bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic analysis of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) nucleotide sequences of the horse and predicted CYP450s of the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) and other mammalian species
Authors: Leiberich Marion , Marais Hendrik Johannes , Naidoo Vinny
Published: October 2018

Background

The plight of the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) and the increasing need of treatment options for injured poaching victims led to the necessity to expand the knowledge on applicable drugs in this endangered species. With very little information available on drug pharmacokinetics in rhino, veterinarians have to rely on information generated from other species. The horse being a closely related species, has served as the model for dose extrapolations. However, from recent research on enrofloxacin and carprofen, the white rhino showed considerable differences in the pharmacokinetic properties of these drugs in comparison to the horse. While the reason for the differences is unknown, a likely cause may be a difference in present cytochrome P450 (CYP450), which may result in the rhino being genetically deficient in certain enzyme families.

Methods

For this paper we assess the degree of similarity of the CYP genome sequences across the different species, using BLAT (BLAST-like alignment tool) for the alignment of the nucleotide sequences of the equine CYP450 with potential homologous nucleotide sequences of the published database from white rhinos and other mammalian species (cow, pig, dog, sheep, elephant, mouse and human).

Results

The white rhino nucleotide sequences were 90.74% identical to the equine sequences. This was higher than the degree of similarity between any of the other evaluated species sequences. While no specific CYP family were found to be deficient in the published rhino genome, the horse genome contained additional genetic sequence for a larger number of iso-enzymes that were not present in the rhino.

Discussion

In pharmacokinetic study, it is well known that absence of a metabolic enzyme will result in constraints in drug metabolism and drug elimination. While this was our speculation, comparison to the horse and other mammalian species indicate that all the described CYP genes required for metabolism are present within the rhino genome. These results leave functional differences in enzyme activity and a lack of isoenzymes as the likely reason for the constraint in drug metabolism. Despite a more than 90% similarity of the equine and rhino gene sequences, seemingly small differences can have major effects on drug metabolism. Thus, in spite of the close anatomical relationship, the rhino should not simply be treated like a big horse.
A new tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation of New Mexico
Authors: McDonald Andrew T. , Wolfe Douglas G. , Dooley Alton C.
Published: October 2018

The giant tyrannosaurids were the apex predators of western North America and Asia during the close of the Cretaceous Period. Although many tyrannosaurid species are known from numerous skeletons representing multiple growth stages, the early evolution of Tyrannosauridae remains poorly known, with the well-known species temporally restricted to the middle Campanian-latest Maastrichtian (∼77–66 Ma). The recent discovery of a new tyrannosaurid,Lythronax argestes, from the Wahweap Formation of Utah provided new data on early Campanian (∼80 Ma) tyrannosaurids. Nevertheless, the early evolution of Tyrannosauridae is still largely unsampled. We report a new tyrannosaurid represented by an associated skeleton from the lower Campanian Allison Member of the Menefee Formation of New Mexico. Despite fragmentation of much of the axial and appendicular skeleton prior to discovery, the frontals, a metacarpal, and two pedal phalanges are well-preserved. The frontals exhibit an unambiguous autapomorphy and a second potential autapomorphy that distinguish this specimen from all other tyrannosaurids. Therefore, the specimen is made the holotype of the new genus and speciesDynamoterror dynastes. A phylogenetic analysis placesDynamoterror dynastesin the tyrannosaurid subclade Tyrannosaurinae. Laser-scanning the frontals and creation of a composite 3-D digital model allows the frontal region of the skull roof ofDynamoterrorto be reconstructed.
Population structure in the Andaman keelback,Xenochrophis tytleri: geographical distance and oceanic barriers to dispersal influence genetic divergence on the Andaman archipelago
Authors: Mohan Ashwini Venkatanarayana , Swamy Priyanka , Shanker Kartik
Published: October 2018

Limited gene flow between populations due to geographic distance, presence of barriers or inherent low dispersal ability leads to the formation of genetically structured populations. Strong population structure indicates lowered levels or absence of gene flow which might lead to inbreeding and loss of genetic capacity to recuperate from anthropogenic stress and natural calamities. Terrestrial reptiles are generally known to have low dispersal abilities and few studies have explored drivers of their population structure on continental islands, where both anthropogenic stress and natural calamities are relatively common. We investigated the population structure and drivers of diversification of the Andaman keelback (Xenochrophis tytleri), an endemic, terrestrial and freshwater snake species in the Andaman archipelago, a continental group of islands in the Bay of Bengal. Data was collected from 86 individuals from seven islands and 78 individuals were sequenced for the gene Nuclear Dehydrogenase subunit 4 to identify the number of populations and distribution of genetic diversity across populations. We found 11 haplotypes on seven islands and observed high genetic differentiation between seven populations defined island-wise (FST= 0.82). We further tested the number of populations by incorporating spatial data into Bayesian Clustering Analysis (GENELAND) and identified six populations of the Andaman keelback. We tested for the influence of Isolation-by-distance on these populations. While the overall trend showed a positive correlation between geographic and genetic distance, a correlogram revealed that the positive correlation disappears beyond ∼20–40 km. We also tested for the presence of geographical barriers to gene flow using Monmonier’s algorithm (SPADS), which identified five barriers to dispersal confirming that there are oceanic barriers to dispersal for some island populations of the Andaman keelback. As the Andaman Islands are arranged almost in a straight line from North to South, our data are insufficient to tease apart the roles of geographical distance and barriers to gene flow. We conclude that salt waters between near islands are weak barriers and as the geographical distance between islands increases, so does the strength of the barrier.
ПРОБЛЕМА ГЕНЕЗИСА СОВЕТСКОЙ ПСИХОЛОГИИ (юбилейные размышления), "Методология и история психологии"
Authors: Богданчиков Сергей Александрович
Published: October 2018

