bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytical Investigation on the Dynamic Behavior of Multi-Span Continuous Beams Supported on Soil with Finite Depth
Authors: Li Da , Yang Hang , Ma Jianjun , Wang Ju , Wang Chaosheng , Guo Ying
Published: July 2024

This paper investigates the influence of soil with finite depth on the vibrational behavior of a multi-span continuous beam resting on an elastic foundation. The simplified model of the Timoshenko beam supported on soil with finite depth is established, introducing the foundation displacement decay function. The numerical solution of the continuous beam’s vibration response on the elastic foundation is obtained by using the transfer matrix method (TMM) and fourth-order Runge-Kutta method (RK4). Taking a two-span continuous beam as an illustrative example, the validity of the calculation theory is validated by comparing it with the outcomes obtained from the finite element method (FEM). Utilizing numerical computation and parametric analysis, the vibration response of continuous beams is evaluated in terms of its influence by various factors such as soil thickness, viscous damping coefficient of the soil, subgrade reaction coefficient, and span ratio. The findings indicate that the inertial motion of the soil with a finite depth significantly reduces the continuous beam’s inherent frequency and enhances the structure’s resonance effect. The rise of the subgrade response coefficient increases the system’s resonant frequency while decreasing the displacement response amplitude. The ratio between the adjacent spans determines the effect of beam span vibration energy transfer to adjacent spans. In addition, compared with the span directly excited by a concentrated harmonic load, the impact of soil thickness, subgrade reaction coefficient, and viscous damping, the coefficient of the soil is more significant on the indirect influence span of a continuous beam.
Performance Evaluation of PVD and CVD Multilayer-Coated Tools in Machining High-Strength Steel
Authors: Yaqoob Saima , Ghani Jaharah A. , Jouini Nabil , Juri Afifah Z.
Published: July 2024

To curtail the negative effects of traditional flood machining, dry cutting using carbide tools has emerged as a prominent alternative for manufacturers, owing to its low cost and phenomenal surface qualities. In line with this view, high-speed machining of high-strength AISI 4340 alloy steel was carried out using multilayer Al2O3/TiCN-CVD and TiAlN/AlCrN-PVD carbide tools in a dry environment. The experimental scheme was adopted, as per Taguchi’s L18 orthogonal array, to investigate the two most crucial machinability aspects, namely tool life and surface roughness. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the obtained data, and it was inferred that the feed rate exhibited the strongest effects on both the tool life and surface roughness, with corresponding percentage contributions of 46.22% and 68.96%, respectively. The longest tool lives of 14.75 min and 10.08 min were obtained at a low cutting speed and feed rate for CVD and PVD tools, respectively. However, the lowest surface roughness of 0.276 µm and 0.307 µm was achieved at a high cutting speed and low feed rate for PVD and CVD tools, respectively. The evolution of tool wear, studied through the microscopic images of the worn tools, revealed that a high cutting speed and feed rate accelerated the flank wear for both types of tools. Nevertheless, the CVD tool exhibited better results due to the thick and effective Al2O3/TiCN coating layer, which protected the carbide substrate against thermal–mechanical loads. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) performed on the worn tools revealed that adhesion, oxidation, diffusion, and abrasion were the main wear mechanisms for both types of tools.
Untangling the “Renicola somateria” (Digenea, Renicolidae) Muddle: Actual Number of Species and Their Distribution and Transmission in the Holarctic
Authors: Galaktionov Kirill V. , Solovyeva Anna I. , Miroliubov Aleksei A. , Romanovich Anna E. , Skírnisson Karl
Published: July 2024

Renicolids are parasites of aquatic birds. Their species identification based on morphological characters is problematic. Here, we revised the composition of Renicola spp. parasitising anatids in nearshore areas of northern seas using integrated morphological and molecular data. We redescribed Renicola somateria and verified the diagnosis of R. mediovitellata. We established that the first intermediate host (FIH) of R. somateria is the mollusc Buccinum undatum, while the FIHs of R. mediovitellata are Nucella spp. molluscs. We described the intramolluscan stages of both species. Renicola somateria and R. mediovitellata formed a separate clade in the molecular trees of the Renicolidae. This finding confirms the existence of three main phylogenetic branches of renicolids, differing in the structure of adults, type of cercariae, and host range. Molecular data demonstrated an amphiboreal distribution of both R. somateria and R. mediovitellata. The former is represented by a single population in Europe and the North Pacific, while the latter forms separate populations in these regions. This may be because R. somateria actually uses not only B. undatum but also some other buccinid species with similar circum-Arctic ranges as the FIH. We discuss the roles played in the formation of digenean ranges by the vagility of the definitive host, the lifespan of the adults, and the distribution of the FIH.
Design and Operational Assessment of a Railroad Track Robot for Railcar Undercarriage Condition Inspection
Authors: Kasch James , Ahmadian Mehdi
Published: July 2024

