bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
4QSa (4Q255)
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on 4QSa of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
4QSe (4Q259 & 4Q319)
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on 4QSe of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
4QSi (4Q263)
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on 4QSi of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
11Q29
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers a transcription, translation, notes, and commentary on 11Q29 of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
Wales in England, 1914-1945
Authors: Ugolini Wendy
Published: June 2024

Wales in England 1914–1945: A Social, Cultural, and Military History unearths a vast array of English people with parental, ancestral, diasporic, affinity, affective, and elective connections with Wales in the first half of the twentieth century for whom a sense of ‘Welshness’ held meaning. It considers the ways in which Welshness was imagined, performed, and self-fashioned in England in the period from 1914 to 1945 and argues that this diasporic construction of Welshness held a wide urban appeal which had significant implications for military enlistment, cultural production, suburban transculturality, and commemorative practices. In particular, it addresses the heightened expression of dual identifications with both Wales and England during the First World War and Second World War, making use of individual English Welsh case studies from the worlds of art, literature, politics, and soldiering. It argues that, for English men and women of Welsh origin, the idea of being in some part ‘Welsh’ both informed and reaffirmed their own understanding of what it meant to ‘be British.’
Welshness as Masquerade
Authors: Ugolini Wendy
Published: June 2024

‘Welshness as Masquerade’ addresses the notion of masquerade, or the use of Welshness to mask Englishness, with the life story of the author Richard Llewellyn providing the primary case study. It also engages with other examples of elective Welshness: Owen Rhoscomyl, Naomi Royde-Smith, and William Emrys Williams, who, at various moments, masked their English roots, by implying that they were born in Wales. Rather than dismissing these cultural figures as imposters, this chapter explores the intersections between their assertions of Welsh identity and understandings of the authentic self. These case studies serve to underline the historical tensions between understandings of Welshness as a ‘territorialised assumption of identity’ and as a pluralist diasporic identity upon which claims of authenticity and belonging could be made. Finally, this chapter argues that Llewellyn was embraced as a cultural representative of transnational Welshness within a wider British imperial nation during the Second World War.
Environment and Climate Change
Authors: Al-Sarihi Aisha
Published: June 2024

This chapter argues that the early stages of environmental protection were mainly focused on enhancing agricultural production and water management. Economic advancement, increasing standards of living, and low prices of electricity, water, and fuel provisions resulted in unintended consequences of unsustainable patterns of energy consumption, making Saudi Arabia not only affected by the impacts of climate change but a contributor to it, being one of the world’s top emitters of carbon emissions on a per capita basis. The author reveals that a tangible alignment between economic development, the environment, and climate change requires an enhancement of human, technical, and financial resources. The chapter concludes that, despite the ongoing efforts, the Kingdom still performs below the world average in terms of air quality, pollution emissions, biodiversity and habitats, water resources, and climate action, and faces substantial challenges in implementing its environment- and climate-related Sustainable Development Goals.
The Puzzle
Authors: Siniver Asaf
Published: June 2024

This chapter lays out the main questions of the book. It starts by asking why arbitration is significantly understudied and under-utilized despite its superior record of success compared mediation—the most popular method of peaceful third-party intervention in territorial dispute. This chapter introduces the reasons for the recourse to arbitration and the motivations of states to comply with the arbitration award or defy it. The chapter also introduces the main argument of the book—the reclaiming of the sui generis of arbitration as the only peaceful method of dispute settlement which allows for the consideration of non-legal matters (e.g., historical, political, equity) within a legally binding framework. In other words, it combines the political and the judicial in a unique process that maximizes state choice and autonomy but yields a binding decision. The remaining of the chapter sets out the qualitative comparative methodology applied in the book, and outlines structure of main contributions of the remaining chapters.
The Somewhat Alien
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on the somewhat alien. This is what is alien in the present sense but not very different from the familiar. One way in which a language might be alien is simply through having alien tools in addition to the familiar ones: it need not eschew familiar linguistic tools altogether. One way to come up with examples of the somewhat alien is through considering false theories of familiar linguistic phenomena. Such theories may still provide correct descriptions of other phenomena. One example discussed at some length concerns the possibility of alternative reference relations. Toward the end, the chapter discusses how ideas from the discussion of quantifier variance show how languages can be somewhat alien.
Alien Structure and Natural Languages
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: June 2024

It may be thought that some natural languages are so different from the Western languages that tend to inform theorizing in analytic philosophy that attention to them provides important lessons regarding what alien languages may be like. In his chapter some relevant research and its potential implications are discussed. Special attention is paid to the work of David Gil. The chapter also presents and discusses various attempted characterizations of the major word classes, with an eye to the question of whether these characterizations may be helpful when it comes to the issue of what alien kinds of expressions might be like.
Alien Structure, Language, and Maps
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: June 2024

This chapter continues the discussion of the relevance of ideas in the philosophy of language and linguistics to the topic of alien languages. The chapter discusses Paul Pietroski’s rejection of standard truth-conditional semantics. It discusses the project of natural language metaphysics, as carried out by for example Friederike Moltmann. It discusses Elisabeth Camp’s claim that maps have a different kind of content from ordinary linguistic representations and do not involve predication. One general point is that what may seem to be differences in content often can turn out to be mere differences in the kind of representational vehicle employed. The chapter also addresses the question of what it is for a language to presuppose a given metaphysics.
This Volcanic Isle
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert
Published: June 2024

