bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of vibroacoustic therapy on the functional status of patients with gonarthrosis. A preliminary report
Authors: Skopowska Agnieszka , Biernacki Maciej , Dekowska Monika , Ożóg Piotr , Grochowska Anna
Published: January 2015

Cel pracy: Gonartroza jest chorobą, w której dochodzi do zaburzenia równowagi pomiędzy procesami regeneracji oraz degradacji chrząstki stawowej. Do jej głównych objawów należą: ból, obrzęk, sztywność, ograniczenie funkcji, a także deformacje stawu. Jedną z dostępnych, choć nowych, form leczenia zachowawczego gonartrozy jest terapia wibroakustyczna wywołująca w tkankach mikro­wibracje – wykorzystująca fale dźwiękowe o zmiennej częstotliwości i amplitudzie. Celem badania była ocena wpływu terapii wibroakustycznej na stan funkcjonalny osób z gonartrozą.

Materiał i metody: Czterdzieści cztery osoby powyżej 44. roku życia z gonartrozą poddano 10 zabiegom terapii wibroakustycznej za pomocą aparatu Vitafon-T, w zmiennym przedziale częstotliwości 30–18 000 Hz. Zabiegi trwały 15 min. W celu oceny skuteczności terapii przed jej zastosowaniem i po jej zakończeniu dokonano pomiarów: bólu (skala VAS), obwodów stawów oraz testów czynnościowych (Time Up and Go – TUG), uśrednionego czasu chodu na dystansie 6 m oraz testu przysiadów. Analizę statystyczną wykonano za pomocą testu Wilcoxona, za poziom istotności przyjęto p < 0,0001.

Wyniki: W badanej grupie zaobserwowano zmniejszenie dolegliwości bólowych średnio o 1,9 pkt w skali VAS u 77% badanych, obwodu leczonych stawów u 91% osób oraz czasu wykonania testu TUG u 96%. Liczba wykonanych przysiadów zwiększyła się u 82% pacjentów. Wszystkie wyniki osiągnęły istotność statystyczną na poziomie p < 0,0001. Chód swobodny poprawił się u 91% badanych, wynik ten nie był jednak statystycznie istotny.

Wnioski: Terapia wibroakustyczna przyniosła pozytywne efekty lecznicze o charakterze przeciwbólowym i przeciwobrzękowym, co wpłynęło również na poprawę sprawności funkcjonalnej w grupie pacjentów z gonartrozą. Badania wymagają jednak rozszerzenia na inne grupy pacjentów o zróżnicowanej etiologii chorobowej, zanim upowszechni się jej stosowanie w ośrodkach rehabilitacyjnych podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej.
Renal involvement in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Raczkiewicz Anna , Nowak Zbigniew , Tłustochowicz Witold
Published: January 2015

Choroba nerek nadal stanowi istotny problem u chorych na reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów (RZS). Ograniczoną funkcję nerek stwierdza się u 5–50% chorych i występuje ona częściej niż w populacji ogólnej. W ciągu ostatnich dziesięcioleci obraz choroby nerek zmienił się dzięki stosowaniu wcześniejszego i bardziej agresywnego leczenia choroby podstawowej. Leki o działaniu nefrotoksycznym są wycofane lub rzadko używane. Dzięki skutecznemu zahamowaniu procesu zapalnego częstość występowania amyloidozy jest mniejsza, jak również rzadko obserwuje się inne ciężkie powikłania aktywnej choroby, takie jak zapalenie naczyń. Ostra niewydolność nerek występuje obecnie bardzo rzadko, jednak przewlekła choroba nerek nadal jest przyczyną zwiększonej chorobowości i śmiertelności. Badania z ostatnich lat koncentrują się na zależności przewlekłej choroby nerek i przewlekłych chorób sercowo-naczyniowych. Zależność ta wydaje się porównywalna do obserwowanej u chorych na cukrzycę. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących powikłań nerkowych u chorych na RZS z uwzględnieniem wyników badań histopatologicznych, czynników ryzyka i wskaźników uszkodzenia nerek.
Osteoarthritis – a multifactorial issue
Authors: Koszowska Aneta , Hawranek Robert , Nowak Justyna
Published: January 2015

Choroba zwyrodnieniowa stawów to postępujący proces chorobowy będący przyczyną bólu, zmian strukturalnych oraz funkcjonalnych w zajętych stawach. Coraz częstsze występowanie tej choroby ma związek z wydłużeniem czasu trwania życia ludzkiego oraz z epidemią otyłości. Ten proces chorobowy jest przyczyną utraty samodzielności. Obecnie leczenie przede wszystkim polega na łagodzeniu objawów bólowych i obejmuje: stosowanie niesteroidowych leków przeciwzapalnych, suplementów diety zawierających siarczan chondroityny, glukozaminę, iniekcje dostawowe z kwasem hialuronowym. Ważnym aspektem terapeutycznym jest stosowanie zabiegów fizjoterapeutycznych. Leczenie powinno obejmować również postępowanie niefarmakologiczne oparte na edukacji zdrowotnej pacjenta, zmniejszenie masy ciała, pomoce ortopedyczne, sprzęt ułatwiający poruszanie się oraz ćwiczenia kinezyterapeutyczne, fizykoterapię. Artykuł stanowi przegląd literatury w zakresie choroby zwyrodnieniowej stawów, jej patofizjologii oraz leczenia.
Clinical forms of granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Authors: Madej Marta , Matuszewska Agnieszka , Białowąs Katarzyna , Wiland Piotr
Published: January 2015

