bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Política y kárate: influencias históricas en la práctica del Goju-ryu
Authors: Hopkins Giles
Published: June 2015

The 1936 “masters meeting” sponsored by the Ryukyu Newspaper Company—a gathering of karate masters, journalists, and government leaders—gives us some indication of the political realities at play in Japan in the early decades of the 20th century and how they may have affected Okinawan karate. Tradition often seems as though it is a safeguard against change. However, the reality is that a resurgence of nationalism fed an anti-Chinese bias and an effort to assimilate Okinawan culture; both affected karate. With economic hardships in Okinawa and a desire to popularize karate, traditions did change. Some teachers sought ways to preserve traditional Okinawan martial arts within this changing political landscape. But at what cost?
Beneficios de la práctica de empuje de manos no competitiva
Authors: Kauz Herman P.
Published: June 2015

The 1936 “masters meeting” sponsored by the Ryukyu Newspaper Company—a gathering of karate masters, journalists, and government leaders—gives us some indication of the political realities at play in Japan in the early decades of the 20th century and how they may have affected Okinawan karate. Tradition often seems as though it is a safeguard against change. However, the reality is that a resurgence of nationalism fed an anti-Chinese bias and an effort to assimilate Okinawan culture; both affected karate. With economic hardships in Okinawa and a desire to popularize karate, traditions did change. Some teachers sought ways to preserve traditional Okinawan martial arts within this changing political landscape. But at what cost?
Taijiquan y Taoísmo. De religión a arte marcial, de arte marcial a religión
Authors: Wile Douglas
Published: June 2015

This study explores the ways in which the construction and deconstruction of a martial arts-Daoism connection has figured in political ideology, national iden-tity, and commercial interest during the past 400 years of Chinese history. Focusing on the taijiquan-Daoism-Zhang Sanfeng nexus, it traces the wrapping of a martial art in indigenous religious garb during the periods of Manchu rule, Japanese occupation, and post-Mao 21st century. It concludes by reporting on a contemporary movement in China to revive the cult of Zhang Sanfeng and to cast taijiquan as a form of religious practice. In this light, taijiquan emerges as an important site of constructing “Chinese-ness” in the face of state appropriation and Western cultural imperialism.
Descripción de diversos test para la valoración de la condición física en judo
Authors: Santos Rodríguez Luis , Prieto Saborit José Antonio , González Díez Vicente
Published: June 2015

In specialized literature it is not easy to find test which give us information about judokas developing their specific kinetic habits. Although judo is included in sociomotor sports (Parlebas, 2001), judokas physical fitness is normally evaluated through test which come from other type of sports, mainly from phychomotor sports. At the same time, batteries as the battery Eurofit (Conseil de L´Europe, 1989), are use to evaluate perceptive-motors aspects. In this article, we describe some of the tests found in specific western bibliography. Once finished this analysis, we mention the need of creating test which value the reality of competition confrontation more specifically, and which can be reliable, objective and reproductive (López and cols. 2004) being easy and useful to the trainer as well.
Comunicando los movimientos de combate en obras impresas: cómo presentar las técnicas en fotografías y textos
Authors: Lang Tom
Published: June 2015

In this article, suggestions are given “how to” write and photograph martial arts techniques for publication. The aim is to improve the instructional and archival quality of martial arts books and articles. These suggestions are based on the author’s reviews of books showing movement, his experience in writing martial arts books (and from mistakes made in these efforts), and from his experience as a medical-technical writer and instructional designer. Simply thinking about how to present a martial art in print will help you understand and teach them: you will find it a valuable and rewarding exercise, even if you never publish the results.
Reviviendo el arte ancestral de elaborar acero persa al crisol para armas blancas
Authors: Khorasani Manouchehr Moshtagh
Published: June 2015

This article is intended to both explain three traditional methods of manufacturing Persian crucible steel and to describe recent attempts by three German bladesmiths to replicate the results of traditional crucible steel making. The article will explain the process of making crucible steel, from the making of crucible steel cakes and forging of crucible cakes into bars, to polishing and etching these bars to reveal the crucible steel pattern. First described are three traditional methods of making crucible steel that are mentioned in Persian manuscripts. Second, elaborations are provided on three different modern processes carried out by three different talented German smiths, Achim Wirtz, Andreas Schweikert, and Cyrus Haghjoo. Finally, illustrations are shown some finished crucible steel blades made by Achim Wirtz and Andreas Schweikert as well as some crucible steel knives, made by the talented Belgian knifemaker Salsi Alessio, made from crucible steel bars provided by Achim Wirtz.
Desarrollando la técnica combate mediante la visualización
Authors: Lajcik Tim
Published: June 2015

Visualization is a training technique that involves creating a detailed mental “movie” of successful performance. This article describes a type of visualization called “mental rehearsal” and explains how it can be used to reinforce the neuromuscular pattern of proper fighting technique. Drawing on his experience as a professional fighter and college coach, his studies in sport psychology as a college student, and his exposure to mental training techniques at the U.S. Olympic Training Center, the author reveals how to use mental imagery to facilitate the mastery of martial art technique.    
El General Qi Jiguang, visionario y defensor de una nación
Authors: Acevedo William , Cheung Mei
Published: June 2015

