bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Netherlands
Authors: Bazyler Michael J. , Boyd Kathryn Lee , Nelson Kristen L. , Shah Rajika L.
Published: January 2019

The Netherlands was occupied by Nazi Germany in May 1940 and remained at least partially occupied in the north through May 1945. A key feature of the German occupying administration was implementing what has come to be described as “looting by decree” of Jewish property and possessions. Of the more than 100,000 Jews who were deported by the German occupiers and Dutch collaborators, only roughly 5,000 survived. After the war, laws were passed annulling the wartime German confiscation decrees, and a council was created to return stolen property. In the late 1990s, various commissions of inquiry were tasked with examining different aspects of the postwar Dutch restitution process. The Van Kemenade Commission found that, with respect to the postwar restitution framework, Jews were treated like any other group, even though they had generally suffered and lost far more. The Commission also found that, while the restitution process was carried out in a lawful manner, it had many unfair consequences. The Netherlands endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
Norway
Authors: Bazyler Michael J. , Boyd Kathryn Lee , Nelson Kristen L. , Shah Rajika L.
Published: January 2019

During World War II, Norway was occupied by Germany. Its collaborationist government and Nazi administration passed laws stripping Norwegian Jews of their property. Norway’s government-in-exile in London passed a decree during the war guaranteeing the restitution of private and communal property. After the war, all property—whether owned by Jews or non-Jews—was in theory subject to restitution. However, a 1997 report commissioned by the Norwegian government found that, in many instances, the complicated and lengthy restitution processes failed to fully restore to Norwegian Jews what had been confiscated during the Nazi occupation. In 1998, as a result of the report, the government approved a law on the historical and moral settlement for the treatment in Norway of the economic liquidation of the Jewish minority during World War II. The comprehensive compensation for the Jewish community covered all private, communal, and heirless property claims. Norway endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
Romania
Authors: Bazyler Michael J. , Boyd Kathryn Lee , Nelson Kristen L. , Shah Rajika L.
Published: January 2019

Romania was allied with Germany for most of World War II. Extensive “Romanianization” (akin to Germany’s Aryanization) of Jewish property took place. More than 400,000 Romanian Jews died during the Holocaust. After switching sides in the war, Romania promptly enacted legislation to reverse the theft of property. Little was done, however, to act on these commitments during the Communist regime (1945–1989). Instead, widespread nationalization resulted in a second wave of confiscation. Restitution only began to take place after 1989. However, restitution laws have not been effectively applied, and to date only limited restitution has taken place in Romania. A 2013 restitution law was recognized by the European Court of Human Rights as providing, in theory, an accessible and effective framework for the restitution of nationalized or confiscated property. In the post-Communist period, Romania has enacted a number of laws relating to the restitution of communal property belonging to religious organizations and national minorities. These laws chiefly cover communal property taken during the Communist era. Romania endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
Russia
Authors: Bazyler Michael J. , Boyd Kathryn Lee , Nelson Kristen L. , Shah Rajika L.
Published: January 2019

In 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, in violation of the 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. The invasion marked the beginning of what Russia would later call the Great Patriotic War during which the Soviet Union suffered tens of millions of civilian and military losses. Private property in the Soviet Union was earlier confiscated through Lenin and Stalin’s nationalization programs. Nazi-occupied territories of the Soviet Union suffered property confiscation by the German forces, with most of the confiscation taking place in the Soviet Republics of Belarussia and Ukraine and western Russia. Russia does not have any private or communal property restitution and/or compensation laws relating to Holocaust-era confiscations, or return of property confiscations dating back to the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. Russia also does not have any special legislation dealing with heirless property. Russia endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009, but declined to endorse the 2010 Guidelines and Best Practices.
Serbia
Authors: Bazyler Michael J. , Boyd Kathryn Lee , Nelson Kristen L. , Shah Rajika L.
Published: January 2019

Yugoslavia (which included present-day Serbia) was invaded by the Axis powers in 1941. Nazi Germany established a brutal occupation. Other parts of modern-day Serbia were occupied by Hungary, Bulgaria and Italy. Roughly 85 percent of the Jews who lived in Serbia before World War II were murdered. Postwar war Yugoslavia enacted a short-lived property restitution law. As Yugoslavia fell under Communist rule, widespread nationalization resulted in a second wave of property confiscations. Restitution began in the 2000s. Serbia is the only country that has enacted private property restitution legislation since endorsing the Terezin Declaration in 2009. Serbia has also passed communal property legislation—albeit with key limitations whose effects have disproportionately negatively impacted the Jewish community. In February 2016, Serbia enacted heirless property restitution legislation and the first country to enact an heirless property law since the Terezin Declaration was drafted in 2009. Serbia endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
Slovenia
Authors: Bazyler Michael J. , Boyd Kathryn Lee , Nelson Kristen L. , Shah Rajika L.
Published: January 2019

