bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BK Polyomavirus Hijacks Extracellular Vesicles for
En Bloc
Transmission
Authors: Handala Lynda , Blanchard Emmanuelle , Raynal Pierre-Ivan , Roingeard Philippe , Morel Virginie , Descamps Véronique , Castelain Sandrine , Francois Catherine , Duverlie Gilles , Brochot Etienne , Helle Francois
Published: January 2020

Reactivation of BKPyV is responsible for nephropathies in kidney transplant recipients, which frequently lead to graft loss. The mechanisms of persistence and immune evasion used by this virus remain poorly understood, and a therapeutic option for transplant patients is still lacking. Here, we show that BKPyV can be released into EVs, enabling viral particles to infect cells using an alternative entry pathway. This provides a new view of BKPyV pathogenesis. Even though we did not find any decreased sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies when comparing EV-associated particles and naked virions, our study also raises important questions about developing prevention strategies based on the induction or administration of neutralizing antibodies. Deciphering this new release pathway could enable the identification of therapeutic targets to prevent BKPyV nephropathies. It could also lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of other polyomaviruses that are associated with human diseases.
Intrahepatic bacterial metataxonomic signature in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Sookoian Silvia , Salatino Adrian , Castaño Gustavo Osvaldo , Landa Maria Silvia , Fijalkowky Cinthia , Garaycoechea Martin , Pirola Carlos Jose
Published: January 2020

Objective

We aimed to characterise the liver tissue bacterial metataxonomic signature in two independent cohorts of patients with biopsy-proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) diagnosis, as differences in the host phenotypic features—from moderate to severe obesity—may be associated with significant changes in the microbial DNA profile.

Design and methods

Liver tissue samples from 116 individuals, comprising of 47 NAFLD overweight or moderately obese patients, 50 NAFLD morbidly obese patients elected for bariatric surgery and 19 controls, were analysed using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

Results

Liver bacterial DNA profile significantly differs between morbidly obese and non-morbidly obese patients with NAFLD. Bacteroidetes (p=1.8e-18) and Firmicutes (p=0.0044) were over-represented in morbidly obese patients and Proteobacteria (p=5.2e-10)—specifically Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria, and Deinococcus-Thermus (p=0.00012)—were over-represented in the non-morbidly obese cohort. Cohort-specific analysis of liver microbial DNA signatures shows patterns linked to obesity. The imbalance in Proteobacteria (Alpha or Gamma) among non-morbidly obese patients, and Peptostreptococcaceae, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria and Gamma Proteobacteria DNA among morbidly obese patients was associated with histological severity. Decreased amounts of bacterial DNA from the Lachnospiraceae family were associated with more severe histological features. Proteobacteria DNA was consistently associated with lobular and portal inflammation scores. Microbial DNA composition corresponded to predicted functional differences.

Conclusion

This is the first comprehensive study showing that the liver tissue of NAFLD patients contains a diverse repertoire of bacterial DNA (up to 2.5×104read counts). The liver metataxonomic signature may explain differences in the NAFLD pathogenic mechanisms as well as physiological functions of the host.
Impairment of spermatogenesis and sperm motility by the high-fat diet-induced dysbiosis of gut microbes
Authors: Ding Ning , Zhang Xin , Zhang Xue Di , Jing Jun , Liu Shan Shan , Mu Yun Ping , Peng Li Li , Yan Yun Jing , Xiao Geng Miao , Bi Xin Yun , Chen Hao , Li Fang Hong , Yao Bing , Zhao Allan Z
Published: January 2020

Objective

High-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic disorders can lead to impaired sperm production. We aim to investigate if HFD-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis can functionally influence spermatogenesis and sperm motility.

Design

Faecal microbes derived from the HFD-fed or normal diet (ND)-fed male mice were transplanted to the mice maintained on ND. The gut microbes, sperm count and motility were analysed. Human faecal/semen/blood samples were collected to assess microbiota, sperm quality and endotoxin.

Results

Transplantation of the HFD gut microbes into the ND-maintained (HFD-FMT) mice resulted in a significant decrease in spermatogenesis and sperm motility, whereas similar transplantation with the microbes from the ND-fed mice failed to do so. Analysis of the microbiota showed a profound increase in genusBacteroidesandPrevotella, both of which likely contributed to the metabolic endotoxaemia in the HFD-FMT mice. Interestingly, the gut microbes from clinical subjects revealed a strong negative correlation between the abundance ofBacteroides-Prevotellaand sperm motility, and a positive correlation between blood endotoxin andBacteroidesabundance. Transplantation with HFD microbes also led to intestinal infiltration of T cells and macrophages as well as a significant increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the epididymis, suggesting that epididymal inflammation have likely contributed to the impairment of sperm motility. RNA-sequencing revealed significant reduction in the expression of those genes involved in gamete meiosis and testicular mitochondrial functions in the HFD-FMT mice.

Conclusion

We revealed an intimate linkage between HFD-induced microbiota dysbiosis and defect in spermatogenesis with elevated endotoxin, dysregulation of testicular gene expression and localised epididymal inflammation as the potential causes.

