bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Residential Neighborhood on Child Behavior Problems in First Grade
Authors: Caughy Margaret O'Brien , Nettles Saundra Murray , O'Campo Patricia J.
Published: July 2008

Child behavior problems have been identified as being responsible for the greatest reduction in quality of life for children between ages 1 and 19. In this study, we examine whether neighborhood social processes are associated with differences in child behavior problems in an economically and racially diverse sample of 405 urban‐dwelling first grade children and whether parenting behavior mediates and/or moderates the effects of neighborhoods. Furthermore, we examine whether neighborhood social processes play the same role with regards to child behavior problems at differing levels of neighborhood economic impoverishment. Results of multivariate multilevel regression analyses indicate that a high negative social climate is associated with greater internalizing problems. High potential for community involvement for children in the neighborhood was associated with fewer behavior problems, but only in economically impoverished neighborhoods. Differences in parenting behavior did not appear to mediate neighborhood effects on behavior problems, and parenting characterized by a high degree of positive involvement was associated with fewer behavior problems in all types of neighborhoods.
“What is this Genetics, Anyway?” Understandings of Genetics, Illness Causality and Inheritance Among British Pakistani Users of Genetic Services
Authors: Shaw Alison , Hurst Jane A.
Published: July 2008

Misconceptions about basic genetic concepts and inheritance patterns may be widespread in the general population. This paper investigates understandings of genetics, illness causality and inheritance among British Pakistanis referred to a UK genetics clinic. During participant observation of genetics clinic consultations and semi‐structured interviews in Urdu or English in respondents’ homes, we identified an array of environmental, behavioral and spiritual understandings of the causes of medical and intellectual problems. Misconceptions about the location of genetic information in the body and of genetic mechanisms of inheritance were common, reflected the range of everyday theories observed for White British patients and included the belief that a child receives more genetic material from the father than the mother. Despite some participants’ conversational use of genetic terminology, some patients had assimilated genetic information in ways that conflict with genetic theory with potentially serious clinical consequences. Additionally, skepticism of genetic theories of illness reflected a rejection of a dominant discourse of genetic risk that stigmatizes cousin marriages. Patients referred to genetics clinics may not easily surrender their lay or personal theories about the causes of their own or their child's condition and their understandings of genetic risk. Genetic counselors may need to identify, work with and at times challenge patients’ understandings of illness causality and inheritance.
“I Wouldn't Classify Myself as a Patient”: The Importance of a “Well‐being” Environment for Individuals Receiving Counseling about Familial Cancer Risk
Authors: Phelps Ceri , Horrigan Debra , Protheroe Liwsi Kim , Hopkin Janina , Jones Wendy , Murray Alexandra
Published: July 2008

Many individuals receiving genetic counseling are healthy with no need for clinical cancer services. We have recently relocated our cancer genetic clinic to a small house on the outskirts of a hospital site which incorporates many elements proven to be important in creating a “well‐being” environment. This study explored participants’ perceptions of such an environment. Eleven semi‐structured telephone interviews were conducted with women who had attended the new cancer genetic clinic. All were at high risk of familial cancer, five were gene carriers and three had a personal diagnosis of cancer. The new clinic was perceived to be less medical and more relaxing than other clinics, encouraged other family members to attend in support of the attendee and did not appear to impede information comprehension. The importance of not being made to feel like an ill patient was apparent. A desire for a quiet area allowing time for reflection whilst waiting for, and following, counseling was identified. A poorly designed counseling area could reduce the quality of the interaction between patient and counselor. Consideration of specific environmental design features may promote individuals’ well‐being and make those attending genetic counseling feel less like “patients.” Larger studies should seek to explore further the potential associations between factors such as environmental design, psychological well‐being and comprehension of risk information.
The Relationship Between Psychological Distress and Personality in Women from Families with Familial Breast/Ovarian or Hereditary Non‐polyposis Colorectal Cancer in the Absence of Demonstrated Mutations
Authors: Geirdal Amy Østertun , Dahl Alv A.
Published: July 2008

The aim of this study was to explore associations between mental and cancer‐specific distress (psychological distress) and personality traits in healthy women belonging to families with familial cancer and absence of demonstrated mutations. We included 238 healthy women from families with familial breast‐ovarian cancer (FBOC) or hereditary non‐polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). They responded to a questionnaire including validated instruments for psychological distress and personality traits. Information on demography and cancer‐related issues were also collected. Significant associations between psychological distress and personality traits were found in these women. The traits of Optimism and Harm avoidance showed the strongest association with both types of distress. Associations between psychological distress and personality traits were observed in women from families with FBOC or HNPCC that fulfilled clinical criteria for familial breast/ovarian cancer in the absence of demonstrated mutations. Screening for such traits could be helpful in genetic counseling.
Genetic Testing of Children at Risk for Adult Onset Conditions: When is Testing Indicated?
Authors: Lwiwski N. , Greenberg C. R. , Mhanni A. A.
Published: July 2008

We report a family with an extensive history of colon cancer consistent with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). A specific disease causing mutation was identified in affected individuals; p.W714X MLH1 mutation. Given the very young age of onset of cancer in some affected family members, with the youngest affected individual being 19 years of age, genetic counseling was recommended to children as young as 9 years. Ethical issues arose when affected families requested genetic testing for their underage children. Here we describe and debate the value of offering molecular testing for this adult onset disorder to several children in this particular family. We also examine possible molecular causes for the very young age of onset in some family members.
Humor in the OR: A Stitch in Time?
Authors: Buxman Karyn
Published: July 2008

HUMOR SERVES MULTIPLE PURPOSES and provides numerous benefits for health care practitioners and their patients.