Ziarniniakowatość z zapaleniem naczyń (GPA) należy do układowych chorób tkanki łącznej. Martwiczym procesem zapalnym objęte są małe i średnie naczynia krwionośne. U 80–95% pacjentów stwierdza się obecność przeciwciał skierowanych przeciwko proteinazie 3 (cANCA, PR3-ANCA). W typowym przebiegu choroby opisuje się występowanie zmian w górnych i dolnych drogach oddechowych oraz w nerkach. Symptomatologia schorzenia jest jednak szeroka. Obejmuje m.in. zajęcie narządu wzroku, słuchu, ośrodkowego i obwodowego układu nerwowego, serca czy przewodu pokarmowego. W przebiegu choroby może także wystąpić rozlane krwawienie pęcherzykowe i zespół płucno-nerkowy. Rozpoznanie ziarniniakowatości z zapaleniem naczyń może stwarzać liczne trudności diagnostyczne, szczególnie w przypadkach z ograniczonymi zmianami narządowymi, o nietypowym przebiegu lub w postaciach seronegatywnych. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono diagnostykę różnicową tego schorzenia.
Fifth Inflammation Forum INFORM 2014

Moscow, April 4–6, 2014
Authors: J. Kucharz Eugeniusz
Published: January 2015

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Relevance of application of the Yamaguchi criteria for patients with suspected juvenile idiopathic arthritis in the absence of arthritis symptoms
Authors: El Hamshary Azza , Marzouk Huda , Khalifa Nawal M. , Sawy Dina H. El
Published: January 2015

Cel pracy: Młodzieńcze idiopatyczne zapalenie stawów (MIZS) o początku układowym charakteryzuje to, że zapaleniu stawów towarzyszy ogólnoustrojowy stan zapalny. Początek zapalenia stawów u dzieci często występuje z opóźnieniem. Celem badania było ustalenie, czy możliwe jest stosowanie kryteriów Yamaguchi (używanych w chorobie Stilla u dorosłych) do rozpoznawania MIZS o początku układowym, zwłaszcza przy braku objawów zapalenia stawów.

Materiał i metody: Badanie przekrojowe obejmowało 30 pacjentów z MIZS o początku układowym, których pediatra zakwalifikował jako „zdecydowany” przypadek MIZS (spełnione kryteria klasyfikacji ILAR) lub „podejrzenie” MIZS (niespełnione kryteria klasyfikacji ILAR). Dla każdego pacjenta odnotowano wszystkie kryteria ILAR i kryteria Yamaguchi spełnione w chwili pierwszego zgłoszenia.

Wyniki: Do badania zakwalifikowano 16 chłopców i 14 dziewczynek. U 10 pacjentów podejrzewano MIZS o początku układowym z uwagi na obecność typowych cech układowych przy jednoczesnym braku spełnienia kryteriów ILAR, a zwłaszcza braku objawów zapalenia stawów u 9 z tych chorych. W badaniu więcej pacjentów spełniało kryteria Yamaguchi (23/30; 76,7%) niż kryteria ILAR (20/30; 66,7%). Kryteria Yamaguchi spełniało 10 pacjentów z podejrzeniem MIZS o początku układowym, a u 11 osób (36,7%) zapalenie stawów wystąpiło z opóźnieniem. Ogółem 30 pacjentów uczestniczących w badaniu (100%) spełniało albo kryteria ILAR, albo kryteria Yamaguchi.

Wnioski: Istnieje podgrupa pacjentów z MIZS o początku układowym, u których objawy zapalenia stawów nie są obecne bądź występują z opóźnieniem. Wykorzystanie kryteriów Yamaguchi w tej grupie pacjentów może być przydatne w rozpoznawaniu i leczeniu choroby. Niezbędne są dalsze badania nad stosowaniem kryteriów dodatkowych zwiększających znaczenie zarówno kryteriów Yamaguchi, jak i kryteriów ILAR.
HELLP syndrome: a complication or a new autoimmune syndrome?
Authors: Triggianese Paola , Perricone Carlo , Perricone Roberto , Carolis Caterina De
Published: January 2015

Zespół HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) jest schorzeniem występującym u kobiet w ciąży. Składają się na niego następujące objawy: hemoliza ze zwiększonym stężeniem dehydrogenazy mleczanowej, zwiększonym stężeniem enzymów wątrobowych oraz obniżona liczba płytek krwi. Zespół HELLP uznawany jest za ciężką postać zaburzeń nadciśnieniowych wywołanych ciążą, do których należą także stan przedrzucawkowy oraz rzucawka. Objawy zaburzeń zaczynają pojawiać się od 20. tygodnia ciąży. Wszystkie te choroby mają charakter wieloukładowy, specyficzny dla ciąży i wiążą się ze wzrostem ciśnienia krwi oraz podwyższoną chorobowością/śmiertelnością noworodków i matek. Badania obserwacyjne wskazują, że leczenie zespołu HELLP lekami steroidowymi może przynieść poprawę parametrów hematologicznych i biochemicznych u matek, a także poprawę rokowania u noworodków. Celem niniejszej pracy jest wykazanie, że zespół HELLP można uznać za niezależne schorzenie autoimmunologiczne. Biomarkery immunologiczne mogą być użytecznym narzędziem usprawniającym diagnostykę i leczenie kobiet z zespołem HELLP dzięki określeniu etiologii leżącej u podłoża tego zespołu.
Juvenile fibromyalgia syndrome. Interdisciplinary treatment
Authors: Siuchnińska Hanna
Published: January 2015