4 февраля 2018 года кандидату психологических наук, известному исследователю истории советской психологии и одному из постоянных авторов нашего журнала Сергею Александровичу Богданчикову исполнилось шестьдесят лет. Редакция журнала обратилась к Сергею Александровичу с просьбой рассказать об основных вехах своей научной биографии. Ниже мы публикуем полученный от юбиляра текст в авторской редакции.
Displacement and Stress Function-based Linear and Quadratic Triangular Elements for Saint-Venant Torsional Problems
Authors: Purnomo Joko , Tjong Wong Foek , W.C. Wijaya , J.S. Putra
Published: October 2018

Torsional problems commonly arise in frame structural members subjected to unsym­metrical loading. Saint-Venant proposed a semi inverse method to develop the exact theory of torsional bars of general cross sections. However, the solution to the problem using an analytical method for a complicated cross section is cumbersome. This paper presents the adoption of the Saint-Venant theory to develop a simple finite element program based on the displacement and stress function approaches using the standard linear and quadratic triangular elements. The displacement based approach is capable of evaluating torsional rigidity and shear stress distribution of homogeneous and nonhomogeneous; isotropic, orthotropic, and anisotropic materials; in singly and multiply-connected sections.  On the other hand, applications of the stress function approach are limited to the case of singly-connected isotropic sections only, due to the complexity on the boundary conditions. The results show that both approaches converge to exact solutions with high degree of accuracy.
Os batuqueiros e as primeiras escolas de samba da Cidade do Salvador
Authors: Soares Rafael Lima Silva
Published: October 2018

O presente texto tem o objetivo de apresentar a origem de algumas das primeiras escolas de samba soteropolitanas do início de 1960, focando principalmente no contexto no qual elas nascem e em suas relações com outros grupos carnavalescos, como cordões, batucadas, blocos, que desfilavam no grande carnaval da cidade durante a segunda metade do século XX. As fontes utilizadas foram entrevistas realizadas com participantes, além de crônicas, notícias e artigos publicados em diferentes jornais da capital baiana durante a época dos festejos carnavalescos dos anos estudados.
Análise dos Pedidos de Patentes Recentes Envolvendo Chá Verde e Suas Propriedade
Authors: Barbosa Elvia Mirelly de Andrade Oliveira , Rodrigues Maria Jaqueline Almeida , Serafini Mairim Russo , Lobato Luciana Pereira
Published: October 2018

O chá verde, proveniente da planta Camellia sinensis, é a segunda bebida não alcoólica mais consumida no mundo. Sua utilização está atrelada a melhorias na saúde cardio-metabólica, à redução da pressão arterial, à diminuição do Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC) e ao aumento da termogênese e oxidação da gordura corporal. O presente estudo objetivou buscar pedidos de patentes referentes à utilização do chá verde. Tendo como palavra-chave “chá verde”, utilizaram-se os campos de pesquisa “título”, “resumo” e “classificação internacional de patentes” com o código A61P. Dentre os maiores depositantes no European Patent Office Worlwide (Espacenet) destacam-se a China e a República da Coréia. Na World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) – depósitos via PCT –, os países que apresentaram o maior número de patentes depositadas foia República da Coréia e  a Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual, respectivamente. Quanto à aplicação, observou-se prevalência na utilização para fármacos no tratamento de problemas dermatológicos, na base de dados WIPO, e para fármacos no tratamento de distúrbios do trato alimentar, no Espacenet.
IMPRESSÃO 3D: MAPEAMENTO EXPLORATÓRIO RECENTE SOBRE OS DEPÓSITOS DE PATENTES
Authors: Tosta Silvana Sandes , Dos Santos Dilma da Paixão Coelho Ferreira
Published: October 2018

Tem sido crescente o número de novas patentes na área de impressão 3D; entender como se deu este crescimento, quais tecnologias estavam envolvidas, quais eram as tendências de mercado, são aspectos importantes na análise dos documentos de patentes; combinando pesquisas acadêmicas e patentárias, buscou-se levantar informações que se mostrassem úteis para esta análise. Metodologicamente, pesquisou-se artigos acadêmicos indexados, selecionando-se dois destes, usados como referência; em um destes artigos, fez-se análise semântica no seu resumo, chegando a um conjunto de palavras usadas na montagem da tabela escopo; no outro artigo, mapeou-se os principais campos tecnológicos; utilizando-se o sistema de dados do Questel Orbit, com foco nos anos de 2012 a 2016, analisou-se 20459 famílias de patentes, apresentando-se diferentes análises gráficas. Conclui-se que a análise feita representa um retrato momentâneo, rápido e sugestivo de diferentes tecnologias de impressão 3D.
PROSPECÇÃO TECNOLÓGICA: UM ESTUDO EXPLORATÓRIO SOBRE O DEPÓSITO DE PATENTES DE DRONES PARA CAPTAÇÃO E TRANSMISSÃO DE IMAGENS AÉREAS
Authors: Barreto Leandro De Oliveira , Menha Rafael Câmara
Published: October 2018

