bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure and Function of the LmbE-like Superfamily
Authors: Viars Shane , Valentine Jason , Hernick Marcy
Published: May 2014

The LmbE-like superfamily is comprised of a series of enzymes that use a single catalytic metal ion to catalyze the hydrolysis of various substrates. These substrates are often key metabolites for eukaryotes and prokaryotes, which makes the LmbE-like enzymes important targets for drug development. Herein we review the structure and function of the LmbE-like proteins identified to date. While this is the newest superfamily of metallohydrolases, a growing number of functionally interesting proteins from this superfamily have been characterized. Available crystal structures of LmbE-like proteins reveal a Rossmann fold similar to lactate dehydrogenase, which represented a novel fold for (zinc) metallohydrolases at the time the initial structure was solved. The structural diversity of the N-acetylglucosamine containing substrates affords functional diversity for the LmbE-like enzyme superfamily. The majority of enzymes identified to date are metal-dependent deacetylases that catalyze the hydrolysis of a N-acetylglucosamine moiety on substrate using a combination of amino acid side chains and a single bound metal ion, predominantly zinc. The catalytic zinc is coordinated to proteins via His2-Asp-solvent binding site. Additionally, studies indicate that protein dynamics play important roles in regulating access to the active site and facilitating catalysis for at least two members of this protein superfamily.
Transitional Intermittency Exponents Through Deterministic Boundary-Layer Structures and Empirical Entropic Indices
Authors: Isaacson LaVar
Published: May 2014

A computational procedure is developed to determine initial instabilities within a three-dimensional laminar boundary layer and to follow these instabilities in the streamwise direction through to the resulting intermittency exponents within a fully developed turbulent flow. The fluctuating velocity wave vector component equations are arranged into a Lorenz-type system of equations. The nonlinear time series solution of these equations at the fifth station downstream of the initial instabilities indicates a sequential outward burst process, while the results for the eleventh station predict a strong sequential inward sweep process. The results for the thirteenth station indicate a return to the original instability autogeneration process. The nonlinear time series solutions indicate regions of order and disorder within the solutions. Empirical entropies are defined from decomposition modes obtained from singular value decomposition techniques applied to the nonlinear time series solutions. Empirical entropic indices are obtained from the empirical entropies for two streamwise stations. The intermittency exponents are then obtained from the entropic indices for these streamwise stations that indicate the burst and autogeneration processes.
The Application of Stem Analysis Methods to Estimate Carbon Sequestration in Arboreal Shrubs from a Single Measurement of Field Plots
Authors: Beets Peter , Kimberley Mark , Oliver Graeme , Pearce Stephen
Published: May 2014

Repeated measurements of plots are usually made to directly determine carbon stock changes over time. However, it is sometimes only practical or feasible to inventory plots at the end of a period of interest, and stock changes need to be predicted retrospectively from supplementary information on growth rate. This situation applied to the natural stratum of post-1989 forest in New Zealand, for which carbon sequestration over Commitment Period 1 (2008–2012) of the Kyoto Protocol needed to be estimated from inventory data acquired in 2012. A pilot study was undertaken to test and refine methods that could be applied in the national inventory, utilizing plots that had been installed in eligible post-1989 natural forest in 2008. The plots had actual measurements and shrub biomass sampling to directly estimate carbon stocks in 2008. These plots were re-measured and sampled in 2012, and basal disc samples from plants growing adjacent to each plot collected to provide data to model stem annual increment in diameter and height of shrubs growing on the plot. We present the results of this test of methods, and discuss refinements to field procedures and calculation methods to be applied in the national inventory of this stratum of post-1989 forest in 2012.
Biological Evaluation and 3D-QSAR Studies of Curcumin Analogues as Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Inhibitors
Authors: Wang Hui , Du Zhiyun , Zhang Changyuan , Tang Zhikai , He Yan , Zhang Qiuyan , Zhao Jun , Zheng Xi
Published: May 2014

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) is reported as a biomarker for identifying some cancer stem cells, and down-regulation or inhibition of the enzyme can be effective in anti-drug resistance and a potent therapeutic for some tumours. In this paper, the inhibitory activity, mechanism mode, molecular docking and 3D-QSAR (three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship) of curcumin analogues (CAs) against ALDH1 were studied. Results demonstrated that curcumin and CAs possessed potent inhibitory activity against ALDH1, and the CAs compound with ortho di-hydroxyl groups showed the most potent inhibitory activity. This study indicates that CAs may represent a new class of ALDH1 inhibitor.
Synthesis, Preliminary Bioevaluation and Computational Analysis of Caffeic Acid Analogues
Authors: Liu Zhiqian , Fu Jianjun , Shan Lei , Sun Qingyan , Zhang Weidong
Published: May 2014

A series of caffeic acid amides were designed, synthesized and evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity. Most of them exhibited promising anti-inflammatory activity against nitric oxide (NO) generation in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. A 3D pharmacophore model was created based on the biological results for further structural optimization. Moreover, predication of the potential targets was also carried out by the PharmMapper server. These amide analogues represent a promising class of anti-inflammatory scaffold for further exploration and target identification.
Selection of Suitable Endogenous Reference Genes for Relative Copy Number Detection in Sugarcane
Authors: Xue Bantong , Guo Jinlong , Que Youxiong , Fu Zhiwei , Wu Luguang , Xu Liping
Published: May 2014

