bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing Predictive Models under Controlled Conditions for the Selection of New Genotypes That Are Less Susceptible to Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) in Table Olive (Olea europaea L.) Breeding Programs
Authors: González-Fernández Antonio , Rallo Pilar , Peres António M. , Pereira José Alberto , Morales-Sillero Ana
Published: December 2023

Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), the olive fly, represent an important biotic factor in olive groves (Olea europaea L.) causing significant production losses. Ensuring effective management of this pest is of paramount importance to safeguard and uphold the quality and quantity of table olive production. The University of Seville’s (US) table olive breeding program has focused its attention on finding new cultivars that exhibit reduced susceptibility to the olive fly. This study attempted to develop predictive models to enable the selection of new genotypes that are less susceptible to the olive fly based on fresh fruit traits. An extensive analysis of fruit physical (weight, size, symmetry, color, and texture) and chemical traits (moisture, oil content, and phenolic compounds) was conducted to evaluate the fly’s preference in oviposition bioassays (multiple choice and no choice) among four genotypes (US-06-1388, US-06-194, ‘Hojiblanca’, and ‘Kalamon’), under controlled conditions. The oviposition bioassays revealed the higher susceptibility of genotype US-06-194 and the lower susceptibility of ‘Kalamon’. The predictive models incorporated physical traits such as, fruit weight, longitudinal diameter, symmetry, CIELAB color attributes (L*, a*, and b*), and compression hardness, as well as chemical traits such as moisture, and the contents of demethyloleuropein, oleuropein, rutin, and verbascoside. These traits consistently predicted the preference of B. oleae for certain fruits.
Changes in Soil Chemical Properties and Rhizosphere Bacterial Community Induced by Soil Amendments Associated with Reduction in Cadmium Accumulation by Rice
Authors: Xin Yu , Liu Min , Wei Lanchun , Gao Yu , Ruan Yunze , Wang Qing , Zhang Zhijun
Published: December 2023

Soil amendments have been extensively employed for the purpose of remediating soils contaminated with cadmium (Cd). However, the potential impacts of soil amendments on soil chemical properties, soil Cd bioavailability, total Cd accumulation by rice, and rhizosphere bacterial community in Cd-contaminated paddy fields located in a tropical region is still at its infancy. In this study, a commercial MgO-CaO-SiO2 conditioner (A), biochar (B), and a combination of the commercial MgO-CaO-SiO2 conditioner and biochar with a ratio of 1:1 (C) were applied at two different doses [2250 kg ha−1 (A150, B150, C150), 4500 kg ha−1 (A300, B300, C300)] to investigate their impacts on soil Cd stabilization and total Cd uptake of rice straw and grain in a Cd-contaminated remediation field experiment. Rhizosphere bacterial community diversity and composition were also assessed using high-throughput sequencing based on 16S rRNA genes. Compared with non-amendment treatment (CK), soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), and nitrate (NO3−) concentrations were significantly elevated, whereas ammonium (NH4+) and soil available Cd concentrations were reduced by soil amendment treatments. Meanwhile, soil amendments significantly decreased concentrations of total Cd in both rice straw and grain, with the lowest Cd concentration in the C300 treatment. Soil pH and CEC were significantly and negatively associated with soil Cd availability and rice straw and grain Cd concentrations, while NH4+ concentration was positively correlated with soil available Cd concentration, and OM, TN, and NO3− concentrations were positively linked with rice grain Cd concentration. Soil amendments significantly increased bacterial Chao 1 and Shannon indexes and altered bacterial community composition in rhizosphere soil, due to changes in the composition of the community primarily influenced by variations in soil pH, CEC, and soil available Cd, NH4+, available phosphorous (AP) and available Potassium (AK) concentrations. Furthermore, the abundant bacterial species (Pseudomonas) and rare bacterial species (Bacillus, Candidatus_Solibacter and Streptomyces) have been up-regulated by different soil amendments, which might be in favour of soil Cd immobilization. A structural equation model also showed that soil amendments could improve bacterial diversity and change soil pH and CEC, which were conducive to hindering the removal and conversion of Cd. Overall, these results indicate that biochar-(MgO-CaO-SiO2) mixed amendments at high dosage exerted better performance compared with single application soil amendment A and B. The changes in soil chemical properties, available Cd content, and rhizosphere bacterial community assembly induced by soil amendments are closely correlated with the decrease in rice’s ability to accumulate Cd.
Heterogeneity in Disulfide Bond Reduction in IgG1 Antibodies Is Governed by Solvent Accessibility of the Cysteines
Authors: Natesan Ramakrishnan , Dykstra Andrew B. , Banerjee Akash , Agrawal Neeraj J.
Published: December 2023

