bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of a Pyridoxine–Peptide Based Delivery System for Nucleotides
Authors: Marchand Arnaud , Marchand Damien , Busson Roger , Marlière Philipe , Herdewijn Piet
Published: July 2007

As a first step in the development of a nucleotide delivery system making use of oligopeptide permease, we have synthesized pyridoxine–peptide–nucleotide conjugates. The nucleotides are bonded on serine residues. The peptides terminate with a pyroglutamate residue. In the first example, the pyridoxine moiety is connected at the end of the peptides, while, in the second example, the pyridoxine moiety is bonded at an aspartic acid residue in a middle position of the peptide. Nucleotides are introduced as phosphoramidites. The synthetic strategy involves a series of protection, deprotection, and coupling reactions, and integrates peptide, nucleotide, and pyridoxine chemistry. The final deprotection step was carried out in basic conditions using 10% K2CO3 in MeOH.
Atypical Secretions of the Male Cephalic Labial Glands in Bumblebees: The Case of Bombus (Rhodobombus) mesomelasGerstaecker (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
Authors: Terzo Michaël , Valterová Irena , Rasmont Pierre
Published: July 2007

In bumblebees, the male secretion of the cephalic labial gland is species‐specific. It is highly involved in the nuptial behavior, acting as a sexual attracting pheromone. Therefore, it is also used to accurately identify the species. In contrast to this common scheme, the secretions of Bombus mesomelas are found to be strongly reduced and do not include the most volatile compounds that are present in the secretions of all the other studied bumblebee species. These secretions correspond to cuticular hydrocarbons that can be found in all bumblebee species. This was also the case for another bumblebee species from the same Rhodobombus subgenus: Bombus pomorum. This atypical composition of the male cephalic labial gland secretions seems to indicate that, at least for these two species of Rhodobombus, these secretions are not used to attract virgin females from a long distance, as it is the case for all the other bumblebee species studied.
Synthesis and Antimalarial Properties of New Chloro‐9H‐xanthones with an Aminoalkyl Side Chain
Authors: Portela César , Afonso Carlos M. M. , Pinto Madalena M. M. , Lopes Dinora , Nogueira Fátima , do Rosário Virgílio
Published: July 2007

The synthesis and antimalarial properties of twelve new chlorinated 9H‐xanthones, carrying a [2‐(diethylamino)ethyl]amino group in position 1, are reported. All compounds were found to be active towards the chloroquine‐susceptible and chloroquine‐resistant strains 3D7 and Dd2, resp., of the protozoa parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Especially one compound, 6‐chloro‐1‐{[2‐(diethylamino)ethyl]amino}‐9H‐xanthen‐9‐one (1k), was found to exhibit significant in vitro activity (IC50=3.9 μM) towards the resistant Dd2 strain.
Organogelation by Polymer Organogelators with a L‐Lysine Derivative: Formation of a Three‐Dimensional Network Consisting of Supramolecular and Conventional Polymers
Authors: Suzuki Masahiro , Setoguchi Chiho , Shirai Hirofusa , Hanabusa Kenji
Published: July 2007

Polymer compounds consisting of a L‐lysine derivative and conventional polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol), polycarbonate, polyesters, and poly(alkylene), have been synthesized and their organogelation properties examined in various solvents. These polymer compounds function as good organogelators that form organogels in many organic solvents and oils. The organogelation ability is almost independent of the polymer backbone. Observation by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) demonstrates that the polymer organogelators form a supramolecular polymer with a diameter of several tens of nanometers and create a three‐dimensional network in organogels. FT‐IR spectroscopic analysis shows that the supramolecular polymer is mainly formed by the self‐assembly of L‐lysine segments through hydrogen‐bonding and van der Waals interactions. Furthermore, the organogels formed by the polymer organogelators have a lower gel–sol temperature and higher gel strength than those of a low‐molecular‐weight model organogelator.
Database tomography: Origins and duplications
Authors: Kostoff Ronald N.
Published: July 2007

A new tool for addressing complex database analyses, full‐text co‐word analysis (database tomography), is described from both an historical and practical perspective. This article traces its origins in computational linguistics and summarizes the development of co‐word analysis for research evaluation. It presents actual and potential applications of the techniques to current problems facing those involved ingathering competitive intelligence. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Database tomography for technical intelligence: Analysis of the research impact assessment literature
Authors: Hostoff Ronald N.
Published: July 2007

Database tomography is a technique for identifying pervasive themes in large text databases and revealing the connectivity among these themes by using a computer‐based algorithm to extract and order data. This allows users to create a taxonomy of pervasive research “thrusts” and interrelationships from the extracted data. The author examines how database tomography can be used to derive technical intelligence for professional literature in a given technical field. For this study, the field of Research Impact Assessment was selected. A database of relevant RIA articles was generated and the database “mapped” to reveal the relationships among the main “thrust” 3T63S. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Triphenylphosphine‐Catalyzed Michael Addition of Alcohols to Acrylic Compounds
Authors: Liu Hai‐Ling , Jiang Huan‐Feng , Wang Yu‐Gang
Published: July 2007