Transgene copy number has a great impact on the expression level and stability of exogenous gene in transgenic plants. Proper selection of endogenous reference genes is necessary for detection of genetic components in genetically modification (GM) crops by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) or by qualitative PCR approach, especially in sugarcane with polyploid and aneuploid genomic structure. qPCR technique has been widely accepted as an accurate, time-saving method on determination of copy numbers in transgenic plants and on detection of genetically modified plants to meet the regulatory and legislative requirement. In this study, to find a suitable endogenous reference gene and its real-time PCR assay for sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) DNA content quantification, we evaluated a set of potential “single copy” genes including P4H, APRT, ENOL, CYC, TST and PRR, through qualitative PCR and absolute quantitative PCR. Based on copy number comparisons among different sugarcane genotypes, including five S. officinarum, one S. spontaneum and two S. spp. hybrids, these endogenous genes fell into three groups: ENOL-3—high copy number group, TST-1 and PRR-1—medium copy number group, P4H-1, APRT-2 and CYC-2—low copy number group. Among these tested genes, P4H, APRT and CYC were the most stable, while ENOL and TST were the least stable across different sugarcane genotypes. Therefore, three primer pairs of P4H-3, APRT-2 and CYC-2 were then selected as the suitable reference gene primer pairs for sugarcane. The test of multi-target reference genes revealed that the APRT gene was a specific amplicon, suggesting this gene is the most suitable to be used as an endogenous reference target for sugarcane DNA content quantification. These results should be helpful for establishing accurate and reliable qualitative and quantitative PCR analysis of GM sugarcane.
The Cytoprotective Effect of Sulfuretin against tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Hepatotoxicity through Nrf2/ARE and JNK/ERK MAPK-Mediated Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression
Authors: Lee Dong-Sung , Kim Kyoung-Su , Ko Wonmin , Li Bin , Jeong Gil-Saeng , Jang Jun-Hyeog , Oh Hyuncheol , Kim Youn-Chul
Published: May 2014

Sulfuretin is one of the major flavonoid components in Rhus verniciflua Stokes (Anacardiaceae) isolates. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of sulfuretin against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative injury. The results indicated that the addition of sulfuretin before t-BHP treatment significantly inhibited cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human liver-derived HepG2 cells. Sulfuretin up-regulated the activity of the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase (HO)-1 via nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) translocation into the nucleus and increased the promoter activity of the antioxidant response element (ARE). Moreover, sulfuretin exposure enhanced the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), which are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. Furthermore, cell treatment with a JNK inhibitor (SP600125) and ERK inhibitor (PD98059) reduced sulfuretin-induced HO-1 expression and decreased its protective effects. Taken together, these results suggest that the protective effect of sulfuretin against t-BHP-induced oxidative damage in human liver-derived HepG2 cells is attributable to its ability to scavenge ROS and up-regulate the activity of HO-1 through the Nrf2/ARE and JNK/ERK signaling pathways. Therefore, sulfuretin could be advantageous as a bioactive source for the prevention of oxidative injury.
The Effect of Chain Structures on the Crystallization Behavior and Membrane Formation of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Copolymers
Authors: Ma Wenzhong , Yuan Haoge , Wang Xiaolin
Published: May 2014

The crystallization behaviors of two copolymers of PVDF were studied, and the effect of copolymerized chains on the crystallization behavior was investigated. The results indicated that both copolymers had a lowered crystallization temperature and crystallinity. The crystallization rate was improved by the copolymer with symmetrical units in PVDF chains, but hindered by asymmetrical units, compared with the neat PVDF. The symmetrical units in PVDF chains favored the β-crystals with fiber-like structures. According to the solubility parameter rule, methyl salicylate (MS) can be chosen as a diluent for PVDF copolymers. Both diluted systems had liquid-liquid (L-L) regions in the phase diagrams, which was due to the lowered crystallization temperature.
Super-Resolution in Plenoptic Cameras Using FPGAs
Authors: Pérez Joel , Magdaleno Eduardo , Pérez Fernando , Rodríguez Manuel , Hernández David , Corrales Jaime
Published: May 2014

Plenoptic cameras are a new type of sensor that extend the possibilities of current commercial cameras allowing 3D refocusing or the capture of 3D depths. One of the limitations of plenoptic cameras is their limited spatial resolution. In this paper we describe a fast, specialized hardware implementation of a super-resolution algorithm for plenoptic cameras. The algorithm has been designed for field programmable graphic array (FPGA) devices using VHDL (very high speed integrated circuit (VHSIC) hardware description language). With this technology, we obtain an acceleration of several orders of magnitude using its extremely high-performance signal processing capability through parallelism and pipeline architecture. The system has been developed using generics of the VHDL language. This allows a very versatile and parameterizable system. The system user can easily modify parameters such as data width, number of microlenses of the plenoptic camera, their size and shape, and the super-resolution factor. The speed of the algorithm in FPGA has been successfully compared with the execution using a conventional computer for several image sizes and different 3D refocusing planes.
Intelligent Prediction of Fan Rotation Stall in Power Plants Based on Pressure Sensor Data Measured In-Situ
Authors: Xu Xiaogang , Wang Songling , Liu Jinlian , Liu Xinyu
Published: May 2014