O uso de veículos aéreos não tripulados, ou drones, tem se tornado uma grande aposta de empresas de diversos setores. Tais tecnologias comportam um vasto uso como na indústria bélica, transporte de cargas, vigilância, mapeamento de terrenos, agricultura dentre diversas outras. Neste sentido o presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma pesquisa quantitativa de patentes relacionadas à utilização de drones com recurso de apoio tecnológico embarcado capaz de gerar e transmitir vídeos, em especial na indústria militar, de mapeamentos georreferenciados, televisiva e agrícola. Para realização do trabalho foi utilizado o sistema Questel-Orbit que abrange base de patentes de mais de 96 países. Os dados levantados foram submetidos à análise estáticas descritiva, os mesmos foram interpretados através da elaboração de tabelas levantadas do Questel-Orbit. Desta forma, após a análise das patentes encontradas, percebeu-se  a relevância dos drones como uma tecnologia de ponta com aplicações e potencialidades em diversas áreas de atuação.
ESTUDO PROSPECTIVO SOBRE A UTILIZAÇÃO DA IMPRESSORA 3D NA ÁREA DA CONSTRUÇÃO CIVIL
Authors: Paim Fabiane Gomes , De Almeida Márcia Rego Sampaio
Published: October 2018

A Construção Civil é a segunda indústria mundial, que mais emite dióxido de carbono no planeta, além da alta taxa de rejeito da construção civil (RCD) e longos prazos para o termino das obras. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar a utilização do processamento de diversas formas de moldagem na impressora 3D no âmbito na Construção Civil, englobando documentos depositados desde o ano de 2005 até o momento por cada país depositante. Foram analisadas 423 tecnologias na área da construção civil utilizando a impressora 3D, com seu ápice em 2005 com 163 documentos de patentes depositados, sendo que 71% destes documentos são de empresas privadas, 19% de Universidades e 10% por pessoas físicas. Foram encontrados 11 países que possuem patentes na área, sendo o cenário dominado pela China com 80%. A aplicação da Matriz SWOT aplicada à Construção Civil deverá ser muito bem planejada pelos Setor Estratégico da Organização contendo suas Strenghs, Weakness, Opportunities e Threats.
MONITORAMENTO TECNOLÓGICO DO POTENCIAL USO DOS EXTRATOS DE BARBATIMÃO
Authors: Monteiro Luiz Gustavo , Silva Roosseliny Pontes , Wanderley Iara Rose , Santos Catarina Silva , Uchoa Silvia Beatriz
Published: October 2018

Os extratos da espécie Fabaceae, Abarema Cochliacarpos, conhecida popularmente como “Barbatimão” possuem princípios ativos cicatrizante, antimicrobiano e antioxidante, que são utilizados como tratamento e cura na medicina alternativa; artigos e patentes reforçam o seu potencial uso. A finalidade deste trabalho é contribuir para análise estratégica da utilização dos extratos de barbatimão, explanar estudos já desenvolvidos e pontuar aspectos de relevância para Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação. A metodologia deste estudo foi uma pesquisa quantitativa através da coleta de dados em bases de pesquisas de artigos e patentes, utilizando-se seis palavras-chaves: Stryphnodendron adstringens, Acacia adstringens, Mimosa virginalis, Barbatimão, Barbadetiman e Abarema Cochliacarpos, e avaliação qualitativa a partir dos resultados obtidos.
Prospecção Tecnológica de uso de Eletrodos Contendo Ferro em sua Composição para Abatimento de Cargas Orgânicas em Tratamento de Águas e Efluentes
Authors: Pereira-Queiroz Nathalia Marcelino , Ferro Flaviana Freitas Feitosa , Almeida Nikson Iohannes Silva de , Queiroz Juscyllan Santana , Costa Ana Lais de Araujo , Zanta Carmem Lucia de Paiva e Silva , Tonholo Josealdo
Published: October 2018

A tecnologia eletroquímica tem sido apontada como promissora frente à remediação de águas residuárias devido ao seu alto poder de oxidação, custo relativamente baixo e fácil operação. Para esse método de tratamento, o material dos eletrodos utilizados é parte crucial para seu bom desempenho. Com o objetivo de traçar o panorama científico e o tecnológico relativos ao uso de eletrodos contendo ferro em sua composição para a oxidação de cargas orgânicas, foram realizadas buscas e análises de artigos científicos e patentes em bases de dados nacionais e internacionais. Apesar de revelada uma densa produção científica relacionada a essa tecnologia, com um total de 438 artigos, há poucos produtos tecnológicos registrados, perfazendo 88 patentes. Também foi observado que os países que possuem depósitos de patente nessa área são China, Alemanha e Reino Unido. Esses dados apontam uma oportunidade de investimentos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento para gerar inovação tecnológica nessa área.
A importância da garantia do bem-estar animal em emergências: um caminho para a consecução de direitos humanos no contexto de intervenções humanitárias
Authors: Ribeiro Brasil Deilton , Efigênia Mucelli Rezende Veloso Natielli
Published: October 2018

O presente trabalho pretende analisar a importância da garantia do bem-estar animal nos contextos de emergência e a essencialidade da sua observância na atuação humanitária, concluindo sobre a relevância dessa abordagem para a consecução de um desenvolvimento sustentável que propiciaria não um mero retorno ao status quo anterior à crise, mas um verdadeiro progresso das comunidades afetadas. Essas emergências atingem as camadas mais vulneráveis das populações colocando em perigo a vida e bem-estar dos animais que servem aos indivíduos como companhia, auxílio no trabalho ou meio de  vida. As respostas humanitárias nesses contextos geralmente são centralizadas na preservação de vidas humanas, sem dar quase nenhuma atenção à questão do bem-estar animal. Assim, atividades como alimentação, resgate e construção de abrigos para animais são tradicionalmente relegadas a um segundo momento, numa visão antropocêntrica da ação humanitária. Para tanto, serão utilizadas pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais, com o procedimento metodológico dedutivo e análises interpretativa, comparativa e teórica.
A Nova Contabilidade Aplicada ao Setor Público: um Estudo sobre o Reconhecimento da Despesa com Depreciação em uma Autarquia Municipal
Authors: Marques Ana Paula Sousa , Santos Josaias Santana dos , Calado João Eudes de Souza , Gomes Jéssica Ramos , Gomes Gabriele Ramos
Published: October 2018

