bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHANGE IN LAKE TROPHIC STATE AND INTERNAL PHOSPHORUS RELEASE AFTER ALUMINUM SULFATE APPLICATION1
Authors: Cooke G. Dennis , Heath Robert T. , Kennedy Robert H. , McComos Murray R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Recovery of eutrophic lakes after nutrient diversion may be delayed if the lake experiences significant internal phosphorus (p) loading to the water column. A maximum dose of aluminum sulfate, defined herein, was applied to the anaerobic sediments of the hypolimnia of two dimictic Ohio lakes following septic tank diversion, with the objective of attaining long term control of the release of phosphorus to the water column from these sediments. The results were compared to a similar, downstream, untreated lake. Total phosphorus concentration declined sharply after treatment and has remained so through 1980 for both lakes, a period of 5 and 6 years of control, respectively. Internal P loading from anaerobic, hypolimnetic sediments was partially controlled by the treatment but there are other important sources, perhaps in the littoral zone, in these lakes. Algal biomass is Smaller and water transparency has increased. Both lakes became mesotrophic after treatment, as described by the Carlson (1977) trophic state index, and remain in that improved condition to date. No deleterious side effects were observed, although one lake experienced a significant decrease in diversity of planktonic microcrustacea and a lakeward extension of the macrophyte community. This method appears to be an effective and lasting means of accelerating the recovery of a eutrophic lake following nutrient diversion.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN EVALUATING GROUND WATER IMPACTS OF DEEP COAL MINE DRAINAGE1
Authors: Davis Phillip R. , Walton William C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The determination of probable ground water impacts of proposed deep coal mining is required as part of permit applications. Impact prediction generally involves well production test analysis and modeling of ground water systems associated with coal seams. Well production tests are often complicated due to the relatively low permeabilities of sandstones and shales of ground water systems. The effects of the release of water stored within finite diameter production wells must be considered. Well storage capacity appreciably affects early well production test time drawdown or time recovery data. Low pumping rates, limited cones of depression, and length of required pumping periods ate important well production test design factors.

Coal seam ground water system models are usually multilayered and leaky artesian. Mine drafts partially penetrate the ground water system. Simulation of coal mine drainage often involves the horizontal permeability and storage coefficient of the coal seam zone, vertical permeabilities of sandstones and shales (aquitard) above and below the coal seam zone, and the hydrologic properties of the source bed above the aqultard overlying the coal seam zone. Ground water level declines in both the coal seam zone and source bed near land surface are necessary factors in impact analysis. An example of evaluation studies in southwest Indiana will illustrate factors involved in deep coal mine drainage modeling efforts.
DETERMINING RAINS OF HYDROLOGIC CONSEQUENCE IN CHICAGO FOR FORECASTING APPLICATIONS1
Authors: Changnon Stanley A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Accurate forecasting of heavy rainstorms that affect the Chicago Metropolitan area and lead to the undesirable release of storm runoff into Lake Michigan is a major objective. These releases (overflows) were found to be produced by storm events yielding 2 inches or more in a few hours, although only 24 percent of such ≥ 2‐inch storms in the area during 1948‐1981 produced overflows. Failure to forecast properly or to be able to react to these 2‐inch overflow producing events has occurred most often in the spring and fall, although relatively often in June and July in recent years. These overflows have exhibited an inexplicable trebling during 1972‐1981 without an increase in ≥ 2‐inch storm events. This type of troublesome storm can be reliably predicted, using a recently developed radar man forecast system for the Chicago area.
CONTAMINANT LEVELS IN PRECIPITATION AND URBAN SURFACE RUNOFF1
Authors: Owe Manfred , Craul Phillip J. , Halverson Howard G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Precipitation and resultant runoff were sampled for a series of storm events over the period of one year. The test site was the parking lot of a large suburban shopping mall in the Syracuse, New York, area. Both precipitation and runoff were tested for lead, zinc, copper, cadmium, and petroleum hydrocarbons: substantial amounts were detected in each. No correlation was found between precipitation contaminant concentration and the length of the antecedent dry period. A weak, but apparently inverse relationship was noticed between concentration and amount of precipitation. Poor correlations were obtained between runoff contaminant concentration and the antecedent dry period. The variability attributable to different precipitation volumes was removed by converting to a unit‐area basis. The variability attributable to precipitation contaminant load was removed by subtraction. The resultant value, dryfall accumulation, then correlated well with the length of the antecedent dry period. Metal ions were found in both precipitation and runoff and were hypothesized to come from atmospheric fallout as a result of distant emissions and from very localized sources, primarily vehicle traffic on the parking facility. Petroleum residues were believed to be the sole result of automobile losses, since none could be detected in precipitation samples.