Blower and exhaust fans consume over 30% of electricity in a thermal power plant, and faults of these fans due to rotation stalls are one of the most frequent reasons for power plant outage failures. To accurately predict the occurrence of fan rotation stalls, we propose a support vector regression machine (SVRM) model that predicts the fan internal pressures during operation, leaving ample time for rotation stall detection. We train the SVRM model using experimental data samples, and perform pressure data prediction using the trained SVRM model. To prove the feasibility of using the SVRM model for rotation stall prediction, we further process the predicted pressure data via wavelet-transform-based stall detection. By comparison of the detection results from the predicted and measured pressure data, we demonstrate that the SVRM model can accurately predict the fan pressure and guarantee reliable stall detection with a time advance of up to 0.0625 s. This superior pressure data prediction capability leaves significant time for effective control and prevention of fan rotation stall faults. This model has great potential for use in intelligent fan systems with stall prevention capability, which will ensure safe operation and improve the energy efficiency of power plants.
Comparison between virus Shedding and Fever Duration after Treating Children with Pandemic a H1N1/09 and Children with a H3N2 with a Neuraminidase Inhibitor
Authors: Sugaya Norio , Sakai-Tagawa Yuko , Bamba Masahiro , Yasuhara Rieko , Yamazaki Masahiko , Kawakami Chiharu , Yamaguchi Yoshio , Ide Yoshiaki , Ichikawa Masataka , Mitamura Keiko , Kawaoka Yoshihiro
Published: May 2014

Background

Shedding of the pandemic virus during an influenza pandemic is thought to persist longer than shedding of influenza viruses during annual influenza seasons, because people have much less immunity against a pandemic influenza. A correlation is thought to exist between the length of virus shedding and the clinical severity of influenza illness.

Methods

We compared the virus isolation rates of children with pandemic A H1N1/09 influenza infection and children with A H3N2 influenza infection after the patients had been treated with one of three neuraminidase inhibitors (NAI) such as peramivir, laninamivir and oseltamivir. The clinical effectiveness of each NAI was assessed on the basis of the duration of the febrile period after the start of treatment.

Results

Influenza viruses were isolated from 15 of the 34 patients in the A H3N2 group (mean age 6.2 years) and from 4 of the 25 patients in the A H1N1/09 (mean age 5.6 years) virus group (44.1% versus 16.0%; P<0.05). However, the differences between the duration of fever in the patients in the A H3N2 group and A H1N1/09 group after treatment with the NAIs were not significant.

Conclusions

The virus isolation rates after treatment with each of the NAIs were significantly lower in the A H1N1/09 group, suggesting that the pandemic A H1N1/09 virus was more sensitive to the NAIs than the seasonal A H3N2 virus was. Clinically, there were no significant differences in the effectiveness of the NAIs between the H1N1/09 infected group and H3N2 infected group.
Effectiveness of Emergency Argon Laser Retinopexy Performed by Trainee Physicians: 10 Years Later
Authors: Petrou Petros , Lett Kim Son
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To reassess (10 years later) outcomes after treatment of retinal tears with argon laser photocoagulation by trainee physicians as an emergency procedure.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Retrospective case series analysis of 100 consecutive patients treated between September 2010 and September 2011 at a tertiary referral center, compared with the respective findings at the same institution during the period between August 2000 and December 2002.

RESULTS:

All patients underwent argon laser retinopexy in the casualty department by the on-call trainee. Forty patients (40%) needed further treatment in the form of slit lamp/indirect argon laser retinopexy or cryoretinopexy, and 58 patients (58%) received some vitreoretinal care. At final follow-up, all patients demonstrated anatomically attached retinas. The percentage needing further treatment was significantly increased compared to the relevant percentage 10 years earlier (
P
= .02).

CONCLUSION:

A significant proportion of patients required further treatment, and more than half of patients were referred to the vitreoretinal team. Over the years, trainees’ indirect ophthalmoscopy and laser retinopexy skills have become progressively inadequate. Further training of junior physicians on indirect laser retinopexy may improve patient care and reduce the inconvenience of repeated visits.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2014;45:194–196.]
Fundus Autofluorescence Imaging in a Patient With the Juvenile Form of Galactosialidosis
Authors: Yamazaki Risa , Tsunoda Kazushige , Fujinami Kaoru , Noda Toru , Tsubota Kazuo
Published: May 2014

The authors report the characteristics of fundus autofluorescence (FAF) images in a patient with galactosialidosis who presented with a macular cherry-red spot ophthalmoscopically. The cherry-red spot in the macula was hyperreflective in the FAF images. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed an abnormally hyperreflective region in the retinal ganglion cell layer; however, the boundary between hyperreflective and normal regions was not clear. The findings indicate that FAF may be a more useful method to detect macular lesions than conventional funduscopic examination and OCT imaging in patients with lysosomal storage diseases presenting with a macular cherry-red spot.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2014:45:259–261.]
Parent Participation in care of Hospitalized Children: Concept Analysis.
Authors: Choi Mi Young
Published: May 2014

