bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of COVID-19 and Willingness to Participate in Medical Response to It among Clinical-Level Medical Students in a Nigerian University
Authors: Ohayi Samuel Robsam , Mba Sunday Gabriel , Asimadu Ifeoma N.
Published: July 2021

Aims: To determine medical students’ knowledge of COVID-19 pandemic and their willingness to participate in medical response to it and the associated factors.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study involving use of online self-administered questionnaire developed by the author was administered to clinical level medical students.

Place and duration of study: Enugu State University College of Medicine from 16th September 2020 to 27th November 2020.

Methodology: There were 177 participants in this study comprised of 79 males and 89 females with 21, 24, 110, and 22 at 300 level, 400 level, 500 level and 600 level of study respectively. The questionnaire was sent to the representative of each class after discussions with them about the research work. They then transmitted the questionnaire to their class WhatsApp platform with an accompanying request for the completion of the questionnaire.

Result: Most participants (145; 81.9%) have good knowledge level of the virus and pandemic. Age (p<.05) and year of study (p=<.05) significantly affect knowledge level. Most students, 113(63.8%) were willing to participate in the response to the pandemic; the most avowed reasons were to gain skill as future members of the health team, 100(88.5%) and as a sense of duty if called upon by government 69(61.1%). Main reason for unwillingness was fear of contracting the infection (20; 90.9%) coupled with lack of PPE (16; 72.7%). Knowledge level about the pandemic did not significantly affect willingness to participate in the response to it. Most respondents were more willing to participate in non-PPE-requiring tasks 103(91.2%) than in others.

Conclusion: Medical students in our center are knowledgeable regarding COVID-19 pandemic and are willing to participate in response to COVID-19 pandemic especially if suitable environment is provided.
Topical Application of Glycerine – Paraffin Combination in CKD-associated Pruritus and Uremic Xerosis: Study Protocol for a Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Verma Veena , Yeola Meenakshi , Ankar Ruchira
Published: July 2021

Background: Chronic kidney disease associated pruritus (CKD-ap) and xerosis is intensely annoying and unpleasant manifestations associated with maintenance renal dialysis (MRD) among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. It severely compromises the quality of life by disturbing normal sleep pattern and also adversely affect the mental health in CKD patients. Many proposed treatment plan for CKD –ap is tested but none of the treatment plan provide complete relief from itch associated with MRD. Glycerine accelerate barrier repair and also has rapid hydrating and smoothing effect while Paraffin preserve the barrier function against irritant. As a comparator Mustard oil is used as it is commonly used home remedy by people in Indian sub-continent for dry skin.

Objectives: The primary objective of the study is to compare the efficacy of Glycerine –paraffin combination with mustered oil on skin related quality of life among CKD patients with CKD-ap and xerosis.

Methodology: A randomised, single blind, controlled, clinical trial intending to investigate and compare the efficacy of Glycerine – Paraffin combination with mustard oil in CKD –ap and xerosis and overall SRQOL among CKD patients. The study aims to enrol 140 CKD patients having moderate to severe CKD-ap and xerosis by using GI gammal score (standardized tool for assessment of xerosis). They will be randomly distributed among 2 parallel group, experimental & control group. Allocation concealment will be maintained by using SNOSE technique. Experimental group will be instructed to apply glycerine paraffin combination and mustard oil to control group twice a day for 4 weeks. participant will be evaluated for xerosis and pruritus score at baseline, day 7, day 28 and day 56. Scores of SRQOL will be assessed at baseline and on 56 days. 

Conclusion: The RCT aims to identify & compare the efficacy of Glycerine –paraffin combination with mustard oil on skin related quality of life among CKD patients with CKD-ap and xerosis.
Preclinical Evaluation of Antidotal Property of Mritasanjeevana agada in Poisoning- A Study Protocol
Authors: Wadnerwar Nilima
Published: July 2021

Background: As the poisoning is becoming a threat to rural India, it is necessary to increase the survival time to avail the primary treatment. For the treatment of poisoning, Agada is described in Ayurveda as an antidote. Agada is a polyherbal or herbomineral formulation constituted with combination antitoxic drugs along with some antioxidant, immunomodulator or hepatoprotective drugs. But they need to be revalidated for their efficacy and safety on the basis of contemporary assessment parameters

Aim: Evaluation of antidotal property of Mritasanjivana Agada in poisoning.

Objectives:

To increase the survival time after the administration of Mritasanjivana Agada in snake venom and aluminium phosphide poisoning in albino mice.

To compare the efficacy of Mritasanjivana Agada and Anti-snake venom as an antidote.

To standardize the Mritasanjivana Agada.

Methodology: Mritasanjeevana Agada will be prepared and standardized. Cobra venom poisoning and aluminium phosphide poisoning have been selected as the representative for the animate poison and artificial/ synthetic poison. After inducing poisoning in mice, one group will receive its standard antidote and other will receive standard antidote with Mritasanjivana Agada. The third group will receive only Mritasanjivana Agada without its standard antidote. All the groups will be assessed on the basis of hematology, biochemistry, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) level, Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and histopathology in case of death of the animals.

Results: Mritasanjeevana agada is expected to increase the survival time in the treatment of snake venom and aluminium phosphide poisoning in albino mice.

