bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
History of the union of the Knights’ associations Dusan Silni
Authors: Nedeljkovic Sasa
Published: June 2012

Dr Vladan Djordjevic was one of the gymnasts who took part Stevan
Todorovic?s. Studying medicine in Vienna, he understood how much Jahn?s
movement of physical exercise (Turners) contributed to Germany. He believed
that Serbia, too, should start with the systematic physical exercise. He
founded The Belgrade Association for Gymnastics and Fighting. Following the
suggestion of Vojislav Rasic, at the assembly held in 1891 the Belgrade
Association for Gymnastics and Fighting changed its name into The Belgrade
Gymnastics Association Soko (Falcon). Part of the members, headed by the
lawyer Jovan Stojanovic, left the Association and in 1982 founded The Civil
Gymnastics Association Dusan Silni (Dusan the Mighty), Such associations were
founded in Serbia and in the Serbian regions outside Serbia. Sub-committee of
The Serbian Educational and Cultural Association Prosvjeta in Mostar in 1903
founded The Serbian Gymnastics Association Obilic. Activists gathered around
Srpska Zora (Serbian Dawn) in 1907 founded The Serbian Gymnastics Association
Dusan Silni in Dubrovnik. After the Annexation crisis, The Union of the
Knights? Associations Dusan Silni and The Union of the Serbian Soko
Associations united on November 8, 1909 into The Union of the Soko
Associations Dusan Silni. During World War I, members of the Union fought in
the ranks of the Serbian army for the liberation and unification of the
Serbian nation.
Herbarium BUNS: Plant gall collection
Authors: Rat Milica , Anackov Goran
Published: June 2012

The plant gall collection is part of the Herbarium BUNS collection,
University of Novi Sad. Collection began with the formation in 1976, and as a
unique type of collection in Serbia, it has existed for 35 years. Today?s
collection Herbarium cecidologicum is made of two units - Plant gall
collection (dried specimens) and database, and includes 438 data: 294 data
for dried specimens and 144 collected literature data about the distribution
plant galls. Galls collection has multiple significances: assessment
biodiversity (diversity of plants and diversity of causers), estimate the
population status of certain causers taxa, primarily invertebrates,
monitoring the spread of pests, which usually occurs in population of the
cultivated species. Collecting data in one database, providing data on new
plant gall species and distribution on both challengers as well as host
plants is one of the main tasks of this collection.
The Field of Knowledge and the Policy Field in Education: PISA and the Production of Knowledge for Policy
Authors: Mangez Eric , Hilgers Mathieu
Published: June 2012

This article is about the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and its actors. It analyses the development and role of PISA as a ‘cultural product’ from the perspective of Bourdieu's field theory. The authors attempt to answer the following questions: Of which field is PISA the product? In which field and by whom is PISA used and ‘consumed’? The authors argue that the development of PISA is part of a broader transformation of equilibria within the field of (education) knowledge — i.e. a move away from its autonomous pole towards its heteronomous pole. Such a move transforms the very form and shape of the field of knowledge: it has expanded and attracts a growing number of internal and external actors around its heteronomous pole. This (cor)responds to a transformation of the equilibrium within the general field of power, where the intellectual bourgeoisie (artists, professors, academics, writers) is increasingly subordinated to — indeed, sometimes working for — economic and political interests. The authors further argue that the incorporation of PISA at the level of education policy fields also transforms their form and shape in two main ways. Within policy fields, the diffusion and reception of PISA reinforces a heteronomous understanding of education which is defined mostly in terms of its contribution to external interests. The diffusion of PISA also extends and, in a sense, dissolves the very boundaries of (national) education policy fields. Specifically, the authors underline that such an internationalisation of the education policy fields progresses mainly at their heteronomous poles and through a heteronomous definition of education.
‘We Don't Question Whether We Can Do This’: Teacher Identity in Two Co-Teachers' Narratives
Authors: Rytivaara Anna
Published: June 2012

Through the concept of teacher identity, this article examines in detail the factors in the process through which the two teachers under study changed from traditional teachers into co-teaching professionals. The interview data were analysed by thematic narrative analysis. The results showed that the teachers' own attitudes, conflicts in their classrooms and experience of collaboration had created an idea of co-teaching. This idea, combined with a supportive school culture, resulted in the final solution — a shared classroom. It can be concluded that when a certain kind of teacher identity is combined with supportive collegiality, it can lead teachers to find positive solutions to a stressful situation within their profession.
Corporeality As a Weapon: Siegmund Breibart's Embodiment of Muskeljudentum
Authors: Sherman Matthew J.
Published: June 2012

Ideations of corporeality are situated at the crux of "muscular Judaism" in early twentieth- century Europe. The sporting event was viewed as a battlefield for equalization. In the ideological context of Muskeljudentum, the apathy of Talmudjudentum (Talmudic Judaism) was replaced by exercise, in which the strengthening of the corporeal would rejuvenate the psychical. Jewish strongman Siegmund Breitbart capitalized on his masculine feats of strength and aesthetic appeal by creating public performances, which displayed not only militarized corporeality, but also provided a stage for the promotion of "muscular Judaism," through both symbolic and literal representations of Zionist ideology. Breitbart reappropriated masculine Jewish corporeality, embodied corporeal notions of reciprocity at the core of Muskeljudentum, and found individual agency through the militarized aesthetic and motion of his body.
Challenge of 21st Century to integrate the reproductive technologies concerning the beginning of human life
Authors: Lasker Shamima Parvin
Published: June 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v3i1.10865Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2012; 3(1):3
Transcending gender and sex: ethical implications for identities, ambiguities and interrelations
Authors: Adenugba Oluwaseun Adeola
Published: June 2012

