bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasmodium octamerium n. sp., an Avian Malaria Parasite from the Pintail Whydah Bird Vidua macroura*
Authors: MANWELL REGINALD D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A new species of avian malaria parasite is described from the pintail whydah Vidua macroura, a very small African finch of the weaver bird family (Ploceidae). Its structure has been studied chiefly in the canary, to which it is easily transmissible by blood inoculation. Since the segmenters most often produce 8 merozoites, the name Plasmodium octamerium n. sp. is proposed. Other characteristics include sexual stages which are usually elongate, often slender, and do not displace the host cell nucleus, and gametocytes indistinguishable from those of many species of Haemoproteus. Erythrocytes are the only blood cells parasitized. The new species resembles Plasmodium fallax in many respects, but gives rise to fewer merozoites and the asexual forms are smaller. Blood‐induced infections are also of strikingly different type in some host species. Among susceptible host species are several kinds of finches, pigeons, quail, young chicks, chukars, tree and song sparrows. In most of these hosts infections are mild, but some tree sparrows die as the result of blood infection, and chukars usually die because of massive invasion of the capillary endothelium of the brain by exoerythrocytic forms. These are of the gallinaceum type and may be quite large, producing hundreds of merozoites. Exoerythrocytic stages were sought but not found in other host species.
Phosphorus and the Growth of Euglena gracilis
Authors: BUETOW D. E. , SCHUIT K. E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Growth of streptomycin‐bleached Euglena gracilis depends in part on the availability of phosphorus. Maximum cell density on a defined medium is reached at a phosphorus (supplied as inorganic phosphate) concentration of 4–5 μ/ml. At lower concentrations, the cells apparently deplete the medium of phosphorus. Inorganic phosphorus at > 1 mg/ml inhibits growth in terms of cell density per ml and generation time. Phosphorus‐limited cells survive for at least 6–7 days and are able to undergo mitosis following a lag period when returned to phosphorus‐containing medium. The majority of inorganic 32P incorporated by these Euglena ends up in the hot trichloroacetic acid soluble fraction and in the ethanol‐ether soluble fraction.
Rearing the Colorless Marine Dinoflagellate Cryptothecodinium cohnii for Use as a Biochemical Tool
Authors: KELLER STEVEN E. , HUTNER S. H. , KELLER DOLORES E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A Puerto Rican isolate of the colorless, marine, superficially athecate, extremely euryhaline, marine dinoflagellate Cryptothecodinium cohnii grows well in simple defined acidic media prepared from a dry mix. Long‐lasting inocula are prepared as biphasic cultures. Refrigerated slants last for months and the organisms resume motility in minutes when slants are flooded with distilled water at room temperature.
Effects of Radiation, Antibiotics and Alkylating Agents on Cell Division and Growth in the Ciliate Spathidium spathula*
Authors: WILLIAMS DONALD B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Spathidium spathula is very sensitive to division inhibition after X‐irradiation. Five kr delivered to animals 1 hr into the cell cycle prolong the period until the next division to about 2 times the normal length. The next 2 cell cycles, however, are shorter than normal, and by the 4th division irradiated cells have recovered the normal division rate. During this division delay, scanning interference microscopy shows that growth in dry mass continues; at the 1st post‐irradiation division the cells average 3 times the normal dry mass. After the 2nd post‐irradiation division, dry mass is 1.5 times the normal amount. Dry mass measurements were not made beyond the 2nd division.

Giant cells produced by X‐rays have enlarged macronuclei, indicating that DNA synthesis is not inhibited by a dose of X‐rays that blocks division. Mitomycin C and triethylene melamine, agents which attack or damage DNA, also produce division blockage and giantism in Spathidium. This suggests that damage to DNA in either the macronucleus, the micronucleus or other organelles may be much more effective in delaying cell division than cell growth.
An Analysis of Clumping in the Soil Amoeba Mayorella palestinensis*
Authors: BAND R. NEAL , MOHRLOK SHARON H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Mayorella palestinensis, a small soil amoeba, clumped during active growth in axenic, fluid culture media. Clumping was not associated with starvation (as in the case of cellular slime molds) or with encystation Hartmannella rhysodes was used as a control amoeba which did not clump to the same extent, but otherwise resembled M. palestinensis. Mixtures of both amoebae formed mixed clumps, without subsequent segregation of amoebae in the clumps.

Clumping by M. palestinensis was temperature dependent, localized to the surface of the amoeba and required surface conformation. The requirement for a living system could be separated from the surface specificity of M. palestinensis and satisfied with living amoebae that did not clump by themselves, i.e., H. rhysodes, but did clump with dead M. palestinensis.

