bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of graphite oxide/polyurethane foam material and its removal application of malachite green from aqueous solution
Authors: Qin Jiao , Qiu Fengxian , Rong Xinshan , Zhao Hao , Yang Dongya , Wan Jintao
Published: May 2014

Synthetic dyes are commonly used in textile, paper, leather, food, plastic and cosmetic industries. In this study, a series of novel graphite oxide/polyurethane (GO/PU) polymeric foam materials were prepared by foaming technique. The GO/PU was applied to remove malachite green (MG) from aqueous solution. When static adsorption experiment was carried out with a GO content of 3.0%, a GO/PU dosage of 40 mg/mL, a temperature of 50°C, and a time of 3 h, the highest adsorption efficiency can reach 99.7%. The kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics of MG adsorption onto GO/PU polymeric foam material were investigated. The results indicated that adsorption behavior was found to follow closely the pseudo‐second order kinetics, equilibrium data were well fitted by Langmuir adsorption model and the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. Prepared GO/PU foam material has potential application for the wastewater treatment containing MG dye. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40988.
Trade Negotiations and Regional Economic Integration in the Pacific Islands Forum
Authors: Morgan Wesley
Published: May 2014

When the Pacific Islands Forum was established in 1971, regional economic integration was high on the policy agenda. Over the four decades since, a political commitment to regional integration has waxed and waned. This paper explores past and present prospects for economic cooperation through the lens of regional trade negotiations. Into the new millennium, Pacific governments lobbied World Trade Organisation (WTO) members to recognise their trade‐related challenges, and sought special treatment in trade negotiations with the EU and with Australia and New Zealand. Despite these efforts, current trade negotiations among all Forum members—to extend the Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations (PACER‐Plus)—look unlikely to result in unique measures intended to help Pacific states take advantage of international trade. In this context, consideration should be given to downscaling formal trade negotiations in favour of other regional trade policy initiatives.
Prevalence and Incidence of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Population‐Based Registry of American Indian and Alaska Native People, 2007–2009
Authors: Ferucci Elizabeth D. , Johnston Janet M. , Gaddy Jasmine R. , Sumner Lisa , Posever James O. , Choromanski Tammy L. , Gordon Caroline , Lim S. Sam , Helmick Charles G.
Published: May 2014

Objective

Few studies have investigated the epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in American Indian and Alaska Native populations. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and incidence of SLE in the Indian Health Service (IHS) active clinical population in 3 regions of the US.

Methods

For this population‐based registry within the IHS, the denominator consisted of individuals in the IHS active clinical population in 2007, 2008, and/or 2009 and residing in a community in 1 of 3 specified regions. Potential SLE cases were identified based on the presence of a diagnostic code for SLE or related disorder in the IHS National Data Warehouse. Detailed medical record abstraction was performed for each potential case. The primary case definition was documentation in the medical record of ≥4 of the revised American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification of SLE. Prevalence was calculated for 2007, and the mean annual incidence was calculated for the years 2007 through 2009.

Results

The age‐adjusted prevalence and incidence of SLE according to the primary definition were 178 per 100,000 person‐years (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 157–200) and 7.4 per 100,000 person‐years (95% CI 5.1–10.4). Among women, the age‐adjusted prevalence was 271, and the age‐adjusted incidence was 10.4. The prevalence was highest in women ages 50–59 years and in the Phoenix Area IHS.

Conclusion

The first population‐based lupus registry in the US American Indian and Alaska Native population has demonstrated that the prevalence and incidence of SLE are high. Our estimates are as high as or higher than the rates reported in the US black population.
Implication of Epstein‐Barr Virus Infection in Disease‐Specific Autoreactive B Cell Activation in Ectopic Lymphoid Structures of Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Croia Cristina , Astorri Elisa , Murray‐Brown William , Willis Amanda , Brokstad Karl A. , Sutcliffe Nurhan , Piper Kim , Jonsson Roland , Tappuni Anwar R. , Pitzalis Costantino , Bombardieri Michele
Published: May 2014

Objective

To examine whether the B cell tropic γ‐herpesvirus Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is aberrantly expressed in its latent and lytic forms within ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) in the salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and to investigate the relationship between EBV dysregulation, B cell activation, in situ differentiation of autoreactive plasma cells, disease‐specific autoantibody production, and cytotoxicity.

Methods

Latent and lytic EBV infection in the salivary glands of 28 patients with SS and 38 patients with nonspecific chronic sialadenitis (NSCS), characterized for the presence or absence of ELS, was investigated by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical/immunofluorescence staining. Glandular versus synovial production of anti−Ro 52, anti–citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs), and anti–EBV peptide antibodies was analyzed in situ or in vivo in human SS/SCID and human rheumatoid arthritis/SCID mouse chimeras.

Results

EBV dysregulation within inflammatory infiltrates was observed exclusively in ELS+ SS salivary gland tissue, as revealed by latent EBV infection and lytic EBV infection in B cells and plasma cells, respectively. Conversely, epithelial latent membrane protein 2A expression was observed in both patients with SS and patients with NSCS. Importantly, perifollicular plasma cells displaying Ro 52 immunoreactivity were frequently infected by EBV. Furthermore, ELS‐containing SS salivary gland tissue that was transplanted into SCID mice supported the production of anti–Ro 52/anti–La 48 and anti‐EBV antibodies but not ACPAs. Analysis of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell localization and granzyme B expression demonstrated that the persistence of EBV in ELS‐containing SS salivary glands was associated with follicular exclusion of CD8+ T cells and impaired CD8‐mediated cytotoxicity.

