bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
William Morris et les couleurs du Moyen Âge
Authors: Ribeyrol Charlotte
Published: December 2014

Alors que la (re)découverte de la polychromie originelle des temples grecs vient mettre à mal les fantasmes de blancheur marmoréenne des Victoriens, le monde médiéval, qui fascine tout autant à cette époque, retrouve plus sereinement ses couleurs chatoyantes, loin des sombres décors du roman gothique anglais. Cette re-colorisation se donne à lire, et surtout à voir, dans les poèmes, essais et créations de William Morris (1834-1896) qui souhaite oublier la noirceur de son temps en se formant à « l’école de la couleur » gothique, célébrée par John Ruskin. Au-delà de ces considérations esthétiques, les couleurs « réminiscentes » de Morris invitent également à une réévaluation radicale du modèle à la fois social, religieux et politique jusque-là associé au Moyen âge.
Rhétorique de la perte
Authors: Barthèlemy Guy
Published: December 2014

La catégorie de la « perte » dont on connaît les résonances mélancoliques, permet de lire en coupe un ensemble de textes de la dernière période de Nerval et de démonter une structure qui associe le brouillage des figures féminines, l’entrave de l’action, une perception hémorragique de l’existence, des logiques de désublimation et des motifs comme la chimère et l’errance. L’analyse des modalités de sa mise en œuvre permet aussi de se pencher sur la place essentielle de l’ironie dans l’écriture nervalienne, et sur le rôle qu’elle joue dans l’élaboration de formes et de discours qui participent de la modernité littéraire.
De l'art de la mystification dans Le Spleen de Paris : une lecture de « La corde »
Authors: Cagnat-Debœuf Constance
Published: December 2014

Du goût de Baudelaire pour la mystification, on propose de revenir ici sur l’exemple offert par « La corde », ce poème du Spleen de Paris qu’inspira le suicide du jeune modèle de Manet mais que le poète transforma en une énigme mettant à l’épreuve la sagacité du lecteur. L’analyse s’emploie d’abord à reconstituer la causalité des événements dissimulée dans le récit, laquelle révèle dans le suicide de l’enfant recueilli par le peintre un drame du saturnisme. Cette interprétation autorise-t-elle une lecture référentielle du poème ? Si l’étude confirme, au travers d’allusions restées jusqu’ici inaperçues, l’identification du peintre de « La corde » à Édouard Manet, on verra que Baudelaire a par ailleurs inventé un certain nombre de détails qui imposent de lire ce poème comme une curieuse variation du jeu des proverbes.
Vedettes de la scène en tournée : première mondialisation culturelle au XIX e siècle ?
Authors: Bara Olivier
Published: December 2014

La présence durable d’un théâtre français dans quelques villes étrangères comme la circulation de troupes françaises en Europe et dans ses confins nourrissent un cosmopolitisme artistique déjà ancien parmi les élites locales, francophiles ou francophones. Un changement de nature et d’échelle se produit avec les tournées internationales de vedettes de la scène, telles Rachel au milieu du siècle et Sarah Bernhardt sous la Troisième République. Les représentations dramatiques données sur le continent américain constituent les prémices d’une mondialisation culturelle dont le théâtre français est alors le vecteur. S’observent dans ces tournées des phénomènes de brouillage esthétique, de déhiérarchisation des valeurs artistiques, de transformation des critères d’évaluation de l’œuvre théâtrale : autant de signes, perceptibles à l’échelle mondiale, d’une démocratisation de l’art dramatique, déjà en cours à l’intérieur des frontières nationales.
Le Petit Traité de poésie française de Théodore de Banville : Bible parnassienne ou invitation à l'expérimentation libre ?
Authors: Edwards Peter J.
Published: December 2014

En dépit des circonstances fort modestes de la prépublication, et des deux premières éditions du Petit Traité de poésie française de Banville, ce manuel de versification se retrouva dix ans plus tard au cœur de la querelle sur la question de l’avenir du vers français : d’une part les Parnassiens, défenseurs de la pureté du vers traditionnel tel que réformé par Victor Hugo, et d’autre part les symbolistes et les décadents, partisans du vers libre. Chacun de ces deux partis défendit hardiment sa théorie en faisant appel à l’autorité de Banville. Leurs raisonnements respectifs révèlent l’impact du Petit traité sur l’évolution du vers dans les années 1880.
Dans « les infirmeries de l'âme » : les Sept Princesses de Maeterlinck et la culture neurologique
Authors: Thévoz Samuel
Published: December 2014

Tout entier « suggestion, stylisation, dématérialisation », le petit drame en un acte Les Sept Princesses a généralement été considéré comme l’emblème des « rêveries symbolistes » dont Maeterlinck est souvent tenu comme le parfait représentant. Pourtant, l’analyse dramaturgique de la pièce fait sentir la tension entre la dépense du montré et la sobriété du dit. En d’autres termes, mettre en valeur la matérialité du dispositif scénique et la description des corps offerts au regard exige de replacer le drame à l’horizon des spectateurs de 1892. Or, de ce point de vue, ce sont la culture matérielle de l’époque et plus précisément les sciences neurophysiologistes qui donnent sens à la mise en scène de ce « tableau vivant » où les formes de la maladie mentale renvoient à leur historicité propre.
Du sérieux à l'essai : lecture du Code des gens honnêtes (Balzac)
Authors: Lyon-Caen Boris
Published: December 2014