Conclusion: Mritasanjeevana agada may be as efficacious as Anti-snake venom as an antidote.
Intellectual Property Rights Issues in Indian Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Bindusha H. C.
Published: July 2021

Historically, India has neglected, and even made a farce of, pharmaceutical patents.  In fact, it was not until 2005 that India offered patent protections for pharmaceutical companies at all.  This has led to abuses of the compulsory licensing agreement with the World Trade Organisation, and has led to major criticisms of other global pharmaceutical companies like Pfizer, Roche, and Bayer. According to these companies, India’s generic drug manufacturing industry is destroying R&D funding and future innovation. This is because the companies which invented the brand name drugs are not receiving royalties; and therefore, losing out on profit, a lot of which would have been put back into R&D. While the World Trade Organisation under the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement (Doha Declaration) has provided for the use of compulsory licenses (temporary patent rights for life-saving pharmaceuticals), recently India has been more lenient in its use of this stipulation. In fact, the first use was in 2012 for Nexavar. Since then India has used the compulsory licensing provision at least five times. The total numbers of Indian Pharmaceutical Companies those who are having Research and Development facilities and also having Intellectual Property Rights for the past five years consecutively are take for this study.
Diseased Body and Diseased Mind: Mind Your Psychological Health during Lockdown
Authors: Nagdive Amit , Behere Prakash B , Fernandes Rouchelle , Behere Aniruddh P. , Chowdhury Debolina , Yadav Richa
Published: July 2021

The novel Corona virus also known as 2019-nCoV that originated in China in December 2019 has quickly spread all over the world. In absence of specific treatment or vaccine, with no natural immunity, we are forced to rely on old public health measures like Quarantine, Social distancing and Isolation for prevention of spread among community. Although isolated incidents of epidemics have required isolation and quarantine in the past, no pandemic has required social distancing to a national and international scale before. Despite the obvious physical health and economic concerns of this situation, all the above measures bring forth challenges of emotional and psychological nature which can be especially severe in special populations like elderly, young children and adolescents, health care workers, persons with mental illness. Also, certain aspects like death, role of mass media, and ethics also arise during isolation and quarantine. With mass media playing a significant role in drumming up the perceived threat, people may resort to panic behaviours like hoarding essential day to day use items and masks and other medical supplies leading to shortage. Problem of fake news related to COVID 19 lead to Govt. of India launching of AAROGYA SETU app as well as websites to centralise all COVID 19 related information to people of India. Death in isolation deprives family members and friends of opportunity to grieve for near and dear ones lost due infection or due to natural causes. The requirement of isolation and quarantine during this distressing pandemic has paved way for recognising the importance and advantages of telemedicine as a whole which has led to various government bodies including the Government of India to draw primary guidelines for medical practitioners to follow and ensure ethical concerns are addressed.
Utilization of ICH Score on Patient Outcome in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Ilyas Waseem Muhammed , Chavan Gajanan
Published: July 2021

Background: There is a very high morbidity and mortality rate in patients who have intra cerebral hemorrhage. The ICH Score is a very good predictor of outcome of 30-day mortality as found in multiple studies. The ICH Scores range from 0 to 5 and higher Score is associated with increased mortality after 30 days and thus it was found to be a good predictor of outcome. So it was decided to apply it in the assessing of patients with intra cerebral hemorrhage and to study it's outcome.

Aim: To study the ICH score utility in management of patients with intracerebral bleed

Objectives: To improve the quality indicators of Emergency Department, to cater the right management at right time in patients with intracerebral bleed and Inclusion of ICH score in the assessment sheet for screening.

Materials and Methods: In the study, the patients brought to Emergency Department who are diagnosed to have ICH on CT Brain will be evaluated for GCS, Age, Infratentorial origin, volume of the ICH, absence or presence of Intraventricular Hemorrhage to determine ICH score and outcome of the patients.

Expected Results: Patients having lower ICH score are expected to have poorer prognosis. Inclusion of ICH score in assessment of patients with ich is expected to provide better treatment for these patients.
A Brief Research on Cancer
Authors: Kotamkar Sonali , Jha Rakesh Kumar , Bankar Nandkishor
Published: July 2021

Proliferation of cells that have managed to evade central endogenous control mechanisms is a hallmark of cancer. Cancers are classified not only by their organ or tissue of origin, but also by the molecular characteristics of the cancer cells themselves. Because of recent scientific advancements, it is now possible to examine the genetic structure of various cancer types in great detail in a limited amount of time, the growing body of information about cancer's development and progression can be used to develop more accurate diagnostics and/or less toxic cancer treatments. In the long run, the aim is to provide each cancer patient with a treatment regimen that is optimally adapted to his or her condition and circumstance.
Effectiveness of Turmeric and Extra Virgin Olive Oil in the Management of IL 6 and IL 10 in Healthy Mice
Authors: Attiyah Sama Mohammed , Mohammed Hoda Elsayed
Published: July 2021

Background: Anti-Inflammatory properties of turmeric and extra virgin olive oil have numerous health benefits. They exert and promote anti-inflammatory actions, moreover, each gives benefits that go beyond reducing inflammation.

Objective: The aim of our study is to evaluate and compare the immunomodulatory effect of each turmeric and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) alone or in combination.

