bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Coast Guard charts a course for enterprise change management
Authors: Wehrenberg Stephen
Published: October 2009

After eight years of being buffeted by gale‐force winds of change, the Coast Guard knew it was time for a structured enterprisewide approach to change management. The tougher question was how to deploy it when the organization's culture and its structural and dynamic complexity would likely trigger strong resistance to a new program in a nonoperational area that was mandated from the top. The author describes how change champions arrived at a bottom‐up deployment strategy that mirrors the culture's reliance on stories and heroes to seed behavioral change, and that leverages long‐standing organizational strengths of local agility, learning, and commitment to mission performance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Keeping your globally mobile employees healthy, safe, and secure
Authors: Druckman Myles
Published: October 2009

Companies are sending higher numbers of older employees to difficult or dangerous locations, which increases the chances of a medical event where healthcare services are least available. Business travelers and international assignees and their employers need to adequately assess and prepare for such possibilities. The author describes five key processes that will help companies perform duty of care and minimize risks to the employee and company alike; the elements of a best‐practice international preassignment health program to ensure assignees are fit for work in locations with high medical risk; and the five responsibilities of globally mobile employees for protecting their health and getting medical help if they need it. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Corporate social responsibility in an economic crisis: An opportunity for renewal
Authors: Manubens Marcela
Published: October 2009

The current economic crisis has generated a tsunami of factory closings in developing countries, displacing millions of workers and raising the specter of a return to the bad old days of global companies without a social conscience. But as leading companies and multistakeholder initiatives pursue socially and environmentally responsible approaches to retrenchment, the author sees an opportunity in the midst of crisis to transform the CSR function. The author examines the impact of the recession on companies and their organizations, and the implications for CSR, and then sets out a series of recommendations for business and CSR leaders to (1) realign CSR strategies and priorities with the new realities; (2) contend with the implications of organizational disruption and fewer resources; and (3) focus on several critical areas for making the CSR function and its global team members more effective going forward—and taking their CSR programs to the next level. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrasound‐guided photodynamic therapy for deep seated pathologies: prospective study
Authors: Jerjes Waseem , Upile Tahwinder , Hamdoon Zaid , Nhembe Farai , Bhandari Rishi , Mackay Sorcha , Shah Priya , Mosse Charles Alexander , AS Brookes Jocelyn , Morley Simon , Hopper Colin
Published: October 2009

Introduction

Interstitial photodynamic therapy remains an attractive remedial option in minimally invasive surgery. Our aim in this prospective study was to evaluate the outcome following ultrasound‐guided iPDT of deep‐seated pathologies. Patients' reports on quality of life with clinical and radiological evaluation were the main end point parameters used to assess the outcome.

Materials and Methods

Sixty‐eight patients were referred to the UCLH Head and Neck Centre for treatment of various deep‐seated pathologies involving the head and neck region, upper and lower limbs. All patients underwent interstitial photodynamic therapy under general anaesthesia, using 0.15 mg/kg mTHPC as the photosensitising agent. Following treatment, patients were followed‐up for a mean of 7 months.

Results

All three patients who presented with visual problems reported improvement after treatment. Also, 14/17 patients reported improvement of breathing. Improvement of swallowing was reported by 25/30 patients; while speaking improvement was evident in 16/22 patients and 33/40 reported reduction in the disfigurement caused by their pathology. All five patients with impeded limb function reported some degree of improvement. Clinical assessment showed that half of the patients had ‘good response’ to the treatment and a third reported ‘moderate response’ with two patients being free of disease. Radiological assessment comparing imaging 6‐week post‐PDT to the baseline showed stable pathology with no change in size in 13 patients, minimal response in 18 patients, moderate response in 23 patients and significant response in 11 patients.

Conclusion

This study on 68 patients with deep‐seated pathologies undergoing interstitial photodynamic therapy provided evidence that PDT can be the fourth modality in the management of tissue disease. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:612–621, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of a pediatric palliative care program
Authors: Wolff Johannes , Robert Rhonda , Sommerer Andre , Volz‐Fleckenstein Marlene
Published: October 2009

Background

The question of where a child should die at home or in the hospital has been a subject of recent debate. We instituted a palliative care program with advanced end‐of‐life planning and hypothesized that a significant number of families would prefer that their child be at home rather than at a hospital at the end‐of‐life and that the overall quality of care would thereby improve.

Procedure

Study design was single group, retrospective parent report of satisfaction with a new palliative care program. Participants were the caregivers, primarily parents, involved in the palliative care program. They completed a satisfaction survey, and their choice of environment at the end‐of‐life was noted.

Results

Fifty‐one families experienced the death of a child between 2001 and 2003. Most of the patients had had cancer (n = 29, 57%), and the most frequent non‐oncologic patient had had cystic fibrosis. The parents (caregiver) participation rate was 69%. After a palliative care program was instituted, 69% of families preferred their child to be at home at the end‐of‐life, compared with 18% before the program was instituted (P = 0.0049 χ2‐test). The satisfaction with the medical services was high (very good, 26; good, 4; satisfying, 2; acceptable, 3; deficient, 0; unacceptable, 0), independent of locale at time of death.

