bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Feeding ConditiQns at the Ringframe Upon Yarn Quality and Spinning Performance
Authors: Balasubramanian N. , Trivedi G.K.
Published: March 2008

The paper deals with studies elucidating the effects of hank of the ingoing material and of doubling at the ringframe upon yarn quality and spinning performance under different spinning conditions obtained by varying the spindle speed and count spun. The results show that with coarse and medium mixings, the hank of the roving fed could be varied over a wide range without affecting yarn properties. The use of finer hank, however, led to a reduction in end-breakage rate in such mixings. With fine mixings, finer input hank and low ringframe drafts led to poorer yam quality and comparable or poorer spinning performance.

Doubling at the ringframe improved the strength and regularity of yarns significantly in the case of coarse and medium mixings but only marginally in the case of fine mixings. The improved yarn quality thus obtained did nbt lead to better ringframe performance and the relative merits of single and double feeds in this regard were dependent upon mixing characteristics and spinning conditions. With coarse mixing, double feed invariably led to inferior spinning performance and the effect became highly pronounced when overspinning or at higher spindle speeds. With fine mixings, the two feeds were comparable at lower counts and spindle speeds but the deterioration in performance with increase of count or spindle speed was more rapid with double feed. In double feed spinning, end breakage rate was found to be lower on those spindles where the rovings were kept together by means of a cross-over of the strands in the break draft zone. The application of a condenser to keep the strands together was helpful in overcoming the deterioration in spinning per formance in double feed. The Minimum twist spinning test showed a better correspondence with end breakage rate under adverse conditions of spinning than under normal conditions.
The Role of Glass-Transition Temperature of Polymeric Additives in Durable-Press Finishing of Knitted Cotton
Authors: Kottes Andrews B.A. , Frick J.G.
Published: March 2008

Polyacrylate and polyurethane additives to crosslinking treatments of circular knitted cotton fabrics are discussed. The effect on textile properties of varying glass-transition temperature in these polymers from -32 to +40°C is examined. Dimensional stability and strength of the finished fabrics are independent of polymer glass transitions. Fabric stiffness and resistance to flat abrasion increase and recovery from tensile strain decreases, with increasing glass-transition temper ature of the polymer additives.
The Interaction of Mass Diffusion and Chemical Reaction During Finishing and Dyeing of Textiles
Authors: Rys P.
Published: March 2008

Mass transport rates of reactants within textile fibers can markedly affect the kinetic and mechanistic interpretation of observed reaction rates during finishing and dyeing of textiles. Simple criteria are presented which allow estimates to be made to show whether appreciable diffusion phenomena exist during these processes. These criteria are independent of any specific chemical reaction, but depend for a given textile substrate of given dimensions mainly on the rate of the reaction and the adsorption behavior and the diffusion coefficient of the chemical reagents. The theoretical basis of these criteria is explained with the aid of a simple diffusion-immobilization model. Computed graphs enable the magnitude of diffusion effects, to be easily determined from experimental data in the form of a diffusion factor η. Knowing η, the intrinsic reaction kinetics can then be determined. The usefulness of this procedure is discussed.
The Interaction between Acid Dyes and Nonionic Surfactants and Its Effect on Sorption and Diffusion Behavior
Authors: Datyner A. , Delaney M.J. , Jima T.
Published: March 2008

Investigations of the distributions of two acid dyes within a dyed polyamide 6 substrate have been performed using the rolled-film method. The diffusion coefficients of the dyes increased with increase in the dye concentration in the dyebath and in the polymer. The more hydrophobic dye exhibited anomalous behavior which has been attributed to diffusion of small dye aggregates. Diffusion behavior of this dye in the presence of a nonionic surfactant has been explained in terms of the interaction equilibria between dye and surfactant species in solution.
Determination of (Ca + Mg) in Flameproofed Cotton Fabrics by EDTA Back-Titration
Authors: Wasserman T. , Basch A.
Published: March 2008

An indirect back-titration method for the determination of (Ca + Mg) in flameproofed cotton fabrics is developed. Fabrics are boiled for 10-15 min with an excess of sodium-EDTA solution to extract and to bind the ('a and Mg, present in fabrics, into their corresponding EDTA complexes. The sodium-EDTA excess is titrated potentiometrically at pH 9.8 with CaCl2 solution, using a divalent-cation specific electrode or visually with Eriochrome Black T indicator. (Ca + Mg) in the range of 0.2 3% as Ca in fabrics are determined with an average error of 3 4% and a standard deviation of 0.2 0.3%
Twistless Yarns and Woven Fabrics1
Authors: Lord Peter R. , Mohamed Mansour H.
Published: March 2008