This paper examines the moral issues involved in the acts of transcending gender and sex. Attempts are made in answering such fundamental questions as: Is transgenderism necessary and beneficial? Does transsexualism necessarily imply transgenderism? Are natural rights violated by the acts of transcending sex and gender? What implications do development in trangenderism and transsexualism hold for our conventional linguistic resources, identity and interrelationships? Ought humans to be allowed freedom to choose to transcend gender and sex? What criteria should be used in avoiding bigotry against androgynous and in harmonizing relationships with their physician? We review the current state of clinical research with transsexualism and transgenderism, the history of transsexual research, the major moral arguments for and against the practices of transcending gender and sex, and the new ethical dilemmas sprawled as aftermath. The paper critically assesses the arguments on the dividing line of the debate. This paper establishes that the reasons offered for artificial intervention in traversing sex and gender are not sufficient and morally convincing enough. It concludes that instead of the predominant current attitude of aggressive intervention with naturally unique sexuality, together with its attendant discrimination and moral resentment against transsexuals and transgenders, it is more ideal to engage on the one hand, in an in-depth discussion with the concerned people, listen to their worries and see ways in which their problems could be addressed through counseling. An on the other hand, there is a need for public discourse and public awareness on the fluidity in gender and sexual orientation so that peoples attitude to this new development can be better sharpened. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v3i1.10866 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2012; 3(1):4-12
Consequential approach of Islamic Bioethics
Authors: Hossain Arif
Published: June 2012

Bioethics is the understanding of right, responsibility, justices and moral interaction in living being. It is the corner stone to guide the society for righteous action. Due to the enormous innovation of sciences and technology, wide-ranging ethical issues have been raised in biotechnology, nanotechnology, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and stem cell research. These advancements could lead to irreversible disasters if not limited by ethical principles and similarly society can not gain the benefit from this new technology if not addressed by the philosophical reflection. To date few attempts appear to have been made at a critical interpretation of the philosophical reflection on Islamic bioethics. This article shows that the Islamic medical ethics is a virtue ethics, deontological ethics (moral duties and obligations) and a consequential approach. It may help the health professionals, educator and the policy maker to get insight the knowledge of new application of ART in their practice for the welfare of the society. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v3i1.10868 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2012; 3(1):19-22
A High-Fat Meal, or Intraperitoneal Administration of a Fat Emulsion, Increases Extracellular Dopamine in the Nucleus Accumbens
Authors: Rada Pedro , Avena Nicole M. , Barson Jessica R. , Hoebel Bartley G. , Leibowitz Sarah F.
Published: June 2012

Evidence links dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell to the ingestion of palatable diets. Less is known, however, about the specific relation of DA to dietary fat and circulating triglycerides (TG), which are stimulated by fat intake and promote overeating. The present experiments tested in Sprague-Dawley rats whether extracellular levels of NAc DA increase in response to acute access to fat-rich food or peripheral injection of a fat emulsion and, if so, whether this is related to caloric intake or elevated circulating lipids. When rats consumed more calories of a high-fat meal compared with a low-fat meal, there was a significant increase in extracellular accumbens DA (155% vs. 119%). Systemic injection of a fat emulsion, which like a high-fat diet raises circulating TG but eliminates the factor of taste and allows for the control of caloric intake, also significantly increased extracellular levels of DA (127%) compared to an equicaloric glucose solution (70%) and saline (85%). Together, this suggests that a rise in circulating TG may contribute to the stimulatory effect of a high-fat diet on NAc DA.
Pu-erh Tea Reduces Nitric Oxide Levels in Rats by Inhibiting Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression through Toll-Like Receptor 4
Authors: Xu Yang , Wang Guan , Li Chunjie , Zhang Min , Zhao Hang , Sheng Jun , Shi Wei
Published: June 2012

Pu-erh tea undergoes a unique fermentation process and contains theabrownins, polysaccharides and caffeine; although it is unclear about which component is associated with the down regulation of nitric oxide levels or how this process is mediated. To address this question we examined the effects of pu-erh tea on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) genes. Cohorts of rats were separately given four-week treatments of water as control, pu-erh tea, or the tea components: theabrownins, caffeine or polysaccharides. Five experimental groups were injected with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to induce nitric oxide (NO) production, while the corresponding five control groups were injected with saline as a negative control. The serum and liver NO concentrations were examined and the NOS expression of both mRNA and protein was measured in liver. The results showed that the rats which were fed pu-erh tea or polysaccharides had lower levels of NO which corresponded with the down-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. We further demonstrate that this effect is mediated through reduction of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. Thus we find that the polysaccharide components in pu-erh tea reduce NO levels in an animal model by inhibiting the iNOS expression via signaling through TLR4.
Astragalus Polysaccharide Improves Palmitate-Induced Insulin Resistance by Inhibiting PTP1B and NF-κB in C2C12 Myotubes
Authors: Zhao Ming , Zhang Zhao-Feng , Ding Ye , Wang Jun-Bo , Li Yong
Published: June 2012

