bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMMIGRATION AND THE POLITICS OF INTEGRATION IN FRANCE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY
Authors: Biriuk N.
Published: July 2021

The politics of integration in France which was being constructed in the late 1980s and the 1990s was researched in this article. The primary written sources used in the analysis are different types including legislation laws, analytical note, statistical and press materials. The historiographical basis of the study consisted of several works written by researchers of integration, citizenship and nationalism, whose views differ on the assessment of the model of integration. The necessity to develop a model for the politics of integration of immigrants into French society appeared in the early 1980s. The Commission was opened due to contradictions between politicians regarding the vision of integration of foreigners and second-generation immigrants and should have resolved differences on this issue. Eventually, the Commission's proposals formed the basis of the integration model, but provoked a strong public reaction in the late 1980s. Thus, the model of integration of immigrants into French society was formed in the late 1990s, which was based on the idea of citizenship. Obtaining the citizenship by the foreigner indicates the conscious transition to French nationality and access to integration institutions.
JAPANESE "ECONOMIC MIRACLE": HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY IN THE PERIOD OF 1945–1991
Authors: Oliinyk O.
Published: July 2021

The article presents the experience of Japan in the post-war reconstruction of the country in the period 1945–1991. The socio-economic situation of the country after the Second World War was considered. The historical stages of the country's development in the period under study are determined. The historical conditions in which the country found itself in the postwar period are analyzed. Key historical figures who influenced the development of the country were identified. The directions and measures of reforming and development of the country are revealed and presented. The importance of external factors and foreign policy for the country's assertion on the world stage has been proved. The factors of creating an effective political system, effective public administration, sustainable social and human development are formulated. It was proved that the United States has played an important role in forcing both Japan's political and economic systems. The United States provided Japan with significant financial, economic, and food aid to Japan. During the war between the United States and Korea and Vietnam, the United States placed military orders in Japan, which contributed to the development of the country's industrial base. It was found that the quality of the labor force, its general education and professional level played an extremely important role in the reconstruction of the economy. The effective state regulation of economic development in Japan, which on the one hand was aimed at developing the civil sector of the economy, and on the other at concentrating efforts on cooperation between government and private business at the stage of developing solutions to economic development, played a critical role in "Japanese miracle".
DEVELOPMENT OF HANDICRAFT INDUSTRIES AMONG THE JEWISH POPULATION OF KYIV REGION IN LATE 1920S – EARLY 1930S
Authors: Perga T. , Perga Yu.
Published: July 2021

The article examines the position of Jewish artisans in the Kyiv region in the late 1920s, a period when the Soviet government's course on the industrialization accelerated the collapse of the NEP policy. Authors revealed activities of the Kyiv ORT Committee, which sought to find a place for this group of Jews in the new plans of the Soviet government. The Perspective Plan for the Development of Handicrafts among the Jewis Population of Kyiv Region for 1929-1933 is analyzed as well as discussions that arose in the process of its preparing. The main factors that motivated the adoption of this plan and its indicators are identified. It is concluded that the purpose of its adoption was an attempt to create favorable conditions for the economic integration of the Jewish population into Soviet society and to reduce the severity of social problems, especially unemployment. Quantitative parameters of this plan are considered. The contribution of ORT to the economic support of Jewish artisans of Kyiv region, particularly purchase and transfer of equipment from abroad, which contributed to the development of a number of crafts in the Soviet Ukraine are clarified. Little-known statistics on the number and types of equipment that the organization supplied to artisans of Kyiv region are given. The difficulties faced by Jewish entrepreneurs during this period and the factors taken into account in planning the development of various crafts are reproduced. They are following: shortage of many row materials, the emergence of the Soviet factory industry, which competed with Jewish handicraftsmen, competition in the circle of Jews handicraftsmen. Authors identify consumer goods that were in short supply in the Kyiv region in the late 1920s. Little-known documents on the activities of the Kyiv ORT Committee is put into circulation.
Presidency of Germany in the European Union as factor of development of European integration process (the second half 2020)
Authors: Martynov Andrii
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to Germany’s presidency in the European Union in the second half of 2020. This was a critical period in the modern history of the process of European integration. Conflicting tendencies emerged during the negotiations on the terms of the Brexit. The budget policy of the European Union required approval. The key tasks of the German presidency were the internal problems of the European Union. But it was not possible to focus exclusively on immanent issues. The pandemic has exacerbated international problems. German diplomacy joined in the settlement of the Greek-Turkish controversy. Germany and France have reached a common position on an agreement on the terms of Britain’s withdrawal from the Brexit. Germany has reached a compromise on the adoption of the European Union budget for the period up to 2027. A large fund was created to support the European economy during the pandemic. Germany has set trends for the development of the European Union’s relations with key partners: the United States, Russia, and China. Germany welcomed Joseph Biden’s victory in the US presidential election. The European Union is considering resuming negotiations on a transatlantic free trade area with the United States. The EU and the US are ready to renew the Euro-Atlantic partnership. The interaction between the EU and the US is designed to protect liberal democracy in the modern world. With the assistance of Germany, the European Union has signed an investment agreement with China. Beijing has pledged to introduce social security guarantees and limit human rights abuses. Russia’s authoritarian threats remain a challenge to the European integration process. During Germany’s presidency of the European Union, the results of the presidential election in Belarus and the poisoning of Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny became conflicting issues. The German presidency was successful. In the internal policy of the European Union it was possible to form a strategy of ecological renewal of the European economy. The success of the environmental modernization of the EU economy systematically depends on the internal capacity of elites and European societies to implement this course and on the favorable balance of power in a globalized world.
Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy type 54: clinical and neurophysiological aspects
Authors: I D. V. , Aysina V. A.
Published: July 2021