Conclusion

Active EBV infection is selectively associated with ELS in the salivary glands of patients with SS and appears to contribute to local growth and differentiation of disease‐specific autoreactive B cells.
‘In Some Eyes It's Still Oooh, Gloucester, Yeah Fred West’: Spatial Stigma and the Impact of a High‐profile Crime on Community Identity
Authors: Holt Amanda , Wilkins Chloe
Published: May 2014

The question of how crime impacts on others has generated a wealth of research over the past few decades. However, there is surprisingly little knowledge about how ‘high‐profile’ crimes impact on community members who live in a town that has become synonymous with the crime itself. This study involves interviews with community members who lived or worked in the town of Gloucester when the serial killings perpetrated by Fred and Rosemary West were discovered in 1994. An interpretative phenomenological analysis explores the lived experiences and meaning‐making processes engaged in by the participants. Findings highlight their attempts to make sense of a high‐profile case that stigmatised their own community and the practices of identity management that continue to operate some 20 years later. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bone‐marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation to treat diabetic nephropathy in tree shrews
Authors: Pan Xing‐Hua , Yang Xiao‐Yan , Yao Xiang , Sun Xiao‐Mei , Zhu Lu , Wang Jin‐Xiang , Pang Rong‐Qing , Cai Xue‐Min , Dai Jie‐Jie , Ruan Guang‐Ping
Published: May 2014

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes. We used a new DN model in tree shrews to validate the use of bone‐marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BM‐MSC) transplantation to treat DN. The DN tree shrew model was established by a high‐sugar and high‐fat diet and four injections of streptozotocin. 4',6‐Diamidino‐2‐phenylindole labelled BM‐MSCs were injected into tree shrews. The DN tree shrew model was successfully established. Blood glucose was significantly increased ( p < 0.01) during the entire experiment. DN tree shrews showed dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and increased 24‐h proteinuria. At 21 days after BM‐MSC transplantation, glucose and levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and 24‐h urine volume were lower than in tree shrews with DN alone ( p < 0.01) but were still higher than control values ( p < 0.01). Levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen as well as 24‐h proteinuria were lower for DN tree shrews with BM‐MSCs transplantation than DN alone ( p < 0.05). High‐sugar and high‐fat diet combined with STZ injection can induce a tree shrew model of DN. BM‐MSCs injection can home to damaged kidneys and pancreas, for reduced 24‐h proteinuria and improved insulin resistance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuregulin‐1 protects myocardial cells against H2O2‐induced apoptosis by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Xu Min , Wu Xuesi , Jie Bingzhang , Zhang Xiaoxia , Zhang Jinglan , Xin Yi , Guo Yongfang
Published: May 2014

Neuregulin‐1 (NRG‐1) is a stress‐mediated growth factor secreted by cardiovascular endothelial cells and provides the protection to myocardial cells, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This study aimed to demonstrate that NRG‐1 protects myocardial cells exposed to oxidative damage by regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (NRCMs) were isolated and treated with H2O2 as a cellular model of ER stress. NRCMs were pretreated with different concentrations of NRG‐1. We found that NRG‐1 increased the viability and reduced the apoptosis of NRCMs treated by H2O2. Moreover, NRG‐1 reduced lactate dehydrogenase level, increased superoxide dismutase activity and decreased malondialdehyde content in NRCMs treated by H2O2. Finally, we demonstrated that NRG‐1 alleviated ER stress and decreased CHOP and GRP78 protein levels in NRCMs treated by H2O2. Taken together, these data indicate that NRG‐1 relieves oxidative and ER stress in NRCMs and suggest that NRG‐1 is a promising agent for cardioprotection. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complete Decomposition of Formaldehyde at Room Temperature over a Platinum‐Decorated Hierarchically Porous Electrospun Titania Nanofiber Mat
Authors: Nie Longhui , Yu Jiaguo , Fu Junwei
Published: May 2014

To overcome the drawbacks of high air resistance and the need to be pressed into tablets or attached to other big‐block supports for powder catalysts in the application of air purification, a mat‐like hierarchically porous TiO2 nanofibers (TF) decorated with Pt nanoparticles (NPs) catalyst (Pt/TF) was synthesized by dipping the hierarchically porous TF mat fabricated by electrospinning into an H2PtCl6 solution followed by NaBH4 reduction. Such a mat‐like catalyst has a smaller air resistance than a powder catalyst because of its hierarchical macro‐/mesoporous structure and can be used directly in air‐purification systems because of its larger size. In addition, the as‐prepared Pt/TF catalyst showed enhanced catalytic activity compared to a Pt‐NP‐decorated commercial TiO2 (P25) catalyst in the decomposition of formaldehyde at room temperature because of its accessible Pt NPs and hierarchical porous structure that facilitates the diffusion of reactants and products. This work will provide some new insights into the design and fabrication of advanced catalysts for indoor air purification.
Electrochemical Properties of Spinel Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles with Sodium Alginate as Interactive Binder
Authors: Mitra Sagar , Veluri Pavan S. , Chakraborthy Antara , Petla Ramesh K.
Published: May 2014

