bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Proteomics and Targeted Fatty Acids Analysis Reveal the Damage of Triptolide in Liver and Kidney
Authors: Li Menglin , Hu Ting , Tie Cai , Qu Liang , Zheng Hao , Zhang Jinlan
Published: September 2017

Triptolide (TP), the major active component in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., is widely used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune diseases. However, organ toxicity, especially hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, limits its clinical application. To fully understand the mechanism underlying TP toxicity, iTRAQ‐based 2D‐LC‐MS/MS proteomics is used to detect differentially expressed proteins in the livers and kidneys of mice administered the LD50 dose of TP. Functional annotation revealed that multiple pathways are involved in TP toxicity, including acute‐phase response signaling, the antigen presentation pathway, FXR/RXR activation, LPS/IL‐1‐mediated inhibition of RXR function, and EIF2 signaling. Members of the cytochrome P450 protein family that are involved in fatty acid (FA) metabolism, such as CYP2E1, show significant differences in expression among groups. Additionally, the proteomics data suggested that FAs are involved in TP‐induced toxicity. FA analysis is conducted using HPLC‐MRM to characterize the differences among various groups exposed to TP for different times. It has been found that 20 FAs in the liver show significant differences in abundance among groups, whereas in the kidneys, six FAs show significant differences in abundance. By integrating the proteomic and targeted FA analyses, it has been found that differently expressed proteins and FAs both participate in pathways including cellular lipolytic activity, peroxisomal fatty acid beta‐oxidation, and so on. Our data contribute to understanding the mechanisms underlying TP‐induced organ toxicity. The results may help to improve the clinical efficacy and safety of TP in the future.
Plant Proteogenomics: Improvements to the Grapevine Genome Annotation
Authors: Chapman Brett , Bellgard Matthew
Published: September 2017

Grapevine is an important perennial fruit to the wine industry, and has implications for the health industry with some causative agents proven to reduce heart disease. Since the sequencing and assembly of grapevine cultivar Pinot Noir, several studies have contributed to its genome annotation. This new study further contributes toward genome annotation efforts by conducting a proteogenomics analysis using the latest genome annotation from CRIBI, legacy proteomics dataset from cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon and a large RNA‐seq dataset. A total of 341 novel annotation events are identified consisting of five frame‐shifts, 37 translated UTRs, 15 exon boundaries, one novel splice, nine novel exons, 159 gene boundaries, 112 reverse strands, and one novel gene event in 213 genes and 323 proteins. From this proteogenomics evidence, the Augustus gene prediction tool predicted 52 novel and revised genes (54 protein isoforms), 11 genes of which are associated with key traits such as stress tolerance and floral and fruity wine characteristics. This study also highlights a likely over‐assembly with the genome, particularly on chromosome 7.
ExSTA: External Standard Addition Method for Accurate High‐Throughput Quantitation in Targeted Proteomics Experiments
Authors: Mohammed Yassene , Pan Jingxi , Zhang Suping , Han Jun , Borchers Christoph H.
Published: September 2017

Purpose

Targeted proteomics using MRM with stable‐isotope‐labeled internal‐standard (SIS) peptides is the current method of choice for protein quantitation in complex biological matrices. Better quantitation can be achieved with the internal standard‐addition method, where successive increments of synthesized natural form (NAT) of the endogenous analyte are added to each sample, a response curve is generated, and the endogenous concentration is determined at the x‐intercept. Internal NAT‐addition, however, requires multiple analyses of each sample, resulting in increased sample consumption and analysis time.

Experimental design

To compare the following three methods, an MRM assay for 34 high‐to‐moderate abundance human plasma proteins is used: classical internal SIS‐addition, internal NAT‐addition, and external NAT‐addition—generated in buffer using NAT and SIS peptides. Using endogenous‐free chicken plasma, the accuracy is also evaluated.

Results

The internal NAT‐addition outperforms the other two in precision and accuracy. However, the curves derived by internal vs. external NAT‐addition differ by only ≈3.8% in slope, providing comparable accuracies and precision with good CV values.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

While the internal NAT‐addition method may be “ideal”, this new external NAT‐addition can be used to determine the concentration of high‐to‐moderate abundance endogenous plasma proteins, providing a robust and cost‐effective alternative for clinical analyses or other high‐throughput applications.
Comparison of a new air‐assisted sprayer and two conventional sprayers in terms of deposition, loss to the soil and residue of azoxystrobin and tebuconazole applied to sunlit greenhouse tomato and field cucumber
Authors: Li Yanjie , Li Yifan , Pan Xiang , Li Qing X , Chen Ronghua , Li Xuesheng , Pan Canping , Song Jianli
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND

Plant protection products (PPPs) are applied in China and many other developing countries with knapsack sprayers at high volumes with coarse spray quality, resulting in a high percentage of pesticide losses. In this study, a new air‐assisted electric knapsack sprayer and two conventional knapsack sprayers were evaluated in terms of pesticide deposition, residues and loss into the soil. Artificial targets fixed to the upper side and underside of the leaf surface in six zones (at two depths and three heights) were used to collect the deposition, which were analyzed by liquid chromatography triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

The air‐assisted electric knapsack sprayer produced more deposition and better penetrability and uniformity than the two traditional spraying methods. In particular, the air‐assisted electric knapsack sprayer reduced pesticide losses to the soil by roughly 37% to 75% and deposited 1.18 and 1.24 times more pesticide than the manual air‐pressure and battery‐powered knapsack sprayers, respectively. The residues of azoxystrobin and tebuconazole in tomato and cucumber were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs).