Methods: We demonstrated the serum level of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 in healthy male Swiss albino mice (C57BL/6 strain) after oral intake of curcumin and extra virgin olive oil for six weeks by ELISA assay. 

Results: Our results showed that dietary intake of turmeric and EVOO had a reducing effect on serum IL-6 level and could increase the production of IL-10 level significantly. Inflammatory responses of turmeric and EVOO combination appear to be more effective on health by inhibition of IL 6 and induce IL 10 production. 

Conclusion: Anti-inflammatory effect of turmeric and EVOO can play an important role in modulating the level of IL 6 and IL-10. Moreover, co-administration of them having a greater anti-inflammatory effect.
Age-related Macular Degeneration: Simple Review
Authors: Alghamdi Abdulaziz Saeed A. , Mutairi Abeer Ahmed Al , Alanazi Afaf Mahal R. , Almutairi Asrar Awad M. , Alfaqiri Mei Khalid S. , Al-Ruwaili Sultan Suliman Q. , Al-Ghamdi Faisal Saeed A. , Bukhari Sarah Fahad M. , Aljuhani Arwa Mohammed Alrefai , Aljohani Lina Mohammed , Ali Sarah Mohammad M. , Bukhamsin Sarah Abdulla A.
Published: July 2021

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common, chronic, and innovative degenerative disease of the macula that affects the elderly, with significant loss of imagination and foresight due to abnormalities within the photoreceptor, retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane, and the choroidal complex. AMD is currently being elucidated through molecular dissection of histopathological samples and genetic coupling. Threat factors for AMD can be broadly based on character elements (e.g. age, gender, race / ethnicity, heredity, and socioeconomic reputation) and environmental factors (e.g. consumption and alcohol consumption). Signs and signs of AMD are: Druids. This is one of the early symptoms and symptoms of AMD and the presence of neovascularization in the macula in humid conditions. Form of AMD A medical examination is usually sufficient for the installation of an AMD analysis, but the use of additional examinations such as fundus vehicle fluorescence, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography and inexperienced angiography with indocyanine for diffuse macular anomalies makes sense. unimaginative and prophetic cure cases can help.
Reservoir Simulation Analysis of Pressure Depletion Performance in Gas-Condensate Reservoirs: Black-Oil and Compositional Approaches
Authors: Oluwatoyin Akinsete O. , Agnes Anuka A.
Published: July 2021

Pressure depletion in gas-condensate reservoirs create two-phase flow. It is pertinent to understand the behavior of gas-condensate reservoirs as pressure decline in order to develop proper producing strategies that would increase gas and condensate productivity.

Eclipse 300 was used to simulate gas-condensate reservoirs, a base case model was created using both black-oil and compositional models. The effects of three Equation of States (EOS) incorporated into the models were analysed and condensate dropout effect on relative permeability was studied.

Analysis of various case models showed that, gas production was maintained at 500MMSCF/D for about 18 and 12 months for black-oil and compositional models, respectively. However, the compositional model revealed that condensate production began after a period of two months at 50MSTB/D whereas for the black oil model, condensate production began immediately at 32MSTB/D. Comparison of Peng-Robinson EOS, Soave-Redlich-Kwong EOS and Schmidt Wenzel EOS gave total estimates of condensate production as 19MMSTB, 15MMSTB and 9MMSTB and initial values of gas productivity index as 320, 380 and 560, respectively. The results also showed that as condensate saturation increased, the relative permeability of gas decreased from 1 to 0 while the relative permeability of oil increased from 0.15 to 0.85.

The reservoir simulation results showed that compositional model is better than black-oil model in modelling for gas-condensate reservoirs. Optimal production was obtained using 3-parameter Peng-Robinson and Soave-Redlich-Kwong EOS which provide a molar volume shift to prevent an underestimation of liquid density and saturations. Phase behaviour and relative permeability affect the behaviour of gas-condensate reservoirs.
Comparative Skeletal Structure
Authors: Rubin Clinton , DeStefano Vincent , Rubin Janet
Published: July 2021

The sophisticated organisation of the skeleton achieves a structure that can withstand the extremes of functional load‐bearing. The growth, development and repair of the skeletal structure are realised through the tightly regulated remodelling of bone tissue, orchestrated by cells that specifically form or resorb the matrix. Diseases such as osteoporosis, where bone formation is overwhelmed by bone resorption, the skeleton is at great risk of fracture.

Key Concepts

Bone regulates its mass and architecture to meet two critical but competing responsibilities: Structural and metabolic.

Bone morphology is highly regulated, achieved by the coordinated formation of bone, by osteoblasts, and resorption of bone by osteoclasts.

Bone is a composite material, with its strength coming – primarily – from the intricate integration of an organic constituent, collagen, and an inorganic component, hydroxyapatite.

Skeletal tissue is comprised of two ‘types’: the dense outer shell and shafts of long bones, made of cortical bone, and the internal scaffolds of bone struts, called trabeculae.

Bones are filled with marrow, which provides the niche for two critical stem cells, hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, and thus the basis for the immune and regenerative capacity of the organism.

The bone osteocytes, terminally differentiated osteoblasts encased in mineralized tissue, form a connective three dimensional syncytium that aids in recognition of physical signals. When functional loading increases, or decreases, osteocytes can signal to osteoblasts and osteoclasts to alter activity.