Conçu par le jeune Balzac et par Horace Raisson, à la fin de la Restauration, le Code des gens honnêtes se donne pour normatif. Il s’inscrit à ce titre dans l’histoire du droit, de la codification napoléonienne, et dans la continuité des discours classiques sur l’honnête homme. Pourtant, une greffe intellectuellement majeure s’y produit, à la faveur de laquelle s’invente l’étude de mœurs : les vues de l’essayiste supplantent les prescriptions du traité. Telle est l’hypothèse que nous voudrions ici soutenir, en montrant ce que la sociologie et la fiction réaliste naissantes doivent au « raisonnement par cas ».
« Ne pas arriver à... » : le cas particulier de Él dans l'œuvre de Buñuel
Authors: Bergala Alain
Published: December 2014

« Ne pas arriver à » est une constante dans les films de Buñuel. Dans Él , l’impossibilité de passer à l’acte sexuel est le fait du héros lui-même. Elle est inscrite dans la scène initiale du coup de foudre, dans l’église, où son désir est né sous le signe de l’interdit social et du clivage haut/bas (les pieds/la Vierge). Le génie de Buñuel a été d’inventer les formes cinématographiques justes pour figurer, et non pour illustrer, ce cas de jalousie paranoïaque. Et de permettre au spectateur de s’identifier à la fois à la jalousie maladive de l’homme et aux souffrances de la femme. Dans Buñuel il y a Él  : Francisco doit beaucoup à Luis.
Que signifie être un assassin ? À propos de La vie criminelle d'Archibald de la Cruz de Luis Buñuel
Authors: Iacub Marcela
Published: December 2014

Selon l’interprétation traditionnelle, La vie criminelle d’Archibald de la Cruz (1955) est l’histoire d’un homme qui croit être un meurtrier alors qu’en vérité il n’a que des fantasmes d’assassinat, qui confond les rêves et la réalité. C’est pourquoi ce film est censé être une sorte d’hymne à la liberté individuelle. Un peu comme le marquis de Sade, Archibald de la Cruz n’aurait rien fait d’autre que vivre dans un monde imaginaire dans lequel tout est possible. Un monde qu’aucun régime démocratique ne devrait limiter. Mon but est ici de revenir sur cette interprétation traditionnelle pour essayer de montrer que, loin d’avoir fait les louanges de la liberté de fantasmer, Buñuel transforme en problème politique les frontières entre rêve et réalité. Il nous explique que ces frontières ne sont pas naturelles mais construites par le droit. Qui plus est, il essaye de nous montrer que le fonctionnement de ces dernières est plus proche de la magie que des procédures rationnelles. Buñuel continue de cette manière la longue réflexion sur la justice pénale démocratique qu’inaugure Edgar Allan Poe lorsqu’il invente le récit policier. J’essayerai de montrer très brièvement comment il s’inscrit avec ce film dans cette longue tradition critique.
Du trauma à la catastrophe dans le cinéma de Lucrecia Martel
Authors: Morel Geneviève
Published: December 2014

Les films de Lucrecia Martel commencent par un incident : une mère de famille se coupe, une adolescente subit un attouchement furtif dans la foule, une femme heurte quelque chose en voiture. Cet événement est ensuite diffracté, au sein d’un milieu social étroit, en fragments de discours dispersés, en un kaléidoscope d’images chaotiques, de bruits et de sons erratiques. Et le trauma initial tourne à la tragédie, conséquence, à la fois, de la transmission de choses dites qui s’incarnent et se répètent et de la décision catastrophique de surtout ne rien dire. Ainsi, Lucrecia Martel filme au plus près ce que Lacan appelait « le sujet comme réponse du réel ». Cela s’avère terriblement efficace pour montrer, de façon allusive, les ressorts d’une société hantée par l’amnésie, le déni et bien des fantômes...
La famille fracturée. Albertina Carri et le cinéma des enfants des disparus
Authors: Sartora Josefina
Published: December 2014

Le régime dictatorial qui a soumis l’Argentine de 1976 à 1982 a éliminé des milliers de citoyens. L’information officielle manque toujours et beaucoup d’Argentins restent encore des « disparus ». La plupart étaient de jeunes gens, dont des parents avec de jeunes enfants. L’une des conséquences dévastatrices de cette dictature a donc été le coup mortel porté à toute une génération, et la fracture de familles dont des enfants ou des parents ont disparu. Mon propos est d’observer comment certains d’entre eux effectuent toujours un long travail de deuil, notamment grâce au cinéma. Quelques-uns sont à la recherche de leur identité, d’autres essaient de comprendre les actes de leurs parents. Je me concentrerai sur l’œuvre d’Albertina Carri, dont le père et la mère ont disparu, car toute sa filmographie – notamment Los Rubios , mais aussi No quiero volver a casa, Géminis et La rabia  – porte sur les thèmes de l’absence, du manque et de la famille fracturée.
Sans foi ni loi : psychanalyse et cinéma en Argentine
Authors: Gherovici Patricia
Published: December 2014

Face à l’énorme popularité de la psychanalyse en Argentine, on peut se poser la question de savoir si la psychanalyse n’a pas occupé l’espace de la politique en raison d’une certaine carence de la loi. Il s’agirait alors d’une politique réduite à son aspect culturel. Elle a peut-être aussi remplacé la religion. Je commenterai deux films récents afin d’explorer les rapports complexes à la loi qu’entretient la culture argentine. La popularité de la psychanalyse serait-elle un symptôme du vide de la loi ? Films commentés : La Fuga (2001, Eduardo Mignogna) et El Secreto de sus Ojos (2009, Juan José Campanella).
Des spectres aux spectateurs
Authors: Manzi Joaquín
Published: December 2014

