bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deltas
Authors: Trenhaile A S
Published: November 2023

The term ‘delta’ was first recorded almost 2,500 years ago, when the historian Herodotus noted its use by the Greeks of that period to refer to the fertile, triangular-shaped, alluvial deposits at the mouth of the River Nile. Lyell introduced the term to the geological literature in 1832, in his Principles of Geology. Deltas played an important role in the development of classical civilizations. They provided food, water for irrigation, and because of economical access to the sea and the land they became focal points for commerce. Present geological interest in deltas partly reflects the fact that ancient deltaic sediments provided reservoirs for a large portion of the world’s oil and gas reserves. Although large populations on deltas continue to testify to their agricultural and commercial value, they often suffer catastrophic natural disasters, from river flooding and marine inundation during storm surges.
Globalization and Urban Change
Authors: Olds Kris
Published: November 2023

This book provides a grounded analysis of globalization and urban change in the late 20th century. Drawing upon multi-locale field work in Vancouver, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Paris, and London, the author highlights the role of two transnational cultures - ethnic Chinese property developers and ‘brand name’ architects - in the planning and development of urban mega-projects. Case studies from Vancouver and Shanghai are used to analyse the nature of the transnational practices and networks that facilitate the production of new urban spaces in the Pacific Rim. This reflexive, situated, and interdisciplinary account affairs an alternative perspective to the abstract and economistic analyses that dominate our understanding of globalization and urban change. It will be of value to human geographers, urban planners, sociologists, anthropologists, architects, economists, and political scientists; all with an interest in the processes that reshape the modern city.
Intergovernmental Strategies to Reduce Stigma HIV/AIDS Education and Prevention
Authors: Takahashi Lois M
Published: November 2023

FROM the data presented in this book, it is clear that HIV/AIDS is largely seen as a negative, and even dangerous, condition. Although medical research continues to seek a better understanding of the biology of HIV/ AIDS, and researchers work to develop medical interventions both to treat and to prevent HIV/AIDS, there remains the widespread public fear of contagion.
Problematizing Fairness
Authors: Takahashi Lois M
Published: November 2023

Fairness in the context of the NIMBY syndrome has become increasingly problematic as diverse groups have immersed themselves in community opposition over human service facility siting. Historically disadvantaged communities have increasingly entered the fray of locational conflict over the siting of facilities associated with homelessness and HIV/AIDS. But to complicate matters even more, home owning and suburban residents too have claimed the NIMBY syndrome as expressive of grass-roots attempts to engage in the democratic process. That is, both disadvantaged and privileged communities have begun to use the language of social movements, community mobilization, and oppression to bolster their arguments concerning the undesirability of specific facilities.
Authority and Convention
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: November 2023

To justify the authority of the state we require an argument which establishes that an institution claiming supreme and wide-ranging authority over many people should be treated as having the power to create binding, content-independent reasons for them to act. In Chapter 2, it was shown that instrumental arguments to the effect that such institutions are particularly valuable must be indirect in nature. On particular occasions, authoritative directives may require acting against the balance of reasons. But it is often thought that this will indirectly serve important values. In this chapter and the next, I examine two popular and influential versions of that thesis.
Obedience and Civility
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: November 2023

If political obligation is not a realistic possibility, and if the state’s authority extends to some but not others, it may seem that anarchy cannot be far away. If people came to accept that political bonds in the modern state are more complex and more attenuated than traditional theories suggest, would it not weaken their tendency to obey and support just institutions? We all know how fragile the commitment to do one’s duty can be, how easily people are distracted by self-interest and shortsightedness. In view of the near universality of these human failings, how could the tendency to obey just institutions be anything other than a virtue? Whatever the merits of our arguments as matters of abstract political theory, some may feel that, taking people as they are, the practical consequences of accepting the views defended here would be malign.
Privatizing Public Enterprises
Authors: Graham Cosmo , Prosser Tony
Published: November 2023

This is the first book to use a comparative approach to examine the effects of different constitutional and legal traditions on privatization. Cosmo Graham and Tony Prosser focus on privatization in the UK and France. They suggest that the British Government was remarkably free from constitutional limitation, whereas in France the written constitution imposed important restrictions on the scope of privatization and on the arrangements of the pricing of shares. They go on to describe the links created between privatized enterprises and government by devices such a golden shares and analyse the constraints of competition law and the regulatory arrangements in Britain. They also compare the British regulatory agencies with those in the US, looking in particular at the way in which the influence of Federal and State constitutions has led to the incorporation of significant elements of openness in decision-making procedures. This detailed analysis of the effect of legal constraints on economic policy adds a constitutional dimension to what has primarily been seen as an economic issue, and will make a unique and valuable contribution to current debates in political studies.
The German Tradition of Organized Capitalism
Authors: Parnell Martin F
Published: November 2023

