bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Science, Medicine, and the State in Germany
Authors: Tuchman Arleen Marcia
Published: November 2023

This superb account of the development of scientific research in the state of Baden places the growth of big science in 19th century Germany within a broad social and economic context. The book analyses the growth of scientific research and its institutionalization in the state university system. With the focus on the experimental sciences, the book explores the introduction of the research ethic into the university medical curriculum, and the process by which laboratory science came to be an essential pedagogical tool in the education of the future citizens of the state. The social and economic changes that ultimately transformed Germany into a modern industrial state are considered. It was within this setting that laboratory training, once considered inappropriate for university studies, slowly increased in status, and dissatisfaction with the overly theoretical education traditionally offered by the universities began to grow. Thus, much like computers today, the scientific method in the nineteenth century came to represent an instrument for teaching not only specific skills but also a particular way of approaching, analysing, and solving the problems of an industrializing economy. This compelling volume will be of interest to historians of science, medicine, and European studies.
Strings
Authors: Stokes W Royal
Published: November 2023

In the 1970s, Slam Stewart began a long-lasting duo collaboration with guitarist Bucky Pizzarelli. A week-long engagement of the pair at the King of France Tavern in Annapolis, Maryland, provided an opportunity for me to interview both artists on my radio show “I Thought I Heard Buddy Bolden Say . . .” on Washington, D.C.’s, now long-defunct WGTB-FM. (Excerpts from the Bucky Pizzarelli portion of the program appear in the Musical Families chapter.)
Liberty and Harm to Others
Authors: Lyons David
Published: November 2023

The principle of liberty is not a simple corollary of utilitarianism. It is like a principle of utility in that it treats consequences for human welfare as justifying conduct. But it is narrower than a principle of utility, in at least two ways: it concerns harms to others, not welfare generally, and it concerns coercive intervention, not action generally.
Presentness as a Logical Subject of A-Sentences
Authors: Smith Quentin
Published: November 2023

5.1 The Theory of Presentism

In the preface I characterized presentism as a theory implying that every possibly true sentence is synonymous with a sentence of a form such as “Presentness inheres in such-and-such.” This initial characterization can now be given a more precise formulation. Presentism is the theory that every possibly true sentence has presentness for a logical subject and that every state of affairs has presentness for metaphysical subject. The full meaning of this formulation will be explicated in the course of the arguments in part II, but a partial elucidation can be accomplished in this section.
Register: A Review Of Empirical Research
Authors: Atkinson Dwight , Biber Douglas
Published: November 2023

Situationally defined language varieties have been examined from numerous theoretical perspectives, in a wide range of fields including linguistics, anthropology, composition research, folklore, rhetoric, education, sociology, psychology, literature, and communication. These studies adopt such terms as register, genre, style, and text type to label their primary object of investigation-terms that can them selves be defined in multiple ways. In the present survey, we consider this body of research under the cover term register, which is used to refer to any language variety associated with particular situational or use characteristics.

There is need for a broad survey of register research showing the relationships among the multitude of register investigations that have been undertaken. Major approaches to register analysis have included synchronic analysis of particular registers at different linguistic levels (e.g., of phonology, lexicon, syntax, and discourse structure), historical investigations of the evolution of particular registers, and studies taking a variationist approach-delineating linguistic differences across two or more registers. Using these as well as other analytical distinctions, our aims in the present review are (1) to survey a large number of empirical investigations relevant to the analysis of registers, (2) to classify specific register studies according to these analytical criteria, and (3) to show that studies from a number of related subfields share the primary goals of register analysis.
Chemosensory Behavior and Physiology
Authors: Gaffin Douglas , Brownell Philip
Published: November 2023

Of all the sensory capacities animals possess, the ability to access chemical content of the surrounding environment is most primitive and influential: visual, auditory, and mechanosensory systems often guide animals to food and prospective mates, but it is the chemistry of contact that most often dominates the release of adaptive behaviors. It is paradoxical, therefore, that of all the senses used by animals, the chemical senses remain least understood at the physiological and biochemical levels. This is perhaps attribute able to the enormous diversity of chemical substances in natural environments and to the complexity of peripheral and central nervous systems that process chemosensory information.
Population and Community Ecology of Desert Scorpions
Authors: Polis Gary A
Published: November 2023

Ecology is a rapidly developing field with a healthy dose of controversy. As in other fields, theory and speculation has advanced far more rapidly than empirical work, leaving a vacuum that can only be filled by experimental work. Scorpions possess a number of characteristics that make them good models to test and advance ecological theory (see Introduction to this volume).
Moore
Authors: Stroll Avrum
Published: November 2023