A clinical case of a boy aged 20 months old with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE) type 54 due to mutated HNRNPU gene presumably suffering from genetic generalized epilepsy and impaired psychomotor development is described. Exome-wide sequencing was carried out by using NextSeq 500 (Illumina, USA). Video electroencephalographic (VEEG) monitoring was conducted by using NeuroScope NS425 (Biola, Russia). The patient was noted to suffer from neonatal delayed motor development and muscular hypotonia with atypical petit mal epilepsy with regional onset at the occipital-parietal-posterior temporal areas based on VEEG data developed at age of eight months as well as progressive psychoemotional disorders. Ethosuximide and valproic acid administered together were efficient in alleviating EIEE seizures that requires to be further followed up. The data obtained allow to identify a precise etiology of epilepsy and apply a differential approach to administer anti-epileptic agents.
Perampanel in the additional therapy of focal and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children 4–12 years old: clinical data, experience of use and practical recommendations
Authors: Mukhin K. Yu. , Belousova E. D. , Burd S. G. , Barkhatov M. V. , Ermolenko N. A. , Zyryanov S. K. , Karpovich E. I. , Morozova E. A. , Odintsova G. V.
Published: July 2021

On March 18, 2021, an online council of experts in the field of epilepsy treatment was held, dedicated to the use of perampanel in the additional therapy of focal seizures (FS) and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures (PGTCS) in children 4–12 years old. During the event, the features of the use of perampanel in this group of patients were discussed, considering the specifics of everyday clinical practice, current possibilities of PGTCS and FS therapy in children, its goals, as well as unsolved problems in the treatment of pediatric patients with PGTCS and FS. Particular attention was paid to the role of perampanel in the treatment of PGTCS and FS in children and its effectiveness in specific types of focal seizures.
Современный мировой порядок: адаптация акторов к структурным реалиям
Authors: Сафранчук Иван , Лукьянов Федор
Published: July 2021

Настоящая публикация развивает основные положения статьи “Современный мировой порядок: структурные реалии и соперничество великих держав” (Полис № 3, 2021). Системообразующей характеристикой современной международной системы является противоречие между по-прежнему очень высоким уровнем материальной взаимосвязанности государств и их быстро растущей идейно-этической неоднородностью. Тесная взаимозависимость субъектов с конфликтующим мировоззрением порождает рост напряженности, которую не удается снизить в рамках привычных подходов – реалистского и либерального. Более того, само противостояние этих подходов служит катализатором противоречий. По ряду причин подобная ситуация представляет собой не переходный момент на пути формирования нового упорядоченного мироустройства, а устойчивое состояние международных отношений, как минимум, на среднесрочную перспективу. Такое положение чревато нарастанием рисков разрушительных столкновений, поэтому требуется принципиально новый метод обеспечения мировой стабильности. Авторы полагают, что продуктивным направлением стало бы изучение цивилизационного подхода, поскольку в сложившихся обстоятельствах именно взаимодействие цивилизаций, несмотря на достаточно размытые контуры этого понятия, может позволить снизить общий уровень напряженности: цивилизации в меньшей степени склонны секьюритизировать различные сферы политики и менее других субъектов опасаются попасть под внешнее влияние.
Цивилизация и капиталистическая глобализация
Authors: Lane David
Published: July 2021

В статье рассматривается подъем цивилизаций как экономических систем. Предметом авторского обсуждения являются четыре основания экономики урбанистической индустриальной цивилизации: рыночное общество, индустриализм, капитализм и социализм. Показано, что “классический либерализм” имеет сходные с “классическим марксизмом” посылки: секуляризм, рационализм, гуманизм и свободу. Обе эти философские школы рассматривали Просвещение как движение, ведущее к универсальной цивилизации. Теории “индустриального общества” описывают, как формирование современной цивилизации принимает глобальную форму. В этом контексте экономической основе универсальной цивилизации противостоят альтернативные формы капитализма. Либеральные и социалистические формы индустриальных и постиндустриальных обществ претендуют на то, чтобы быть самостоятельными формами цивилизации. Тем не менее автор утверждает, что конфликты между различными “разновидностями капитализма” являются не “столкновением цивилизаций”, а проявлением различий их геополитических интересов, и заключает, что общество государственного социализма представляет собой иной цивилизационный тип индустриального общества.
The Ten Aporias of Our Time. The Theory and Practice of Nuclear Deterrence
Authors: Arbatov Alexei
Published: July 2021