Continual remodeling throughout lifespan requires that new osteoblasts and osteoclasts arise. While osteoclast activity rises during aging, the potential for osteoblast activity decreases, such that break down is greater than formation. This results in osteoporosis.
An updating approach for knowledge‐based planning models to improve plan quality and variability in volumetric‐modulated arc therapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Nakamura Kenji , Okuhata Katsuya , Tamura Mikoto , Otsuka Masakazu , Kubo Kazuki , Ueda Yoshihiro , Nakamura Yasunori , Nakamatsu Kiyoshi , Tanooka Masao , Monzen Hajime , Nishimura Yasumasa
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to compare the dose–volume parameters and regression scatter plots of the iteratively improved RapidPlan (RP) models, specific knowledge‐based planning (KBP) models, in volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for prostate cancer over three periods.

Methods

A RP1 model was created from 47 clinical intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)/VMAT plans. A RP2 model was created to exceed dosimetric goals which set as the mean values +1SD of the dose–volume parameters of RP1 (50 consecutive new clinical VMAT plans). A RP3 model was created with more strict dose constraints for organs at risks (OARs) than RP1 and RP2 models (50 consecutive anew clinical VMAT plans). Each RP model was validated against 30 validation plans (RP1, RP2, and RP3) that were not used for model configuration, and the dose–volume parameters were compared. The Cook's distances of regression scatterplots of each model were also evaluated.

Results

Significant differences (p < 0.05) between RP1 and RP2 were found in Dmean (101.5% vs. 101.9%), homogeneity index (3.90 vs. 4.44), 95% isodose conformity index (1.22 vs. 1.20) for the target, V40Gy (47.3% vs. 45.7%), V60Gy (27.9% vs. 27.1%), V70Gy (16.4% vs. 15.2%), and V78Gy (0.4% vs. 0.2%) for the rectal wall, and V40Gy (43.8% vs. 41.8%) and V70Gy (21.3% vs. 20.5%) for the bladder wall, whereas only V70Gy (15.2% vs. 15.8%) of the rectal wall differed significantly between RP2 and RP3. The proportions of cases with a Cook's distance of <1.0 (RP1, RP2, and RP3 models) were 55%, 78%, and 84% for the rectal wall, and 77%, 68%, and 76% for the bladder wall, respectively.

Conclusions

The iteratively improved RP models, reflecting the clear dosimetric goals based on the RP feedback (dose–volume parameters) and more strict dose constraints for the OARs, generated superior dose–volume parameters and the regression scatterplots in the model converged. This approach could be used to standardize the inverse planning strategies.
Transmission study of the Abdominal Compression plate (BodyFIX Diaphragm Control) for abdominal and stereotactic body radiotherapy
Authors: Vaithianathan Hema , Harris Benjamin
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Abdominal Compression is one of the methods available to minimize breathing motion during stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), particularly for abdominal malignancies. It might be necessary to treat some tumors with radiation entering through the compression device. One clinically available compression plate device (Elekta BodyFIX Diaphragm Control) was evaluated to understand its impact on dosimetry during clinical treatments.

Methods

The BodyFIX compression device was CT scanned following departmental stereo scanning protocols. Treatment planning system (TPS) calculations were used to determine attenuation ratios through each section of the compression device: the outer frame, compression plate, and higher density couch fixation points and compression screw. TPS calculated skin doses where the compression plate will come in contact with the skin were recorded. All attenuation ratio fields were measured on an Elekta Versa HD linear accelerator. Where differences in attenuation were observed, TPS density overrides were found to bring calculated doses into agreement with measurement.

Results

The compression plate and frame showed low dose attenuation (3%–4%). Only minor density overrides for the frame were required due to artefacts from the limited CT field‐of‐view. The high‐density materials in the couch fixation points resulted in higher attenuation (14%–20%). Similarly, the compression screw recorded very high attenuation (44%–65%), depending on the length of screw used. Skin doses assessed from the TPS calculations showed dose build‐up under the compression plate that would result in skin receiving the maximum dose.

Conclusion

Compression devices can cause significant dose attenuation. Density overrides for TPS calculations are recommended for correcting attenuation in some sections of the device. High‐density structures like the fixation screw and frame fixation points create high levels of dosimetric uncertainty, and beam entry through those areas has been disallowed.
Identification of the Key Parameters for Horizontal Transition Dipole Orientation in Fluorescent and TADF Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Tenopala‐Carmona Francisco , Lee Oliver S. , Crovini Ettore , Neferu Ana M. , Murawski Caroline , Olivier Yoann , Zysman‐Colman Eli , Gather Malte C.
Published: August 2021

In organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), horizontal orientation of the emissive transition dipole moment (TDM) can improve light outcoupling efficiency by up to 50% relative to random orientation. Therefore, there have been extensive efforts to identify drivers of horizontal orientation. The aspect ratio of the emitter molecule and the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of the films are currently regarded as particularly important. However, there remains a paucity of systematic studies that establish the extent to which these and other parameters control orientation in the wide range of emitter systems relevant for state‐of‐the‐art OLEDs. Here, recent work on molecular orientation of fluorescent and thermally activated delayed fluorescent emitters in vacuum‐processed OLEDs is reviewed. Additionally, to identify parameters linked to TDM orientation, a meta‐analysis of 203 published emitter systems is conducted and combined with density‐functional theory calculations. Molecular weight (MW) and linearity are identified as key parameters in neat systems. In host–guest systems with low‐MW emitters, orientation is mostly influenced by the host Tg, whereas the length and MW of the emitter become more relevant for systems involving higher‐MW emitters. To close, a perspective of where the field must advance to establish a comprehensive model of molecular orientation is given.
Tellurium Single‐Crystal Arrays by Low‐Temperature Evaporation and Crystallization
Authors: Zhao Chunsong , Batiz Humberto , Yasar Bengisu , Kim Hyungjin , Ji Wenbo , Scott Mary C. , Chrzan Daryl C. , Javey Ali
Published: July 2021

Thermally evaporated tellurium possesses an intriguing crystallization behavior, where an amorphous to crystalline phase transition happens at near‐ambient temperature. However, a comprehensive understanding and delicate control of the crystallization process for the evaporated Te films is lacking. Here, the kinetics and dynamics of the crystallization of thermally evaporated Te films is visualized and modeled. Low‐temperature processing of highly crystalline tellurium films with large grain size and preferred out‐of‐plane orientation ((100) plane parallel to the surface) is demonstrated by controlling the crystallization process. Tellurium single crystals with a lateral dimension of up to 6 µm are realized on various substrates including glass and plastic. Field‐effect transistors based on 5 °C crystallized Te single grains (6‐nm‐thick) exhibit an average effective hole mobility of ≈100 cm2 V−1 s−1, and on/off current ratio of ≈3 × 104.
Double‐ to Single‐Strand Transition Induces Forces and Motion in DNA Origami Nanostructures
Authors: Gür Fatih N. , Kempter Susanne , Schueder Florian , Sikeler Christoph , Urban Maximilian J. , Jungmann Ralf , Nickels Philipp C. , Liedl Tim
Published: August 2021

The design of dynamic, reconfigurable devices is crucial for the bottom‐up construction of artificial biological systems. DNA can be used as an engineering material for the de‐novo design of such dynamic devices. A self‐assembled DNA origami switch is presented that uses the transition from double‐ to single‐stranded DNA and vice versa to create and annihilate an entropic force that drives a reversible conformational change inside the switch. It is distinctively demonstrated that a DNA single‐strand that is extended with 0.34 nm per nucleotide – the extension this very strand has in the double‐stranded configuration – exerts a contractive force on its ends leading to large‐scale motion. The operation of this type of switch is demonstrated via transmission electron microscopy, DNA‐PAINT super‐resolution microscopy and darkfield microscopy. The work illustrates the intricate and sometimes counter‐intuitive forces that act in nanoscale physical systems that operate in fluids.
High Resolution Patterning of an Organic–Inorganic Photoresin for the Fabrication of Platinum Microstructures
Authors: Luitz Manuel , Lunzer Markus , Goralczyk Andreas , Mader Markus , Bhagwat Sagar , Warmbold Andreas , Helmer Dorothea , Kotz Frederik , Rapp Bastian E.
Published: August 2021

Platinum (Pt) is an interesting material for many applications due to its high chemical resilience, outstanding catalytic activity, high electrical conductivity, and high melting point. However, microstructuring and especially 3D microstructuring of platinum is a complex process, based on expensive and specialized equipment often suffering from very slow processing speeds. In this work, organic–inorganic photoresins, which can be structured using direct optical lithography as well as two‐photon lithography (TPL) with submicrometer resolution and high‐throughput is presented. The printed structures are subsequently converted to high‐purity platinum using thermal debinding of the binder and reduction of the salt. With this technique, complex 3D structures with a 3D resolution of 300 nm were fabricated. At a layer thickness of 35 nm, the patterns reach a high conductivity of 67% compared to bulk platinum. Microheaters, thermocouple sensors as well as a Lab‐on‐a‐Chip system are presented as exemplary applications. This technology will enable a broad range of application from electronics, sensing and heating elements to 3D photonics and metamaterials.
Enhancing Thermoelectric Power Factor of 2D Organometal Halide Perovskites by Suppressing 2D/3D Phase Separation
Authors: Yang Seok Joo , Kim Daegun , Choi Jinhyeok , Kim Seong Hyeon , Park Kwanghee , Ryu Sunmin , Cho Kilwon
Published: July 2021

Organometal halide perovskites (OHPs) exhibit superior charge transport characteristics and ultralow thermal conductivities. However, thermoelectric (TE) applications of OHPs have been limited because of difficulties in controlling their carrier concentration, which is a key to optimizing their TE properties. Here, facile control of the carrier concentration in Sn‐based OHPs is achieved by developing 2D crystal structures. The 2D OHP crystals are laterally oriented using a mixed solvent, and the morphology and crystal structure of the coexisting 2D/3D hybrid structures are systematically controlled via doping with methylammonium chloride. The effective number neff of inorganic octahedron layers in the 2D OHPs shows a strong positive correlation with the carrier concentration. Moreover, the 2D structure induces the quantum confinement effect, which enhances both the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical conductivity. A 2D OHP shows a high power factor of 111 µW m−1 K−2, which is an order of magnitude greater than the power factor of its 3D counterpart.
Nanoscale Photoluminescence Manipulation in Monolithic Porous Silicon Oxide Microcavity Coated with Rhodamine‐Labeled Polyelectrolyte via Electrostatic Nanoassembling
Authors: Chen Zhi , Robbiano Valentina , Paternò Giuseppe M. , Carnicella Giuseppe , Debrassi Aline , La Mattina Antonino A. , Mariani Stefano , Minotto Alessandro , Egri Gabriella , Dähne Lars , Cacialli Franco , Barillaro Giuseppe
Published: August 2021

