bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lifting involutions in a Weyl group to the normalizer of the torus
Authors: Adrian Moshe
Published: February 2022

Let

N
N

be the normalizer of a maximal torus

T
T

in a split reductive group over

F

q

\mathbb {F}_q

and let

w
w

be an involution in the Weyl group

N

/

T

N/T

. We construct a section of

W
W

satisfying the braid relations, such that the image of the lift

n
n

of

w
w

under the Frobenius map is equal to the inverse of

n
n

.
Reflexivity for spaces of regular operators on Banach lattices
Authors: Li Yongjin , Bu Qingying
Published: February 2022

We prove that if Banach lattices

E
E

and

F
F

are reflexive and each positive linear operator from

E
E

to

F
F

is compact then

L

r

(
E
;
F
)

{\mathcal L}^r(E;F)

, the space of all regular linear operators from

E
E

to

F
F

, is reflexive. Conversely, if

E
∗

E^\ast

or

F
F

has the bounded regular approximation property then the reflexivity of

L

r

(
E
;
F
)

{\mathcal L}^r(E;F)

implies that each positive linear operator from

E
E

to

F
F

is compact. Analogously we also study the reflexivity for the space of regular multilinear operators on Banach lattices.
Beckmann-type problem for degenerate Hamilton-Jacobi equations
Authors: Ennaji Hamza , Igbida Noureddine , Nguyen Van Thanh
Published: February 2022

The aim of this note is to give a Beckmann-type problem as well as the corresponding optimal mass transportation problem associated with a degenerate Hamilton-Jacobi equation

H
(
x
,
∇
u
)
=
0
,

H(x,\nabla u)=0,

coupled with non-zero Dirichlet condition

u
=
g

u=g

on

∂
Ω

\partial \Omega

. In this article, the Hamiltonian

H
H

is continuous in both arguments, coercive and convex in the second, but not enjoying any property of existence of a smooth strict sub-solution. We also provide numerical examples to validate the correctness of theoretical formulations.
Geometric inequalities for static convex domains in hyperbolic space
Authors: Hu Yingxiang , Li Haizhong
Published: February 2022

We prove that the static convexity is preserved along two kinds of locally constrained curvature flows in hyperbolic space. Using the static convexity of the flow hypersurfaces, we prove new family of geometric inequalities for such hypersurfaces in hyperbolic space.
Homotopically unbounded disks for generic surface diffeomorphisms
Authors: Addas-Zanata Salvador , Koropecki Andres
Published: February 2022

In this paper we consider closed orientable surfaces

S
S

of positive genus and

C
r

C^r

-diffeomorphisms

f
:
S
→
S

f:S\rightarrow S

isotopic to the identity (

r
≥
1
)

r\geq 1)

. The main objective is to study periodic open topological disks which are homotopically unbounded (i.e. which lift to unbounded connected sets in the universal covering). We show that these disks are not uncommon, and are related to important dynamical phenomena. We also study the dynamics on these disks under certain generic conditions. Our first main result implies that for the torus (or for arbitrary surfaces, with an additional condition) if the rotation set of a map has nonempty interior and is not locally constant, then the map is

C
r

C^r

-accumulated by diffeomorphisms exhibiting periodic homotopically unbounded disks. Our second result shows that

C
r

C^r

-generically, if the rotation set has nonempty interior (plus an additional hypothesis if the genus of

S
S

is greater than

1
1

) a maximal periodic disk which is unbounded and has a rational prime ends rotation number must be the basin of some compact attractor or repeller contained in the disk. As a byproduct we obtain results describing certain periodic components of the complement of the closure of stable or unstable manifolds of a periodic orbit in the

C
r

C^r

-generic setting.
Effects of a transitional home-based care program for stroke survivors in Harbin, China: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kam Yuet Wong Frances , Wang Shao Ling , Ng Shamay S M , Lee Paul H , Wong Arkers Kwan Ching , Li Haiyan , Wang Wei , Wu Lijie , Zhang Yi , Shi Yangyang
Published: February 2022

Background

China has the biggest stroke burden in the world. Continued measures have been taken to enhance post-stroke rehabilitation management in the last two decades. The weak link is with home-based rehabilitation, with more attention and resources devoted to inpatient rehabilitation.

Objective

to address the service gap, this study tested a home-based transitional care model for stroke survivors.

Methods

a randomized controlled trial was conducted from February 2019 to May 2020 in Harbin, China, involving 116 patients with ischemic stroke. The intervention group participants (n = 58, 50%) received a 12-week home-based care program with components of transitional care measures and the national guidelines for facilitating patients to perform home-based exercises with continued monitoring and gradual progression. Control group participants received standard care including medication advice, rehabilitation exercise and one nurse-initiated follow-up call. Data were collected at baseline and after a 90-day (post-intervention) and a 180-day (post-intervention) follow-up. The primary outcome was quality of life (QOL), measured using the EuroQol-Five Dimension 5-Level scale (EQ-5D-5L).

