bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SHALLOT-LIKE1 Is a KANADI Transcription Factor That Modulates Rice Leaf Rolling by Regulating Leaf Abaxial Cell Development
Authors: Zhang Guang-Heng , Xu Qian , Zhu Xu-Dong , Qian Qian , Xue Hong-Wei
Published: March 2009

As an important agronomic trait, rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaf rolling has attracted much attention from plant biologists and breeders. Moderate leaf rolling increases the photosynthesis of cultivars and hence raises grain yield. However, the relevant molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show the isolation and functional characterization of SHALLOT-LIKE1 (SLL1), a key gene controlling rice leaf rolling. sll1 mutant plants have extremely incurved leaves due to the defective development of sclerenchymatous cells on the abaxial side. Defective development can be functionally rescued by expression of SLL1. SLL1 is transcribed in various tissues and accumulates in the abaxial epidermis throughout leaf development. SLL1 encodes a SHAQKYF class MYB family transcription factor belonging to the KANADI family. SLL1 deficiency leads to defective programmed cell death of abaxial mesophyll cells and suppresses the development of abaxial features. By contrast, enhanced SLL1 expression stimulates phloem development on the abaxial side and suppresses bulliform cell and sclerenchyma development on the adaxial side. Additionally, SLL1 deficiency results in increased chlorophyll and photosynthesis. Our findings identify the role of SLL1 in the modulation of leaf abaxial cell development and in sustaining abaxial characteristics during leaf development. These results should facilitate attempts to use molecular breeding to increase the photosynthetic capacity of rice, as well as other crops, by modulating leaf development and rolling.
A Single Vegetative Actin Isovariant Overexpressed under the Control of Multiple Regulatory Sequences Is Sufficient for NormalArabidopsisDevelopment
Authors: Kandasamy Muthugapatti K. , McKinney Elizabeth C. , Meagher Richard B.
Published: March 2009

The relative significance of gene regulation and protein isovariant differences remains unexplored for most gene families, particularly those participating in multicellular development. Arabidopsis  thaliana encodes three vegetative actins, ACT2, ACT7, and ACT8, in two ancient and highly divergent subclasses. Mutations in any of these differentially expressed actins revealed only mild phenotypes. However, double mutants were extremely dwarfed, with altered cell and organ morphology and an aberrant F-actin cytoskeleton (e.g., act2-1 act7-4 and act8-2 act7-4) or totally root-hairless (e.g., act2-1 act8-2). Our studies suggest that the three vegetative actin genes and protein isovariants play distinct subclass-specific roles during plant morphogenesis. For example, during root development, ACT7 was involved in root growth, epidermal cell specification, cell division, and root architecture, and ACT2 and ACT8 were essential for root hair tip growth. Also, genetic complementation revealed that the ACT2 and ACT8 isovariants, but not ACT7, fully rescued the root hair growth defects of single and double mutants. Moreover, we synthesized fully normal plants overexpressing the ACT8 isovariant from multiple actin regulatory sequences as the only vegetative actin in the act2-1 act7-4 background. In summary, it is evident that differences in vegetative actin gene regulation and the diversity in actin isovariant sequences are essential for normal plant development.
Pheophytin Pheophorbide Hydrolase (Pheophytinase) Is Involved in Chlorophyll Breakdown during Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis
Authors: Schelbert Silvia , Aubry Sylvain , Burla Bo , Agne Birgit , Kessler Felix , Krupinska Karin , Hörtensteiner Stefan
Published: March 2009

During leaf senescence, chlorophyll is removed from thylakoid membranes and converted in a multistep pathway to colorless breakdown products that are stored in vacuoles. Dephytylation, an early step of this pathway, increases water solubility of the breakdown products. It is widely accepted that chlorophyll is converted into pheophorbide via chlorophyllide. However, chlorophyllase, which converts chlorophyll to chlorophyllide, was found not to be essential for dephytylation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we identify pheophytinase (PPH), a chloroplast-located and senescence-induced hydrolase widely distributed in algae and land plants. In vitro, Arabidopsis PPH specifically dephytylates the Mg-free chlorophyll pigment, pheophytin (phein), yielding pheophorbide. An Arabidopsis mutant deficient in PPH (pph-1) is unable to degrade chlorophyll during senescence and therefore exhibits a stay-green phenotype. Furthermore, pph-1 accumulates phein during senescence. Therefore, PPH is an important component of the chlorophyll breakdown machinery of senescent leaves, and we propose that the sequence of early chlorophyll catabolic reactions be revised. Removal of Mg most likely precedes dephytylation, resulting in the following order of early breakdown intermediates: chlorophyll → pheophytin → pheophorbide. Chlorophyllide, the last precursor of chlorophyll biosynthesis, is most likely not an intermediate of breakdown. Thus, chlorophyll anabolic and catabolic reactions are metabolically separated.
The ESCRT-Related CHMP1A and B Proteins Mediate Multivesicular Body Sorting of Auxin Carriers inArabidopsisand Are Required for Plant Development
Authors: Spitzer Christoph , Reyes Francisca C. , Buono Rafael , Sliwinski Marek K. , Haas Thomas J. , Otegui Marisa S.
Published: March 2009

