bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Vi Antigen
Authors: Landy Maurice , Webster Marion E. , Sagin Jerome F.
Published: January 2023

Vi antigens derived from three V form enteric species by a uniform isolation procedure were examined in a variety of immunological tests. The antigens derived from E. coli and P. ballerup were significantly more active than the Vi antigen obtained from S. typhosa in hemagglutination, quantitative complement fixation, and quantitative precipitin tests.

Antigenic activity measured in terms of stimulation of antibody production in rabbits and active immunization of mice against challenge with S. typhosa revealed that coli Vi antigen was the most potent, followed by Vi antigen from ballerup, while the Vi antigen isolated from S. typhosa was the least effective. These differences were established most clearly in the mouse protection tests.

The relationship of these biological activities to specific viscosity of the antigen preparations and the possibility of this being a causal relationship was considered. Attention was drawn to certain similarities between the biological properties of the Vi antigens and the pneumococcal polysaccharides.
The Effect of Gamma Globulin on Subclinical Infection in Familial Associates of Poliomyelitis Cases
Authors: Brown Gordon C. , Rabson Alan S. , Schieble Jack H.
Published: January 2023

In the summer and fall of 1953, family associates of reported cases of poliomyelitis were inoculated with gamma globulin as a possible prophylactic measure.

Fecal specimens were collected at three weekly intervals from 135 individuals in 29 families, most of whom had received twice the amount (0.28 ml/lb) of gamma globulin.

Four of 64 individuals (6%) in families of questionable cases from whom no virus could be isolated were found to be positive for virus.

In contrast, 29 of 70 persons (41%) in families of confirmed poliomyelitic cases were undergoing subclinical infection.

The quantity of fecal virus was determined by direct titration in Hela cell type tissue cultures. The specimens of some individuals were infective in dilutions as high as 10-6.

Virus was found to persist during the period of study in essentially the same titer in most individuals. Nine persons with low titered virus became negative, but five who were originally negative for virus developed subclinical infection with high titered virus although the gamma globulin had been administered over a week before.

From these data it would appear that subclinical infections, when present at the time of inoculation, were usually not affected by gamma globulin nor were they necessarily prevented from developing during the week after its administration.

The significance of these data and their possible applications to the phenomenon of passiveactive immunization against poliomyelitis are discussed.
The Effect of Biologic and Chemical Agents on the Experimental Production of Arteritis by Passive Sensitization
Authors: Cohen Sheldon G. , Walsh John W. , Dzury Daniel S.
Published: January 2023

Twenty-six male albino rabbits of the same strain and approximate age and weight were passively sensitized with rabbit anti-horse serum and challenged with horse serum according to a procedure favoring the production of acute lesions of periarteritis and panarteritis of the pulmonary arteries and arterioles. Nitrogen mustard in sufficient doses to induce and maintain a leukopenia was administered to twenty of the animals for one to two weeks prior to sensitization. Five of the six non-treated sensitized rabbits and fifteen of the twenty sensitized rabbits that received nitrogen mustard developed the typical lesions of panarteritis and periarterial infiltration of eosinophiles, lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and eosinophilic infiltration into the media and intima of the small pulmonary arteries and pulmonary arterioles. The results of this study indicate that any suppressive effect of nitrogen mustard exerted on the arterial lesions due to hypersensitization mechanisms cannot be attributed to an interference with in vivo antigen-antibody reactions, or an alteration of the tissue response to antigen-antibody combinations by an anti-inflammatory action or through a deficiency of reacting cells secondary to the induced leukopenia.
The Immunochemistry of Blood Group O
Authors: Baer Harold , Bringaze Joan Kemp , McNamee Mary
Published: January 2023

Substances with marked blood group activity have been isolated from hog and human stomach linings, and from human pseudomucinous ovarian cyst fluids. On injection of these preparations into chickens, antibody was produced capable of agglutinating human red cells and precipitating with purified blood group substances. One antiserum obtained by immunization with human O substance derived from a pseudomucinous ovarian cyst appeared to have the characteristics of a true anti-O serum.
Quantitative Comparisons of Responses of Cotton Rats and Albino Mice to Measured Doses of Epidemic Typhus Rickettsiae
Authors: Fuller Henry S.
Published: January 2023

On the basis of titrations, dosage-response curves were obtained for three types of response to viable epidemic typhus rickettsiae: acute lethal toxic effect in mice, lethal infection in cotton rats, and immunity in cotton rats. The following approximate relationships were revealed: one mouse LD50 equals 101 cotton rat LD50 or 106.5 cotton rat ID50; one cotton rat LD50 equals 105.5 cotton rat ID50. A dose which kills one hundred per cent of mice by an acute toxic effect contains at least one lethal infective dose for cotton rats when administered by the intracardial route. These observations are discussed in relation to the problem of detecting and measuring immunity by a challenge of test cotton rats.
Influenza Virus-Erythrocyte Interaction
Authors: Tamm Igor
Published: January 2023

