bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Basophil Competence during Hookworm (Necator americanus) Infection
Authors: Pritchard David I. , Hooi Doreen S. W. , Brown Alan , Bockarie Moses J. , Caddick Rebecca , Quinnell Rupert J.
Published: September 2018

A popular hypothesis to explain parasite survival in the presence of a pronounced T helper 2 phenotype in helminth-parasitized populations has been FcϵRI blockade by parasite-induced polyclonal IgE. To begin to test the hypothesis that FcϵRI-bearing cells would be refractory to activation in parasitized populations, we investigated basophil function in 43 individuals from a hookworm endemic area. Study individuals had high levels of total IgE and eosinophilia and a mean hookworm burden of 2,257 epg. Basophils from all members of this parasitized population were shown to release histamine to a number of agonists, including anti IgE and a hookworm allergen, calreticulin. These data would indicate that FcϵRI blockade at the level of the basophil did not occur in this parasitized population despite the presence of possible immunologic blocking agents. This would suggest that this effector arm of the T helper 2 phenotype remains operative in infected populations.
Cardiac Manifestation of Cystic Echinococcosis: Comparison of Dual-Source Cardio–Computed Tomography and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Their Impact on Disease Management
Authors: Heye Tobias , Lichtenberg Artur , Junghanss Thomas , Hosch Waldemar
Published: September 2018

We report a rare case of cardiac manifestation of cystic echinococcosis in a young Turkish patient. The patient had a history of cardiac surgery caused by a spontaneously ruptured cardiac mass that was intraoperatively diagnosed as a manifestation of cystic echinococcosis. Spread of the disease occurred in the lower mediastinum and pericardium. The patient was treated with antihelmintic medication in the postsurgical course. Follow-up was performed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dual-source cardiac–computed tomography (CT). We present the advantages and limitations of both imaging modalities in diagnosing cardiac manifestations of cystic echinococcosis and discuss their impact on therapy planning. We conclude that cardiac MRI and dual-source Cardio-CT contribute in a complimentary way to diagnosing and assessing cyst activity and extend of disease. Imaging plays a major role in the management of this disease because it can detect a response to antihelmintic medication or identify possible treatment options.
Cluster of Cases of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Webster Duncan , Lee Bonita , Joffe Ari , Sligl Wendy , Dick Daryl , Grolla Allen , Feldmann Heinz , Yacoub Wadieh , Grimsrud Karen , Safronetz David , Lindsay Robbin
Published: September 2018

In May 2005, a cluster of four hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) cases was confirmed in Alberta, Canada. The cluster is unusual given that three cases were from a single family and involved a 7-year-old child. This is the first family cluster reported in Canada and includes one of the youngest cases of HPS reported in North America.
Relative Susceptibilties of South Texas Mosquitoes to Infection with West Nile Virus
Authors: Vanlandingham Dana L. , McGee Charles E. , Klinger Kimberly A. , Vessey Nathan , Fredregillo Chris , Higgs Stephen
Published: September 2018

Three species of mosquitoes (Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Ae. albopictus) collected in Texas were compared with respect to their relative susceptibility to infection with West Nile virus (WNV) strain 114. Oral infection and dissemination rates were 73% infected with 86% dissemination for Ae. aegypti, 13% infected with 100% dissemination for Ae. albopictus, and 100% infected and disseminated for Cx. p. quinquefasciatus. The oral infectious dose required to establish a 50% infection rate was also determined. All feral mosquito species were found to be susceptible to oral infection with WNV (114) in a similar range: Ae. aegypti (6.37 log10 50% tissue culture infectious doses [TCID50]/5 μL), Ae. albopictus (6.17 log10 TCID50/5 μL), and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus (5.33 log10 TCID50/5 μL). These data demonstrate that both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus from Texas are susceptible to infection with WNV at a similar range to Cx. p. quinquefasciatus and may represent a threat of WNV transmission to humans because of host preferences.
Dynamics of Asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax Infections and Duffy Binding Protein Polymorphisms in Relation to Parasitemia Levels in Papua New Guinean Children
Authors: Cole-Tobian Jennifer L. , Michon Pascal , Dabod Elijah , Mueller Ivo , King Christopher L.
Published: September 2018

The interaction between Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein II (PvDBPII) and human erythrocyte Duffy antigen is necessary for blood stage infections. However, PvDBPII is highly polymorphic. We recently observed that certain recombinant DBPII variants bind better to erythrocytes in vitro. To examine the hypothesis that haplotypes with enhanced binding have increased parasitemia levels, we followed 206 Papua New Guinean children biweekly for six months with a total of 713 P. vivax samples genotyped. Twenty-seven PvDBPII haplotypes were identified, and 3 haplotypes accounted for 57% of the infections. The relative frequencies of dominant haplotypes remained stable throughout the study. There was no significant association with PvDBPII alleles or haplotypes with P. vivax parasitemia. The dominant haplotype (26% of samples), however, corresponded to a high-binding haplotype. Thus, common haplotypes are not likely to have arisen from increased fitness as measured by greater parasitemia levels. The restricted number of common haplotypes increases the feasibility of a PvDBPII-based vaccine.
Apparent Relapse of Imported Plasmodium ovale Malaria in a Pregnant Woman
Authors: Coldren Rodney L. , Jongsakul Krisada , Vayakornvichit Sankiat , Noedl Harald , Fukudas Mark M.
Published: September 2018

