bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In situ characterization of kinetics and mass transport of PbSe nanowire growth via LS and VLS mechanisms
Authors: Song Miao , Lee Jaewon , Wang Bin , Legg Benjamin A. , Hu Shenyang , Chun Jaehun , Li Dongsheng
Published: March 2019

We grew binary PbSe nanowires in an in situ gas-heating cell in a transmission electron microscope and elucidated species dependent mass transport pathways and correlations among supersaturation, nucleation, and growth kinetics, enabling structure control.
Substituent effects on the fluorescent spin-crossover Fe(ii) complexes of rhodamine 6G hydrazones
Authors: Yuan Juan , Liu Mei-Jiao , Wu Shu-Qi , Zhu Xin , Zhang Nan , Sato Osamu , Kou Hui-Zhong
Published: March 2019

The magnetic properties of Fe(ii) pyridine-2-carbaldehyde rhodamine 6G hydrazone complexes are modulated by the substituents. The desolvated complex displays the correlation between the spin crossover and the fluorescence.
Effects of pH on the biodegradation characteristics of thermophilic micro-aerobic digestion for sludge stabilization
Authors: Liu Shugen , Yang Xi , Yao Xiaofei
Published: March 2019

For a thermophilic micro-aerobic digestion (TMAD) system, the pH is closely related to the production of short-chain fatty acids and the release of ammonia. A digester at pH 9.0 maintained better performance of sludge stabilization than acidic and neutral digestion systems.
Highly bright perovskite light-emitting diodes based on quasi-2D perovskite film through synergetic solvent engineering
Authors: Yue Huanxin , Song Dandan , Zhao Suling , Xu Zheng , Qiao Bo , Wu Songquan , Meng Juan
Published: March 2019

A synergetic solvent engineering approach to improve crystallinity and carrier transport, by optimizing film morphology of the quasi-2D perovskite films.
Polysulfide-driven low charge overpotential for aprotic lithium–oxygen batteries
Authors: Zhou Yin , Lyu Zhiyang , Liu Zhenjie , Dai Wenrui , Guo Rui , Yang Jinlin , Cui Xinhang , Zhao Yong , Lin Ming , Lai Min , Peng Zhangquan , Chen Wei
Published: March 2019

Lithium polysulfide is added to the solvent to realize ultralow charge overpotential for high-performance Li–O2 batteries, where the discharge products of Li2O2 have been replaced with lithium thiosulfate.
Solar-driven organic solvent purification enabled by the robust cubic Prussian blue
Authors: Fang Qile , Li Guiliang , Lin Haibo , Liu Fu
Published: March 2019

Cubic Prussian blue nanocrystals are successfully developed for solar-driven purification of a library of organic solvents.
Quantitative studies of domain evolution in tetragonal BS–PT ceramics in electric poling and thermal depoling processes
Authors: Wu Jingen , Gao Xiangyu , Yu Yang , Yang Jikun , Chu Zhaoqiang , Bokov Alexei A. , Ye Zuo-Guang , Dong Shuxiang
Published: March 2019

In the electric poling process, 180° and 90° domain reversals in tetragonal BS–PT ceramics are quantitatively estimated based on their charge contributions.
Novel AgNbO3-based lead-free ceramics featuring excellent pyroelectric properties for infrared detecting and energy-harvesting applications via antiferroelectric/ferroelectric phase-boundary design
Authors: Li Song , Nie Hengchang , Wang Genshui , Liu Ningtao , Zhou Mingxing , Cao Fei , Dong Xianlin
Published: March 2019

High-performance AgNbO3-based lead-free pyroelectric materials were developed via antiferroelectric/ferroelectric phase boundary design, which can open new avenues for the application of AgNbO3-based materials.
Enhancing the thermoelectric performance of Cu1.8S by Sb/Sn co-doping and incorporating multiscale defects to scatter heat-carrying phonons
Authors: Tang Huaichao , Zhuang Hua-Lu , Cai Bowen , Asfandiyar Asfandiyar , Dong Jinfeng , Sun Fu-Hua , Li Jing-Feng
Published: March 2019

(Sb, Sn) co-doping optimizes the carrier concentration of Cu1.8S and constructs multiscale defects, leading to ZTmax of 1.2 at 773 K.
Feature extraction of precession target based on Doppler profile sequences by maximum likelihood estimation
Authors: Wang Ning , Mo Di , Song Ziqi , Wang Ran , Li Guangzuo , Wu Yirong
Published: March 2019

The micro‐motion feature extraction of precession target is an effective way for discriminating warhead from decoy in missile ballistic defence. Generally, traditional methods based on high‐resolution range profile (HRRP) sequences put forward high requirements on modulation bandwidth for the system, increasing the complexity of the system significantly. Utilising single‐frequency ladar without modulation, the authors proposed a precession parameter extraction algorithm of precession target based on high‐resolution Doppler profile (HRDP) sequences. Firstly, they model the Doppler bandwidth of the cone‐shaped precession target with the observation angle. Under the assuming that the measurement error obeys zero‐mean Gaussian distribution, the probability density function of Doppler bandwidth is established. Then, the precession parameters are estimated with measured Doppler profile sequences through maximum likelihood estimation method. Compared with the methods based on HRRPs, the proposed method based on the Doppler profile has lower requirements on the system and easier to implement. Laboratorial data has been used to validate the feasibility of the proposed method.
Das geschwollene Bein in der gefäßmedizinischen Praxis
Authors: Präve Florian , Hoffmann Kerstin
Published: March 2019

In case of an acute leg swelling a deep leg vein thrombosis needs to be excluded. In order to do this, compression sonography and the D-dimer-test are applied in the framework of an established diagnostic algorithm. The ensuing therapy consists in anticoagulation and compression.