It is proposed that amoeba‐to‐amoeba adhesion is similar to foreign substrate adhesion, and that M. palestinensis adheres to itself because its surface is more suitable for adhesion than other surfaces present in the culture. A competition for adhesion exists between surfaces so that clumps can be dissociated by providing a foreign surface that is more suitable for adhesion than the surface of the amoeba.
Further Observations on the Fine Structure of the Spores of Glugea weissenbergi (Microsporida, Nosematidae)*
Authors: VERNICK SANFORD H. , SPRAGUE VICTOR , LLOYD BOLIVAR J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A Glugea xenoma sectioned and viewed with the electron microscope contained many spores with everting polar filaments. Several details not seen in previous studies of this species were observed. A specialized area with the appareance of a lattice was commonly present near the anterior end of the polaroplast. The external portion of a partially everted polar filament appeared to have about twice the diameter of the part remaining within the spore. No membrane was seen limiting the external surface of the everted portion. The everting filament had pushed thru the polar cap and the adjacent thin area of the spore wall, making the polar cap into a ring. The ring connected the proximal end of the everting filament to the inner spore membrane, thereby anchoring the filament to the spore. The electron density of some of the membranous organelles of the spore was enhanced by the use of ruthenium red.
Philaster hiatti1 n. sp., a Holotrichous Ciliate from Hawaii2
Authors: THOMPSON JESSE C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Philaster hiatti n. sp., a marine holotrichous ciliate is described from Hawaii. Anatomic studies were made on specimens treated with the Chatton‐Lwoff silver impregnation technic. Particular attention was given to the buccal infraciliature. Anatomic data, especially of the buccal infraciliature, differ from those of Philaster digitiformis, the only species in the genus; a new species, Philaster hiatti, is therefore proposed for this ciliate.
The Physiology of Encystment of Hartmannella castellanii*
Authors: GRIFFITHS A. J. , HUGHES D. E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Some aspects of the physiology of encystment of the soil amoeba Hartmannella castellanii in a replacement encystment medium consisting of 5 × 10‐2 M MgCl2 have been investigated. It is suggested that measurement of the cellulose produced during encystment in the synthesis of the cyst wall is a more reliable measure of the process than other methods tried.

The degree of encystment was dependent on the physiologic state of the amoebae and the composition of the growth medium, but the initial pH of the encystment medium (C. 4.0‐8.5) had little effect on the process. The requirement for Mg during encystment was probably not due to its deficiency during growth. Encystment was inhibited to varying extents by inhibitors of protein synthesis, tetracycline and chloramphenicol and also by arsenate, arsenite and iodoacetate; sodium fluoride, malonate and 2, 4‐dinitrophenol were without marked effect.

Addition of glucose and α‐ketoglutarate to the replacement medium led to improvement in the encystment response. The presence of glutamate and histidine during encystment led to cell death. Other carbon and nitrogen sources had no effect.

During encystment there was an increase in the metabolic activity of the amoebae, as measured by their oxygen consumption. This was accompanied by a decrease of about 40% in cellular dry weight and protein content. Of the other chemical components, there were marked initial increases in the levels of total carbohydrates and pentose which were followed by their depletion during cellulose synthesis.