A 27 week pregnant woman who had lived in Bangkok, Thailand, for 18 months presented to her obstetrician with a 1-week history of intermittent fever and malaise. Medical history was significant for multiple episodes of malaria during her 10 years of employment in sub-Saharan Africa before her relocation to Thailand. The initial malaria smear was negative. She returned a week later with no resolution of her symptoms, at which time she was found to have Plasmodium ovale by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. She had an excellent response to chloroquine, which she continued weekly until 36 weeks of gestation. She delivered a healthy term infant and received radical cure with primaquine after cessation of breastfeeding. This case shows challenging issues in detection and management of imported P. ovale malaria.
Occupational Exposure to Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Swine Workers
Authors: Galiana Carolina , Fernández-Barredo Salceda , García Angel , Gómez María Teresa , Pérez-Gracia Maria Teresa
Published: September 2018

The aim of this work was to study the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and the risk factors for the acquisition of the virus in a population in contact with swine and unexposed to swine. A total of 198 individuals, 97 unexposed (49%) and 101 exposed (51%) to swine, were tested for the presence of HEV infection. The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG in the exposed group was 18.8% versus 4.1% in the unexposed to swine group. People exposed to swine were observed to be 5.4 times (P = 0.03) at risk of having anti-HEV IgG. Ten (52.6%) of the IgG-positive individuals showed two concomitant risk factors: untreated water consumption and exposure to swine. These data support that HEV infection should be treated as a vocational illness in swine workers. Therefore, systematic application of hygiene measures in this collective is highly recommended to avoid the exposition to this virus.
Development of a Rapid Immunochromatographic Test for Simultaneous Serodiagnosis of Bovine Babesioses Caused by Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina
Authors: Kim Chul-Min , Blanco Lidia Beatriz Conza , Alhassan Andy , Iseki Hiroshi , Yokoyama Naoaki , Xuan Xuenan , Igarashi Ikuo
Published: September 2018

With the objective of developing a simpler diagnostic alternative, a rapid immunochromatographic test (BoiICT) was constructed for the simultaneous detection of Babesia bovis- and Babesia bigemina-specific antibodies using B. bovis recombinant merozoite surface antigen-2c and B. bigemina recombinant rhoptry-associated protein-1. The BoiICT selectively detected specific antibodies to B. bovis and B. bigemina. All sera from cattle infected with other protozoan parasites (i.e., Cryptosporidium parvum, Neospora caninum, and Theileria orientalis) showed negative results in the BoiICT. The relative sensitivity and specificity for detecting antibody to B. bovis were 96.7% (29 of 30) and 91.3% (73 of 80), respectively. The relative sensitivity and specificity for detecting antibody to B. bigemina were 96.7% (29 of 30) and 92.5% (74 of 80), respectively. These findings indicate that the BoiICT is useful for fast field diagnostic assessment of bovine babesioses without any laboratory equipment.
Pulmonary Capillariasis Miming Bronchial Carcinoma
Authors: Lalošević Dušan , Lalošević Vesna , Klem Ištvan , Stanojev-Jovanović Dušica , Pozio Edoardo
Published: September 2018

Pulmonary capillariasis is a zoonotic disease caused by the cosmopolitan nematode Capillaria aerophila, which circulates among wild carnivorous and omnivorous mammals. Only 11 cases have been documented to date. We describe a cryptic case of pulmonary capillariasis in a Serbian woman that resembled a bronchial carcinoma.
A Combined Strategy to Improve the Control of Schistosoma mansoni in Areas of Low Prevalence in Brazil
Authors: Enk Martin Johannes , Lima Anna Carolina Lustosa , Massara Cristiano Lara , Coelho Paulo Marcos Zech , Schall Virginia Torres
Published: September 2018

Results of stool examinations for infections with Schistosoma mansoni among schoolchildren, living in a village of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, were used as an indicator to identify schistosomiasis-positive individuals within the entire population. This new approach is based on dividing the community into schoolchildren, members of households of schistosomiasis-positive and -negative schoolchildren, and members of households without schoolchildren. Each subgroup was evaluated comparing different sampling efforts with the predetermined “gold standard” to find the best relationship between detection rate and sampling effort. Consequently these results were combined, and a proposal for a new strategy, valid for an entire community, was elaborated. This alternative approach during the screening process permits to treat a similar proportion of positives as detected with 6 Kato–Katz slides of 3 stool samples, with 3-fold reduced sampling effort, enhancing the efficiency of schistosomiasis control programs in low-endemic areas.
Collecting Baseline Information for National Morbidity Alleviation Programs: Different Methods to Estimate Lymphatic Filariasis Morbidity Prevalence
Authors: Mathieu Els , Amann Josef , Eigege Abel , Richards Frank , Sodahlon Yao
Published: September 2018

The lymphatic filariasis elimination program aims not only to stop transmission, but also to alleviate morbidity. Although geographically limited morbidity projects exist, few have been implemented nationally. For advocacy and planning, the program coordinators need prevalence estimates that are currently rarely available. This article compares several approaches to estimate morbidity prevalence: (1) data routinely collected during mapping or sentinel site activities; (2) data collected during drug coverage surveys; and (3) alternative surveys. Data were collected in Plateau and Nasarawa States in Nigeria and in 6 districts in Togo. In both settings, we found that questionnaires seem to underestimate the morbidity prevalence compared with existing information collected through clinical examination. We suggest that program managers use the latter for advocacy and planning, but if not available, questionnaires to estimate morbidity prevalence can be added to existing surveys. Even though such data will most likely underestimate the real burden of disease, they can be useful in resource-limited settings.
Historical Analysis of a Near Disaster: Anopheles gambiae in Brazil
Authors: Parmakelis Aristeidis , Russello Michael A. , Caccone Adalgisa , Marcondes Carlos Brisola , Costa Jane , Forattini Oswaldo P. , Sallum Maria Anice Mureb , Wilkerson Richard C. , Powell Jeffrey R.
Published: September 2018