Traditional fabrics utilize twisted yarns and the purpose of the twist is often misunderstood. The twist is introduced partly because of its effect on the fabric, but mostly its real function is to permit the manipulation of the yarns during processes leading to the final fabric. The current series of tests show that fabrics made of twistless yarns are remarkably strong and have many favorable characteristics. For example, both knitted and woven fabrics suffer much less shrinkage in the fabric forming process. Good cover can be obtained because the yarns flatten within the fabric structure. The changed disposition of the fibers tends to give a softer hand. The system is not without problems; for example, if the fibers are scoured before manufacture, it is difficult to remove the size. The frictional characteristics of the fibers are affected and this seems adversely to affect the tearing strength. Work is being carried out to eliminate the need to scour the fibers, and attempts are being made to draft the fibers when thoroughly wetted by a low-viscosity size recipe. The wetting, drafting, drying, and winding are carried out in a single continuous operation. Wet drafting is found to produce substantial advantages, particularly with cotton fibers.
Friction and Lubrication of Synthetic Fibers
Authors: Schick M.J.
Published: March 2008

Methods and instrumentation are desnibed for determining the frictional properties of continuous filament textile yarns over a wide speed range and for the measurement of antistatic properties. The effect of guide and fiber surface roughness and speed on friction are presented. A discussion of the stick-slip phenomenon is included. It is concluded that in analogy with metal lubrication distinct differences in the frictional behavior of synthetic fibers exist under boundary, semi boundary, and hydrodynamic conditions. The data support the contention that intermittent contacts between fiber and substrate exist in the houndary region, whereas a continuous fluid film separates fiber from substrate in the hydrodynamic region.
Friction and Lubrication of Synthetic Fibers
Authors: Schick M.J.
Published: March 2008

The thermal stability, viscosity, and friction of a two-component model system consisting of a volatile lubricant, a polyoxyethylene fatty acid, and a non-volatile antistat, a phosphate ester of polyoxyethylene aryl phenol, were studied over the entire concentration range. Viscosities covering the range from 56 cps to 5830 cps were Newtonian up to a shear rate of 102 sec-1. The frictional data over a wide speed range for nylon 66 and polyesler fibers exhibit a family of curves, which starts to diverge in the semiboundary region with the lowest friction for low viscosity component and the highest friction for the high viscosity component. Plots of friction vs logarithm of lubricant viscosity are linear.
Enhancement of the Natural Flame-Resistance of Wool
Authors: Friedman Mendel , Whitfield R.E. , Tillin S.
Published: March 2008

Practical interest in effects of heat on wool focuses on increasing its resistance to heat and combustion and on decreasing possible hazards from decomposition products. In our laboratory we use two strategies to develop practical wool prod ucts with enhanced flame resistance. The first is direct chemical combination with flame-retardants. 'I'wo treatments of this first type use bis(β-chloroethyl)vinyl phosphonate in aqueous solution and chlorendic anhydride in dimethylfor mamide. An example of the second strategy, used with the nonreactive flame-retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)- phosphate, is to mix this compound with a polyurethane prepolymer, which is then anchored to the wool surface by inter facial polymerization. The resulting fabric shows significantly increased flame-resistance as well as durable resistance to laundering shrinkage. These and other empirical finishing treatments reported to impart flame-resistance to wool are critically reviewed. Areas for future research are noted with emphasis on evaluating the safety of treated fabrics for potential users.
Properties of Durable-Press Cotton Fabrics Related to Swellability
Authors: Nelson Mary L. , Rousselle Marie-Alice
Published: March 2008

Fabrics with a wide range of durable-press properties were prepared by treating cotton printcloth with dimethyloldi hydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) by pad-dry-cure, mild-cure, and steam-cure processes and with formaldehyde by vapor-phase, Form D, and Form W processes. Swellability in aqueous media, as measured by water retention, iso propanol retention, alkali centrifuge value, and yarn untwisting number, is discussed in relation to durable-press appear ance ratings and wrinkle recovery angles. Such measurements of accessibility as moisture sorption isotherms, internal surface area, iodine sorption, and differential dye sorption are also presented. Some inferences regarding spatial location of crosslinks and its relation to wet and dry fabric recovery properties are discussed.
Permanent Setting of Washable Wool1
Authors: Sello S.B. , Tesoro G.C.
Published: March 2008

Samples of 100% wool fabric dimensionally stahilized by treatment with reactive polymers can be permanently set in the presence of alkaline catalysts and steam by procedure believed to induce cleavage of disulfide bonds and concurrent formation of hydrolytically stable thioether crosslinks by reaction with appropriate crosslinking agents. Polyfunctional reagents which are stable in aqueous alkaline solution, but react at elevated temperature with sulfhydryl groups, are suitable for this approach. They can be used in conjunction with alkaline catalyst to "sensitize" the stabilized fabric. Creases set in this manner are retained in home laundering.
Interactions of Nonaqueous Solvents with Textile Fibers Part III: The Dynamic Shrinkage of Polyester Yarns in Organic Solvents1
Authors: Ribnick Arthur S. , Wkigmann Hans-Dietrich
Published: March 2008

'rhe broad spectrum of interactions hetween a polyester yarn and different organic solvents has been investigated with a new experimerltal methocl called dynamic shrinkage. This technique is based on the measurement of the length changes of polyester yarns immersed in a solvent at programmed rates of heating.

