bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Basket Trials
Authors: Beckman Robert A.
Published: February 2025

Basket trials are clinical trials involving borrowing information between traditional indications that share a common molecular or pathophysiologic feature that may determine the benefits of a particular therapy. The underlying assumption is that the molecular or pathophysiologic feature is more fundamental than the traditional disease classification with respect to hypotheses involving the efficacy of the corresponding therapy. Basket trials have the potential to substantially improve the efficiency of drug development and bring life‐altering medicines to patients sooner and potentially at lower cost. Basket trials have been extensively applied in the exploratory drug development setting. They have also been applied in the confirmatory setting in end‐stage patients without other options, in settings supported by exceptional scientific evidence. There remains an unmet need to develop confirmatory basket trial methods that are generalizable to earlier lines of therapy and to therapies that are effective but not necessarily exceptional. This review perspective summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of basket trials, performance metrics for their evaluation, and types of basket trials, both today and in the future.
Herbal Formula Yi‐Fei‐Jie‐Du‐Tang Regulates Epithelial‐Mesenchymal Transition and Vasculogenic Mimicry in Lung Cancer via HIF1A‐Mediated Ferroptosis
Authors: Wang Shanshan , Yang Die , Yuan Chengjia , Wu Yang , Wang Qingying , Wu Yongjian , Zhang Xiaochun
Published: February 2025

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Yi‐Fei‐Jie‐Du‐Tang (YFJDT) has shown potential in lung cancer treatment. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of YFJDT on lung cancer remain unclear. Bioinformatics analysis is conducted to identify potential targets of YFJDT. The impact of YFJDT on hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1A), ferroptosis, and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is investigated using xenograft tumor models and A549 cells. Additionally, A549 cells are stimulated with CoCl2 to mimic the hypoxic microenvironment of the tumor. The role of HIF1A overexpression in modulating ferroptosis is assessed. The effects of HIF1A and ferroptosis on epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and VM in vitro are evaluated. Results: YFJDT treatment led to a concentration‐dependent decrease in HIF1A levels in xenograft tumors and A549 cells. Overexpression of HIF1A counteractes the inhibitory effects of YFJDT on proliferation, EMT, and VM in transplanted tumors. Moreover, HIF1A overexpression attenuates YFJDT‐induced lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation, indicating inhibition of ferroptosis in A549 cells. Hypoxia‐induced alterations in EMT markers and VM are reversed by YFJDT but exacerbated by HIF1A overexpression. Molecular docking identified salicylic acid and psoralen as potential components of YFJDT targeting HIF1A. YFJDT exerts anti‐tumor effects in lung cancer by downregulating HIF1A and promoting ferroptosis.
Selective Adsorption to Pathogenic Bacteria Augments Antibacterial Activity via Adjusting the Physicochemical Property of Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Hao , Zhu Chaoran , Zhao Fengqin , Shi Xiufang , Liu Junjie , Shi Jinjin
Published: February 2025

Oral antibiotics are the primary method used to treat bacterial infections in clinical practice. However, the non‐selectivity of antibiotics reduces the efficacy of treatment while also tending to damage normal flora and cause dysbiosis. Obviously, it is crucial to enhance the selectivity of antibiotics against bacteria. It is possible to modulate the physicochemical properties of orally administered nanosystems to achieve selective adsorption to bacteria, thereby achieving improving bactericidal effects. A series of nanoparticles are examined bacterial adhesion characteristics focusing on five aspects: particle size, shape, charge, surface hydrophilicity, and surface modification. Selective adsorption of nanoparticles is investigated pathogenic bacteria (S. aureus as an example), normal bacteria (E. coli as an example), and probiotic bacteria (E. faecium as an example). The results show that ≈50 nm chitosan‐modified spherical Poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles exhibit a stronger adsorption capacity for pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). After loading with amoxicillin, the antibacterial nanoparticles are able to destroy pathogenic bacteria without disrupting the normal intestinal bacterial flora and reducing the typical side effects of ecological disruption caused by broad‐spectrum antibiotics. Thus, this work presents a convenient and versatile strategy for targeting bacteria to enhance the antibacterial efficacy of current antibiotics.
Development of Nanocarrier‐Based Oral Pegfilgrastim Formulations for Mitigating Hematopoietic Acute Radiation Syndrome
Authors: Zhu Yuefei , Tavakol Daniel Naveed , Wang Huaxi , He Siyu , Ponnaiya Brian , Zhu Zixian , Xiao Yongqiang , Yoshinaga Naoto , Wu Xuefeng , Wu Xiaoyu , Ning Derek , Baldassarri Ilaria , Teles Diogo , Amundson Sally A. , Garty Guy , Brenner David J. , Vunjak‐Novakovic Gordana , Leong Kam W.
Published: February 2025

The increasing risks of ionizing radiation (IR) from deep space travel and nuclear accidents necessitate the development of effective countermeasures. Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), particularly hematopoietic ARS (H‐ARS), leads to life‐threatening anemia and bone marrow failure, with long‐term risks including cancer and cardiovascular disease. This study presents phenylboronic acid‐functionalized chitosan‐polyethylenimine (CPB) polymers designed for efficient oral delivery of pegfilgrastim (PF), an FDA‐approved radioprotective agent. Nanoparticles are prepared through complexation of PF with tannic acid, forming a negatively charged core, followed by encapsulation with a CPB polymer shell. This supramolecular strategy enables efficient protein condensation into uniform nanoparticles. The nanosystem effectively reduces H‐ARS‐associated anemia in mice by promoting blood cell reconstitution, supported by in vitro results with human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Additionally, the material reduces toll‐like receptor activation in multiple human cell types post‐radiation. This system may mitigate radiation injury risks from accidental exposure on Earth and during extended space missions.
Lithium Carbide Prelithiation Agent‐Coated Separator Facilitates Compact Expansion of Silicon Electrode
Authors: Li Liewu , Gong Xiaoyu , Chen Chufang , Huang Zhencheng , Chen Weibin , Jiang Qianqian , Chen Jing , Wang Jionghui , He Liqing , Cheng Tengfei , Wang Hongbin , Ye Shenghua , Yang Xuming , Ren Xiangzhong , Ouyang Xiaoping , Liu Jianhong , Zhang Qianling , Hu Jiangtao
Published: February 2025