Fibromialgia należy do grupy zespołów bólowych określanych mianem „reumatyzmu tkanek miękkich”, o niejasnej etiologii. Charakteryzuje się przewlekłym, uogólnionym bólem oraz dodatkowymi objawami, do których najczęściej zalicza się: zmęczenie, zaburzenia snu i nastroju, problemy poznawcze. Coraz więcej danych wskazuje na to, że fibromialgia może mieć swój początek w wieku młodzieńczym, a nawet w dzieciństwie, przez co niekorzystnie oddziałuje na proces rozwojowy chorych i sprzyja powstawaniu dysfunkcyjnych relacji rodzinnych i społecznych. Z uwagi na wieloaspektowy charakter choroby efektywne leczenie fibromialgii bywa trudne i wymaga kompleksowej opieki.
 Praca stanowi przegląd najczęściej zalecanych terapii wchodzących w skład zintegrowanych programów, które są stosowane w leczeniu młodzieńczego zespołu fibromialgii.
Benign joint hypermobility syndrome
Authors: Słowińska Iwona , Rutkowska-Sak Lidia
Published: January 2015

Łagodny zespół nadmiernej ruchomości stawów (BJHS), zwany potocznie zespołem nadmiernej wiotkości więzadeł, jest zaliczany do niezapalnych chorób reumatycznych. Charakteryzuje się przekraczającą prawidłowy zakres amplitudą ruchu w stawach kończyn i kręgosłupa. W wieku przedszkolnym częstość występowania tego zespołu szacuje się na 2–30%, zależnie od przynależności etnicznej (częściej jest stwierdzany wśród Azjatów i Afrykańczyków), najczęściej w rodzinach obciążonych tą chorobą i częściej u dziewczynek. W pracy opisano przypadek 12-letniej dziewczynki, u której szeroka diagnostyka różnicowa nawracających objawów zapalenia stawów kolanowych z wysiękami i bólami tych stawów pozwoliła na rozpoznanie BJHS. Dziewczynka spełniała kryteria BRIGHTON, w tym 7 z 9 punktów w skali Beinghton. W leczeniu tego zespołu kluczową rolę odgrywa edukacja chorego mająca na celu wyeliminowanie nieprawidłowych ruchów oraz właściwie prowadzona rehabilitacja.
Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of trace elements at 10 sites in Northern China
Authors: Pan Y. P. , Wang Y. S.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Atmospheric deposition is considered to be a major process that removes pollutants from the atmosphere and an important source of nutrients and contaminants for ecosystems. Trace elements (TEs), especially toxic metals deposited on plants and into soil or water, can cause substantial damage to the environment and human health due to their transfer and accumulation in food chains. Despite public concerns, quantitative knowledge of metal deposition from the atmosphere to ecosystems remains scarce. To advance our understanding of the spatiotemporal variations in the magnitudes, pathways, compositions and impacts of atmospherically deposited TEs, precipitation (rain and snow) and dry-deposited particles were collected simultaneously at 10 sites in Northern China from December 2007 to November 2010. The measurements showed that the wet and dry depositions of TEs in the target areas were orders of magnitude higher than previous observations within and outside China, generating great concern over the potential risks. The spatial distribution of the total (wet plus dry) deposition flux was consistent with that of the dry deposition, with a significant decrease from industrial and urban areas to suburban, agricultural and rural sites, while the wet deposition exhibited less spatial variation. In addition, the seasonal variation of wet deposition was also different from that of dry deposition, although they were both governed by the precipitation and emission patterns. For the majority of TEs that exist as coarse particles, dry deposition dominated the total flux at each site. This was not the case for potassium, nickel, arsenic, lead, zinc, cadmium, selenium, silver and thallium, for which the relative importance between wet and dry deposition fluxes varied by site. Whether wet deposition is the major atmospheric cleansing mechanism for the TEs depends on the size distribution of the particles. We found that atmospheric inputs of copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, arsenic and selenium were of the same magnitude as their increases in the topsoil of agricultural systems. At a background forest site in Northern China, the total deposition flux of lead observed in this study (14.1 mg m−2 yr−1) was twice that of the critical load calculated for temperate forest ecosystems in Europe. These findings provide baseline data needed for future targeting policies to protect various ecosystems from long-term heavy metal input via atmospheric deposition.
Influence of aerosol chemical composition on N2O5 uptake: airborne regional measurements in northwestern Europe
Authors: Morgan W. T. , Ouyang B. , Allan J. D. , Aruffo E. , Di Carlo P. , Kennedy O. J. , Lowe D. , Flynn M. J. , Rosenberg P. D. , Williams P. I. , Jones R. , McFiggans G. B. , Coe H.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Aerosol chemical composition was found to influence nighttime atmospheric chemistry during a series of airborne measurements in northwestern Europe in summer conditions, which has implications for regional air quality and climate. The uptake of dinitrogen pentoxide, γ (N2O5), to particle surfaces was found to be modulated by the amount of water content and ammonium nitrate present in the aerosol. The conditions prevalent in this study suggest that the net uptake rate of N2O5 to atmospheric aerosols was relatively efficient compared to previous studies, with γ (N2O5) values in the range 0.01–0.03. This is likely a consequence of the elevated relative humidity in the region, which promotes greater aerosol water content. Increased nitrate concentrations relative to particulate water were found to suppress N2O5 uptake. The results presented here contrast with previous ambient studies of N2O5 uptake, which have generally taken place in low-nitrate environments in the USA. Comparison of the N2O5 uptake derived from the measurements with a parameterised scheme that is based on the ratio of particulate water to nitrate yielded reasonably good agreement in terms of the magnitude and variation in uptake, provided the effect of chloride was neglected. An additional suppression of the parameterised uptake is likely required to fully capture the variation in N2O5 uptake, which could be achieved via the known suppression by organic aerosol. However, existing parameterisations representing the suppression by organic aerosol were unable to fully represent the variation in N2O5 uptake. These results provide important ambient measurement constraint on our ability to predict N2O5 uptake in regional and global aerosol models. N2O5 uptake is a potentially important source of nitrate aerosol and a sink of the nitrate radical, which is the main nocturnal oxidant in the atmosphere. The results further highlight the importance of ammonium nitrate in northwestern Europe as a key component of atmospheric composition in the region.
Secondary organic aerosol formation from hydroxyl radical oxidation and ozonolysis of monoterpenes
Authors: Zhao D. F. , Kaminski M. , Schlag P. , Fuchs H. , Acir I.-H. , Bohn B. , Häseler R. , Kiendler-Scharr A. , Rohrer F. , Tillmann R. , Wang M. J. , Wegener R. , Wildt J. , Wahner A. , Mentel Th. F.