bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Semi-active vibration control of high-speed rotor system with electrorheological bearing fluid
Authors: Mutra Rajasekhara Reddy , Srinivas J
Published: October 2018

Present work focuses on the use of electrorheological fluid (ERF) as a lubricant in the high speed turbocharger rotor supported on floating ring bearings. The rotor is analysed by finite element modelling with gyroscopic effects and bearing forces. The ERF contains one carrier fluid and active particles that react to external electric field, which induces a yield stress in the fluid increasing its viscosity. In order to control the rotor vibration amplitudes, the dynamic changes in the fluid viscosities at the inner and outer films of bearing are employed with external electric field. A case study of automotive turbocharger rotor is considered and the effect of semi-active control is illustrated on the dynamic response of the system.
A locally defined time-marching technique for structural dynamics
Authors: Soares Delfim , Vieira Sofiste Tales , Mansur Webe João
Published: October 2018

In this work, a new time marching procedure is proposed for structural dynamics analyses. In this novel technique, time integration parameters are locally defined and different values may be attributed to each structural element of the model. In addition, the time integrators are evaluated according to the properties of the elements, and the user may select in which structural elements numerical dissipation will be introduced. Since the integration parameters are locally defined as function of the structural element itself, the time marching technique adapts according to the model, providing enhanced accuracy. The method is very simple to implement and it stands as an efficient, direct, single-step procedure. It is second order accurate, unconditionally stable, truly self-starting and it allows highly controllable algorithm dissipation in the higher modes. Numerical results are presented along the paper, illustrating the good performance of the new technique.
Visualization of flow phenomena in hydraulic throttle valves of plastics
Authors: Banaś Michał , Antoniak Piotr , Marciniak Lubomir , Stryczek Jarosław
Published: October 2018

Using elements made of plastics in hydraulic drives and controls encounters problems, for example related to strength. However, the advantage of solutions with plastics manifests itself, among others in possibility of shaping hydraulic elements in accordance with the assumed requirements. The use of additive manufacturing techniques allows us to make plastic parts with shapes that are unattainable for steel parts. The authors have attempted to determine the influence of the shape of the closing element on the phenomena of flow through the throttling gap in the hydraulic throttle valve. They chose three poppets of different shapes and carried out flow simulations using CFD. They compared simulation results in the form of flow velocity field in the valve chamber with observations obtained with the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique. In visualization tests, a throttle valve made of transparent materials and markers in a form of air bubbles were used. The tests confirmed the possibility of using air bubbles as markers of the PIV method at low pressure. The presented conclusions indicate the need for further modification of the shape of the closing element as well as of the design of the valve body.
Adenosquamous carcinoma, a rare and unknown tumor
Authors: Benat Gauthier , Cros Alice , Sarini Jérôme , Galissier Thibault , Collins Francis , Laurencin-Dalicieux Sara , Cousty Sarah
Published: October 2018

Introduction: Adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) of the head and neck is a rare malignant tumor, with one hundred cases diagnosed so far in the literature. Observation: A 66 years old female patient had a ASC of the right posterior floor of the mouth with a classification T1N0M0. Treatment consisted of surgical management and active surveillance. Discussion: Through this case report, we present this type of tumor and we discuss the main differential diagnosis from a clinical and histological point of view. Conclusion: This entity was described for the first time in 1968 by Gerughty. The CAS is defined by the World Health Organization as “a tumor of the upper respiratory tract, with two distinct squamous and glandular components.” The CAS is considered as an aggressive tumor with a redoubtable prognosis should not be ignored.
The use of mini-anchorage screws in the surgical orthodontic treatment of stage-III periodontitis: a clinical case
Authors: Alantar Alp , Andreani Jean François , Audi Grégoire , Tondelier Clémence , Pruvost Jean-Luc
Published: October 2018

The use of miniscrews for orthodontic anchorage combined to periodontal treatment in aggressive periodontitis: case report and review of the literature. Introduction: Miniscrews (MSs) have gained rapid popularity among orthodontic specialists over the past decade. Subsequently, as general dental practitioners continue to provide general care for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment they are likely to encounter MSs. Observation: A 60-year-old woman concerned about generalized agressive periodontitis (generalized periodontitis stage-III) with complaints of diastema and spacing in the upper arch, received for ten years nonsurgical therapy via scaling and root planning combined with systemic antibiotics. Maxillary periodontal flaps achieved this primary periodontal treatment. As she complained of protrusion of her maxillary incisors she was referred for orthodontic treatment with palatinal MSs to retract and align the maxillary anterior segment. A 26 months follow-up showed esthetic and functional stability of the result. Discussion: This case report demonstrates efficacity of combined periodontal and orthodontic treatments using palatinal MSs in order to successfully contribute to treatment of stage-III periodontitis.
Vingt-cinq ans de pratique de cabinet
Authors: Laboutière Jean-Jacques
Published: October 2018