Rising international tensions and the risks of sliding towards a nuclear conflict in the face of the erosion of the arms control system between Russia and the West is becoming an essential subject of modern political discourse. In particular, the author investigates the psychological aspects of deterrence, the dichotomy of its functions of preventing and conducting nuclear war, the concepts of first and retaliatory strike, the dialectics of defense and offence, and plans for limited nuclear war, the effect of the entanglement of nuclear and conventional weapons.
В поисках другого мейнстрима
Authors: Мартьянов Виктор
Published: July 2021

Конец истории оказался началом конца глобальной иерархии политических понятий Запада, в центр которой помещались общества, идентифицирующие себя как рыночные либеральные демократии. В настоящее время можно наблюдать последовательное ослабление западной экономической, политической и военной гегемонии относительно поднимающихся незападных центров силы. Мир снова движется к конфликтной многополярности, которая определяется рядом фоновых факторов, влияющих на все современные общества. Это достижение пределов емкости глобальных рынков и модели бесконечного экономического роста, кризис классовой стратификации обществ, усиление неравенства, кризис социальной политики, в центре которой находилась трудовая и военная полезность граждан. Указанные изменения позволяют сформулировать два взаимосвязанных тезиса, развернутых в статье. Первый: глобально изменившаяся экономическая и политическая онтология, которую можно описать как рентный поворот, больше не может быть убедительно описана с позиций мейнстрима, идеологически легитимирующего западную гегемонию. Второй: все большую релевантность обретают концепции, альтернативные неолиберальному мейнстриму. Они не обнаруживают в современных обществах тех качественных политических, экономических и культурных различий, с помощью которых обосновывались интеллектуальные и институциональные мейнстримные иерархии. Альтернативные описания базируются, прежде всего, на критической переоценке капитализма, демократии и рынка как незаменимых элементов Современности (Модерна), составляющих либеральный консенсус в ее основе. Под публичными идеологическими вариациями либерального консенсуса повсеместно обнаруживаются скрытые механизмы властесобственности, рентоориентированного поведения, олигополий, наследственной передачи власти и экономической политики, далекой от принципов саморегулируемой рыночной конкуренции. Неолиберальный мейнстрим продолжает классифицировать указанные тенденции как архаизирующие, травмирующие и недостойные отклонения, которые необходимо привести к норме. Парадокс в том, что сама либеральная демократия перестает быть нормой, превратившись в специфический идеал политического устройства, все менее достижимый даже в западных обществах, где этот идеал считался реализованным практически. В статье утверждается, что фундаментальные изменения, первоначально оцениваемые в рамках либерально-рыночной модерности как архаизирующие (неофеодализм, неопатримониализм, рентно-сословное общество и т.д.), онтологически будут только усиливаться. Они могут привести к формированию исследовательского консенсуса по поводу альтернативной нормальности обществ ХХI в., которая все чаще предстает как усиление рентно-сословных принципов стратификации и периферизация рыночно-демократических метафор и нарративов в дискурсе легитимации политических режимов.
Политическая философия свободы в христианской аксиологии республиканизма
Authors: Сардарян Генри
Published: July 2021

В статье рассматриваются христианские религиозно-культурные основы идей республиканизма посредством анализа классической и современной политической философии. Центральным вопросом является возможность читать республику универсальной формой правления, для реализации которой достаточно должного конституционно-правового регулирования политического процесса, либо же ее рассмотрение в призме зависимости от культурно-ценностных парадигм, порождаемых религиозным наследием. С этой целью проводится анализ сущностного содержания идейно-теоретических основ республики, сопоставляемых с христианской религиозно-культурной традицией. Отражены самые различные подходы к пониманию как целеполагания республики в целом, так и ее составных институтов. Ключевая задача – изучить место и роль идей и ценностей в формировании государственных институтов, проследив влияние религиозно-культурного фактора на формирование общественного консенсуса по вопросам конфигурации устройства государственной власти, рассмотрев, в итоге, какова роль христианства в становлении современного идейно-теоретического базиса республиканизма и его ключевой идеологемы – свободы. Автор приходит к выводу, что республика невозможна без осознания обществом своей субъектности, наличия общих интересов, которые могут превалировать над частными, и необходимости жертвовать индивидуальными благами во имя общего дела, определяемого общественной аксиологией. Все это составляет идеи христианства, что делает его возможным истинным источником современной республиканской модели. Ярким примером тому является центральная тема республиканизма – свобода, которая традиционно отождествляется в классических трудах с “нерабством”. Однако негативная концепция, т.е. восприятие свободы как “нерабства”, слишком расплывчата и не дает никакого понимания о сущности того, что представляет собой свобода как самостоятельная категория. Без цели, смысла и идейной сущности свобода как “нерабство” представляет собой рабовладение. Для преодоления этого противоречия необходимо выйти за рамки негативной концепции свободы и дихотомии рабовладелец/раб. Без христианства западная форма республиканской идеи прав человека лишена философского фундамента для аксиологии свободы. Планомерное же уничтожение христианского религиозно-культурного наследия способно привести к лишению республики ее идейно-теоретического базиса, а впоследствии и к дисфункциональности ее ключевых институтов.
Вызов пандемии COVID-19 и религия: онтология vs политика
Authors: Мчедлова Марина , Казаринова Дарья
Published: July 2021