Yugoslavia (which included present-day Slovenia) was occupied by Germany, Italy, and Hungary during World War II, and immovable property was confiscated. Roughly 90 percent of the Jews who lived in Slovenia before World War II were murdered during the war. Postwar Yugoslavia enacted a short-lived property restitution law. As Yugoslavia fell under Communist rule, widespread nationalization resulted in a second wave of property confiscations. Slovenia gained its independence in 1991 and that same year passed a denationalization law, which was later amended to permit foreign nationals to make property claims. The law addresses the restitution of private property nationalized between 1945 and 1963. The law has also been used to gain return of communal property. Some communal property has been returned to the Jewish community in Slovenia, despite lack of specific legislation. Slovenia has not passed legislation for the restitution of heirless property. Slovenia endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
Spain
Authors: Bazyler Michael J. , Boyd Kathryn Lee , Nelson Kristen L. , Shah Rajika L.
Published: January 2019

Spain is typically described as having been a neutral country during World War II. However, during the war, the Fascist ideology of Spain’s General Francisco Franco was closely aligned to that of the Nazis’ National Socialism. Unlike Hitler’s Germany, however, Franco’s Spain did not enact anti-Jewish policies or engage in the persecution of Jews. More than 25,000 Jews were able to escape Nazi-controlled Europe to Spain during the war. No immovable property—private, communal, or heirless—was taken from Jews or other targeted groups in Spain during the war. As a result, no immovable property restitution laws were required. Spain endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
Sweden
Authors: Bazyler Michael J. , Boyd Kathryn Lee , Nelson Kristen L. , Shah Rajika L.
Published: January 2019

Sweden maintained a policy of uneven neutrality throughout World War II. While the Swedish government initially maintained a strict anti-immigrant policy, attitudes changed once World War II began. When Swedish authorities learned in 1942 that the Germans sought to deport Jews from Denmark and Norway, they aided in the rescue of thousands of Jews from the two neighboring countries. Throughout the war, Sweden maintained diplomatic relations with Nazi Germany. The Nazis sought to have Aryanization policy carried out in Sweden with respect to German-controlled companies operating in Sweden and also for Swedish companies with links to Germany. In the end, however, efforts to Aryanize property in Sweden were not very effective and did not have a major impact on the economic well-being of Swedish Jews. Sweden endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
Turkey
Authors: Bazyler Michael J. , Boyd Kathryn Lee , Nelson Kristen L. , Shah Rajika L.
Published: January 2019

Turkey remained neutral for most of World War II. In the last few months of the war, Turkey symbolically joined the Allied powers. Owing to its neutral status for most of the war, no immovable property from Jews or other targeted groups was confiscated in Turkey during the war. However, during this period, Jews and other minority groups in Turkey were hit hard by the application of a 1942 capital wealth tax, which had the effect of taxing non-Muslims at higher levels than Turkish Muslims with the same level of wealth. Turkey endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.
The First and Last Day (1917–1922)
Authors: Inouye Melissa Wei-Tsing
Published: January 2019

Why do some big ideas catch on, spread, and endure while others fizzle? Analyzing Wei Enbo’s vision of Jesus and the religious revival it sparked gives us insight into the attraction of the True Jesus Church in 1917. Wei’s theophany was recounted in multiple stories revealing overlap but also significant variation. Over the course of retelling, these stories became more abstract and theologically focused, suggesting ways in which religious narratives emerge. This process generated a culturally fluent and linguistically discriminating message of biblical adherence. Chinese Christians seeking increased ecclesiastical purity and personal morality converted to the new movement. Wei’s prediction that the world would end by 1922 reflected realities of social turmoil and Chinese millenarian traditions, but also was in keeping with the charismatic (extraordinary) tenor of the early True Jesus Church movement, which relied heavily on tropes, language, and expectations from the Bible.
The Three Lives of Deaconess Yang (1922–1932)
Authors: Inouye Melissa Wei-Tsing
Published: January 2019

Although patriarchal religion is often depicted as a reactionary influence in women’s lives, charismatic religious organizations like the True Jesus Church were part of a flourishing new associational culture in China during the 1920s and 1930s that expanded roles and multiplied life opportunities for Chinese women. Recent scholarship has highlighted ways in which elite women worked as lawyers, doctors, and educators, participated in modern print culture, and engaged in public conversations. The histories of women of the True Jesus Church move us closer to understanding the world of Chinese women at the grassroots in an era during which old and new ideals of womanhood seesawed back and forth. Participation in the True Jesus Church connected women to an organized, collective form of religious life that was strikingly modern and amplified their opportunities to wield spiritual and community authority.
Four Governments in China (1932–1949)
Authors: Inouye Melissa Wei-Tsing
Published: January 2019