Depuis vingt-cinq ans, la psychiatrie a été soumise à trois forces indépendantes : le progrès des connaissances scientifiques, les modifications de l’organisation des soins et l’évolution des attentes des patients. Bien qu’il ne se propose pas encore de nouveaux traitements en pratique quotidienne, le progrès des connaissances scientifiques a imprimé à la psychiatrie un net recul de la psychopathologie, et notamment de la psychopathologie freudienne, au profit d’une conception plus neurologique du fonctionnement psychique. Les modifications de l’organisation des soins peuvent se comprendre comme une industrialisation du système de soins mise en œuvre par une taylorisation des interventions des professionnels de santé ; ces derniers doivent produire des prestations standardisées de plus en plus limitées, le psychiatre étant en outre de moins en moins sollicité en dehors des périodes aiguës des troubles. La demande de soins des patients témoigne d’un glissement de la représentation commune du fonctionnement psychique : autrefois compris comme l’effet d’une conflictualité interne, le trouble psychiatrique semble désormais perçu comme la conséquence d’une désadaptation au milieu, voire d’une agression par le milieu. Paradoxalement, ces trois forces n’ont pas entraîné de grands changements dans la pratique des psychiatres de ville qui demeure à l’heure actuelle globalement identique à ce qu’elle était il y a vingt-cinq ans. Toutefois, cette pratique, autrefois considérée comme parfaitement académique, est désormais perçue comme décalée du reste des pratiques médicales, voire archaïque pour certains, de sorte que sa transmission n’est pas assurée.
A method for the automated detection of solar radio bursts in dynamic spectra
Authors: Salmane Houssam , Weber Rodolphe , Abed-Meraim Karim , Klein Karl-Ludwig , Bonnin Xavier
Published: October 2018

The variability of the solar corona, including flares and coronal mass ejections, affects the space environment of the Earth (heating and ionization of the atmosphere, magnetic field disturbances, and bombardment by high-energy particles). Electromagnetic emissions are the first signatures of a solar eruptive event which by modifying the electron density in the ionosphere may affect airborne technology and radio communications systems. In this paper, we present a new method to detect automatically radio bursts using data from the Nançay Decametre Array (NDA) in the band 10 MHz–80 MHz. This method starts with eliminating unwanted signals (Radio-Frequency Interference, RFI and Calibration signals) by analyzing the dynamic spectrum of the signal recorded in time. Then, a gradient median filter is applied to smooth and to reduce the variability of the signal. After denoising the signal, an automated solar radio burst detection system is applied. This system is based on a sequential procedure with adaptive constant-false-alarm rate (CFAR like detector) aimed to extract the spectra of major solar bursts. To this end, a semi-automatic software package is also developed to create a data base of all possible events (type II, III, IV or other) that could be detected and used for our performance assessment.
Clinical Assessment of Dysarthria in Children with Cerebellar Syndrome Associated with PMM2-CDG
Authors: Itzep Débora , Martínez-Monseny Antonio , Bolasell Mercè , Cuadras Daniel , Velázquez-Fragua Ramón , Gutierrez-Solana Luis , Macaya Alfons , Pérez-Dueñas Belén , Serrano Mercedes ,   CDG Spanish-Consortium
Published: October 2018

Phosphomannomutase deficiency (PMM2-CDG) causes a cerebellar syndrome that has been evaluated using the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS). However, no particular dysarthria tests have been used. Speech ICARS subscore subjectively assesses fluency and clarity of speech with two items. Repetition of syllables, traditionally used for characterization of ataxic speech, was validated in early-onset ataxia conditions. We assess the validity of the PATA test (SCA Functional Index [SCAFI]) in PMM2-CDG patients.

PATA rates from 20 patients were compared with a control population were and correlated with ICARS and neuroimaging.

There was a difference between the PATA rate in patients and controls. PATA rate increased with age in controls. In patients, the improvement of PATA rate with age was not significant. In patients, the PATA rate was negatively correlated with the total ICARS score and the Speech ICARS subscore. Regarding neuroimaging, midsaggital vermis relative diameter was positively correlated with PATA results. These last differences were also significant when the results are corrected by age.