Porous silicon (PSi) is a promising material for future integrated nanophotonics when coupled with guest emitters, still facing challenges in terms of homogenous distribution and nanometric thickness of the emitter coating within the silicon nanostructure. Herein, it is shown that the nanopore surface of a porous silicon oxide (PSiO2) microcavity (MC) can be conformally coated with a uniform nm‐thick layer of a cationic light‐emitting polyelectrolyte, e.g., poly(allylamine hydrochloride) labeled with Rhodamine B (PAH‐RhoB), leveraging the self‐tuned electrostatic interaction of the positively‐charged PAH‐RhoB polymer and negatively‐charged PSiO2 surface. It is found that the emission of PAH‐RhoB in the PSiO2 MC is enhanced (≈2.5×) and narrowed (≈30×) at the resonant wavelength, compared with that of PAH‐RhoB in a non‐resonant PSiO2 reference structure. The time‐resolved photoluminescence analysis highlights a shortening (≈20%) of the PAH‐RhoB emission lifetime in the PSiO2 MC at the resonance versus off‐resonance wavelengths, and with respect to the reference structure, thereby proving a significant variation of the radiative decay rate. Remarkably, an experimental Purcell factor Fp = 2.82 is achieved. This is further confirmed by the enhancement of the photoluminescence quantum yield of the PAH‐RhoB in the PSiO2 MC with respect to the reference structure. Application of the electrostatic nanoassembling approach to other emitting dyes, nanomaterials, and nanophotonic systems is envisaged.
Photocleavable Regenerative Network Materials with Exceptional and Repeatable Viscoelastic Manipulability
Authors: Oka Minami , Takagi Hideaki , Miyazawa Tomotaka , Waymouth Robert M. , Honda Satoshi
Published: August 2021

The development of solventless system for modulating properties of network materials is imperative for the next generation sustainable technology. Utilization of photostimulation is important owing to its spatial and temporal locality, yet designing photoresponsive network materials exhibiting repeatable and dramatic change in their properties remains a challenge. Here, the authors report a photocleavable regenerative network (PRN) linked with photoresponsive hexaarylbiimidazoles (HABIs) synthesized from narrow dispersity star‐shaped poly(dimethylsiloxane)s (PDMSs) having 2,4,5‐triphenylimidazole end groups. The use of urea anion as a catalyst for ring opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic siloxane initiated from silanols enables control of molecular weight and dispersity. The rheological measurements for the synthesized PRNs exhibit drastic changes in storage and loss moduli (G′ and G″) upon photoirradiation in the solid state (G′ > G″). This photocontrolled change in viscoelasticity with retaining solidity enables application of PRNs as a remotely‐controlled photo‐melt adhesive and photo‐scissible string. The developed PRNs will enable a wide variety of applications such as industrially important next‐generation sustainable adhesive, sealant, and reversibly‐deformable 3D printing materials with their spatially and temporally local manipulability, solventless handleability, and excellent reversibility.
Individual measures of social support may have limited impact on physiological parameters among elderly Kuwaitis
Authors: Edes Ashley N. , Al‐Kandari Yagoub , Znidarsic Katherine A. , Crews Douglas E.
Published: August 2021

Objectives

Social support can buffer physiological stress responses, reducing morbidity and mortality risk, but research has occurred primarily in western populations. We examined whether social support was associated with physiological biomarkers in a non‐western sample.

Methods

We predicted evidence of increased physiological dysregulation in those with less social support among elderly Kuwaitis (≥60 years,n = 253). Measures of social support included marital status (married/unmarried), religiosity (low/high), whether adult children lived at home (yes/no), and perceived social support (low/medium/high). Using linear regression, we tested relationships between each social support measure and 17 biomarkers: cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulfate (DHEA‐S), epinephrine, norepinephrine, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), waist‐hip ratio (WHR), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), very‐low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL), TC/HDL, LDL/HDL, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), C‐reactive protein (CRP), and resting heart rate (RHR). We analyzed two models for each, one with the independent variable only and a second including age, smoking, and education as covariates.

Results

Married participants had lower norepinephrine, but higher TC/HDL and LDL/HDL. Higher religiosity was negatively associated with TC (men only) but higher LDL, TC/HDL, and LDL/HDL. Participants with low self‐reported social support had higher DBP and HbA1c than those reporting medium or high levels.

