bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of BYL719, a phosphoinositide 3‐kinase antagonist, in adult patients with advanced solid malignancies
Authors: De Buck Stefan S. , Jakab Annamaria , Boehm Markus , Bootle Douglas , Juric Dejan , Quadt Cornelia , Goggin Timothy K.
Published: March 2014

Aims

The aim was to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of BYL719 in cancer patients and assess the time course of tumour response in relation to drug exposure and dosing schedule.

Methods

Plasma samples and longitudinal tumour size measurements were collected from 60 patients with advanced solid malignancies who received oral BYL719 once daily (30–450 mg) or twice daily at 120 mg or 200 mg. Non‐linear mixed effect modelling was employed to develop the population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model.

Results

The pharmacokinetics were best described by a one compartment disposition model and transit compartments accounting for the lag time in absorption. The typical population oral clearance and volume of distribution estimates with their between‐subject variability (BSV) were 10 l h−1 (BSV 26%) and 108 l (BSV 28%), respectively. The estimated optimal number of transit compartments was 8.1, with a mean transit time to the absorption compartment of 1.28 h (BSV 32%). The between‐occasion variability in the rate and extent of absorption was 46% and 26%, respectively. Tumour growth was modelled using a turnover model characterized by a zero order growth rate of 0.581 cm week1 and a first order death rate of 0.0123 week−1. BYL719 inhibited tumour growth with an IC50 of 100 ng ml−1 (BSV 154%). Model‐based predictions showed potential for additional anti‐tumour activity of twice daily dosing at total daily dose below 400 mg, but a loss of efficacy if administered less frequently than once daily.

Conclusions

The proposed model provides a valuable approach for planning future clinical studies and for designing optimized dosing regimens with BYL719.
Evaluation of Anti‐inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Synthesized Derivatives of Ibuprofen
Authors: Wang Jingjie , Dai Dongyan , Qiu Qianqian , Deng Xin , Lin Haiyan , Qian Hai , Huang Wenlong
Published: March 2014

Inflammatory and pain are major areas for drug discovery. Current analgesic drugs often cause a number of side‐effects. In the present study, we modified carboxylic acid group of ibuprofen, one of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, based on the common structure of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 antagonists which are considered as new candidates for analgesic drugs, and synthesized several derivatives of ibuprofen. Comprehensive evaluations of the pharmacological properties of these compounds were investigated. Compound 17 showed weak cyclooxygenase inhibition and exhibited strong transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 antagonistic activity. It was found to be capable of blocking noxious thermal nociception and capsaicin‐induced nociception in mice. Besides, 17 showed less ulcerogenic action than ibuprofen did and had no hyperthermia side‐effect compared with common transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 antagonists. Therefore, it suggested that 17 could be used as a safe alternative analgesic candidate for pain treatment.
A case of metastatic non‐neural granular cell tumor in a 13‐year‐old girl
Authors: Newton Peter , Schenker Michael , Wadehra Viney , Husain Akhtar
Published: March 2014

Conventional granular cell tumor represents a mesenchymal neoplasm observed in a variety of locations and is now believed to be of Schwann cell origin. Granular cell change has also been observed in a variety of different tumors, but recently described in the skin has been a distinct entity termed non‐neural granular cell tumor, which lacks expression of S100 protein and is of uncertain histogenesis. This tumor typically displays a greater degree of nuclear atypia and mitotic activity than conventional granular cell tumor but appears to behave in a relatively benign fashion, as only two previous instances of lymph node metastasis have been documented. Herein, we report a case of non‐neural granular cell tumor arising on the back of a 13‐year‐old girl, and later axillary lymph node metastasis with extracapsular extension was observed.
Spatial variability and abiotic determinants of termite mounds throughout a savanna catchment
Authors: Davies Andrew B. , Levick Shaun R. , Asner Gregory P. , Robertson Mark P. , van Rensburg Berndt J. , Parr Catherine L.
Published: March 2014

Termite mounds contribute to the spatial heterogeneity of ecological processes in many savannas, but the underlying patterns and determinants of mound distributions remain poorly understood. Using the Carnegie Airborne Observatory (CAO), we mapped the distribution of termite mounds across a rainfall gradient within a river catchment (∼ 27 000 ha) of the Kruger National Park, South Africa. We assessed how different factors were associated with the distribution and height of termite mounds at three spatial scales: the entire catchment, among three broad vegetation types, and on individual hillslope crests. Abiotic factors such as the underlying geology and mean annual precipitation shaped mound densities at broad scales, while local hillslope morphology strongly influenced mound distribution at finer scales, emphasising the importance of spatial scale when assessing mound densities. Fire return period had no apparent association with mound densities or height. Mound density averaged 0.46 mounds ha−1, and exhibited a clustered pattern throughout the landscape, occurring at relatively high densities (up to 2 mounds ha−1) on crests, which are nutrient‐poor elements of the landscape. Mounds exhibited significant over‐dispersion (even spacing) at scales below 60 m so that evenly spaced aggregations of termite mounds are embedded within a landscape of varying mound densities. The tallest mounds were found in dry savanna (500 mm yr−1) and were positively correlated with mound density, suggesting that dry granitic savannas are ideal habitat for mound‐building termites. Mound activity status also varied significantly across the rainfall gradient, with a higher proportion of active (live) mounds in the drier sites. The differential spacing of mounds across landscapes provides essential nutrient hotspots in crest locations, potentially sustaining species that would otherwise not persist. The contribution to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning that mounds provide is not uniform throughout landscapes, but varies considerably with spatial scale and context.
Combined effects of labile and recalcitrant carbon on short‐term availability of nitrogen in intensified arable soil
Authors: San Emeterio L. , Canals R. M. , Herman D. J.
Published: March 2014