PATA rate provides an easy measure for a quantitative assessment of dysarthria that may help clinicians to monitor patients' evolution in a regular consultation. It could also be used in PMM2-CDG clinical trials implementing ICARS speech subscore information.
ALD assisted nanoplasmonic slot waveguide for on-chip enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Raza Ali , Clemmen Stéphane , Wuytens Pieter , Muneeb Muhammad , Van Daele Michiel , Dendooven Jolien , Detavernier Christophe , Skirtach Andre , Baets Roel
Published: October 2018

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a widely known sensing technique that uses a plasmonic enhancement to probe analytes in ultra-small volumes. Recently, the integration of plasmonic structures with photonic integrated waveguides promised the full integration of a SERS system on a chip. Unfortunately, the previously reported sensors provide modest overall SERS enhancement resulting in a limited signal to noise ratio. Here, we report a photonic waveguide interfaced SERS sensor that shows an order of magnitude higher pump to Stokes conversion efficiency and lower background than previous realizations. Moreover, the plasmonic structure is fabricated without the use of e-beam lithography but rather using a combination of atomic layer deposition and deep UV photolithography. We investigate numerically the performance of the sensor in terms of Raman conversion efficiency for various design parameters. The experimental results are presented via the acquisition of SERS spectra that show a conversion efficiency of 10−9 for a monolayer of 4-nitrothiophenol. To explore the broadband characteristic of our sensor in the therapeutic spectral window, two different pump wavelengths, i.e., 632 and 785 nm, are used. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first ever broadband SERS demonstration of an on-chip Raman sensor. We further study the reproducibility of our SERS sensor, reaching a relative standard deviation of the acquired spectra (RSD) < 5%.
Broadband, on-chip surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy realized using CMOS compatible manufacturing
Authors: DeJarnette Drew
Published: October 2018

A high-performance and reproducible self-contained surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy device was developed using atomic layer deposition and deep UV lithography for fabrication on complex substrates.
Two Metal–Organic Coordination Polymers Based on Polypyridyl Ligands: Crystal Structures and Inhibition of Human Spinal Tumour Cells
Authors: Mao Hua-Jie , Chen Qi-Xin , Han Bin
Published: October 2018

In this work, two new metal–organic coordination polymers [Co2.5(dtp)2(H2O)5](NO3)(H2O)2 (1, H2dtp = 4′-(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) [Ni(dpt)](H2O)3 (2, H2dpt = 4′-(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)-4,2′:6′,4″- terpyridine) have been successfully prepared by reaction of metal ions with two similar carboxylic-pyridinyl ligands with different arrangement of N atoms of terpyridines under solvothermal conditions. Powder X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques were used to probe the structures of the as-prepared complexes. The CoII-based complex 1 exhibits a finite molecular structure and 2 displays a 3D porous framework with a 1D channel. Furthermore, the in vitro anticancer activity of complexes 1 and 2 was evaluated via the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay against U-266, MM1S, and RPMI-8226 human spinal tumour cells.
Roscovitine and Trichostatin A promote DNA damage repair during porcine oocyte maturation
Authors: Zhang Bingyue , Niu Huiran , Cai Qingqing , Liao Mengqin , Chen Keren , Chen Yaosheng , Cong Peiqing
Published: October 2018

Faithful repair of DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian oocytes is essential for meiotic maturation and embryonic development. In the present study we investigated the roles of Roscovitine and Trichostatin A (TSA) in DNA damage recovery during invitro maturation of porcine oocytes. Etoposide was used to trigger DNA damage in oocytes. When these DNA-damaged oocytes were treated with 2μM Roscovitine, 50nM TSA or both for 22h, first polar body extrusion and blastocyst formation in all treated groups were significantly improved compared with the etoposide-only group. The most significant improvement was observed when Roscovitine was present. Further immunofluorescent analysis of γH2A.X, an indicator of DNA damage, indicated that DNA damage was significantly decreased in all treated groups. This observation was further supported by analysing the relative mRNA abundance of DNA repair-related genes, including meiotic recombination 11 homolog A (MRE11A), breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1), Recombinant DNA Repair Protein 51 (RAD51), DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (PRKDC) and X-ray cross complementing gene 4 (XRCC4). Compared with the etoposide-only group, the experimental group with combined treatment of Roscovitine and TSA showed a significant decrease of all genes at germinal vesicle and MII stages. The Roscovitine-only treatment group revealed a similar tendency. Together, these results suggest that Roscovitine and TSA treatments could increase the capacity of oocytes to recover from DNA damage by enlisting DNA repair processes.
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) of paternal origin is necessary for the success of in vitro but not of in vivo fertilisation in the mouse
Authors: García-Vázquez Francisco A. , Soriano-Úbeda C. , Laguna-Barraza R. , Izquierdo-Rico M José , Navarrete Felipe A. , Visconti Pablo E. , Gutiérrez-Adán A. , Coy P.
Published: October 2018