Dr Parnell provides a two-level analysis of the politics of government-industry relations in Germany. On the one hand, he presents an in-depth examination of the politics of the German coal industry. On the other, he offers a more general account of the characteristic relationship between state and industry in one of the most successful post-war economies. He argues that the crucial concept in understanding those relations is Selbstverwaltung (self-government). This notion, despite evolving over time, displays a continuity in its key features that serves to elucidate the unique position of the state in government-industry relations in Germany. The author argues that by shedding further light on existing theories of organized capitalism and corporatism, the notion of self-government can provide a basis for the analysis of broader socio-economic relations within the German-speaking world, and, in particular, the German economy's continued success.
Political Ideology and Party Members
Authors: Whiteley Paul , Seyd Patrick , Richardson Jeremy
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we examine the beliefs or attitude structures among the grass-roots Conservative party members, with the aim of ad dressing the question ‘What is contemporary Conservative ideol ogy?’ In addressing this question, the focus is not on Conservatism as a set of philosophical ideas which might be logically analysed or compared and contrasted with other belief systems, but rather Conservatism as a set of attitudes and beliefs in the minds of grass roots party members.
Europe of the Regions: Territorial Interests and European Integration: The Scottish Experience
Authors: Mazey Sonia , Mitchell James
Published: November 2023

The Treaty of Rome refers only to nation-states and national governments; regional and local authorities are not mentioned. Nor is there any provision in the founding Treaties for the formal representation of regional and local interests at the European Community (EC) level. In reality, however, subnational levels of government throughout the EC (with the notable exception of Britain) have acquired important new policy-making and legislative powers, especially in the field of socio-economic development. Within Britain, Scotland with its own legal system, separate administrative structures, and nationalist aspirations qualifies as an important regional entity. As their policy-making powers have expanded, regional authorities have become increasingly subject to and constrained by EC legislation. In this context, the ratification of the 1986 Single European Act and the establishment of the 1 January 1993 deadline for the completion of the Single European Market constituted an important turning-point.
Conclusion: A European Policy Style?
Authors: Mazey Sonia , Richardson Jeremy
Published: November 2023

Wyn Grant’s chapter advocated the need to avoid being mesmerized by the growing importance of Europe as a centre of decision making to the exclusion of analysing the continued importance of national lobbying as a means of influencing policy. In fact most national groups (and firms and quangos) are still heavily dependent on their ‘sponsoring’ ministries, for at least three reasons. First, despite the undoubted shift in power to Brussels and Strasbourg, much policy-making power still rests at the level of the nationstate. Many, if not most, key areas of social and economic life are still largely influenced by national governments as well as by the EC. Even with the further moves towards monetary union (and the existence of the Exchange Rate Mechanism, ERM), the management and development of national economies remains of central concern to national governments.
Introduction: The Twenty Years’ Crisis and the Category of ‘Idealism’ in International Relations
Authors: Wilson Peter
Published: November 2023

This volume examines a body of thought, predominant in the inter-war period, that has been almost universally denigrated ever since. It takes its title from E. H. Carr’s immensely influential The Twenty Years’ Crisis-a work which not only set the tone for subsequent discussion of inter-war thought, but also substantially shaped postwar attitudes towards it. Carr’s book occupies a special place in the historiography of International Relations. It is widely acknowledged as one of the few classics in the field, and it is probably the only undisputed classic. The exalted reputation of the book derives not just from its penetrating critique of what Carr chose to call ‘utopianism’. It also derives from three further attributes: its bold attempt to lay the foundations for a ‘science’ of international relations; its trenchant account and acute analysis of contemporary international problems; and its ability, fifty years on, to provoke and excite the intellect.
J.M. Keynes, Idealism, and the Economic Bases of Peace
Authors: Markwell D J
Published: November 2023

In 1935, a small book was published reprinting a debate from New Statesman and Nation on the question Does Capitalism Cause War?.In it, H. N. Brailsford, Harold Laski, and Frank Hardie argued that it did, and Sir Norman Angell that it did not. The Cambridge economist, John Maynard Keynes, was a member of the board of New Statesman, and a friend of its editor, Kingsley Martin. Keynes was undoubtedly aware of the New Statesman debate, and the wide currency that arguments about the economic causes of war had at that time. He was then working on a book that would revolutionize economics, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Unsurprisingly, in its final pages he addressed himself to the economic causes of war, and took a middle line between those who said that capitalism caused war, and those who argued that capitalism unhampered by trade or other restrictions brought peace.
Gunmen And Evangelicals
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: November 2023