A facile triphenylphosphine‐catalyzed Michael addition of alcohols to acrylic compounds was described. The reaction was carried out in open air at refluxing temperature in the presence of 10 mol% PPh3. Michael addition of saturated and unsaturated alcohols to acrylonitrile or acrylates has been examined. The reaction gave β‐alkoxy derivatives with isolated yields of 5%–79%. PPh3 is cheaper and more stable than those trialkylphosphines previously used for the similar reactions, and the products can be easily separated from the reaction mixture via distillation.
Electrochemical Dicarboxylation of Styrene: Synthesis of 2‐Phenylsuccinic Acid
Authors: Wang Huan , Lin Mei‐Yu , Fang Hui‐Jue , Chen Ting‐Ting , Lu Jia‐Xing
Published: July 2007

Electrochemical dicarboxylation of styrene in the presence of atmospheric pressure of CO2 with a Ti cathode and a Mg rod anode readily took place efficiently in an acetonitrile solution containing 0.1 mol·L−1 tetraethylammonium bromide to give 2‐phenylsuccinic acid. Influences of the nature of the electrodes, the current density, the passed charge and the temperature on electrolysis were studied to optimize the electrolytic conditions, with the maximal isolated yield to be 86.07%. The mechanism of the elelctrocarboxylation process has been studied by cyclic voltammetry.
Optimization of activated carbon‐based decontamination of fish oil by response surface methodology
Authors: Oterhals Åge , Solvang Marianne , Nortvedt Ragnar , Berntssen Marc H. G.
Published: July 2007

The effect of activated carbon (AC) adsorption on the reduction of persistent organic pollutants (POP) in fish oil was studied based on response surface methodology at a 5‐g/kg AC inclusion level. Pretreatment of the oil by alkali refining and bleaching increased the POP levels. The tested process variables (contact time and temperature) affected the AC adsorption rate and significant first‐ and second‐order response models could be established. Polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) showed a very rapid adsorption behavior and the concentration and toxic equivalent (TEQ) level could be reduced by 99%. Adsorption of dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL‐PCB) was less effective and depended on ortho substitution, i.e. non‐ortho PCB were adsorbed more effectively than mono‐ortho PCB with a maximum of 87 and 21% reduction, respectively, corresponding to a DL‐PCB‐TEQ reduction of 73%. A common optimum for both PCDD/F and DL‐PCB adsorption could not be identified. AC treatment had no effect on the level of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants. The differences in adsorption patterns may be explained based on molecular conformation. No change in oil quality could be observed based on oxidation parameters. Compliance with present PCDD/F and DL‐PCB legislation levels in fish oil can be achieved based on AC adsorption.
Cimicifine A: A Novel Triterpene Alkaloid from the Rhizomes of Cimicifuga foetida
Authors: Sun Li‐Rong , Yan Jian , Lu Lu , Pei Sheng‐Ji , Li Zhong‐Rong , Zhou Lin , Zhang Xian‐Min , Qiu Ming‐Hua
Published: July 2007

Cimicifine A (1), the first cycloartane triterpene alkaloid, was isolated from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga foetida, together with the known compound cimicifugoside H‐1 (2). Their chemical structures were established by extensive NMR and MS analyses and by comparison with literature.
Tasumatrols P – T, Five New Taxoids from Taxus sumatrana
Authors: Shen Ya‐Ching , Lin Yun‐Sheng , Hsu Shaw‐Man , Khalil Ashraf Taha , Wang Shih‐Sheng , Chien Ching‐Te , Kuo Yao‐Haur , Chou Chang‐Hung
Published: July 2007

The phytochemical investigation of the more polar fractions from the leaves and twigs of Taxus sumatrana (Taxaceae) afforded five new taxane diterpene esters, tasumatrols P–T (1–5) possessing an 11(15→1),11(10→9)‐diabeotaxane skeleton. Compounds 1, 4, and 5 contain an α‐hydroxy group at C(14), while 3 has no OH group at either C(13) or C(14). Compound 2 is a natural 4,5‐acetonide derivative, while 4 has an unusual spiro‐connected 2‐hydroxy‐2‐phenyl‐1,3‐dioxolane ring. Ten known taxoids, were also isolated in the course of the chromatographic fractionation. Five additional new O‐acetyl derivatives 3a, 4a, 4b, 5a, and 5b were prepared from the taxanes 3–5. The structures of all new compounds were established on the basis of their spectroscopic analyses. Compound 1 showed mild cytotoxic activity against human Hela and Daoy tumor cells.
A Novel Atisane Diterpenoid from Spiraea japonica var. acuta
Authors: Liu Hai‐Yang , Gao Suo , Di Ying‐Tong , Chen Chang‐Xiang , Lü Yang , Zhang Li , Zheng Qi‐Tai , Hao Xiao‐Jiang
Published: July 2007

A novel ent‐atisane lactone, spiramilactone E (1), was isolated from Spiraea japonica var. acuta Yu. Its structure was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, and unequivocally confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (Fig. 2). Compound 1 contains a γ‐lactone moiety between the 6‐OH function and C(20), and β‐configuration for the 7‐OH group, in contrast to known related diterpenes previously isolated from the S. japonica complex.
Tritium balance in macro‐scale river basins analysed through distributed hydrological modelling
Authors: Koeniger P. , Schwientek M. , Uhlenbrook S. , Leibundgut Ch. , Krause W. J.
Published: July 2007

