bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of cytokinins and amino acids on multiplication of Pelargonium cultivars
Authors: Wojtania Agnieszka , Gabryszewska Eleonora
Published: April 2013

The effect of two cytokinins (BAP, m-Topolin) tested singly or in combination with a mixture of amino acids (glycine, glutamine, cysteine) on multiplication rate and quality of Pelargonium x hederaefolium and Pelargonium x hortorum shoots were investigated. For both Pelargonium cultivars, the application of cytokinins greatly increased the production of axillary and adventitious shoots compared with the shoots produced on the medium without growth regulators. In the case of P. x hederaefolium no significant differences it were found in the number of shoot formed for BAP and m-Topolin treatments. For P. x hortorum the most effective multiplication of shoots was obtained on the medium supplemented with m-Topolin (1.0 mg l-1). Moreover, in the presence of m-Topolin an improvement of shoot quality of both genotypes has been observed (well developed shoots with soft green leaves). It was particularly apparent for P. x hortorum shoots. The addition of amino acids to a cytokinin medium increased slightly the number of formed shoots of P. x hederaefolium and influenced the shoot quality of both Pelargonium cultivars (well developed leaf blades, uniform growth of shoots in clumps, slower process of shoot senescence).
Effect of isomers of hydroxybenzoic acid on the growth and metabolism of Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck (Chlorophyceae)
Authors: Bajguz Andrzej , Czerpak Romuald , Piotrowska Alicja , Polecka Magdalena
Published: April 2013

The isomers o-, m-, and p- of hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) in the concentration range 10-1-10-4 M in the unicellular green alga Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorophyceae) display marked biological activity. The o-HBA isomer, commonly known as salicylic acid, in a concentration of 10-4 M exerted the most stimulating effect on the parameters analysed (the number of cells, dry mass, the content of chlorophylls a and h, carotenoids, soluble proteins and their secretion, monosaccharides, DNA and RNA) whereas p-HBA had weak stimulating properties. On the other hand, m-HBA had a weak inhibitory effect on the growth of C. vulgaris and all the biochemical parameters analysed in comparison with the control culture of algae devoid of HBA isomers.
Seed morphology of the Polish native species of the genus Ribes L. Part 1. General characteristic
Authors: Wrońska-Pilarek Dorota
Published: April 2013

The article contains general morphological and anatomical characteristics and analysis of the chemical composition of seeds of Polish Ribes species: R. uva-crispa L., R. nigrum L., R. alpinum L., R. petraeum Wulfen, R. rubrum L. and R. spicatum Robson. The investigations have been based on the different types of LM and SEM.
Flavonoid glycosides in nine Polygonum L. taxons
Authors: Smolarz Helena D.
Published: April 2013

Eighteen flavonoid glycosides were identified in the following taxons of the Polygonum L. genus: P. hydropiper L., P. bistorta L., P. aviculare L., P. persicaria L., P. lapathifolium ssp. tomentosum (Schrank) Dans, P. lapathifolium ssp. nodosum (Pers.) Dans, P. amphibium L., P. mite Schrank, P. convolvulus L. (Bilderdykia convolvulus L.). The content of fourteen flavonoid glycosides was determined. Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography was applied for separation, identification and quantitative determination of these compounds.
Phenetic and geographic pattern of Aconitum sect. Napellus (Ranunculaceae) in the Eastern Carpathians - a numerical approach
Authors: Mitka Józef
Published: April 2013

Aconitum sect. Napellus in the Eastern Carpathians was explored with the use of methods of numerical taxonomy*. The taxon consists of A. bucovinense Zapał. pro hybr., A.firmum Rchb. subsp. firmum, A. firmum subsp. fissurae Nyarady, A. fimum nsubsp.fussianum Starmuhl (A.firmum subsp. firmum x subsp. f'issurae), A. x nanum (Baumg.) Simonk. (A. bucovinense x A. firmum) and a hybrid A. firmum x A. x nanum. The taxi form phenetic continuum in a character hyperspace and their delimitation bases on a few traits, hitherto neglected, e.g. type of hairiness and flower morphology. A key is provided to identify taxa at all ranks within the supplemented of sect. Napellus. There is a regional pattern of particular OTUs distribution, which show local morphological uniqueness within a taxon. The phenomenon was inquired using the concept of "centers of phenetic coherence" (CPC) based on overall morphological similarity. The CPC may be interpreteted as regions of neoendemism and/or may reflect a post-glacial migratory route. High-mountain flora of the Western Bieszczady Mts. (sect. Napelus as its example) has features of neoendemism (schizoendemism), being most probably a result of geographical vicarism.
The effects of salt stress on growth and biochemical parameters in two maize varieties
Authors: Sacała Elżbieta , Demczuk Anna , Grzyś Edward , Sobczak Anna
Published: April 2013