Plasma membrane proteins internalized by endocytosis and targeted for degradation are sorted into lumenal vesicles of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) by the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana ESCRT-related CHARGED MULTIVESICULAR BODY PROTEIN/CHROMATIN MODIFYING PROTEIN1A (CHMP1A) and CHMP1B proteins are essential for embryo and seedling development. Double homozygous chmp1a chmp1b mutant embryos showed limited polar differentiation and failed to establish bilateral symmetry. Mutant seedlings show disorganized apical meristems and rudimentary true leaves with clustered stomata and abnormal vein patterns. Mutant embryos failed to establish normal auxin gradients. Three proteins involved in auxin transport, PINFORMED1 (PIN1), PIN2, and AUXIN-RESISTANT1 (AUX1) mislocalized to the vacuolar membrane of the mutant. PIN1 was detected in MVB lumenal vesicles of control cells but remained in the limiting membrane of chmp1a chmp1b MVBs. The chmp1a chmp1b mutant forms significantly fewer MVB lumenal vesicles than the wild type. Furthermore, CHMP1A interacts in vitro with the ESCRT-related proteins At SKD1 and At LIP5. Thus, Arabidopsis CHMP1A and B are ESCRT-related proteins with conserved endosomal functions, and the auxin carriers PIN1, PIN2, and AUX1 are ESCRT cargo proteins in the MVB sorting pathway.
Disruption of Adenosine-5′-Phosphosulfate Kinase inArabidopsisReduces Levels of Sulfated Secondary Metabolites
Authors: Mugford Sarah G. , Yoshimoto Naoko , Reichelt Michael , Wirtz Markus , Hill Lionel , Mugford Sam T. , Nakazato Yoshimi , Noji Masaaki , Takahashi Hideki , Kramell Robert , Gigolashvili Tamara , Flügge Ulf-Ingo , Wasternack Claus , Gershenzon Jonathan , Hell Rüdiger , Saito Kazuki , Kopriva Stanislav
Published: March 2009

Plants can metabolize sulfate by two pathways, which branch at the level of adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS). APS can be reduced to sulfide and incorporated into Cys in the primary sulfate assimilation pathway or phosphorylated by APS kinase to 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate, which is the activated sulfate form for sulfation reactions. To assess to what extent APS kinase regulates accumulation of sulfated compounds, we analyzed the corresponding gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of T-DNA insertion knockout lines for each of the four isoforms did not reveal any phenotypical alterations. However, when all six combinations of double mutants were compared, the apk1 apk2 plants were significantly smaller than wild-type plants. The levels of glucosinolates, a major class of sulfated secondary metabolites, and the sulfated 12-hydroxyjasmonate were reduced approximately fivefold in apk1 apk2 plants. Although auxin levels were increased in the apk1 apk2 mutants, as is the case for most plants with compromised glucosinolate synthesis, typical high auxin phenotypes were not observed. The reduction in glucosinolates resulted in increased transcript levels for genes involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis and accumulation of desulfated precursors. It also led to great alterations in sulfur metabolism: the levels of sulfate and thiols increased in the apk1 apk2 plants. The data indicate that the APK1 and APK2 isoforms of APS kinase play a major role in the synthesis of secondary sulfated metabolites and are required for normal growth rates.
Blogging and globalization: the blurring of the public/private spheres
Authors: Youngs Gillian
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to show how the blurring of public and private spheres is among the changes associated with the phenomenon of blogging. In linking this to theories of globalization shows more clearly how new media transformations have macro as well as micro significance.

Design/methodology/approach

An assessment of blogging is undertaken in the context of theories of globalization, with specific focus on issues related to public/private linkages, the aim being to make theory‐practice connections to enhance understanding of the wider implications of blogging.