IN THE PERIOPERATIVE SETTING, humor can be used to establish relationships, relieve anxiety, release anger in a socially acceptable way, avoid or deny painful feelings, and facilitate learning.

PERIOPERATIVE NURSES can use a variety of techniques and resources to increase their use of humor, even if they perceive themselves to be humor‐impaired.AORN J87 (July 2008) 67–77. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Perioperative Nursing Care of the Bariatric Surgical Patient
Authors: Ide Patricia , Farber Elliott S. , Lautz David
Published: July 2008

APPROXIMATELY TWO‐THIRDS of the US population is overweight or obese. The effects of the comorbidities that accompany obesity often are severe and can be life threatening over time. Currently, the most effective and sustainable method of substantial weight loss is bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery also has been successful in reversing comorbidities.

THE BENEFITS, RISKS, AND COMPLICATIONS of common weight‐loss surgical procedures (eg, Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass, laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, vertical‐banded gastroplasty, biliopancreatic diversion and duodenal switch) are discussed.

THE HEALTH CARE FIELD OF BARIATRICS is growing rapidly. More information is needed to support and guide changes in current standards of practice to better meet the needs of this patient population. AORN J 88 (July 2008) 30–54. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
The Increased Incidence of Anesthetic Adverse Events in Late Afternoon Surgeries
Authors: Johnson Joshua
Published: July 2008

ANESTHETIC ADVERSE EVENTS have been found to occur more frequently in surgical procedures performed after 4 PM.

THE MAJOR FACTORS that contribute to increased anesthetic adverse events include fatigue, circadian rhythm lows or dips, and administrative delays.

AN INCREASED SHORTAGE of anesthesia care providers is likely to create longer work hours, thus increasing fatigue, which can lead to more anesthetic adverse events. Awareness of and education about adverse events and solutions are imperative. AORN J 88 (July 2008) 79–87. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Using Principles of Health Literacy to Enhance the Informed Consent Process
Authors: Lorenzen Bonne , Melby Constance E. , Earles Barb
Published: July 2008

THE LANGUAGE COMMONLY used in procedural/surgical consent forms often exceeds the average reading level of US patients, and many do not read the document before signing it.

INCORPORATING READER‐FRIENDLY language and formatting makes it more likely that patients will read the document, understand it, and therefore give informed consent. Adding “teach back” into the document provides a means of evaluating patient understanding.

USING READER‐FRIENDLY procedural/surgical consent documents merges the objectives of both health literacy and informed consent. AORN J 88 (July 2008) 23–29. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
A Perioperative Team Approach to Treating Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Walsh Angi , Albano Heidee , Jones Daniel B.
Published: July 2008

WHEN A PATIENT IS OBESE, simple dieting and exercise are rarely able to reverse significant comorbidities. Currently, surgery is the most effective treatment for obesity with respect to the amount and duration of weight loss.

BARIATRIC SURGERY REQUIRES a team approach in a clinical setting capable of supporting all aspects of management and assessment.

THE PATIENT IS THE CENTER of the team's focus, and all facets of the perioperative process are interconnected. The words coordinate, educate, accommodate, facilitate, and communicate describe the multidisciplinary process that is necessary to provide quality, safe patient care with positive outcomes. AORN J 88 (July 2008) 59–64. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Leaving the Nest and Joining the Flock: OR Residency Programs and Team Mentoring
Authors: Morgenthaler Lisa
Published: July 2008

RESIDENCY PROGRAMS and team mentoring provide an opportunity to use creativity and personal knowledge to educate nurses new to the specialty of perioperative nursing.

SURGICAL TEAM MEMBERS can join together to help inexperienced nurses by offering support, providing feedback, giving advice, answering questions, and acting as an outlet for their frustrations.

NEW CONFIDENCE and rapidly acquired skills allow new nurses to become contributing members of the education cycle as they begin to teach others what they have learned. AORN J 87 (July 2008) 97–101. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Recurrent single oesophageal stricture treated with a self-expanding stent in a cat
Authors: Glanemann Barbara , Hildebrandt Nicolai , Schneider Matthias A. , Moritz Andreas , Neiger Reto
Published: July 2008