In case of a chronic leg swelling anamnesis and a clinical check-up often lead to a differential diagnosis. Chronic venous insufficiency is a generic term for a disturbed venous backflow. It is caused by an obstruction or an antegrade or retrograde flow insufficiency. Most common diseases in this context are varicosis or a post-thrombotic syndrome. Sonography and special function tests provide a diagnosis. The basic therapy consists in regular exercise, normalization of weight and compression therapy. In case of a hemodynamically relevant varicose vein surgery or endovascular treatment is advisable. The post-thrombotic syndrome must be treated consistently with the basic therapy.

A lymphedema may be hereditary or acquired. In a first step diseases like neoplasia need to be excluded. The initial therapy consists in manual lymph drainage in combination with special compression bandages. Flat knit stockings should be prescribed. Surgical treatment is reserved for special circumstances.

A lipedema is clinically diagnosed. It is characterized by lipohypertrophia, pressure sensitivity of the tissue and susceptibility to hematomas. Treatment options include weight reduction, regular exercise, lymph drainage and compression therapy, in some cases liposuction.
Überraschender Shuntverlauf nach massiven Komplikationen
Authors: Krönung Gerhard
Published: March 2019

Ungewöhnliche Shuntverläufe sind nicht ungewöhnlich. Dieses scheinbar widersprüchliche Wortspiel bestätigt gut die Notwendigkeit, flexibel auf die jeweilige, nicht immer vorhersehbare Entwicklung eines Gefäßzuganges, wenn notwendig auch mit wiederholten Strategiewechseln, zu reagieren.
Sortimentstraffung als Erfolgshebel: Ortenau Klinikum hebt siebenstelliges Einsparpotenzial
Authors: Freye Carolin
Published: March 2019

Sachkostenoptimierungen sind auch für Kliniken in Deutschland ein wichtiges Thema. Welche positiven Ergebnisse eine Bündelung von Verbrauchsgütern haben kann, zeigt sich am Beispiel des Ortenau Klinikums.
Automatisierung im Operationssaal: RFID zur Absicherung von Prozessen und Erlösen im OP
Authors: Otten Hubert , Dahlem Sebastian S , Petri Andreas
Published: March 2019

In den letzten zehn Jahren sind die Fallzahlen gestiegen und mit ihnen die Anzahl der Operationen (Steigerung um 25 Prozent). Nun gilt es, die damit verbundenen administrativen Prozesse optimal und mit geringem Zusatzaufwand zu integrieren.
Öffentliche Vergabe: Digitale Beschaffung und Anforderungen im Unterschwellenbereich
Authors: Osterhues Heiner
Published: March 2019

Die elektronische Vergabe für Aufträge oberhalb der europäischen Schwellenwerte im öffentlichen Sektor ist bereits zum Standard geworden. Die E-Vergabe im Unterschwellenbereich steht nun an und fordert von den Trägern öffentlicher Krankenhäuser die Einführung digitaler Vergabeprozesse.
Einkäufer im Krankenhaus: Werbung für den Berufsstand
Authors: Rößing Sabine
Published: March 2019

Einen interdisziplinären Gedankenaustausch zu pflegen, den Wissenstransfer und die berufliche Fortbildung zu fördern und im fachlichen Diskurs Themen zu setzen, das sind seit mehr als vier Jahrzehnten die wichtigsten Anliegen der femak. Vor allem der beruflichen Weiterbildung ihrer Mitglieder – mehrheitlich Krankenhausmanager aus Beschaffung und Logistik – gilt heute das besondere Augenmerk, schließlich wandeln sich die Anforderungen in diesen Tagen grundlegend.
Synthesis of 4-Organoselanyl-1H-pyrazoles: Oxone®-Mediated Electrophilic Cyclization of α,β-Alkynyl Hydrazones by Using Diorganyl Diselenides
Authors: Perin Gelson , Nobre Patrick , Mailahn Daniela , Silva Márcio , Barcellos Thiago , Jacob Raquel , Lenardão Eder , Santi Claudio , Roehrs Juliano
Published: March 2019

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of 4‑organoselanyl-1H-pyrazoles has been developed, taking place under metal- and halogen-free conditions. Electrophilic species of selenium were easily generated in situ by the reaction of diorganyl diselenides with Oxone® in ethanol as solvent in an open-flask at 70 °C. These electrophilic selenium species were employed in the selenylation/cyclization of α,β-alkynyl hydrazones, giving the title compounds in moderate to excellent yields. The final species of selenium obtained from the reaction of diphenyl diselenide with Oxone® were characterized by 77Se NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS).
Synthesis of Isothiocyanates: An Update
Authors: Eschliman Kayla , Bossmann Stefan
Published: March 2019