Cat erythrocytes are agglutinable by influenza B virus but not by influenza A or C viruses or by swine influenza, mumps, or Newcastle disease viruses. Lee virus, either active or after heating at 56°C for 30 minutes, combines with and agglutinates cat RBC at 4°C but not at 24°C. The Lee virus-cat erythrocyte complex, formed at 5°C, promptly dissociates at 24°C in the absence of enzymatic activity. Formation of the Lee virus-cat erythrocyte combination is a reversible equilibrium reaction which is markedly temperature dependent. The temperature dependence probably indicates that the strength of binding forces between Lee virus particles and cat erythrocyte receptors is very low. Under proper conditions, the formation of the combination is followed by enzymatic elution of Lee virus resulting in destruction of receptors for inflenza B viruses present on the cat RBC surface. In allantoic fluid there are present one or more dialyzable components which inhibit enzymatic elution of Lee virus from cat erythrocytes. The receptors for Lee virus on the cat RBC surface are similar to influenza virus receptors on erythrocytes from other species. Lee virus-cat RBC interaction is dependent on the ionic environment in a manner observed for other influenza virus-RBC systems.
Influenza Virus-Erythrocyte Interaction
Authors: Tamm Igor
Published: January 2023

Early (3rd) and later (10th) chick embryo passage NA strain of influenza A virus adsorbs on sheep RBC at 4°C and elutes from these cells at 20°C at identical rates. Adsorption of virus is accompanied by agglutination of the RBC. When elution takes place at 20°C, disagglutination of RBC occurs earlier and proceeds faster with 3rd passage than with 10th passage NA virus. After inactivation of the virus enzyme by heat, the 10th passage virus fails to elute at 26°C, whereas the 3rd passage virus still dissociates promptly. Under these conditions RBC disagglutinate rapidly in samples containing 3rd passage virus but remain agglutinated in the presence of 10th passage virus. It is concluded that the binding forces which operate between early passage NA virus and sheep RBC are weak. On adaptation to a new host, i.e., the chick embryo, the virus undergoes a gradual change resulting in increased strength of these forces.
The Nature of “Complete” Rh Antisera as Revealed by Antiglobulin Augmentation
Authors: Sturgeon Phillip , Stettner Constance E.
Published: January 2023

Introduction. It is widely accepted that a saline agglutinating Rh antiserum exhibiting a prozone in its saline titration, or a significantly higher incomplete antibody titer, or both, contains “univalent”3 as well as the more apparent “bivalent” antibodies (1–5). The lack of these phenomena in a saline agglutinating serum may denote a total absence of incomplete antibodies. It may, however, indicate that the incomplete antibodies, present in a relatively reduced concentration, are masked by the saline agglutinating antibodies. Under the latter circumstances, the masked incomplete antibodies have been exposed with the use of technics not ordinarily available or practiced in the routine immunology laboratory.

Diamond and Abelson (6) heated saline agglutinating Rh antiserum to 56°C for 15 hours and mixed the resultant material with control Rh antisera known to cause agglutination in saline. In most cases, the heated sera showed distinct inhibition of the agglutinating property of the control antisera.
Antibody Response of Suckling Mice to Mumps Virus
Authors: Overman John R.
Published: January 2023

Development of resistance of suckling mice to mouse adapted mumps virus, as the age on inoculation increases, correlates with improvements in ability to form antibody as the mice mature. Mice 3 days of age on inoculation are partially susceptible to mumps virus in that about 35% die, 20% become ill but recover, and the remainder fail to show sign of disease at any time. Antibody levels of the mice well at the end of the incubation period are consistently higher than mice sick at this interval after virus inoculation. Passive immunization of mumps-infected newborn mice affords complete protection to animals which do not ordinarily survive the infection.
Adaptation of Influenza Virus to Mice
Authors: Briody B. A. , Cassel William A. , Medill Mary A.
Published: January 2023

The egg lines of the Seerey Type A prime and the SSM Type B strains of influenza virus are sensitive to the hemagglutinin (HA)-inhibiting and the in ovo neutralizing activity of the β inhibitor in normal ox serum. Adaptation of the Seerey and SSM strains to CF1, CFW, and NIH mice is accompanied by the development of resistance to the HA-inhibiting and neutralizing effect of β inhibitor. The sudden and concomitant nature of the appearance of extensive pulmonary consolidation in 4 days and the development of resistance to HA-inhibition and neutralization by β inhibitor suggests that these changes are interrelated. Virus resistant to β inhibitor has also been isolated by passage of sensitive virus in eggs in the presence of ox serum.
Studies on Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Stark Orton K. , Uyeda Charles T.
Published: January 2023

Biosynthesis of C14-SI is easily accomplished by the addition of C14-glucose to the culture medium in which the pneumococci are grown. Approximately 4.5 per cent of the radioactivity thus introduced into the medium is present in the purified C14-SI. Introduction of 100 μc of C14-glucose per liter of culture medium is sufficient to adequately label SI for identification in animal tissue extracts when the dosage is 500 μg per mouse. If smaller antigenic dosages are to be used additional C14-glucose would probably be required for adequate labeling if the counting technique described is to be used.