As I pointed out in chapter 1, in such papers as “A Defense of Common Sense,” “Proof of an External World,” and “Certainty,” Moore was in effect challenging the received opinion that no contingent statements can be certain. I say “in effect” because he never explicitly states that he has in mind the traditional doctrine deriving from Hume. However, the caustic, at times sarcastic, way in which he speaks indicates that there is a specific theory he is opposing, a theory which he believes some philosophers have actually held and which he finds absurd. He is so emphatic in asserting a contrary view that it is difficult to resist the inference that the Humean doctrine is the target of his comments. Here, for example, is a shortened version of what he says at the beginning of “Certainty”:
Finding the Beginning
Authors: Stroll Avrum
Published: November 2023

After months of thinking and writing about Moore, and only twenty-five days before his death on April 29, 1951, Wittgenstein confessed that he was dissatisfied with what he had achieved so far in On Certainty or what he was likely to achieve in his rapidly constricting future. Putting this avowal in brackets, almost as if he were admonishing himself, he wrote, “[Here there is still a big gap in my thinking. And I doubt whether it will be filled now]” (O.C., 470). His next entry is equally pessimistic: “It is so difficult to find the beginning. Or, better: it is difficult to begin at the beginning. And not try to go further back” (O.C., 471).
Wittgenstein Foundationalism
Authors: Stroll Avrum
Published: November 2023

We can say, then, that for Wittgenstein the applicability of doubt is one of the features that defines the language game. This is a complex thought with many ramifications. One is that where doubt is inapplicable we are dealing with matters that do not belong to the language game. A subcase of this is the subject matter of this chapter, namely, a highly original form of foundationalism that Wittgenstein develops in On Certainty. The foundations of the language game stand outside of and yet support the language game-exactly how is what we shall be discussing below. These foundations are identified in a series of metaphors as “the hinges on which others turn,” “the rock bottom of our convictions,” “the substratum of all my inquiring,” and most pervasively “that which stands fast for us and for many others” (O.C., 116). All of these expressions are metaphors for certainty. It is Wittgenstein’s main thesis in On Certainty that what stands fast is not subject to justification, proof, the adducing of evidence, or doubt and is neither true nor false. Whatever is subject to these ascriptions belongs to the language game. But certitude is not so subject, and therefore it stands outside of the language game. It does so in two different forms, one relative, the other absolute. A proposition that is exempt from doubt in some contexts may become subject to doubt in others, and when it does it plays a role within the language game. This is the relativized form of certitude. But some propositions-that the earth exists, that the earth is very old-are beyond any doubt; their certitude is absolute.
A Prescriptivist Argument against the Dilemmas Thesis
Authors: Gowans Christopher W
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter I found inconclusive the three most prominent arguments in favor of DT. In this chapter I defend an argument against this thesis. Thus I conclude that DT is false and that OT is true, and hence that wrongdoing in the sense of transgressing deliberative conclusions cannot be inescapable. So under stood, the intuition that wrongdoing can always be avoided may be preserved. On the other hand, the apparently contrary intuition, that wrongdoing some times is inescapable, should also be retained, for there is a sense of ‘moral wrongdoing’ for which this intuition is correct. My arguments here make way for my defense of this position, beginning in the next chapter.
The Midwives Book
Authors: Sharp Jane
Published: November 2023

When the midwife Jane Sharp wrote The Midwives Book in 1671, she became the first British woman to publish a midwifery manual. Drawing on works by her male contemporaries and weaving together medical information and lively anecdotes, she produces a book that is instructive, accessible, witty, and constantly surprising.
Introduction: Hegel, Stendhal, and Posthistorical Existence
Authors: Moses Michael Valdez
Published: November 2023

If we look at the life of the thirteenth century, passing from Chartres to Borobudur and from Venice to the Mayas, from Constantinople to Peking and from Kublai Khan to Dante, from the house of Maimonides at Cordoba to Nara, and from the Magna Carta to the Byzantine monks copying Aristotle; compare this extraordinary diversity with the present state of the world, where countries are not really different from each other in terms of their present-which, as such, is everywhere the same-but only in terms of their past. That is what the developed world is. To speak seriously of the end of history is generally to invite incredulity or even derision. The idea that history has a discernible telos or that it has in some fundamental sense already come to an end strikes most people as absurd. And yet, when asked whether they can seriously envision a return to monarchic or aristocratic government, a reestablishment of slavery or of serfdom, or a complete abandonment of modern science, industry, and technology, these same people would be unanimous in insisting that such developments are unthinkable, or at any rate, undesirable. What their reaction suggests is that almost all citizens in the developed world, and especially the intelligentsia of modern nations, tacitly accept the thesis, first articulated in a rigorously systematic philosophical manner by Hegel, that history does indeed have a direction and an end.
Vibrational Spectra
Authors: Scheiner Steve
Published: November 2023