We introduce a process of making high‐capacity and rate‐capable metal‐ferrite‐based conversion anodes for lithium‐ion batteries. Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) exhibits a discharge capacity that is two‐times higher compared to the state‐of‐the‐art graphite anode, but at the same time it shows high volume change (ca. 95 %) during conversion reaction with lithium in an electrochemical environment. This large volume expansion is responsible for the particle–particle and conductive‐carbon particles–active materials detachment, which leads to cyclic instability during subsequent cycles. As observed in our earlier work, any kind of weak or strong chemical interaction between active materials and binder is necessary to achieve excellent electrochemical performance in case of conversion or alloying reactions. To compare the electrochemical activity of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles against lithium, we use conventional polyvinylidene fluoride and sodium alginate binder to fabricate electrodes. Fourier‐transform infrared measurements reveal weak hydrogen‐bond formation between surface OH groups of CoFe2O4 and COOH groups of the alginate binder. Indentation tests further confirm the increased hardness of the alginate/CoFe2O4‐based electrode films. CoFe2O4–alginate–carbon anode exhibits a high specific capacity of 890 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C rate (91.4 mA g−1) after 50 charge–discharge cycles. Even at high rate cycling with current densities such as 18280 mA g−1 (20 C), the same electrode material exhibits a specific capacity of 470 mAh g−1, which is much higher than that of conventional graphite anode at the same electrochemical conditions.
Imidazolium 2‐Substituted 4,5‐Dicyanoimidazolate Ionic Liquids: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Structure–Thermal Property Relationships
Authors: Mondal Suvendu Sekhar , Müller Holger , Junginger Matthias , Kelling Alexandra , Schilde Uwe , Strehmel Veronika , Holdt Hans‐Jürgen
Published: May 2014

Thirty six novel ionic liquids (ILs) with 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium and 3‐methyl‐1‐octylimidazolium cations paired with 2‐substitited 4,5‐dicyanoimidazolate anions (substituent at C2=chloro, bromo, methoxy, vinyl, amino, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl and phenyl) have been synthesized and characterized by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. The effects of cation and anion type and structure on the thermal properties of the resulting ionic liquids, including several room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are examined and discussed. ILs exhibited large liquid and crystallization ranges and formed glasses on cooling with glass transition temperatures in the range of −22 to −68 °C. The effects of alkyl substituents of the imidazolate anion reflected the crystallization, melting points and thermal decomposition of the ILs. The Coulombic packing force, van der Waals forces and size of the anions can be considered for altering the thermal transitions. Three crystal structures of the ILs were determined and the effects of changes to the cations and anions on the packing of the structure were investigated.
Visible‐Light‐Driven, Tunable, Photoelectrochemical Performance of a Series of Metal‐Chelate, Dye‐Organized, Crystalline, CdS Nanoclusters
Authors: Liu Yang , Lin Qipu , Zhang Qichun , Bu Xianhui , Feng Pingyun
Published: May 2014

CdS nanoclusters of four different sizes were integrated with ruthenium‐complex dyes. The cluster–dye crystalline composites, [Cd4(SPh)10][Ru(bpy)3], [Cd8S(SPh)16][Ru(bpy)3], [Cd8S(SPh)13⋅Cl⋅(CH3OCS2)2][Ru(phen)3], [Cd17S4(SPh)28][Ru(bpy)3], and [Cd32S14(SPh)40][Ru(phen)3]2 (phen=1,10‐phenanthroline and bpy=bipyridine), show intense absorption in the visible‐light region. They also exhibit size‐dependent photocurrent responses under the illumination of visible light. The photocurrent increases with increased cluster size. The dyes also have significant influence on the photocurrent generation of the composite.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Reductive Cross‐Coupling of Csp2Csp3 Bond Formation
Authors: Liu Hui , Wei Jianpeng , Qiao Zongjun , Fu Yana , Jiang Xuefeng
Published: May 2014

A Pd‐catalyzed efficient reductive cross‐coupling reaction without metallic reductant to construct a Csp2Csp3 bond has been reported. A PdIV complex was proposed to be a key intermediate, which subsequently went through double oxidative addition and double reductive elimination to produce the cross‐coupling products by involving Pd0/II/IV in one transformation. The oxidative addition from PdII to PdIV was partially demonstrated to be a radical process by self‐oxidation of substrate without additional oxidants. Furthermore, the solvent was proved to be the reductant for this transformation through XPS analysis.
In vivo evaluation of the dopaminergic neurotransmission system using [123I]FP‐CIT SPECT in 6‐OHDA lesioned rats
Authors: Niñerola‐Baizán Aida , Rojas Santiago , Bonastre Mercè , Tudela Raúl , Lomeña Francisco , Pavía Javier , Marin Concepció , Ros Domènec
Published: May 2014