The operational effectiveness of a railroad track robot that is designed for railcar undercarriage inspection is provided. Beyond describing the robot’s design details and onboard imaging system, the paper analyzes the recorded video images and offers design improvements to increase their clarity. The robot is designed to be deployed trackside, traverse over the rails, and then maneuver in between the rails beneath a stopped train in a siding or a railyard. The under-carriage conditions are documented by onboard video cameras for automated or manual postprocessing. The intent is to inspect the components that are not visible to the conductor or train inspector during a walk-along inspection of a stationary train. An assessment of the existing design, followed by modification and validation, is presented. The results from a prototype unit developed by the Railway Technologies Laboratory at Virginia Tech (RTL) indicate that with proper positioning of off-the-shelf imaging systems such as cameras manufactured by GoPro® in San Mateo, CA, USA and appropriate lighting, it is possible to capture videos that are sufficiently clear for manual (by a railroad engineer), semi-automated, or fully automated (using Artificial Intelligence or Machine Learning methods) inspections of rolling stock undercarriages. Additionally, improvements to the control, mobility, and reliability of the system are documented, although reliability throughout operation and the ability to consistently climb out of the track bed remain points of future investigation.
Influence of Meteorological Parameters on the Prevalence of TEE Detected Left Atrial Appendage Thrombi
Authors: Lecker Franziska , Tiemann Klaus , Lewalter Thorsten , Jilek Clemens
Published: July 2024

(1) Background: Meteorological factors seem to exert various effects on human health, influencing the occurrence of diseases such as thromboembolic events and strokes. Low atmospheric pressure in summer may be associated with an increased likelihood of ischemic stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential impact of meteorological conditions on left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus formation. (2) Methods: A total of 131 patients were included, diagnosed with a first instance of thrombus via 3D transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) between February 2009 and February 2019. Months with frequent thrombus diagnoses of at least 10 thrombi per month were categorized as frequent months (F-months), while months with fewer than 10 thrombus diagnoses per month were labelled as non-frequent months (N-months). The analysis focused on differences in meteorological parameters in two-week and four-week periods before the diagnosis. (3) Results: F-months were predominantly observed in spring and summer (April, May, June, and July), as well as in February and November. During F-months, a higher absolute temperature difference, lower relative humidity, longer daily sunshine duration, and greater wind speed maximum were observed in the two- and four-week periods rather than for N-months. In the two-week period, average temperatures, equivalent temperatures, and temperature maxima were also significantly higher during F-months than N-months. (4) Conclusion: Thrombi in the left atrial appendage are more prevalent during periods characterized by high absolute temperature differences, low relative humidity, and long daily sunshine duration.
Prevalence and Species Distribution of Neonatal Candidiasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Molla Amr , Albadrani Muayad
Published: July 2024

Background and aim: Candida infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) globally. We aimed to conduct a systematic review to investigate the prevalence of candida among causative organisms of neonatal sepsis and identify the distribution of candida species infecting Saudi neonates. Methods: We comprehensively searched Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Library from their inception till November 2023. After screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, we ultimately included 21 eligible studies. The designs of the included studies were randomized clinical trials, cohorts, case–control, and case reports; the methodological quality was appraised using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool, NIH tool for observational studies, and Murad tool for assessing case reports. Results: Our systematic review and meta-analysis pooled data reported in 21 studies in the Saudi populations, which provided data on different types of candidal infections in 2346 neonates. The pooled data of ten retrospective studies enrolling 1823 neonates revealed that candida species resembled 4.2% of the causative organisms of neonatal sepsis among Saudi neonates (95%CI [2.5%; 5.9%], p = 0.000). Additionally, out of a total of 402 candida species that were identified among the included studies, C. albicans prevailed mostly among Saudi neonates, followed by C. parapsilosis, NS candida, and C. tropicalis (50.25%, 21.40%, 12.44%, and 9.45%, respectively). Conclusions: We found that candida species prevailed in 4.2% of 1823 cases of neonatal sepsis; the most common candida species was C. albicans. We could not pool data regarding risk factors or susceptibility of candida species to different treatment modalities due to insufficient data, requiring future large-scale, high-quality studies to be conducted.
A New Approach to Classify Drones Using a Deep Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Rakshit Hrishi , Bagheri Zadeh Pooneh
Published: July 2024

In recent years, the widespread adaptation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, among the public has led to significant security concerns, prompting intense research into drones’ classification methodologies. The swift and accurate classification of drones poses a considerable challenge due to their diminutive size and rapid movements. To address this challenge, this paper introduces (i) a novel drone classification approach utilizing deep convolution and deep transfer learning techniques. The model incorporates bypass connections and Leaky ReLU activation functions to mitigate the ‘vanishing gradient problem’ and the ‘dying ReLU problem’, respectively, associated with deep networks and is trained on a diverse dataset. This study employs (ii) a custom dataset comprising both audio and visual data of drones as well as analogous objects like an airplane, birds, a helicopter, etc., to enhance classification accuracy. The integration of audio–visual information facilitates more precise drone classification. Furthermore, (iii) a new Finite Impulse Response (FIR) low-pass filter is proposed to convert audio signals into spectrogram images, reducing susceptibility to noise and interference. The proposed model signifies a transformative advancement in convolutional neural networks’ design, illustrating the compatibility of efficacy and efficiency without compromising on complexity and learnable properties. A notable performance was demonstrated by the proposed model, with an accuracy of 100% achieved on the test images using only four million learnable parameters. In contrast, the Resnet50 and Inception-V3 models exhibit 90% accuracy each on the same test set, despite the employment of 23.50 million and 21.80 million learnable parameters, respectively.
Federated Reinforcement Learning for Collaborative Intelligence in UAV-Assisted C-V2X Communications
Authors: Gupta Abhishek , Fernando Xavier
Published: July 2024