CONCLUSION

In general, use of the the air‐assisted electric knapsack sprayer in tomato and cucumber crops could improve the effectiveness of PPPs, reduce the risk of contamination and protect food safety. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Enhanced Supercapacitive and Magnetic Performances of Ho3+ Doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Prepared Through a Novel One‐Pot Electro‐Synthesis Method
Authors: Aghazadeh Mustafa , Karimzadeh Isa , Ganjali Mohammad Reza
Published: September 2017

A novel one‐step electro‐chemical synthesis platform is developed for the preparation of Ho3+ doped iron oxide nanoparticles (Ho‐IONPs). In this procedure, Ho‐IONPs are electro‐synthesized from an additive‐free aqueous solution of mixed Fe(NO3)3 · 9H2O, FeCl2 · 4H2O, and HoCl3 · 6H2O with applying dc current density of 10 mA cm−2 for 30 min. The characterization data provided by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) confirmed that the synthesized Ho‐IONPs have composition of magnetite crystal structure doped with 20 wt.% Ho3+ cations and average particles size of about 10 nm. The electrochemical results obtained galvanostatic charge‐discharge (GCD) tests showed that Ho‐IONPs could provide specific capacitance as high as 222 F g−1 at discharging condition of 0.5 A g−1, and 95.6% capacity retention after 1000 GCD cycling, which confirmed the suitability of the electro‐synthesized Ho‐IONPs for use in supercapacitors. The results of vibrating sample magnetometer measurements confirmed better superparamagnetic behavior of Ho‐IONPs (Mr = 0.14 emu g−1 and HCi = 2.37 G) as compared with pure IONPs (Mr = 0.95 emu g−1 and HCi = 14.62 G) resulting from their lower Mr and HCi values. Based on the obtained results, the developed electro‐synthesis method is introduced as a facile procedure for the preparation of high performance metal ion doped magnetite nanoparticles.
Assessing Tauc Plot Slope Quantification: ZnO Thin Films as a Model System
Authors: Coulter Jennifer B. , Birnie Dunbar P.
Published: September 2017

One of the most frequently used methods for characterizing thin films is UV–Vis absorption. The near‐edge region can be fitted to a simple expression where the intercept gives the band gap and the fitting exponent identifies the electronic transition as direct or indirect. [See Tauc et al., Physica Status Solidi 15, 627 (1966); naturally, these are usually called “Tauc” plots.] In earlier work, we found that direct band gaps fitted using Tauc's method can be quite accurate, to ∼1% [see Viezbicke et al., Phys. Status Solidi B 252, 1700 (2015)]. Still, slopes of these Tauc plots are less frequently quantified, even though the slopes are directly rooted in key band‐structure parameters. In this study, we examine the reproducibility of Tauc plot slopes for ZnO as a model direct‐gap material and compare these experimental values with the theoretically derived slope. In contrast to the band gap accuracy, the experimental slope values varied by several orders of magnitude. The histogram of slope values was significantly more compact for Tauc plots exhibiting less Urbach tail contribution. In these cases, the Tauc slopes can provide an order‐of‐magnitude quantification of other key band characteristics such as carrier effective mass.
Suitable Interplay between Various Conventional and Unconventional Non‐Covalent Interactions in Forming Self‐Assembled Supramolecules of Two Ni(II)/Zn(II) Schiff Base Complexes
Authors: Roy Sourav , Drew Michael. G. B. , Frontera Antonio , Chattopadhyay Shouvik
Published: September 2017

Two compartmental Schiff bases, H2L1[N,N′‐bis(3‐ethoxysalicylidene)propane‐1,3‐diamine] and H2L2[N,N′‐bis(3‐ethoxysalicylidene)‐2,2‐dimethylpropane‐1,3‐diamine], have been utilized to prepare two new hetero‐dinuclear nickel(II)/zinc(II) complexes, [(DMSO)2NiL1Zn(NCS)2] (1) and [NiL2Zn(NCS)2] (2) respectively. Both complexes have been characterized by elemental and spectral analysis and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Nickel(II) is located in the inner compartment while zinc(II) is positioned in the outer compartment in both complexes. Supramolecular interactions have been explored for both complexes. Hirshfeld surface analysis has been used for visually analyzing intermolecular C−H⋅⋅⋅O (hydrogen bonding), π‐π stacking, conventional C−H⋅⋅⋅π(arene) and unconventional C−H⋅⋅⋅π(SCN) interactions in the crystal structures. Theoretical studies on the formation of C−H⋅⋅⋅O (hydrogen bonding), π‐π stacking, conventional C−H⋅⋅⋅π(arene) and unconventional C−H⋅⋅⋅π(SCN) interactions in the solid state X‐ray structures of both complexes have been performed using the Gaussian‐09 and M06‐2X/6‐31+G* level of theory.
Poly(N‐octadecylaniline) Synthesized at the Air‐Water Interface: Aligned Nanofibers and Gold Nanocomposite Assembly via the Langmuir‐Blodgett Technique
Authors: Maganti Lasya , Radhakrishnan T. P.
Published: September 2017