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Oxidation by hydroxyl radical (OH) and ozonolysis are the two major pathways of daytime biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) oxidation and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. In this study, we investigated the particle formation of several common monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene and limonene) by OH-dominated oxidation, which has seldom been investigated. OH oxidation experiments were carried out in the SAPHIR (Simulation of Atmospheric PHotochemistry In a large Reaction) chamber in Jülich, Germany, at low NOx (0.01 ~ 1 ppbV) and low ozone (O3) concentration (< 20 ppbV). OH concentration and total OH reactivity (kOH) were measured directly, and through this the overall reaction rate of total organics with OH in each reaction system was quantified. Multi-generation reaction process, particle growth, new particle formation (NPF), particle yield and chemical composition were analyzed and compared with that of monoterpene ozonolysis. Multi-generation products were found to be important in OH-dominated SOA formation. The relative role of functionalization and fragmentation in the reaction process of OH oxidation was analyzed by examining the particle mass and the particle size as a function of OH dose. We developed a novel method which quantitatively links particle growth to the reaction rate of OH with total organics in a reaction system. This method was also used to analyze the evolution of functionalization and fragmentation of organics in the particle formation by OH oxidation. It shows that functionalization of organics was dominant in the beginning of the reaction (within two lifetimes of the monoterpene) and fragmentation started to play an important role after that. We compared particle formation from OH oxidation with that from pure ozonolysis. In individual experiments, growth rates of the particle size did not necessarily correlate with the reaction rate of monoterpene with OH and O3. Comparing the size growth rates at the similar reaction rates of monoterpene with OH or O3 indicates that, generally, OH oxidation and ozonolysis had similar efficiency in particle growth. The SOA yield of α-pinene and limonene by ozonolysis was higher than that of OH oxidation. Aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) shows SOA elemental composition from OH oxidation follows a slope shallower than −1 in the O / C vs. H / C diagram, also known as Van Krevelen diagram, indicating that oxidation proceeds without significant loss of hydrogen. SOA from OH oxidation had higher H / C ratios than SOA from ozonolysis. In ozonolysis, a process with significant hydrogen loss seemed to play an important role in SOA formation.
Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) formation from the β-pinene + NO3 system: effect of humidity and peroxy radical fate
Authors: Boyd C. M. , Sanchez J. , Xu L. , Eugene A. J. , Nah T. , Tuet W. Y. , Guzman M. I. , Ng N. L.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the oxidation of β-pinene via nitrate radicals is investigated in the Georgia Tech Environmental Chamber facility (GTEC). Aerosol yields are determined for experiments performed under both dry (RH < 2%) and humid (RH = 50% and RH = 70%) conditions. To probe the effects of peroxy radical (RO2) fate on aerosol formation, "RO2 + NO3 dominant" and "RO2 + HO2 dominant" experiments are performed. Gas-phase organic nitrate species (with molecular weights of 215, 229, 231 and 245 amu) are detected by chemical ionization mass spectrometry and their formation mechanisms are proposed. The ions at m/z 30 (NO+) and m/z 46 (NO2+) contribute about 11% to the total organics signal in the typical aerosol mass spectrum, with NO+ : NO2+ ratio ranging from 6 to 9 in all experiments conducted. The SOA yields in the "RO2 + NO3 dominant" and "RO2 + HO2 dominant" experiments are comparable. For a wide range of organic mass loadings (5.1–216.1 μg m−3), the aerosol mass yield is calculated to be 27.0–104.1%. Although humidity does not appear to affect SOA yields, there is evidence of particle-phase hydrolysis of organic nitrates, which are estimated to compose 45–74% of the organic aerosol. The extent of organic nitrate hydrolysis is significantly lower than that observed in previous studies on photooxidation of volatile organic compounds in the presence of NOx. It is estimated that about 90 and 10% of the organic nitrates formed from the β-pinene + NO3 reaction are primary organic nitrates and tertiary organic nitrates, respectively. While the primary organic nitrates do not appear to hydrolyze, the tertiary organic nitrates undergo hydrolysis with a lifetime of 3–4.5 h. Results from this laboratory chamber study provide the fundamental data to evaluate the contributions of monoterpene + NO3 reaction to ambient organic aerosol measured in the southeastern United States, including the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) and the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) study.
Pc2-3 geomagnetic pulsations on the ground, in the ionosphere, and in the magnetosphere: MM100, CHAMP, and THEMIS observations
Authors: Yagova N. , Heilig B. , Fedorov E.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. We analyze Pc2-3 pulsations recorded by the CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) satellite in the F layer of the Earth's ionosphere, on the ground, and in the magnetosphere during quiet geomagnetic conditions. The spectra of Pc2-3 pulsations recorded in the F layer are enriched with frequencies above 50 mHz in comparison to the ground Pc2-3 spectra. These frequencies are higher than the fundamental harmonics of the field line resonances in the magnetosphere. High quality signals with dominant frequencies 70–200 mHz are a regular phenomenon in the F layer and in the magnetosphere. The mean latitude of the maximum Pc2-3 occurrence rate lies at L ≈ 3.5 in the F layer, i.e., inside the plasmasphere. Day-to-day variations of the L value of the CHAMP Pc2-3 occurrence rate maximum follow the plasmapause day-to-day variations. Polarization and amplitude of Pc2-3s in the magnetosphere, in the ionosphere, and on the ground allow us to suggest that they are generated as fast magnetosonic (FMS) waves in the outer magnetosphere and are partly converted into shear Alfven waves near the plasmapause. The observed ground-to-ionosphere amplitude ratio during the night is interpreted as a result of the Alfven wave transmission through the ionosphere. The problem of wave transmission through the ionosphere is solved theoretically by means of a numerical solution of the full-wave equation for the Alfven wave reflection from and transmission through a horizontally stratified ionosphere. The best agreement between the calculated and measured values of the ground-to-ionosphere amplitude ratio is found for k = 5 × 10−3 km−1, i.e., the observed ground-to-ionosphere amplitude ratio corresponds to a wave spatial scale which could provide a Doppler shift within a few percent of the apparent frequency of the Pc2-3 pulsations as recorded by a low-orbiting spacecraft.
Impacts of simulated herbivory on volatile organic compound emission profiles from coniferous plants
Authors: Faiola C. L. , Jobson B. T. , VanReken T. M.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The largest global source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere is from biogenic emissions. Plant stressors associated with a changing environment can alter both the quantity and composition of the compounds that are emitted. This study investigated the effects of one global change stressor, increased herbivory, on plant emissions from five different coniferous species: bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata), blue spruce (Picea pungens), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), grand fir (Abies grandis), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Herbivory was simulated in the laboratory via exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a herbivory proxy. Gas-phase species were measured continuously with a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer and flame ionization detector (GC–MS–FID). Stress responses varied between the different plant types and even between experiments using the same set of saplings. The compounds most frequently impacted by the stress treatment were alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, 1,8-cineol, beta-myrcene, terpinolene, limonene, and the cymene isomers. Individual compounds within a single experiment often exhibited a different response to the treatment from one another.
A reduced-complexity model for river delta formation – Part 1: Modeling deltas with channel dynamics