Besides its fibrinolytic function, the plasminogen–plasmin (PLG–PLA) system is also involved in fertilisation, where plasminogen activators bind to plasminogen to produce plasmin, which modulates sperm binding to the zona pellucida. However, controversy exists, depending on the species, concerning the role of the different components of the system. This study focused its attention on the role of the PLG–PLA system on fertilisation in the mouse with special attention to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). The presence of exogenous plasminogen reduced invitro fertilisation (IVF) rates and this decline was attenuated by the presence of plasmin inhibitors in combination with plasminogen. The incubation of spermatozoa with either oocytes or cumulus cells together with plasminogen did not change the acrosome reaction but reduced the number of spermatozoa attached. When spermatozoa from tPA−/− mice were used, the IVF rate decreased drastically, although the addition of exogenous tPA during gamete co-incubation under invitro conditions increased fertilisation success. Moreover, fertility could not be restored after invivo insemination of tPA−/− spermatozoa in the female ampulla, although tPA−/− males were able to fertilise invivo. This study suggests a regulatory role of the PLG–PLA system during fertilisation in the mouse with possible implications in human reproduction clinics, such as failures in tPA production, which could be partially resolved by the addition of exogenous tPA during IVF treatment.
The structural basis for cancer drug interactions with the catalytic and allosteric sites of SAMHD1
Authors: Knecht Kirsten M. , Buzovetsky Olga , Schneider Constanze , Thomas Dominique , Srikanth Vishok , Kaderali Lars , Tofoleanu Florentina , Reiss Krystle , Ferreirós Nerea , Geisslinger Gerd , Batista Victor S. , Ji Xiaoyun , Cinatl Jindrich , Keppler Oliver T. , Xiong Yong
Published: October 2018

Significance

Nucleoside analog drugs are widely used to treat a variety of cancers and viral infections. With an essential role in regulating the nucleotide pool in the cell by degrading cellular nucleotides, SAMHD1 has the potential to decrease the cellular concentration of frequently prescribed nucleoside analogs and thereby decrease their clinical efficacy in cancer therapy. To improve future nucleoside analog treatments, it is important to understand SAMHD1 interactions with these drugs. Our work thoroughly examines the extent to which nucleotide analogs interact with the catalytic and allosteric sites of SAMHD1. This work contributes to the assessment of SAMHD1 as a potential therapeutic target for cancer therapy and the future design of SAMHD1 modulators that might improve the efficacy of existing therapies.
Spaces with 𝔾_{𝕞}-action, hyperbolic localization and nearby cycles
Authors: Richarz Timo
Published: October 2018

We study families of algebraic spaces with

G

m

{\mathbb G}_m

-action and prove Braden’s theorem on hyperbolic localization for arbitrary base schemes. As an application, we obtain that hyperbolic localization commutes with nearby cycles.
Uroplakins play conserved roles in egg fertilization and acquired additional urothelial functions during mammalian divergence
Authors: Liao Yi , Chang Hung-Chi , Liang Feng-Xia , Chung Pei-Jung , Wei Yuan , Nguyen Tuan-Phi , Zhou Ge , Talebian Sheeva , Krey Lewis C. , Deng Fang-Ming , Wong Tak-Wah , Chicote Javier U. , Grifo James A. , Keefe David L. , Shapiro Ellen , Lepor Herbert , Wu Xue-Ru , DeSalle Robert , Garcia-España Antonio , Kim Sang Yong , Sun Tung-Tien
Published: October 2018

Uroplakin (UP) tetraspanins and their associated proteins are major mammalian urothelial differentiation products that form unique two-dimensional crystals of 16-nm particles (“urothelial plaques”) covering the apical urothelial surface. Although uroplakins are highly expressed only in mammalian urothelium and are often referred to as being urothelium specific, they are also expressed in several mouse nonurothelial cell types in stomach, kidney, prostate, epididymis, testis/sperms, and ovary/oocytes. In oocytes, uroplakins colocalize with CD9 on cell-surface and multivesicular body-derived exosomes, and the cytoplasmic tail of UPIIIa undergoes a conserved fertilization-dependent, Fyn-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation that also occurs in Xenopus laevis eggs. Uroplakin knockout and antibody blocking reduce mouse eggs’ fertilization rate in in vitro fertilization assays, and UPII/IIIa double-knockout mice have a smaller litter size. Phylogenetic analyses showed that uroplakin sequences underwent significant mammal-specific changes. These results suggest that, by mediating signal transduction and modulating membrane stability that do not require two-dimensional-crystal formation, uroplakins can perform conserved and more ancestral fertilization functions in mouse and frog eggs. Uroplakins acquired the ability to form two-dimensional-crystalline plaques during mammalian divergence, enabling them to perform additional functions, including umbrella cell enlargement and the formation of permeability and mechanical barriers, to protect/modify the apical surface of the modern-day mammalian urothelium.
The WISDOM Personalized Breast Cancer Screening Trial: Simulation Study to Assess Potential Bias and Analytic Approaches
Authors: Eklund Martin , Broglio Kristine , Yau Christina , Connor Jason T , Stover Fiscalini Allison , Esserman Laura J
Published: October 2018

Background

WISDOM (Women Informed to Screen Depending on Measures of Risk) is a randomized trial to assess whether personalized breast cancer screening—where women are screened biannually, annually, biennially, or not at all depending on risk and age—can prevent as many advanced (stage IIB or higher) cancers as annual screening in women ages 40–74 years across 5 years of trial time. The short study time in combination with design choices of not requiring study entry and exit mammograms for all participants may introduce different sources of bias in favor of either the personalized or the annual arm.