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo demonstrar quais os impactos que a depreciação provoca no Patrimônio Líquido de uma autarquia municipal, concessionária dos serviços de água e esgoto, com a adoção dos procedimentos administrativos necessários ao cumprimento das normas de contabilidade pública, no tocante à depreciação do imobilizado tangível. A partir da NBC T 16.9, a contabilização da depreciação torna-se uma obrigação das entidades Públicas. A metodologia utilizada classifica-se como bibliográfica e documental, de natureza descritiva e quanto à sua abordagem é quantitativa e qualitativa. Como resultado do estudo, pode-se observar que a depreciação acumulada no período (2009 a 2014) totalizou 18,5 milhões de reais, fazendo com que o Patrimônio Líquido contabilizado no valor de 65,99 milhões de reais, seja ajustado para 47,46 milhões de reais, uma redução de 28,03% no Patrimônio Líquido da instituição.
On the improvement of CBCT image quality for soft tissue‐based SRS localization
Authors: Mao Weihua , Gardner Stephen J. , Snyder Karen Chin , Wen Ning Winston , Zhong Hualiang , Li Haisen , Jackson Paul , Shah Mira , Chetty Indrin J.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

We explore the optimal cone‐beam CT (CBCT) acquisition parameters to improve CBCT image quality to enhance intracranial stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) localization and also assess the imaging dose levels associated with each imaging protocol.

Methods

Twenty‐six CBCT acquisition protocols were generated on an Edge® linear accelerator (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) with different x‐ray tube current and potential settings, gantry rotation trajectories, and gantry rotation speeds. To assess image quality, images of the Catphan 504 phantom were analyzed to evaluate the following image quality metrics: uniformity, HU constancy, spatial resolution, low contrast detection, noise level, and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR). To evaluate the imaging dose for each protocol, the cone‐beam dose index (CBDI) was measured. To validate the phantom results, further analysis was performed with an anthropomorphic head phantom as well as image data acquired for a clinical SRS patient.

Results

The Catphan data indicates that adjusting acquisition parameters had direct effects on the image noise level, low contrast detection, and CNR, but had minimal effects on uniformity, HU constancy, and spatial resolution. The noise level was reduced from 34.5 ± 0.3 to 18.5 ± 0.2 HU with a four‐fold reduction in gantry speed, and to 18.7 ± 0.2 HU with a four‐fold increase in tube current. Overall, the noise level was found to be proportional to inverse square root of imaging dose, and imaging dose was proportional to the product of total tube current‐time product and the cube of the x‐ray potential. Analysis of the anthropomorphic head phantom data and clinical SRS imaging data also indicates that noise is reduced with imaging dose increase.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that optimization of the imaging protocol, and thereby an increase in the imaging dose, is warranted for improved soft‐tissue visualization for intracranial SRS.
Mesopore‐Induced Aggregation of Cobalt Protoporphyrin for Photoacoustic Imaging and Antioxidant Protection of Stem Cells
Authors: Yao Minghua , Ma Ming , Zhang Hongbo , Zhang Yuezhou , Wan Gang , Shen Jie , Chen Hangrong , Wu Rong
Published: October 2018

With the ever‐accelerating development of functional materials design and fabrication, various nanomaterial‐based molecular imaging platforms with improved detectability and functionality have been developed for next‐generation cell tracking technologies in the field of stem cell therapy. In this work, a “mesopore‐induced aggregation” strategy is developed to endow cobalt protoporphyrin IX (CoPP), one of the important metalloporphyrins, with photoacoustic (PA) imaging capability by loading it into amine‐functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (aMSNs). Through intermolecular aggregation in mesopores, the light absorption of CoPP can be broaden into near‐infrared region, resulting in about 7.4‐fold enhancement of PA response at 680 nm compared to free CoPP. Moreover, the newly designed PA contrast agent is not only safe for stem cell tracking, but also exerts sustained CoPP release for a long‐term cytoprotective effect against oxidative stress. The translational potential of CoPP‐loaded MSNs as a theranostic agent is demonstrated via in vivo imaging of the labeled stem cell in nude mice based on subcutaneous‐ and myocardial‐injection approaches. This is the first demonstration of a multifunctional nanoplatform with both PA imaging‐guided cell delivery and antioxidant stress cell protection functions, which provides a robust theranostic approach for future stem cell therapy.
High‐Performance Li‐CO2 Batteries Based on Metal‐Free Carbon Quantum Dot/Holey Graphene Composite Catalysts
Authors: Jin Yachao , Hu Chuangang , Dai Quanbin , Xiao Ying , Lin Yi , Connell John W. , Chen Fuyi , Dai Liming
Published: October 2018

Li‐CO2 batteries have attracted ever increasing attention due to their high energy and power densities. However, Li2CO3 formed during the discharge process is difficult to decompose, leading to a large charge overpotential and poor cyclability. Thus, high‐performance and low‐cost catalysts that can be integrated into the electrode architecture are urgently needed for the development of practical Li‐CO2 batteries with a low overpotential and long cyclability. Herein, a high‐performance composite catalyst is reported based on carbon quantum dots supported by holey graphene (CQD/hG), which, when used as the cathodic catalyst in a Li‐CO2 battery, can support the fast formation and decomposition of Li2CO3 in organic electrolytes and achieve an overpotential as low as 1.02 V (Li/Li+) at current density of 0.1 A g−1. The discharge capacity of this Li‐CO2 battery is 12300 mAh g−1 under the current density of 0.5 A g−1, showing an excellent long‐term stability with up to 235 cycles even at a high current density of 1 A g−1. The observed superb battery performance is attributable to synergistic effects that the CQD/hG composite architecture provides a high catalytic activity of the defect‐rich CQDs and fast electron/electrolyte transport through the conducting holey graphene sheets.
Biomimetic Nanoemulsions for Oxygen Delivery In Vivo
Authors: Zhuang Jia , Ying Man , Spiekermann Kevin , Holay Maya , Zhang Yue , Chen Fang , Gong Hua , Lee Joo Hee , Gao Weiwei , Fang Ronnie H. , Zhang Liangfang
Published: October 2018