Authors: Liang M. , Voller V. R. , Paola C.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. In this work we develop a reduced-complexity model (RCM) for river delta formation (referred to as DeltaRCM in the following). It is a rule-based cellular morphodynamic model, in contrast to reductionist models based on detailed computational fluid dynamics. The basic framework of this model (DeltaRCM) consists of stochastic parcel-based cellular routing schemes for water and sediment and a set of phenomenological rules for sediment deposition and erosion. The outputs of the model include a depth-averaged flow field, water surface elevation and bed topography that evolve in time. Results show that DeltaRCM is able (1) to resolve a wide range of channel dynamics – including elongation, bifurcation, avulsion and migration – and (2) to produce a variety of deltas such as alluvial fan deltas and deltas with multiple orders of bifurcations. We also demonstrate a simple stratigraphy recording component which tracks the distribution of coarse and fine materials and the age of the deposits. Essential processes that must be included in reduced-complexity delta models include a depth-averaged flow field that guides sediment transport a nontrivial water surface profile that accounts for backwater effects at least in the main channels, both bedload and suspended sediment transport, and topographic steering of sediment transport.
Spatial evapotranspiration, rainfall and land use data in water accounting – Part 1: Review of the accuracy of the remote sensing data
Authors: Karimi P. , Bastiaanssen W. G. M.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The scarcity of water encourages scientists to develop new analytical tools to enhance water resource management. Water accounting and distributed hydrological models are examples of such tools. Water accounting needs accurate input data for adequate descriptions of water distribution and water depletion in river basins. Ground-based observatories are decreasing, and not generally accessible. Remote sensing data is a suitable alternative to measure the required input variables. This paper reviews the reliability of remote sensing algorithms to accurately determine the spatial distribution of actual evapotranspiration, rainfall and land use. For our validation we used only those papers that covered study periods of seasonal to annual cycles because the accumulated water balance is the primary concern. Review papers covering shorter periods only (days, weeks) were not included in our review. Our review shows that by using remote sensing, the absolute values of evapotranspiration can be estimated with an overall accuracy of 95% (SD 5%) and rainfall with an overall absolute accuracy of 82% (SD 15%). Land use can be identified with an overall accuracy of 85% (SD 7%). Hence, more scientific work is needed to improve the spatial mapping of rainfall and land use using multiple space-borne sensors. While not always perfect at all spatial and temporal scales, seasonally accumulated actual evapotranspiration maps can be used with confidence in water accounting and hydrological modeling.
Spatial and seasonal responses of precipitation in the Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins to ENSO and Indian Ocean dipole modes: implications for flooding and drought
Authors: Pervez M. S. , Henebry G. M.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. We evaluated the spatial and seasonal responses of precipitation in the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins as modulated by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) modes using Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) full data reanalysis of monthly global land-surface precipitation data from 1901 to 2010 with a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5°. The GPCC monthly total precipitation climatology targeting the period 1951–2000 was used to compute gridded monthly anomalies for the entire time period. The gridded monthly anomalies were averaged for the years influenced by combinations of climate modes. Occurrences of El Niño alone significantly reduce (88% of the long-term average (LTA)) precipitation during the monsoon months in the western and southeastern Ganges Basin. In contrast, occurrences of La Niña and co-occurrences of La Niña and negative IOD events significantly enhance (110 and 109% of LTA in the Ganges and Brahmaputra Basin, respectively) precipitation across both basins. When El Niño co-occurs with positive IOD events, the impacts of El Niño on the basins' precipitation diminishes. When there is no active ENSO or IOD events (occurring in 41 out of 110 years), precipitation remains below average (95% of LTA) in the agriculturally intensive areas of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Western Nepal in the Ganges Basin, whereas precipitation remains average to above average (104% of LTA) across the Brahmaputra Basin. This pattern implies that a regular water deficit is likely, especially in the Ganges Basin, with implications for the agriculture sector due to its reliance on consistent rainfall for successful production. Historically, major droughts occurred during El Niño and co-occurrences of El Niño and positive IOD events, while major flooding occurred during La Niña and co-occurrences of La Niña and negative IOD events in the basins. This observational analysis will facilitate well-informed decision making in minimizing natural hazard risks and climate impacts on agriculture, and supports development of strategies ensuring optimized use of water resources in best management practice under a changing climate.
Fluctuations in a quasi-stationary shallow cumulus cloud ensemble
Authors: Sakradzija M. , Seifert A. , Heus T.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. We propose an approach to stochastic parameterisation of shallow cumulus clouds to represent the convective variability and its dependence on the model resolution. To collect information about the individual cloud lifecycles and the cloud ensemble as a whole, we employ a large eddy simulation (LES) model and a cloud tracking algorithm, followed by conditional sampling of clouds at the cloud-base level. In the case of a shallow cumulus ensemble, the cloud-base mass flux distribution is bimodal, due to the different shallow cloud subtypes, active and passive clouds. Each distribution mode can be approximated using a Weibull distribution, which is a generalisation of exponential distribution by accounting for the change in distribution shape due to the diversity of cloud lifecycles. The exponential distribution of cloud mass flux previously suggested for deep convection parameterisation is a special case of the Weibull distribution, which opens a way towards unification of the statistical convective ensemble formalism of shallow and deep cumulus clouds. Based on the empirical and theoretical findings, a stochastic model has been developed to simulate a shallow convective cloud ensemble. It is formulated as a compound random process, with the number of convective elements drawn from a Poisson distribution, and the cloud mass flux sampled from a mixed Weibull distribution. Convective memory is accounted for through the explicit cloud lifecycles, making the model formulation consistent with the choice of the Weibull cloud mass flux distribution function. The memory of individual shallow clouds is required to capture the correct convective variability. The resulting distribution of the subgrid convective states in the considered shallow cumulus case is scale-adaptive – the smaller the grid size, the broader the distribution.
Effective buoyancy ratio: a new parameter for characterizing thermo-chemical mixing in the Earth's mantle
Authors: Galsa A. , Herein M. , Lenkey L. , Farkas M. P. , Taller G.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Numerical modeling has been carried out in a 2-D cylindrical shell domain to quantify the evolution of a primordial dense layer around the core–mantle boundary. Effective buoyancy ratio, Beff was introduced to characterize the evolution of the two-layer thermo-chemical convection in the Earth's mantle. Beff decreases with time due to (1) warming of the compositionally dense layer, (2) cooling of the overlying mantle, (3) eroding of the dense layer through thermal convection in the overlying mantle and (4) diluting of the dense layer through inner convection. When Beff reaches the instability point, Beff = 1, effective thermo-chemical convection starts, and the mantle will be mixed (Beff = 0) over a short time period. A parabolic relationship was revealed between the initial density difference of the layers and the mixing time. Morphology of large low-shear-velocity provinces and results from seismic tomography and normal mode data suggest a value of Beff ≥ 1 for the mantle.
Effects of Self-Objectification on Self-Reported Eating Pathology and Depression
Authors: REGISTER JOSHUA D. , KATREVICH ALINA V. , ARUGUETE MARA S. , EDMAN JEANNE L.
Published: January 2015