We investigated the effects of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) on palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C2C12 skeletal muscle myotubes. Palmitate-reduced glucose uptake was restored by APS. APS prevented palmitate-induced C2C12 myotubes from impaired insulin signaling by inhibiting Ser307 phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and increasing Ser473 phosphorylation of Akt. Moreover, the increases in protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) protein level and NF-κB activation associated with palmitate treatment were also prevented by APS. However the treatment with APS didn’t change AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in palmitate-induced myotubes. The results of the present study suggest that Astragalus polysaccharide inhibits palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes by inhibiting expression of PTP1B and regulating NF-κB but not AMPK pathway.
Individual Urban Tree Species Classification Using Very High Spatial Resolution Airborne Multi-Spectral Imagery Using Longitudinal Profiles
Authors: Zhang Kongwen , Hu Baoxin
Published: June 2012

Individual tree species identification is important for urban forest inventory and ecology management. Recent advances in remote sensing technologies facilitate more detailed estimation of individual urban tree characteristics. This study presents an approach to improve the classification of individual tree species via longitudinal profiles from very high spatial resolution airborne imagery. The longitudinal profiles represent the side view tree shape, which play a very important role in individual tree species on-site identification. Decision tree classification was employed to conduct the final classification result. Using this profile approach, six major species (Maple, Ash, Birch, Oak, Spruce, Pine) of trees on the York University (Ontario, Canada) campus were successfully identified. Two decision trees were constructed, one knowledge-based and one derived from gain ratio criteria. The classification accuracy achieved were 84% and 86%, respectively.
An Annular Mechanical Temperature Compensation Structure for Gas-Sealed Capacitive Pressure Sensor
Authors: Hao Xiuchun , Jiang Yonggang , Takao Hidekuni , Maenaka Kazusuke , Higuchi Kohei
Published: June 2012

A novel gas-sealed capacitive pressure sensor with a temperature compensation structure is reported. The pressure sensor is sealed by Au-Au diffusion bonding under a nitrogen ambient with a pressure of 100 kPa and integrated with a platinum resistor-based temperature sensor for human activity monitoring applications. The capacitance-pressure and capacitance-temperature characteristics of the gas-sealed capacitive pressure sensor without temperature compensation structure are calculated. It is found by simulation that a ring-shaped structure on the diaphragm of the pressure sensor can mechanically suppress the thermal expansion effect of the sealed gas in the cavity. Pressure sensors without/with temperature compensation structures are fabricated and measured. Through measured results, it is verified that the calculation model is accurate. Using the compensation structures with a 900 μm inner radius, the measured temperature coefficient is much reduced as compared to that of the pressure sensor without compensation. The sensitivities of the pressure sensor before and after compensation are almost the same in the pressure range from 80 kPa to 100 kPa.
18F-labelled CCR1-receptor antagonist is not suitable for imaging of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Holthoff V.A. , Mäding P. , Bergmann R. , Pawelke B. , Holl G. , von Kummer R. , Kotzerke J. , van den Hoff J. , Beuthien-Baumann B.
Published: June 2012

Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with positron emission tomography (PET) using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) relies on typical alterations of brain glucose metabolism which are, however, not disease specific. Amyloid- β imaging has not entered clinical routine yet. Post mortem histological specimen of brain tissue from AD patients revealed enhanced expression of the chemotactic cytocine receptor 1 (CCR1). Participants, methods: CCR1-antagonist ZK811460 was labeled with fluorine-18 to explore its possible use as specific diagnostic tool in AD. Tracer characterization comprising PET imaging of brain and metabolite analysis was performed in AD patients and controls. Results: Neither qualitative evaluation nor quantitative compartment analysis of PET data did show any enhanced binding of the 18F-labeled CCR1-antagonist in the brain of AD patients or controls. Conclusion: 18F-ZK811460 did not fulfill the expectation as diagnostic tracer in PET imaging of AD.
Treatment of Foodborne Botulism in Current Clinical Toxicology
Authors: Alizadeh Afshin Mohammad , Zamani Nasim
Published: June 2012

We read with interest the case presented byLonati D. et al.entitled Fatal course of food-borne botulism in an eight-month old infantbeing published in one of the recent issues ofPediatr Report.[...]
Geology of the Corner Brook-Glover Island region, Newfoundland
Authors: Cawood P A , van Gool J A M
Published: June 2012

The Corner Brook Lake-Glover Island region includes carbonate shelf rocks and parts of the Humber Arm Allochthon (externides of the Humber Zone) as well as slices of variously metamorphosed rift-facies siliciclastic rocks resting on Precambrian basement and
intruded by latest Precambrian igneous rocks (internides of the Humber Zone). U-Pb zircon dating suggests that the rift-drift transition, marking opening of the Iapetus Ocean, occurred about 555 Ma. Ophiolitic rocks of the Dunnage Zone, thrust westward over the Humber Zone, are locally intercalated
with the siliciclastic rocks. Original emplacement of the Humber Arm Allochthon and ophiolites on Glover Island may have been a mid-Ordovician (Taconic) event. However, most of the deformation is Silurian (as dated by U-Pb zircon, rutile, and monazite, and Ar-Ar ages). Deformation was accompanied by
thermal activity which produced P-T conditions as high as 7-9 kilobars at about 650°C in a metamorphic culmination just west of the Humber-Dunnage boundary, and extensive granitoid plutonism in the Dunnage Zone. Following this climactic event, relaxation produced extensional and transtensional
faults culminating in development of the Carboniferous Deer Lake Basin, a pull-apart basin along the Cabot Fault system which is filled with little-metamorphosed clastic rocks. Important gold prospects occur along the Humber-Dunnage boundary on Glover Island, zinc prospects occur in carbonates of
the Humber Zone, and garnet and staurolite have been examined as industrial minerals in the metamorphic rocks. All the mineralization is Silurian or younger.
Integrated data sets from a buried valley borehole, Champlain Sea basin, Kinburn, Ontario
Authors: Medioli B E , Alpay S , Crow H L , Cummings D I , Hinton M J , Knight R D , Logan C , Pugin A J -M , Russell H A J , Sharpe D R
Published: June 2012