Methods

We designed a simulation model and performed 5000 virtual WISDOM trials to assess potential biases. Each virtual trial simulated 65 000 randomly assigned participants who were each assigned a risk stratum and a time to stage of at least IIB cancer sampled from an exponential distribution with the hazard rate based on the risk stratum. Results from the virtual trials were used to evaluate two candidate analysis strategies with respect to susceptibility for introducing bias: 1) difference between arms in total number of events over total trial time, and 2) difference in number of events within complete screening cycles.

Results

Based on the simulations, about 86 stage IIB or higher cancers will be detected within the trial and the total exposure time will be about 74 000 years in each arm. Potential ascertainment bias is introduced at study entry and exit. Analysis strategy 1 works better for the nonscreened stratum, whereas method 2 is considerably more unbiased for the strata of women screened biennially or every 6 months.

Conclusion

Combining the two candidate analysis approaches gives a reasonably unbiased analysis based on the simulations and is the method we will use for the primary analysis in WISDOM. Publishing the WISDOM analysis approach provides transparency and can aid the design and analysis of other individualized screening trials.
Multilevel Modeling in Personality and Social Psychology
Authors: Christ Oliver , Sibley Chris G. , Wagner Ulrich
Published: October 2018

An integrated personality and social psychology needs to take into account different levels of analysis by definition. In both disciplines, it is widely accepted that personality and the social context affect social behavior and that social behavior, in turn, also informs us about personality. The challenge for an integrated personality and social psychology is to simultaneously analyze the complex relations between the different levels of analysis for both theoretical and statistical reasons. Innovations in statistical analysis have made it possible to simultaneously take into account different levels of analysis This chapter reviews the basics and recent advances in multilevel modeling to develop a framework of multilevel analyses for an integrated personality and social psychology and to illustrate the importance of multilevel modeling for theory development and testing using examples from research on personality and social behavior.
The Self
Authors: Crocker Jennifer , Brummelman Eddie
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines how the self both creates and results from experience. Metatheoretically, it examines how social and personality psychologists conceive of and study the self, using the topic of self-esteem to illustrate typical views of the self as dispositional characteristics of persons, the product of situations, or the interaction between them. The Person × Situation framework has stimulated research and had heuristic value for social and personality psychologists who study the self. But because it views both the person and the situation as static rather than the result of dynamic processes, it fails to account for how people and situations mutually create each other in a process that unfolds over time. Through dynamic processes of reciprocal influence, the self can change rapidly—change sustained by the situations people create for themselves over time. Methodological approaches in personality and social psychology to test these dynamic models of the self are considered.
Attitudes and Attitude Change
Authors: Albarracín Dolores , Chan Man-pui Sally , Jiang Duo
Published: October 2018

This chapter discusses the definition of attitudes as evaluations, with beliefs, intentions, goals, and behaviors as the psychological building blocks of attitude-relevant processes. These considerations can take place at both the specific level of a single behavior (e.g., smoking) or at the general level of a pattern of behaviors (e.g., multiple behaviors). Classic and contemporary attitude scholarship have provided a theoretical understanding of prediction and change in behavior at both the specific and broad levels of analysis. Personality instruments have contributed to identifying trait associations with specific attitude processes, including structure, functions, and bases, as well as attitude and belief change. Future personality research, however, would benefit from adopting attitude models that clearly distinguish psychological building blocks rather than confound feelings, thoughts, and behaviors as being equivalent or equally close to behavior end points.
Personality and Social Interaction
Authors: Mendoza-Denton Rodolfo , Leitner Jordan B. , Ayduk Özlem
Published: October 2018

A central tenet of social constructivist approaches to personality is that people’s social relationships determine the development, structure, and expression of personality. This view has been difficult to reconcile with a widely accepted view among researchers and lay perceivers alike that personality consists of internal, characteristic dispositions that supersede particular relationships. Research within the social cognitive tradition provides an opportunity to integrate these ideas by suggesting that (a) behavioral variability across situations is stable and an important expression of the personality system; and (b) the stability and predictability of behavioral variability is readily discovered when situations are categorized in interpersonal terms. A recent theoretical framework proposing a culturally and interpersonally bound personality system is described that accounts for the ways in which people’s behavior is attuned to the interpersonal context, and several lines of research are reviewed that are consistent with the principles of this general framework.
The Intertwined Histories of Personality and Social Psychology
Authors: Pettigrew Thomas F.
Published: October 2018