The recession of bomb tritium in river discharge of large basins indicates a contribution of slowly moving water. For an appropriate interpretation it is necessary to consider different runoff components (e.g. direct runoff and ground water components) and varying residence times of tritium in these components. The spatially distributed catchment model (tracer aided catchment model, distributed; TACD) and a tritium balance model (TRIBIL) were combined to model process‐based tritium balances in a large German river basin (Weser 46 240 km2) and seven embedded sub‐basins. The hydrological model (monthly time step, 2 × 2 km2) estimated the three major runoff components: direct runoff, fast‐moving and slow‐moving ground water for the period of 1950 to 1999. The model incorporated topography, land use, geomorphology, geology and hydro‐meteorological data. The results for the different basins indicated a contribution of direct runoff of 30–50% and varying amounts for fast and slow ground water components. Combining these results with the TRIBIL model allowed us to estimate the residence time of the components. Mean residence times of 8 to 14 years were found for the fast ground water component, 21 to 93 years for the slow ground water component and 14 to 50 years for an overall mean residence time within these basins. Balance calculations for the Weser basin indicate an over‐estimation of loss of tritium through evapotranspiration (more than 60%) and decay (10%). About 28% were carried in stream‐flow where direct runoff contributed about 12% and ground water runoff 13% in relation to precipitation input over the studied 50‐year period. Neighbouring basins and nuclear power plants contributed about 1% each over this time period. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acyclic N‐halamine‐based biocidal tubing: Preparation, characterization, and rechargeable biofilm‐controlling functions
Authors: Luo Jie , Sun Yuyu
Published: July 2007

In this study, the surfaces of polypropylene tubing were hydroxylated with potassium persulfate. The resultant tubing surfaces were grafted with methacrylamide (MAA) using ceric(IV) ammonium nitrate as an initiator. Upon chlorination treatment with diluted chlorine bleach, some of the amide groups in the grafted MAA side chains were transformed into stable acyclic N‐halamines. The reactions were confirmed with attenuated total reflectance infrared, X‐ray photoelectron spectra, and iodimetric titration. The resultant tubing was challenged with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in a continuous flowing model. Bacteria culturing and scanning electron microscope studies showed that the chlorinated MAA‐grafted tubing could provide potent and rechargeable biofilm‐controlling functions against the test microorganisms. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Lateral line, otic and epibranchial placodes: developmental and evolutionary links?
Authors: Baker Clare V. H. , O'Neill Paul , McCole Ruth B.
Published: July 2007

Two embryonic cell populations, the neural crest and cranial ectodermal placodes, between them give rise to many of the unique characters of vertebrates. Neurogenic placode derivatives are vital for sensing both external and internal stimuli. In this speculative review, we discuss potential developmental and evolutionary relationships between two placode series that are usually considered to be entirely independent: lateral line placodes, which form the mechanosensory and electroreceptive hair cells of the anamniote lateral line system as well as their afferent neurons, and epibranchial placodes (geniculate, petrosal and nodose), which form Phox2b+ visceral sensory neurons with input from both the external and internal environment. We illustrate their development using molecular data we recently obtained in shark embryos, and we describe their derivatives, including the possible geniculate placode origin of a mechanosensory sense organ associated with the first pharyngeal pouch/cleft (the anamniote spiracular organ/amniote paratympanic organ). We discuss how both lateral line and epibranchial placodes can be related in different ways to the otic placode (which forms the inner ear and its afferent neurons), and how both are important for protective somatic reflexes. Finally, we put forward a highly speculative proposal about the original function of the cells whose evolutionary descendants today include the derivatives of the lateral line, otic and epibranchial placodes, namely that they produced sensory receptors and neurons for Phox2b‐dependent protective reflex circuits. We hope this review will stimulate both debate and a fresh look at possible developmental and evolutionary relationships between these seemingly disparate and independent placodes. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 310B:370–383, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Public sector strategic planning for the year 2000
Authors: Pindur Wolfgang
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this article is to suggest a way of undertaking strategic planning in local government, to discuss the various steps involved in strategic planning for communities and to demonstrate the success of the strategic planning process by presenting a case study of Virginia Beach, Virginia. A rapidly growing community of approximately 480,000 residents, located in the state of Virginia on the south‐eastern seaboard of the United States, Virginia Beach is a major tourist centre and derives much of its income from the thousands of tourists who flock to her beaches in the summer. As a fast growing community, Virginia Beach is trying to plan for its future and recognizes that it must prepare for the economic, social and demographic changes that are rapidly occurring.
Competing through cooperation: Managing the buyer‐supplier relationship
Authors: Jenster Per V.
Published: July 2007

Our key customers both consume, cooperate and compete with us (High‐tech marketing executive).
Managing effectively in turbulent environments
Authors: Waterhouse Michael F.
Published: July 2007

This article is about change; it summarizes the turbulent world of today and briefly identifies its difference from that of the recent past. The author defines the state of turbulence in terms of uncertainty, autonomy and control. This continuous change is seen as requiring new fundamental concepts for comprehension and pattern recognition to recreate organizations that are more relevant to their environments. In order to achieve this relevance, the role of management needs to change. This is identified, along with some principles that are presented, for effectively managing change. The utilization of strategic planning and management is discussed as an effective means of achieving relevance and managing the process of change in turbulence environments.
Strategically managing corporate external relations: New challenges and opportunities
Authors: Fleisher Craig S. , Hoewing Raymond L.
Published: July 2007