Results

both intervention and control groups showed improvement in EQ-5D-5L from baseline to post-intervention (0.66 versus 0.83, P < 0.001) and (0.66 versus 0.77, P < 0.001), respectively, and there was significant group-by-time interaction in EuroQol-Visual Analogue Scale from baseline to post-intervention at 90 days and follow-up at 180 days with the intervention group experiencing better improvement. Similarly, significant interaction effects were also found in the Stroke Impact Symptom scale, self-efficacy and modified Barthel Index.

Conclusions

home-based transitional care was effective in improving QOL, symptoms, self-efficacy and activities of daily living.
Survival following non-operative management of infected coronary artery aneurysm with infected pericardial effusion complicated by multi-organ failure: a case report
Authors: Wareing Timothy , Jogia Pranesh
Published: February 2022

Background

Infected coronary artery aneurysm with infected pericardial effusion is a very rare complication following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and is associated with high mortality. Management options include open cardiothoracic surgery or non-operative management with pericardiocentesis. The best management option is currently unknown.

Case summary

A 76-year-old man with a background of hypertension, type two diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and a pacemaker presented with worsening shortness of breath 5 weeks following PCI to the right coronary artery (RCA) for a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. His blood cultures grew methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and he developed progressive renal failure and shortness of breath despite high-dose antibiotics. Echocardiography showed a pericardial effusion with impending tamponade and the patient proceeded urgently for pericardiocentesis. He subsequently developed severe cardiogenic and vasoplegic shock with multi-organ failure. Computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) showed an RCA aneurysm. He was conservatively managed with a pericardial window due to being too high risk for cardiac surgery and subsequently made a full recovery.

Discussion

Non-operative management of infected coronary artery aneurysm and infected pericardial effusion resulted in survival and return to baseline function in our patient despite the development of severe shock with multi-organ failure.
P18 Prevalence and risk factors for nasal colonization with MRSA among children attending immunization in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Oreh Chinekwu N.
Published: February 2022

Background

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial agent commonly found on the skin and anterior nares of healthy individuals. There has been an increase in the carriage of MRSA globally. Nasal MRSA colonization is a public health problem because it is a significant risk factor for staphylococcal infection. This study explores the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility profile and risk factors for nasal colonization of healthy children under 5 years old attending immunization.

Methods

Nasal swabs were collected from 176 healthy children 0–60 months old, attending routine immunization in Port Harcourt. Questionnaires covering demographic information and potential risk factors were administered to caregivers of the children. Collected samples were tested for the presence of MSSA and MRSA. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out on all MSSA and MRSA samples.

Results

The prevalence of MSSA and MRSA were 10/176 (5.68%) and 48/176 (27.3%), respectively. The MDR rate among the 58 S. aureus samples was 53/58 (91.38%). Children who had an ear infection in the preceding 1 month were at a higher risk of being colonized with MRSA at P = 0.048 (95% CI). There was also a significant association P = 0.036 (95% CI) between the educational status of mother and nasal colonization, with higher educational status reducing the chances of association.

Conclusions

There is a rising prevalence of MRSA colonization and MDR strains. A history of ear infections and a poor level of education of the mother were identified as significant risk factors for MRSA colonization.
P24 Cefiderocol activity against a multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a case report
Authors: Lim, Felicia H. , Ashton Corrine , Jenkins David R.
Published: February 2022

Background

MDR Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa represent the highest priority for addressing global antibiotic resistance. Moreover, selecting an appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment for MDR strains is a challenge. Cefiderocol, a novel siderophore cephalosporin, has demonstrated activity against Gram-negative strains resistant to other available antibiotics.

Patient case

A 58-year-old female was admitted on to the ICU with type 1 respiratory failure as a consequence of COVID-19 pneumonitis. During the course of her ICU admission she developed persistent bilateral empyema and pneumothorax which did not resolve despite the use of pleural drains. The empyema samples grew P. aeruginosa.

Treatment course

The patient was treated with commonly used antibiotics for P. aeruginosa, including piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, ceftolozane/tazobactam and ciprofloxacin. However, repeated testing of empyema fluid and respiratory secretions identified an increasingly drug-resistant P. aeruginosa strain. Following left thoracotomy and pleural decortication, cefiderocol was approved for compassionate use and the patient was treated for 14 days. The patient experienced good resolution of clinical symptoms and C-reactive protein levels and was discharged to the ward after 105 days in the ICU. The patient was briefly readmitted to the ICU with worsening type 2 respiratory failure 2 weeks later. Ceftolozane/tazobactam and colistin treatment were recommenced as a bridging measure until cefiderocol became available in the hospital. Notably, the P. aeruginosa isolated remained susceptible to cefiderocol following the first course of treatment. Cefiderocol therapy (2 g t.i.d.) was recommenced for 14 days of ward based treatment. The patient demonstrated clinical and radiographic resolution of her infection and was eventually discharged home.