The 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) rodent model of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been used to evaluate the nigrostriatal pathway. The aim of this work was to explore the relationship between the degree of 6‐OHDA‐induced dopaminergic degeneration and [123I]FP‐CIT binding using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Fourteen rats received a 6‐OHDA injection (4 or 8 µg) into the left medial forebrain bundle. After 3 weeks, magnetic resonance imaging and scans with a small‐animal SPECT system were performed. Finally, the nigrostriatal lesion was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed two levels of dopaminergic degeneration. Lesions induced by 6‐OHDA diminished the ipsilateral [123I]FP‐CIT binding by 61 and 76%, respectively. The decrease in tracer uptake between control and lesioned animals was statistically significant, as was the difference between the two 6‐OHDA lesioned groups. Results concluded that [123I]FP‐CIT SPECT is a useful technique to discriminate the degree of dopaminergic degeneration in a rat model of PD. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symptom burden among young adults with breast or colorectal cancer
Authors: Sanford Stacy D. , Zhao Fengmin , Salsman John M. , Chang Victor T. , Wagner Lynne I. , Fisch Michael J.
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND

Cancer incidence has increased among young adults (YAs) and survival rates have not improved compared with other age groups. Patient‐reported outcomes may enhance our understanding of this vulnerable population.

METHODS

In a multisite prospective study, patients completed a cancer symptom inventory at the time of enrollment (T1) and 4 weeks to 5 weeks later (T2). YAs (those aged ≤ 39 years) with breast or colorectal cancer were compared with older adults (those aged ≥ 40 years) with breast or colorectal cancer with regard to symptom severity, symptom interference, changes over time, and medical care.

RESULTS

Participants included 1544 patients with breast cancer (96 of whom were YAs) and 718 patients with colorectal cancer (37 of whom were YAs). Compared with older adults, YAs with breast cancer were more likely to report moderate/severe drowsiness, hair loss, and symptom interference with relationships at T1. YAs with colorectal cancer were more likely to report moderate/severe pain, fatigue, nausea, distress, drowsiness, shortness of breath, and rash plus interference in general activity, mood, work, relationships, and life enjoyment compared with older adults. Compared with older adults, shortness of breath, appetite, and sore mouth were more likely to improve in YAs with breast cancer; vomiting was less likely to improve in YAs with colorectal cancer. Referrals for supportive care were few, especially among patients with colorectal cancer. YAs with breast cancer were somewhat more likely to be referred to nutrition and psychiatry services than older patients.

CONCLUSIONS

YAs reported symptom severity, symptom interference, and variations over time that were distinct from older patients. Distinctions were found to differ by diagnostic group. These findings enhance the understanding of symptom burden in YAs and inform the development of targeted interventions and future research. Cancer 2014;120:2255–2263. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Breast cancer detection among young survivors of pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma with screening magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Tieu Minh Thi , Cigsar Candemir , Ahmed Sameera , Ng Andrea , Diller Lisa , Millar B.‐A. , Crystal Pavel , Hodgson David C.
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND

Female survivors of pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) who have received chest radiotherapy are at increased risk of breast cancer. Guidelines for early breast cancer screening among these survivors are based on little data regarding clinical outcomes. This study reports outcomes of breast cancer screening with MRI and mammography (MMG) after childhood HL.

METHODS

We evaluated the results of breast MRI and MMG screening among 96 female survivors of childhood HL treated with chest radiotherapy. Outcomes measured included imaging sensitivity and specificity, breast cancer characteristics, and incidence of additional imaging and breast biopsy.

RESULTS

Median age at first screening was 30 years, and the median number of MRI screening rounds was 3. Ten breast cancers were detected in 9 women at a median age of 39 years (range, 24‐43 years). Half were invasive and half were preinvasive. The median size of invasive tumors was 8 mm (range, 3‐15 mm), and none had lymph node involvement. Sensitivity and specificity of the screening modalities were as follows: for MRI alone, 80% and 93.5%, respectively; MMG alone, 70% and 95%, respectively; both modalities combined, 100% and 88.6%, respectively. All invasive tumors were detected by MRI. Additional investigations were required in 52 patients, (54%), and 26 patients (27%) required breast biopsy, with 10 patients requiring more than 1 biopsy.

CONCLUSIONS

Screening including breast MRI with MMG has high sensitivity and specificity in pediatric HL survivors, with breast cancers detected at an early stage, although it is associated with a substantial rate of additional investigations. Cancer 2014;120:2507–2513. © 2014 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.
Programmed cell death 4 and microRNA 21 inverse expression is maintained in cells and exosomes from ovarian serous carcinoma effusions
Authors: Cappellesso Rocco , Tinazzi Andrea , Giurici Thomas , Simonato Francesca , Guzzardo Vincenza , Ventura Laura , Crescenzi Marika , Chiarelli Silvia , Fassina Ambrogio
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND

Ovarian serous carcinoma (OSC) is a fatal gynecologic malignancy usually presenting with bilateral localization and malignant peritoneal effusion. Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is a tumor suppressor gene whose expression is directly controlled by microRNA‐21 (miR‐21). Exosomes are small cell‐derived vesicles that participate in intercellular communication, delivering their cargo of molecules to specific cells. Exosomes are involved in several physiological and pathological processes including oncogenesis, immunomodulation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The current study analyzed the expression of PDCD4 and miR‐21 in resected OSC specimens and in cells and exosomes from OSC peritoneal effusions.