Encystment was completed after about 64 hr when the synthesis of cellulose was complete and the oxygen uptake of the amoebae fell to an immeasurable level.
Eimeria (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) of the Cottontail Rabbit Sylvilagus audubonii in Northeastern Colorado, with Descriptions of Three New Species
Authors: DUSZYNSKI DONALD W. , MARQUARDT WILLIAM C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. All of 100 cottontail rabbits Sylvilagus audubonii were found to be infected with 1‐6 species of Eimeria. Three new species, E. audubonii, E. neoirresidua and E. poudrei are described from this host. Sub‐spherical oocysts of E. audubonii average 21.2 by 17.1 μ; polar body, micropyle, oocyst residuum and sporocyst residuum are all absent; ellipsoidal sporocysts average 12.9 by 5.8 μ. Ovoid to ellipsoidal oocysts of E. neoirresidua average 25.7 by 17.9 μ; polar body and oocyst residuum are absent; micropyle and sporocyst residuum are present; ellipsoidal sporocysts average 14.5 by 6.4 μ. Ovoid to ellipsoidal oocysts of E. poudrei average 26.0 by 18.1 μ; polar body is lacking; micropyle, oocyst residuum and sporocyst residuum are present; ellipsoidal sporocysts average 14.4 by 6.4 μ. Three species of Eimeria previously described in the literature, E. maior Honess, 1939, E. media form honessi Carvalho, 1943 and E. environ Honess, 1939 are redescribed. A detailed structural and statistical analysis of each species is presented with at least 200 sporulated oocysts measured in each instance. A host list and a key to the Eimeria of cottontails is given. The use of detailed studies of oocyst size and structure as a tool for specific diagnosis of the Eimeria of cottontails is discussed.
Giant Amoebae from Colorado Identified by Transplantation Tolerance1
Authors: DANIELS EDWARD W. , SUSTARSIC PATRICIA A. , McCLELLAN J. FORBES
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Giant multinucleated amoebae, discovered in Colorado near Ft. Collins and tentatively identified as Pelomyxa carolinensis, were successfully cultured in a manner identical with that used for P. carolinensis. The ultrastructure of the Colorado amoebae, in comparison with that of other large amoebae, was like that of P. carolinensis, but different from those of Amoeba proteus, P. illinoisensis, and P. palustris. Protoplasmic grafts between the Colorado amoebae and P. carolinensis were then exchanged by microsurgery. These grafts were well tolerated, and the recipient amoebae reproduced at a rate comparable to that of non‐grafted controls. Other Colorado amoebae received grafts from P. illinoisensis, but all recipients died without cell division a few days after microsurgery. These nutritional, cytologic and transplantation‐tolerance data reveal that the amoebae from Colorado are P. carolinensis.
Tissue and Organ Specificity of Eimeria tenella (Railliet and Lucet, 1891) Fantham, 1909 in Cecectomized Chickens*†
Authors: LEATHEM WILLIAM D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The ceca of 2‐week‐old chicks were surgically removed. One week post‐operation each cecectomized bird was given 2 × 106 sporulated Eimeria tenella oocysts per os. Birds from the same hatch, with intact ceca, served as controls and were infected the same time as the cecectomized birds. However, in order to reduce mortality, control birds were each given 1 × 104 sporulated E. tenella oocysts per os. Four cecectomized and 5 control birds were killed 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours after inoculation. Tissues from the small and large intestine of each bird proximal to the cecal junction were removed, processed by the dioxan method, and studied microscopically for developmental stages of the parasite. Developmental stages of the parasite were observed in all sections from the large intestine of cecectomized chickens. Initial sporozoite penetration and subsequent development of the parasite in this location was similar to that observed in the cecal mucosa of non‐cecectomized chickens. No parasites were observed in sections of the small intestine of cecectomized birds 12 or 24 hours after inoculation, and findings after 48 and 72 hours were inconsistent. However, numerous parasites were observed in sections 96, 120, and 144 hours post‐inoculation. In contrast, endogenous stages of the parasite were not seen in tissue sections of the small and large intestine of birds with intact ceca until 120 hours after inoculation. Numerous young gametocytes were then observed in sections from all birds. Similarly, mature gametocytes were observed in all fixed sections 144 hours after inoculation. No evidence was found that would indicate whether or not infection in the small and large intestine of birds with intact ceca or the small intestine of cecectomized birds was initiated by sporozoites or merozoites, nor was evidence found to suggest that development of any stage of the parasite was suppressed in these organs.
Zoosporulation in Labyrinthula sp.; an Electron Microscope Study1
Authors: PERKINS FRANK O. , AMON JAMES P.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Zoosporulation in Labyrinthula sp. in monoxenic culture was initiated by aggregation of spindle cells into reticulate sori. The spindle cells then changed into rounded or oval cells and formed, de novo, 2 pairs of centrioles at opposite sides of each nucleus. A pair of granular aggregates (protocentrioles) ∼ 240 mμ in diameter served as precursor bodies during centriole formation. Spindle microtubules around the prophase nucleus connected the pairs of centrioles but were not found in the nucleoplasm until nuclear envelope fragmentation occurred. Prophase nuclei of uninucleated sporangia contained synaptinemal complexes; therefore, meiosis is presumed to occur. The envelope fragments moved toward the centrioles and regrouped to form the nuclear membranes of the daughter cells. Alternating nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions subdivided the preparation into 8 cells which differentiated into laterally biflagellated zoospores. Flagellar development involved growth of the kinetosome microtubules into a bud which formed over the kinetosome tangential to the cell surface. Kinetosomes were derived directly from centrioles with little differentiation other than addition of an electron‐dense core to the lumen of the centriole. Zoospore ultrastructure included a stigma comprised of a row of electron‐dense granules located slightly under the plasmalemma and posterior to the pair of kinetosomes. A single row of 17–21 microtubules lay parallel to the stigma granules, one or more being connected to the anterior kinetosome. A striated fiber apparatus similar to that found in some phytoflagellates connected the midregions of the kinetosomes. Fibers 1.0–1.2 μ long were attached to the plasmalemma around the base of the anterior flagellum. Zoospores settled on the substrate and differentiated directly into spindle cells. Since synaptinemal complexes were observed the planonts are probably haploid zoospores and probably not gametes since planogametic copulation was not observed.
Modification of Protein Synthesis by Vitamin B12 in the Marine Algal Flagellate Neochloris pseudoalveolaris*
Authors: EASLEY LILA W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A strain of the marine algal flagellate Neochloris pseudoalgeolaris required only an inorganic medium for growth; however, in media containing vitamin B12 it became greener, protein synthesis was modified, and the levels of DNA and RNA increased. By isotope tracer technics, transmethylation of the methyl group of methionine was found to play a role in modulation of protein synthesis governed by the vitamin. These results indicate that vitamin B12 stimulates synthesis of chloroplasts in this algal strain.
Serotype Expression and Transformation in Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: JUERGENSMEYER ELIZABETH B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Of the 4 serotypes of Tetrahymena pyriformis, syngen 1, the H (expressed at 20–35 C) and T (expressed at 36–40 C) serotypes and their genetic bases have received the most attention. The present study describes the L and I serotypes, considers their transformations to and from the H serotype, and compares inter‐locus repression with allelic repression.

The L serotype occurs below 20 C. No strain differences have been found between L antigens. However, the rate of transformation between H and L varies in the families, which can be ranked according to their preference for the H or L serotype. A3 is strongly L; D1 is strongly H; the other families form a continuum between these extremes. Preference for the H or L serotype is not correlated with the H allele present.

Serotype differences may be hereditary, by the “dilution” test for hereditary differences. Altho the environment largely determines which serotype will be expressed, sublines can maintain established H and L serotypes for more than 40 fissions in a common environment. Crosses between H and L cells suggest macronuclear control of serotype determination and a cytoplasmic influence on macronuclear differentiation. Evidence for the cytoplasmic influence comes from both conjugants and nonconjugants.

The I serotype is induced from the H serotype at room temperature by treatment with specific H antibodies, which are also necessary for I maintenance. The I serotype consists of a series of unstable serotypes which transform among themselves. Clones go thru an initial I type one day after induction and then diversify to express secondary types. The initial type and the secondary types are characteristic of the family but are not related to the H genotype. Family C1 lacks 2 secondary types found in other families studied.