The dynamic shrinkage curves of a polyester yarn in various solvents are usually composed of a noncquilibrium and an equilibrium shrinkage region. From the former, it is possible to estimate the activation energies for the shrinkage process. From the equilibrium shrinkages, two analytical approaches have been used to estimate the glass-transition temperatures of about 22 polyester-solvent systems. The lowering of the glass-transition temperature of polyester by organic solvents is expressed as a function of their total solubility parameter. A bimodal distribution with interaction maxima at solu bitity parameter values of 10 and 12 is observed. 'I'he effects of solvent-induced crystallization on the transition tempera tures of polyester-solvent systems are discussed.
A Comparison of Some Phosphorus Amides as Flame Retardants for Cotton1
Authors: Morris Cletus E. , Chance Leon H.
Published: March 2008

Phosphoric triamide, N,N-dimethylphosphoric triamide, N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphosphoric triamlde and chloromethyl phosphonic diamide (CMPD) were prepared and applied to cotton fabrics. The less highly suhstituted amides were bound to the cellulose more readily, but fabrics treated with them lost nitrogen and flame resistance more rapidly on laund ering. At add-on levels of 16-20%, the durability to laundering of all of these flame retardants was relatively low, but souring with 1% acetic acid after laundering restored much of the lost flame retardancy. There was no adverse effect on fabric hand at these add-on levels. Use of hypochlorite bleach during laundering tended to accelerate loss of flame retardancy, but did not yellow the fabrics. All of the phosphoramides imparted excellent wrinkle resistance, and CMPD ,treated fabric had moderate wrinkle resistance. Effects of these finishes on fabric strength and abrasion resistance were studied.
Rapid Determination of Bromine-Containing Flame Retardants on Fabrics
Authors: Nelson K.H. , Brown W.D. , Staruch S.J.
Published: March 2008

Bromine-containing flame retardants on woven and knit polyester, polyester/cotton, and cotton fabrics can be deter mined in less than ten minutes by nondispersive x-ray fluorescence. The sample is prepared by cutting a disc from the fabric with a die. The disc is weighed and then counted with commercial x-ray instrumentation employing an Am-241 irradiation source, a prolortional counter, and a single channel analyzer. After the average count is corrected for the background count obtained with untreated fabric of the same type, the milligrams of bromine are read from a calibration curve and the percent bromine is calculated. A modificaticm of the procedure alluwed nondestructive analyses of fabrics which were then used for burning rate studies. Phosphorus and chlorine do not interfere.
The Effect of Crosslinking Conditions on the Wet-Soiling Behavior of Cotton
Authors: Fiebig D. , Rezk A.A.
Published: March 2008

The soiling behavior in a specific wet-soiling technique of cotton treated with different reactant-type crosslinking agents and metal salt catalysts under different conditions by means of the pad-dry-cure technique has been investigated to study the influence of the amounts of reagents and catalysts used in the impregnation solution and bound to the fabric after finishing. Up to about N contents of 1.4% and dry crease-recovery angles of 140°, there was found only slight increase in soiling, but fabrics, which were unnecessarily heavily resinated, showed much worse soiling. An inverse relation was detected between soiling and moisture regain of finished fabrics. The catalyst residues after-found finishing seem to have no intluence on soiling.
A New Aspect of the Stochastic Nature of Carding
Authors: Abhiraman A.S. , George Waller
Published: March 2008

A stochastic theory is proposed which takes into account changes in the transfer probability at a carding point upon collection by a worker and redeposition on the cylinder. This theory reduces to an earlier work of Monfort, if such changes are ignored. The theory explains quantitatively the observed nature of fiber movement in roller-top cards. This new approach is then coupled with the work of Baturin to successfully predict the behavior at different speed conditions. The present theory "fits" the observed speed effects over a two- to three-fold range of worker velocities, while the older theory yields a systematic deviation between the observed and calculated collection probabilities. Indices are formulated which describe blending, mixing and equalizing as it occurs in the carding process. These formulations, based in part upon previous literature, are modified in the light of the new theory developed in this paper.
Some Quantitative Tests of Intermolecular Bonding Between Aromatic Sulphonates and Simple Carbohydrates in Water, and its Relation to Cellulose Dyeing 1
Authors: Giles Charles H. , McIntosh Alastair
Published: March 2008

The method of continuous variations, using refractometry, shows that complexes form between sucrose in aqueous solution and non-azo aromatic sulfonates, but not between either sucrose or methyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (used as models of cellulose) and sulfonated azo dyes. Yoshida's method has been applied to determine thermodynamic parameters Entropy values of comllex formation are high, especially for the complex between sucrose and a sulfonated anthra quinone dye—probably indicating that the complexes form by face-to-face association of the molecules. It is suggested that a new type of π-bond is formed in which the π-electrons are attrated simultaneously by protons on the closely adjacent carhohydrate hydroxy-groups. This bond is not prevented by the water of solvation as are normal hydrogen bonds. The azo group appears to reduce the π-electron density in the aromatic nuclei and so prevents the bond forming The result supports the hypothesis that neither hydrogen bonds nor any form of π-bonds directly bind dyes to cellulose and is consistent with other recent work in pointing to a purely aggregation effect as the operative factor in cellulose dyeing.
The Effect of Near-Ultraviolet Radiation on the Morphology of Nylon 66
Authors: Stowe B.S. , Salvin V.S. , Fornes R.E. , Gilbert R.D.
Published: March 2008