Corporate external relations refers to relationships between organizations and stakeholders/issues in the public policy (i.e., non market/sociopolitical) environment. This article focuses specifically on public affairs, widely considered to be the most pervasive and significant corporate external relations mode. A helpful way of understanding the range of public affairs management (PAM) activities falling under the heading Corporate external relations would be the categorization provided in Table 1.
Urinary isoflavone excretion in Korean adults: comparisons of fermented soybean paste and unfermented soy flour
Authors: Koh Eunmi , Mitchell Alyson E
Published: July 2007

BACKGROUND: This study compared the 24 h urinary excretion of isoflavone algycones after the consumption of fermented soybean paste or unfermented soy flour in a population of healthy Koreans (four males and five females). An equivalent amount (20 mg) of total isoflavone was consumed as either 52 g of soybean paste or 12.2 g of soy flour in a randomised, crossover trial consisting of two single‐time‐point feedings and having 3 day run‐in and washout periods between feedings.

RESULTS: Analysis of starting materials indicated that daidzein (1.4%) and genistein (1.4%) constituted a smaller proportion of the total isoflavones in soy flour as compared with soybean paste (55.3% daidzein and 45.7% genistein). Free and glycosidic forms of isoflavones differed significantly between the two soy products. Levels of β‐glycosides as well as total glycosides (β‐glycosides, malonyl and acetyl forms) were two‐fold higher in soy flour as compared with soybean paste. Malonyl forms predominated in soy flour.

CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of soybean paste resulted in significantly higher urinary excretion of both daidzein and genistein as compared with soy flour (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively). Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Erratum: The evolutionary genetics of personality
Authors: Penke Lars , Denissen Jaap J. A. , Miller Geoffrey F.
Published: July 2007

The above article (DOI:10.1002/per.629) was published online in Early View on 27 April 2007. An error has subsequently been identified in this article.

The following two formulas of article PER629 are incorrect:

${\rm formula}\, (3):\, ``[{\rm CV}_{\rm A} = {\rm sqrt}(V_{\rm A} )/M]*100''\, {\rm should\, be}\,\, ``{\rm CV}_{\rm A} = [{\rm sqrt}(V_{\rm A} )/M]*100''$

${\rm formula}\, (4):\, ``[{\rm CV}_{\rm A}\! = \! {\rm sqrt}(V_{\rm P} *h^2 )/M]* \! 100''\, {\rm should\, be}\,\, ``{\rm CV}_{\rm A} = [{\rm sqrt}(V_{\rm P} *h^2 )/M]*100''$
Women's approach to philanthropy: A learning model
Authors: Sublett Dyan
Published: July 2007

The motivations and attitudes that influence women's philanthropic behavior are explored through data drawn from focus group studies conducted by the Women and Philanthropy Program at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Multiyear evaluation of fundraising performance
Authors: Lindahl Wesley E.
Published: July 2007

Because of the long delays involved in the cultivation and solicitation of gifts, evaluation of success in fund‐raising can be difficult. A review of possible evaluation techniques is presented, including suggestions for a new kind of fundraising progress report.
Voluntary association and volunteer leadership
Authors: Joyaux Simone P.
Published: July 2007

The central role of volunteers is one of the powerful forces influencing the organizational culture of nonprofit organizations. The concept of enabling volunteers and the functions, skills, knowledge, and assets required are described here.
Community foundations, racial diversity, and institutional change
Authors: Carson Emmett D.
Published: July 2007

Community foundations must often bridge age, socioeconomic, racial, and philosophical differences if they are to reach out and involve new constituencies successfully. This chapter illustrates how changing demographics and the value placed on racial diversity influence change in nonprofit organizations and shape organizational culture.
Fundraising as public service: Renewing the moral meaning of the profession
Authors: Pribbenow Paul
Published: July 2007

Discussions of fundraising as a profession frequently review lists of professional traits, comparing them with the field of fundraising. This chapter focuses on the public purpose that fundraising serves, and the impact that fundraising's public role has on how fundraisers approach their work.
Black philanthropy: Its heritage and its future
Authors: Fairfax Jean E.
Published: July 2007

The potential for black philanthropy is remarkable but accomplishing that potential requires two things: first, we must understand the basic beliefs and the dramatic history of black Americans and second, we must actively engage all elements of the African American community in defining, supporting, and controlling their philanthropic future.
Information and technology as management tools in today's development organization
Authors: Disanto Dale A.
Published: July 2007

Changes in technology lead to changes in the management infrastructure required for successful fundraising.
Multivalency—a way to enhance binding avidities and bioactivity—preliminary applications to EPO
Authors: Vadas Oscar , Rose Keith
Published: July 2007