Data from a 97 m continuously cored borehole (GSC-BH-JSR-01), near Kinburn, Ontario, contribute to our knowledge of the geology, hydrogeology, and geotechnical properties of clay-rich, glaciated basins, and, specifically, the Champlain Sea basin. Physical
properties, downhole geophysics, portable XRF bulk-sediment geochemical composition, micropaleontological results, and pore-water geochemistry data are integrated with detailed, sedimentological descriptions to provide a multidisciplinary data set similar to the 'golden spikes' of southern Ontario.
Seismic-reflection data provide a basin architectural framework in which to interpret these results. The Kinburn data set is interpreted to record the retreat of the regional ice sheet, the incursion of the Champlain Sea, and the withdrawal of marine waters from the basin during continued ice
retreat and isostatic rebound. The sediment package sits within a bedrock basin and consists of a basal, coarse-grained unit (possibly an esker), overlain by nearly 90 m of clay-rich, marine sediments (locally known as leda clay), and is capped by an 8 m thick silt-rich, nonmarine facies.
Ultimately, the sedimentological, stratigraphic, and geochemical data collected from the Kinburn Golden Spike will provide a better understanding of glaciomarine sediments within the Champlain Sea of eastern Ontario and western Quebec. The large thickness of mud, the preservation of pore water
chemistry, and the multidisciplinary data sets make the Kinburn site a key reference site for the geology, hydrogeology, and seismic-hazard assessment of the Champlain Sea basin.
Indicator mineral counts for regional till samples around the Izok Lake Zn-Cu-Pb-Ag VMS deposit, Nunavut
Authors: McClenaghan M B , Hicken A K , Paulen R C , Layton-Matthews D
Published: June 2012

The application of indicator mineral methods to exploration in glaciated terrain for volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits is being tested and developed as part of the Geological Survey of Canada's Geomapping for Energy and Minerals Program (GEM
2008-2013). As part of this research project, and to demonstrate to the exploration community the importance of examining the entire heavy mineral concentrate for all indicator minerals, 25 selected archived heavy mineral concentrates from till samples originally collected in 1994 by the Geological
Survey of Canada (GSC) around the Izok Lake Zn-Cu-Pb-Ag VMS deposit, Nunavut were re-examined. This open file reports the abundances of selected VMS indicator minerals picked from the concentrates in 2011. Interpretation of the data reported here and its significance to glacial dispersal of
mineralized debris from the Izok Lake VMS deposit will be described in a subsequent GSC Open File.
Provenance identification of detrital quartz using hot-cathode cathodoluminescence: an atlas of source rocks
Authors: Sawatzky C , Pe-Piper G
Published: June 2012

This study forms part of a joint project between the Geological Survey of Canada and Saint Mary's University to investigate the provenance and diagenesis of reservoir sandstones in the offshore Scotian Basin. This report documents the optical and hot-cathode
cathodoluminescence (CL) character of quartz from a suite of crystalline rocks. Most of these rocks are from potential bedrock sources to the Scotian Basin; a few archived rock samples from elsewhere were selected to characterize particular types of quartz without the expense of collecting samples
in the field from throughout Atlantic Canada. A subsequent publication will apply the optical and CL properties documented here to sandstones in the Scotian Basin.
The Atlas proper summarizes the CL colours and petrographic characteristics from each of six groups of source rocks, and then presents key data from each of the rocks examined in that group. The Appendix provides additional information on each rock sample. The six groups of quartz types based on
source rocks are:
Plutonic and hypabyssal intrusions
Volcanic rocks
Aplites and quartz vein
Low grade metamorphic rocks
Medium and high-grade metamorphic rocks
High-pressure metamorphic rocks
Evaluation of the Chiral DIANANE Backbone as Ligand for Organolithium Reagents
Authors: Praz Jezabel , Guénée Laure , Aziz Sarwar , Berkessel Albrecht , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: June 2012

Novel endo,endo‐2,5‐diaminonorbonane‐derived tertiary C2‐symmetrical diamines were synthesized via the one‐pot reductive amination of enantiomerically pure norbornane‐2,5‐dione. These ligands were applied to various catalytic reactions such as asymmetric deprotonation, asymmetric bromine‐lithium exchange, and enantioselective addition of aryl‐ and allkylithium reagents to aromatic aldimines.
Photoinduced mesoporosity of Tert‐butoxycarbonyl acrylic photosensitive material with low dielectric constant
Authors: Lin Song‐Shiang , Chan Yu‐Jen , Lee Yu‐Der
Published: June 2012