In 1550 d.C. China’s splendor during the Ming Dynasty was threatened by hostiles forces in the northern border as well as its eastern coasts. The appearance of Qi Jiguang, one of the most famous Chinese generals would change the way China trained its military leading to the creation of its first professional army. The following article will discuss the contributions of General Qi Jiguang and his legacy, which is carried on by one of the most powerful armies in the world, The People’s Liberation Army.
El impacto del tigre en las artes marciales chinas
Authors: Lam Wing , Alamudeen Saleem
Published: June 2015

In Asia, there is, in general, a great reverence held for the tiger. The tiger has been imitated and reigns supreme as king of all the beasts throughout Asia. The relationship between man and tiger holds a strange duality in that as much as the tiger is feared for its fierce savagery and destructive power, it is also revered for these very same qualities and for its majestic nature. Therefore, the very symbolic essence of the tiger has permeated all levels of the Asian community and culture; art, mythology, religion, astrology, herbology, and military fighting strategies. The purpose of this article is to show the many rich aspects that the tiger exhibits, and its influence and impact on Asian culture and Chinese martial arts in particular. Martial arts such as Cantonese Hung Gar (Hong Family) and Hasayfu Hung Gar (Hong Family Four Lower Tigers) dedicate a portion of their systems to achieving awesome strength and speed, and to imitating the tiger’s physical prowess. By doing so, they may achieve higher levels of effectiveness within the martial arts.
Exposiciones de artes marciales asiáticas en el castillo suizo de Morges
Authors: Bialokur Nicolae Gothard
Published: June 2015

This article reports on two unique cultural exhibitions (2005 and 2007) held in Morges, Switzerland. The main theme for these exhibitions was Asian martial arts with a focus on those from Japan, including presentations by notable masters in aikido, karate, judo, kyudo, iaido, kenjutsu, jodo, juttejutsu, kusarigamajutsu, naginatajutsu, tameshigiri, and kendo. On exhibit were artifacts from Morges Castle museum collections as well as numerous ancient objects borrowed specifically for these exhibitions from other Swiss museums and private collections. There was also a lecture on Japanese sword collecting and care, and presentations of Japanese dance, flower arranging (ikebana), the art of tea (châ no yu, châdo), paper folding (origami), traditional kimono dress, and detailed demonstrations on the manufacture of bladed weapons. Text and photography were arranged to record these events for this article, showing how excellent organization and cooperation can introduce high-quality martial traditions to the public.
El futuro de Japón: Abarcando las complejidades multiétnicas a través de la educación física y de las artes marciales
Authors: Neide Joan
Published: June 2015

Japan is preparing for a major social change that is setting the stage for the revamping of the educational curriculum. The nation of Japan is planning for the first time to allow mass immigration in order to cope with a declining population. Public and private schools are gearing up for this major societal change and are seeking ways to internationalize the educational curriculum so that the next generation of Japanese will be able to easily assimilate into this new world. On Okinawa, an unlikely school subject, physical education, is being used to foster a global perspective and to develop what can be defined as an international character. The educational community is introducing Okinawan karate as a physical education requirement for graduation. Educators hope that the character traits that are developed through martial art training will aid in the acceptance and assimilation of the predicted new immigrants as the indigenous Japanese population declines.
Defensas contra derribo en el arte ruso del Systema
Authors: Secours Kevin R.
Published: June 2015

The continuing popularity of mixed martial arts (MMA) events has motivated many martial artists to cross train in grappling disciplines. While largely beneficial for the arts as a whole, many practitioners have nevertheless integrated grappling strategies without considering whether or not their applications are simply sportive or appropriate for self-defense tactics. In this article, I will examine some historical perspectives on the role of grappling on the battlefield from published literature and consider the evidence left to us through historical texts and artwork. Based on over 20 years experience in the grappling arts, I will attempt to show that ground fighting and grappling are necessary components of a complete tactical arsenal, while carefully illustrating the difference in street tactics. I will place specific emphasis on the role of defending the takedown in a modern survival scenario, giving particular attention to the approach employed by the Russian art of Systema.
Renkoho: Manteniendo un cuerpo flexible para lograr la salud y la longevidad
Authors: Murakami Katsumi
Published: June 2015

For nearly sixty years Murakami Katsumi (b. 1927) has been a practitioner of Okinawa Karatedo and martial arts. He also studied Chinese martial arts under Sato Kinbei (b. 1926). Yet despite his advanced years, he still moves like a much younger man, a tribute to his diligence in pursuing martial arts as both a physical, mental, and spiritual discipline. This article is excerpted from his book Karate no Kokoro to Waza (The Spirit and Techniques of Karate) and details the exercises he has created to prepare the body for martial art training and extending one’s life through the practice of good health. All the exercises demonstrated in this article are performed by the original author.
Las artes marciales del ejército chino en el Periodo Republicano
Authors: Acevedo William , Cheung Mei
Published: June 2015

