bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Discrete Kalman Filter
Authors: Lancaster Peter , Rodman Leiba
Published: November 2023

One of the more important motivations for the study of algebraic Riccati equations was recognized in the early 1960s after publication of the works of Kalman (1960a) and Kalman and Bucy (1961) on filtering and prediction problems of discrete and continuous types, respectively. A full development of the theory behind these processes is beyond the scope of this book. However, this chapter is devoted to an intuitive development of the ideas behind discrete Kalman filtering and, in Section 17.5, an account of the basic convergence theorem for the Riccati difference equation. This may be all that the reader needs to know about the problem, or it may lead the way to more thorough treatments such as the careful mathematical development of Catlin (1989) or the graduate engineering text of Anderson and Moore (1979).
Structured Stability Radius
Authors: Lancaster Peter , Rodman Leiba
Published: November 2023

In applications, Ω is considered a “good” set, and a matrix X having all its eigenvalues in O is considered a “good” matrix. For example, if n is the open left half-plane, then a “good” matrix means that the matrix is c-stable. In general, r(A; B, C, Ω) can be interpreted informally as the “distance” from a given “good” matrix A to the set of “bad” matrices, where the distance is measured by the size of additive perturbation of the form BDC, with fixed B and C and variable D. The term structured refers to this particular structure of admissible perturbations.
Commercial software development
Authors: Ince D C
Published: November 2023

To describe how modern software projects are managed and organized. To describe some problems currently encountered in software development. To describe some misconceptions about the use of mathematics on a software project. Many readers of this book will be familiar with programming only as a software development activity. This chapter provides an introduction to a number of the more important software development activities and places the rest of the book firmly in the context of an engineering approach to software. Producing a major software system with a large number of staff, each of whom will have a wide range of competence and skills, is one of the most complex activities the human race currently undertakes.
Relations
Authors: Ince D C
Published: November 2023

To describe the nature of relations. To show that relations model associations between objects. To describe a number of relational operators. A relation is one of the most important concepts in pure mathematics. It is a set of ordered pairs.
Inert and inhabited dynamical systems
Authors: Sandewall Erik
Published: November 2023

This book addresses the knowledge repreSCDtation and reasoning about inert and inhabited dynamical systems, where the agent(s) inhabiting the system are characterized by their ability to perform actions. A system is then defined in a quite general fashion as a collection of objects which have individual properties as well as relationships between each other. Color, weight, and velocity are examples of properties; adjacency, support, and mutual visibility are examples of relationships. The property assignments and relationships that hold in the system at a point in time constitute its state. A part of the state may be designated as the system’s input at the preSCDt time.
Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition
Authors: Bishop Christopher M
Published: November 2023

This book provides the first comprehensive treatment of feed-forward neural networks from the perspective of statistical pattern recognition. After introducing the basic concepts of pattern recognition, the book describes techniques for modelling probability density functions, and discusses the properties and relative merits of the multi-layer perceptron and radial basis function network models. It also motivates the use of various forms of error functions, and reviews the principal algorithms for error function minimization. As well as providing a detailed discussion of learning and generalization in neural networks, the book also covers the important topics of data processing, feature extraction, and prior knowledge. The book concludes with an extensive treatment of Bayesian techniques and their applications to neural networks.
Learning And Generalization
Authors: Bishop Christopher M
Published: November 2023

As we have emphasized in several other chapters, the goal of network training is not to learn an exact representation of the training data itself, but rather to build a statistical model of the process which generates the data. This is important if the network is to exhibit good generalization, that is, to make good predictions for new inputs. In Section 1.5, we introduced the simple analogy of curve fitting using polynomials, and showed that a polynomial with too few coefficients gives poor predictions for new data, i.e. poor generalization, since the polynomial function has too little flexibility. Conversely, a polynomial with too many coefficients also gives poor generalization since it fits too much of the noise on the training data. The number of coefficients in the polynomial controls the effective flexibility, or complexity, of the model.
General introduction
Authors: Manzano María
Published: November 2023

Model Theory is the branch of mathematical logic which concerns the relations between mathematical structures and formal languages. The abstract scheme of Model Theory is as follows: we have a language Land a class of objects ℳ which are structures, and between those two types of realities we have a bridge—the notion of truth. Such an arrangement, apparently so simple, provides great flexibility and reach to Model Theory.
First order languages: semantics
Authors: Manzano María
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, we studied structures independently of the first order language. Nonetheless, if we wish to penetrate the sanctuary of Model Theory, we need a formal language. The language we shall use is a first order language with equality. The objects of such a language are symbols and sequences of symbols. More precisely, we shall have logical symbols, variables, relation symbols, and function symbols. Further to saying which symbols constitute the alphabet of the language, we will have to make explicit which are the allowed combinations of symbols: how one forms the terms and the formulas of the language. The formation rules of such expressions will be of recursive nature, and they will provide us with a decision procedure for checking whether or not a certain sequence of symbols of the alphabet is a formula or a term.
Completeness of first order logic
Authors: Manzano María
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we saw that in order to speak of a structure or a class of structures it is convenient to introduce a formal language appropriate to each case. Among the formulas of the language, we shall usually be interested in determining which ones are true in the structure (or class of structures), and even though we rely on the semantic notion of truth, it is often difficult to establish the truth of a formula by recourse solely to the direct verification of the truth conditions. Much more difficult, however, is to determine if a formula is a consequence of a set of formulas.
Basic notions: model theory
Authors: Manzano María
Published: November 2023