We studied unpaired cysteine levels and disulfide bond susceptibility in four different γ-immunoglobulin antibodies using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Our choice of differential alkylating agents ensures that the differential peaks are non-overlapping, thus allowing us to accurately quantify free cysteine levels. For each cysteine residue, we observed no more than 5% to be unpaired, and the free cysteine levels across antibodies were slightly higher in those containing lambda light chains. Interchain and hinge residues were highly susceptible to reducing stresses and showed a 100–1000-fold higher rate of reduction compared to intrachain cysteines. Estimations of the solvent-accessible surface for individual cysteines in IgG1, using an implicit all-atom molecular dynamics simulation, show that interchain and hinge cysteines have >1000-fold higher solvent accessibility compared to intrachain cysteines. Further analyses show that solvent accessibility and the rate of reduction are linearly correlated. Our work clearly establishes the fact that a cysteine’s accessibility to the surrounding solvent is one of the primary determinants of its disulfide bond stability.
European Wild Carnivores and Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria: A Review
Authors: Garcês Andreia , Pires Isabel
Published: December 2023

Antibiotic resistance is a global concern that affects not only human health but also the health of wildlife and the environment. Wildlife can serve as reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and antibiotics in veterinary medicine and agriculture can contribute to the development of resistance in these populations. Several European carnivore species, such as wolves, foxes, otters, and bears, can be exposed to antibiotics by consuming contaminated food, water, or other resources in their habitats. These animals can also be indirectly exposed to antibiotics through interactions with domestic animals and human activities in their environment. Antibiotic resistance in wildlife can harm ecosystem health and also impact human health indirectly through various pathways, including zoonotic disease transmission. Moreover, the spread of resistant bacteria in wildlife can complicate conservation efforts, as it can threaten already endangered species. This review aims to describe the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wild carnivores in Europe.
Lipofuscin, Its Origin, Properties, and Contribution to Retinal Fluorescence as a Potential Biomarker of Oxidative Damage to the Retina
Authors: Różanowska Małgorzata B.
Published: December 2023

Lipofuscin accumulates with age as intracellular fluorescent granules originating from incomplete lysosomal digestion of phagocytosed and autophagocytosed material. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current understanding of the role of oxidative stress and/or lysosomal dysfunction in lipofuscin accumulation and its consequences, particularly for retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Next, the fluorescence of lipofuscin, spectral changes induced by oxidation, and its contribution to retinal fluorescence are discussed. This is followed by reviewing recent developments in fluorescence imaging of the retina and the current evidence on the prognostic value of retinal fluorescence for the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the major blinding disease affecting elderly people in developed countries. The evidence of lipofuscin oxidation in vivo and the evidence of increased oxidative damage in AMD retina ex vivo lead to the conclusion that imaging of spectral characteristics of lipofuscin fluorescence may serve as a useful biomarker of oxidative damage, which can be helpful in assessing the efficacy of potential antioxidant therapies in retinal degenerations associated with accumulation of lipofuscin and increased oxidative stress. Finally, amendments to currently used fluorescence imaging instruments are suggested to be more sensitive and specific for imaging spectral characteristics of lipofuscin fluorescence.
RObotic-Assisted Rehabilitation of Lower Limbs for Orthopedic Patients (ROAR-O): A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Castelli Letizia , Iacovelli Chiara , Ciccone Siria , Geracitano Valerio , Loreti Claudia , Fusco Augusto , Biscotti Lorenzo , Padua Luca , Giovannini Silvia
Published: December 2023

Osteoarthritis is a common chronic condition in the elderly population and, with falls, represents a major public health problem. Patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis often have poor balance, which is considered an important risk factor for falls. In recent years, there has been increasing research supporting the use of robotic rehabilitation to improve function after total knee and hip replacement. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of robotic balance rehabilitation on elderly patients who have undergone hip and knee replacement, with the aim of reducing the risk of falls and improving balance and walking, as well as motor function, fatigue, and overall quality of life. Twenty-four elderly patients with knee or hip replacement underwent robotic balance treatment with the Hunova® platform or conventional treatment three times a week for four weeks. Patients underwent an assessment of balance, walking, autonomy, quality of life and fatigue. Patients who underwent rehabilitation with Hunova® showed an improvement in dynamic balance (p = 0.0039) and walking (p = 0.001) and a reduction in both motor (p = 0.001) and cognitive (p = 0.05) fatigue. The study found that specific treatment for balance disorders in these patients could improve balance and reduce the risk of falling.
Optimizing Sporting Actions Effectiveness: A Machine Learning Approach to Uncover Key Variables in the Men’s Professional Doubles Tennis Serve
Authors: Vives Fernando , Lázaro Javier , Guzmán José Francisco , Martínez-Gallego Rafael , Crespo Miguel
Published: December 2023