The differences between inter‐locus repression and allelic repression are marked. Altho inter‐locus repression is labile, all efforts to reverse allelic differentiations have failed. H heterozygotes maintained for long periods of time in the I or L state showed no reversal of H allelic repression.
Autoradiographic Studies of Uridine‐5‐H3 Uptake in Entamoeba histolytica in the CLG Medium1
Authors: SHARMA NARSINGH N. , ALBACH RICHARD A. , SHAFFER JAMES G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Using uridine‐5‐H3, “long‐term” labeling experiments over a 72 hr growth cycle were done with E. histolytica strain K9 grown in CLG medium with penicillin‐inhibited Bacteroides. Autoradiographic analysis revealed that tritium occurs primarily in cytoplasm and rarely the nucleus of amebae. The most extensive cytoplasmic activity was observed during the initial 0–24 hr growth period of amebae as compared to later labeling periods.

RNase or RNase followed by DNase extracted a large amount but not all label from amebae. These nucleases were least effective during the initial 24 hr period of growth. Thus it appears that tritium from uridine‐5‐H3 is not highly specific for RNA in amebae. However, the possibility that such label is associated with RNase‐resistant RNA cannot be ruled out. More recent cytochemical studies do indicate the presence of RNase‐resistant RNA in the cytoplasm of amebae. The activity found in penicillin‐inhibited Bacteroides after uridine‐5‐H3 labeling and their reaction to the various digestive procedures was similar to amebae at corresponding labeling periods. Therefore at least some of the RNase‐resistant material present in the cytoplasm of amebae may be derived from the ingested bacteria; this has been further found by appropriate experiments in which amebae were fed prelabeled bacteria.

Nuclear activity when observed (always after 24 hrs growth) was associated either with the periphery of the nucleus and/or the endosome. It was not seen in the nuclear stroma. Some of this activity is RNase‐resistant, perhaps representing double or multi‐stranded RNA. It therefore appears that RNA is not distributed in the nuclear stroma in “long‐term” labeling experiments.
Eimeria scriptae n. sp. (Sporozoa: Eimeriidae) from the Red‐Eared Turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans
Authors: SAMPSON J. ROBERT , ERNST JOHN V.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A new species of Eimeria is described from the redeared turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. The sporulated oocysts are ovoid to broadly ellipsoid, averaging 24.2 by 13.7 μ. A micropyle is present, rising slightly above the normal curvature of the wall. An oocyst residuum and polar body are absent. The sporocyst residuum is a compact mass of granules varying in number and size; less frequently the granules are loosely scattered in the central portion of the sporocyst. Rarely. the residuum appears bound by a thin membrane. The sporocysts are 11 by 5.9 μ.
A Proposed Field of Sensitivity on the Cortex of Opatina
Authors: FRANCIS DAVID
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Previous workers have described in detail the distribution of membrane resistance and of sensitivity to electric stimuli on the 2 surfaces of some species of Opalina. These patterns can be very nearly duplicated by the field of potential generated between 2 poles placed along the falx and antifalx of an enlarged model and measured by a Servomex field plotter. Two alternative suggestions for the actual physical basis of the field are put forward.
Nuclear and Kinetoplastic DNA from Trypanosomes*
Authors: RIOU GUY , PAUTRIZEL RAYMOND
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Data concerning the DNA and RNA content of 3 Trypanosoma species (T. equiperdum, T. gambiense and T. cruzi) are given. Kinetoplastic DNA was fractionated and separated from nuclear DNA by ultracentrifugation in a CS2SO4 gradient after complexation by mercury or silver ions. Buoyant densities in the analytic ultracentrifuge, base composition and melting point of these DNA's were studied.
Growth of Trypanosoma cruzi in Human Heart Tissue Cells and Effects of Aminonucleoside of Puromycin, Trypacidin and Aminopterin
Authors: GUTTERIDGE W. E. , KNOWLER J. , COOMBES J. D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Development of a suitable tissue cell system for the growth of T. cruzi required the production of infective metacyclic trypanosomes and tissues which these forms could infect. Human heart was selected from a range of serially‐cultured tissue cell lines as the most suitable for intracellular growth. Most metacyclic forms occurred when the growth medium had an initial pH of 7.2 and the cultures were gassed with 5% CO2/95% air before closure and then incubated at 33 C.

During the first 4 days of incubation ∼ 10% of tissue cells in cultures were infected with 1–5 leishmanial forms of T. cruzi. During the next 4 days, the number of infected cells about doubled and many contained 10 or more leishmanias. The effects of drugs were studied on this 2nd 4‐day period of incubation. The aminonucleoside of puromycin affected growth of the intracellular but not the extracellular parasites whereas trypacidin had the opposite effect, inhibiting growth of the extracellular but not the intracellular forms. Aminopterin inhibited the growth of both extracellular and intracellular forms. The selective effects of the aminonucleoside of puromycin against intracellular forms might be due to it being metabolized by the host cells to a more active trypanocide.

