day later. Each subject participated in only 1 experimental condition. Our results indicate that both immediate and delayed free recall were significantly better in the image-aided groups than in the rote groups. Considering the image-aided groups, both immediate and delayed recall were affected by image type used and image presentation time, with recall significantly better in the 40-second group than in the other 2 groups. Significant differences were also detected between the image types.
Mental Imagery Inflates Performance Expectations but Not Actual Performance of a Novel and Challenging Motor Task
Authors: Ramsey Richard , Cumming Jennifer , Edwards Martin G.
Published: September 2009

The current study re-examined the “estimation inflation” effect previously found with performance estimates of motor skills. After viewing a demonstration of a balancing task, 54 participants performed either physical practice, imagery practice, or no practice ( n = 18 per group). Self-efficacy ratings were obtained regarding perceived ability to perform the task before and after a test phase where actual performance was measured. Prior to the test phase, the imagery group reported significantly higher levels of self-efficacy compared to the physical practice group. However, imagery practice did not benefit performance as only the physical practice group performed better on the balance task compared to control. Thus, imagery practice and physical practice produced dissociable effects on performance estimates and actual performance. Furthermore, inflated performance expectations elicited through imagery disappeared following the test phase. These results provide further evidence that short bouts of imagery can inflate expectations, but not actual performance of a novel motor task. Once individuals gained authentic experience of the task, the initial misjudgement about performance was replaced with more realistic expectations. Therefore, creating overly optimistic expectations of ability did not hamper future expectations once authentic experience was gained.
Different Factors Affect Different Aspects of Dream Recall
Authors: Schredl Michael
Published: September 2009

Dream recall is naturally a prerequisite for eliciting dream content. Therefore it is of importance to study factors (e.g., personality traits) that might affect dream recall because these factors might bias the content analytic findings in the field of dream research. The present findings indicate that different aspects of dream recall (dream recall frequency, dream recall detail, long-term dream memory) are affected by different factors or at least in different magnitudes by the same factors (e.g., imagination). Whether these variables have a confounding effect on dream content analytic findings using different sampling methods (most recent dreams, diary dreams, and laboratory dreams) is poorly understood, but the present results clearly indicate that there is a need for systematic research in this area in order to increase the representativeness of content analytic findings.
Abstract Reasoning and Big Five Personality Correlates of Creativity in a British Occupational Sample
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Crump John , Swami Viren
Published: September 2009

In the present study, 585 British adults attending an assessment center completed a series of tests that included measures of personality (the Revised NEO Personality Inventory), abstract reasoning (the Graduate and Managerial Assessment), and divergent thinking (DT; the Consequences Test). Correlation analyses showed that DT was significantly and positively correlated with abstract reasoning and the Big Five personality factors of Openness to Experience and Extraversion. A multivariate forward stepwise regression showed that DT was significantly predicted by “Openness,” Abstract Reasoning, Extraversion, and Agreeableness. Further analyses showed that DT was significantly correlated with 5 of the 6 Openness facets and 4 of the 6 Extraversion facets (as well as with several facets from Agreeableness, Neuroticism, and Conscientiousness). Overall, however, abstract reasoning and personality accounted for only 7% of the variance in DT, suggesting that these variables are only modestly associated wtih DT in a British occupational sample.
Comparing Mental Imagery across the Sensory Modalities
Authors: Schifferstein Hendrik N. J.
Published: September 2009

Previous studies using introspective reports have suggested that although mental images can contain elements referring to all sensory modalities, visual images tend to be experienced as most vivid, whereas olfactory and gustatory images tend to be least vivid. However, these studies have typically used arbitrarily selected events and objects as the to-be-imagined stimuli, which may have biased cross-modal comparison. Therefore, in the present study participants were instructed to imagine an event or product of their choice that elicited a conspicuous or characteristic appearance, sound, feel, smell, or taste. The results showed that the types of events imagined differed considerably across modalities. Similar to previous studies in this area, we found that the reported image quality was consistently highest for vision and audition, and lowest for smell.
Meta-Analysis of School-Based Childhood Obesity Interventions in the U.K. and U.S.
Authors: Kanekar Amar , Sharma Manoj
Published: September 2009

This study conducted a meta-analysis on the outcome indicator of body mass index from published school-based childhood obesity interventions done in the United States and the United Kingdom between 2000 and 2007. Electronic databases were searched for school-based childhood obesity interventions and a total of five studies were analyzed. The results of the pooled estimate of reviewed studies were not significant for the outcome measure body mass index at p < 0.05 level for fixed (effect estimate –0.0649 (95% CI: –0.29, 0.16)) as well as random effects (effect estimate 0.179 (95% CI: –0.38, 0.72)) models. In conclusion, it can be said that current school-based childhood obesity interventions do not seem to modify body mass index.
Knowledge and Utilization of Cervical Cancer Screening Services among Nigerian Students
Authors: Oladepo Oladimeji , Ricketts Olufemi Leticia , John-Akinola Yetunde
Published: September 2009