Conclusion

When palliative care was offered either at hospital or home, palliative care occurred more frequently at home. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:279–283. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐dose cyclophosphamide treatment for refractory severe aplastic anemia in children
Authors: Audino Anthony N. , Blatt Julie , Carcamo Benjamin , Castaneda Victoria , Dinndorf Patricia , Wang Winfred C. , Whitlock James A. , Hord Jeffrey D.
Published: October 2009

Objective

To determine if high‐dose cyclophosphamide is an effective therapy for children with refractory severe aplastic anemia (SAA).

Background

SAA is an illness characterized by the depletion of hematopoietic precursors associated with life‐threatening complications. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is the treatment of choice if a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐related donor is available. Immunosuppression with anti‐thymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine A (CSA) is an option for patients who are not HSCT candidates. Unrelated donor HSCT has been used with limited success. High‐dose cyclophosphamide has been used successfully in the treatment of adults with SAA, but experience in children is limited.

Procedure

Five pediatric patients who had failed previous immunosuppressive therapy for SAA were treated with high‐dose cyclophosphamide (45 mg/kg/day × 4 days).

Results

After 12 months of treatment, two of five patients experienced a complete response with high‐dose cyclophosphamide therapy. The two complete responders achieved red cell recovery with a hematocrit of >36% at days 212 and 112 and platelet recovery with a platelet count of >100 × 109/L at days 126 and 324. Of the remaining patients, one patient failed to respond, and two patients expired from infectious complications.

Conclusions

High‐dose cyclophosphamide can lead to complete responses in children with SAA who have failed to respond to traditional immunosuppressive therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:269–272. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factorial validity of the Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales for referred students
Authors: Beaujean A. Alexander , McGlaughlin Sean M. , Margulies Allison S.
Published: October 2009

The Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (RIAS) is a recently developed, individually administered psychometric instrument designed to measure general cognitive ability, as well as verbal (crystallized) intelligence, nonverbal (fluid) intelligence, and memory. Test reviewers have recommended the use of the RIAS despite the fact that, although the RIAS has been in circulation for more than four years, there is a paucity of independent research published about its psychometric properties. The purpose of the current study was to examine the factor structure of the RIAS across three samples of school‐age children: the RIAS norming sample; the data reported by Nelson, Canivez, Lindstrom, and Hatt; and a new, independent sample of students referred for special education services. Using confirmatory factor analytic techniques, this study found that a two‐factor model, positing verbal and nonverbal factors, fit all three data sets better than a one‐factor model. Furthermore, the two‐factor model demonstrated partial measurement invariance across the three samples, although the verbal factor showed much stronger invariance, construct reliability, and overall interpretability than did the nonverbal factor. Implications of this study for practitioners are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Community violence, school‐related protective factors, and psychosocial outcomes in urban youth
Authors: Ludwig Kristy A. , Warren Jared S.
Published: October 2009

This study examined the relationship of two putative school‐based protective factors—student identification with school and perceived teacher support—to psychosocial outcomes in a sample of urban youth exposed to community violence. Participants were 175 high school students ages 14–19 in grades 9–12 from a large urban school district. Results indicated that exposure to violence was positively associated with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Additionally, identification with school and teacher support were related to higher hope and lower psychosocial distress. Adolescents who reported higher identification with school and higher teacher support reported higher hope, regardless of the level of violence exposure. Results emphasize the importance of school factors, particularly feeling connected to and supported in school, in promoting hope and minimizing psychosocial distress for youth exposed to community violence. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transforming growth factor‐β1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Harris William T. , Muhlebach Marianne S. , Oster Robert A. , Knowles Michael R. , Noah Terry L.
Published: October 2009

Rationale

Transforming factor β1 (TGF‐β1) genetic polymorphisms have been identified as a modifier of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease severity. However, few data link TGF‐β1 protein levels and clinical markers of CF lung disease severity.

Objectives

To determine the association between protein levels of TGF‐β1 in pediatric CF bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and clinical parameters of CF lung disease severity.

Methods

Total TGF‐β1 was measured in BALF from 30 pediatric CF patients and 12 non‐CF disease controls undergoing clinically indicated flexible bronchoscopy, and compared to four indicators of clinical disease: infection, inflammation, pulmonary function, and recent/recurrent hospitalization.

Results

TGF‐β1 was elevated in CF BALF compared to non‐CF controls (135 ± 15 pg/ml vs. 57 ± 10 pg/ml, P < 0.01). In CF BALF, increased TGF‐β1 was associated with elevated BALF PMN % (r = 0.67, P < 0.01). BALF TGF‐β1 was increased in CF subjects whose FEV1 after the completion of antibiotic therapy remained below CF age‐normative median values (205.9 ± 20.5 pg/ml vs. 106.4 ± 24.0, P = 0.01). BALF TGF‐β1 was increased in CF children hospitalized in the previous year compared to those not recently hospitalized (169.9 ± 21.6 pg/ml vs. 107.5 ± 17.5 pg/ml, P = 0.04). Neither the presence of a bacterial pathogen nor bacterial quantity was associated with BALF TGF‐β1.