Trial registration number

NCT03634644.
NEGOTIATING POVERTY LINE-STUDY ON DENSITY EFFECT AROUND THE POVERTY LINE FOR INDIAN STATES
Authors: BALAJI M.
Published: January 2020

Poverty is an interlacement of income distribution below a threshold value and inequality within that boundary. To unthread the fabric of poverty and understand the dimensions of impoverishment below and around the poverty line, a deeper examination of different facets of deprived and starving households is required. This paper attempts to provide an additional tool in monitoring poverty reduction by computing density ratio and decile density trends by applying Kernel density function for the consumer expenditure distribution from the National Sample Survey Organization’s 55th ( 2000 ), 61st ( 2005 ), 66th ( 2009 ) and 68th ( 2012 ) quinquennial rounds. The progressive Indian state Kerala has exhibited a higher density ratio with the poverty tail flattening when compared with the backward State Bihar. The ways and means to succeed in reaching the end of the sea of hardship in Bihar are explored keeping in view some of the most impressive achievements of Kerala, a developed Indian state.
Overcoming Resistance to Therapies Targeting the MAPK Pathway in BRAF-Mutated Tumours
Authors: Paton Emily L. , Turner Jacqueline A. , Schlaepfer Isabel R.
Published: January 2020

Overactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is an important driver of many human cancers. First line, FDA-approved therapies targeting MAPK signalling, which include BRAF and MEK inhibitors, have variable success across cancers, and a significant number of patients quickly develop resistance. In recent years, a number of preclinical studies have reported alternative methods of overcoming resistance, which include promoting apoptosis, modulating autophagy, and targeting mitochondrial metabolism. This review summarizes mechanisms of resistance to approved MAPK-targeted therapies in BRAF-mutated cancers and discusses novel preclinical approaches to overcoming resistance.
Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia with a Rare Radiographic Presentation of a Diffuse Micronodular Pattern Mimicking Miliary Lung Infiltration: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Kewcharoen Jakrin , Poonsombudlert Kittika , Sathirareuangchai Sakda , Sae-Ow Wichit , La Hanh , Sriratanaviriyakul Narin
Published: January 2020

We reported a case of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) presenting with an unusual diffuse micronodular pattern (DMP) mimicking miliary lung infiltration. The patient is a 66-year-old man with a past medical history of diabetes mellitus type 2 and hyperlipidemia who presented with progressive dyspnea associated with significant weight loss and night sweats for 2 weeks. Upon admission, the patient’s clinical condition rapidly progressed to respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Initial Chest X-ray (CXR) showed diffuse reticulonodular infiltration mimicking miliary pattern. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed diffuse centrilobular micronodular infiltrations with features of a tree-in-bud pattern consistent with the CXR findings. He was then started on empiric antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia and underwent a diagnostic bronchoscopy with alveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsies, which yielded negative cultures and unrevealing pathology. Tissue from CT-guided lung biopsy performed later on was also inconclusive. Due to the lack of clinical improvement, he eventually underwent surgical lung biopsy. The pathology result showed organizing pneumonia (OP) pattern with heavy lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates and numerous multinucleated giant cells. His final culture results, microbiological data and serology workup for autoimmune disease were all unremarkable. The patient was diagnosed with COP and was started on systemic corticosteroids. He displayed dramatic clinical improvement and was successfully liberated from the ventilator. Subsequent chest imaging showed resolution of the reticulonodular infiltrations. Early diagnosis for OP and ability to distinguish OP from infectious pneumonitides are critical as the majority of patients with OP respond promptly to corticosteroids. Common findings of radiographic pattern for OP are patchy air space consolidation or ground-glass opacity, yet DMP is another rare radiographic pattern that must be recognized, especially in COP. In summary, this case illustrates a rare radiographic presentation of COP. With early recognition and prompt diagnosis, proper treatment can significantly prevent morbidity and reduce mortality.
Effect of Polyester Fiber on Air Voids and Low‐Temperature Crack Resistance of Permeable Asphalt Mixture
Authors: Wu Jin-rong , Li Fei , Ma Qin-yong
Published: January 2020

With the rapid development of asphalt pavement, the drainage capacity of asphalt pavement is becoming more and more demanding. Therefore, it is imperative to study the permeable asphalt mixture. The air voids and the connected air voids are the main factors affecting the drainage function and low‐temperature performance of asphalt pavement. In order to solve the drainage and low‐temperature cracking problem, it is proposed to incorporate a certain amount of polyester fiber into the permeable asphalt mixture. This paper studies the air voids and low‐temperature performance of asphalt mixture with different polyester fiber contents. It is concluded that with the increase of polyester fiber content, both the air voids and the connected air voids decrease first and then increase and reach the minimum value when the polyester fiber content is 0.4%. At this time, the low‐temperature crack resistance of the permeable polyester fiber asphalt mixture is also the best.
Fuel Economy in Truck Platooning: A Literature Overview and Directions for Future Research
Authors: Zhang Linlin , Chen Feng , Ma Xiaoxiang , Pan Xiaodong
Published: January 2020