Conclusions

This patient case describes a heavily pretreated female with a MDR P. aeruginosa strain successfully managed with cefiderocol and source control. Cefiderocol was prescribed for compassionate use for treatment of MDR P. aeruginosa. Treatment was well tolerated and led to good resolution of clinical symptoms. Cefiderocol may help address the global issue of MDR P. aeruginosa.
P35 ‘Antimicrobial Stewardship – Do It Right!’—a multidisciplinary clinical awareness-based quality improvement project
Authors: Xin Lee , Ahmad Duaa
Published: February 2022

Background

Based on a recent trust-wide antibiotic stewardship (AMS) audit, three specific AMS criteria were identified for improvement, namely appropriate sample collection before starting antibiotics, timely antibiotic reviews and documentation and microbiology discussions for restricted antibiotics.

Objectives

To improve the performance of the aforementioned areas and assessing the efficacy of education materials and sessions in supporting AMS practice.

Methods

Local and regional usage data, together with performance data from the audit were summarized into presentations, with teaching sessions organized for clinical staff over several months. Education materials via two different posters for prescribers, pharmacists, nurses and healthcare staff were distributed trust-wide in relevant clinical areas, together with on-site teaching and barrier analysis. Weekly run chart data of compliance to the three AMS criteria was collected from two inpatient wards (General Medicine and General Surgery) before and during the project to assess baseline compliance and measure project outcomes.

Results

After 10 weeks, baseline AMS compliance achieved improvements of 5%–10% for appropriate sample collection (estimated baseline 60%), 20%–25% for timely antibiotic reviews and documentation (estimated baseline 65%) and 20%–25% for microbiology discussions of restricted antibiotics (estimated baseline 50%). Further data breakdown identified surgical specialities requiring additional AMS support, allowing for better allocation of microbiology resources, including a weekly ward round.

Conclusions

Clinical awareness via a multidisciplinary approach remains key to improving AMS compliance, which can be improved and sustained effectively through regular staff education, either via teaching sessions or targeted education materials within relevant clinical areas.
Detection of acoustic events in lavender for measuring xylem vulnerability to embolism and cellular damage
Authors: Lamacque Lia , Sabin Florian , Améglio Thierry , Herbette Stéphane , Charrier Guillaume
Published: February 2022

Acoustic emission analysis is promising to investigate the physiological events leading to drought-induced injury and mortality. However, their nature and source are not fully understood, making this technique difficult to use as a direct measure of the loss of xylem hydraulic conductance. Acoustic emissions were recorded during severe dehydration in lavender plants (Lavandula angustifolia) and compared with the dynamics of embolism development and cell damage. The timing and characteristics of acoustic signals from two independent recording systems were compared by principal component analysis (PCA). Changes in water potential, branch diameter, loss of hydraulic conductance, and cellular damage were also measured to quantify drought-induced damages. Two distinct phases of acoustic emissions were observed during dehydration: the first one associated with a rapid loss of diameter and a significant increase in loss of xylem conductance (90%), and the second with slower changes in diameter and a significant increase in cellular damage. Based on PCA, a developed algorithm discriminated hydraulic-related acoustic signals from other sources, proposing a reconstruction of hydraulic vulnerability curves. Cellular damage preceded by hydraulic failure seems to lead to a lack of recovery. The second acoustic phase would allow detection of plant mortality.
A critical appraisal of the concept of climate migration
Authors: Lauria Giovanna
Published: February 2022

This article analyses international legal scholarship and policy developments on the climate-migration nexus through the lens of the relationship between international law and crisis. It argues that legal and policy debates on climate-related mobility reflect an oscillation between two dimensions associated with crisis narrative: catalyst and decoy.
Pogroms in Russia’s Borderlands, 1881–1884
Authors: Avrutin Eugene M.
Published: February 2022

More than 250 anti-Jewish riots erupted in the Russian Empire between 1881 and 1884. Some of the disturbances lasted only a couple of hours, and others took two or more days to subside. In most instances the pogroms originated in large urban centers, rippling outward to neighboring market towns along railroads, rivers, roads, and other paths of transportation. The pogroms, which devastated Jewish communities and contributed to a national emergency in the imperial borderlands lasting approximately two years, had many causes, including political shock caused by the assassination of Tsar Alexander II; social dislocations due to the uneven economic modernization of the empire; the circulation of rumors; and the role of the religious calendar in providing the occasion for anti-Jewish violence. In the aftermath of the pogroms, Tsar Alexander III used the events of 1881 and 1882 to strengthen the state by pursuing ruthless authoritarian policies. Significantly, the pogroms did not reverse the entrance of Jews into Russia’s civil society, but the events marked an important turning point by creating a blueprint for future waves of pogrom violence that rocked the empire in the last decades of the old regime and beyond.
Pogroms in World War I Russia
Authors: Zavadivker Polly
Published: February 2022