Isothiocyanates (ICTs) are a group of molecules that can be used for many different purposes, they exhibit anticancer, antimicrobial, antibiotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The synthesis of isothiocyanates has been a focus of many researchers for nearly the past 100 years. One of the most common synthetic methods is to form a dithiocarbamate salt, either as the first step or in situ, and then treat the salt with a desulfurization agent to reach the isothiocyanate. There are many different desulfurization agents available. Among these, there are eleven in particular that will be discussed in this short review, namely thiophosgene, lead nitrate, ethyl chloroformate, hydrogen peroxide, triphosgene, iodine, cobalt, copper, sodium persulfate, claycop, and tosyl­ chloride. There are four additional particular methodologies that stand out from the literature available on this topic that will be covered, namely the production of isothiocyanates from hydroximoyl chlorides, via elemental sulfur, microwave-assisted synthesis, and through the tandem Staudinger/aza-Wittig reactions.

1 Introduction

1.1 Metabolism of Glucosinolates

2 Synthesis of Isothiocyanates

2.1 Isothiocyanates from the Decomposition of Dithiocarbamate Salts

2.2 Isothiocyanates from Hydroximoyl Chlorides

2.3 Isothiocyanates Produced via Elemental Sulfur

2.4 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Isothiocyanates

2.5 Isothiocyanates via the Tandem Staudinger/aza-Wittig Reactions

3 Conclusion
Green Access to α-Haloalkyl and α-Halobenzyl Esters, Versatile Intermediates for the One-Pot Two-Step Synthesis of O,O′-Diacyl Acetals Using Zinc-Based Ionic Liquid Catalyst
Authors: Fache Fabienne , de Azpiazu Ignasi , Pelotier Béatrice , Piva Olivier , Gozzi Christel
Published: March 2019

α-Haloalkyl and α-halobenzyl esters have been synthesized using a zinc-based ionic liquid catalyst, BMIZnCl3. These esters can then react with acids without intermediate purification to obtain mixed O,O′-diacyl acetals in a one-pot process.
Brain Tuberculomas as BCGitis Complication Presenting with Epileptic Spasms: A Case Report
Authors: Ayadi Basma , Kamoun Feki Fatma , Ben Nsir Siham , Bouchaala Wafa , Mnif Zeineb , Ben Jemaa Mounir , Triki Chahnez
Published: March 2019

Central nervous system (CNS) BCGitis is a rare but a very severe complication of the Bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccine. It could be a diagnostic challenge that may lead to a delay in treatment. A 5-month-old boy presented with infantile spasms, had posted natal BCG vaccination and developed brain tuberculomas as brain BCGitis. Laboratory findings were normal. He received 14 months of antitubercular regimen with good tolerance and both clinical and radiological improvement. The main difficulty in brain BCGitis is to make a diagnosis that requires histological or bacteriological examination. A good evolution without sequel could be seen if it is treated early.
Design of a new turbulent dynamo experiment on the OMEGA-EP
Authors: Liao Andy Sha , Li Shengtai , Li Hui , Flippo Kirk , Barnak Daniel , Kelso Kwyntero Van , Fiedler Kawaguchi Codie , Rasmus Alexander , Klein Sallee , Levesque Joseph , Kuranz Carolyn , Li Chikang
Published: March 2019

Turbulent dynamos that exponentially amplify initially small, seed magnetic fields are crucial in magnetizing the Galaxy and beyond. Until now, the ideal environment for turbulent dynamos to grow has been difficult to recreate. In a new approach, we leverage the long pulse capability of the OMEGA-EP laser to recreate the highly conductive and inviscid (Rem∼5500, Prm≳1) growth environment of the turbulent dynamo within the magnetized plasma jet ablated from a simple cone target of CH plastic. In 3-D FLASH simulations of our scheme, we find that the ideal dynamo environment is a typically ∼1 mm3, ≳1.5 keV hot spot where the laser beams intersect to produce maximum direct heating of the jet plasma. The dynamo environment is maintained from the onset of steady flows through the ∼10 ns length of the laser pulse. For a plasma vorticity of 0.3–3.0 ns–1 and a dynamo active over ∼5 ns, the magnetic energy increases on an exponential trajectory by more than a decade. Fourier analysis reveals that the dynamo progressively saturates up to EB/EK∼20% from small scales k≳30 cm−1 to large in the time it is sustained. We find robust agreement between the evolution of magnetic energy spectra extracted from the FLASH physics simulation and that derived from synthetic sheath-accelerated proton deflectometry images, thereby demonstrating that the dynamo activity can be quantified in a real experiment.
Combined frequency and time domain measurements on injection-locked, constriction-based spin Hall nano-oscillators
Authors: Hache T. , Weinhold T. , Schultheiss K. , Stigloher J. , Vilsmeier F. , Back C. , Arekapudi S. S. P. K. , Hellwig O. , Fassbender J. , Schultheiss H.
Published: March 2019

