bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leading Different Generational Cohorts in the Workplace: Focus on Situational and Inclusive Leadership
Authors: Huyler Debaro , Gomez Lourdes , Rocco Tonette S. , Plakhotnik Maria S.
Published: November 2024

Five distinct generational cohorts, from the Silent Generation (born 1920s-1940s) to Generation Z (born 1996-2010s), are active in the workforce. These cohorts are defined by shared characteristics shaped by pivotal historical events influencing their worldviews and work behaviors. Each generation presents unique challenges due to differing values, expectations, and workplace norms. Effective organizational leaders must adeptly navigate these intergenerational dynamics. This paper (1) delineates the distinct characteristics, values, and motivations of each generational cohort; (2) conceptualizes situational and inclusive leadership approaches as preferred styles of leading a multi-generational workforce; and (3) suggests the Integrated Situational and Inclusive Leadership Framework that provides insights and actionable strategies for adaptive leadership that meet the diverse needs of these generational groups.
Comparing the efficacy and safety of weekly somatrogon with daily somatropin to treat children with growth hormone deficiency: a plain language summary of publication
Authors: Deal Cheri L. , Steelman Joel , Vlachopapadopoulou Elpis , Stawerska Renata , Silverman Lawrence A. , Phillip Moshe , Kim Ho-Seong , Ko CheolWoo , Malievskiy Oleg , Cara Jose F. , Roland Carl L. , Taylor Carrie Turich , Valluri Srinivas Rao , Wajnrajch Michael P. , Pastrak Aleksandra , Miller Bradley S.
Published: November 2024

• The efficacy of weekly somatrogon injections was no different from that of daily somatropin injections to treat children who don’t make enough growth hormone to grow adequately.

○ Efficacy refers to how well a drug works in a clinical trial.

○ Children treated with weekly somatrogon had an increased growth rate, similar to that of children treated with daily somatropin.

• The safety of weekly somatrogon injections was similar to that of daily somatropin injections.

The original scientific article on which this summary is based was published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism and can be accessed for free at: https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/107/7/e2717/6566444 . The details of the original article are as follows: Cheri L. Deal, Joel Steelman, Elpis Vlachopapadopoulou, Renata Stawerska, Lawrence A Silverman, Moshe Phillip, Ho-Seong Kim, CheolWoo Ko, Oleg Malievskiy, Jose F. Cara, Carl L. Roland, Carrie Turich Taylor, Srinivas Rao Valluri, Michael P. Wajnrajch, Aleksandra Pastrak, and Bradley S. Miller. Efficacy and safety of weekly somatrogon vs daily somatropin in children with growth hormone deficiency: a phase 3 study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107(7): e2717–e2728.

The purpose of this plain language summary is to help you to understand the findings from recent research.

• Somatrogon is used to treat growth hormone deficiency (the condition under study that is discussed in this summary). Approval varies by country; please check with your local healthcare provider for more details.

• The results of this study may differ from those of other studies. Physicians/providers should make treatment decisions based on all available evidence and not on the results of a single study.
Posthumanist performativity in the classroom: A material-discursive analysis of children’s intra-actions
Authors: Lucas-Oliva Inés , Guzmán-Simón Fernando , García-Jiménez Eduardo
Published: November 2024

Karen Barad’s agential realism proposes a way of analysing the relations of human and non-human agents in the field of early childhood education (3–6 years) and helps researchers to question colonialising practices in childhood. The performative agency of time and space offers a different way of perceiving children’s relationships with school. The diffractions carried out in this paper reflect the analysis of a vignette occurring in an early childhood school in Spain. Our analysis highlights the non/silenced bodies of the children and their passivity/activity in the de/control of the space-time of the school. This study underlines the ephemeral, non-linear and unpredictable nature of the material-discursive intra-actions in the classroom. The resulting narrative of knowledge building in childhood leads to a posthumanist performativity that compels educators to rethink the processes of de/colonisation that should take place in childhood education involving the material relationality of time, space and children’s bodies.
Embedding artificial intelligence in healthcare: An ethnographic exploration of an AI-based mHealth app through the lens of legitimacy
Authors: Howe Sydney , Smak Gregoor Anna , Uyl-de Groot Carin , Wakkee Marlies , Nijsten Tamar , Wehrens Rik
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Skin cancer, a significant global health problem, imposes financial and workload burdens on the Dutch healthcare system. Artificial intelligence (AI) for diagnostic augmentation has gained momentum in dermatology, but despite significant research on adoption, acceptance, and implementation, we lack a holistic understanding of why technologies (do not) become embedded in the healthcare system. This study utilizes the concept of legitimacy, omnipresent but underexplored in health technology studies, to examine assumptions guiding the integration of an AI mHealth app for skin lesion cancer risk assessment in the Dutch healthcare system.

