bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manufacture and quality of UF Ras cheese
Authors: El‐Shibiny S. , Mahran G. M. , Haggag H. F. , Mahfouz M. B. , El‐Sheik M. M.
Published: November 2006

Ras cheese was made by means of the traditional method from cow's milk and milk concentrated by ultrafiltration to concentration factors 2 and 5, and from diafiltered x5 retentate. The fresh cheese yield was determined and cheese was ripened for 3 months, changes in moisture, fat, nitrogen fractions, pH, acidity and ripening indices were followed periodically during the ripening period. The organoleptic properties of the cheese were also assessed.

UF Milk retentate gave higher cheese yield depending on concentration factor. UF Ras cheese from high concentrated retentate was characterized by slow protein degradation, flavour development and hard texture. The composition and properties of UF Ras cheese from x2 retentate were close to that of traditional Ras cheese.
Gesamt‐Amitraz‐Rückstände in Bienenhonigen
Authors: Hemmerling Ch. , Augustyniak B. , Risto Ch.
Published: November 2006

Es wird über Untersuchungergebnisse der Jahre 1986–1990 an insgesamt 330 Bienenhonigen berichtet. Die Honige wurden nach der Methode zur Amitraz‐Gesamtrückstandsbestimmung durch Hydrolyse und Wasserdampfdestillation nach [2] aufgearbeitet. 60 % der Honige waren praktisch nicht kontaminiert (Gesamtrückstandsmenge bis 0,01 mg/kg), 8,5 % der Honige enthielten über 0,05 mg/kg. Maximalwerte von 0,2–0,5 mg/kg wurden festgestellt. 54 % der Rapshonige enthielten mehr als 0,01 mg/kg, 19 % mehr als 0,05 mg/kg.
Low methoxy pectin/protein interaction in o/w emulsions ‐ Effects of acetylated faba bean globulin
Authors: Schultz M. , Schmidt G. , Krause J.‐P. , Seifert A. , Schmandke H.
Published: November 2006

The addition of low methoxy pectin to maximal acetylated faba bean globulin in o/w emulsion leads in the pH range between 5.5 and 6.5 to an increased protein content in the protein film around the oil droplets. This effect is accompanied with a rise of the apparent viscosity and flow behaviour index of the emulsions. In agreement with these modifications increased emulsion stability against creaming is found.
Zusammensetzung und Qualitätsparameter von Perlhühnern, Fasanen, Tauben, Cairina und Kaninchen
Authors: Richter G. , Ochrimenko C. , Gruhn K.
Published: November 2006

Für Perlhühner, Fasane, Tauben, Flugenten und Kaninchen wurden die Schlachtkörperzusammensetzung und ‐qualität ermittelt. Den höchsten Anteil Schlachtertrag brachten die Fasane (78%) und Perlhühner (75%). Bei Kaninchen betrug der Schlachtabfall 38%. Auch im Fleischanteil am Rumpf wurden bei Fasanen (76%) und Perlhühnern (70%) die besten Werte ermittelt. Im Brustfleischanteil lagen die Brieftauben mit 35% vom Gesamtfleisch an der Spitze. Fasane und Perlhühner haben einen höheren Brust‐ und Schenkelanteil als das Wirtschaftsgeflügel. Fasane und Perlhühner enthielten viel Eiweiß (22% bzw. 20%) und wenig Energie bzw. Fett. Verschiedene Fleischqualitätsparameter wurden erfaßt. Aus ernährungsphysiologischer Sicht ist dem Verzehr von Fasan oder Perlhuhn der Vorzug zu geben.
Ein Überblick zur digitalen Bildverarbeitung in der Lebensmittelwissenschaft 5. Mitt. Lokale Operatoren zur Linien‐ und Kantendetektion
Authors: Fromhold‐Treu I.
Published: November 2006

Verfahren zur Erkennung von Linien und Kanten mit Hilfe von lokalen Operatoren spielen im Bereich der Bildsegmentierung eine große Rolle. Ausgehend von der Definition von Linien‐ und Kantenelementen werden zwei mathematische Beschreibungsweisen der Kanten‐ und Liniendetektion dargestellt. An zwei Beispielen wird die praktische Anwendung demonstriert.
Role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), secretin and gastrin in the genesis of the late exocrine pancreatic hypersecretion, food intake dependent in conscious dogs
Authors: Huertas J. R. , Mañas M. , Ballesta M. C. , Mataix F. J. , Martinez‐Victoria E.
Published: November 2006

Plasma levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), secretin and gastrin were studied in four saphenous vein‐catheterized dogs during the first 12 h after ingestion of a standard solid meal. Under these conditions we found significant postprandial increases in secretin only, which rose from a basal value of 219 ± 27 pg/ml to 449 ± 66 pg/ml 60 min postprandial (p < 0.001), and remained elevated until 4 h after food intake. However, no increase was seen from 8 to 12 h in any of the hormones studied, indicating that they are not directly involved in the enhancement of exocrine pancreatic secretion during this period.
Effect of sporophore maturity on chemical composition of Volvariella esculenta (Mass) SINGER, a Nigerian mushroom
Authors: Fasidi Isola O. , Kadiri Mukaila
Published: November 2006

The “egg”, “elongated” and “mature” stages of Volvariella esculenta (Mass) SINGER sporocarps were analysed for their chemical composition. The “egg” stage was found to contain the richest amount of nutrients and the “elongated” stage the poorest. The “egg” stage was richer in protein, amino acids, lipid, crude fibres, glycogen, sugars, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus than the “elongated” and “mature” sporocarp stages. At any sporocarp stage, the pileus contained greater amounts of moisture, sugars, ash, lipid, protein, amino acid, phosphorus, iron, copper and zinc than the stipe while the stipe contained more dry matter, crude fibre, calcium and magnesium.
The effect of squalene on the thermostability of rapeseed oil
Authors: Małecka M.
Published: November 2006