During the tumultuous period between the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and the Communist victory in 1949, parts of China were controlled by three different governments: the Nationalist government based in Nanjing and then Chongqing, the Communist-controlled area around Yan’an in the northwest, and the Japanese. Against this backdrop of regional division and contested legitimacy, the ecclesiastical government of the True Jesus Church stands out. The church’s extensive and relatively functional systems of church governance point to the significance of autonomous ideological organizations, whose stable models of functional governance and legitimate authority contrasted unflatteringly with the dysfunctional or corrupt authority of the Chinese party–state. Legitimate moral authority held the True Jesus Church together in a national and even international community during a chaotic time in which other attempts to create shared identity and common purpose across China failed.
The Handwritten Hymnbook (1958–1974)
Authors: Inouye Melissa Wei-Tsing
Published: January 2019

During the Cultural Revolution, organizations and individuals of all stripes came under attack in a chaotic age characterized by the widespread breakdown of social relationships. As “old” art, music, and literature were criticized and replaced by “new” politically orthodox works, clandestine communities formed to preserve and produce alternative forms of culture. The silent prayer meetings of the True Jesus Church are akin to other covert cultural activities such as groups dedicated to reading banned literature, listening to Western music, and creating art. Charismatic experience played a key role in sustaining the life of the True Jesus Church underground because it could occur within informal, intimate settings. The church experienced an inversion of gendered power, as top male leaders were arrested and elderly women became key figures in sustaining the community’s religious life.
The Parable of the Cursed Chicken (1974–Present)
Authors: Inouye Melissa Wei-Tsing
Published: January 2019

In the charismatic culture of the True Jesus Church in contemporary China, extraordinary occurrences are expected within the mundane circumstances of modern life. The church community’s claimed access to miraculous power strengthens the legitimacy of church ideology and church government. These charismatic experiences, often framed in reference to the Bible, inject vitality into church members’ shared life and the organizational structures holding them together. At the same time, church leaders attempt to carefully define and regulate charismatic experience in order to preserve community norms and maintain optimal levels of tension with surrounding society. At the level of individual practice, the church’s emphasis on Christian separation from the world results not in withdrawal, but in engagement with nearly every aspect of everyday life.
From Defence to Offence
Authors: Rimmington Anthony
Published: January 2019

In April 1934 Stalin called a key meeting of the Politburo to hear reports relating to Soviet biological weapons programs. At the end of the meeting he concluded that all facilities working in the area of biological warfare should be combined within “a single powerful institute”. The Soviet Union’s BW facilities were at this point transferred to the Red Army’s Military-Chemical Directorate where they were absorbed into the Biochemical Institute at Vlasikha. In March 1935 Stalin called a second meeting focused on the Soviet BW program. Here he clashed with Demikhovskii, one of the leading scientists, who, as a consequence, was to be excluded from further participation in military biological projects.
The Soviet Union’s Secret of Secrets
Authors: Rimmington Anthony
Published: January 2019

By 1935, the Soviet military was becoming increasingly concerned that testing undertaken by the Red Army’s Biochemical Institute at Vlasikha involving dangerous infectious diseases could conceivably pose a threat to Moscow. It was therefore decided to create a new branch at Gorodomyla Island on Lake Seliger. At this point the Vlasikha facility was renamed the Biotechnical Institute and all ongoing offensive biological warfare work was transferred to Gorodomyla. It was around this time that Stalin and his security organs unleashed the mass repression dubbed the Great Terror. The repression was to have an enormous impact on microbiology and resulted in the decapitation of the leadership of the Red Army’s BW program with the arrests of both Fishman and Velikanov.
The Soviet Union’s Enigma BW Programme
Authors: Rimmington Anthony
Published: January 2019

The British Secret Intelligence Service identified the RSFSR People’s Commissariat of Health (RSFSR Narkomzdrav) as being the main agency within which ostensibly civil facilities engaged in offensive biological warfare work were concealed. Significant funds for BW research were channeled from RSFSR Narkomzdrav to the Plague Fort at Kronstadt and to other laboratories in Leningrad. Semen Ivanovich Zlatogorov, who had participated in Russian efforts to combat the October 1910 to February 1911 outbreak of pneumonic plague in Manchuria, and had subsequently emerged as one of the world’s leading authorities on pneumonic plague, was the lead scientist heading up BW research in Leningrad. The key institution operating closely alongside the Narkomzdrav facilities appears to have been the Red Army’s Military-Medical Academy.
From Swords to Ploughshares
Authors: Rimmington Anthony
Published: January 2019