This study used a novel machine learning approach to uncover key serve variables that maximize effectiveness in men’s professional doubles tennis. A large dataset of 14,146 serves from 97 Davis Cup doubles matches played between 2010 and 2019 was analyzed using explainable AI techniques. The angle and distance from the bounce to the sidelines of the serves were found to best distinguish the points won with aces from rallies lasting more than three strokes. Optimal serve angle ranges of 5.7–8.7° substantially increased the probability of serving an ace by over 80%, compared to around 30% when serving used more central angles. Lateral bounce distances of 0–28 cm from the sidelines also boosted the ace probability by over 50%. The serve speed was shown to have less influence on serve effectiveness as compared to singles tennis, with velocities above 187 km h−1 only increasing the probability of serving an ace by 10%. These findings have important practical implications for the tactical decision-making and technical training of serves in men’s professional doubles tennis. The data highlight that the angle and placement of serves are more important than velocity for attaining effective serves in doubles. Coaches and players can use this knowledge to pay special attention to the most important variables in the effectiveness of serves, such as the line distance and angle, in order to maximize the performance of the doubles serve. The novel methodology used in this study provides a valid and reliable way to calculate the efficiency of actions in various sport disciplines using tracking data and machine learning approaches.
Application of Fatty Acids Distillation Products as a Substitute for Heavy Fuel Oil in Stationary Combustion Chambers
Authors: Lasek Janusz , Głód Krzysztof , Czardybon Agata , Li Yueh-Heng , Huang Chao-Wei
Published: December 2023

Liquid biofuels are of special interest due to the possibility of their application as a substitute for fossil liquid fuels. The necessary step is to investigate the possibility of bio-fuel application in terms of its properties and similarities to fossil liquid fuels (e.g., crude oil, heavy fuel oil, diesel). The properties and combustion performance of heavy fuel oil (HFO) and products of the fatty acids distillation residues (FADR) were analyzed in this study. The application of animal-fat-delivered fuels is fully suggested in the literature. Nevertheless, the investigations focused on the raw materials or their transformation into diesel. The novelty of this paper is the utilization of FADR as a substitute for HFO. The utilization of FADR allows the use of this material as a feedstock to obtain valuable products (fuel) and avoids generating waste after animal fat processing. The experimental investigations were carried out using a technical-scale 150 kWth combustion chamber. FADR can be recognized as a substitute for HFO due to its beneficial calorific properties and viscosity. Other beneficial effects are the significantly lower emission of SO2 (lower than 1 ppm) and PAHs (i.e., 355 µg/m3n) during the combustion of FADR. Finally, the application of FADR requires less energy demand for fuel heating and pressurization.
Efficiency and Vulnerability in Networks: A Game Theoretical Approach
Authors: Manuel Conrado M. , Ortega Eduardo
Published: December 2023

Defining measures of network efficiency and vulnerability is a pivotal aspect of modern networking paradigms. We approach this issue from a game theoretical perspective, considering networks where actors have social or economic interests modeled through a cooperative game. This allows us to define, for each network, a family of efficiency measures and another of vulnerability measures, parameterized by the game. The proposed measures use the within groups’ and the between groups’ Myerson values. These values, respectively, measure the portion of the classical Myerson allocation corresponding to the productivity of players and the part related to intermediation costs. Additionally, they indicate the portion of total centrality in social networks attributed to communication or betweenness. In our proposal, the efficiency of a network is the proportion of total productivity (or centrality) that players can retain using the network topology. Intermediation costs (and betweenness centrality) can be seen as a weakness with a negative impact. Therefore, we suggest calculating vulnerability as the proportion of expenses players incur in intermediation payments. We explore the properties of these measures and tailor them to various structures and specific games, also analyzing their asymptotic behavior.
Biological Synthesis, Characterization, and Therapeutic Potential of S. commune-Mediated Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Alqurashi Yaser E. , Almalki Sami G. , Ibrahim Ibrahim M. , Mohammed Aisha O. , Abd El Hady Amal E. , Kamal Mehnaz , Fatima Faria , Iqbal Danish
Published: December 2023

Green-synthesized gold nanoparticles demonstrate several therapeutic benefits due to their safety, non-toxicity, accessibility, and ecological acceptance. In our study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were created using an extracellular extract from the fungus Schizophyllum commune (S. commune). The reaction color was observed to be a reddish pink after a 24 h reaction, demonstrating the synthesis of the nanoparticles. The myco-produced nanoparticles were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and UV–visible spectroscopy. The TEM pictures depicted sphere-like shapes with sizes ranging from 60 and 120 nm, with an average diameter of 90 nm, which is in agreement with the DLS results. Furthermore, the efficiency of the AuNPs’ antifungal and cytotoxic properties, as well as their production of intracellular ROS, was evaluated. Our findings showed that the AuNPs have strong antifungal effects against Trichoderma sp. and Aspergillus flavus at increasing doses. Additionally, the AuNPs established a dose-dependent activity against human alveolar basal epithelial cells with adenocarcinoma (A549), demonstrating the potency of synthesized AuNPs as a cytotoxic agent. After 4 h of incubation with AuNPs, a significant increase in intracellular ROS was observed in cancer cells. Therefore, these metallic AuNPs produced by fungus (S. commune) can be used as an effective antifungal, anticancer, and non-toxic immunomodulatory delivery agent.
Mechanical Resistance of the Largest Denticle on the Movable Claw of the Mud Crab
Authors: Inoue Tadanobu , Hara Yuka , Nakazato Koji
Published: December 2023