WHAT in an ideal world do Ulster unionists want? Of all the imaginable futures, which ones are they prepared to swallow? One way of trying to answer those questions, used often enough, is the survey. A random sample of unionists—that is, people who wish to maintain the union between Northern Ireland and Great Britain—is chosen, a list of fixed questions put to them, their answers coded and analysed. There are obvious problems with this. First, our views about complex but important matters can rarely be expressed sensibly by picking one of four choices of answer to a question asked of us by a complete stranger. The prevalence of outdoor toilets is an issue for which surveys are well suited. The feeling of being lost in a world one does not understand is not.
The Changing Effects of Social Protection on Poverty
Authors: Nolan Brian , Hauser Richard , Zoyem* Jean-Paul
Published: November 2023

One of the principal concerns of this volume is the extent to which institutional differences across countries with respect to the labour market and social protection are a significant factor mediating the relationship between labour market precocity and social exclusion. This chapter focuses on the effectiveness of cash transfers, the central element of social protection systems, in alleviating the effects of unemployment on income poverty.
Unemployment and Cumulative Disadvantage in the Labour Market
Authors: Layte Richard , Levin Henrik , Hendrickx John , Bison Ivano
Published: November 2023

The general rise in unemployment and labour market instability experienced by most OECD countries since the late 1970s masked large differences within and between countries as to the groups effected. A number of explanations have been put forward to explain such differences in vulnerability to unemployment. Within countries, industrial restructuring and sectoral change have meant that skilled and unskilled manual occupations have become both less numerous and more unstable. It also has been argued (Averitt 1968; Galbraith 1969; O’Conner 1973) that OECD economies have been dividing into ‘core’ and ‘periphery’ sectors, the ‘core’ sector having greater employment stability because of the predominance of larger, unionized organizations.
Lone Mothers’ Poverty and Employment
Authors: Pedersen Lisbeth , Weise Hanne , Jacobs Sheila , White Michael
Published: November 2023

All European countries have experienced a rise in the number of lone mothers and several analyses have pointed to their exposed position in the society (Lewis 1997; Bradshaw et al. 1996). The crucial dilemma of the lone mother is her situation as a sole caregiver and a sole breadwinner. Variations in welfare state regimes may lead to significant divergence in the employment possibilities and income poverty of lone mothers in Europe. The classification of four types of welfare regimes would point to the universalistic regime, with high level of cash benefit, as a regime that offers lone mothers protection against poverty.
Introduction
Authors: Sayigh Yezid , Shlaim Avi
Published: November 2023

The Cold War lasted from the end of the Second World War in 1945 to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. During these four and a half decades, the Cold War dominated world politics; but despite intensive research and a voluminous literature, it remains one of the most enigmatic and elusive conflicts of modern times.
The Middle East, the Great Powers, and the Cold War
Authors: Halliday Fred
Published: November 2023

The international conflict known as the Cold War was the dominant issue in world politics from the late 1940s until the late 1980s. It involved competition, on a number of levels, between two rival blocs: if it was often focused on military rivalry, nuclear and conventional, it also involved rivalry for political influence, for diplomatic advantage, and for economic goals. To a considerable extent it was a conflict between two ways of life, two variant, competitive, and incompatible definitions of modernity. For many commentators, during and after the Cold War, the conflict was little different from other periods of rivalry between Great Powers and was, in essence, another chapter in the competition of such powers for domination on the international scene.
Egypt
Authors: Sha Adeed Dawi
Published: November 2023

That the Cold War had an impact on Egypt’s domestic and international behaviour is without doubt. After all, no behaviour occurs in isolation, and Egyptian leaders could hardly pursue their policies without being influenced consciously or subconsciously by the world beyond their borders. Thus, Egypt’s policies, like the policies of any other state, are determined at least as much by its own needs and the opportunities it is able to grasp as by the constraints imposed on it by the international system, the main feature of which was the Cold War.
Decontamination of former military bases in eastern Germany
Authors: Lehmann Karl , Escher Reiner
Published: November 2023

In what is today the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) an area of approximately 950 000 hectares (ha) is used or has been used for military purposes. Close to one-third of the federal state of Brandenburg was used by the military. Four groups-the German Army (Bundeswehr); the Allied forces and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); the National People’s Army (NVA) and the Frontier Troops (GT) of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR); and the Western Group of the former Soviet Army (WGT)-each used approximately one-fourth of the area.
Postwar destruction of chemical weapons in the former German Democratic Republic
Authors: Lobs* Karlheinz
Published: November 2023

It is well known that during World War II Germany made preparations for chemical warfare and was, indeed, substantially ahead of the Allies in its research and development and in some cases in its production of chemical weapons. Documentation from the 1945-46 Nuremberg War Crime Trials and postwar research in Germany and elsewhere have abundantly substantiated this.1 Additional evidence was presented at various conferences in 1989-92.2 All give strong testimony to the complexity of the task of doing away with chemical weapons in the decade immediately following World War IL Too often those responsible for demolition did not have adequate knowledge about the type, the capability or the manufacturing history of the weapons with which they had to deal. In the postwar period the primary weapon disposal problem in Germany was lack of information.
Introduction
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