Пандемия COVID-19 привлекла особое внимание к религии, обозначив изменения глубинных основ присутствия религиозных смыслов и религиозных институтов в публичных пространствах, прежде всего способов их легитимации, нормативную неопределенность, возникновение новых практик и структур религиозности, разновекторности и даже диаметральной противоположности общественных ожиданий. В рефлексивных поисках ответа на вызов COVID-19 звучит скорее полемика, чем интерпретативная инструментализация, в политической прагматике наблюдается скорее вторжение политики в ранее закрытую для нее собственно религиозную сферу, чем формулирование принципов нового статус-кво светского и религиозного. Пандемия, несущая параметры предельности, актуализировала соотношение современного и традиционного, переводя данную проблему в сферу границ применимости возможностей онлайн-технологий, размывающих и изменяющих саму сущность традиционных религиозных практик и устоев. В возникающих новых многочисленных референтах уже улавливается логика возможных трансформаций, расщепление возможностей будущего, а также потребность в новом инструментарии: высветившаяся гетерогенность внутри Церкви и в пространстве ее сторонников ставит под сомнение традиционную социологию религии, настойчиво предлагая обратить внимание на приобретающие актуальность подходы из других областей религиоведческого знания. Религиозные институты демонстрируют размывание непосредственной субъектности, одновременно неопределенность имплицирует дрейф к различным тактикам отдельных их представителей, ставя вопросы об онтологии и устойчивости. Диверсификация и неоднозначность стратегий поведения в России религиозных институтов, религиозных лидеров и практик актуализируют пул тенденций, приводящих к возможностям перераспределения баланса между религией, обществом и политикой, между верой и институтами, между аксиологией и прагматикой современности. Методологический посыл статьи отталкивается от признания многомерности множественности форм присутствия религии, несводимых к единой объяснительной схеме, актуализирует и дополняет многие ставшие неэффективными концепции общественного развития, имеющие линейный характер. Для верификации спекулятивных положений авторы обратились к эвристическому потенциалу дискурс-анализа, а также к формированию референтной базы событийного ряда.
Религиозная политика постсоветских государств: между “эффектом колеи” и “правительностью”
Authors: Малахов Владимир , Летняков Денис
Published: July 2021

В статье исследуются государственно-конфессиональные отношения в постсоветских странах. Авторы исходят из того, что термин “постсоветское” не просто фиксирует хронологическую последовательность, а является концептуально нагруженным. Возникшие в результате коллапса СССР государства – носители общего институционального наследия, которое манифестируется в том числе поведением этих государств в конфессиональной сфере. Религиозная политика постсоветских стран обнаруживает существенное сходство, несмотря на глубокие различия между ними в культурно-историческом плане. Государства постсоветского пространства, принадлежащие исламскому культурному ареалу, в своей религиозной политике ориентируются на советские образцы. Вместе с тем аналитическое выделение “постсоветской модели” секуляризма не должно влечь за собой слепоты к различиям в стратегиях конкретных государств по управлению конфессиональной сферой. Обращаясь к анализу этих различий, авторы вычленяют три базовых типа постсоветского секуляризма: “авторитарный”, “нейтральный” и “амбивалентный”.
Early and late pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 on computed tomography scan
Authors: Kaabi Samarra Mongi , Madkhali Ahmad Nasser , Alqahtani Naif Hussain , Bakhsh Ammar Adel , Alharthi Yousef Hussain , Alwadai Nawal Misfer , Alotaibi Abdullah Meshaan , Alotaibi Saad Obaid , Aljohani Ahmed Abdualrhman , Aldarsouny Sarah Thamer , Ahmad Doha Jamal
Published: July 2021

Computed tomography (CT) of the chest has been previously reported as an efficacious approach for the early diagnosis and suspicion of COVID-19 infection, as diagnosis with other modalities is usually time-consuming and cannot detect the disease within the early stages. Many pulmonary manifestations have been previously observed under CT imaging of the chest. All of them have been linked with the different stages of the disease, indicating their abilities to diagnose and follow-up these patients.This present literature review aims to discuss the role of CT imaging of the chest in COVID-19 infections and it also aims to elaborate the common pulmonary manifestations that can be frequently observed to help with the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. Moreover, ground-glass opacities (GGOs) have been reported among studies in the literature to be the most common findings as they remain the earliest among other diseases. The literature review also aims to invistagate whether GGOs can fade away or progress to consolidate in order to decide the prognosis of the disease and to identify the severity of cases. Consolidations have also been previously stated among studies in the literature as frequent pulmonary manifestations affecting patients with COVID-19 infections and are estimated to be present in 2-63% of patients with COVID-19 infections. Other pulmonary manifestations might also include bronchiectasis, lymphadenopathy, nodules, pleural effusion or thickening, and halo sign.
Systematic treatment and prevention of cardiac digoxin toxicity
Authors: Alshaer Omar Rezk , Binobaid Abdullah Obaid , Mofti Abdelelah Hesham , Sadagah Mohannad Mahmood , Olwi Khalid Mustafa , Alsulaiman Abdullah Saad , Zabidi Ahmed Hatem , Ghabashi Feras Ayman , Ibrahim Mohammad Abdullah , Bamberook Abdulaziz Mohammed , Jan Abdulla Abid
Published: July 2021