A truck platoon is a set of virtually linked trucks that travel in tandem with small intervehicle distances. Several studies have proved that traveling in platoons can significantly improve fuel economy due to the reduced aerodynamic drag. However, most literature only provides scattered pieces of information regarding fuel economy in truck platoons. Therefore, a literature survey is needed to understand what has been studied and what problems remain to be further addressed. This paper presents an overview of existing studies to illustrate the state of the art about fuel savings for truck platooning. Specifically, it summarized the methodologies, the contributing factors of fuel consumption, the coordination methods to improve the platooning rate, and the look-ahead control strategies to generate fuel-efficient speed profiles for each vehicle driving in a platoon over different road grades. After that, the autonomous truck platooning was introduced, and we raised and discussed a couple of outstanding questions to be addressed in future work.
Anabolic Hormone Deficiencies in Heart Failure with Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction and Correlation with Plasma Total Antioxidant Capacity
Authors: Mancini Antonio , Fuvuzzi Angela Maria Rita , Bruno Carmine , Nicolazzi Maria Anna , Vergani Edoardo , Ciferri Nunzia , Silvestrini Andrea , Meucci Elisabetta , Nicolotti Nicola , D’Assante Roberta , Cittadini Antonio
Published: January 2020

Background. While anabolic hormone deficit is a common finding in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), few data are available in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Methods. Blood samples were collected for metabolic (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, creatinine, and glucose) and hormonal (IGF-1, DHEA-S, TSH, fT3, fT4, and T) determination, comparing 30 patients with HFpEF and 20 patients with HFrEF. Total antioxidant capacity was evaluated by using the spectrophotometric method using the latency time in the appearance of the radical species of a chromogen (LAG, sec) as a parameter proportional to antioxidant content of the sample. Echocardiographic parameters were also assessed in the two groups. Results. A high prevalence of testosterone (32% in HFrEF and 72% in HFpEF, p<0.05) and DHEA-S deficiencies was observed in HFpEF patients. Echocardiographic parameters did not correlate with hormone values. A significant direct correlation between T (r2 = 0.25, p<0.05) and DHEA-S (r2 = 0.19, p<0.05) with LAG was observed only in HFpEF. Conclusion. Anabolic hormone deficiency is clearly shown in HFpEF, as already known in HFrEF. Although longitudinal studies are required to confirm the prognostic value of this observation, our data suggest different mechanisms in modulating antioxidants in the two conditions, with possible therapeutic implications.
Restoration of Temozolomide Sensitivity by PARP Inhibitors in Mismatch Repair Deficient Glioblastoma is Independent of Base Excision Repair
Authors: Higuchi Fumi , Nagashima Hiroaki , Ning Jianfang , Koerner Mara V.A. , Wakimoto Hiroaki , Cahill Daniel P.
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

Emergence of mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency is a frequent mechanism of acquired resistance to the alkylating chemotherapeutic temozolomide (TMZ) in gliomas. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have been shown to potentiate TMZ cytotoxicity in several cancer types, including gliomas. We tested whether PARP inhibition could re-sensitize MSH6-null MMR-deficient gliomas to TMZ, and assessed the role of the base excision repair (BER) DNA damage repair pathway in PARPi-mediated effects.

Experimental Design:

Isogenic pairs of MSH6 wild-type and MSH6-inactivated human glioblastoma (GBM) cells (including both IDH1/2 wild-type and IDH1 mutant), as well as MSH6-null cells derived from a patient with recurrent GBM were treated with TMZ, the PARPi veliparib or olaparib, and combination thereof. Efficacy of PARPi combined with TMZ was assessed in vivo. We used genetic and pharmacological approaches to dissect the contribution of BER.

Results:

While having no detectable effect in MSH6 wild-type GBMs, PARPi selectively restored TMZ sensitivity in MSH6-deficient GBM cells. This genotype-specific restoration of activity translated in vivo, where combination treatment of veliparib and TMZ showed potent suppression of tumor growth of MSH6-inactivated orthotopic xenografts, compared with TMZ monotherapy. Unlike PARPi, genetic and pharmacological blockage of BER pathway did not re-sensitize MSH6-inactivated GBM cells to TMZ. Similarly, CRISPR PARP1 knockout did not re-sensitize MSH6-inactivated GBM cells to TMZ.

Conclusions:

PARPi restoration of TMZ chemosensitivity in MSH6-inactivated glioma represents a promising strategy to overcome acquired chemoresistance caused by MMR deficiency. Mechanistically, this PARPi-mediated synthetic phenotype was independent of BER blockage and was not recapitulated by loss of PARP1.
Lymphocyte Subset Abnormalities in Pediatric-Onset Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Authors: Ogulur Ismail , Kiykim Ayca , Baser Dilek , Karakoc-Aydiner Elif , Ozen Ahmet , Baris Safa
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is characterized by recurrent infections, autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, hypogammaglobulinemia, and defective antibody production. In CVID, B-cell abnormalities were described to predict end organ involvement and prognosis. Pediatric-onset CVID is much rarer than adult CVID, and lymphocyte subset abnormalities have not been thoroughly evaluated. Objective: We sought to determine lymphocyte subset abnormalities and their association with end organ involvement in pediatric-onset CVID patients. Methods: The clinical manifestations and laboratory findings including absolute numbers and percentages of B-, T-, and NK cell populations were assessed in pediatric-onset CVID patients and compared to age-matched healthy controls. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to age at assessment (pediatric CVID patients: 10–16 years, n = 9; and adult CVID patients: >16 years, n = 13). The comparisons between lymphocyte subsets and organ involvement were also evaluated. Results: Mean age at symptom onset was 18 (3–204) months. All CVID patients with pediatric onset had decreased levels of total and memory B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD4+CD45RA+ naive T cells, and recent thymic emigrant (RTE) cells. On the other hand, they had increases in CD8+CD45RO+ memory T cells. Interestingly, adult CVID patients demonstrated high frequencies of activated and double-negative T cells, which were unique only for this group of patients. Specific cellular abnormalities associated with the reduction in B and NK cells and increase in CD8+ T cells were found in patients with bronchiectasis. Moreover, in pediatric CVID patients, low serum IgA levels and decreased numbers of naive T and RTE cells were determined as risk factors for chronic diarrhea. Conclusions: Specific abnormalities in B- and T-lymphocyte compartments were identified in pediatric-onset CVID patients and appear to be associated with end organ manifestations.
Saúde da população negra no Brasil
Authors: Romualdo Jussara De Oliveira , Campos Paulo Fernando De Souza
Published: January 2020