Ce texte aborde les échanges suscités par quatre films récents consacrés au destin du cadavre de Che Guevara. Les films de Leandro Katz, Fausta Quattrini et Daniele Incalcaterra sont ici étudiés au prisme des notions d’inquiétante étrangeté et de deuil dans leurs enjeux symboliques et idéologiques.
Les destins du surmoi aux temps du néolibéralisme : du Chacal de Nahueltoro au Pejesapo
Authors: Radiszcz Esteban
Published: December 2014

La différence de point de vue entre deux films chiliens remarquables –  El Chacal de Nahueltoro (Miguel Littin, 1969) et El Pejesapo (José Luis Sepúlveda, 2007) – nous permettra de caractériser le surmoi dans le néolibéralisme. À chaque fois, le portrait d’un marginal sert à évoquer la société chilienne dans son ensemble et sa mutation entre les deux films : quarante ans ont passé et le néolibéralisme s’est édifié à la suite d’une dictature. Ces deux films, qui délimitent une forme de marginalité sociale dans son rapport singulier à la loi, nous donneront un aperçu du surmoi à l’ère du capitalisme.
Représentations de genre et psychanalyse dans le cinéma brésilien de la fin de dictature
Authors: Da Silva Alberto
Published: December 2014

Dans cet article, nous proposons d’étudier comment la psychanalyse, qui commença à être très présente dans les médias brésiliens dans la décennie 1970, influença certains cinéastes brésiliens, dans le contexte de la fin de la période dictatoriale.
Updated algorithms for managing frequent gastro-intestinal symptoms in infants
Authors: Vandenplas Y. , Alarcon P.
Published: December 2014