The high specific capacity and safety nature of silicon (Si) anode has garnered significant attention and investment for its application in high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, the Si anode exhibits low initial Coulombic Efficiency (CE) and compromised cycle stability due to interfacial side reactions and the volume expansion of Si particles. Here, a straightforward strategy is proposed to prelithiate Si anodes and enhance the cycle stability by utilizing a lithium carbide (LiC6) coated separator. By incorporating a LiC6 prelithiation agent‐coated PP/PE separator (PP/PE@LiC6), a robust interaction between PP/PE@LiC6 and Si anode forms during cycling, which significantly reduces subsequent contact between the electrolyte and Si particles, thereby minimizing excessive electrolyte decomposition during cycling, and facilitates the compact expansion of the Si electrode. In Si|PP/PE@LiC6|Li cell, the initial CE reaches 108.51%, showcasing enhanced electrochemical stability (77.93% after 100 cycles). Moreover, the Si|PP/PE@LiC6|LiFePO4 cell also exhibits exceptional initial CE of ≈93.02% and improved electrochemical stability (100.94% after 100 cycles at 0.33C). This study introduces a secure and readily attainable prelithiation method for industrial applications of high‐energy density Si‐based batteries.
Self‐Generated Glass‐Ceramics‐Like Structure Boosts Energy Storage Performance of AgNbO3‐Based MLCC
Authors: Tang Ting , Liu Jiecheng , Liu Dong , Han Yi , Luan Rundong , Wang Qi , Liu Hui , Zhang Bo‐Ping , Zheng Qiang , Deng Shiqing , Zhu Yimei , Wu Lijun , Xu Juping , Yin Wen , Shi Xiaoming , Zhu Li‐Feng
Published: February 2025

Dielectric capacitors are strikingly attractive for use in advanced high‐power pulsed‐discharge devices for electronic systems. However, their poor energy‐storage density (Urec) and efficiency (η) resulting from the large remanent polarization (Pr) and low breakdown strength (BDS), have been the major challenge for practical applications. Inspired by the glass ceramics in which the core‐shell microstructure is considered an effective method to improve the BDS, maintain large Pmax, and reduce Pr values, the strategy of “self‐generated glass‐ceramics‐like structure” is proposed in this work, and the (EuxAg1−3x)NbO3 (EuxAN) at 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.09 capacitors are designed. Similar to glass ceramics, the ceramics‐like AFE regions in the “self‐generated glass‐ceramics‐like structure” help to improve Pmax value, while glass‐like PE regions are responsible for increasing the BDS of the capacitor, so as to achieve ultrahigh Urec and η values. Because of the glass‐ceramics‐like structure, high recoverable energy storage Urec ≈ 16.6 J cm−3 along with an excellent η ≈ 93.1% are achieved in the EuxAN (x = 0.07) multilayer capacitors. This work offers a good paradigm for improving the energy storage properties of AFE systems to meet the demanding requirements of advanced energy storage applications.
Cholesterol Functionalized Nanoparticles Are Effective against Helicobacter pylori, the Gastric Bug: A Proof‐of‐Concept Study
Authors: Pinho Ana Sofia , Pereira Renato , Pereira Mariana , Rai Akhilesh , Ferreira Lino , Martins Maria Cristina Lopes , Parreira Paula
Published: February 2025

Helicobacter pylori chronic infection is the highest risk factor for the development of gastric cancer, being this Gram‐negative bacterium classified as carcinogenic. The mounting resistance of H. pylori to antibiotics calls for innovative therapeutic strategies. Here, the proof‐of‐concept studies that support the development of a “trojan horse” therapeutic strategy based on cholesterol‐grafted nanoparticles (Chol‐NP) to counteract H. pylori infection are depicted. The bacterium ability to specifically recognize and bind to surface grafted cholesterol is demonstrated by its adhesion to cholesterol(Chol)‐functionalized self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold substrates (2D Chol‐SAMs) in a concentration dependent manner, with optimal Chol‐SAMs prepared with 25% Chol‐polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐thiol in solution (75% tetra(ethylene glycol)‐thiol). These results further show that cholesterol functionalized gold nanoparticles (3D Chol‐SAMs, Chol‐NP) eradicate H. pylori at a minimum bactericidal concentration of 125 µg mL−1. Chol‐NP kill H. pylori through internalization and membrane rupture, as observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Chol‐NP are cytocompatible (human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cell line), non‐hemolytic and innocuous to bacteria representative of the gut microbiota (Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus acidophilus). This study supports the further development of cholesterol functionalized biomaterials as an advanced and targeted treatment for H. pylori infection.
Rapid, Sensitive Detection of Protein Biomarkers in Minimally‐Processed Blood Products with a Monolithic Sandwich Immunoassay Reagent
Authors: Maganzini Nicolò , Reschke Agnes , Cartwright Alyssa P. , Gidi Yasser , Thompson Ian Andrew Paul , Yee Steven , Hariri Amani , Dory Constantin , Rosenberg‐Hasson Yael , Pan Jing , Eisenstein Michael , Vučković Jelena , Cornell Timothy Thomas , Soh Hyongsok Tom
Published: February 2025