In the first chapter we studied structures and some relations between them, such as isomorphism and embedding, without using a formal language. In the second chapter we introduced the formal first order language in which we can speak of structures. We also defined the fundamental semantic notions. By using such notions we were able to assert, in some cases, that a certain formula is logically valid: i.e. that it is true in all possible interpretations of the symbols contained in it. In the third chapter we proved that the notion of consequence corresponds exactly to that of deducibility. Those concepts and theorems, although very important, are not, however, the fundamental topics of Model Theory which lie precisely in the middle ground between algebra and logic.
The cornpactness theorem and its mathematical implications
Authors: Manzano María
Published: November 2023

The compactness theorem is also known as the finiteness theorem. In any case, the first name is the most frequently used as well as the most appropriate, since what the theorem says is that a certain topological space is compact.
A computational view of interior point methods
Authors: Gondzio Jacek , Terlaky Tamás
Published: November 2023

Many issues that are crucial for an efficient implementation of an interior point algorithm are addressed in this chapter. To start with, a prototype primaldual algorithm is presented. Next, many tricks that make it efficient in practice are discussed in detail. Those include: preprocessing techniques, initialization approaches, methods for computing search directions (and the underlying linear algebra techniques), centering strategies and methods of stepsize selection.
Rectangular Arrays
Authors: Kangshen Shen , Crossley John N , Lun Anthony W -C
Published: November 2023

The 18 problems of this Chapter deal with systems of linear equations. Except for Problem 13, they all involve determinate systems. The technique employed is remarkably modern. The coefficients are laid out in an array and then the coefficient matrix of the array is reduced to triangular form using elementary matrix operations. Negative numbers are used in this Chapter and accordingly the rules for operating with negative quantities are presented.
Sea Island Mathematical Manual
Authors: Kangshen Shen , Crossley John N , Lun Anthony W -C
Published: November 2023

This manual consists of nine Problems and was written by Liu Hui in 263 AD as a continuation of his commentary on Chapter 9, Gougu, of the Nine Chapters. During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD), these Problems were separated from the Nine Chapters and made into a separately recognized mathematical work, entitled the Sea Island Mathematical Manual. As Liu Hui put it in his Preface to his Running Commentary on the Nine Chapters (p. 54): “I have written the Rule of Double Differences with some comments, so as to facilitate our search for the original meanings.
Denis Diderot
Authors: Coolidge Julian Lowell , Gray Jeremy
Published: November 2023

Few persons think of this intellectually omnivorous encyclopaedist as a mathematician, and he certainly was not a mathematician of the first rank. But he was a man of a keen and inquiring mind, who in his earlier years was really interested in mathematics, especially in their applications; yet his discussion of the current theories of mathematical probability, which I personally have not seen, show an equal interest in the philosophy of the subject.
William George Horner
Authors: Coolidge Julian Lowell , Gray Jeremy
Published: November 2023

I Should perhaps begin with an apology for including this man in my list of distinguished amateurs who have contributed to mathematical science. A great mathematician he certainly was not. A man distinguished in public life he was not, a master in an altogether undistinguished boys’ school. The contribution to mathematics for which he is generally known, Homer’s method for the solution of numerical equations, was, as we shall see, discovered sixteen years earlier by Paolo Ruffini, and six centuries earlier by Ch’in Chiu-Shao.
Anthyphairetic Ratio Theory
Authors: Fowler D H
Published: November 2023

In response to the opening question of my dialogue, which was couched in the terms of Elements V Definition 3, my slaveboy develops a process of repeated reciprocal subtraction which is then used to generate a definition of ratio as a sequence of repetition numbers (see S13 and Bi4, i.e. the 13th speech, by Socrates, and the 14th, by the boy). As my Socrates says (Sis), and as I have already illustrated in Section 1.2(d), this is not the only possible way of defining ratio or proportion, even within the context of early Greek mathematics; so, to distinguish it, I shall often refer to this as ‘the anthyphairetic ratio’, and call the underlying subtraction process ‘anthyphairesis’.
The Infinite In The Finite
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair
Published: November 2023