This paper applies federated reinforcement learning (FRL) in cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communication to enable vehicles to learn communication parameters in collaboration with a parameter server that is embedded in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Different sensors in vehicles capture different types of data, contributing to data heterogeneity. C-V2X communication networks impose additional communication overhead in order to converge to a global model when the sensor data are not independent-and-identically-distributed (non-i.i.d.). Consequently, the training time for local model updates also varies considerably. Using FRL, we accelerated this convergence by minimizing communication rounds, and we delayed it by exploring the correlation between the data captured by various vehicles in subsequent time steps. Additionally, as UAVs have limited battery power, processing of the collected information locally at the vehicles and then transmitting the model hyper-parameters to the UAVs can optimize the available power consumption pattern. The proposed FRL algorithm updates the global model through adaptive weighing of Q-values at each training round. By measuring the local gradients at the vehicle and the global gradient at the UAV, the contribution of the local models is determined. We quantify these Q-values using nonlinear mappings to reinforce positive rewards such that the contribution of local models is dynamically measured. Moreover, minimizing the number of communication rounds between the UAVs and vehicles is investigated as a viable approach for minimizing delay. A performance evaluation revealed that the FRL approach can yield up to a 40% reduction in the number of communication rounds between vehicles and UAVs when compared to gross data offloading.
Demand Response of Integrated Zero-Carbon Power Plant: Model and Method
Authors: Xia Rong , Dai Jun , Cheng Xiangjie , Fan Jiaqing , Ye Jing , Jia Qiangang , Chen Sijie , Zhang Qiang
Published: July 2024

An integrated zero-carbon power plant aggregates uncontrollable green energy, adjustable load, and storage energy resources into an entity in a grid-friendly manner. Integrated zero-carbon power plants have a strong demand response potential that needs further study. However, existing studies ignore the green value of renewable energy in power plants when participating in demand response programs. This paper proposed a mathematical model to optimize the operation of an integrated zero-carbon power plant considering the green value. A demand response mechanism is proposed for the independent system operator and the integrated zero-carbon power plants. The Stackelberg gaming process among these entities and an algorithm based on dichotomy are studied to find the demand response equilibrium. Case studies verify that the mechanism activates the potential of the integrated zero-carbon power plant to realize the load reduction target.
Stability Control of Grid-Connected Converter Considering Phase-Locked Loop Frequency Coupling Effect
Authors: Zhang Ye , Pen Haibo , Zhang Xiaoyu
Published: July 2024

Given the problems that the phase-locked loop frequency coupling effect (PLL-FCE) in a weak grid reduces the quality of the output current waveform and brings challenges to maintaining a steady running of the grid-connected converter (GCC), this paper analyzes the coupling relationship between the FCE of the PLL, grid impedance and the output impedance of GCCs under a weak grid. It elucidates the role of the above coupling relationships in system stability and then proposes a stability optimization control method. Firstly, this paper delves into the frequency coupling phenomenon and its coupling mechanism in GCCs operating within weak grid conditions. Through analysis using small signal disturbance, it elucidates the significance of the PLL-FCE, particularly in medium- and low-frequency ranges, by establishing the coupling admittance model. Secondly, it presents the output impedance model for a three-phase LCL-type GCC, incorporating the characteristics of PLL frequency coupling. This model elucidates the interplay between the GCC’s output impedance, the PLL-FCE and the grid impedance. It also unveils the impact of the PLL-FCE on system stability in weak grid scenarios. Building upon these insights, this paper proposes an enhanced PLL based on the Second-Order Generalized Integrator (SOGI). It provides a detailed parameter design process for implementing these improved PLL structures. Finally, the study conducts simulation and experiment verification under weak grid conditions. The findings indicate that the PLL-FCE indeed undermines the stability of GCCs in the weak grid, with this effect becoming more pronounced as the grid impedance increases. However, the implementation of the SOGI-PLL successfully mitigates the adverse impact of the PLL-FCE on the stability of the converter–weak grid interactive system, thereby enhancing the adaptability of GCCs to weak grid environments.
Energy Poverty and Its Indicators: A Multidimensional Framework from Literature
Authors: Teixeira Inês , Ferreira Ana Cristina , Rodrigues Nelson , Teixeira Senhorinha
Published: July 2024