Attributed to human-mediated dispersal, a species of the Anopheles gambiae complex invaded northeastern Brazil in 1930. This event is considered unique among the intercontinental introductions of disease vectors and the most serious one: “Few threats to the future health of the Americas have equalled that inherent in the invasion of Brazil, in 1930, by Anopheles gambiae.” Because it was only in the 1960s that An. gambiae was recognized as a species complex now including seven species, the precise species identity of the Brazilian invader remains a mystery. Here we used historical DNA analysis of museum specimens, collected at the time of invasion from Brazil, and aimed at the identification of the Brazilian invader. Our results identify the arid-adapted Anopheles arabiensis as being the actual invading species. Establishing the identity of the species, in addition to being of intrinsic historical interest, can inform future threats of this sort especially in a changing environment. Furthermore, these results highlight the potential danger of human-mediated range expansions of insect disease vectors and the importance of museum collections in retrieving historical information.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Levels and Cognitive Impairment in Cerebral Malaria
Authors: John Chandy C. , Panoskaltsis-Mortari Angela , Opoka Robert O. , Park Gregory S. , Orchard Paul J. , Jurek Anne M. , Idro Richard , Byarugaba Justus , Boivin Michael J.
Published: September 2018

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum levels of 12 cytokines or chemokines important in central nervous system (CNS) infections were measured in 76 Ugandan children with cerebral malaria (CM) and 8 control children. As compared with control children, children with cerebral malaria had higher cerebrospinal fluid levels of interleukin (IL)-6, CXCL-8/IL-8, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-1 receptor antagonist. There was no correlation between cerebrospinal and serum cytokine levels for any cytokine except G-CSF. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid but not serum TNF-α levels on admission were associated with an increased risk of neurologic deficits 3 months later (odds ratio 1.55, 95% CI: 1.10, 2.18, P = 0.01) and correlated negatively with age-adjusted scores for attention (Spearman rho, −0.34, P = 0.04) and working memory (Spearman rho, −0.32, P = 0.06) 6 months later. In children with cerebral malaria, central nervous system TNF-α production is associated with subsequent neurologic and cognitive morbidity.
Efficacy of Miltefosine for Bolivian Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Soto Jaime , Rea Jaime , Balderrama Margarita , Toledo Julia , Soto Paula , Valda Luis , Berman Jonathan D.
Published: September 2018

Oral miltefosine (2.5 mg/kg/d for 28 days) was compared with intramuscular antimony (20 mg/kg/d for 20 days) in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis in Palos Blancos, Bolivia. The cure rates with 6 months of follow-up were statistically similar: 36 of 41 evaluable miltefosine patients (88%) versus 15 of 16 (94%) evaluable antimony patients. However, antimony cured more rapidly, because, by 1 month after therapy, 31 of 44 miltefosine patients (70%) compared with 16 of 16 antimony patients (100%) had achieved cure. The two conclusions from this work are that oral miltefosine can be used for cutaneous disease in this part of Bolivia and that miltefosine was more effective for L. braziliensis in this region than for L. braziliensis in Guatemala. Chemotherapy needs to be evaluated in each endemic region, even if the “same” species of Leishmania causes disease in these locales.
Accuracy and Reliability of Malaria Diagnostic Techniques for Guiding Febrile Outpatient Treatment in Malaria-Endemic Countries
Authors: Rakotonirina Hanitra , Barnadas Céline , Raherijafy Rogelin , Andrianantenaina Hery , Ratsimbasoa Arsène , Randrianasolo Laurence , Jahevitra Martial , Andriantsoanirina Valérie , Ménard Didier
Published: September 2018

The main purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of various techniques available for diagnosis of malaria. Blood samples were collected from 313 patients with clinical suspicion of uncomplicated malaria in 2 primary health centers in Madagascar. The presence of Plasmodium parasites was assessed by conventional microscopy, 2 rapid diagnostic tests (one HRP2-based test, PALUTOP+4, and one pLDH-based test, OptiMAL-IT), and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is used as the “gold standard” method. The degree of agreement observed was very high for microscopy (0.99) and the HRP2-based test (0.93) and high for the pLDH-based test (0.82). Public-health implications are also discussed in this paper.
Natural History, Clinicoradiologic Correlates, and Response to Triclabendazole in Acute Massive Fascioliasis
Authors: Marcos Luis A. , Tagle Martin , Terashima Angelica , Bussalleu Alejandro , Ramirez Cesar , Carrasco Carlos , Valdez Luis , Huerta-Mercado Jorge , Freedman David O. , Vinetz Joseph M. , Gotuzzo Eduardo
Published: September 2018