This book is an extended history of mathematics that places mathematical development firmly in its historical context. Each section begins with a description of the geography and history of the country considered. From there, lively retelling of the creation myths and legends leads on to a description of how its people wrote and counted. This is followed by relevant mathematical material. The book covers; * The geometry of stone circles in Europe * The area of triangles and volume of pyramids that concerned the engineers of the Pharoahs * The Babylonian sexagesimal number system and our present measures of space and time which grew out of it * The use of the abacus and remainder theory in China * Greek mathematics from Pythagoras to Pappus. Detailed accounts of the work of apollonius and Archimedes are given. * The invention of trigonometry by Arab mathematicians * The solution of quadratic equations by completing the square developed in India Each chapter has a mathematical case study which is discussed both in the context of thetimes and in th light of more recent developments. Worked examples are also included. "The author has woven together a broad historical backgrounding and some fairly detailed but accessible mathematics in amost exciting way." John Fauvel, author of Let Newton Be!
The Middle Kingdom
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair
Published: November 2023

Far to the east of Egypt and Babylon, lay a mysterious land cut off from the rest of the world. There was some doubt as to whether it really existed. On early Greek maps of the world it didn’ To its north, lay the frozen wastes of Siberia. To its west, the great deserts of the Gobi and the Takla-Makan. Its southern approaches were blocked by the impenetrable jungles of south-east Asia, and to its south-west loomed the greatest mountains in the world, the mighty Himalayas. It could only be approached from the east, by sea.
Proportion
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair
Published: November 2023

Although the Greeks far surpassed their teachers, the Egyptians, in the science of geometry, they never succeeded in equalling the ancient civilizations in the treatment of aha problems. The Greeks tried to solve aha problems by using their powerful methods of geometrical reasoning. But geometrical methods are not really well suited for these problems, and they were not successful. In this chapter we shall describe what they did achieve, since this will form the basis of our later discussions of geometry.
The Dark Sub - Continent Of India
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair
Published: November 2023

When the great continent of Pangea began to break apart 250 million years ago, one of its pieces floated northward. This wandering subcontinent, India, finally collided with the continental mass of Asia. As India ploughed into Asia, the greatest mountain range in the world was thrown up, the mighty Himalayas. The Indian subcontinent is surrounded by ocean to the south-east and south-west, to the north by the Himalayas, and to the east by the jungles of Assam and Burma. But, unlike the Middle Kingdom, it is not completely cut off. Entrance can be made from the north-west, across ‘the land of the five rivers’, the Punjab.
Transport in liquid and amorphous metals; weak-scattering systems
Authors: Mott Sir Nevill
Published: November 2023

In metals, if the mean free path l is sufficiently large, eqn (1.4) can be used for the conductivity whether the metal is crystalline or not. In this chapter we consider the use of this equation for non-crystalline systems, particularly for liquid and amorphous metals. Probably the earliest paper dealing with electrons in a field that is not periodic is that of Nordheim (1931) on the resistivity of alloys.
Heavily doped semiconductors
Authors: Mott Sir Nevill
Published: November 2023

In earlier chapters we have discussed the behaviour of impurity bands in semiconductors as examples of systems, with properties close to those described by Anderson’s (1958) model. In this chapter we examine such systems in greater detail. In a doped semiconductor, in the absence of compensation, for low values N0 of the concentration of donors, the activation energy εfor conduction is finite and the conductivity tends to zero with temperature. As the concentration increases, ε decreases and eventually vanishes. Conductivity is then ‘metallic’. The transition from non-metallic to metallic behaviour has sometimes been called the ‘Mott transition’ (Mott 1949). Two facts are important in understanding this behaviour.
Effect of long-range interaction between electrons on the electrical properties of a Fermi glass
Authors: Mott Sir Nevill
Published: November 2023

We shall discuss the effects of this term using the hypothesis of Kaveh and Mott, that we can represent it by adding a term to the modified Kawabata equation (3.12), which, if necessary, we extrapolate to the transition. This term applies to the metallic range for either compensated or uncompensated material. It applies to all cases where the mean free path l is short, whether the degenerate electron gas is in a conduction band or in an impurity band. The extra term in the resistivity comes from a change in the density of states N(E) near the Fermi energy in a metal, as illustrated in Fig. 5.1. The correction may be either positive or negative.
Two-dimensional problems
Authors: Mott Sir Nevill
Published: November 2023