People aim for thermal comfort inside their homes. However, this is not achievable for everyone due to several factors, such as low income, poor building envelope, expensive technology, and increased energy costs, thus leading to energy poverty. This work gathers studies regarding energy poverty and its indicators, identified by different authors and considering different regions, techno-economic, governmental, and political considerations. It was observed that renewable energy sources are a good investment in the long term but require a high initial investment. Government policy measures should be applied to mitigate the costs, especially given the increasing requirement for clean energy use in new buildings. There are still many barriers to overcoming energy poverty, and the variables for action are numerous. The best solution passes through the assessment of adequate technological solutions with economic incentives from the government for the most vulnerable individuals that should be identified by region and economic power. Energy poverty is a multidimensional problem that depends on individual characteristics such as households’ income, specific energy needs, and available technologies, as well as external factors such as energy prices, climatic conditions, and energy access. The majority of energy indicators are directly related to economic aspects, whereas social or environmental considerations are only indirectly accounted for.
Fluxes, Mechanisms, Influencing Factors, and Bibliometric Analysis of Tree Stem Methane Emissions: A Review
Authors: Wei Yanyan , Gao Jun , Zhu Xi , He Xiayan , Gao Chuang , Wang Zhongzhen , Xie Hanbin , Zhao Min
Published: July 2024

Methane (CH4) emissions exert large effects on the global climate. Tree stems are vital sources of emissions in ecosystem CH4 budgets. This paper reviewed the number of publications, journals, authors, keywords, research hotspots, and challenges. A total of 990 articles from 2006 to 2022 were collected based on the Web of Science database. The intellectual base was analyzed using CiteSpace 6.3.1 and VOSviewer 1.6.20 softwares. The results illustrated a growing trend in the study of tree stem methane emissions. The United States was the most research-active country; however, the most active institution was the Chinese Academy of Sciences in China. The research on stem methane emission by Vincent Gauci, Katerina Machacova, Zhi-Ping Wang, Kazuhiko Terazawa, Kristofer R. Covey, and Sunitha R. Pangala has had a significant impact. Current research indicates that stem CH4 emissions significantly vary among different tree species and are influenced by leaf type, forest type, tree height, whether the trees are alive or dead, and other environmental conditions (such as soil water content, air temperature, CO2 fluxes, and specific density). Soil CH4 fluxes and production by methanogens in heartwood were the primary sources of tree stem methane. Some pectin or cellulose from trees may also be converted into methane. Moreover, methane can be produced and released during the decomposition of deadwood by basidiomycetes. Furthermore, there are some trends and challenges for the future: (1) distinguishing and quantifying emissions from various sources; (2) accurately assessing the impact of floods on methane emissions is crucial, as the water level is the main factor affecting CH4 emissions; and (3) addressing the limited understanding of the microbial mechanisms of methane production in different tree species and investigating how microbial communities affect the production and emission of methane is vital. These advances will contribute to the accurate assessment of methane emissions from global ecosystems.
Fire-Induced Changes in Geochemical Elements of Forest Floor in Southern Siberia
Authors: Shapchenkova Olga A. , Kukavskaya Elena A. , Groisman Pavel Y.
Published: July 2024

Wildfires significantly influence the environmental distribution of various elements through their fire-induced input and mobilization, yet little is known about their effects on the forest floor in Siberian forests. The present study evaluated the effects of spring wildfires of various severities on the levels of major and minor (Ca, Al, Fe, S, Mg, K, Na, Mn, P, Ti, Ba, and Sr) trace and ultra-trace (B, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, V, Zn, Pb, As, La, Sn, Sc, Sb, Be, Bi, Hg, Li, Mo, and Cd) elements in the forest floors of Siberian forests. The forest floor (Oi layer) samples were collected immediately following wildfires in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.), and birch (Betula pendula Roth) forests. Total concentrations of elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy. All fires resulted in a decrease in organic matter content and an increase in mineral material content and pH values in the forest floor. The concentrations of most elements studied in a burned layer of forest floor were statistically significantly higher than in unburned precursors. Sb and Sn showed no statistically significant changes. The forest floor in the birch forest showed a higher increase in mineral material content after the fire and higher levels of most elements studied than the burned coniferous forest floors. Ca was a predominant element in both unburned and burned samples in all forests studied. Our study highlighted the role of wildfires in Siberia in enhancing the levels of geochemical elements in forest floor and the effect of forest type and fire severity on ash characteristics. The increased concentrations of elements represent a potential source of surface water contamination with toxic and eutrophying elements if wildfire ash is transported with overland flow.
Integration of Phase-Change Materials in Ventilated Façades: A Review Regarding Fire Safety and Future Challenges
Authors: Ovadiuc Emanuil-Petru , Calotă Răzvan , Năstase Ilinca , Bode Florin
Published: July 2024