METHODS

PDCD4 was immunohistochemically examined in 14 normal ovaries, 14 serous cystadenoma (CA), and 14 OSC cases. Quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis of PDCD4 and miR‐21 expression was performed in CA and OSC cases and in cells and exosomes obtained from 10 OSC and 10 nonneoplastic peritoneal effusions. miR‐21 was also evaluated by in situ hybridization.

RESULTS

Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a gradual PDCD4 loss from normal ovaries to CA and OSC specimens. Quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction displayed higher PDCD4 messenger RNA levels in CA specimens compared with OSC cases and highlighted miR‐21 overexpression in OSC specimens. In situ hybridization detected miR‐21 only in OSC cells. This PDCD4 and miR‐21 inverse expression was also noted in cells and exosomes from OSC peritoneal effusions compared with nonneoplastic effusions.

CONCLUSIONS

PDCD4 and miR‐21 are involved in OSC oncogenesis. The transfer of miR‐21 by exosomes could promote oncogenic transformation in target cells distant from the primary tumor without direct colonization by cancer cells and could be used as a diagnostic tool. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:685–693. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Interference of flavonoids with fluorescent intracellular probes: Methodological implications in the evaluation of the oxidative burst by flow cytometry
Authors: Peluso Ilaria , Manafikhi Husseen , Reggi Raffaella , Palmery Maura
Published: May 2014

The evaluation of oxidative burst is particularly relevant in many pathological and subclinical conditions. Flow cytometry provides quick and accurate measures of the reactive oxygen species production by leukocytes in most situations. However, spurious results, related to probes' efflux may be observed in several instances. Many factors affect the evaluation of the oxidative burst with fluorescent probes that require intracellular deacetylation and could be substrate of the multidrug resistance proteins (MDR). After discussing the implications of the efflux of fluorophores in the normalization strategies in flow cytometry assays, we have pointed out the possible interference of flavonoids with fluorescet probes' staining and signal. We have also reviewed the results from human intervention studies regarding the evaluation of oxidative burst with these probes. In vitro, at concentrations close to post‐ingestion circulating levels, some flavonoids and their metabolites could interfere with probes' staining and fluorescence signal through different mechanisms, such as the inhibition of esterases, the modulation of the MDR‐mediate efflux of probe and the inhibition of the oxidation of probe. These effects may explain the contrasting results obtained by human intervention studies. Finally, also inflammatory state or the use of drugs substrate of MDR proteins could affect the evaluation of the oxidative burst with intracellular probes. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Experimental evidence for the immediate impact of fertilization and irrigation upon the plant and invertebrate communities of mountain grasslands
Authors: Andrey Aline , Humbert Jean‐Yves , Pernollet Claire , Arlettaz Raphaël
Published: May 2014

The response of montane and subalpine hay meadow plant and arthropod communities to the application of liquid manure and aerial irrigation – two novel, rapidly spreading management practices – remains poorly understood, which hampers the formulation of best practice management recommendations for both hay production and biodiversity preservation. In these nutrient‐poor mountain grasslands, a moderate management regime could enhance overall conditions for biodiversity. This study experimentally assessed, at the site scale, among low‐input montane and subalpine meadows, the short‐term effects (1 year) of a moderate intensification (slurry fertilization: 26.7–53.3 kg N·ha−1·year−1; irrigation with sprinklers: 20 mm·week−1; singly or combined together) on plant species richness, vegetation structure, hay production, and arthropod abundance and biomass in the inner European Alps (Valais, SW Switzerland). Results show that (1) montane and subalpine hay meadow ecological communities respond very rapidly to an intensification of management practices; (2) on a short‐term basis, a moderate intensification of very low‐input hay meadows has positive effects on plant species richness, vegetation structure, hay production, and arthropod abundance and biomass; (3) vegetation structure is likely to be the key factor limiting arthropod abundance and biomass. Our ongoing experiments will in the longer term identify which level of management intensity achieves an optimal balance between biodiversity and hay production.
Associations among hydrologic classifications and fish traits to support environmental flow standards
Authors: McManamay Ryan A. , Bevelhimer Mark S. , Frimpong Emmanuel A.
Published: May 2014

Classification systems are valuable to ecological management in that they organize information into consolidated units thereby providing efficient means to achieve conservation objectives. Of the many ways classifications benefit management, hypothesis generation has been discussed as the most important. However, in order to provide templates for developing and testing ecologically relevant hypotheses, classifications created using environmental variables must be linked to ecological patterns. Herein, we develop associations between a recent US hydrologic classification and fish traits in order to form a template for generating flow–ecology hypotheses and supporting environmental flow standard development. Tradeoffs in adaptive strategies for fish were observed across a spectrum of stable, perennial flow to unstable intermittent flow. In accordance with theory, periodic strategists were associated with stable, predictable flow, whereas opportunistic strategists were more affiliated with intermittent, variable flows. We developed linkages between the uniqueness of hydrologic character and ecological distinction among classes, which may translate into predictions between losses in hydrologic uniqueness and ecological community response. Comparisons of classification strength between hydrologic classifications and other frameworks suggested that spatially contiguous classifications with higher regionalization will tend to explain more variation in ecological patterns. Despite explaining less ecological variation than other frameworks, we contend that hydrologic classifications are still useful because they provide a conceptual linkage between hydrologic variation and ecological communities to support flow–ecology relationships. Mechanistic associations among fish traits and hydrologic classes support the presumption that environmental flow standards should be developed uniquely for stream classes and ecological communities, therein. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Silver(I)‐Catalyzed Route to Pyrroles: Synthesis of Halogenated Pseudilins as Allosteric Inhibitors for Myosin ATPase and X‐ray Crystal Structures of the Protein–Inhibitor Complexes
Authors: Martin René , Risacher Célia , Barthel André , Jäger Anne , Schmidt Arndt W. , Richter Sabine , Böhl Markus , Preller Matthias , Chinthalapudi Krishna , Manstein Dietmar J. , Gutzeit Herwig O. , Knölker Hans‐Joachim
Published: May 2014