In contrast to the deep minimum in the potential energy surface that corresponds to the equilibrium geometry of a standard molecule, the equilibrium structure of a typical H­ bonded complex resides in a much shallower minimum. The PES of the complex is over­ all much flatter, yet commonly contains other minima, albeit not quite as stable, which are energetically accessible from the global minimum. This chapter focuses on the nature of the potential energy surface in the vicinity of the equilibrium structure, deferring until later a discussion of more extended regions of the surface. A principal question addressed here is the steepness of the surface as one moves away from the global minimum in various directions, and the source of this slope. This point is directly examined by theoretical calculations which can determine the energy of any given geometrical distortion of the structure.
Basic Positions
Authors: Gordon Stewart
Published: November 2023

AS important as teaching hand position or posture at the instrument is the teaching of certain attitudes about music and music making. These attitudes form a philosophical foundation regarding our art and our relationship to it. For teachers, identifying philosophical issues and formulating a position are very important, for without such a process we often inadvertently buy into opinions or actions in which we really do not believe. These, in turn, can be interpreted by our students as inconsistencies at best or duplicities at worst.
Extension Exercises
Authors: Gordon Stewart
Published: November 2023

MOST of us have given nods of approval at one time or another to the old saying, ‘actions speak louder than words,’ and certainly we can think of a multitude of ways in which the saying is applicable to our students’ working habits. We expect good students to show us with their attitudes, and to some extent in their lifestyles, just how music and working in music rate. Promises count for little, and good intentions only prove to be a source of irritation if they are rarely supported by solid efforts. But what if suddenly our perspective were altered and we became the student who scrutinized the teacher’s lifestyle musical goals. Would the teacher’s model turn out to be exemplary? Most of us would admit to imperfection quite quickly.
Bob Horn’s Bandstand
Authors: Jackson John A
Published: November 2023

While WFIL’s radio station struggled to become corm petitive, WFIL—TV endured problems of its own. The television station’s affiliation with the American Broadcasting Company was of dubious value in 1952, because the network had a mere fifteen affiliated TV stations, whereas rivals CBS and NBC commanded thirty—one and sixty—four, respectively. In cities able to support only one or two TV stations ABC was not seen at all. In addition, ABC offered scant evening programming to its affiliates and possessed no daytime schedule whatsoever. To fill its afternoon hours, WFIL—TV showed movies, but Hollywood viewed television as a rival and leased only its most outdated dogs to the upstart medium. It was no surprise, then, when station manager George Koehler informed Roger Clipp that WFIL’s afternoon movieswere a flop and had to be replaced.
Entanglement Effects in Polymer Melts and Networks
Authors: Kremer Kurt , Grest Gary S
Published: November 2023

Dense polymer systems, such as melts, glasses, and cross linked networks or rubber are extremely complex materials. Besides the local chemical interactions and density correlations which are common to all disordered liquids and solids, the chain conformations also play an important role. Their influence is twofold. First the intrachain entropy dominates over the positional entropy of the center of mass of the chains. This leads to the well known effect that a weak effective repulsion between different types of chains is sufficient to drive phase segregation. The static and dynamic properties of mixtures of two types of chains is an important and challenging problem, which is reviewed by Binder in Chapter 7 of this volume. Here we consider dense melts of chains of the same chemical composition.
Plant Biochemistry
Authors: Black Clanton C
Published: November 2023

The following discussion and tables have been extracted from the Instructions to Authors, normally published annually in a January issue of The Journal of Biological Chemistry (used by permission), modified somewhat to more closely conform with SI notation and with special reference to the plant sciences.
Dormancy, Photoperiodism, And Vernalization
Authors: Salisbury Frank B
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with terms used in the study of vernalization, photoperiodism, and dormancy. A few terms are defined within other definitions; these are also printed in boldfaced type. Words in italics are themselves defined elsewhere although italics may also be used for scientific names.
Representations of HIV and AIDS: The Building Blocks of Meaning
Authors: Schwartzberg Steven
Published: November 2023

Stan is a 48-year-old bank clerk. A quiet and shy man, he had never told anyone in his life that he was gay.Then he learned he was HIV-positive. Since finding out, he has done a complete turnabout, dispensing with his long-ingrained style of secrecy and guardedness. The results have been dramatic: At 48 and with crashing T-cells, he is just now, in his words, “coming alive:” He describes learning that he was positive as the most transformative event of his adulthood.