The main objective of this study was to examine the influence of salinity on growth and biochemical parameters (NR activity, amino compound accumulation, protein content, some inorganic ion concentrations) of two varieties of maize (Limko and Koka). Salinity (75.0 mol • m-3 NaCl and 37.5 mol • m-3 Na2SO4) significantly reduced fresh and dry weights of the investigated maize varieties. NaCl induced higher reduction in biomass production than Na2SO4. Differences in salt tolerance between Limko and Koka were small.It was found that in both maize varieties the nitrate reductase activity decreased under salt stress (100 mol • m-3 NaCl). This effect was more marked in the Koka variety than Limko. Decrease in nitrate reductase activity had no inhibitory effect on accumulation of protein and free amino compounds. Salinity treatment (100 mol • m-3 NaCl) led to an increase in free amino compound contents in roots and shoots of both investigated maize varieties, but these changes were not very large. The highest increase in amino compound level was observed in roots of Koka and it was 2-fold higher than in control plants. Salt stress did not change soluble protein contents in Limko and Koka varieties with the exception of Limko leaves. There was significant increase in soluble protein content on leaves of Limko and it amounted 128% of the control. Salinity caused a great increase in leaf and root Na+ concentration and a decrease in case of Ca2+ and K+ contents. The declines in Ca2+ content in maize roots were 76 and 70% respectively for Koka and Limko roots. The fall in K+ concentration was high, but not so drastic as in Ca2+. In roots of Koka and Limko the reduction in K+ content was approximately 30%. Higher reduction in K+content showed shoots of Limko. In this case K+ content lowered to 49% of control.
Vaucheria species from selected regions in Poland
Authors: Żelazna-Wieczorek Joanna
Published: April 2013

Observations on morphological features, distribution and environmental preferences of ten species of the Vaucheria genus are presented on the basis of research carried out between 1989 and 1995 at 42 localities in central Poland, the Opole Silesia, as well as individual sites in Poland. New taxa may be distinguished on the basis of observations of the more comprehensive variability of taxonomic features. Seasonal preferences and habitat conditions that influence the development of sexual organs, which are the basis of taxonomy of this genus, were determined. The following species occurred frequently in the material collected: V. sessilis, V. terrestris, V. geminata, V. hamata. On the other hand: V. dichotoma, V. verticillata, V. aversa, V. undulata, V. walzi, V. woroniniana, were found sporadically throughout the observations.
Plant morphology and allometric relationships in competing and non-competing plants of Tagetes patula L.
Authors: Jarzyna Ingeborga
Published: April 2013

Allometric relationships (defined as correlation coefficients between plant mass - stem diameter, plant mass - stem height and stem diameter - stem height) in plants of Tagetes patula L. (Brassicaceae) var. "Tangerine" were analyzed. Competing and non-competing plants were compared in a glasshouse experiment. Competing plants were grown in broad range of densities, from 200 to 6000 individuals • m-2. For non-competing plants no allometric relationships were observed, while for competing plants they were strong, irrespective of density treatment used. Gradual changes of plant morphology (plant mass, stem diameter, stem height and height/mass ratio) with the increase of competition intensity were also analyzed.The present study clearly showed, that the intraspecific competition influenced allometric relationships between height, mass and stem diameter of Tagetes patula.
Plantlets from encapsulated shoot buds of Catalpa ovata G. Don
Authors: Wysokińska Halina , Lisowska Katarzyna , Floryanowicz-Czekalska Katarzyna
Published: April 2013

Shoot buds isolated from in vitro shoot cultures of Catalpa ovata G. Don were encapsulated using 3% sodium alginate with sucrose (3%) and 50 mM calcium chloride. The morphogenic response of encapsulated buds was affected by such factors, like composition of the media and the presence of growth regulators. The highest frequency of plantlet germination from encapsulated buds (70% within 4 weeks) was obtained on Woody Plant medium (WP) (Lloyd and McCown 1980) containing indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (1 mg/l). The process was substantially inhibited by cold-storage (4oC) of encapsulated buds. In this case, the frequency response ranged from 3% to 22% dependent on storage period (28 or 42 days) and the presence of the paraffin coat covering the alginate capsules. The plantlets developed from both unstored and stored encapsulated buds of C. ovata were transplanted to soil and grew in pots to phenotypically normal plants.
Velocity of cytoplasm streaming in basal and subbasal cells of antheridium as well as internodal cells of pleuridium in Chara vulgaris L. and GA3 influence on it: videomicroscopic observations
Authors: Kwiatkowska Maria , Malinowski Sławomir , Popłońska Katarzyna , Knake Sławomira , Sobala Anna
Published: April 2013

The velocity of cytoplasm streaming in an antheridial basal cell and in a subbasal cell as well as in internodal cells of pleuridia carrying antheridia were measured with the use of videomicroscopy. Velocity of streaming proved different depending on a cell type. The most intensive streaming (ca 40 µm/s) was observed in a subbasal cell while in a basal cell it was quite intensive during antheridial filament cells proliferation but falling to half of it during spermatozoid differentiation (ca 20 µm/s and 10 µm/s respectively). In internodal cells of pleuridia the velocity was ca 17 µm/s. GA3 at the 10-5M concentration decreased the velocity of streaming in a basal cell during proliferation of antheridial filament cells and increased it during spermiogenesis. In internodal cells of pleuridia the velocity diminished while in a subbasal cell it rose a little after GA3 administering. The obtained data suggest that cytoplasm streaming and its reaction to exogenous gibberellin depend on the role of a cell in a multicellulate system; it also depends on a developmental stage.
The history of vegetation of the Eemian Interglacial in the Great Polish Lowland
Authors: Malkiewicz Małgorzata
Published: April 2013