In sustainable agriculture, returns of organic materials to soil have a major impact on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) turnover, but their effect on the final availability ofNto crops is difficult to quantify, and the nature of theCsource is usually neglected in predictive models. We investigated the individual and combined effects of labile sugars and phenolic acids on soil microbial processes related to theNcycle. Gross rates ofNtransformations were measured by using15Nisotope dilution after the addition to the soil of glucose, phenols and of an extract of the common catch cropLolium multiflorum. Whatever the nature of the organicCadded, a decrease in the availability of the soil ammonium pool was observed. This result was a response to two contrasting mechanisms: (i) a fuelling of microbial growth after the addition of glucose and (ii) a decline in microbial growth and a tendency toward depression of grossNtransformations after the addition of phenols. We also observed a suppression of nitrification potential with the addition ofLoliumextract and with phenolics added in combination with glucose. These mechanisms may reduce nitrate loss, but may have an adverse short‐term effect onN‐availability. We conclude that all carbon additions help to retain inorganicNin the short term, but the timing ofNrelease to the following crop depends on the final outcome of the divergent microbial dynamics that may come into play.
Forecasting fish stock dynamics under climate change: Baltic herring (Clupea harengus) as a case study
Authors: Bartolino Valerio , Margonski Piotr , Lindegren Martin , Linderholm Hans. W. , Cardinale Massimiliano , Rayner David , Wennhage Håkan , Casini Michele
Published: March 2014

Climate change and anthropogenic disturbances may affect marine populations and ecosystems through multiple pathways. In this study we present a framework in which we integrate existing models and knowledge on basic regulatory processes to investigate the potential impact of future scenarios of fisheries exploitation and climate change on the temporal dynamics of the central Baltic herring stock. Alternative scenarios of increasing sea surface temperature and decreasing salinity of the Baltic Sea from a global climate model were combined with two alternative fishing scenarios, and their direct and ecosystem‐mediated effects (i.e., through predation by cod and competition with sprat) on the herring population were evaluated for the period 2010–2050. Gradual increase in temperature has a positive impact on the long‐term productivity of the herring stock, but it has the potential to enhance the recovery of the herring stock only in combination with sustainable fisheries management (i.e., Fmsy). Conversely, projections of herring spawning stock biomass (SSB) were generally low under elevated fishing mortality levels (Fhigh), comparable with those experienced by the stock during the 1990s. Under the combined effects of long‐term warming and high fishing mortality uncertainty in herring SSB projections was higher and increasing for the duration of the forecasts, suggesting a synergistic effect of fishery exploitation and climate forcing on fish populations dynamics. Our study shows that simulations of long‐term fish dynamics can be an informative tool to derive expectations of the potential long‐term impact of alternative future scenarios of exploitation and climate change.
Spatial and temporal patterns in summer ichthyoplankton assemblages on the eastern Bering Sea shelf 1996–2007
Authors: Busby M. S. , Duffy‐Anderson J. T. , Mier K. L. , De Forest L. G.
Published: March 2014

Larval and early juvenile fishes were sampled from the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) shelf from 2001 to 2005, and in 2007. Data from these collections were used to examine spatial and temporal patterns in species assemblage structure and abundance. The years 2001–2005 were unusual because the EBS water temperature was ‘warm’ compared with the long‐term mean temperature. In contrast, 2007 was a ‘cold’ year. The abundance of the five most numerous taxa at 12 stations common to all years sampled (1996–2005, 2007) were significantly different among years. Larval and early juvenile stage Theragra chalcogramma (walleye pollock), a commercially important gadid, were by far the most abundant fish in all years. Bottom depth alone best explained assemblage structure in most years, but in others, bottom depth and water column temperature combined and percent sea‐ice coverage were most important. Abundance of T. chalcogramma larvae increases with water column temperature until 5°C and then becomes level. Higher abundances of Gadus macrocephalus (Pacific cod) larvae occur in years with the greatest percent sea‐ice cover as indicated by GAM analysis. Larvae of Lepidopsetta polyxystra (northern rock sole) increase in abundance with increasing maximum wind speed, but decrease at a later date during the last winter storm. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that oceanographic conditions, specifically water temperature and sea‐ice coverage, affect the spatial and temporal pattern of larval abundances. In general, ichthyoplankton species assemblages can be important early indicators of environmental change in the Bering Sea and potentially other subarctic seas as well.
How do patients respond when confronted with telephone access barriers to care?
Authors: Locatelli Sara M. , LaVela Sherri L. , Talbot Mary E. , Davies Michael L.
Published: March 2014

Objective

To gain an in‐depth understanding of patient barriers to accessing telephone care, subsequent responses to telephone access issues and recommendations for system improvement within a large integrated health‐care system.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional qualitative focus group study.