During the beginning of the XXth century, China suffered attacks from foreign powers causing the lost of parts of its territory as well as a challenge to its national pride. The traditional Chinese martial arts were unable to defeat the tactics and modern weaponry that China’s enemies had in their arsenal. Despite the overwhelming odds, the Chinese forces made use of their ingenuity and adapted the ancient weapons and fighting skills succeeding to some extent in slowing down the enemy’s advance. This period witnessed the last time cold weapons would play an important role in modern Chinese warfare.
Acondicionamiento físico de Shaolin. Lo viejo vuelve a estar de moda
Authors: Anta Julio
Published: June 2015

In recent years, there has been a resurgence of functional fitness training that was practiced in the ancient Shaolin Temple as part of their regular physical conditioning regimen. This type of training—done with equipment (iron rings, bamboo, vases, etc.) or without equipment—can bring a combat-ready fitness level equal to the Shaolin monks. This article introduces iron ring and hard qigong exercises that are based on fundamental principles also found in modern training methods, such as weightlifting, and my own experience and studies in the Shaolin martial tradition. These exercises may be incorporated in any martial art practice and hopefully provide insights into the time-honored Shaolin tradition.
El judo llega a California: judo vs. lucha en el oeste de los Estados Unidos, 1900-1920
Authors: Hlinak Matt
Published: June 2015

This essay analyzes Japanese-American immigration into the American West through the prism of athletics, specifically by examining a series of contests between judoka and wrestlers from 1900 to 1920 in California. The popularity of these matches demonstrates the complex relationship between Japanese-Americans and the dominant European-American culture of the western states during this period. This complexity will be shown first by looking at the way in which martial arts are closely linked to national and ethnic identity. The strong barnstorming tradition in both judo and wrestling led to a number of matches of great interest to European-Americans of the period. These matches appealed to an interest in Japanese culture, a desire to see stereotypes reinforced, and nationalist tendencies during an age of uncertainty.
La iniciación a los deportes de combate: interpretación de la estructura del fenómeno lúdico luctatorio
Authors: Avelar Bruno , Figueiredo Abel
Published: June 2015

The present essay, with theoretic nature, assumes as an object of study the exhibition of the fundamental guidelines, on a didactic model, of the initiation to combat sports. For that, the contributions of several different authors were analyzed, who, from different points of view, consider that the initiation to combat sports does not imply a specific knowledge on any of the subjects that compose them, but their integrated and cross-curricular treatment. These alternative conceptions decreases the importance of the specific technical models, through the strengthening of the common elements of the combat sports, highlighting what is usually called “fighting knowledge”; that is, the capacity that allows the fighter to find solutions for the different situations that take place during a fight.
Desarrollo del reflejo táctil a través de las “manos pegajosas” del wing tsun
Authors: Webb Jeff
Published: June 2015

It was the late Bruce Lee who first demonstrated Wing Tsun gongfu’s “sticking hands” (chi-sau) exercise in the US, during the 1964 Long Beach International Karate Championships. Forty-four years later, very few outside of the art truly understand the purpose of chi-sau let alone how it develops tactile reflexes. This article will describe both the fundamental and complex methods of chi-sau training in detail. It will also explain the rationale and theories behind this method as well as discuss a variety of factors that can either improve or retard the acquisition of tactile reflexes.
De guerreros a deportistas: cómo se adaptaron las artes marciales chinas a la modernidad
Authors: Filipiak Kai
Published: June 2015

The following article deals with the question of how Chinese martial arts as part of traditional culture survived into modern times and created a worldwide interest. The paper focuses on the process of modernization of Chinese martial arts against the background of massive social transformations in China during the 19th century. It analyzes different aspects of the self-assertion process of martial arts and points out consequences of the radical break with the traditional system.
Los luchadores japoneses tienen más destreza y arte que los luchadores chinos, o cuando el contexto importa más que el texto
Authors: Gutiérrez García Carlos , Pérez Gutiérrez Mikel , Acevedo William , Cheung Mei
Published: June 2015

The present study proposes a reflection on different elements (political, economic, military, social, cultural…) that condition the perception, introduction and acceptance of the martial arts in other cultures. Particularly several Chinese and Japanese martial arts articles that were published in different Spanish illustrated magazines (1899-early 20th century) are analyzed. Then we point out differences between the international success of Japan and its jujutsu, when compared to the difficulties that China faced at that time and the lack of representation of its martial practices in such international context.
Técnica y táctica en judo: una revisión
Authors: Miarka Bianca , Julio Ursula Ferreira , Del Vecchio Fabrício Boscolo , Calmet Michel , Franchini Emerson
Published: June 2015