Blood transfusion is oftentimes required for patients suffering from acute trauma or undergoing surgical procedures in order to help maintain the body's oxygen levels. The continued demand worldwide for blood products is expected to put significant strain on available resources and infrastructure. Unfortunately, efforts to develop viable alternatives to human red blood cells for transfusion are generally unsuccessful. Here, a hybrid natural–synthetic nanodelivery platform that combines the biocompatibility of the natural RBC membrane with the oxygen‐carrying ability of perfluorocarbons is reported. The resulting formulation can be stored long‐term and exhibits a high capacity for oxygen delivery, helping to mitigate the effects of hypoxia in vitro. In an animal model of hemorrhagic shock, mice are resuscitated at an efficacy comparable to whole blood infusion. By leveraging the advantageous properties of its constituent parts, this biomimetic oxygen delivery system may have the potential to address a critical need in the clinic.
Diboron‐Assisted Interfacial Defect Control Strategy for Highly Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Tu Yongguang , Yang Xiaoyu , Su Rui , Luo Deying , Cao Yang , Zhao Lichen , Liu Tanghao , Yang Wenqiang , Zhang Yifei , Xu Zhaojian , Liu Quanzhen , Wu Jihuai , Gong Qihuang , Mo Fanyang , Zhu Rui
Published: October 2018

Metal halide perovskite films are endowed with the nature of ions and polycrystallinity. Formamidinium iodide (FAI)‐based perovskite films, which include large cations (FA) incorporated into the crystal lattice, are most likely to induce local defects due to the presence of the unreacted FAI species. Here, a diboron‐assisted strategy is demonstrated to control the defects induced by the unreacted FAI both inside the grain boundaries and at the surface regions. The diboron compound (C12H10B2O4) can selectively react with unreacted FAI, leading to reduced defect densities. Nonradiative recombination between a perovskite film and a hole‐extraction layer is mitigated considerably after the introduction of the proposed approach and charge‐carrier extraction is improved as well. A champion power conversion efficiency of 21.11% is therefore obtained with a stabilized power output of 20.83% at the maximum power point for planar perovskite solar cells. The optimized device also delivers negligible hysteresis effect under various scanning conditions. This approach paves a new way for mitigating defects and improving device performance.
Superaerophilic Materials Are Surprising Catalysts: Wettability‐Induced Excellent Hydrogenation Activity under Ambient H2 Pressure
Authors: Li Zhaohua , Cao Changyan , Zhu Zhongpeng , Liu Jian , Song Weiguo , Jiang Lei
Published: October 2018

Liquid hydrogenation reaction is one of the essential reactions in fine chemical and pharmaceutical industry. The low H2 concentration on catalyst surface is a major kinetic limitation for these reactions. In this study, it is proposed and demonstrated for the first time that creating superaerophilic surface is an efficient way to increase H2 concentration on catalyst surface, and thus significantly enhancing the hydrogenation reaction rate in aqueous solution. As a proof of concept, Pd nanoparticles loaded on graphene aerogel (GA) with different degrees of aerophilic/aerophobic surfaces (denoted as Pd/GA, Pd/NGA‐2, and Pd/NGA‐4, respectively) are prepared and tested for hydrogenation reactions. Pd/GA with superaerophilic property (H2 bursting time within 92 ms) shows the highest catalytic reaction rate in all tested reactions under the same conditions, including hydrogenation of styrene, nitro, and aldehyde compounds. The hydrogenation of aldehyde compounds with Pd/GA at ambient H2 pressure is even comparable to those of Pd/NGA‐4 and commercial Pd/C with superaerophobic property at 6 bar H2 pressure. Such strategy is expected to find wide applications in many other catalytic reactions involving gases, and may lead to revolutionary change in fine chemical industry.
Composites based on HDPE, jute fiber, wood, and thermoplastic starch in tubular pultrusion die: The correlation between mechanical performance and microstructure
Authors: Hedayati Velis Hamed , Golzar Mohammad , Yousefzade Omid
Published: October 2018

This paper presents an experimental study on pultrusion of tube‐shaped composites. Green tube‐shaped composites based on jute/thermoplastic starch, jute/HDPE, and jute/HDPE/wood flour were prepared. Jute fibers were impregnated in thermoplastic extrusion process, and a round prepreg was produced in a hot die. The impregnated jute fibers were entered into pultrusion die, and tube‐shaped composites were fabricated. Properties of final samples were investigated by tensile measurement and void faction. It was found that tensile strength of jute/HDPE was higher than jute/starch. It seems that the melt viscosity of polymer plays as an important role determining the mechanical performances. In addition, tensile strength increases with increasing volume fraction of fiber in the composites. Morphological study showed that in jute/starch sample, impregnation was not done perfectly and tubular cross section has inhomogeneity.
Influence of the conductive network creation on electrical, rheological, and mechanical properties of composites based onLDPEandEVAmatrices
Authors: Mysiukiewicz Olga , Gospodarek Bartosz , Ławniczak Paweł , Sterzyński Tomasz
Published: October 2018