The effect was studied of squalene added in the amount from 0.10 to 1.0% on the thermostability of rapeseed oil during heating at 170 °C with changes in the content of unsaturated fatty acids, polar compounds, peroxides and values of dynamic viscosity as the basis for conclusion. Under the condition applied the addition of squalene retarded the degradation of unsaturated fatty acids and limited the extend of polymerization, the most significant efficiency being achieved with the highest squalene concentration. The addition of about 0.5% of squalene was proposed as practically applicable; higher squalene concentration gave no proportional increase in its protective effect.
Producing of natural clouding agents from orange and lemon peels
Authors: El‐Shamei Z. , El‐Zoghbi M.
Published: November 2006

Two beverage clouding agents were produced from peels of Valencia orange and of Baladi Lemon. Three enzyme preparations, Pectinex ultra SP‐L, Novo Ferm and Ultrazyme 100, were used under their estimated optimum conditions to hydrolyse pectin of the peel. Novo Ferm was proved the optimum preparation to use for preparing the two clouds. The chemical and physical properties of the produced clouds were evaluated. During storage the colour of lemon cloud was more stable than that of orange which showed significant browning. Sensory evaluation of two citrus drink when 5, 10 and 15% of the clouding agents were added, indicated that colour and appearance of drinks were improved. No bitterness was detected when orange cloud was added up to 15%. The cloudy of the produced drinks was stable after 42 days storage at 25 °C.
Modification of the structure of casein preparations in the course of extrusion
Authors: Szpendowski J. , Śmietana Z. , Chojnowski W. , Świgoń J.
Published: November 2006

Studies were carried out on the modification of the supermolecular structure of casein obtained from milk in the form of calcium paracaseinate, low‐calcium (20 mg Ca/g dry weight) paracaseinate, acid casein and alkali‐neutralized casein in the course of extrusion performed using a twin screw extruder “Clextral” BC 92. Due to the transformation of casein micelles, the extruded products showed anisotropic supermolecular structure. In the casein preparations neutralized to form caseinates, there was no change to anisotropic structure. It was shown that calcium bound to casein played an important role in stabilizing the structural modification of casein in the course of its extrusion.
Beiträge zur Psychophysik des Süßgeschmacks 6. Mitt. Bezugssystembildung durch Reizsequenzen im Unterschiedsschwellenbereich
Authors: Hoppe K.
Published: November 2006

In multiplen Versuchsanlagen zur Bestimmung von Differenzierungswahrscheinlichkeiten ist die Reizsequenzverteilung eine erhebliche Störgröße. Zur Bestimmung ihrer Wirksamkeit wurden Sequenzen mit 5 äquidistanten Saccharosekonzentrationen eingesetzt, die successiv simultan mit einer Basiskonzentration verglichen wurden. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit für jede Abstufung wurde in 2‐AFC (Two‐Alternative Forced Choice)‐Technik mit je 60 paarweisen Vergleichen gesichert. In einem faktorisierten Versuchsplan wurden 5 Sequenzabstufungen bei 3 Basiskonzentrationen mit jeweils fester mittlerer Differenz untersucht. Die Häufigkeit des richtigen Urteils ist näherungsweise linear von der Reizsequenz abhängig. Der Anstieg dieser Beziehung fällt mit steigender Abstufungsgröße im Untersuchungsbereich hyperbolisch ab. Die Höhe des Basisreizes ist ohne Bedeutung. Bei der Bestimmung von Unterschiedsschwellen müssen diese Bezugssystemeffekte als eine wesentliche Fehlerursache berücksichtigt werden.
Changes in pH and some biological activities of extractable proteins during malting process of wheat grain
Authors: Warchalewski J. R. , Stasinska B. , Madaj D.
Published: November 2006

The dynamics of changes in extractable protein content, total α‐ and β‐amylolytic activity, α‐amylolytic activity, anti‐α‐amylolytic and antitryptic activities as well as of pH values during malting process of selected wheat grain variety were studied. The effect of the microflora on the native amylases and their inhibitors were accounted for by microbiological evaluation of wheat grain and malted wheat. After steeping at 72 h the pH of water extracts of wheat grain decreased from 6.4 to 6.0 in samples germinated with gibberellic acid (GA3), and to 6.1 in samples germinated without GA3 added. Further decrease of pH up to 5.8 was noted during germination in the case of GA3 added. On the other hand the increase of native α‐amylolytic activity and activities of endogenous inhibitors within the first 72 h (steeping) of malting process of wheat grain with and without GA3 added were hightly correlated. Rapid increase of wheat grain extractable proteins were started 24 h later. Physiological importance of these findings was discussed.
Plasma fatty acid profile and prooxidative‐antioxidative parameters in vegetarians
Authors: Krajčovičová‐Kudláčková M. , Šimončič R. , Béderová A. , Klvanová J. , Babinska K. , Grančičová E.
Published: November 2006

Fatty acid profile in plasma was examined in 12 adult vegetarians (lacto and lacto‐ovo) aged 41‐63 years with an average period of vegetarian nutrition of 9.8 years. Difference in the content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in vegetarians was insignificant (compared to non‐vegetarians). Positive factor of vegetarian nutritional habit with respect to atherosclerosis included significantly elevated content of linoleic acid (C 18:2) and linolenic acid (C 18:3), as well as unchanged or only slightly reduced content of polyunsaturated fatty acids ‐ arachidonic acid (C 20:4) and docosahexaenoic acid (C 22:6, n = 3). Favourable values of prooxidative‐antioxidative parameters (significantly reduced content of conjugated dienes of fatty acids in plasma, significantly higher plasma levels of vitamin C, β‐carotene, vitamin E/cholesterol ‐ indicator of LDL protection and vitamin E/triacylglycerols ‐ indicator of fatty acid protection) demonstrated a reduced risk of lipoperoxidation in vegetarians.
Some aspects of reactions of benzyl isothiocyanate with bovine sarcoplasmic proteins
Authors: Rawel H. M. , Kroll J.
Published: November 2006