At 27, Jules has known of his seropositivity for four years. These have been difficult years for him—a time of increasing isolation and loneliness, of anxiety and depression, of deepening separation from friends and family. He says, “I don’t fit anywhere:” He finds no sense of connection with his work colleagues, with other gay men, or even with other HIV-positive individuals. Jules has never lost a friend to AIDS and remains robustly healthy. Yet concerns about AIDS enshroud his life.
Transformation: A Journey of Growth
Authors: Schwartzberg Steven
Published: November 2023

Some men transform the somber, inescapable reality of HIV infection into a deeper capacity to appreciate life. They maintain a life-affirming framework of meaning in the face of potential despair. They have learned to stay afloat in waters of great emotional turbulence.

Anthony and Kyle are two men whose lives reflect the style of adaptation to HIV I call Transformation. Let’s spend some time here looking at their stories.

Anthony seemed an expert on issues of HIV. He was well informed, almost glib, about AIDS’ impact—medically, psychologically, socially. He had ruminated over issues of life’s meaning long before our interview. No matter what the topic—sex, death, religion—he spoke to me rapidly, animatedly, at times with a startling frankness. His manner seemed to be that of a quick intellect infused with, but not overpowered by, emotional vitality.
More about Moral Dilemmas
Authors: Marcus Ruth Barcan
Published: November 2023

In “Moral Dilemmas and Consistency,” I argued that moral dilemmas need not signify an inconsistency in the set of principles under which we define our obligations. I also argue that consistency of principles does not entail that dilemmas are resolvable in both a weak and a strong sense. The weak sense is that even where principles, including priority principles, favor one alternative in a dilemma, the original obligation with respect to the other is not erased. The strong sense is that there is no reason to suppose that any set of moral principles will be sufficient to provide grounds for making a choice in every case of conflict. In so claiming, I am not also claiming that there is a right choice to be arrived at, by intuition independent of principle or the like. I am claiming that there may be cases of dilemma for which there is no morally justified resolution at all. As explained below, there may be non-moral grounds for choosing. I do not count tossing a coin or using a lottery as clearly morally justified grounds for choice.
Prima Facie Incoherence
Authors: D’Agostino Fred
Published: November 2023

Recall the problem. The liberal account of political legitimacy is based on the concept of public justification. No regime is legitimate for a community unless that regime is reasonable from every point of view. This concept is too vague to provide a basis for actually determining, for arbitrary specifications of regime and community, whether or not a given regime is legitimate, and therefore whether or not its demands ought to be honored or resisted. As in other familiar cases, we must interpret or articulate this concept, we must find a conception of public justification, in order to apply it to problematic cases.
Responses to and Diagnosis of Prima Facie Incoherence
Authors: D’Agostino Fred
Published: November 2023

Let us review the situation. I am concerned with the problem of public justification with identifying a political regime that is, in some sense, ‘dominant’, that is, a regime that everyone would find reasonable, whatever her thinking about what is necessary if a regime is indeed to be a reasonable one. This problem is thrown up by the multiplicity of competing demands that are relevant to the judgment that a given regime is reasonable, and by the many different ways in which these demands might be ‘balanced’ by different individuals. Some individuals might, quite reasonably, prefer a regime that satisfies moralistic requirements. Other individuals might, quite reasonably, prefer a regime that satisfies realistic requirements. Perhaps no regime satisfies both kinds of requirements. But unless all individuals prefer the same regime, none is ‘dominant’, and the demand for public justification cannot be met.
Accessible Culture for Depressed Times
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

According to the conventional view, American intellectuals generally moved to the left during the Great Depression—and cultural critics did so especially. That supplies us with not one but two orthodoxies that require some modification. There is more than a kernel of truth to both views, of course, and the evidence supporting them is not trifling. In recent years, however, the shrewdest interpretations of American culture during the 1930s emphasize the “complexities and contradictions” of that decade along with the confusions caused by flux and change. More specifically, they find a startling degree of acquiescence in the social and political status quo, an unexpectedly modest degree of radicalism, and a widely shared willingness to be patient.
Commerce, Communications, and Criticism
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

Although Seldes produced no major works during the final decade of his career, he wrote a number of extended essays that epitomized and emended his enduring concerns with the mass media and public entertainment. There is a sense in which his professional life unraveled during the 1960s: He did not complete a projected work on the social consequences of advertising; he underwent a challenging but sometimes difficult period as founding dean of the Annenberg School of Communications at Penn; and when interruptions and illhealth did not dog him, he wrestled intensely with a memoir that he never pulled together, an attempt at coming to terms with his major endeavors and the cultural transformations he had witnessed.
Constructing Love, Desire, and Care
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C
Published: November 2023