The study of coercion in international relations remains dominated by work undertaken in the United States during the cold-war period and distorted through the preoccupation with deterrence. In the context of the sharp East-West divide during the four decades following the Second World War the most pressing strategic problem for the United States was to contain Soviet power. This involved a very specific form of coercion, one state dissuading another from initiating hostile acts, in a very specific form, involving the two superpowers and the threat of nuclear war.
Constructing a Democratic Developmental State
Authors: White Gordon
Published: November 2023

If the 1980s saw the rise of a new orthodoxy about the develop¬ mental role of states in Third World societies, the early 1990s saw the rise of a new orthodoxy about the developmental role of political re¬ gimes. Buttressed by neo-classical economic theory, the former criticized the developmental states of the post-colonial era for excessive economic intervention, advocating a reduction in their role and a freeing up of markets and private enterprise along neo-liberal lines. The latter extended this to a critique of political dirigisme, emphasizing the eco¬nomic as well as political costs of authoritarian regimes and advocat¬ ing a transition to democracy along conventional liberal lines.
‘Fiddling with Democracy’ Translating Women’s Participation in Politics in Uganda and South Africa into Gender Equity in Development Practice
Authors: Goetz Anne Marie
Published: November 2023

Has political liberalization in developing countries enhanced women’s participation in politics, and the representation of their interests in development policy-making? In some currently democratizing countries, the answer to the first part of this question is increasingly positive. There is nothing in democratic institutions or processes per se which favours gender equity, indeed, democratically constituted govern¬ments have long been able to deny women equitable participation (let alone the vote). But gender-sensitive cultural and structural changes in the institutions of rule can bring more women into politics, as is be¬ing demonstrated today in both Uganda and South Africa, which now rank above many developed countries in terms of women’s numerical representation in national legislatures.
British—West German Relations, 1945—1972
Authors: Deighton Anne
Published: November 2023

The rhythms of the histories of West Germany and Britain between 1945 and 1972 have been strikingly different, and the day-to-day pattern of their relations over this period has been uneven. It is hard to analyse a bilateral relationship that developed during a rapidly changing period of history, but it is possible to discern threads of continuity in AngloGerman relations in the context of European integration. The continuities can be best understood first in the context of the different approaches to power politics adopted in Britain and West Germany, and second, through the wider pattern of interstate relations as they developed in this period. After a brief account of the changes in the fortunes of the two countries between 1945 and 1972, these two themes will be developed, followed by snapshots of Anglo-German relations at two critical junctures, 1954—5 and 1958—63. If the story is one of success for the Federal Republic, the opposite is true for Britain.
Britain and the GDR: Political and Economic Relations, 1949—1989
Authors: Larres Klaus
Published: November 2023

Official political and economic relations between Britain and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) were only established in early 1973—almost twenty-five years after the founding of the East German state in October 1949. However, due to Britain’s important and jealously guarded position as one of the four occupation powers in Berlin, London never ignored the developments in the eastern zone of Germany. Both before and after 1973, British governments of all persuasions remained deeply distrustful of the unelected East German government and opposed to its authoritarian and undemocratic political system. In particular, during the 1950s very little contact existed between Britain and the GDR. In April 1954, after the Soviet Union had declared the GDR a sovereign country, Britain, France, and the United States felt the necessity to publicly reiterate the western world’s strategy towards the GDR. They announced that they would ‘continue to regard the Soviet Union as the responsible Power for the Soviet Zone of Germany’ and were thus not prepared to ‘recognise the sovereignty of the East German regime which is not based on free elections’. The three allied powers did ‘not intend to deal with it as a Government’. Moreover, they were convinced that this view would ‘be shared by other states who, like themselves, will continue to recognise the Government of the Federal Republic as the only freely elected and legally constituted government in Germany…’.
Britain, Germany, and the Deepening of Europe: The Role of Domestic Norms and Institutions
Authors: Buller Jim , Jeffery Charlie
Published: November 2023

The parallel Intergovernmental Conferences (IGCs) on Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and Political Union which culminated in the Maastricht Summit in December 1991 produced the most significant extension of the scope of European integration since the Rome Treaties. This in part continued the impetus established by the Single European Act and the 1992 Single Market Programme it spawned, with further steps in economic integration. In particular EMU came to be seen as necessary to consolidate the Single Market and maintain Europe’s competitiveness in an increasingly internationalized economic environment. In addition, the end of the cold war, and German unification in particular, added a new slant to the integration process. The end of the cold war ‘unbound’ a German ‘Gulliver’1 hitherto tied down by the sclerotic nature of cold war international relations. This image of an unrestrained Germany revived one of the founding philosophies of the European integration process: integrate in order to bind German power into multi-lateral structures.
The Political Culture of the Russian ‘Democrats’
Authors: Lukin Alexander
Published: November 2023