Scaling theory (§ 3.9) shows that in a two-dimensional system all electronic states are localized. On the other hand much work on conduction in inversion layers (for example Mott et al. (1975b)) and other two-dimensional systems (for instance delta layers) shows them to behave much like three dimensional metals, with a mobility edge separating localized from extended states, and showing a minimum metallic conductivity 0.1 e2/ħ. Moreover, the oxide superconductors discussed in Chapter 12 appear to be two-dimensional systems and—if heavily doped—show metallic conductivity at the lowest temperatures and an insulator-superconductor transition which shows all the properties of a mobility edge. We think that this general property of localization in two dimensions has little effect except at the very lowest temperatures, perhaps impossible to reach at present. Moreover, a hypothesis, as yet unproved, is that a mobility edge does exist separating states which are localized exponentially and those with power-law localization. This hypothesis will be discussed in this chapter. We first, however, discuss some phenomena in which metallic behaviour and a mobility are apparently observed.
A Guide To The Birds Of Mexico And Northern Central America
Authors: Howell G , Steve N , Webb Sophie
Published: November 2023

This completely new in-depth field guide covers the 1070 bird species, including North American migrants, found in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, and western Nicaragua. More than 180 species are endemic to this region. Richly illustrated with 71 colour plates and additional black-and-white drawings, it describes the birds' appearance, voice, habitat, behaviour (including nests and eggs), and distribution. Introductory chapters give essential background information. Once you have this book, you will wonder how you ever got by without it.
Geography And Bird Distribution
Authors: Howell G , Steve N , Webb Sophie
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we outline the physical geography of Mexico and northern Central America, the main regions of bird distribution (see Figs 3(a) and (b)), and species characteristic of each region. Our divisions are based primarily on biogeographic considerations and are somewhat broader than biotic divisions such as those of Goldman and Moore (1945). Biogeography relates the distribution of living organisms to factors such as topography, climate, and vegetation. In addition, one must consider temporal aspects such as glaciations and changing sea levels. A basic knowledge of avian distribution helps one to appreciate the reasons underlying species distribution, and may simplify potential identification problems. Related to this, one should realize that much of the region’s avifauna is sedentary, unlike in North America or Europe where the majority of species are migratory.
Migration
Authors: Howell G , Steve N , Webb Sophie
Published: November 2023

Migration may be long-distance or local. The former refers to birds regularly traveling considerable distances between their breeding and non-breeding grounds. These migrations are usually oriented north-south. Local migrations involve birds moving shorter distances, often less predictably or regularly, and include altitudinal migration, seasonal withdrawal from peripheral breeding areas, and post-breeding dispersal. One thing that may be unfamiliar to observers from North America or Western Europe is the large proportion of species in Mexico and northern Central America that are sedentary. Of the 800 or so species that breed in the guide region, about 440 have little or no migratory tendencies. Thus, in their lives the majority of individuals of these species move no more than a few kilometers from where they hatched.
Molt And Plumage
Authors: Howell G , Steve N , Webb Sophie
Published: November 2023

Although birders often consider molt and plumage rather confusing, a basic understanding of these two intertwined subjects can be important for bird identification. The molt terminology we use follows that proposed by Humphrey and Parkes (1959, 1963). They pointed out correctly that terms such as ‘summer plumage’, ‘breeding plumage’, ‘postnuptial molt’, etc., can be inaccurate and confusing. This is never truer than in tropical regions. For example, distinct seasonal plumage differences are most pronounced in migratory, temperate-breeding species, but for most tropical birds ‘breeding’ and ‘non-breeding’ plumages are the same. Other problems with traditional nomenclature include loons and most terns which attain their ‘first winter’ plumage in their first summer, or immature birds which may have a ‘postnuptial’ molt even though they have not yet bred.
Katydids of Panama (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
Authors: Nickle David A
Published: November 2023

Katydids are a diverse group of medium to large insects related to grasshoppers and, more closely, to crickets. Although world-wide in distribution, most species are found in tropical, wet regions of the world. For example, in the United States there are 107 described species, but in the Republic of Panama, a country less than one-hundredth as large, more than 160 species have been reported. For various reasons, katydids have been overlooked or neglected by biologists for many years. One reason for this oversight may be the fact that these insects are secretive by nature. During the day in the Panamanian forests, katydids are nearly impossible to locate (and even more difficult to study). Their ability to blend successfully with their environmental backgrounds enables them to go undetected during the day, when most researchers usually work; only at night can one understand these incredible animals. Except for a relatively few species, nearly all katydids are nocturnally active. They leave their daytime shelters and hiding places at night, feed at night, and sing at night. Females mate and oviposit only at night. In the minutes preceding dawn, katydids change behaviour abruptly, moving from their active nocturnal mode of pair formation and feeding to a more stationary, diurnal mode of survival against daytime predators. Recent observations in Peru by Nickle, Belwood, and Castner (unpublished) indicate that this behaviour is stereotypic, species-specific, and highly adaptive for individual survival.
Bess Beetles of Panama (Coleoptera: Lamellicornia: Passalidae)*
Authors: Reyes-Castillo Pedro , Castillo Camelia
Published: November 2023