A 1-year-old, female spayed domestic shorthair cat was presented with a 4-week history of dysphagia and regurgitation soon after oral treatment with clindamycin. Fluoroscopic and endoscopic examinations confirmed the presence of a single cervical oesophageal stricture 4 cm caudal to the pharynx. A fluoroscopically and endoscopically guided balloon dilation was performed six times consecutively over a period of 3 weeks as reformation of the stricture appeared within 3–7 days. Feeding via percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy-tube as long-term management of the condition was declined by the owner. A self-expanding metal oesophageal stent with the following dimension was subsequently implanted: fully open diameter 16 mm, length 30 mm. After stent implantation, the cat was fed on mashed canned food and did not show any clinical signs for 12 months. Twelve months post-implantation the cat was no longer able to eat even liquid food, became lethargic and the owner opted for euthanasia. On post-mortem examination the stent surfaces were overgrown by oesophageal mucosa by approximately 50%. Stent obstruction was detected and caused by swallowed hair which also seemed to have hampered mucosal integration in the distal part of the stent.
Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 92 cats with clinical signs of spinal cord disease
Authors: Gonçalves Rita , Platt Simon R. , Llabrés-Díaz Francisco J. , Rogers Katherine H. , de Stefani Alberta , Matiasek Lara A. , Adams Vicki J.
Published: July 2008

Medical records of 92 cats presented with clinical signs of spinal cord disease, which had undergone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), were reviewed. The cats were grouped into seven categories based upon the diagnosis suggested by results of MRI, cerebrospinal fluid analysis and other diagnostic procedures: neoplastic ( n=25), inflammatory or infectious ( n=13), traumatic ( n=8), vascular ( n=6), degenerative ( n=5), anomalous ( n=3) and those with an unremarkable MRI ( n=32). There were two independent predictors of abnormal MRI findings: severity of clinical signs and presence of spinal pain. Abnormal MRI findings and speed of onset of disease were significantly associated with survival. For the 32 cats with unremarkable MRI findings, only nine died due to spinal disease and, therefore, the median survival time (MST) was not reached (lower 95% confidence interval (CI)=970 days). For the 60 cats with abnormal MRI findings, 37 died due to their disease and the MST was 138 days (95% CI: 7–807).
Regional tree growth and inferred summer climate in the Winnipeg River basin, Canada, since AD 1783
Authors: St. George Scott , Meko David M. , Evans Michael N.
Published: July 2008

A network of 54 ring-width chronologies is used to estimate changes in summer climate within the Winnipeg River basin, Canada, since AD 1783. The basin drains parts of northwestern Ontario, northern Minnesota and southeastern Manitoba, and is a key area for hydroelectric power production. Most chronologies were developed from Pinus resinosa and P. strobus, with a limited number of Thuja occidentalis, Picea glauca and Pinus banksiana. The dominant pattern of regional tree growth can be recovered using only the nine longest chronologies, and is not affected by the method used to remove variability related to age or stand dynamics from individual trees. Tree growth is significantly, but weakly, correlated with both temperature (negatively) and precipitation (positively) during summer. Simulated ring-width chronologies produced by a process model of tree-ring growth exhibit similar relationships with summer climate. High and low growth across the region is associated with cool/wet and warm/dry summers, respectively; this relationship is supported by comparisons with archival records from early 19th century fur-trading posts. The tree-ring record indicates that summer droughts were more persistent in the 19th and late 18th century, but there is no evidence that drought was more extreme prior to the onset of direct monitoring.
Animalv. plant foods in human diets and health: is the historical record unequivocal?
Authors: Nestle Marion
Published: July 2008

An ideal diet is one that promotes optimal health and longevity. Throughout history, human societies have developed varieties of dietary patterns based on available food plants and animals that successfully supported growth and reproduction. As economies changed from scarcity to abundance, principal diet-related diseases have shifted from nutrient deficiencies to chronic diseases related to dietary excesses. This shift has led to increasing scientific consensus that eating more plant foods but fewer animal foods would best promote health. This consensus is based on research relating dietary factors to chronic disease risks, and to observations of exceptionally low chronic disease rates among people consuming vegetarian, Mediterranean and Asian diets. One challenge to this consensus is the idea that palaeolithic man consumed more meat than currently recommended, and that this pattern is genetically determined. If such exists, a genetic basis for ideal proportions of plant or animal foods is difficult to determine; hominoid primates are largely vegetarian, current hunter—gatherer groups rely on foods that can be obtained most conveniently, and the archeological record is insufficient to determine whether plants or animals predominated. Most evidence suggests that a shift to largely plant-based diets would reduce chronic disease risks among industrialized and rapidly industrializing populations. To accomplish this shift, it will be necessary to overcome market-place barriers and to develop new policies that will encourage greater consump-tion of fruits, vegetables and grains as a means to promote public health.
MORPHOLOGIES OF TIME IN STOCKHAUSEN'S ‘LICHT’
Authors: Thomas Helen C.
Published: July 2008

Since music is a ‘time art’, it follows that questions of form cannot be entirely detached from considerations of time; indeed some composers would argue that they cannot be detached from it at all. The issues involved … partly stray into areas of philosophy. (Toop 2005: 166)

Imagine fundamental durations beyond boundaries of musical time. (Stockhausen 1959: 26)
CONVERSATION WITH JAMES MACMILLAN
Authors: Hallam Mandy
Published: July 2008

I met with James MacMillan to discuss his cantata Seven Last Words from the Cross (1993). The conversation, which took place at MacMillan's home in Glasgow on 30 November 2007, ranged far beyond that particular piece and lasted for over 90 minutes. Whilst the conversation has been edited to remove repetitions, I have endeavoured to represent MacMillan's comments accurately.
Mermin dielectric function versus local field corrections on proton stopping in degenerate plasmas
Authors: Barriga-Carrasco M.D.
Published: July 2008