The Political Culture of Russian Democrats examines the origins and development of the world view of those who call themselves ‘democrats’ in Russian in the last years of the USSR. The book develops a distinct approach to the study of political culture and applies it to a specific social group-members of the democratic movement in Soviet Russia. The author examines the emergence of the ideas of Russian ‘democrats’ during the Gorbachev era in Soviet politics, and traces the development of those beliefs in the post-Soviet era. The book argues that the liberal and democratic terminology of western politics were assimilated by Russian political culture, with the terms acquiring a different meaning.
The Bi-polar World: Soviet Totalitarianism and Western Civilization
Authors: Lukin Alexander
Published: November 2023

The majority of Russian ‘democrats’ saw the world as divided into two parts: the zone of ‘democracy’ and the zone of ‘totalitarianism’. Society in the countries of the ‘democratic’ zone was also defined as ‘Western’, ‘normal’, or ‘civilized’, these terms usually being used as synonyms. In contrast, societies in the ‘totalitarian’ zone were linked to ‘dictatorship’, ‘despotism’ (or ‘oriental despotism’), ‘Communist regimes’, ‘partocracy’, etc.
Austria: The End of Proportional Governrnent?
Authors: Bullmann Udo
Published: November 2023

Austria is a federal republic with a population of some 8 million people; it comprises nine independent Lander (federal states): Burgenland, Karnten (Carinthia), Niederosterreich (Lower Austria), Oberosterreich (Upper Austria), Salzburg, Steiermark (Styria), Tirol (Tyrol), Vorarlberg, and Wien (Vienna). The Austrian constitution is founded on a number of other fundamental principles: federalism, democracy, republicanism, and the rule of law. Any new legal provision which has a bearing on any of these priniciples could be implemented only by means of an amendment to the constitution and ratified by referendum.
The Netherlands: Reinventing Tradition in Local and Regional Democracy
Authors: Hendriks Frank
Published: November 2023

Towns and municipalities have played a key role in the history of state formation in the Netherlands. ·within the wider association of the Holy Roman Empire, towns and municipalities enjoyed more or less autonomous status. Under the Burgundians and Spanish Hapsburgs, there were various attempts at centralization, but they were ultimately unsuccessful. In the years after 1568, towns and municipalities in the northern Netherlands became increasingly independent from Spanish-Hapsburg rule. The Republic of the Seven United Provinces was declared in 1588. This republic, which existed until 1795, was a highly decentralized federation with a weak government. Sovereignty lay with the provinces, de facto and de jure. The provinces in their turn were highly dependent on local administrations, especially the western provinces. The governing culture of the republic was one of improvisation, horizontal consultation between partners who were very dependent upon each other. Both ‘priest’ (referring to the dominant Calvinist ethos) and ‘merchant’ (referring to the Dutch spirit of commercialism) were influential in this political culture. Cooperation between the public and private sectors was tried very successfully in the Republic.
Towards Partitioned Cities in the Netherlands? Changing Patterns of Segregation in a Highly Developed Welfare State
Authors: Kempen Ronald van
Published: November 2023

Dutch society in general and Dutch cities in particular are quite unlike those of many other western European countries and the United States. In the Netherlands. long-standing state policies in the field of welfare, social security, and housing have blurred the relation between household income and one’s place of residence. Especially in the large cities. socially homogeneous areas are rare, certainly at the lower end of the scale. Ethnically homogeneous neighbourhoods do not exist in the Netherlands, nor do neighbourhoods without a substantial number of Dutch natives.
From Egalitarian Cities in Theory to Non-egalitarian Cities in Practice: The Changing Social and Spatial Patterns in Polish Cities
Authors: Węclawowicz Grzegorz
Published: November 2023

This chapter forms part of a set of contributions on the spatial effects of the post-communist transformation in former eastern Europe (see also Wę clawowicz 1992; 1996). The concern here is with the effects on the urban areas in Poland. The main issue is the pattern of disparities formed in urban space under communism and in the post-communist period after 1989. It is shown here how the inherited pattern of the socialist city, together with the new processes introduced by the post-communist transformation became the sources for the formation of a new intra-urban pattern in Poland. While the legacy of the past is still the most important explanatory element of current socio-spatial disparities, the new market forces are rapidly gaining importance, resulting in a growing polarization between different areas within the city in terms of income.
Institutionalizing Post-war Japanese Political Economy: Industrial Policy Revisited
Authors: Kume Ikuo
Published: November 2023