Significant comparative counts due to C14-SI can be secured on splenic tissue extracts by making the determinations on material in water solution if the dosage approximates 500 μg per mouse. This method permits use of extracts for antigenic assay or other biological procedures not possible when the sample is destroyed as in the barium carbonate method of determining total radioactivity. Results obtained by this counting technic are comparative only but are proportional to the concentration of C14-SI present in the sample.
Studies of Rickettsial Toxins
Authors: Wattenberg L. W. , Elisberg B. L. , Wisseman C. L. , Smadel J. E.
Published: January 2023

A reproducible series of vascular reactions can be seen in vivo in the skin of mice injected with 4 LD50 of murine typhus toxin. Following toxin injection, there is an initial lag period of about half an hour during which the circulation appears normal; this is followed, in sequence, by slowing of the blood flow, constriction of the arterial channels and edema.

Hemoconcentration and extravasation of fluids become detectable about 40 minutes after administration of toxin and both increase in intensity until the mouse dies in vascular collapse about an hour later.

Evidence obtained in experiments employing high molecular weight tracer substances suggests that the plasma leakage during rickettsial toxemia occurred diffusely throughout most of the tissues of the animal.

The pattern of the vascular reactions after toxin is very similar, except for the edema, to that occurring in mice in response to a decrease in blood volume produced by progressive hemorrhage.

Increased vascular permeability with resultant loss of plasma is considered a basic physiologic abnormality in toxemic mice which leads to the recognizable chain of events that terminate in death. The means by which rickettsial toxin induces this increased permeability remains a matter of conjecture.
Specificity of the Secondary Response to Protein Antigens
Authors: Dixon Frank J. , Maurer Paul H. , Deichmiller Maria P. , WeigleMaurer William O.
Published: January 2023

Observations on the specificity of the secondary response of rabbits to a variety of protein antigens have been described. Previous immunization with one antigen will accelerate and magnify the immune response to the first injection of another antigen if the two antigens are related. Subsequent immunization with one antigen may increase the amount of circulating antibody exclusively oriented to another antigen administered earlier, if the two antigens are related. Neither of these phenomena can be elicited by unrelated antigens. Possible explanations for this degree of non-specificity of the secondary response are discussed.
Influenza Virus Infection of Transplanted Tumors
Authors: Wagner Robert R.
Published: January 2023

Two serologically dissimilar “neurotropic” variants of WS influenza virus were found to be capable of multiplying in transplants of the Ehrlich ascites tumor. The NWS variant caused low-grade tumor infections, whereas the tumor-adapted FWS line proliferated more rapidly and produced marked oncolysis.

Passive immunization of mice with large doses of homologous antiserum completely suppressed active tumor infections and counteracted the oncolytic effect of FWS virus. Smaller doses of antibody were less effective, although neutralization of virus was occasionally noted in the absence of detectable ascitic fluid antihemagglutinins.

Injection of heterologous immune serum also inhibited virus multiplication and oncolysis in spite of the fact that the ascitic fluids did not acquire antihemagglutinating activity against the infecting virus strain.

Incubation of NWS-infected Ehrlich tumor cells with RDE and immune serum did not significantly affect their virus content. Uninfected tumor cells, grown in a virus-immune host and washed free of surface antibody, were incapable of resisting penetration by NWS virus in vitro.

The results of these experiments and those reported in the preceding paper were discussed in the light of previous studies on antibody susceptibility of intracellular virus.
Hypersensitivity in Mice with Experimental Histoplasmosis
Authors: Salvin S. B. , Cory J. C. , Nishio Jane
Published: January 2023

A high percentage of mice infected with Histoplasma capsulatum succumbed within 48 hours after challenge by the intraperitoneal route with large numbers of cells of the yeast phase. Deaths within this period did not occur in mice not previously sensitized by a sublethal dose of organisms. An increase in the size of the sensitizing dose increased the response to a standard shocking dose. Intracerebral and intraperitoneal routes of inoculation best served to sensitize the mice. Although increased resistance to reinfection developed within 4 to 5 days after administration of sublethal numbers of H. capsulatum, the hypersensitive state did not become manifest for about 9 to 14 days. This latter interval could be shortened by increasing the size of the dose. Dead cells were effective in mice as shocking agents but were ineffective as sensitizing agents. None of six other pathogenic fungi induced hypersensitivity to challenge with cells of H. capsulatum.
The Role of Serum Proteins in Gel-Precipitin Patterns of Pasteurella Pestis
Authors: Ransom J. P. , Quan S. F. , Omi G. , Hoggan M. D.
Published: January 2023

While studying diffusion of two separate complex antigenic mixtures (Pasteurella pestis suspensions) in parallel directions, the authors noted retardation of diffusion of antigenic components when organisms were suspended in normal rabbit serum or albumin fractionated from normal rabbit serum. This observation served to explain some of the aberrant results obtained when normal rabbit serum was used as a suspending agent for external reactant in the simple linear diffusion technic of Oudin.

The conclusion was reached that rabbit serum albumin has a combining affinity for P. pestis antigens, and probably other antigens.
Multiplicity Reactivation of Influenza Virus
Authors: Cairns H. J. F.
Published: January 2023

Influenza A virus, inactivated by heat or formaldehyde, does not multiply when inoculated into the allantois. Yet, such an inoculum will increase the apparent yield of a subsaturating inoculum of live virus by preventing its combination with uninfected cells. This effect may be mistaken for multiplicity reativation.