A number of long-range research programs were initiated by the Red Army’s biological warfare facilities which would bring about the development and application of a range of civil and defense vaccines during the Second World War. As a result, 8.5 million Soviet troops were vaccinated against plague, 90,000 against anthrax and an unknown number against tularemia. In addition, botulinum toxoids and a vaccine against brucellosis were developed. Although the Red Army’s BW institutes made some useful contribution to the development of antibiotics production, it was UK and US scientists who made critical contributions of technology. The same BW facilities also launched a program for the manufacture of bacteriophage preparations which drew heavily on technology developed in Tbilisi.
Yesterday Today
Authors: Rimmington Anthony
Published: January 2019

Knowledge of Stalin’s historical biological warfare network is crucial to making sense of the vast offensive biological warfare program launched by the Soviet Union in the 1970s. It is also a crucial aid to a full understanding of Russia’s current biological defense program. Nearly the entirety of the core infrastructure that was created during Stalin’s leadership remains in place today. The Shikhany proving ground, in existence since the 1920s, remains at the heart of Russia’s network and the three BW facilities created by Stalin at Kirov, Ekaterinburg and Sergiev Posad remain in full operation. As well as having originally created much of Russia’s existing physical military biological infrastructure, Stalin’s BW program is also likely to have resulted in the development by the military of technology for the manufacture of a range of new bioweapons. This technology presumably underwent further development during the offensive program launched in the 1970s by the Soviet Union and was eventually inherited by Russia.
The changing shape of civic activism
Authors: Youngs Richard
Published: January 2019

Chapter 2 presents an overview of emerging types of civic activism. It categorizes the different forms and styles of the civic activism that has gained presence and influence in recent years. It then provides examples from around the world. The chapter explains how this mapping of new organizational forms is the essential conceptual base from which an assessment of contemporary civil society must proceed.
Digital activism
Authors: Youngs Richard
Published: January 2019

Chapter 6 looks at the subject of digital activism. While this is an exhaustively covered topic, the chapter relates it more specifically to the debates relevant to new civic activism. Weighing the benefits and downsides of digital technology against each other, the chapter observes the beginning of a new phase of debates about the combining of online and offline activism.
Activists at risk
Authors: Youngs Richard
Published: January 2019

Chapter 9 assesses the more clearly negative trend in global civil society: the increasing attacks meted out by regimes against activists. As this phenomenon becomes more serious and widespread, so activists intensify their efforts to develop new and informal forms of activism as a means to decrease their vulnerability to repression. The chapter critically examines the extent to which new civic activism can help mitigate these attacks against global civil society.
Romance sounds
Authors: Gibson Mark , Gil Juana
Published: January 2019

The study of Romance sounds, and their structure, has for centuries occupied a fundamental position in core phonetic and phonological research. And for good reason. By examining the typological symmetries and asymmetries among the different Romance languages we have learned much about the universal properties of language and the production/perception mechanisms which underscore acquisition and sound change. This provides a rich terrain in which to formulate and test new hypotheses related to sound systems and their development. The commissioned authors in the current volume present recent research in the acoustic, articulatory, phonological, perceptual, and acquisition domains from an array of theoretical foci. The work presented here is sure to have a far-reaching impact in the speech sciences for many years to come.
The phonetics of Italian anaphonesis
Authors: Calamai Silvia
Published: January 2019

In Florentine Italian high vowels /i/ and /u/ occur before a velar nasal instead of the expected /e/ and /o/, e.g., vinco ‘I win’ < VĬNCO, punto ‘point’ < PŬNCTUM. This phenomenon, referred to as ‘anaphonesis’, represents a tricky phonetic process from the history of Italian, which may have some relationship with the universals of vowel nasality and nasal consonants. An evident front–back asymmetry in the words triggering anaphonesis has also been observed: front vowels are more prone to anaphonesis than back vowels. Moreover, there appears to be an effect of the postnasal, since back vowels show anaphonesis only in the case of a voiced postnasal. In order to explore the parallels between documented synchronic and diachronic variation, the complexity and diversity of nasal vowel evolution in Romance are considered to have probative value and are reconsidered in the light of the results of two production and perception experiments.
Perceptual cues for individual voice quality
Authors: Trinidad Marianela Fernández , Abuin José Manuel Rojo
Published: January 2019

The alteration of phonation modes may affect speaker identification, but it is not known to what extent changes in register can compromise discrimination in each case. To answer this question, specifically with respect to falsetto voice, a perception experiment was designed using disguised voice in order to analyze the listeners’ reaction to stimuli that differed only with respect to phonation modes. Results were significant, suggesting that falsetto voice does not compromise speaker recognition. In addition to the perception experiment, the chapter also provides a detailed analysis of the temporal aspects of each mode and the biomechanical behavior of the vocal folds. Connecting the perception experiment to the production analysis allows us, first, to know which parameters have been altered, and which have not, during the register shift to falsetto voice and, secondly, to discuss what perceptive weight such parameters may have on the recognition of individual voice quality.
Adjusting to the syllable margins
Authors: Jiménez Jesús , Lloret Maria-Rosa , Pons-Moll Clàudia
Published: January 2019