Self-objectification occurs when people internalize an observer’s perspective onto their own bodies. This study experimentally examined the impacts of self-objectification on 156 male and female college students. We induced a state of self-objectification by having undergraduate students in an experimental condition describe their bodies in writing, from an observer’s viewpoint. Participants then completed a questionnaire measuring self-reported eating pathology and depression. When compared with a control group, the self-objectification manipulation caused an increase in self-reported eating pathology in both men and women. The results support previous research finding broad, negative impacts of self-objectification.
Carneiro Leão: considerações acerca da sociologia educacional
Authors: Lima Rosilene De , Machado Maria Cristina Gomes
Published: January 2015

Este artigo apresenta algumas considerações acerca da Sociologia Educacional na perspectiva de Antônio Carneiro Leão (1887-1966). Considera-se pertinente, num primeiro momento, discutir alguns dados biográficos deste importante intelectual brasileiro, bem como clarificar algumas concepções de Carneiro Leão no que tange à Sociologia Educacional, analisando o pensamento do autor sobre a mesma. Para tanto, tomaram-se como principais fontes de pesquisa os livros Fundamentos de Sociologia, cuja primeira edição data de 1940, e Panorama Sociológico do Brasil, publicado em 1958. Parte-se do pressuposto de que ambas as publicações dão referências e subsídios para que se possa compreender as concepções de Carneiro Leão acerca da Sociologia Educacional.
Eğilme dayanimi iyileştirilmiş anot destekli kati oksit yakit pili geliştirilmesi
Authors: KOÇ Safa , TİMURKUTLUK Bora , ÇELİK Selahattin
Published: January 2015

Özet

Yakıt pilleri, yakıtın kimyasal enerjisini elektrokimyasal olarak doğrudan elektrik enerjine dönüştüren cihazlardır. Bu cihazlar bu dönüşümü herhangi bir mekanik adım olmadan gerçekleştirmektedir. Mevcut yakıt pilleri arasında Katı Oksit Yakıt Pili (KOYP) yüksek enerji dönüşüm verimi, farklı yakıt seçenekleri, temiz ve sessiz çalışma gibi avantajlarından dolayı son zamanlarda büyük ilgi çekmektedir. KOYP’leri diğer yakıt pillerinden ayıran ve farklı bir kategoriye yerleştiren en önemli özelliği ise yüksek çalışma sıcaklıklarıdır (600-1000°C). Ayrıca Carnot çevrim sınırlandırmalarına bağlı olmaması teorik verimlerinin ısıl motor verimlerinden daha yüksek olması ile sonuçlanır.