By preventing adsorption of newly released particles to uninfected cells, the receptor-destroying enzyme of Vibrio cholerae can, with certain virus strains, imitate the effect of inactivated virus.

Influenza virus particles, produced in the first cycle following a subsaturating inoculum, adsorb on to uninfected cells very soon after they become hemagglutinating.
The Interaction of Meningopneumonitis Virus and Krebs-2 Carcinoma
Authors: Sigel M. Michael , Bernstein Alan , Pope Lila P.
Published: January 2023

Restriction of food intake by mice was found to reduce tumor growth and suppress virus multiplication.

Tumor growing in the brain of mice caused an inhibition of virus multiplication in this tissue.

The results of this study, when viewed together with the results reported in the first paper, suggest that inhibition of Krebs-2 carcinoma by MP virus and the inhibition of MP virus by this tumor represent a form of competition for some metabolite or nutrient required for the growth of both.
Studies of Anti-Horse Crystalbumin Sera
Authors: Naylor G. R. E. , Adair M. E.
Published: January 2023

Antisera were prepared in rabbits against horse serum crystalbumin by intravenous injections of the antigen. The optimal ratios and flocculation times of 44 antisera, reacting with homologous antigen, were determined. There was a linear relationship between the logarithms of the optimal ratios and of the flocculation times. Antisera obtained after two, after three and after four courses of injections showed the same linear relationship. It is concluded that differences in the flocculation time of individual antisera depend on quantitative and not on qualitative differences in their antibody content.
The Serology of Newcastle Virus Infection
Authors: Bang F. B. , Foard M.
Published: January 2023

Cross-neutralization tests were done with chicken and rabbit antisera, prepared against 3 strains of Newcastle virus and against a strain of mumps and of swine influenza virus. All 3 strains of Newcastle virus produced antisera effective against each other. Both chicken and rabbit antisera against mumps failed to neutralize Newcastle virus. Chicken antisera to Newcastle virus failed to neutralize mumps virus; but rabbit antisera prepared to the 3 strains of Newcastle gave inconsistent results against mumps and the possible relation of Newcastle and mumps viruses under this condition is being further tested. Several human sera with high titers of neutralization antibodies against Newcastle were successfully absorbed with mumps virus. The absorption was successful particularly when a dilution of the serum was used, and includes 1 serum which had a low titer of neutralization against mumps itself.
Enhancement of Immunization Response by Phosphorylated Hesperidin
Authors: Moss J. N. , Beiler J. M. , Martin G. J.
Published: January 2023

The adjuvant action of phosphorylated hesperidin with vaccines prepared from Col. SK virus, PR8 virus and diphtheria and tetanus toxoids is described. Its activity may be due to a depot-forming effect.
Study on the Growth of Rickettsiae
Authors: Bozeman F. Marilyn , Hopps Hope E. , Danauskas Joseph X. , Jackson Elizabeth B. , Smadel Joseph E.
Published: January 2023

Several species of rickettsiae can be propagated in mouse lymphoblast cells grown in uniform suspension in roller tube tissue cultures. Using these cells a system was developed which was well adapted for quantitative studies on the growth of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi.

R. tsutsugamushi multiplies in MB III cells in tissue cultures at 37°C increasing about 3-fold in 24 hr. Certain factors influencing this slow growth rate, which is infinitely less than that of bacteria, phage and certain mammalian viruses multiplying under optimal conditions, are discussed.

Chloramphenicol added to the R. tsutsugamushi-MB III cell system resulted in rapid reduction in infective titers of the cultures and in rather prompt disappearance of microscopically recognizable rickettsiae from the cells.

The respiratory metabolism of MB III cells infected with R. tsutsugamushi was essentially the same as that of normal cells.
The Antigenicity of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone 1
Authors: Maurer Paul H.
Published: January 2023

Although it has been demonstrated that PVP of very high molecular weight (K-87) is antigenic in man, these findings have little bearing with regard to the consideration of PVP K-30 as a suitable plasma expander. PVP was not antigenic in the rabbit under all of the conditions of immunization used. Evidence has been presented that the material precipitated by PVP was specific antibody. The estimation of the level of antibody in different individuals at various times indicated a persistence in some volunteers and a disappearance in others.
Morphologic Characteristics of Plaques Produced on Monkey Kidney Monolayer Cultures by Enteric Viruses (Poliomyelitis, Coxsackie, and Echo Groups)
Authors: Hsiung G. D. , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

Plaque size and pattern of poliomyelitis, Coxsackie, and echo viruses were studied in rhesus monkey kidney monolayer cultures.

Poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 produced circular plaques with clear centers and sharp boundaries.

Coxsackie plaques of types B1, B2, B3, B4, and B5 were also round, resembling those of the polioviruses except for their delayed appearance. Apparently healthy cells stained with neutral red could be seen within the area of degeneration, this being especially marked at the periphery of the plaques of Coxsackie A9.

