bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pentalanthanum zinc diplumbide, La5Zn1−x
Pb2+x
(x ≃ 0.6)
Authors: Oshchapovsky Igor , Pavlyuk Volodymyr , Dmytriv Grygoriy , Harbrecht Bernd
Published: December 2013

The title non-stoichiometric pentalanthanum zinc diplumbide, La5Zn1−x
Pb2+x
(x ≃ 0.6), was prepared from the elements in an evacuated silica ampoule. It adopts the Nb5Sn2Si-type structure (space group I4/mcm, Pearson symbol tI32), a ternary ordered superstructure of the W5Si3 type. Among the four independent crystallographic positions, three are fully occupied by La (Wyckoff 16k), La (4b), and Pb (8h) and one is occupied by a statistical mixture [occupancy ratio 0.394 (12):0.606 (12)] of Zn and Pb (4a). The structure is constructed by face-sharing 10-vertex polyhedra around the unmixed Pb sites. These fragments enclose channels of trans-face-sharing tetragonal antiprisms occupied by the disordered Zn and Pb sites.
2,6-Bis[1-(2,4,6-trimethylphenylimino)ethyl]pyridine
Authors: Boyt Stuart M. , Chaplin Adrian B.
Published: December 2013

In the title molecule, C27H31N3, the imine C=N groups are orientated anti to the pyridine N atom, with N—C—C—N torsion angles of −164.91 (11) and −170.53 (10)°. In the crystal, molecules are connected by weak C—H...N and C—H...π interactions parallel to the b axis.
A second chromosomal copy of the catA gene endows Pseudomonas putida mt‐2 with an enzymatic safety valve for excess of catechol
Authors: Jiménez Jose I. , Pérez‐Pantoja Danilo , Chavarría Max , Díaz Eduardo , de Lorenzo Víctor
Published: December 2013

Pseudomonas putida mt‐2 harbours two different routes for catabolism of catechol, namely one meta pathway encoded by the xyl genes of the TOL plasmid pWW0 and one ortho pathway determined by the chromosomal ben and cat genes. P. putida mt‐2 has a second chromosomal copy of the catA gene (named catA2) located downstream of the ben operon that encodes an additional catechol‐1,2‐dioxygenase. The metabolic and regulatory phenotypes of strains lacking one enzyme, the other and both of them in cells with and without the TOL plasmid were evaluated. The data consistently indicated that induction of the ortho pathway by benzoate plasmid‐less strain P. putida KT2440 led to catechol surplus, the toxicity of which at high concentrations being counteracted by CatA2. Cells carrying pWW0 but lacking catA2 experienced both a rapid loss of the plasmid when grown on benzoate (a substrate of the lower pathway) and a slowdown of their growth rate when cultured with benzylalcohol (a substrate converted to benzoate by the upper pathway). These data reveal the role of CatA2 as a type of metabolic safety valve for excess catechol that alleviates the metabolic conflict generated by simultaneous expression of the meta and ortho pathways, thereby facilitating their co‐existence.
The influence of computer games on visual–motor integration in profoundly deaf children
Authors: Radovanovic Vesna
Published: December 2013

The purpose of this research was to examine the influence of specialised software on the visual–motor integration of profoundly deaf children. The research sample was made up of 70 students aged from seven to 10, 43 of whom formed the experimental group and 27 the control group. The students in the experimental group used computers once a week during a period of five months. Levelling of the groups was conducted on the basis of gender, IQ and academic achievements. Examination of visual–motor integration was produced through a subtest of the Acadia test: ‘Visual–Motor Co‐ordination and Possibility of Sequence’. Students in the experimental group achieved higher scores than those in the control group but, of the experimental groups, only the results of the seven‐year‐olds were statistically significantly higher.
Experiments and Counter‐Experiments in the Urban Laboratory of Water‐ Supply Partnerships in India
Authors: Gopakumar Govind
Published: December 2013

Karen Bakker has characterized the scattered islands of networked water supply that are common in the cities of the global South as ‘archipelagos’. Those living outside of archipelagos utilize a variety of interventions, collectively referred to here as tendrils, to access water by informal means. Neoliberal imperatives driving infrastructure transformation aim to alter the paradigm of water‐supply provision to diminish its plural composition and effectively transform tendrils into archipelagos. In this article, developing a conceptual and methodological synthesis between Science and Technology Studies (STS) and political ecology, I study the emergence of public‐private partnerships in India as laboratories in the marketization of water‐supply provision. These partnerships, initiated at local scales, aim to enroll informal water users into standardized modes of water‐supply provision and effectively expand the archipelagos of modernity. I draw upon empirical research of a water‐supply partnership in the city of Bengaluru, describing some of the characteristics of the experimental processes, and argue that they simultaneously forward the marketization of water‐supply services while inadvertently providing opportunities for residents, local associations and activists to form networks of counter‐experimentation. The description of these political acts, this article concludes, provokes re‐examination of the efficacy of an instrumental understanding of water partnerships, but requires closer policy engagement with ‘governance failures’ that are rife in water‐supply provision.
Development and Control of Bacterial Biofilms on Dairy Processing Membranes
Authors: Anand Sanjeev , Singh Diwakar , Avadhanula Mallika , Marka Sowmya
Published: December 2013