According to an ancient Indian legend, wise men were once troubled about the power of sexuality in the life of the world. Blaming the situation on Siva, the erotic god, they cried out in irritation, “May his penis fall to the ground.” Siva’s penis promptly fell to the ground. Sexual intercourse and sexual desire were no longer. This was more than the wise men had bargained for, and they begged him to put his penis back on again. Siva said, “If gods and humans will worship my penis, I will put it back, not otherwise.” They could not bring themselves to go that far, so they refused. As the legend tells it, the penis lay there in the snow, “frost-bitten, knobby, and sleekly black, glistening in the spring thaw ... while Siva passed over the final ridge of grief and was lost to the world on the far side.” With intercourse thus removed, the story continues, “there then ensued 3600 years of peace and quiet” in the worldand if Siva had only stayed away, this peace would be with us still.
The Visit and The Video: Publication and the Line Between Sex and Speech
Authors: Estlund David M
Published: November 2023

In the recent debates over the constitutional status of pornography, there has been a strand of argument to the effect that pornography is not covered by the First Amendment because it is relevantly like sexual activity itself, or alternatively, like vibrators or other sexual devices. As Fred Schauer puts the point, if a contact-free visit to a prostitute for sexual purposes (e.g., voyeuristic) is not covered by the First Amendment, then why think that a video with similar content and used for similar purposes is covered? This strategy would avoid the need to show that pornography is regulable on the traditional narrow grounds involving harm or obscenity. The argument contends that (at least hard-core) pornography is, in this sense, “not a free speech issue.” l want to consider an interpretation of the First Amendment that would be able to meet Schauer’s challenge, though it raises problems and questions of its own. One relevant difference between the voyeuristic visit and the video is that the video is published material. 1 want to consider what relevance this has under the First Amendment, as well as how much relevance it should have under a good constitution, and why. The basis for its actual relevance will be an interpretation of the press clause of the First Amendment. l will see how far it can be argued that the meaning of the press clause must be to protect publication in general-not just journalistic material, as the received meaning of “freedom of the press” would have it. The basis for thinking publication in general ought to be strongly protected in a good constitution will be located wherever the reader chooses to locate the rationale for a If the publication test is accepted as a sufficient condition for First Amendment coverage, then published material ought apparently to be protected as strongly as “speech,” whether or not the published material can be found to count as speech. Published pornography, then, would indeed be a free-speech issue since it would be constitutionally protected as if it were speech. This would be the legal difference between the visit and the video.
Shaping and Sex: Commentary on Parts I and II
Authors: Estlund David M
Published: November 2023

Modern culture has been deeply impressed by the extent to which we ourselves are the makers. Even Rousseau, who accepted the traditional view that nature provides authoritative standards, knew that nature is not necessity. A constant question has been what limits there are, if any, to what we can make. An intermittent question has been, ‘Who’s this “we,” paleface? Just as Tbnto may not share the Lone Ranger’s vulnerability to the attacking tribe, “we•’ are not all equally responsible for what our culture has made. This challenge has been posed not only in the context of race, but also of class, and increasingly, of gender and sexual preference. Even apart from these questions, the practical question is, “What can be changed and what should be?” The first part of this book concerns “‘shaping” or ‘‘construction” in the context of sex, preference, and family. Many of the chapters in the book, including each of the essays in the first part, could as well have been placed in a different one of the four parts. Their collection under the heading “Shaping” is intended to call attention to a theme they have in common, encouraging the reader to isolate !hat theme for consideration and allowing the editors in their commentary to address that theme directly.
Acute Yet Non-Emergent Patients
Authors: Sugarman Jeremy , Harland Robert
Published: November 2023

Treating acute yet non-emergent patients poses a unique set of challenges to the surgeon. These patients typically have only recently learned of their disease, sometimes without feeling ill. For example, occult blood detected in stool obtained as part of a routine physical examination may lead to colonoscopy that in tum leads to the detection of polyps that are precancerous. Such a patient is suddenly given diagnostic information and may not yet have had time to apprehend the ramifications of the diagnosis. The patient may respond in a variety of ways to this situation, from denial to indifference to a rapid, not-so-well thought through request for surgical management even though there is usually adequate time for patients to form well-considered personal preferences regarding appropriate management. Because management decisions are likely to have profound implications for patients, creating a situation in which such preferences can be formed is most desirable. The manner that surgeons use to heighten the possibility that patients participate meaningfully in medical decision making requires clinical acumen. For instance, surgeons may need to educate patients about their clinical condition. For patients who have not manifested clinical symptoms, education should include information about why further diagnostic tests are needed and the implications of decision making in this regard.
Patients Who Are Family Members, Friends, Colleagues, Family Members Of Colleagues
Authors: Moreno Jonathan D , Lucente Frank E
Published: November 2023