During the Great War, the Russian army carried out atrocities against thousands of Jewish civilians in front zones, both within the Russian Empire and in Russian-occupied Galicia. Such pogroms were unprecedented in the history of the Russian Empire. While earlier waves of pogroms in the Russian Empire in the 1880s and early 1900s had been instigated by local populations and not the Russian government, during the war, the Russian military as an institution carried out the violence. The army systematically engaged in plunder, rape, and murder of Jewish civilians in front zones. They justified their actions as protective measures against so-called enemy aliens. This chapter examines sources that reveal why and how Russian Jews became victims of the very armed forces that were supposedly fighting on behalf of their own country. It locates the causes of anti-Jewish violence in three contexts: (a) a preexisting belief among military elites that Jews collectively constituted an unpatriotic and unreliable population, (b) accusations from the very top of the military’s chain of command regarding “Jewish espionage,” and (c) the retreat of the Russian army in spring and summer 1915, accompanied by brutal violence that targeted Jews and their property.
Crossroads
Authors: Larson Kate Clifford
Published: February 2022

This chapter talks about what happened after Fannie Lou Hamer read about the young students' sit-ins and the Freedom riders who endured attacks across the South and right there in Mississippi. Southern white reaction came as no surprise to her. Nevertheless, the bravery and courage of the young people who risked their lives stirred her imagination. Hamer found herself at a crossroads. Baptized in the Quiver River as a child, she experienced an intense religious conversion that shaped her pacifist views and unwavering faith that guided her life. Segregationist forces, however, repeatedly tested that faith. She had grown up believing that if she attended church, prayed, and comported herself as a "true Christian," God would see to it that Christian love and patience would set right the injustice and misery that shaped her life and the lives of her family and community. She, and they, waited. Nevertheless, the discrimination, hatred, oppression, and abuse continued. Hamer then took the voter registration test along with other African Americans, despite efforts by the White Citizens' Council of America to stop Black voter registration.
A High-Stakes Movement
Authors: Salomone Rosemary
Published: February 2022

Are English-taught courses a trend that western European countries should embrace? Is it time for rethinking and moderation? This chapter examines the movement toward English medium instruction (EMI) and the ways in which it is tied to internationalization, including student and faculty recruitment, scholarly work, and academic conferences. It examines the incentives and challenges for institutions, particularly the connection between EMI placement in international university rankings. It lays bare the benefits and burdens of EMI to faculty members and students and the divide in teaching and professional advancement opportunities between those who are proficient in English and those who are not. It addresses the concerns raised by scholars regarding “domain loss,” especially in the hard sciences, and the production and dissemination of knowledge. It examines steps that the Nordic countries have taken, particularly in “parallel instruction,” to internationalize their faculty and student body while preserving their national language.
Shakespeare in the Crossfire
Authors: Salomone Rosemary
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines controversies in France and Italy that underscored the political tensions and legal consequences for universities moving toward English-taught courses and programs. Each case, in a distinct way, mined the depths of cultural pride and academic governance as universities came under pressure to promote internationalization through English. In France, the debate focused on a proposal to ease legislative restrictions on teaching in languages other than French in the nation’s universities. In Italy, it centered on a legal challenge to a plan adopted by the prestigious Polytechnic Institute in Milan to offer all graduate courses and programs in English. The chapter fleshes out the competing arguments on remaining competitive in the global economy versus preserving academic quality, national identity, and the national language. In doing so, it presents a diverse and interesting cast of stakeholders sparring over the role of English in academia and beyond.
The “New Scramble” for Africa
Authors: Salomone Rosemary
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines France’s efforts using the “soft power” of language to maintain a presence particularly in French-speaking Africa, and similar efforts by China in its Belt and Road Initiative to gain an economic foothold in the continent. It discusses the ways in which French president Emmanuel Macron has cultivated France’s relationship with the nations of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the critical responses of African intellectuals to his strained attempts at navigating the colonial narrative, and his repeated calls promoting linguistic pluralism over a common language in English. It explores China’s “charm initiative” in spreading its language and culture through its Confucius Institutes and Confucius Classrooms and the mounting opposition to those programs for their lack of transparency and limits on academic freedom. It suggests that France and China may be facing renewed competition from the United Kingdom and the United States in the “new scramble” for Africa.
Redress and Transformation
Authors: Salomone Rosemary
Published: February 2022