Regurgitation, constipation, excessive crying/fussiness, infantile colic and gassiness are frequent GI manifestations in young infants and result in numerous visits to paediatricians and in many cases in unnecessary change of formulas. The aim of this study was to offer paediatricians consensus based and simple algorithms for the management of the most frequent GI symptoms in infants. Paediatric gastroenterologists processed practical algorithms to assist general practitioners and general paediatricians. Four such practice recommendations were developed, based on the in 2013 published algorithms after an updated literature review. These algorithms cannot be considered as an ‘evidence based guideline’. To date, these algorithms are the result of a consensus based on the available literature and the algorithms published in 2013.
An improved glyoxal retrieval from OMI measurements
Authors: Alvarado L. M. A. , Richter A. , Vrekoussis M. , Wittrock F. , Hilboll A. , Schreier S. F. , Burrows J. P.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Satellite observations from the SCIAMACHY, GOME-2 and OMI spectrometers have been used to retrieve atmospheric columns of glyoxal (CHOCHO) with the DOAS method. High CHOCHO levels were found over regions with large biogenic and pyrogenic emissions, and hot-spots have been identified over areas of anthropogenic activities. This study focuses on the development of an improved retrieval for CHOCHO from measurements by the OMI instrument. From sensitivity tests, a fitting window and a polynomial degree are determined. Two different approaches to reduce the interference of liquid water absorption over oceanic regions are evaluated, achieving significant reduction of the number of negative columns over clear water regions. The impact of using different absorption cross-sections for water vapour is evaluated and only small differences are found. Finally, a high-temperature (boundary layer ambient: 294 K) absorption cross-section of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is introduced in the DOAS retrieval to account for potential interferences of NO2 over regions with large anthropogenic emissions, leading to improved fit quality over these areas. A comparison with vertical CHOCHO columns retrieved from GOME-2 and SCIAMACHY measurements over continental regions is performed, showing overall good consistency. However, SCIAMACHY CHOCHO columns are systematically higher than those obtained from the other instruments. Using the new OMI CHOCHO data set, the link between fires and glyoxal columns is investigated for two selected regions in Africa. In addition, mapped averages are computed for a fire event in Russia between mid-July and mid-August 2010. In both cases, enhanced CHOCHO levels are found in close spatial and temporal proximity to elevated levels of MODIS fire radiative power, demonstrating that pyrogenic emissions can be clearly identified in the new OMI CHOCHO product.
Colonization of an empty island: how does a plant with a plastic gender system respond?
Authors: Philipp M. , Adsersen H.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Honckenya peploides is the most common plant species on the island of Surtsey. It arrived in 1967 and after a juvenile period of 4 years it produced seeds and had increased its number from below 100 to several millions. Most populations had the individuals distributed in a regular or random pattern, suggesting that intraspecific competition is important. H. peploides has a subdioecious reproductive system consisting of pistillate plants producing capsules, and staminate plants delivering pollen. Some of the latter are in addition producing capsules and are denoted hermaphrodites. Populations at the south coast of Iceland had around equal numbers of pistillate and staminate plants. At Surtsey we found more pistillate plants, probably due to their higher water stress tolerance. We also found a tendency to a higher frequency of hermaphrodite plants with a higher number of seeds per capsule compared to populations at the south coast of Iceland and the nearby island of Heimaey. We suggest that this arises from the time right after the colonization of Surtsey where population size was small and the small generalist pollinators were not able to deposit sufficient pollen on pistillate plants, causing the hermaphrodites to have an advantage by being able to set seed after selfing. The result of this initial advantage of the hermaphrodites in combination with the inheritance of the sexes can still be seen due to the longevity of individuals. A generalized account of the colonization history of H. peploides is given.
A high dynamic radiation measurements instrument: the Bolometric Oscillation Sensor (BOS)
Authors: Zhu P. , van Ruymbeke M. , Karatekin Ö. , Noël J.-P. , Thuillier G. , Dewitte S. , Chevalier A. , Conscience C. , Janssen E. , Meftah M. , Irbah A.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The bolometric oscillation sensor (BOS) is a broadband radiation measurement instrument onboard the PICARD satellite that has been active between 2010 and 2014. The main detector is a thermistor attached black coated surface, which was permanently exposed to space without any optical and aperture accessories. The temperature measurements are used within a transfer function to determine variations in incoming solar irradiance as well as the terrestrial radiation. In the present article, the measurement principle of BOS and its transfer function are presented. The performance of the instrument is discussed based on laboratory experiments and space observations from the PICARD satellite. The comparison of the short term variation of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) with absolute radiometers such as VIRGO/SOHO and TIM/SORCE over the same period of time, suggests that BOS is a relatively much simpler but very effective sensor to monitor electromagnetic radiation variations from visible to infrared wavelengths.
High-resolution land surface modeling utilizing remote sensing parameters and the Noah UCM: a case study in the Los Angeles Basin
Authors: Vahmani P. , Hogue T. S.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. In the current work we investigate the utility of remote-sensing-based surface parameters in the Noah UCM (urban canopy model) over a highly developed urban area. Landsat and fused Landsat–MODIS data are utilized to generate high-resolution (30 m) monthly spatial maps of green vegetation fraction (GVF), impervious surface area (ISA), albedo, leaf area index (LAI), and emissivity in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The gridded remotely sensed parameter data sets are directly substituted for the land-use/lookup-table-based values in the Noah-UCM modeling framework. Model performance in reproducing ET (evapotranspiration) and LST (land surface temperature) fields is evaluated utilizing Landsat-based LST and ET estimates from CIMIS (California Irrigation Management Information System) stations as well as in situ measurements. Our assessment shows that the large deviations between the spatial distributions and seasonal fluctuations of the default and measured parameter sets lead to significant errors in the model predictions of monthly ET fields (RMSE = 22.06 mm month−1). Results indicate that implemented satellite-derived parameter maps, particularly GVF, enhance the capability of the Noah UCM to reproduce observed ET patterns over vegetated areas in the urban domains (RMSE = 11.77 mm month−1). GVF plays the most significant role in reproducing the observed ET fields, likely due to the interaction with other parameters in the model. Our analysis also shows that remotely sensed GVF and ISA improve the model's capability to predict the LST differences between fully vegetated pixels and highly developed areas.
Aerosol-assisted CVD synthesis, characterisation and gas-sensing application of gold-functionalised tungsten oxide
Authors: Di Maggio F. , Ling M. , Tsang A. , Covington J. , Saffell J. , Blackman C.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Tungsten oxide nanoneedles (NNs) functionalised with gold nanoparticles (NPs) have been integrated with alumina gas-sensor platforms using a simple and effective co-deposition method via aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD) utilising a novel gold precursor, (NH4)AuCl4. The gas-sensing results show that gold NP functionalisation of tungsten oxide NNs improves the sensitivity of response to ethanol, with sensitivity increasing and response time decreasing with increasing amount of gold.
Analysis of stochastic model for non-linear volcanic dynamics
Authors: Alexandrov D. , Bashkirtseva I. , Ryashko L.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Motivated by important geophysical applications we consider a dynamic model of the magma-plug system previously derived by Iverson et al. (2006) under the influence of stochastic forcing. Due to strong nonlinearity of the friction force for solid plug along its margins, the initial deterministic system exhibits impulsive oscillations. Two types of dynamic behavior of the system under the influence of the parametric stochastic forcing have been found: random trajectories are scattered on both sides of the deterministic cycle or grouped on its internal side only. It is shown that dispersions are highly inhomogeneous along cycles in the presence of noises. The effects of noise-induced shifts, pressure stabilization and localization of random trajectories have been revealed with increasing the noise intensity. The plug velocity, pressure and displacement are highly dependent of noise intensity as well. These new stochastic phenomena are related with the nonlinear peculiarities of the deterministic phase portrait. It is demonstrated that the repetitive stick-slip motions of the magma-plug system in the case of stochastic forcing can be connected with drumbeat earthquakes.
In de leer over eer bij Curaçaose jongens
Authors: Janssen Janine , van San Marion
Published: December 2014

What young men from Curaçao can teach us about honour based violence

In the Netherlands honour based violence is often associated with cases that take place in a Turkish context. But honour codes can be found all over the world. In order to develop a more profound understanding of honour based violence it is therefore important to study this phenomenon in different social and cultural circumstances. In this contribution attention is paid towards the experiences of young men from Curaçao that live on the fringes of Dutch society. How do they perceive honour and the relationship with the use of violence?
‘Trots’, ‘eer’ en ‘medeplichtigheid’: de Vrije Universiteit en Zuid-Afrika
Authors: Wels Harry
Published: December 2014