Methods

We conducted a 3-year ethnographic case study, using participant observation, interviews, focus groups, and document analysis to explore app integration within the Dutch healthcare system. Participants included doctors, policymakers, app users, developers, insurers, and researchers. Our analysis focused on moments of legitimacy breakdown, contrasting company narratives and healthcare-based assumptions with practices and affectively-charged experiences of professionals and app users.

Results

Three major kinds of legitimacy breakdowns impacted the embedding of this app: first, lack of institutional legitimacy led to informal workarounds by the company at the institutional level; second, quantification privilege impacted app influence in interactions with doctors; and third, interactive limits between users and the app contradicted expectations around ease of use and work burden alleviation.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that legitimacy is a useful lens for understanding the embedding of health technology while taking into account institutional complexity. A legitimacy lens is helpful for decision-makers and researchers because it can clarify and anticipate pain points for the integration of AI into healthcare systems.
Effective elements of eHealth interventions for mental health and well-being in children and adolescents: A systematic review
Authors: Dietvorst Evelien , de Vries Lianne P. , van Eijl Stephanie , Mesman Esther , Legerstee Jeroen S. , Keijsers Loes , Hillegers Manon H. J. , Vreeker Annabel
Published: November 2024

Background

Mental health problems among children and adolescents increased in recent years, while mental health services are overburdened with long waiting lists. eHealth interventions, that is, interventions delivered digitally via apps or websites, offer a promising approach to prevent and efficiently treat emerging mental health problems in youth. Over the past years, rapid technological progress has led to diverse eHealth interventions for youth mental health. However, a structured overview of effective eHealth elements and mechanisms through which interventions aim to improve mental health is lacking. The aim of this pre-registered systematic review is to identify elements of eHealth interventions that improve mental health and well-being in children and adolescents aged 10–25 from both clinical and general populations.

Methods

This systematic review conducted in April 2023 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines identified 108 studies and 103 distinct interventions between 2011–2023. The overall sample size was 33,435 participants (30.7% male, mean age = 18.4 years, SD = 2.5). Most studies (64.8%) were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to test the interventions. The remaining studies utilized a pre-post or group-comparison design (non-RCTs).

Results

The interventions were heterogeneous in design, method of delivery, target group and outcome measures. Overall, 77.7% of the studies showed a positive significant association between eHealth intervention and mental health or well-being. Elements that were often related to improved mental health and well-being were cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or self-monitoring as therapeutic principles, blended approaches combining eHealth with traditional therapy, peer/parental involvement and technological gamification elements, such as rewards.

Conclusions

Elements of youth eHealth interventions that appear to positively impact mental health or well-being are (a) CBT-based, (b) self-monitoring (c) blended interventions, (d) peer or parental involvement or (e) gamification. Future directions for the development and implementation of eHealth interventions for youth are discussed.
Educators’ digital competence in physiotherapy and health professions education: Insights from qualitative interviews
Authors: Røe Yngve , Vik Torbjørnsen Astrid Cathrine , Admiraal Wilfried
Published: November 2024

Objective

This study seeks to outline the features of digital competences among educators in health professions education and pinpoint areas in need of enhancement.

Methods

The transcribed interviews of nine educators in physiotherapy education were coded to align with The European Framework for the Digital Competence of Educators (DigCompEdu), adhering to a step-by-step procedure.

Results

In total, 320 significant units were coded to an individual competence. Three competence areas (Professional engagement, Teaching and learning, and Empowering learners accounted for (94.2%) of the codes, while the three remaining (Digital resources, Assessment, and Facilitating learners’ digital competence) for 5.8% of cases. Several individual competences were not identified, across domains and the educators raised skepticism regarding the relevance of digital education for clinical practice.

Conclusion

The study reveals deficiencies in the digital competence of health professions educators, highlighting gaps in strategies to utilize technology in their work and the integration of technologies with clinical skills. Educators exhibit individual-driven rather than collaborative digital professional development, expressing skepticism about technology’s efficacy in clinical skills training. The results emphasize the urgent need for comprehensive improvement. Without addressing these issues, health education students may graduate without essential digital skills, hindering their contribution to technology development.
Research on disease management of chronic disease patients based on digital therapeutics: A scoping review
Authors: Chengyu Zhu , Xueyan Huang , Ying Feng
Published: November 2024

Background

The prevalence of chronic diseases is rising annually due to the aging of the population, and these illnesses constitute a major cause of mortality. Digital therapeutics (DTx) is a promising solution for the prevention and management of chronic diseases. With the rapid advancement of information technology in recent years, software algorithms or applications based on clinical assessment, evidence, and technology can be used to directly provide digital medical interventions to patients to promote disease management. Digital therapeutics has been applied in the field of various diseases. The most significant application area among them is the management, treatment, and intervention of chronic illnesses.