Apesar de a maioria populacional brasileira se declarar preta ou parda, são poucas as pesquisas a respeito da saúde da população negra, sobretudo, da segurança alimentar e nutricional. Os silenciamentos justificam a reflexão proposta, que analisa políticas públicas de saúde e os seus impactos no âmbito da segurança alimentar de homens e mulheres negros. A partir de documentos oficiais, com destaque para a Política Nacional de Saúde Integral da População Negra, a pesquisa revelou que políticas públicas de equidade racial partem da mobilização da população negra, que participa ativamente das demandas, e buscam alinhá-las com as demais ações em saúde. No entanto, a redução das desigualdades étnico-raciais e os cuidados com hábitos alimentares da população negra brasileira são conquistas recentes, cujo enfrentamento evidencia atenção subalternizada tanto no âmbito da Gestão Pública, quanto das reflexões acadêmicas, que pouco tratam o tema. Os desdobramentos do estudo permitem considerar a importância da interdisciplinaridade, pois a formação humanística, social, em relação ao universo das profissões, com especial atenção para o campo da Saúde, colabora decisivamente para o entendimento dos problemas e suas existências, bem como para as ações de seu enfrentamento. Como salientam Liane Maria Bertucci, André Mota e Lilia Blima Schraiber, organizadores do livro Saúde e Educação: um encontro plural (2017), a instrução da população para transformar maneiras de vida consideradas inadequadas no que se refere à manutenção da saúde resulta do diálogo entre as disciplinas. Deste modo, o estudo compreende ser imperiosa a ampliação das bases interdisciplinares na formação de políticas públicas, pois trocas teóricas e metodológicas produzem efeitos de sentido e extrapolam o polo técnico das práticas sociais sem, contudo, deixar de subsidiá-lo.
Espaço social alimentar e sociobiodiversidade em uma comunidade do Vale do Jequitinhonha (MG)
Authors: Silva Luiza Helena Pedra da , Costa Fabiane Nepomuceno , Murta Nadja Maria Gomes
Published: January 2020

A riqueza de relações entre populações humanas e a biota presente no Vale do Jequitinhonha confere à região uma elevada sociobiodiversidade. Atualmente, esta encontra-se ameaçada pelas pressões da economia hegemônica, ocasionando perdas de conhecimentos e de práticas tradicionais que envolvem tais recursos. Sobretudo as comunidades rurais e tradicionais têm agravo em seus problemas sociais ao terem impactos em seus conhecimentos e práticas, que se constituem em estratégias de vivência na região. O uso dos recursos vegetais disponíveis no ambiente é uma dessas estratégias que contribui para a segurança alimentar, historicamente desenvolvida pelas populações rurais, mas que se encontram em processo de desuso em decorrência da homogeneização da alimentação. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa objetivou investigar o espaço social alimentar – em suas dimensões de espaço do comestível, do culinário, da diferenciação social, da temporalidade, dos hábitos e consumo, e sistema alimentar – no distrito de São João da Chapada (Diamantina, em Minas Gerais), com foco no papel das plantas alimentícias espontâneas nesse espaço social alimentar. Sob abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, caminhadas etnobotânicas, demonstrações culinárias e observação participante – como método etnográfico. A análise dos resultados se deu por análise de conteúdo temática e estatística descritiva. O sistema alimentar de São João da Chapada tem forte vínculo com o território e a autoprodução, sendo gerido pelo trabalho feminino. O conhecimento sobre plantas espontâneas entre os participantes é superior ao seu uso efetivo, em função de aspectos como o aumento do consumo de alimentos antes inacessíveis, e às memórias negativas em relação ao consumo dessas plantas em circunstâncias de escassez. Essa memória afetiva de negação ocorre, sobretudo, para as espécies consumidas nas refeições principais, enquanto para as espécies frutíferas, de consumo de caráter complementar, as memórias são positivas, relacionadas à família e infância. As práticas e os conhecimentos sobre os recursos vegetais não têm sido de interesse pela juventude local, o que ameaça a continuidade dos saberes tradicionais e ambientais. Dadas as particularidades observadas na localidade, é necessário que as ações de fomento à segurança alimentar e nutricional considerem a configuração e as dinâmicas do espaço social alimentar em questão.
Entre proibição e regulamentação
Authors: Soares Guilherme Rodrigues
Published: January 2020

O álcool foi um importante elemento dentro da sociedade colonial que viria formar o Canadá desde seus primórdios – seja como valoroso produto dentro da dinâmica do comércio de peles com os nativos, seja como fonte segura para hidratação – e se fez fortemente presente no Canadá em sua era pré-industrial como um todo, tanto em momentos de lazer como até mesmo nos ambientes de trabalho, podendo ser consumido sem maiores problemas.