Findings

The analysis identifies how theories of globalization offer foundational understanding for investigating blogging as a social rather than purely new media development. This relates to the spatial reconfigurations of social, political, economic and cultural life, which have been characteristic of processes of globalization. The ways in which blogging demonstrates the blurring of public and private spheres is usefully understood within this broader spatial framework.

Research limitations/implications

This is a primarily conceptual and theoretical approach with substantive reference to blogging, which remains at the general level rather than looking in detail at different kinds of blogs and their implications. Its contribution is therefore located primarily in the conceptual and theoretical domains.

Practical implications

This form of analysis foregrounds public/private sphere boundaries in relation to blogging and could contribute to critical thinking about the social implications of blogging for bloggers and readers alike.

Originality/value

Conceptual and theoretical linkages between theories of globalization, especially in relation to spatial issues, blogging and the blurring of public and private.
Blogs in American politics: from Lott to Lieberman
Authors: Campbell Vincent
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the rhetoric and reality of the impact of political blogs in the specific context of American politics, where online, mainstream media and academic accounts suggest blogs have had significant impacts on political communication.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper examines three high profile events in which blogging has been implicated as particularly influential, and re‐evaluates them in the context of established political science approaches. These events are the resignation of Trent Lott in 2002; Howard Dean's presidential campaign of 2003‐2004; and the Connecticut primary challenge to Joe Lieberman in the 2006 Senate mid‐term elections.

Findings

Re‐evaluating these cases in the context of established theories of American politics suggests that the perception of blogs as a progressive new force, that can be decisive in a politician's success or failure, is an over‐optimistic and over‐simplified interpretation of the nature and consequences of this new form of political communication.

Originality/value

This paper provides a much needed first step in integrating the rhetoric of commentary on blogs in American politics with established political science, allowing for a more balanced and contextual consideration of the political roles of blogs than that provided by the blogosphere and its proponents to date.
News blogs: strengthening democracy through conflict prevention
Authors: Touri Maria
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to offer greater insight in the role of blogs in the creation of a more transparent news media system and a more democratic political reality.

Design/methodology/approach

Framing theory is employed as a conceptual tool to re‐interpret existing evidence of the performance of news blogs during situations of political conflict and war. A theoretical analysis is developed setting out the premises of the challenge that blogs can pose to the framing of conflict by mainstream media. The analysis incorporates empirical examples of reporting conflict and war in the blogosphere. Finally, with the aid of international relations theories, the role of blogs is evaluated in terms of the political transparency and accountability they could offer during conflict and war.

Findings

The analysis demonstrated that by promoting alternative and progressive voices, blogs have the capacity to shift the power over framing away from the usual sources in the news reporting of political conflict and turn the media system into a greater constraining factor for governments than even before.

Originality/value

The paper presents a novel approach to the interaction between blogs and mainstream media by combining theories from the disciplines of communications and international relations. The analysis generated a hypothesis that can be empirically assessed with the investigation of the framing output of influential news blogs and mainstream news media during political conflict and war.
Blogs, news and credibility
Authors: Gunter Barrie , Campbell Vincent , Touri Maria , Gibson Rachel
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the emergence of blogging in the news sphere. If blogs represent a genuinely new breed of news provision, then they should adhere to some of the founding principles of mainstream news and journalism. A key principle in this respect is news credibitility.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents a review of recent literature about news blogging and assesses whether news blogs manifest many of the core attributes of mainstream news and journalism. The review considers the attributes that have previously been identified as defining good quality news and competent journalism and then applies some of these principles to “news” blogging.

Findings

There is no doubt that blogs have emerged as news sources of increasing significance and there have been occasions when they can be influential in setting news agendas. The essential qualities of credibitiltiy and capturing public trust in the news sphere, however, often depends upon the established reputation of known news “brands”. Although some blogs have emerged as reliable information sources in some specialist areas, they have yet generally to assume the key characteristics of mainstream news that drive public trust.

Originality/value

This paper provides an up‐to‐date review of a topic that is rapidly developing and attempts to set out some foundations on which further analysis of news blogging can be constructed.
Freshness of fruits and vegetables: consumer language and perception
Authors: Péneau S. , Linke A. , Escher F. , Nuessli J.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The aim of this study is to identify descriptions involved in defining the concept of freshness from a consumer perspective.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 559 subjects recruited in supermarkets of different cities and villages in Switzerland were asked to write down their understanding of freshness in general, and for fruits and vegetables in particular. Direct elicitation by means of an open‐ended questionnaire was used.