Political economists have been focusing on the interaction of ‘state’ and ‘market’. ‘Whereas powerful market forces in the form of trade, money, and foreign investment tend to jump national boundaries, to escape political control, and to integrate societies, the tendency of government is to restrict, to channel, and to make economic activities serve the perceived interests of the state and of powerful groups within it.’1 The conflict between state and market has been one of substantial driving forces behind modern history. Thus, many political economists, not only Japan specialists but also comparativists, have tried to find the reasons for Japan’s post World War II rapid economic growth by focusing on the interaction between state and market.
State Capacity in the RoC and PRC: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Wu An-Chia
Published: November 2023

This chapter will first try to define the term ‘state capacity’ so as to propose criteria in comparing state capacity in the Republic of China on Taiwan (RoC) and the People’s Republic of China (PRC), and then examine the national development strategy and goals of the two sides and the obstacles they may confront in the process of pursuing their goals.

Alfred Stepan maintains that a ‘state’, being more than a ‘government’, is the continuous administrative, legal, bureaucratic, and coercive systems that attempt not only to structure the relationship between civil society and public authority but also many crucial relationships within civil society as well. Stepan defines states as actors or government officials who enjoy great internal organizational strength through existing state organizations and also enjoy a unified sense of ideological purpose about the desirability of using state intervention to ensure political order and promote national economic development.
State Control and Social Control in China
Authors: Bakken Børge
Published: November 2023

Wang Shaoguang and Hu Angang’s definition of state capacity refers to the ability of the state central government to transform its will and purposes into reality. They operate with four categories of state capacity: financial extraction; control; legitimation; and coercion. Wang and Hu concentrate on financial extractive capacity as the most important aspect and the foundation for the realization of the other aspects of state capacity. In this chapter I will touch on the effects of reforms for the control apparatus, and I will put greater stress on control capacity and coercive capacity and practices, than on the economic aspects as such. Legitimacy flows not only from the regime’s ability to mobilize economic resources and to achieve growth, but also from the success the regime has in implementing order in society. The problem is summed up in the Chinese Communist Party slogan about material and spiritual civilization, and I see material civilization as a code word for growth, and spiritual civilization as a code word for order. The aim of the regime is to establish legitimacy through growth and order. I will look at policing and control during the reforms and the state’s ability to mobilize resources of society in this respect. Wang and Hu, in stressing their point about financial extraction have a tendency to see the other types of capacity as mainly economic entities.
Globalization, Sovereignty, and Transnational Regulation: Reshaping the Governance of International Migration
Authors: Overbeek Henk
Published: November 2023

Today’s international ‘regime’ covering the trans-border movement of people is inadequate in the face of the challenges posed by the new forms of migra tion of the past two decades. The legal framework for dealing with refugee movements was essentially a product of the Cold War, reflecting the world’s experience with the (European) refugee problems of the 1930s and 1940s caused by Nazism and Stalinism. Policies dealing with labour migration and related issues of family reunification etc. are constructed in strictly national frameworks. Immigration is treated by most states as a threat to their national security or to their socio-economic stability.
Political Recruitment and Elite Transformation in Modern Portugal 1870–1999: The Late Arrival of Mass Representation
Authors: Mag-One José M
Published: November 2023

While the first forms of parliamentary institutions in Portugal can be traced back to the early thirteenth century, a modern form of parliamentary representation based on universal suffrage and full party competition was only established in 1975. Most of the history of Portuguese parliamentarism is characterized by regime discontinuity, patrimonial forms of representation, and last, but not least, lack of professionalization and routinization (Magone 1997a). The executive, thanks to its dominance over the parliamentary institution, played a major role in the control of access to parliamentary institutions until the Revolution of Carnations on 25 April 1974. The methods of control varied from the establishment of a sophisticated electoral machine, as happened in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, and to violent means of coercion, as in Salazar’s authoritarian regime. The composition of Portuguese parliaments between 1822 and 1975 was heavily influenced or even fully defined by the respective ruling executive. Clientelism and patronage, together with nepotism and frequent cases of family inheritance, led to a high level of continuity of parliamentary personnel under the constitutional monarchy between 1870 and 1910. During the First Republic (1910-26), parliamentary elites were, on the contrary, to experience a greater discontinuity due to the high levels of political violence and governmental instability leading repeatedly to early elections.
Sampling invertebrates: aquatic environments
Authors: New T R
Published: November 2023