If plasmas are considered fully ionized, the electronic stopping of a charged particle that traverses them will only be due to free electrons. This stopping can be obtained in a first view through the random phase approximation (RPA). But free electrons interact between them affecting the stopping. These interactions can be taken into account in the dielectric formalism by means of two different ways: the Mermin function or the local field corrections (LFCs). LFCs produce an enhancement in stopping before the maximum and recover the RPA values just after it. Mermin method also produces firstly a high increase at very low energies, then a small enhancement at low energies and finally decreases below RPA values before and after the maximum. Differences between the two methods are very important at very low energies and by 30% around the stopping maximum.
Simulations of a solid graphite target for high intensity fast extracted uranium beams for the Super-FRS
Authors: Tahir N.A. , Weick H. , Shutov A. , Kim V. , Matveichev A. , Ostrik A. , Sultanov V. , Lomonosov I.V. , Piriz A.R. , Lopez Cela J.J. , Hoffmann D.H.H.
Published: July 2008

Extensive numerical simulations have been carried out to design a viable solid graphite wheel shaped production target for the super conducting fragment separator experiments (Super-FRS) at the future Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research (FAIR) using an intense uranium beam. In this study, generation, propagation and decay of deviatoric stress waves induced by the beam in the target, have been investigated. Maximum beam intensities that the target can tolerate using different focal spot sizes that are determined by requirements of good isotope resolution and transmission of the secondary beam through the fragment separator, have been calculated. It has been reported elsewhere that the tensile strength of graphite significantly increases with temperature. To take advantage of this effect, calculations have also been done in which the target is preheated to a higher temperature, that in practice can be achieved, for example, by irradiating the target with a defocused ion beam before the experiments are performed. We report results of a few examples using an initial temperature of 2000 K. This study has shown that employing such a configuration, one may use a solid graphite production target even for the maximum intensity of the uranium beam (5 × 1011ion per bunch) at the Super-FRS.
Epidemics of squirrelpox virus disease in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris): temporal and serological findings
Authors: CARROLL B. , RUSSELL P. , GURNELL J. , NETTLETON P. , SAINSBURY A. W.
Published: July 2008

Squirrelpox virus (SQPV) causes a fatal disease in free-living red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) which has contributed to their decline in the United Kingdom. Given the difficulty of carrying out and funding experimental investigations on free-living wild mammals, data collected from closely monitored natural outbreaks of disease is crucial to our understanding of disease epidemiology. A conservation programme was initiated in the 1990s to bolster the population of red squirrels in the coniferous woodland of Thetford Chase, East Anglia. In 1996, 24 red squirrels were reintroduced to Thetford from Northumberland and Cumbria, while in 1999 a captive breeding and release programme commenced, but in both years the success of the projects was hampered by an outbreak of SQPV disease in which seven and four red squirrels died respectively. Valuable information on the host–pathogen dynamics of SQPV disease was gathered by telemetric and mark–recapture monitoring of the red squirrels. SQPV disease characteristics were comparable to other virulent poxviral infections: the incubation period was <15 days; the course of the disease an average of 10 days and younger animals were significantly more susceptible to disease. SQPV disease places the conservation of the red squirrel in jeopardy in the United Kingdom unless practical disease control methods can be identified.
Type C bovine botulism outbreak due to carcass contaminated non-acidified silage
Authors: MYLLYKOSKI J. , LINDSTRÖM M. , KETO-TIMONEN R. , SÖDERHOLM H. , JAKALA J. , KALLIO H. , SUKURA A. , KORKEALA H.
Published: July 2008

The first reported bovine botulism outbreak in Finland is described. Nine out of 90 cattle on a dairy farm died after being fed non-acidified silage contaminated by animal carcasses. Type C botulinum neurotoxin gene was detected in one heifer by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the neurotoxin was detected by the mouse bioassay.Clostridium botulinumtype C was isolated from liver samples. The isolated strain was identified with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis as group IIIC. botulinum. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a type C bovine botulism outbreak has been diagnosed by PCR and confirmed by subsequent isolation and AFLP identification of the disease strain. The importance of the acidification process in silage production to inhibitC. botulinumtoxin production in silage and thus to prevent further botulism outbreaks is emphasized. Nevertheless, preformed toxin in the carcass is not destroyed by acid.
Comparative visual function in elasmobranchs: Spatial arrangement and ecological correlates of photoreceptor and ganglion cell distributions
Authors: LITHERLAND LENORE , COLLIN SHAUN P.
Published: July 2008