Objectives

To provide a comprehensive understanding of the benefits and drawbacks of using digital therapeutics for the management of patients with chronic diseases.

Methods

The scoping review framework developed by Arksey and O’Malley was applied to the process. Using the research method of scope review, the network retrieval of pertinent papers was conducted in eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and CNKI. The database was retrieved between the date of database creation and September 20, 2023. The “PCC” principle was used to determine the inclusion criterion. Analyze and discuss the mentioned literature. Findings were presented in tabular and descriptive formats.

Results

The scoping review included 25 studies. The intervention carriers of digital therapeutics included health management systems, digital health platforms, learning machine models, and so on. Professional technologists, medical personnel, and others were among the implementation personnel. Disease management strategies included application-based home workout plan intervention, virtual reality digital control mode intervention, and so on. Digital therapeutics helped patients with symptom monitoring, medication management, weight control, mental health, and everyday activities.

Conclusion

Digital therapeutics improves the treatment of chronic disease patients and promotes health recovery. In the future, under the supervision of the treatment team, we should formulate scientific, standardized, and relevant digital therapeutic disease management programs according to the application status of patients with chronic diseases and develop more customized digital therapeutic projects.
Fetal Cardiac Intervention: A Comprehensive Review of Current Evidence
Authors: Provinciatto Henrique , Simioni Christiane , Peixoto Alberto Borges , Micheletti Talita , da Silva Marcelo Brandão , Pilla Carlo Benatti , Araujo Júnior Edward
Published: November 2024

Fetal cardiac intervention consists of a novel and evolving technique for the intrauterine treatment of a subset of patients with congenital heart diseases, which aims to improve hemodynamics, reduce secondary damage, and achieve better postnatal outcomes. Nevertheless, the risks and benefits of this therapy remains subject to controversy. This review describes the rationale, selection criteria, and technical features for the most frequently performed fetal cardiac interventions. In addition, we provide a comprehensive overview of the medical literature, exploring the clinical implications of each therapy.
Does Post-Tetanic Transcranial Stimulation Augment the Wave Amplitudes of Spinal Cord Evoked Potential (Tc-SCEP)?
Authors: Tanaka Masato , Shigematsu Hideki , Kawaguchi Masahiko , Takatani Tsunenori , Kawasaki Sachiko , Suga Yuma , Yamamoto Yusuke , Tanaka Yasuhito
Published: November 2024

Study design

Prospective within-subjects study.

Objectives

Although motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude can reportedly be increased by tetanic stimulation of the peripheral nerves before transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), no reports have described on whether tetanic transcranial stimulation augments the wave amplitudes of spinal cord-evoked potentials (Tc-SCEP). The primary purpose of this study was to investigate whether tetanic stimulation induces waveform amplification of Tc-SCEP. The secondary purpose was to elucidate the mechanism of the amplification effect of tetanic stimulation.

Methods

We recruited 20 patients who underwent cervical or thoracic spine surgeries. We compared the compound muscle active potentials (CMAPs) of Tc-MEP and Tc-SCEP before and after tetanic stimulation of the median or tibial nerve.

Results

Although the CMAP wave amplitudes of the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and abductor hallucis (AH) showed significant enlargement on Tc-MEP following tetanic stimulation of the median and tibial nerves, an augmentation effect regarding Tc-SCEP (203 μV [without tetanic stimulation], 212 μV [tetanic stimulation of the median nerve], and 208 μV [tetanic stimulation of tibial nerve]) could not be demonstrated.

Conclusion

Although MEP amplitudes can be enlarged by tetanic stimulation of the peripheral nerves, the amplification mechanism may not involve the lateral corticospinal tract from the brain stem to the anterior horn.
Racial Change in Suburbia: America’s Diversifying Elementary Districts and Their Effect on School Segregation
Authors: Mann Bryan , Fitzpatrick Ryan , Hammouda Daniah
Published: November 2024

The ethnic and racial makeup of the United States has changed during the last several decades. Scholars have qualitatively shown how these changes affect school districts but have not identified their scale. We examine residential demographic change using a novel dataset derived from a geographic technique that leverages satellite imagery with 2000 and 2020 census data. We then analyze the effects of demographic change on student isolation and dissimilarity in elementary school districts. Our findings indicate that most elementary districts have changed, but the changes are uneven. The number of districts with White student intense isolation declined, particularly in suburban locales. Meanwhile, districts with student of color intense isolation increased, particularly in urban locales. These changes indicate that increasing diversity for White students has coincided with greater isolation for students of color. These findings should prompt scholars to reconsider their conceptualization of suburban school districts.
School Board Elections Before, During, and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Jacob Brian A.
Published: November 2024