Conclusions

In CF, BALF TGF‐β1 is elevated compared to non‐CF controls. Increased BALF TGF‐β1 is associated with neutrophilic inflammation, diminished lung function and recent hospitalization. Further investigation is needed to address mechanisms behind these associations. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:1057–1064. ©2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in naturally derived commercial surfactants
Authors: Dani Carlo , Buonocore Giuseppe , Longini Mariangela , Felici Cosetta , Rodriguez Antonello , Corsini Iuri , Rubaltelli Firmino F.
Published: October 2009

Despite the role of reactive oxygen species in the development of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants, the anti‐oxidant properties of commercial surfactants have never been studied. We measured the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, the scavenger activity against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and its changes after the addition of SOD and CAT in four natural surfactants, namely Infasurf, Curosurf, Survanta, and Alveofact. We found that they contain measurable amount of SOD and CAT. Curosurf and Survanta seem to have higher antioxidant effect than Infasurf and Alveofact. Moreover, the highest phospholipid concentration and recommended dose of Curosurf imply that its scavenger activity for each treatment dose in preterm infants is likely higher than that of Survanta. Finally, the supplementation with SOD and CAT induced a remarkable increase of antioxidant action in all studied surfactants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:1125–1131. ©2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of phosphate‐affinity SDS‐PAGE to measure the cardiac troponin I phosphorylation site distribution in human heart muscle
Authors: Messer Andrew E. , Gallon Clare E. , McKenna William J. , Dos Remedios Cristobal G. , Marston Steven B.
Published: October 2009

We have used phosphate affinity SDS‐PAGE to separate the phosphorylated species of cardiac troponin I (cTnI). To test the method we phosphorylated pure cTnI with protein kinase A catalytic subunit and observed up to six bands corresponding to 0, 1P, 2P, 3P, 4P and 5P phospho‐species. We examined the phospho‐species of cTnI in human heart myofibrillar extracts by phosphate affinity SDS‐PAGE and Western blotting with a non‐specific troponin I (TnI) antibody. In donor heart samples the bis‐phosphorylated species of cTnI predominated and no more highly phosphorylated species were not detectable (0P was 10.3±1.9%, 1P, 17.5±3.5%, 2P, 72.2±4.7%, 11 samples). Total phosphorylation was 1.62±0.06 molsPi/mol TnI. In myofibrils from end‐stage failing hearts, the unphosphorylated cTnI species predominated (0P was 78.5±1.8%, 1P, 17.5±1.9%, 2P, 4.0±0.7%, total phosphorylation 0.26±0.02 molsPi/mol TnI, five samples). Muscle from patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy was also largely unphosphorylated (0P was 76.6±3.1%, 1P, 17.5±2.7%, 2P, 5.9±0.8%, total phosphorylation 0.29±0.04 molsPi/mol TnI, 19 samples). Using a range of phospho‐specific antibodies we demonstrated that 3/4 of the bis‐phosphorylated band of donor heart cTnI is phosphorylated at Ser22 and Ser23 in approximately equal amounts and that phosphorylation of Ser43 and Thr142 was not detected.
Bioimaging of geographically adjacent proteins in a single cell by quantum dot‐based fluorescent resonance energy transfer
Authors: Kang Won Jun , Ko Mee Hyang , Lee Dong Soo , Kim Soonhag
Published: October 2009

Thousands of proteins are simultaneously involved in the maintenance of a single cancer cell. Fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) is one of the most general techniques for imaging biologically interacting molecules in a cell. Here, we applied FRET to image the co‐localization of two proteins that do not interact biologically (nucleolin and integrin αvβ3), both of which are highly expressed in the plasma membrane of cancer cells. AS1411 aptamer, which targets nucleolin, was labeled by Cy3 (Cy3‐AS1411) and arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) peptide, which targets integrin αvβ3, was conjugated with quantum dot (525 nm, Qd) Qd arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (Qd‐RGD). FRET activities between Cy3‐AS1411 and Qd‐RGD were measured in HeLa cells, a human cervical cancer cell line. FRET phenomena between Qd and Cy3 showed good compatibility according to proximity. The fluorescence signature using Qd‐RGD and Cy3‐AS1411 showed that nucleolin and integrin αvβ3 proteins were highly expressed in HeLa cells. Co‐incubation of Qd‐RGD and Cy3‐AS1411 in a single HeLa cell demonstrated that the fluorescence overlay by FRET was quantitatively and geographically quite different from that of individual confocal images. These results suggest that Qd‐based FRET analysis can provide information on geographical co‐localization of proteins in naïve cells, which is very important for determining the molecular and cellular functions of genes involved in cancers and other clinical diseases.
Mining mammalian genomes for folding competent proteins using Tat‐dependent genetic selection in Escherichia coli
Authors: Lim Hyung‐Kwon , Mansell Thomas J. , Linderman Stephen W. , Fisher Adam C. , Dyson Michael R. , DeLisa Matthew P.
Published: October 2009