Pride, honour and complicity: VU University Amsterdam and South Africa

‘Pride’ and ‘honour’ are two concepts that are closely related and in the context of South Africa, are often based on a history of violent battles between various groups in society. VU University Amsterdam has lifelong relations with the historically Afrikaner universities in South Africa. During the Apartheid years the Afrikaner universities scientifically legitimized many of the apartheid policies and practices. In that sense VU University Amsterdam, through its relations to South African counterparts, may be considered complicit with the policies and practices of the Apartheid regime. Consequently, there seems little reason for pride and honour, but rather shame about having sided with academic partners who have at least passively supported the regime? Starting with an explicit acknowledgement of this complicity, the oeuvre of former Archbishop Desmond Tutu may open a path of hope for VUA to contribute to mending past injustices and by, together with its South African academic partners, working towards equality and building new relations in the present South African society.
Het voorbereiden, toetsen en beoordelen van de Omgevingswet: een uitdaging voor regering, Afdeling advisering van de Raad van State en Tweede Kamer
Authors: Smolders T.
Published: December 2014

Het voorbereiden, toetsen en beoordelen van de Omgevingswet: een uitdaging voor regering, Afdeling advisering van de Raad van State en Tweede Kamer

In dit artikel wordt inzicht gegeven in de totstandkoming van de Omgevingswet. Naar aanleiding van gesprekken met enkele direct betrokkenen bij het Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu, Raad van State en Tweede Kamer wordt inzicht gegeven in de wijze waarop deze partijen omgaan met de uitdaging die de Omgevingswet vormt.
Programmatische aanpak in de Omgevingswet: ruimte voor ontwikkeling, waarborgen voor kwaliteit?
Authors: Boeve M.N. , Groothuijse F.A.G.
Published: December 2014

Programmatische aanpak in de Omgevingswet: ruimte voor ontwikkeling, waarborgen voor kwaliteit? Wet eenvoudig beter, amvb diffuser en complexer?

In dit artikel gaan auteurs in op de programmatische aanpak in het wetsvoorstel voor een Omgevingswet. In het wetsvoorstel is de werking van het instrument van de programmatische aanpak flink verruimd. De auteurs plaatsen kanttekeningen bij de wijze waarop de programmatische aanpak in de Omgevingswet is geregeld.
Aanleg en wijziging van hoofdinfrastructuur op grond van de Omgevingswet: van tracébesluit naar projectbesluit
Authors: Gierveld H.A.J.
Published: December 2014

Aanleg en wijziging van hoofdinfrastructuur op grond van de Omgevingswet: van tracébesluit naar projectbesluit

In dit artikel wordt het instrument van het projectbesluit zoals opgenomen in het wetsvoorstel voor een Omgevingswet besproken. De auteur vergelijkt het instrument uit het wetsvoorstel met de doelen van de regering om sneller en betere besluitvorming mogelijk te maken. Verder wordt beschouwd het projectbesluit een volwaardige vervanger is voor het tracébesluit uit de Tracéwet.
Tailormade regelgeving voor windturbineparken op de Noordzee
Authors: Noordover E.M.N. , Drahmann A.
Published: December 2014

Tailormade regelgeving voor windturbineparken op de Noordzee

In dit artikel gaan auteurs in op het wetsvoorstel Wet windenergie op zee dat op 16 oktober is aangeboden aan de Tweede Kamer. Deze wet is speciaal ontworpen om de doelstellingen van het kabinet tot het realiseren van windparken in zee te halen. De auteurs bespreken de diverse nieuwe instrumenten die het wetsvoorstel introduceren, zoals het kavelbesluit. Ten behoeve van het kavelbesluit worden veel van de benodigde onderzoeken voor het realiseren van een windpark verricht, zodat een private initiatiefnemer na het kavelbesluit zo snel mogelijk het windpark kan realiseren.
Jump as Far as You Can
Authors: Yigit Melike , Bofferding Laura , Warnock Miranda
Published: December 2014

This department showcases students' in-depth thinking and work on problems previously published in Teaching Children Mathematics. The problem scenario in the December 2013/January 2014 issue involves concepts of formal and informal measurement and encourages students to use different units to measure and compare.
Sublime et abjection dans « The Chinese Lobster » de A.S. Byatt
Authors: Petit Laurence
Published: December 2014

En s’appuyant sur les écrits théoriques de Julia Kristeva, Georges Bataille, Frances Connelly et Jean-François Lyotard sur la question de l’abject, du difforme, du grotesque et du sublime, cet essai se propose d’examiner la façon dont la nouvelle « The Chinese Lobster » de A.S. Byatt s’articule autour du concept central de « distorsion », au double sens de « déformation physique produite par une torsion » et de « déformation langagière », «interprétation abusive» ou « représentation faussée ». En analysant les nombreuses distorsions verbales, picturales et corporelles présentes dans le texte, je me propose de montrer comment ce récit non seulement énonce, pour mieux s’en moquer, des questions de genre très en vogue, mais également nous aide à repenser la relation texte/image en termes de transgression, ou précisément de «distorsion», celle, délibérée, de deux codes sémiotiques pré-existants – le verbal et le visuel – afin de produire une nouvelle forme intermédiale ou iconotextuelle. Plus généralement, je postulerai que cette nouvelle nous permet de reconsidérer la représentation littéraire en termes d’une inévitable « distorsion » ou « représentation faussée », en suggérant que toute représentation contient par essence son propre échec.
L’Africain de Le Clézio
Authors: Meynard Cécile
Published: December 2014