Personality and social psychology histories have been closely intertwined for more than a century. Several critical differences have at times acted to separate the fields. One such divergence involved their models of humans—whether largely irrational (personality emphasis) or largely rational (social emphasis). This difference has subsided with their joint acceptance of a “bounded rationality.” More important has been their difference in focus—the microlevel of the person versus the mesolevel of the group and situation. Now, both fields largely agree on a variety of interaction models that include both the person and the situation. We trace these tensions between the two fields across eras: (a) origins through World War I (1890–1919); (b) early developments (1920–1935); (c) war influences (1936–1950); (d) structural differentiation and slow acceptance (1951–1965); (e) dual crises (1966–1985); (f) coming back together again (1986–2000); and (7) continued fusion (2001–present).
Intergroup Processes
Authors: Tropp Linda R. , Molina Ludwin E.
Published: October 2018

This chapter reviews individual and contextual processes that explain why prejudice exists in diverse societies and what processes and strategies can contribute to its reduction. The first half of the chapter discusses origins and definitions of intergroup prejudice, along with ideological and structural factors that support the endurance of intergroup prejudice, such as authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and patterns of social segregation. The second half discusses strategies and processes involved in prejudice reduction, with a particular emphasis on those derived from intergroup contact theory, including situational conditions, social categorization, cross-group friendships, and motivational processes such as anxiety reduction and empathy. Taken together, this chapter highlights that prejudice and its diminution are best understood when individual and contextual factors, and their interaction, are jointly employed to illuminate negative and positive intergroup relations between groups.
Power as Active Self
Authors: Guinote Ana , Chen Serena
Published: October 2018

Philosophers, scientists, policymakers, and the public have questioned about who ascends to power and how power affects the person. This chapter reviews and discusses social–cognitive literature from the last decade or so that examines how dispositions and contextual factors affect the emergence of power and how having power affects the links between dispositions and behavior. Following a process-based perspective that contemplates the cognitive strategies of people in power, a model is proposed of power as a magnifier of the active self—that is, the subset of self-knowledge that is active on a moment-to-moment basis. The active self channels attention and action in line with priorities and plays a key role in action facilitation and goal-directed behavior. The active self is responsive to chronic dispositions, emotions, and current states of the person and to inputs from the environment in a flexible manner. Extant research is integrated based on this model.
Personality and Social Contexts as Sources of Change and Continuity Across the Life Span
Authors: Stewart Abigail J. , Deaux Kay
Published: October 2018

This chapter provides a framework designed to address how individual persons respond to changes and continuities in social systems and historical circumstances at different life stages and in different generations. We include a focus on systematic differences among the people who experience these changes in the social environment—differences both in the particular situations they find themselves in and in their personalities. Using examples from research on divorce, immigration, social movement participation, and experiences of catastrophic events, we make a case for an integrated personality and social psychology that extends the analysis across time and works within socially and historically important contexts.
Neuroscience Approaches in Social and Personality Psychology
Authors: Amodio David M. , Harmon-Jones Eddie , Berkman Elliot
Published: October 2018

Social neuroscience is an interdisciplinary approach to studying the social mind and behavior by considering their neural and biological underpinnings. This chapter describes the methodological approach of social neuroscience and research that has applied this approach to address the interplay of the person and situation in the domains of social cognition, attitudes, emotion and motivation, intergroup relations, and personality. This chapter illustrates the contribution of neuroscience to classic questions about personality and social psychology, with an emphasis on how the social neuroscience approach promotes the integration of dispositional and situational accounts of the mind and behavior.
Evolutionary Perspectives
Authors: Gangestad Steven W.
Published: October 2018

Evolutionary perspectives on human behavior are almost as old as the science of psychology itself. A new brand of functionalism has emerged; it draws inspiration from developments in evolutionary biology in the past half-century. This chapter offers an overview of evolutionary biology as applied to human psychology. An ecological niche is discussed, and the critical issue of the nature of the niche humans entered and defined is addressed. Unusually, individuals’ fitness was highly dependent on their ability to attract, form, and maintain cooperative coalitions with others and harness the competencies of others to their own. Several broad, evolution-inspired proposals about human social behavior are described, illustrating how evolutionary perspectives offer integrative understanding of psychological phenomena and generate new research programs. Individual differences from an evolutionary perspective are addressed. Evolutionary perspectives, rather than representing alternatives to social or cultural perspectives, offer a means to construct foundationally integrative personality and social psychology.
Temporalities
Authors: Scherzinger Martin
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines the question of musical temporality in broad historical perspective. Through a series of reflections on the philosophy of time, theories of musical time, and the material history of time in the past 250 years, the chapter outlines the basic temporal antinomies of the West. This modern conception of temporality, broadly construed as a precisely-segmented linear time set against narratives of alternative, cyclical time, is shown to be bound up with the project of colonial expansion. The chapter furthermore argues that the value brought to analyses of global time by new phenomenologies of listening, on the one hand, and by disjunctures and differences of polychronic scale, on the other, are grounded in ab initio exclusions of certain modes of practice and thought. By scrutinizing the double conceptions of rhythm and meter in relation to African musical practice, the chapter suggests an opening for thinking outside of hegemonic time.
Invertebrate Genomics Provide Insights Into the Origin of Synaptic Transmission
Authors: Abrams Thomas W. , Sossin Wayne S.
Published: October 2018