Plaques of echo viruses usually appeared a few days later than poliovirus plaques. The plaques of echo types 3 (Berardi strain), 4, 6′, 9, and 14 were irregular, the boundaries were diffuse, and their centers were hazy. Echo types 1 and 13 produced clear but small and irregular plaques. Echo types 7, 8, and 12 resembled the Coxsackie strains in their plaque morphology. Plaques were not obtained from the prototype strains of echo virus types 2, 3 (Morrisey strain), 5, 6, and 10, which were tested repeatedly.

By plaque morphology, polioviruses could be differentiated from certain of the echo viruses, both in experimental mixtures and in specimens from patients naturally infected with both viruses.
The Behavior of Influenza Viruses in Various Tissue Culture Systems
Authors: Green Irving J. , Lieberman Melvin , Mogabgab William J. , Peterkin W. G. , Phillips I. A.
Published: January 2023

Comparison of the growth characteristics of first and twelfth monkey kidney (MK) passaged influenza B in the same type of culture indicated that adaptation had taken place after passage. However, the growth of an egg-adapted influenza B, Lee, showed a much lesser degree of adaptation for MK cells than the first passaged virus which had been isolated directly from man.

Both MK and egg lines of influenza B agglutinated human type O, fowl, and monkey erythrocytes in a similar manner. With sheep erythrocytes titers of agglutination by the egg-adapted virus were significantly greater than by the MK line.

Attempts to propagate influenza A or B in cultures of conjunctival, fibroblast, KB, HeLa or embryonic skin, all of human origin, were uniformly unsuccessful regardless of amount of virus inoculated or previous passage history. Growth of influenza C could not be demonstrated in any of these cells nor in cultures of human embryo lung (HEL), human embryo kidney (HEK), or MK.

Evidence of growth of influenza A and B with increments in hemagglutinating and infectious virus as well as cytopathogenic effects in cultures of bovine embryo kidney (BEK) has been presented.
A New Serologic Test for the Detection of Viral Antigens: Its Application to the Viruses of Hog Cholera and Vesicular Stomatitis
Authors: Segre D.
Published: January 2023

Antibodies against the viruses of hog cholera (HC) and vesicular stomatitis (VS) were adsorbed onto particles of an anion exchanger. Such antibody-coated resin particles were then agglutinated upon addition of materials containing the specific viral antigen. Antibodies were also detected in serum by means of an agglutination-inhibition test.
Homologous and Heterologous Resistance in Mice Given Bacterial Endotoxins
Authors: Abernathy Robert S.
Published: January 2023

The single injection into mice of a sublethal amount of endotoxin from Brucella melitensis confers partial resistance to subsequent lethal doses for at least 4 mo. Three weekly injections confer a greater protection, which persists for at least 10 mo. Three weekly injections of endotoxins from Salmonella typhosa, Escherichia coli, or Shigella sonnei result in homologous resistance for 2 mo. Resistance to heterologous endotoxins in mice immunized with either brucella, typhoid, coli, or shigella endotoxins was inconstant and persisted less than 1 mo. A striking exception was that heterologous protection against brucella endotoxin was consistently present for at least 4 mo. Serum precipitins for heterologous endotoxins were formed in only 4 of 60 mice tested; in contrast, intradermal reactions to heterologous endotoxins occurred in 16 of 46 animals. Resistance to infection with Brucella melitensis was maximal in mice immunized with brucella endotoxin, but partial resistance occurred in mice immunized with heterologous endotoxins. The mechanism of resistance to endotoxin was discussed but no complete explanation was advanced.
Effect of Preradiation Immunization on Resistance to Aerosol-Induced Infection in X-Irradiated Mice
Authors: Perkins Eugene H. , Marcus Stanley
Published: January 2023

Immunization with Klebsiella pneumoniae prior to x-irradiation increased the resistance of mice to challenge with an aerosol of the living organisms. This protective effect of preradiation immunization was not destroyed at sublethal to near midlethal levels of exposure (levels at which mortality resulting from overwhelming infections are implicated as an important cause of death). The results presented show that a large total irradiation dose, given in increments, is far less detrimental to the host defenses than the same dose acutely administered.
Antibody Synthesis by Homotransplanted Cells and Tissues
Authors: Stavitsky Abram B. , Axelrod A. E. , Pruzansky J.
Published: January 2023

By attention to technical details, particularly the number of spleens employed and the time of removal of the donor spleens, the transplantation of splenic cells from toxoid-immunized rats into recipients consistently resulted in antitoxin production. Splenic fragments caused greater antibody formation than homogenates or cells. Antigen could be added to splenic cells from primarily stimulated donors, the cells washed and antibody be formed upon transfer. Transfers into pantothenic acid deficient recipients of cells removed from 1 donor 7 days after the booster eventuated in antibody synthesis, whereas transfers into normal rats did not. Similar cell transplants from donors 7 day-s after secondary injection resulted in equivalent antibody production in deficient and normal recipients. Usually there was a drop in titer 3 days after the booster inoculation, and an increase 7 days after this inoculation. The rat produced abundant amounts of diphtheria antitoxin, but no antibody was detected by precipitation or hemagglutination methods when bovine γ globulin was injected. The organ sites of antibody formation as related to the routes of injection of donor were similar in rat and rabbit. In no instance did a recipient which produced antibody after transfer show an anamnestic reaction to reinjection of toxoid 3 to 4 weeks after transfer. Most of the transplanted cells were lymphocytes. Interrelations, explanations and implications of these data were discussed.
The Molecular Ratios of Soluble Rabbit Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Weigle William O. , Maurer Paul H.
Published: January 2023