Morphological and organizational control afforded by polymerization at the air‐water interface, and the unique structural features of poly(N‐alkylaniline)s are exploited in the fabrication of the polymer and polymer‐nanoparticle composites in micro and nanofiber (ultrathin film) forms. While ammonium peroxodisulfate as the oxidizer provides poly(N‐octadecylaniline) (PNOA), chloroauric acid leads to the nanocomposite, PNOA_Au. Experiments using relatively larger amounts of the monomer in a petri‐dish produced PNOA and PNOA_Au microfibers that could be characterized using spectroscopy, microscopy and electrical conductivity measurement. Polymerization in monolayer Langmuir films under surface pressure control in a Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) trough, allowed the kinetics to be monitored, and ultrathin films of PNOA and PNOA_Au to be fabricated. The PNOA LB film shows nanofibers with twists, turns and helical segments, aligned parallel to the direction of monolayer compression; a computational model suggests a helical chain structure for PNOA formed at the interface. The polymer nanofibers are decorated with Au nanoparticles in the PNOA_Au film.
Microwave Irradiation of PC3 Cells at Constant Culture Temperature Alters the Incorporation of BODIPY into Cells and Reduction of MTT
Authors: Mazinani Sina Atrin , Moradi Fereshteh , Stuart Jeffrey A. , Yan Hongbin
Published: September 2017

The present study investigated the impact of 10 W microwave irradiation at 2.45 GHz on the cell viability and membrane properties of human prostate cancer PC3 cells, while the temperature of the cell cultures was maintained at 37±2 °C through simultaneous cooling. Microwave irradiation under these conditions did not induce apoptosis, nor otherwise lead to loss of cell viability, as indicated by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Annexin–V, and propidium iodide assays. Interestingly however, incorporation of BODIPY (4,4‐difluoro‐5‐methyl‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene) 3‐dodecanoic acid into the cell membrane was facilitated by microwave treatment at constant temperature. Also, constant temperature microwave treatment significantly increased the rate of reduction of MTT. Taken together, these results suggest that constant temperature microwave, while non‐lethal to PC3 cells, may alter membrane properties.
Electrosynthesis of Nanostructured, Imprinted Poly(hydroxymethyl 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) for the Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Detection of Urinary Progesterone
Authors: Luo Shyh‐Chyang , Thomas James L. , Guo Han‐Zhang , Liao Wei‐Tang , Lee Mei‐Hwa , Lin Hung‐Yin
Published: September 2017

Electrochemically synthesized polymers are used in molecular imprinting for chemical sensing and are attractive for use in the rapid preparation of low‐cost sensing electrodes. The electropolymerization of certain novel monomers, such as 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), results in electrically conducting polymers (ECPs) that give substantially improved biosensor performance. In this work, EDOT and hydroxymethyl EDOT (EDOT‐OH) were electrochemically copolymerized to optimize the imprinting effectiveness of progesterone; the imprinting effectiveness is defined as the ratio of the peak electrochemical response of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) to that of non‐imprinted polymers (NIPs). Interestingly, three different kinds of microstructures were observed: porous, “belt”, and tubular structures. Copolymerization, however, did not increase the effectiveness of imprinting over that obtained with pure PEDOT or p(EDOT‐OH). Finally, urine samples and the interferences that are present in urine (such as creatinine, urea, testosterone and 17β‐estradiol) were examined to determine the selectivity of these sensors. The limit of detection (LOD) of this progesterone sensor was less than 1.0 fg/mL, and the linear range was from 0.1 fg/mL to 0.1 ng/mL.
Effect of Pyridine Addition on the Efficiency of Copper‐Mediated Radiofluorination of Aryl Pinacol Boronates
Authors: Antuganov Dmitrii , Zykov Michail , Timofeeva Ksenija , Antuganova Yulija , Orlovskaya Victoriya , Krasikova Raisa
Published: September 2017

The rise of the transition‐metal‐mediated and/or catalyzed radiofluorination reactions has led us to investigate possibilities for the improvement of the radiolabeling yields of pinacol esters of arylboronic acids (arylBPin) in the presence of Cu(OTf)2(py)4. Addition of small amounts pyridine to the reaction medium with DMF as a solvent and [18F]F−/K222Cs+complex as [18F]fluoride source was shown to have a significant positive effect on the radiofluorination yields. The effect was investigated in depth using 4‐biphenylboronic acid pinacol ester as a model compound, with up to 20 % increase in radiochemical conversion observed at optimized conditions. Maximum effect was observed at pyridine‐to‐catalyst ratio of 30:1. The findings were applied to a representative electron‐rich ring systems that are traditionally difficult or impossible to radiolabel with nucleophilic fluoride, leading to products such as 2‐[18F]fluoroanisole and protected 4‐L‐[18F]fluorophenylalanine. Given the ever‐present pressure to develop new methods for introduction of fluorine‐18 into various substrates to facilitate easy and robust production of clinically‐relevant radiotracers for PET imaging we believe our findings can be of significant practical interest for radiofluorination of ortho‐substituted substrates in particular.
HPAs and POM‐based ILs Catalyzed Effective Conversion of Furfuryl Alcohol to Alkyl Levulinate
Authors: Hao Rui , He Jianghua , Zhao Lun , Zhang Yuetao
Published: September 2017