To what extent has South Africa achieved redress and transformation as envisioned in its post-apartheid constitution? What racial and class inequities related to language remain, and how can they be remedied? Addressing these questions, this chapter examines the role of English versus Afrikaans and indigenous languages, particularly in education. It discusses the Black population’s identifying Afrikaans with apartheid oppression while viewing English as the language of resistance and upward mobility. It looks at three decisions of the Constitutional Court, one of which laid the groundwork for addressing the right to “receive education in the official language of one’s choice.” The other two decisions upheld university policies that eliminated or minimized instruction in Afrikaans in favor of English. The chapter questions whether the Court’s most recent “multilingual turn” looking beyond the past, in the case against Stellenbosch University, can effectively reshape public discourse and language policies across education.
Marketing Language
Authors: Salomone Rosemary
Published: February 2022

What is the value of language skills in the global knowledge economy? How do those skills meet needs in the domestic service economy? To what extent can technology fill those demands? This chapter examines ways of looking at language from a market perspective. It begins with “Marketing English,” moving from the treatment of call center workers in India and the Philippines to a more general discussion of English skills, the benefits and challenges for workers and companies, and the trend toward using English in multinational corporations. It then turns to “Marketing Multilingualism,” examining both the economic gains and the global need for multilingual workers. In that regard, it looks at the United States, Europe, and the United Kingdom post-Brexit. Sorting through the potential and limits of technology for translation and interpretation, it underscores the importance of the human element, especially in situations that require precision, like health care and international politics.
Cancer Navigation
Authors: Wells Anjanette , Vetta L. Sanders Thompson , Ross Will , Camp Yeakey Carol , Notaro Sheri
Published: February 2022

Cancer Navigation: Charting the Path Forward for Low Income Women of Color is intended to be a practical guide mainly for individuals who care about the health of low income women of color and provide support and comfort to them. This book is to be used as a guidebook, a resource that is easily accessible to all, affordable and a quick reference resource. It may be useful for any busy US health care providers passionately and compassionately working with marginalized women throughout the cancer continuum, from community preventive outreach to survivorship. Our goal was to make sure the frontline helpers have a valuable resource at their disposal. This book is meant for practitioners who spend time not only attempting to help women navigate their health, and work through the often alienating health care system, but also assist them in working through the hassles of daily life. Although there are limits on what providers can do, there is also great potential for doing more and doing it better. We often think we do not have time to provide compassion, yet we do not have time not to provide humane care. Passion and compassion in cancer care for low income women of color is not an issue of pity or based solely on medical or scientific care, it is a more issue of social justice.
Introduction
Authors: Wells Anjanette A. , Thompson Vetta L. Sanders , Ross Will , Yeakey Carol Camp , Notaro Sheri R.
Published: February 2022

In this introductory chapter the authors discuss their inspiration for the development of this book. They focus on health disparities and factors that increase health equity. Capturing the social determinants of health is one way to advance social justice, for the issues are not just about the lack of financial resources but also involve structural racial barriers and implicit bias. The COVID-19 pandemic has reminded us of the extreme vulnerability of low-income and marginalized populations. The first module in this chapter covers the incidence of, causes of, and screening recommendations for breast, cervical, lung, and colorectal cancer. The second module describes the chronic care model that is used throughout this volume as a framework to impact and increase the health equity of all marginalized populations in general but low-income women of color in particular.
Interpersonal, Community, and Population Communication and Engagement
Authors: Wells Anjanette A. , Thompson Vetta L. Sanders , Ross Will , Yeakey Carol Camp , Notaro Sheri R.
Published: February 2022

This chapter contains three modules that cover principles of communication, barriers and stressors that impact patients’ adherence, and cultural competence. The goal of healthcare providers should be to communicate in a way that educates the patient, while also uplifting her sense of self-efficacy and motivating her to take control of her health. To improve follow-up rates among low-income women of color, providers must be aware of adherence facilitators (e.g., spirituality, social support) as well as barriers (e.g., psychosocial needs, stressors), particularly given that many of these barriers exist at the system level and providers are often responsible for initial cancer screenings. Cultural competency represents the foundation of health communication. Providers must be culturally competent so they can help women solve problems, make informed decisions, feel empowered, and place trust in their healthcare providers and the healthcare system.
Intervention and Strategies Across the Cancer Continuum
Authors: Wells Anjanette A. , Thompson Vetta L. Sanders , Ross Will , Yeakey Carol Camp , Notaro Sheri R.
Published: February 2022