Media reports suggest that parent frustration with COVID school policies and the growing politicization of education have increased community engagement with local public schools. However, there is no evidence to date on whether these factors have translated into greater engagement at the ballot box. This paper uses a novel data set to explore how school board elections changed following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. I find that school board elections following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic were more likely to be contested and that voter turnout in contested elections increased. These changes were large in magnitude and varied with several district characteristics.
Darcy-Forchheimer magnetohydrodynamic flow of non-Newtonian Reiner-Rivlin hybrid nanofluid bounded by double-revolving disks
Authors: Enamul Sk , Ontela Surender
Published: November 2024

The applications of fluid flow and heat transfer between coaxial double-revolving disks are diverse and can be found in various engineering and scientific domains. In general, the utilization of engine oil ( EO) mixed with hybrid nanoparticles serves various purposes in engine cooling, such as maintaining viscosity-temperature properties, preventing corrosion, and achieving other cooling-related objectives. This investigation focuses on the Darcy-Forchheimer flow of a non-Newtonian Reiner-Rivlin hybrid nanofluid confined between double-revolving disks. The hybrid nanoparticles used include cadmium telluride ( CdTe) and titanium dioxide ( TiO2), combined with the base fluid engine oil. The dimensional flow equations are converted into dimensionless forms using suitable similarity transformations. Subsequently, a semi-analytical methodology known as the homotopy analysis method ( HAM) is utilized to tackle this problem. Graphs are used to determine the effects of the various flow parameters of the hybrid nanofluids on the velocities, temperature, skin friction coefficient, and the Nusselt number. After validating the findings against previous research, an attractive agreement was observed. Some major outcomes from this present problem are that axial, radial, and temperature profiles increase with the rise of the cross-viscosity parameter while the tangential velocity decreases. Radial velocity increased, and tangential velocity diminished with an enhanced magnetic field parameter. Radial velocity is increased for higher values of the dimensionless forced parameter. For higher values of the porosity parameter, the temperature profile improved. Also, the exploration of the Nusselt number and skin friction for the disks, incorporating the effects of a magnetic field and porous medium, reveals that skin friction for both disks increase with the rising Reynolds number and volume fraction of the cadmium telluride nanoparticles.
Bias in the Algorithm: Issues Raised Due to Use of Facial Recognition in India
Authors: Basheer Intifada P.
Published: November 2024

From helping you and me unlock our smartphones with a mere glance to enabling the police to identify criminals via CCTV footage, artificial intelligence (AI)-powered face recognition technology (FRT) is rapidly advancing by the day. According to reports, the Indian Railways will install FRT-based video surveillance systems in 983 railway stations across the country to ramp up security. However, the accuracy and reliability of FRT depend on the quality of the input images, the algorithms used and the size and quality of the reference database. Due to the scope for major imbalances in these elements, these algorithms have been found to be biased—largely against minority communities and women, thereby exacerbating already prevalent forms of societal discrimination. Scrutinising key research studies that collectively expose racial and gender bias prevalent in widely adopted FRT tools in the United States as well as India, this article analyses how bias and inaccuracy of these tools have led to poor outcomes and raised concerns when deployed by law enforcement agencies in India. Furthermore, this article traces the historical context of these biases and proposes debiasing measures that go beyond balancing datasets.
The experiences of visually impaired military veterans with Charles Bonnet syndrome
Authors: Dave Sonali , Jones Lee , Lee Matthew , Ditzel-Finn Lara , Castle Claire , Heinze Nikki , Potts Judith , Moosajee Mariya , Gomes Renata S. M.
Published: November 2024

Background:

Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) refers to the experience of visual hallucinations occurring secondary to sight loss. Although there is an increasing amount of research on this phenomenon, CBS remains a lesser-known outcome of visual impairment, with limited research into the impact on the patient.

Objectives:

To explore the experiences and opinions of visually impaired military veterans with CBS regarding the impact of visual hallucinations.

Design:

Semi-structured qualitative interviews.

Methods:

Forty-six telephone interviews were conducted with members of Blind Veterans UK, a charity for visually impaired ex-service men and women. One-hundred and fifteen individuals at the charity with CBS were identified and invited to a semi-structured interview (participation rate – 40%). Qualitative data was transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis.

Results:

Four overarching themes were identified: (1) impact of CBS (2) understanding and management of CBS (3) awareness of CBS (4) recommendations. Negative impact of CBS included feelings of fear, annoyance and disruptions to daily life and quality of life. Negative appraisal of CBS was not necessarily related to negative hallucination content. Participants expressed the value of increased awareness amongst patients and health care professionals. Knowledge and understanding of CBS provided reassurance and was considered an effective strategy to mitigate the negative impact of the condition.