The pentahalogenated 2‐arylpyrrole‐type alkaloids pentabromopseudilin and pentachloropseudilin represent a new class of isoform‐specific allosteric inhibitors of myosin ATPase. Herein, we describe an application of the silver(I)‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of N‐(homopropargyl)toluenesulfonamides to the total syntheses of these natural products and several non‐natural analogues. Moreover, we examine the inhibitiory effect of pentahalogenated pseudilins on myosin ATPase activity.
Formal C–H‐Azidation – Based Shortcut to Diazido Building Blocks for the Versatile Preparation of Photoaffinity Labeling Probes
Authors: Yoshida Suguru , Misawa Yoshihiro , Hosoya Takamitsu
Published: May 2014

Short synthetic routes to diazido building blocks with different connectable groups were established on the basis of the sequential iridium‐catalyzed C–H borylation and copper‐catalyzed azidation of 1,3‐disubstituted benzenes, followed by diverse azido‐friendly functional‐group transformations. These building blocks facilitate the rapid development of effective diazido photoaffinity labeling probes that are useful for the identification of unknown target biomolecules of bioactive compounds.
A new technique for the rapid characterization of catalysts: Tandem micro‐reactor–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Watanabe Chu , Ramus Terry , Meijboom Reinout , Freeman Bob
Published: May 2014

The design of a tandem micro‐reactor is discussed. A tandem micro‐reactor, consists of two reactors (upper and lower), which are individually temperature‐controlled. The upper reactor (1st reactor) is used to preheat a gas, vaporize a liquid, or thermally decompose (i.e., pyrolyze) organic solids in order to form a vapor phase sample. The catalyst reaction tube is packed with a catalyst and placed in the lower reactor (2nd reactor). Vapors from the 1st reactor flow into the reaction tube in the lower reactor, where they react with the catalyst. A mass flow controller allows selection of one to three reactant gases that can be introduced to the sample vapors exiting the upper reactor prior to entering the lower reactor containing the catalyst bed. The reaction products exiting the lower reactor flow directly into the gas chromatograph for analysis. The catalyst is evaluated by noting what compounds are formed and their relative distribution using mass spectrometer detection. The transformation of cellulose, glycerol, and Jatropha “press cake” illustrate the value and convenience of using the tandem micro reactor to rapidly characterize a catalyst or a series of catalysts. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 688–692, 2014
Monitoring CO2 sequestration into deep saline aquifer and associated salt intrusion using coupled multiphase flow modeling and time‐lapse electrical resistivity tomography
Authors: Lu Chuan , Zhang Chi , Hunag Hai , Johnson Timothy C.
Published: May 2014

Successful geological storage and sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) require efficient monitoring of the migration of CO2 plume during and after large‐scale injection in order to verify the containment of the injected CO2 within the target formation and to evaluate potential leakage risk. Field studies have shown that surface and cross‐borehole electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) can be a useful tool in imaging and characterizing solute transport in heterogeneous subsurface. In this synthetic study, we have coupled a 3‐D multiphase flow model with a parallel 3‐D time‐lapse ERT inversion code to explore the feasibility of using time‐lapse ERT for simultaneously monitoring the migration of CO2 plume in deep saline formation and potential brine intrusion into shallow fresh water aquifer. Direct comparisons of the inverted CO2 plumes resulting from ERT with multiphase flow simulation results indicate the ERT could be used to delineate the migration of CO2 plume. Detailed comparisons on the locations, sizes and shapes of CO2 plume and intruded brine plumes suggest that ERT inversion tends to underestimate the area review of the CO2 plume, but overestimate the thickness and total volume of the CO2 plume. The total volume of intruded brine plumes is overestimated as well. However, all discrepancies remain within reasonable ranges. Our study suggests that time‐lapse ERT is a useful monitoring tool in characterizing the movement of injected CO2 into deep saline aquifer and detecting potential brine intrusion under large‐scale field injection conditions.
RARE SHOCKS, GREAT RECESSIONS
Authors: Cúrdia Vasco , Del Negro Marco , Greenwald Daniel L.
Published: May 2014

We estimate a DSGE (dynamic stochastic general equilibrium) model where rare large shocks can occur, by replacing the commonly used Gaussian assumption with a Student's t‐distribution. Results from the Smets and Wouters (American Economic Review 2007; 97: 586–606) model estimated on the usual set of macroeconomic time series over the 1964–2011 period indicate that (i) the Student's t specification is strongly favored by the data even when we allow for low‐frequency variation in the volatility of the shocks, and (ii)) the estimated degrees of freedom are quite low for several shocks that drive US business cycles, implying an important role for rare large shocks. This result holds even if we exclude the Great Recession period from the sample. We also show that inference about low‐frequency changes in volatility—and, in particular, inference about the magnitude of Great Moderation—is different once we allow for fat tails. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of fat accumulation in the liver on hemodynamic variables assessed by doppler ultrasonography
Authors: Topal Naile Bolca , Orcan Serap , Sığırlı Deniz , Orcan Gökhan , Eritmen Ülkü
Published: May 2014

Purpose

To investigate the effect of various degrees of fatty liver infiltration on hepatic hemodynamics using Doppler ultrasonography.