Multivalency has advantages over monovalency for binding interactions and even for activity. In particular, avidity is higher since the off‐rate of a multivalent species is much slower than that of a monomer. This is particularly profitable for ligand‐binding receptors that require dimerization for activity, such as the receptor of erythropoietin (EPOR). Peptides that mimic the action of erythropoietin (EPO) have been described with no sequence similarity with the human hormone: erythropoietin mimetic peptide (EMP) and EPO receptor peptide (ERP). These two peptides have similar activity but interact through different sites on the EPOR. Here, we describe the construction of several new synthetic homo‐ and hetero‐dimers based on EMP‐ERP sequences. To link the monomeric molecules together, several monodisperse polyamide linkers of different lengths were synthesized with dialdehyde functionalities. Chemoselective oxime chemistry was used to obtain homogeneous constructs. Certain chemical incompatibilities were dealt with via a protection approach. The oximes are stable under normal conditions and so lend themselves to biological testing. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different knowledge, different benefits: toward a productivity perspective on knowledge sharing in organizations
Authors: Haas Martine R. , Hansen Morten T.
Published: July 2007

We develop a differentiated productivity model of knowledge sharing in organizations proposing that different types of knowledge have different benefits for task units. In a study of 182 sales teams in a management consulting company, we find that sharing codified knowledge in the form of electronic documents saved time during the task, but did not improve work quality or signal competence to clients. In contrast, sharing personal advice improved work quality and signaled competence, but did not save time. Beyond the content of the knowledge, process costs in the form of document rework and lack of advisor effort negatively affected task outcomes. These findings dispute the claim that different types of knowledge are substitutes for each other, and provide a micro‐foundation for understanding why and how a firm's knowledge capabilities translate into performance of knowledge work. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A SPICE‐based software supplier qualification mechanism in automotive industry
Authors: Fabbrini Fabrizio , Fusani Mario , Lami Giuseppe , Sivera Edoardo , Sivera Edoardo
Published: July 2007

Car makers depend more and more on the software they acquire, which has forced them to address the issue of assessing the quality of the acquired software. European car makers approach this issue by checking the capability of the suppliers' software process. Fiat Auto, since the year 2001, has been taking proactive actions to address the situation. The basic strategy has been to set up criteria for qualifying software suppliers based on measuring the capability of their software processes. In this article, this qualification mechanism is described in detail. The innovative aspect of the approach is to consider the results of a SPICE (ISO/IEC 15504) assessment as one of the contractual requirements to let a software company become eligible for software supplies.

As a positive effect, the assessments made on the software process have allowed Fiat Auto to select suppliers on the basis of some objective and quantitative evidence of their level of quality. In addition, this initiative has been giving Fiat Auto a deeper knowledge of the way its suppliers produce software: this is a fundamental step to building up the capability of monitoring and driving the software projects in a collaborative effort with the suppliers, which can benefit from having possible improvement opportunities pointed out. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation on porosity changes of Lecce stone due to conservation treatments by means of x‐ray nano‐ and improved micro‐computed tomography: preliminary results
Authors: Bugani Simone , Camaiti Mara , Morselli Luciano , Van de Casteele Elke , Janssens Koen
Published: July 2007

Cultural heritage materials are subject to continuous chemical and physical changes depending on the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium with the environment in which they are placed. In particular, different phenomena can take place, such as formation of black crusts, corrosion of the material, internal cracks.

Lecce stone, a biocalcarenite mainly used for historical buildings in South Italy, has a high total porosity. In order to prevent its deterioration, different kinds of hydrophobic organic products are applied on the surface of the restored artefacts. Since the efficacy of the treatments depends mostly on the penetration depth and the distribution of the products in the pores, porosity and internal structure of the stone material were mainly investigated in this research. Micro x‐ray computed tomography (µ‐CT) has been used to study and characterize the internal structure of different samples, untreated and treated with protective products. The porosity and other parameters of the rock were then calculated and compared, before and after the conservation treatment, in order to highlight the changes due to the application of the product.

On the other hand, small pieces of the untreated and treated samples were analysed by sub‐micron resolution x‐ray tomography where it was possible to see the distribution of the products inside the pores. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and spectroscopic properties of long‐chain aza, aziridine and azetidine fatty esters
Authors: Lie Ken Jie Marcel S. F. , Syed‐Rahmatullah M. S. K.
Published: July 2007

Reaction of 1‐mesyloxynonane with methyl 8‐aminooctanoate gives methyl 9‐azastearate (I, 20%); treatment of methyl 9(10),10(9)‐azidohydroxyoctadecanoate and methyl 10‐azido‐12‐hydroxyoctadecanoate with triphenylphosphine furnishes the corresponding aziridine derivative (II, 75%) and two geometric azetidine isomers (IIIa and IIIb, 37%), respectively. The aza function in compound I, the aziridine nucleus in compound II and the azetidine system in compounds IIIa, IIIb were characterized by1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and13C NMR spectral analysis. The infrared spectral analyses of compounds (I), (II) and (IIIa,IIIb) showed characteristic absorption bands at 3200–3300 cm−1 for the N‐H stretching vibration.
Optimized separation of nonpolar and polar lipid classes from wheat flour by solid‐phase extraction
Authors: Prieto Jose A. , Ebri Andrés , Collar Concepción
Published: July 2007