We demonstrate a combined frequency and time domain investigation of injection-locked, constriction-based spin Hall nano-oscillators by Brillouin light scattering (BLS) and the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect (TR-MOKE). This was achieved by applying an ac current in the GHz regime in addition to the dc current which drives auto-oscillations in the constriction. In the frequency domain, we analyze the width of the locking range, the increase in intensity, and the reduction in the linewidth as a function of the applied direct current. Then, we show that the injection locking of the auto-oscillation allows for its investigation by TR-MOKE measurements, a stroboscopic technique that relies on a phase stable excitation, in this case given by the synchronisation to the microwave current. Field sweeps at different dc currents clearly demonstrate the impact of the spin current on the Kerr amplitude. Two-dimensional TR-MOKE and BLS maps show a strong localization of the auto-oscillation within the constriction, independent of the external locking.
On the quasistatic optimal plasmonic resonances in lossy media
Authors: Nordebo Sven , Mirmoosa Mohammad , Tretyakov Sergei
Published: March 2019

This paper discusses and analyzes the quasistatic optimal plasmonic dipole resonance of a small dielectric particle embedded in a lossy surrounding medium. The optimal resonance at any given frequency is defined by the complex valued dielectric constant that maximizes the absorption of the particle under the quasistatic approximation and a passivity constraint. In particular, for an ellipsoid aligned along the exciting field, the optimal material property is given by the complex conjugate of the pole position associated with the polarizability of the particle. In this paper, we employ the classical Mie theory to analyze this approximation for spherical particles in a lossy surrounding medium. It turns out that the quasistatic optimal plasmonic resonance is valid, provided that the electrical size of the particle is sufficiently small at the same time as the external losses are sufficiently large. Hence, it is important to note that this approximation cannot be used for a lossless medium, and which is also obvious, since the quasistatic optimal dipole absorption becomes unbounded for this case. Moreover, it turns out that the optimal normalized absorption cross sectional area of the small dielectric sphere has a very subtle limiting behavior and is, in fact, unbounded even in full dynamics when both the electrical size and the exterior losses tend to zero at the same time. A detailed analysis is carried out to assess the validity of the quasistatic estimation of the optimal resonance, and numerical examples are included to illustrate the asymptotic results.
Enhancement of breakdown strength of multilayer polymer film through electric field redistribution and defect modification
Authors: Pei Jia-Yao , Zha Jun-Wei , Zhou Wen-Ying , Wang Si-Jiao , Zhong Shao-Long , Yin Li-Juan , Zheng Ming-Sheng , Cai Hui-Wu , Dang Zhi-Min
Published: March 2019

Multilayer structural design (including sandwich structure) has received wide attention due to its complementary advantages of different layers in the field of high energy density dielectric materials. Although multilayer polymer composites with improved breakdown strength and energy density have been prepared in some studies, the key mechanism is not clear. In this work, different kinds of multilayer films consisting of various pure polymer [polyimide, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), and polypropylene (PP)] layers were prepared to investigate the underlying mechanism of improved performances by multilayer structural design. Experimental results indicated that the relative position of the multilayer film and electrode had an effect on the result of breakdown strength. Meanwhile, when the layer with high relative permittivity (high-k layer) came in contact with the negative electrode, the thinner the high-k layer was, the more remarkable the enhancement of the multilayer materials breakdown strength was. Finally, a double-layer film of PP and PVDF with a Weibull breakdown strength of 649.31 MV/m, which was 60.83 MV/m higher than that of the commercial PP film, was prepared. The simulation result showed that the coating high-k layer could effectively restrain the local electric field distortion around the defect. This study reveals an effective way to improve the breakdown strength of films, which is of great significance for the improvement of capacitor performance and enhancement of energy storage.
Approaches for single channel large area silicon photomultiplier array readout
Authors: Lavelle C. M. , Shanks W. , Chiang C. , Nichols M. , Osborne J. , Herschelman A. , Brown B. , Cho M.
Published: March 2019

We present the results of experiments applying a large area tiled array of silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) to gamma ray spectroscopy with 50.8 mm diameter NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl) scintillators and 25.4 mm diameter CeBr3. These scintillators are many times larger than an individual SiPM, the largest of which are 36 mm2 at present. This work compares two methods of summing 64 SiPMs into a single output signal for use with standard charge integration electronics. The methods are a straightforward passive method, which simply combines all anode and cathodes together, and an active method, which employs high bandwidth op-amps in a summing topology. Comparisons are also made to a high quantum efficiency photomultiplier tube (PMT) for both resolution and pulse shape. Resolution and noise floor are satisfactorily comparable to the PMT from 21 keV to 2614 keV. The passive method provides the most straightforward approach, and slightly better energy resolution than the active method. The active method shows a substantially faster pulse rise time and undistorted fall time compared to the passive method.
Bloch oscillation of elastic waves in the graded lattice of 3D-printed hollow elliptical cylinders
Authors: Kim Hyunryung , Shi Xiaotian , Kim Eunho , Yang Jinkyu
Published: March 2019

We study the Bloch oscillation of elastic waves in a chain composed of hollow elliptical cylinders (HECs). These HECs are 3D-printed in different wall thicknesses and are arranged to form a graded chain. We find that the frequency band structure of this lattice can be manipulated in a way to create a narrow strip of transmission range sandwiched between slanted stop bands. This results in the trapping of elastic waves at a specific location of the chain, which depends on the input frequency of the propagating elastic waves. This elastic Bloch oscillation in a tailorable 3D-printed system enables the control of energy localization in solids, potentially leading to engineering applications for vibration filtering, energy harvesting, and structural health monitoring.
Customised approaches to vocational education can dramatically improve completion rates of Australian Aboriginal students
Authors: Gwynne Kylie , Rojas Jorge , Hines Monique , Bulkeley Kim , Irving Michelle , McCowen Debbie , Lincoln Michelle
Published: March 2019

Objective
Completion rates in vocational education are typically poor for Aboriginal students (<30%). A scholarship program was designed for Australian Aboriginal students using five enablers of success previously identified for Aboriginal preregistration tertiary nursing students. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the five enablers contributed to the success of Aboriginal students in vocational education and whether there were any other enablers.