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper was to explore the meaning of parent participation (PP), to clarify the concept of PP as a benefit to children and their families, and to increase understanding of PP in pediatric nursing practice.METHODS: Walker and Avant's approach to concept analysis was used. A search of multidisciplinary literature published between 1994 and 2012 was undertaken using the keyword, 'parent participation' combined with hospitalized children.Attributes, antecedents and consequences were inductively derived from the citations analyzed (n=30).RESULTS: PP was identified as having three attributes: Negotiation, Performing caring activity, Providing individualized care. Antecedents of PP were 'Parents & pediatric nurses' attitudes', 'Children's age', 'Children's conditions'. Consequences of PP were 'Effective partnership', 'Mutual empowerment'.CONCLUSION: Parent participation as defined by the results of this study should contribute a foundation for theory development in pediatric nursing practice.
’n Literêr-estetiese benadering van homiletiek in ’n veranderende kultuur
Authors: Vos Cas J.A.
Published: May 2014

Die artikel belig homiletiek vanuit ’n literêr-estetiese benadering in ’n veranderende kultuur. In hierdie benadering word sekere sleutelkonsepte toegelig. Hermeneutiek sowel as intertekstualiteit is met die literêre konsep verweef. Die estetiese benadering is soos ’n net waarin vorme van kuns ingetrek word. Visuele kuns, poësie, teater en film word bespreek. Die uniekheid van hierdie benadering is dat ’n homiletiese model uit ’n literêr-estiese perspektief in ’n veranderende kultuur ontwikkel word. Die verband tussen homiletiek, ’n literêr-estetiese homiletiek en die veranderende kultuur word deur die begrip inkulturasie gelê. Dit lei daartoe dat die belangrike wederkerige interaksie tussen die preek en die wisselende kultuur steeds in ag geneem moet word.This article deals with homiletics from a literary-aesthetic approach in a changing culture. Within this approach several concepts are defined. Hermeneutics as well as intertextuality are connected to the literary aspect. A cluster of notions form part of the aesthetic concept. In this regard different forms of art are explored. Visual arts, poetry, theatre and film are discussed. The unique contribution of this approach is specifically the development of a homiletic model from a literary-aesthetic perspective in a changing culture. With regard to the latter, the concept of inculturation is utilised. In the process of homiletical inculturation, the critical reciprocal interaction between the sermon and the surrounding cultures is taken into account.
Emerging Trends in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Focus on Diagnosis and Therapeutics
Authors: Flores Avegail , Marrero Jorge A.
Published: May 2014

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common tumors worldwide and one of the deadliest. Patients with chronic liver disease are at the highest risk for developing this tumor. This link provides an opportunity for developing preventive strategies and surveillance that aims at early detection of this tumor and possibly improving outcomes. In this review, we will discuss the latest developments in surveillance strategies, diagnosis, and treatment of this tumor. HCC is the sixth most common cancer in the world, with 782,000 new cases occurring in 2012 worldwide. In 2012, there were 746,000 deaths from liver cancer. HCC is the third most fatal cancer in the world. The distribution of HCC, which varies geographically, is related to the prevalence of hepatotropic virus. The burden of the disease is the highest in Eastern Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and Melanesia where hepatitis B (HBV) infection is endemic. Meanwhile, in Japan, United States, and Europe, hepatitis C (HCV) infection is prevalent, and subsequently, is the major risk factor for acquiring HCC in these regions. 1 , 3 It is estimated that the incidence of HCC in Europe and United States will peak at 2020—there will be 78,000 new HCC cases in Europe and 27,000 in the United States—and decline thereafter. 1 Indeed, in Japan, the incidence of HCC had already plateaued and started to slowly fall. 4 Cirrhosis is the most important risk factor for HCC regardless of etiology and may be caused by chronic viral hepatitis (mainly HBV and HCV), alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune disease, Stage 4 primary biliary cirrhosis, and metabolic diseases such as hereditary hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In the Western hemisphere, HCC occurs in a background of cirrhosis in 90% of the cases. 5 Before concentrating on diagnosis and therapeutics, it is important to discuss surveillance for this tumor.
A degenerate elliptic operator with unbounded diffusion coefficients
Authors: Metafune Giorgio , Spina Chiara
Published: May 2014

We prove that, for

N \ge 3

, the operator

L=|x|^\alpha\Delta

generates an analytic semigroup in

L^{p}(\R^N)

if

\alpha=2

and

1
 2

and

\frac{N}{N-2}<p<\infty

. The above bounds are shown to be sharp.
Social-economical mobility and redistribution policy
Authors: Borsi Iacopo , Busoni Giorgio , Fasano Antonio , Primicerio Mario
Published: May 2014

We present and discuss an integro-differential equation that models economic dynamics in a closed population. An ‘‘economic inequality index’’ is introduced and some examples are provided showing how changes in social mobility can produce increasing (or decreasing) social equity.
Field experimental evidence that grazers mediate transition between microalgal and seagrass dominance
Authors: Reynolds Pamela L. , Richardson J. Paul , Duffy J. Emmett
Published: May 2014