Electrically conductive polymeric composites are more and more popular as an object of scientific research and as a material applied in different branches of electric, electronic, and heating industry. Complex knowledge of their properties and behavior is needed to take full advantage of the application of these materials. This study focuses on the relationship between the polymeric matrix properties and the process of creating the conductive network within a composite. Two types of composites, based on low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (EVA), filled with 10–20 wt% of conductive carbon black, have been prepared. Resulting composite samples have been subjected to different tests, including uniaxial drawing test, rotational rheology, and dielectric spectroscopy in order to evaluate the relationship between their composition and properties. It has been observed that creation of the filler network is easier in case of more linear and polarEVAmatrix, whereas electrical and rheological percolation threshold values are higher in the case of the composites containing branchedLDPEmatrices. Therefore, it can be concluded that the process of creation of conductive filler network and the pattern of changes of mechanical, rheological, and electrical properties are vastly influenced by the inherent properties of the polymeric matrix, that is, its branching level and polarity.
A Synergistic Na‐Mn‐O Composite Cathodes for High‐Capacity Na‐Ion Storage
Authors: Wang Xuanpeng , Wang Chenyang , Han Kang , Niu Chaojiang , Meng Jiashen , Hu Ping , Xu Xiaoming , Wang Zhaoyang , Li Qi , Han Chunhua , Huang Yunhui , Mai Liqiang
Published: October 2018

Searching for new‐type cathodes to enhance the capacity of Na‐ion batteries is one of the hot spots in energy storage systems. Many sodium insertion transition metal oxides, i.e., Na‐Mn‐O compounds, are intensively studied owing to their high voltage, abundant resources, and low toxicity. However, its relatively low capacity greatly limits its application. Here, a new synergistic composite, 0.44Na4Mn2O5•0.56Na0.7MnO2, is developed by a feasible method of organic‐acid‐assisted drying and heat treatment. This synergistic composite cathode delivers a reversible sodium storage capacity as high as 278.0 mAh g−1 and stable framework structure due to the synergistic effect. It is achieved by the synergistic effect of high capacity Na4Mn2O5 with multiple Na+ ions insert/extract sites and stable Na0.7MnO2 with layered structure. Even when tested at a high mass loading of 7.42 mg cm−2, this composite cathode demonstrates stable cycling over 400 cycles for sodium storage. Moreover, when coupled with hard carbon anode, Na‐ion full battery delivers excellent charge/discharge performance with capacity retention of 84.0%, showing great application potential in the large‐scale energy storage field.
Solar Thermionic‐Thermoelectric Generator (ST2G): Concept, Materials Engineering, and Prototype Demonstration
Authors: Trucchi Daniele Maria , Bellucci Alessandro , Girolami Marco , Calvani Paolo , Cappelli Emilia , Orlando Stefano , Polini Riccardo , Silvestroni Laura , Sciti Diletta , Kribus Abraham
Published: October 2018

The thermionic‐thermoelectric solid‐state technology, characterized by solar‐to‐electric conversion efficiency feasibly >40%, is comprehensively proposed and discussed for conversion of concentrating solar power. For the first time, the related solar generator prototype is designed and fabricated by developing advanced materials functionalized for the specific application, such as thermally resistant hafnium carbide‐based radiation absorbers, surface‐textured at the nanoscale to obtain a solar absorptance >90%, and chemical vapor deposition diamond films, acting as low‐work‐function (2.06 eV) thermionic emitters. Commercial thermoelectric generators and encapsulation vacuum components complete the prototype. The conversion efficiency is here evaluated under outdoor concentrated sunlight, demonstrating thermionic stage output power of 130 mW at 756 °C, combined to the maximum thermoelectric output power of 290 mW. The related solar‐to‐electric conversion efficiency is found to be 0.4%, but, once the net thermal flux fed to the conversion stages is considered, a thermal‐to‐electric efficiency of 6% is revealed. Factors affecting the performance of the present prototype are analyzed and discussed, as well as a strategy to rapidly overcome limitations, in order to prepare an efficient and highly competitive solid‐state conversion alternative for future concentrating solar plants.
Sulfur‐Rich Polymers with Functional Linkers for High‐Capacity and Fast‐Charging Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Kang Haneol , Kim Hoon , Park Moon Jeong
Published: October 2018

Pressing challenges facing future lithium batteries include the realization of a high specific capacity, reliable cycle life, fast charging, and improved safety. Herein, cutting‐edge lithium–sulfur batteries based on sulfur‐rich polymers that demonstrate a high discharge capacity of 1346 mAh g−1 at 0.1C, a record‐high rate performance of 833 mAh g−1 at 10C, and long lifetime of 500 cycles with a low capacity decay of 0.052% per cycle are reported. These are realized via the linker‐controlled mass synthesis of sulfur‐rich polymers with the possible tuning of charge transfer properties and effective suppression of the polysulfide‐shuttle via chemical interactions. In particular, the use of tetra(allyloxy)‐1,4‐benzoquinone linker enables the conductivity enhancement by a factor of 450 and lithium diffusion kinetics improvement by two orders of magnitude during redox reactions, compared with elemental sulfur cathodes. This work overcomes fundamental limitations of organosulfur cathode materials, and could pave the way for the development of next‐generation lithium batteries.
Highlights of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in definition, prognosis, and advancement
Authors: Lou Hongfei , Zhang Nan , Bachert Claus , Zhang Luo
Published: October 2018

Background

Tissue eosinophils are characteristic of inflammation in most but not all patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and may be useful for defining subgroups and making treatment choices. However, no consistent diagnostic criteria for CRSwNP with eosinophilic inflammation have been established.