Here we represented the heteropoly acids (HPAs) and polyoxometalate (POM)‐based ionic liquids (ILs) catalyzed the effective alcoholysis of furfural alcohol (FAL) to alkyl levulinate. H5AlW12O40 exhibited the highest catalytic activity among HPAs, furnishing > 99 % FAL conversion and 80 % yield of butyl levulinate (BL). The incorporation of IL framework containing sulfate group into HPAs resulted in the enhanced catalytic performance. [MIMBS]5[AlW12O40] achieved the highest BL yield of 94 % and maintained a good catalytic activity after 6 times of recycle and reuse experiments. The effect of the Hammett acidity and structure of catalyst on the catalytic performance of HPAs and POM‐based ILs was also investigated.
Activity Tuning of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Anchored on N‐Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Potential Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalyst by Zn Substitution in the Spinel Matrix
Authors: Kashyap Varchaswal , Singh Santosh K. , Kurungot Sreekumar
Published: September 2017

Development of highly efficient and durable ORR catalysts by using non‐platinum group metals (such as Co, Fe, Mn, and Zn) is a challenging task in the forward path towards the realization of low‐cost energy devices in the commercial stream. The present work deals with an effective strategy wherein an efficient Pt‐free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is prepared by stoichiometrically substituting some fraction of Fe with Zn in cobalt ferrite and anchoring these spinel nanoparticles on nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide (N‐rGO). Zn substitution is found to be significantly altering the ratio of Fe2+/Fe3+ in the cobalt ferrite nanocrystal system with a concomitant promotional influence on its electrocatalytic activity towards ORR. The nanoparticle composition with a Co, Fe and Zn molar ratio of 1.0:1.7:0.3, represented by the formula CoFe1.7Zn0.3O4(CFZn(0.3)), supported over N‐rGO has shown 10 mV and 20 mV positive shift in the onset and half‐wave potentials, respectively, for ORR in 0.1 M KOH in comparison to the nanoparticles of CoFe2O4 supported over N‐rGO (CF/N‐rGO). The optimum Zn substitution is found to be narrowing down the difference with the state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C for ORR by 100 and 110 mV in terms of the onset and half‐wave potentials, respectively. Most significantly, the homemade catalyst is found to be clearly outperforming the Pt catalyst in terms of the limiting current density and electrochemical durability.
Model Studies toward the Total Synthesis of Thebaine by an Intramolecular Cycloaddition Strategy
Authors: Koukal Petr , Hájíček Josef , Gupta Setu , Hudlický Tomáš
Published: September 2017

Three model compounds required for an approach to thebaine by intramolecular [4+2] cycloaddition were prepared. In the first two cases the anticipated cycloaddition products were obtained under thermal conditions. Thermolysis of the third, more advanced model compound, afforded products resulting from rearrangements and/or elimination. A study of analogous intra‐ and intermolecular reactions using benzofuran as dienophile and various electron‐poor and electron‐rich dienes (pyridazines, pyranones, Danishefsky diene) was undertaken.
Synthesis of Indeno[b]indole and Naphtho[a]carbazole Derivatives Involving Diels‐Alder Reaction of Isobenzofurans
Authors: Sankar Elumalai , Karunakaran Jayachandran , Dhivyapirabha Loganathan , Mohanakrishnan Arasambattu K.
Published: September 2017

Diels‐Alder reaction of 1,3‐diarylisobenzofurans with cyclopenten‐1‐one as well as 2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one in the presence of TMSOTf in DCM at 0 °C furnished 4,5‐diarylbenzo[e]inden‐1‐ones and 6,7‐diarylbenzo[f]α‐tetralones. The benzo[e]inden‐1‐ones/benzo[f]α‐tetralones upon Fischer indolization led to the formation of indeno[b]indoles and dihydronaphtho[a]carbazoles, respectively.
Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution via Band Alignment Tailoring: Controllable Transition from Type‐I to Type‐II
Authors: Cheng Zhongzhou , Wang Fengmei , Shifa Tofik Ahmed , Jiang Chao , Liu Quanlin , He Jun
Published: September 2017

Considering the sizable band gap and wide spectrum response of tin disulfide (SnS2), ultrathin SnS2 nanosheets are utilized as solar‐driven photocatalyst for water splitting. Designing a heterostructure based on SnS2 is believed to boost their catalytic performance. Unfortunately, it has been quite challenging to explore a material with suitable band alignment using SnS2 nanomaterials for photocatalytic hydrogen generation. Herein, a new strategy is used to systematically tailor the band alignment in SnS2 based heterostructure to realize efficient H2 production under sunlight. A Type‐I to Type‐II band alignment transition is demonstrated via introducing an interlayer of Ce2S3, a potential photocatalyst for H2 evolution, between SnS2 and CeO2. Subsequently, this heterostructure demonstrates tunability in light absorption, charge transfer kinetics, and material stability. The optimized heterostructure (SnS2–Ce2S3–CeO2) exhibits an incredibly strong light absorption ranging from deep UV to infrared light. Significantly, it also shows superior hydrogen generation with the rate of 240 µmol g−1 h−1 under the illumination of simulated sunlight with a very good stability.
Cadmium Chalcogenide Nano‐Heteroplatelets: Creating Advanced Nanostructured Materials by Shell Growth, Substitution, and Attachment
Authors: Kormilina Tatiana K. , Cherevkov Sergei A. , Fedorov Anatoly V. , Baranov Alexander V.
Published: September 2017