Conclusions

Relatively few biomarkers associated significantly with individual social support measures in a way that suggests improved health for those with more support. As such, some measures of social support may not be universally beneficial across cultures. Additionally, the high degree of respect for and integration of elders in Kuwait society may collectively buffer against negative effects. Cross‐cultural comparisons are critical to better understand how social support influences morbidity and mortality across populations.
ZTTK syndrome: Clinical and molecular findings of 15 cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Kushary Sulagna Tina , Revah‐Politi Anya , Barua Subit , Ganapathi Mythily , Accogli Andrea , Aggarwal Vimla , Brunetti‐Pierri Nicola , Cappuccio Gerarda , Capra Valeria , Fagerberg Christina R. , Gazdagh Gabriella , Guzman Edwin , Hadonou Medard , Harrison Victoria , Havelund Kathrine , Iancu Daniela , Kraus Alison , Lippa Natalie C. , Mansukhani Mahesh , McBrian Danielle , McEntagart Meriel , Pacio‐Míguez Marta , Palomares‐Bralo María , Pottinger Carrie , Ruivenkamp Claudia A. L. , Sacco Oliviero , Santen Gijs W. E. , Santos‐Simarro Fernando , Scala Marcello , Short John , Sørensen Kristina P. , Woods Christopher G. ,   DDD Study,   TUDP Consortium, Anyane Yeboa Kwame
Published: July 2021

Zhu‐Tokita‐Takenouchi‐Kim (ZTTK) syndrome is caused by de novo loss‐of‐function variants in the SON gene (MIM #617140). This multisystemic disorder is characterized by intellectual disability, seizures, abnormal brain imaging, variable dysmorphic features, and various congenital anomalies. The wide application and increasing accessibility of whole exome sequencing (WES) has helped to identify new cases of ZTTK syndrome over the last few years. To date, there have been approximately 45 cases reported in the literature. Here, we describe 15 additional individuals with variants in the SON gene, including those with missense variants bringing the total number of known cases to 60. We have reviewed the clinical and molecular data of these new cases and all previously reported cases to further delineate the most common as well as emerging clinical findings related to this syndrome. Furthermore, we aim to delineate any genotype–phenotype correlations specifically for a recurring pathogenic four base pair deletion (c.5753_5756del) along with discussing the impact of missense variants seen in the SON gene.
Preparation of Patterned and Multilayer Thin Films for Organic Electronics via Oxygen‐Tolerant SI‐PET‐RAFT
Authors: Poisson Jade , Polgar Alexander M. , Fromel Michele , Pester Christian W. , Hudson Zachary M.
Published: August 2021

An oxygen‐tolerant approach is described for preparing surface‐tethered polymer films of organic semiconductors directly from electrode substrates using polymer brush photolithography. A photoinduced electron transfer‐reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (PET‐RAFT) approach was used to prepare multiblock polymer architectures with the structures of multi‐layer organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), including electron‐transport, emissive, and hole‐transport layers. The preparation of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and thermally assisted fluorescence (TAF) trilayer OLED architectures are described. By using direct photomasking as well as a digital micromirror device, we also show that the surface‐initiated (SI)‐PET‐RAFT approach allows for enhanced control over layer thickness, and spatial resolution in polymer brush patterning at low cost.
Potentiometric Sensors with Polymeric Sensing and Reference Membranes Fully Integrated into a Sample‐Wicking Polyester Textile
Authors: Herrero Eliza J. , Bühlmann Philippe
Published: August 2021

Responding to current limitations in paper‐based sensors and the increased interest in wearable sensors, we introduce here potentiometric sensors fully integrated into a knitted polyester fabric and their application in aqueous and biological samples. Single layer ion‐sensing devices requiring only 30 μL of sample were fabricated using wax patterning and Ag/AgCl paint. These devices give a Nernstian response to chloride over 4 orders of magnitude – an order of magnitude improvement from analogous paper‐based devices. We also report the penetration of polyester yarns with polymeric hydrophobic and hydrophilic ion‐sensing and reference membranes, all fully embedded within the fabric. These results demonstrate the promise of knitted fabrics as substrates for fully‐integrated potentiometric sensors with improved detection limits. They also elucidate the effect of pore structure on sensor fabrication and performance, thereby affecting how we understand both fabric‐ and paper‐based devices.
Morphology and properties of high molecular weight polyisobutylene and thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer
Authors: Jia Jixiang , Lin Peng , Liu Qiang
Published: July 2021

High molecular weight polyisobutylene (PIB) was modified by a mild and facile melt‐mixing process with thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) in the presence of a compatibilizer, i.e., polypropylene‐g‐maleic anhydride (PP‐g‐MAH). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with solvent etching revealed a significantly phase‐separated morphology due to different polarity of PIB and TPU. An evolution from dispersed phase to continuous phase for TPU was observed with the increase of TPU content, leading to an enhanced tensile strength of PIB/TPU blend in comparison to PIB. This phase‐separated morphology of PIB/TPU blend was confirmed by FTIR and thermal analysis. Rheological studies suggested that the PIB/TPU blend (30 wt% of TPU) exhibited a typical non‐Newtonian fluid behavior. More importantly, PIB/TPU blend was shown to possess enhanced thermal and oxidative/hydrolytic stability in comparison to TPU. SEM combined energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) further elucidated that the surface chemical composition of PIB/TPU blend can be tailored through annealing, which further improved the biocompatibility as well as the oxidative/hydrolytic stability.
School safety starts in the classroom
Authors: Hawkes T. Elijah
Published: August 2021