Methods

Related literature review was performed and current developments in the diagnosis of eosinophilic CRSwNP were summarized. Details in histopathology, definition of tissue eosinophilia, eosinophil as an indicator of disease recurrence, eosinophilic shift, and related biomarkers in CRSwNP are included in this review article.

Results

Mucosal eosinophilia exhibits significant geographic and ethnic differences and may increase over time. Tissue eosinophilia can be defined using a cutoff value based on reference values from healthy mucosa, but typical disease‐specific values should also be employed to increase sensitivity and specificity for clinical use. Recent developments highlight the diagnostic criteria for eosinophilic CRSwNP based on cluster analysis, which were also associated with clinical outcomes. Additionally, some promising eosinophil‐relevant biomarkers, such as eosinophilic cation protein and interleukin 5 (IL‐5), may be clinically applied as diagnostic or predictive tools for CRSwNP in the future.

Conclusion

Sinonasal tissue eosinophilia is present in a majority of CRSwNP patients but is currently more common in the West than in the East. Cutoff values of eosinophils as the diagnostic criteria of eosinophilic CRSwNP are subject to change with geographic and ethnic differences over time. It will be important to identify validated eosinophil‐related biomarkers in different continents/countries for future research and for the introduction of precision medicine.
KCTD7 deficiency defines a distinct neurodegenerative disorder with a conserved autophagy‐lysosome defect
Authors: Metz Kyle A. , Teng Xinchen , Coppens Isabelle , Lamb Heather M. , Wagner Bart E. , Rosenfeld Jill A. , Chen Xianghui , Zhang Yu , Kim Hee Jong , Meadow Michael E. , Wang Tim Sen , Haberlandt Edda D. , Anderson Glenn W. , Leshinsky‐Silver Esther , Bi Weimin , Markello Thomas C. , Pratt Marsha , Makhseed Nawal , Garnica Adolfo , Danylchuk Noelle R. , Burrow Thomas A. , Jayakar Parul , McKnight Dianalee , Agadi Satish , Gbedawo Hatha , Stanley Christine , Alber Michael , Prehl Isabelle , Peariso Katrina , Ong Min Tsui , Mordekar Santosh R. , Parker Michael J. , Crooks Daniel , Agrawal Pankaj B. , Berry Gerard T. , Loddenkemper Tobias , Yang Yaping , Maegawa Gustavo H. B. , Aouacheria Abdel , Markle Janet G. , Wohlschlegel James A. , Hartman Adam L. , Hardwick J. Marie
Published: October 2018

Objective

Several small case series identified KCTD7 mutations in patients with a rare autosomal recessive disorder designated progressive myoclonic epilepsy (EPM3) and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN14). Despite the name KCTD (potassium channel tetramerization domain), KCTD protein family members lack predicted channel domains. We sought to translate insight gained from yeast studies to uncover disease mechanisms associated with deficiencies in KCTD7 of unknown function.

Methods

Novel KCTD7 variants in new and published patients were assessed for disease causality using genetic analyses, cell‐based functional assays of patient fibroblasts and knockout yeast, and electron microscopy of patient samples.

Results

Patients with KCTD7 mutations can exhibit movement disorders or developmental regression before seizure onset, and are distinguished from similar disorders by an earlier age of onset. Although most published KCTD7 patient variants were excluded from a genome sequence database of normal human variations, most newly identified patient variants are present in this database, potentially challenging disease causality. However, genetic analysis and impaired biochemical interactions with cullin 3 support a causal role for patient KCTD7 variants, suggesting deleterious alleles of KCTD7 and other rare disease variants may be underestimated. Both patient‐derived fibroblasts and yeast lacking Whi2 with sequence similarity to KCTD7 have impaired autophagy consistent with brain pathology.

Interpretation

Biallelic KCTD7 mutations define a neurodegenerative disorder with lipofuscin and lipid droplet accumulation but without defining features of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis or lysosomal storage disorders. KCTD7 deficiency appears to cause an underlying autophagy‐lysosome defect conserved in yeast, thereby assigning a biological role for KCTD7. Ann Neurol 2018;84:774–788
Visible‐Light‐Driven, Copper‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative C(sp3)−H Alkylation of Glycine and Peptides
Authors: Wang Chao , Guo Mengzhun , Qi Rupeng , Shang Qinyu , Liu Qiang , Wang Shan , Zhao Long , Wang Rui , Xu Zhaoqing
Published: October 2018

Despite a well‐developed and growing body of work in Cu catalysis, the potential of Cu to serve as a photocatalyst remains underexplored. Reported herein is the first example of visible‐light‐induced Cu‐catalyzed decarboxylative C(sp3)−H alkylation of glycine for preparing α‐alkylated unnatural α‐amino acids. It merits mentioning that the mild conditions and the good functional‐group tolerance allow the modification of peptides using this method. The mechanistic studies revealed that a radical–radical coupling pathway is involved in the reaction.
Constructing Universal Ionic Sieves via Alignment of Two‐Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
Authors: Jiang Cheng , Tang Mi , Zhu Shaolong , Zhang Jidong , Wu Yanchao , Chen Yuan , Xia Cong , Wang Chengliang , Hu Wenping
Published: October 2018

The shuttle effect of electrode materials always leads to capacity loss and poor cycle life of batteries. Two‐dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with uniform and controllable nanopores provide a promising strategy for fabricating ionic sieves to inhibit the shuttle effect. However, the insoluble nature of COFs made it difficult to fabricate compact and ordered membranes of COFs. Herein, we report a novel method for facilely anisotropic ordering of 2D COFs via depositing COFs onto graphene. The resulted double‐layer membranes acting as ionic sieves impressively inhibit the shuttle effect and exhibit versatility to both organic sodium‐ion batteries and Li‐S batteries, leading to high cyclability.
Phosphine‐Catalyzed Difunctionalization of β‐Fluoroalkyl α,β‐Enones: A Direct Approach to β‐Amino α‐Diazo Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Wang Huamin , Zhang Li , Tu Youshao , Xiang Ruiqi , Guo Yin‐Long , Zhang Junliang
Published: October 2018