Conclusion:

Regardless of hallucination content, CBS has a substantial impact on the lives of people with visual impairment. Increased awareness and information can help to support individuals to manage their CBS more effectively. However, the findings from this study cannot be generalized to people without a military background so further research is required to understand and optimize support for military veterans and civilians with CBS.
Are depression, anxiety and loneliness associated with visual hallucinations in younger adults with Charles Bonnet syndrome?
Authors: Walker Robin , Valla Broman Caecilie , Hopkins Sam , Gould Mark , Holdstock Juliet
Published: November 2024

Background:

Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) refers to the presence of visual hallucinations experienced by people, without cognitive, or psychiatric deficits that are related to sight loss. This study surveyed younger adults (18–60 years) with visual impairments, to assess the impact of anxiety, depression, loneliness, and the COVID-19 lockdowns on their visual hallucinations.

Objectives:

To examine the association between depression, anxiety, loneliness, the COVID-19 lockdowns, and visual hallucinations in younger adults with CBS.

Design:

An online survey was used with an opportunistic sample of people with sight loss.

Methods:

A survey assessed the frequency, duration, and valence of visual hallucinations using a five-point Likert scale, and assessed anxiety, depression, and loneliness using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) loneliness scale, respectively.

Results:

Twenty-nine young adults (21 female), aged 22–59 years with vision loss from a range of causes, who experience visual hallucinations, were included in the survey. The majority (76%) of participants had experienced hallucinations within the past week, with 83% stating they occurred frequently or very frequently. For 59% of participants, the hallucinations were of short duration (<2 min), but 34% experienced them continuously. Hallucinations were regarded as being unpleasant by 34% of participants, while 59% rated them as being neutral. The incidence of depression and anxiety was high in the sample (48% and 65%, respectively), and 65% experienced loneliness. Participants with scores indicating anxiety or borderline anxiety had significantly more frequent hallucinations than other participants and a similar trend was found for depression. The COVID-19 lockdowns exacerbated hallucinations in 24% of cases, but for 68% they remained unchanged.

Conclusion:

The study demonstrated that CBS is observed in people of all ages, with sight loss arising from a wide range of underlying causes. Depression, anxiety, and loneliness are observed in many cases of CBS. While there was some indication that high anxiety, and to some extent depression, was associated with frequent hallucinations, no other relationships were found between the psychosocial factors (depression, anxiety, and loneliness) and the frequency, duration, or valence of their visual hallucinations.
Critical Reflexivity of the Researcher as an Exploratory Vehicle in Sensitive Research
Authors: Banerjee Rineeta , Dasgupta Manisha
Published: November 2024

Qualitative research requires in-depth immersion in the topic of concern for the findings to be valid and pertinent. However, in doing so, qualitative researchers may encounter certain challenges that address beyond the methodological concern. There is limited research that explores the impact on researchers who undertake research on sensitive or challenging research and marginalized groups. Considering that the researcher is the central figure who influences the research project across all steps from conceptualization to action, researcher reflexivity can be used as a strategy to look behind the curtain of the research project. Through practicing critical reflexive experiential analysis, I reflect on my journey on conducting research on the topic of sexual violence. I address the silence of researcher vulnerability by documenting and analyzing my emotional journey through each stage of the research project in my reflexive journal and how I resolved each dilemma at both personal and professional levels. The aim of this article is, therefore, to highlight the process of critical reflexivity of my journey as a sexual violence researcher in Indian context.
Using relational ethics to approach equity in palliative care
Authors: Smith Kristina A. , Stajduhar Kelli
Published: November 2024

Evidence suggests that people experiencing inequities and who are highly marginalized (e.g., people impacted by racism, sexism, discrimination, stigma, mental illness, substance use issues, disability, and the effects of homelessness; also referred to as structurally vulnerable individuals) often die alone, in pain, and not receiving the care they need. Some research even points to highly marginalized people not feeling worthy of care. The need to consider equity in the context of palliative care has recently emerged but little attention has been paid to how ethical decision-making generally, and relational ethics, specifically, could provide guidance in the care of highly marginalized people who are on a palliative trajectory. Relational ethics offers a model of care and decision-making framework that emphasizes how clients, healthcare providers, and larger social structures are interwoven and acknowledge that structural conditions can position people to have less choice than others. Relational approaches in the context of palliative care for highly marginalized people have the potential to provide a lens to better support the delivery of equitable palliative care. This critical essay explores relational ethics as a way to approach equity in palliative care to support clients facing structural vulnerabilities. We discuss relational ethical considerations to approach collaborative partnerships between clients, healthcare providers, and the larger community with the goal of aligning care with clients’ values. An ethical case for how a relational ethics approach might be used to promote equitable access to palliative care will be explored, highlighting how such approaches have the potential to better align client wishes with their needs and to ensure decision-making and care delivery is trauma-informed, harm reduction focused, and culturally respectful. Relational ethics can support social change in equity and palliative care by contributing ethically informed ways of caring for/with/about highly marginalized people.
Strengths and challenges to embrace attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in employment—A systematic review
Authors: Hotte-Meunier Adèle , Sarraf Lisa , Bougeard Alan , Bernier Félicia , Voyer Chloé , Deng Jiaxuan , El Asmar Stéphanie , Stamate Alina Nusa , Corbière Marc , Villotti Patrizia , Sauvé Geneviève
Published: November 2024