This chapter outlines the principles and conditions for use of some of the techniques used to sample invertebrates from aquatic habitats, both fresh¬ water and marine. Many of the principles and apparatus are similar for the two habitats, but there are numerous differences due to scale and ease of access. Many of the marine-based devices used in deeper waters are, in essence, commercial fishing devices and may need to be operated from ships; large dredges and trawls, for example, may also need several kilometres of cable to allow operation in deep water, whereas similar devices for smaller freshwater bodies may need no more than a few metres of rope to permit efficient operation. Rather than towing a net at great depth, it may then be feasible to throw it from a pond bank and haul it back by an attached line. Such marine sampling devices are, in essence, remote and outside the immediate control of the operator. From the ecologist’s point of view, they provide only minimal data sets with little idea of sampling efficiency or representativeness, because the performance of the devices cannot be moni¬tored adequately at great depths.
Taxonomy and target groups for conservation studies
Authors: New T R
Published: November 2023

The practicalities of sampling and sample analysis, particularly the recogni¬tion and identification of taxa at finer levels of separation, tend to ensure that not all the groups of organisms in invertebrate surveys are processed for incorporation into analysis, synthesis and decision-making. The dearth of practical identification guides, coupled with many of the existing ones being incomplete, outdated, and unreliable, so that they cannot be used with confidence by non-specialists, comes as a surprise to many biologists familiar with better-known animal groups. There is little realistic short-term prospect of reliable guides becoming available for most invertebrate groups in many parts of the world. Even for the best-known groups in the most completely documented faunas, problems of identification are not infrequent. Although many groups of macro-invertebrates are understood reasonably well-so that in Britain, for example, taxonomy has progressed well beyond the descriptive phase for some groups-this is more usually not the case.
Sparse Numerical Linear Algebra: Direct Methods and Preconditioning
Authors: Duff Iain S
Published: November 2023

In common with many of my co-authors in this volume, my starting point was to read the review on this subject given at the last State of the Art meeting in Birmingham. The article “Sparse Matrices” was authored by John Reid, and it is perhaps significant that it covered both iterative and direct methods, the subject of two talks at this meeting. Indeed, although I have been working in this field for about twenty five years, I find it amazing how many advances have occurred in the last ten, necessitating the dual lectures of this meeting. Although this paper is primarily on direct methods, I also include a section on preconditioning techniques for use with iterative methods.
The Numerical Solution of Boundary Integral Equations
Authors: Atkinson Kendall E
Published: November 2023

Much of the research on the numerical analysis of Fredholm type integral equations during the past ten years has centered on the solution of boundary integral equations (BIE). A great deal of this research has been on the numerical solution of BIE on simple closed boundary curves S for planar regions. When a BIE is defined on a smooth curve S, there are many numerical methods for solving the equation. The numerical analysis of most such problems is now well-understood, for both BIE of the first and second kind, with many people having contributed to the area. For the case with the BIE defined on a curve S which is only piecewise smooth, new numerical methods have been developed during the past decade. Such methods for BIE of the second kind were developed in the mid to late 80s; and more recently, high order collocation methods have been given and analyzed for BIE of the first kind.
A Review of Methods for Multivariable Interpolation at Scattered Data Points
Authors: Powell M J D
Published: November 2023

We Study three different kinds of methods for constructing the interpolant when the positions of the data points are general. Firstly, s may be formed from polynomial pieces. Secondly, some algorithms are designed for the case when s(£) is required for only a finite number of values of£ that can be treated individually, so the form of s as a function is less important than the ability to generate each s(£) efficiently from the data.
Finite Element Methods for Hyperbolic Problems: a Posteriori Error Analysis and Adaptivity
Authors: Siili Endre , Houston Paul
Published: November 2023

Partial differential equations of hyperbolic type are of fundamental importance in many areas of applied mathematics, particularly fluid dynamics and electromagnetics. Solutions to these equations exhibit localised phenomena, such as propagating discontinuities and sharp transition layers, and their reliable numerical approximation presents a challenging computational task; indeed, in order to resolve such localised features in an accurate and efficient manner it is essential to use adaptively refined computational meshes whose construction is governed by sharp a posteriori error bounds. Over the last decade the a posteriori error analysis of finite element methods for partial differential equations of hyperbolic and nearly-hyperbolic character has been a subject of intensive research. For an overview of current activity in this area we refer to the article of Johnson [11]; see also [10-13], and references therein. The approach proposed in those papers, and reviewed in the next section, rests on performing an elliptic regularisation of the hyperbolic problem and exploiting the smoothing properties of the resulting adjoint problem in conjunction with Galerkin orthogonality.
Interpolation and recovery
Authors: Partington Jonathan R
Published: November 2023

This chapter will be concerned first with an operator-theoretic approach to some of the classical problems of interpolation in the Hardy spaces, such as those of Nevanlinna and Pick, or Carathéodory and Fejér, where one asks whether there is an analytic function f satisfying certain interpolation constraints together with an inequality on the norm of f. This will lead on to a discussion of interpolation and zero sets for the disc algebra, where the main interest is constructing functions with prescribed boundary values and we shall derive results such as the celebrated Rudin-Carleson theorem.
Approach Spaces
Authors: Lowen R
Published: November 2023