Digoxin has a narrow therapeutic index, such as complicated pharmacokinetics and dynamics.  Many drug interactions may occur when the administration of one drug alters the clinical effects of another. As a result, digoxin toxicity can be a common condition within clinical settings that might lead to the development of many morbidities and even mortality. Many studies were published to investigate the efficacy and safety of different management modalities to enhance the outcomes that follow digoxin administration. The aim of the study was to discuss the approaches to systematically treat and prevent the development of cardiac digoxin toxicity. The findings are based on evidence from previous studies in the literature. To be specific, Fab fragments are the most effective modalities that can be used to treat severe cases within ideal periods. However, evidence regarding their administration for asymptomatic or mild cases is still poor regarding the cost-efficacy and the development of serious adverse events. Physicians should primarily care for a better intervention as it is usually associated with a significantly more enhanced prognosis and clinical outcomes. Nevertheless, adequate monitoring of the patients and evaluation of their personal and medical history are important steps in the process, and further approaches are still needed. Also, detailed information about our intended outcomes is furtherly discussed within the manuscript.
Comparision of effectiveness of calcium hyroxide and MTA when used as an indirect pulp therapy (IPT) material- A clinical and radiological assessment
Authors: R Divyashree , Raj Kirthi
Published: July 2021

: The present study assessed and compared the success of an IPT procedure both clinically and radiographically when Dycal and MTA were used as an IPT material on primary molars.

Children aged 4-9 years were screened and those who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected. Accordingly fiftychildren were divided into 2 groups with 25 patient in each group. Cavity preparation was done and the two test materials (Dycal and MTA) were placed at the base in their respective groups and restored with RMGIC. Post-operative radiograph was taken for baseline data. Patients were assessed at Subsequent at 1 and 6 months both clinically and radiographically.

Both the test materials had formed a good biological seal, arrested further caries progression and did not cause any adverse pulpal reaction. However the amount of reparative dentin formed was highest in the Dycal group followed by MTA group.

Both the experimental materials Dycal and MTA showed reparative dentin formation at the end of 1 and 6 months and also formed a good biological seal and maintained vitality of the pulp which indicates both are good IPT material.
Management of calcified canal in the traumatised maxillary central incisor using magnification
Authors: Kumar Praveen , Mittal Neelam , Parashar Vijay , Kumar Tarun
Published: July 2021

The primary objective of root canal treatment is complete cleaning and shaping of all root canals so that microorganism and debris are removed from the root canal that result in hermetic seal of root canal space. The endodontic treatment of every tooth poses some endodontic challenges which have to be carefully managed by proper clinical and radiographic evaluation before treatment. The teeth with partial or complete obliteration of pulp canal results in endodontic challenge due to difficulty in negotiation of canal orifice. It is always important to take necessary precautions while locating canal orifice to apex, otherwise it will result in iatrogenic errors including perforation and separation of instrument. This present case describes the successful location and management of calcified canal in maxillary central incisor with proper knowledge of internal anatomy, thorough radiographic assessment and canal orifice locating instrument such as c+ files under microscope.
Sprawy Kościoła prawosławnego, kościołów ewangelickich i gmin wyznaniowych żydowskich w praktyce prawnej Prokuratorii Generalnej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w latach 1919-1939
Authors: Tkaczuk Marek
Published: July 2021

W lutym 1919 r. na mocy dekretu Tymczasowego Naczelnika Państwa Józefa Piłsudskiego utworzono Prokuratorię Generalną Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Sejm Ustawodawczy uchwaloną w lipcu 1919 r. ustawą utrzymał w ustroju państwa Prokuratorię i scentralizowany model ochrony interesów prawnych i majątkowych państwa. Sejm Ustawodawczy powierzył Prokuratorii także ochronę interesów majątkowych kościołów. Ochrona Prokuratorii przyjmowała postać pomocy prawnej w drodze zastępstwa prawnego lub czynności konsultacyjnych albo opiniodawczych. Ochrona Prokuratorii, traktowana przez kościoły jako forma nadzoru państwowego, została zniesiona w 1926 r. Agendę prowadzoną przez Prokuratorię po 1925 r. w kategorii określanej jako sprawy wyznaniowe wypełniały czynności zmierzające do ochrony interesów publicznych i majątkowych państwa w stosunkach z kościołami i innymi związkami religijnymi.
Stolica Apostolska a Państwo-Miasta Watykan. Kilka uwag o wspólnej podmiotowości prawnomiędzynarodowej
Authors: Łaski Piotr , Słotwińska Karolina
Published: July 2021