This study assessed the knowledge of cervical cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in women, and current screening practices among female students at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 350 respondents. Semi-structured questionnaires were used. Nearly two-thirds (63%) of respondents have heard about cervical cancer. Knowledge of predisposing factors for the disease was high for early exposure to sex (82%) and sex with multiple partners (70.6%). Only 15.7% knew that abnormal menstrual bleeding is symptomatic of cervical cancer; 14.9% perceived themselves to be susceptible while 2.6% had ever screened for the disease. Though awareness of cervical cancer and its predisposing factors was high, the perception of self-vulnerability and utilization of screening services were extremely low. Intense and integrated educational programs are urgently needed for this group.
Is CARS a Clunker?
Authors: Abrams Burton A , Parsons George R
Published: September 2009

Burton Abrams and George Parsons of the University of Delaware evaluate the efficiency of the recently introduced 'Cash for Clunkers' program and conclude that the cost exceeds the benefit by approximately $2000 per vehicle.
Exposure to Oscillating High Electrical Potential and the Associated Low Frequency Magnetic Field Enhances the Hepatoprotective Action of Schisandrin B in Vivo and in Vitro
Authors: Ko Kam Ming , Siu Ada H.L. , Poon Michel K.T. , Leung Hoi Yan , Chiu Po Yee
Published: September 2009

The effect of electromagnetic manipulation (EM), consisting of an oscillating (50 Hz) high electrical potential (a maximum value of 20,000 V and an output current < 100 µA) and its associated alternating magnetic field (50-60 Guass), on the hepatoprotective action of schisandrin B (Sch B, an active ingredient isolated from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis) was examined in the mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) hepatotoxicity and the AML12 cell model of menadione-induced toxicity. EM was found to enhance the Sch B-induced hepatoprotective action against CCl4 toxicity in mice and cytoprotective action against menadione toxicity in AML12 hepatocytes. The potentiating effect of EM on the pharmacological action of Sch B may be mediated by the increase in drug availability to tissues or cells and/or the pro-oxidant action of electromagnetic field in vivo.
Attitudes and beliefs about homosexuality and same-sex marriage among a sample of South African students
Authors: Mwaba Kelvin
Published: September 2009

With the enactment of the Civil Unions Bill in 2006, South Africa became the fifth country in the world, and the first in Africa, to legalize same-sex marriage. While supporters of the bill hailed the decision as signaling the end of discrimination against homosexual couples, critics
slammed it as undermining traditional marriage between a man and woman. The attitudes and beliefs of a sample of South African students regarding homosexuality and same-sex marriage were investigated. A survey was conducted among a sample of 150 undergraduate students at a predominantly black
university in the Western Cape. Results showed that 71% viewed same-sex marriages as strange and supported religious groups opposed to such marriages. Close to 40% supported discrimination against homosexuals with 46% indicating that they should be denied the right to adopt children. It is
concluded that, despite having legal protection, public acceptance of homosexuals and same-sex marriage may be quite limited in South Africa.
Emotional states before and after impulsivity
Authors: Lin Shang-Ping , Shih Hui-Chuan , Huang Yu-Chen
Published: September 2009

Past research has demonstrated that people often feel regret and guilt after being impulsive. However, using a paper-and-pencil experimental method, the authors found people to become impulsive more easily when they feel careless, and less impulsive when feeling joy or anxiety. Post-affects
of impulsivity include joy, satisfaction, and – surprisingly – lack of regret and lack of guilt. This has significant implications both theoretically and practically. Analytical results are discussed and future research directions are then suggested.
The Impact of Earnings on the Pricing of Credit Default Swaps
Authors: Callen Jeffrey L. , Livnat Joshua , Segal Dan
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT: This study evaluates the impact of earnings on credit risk in the Credit Default Swap (CDS) market using levels, changes, and event study analyses. We find that earnings (cash flows, accruals) of reference firms are negatively and significantly correlated with the level of CDS premia, consistent with earnings (cash flows, accruals) conveying information about default risk. Based on the changes analysis, a 1 percent increase in ROA decreases CDS rates significantly by about 5 percent. We also find that (1) CDS premia are more highly correlated with below-median earnings than with above-median earnings and (2) CDS premia are more highly correlated with earnings of low-rated firms than with earnings of high-rated firms. Evidence indicates further that short-window earnings surprises are negatively and significantly correlated with CDS premia changes in the three-day window surrounding the preliminary earnings announcement, although the impact is concentrated in the shorter maturities.