For more than fifty years, the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serves as the gold standard for protein biomarker detection. However, conventional ELISA requires considerable sample preparation including reagent addition, incubation, and washing steps, limiting its usefulness at the point‐of‐care. In this work, the “instant ELISA” (fluorophore‐linked immunosorbent assay) biosensor that can measure protein biomarkers in the picomolar range within 15 min in undiluted plasma or serum with no sample preparation is described. The sensor leverages a synthetic reagent termed the “monolithic dual‐antibody clamp” (MDAC) which preserves the specificity, sensitivity, and generalizability of an ELISA, but produces a fluorescence signal as two surface‐tethered antibodies form a “sandwich” by binding to two distinct epitopes on the target. As exemplars, picomolar quantification of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)‐1, the latter of which is a useful prognostic indicator of cytokine release syndrome in patient plasma samples during chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy are demonstrated.
Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Mediated Assembly of Donor Polymers Enhances Efficiency and Stability of Blade‐Coated Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Khasbaatar Azzaya , Damron Alec M. , Fernando Pravini S. , Williams Jasmine S. , Zhu Chenhui , Gann Eliot H. , Lee Jong‐Hoon , Birge Adrian , Kim Bora , Sabury Sina , Lee Minjoo L. , Reynolds John R. , Diao Ying
Published: February 2025

Conjugated polymers can undergo complex, concentration‐dependent self‐assembly during solution processing, yet little is known about its impact on film morphology and device performance of organic solar cells. Herein, lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) mediated assembly across multiple conjugated polymers is reported, which generally gives rise to improved device performance of blade‐coated non‐fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. Using D18 as a model system, the formation mechanism of LLC is unveiled employing solution X‐ray scattering and microscopic imaging tools: D18 first aggregates into semicrystalline nanofibers, then assemble into achiral nematic LLC which goes through symmetry breaking to yield a chiral twist‐bent LLC. The assembly pathway is driven by increasing solution concentration – a common driving force during evaporative assembly relevant to scalable manufacturing. This assembly pathway can be largely modulated by coating regimes to give 1) lyotropic liquid crystalline assembly in the evaporation regime and 2) random fiber aggregation pathway in the Landau–Levich regime. The chiral liquid crystalline assembly pathway resulted in films with crystallinity 2.63 times that of films from the random fiber aggregation pathway, significantly enhancing the T80 lifetime by 50‐fold. The generality of LLC‐mediated assembly and enhanced device performance is further validated using polythiophene and quinoxaline‐based donor polymers.
Hopping‐Phase Ion Bridge Enables Fast Li+ Transport in Functional Garnet‐Type Solid‐State Battery at Room Temperature
Authors: Yang Binbin , Chen Nan , Tian Jianing , Sun Lipu , Deng Chenglong , Shang Yanxin , Liu Zixin , Wu Ningning , Zhao Liyuan , Wu Feng , Xia Dingguo , Chen Renjie
Published: February 2025

Composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) containing Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) is widely regarded as leading candidate for high energy density solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries due to its exceptional ionic conductivity and environmental stability. However, Li2CO3 and LiOH layers at LLZTO surface greatly hinder Li+ transport between LLZTO‐polymer and the electrode–electrolyte interface. Herein, the surface of LLZTO is boronized to obtain functionalized LLZTO, and its conversion mechanism is clarified. By dissolving the crystal structure of cellulose to obtain hopping‐phase ion bridge (HPIB), which release the Li+ transport activity of its oxygen‐containing polar functional group (─OH, ─O─). Therefore, a high‐throughput ion transporter (HTIT‐37) with high ion transfer number (0.86) is prepared by introducing the HPIB into functionalized LLZTO and polyvinylidene fluoride interface by intermolecular hydrogen bond interaction, and it is demonstrated that the HPIB acts as a “highway” for the Li+ across this heterogeneous interface. Moreover, the HPIB is found to self‐adsorb on the SEI surface, leading to fast Li+ transport kinetics at anode–CPE interface. Thus, the lifespan of Li|HTIT‐37|Li is over 8000 h, and the critical current density exceeds 2.3 mA cm−2. The LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2|Li and Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2|Li battery remains stable with the HPIB‐enhanced electrode process, proving the application potential of LLZTO‐based CPE in high energy density SSLMB.
Engineered Living Systems Based on Gelatin: Design, Manufacturing, and Applications
Authors: Wang Zhenwu , Lin Zeng , Mei Xuan , Cai Ling , Lin Ko‐Chih , Rodríguez Jimena Flores , Ye Zixin , Parraguez Ximena Salazar , Guajardo Emilio Mireles , García Luna Pedro Cortés , Zhang Jun Yi Joey , Zhang Yu Shrike
Published: February 2025