Recombinant expression of eukaryotic proteins in Escherichia coli is often limited by poor folding and solubility. To address this problem, we employed a recently developed genetic selection for protein folding and solubility based on the bacterial twin‐arginine translocation (Tat) pathway to rapidly identify properly folded recombinant proteins or soluble protein domains of mammalian origin. The coding sequences for 29 different mammalian polypeptides were cloned as sandwich fusions between an N‐terminal Tat export signal and a C‐terminal selectable marker, namely β‐lactamase. Hence, expression of the selectable marker and survival on selective media was linked to Tat export of the target mammalian protein. Since the folding quality control feature of the Tat pathway prevents export of misfolded proteins, only correctly folded fusion proteins reached the periplasm and conferred cell survival. In general, the ability to confer growth was found to relate closely to the solubility profile and molecular weight of the protein, although other features such as number of contiguous hydrophobic amino acids and cysteine content may also be important. These results highlight the capacity of Tat selection to reveal the folding potential of mammalian proteins and protein domains without the need for structural or functional information about the target protein.
Optimizing atom interferometry on atom chips
Authors: Hohenester U. , Grond J. , Schmiedmayer J.
Published: October 2009

We theoretically investigate the performance of atom interferometers based on ultracold atoms and atom chips. Within the framework of the Gross‐Pitaevskii equation, we simulate the splitting and trapping of a condensate. Within the two‐mode model and the multi‐configurational Hartree method for Bosons, we investigate number squeezing and its impact on the interferometer performance. We show that optimized control strategies allow for efficient condensate trapping and number squeezing on short time scales.
Minimal motif peptide structure of metzincin clan zinc peptidases in micelles
Authors: Onoda Akira , Suzuki Takako , Ishizuka Hiroaki , Sugiyama Rumiko , Ariyasu Shinya , Yamamura Takeshi
Published: October 2009

It is well known that the functions of metalloproteins generally originate from their metal‐binding motifs. However, the intrinsic nature of individual motifs remains unknown, particularly the details about metal‐binding effects on the folding of motifs; the converse is also unknown, although there is no doubt that the motif is the core of the reactivity for each metalloprotein. In this study, we focused our attention on the zinc‐binding motif of the metzincin clan family, HEXXHXXGXXH; this family contains the general zinc‐binding sequence His–Glu–Xaa–Xaa–His (HEXXH) and the extended GXXH region. We adopted the motif sequence of stromelysin‐1 and investigated the folding properties of the Trp‐labeled peptides WAHEIAHSLGLFHA (STR‐W1), AWHEIAHSLGLFHA (STR‐W2), AHEIAHSLGWFHA (STR‐W11), and AHEIAHSLGLFHWA (STR‐W14) in the presence and absence of zinc ions in hydrophobic micellar environments by circular dichroism (CD) measurements. We accessed successful incorporation of these zinc peptides into micelles using quenching of Trp fluorescence. Results of CD studies indicated that two of the Trp‐incorporated peptides, STR‐W1 and STR‐W14, exhibited helical folding in the hydrophobic region of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride micelle. The NMR structural analysis of the apo STR‐W14 revealed that the conformation in the C‐terminus GXXH region significantly differred between the apo state in the micelle and the reported Zn‐bound state of stromelysin‐1 in crystal structures. The structural analyses of the qualitative Zn‐binding properties of this motif peptide provide an interesting Zn‐binding mechanism: the minimum consensus motif in the metzincin clan, a basic zinc‐binding motif with an extended GXXH region, has the potential to serve as a preorganized Zn binding scaffold in a hydrophobic environment. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High frequency behaviour of low temperature sintered polycrystalline NiCuZn ferrites and their composite thick films
Authors: Dimri Mukesh C. , Kashyap Subhash C. , Dube D. C.
Published: October 2009

NiCuZn ferrite nanopowders and polycrystalline bulk samples were prepared by wet chemical (citrate) method followed by sintering at temperatures lower than those for conventional solid‐state ceramic route. The citrate method results in nanopowders. The addition of copper promotes sintering, and results in grain‐growth during sintering, even at a low temperature. Composite thick films of desired thickness were prepared by die casting the ferrite mixed with a polymer in different weight ratios. The dielectric properties of the polycrystalline NiCuZn ferrite and their composite thick films were investigated at radio‐ and X‐band microwave frequencies. Dielectric and magnetic losses are estimated to be appreciably low, even at microwave frequencies.
Faceting of twin grain boundaries in polysilicon films
Authors: Nakhodkin Nikolay , Kulish Nikolay , Rodionova Tatyana
Published: October 2009

The faceting of grain boundaries (GB) under annealing in phosphorus‐doped polysilicon films, produced by low‐pressure chemical vapor deposition, has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. It has been shown that the facet types and facet density depend on annealing temperature. It has been found that GB facets are generally parallel with close‐packed planes in coincidence site lattice. A correlation between GB faceting and grain‐growth mechanisms has been considered. It has been shown that faceting takes place both under normal and abnormal grain growth. It is revealed that twinning plays the key role for GB faceting under normal grain growth.
In memory of Dr. Maurizio Biasini
Authors: Alam M. Ashraf
Published: October 2009