The increasing concerns about CO2 emissions and climate change have pointed out the urgency of promoting sustainability in the building sector. One promising solution to enhance the energy efficiency of buildings and diminish environmental impact is the integration of phase-change materials (PCMs) into ventilated façade systems. This review article critically examines the current state of research on this innovative approach, with a particular focus on fire safety considerations. The paper explores the integration of PCM into ventilated façades, highlighting the potential for significant improvements in energy consumption, thermal comfort, and reductions in CO2 emissions. However, the flammability of PCMs introduces substantial fire safety challenges that must be addressed to ensure the safe application of this solution. The fire safety of both ventilated façades and PCMs is approached, followed by specific fire safety concerns when PCMs are integrated into ventilated façade systems. The conclusion states that while the integration of PCMs into ventilated façades offers substantial environmental benefits, attention to fire safety is essential. This necessitates the implementation of rigorous fire protection measures during the design and construction phases. By addressing both the environmental advantages and fire safety challenges, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential and limitations of PCM-integrated ventilated façades, offering valuable insights for researchers, engineers, and policymakers in the field of sustainable buildings.
Applicability of Design Methodology for the Remediation Bund of Flammable Dangerous Liquid Storage Tanks
Authors: Berger Ádám , Kátai-Urbán Lajos , Németh Zsolt , Zsitnyányi Attila , Kátai-Urbán Maxim , Cimer Zsolt
Published: July 2024

The risk of flammable dangerous liquids stored on the industrial premises escaping into the environment in the event of major industrial accidents must be minimized. Such a risk reduction result can be achieved by the use of safety barriers, such as a remediation bund area, which can retain, collect and store the released material. The careful determination of design parameters of this installation is of great importance. Therefore, this study–based on the analyses of applicability of existing guidelines (SPCC and HSNOCOP 47)—will propose a new sizing calculation methodology to design optimal and efficient remediation bund parameters, including the remediation bund wall height and distance between the remediation bund and the storage tank walls. The design parameters are defined by applying Toricelli’s theorem and their practical compliance is tested using consequence analysis simulation software ALOHA 5.4.7 covering three possible major accident scenarios. As a result of the newly proposed methodology, the risk of overflow through the remediation bund wall can be excluded and higher effectiveness of the application of firefighting and technical rescue intervention activities can be ensured. The results of present research ultimately serve to prevent major industrial accidents and eliminate their possible harmful environmental impact.
Middle Devonian actinopterygians from Lithuania and Belarus
Authors: Dankina Darja , Šečkus Jonas , Plax Dmitry P.
Published: July 2024

In the Baltic States and Belarus, the Middle Devonian period is characterised by an abundant fossil record of invertebrates such as scolecodonts, brachiopods, ostracods, trilobites, bivalves, crinoids, gastropods, and tentaculites. On the other hand, there was limited diversity in the conodont and other vertebrate fauna. In this study, we introduce a newly refined ichthyofaunal assemblage from the Eifelian and Givetian epochs from the present-day regions of Belarus and Lithuania. The isolated scales of Cheirolepis are identified as C. gaugeri, C. cf. gaugeri, C. aleshkai, C. cf. aleshkai, and Cheirolepis sp., while Orvikuina is represented by the isolated scales of O. vardiaensis and Orvikuina sp. The histological analyses for the scales of Orvikuina are provided here. Moreover, Orvikuina and Cheirolepis taxa are now recognised to be widely distributed throughout the Baltic States, especially Lithuania and Belarus, as a result of these findings. Thus, this ichthyofaunal data markedly improved the biostratigraphic correlation within the study region and expanded the paleogeographic distribution of these taxa during the Eifelian and Givetian time in Laurasia.
Performance of An Energy Production System Consisting of Solar Collector, Biogas Dry Reforming Reactor and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Authors: Nishimura Akira , Sato Ryotaro , Hu Eric
Published: July 2024

This paper aims to study the performance of solar collectors of various sizes under different weather conditions in different Japanese cities, i.e., Kofu City, Nagoya City and Yamagata City. The heat generated by the solar collector was used to conduct a biogas dry reforming reactor for producing H2 to feed a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). This study revealed that the output temperature of a solar collector Tfb in April and July was higher than that in January and October irrespective of city. The optimum length of the absorber (dx) of the collector was 4 m irrespective of city. It was clarified that the Tfb in Yamagata City in January and October, i.e., winter and autumn, is lower than that in Kofu City and especially Nagoya City, which is strongly influenced by the tendency of solar intensity (I), not the velocity of the surrounding air (ua). On the other hand, the Tfb is almost the same in April and July, i.e., spring and summer, irrespective of city. The amount of produced H2 via the biogas dry reforming reactor and the power generated by the SOFC using H2 in spring and summer were higher compared to the other seasons irrespective of city. This study revealed that the highest available household number per month was 4.7, according to the investigation in this study.
The Potential Links between lncRNAs and Drug Tolerance in Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Davis William J. H. , Drummond Catherine J. , Diermeier Sarah , Reid Glen
Published: July 2024