WATER RESOURCES AND HUMAN HEALTH: THE VIEWPOINT OF MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY1
Authors: Burblow Anastasia Van
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Medical geography studies both areal patterns of human health and disease and the environmental and cultural factors that contribute to such conditions. In such studies water resources are of major importance, not only because they are essential for life and their scenic beauty is of inspirational value, but also because they are involved, directly or indirectly, in more than 80 percent of all disease. The direct involvements result from various disease causing agents sometimes found in surface or ground water organic ones such as bacteria, worms, etc., which are known as pathogens, and inorganic ones such as trace elements and synthetic toxic chemicals. Surface waters may have indirect effects also, for they may serve as habitats or breeding places for organisms that do not themselves cause human disease but that serve as vectors or hosts for such pathogens. This paper will discuss these various roles of water resources in both endemic and epidemic disease occurrences and ways in which various human activities domestic, economic, recreational, or religious — increase or reduce our exposure to such diseases.
STREAM TEMPERATURE UNDER AN INADEQUATE BUFFER STRIP IN THE SOUTHEAST PIEDMONT1
Authors: Hewlett John D. , Fortson James C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A paired watershed experiment on the southeastern Piedmont to determine the effect of clearcutting loblolly pine on water quantity, quality, and timing has shown that stream water temperatures we increased as much as 20°F even though a partial buffer strip of trees and shrubs were left in place to shade the stream. Water time minimum stream temperatures were lowered as much as 10°F by the same treatment. A stream temperature model now in use did not predict such elevated temperatures. The authors suggest that forest cover reductions in areas of gentle land relief may elevate the temperature of shallow ground water moving to the stream, even with a substantial buffer strip Ln place.
AN ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY INDEX FOR THE GREAT LAKES1
Authors: Steinhart Carol E. , Schierow Linda‐Jo , Sonzogni William C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: To facilitate communication on the environmental quality of lakes, particularly among policy makers and the general public, a new index for summarizing technical information is presented. The index is designed for the nearshore waters of the North American Great Lakes, but the concept is applicable to other temperate lakes with relatively good water quality. The index is based on nine physical (p), chemical (C), biological (B), and toxic substance (T) variables. Raw data are converted to subindex values by mathematically defined functions based on national or international objectives. Subindex values are multiplied by weighting factors and added to yield a final score ranging from 0, worst quality, to 100, highest quality. Letters with subscripts following the index score indicate the types and numbers of Variables whose values are equal to or worse than the objective — e.g., 70 C1P1 indicates that one chemical and one physical variable exceeded the objective. For 18 nearshore locations in the Great Lakes, index scores ranged from 98 at two stations in Lake Superior to 30 C2P1B2T1 off Point Mouillee in Lake Erie. If properly utilized, the index should be a useful tool to help managers evaluate the response of the Great Lakes to the multibillion dollar cleanup efforts conducted during the 1970's.
BENEFITS OF POLLUTION CONTROL ON MASSACHUSETTS’ HOUSATONIC RIVER: A HEDONIC PRICING APPROACH1
Authors: Rich Peter R. , Moffitt L. Joe
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper illustrates one mode of analysis for estimating the benefits of water pollution control projects. Results indicate regional benefits associated with an abatement program instituted for point source pollution along the Housatonic River during the 1960's were substantial. Studies of this kind can aid regulatory and recreation resource administrators in devising and evaluating environmental programs.
INDICATIONS OF GROUND WATER INFLUENCES ON NUTRIENT TRANSPORT THROUGH SCHWATKA LAKE, YUKON TERRITORY1
Authors: Whitfield P. H. , McNaughton B. , Whitley W. G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Samples were collected upstream and downstream of Schwatka Lake, Yukon Territory, to examine nutrient transport through a small northern impoundment. Annual loads were estimated for total phosphorus, nitrate plus nitrite, total dissolved nitrogen, silicate, total inorganic carbon, and total organic carbon. Transport of these materials out of the impoundment was greater than estimated for the upstream location. Results of a short term temporal study confirmed that the output exceeded the input to the lake. There are several processes which might be responsible for this occurrence, of these, ground water contributions appear to be the active process.
LOCAL ATTITUDES TOWARD ALTERNATIVE USES OF A RESERVOIR PROJECT1
Authors: Napier Ted L. , Carter Michael V. , Bryant Elizabeth G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to examine the correlates of attitudes toward alternative uses which could have been made of public resources employed to construct a multipurpose reservoir. A sample of 303 adult residents of a rural community impacted by lake construction was asked to evaluate several alternative development options which could have been implemented in lieu of the lake project. The alternative options evaluated were: rural industrialization, keeping land in agriculture and forests, improving public services, building a state or national park, drilling water wells for urban water supply, aid to small business, helping poor people, building several smaller impoundments, and private recreation development. The findings revealed the local people preferred the lake project to every option except keeping the land in agriculture and forest. Even this option was not strongly supported when compared with the lake project. Socio‐demographic, attitude, and cost assessment factors were investigated using a “vested interest” perspective for hypotheses development. These findings demonstrated that costs and benefits were relatively good predictors of attitudes toward alternative development options and were supportive of the theoretical perspective advanced in this paper.