Bu çalışmada endüstriyel boyutlarda anot destekli katı oksit yakıt pili üretiminde ortaya çıkan eğilme, çatlama problemleri deneysel olarak incelenmiş yüksek mukavemetli anot destekli KOYP hücresi üretimi için koşulları belirlenmiştir. Deneysel çalışmada anot destek tabaka (ADT) ve anot işlevsel tabaka (AİT) karışım oranları, toz boyutları, tabaka kalınlıkları değiştirilerek, tabakaların uzama miktarları, çekme hızları ve eğrilik miktarları belirlenmiştir. Dilatometre yardımı ile elde edilen çekme hızları ince elektrolit tabakanın çekme hızına yaklaştırılmış ve böylece hücrede sinterleme sonrasında meydana gelen eğilmeler azaltılarak mekanik dayanım iyileştirilmiştir. Optimize edilmiş üretim parameterleri kullanılarak 100 cm2 boyutlarında KOYP hücreleri imal ve test edilmiştir.
Yay ölçüm sıstemınde malzemelerın frekansa bağli dıelektrık ve manyetık geçırgenlık değerlerının kestırılmesı
Authors: ÜNAL İlhami , SAYINTI Aysun , TÜRETKEN Bahattin
Published: January 2015

Özet

Bu çalışmada, elektromanyetik yöntemle malzeme karakterizasyonu için kullanılan yay (arch) ölçüm sisteminin 8-12 GHz frekans bandındaki ölçüm kabiliyetleri sunulmaktadır. MİLTAL laboratuvarı bünyesinde kurulmuş olan yay sisteminde, elektromanyetik dalganın polarizasyonuna ve geliş açısına bağlı malzemenin yansıma ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Bu ölçümlerden elde edilen genlik ve faz değerleri ile birlikte geliştirilen özgün bir algoritma kullanılarak polietilenin dielektrik ve manyetik geçirgenlik katsayıları hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, dalga kılavuzu ölçüm sistemindeki TRL metodu ölçüm sonuçları ile karşılaştırılacaktır. Ayrıca bu çalışma malzemelerin açılı yansıma ölçümlerine de bir örnek teşkil edecektir. Uçak, füze, helikopter gibi hava platformlarının kaplandığı geniş bir frekans bandı ve geliş açısı aralığında soğurma yapabilen radar absorblayıcı malzemelerin (RAM) elektromanyetik kazakterizasyonu ölçümlerinin yapılabilirliği ortaya konulmuştur.
Effect of Topical Cyclosporine 0.05% in Allergic Conjunctivitis
Authors: Bhalla Sonali , Sachan SK , Jain AM
Published: January 2015

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of Topical Cyclosporine 0.05% in allergic conjunctivitis with special reference to vernal catarrh.

Methods:

Non randomized controlled trial of 140 eyes was done for 12 months from Feb2007 to Jan 2008 at Department of Ophthalmology, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur. All patients coming to the outpatient department with complaints of itching, watering, redness or foreign body sensation of eyes were evaluated for inclusion in study. Patients were categorized into 2 groups: Group A: patients of Simple chronic conjunctivitis either not responding to steroids or having a recent relapse after cessation of steroids; Group B: patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis. Patients were treated with topical Cyclosporine 0.05% thrice a day. Symptoms and signs were scored on the day of enrolment and then on 5th, 12th, 20th and 30th day of treatment. Conjunctival scrapings were obtained before the treatment to detect the presence of eosinophils to confirm the diagnosis of ocular allergic disease. The statistical analyses were conducted using the formula ‘Standard error of difference between two means’.

Results:

A total of 140 patients were included in the study, of which 20 cases were excluded as they were lost to follow –up after first week. Eosinophils were detected in pre-treatment conjunctival scrapings in 30 patients in Group A and 41 patients in Group B, which supported the diagnosis of allergic eye disease. All patients were in active phase of disease and showed no improvement in clinical symptoms and signs with Cyclosporine treatment during one month period. 20 patients were lost to follow up and remaining required to be shifted to either steroids alone or combination of mast cell stabilizer-antihistaminic along with steroid.

Conclusion:

Topical Cyclosporine 0.05% is ineffective in alleviating the signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis.
A Novel Standardized Reproducible Method to Calculate the Area of Internal Limiting Membrane Peeled Peroperatively in Macular Hole Surgery by Using a Video Overlay - Boralʼs Ring
Authors: Boral Subhendu Kumar , Das Arnab , Sinha Tushar Kanti , Chakraborty Debdulal
Published: January 2015

Aim:

To calculate area of internal limiting membrane (AIP) & to find correlation between hole closure pattern with AIP in idiopathic Full Thickness Macular Hole (FTMH) cases.

Methods:

In this prospective interventional single blind study, 105 eyes of symptomatic FTMH (<6month) operated. Minimal diameter of FTMH was calculated on OCT, divided into GroupI (>400 μ,n=75) & GrouplII (<400 μ,n=30). 23G vitrectomy, ILM peeling, gas injection done in all & recorded. Final AIP calculated using Adobe photoshop CS2 (PSD format) in disc diameter (DD) from still frame.

Results:

FTMH closed in 92.38% eyes. When AIP >3DD, Type I & Type II closure were 72.77% & 27.27% in GroupI (p<0.01) and 84.21% & 15.79% in GroupII (p<0.01).