We have developed a photosensitive system having low dielectric constant with mesoporous. The photosensitive system we developed is patternable and the mesoporosity is generated through the combination of photo exposure and thermal treatment. The mesopores were formed in a photosensitive material to reduce its dielectric constant. Tert‐butoxycarbonyl (t‐BOC) containing acrylic copolymer was activated as a photosensitive material via photochemical reactions. Iodonium salt as a photo acid generator was exposed to ultraviolet light with a wavelength of under 365 nm to form the corresponding Lewis acid. The side chains of t‐BOC were cleaved by this Lewis acid to yield isobutylene and acrylic acid groups. The small molecules thus formed were further heated in the polymer matrix to generate mesopores. Notably, the t‐BOC content and heat affect the dimensions and number of mesopores. The dielectric constant decreased as the density of mesopores increases. The formation of mesopores was observed by transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscopy. We have also studied the mechanisms of formation of mesopores and their effects on the dielectric constant. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Surface modification of multiwalled carbon nanotubes via gliding arc plasma for the reinforcement of polypropylene
Authors: Luo Z. , Cai X. , Hong R. Y. , Li J. H. , Wei D. G. , Luo G. H. , Li H. Z.
Published: June 2012

To increase the applicability of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), functional groups were generated on the generally inert surface of MWCNTs using gliding arc (GA) plasma. MWCNTs were modified using plasma polymerization with styrene (St) as monomer. The surface compositional and structural changes that occur on MWCNTs were investigated using FT‐IR, Raman spectroscopy, BET surface area, and elemental analysis. Dispersion of the treated MWCNTs in different solvents was evaluated. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that the plasma‐treated MWCNTs had a better dispersion than the untreated ones in nonpolar solvents. Subsequently, MWCNTs‐reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared by internal batch mixing with the addition of 1.0 wt % MWCNTs. The morphology of MWCNTs/PP nanocomposites was studied through scanning electron microscopy. Observations of SEM images showed that the plasma‐treated MWCNTs had a better dispersion than the untreated MWCNTs either on the composite fracture surfaces or inside the PP matrix. Moreover, the mechanical tests showed that the tensile strength and elongation at break were improved with the addition of polystyrene‐grafted MWCNTs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Relations between structure and property of polyamide 11 nanocomposites based on raw clays elaborated by water‐assisted extrusion
Authors: Stoclet Gregory , Sclavons Michel , Devaux Jacques
Published: June 2012

Bio‐based polymers and polymer nanocomposites have known an increasing interest during the past few years. This work is focused on the elaboration and the characterization of bio‐based nanocomposites made from polyamide 11 (PA11) and nonorganomodified montmorillonite. To elaborate these materials an original elaboration process, consisting in injecting water during the extrusion, was used. Results show that thanks to this process, a well exfoliated morphology is obtained for clay contents as high as 10% wt. This was explained on the one hand by the fact that the clay is soluble in water and on the other hand by the fact that water and PA11 are miscible at high pressure and high temperature. Moreover, the morphology analyses have revealed that from 10% wt of clay, the platelets were not totally randomly distributed but they were rather organized at a mesoscopic scale. The obtaining of such clay's dispersion involves an enhancement of thermomechanical properties. For example, for a clay content of 10% wt, the Young's modulus of the material can be doubled and its degradation temperature increased. The role of the elaboration conditions on the morphology and subsequent properties of the nanocomposites are also carefully analyzed. Finally, it has been evidenced that the presence of the filler infers on both the crystalline form induced and the crystallization kinetics. In summary, this study demonstrates that, in the case of PA11 nanocomposites, the water‐assisted injection process leads to the achievement of an exfoliated morphology for clay contents as high as 10% wt that allows to obtain high performance materials and to be free from using organomodified clays. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The use of predictive models to optimize sugar recovery obtained after the steam pre‐treatment of softwoods
Authors: Olsen Colin , Arantes Valdeir , Saddler Jack
Published: June 2012

Acid catalyzed steam pre‐treatment is recognized as an effective method for defibrillating plant cell walls while providing good hemicellulose sugar recovery and a more readily accessible cellulosic component for subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. However, much of the past work to try to optimize the overall sugar recovery after pre‐treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis has been limited to more qualitative comparisons which offer little insight into the steam pre‐treatment process itself. Better prediction of sugar recoveries from steam pre‐treated biomass will likely prove to be invaluable in helping us design more effective steam pre‐treatment reactors. The work discussed here attempted to determine which of three options – namely the severity factor Ro, the combined severity factor CS, and response surface methodology RSM – was best suited for the development of predictive empirical equations that would be used to optimize the acid catalyzed steam pre‐treatment of softwood chips of industrially relevant size and provide maximum soluble sugar recovery. It was apparent that the combined severity factor CS resulted in predictions that were slightly more accurate than those of the severity factor Ro, and that RSM and the severity factor Ro possessed similar predictive capability. A comparison of several RSM models that were used to evaluate the SO2 catalyzed steam pre‐treatment of softwood indicated that a hybrid design, when used in conjunction with a narrow process space, provided the most robust model. The applicability of an RSM model which was developed when pretreating radiata pine was assessed against pre‐treated lodgepole pine and was found to provide good predictability.
Bayesian shared spatial‐component models to combine and borrow strength across sparse disease surveillance sources
Authors: Ancelet Sophie , Abellan Juan J. , Del Rio Vilas Víctor J. , Birch Colin , Richardson Sylvia
Published: June 2012

When analyzing the geographical variations of disease risk, one common problem is data sparseness. In such a setting, we investigate the possibility of using Bayesian shared spatial component models to strengthen inference and correct for any spatially structured sources of bias, when distinct data sources on one or more related diseases are available. Specifically, we apply our models to analyze the spatial variation of risk of two forms of scrapie infection affecting sheep in Wales (UK) using three surveillance sources on each disease. We first model each disease separately from the combined data sources and then extend our approach to jointly analyze diseases and data sources. We assess the predictive performances of several nested joint models through pseudo cross‐validatory predictive model checks.
Simultaneous confidence regions for closed tests, includingHolm‐,Hochberg‐, andHommel‐related procedures
Authors: Guilbaud Olivier
Published: June 2012