Maurizio Biasini was a member of the positron/positronium community over a period of some 25 years and made substantial contributions to the science in this community and beyond. Tragically, Maurizio's association with us and his family and friends was cut short by a freak accident on the 29th of November 2008 during a family outing. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Doppler‐broadening (DB) measurement of ionic liquids using a monoenergetic positron beam
Authors: Pikart Philip , Hugenschmidt Christoph , Schreckenbach Klaus
Published: October 2009

A positron beam is applied to investigate 1‐Butyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium‐hexafluorphosphat (BMIm‐PF6) by Doppler broadening (DB) measurements. A liquid is principally free of lateral inhomogeneities while its depth dependent structure is influenced by the surface. This structure is studied in‐situ and non‐destructively by the use of a monoenergetic positron beam.In a second measurement, the ionic liquid performs different phase changes during heating and cooling. Temperature dependent DB measurements of the 511 keV photopeak show very clear influence of phase transitions (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new method to measure the ortho‐positronium quenching rate in low vapor‐pressure gases
Authors: Wada Ken , Saito Fuminori , Hyodo Toshio
Published: October 2009

A new method to measure the ortho‐positronium collisional quenching rate for low vapor‐pressure gases is described. The value of the normalized positronium quenching rate, 1Zeff, for CH3Br, measured by this method, is 0. 70 ± 0.04 (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of Contemporary Feature Selection Algorithms: Application to the Classification of ABC‐Transporter Substrates
Authors: Demel Michael A. , Janecek Andreas G. K. , Gansterer Wilfried N. , Ecker Gerhard F.
Published: October 2009

Multidrug ABC‐transporters are highly polyspecific in their substrate recognition pattern and influence the pharmacokinetics of a broad variety of structurally diverse compounds. Thus, prediction of ABC‐transporter substrate properties of compound libraries is of major interest. In this study, we use k‐nearest neighbor (kNN) classification in combination with five different feature subset selection (FS) algorithms to create predictive models for classification of ABCB1, ABCC1, and ABCG2 substrates. Our results show that FS methods that incorporate the classification algorithm give the best results and contain only a small subset of descriptors. For ABCB1 and ABCG2 cross validated accuracies of higher than 80% were achieved. The interpretation of the best performing feature subsets showed that descriptors consisting of simple counts as well as of projections of physicochemical properties on subdivided surface areas have highest contribution to the models.
Regression test suite reduction based on SDL models of system requirements
Authors: Chen Yanping , Probert Robert L. , Ural Hasan
Published: October 2009

This paper proposes a model‐based regression test suite reduction method. The proposed method considers an SDL model representing the requirements of a system under test and a set of modifications on this model, applies dependence analysis to identify interaction patterns related to each type of modifications, i.e., adding, deleting, and changing transitions in the SDL model, and reduces the size of a given regression test suite by examining interaction patterns covered by each test case in the test suite. Results of empirical studies are reported. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical application of fetal urine production rate in unexplained polyhydramnios
Authors: Touboul C. , Picone O. , Levaillant J. M. , Boithias C. , Frydman R. , Boulvain M. , Senat M. V.
Published: October 2009

Objective

To evaluate the clinical use of hourly fetal urine production rate (HFUPR) in polyhydramnios.

Methods

This was a retrospective review of 33 singleton pregnancies with polyhydramnios, 30 of them unexplained and three due to gastrointestinal atresia. HFUPR was estimated using three‐dimensional ultrasound and was compared with recently established nomograms. Abnormal midterm outcome, defined as diagnosis or persistence of pathology after the neonatal period until the age of 2 years, was analyzed according to prenatal HFUPR measurements and other polyhydramnios characteristics.

Results

Seventeen of the 30 fetuses with unexplained polyhydramnios had an HFUPR above the 95th centile, and five (29.4%) of them developed midterm disorders. None of the 13 with normal HFUPR developed midterm disorders. The HFUPR was 1.9 (SD, 0.7) multiples of the median (MoM) in fetuses with an adverse childhood outcome and 1.4 (SD, 1.2) in fetuses with normal childhood outcome (P = 0.34). In the three fetuses with gastrointestinal atresia, the HFUPR was significantly lower than in those with unexplained polyhydramnios (P = 0.003).

Conclusion

HFUPR was associated with the mechanism of polyhydramnios but failed to help in the prognosis of unexplained polyhydramnios because of lack of power. Children with prenatal unexplained polyhydramnios and HFUPR above the 95th centile should nevertheless receive detailed pediatric follow‐up. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient mapping of multiple VoIP vocoders in WiMAX systems
Authors: Kitroser I. , Chai E. , Ben‐Shimol Y.
Published: October 2009

This paper addresses the problem of efficient mapping and allocation of voice over IP (VoIP) traffic with multiple VoIP vocoders in WiMAX systems. We show that by taking advantage of the periodicity of VoIP frames, generated by multiple vocoder types, and by applying semi‐fixed allocations in the existing resource allocation process, the mapping overhead can be reduced substantially. We present a system model that allows the evaluation of the proposed solutions for the problem at hand. Using this model, we show that the problem is NP hard and present a set of observations on the resource allocation process leading to good mapping decisions from the perspective of mapping overhead. We present a new mapping algorithm that implement the decisions and show by extensive simulations that the proposed mapping algorithm can reduce the overhead down to 25% of the overhead experienced in orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)‐based systems such as WiMAX and IEEE802.16, while retaining a low computational complexity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of minerals by scattered x‐ray radiation
Authors: Kitov B. I. , Mukhachev Yu. S.
Published: October 2009

A new procedure of detecting minerals by their scattered x‐ray radiation has been developed. The paper presents a methodology of calculating conditions in which analytical signals of minerals with different compositions differ from each other considerably.