No século XIX, entretanto, em conjunto com a ascensão industrial, essa substância vê crescerem exponencialmente questionamentos acerca de seu uso na Europa e na América do Norte por conta de um possível uso problemático, abuso por parcela da população que trazia consigo problemas de ordem pública – como a segurança – bem como de ordem privada – como o bem-estar das famílias –, onde religião e ciência moveram os movimentos e as sociedades pela temperança emergentes nesse período, sendo o cunho religioso predominante dos espaços norte-americano e canadense. O historiador canadense Desmond Morton considerou a luta antialcoólica como a maior cruzada do século XIX no Canadá.

Num primeiro momento, nas primeiras décadas do século XIX, mostrou-se um movimento que visava à moderação, à temperança de fato, condenando os destilados e considerando os fermentados higiênicos, aptos a serem consumidos em moderação; a ideia era, por via educacional e informacional, resolver o problema pela autoindulgência individual. Na década de 1830, porém, começam a emergir grupos denominados teetotallers que visavam à abstinência total acerca do consumo alcoólico; com o crescimento desses grupos, começaram a surgir demandas legais para combater o consumo alcoólico no país, dando origem a medidas como o Scott Act de 1878, o qual permitiu aos municípios decidirem sobre a proibição alcoólica em seus territórios.

Essa grande disputa ideológica acerca do consumo alcoólico leva, em 1898, à realização de um plebiscito nacional sobre proibir ou não a venda e consumo alcoólico; a não implementação da proibição em nível nacional por ele devido à forte oposição franco-católica é um ponto de virada importante para os movimentos pela temperança, que voltarão suas forças às esferas provinciais a partir de então, conseguindo sucessivas vitórias pró-proibição nas duas primeiras décadas do século XX. O Québec, que seria a última província a implementar a proibição, adota via plebiscito realizado em 1919 um modelo regulatório de estatização da distribuição e venda de bebidas alcoólicas que serviu de modelo para outras províncias que viriam a adotá-lo nas décadas seguintes.

A presente pesquisa estrutura-se sobre análise crítica de historiografia em língua inglesa e francesa – sendo Booze: a distilled history (2003) do historiador canadense Craig Heron obra central nessa análise – amparando-se na teoria do deslocamento do psicólogo canadense Bruce Alexander e busca trazer uma contribuição em uma temática pouco trabalhada no cenário historiográfico nacional.
Revolução Haitiana e as transformações da economia de plantation
Authors: Souza Isabela Rodrigues de
Published: January 2020

Neste trabalho analisamos a economia do café e do açúcar na colônia francesa de Saint-Domingue no intervalo de 1790 a 1803, isto é, no decurso do que posteriormente seria denominado Revolução Haitiana. Ele é desdobramento direto da pesquisa precedente de Iniciação Científica, na qual exploramos os censos dominiais e urbanos produzidos entre 1795 e 1803, uma documentação massiva e que até aquele momento tinha sido negligenciada pela historiografia – as tabulações produzidas com base nos dados dessa fonte foram complementadas e comparadas com as informações da ilha na véspera da revolução escrava, contidas no relato minucioso de Moreau de Saint-Méry, e, em conjunto, possibilitaram uma delimitação mais precisa das trajetórias de recuperação e remodelação da cultura cafeeira e de derrocada da cultura açucareira.
Os impactos das guerras entre escravos, forças revolucionárias francesas, armadas britânica e espanhola ao longo de 13 anos de batalhas incontínuas, bem como a abolição geral dos cativos de 1794, transformaram profundamente a dinâmica produtiva na colônia, apesar dos esforços dos líderes negros, em especial Toussaint Louverture – principal figura revolucionária – em recuperar o sistema de plantations. A destruição dos engenhos de açúcar por meio de incêndios e pilhagem no início da revolução não foi o ponto final das exportações de commodities: o café, segundo produto de importância comercial em Saint-Domingue, não conheceu o destino fatalista das unidades açucareiras, conseguindo recuperar dois terços do cultivo pré-revolucionário sem o uso de mão-de-obra escravizada e em fazendas reorganizadas. Tal foi o sucesso que o comércio com os Estados Unidos aumentou neste período. E no caso da economia açucareira, mesmo com o resultado desastroso ao final da guerra de independência, as políticas econômicas motivaram uma relativa melhora no ano de 1802.
Pretendemos aprofundar os dados encontrados na pesquisa anterior com a leitura de relatos de contemporâneos ao evento (disponíveis em suporte online e nos Archives Nationales de Paris), dos arquivos notariais (depositados nos Archives Nationales d’Outre-Mer na França) e da legislação e outros textos legislativos revolucionários, a fim de compreender melhor o funcionamento do sistema de plantation em meio à revolução escrava.
Duas hipóteses guiam esta pesquisa: a participação no restabelecimento das plantations era mais generalizada do que imaginou a historiografia, incluindo não apenas o grupo de militares negros e mulatos de alto escalão, mas também os antigos donos, anciens libres, petits-blancs e até mesmo ex-escravos; e o parcelamento das fazendas cafeeiras se tornou uma prática no contexto da revolução, seja ele legal (promovido pelas políticas de arrendamento) ou ilicitamente (pelos maroons que viviam nas montanhas). Esperamos ao fim que, de maneira geral, possamos lançar luz para um entendimento renovado da Revolução Haitiana.
Grãos sacralizados
Authors: Sulis Marcella , Melchior Myriam
Published: January 2020