An efficient and practical phosphine‐catalyzed vicinal difunctionalization of β‐fluoroalkyl α,β‐enones with TMSN3 has been developed. Using dppb as the catalyst, the reaction worked efficiently to yield various β‐amino α‐diazocarbonyl compounds in high yields (up to 94 %). This work marks the first efficient construction of α‐diazocarbonyl compounds by phosphine catalysis. Meanwhile, the asymmetric variant induced by the nucleophilic bifunctional phosphine P4 led to various chiral fluoroalkylated β‐amino α‐diazocarbonyl compounds in high yields and enantioselectivity. NMR and ESI‐MS studies support the existence of the key reaction intermediates. In contrast, β‐azide carbonyl compounds would be furnished in good yields from β‐fluoroalkylated β,β‐disubstituted enones.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Arylcarbonylation of Unactivated Alkenes: Incorporation of Bulky Aryl Groups at Room Temperature
Authors: Li Xiang , Chen Pinhong , Liu Guosheng
Published: October 2018

A palladium‐catalyzed intermolecular arylcarbonylation of unactivated alkenes has been developed. Unsymmetrical diaryliodonium salts (DAISs) were used as arylation reagents, the bulky aryl group (ArL) of which was exclusively incorporated into the arylcarbonylated products, which contained the ArL group and a carboxylic ester group at the α‐ and β‐carbon position, respectively, of the original terminal C−C double bond. The reaction features excellent chemo‐ and regioselectivity, high functional‐group tolerance, and very mild reaction conditions.
Diversity‐Oriented Construction and Interconversion of Multicavity Supermacrocycles for Cooperative Anion–π Binding
Authors: Luo Jian , Ao Yu‐Fei , Wang Qi‐Qiang , Wang De‐Xian
Published: October 2018

A one‐pot strategy for the diverse construction of a series of supermacrocycles was realized using rationally designed macrocyclic precursors. The base was found to have a significant effect not only on the size distribution but also on the structure of the supermacrocycles formed. While the use of less CsF (<4.0 equiv) afforded regular supermacrocycles containing up to four macrocyclic precursor subunits, the use of more CsF (>8.0 equiv) resulted in structurally reorganized supermacrocyles featuring oxacalix[2]arene[2]triazine motifs. Base‐mediated supermacrocycle‐to‐supermacrocycle transformations were also revealed. With large cavities and many electron‐deficient triazine moieties, the supermacrocyles can accommodate large organic anions via multiple anion–π interactions as demonstrated for two supermacrocycles, which can host 2‐carboxyacetate and represent the first crystallographic examples of sandwich‐like structures with anion–π interactions.
Recyclable cellulose nanocrystal supported Palladium nanoparticles as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the solvent‐free synthesis of coumarin derivatives via von Pechmann condensation
Authors: Mirosanloo Atieh , Zareyee Daryoush , Khalilzadeh Mohammad A.
Published: October 2018

2‐Amino pyrimidine nanocellulose‐supported Palladium nanoparticles (CNC‐AMPD‐Pd) as a novel bio supported nanocatalyst was prepared and characterized by ICP‐AES, FT‐IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, TGA and EDX techniques. The nanocatalyst demonstrated outstanding performance in Pechmann condensation between different substituted phenols and ethyl acetoacetate to obtain coumarin derivatives in good to excellent yields. The catalyst is easily recycled and reused without loss of the catalytic activity. The combined merits of reusable catalyst and solvent‐free reaction conditions make the condensation with safe operation, no leaching of pd into environment, low pollution, rapid access to products and simple workup.
Binuclear diphenyltin(IV)dithiocarbamate complexes bearing functionalized linkers: Synthesis, spectral characterization, DFT and in vitro anticancer activity
Authors: Pillai Vineeta , Patel Shailykumari K. , Buch Lipi , Singh Vinay K.
Published: October 2018

A new series of diphenyltin(IV)dithiocarbamate complexes of the type [(Ph2Sn)2‐μ2‐bis{(κ2S,S‐S2CN(R)CH2CONHC6H4)2SO2}] {R = Cy (1), iPr (2), nBu (3)} and [(Ph2Sn)2‐μ2‐bis{(κ2S,S‐S2CN(R)CH2CONH)2C6H4}] {R = Cy (4), iPr (5)} has been efficiently synthesized and characterized by the relevant spectroscopic (1H, 13C, 1H DOSY, 119Sn NMR, ESI MS, UV–visible absorption, IR) and thermogravimetric methods. Density functional theory level calculations have been carried out to reinforce the experimental data. Compounds have been screened for their in vitro anticancer ability against a malignant human tumor HepG2 (hepatoma) cell line by MTT assay. Remarkably, the anticancer activities of binuclear organotin(IV)dithiocarbamate complexes 1–5 are evidently boosted as high as 22‐fold in 1 (3.32 ± 0.14 μM), 44‐fold in 2 (1.77 ± 0.11 μM), 37‐fold in 3 (2.02 ± 0.47 μM), 8 fold in 4 (8.72 ± 0.19 μM) and 29‐fold in 5 (2.60 ± 0.67 μM), compared with the reference drug cisplatin (75.67 ± 0.51 μM). Morphological proofs like shrinking of cells specifies the induction of apoptosis as part of the mechanism of action of these compounds, which is further reinforced by the individual staining of the cells by acridine orange/ethidium bromide.