A method for isolating intracellular forms of T. cruzi from the tissue cells is described. Dihydrofolate reductase activity was found in these preparations and in similar preparations of the culture and blood forms. The reductase was sensitive to inhibition by aminopterin and a 2, 4‐diaminopyrimidine.
Adoptive Transfer of Immunity to Plasmodium berghei
Authors: ROBERTS J. A. , TRACEY‐PATTE P.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Immunity to P. berghei in rats was transferred adoptively with spleen cells but not with bone marrow cells, thymus cells, peripheral lymph node cells or thoracic duct lymphocytes from immune donors. The parasite multiplies at the same rate in control and protected rats but when about 10% of host red cells are infected the number of infected cells in protected rats decreases rapidly whereas control rats attain high parasitemias and die. Serum from immune donors delays the onset of parasitemia but does not affect its ultimate course or the fate of the recipient.
Effect of Acetaldehyde on Growth in Succinate Media and Labeling RNA with 14C Succinate in Polytomella caeca
Authors: WISE DONALD L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Acetaldehyde had been shown to prevent growth of Polytomella caeca in acetate media when present at 4 mM and to depress labeling of RNA with acetate‐2‐14C. In order to avoid inhibition by acetaldehyde of possible malate synthase activity believed necessary for incorporation of acetate, succinate was substituted for acetate. Acetaldehyde had the same effect on growth in succinate media and labeling of RNA with succinate‐2‐14C as it had on utilization of acetate.
The Protein Amino Acid Compositions of Amoeba proteus, A. discoides, A. dubia and Pelomyxa carolinensis*
Authors: FRIZ CARL T.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A comparison has been made of the protein amino acid compositions of Amoeba proteus, A. discoides, A. dubia and Pelomyxa carolinensis. The protein amino acid compositions of each of these species differed in 1–3 of the following amino acids: arginine, aspartic acid‐asparagine, threonine and glycine. The possibility of using these characteristics as acceptable genetic markers is discussed.
Capture and Ingestion of Paramecium by Didinium nasutum
Authors: WESSENBERG HARRY , ANTIPA GREGORY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. This study attempts to analyze how a number of specialized organelles are coordinated in a rapid but complex sequence of events during the capture and ingestion of prey by Didinium. Accidental contact between a Paramecium and the proboscis of a hungry Didinium causes instantaneous discharge of 2 kinds of extrusive organelles from the latter. The short pexicysts attach to the surface of Paramecium but do not penerate. The long toxicysts penetrate the victim, altho their proximal end s remain embedded in the proboscis of Didinium. Cytoplasmic streaming pulls the discharged toxicysts inward, and since they are firmly attached to the prey, the latter is drawn steadily into the cytostome. As the prey is being swallowed, it is compressed, and its volume is reduced by elimination of fluid. When the prey is completely inside the predator, the temporary cytostome closes, and the proboscis is reformed.
Infectivity of Histomonas meleagridis of Cecal and Liver Origins Compared
Authors: LUND EVERETT E. , CHUTE ANNE M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Turkey poults were inoculated rectally with 100, 1000, 10,000, or 100,000 Histomonas meleagridis from the ceca of a group of experimentally infected turkeys. Other poults were given the same numbers of histomonads from an infected liver from the same group of source birds, Comparisons of the incidence of infection, liver involvement, mortality, and average survival time following these inoculations showed that organisms of cecal origin were about 100 times more effective in producing histomoniasis than were organisms of liver origin. It is suggested that this difference in infectivity resulted from heavy losses of histomonads of liver origin that were due to various selective processes.
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Enzymes in Tetrahymena pyriformis after Infection of the Cockroach Periplaneta americana1
Authors: SEAMAN GERALD R. , CLEMENT JACOB J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Activities of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in extracts of Tetrahymena pyriformis S, axenically recovered after living in the hemocoel of female cockroaches Periplaneta americana for 48 hr, were compared with activities in ciliates not exposed to the cockroach. Malic dehydrogenase activity was depressed after recovery from the cockroach; isocitric and succinic dehydrogenases and α‐ketoglutaric oxidase activities were unchanged. Citrate synthetase activity was increased, and pyruvi oxidase activity decreased, after ciliates had been in the cockroach. These alterations persisted for several hundred generations after recovery from the insect.
The Relation of Phosphate Metabolism to Oxidative Assimilation of Acetate by Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris. Effects of 2,4‐Dinitrophenol*
Authors: COLLYARD KENNETH J. , DANFORTH WILLIAM F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Oxidative assimilation of acetate by Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris occurs without appreciable net transfer of inorganic phosphate between cells and medium. Low concentrations of the “uncoupling agent” 2,4‐dinitrophenol (2–5 μM, pH 5) stimulate acetate oxidation and inhibit acetate assimilation. These dinitrophenol concentrations have no measurable effect on edogenous respiration. Higher concentrations inhibit respiration on acetate, and still higher concentrations inhibit endogenous respiration.

Dinitrophenol concentrations which stimulate acetate oxidation produce no measurable change in the total ATP content of the euglena cells. Higher concentrations (50–100 μM) cause progressive decrease in the ATP content.