Findings

Respondents mentioned a large variety of descriptors in relationship with fresh fruits and vegetables. Results suggest that freshness describes a level of closeness to the original product, in terms of distance, time and processing. Respondents having more contact with the place of fruit and vegetable production mentioned non‐sensory attributes more frequently, whereas those having fewer contacts mentioned sensory attributes more frequently. It can be concluded that consumers have a collective concept of freshness but they use their different everyday experiences with fruits and vegetables to describe freshness.

Research limitations/implications

Analysis of open‐ended questionnaires is time‐consuming and difficulties were encountered in the categorisation of phrases. Participants might have been influenced by the environment in supermarkets.

Practical implications

The perception of freshness is influenced by the information consumers have on products. Therefore, the importance of providing sufficient information on the products is emphasized.

Originality/value

The study is the first to extensively investigate the consumer understanding of the term “fresh” in relationship with fruits and vegetables. The use of an open‐ended questionnaire is particularly interesting as it allows greater freedom of expression by the participants compared with other forms of enquiry.
The pork industry: a supply chain perspective
Authors: Perez Catalina , de Castro Rodolfo , Font i Furnols Maria
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to highlight and summarize the main factors found along the pork supply chain, which affect the quality of pork products, taking into consideration the product attributes demanded by consumers.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is a review of the pork supply chain literature, and the main objective is to describe and analyze the complexity of the pork production industry from a holistic perspective. An extensive review of the relevant literature was done together with discussions and reflexions carried out with pork sector researchers.

Findings

The paper highlights the complexity involved in the pork supply chain in order to obtain quality products and demonstrates that, by looking at pork production as a chain instead of as individual steps made by different companies, the meat sector can more easily meet the challenge of accurately responding to changing customer demands.

Research limitations/implications

The contribution describes the main factors and attributes found along the pork supply chain, which are relevant to the quality of the final product as perceived by the consumer. Further research could be done on the effects of the interactions between the factors on pork chain analysis and consumer satisfaction.

Practical implications

The main lesson to be learned from this work is the opportunity supply‐chain agents get from collaboration, which allows them to become more competitive than if they stay isolated and without a global perspective of the whole chain. The findings contribute to further research on the pork sector from a supply chain perspective.

Originality/value

The paper provides a holistic perspective of the pork supply chain and can be useful for researchers and practitioners involved in the management of pork product quality and new product development.
Application of Islamic banking instrument (Bai Salam) for agriculture financing in Pakistan
Authors: Kaleem Ahmad , Abdul Wajid Rana
Published: March 2009

Purpose

Islam prohibits interest as a source of income or profit. The purpose of this paper is to explore the possible application of Bai Salam contract (forward sale agreement) as an alternative financial instrument in the agriculture sector of Pakistan.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey was conducted in four districts of the Punjab with a specifically designed questionnaire. A convenient sampling technique was used to gather farmers' concerns related to crops inputs, output and credit requirements.

Findings

Empirical findings conclude that agriculture income represents only up to 60 percent of the income of an average farm household. About 70 percent of farmers participate in the credit market. They need money to purchase crops inputs, to pay the labour and to hire rental machinery. Farmers believe that they can save up to 25 percent in costs if they purchase inputs on cash. The survey also discloses that middlemen are the larger financers and buyers of crops in the rural economy whereby only 10 percent of transactions are conducted on a purely cash basis. Farmers usually return the money after the sale of the crop.

Research limitations/implications

The concept of the paper can be extended to areas where large landlords dominate the scene. Alternatively, it can be extended towards non‐farm activities such as cattle raising and poultry.

Originality/value

The paper is a first comprehensive effort to explore the possible application of an Islamic banking instrument in the agriculture sector of Pakistan. It also suggests three possible models for financing under a Bai Salam contract. Some policy recommendations are also given.
Environmental and animal welfare issues in food choice
Authors: Honkanen Pirjo , Ottar Olsen Svein
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The primary purpose of this study is to investigate whether welfare issues are important to consumers also relating to fish. Second, it aims to identify segments based on animal and fish welfare issues, environmental concerns and ambivalence about farmed fish.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire was designed to investigate consumers' concern for environmental and animal and fish welfare issues together with variables used in profiling segments in the study. The measurement scales used here are adapted from validated scales in previous studies. The survey was conducted in Valencia, Spain, among 450 randomly‐chosen respondents.

Findings

Animal welfare issues related to farmed fish do not seem to be important for the consumers in Valencia. There are, however, differences among the consumers relating to general environmental and animal welfare concern, and ambivalence. Three segments were identified: the unconcerned (27 per cent), the wild fish concerned (34.5 per cent) and the ambivalent (38.5 per cent). Attitudes toward farmed fish, the importance of natural food and social class were most important in profiling differences between clusters.