A method combining solid‐phase extraction on prepacked silica and aminopropyl bonded‐phase (Bond‐Elut) columns has been developed for the separation of neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids from wheat flour into individual classes in high yield and homogeneity. Chromatography on a single silica column (500 mg) with solvent combinations of increasing polarity resulted in complete separation of steryl esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, 1,2‐diglycerides, 1,3‐diglycerides, monoglycerides, monogalactosylglycerides, digalactosylglycerides, phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine. Chromatography on an aminopropyl bonded‐phase column (500 mg) with ternary mixtures of chloroform/methanol/ammonium hydroxide led to the proper separation of N‐acyl‐phosphatidylethanolamine and N‐acyl‐lysophosphatidylethanolamine, previously coeluted on the prepacked silica column. Cross contamination among phospholipid classes tested by normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography was always less than 14%.
Sesame Oil. IV. Determination of free and bound sesamol
Authors: Budowski Pierre , O'Connor R. T. , Field E. T.
Published: July 2007

The Villavecchia test was adapted for the quantitative determination of sesamol in sesame oil. Of the several aromatic aldehydes tested, furfural, in the presence of aqueous sulfuric acid (sp. gr. 1.37 at 15°C.), proved to be the most suitable for the quantitative measurement of the color produced with sesamol.

The oil, dissolved in iso‐octane (10 g. per 100 ml.), is shaken with dilute aqueous‐alcoholic potassium hydroxide to remove the free, but not the bound sesamol. The modified Villavecchia test is applied to a) the original iso‐octane solution of the oil, b) the iso‐octane solution after extraction with alkali, and/or c) the aqueous‐alcoholic extract. The optical densities, read at a wavelength of 518 mμ, correspond to the total bound, and free sesamol, respectively.

The method was applied to the determination of free, bound, and total sesamol in a number of crude, refined, bleached, and deodorized sesame oils. Agreement between the values for total and free plus bound sesamol was close. Four crude sesame oils of different origins had total contents of sesamol ranging from 0.13 to 0.17%, of which nearly all was in the bound form. The yields of added sesamol varied from 95 to 106%.
Molecularly distilled monoglycerides
Authors: Kuhrt Noel H. , Welch Eileen A. , Kovarik Frank J.
Published: July 2007

Monoglyceride concentrates of high purity can be readily prepared by molecular distillation. Their properties are, in general, about what would be expected from the high content of monoglycerides and absence of catalyst.

The interfacial tension lowering produced by monoglycerides is essentially proportional to the monoester content of the monoglyceride product. In a water absorption test the unsaturated fatty acid monoglycerides are considerably more active than the monoesters of saturated fatty acids.
The tannin and related pigments in the red skins (Testa) of peanut kernels
Authors: Stansbury Mack F. , Field Elsie T. , Guthrie John D.
Published: July 2007

The red skins of peanut kernels contain a catecholtype tannin. The purified tannin represented about 7% of the weight of the skins. Much smaller quantities of phlobaphene and so‐called “leuco‐anthocyanic chromogen” were isolated from the skins. Some evidence of the presence of traces of a flavonic‐type pigment was obtained.

Spectrophotometric investigations of the isolated tannin, phlobaphene, and “leuco‐anthocyanic chromogen” indicated a close relationship of the three pigments.

The tannin gave a water‐soluble red pigment when refluxed with alcoholic hydrochloric acid. This pigment exhibited certain properties which are indicative of an oxonium‐type structure.

The elementary analyses and certain properties of the isolated tannin and related pigments were considerably different from those reported by previous investigators. The amorphous nature of these substances makes chemical investigation difficult.
Antioxidant activity of some spice essential oils on linoleic acid oxidation in aqueous media
Authors: Farag R. S. , Badei A. Z. M. A. , Hewedi F. M. , El‐Baroty G. S. A.
Published: July 2007

Some spice essential oils (caraway, clove, cumin, rosemary, sage and thyme) and their major constituents were added to emulsified linoleic acid in aqueous media to examine their antioxidant activity. The methods used for measuring linoleic acid oxidation were coupled oxidation ofβ‐carotene, conjugated diene formation and thiobarbituric acid test. The essential oils under study possess an antioxidant effect and this phenomenon was increased by increasing their concentration. Generally, the effectiveness of the various essential oils on linoleic acid oxidation was in the following descending order: caraway >sage>cumin>rosemary>thyme>clove. It appears that there was a relationship between the antioxidant effect and the chemical composition of the oils.
Influence of thyme and clove essential oils on cottonseed oil oxidation
Authors: Farag R. S. , Badei A. Z. M. A. , El Baroty G. S. A.
Published: July 2007

Simple model systems composed of refined cottonseed oil and thyme oil or clove oil, without additives, were designed to approximate conditions in natural oils in order to study their oxidation behavior. Three methods were used to follow cottonseed oil oxidation, i.e., coupled oxidation withβ‐carotene, the TBA test and hydroperoxide number. The results illustrate that clove and thyme oils at various concentrations exhibit antioxidant activity and this phenomenon for clove oil is superior to that of thyme oil. Sensory evaluation tests indicate that the addition of thyme oil or clove oil to cottonseed oil at concentrations ranging from 50 to 1200 ppm do not affect the odor note of cottonseed oil. Therefore, thyme and clove essential oils are recommended for use as natural antioxidants to suppress lipid oxidation.
A new thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method for determining free malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroperoxides selectively as a measure of lipid peroxidation
Authors: Schmedes A. , Hølmer G.
Published: July 2007