Methods
Semistructured interviews were conducted with two groups of Aboriginal students in Certificate III and IV Dental Assisting and Certificate IV in Allied Health Assistance, and their teaching and support staff. The data were initially coded inductively. Initial codes were then categorised according to the five enablers identified to contribute to the success of Bachelor of Nursing students. New categories were created for data not assigned to the enablers.

Results
Twenty students (64.5% of the cohort) and six staff (75%) consented to participate. The five enablers were perceived to have contributed to the success of the scholarship recipients and two additional enablers were identified. A completion rate of 96.8% was achieved by the scholarship recipients (30 completions of 31 enrolments).

Conclusions
In contrast with the state average, a completion rate of 96.8% was achieved using seven enablers in this study. To improve completion rates for Aboriginal students, vocational education programs need to be customised to cultural, family and community context. The seven enablers in this study should be subject to a larger study to inform policy, funding, design and delivery of vocational training for Aboriginal students.

What is known about the topic?
It is well established in the literature that Aboriginal students have poorer educational outcomes than other students.

What does this paper add?
This paper validates five previously identified enablers to improve outcomes for Aboriginal students and an additional two for vocational education. These enablers may also be applicable to other types of education.

What are the implications for practitioners?
Practitioners can use the enablers in this study to design and implement vocational education programs and improve educational outcomes for Aboriginal students.
Grain mineral quality of dryland legumes as affected by elevated CO2 and drought: a FACE study on lentil (Lens culinaris) and faba bean (Vicia faba)
Authors: Parvin Shahnaj , Uddin Shihab , Tausz-Posch Sabine , Armstrong Roger , Fitzgerald Glenn , Tausz Michael
Published: March 2019

Stimulation of grain yield under elevated [CO2] grown plants is often associated with the deterioration of grain quality. This effect may be further complicated by the frequent occurrence of drought, as predicted in most of the climate change scenarios. Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) were grown in the Australian Grains Free Air CO2 Enrichment facility under either ambient CO2 concentration ([CO2], ~400 µmol mol–1) or elevated [CO2] (e[CO2], ~550 µmol mol–1), and with two contrasting watering regimes (for faba bean) or over two consecutive seasons contrasting in rainfall (for lentil), to investigate the interactive effect of e[CO2] and drought on concentrations of selected grain minerals (Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, P, K, S, Cu, Mn, Na). Grain mineral concentration (Fe, Zn, Ca, K, S, Cu) increased and grain mineral yield (i.e. g mineral per plot surface area) decreased in dry growing environments, and vice versa in wet growing environments. Elevated [CO2] decreased Fe, Zn, P and S concentrations in both crops; however, the relative decrease was greater under dry (20–25%) than wet (4–10%) growing conditions. Principal component analysis showed that greater grain yield stimulation under e[CO2] was associated with a reduction in Fe and Zn concentrations, indicating a yield dilution effect, but this was not consistently observed for other minerals. Even if energy intake is kept constant to adjust for lower yields, decreased legume micronutrients densities under e[CO2] may have negative consequences for human nutrition, especially under drier conditions and in areas with less access to food.
That’s hard
Authors: Lester Nicholas A.
Published: March 2019

Language learners are highly sensitive to statistical patterns in the input. When a target language provides the option to include or omit a grammatical form, learners have been shown to make decisions quite similar to native speakers. For example, learners opt to include or omit the complementizerthat(as inI know(that)Steffi likes hot tea). This phenomenon has been explained in terms of a universal suite of cognitive mechanisms which support native and learner performance alike. Both learners and native speakers choose to include the complementizer when they are producing more complex or unexpected structures. The present study attempts to generalize these findings to another domain of “optional” grammatical markers, namely, relativizers (as inthe hot tea(that)Steffi likes). I analyze all instances of optional relativizer use in a corpus of spontaneous learner speech produced by Spanish and German learners of English. Both of these languages have obligatory relativizers. A two-step generalized additive regression modeling technique (MuPDAR) that predicts learner choices based on native-speaker choices demonstrates that native speakers use greater shares of the relativizer in complex and disfluent environments, while learners show the exact opposite tendency: they prefer to drop the relativizer in complex and disfluent environments. These findings are discussed based on differences between complementizers and relativizers, and in terms of the limited universality of optional grammatical marking in learner speech.
The polysemy of the words that children learn over time
Authors: Casas Bernardino , Català Neus , Ferrer-i-Cancho Ramon , Hernández-Fernández Antoni , Baixeries Jaume
Published: March 2019

Here we study polysemy as a potential learning bias in vocabulary learning in children. Words of low polysemy
could be preferred as they reduce the disambiguation effort for the listener. However, such preference could be a side-effect of
another bias: the preference of children for nouns in combination with the lower polysemy of nouns with respect to other
part-of-speech categories.