Engineered living systems (ELSs) represent purpose‐driven assemblies of living components, encompassing cells, biomaterials, and active agents, intricately designed to fulfill diverse biomedical applications. Gelatin and its derivatives have been used extensively in ELSs owing to their mature translational pathways, favorable biological properties, and adjustable physicochemical characteristics. This review explores the intersection of gelatin and its derivatives with fabrication techniques, offering a comprehensive examination of their synergistic potential in creating ELSs for various applications in biomedicine. It offers a deep dive into gelatin, including its structures and production, sources, processing, and properties. Additionally, the review explores various fabrication techniques employing gelatin and its derivatives, including generic fabrication techniques, microfluidics, and various 3D printing methods. Furthermore, it discusses the applications of ELSs based on gelatin in regenerative engineering as well as in cell therapies, bioadhesives, biorobots, and biosensors. Future directions and challenges in gelatin fabrication are also examined, highlighting emerging trends and potential areas for improvements and innovations. In summary, this comprehensive review underscores the significance of gelatin‐based ELSs in advancing biomedical engineering and lays the groundwork for guiding future research and developments within the field.
Ultrafast and Universal Synthetic Route for Nanostructured Transition Metal Oxides Directly Grown on Substrates
Authors: Lim Si Heon , Kim Geunwoo , Cho Sungjin , Kim Yeong Kwon , Ko Eun Bee , Choi Seon Yeon , Heo Jung A , Kim Daegun , Yoo Hocheon , Lee So‐Yeon , Kim YongJoo , Cha Pil‐Ryung , Lee Dong Yun , Lee Sunghun , Jang Byung Chul , Kim Yeonhoo , Kim Hyun Ho
Published: February 2025

Nanostructured transition metal oxides (NTMOs) have consistently piqued scientific interest for several decades due to their remarkable versatility across various fields. More recently, they have gained significant attention as materials employed for energy storage/harvesting devices as well as electronic devices. However, mass production of high‐quality NTMOs in a well‐controlled manner still remains challenging. Here, a universal, ultrafast, and solvent‐free method is presented for producing highly crystalline NTMOs directly onto target substrates. The findings reveal that the growth mechanism involves the solidification of condensed liquid‐phase TMO microdroplets onto the substrate under an oxygen‐rich ambient condition. This enables a continuous process under ambient air conditions, allowing for processing within just a few tens of seconds per sample. Finally, it is confirmed that the method can be extended to the synthesis of various NTMOs and their related compounds.
Non‐Hermitian Boundary in a Surface Selective Reconstructed Magnetic Weyl Semimetal
Authors: Li Cong , Wang Yang , Zhang Jianfeng , Liu Guowei , Liu Hongxiong , Chen Wanyu , Deng Hanbin , Ma Wenbo , Polley Craig , Thiagarajan Balasubramanian , Kim Timur K. , Yin Jiaxin , Shi Youguo , Xiang Tao , Tjernberg Oscar
Published: February 2025

Non‐Hermitian physics, studying systems described by non‐Hermitian Hamiltonians, reveals unique phenomena not present in Hermitian systems. Unlike Hermitian systems, non‐Hermitian systems have complex eigenvalues, making their effects less directly observable. Recently, significant efforts have been devoted to incorporating the non‐Hermitian effects into condensed matter physics. However, progress is hindered by the absence of a viable experimental approach. Here, the discovery of the surface‐selectively spontaneous reconstructed Weyl semimetal NdAlSi provides a feasible experimental platform for studying non‐Hermitian physics. Utilizing angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements, surface‐projected density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements, it is demonstrated that surface reconstruction in NdAlSi alters surface Fermi arc (SFA) connectivity and generates new isolated non‐topological SFAs (NTSFAs) by introducing non‐Hermitian terms. The surface‐selective spontaneous reconstructed Weyl semimetal NdAlSi can be viewed as a Hermitian bulk – non‐Hermitian boundary system. The isolated non‐topological SFAs on the reconstructed surface act as a loss mechanism and open boundary condition (OBC) for the topological electrons and bulk states, serving as non‐Hermitian boundary states. This discovery provides a good experimental platform for exploring new physical phenomena and potential applications based on boundary non‐Hermitian effects, extending beyond purely mathematical concepts. Furthermore, it provides important enlightenment for constructing topological photonic crystals with surface reconstruction and studying their topological properties.
Unifying Electrochemically‐Driven Multistep Phase Transformations of Rutile TiO2 to Rocksalt Nanograins for Reversible Li+ and Na+ Storage
Authors: Yan Zerui , Tang Dafu , Fan Sicheng , Zou Xia , Huang Xiaojuan , Jiang Qinyao , Li Jiaxin , Yu Ruohan , Lin Yingbin , Huang Zhigao , Peng Dong‐Liang , Wei Qiulong
Published: February 2025

Rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2(R)) lacks octahedral vacancies, which is not suitable for Li+ and Na+ intercalation via reversible two‐phase transformations, but it displays promising electrochemical properties. The origins of these electrochemical performances remain largely unclear. Herein, the Li+ and Na+ storage mechanisms of TiO2(R) with grain sizes ranging from 10 to 100 nm are systematically investigated. Through revealing the electrochemically‐driven atom rearrangements, nanosize effect and kinetics analysis of TiO2(R) nanograins during repeated cycling with Li+ or Na+, a unified mechanism of electrochemically‐driven multistep rutile‐to‐rocksalt phase transformations is demonstrated. Importantly, the electrochemically in situ formed rocksalt phase has open diffusion channels for rapid Li+ or Na+ (de)intercalation through a solid‐solution mechanism, which determines the pseudocapacitive, “mirror‐like” cyclic voltammetry curves and excellent rate capabilities. Whereas, the nanosize effect determines the different Li+ and Na+ storage capacities because of their distinct reaction depths. Remarkably, the TiO2(R)‐10 nm anode in situ turns into rocksalt nanograins after 30 cycles with Na+, which delivers a reversible capacity of ≈200 mAh g−1, high‐rate capability of 97 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1 and long‐term cycling stability over 3000 cycles. The findings provide deep insights into the in situ phase evolutions with boosted electrochemical Li+ or Na+ storage performance.
Quantitative Phase Imaging for Meta‐Lenses by Phase Retrieval
Authors: Cheng Jialuo , Zhou Yin , Gao Yunhui , Liu Bowen , Liu Xiaoyuan , Shi Lei , Geng Zihan , Chen Mu Ku
Published: February 2025