The three modules in this chapter cover patient navigation, survivorship care plans, and clinical trial participation. Cancer disparities among low-income women of color are best addressed using community partnerships, peer community health navigators or community health workers, and evidence-based clinical interventions. Traditional survivorship care plans need to be modified and adapted for low-income women of color to take into account sociocultural areas of relevance. One of the greatest potentials for reducing cancer mortality in high-risk populations is through increasing participation in cancer clinical trials; however, there is evidence that women and minorities are underrepresented in these trials. Social marketing and other educational strategies can be used to emphasize important and culturally relevant benefits associated with clinical trial participation.
Evaluation of Cancer Interventions and Programs
Authors: Wells Anjanette A. , Thompson Vetta L. Sanders , Ross Will , Yeakey Carol Camp , Notaro Sheri R.
Published: February 2022

This chapter comprises two modules: program evaluation and community-based participatory research (CBPR). Self-awareness of culture, biases, and worldviews on the part of healthcare providers is the critical first step toward conceptualizing an evaluation that will garner buy-in from the community, capitalize on strengths, and mitigate vulnerabilities. Engagement with stakeholders throughout the evaluation process is vital. CBPR is an approach to research that is about advancing change to improve health and well-being in communities through community partnerships. As we look ahead in the future of cancer prevention and control, we must look toward CBPR solutions (not merely community-placed research) that go beyond healthcare providers in the clinic or hospital. Healthcare professionals and academic institutions need to partner with community stakeholders; such partnerships will likely result in more willingness of communities to “give voice” in developing, implementing, and disseminating meaningful solutions to addressing cancer disparities and inequities among low-income women of color.
After Access
Authors: Ticona Julia
Published: February 2022

While the digital hustle is a shared set of strategies, high- and low-wage workers don’t do it under the same conditions. This chapter explains how the terms on which low-wage workers are included in the digital economy reinforce and amplify the disadvantages they already face in the labor market and elsewhere. From buying phones at Walmart and buying airtime at gas stations, low-wage workers face an exploitative marketplace to purchase phones and Internet connections. In addition, these workers often utilize technical infrastructure—from public or commercial Wi-Fi networks to phones with poorer privacy protections—that make them vulnerable to increased amounts and invasive forms of data collection. Market actors make connectivity appear affordable, but predictable instability in their connections requires workers to do “invisible labor” to overcome being disconnected. This chapter also describes the crosscutting ways that racism and the threat of policing and violence shape workers’ ability to use Wi-Fi in public places.
Another Kind of Normal
Authors: Ward Graham
Published: February 2022

This volume begins constructing the Christian theological basis for ethical living: an interpretation of Christ’s coming and its relation to God as the Creator. An Augustinian vision of consonance between divine rhythm and the rhythmic orders of creation governs the whole volume, which argues for the inseparability of Christology and creation. On the basis of what Augustine calls the ‘interval’, it proposes Christ is encountered as riddle, scandal, and paradox. An account of creation as a Trinitarian event calls for rethinking the key teachings with respect to this understanding of creation as a divine benediction and a theatre for transformation and healing: the ex nihilo out of which all things came to be; what it means to be human; notions of Eden; and the concept of the Fall. An understanding of the relationship between the operations of time and grace is fundamental here, and the book argues for the omnidirectionality of time as graced, rejecting a conception of the temporal as linear and theologies indebted to that conception. Examining our participation in God, through our hiddenness in Christ the book develops an account of the relationship between divine and human creativity. In this participation of all things in God, human beings are haunted by the Christ through whom all things came to be and formed as those created to tend and attend to all that is given. Consonance is the mark of our homecoming, our responsibilities within creation, and the salvation of all life in, through, and with Christ.
Sighs for Eden
Authors: Ward Graham
Published: February 2022

The theme of loss in the last chapter is taken up in terms of the doctrine of an original paradise. This chapter radically problematizes the temporality of that paradigm of perfection–sin–redemption, and foregrounds those questions about the sighs for a lost Eden. There was no paradise historically, so what is being figured in the Scriptures? The Scriptures are examined through the lens of God as planter and horticulturalist and the nature of gardens as forms of heterotopia is explored. The exploration focuses on the two geographical gardens in the Gospels—Gethsemane and the garden of the empty tomb—before returning to the mythic sensibilities of Eden in Derek Jarman’s film The Garden. The film (and Jarman’s Journals) play with the idea of paradise, but in ways which reinvent the myth and its contemporary significance.
Extroit
Authors: Ward Graham
Published: February 2022

This is a brief return to the observation of unending migrations, forced and chosen, that opens the volume: the world we live in which ethical living in Christ is fostered and formed. It returns to the question of consonance over dissonance and the rhythm of salvation that will be the focus for the volume that follows.
The Victorian Novel and the Problems of Marine Language
Authors: Kerr Matthew P. M.
Published: February 2022