Methods

One focus group was conducted at each of 17 Veterans Affairs facilities with a total of 123 Veteran users of VA health care. All facilities followed a focus group discussion guide, and purposively sampled patients receiving care at their VA facility in primary and/or specialty care. Focus groups' recordings were sent to the authors' independent evaluation centre, transcribed verbatim and analysed using qualitative content analysis methodology.

Results

Participants described many issues with the phone system that resulted in delays to care needs being addressed, including difficulty getting someone to answer the phone, out‐dated phone directories, frequent disconnections and incorrect transfers. Participants most frequently responded to access issues by doing nothing or waiting to contact at a later time, or seeking unscheduled in‐person care in the emergency department or primary care clinic. Participants offered recommendations for improving telephone care, including access to direct extensions, and upgrades to the telephone system.

Conclusions

Telephone access issues could result in increased patient harm and/or increased wait times for in‐person primary care or emergency services. Periodic evaluation of telephone systems is necessary to ensure telephone systems adequately meet patient needs while using resources efficiently to optimize the delivery of high quality, safe health care.
Economic Impact of Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy Surgical Site Infection in Dogs
Authors: Nicoll Catherine , Singh Ameet , Weese J. Scott
Published: March 2014

Objective

To evaluate the economic impact of surgical site infection after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) in dogs.

Study Design

Retrospective study

Study Population

Dogs that had unilateral TPLO and did (n = 32) or did not (controls; 32) develop a surgical site infection.

Methods

Medical and billing records were reviewed to identify postoperative care and costs, which were compared between groups.

Results

Age, weight, gender, and initial surgical costs did not differ between groups. Postoperative costs were higher for dogs that developed SSIs ($1559) than for controls ($212, P < .0001), as were number of postoperative recheck visits (P < .0001) and time until final case closure (P = .0002). Dogs with surgical site infection (SSI) returned for a mean (±SD) 4.1 ± 2.9 (range, 1–13) postoperative visits attributable to SSI management: mean outpatient visits 3.0 ± 2.5; mean inpatient stays, 1.2 ± 0.74; and mean hospitalization, 4.3 ± 4.1 days. Postoperative costs attributable to SSI management ranged from $145 to $5022. Implants were removed in 22 (69%) dogs with SSIs. Bacteria were isolated from the surgical site or implant of 23 (72%) dogs with SSIs. There was a significant difference in cost when bacteria were isolated ($1836 versus $853, P = .002), but no impacts on likelihood of implant removal (16/23, 70% versus 6/9, 67%, P = 0.87). Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was predominant.

Conclusions

SSI after TPLO are associated with a significant cost. These data help quantify those costs, to facilitate a greater understanding of the impact of SSI, and the need for infection control.
Explaining Task Allocation in the EU: ‘Retooling’ Federalism for Comparative Analysis
Authors: Benson David , Jordan Andrew
Published: March 2014

Federal theories are once again enjoying renewed interest within European Union studies, where they potentially have multiple uses, including shedding more light on the enduringly puzzling issue of task allocation. Yet their overtly rationalist nature means that they may underestimate the contingent and socially constructed nature of integration principles and norms. One recent theory that tries to adopt a more socially nuanced explanation of task allocation is cryptofederalism. This article further develops its central arguments by adding insights drawn from social constructivism, then applying them to the animal welfare sector – a deeply controversial policy area where task allocation has always proven difficult to explain. It reveals that, once ‘retooled’, cryptofederalism adds a new but incomplete dimension to federal accounts of task allocation. Several scenarios of the potential future relationship between federalism and constructivism are then explored with respect to the changing ‘mosaic’ of European integration theory.
Management of actinic keratosis: a practical report and treatment algorithm from AKTeamTM expert clinicians
Authors: Dréno B. , Amici J.M. , Basset‐Seguin N. , Cribier B. , Claudel J.P. , Richard M.A.
Published: March 2014

Background

Actinic keratoses (AK) are common photo‐induced cutaneous lesions that may progress to invasive squamous‐cell carcinoma and serve as a risk marker for skin cancer. Although numerous studies present the various therapeutic options for AK, publications that can be used to pragmatically guide dermatologists in their daily practice are limited. National and international guidelines have been published, however, they are based on clinical trials with highly selected patient populations and do not always capture the range of patients seen in everyday practice.

Objective

The objective of this expert panel of French dermatologists was to present an analysis of AK geared towards everyday practice, to express an informed opinion about most recent treatments, and to propose a treatment algorithm for AK for daily practice in France.

Methods

Over a 12 month period, six expert dermatologists in the field of AK (AKTeamTM expert panel) met regularly to formulate an opinion about treatment in everyday practice compared with the analysis of the literature and guidelines published since 1990.