The passalids of Panama have not been studied previously in their totality. The first author to refer to Panamanian species was Kaup (1869, 1871). Later, Bates (1886), in Biologia Centrali-Americana, described a total of 10 species from this interesting isthmic region. Other authors who have contributed to our knowledge of Panamanian passalids are: Kuwert (1891, 1897), Gravely (1918), Arrow (1907), Luederwaldt (1931), and Hincks (1950). Catalogues of the group, by Hincks and Dibb (1935, 1958), and by Blackwelder (1944), as well as the more recent monographic works on different American genera by Quintero and Reyes-Castillo (1983), and by Castillo and Reyes-Castillo (1984), permit us to list a total of 26 Panamanian species, representing three genera of the Passalini, and seven genera of the Proculini. Of these 26, the six for which we have not seen specimens are not dealt with in the text. The purpose of the present work is to revise the passalids of Panama based upon our examination of 200 specimens deposited in the Museo de Invertebratos G.B. Fairchild (MIUP), Universidad de Panama, and the collection of P. Reyes at the Instituto de Ecologia, Mexico. We have added four species to the list of Panamanian passalids, including one new species of Popilius, and have increased the number of genera of Proculini, present in Panama, to seven.
Introduction
Authors: Rylands Anthony B
Published: November 2023

In 1978, Devra Kleiman, introducing her book the Biology and Conservation of the Callitrichidae, pointed out that the ‘ultimate indication of our ignorance of this family is the tendency to refer to all forms as ‘the marmoset’, regardless of genus or species ... The assumption that species are alike arises only because we know so little of the differences.’ Kleiman’s book pointed to many of these differences, and was a milestone in our understanding of these animals which had been steadily growing during the late 1960s and 1970s but has increased so dramatically during the last decade. To date 52 species and subspecies of marmoset and tamarin monkeys have been described, some very recently. Interest in these animals, which include the Amazonian pygmy marmoset, the smallest of all the monkeys, the marmosets and tamarins, and the colourful lion tamarins of south-east Brazil, has focused on many aspects. Not least is their remarkable social life, involving reproductive privileges restricted to one female in the group, who physiologically and behaviourally inhibits breeding by other females, variable mating systems with documented cases in the wild of monogamy and polyandry as well as polygyny, the active participation of the males along with other group members in rearing the twin offspring, and the use of scent glands, variably concentrated in three epidermal regions, for communication.
Systematics, geographic distribution, and some notes on the conservation status of the Callitrichidae
Authors: Rylands Anthony B , Coimbra-Filho, Adelmar F , Mittermeier Russell A
Published: November 2023

The phylogeny and systematics of the New World marmosets and tamarins is still under considerable discussion, even at the family level (Rosenberger 1981; Ford 1986a; Vivo 1991), although the remarkable synthesis of Hershkovitz (1977) remains the baseline for all current research and investigation on the taxonomy and distributions of these animals. Sixteen years on, some new forms have been described and there is still controversy regarding the taxonomic status of, most particularly, the marmosets, genus Callithrix. Considerable new information is also available regarding geographic distributions. In this chapter, we provide accounts of the current opinions regarding taxonomic status along with a revision of the distributions and some notes on the conservation status of each of the 50 or so marmosets and tamarins recognized to date.
Experimental multiple hybridism and natural hybrids among Callithrix species from eastern Brazil
Authors: Coimbra-Filho Adelmar F , Pissinatti, Alcides , Rylands Anthony B
Published: November 2023

Although hybridization of primates in captivity has received little attention, it is a subject which can provide important contributions in a number of research fields. Brief comments on this were provided by Wolfe et al. (1975) and Deinhardt et al. (1976), who judged the hybrid offspring of Saguinus fuscicollis x S. nigricollis to be a highly satisfactory research model in relation to other callitrichids, being comparable in reproductive performance to the best pure forms. These authors also confirmed the excellent reproductive capacity of Callithrix jacchus. Although little used in their laboratories, C. jacchus surpassed the fitness shown by a number of Saguinus species (S. fuscicollis, S. nigricollis and S. oedipus). For this reason, these authors pointed out that the genus Callithrix, although not widely used in research, except for some laboratories in the United Kingdom, would provide an excellent model in biomedical investigation.
From dependence to sexual maturity: the behavioural ontogeny of Callitrichidae
Authors: Yamamoto Maria Emilia
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews data on behavioural ontogeny in the four callitrichid genera, and presents more detailed data on five Callithrix jacchus infants. Callitrichids are unique in the intensity of their relations to infants. The newborn, usually twins, may be carried from the first day by group members other than the mother. Weaning occurs from 9-13 weeks, when most of the food ingested is obtained through sharing or stealing. Agonistic behaviours may appear, as well as scent-marking. At the juvenile stage (beginning at 4-7 months) ‘twin fights’ may occur; particularly between same-sexed twins, determining status differences. At the sub-adult stage (beginning at 9-14 months) the young animal has the size and appearance of an adult, has mastered most of the adult behavioural repertoire, and achieves puberty. Although puberty takes place at this time the young does not conceive. At the adult stage (beginning at 12-21 months) sexual maturity is attained. Approximately every five months a new set of twins is born. Interactions with infants depend on the animal’s age and previous experience. The behavioural ontogeny shows many similarities among the callitrichid genera, although some important differences call for further investigation.
Modelling indirect effects of predation on community structure
Authors: Tsumura Osamu , Kawasaki Kohkichi , Shigesada Nanako
Published: November 2023