This chapter brings together data from several varieties of Catalan and Spanish with the purpose of investigating the behavior of glides (i.e., /j/ and /w/) in onsets and codas, and the way they adjust to the syllable margins. The analysis is situated within Optimality Theory and, more specifically, support is provided for the distinction proposed by Baertsch between elements which are parsed as the leftmost element in the onset (M1: Margin; 1) and elements which are syllabified as codas or as the second element in the onset (M2: Margin 2). The data indicate, though, that an explicit reference to the intersyllabic context in which M1 elements appear is sometimes required as well.
Language proximity and speech perception in young bilinguals
Authors: Bosch Laura
Published: January 2019

Linguistic experience shapes speech perception from the earliest stages of development. Infants growing up in bilingual contexts are exposed to a more complex linguistic input from which they will gradually build language-specific phonetic and phonological categories, eventually characterizing words in their early lexicons. Input languages can show different levels of proximity relative to their rhythmic, phonetic, phonological, or lexical properties. Does language proximity affect early speech perception processes, from language differentiation to perceptual narrowing and phonological representation of words in the bilinguals’ vocabulary? Data from infants growing up in Catalan-Spanish contexts, acquiring a close pair of Romance languages, are reviewed and contrasted with data from infants exposed to more distant language pairs. It is argued that language proximity can determine specific adjustments in bilinguals’ early phonetic perception and phonological encoding of words. Language proximity factors can account for differences among bilingual infants’ trajectories previously reported in the literature.
Phonetic behavior in proficient bilinguals
Authors: Simonet Miquel
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses a selection of the literature on the phonetic behavior of proficient bilinguals. It examines both perception and production, and it focuses on what is known about a particular bilingual group: Catalan–Spanish bilinguals. This population has received a lot of attention because it allows for the exploration of bilingual individuals with different experience profiles who reside in a speech community where both languages enjoy similar social status and are thus likely to be used by any member of the community in any given day. Phonetic research on this bilingual population has been concerned mostly with addressing the following question: What is the role of the age of first exposure to an additional language in the manner in which a bilingual will represent and process this language? Research on this population has sparked a wealth of investigations on other populations in order to address this question from multiple perspectives.
Introduction
Authors: Kewes Paulina , McRae Andrew
Published: January 2019

The Introduction sets the volume in its historiographical context, outlines the major issues and material to be covered, and establishes the volume’s purpose and principal methods. It explains the significance of the succession issue in the Stuart period, and delineates the cultural practices of succession and the range and variety of texts produced in response to successive regnal and protectoral transitions as writers sought to influence policy, gain patronage, and increasingly court commercial success. In conclusion, the Introduction identifies the as-yet-unanswered or underexplored questions which the essays that follow variously address.
Panegyric and Its Discontents
Authors: McCabe Richard A.
Published: January 2019

This essay examines the conflicted nature of the panegyrical literature of the Stuart accession of 1603, examining examples from many genres and forms—such as homily, pamphlet, reportage, and pageant—to locate formal verse eulogies of James VI and I in the context of the wider polemical discourse in which they were situated, with particular regard to the problems arising from (1) the advent of a ‘foreign’ king; (2) the questionable nature of his relationship to Elizabeth; (3) the uncertainty of his ecclesiastical outlook; and (4) the implications of his plans for the creation of Great Britain. Comparison is made between the literary responses to the accession in England, Ireland, and Scotland to illustrate the radical disunity and suspicion underlying the rhetoric of friendship and union.
Charles II and the Meanings of Exile
Authors: Highley Christopher
Published: January 2019

Before the restoration of Stuart rule in 1660, Charles II spent the best part of a decade in exile at the mostly Catholic courts of Europe. When he did return briefly to England, he found himself a fugitive in his own realms, a kind of internal exile, before escaping again overseas. This chapter examines how the royal experience of exile became an especially fraught issue in the many printed works produced by Charles’s friends and enemies in the months surrounding the Restoration. Charles’s enemies argued that his time abroad had fatally compromised his Protestantism and fitness to rule, whereas his friends presented his exile as a positive formative experience. In building their cases, however, both sides relied on a discourse of exile that by the second half of the seventeenth century was associated with an English Catholic narrative of religious persecution. Thus, especially for Charles’s Protestant supporters, the terms available for representing his exile rendered problematic his reputation as a resolute Anglican.
1685 and the Battle for Dutch Public Opinion
Authors: Helmers Helmer
Published: January 2019