Fascioliasis is highly endemic in the Andean region of South America. Newer serological assays have improved our ability to diagnose acute fascioliasis. The diagnosis was established by Fasciola hepatica serology (Fas2-ELISA or Western blot) in 10 patients. Identifiable exposure included ingestion of watercress (N = 8), alfalfa juice (N = 5), and lettuce (N = 1). Computed tomography of the abdomen showed hepatomegaly (N = 9), track-like hypodense lesions with subcapsular location (N = 8), and subcapsular hematoma (N = 2). Radiologic sequelae included cyst calcifications detectable at least 3 years after treatment. Stool examinations were negative for F. hepatica eggs; serology was positive (Arc II [N = 2], Fas2-ELISA [N = 6], Western blot [N = 2]). The syndrome of eosinophilia, fever, and right upper quadrant pain, elevated transaminases without jaundice, hypodense liver lesions on CT, and an appropriate exposure history suggests acute fascioliasis. Fascioliasis is specifically treatable with a single dose of triclabendazole.
Hyper-reactive Malarial Splenomegaly in a Patient with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: De Iaco G. , Saleri N. , Perandin F. , Gulletta M. , Ravizzola G. , Manca N. , Signorini L. , Matteelli A. , Prestini K. , Castelli F.
Published: September 2018

Both hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly (HMS) and HIV infection are highly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, but the inter-relationships between the two conditions are not clearly defined. Diagnosis of HMS is particularly difficult in HIV-infected patients, and detection of circulating malaria parasites by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may represent a useful diagnostic tool.
Differential Effect of Regional Drug Pressure on Dihydrofolate Reductase and Dihydropteroate Synthetase Mutations in Southern Mozambique
Authors: Raman Jaishree , Sharp Brian , Kleinschmidt Immo , Roper Cally , Streat Elizabeth , Kelly Val , Barnes Karen I.
Published: September 2018

The prevalence and frequency of the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthetase (dhps) mutations associated with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) resistance at 13 sentinel surveillance sites in southern Mozambique were examined regularly between 1999 and 2004. Frequency of the dhfr triple mutation increased from 0.26 in 1999 to 0.96 in 2003, remaining high in 2004. The dhps double mutation frequency peaked in 2001 (0.22) but declined to baseline levels (0.07) by 2004. Similarly, parasites with both dhfr triple and dhps double mutations had increased in 2001 (0.18) but decreased by 2004 (0.05). The peaking of SP resistance markers in 2001 coincided with a SP–resistant malaria epidemic in neighboring KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The decline in dhps (but not dhfr) mutations corresponded with replacement of SP with artemether–lumefantrine as malaria treatment policy in KwaZulu-Natal. Our results show that drug pressure can exert its influence at a regional level rather than merely at a national level.
Anemia, Iron Deficiency, Meat Consumption, and Hookworm Infection in Women of Reproductive Age in Northwest Vietnam
Authors: Pasricha Sant-Rayn , Caruana Sonia R. , Phuc Tran Q. , Casey Gerard J. , Jolley Damien , Kingsland Sally , Tien Nong T. , MacGregor Lachlan , Montresor Antonio , Biggs Beverley-Ann
Published: September 2018

Iron deficiency anemia poses an important public health problem for women of reproductive age living in developing countries. We assessed the prevalence of iron deficiency and anemia and associated risk factors in a community-based sample of women living in a rural province of northwest Vietnam. A cross-sectional survey, comprised of written questionnaires and laboratory analysis of hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, transferrin receptor, and stool hookworm egg count, was undertaken, and the soluble transferrin receptor/log ferritin index was calculated. Of 349 non-pregnant women, 37.53% were anemic (Hb < 12 g/dL), and 23.10% were iron deficient (ferritin < 15 ng/L). Hookworm infection was present in 78.15% of women, although heavy infection was uncommon (6.29%). Iron deficiency was more prevalent in anemic than non-anemic women (38.21% versus 14.08%, P < 0.001). Consumption of meat at least three times a week was more common in non-anemic women (51.15% versus 66.67%, P = 0.042). Mean ferritin was lower in anemic women (18.99 versus 35.66 ng/mL, P < 0.001). There was no evidence of a difference in prevalence (15.20% versus 17.23%, P = 0.629) or intensity (171.07 versus 129.93 eggs/g, P = 0.412) of hookworm infection between anemic and non-anemic women. Although intensity of hookworm infection and meat consumption were associated with indices of iron deficiency in a multiple regression model, their relationship with hemoglobin was not significant. Anemia, iron deficiency, and hookworm infection were prevalent in this population. Intake of meat was more clearly associated with hemoglobin and iron indices than hookworm. An approach to addressing iron deficiency in this population should emphasize both iron supplementation and deworming.
Difficulties in Bringing Point-of-Use Water Treatment to Scale in Rural Guatemala
Authors: Luby Stephen P. , Mendoza Carlos , Keswick Bruce H. , Chiller Tom M. , Hoekstra R. Mike
Published: September 2018

In an earlier study in rural Guatemala, 257 households that received flocculant-disinfectant to treat their drinking water had 39% less diarrhea than 257 control households. Three weeks after completion of the study, national marketing of the flocculant-disinfectant was extended into the study communities. Six months later, we assessed frequency of and characteristics associated with purchase and use of the flocculant-disinfectant by revisiting the original study households and administering a questionnaire. Four hundred sixty-two households (90%) completed the follow-up survey; 22 households (5%) purchased the flocculant-disinfectant within the preceding 2 weeks and used it within the last week. Neither being randomized to the intervention group during the efficacy study nor combined spending on laundry soap, toothpaste, and hand soap in the preceding week was associated with active repeat use. Even after efficacy was demonstrated within their community and an aggressive sophisticated marketing approach, few households purchased flocculant-disinfectant for point-of-use water treatment.
A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study of Artesunate versus Triclabendazole for Human Fascioliasis in Central Vietnam
Authors: Hien Tran Tinh , Truong Ng Thanh , Minh Nguyen Hoang , Dat Hoang Dinh , Dung Nguyen Thi , Hue Nguyen Thi , Dung Tran Kim , Tuan Phung Quoc , Campbell James I. , Farrar Jeremy J. , Day Jeremy N.
Published: September 2018