This Volcanic Isle: The Violent Processes that Forged the British Landscape tells the story of the tectonic and volcanic processes that have formed the British Isles and Ireland since the era of the dinosaurs. The original Albion, which was raised out of the Chalk Sea around 65 million years ago, was a Honshu-sized, densely forested island surrounded by chalk cliffs, with two lines of great volcanoes, which became the site of two trial ‘spreading ridge’ plate boundaries. As southern England became the foothills of the great Pyrenees mountain range and tectonics short-circuited between the Alpine and Norwegian Sea plate boundaries, Devon’s Sticklepath Fault saw several kilometres of displacement and thousands of major earthquakes. While exploring the forging of the British landscape, there are diversions to visit materials formed along the way, from the sarsens used to construct Stonehenge to the Olympic curling stones harvested from a remote Scottish island. Our tour of the evidence also sees several appearances from Charles Darwin in the less familiar role as a geologist, the science-poet Alfred Lord Tennyson, and the mathematician who made a fractal icon out of the west coast of Britain: Benoit Mandelbrot.
Gauge field theory
Authors: Dunajski Maciej
Published: June 2024

In this chapter we introduce a concept of gauge symmetry, where the symmetry transformation is allowed to depend on a space-time point. The gauge potential is promoted to a dynamical variable. It corresponds to a gauge boson which in the case of electrodynamics is identified with a photon. We shall focus on non-abelian gauge theories which admit finite action solutions: Yang–Mills instantons in four dimensions, and BPS monopoles in three dimensions
Gravitational instantons
Authors: Dunajski Maciej
Published: June 2024

Gravitational instantons are solutions to the four-dimensional Einstein equations in Riemannian signature which give complete metrics and asymptotically ‘look-like’ flat space, in a sense made precise in the chapter. Gravitational instantons cannot usually be analytically continued to Lorentzian signature. They are nevertheless physically relevant as they can allow a semi-classical description of the as-yet-unknown theory of quantum gravity. Our discussion in this chapter focuses on examples of ALF and ALE instantons, and the connection with hyper-Kähler geometry
From the Right to Science as an Epistemic-Cultural Human Right to the Right to Expertise
Authors: Massimi Michela
Published: June 2024

I discuss the Right to Science originally recognised by the United Nations (UN) Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR) in 1948 and subsequently embedded in the International Covenant for Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) in 1966 (henceforth abbreviated as REBSP). My aim is twofold. First, I give the philosophical arguments for taking REBSP as an epistemic-cultural human right, namely a right concerning scientific knowledge (episteme in ancient Greek) qua part of wider cultural practices. Second, I articulate a notion of expertise that can do the philosophical heavy-lifting for interpreting REBSP as an epistemic-cultural human right. Drawing on my work on perspectival realism, I present two varieties of inter-perspectival expertise and show how they underpins a Right to Expertise that—I contend—is a natural supplement to the REBSP understood as an epistemic-cultural human right.
Humility for Experts
Authors: Zagzebski Linda
Published: June 2024

In this paper I investigate the responsibilities of experts towards non-experts. Trust is the critical element in the relationship between experts and the lay public, but there has been a serious decline in public trust in experts in certain fields. In this paper I look at some of the failures of responsibility among experts that damage public trust in them. I then look at recent work on the virtue of intellectual humility, focusing on the work of Whitcomb et al. (2017), who define intellectual humility as the virtue of owning one’s intellectual limitations. They maintain that this virtue underlies a series of behaviors that can be empirically tested. I argue that most of these behaviors directly connect to the responsibilities of experts and their success in reaching the goals of their expert testimony. If it can be demonstrated empirically that these behaviors are linked to a common virtue, we would have good evidence that intellectual humility is a fundamental virtue for the expert.
Expertise-in-Action
Authors: Lavazza Andrea , Giordano James , Farina Mirko
Published: June 2024