Results

Definitions, terminology, diagnosis and risk factors were summarized. Data from the literature and current practices related to the initial evaluation, indications for biopsy, therapeutic indications, therapeutic options and effectiveness, monitoring and prevention were discussed. A pragmatic treatment algorithm was formalized according to current data available. This practical algorithm distinguishes between different clinical situations depending on the number of AK, their hyperkeratotic or suspicious nature, and includes cryotherapy, curettage‐electrocoagulation, 5% 5‐fluorouracil, 3% diclofenac sodium, 5% imiquimod, 150 and 500 μg/g ingenol mebutate, lasers, photodynamic therapy and surgery.

Conclusion

This up‐to‐date expert opinions about AK and its treatment provide a management strategy and practical treatment algorithm for AK for French dermatologists to use.
Myxobolus neurophilus Guilford 1963 (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae): a common parasite infecting yellow perch Perca flavescens (Mitchell, 1814) in Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Scott S J , Griffin M J , Quiniou S , Khoo L , Bollinger T K
Published: March 2014

The goal of this study was to identify a myxosporidian parasite infecting the central nervous system of yellow perch Perca flavescens (Mitchell, 1814) observed while investigating a fish kill in Saskatchewan, Canada. Fish were collected from seven different lakes, from two distinct watersheds. Sixty‐four per cent (54/86) of yellow perch contained myxozoan pseudocysts located throughout the spinal cord and brain. Myxospores measured 16.5 μm (range 16.2–16.8) long and 8.2 μm (range 7.9–8.4) wide and contained two pyriform, mildly dissymmetrical, polar capsules measuring 7.7 μm (range 7.3–8.1) long and 2.7 μm (range 2.4–3.0) wide. The polar capsules each contained a single polar filament, with 7–9 turns per polar filament coil. Sequencing of the 18S SSU rDNA gene demonstrated >99% similarity to Myxobolus neurophilus. In 60% of infected fish, there was a mild to moderate, non‐suppurative myelitis or encephalitis, or both, associated with myxospores. Axonal degeneration was present in rare cases. These findings extend the geographical distribution of M. neurophilus and suggest it may be widespread in yellow perch populations in Saskatchewan.
Maternal perceptions of sibling adaptation in Korean families of children with Down syndrome
Authors: Choi H. , Van Riper M.
Published: March 2014

Background

It is estimated that more than 500 infants with Down syndrome (DS) are born each year in Korea. DS affects not only these individuals, but family members as well. Some siblings deal successfully with the challenges of living with a child with DS and adapt well while others struggle or fail to adapt. The aims of this descriptive study were to explore how Korean mothers of children with DS perceive the adaptation of their typically developing (TD) children aged 4 to 19 and how family variables contribute to sibling adaptation.

Method

This descriptive, cross‐sectional study was conducted with 105 Korean mothers.

Results

Most mothers indicated that their TD children were not experiencing psychological or behavioural problems; however, many described problems in the sibling relationship. It was found that family factors (i.e. condition management effort, condition management ability, child's daily life, parental mutuality, family hardiness and social support) were strong predictors of sibling psychological, behavioural and relational adaptation. Demographic characteristics of the child with DS, the mother and the family appeared to significantly influence sibling adaptation.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the importance of familial contexts in understanding sibling adaptation. Knowledge of family factors associated with better adaptation in Korean siblings of child with DS will facilitate the development of culturally appropriate interventions for these children and their families. In addition, an awareness of demographic characteristics associated with sibling adaptation will help health care professionals identify siblings who are at increased risk of experiencing difficulties in adapting.
Hypothalamic KISS1 Expression, Gonadotrophin‐Releasing Hormone and Neurotransmitter Innervation Vary with Stress and Sensitivity in Macaques
Authors: Bethea C. L. , Kim A. , Reddy A. P. , Chin A. , Bethea S. C. , Cameron J. L.
Published: March 2014

The present study examined the effect of short‐term psychosocial and metabolic stress in a monkey model of stress‐induced amenorrhaea on the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis. KISS1 expression was determined by in situ hybridisation in the infundibular arcuate nucleus. Downstream of KISS1, gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) axons in lateral areas rostral to the infundibular recess, serum luteinising hormone (LH) and serum oestradiol were measured by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay. Upstream of KISS1, norepinephrine axons in the rostral arcuate nucleus and serotonin axons in the anterior hypothalamus and periaqueductal grey were measured by immunohistochemistry. Female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) characterised as highly stress resilient (HSR) or stress sensitive (SS) were examined. After characterisation of stress sensitivity, monkeys were either not stressed, or mildly stressed for 5 days before euthanasia in the early follicular phase. Stress consisted of 5 days of 20% food reduction in a novel room with unfamiliar conspecifics. There was a significant increase in KISS1 expression in HSR and SS animals in the presence versus absence of stress (P = 0.005). GnRH axon density increased with stress in HSR and SS animals (P = 0.015), whereas LH showed a gradual but nonsignificant increase with stress. Oestradiol trended higher in HSR animals and there was no effect of stress (P = 0.83). Norepinephrine axon density (marked with dopamine β‐hydroxylase) increased with stress in both HSR and SS groups (P ≤ 0.002), whereas serotonin axon density was higher in HSR compared to SS animals and there was no effect of stress (P = 0.03). The ratio of dopamine β‐hydroxylase/oestradiol correlated with KISS1 (P = 0.052) and GnRH correlated with serum LH (P = 0.039). In conclusion, oestradiol inhibited KISS1 in the absence of stress, although stress increased norepinephrine, which may over‐ride oestradiol inhibition of KISS1 expression. We speculate that neural pathways transduce stress to KISS1 neurones, which changes their sensitivity to oestradiol.
Development of a speech‐discriminating electromyogram system for routine ambulatory recordings for the low‐level masseter muscle activity
Authors: Kumazaki Y. , Naito M. , Kawakami S. , Hirata A. , Oki K. , Minagi S.
Published: March 2014