This paper combines reflection on my experiences as a public school principal with an analysis of two papers about safety in schools: “School Safety and Violence: Research and Clinical Understandings, Trends and Improvement Strategies” by Jonathan Cohen and “Tipping the Balance: Moving Toward School Safety While Considering Student Needs” by Nancy Rappaport. Cohen and Rappaport offer sound guidance on how to make schools safe—from macro system reforms to more micro, interpersonal interactions. I agree with Cohen's assertion that “learning how to have constructive controversial conversations is an essential foundation for healthy relationships on the one hand and democracy on the other.” Indeed, I believe that safe schools are necessarily democratic schools. And I strongly agree with Rappaport's assertion that we must “make learning deeply personal.” Just as important and true is the assertion conveyed by both Rappaport and Cohen that educators must be attuned to environmental conditions in the society—contemporary and historical—that erode safety in school communities, from systemic racism to pandemics and other threats to the wellbeing of children and families. My critique of both papers, and of many social‐emotional school reform efforts in general, is that there is not enough emphasis on the place where students and teachers spend the majority of their time: the classroom. The teaching and learning that happen in the classroom—both what is taught and how it is taught—are dominant forces in determining whether a school is healthy and safe. Drawing from my own work as a teacher and principal, I describe several essential ingredients for curriculum and pedagogy that enable classrooms to be places of trust, healthy risk‐taking, empathy, democratic practice and, ultimately, safety.
Effects of Wi‐Fi Radiofrequency Radiation on Carbapenem‐Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Said‐Salman Ilham , Yassine Wissam , Rammal Ali , Hneino Mohammad , Yusef Hoda , Moustafa Mohamed
Published: August 2021

The hazardous consequences of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure represent a public health concern. Common sources of EMF include smartphones and wireless fidelity (Wi‐Fi). The aim of our study is to assess whether exposure to Wi‐Fi radiofrequency radiation influences the pathogenic traits of carbapenem‐resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. The susceptibility to antibiotics was evaluated by the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). In this study, K. pneumoniae showed a non‐linear response to treatments with Colistin and Gentamycin following different Wi‐Fi exposure periods. Transmission electron microscopy revealed morphological changes in the bacterial cell membrane within 24 h of Wi‐Fi exposure. Crystal violet quantification and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction showed that the ability to form biofilms was greater in Wi‐Fi exposed K. pnemoniae when compared to control. Moreover, higher levels of bcsA, mrkA, and luxS messenger RNAs were observed. Our data suggest that Wi‐Fi exposure can influence bacteria in a stressful way, leading to an alteration in their antibiotic susceptibility, morphological changes, and cumulative biofilm formation. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Conditions for mental health in education: Towards relational practice
Authors: Billington Tom , Gibson Sarah , Fogg Penny , Lahmar Jamal , Cameron Harriet
Published: July 2021

There are concerns globally about the emotional wellbeing and mental health of young people and in this paper a critical orientation comprises both theoretical and empirical data sources. The case is made that (1) the medical model of mental health – that of problem identification, diagnosis and medical treatment at the level of the individual – is not appropriate for the vast majority of children and young people in schools and (2) relational approaches would be more sensitive in responding to the complexity of the ‘conditions’ in the schools, homes and communities in which young people live. Articulations of these conditions in the literature are explored while we also draw on empirical data from part of an evaluation of a school‐based teacher‐training programme in which interviewees and respondents mapped out their own conditions for emotional wellbeing and mental health. We conclude with proposals for relational approaches which (1) acknowledge the links between affect, cognition and school climate and culture, (2) foreground mental health and poverty as impacting on young people’s emotional wellbeing in their communities, families and schools and (3) attend to voice – providing spaces in which young people can develop their own ‘preferred narratives’ concerning emotional wellbeing and mental health.
Oral drug delivery for immunoengineering
Authors: Le Tien , Aguilar Brian , Mangal Joslyn L. , Acharya Abhinav P.
Published: August 2021

The systemic pharmacotherapeutic efficacy of immunomodulatory drugs is heavily influenced by its route of administration. A few common routes for the systemic delivery of immunotherapeutics are intravenous, intraperitoneal, and intramuscular injections. However, the development of novel biomaterials, in adjunct to current progress in immunoengineering, is providing an exciting area of interest for oral drug delivery for systemic targeting. Oral immunotherapeutic delivery is a highly preferred route of administration due to its ease of administration, higher patient compliance, and increased ability to generate specialized immune responses. However, the harsh environment and slow systemic absorption, due to various biological barriers, reduces the immunotherapeutic bioavailability, and in turn prevents widespread use of oral delivery. Nonetheless, cutting edge biomaterials are being synthesized to combat these biological barriers within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract for the enhancement of drug bioavailability and targeting the immune system. For example, advancements in biomaterials and synthesized drug agents have provided distinctive methods to promote localized drug absorption for the modulation of local or systemic immune responses. Additionally, novel breakthroughs in the immunoengineering field show promise in the development of vaccine delivery systems for disease prevention as well as combating autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. This review will discuss current progress made within the field of biomaterials and drug delivery systems to enhance oral immunotherapeutic availability, and how these new delivery platforms can be utilized to deliver immunotherapeutics for resolution of immune‐related diseases.