The derivation of simultaneous confidence regions for some multiple‐testing procedures (MTPs) of practical interest has remained an unsolved problem. This is the case, for example, forHochberg's step‐upMTPandHommel's more powerfulMTPthat is neither a step‐up nor a step‐down procedure. It is shown in this article how the direct approach used previously by the author to construct confidence regions for certain closed‐testing procedures (CTPs) can be extended to a rather general setup. The general results are then applied to a situation with one‐sided inferences andCTPs belonging to a class studied byWeiLiu. This class consists ofCTPs based on ordered marginalp‐values. It includesHolm's,Hochberg's, andHommel'sMTPs. A property of the confidence regions derived for these threeMTPs is that no confidence assertions sharper than rejection assertions can be made unless all null hypotheses are rejected. Briefly, this is related to the fact that theseMTPs are quite powerful. The class ofCTPs considered includes, however, alsoMTPs related toHolm's,Hochberg's, andHommel'sMTPs that are less powerful but are such that confidence assertions sharper than rejection assertions are possible even if not all null hypotheses are rejected. One may thus choose and prespecify such anMTP, though this is at the cost of less rejection power.
Using aggregate data to estimate the standard error of a treatment–covariate interaction in an individual patient data meta‐analysis
Authors: Kovalchik Stephanie A. , Cumberland William G.
Published: June 2012

Subgroup analyses are important to medical research because they shed light on the heterogeneity of treatment effectts. A treatment–covariate interaction in an individual patient data (IPD) meta‐analysis is the most reliable means to estimate how a subgroup factor modifies a treatment's effectiveness. However, owing to the challenges in collecting participant data, an approach based on aggregate data might be the only option. In these circumstances, it would be useful to assess the relative efficiency and power loss of a subgroup analysis without patient‐level data. We present methods that use aggregate data to estimate the standard error of an IPD meta‐analysis’ treatment–covariate interaction for regression models of a continuous or dichotomous patient outcome. Numerical studies indicate that the estimators have good accuracy. An application to a previously published meta‐regression illustrates the practical utility of the methodology.
Analysis of drug metabolism activities in a miniaturized liver cell bioreactor for use in pharmacological studies
Authors: Hoffmann Stefan A. , Müller‐Vieira Ursula , Biemel Klaus , Knobeloch Daniel , Heydel Sandra , Lübberstedt Marc , Nüssler Andreas K. , Andersson Tommy B. , Gerlach Jörg C. , Zeilinger Katrin
Published: June 2012

Based on a hollow fiber perfusion technology with internal oxygenation, a miniaturized bioreactor with a volume of 0.5 mL for in vitro studies was recently developed. Here, the suitability of this novel culture system for pharmacological studies was investigated, focusing on the model drug diclofenac. Primary human liver cells were cultivated in bioreactors and in conventional monolayer cultures in parallel over 10 days. From day 3 on, diclofenac was continuously applied at a therapeutic concentration (6.4 µM) for analysis of its metabolism. In addition, the activity and gene expression of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 were assessed. Diclofenac was metabolized in bioreactor cultures with an initial conversion rate of 230 ± 57 pmol/h/106 cells followed by a period of stable conversion of about 100 pmol/h/106 cells. All CYP activities tested were maintained until day 10 of bioreactor culture. The expression of corresponding mRNAs correlated well with the degree of preservation. Immunohistochemical characterization showed the formation of neo‐tissue with expression of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 and the drug transporters breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) in the bioreactor. In contrast, monolayer cultures showed a rapid decline of diclofenac conversion and cells had largely lost activity and mRNA expression of the assessed CYP isoforms at the end of the culture period. In conclusion, diclofenac metabolism, CYP activities and gene expression levels were considerably more stable in bioreactor cultures, making the novel bioreactor a useful tool for pharmacological or toxicological investigations requiring a highly physiological in vitro representation of the liver. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 3172–3181. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Rational Design of Materials with Extreme Negative Compressibility: Selective Soft‐Mode Frustration in KMn[Ag(CN)2]3.
Authors: Cairns Andrew B. , Thompson Amber L. , Tucker Matthew G. , Haines Julien , Goodwin Andrew L.
Published: June 2012

The title compound is characterized by variable pressure neutron powder diffraction measurements and single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Composite Li[Li0.11Mn0.57Ni0.32]O2: Two‐Step Molten‐Salt Synthesis, Oxidation State Stabilization, and Uses as High‐Voltage Cathode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries.
Authors: Yu Chuang , Li Guangshe , Guan Xiangfeng , Zheng Jing , Li Liping
Published: June 2012

The title composite is prepared by a two‐step molten salt method starting with a ground mixture of Li(OAc), Mn(OAc)2, Ni(OAc)2, and NaOH (1.
ChemInform Abstract: In Operando X‐Ray Absorption Fine Structure Studies of Polyoxometalate Molecular Cluster Batteries: Polyoxometalates as Electron Sponges.
Authors: Wang Heng , Hamanaka Shun , Nishimoto Yoshio , Irle Stephan , Yokoyama Toshihiko , Yoshikawa Hirofumi , Awaga Kunio
Published: June 2012