Decapod crustaceans have tooth-like white denticles that are present only on the pinching side of the claws. In the mud crab, Scylla serrata, a huge denticle exists on the movable finger of the dominant claw. This is mainly used to crush the shells of the crab’s staple food. The local mechanical properties, hardness (HIT) and elastic modulus (Er), of the peak and valley areas of the largest denticle were examined via a nanoindentation test. The microstructure and elemental composition were characterized using a scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The striation patterns originating from a twisted plywood structure parallel to the surface were visible over the entire denticle. Most of the largest denticle was occupied by a hard area without phosphorus, and there was a soft layer corresponding to the endocuticle with phosphorus in the innermost part. The HIT of the denticle valley was about 40% lower than that of the denticle peak, and the thickness of the soft endocuticle of the denticle valley was five times thicker than that of the denticle peak. The HIT–Er map showed that the abrasion resistance of the denticle surface was vastly superior and was in the top class among organisms. The claw denticles were designed with the necessary characteristics in the necessary places, as related to the ecology of the mud crab.
Analysis of Mechanical and Thermal Performance and Environmental Impact of Flax-Fiber-Reinforced Gypsum Boards
Authors: Agossou Oladikpo Gatien , Amziane Sofiane
Published: December 2023

Gypsum board is a building material known for its various qualities and functional characteristics, including its low density, fire resistance, thermal insulation, moisture regulation, and decorative appeal. However, it is important to consider the environmental aspects, as the production of one ton of gypsum board releases approximately 355 kg of CO2 into the atmosphere. This research aims to reduce the carbon footprint while improving the mechanical and thermal properties of gypsum boards. To achieve this objective, flax fibers of three different lengths (12 mm, 24 mm, and 36 mm) were used to replace gypsum at a certain volume fraction. Incorporating up to 10% flax fiber effectively offsets the carbon footprint of gypsum boards. However, practical constraints related to the processing conditions and mechanical strength limited the addition of flax fiber to levels of 1%, 2%, and 3%. A 3% fiber incorporation gave us a more homogeneous mix with good workability, ensuring good mechanical performance and a 29% reduction in the carbon footprint. This study showed an improvement in flexural strength for flax-fiber-reinforced composites regardless of their length. In particular, the addition of 3% flax fiber (36 mm in length) showed the most significant increase in flexural strength, exceeding 438%. In addition, the mechanical behavior, including toughness, showed improvements over unreinforced gypsum. Flax fibers were found to be effective in bridging microcracks and limiting their propagation. Notably, all reinforced composites showed a decrease in thermal conductivity, resulting in a 47% improvement in thermal insulation with the addition of flax fibers.
Extensive and Persistent Dermal Melanocytosis in a Male Carrier of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIC (Sanfilippo Syndrome): A Case Report
Authors: Romagnuolo Maurizio , Moltrasio Chiara , Gasperini Serena , Marzano Angelo Valerio , Cambiaghi Stefano
Published: December 2023

Congenital dermal melanocytosis (DM) represents a common birthmark mainly found in children of Asian and darker skin phototype descent, clinically characterized by an oval blue-grey macule or macules, commonly located on the lumbosacral area. In rare DM cases, when presenting with diffuse macules persisting during the first years of life, it could represent a cutaneous feature of mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). Extensive congenital DM is actually associated with Hurler syndrome (MPS type I) and Hunter syndrome (MPS type II), although several reports also described this association with MPS type VI and other lysosomal storage disorders (LySD), including GM1 gangliosidosis, mucolipidosis, Sandhoff disease, and Niemann–Pick disease. Here, we present the case of a two-year-old boy presenting with extensive dermal melanocytosis, generalized hypertrichosis, and chronic itch, harboring a heterozygous variant of uncertain significance, NM_152419.3: c.493C>T (p.Pro165Ser), in the exon 4 of HGSNAT gene, whose mutations are classically associated with MPS IIIC, also known as Sanfilippo syndrome. This is the first report that highlights the association between extensive congenital DM and MPS type IIIC, as well as a pathogenetic link between heterozygous LySD carrier status and congenital DM. We speculate that some cases of extensive congenital DM could be related to heterozygous LySD carriers, as a manifestation of a mild clinical phenotype.
The Effects of Grass Silage Additive Type and Barley Grain Preservation Method on Rumen Function, Microbial Ecology, and Energy Metabolism of Dairy Cows
Authors: Bayat Ali R. , Tapio Ilma , Franco Marcia , Stefański Tomasz , Mäntysaari Päivi , Rinne Marketta
Published: December 2023