We tested the relative effects of nutrient loading, reduced predation, and reduced grazing on eelgrass community dynamics in Chesapeake Bay and found evidence supporting the “mutualistic mesograzer model” in which small invertebrate grazers control accumulation of epiphytic algae, buffer eutrophication effects, and thus facilitate seagrass dominance. Experimental reduction of crustacean grazers in the field stimulated a nearly sixfold increase in epiphytic algae, and reduced seagrass biomass by 65% compared to controls with grazers. Nutrient fertilization generally had much weaker effects, but an interaction with mesograzers was key in changing the sign of fertilization effects on the system: aboveground eelgrass biomass was reduced by fertilization under reduced grazing, but increased by fertilization under ambient grazing. When protected from predators in field cages, these mesograzers limited epiphyte blooms even with nutrient enrichment, and nutrients instead enhanced grazer secondary production. Crustacean mesograzers play a key role in maintaining macrophyte (seagrass) dominance in Chesapeake Bay, in buffering eelgrass against eutrophication, and in efficiently transferring nitrogen to higher trophic levels. Yet, these crustacean grazers are also highly sensitive to predator abundance. Reducing nutrient pollution alone is unlikely to restore seagrass meadows where alterations to food webs have reduced populations of algae‐feeding mesograzers. Integration of both water quality and fishery management will be more effective in restoring and maintaining healthy coastal ecosystems.
Novel Techniques in Treating Calcaneal Tuberosity Fractures
Authors: Parekh Selene G , Bertrand Todd , Zura Robert , Adams Samuel , Yan Alan
Published: May 2014

Calcaneal tuberosity fractures comprise only 1 to 2% of all calcaneal fractures. Treatment of these injuries has traditionally included open reduction and internal fixation with various means including lag screws, suture anchors and K-wires. We report on a series of cases treated with excision of the tuberosity fragment with repair of the Achilles tendon supplemented by a flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer.

Parekh S, Bertrand T, Zura R, Adams S, Yan A. Novel Techniques in Treating Calcaneal Tuberosity Fractures. The Duke Orthop J 2014;4(1):3-7.
Clinical Outcomes of First 100 Navigated Total Knee Arthroplasties at Duke University Medical Center
Authors: Bertrand Todd E
Published: May 2014

Background

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most clinically successful and cost-effective interventions in medicine. Implant malalignment can be a cause of early failure following total knee arthroplasty. Computer-assisted surgery has been employed to improve the precision of component alignment.

Questions/purpose:

We asked (1) What is the average coronal plane alignment of the first 100 patients undergoing computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty at our institution? (2) How do our clinical and radiographic results compare to those values reported in the literature? (3) Was a ‘learning curve’ present as evidenced by improvements in coronal plane alignment over time?

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed our first 100 patients undergoing computer navigated total knee arthroplasty. We calculated postoperative knee range of motion (ROM), coronal alignment as well as preoperative and postoperative Knee Society Scores. Minimum follow-up was 4.3 years (0.2-8.25 years).

Results

Of the 100 patients, average postoperative limb alignment was 0.9° varus compared to the mechanical axis. Seventy-nine percent of patients had coronal plane alignment of ±3°. Knee Society Scores improved on average from 60 preoperatively (52-67) to 85 postoperatively (56-97).

Conclusion

Computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty is potentially a way to improve component alignment and overall patient satisfaction. In our cohort, average coronal alignment was similar to literature reported values for navigated and conventional total knee arthroplasty. The benefit of this technology remains unproven.

Level of evidence

Level IV

Bertrand TE, Bolognesi MP. Clinical Outcomes of First 100 Navigated Total Knee Arthroplasties at Duke University Medical Center. The Duke Orthop J 2014;4(1):13-18.
Total Hip Arthroplasty in Very Young Bone Marrow Transplant Patients
Authors: Wellman Samuel S , Ledford Cameron , Vap Alexander R
Published: May 2014

Concerns remain about total hip arthroplasty (THA) performed in very young patients, especially those with complex medical history such as allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). This study retrospectively reviews the perioperative courses and functional outcomes of ABMT patients <21 years old undergoing primary uncemented THA. Nine THAs were performed in five ABMT patients at an average age of 19.7 years. The interval between ABMT and THA was 73.0 months with clinical follow-up of 25.8 months. Harris Hip Scores (HHS) increased dramatically from preoperatively 44.5 (31.1-53.4) to postoperatively 85.2 (72.0-96.0) and all patients subjectively reported a good (4 hips) to excellent (5 hips) overall outcome. There was one reoperation for periprosthetic fracture fixation but there were no infections or revisions performed. Despite the history of severe hematopoietic conditions requiring ABMT, these very young patients do appear to have improved pain and function following primary THA with short-term follow-up. These results are comparable to prior studies of adult ABMT patients undergoing THA and are encouraging given the complexity of the decision to perform hip arthroplasty in the medically complicated very young patient.