Previous work suggests a relationship between sustained low‐level tooth clenching and the aetiology of myogenous temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain. This study aimed to establish a reliable system with which to evaluate low‐level electromyographic (EMG) activity related to low‐level tooth clenching while discriminating speech activity, which is one of the most common facial muscle activities to be discriminated from low‐level clenching. This device should facilitate the clinical evaluation of awake muscle activity in TMD patients. Eight female and eight male subjects (38·9 ± 11·3 years) participated in the study to evaluate the validity of estimation of speech duration. Actual speech duration was defined by one examiner by pointing out the timing of beginning and end point of each speech on wave‐editing software. Speech duration, as detected by a voice sensor system, which was activated by a voice loudness of 54·71 ± 5·00 dB, was significantly correlated with the above actual speech duration (P < 0·01, R2 = 0·9935). An actual recording with the system was carried out in one TMD patient and one healthy volunteer and revealed that the duration of diurnal EMG activity higher than 5% MVC was 1649·16 s and 95·99 s, respectively. As the voice sensor system adopted in this study could define the exact onset and offset of each segment of speech, EMG activity during speech could be precisely discriminated. The results of this study demonstrate that the EMG system with voice sensor system would be an effective tool for the evaluation of low‐level masticatory muscle activity.
Translation, Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Qualiveen‐30 Questionnaire in Persian for Patients with Spinal Cord Injury and Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Nikfallah Abolghasem , Rezaali Saeed , Mohammadi Nooredin , Abrishamkar Mahboobeh , Rezaei Ehsan , Sahraian Mohammad Ali , Pakpour Amir H. , Yekaninejad Mir Saeed
Published: March 2014

Objectives

This study aimed to cross‐culturally translate the Qualiveen‐30 into Persian and validate it in Iranian patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional prospective validation study. The translation and cross‐cultural adaptation of the original questionnaire was performed in accordance with published guidelines. A total of 154 patients with SCI or MS who suffered from lower urinary symptoms for at least 6 months were asked to complete the questionnaire in the first visit to the clinic and after 3 weeks. To assess reliability, the internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and validity was assessed using convergent and discriminant validities.

Results

The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the Qualiveen‐30 at two assessments ranged from 0.82 to 0.95, indicating a good internal consistency for the questionnaire. There were high amounts of test‐retest reliability for the Qualiveen questionnaire and each of its domains (ICC > 0.90). Also, Qualiveen and its domains had a moderate to high correlation with the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire‐Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ‐UI SF) (0.36 < r < 0.57) and SF‐12 MCS (−0.51 < r < −0.11) and SF‐12 PCS (−0.29 < r < −0.19), indicating good convergent validity. Comparison of Qualiveen in groups of income, education and manner of voiding revealed the high discriminative power of this instrument. The hypothesized four factor structure was approved using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).

Conclusions

In general, the Persian version of Qualiveen‐30 performed is a reliable and valid measure for the evaluation of the quality of life related to lower urinary symptoms in patients with SCI or MS.
Efficacy and Safety of the Selective β3‐Adrenoceptor Agonist Mirabegron inJapanese Patients with Overactive Bladder: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled, Dose‐Finding Study
Authors: YAMAGUCHI Osamu , MARUI Eiji , IGAWA Yasuhiko , TAKEDA Masayuki , NISHIZAWA Osamu , IKEDA Yasushi , OHKAWA Sumito
Published: March 2014

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the β3‐adrenoceptor agonist, mirabegron, compared with placebo inJapanese patients with overactive bladder (OAB).

Methods

Patients withOABsymptoms for ≥24 weeks, ≥8 micturitions/24 h on average, and ≥1 episode of urgency and/or urgency incontinence/24 h were randomized to mirabegron (25, 50 or 100 mg) or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was change from baseline to end of study in the mean number of micturitions/24 h. Secondary endpoints included micturition variables related to urgency, incontinence, volume voided, and quality of life based on theKing'sHealthQuestionnaire (KHQ). Safety was evaluated based on adverse events (AEs), laboratory findings, vital signs, electrocardiogram, and post‐void residual volume.