Human fascioliasis caused by Fasciola hepatica or Fasciola gigantica is an increasing global problem. The mainstay of current treatment is triclabendazole, but resistance in animals has been described, and it is not available in many countries. The antimalarial artesunate has an excellent safety profile, and there is increasing evidence of its efficacy against other parasites both in vitro and in vivo. We performed a study to investigate the usefulness of artesunate in symptomatic human fascioliasis; 100 patients were enrolled. Patients treated with artesunate were significantly more likely to be free of abdominal pain at hospital discharge (50/50 versus 44/50, P = 0.027, relative risk 1.14, 95% confidence interval 1.03–1.26), but the complete response rate at 3 months was lower than for patients treated with triclabendazole (38/50 versus 46/50, P = 0.05, RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.69–0.98, artesunate versus triclabendazole). There may be a role for artesunate in fascioliasis.
Could Neurocysticercosis Be the Cause of “Onchocerciasis-Associated” Epileptic Seizures?
Authors: Katabarwa Moses , Lakwo Tom , Habumogisha Peace , Richards Frank , Eberhard Mark
Published: September 2018

We conducted a nodule prevalence survey in four onchocerciasis sentinel communities in Moyo and two in Kanungu districts of Uganda. Seven (33.3%) out of 21 excised “onchocercomas” (nodules) in Moyo District and excised onchocercomas from four of six persons in Kanungu District turned out to be cysts of Taenia solium. We concluded that the prediction of nodule prevalence for noninvasive rapid epidemiologic assessment (REA) to target areas for mass chemotherapy with ivermectin in the African Program for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) supported areas may have been influenced by other pathologies. T. solium infection may be the main cause of “onchocerciasis-associated epileptic seizures” in many onchocerciasis endemic communities that have been causally linked to onchocerciasis. Lastly, widespread neurocysticercosis may be a concern in mass treatment programs that provide praziquantel (for managing schistosomiasis) or albendazole (for managing intestinal worms or lymphatic filariasis) because these drugs may kill cerebral cysticerci, resulting in severe adverse events.
Vector Competence of Eastern and Western Forms of Psorophora columbiae (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes for Enzootic and Epizootic Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Moncayo Abelardo C. , Lanzaro Gregory , Kang Wenli , Orozco Arnoldo , Ulloa Armando , Arredondo-Jiménez Juan , Weaver Scott C.
Published: September 2018

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) continues to circulate enzootically in Mexico with the potential to re-emerge and cause disease in equines and humans in North America. We infected two geographically distinct mosquito populations of eastern Psorophora columbiae form columbiae (Chiapas, Mexico and Texas, United States) and one mosquito population of western Psorophora columbiae form toltecum (California, United States) with epizootic and enzootic IE VEEV and epizootic IAB VEEV. We detected no differences between epizootic and enzootic IE viruses in their ability to infect any of the mosquito populations analyzed, which suggested that neither species selects for epizootic IE viruses. Psorophora columbiae f. columbiae (Texas) were significantly less susceptible to infection by epizootic IE than Ps. columbiae f. columbiae (Mexico). Psorophora columbiae f. toltecum populations were more susceptible than Ps. columbiae f. columbiae populations to epizootic IE and IAB viruses.
Serologic Diagnosis of West Nile and St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Infections in Domestic Chickens
Authors: Patiris Peter J. , Oceguera Leopoldo F. , Peck George W. , Chiles Robert E. , Reisen William K. , Hanson Carl V.
Published: September 2018

Adult domestic chickens were infected with West Nile virus (WNV) or St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) and challenged with homologous or heterologous virus at 21 or 56 days postinfection (dpi). Sera were collected at selected time points after infection and assayed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), and a Western blot (WB) alternative to PRNT. EIA results were sensitive and accurate (few false positives) but not specific, requiring a confirmatory test to determine virus infection history. PRNT results generally were specific until challenge, after which test results were frequently equivocal and inadequate to determine first or second infecting virus. WB results confirmed the serologic cross-reactivity between WNV and SLEV envelope protein. Non-structural protein 1 and pre-membrane protein reactivities were highly specific for WNV during SLEV infection, but less specific for SLEV during WNV infection. WB and PRNT specificities were similar for both viruses from 6 to 14 dpi, and sensitivities to WNV were virtually identical.
Efficacy, Safety, and Selection of Molecular Markers of Drug Resistance by Two ACTs in Mali
Authors: Djimdé Abdoulaye A. , Fofana Bakary , Sagara Issaka , Sidibe Bakary , Toure Sekou , Dembele Demba , Dama Souleymane , Ouologuem Dinkorma , Dicko Alassane , Doumbo Ogobara K.
Published: September 2018