Status międzynarodowy Stolicy Apostolskiej i Państwa-Miasta Watykan po dziś dzień w sferze prawnomiędzynarodowej wywołuje wątpliwości. Spowodowane jest to faktem, że w analizowanym przypadku podmiotowość prawa międzynarodowego publicznego ma charakter szczególny przez wzgląd na brak wszystkich kluczowych atrybutów tej podmiotowości. W tekście zabrano głos w toczonej w doktrynie prawa międzynarodowego publicznego dyskusji starając się uwypuklić argumenty przemawiającym za uznaniem, że w tej sytuacji mamy do czynienia z jednym i tym samym podmiotem występującym na arenie międzynarodowej bądź to jako Stolica Apostolska bądź to jako Państwo-Miasta Watykan. Toteż, co starano się przedstawić, Stolica Apostolska nie jest czynnikiem zewnętrznym w stosunku do Watykanu, a z kolei znikomy obszar, nieliczna ludność nie pozwalają widzieć w jednostce geopolitycznej, jaką jest Państwo-Miasta Watykan, normalnego państwa w prawnomiędzynarodowym ujęciu, który stanowiłby odrębny od Stolicy Apostolskiej podmiot prawa.
Domniemania sądowe w procesach nullitatis matrimonii z tytułów symulacji zgody małżeńskiej w orzecznictwie Roty Rzymskiej
Authors: Góralski Wojciech
Published: July 2021

W procesie nullitatis matrimonii jednym z dowodów jest domniemanie (praesumptio). Obok domniemań prawnych (praesumpiones iuris) istnieją domniemania sędziowskie (praesumpiones hominis), wypracowane przez orzecznictwo Roty Rzymskiej.

Wiele domniemań sędziowskich Rota Rzymska przyjmuje w procesach prowadzonych z tytułów dotyczących symulacji zgody małżeńskiej (kan. 1101 § 2 KPK/83). Po przedstawieniu domniemań w sytuacji symulacji zgody małżeńskiej in genere, autor omawia domniemania sędziowskie dotyczące wykluczenia bonum fidei, bonum prolis, bonum sacramenti, godności sakramentalnej małżeństwa oraz bonum coniugum.

Domniemania sędziowskie spełniają w procesie o nieważność małżeństwa rolę pomocniczą, pomagając sędziemu w uzyskaniu pewności moralnej.
Odliczenie od dochodu darowizny na kościelną działalność charytatywno-opiekuńczą
Authors: Lasiński-Sulecki Krzysztof , Morawski Wojciech , Prejs Ewa
Published: July 2021

Autorzy artykułu poddają w nim analizie art. 55 ust. 7 ustawy z dnia 17 maja 1989 r. o stosunku Państwa do Kościoła Katolickiego w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, który stwarza podstawę prawną ulgi podatkowej polegającej na możliwości odliczenia od dochodu darowizny dokonanej na kościelną działalność charytatywno-opiekuńczą. Z powyższego odliczenia podatkowego może skorzystać darczyńca, który legitymuje się dwoma dokumentami otrzymanymi od obdarowanej kościelnej osoby prawnej, tj. pokwitowaniem odbioru darowizny oraz sprawozdaniem o przeznaczeniu darowizny na kościelną działalność charytatywno-opiekuńczą. Wykładnia omawianego przepisu budzi szereg wątpliwości w szczególności w zakresie, w jakim odnosi się on do obowiązku przedłożenia sprawozdania z wydatkowania darowizny przez kościelną osobę prawną, który warunkuje możliwość skorzystania z ulgi podatkowej polegającej na odliczeniu przekazanej na rzecz kościelnej osoby prawnej darowizny od podstawy opodatkowania w podatku dochodowym. Przyjmowana przez sądy administracyjne wykładnia rzeczonego przepisu, nie wydaje się prawidłowa. W ocenie autorów przepis budzi również wątpliwości natury konstytucyjnej.
The Crime of Offending Religious Feelings – Legal Analysis
Authors: Niedźwiecka Monika
Published: July 2021

Przestępstwo obrazy uczuć religijnych – analiza prawna

W artykule przedstawiono analizę prawną przestępstwa, o którym w art. 196 Kodeksu karnego. Ze względu na ograniczone ramy niniejszego opracowania Autor ogranicza swoje rozważania do analizy poglądów prawników i komentatorów dotyczących przedmiotu ochrony oraz materialnej i osobowej strony przestępstwa obrazy uczuć religijnych. Ponadto Autor wskazuje na brak ustawowej definicji pojęcia „uczucia religijne”, wykazując jednocześnie konsekwencje prawne takiego stanu rzeczy.