Nylon 66 yarn was exposed to near-ultraviolet radiation in a dry oxygen atmosphere for exposure periods up to 240 hr. Dye take-up, viscosity, and density measurements, DSC thermograms, and wideline nmr spectroscopy were employed to assess the effects of the irradiation. Measureable changes were observed with each analytical technique. It was concluded that exposure of nylon 66 to the above conditions caused considerable chain scission in the defect regions, there was no detectable crosslinking, and the newly freed chain ends relaxed resulting in a more highly ordered fiber structure.
Rot Resistance and Biocidal Activity of Halodeoxycellulose Fabrics
Authors: Vigo Tyroxe L. , Daigle Donald J. , Welch Clark M.
Published: March 2008

Chlorodeoxycellulose in fabric form was prepared by reacting cotton printcloth with chlorodimethylformiminium chloride (DMFCl2) in DMF at 65-75°C. Iododeoxycellulose fabric was prepared by treating printcloth at 25°C with either thionyl chloride or DMFCl2 in DMF and subsequently reacting the fabric with KI in DMF at 90-125°C. The treated fabrics were examined for rot resistance and biocidal activity. Chlorodeoxycellulose fabrics were relatively unaffected after 4 weeks soil burial, and fabrics having a chlorine content of 4% or greater retained 20% of their tensile strength after 12 weeks burial, thus exhibiting a relatively high degree of rot resistance. Iododeoxycellulose fabrics prepared by the DMFCl2 methods retained over half their strength after 8 weeks soil burial. Fabrics treated to a similar level of iodination (5-5.4% I) by the thionyl chloride—KI method retained only 5% of their strength after a comparable period of soil burial. The biocidal activity of the halodeoxycellulose fabrics, as measured by the parallel streak test, was highest for chlorodeoxycellulose containing 4.5% or more of chlorine. Iododeoxycellulose fabrics of comparable halogen content possessed only moderate antibacterial activity.
Ultrathin Microfiber Lining for Artificial Organs
Authors: Miller Walter A. , Spivack Mark A. , Tittmann Frederick R. , Byck Joseph S.
Published: March 2008

An ultrathin nonwoven fabric has been developed for use as a lining in artificial organs. Its function is to anchor a living lining of healthy tissue which will act as a blood compatible interface to prevent traumatic blood/device interac tions. The fabric is only about 0.001 in. (25 microns) thick and consists of polypropylene microfibers only about 1 micron in diameter. The fiber network is bonded, reinforced, and rendered suitable for attachment of tissue cells by a vapor deposited conformal coating of Parytene C. 'I'he microfibers are formed by coextrusion of polypropylene with an incompatible ethylene copolymer salt in the form of an oriented thin film. Extraction of the second component, followed by transverse drafting, yields the nonwoven fabric. Special techniques have been developed for modifying the porosity of the mie rofiber network.
The Stability of Acid, Basic, and Direct Dyes to Light and Water
Authors: Porter John J.
Published: March 2008

The stability of twenty different commercial dyes to visible and ultraviolet light has been studied in water. The dyes were selected on the basis of their importance from three major dye classes including: basic, acid and direct. The results are compared to the degradation of two of the dyes in natural sunlight as they would exist in the environment the dyes degraded at least 10 times as fast in artificial light as in sunlight. Some previously identified degradation products of Basic Green 4 were confirmed and a mechanism leading to their formation is proposed.

The over-all results show that most commercial colors are resistant to sunlight and water degradation and that it would take many weeks before appreciable dye degradation occurred in a natural acquatic environment.
Effect of Draw Ratio on Moisture Sorption, Dyeability, and Mechanical Properties of Cold-Drawn Nylon 6 Filament
Authors: Varma D.S. , Cameotra S.S.
Published: March 2008

The change in moisture sorption, dyeability, and mechanical properties of nylon 6 monofilament with draw ratio has been investigated. The orientation and crystallinity changes upon drawing, and this influences the moisture regain, dye uptake, and tensile properties of the fibers.
Concerning the Restoration by Resin Stripping of the Tensile Properties of Cotton Fabric Finished with Dimethylolethyleneurea
Authors: Segal Leon , Timpa J.D.
Published: March 2008

Resin stripping of treated cotton fabric (removal of resin by acid hydrolysis) was investigated by measurements of textile properties, by viscometry, and by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC). Breaking strengths and elongations- at-break, which were reduced by treatment with dimethylolethyleneurea (DMEU), were partially restored by resin stripping. The acid-catalyzed treatment of the fabric with the substituted urea substantially reduced the degree of polymerization (DP) of the cotton cellulose; resin stripping further reduced the DP. The restoration of tensile properties which occurred even though DP had been reduced was due to removal of crosslinks which cause crosslink embrittlement.
Estimating the Statistical Anomaly of the Underlying Point Process—The Proper Approach to Yarn Irregularity
Authors: Linhart H.
Published: March 2008

This paper, which is based on the Martindale-Giesekus yarn model, points out recent advances in research on point processes, extends them where necessary, and so provides a solution to the problem of estimating the statistical anomaly of the underlying point process of fiber end points. It is argued that estimating the anomaly (a function) is the natural extension and refinement to estimating Huberty's κ (a constant), and therefore the proper method of measuring yarn irregularity. The estimators of 1 — κ are in fact estimators of the anomaly at argument zero.
Handling and Weighing Polyvinyl Chloride Filters in Cotton Dust Measurements
Authors: Perkins Henry H.
Published: March 2008