The subject of this paper is the history of vegetation in the Eemian Interglacial in southern Great Poland determined in the course of palaeobotanical research. Pollen analysis was conducted for lacustrine deposits from two localities (Grudzielec near Kalisz and Lechitów near Góra). The obtained pollen diagrams show diagnostic features of the Eemian. The succession of vegetation in both studied localities is characterised by three distinctive phases: protocratic with dominant pine-birch and birch-pine forest and communities of mixed pine-oak and oak forest. mesocratic with predominant hazel and well developed hornbeam-lime forest, and a telocratic one with widespread fir-spruce and pine forest. Moreover, the vegetation succession in top sections of the studied profiles was recognised as typical of the Early Vistulian. The presence of taxa with higher climatic requirements enabled the assessment of palaeoclimatic conditions in the Eemian climatic optimum of southern Great Poland. The development of vegetation in the Eemian Interglacial corresponds with the changes recorded in the nearby localities of Great Polish Lowland and other regions of Poland, as well as those of neighbouring countries. Some minor differences between the studied profiles result from different geographical location of the localities and various genesis of sedimentation basins.
Threatened vascular plants of the Sudeten Mountains
Authors: Fabiszewski Jerzy , Kwiatkowski Paweł
Published: April 2013

The authors present a list of extinct, dying out and threatened species of vascular plants of the Sudeten Mts. (south-western Poland), based on their own field studies carried out since 1972, historical literature data, and herbarial collections. The list comprises 584 taxa, i.e. almost 33% of the Sudeten vascular flora. Sixty species were recognized as extinct and disappeared, 93 - as critically endangered, 161 - as endangered, 224 - vulnerable, and 12 - near threatened species. No definite kind of threat was ascribed to 34 taxa. Thus they were included in the group of ,data deficient" species. The paper presents also a quantitative analysis of all the species from the particular threat categories at the background of basic phytosociological groups. Besides, exemplary maps of the distribution of some of the Sudeten plants are given.
Nuclear morphology, polyploidy, and chromatin elimination in tissue culture of Allium fistulosum L.
Authors: Joachimiak Andrzej , Ilnicki Tomasz
Published: April 2013

The morphology of cell nuclei in callus obtained from root-tip meristems of Allium fistulosum L. (Monocotyledoneae, Alliaceae) was analysed. The most interesting phenomena observed in long-term callus culture were the different mechanisms of cell polyploidization, enlargement of telomeric segments of heterochromatin, and extensive chromatin elimination, associated with instability of nuclei size and DNA content.

Protruding heterochromatin "spikes" were observed on the surface of some di- and polyploid nuclei. The presence of these spikes was connected with the formation of small heterochromatic micronuclei frequently found in the cytoplasm. It is suggested that these micronuclei are produced by direct elimination of heterochromatin from the interphase nuclei.

Polyploid cells accumulated with each successive cell collection. The ploidy level attained by highly polyploid cells was 15C-220C. The shape of the nuclei and heterochromatin distribution suggest that polyploid nuclei in A. fistulosum tissue culture are produced by endoreduplication and by restitution cycles.
Influence of change in the proportion of H1 histone variants on microsporogenesis and development of male gametophyte in transgenic plants of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)
Authors: Ślusarczyk Joanna , Wierzbicki Andrzej , Przewłoka Marcin , Tykarska Teresa , Jerzmanowski Andrzej , Kuraś Mieczysław
Published: April 2013

As continuation of investigations in to the mechanism of the role of the H1 histone, which is a crucial protein component chromosomes of all eukaryotes, transgenic tobacco plants with different levels of the H1 histone variants were examined. Tobacco has six sequential variants of the H1 histone: two major ones (H1A and H1B), constituting ca. 90% of all H1, and four minor ones (H1C, H1D, H1E and H1F), occurring in very small quantities. The following groups of plants were examined: K - control group with a full set of histone variants; -AB -with the A and B variants removed; -ABCD - with the A, B, C and D variants removed; and -CD - with the C and D variants removed. The analysis of microsporogenesis in those plants, based on preparations squeezed in acetoorcein, revealed the asynchronous course of meiosis in -AB and -ABCD plants, occurrence of chromosomal aberration, and, consequently, the formation of sterile pollen grains (accordingly: 84,4% and 81,4%). In -CD plants, the percentage of aberration and sterile pollen grains was similar to the control material. Electron microscope observations of microsporogenesis showed ultrastructural changes. In -AB and -ABCD plants, a major portion of the pollen grains were degraded. The smallest number of degraded pollen grains, in comparison with the control, was found in the -CD group.
Variation of morphological needle characters of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations in different habitats
Authors: Urbaniak Lech , Karliński Leszek , Popielarz Remigiusz
Published: April 2013

We investigated the phenotypic variation of five morphological needle characters of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in three populations. Two of the populations occurred in bogs and the third one formed a degraded fresh pine forest showing some features of a dry pine forest. The greatest variation was found in characters a (needle length), b and d, denoting the number of stomatal rows respectively on the convex and flat sides of the needle. Conversely, characters c and e (average number of stomata per 2 mm of needle length on the convex and the flat side of the needle) were stable, with little interindividual variation. The two bog populations and the dryland population exhibited different sets of character correlations. The interpopulation differentiational detected on the basis of morphological character expression was markedly influenced by both the different edaphic conditions, and the distinct genetic structure of the studied populations.
Bryogeographical elements of moss flora in glacial cirques "Śnieżne Kotły" (Karkonosze Mts.) and their threat
Authors: Fudali Ewa , Kucera Jan
Published: April 2013

Based on geographical and ecological analysis of the present moss flora occurring in two contiguous glacial cirques Śnieżne Kotły (Western Karkonosze Mts.), the occurrence of 20 species representing arctic-alpine and subarctic-subalpine elements is discussed.