The effects of grass silage and barley grain preservation methods on dairy cows were evaluated using four Nordic Red dairy cows placed in respiration chambers in a 4 × 4 Latin square. Silage was conserved using a formic acid-based product (AS) or a homofermentative lactic acid bacteria inoculant (IS), while grains were dried (DB) or crimped and ensiled (EB). Fermentation profile of silages and the chemical composition of the mixed diets were very similar. The dietary treatments did not affect feed intake, milk production, and rumen fermentation except molar proportion of butyrate, and energy metabolism. Digestibility of dry matter and organic matter were higher (p < 0.05) and that of crude protein was lower (p < 0.05) for AS than IS. Feeding EB compared to DB decreased (p < 0.05) diet organic matter and starch digestibility. The cows receiving AS tended (p = 0.06) to emit more methane per day than those receiving IS, but methane yield and intensity were not different between dietary treatments. Bacteria alpha diversity was higher (p < 0.01) in barley samples than grass silages and was not affected by the diet in rumen samples. All freshly prepared rations were dominated by Lactobacillaceae, Erwiniaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae but rations based on AS than IS remained more stable over 2 days. In conclusion, grass silage and barley grain preservation methods did not affect the measured parameters in dairy cows and the preservation method can be selected based on practical on-farm factors.
Identification of Messenger RNA Signatures in Age-Dependent Renal Impairment
Authors: Yanai Katsunori , Kaneko Shohei , Aomatsu Akinori , Hirai Keiji , Ookawara Susumu , Morishita Yoshiyuki
Published: December 2023

In general populations, age-dependent renal impairment contributes to the progression of renal dysfunction. It has not been known which molecules are involved in age-dependent renal impairment. Messenger RNA (mRNA) has been reported to modulate various renal diseases, and we therefore investigated mRNA signatures in age-dependent renal impairment. We performed an initial microarray-profiling analysis to screen mRNAs, the expression levels of which changed in the kidneys of 50-week-old senescence-accelerated prone (SAMP1) mice (which have accelerated age-dependent renal impairments) compared with those of 50 wk old senescence-accelerated-resistant (SAMR1) mice (which have normal aged kidneys) and with younger (10 wk old) SAMP1 and SAMR1 mice. We next assessed the expressions of mRNAs that were differentially expressed in the kidneys of SAMP1-50wk mice by conducting a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and compared the expressions among the SAMP1-10wk, SAMR1-10wk, and SAMR1-50wk mice. The results of the microarray together with the qRT-PCR analysis revealed five mRNAs whose expression levels were significantly altered in SAMP1-50wk mouse kidneys versus the control mice. The expression levels of the five mRNAs were increased in the kidneys of the mice with age-dependent renal impairment. Our findings indicate that the five mRNAs might be related and could become therapeutic targets for age-dependent renal impairment.
Assessment of Digital Teaching Competence in Non-University Education
Authors: Andaluz-Delgado Soraya , Ordoñez-Olmedo Eva , Gutiérrez-Martín Noelia
Published: December 2023

The enormous influence that Information and Communication Technologies have in society, as well as the pandemic caused by COVID-19, have caused teachers to need to adapt to new educational contexts in recent years, in addition to evidencing the enormous deficiencies in the use of technologies. The quarantine situation made it necessary to organize the educational system so that students could continue their training away from the classroom. This article aims to assess whether teachers’ perceptions about their level of digital competence have changed after quarantine in non-university education teachers in Spain. For this, a nonexperimental quantitative method was applied using descriptive statistical techniques. The sample is made up of 168 teachers, and for data collection, a questionnaire was used covering different areas established by the DigCompEdu framework. The results show that the perception teachers have about their digital competence is that it has improved due to free training, which implies the necessary training of teachers in new technologies. These data encourage the design of a training plan from universities to comply with the resolution of 4 May 2022, of the General Directorate for Territorial Evaluation and Cooperation on updating the reference framework of digital teaching competence.
Automatic Verticality Monitoring and Securing System for Large Circular Steel Pipes
Authors: Koo Sungmin , Park Haeyong , Oh Myounghak , Baek Seungjae
Published: December 2023

Securing the verticality of foundations is a crucial factor for ensuring safety in offshore construction. The repeated intrusion-pulling method is generally used to ensure verticality in suction bucket foundation construction processes. However, it relies heavily on the experience and skills of field workers and is relatively time-consuming. To address this problem, we propose an automatic verticality securing system for large circular steel pipes based on a verticality monitoring system. This system adjusts cables at locations where verticality correction is required without changing the existing suction pile–penetration–construction process. It includes a monitoring component that provides real-time data on pipe alignment and an automatic lifting cable control system that maintains perpendicularity using data acquired from the monitoring system. The monitoring system comprises a sensor, an embedded controller, and a display program that displays the vertical information of circular steel pipes. The automatic lifting cable control system includes a controller with an algorithm for adjusting the length of the actuator. We showed that the system operates satisfactorily and secures the verticality of less than 0.2° in the suction bucket-based model experiment. Furthermore, the testbed experimental results show that our monitoring system can efficiently measure verticality information in real time.
Market and Sharing Alternatives for the Provision of Massive Machine-Type and Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications Services over a 5G Network
Authors: Moreno-Cardenas Edison , Guijarro Luis
Published: December 2023

The objective of this paper is to analyze economic alternatives for the provision of ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) and massive machine-type communication (mMTC) services over a fifth-generation (5G) network. Two business models, a monopoly and a duopoly, are studied and two 5G network scenarios are analyzed: a 5G network where the network resources are shared between the two services without service priority, and a 5G network with network slicing that allows for URLLC traffic to have a higher priority. Microeconomics is used to model the behavior of users and operators, and game theory is used to model the strategic interaction between users and operators. The results show that a monopoly over a 5G network with network slicing is the most efficient way to provide both URLLC and mMTC services.
Enhancing Security and Accountability in Autonomous Vehicles through Robust Speaker Identification and Blockchain-Based Event Recording
Authors: Njoku Judith Nkechinyere , Nwakanma Cosmas Ifeanyi , Lee Jae-Min , Kim Dong-Seong
Published: December 2023