Em nossas pesquisas acerca de uma cultura brasileira do milho, notamos algumas dinâmicas que dizem respeito à assimilação social e aos significados simbólicos do milho no Brasil que ajudam a descortinar a sua importância como alimento de resistência associado a uma sacralidade pouco visível à historiografia oficial (ver Gastronomia, Cultura e Memória: por uma cultura brasileira do milho, organizado por Myriam Melchior, em 2017). Tal seria a difusão do milho em preparações culinárias no Brasil devida aos povos afrodescendentes que adaptaram o seu uso doméstico e ritualístico, desde o período colonial (ver A Cultura Alimentar Paulista: uma civilização do milho?, de Rafaela Basso, de 2014). Este dado parece ser um elemento-chave para compreender a sobrevivência do milho em preparações culinárias populares, tendo em vista que, durante o período colonial, o milho foi quase sempre desprezado pelo colonizador. Ademais, a utilização do milho nos rituais afro-indígenas rivalizava com os cultos cristãos onde o trigo era o alimento simbólico máximo, perfazendo o vínculo metafórico com o corpo sagrado de Cristo (ver o capítulo “Formação e dinâmica das religiões afro-brasileiras”, de Vagner Gonçalves da Silva, em Religião e Sociedade na América Latina, de 2010). Embora sejam raras as informações sobre as religiões originais dos povos nativos, sobretudo no que concerne à utilização de alimentos, é possível comparar algumas práticas ritualísticas atuais herdeiras das etnias indígenas e afrodescendentes com relatos do período colonial brasileiro. A partir desta comparação, encontramos algumas características semelhantes presentes nos rituais religiosos afro-indígenas que apontam para um traço de união importantíssimo à sobrevivência do milho na alimentação brasileira.

O estudo sobre a sacralidade do milho sinaliza para modos de transmissão de uma cultura alimentar envolta em embates vinculados às suas representações e potencialidades simbólicas e mágicas. Para tanto, utilizamos fontes bibliográficas no âmbito da história da alimentação, da antropologia cultural e da memória social. Também nos apoiamos em algumas investigações de artistas brasileiros contemporâneos que nos permitiram expandir as reflexões acerca do tema. Neste sentido, este estudo busca novas formas de se pensar e perceber as tradições alimentares cujos aspectos memoriais são difusos, rarefeitos ou, por vezes, pouco visíveis na historiografia gastronômica fundamentada por aspectos ambientais, econômicos ou meramente biológicos nos quais os alimentos e suas trajetórias são observados. Trata-se também de um estudo acerca dos significados e usos simbólicos e poéticos dos alimentos na existência humana.
A doçaria paulista no início do século XX
Authors: Scheliga Paola Biselli Ferreira
Published: January 2020

Esta pesquisa discute a mudança de hábitos alimentares voltados ao consumo de doces no processo de urbanização da cidade de São Paulo entre o final do século XIX e o início do século XX.

Através de uma abordagem qualitativa, o estudo faz um levantamento bibliográfico teórico-reflexivo tanto dos autores basilares sobre a alimentação no Brasil, bem como acompanha historicamente a formação da doçaria nacional e seu desenvolvimento. Esse esforço culmina com um aprofundamento sobre a doçaria caipira com suas raízes já não mais comuns na cidade de São Paulo.

Por fim, através de uma abordagem quantitativa e também qualitativa, foram focalizados cinco livros de receitas publicados entre 1910 e 1930, como fontes para os estudos da alimentação com o objetivo de compreender a doçaria paulista no início do século XX. O resultado foi uma base de dados de 700 receitas para identificação dos principais ingredientes utilizados. Os livros selecionados foram: A sciencia no lar moderno (1912), Delícias das sinhás: receitas culinárias da segunda metade do século XIX e início do século XX (2007), Culinária tradicional do Vale do Paraíba (1992), A doceira paulista (1916), Guia prático da doceira (1930).

De acordo com a análise realizada é possível perceber uma forte influência da confeitaria tradicional portuguesa. A partir do levantamento de receitas realizado, foi possível perceber a predominância de ingredientes como a farinha de trigo, os ovos, a manteiga, a canela, o cravo e a amêndoa. Todos estes ingredientes são muito utilizados na doçaria tradicional portuguesa.

Poucas foram as referências encontradas nos livros que remetem aos ingredientes reconhecidos como base da alimentação caipira, como o milho, o amendoim, a mandioca, a abóbora, entre outros. Os estudos sobre o caipira são muito mais aprofundados em relação a seus hábitos culturais, sua formação étnica, peculiaridades sobre a sua linguagem do que sobre os hábitos alimentares propriamente ditos. Há uma carência de material específico sobre a doçaria caipira e isto está diretamente relacionado à perda de referências e tradições.