To write about the sea in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was to do so against a vast accretion of past deeds, patterns of thought, and particularly modes of expression, many of which had begun to feel not just settled but exhausted. All at Sea takes up this circumstance, showing how prose writers in this period grappled with the super-conventionalized nature of the sea as a setting, as a shaper of plot and character, as a structuring motif, and as a source of metaphor. But while writing about the sea required careful negotiation of multiple and sometimes conflicting associations, the sea’s multiplicity and freight function not just as impediments to thought or expression but as sources of intellectual and expressive possibilities. The book examines a provocatively diverse group of key authors spanning from the 1830s to the 1930s. The discussion treats both writers inextricably associated with the sea (Frederick Marryat, Joseph Conrad) and those whose works are less obviously marine, such as Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, George Eliot, William Makepeace Thackeray, and Virginia Woolf. What these writers share, among other things, is that they simultaneously register and turn to account the difficulties that attend writing about, and writing with, the sea. In the process, their sea-writing sheds new light on the value of marginalized representational techniques including repetition, cliché, and imprecision.
Joseph Conrad’s Departures
Authors: Kerr Matthew P. M.
Published: February 2022

Joseph Conrad promoted precision as a principle of quality in literary writing, and an epitome of sailorly ethics and good practice. But he simultaneously insisted that haziness and indeterminacy were indispensable to his novels. Accommodating this apparent contradiction, this chapter argues that precision does not equate to a denial of vagueness. Instead, reading Conrad shows that precision as an epistemological practice and fictional method must accommodate inaccuracy, mostly in its mediations between particularity and abstraction. The split quality of precision relates to the sea by way of shifts in the practice and regulation of shipping, which accelerated in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The maritime history of Conrad’s precision suggests an underexplored vector for the widely acknowledged modernist aesthetics of exactitude, usually allied to mechanization. Precision, for Conrad, is a way of thinking and writing in intimacy with error.
One, Two, One, Two
Authors: Kerr Matthew P. M.
Published: February 2022

Virginia Woolf attempted to enact closure through writing about the sea. For Woolf, sea-writing is inexorably associated with nineteenth-century power structures: the sea is a masculinized emblem of military and economic might, and (relatedly) a conduit of empire. However, this concluding chapter measures two forms of debt to the nineteenth century’s seas against each other in two key novels by Woolf. While The Voyage Out shows Woolf discarding sea styles and stories as chauvinist and imperialist, the sea later enables the productive formal instability upon which The Waves launches its critique of imperial patriarchy. A short coda to the chapter summarizes central arguments and ideas in the book, in particular the relevance of its argument to studies not just of sea-writing but also of literary language more broadly.
Summary and Skeptic’s Corner
Authors: Shneiderman Ben
Published: February 2022

These AI and HCAI views emerge from an ongoing debate between the rationalists, who favor logical thinking based on laboratory research, and empiricists, who pursue real world observations with an empathy for human needs. Both approaches have value, so I have come to blend rationalist thinking with an empiricist approach. Even as computers become more powerful and algorithms more sophisticated, the dominant design strategy will be to build supertools that empower people with more control over ever more advanced automation. The disruptions to people’s work lives from automation are real, so substantial efforts are needed to improve worker welfare and reduce inequality.
Summary and Skeptic’s Corner
Authors: Shneiderman Ben
Published: February 2022

The HCAI framework clarifies when computer control for rapid automated action is necessary, when human desire for mastery is paramount, and when there are dangers of excessive automation or excessive human control. It clarifies design choices for (1) consumer and professional applications, such as widely used recommender systems, advertising tools, social media platforms, and search engines, which have brought strong benefits to consumers; (2) consequential applications in medical, legal, environmental, or financial systems that can bring substantial benefits and harms; and (3) life-critical applications such as cars, airplanes, trains, military systems, pacemakers, or intensive care units.
Coda
Authors: Berman Carolyn Vellenga
Published: February 2022

The Coda compares the initial excitement about the democratic possibilities of the internet in the twenty-first century—and subsequent fears concerning the political effects of social media and the resurgence of populism—with nineteenth-century responses to the proliferation of printed paper. It likens the early Victorian debates about allowing the reporting of debates to experiments with regulating communication through Twitter and Facebook. It then reveals how recent events have refocused our attention on both representative democracy and the book as fragile formations. It links recent proposals for adjusting the effects of social media to Dickens’s own efforts on copyright. Finally, it shows how Dickens’s satirical proposals anticipated dystopian aspects of our current world of smartphones and the attention economy.
Hongkongers in the British Armed Forces, 1860-1997
Authors: Kwong Chi Man
Published: February 2022