Membrane fouling is a major operational problem that leads to reduced membrane performance and premature replacement of membranes. Bacterial biofilms developed on reverse osmosis membranes can cause severe flux declines during whey processing. Various types of biological, physical, and chemical factors regulate the formation of biofilms. Extracellular polymeric substances produced by constitutive microflora provide an effective barrier for the embedded cells. Cultural and microscopic techniques also revealed the presence of biofilms with attached bacterial cells on membrane surfaces. Presence of biofilms, despite regular cleaning processes, reflects ineffectiveness of cleaning agents. Cleaning efficiency depends upon factors such as pH of the cleaning agent, temperature, pressure, cleaning agent dose, optimum cleaning time, and cross‐flow velocity during cleaning. Among different cleaning agents, surfactants help to prevent bacterial attachment to surfaces by reducing the surface tension of water and interfacial tension between the layers. Enzymes mixed with surfactants and chelating agents can be used to penetrate the biofilm matrix formed by microbes. Recent studies have shown the role of quorum‐sensing‐based cell‐to‐cell signaling, which provides communication within bacterial cells to form a mature biofilm, and also the role of applying quorum inhibitors to prevent biofilm formation. Major cleaning applications are also summarized in Table .
Transcriptomic study of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus embryogenesis
Authors: Yin An , Pan Linlin , Zhang Xiaowei , Wang Lei , Yin Yuxin , Jia Shangang , Liu Wanfei , Xin Chengqi , Liu Kan , Yu Xiaoguang , Sun Gaoyuan , Al‐hudaib Khalid , Hu Songnian , Al‐Mssallem Ibrahim S. , Yu Jun
Published: December 2013

The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an invasive, concealed and destructive tissue borer, and it becomes a lethal pest of the palm family of plants and has been reported to attack 20 palm species around the globe. Here we report a systematic transcriptomic study on embryogenesis of RPW, where we analyze the transcriptomes across five developmental stages of RPW embryogenesis, involving four embryonic stages (E1, E2, E3 and E4) and one larval stage (L1). Using the RNA‐seq and next‐generation platforms, we generated 80 to 91 million reads for each library and assemble 22 532 genes that are expressed at different embryonic stages. Among the total transcripts from the five embryonic development stages, we found that 30.45 % are differentially expressed, 10.10 % show stage‐specificity and even a larger fraction, 62.88 %, exhibit constitutive expression in all the stages. We also analyzes the expression dynamics of several conserved signaling pathways (such as Hedgehog, JAK‐STAT, Notch, TGF‐β, Ras/MAPK and Wnt), as well as key developmental genes, including those related to apoptosis, axis formation, Hox complex, neurogenesis and segmentation. The datasets provide an essential resource for gene annotation and RPW functional genomics, including studies by using tools and concepts from multiple disciplines, such as development, physiology, biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics.
A screen for bacterial endosymbionts in the model organisms Tribolium castaneum, T. confusum, Callosobruchus maculatus, and related species
Authors: Goodacre Sara L. , Fricke Claudia , Martin Oliver Y.
Published: December 2013

Reproductive parasites such as Wolbachia are extremely widespread amongst the arthropods and can have a large influence over the reproduction and fitness of their hosts. Undetected infections could thus confound the results of a wide range of studies that focus on aspects of host behavior, reproduction, fitness, and degrees of reproductive isolation. This potential problem has already been underlined by work investigating the incidence of Wolbachia infections in stocks of the model system Drosophila melanogaster. Here we survey a range of lab stocks of further commonly used model arthropods, focusing especially on the flour beetles Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum, the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus and related species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae and Bruchidae). These species are widespread stored product pests so knowledge of infections with symbionts further has potential use in informing biocontrol measures. Beetles were assessed for infection with 3 known microbial reproductive parasites: Wolbachia, Rickettsia, Spiroplasma. Infections with some of these microbes were found in some of the lab stocks studied, although overall infections were relatively rare. The consequences of finding infections in these or other species and the type of previous studies likely to be affected most are discussed.
Historical and non‐invasive samples: a study case of genotyping errors in newly isolated microsatellites for the lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla L., Pilosa)
Authors: Clozato Camila L. , Moraes‐Barros Nadia , Santos Fabrício R. , Morgante João S.
Published: December 2013