The use of both I131 labelled antigens and I131 labelled antibodies allowed calculations of the antigen-antibody ratios of the soluble complexes precipitated by complement in the different regions of antigen excess. The antigen-antibody molecular ratios of the “limiting” complexes, precipitated in extreme antigen excess, afforded a calculation of the valence of the antibody. A valence of approximately 2 was obtained for rabbit anti-BSA and anti-BGG. These values were supported by determinations made with soluble complexes precipitated with chicken anti-RGG.
Conditions for the Demonstration of Local Peripheral Antibody Formation and Failure to Show Localization of Antibody by Antigen
Authors: Thompson Richard , Olson Virginia H. , Sibal Louis R.
Published: January 2023

When similar amounts of the same albumin antigen preparations were injected into the rabbit's cornea, calf or abdominal skin or footpad skin, the highest injected tissue antibody/serum antibody ratios were found following corneal injection, and the lowest ratios following the injection of the footpads. Following the injection of solutions of albumin antigen into the hen's cornea or rabbit's skin, little or no antibody could be demonstrated in these tissues, although the same amounts of alum-precipitated preparations of the same antigens produced good tissue titers. Alumprecipitated whole egg white or whole bovine serum in the rabbit's skin produced significantly higher tissue:serum antibody ratios than did similar amounts of alum-precipitated bovine serum albumin. The highest tissue:serum antibody ratios obtained were produced by small amounts of alum-precipitated whole egg white injected into the rabbit's cornea. Frequently, high tissue titers were obtained when no antibodies could be detected in the serums by the method used.

Hyperimmunization by repeated subcutaneous and intramuscular injections of APBSA and APEW into rabbits produced considerable antibody concentrations in the expressed corneal fluids, but the tissue:serum antibody ratios were very much smaller than in rabbits injected intracorneally.

When rabbits were given injections of different antigens into the two corneas or into two similar skin sites, the antibody titers in the expressed corneal or skin fluids against the specific antigens injected were invariably higher than against the antigens injected into the other sites. When high titer antiserum was injected intravenously, and homologous and heterologous antigens injected into the two corneas respectively, no evidence of any specific concentration of antibody by the specific antigen injected could be obtained. Splenectomy previous to the intracorneal injection of antigen had no effect on the corneal antibody titers.
On Local and General Immunity
Authors: Gay Frederick P.
Published: January 2023

There is considerable evidence that natural resistance, and whatever grade of active acquired immunity may exist against streptococcus infections, is due to a mechanism that differs from that which is operative in many other bacterial infections. It seems likely that ignorance of what constitutes this difference accounts to a large extent for the failure to obtain any strikingly successful results in the prevention or cure of any of the manifold forms of streptococcic disease.

There seems to us an increasingly generalized acceptance of the main points of Metchnikoff's phagocytic theory of immunity, at least in the following features: the majority of bacteria that invade the animal body are dealt with first by the mobile and ubiquitous polymorphonuclear leucocytes. These phagocytes either act alone or in conjunction, particularly in conditions of acquired immunity, with the tropinizing substances present in serum. There seem, however, to be instances of immunity in which neither of these two factors seem particularly operative.
The Relation of Antigen to Antibody (Precipitin) in the Circulating Blood
Authors: Opie Eugene L.
Published: January 2023

The experiments described in this paper have been undertaken with the purpose of determining in what degree the fate of antigen introduced into an immune animal differs from that of the same antigen introduced into a normal animal. The studies of many observers indicate that injected antigen appears in the circulating blood both of normal and immune animals and some have found no difference between the two.

An antigen such as horse serum or egg white which has entered the blood of a normal or of an immunized animal is demonstrable by the addition of immune serum from another animal even though, in the case of the immunized animal, its serum exhibits a high precipitin titer when brought into contact with the antigen against which the animal is immunized. The reactions indicate that free antigen and free antibody are present in the circulating blood but they do not unite to form a precipitate.
Hepatic Reactions in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Boyd Walter H.
Published: January 2023

Unneutralized Witte's peptone, tested by perfusion methods on isolated canine tissues, gives mechanical reactions in the following parts: Isolated liver: Marked increase in perfusion resistance, reaching its maximum by the end of one minute, with partial or complete recovery by the end of eight minutes. Isolated lungs: Reactions similar to those in the isolated liver. The reactions, however, are more pronounced, with practically no tendency to recovery by the end of eight minutes. Isolated intestines: Slight decrease in perfusion resistance, reaching its maximum by the end of one minute, with partial recovery by the end of eight minutes. Isolated hind quarters: Reactions similar to these in the isolated intestines, but with less tendency to recovery by the end of eight minutes. Isolated heart: Reactions intermediary between those in the isolated liver and the isolated hind quarters. The combined effect of these mechanical reactions is conceivably sufficient to account for the characteristic clinical picture of peptone shock.
Hepatic Reactions in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Monaco R. E. , Marino H. D.
Published: January 2023