Ledford CK, Vap AR, Bolognesi MP, Wellman SS. Total Hip Arthroplasty in Very Young Bone Marrow Transplant Patients. The Duke Orthop J 2014;4(1):19-23.
Safety and Efficacy of Arthroscopic Volar Carpal Ganglion Excision: An Anatomic and Clinical Study
Authors: Wray Walter Harrill , Greenberg Jeffrey , Vella Josh C
Published: May 2014

Purpose

Arthroscopic ganglionectomy is a viable alternative to open treatment and has widely been applied to treatment of dorsal ganglion pathology. The technique of arthroscopic volar carpal ganglion excision has recently been developed, and there is little peer-reviewed clinical evidence detailing its safety and efficacy. This study aims to present our experience with the development and implementation of this technique.

Materials and methods

In the anatomic portion of the study, three cadaver arms were positioned for wrist arthroscopy and dissected to determine the distance between the volar capsule and adjacent vital structures. Ten axial wrist MRIs were reviewed to further define the distance between the volar capsule and adjacent vital structures.

In the clinical portion of the study, 15 patients (mean age 47 years) treated with arthroscopic volar carpal ganglion excision were evaluated. Final follow-up occurred at an average of 48 months (21-68 months). Fourteen patients completed a MHQ and 12 patients were able to return for clinical evaluation.

Results

The wrist dissection and the MRI both showed the radial artery, FPL and FCR to all be within 1 cm of the working area. The radial artery was adjacent to the capsule and at risk when the capsule was approached from the 6 R portal.

Clinically, there was a small but significant difference in the Michigan Hand Questionnaire scores between the operative and nonoperative wrists postoperatively (93.3 vs 98.5, p = 0.004). There was one recurrence (6.7%), not requiring further surgery, and 1 complication (6.7%), which did require a secondary procedure. Mean time to return to work was 11.2 days (1-91 days, N = 11). Mean time to return to maximum function was 5.6 weeks (N = 11). There was a significant difference in mean wrist extension of the operative vs nonoperative wrist (58.8 vs 66.3°, p = 0.01, N = 12). There was no significant difference in mean flexion of the operative vs nonoperative wrist (71.7 vs 71.3°, p = 0.7, N = 11) or grip strength between operative and nonoperative wrists (31.8 vs 34.9 kg, p = 0.06, N = 12).

Conclusion

This small anatomic and clinical series demonstrates that arthroscopic volar carpal ganglion excision is a safe and effective procedure with a low recurrence rate. We no longer use the 6R portal when excising volar carpal ganglions.