Dans L’Africain, biographie de son père associée à un travail de mémoire sur l’Afrique où Le Clézio a vécu pendant son enfance, l’écrivain se lance dans une véritable enquête sur ses origines. Pour ce faire, il accompagne son récit d’images, une quinzaine en tout, choisies dans la collection de son père, qui s’exprimait plus facilement par la photographie que par les mots. Le Clézio part donc à la rencontre d’une mémoire qui «n’est pas seulement la [sienne]» mais aussi « la mémoire du temps qui a précédé [sa] naissance », et qui s’épanouit dans le jeu parfois problématique, et le plus souvent mystérieux, entre le texte et les images.
Re-Visualizing the Map in Guy Delisle’s Pyongyang
Authors: Pedri Nancy
Published: December 2014

I examine the use of maps in Guy Delisle’s comic Pyongyang. Focusing on the overt manipulation of cartographic techniques, I show how the cartoon map attains accuracy not by hiding, but by accentuating the fictional techniques that went into its making.
Originalitet og import i Holbergs oplysningstænkning
Authors: Bredsdorff Thomas
Published: December 2014

Originality and Import in Holberg’s Enlightened Thinking. A figurehead of the Danish Enlightenment, Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754) was an intelligent and witty importer of ideas put into circulation by the founding fathers of the European Enlightenment, Pierre Bayle and John Locke among others. In two realms of thought he was entirely original. He was a staunch believer in the equal rights of women, and a shrewd spokesman for anti-authoritarian methods in education. A discussion of the various possible sources of his view of women – whether they were derived from Descartes, from his experience of independent women either in the theatre or in his home town, or caused by a physiological aberration on his part – does not yield convincing results. The sensible conclusion until further evidence is unearthed is that Holberg was indeed original in as much as he – unlike Kant and several other major figures of the Enlightenment – included women in his urge to further mankind’s exit from its self-incurred immaturity. Similarly, but less thoroughly investigated his anti-authoritarian view of education he may have reached independently.
Att söka kungligt tillstånd för giftermål: äktenskapsansökningar från besläktade personer under svenskt 1700-tal
Authors: Clementsson Bonnie
Published: December 2014

To Ask for the King’s Permission to Marriage: Applications for Marriage between Relatives in Eighteenth Century Sweden. In early modern Western society regulations against incestuous relationships were primarily justified by religion, and kinship by blood and kinship by marriage were treated equally. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Swedish law was among the strictest in these matters, and violations were often punished by execution. Simultaneously, it was possible to ask the king’s permission for a dispensation for marriage between more distant relatives. During the second half of the eighteenth century the number of dispensation applications rose significantly, implying a turning point in attitudes. This article investigates arguments in dispensation applications and subsequent responses from decision holders. The aim is to illustrate how parallel values in society, apart from those of religion, affected the way different relationships were perceived. The study shows that applicants used a range of arguments in persuading authorities that their relationships should be allowed. However, even though authorities took an interest in whether or not applicants were good Christians, and whether or not relationships were honourable (not carnal), there was one decisive factor for granting or denying the applications. If the applicants’ family positions crossed different generations (e.g. man/uncle’s widow) it was considered that the “natural parental respect” would be jeopardised and, irrespective of the applicants’ ages, the application was denied.
Freshwater Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Authors: Glasgow Benny C. , Pierce Paula
Published: December 2014

Freshwater ribbon worms collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park from 9 June 2007 until 28 September 2010 are reported. All six specimens are identified as genus Prostoma. Species identification is not concluded and also no conclusion is made whether any of the specimens are of a new or undescribed species. Some specimen photographs are provided and a discussion is given on specimen characteristics and their possible identification. Ribbon worms are not previously reported in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
Effect of temperature on rates of ammonium uptake and nitrification in the western coastal Arctic during winter, spring, and summer
Authors: Baer Steven E. , Connelly Tara L. , Sipler Rachel E. , Yager Patricia L. , Bronk Deborah A.
Published: December 2014

Biogeochemical rate processes in the Arctic are not currently well constrained, and there is very limited information on how rates may change as the region warms. Here we present data on the sensitivity of ammonium (NH4+) uptake and nitrification rates to short‐term warming. Samples were collected from the Chukchi Sea off the coast of Barrow, Alaska, during winter, spring, and summer and incubated for 24 h in the dark with additions of 15NH4+ at −1.5, 6, 13, and 20°C. Rates of NH4+ uptake and nitrification were measured in conjunction with bacterial production. In all seasons, NH4+ uptake rates were highest at temperatures similar to current summertime conditions but dropped off with increased warming, indicative of psychrophilic (i.e., cold‐loving) microbial communities. In contrast, nitrification rates were less sensitive to temperature and were higher in winter and spring compared to summer. These findings suggest that as the Arctic coastal ecosystem continues to warm, NH4+ assimilation may become increasingly important, relative to nitrification, although the magnitude of NH4+ assimilation would be still be lower than nitrification.
Did stresses from the Cerro Prieto Geothermal Field influence the El Mayor‐Cucapah rupture sequence?
Authors: Trugman Daniel T. , Borsa Adrian A. , Sandwell David T.
Published: December 2014