Tamandua tetradactyla (Pilosa), the lesser anteater, is a medium‐size mammal from South America. Its wide distribution through different landscapes, solitary and nocturnal habits, and the difficulty to capture and contain specimens limit the amount of individuals and populations sampled during fieldworks. These features along with the lack of specific molecular markers for the lesser anteater might be the causes for paucity in population genetic studies for the species. Historical samples from museum specimens, such as skins, and non‐invasive samples, such as plucked hair, can be supplementary sources of DNA samples. However, the DNA quantity and quality of these samples may be limiting factors in molecular studies. In this study, we describe nine microsatellite loci for T. tetradactyla and test the amplification success, data reliability and estimate errors on both historical and non‐invasive sample sets. We tested nine polymorphic microsatellites and applied the quality index approach to evaluate the relative performance in genotype analysis of 138 historical samples (study skin) and 19 non‐invasive samples (plucked hair). The observed results show a much superior DNA quality of non‐invasive over historical samples and support the quality index analysis as a practical tool to exclude samples with doubtful performance in genetic studies. We also found a relationship between the age of non‐invasive samples and DNA quality, but lack of evidence of this pattern for historical samples.
Role of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET)‐computed tomography (CT) in the staging of bladder cancer
Authors: Goodfellow Henry , Viney Zaid , Hughes Paul , Rankin Sheila , Rottenberg Giles , Hughes Simon , Evison Felicity , Dasgupta Prokar , O'Brien Timothy , Khan Muhammad Shamim
Published: December 2013

Objective

To determine whether to use 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) scans in the preoperative staging of bladder cancer (BC).

Patients and Methods

In all, 233 patients with muscle‐invasive BC (MIBC) or high‐risk non‐MIBC being considered for radical cystectomy (RC) between 2005 and 2011 had FDG‐PET and computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen and pelvis to assess for pelvic lymph node (LN) involvement or distant metastases. Sensitivity and specificity for detecting pelvic LN involvement was determined by comparing the results of the scans to the histopathology reports in patients undergoing RC. These parameters for distant metastases were determined from biopsy results or follow‐up imaging. In patients who did not undergo RC, follow‐up imaging was used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity. Patients were excluded from analysis if they either had neoadjuvant chemotherapy or had <10 LNs removed at lymphadenectomy.

Results

The PET scan was able to detect metastatic disease outside of the pelvis with a sensitivity of 54% compared with 41% for the staging CT (N = 207). Both scans had similar specificities of 97% and 98%. There were 13 PET avid lesions not visualised on the corresponding staging CT scans. These proved to be metastatic BC (six patients), a synchronous primary colonic cancer (one), colonic adenomas (one), basal cell tumour of the parotid gland (one) and inflammatory lesions (four). The sensitivity and specificity of the CT scans for pelvic LN involvement was 45% and 98%, respectively (N = 93). Using a combination of the PET and CT scan, the sensitivity for detecting metastatic disease in LNs increased to 69% with a 3% reduction in specificity to 95%.

Conclusions

PET when used in conjunction with a standard CT scan provides a small improvement in preoperative staging of BC. However, this advantage is not significant enough to justify the additional cost. Hence we recommend use of dual imaging only in highly selected patients.
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G Protein‐Coupled Receptors
Authors: Alexander Stephen P.H. , Benson Helen E. , Faccenda Elena , Pawson Adam J. , Sharman Joanna L. , Spedding Michael , Peters John A. , Harmar Anthony J. ,   CGTP Collaborators
Published: December 2013

The Concise Guide toPHARMACOLOGY2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found athttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full.

Gprotein‐coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others beingGprotein‐coupled receptors, ligand‐gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets.

It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the websitewww.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction withNC‐IUPHARand provides the officialIUPHARclassification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately inIUPHAR‐DBand the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point‐in‐time record that will survive database updates.
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: Catalytic Receptors
Authors: Alexander Stephen P.H. , Benson Helen E. , Faccenda Elena , Pawson Adam J. , Sharman Joanna L. , Spedding Michael , Peters John A. , Harmar Anthony J. ,   CGTP Collaborators
Published: December 2013

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full.

Catalytic receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein‐coupled receptors, ligand‐gated ion channels, ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets.

It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC‐IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR‐DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point‐in‐time record that will survive database updates.
The Concise Guide toPHARMACOLOGY2013/14: Transporters
Authors: Alexander Stephen P.H. , Benson Helen E. , Faccenda Elena , Pawson Adam J. , Sharman Joanna L. , Spedding Michael , Peters John A. , Harmar Anthony J. ,   CGTP Collaborators
Published: December 2013

The Concise Guide toPHARMACOLOGY2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found athttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full.

Transporters are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others beingGprotein‐coupled receptors, ligand‐gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets.