The dominant reacting tissues in canine histamine shock are fairly evenly distributed throughout the body. The most striking reaction in blood-free perfusions of isolated canine tissues is the explosive edema of all organs thus far tested. Reactions of secondary importance are: (a) Marked decrease in perfusion resistance in the hind quarters, and (b) Marked increase in perfusion resistance in the lungs, liver, intestines and kidneys. We believe this increased perfusion resistance is largely due to increased tissue pressure from edema.
A Dangerous “Universal Donor” Detected by the Direct Matching of Bloods
Authors: Levine Philip , Mabee Jennie
Published: January 2023

The ideal donor for the transfusion of blood has long been known to be one of the same group as the patient. It is not always possible for these conditions to obtain, and a person of group I (Jansky) has been considered as a safe donor for any of the groups. This may not always be the case, as will be shown in this communication.

In determining blood compatibilities, two methods have been employed, the indirect and the direct. The indirect method groups the patient and prospective donors among the four recognized classes, and permits of the selection of a donor belonging to the same class as the patient, if such a donor is available. Otherwise, the “universal donor” must be resorted to.

For the proper performance of the indirect method, stock sera of Groups II and III, and a drop of the patient's citrated blood are the essential requirements.
Environmental Conditions Influencing Complement Fixation
Authors: McMeans J. W.
Published: January 2023

Several years ago, while making many routine examinations of spinal fluid it was occasionally disconcerting to find one which had a normal cell count, negative globulin reaction and yet which gave a positive Wassermann test. In checking them up, it was found that the individual making the cell counts had, at times, introduced a small amount of acetic acid into the specimen of spinal fluid. The technic employed was that of drawing glacial acetic acid into a white blood pipette and then blowing the excess of acid from the pipette. The spinal fluid was then drawn into the pipette, the small amount of acid which remained in the pipette being sufficient to differentiate the white cells for counting. When a small amount of fluid was withdrawn from the main bulk and used only for the Wassermann test the difficulty cited above was no longer encountered.
The Inhibition Zone in Precipitin Reactions with the Soluble Specific Substance of Pneumococcus
Authors: Morgan Hugh J.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The observations of Dean and Opie upon the importance, in precipitin reactions, of the quantitative relationship between an immune serum and its antigen, also hold for antipneumococcus serum and pneumococcus soluble specific substance. Within the limits of pH 5 to 9, the reaction at which the precipitin test is performed in buffer mixture has little if any influence upon this relationship. In order to obtain the maximum precipitate from any given quantity of antipneumoccoccus serum, a definite, or optimum amount of soluble specific substance must be employed. The ratio between immune serum and reacting substance is practically constant; when an excess of reacting substance is present, the precipitate is not only decreased in amount, as determined by inspection and weight, but its appearance is altered.
Production of Monovalent Botulinus Antitoxic Serum Types A and B
Authors: Wheeler M. W.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Potent monovalent botulinus antitoxic serums, types A and B, were produced by immunization of horses with homologous botulinus toxins. The maximum titer of 1400 units per cubic centimeter was obtained with type A toxin.

Not all horses respond to such rapid increases in the doses of botulinus toxin as were given in the first method of immunization described. Two of the three horses immunized by this method succumbed after the tenth or twelfth dose with typical symptoms of botulism.

Antitoxin production with the one horse immunized by the second method (slow increase of dosage with intervals of rest) was slower than with the horses immunized by the other methods.

The small doses of toxin given at the beginning in the third method of immunization (frequent injections of toxin with slow increase in dosage) apparently stimulated antitoxin production as readily as the larger doses used at the beginning in the first method (frequent injections of toxin with rapid increase in dosage) and with less danger to the animal.
The Isolation in Tissue Culture, Chick Embryo and Suckling Mice of Filtrable Agents from Healthy Dairy Cattle
Authors: Kunin Calvin M. , Minuse Elva
Published: January 2023

The isolation of eight filtrable agents from apparently healthy dairy cattle in cattle kidney tissue culture has been described. Evidence has been presented that they are viral in nature, serologically similar, fairly widespread in the cattle population and probably of little importance in human disease. Studies with the partition cell in the ultracentrifuge indicate that they are relatively small particles with a sedimentation constant of 150 to 200 Sved. Their host range includes monkey kidney tissue culture, chick embryos and 1-day-old suckling mice. The appearance of melanin-like granules in the amniotic fluid of pigmented Barred Rock chick embryos is of interest. The isolation of many new viral agents by the techniques outlined should be productive.
Tissue Culture Studies of Cellular Hypersensitivity in Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Weiss Gertrud , Florio Lloyd , Lewis Gladys K.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Human fibroblasts grown from the heart and skin of patients with and without rheumatic heart disease have been compared in their responses to crude streptococcal filtrates and to disintegrated organisms derived from streptococcal strains presumed to have caused rheumatic fever. These test substances were incorporated in nutrient media which contained either pooled serum from normal individuals or serum from patients with active rheumatic fever. Fibroblastic growth was evaluated at the end of the second week of culture.