During the evolution of synapses, existing molecules were exapted to serve in specific synaptic roles. Recent increased availability of assembled transcriptomes from organisms that evolved before and after the appearance of the earliest synapses provides the opportunity to trace molecular adaptations important for development of fast synaptic transmission. We discuss issues that affect transcriptome assembly and phylogenetic analysis, and which therefore impact this analysis. We use relatively recent transcriptomes of pre-bilaterians to examine the molecular evolution of three types of critical synapse-specific proteins: vesicular transporters, synaptotagmins and ionotropic glutamate receptors. The results emphasize the fundamental difficulties in defining the specific point at which a protein “assumes” a synaptic function. Nevertheless, the analysis informs our understanding of several major evolutionary topics, including the evolution of synaptic vesicles and the identity of the first neurotransmitter used for fast, synchronous transmission. This analysis is also relevant for the current discussion of whether neuronal and synaptic function evolved separately, once in ctenophores and once in cnidarians and the main bilaterian lineage.
Multiplying the Medium
Authors: Jamieson Jack , Boase Jeffrey , Kobayashi Tetsuro
Published: October 2018

Researchers studying digital communication typically focus on a single communication channel. However, research on media multiplexity shows that strong relationships tend to involve communication across a variety of channels, such as text messages, voice calls, social media, and in-person communication. This chapter identifies more specifically which dimensions of closeness are associated with media multiplexity by disentangling communication frequency, cognitive closeness, and social role (e.g., being family or co-workers). It uses a unique data set that combines behavioral indicators of logged texting and calling with self-report measures. The results show that high communication frequency, cognitive closeness, and an important social role are all independently associated with media multiplexity.
Rebooting Mass Communication
Authors: Ognyanova Katya
Published: October 2018

One of the most important tasks facing media scholars in the twenty-first century is re-examining the relevance of classic mass communication theories in a new information environment. Technological and social transformations have changed the practices of media production, dissemination, and consumption. Recent developments have called into question existing theoretical and methodological approaches to media research. At the same time, these developments have supplied the tools needed to address emerging challenges. Network science provides one way of investigating the diffusion of information and patterns of influence among individuals, groups, and organizations. This chapter presents a network-based model of media message flows and agenda-setting processes to illustrate how the exploration of complex systems can produce insights into mass communication theory. The conclusion of the chapter outlines challenges related to the use of computational techniques, including transparency and replicability standards, as well as the ethics and privacy norms guiding large-scale data collection.
Deconstruction and Timbre
Authors: Waltham-Smith Naomi
Published: October 2018

Why is philosophy captivated by sound and especially by its material existence as timbre? While Western metaphysics has long been fascinated by role of the voice in the construction of subjectivity, consciousness, and the human, deconstruction has turned with surprising frequency to the idea of sound-as-timbre as a way to think beyond paradigms of identity, self-presence, and the present. The article asks what motivates this preoccupation with timbre and what is at stake philosophically and politically in this move, focusing on the bell in Derrida’s Glas as a figure for timbre and for philosophy’s relation to its own outside. Derrida’s argument is contrasted with Jean-Luc Nancy’s notions of timbre and resonance and Agamben’s critique of grammatology.
TMEM16 Ca2+ Activated Cl– Channels and CLC Chloride Channels and Transporters
Authors: Boccaccio Anna , Pusch Michael
Published: October 2018

After the identification of TMEM16 proteins as the molecular counterparts of Ca2+-activated Cl– channels, their roles in shaping excitability in several parts of the central and peripheral nervous system are emerging. Their contribution might be excitatory, as in dorsal root ganglion neurons and olfactory sensory neurons, or at the contrary, contributing to hyperpolarization, as in thalamocortical neurons, being strictly related to the equilibrium potential for chloride that can differ among cells or cellular compartments. The ClC-2 channel, together with its auxiliary subunit GlialCAM, is most important in glia, and mutations in the CLCN2 and GLIALCAM genes lead to leukodystrophy. The endo/lysosomal chloride/proton antiporters ClC-3, ClC-4, ClC-6, and ClC-7/Ostm1 are involved in the homeostasis of endosomes and lysosomes, and ClC-3/ClC-4 may be involved in neurotransmitter loading of synaptic vesicles. Mutations in CLCN4 cause intellectual disability, and recessive mutations in CLCN7 or OSTM1 are associated with neurodegeneration.
Disruptive Food Supply Chains
Authors: Beck Tony
Published: October 2018