It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the websitewww.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction withNC‐IUPHARand provides the officialIUPHARclassification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately inIUPHAR‐DBand the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point‐in‐time record that will survive database updates.
Occluder Simplification Using Planar Sections
Authors: Silvennoinen Ari , Saransaari Hannu , Laine Samuli , Lehtinen Jaakko
Published: December 2013

We present a method for extreme occluder simplification. We take a triangle soup as input, and produce a small set of polygons with closely matching occlusion properties. In contrast to methods that optimize the original geometry, our algorithm has very few requirements for the input— specifically, the input does not need to be a watertight, two‐manifold mesh. This robustness is achieved by working on a well‐behaved, discretized representation of the input instead of the original, potentially badly structured geometry. We first formulate the algorithm for individual occluders, and further introduce a hierarchy for handling large, complex scenes.
Glomuvenous malformations with smooth muscle and eccrine glands: unusual histopathologic features in a familial setting
Authors: Borroni Riccardo G. , Grassi Sara , Concardi Monica , Puccio Ignazio , Giordano Calogero , Agozzino Manuela , Caspani Clelia , Grasso Maurizia , Diegoli Marta , Arbustini Eloisa
Published: December 2013

Glomuvenous malformations (OMIM 138000) are hamartomas presenting in childhood as multiple, bluish papules and nodules in the skin, which are characterized histopathologically by irregular vascular spaces surrounded by typical glomus cells. Glomuvenous malformations are caused by autosomal dominant mutations of the GLMN gene. A 34‐year‐old woman and her 16‐year‐old son presented with bluish papules and nodules since childhood. Biopsy specimens from both patients showed histopathologic features of glomuvenous malformations, unusually in consistent and close association with smooth muscle, hair follicles and eccrine glands. Sequencing of the GLMN gene revealed the p.C36X (c.108C>A) mutation in germline DNA from both patients. This is probably the first report describing the hamartomatous features of familial glomuvenous malformations consistently associated with a prominent smooth muscle component and eccrine glands.
Mastery motivation in children with congenital hemiplegia: individual and environmental associations
Authors: Miller Laura , Ziviani Jenny , Ware Robert S , Boyd Roslyn N
Published: December 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between mastery motivation and individual and environmental characteristics in school‐aged children with congenital hemiplegia.

Method

Forty‐eight child–caregiver dyads (children's mean age 7y 11mo, SD 2y 4mo; 33 males, 15 females; Manual Ability Classification System [MACS] level I, n=25, and level II, n=23; predominant motor type spastic hemiplegia, n=47) were recruited to this cross‐sectional study. Children were assessed using the Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function (MUUL) and the Assisting Hand Assessment. Caregivers completed the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire, the Parenting Scale, and a demographic questionnaire.

Results

Consistent and positive parental disciplinary practices were associated with higher total motivation (p=0.006) and instrumental aspect scores (p=0.009). Children with siblings and from single‐parent families experienced greater negative reactions to failure (p=0.006). Children from two‐parent families (p=0.018) and with better bimanual performance (p=0.015) demonstrated greater object‐oriented persistence. Age, sex, limitations in manual ability (MACS), and movement and body function of the impaired limb (MUUL) did not contribute significantly to mastery motivation.

Interpretation

Inconsistent, excessively lax, and verbose parenting practices may discourage children from persevering with challenging tasks. Functional parenting styles, positive discipline practices, and autonomy‐supportive strategies for task engagement should be encouraged when intervening with children with cerebral palsy. Parents should be supported to engage in these practices in all aspects of daily activities.
Comparison of Three‐Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography and Two‐Dimensional Echocardiography for Evaluation of Left Atrial Size and Function in Healthy Volunteers (Results from the MAGYAR‐Healthy Study)
Authors: Nemes Attila , Domsik Péter , Kalapos Anita , Lengyel Csaba , Orosz Andrea , Forster Tamás
Published: December 2013

Objective

Noninvasive accurate assessment of left atrial (LA) size and function is an essential requirement in daily clinical practice. Real time three‐dimensional (3D) echocardiography (RT3DE) with direct volumetric method has been found to be a highly accurate and reproducible noninvasive tool for the evaluation of LA dimensions and functional properties. Three‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (3DSTE) has just been introduced for volumetric assessments, which uses different, as called “block‐matching” algorithm by strain analysis. This study was designed to compare two‐dimensional (2D) echocardiography with 3DSTE for calculation of LA volumes and assessment of LA functional properties in healthy subjects.

Methods

This study comprised of randomly selected 35 healthy subjects (40.9 ± 10.9 years, 20 men) in sinus rhythm, they all had undergone standard transthoracic 2D echocardiographic Doppler study extended with 3DSTE.