The current direction in the evolution of 2D semiconductor nanocrystals involves the combination of metal and semiconductor components to form new nanoengineered materials called nano‐heteroplatelets. This Review covers different heterostructure architectures that can be applied to cadmium chalcogenide nanoplatelets, including variously shaped shell, metal nanoparticle decoration, and doped and alloy systems. Here, for the first time a complete classification of nano‐heteroplatelet types is provided with recommended notations and a systematization of the existing knowledge and experience concerning heterostructure formation techniques, addressing the morphology, optoelectronic and magnetic properties, and novel features of different heterostructures. This Review is also devoted to possible applications of these heterostructures and of one‐component nanoplatelets in multiple fields, including light‐emitting devices and biological imaging.
You Don't Have to Be a Research Expert to Use Data Effectively
Authors: Goodman Kathleen M. , Turton Buffy Stoll
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides guidance and encouragement about working with assessment data to improve practice and includes a research primer.
Using Data to Support Online Student Communities
Authors: Sundt Melora A. , Berry Sharla , Ortiz Adam
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes practical uses of data about online learners and provides suggestions for using data to support their success.
Using Data to Guide Diversity Work and Enhance Student Learning
Authors: Sundt Melora A. , Cole Darnell , Wheaton Marissiko
Published: September 2017

This chapter is about using campus diversity data to inform student affairs work.
A strategy for intentional islanding of distribution networks based on node electrical relevance and artificial bee colony algorithm
Authors: Zhang Haiyan , Peng Minfang , Wu Hui , Zhu Liang , Che Hongwei , Liu Zhengyi
Published: September 2017

Intentional islanding is an effective approach to avoid large‐area blackouts and minimize outage losses through making full use of renewable energy sources. This paper proposes a novel strategy based on node electrical relevance and artificial bee colony algorithm. The node electrical relevance is defined with equivalent electrical distance and traditional line weight, which can reflect the electrical characteristics of power systems, differentiating the proposed strategy from most existing strategies which are based on graph theory. The artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm employed has fewer control parameters, strong robustness, and high accuracy; therefore, more loads can be incorporated into islands and restored. The constraints of load priority, load controllability, line capacity, and stable operation requirements of power systems are considered to tally with the actual distribution networks. The strategy is tested using the IEEE 69‐bus distribution system and compared with other strategies from the literature. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy is more feasible and efficient. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Partial or total integration in a cross‐border merger? Building a Nordic bank culture
Authors: Hyder Akmal S. , Osarenkhoe Aihie
Published: September 2017

The rate of failure for international mergers and acquisitions (M&As) is exceptionally high, since the integration of merging firms does not function well. Using a process perspective, this study aims to analyze the integration process in a cross‐border merger and the development of a common organizational culture. A framework based on premerger cultural and organizational fit, synergy, and resulting organizational culture is developed to study the growth of Nordea, a merger of four Nordic banks. Data include in‐depth interviews and secondary sources. This case study shows how cultural and managerial differences are dealt with and synergies realized. Building a broad organizational culture involving human resource management, decision making, technology, competitiveness, and customer relationships is necessary for merger integration, but it is costly and difficult. We suggest that success in mergers lies in managers creating a new cultural identity with unique values and perspectives.
Scaling Marker Position Determines the Accuracy of Digital Templating for Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Ramme Austin J. , Fisher Nina D. , Egol Jonathan , Chang Gregory , Vigdorchik Jonathan M.
Published: September 2017

Background

Digital templating systems foster patient-specific measurements for preoperative planning.

Questions/Purposes

We aim (1) to verify the accuracy of a templating system, (2) to describe the effects of scaling marker position on the accuracy of digital templating of the hip, and (3) to provide a practical guide for scaling marker position using patient body mass index (BMI).

Methods

A scaling sphere was placed in five positions along the anterior-posterior axis of an acetabular implant and pelvis phantom, and x-rays were obtained. Each radiograph was templated for the acetabular component and recorded. A retrospective review identified CT scans of preoperative hip arthroplasty cases. The center of the greater trochanter was calculated from these CT scans as the percent distance from the anterior thigh and recorded with the patient's BMI.

Results

By centering the scaling sphere on the acetabular component, an accurate cup size was achieved. A difference of 3.5 cm in sphere placement resulted in a full cup size magnification error. Positioning the scaling sphere at the level of the pubic symphysis resulted in a difference of four cup sizes. This patient population had an average BMI of 28.72 kg/m2 (standard deviation 6.26 kg/m2) and an average position of the center of the greater trochanter of 51% (standard deviation of 6%) from the anterior surface of thigh.