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a significant impact on psychosocial and occupational functioning. Sixty-five percent of children with ADHD continue to meet full or partial diagnostic criteria for ADHD in adulthood, and an estimated 4% of the workforce has a diagnosis of ADHD. We performed a systematic literature review to understand the experience of ADHD in the workplace. Articles were included in the systematic literature review if they reported results on employment outcomes of adults with ADHD. Methodological quality assessment was evaluated using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Seventy-nine studies were included in this systematic literature review ( nADHD = 68,275). Results were synthesized into four categories: challenges, strengths, adaptations, and sex differences. Eight themes were included: ADHD symptoms at work, workplace performance, job satisfaction, maladaptive work thoughts and behaviors, interpersonal relationships at work, personal strengths, embracing ADHD, person-environment fit, and accommodations and support. Workers with ADHD can adapt and thrive in employment with the right person-environment fit, and accommodations and support. Many challenges related to ADHD can be remodeled into assets in a workplace environment that promotes flexible working practices and openness to neurodiversity.
Increased exercise tolerance in humanized G6PD-deficient mice
Authors: Cendali Francesca I. , Lisk Christina , Dzieciatkowska Monika , LaCroix Ian S. , Reisz Julie A. , Harral Julie , Stephenson Daniel , Hay Ariel M. , Wartchow Eric P. , Darehshouri Anza , Dziewulska-Cronk Karolina H. , Buehler Paul W. , Norris Philip J. , Deng Xutao , Busch Michael P. , Earley Eric J. , Page Grier P. , Hansen Kirk C. , Zimring James C. , Irwin David C. , Nemkov Travis , D’Alessandro Angelo
Published: November 2024

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency affects 500 million people globally, affecting red blood cell (RBC) antioxidant pathways and increasing susceptibility to hemolysis under oxidative stress. Despite the systemic generation of reactive oxygen species during exercise, the effects of exercise on individuals with G6PD deficiency remain poorly understood This study used humanized mouse models expressing the G6PD Mediterranean variant (S188F, with 10% enzymatic activity) to investigate exercise performance and molecular outcomes. Surprisingly, despite decreased enzyme activity, G6PD-deficient mice have faster critical speed than mice expressing human canonical G6PD. After exercise, deficient mice did not exhibit differences in RBC morphology or hemolysis, but had improved cardiac function, including cardiac output, stroke volume, sarcomere length, and mitochondrial content. Proteomics analyses of cardiac and skeletal muscles (gastrocnemius, soleus) from G6PD-deficient compared with sufficient mice revealed improvements in mitochondrial function and increased protein turnover via ubiquitination, especially for mitochondrial and structural myofibrillar proteins. Mass spectrometry–based metabolomics revealed alterations in energy metabolism and fatty acid oxidation. These findings challenge the traditional assumptions regarding hemolytic risk during exercise in G6PD deficiency, suggesting a potential metabolic advantage in exercise performance for individuals carrying noncanonical G6PD variants.
Sex differences in expression of CGRP family of receptors and ligands in the rat trigeminal system
Authors: Maddahi Aida , Edvinsson Jacob C. A. , Edvinsson Lars
Published: November 2024

Background

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is part of the calcitonin peptide family, which includes calcitonin (CT), amylin (AMY), and adrenomedullin (ADM). CGRP and its receptor are highly present in the trigeminovascular system (TVS). Recent research suggests that other members of the calcitonin family could be feasible therapeutic targets in the treatment of migraine. The present study aims to elucidate the distribution of ADM, AMY, CT, and their receptors in the rat TVS, and to explore potential sex differences in their expression.

Methods

Trigeminal ganglia (TG) were dissected from male and female adult rats. Protein and gene expression were assessed through immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR. Additionally, the dura mater was isolated for further investigation of protein expression and fiber localization using immunohistochemistry.

Results

Quantitative gene expression analysis revealed the presence of all genes in male and female TGs, except for calcitonin receptor (CTR). Notably, CGRP mRNA levels in TG were several folds higher than those of other genes. The receptor activity-modifying protein-1 (RAMP1) mRNA levels were significantly higher in female compared to male.