CONSTRUCTION WORK FORCE CHARACTERISTICS AND COMMUNITY SERVICE IMPACT ASSESSMENT1
Authors: Dunning C. Mark
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Findings of a national survey of the Corps of Engineers construction work force are presented. The purpose of the survey was to obtain information about the construction work force for use in estimating the demand on local community services associated with building Corps projects. Information on numbers of workers and dependents in‐migrating to construction sites, the residential location preferences and commuting patterns of this group, and the intentions of this group to remain in local areas after project construction is presented in this paper. An example showing how this information can be used in a community service impact assessment is provided.
MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY RESTRICTIONS AS URBAN GROWTH CONSTRAINTS1
Authors: Lord William B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Municipal water supply restrictions and/or conservation policies are widely believed to affect urban growth, at least in Western states. An analysis of this issue, drawing upon a wide array of empirical water use research, casts doubt upon the presumed connection. Water availability seems likely to have little effect upon the amenities which draw newcomers to Western cities. It also seems to have little effect upon the locational decisions of industries which affect growth by creating new jobs. Consequently, there is little reason to oppose municipal water restrictions as prejudicial to urban growth or to favor such restrictions in the hope of constraining growth.
SEQUENTIAL WATER REUSE EFFECT ON STREAM SALINITY1
Authors: Hendricks David W. , Turner Charles D. , Klooz Daniel
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Sequential water reuse by various users, i.e., municipal, industrial, agricultural, is common practice in all river systems. In the arid and semiarid western United States where streams are not large and water demands are high relative to the virgin water supply, the practice causes a reduction in stream flow and an increase in stream salinity. This paper outlines a quick and easy application of the materials balance principle to approximate the effects of increasing the level of sequential reuse on residual stream flow and salinity.
COST OF WASH HOUSES AND COMFORT STATIONS AT RECREATION AREAS1
Authors: Lindsey Anita K. , Walski Thomas M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The cost of sanitary facilities is a major cost item in recreation areas at water resources projects. Often planners wish to analyze the tradeoffs in providing different levels of service at these areas. Cost functions are presented in this paper to enable the planner to make quick comparisons between different types of buildings, sizes, exterior treatments, and number of fixtures.
Dual Objective Control of Nutrient Loading into a Lake1
Authors: Duckstein Lucien , Bogardi Istvan , David Laszlo
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The control of nutrient loading into a water body is approached from a multiobjective viewpoint. The example of phosphorus (P) loading into Lake Balaton, Hungary, is used as a case study. The element P is chosen because it appears to be the limiting factor of eutrophication in the lake considered, as in many other lakes. About one‐half of P loading originates from nonpoint sources; furthermore, the mechanism is poorly known and only few observation data are available. The objective of eutrophication control is to minimize P loading, while the objective of watershed management is to maximize agricultural revenue. These two objectives often appear to be in conflict. A discrete set of alternative control methods is defined, consisting in controlling a mix of the following elements: point sources, runoff, fertilizer type and application, cropping management, erosion, and sedimentation. The system dynamics is provided by a previously developed stochastic model, whose output is an empirical prohability density function (pdf) of P‐loading reflecting the control policy. A compromise solution of “satisfactum” can then be chosen as a mix of the best ranked policies.
A Model for Managing Irrigated Agriculture1
Authors: Khan Irfan A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Irrigation in arid and semiarid regions has led to accumulation of salts, destruction of soil texture, decline in fertility and yield, and eventual abandoning of the land. The problems of irrigated agriculture may be attributed to the fact that managers seldom consider irrigated land as a system consisting of a number of components and that the individual health of each component is vital to the overall health of the entire system. A management model is described here which considers all the important components of an irrigated system and may help maintain a permanent irrigated agriculture. The model optimizes net farm income, maintains favorable hydrologic and salt balance in the irrigated system, meets the concentration requirements of the drainage water for the individual crops, and simulates the impact of the irrigation on the unsaturated and the saturated zone.
Organizational and Political Considerations in the Municipal Development of Small Hydropower1
Authors: Heidell Pamela A. , Kirshen Paul H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The potential for hydroelectric power development at existing dams is great in oil dependent New England where there are over 10,000 dams presently in existence. Over 400 developments have been proposed in the region, the majority of which are small scale, and do not have major environmental impacts. Nevertheless, a variety of constraints may hinder development. A study of three efforts by municipalities in unique positions to develop hydropower reveals that organizational and political considerations are significant factors affecting development. Successful hydropower development requires: (1) the cooperation and interaction of citizens, government, and the private sector; (2) community interest and education; and (3) strong resolve.
Nonpoint Source Loading Rates From Selected Land Uses1
Authors: Daniel T. C. , Wendt R. C. , McGuire P. E. , Stoffel D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Loading rates derived from monitoring natural runoff from selected land uses are compared. Land uses selected for evaluation are construction sites, barnyards, and agriculture (dairying). Runoff volumes, sediment, and nutrient fractions were monitored and expressed as areal loadings for comparison purposes.