In topology the three basic concepts of metrics, topologies and uniformities have been treated so far as separate entities by means of different methods and terminology. This is the first book to treat all three as a special case of the concept of approach spaces. This theory provides an answer to natural questions in the interplay between topological and metric spaces by introducing a uniquely well suited supercategory of TOP and MET. The theory makes it possible to equip initial structures of metricizable topological spaces with a canonical structure, preserving the numerical information of the metrics. It provides a solid basis for approximation theory, turning ad hoc notions into canonical concepts, and it unifies topological and metric notions. The book explains the richness of approach structures in great detail; it provides a comprehensive explanation of the categorical set-up, develops the basic theory and provides many examples, displaying links with various areas of mathematics such as approximation theory, probability theory, analysis and hyperspace theory.
Simulation of nucleic acid structure
Authors: Miller Jennifer L , III, Thomas E Cheatham , Kollman Peter A
Published: November 2023

In this Cahpter we briefly introduce the importance and usefulness of applyling molecular mechanical models to studies of nucleic acid syterms Section1, on force fields for nucleic acids, acids, and section 2, and introduction to simulation methods discuss the more important methodoogical issues encountered i theorectical studies of nucleic and systems, reviews thee history of both in vacuoand solution phase simulations.
The single-crystal structures of Z-DNA
Authors: Basham Beth , Eichman, Brandt F , Ho P Shing
Published: November 2023

Z-DNA is a highly unique and unusual structure in biology. It is a left-handed double-helix, which, at the time of its discovery in 1979, was dramatically different from any of the known forms of DNA or RNA. Prior to the characterization of Z-DNA by crystallography, the fibre diffraction X-ray structures of naturally occurring and synthetic DNAs were all right-handed helices, with B-DNA, first described by Watson and Crick (1), and A-DNA, described by Franklin and Gosling (2) immediately afterwards, being the predominant models for the double-helix in solution and in the cell.
DNA bending by adenine-thymine tracts
Authors: Crothers Donald M , Shakked Zippora
Published: November 2023

Fifteen years have elapsed since the observations of Marini et al. (1) which associated DNA bending or curvature with the anomalously slow electrophoretic mobility and fast overall rotational relaxation observed for DNA restriction fragments from the kinetoplast body of Leishmania tarentolae. Confirmation of increased curvature soon followed, using techniques such as electric birefringence decay (2) and electron microscopy (3). The sequences responsible for bending were identified as tracts of oligo (dA):oligo (dT), each about half a helical turn long, repeated in phase with the DNA helical screw (4). The experiment on which this conclusion was based relied on the slow electrophoretic mobility of a molecule containing a bend at its centre, compared with a circularly permuted sequence variant in which the bend is at the end. A simple rule of thumb in interpreting such experiments is that the shorter the end-to-end distance in molecules of equal contour length, the slower the electrophoretic mobility (5). Gel electrophoretic methods for characterizing DNA bending have been reviewed by Crothers and Drak (6).
Codes and Algebraic Curves
Authors: Pretzel Oliver
Published: November 2023

The geometry of curves has fascinated mathematicians for 2500 years, and the theory has become highly abstract. Recently links have been made with the subject of error correction, leading to the creation of geometric Goppa codes, a new and important area of coding theory. This book is an updated and extended version of the last part of the successful book Error-Correcting Codes and Finite Fields. It provides an elementary introduction to Goppa codes, and includes many examples, calculations, and applications. The book is in two parts with an emphasis on motivation, and applications of the theory take precedence over proofs of theorems. The formal theory is, however, provided in the second part of the book, and several of the concepts and proofs have been simplified without sacrificing rigour.
Introduction: curves and codes
Authors: Pretzel Oliver
Published: November 2023

The Aegean island of Delos was one of the great centres of worship of Apollo in ancient Greece. His cave temple stands there to this day. According to an apocryphal story an oracle required the Delians to double the size of a cubical altar. They initially responded by placing a second cube next to the first, but this was rejected. A second attempt created a monstrous altar with double the side length of the original. This too was rejected and it became clear that the requirement was to construct a cubic altar of exactly twice the volume of the original.
Geometric Issues in Quantum Gravity
Authors: Ashtekar Abhay
Published: November 2023

I was a post-doc in Roger Penrose’s group in Oxford in tlie mid-seventies and I learned a great deal during those two years with Roger; indeed, more than in any comparable period in my subsequent academic career. This, of course, included much technical material in general relativity and geometry. However, I learned something even more valuable, something intangible and deeper, just watching Roger select scientific problems and arrive at solutions with his unique geometric insights, almost effortlessly, with a touch of magic. Since then, his way of approaching science has continued to have a deep influence on all my work. It is therefore an honour and a pleasure for me to contribute to this volume.