The aim of this paper is to scrutinize various studies on technical and tactical aspects of judo matches. In addition, it also discusses how variables can have practical implications, preceded by a conceptual and historical perspective of the technical and tactical analysis through observation, notation and application of tactical systems of combats. This research deals with important tasks for technical and tactical analysis, such as comparisons of frequency distribution of events over a range of factors such as time structure, number of applied techniques and directions, number of successful actions per minute, quality of attacks awarded with points, movements of elite judo athletes, development and grip forms. This work tries to propose a digest of main studies from 1966 to 2008.
Introducción al boxeo de la flor del ciruelo: historia, cultura y práctica
Authors: Zhang Guodong , Green Thomas A.
Published: June 2015

Meihuaquan (“Plum Blossom Fist [Boxing]”) has traditionally been practiced as vernacular (folk) art practiced among the Han ethnic group residing in the Shandong, Henan and Hebei Provinces of China. Historical documentation dates Plum Blossom Boxing to the seventeenth century. The classic Chinese novel, Shuǐhǔ Zhuàn (Marsh Chronicles) recounts the martial exploits of Shandong’s twelfth century outlaw heroes who may have been Mei Boxers, also. Thus, for perhaps a millennium, the region has been noted for vernacular martial arts and social banditry. The region’s rampant lawlessness promoted highly-developed martial prowess among both lawbreakers and those who were required to protect themselves against the brigands. Cultural, economic, and environmental factors in the region gave rise to heterodox political and religious beliefs that frequently served as a catalyst for martial sects, most notably the “Boxers” who at the turn of the twentieth century, came into conflict with the imperial government. These factors laid the groundwork for the “character traits” of the art while Taoism, the Five Elements theory, and a concept of predictable change shaped Plum Boxing’s strategic and mechanical principles. In the past decade, there have been efforts to globalize this vernacular martial art. Rather than driving Plum Boxing to extinction it is likely that the folk and the “larger than local” will co-exist.
La lucha: una parte integral de las artes de combate en Irán
Authors: Khorasani Manouchehr Moshtagh
Published: June 2015

Wrestling played and has been playing a very important role in Iranian cultural heritage. First, the present article discusses the terms and different uses of wrestling techniques be it in unarmed duels or in combination with weapons. Then, three relevant manuscripts will be analyzed such as an untitled wrestling manuscript by an anonymous author from the period of Šāh Esmāil Safavid (1502-1524 C.E.), the manuscript Tumār-e Puryā-ye Vali also written by an anonymous author during the Safavid period (1502-1722 C.E.) and the work by a famous poet named Mirnejāt with the title Masnavi-ye Golkošti-ye Mirnejāt that was written towards the end of the period of Šāh Soleymān Safavid (1666-1694 C.E.) or the beginning of the period of Šāh Soltān Hosseyn Safavid (1694-1722 C.E.). Based on some terms and descriptions of the techniques found in these manuscripts, it is possible to appreciate how traditional forms of wrestling in Iran have preserved some of these techniques.
Detección de talentos en practicantes de taekwondo
Authors: Pieter Willy
Published: June 2015

An overview is presented of characteristics of young taekwondo athletes that are believed to contribute to performance. Findings from the scientific literature were summarized to highlight the current knowledge regarding physical and psychological components that are deemed important to be successful in competition. To increase the chances of taekwondo youngsters in becoming adult champions, optimal infrastructure, well-educated coaches, qualified sport scientists, and informed governing bodies are needed.
Evaluando el rendimiento en la tabla de golpeo del makiwara
Authors: Smith Paul K. , Niiler Timothy , McCullough Peter W.
Published: June 2015

No studies quantifying the impact characteristics of makiwara boards are available in the published literature. Logically, an initial step in determining the validity of the makiwara to develop karate technique would be to assess the mechanical characteristics of various types of makiwara board designs. It was, therefore, the purpose of this study to determine the stiffness of selected tapered board and stacked board makiwara training devices using static loading techniques to assess their suitability for practitioners of different levels. When our results are viewed in terms of progression of training, it would appear that a novice would be more suited to the more compliant ash stacked design and the expert more suited to the stiffer oak tapered design.
El kumi-uchi desde la perspectiva de la Kaze no Ryu
Authors: Nogueira Serrano Luis
Published: June 2015

Kumi-uchi, literally “grasp and strike”, is a traditional Japanese fighting art mainly based on non-armed techniques. As such, kumi-uchi is consider to have emerged as a complement to the main samurai martial arts, so as to face those difficult situations in which the samurai lost his most powerful weapons. This paper studies the art of kumi-uchi from the Kaze no Ryu school standpoint. The meaning and extension of kumi-uchi, its main aspects, types, dimension and evolution are analyzed. Similarly, we place kumi-uchi into the Kaze no Ryu martial curriculum and reflect on its importance in martial artists’ education.
El camino de la kata en el judo Kodokan
Authors: Jones Llyr C. , Hanon Michael J.
Published: June 2015

This article presents a “deep dive” into the formal exercises (katas) of Kodokan judo. Specifically, it has two objectives: (i) to explain the purpose of kata in judo, and (ii) to critically evaluate the concept of kata championships. To achieve these objectives, we offer the authors’ personal comments, observations from rare Japanese source material, as well as insight into the thinking of world-renowned judo experts. We conclude that the concept of kata championships is fundamentally flawed and also damaging kata training.
Análisis de las publicaciones periódicas marciales chinas editadas durante el periodo republicano
Authors: Acevedo William , Cheung Mei
Published: June 2015