A method is described for weighing polyvinyl chloride filters in cotton dust measurements using an electrobalance. Elaborate conditioning methods designed to overcome moisture effects are unnecessary. Filter handling and storage, balance stability, and type of sampling cassette (filter holder) are factors which affect weighing accuracy. Polystyrene cassettes should be used, and after sampling, filters contained in the cassettes should be conditioned in a standard atmo sphere and weighed immediately upon removal from the cassettes.
Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analyses (ESCA) of THPOH-NH3-Treated Fabrics
Authors: Soignet Donald M. , Berni Ralph J. , Benerito Ruth R.
Published: March 2008

Induced-etectron-emission spectroscopy was shown to be a tool capable of detecting chemical changes that occur during storage of flame-retardant cottons. This information will aid in the understanding of the oxidation process and lead to the development of durable name retardants for cotton.
Sorption of Water Vapor in Jute Fibers
Authors: Watt I.C. , Kabir M.
Published: March 2008

Sorption kinetics of the jute—water-vapor system have been followed gravimetrically using a sorption balance under controlled temperature and humidity conditions and absorption isotherms determined from the equilibrium water ' contents. The sorption kinetics are dependent on the initial water content of the jute sample and the humidity range of the sorption step and can be related to the various regions of the sigmoidal-shaped isotherm. At low water contents, corresponding to the initial steep portion of the isotherm, sorption can be described as a diffusion process in accordance with Fick's laws. Above 2.5% water content, only the initial portion of the uptake, to a quasi-equilibrium, occurs by a rate-controlling diffusion process, and a slow second stage of uptake is attributed to a stress relaxation mechanism. For a large step change in concentration no separate second stage is observed, presumably because stress relaxation occurs rapidly.

At high humidities (>80% RH) absorption and desorption processes are non-Fickian over the whole range. On absorption a transient overshoot above the equilibrium water content value is explained as a consequence of the break down of the hydrogen-bonded structure of the fiber followed by the reformation of the interchain network to a new stable state. Similarities between the data obtained for the jute-water system and other polymer-penetrant systems are pointed out.
Influence of Fiber Properties on Wrinkling Behavior of Fabrics Part I: Procedures and Apparatus
Authors: Prevorsek D.C. , Butler R.H. , Lamb G.E.R.
Published: March 2008

This is the first in a series of papers in which the mechanism of fabric wrinkling is analyzed. General geometric principles are outlined. Apparatus is described for the measurement of filament, yam, and fabric bending recovery, fabric wrinkling, filament bending modulus, interfiber friction, and planar shear properties of fabrics.
Relation Between the Rotproofing Properties and Chemical Structure of some Reactive Compounds and their Chromophoric Derivatives
Authors: Amin Sanaa A. , Abdou Laila A.W. , Kamel M.
Published: March 2008

Some light on the relation between chemical structure and rotproofing properties of some reactive compounds is reported. Furthermore, combination of dyeing and rotproofing properties in the same molecule is attempted.
Changes in Cotton Fiber Properties Caused by Three Sodium Hydroxide Concentrations at Three Temperatures
Authors: Lawson Reba , Hertel K.L.
Published: March 2008

Three cotton samples were treated with three sodium hydroxide concentrations at three treatment temperatures. The Digital Fibrograph, Stelometer, and Arealometer were used to measure the effects of treatment temperature and sodium hydroxide concentrations on length, mechanical properties, and fineness parameters. Temperatures and con centrations producing completely mercerized fibers showed the greatest change in fiber properties. Most of the fiber properties showed a greater effect of treatment at the lower temperatures for a given sodium hydroxide concentration.
The Chemical Composition of Wool
Authors: Bradbury J.H. , Kulkarni V.G.
Published: March 2008

Orthocortical cells, produced from Merino wool by ultrasonication in formic acid, are digested with α-chymotrypsin to produce fibrous material (in low yield) of the diameter of microfibrils and microfibrillar aggregates. These are sepa rated from other material by a centrifugation procedure.

The amino acid analysis of the microfibrils and microfibrillar aggregates is much closer to that of orthocortical cells than to the low-sulphur proteins obtained from wool. It is likely that microfibrils do not consist solely of low-sulphur protein.
An Age-Stable Feed Yarn for Draw Texturing by the False-Twisting Process 1
Authors: Shealy O.L. , Kitson R.E.
Published: March 2008

Coupled drawing and false-twist texturing of undrawn polyester yarns offers potential for better dye and bulk uni formi'ty, higher fabric stretch and bulk, and reduced texturing costs. However, the well known age instability of un drawn polyester yarn makes difficult the use of draw texturing by throwsters. The research on which this paper is based defined a feed yam for draw texturing with the age stability required to permit throwsters to use the draw texturing process. The new feed yam is described, and the structural morphology responsible for its age stability is discussed. Results of accelerated laboratory ageing experiments are reported and related to severe warehouse storage exposures. Information is presented on the draw texturing process needed to handle the new yarn and on its textured yarn properties. Product advantages resulting from the draw textured yarns are illustrated.
A Drying Technique for the Determination of the Bound Water in Pulp Fibers
Authors: Law K.N. , Garceau J.J. , Kokta B.V.
Published: March 2008