Lung cancer patients treated with targeted therapies frequently respond well but invariably relapse due to the development of drug resistance. Drug resistance is in part mediated by a subset of cancer cells termed “drug-tolerant persisters” (DTPs), which enter a dormant, slow-cycling state that enables them to survive drug exposure. DTPs also exhibit stem cell-like characteristics, broad epigenetic reprogramming, altered metabolism, and a mutagenic phenotype mediated by adaptive mutability. While several studies have characterised the transcriptional changes that lead to the altered phenotypes exhibited in DTPs, these studies have focused predominantly on protein coding changes. As long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are also implicated in the phenotypes altered in DTPs, it is likely that they play a role in the biology of drug tolerance. In this review, we outline how lncRNAs may contribute to the key characteristics of DTPs, their potential roles in tolerance to targeted therapies, and the emergence of genetic resistance in lung adenocarcinoma.
Comprehensive Identification and Expression Profiling of Epidermal Pattern Factor (EPF) Gene Family in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) under Salt Stress
Authors: Wang Shanshan , Wang Wei , Chen Jingdong , Wan Heping , Zhao Huixia , Liu Xiaoyun , Dai Xigang , Zeng Changli , Xu Danyun
Published: July 2024

Rapeseed is a crucial oil crop globally, and in recent years, abiotic stress has increasingly affected its growth, development, yield, and quality. Salt stress is a significant abiotic factor that restricts crop production. The EPF gene family is vital in managing salt stress by controlling stomatal development and opening, which reduces water loss and increases plant salt tolerance. To explore the features of the EPF gene family in Brassica napus and their expression under salt stress, this study utilized Arabidopsis EPF protein sequences as seed sequences, including their PF17181 and PF16851 domains. A total of 27 members of the EPF gene family were detected within the rapeseed genome. The study examined the physicochemical properties, gene structure, phylogenetic relationships, and collinearity of BnEPFs. Through transcriptomes, we employed the qPCR method to determine the relative expression levels of BnEPF genes potentially associated with rapeseed stress resistance under both non-salt and salt stress conditions. Subsequently, we assessed their influence on rapeseed plants subjected to salt stress. During salt stress conditions, all BnEPF genes displayed a downregulation trend, indicating their potential impact on stomatal development and signal transduction pathways, consequently improving rapeseed’s resistance to salt stress. The study findings establish a basis for exploring the roles of BnEPFs and offer candidate genes for breeding stress-resistant varieties and enhancing the yield in rapeseed.
Exploring the Influence of Fok1/Apa1 Polymorphic Variants on Adolescent Mental Health and Response to Vitamin D Supplementation in Embryonic Hippocampal Cell Lines
Authors: Gizzi Giulia , Fiorani Federico , Cataldi Samuela , Mandarano Martina , Delvecchio Elisa , Mazzeschi Claudia , Albi Elisabetta
Published: July 2024

Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) have been observed in association with susceptibility to various pathologies, including autism, major depression, age-related changes in cognitive functioning, and Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. This study aimed to establish the association between Fok1/Apa1 polymorphic variants and anxious/depressive symptoms in nonclinical adolescents from central Italy, with the goal of identifying the risk of developing both symptoms. We found no significant difference in genotype distribution or dominant/recessive models of Fok1/Apa1 VDR polymorphic variants between subjects with anxious/depressive symptoms and controls. HN9.10e cell lines carrying the AA genotype for Fok1 and the CC genotype for Apa1 responded better to treatment with vitamin D3 than cell lines carrying the AG genotype for Fok1 and CA genotype for Apa1. Cell lines carrying the GG genotype for Fok1 and the AA genotype for Apa1 did not respond at all, suggesting avenues for future studies in both the general population and individuals with mental and/or neuropsychiatric disorders. These studies suggest that the level of response to vitamin D3 administered to prevent and/or treat mental or neurological disorders could depend on the polymorphic variants of the vitamin D receptor.
Does the Daily Light Integral Influence the Sowing Density of Tomato Plug Seedlings in a Controlled Environment?
Authors: Xu Xiangru , Yang Fulin , Song Jinxiu , Zhang Rong , Cai Wei
Published: July 2024