The majority of (sub)arctic- (sub)alpine elements (70%) occurred sporadically or very rarely (no more than 5 records), which indicates their general threat. Nine historically recorded species of these geographic elements could not be retrieved during the recent survey, however four of the recently found species have not been found during the systematic survey of historical sites on the Czech, southern, side of Karkonosze Mts. This proves that the northern localization of Śnieżne Kotły cirques favours the survival of relict species.

The question of relictness with respect to the Düll's phytogeographical characterization is discussed; only in ten of the (sub)arctic- (sub)alpine species the relict character could be considered as granted due to their present distribution range.

The full list of the Śnieżne Kotły present moss flora with the brief characteristics of their ecological distribution has been included, first such attempt since 1930.
Syringin in some species of the subtribe Centaureinae of the Asteraceae
Authors: Cis Joanna , Nowak Gerard , Horoszkiewicz-Hassan Małgorzata , Kisiel Wanda
Published: April 2013

The occurrence of syringin in eight out of ten investigated plant species of the subtribe Centaureinae (Asteraceae) was reported. The compound was isolated from aerial parts of the plants by silica gel column chromatography of methanol extracts. Contents of syringin varied from 0.001 to 0.1% of the dried plant material. Centaurea bella Trautv. appeared to be the best source of this compound (0.1% dry wt.). Syringin has been reported for the first time from these plant species.
Genetic analysis of silver-fir populations in the Beskids
Authors: Mejnartowicz Leon
Published: April 2013

Twenty-eight isozymic loci were studied in the Beskid Mts., in four populations of common silver-fir (Abies alba): one in Beskid Makowski (BM) and three populations in Beskid Sądecki (BS). Their genetic variation and diversity were analyzed, and Nei's genetic distances between the populations were calculated. The results show that the geographical distance between the BM population and the three BS populations is reflected in genetic distances. The BM population is clearly distinct from the others. It has the lowest genetic diversity (I = 0.42), percentage of polymorphic loci (%PoL = 64.29) and number of rare alleles (NoRa = 5). Besides, the BM population has the highest observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.291), which exceeds the expected heterozygosity (He = 0.254), estimated on the basis of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle. On the contrary, BS populations are in the state of equilibrium, which is manifested, in similar values of He = 0.262 and Ho = 0.264.
Isoenzyme markers of two hepatic species: Barbilophozia lycopodioides (Wallr.) Loeske, and B. hatcheri (A. Evans) Loeske
Authors: Bączkiewicz Alina , Buczkowska Katarzyna , Lembicz Marlena
Published: April 2013

Two closely related species of the genus Barbilophozia: B. lycopodioides and B. hatcheri were studied in populations from the Tatra Range (S Poland), where they are frequent and widely distributed. Both species play an important role in plant communities and grow here very often side by side. Typically developed plants are quite easy to distinguish (even in the field), however morphologically intermediate forms, difficult to recognize by using of classical taxonomic methods, sometimes are found. We found enzymatic markers, that allow to recognize the critical forms. Both studied species are different in enzymatic patterns of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and peroxidases (PX). In GOT four different phenotypes were detected. The first two (GOT 1 and GOT 2) were characteristic for B. hatcheri and next two (GOT 3 and GOT 4) for B. lycopodioides. Peroxidase patterns, that were monomorphic and specific for each species, exhibit different mobility in anodal and cathodal parts of gel. Results of the studies allowed us to draw the conclusion, that PX and GOT are good isoenzymatic markers and they can have practical application for identification of Barbilophozia species.
The variability of reed [Phragmites australis (cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Poaceae)] populations expressed in morphological traits of panicles
Authors: Krzakowa Maria , Kołodziejczak Mirosława , Drapikowska Maria , Jakubiak Hanna
Published: April 2013

Using a transect technique, each of 12 reed Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud. populations collected in middle part of Odra River-basin, represented by more than 30 plants, were compared with 3 populations from other part of the country and 1 from France. Each panicle was examined according to 15 morphological traits. Results of measurements were subjected to multivariate analysis of variance, to analysis of canonical variables and used for construction of a minimum spanning tree (= dendrite) on the basis of the shortest Mahalanobis distances. The obtained results indicate that populations are generally similar. One population from France (Orleans) shows visible separateness. It may suggest that morphological traits of panicles may be useful in investigations of the reed P. australis populations of a larger geographical distribution.
Micropropagation of Plantago asiatica L. through culture of shoot-tips
Authors: Makowczyńska Joanna , Andrzejewska-Golec Emilia
Published: April 2013

Shoot-tip multiplication of the medicinal species - Plantago asiatica was carried on MS medium with IAA and BAP or kinetin. Best results in micropropagation were achieved by adding 0.1 mg/dm3 IAA and 1 mg/dm3 BAP. After 6 weeks shoots were transferred to MS medium for rooting. The resulting plantlets were transferred after 8 weeks into pots and after a period of adaptation into the ground (field culture).