Mais do que definir quais as principais influências na culinária paulista do início do século XX, este trabalho traz a conclusão de que outros caminhos de pesquisa podem ser utilizados para estudos sobre cultura material e cultura alimentar brasileiras ainda pouco explorados. A busca por novas fontes de pesquisa pode trazer resultados diferentes do esperado e propiciar um novo entendimento sobre a formação cultural da sociedade paulistana.
A new species of Atopophlebia Flowers (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from western Ecuador with ecological and biogeographic notes on the genus
Authors: FLOWERS R. WILLS
Published: January 2020

Atopophlebia pitculya is described from adults and nymphs from western Ecuador. Nymphs were found in leaf packs in small streams that can be intermittent in the dry season. This species along with Atopophlebia fortunensis are found associated with the accreted terranes of Central America, the Western Andes of Colombia, and the coastal mountains in northwestern Ecuador.
Does Trade Liberalization Improve Public Health? The Effect of Free Trade Agreements and Multilateralism in Pharmaceutical Sector in India
Authors: Archana Vani
Published: January 2020

Despite several economic reforms in India post-1991, millions of Indian households do not have access to drugs because they lack purchasing power or public health facilities. The present article critically examines the potential public health implication of trade liberalization to facilitate access to a variety of good quality drugs at affordable costs. Using the partial equilibrium model, the article suggests that multilateralism and free trade agreements (FTAs) both have a positive impact on welfare gains, consumer surplus, and trade volume in pharmaceutical industries in India. However, the study found that multilateralism is clearly associated with improved human welfare, particularly health. Multilateral trade liberalization should, therefore, be viewed in terms of its wider socioeconomic impact, rather than through the narrow lens of country-specific FTAs.
Electoral violence: An introduction
Authors: Birch Sarah , Daxecker Ursula , Höglund Kristine
Published: January 2020

Elections are held in nearly all countries in the contemporary world. Yet despite their aim of allowing for peaceful transfers of power, elections held outside of consolidated democracies are often accompanied by substantial violence. This special issue introduction article establishes electoral violence as a subtype of political violence with distinct analytical and empirical dynamics. We highlight how electoral violence is distinct from other types of organized violence, but also how it is qualitatively different from nonviolent electoral manipulation. The article then surveys what we have learned about the causes and consequences of electoral violence, identifies important research gaps in the literature, and proceeds to discuss the articles included in the special issue. The contributions advance research in four domains: the micro-level targeting and consequences of electoral violence, the institutional foundations of electoral violence, the conditions leading to high-stakes elections, and electoral violence in the context of other forms of organized violence. The individual articles are methodologically and geographically diverse, encompassing ethnography, survey vignette and list experiments and survey data, quantitative analyses of subnational and crossnational event data, and spanning Africa, Latin America, and Asia.
Universal salvation
Authors: Harries Richard
Published: January 2020

The article looks at the moral considerations that indicate all shall be saved and the difficulties to this view presented by both a belief in free choice and the Scriptures. It considers two historical figures who point in the direction of universalism, Gregory of Nyssa and Julian of Norwich, and also some modern theologians such as Karl Barth and Austin Farrer who do not rule it out. It draws on the insights of poets and a novelist, and examines the concept of invincible grace, what it might mean and what it might imply.
Adaptive fault tolerant attitude control of flexible satellites based on Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy disturbance modeling
Authors: Cao Songyin , Hang Bin
Published: January 2020

This paper investigates the fault tolerance problem of flexible satellites subject to multiple disturbances and actuator faults. An adaptive fault tolerant control (FTC) approach based on disturbance observer is presented for attitude control system (ACS) with actuator faults, elastic modal, modeling error and environmental disturbance torque in this paper. Different from some existing disturbance observer-based control (DOBC) approaches, Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy modeling technology is applied to describe the elastic modal. A fuzzy disturbance observer and a fault diagnosis observer are constructed to estimate the elastic modal and actuator fault, respectively. Then, based on fault accommodation and DOBC, a new adaptive FTC strategy is designed to achieve the anti-disturbance performance and improve the system reliability. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed FTC scheme is verified by simulation results.
Loss of Immunohistochemical Reactivity in Association With Handling-Induced Dark Neurons in Mouse Brains
Authors: Soontornniyomkij Virawudh , Chang Rachel C. , Soontornniyomkij Benchawanna , Schilling Jan M. , Patel Hemal H. , Jeste Dilip V.
Published: January 2020