Practical implications

The findings indicate that the animal welfare issue has not yet become a barrier for farmed fish in Valencia. The results may help fish‐farming companies to find their target group among the consumers, based on environmental and animal welfare issues. The results also indicate that there are consumers who are somewhat ambivalent about farmed fish. For this group, more information and knowledge can change their attitudes so they become more positive toward farmed fish in the future.

Originality/value

The paper provides useful information for fish‐farming companies or the authorities planning healthy‐eating campaigns targeting fish.
Contextualising learning at the education‐training‐work interface
Authors: Harreveld Bobby , Singh Michael
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ways in which learning is contextualised among the intersecting worlds of education, training and work.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study methodology is used.

Findings

It was found that contextualised learning is integral to industry‐school transition strategies in senior secondary school learning. However, its operational complexities are yet to be articulated in terms of senior secondary students as learners and earners – educational leadership in partnerships for future innovations in curriculum and pedagogy.

Research limitations/implications

Initial analysis of first stage fieldwork data is reported.

Originality/value

The paper is the first of a series that will report on findings from a three‐year research project (2007‐2010). Its originality stems from conceptualising “contextualised learning” (CL) for the development of individual capabilities through multi‐directional and reciprocal boundary crossing among education, training and work systems.
Achieving graduate employability through consensus in the South Pacific island nation
Authors: Bhanugopan Ramudu , Fish Alan
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to recognise the important technical and business skills and personal attributes necessary to support the “employability” of undergraduate business students.

Design/methodology/approach

Senior‐level undergraduate business students and employers were surveyed regarding their perceptions on the importance of certain general business and technical skills and personal attributes which contribute to employability of the students in the industries.

Findings

Results indicate that significant differences were shown to exist between students and employers in their perceptions of each of the three “employability” support fields. Results also suggest the overall importance of establishing a platform for the career advancement of graduates.

Research limitations/implications

It is recommended that future research or replications among other samples should examine the perceptions of the academics on employability.

Practical implications

Based on the findings, specific implications related to employers, students and educational institutions were identified. The study offers new insights into the concept of employability by reclamation of the value of skills and personal attributes required at the workplace.

Originality/value

The paper addresses a foundation to support the “job‐readiness” and “employability” of business graduates as well as the development of industry‐relevant courses to improve the “employability” of business graduates.
Term‐time employment
Authors: Winkler Ingo
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate experiences of students when working during the term. The particular aim of the study is to determine central aspects relevant for students when assessing their term‐time job.

Design/methodology/approach

The data are based on a qualitative study conducted at Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany. A number of students were interviewed about various work‐related issues in order to acquire information about common aspects that are frequently referred to when students assess their working experiences in terms of satisfaction and dissatisfaction.

Findings

With regard to the results three central aspects could be raised that were important within the students' assessment of their job: the self‐perception of being a student; the individual motivation to work during the term, and; social aspects like working atmosphere and social integration.

Research limitations/implications

Owing to the fact that it was conducted with German students the study only reflects the specific context of German higher education and German companies' use and treatment of students as flexible employees.

Practical implications

Students' experiences as flexible workers together with the experienced reality of their fellow non‐standard employees provide them with first‐hand knowledge about the working situation of those employees. Universities should constitute the basis for reflecting experiences at work, link them to already existing research in this field and help students to draw conclusions for their future professional life as managers.

Originality/value

The study adds to the knowledge of how students perceive their term‐time job. In particular it highlights the influence of self‐identity, motivation and social aspects to students' satisfaction and dissatisfaction at work. It contributes to the few studies focusing on the experiences students have as flexible employees.
Teaching students with dyslexia in higher education
Authors: Taylor Mark J. , Duffy Sandi , England David
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the type of adjustments to delivery appropriate for students with dyslexia in a UK higher education setting.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study in a UK university department was conducted over a four‐year period.

Findings

It was found that a variety of adjustments may be required for students with dyslexia in a UK higher education environment including adjustments to teaching delivery, assessment and pastoral care. In addition it is necessary to provide a managed transition from school/college/work to higher education.

Research limitations/implications

Although the case study reported here focusesd on only 22 students with dyslexia, the number of students entering UK higher education with dyslexia is likely to increase and institutions need to be aware of the adjustments that may potentially be required.