We conducted a randomized single-blinded trial comparing the efficacy and safety of artesunate (AS) + amodiaquine (AQ, 3 days) versus AS (3 days) + sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP, single dose) versus AS monotherapy (5 days) in Southern Mali. Uncomplicated malaria cases were followed for 28 days. Molecular markers of drug resistance were determined. After identification of recrudescences by genotyping, both artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) reached nearly 100% efficacy at Day 14 and Day 28 versus 98.3% and 96.5% for AS, respectively (P > 0.05). AS + SP significantly selected DHFR and DHPS mutations associated with sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine resistance (P < 0.001), and AS + AQ equally selected PfCRT and PfMDR1 point mutations associated with chloroquine and AQ resistance (P < 0.001). No significant adverse event attributable to any of the study drugs was found. The ACTs were efficacious and safe, but the selection of markers for resistance to the partner drugs raises concerns over their lifespan in areas of intense malaria transmission.
Miniaturization of a High-throughput pLDH-based Plasmodium falciparum Growth Inhibition Assay for Small Volume Samples from Preclinical and Clinical Vaccine Trials
Authors: Bergmann-Leitner Elke S. , Duncan Elizabeth H. , Burge John Robert , Spring Michele , Angov Evelina
Published: September 2018

To date, no immune correlates for blood stage–specific immunity against Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites have been identified. Growth and/or invasion inhibition assays using sera from Phase 2a/b trials will aid in determining whether correlations with protective immunity can be established for these assays. A major constraint in the ability to evaluate functional antibody activities from populations in endemic areas is the relatively limited availability of sufficient sample quantity. For this reason, we developed a miniaturized and high-throughput method to measure growth inhibitory activity by quantification of parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) in a 384-microtiter plate format. This culture method can be extended beyond the pLDH-based readout to other techniques commonly used to determine growth/invasion inhibition.
Improved Molecular Technique for the Differentiation of Neotropical Anopheline Species
Authors: Matson Ryan , Rios Carlos Tong , Chavez Cesar Banda , Gilman Robert H. , Florin David , Sifuentes Victor Lopez , Greffa Roldan Cardenas , Yori Pablo Peñataro , Fernandez Roberto , Portocarrero Daniel Velasquez , Vinetz Joseph M. , Kosek Margaret
Published: September 2018

We evaluated a PCR-RFLP of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 region (ITS2) to distinguish species of Anopheles commonly reported in the Amazon and validated this method using reared F1 offspring. The following species of Anopheles were used for molecular analysis: An. (Nys.) benarrochi, An. (Nys.) darlingi, An. (Nys.) nuneztovari, An. (Nys.) konderi, An. (Nys.) rangeli, and An. (Nys.) triannulatus sensu lato (s.l.). In addition, three species of the subgenus Anopheles, An. (Ano.) forattini, An. (Ano.) mattogrossensis, and An. (Ano.) peryassui were included for testing. Each of the nine species tested yielded diagnostic banding patterns. The PCR-RFLP method was successful in identifying all life stages including exuviae with small fractions of the sample. The assay is rapid and can be applied as an unbiased confirmatory method for identification of morphologic variants, disputed samples, imperfectly preserved specimens, and life stages from which taxonomic keys do not allow for definitive species determination.
Transmission of Leprosy: A Study of Skin and Nasal Secretions of Household Contacts of Leprosy Patients Using PCR
Authors: Job Charles K. , Jayakumar Joseph , Kearney Michael , Gillis Thomas P.
Published: September 2018

It is generally held that dissemination of Mycobacterium leprae is from nasal mucosa and not through the skin of infected patients. In this study, we evaluated M. leprae in the unbroken skin and nasal secretions of multibacillary (MB) leprosy patients and their contacts. Specimens were examined by direct microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for M. leprae DNA. Results showed that 60% of untreated MB leprosy patients examined histologically had acid-fast bacilli in the keratin layer. By PCR studies it was found that 80% of the patients had M. leprae DNA in skin washings and 60% had M. leprae DNA on swabs obtained from the nasal mucosa. Ninety-three contacts of the untreated MB cases were also tested for exposure to M. leprae by analyzing skin washings and nasal secretions by PCR. PCR analysis showed significant skin (17% positive) and nasal muscosal (4%) exposure in contacts before instituting treatment of the index cases. After 2 months of treating the index cases, all contacts tested were negative for M. leprae DNA. These data suggested that both skin and nasal epithelia of untreated MB leprosy patients contribute to the shedding of M. leprae into the environment and contacts of untreated MB cases are at risk for contact with M. leprae through both the nasal mucosa and exposed surfaces of their skin.
Rapid Spread of Vibrio cholerae O1 Throughout Kenya, 2005
Authors: Mugoya Isaac , Kariuki Samuel , Galgalo Tura , Njuguna Charles , Omollo Jared , Njoroge Jackson , Kalani Rosalia , Nzioka Charles , Tetteh Christopher , Bedno Sheryl , Breiman Robert F. , Feikin Daniel R.
Published: September 2018

Between January and June 2005, 5 distinct cholera outbreaks occurred in Kenya. Overall, 990 cases and 25 deaths (2.5%) were reported. Four outbreaks occurred in towns along major highways, and 1 occurred in a refugee camp near the Sudanese border, accessible to Nairobi by daily flights. Matched case–control studies from 2 outbreaks showed that failure to treat drinking water and storing drinking water in wide-mouthed containers were significantly associated with disease. Isolates from all 5 outbreaks were Vibrio cholerae O1, Inaba serotype, and had genetically similar PFGE patterns of SfiI-digested chromosomal DNA. Linkage of the outbreak locations by major transportation routes, their temporal proximity, and similar PFGE patterns of isolates suggests the outbreaks might have been linked epidemiologically, showing the speed and distance of cholera spread in countries like Kenya with pockets of susceptible populations connected by modern transportation. Prevention measures remain implementation of point-of-use safe water systems and case finding and referral.
PCR Detection of Clostridium difficile Triose Phosphate Isomerase (tpi), Toxin A (tcdA), Toxin B (tcdB), Binary Toxin (cdtA, cdtB), and tcdC Genes in Vhembe District, South Africa
Authors: Samie Amidou , Obi Chikwelu L. , Franasiak Jason , Archbald-Pannone Laurie , Bessong Pascal O. , Alcantara-Warren Cirle , Guerrant Richard L.
Published: September 2018

Specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols were used to determine the prevalence of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in Vhembe, South Africa. Of 322 stool samples collected, toxigenic C. difficile was found in 23 (7.1%) cases and was significantly associated with diarrhea 20 (11.4%) compared with 3 (2%) in non-diarrheal samples (χ2 = 426, P = 0.001), intestinal inflammation in 18 (12.1%) compared with 5 (2.9%) in lactoferrin-negative samples (χ2 = 10.194, P = 0.001), and occult blood in 19 (16%) compared with 4 (2%) in occult blood–negative samples (χ2 = 22.157, P < 0.001). Toxigenic C. difficile was more common among individuals > 50 years of age (20%), followed by those between 30 and 39 years of age (19%) and was not associated with HIV infections (χ2 = 0.289, P = 0.591). Co-infection with other pathogens was common. Multivariate analysis indicated that toxigenic C. difficile was associated with E. bieneusi (P = 0.028), C. parvum (P = 0.007), and Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) (P = 0.007) in diarrheal samples. This study confirms the usefulness of PCR methodologies in the detection of toxigenic C. difficile and suggests that C. difficile is responsible for a small, but underappreciated, proportion of diarrheal cases in the region, and further study is warranted in this area.
Detection of New Babesia microti-like Parasites in a Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta) with a Suppressed Plasmodium cynomolgi Infection
Authors: Wel Annemarie Voorberg-v.d. , Kocken Clemens H. M. , Zeeman Anne-Marie , Thomas Alan W.
Published: September 2018

A new type of piroplasm, phylogenetically closest to Babesia microti-like parasites previously detected in Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris orientis), was identified in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) imported from China. After challenge with Plasmodium cynomolgi M strain blood-stage parasites, the rhesus monkey repeatedly showed markedly reduced levels of Plasmodium parasitemia when compared with animals not infected with this organism.
Post-malaria Neurological Syndrome—Two Cases in Patients of African Origin
Authors: Prendki Virginie , Elzière Claire , Durand Rémy , Hamdi Aicha , Cohen Yves , Onnen Igor , Bouchaud Olivier
Published: September 2018

Post-malaria neurological syndrome (PMNS) defined by a post-infective encephalopathy occurring within 2 months after an episode of Plasmodium falciparum infection is still a debated entity. We describe 2 cases of PMNS in 2 patients of African origin, born and living in France. Both patients had severe P. falciparum infection, followed by PMNS. They recovered with no sequelae. These are the first-reported cases of PMNS in patients of African ethnicity and living in France.
Detection of Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-rich Protein II in Saliva of Malaria Patients
Authors: Wilson Nana O. , Adjei Andrew A. , Anderson Winston , Baidoo Stella , Stiles Jonathan K.
Published: September 2018

Detection of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in patients with malaria necessitates drawing blood, which increases the risk of accidental infections and is poorly accepted in communities with blood taboos. Thus, non-invasive, cost-effective malaria tests that minimize the need for blood collection are needed. Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein II (PfHRP II) levels in plasma and saliva were compared in malaria–positive and –negative patients in Ghana. Plasma and saliva obtained from 30 thick-film positive and 10 negative children were evaluated for PfHRP II by ELISA. Among the 30 children with positive blood smear, 16 (53%) were PfHRP II positive in plasma and 13 (43%) had PfHRP II positive saliva. The sensitivity of PfHRP II detection was 53% for plasma and 43% for saliva. The specificity was 100% with no false positive for both plasma and saliva when compared with blood smear. Thus, rapid detection of PfHRP II antigen in saliva may be a useful non-invasive and cost-effective malaria diagnostic technique.
High-dose Primaquine Regimens against Relapse of Plasmodium vivax Malaria
Authors: Krudsood Srivicha , Tangpukdee Noppadon , Wilairatana Polrat , Phophak Nantaporn , Baird J. Kevin , Brittenham Gary M. , Looareesuwan Sornchai
Published: September 2018

Plasmodium vivax causes debilitating but usually non-lethal malaria in most of Asia and South America. Prevention of relapse after otherwise effective therapy for the acute attack requires a standard daily dose of primaquine administered over 14 days. This regimen has < 90% efficacy in Thailand, and is widely regarded as ineffective because of poor compliance over the relatively long duration of dosing. We evaluated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of alternative primaquine dosing regimens combined with artesunate among 399 Thai patients with acute, symptomatic P. vivax malaria. Patients were randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups: all patients received artesunate, 100 mg once a day for 5 days. Groups 1–5 then received primaquine, 30 mg a day for 5, 7, 9, 11, and 14 days, respectively. Group 6 received primaquine, 30 mg twice a day for 7 days. The 28-day cure rates were 85%, 89%, 94%, 100%, and 96%, respectively. Treatment of P. vivax malaria with artesunate for 5 days followed by high-dose primaquine, 30 mg twice a day for 7 days, was highly effective, well-tolerated, and equivalent or superior to the standard regimen of primaquine therapy.
A Doxycycline Hyclate Rodent Bait Formulation for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Tick-transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Dolan Marc C. , Zeidner Nordin S. , Gabitzsch Elizabeth , Dietrich Gabrielle , Borchert Jeff N. , Poché Rich M. , Piesman Joseph
Published: September 2018