The scattered x‐ray radiation of the mineral is registered against the background of scattered radiation from an additional screen made of a material with a low atomic number. The screen is set up behind the mineral in such a way that the mineral's x‐ray shadow falls on it, on the way of primary radiation's spreading.

It has been experimentally shown that the suggested method allows to separate natural diamonds from their accompanying minerals with a high precision. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the possibility of the theoretical account for the microabsorption heterogeneity effect of emitters in X‐ray fluorescence
Authors: Smagunova A. N. , Korzhova E. N. , Stavitskaya M. V. , Potapova L. A. , Kozlov V. A.
Published: October 2009

It is shown in the literature that there are two radically different models that describe the microabsorption heterogeneity (MAH) effect in the X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of powder materials. One of these models is valid when there is a covering of coarse analyte‐containing particles with fine filler particles (II type) and the other one is valid when the covering is absent (I type). For some materials, the magnitude and sign of this effect change depending on its type. It has been experimentally found that the covering is a multifactor process, which is dependent on the strength of particles of a material ground, its humidity, and the presence of other phases, which make its prediction difficult. The variation in the chemical composition of different granulometric fractions of the ground material was quantitatively estimated. The above‐mentioned facts make the theoretical calculation of MAH effect hardly probable when conducting a routine XRF of powder materials. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From voice to agency: Guiding principles for participatory action research with youth
Authors: Rodríguez Louie F. , Brown Tara M.
Published: October 2009

This article begins by examining current crises facing historically marginalized youth, which necessitate more critical approaches to youth development and empirical investigations into the challenges that young people face. This requires not only listening to their voices, but actively engaging them in investigations of and interventions into social problems that affect their lives. Researching with youth raises particular dilemmas, however. The authors discuss strategies, within three guiding principles, that they found effective in conducting participatory action research with marginalized youth for the purposes of social and educational transformation.
Contextualizing black boys' use of a street identity in high school
Authors: Payne Yasser Arafat , Starks Brian Chad , Gibson LaMar Rashad
Published: October 2009

This participatory action research project worked with four street‐life‐oriented black men to document how a community sample of street‐life‐oriented black adolescents between the ages of sixteen and nineteen frame street life as a site of resiliency inside schools based on 156 surveys, 10 individual interviews, and 1 group interview. Data collection took place primarily in Paterson, New Jersey, and Harlem, New York City. Findings reveal that the adolescents overall hold negative attitudes about their educational experiences within two dominant themes: student‐teacher interactions and preparation for economic and educational opportunities. Results can be used to understand how the adolescents' street identities are adaptive inside schools.
A social justice epistemology and pedagogy for Latina/o students: Transforming public education with participatory action research
Authors: Cammarota Julio , Romero Augustine F.
Published: October 2009

The article reports on Latina/o high school students who conducted participatory action research (PAR) on problems that circumscribe their possibilities for self‐determination. The intention is to legitimize student knowledge to develop effective educational policies and practices for young Latinas/os. PAR is engaged through the Social Justice Education Project, which provides students with all social science requirements for their junior and senior years. The mandated curriculum is supplemented with advanced‐level readings from Chicana/o studies, critical race theory, critical pedagogy, and, most important, PAR. The intention is for students to meet the requirements for graduation and to develop sophisticated critical analyses to address problems in their own social contexts.
Toward a predictive theory for environmental enrichment
Authors: Watters Jason V.
Published: October 2009

There have been many applications of and successes with environmental enrichment for captive animals. The theoretical spine upon which much enrichment work hangs largely describes why enrichment should work. Yet, there remains no clear understanding of how enrichment should be applied to achieve the most beneficial results. This lack of understanding may stem in part from the assumptions that underlie the application of enrichment by practitioners. These assumptions are derived from an understanding that giving animals choice and control in their environment stimulates their motivation to perform behaviors that may indicate a heightened state of well‐being. Learning theory provides a means to question the manner in which these constructs are routinely applied, and converting learning theory's findings to optimality predictions suggests a particularly vexing paradox—that motivation to perform appears to be maintained best when acquiring a payoff for expressing the behavior is uncertain. This effect occurs even when the actual value of the payoff is the same for all schedules of certainty of payoff acquisition. The paradox can be resolved by invoking rewards of an alternative type, such as cognitive rewards, or through an understanding of how the average payoff changes with changes in the probability of reward. This model, with measures of the average change of the payoff, suggests testable scenarios by which practitioners can measure the quality of environmental uncertainty in enrichment programs. Zoo Biol 28:609–622, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deference, Dissent, and Dispute Resolution: An Experimental Intervention Using Mass Media to Change Norms and Behavior in Rwanda
Authors: PALUCK ELIZABETH LEVY , GREEN DONALD P.
Published: October 2009