Predation plays important roles in shaping the structure of natural communities. For instance, Paine (1966, 1974) showed that removal of a predator from an intertidal community resulted in a decrease in the number of major space-utilizing species. Without predators, there occurs intense competition and only a strong competitor can survive. But in the presence of a predator that feeds on the stronger competitor, weaker competitors survive, due to relaxed competition. Similar effects have been observed widely in aquatic (Connell 1961; Slobodkin 1964; Dayton 1971; Porter 1972) and terrestrial systems (Harper 1969). Conversely, there are also observations that predation leads to a decrease in species richness (Harper 1969; May 1973; Adicott 1974; Janzen 1976; Lubchenco 1978). Thus, the influence of predation can be separated into two types: predator-mediated coexistence and predator-induced instability. Two or more predator species in a community may introduce additional sorts of complexity into the community structure. Even when predators have no direct interactions, they may influence each other indirectly through altering the state of the lower trophic level. There are two categories of such indirect interactions: indirect mutualism and indirect competition. If the invasion of a predator facilitates the survival of other predators (Vandermeer 1980; Kerfoot 1983; Brown et al. 1986; Shigesada et al. 1989), we call it indirect mutualism. On the other hand, indirect competition refers to the case where the invasion of a predator excludes the resident predator or decreases its density (Adicott 1974; Lubchenco 1978).
The structure and complexity of parasitoid communities in relation to biological control
Authors: Mills Nick J
Published: November 2023

The successful importation of the vedalia beetle from Australia into southern California for the control of the cottony-cushion scale in 1888 marks the starting point for classical biological control of arthropod pests. Since then there have been many natural enemies imported against a variety of pests around the world. Clausen (1978) provides a valuable review of projects up to 1968, and this compilation has been extended and updated in the BIOCAT database of the International Institute of Biological Control (D. T. Greathead and A.H. Greathead 1992). There have been numerous successes in the control of invading pests, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, which have served to emphasize several important features of this form of pest control: that in managed ecosystems, at least, natural enemies can play a decisive role in the suppression of pest densities, that natural enemies can provide long-term control of a pest without the need for continued human intervention, that natural enemies very often have minimal impact on other elements of the ecosystem, and that success can be spontaneous and spectacular but can frequently be frustratingly elusive.
Metapopulation Ecology
Authors: Hanski llkka
Published: November 2023

Written by a world renowned biologist, this volume offers a comprehensive synthesis of current research in this rapidly expanding area of population biology. It covers both the essential theory and a wide range of empirical studies, including the author's groundbreaking work on the Glanville fritillary butterfly. It also includes practical applications to conservation biology. The book describes theoretical models for metapopulation dynamics in highly fragmented landscapes and emphasizes spatially realistic models. It presents the incidence function model and includes several detailed examples of its application. Accessible to advanced undergraduate and graduate students, Metapopulation Ecology will be a valuable resource for researchers in population biology, conservation biology, and landscape ecology.
Life History Invariants
Authors: Charnov Eric L
Published: November 2023

In this book, Eric Charnov uses ideas about symmetry, invariance, and scaling laws to explore aspects of population dynamics and the evolution of male and female life histories. Charnov's work is internationally known and will attract great interest among postgraduate students and researchers in ecology, evolution, behaviour, and many other fields within organismal biology.
Finis
Authors: Charnov Eric L
Published: November 2023

This final chapter will not repeat the discussions from the previous seven. I hope that I have convinced the reader of the utility of a symmetry approach to life histories even if there is disagreement with particular modelling assumptions (e.g. the yearly clutch size model for mammals is probably too simple). Invariance under particular transformations is a worthy consideration; the data support the reality of invariance. Open questions and future directions include the following. The stationary population assumption, with the immense usefulness of the stable age distribution as well as Rºas a fitness measure, seems almost too good to be true. Let us just say it works and wonder why. Perhaps it is merely a useful first-order approximation to a stochastic fitness measure, which explicitly considers the fluctuating populations that we all know really characterize nature (Metz et al. 1992).
Life History and Biogeography
Authors: Kohn Alan J , Perron Frank E
Published: November 2023