Results

Two‐dimensional echocardiography– and 3DSTE‐derived minimum (Vmin) and maximum (Vmax) LA volumes and LA volume before atrial contraction (Vpre A) did not differ significantly. Calculated functional LA properties were also compared. Good correlations were found between both techniques for Vmax (r = 0.93, P < 0.0001), Vmin (r = 0.62, P < 0.0001), and Vpre A (r = 0.74, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

It may be stated that 3DSTE seems to be feasible in detection of cyclic changes in LA volumes and calculation of its functional properties is comparable to 2D echocardiography.
Performance of different rubber tree clones against South American leaf blight (Microcyclus ulei)
Authors: Silva L. G. , Junior W. C. J. , Souza A. F. , Alves F. R. , Furtado E. L.
Published: December 2013

This study was aimed to evaluate the behaviour of eighteen clones of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber) against South American leaf blight and to study progress of the disease. The experiment was conducted in Cachoeiro de Itapemirim‐ES, where 18 clones were evaluated. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replicates; each experimental unit consisted of three plants. Evaluations were performed at 15‐day intervals on 30 leaflets per tree. Disease incidence was quantified and infection classified according to the stages of development and type of damage. Leaf blight occurred during the entire experimental period; however, disease intensity varied with the resistance level of the clones and the time of year. Clones FX 3864, RRIM 725, RRIM 711, IAC 300 and IAN 873 exhibited the highest resistance to leaf blight.
Breaking primary dormancy in seeds of the perennial pasture legume tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa C.H. Stirt. vars albomarginata and crassiuscula)
Authors: Castello M. , Croser J. S. , Lulsdorf M. M. , Ramankutty P. , Pradhan A. , Nelson M. N. , Real D.
Published: December 2013

Tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa vars. albomarginata and crassiuscula) is a perennial pasture species with agronomic characters ideally suited to Mediterranean climates. Tedera seed has a period of after‐ripening or primary dormancy typically lasting three months, which delays assessment and breeding of elite hybrid varieties. Temperature, chemical and mechanical methods were investigated in conjunction with in vitro culture to circumvent this dormancy period across a range of parental and hybrid genotypes. Temperature treatment of T5 (Tedera accession 5) and T48 (Tedera accession 48) alone was not sufficient to break dormancy (24.0% and 14.7% germination); however, when combined with soaking in gibberellic acid (GA3) and mechanical scarification resulted in 79.7% and 84.3% germination respectively. In an effort to further improve this result for valuable hybrid genotypes, we combined mechanical scarification with removal of seed coat after imbibition and in vitro culture on B5 medium until radicle emergence. This resulted in breaking dormancy from 96% to 100% of parent seeds and 100% of hybrid seeds. Hardening the germinated F1 or F2 seedlings 4 d after first transfer to in vitro culture resulted in 100% survival of plants to soil. This procedure is now used on a routine basis in the Australian tedera breeding programme.
Measuring the Containment and Spillover Effects of Urban Growth Boundaries: The Case of thePortland Metropolitan Area
Authors: Kim Jae Hong
Published: December 2013

Although urban growth boundaries (UGBs) are increasingly used as a containment policy to promote contiguous and compact urban forms, little is known about howUGBs affect development within the designated area or how development is displaced to other cities. This study analyzes the UGB's containment and spillover effects, focusing on the case of the Portland metropolitan area whereUGBs have long been implemented. This is accomplished by employing a spatial market disequilibrium framework in which explicit consideration is given to the containment and spillover processes when under the influences ofUGBs. The findings suggest thatUGBs can promote development within the boundaries, but that cooperation with neighboring municipalities is necessary to effectively attain the policy goals.
Influence of ZrO2 Content on the Performances of BN‐ZrO2‐SiC Composites for Application in the Steel Industry
Authors: Chen Lei , Wang Yujin , Rao Jiancun , Zhou Yu
Published: December 2013

BN‐ZrO2‐SiC composites were fabricated with different ZrO2 contents ranging from 0 to 40 vol%. The mechanical properties and corrosion resistance against molten steel increase with increasing ZrO2 content, while thermal shock resistance decreases gradually. When ZrO2 content is 40 vol%, the flexural strength is 346 MPa and corrosion depth is 254 μm. The improved corrosion resistance is attributed that the corrosion layer formed by residual ZrO2 hinders molten steel penetration. Nevertheless, composite with 40 vol% ZrO2 shows a sharp decline in residual flexural strength when temperature difference is more than 400°C and critical temperature difference is 520°C.
Influence of Preparation Conditions of Alumina‐Based Refractory on the Morphological Parameters of Surface Defects
Authors: Dimitrijević Marija , Gajić‐Kvaščev Maja , Jančić Heinemann Radmila , Mitraković Dragan
Published: December 2013