The present article studies the periodicals and magazines published during the Chinese Republican period (1912-1949). The main sources for this work are the index and thirty volumes of the Republican Era Collection of National Arts Periodicals (Mingguo Guoshu Qi Kan Wenxian Jicheng), edited by Shi Yong Xing in 2008. Besides basic data about the 45 publications included in the collection such as title, editor, publication information and period of existence; this article emphasises the historical context in which these publications appeared as well as their efforts to help China becoming a nation recognized at the world stage. As an example of the wealth of information contained in these periodicals regarding Chinese martial arts, we have analyzed the terminology that was used to define them, the publications’ contribution to exalt nationalism up to their influence in strengthening of China’s citizens and military.
Repertorio provisional de revistas de artes marciales asiáticas publicadas en España (1961-2009)
Authors: Gutiérrez-García Carlos , Pérez-Gutiérrez Mikel , Brieva-Ortega Javier
Published: June 2015

A provisional bibliography about Asian martial arts periodicals published in Spain from 1961, first journal’s publication date, to 2009 is presented. Asian martial arts journals were just included for preparing this bibliography. Main public documentary centres as well as personal archives were visited for information searching and data mining. Analysis process was complex due to the scarce number of this kind of publications collected in public institutions. 66 periodicals were discovered and several useful elements were detailed for their description and documentary analysis (title, type of publication, period, frequency, issues, editor, place of publication, ISSN and a brief explanation of their editorial line). Despite its provisional character, this bibliography shows the great amount and variety of data contained in these periodicals, turning into a relevant resource for studying the martial arts’ history in Spain.
Taira no Atsumori o de la melancólica ahimsā como “arma blanca”
Authors: Cid Lucas Fernando
Published: June 2015

In this article we will examine the personality of one of the most important characters in Heike monogatari, the young samurai Taira no Atsumori, and his view of the war and the trade of warrior. Likewise, we will focus on how this historic character is portrayed in some Noh plays, in which his tormented soul refused epics chants and honors achieved in the battlefield, in the search of its eternal rest through religious path.
Caracterização cinesiológica do choku-tsuki executado com impacto e sua comparação com a execução sem impacto
Authors: VencesBrito António M.
Published: June 2015

Aim: This work aims to characterize the kinematics and electromyography of a basic karate punch (choku-zuki) made with an impact on a target (makiwara) by experienced karateka, and compares it with the execution without real impact on the target (control). This characterization allows to the coach (sensei) to know how training influences the performance of the punch in each one of these circumstances, and from that information it is possible to define strategies of training that considers adapted to its goals.

Method: In a sample of ten male karateka of the Portuguese Karaté Team the kinematic and electromyographic data of the arm and forearm segments were collected during the execution of choku-zuki, with impact and no impact.

Results: It was found that the kinematics and neuromuscular activity in the performance of choku-zuki happens in a time interval less than 300ms. The studied muscles activity and segments of the upper limb shows a trend of activation sequence with a proximal to distal direction, with the intervening segment arm muscles having a greater intensity of activation that the muscles involved in the forearm segment. The arm flexion at the shoulder joint and the forearm extension at the elbow joint are done with greater amplitude, and the forearm pronation is not complete at the time of impact. The forearm pronation at the elbow joint is not complete and tends to be the first segmental movement in the choku-zuki execution.

Conclusion: The executions of choku-zuki with impact and no impact are kinesiologically different. This difference highlights the importance that coaches should provide to teach and training the punch execution with an effective impact on the target.
Análise comparativa das propostas cariocas e baiana para a regulamentação desportiva da capoeira (1968)
Authors: Jaqueira Ana Rosa , Araújo Paulo Coêlho de
Published: June 2015

Background and aim: Despite having been institutionalised in the Brazilian Confederation of Pugilism (1941) as a sport, at that time there were not any regulations for Capoeira competitions. Two symposia (1968 and 1969) were held in Rio de Janeiro (Guanabara) aiming to establish a set of regulations for the discipline and, as a consequence, to provide equal conditions for the competing athletes. In order to do so, representatives from Bahia and Rio de Janeiro were invited to discuss the matter. The present study analyses the first three proposals for the regulation of Capoeira, which came from the states of Bahia and Rio de Janeiro and were presented at the symposium held in 1968.

Method: The ethnographic and historical methods were used along with content analysis, praxeological analysis and semi-structured interviews for the survey, processing and interpretation of data, and subsequent comparison of the proposals.