A drying method involving the use of a thermobalance was employed to determine the bound water in mechanical and chemical pulp fibers. The precision of this method is dependent on the uniformity of the test materials. The coefficient of variability of bound water determination on mechanical pulps ranged from 15 to 18% based on one in dividual sample. This variability decreased in chemical pulps, 10 to 12%, and about 2% in α-cellulose. For a precision superior to ±10% (95% confidence level) a minimum of 10 individual mechanical pulp samples have to be tested. Similary, seven and one tests have to be made on chemical pulps and α-cellulose, respectively. The method should be useful to the study of the drying behavior of homogenous materials such as low-yield pulps and cotton or other textile materials.
The Effect of Air Pollution on Cotton Awning Fabric
Authors: Brysson Ralph J. , Walker Albert M. , Cooper Albert S. , Hunter Donald C.
Published: March 2008

This report covers the results of two-year exposure studies of experimental and conventional cotton awning fabrics exposed at six different environmental sites throughout New York State. The six sites ranged from heavy industrial to densely populated urban to rural. The fabrics tested included conventional vinyl- and acrylic-coated, standard, mineral- dyed and treated awning duck and similarly coated, experimentally finished awning duck. Untreated, uncoated duck and a lightweight print cloth were exposed at all sites for reference control. The samples were exposed on open, 45° inclined, wooden racks facing both north and south at each site. Ambient air quality data collected at all of the exposure sites included sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, soiling, and total photochemical oxidants. Degree of degradation of the exposed samples was determined by periodic measurements of tensile strength. A definite relationship was shown between accelerated degradation and high air pollution, particularly with high sulfur dioxide content and high soiling properties. Vinyl-coated, conventionally treated awnings were most resistant to degradation.
Studies on some Physical Parameters of Cotton Fibers and Their Influence on Breaking Strength
Authors: Patel G.S. , Patil N.B.
Published: March 2008

Data on linear density, wall thickness, and breaking strength—all measured for individual fibers from five selected cottons—have been examined in detail. It was observed that (i) the variability in single-fiber tenacity, calculated from the above data, is less than that obtained on the basis of average tex, and (ii) breaking load increases with in creasing linear density, up to the average value of linear density for each cotton, and levels off thereafter. The latter result seems to be due to lack of mutual alignment of lamellae in the wall when the fiber is subjected to loading.
A Method for Evaluating the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of a Polymer Fiber or Film Immersed in a Liquid Environment
Authors: Desai Ajit B. , Wilkes Garth L.
Published: March 2008

By a simple modification, the rheovibron can be used to measure the dynamic mechanical properties of polymeric samples in equilibrium with liquids. Recent studies have shown that liquids capable of specific strong interaction with polymers can cause crystallization to occur. To demonstrate the utility of the modified rheovibron, it has been used to investigate the effect of liquid-induced crystallization on the glass-transition temperature and the dynamic mechanical properties of polyethylene terephthalate film in the presence of various solvents.
Light Stability of Dyed Fibers
Authors: Ershov Yu. A. , Krichevskii G.E.
Published: March 2008

The lightfastness of dyed textile materials is one of the most important characteristics of ready goods. The dyeing light-fastness may be evaluated by the rate of dye destruction on the fiber. A kinetic method is proposed for the evalua tion of the dyeing lightfastness on textile materials. An investigation has been made of the effect produced on the dyeing lightfastness by the intensity and spectral composition of the light used for exposure, the spectral properties of dyed fiber, the dye concentration in the fiber, the dye reactivity, the state of the dye in the fiber, the nature of the bond between the dye and fiber, and the physical and the chemical constitution of the fiber.
Chromatographic Separation of the Lyophilized Reaction Products of Formaldehyde and Methyl Carbamate
Authors: Cashen Norton A.
Published: March 2008

A mixture of the condensation products obtained from formaldehyde and methyl carbamate, prepared in an aqueous medium according to the procedure of Reid and coworkers, was studied and its components tentatively identified.

The mixture was lyophilized, and birefringence under polarized light showed that the solid product was comprised of mixed crystals. These crystalline products were then separated as essentially pure compounds by thick-layer chro matography: mass spectra of the chromatographic eluates contained masses 279, 284, and 137 that appear to be molecular ions, and a mass of 129 that is possibly a fragment of a linear dimer.
A New Method for Determining Maturity of Cotton Fibers
Authors: Venkatesh G.M. , Dweltz N.E.
Published: March 2008

The alkali centrifuge technique has been extensively studied in relation to maturity, and the results have shown that it is a simple, fast, and highly reproducible test method for determining the maturity of cotton fibers either in the raw state or after soxhelet extraction to remove waxes, provided there is no damage to the primary wall.
Complexes of Diamines with Cellulose: Study of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Terminal Group Effects
Authors: Creely J.J. , Wade R.H.
Published: March 2008