The surface defects on alumina‐based refractory arising from thermal shock were studied using image analysis and statistical tools. Alumina‐based refractory specimens were prepared by adding a different amount of fibers into their original composition and compacted on different pressures. Obtained specimens were subjected to thermal shock, and induced surface defects were characterized by their morphological parameters determined using the image analysis procedure. The influence of preparation conditions on the surface defects morphology was studied using principle component analysis. It was shown that morphological parameters of defects vary corresponding to the composition and preparation conditions of ceramic material.
Firm Accrual Quality Following Restatements: A Signaling View
Authors: Wiedman Christine I. , Hendricks Kevin B.
Published: December 2013

We consider whether and how firms improve their financial reporting credibility following a restatement by comparing two alternative views. The compliance view predicts that firms simply correct errors to comply with regulations; the signaling view predicts that improvements are broader to allow firms to signal higher reporting quality and thereby reduce information uncertainty. We find that accrual quality improves significantly following the restatement and that this improvement is observed for both earnings and non‐earnings error restatements. We also find that the extent of real earnings’ management decreases significantly. Further, we find that improvements in accrual quality are higher for firms with CEO turnover and higher incentives to improve, but lower for firms switching to an auditor of lower quality. Collectively, our findings suggest that firms signal improved reporting credibility following a restatement through higher accruals quality and lower real earnings management.
Pemphigus vulgaris‐associated Kaposi's sarcoma: response to paclitaxel and review of the literature
Authors: Balighi K. , Daneshpazhooh M. , Aghazadeh N. , Hejazi P. , Aryanian Z. , Azizpour A. , Rahbar Z. , Goodarzi A. , Chams‐Davatchi C.
Published: December 2013

Systemic corticosteroids have long been the mainstay of treatment for pemphigus patients. However, the necessity of their high‐dose and long‐term administration has brought about a number of complications, sometimes causing significant morbidities. Maintaining a balance between therapeutic and undesirable effects of medications is not always easily achievable. Therefore, additional treatment modalities are frequently needed to control side‐effects. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a rare, potentially life‐threatening complication in this setting. Due to the rarity of data on pemphigus‐associated KS treatment, the best therapeutic approach is still undecided. Here, we report two cases of pemphigus patients who had developed extensive KS as a result of severe immunosuppressive therapy and were successfully treated with paclitaxel. In addition, we performed a review of literature to assess the results of the previously employed treatment modalities in this setting.
Transferring the Emergence Profile from the Provisional to the Final Restoration
Authors: Papadopoulos Ioannis , Pozidi Georgia , Goussias Hercules , Kourtis Stefanos
Published: December 2013

In implant restorations, the ability to manage the response of soft tissue properly and achieve a proper emergence profile is a primary goal for the clinician. The desirable emergence profile can be formed by the use of the provisional restorations. Once this task is achieved, the soft tissue contour must be transferred accurately to the final restoration. In this technique article, four different methods are presented for transferring the emergence profile: the modification of the impression post by adding composite resin intraorally or extraorally, the fabrication of a working cast mimicking the soft tissue contour, and the use of CAD/CAM technology. Each technique presents certain advantages and disadvantages. The choice, therefore, relies on the clinician's judgment depending on the available materials, time, and familiarization with the necessary steps. The aim of this technique article is to describe, evaluate, and compare with the use of clinical examples these four techniques presented for the transfer of the emergence profile from the provisional to the final restoration.

Clinical Significance

The application of these simple, yet important, techniques can not only help achieve optimal esthetics but also contribute to the maintenance of peri‐implant health. Especially in esthetically demanding cases—such as in implant restorations in the anterior area or in cases with high lip line—their application can lead to a more predictable final result.
Evaluation of a stranger safety training programme for adults with Williams syndrome
Authors: Fisher M. H.
Published: December 2013

Background

Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) are reported to display increased sociability towards strangers, leading to increased social vulnerability. No research has examined real life interactions of adults with WS towards strangers and no interventions have been implemented to teach stranger safety skills to this population.

Method

Twenty‐one adults with WS participated in 3 days of behaviour skills training to learn how to respond to a stranger lure. Skill acquisition was assessed in situ; confederate strangers approached participants, presented a lure and recorded the participants' response.

Results

Prior to intervention, 14% of participants walked away from a stranger. Participants were able to accurately use the skills in role play. After training, 62% of participants said ‘no’ and walked away and only 14% agreed to leave with the stranger during in situ assessments.