Results: We observed that the proposal from Bahia was characterised by gymnastic, recreational and ritual elements, whereas those from Rio de Janeiro were characterised by the agonistic aspect of the discipline. Differences regarding personal and stylistic views and territorial interests proved to be a major hindrance and no regulations were established. Therefore, we conclude that the ideal conditions for the sporting regulation of Capoeira could not be met at that time.
Diferencias en el salto vertical y la velocidad de patada mae-geri entre karatekas internacionales y nacionales
Authors: Balsalobre-Fernández Carlos , Martínez-Majolero Víctor , Villacieros-Rodríguez Jorge , Tejero-González Carlos María
Published: June 2015

Aim: Lower limb explosive strength and mae-geri kicking velocity are fundamental in karate competition; although it is unclear whether these variables could differentiate the high-level athletes. The objective of this research is to analyze the differences in the mae-geri kicking velocity and the counter-movement jump (CMJ) between a group of international top level karateka and another group of national-level karateka.

Methods: Thirteen international-level karateka and eleven national-level karateka participated in the study. After a standard warm-up, CMJ height (in cm) and mae-geri kicking velocity (in m/s) was measured using an IR-platform and a high-speed camera, respectively.

Results: Proceeding with MANCOVA to analyze the differences between groups controlling the effect of age, the results show that the international-level karateka demonstrated significantly higher levels of CMJ than national-level competitors (+22.1%, F = 9.47, p = 0.006, η2 = 0.311). There were no significant differences between groups in the mae-geri kicking velocity (+5,7%, F=0.80; p=0.38; η2=0.03).

Conclusion: Our data shows, first, the importance of CMJ assessment as a tool to detect talent in karate and, second, that to achieve international-level in karate it may be important to increase CMJ levels to values ​​similar to those offered here.
Repertorio bibliográfico anotado de monografías de artes marciales asiáticas publicadas en España
Authors: Pérez-Gutiérrez Mikel , Gutiérrez-García Carlos , Álvarez del Palacio Eduardo
Published: June 2015

Aim: The aim of the present study was to create an annotated bibliography of all Asian martial arts monographs published in Spain until 2009.

Method: Main national and international databases, martial arts bibliographies as well as the own Asian martial arts monographs were used for data mining. The documentary analysis of monographs, the presentation of references and the preparation of the bibliography structure was determined by UNE 50-104-1994, UNE 50-103-1990, UNE 50-121-1991 rules together with the previous work developed by the authors.
Results/Conclusions: A total number of 1.564 bibliographic entries, referring to 2.403 editions of martial arts monographs were obtained. These references were grouped in 17 categories and 40 subcategories. The present study has gathered more than a century of history of martial arts monographs, becoming a reference work for academics and martial arts fans.
Informe sobre el I Congreso Científico de Judo Escuela De Frutos -Universidad Miguel Hernández con Campo de Entrenamiento
Authors: Pulido González Juan José
Published: June 2015

The current report resumes the 1st De Frutos-Universidad Miguel Hernández Judo Scientific Congress, held in San Juan de Alicante (Spain) from the 27th to the 30th of June in 2013. Three plenary sessions in classroom, 12 oral communications, a round – table, 2 theoretical – practical workshops on tatami, and 3 randori sessions were developed. This congress was a new event where judo personalities at the international level as well as scientists from the whole Spanish geography interested in this field assisted. The event complied the aim to approach the science to judo professionals and vice versa. A total amount of 112 participants were in the congress.
Report on the workshop "Organising, Managing and Regulating Martial Arts" during the 21st EASM conference
Authors: Vertonghen Jikkemien , Dortants Marianne
Published: June 2015

The present report provides a brief account of a workshop entitled “Organising, Managing and Regulating Martial Arts” organised during the 21st EASM conference held in Istanbul (Turkey) on September 12th, 2013. It was the first scientific workshop with regard to the organisational and policy related aspects of (full contact) martial arts. During this international meeting four scientists described in-depth the recent history and current situation regarding the organisation and regulation of martial arts in their country (i.e., France, Flanders (Belgium), Italy and the Netherlands). The workshop was a unique meeting which provided a good opportunity to obtain a better understanding of the specific situation with regard to the regulation of martial arts in some European countries and to exchange results of current research concerning this topic. Further research could be helpful to gain more insight in dealing with problems related to governance, regulation and management of martial arts within a European context.
Striking dynamics and kinetic properties of boxing and MMA gloves
Authors: Lee Benjamin , McGill Stuart M
Published: June 2015

With the growing popularity of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) as a competitive sport, questions regarding the dynamic response and properties of MMA gloves arise. High-energy impacts from punches are very similar to boxing yet MMA competition requires the use of 4 oz fingerless glove, compared to the larger full enclosure boxing glove. This work assessed the kinetic properties and strike dynamics of MMA gloves and compared findings with traditional boxing gloves. Gloves mounted on a molded fist were impacted repetitively on an instrumental anvil designed for impact, over a 5 hour period resulting in 10,000 continuous and consistent strikes. Kinetic data from impacts were sampled at the beginning of the data collection and subsequently every 30 minutes (every 1,000 strikes). MMA gloves produced 4-5 times greater peak force and 5 times faster load rate compared to the boxing glove. However, MMA gloves also showed signs of material fatigue, with peak force increasing by 35% and rate of loading increasing by 60% over the duration of the test. Boxing glove characteristics did deteriorate but to a lesser extent. In summary, the kinetic properties of MMA glove differed substantially from the boxing glove resulting in impacts characterized by higher peak forces and more rapid development of force. Material properties including stiffness and thickness play a role in the kinetic characteristics upon impact, and can be inferred to alter injury mechanisms of blunt force trauma.
Advances in Borehole Seismic Fracture Diagnostics
Authors: Thorne B. J. , Morris H. E.
Published: June 2015