As the deployment of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) gains momentum, ensuring both security and accountability becomes paramount. This paper proposes a comprehensive approach to address these concerns. With the increasing importance of speaker identification, our first contribution lies in implementing a robust mechanism for identifying authorized users within AVs, enhancing security. To counter the threat of voice spoofing, an ensemble-based approach leveraging speaker verification techniques is presented, ensuring the authenticity of user commands. Furthermore, in scenarios of accidents involving AVs, the need for accurate accountability and liability allocation arises. To address this, we introduce a novel application of blockchain technology, enabling an event recording system that ensures transparent and tamper-proof records. The proposed system enhances AV security and establishes a framework for reliable accident investigation using speakers’ records. In addition, this paper presents an innovative concept where vehicles act as impartial judges during accidents, utilizing location-based identification. Results show the viability of the proposed solution for accident investigation and analysis.
Immobilization of Phospholipase D for Production of Phosphatidylserine via Enzyme-Inorganic Hybrid Nanoflower Strategy
Authors: Zhang Shujing , Sun Hui , Huang Zhiqi , Han Zhuoxuan , Hou Jiayi , Lu Fuping , Liu Yihan
Published: December 2023

Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a natural phospholipid with particular importance in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Recently, the synthesis of PS mediated by phospholipase D (PLD) has drawn great attention. But the application of free PLD is limited by various drawbacks, including its instability under extreme conditions, difficulties in reuse and recovery, and high costs. In this work, saPLD-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (saPLD@NFs) were synthesized with PLD from Streptomyces antibioticus (saPLD) as the organic component and Ca3(PO4)2 as the inorganic component. The saPLD@NFs demonstrated outstanding immobilization capability and achieved a 119% enzyme activity recovery rate. Furthermore, the saPLD@NFs exhibited better thermostability and pH stability in comparison to free saPLD. The PS yield of saPLD@NFs was about 57.4% in the first cycles and still reached 60.4% of its initial PS yield after four cycles. After 25 d storage at 4 °C, saPLD@NFs retained 66.5% of its original activity, but free saPLD only retained 38.3%, indicating that saPLD@NFs have excellent storage stability. Thus, this study established a new method of preparing PLD nanoflowers for effective PS synthesis, which might accelerate the practical utilization of this biocatalyst.
Assessing the Impact of Simultaneous Co-Fermentation on Malolactic Bioconversion and the Quality of Cider Made with Low-Acidity Apples
Authors: Cerri Maria Luísa , Gomes Tatiane Aparecida , Carraro Matheus de Melo , Wojeicchowski José Pedro , Demiate Ivo Mottin , Lacerda Luiz Gustavo , Alberti Aline , Nogueira Alessandro
Published: December 2023

This study investigated the synergistic effects of combining Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Oenococcus oeni during the alcoholic fermentation of a low-acidity cider. The initial population of indigenous wild lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the apple must was 104 CFU/mL. Alcoholic fermentations were carried out without (Cider I) and with (Cider II) the O. oeni inoculation at 105 CFU/mL. As S. cerevisiae grows, a declining trend was observed in indigenous and inoculated LAB populations. While the wild LAB exhibited higher sensitivity than O. oeni, they were not eliminated during alcoholic fermentation. The addition of O. oeni impacted the growth and metabolic activity of S. cerevisiae. The bioconversion of malic acid into lactic acid predominantly occurred during the growth phase (43–66%) and stationary phase (4–27%). The resurgence of O. oeni following alcoholic fermentation significantly impacted the production of volatile compounds. After 20 days of fermentation, Cider II displayed a twofold increase in these compounds, resulting in a more favorable sensory profile according to evaluators. Consequently, malolactic fermentation (MLF) coincided with alcoholic fermentation, leading to a reduction in malic acid content. Furthermore, post alcoholic fermentation, MLF positively enhanced the aromatic quality of low-acid cider made from apples with low acidity.
Development of Activated Carbon Textiles Produced from Jute and Cotton Wastes for Electromagnetic Shielding Applications
Authors: Sert Sema , Duran Kaya Deniz , Körlü Ayşegül
Published: December 2023