The provision of surgical or medical care to those with whom one shares bonds of marriage, kinship, collegiahty, or friendship seems to raise issues that distinguish such patient care from caring for patients with whom one is not otherwise associated. These issues are both ethical and psychodynamic in nature and have long been recognized as such. In general, while ethical traditions counsel caution in such practices, they also stress that doctors have a special obhgation to make their skills available to those in need, perhaps especially those close to them, an obligation that is often couched in terms of duties of professional courtesy. Because of the ambiguity inherent in traditions of medical ethics on these issues, a more finely tuned analysis that speaks to various sets of circumstances is required.
Research and Innovation in Surgery
Authors: Prader Joel E , Caniano Donna A
Published: November 2023

The art and craft, as well as the science, of surgery create challenges for those who want to systematically evaluate surgical outcomes and progress. Even on the same day, with similar patients, a single surgeon may perform ‘‘the same’’ procedure somewhat differently, due to anatomic or physiologic differences among patients or for other reasons. If one patient has a better result, the surgeon may want to try to reproduce what he or she did with that patient when next performing the operation. At some point these adaptations become ‘‘innovation.’’ How much change has to occur to constitute an innovative approach and call forth an open and unbiased effort to assess the effectiveness of the new treatment? Surgeons have frequently resisted such evaluative questions, citing the difficulties, discussed below, of adequately judging their work. Even as mundane, not to mention novel, medical therapies and diagnostic technologies have been increasingly subjected to audit regarding their efficacy, effectiveness, and cost/ benefit ratios, surgeons have not been held similarly accountable as they continue to employ procedures of uncertain worth or invent new operations. But the era of limitations on health care expenditures and renewed concern about the human burden of unproven medical interventions may herald a sea change in attitudes toward surgery.
Hybrid Themes and Compound Themes
Authors: Caplin William E
Published: November 2023

The sentence and period are presented by Schoenberg and his followers as fundamentally opposing theme-types. Indeed, Ratz regards the two forms as distinct not only structurally but also aesthetically: This distinction between two fundamental theme-types notwithstanding, the actual compositional practice is considerably more complex. Many themes are difficult to classify within the sentence/period model. To be sure, some bear little relation to either form; however, a sizable number combine features of both types. These latter themes have received little theoretical discussion. At best, someone familiar with Schoenberg ‘s ideas might observe that a given theme is “more like a sentence than a period” (or vice versa) but could not describe precisely how the theme fits into a theoretical framework consisting exclusively of two fundamental types.
Death of a Cell
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

The average adult human being is composed of something more than a hundred trillion-1014-individual cells, each with a life of its own. The death of a human being is a direct, irreducible consequence of the death of his or her component cells. But what does death mean at the level of a single cell? And how many of our cells have to be dead before we are dead? In a complex multicellular organism like a human being, are some cells more important for being alive than others? What do we really know about these elusive “atoms of life”?
The Fragmentation of Free Will
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter I sketched the argument that free will in the sense that is supposed to justify moral responsibility is a term that has only subjectivist reference that skews from speaker to speaker. Just as there is no ‘right answer’ to the question of who the jerks are, there is no right answer to whether this kind of free will is compatible or incompatible with determinism. The four statements that constitute the prototypical positive and negative claims of the incompatibilists and compatibilists are equally ‘true,’ despite the fact that they appear to logically conflict. This is to say that there is no answer to the question of whether determined choices can be free. Consequently, there can be no answer to the question of whether Classical Incompatibilism, Classical Compatibilism, the NoFree-Will-Either-Way Theory, or the Free-Will-Either-Way Theory is correct. The reason there is no truth to the matter is that free will, defined in terms of moral responsibility, is a logically incoherent term that cannot denote a unified class of real entities outside of the subjective predilections of users of the term.
At the Margins of Women’s Space in Medieval Europe
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

Marginals have constituted the newest social group within medieval society to be discussed over the last two decades, beginning with Bronislaw Geremek’s study of vagrants and other “low life” who lived in late medieval Paris. With such a prestigious beginning, we might assume that a definition of what constituted marginality among medieval people is by now well established. To Geremek, who was working within a Marxist framework at the time of writing his book, marginals were those people and groups who fell outside the social and economic or the legal and political categories that were acceptable to the mainstream of society. They may have been criminals, but they included bohemians and some clerks, tricksters, con-men, prostitutes, and even urban hermits. Geremek characterized their status by such attributes as having no settled home or family ties and being vagrants. Their place of association was the tavern. In contemporary parlance they were “of no account” or “not of good fame,” that is, they were not a part of the social and economic power structure. Such a definition of marginality contains a built-in Marxist limitation, for it presumes that the only social marginals will be those who are at the bottom of society and regarded as morally reprehensible by the more fortunate classes.
Separation Anxieties in Late Medieval London: Gender in “The Wright’s Chaste Wife”
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