A hypothetical mechanism is proposed which accounts for the normal, constant oxidation‐assimilation ratio for acetate as the result of coupling of oxidative ATP synthesis with assimilatory ATP consumption. The data are consistent with this mechanism if it is additionally assumed that oxidation and assimilation of acetate occur in an intracellular “compartment” separated from other sources and sinks of ATP.
Eimeria lophortygis n. sp. and E. okanaganensis n. sp. (Sporozoa: Eimeriidae) from California Quail Lophortyx californicus in British Columbia*
Authors: LIBURD EUGENE M. , MAHRT JEROME L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria lophortygis n. sp. and E. okanaganensis n. sp. are described from California quail Lophortyx californicus in British Columbia. Oocysts of E. lophortygis are subspherical to ovoid, 19–26 by 18–20.5 μ (mean, 22.5 by 18.7 μ); sporocysts ovoid, 13–14 by 6–8 μ (mean, 13.7 by 7.5 μ). Prepatent period 72 hours. Oocysts of E. okanaganensis are ovoid to ellipsoidal, 22.5‐30 by 17‐21 μ (mean, 26.3 by 19.8 μ); sporocysts ellipsoidal, 13‐18 by 6‐8 μ (mean, 14.0 by 6.5 μ). Prepatent period 104 hours. Cross‐transmission attempts with Japanese quail Coturnix coturnix and Leghorn chicks were unsuccessful.
Infections of Plasmodium vivax in Saguinus geoffroyi*
Authors: PORTER JAMES A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Panamanian marmosets Saguinus geoffroyi can be infected with Plasmodium vivax. Infections resulting from inoculation of vivax blood from man are generally low‐grade but, in many cases, significant infections result from the inoculation of blood from experimentally infected monkeys. Nine of 29 marmosets were infected from man; 9 of 25 from the night monkey Aotus trivirgatus; 13 of 31 from other Panamanian marmosets; and 1 of 1 from a black spider monkey Ateles fusciceps. Average maximum parasitemias for the 4 donor species were, respectively; 2,320; 24,410; 19,380; and 12,160 per cmm. Splenectomy, administration of Imuran, and a combination of splenectomy and administration of Imuran conditioned Panamanian marmosets for infection. Significant parasitemias resulted from infections with the Emperador, Santa Rosa 1, and Achiote strains of vivax malaria. The Emperador strain was passed serially thru 3 marmoset‐to‐marmoset passages.
Two New Trypanosomes from California Toads and Lizards
Authors: AYALA STEPHEN C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Trypanosoma bufophlebotomi n. sp. and T. scelopori n. sp. are described from the California toad Bufo boreas halophilus and the western fence lizard Sceloporus occidentalis, respectively. T. bufophlebotomi occurred in 15% of 39 toads examined and is characterized by a juxtanuclear, bipolar‐staining kinetoplast. The parasite may share a common ancestry with another sandfly‐transmitted trypanosome of toads from China. T. scelopori occurred in 0.4% of 758 lizards examined for malarial parasites. It may also develop in sandflies.
The Axenic Culture of Strains of the Various Syngens of Paramecium aurelia*
Authors: WAGTENDONK W. J. VAN , GOLDMAN PHYLLIS H. , SMITH W. L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Strains of the various syngens of Paramecium aurelia respond differently to the culture media developed for Strain 299 of syngen 8. Not only is there a variety of response between the syngens, but strains belonging to the same syngen respond differently to the 3 growth media.
Atoxoplasma Associated with an Isosporan Oocyst in Canaries*
Authors: BOX EDITH D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Coccidia‐free and mite‐free domestic canaries Serinus canarius given sporulated Isospora oocysts of canary origin and autopsied at intervals thereafter had numerous organisms in cells of the macrophage system structurally similar to organisms called Atoxoplasma. Judging from the sequence of intensity of infection, the mucosa of the upper intestine was parasitized first and the organisms spread from there down the intestine and to the internal organs. The prepatent period of 10 days for the Isospora infection could be started in one bird by oocyst administration and completed by transfer of infected liver cells from this bird to a 2nd bird. Isospara oocysts from sparrows were not infective for a canary.
Plasmodium chiricahuae sp. nov. from Arizona Lizards
Authors: TELFORD SAM R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Plasmodium chiricahuae sp. nov. from the Arizona lizards Sceloporus jarrovi and S. clarki is similar to P. mexicanum Thompson and Huff, but differs by having larger gametocytes and smaller erythrocytic schizonts (4‐8 merozoites). It produces low‐level parasitemia with early appearance of gametocytes. Gametocytes may persist over one year following cessation of erythrocytic schizogonic activity. P. chiricahuae varies in prevalence at different altitudes, being most common between 6000 and 8000 feet. Infected hosts were collected at a maximum of 9200 feet.
Redescription of Eimeria angusta Allen, 1934 and E. bonasae Allen, 1934 (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus1
Authors: TODD KENNETH S. , LEPP DONALD L. , O'GARA BART W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Eimeria angusta Allen, 1934 and E. bonasae Allen, 1934 are redescribed from a ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus. Oocysts of E. angusta were ellipsoidal to elongate ovoid, had micropyles and were 28‐37 by 15‐19 μ (mean 32.5 by 17.1 μ), with a length‐width ratio of 1.67‐2.19 (mean 1.91). Eimeria bonasae oocysts were spherical to subspherical and 18‐25 by 18‐23 μ (mean 21.6 by 20.6), with a length‐width ratio of 1.00‐1.16 (mean 1.05).
Cultivation and Lyophilization of Mastigina sp.
Authors: WICKERHAM LYNFERD J. , PAGE FREDERICK C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Mastigina sp. is an amoeboid flagellate isolated from pine frass collected in the Guadarrama Mountains in Spain. It feeds on bacteria and yeasts. It prefers yeasts that produce extracellular polysaccharides, and the 2 species that have been used predominantly for cultivation of the flagellate are Pachysolen tannophilus and Hansenula holstii. Mastigina sp. is easily isolated in axenic culture and grows abundantly therein. Its locomotive form, averaging 27 μ in length, resembles that of a limax amoeba, with a vesiculate nucleus at the anterior end. Cells are capable of simultaneous movement by pseudopodia and flagella. It develops rapidly on dead or living yeast cells in shaken cultures and the trophozoites may convert quantitatively to cysts. The cysts remain viable for long periods of time in refrigerated suspensions and in the lyophilized state. They are spherical or ovoid and smooth‐walled cysts; the trophozoite emerges from them by breaking the wall.
The Trichocysts of Chilomonas paramecium*
Authors: SCHUSTER FREDERICK L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Axenic cultures of Chilomonas paramecium were grown in media lacking a C‐source, resulting in breakdown in autophagosomal vesicles of large numbers of trichocysts. Return of the starved organisms to complete media was followed by a wave of trichocyst formation. Stages in the degeneration and subsequent reformation of trichocysts are described as well as attempted labeling of the developing organelles with 3H‐thymidine.