Conclusions

Digital templating relies on scaling marker position to accurately estimate implant size. Based on the findings in this study, scaling markers for hip imaging should be placed laterally, mid-thigh in the anterior-posterior direction for patients with a BMI between 25 and 40 kg/m2. If abnormal hip anatomy or extremes of BMI are discovered, then scaling sphere positioning should be optimized on a case-by-case basis. Digital templating systems for total hip arthroplasty must use precisely placed scaling markers at the level of the hip joint to allow for accurate implant size estimation.
Epidemiology of Cervical Spine Injuries in High School Athletes Over a Ten‐Year Period
Authors: Meron Adele , McMullen Christopher , Laker Scott R. , Currie Dustin , Comstock R. Dawn
Published: September 2017

Background

More than 7 million athletes participate in high school sports annually, with both the benefits of physical activity and risks of injury. Although catastrophic cervical spine injuries have been studied, limited data are available that characterize less‐severe cervical spine injuries in high school athletes.

Objective

To describe and compare cervical spine injury rates and patterns among U.S. high school athletes across 24 sports over a 10‐year period.

Design

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting

National sample of high schools participating in the High School Reporting Information Online injury surveillance system.

Participants

Athletes from participating schools injured in a school sanctioned practice, competition, or performance during the 2005–2006 through 2014–2015 academic years.

Methods

Cervical spine injury data captured by the High School Reporting Information Online system during the 10‐year study period were examined. Cervical spine injury was defined as any injury to the cervical spinal cord, bones, nerves, or supporting structures of the cervical spine including muscles, ligaments, and tendons.

Main Outcome Measurements

Cervical spine injury rates, diagnoses, mechanisms, and severities.

Results

During the study period, 1080 cervical spine injuries were reported during 35,581,036 athlete exposures for an injury rate of 3.04 per 100,000 athlete exposures. Injury rates were highest in football (10.10), wrestling (7.42), and girls' gymnastics (4.95). Muscle injuries were most common (63.1%), followed by nerve injuries (20.5%). A larger proportion of football injuries were nerve injuries compared with all other sports (injury proportion ratio 3.31; confidence interval 2.33‐4.72), whereas in boys' ice hockey fractures represented a greater proportion of injuries compared with all other sports (injury proportion ratio 7.64; confidence interval 2.10‐27.83). Overall, the most common mechanisms of injury were contact with another player (70.7%) and contact with playing surface (16.1%).

Conclusions

Cervical spine injury rates and patterns vary by sport and gender. Characterizing these differences is the first step in developing effective, evidence‐based prevention guidelines.

Level of Evidence

IV
Greek and Italian ‘Lessons’ on Bank Restructuring: Is Precautionary Recapitalisation the Way Forward?
Authors: BODELLINI Marco
Published: September 2017

Even though the bail-in tool is potentially helpful in resolving banks in crisis, it may still create the same issues that resolution is meant to prevent and/or avoid, namely contagion, financial instability and also systemic risk. Recent cases of bank restructuring have demonstrated that there are situations in which the use of the bail-in tool could end up being dangerous for the stability of the financial system. Obviously in such cases, the write down and/or conversion into equity of the bank’s liabilities must be avoided. At the same time, however, the disapplication of bail-in makes the provision of external resources necessary to rescue effectively the bank in crisis.

The EU legislator was aware of these potential issues and for this reason introduced a number of rules allowing, in certain situations, both the disapplication of the bail-in tool and the provision of external financing. Nevertheless, when the provision of external financing comes from the Member States, it has to comply with the rules of the State aid framework set by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and applied by the European Commission. In this article, it is argued that despite the strict rules on State aid, there is still room to manage even difficult banking crisis situations in which the application of the bail-in tool could be counterproductive and therefore public intervention should take place through the so-called precautionary recapitalisation instead. However, in this regard, it is crucially important that the authorities intervene before the bank in trouble ‘crosses the line’ of insolvency, as some recent cases of Greek and Italian banks have demonstrated.
Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with newly diagnosed metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Berringer Ross
Published: September 2017

Acute tumor lysis syndrome in the absence of cytotoxic therapy is an uncommon event but has been reported with hematologic malignancies. The case described below illustrates spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in the context of a rapidly proliferating metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma. Clinicians should consider ordering phosphate, uric acid, and calcium when assessing patients with recently diagnosed or suspected malignancy.
On the Beltramian motion of the bidirectional vortex in a conical cyclone
Authors: Barber Timothy A. , Majdalani Joseph
Published: September 2017

In this work, an exact Eulerian model is used to describe the steady-state motion of a bidirectional vortex in a conical chamber. This particular model is applicable to idealized representations of cyclone separators and liquid rocket engines with slowly expanding chamber cross-sections. The corresponding bulk motion is assumed to be non-reactive, rotational, inviscid and incompressible. Then, following Bloor & Ingham (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 178, 1987, pp. 507–519), the spherical Bragg–Hawthorne equation is used to construct a mathematical model that connects the solution to the swirl number and the cone divergence angle. Consequently, a self-similar formulation is obtained independently of the cone’s finite body length. This enables us to characterize the problem using closed-form approximations of the principal flow variables. Among the cyclonic parameters of interest, the mantle divergence angle and the maximum cross-flow velocity are obtained explicitly. The mantle consists of a spinning cone that separates the circumferential inflow region from the central outflow. This interfacial layer bisects the fluid domain at approximately 60 per cent of the cone’s divergence half-angle. Its accurate determination is proven asymptotically using two different criteria, one being preferred by experimentalists. Finally, recognizing that the flow in question is of the Beltramian type, results are systematically described over a range of cone angles and spatial locations in both spherical and cylindrical coordinates; they are also compared to available experimental and numerical data.
An asymptotic model for the propagation of oceanic internal tides through quasi-geostrophic flow
Authors: Wagner G. L. , Ferrando G. , Young W. R.
Published: September 2017