Benzyl‐ITC (benzyl isothiocyanate) reacts preferentially with amino groups and sulfhydryl side chains of bovine sarcoplasmic proteins to form thiourea and dithiocarbamate derivatives, generally resulting in a decrease in solubility of the derivatives along a wide pH range. Under these conditions, it was also possible to show that secondary amine side chains, as found in tryptophan. also react with benzyl‐ITC. A quenching of tryptophan fluorescence intensity after interaction with benzyl‐ITC was also observed. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) experiments in the presence of urea indicated changes in electrophoretical mobility and in composition of subfractions. Changes in surface hydrophobicity and composition as determined by the ANS (8‐anilinonaphthalene‐1‐sulfonate) methode and RP‐HPLC were also observed. Polymerisation of protein molecules after reaction with benzyl‐ITC was documented using the SDS‐PAGE technique. These investigations showed that a group of subfractions belonging mainly to glycolytic enzymes and associated proteins with molecular weight between 38 – 70 kDa was highly reactive.
Biomass and hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes production by fungal growth on wheat milling by‐products
Authors: Quaglia G. B. , Di Lena Gabriella
Published: November 2006

Wheat bran and shorts, by‐products of the milling process, were submitted to bioconversion by the white‐rot Basidiomycete Lentinus edodes. The extracellular polyphenol oxidase, endo‐cellulase and phytase productions by the mycelium growing in a solid‐state condition on the two substrates were studied. The best results in terms of polyphenol oxidase and endo‐cellulase activity yields were obtained in shorts cultures, while no relevant difference was noticed between the two substrates for phytase production. The in vitro dry matter enzyme digestibility (IVDMED) and total nitrogen gain of the substrates during biotransformation were also evaluated. Besides an increment in total nitrogen, the IVDMED of both substrates appeared to be reduced by the biotreatment.
Charakterisierung pankreatischer Casein‐Plasteine
Authors: Lorenzen P. Chr. , Schieber A. , Brückner H. , Schlimme E.
Published: November 2006

Im Verlauf der Plasteinreaktion konzentrieren sich hydrophobe Peptide überwiegend in den Aggregaten (Plasteinen), während hydrophile Peptide in Lösung (Überstand) verbleiben. Liquidchromatographische und sequenzanalytische Untersuchungen der pankreatischen Casein‐Plasteine haben ergeben, daß die Aggregate überwiegend aus den freien Aminosäuren Tyrosin, Phenylalanin und Tryptophan bestehen. Darüber hinaus enthalten die Plasteine kurzkettige Peptide insbesondere vom C‐terminalen Ende des β‐Caseins. Die Charakterisierung der funktionellen Eigenschaften der Plasteine hat deutlich gemacht, daß die Aggregation der kurzkettigen Peptide und freien Aminosäuren auf nicht‐kovalenten, hydrophoben und ionogenen Wechselwirkungen beruht. In den Überständen aus der Plasteinreaktion konnten Caseinophosphopeptidsequenzen insbesondere aus αs‐Casein bestimmt werden.
Effect of whey fermentation on the HCI‐extractability of calcium, iron and phosphorus in various rice‐bengalgram dhal blends
Authors: Sharma A. , Khetarpaul N.
Published: November 2006

Rice and bengalgram dhal were mixed in three different proportions, i.e., 60:40, 70:30 and 80:20 (w/w), and to 100 g of the developed blend, about 105 ml whey (a nutritious by‐product of the cheese industry) was added. Fermentation of the cereal‐legume‐whey blends at 35°C for 18 h did not change their total mineral content significantly (P < 0.05) but the HCI‐extractability of calcium and iron was enhanced considerably after whey incorporation and fermentation. Phytate phosphorus decreased, and non‐phytate phosphorus increased significantly in the various rice‐bengalgram dhal blends fermented with whey. Higher HCI‐extractability of calcium, iron and phosphorus may be ascribed partly to the decrease in phytic acid content.
Wheat flour starch granule‐size distribution and rheological properties of dough. Part 3. Amylographic measurements
Authors: Šebečić Bl. , Šebečić B.
Published: November 2006

To examine the influence of granulometric composition of wheat flour starch to gelatinization properties of flour under the conditions of amylographic measurements, the content of starch fractions i.e. the granulometrical and statistical parameters of granule‐size distribution determined in previous work (Šebečić and Šebečić, 1995, Part 1), were correlated with maximum viscosity values (MV) of amylograms run on Brabender amylograph at pH of full enzyme inactivation (2.95) and constant starch concentration in suspensions (6.5%) as well as with the characteristic of wheat flour, af, suggested as a numerical presentation of physicochemical properties of starch in flour under the conditions of amylographic measurements (Šebečć, 1989). Data show that small granules produced higher MV and af values (r = 0.644 and r = 0.628; 0.05 ≥ P ≥ 0.01), while larger granules decreased MV and af (r = −0.526 to r = −0.676; 0.10 ≥ P ≥ 0.01). Significant correlation of some granulometrical i.e. statistical parameters of granule‐size distribution with MV and af (0.10 ≥ P ≥ 0.01) suggests that granule‐size distribution can affect gelatinization properties of wheat flour under the conditions of amylographic measurements.
Hypoglycemic effect and protein nutritive quality of soy and methionine‐supplemented whole durum pasta products
Authors: Taha S. A. , Wasif M. M.
Published: November 2006