Mo K‐edge XAFS measurements on rechargeable molecular cluster batteries in which (NBu4)3[PMo12O40] is used as cathode material and Li metal as anode reveal that all 12 Mo6+ ions in [PMo12O40]3‐ are reduced to Mo4+ in the discharge process, leading to the formation of [PMo12O40]27‐, which stores 24 electrons.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Optical Properties of a Three‐Dimensional Quaternary Hg—In—S—Cl Chalcohalide: Hg7InS6Cl5.
Authors: Liu Yi , Wei Fengxia , Yeo Sing Ning , Lee Fu Min , Kloc Christian , Yan Qingyu , Hng Huey Hoon , Ma Jan , Zhang Qichun
Published: June 2012

The title compound is synthesized by solid state reaction of Hg2Cl2, In2S3, and sulfur (evacuated silica tube, 450 °C, 4 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Indium‐Mediated Allylation of N‐tert‐Butanesulfinyl Ketimines: Easy Access to Asymmetric Quaternary Stereocenters Bearing Nitrogen Atoms.
Authors: Sirvent Juan Alberto , Foubelo Francisco , Yus Miguel
Published: June 2012

The title reaction affords homoallylic derivatives (III), (V), (VII) and (X) with the nitrogen atom bonded to a quaternary stereocenter.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Imidazoles and Imidazole N‐Oxides as Ligands for Stereoselective Cyclopropanation Reactions.
Authors: Mloston Grzegorz , Mucha Paulina , Heimgartner Heinz
Published: June 2012

New chiral imidazole‐derived ligands are tested in the cyclopropanation of styrene with ethyl diazoacetate.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds with Diisopropyl Azodicarboxylate Catalyzed by Nitroxyl Radicals.
Authors: Hayashi Masaki , Shibuya Masatoshi , Iwabuchi Yoshiharu
Published: June 2012

The simple, mild, and efficient method for the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones includes a selective formation of diketones, hydroxy aldehydes, and hydroxy ketones from diols.
ChemInform Abstract: Me3(OMe)tBuXPhos: A Surrogate Ligand for Me4tBuXPhos in Palladium‐Catalyzed C—N and C—O Bond‐Forming Reactions.
Authors: Ueda Satoshi , Ali Siraj , Fors Brett P. , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: June 2012

The new and inexpensive phosphine promotes the Pd‐catalyzed arylation of nitrogen and oxygen nucleophiles and shows the same effectivity as Me4tBuXPhos.
ChemInform Abstract: Critical Assessment of the Efficiency of Chitosan Biohydrogel Beads as Recyclable and Heterogeneous Organocatalyst for C—C Bond Formation.
Authors: Kuehbeck Dennis , Saidulu G. , Reddy K. Rajender , Diaz David Diaz
Published: June 2012

The efficiency of chitosan hydrogel beads as catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation, Henry reaction, aldol reaction, and Michael addition reaction is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Decarboxylation of Fluorosulfones for the Preparation Fluoroalkylidene Precursors.
Authors: Larnaud Florent , Pfund Emmanuel , Linclau Bruno , Lequeux Thierry
Published: June 2012

Compounds (Ib) ‐ (Ig) are readily prepared by direct alkylation of derivative (Ia) in a one‐pot procedure and smoothly undergo decarboxylation under the described neutral reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: A Calix[2]phenol[2]pyrrole and a Fused Pyrrolidine‐Containing Derivative.
Authors: Jung Kwang‐Bok , Kim Sung Kuk , Lynch Vincent M. , Cho Dong‐Gyu , Sessler Jonathan L.
Published: June 2012

Two new hybrid calixarene‐calixpyrrole systems (III) and (V) are prepared according to the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Stereoselective Organocatalyzed Aldol Reaction of 2‐Hydroxycyclobutanone.
Authors: Aitken David J. , Capitta Francesca , Frongia Angelo , Ollivier Jean , Piras Pier Paolo , Secci Francesco
Published: June 2012

L‐Threonine catalyzes the reaction to give the syn‐diastereomers (III) predominantly.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Allenes via Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Propargylic Bromides with Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Li Qinghan , Gau Hanmou
Published: June 2012

Monosubstituted aryl‐ and alkylallenes are produced with high regioselectivity, if alkyne (I) is used as the substrate.
ChemInform Abstract: An Approach to the Regioselective Diamination of Conjugated Di‐ and Trienes.
Authors: Lishchynskyi Anton , Muniz Kilian
Published: June 2012

For the first time a metal‐free diamination of butadienes is presented and extended to the highly attractive 1,4‐diamination.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Aromatic Amination Based on Carbon—Nitrogen Coupling Reaction Between Aryl Halides and Azido Compounds.
Authors: Maejima Toshihide , Shimoda Yutaka , Nozaki Kei , Mori Shigeki , Sawama Yoshinari , Monguchi Yasunari , Sajiki Hironao
Published: June 2012

A novel synthetic method for the synthesis of the primary arylamines (II) is developed and applied to the synthesis of procaine (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Insertion of Aryl Iodides to Nitriles: A Novel Method to Synthesize Arylketones.
Authors: Hsieh Jen‐Chieh , Chen Yen‐Chung , Cheng An‐Yi , Tseng Hsiao‐Chun
Published: June 2012

The process, carried out in the presence of Zn, tolerates electron‐donating and ‐withdrawing groups and is not sensitive to steric effects.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzoic Acids and Polybenzamides Containing Tertiary Alkylamino Functionality.
Authors: Khan Gul Shahzada , Dickson Benjamin D. , Barker David
Published: June 2012