Increasing amounts of waste resulting from over-consumption carry substantial risks for human and environmental health, and disposing of this waste requires enormous amounts of energy. As a result, waste-to-wealth and circular economy approaches have gained attention in both academia and the commercial sector in recent years. Accordingly, this study aims to develop electromagnetic shielding materials by converting non-conductive waste textiles into conductive value-added product and porous fabrics by carbonizing the structure itself rather than by adding any conductive particles. To this end, the novel contribution of the present study is that waste textiles were converted into activated carbon in a shorter time and without compromising the integrity of the fibrous network via microwave pyrolysis without inert gas. Sulfuric acid was used as a dehydration and activation agent, suppressing the release of volatile organic substances and eliminating greenhouse gas emissions. This approach also increased product yield and reduced energy consumption and sample shrinkage. The structures of the activated carbon textile showed EMI shielding within 20–30 dB (99.9% attenuation) in the 1–6 GHz frequency range. The maximum SSE/t value of 950.71 dB·cm2·g−1 was obtained with the microwave post-treated activated carbon textile. Micropores were dominant characteristics of these materials, and pore diameters increased with increased acid concentration. The maximum surface area of 383.92 m2/g was obtained with 8% acid. Ultrasound treatment reduced water-energy consumption and cost. Only 5 min of microwave post-treatment increased textile conductivity and thermal stability and contributed positively to electromagnetic shielding.
Quantifying Firebrand and Radiative Heat Flux Risk on Structures in Mallee/Mulga-Dominated Wildland–Urban Interface: A Physics-Based Approach
Authors: Wickramasinghe Amila , Khan Nazmul , Filkov Alexander , Moinuddin Khalid
Published: December 2023

Fire spread in the Wildland–Urban Interface (WUI) can occur due to direct flame contact, convection, radiation, firebrand attack, or their combinations. Out of them, firebrand attack significantly contributes to damaging structures. To improve the resistance of buildings in wildfire-prone areas, the Australian Standards AS3959 provides construction requirements introducing Bushfire Attack Levels (BAL) based on quantified radiation heat flux. However, quantifying firebrand attack presents challenges, and the standard does not provide specific recommendations in this regard. This study aims to address this research gap by quantifying firebrand flux on houses according to the BALs in Mallee/Mulga-dominated vegetation using physics-based modelling. The study follows the AS3959 vegetation classifications and fire-weather conditions. The study considers Fire Danger Indices (FDI) of 100, 80, and 50 and identifies the housing components most susceptible to firebrand attack and radiant heat flux. The findings reveal an increasing firebrand flux with higher BAL values across all FDIs, with a greater percentage difference observed between FDIs 50 and 80 compared to FDIs 80 and 100. Furthermore, an exponential relationship is found between radiative heat flux and firebrand flux. This research contributes the development of effective strategies to mitigate the firebrand danger and enhance the resilience of structures to enhance AS3959.
Effect of Liquid Nitrogen Freezing Temperature on the Muscle Quality of Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Yan Wenda , Sun Qinxiu , Zheng Ouyang , Han Zongyuan , Wang Zefu , Wei Shuai , Ji Hongwu , Liu Shucheng
Published: December 2023

The implications of different liquid nitrogen freezing (LNF) temperatures (−35 °C, −65 °C, −95 °C, and −125 °C) on the ice crystal and muscle quality of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were investigated in this essay. The results showed that better muscle quality was maintained after LNF treatment compared to that after air blast freezing (AF) treatment. As the freezing temperature of liquid nitrogen decrease, the freezing speed accelerated, with the freezing speed of LNF at −125 °C being the fastest. However, an excessively fast freezing speed was not conducive to maintaining the quality of shrimp. Among all the freezing treatments, LNF at −95 °C led to the lowest thawing losses and cooking losses, and the highest L* values, indicating that LNF at −95 °C could keep the water holding capacity of frozen shrimp better than that with other freezing methods. At the same time, LNF at −95 °C resulted in higher water holding capacity, and hardness values for shrimps than those with other frozen treatments (p < 0.05). In addition, the results of the water distribution of shrimps showed that treatment with a −95 °C LNF reduced the migration rate of bound and free water. Meanwhile, the microstructural pores of shrimps in the −95 °C LNF group were smaller, indicating that the ice crystals generated during −95 °C LNF were relatively smaller than those generated via other frozen treatments. In conclusion, an appropriate LNF temperature (−95 °C) was beneficial for improving the quality of frozen shrimp, and avoiding freezing breakage.
The Impact of Maternal Hypothyroidism during Pregnancy on Minipuberty in Boys
Authors: Kowalcze Karolina , Krysiak Robert , Obuchowicz Anna
Published: December 2023

Minipuberty is a period of increased reproductive axis activity in infancy, which seems to be implicated in the postnatal development of male genital organs. Impaired thyroid function during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal complications. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the presence of hypothyroidism during pregnancy modulates the course of male minipuberty. We compared three matched groups of male infants: sons of women with hypothyroidism uncontrolled or poorly controlled during pregnancy (group A), male offspring of women treated over the entire pregnancy with adequate doses of levothyroxine (group B), and sons born to women with no evidence of thyroid disease (group C). Salivary levels of testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, estradiol, progesterone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone, as well as urine concentrations of FSH and LH, were assessed once a month in the first 6 months of life, and once every two months between months 6 and 12. Gonadotropin and testosterone levels during the first 6 months of life were lower in group A than in groups B and C. Differences in testosterone and gonadotropin levels were accompanied by similar differences in penile length and testicular volume. Concentrations of the remaining hormones did not differ between the study groups. The obtained results suggest that untreated or undertreated maternal thyroid hypofunction in pregnancy has an inhibitory effect on postnatal activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis and genital organ development in their male offspring.
Genetic Characteristics of Patients with Young-Onset Myelodysplastic Neoplasms
Authors: Kim Hyun-Young , Yoo Keon Hee , Jung Chul Won , Kim Hee-Jin , Kim Sun-Hee
Published: December 2023