The species Plantago asiatica was propagated in vitro by shoot-tip multiplication for the first time.
Endemic taxa of vascular plants in the Polish Carpathians
Authors: Piękoś-Mirkowa Halina , Mirek Zbigniew
Published: April 2013

The Carpathians, particularly their highest massif, the Tatra Mountains, exhibit the greatest richness of endemics in Poland. The present paper is a critical recapitulation of existing knowledge of endemism among the vascular plants of the Polish part of the Carpathians. It comprises a list of all 110 taxa (49 species, 26 microspecies of the genus Alchemilla and 35 conspicuous subspecies) that can be considered Carpathian endemics or subendemics. Their distribution, vertical ranges and habitats are characterized.
In vitro regeneration of Centaurium erythraea Rafn from shoot tips and other seedling explants
Authors: Piątczak Ewelina , Wysokińska Halina
Published: April 2013

Various explants from 30-day-old seedlings of Centaurium erythraea Rafn were evaluated for their morphogenetic capacity under in vitro culture conditions. Shoot formation from shoot tip explants was achieved mainly through adventitious bud differentiation. The highest number of shoots (up to 43.3 ± 2.2 from a single shoot tip) was obtained on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (0.57 μM) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (4.4 μM). Adventitious shoot regeneration was also achieved through organogenesis from calluses obtained from hypocotyls, cotyledons, roots and leaves on MS medium containing IAA (2.85 μM) and BAP (0.88 μM). Significant differences were noted between explant types in their effects on shoot regeneration. In the primary culture, the best response was obtained either from calluses derived from roots or leaves (44.4 ± 4.5 and 40.2 ± 6.0 shoots per callus, respectively). The number of subcultures of inoculated calluses affected both the multiplication rate (the number of shoots/explant) and shoot morphology (the frequency of shoot hyperhydricity). Shoots rooted with the frequency of 94-100% after culture on MS medium without growth regulators. Plantlets were successfully acclimatized (97%) under high relative humidity and then moved to the greenhouse.
Ways of signal transmission and physiological role of electrical potentials in plants
Authors: Dziubińska Halina
Published: April 2013

Plants are subject to stimuli from the environment on which they strongly depend and in contrast to animals, they are unable to escape harmful influences. Therefore, being able to receive stimuli they have developed adequate responses to them. Such a reaction can occur in the area of a stimulus action or cover the whole plant or its parts. In the latter case, it is a systemic reaction. The plant reaction is expressed by various intensity, rate and kind of response. It is interesting to know the character of the signal informing about a stimulus, the routes of its propagation and the transmission mechanism. Three conceptions of excitation are distinguished: 1) propagation of chemical agents formed at the site of a stimulus action with the flow of the phloem sap or through the atmosphere (in the case of volatile substances) to other plant parts, 2) a very fast transmission by the xylem in the wave of hydraulic pressure formed after a plant damage. From combining the "hydraulic" and "chemical" hypothesis a conception of hydraulic dispersion has been formulated which assumes that chemical substances synthetized after an injury can be transferred very fast with the wave of hydraulic pressure changes in the whole plant, 3) a stimulus evokes the action potential (AP), and its transmission along the whole plant, plant organ or specialized tissue, by local circuits from cell to cell. Strong, damaging stimuli can evoke variation potentials (VPs), the character of which differs from APs. It is postulated that transmission of VP occurs by a hydraulic dispersion and electrical changes seem to be secondary phenomena.
Effect of short- and long-lasting chilling on pre-rRNA synthesis and transport in root meristematic cells of three soybean cultivars
Authors: Stępiński Dariusz
Published: April 2013

Autoradiographic studies of 3H-uridine incorporation (20-min incubation) and dynamics of radioactive particle translocation from nucleolus into cytoplasm (following 80-min postincubation in non-radioactive medium) in root meristematic cells of soybean have been carried out. The experiment was performed with plants subjected to 4-day acclimation in chilling or subjected to 2-hour cold stress and control plants. Three cultivars of soybean: Mazowia, Polan and Progres (cultivated in Poland) were used in the experiment.

It has been shown that in control conditions the greatest number of RNA precursor is incorporated into nucleoli after 20-min incubation. Following 80-min postincubation cytoplasm is the most radioactive area of the cell - this mainly testifies to dynamic translocation of radioactive ribosome subunits from nucleolus into cytoplasm.

In chilling conditions the reduction of 3H-uridine incorporation into cells occurs, as compared to control conditions. Plants subjected to a 4-day acclimation incorporate the radioactive precursor more intensively than plants subjected to cold stress.

Following 80-min postincubation - in the case of acclimated plants - the nucleolus is the most radioactive area of the cell, which testifies to accumulation of pre-rRNA in it. After the cold stress cytoplasm is more radioactive than the nucleolus. In all three cultivars the processes of synthesis and transport of pre-rRNA particles are similar, only their intensity is different.

Morphometric measurements of nucleoli in all cultivars subjected to 4-day chilling have shown that root cell nucleoli are larger than those in control. This phenomenon can be connected with stronger inhibition of rRNA transport than its synthesis.
Does the oxidation of methionine residue precede the inactivation of the trypsin inhibitor (LUTI) in germinating seeds of common flax (Linum usitatissimum)?
Authors: Lorenc-Kubis Irena , Czerwińska-Goleń Agnieszka , Kowalska Jolanta , Wilusz Tadeusz
Published: April 2013

Antitrypsin activity in germinating common seeds of flax (Linum usitatissimum) was investigated. At the early stage of germination an increase in antitrypsin activity was observed, followed by its decrease during the development of the seedlings. From 6-day-old seedlings a trypsin inhibitor (gerLUTI) was purified. The purification procedure involved fractionation of proteins from seedling homogenate with alcohol and successive chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-25 on immobilised methylchymotrypsin in the presence of 5 M NaCl, and finally on a C18 column in RP-HPLC.