The historical experience of the Hongkongers during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is unique, as Hong Kong has been a multi-ethnic and multicultural society, an international trading hub, and a geopolitically crucial British colony until 1997. In past decades, historians produced works on different aspects of Hong Kong history, but one particular group remained obscure: the more than 30,000 Hong Kong men and women who served in the British armed forces from the Opium Wars to the end of British rule. This book is the first systematic study of the experience of Hong Kong servicemen in the British armed forces during the colonial period. It puts them in the contexts of Hong Kong history, the history of overseas Chinese, the history of the British Empire, and the military history of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It details the agency of Hongkongers, who were more often than not portrayed as victims or beneficiaries during the two world wars and the Cold War, and highlights the relevance of Hong Kong in the modern history of East Asia. It also looks at how the intertwined issues of class and race played out among these servicemen, who came from a variety of ethnic, cultural, and social backgrounds. It reveals the complexity of colonial Hong Kong society by illustrating the interplay between the colonisers and the colonised of different classes and ethnicities and informs the ongoing discussion about colonial Hong Kong by providing concrete examples of the collaboration between ethnic groups.
The Interwar Period, 1919–1941
Authors: Chi Man Kwong
Published: February 2022

The fourth chapter focuses on the experience of the Hong Kong soldiers and ratings during the interwar period (1919–39) until the battle of Hong Kong in 1941. It starts with a discussion of the experience of Hong Kong servicemen during the interwar period when serving in the military was seen as a stable career that offered learning opportunities for the working-class Hongkongers. Meanwhile, volunteer military service in the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps was seen as a means for middle-class Hongkongers to gain respectability, especially for the Portuguese and the Eurasians who were sometimes seen as outsiders in pre-war Hong Kong society. The chapter then covers the British attempt to recruit more locals for the defence of Hong Kong from 1936. The training and organisation of the various local units are discussed. It challenges the myth that the Chinese in Hong Kong were not mobilised because of the racist prejudices held by the British decision-makers. It suggests that Chinese propagandists first engineered the myth in 1942 in an attempt to undermine British prestige in China after the fall of Hong Kong, as the Nationalist government was planning to pressure the British to give up Hong Kong after the war. The myth found a second life after the signing of the Sino–British Joint Declaration in 1984 because of the changing political situation.
Military Service in Cold War Hong Kong, 1946–1997
Authors: Chi Man Kwong
Published: February 2022

This chapter focuses on the experience of the Hong Kong servicemen between the end of the Second World War and the end of British rule in 1997. It examines the servicemen’s lives and actions during the Cold War, the changing status of the servicemen, and the attempt of the colonial elites to use military service to instil civic spirit among the locals. It first offers an overview of the strategic situation of Hong Kong and the post–Second World War garrison, and suggests that while Hong Kong became an outpost of the free world and an economic powerhouse, it faced a peculiar security problem that could not be solved by the garrison alone. Nevertheless, the garrison helped maintain the confidence of the population and supported the civil government during internal security situations. The issues arising out of the gradual British withdrawal from Hong Kong, especially the redundancy of Hong Kong servicemen, are also discussed. The last section of the chapter narrates the Hong Kong veterans’ fight for the right of abode in the United Kingdom and financial compensation during the 1980s and 1990s. To fight the bureaucrats in Hong Kong and London, the veterans formed a united front that was not bounded by class and ethnicity, and enlisted support from international civil society. These factors explained their eventual, albeit modest, success.
Keeping Out of Court II
Authors: Bricker Andrew Benjamin
Published: February 2022

This chapter focuses on the tricks used in the book trade to print, market, distribute, and circulate satiric works. It also discusses Jonathan Swift and the Act of Anne, the first modern copyright law. Although the statute protected booksellers by requiring the formal registration of publications, it also benefited authors, by giving them a mechanism for selling their rights, sometimes even in exchange for legal protection. Swift, for instance, found numerous accomplices to absorb the repercussions of his publications in exchange for editorial freedom with his texts and the profits extending from copyright. This chapter shows how the ruses used to distribute a range of illicit works fundamentally shaped the visual and material qualities of printed satire. It also reorients discussions of copyright law away from the historical model—what intellectual property was—to how satirists and those in the book trade exploited the provisions of the Act of Anne to create legal protections.
The Talk of the Town
Authors: Roth Carla
Published: February 2022

The Talk of the Town explores everyday communication in a sixteenth-century small town and the role it played in the circulation of information across and within early modern communities. It does so through the lens of the St Gall linen trader Johannes Rütiner (1501–56/7) and his notebooks, the Commentationes––a little-known source which offers unusual insights into an oral world normally hidden from view. A close reading of Rütiner’s notes on hundreds of conversations reveals what the inhabitants of a sixteenth-century town talked about, through which channels such information reached them, and how it was then processed, shared, criticized, contradicted, and employed as a means to forge and strengthen social bonds. By bringing together the histories of sociability and information, reconstructing Rütiner’s network of informants and probing a broad variety of exchanges—jokes, gossip, news, and tales of the past—this book rethinks both what constituted valuable information in the sixteenth century and who was able to provide it, and argues that the circulation of information remained inseparably linked to the social dynamics of face-to-face exchanges long into the age of print.