Our results show that mean polysemy in children increases over time in two phases, i.e. a fast growth till the
31st month followed by a slower tendency towards adult speech. In contrast, this evolution is not found in adults interacting with
children. This suggests that children have a preference for non-polysemous words in their early stages of vocabulary acquisition.
Interestingly, the evolutionary pattern described above weakens when controlling for syntactic category (noun, verb, adjective or
adverb) but it does not disappear completely, suggesting that it could result from a combination of a standalone bias for low
polysemy and a preference for nouns.
Frustration in the face of the driver
Authors: Ihme Klas , Dömeland Christina , Freese Maria , Jipp Meike
Published: March 2019

Frustration in traffic is one of the causes of aggressive driving. Knowledge whether a driver is frustrated may be
utilized by future advanced driver assistance systems to counteract this source of crashes. One possibility to achieve this is to
automatically recognize facial expressions of drivers. However, only little is known about the facial expressions of frustrated
drivers. Here, we report the results of a driving simulator study investigating the facial muscle activity that comes along with
frustration. Twenty-eight participants were video-taped during frustrated and non-frustrated driving situations. Their facial
muscle activity was manually coded according to the Facial Action Coding System. Participants showed significantly more facial
muscle activity in the mouth region. Thus, recording facial muscle behavior potentially provides traffic researchers and
assistance system developers with the possibility to recognize frustration while driving.
Communicative, cognitive and emotional issues in selective mutism
Authors: Capobianco Micaela , Cerniglia Luca
Published: March 2019

Selective mutism (SM) is a developmental disorder characterized by a child’s inability to speak in certain
contexts and/or in the presence of unfamiliar interlocutors. This work proposes a critical discussion of the most recent studies
on SM, with respect to clinical and diagnostic features, as well as the etiology and treatment of this disorder. At present, all
research work supports the hypothesis that SM is a complex anxiety disorder with multifactorial etiology (interaction among
biological and environmental causes). The latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5;
American Psychiatric Association, 2013) places SM mutism among “Anxiety Disorders”,
and no longer among “Other Childhood, Infant and Adolescent Disorders” (as in DSM-IV). Other important aspects relate to cognitive
biases and emotional states at the base of SM, which partly explain the disorder’s persistence and represent an important
objective of intervention work. No data in the literature point to a total remission of SM, but good results are achieved with
cognitive behavior intervention and multimodal therapy (MMT) involving a variety of child interaction contexts.
Multi-bubble motion behavior of electric field based on phase field model*
Authors: Zhu Chang-Sheng , Han Dan , Feng Li , Xu Sheng
Published: March 2019

By coupling the phase field model with the continuity equation of incompressible fluid, Navier–Stokes equation, electric field equation, and other governing equations, a multi-field coupling model for multi-bubble coalescence in a viscous fluids is established. The phase field method is used to capture the two-phase interface. The motion and coalescence of a pair of coaxial bubbles under an external uniform electric field and the effects of different electric field strengths on the interaction and coalescence of rising bubbles are studied. The results show that the uniform electric field accelerates the collision and coalescence process of double bubbles in the fluid, and increases the rising velocity of the coalesced bubble. The electric field with an intensity of E = 2 kV/mm is reduced about 2 times compared with that without electric field in coalescence time. When the electric field strength is strong (E ≥ 1 kV/mm), the coalesced bubble will rupture before it rises to the top of the calculation area, and the time of the bubble rupturing also decreases with the increase of the electric field strength. The phase field method is compared with the simulation results of Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), and the shape of bubble obtained by the two methods is in good agreement, which verifies the correctness of the calculation model.
Quantifying the shifts and intensification in the annual cycles of diurnal temperature extremes for human comfort and crop production
Authors: Vinnarasi R , Dhanya C T
Published: March 2019

Any significant change in climate is known to have a significant impact on crop production and human resources, which are generally difficult to quantify. In the present study, two indices are defined: (i) refined growing season (GS) characteristics and (ii) transition period, based on the annual cycles of diurnal temperature extremes, to unravel any possible impact on these productive elements. Multi-dimensional ensemble empirical mode decomposition, a nonlinear, non-stationary approach is used to extract the annual cycles of diurnal temperature extremes. Since the adverse impact is reportedly more critical over tropical regions, the Indian region is chosen as the study area, and 1° × 1° gridded daily minimum and daily maximum temperature data are used. Results reveal earlier onset and lengthening of GS, with notable spatial variations. Further, a drastic reduction in the transition (i.e. comfortable) period is observed over the warm humid regions, majorly due to the encroachment of summer days. On the contrary, over semi-arid regions, the transition period is found to be increasing, majorly due to the shortening of winter. The quantification of these changes may aid in implementing regional adaptation strategies related to the two productive elements.
Cardiac risk assessment for end-stage renal disease patients on the renal transplant waiting list
Authors: Tabriziani Hossein , Baron Pedro , Abudayyeh Islam , Lipkowitz Michael
Published: March 2019