Meta‐lenses have advanced focusing and imaging capabilities. Traditional methods for assessing meta‐lenses performance, such as focusing light field scanning, are time‐consuming and cannot obtain phase information. Meta‐lenses require accurate and fast phase information measurements for industrial‐level applications. Here, a novel approach is introduced for meta‐lenses phase recovery from defocused images. The precise phase can be obtained by optimizing the complex amplitude of the meta‐lens from the experimentally collected defocused images through complex gradient descent. This method doesn't need complicated experimental setups like traditional off‐axis interferometry. This method is robust and applicable to meta‐lenses with diverse phase modulations. The investigation is extended to measure the phase information of the Pancharatnam‐Berry phase‐based meta‐lens and the achromatic meta‐lens in different incident wavelengths. These results demonstrate that this technique accurately recovers phase information. The 3D intensity profile can be retrieved at arbitrary distances, which is faster and more accurate, enabling the prediction of optical properties such as focal length. This advancement enhances the understanding of meta‐lense behavior in practical scenarios. It provides a foundation for future optimizations in meta‐lenses design, potentially leading to more efficient and versatile optical systems.
Dual‐Band Quasi‐Bound States in the Continuum with Opposite Circular Dichroism Supported by Single Metallic Bilayer Twisted Metasurface
Authors: Feng Jixin , Wang Xianghui , Zeng Ming , Fan Linyuan , Ma Liang , Ji Yunyun , Fan Fei , Chang Shengjiang
Published: February 2025

The field of optical chirality has achieved remarkable progress with the quick development of artificial metasurfaces. The introduction of quasi‐bound states in the continuum (QBIC) into chiral devices offers a groundbreaking and efficient method for modulating chiral responses. However, existing QBIC‐based chiral research primarily concentrates on dielectric structures and also encounters challenges such as complex design requirements and limitations to single‐frequency band operation. In this work, a metallic double‐layer twisted metasurface is proposed. By manipulating a single degree of freedom (DOF), the twist angle, QBIC and chirality are simultaneously induced at two frequency bands. Far‐field multipole decomposition and near‐field analysis reveal that the two QBICs originated from electric dipole and toroidal dipole moments. Experimental spectra highly agree with simulation results, confirming the efficacy of the design. Remarkably, the structure exhibits opposite chiral responses at different frequency bands. To highlight the device's superiority, a dynamic near‐field image display switched by frequency or polarization state is demonstrated in simulation. The proposed structure holds potential applications in chiral enantiomer sensing, chiral lasers, nonlinear filtering, and other related areas.
Spin Valley Dynamics Entangled with Optical Fields, Phonons, and Spin‐Orbit Coupling in Monolayer MoSe2
Authors: Chen Linjie , Li Zhi , Li Qunxiang , Zheng Qijing , Zhao Jin
Published: February 2025

The ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) approach is advanced by integrating light–matter interactions, enabling comprehensive simulations of the carrier dynamics in solid materials from photoexcitation to relaxation. Using this method, the excited electron and hole dynamics are investigated in monolayer MoSe2 entangled with optical field, phonons and spin‐orbit coupling (SOC), encompassing the dynamics from valley polarization to depolarization. During the initial 0.6 ps after photoexcitation, the optical field dominates, leading to rapid electron valley polarization and a high‐polarization plateau, alongside phonon‐assisted intervalley photoexcitation. Subsequently, electron‐phonon interactions and SOC starts to play a role in the electron depolarization, diminishing polarization to zero around 1.6 ps. Hole polarization is also induced by photoexcitation, and it depolarizes more slowly than electrons without an optical field but becomes dependent on the optical field when laser is present. This work provides a powerful tool for studying the coherent effects of optical fields, phonons, and SOC in photoexcitation dynamics, which is crucial for the design of next‐generation optoelectronic devices.
Promoting the Photoresponse Rate with Micelles in Hydrogels
Authors: Gao Junheng , Tang Fu , Li Yuting , Zhang Likang , Hu An , Li Shuo , Li Lidong
Published: February 2025

Fluorescent hydrogels have immense potential and are widely studied for on demand displays. Response rate of fluorophores upon stimuli within the hydrogel matrix is a key role to improve the timely responsiveness, but rare reports are elaborated on it. In this work, the photoisomeric spiropyran methacrylate (SPMA) is introduced into the poly (2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel to fabricate a stimuli‐responsive fluorescent hydrogel. Interestingly, the photoresponse rate of SPMA in the hydrogel is greatly accelerated at the presence of F127 micelles than without it. Both of the absorbance and fluorescence intensity of the hydrogels at the photostationary state are improved obviously with micelles. Besides, the normalized absorbance and the fluorescence kinetic studies indicated a more than 2 times quicker isomerization process. The absolute fluorescence quantum yields of SPMA in the hydrogel is also increased. These can be attributed to the hydrophobic microenvironment provided by the F127 micelles that facilitated the conformation transition of SPMA. Thus, the synergetic effect of the increased amount of activable SPMA and the promoted speed of isomerization contributed to the accelerated photoresponse of the prepared hydrogel. Taking advantage of these virtues, a timely and multi‐responsive on‐demand information encryption system is realized.
Unveiling the Potential of a Cobalt‐Based Metal‐Organic Framework in Carbodiimide Synthesis
Authors: Verdoorn Daniël S. , Zuliani Alessio , Ranjan Prabhat , Holgado Juan P. , Khiar Noureddine , Saya Jordy , Carrillo-Carrión Carolina , Maes Bert , Orru Romano
Published: February 2025