Autor postuluje, aby art. 196 Kodeksu karnego został zmieniony pod kątem analizowanego pojęcia, wskazując na potrzebę ustalenia prawnej definicji pojęcia „uczucia religijne” lub zastąpienia go pojęciem tak zdefiniowanym, aby wykluczyć swobodę interpretacji zakresu przedmiotu ochrony na podstawie art. 196 Kodeksu karnego.
An Overview of Three Dimensional (3D) Technologies in Forensic Odontology
Authors: Jani Gargi , Lavin Wenona Star , Ludhwani Suresh , Johnson Abraham
Published: July 2021

Three-dimensional (3D) modalities are frequently applied in forensic practice as it tends to give complete information of the evidence merely by touching which has resulted in increased usage in legal medicine and forensic sciences. A number of sub-disciplines of forensic science utilises 3D modalities in an inter-disciplinary manner viz. forensic anthropology, forensic archaeology, forensic odontology, crime-scene investigation, pattern analysis and recovery, courtroom visualisation and ballistic comparison. With appropriate knowledge and utilisation of 3D scanning, modelling and printing technologies, innovative approaches can be implemented for identification in forensic cases. Given that these technologies are evolving rapidly and changing the face of forensic science, the present article collates current developments, working and applications of non-contact scanning techniques, modeling and 3D printing techniques.
Effect of Dentures on Palatal Rugae: An Investigation
Authors: Akula Rajesh , Srinath H. P. , Maroli Sohani , Yarlagadda Siva Kiran Babu , Uday Kiran Tej D. , Srinath Tishia
Published: July 2021

Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the rugae pattern changes (rugae number, length, shape, direction, and unification) in completely edentulous patients treated with complete denture. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 subjects were selected for the study. The experimental group comprised 60 participants (30 males and 30 females) who had undergone complete denture treatment and the control group comprised 40 participants (20 males and 20 females) who were dentulous and patients with fixed partial denture treatment. Mucostatic maxillary alginate impressions were made for all the subjects, and casts were poured with gypsum. Patients were recalled at the regular intervals of 1, 6, and 18 months after the treatment. During those recalls, the same impression procedure was made, and all the palatal rugaes were observed for number, length, shape, direction, and unifications under magnifying lens. Changes in the palatal rugae were statistically analyzed using the unpaired t‑test. Results: A gradual decrease in the length was observed in primary, secondary, and fragmentary rugae for the experimental group after denture wearing (Group 1). Statistically, the change was significant (P < 0.001) in primary rugae only. A slight change in rugae shape was also observed in the experimental group after 18 months period of denture wearing which is statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Significant decrease in primary rugae length in complete denture wearers was due to sustained mechanical stress posed by the dentures on palatal rugae. The other parameters such as rugae number, direction, and unification remained constant throughout the study. Palatal rugae analysis may not be helpful for human identification in complete denture wearers. Nevertheless, palatal rugae may serve as an adjuvant to other techniques such as DNA analysis and finger prints in forensic investigations.
Oral Autopsy – Dental Surgeon’s Perspective
Authors: Rajkumari Sriraman
Published: July 2021