Recent redesign of the hardware, software, and data-reduction techniques associated with a triaxial Borehole Seismic System have made possible better estimates of hydraulic fracture geometry. The redesigned triaxial system now incorporates three geophones per axis and provides 30 times the downhole gain of the replaced system, resulting in improved signal-to-noise ratios. This stronger signal, together with an increased digitization rate for each of the six simultaneously digitized channels from two borehole seismic tools, has made possible the acquisition and processing of data that were previously inaccessible. The new electronics makes use of a null system and an improved calibration system which includes a synthetic event generator to produce sinusoidal signals of specified amplitude, frequency, and phase. These make readjustments to maintain system balance possible while the tool is in place downhole. A maximum likelihood event location scheme, which incorporates a newly developed algorithm based on the use of directional statistics, is used to compute the location of microseisms and error estimates for these locations. The accuracy of the redesigned system, based on the ability to locate perforation shots, indicates a 25 ft (7.6 m) uncertainty in the location of individual microseisms. This results in a fairly high level of confidence in the determination of the azimuth of the November 1, 1986, hydraulic fracture in the fluvial zone at DOE's Multiwell Experiment Site.
Probabilistic Evaluation of Global Technically Recoverable Tight Gas Resources
Authors: Dong Zhenzhen , Holditch Stephen A. , Ayers Walter B.
Published: June 2015

Tight gas reservoirs are present in every petroleum province, and global tight gas resources in place are large. However, it is uncertain how much of the in-place resource is technically recoverable. Although some publications report the technically recoverable resource of tight gas for small geographical areas, little is known publicly about these resources on a global scale.

The objective of our work was to determine the probabilistic distribution of the technically recoverable resources of tight gas, worldwide. To achieve this goal, we applied the unconventional-gas-resource-assessment system to establish a representative distribution of 25-year technically recovery factors from selected tight gas sandstones of the US. The recovery factors follow the minimum extreme-value distribution, with a P50 of 79%. Then, we extended the distribution of recovery factors to estimate technically recoverable tight gas resources for the seven world regions. Global technically recoverable tight gas is estimated to be 37,000 (P90) to 80,000 (P10) Tcf, with a P50 value of 54,000 Tcf.

Results of this work support the existence of significant global resources of technically recoverable tight gas and may have potential to guide energy strategy, such as to forecast future energy supply worldwide.
Genetic Improvement Estimates, from Cultivar × Crop Management Trials, Are Larger in High‐Yield Cropping Environments
Authors: Cober Elroy R. , Morrison Malcolm J.
Published: June 2015

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genetic improvement studies conducted under different stresses have provided conflicting results while maize (Zea mays L.) studies have shown that new cultivars were tolerant to a wide range of stresses. Using 25 genetic improvement studies from the literature, the objectives of this study were to compare estimates of genetic improvement under a range of yield capacities and also to determine the Finlay‐Wilkinson adaptability of old to newer cultivars. The 25 genetic improvement studies were performed under a range of yield capacities due to varying density, fertility, irrigation, fungicide treatments, or year‐to‐year variation. Genetic improvement rates for each experiment were estimated from linear regression of cultivar yield on year of release. A cultivar's adaptability was estimated from regression of cultivar yield on site yield. In general, higher estimates of genetic gain were found in high‐yielding environments regardless of whether the higher yields were provided by reducing stress (controlling weeds or diseases, increasing nitrogen or water) or increasing stress using higher plant densities. Newer cultivars had higher adaptability values, indicating they are better adapted to high‐yield environments. Older cultivars appear to have little utility for current use in any of the cropping systems in these studies. Plant breeders need to consider the possibility of lower genetic progress if using lower‐yield‐potential testing environments such as reduced fertility or weed control. The use of high‐yield sites may maximize genetic progress even if it does not reflect current producer environments.
Ranking general circulation models for India using TOPSIS
Authors: Srinivasa Raju K. , Nagesh Kumar D.
Published: June 2015