Conclusion:

Adobe photoshop CS2 is an useful tool to measure AIP and Type I closure was significantly high with AIP > 3DD in both large and small idiopathic macular holes. Per-operative Video overlay (BORALʼS RING) can be used according to the preop MDMH to increase AIP to get better closure pattern postoperatively
Pediatric Cataract
Authors: Patil Bharat , Sharma Reetika , Nayak Bhagbat , Sinha Gautam , Khokhar Sudarshan
Published: January 2015

Paediatric cataract is one of the most important surgically treatable causes of childhood blindness. Treating pediatirc cataract has a large impact on society as ‘lost blind years’ can be saved. Various morphological types are known of which zonular has the best visual prognosis. Rubella accounts for the most common preventive cause for pediatrc cataract. Intraoperative biometry plays an important role though in coperative children optical biometry may be suitable option. Since the pediatric eye and pediatric lens is not a minature adult eye and lens repsectively, surgical steps needs to be modified. Intraocular lenses (IOL) provide the best available option for visual rehabilitation after removal of cataract because of the constant visual input provided. Poor intraocular lens power predictability, increased inflammation, postoperative complications and the technical difficulty of surgery are the main concerns for IOL implantation. Surgery is just a step towards management of pediatric cataract, amblyopia therapy, glasses correction, and log term follwup are essetinal for better outcomes.
Chlorophyll a reconstruction from in situ measurements: 2. Marked carbon uptake decrease in the last century
Authors: Fründt B. , Dippner J. W. , Schulz‐Bull D. E. , Waniek J. J.
Published: January 2015

A chlorophyll a hindcast in the Madeira Basin from 1871 to 2008 was used to analyze the long‐term variability in the oligotrophic, subtropical gyres in relation to the climate change of the last century. The deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), as dominant pattern of the chlorophyll a field, showed a fast decrease in its strength in the 1940s. An absolute minimum was reached between 1967 and 1973 when no DCM established with a recovering to the end of the time series. Long‐term variability of the DCM was related to the North Atlantic Oscillation with a time delay of 9 years. The marked decrease in the 1940s was correlated to the drop of the solar radiation in transition from early brightening to global dimming. Caused by the influence of the solar radiation and maybe related to increasing global temperatures in the last century, the integrated chlorophyll a concentration decreased by about 0.7 mg m−2 in 2008 compared to 1871. The high‐resolved chlorophyll a hindcast allowed an estimation of the carbon uptake by the ocean due to primary production in the euphotic zone. A rough calculation over the area of the global subtropical oceans showed 700 megaton less carbon uptake in 2008.
Simulating crop phenology in the Community Land Model and its impact on energy and carbon fluxes
Authors: Chen Ming , Griffis Tim J. , Baker John , Wood Jeffrey D. , Xiao Ke
Published: January 2015

A reasonable representation of crop phenology and biophysical processes in land surface models is necessary to accurately simulate energy, water, and carbon budgets at the field, regional, and global scales. However, the evaluation of crop models that can be coupled to Earth system models is relatively rare. Here we evaluated two such models (CLM4‐Crop and CLM3.5‐CornSoy), both implemented within the Community Land Model (CLM) framework, at two AmeriFlux corn‐soybean sites to assess their ability to simulate phenology, energy, and carbon fluxes. Our results indicated that the accuracy of net ecosystem exchange and gross primary production simulations was intimately connected to the phenology simulations. The CLM4‐Crop model consistently overestimated early growing season leaf area index, causing an overestimation of gross primary production, to such an extent that the model simulated a carbon sink instead of the measured carbon source for corn. The CLM3.5‐CornSoy‐simulated leaf area index (LAI), energy, and carbon fluxes showed stronger correlations with observations compared to CLM4‐Crop. Net radiation was biased high in both models and was especially pronounced for soybeans. This was primarily caused by the positive LAI bias, which led to a positive net long‐wave radiation bias. CLM4‐Crop underestimated soil water content during midgrowing season in all soil layers at the two sites, which caused unrealistic water stress, especially for soybean. Future work regarding the mechanisms that drive early growing season phenology and soil water dynamics is needed to better represent crops including their net radiation balance, energy partitioning, and carbon cycle processes.
Hydraulic effects on nitrogen removal in a tidal spring‐fed river
Authors: Hensley Robert T. , Cohen Matthew J. , Korhnak Larry V.
Published: January 2015

Hydraulic properties such as stage and residence time are important controls on riverine N removal. In most rivers, these hydraulic properties vary with stochastic precipitation forcing, but in tidal rivers, hydraulics variation occurs on a predictable cycle. In Manatee Springs, a highly productive, tidally influenced spring‐fed river in Florida, we observed significant reach‐scale N removal that varied in response to tidally driven variation in hydraulic properties as well as sunlight‐driven variation in assimilatory uptake. After accounting for channel residence time and stage variation, we partitioned the total removal signal into assimilatory (i.e., plant uptake) and dissimilatory (principally denitrification) pathways. Assimilatory uptake was strongly correlated with primary production and ecosystem C:N was concordant with tissue stoichiometry of the dominant autotrophs. The magnitude of N removal was broadly consistent in magnitude with predictions from models (SPARROW and RivR‐N). However, contrary to model predictions, the highest removal occurred at the lowest values of τ/d (residence time divided by depth), which occurred at low tide. Removal efficiency also exhibited significant counterclockwise hysteresis with incoming versus outgoing tides. This behavior is best explained by the sequential filling and draining of transient storage zones such that water that has spent the longest time in the storage zone, and thus had the most time for N removal, drains back into the channel at the end of an outgoing tide, concurrent with shortest channel residence times. Capturing this inversion of the expected relationship between channel residence time and N removal highlights the need for nonsteady state reactive transport models.