Cellulose formed complexes of limited stability with a di-secondary diamine, symmetrical dimethylethylenediamine, and with a diamine containing primary and tertiary amine groups, unsymmetrical dimethylethylenediamine. Pretreat ment of the cellulose with liquid ammonia was required for complex formation. X-ray diffractometer tracings were obtained of the complexes. More stable complexes were formed between cellulose and each of two diamines, N-methyl- ethylenediamine and N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine, both of which contain primary and secondary amine groups. Pre treatment with liquid ammonia was not required for formation of these complexes. Unit cell determinations were made of the latter complexes. A di-tertiary diamine, N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine, did not form a complex with cellulose even when the cellulose was preswollen with liquid ammonia. A complex formed with cellulose and diethyl enetriamine confirmed the results of previous workers who found that crosslinkage of the cellulose chains occurs through primary and secondary amine groups when the complex is washed with carbon tetrachloride after vacuum distillation. However, if the complex is not washed, the terminal primary amine groups bond with the cellulosic hydroxyl groups with greater distention of the 101 interplanar spacing of the complex. Nitrogen content of the complexes corresponded to a 1:1 ratio of diamine molecules to anhydroglucose units. Thermal studies were made of the more stable complexes.
The Influence of Fine Structure on the Flame Retardance of Cellulose
Authors: Basch A. , Lewin M.
Published: March 2008

The relative efficiencies of phosphorus and sulfur-based flame-retardant systems have been compared on cotton, ramie, and rayon. Sulfur-based systems were found to be equally effective on all the substrates tested. Phosphorus-based flame retardants were significantly less effective on rayon than on cotton or ramie. The flame-retardant fabric systems were also studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The differences observed are ascribed to different mechanisms by which sulfur and phosphorus-based flame retardants operate and to the influence of cellulosic fine structure upon these mechanisms.
Moisture Content of Polyester Bobbins During Conditioning
Authors: Ruf Eberhard , De Riz O. , Kaethner K.I.
Published: March 2008

Nondimensional moisture concentration rates are determined across the bobbin cross section for different diffusion coefficients and geometrical structures of the bobbin as a function of time.

The large value for the ratio of the mass-transfer coefficient β at the package surface to the diffusion coefficient D of the bobbin yields a steep concentration gradient in the outer filament layers, provided no moisture equilibrium exists between the moisture concentration in the package and the surrounding atmosphere. Even in the case of small diffusion co efficients, the moisture content will differ in the layers at the ends of the bobbin and on the surface already after a short period of conditioning. These fluctuations can be the cause of an irregular dyeing of the filament yarn.
Fluorescent Whitening Agents
Authors: Holt L.A. , Milligan B. , Wolfram L.J.
Published: March 2008

Wool fabrics can be whitened by treatment with a solution containing both a fluorescent whitening agent and a polymer. After drying, this leads to the distribution of the whitener in a polymer film which surrounds the fibers, Many whitener/ polymer systems lead to good whitening, but few provide white wool of satisfactory stability to light. The nature of the polymer, as well as that of the whitener, influences the photostability of the surface-whitened fabric. The most light- stable systems give surface-whitened fabrics which yellow in simulated sunlight less rapidly than conventionally-whitened fabrics, the difference being very pronounced for exposure in the wet state. This result is attributed to the fact that whiteners cannot sensitize the photoyellowing of wool if insulated from the fiber in a polymer film. Most whitener/ polymer systems give a whitening effect which is durable to laundering but not to drycleaning. However, durability to drycleaning (as well as to laundering) can be achieved by using reactive whitener/polymer systems in which the whitener is covalently linked to a polymer which can be crosslinked at a later stage.
The Absorption of Aluminum by Wool from Water/Alcohol Mixtures
Authors: Edgar J.S. , Simpson W.S.
Published: March 2008

The absorption of aluminum ions by wool keratin is increased in the presence of alcohols. However, the absorption is complicated by various factors, including the complexity of the Al species existing in the solution, the effect of the alcohol in modifying diffusion in the bath and in the fiber, and the effect of the alcohol on wool as a solvent. The data presented show that similarities exist between this and other solvent-assisted wool treatments.
The Oxidation and Alkaline Degradation of Mercerized Cotton: A Morphological Study
Authors: Lewin Menachem , Roldan Luis G.
Published: March 2008

The morphological changes introduced during slack mercerization of cotton fibers, as detected after oxidation with sodium hypochlorite at pH 7 and after subsequent hot alkaline degradation with sodium bicarbonate, are described. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy techniques were used. Slack mercerization produces, besides the recognized phase transition from Cell. I to Cell. II, a decrease in order inside the crystallites themselves rather than in the low- ordered regions (LOR). The hypochlorite oxidation of the mercerized cotton induces morphological changes which can be understood as the result of a duality in behavior, i.e., as an oxidant, and as a poor intracrystalline swelling agent. The alkaline degradation results in an extraction of the anhydrous glucose units and an increase in crystallinity and morphologi cal order. However, crystallite lateral size is clearly reduced from that of the original Deltapine cotton but increased from that of the mercerized-oxidized sample. A model for the peeling off mechanism is visualized which involves not only those LOR regions associated in series with the crystalline regions, but those associated laterally to their fringes and also those limiting the macrofibrils.