Eleven general circulation models/global climate models (GCMs) – BCCR-BCCM2.0, INGV-ECHAM4, GFDL2.0, GFDL2.1, GISS, IPSL-CM4, MIROC3, MRI-CGCM2, NCAR-PCMI, UKMO-HADCM3 and UKMO-HADGEM1 – are evaluated for Indian climate conditions using the performance indicator, skill score (SS). Two climate variables, temperature T (at three levels, i.e. 500, 700, 850 mb) and precipitation rate (Pr) are considered resulting in four SS-based evaluation criteria (T500, T700, T850, Pr). The multicriterion decision-making method, technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution, is applied to rank 11 GCMs. Efforts are made to rank GCMs for the Upper Malaprabha catchment and two river basins, namely, Krishna and Mahanadi (covered by 17 and 15 grids of size 2.5° × 2.5°, respectively). Similar efforts are also made for India (covered by 73 grid points of size 2.5° × 2.5°) for which an ensemble of GFDL2.0, INGV-ECHAM4, UKMO-HADCM3, MIROC3, BCCR-BCCM2.0 and GFDL2.1 is found to be suitable. It is concluded that the proposed methodology can be applied to similar situations with ease.
Impact of global climate change on fish growth, digestion and physiological status: developing a hypothesis for cause and effect relationships
Authors: Mazumder S. K. , De M. , Mazlan A. G. , Zaidi C. C. , Rahim S. M. , Simon K. D.
Published: June 2015

Global climate change is impacting and will continue to impact on marine and estuarine fish and fisheries. Data trends show climate change effects ranging from fish growth, digestion physiology and performance in marine and freshwater ecosystems. The present study was designed to develop a concept for a cause and effect understanding with respect to climate-induced temperature and salinity changes and to explain ecological findings based on physiological processes. The concept is based on a wide comparison of fish species. The preliminary conclusion can be drawn that warming will cause a shift of distribution limits for fish species with a change in growth performance, gastric evacuation performance and physiology, or even extinction of the species in the world. In association with the elevated seawater temperature growth performance will also be changed with water quality parameters, for example, salinity. Our interpretations of evidence include many uncertainties about the future of affected fish species. Therefore, it is essential to conduct research on the physiology and ecology of marine, estuarine and freshwater fishes, particularly in the tropics where comparatively little research has been conducted and where temperature fluctuation is comparatively lower. As a broader and deeper information base accumulates, researchers will be able to make more accurate predictions and forge relevant solutions.
Effects of rainfall data resolution on watershed-scale model performance in predicting runoff
Authors: Wang Huiliang , Li Xuyong , Hao Shaonan
Published: June 2015

The hydrologic simulation program-FORTRAN (HSPF) model is widely used to develop management strategies for water resources, but its effectiveness is limited by predictive uncertainties associated with model input data. This study evaluated the effect of rainfall data resolution on the model performance when predicting runoff. We examined hourly, 3-hourly, 12-hourly, and 24-hourly temporal resolutions, and spatial resolutions from seven to one rain gauges. We used a statistical sensitivity analysis to test the effect of resolution on model accuracy, and a dynamic sensitivity analysis to test the effect on model parameters. Our results indicate that the model performance reduces when using a coarser rainfall resolution. The model used the corresponding parameters to absorb the effect of various resolution changes and reduced their impact on the runoff simulations. We used the paired-samples t-test to examine the significance of the rainfall data resolution to the model parameters, which revealed that the model accuracy was more sensitive to the temporal resolution. Our statistical analysis of the dispersion examined the parameter values. It showed that one parameter was sensitive to temporal resolution and three parameters were sensitive to spatial resolution. This study provided useful information for determining HSPF model parameters using rainfall data at different resolutions.
Long-term variation of water vapor content and precipitation in the Haihe river basin
Authors: Chang Chun , Feng Ping , Li Fawen , Gao Yunming
Published: June 2015

Based on the Haihe river basin National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data from 1948 to 2010 and the precipitation data of 53 hydrological stations during 1957–2010, this study analyzed the variation of water vapor content and precipitation, and investigated the correlation between them using several statistical methods. The results showed that the annual water vapor content decreased drastically from 1948 to 2010. It was comparatively high from the late 1940s to the late 1960s and depreciated from the early 1970s. From the southeast to the northwest of the Haihe river basin, there was a decrease in water vapor content. For vertical distribution, water vapor content from the ground to 700 hPa pressure level accounted for 72.9% of the whole atmospheric layer, which indicated that the water vapor of the Haihe river basin was mainly in the air close to the ground. The precipitation in the Haihe river basin during 1957–2010 decreased very slightly. According to the correlation analysis, the precipitation and water vapor content changes showed statistically positive correlation, in addition, their break points were both in the 1970s. Furthermore, the high consistency between the precipitation efficiency and precipitation demonstrates that water vapor content is one of the important factors in the formation of precipitation.
The Use of Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography to Detect Glaucoma Progression
Authors: Abe Ricardo Y , Gracitelli Carolina P.B , Medeiros Felipe A
Published: June 2015

Detection of progression and measurement of rates of change is at the core of glaucoma management, and the use of Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) has significantly improved our ability to evaluate change in the disease. In this review, we critically assess the existing literature on the use of SD-OCT for detecting glaucoma progression and estimating rates of change. We discuss aspects related to the reproducibility of measurements, their accuracy to detect longitudinal change over time, and the effect of aging on the ability to detect progression. In addition, we discuss recent studies evaluating the use of combined structure and function approaches to improve detection of glaucoma progression.