We derive a time-averaged ‘hydrostatic wave equation’ from the hydrostatic Boussinesq equations that describes the propagation of inertia–gravity internal waves through quasi-geostrophic flow. The derivation uses a multiple-scale asymptotic method to isolate wave field evolution over intervals much longer than a wave period, assumes the wave field has a well-defined non-inertial frequency such as that of the mid-latitude semi-diurnal lunar tide, assumes that the wave field and quasi-geostrophic flow have comparable spatial scales and neglects nonlinear wave–wave dynamics. As a result the hydrostatic wave equation is a reduced model applicable to the propagation of large-scale internal tides through the inhomogeneous and moving ocean. A numerical comparison with the linearized and hydrostatic Boussinesq equations demonstrates the validity of the hydrostatic wave equation model and illustrates how the model fails when the quasi-geostrophic flow is too strong and the wave frequency is too close to inertial. The hydrostatic wave equation provides a first step toward a coupled model for energy transfer between oceanic internal tides and quasi-geostrophic eddies and currents.
Super compact equation for water waves
Authors: Dyachenko A. I. , Kachulin D. I. , Zakharov V. E.
Published: September 2017

Mathematicians and physicists have long been interested in the subject of water waves. The problems formulated in this subject can be considered fundamental, but many questions remain unanswered. For instance, a satisfactory analytic theory of such a common and important phenomenon as wave breaking has yet to be developed. Our knowledge of the formation of rogue waves is also fairly poor despite the many efforts devoted to this subject. One of the most important tasks of the theory of water waves is the construction of simplified mathematical models that are applicable to the description of these complex events under the assumption of weak nonlinearity. The Zakharov equation, as well as the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) and the Dysthe equation (which are actually its simplifications), are among them. In this article, we derive a new modification of the Zakharov equation based on the assumption of unidirectionality (the assumption that all waves propagate in the same direction). To derive the new equation, we use the Hamiltonian form of the Euler equation for an ideal fluid and perform a very specific canonical transformation. This transformation is possible due to the ‘miraculous’ cancellation of the non-trivial four-wave resonant interaction in the one-dimensional wave field. The obtained equation is remarkably simple. We call the equation the ‘super compact water wave equation’. This equation includes a nonlinear wave term (à la NLSE) together with an advection term that can describe the initial stage of wave breaking. The NLSE and the Dysthe equations (DystheProc. R. Soc. Lond.A, vol. 369, 1979, pp. 105–114) can be easily derived from the super compact equation. This equation is also suitable for analytical studies as well as for numerical simulation. Moreover, this equation also allows one to derive a spatial version of the water wave equation that describes experiments in flumes and canals.
Quasi-periodic intermittency in oscillating cylinder flow
Authors: Glaz Bryan , Mezić Igor , Fonoberova Maria , Loire Sophie
Published: September 2017

Fluid dynamics induced by periodically forced flow around a cylinder is analysed computationally for the case when the forcing frequency is much lower than the von Kármán vortex shedding frequency corresponding to the constant flow velocity condition. By using the Koopman mode decomposition approach, we find a new normal form equation that extends the classical Hopf bifurcation normal form by a time-dependent term for Reynolds numbers close to the Hopf bifurcation value. The normal form describes the dynamics of an observable and features a forcing (control) term that multiplies the state, and is thus a parametric – i.e. not an additive – forcing effect. We find that the dynamics of the flow in this regime is characterized by alternating instances of quiescent and strong oscillatory behaviour and that this pattern persists indefinitely. Furthermore, the spectrum of the associated Koopman operator is shown to possess quasi-periodic features. We establish the theoretical underpinnings of this phenomenon – that we name quasi-periodic intermittency – using the new normal form model and show that the dynamics is caused by the tendency of the flow to oscillate between the unstable fixed point and the stable limit cycle of the unforced flow. The quasi-periodic intermittency phenomenon is also characterized by positive finite-time Lyapunov exponents that, over a long period of time, asymptotically approach zero.
Investigation of passive control of the wake past a thick plate by stability and sensitivity analysis of experimental data
Authors: Camarri S. , Trip R. , Fransson J. H. M.
Published: September 2017

In this paper we propose a strategy, entirely relying on available experimental data, to estimate the effect of a small control rod on the frequency of vortex shedding in the wake past a thick perforated plate. The considered values of the flow Reynolds number range between $Re\simeq 6.6\times 10^{3}$ and $Re=5.3\times 10^{4}$. By means of particle image velocimetry, an experimental database consisting of instantaneous flow fields is collected for different values of suction through the body surface. The strategy proposed here is based on classical stability and sensitivity analysis applied to mean flow fields and on the formulation of an original ad hoc model for the mean flow. The mean flow model is obtained by calibrating the closure of the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations on the basis of the available experimental data through an optimisation algorithm. As a result, it is shown that the predicted control map agrees reasonably well with the equivalent one measured experimentally. Moreover, it is shown that even when turbulence effects are neglected, the stability analysis applied to the mean flow fields provides a reasonable estimation of the vortex shedding frequency, confirming what is known in the literature and extending it up to $Re=5.3\times 10^{4}$. It is also shown that, when turbulence is taken into account in the stability analysis using the same closure that is calibrated for the corresponding mean flow model, the prediction of the vortex shedding frequency is systematically improved.
Transient solute transport with sorption in Poiseuille flow
Authors: Zhang Li , Hesse Marc A. , Wang Moran
Published: September 2017