A simple and easily scalable synthesis of the title benzoic acids is achieved from readily available aminobenzoic acids or terephthaloyl chloride and needs almost no chromatography.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Arylation/Oxidation of Benzylic C—H Bond.
Authors: Xie Yongju , Yang Yuzhu , Huang Lehao , Zhang Xunbin , Zhang Yuhong
Published: June 2012

The presence of a bidentate directing group such as pyridine, quinoline and isoquinoline is essential for the process.
ChemInform Abstract: Polystyrene‐Anchored Palladium(II) Schiff Base Complex: A Reusable Catalyst for Phosphine‐Free and Copper‐Free Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling Reaction in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Islam Manirul , Mondal P. , Roy A. Singha , Tuhina K. , Mondal S. , Hossain D.
Published: June 2012

A novel polystyrene‐supported Pd(II) complex is synthesized and applied as heterogenous catalyst for Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions under copper‐ and phosphine‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Oxidative Lewis Base Catalysis—Unifying Iminium and Enamine Organocatalysis with Oxidations.
Authors: Rueping Magnus , Sunden Henrik , Hubener Lukas , Sugiono Erli
Published: June 2012

A novel domino oxidation—asymmetric malonate addition reaction is presented, which affords chiral aryl(formyl)cyclopropanedicarboxylates (III) or linear aldehydes (VII) in moderate to high enantioselectivity (up to 98% e.e.).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Methyl‐ and 3,4‐Dimethylfurans Using Alkoxide, Thiolate, and Phenoxide‐Mediated Cyclization of 4‐Oxahepta‐1,6‐diynes Bearing Sulfur and Selenium Functional Groups.
Authors: Takahashi Nami , Nagase Yuya , Tanabe Genzoh , Muraoka Osamu , Yoshimatsu Mitsuhiro
Published: June 2012

The cyclizations proceed with desulfanylation and are carried out without addition of transition metals.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Three‐Component Domino Reaction of Alkynyl Aldehydes with Oxindoles.
Authors: Du Ding , Hu Zhongyuan , Jin Jianlin , Lu Yingyan , Tang Weifang , Wang Bo , Lu Tao
Published: June 2012

The reaction leads to the stereoselective formation of highly functionalized spirooxindole 4H‐pyran‐2‐ones with three contiguous stereocenters, generally accompanied by small amounts of Knoevenagel products.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of 3‐Unsubstituted Oxindole‐1‐carboxamides.
Authors: Porcs‐Makkay Marta , Volk Balazs , Kokai Eszter , Simig Gyula
Published: June 2012

In the most cases, the one‐pot approach affords the best results in term of yield and synthetic simplicity.
ChemInform Abstract: First Domino Radical Cyclization/Smiles Rearrangement Combination.
Authors: Pudlo Marc , Allart‐Simon Ingrid , Tinant Bernard , Gerard Stephane , Sapi Janos
Published: June 2012

A novel domino radical cyclization/Smiles rearrangement reaction of amides (VI) in decane leads readily to indolinones (VII) as main or sole products.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Zincation of Indazoles Using TMP2Zn and Negishi Cross‐Coupling with Aryl and Heteroaryl Iodides.
Authors: Unsinn Andreas , Knochel Paul
Published: June 2012

The metallation of various Sem‐protected functionalized indazoles (I), (IV) and (VII) with tetramethylpiperidyl zinc provides selectively 3‐zincated indazoles which undergo Pd‐catalyzed Negishi cross‐couplings with electrophiles (II), (V) and (VIII) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective One‐Pot, Three‐Component Synthesis of 1‐Aryl‐3,4‐Substituted/Annulated‐5‐(Cycloamino)/(Alkylamino)pyrazoles from β‐Oxodithioesters.
Authors: Nandi Ganesh C. , Singh Maya S. , Ila Hiriyakkanavar , Junjappa Hiriyakkanavar
Published: June 2012

Pyrazole derivatives are synthesized by cyclocondensation of β‐oxodithioester, cyclic secondary and primary aliphatic amines and aryl hydrazines (III) in the presence of acetic acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthetic Methods for N‐Cyano‐1H‐imidazole‐4‐carboxamides and Their Fungicidal Activity.
Authors: Yang Wen‐Chao , Li Jing , Li Jun , Chen Qiong , Yang Guang‐Fu
Published: June 2012

Compound (IIIe) exhibits excellent antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani.
ChemInform Abstract: Assembly of 3‐Substituted Isocoumarins via a CuI‐Catalyzed Domino Coupling/Addition/Deacylation Process.
Authors: Cai Shangjun , Wang Fei , Xi Chanjuan
Published: June 2012

CuI‐catalyzed treatment of o‐halobenzoic acids with the diketones (IIa)—(IId) and (IV) allows a new and efficient access to a wide range of biologically interesting title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Access to Chroman‐3‐ones Through Gold‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Propargyl Aryl Ethers.
Authors: Wang Yanzhao , Ji Kegong , Lan Sylvester , Zhang Liming
Published: June 2012

An efficient one‐pot method for the synthesis of the title compounds uses easily accessible pyridine N‐oxides (I), derived from Hantzsch esters.
ChemInform Abstract: Hg(OTf)2‐Catalyzed Vinylogous Semi‐Pinacol Rearrangement Leading to 1,4‐Dihydroquinolines.
Authors: Namba Kosuke , Kanaki Michika , Suto Hiroki , Nishizawa Mugio , Tanino Keiji
Published: June 2012

The reaction, applied to various tosylanilinoallyl acetals to construct 1,4‐dihydroquinoline products bearing a quaternary carbon center, is very sensitive to the amount of mercury catalyst used.