Results

In total, 842 patients were randomized to placebo (n = 214), mirabegron 25 mg (n = 211), 50 mg (n = 208), or 100 mg (n = 209). The primary endpoint was significantly improved in each mirabegron group compared with placebo (P < 0.001;Williams' multiple comparison test). The maximal efficacy in the primary endpoint was observed at the 50 mg dose. Significant improvements were also observed in incontinence, urgency incontinence, mean volume voided, and 3 of the 9 domains from theKHQ(incontinence impact, physical limitations, and severity measures) at each mirabegron dose. Urgency episodes decreased, and mean volume voided increased, dose‐dependently. The incidence ofAEsin each mirabegron dose was comparable with placebo.

Conclusions

Mirabegron demonstrated significant improvements inOABsymptoms compared with placebo and was well tolerated.
A multi‐genome analysis approach enables tracking of the invasion of a single Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) clone throughout the New World
Authors: Zhang B. , Edwards O. , Kang L. , Fuller S.
Published: March 2014

This study investigated the population genetics, demographic history and pathway of invasion of the Russian wheat aphid (RWA) from its native range in Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe to South Africa and the Americas. We screened microsatellite markers, mitochondrial DNA and endosymbiont genes in 504 RWA clones from nineteen populations worldwide. Following pathway analyses of microsatellite and endosymbiont data, we postulate that Turkey and Syria were the most likely sources of invasion to Kenya and South Africa, respectively. Furthermore, we found that one clone transferred between South Africa and the Americas was most likely responsible for the New World invasion. Finally, endosymbiont DNA was found to be a high‐resolution population genetic marker, extremely useful for studies of invasion over a relatively short evolutionary history time frame. This study has provided valuable insights into the factors that may have facilitated the recent global invasion by this damaging pest.
Measurements of Pilots’ Occupational Solar UV Exposure
Authors: Chorley Adrian , Higlett Michael , Baczynska Katarzyna , Hunter Robert , Khazova Marina
Published: March 2014

It is known that ultraviolet radiation (UVR) increases by 10–12% every 1000 m altitude; UVR at the 10 000 m of typical cruise altitude for commercial aircraft may be 2–3 times higher than at ground level. Information on the levels of solar UV exposures is essential for the assessment of the occupational risk of pilots developing sun‐related eye disorders and skin cancers. The aim of the study was to investigate how UV hazard exposures can be measured during flights so that the occupational dose can be ascertained and compared with international guidance. This article describes the development of instrumentation for automated time‐stamped spectral measurements which were collected using bespoke automation software. The software enables the advanced acquisition techniques of automated dark signal capture and multiband integration control optimizing the dynamic performance of the spectrometer over the full spectral range. The equipment was successfully tested in a number of aircraft and helicopter flights during 2012–2013 and illustrated in this article on an example of a Gatwick‐Alicante flight.
Wear Behavior of Titanium Alloy Lubricated with Palm Olein as Bio-Lubricant Using Pin-On-Disk Tester
Authors: Samion Syahrullail , Ibrahim Mohd Izhan , Che Sidik Nor Azwadi , Mohd Jaafar Mohammad Nazri
Published: March 2014

The wear mechanism of titanium alloy lubricated with fixed amount of palm olein was investigated using modified pin-on-disk tester. Titanium alloy has high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent mechanical properties such as superb corrosion resistance. This make titanium alloy was chosen for the critical or high temperature/pressure application such as turbine engine parts. Palm oil was chosen for the development of bio-lubricant to replace or minimize the usage mineral oil base lubricant. Palm oil is a vegetable oil which is non-toxic to human and has high decomposition rate. These factors give advantages to palm oil to be produce as an industrial lubricant. The experimental works were performed using a pin-on-disk tribotester, using titanium as the material for both flat ended pin and grooved disk. The test were implemented by dripping 5ml of RBD palm olein as a lubricating oil on the sliding surface at constant speed, which was 0.5m/s using different loads, which were 5N, 20N, 40N and 80N. In this study, the wear rate of the pin and friction coefficient were investigated. The weight loss and surface roughness before and after experiment were analyzed. All the results obtained were compared to commercial hydraulic oil and additive-free paraffinic mineral oil. From the analysis, the friction coefficient acquired with lubrication of RBD palm olein was the lowest compared to commercial hydraulic oil and additive-free paraffinic mineral oil at all loads applied. It could be concluded that RBD palm olein has good lubricity performance and has the capability to be developed as a lubricant.
Study of Lightning Fatalities in Malaysia from 2004 to 2012
Authors: Ahmad N. A. , Ahmad Noor Azlinda , Adzis Z.
Published: March 2014

Lightning strike is an environmental phenomenon that dominates the factors of supplemental deaths as well as injury due to its extremely high current and voltage surge. Many fatalities caused by lightning have been reported whereby some were deaths and some were able to survive with injuries either on a short or long term effect with permanent injury. Since Malaysia is one of the countries in the world with  very high lightning activities, a laudable statistics data about death and injuries is needed to increase public awareness on the dangers of lightning. This work manifests an overview, recent statistical data and analysis on lightning fatalities in Malaysia which includes the year, gender, age, status, month, state, activities and location of where the victim was hit by lightning. It describes the favorable image to illustrate the jeopardy of lightning to the public by employing case study and statistical analysis based on medical and newspaper report.
Effect of Tire Derived Aggregate on Maximum Dry Density of Kaolin
Authors: Arefnia Ali , Momeni Ehsan , Jahed Armaghni Danial , Anuar Kassim Khairul , Ahmad Kamarudin
Published: March 2014