The gerLUTI migrated in SDS PAGE as a single band, but in mass spectroscopy analysis it exhibited the presence of at least three forms with molecular masses of 7654 ± 3 Da, 7668/7670 ± 3 Da, and 7687 ± 3 Da. The preparation of LUTI isolated from resting seeds contained only one form, with a molecular mass of 7655 ± 3 Da. LUTI and gerLUTI differed also in methionine contents. LUTI contained two methionine residues, whereas in gerLUTI only a trace of methionine was detected. The obtained results might suggest that during flax seeds germination the inhibitor molecules undergo selective modification, e.g. oxidation at methionine residues, before being degraded by proteolytic enzymes.
Scirpetum radicantis Hejný in Hejný et Husák 1978 em. Zahlh. 1979, a plant association new to Poland
Authors: Spałek Krzysztof , Nowak Arkadiusz
Published: April 2013

The paper presents a rush community new to Poland - Scirpetum radicantis Hejny in Hejny et Husak 1978 em. Zahlh. 1979, belonging to the Phragmition alliance. It was discovered in fishponds near Olesno in Silesia (SW Poland). The floristic composition and the ecological requirements of this association are presented in the paper. Scirpetum radicantis is considered to be a very rare and endangered plant community in Europe.
Distribution of Vulpia species (Poaceae) in Poland
Authors: Frey Ludwik , Paszko Beata , Kwiatkowski Paweł
Published: April 2013

The distribution of four species of the genus Vulpia [V. myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel., V. bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray, V. ciliata Dumort. and V. geniculata (L.) Link] reported in Poland has been studied. Currently, V. myuros and especially V. bromoides are very rare species, and their greatest concentration can be found only in the Lower Silesia region. The number of their localities decreased after 1950 and it seems resonable to include both species in the "red list" of threatened plants in Poland: V. myuros in the EN category, V. bromoides in the CR category. V. ciliata and V. geniculata are very rare ephemerophytes and their localities not confirmed during ca 60 years are of historical interest only.
The Nardo-Gnaphalietum supini plant association in the Western Carpathians (the Tatra Mts and the Babia Góra Massif)
Authors: Górski Piotr
Published: April 2013

This article is the first published information on the occurrence of the snow-beds of Nardo-Gnaphalietum supini in the Western Carpathians. So far, localities of Nardo-Gnaphalietum supini phytocoenoses have been known exclusively from the Alps, the Black Forest, and the Eastern Carpathians. During this study, carried out in the Polish Carpathians, phytocoenoses of Nardo-Gnaphalietum were recorded in the two highest massifs - the Tatra Mountains and the Babia Góra Massif. They were closely related to anthropogenically-influenced sites with exposed and lumped ground located near tourist routes. Habitat characterization and spatial complexes of the patches of Nardo-Gnaphalietum in the investigated area are given herein.

Critical revision of phytosociological data from the Alps and the Eastern Carpathians revealed that the discussed phytocoenoses have been described within the communities of Luzuletum alpino-pilosae, Salicetum herbaceae or Nardetum strictae. In this study, all phytosociological data concerning the association were collected and the floristic distinction of the phytocoenoses of particular mountain massifs is discussed. A new subassociation Nardo-Gnaphalietum oligotrichetosum hercynici was distinguished on the basis of local habitat variability. Although Nardo-Gnaphalietum supini does not have characteristic species, it is a well-distinguished typological unit in the class Salicetea herbaceae Br.-Bl. 1948, and is a central association of the alliance Nardo-Salicion herbaceae Englisch 1999.
Ontogenetic development of storied ray pattern in cambium of Hippophaë rhamnoides L.
Authors: Myśkow Elżbieta , Zagórska-Marek Beata
Published: April 2013

Storied pattern, in the arrangement of both fusiform initials and the rays in cambium of Hippophae rhamnoides, develops in ontogeny relatively quickly and becomes clearly visible in terminal parenchyma of third and fourth annual ring. At first, anticlinal longitudinal divisions and restricted intrusive growth of fusiform initials lead to the formation of their characteristic horizontal tiers. Then, initiation of secondary rays, taking place rather within such tiers, not between them, makes possible the formation of storied ray pattern. New secondary rays originate most frequently from fusiform initials by their segmentation. This makes the appearance of ray tiers rather quick. However, the high order in the structure of cambium of Hippophae rhamnoides is also due to another, very curious and not known until now mechanism. It operates through limited in its range, thus highly controlled, vertical migration of rays on the cambial surface. This applies to asymmetrically positioned rays either primary, which are often originally sited "out of order" or secondary, initiated off-centre within the existing tiers. Excessively asymmetric rays, lying accidentally on the border between two neighbouring storeys, often undergo splitting and then the derivative rays move toward the centres of the storeys. Ray displacement is due to elimination of one or two of ray initial cells on one edge of the ray and simultaneous, multiple divisions adding new ray cells on the opposite edge.
Seed sculpture of Polish species of the genus Plantago L.
Authors: Klimko Małgorzata , Idzikowska Krystyna , Truchan Mariola , Kreft Anna
Published: April 2013