Fibroblasts grown from the skin and heart responded similarly to the streptococcal products tested. The use of rheumatic in place of normal serum did not alter the response.

Fibroblasts grown from rheumatic individuals were nearly always inhibited by a 3% concentration of streptococcal filtrate, while those from normal individuals were not. While the 1% concentration showed some inhibition of the rheumatic tissues compared to the normal, it was not as definite as that found in the 3% concentration. A concentration of 10% resulted in the inhibition of growth of all tissues tested.

Disintegrated streptococci in final concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2% inhibited fibroblastic growth of tissues from rheumatic patients more frequently than from normal individuals. There was complete suppression or inhibition in all cases with the 1.5% concentration.

While the above conclusions were apparent from the study of the grouped data, there was no “all or none effect,” so that it was impossible to determine whether or not an individual specimen was derived from a normal or rheumatic patient. If cellular hypersensitivity to streptococcal antigens does exist in fibroblasts of rheumatic fever patients, the observations in tissue culture with the methods here described would indicate a subtle rather than a striking phenomenon.
In Vitro and In Vivo Studies on a Tissue Culture Cell Line Derived from Normal Monkey Heart
Authors: Coriell L. L. , McAllister R. M. , Greene A. , Flagg W. , Tall M. , Wagner B.
Published: January 2023

The SCH tissue culture cell line derived from cynomolgus monkey heart by Salk and Ward (1) was found to grow vigorously in serial tissue culture. Data are presented on its growth characteristics, microscopic appearance, mitotic index, adhesion to glass, abnormal mitoses, chromosome number, susceptibility to infection with poliovirus Types 1, 2, and 3, and to adenovirus Types 3, 4, and 7, serologic relationship to human and monkey cell antigens, and results of transplantation into normal and into cortisone-x-ray treated monkeys (10 animals) and Wistar rats (171 animals). These studies suggest that the SCH cell has characteristics which make it a valuable addition to tissue culture technology. Large scale production of polioviruses in this cell is feasible. However, the SCH cell produces fatal tumors in specially prepared Wistar rats and careful evaluation of this property is indicated before the cell line can be used in preparation of biologic products intended for human use.
Russian Coxsackie A-7 Virus (“AB IV” Strain)—Neuropathogenicity and Comparison with Poliovirus
Authors: Horstmann Dorothy M. , Manuelidis Elias E.
Published: January 2023

The behavior of the Russian AB IV strain of virus has been observed in mice, chimpanzees and monkeys. The observations of Johnsson and Lundmark (2) and Habel and Loomis (3) that this strain is immunologically identical with Coxsackie A-7 virus and produces characteristic muscle lesions in mice, have been confirmed. It was established, furthermore, that the agent responsible for paralysis in monkeys is also neutralized by Coxsackie A-7 antiserum. Inapparent infection was produced in 2 chimpanzees fed the virus. Nine CNS passages in monkeys have been carried out, and many levels of the CNS of monkeys from passages 1 through 6 have been studied. The disease in monkeys resembles mild paralytic poliomyelitis. Histologically the lesions are similar to those produced by polioviruses, but in general milder in degree, and less restricted in their distribution in the forebrain: certain areas such as the corpus striatum and the temporal and occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex which are rarely, if ever, involved in poliomyelitis, show mild lesions with considerable regularity with the Russian strain of virus.

The Russian strain is concluded to be a member of the A-7 group of Coxsackie viruses which has certain unusual but not unique properties, and in its behavior falls somewhere between the usual Coxsackie and polioviruses.
Multiplicity of the Components of Rat Kidney Antigen Responsible for the Localization of Antirat Kidney Antibodies
Authors: Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David
Published: January 2023

Heating and treatment with 60% trichloroacetic acid were shown to affect various rat kidney antigens differently. Heat treatment of the saline insoluble sediment of rat kidney at 100°C for 30 min at pH 6 caused an important but not total loss in its ability to absorb localizing iodinated antirat kidney antibody. Antibody so absorbed and subsequently eluted still localized in kidney. The comparison of this eluate with the eluate obtained from unheated sediment revealed that some of the antigens are more heat stable than others.

Further strong evidence for the multiple nature of kidney antigens responsible for fixing antikidney antibodies in vivo was the fact that heated or unheated trypsin digest of kidney sediment neutralized localizing antibodies differently in a qualitative manner.

Trichloroacetic acid (60% TCA) dissolved a large part of kidney sediment and the dissolved material precipitated on dilution with water. The TCA soluble and insoluble materials were able to absorb part of the in vivo localizing antikidney antibodies from I131 G-anti-RK. Assay of the antibody eluted subsequently indicated the existence of antigenic components with different degrees of stability against TCA.

Neutralizing properties of trypsin digests of TCA-treated materials were compared with those of digests of the original kidney sediment. The neutralization curves were different in shape in each case indicating that only some components were TCA stable.