The topographic analysis of retinal ganglion and photoreceptor cell distributions yields valuable information for assessing the visual capabilities and behavioral ecology of vertebrates. This study examines whole-mounted retinas of four elasmobranch species, the ornate wobbegong, Orectolobus ornatus; the whitetip reef shark, Triaenodon obesus; the epaulette shark, Hemiscyllium ocellatum; and the east Australia shovelnose ray, Aptychotrema rostrata, for regional specializations mediating zones of improved visual ability. These species represent a range of lifestyles: benthic, mid-water, diurnal, and nocturnal. Both photoreceptors (visualized using differential interference contrast optics) and ganglion cells (stained with cresyl violet) in the retina are extensively sampled, and their spatial distribution is found to be nonuniform, exhibiting areae or “visual streaks.” In general, the topographic distributions of both cell populations are in register and match well with respect to the location of regions of high density. However, the location of peaks in rod and cone densities can vary within a retina, indicating that preferential sampling of different regions of the visual field may occur in photopic and scotopic vision. Anatomical measures of the optical limits of resolving power, indicated by intercone spacing, range from 3.8 to 13.1 cycles/deg. Spatial limits of resolving power, calculated from ganglion cell spacing, range from 2.6 to 4.3 cycles/deg. Summation ratios, assessed by direct comparison of cell densities of photoreceptors (input cells) and ganglion cells (output cells), at more than 150 different loci across the retina, show topographic differences in signal convergence (ranging from 25:1 to over 70:1). Species-specific retinal specializations strongly correlate to the habitat and feeding behavior of each species.
Effects of an attachment-based intervention on daily cortisol moderated by dopamine receptor D4: A randomized control trial on 1- to 3-year-olds screened for externalizing behavior
Authors: Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J. , Van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Mesman Judi , Alink Lenneke R. A. , Juffer Femmie
Published: July 2008

The effect of the Video-Feedback Intervention to Promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline (VIPP-SD) on daily cortisol production was tested in a randomized controlled trial with 130 families with 1- to 3-year-old children screened for their relatively high levels of externalizing behavior. Six 1.5-hr intervention sessions focusing on maternal sensitivity and discipline were conducted with individual families at their homes. Children in the intervention group showed lower cortisol levels, with a moderating role of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) VNTR exon III polymorphism. The VIPP-SD program proved to be effective in decreasing daily cortisol production in childrenwiththeDRD47-repeat allele, but not in childrenwithouttheDRD47-repeat allele. Our findings indicate that children are differentially susceptible to intervention effects dependent on the presence of the 7-repeatDRD4allele.
Effects of an attachment-based intervention on the cortisol production of infants and toddlers in foster care
Authors: Dozier Mary , Peloso Elizabeth , Lewis Erin , Laurenceau Jean-Philippe , Levine Seymour
Published: July 2008

Studies with nonhuman primates and rodents, as well as with human children, have suggested that early separations from caregivers are often associated with changes in the functioning of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. On the basis of these findings, we designed a relational intervention that was intended to normalize HPA functioning among children in foster care. This paper presents findings from a randomized clinical trial that assessed the effectiveness of a relational intervention (Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up [ABC]) with regard to HPA functioning. The ABC intervention was intended to enhance children's ability to regulate physiology and behavior. The control intervention (Developmental Education for Families) was intended to enhance children's cognitive skills. A comparison group of children who had never been in foster care was also included. Children's cortisol production was assessed upon arrival at the lab, and 15 and 30 min following the Strange Situation. Random effects analyses of variance were performed to assess differences in initial values and change between children in the two intervention groups. Children in the ABC intervention and comparison group children showed lower initial values of cortisol than children in the treatment control group, considering arrival at lab as initial values (p < .05). Groups did not differ significantly in change over time. These results suggest that the ABC intervention is effective in helping children regulate biology in ways more characteristic of children who have not experienced early adversity.
Prevention of bipolar disorder in at-risk children: Theoretical assumptions and empirical foundations
Authors: Miklowitz David J. , Chang Kiki D.
Published: July 2008

This article examines how bipolar symptoms emerge during development, and the potential role of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions in the prevention of the onset of the disorder. Early signs of bipolarity can be observed among children of bipolar parents and often take the form of subsyndromal presentations (e.g., mood lability, episodic elation or irritability, depression, inattention, and psychosocial impairment). However, many of these early presentations are diagnostically nonspecific. The few studies that have followed at-risk youth into adulthood find developmental discontinuities from childhood to adulthood. Biological markers (e.g., amygdalar volume) may ultimately increase our accuracy in identifying children who later develop bipolar I disorder, but few such markers have been identified. Stress, in the form of childhood adversity or highly conflictual families, is not a diagnostically specific causal agent but does place genetically and biologically vulnerable individuals at risk for a more pernicious course of illness. A preventative family-focused treatment for children with (a) at least one first-degree relative with bipolar disorder and (b) subsyndromal signs of bipolar disorder is described. This model attempts to address the multiple interactions of psychosocial and biological risk factors in the onset and course of bipolar disorder.
How can the study of biological processes help design new interventions for children with severe antisocial behavior?
Authors: van Goozen Stephanie H. M. , Fairchild Graeme
Published: July 2008