Originality/value

Previously few students with dyslexia had attended university in the UK. However, growing numbers of such students are now attending university, but thus far little, if any, research has been conducted regarding the adjustments that may need to be made for such students.
Promoting business creation through real world experience
Authors: Miguel Calado Dominguinhos Pedro , Margarida Cagica Carvalho Luísa
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effectiveness of entrepreneurship training programmes targeting post‐graduate students.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach takes the form of a case study of an entrepreneurship training programme, to assess its effectiveness. For this purpose the paper concentrates on the number of firms created and industries chosen by individuals. Additionally, attention is focused on non‐starters, analysing the main reasons behind the decision not to set up a firm. Several sources were used to accomplish the objectives: an assessment report provided by the deliverers of the programme, an interview with the person responsible for the programme and interviews with programme participants.

Findings

Two editions of the programme “Começar” are closely scrutinized, including a self‐assessment made by developers of the programme. Results show a success rate of 41 per cent, but non‐starters benefit from the competencies developed in the programme, allowing them to change their careers or to increase their effectiveness in the labour market.

Research limitations/implications

The paper presents some limitations. First, this programme is not compared at the same level of analysis, against others. The literature concludes that the entrepreneurial context is relevant in assessing the level of entrepreneurship. Second, a control group who had an idea but did not benefit from entrepreneurship assistance is not followed. Third, the timeframe of analysis is not too long. A longitudinal study will overcome this problem.

Practical implications

The case study can help promoters to design more effective programmes, especially those targeted at postgraduates. Combining classes with experience in the field could help young graduates to overcome their vulnerability which is due to their youthfulness and lack of work experience.

Originality/value

The paper identifies good practice in entrepreneurship training programmes. Additionally, it analyses the effectiveness of these programmes, measured by perceived effectiveness from the point of view of participants and by the number of firms created, an area so far characterized by scant research.
Size, structure and change implementation
Authors: Ford Matthew W.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate competing views of whether organization size creates conditions of rigidity or fluidity with respect to adaptation and change, this study empirically compares processes used to implement planned change and their associated outcomes in small and large organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

Using Lewin's three‐phase model of change as an evaluative framework, questionnaire‐based data were obtained from change managers in small and large organizations. Analysis of variance and profile analysis were used to investigate size‐related differences in unfreezing, movement and refreezing phases of change, and in implementation success.

Findings

Results indicated that small organizations employed significantly lower levels of refreezing activities and realized lower levels of implementation success relative to large organizations.

Research limitations/implications

While cross sectional in nature, the sample's modest size limits the extent to which findings can be generalized. Future research should consider whether size related effects depend on change related factors such as intentionality or continuity.

Practical implications

Although managers in many large organizations seek to dismantle hierarchical structure, potential consequences of such a move should be carefully considered. Reducing hierarchy may decrease capacity for managing change. Conversely, small organizations may improve change management capability by adding structure that improves implementation control.

Originality/value

This paper offers an uncommon empirical glimpse into processes of change in the context of organizational size. Empirical evidence suggesting that organizational size may not be a hindrance, and perhaps an advantage, when implementing planned change constitutes the primary contribution of this study.
Entrepreneurial management, entrepreneurial orientation and Turkish small firm growth
Authors: Gürbüz Gülruh , Aykol Sinem
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and entrepreneurial management (EM) and their impact on small firm growth. EO is regarded as the strategic dimension and it is assumed that EO will determine the extent of EM practices which will eventually affect firm growth.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey was used as a research instrument and was applied to the owner managers of small Turkish enterprises. Data were collected from 221 independently owned and operated small manufacturing firms that employ less than 150 employees in Istanbul.

Findings

Results confirm also that in this study EO affects firm growth. The explanatory power of our model increases when EO is accompanied by EM. Therefore, it can be concluded that EO achieves better results when it is supported by the appropriate management activities.

Implications

For researchers, the application of these scales in a different setting has important implications. The factor analysis results showed that some factors were eliminated. The risk taking dimension of EO revealed negative results with growth. Therefore, some dimensions of these concepts have to be defined in accordance with culture.

Originality/value

There is limited knowledge about the relationship between EO, EM and firm growth. This paper examines the interaction between EO and EM and provides evidence on their combined impact on small firm growth.
What's your preference?
Authors: Haytko Diana L. , Simmers Christina S.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of human interaction versus interactions with technology in overall customer satisfaction with banking services, specifically, tellers versus Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) vs online transactions. All types of interactions are important in services, yet their level of importance is changing as the environment change.