New low cost, high‐protein and high‐fiber pasta products processed from whole durum meal (WD) solely. WD supplemented with 7% or 12% defatted soy flour (SF). or 12% SF plus 0.3% methionine were evaluated in comparison with the regular pasta made of pure durum semolina (DS). Their protein nutritive quality was biologically evaluated by rat growth studies using diets containing 9% protein, through the parameters: food efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein utilization (NPU), digestibility coefficient (DC) and biological value (BV). The original products were administered to diabetic hypercholesterolemic albino rats. (injected with alloxane) to study their effects on the levels of blood glucose and plasma lipid fractions. The results indicate that diets based on pasta made of WD supplemented with SE or SF plus methionine had superior protein quality and succeeded in supporting normal growth of rats in contrast to the diets based on pasta made of unsupplemented WD or DS. These assays demonstrated that the values of FER, PER. NPU and BV of WD‐pasta increased with increasing SF supplementation. However, high‐fiber pasta made of unrefined WD solely or with SF had lower DC values compared to that of the regular DS‐pasta. DC values decreased as the added SF increased. Adding methionine evidently affected FER. PER, BV and NPU values. Administration of high‐protein and high‐fiber pasta samples made of WD solely, supplemented with SF or SF plus methionine significantly reduced the elevated blood glucose as well as plasma cholesterol and plasma lipid fractions in hypercholesterolemic diabetic rats. Overall, considering nutritional evaluation, protein cost as well as hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic effects the pasta composed of 12% SF‐WD and supplemented with 0.3% methionine represented the best high‐fiber: high‐protein and high‐quality product.
Sterigmatocystin: Incidence, fate and production by Aspergillus versicolor in Ras cheese
Authors: Abd Alla E. A. M. , Metwally M. M. , Mehriz A. M. , Abu Sree Y. H.
Published: November 2006

The occurrence, distribution, and stability of sterigmatocystin (STG) in Ras cheese were investigated. An incidence value for STG in market samples of Ras cheese was 35% with a mean value of 22.2 μg/kg. In experimental Ras cheese from milk contaminated with STG, 80% of the toxin was retained in the curd while 20% was found in the whey. The temperature for cheese ripening affected the toxin content. At 6 °C the toxin concentration was hardly affected, but at 20 °C the concentration was reduced by 16% after 90 days. In Ras cheese contaminated with spores of Aspergillus versicolor, toxin production started after 45 days of the ripening, reached a maximum after 90 days, and declined thereafter. Cow's milk favoured toxin formation in comparison with buffaloe's milk. Aged cheese (more than 6 months) inhibited toxin production.
Production of iron‐fortified bread employing some selected natural iron sources
Authors: Bakr A. A.
Published: November 2006

Iron fortification of wheat breads is the optimal approach for reducing the high prevalence of iron deficiency in wheat‐eating developing countries as in Egypt. The effectiveness of some natural iron‐fortificants for potential use in Egyptian bread was tested. Defatted soybean flour, soybean flour, soybean hull flour, molasses and fenugreek flour at different levels besides FeSO4 · 7H2O as standard were separately incorporated in the wheat flour dough. Dough characteristics were studied using a Brabender Farinograph, where addition of such fortificants improves significantly (p < 0.05) the water absorption, development time, dough stability and dough weakening. Good breads with high nutritive value, excellent crust color, crumb grain and high overall acceptability were produced by adding either 10% defatted soybean flour, 5% soybean hull flour, 2% molasses or 4% fenugreek flour. Rat feeding trials have shown a good haematological response, i.e. higher haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct) values gained. Additional work is needed to identify other fortification options and to develop targeted fortification programes that will supply iron to all segments of a population in greatest need.
Über die Fremdfett‐Bestimmung in Kakao‐Erzeugnissen I: Chemische und physikalische Analysenverfahren zur Fremdfett‐Bestimmung in Kakao‐Preßbutter, milchfreier Schokolade und milchfreier Überzugsschokolade
Authors: Purr A.
Published: November 2006

Durch Extraktion des Fettanteils dunkler Schokoladen und dreimalige Fraktionirung mit Aceton bei ‐12° C werden mit ungesättigten Glyceriden angereicherte Fraktionen erhalten. Die Säure‐, Verseifungs‐, Neutralisations‐ und Jodzahlen dieser Fraktionen sowie Löslichkeitsunterschied und Anilinpunkt erlauben die Erkennung von 5% und darüber zugesetzter Fremdfette. Zusätzliche optische Methoden werden in einer 2. Mitteilung beschrieben werden.
Über neuere bei der Synthese verzweigter Carbonsäuren erzielte Ergebnisse
Authors: Koch H.
Published: November 2006

Reaktionsablauf bei der in zwei Stufen durchgeführten Anlagerung von Kohlenoxyd und Wasser an Olefine. Arbeitsweise mit Ameisensäure als Kohlenoxyd‐Quelle. Fortschritte beim Arbeiten mit Kohlenoxyd unter Druck.
Papierchromatographische Ermittlung geringer Fremdfett‐Mengen der Cocosfett‐Gruppe in Schokolade und deren Zubereitungen
Authors: Pietschmann E.
Published: November 2006

Der Vf. zählt einleitend die verschiedenen Fett‐Kennzahlen auf, die für den Fremdfett‐Nachweis in Schokolade und deren Zubereitungen von Bedeutung sind und beschreibt dann eingehend die papierchromatographische Trennung der Fette nach der Hydroxamsäure‐Methode, die für Serienuntersuchungen geeignet ist.
Determination of Structure and Analysis of the Hydroperoxide Isomers of Autoxidized Methyl Oleate
Authors: Privett O. S. , Nickell E. C.
Published: November 2006