Sediment yield and total phosphorus (total P) loss was directly proportional to runoff (m3/ha). In decreasing order, the loadings for sediment and total P were as follows: construction site > barnyard > general dairying. Runoff from the barnyard area was approximately 10 times higher in soluble phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen than the other land uses under investigation. Areal loss for nitrate nitrogen was highest from the construction site and was attributed to the higher volume of runoff per unit area.

Results show that barnyards in a dairying watershed are potentially a major source of sediment and nutrients, especially those dissolved fractions which have the potential for immediate water quality impacts. Relative to general agricultural land, urban construction sites also appear to be a major source of sediment and nutrients. As with barnyard sites, however, the effect of such sites on water quality likely depends on proximity to surface water bodies and other watershed characteristics affecting delivery ratios of contaminants.
FIRST‐YEAR EFFECTS OF CLEARCUTTING AN OAK‐HICKORY WATERSHED ON WATER YIELD1
Authors: Brozka R. J. , Rolfe G. L. , Arnold L. E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Two intermittent streams on oak‐hickory watersheds in southern Illinois were gaged with a V‐notch weir and sampled with an automatic water sampler. Baseline data was collected for a period of three years. Flow volume showed large variations between years and watersheds. Water samples were analyzed for Na, K, Ca, Mg, ortho‐P, and NO3‐N. Water quality was consistently high, but there were significant differences between the watersheds during the calibration period. One watershed was clearcut in November 1979. One year of postharvest data has been analyzed. Flow volume increased 95 percent, but there was no evidence of increased sedimentation. There were significant increases in the stream water concentrations of K, Mg, and NO3‐N of 18 percent, 8 percent, and 274 percent, respectively. Nutrient budgets for the site were not adversely affected by the harvest. The clearcutting operation appears to have had a small impact on the watershed due to minimal disturbance during the logging and below normal precipitation the first year following the harvest.
SEDIMENT DEPOSITION ESTIMATION FROM CESIUM‐137 MEASUREMENTS1
Authors: Mitchell J. Kent , Mostaghimi Saied , Freeny Dale S. , McHenry J. Roger
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The movement of fallout 137Cs carried by soil particles was studied as an indicator of erosion and sedimentation in the Allerton watersheds and 4‐H Memorial Lake located near Monticello, Illinois. Sediment deposition was greater in the waterway draining from watershed IB than in the waterway from watershed IA. At the average rate of 2.3 cm/yr of sediment deposition in the lake (from 1954 to 1979), there will be a loss of over 2 meters of water depth in the next century. However, there appears to be a decreasing rate of sediment deposition in the 4‐H Memorial Lake as a result of improved conservation practices on the watersheds and the increased effectiveness of vegetated waterways and buffers for retaining sediment.
PROBLEMS OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING IN INDIA1
Authors: Singh Udai P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Water resources planning in India since the First Five‐Year Plan (1951‐1956) has been a very important part of national development planning. However, records show that the results of such planning in the last three decades have fallen short of expectations because of various complex factors. Most of the limiting factors are administrative, political, legal, and philosophical, involving premature comprehensive planning, arbitrary selection of plan targets, administrative “red‐tape,” ineffective coordination among water resources related departments, and water ownership conflicts among various states and with neighboring countries. Other constraints are related to a lack of adequate dependable data, the inadequacy of project feasibility studies, and a lack of social and political discipline necessary for adequate mobilization of financial resources.
A DYNAMIC BACTERIAL MODEL FOR A RECREATIONAL LAKE1
Authors: Uchrin Christopher G. , Weber Walter J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A dynamic mathematical model was constructed to examine bacterial contamination problems affecting Ford Lake, a small recreational lake in Southeast Michigan. The model was calibrated and verified using summer dry weather averaged data and data from three wet weather surveys. Model simulations demonstrated that the major bacterial contamination was attributable to storm related perturbations affecting two point sources: the Huron River and the Ypsilanti Sewage Treatment Plant. The nonpoint source contribution was relatively minor. The Model is currently being used by the State of Michigan Department of Natural Resources as a management tool for assessing the effectiveness of planned pollution abatement strategies
FACTORS CONTROLLING RUNOFF NUTRIENT LOSS FROM CULTIVATED LAND IN EASTERN SOUTH DAKOTA1
Authors: White E. M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A stepwise multiple regression was used to evaluate the relative importance of antecedent‐, event‐, and high‐intensity‐precipitation amounts; runoff volume; and precipitation nutrient contents and concentrations in determining nutrient losses in runoff. Plots were fertilized at high, medium, and low rates and had cultivation ridges oriented up‐and‐down slope or on the contour. Runoff volume was the important factor in determining the loss of NO3, soluble PO4, total PO4, and soluble K ions in runoff from fallow, corn, or soybean plots. NH4‐N loss was controlled mainly by the precipitation content and antecedet precipitation since fertilizer had been applied. Nutrient losses were greater from plots fertilized at the high rate and from plots with cultivation ridges oriented up‐and‐down slope rather than on the contour.