Design/methodology/approach

Two studies were conducted through surveys with students who had a bank checking account; six item measures were used to examine human interaction, interaction with an ATM, interaction with an online banking service and overall satisfaction with the specific bank. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the effects of the interactions on overall satisfaction.

Findings

The findings from the two studies show that while the human encounter was more important before online banking became so prevalent, the convenience of online banking has displaced the importance of human interaction. However, there were gender differences in that males, more than females, remain influenced by teller transactions.

Research limitations/implications

The study utilizes student samples, which could be biased. However, students are also users of banking services so they represent a traditional target market for financial service firms.

Practical implications

The results are informative for managers when planning and implementing new online services in the financial industry.

Originality/value

This paper draws together research on interpersonal interactions and technological interactions to examine the effects on overall satisfaction. Given the proliferation of technological advances, understanding how these technologies impact customer satisfaction is vital.
The effects of physicians’ communication satisfaction and their perceptions of empowerment on their likelihood to recommend a hospital to their peers
Authors: Loughman Thomas P. , Snipes Robin L. , Pitts Jennifer P.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine factors that may contribute to physicians’ dissatisfaction with their work environment, and subsequently, their likelihood to recommend a hospital to their peers.

Design/methodology/approach

A mixed method research design was used to identify, through qualitative interviews and focus groups, and measure, through quantitative surveys, physicians’ satisfaction with organizational communication, perceptions of empowerment and their likelihood to recommend a hospital to their peer physicians.

Findings

The results of the study indicate that physicians’ communication satisfaction and perceptions of empowerment contribute both directly and indirectly to their likelihood to recommend their organization to peers. The findings suggest that hospitals that facilitate positive workplace communications and provide work environments that allow professional discretion and autonomy are more likely to have satisfied physicians and positive word‐of‐mouth referrals.

Research limitations/implications

Although multiple methods of data collection were used to triangulate the findings, there is the potential of common‐method variance and response bias from the use of single source questionnaire data. Ideally, future studies would use longitudinal data and a more comprehensive model of antecedents and consequences of physician satisfaction.

Practical implications

By understanding sources of physician dissatisfaction, hospitals can develop appropriate interventions to minimize the adverse effects of dissatisfaction on costs, quality of care, and physician turnover.

Originality/value

This study focuses on physicians’ satisfaction with their hospital work environment, an often overlooked area in studies of the health care industry that more commonly center on patient–physician satisfaction. The current study's results provide suggestions for better hospital management and further insight into the challenges of improving physician satisfaction in the health care industry.
The role of experiences in creating and developing intellectual capital
Authors: Pearse Noel J.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of organisational, relational and individual experiences in the creation and development of intellectual capital.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a conceptual paper, exploring the relationship between theories accounting for organisationally relevant experience and intellectual capital. A three‐dimensional model of human, structural and relational capital is used as a conceptual framework of intellectual capital, representing three levels of organisational behaviour. An understanding of the role of experience in developing human capital is provided by referring to experiential learning theory; the development of relational capital is explored from a social capital perspective; and structural capital from the vantage point of structural inertia theory and theories of organisational culture.

Findings

These theories suggest that experiences can be beneficial to intellectual capital development, but also potentially harmful if not managed effectively. Implications for organisations are considered and recommendations made for the use of experience so that it contributes effectively to the creation of the stock of intellectual capital. The paper concludes with recommendations for further research.

Originality/value

Against a background of a dearth of conceptual development in this area, these theories provide some understanding of the role of organisational, relational and individual experiences in the creation of intellectual capital.
Codes of ethics
Authors: Peppas Spero C. , Yu Tyler T.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine attitudes of undergraduate and graduate business students in China and the USA with regard to business codes of ethics.

Design/methodology/approach

Respondents were instructed to assume that an Ethical Practices Code had been drawn up by firms operating in the industry in which they intended to work and were asked to indicate their levels of disagreement/agreement with seven statements relating to the possible consequences of such a code. Tests of significance were used to analyze responses for the USA and Chinese groups. In addition, the effect on responses of a course in ethics was examined.

Findings

Despite the recent attention focused on corporate irresponsibility and the possible adverse effects on US consumers of outsourcing to China, the findings indicate that, with one exception, attitudes toward codes of ethics were not significantly different between the Chinese and USA respondents.

Research limitations/implications

Future researchers may wish to replicate this study using management and student samples randomly drawn from diverse geographical areas in each country and track changes that may occur over time.

Practical implications

The findings should prove useful in helping government and business understand attitudes toward codes of ethics and aid in the development of such codes.