Conclusions

Individuals with WS are at‐risk but can learn how to appropriately respond to lures from strangers. Further research is needed to increase use of safety skills in various conditions.
The Taste of Conquest: Colonialism, Cosmopolitics, and the Dark Side of Peru's Gastronomic Boom
Authors: García María Elena
Published: December 2013

Liderada por el chef Gastón Acurio, en el Perú se está llevando a cabo una “revolución gastronómica.” Planteado como un movimiento culinario y social, este boom gastronómico conlleva una promesa cosmopolita: unir a una nación fragmentada y exportar la comida y cultura peruana al mundo. Este artículo sostiene que la celebración de este boom oculta un lado oscuro: la marginalización y violencia hacia los indígenas y cuerpos no‐humanos. En él examino el cosmopolitanismo de la cocina novoandina utilizando el enfoque cosmopolítico de Stengers y Latour, el cual sustituye la premisa de reconciliar conflictos en “un mundo” (la promesa cosmopolita) por la de examinar los conflictos que surgen en las conexiones parciales de varios mundos (la propuesta cosmopolítica de Stengers). Más allá del escenario urbano de Lima, este artículo contempla las consecuencias del boom gastronómico para el mundo indígena y el mundo menos visible de los animales andinos como cuyes y alpacas.
Zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotope compositions of migmatites from the North Qinling terrane and their geological implications
Authors: Liu Q. , Wu Y.‐B. , Wang H. , Gao S. , Qin Z.‐W. , Liu X.‐C. , Yang S.‐H. , Gong H.‐J.
Published: December 2013

Migmatites are predominant in the North Qinling (NQ) orogen, but their formation ages are poorly constrained. This paper presents a combined study of cathodoluminescence imaging, U–Pb age, trace element and Hf isotopes of zircon in migmatites from the NQ unit. In the migmatites, most zircon grains occur as new, homogeneous crystals, while some are present as overgrowth rims around inherited cores. Morphological and trace element features suggest that the zircon crystals are metamorphic and formed during partial melting. The inherited cores have oscillatory zoning and yield U–Pb ages ofc. 900 Ma, representing their protolith ages. The early Neoproterozoic protoliths probably formed in an active continental margin, being a response to the assembly of the supercontinent Rodinia. The migmatite zircon yields Hf model ages of 1911 ± 20 to 990 ± 22 Ma, indicating that the protoliths were derived from reworking of Palaeoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic crustal materials. The anatexis zircon yields formation ages ranging from 455 ± 5 to 420 ± 4 Ma, with a peak atc. 435 Ma. Combined with previous results, we suggest that the migmatization of theNQterrane occurred atc. 455–400 Ma. The migmatization wasc. 50 Ma later than thec. 490 Ma ultra‐high‐P(UHP) metamorphism, indicating that they occurred in two independent tectonic events. By contrast, the migmatization was coeval with the granulite facies metamorphism and the granitic magmatism in the NQ unit, which collectively argue for their formation due to the northward subduction of the Shangdan Ocean. UHP rocks were distributed mainly along the northern margin and occasionally in the inner part of the NQ unit, indicating that they were exhumed along the northern edge and detached from the basement by the subsequent migmatization process.
Metabolic stress and cancer: is autophagy the common denominator and a feasible target?
Authors: Giuliani Charlett M , Dass Crispin R
Published: December 2013

Objectives

Autophagy facilitates the degradation of proteins or organelles into recyclable molecules, which are released into the cell to foster cell survival under energetic stress. Furthermore, autophagy has been associated with cancer cell survival and chemoresistance, and as such, it is an area of increasing interest. As autophagic activity and its regulation are related to metabolism and energy stress, it is critical to elucidate the exact molecular mechanisms that drive it.

Key findings

Cancer is recognised to have specific metabolic changes, which include the switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. Although the exact rationale is yet to be determined, it is proposed to limit hypoxic stress and generate substrates for biosynthesis. The various forms of energetic stress including hypoxia, glucose and amino acid deprivation have been reviewed in relation to their effect on autophagy and certain key molecules identified to date. These key molecules, which include AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, adenosine triphosphate and reactive oxygen species, are all implicated as key stimuli of autophagic activity, as will be discussed in this review.

These findings indicate that autophagic regulation could be a means to better cancer treatment.
Which Family Physicians Work Routinely With Nurse Practitioners, Physician Assistants or Certified Nurse Midwives
Authors: Peterson Lars E. , Blackburn Brenna , Petterson Stephen , Puffer James C. , Bazemore Andrew , Phillips Robert L.
Published: December 2013

Purpose

Facing rising numbers of insured with implementation of the Affordable Care Act, policy makers are interested in building teams of providers that can accommodate a growing demand for primary care services. Nurse Practitioners (NPs), Physician Assistants (PAs), and Certified Nurse Midwives (CNMs) already augment the physician workforce, particularly in rural areas. Our objective was to determine what physician and areal‐level characteristics were associated with working with NPs, PAs or CNMs.

Methods

The sample consisted of a convenience sample of physicians through the American Board of Family Medicine (ABFM) website in the fall of 2011. We linked these data to demographic and practice information collected by the ABFM and with provider information supplied from the National Provider Identifier file aggregated at the Primary Care Service Area level. Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to determine variables associated with working with NPs, PAs, or CNMs.