A procedure is described demonstrating the formation of four hydroperoxide isomers in the autoxidation of methyl oleate in accordance with the free radical chain reaction concept of autoxidation. Experimental proof is also given for the location of the hydroperoxide group in the α‐position relative to the double bonds. New methodology is reported in the use of catalytic reduction with the Lindlar Catalyst for the quantitative estimation of peroxides. The quasi‐six membered ring theory of oxidation as applied to the atmospheric oxidation of fats is shown to have no factual basis.
Zusammensetzung und Verhalten des Wäscheschmutzes I
Authors: Oldenroth O.
Published: November 2006

Einleitend wird eine kurze Übersicht über die Quantität und die Bestandteile der Hauptausscheidungen gegeben. Die Untersuchungen des Vf. beziehen sich auf die Art und Menge der Schmutzsubstanzen sowie deren Verhalten und Auswaschbarkeit aus Leib‐ und Bettwäsche. Die Analysenwerte sind tabellarisch zusammengestellt, zahlreiche Abbildungen veranschaulichen die Ergebnisse.
Über die Hydratisierung von Polyglykoläthern
Authors: Boehmke G. , Heusch R.
Published: November 2006

Die quantitativen Verhältnisse der Hydratisierungsvorgänge bei Polyglykoläthern, die als Emulgatoren Bedeutung erlangt haben, werden untersucht, Die Bestimmung erfolgt mittels Viskositätsmessungen wäßriger Lösungen von substituierten Phenylglykoläthern, ferner ‐ um den Nachweis verschiedener Hydratstufen zu erhärten ‐ mit Hilfe kalorimetrischer Messungen der Mischungswärmen und Hydratationswärmen u. a. Das Vorliegen einer recht beständigen Hydratstufe 1:1 wird eingehend erörtert. Zur Erklärung der Stabilität sowie der starken Netzebenen‐Verkürzung in diesem Verdünnungsbereich wird angenommen, daß dieses eine Molekül H2O in Art einer Einschlußverbindung in die Polyätherkette eingebaut ist. Die Wasserlöslichkeit wird auf das Vorliegen der Hydratstufe 1:4 zurückgeführt.
Über das Vorkommen verschiedener Esterasen in Pflanzensamen
Authors: Rothe M.
Published: November 2006

Neben der auf die Spaltung langkettiger Fettsäureester eingestellten Lipase enthalten Pflanzensamen eine zweite Esterase, die bevorzugt Essigsäure‐Glyceride spaltet. Diese „Acetylesterase”︁ unterscheidet sich von der eigentlichen Lipase durch größere Thermostabilität, geringere Aktivitäts‐Steigerung bei der Keimung und andere Verteilung im Getreidekorn. Die sortenbedingten Schwankungen der Acetylesterase‐Aktivität sind weit geringer als die der Lipase‐Aktivität. Acetylesterase kommt in allen Getreidearten sowie den Ölsaaten Mohn, Raps und Soja vor.
Über Wachse aus ungesättigten Fettsäuren und ungesättigten Alkoholen
Authors: Kaufmann H. P. , Pollerberg J.
Published: November 2006

Einleitend wird über das Vorkommen ungesättigter Wachsester und über die bisher bekannten Methoden der Wachsester‐Synthese berichtet. Zur Darstellung ungesättigter Wachsester bewährten sich vor allem: 1. die Veresterung mit Säurechloriden in Gegenwart von Pyridin und 2. die direkte Veresterung, verbunden mit der Azeotrop‐Destillation. Das Autoxydationsverhalten ungesättigter Wachsester wird untersucht.
Die dünnschicht‐chromatographische Analyse auf dem Gebiet der Tenside
Authors: Bey K.
Published: November 2006

Es wurde das Verhalten von Tensiden bei der dünnschicht‐chromatographischen Analyse untersucht. Das Ziel dabei war, eine qualitative Trennung der waschaktiven Substanzen in Mischungen zu erreichen, wie sie z. B. in Waschmitteln, Kosmetika und Textilhilfsmitteln vorliegen können. Das beschriebene Verfahren erlaubt eine Orientierung über vorhandene Tenside und ist ein wichtiges Hilfsmittel für die quantitative lonenaustauscher‐Analyse.
Determination of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐1,4‐dioxin in 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5‐T alkyl ester herbicides
Authors: Edmunds J. W. , Lee D. F. , Nickels Christine M. L.
Published: November 2006

A gas chromatographic method for the determination of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachloro‐dibenzo‐1,4‐dioxin in 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5‐T alkyl ester herbicides is described.

Of 80 samples of 100% 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid alkyl ester herbicides 25 contained less than 0.05 part/million and 75 less than 0.5 part/million 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlDrodiben2o‐1,4‐dioxin. Of 32 samples of 50% formulations of 2,4,5‐T alkyl esters in mineral oil, 8 contained less than 0.05 part/million and 18 less than 0.5 part/million tetrachlorodioxin. The maximum found was 28.3 part/ million.
The effect on root geotropism of certain ortho‐carboxyphenylpropanones
Authors: Brown Barry T. , Johansen Oddvar , Katekar Gerard F. , Sasse Wolfgang H. F.
Published: November 2006

A series of compounds related to 1‐(2′‐carboxyphenyl)‐3‐phenylpropane‐1,3‐dione has been synthesised and their effects on root geotropism assessed using cress and ryegrass seedlings. The more active members have been found to be highly potent, abolishing root geotropism at concentrations as low as 0.01 mg/litre. In this respect they compare favourably with TIBA and NPA. It is suggested that a 2‐carboxy‐phenyl radical separated by a 3 carbon unit from a second aromatic ring is essential for activity, and that a C‐1 oxygen function enhances the effect.
Uptake and translocation of benomyl and carbendazim (methyl benzimidazol‐2‐yl carbamate) in the symplast
Authors: Solel Z. , Schooley Janice M. , Edgington Lloyd V.
Published: November 2006

Cytoplasmic uptake of carbendazim (methyl benzimidazol‐2‐yl carbamate; MBC) from an aqueous solution was demonstrated with isolated mesophyll cells. About 2.5% of the labelled MBC (ring‐2‐[14C]) in the treatment solution (1.85 μg/ml) was taken up in 44 h.