Originality/value

At a time of growing concern about corporate social responsibility, the findings should prove especially useful to those concerned with the increasingly important issue of ethics in business operations. Given the cultural distance and history of years with little interaction between China and the USA, studies such as this provide insight and help build mutual understanding between the people of these two countries.
Applying Merton's theory of anomia to career disruptions
Authors: Skiba Michaeline , Smith Donald R. , Marshall Kimball P.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

Taking an innovative theoretical approach, the purpose of this paper is to apply Merton's theory of anomia as personal reactions to social disruptions to white‐collar worker reactions to being unemployed or under‐employed.

Design/methodology/approach

Exploratory, quantitative, secondary data analysis using data collected from convenience samples of career‐disrupted, white‐collar workers in four community and church based outplacement support groups. Recognizing career‐disruption as a potentially anomic state, factor analysis was used to develop scales suggestive of Merton's categories of reactions to anomia, and cluster analysis was used to classify respondents into Merton's categories.

Findings

Exploratory scales developed and resulting cluster analyses suggest Merton's theory may be helpful in recognizing different white‐collar work reactions to career displacement.

Research limitations/implications

Secondary analysis and convenience sample data are major limitations, but results justify a call for further research into the application of Merton's categories of reactions to anomia to displaced white‐collar workers.

Practical implications

Given the frequent shifts in the business environment, white‐collar career disruptions will remain a frequent concern for senior management officers charged with administering layoffs and outplacement programs. Insights suggested by these analyses may aid anticipation of reactions of displaced white‐collar workers in ways that may influence placement and counseling activities related to worker adjustments.

Originality/value

This study is unique in applying Merton's theory of anomia to career disruptions, although Merton himself illustrated the theory with reference to workplace situations.
Why strategic vision statements won't measure up
Authors: Rahman Mohammad
Published: March 2009

Purpose

This paper aims to highlight and explain the puzzling phenomenon that a plethora of vision statements do not measure up to the standards prescribed in the strategic management literature.

Design/methodology/approach

The article offers a fresh perspective based on careful reflection on properties of the phenomenon.

Findings

When it is acknowledged that business landscapes change or that sharing strategies can be risky, managers may need to deliberately depart from normative guidelines found in standard MBA textbooks. The common assumption that managers are simply unable to craft quality vision statements may not be realistic, particularly as these same managers are often steering very successful organizations.

Research limitations/implications

As the viewpoint article offers a new perspective, it can stimulate further investigation by surveying managers and using rigorous techniques.

Originality/value

The article can help newly minted MBAs realize why senior executives may be crafting vague vision statements, contradicting the textbook guidelines. The article can also encourage senior executives to reflect on current industry practices of stating visions, particularly on determinants of the properties of vision statements.
Interview with Gary Hamel
Authors: by Ruth Young Interview
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present an interview with Gary Hamel.

Design/methodology/approach

This briefing is prepared by an independent interviewer.

Findings

Recently ranked the world's most influential business thinker by The Wall Street Journal, Gary Hamel is a world renowned author and speaker.

Originality/value

The interview provides insights into new technology and innovation.
Touch‐sensitive skins for Japanese health care robots
Authors: Connolly Christine
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the scientific developments behind the announcement of a sensor mimicking the human skin.

Design/methodology/approach

A brief review of the potential applications and design constraints of the robot skin is followed by an examination of published papers that trace its development.

Findings

When sensors are embedded in an elastic matrix, connecting wires and mechanical attachments undermine the mechanical properties of that matrix. Progressive miniaturisation of the sensing devices, and ingenious methods of supplying power and communicating data, have gradually overcome this problem.

Originality/value

The paper reveals the integration of innovative sensing, signal processing and power‐supply technologies.
Inspired by nature: developments in biomimetic sensors
Authors: Bogue Robert
Published: March 2009

Purpose

This paper aims to provide an insight into recent biomimetic sensor developments.

Design/methodology/approach

Following a brief introduction, this paper considers a number of specific sensor R&D activities which involve the use of differing biomimetic concepts, including the fabrication of artificial sensing organs, emulating human senses, novel uses of biological structures and systems exploiting biologically‐inspired behaviour.

Findings

This paper shows that a range of different biomimetic design concepts are being applied to sensors that respond to a range of physical, gaseous and chemical variables. Robust, multi‐sensor systems are being developed which emulate biologically‐inspired behaviour.

Originality/value

This paper provides an up to date technical review of a range of differing biomimetic sensor designs and concepts.