To achieve high-density tomato seedlings in a plant factory with artificial lighting, tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. “Zhongza NO.9”) were used as the experimental material. This study expected to analyze the effects of light intensity (150, 200, 250, and 300 μmol·m−2·s−1) and light time (12 and 14 h), as well as daily light integral (DLI, 10.80, 12.60, and 12.96 mol·m−2·d−1) and sowing density (50, 72, and 105 holes per tray), on seedling quality. The results indicated that biomass accumulation, seedling quality, and energy use efficiency of seedlings significantly improved with an increase in DLI. At a DLI of 12.96 mol·m−2·d−1, seedlings sown at a density of 72 holes per tray exhibited comparable growth characteristics and biomass accumulation to those sown at 50 holes per tray. However, under lower DLIs, seedlings at 50 holes per tray displayed superior growth morphology and seedling quality compared to those at 72 holes per tray. This indicates that increasing the DLI can partially mitigate the negative effects of higher sowing density on seedling quality. Light use efficiency (LUE) and energy use efficiency (EUE) were not significantly different between seedlings at 72 and 105 holes per tray but were higher than those at 50 holes per tray. Therefore, optimizing parameters such as DLI and sowing density can effectively enhance the seedling quality, spatial use efficiency, and light use efficiency in industrial seedling production. Based on the results of this study, a DLI of 12.96 mol·m−2·d−1 (achieved with a light intensity of 300 μmol·m−2·s−1 and a light time of 12 h) and sowing density of 72 holes per tray are recommended for cultivating high-quality tomato seedlings while reducing energy consumption.
Screening and Verification of Aquaporin Gene AsPIP1-3 in Garlic (Allium sativum L.) under Salt and Drought Stress
Authors: Wei Hanyu , Ruan Jiaojiao , Zhou Rong , Bai Yunhe , Liu Min , Jiang Fangling , Wu Zhen
Published: July 2024

In order to screen candidate aquaporin genes involved in resisting osmotic stress, we analyzed the physiological responses and the expression levels of aquaporin genes in garlic under drought and salt stress with ‘Er Shuizao’ as plant material. Different physiological indicators were detected under drought and salt stress treatments. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of the candidate aquaporin genes in specific tissues. Finally, we screened AsPIP1-3 as a candidate gene and analyzed its function. The results showed that the relative water content and chlorophyll content of leaves decreased, the O2− production rate increased, and H2O2 accumulated in garlic under drought and salt stress. The activities of SOD, POD, and CAT enzymes first increased and then decreased in garlic. The content of soluble sugar and proline increased to maintain cell osmotic balance, and the content of MDA and relative conductivity continued to increase. Most aquaporin gene expression first increased and then decreased in garlic under drought and salt stress. AsPIP1-3 gene expression is up-regulated under drought and salt stress in garlic. The relative expression was the highest on the 6th day of stress, being related to antioxidant enzyme activity and osmotic regulation. The consistent changes in gene expressions and physiological responses indicated that AsPIP1-3 played a role in resisting garlic osmotic stress. AsPIP1-3 was located on the cell membrane, being consistent with the predicted results of subcellular localization. The germination rate and root length of transgenic Arabidopsis under drought stress were significantly different from the wild type. Drought stress reduced the ROS accumulation of transgenic Arabidopsis, and the antioxidant enzyme activity was significantly higher than the wild type. The relative conductivity and MDA content significantly decreased, and the proline content increased under drought stress. The expression level of the genes related to drought stress response (AtRD22, AtP5CS, AtABF3, and AtLEA) significantly increased. The overexpression of AsPIP1-3 genes improved the drought tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants, showing that AsPIP1-3 proteins enhanced drought tolerance. Our study laid a foundation for exploring the regulatory mechanism of garlic to abiotic stress.
The Characteristics of a Ni/Cr/Ru Catalyst for a Biogas Dry Reforming Membrane Reactor Using a Pd/Cu Membrane and a Comparison of It with a Ni/Cr Catalyst
Authors: Nishimura Akira , Ichikawa Mizuki , Yamada Souta , Ichii Ryoma
Published: July 2024

This study proposes a combination system consisting of a biogas dry reforming reactor and a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Since biogas dry reforming is an endothermic reaction, this study adopted a membrane reactor operated due to the non-equilibrium state with H2 separation from the reaction space. This study aimed to clarify the performance of the Ni/Cr/Ru catalyst using a biogas dry reforming membrane reactor. Additionally, this study also undertook a comparison of the performance of the Ni/Cr/Ru catalyst with that of the Ni/Cr catalyst. The impact of operation temperature, the molar ratio of CH4:CO2, the differential pressure between the reaction chamber and the sweep chamber, and the introduction of a sweep gas on the performance of the biogas dry reforming membrane reactor using a Pd/Cu membrane and a Ni/Cr/Ru catalyst was examined. The concentration of H2 using the Ni/Cr/Ru catalyst was greater than that using the Ni/Cr catalyst by 2871 ppmV for the molar ratio of CH4:CO2 = 1.5:1 at the reaction temperature of 600 °C and the differential pressure of 0 MPa without a sweep gas in particular. Under this condition, CH4 conversion, H2 yield, and thermal efficiency were 67.4%, 1.77 × 10−2%, and 0.241%, respectively.
Somatoform Disorders in Primary Care—An Exploratory Mixed-Methods Study on Experiences, Challenges and Coping Strategies of General Practitioners in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Wangler Julian , Jansky Michael
Published: July 2024