Methods

We included 40 patients with hepatic steatosis and 20 healthy volunteers. Hepatic steatosis was quantified by a chemical shift MRI. Hepatic artery peak systolic and end‐diastolic velocity, resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI), hepatic vein RI and PI, portal vein RI, PI, congestion index, and peak maximum velocity were evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography. The hepatic vein waveforms were classified as triphasic, biphasic, or monophasic. Kruskal‐Wallis test was performed for comparing more than two groups. If significant differences were found, Mann‐Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction was performed for pair‐wise comparisons. Pearson &gch;2 and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare categorical variables.

Results

According to MRI, 15 patients had mild, 14 patients had moderate, and 11 patients had severe fatty infiltration. Portal vein peak maximum velocity was median: 19.8 (range 12–33.3), 21.1 (8–41.8), 16.6 (10.6–24.9), and 29.2 (14.1–40.4) cm/s. Congestion index was 0.05 (0.02–0.16), 0.07 (0.01–0.17), 0.11 (0.06–0.24), and 0.05 (0.02–0.16). Hepatic artery RI was 0.75 (0.56–1.00), 0.66 (0.52–0.87), 0.83 (0.38–1.00), and 0.76 (0.48–2.76), and PI was 1.83 (0.90–3.13), 1.38 (1.04–2.63), 1.97 (0.86–2.90), and 1.82 (0.70–2.90) (p = .046 and p = .036) in the mild, moderate, severe steatosis, and control groups, respectively. The rate of triphasic hepatic vein waveforms was higher in controls than in patients with severe steatosis.

Conclusions

Portal vein flow velocity decreases in severe hepatic steatosis when compared with controls. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 43:26–33, 2015
Sonographic findings and perinatal outcome of multiple pregnancies associating a complete hydatiform mole and a live fetus: A case series
Authors: Kutuk Mehmet Serdar , Ozgun Mahmut Tuncay , Dolanbay Mehmet , Batukan Cem , Uludag Semih , Basbug Mustafa
Published: May 2014

Background

The aim of this case series was to present the ultrasonographic findings, clinical features, management, and outcome of multiple pregnancies with complete hydatidiform mole and coexisting fetus (CHMCF).

Methods

Sonographic features and obstetrical and perinatal outcomes of seven cases with CHMCF were analyzed retrospectively.

Results

A total of seven cases was included in the analysis. Six cases were twins and one case was quadruplet. The mean ± SD maternal age was 25.3 ± 1.9 years (median: 25; range: 23–29). The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 16.1 ± 4.6 weeks (median: 17; range: 11–23). Two pregnancies were achieved by ovulation induction. Two couples opted for pregnancy termination. Four pregnancies resulted in fetal loss between the 11th and 23th week of gestation. One pregnancy ended with the preterm delivery of a live‐born neonate at 34 weeks due to pre‐eclampsia. One patient developed persistent trophoblastic disease, which was treated by hysterectomy. The mean ± SD time for β‐human chorionic gonadotropin clearance was 3.7 ± 0.5 weeks (median: 4; range: 3–4) in the six patients without persistent trophoblastic disease.

Conclusions

Spontaneous fetal loss is the most likely outcome for CHMCF. However, on the basis of our experience, we recommend carefully monitored continuation of pregnancy as long as maternal complications are not present or are controllable. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:465–471, 2014
Improvement of Thematic Classification in Offender Profiling: Classifying Serbian Homicides Using Multiple Correspondence, Cluster, and Discriminant Function Analyses
Authors: Goodwill Alasdair M. , Allen Jared C. , Kolarevic Dag
Published: May 2014

This paper investigates thematic classification of homicides for the purpose of behavioural investigative analysis (e.g. offender profiling). Previous research has predominantly used smallest space analysis (SSA) to conceptualise and classify offences into thematic groups based on crime scene behaviour data. This paper introduces a combined approach utilising multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), cluster analysis (CA), and discriminant function analysis (DFA) to define and differentiate crime scenes into expressive or instrumental and impersonal or personal crimes. MCA is used to derive the latent structural dimensions in the crime data and produce quantitative scores for each offence along these dimensions. Two‐step CA was then utilised to classify offences. Offence dimensional scores were then used to predict cluster membership under DFA, producing cluster centroids corresponding to MCA dimensions. Centroids were plotted on the MCA correspondence map to simultaneously conceptualise crime classification and the latent structure of the Serbian crime data. Classification of offences based on MCA dimensional scores were 91.5% accurate. This MCA–CA–DFA approach may reduce some of the more subjective aspects of SSA methodology used in classification, whilst producing a product more amenable to objective and cumulative review. Implications for offender profiling research utilising SSA and this approach are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Class‐modeling approach to PTR‐TOFMS data: a peppers case study
Authors: Taiti Cosimo , Costa Corrado , Menesatti Paolo , Comparini Diego , Bazihizina Nadia , Azzarello Elisa , Masi Elisa , Mancuso Stefano
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND

Proton transfer reaction–mass spectrometry (PTR‐MS), in its recently developed implementation based on time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (PTR‐TOFMS), was used to rapidly determine the volatile compounds present in fruits of Capsicum spp.