The synthesis of carbodiimides via nitrene transfer to isocyanides has garnered significant attention in recent years. However, this reaction predominantly relies on homogeneous catalytic systems with high catalyst loadings. In this study, we employed ZIF‐67 MOF as a heterogeneous catalyst for carbodiimide synthesis and conducted an in‐depth analysis of its stability. Our findings reveal the non‐innocent role of catalyst leaching, demonstrating that even as little as 0.04 mol% of leached cobalt species is sufficient to catalyze this reaction. This result is in contrast with previous reports, where 5–10 mol% of cobalt‐loading is required. Furthermore, this study highlights that lower catalyst loadings are more efficient, particularly in cases where isocyanides exhibit limited stability.
Bi Dendrites Succeed Under Challenging Flue Gas Conditions for CO2RR
Authors: Allawadhi Payal , Mountjoy Gavin , Yadav Rahul Kumar , Kumar Ravi , Bhattacharyya Dibyendu , Khushalani Deepa
Published: February 2025

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (ERC) from flue gas is a promising solution to mitigate CO2 emissions and importantly has the ability for direct industrial application. However, components such as N2, O2, SOx, NOx, and H2O in flue gas can hinder ERC efficiency, affecting catalyst stability and selectivity. This study systematically investigates the effect of these flue gas components on a metallic Bi dendrite catalyst. The catalyst shows remarkable stability (over 6 days are observed with constant current generation) surpassing other monometallic Bi catalysts. The active state of the catalyst has been demonstrated with operando XANES (X‐ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) analysis which has confirmed the metallic state of bismuth and notably, the catalyst performance remains unaffected despite the presence of other flue gas components such as N2, O2, SOx, and NOx. This research aims to fill a critical gap, demonstrating how flue gas components influence ERC activity and pave the way for future advancements in catalyst optimization.
Investigation of Rotary Photon Drag of Generated Structured Light in a Five Level Atomic Medium
Authors: Majeed Abdul , Ullah Imdad , Alduais Fuad S. , Al Bossly Afrah , Bossly Rawan , Ali Amir
Published: February 2025

The structured rotary photon drag is generated in a multiple‐level atomic medium driven by a probe and many control fields. The rotary photon drag is affected by the topological charges () of control fields. Both normal and abnormal rotary photon drag are described. According to the condition in the medium, normal and anomalous rotary photon drag are enhanced. The highest value of normal rotary photon drag is investigated to radian, and the highest value of anomalous rotary photon drag is investigated to radian in the position range of . The modified work of this manuscript is significant for sensing technology, photodetectors, and optical fiber communication.
Immunometabolism of Liver Xenotransplantation and Prospective Solutions
Authors: Deng Shoulong , Zhang Yi , Shen Shasha , Li Chongyang , Qin Chuan
Published: February 2025

End‐stage liver diseases, such as hepatocellular carcinoma or acute liver failure, critically necessitate liver transplantation. However, the shortage of available organ donors fails to meet the rapidly growing transplantation demand. Due to the high similarity of liver tissue structure and metabolism between miniature pigs and humans, xenotransplantation of pig livers is considered as a potentially viable solution to organ scarcity. In the 2024, teams from China first time have successfully transplanted a genetically modified Bama miniature pig liver into a clinically brain‐dead man lasting for 10 days. This milestone in human xenotransplantation research not only confirms the feasibility of clinical application of xenotransplantation, but also underscores the daunting and protracted nature of this pathway. Despite advanced gene‐editing technologies theoretically circumventing the occurrence of most transplant rejection reactions, patients still face challenges such as chronic immune rejection, coagulation disorders, and thrombotic microangiopathy after receiving xenografts. Moreover, prolonged use of immunosuppressive drugs may induce irreversible immune dysfunction, leading to opportunistic infections and metabolic disorders. This article compares the similarities and differences in livers between humans and pigs, summarizes the immunometabolism of xenotransplantation based on current findings, and provides research perspectives on pre‐transplantation and post‐transplantation strategies for prolonging the survival time of xenografts.
Through‐Thickness Electric Field Establishes Complex Molecular Architectures for Localized Liquid Secretion
Authors: Zhang Dongyu , Nuijten Julia , Peixoto Jacques , Liu Danqing
Published: February 2025

Localized liquid secretion, being an important process in nature such as the secretion of tears or mucus, has been an attractive point in developing biomimetic materials. However, precise localization remains challenging due to the cohesive and mobile nature of liquids. In this paper, light‐induced localized liquid secretion is demonstrated on the scale of tens of micrometers by a liquid crystal polymer coating with an alternating homeotropic‐planar alignment. The light responsiveness is achieved by the incorporation of azobenzene derivative. The localization is achieved by applying regional through‐thickness electric fields to the monomeric liquid crystals before polymerization. The polymerized coating preserves both homeotropic and planar alignment. Upon actuation, the liquid can be locally secreted from the homeotropic region while suppressed in the planar area. This method allows precise control over various secretion patterns based on different pre‐designed electrodes, which paves the way for the development of responsive devices in a multitude of fields, such as targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering, and microfluidic devices.
Phosphate elution from anion‐exchange membranes in soil analysis
Authors: Xu Suwei , Margenot Andrew J.
Published: February 2025