The Mw 7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah (EMC) earthquake ruptured a complex fault system in northern Baja California that was previously considered inactive. The Cerro Prieto Geothermal Field (CPGF), site of the world's second largest geothermal power plant, is located approximately 15 km to the northeast of the EMC hypocenter. We investigate whether anthropogenic fluid extraction at the CPGF caused a significant perturbation to the stress field in the EMC rupture zone. We use Advanced Land Observing Satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar data to develop a laterally heterogeneous model of fluid extraction at the CPGF and estimate that this extraction generates positive Coulomb stressing rates of order 15 kPa/yr near the EMC hypocenter, a value which exceeds the local tectonic stressing rate. Although we cannot definitively conclude that production at the CPGF triggered the EMC earthquake, its influence on the local stress field is substantial and should not be neglected in local seismic hazard assessments.
Rapid dynamic activation of a marine‐based Arctic ice cap
Authors: McMillan Malcolm , Shepherd Andrew , Gourmelen Noel , Dehecq Amaury , Leeson Amber , Ridout Andrew , Flament Thomas , Hogg Anna , Gilbert Lin , Benham Toby , van den Broeke Michiel , Dowdeswell Julian A. , Fettweis Xavier , Noël Brice , Strozzi Tazio
Published: December 2014

We use satellite observations to document rapid acceleration and ice loss from a formerly slow‐flowing, marine‐based sector of Austfonna, the largest ice cap in the Eurasian Arctic. During the past two decades, the sector ice discharge has increased 45‐fold, the velocity regime has switched from predominantly slow (~ 101 m/yr) to fast (~ 103 m/yr) flow, and rates of ice thinning have exceeded 25 m/yr. At the time of widespread dynamic activation, parts of the terminus may have been near floatation. Subsequently, the imbalance has propagated 50 km inland to within 8 km of the ice cap summit. Our observations demonstrate the ability of slow‐flowing ice to mobilize and quickly transmit the dynamic imbalance inland; a process that we show has initiated rapid ice loss to the ocean and redistribution of ice mass to locations more susceptible to melt, yet which remains poorly understood.
Increases in plasma sheet temperature with solar wind driving during substorm growth phases
Authors: Forsyth C. , Watt C. E. J. , Rae I. J. , Fazakerley A. N. , Kalmoni N. M. E. , Freeman M. P. , Boakes P. D. , Nakamura R. , Dandouras I. , Kistler L. M. , Jackman C. M. , Coxon J. C. , Carr C. M.
Published: December 2014

During substorm growth phases, magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause extracts ~1015 J from the solar wind which is then stored in the magnetotail lobes. Plasma sheet pressure increases to balance magnetic flux density increases in the lobes. Here we examine plasma sheet pressure, density, and temperature during substorm growth phases using 9 years of Cluster data (>316,000 data points). We show that plasma sheet pressure and temperature are higher during growth phases with higher solar wind driving, whereas the density is approximately constant. We also show a weak correlation between plasma sheet temperature before onset and the minimum SuperMAG AL (SML) auroral index in the subsequent substorm. We discuss how energization of the plasma sheet before onset may result from thermodynamically adiabatic processes; how hotter plasma sheets may result in magnetotail instabilities, and how this relates to the onset and size of the subsequent substorm expansion phase.
Assessing the magnitude of CO2 flux uncertainty in atmospheric CO2 records using products from NASA's Carbon Monitoring Flux Pilot Project
Authors: Ott Lesley E. , Pawson Steven , Collatz George J. , Gregg Watson W. , Menemenlis Dimitris , Brix Holger , Rousseaux Cecile S. , Bowman Kevin W. , Liu Junjie , Eldering Annmarie , Gunson Michael R. , Kawa Stephan R.
Published: December 2014

NASA's Carbon Monitoring System Flux Pilot Project (FPP) was designed to better understand contemporary carbon fluxes by bringing together state‐of‐the art models with remote sensing data sets. Here we report on simulations using NASA's Goddard Earth Observing System Model, version 5 (GEOS‐5) which was used to evaluate the consistency of two different sets of observationally informed land and ocean fluxes with atmospheric CO2 records. Despite the observation inputs, the average difference in annual terrestrial biosphere flux between the two land (NASA Ames Carnegie‐Ames‐Stanford‐Approach (CASA) and CASA‐Global Fire Emissions Database version 3 (GFED)) models is 1.7 Pg C for 2009–2010. Ocean models (NASA's Ocean Biogeochemical Model (NOBM) and Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean Phase II (ECCO2)‐Darwin) differ by 35% in their global estimates of carbon flux with particularly strong disagreement in high latitudes. Based upon combinations of terrestrial and ocean fluxes, GEOS‐5 reasonably simulated the seasonal cycle observed at Northern Hemisphere surface sites and by the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) while the model struggled to simulate the seasonal cycle at Southern Hemisphere surface locations. Though GEOS‐5 was able to reasonably reproduce the patterns of XCO2 observed by GOSAT, it struggled to reproduce these aspects of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder observations. Despite large differences between land and ocean flux estimates, resulting differences in atmospheric mixing ratio were small, typically less than 5 ppm at the surface and 3 ppm in the XCO2 column. A statistical analysis based on the variability of observations shows that flux differences of these magnitudes are difficult to distinguish from inherent measurement variability, regardless of the measurement platform.
Site‐Specific Requirements for
pT
and
pN
Authors: Wittekind Ch. , Henson D. E. , Hutter R. V. P. , Sobin L. H.
Published: December 2014

This chapter is an expansion to the following general rules of the TNM system (TNM Classification 2010):

Pathological assessment of the primary tumour (pT) entails a resection of the primary tumour or biopsy adequate to evaluate the highest pT category. The pathological assessment of the regional lymph nodes (pN) entails removal of nodes adequate to validate the absence of regional lymph node metastasis (pN0) and sufficient to evaluate the highest pN category.