The use of Tire-Derived Aggregates (TDA) as highly permeable light weight material has been highlighted in different aspects of geotechnical engineering such as retaining walls, embankments and roads. In addition, in terms of human health and environmental matters, TDA usage is gaining attention. This paper gives an insight into the effect of TDA on the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) of Kaolin. A number of 273 compaction tests, were conducted on both Kaolin and Kaolin-TDA mixtures. Granular (5-8 mm), Granular (1-4 mm), Shredded (6-19 mesh) and Powdery (80 mesh) as various types of TDA, in different percentages from 0% to 60% by weight were mixed with Kaolin. Samples were compacted, using standard proctor procedures in accordance with British Standard. Findings show, that the MDD of Kaolin decreases within the range of 9% to 45%. Apart from that, based on the general results, it is observed that there is a significant change in the MDD of Kaolin-TDA mixture while the changes occurred in Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) is not remarkable. Depending on geotechnical problem, the wide range of the results could be used as a proper source for selecting the optimum percentage of Kaolin-TDA mixture.
Artificial Neural Network for Power System Static Security Assessment: A Survey
Authors: Saeh I. S. , Mustafa M. W.
Published: March 2014

According to the growth rate of Machine Learning (ML) application in some power system subjects, this paper introduce a comprehensive survey of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in Static Security Assessment (SSA). Advantages and disadvantages of using ANN in above mentioned subjects and the main challenges in these fields have been explained, too. We explore the links between the fields of SSA and NN in a unified presentation and identify key areas for future research. Recent developments in the solution methods for SSA are reviewed. Hybrid techniques in SSA are also discussed and reviewed and future directions for research are suggested.
Verbal Interaction in Chemistry Secondary School Classrooms
Authors: Li Winnie Sim Siew , Arshad Mohammad Yusof
Published: March 2014

Chemistry should be taught using inquiry approach to enhance understanding of concept of phenomena investigated. The way teacher implement inquiry teaching in chemistry classroom is vital as it affects the teaching and learning process. This study was carried out to investigate verbal interaction of chemistry teachers who applied inquiry approach in their chemistry lessons. Twenty three chemistry teachers and their pupils were involved in this study. Data collection method was mainly based on observation using Observation Instrument in Inquiry Teaching through Verbal Interaction (OIITVI), which was developed and modified based on previous existing classroom observation instruments. Even though the teachers claimed that they practiced inquiry, findings from this study showed that teachers are still dominating interaction in chemistry classroom. This research also revealed that percentage of teacher’s question is lower compared to teacher’s statement. Besides that, mean percentage of pupils’ questions has increased as observed in this research compared to previous researches. Nevertheless, teachers’ questions and pupils’ questions were found to be of low order thinking questions. Silence or confusion category contributes 37.0% of verbal interaction occurred in chemistry classrooms. Implication of this study showed that teachers should move towards creating inquiry-based classroom with focusing on quality pupil talk.
Tahap Pengetahuan dan Minat Remaja Terhadap Seni Barzanji dan Marhaban: Kajian di Kalangan Pelajar SMKA Negeri Johor
Authors: Samat @ Darawi Abdul Basit , Tibek Siti Rugayah , Muhamat@Kawangit Razali
Published: March 2014

Kajian ini dibuat bagi mengenal pasti sejauhmana pengetahuan dan minat golongan remaja terhadap seni barzanji dan marhaban. Kajian juga turut melihat aspek hubungan antara minat dengan pengetahuan dan antara pengetahuan dan penglibatan. Kajian ini melibatkan responden seramai 328 orang pelajar tingkatan empat Sekolah Menengah Agama seluruh negeri Johor (SMKA) iaitu SMKA Maahad Muar, SMKA Segamat, SMKA Johor Jaya dan SMKA Bandar Penawar. Data yang diperolehi dari soal selidik dianalisis menggunakan perisian Statistical Package for Social Sciences windows version 20.0 (SPSS). Hasil kajian mendapati tahap pengetahuan remaja terhadap seni barzanji dan marhaban adalah tinggi iaitu min yang dicatatkan ialah 3.93. Tahap yang sederhana didapati pada aspek minat di mana diperolehi min sebanyak 3.43. Tahap kesesuaian seni barzanji dan marhaban sebagai media dakwah pada pandangan remaja adalah berada di tahap yang tinggi berdasarkan min yang diperolehi iaitu sebanyak 4.41. Terdapat hubungan positif  kuat antara minat dengan pengetahuan dan hubungan positif kuat antara pengetahuan dengan penglibatan. Ujian kolerasi menunjukkan nilai (r) 0.870 pada hubungan antara minat dengan pengetahuan dan nilai (r) 0.679 pada hubungan antara pengetahuan dan penglibatan. Memandangkan amalan ini semakin terpinggir dalam masyarakat maka dikemukakan beberapa cadangan bagi memastikan ianya terus subur dan berkembang.
Characterisation of Local Bone Ash for Bone China Production
Authors: Zakaria Zainal , Haron Hamdzun
Published: March 2014