When cotyledons of cucumber seedling were treated with either 347 or 36 μg [14C]‐MBC/plant 1.11 and 0.13% were extracted, respectively, from the remainder of the plant, 5 days after treatment. Greatest amounts were detected in shoot apices. Likewise, when MBC and benomyl were applied at the dose of 2 μmol, 0.34 and 0.57% were detected in the untreated part of the plant with a bioassay procedure. Foliar application with 347 or 36 μg[14C]‐MBC/leaf resulted in the translocation of 1.68 and 0.11% out of the treated area. By scalding the living cells of the petiole translocation was prevented suggesting that long distance movement occurred in the symplast. During a period of 14 days 1.56% of [14C]‐MBC applied to cucumber leaves was metabolised and respired as CO2. This degradation was assumed to occur enzymically within the symplast.
Determination of methomyl in rape seeds, oils and meals
Authors: Mendoza Celso E. , McLeod Harry A. , Shields John B. , Phillips William E. J.
Published: November 2006

Methomyl added to rape seeds, oils or meals was detected by a thin‐layer chromatographic‐enzyme inhibition technique. The limit of detection in the presence of oil or meal extractive was 20 mg or 0.01 mg/kg. The amounts of methomyl recovered from oils and meals fortified at 0.01 to 20 mg/kg were comparable to the standard. When stored at 4 °C, methomyl in oil or meals, or in chloroform extracts, was stable for at least 10 and 21 days, respectively. No degradation was observed when methomyl was heated in ethanol at 72 °C for 2 h.

Methomyl and its oxime were also detected with either iodo‐ or chloroplatinate reagent after t.l.c. The detection limits were approximately 600 mg for methomyl and 190 for the oxime.
The application of the computer to a pesticide screening programme
Authors: Saggers David T.
Published: November 2006

The two criteria which a pesticide screening programme should satisfy are firstly to select economically active compounds for full scale field trials and secondly to provide guidance for the planning of future chemical synthesis. In order to fulfill the second of these functions it is necessary to analyse in depth the relationships between chemical structure and biological activity. This procedure which may involve the correlation of large volumes of data can be facilitated considerably by the use of computer based techniques which are described and discussed.
The metabolism of 1‐naphthyl methylcarbamate by Periplaneta americana
Authors: Cocks John A.
Published: November 2006

The in vivo release of 14CO2 arising from decarbamoylation of l‐naphthyl methyl [14C]carbamate (carbaryl) injected into male and female Periplaneta americana was measured over the range from 0.2 to 50 nmol carbaryl/g body weight. The amount of 14CO2 released was proportional to the dose of [14C]‐carbaryl injected and was not significantly different between male and female cockroaches.

Carbaryl was found to be more toxic to male (KD100, 12 nmol carbaryl/g) than female (KD100′ 57 nmol carbaryl/g) cockroaches, at any dose which caused knockdown, females showed a greater ability to recover from the toxic syndrome than did males.

The [14C]‐carbaryl metabolism (decarbamoylation) was temperature dependent and could be partially inhibited by sesamex, tri‐orthocresyl phosphate and anoxia.

Secondary effects of carbaryl poisoning were severe dehydration of the animals and in some cases abdominal swelling due to air being gulped into the crop. The amount of dehydration was essentially unaltered by the chemical inhibitors, but was partially reduced by anoxia and cooling. In the most severe cases of dehydration animals lost 18 % of their body water content.
Mechanism of action of clenpyrin on the cattle tick Boophilus microplus
Authors: Andrews Peter , Stendel Wilhelm
Published: November 2006

Clenpyrin is effective against all stages of development of one‐host cattle ticks (Boophilus spp.) including strains resistant to organophosphorus compounds and carbamates. Ticks treated with clenpyrin are quickly immobilised due to a slackening of the muscles. Manometric measurements revealed a marked depression in respiratory gas exchange and a rise in the R Q within 24 h after treatment. Clenpyrin inhibits NADH oxidation and, as a result, all synthesising processes in the tick. The breakdown of proteins taken up with the blood meal is also inhibited. Clenpyrin, however, does not interfere with carbohydrate degradation. These results have been corroborated in detail by determining various substances in treated and untreated ticks: proteins, haematin, guanine, glycogen, glucose, lactate, ATP, lipoids and cuticular wax. Clenpyrin does not inhibit tick proteinase, tick and other acetylcholinesterase, or rat monoamine oxidase; therefore, the mode of action of clenpyrin differs from that of other known tickicides, especially those involving the acetylcholinesterase system.
Insecticidal activity of some tenuazonic acid analogues
Authors: la Croix Eric A. S. , Mhasalkar Solomon E. , Mamalis Patrick , Harrington Frank P.
Published: November 2006

A series of analogues of the larvicide tenuazonic acid [3‐acetyl‐5‐(l‐methylpropyl)‐pyrrolidine‐2,4‐dione] was prepared in an attempt to increase its activity and breadth of spectrum. Substitution brought about some changes in specificity, the greatest improvement being obtained with chlorophenyl substituents.
A mixed indicator strip for phosphine detection
Authors: Kashi Kattera P. , Muthu Mysore
Published: November 2006

A rapid, sensitive and reliable mixed indicator paper strip impregnated with dimethyl yellow (0.05%), cresol red (0.1%) and mercuric chloride (1.0%) in methanol has been developed for the detection of phosphine (PH3) in air at the permissible level (TLV). The paper strip turns red in the presence of phosphine. It is highly sensitive and has better shelf‐life than indicator strips impregnated with dimethyl yellow plus mercuric chloride or cresol red plus mercuric chloride.
Benzimidazole pesticides: Analysis and transformations
Authors: Watkins David A. M.
Published: November 2006