Focusing on the contested succession of James II in 1685, this chapter argues that succession literature shaped, and was being shaped by, international relations. It shows that James’s succession led to an Anglo-Scottish propaganda battle in the Dutch Republic as both government agents and the Whig opposition in exile aimed to influence Dutch foreign policy by winning public opinion. Analysis of this British battle for Dutch support, the succession publicity it generated, and the responses it elicited, reveals a remarkable change in Dutch succession publicity. Before the succession, Dutch pamphlets mostly favoured Whig perspectives. After the failed rebellions led by the Duke of Monmouth and the Earl of Argyll, however, pro-Stuart publications came to dominate the press. This shift is shown to have been the result of struggles over Dutch foreign policy.
The Last Stuart Coronation
Authors: Hone Joseph
Published: January 2019

This chapter challenges enduring assumptions about the insignificance of the coronation of Queen Anne in 1702: the last Stuart coronation. Contrary to those assumptions, Anne’s coronation was a carefully orchestrated propaganda display. Drawing on hitherto overlooked or unknown archival sources, this chapter suggests that Anne’s coronation triggered debates about her legitimacy more than it resolved them. It explores how the coronation adapted Elizabethan and classical iconography for Anne, examines new evidence about Isaac Newton’s role in designing coronation medals, and how this imagery was used to diplomatic ends.
Welcoming the King
Authors: McRae Andrew
Published: January 2019

The seventeenth century was the great age of English panegyric, and no events stimulated writers of this genre more than royal successions. This chapter considers panegyric as a dynamic form of political expression: poems, at their best, engaged with contemporary debates about the authority of the monarchy and relations between subjects and their rulers. The chapter focuses on panegyrics produced for the three Stuart reigns that began with monarchs arriving in England from elsewhere: those of James I in 1603, Charles II in 1660, and William III and Mary II in 1688–9. The chapter argues that the century’s manifold political changes placed intense strains on panegyric, and concludes by considering two poets who, under conditions of intense personal pressure, openly rejected it. Despite their different politics, George Wither and Aphra Behn both reflect valuably upon the limitations of this vital genre of political literature.
‘Stampt with your own Image’
Authors: Cook B. J.
Published: January 2019

The most familiar representation of European monarchy in the seventeenth century still remained the coinage. By this time it was unremarkable in itself that a new reign would produce new coin designs, but virtually every Stuart succession involved an extra dimension of some significance, including the accession of a foreign monarch; the restoration of the monarchy; and the joint sovereignty arrangements of William and Mary. Two Stuart reigns, those of James I and Charles II, began with two new coinage redesigns in quick succession, following an initial acknowledgement of the new reign with a more thoroughgoing revision, even though this had the potential to distract from the image and message each had initially established. This chapter reviews how these highly unusual adjustments proceeded and what motives lay behind them.
The Loyal Address
Authors: Knights Mark
Published: January 2019

The chapter examines the genre of addresses of thanks, an innovation of 1658 that endured long after the Stuart Restoration. The characteristics of an address are set out, and the scale and patterns of addressing campaigns of the later Stuart period are charted. Analysis of the addresses highlights their value as prose panegyric promoting loyalty, as well as their capacity to instruct and implicitly warn both the public and the monarch about the extent and limits of loyalty. After 1688 addresses helped to place the British succession in a European and colonial context. However, addresses became part of partisan conflict, which, for some, rendered their sometimes contradictory professions suspect, though the genre proved highly adaptable and continued to be used far into the eighteenth century.
Afterword
Authors: Hammond Paul
Published: January 2019

The Afterword to this volume reflects on the changes in the theoretical justification of monarchy which occurred from the late sixteenth to the late seventeenth century. The first part considers Shakespeare’s presentation of contested successions, and the conflicts which arise in his plays between a divinely sanctioned monarch and the force majeure of a powerful claimant. The second part looks back over previous essays in this volume to highlight some of the ways in which the sacredness of monarchy was called into question during this period, and yet still survived as a potent metaphysical justification for kingship in the minds of many.
Many waves I: Fresnel and Fraunhofer
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the sum of many curved waves in the forms of the Fresnel diffraction integral. First the case of diffraction by a circular aperture is analysed, followed by two regimes where Fresnel diffraction reduces to the case known as Fraunhofer diffraction.
Many waves II: Fourier
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the sum of many plane waves propagating at different angles. It is shown that the sum of many plane waves (Fourier optics) is mathematically equivalent to a sum of many curved waves (the Huygens–Fresnel principle). The Fourier approach is exploited to solve a range of common diffraction problems, including diffraction by a regular array.
Coherence
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the sum of many waves that do not necessarily have a well-defined phase relation. The examples of Michelson’s interferometer and Young’s interferometer are used to measure the phase relationships between components in the light field that have either different frequency, or different spatial origins, respectively.
Optical imaging
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the ability of a lens to produce an image, in particular the effect of the finite size of the lens and the Fourier relationship between the field in the lens plane and the field in the focal plane.
Spatial filtering
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter exploits the Fourier relationship between the fields at different positions for modifying images. Firstly, apodization is considered, where a filter is added in the plane of the lens to modify the spatial distribution in the focal plane. Secondly, spatial filtering is analysed, where a two-lens system is used to allow the manipulation of an image by modifying its Fourier transform.
Light and matter
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the interaction between light and electrons in matter. The microscopic origins of refraction and dispersion are highlighted, as are the optical properties of metals and plasmas, and the effects of a non-linear optical response.
Introduction
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