No AMY or CT immunoreactivity was observed in the TVS. In contrast, immunoreactivity for ADM, CGRP, RAMP1, CTR, and calcitonin-like receptor (CLR) were observed in the cytoplasm of TG neurons. Immunoreactive Aδ-fibers storing RAMP1, ADM and CLR were also identified. RAMP2 and RAMP3 were expressed in nucleus of TG neurons and in satellite glial cells. Furthermore, RAMP1 and CLR were co-localized with CASPR in the nodes of Ranvier located in Aδ-fibers.

Conclusions

This study provides valuable insights into the distribution of the CGRP family of peptides and their receptors in the TVS. CGRP mRNA levels in the TG were markedly higher than those of other genes, demonstrating the key role of CGRP. The co-localization of CLR and RAMP1 on Aδ-fibers with CASPR suggests a potential role for this receptor in modulating trigeminal nerve function and neuronal excitability, with implications for migraine pathophysiology. Additionally, RAMP1 mRNA levels were significantly higher in female TG compared to males, indicating sex-specific differences in gene expression. These findings underscore the need for further research into the functional significance of gender-related variations.
The role of reactive oxygen species in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection-induced cell death
Authors: Xie Jiufeng , Yuan Cui , Yang Sen , Ma Zhenling , Li Wenqing , Mao Lin , Jiao Pengtao , Liu Wei
Published: November 2024

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents the novel respiratory infectious disorder caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is characterized by rapid spread throughout the world. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) account for cellular metabolic by-products, and excessive ROS accumulation can induce oxidative stress due to insufficient endogenous antioxidant ability. In the case of oxidative stress, ROS production exceeds the cellular antioxidant capacity, thus leading to cell death. SARS-CoV-2 can activate different cell death pathways in the context of infection in host cells, such as neutrophil extracellular trap (NET)osis, ferroptosis, apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis and autophagy, which are closely related to ROS signalling and control. In this review, we comprehensively elucidated the relationship between ROS generation and the death of host cells after SARS-CoV-2 infection, which leads to the development of COVID-19, aiming to provide a reasonable basis for the existing interventions and further development of novel therapies against SARS-CoV-2.

Graphical Abstract
Should we delay leaf water potential measurements after excision? Dehydration or equilibration?
Authors: Perera-Castro Alicia V. , Puértolas Jaime , Fernández-Marín Beatriz , González-Rodríguez Águeda M.
Published: November 2024

Background

Accurate leaf water potential (Ψw) determination is crucial in studying plant responses to water deficit. After excision, water potential decreases, even under low evaporative demand conditions, which has been recently attributed to the equilibration of pre-excision Ψw gradients across the leaf. We assessed the influence of potential re-equilibration on water potential determination by monitoring leaf Ψw and relative water content decline after excision using different storage methods.

Results

Even though leaf Ψw declined during storage under low evaporative demand conditions, this was strongly reduced when covering the leaf with a hydrophobic layer (vaseline) and explained by changes in relative water content. However, residual water loss was variable between species, possibly related to morpho-physiological leaf traits. Provided water loss was minimized during storage, pre-excision leaf transpiration rate did not affect to the magnitude of leaf Ψw decline after excision, confirming that transpiration-driven Ψw gradients have no effect on leaf Ψw determination.

Conclusions

Disequilibrium in water potentials across a transpiring leaf upon excision is dissipated very quickly, well within the elapsed time between excision and pressurization, therefore, not resulting in overestimation of leaf Ψw measured immediately after excision. When leaf storage is required, the effectiveness of a storage under low evaporative demand varied among species. Covering with a hydrophobic layer is an acceptable alternative.
Determining doses for backfill cohorts based on patient-reported outcome
Authors: Chen Xin , Zhang Jingyi , Li Bosheng , Yan Fangrong
Published: November 2024

Background

Incorporating backfill cohorts in phase I oncology trials is a recently developed strategy for dose optimization. However, the efficacy assessment window is long in general, causing a lag in identifying ineffective doses and more patients being backfilled to those doses. There is necessity to investigate how to use patient-reported outcomes (PRO) to determine doses for backfill cohorts.

Methods

We propose a unified Bayesian design framework, called ‘Backfill-QoL’, to utilize patient-reported quality of life (QoL) data into phase I oncology trials with backfill cohorts, including methods for trial monitoring, algorithm for dose-finding, and criteria for dose selection. Simulation studies and sensitivity analyses are conducted to evaluate the proposed Backfill-QoL design.

Results

The simulation studies demonstrate that the Backfill-QoL design is more efficient than traditional dose-expansion strategy, and fewer patients would be allocated to doses with unacceptable QoL profiles. A user-friendly Windows desktop application is developed and freely available for implementing the proposed design.