Alternative food movements have, from their origins, espoused values of social justice and environmental stewardship in an attempt to challenge existing economic and social norms related to food and farming. Three alternative food movements in North America exemplify the trade-offs between the three pillars of sustainable development: social equity, environment, and economy. Organic food has brought environmental benefits, but has struggled to challenge the status quo and promote the social benefits of the original movement when it goes to scale. Farmers’ markets have brought social and environmental benefits, but only in some cases reduced costs when compared to mainstream market levels. Consequently, good-quality food is often out of reach of low-income groups, as highlighted in a case study of access by underserved people in British Columbia, Canada. Regional food movements are a hybrid approach that balance some of the gains and some of the challenges of these systems. The extraordinary concentration of power in North American food systems stands in contrast to notions of social equity and undermines efforts to effect change in pursuit of sustainable alternative food systems.
Understanding Pesticides in England and Wales
Authors: Elwell Frances C. , Clemenz Nikolaus J. , Nineham Nicola J.
Published: October 2018

Pesticide usage poses a risk to river water quality, with further consequences for water company operations. Elevated concentrations of some pesticides have been recorded across England and Wales, prompting investigations, often using predictive modelling, to evaluate potential actions to reduce pesticide pollution at the source through catchment management measures. Along with an understanding of these measures, an appreciation of the drivers, or ‘mechanisms’, available to influence the actions of stakeholders, is essential to implement change in affected catchments. Water companies must make a business case for their investments, including catchment management, and a cost-benefit analysis, including consideration of the environmental costs and benefits of different solutions, is a useful tool to demonstrate the value of potential solutions. In the future, the challenges posed by pesticides in the environment are likely to grow, requiring innovative approaches to the management of agriculture and environmental water quality in England and Wales.
The Global Uptake of Conservation Agriculture and the Impact on Water-Related Ecosystem Services
Authors: Kassam Amir , Coates David
Published: October 2018

Conventional tillage agriculture has a built-in propensity for soil erosion and land degradation leading to loss of ecosystem services that are required to sustain agricultural production as well as minimize off-farm impacts. It is associated with suboptimal crop and land productivity. The global uptake of Conservation Agriculture (CA), which is a recognized flagship alternative crop production approach, is built upon three practical interlinked principles of: no or minimum mechanical soil disturbance (‘no-till’), soil cover management, and diversified cropping. The current spread of CA globally is 180 M ha of annual cropland (12.5 per cent), increasing annually at 10 M ha. Knowledge of how CA positively affects ecosystem services at the field and landscape level, with emphasis on water-related services and food security, shows that CA has the potential to meet, or exceed, most of the current shortfall in projected global agricultural water demand by 2050.
Intimate Partner Relationships and Health
Authors: Carr Deborah , Mouzon Dawne M.
Published: October 2018

The linkages between intimate relationships and superior physical and mental health are well documented. Contemporary scholars explore under what conditions, for which outcomes, for whom, and through which pathways marriage and other intimate partnerships affect health. The chapter summarizes conceptual frameworks for understanding marriage and health, and contemporary empirical studies yielding four main discoveries: Relationship status is powerfully linked to health in cross-sectional studies, yet weaker associations are found in longitudinal studies that account for social selection; the protective effects of romantic partnerships vary based on characteristics of the union; the marriage–health nexus varies based on gender, race, and age; and (d) integrative science approaches have advanced understanding of the pathways linking social relationships to health. The review draws on population-based longitudinal studies, notably the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Implications of contemporary research on marriage and health for policy and practice are highlighted.
Psychosocial Resources and Physiological Dysregulation
Authors: Wiley Joshua F. , Gruenewald Tara L. , Seeman Teresa E.
Published: October 2018

Psychosocial resources refer to individual personality and social relationship factors that tend to cluster together and contribute to psychological and physical health and well-being. Growing evidence demonstrates robust relations between psychosocial resources and health. Physiological dysregulation represents one key mechanism that may help to explain the link between psychosocial resources and health. The current chapter focuses on the relations of psychosocial resources with physiology, drawing on findings from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study and other large, epidemiological studies. The focus is on the relations of psychosocial resources with allostatic load, a composite index of multisystem physiological dysregulation, while also highlighting select findings for individual biomarkers. The summary of evidence examines psychosocial resources as both a direct and a moderating factor on biological outcomes. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research.
The Great Recession, Inequality, and Health: An Integrative Approach
Authors: Kirsch Julie A. , Ryff Carol D.
Published: October 2018

Biopsychosocial integration requires attentiveness to changing historical contexts. The Great Recession of 2007–2009 is regarded as the most severe economic downturn since the 1930s and has contributed to the growing American problem of inequality. To advance knowledge of the human consequences of the Great Recession and growing inequalities, integrative approaches are needed. This chapter summarizes conceptual frameworks that address the ways the Great Recession has exacerbated US problems of inequality and for whom. In light of these frameworks and using data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) baseline and Refresher samples, a historically situated inquiry into whether life in America looks worse in the Great Recession aftermath is presented. Findings on inequality in recession hardships, health vulnerabilities, and psychological influences are reviewed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of additional domains of assessment about Great Recession impacts that can be pursued with MIDUS.