Previous work on solute transport with sorption in Poiseuille flow has reached contradictory conclusions. Some have concluded that sorption increases mean solute transport velocity and decreases dispersion relative to a tracer, while others have concluded the opposite. Here we resolve this contradiction by deriving a series solution for the transient evolution that recovers previous results in the appropriate limits. This solution shows a transition in solute transport behaviour from early to late time that is captured by the first- and zeroth-order terms. Mean solute transport velocity is increased at early times and reduced at late times, while solute dispersion is initially reduced, but shows a complex dependence on the partition coefficient $k$ at late times. In the equilibrium sorption model, the time scale of the early regime and the duration of the transition to the late regime both increase with $\ln k$ for large $k$. The early regime is pronounced in strongly sorbing systems ($k\gg 1$). The kinetic sorption model shows a similar transition from the early to the late transport regime and recovers the equilibrium results when adsorption and desorption rates are large. As the reaction rates slow down, the duration of the early regime increases, but the changes in transport velocity and dispersion relative to a tracer diminish. In general, if the partition coefficient $k$ is large, the early regime is well developed and the behaviour is well characterized by the analysis of the limiting case without desorption.
Damping of magnetohydrodynamic waves in a rotating fluid
Authors: Sreenivasan Binod , Narasimhan Ghanesh
Published: September 2017

The long-time evolution of a flow structure subject to background rotation and a coaxial uniform magnetic field is investigated in this paper. The conditions of magnetic Reynolds number$Rm\ll 1$and Rossby number$Ro\ll 1$apply, while the condition of magnetic interaction parameter$N\gg 1$ensures that nonlinear inertial forces are small in the system. Cylindrical polar coordinates$(s,\unicode[STIX]{x1D719},z)$are used, where the velocity and the induced magnetic field are axisymmetric. Two regimes are analysed in the inviscid limit, that of strong rotation, where the inertial wave frequency is much higher than the Alfvén wave frequency, and that of weak rotation, where the Alfvén wave frequency is dominant. In either regime, the evolution consists of a damped wave-dominated phase followed by a diffusion-dominated phase. For strong rotation, the laws of energy decay in the damped wave phase are obtained by considering the decay of the fast and slow magneto-Coriolis (MC) waves individually. The diffusion-dominated phase obeys the decay laws in the well-known quasistatic approximation. The wave–diffusion transition time scale indicates that the wave phase of decay is very long, so that small-scale turbulence is characterized by damped wave motions. The ratio of kinetic to magnetic energies of the slow MC wave in the early stages of evolution is$O(Le^{2})$, where$Le$is the initial ratio of the inertial wave to Alfvén wave time scales. The induced magnetic field is hence far more efficient than the velocity in supporting slow MC waves for$Le\ll 1$. In the regime of weak rotation, the fast and slow MC wave solutions merge and tend to the classical damped Alfvén wave solution. Here, the decay laws in non-rotating magnetohydrodynamic turbulence (Moffatt,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 28, 1967, pp. 571–592) are recovered. Computations of the general solution for the long-time decay of an isolated vortex confirm the theoretical energy scalings as well as the wave–diffusion transition time scale of the kinetic energy. It is shown that a magnetically damped system that initially generates Alfvén waves because of relatively weak rotation can subsequently give rise to MC waves. Small-scale motions of$Rm\sim 1$in the Earth’s core probably generate slow magnetostrophic waves only for$Le>0.1$, which suggests that a mean intensity of${\sim}10~\text{mT}$or higher is plausible for the toroidal magnetic field within the core.
Bifurcations in a quasi-two-dimensional Kolmogorov-like flow
Authors: Tithof Jeffrey , Suri Balachandra , Pallantla Ravi Kumar , Grigoriev Roman O. , Schatz Michael F.
Published: September 2017

We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of the primary and secondary instabilities in a Kolmogorov-like flow. The experiment uses electromagnetic forcing with an approximately sinusoidal spatial profile to drive a quasi-two-dimensional (Q2D) shear flow in a thin layer of electrolyte suspended on a thin lubricating layer of a dielectric fluid. Theoretical analysis is based on a two-dimensional (2D) model (Suri et al., Phys. Fluids, vol. 26 (5), 2014, 053601), derived from first principles by depth-averaging the full three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations. As the strength of the forcing is increased, the Q2D flow in the experiment undergoes a series of bifurcations, which is compared with results from direct numerical simulations of the 2D model. The effects of confinement and the forcing profile are studied by performing simulations that assume spatial periodicity and strictly sinusoidal forcing, as well as simulations with realistic no-slip boundary conditions and an experimentally validated forcing profile. We find that only the simulation subject to physical no-slip boundary conditions and a realistic forcing profile provides close, quantitative agreement with the experiment. Our analysis offers additional validation of the 2D model as well as a demonstration of the importance of properly modelling the forcing and boundary conditions.