Level of evidence

IV therapeutic

Wray WH, Greenberg J, Vella JC. Safety and Efficacy of Arthroscopic Volar Carpal Ganglion Excision: An Anatomic and Clinical Study. The Duke Orthop J 2014;4(1):27-32.
Examining the stratospheric response to the solar cycle in a coupled WACCM simulation with an internally generated QBO
Authors: Kren A. C. , Marsh D. R. , Smith A. K. , Pilewskie P.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The response of the stratosphere to the combined interaction of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and the solar cycle in ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and the influence of the solar cycle on the QBO, are investigated using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). Transient simulations were performed beginning in 1850 that included fully interactive ocean and chemistry model components, observed greenhouse gas concentrations, volcanic eruptions, and an internally generated QBO. Over the full length of the simulations we do not find a solar cycle modulation of either the QBO period or amplitude. We also do not find a persistent wintertime UV response in polar stratospheric geopotential heights when stratifying by the QBO phase. Over individual ~40 year periods of the simulation, a statistically significant correlation is sometimes found between the northern polar geopotential heights in February and UV irradiance during the QBO's westerly phase. However, the sign of the correlation varies over the simulation, and is never significant during the QBO's easterly phase. Complementing this is the analysis of four simulations using a QBO prescribed to match observations over the period 1953–2005. Again, no consistent correlation is evident. In contrast, over the same period, meteorological reanalysis shows a strong positive correlation during the QBO westerly phase, although it weakens as the period is extended. The results raise the possibility that the observed polar solar–QBO correlation may have occurred because of the relatively short data record and the presence of additional external forcings rather than a direct solar–QBO interaction.
Relationship between optical extinction and liquid water content in fogs
Authors: Klein C. , Dabas A.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Studies carried out in the late 1970s suggest that a simple linear relationship exists in practice between the optical extinction in the thermal IR and the liquid water content (LWC) in fogs. Such a relationship opens the possibility to monitor the vertical profile of the LWC in fogs with a rather simple backscatter lidar. Little is known on how the LWC varies as a function of height and during the fog life cycle, so the new measurement technique would help understand fog physics and provide valuable data for improving the quality of fog forecasts. In this paper, the validity of the linear relationship is revisited in the light of recent observations of fog droplet size distributions measured with a combination of sensors covering a large range of droplet radii. In particular, large droplets (radius above 15 μm) are now detected, which was not the case in the late 1970s. The results confirm that the linear relationship still holds, at least for the mostly radiative fogs observed during the campaign. The impact of the precise value of the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index on the coefficient of the linear relationship is also studied. The usual practice considers that droplets are made of pure water. This assumption is probably valid for big drops, but it may be questioned for small ones since droplets are formed from condensation nuclei of highly variable chemical composition. The study suggests that the precise nature of condensation nuclei will primarily affect rather light fogs with small droplets and light liquid water contents.
Evaluation of SCIAMACHY Oxygen A band cloud heights using Cloudnet measurements
Authors: Wang P. , Stammes P.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Two SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) O2 A band cloud height products are evaluated using ground-based radar/lidar measurements between January 2003 and December 2011. The products are the ESA (European Space Agency) Level 2 (L2) version 5.02 cloud top height and the FRESCO (Fast Retrieval Scheme for Clouds from the Oxygen A band) version 6 cloud height. The radar/lidar profiles are obtained at the Cloudnet sites of Cabauw and Lindenberg, and are averaged for 1 h centered at the SCIAMACHY overpass time. In total we have 217 cases of single-layer clouds and 204 cases of multilayer clouds. We find that the ESA L2 cloud top height has a better agreement with the Cloudnet cloud top height than the Cloudnet cloud middle height. The ESA L2 cloud top height is on average 0.4 km higher than the Cloudnet cloud top height, with a standard deviation of 3.1 km. The FRESCO cloud height is closer to the Cloudnet cloud middle height than the Cloudnet cloud top height. The mean difference between the FRESCO cloud height and the Cloudnet cloud middle height is −0.1 km with a standard deviation of 1.9 km. The ESA L2 cloud top height is higher than the FRESCO cloud height. The differences between the SCIAMACHY cloud (top) height and the Cloudnet cloud top height are linked to cloud optical thickness. The SCIAMACHY cloud height products are further compared to the Cloudnet cloud top height and the Cloudnet cloud middle height in 1 km bins. For single-layer clouds, the difference between the ESA L2 cloud top height and the Cloudnet cloud top height is less than 1 km for each cloud bin at 3–7 km. The difference between the FRESCO cloud height and the Cloudnet cloud middle height is less than 1 km for each cloud bin at 0–6 km. The results are similar for multilayer clouds, but the percentage of cases having a bias within 1 km is smaller than for single-layer clouds. We may conclude that the FRESCO cloud height is accurate for low and middle level clouds, whereas the ESA L2 cloud top height is more accurate for middle level clouds. Both products are less accurate for high clouds.
Impacts of droughts on carbon sequestration by China's terrestrial ecosystems from 2000 to 2011
Authors: Liu Y. , Zhou Y. , Ju W. , Wang S. , Wu X. , He M. , Zhu G.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. In recent years, China's terrestrial ecosystems have experienced frequent droughts. How these droughts have affected carbon sequestration by the terrestrial ecosystems is still unclear. In this study, the process-based Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) model, driven by remotely sensed vegetation parameters, was employed to assess the effects of droughts on net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of terrestrial ecosystems in China from 2000 to 2011. Droughts of differing severity, as indicated by a standard precipitation index (SPI), hit terrestrial ecosystems in China extensively in 2001, 2006, 2009, and 2011. The national total annual NEP exhibited the slight decline of −11.3 Tg C yr−2 during the aforementioned years of extensive droughts. The NEP reduction ranged from 61.1 Tg C yr−1 to 168.8 Tg C yr−1. National and regional total NEP anomalies were correlated with the annual mean SPI, especially in Northwest China, North China, Central China, and Southwest China. The reductions in annual NEP in 2001 and 2011 might have been caused by a larger decrease in annual gross primary productivity (GPP) than in annual ecosystem respiration (ER). The reductions experienced in 2009 might be due to a decrease in annual GPP and an increase in annual ER, while reductions in 2006 could stem from a larger increase in ER than in GPP. The effects of droughts on NEP lagged up to 3–6 months, due to different responses of GPP and ER. In eastern China, where is humid and warm, droughts have predominant and short-term lagged influences on NEP. In western regions, cold and arid, the drought effects on NEP were relatively weaker but prone to lasting longer.
The fractionation of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes in macroalgae during the assimilation of nitrate
Authors: Swart P. K. , Evans S. , Capo T. , Altabet M. A.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. In order to determine and understand the stable isotope fractionation of 18O and 15N manifested during assimilation of NO3− in marine macro-benthic algae, two species (Ulva sp. and Agardhiella sp.) have been grown in a wide range of NO3- concentrations (2–500 μM). Two types of experiments were performed. The first was one in which the concentration of the NO3− was allowed to drift downward as it was assimilated by the algae, between 24 h replacements of media. These experiments proceeded for periods of between seven and ten days. A second set of experiments maintained the NO3− concentration at a low steady state value by means of a syringe pump. The effective fractionation during the assimilation of the NO3− was determined by measuring the δ15N of both the (i) new algal growth, and (ii) residual NO3− in the free drift experiments after 0, 12, 24, and 48 h. Fitting models to these data show that the fractionation during assimilation is dependent upon the concentration of NO3− and is effectively zero at concentrations of less than 1 μM. The change in the fractionation with respect to concentration is the greatest at lower concentrations (1–10 μM). The fractionation determined using the δ15N of the NO3− or the solid algal material provided statistically the same result. Therefore, at typical marine concentrations of NO3−, fractionation during assimilation can probably be considered to be negligible. Although the δ18O and δ15N of NO3− in the residual solution were correlated, the slope of the relationship varied with NO3− concentration, with slopes of greater than unity at low concentration. These results suggest shifts in the dominant fractionation mechanism between 1 and 10 μM NO3−. At typical marine concentrations of NO3−, fractionation during assimilation can be considered to be negligible. However, at higher concentrations, fractionation during assimilation will lead to both δ15N values for algal biomass lower than the NO3− source, but also 15N enrichments in the residual NO3−.
Non-stationarity in annual and seasonal series of peak flow and precipitation in the UK
Authors: Prosdocimi I. , Kjeldsen T. R. , Svensson C.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. When designing or maintaining an hydraulic structure, an estimate of the frequency and magnitude of extreme events is required. The most common methods to obtain such estimates rely on the assumption of stationarity, i.e. the assumption that the stochastic process under study is not changing. The public perception and worry of a changing climate have led to a wide debate on the validity of this assumption. In this work trends for annual and seasonal maxima in peak river flow and catchment-average daily rainfall are explored. Assuming a two-parameter log-normal distribution, a linear regression model is applied, allowing the mean of the distribution to vary with time. For the river flow data, the linear model is extended to include an additional variable, the 99th percentile of the daily rainfall for a year. From the fitted models, dimensionless magnification factors are estimated and plotted on a map, shedding light on whether or not geographical coherence can be found in the significant changes. The implications of the identified trends from a decision-making perspective are then discussed, in particular with regard to the Type I and Type II error probabilities. One striking feature of the estimated trends is that the high variability found in the data leads to very inconclusive test results. Indeed, for most stations it is impossible to make a statement regarding whether or not the current design standards for the 2085 horizon can be considered precautionary. The power of tests on trends is further discussed in the light of statistical power analysis and sample size calculations. Given the observed variability in the data, sample sizes of some hundreds of years would be needed to confirm or negate the current safety margins when using at-site analysis.
The microwave emissivity variability of snow covered first-year sea ice from late winter to early summer: a model study
Authors: Willmes S. , Nicolaus M. , Haas C.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Satellite observations of microwave brightness temperatures between 19 GHz and 85 GHz are the main data sources for operational sea-ice monitoring and retrieval of ice concentrations. However, microwave brightness temperatures depend on the emissivity of snow and ice, which is subject to pronounced seasonal variations and shows significant hemispheric contrasts. These mainly arise from differences in the rate and strength of snow metamorphism and melt. We here use the thermodynamic snow model SNTHERM forced by European Re-Analysis (ERA) interim data and the Microwave Emission Model of Layered Snowpacks (MEMLS), to calculate the sea-ice surface emissivity and to identify the contribution of regional patterns in atmospheric conditions to its variability in the Arctic and Antarctic. The computed emissivities reveal a pronounced seasonal cycle with large regional variability. The emissivity variability increases from winter to early summer and is more pronounced in the Antarctic. In the pre-melt period (January–May, July–November) the standard deviations in surface microwave emissivity due to diurnal, regional and inter-annual variability of atmospheric forcing reach up to Δε = 0.034, 0.043, and 0.097 for 19 GHz, 37 GHz and 85 GHz channels, respectively. Between 2000 and 2009, small but significant positive emissivity trends were observed in the Weddell Sea during November and December as well as in Fram Strait during February, potentially related to earlier melt onset in these regions. The obtained results contribute to a better understanding of the uncertainty and variability of sea-ice concentration and snow-depth retrievals in regions of high sea-ice concentrations.
An Investigation of Somali Women’s Beliefs, Practices, and Attitudes about Health, Health Promoting Behaviours and Cancer Prevention
Authors: Francis S. A. , Griffith F. M. , Leser K. A.
Published: May 2014