For centuries, the occupations of soldier, sailor, merchant, architect, and builder have required long periods of separation from wives and families. Those situations have produced a variety of anxieties. Since those occupations were all dangerous, a wife might fear losing both a husband and a means of support. Perhaps even worse was the possibility that a husband would simply be unaccounted for because no one reported the sinking of the ship on which he sailed or because he had been taken prisoner. If her widowhood were in doubt, a wife would not have the legal right to collect the dower from her husband’s estate, and she might have to carry on her husband’s business even if she was ill-equipped to do so. Other times she might be responsible for raising a large ransom to get her husband out of prison or for paying his debts so that he could come home. Husbands worried about the deterioration of their businesses, the training of their apprentices, and the rearing of their children while they were gone. But these financial and practical considerations were not the stuff of medieval stories that dealt with separation anxieties. Rather, both men and women wrote and spoke about the sexual continence of their conjugal partners during absences. While a husband was away, his wife might have lovers or he himself might have a family in another port or city. Perhaps the expressed anxieties over unfaithfulness masked deeper anxieties about the real risks that separation entailed.
Analysis Of Georeferenced Epidemiological Variables
Authors: Griffith Daniel A , Layne Larry J
Published: November 2023

For years the geographic dimension of community health has been considered important when studying the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases. Medical researchers and practitioners repeatedly have found the mapping of diseases to be illuminating. One of the most frequently cited examples of this cartographic benefit is the 1855 map of London cholera cases drafted by John Snow, a pioneer in the field of epidemiology, who then was able to establish the source of this water-born disease to be the Broad Street pump (Golden Square). Another celebrated geographic observation, made in 1909 by a community of dentists, was that naturally occurring fluoride in the water of Colorado Springs, Colorado, was fortifying the teeth of its residents against decay. The outcome of this geographic observation was the widespread fluoridation of municipal drinking water. More recently, spatial statistics-principally point pattern analysis-has become very topical in medical circles, with one of its goals being to discriminate between random geographic clusters and hot spots (i.e., locations of exceptionally high incidence due to the presence of a particular source) of disease incidences (see, inter alia, Diggle 1993). One of the more famous medical geography studies involving a spatial autoregressive perspective was completed by Cliff et al. (1981), which describes the geographic diffusion of measles in Iceland. More recently, a CAR specification has been used to explore lung cancer death rates in Ohio (Waller et al. 1997). Geostatistical approaches also can be found in the literature (e.g., Carroll et al. 1997).
Tropical Forest Conservation
Authors: Southgate Douglas
Published: November 2023

Attempts to halt the destruction of rain forests and other natural habitats in the tropics have met with little success. In particular, national parks, like those found in wealthy nations, have proven difficult to establish in Africa, Asia, and South and Central America. More often than not, people inhabiting areas designated for protection resist being told by outsiders that they must change how and where they live. Alternative approaches, frequently embodied in integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs), are now being pursued. The goal is to address local communities’ desires for improved standards of living while simultaneously meeting conservation objectives. Nature-based tourism and sustainable harvesting of forest products are the centerpieces of ICDPs and related initiatives. This book assesses the viability of conservation strategies predicated on the adoption of environmentally sound enterprises in and around threatened habitats. Drawing on research in Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Peru and on his extensive experience working in South and Central America and the Caribbean, the author demonstrates that it is rare for forest dwellers to derive much benefit from ecotourism, the extraction of timber and other commodities, or the collection of samples used in pharmaceutical research. Often these activities are simply unprofitable. Even when they are profitable, the benefits tend not to accrue locally, but instead are captured by outside firms and individuals who can provide important services like safe and reliable transportation. The author contends that human capital formation and related productivity-enhancing investment is the only sure path to economic progress and habitat conservation.
Analysis Of Individual Scenes
Authors: Leafstedt Carl S
Published: November 2023

Bart6k’s music, with few exceptions, hews closely to the dramatic structure present in the original Bluebeard play. While “giving a sharp plasticity to every word and phrase;’ as Kodaly wrote following the opera’s premiere, the music also goes one step further in taking its essential form from the dialogue patterns, large-scale dramatic rhythm, and localized stage activity laid forth in Balazs’s text.1 In this chapter, each scene in the opera is analyzed with an eye toward demonstrating how Bart6k’s music reflects, and breathes life into, the subtle changes in dramatic emphasis that occur within individual scenes. Taken together, the seven door scenes reveal a remarkable variety of musical material keyed to the visions revealed behind the opening doors. Yet beneath the music’s variegated surface can be perceived common threads or procedures that help establish links between the scenes and eventually result in a coherent whole. Some of these-namely, the use of certain motifs and the opera’s background harmonic organization around a symmetrical cycle of thirds -were discussed in the preceding chapter.
Parasitic Cowbirds
Authors: Johnsgard Paul A
Published: November 2023