Children with severe antisocial behavior have an increased risk of showing violently aggressive and other forms of problem behavior in adolescence and adulthood. It is well established that both biological and social factors are involved in the development of antisocial behavior. The primary aim of this paper is to discuss the evidence that specific neurobiological systems are involved in the etiology of childhood-onset antisocial behavior. These factors are responsible for the severity of the behavioral problems observed in antisocial children, but they also play a role in their persistence, because they influence children's interactions with their environment. We will discuss the possible causes of disruptions in neurobiological systems in childhood antisocial behavior and point out the implications of these findings for theory and clinical practice. We will argue that familial factors (e.g., genetic influences, early childhood adversity) are linked to negative behavioral outcomes (e.g., antisocial behavior problems) through the mediating and transactional interplay with neurobiological deficits. An investigation of neurobiological functioning in antisocial children might not only indicate which children are most likely to persist in engaging in severe antisocial behavior, but also guide the development of new interventions.
Interactions of Sox10 and Egr2 in myelin gene regulation
Authors: Jones Erin A. , Jang Sung-Wook , Mager Gennifer M. , Chang Li-Wei , Srinivasan Rajini , Gokey Nolan G. , Ward Rebecca M. , Nagarajan Rakesh , Svaren John
Published: July 2008

Myelination in the PNS is accompanied by a large induction of the myelin protein zero (Mpz) gene to produce the most abundant component in peripheral myelin. Analyses of knockout mice have shown that the EGR2/Krox20 and SOX10 transcription factors are required for Mpz expression. Our recent work has shown that the dominant EGR2 mutations associated with human peripheral neuropathies cause disruption of EGR2/SOX10 synergy at specific sites, including a conserved enhancer element in the first intron of the Mpz gene. Further investigation of Egr2/Sox10 interactions reveals that activation of the Mpz intron element by Egr2 requires both Sox10-binding sites. In addition, both Egr1 and Egr3 cooperate with Sox10 to activate this element, which indicates that this capacity is conserved among Egr family members. Finally, a conserved composite structure of Egr2/Sox10-binding sites in the genes encoding Mpz, myelin-associated glycoprotein and myelin basic protein genes was used to screen for similar modules in other myelin genes, revealing a potential regulatory element in the periaxin gene. Overall, these results elucidate a working model for developmental regulation of Mpz expression, several facets of which extend to regulation of other peripheral myelin genes.
Reactive astrocytosis and glial glutamate transporter clustering are early changes in a spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 transgenic mouse model
Authors: Giovannoni Roberto , Maggio Nicola , Rosaria Bianco Maria , Cavaliere Carlo , Cirillo Giovanni , Lavitrano Marialuisa , Papa Michele
Published: July 2008

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeats within the coding sequence of the ataxin-1 protein. In the present study, we used a conditional transgenic mouse model of SCA1 to investigate very early molecular and morphological changes related to the behavioral phenotype. In mice with neural deficits detected by rotarod performance, and simultaneous spatial impairments in exploratory activity and uncoordinated gait, we observed both significant altered expression and patchy distribution of excitatory amino acids transporter 1. The molecular changes observed in astroglial compartments correlate with changes in synapse morphology; synapses have a dramatic reduction of the synaptic area external to the postsynaptic density. By contrast, Purkinje cells demonstrate preserved structure. In addition, severe reactive astrocytosis matches changes in the glial glutamate transporter and synapse morphology. We propose these morpho-molecular changes are the cause of altered synaptic transmission, which, in turn, determines the onset of the neurological symptoms by altering the synaptic transmission in the cerebellar cortex of transgenic animals. This model might be suitable for testing drugs that target activated glial cells in order to reduce CNS inflammation.
A dynamic explanation for the origin of the western Mediterranean organic‐rich layers
Authors: Rogerson M. , Cacho I. , Jimenez‐Espejo F. , Reguera M. I. , Sierro F. J. , Martinez‐Ruiz F. , Frigola J. , Canals M.
Published: July 2008

The eastern Mediterranean sapropels are among the most intensively investigated phenomena in the paleoceanographic record, but relatively little has been written regarding the origin of the equivalent of the sapropels in the western Mediterranean, the organic‐rich layers (ORLs). ORLs are recognized as sediment layers containing enhanced total organic carbon that extend throughout the deep basins of the western Mediterranean and are associated with enhanced total barium concentration and a reduced diversity (dysoxic but not anoxic) benthic foraminiferal assemblage. Consequently, it has been suggested that ORLs represent periods of enhanced productivity coupled with reduced deep ventilation, presumably related to increased continental runoff, in close analogy to the sapropels. We demonstrate that despite their superficial similarity, the timing of the deposition of the most recent ORL in the Alboran Sea is different than that of the approximately coincident sapropel, indicating that there are important differences between their modes of formation. We go on to demonstrate, through physical arguments, that a likely explanation for the origin of the Alboran ORLs lies in the response of the western Mediterranean basin to a strong reduction in surface water density and a shoaling of the interface between intermediate and deep water during the deglacial period. Furthermore, we provide evidence that deep convection had already slowed by the time of Heinrich Event 1 and explore this event as a potential agent for preconditioning deep convection collapse. Important differences between Heinrich‐like and deglacial‐like influences are highlighted, giving new insights into the response of the western Mediterranean system to external forcing.
Warming of SST in the cool wake of a moving hurricane
Authors: Price James F. , Morzel Jan , Niiler Pearn P.
Published: July 2008