A new thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method for selectively determining free malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid hydroperoxides is described. Partitioning of MDA and hydroperoxides in a Bligh and Dyer extraction was studied with pure substances. It was shown that MDA was present in the methanol‐water phase exclusively, and the hydroperoxides (polar as well as nonpolar) were found in the chloroform phase. Therefore, the TBA test on these phases determines MDA directly present in the sample and the MDA formed during a ferric ion‐catalyzed cleavage of hydroperoxides, respectively. The MDA present in the methanol‐water phase was not bound to amino groups. Hydroperoxide values obtained with the present method corresponded well with a colorimetric determination of peroxides and showed better linearity for higher amounts of hydroperoxides. The possibility of using an iron chelator for preventing hydroperoxide cleavage during the TBA reaction, making the determination selective for MDA without Bligh and Dyer extraction, was investigated. The iron chelator did not completely inhibit peroxide cleavage; therefore, it is necessary to perform the extraction before the TBA determination. The method is suitable for samples with low fat content such as cod mince.
Search for new industrial oils. X. Seed oils of the calenduleae
Authors: Earle F. R. , Mikolajczak K. L. , Wolff I. A. , Barclay A. S.
Published: July 2007

Seed oils from 29 species in five genera of the tribe Calenduleae, family Compositae, have been examined to determine the distribution of dimorphecolic acid (9‐hydroxyl‐trans‐10,trans‐12‐octadecadienoic acid) among the close relatives ofDimorphotheca. Dimorphecolic acid occurs in all five of theDimorphotheca species ofOsteospermum in amounts ranging from 34舑75% of the oil. In all other species of the tribe analyzed to date, including 14 species ofOsteospermum, two ofCalendula, and two ofChrysanthemoides, the oil contained conjugated trienoic acids ranging from 14舑60%.
Catalysts for selective hydrogenation of soybean oil. I. An experimental method for evaluating selectivity
Authors: Riesz C. H. , Weber H. S.
Published: July 2007

The undesirable flavor reversion properties of soybean oils may be counteracted by selective hydrogenation of the linolenate components. Screening of catalysts for this purpose was accomplished by a standardized laboratory hydrogenation of a refined, bleached soybean oil under atmospheric pressure. A mathematical derivation utilizes analytical chromatographic data to determine linolenate/linoleate reaction rates as a selectivity index SL for a given catalyst.
Separation of triglycerides by column chromatography on silica impregnated with silver nitrate
Authors: de Vries B.
Published: July 2007

Silicagel impregnated with silver nitrate was used for the column‐chromatographic separation of closely related triglycerides. Good results were obtained with 20\s‐100 mg of the following glyceride mixtures:

Dipalmito‐elaidin and dipalmito‐olein.

Tristearin, dipalmito‐olein, stearo‐diolein and triolein.

Dipalmito‐olein and dipalmito‐linolein.

Six well‐separated fractions were obtained by chromatography of palm oil and the total triglyceride composition of the oil was calculated from the composition of the fractions.
Composition of insect waxes. I. Waxes of exotic coccidae:Gascardia madagascariensis, Coccus ceriferus andTachardia lacca
Authors: Faurot‐Bouchet E. , Michel G.
Published: July 2007

Composition of several coccid waxes has been determined by means of alumina and gas‐liquid chromatography.Coccus ceriferus wax is a mixture of the esters of C26 and C28 alcohols with C24, C26 and C28 acids.Tachardia lacca wax has a high percentage of free alcohols (essentially C28 alcohol);Gascardia madagascariensis wax contains a large proportion of free acids. In addition to C26, C32 and C34 normal chain acids, there are several C30, C32 and C34 hydroxy acids, in which the hydroxyl function is situated in the middle of the hydrocarbon chain. Small proportions of odd and even hydrocarbons are present in all of the waxes investigated.
The properties and performance of poly AO™‐79; A nonabsorbable, polymeric antioxidant intended for use in foods
Authors: Furia Thomas E. , Bellanca Nicolo
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of Poly AO™‐79, a composition selected from a class of polymers prepared by the polycondensation of divinylbenzene and a blend of various sterically hindered phenols and hydroquinone, are discussed. Data are presented indicating that Poly AO™‐79 demonstrates excellent antioxidant activity in stabilizing vegetable oils when compared to monomeric food grade antioxidants [butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)] as measured by the active oxygen method (AOM) and oxygen bomb test. Stability tests using thermogravimetric analysis indicate that the material is not depolymerized in the presence of air at temperatures up to 300 C while BHT, BHA, and TBHQ are completely volatilized at 150–170 C. Using14C‐radiolabeled antioxidants, the physical losses of Poly AO™‐79 from frying oil heated to 190 C is nil while 65% and 80% losses are incurred with BHA after 1 and 2 hr holding time, respectively. The physical carry‐through of Poly AO™‐79 onto potatoes from frying oil at 190 C is quantitative as compared to ca. 20% losses with BHA and TBHQ. Sensory panel tests reflect that the carry‐through of Poly AO™‐79 is in an active form as evidenced by the prolonged shelf‐life of chips fried in oil containing Poly AO™‐79 as compared to BHA and TBHQ. Rats and mice orally dosed with14C‐radiolabeled antioxidants indicate that Poly AO™‐79 is virtually not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (ca. 0.2–0.6%) while monomeric antioxidants are readily transported (80–100%). Acute oral and intraperitoneal toxicity tests indicate that Poly AO™‐79 is without effect at the highest dose tested (10 g/kg body weight).
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil. VIII. Effect of method of preparation upon the activity of a copper‐silica catalyst
Authors: Koritala S.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