The paper presents results of research on seed sculpture of Plantago major, P. intermedia, P. media, P. coronopus subsp. coronopus, P. maritima subsp. maritima, P. atrata subsp. carpatica, P. lanceolata and P. arenaria. Special attention was paid to the sculpture of the external layer of the testa. Observations were made under a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The sculpture typical for each species was presented in micrographs. The results indicate that seed sculpture is a very good interspecific identification feature. The study also confirmed that P. maritima should not be assigned to the section Coronopus DC., but to a separate section Maritima Rahn.
Threatened lichens of Lower Silesia, Poland
Authors: Kossowska Maria , Fabiszewski Jerzy
Published: April 2013

A preliminary red list of threatened lichens of Lower Silesia (SW Poland) is presented. Species have been valuated according to the Red Data Book Categories (IUCN). The list comprises 602 taxa (ca. 60% of the whole lichen flora of Lower Silesia). 52 species are considered as rare (category R), 84 - as vulnerable (V), and 63 species - as endangered (E). The Silesian lichen flora is characterized by great numbers of taxa with extinct (Ex -140 taxa), and indeterminate (I - 263 taxa) categories.
The incorporation of 3H-palmitic acid into Ornithogalum umbellatum lipotubuloids, which are a cytoplasmic domain rich in lipid bodies and microtubules. Light and EM autoradiography
Authors: Kwiatkowska Maria
Published: April 2013

In the ovary epidermis of Ornithogalum umbellatum L. lipotubuloids were found, i.e. distinguished cytoplasmic domain with an agglomeration of half unit membrane-surrounded lipid bodies, entwined and held together by a system of microtubules (Protoplasma 75: 345-357; 77: 473-476).

Using light and EM-autoradiography with 3H-palmitic acid (25 μCi/ml) it was found that lipotubuloids were the site of intense incorporation of this isotope. After extraction of lipids with lipid solvent the lipotubuloids were not labeled. Localization of autoradiographic grains after 15-h postincubation with isotope-free medium indicated a migration of the labeled substances from the lipotubuloids to the whole cells. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated that most autoradiographic grains after 2-h incubation were localized over the site of the microtubules adjoining closely the half unit membranes of lipid bodies. These observations suggest, that the surface of lipid bodies may be the active site in lipid synthesis and involvement of the microtubules in these processes is possible.
Variation patterns of mitochondrial DNA of Abies alba Mill. in suture zones of postglacial migration in Europe
Authors: Gomory Duśan , Longauer Roman , Liepelt Sascha , Ballian Dalibor , Brus Robert , Kraigher Hojka , Parpanara Vasil I. , Parpan Taras V. , Paule Ladislav , Stupar Vladimir I. , Ziegenhagen Birgit
Published: April 2013

Thirty silver fir populations originating from the putative suture zones of the postglacial recolonization (Slovenia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Ukraine) were studied using a mitochondrial nad5-4 gene marker. The geographical distribution of mtDNA haplotypes in the Ukrainian Carpathians and their northern foothills indicates a very recent meeting of migration streams arriving from the Romanian Carpathians and Central Europe. In the western part of the Balkan Peninsula, two counterparallel migration streams are the most plausible explanation of the pattern observed. The haplotype typical for the Balkan Peninsula predominates along the Adrian coast, whereas the CentralEuropean haplotype is more represented in the inland.
Changes in species composition of desmids in the "Błoto" peat bog (the Niepołomice Forest) from 1954 to 2001
Authors: Wayda Maciej
Published: April 2013

After the lapse of 48 years, a renewed study on species composition of desmids was carried out at the Błoto peat bog in the Niepołomice Forest. During this period, the peat bog underwent far-reaching changes caused by man. Out of 41 species recorded by Wasylik (1955), the occurrence of only 11 was confirmed. However, 14 species absent at the time of the earlier study were found. In all, 25 species of desmids were found. The present state of the desmid flora was brought about by increase of pH, draining of the area, disappearance of peat mosses and probably by eutrophication of waters in the studied area.
Genetic variability of Euglena agilis (Euglenophyceae)
Authors: Zakryś Bożena , Empel Joanna , Milanowski Rafał , Gromadka Robert , Borsuk Piotr , Kędzior Marta , Kwiatkowski Jan
Published: April 2013

The results of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of extrachromosomal rDNA and the chloroplast SSU rDNA sequence analysis presented here confirmed elevated genetic polymorphism revealed earlier by RFLP and RAPD for seven clones of the cosmopolitan species - Euglena agilis Carter. High diversity among these clonal strains was not reflected by morphological criteria, with the exception of the only one character - the ability of the cell in its non-motile dividing states (palmella) to produce mucus and form a slimy envelope. Evolutionary adaptation as formation of slimy envelope may be attributed to different survival strategy of the species by which it adapts to life in a highly variable environment.
Rubus bohemo-polonicus (Rosaceae) - a new species of bramble from the Czech Republic and Poland
Authors: Zieliński Jerzy , Travnićek Bohumil
Published: April 2013

Rubus bohemo-polonicus Travnicek & Zieliński, a regional species belonging to series Radula (Focke) Focke, is described from the Czech Republic and Poland. It differs from closely related species (R. radula Weihe, R. salisburgensis Focke ex Caflisch and R. indusiatus Focke) mainly by the almost glabrous stems and consistently white petals. Illustrations and a distribution map of the new species are provided.
Flagelloscypha minutissima (Basidiomycetes), a new for Poland minute cyphellaceous fungus
Authors: Piątek Marcin , Cabała Jolanta
Published: April 2013