A modification of the method of Anderson et al. (2) was used for isolating quantities of exploded trichocysts from Chilomonas. Attempts at isolation of the trichocyst in its coiled state were unsuccessful. Isolated trichocysts mounted on electron microscope grids were subjected to various types of enzymatic digestions.
Podophyllotoxin, Colcemid and Cold Temperature Interfere with Cilia Regeneration in Stentor*
Authors: MAKRIDES ELISA B. , BANERJEE S. , HANDLER L. , MARGULIS L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Stentor coeruleus, induced to shed their ciliary membranellar bands, regenerate these and associated oral structures within a few hours after treatment. In cells placed in media containing optimal concentrations of mitotic spindle inhibitors, regeneration of the ingestive organelles is reversibly inhibited. Inhibitory effects of Colcemid, podophyllotoxin, and cold temperature reported here are compared with previous results using colchicine, griseofulvin and isopropyl‐n‐phenyl carbamate on regenerating oral membranellar cilia and cell growth.
Passive Immunization of Pigeons Against Trichomoniasis
Authors: KOCAN RICHARD M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Nonimmune homing pigeons Columba livia were infected with the Jones' Barn strain of Trichomonas gallinae and subsequently transfused with plasma from acute or chronically infected pigeons harboring one of 3 different strains of T. gallinae. The transfusions were either a single 2 ml dose given one day after inoculation or three 1 ml doses given 0, 5, and 10 days after inoculation. Plasma from pigeons harboring any of the 3 strains was capable of passively immunizing nonimmune birds. All birds which were immunized with plasma from infected pigeons survived until killed at the end of the test period and no visceral lesions were found on necropsy but trichomonads were present in the oropharynx. All controls (untreated or transfused with normal plasma) died of visceral trichomoniasis.

Immune plasma produced some lysis of trichomonads in vitro, and inhibition of motility and vacuolization occurred in some of the non‐lysed organisms. The overall lytic activity in vitro affected less than 10% of the suspended trichomonads.
Ultrastructural Study of Schizogony in Eimeria callospermophili*
Authors: ROBERTS WILLIAM L. , HAMMOND DATUS M. , ANDERSON LARRY C. , SPEER CLARENCE A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The development of 1st generation schizonts of Eimeria callospermophili was studied with cell cultures and with experimentally infected host animals, Spermophilus armatus. Sporozoite‐shaped schizonts each had 5‐10 nuclei and all of the organelles of the sporozoite; each nucleus had a nucleolus and an associated Golgi apparatus. In stages immediately preceding merozoite formation, an intranuclear spindle apparatus with conical polar areas were observed near the outer margin of each nucleus. Two centrioles, each having 9 single peripheral tubules and one central tubule, were observed near each pole in some specimens. Merozoite formation began internally, with anlagen of 2 merozoites developing near each nucleus. The inner membrane of the merozoites first appeared as 2 dense thickenings adjacent to the polar cones and centrioles; subpellicular microtubules appeared simultaneously. Two anterior annuli and the conoid formed between the 2 thickenings. Vesicles, possibly of Golgi origin, were located next to the forming inner membrane. As the forming merozoites underwent elongation, a rhoptries anlage, a Golgi apparatus, refractile bodies, and mitochondria were incorporated into each. Sporozoite‐shaped schizonts with merozoite anlagen transformed into spheroid or ovoid schizonts; at this time the conoid, rhoptries, micronemes, and the inner membrane of the pellicle gradually disappeared; several small refractile bodies were formed from the larger one. When development was about 1/3 complete, the immature merozoites began to grow outward from the surface of the schizont. In this phase of development, the single surface membrane of the schizont became the outer membrane of the merozoite's pellicle, and additional organelles, including the nucleus, were incorporated. Finally, the merozoites became pinched off, leaving a residual body. Development in cell cultures and host tissues was similar. This type of schizogony, previously undescribed in Eimeria, is compared with corresponding stages of development in other species of Eimeria and Sporozoa.
Eimeria albertensis n.sp. and E. borealis n.sp. (Sporozoa: Eimeriidae) in Black Bears Ursus americanus from Alberta
Authors: HAIR JAY D. , MAHRT JEROME L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Eimeria albertensis n.sp. and E. borealis n.sp. are described from black bears Ursus americanus from Alberta, Canada. Oocysts of E. albertensis are ellipsoidal, 41.5 (36.5‐43.8) by 21.7 (19.0‐22.5) μ, double walled and have a distinct micropyle; sporocysts elongate‐ovoid, 14.7 (10.9‐18.7) by 7.7 (7.2‐10.9) μ. Oocysts of E. borealis are ellipsoidal to slightly concave, 30.2 (28.8‐32.8) by 14.8 (14.6‐15.8) μ, and double walled; micropyle indistinct; sporocysts ovoid, 10.1 (7.3‐11.5) by 6.1 (3.6‐7.3) μ.
Ultrastructural and Cytologic Studies of the Sporozoites of Four Eimeria Species*
Authors: ROBERTS WILLIAM L. , HAMMOND DATUS M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Studies were made with the light microscope of live sporozoites of E. ninakohlyakimovae and E. ellipsoidalis as well as sporozoites fixed with Schaudinn's, Stieve's and Zenker's fluids, methanol and ethanol saturated with picric acid. Sporozoites were stained with Giemsa, bromphenol blue, modified PAS‐AO, Feulgen, Harris’hematoxylin and eosin Y, and iron hematoxylin. Sporozoites of the above species as well as those of E. auburnensis and E. bovis were also fixed with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide or negatively stained for study with the electron microscope. Living sporozoites had gliding, pivoting, flexing, and probing movements. Each sporozoite of each species was covered by a pellicle consisting of an outer limiting unit membrane that was continuous around the sporozoite and an inner membrane that terminated at the polar ring. Twenty‐four subpellicular microtubules were longitudinally arranged just beneath the inner membrane. At the anterior end of the sporozoites was a protruded or retracted conoid composed of spirally‐arranged fibrillar structures, 2 rings anterior to the conoid, and the polar ring, a thickening at the anterior termination of the microtubules and inner membrane. Other organelles observed with the electron microscope were a nucleus with or without a net‐like nucleolus, club‐shaped organelles, refractile bodies, micronemes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria with tubular cristae, micropores, lipoid‐like bodies, oval polysaccharide bodies and ribosomes. The fine structure of these sporozoites is compared to that of related Sporozoa.
Incorporation of Radioactive Precursors into DNA and RNA of Plasmodium knowlesi in vitro
Authors: GUTTERIDGE W. E. , TRIGG P. I.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cultures of the intra‐erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium knowlesi incubated in vitro utilized all the pre‐formed radioactive purines tested (adenine, adenosine, deoxvadenosine, guanine, guanosine and hypoxanthine) but none of the pyrimidines (thymine, thymidine, uracil, uridine, cytidine and deoxycytidine). They did, however, utilize the pyrimidine precursor orotic acid.