Satellite imagery and in situ ocean data show that the cool anomaly of sea surface temperature in the wake of a moving hurricane will disappear over an e‐folding time of 5 to 20 days. We have constructed a very simple, local model of the warming process by evaluating the heat budget of the surface layer. This requires (1) an estimate of the heat flux anomaly, δQ, that we presume is associated with the cool anomaly of sea surface temperature (SST), δQ = λδT, where δT is the SST anomaly and for nominal trade wind conditions, λ = −65 W m−2 C−1, and (2) the thickness, D, of the surface layer that absorbs this heat flux anomaly. Evidence from numerical simulations is that D is the trapping depth of the diurnal cycle, and from existing models we estimate D = c1τ/Qn1/2, where τ is the wind stress magnitude, Qn is the diurnal maximum (noon) heat flux and c1 is a product of known physical constants. The cool anomaly is then a decaying exponential, δT ∝ δT0exp(−t/Γ), where δT0 is the spatially dependent cooling amplitude, and the e‐folding time is Γ = c2τ/λQn1/2, with c2 also known. This solution agrees reasonably well with the observed e‐folding time of cooling in the wake of Hurricane Fabian (2003), approximately 5 days, and in the wake of Hurricane Frances (2004), very roughly 20 days. The latter e‐folding time was greater (i.e., the normalized warming rate was slower) primarily because winds were fresher and secondarily because cloud cover was greater. It is notable that the e‐folding time in this solution depends upon two properties of the surface heat flux, the slowly varying heat flux anomaly and the diurnal variation of the heat flux, here represented by the noon maximum, Qn.
Comparing the sea level response to pressure and wind forcing of two barotropic models: Validation with tide gauge and altimetry data
Authors: Pascual Ananda , Marcos Marta , Gomis Damià
Published: July 2008

The sea level output from two barotropic models, Hindcast of Dynamic Processes of the Ocean and Coastal Areas of Europe (HIPOCAS) and Dynamic Atmospheric Correction (DAC), are compared and evaluated on the basis of coastal tide gauges (TG) and TOPEX/POSEIDON measurements in the Mediterranean Sea and the NE Atlantic Ocean for the period 1993–2001. Both models reduce the observed sea level variance more than the classical inverted barometer correction. However, differences between the models arise for different regions and frequency bands. In coastal areas, Hindcast of Dynamic Processes of the Ocean and Coastal Areas of Europe (HIPOCAS) reproduces observed (TG recorded) sea level better than DAC (residual variance of 70.81 ± 0.69 cm2 versus 74.05 ± 0.68 cm2). This is particularly true in the Atlantic Iberian coasts (49.58 ± 1.09 cm2 versus 68.53 ± 1.12 cm2), where HIPOCAS is able to reproduce a wind‐generated signal probably linked with seasonal upwelling. The exception is the northern Adriatic, where HIPOCAS gives higher residual variance than DAC (118.80 ± 0.60 cm2 versus 107.15 ± 0.60 cm2). At low frequencies (T > 20 days) the atmospherically induced coastal sea level is better reproduced by HIPOCAS in the entire domain (23.43 ± 0.34 cm2 versus 32.35 ± 0.33 cm2). At high frequencies (T < 20 days), DAC and HIPOCAS perform on average similarly (37 ± 0.5 cm2). In the open ocean, both corrections provide equivalent results (60 ± 5 cm2 residual altimeter variance). Our general recommendation would be to use either DAC or HIPOCAS for the correction of altimetry, and to use HIPOCAS for coastal studies aiming at separating the atmospheric contribution to sea level variability from the steric and mass contributions.
Aerosol direct radiative forcing over Djougou (northern Benin) during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis dry season experiment (Special Observation Period‐0)
Authors: Mallet M. , Pont V. , Liousse C. , Gomes L. , Pelon J. , Osborne S. , Haywood J. , Roger J. C. , Dubuisson P. , Mariscal A. , Thouret V. , Goloub P.
Published: July 2008

The purpose of this work is to investigate the direct radiative forcing of aerosols over the supersite of Djougou (northern Benin) during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses dry season experiment. We focus our simulations on the top of atmosphere, bottom of atmosphere, and atmosphere radiative forcings. During the dry season period, Sun photometer measurements indicate a rather turbid atmosphere with a mean aerosol optical depth for the overall period of 0.78 ± 0.24 (at 440 nm). The aerosol absorption coefficient estimated at the surface ranged between 2.3 and 37.3 Mm−1 (mean value 15.2 ± 10.6 Mm−1 at 520 nm) and the scattering coefficient between 44.5 and 232.3 Mm−1 (mean 145 ± 59 Mm−1 at 520 nm). This leads to a single scattering albedo of between 0.81 and 0.98 (at 520 nm) with a mean (and standard deviation) value of 0.91 ± 0.05, indicating moderately absorbing aerosols. In parallel, micropulse lidar measurements indicate the presence of two distinct aerosol layers, with a first one located between the surface and 1 km and a second one located above 1.5–4.0 km. On the basis of surface and aircraft observations, sunphotometer measurements, lidar profiles, and Moderate Resolution Imagaing Spectroradiometer sensor an estimation of the daily clear sky direct radiative forcing has been estimated for the 17–24 January 2006 period. Simulations indicate that aerosols reduce significantly the solar energy reaching the surface (mean ΔFBOA = −61.5 W/m2) by reflection to space (mean ΔFTOA = −18.4 W/m2) but predominantly by absorption of the solar radiation into the atmosphere (mean ΔFATM = +43.1 W/m2). The mean heating rate at the surface and within the elevated biomass burning layer is considerably enhanced by 1.50 and 1.90 K day−1, respectively.
Long‐term morphodynamic evolution and energy dissipation in a coastal plain, tidal embayment
Authors: van der Wegen M. , Wang Zheng Bing , Savenije H. H. G. , Roelvink J. A.
Published: July 2008