A copper‐silica catalyst was prepared by adding copper nitrate solution to sodium silicate. The precipitated copper‐silica catalyst was washed, dried, and heat‐treated at high temperatures. The effect of preparational variables upon catalyst activity and selectivity for the hydrogenation of soybean oil was investigated. The optimum conditions were precipitation at 25 to 55 C, drying the catalyst by freeze drying, and heat treatment at 500 C. The catalyst obtained under these conditions is more than three times as active as a commercial copper‐chromite catalyst.
Structural investigations of β′ triacylglycerols: An x‐ray diffraction and microscopic study of twinned β′ crystals
Authors: Birker Paul J. M. W. L. , de Jong Sijmen , Roijers Eli C. , van Soest Ton C.
Published: July 2007

To reveal the structure ofβ′ triacylglycerols in detail, LML (C12C14C12) was purified by a zone‐melting procedure, and twinned crystals ofβ′ stable LML were obtained from a melt,β′ LML crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2, with eight molecules in the unit cell. A powder X‐ray diffraction study of solid compounds of 1:1 mixtures of selected triacylglycerols led to the conclusion that the triacylglycerol molecules in theβ modification have a 1,2 chair‐conformation (i.e., the fatty acid chains on glycerol positions 1 and 2 are adjacent, with the chain on the 3‐position forming the back rest of the chair). Packing studies and the positions of two‐fold axes and two‐fold screw axes in the unit cell require that the molecules are bent at the glycerol site. The fatty acid chains make an angle of 25° with the long axis of the unit cell. Electron micrographs and precession photographs indicate that the twinning results from the stacking of a large number of thin crystalline platelets in two distinct orientations.
Viscosities of fatty acids and methylated fatty acids saturated with supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Kashulines P. , Rizvil S. S. H. , Harriott P. , Zollweg J. A.
Published: July 2007

The viscosities of several types of lipids saturated with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) were measured with a high‐pressure capillary viscometer. Oleic acid and linoleic acid were evaluated from 85 to 350 bar at 40 and 60°C. The more SC‐CO2‐soluble methylated derivatives of these fatty acids were evaluated from 90 to 170 bar at 40 and 60°C. The complex mixture of anhydrous milk fat (AMF) was evaluated from 100–310 bar at 40°C. The viscosities of the methylated fatty acids saturated with SC‐CO2decreased between 5 and 10 times when the pressure increased from 1 to 80 bar, followed by a further decrease by a factor of 2 to 3 when the pressure was increased from 80 to 180 bar. The viscosities of the fatty acids and AMF saturated with SC‐CO2had viscosity reduction similar to the methylated fatty acids between 1 and 80 bar, but they decreased much less between 80 and 350 bar. At constant pressure, the viscosity of the fatty acids and AMF decreased with increasing temperature, whereas the viscosity of the methylated fatty acids increased with increasing temperature. The lipid/SC‐CO2mixtures were Newtonian, and their viscosities were best interpreted by using the mass concentration of dissolved SC‐CO2in the lipids and the pure component viscosities.
Volatile fatty acids in flavors of potatoes deep‐fried in a beef blend
Authors: Kim Ha J. , Lindsay R. C.
Published: July 2007

The volatile free fatty acids were analyzed in commercial french‐ fried potatoes that had been deep‐ fried in beef tallow‐ hydrogenated vegetable oil shortening. The results showed that many of the volatile fatty acids present in beef tallow were transferred to the potatoes. Of the fatty acids derived from beef tallow, butanoic, 2‐methylbutanoic, 3‐ methylbutanoic, heptanoic, 4‐methyltanoic, and nonanoic acids were present in concentrations above their respective thresholds, and should contribute to tallow‐ like flavors. Several unsaturated volatile fatty acids also were identified, and they should contribute to the general deep‐ fried potato flavor.
Quality assessment of industrial prefried french fries
Authors: Sébédioo J. L. , Kaitaranta J. , Grandgirarda A. , Malkk Y.
Published: July 2007

An industrial production of prefried french fries using palm oil as a frying medium was studied over a period of 12 days. Samples of oils and french fries were withdrawn once a day. The quality of both the oil and the french fries was assessed using two types of tests. Some tests, such as the determination of free fatty acid (FFA) and the determination of thiobarbituric acid value (TBA), oxifritest and Food Oil Sensor correspond to what was used by a quality control laboratory. More elaborate techniques such as the determination of polar components, polymers and cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) were also used. Only small increases of FFA, TBA, polar components and polymers were observed. However, in the case of palm oil, which contains a high percentage of diglycerides, it is more reliable to determine the quality of the oil using the amount of polymers instead of polar components which may include some diglycerides. Thus a high “polar components” value (up to 20–25%) would not necessarily reflect an altered sample. The maximum amount of CFAM detected was 0.1% and they did not seem to be preferentially adsorbed on the french fries. These results, along with the sensory evaluations, showed that the french fries obtained in these production conditions were of good quality as far as the fat was concerned.