All precursors analysed, including deoxyadenosine, were incorporated into both DNA and RNA (in the ratio of ∼1:3) but 19% was incorporated into other unidentified compounds. 3Hadenosine was incorporated into adenine and guanine residues of both DNA and RNA.

No unambiguous evidence was obtained for any periodicity in the synthesis of DNA or RNA in our cultures, even tho cultures remained as synchronous in vitro as they are in vivo. An estimate is presented of the amount of DNA made during one cycle in vitro.
Factors Influencing the Growth of Glaucoma chattoni in a Chemically Defined Medium*
Authors: MESKILL VICTOR P.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Glaucoma chattoni strain A has been grown in the chemically defined medium previously used for Colpidium campylum and Tetrahymena pyriformis. It was necessary to modify the amino acid, nucleotide and other components of the medium in order to obtain optimum growth. The modified medium contained 17 amino acids, nucleic acid components, fatty acids, stigmasterol, sodium acetate, a mixture of B‐vitamins and several inorganic salts.
Some Coelozoic Myxosporida From New Zealand Fishes: Family Sphaerosporidae1
Authors: MEGLITSCH PAUL A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The trophic stages and spores of Sphaerospora undulans n. sp. from the urinary bladder, and ureters, and oviducts of Caulopsetta scapha, and the urinary bladder and ureters of Peltorhamphus novaezelandiae are described. An undescribed species from Genypterus blacodes is also mentioned. The host fishes were taken in New Zealand.
Regulation of Cortical Proteins in Euplotes*
Authors: RUFFOLO JOHN J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A method of isolating cortical organelles from single specimens of Euplotes eurystomus, involving lysis in an induced electric current, is described. The isolation technic was coupled with radioautography to study the patterns of incorporation and conservation of labeled proteins in the membranellar band (MB). Isolated single cells of known age were followed thru one or more divisions. A method of distinguishing between daughter cells (proters and opisthes) at division was utilized in some experiments. The old MB, which is apparently morphostatic, incorporates significant amounts of labeled proteins. The pattern of incorporation in total cell proteins at the 1st and 2nd divisions after pulse‐chase indicates that the levels of incorporation among daughter cells is equivalent. However, at the 1st division after pulse‐chase, the new (opisthe) MB is generally more heavily labeled than the old (proter) MB, and at the 2nd and 3rd divisions new MBs incorporate less label as their development is farther removed in time from the beginning of the chase. The higher level of incorporation in the MB of the 1st division opisthe is maintained thru subsequent divisions, indicating that in Euplotes proteins of the MB are relatively stable.
Schizogony and Gametogony of Eimeria tenella in the Liver of Chick Embryos
Authors: LONG P. L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Schizogony and gametogony of E. tenella occurred in the liver of chick embryos inoculated intravenously with sporozoites. Gametogony occurred more freely in dexamethasonetreated embryos. Schizonts and gamonts developed within bileduct epithelial cells but many gamonts were also found within cells that appeared to be liver parenchyma type. Schizonts also developed in the chorioallantois of a corticosteroid‐treated goose embryo when sporozoites were inoculated via the allantoic cavity.
Isospora papionis n. sp. (Eimeriidae) of the Chacma Baboon Papio ursinus (Kerr, 1792)
Authors: McCONNELL E. E. , DE VOS A. J. , BASSON P. A. , DE VOS V.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Isospora papionis n. sp. is described from the chacma baboon Papio ursinis (Kerr, 1792). Histopathologic examination revealed 3 of 20 baboons to be infected, but no organisms were found on examination of the feces. Macrogametes and sporulated oocysts were observed in the small intestine, mainly in the jejunum and ileum, invariably in an epithelial or subepithelial location at the proximal portions of the crypts of Lieberkühn. Intact sporulated oocysts averaged 17 by 11 μ and had very thin walls which were often partially collapsed between the sporocysts. The sporocysts were somewhat flattened on one side and averaged 11 by 8.5 μ. A large sporocyst residuum was present.