The first records of Flagelloscypha minutissima (Burt) Donk are reported from Poland, being easternmost on the European continent. A brief description and illustration of the species based on Polish specimens are given and its ecology, distribution, and taxonomy are surveyed.
Cause of withering of Staghorn Sumach (Rhus typhina L.) in selected localities in Slovakia
Authors: Čerevková Andrea , Adamčíková Katarína , Kobza Marek , Juhásová Gabriela
Published: April 2013

Health state of Rhus typhina was evaluated in 59 localities and 74 sites over the years 2001-2003 with scope (1) to identify the parasitic mycoflora of R. typhina in Slovakia and (2) to identify the occurrence of Cryphonectria parasitica, declared as an quarantine pest by the EPPO, besides the chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and oak (Quercus sp.) also on R. typhina. The fungus Botryosphaeria ribis (Gross.) Dugg. (pycnidial state Dothiorella mali (Ell.) Ev) caused damage to the R. typhina. Damage to R. typhina caused by B. ribis was only recorded in 15 localities. Mean growth rate of hyphae of the fungus ranged from 25.7 to 48.3 mm after 96 hours of cultivation. The most appropriate medium for cultivation was 3% potato dextrose agar. The occurrence of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht and mainly of quarantine fungus C. parasitica has not been recorded in the evaluated sites.
Plant cover of the Szum river valley (Roztocze, South-East Poland)
Authors: Czarnecka Bożena
Published: April 2013

The break section of the Szum river and the mouth part of its left tributary, Miedzianka (Roztocze, SE Poland) were the object of the research conducted in the years 1999-2001. The aim of the study was to establish the abiotic conditions of the diversity of vegetation and the richness of vascular flora in a small lowland river valley. A real vegetation map was drawn in the scale 1:5000. The syntaxonomic classification of plant communities and habitat trophism were established on the basis of 120 phytosociological relevés and 160 soil samples, respectively. On the area of barely 35.4 ha identified were 48 plant associations and communities representing 11 phytosociological classes, among them habitats protected in Poland (16 types) and important at the EU scale (3). There were found 378 species of 72 families, including: 21 species under strict protection, 9 under partial protection, 25 plants threatened on the regional scale, and 2 included into the Polish Red Data Book. Most of interesting species and non-forest communities occur in the parts of the valley above and below a landscape reserve 'Szum', established in 1958, covering presently 18.17 ha. The greatest floral richness was found in the peatbog-meadow complexes (Phragmitetea, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Scheuchzerio-Caricetea), in bog-alder forests and willow bushes (Alnetea glutinosae), and streamline ash-alder carrs (Querco-Fagetea, Alno-Ulmion), while the smallest - in the pine and poorer upland mixed fir forests (Vaccinio-Piceetea). Vascular flora appears to be the richest in the sections of the valley where the bottom is overgrown by non-forest communities. The results of the study indicate that it is necessary to enlarge the area of the existing nature reserve.
The small-scale species mobility in calcareous grasslands - example from southern Poland
Authors: Bąba Wojciech
Published: April 2013

In this paper I use the different measures of species mobility to describe the fine small-scale dynamics of calcareous grassland built mainly by perennial species and developed in the highly heterogeneous habitat of calcareous rocks. The community showed the low dynamics on a plot-scale (100 m2) and a high one on the scale of 1 m2. However, the studied species differed greatly in calculated indices: turnover rate, (T; 6-64), residence time (RT; 0.5-21.8 y) and carousel time (CT; 4-420 y) as well as the observed tendency to persistence on the spots (PERSIST) and their re-colonisation (AGAIN). This allowed to distinguish the three groups of species: (1) "core species" characterized by high frequency and low T and high CT and RT values, which determine the low dynamics of a community on the plot scale, (2) species with intermediate mobility rate and (3) the group with high mobility rate. The observed cumulative frequencies of all the studied species (CFobs) were much lower than expected under the random re-assignation model (CFRR). Moreover, they were also lower than those predicted by random immigration model (CFRI). The results showed that the "complex carousel" model rather than "single carousel" one explained better the small-scale dynamics of calcareous grasslands.
Vegetation dynamics in fallow agricultural areas on Przemyśl Foothills (southeastern Poland)
Authors: Barabasz-Krasny Beata
Published: April 2013

The studies of fallow lands were undertaken on the Przemyśl hills in the area of Cisowa locality which, till very recently, have been owned by a State Farm (PGR). The objective was to gain insight into the composition and diversification of plant communities on meadows, pastures and fields laid fallow, in context of habitat conditions prevailing after the use had ceased. The study utilised an old cadastral map showing the type of communities by category of use: meadows, pasture, and cultivated fields. The study material consisted of 180 relevés, obtained in the period 1998-2000 using the Braun-Blanquet method. By employing numerical classification, eight plant communities were distinguished, including only two of the association rank: Epilobio-Juncetum effusi, Arrhenatheretum elatioris. The analysis of Ellenberg’s habitat indices proved that all the communities belonged to the half-light vegetation group, occurring mostly on fresh soils, under intermediate moisture-content conditions, more rarely on moist soils which do not dry out. The soil reaction was most often neutral or slightly acidic, and in most of the soils the nitrogen content was in the intermediate range. The two principal trends in the succession of communities in the area, after its farming management has ceased, are: marked increase in species richness resulting from the expansion of species, and the process of overgrowing by woody vegetation.