Containing much original, previously unpublished research, this book describes the conspicuous. colourful, and ecologically important snail genus Conus. It provides what is probably the best and most extensive data set of life parameters available from any tropical invertebrate taxon. The conclusions drawn are likely to apply to many coral-reef invertebrates and thus ensure the book's significance for all those interested in the study of biodiversity.
Conus Development Outside the Indo-Pacific Region
Authors: Kohn Alan J , Perron Frank E
Published: November 2023

Relatively little is known of the reproductive biology of Conus outside the IP region, even though the number of species occurring elsewhere in the world probably approximately equals the number of IP species.
Electrophysiology of mammalian pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental neurons in vitro:Implications for the control of REM sleep
Authors: Leonard C S , Llinas R R
Published: November 2023

The mammalian pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (LDT) are located in the dorsolateral pontine reticular formation at the junction of the midbrain and pons. Although the precise delineation of their boundaries is a subject of current discussion (Lee et al. 1988; Rye et al. 1987), the major portion of the PPT and LDT is coextensive with the Ch5 and Ch6 groups of cholinergic neurons, respectively (Mesulam et al. 1983). These groups are defined on the purely histochemical criterion of immunocytochemical labelling for ChAT (Armstrong et al. 1983; Jones and Beaudet 1987; Mesulam et al. 1983; Pare et al. 1988; Woolf and Butcher 1986). Examination of the PPT cytoarchitecture in rat has shown that the nucleus contains both large, cholinergic neurons and smaller, non-cholinergic neurons (Rye et al. 1987). The functional roles of the large- and small-cell populations are not known. However, evidence from a variety of experimental approaches supports the view that PPT and LDT cholinergic neurons play an important role in the production of both the phasic and tonic components of REM sleep (Hobson et al. 1986; Hobson and Steriade 1986; Shiromani and Gillin 1987). In addition, it has been suggested that the PPT and LDT cholinergic neurons form the anatomical substrate of the midbrain locomotor region (Garcia-Rill 1986), a region defined by its ability to elicite locomotion following electrical stimulation in the precollicular cat or rat. Alternatively, hodological considerations have led to the suggestion that the small non-cholinergic neurons of the PPT and neighbouring areas may be involved in extrapyramidal motor functions while the large cholinergic neurons may be involved in the control of the REM sleep (Lee et al. 1988; Rye et al. 1987).
A neurophysiological model for the directional coding of reaching movements
Authors: Jeannerod M
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to present a model to account for directional coding of reaching movements. Several critical neural operations are needed for ultimately building up the appropriate motor commands that will steer the hand to its final position. First, the retinal map where the target projects must be transformed into a motor (or visuomotor) map of space in which target position is specified in a body-centred system of coordinates. Second, the position of the moving limb must be specified on a proprioceptive map using the same system of co-ordinates as the visuomotor map, so that limb position and target position can coincide. Finally, error-correcting mechanisms must be available for ensuring accuracy.
Brain and space: some deductions from the clinical evidence
Authors: Ratcliff Graham
Published: November 2023

Those neuropsychologists who, like myself, work directly with patients with cerebral lesions are uniquely placed to benefit from the kinds of data and theory discussed in this volume. Potentially, we are also in a unique position to serve as an interface between the two main sources of this information – the concrete world of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology on the one hand and the more abstract realm of cognitive theory and computational modelling on the other.
Introduction to Veterinary Genetics
Authors: Nicholas F W
Published: November 2023

An introductory overview of aspects of genetics that are relevant to animal diseases and to animal production. This is a shorter and simplified version of the successful Veterinary Genetics (1987), and is ideal for students, classroom use, and Practitioners who require more guidance with genetics. Molecular techniques that are revolutionising our understanding of animal genetics are covered throughout the book, including in the areas of familial disorders, environmental control of inherited disorders, animal breeding, and selection.
Biotechnology and the future
Authors: Nicholas F W
Published: November 2023

Much of this book has been concerned with the application of various forms of biotechnology to the breeding of animals. The aim of this chapter is to fill in the remaining gaps-to comment upon those aspects of biotechnology that have not been sufficiently covered in earlier chapters. In so doing, we shall be looking into the future, which is always a risky business. The predictions that follow, therefore, are made in the full knowledge that not all of them are likely to come to fruition.
A framework for discussing the population biology of infectious diseases
Authors: Anderson Roy M , May Robert M
Published: November 2023