If there is doubt concerning the correct T, N or M category to which a particular case should be allotted, then the lower (i.e., less advanced) category should be chosen.

The numbers of lymph nodes given in the different tumour sites are considered adequate for staging. If the examined lymph nodes are negative, but the number ordinarily resected is not met, classify as pN0. The number of nodes examined and the number involved by tumour should be recorded in the pathology report. This information may also be added in parentheses, e.g., for colorectal carcinoma pN0 (0/11) or pN1 (3/10).

In many tumour sites, the number of involved regional lymph nodes indicates differences in prognosis. A correlation exists between the number of examined lymph nodes and the pN classification. With increasing number of examined lymph nodes a higher frequency of lymph node‐positive cases is found and—in tumour sites where more than one positive pN category is provided—a greater proportion of higher pN categories can be observed. Therefore, the number of examined lymph nodes reflects the reliability of the pN classification.
NewTNMClassifications Recommended for Testing
Authors: Wittekind Ch. , Henson D. E. , Hutter R. V. P. , Sobin L. H.
Published: December 2014

This chapter contains proposals for new classifications as follows:

Specific

Gastrointestinal sarcomas (other than GIST)

Malignant thymic epithelial tumours (thymoma)

Cranial and facial bones

Primary cutaneous lymphomas

Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma

Mycosis fungoides and Sézary Syndrome

Chronic myeloid leukaemia

Multiple myeloma

Primary liver carcinoma in infants and children/Hepatoblastoma

Adrenal cortex carcinoma

Liver metastasis of colorectal carcinoma

Gastrointestinal malignant lymphomas

These new classifications are provisional. Testing by several institutions and on large numbers of patients is needed before general acceptance can be recommended. Those having relevant data, published or not, on these classifications are invited to contact the TNM Prognostic Factors Project Committee of the UICC.
Scientific Method and Statistics
Authors: Hand David J.
Published: December 2014

Statistics is the science of extracting information from data. As such, the methods of statistics are intimately interwoven with ideas of scientific method to formulate scientific explanations of natural phenomena; that is, with ideas of how science progresses and of scientific method. Examples of such common features are the notions of descriptive summaries of data, of experimentation, of model selection and formulation, and of inference from samples of observations.
Model Checking
Authors: Chandler R. E.
Published: December 2014

Most statistical analyses are, implicitly or explicitly, based upon an underlying model for the data at hand. The conclusions from any analysis can therefore be justified only if the model is adequate. This article gives an overview of general principles for checking the adequacy of a statistical model. The focus is primarily upon models for relationships between variables. Specific techniques are summarized; for the reader who requires more detail, pointers to the relevant literature are given.
Chaos Theory
Authors: L. Wolff R. C.
Published: December 2014

A system is chaotic if it is governed by a set of deterministic equations, but displays erratic, apparently random, behavior. The mathematical structure may be the iteration of linked difference equations in discrete time, or the evolution of a set of linked differential equations in continuous time. Stochastic interpretations, especially those involving time series analysis, are described.
Inference, Foundations of
Authors: Fisher Lloyd D.
Published: December 2014

The foundations of statistical inference are summarized beginning with regularity as embodied in probability theory. Both objective external probability and subjective internal Bayesian probability are discussed. The law of large numbers is the theoretical underpinning of the usefulness of probability. Objective large probability methods have led to concepts such as confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, andp‐values. Subjective probability uses data to go from prior to posterior distributions. No known method of statistical inference can withstand all rational criticism. Important areas of inference arise from descriptive and graphical methods of summarizing data and are mentioned.
History of Factor Analysis: A Psychological Perspective
Authors: Thorndike Robert M.
Published: December 2014

The history of unrestricted (exploratory) factor analysis is briefly reviewed from the perspective of its contribution to psychological theory, particularly models of mental abilities. Attention is focused on the contributions of Spearman and Thurstone. Various means of judging the quality of a factor solution are described. The logic of factor analysis as a means of identifying meaningful psychological constructs from a matrix of correlations is introduced from the algebraic and geometric perspectives.
Authorial Voice in Second Language Writing
Authors: Zhao Cecilia Guanfang
Published: December 2014

Can we “see” a writer's voice in his/her writing, just as we can hear a person's voice when he/she speaks? What defines an authorial voice in a written text, anyway? How, if at all, can we measure the strength of an author's voice in a written text? To what extent is this concept important to second language (L2) writers and in L2 writing instruction and assessment? Is this concept of voice even teachable to L2 writers? All these questions are what many writing researchers and teachers have been trying to answer, and they together illustrate the complexity of the topic under discussion. Probably due to its elusive nature, voice is often seen as a concept that is at once intriguing and perplexing, indispensable and yet hard to define and operationalize. This entry will seek to offer an overview of the existing scholarly work on this particular topic, including the many discussions about the nature, characteristics, and measurement of voice, the role it plays in L2 writing, and its teachability to L2 writers.
Dictation in Language Assessment
Authors: Cai Hongwen
Published: December 2014

In real life, dictation is widely used in courts of law, medical institutions, mass media organizations, and administrative offices. Depending on the urgency of the related event, dictated materials may be transcribed in a real‐time manner or recorded for subsequent transcription, usually verbatim by professional transcribers. Different professions have their own exams for certifying practitioners, but an accuracy of over 95 percent, including spelling, is often required to pass these exams.