The Introduction sets out the aims and structure of the volume and the background to the overall project. The book aims to provide an exhaustive account of kinship in ancient Athens from an anthropological perspective, using prosopography and ancient sources as a substitute for fieldwork and drawing on research in the fields of social anthropology and sociology. In doing so it seeks to provide new insights into the subject and opportunities to re-examine assumptions often relied upon by ancient historians.
Adoption
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter covers the evidence for adoption of kin, including several case studies dating to the period in question. These attest to various forms of adoption and distinctions are drawn between inter vivos, testamentary, and posthumous adoptions.
Guardianship
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

In classical Athens, foster-relationships were not institutionalized to the same extent as in later periods and other geographical areas but legal bias in the sources means that we hear much more about guardians than about foster-parents. This chapter covers choice of guardians, including several case studies, as well as bias of evidence towards misconduct.
Property
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines to what extent continuity in residence and property was related to bonds of kinship, including the likelihood of having kin as neighbours. It also covers household composition, encompassing the age of marriage for men and the economic position of the son during his father’s lifetime, and liturgies.
Economic Cooperation
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

The practice of slavery meant an absence of apprenticeship in ancient Greece: young men who lacked property and wanted work would rely on kinsmen to teach them a craft. This chapter examines training in skilled occupations, from poets, playwrights, sculptors, painters, potters, and musicians, to doctors and philosophers, as well as slave families, loans to kin, and kin as guarantors.
Paredroi, Epidosis Lists, Ostracism, the Thirty
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

The phenomena discussed in this chapter—the choice of paredroi, ostracism, and the Thirty—attest to clear assertions of solidarity between kin in official public records being found only in marginal situations.
Council and Assembly
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the issue of kin serving together in the Council, looking at examples or relationships evident from the lists of councillors. It also presents evidence for the age of the councillors, cooperation in the Assembly, and proxeny grants.
The Pre-Kleisthenic Tribes and Trittyes
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

Volume II considers the history, functions, and articulations with other aspects of Athenian social experience of groups in which kinship (patrifiliation) acted as a constitutive structuring principle, i.e.,corporate identities and organization. This chapter focuses specifically on the pre-Kleisthenic tribes and trittyes, and especially on classifications of persons, space, and time. It discusses amphiktyonies, festivals, ‘Ionian’ and ‘Dorian’ tribe names; the Twelve Towns; the Athenaion Politeia; tribes and phratries, including the ritual functions of tribes; trittyes; and naukrariai.
The Phratries
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyses the distribution and origins of known phratries, as well as phratry myths and rituals and the effects of the Peloponnesian War. Particular attention is paid to Dekeleia and the Demotionidai, as well as to evidence from Paiania and Alopeke, while the roles and identities of phratriarchs and economic activities within phratries are also discussed in detail.
IV Leontis
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter covers the following: City trittys: Skambonidai, Halimous. Inland trittys: Leukonoion, Kettos, Paionidai, Aithalidai, Eupyridai, Cholleidai, Hybadai, Oion Kerameikon, Hekale, Kolonai. Coastal trittys: Phrearrhioi, Sounion, Potamos (Upper/Lower), Potamos Deiradiotes, Deiradiotai.
V Akamantis
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter covers the following: City trittys: Kerameis. Inland trittys: Sphettos, Hagnous, Prospalta, Eitea? Hermos? Coastal trittys: Poros? Kephale, Thorikos.
VII Kekropis
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter covers the following: City trittys: Melite, Xypete, Daidalidai, Pithos? Inland trittys: Sypalettos, Trinemeia, Athmonon, Phlya. Coastal trittys: Aixone, Halai Aixonides.
IX Aiantis
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter covers the following: City trittys: Phaleron. Inland trittys: Aphidnai. Coastal trittys: Marathon, Oinoe, Trikorynthus, Rhamnous.
Organization as Chaosmos
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: January 2019