Findings

Of the 3,855 family physicians in our sample, 60% reported routinely working with NPs, PAs, or CNMs. In regression analysis, characteristics positively associated with working with NPs, PAs, or CNMs were providing gynecological care (Odds Ratio = 1.23 [95% confidence interval, 1.06‐1.42]), multispecialty group practice (OR = 1.72 [1.36‐2.18]), any rural setting, and higher availability of PAs (OR = 1.40 [1.10‐1.79]). Restrictive NP scope of practice laws failed to reach significance (OR = 0.86 [0.71‐1.05]).

Conclusions

This study suggests that the number of family physicians routinely working with NPs, PAs, and CNMs continues to increase, which may allow for improved access to health care, particularly in rural areas.
Alabama Veterans Rural Health Initiative: A Pilot Study of Enhanced Community Outreach in Rural Areas
Authors: Hilgeman Michelle M. , Mahaney‐Price Ann F. , Stanton Marietta P. , McNeal Sandre F. , Pettey Kristin M. , Tabb Kroshona D. , Litaker Mark S. , Parmelee Patricia , Hamner Karl , Martin Michelle Y. , Hawn Mary T. , Kertesz Stefan G. , Davis Lori L. ,   the Alabama Veterans Rural Health Initiative (AVRHI) Steering Committee
Published: December 2013

Purpose

Access, enrollment, and engagement with primary and specialty health care services present significant challenges for rural populations worldwide. The Alabama Veterans Rural Health Initiative evaluated an innovative outreach intervention combining motivational interviewing, patient navigation, and health services education to promote utilization of the United States Veterans Administration Healthcare System (VA) by veterans who live in rural locations.

Methods

Community outreach workers completed the intervention and assessment, enrolling veterans from 31 counties in a southern state. A total 203 participants were randomized to either an enhanced enrollment and engagement outreach condition (EEE, n = 101) or an administrative outreach (AO, n = 102) condition.

Findings

EEE participants enrolled and attended VA appointments at higher rates and within fewer days than those who received AO. Eighty‐seven percent of EEE veterans attended an appointment within 6 months, compared to 58% of AO veterans (P < .0001). The median time to first appointment was 12 days for the EEE group and 98 days for the AO group (P < .0001). Additionally, a race by outreach group interaction emerged: black and white individuals benefited equally from the EEE intervention; however, black individuals who received AO took significantly longer to attend appointments than their white counterparts.

Conclusions

Results provide needed empirical support for a specific outreach intervention that speeds enrollment and engagement for rural individuals in VA services. Planned interventions to improve service utilization should ameliorate ambivalence about accessing health care in addition to addressing traditional systems or environmental‐level barriers.
Predictors associated with treatment initiation and switch in a real‐world chronic hepatitis B population from five European countries
Authors: Leblebicioglu H. , Arama V. , Causse X. , Marcellin P. , Ozaras R. , Postawa‐Klozinska B. , Simon K. , Suceveanu A. I. , Wiese M. , Zeuzem S. , Klauck I. , Morais E. , Bjork S. , Lescrauwaet B. , Kamar D. , Zarski J. P. ,   The AI463‐121 European Longitudinal Chronic Hepatitis B Study Group
Published: December 2013

In Europe, healthcare systems differ between countries and different factors may influence Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) treatment choices in different counties. This analysis from a prospective, longitudinal, non‐interventional study in five EU countries aimed to explore determinants associated with treatment initiation or switch in patients with CHB. A total of 1267 adult patients with compensated CHB in Germany, France, Poland, Romania and Turkey were prospectively followed for up to 2 years (March 2008–December 2010). Determinants of treatment initiation or switch were analysed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression. Median time since CHB diagnosis was 2.6 (0–37.7) years. Among 646 treatment‐naïve patients, the probability of treatment initiation during follow‐up was higher: in Germany (P = 0.0006), Poland (P < 0.0001) and Romania (P = 0.0004) compared with Turkey; in patients with alanine transaminase (ALT) 1–2 × upper limit of normal (ULN) (P = 0.0580) or >2 × ULN (P = 0.0523) compared with ALT ≤1 × ULN; and in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA ≥2000 IU/mL (P < 0.0001) compared with HBV DNA <2000 IU/mL or undetectable. Among 567 treated patients, 87 switched treatment during follow‐up. The probability of treatment switch was higher: in France (P = 0.0029), Germany (P = 0.0078) and Poland (P = 0.0329) compared with Turkey; and in patients with HBV DNA <2000 (P < 0.0001) or ≥2000 IU/mL (P < 0.0001), compared with undetectable. Viral load and ALT level were identified as the major drivers of treatment initiation. HBV DNA level was also a significant determinant of treatment switch. Results were statistically different across EU countries.