Some properties, analysis and transformations by plants, animals, soil and light of benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole, fuberidazole, cypendazole and fenazaflor are discussed.
Neural effects of allethrin on the free walking cockroach Periplaneta Americana: An investigation using defined doses at 15 and 32°C
Authors: Gammon Derek W.
Published: November 2006

The action of allethrin has been studied in the free‐walking cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L) using implanted electrodes, at 15 and 32°C, following topical application of an LD95 dose (that at 32°C being approximately ten times the LD95 at 15°C). At both temperatures there was marked hyperexcitation of the peripheral nervous system. At 32°C there was also hyperexcitation of the central nervous system but central effects at 15°C were probably secondary. Likewise, nerve blockage often did not occur until many hours after paralysis and could thus be a secondary consequence of allethrin poisoning.
Diflubenzuron: Some aspects of its ovicidal and larvicidal mode of action and an evaluation of its practical possibilities
Authors: Grosscurt Arnold C.
Published: November 2006

Diflubenzuron, 1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐(2,6‐difluorobenzoyl)urea, possesses larvicidal and ovicidal activities. On larvae it acts mainly as a stomach poison, yet it sometimes exhibits important contact activity. Though all instars can be controlled, older instars are generally less susceptible than younger ones. Histological inspections of Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae revealed that after ending exposure to the compound, distortions in newly deposited cuticular layers decreased gradually. Ovicidal effects resulted from direct contact of diflubenzuron with eggs or from contamination of females by contact or feeding. Electron microscopic observations of embryos of Leptinotarsa decemlineata, contaminated via the female, also showed disturbed cuticule formation, suggesting a similar activity of the compound in larvae and in eggs.

Spraying the eggs of Leucoptera scitella shows the compound to be mainly ovidical at a rate of 100 mg litre−1, whilst with lower concentrations (10 and 1 mg litre−1) the young larval instar will be killed. The levels of cross‐resistance to diflubenzuron as a larvicide are low and the compound can be used effectively in the field against populations that are highly resistant to conventional insecticides. Laboratory and field results, based on larvicidal and ovicidal activities of diflubenzuron, are discussed in respect of species belonging to the Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Acarina (Phyllocoptruta oleivora) and Hemiptera (Eurydema oleraceum and Psylla piri).
Laboratory and glasshouse screening of pesticides for adverse effects on the parasite Encarsia formosa gahan
Authors: Ledieu Michael S.
Published: November 2006

Glasshouse screening of ten pesticides and the effect of water damping showed that all of the pesticides, with the possible exceptions of quinomethionate and heptenophos, were suitable for use in integrated control programmes involving Encarsia formosa. About 50 pesticides were screened in the laboratory for residual effects on adult E. formosa. They were grouped according to whether their effects were harmful, moderate or negligible. Acaricides, except quinomethionate, had negligible effects; fungicides generally had negligible effects though a few had moderate effects. Insecticides were equally divided between those which were harmful or moderate in effect. Individual examples are discussed more fully in relation to previous work and their commercial use in integrated control programmes. The two screening methods produced similar results though the laboratory method had the advantage of being much more rapid. Attention is drawn to the need for a simple test to identify pesticides having sublethal effects on natural enemies and for the standardisation of test methods.
A survey of pesticide usage against leatherjackets (Tipula species) in south‐west scotland in 1975
Authors: Tucker Graham G. , Cutler James R.
Published: November 2006

A survey of 2000 farms in south‐west Scotland revealed that 3.5% of the cereal area had been treated with pesticides for the control of leatherjackets (Tipula spp.) in 1975. A small area of recently established grass and some turnip fields were also treated. DDT and gamma‐HCH were the most commonly used compounds with an estimated use respectively of 1863 and 376 kg of active ingredient. Pesticide usage in 1975 appeared to have been consistent with the generally low leatherjacket population in that year.
Cuticular lipids of two resistant and a susceptible strain of houseflies
Authors: Patil Vasant L. , Guthrie Frank E.
Published: November 2006

A study was made of the composition of the cuticular lipids of two resistant strains of houseflies (Rutgers and Fc), both of which show a reduced rate of absorption of insecticides as a partial mechanism of resistance and a susceptible strain (CSMA). Total lipids, monoglycerides, diglycerides and sterol esters (except in the Fc strain), sterols, fatty acids and phospholipid phosphorus were higher in resistant strains than in the susceptible strain. Phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine and phosphatidyl‐choline were major constituents of the phospholipid fractions and were appreciably higher in the resistant strains. Cuticular wax contents did not differ among strains. Incorporation of lipid precursors, [U‐14]acetate and [32P]orthophosphate, was greater in the cuticle of one or both resistant strains, depending on the lipid component examined.
Translocation of benomyl, prochloraz and procymidone in relation to control of Botrytis cinerea in strawberries
Authors: Cooke Barry K. , Pappas Athanasios C. , Jordan Victor W. L. , Western Nigel M.
Published: November 2006

Benomyl, prochloraz or procymidone, applied as an overall plant spray at the openflower stage, effectively suppressed Botrytis cinerea fruit rot, whereas no control was achieved by foliar application only. Fruit rot was prevented using procymidone applied to the soil 12 days before inoculation of the flowers, whereas benomyl or prochloraz gave little or no control, respectively when applied in the same manner. Bioassays, using Penicillium expansum on leaf and flower extracts of strawberry plants growing in soil treated with procymidone, showed the presence of an inhibitory compound with the same RF value on thin‐layer chromatography as that of procymidone. Analysis by gas chromatography and identification by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry established that the fungicide procymidone was translocated from the root system of strawberry plants to the leaves and flowers.
A new general method of resolving racemic alcohols and its application to (rs)‐2‐hydroxy‐2‐(3‐phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile and (rs)‐allethrolone
Authors: Martel Jacques J. , Demoute Jean P. , Tèche André P. , Tessier Jean R.
Published: November 2006