Conclusions

The Backfill-QoL design enables continuous monitoring of safety, efficacy and QoL outcomes, and the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) can be identified in a more patient-centered perspective.
DPYD genotype-guided dose personalisation for fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy prescribing in solid organ cancer patients in Australia: GeneScreen 5-FU study protocol
Authors: White Cassandra , Wardill Hannah , Paul Christine , Price Timothy , Karapetis Christos , Nalder Mark , Burge Matthew E. , Thomas Ann , Oldmeadow Chris , Barker Daniel , Edney Laura C. , Coller Janet , Bowen Joanne , Ostroff Cheri , Cheek Bruce , Carlson Mel , Rankmore Trumaine , Nagrial Adnan , Clarke Stephen , Chantrill Lorraine , Ackland Stephen , Scott Rodney J.
Published: November 2024

Background

Fluoropyrimidine (FP) chemotherapies are commonly prescribed for upper and lower gastrointestinal, breast and head and neck malignancies. Over 16,000 people with cancer require FP chemotherapies per annum in Australia. Between 10 and 40% patients experience grade 3–4 (≥ G3) toxicities that require hospital-based management ± intensive care admission. Approximately 1% of patients die secondary to FP toxicities. Prospective screening for DPYD gene variants (encoding the key enzyme for FP catabolism) can identify patients at risk of ≥ G3 toxicity and allow for dose adjustment prior to first FP exposure. Evidence supports this as a cost-effective method of improving patient safety and reducing healthcare burden internationally; however, no Australian data confirms its feasibility on a large scale.

Method

This investigator-led, single-arm study will determine large scale feasibility of prospective DPYD genotyping, confirming patient safety and cost-effectiveness within the Australian health care system. 5000 patients aged 18 years and older with solid organ cancers requiring FP chemotherapy will be consented and genotyped prior to commencing treatment, and early toxicity (within 60 days) post-FP exposure will be determined. Toxicity data for DPYD variant carriers who have dose adjustments will be compared to the wild-type cohort and historical cohorts of carriers who did not undergo genotyping prior to FP exposure, and prospective variant carriers who do not undergo dose-adjustment. Prevalence of the four standard DPYD gene variants will be confirmed in an Australian population. Additionally, health economic analysis, implementation research via semi-structured interviews of patients and clinicians, and feasibility of UGT1A1 genotyping will be conducted.

Discussion

This study will determine the prevalence of DPYD gene variant status in Australia and its impact on FP-induced toxicity among Australians with cancer. Feasibility and cost-effectiveness for Australian health care system will be estimated to support national roll-out of prospective DPYD genotyping prior to FP administration. Additionally, feasibility will be confirmed with the intention of including UGT1A1 in future pharmacogenomic panels to aid chemotherapy prescribing.

Trial registration

This trial was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Cancer Trials Registry on 13th Dec 2023, ACTRN12623001301651.
‘Please, see me’; Informal and professional support of students with relatives with addiction problems: a three-year longitudinal qualitative study
Authors: van Namen Dorine M. , Hilberink Sander R. , de Vries Hein , Nagelhout Gera E. , van Staa AnneLoes
Published: November 2024

Background and aim

Addiction problems also affect the lives of family members. This study aims to examine: (1) young adult family members’ experiences with informal and professional support in coping with the impact of relatives’ addiction problems and (2) how these experiences evolve over time.

Method

A three-year longitudinal qualitative study. Four rounds of in-depth, semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. Thirty students aged 18–30 years, participated in the study at baseline. 93% participated in at least two interviews, and 80% participated three or four times. The Stress-Strain-Information-Coping-Support model was used, and Directed Content Analysis was applied.

Findings

Five major themes were extracted from the data: (1) Informal support; (2) Educational support; (3) Healthcare support; (4) Resilience factors; and (5) Developments over time. Informal and educational support were more often described as effective than healthcare support, although the number of participants who sought healthcare support increased over time. Effective elements of support included being able to discuss their experiences with people listening without judgment or unsolicited advice and having long-term relationships of trust with people from the social environment and professionals. Participants were mainly treated with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Learning how to distinguish between accurate and inaccurate thoughts, especially about themselves, was considered effective. Body-oriented therapy was remarkably absent. Finding effective healthcare support was often a long and winding road through various therapies and therapists. Participants were not attracted to peer group interventions but needed advice on how to deal with their relatives. They also needed recognition by their relatives for harm done. This recognition was seldom given.

Conclusions

It is recommended to train educational and healthcare professionals to recognize the support needs of young people with relatives with addiction problems, to help them cope, or to refer them adequately. We also suggest broadening the scope of professional support offered to AFMs, including body-oriented and cultural interventions.