The prophylactic and curative potential of doxycycline hyclate formulated in a rodent bait at concentrations of 250 and 500 mg/Kg was evaluated in a murine model of Lyme borreliosis. Both bait formulations prevented tick-transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi infection in 100% of C3H/HeJ mice (N = 16), as well as cured acute, established infection in mice (N = 8) exposed to bait for 14 days. Spirochete infection was cleared in 88.9% to 100% of infected nymphs feeding on mice fed 250 and 500 mg/Kg antibiotic bait formulations, respectively. These data provide evidence for exploring alternative techniques to prevent transmission of Lyme disease spirochetes.
Epidemiology of Hospitalizations Associated with Ulcers, Gastric Cancers, and Helicobacter pylori Infection among American Indian and Alaska Native Persons
Authors: Demma Linda J. , Holman Robert C. , Sobel Jeremy , Yorita Krista L. , Hennessy Thomas W. , Paisano Edna L. , Cheek James E.
Published: September 2018

To describe the epidemiology of ulcers, gastric cancer, and Helicobacter pylori infection among American Indian (AI) and Alaska Native (AN) persons, we analyzed hospitalization discharge records with physician discharge diagnoses coded as ulcer, gastric cancer, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma during 1980 to 2005, and H. pylori during 1996 to 2005 from the Indian Health Service Inpatient Dataset. The average annual age-adjusted rate of hospitalizations that included an ulcer-associated condition was 232.4 per 100,000 AI/AN persons. The age-adjusted rate for gastric cancer was 14.2 per 100,000 persons. MALT lymphoma was listed as a discharge diagnosis at an age-adjusted rate of 6.1 per 100,000, and the age-adjusted rate of H. pylori discharge diagnoses was 28.2 per 100,000. The AI/AN persons living in the Alaska region and those ≥ 65 years old had the highest rates of hospitalizations that listed ulcer-associated conditions, gastric cancers, MALT lymphoma, and H. pylori as a discharge diagnosis.
Protection of Mice by Equine Herpesvirus Type 1–Based Experimental Vaccine against Lethal Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection in the Absence of Neutralizing Antibodies
Authors: Rosas Cristina T. , Paessler Slobodan , Ni Haolin , Osterrieder Nikolaus
Published: September 2018

A vectored vaccine based on equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) was generated as an alternative for safe and efficient prophylaxis against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) infection. Two-step (en passant) Red mutagenesis was used to insert VEEV structural genes into an infectious clone of EHV-1 vaccine strain RacH. The recombinant virus, rH_VEEV, efficiently and stably expressed VEEV structural proteins as detected by various antibodies, including a conformation-dependent monoclonal antibody to envelope glycoprotein E2. In addition, rH_VEEV was indistinguishable from parental bacterial artificial chromosome–derived virus with respect to growth properties in cultured cells. Immunization of mice with the vectored vaccine conferred full protection against lethal challenge infection using VEEV strain ZPC738 in the absence of neutralizing antibodies and in a dose-dependent manner. Analyses of IgG responses demonstrated production of VEEV-specific IgG1 and total IgG antibodies after vaccination, indicating that protection was dependent on either cytotoxic T cell responses or antibody-mediated protection unrelated to neutralizing activity.
Seoul Virus in Patients and Rodents from Beijing, China
Authors: Zuo Shu-qing , Zhang Pan-he , Jiang Jia-fu , Zhan Lin , Wu Xiao-ming , Zhao Wen-juan , Wang Ri-min , Tang Fang , Dun Zhe , Cao Wu-chun
Published: September 2018

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a significant public health problem with an increasing incidence in Beijing, China (report of disease surveillance from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Beijing, China). Hantaviruses were detected using RT-PCR method in blood samples of HFRS patients and lung tissues of rodents captured in Beijing. Phylogenetic analyses of 724bp partial S segment of the hantavirus gene showed that the detected Seoul virus (SEOV) fell into three different lineages, two of which circulated in Beijing. A nucleotide sequence identity of 99.7% for one of the cases of HFRS—the human- and Rattus norvegicus-originated SEOV sequences—had only two silent substitutions, suggesting genetic analysis is an essential tool for “case-investigation.”
Experimental West Nile Virus Infection in Jungle Crows (Corvus macrorhynchos)
Authors: Shirafuji Hiroaki , Kanehira Katsushi , Kubo Masanori , Shibahara Tomoyuki , Kamio Tsugihiko
Published: September 2018

We experimentally infected jungle crows (Corvus macrorhynchos), which are representative corvids in East Asia, with West Nile virus (WNV) to study their susceptibility toward WNV infection. Six jungle crows were subcutaneously inoculated with 1,000 plaque-forming units (PFU) of the WNV NY99 strain. Within 7 days after inoculation, five of the six infected crows died, and peak viremias ranged from 106.5 to 1010.9 PFU/mL serum. In addition, infected crows shed WNV in the oral cavity and cloaca, and the virus was widely disseminated in the organs of the crows. Based on these findings, we conclude that jungle crows are highly susceptible to WNV infection, and they could serve as amplifying hosts in the transmission of WNV. Although WNV has not been detected in East Asia, the virus could spread rapidly on introduction into this region because of the large number of potential amplifying hosts and vector mosquitoes that inhabit this region.