The preparation is described of pure (S)‐2‐hydroxy‐2‐(3‐phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile (the alcohol component of some very active pyrethroids) from the racemic form of this 2‐hydroxyacetonitrile. The new resolution process is based on differences in physical properties of two diastereoisomeric ethers. The resolving agents used are chiral hemiacetal compounds; one of these, 4‐hydroxy‐6,6‐dimethyl‐3‐oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan‐2‐one, is available from an industrial synthesis of chrysanthemic acid, and appears specially useful for a two‐step resolution of many racemic alcohols, even base‐sensitive types.
Effects of annual applications of sodium azide on soil fungal populations with emphasis on Trichoderma species
Authors: Kelley Walter D. , Rodriguez‐Kabana Rodriguez
Published: November 2006

The effect of a granular formulation of sodium azide, applied annually to pine nursery beds at rates of 0, 67.2, and 134.5 kg a. i. ha−1 under water seal or plastic seal, on soil fungal populations was determined over a 3‐year period. Populations of fungi in the soil decreased following application of the sodium azide each year; the greatest decrease occurred at the highest rate of application. Populations of fungi in soil treated with the azide generally remained lower than in the controls throughout each of the 3 years; however, the population disparity between treated and control plots decreased in magnitude with each succeeding year. Populations of Trichoderma spp., in plots treated with 134.5 kg sodium azide ha−1, increased 2 weeks after treatment each year, and the population peaks increased in magnitude each year. In addition the effect of sodium azide (technical grade > 99%) at concentrations of 0, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 μg ml−1 in potato dextrose agar and blackstrap molasses agar media was determined in vitro for 14 isolates of Trichoderma harzianum. Growth and sporulation differed among the isolates and between the two media tested. Generally, the azide temporarily inhibited growth of the fungi, but the majority of the isolates were able to grow on either medium containing 50 μg sodium azide ml−1, although sporulation was more profuse on the molasses than on the potato dextrose agar medium.
Studies of the mechanism of action of asulam in plants. Part I: Antagonistic interaction of asulam and 4‐aminobenzoic acid
Authors: Veerasekaran Ponnan , Kirkwood Ralph C. , Parnell Edgar W.
Published: November 2006

Studies have been carried out on the herbicidal action of asulam [methyl (4‐aminophenylsulphonyl)carbamate] and sulphanilamide, alone or in association either with 4‐aminobenzoic acid (4ABA) or 4, 6‐diamino‐1‐(3, 4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1, 2‐dihydro‐2, 2‐dimethyl‐1,3,5‐triazine (DCDT). The soaking of wheat seeds (Triticum estivum L.) for 12 h at 30°C in asulam and DCDT in a 10:1 ratio doubled the inhibition of root growth produced by soaking in asulam alone; the addition of 4ABA partially reversed the activity of asulam. Foliar applications of a mixture of asulam + DCDT (1.1 + 0.55 kg ha−1) markedly increased the activity of asulam in susceptible wheat, wild oat (Avena fatua L.), tolerant flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), and in Stellaria media L. The activity of asulam at 1.1 kg ha−1 was reversed by 4ABA at 2.2 kg ha−1 by about 50% in wheat and wild oat, 82% in flax and 100% in S. media. The results indicate that asulam and sulphanilamide act by similar mechanisms in apparently inhibiting the biosynthesis of folic acid.
Decay control and fungicide residues in citrus fruits seal‐packed in a high‐density polyethylene film
Authors: Ben‐Yehoshua Shimshon , Apelbaum Akiva , Cohen Eliahou
Published: November 2006

The effects of a new packaging method of sealing individual fruits in film of highdensity polyethylene (HDPE), on decay control and the residue levels of various fungicides applied to the fruit, were investigated with four different citrus cultivars. HDPE seal‐packaging by itself reduced the decay of Marsh grapefruit but slightly enhanced the decay of Valencia orange fruit in comparison with conventionally handled fruit. Seal‐packaging of individual fruit resulted in much less decay than sealing a whole carton of fruit together. The fungicides imazalil, sec‐butylamine, 2‐phenylphenol, benomyl and thiabendazole markedly reduced the decay of sealed fruit in all cultivars of citrus fruits tested. Residue levels in treated fruit were below the tolerances permitted. The new method of packaging had no effect on the residue levels of benomyl, 2‐phenyl‐phenol and thiabendazole in the fruit; neither did it affect the extent of absorption of these fungicides into the fruit. Only the volatile fungicide sec‐butylamine was found at a higher level (73% higher in the packaged fruit compared with conventionally treated fruit).
Permethrin and deltamethrin residues on lettuce
Authors: Dejonckheere Willy , Verstraeten Roland , Steurbaut Walter , Melkebeke Guy , Kips René H.
Published: November 2006

Permethrin and deltamethrin, two synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, are registered in several countries for use on lettuce. Both chemicals were applied on autumn and spring grown lettuce in the glasshouse. When applied at the normal prescribed dose rates of 25 and 12.5 g a.i. ha−1, < 1 mg kg−1 of either compound was found in the lettuce at harvest, even when applied only a few days before harvest. The total amount of active ingredient applied was too low to reach the 1 mg kg−1 level when evenly applied on marketable lettuce heads weighing about 200 g each. Applying a higher dose than 25 g permethrin a.i. ha−1 or 12.5 g deltamethrin a.i. ha−1, or applying two applications in the 2 weeks prior to harvest, may well result in residue levels higher than the maximum residue limit of 1 mg kg−1 for permethrin and certainly higher than the maximum residue limit of 0.2 mg kg−1 for deltamethrin, which is more persistent.