Resin‐extractable phosphate (PO4‐P) is a widespread sink‐based measure of soil bioavailable phosphorus (P) used in biogeochemistry and soil fertility. However, acid elution of P may hydrolyze organic P and thus compromise measurement of PO4‐P. We evaluated sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as an alternative to sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for PO4‐P elution. We found 0.5 M NaHCO3 achieved ≈100% PO4‐P recovery at higher initial PO4‐P concentrations (20 and 30 mg P/L), compared to 95%–98% with 0.25 M H2SO4. For 24 soil samples representing all 12 USDA soil orders, NaHCO3 elution yielded 9.6% higher resin extractable PO4‐P than H2SO4. Additionally, the PO4‐P remaining in water extract after resin removal (H2Ore‐PO4) was consistently quantifiable, and constituted up to 46% of total extractable PO4‐P. These results demonstrate (i) NaHCO3 is a more effective eluent for resin extractable P than H2SO4, and (ii) H2Ore‐PO4 should be quantified when measuring resin extractable P.
Insights into Operating Conditions on Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Zhu Zhaozhao , Tang Wu , Wang Junjie , Zhao Lei , Lin Yingxi , Li Zhao , Niu Xiaobin , Chen Jun Song , Wu Rui
Published: February 2025

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (CO2RR) is rapidly emerging as a promising sustainable strategy for transforming CO2 into valuable fuels and chemical feedstocks, a crucial step toward a carbon‐neutral society. The efficiency, selectivity, and stability of CO2RR are heavily influenced by the chosen catalyst and the operating conditions used. Despite substantial advances in the development of catalysts, there is a scarcity of comprehensive reviews focusing on the influence of different operating environments on CO2RR performance. This review offers a detailed examination of internal and external environmental control strategies designed to enhance CO2RR efficiency. The fundamental reaction mechanisms through in situ and operational techniques, paired with theoretical analyses, are discussed while also identifying key challenges and future research directions in CO2RR technology. By delivering a comprehensive overview of the current state of the field, this review highlights the critical role of environmental control, mechanistic insights, and practical considerations needed for the successful commercialization of CO2RR technology.
Evaluating the Co‐Occurrence of Abnormal Behaviors in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Whitham Jessica C. , Hall Katie , Miller Lance J.
Published: February 2025

For decades, welfare scientists have focused on investigating and mitigating the abnormal behaviors—including repetitive stereotypic behaviors and abnormal stances/postures—displayed by chimpanzees residing in professionally managed settings. In an effort to design feasible and practical welfare assessments, researchers often pool abnormal behaviors into subcategories. However, this approach can result in the creation of heterogeneous subcategories comprised of behaviors that do not statistically co‐occur. This study examined the co‐occurrence of abnormal behaviors in 41 adult chimpanzees living in 16 facilities accredited by Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Specifically, we employed principal component analysis and regression analyses to investigate the following behaviors: self‐directed hair pluck, idiosyncratic body manipulations (e.g., eye‐poking), and idiosyncratic movements/postures (e.g., rocking). We found: (1) none of the behaviors loaded onto the same component, and (2) no significant relationships were discovered by performing the regression analyses. These findings suggest that self‐directed hair pluck, idiosyncratic body manipulations, and idiosyncratic movements/postures are heterogeneous and should be scored separately in future studies of adult chimpanzees. Though this study cannot provide insight into the potential triggers for these specific behaviors, the lack of positive associations suggests that they may have unrelated triggers and treatments. Ultimately, future research should attempt to reduce and eliminate abnormal behaviors by introducing tailored interventions to the husbandry routine and/or environment. The findings of this study can be extended to other taxa. Specifically, welfare researchers should analyze individual abnormal behaviors separately, instead of forming subcategories of abnormal behaviors, unless behaviors are found to statistically co‐occur.
Harnessing the Potential of UU 200/Bi4O8 Nanocomposite to Optimize Energy Efficiency in Supercapacitor and Electrocatalysis Application
Authors: Sarmila S. , Vadivel Sethumathavan , Sujita P. , Gopal V.
Published: February 2025

In the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions, the spotlight shines on the advancement of effective energy storage systems and green hydrogen production. In this work, UU 200 (UU: Uppsala University) metal–organic framework (MOF)/bismuth oxide (Bi4O8), termed the UU 200/Bi4O8 nanocomposite, has been synthesized and utilized as an electrode material for supercapacitor applications and an electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). XRD, Raman, FT‐IR, and XPS tests showed that the UU 200/Bi4O8 nanocomposite was successfully formed. The SEM and TEM images revealed that the UU 200/Bi4O8 nanocomposite exhibits a mixed rod and spherical structure. The supercapacitor performance of pure UU 200 and UU 200/Bi4O8 nanocomposite has been examined through cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance (EIS) measurements. Interestingly, the UU 200/Bi4O8 nanocomposite delivered a maximum specific capacitance value of 220 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. Furthermore, the UU 200/Bi4O8 nanocomposite potential was extended beyond its energy storage capability to the electrocatalytic HER process. The electrocatalytic HER performances were assessed through linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), CV, chronoamperometry (CA), and EIS analysis. The overpotential (ɳ) of 130 mV and the Tafel slope value of 131 mV dec−1 indicate the UU 200/Bi4O8 nanocomposite supremacy in advanced applications. The UU 200/Bi4O8 nanocomposite electrode has excellent supercapacitor and water‐splitting performance, allowing it to acquire green energy for future energy needs.
A New Cu (II) Complex With 1,3‐Dimethyl‐5‐Acetyl‐Barbituric Acid: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, DNA/BSA Binding Activities, ADME Predictions, and Anticancer Activities
Authors: Göktürk Tolga
Published: February 2025