The morphodynamic system in alluvial, coastal plain estuaries is complex and characterized by various timescales and spatial scales. The current research aims to investigate the interaction between these different scales as well as the estuarine morphodynamic evolution. Use is made of a process‐based, numerical model describing 2‐D shallow water equations and a straightforward formulation of the sediment transport and the bed level update. This was done for an embayment with a length of 80 km on a timescale of 3200 years, with and without bank erosion effects. Special emphasis is put on analyzing the results in terms of energy dissipation. Model results show that the basins under consideration evolve toward a state of less morphodynamic activity, which is reflected by (among others) relatively stable morphologic patterns and decreasing deepening and widening of the basins. Closer analysis of the tidal wave shows standing wave behavior with resonant characteristics. Under these conditions, results suggest that the basins aim for a balance between the effect of storage and the effect of fluctuating water level on wave celerity with a negligible effect of friction. Evaluating the model results in terms of energy dissipation reflects the major processes and their timescales (pattern formation, widening, and deepening). On the longer term the basin‐wide energy dissipation decreases at a decreasingly lower rate and becomes more uniformly distributed along the basin. Analysis by an entropy‐based approach suggests that the forced geometry of the configurations prevents the basins from evolving toward a most probable state.
A slug test to assess the osmotic and hydraulic properties of argillaceous formations
Authors: Gonçalvès J.
Published: July 2008

Pulse tests in pressurized chambers represent a very efficient method to estimate the hydrodynamic properties of low‐permeability formations. Useful analytical solutions for purely hydraulic pulse test interpretation have been proposed. In the present note an extension of the classical model by Bredehoeft and Papadopulos (1980) is developed for a single hydraulic and/or chemical (osmotic) pulse test involving Laplace transforms. This solution is used to identify graphical variables in an osmotic pulse test record which can be used to estimate the relevant hydrochemical parameters.
Rapid generation of high‐frequency internal waves beneath a wind and wave forced oceanic surface mixed layer
Authors: Polton Jeff A. , Smith Jerome A. , MacKinnon J. A. , Tejada‐Martínez Andrés E.
Published: July 2008

High‐frequency internal waves generated by Langmuir motions over stratified water may be an important source of turbulent mixing below the surface mixed layer. Large eddy simulations of a developing mixed layer and inertial current are employed to investigate this phenomena. Uniform surface wind stress and parallel Stokes drift wave forcing rapidly establishes a turbulent mixed‐layer flow, which (as the inertial motion veers off the wind) generates high‐frequency internal waves in the stratified fluid below. The internal waves evolve such that their vector phase velocity matches the depth‐averaged mixed‐layer velocity that rotates as an inertial oscillation. The internal waves drain energy and momentum from the mixed layer on decay time‐scales that are comparable to those of near‐inertial oscillations. The high‐frequency waves, which are likely to be trapped in the transition layer, may significantly contribute to mixing there and thus provide a potentially important energy sink for mixed‐layer inertial motions.
Wind power distribution over the ocean
Authors: Liu W. Timothy , Tang Wenqing , Xie Xiaosu
Published: July 2008

Probability distribution and power density of wind speed over global oceans are computed from eight years of QuikSCAT measurements. They describe the variation and higher moments of wind speed that are critical in relating the non‐linear effects of wind on electric power generation capability, shipping hazard, and air‐sea exchanges in heat, water, and greenhouse gases. The power density distribution confirms our general knowledge of atmospheric circulation related to mid‐latitude storm tracks, trade winds, and monsoons. It also reveals regions of high wind power associated with flow distortion by land, wind channeled by land topography, and buoyancy effect on turbulent stress driven by ocean fronts.
Long term context for recent drought in northwestern Africa
Authors: Touchan Ramzi , Anchukaitis Kevin J. , Meko David M. , Attalah Said , Baisan Christopher , Aloui Ali
Published: July 2008

Anthropogenic climate change is projected to exacerbate midlatitude aridity. Here, we analyze newly developed multi‐century tree‐ring records for a long‐term perspective on drought in Tunisia and Algeria. We use a new set of 13 Cedrus atlantica and Pinus halepensis chronologies with a strong signal for warm‐season drought (May–August) to generate a robust, well‐validated reconstruction of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) for the period AD 1456–2002. Key features of the reconstruction reveal the magnitude of pre‐instrumental droughts from the historic record. Remarkably, the most recent drought (1999–2002) appears to be the worst since at least the middle of the 15th century. This drought is consistent with the early signature of a transition to more arid midlatitude conditions, as projected by general circulation models.