RESULTS

We analyzed the volatile organic compounds emission profile of freshly cut chili peppers belonging to three species and 33 different cultivars. PTR‐TOFMS data, analyzed with appropriate and advanced multivariate class‐modeling approaches, perfectly discriminated among the three species (100% correct classification in validation set). VIP (variable importance in projection) scores were used to select the 15 most important volatile compounds in discriminating the species. The best candidates for Capsicum spp. were compounds with measured m/z of 63.027, 101.096 and 107.050, which were, respectively, tentatively identified as dimethyl sulfide, hexanal and benzaldehyde.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the promising results, the possibility of introducing multivariate class‐modeling techniques, different from the classification approaches, in the field of volatile compounds analyses is discussed. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Principle and validation of digital driving for active matrix organic light emitting diodes displays
Authors: Volkert Pascal , Xu Chihao
Published: May 2014

The feasibility of digital driving has been investigated, which may be an enabling technology for low‐cost, power‐efficient and high‐quality active matrix organic light emitting diodes displays (AMOLED displays). The theoretical requirements therefore are analyzed. Methods for avoiding imaging artifacts are proposed. Results based on two prototypes are presented showing that digital drive is feasible for state‐of‐the‐art manufacturing technology with comparable image quality to analog‐driven AMOLED displays but at lower power consumption and lower production cost.
Free‐Radical Polymerization with Long‐Chain Branching and Scission: Markovian Solution of the Weight‐Average Molecular Weight
Authors: Tobita Hidetaka
Published: May 2014

Analytic solution for the weight‐average chain length in a matrix formula, , is derived for free‐radical polymerization with simultaneous long‐chain branching and scission. Illustrative calculations are conducted for a batch polymerization. With bimolecular termination by combination, gelation could be observed. Assuming the same polymerization kinetics for branching and scission in the post‐gel period, the formed gel molecule could be degenerated into sol molecules again, i.e., degelation might occur. Both the gelation and degelation points are defined as the point when the largest eigenvalue of M is unity. The matrix formula is suitable to determine accurate values, while the Monte‐Carlo simulation can give much more detailed information. These two approaches are nicely complementary.
The Gap Between the Physiological and Therapeutic Roles of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Galderisi Umberto , Giordano Antonio
Published: May 2014

Several investigators have cultivated marrow stromal cells and have identified a population of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These cells expand extensively in vitro and exhibit multilineage differentiation potential. The lack of MSC‐specific markers impedes identification of MSC functions. Further in vivo studies of these cells may elucidate the nature of MSCs.

Although the nature of MSCs remains unclear, nonclonal stromal cultures are used as a source of putative MSCs for therapeutic purposes. Preclinical studies and clinical trials assumed that transplanted MSCs exert their effects through their differentiation properties or through the release of molecules that restore tissue functions and modulate immune cells. These studies reported contradictory results and failed to meet expectations. Thus, it is important to note that current protocols for MSC therapy are primarily based on the use of in vitro expanded nonclonal MSCs.

Clearly defining the physiological features of in situ MSCs and the in vitro and in vivo properties of nonclonal cultures of stromal cells, which are often misidentified as pure stem cell cultures, may explain the reported failures of MSC therapy. This review will address these issues.
Insights into the association of Gla‐rich protein and osteoarthritis, novel splice variants and γ‐carboxylation status
Authors: Rafael Marta S. , Cavaco Sofia , Viegas Carla S. B. , Santos Sofia , Ramos Acácio , Willems Brecht A. G. , Herfs Marjolein , Theuwissen Elke , Vermeer Cees , Simes Dina C.
Published: May 2014

Scope

Gla‐rich protein (GRP) is a vitamin K dependent protein, characterized by a high density of γ‐carboxylated Glu residues, shown to accumulate in mouse and sturgeon cartilage and at sites of skin and vascular calcification in humans. Therefore, we investigated the involvement of GRP in pathological calcification in osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods and results

Comparative analysis of GRP patterning at transcriptional and translational levels was performed between controls and OA patients. Using a RT‐PCR strategy we unveiled two novel splice variants in human—GRP‐F5 and F6—potentially characterized by the loss of full γ‐carboxylation and secretion functional motifs. GRP‐F1 is shown to be the predominant splice variant expressed in mouse and human adult tissues, particularly in OA cartilage, while an overexpressing human cell model points it as the major γ‐carboxylated isoform. Using validated conformational antibodies detecting carboxylated or undercarboxylated GRP (c/uc GRP), we have demonstrated cGRP accumulation in controls, whereas ucGRP was the predominant form in OA‐affected tissues, colocalizing at sites of ectopic calcification.

Conclusion

Overall, our results indicate the predominance of GRP‐F1, and a clear association of ucGRP with OA cartilage and synovial membrane. Levels of vitamin K should be further assessed in these patients to determine its potential therapeutic use as a supplement in OA treatment.