A new Cu (II) complex with 1,3‐dimethyl‐5‐acetyl‐barbituric acid was synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, magnetic moment measurements, FTIR, and X‐ray diffraction. Structural analysis revealed that the Cu (II) complex belongs to the triclinic system with the P ‐1 space group. The copper (II) ion is penta‐coordinated via five oxygen atoms in a slightly distorted square‐pyramidal geometry. Hirshfeld surface analysis confirmed the role of H‐atom contacts in establishing the crystal packing, with the most significant contributions arising from H … H (48.6%) and H … O/O … H (30.2%) interactions. Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions were identified as the dominant forces in the crystal packing. DNA binding studies demonstrated moderate groove binding, with an intrinsic binding constant (Kb) of 1.00 × 104 M−1. Viscosity measurements further supported the groove‐binding interaction. Additionally, fluorescence quenching experiments with bovine serum albumin (BSA) revealed a static quenching mechanism with a binding constant (Kbin) of 3.21 × 104 M−1 indicating stable complex formation. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the Cu (II) complex revealed IC₅₀ values of 5.67 ± 0.07 μM for MDA‐MB‐231, 9.56 ± 0.24 μM for Caco‐2, and 37.92 ± 0.03 μM for LNCaP cells after 72 h, with reduced toxicity toward noncancerous HEK‐293 cells (IC₅₀ = 41.36 μM). The high selectivity index (SI = 8.13) for MDA‐MB‐231 highlights its strong selectivity compared to cisplatin. In silico ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) predictions suggested favorable pharmacokinetic properties, including moderate solubility and low potential for drug–drug interactions, supporting the complex's potential as a therapeutic agent.
Investigation of the Therapeutic Contribution of the Nanoconjugated Form Using Sono‐Photochemical Application; Novel Indium Phthalocyanine and Its Cystein‐Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dot Derivative
Authors: Celep Kevser , Gökçil Gökçe , Şen Pınar , Şahin Fikrettin , Erdoğmuş Ali , Atmaca Göknur Yaşa
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to synthesize sensitizer molecules with high therapeutic efficacy using a new indium phthalocyanine (InPc) with halogen substituents and novel supramolecular hybrids containing graphene quantum dots (GQDs). 4‐Tetra‐(2‐bromo‐4‐methylphenol) phtalocyaninato indium(III) chloride was immobilized via π–π stacking interaction on GQDs functionalized with cysteine. The photochemical and sono‐photochemical features were determined for both indium phthalocyanine alone and its respective conjugate to investigate their potential in advanced cancer therapies with enhanced singlet oxygen generations. The nanoconjugate form of InPc demonstrated better singlet oxygen quantum yields with results reaching to Φ∆(SPDT) = 1.31 and Φ∆(PDT) = 0.81 as compared to the InPc alone. These results also confirm that sono‐photochemical method enhances therapeutic activity due to the combined benefits of light an ultrasound. This study paves the way for future research aimed at achieving highly efficient singlet oxygen generation.
Amidophosphine Boranes as Easy Reducing Agents for Efficient Conversion of Nitro Compounds to Primary Amines With Iron Catalyst
Authors: Sharma Jyoti , Dutta Pooja , Sau Abhijit , Panda Tarun K.
Published: February 2025

We report a direct and efficient methodology for the hydroboration of aliphatic and aryl nitro compounds using amidophosphine‐borane {(C6H5)CH2N(PPh)2(BH3)2} in the presence of iron(II) chloride as a catalyst under mild conditions to form primary amines after hydrolysis. Solid amidophosphine‐boranes are user‐friendly and readily synthesized, revealing remarkable reducing properties toward a comprehensive range of nitro compounds. The scalability of the present approach is defined by performing gram‐scale reactions and synthesis of different pharmaceuticals like paracetamol and benzocaine, demonstrating the synthetic applicability of the current strategy.
Nano‐SiO2 Composite Solid Polyelectrolyte Membranes Based on Bis‐Imidazole Cationic‐Functionalized Benzonorbornadiene Block Copolymers for Solid‐State Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: He Xiaohui , Qin Zengwei , Chen Defu
Published: February 2025

Solid polyelectrolytes (SPEs) have garnered considerable attention and extensive research due to their exceptional flexibility, low cost, and ease of industrial production. This study synthesized bis‐imidazole cationic functionalized benzonorbornadiene block copolymers rP(NB‐MGE‐b‐BenzoNBD‐BisIm+TFSI−) via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The block copolymers were blended with lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTFSI) and nano SiO2 to prepare the composite solid polyelectrolytes membrane (CSPEMs) rP(NB‐MGE‐b‐BenzoNBD‐BisIm+TFSI−)/LiTFSI/SiO2 by a solution casting method for applications in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). This research investigates the effect of different nano‐SiO2 content on the ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability of the composite SPEs. The relationship between the intrinsic structure and properties of rP(NB‐MGE‐b‐BenzoNBD‐BisIm+TFSI−)/LiTFSI/z wt% SiO2 (z = 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5) was studied. When the SiO2 content is 5.0 wt%, the maximum ionic conductivity reaches 9.3 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 30°C and 1.5 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 80°C. The NCM811/CSPEM/Li battery exhibits an initial reversible discharge capacity of 149.7 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.2 C, with a coulombic efficiency maintained above 96%. After 50 cycles at a current density of 0.2 C, the capacity remains at 148.9 ± 8 mAh g−1, with the coulombic efficiency continuing to exceed 96%, which demonstrating robust cycling stability.