The cowbirds are a group of six species of passerines that are part of a larger group of”advanced” New World passerines of uncertain taxonomic status that includes approximately 95 species and 23 genera of cowbirds, blackbirds, oropendolas, caciques, and orioles. Orians (1985) regarded the group (which he collectively called “blackbirds”) as a distinct family Icteridae. No single collective vernacular name fits this rather diverse group of birds, but the orioles, caciques, and oropendolas make up the largest single component group. One tropical oriole species is the troupial (so called because of its coloniality and sociality), and the term “troupials” is also sometimes used an inclusive vernacular name for the oriole-, cacique-, and oropendolalike birds. In recent years the entire group has increasingly been reduced by taxonomists from familial rank (Icteridae) to subfamilial (e.g., American Ornithologists’ Union, 1983) or sometimes (as adopted here) even tribal rank (e.g., Sibley & Monroe, 1990), and this procedure allows for the use of convenient catch-all vernacular term “icterines” to refer to the cowbirds and their relatives.
Pardon Before the Enlightenment
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean
Published: November 2023

As long as people have been thinking about punishment, they have been thinking about the remission of punishment. Western history gives no reason to think that the urge to punish is any older or any stronger than the impulse to pardon. Provisions for pardon were present in even the earliest legal codes. And it is arguable that pardons have played as pivotal a role in history as their better-known opposite, punishments.
Eighteenth-Century Reactions Against Pardon
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean
Published: November 2023

Eighteenth-century Europe was the setting for reformist attacks against the great monarchies, attacks both military and philosophical. The monarchies were guilty of many abuses; among the most flagrant was their abuse of the pardoning power. They used the pardon frequently-to fill their treasuries, to populate their colonies, to win powerful friends. This abuse did not escape the attention of the political philosophers. The great treatises on government and the rights of citizens published by philosophers during this time usually had something to say about pardon, and usually it was critical.
How a Retributivist Theory Can Justify Pardon
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean
Published: November 2023

The idea that pardons are discretionary acts of grace that need no justification has not served America well. Left to their own discretion, recent presidents have diminished pardons-both numerically and morally. Yet even pardons that are clearly unjust are seen to be exempt from criticism, for who can quarrel with kindness? As a result, when a President grants or threatens to grant a pardon widely perceived as corrupt or unfitting, the disgruntled, grumbling public throws up its hands in resignation. As a first step toward removing pardon’s immunity to criticism, it needs to be shown that pardons should be just-and that they are not always so. Also, the question needs to be addressed of what makes a pardon just or unjust.
Justified Pardons: Innocence
Authors: Moore Kathleen Dean
Published: November 2023

Complex systems-nuclear plants, jet airliners-have the potential to do great damage to human life and limb if they malfunction, so they have built-in fail-safe systems as safety measures. For example, valves in a nuclear power plant will shut the entire system down automatically if steam pressure builds to dangerous levels. The computers on a jet have the capacity to override the pilots’ judgment to prevent them from making fatal errors. Often there are several layers of safeguards, just in case a primary “fail-safe” system fails.
Moral Epistemology and the supervenience of Ethical concepts
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2023

Can there be moral truths, as opposed to truths merely about morals, say about people’s moral attitudes of approval and disapproval? If there can be moral truths, can they be known, or even justifiedly believed? And if there can be moral knowledge or justification, what sorts of evidence can ground it? Would the evidence be, for instance, the same kind that grounds scientific beliefs? Or would it be more like the evidence that grounds mathematical truths, if indeed this is different from the former kind? These questions are fundamental in moral epistemology and will be my subject.
Moral Obligation and Alternative Possibilities
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: November 2023

Possibly, causal determinism rules out alternative possibilities; if determinism is true, then perhaps no person can do anything other than what he actually does. This implication of determinism, however, need not threaten appraisability insofar as the implication is meant to undermine control-the sort constituted by freedom to do otherwise. As we saw in the last chapter, Frankfurt-type examples help alleviate the worry that causal determinism subverts moral appraisability by ruling out alternative possibilities. These fascinating examples go a long way toward suggesting that the control required for moral appraisability does not entail the existence of genuine options.
Appraisability and Control
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: November 2023

An individual can properly be morally appraisable for performing an action only if he controls that action in an appropriate way; this much is clear. But if the sort of control is not freedom to do otherwise, what does it consist in? I will begin by examining Wolf’s “Reason View,” which does not eschew the traditional approach-an approach that always requires alternative possibilities-altogether.