Myelodysplastic neoplasm (MDS) is a heterogeneous group of myeloid neoplasms affected by germline and somatic genetic alterations. The incidence of MDS increases with age but rarely occurs at a young age. We investigated the germline and somatic genetic alterations of Korean patients with young-onset MDS (<40 years). Among the thirty-one patients, five (16.1%) had causative germline variants predisposing them to myeloid neoplasms (three with GATA2 variants and one each with PGM3 and ETV variants). We found that PGM3 deficiency, a subtype of severe immunodeficiency, predisposes patients to MDS. Somatic mutations were identified in 14 patients (45.2%), with lower rates in patients aged < 20 years (11.1%). Nine (29%) patients had U2AF1 S34F/Y mutations, and patients with U2AF1 mutations showed significantly worse progression-free survival (p < 0.001) and overall survival (p = 0.006) than those without U2AF1 mutations. A UBA1 M41T mutation that causes VEXAS syndrome was identified in a male patient. In conclusion, a germline predisposition to myeloid neoplasms occurred in ~16% of young-onset MDS patients and was largely associated with primary immunodeficiencies, including GATA2 deficiency. Furthermore, the high frequency of somatic U2AF1 mutations in patients with young-onset MDS suggests the presence of a distinct MDS subtype.
Racial Impact on Inpatient Stroke Quality of Care in Two Community Hospitals
Authors: Hussein Haitham M. , Yang Mai-Kau , Ramezani Solmaz , Sharma Rishi , Lodhi Omair ul haq , Owens-Pochinka Yaroslav , Lu Jinci , Elbokl Ahmed
Published: December 2023

Introduction: This analysis was conducted as a part of a quality improvement project aiming at identifying racial disparity in inpatient stroke quality of care. Methods: The Get With The Guidelines (GWTG) database was used to identify all patients discharged with any stroke diagnosis between January and December 2021. An additional chart review was conducted to ensure the accuracy of racial/ethnic categorization. The sample was dichotomized into white vs. non-white groups and compared with univariate analysis. Results: The study sample comprised 1408 encounters (1347 patients) with Mean age of 71 ± 15 years, 51% women, 82% white patients, 15% non-white patients, 72% acute ischemic stroke (AIS); 15% transient ischemic attack (TIA), 9% intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), 3% subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and 1% stroke not otherwise specified. Non-white patients were younger and had fewer concomitant diagnoses, a lower proportion of TIA, and a higher proportion of ICH (p = 0.004). In the AIS cohort, compared to white patients, non-white patients had less frequent ambulance (p = 0.009), arrived at the hospital later than white patients (7.7 h longer; p < 0.001), had more severe strokes, and had less frequent IV thrombolysis utilization (7% vs. 13%; p = 0.042). Similarly, in the TIA cohort, non-white patients’ utilization of EMS was lower than that of white patients, and their hospital arrival was delayed. In the ICH cohort, non-white patients were younger and had a lower frequency of atrial fibrillation and a non-significant trend toward higher disease severity. The SAH cohort had only eight non-white patients, six of whom were transferred to a higher level of hospital care within a few hours of arrival. Importantly, the hospital-based quality metrics, such as door-to-CT time, door-to-needle time, and the Joint Commission stroke quality metrics, were similar between the two groups. Conclusions: There is a racial disparity in the pre-hospital phase of the stroke chain of survival of non-white patients, impacting IV thrombolysis utilization. The younger age and worse lipid profile and hemoglobin A1c of non-white patients suggest the need for better preventative care starting at a young age.
Development and Validation of an Educational Book on Self-Management in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Based on Patient Preferences and Expert Opinions: A Methodological Study
Authors: Norouzkhani Narges , Bahari Ali , Faramarzi Mahbobeh , Shokri Shirvani Javad , Eslami Saeid , Tabesh Hamed
Published: December 2023

Background: Self-management education resources for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using concepts remain infrequent. We aim to describe the development and evaluation process of educational material for self-management in IBD based on patient preferences and expert opinions. Research design and methods: The method of this study includes two main phases of development and validation in five steps in the following order: (1) identification of information needs for patients with IBD; (2) content development with a comprehensive literature review and scientific texts related to IBD; (3) measuring the face validity of the content based on the expert opinions in the field of IBD; (4) validation of the content with the experts in the field of IBD; and (5) validation by target audiences. Results: The expert panel comprises ten gastroenterologists, nutritionists, psychologists, gynecologists, and nurses. The total suitability score is 79.5%. The final draft version of the educational self-management material was presented to 30 IBD patients who were satisfied (n = 24; 80%) with the material. Conclusions: This study shows the development process and is validated for face and content validity by the academic multidisciplinary expert panel and target group. Patients and their caregivers can use this content to cope with their disease.