Somatoform symptoms are widely spread in outpatient care. For treating physicians, it can be challenging to establish a relationship that is conducive to compliance and to take stabilising action when dealing with affected patients. As primary care providers, GPs are usually the first point of contact for patients with somatoform disorders; they set the course for stabilisation and further care. To date, there is a lack of studies that focus on how GPs respond to such patients. In particular, strategies for establishing a stable doctor–patient relationship have hardly been explored. Consequently, this study investigated how GPs recognise the symptoms of somatoform disorders, what significance they attach to them and how they handle patients. The primary focus is on experienced patient properties, assumed causes of somatoform disorders, obstacles and complexities in consultation, care and stabilisation strategies, as well as diagnostic forms of support. A total of 2797 GPs in the German federal states of Hesse, Rhineland-Palatinate and Baden-Württemberg were surveyed anonymously by means of a written questionnaire between January and August 2023. A t-test was performed with independent samples to determine significant differences between two groups. In addition, 64 GPs were interviewed between March and April by means of qualitative semi-standardised interviews. The respondents make use of a wide range of communication and stabilisation strategies when treating somatoform physical complaints. The GPs combine the establishment of a tangential doctor–patient relationship with measures to consistently exclude physical causes and to enable the best possible assessment of patients, as well as to gently introduce them to the clinical picture of somatoform disorders. Most physicians are not familiar with current clinical guidelines. Cooperation with specialists and therapists is widely described as complicated. GPs have access to a wide range of communication and stabilisation strategies for the management of somatoform physical complaints. Yet, they experience interaction with this patient group as difficult in daily practice. GPs articulate a clear need for more external support. Apart from increasing therapeutic care capacities and interdisciplinary structures, it seems advisable to extend low-threshold therapy and support services.
A Personalized Intervention to Increase Environmental Health Literacy and Readiness to Change in a Northern Nevada Population: Effects of Environmental Chemical Exposure Report-Back
Authors: Rochester Johanna R. , Kwiatkowski Carol F. , Neveux Iva , Dabe Shaun , Hatcher Katherine M. , Lathrop Michael Kupec , Daza Eric J. , Eskenazi Brenda , Grzymski Joseph J. , Hua Jenna
Published: July 2024

Background: Interventions are needed to help people reduce exposure to harmful chemicals from everyday products and lifestyle habits. Report-back of individual exposures is a potential pathway to increasing environmental health literacy (EHL) and readiness to reduce exposures. Objectives: Our objective was to determine if report-back of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can reduce EDC exposure, increase EHL, and increase readiness to change (i.e., to implement EDC exposure-reduction behaviors). Methods: Participants in the Healthy Nevada Project completed EHL and readiness-to-change surveys before (n = 424) and after (n = 174) a report-back intervention. Participants used mail-in kits to measure urinary biomarkers of EDCs. The report-back of results included urinary levels, information about health effects, sources of exposure, and personalized recommendations to reduce exposure. Results: EHL was generally very high at baseline, especially for questions related to the general pollution. For questions related to chemical exposures, responses varied across several demographics. Statistically reliable improvements in EHL responses were seen after report-back. For readiness to change, 72% were already or planning to change their behaviors. Post-intervention, women increased their readiness (p = 0.053), while men decreased (p = 0.007). When asked what challenges they faced in reducing exposure, 79% cited not knowing what to do. This dropped to 35% after report-back. Participants with higher propylparaben were younger (p = 0.03) and women and participants who rated themselves in better health had higher levels of some phthalates (p = 0.02–0.003 and p = 0.001–0.003, respectively). After report-back, monobutyl phthalate decreased among the 48 participants who had valid urine tests before and after the intervention (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The report-back intervention was successful as evidenced by increased EHL behaviors, increased readiness to change among women, and a decrease in monobutyl phthalate. An EHL questionnaire more sensitive to chemical exposures would help differentiate high and low literacy. Future research will focus on understanding why men decreased their readiness to change and how the intervention can be improved for all participants.
Morphological and Functional Alterations in the CA1 Pyramidal Neurons of the Rat Hippocampus in the Chronic Phase of the Lithium–Pilocarpine Model of Epilepsy
Authors: Postnikova Tatyana Y. , Diespirov Georgy P. , Malkin Sergey L. , Chernyshev Alexander S. , Vylekzhanina Elizaveta N. , Zaitsev Aleksey V.
Published: July 2024

Epilepsy is known to cause alterations in neural networks. However, many details of these changes remain poorly understood. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in the properties of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and their synaptic inputs in a rat lithium–pilocarpine model of epilepsy. In the chronic phase of the model, we found a marked loss of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 area. However, the membrane properties of the neurons remained essentially unaltered. The results of the electrophysiological and morphological studies indicate that the direct pathway from the entorhinal cortex to CA1 neurons is reinforced in epileptic animals, whereas the inputs to them from CA3 are either unaltered or even diminished. In particular, the dendritic spine density in the str. lacunosum moleculare, where the direct pathway from the entorhinal cortex terminates, was found to be 2.5 times higher in epileptic rats than in control rats. Furthermore, the summation of responses upon stimulation of the temporoammonic pathway was enhanced by approximately twofold in epileptic rats. This enhancement is believed to be a significant contributing factor to the heightened epileptic activity observed in the entorhinal cortex of epileptic rats using an ex vivo 4-aminopyridine model.