By focusing on the overall population biology of associations between hosts and parasites, and emphasizing broad themes that are common to most systems, we seek to provide a framework within which a vast amount of information about parasitic infections may be organized in an orderly way. We aim to codify similarities and differences among the various viral, bacterial, protozoan, fungal, and helminth parasites, identifying the ecologically based patterns of relationships among epidemiological parameters such as transmission rates, virulence, life span of the parasite within the host, and so on.
Pharmacological characteristics and molecular structure of calcium channels
Authors: Kostyuk Platon G
Published: November 2023

A characteristic feature of many types of ion channels is their ability to bind some natural substances very specifically. One of the best-known examples is the binding by sodium channels of tetrodotoxin (TIX) obtained from a Pacific fish, Tetrodon. The discovery of tetrodotoxin played an extremely important role in the development of modern ideas about ion channels. Some other specific substances have been found to block sodium channels; most of them are used by living organisms for defence or attack. The production of artificially modified natural toxins, including their radioactive labelling, became a very convenient instrument for the investigation of the functional structure of sodium channels, and determination of their location, density, etc.
Fate of calcium ions in the nerve cell
Authors: Kostyuk Platon G
Published: November 2023

The existence in excitable cells of effective mechanisms for controlling the entry of calcium ions into the cell must be connected with the presence of opposite mechanisms which can remove them after the end of cell activity. If the injected ions remained in the cytoplasm in a free state, the functions of the cell would rapidly deteriorate because calcium ions interact with most important macromolecules and change their properties. Thus, an effective system for the maintenance of calcium homeostasis must also exist, probably even more important than the systems maintaining the homeostasis of sodium or potassium ions.
Neuropsychological disorders after subcortical lesions: implications for neural models of language and spatial attention
Authors: Cappa Stefano F , Vallar Giuseppe
Published: November 2023

In recent years abundant evidence has been provided that neuropsychological disorders such as aphasia and neglect may be associated with subcortical lesions sparing the cerebral cortex. This chapter, relying mainly on neuropsychological data from brain-damaged patients, but also considering some relevant animal research, has a twofold aim:
Three topographical types of thalamic aphasia: a neurolinguistic, MRI, and SPECT study
Authors: Puel M , Démonet J F , Cardebat D , Berry I , Celsis P , Marc-Vergnes J P , Rascol A
Published: November 2023

Among the so-called ‘subcortical aphasias’, 108 cases of thalamic aphasia have been reported (Demonet 1987). Whereas on the one hand the possibility of identifying a specific thalamic syndrome remains controversial, on the other hand, anatomical studies based only on CT scan data do not allow thorough correlations between linguistic disturbances and distinct intrathalamic lesion sites. Advances in brain imaging-including both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) studies-allow us to consider the role that subcortical structures, and particularly the thalamus, might play in the determinism of language disorders, in terms both of lesion site and of functional networks, according to the model proposed by Crosson (1985), which assumes the existence of functional cortico-subcortico-cortical loops. From a previous study (Puel et al. 1986), we present three cases showing evidence of different thalamic lesions, documented with MRI study and analysed at both a neurolinguistic and SPECT level.
Intraspecific phylogenetics: problems and solutions
Authors: Crandall* Keith A , Templeton† Alan R , Sing‡ Charles F
Published: November 2023

Intraspecific phylogenies are useful tools in testing a variety of evolutionary and population genetic hypotheses. However, the reconstruction methods available for within-species phylogenies were developed under the assumptions of greater evolutionary divergences. Therefore, these methods often lack resolving power at the intraspecific level. Here we overview the only phylogeny reconstruction algorithm that is specifically designed to take advantage of the information from population genetic theory in reconstructing within-species phylogenies. The method is demonstrated using restriction site data from the yellow-achaete-scute locus of Drosophila melanogaster.
Insect faunas in ice age environments: why so little extinctionã
Authors: Coope G R
Published: November 2023

The above quotation highlights the problem that we face when trying to deal with extinction as a phenomenon, that is, the difficulty of dealing with negative evidence. How can we ever be certain that an organism has finally ceased to existã It is easy enough at the individual level—death has its own particular finality about it—but at the racial level, recognizing extinction is a much more intractable problem. Everyone is justifiably convinced that the mammoths are globally extinct because such an enormous animal could hardly be overlooked. Yet, even here, the recently discovered dwarf mammoths that had survived on Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean until a mere 5000 years ago, show how inadequate the fossil record can be in dating the final demise of even such a conspicuous species as this. The rediscovery of the presumed extinct bird, the Takahe (Notornis) in New Zealand again shows how difficult it is to be certain that even large birds have finally become extinct. The recent finding of a totally new genus of antelope Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Mackinnon, in Vietnam shows how wrong it is to presume that all the large mammals on Earth are now ‘known to science’. Extinction may be easy enough to define in theory but it is much more difficult to recognize in practice even among the most conspicuous inhabitants of our planet.