Advantage of extraction with a particular alkaline medium over others is explained by the critical swelling effect neces sary for transporting the anhydrous glucose units outside the remaining fibril morphology.
The Effect of Homogeneous Fiber Treatments on the Properties of Mercerized and Crosslinked Cotton Fabrics
Authors: De Boer J.J. , Borsten H.
Published: March 2008

The effect of a homogeneous pretreatment of cotton fiber on the properties of fabrics was studied. Homogeneous mercerization was approached by roving mercerization, while an equable resin distribution was achieved by using low add-on techniques. Regular mercerization leads to an improved load at break and tearing strength of the finished fabric. A smooth distribution of resin results in a favorable balance between crease recovery and abrasion behavior.
Conversion of Micronaire Reading to Arealometer Specific-Surface-Area Values in Cotton
Authors: Worley Smith , Krowicki Richard S. , Cox Edwin L.
Published: March 2008

Comparison of Micronaire and Arealometer values from published conversion tables showed considerable discrepancy at the ends of the scales. Using an array of cotton samples spanning the scale in approximately equal increments, new equations for conversion of values were established. Equations and a table of fineness scalar conversion values are given.
Burning Behavior of Carpets: The Advantages of Wool and Flame-Resistant Wool
Authors: Benisek L.
Published: March 2008

A comparison of the burning behavior of carpets of very similar construction made from different fibers or blends evaluated by the methenamine tablet test, F.A.R. vertical flame test, British radiant panel test, and the French epiradia teur test shows that wool and particularly flame-resistant wool perform significantly better than the other man-made fibers investigated, especially in the more severe vertical and radiant panel tests. With the latter tests the carpet backing has to be flame resistant, the flame-resistant wool sheared pile density should be above 0.10 g/cm', (0.058 g/in2), and the pile weight and thickness should not exceed a certain value to allow effective heat sink from the pile, thus ensuring short spread of flame.

Flame-resistant, wool-rich blends with nylon burn significantly more than comparable flame-resistant, all-wool carpets, when evaluated by the radiant panel tests.
A Comparison of the Hairiness and Diameter of Ring and Open-End Yarns
Authors: Mohamed M.H. , Lord P.R. , Saleh H.A.
Published: March 2008

This paper presents a comparison between the hairiness and diameter of open-end and ring yams spun from various polyester/cotton blends. The yarn hairiness and diameter were measured using an optical technique. The study covered the effects of blend ratio, yarn count, and twist on the hairiness and diameter of open-end and ring yams. The results show that the yams spun on the BD 200 machine had a diameter roughly 10% larger than correspond ing ring yams. The open-end yarns were also found to be less hairy than ring yams, but the hairiness was found to have a higher coefficient of variation.
An Opener-Picker for a Miniature Spinning Test
Authors: Ewald P.R. , Hutchens H. , Norman E.E. , Sands A.M. , Western G. , Elliott P.W.
Published: March 2008

An opener-picker for a 50-gram spinning test was built by adaptation of a commercially available half-scale waste machine. The new machine eliminates hand formation of laps previously required for the spinning test and increases homogenization of the sample. Length array measuiements showed that fiber breakage in the machine is held to an acceptable level as determined by the spinning test.
Jute-Viscose Blending: Some Optimum Conditions
Authors: Debnath C.R. , Bandyopadhyay S.B.
Published: March 2008

The practicalities of blending viscose staple fiber with Tossa jute were investigated. A critical tossa jute :viscose blend proportion was found to exist at which yarn tenacity was minimum. For blended yams the optimum twist factor was practically constant at 25.0 (turns per cm × √tex), and irregularity was reduced as rayon proportion increased. Weaving efficiency and fabric quality showed improvements even with 10% viscose in the blend. The used of bleached jute in the blend increased whiteness at the loss of strength.
The Adsorption of Water by Fibers Immersed in Organic Solvents
Authors: Kido Chiro , Ikeda Isao , Sakaguchi Hiromi , Onoe Tatsuhiko
Published: March 2008

Equilibrium water adsorption data, obtained by immersing dry rayon or other dry fibers in an organic solvent containing water at 30°C, were determined at different concentrations of water in the solvent by the Karl Fischer method and were plotted against the concentrations of water to obtain the adsorption isotherm. For ethyl acetate and other solvents, sigmoidal curves of the adsorption isotherms were obtained which were similar to those resulting from adsorption of moisture on the fiber in gaseous media at the same temperature. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) equation was used for those sigmoidal curves, and the specific surface areas of the fibers were evaluated from the BET plots. There was fair agreement among the results for liquid media compared with those for gaseous media and those found in the literature.
Dyeability Characteristics of Textured Polyethylene Terephthalate Yarn
Authors: Gupta V.B. , Kumar M. , Gulrajani M.L.
Published: March 2008

The dyeability characteristics of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) yarn, textured at different temperatures and different contact times, are reported. The dye uptake data is explained in terms of the structural changes taking place on texturing. The results indicate that the degree of crystallinity and the size of the crystallites are the predominant factors controlling dye uptake. The temperature of texturing plays an important role because it determines the crystal linity and the distribution of crystal size in the textured sample.