Deference and dissent strike a delicate balance in any polity. Insufficient deference to authority may incapacitate government, whereas too much may allow leaders to orchestrate mass violence. Although cross-national and cross-temporal variation in deference to authority and willingness to express dissent has long been studied in political science, rarely have scholars studied programs designed to change these aspects of political culture. This study, situated in post-genocide Rwanda, reports a qualitative and quantitative assessment of one such attempt, a radio program aimed at discouraging blind obedience and reliance on direction from authorities and promoting independent thought and collective action in problem solving. Over the course of one year, this radio program or a comparable program dealing with HIV was randomly presented to pairs of communities, including communities of genocide survivors, Twa people, and imprisoned génocidaires. Changes in individual attitudes, perceived community norms, and deliberative behaviors were assessed using closed-ended interviews, focus group discussions, role-play exercises, and unobtrusive measures of collective decision making. Although the radio program had little effect on many kinds of beliefs and attitudes, it had a substantial impact on listeners' willingness to express dissent and the ways they resolved communal problems.
n-3 andn-6 Polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress sterol regulatory element binding protein activity and increase flow of non-esterified cholesterol in HepG2 cells
Authors: Di Nunzio Mattia , van Deursen Diederik , Verhoeven Adrie J. M. , Bordoni Alessandra
Published: October 2009

The plasma lipid-lowering effect of PUFA, one of their main beneficial effects, is considered to be related to the regulation of lipid biosynthesis through transcription factors including sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP). In the present study, we compared the effect of different PUFA on SREBP activity in HepG2 cells, using a sterol regulatory element–luciferase reporter construct as a probe. Supplementation with different fatty acids reduced SREBP activity in the order 20 : 5n-3 = 18 : 2n-6 = 20 : 4n-6≫18 : 3n-3 = 22 : 6n-3 = 22 : 5n-6≫18 : 1n-9. The suppression of SREBP activity greatly depended on the degree of incorporation of the supplemented PUFA into cellular lipids, and correlated positively with the unsaturation index (r0·831;P < 0·01) of total cell lipids. Supplemented PUFA were also metabolised to longer and more unsaturated species. These processing activities were higher forn-3 thann-6 PUFA (P < 0·01). We studied the effect of PUFA on the intracellular distribution of non-esterified cholesterol, using filipin staining and fluorescence microscopy with or without the cholesterol traffic blocker U18666A. The data show that the incorporation of PUFA increases non-esterified cholesterol flow from the plasma membrane to intracellular membranes. We conclude that suppression of SREBP activity by PUFA depends on the degree of incorporation into cellular lipids, and is associated with increased flow of non-esterified cholesterol between the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes.
Dietary intake of total marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid and the risk of acute coronary syndrome – a cohort study
Authors: Joensen Albert M. , Schmidt Erik B. , Dethlefsen Claus , Johnsen Søren P. , Tjønneland Anne , Rasmussen Lars H. , Overvad Kim
Published: October 2009

Dietary intake of marine n-3 PUFA has been negatively associated with the risk of CHD among subjects with known CHD, whereas an effect in healthy subjects is less documented. We assessed the hypothesis that dietary intake of marine n-3 PUFA is negatively associated with the risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in healthy subjects. In the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort study, 57 053 participants were enrolled. Dietary intake of total n-3 PUFA, including EPA, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and DHA, was assessed. During a mean follow-up period of 7·6 years, we identified all cases (n 1150) from this cohort with an incident ACS diagnosis in the Danish National Patient Registry or the Cause of Death Registry. Diagnoses were verified through medical record review. In Cox proportional hazard models, we adjusted for established risk factors for CHD. Men in the four highest quintiles of n-3 PUFA intake (>0·39 g n-3 PUFA per d) had a lower incidence of ACS compared with men in the lowest quintile. The hazard ratio was 0·83 (95 % CI 0·67, 1·03) when we compared men in the second lowest and lowest quintile of n-3 PUFA intake. Higher intake of n-3 PUFA did not strengthen this association. Associations for EPA, DPA and DHA were all negative, but less consistent. No convincing associations were found among women. In conclusion, we found borderline significant negative associations between the intake of marine n-3 PUFA and ACS among healthy men.
A higher-order Hele-Shaw approximation with application to gas flows through shallow micro-channels
Authors: GAT A. D. , FRANKEL I. , WEIHS D.
Published: October 2009