Drawing on the philosophy of Cornelius Castoriadis, I argue that organization is an ever incomplete effort to shape chaos and formlessness. More specifically, organization consists of three ontological components, each pointing to a different function/process: representation, meaning-making, and improvisation. First, portions of the world need to be re-presented in terms of the ensidic logic for an entity to become organized. Secondly, while through representation human actions are sought to be decontextualized, they are necessarily rooted in the practice of a particular community, through which they acquire collectively shared meanings. Thirdly, both syntax (rules) and semantics (meanings) are applied by concrete people in a concrete world, which is infinitely more complex than its representations. There is always a phronetic gap between representations and the world, which is filled in through actors improvising. When a human system is said to be organized, all three functions/processes must be in place.
A Dialogical Approach to the Creation of New Knowledge in Organizations
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: January 2019

Despite several insightful empirical studies on how new knowledge is created in organizations, there is still no satisfactory answer to this question. The purpose of this chapter is to address the question by focusing on direct social interaction. By reinterpreting several organizational examples, as well as findings from organizational knowledge research, the chapter illustrates the process by which new knowledge in organizations originates and develops using a dialogical perspective. When productive, dialogue leads to self-distanciation, namely to individuals taking distance from their customary and unreflective ways of acting as practitioners. Dialogue is productive depending on the extent to which participants engage relationally with one another. When this happens participants are more likely to actively take responsibility both for the joint tasks in which they are involved and for their relationships with others.
Theory as Therapy
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that a representationalist view of theory in an applied or practical science, such as Organization and Management Theory (OMT), is unrealistic and misleading, since it fails to acknowledge theory’s ineradicable dependence on the dynamics of the lifeworld within which it has its “currency.” It explores some of the difficulties raised by the use of representational theorizing in OMT, and the nature of a more reflective form of theorizing. Reflective theorizing invites practitioners to attend to the grammar of their actions, namely to the rules and meanings that actors draw upon in their participation in social practices. It works to draw their attention to aspects of people’s interactions in organizations not usually noticed; to bring to awareness unconscious habits, confusions, prejudices, and pictures that hold practitioners captive. This view of theory—as perceptually reorienting rather than as cognitively explaining—is illustrated by looking at Karl Weick’s sensemaking theory.
Practice Theory
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to articulate the philosophical underpinnings of the perspective commonly known as “practice theory.” The latter originates and has grown out from the long-standing philosophical critique of the logic of scientific rationality, which underlies a large majority of theories within organization and management theory, and social science more generally. Practice theory aims to capture the basic understandings manifested in how actors and materials are entwined in a relational whole over time. Seeing actors as embedded in practices orients researchers to explore how actors follow rules and handle their experiences in enacting the practices they partake in. This chapter explores the philosophical underpinnings of practice theory, with a particular focus on Wittgenstein and Heidegger, and distinguishes three approaches to the study of practice: commonsensical theories, general theories, and domain-specific theories.
Craving for Generality and Small-N Studies
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: January 2019

This chapter addresses the question: “How can findings from case studies and ethnographies be generalized?” It advances an epistemological defence of small-N studies in the context of organization and management theory by drawing on Wittgenstein, and argues that the distinctive theoretical contribution of small-N studies stems from seeing particular cases as opportunities for further refining our conceptualization of general processes. Theorizing is an analogical process: small-N studies researchers notice analogies with processes described in other studies and, in an effort to account for the specificity of the particular case under study, draw new distinctions and thus further refine what is currently known. It is not so much analytical generalization that small-N studies aid as heuristic generalization (or analytical refinement). By doing so, the craving for generality is the craving for a clearer view. They aid generic understanding without annihilating the epistemic significance of the particular.
Troubled Neighbourhoods: Encounters with Housing Authorities
Authors: Koch Insa Lee
Published: January 2019

Chapter 4 analyses tenants’ encounters with social housing providers in their daily attempts to maintain neighbourhoods that they consider fit for living. Social housing tenants’ view of what constitutes ‘neighbour trouble’ is often fundamentally out of sync with what the authorities refer to as ‘nuisance’ and ‘anti-social behaviour’. For social housing providers and their partners, the language of ‘nuisance’ and ‘anti-social behaviour’ denotes individualized conflicts between tenants. However, this language tends to silence the decades of material neglect that have deeply marked Britain’s housing estates. This decline is the primary cause of what tenants refer to as ‘trouble’: badly insulated walls and ceilings, cramped living conditions, and poorly maintained communal areas give rise to tensions between neighbours living in close proximity to one another. While tenants learn to use the language of ‘anti-social behaviour’ and ‘nuisance’ to frame their claims for help, this chapter argues that these forms of state-citizen engagement further depoliticize the structural problems that tenants face, while reinforcing a climate of suspicion and mistrust between tenants.