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and is becoming more prevalent as the population ages and risk factors increase. This is most apparent in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patient population. In part, this is due to cofactors such as diabetes and hypertension commonly predisposing to progressive renal disease, as well as being a direct consequence of having renal failure. Of all major organ failures, kidney failure is the most likely to be managed chronically using renal replacement therapy and, ultimately, transplant. However, lack of transplant organs and a large renal failure cohort means waiting lists are often quite long and may extend to 5–10 years. Due to the cardiac risk factors inherent in patients awaiting transplant, many succumb to cardiac issues while waiting and present an increased per-procedural cardiac risk that extends into the post-transplant period. We aim to review the epidemiology of coronary artery disease in this population and the etiology as it relates to ESRD and its associated co-factors. We also will review the current approaches, recommendations and evidence for management of these patients as it relates to transplant waiting lists before and after the surgery. Recommendations on how to best manage patients in this cohort revolve around the available evidence and are best customized to the institution and the structure of the program. It is not clear whether the revascularization of patients without symptoms and with a good functional status yields any improvement in outcomes. Therefore, each individual case should be considered based on the risk factors, symptoms and functional status, and approached as part of a multi-disciplinary assessment program.
Ileal Gene Expression Data from Crohn’s Disease Small Bowel Resections Indicate Distinct Clinical Subgroups
Authors: Potdar Alka A , Li Dalin , Haritunians Talin , VanDussen Kelli L , Fiorino Marie F , Liu Ta-Chiang , Stappenbeck Thaddeus S , Fleshner Phillip , Targan Stephan R , McGovern Dermot P B , Bilsborough Janine
Published: March 2019

Background and Aims

Heterogeneity in Crohn’s disease [CD] provides a challenge for the development of effective therapies. Our goal was to define a unique molecular signature for severe, refractory CD to enable precision therapy approaches to disease treatment and to facilitate earlier intervention in complicated disease.

Methods

We analysed clinical metadata, genetics, and transcriptomics from uninvolved ileal tissue from CD patients who underwent a single small bowel resection. We determined transcriptional risk scores, cellular signatures, and mechanistic pathways that define patient subsets in refractory CD.

Results

Within refractory CD, we found three CD patient subgroups [CD1, CD2, and CD3]. Compared with CD1, CD3 was enriched for subjects with increased disease recurrence after first surgery [OR = 6.78, p = 0.04], enhanced occurrence of second surgery [OR = 5.07, p = 0.016], and presence of perianal CD [OR = 3.61, p = 0.036]. The proportion of patients with recurrence-free survival was smaller in CD3 than in CD1 (p = 0.02, median survival time [months] in CD1 = 10 and CD3 = 6). Overlaying differential gene expression between CD1 and CD3 on CD subgroup-associated genetic polymorphisms identified 174 genes representing both genetic and biological differences between the CD subgroups. Pathway analyses using this unique gene signature indicated eukaryotic initiation factor 2 [eIF2] and cyclic adenosine monophosphate [cAMP] signalling to be dominant pathways associated with CD3. Furthermore, the severe, refractory subset, CD3, was associated with a higher transcriptional risk score and enriched with eosinophil and natural killer T [NKT] cell gene signatures.

Conclusion

We characterized a subset of severe, refractory CD patients who may need more aggressive treatment after first resection and who are likely to benefit from targeted therapy based on their genotype and tissue gene expression signature.
Establishing the Link Between Lean Mass and Grip Strength Cut Points With Mobility Disability and Other Health Outcomes: Proceedings of the Sarcopenia Definition and Outcomes Consortium Conference
Authors: Cawthon Peggy M , Travison Thomas G , Manini Todd M , Patel Sheena , Pencina Karol M , Fielding Roger A , Magaziner Jay M , Newman Anne B , Brown Todd , Kiel Douglas P , Cummings Steve R , Shardell Michelle , Guralnik Jack M , Woodhouse Linda J , Pahor Marco , Binder Ellen , D’Agostino Ralph B , Quian-Li Xue , Orwoll Eric , Landi Francesco , Orwig Denise , Schaap Laura , Latham Nancy K , Hirani Vasant , Kwok Timothy , Pereira Suzette L , Rooks Daniel , Kashiwa Makoto , Torres-Gonzalez Moises , Menetski Joseph P , Correa-De-Araujo Rosaly , Bhasin Shalender
Published: March 2019

Background

Lack of consensus on how to diagnose sarcopenia has limited the ability to diagnose this condition and hindered drug development. The Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium (SDOC) was formed to develop evidence-based diagnostic cut points for lean mass and/or muscle strength that identify people at increased risk of mobility disability. We describe here the proceedings of a meeting of SDOC and other experts to discuss strategic considerations in the development of evidence-based sarcopenia definition.

Methods

Presentations and panel discussions reviewed the usefulness of sarcopenia as a biomarker, the analytical approach used by SDOC to establish cut points, and preliminary findings, and provided strategic direction to develop an evidence-based definition of sarcopenia.

Results

The SDOC assembled data from eight epidemiological cohorts consisting of 18,831 participants, clinical populations from 10 randomized trials and observational studies, and 2 nationally representative cohorts. In preliminary assessments, grip strength or grip strength divided by body mass index was identified as discriminators of risk for mobility disability (walking speed <0.8 m/s), whereas dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived lean mass measures were not good discriminators of mobility disability. Candidate definitions based on grip strength variables were associated with increased risk of mortality, falls, mobility disability, and instrumental activities of daily living disability. The prevalence of low grip strength increased with age. The attendees recommended the establishment of an International Expert Panel to review a series of position statements on sarcopenia definition that are informed by the findings of the SDOC analyses and synthesis of literature.