The classic hydrodynamic Hele-Shaw problem is revisited in the context of evaluating the viscous resistance to low-Mach compressible viscous gas flows through shallow non-uniform micro-fluidic configurations. Our recent study of gas flows through constricted shallow micro-channels indicates that the failure of the standard Hele-Shaw approximation to satisfy the no-slip boundary condition at the sidewalls severely restricts its applicability. To overcome this we have extended the asymptotic scheme to incorporate an inner solution in the vicinity of the sidewalls (which, in turn, allows for the characterization of the effects of channel cross-section geometry) and its matching to an outer correction. We have compared the results of the present asymptotic analysis to existing exact analytic and numerical results for straight and uniform channels and to finite-element simulations for a 90° turn and a symmetric T-junction, which demonstrate a remarkably improved accuracy relative to the standard Hele-Shaw approximation. This suggests the present scheme as a viable alternative for the rapid performance estimate of micro-fluidic devices.
A planar pulsating jet
Authors: RILEY N. , SÁNCHEZ-SANZ M. , WATSON E. J.
Published: October 2009

We are concerned with the behaviour of a two-dimensional jet that issues from a planar orifice, with a ‘top-hat’ profile. At the orifice the steady flow is modulated by a time-harmonic fluctuation. A suitably defined Reynolds number is assumed to be large throughout. At large streamwise distances from the orifice, the time-averaged flow yields the classical, Bickley, jet with a suitable virtual origin. This decays algebraically whilst, by contrast, the unsteady component decays exponentially with streamwise distance. An asymptotic theory confirms the exponential decay and provides a good agreement with the numerical solution.
Congenital stapedial suprastructure fixation with normal footplate mobility: case report
Authors: Lee J H , Jung S H , Kim H C , Park C H , Hong S M
Published: October 2009

Objective:

We report a case of bilateral conductive hearing loss caused by stapedial suprastructure fixation with normal footplate mobility.

Case report:

A 50-year-old woman had suffered hearing loss in both ears since childhood. Exploratory tympanotomy revealed immobility of the stapes due to a bony bridge between the stapedial suprastructure and the fallopian canal. The incus was missing, while the malleus handle was minimally deformed. The mobility of the stapes footplate was normal. Post-operatively, the hearing in the right ear improved both subjectively and audiographically, while that in the left ear did not improve because of footplate subluxation during surgery.

Conclusion:

This is a rare case of congenital stapedial suprastructure fixation with normal footplate mobility. In this patient, development of the second branchial arch was arrested. When performing exploratory tympanotomy for stapedial fixation, one must keep in mind that normal footplate mobility is possible.
Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma of the parotid gland
Authors: Zainal A , Razif M Y , Makhashen M , Swaminathan M , Mazita A
Published: October 2009

Objectives:

To highlight the first reported case of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma of the parotid gland. We also review the clinical presentations and treatments for this rare condition.

Method:

Case report and review of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma.

Results:

A 48-year-old man presented with a right parotid mass. Fine needle aspiration cytology was suggestive of Warthin's tumour, for which the patient underwent a subtotal parotidectomy. The final histopathological diagnosis was necrobiotic xanthogranuloma.

Conclusions:

Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma may clinically mimic commoner tumours such as Warthin's tumour. Once diagnosed, the clinician should be wary of extracutaneous manifestations and paraproteinaemias. Because of the variability of presentation, there is no consensus on the best treatment for necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, interferon, plasmapheresis and radiation therapy.
A social-cognitive model of human behavior offers a more parsimonious account of emotional expressivity
Authors: Zayas Vivian , Tabak Joshua A. , Günaydýn Gül , Robertson Jeanne M.
Published: October 2009

According to socio-relational theory, men and women encountered different ecologies in their evolutionary past, and, as a result of different ancestral selection pressures, they developed different patterns of emotional expressivity that have persisted across cultures and large human evolutionary time scales. We question these assumptions, and propose that social-cognitive models of individual differences more parsimoniously account for sex differences in emotional expressivity.
Expressed emotions, early caregiver–child interaction, and disorders
Authors: Wiefel Andreas , Schepker Renate
Published: October 2009

In addition to the socio-relational framework of expressive behaviors (SRFB), we recommend integrating theoretical and empirical findings based on attachment theory. We advocate a dynamic interpretation of early caregiver–child interaction. The consequences of models from developmental psychology for the occurrence of psychopathology are demonstrated from a clinical perspective.
Cry baby cry, make your mother buy? Evolution of tears, smiles, and reciprocity potential
Authors: Lyons Minna
Published: October 2009

In this commentary, the idea of reciprocity potential indicators is tied in with ultimate accounts on sex differences in social sensitivity. It is proposed that, rather than crying, smiling is a more likely cooperative signal. The possibility of coevolution and polymorphism in perceptual and signalling systems are also discussed briefly, with a reference to Theory of Mind and Machiavellianism.
The other side of the coin: Intersexual selection and the expression of emotions to signal youth or maturity
Authors: Lozano George A.
Published: October 2009

Vigil summarizes sex-related differences in emotivity, and presents a psychological model based on the restrictive assumption that responses to stimuli are dichotomous. The model uses for support the concept of intrasexual selection, but ignores intersexual selection. An alternative hypothesis might be that emotivity signals age: maturity in men and youth in women. Integration requires considering all evolutionary biology, not just agreeable concepts.