Clay body can be defined as a mixture of clay or other minerals to achieve a specific purpose in the production of ceramics. Among the types of clay that can produce white translucent ceramic products is porcelain. 'Porcelain' is derived from Italian word porselino which means 'piglet'. It is said that the name was given based on a cowry shell which is small and plump like a piglet or porselino and the shell also has shiny transparent finish like porcelain. Porcelain was produced in the 10th century during the reign of Emperor Hou Zhou Shi Zong, China. In 1748 a modification was carried out to the porcelain body by a British ceramic manufacturer Thomas Frye in Bow porcelain factory, London. The new body was known as 'fine porcelain'. He has formulated 45 % cattle bone ash in his porcelain mix to produce finer porcelain body, stronger, lower level of maturity during firing and its translucent effect was even greater. The term 'Bone China' was introduced by Josiah Spode in 1789 from Stoke after he successfully improved the formulation created by Frye. The beauty of bone china product in various forms is interesting enough for people to collect this exclusive product. However, bone china product has becoming an issue for Muslims who questions the materials used such as the permissible status of the bone used in its production. To solve this problem, a research has been carried out to identify the raw materials, the production methods and the way of detecting what type of bone used in the production of bone china.
Aerodynamic Behavior of a Compound Wing Configuration in Ground Effect
Authors: Jamei Saeed , Maimun Adi , Mansor Shuhaimi , Priyanto Agoes , Azwadi Nor , Mobassher Tofa M.
Published: March 2014

The aerodynamic coefficients of wing in ground effect can be affected with its design which can be the main parameter for efficiency of wing-in-ground effect craft. In this study, the aerodynamic coefficients of a compound wing were numerically determined in ground effect. The compound wing was divided into three parts with one rectangular wing in the middle and two reverse taper wings with an anhedral angle at the sides. An NACA6409 airfoil was employed as a section of wings. Three dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was applied as a numerical scheme. A realizable k-ε turbulent model was used for simulation the turbulent flow around the wing surfaces. For validation purpose, the numerical results of a compound wing with aspect ratio 1.25, at ground clearance of 0.15 and different angles of attack were compared with the current experimental data. Then, the aerodynamic coefficients of the compound wings were computed at various ground clearances and angle of attack of 4°. According to pressure and velocity distribution of air around wing surfaces, ground clearance had considerable effects on ram effect pressure and tip vortex of the compound wing, and aerodynamic coefficients of the compound wing had some improvements as compared with the rectangular wing.
Effects of Hydrogen Addition on the Entropy Generation of Biogas Conventional Combustion
Authors: Ehsan Hosseini Seyed , Bagheri Ghobad , A. Wahid Mazlan
Published: March 2014

Biogas has a great potential to be applied for heat and power generation throughout the world due to its availability from various resources. However, one of the most important barriers of biogas utilization development is its low calorific value. In order to increase the performance of biogas in industrial application, hydrogen enriched biogas could be substituted. In this paper a set of numerical simulations were conducted to estimate the variation of entropy generation in hydrogen enriched biogas flames due to hydrogen addition to the fuel. Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes with a second order turbulence closure and laminar flamelet combustion model was applied to compute energy fields and flow in the flame. It was found that hydrogen enrichment resulted in an augmentation in the entropy generation rate of the biogas conventional flame. Such increase could be attributed to the increase in irreversibilities due to biogas flame temperature rise.
Contribution of Human Factors to Shipping Safety
Authors: Deah Lestari Arfena , Jaswar Jaswar , Kader A. S. A.
Published: March 2014

This paper empirically determines “Contribution of Human Factors to Shipping Safety”. Human factors can be classified into three categories. They are organizational factor, group factor, and individual factor Based on its classification, a questionnaire was made. A questionnaire was tested to 30 respondents who are working at a shipping company (PT. Baruna Jaya) to determine its validity and reliability by using Ms.Excel program. After the test is done, results show that 17 organizational factor statements, 11 group factor statements, 12 individual factor statements, and 10 shipping safety statements are valid with a reliability value for each variables are 0860, 0.767, 0721, and 0.8. By using its valid statements, questionnaires distributed to 86 respondents who are working as passenger ship’s crew at two shipping companies (PT Baruna Jaya and PT. Lestari IndomaBahari). After obtaining data, analysis requirements test (normality, homogeneity, linearity and independence test between independent variables) needs to be done to determine the statistical method to be used. Correlation and regression method by using SPSS program was used to determine the contribution of human factors to shipping safety, either carried out independently between an independent variable to dependent variable, or together between three independent variables to the dependent variable. Analyzed data was found that there are 28.8% contribution of human factors to shipping safety with correlation coefficient is 0.488. This lower contribution of human factors to the shipping safety is one of the causes of ship accidents frequently happen in the case study area. During the last two years there were 22 cases of ship accidents. With respect to that all parties which involve in shipping include shipping companies, the ship’s owners, government, regulatory authorities, classification society and other parties should take a serious concern about safety in shipping by improving on all aspects of human factors.