Conclusions

International consensus on an evidence-based definition of sarcopenia is needed. Grip strength—absolute or adjusted for body mass index—is an important discriminator of mobility disability and other endpoints. Additional research is needed to develop a predictive risk model that takes into account sarcopenia components as well as age, sex, race, and comorbidities.
A Bayesian Analysis of Evidence in Support of the Null Hypothesis in Gerontological Psychology (or Lack Thereof)
Authors: Brydges Christopher R , Bielak Allison A M
Published: March 2019

Objectives

Nonsignificant p values derived from null hypothesis significance testing do not distinguish between true null effects or cases where the data are insensitive in distinguishing the hypotheses. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Bayesian analyses in gerontological psychology, a statistical technique that can distinguish between conclusive and inconclusive nonsignificant results, by using Bayes factors (BFs) to reanalyze nonsignificant results from published gerontological research.

Methods

Nonsignificant results mentioned in abstracts of articles published in 2017 volumes of 10 top gerontological psychology journals were extracted (N = 409) and categorized based on whether Bayesian analyses were conducted. BFs were calculated from nonsignificant t-tests within this sample to determine how frequently the null hypothesis was strongly supported.

Results

Nonsignificant results were directly tested with BFs in 1.22% of studies. Bayesian reanalyses of 195 nonsignificant t-tests found that only 7.69% of the findings provided strong evidence in support of the null hypothesis.

Conclusions

Bayesian analyses are rarely used in gerontological research, and a large proportion of null findings were deemed inconclusive when reanalyzed with BFs. Researchers are encouraged to use BFs to test the validity of nonsignificant results and ensure that sufficient sample sizes are used so that the meaningfulness of null findings can be evaluated.
The Genetic Diversity of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in China and Neighboring Countries: A Review From Published Studies
Authors: Garzón-Orduña Ivonne J , Geib Scott M , Barr Norman B
Published: March 2019

For more than a decade, various research groups have tracked the population genetics of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) in China and neighboring countries using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) DNA. Although most research has reported high levels of mtDNA variation, to date no efforts have been made to integrate and compare the results from these studies simultaneously. Here, we show that: 1) despite the fact that a large portion of the sampling effort has focused on the Yunnan province beginning in 2005, each subsequent study recovers only a small number of previously sampled haplotypes; 2) new haplotypes of B. dorsalis remain to be found, a projection of new haplotypes versus the number of individuals sampled suggest that sampling the species mtDNA diversity is far from reaching an asymptote; 3) it is unlikely that the observed genetic variation is the result of NUMTs (nuclear mitochondrial DNA), as most differences between haplotypes are silent substitutions; and 4) although all studies employed the 3′ end of COI, the length of COI fragment sequenced differs among studies, making comparisons challenging. Therefore, we offer these results with the caveat that mtDNA diversity might be underestimated in China.
Navigating the Ethics of Big Data in Public Health
Authors: Vayena Effy , Madoff Lawrence
Published: March 2019

“Big data,” which encompasses massive amounts of information from both within the health sector (such as electronic health records) and outside the health sector (social media, search queries, cell phone metadata, credit card expenditures), is increasingly envisioned as a rich source to inform public health research and practice. This chapter examines the enormous range of sources, the highly varied nature of these data, and the differing motivations for their collection, which together challenge the public health community in ethically mining and exploiting big data. Ethical challenges revolve around the blurring of three previously clearer boundaries: between personal health data and nonhealth data; between the private and the public sphere in the online world; and, finally, between the powers and responsibilities of state and nonstate actors in relation to big data. Considerations include the implications for privacy, control and sharing of data, fair distribution of benefits and burdens, civic empowerment, accountability, and digital disease detection.
Ideals of Appreciation and Expressions of Respect
Authors: Hill Thomas E.
Published: March 2019

This chapter describes and illustrates ideals of appreciation and positive expressions of respect in personal relationships and then argues that these are distinct from beneficence, that they are aspects of a full recognition of human dignity, and that they have important general and special implications for relationships involving persons with disabilities. The chapter emphasizes that especially among family, friends, and caregivers, proper respect for persons calls for positive affirmations and being open to appreciate the good in others and their lives and that appreciating them is more than respecting them and caring for their comfort and happiness. Respect and appreciation for and by us, as persons with disabilities, requires confronting and changing cultural stigmas that undermine these morally important attitudes.
Open Market Operations
Authors: Toporowski Jan
Published: March 2019

Open market operations are the buying and selling of securities by the central bank. Such operations differ from discount operations in that open market operations are undertaken at the initiative of the central bank rather than a commercial bank. Historically, such trading of securities has predated the setting of interest rates. The emergence of long-term finance and complex financial systems has extended the range of securities in which central banks may deal. Open market operations depend on the policy framework set by the central bank. But such operations are not necessary for the setting of interest rates. Such operations are often undertaken when the monetary transmission mechanism from interest rates appears to have failed, as in the case of recent quantitative easing operations. In general, open market operations have proved effective in times of banking or financial crisis.