This pilot study examined Somali women's perception of health/access to care, examined their knowledge and attitudes about cancer prevention, and discussed strategies to improve service provision and education. Using a multidisciplinary approach, twelve face-to-face interviews were conducted with Somali women ages 18 and older, residing in a mid-western city. Open coding was used to categorize and reflect the interview statements and to identify reoccurring themes. Somali women are concerned about a variety of health issues and cited the role of culture and religion in developing prevention strategies.   Participants emphasized the use of religious leaders, health care advocates, oral traditions, and translators in providing culturally appropriate health care services. Religion and culture play a prominent role in the Somali community and impact beliefs about health and wellness.  Health practitioners need to work closely with individuals and community leaders to tailor services that are culturally appropriate and accessible.
Faith, Trust and the Perinatal Healthcare Maze in Urban India
Authors: Raman S.
Published: May 2014

How women access and utilise health services through pregnancy, childbirth and infancy needs to be understood if we are to improve the delivery of and access to appropriate healthcare. Drawing on ethnographic observations of clinic encounters and in-depth interviews with women in Bangalore, South India, this paper reports on the complexities of negotiating healthcare throughout the perinatal continuum in urban India. Key themes identified include faith and trust in health services, confusion over right to healthcare; and the contested nature of choice for women. What is revealed is a socially restrictive framework that results in choices that seem arbitrary, irrational and self-defeating; poor women being particularly vulnerable. Given the current policy support for public-private-partnerships in reproductive healthcare delivery in India, both public and private health services need to move substantially to achieve true partnership and provide care that is respectful and valued by women and children in urban India.