Background: Autopsy is routinely performed by the coroner in all medico-legal cases but the dental expertise is rarely sought. However, oral autopsy involving careful visual examination, imaging and laboratory methods can aid in solving the enigma associated with legal aspects of crime scene and death investigation. Aim: To illustrate the importance of oral autopsy during routine post-mortem examination. Data Sources: Pub-Med, Google Scholar search engines were used to extract the data. Conclusion: Oral autopsy performed as an adjuvant to regular autopsy procedure will definitely benefit in the legal investigation related to visually identifiable, decomposed, burnt or skeletonized corpse.
INTANGIBLE ASSETS IN THE POSTINDUSTRIAL ECONOMY: MYTHS AND REALITY
Authors: Romaniv R. , Romaniv S. , Shesternyak М.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to determine the role and the place of the intangible assets in the postindustrial economy. The points of view of different scientists about the formation and development of the postindustrial economy from the position of globalization have been checked and the main unsolved controversies, which are observed in the process of its development, have been analyzed. The faultiness of some theses, from the position of the critical analysis, about the influence of some intangible assets on the macro and micro-indicators of the postindustrial society in general and the separate enterprises, in particular, has been proved. Based on the statistic data of the countries’ economies of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) the thesis about fast effectiveness and financial feedback from the implementation of the intangible assets has been simplified. The complexity of the dimension of the financial feedback of the intangible assets is in that the results of their implementation into the production process in many cases has intangible character, which is not connected with the creation of the final product of consumption (creation of the organization capital, human capital, etc). R. Sollow’s paradox hypothesis as to information technologies has been proposed to be broadened by the on other types of intangible assets. The accountant legislature of different countries has been analyzed and it has been determined that the number in investments in the performance of the research and development (R&D) might influence the amount of the intangible assets in different ways. The results of the leading world corporations’ assets analysis, working in different areas, have been presented in the article. For this purpose, the structure of their balances for 2018 has been analyzed and it has been determined that intangible assets do not occupy the dominant part in the overall general assets.
Keywords: intangible assets, postindustrial economy, R&D, productivity, asset structure in the balance sheet.
JEL Classification M41, O33, O34
Formulas 0; fig.: 1; tabl.: 3; bibl.: 18.
FINANCING OF THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX IN THE CONTEXT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
Authors: Sodoma R. , Brukh O. , Shmatkovska T. , Vavdiiuk N. , Bilochenko A. , Kupyra М. , Berezhnytska G.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The situation on the market of bank crediting of agricultural enterprises is analysed. Have been identified the key reasons for the low efficiency of the current mechanism of lending by banks to the agro-industrial sector. The key shortcomings in the system of financing the enterprises of the agro-industrial complex are revealed. The investment attractiveness in Ukraine is considered and specified in the dynamics by regions. The volumes of financing the activity of agro-industrial enterprises in Ukraine by sources of income are analysed. It is proved that effective financing opens wide opportunities for the development of enterprises in the agricultural sector.
In the study general and specific economic methods, as well as a basic research approach, which allowed us to determine the economic nature of the financial sector and the scope of financing of agricultural enterprises are used. The financial instruments of the agricultural enterprise use of which will promote the achievement of the European standards are offered. Scientifically substantiated recommendations on the directions of application in Ukraine of the international experience of stimulation of the financial activity of subjects of the agro-industrial complex are entered. In developed countries, a rich arsenal of support tools is used to support financial activities in the agro-industrial complex. A list of the most common tools for such support used in developed countries is given. It is noted that the solution of problems of financial support for the development of the agro-industrial complex should be carried out on the basis of studying, generalizing, and taking into account the best international experience. The world experience of financing the agricultural sector of the economy and the peculiarities of the distribution of state subventions for the development of agricultural production are studied. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is represented by a set of theoretical and practical aspects of the study, namely proposals for the current state of lending to agriculture and recommendations for the use of new financial instruments in the context of the implementation of international experience.
Keywords: crediting, financial sector, agro-industrial complex, international experience.
JEL Classification Q14
Formulas: 0; fig.: 5; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 16.
INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE’S ECONOMY
Authors: Horbachenko S. , Syvolap L. , Nikitchenko S. , Revenko A. , Riabeka Ye.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The development of the world economy, despite the barriers, is quite dynamic. The drivers of growth and stabilization of national economies at present are not raw materials industries, nor even industrial enterprises, but companies that generate innovative products. The enterprises that are most dynamically developing and producing innovations include enterprises in the field of medicine and IT. The updated list of S&P 500 companies showed that 50% of all the most innovative companies in the world are registered in the United States. Despite the pandemic challenges, some economies have not suffered significant losses due to quarantine restrictions. Since the level of innovative development of the national economy is a total (integrated) expression of the whole complex of innovative products created by companies of such a country, the initial elements are the creation of favorable regulatory and state support for developers of innovative products, tax benefits and incentives, export support for innovative products and so on. In order to assess these achievements, international organizations have developed appropriate methods for measuring the index of innovation development, namely: Global Innovation Index (GII) (WIPO and Cornell University), Bloomberg Innovation Index (BII) (Bloomberg), Global Competitiveness Index (World Economic Forum), World Competitiveness Index (IMD World Competitiveness Center). Studies have shown that against the background of the flagship countries (Switzerland, Sweden, Singapore, USA, Germany, China, etc.), Ukraine is constantly losing its position in the rankings, which is an objective reason for deindustrialization of the economy and denationalization and privatization of strategic enterprises of national importance. Today, Ukraine ranks 45th (GII) and 56th (BII), respectively, and belongs to the group of countries with below-average incomes per capita. At the same time, Ukraine ranks 71st in terms of innovation spending and 37th in terms of innovation development (profit). The development of Ukraine’s innovation component, according to experts and specialists, is ahead of forecast values.
Keywords: national economy, innovations, innovative development, innovative products, innovative companies, indices of innovative development, gross national income per capita.
JEL Classification O30
Formulas: 0; fig.: 1; tabl.: 4; bibl.: 19.
UKRAINE’S GLOBAL STATUS AS AN INDICATOR OF ITS CURRENT PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Authors: Deyneka T. , Shkurupii O. , Pedchenko N. , Tul S. , Verhal K.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. It was ascertained that the global status of a country is determined by a set of its characteristics as an entity of international relations identifying the place it occupies among other countries over a certain historical period of time. The global status is defined as the relative position of countries in the system of international relations. The main factors that determine the global status of countries are economic development; achievements in science, technology and innovation; development of social spheres (health care, education, social protection); the outcome of distributing and exercising power within the state (domestic policy) as well as between states (foreign policy); the effectiveness of institutions; and governance efficiency in the field of environmental management. It is proved that the global status of countries depends primarily on how effectively each of its spheres functions in terms of the interests of society’s development. At the same time, it depends on the synergistic effect — the coordinated action of all components of the socio-natural system (aggregate endogenous factor) and the degree of the country inclusion in the system of modern international relations, which is largely due to globalisation (exogenous factor). It is stated that the country’s acquisition of a different global status compared to the previous one reflects the status dynamics. That means a change in the roles played by countries in the system of international relations, i.e. the process of transforming their behavior on the world stage. These starting points of the study of the place and role of individual countries in the modern globalized world became the basis for the analysis of Ukraine’s position (by areas of activity and in general). The global status of Ukraine is defined and interpreted through correlation with the criteria derived from the theory of world-system analysis. Based on these methodological principles, modern problems have been identified and the possibility of further development of Ukraine has been assessed.
Keywords: world economy, global status of countries, problems and contradictions of social development, socio-natural system, globalisation.
JEL Classification B41, F62, F63, F64, F68
Formulas: 0; fig.: 0; tabl.: 4; bibl.: 27.