The handling-induced dark neuron is a histological artifact observed in brain samples handled before fixation with aldehydes. To explore associations between dark neurons and immunohistochemical alterations in mouse brains, we examined protein products encoded by Cav3 (neuronal perikarya/neurites), Rbbp4 (neuronal nuclei), Gfap (astroglia), and Aif1 (microglia) genes in adjacent tissue sections. Here, dark neurons were incidental findings from our prior project, studying the effects of age and high-fat diet on metabolic homeostasis in male C57BL/6N mice. Available were brains from 4 study groups: middle-aged/control diet, middle-aged/high-fat diet, old/control diet, and old/high-fat diet. Young/control diet mice were used as baseline. The hemibrains were immersion-fixed with paraformaldehyde and paraffin-embedded. In the hippocampal formation, we found negative correlations between dark neuron hyperbasophilia and immunoreactivity for CAV3, RBBP4, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) using quantitative image analysis. There was no significant difference in dark neuron hyperbasophilia or immunoreactivity for any protein examined among all groups. In contrast, in the hippocampal fimbria, old age seemed to be associated with higher immunoreactivity for GFAP and allograft inflammatory factor-1. Our findings suggest that loss of immunohistochemical reactivity for CAV3, RBBP4, and GFAP in the hippocampal formation is an artifact associated with the occurrence of dark neurons. The unawareness of dark neurons may lead to misinterpretation of immunohistochemical reactivity alterations.
Is “free” really free? Ethical implications of short-term discounts and giveaways to hospitals
Authors: Raizman Rose , MacNeil Minette , Maurice Rochelle
Published: January 2020

Canadian hospitals participate in provincial and national procurement processes to help reduce healthcare costs. This allows for redirection of funds to direct patient care, along with creating networks, integrating services, and improving innovative solutions. To be competitive, vendors offer creative solutions and provide free or low-cost supplies to hospitals with the hope that patients will continue to purchase those items when discharged. What is not always factored into the procurement decision-making processes is the potential financial impact of the supplies required for patients when discharged from hospital services and other ethical implications of accepting free/reduced-cost supplies. This column provides some guidance for health leaders in this respect.
Rollover prevention and path following control of integrated steering and braking systems
Authors: Qian Xingguo , Wang Chunyan , Zhao Wanzhong
Published: January 2020

In the process of preventing rollover, the expected path of the driver to achieve better anti-rollover effect is often ignored, which may lead to the deviation of vehicle from the original path. Aiming at this problem, this paper considers both anti-rollover and path tracking performance, and proposes an integrated controller based on active steering and active braking. On the one hand, it can reduce the lateral acceleration and rollover risk by restraining the front wheel angle as tracking the driver’s expected path. On the other hand, through reasonably distributing the braking force of the four tires, it can offset the additional yaw moment caused by uneven distribution and reduce the impact on vehicle trajectory as the risk of rollover occurs. In addition, an improved index of rollover is put forward to give early warning to the future moment and to prevent rollover accident effectively. Simulation and hardware-in-the-loop test results show that the proposed integrated controller can ensure that the vehicle tracks the expected path well and achieves rollover prevention effectively.
Not your final destination: A grounded theory study on adjustment among Filipino librarians who experienced job rotation
Authors: Puzon Edward H. , de Guzman Allan B.
Published: January 2020

The impact of job rotation in the overall performance of an organization has been well documented in the literature. Despite a considerable number of studies on job rotation, only a handful are carried out in the context of librarianship. Further, the dynamics of job rotation as experienced by librarians in the Philippines remains a research blank spot. Cognizant of the dearth in literature, this grounded theory inquiry purports to shed light on the process of adjustment of a select group of Filipino librarians who experience job rotation within their organization. A total of 15 participants from Luzon were purposively selected and interviewed. Field texts were read, reread and constantly compared via open, axial and selective coding process. Interestingly, a novel and distinct process surfaced how a select group of Filipino librarians experience job rotation. The emerged Puzon and de Guzman BELT Theory of Adjustment process by which Filipino librarians adjust after being transferred to another post is typified by four distinct phases of: bemusing, establishing, leveraging, and transforming. This theory offers a number of implications on personal development, departmental initiatives, and institutional assistance and support relative to the phenomenon under study.
Nurses’ experiences of informal coercion on adult psychiatric wards
Authors: Andersson Urban , Fathollahi Jafar , Gustin Lena Wiklund
Published: January 2020

Background:

Informal coercion, that is, situations where caregivers use subtle coercive measures to impose their will on patients, is common in adult psychiatric inpatient care. It has been described as ‘a necessary evil’, confronting nurses with an ethical dilemma where they need to balance between a wish to do good, and the risk of violating patients’ dignity and autonomy.

Aim:

To describe nurses’ experiences of being involved in informal coercion in adult psychiatric inpatient care.

Research design:

The study has a qualitative, inductive design.

Participants and research context:

Semi-structured interviews with 10 Swedish psychiatric nurses were analysed with qualitative content analysis.

Ethical considerations:

The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. In line with the Swedish Ethical Review Act, it was also subject to ethical procedures at the university.

Findings:

Four domains comprise informal coercion as a process over time. These domains contain 11 categories focusing on different experiences involved in the process: Striving to connect, involving others, adjusting to the caring culture, dealing with laws, justifying coercion, waiting for the patient, persuading the patient, negotiating with the patient, using professional power, scrutinizing one’s actions and learning together.

Discussion:

Informal coercion is associated with moral stress as nurses might find themselves torn between a wish to do good for the patient, general practices and ‘house rules’ in the caring culture. In addition, nurses need to be aware of the asymmetry of the caring relationship, in order to avoid compliance becoming a consequence of patients subordinating to nurse power, rather than a result of mutual understanding. Reflections are thus necessary through the process to promote mutual learning and to avoid violations of patients’ dignity and autonomy.

Conclusion:

If there is a need for coercion, that is, if the coercion is found to be an ‘unpleasant good’, rather than ‘necessary evil’ considering the consequences for the patient, it should be subject to reflecting and learning together with the patient.