VENTILATORY RESPONSES OF BLUEGILL SUNFISH TO SUBLETHAL, FLUCTUATING EXPOSURES TO HEAVY METALS (Zn++ and Cu++)1
Authors: Thompson K. W. , Hendricks A. C. , Nunn G. L. , Cairns J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Minicomputer interfaced, continuous, noncontact sensing of the ventilatory behavior of the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) was used to investigate the response to exposure to solutions of copper and zinc under various modes of application. The results of these studies indicate that fish respond to sublethal concentrations of these toxicants by increasing the average ventilatory rate as well as decreasing the amplitude of the ventilatory signal. Appropriate statistics for the analysis of these data are also described.
QUALITY OF RUNOFF FROM MINNESOTA PEATLANDS: I. A CHARACTERIZATION1
Authors: Clausen John C. , Brooks Kenneth N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The likelihood of expanded use of Minnesota's 3 million hectares of peatlands prompted the state to initiate a hydrologic study to characterize these groundwater‐linked systems. Determining the quality of streamflow from these peatlands was an integral part of the study. Peatlands could be differentiated either on the basis of streamflow quality or on soil‐vegetation characteristics. The quality of streamflow from 45 undisturbed peatlands was characterized by collecting samples five times in 1979‐80 and analyzing them for 27 water quality characteristics. Runoff pH, specific conductance, alkalinity, calcium, and magnesium were used to classify the peatlands as bog, transition, or fen. Bog runoff was lower (α= 0.05) in pH, calcium, sodium, manganese, and ammonia nitrogen than fen runoff, but was higher in acidity, color, aluminum, humic and fulvic acid, and chemical oxygen demand than fen runoff. Bogs had more fibric peat of a lower pH than fens; fens exhibited tall woody shrubs which were virtually absent on bogs.
WATER SUPPLY AND URBAN GROWTH PLANNING: A PARTNERSHIP1
Authors: Ashton William J. , Bayer M.B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT As urban expansion outstrips water supplies, the usual solution is to build pipelines to bring in water from sources farther afield. Such water supplies may act as either a leader of urban development or as a follower. In either case, this engineering approach to the provision of water has fostered less than optimal utilization of regional water and land resources for urban growth. More efficient utilization of these resources is achieved when water supply development and urban growth planning are conjoint activities. Water supply planners and land use planners, working together, are able to generate and evaluate the full range of urban development options, including water demand management through conservation. Preferred regional growth plans are achieved using the best mix of water supply and urban growth. The result is a reduced rate of water supply development and a reduction of urban expansion on prime lands. This partnership approach is demonstrated for the Calgary Region under two levels of water conservation.
ESTIMATION OF SOIL MOISTURE FROM SEASAT SAR DATA1
Authors: Blanchard B. J. , Chang A. T. C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A study was made to determine if Seasat Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data could be used to make practical estimates of soil moisture. Extensive ground measurements were collected at two primary sites near Guymon, Oklahoma, and Sublette, Kansas. The relative sensitivity of the SAR to differences in soil moisture, tillage roughness, and vegetation was determined. To validate the effects detected in the SAR data, an airborne scatterometer with a similar wavelength was flown repeatedly over the Guymon site.

Soil moisture variations in the surface 2 cm and surface 15 cm of fields with bare soil, milo and alfalfa produce similar responses in the scattering coefficient from both systems. Roughness due to tillage in row crops produced as much as 12–15 dB increase in the scatterometer return. Most agricultural vegetation was effectively penetrated by the L‐band frequencies; however, corn produced an exceptionally high radar return either standing or after combine harvesting. When corn had ripened, there was some evidence that tillage roughness could be detected through the canopy. Moderate tillage roughness produced by grain drill furrows caused over 12 dB increase in return when row directions changed from parallel to perpendicular with respect to the SAR look direction. Dramatic increases in return occurred when vegetation surfaces were wet. Increased radar returns from tillage roughness, some vegetation and wet vegetation surfaces, all dyanmic in nature, were significant and may limit the practical estimation of soil moisture from the radar data.
THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF RESERVOIR CONSTRUCTION IN THE URBAN FRINGE: A TEN‐YEAR COMPARISON1
Authors: Napier Ted L. , Bryant Elizabeth G. , McClaskie Steve
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT This paper examines the social impact of reservoir construction on a rural community group located in the urban fringe of a major metropolitan area in central Ohio. The study data were collected at three intervals over a ten‐year period (1970, 1974, 1980). Evaluation of resident opinions in the affected community revealed significant attitude differences over time for four of the five variables measured. The findings revealed that the study group desired more social stability but had accommodated the changes experienced to date. Responses to the attitude scales showed that the people in the study group were well integrated and were closely identified with each other at all three test periods. Attitudes toward the lake project were significantly more positive over time, and in 1980 the collective community group held a basically neutral attitude about the lake. The development agency was also perceived more positively over time.
SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY AS INFLUENCED BY VEGETATION AND BEDROCK IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES1
Authors: White Carleton S. , Gosz James R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT We hypothesized that sediment from small watersheds with uniform bedrock and a single vegetative community would have uniform chemical characteristics for the sand and fine (silt and clay) size fractions. Channel sediment was collected from three vegetative communities (spruce‐fir, mixed conifer, and Ponderosa pine), each on four bedrock types (basalt, limestone, sandstone, and granite), and analyzed for digestable Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn; total N and P; extractable Ca, Mg, K; cation exchange capacity; and organic matter. With the exception of organic matter content in the sand size fraction, either vegetation, bedrock, or their interaction were significant in explaining the observed variation for all analyses in both size fractions. Replicate studies of sites with similar bedrock and vegetation combinations are needed to determine if each watershed has similar or unique sediment chemistry.
IMPACT OF DROUGHT ON QUALITY OF POTENTIAL WATER SUPPLY SOURCES IN THE SANGAMON RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Muchmore Charles B. , Dziegielewski Benedykt
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The analysis of stream flow and several water quality parameters in six Illinois rivers showed both deterioration and improvement in quality indicators during 1976–1977 drought. The adverse impacts were an increase of ammonia and manganese concentrations and, to a lesser degree, increased concentrations of phenol and specific conductance. At the worst point during the drought, the 12‐month moving average of monthly ammonia concentration in the Sangamon River was about 620 percent higher than the antecedent value. On the other hand, average concentrations of nitrites and nitrates, total iron, and the number of coliform bacteria significantly decreased. This positive response suggests that streams which are considered unsuitable for municipal supply due to high levels of these quality indicators may be used as emergency sources during droughts.
CLIMATOLOGICAL WATERSHED CALIBRATION1
Authors: Nik Abdul Rahim Hj. , Lee Richard , Helvey J. D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This study tests the hypothesis that climatic data can be used to develop a watershed model so that stream flow changes following forest harvest can be determined. Measured independent variables were precipitation, daily maximum and minimum temperature, and concurrent relative humidity. Computed variables were humidity deficit, saturated vapor pressure, and ambient vapor pressure. These climatic variables were combined to compute a monthly evaporation index. Finally, the evaporation index and monthly precipitation were regressed with measured monthly stream flow and the monthly estimates of stream flow were combined for the hydrologic year. A regression of predicted versus measured annual stream flow had a standard error of 1.5 inches (within 6.1 percent of the measured value). When 10, 15, and 20 years of data were used to develop the regression equations, predicted minus measured stream flow for the last 7 years of record (1972–1978) were within 16.8, 11.5, and 9.7 percent of the measured mean, respectively. Although single watershed calibration can be used in special conditions, the paired watershed approach is expected to remain the preferred method for determining the effects of forest management on the water resource.
CHANGES IN WATER POLICY IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA1
Authors: Ross Lester
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Ideology has predisposed the People's Republic of China against the use of prices to allocate water. Prolonged drought in north China has made the Chinese more aware of their unfavorable water resource inventory and the expense of expanding supply. Therefore, as part of the economic liberalization commenced since the death of Mao Zedong, China has started to make more active use of pricing to regulate demand and reduce the need for supply expansion.
IMPACT ON RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSUMPTION OF AN INCREASING RATE STRUCTURE1
Authors: Young C. E. , Kinsley K. R. , Sharpe W. E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A two‐step procedure is used to estimate the impact of an increasing rate structure on residential water use. An error components regression procedure is used to estimate demand relationships for a period prior to the rate change. Water use is predicted for the post rate change period, assuming that the rate structure was not changed. Comparison of actual with predicted use indicate that water use declined as a result of the imposition of the increasing rate structure.
THE STABILITY IN WATER OF A NEW CHLORAMINE DISINFECTANT1
Authors: Worley S. D. , Wheatley W. B. , Kohl H. H. , Hoose J. A. Van , Burkett H. D. , Bodor N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The stability in water of a novel new chloramine agent, 3‐chloro‐4, 4‐dimethyl‐2‐oxazolidinone (agent I), which is an excellent water disinfectant, has been compared to the stabilities of several other water disinfectants. The agents tested in addition to agent I included N‐chlorosuccinimide, 2, 4‐dichloro‐5, 5‐dimethylhydantoin, tichloroisocyanuric acid, calcium hypochlorite, commercial grade HTH, and household bleach. The total chlorine content of a water solution of agent I in a demand free environment remains constant over a period of at least eight weeks, while that for all of the other agents declines markedly over that time period. An explanation for these observations will be offered. Prior work in these laboratories concerning use of agent I as a disinfectant for lake water in a laboratory scale treatment plant had shown that agent I has considerable potential for use as an alternative to chlorine gas for water disinfection.
EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY SAMPLING LOCATIONS ON THE YUKON RIVER1
Authors: Whitfield Paul H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper presents an approach to the evaluation of water quality sampling locations for their potential use for long term monitoring. This approach was applied to four sites on the Yukon River near the Canada‐United States boundary. At three of these sites it was difficult to obtain representative samples due to the presence of extensive lateral heterogeneities. These heterogeneities occur because of a lack of mixing between the Yukon River and the major tributaries upstream from Dawson. Only one of the sampling locations is spatially homogeneous enough to provide representative samples.

Concentration variations over the annual cycle are very large, often as much as two orders of magnitude. Estimates are made of the frequency and density with which samples must be collected to be able to detect a 10 percent different between annual mean concentrations. The estimated frequencies are so large that such an undertaking would be impractical. More importantly, the assumptions of this analysis are invalid, and time series analysis of fixed frequency samples is proposed as an alternative that is statistically rigorous and requires fewer samples.
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT FOR JOINT PRODUCTION OF WATER AND TIMBER: A PROVISIONAL ASSESSMENT1
Authors: Krutilla John V. , Bowes Michael D. , Sherman Paul
Published: June 2007

Removal of forest canopy to reduce interception, evaporation, and transpiration, and to collect blowing snow, etc., has been demonstrated to increase water yield from small subalpine watersheds. How useable the increase in yield might be depends on a number of factors. It is likely that a more complete description of what occurs in the acquatic and riparian environment as a result of the increased yield, and at points of collection or diversion will affect our judgment. There is room for a further contribution by earth and life scientists to fully round out the biophysical effects to be assessed in economic terms. A partial analysis may nonetheless be undertaken, and given certain peculiarly favorable circumstances in the Colorado Rockies for increases in yield, and the existence of a water transporting and utilizing infrastructure and markets, a provisional economic judgment can be reached.
COST‐EFFECTIVE REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR WATER QUALITY LIMITED STREAMS1
Authors: David Martin H. , David Elizabeth L.
Published: June 2007

With the pressure from industries and municipalities to reduce the waste water treatment costs associated with the permit limits needed to attain the goals of the Clean Water Act, attention has turned ways of introducing flexibility into the regulations without sacrificing the water quality goals.

Wisconsin is the first state to have adopted a variety of options from which dischargers may choose when meeting their water quality requirements. These options were developed for the express purpose of minimizing the costs and maximizing the flexibility of the point source water quality regulations while ensuring that permitted discharge would not violate the water quality standards.

This paper presents five options that the state has made available to dischargers, as well as one the state did not adopt. The conclusion is that a mix of options can substantially increase the flexibility and reduce the costs of meeting water quality standards on effluent limited streams.
SOIL EROSION AWARENESS AND USE OF CONSERVATION TILLAGE FOR WATER QUALITY CONTROL1
Authors: Korsching Peter F. , Nowak Peter J.
Published: June 2007

Water pollution through loss of topsoil from farmland continues to be a major problem, despite nearly 50 years of providing farmers technical and financial assistance for soil and water conservation. The technology for controlling erosion and water pollution is available, but farmers have been slow in implementing control practices. Past research has shown that farmers tend to be unaware of the seriousness of the erosion problem on their own operations. Using a random sample of farmers from central Iowa, the relationship is examined between awareness of a soil erosion problem and the use of conservation tillage. Results indicate that awareness of a soil erosion problem effects the use of conservation tillage, and that awareness can be enhanced by experiential educational strategies such as the development and implementation of a soil and water conservation plan.
ON THE ESTIMATION OF DIRECT IRRIGATION BENEFITS1
Authors: Sampath Rajan K.
Published: June 2007

For optimal allocation of resources, it is critical to arrive at proper estimations of direct benefits created by irrigation projects. This paper reviews critically the traditinal procedures of estimating the direct irrigation benefits and, in this context, presents formulas to show the extent of bias in them. The paper further discusses the implications of shifts in demand over time for biases in the estimation of direct benefits through traditional procedures and provides altenate procedures for the proper estimation of direct irrigation benefits. In this context, it throws some light on the exact distribution of benefits between consumers and producers.
SALT TRANSPORT BY THE SOUTH PLATTE RIVER IN NORTHEAST COLORADO1
Authors: Gomez‐Ferrer Ramon , Hendricks David W. , Turner Charles D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The salinity of the lower South Platte River in Colorado is characterized by plotting the average annual flow, total dissolved solids, and salt mass flow against distance along the stream. The plots show that salts are being leached from the irrigated lands above Greeley and are being deposited on the irrigated lands below Greeley. The salt deposition on the lower lands will result in their salination. The plots show also that fall and winter stream flows carry most of the salt loads. These fall and winter flows are stored in off stream reservoirs for use during the irrigation season. Therefore these salts are transferred to the lower irrigated lands where they accumulate. The salt balance for these lands can be improved by permitting the fall and winter flows to leave the basin, or by providing adequate land drainage coupled with supplemental irrigation water.
WATER BUDGETS FOR SMALL DIKED MARSHES1
Authors: Kadlec John A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper reports an analysis of the water budgets of 10 small (5–6 ha) diked areas (cells) within the Delta Marsh in southcentral Manitoba, Canada. The important terms in the water budget equation in this study were precipitation (P), water pumped in (SWI), evapotranspiration (ET), seepage in (GWI) and out (GWO), and change in storage (ΔS). P, SWI, and S were measured directly, and the sum of ET and GWO determined by difference. Estimating ET as 0.7 pan evaporation gave a seepage loss of 2.9 mm/day from the most intensively studied cell. Other methods of estimating ET produced estimates of GWO ranging from 2.4 to 3.8 mm/day. Water budgets for less intensively studied cells indicated seepage loss increased as perimeter available for seepage increased, but not proportionately. Efforts to measure seepage directly or estimate it from measured hydraulic gradients and hydraulic conductivity produced estimates much lower than the estimates from the water budget equation. Hydraulic conductivities were very heterogeneous, reflecting the sorting of water deposited sediments. Comparison of the hydraulic conductivities with seepage estimates from the water budget strongly suggests water movement downward as well as laterally from these diked areas.
DRAINAGE QUALITY AT DEEP COAL MINE SITES1
Authors: Wirries Dama L. , McDonnell Archie J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Samples were collected from the drainages of inactive deep coal mine sites located in eight states. Drainage quality was found to be highly variable, with a majority of sites exceeding federal effluent quality guidelines. Concentrations of trace metals including cadmium, mercury, zinc, and nickel were low. The presence of overburden calcareous material was shown to affect drainage quality.

A consistent pattern of pH‐acidity response was found to exist for the mine sites monitored. An empirical formula was developed to characterize this response.
AN APPLICATION OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH METHODS TO BEACH RENOURISHMENT PROJECTS1
Authors: Shows E. Warren
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models have been widely used in business to minimize cost and maximize profit. In this paper such models are used to help determine the optimum strategy for a beach renourishment project including the initial and subsequent fill quantities and the length of a complete renourishment cycle. The importance of considering economic factors is emphasized, and the sensitivity of the optimal values to changes in the basic parameters of the models are discussed. The possible extensions and limitations of the models are considered.
VELOCITY EQUATION FOR WATER QUALITY MODELING IN GEORGIA1
Authors: III Roy Burke
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Tabletop water quality modeling still plays an important role in the water pollution control activities of the Georgia Environmental Protection Division. Tabletop models are those developed with out the aid of extensive field data. One important component of GEORGIA DOSAG, our basic water quality model, is the equation used to predict flow through velocity. However, Georgia is characterized by wide physiographic diversity which reduces the effectiveness of uncalibrated velocity equations. Using 15 years of accumulated time‐of‐travel studies, a series of empirical velocity equations were developed and calibrated to various physiographic conditions in Georgia. Equations are available for each major soil province and for three stream flow ranges within each province ‐ Q<100 cfs, 100<Q<1000 cfs, and Q>1000 cfs. Now, in the absence of extensive field data, we have data based velocity equations which can be tailored to each site under study.
FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS1
Authors: Chong She‐Kong , Moore Stephen M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Twenty‐two gaging stations were selected for developing a regional flood frequency curve for small (area less than 2 square miles) watersheds in southern Illinois. Five probability functions were compared, and the extreme value type I function was selected to develop the regional flood curve. The curve was generated with the index flood method and also another empirical method that related the function parameters to the watershed area. Estimated peak discharges with various return periods were compared with the results obtained from multiple regression analysis.
EFFECTS OF TREATED BLEACHED KRAFT MILL EFFLUENT ON EGGS AND PROLARVAE OF STRIPED BASS (MORONE SAXATILIS)1
Authors: Burton Dennis T. , Hall Lenwood W. , Klauda Ronald J. , Margrey Stuart L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) eggs and prolarvae were exposed to a range of treated bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) concentrations from 0 to 20 percent effluent by volume (v/v) under continuous flow test conditions. The treated BKME used in the study before dilution had a BOD5 of 18 to 25 mg/l, TSS of 60 to 185 mg/l and true color of 1750 to 1755 mg/l. No mortality attributable to BKME was found in three separate egg studies. No delayed hatching of the eggs occurred in any of the BKME treatments relative to the control treatment. No significant morphological abnormalities (pugheadness, truncation, or scoliosis) were found in prolarvae exposed to BKME from the egg stage through six days post/hatch. Tests with prolarvae revealed that BKME at concentrations from 2 to 20 percent v/v did not cause mortality during exposures up to 60 hours. However, BKME concentrations ranging between 8 to 12 percent up to 20 percent v/v caused increased mortality after 72 hours of exposure.