In this essay, we propose the importance of, and need for what we call “expertise in action,” which obligates: (1) explicit and specific epistemic and responsibilist expertise in informing public decisions, and (2) relative transparency about the extent, role, and contribution of any such expertise and guidance. Operating within a structural and functional model of ethics, we assert that specific virtues should be considered as valuable to the exercise of this new kind of expertise. We define and discuss these virtues—including benevolence, fidelity to trust, veracity, intellectual humility, pathos, fortitude, and practical wisdom; and provide a general framework for the education and training of experts-in-action.
Themes and Controversies
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter identifies the key principles and policies which affect the operation and structure of the Law of Restitution and also how their application varies depending on the principle upon which the restitutionary claim is founded. It considers the relevance of fault to restitutionary claims, when risk-taking bars a claim in restitution, the importance of respecting party autonomy, the relevance of the relationship between the parties to restitutionary claims, the principle against fictions, the relationship between the Common Law and Equity insofar as this impacts on the Law of Restitution, and the significance of discretion.
Enrichment
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the meaning of enrichment for the purposes of the Law of Unjust Enrichment. It considers the significance of the distinction between enrichment and benefit. It identifies the tests for the objective identification of an enrichment, with regard to the objective value and the market value of an enrichment and the relevance of receipt. It considers subjective devaluation and the circumstances when the defendant cannot rely on this defence, namely where the enrichment was requested, where it was incontrovertibly beneficial, and where it has been freely accepted. Different types of enrichment are considered, namely money (both exchange value and opportunity value), goods, and services. Exceptional circumstances where restitution might be awarded without enrichment are analysed. Finally, principles relating to the valuation of the enrichment are considered.
Legally Effective Bases
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter considers the circumstances within the Law of Unjust Enrichment where the claimant transfers a benefit to the defendant pursuant to a transaction which is legally effective, which means that the claimant is unable to obtain restitution from the defendant. Various legally effective bases are considered. The most significant is contract, where, by virtue of the principle of subsidiarity, the contract generally prevails over a claim in unjust enrichment, although sometimes, where the contract is not considered to have provided for all risks eventuating, a claim in unjust enrichment will succeed despite the continuation of the contractual regime. Other legally effective bases include the discharge of a debt, discharge of a statutory liability, res judicata, and gifts.
Compulsion
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the grounds of restitution which are founded on the principle of compulsion. It examines duress of the person, duress of property, and economic duress. The extent to which a lawful act can constitute duress is considered. The relationship between lawful act economic duress and the equitable doctrine of undue pressure is considered. The principle of legal compulsion is then examined, involving pressure arising by operation of law as a result of which the claimant discharges the defendant’s liability. When a debt will be discharged is considered. A distinction is drawn between cases where the defendant is primarily liable (where the claimant can seek reimbursement from the defendant) and cases where the parties are jointly liable (where the claimant can seek contribution).
Restitution for Breach of Contract
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the extent to which gain-based remedies can be available for breach of contract. First, the remedy of negotiation of damages is analysed to determine whether it can ever be classified as a gain-based remedy or whether it is always compensatory. The chapter assesses different bases for awarding gain-based remedies where there has been a breach of contract, and it also analyses the extent to which account of profits is available for breach of contract. The chapter goes on to consider justifications for the award of gain-based remedies for breach of contract, particularly where the contract is specifically enforceable.
Fundamental Principles
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter identifies the principles which underpin the general defences to all, or almost all, restitutionary claims. It clarifies the use of terminology by distinguishing between defences and denials, defences and bars, and by clarifying matters of timing involved with these, and why these elements matters. The distinction between interpersonal justice and external justice is considered, as are a variety of different ways of characterizing the general defences, such as enrichment and unjust-related, public and private, rule-based and discretionary, personal and proprietary defences. At the end of the chapter, the particular defences of subjective devaluation, stultification of statutory policy, and counter-restitution are examined.
Illegality
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter considers the general defence of illegality to restitutionary claims. It identifies the key principles and policies underpinning the defence and defines illegality. It examines the ex turpi causa principle and the not in pari delicto principle. The old approach to the defence is surveyed, including the no reliance on illegality and the withdrawal principles. The new approach to illegality is examined, with particular reference to the trio of considerations. The implications of this new approach for the Law of Restitution are then examined, and the nature of the newly reformed defence is assessed with particular reference to whether a rule or a discretion is preferable.
Heart Rate Variability in Mental Health and Psychotherapy
Authors: Wendt Julia , Thayer Julian F.
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores the role of heart rate variability (HRV) in the phenomenology, scientific study, and treatment of mental disorders. To this end, the chapter starts with a review of the empirically determined association between HRV and mental health, followed by an introduction to the physiological underpinnings of HRV. Next, the main part focuses on the neurovisceral integration model as a theoretical explanation for the observed HRV–mental health association. Following this is an overview of various applications of HRV in psychotherapy research, diagnostics, and treatment with a special focus on HRV biofeedback. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research that may enable more targeted use of HRV-related interventions in psychotherapy.
Compassion Focused Therapy and Heart Rate Variability
Authors: Sherwell Chase S. , Kirby James N.
Published: June 2024

As an integrative biopsychological approach, compassion focused therapy (CFT) emphasizes the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between psychological and physiological processes as an important target for therapeutic intervention. In particular, CFT focuses on the role of parasympathetic control of cardiac function as reflected in vagally mediated heart rate variability (HRV). Mounting evidence supports the view that HRV reflects clinically relevant processes such as emotion regulation, responses to threats and stressors, and interpersonal processes such as compassion. Over the last decade, researchers have become increasingly interested in the potential of HRV metrics as biomarkers of self-regulatory capabilities and clinical outcomes. This chapter outlines the theoretical, psychological, and physiological basis of compassion science and CFT, reviews empirical research evaluating the physiological outcomes of CFT and related compassion-focused interventions, and considers future challenges and goals of research in this field. With advances in the accessibility and mobility of biometric recording devices, we argue that understanding how the parasympathetic nervous system reflects, responds to, and regulates psychological mechanisms underlying psychopathology will greatly improve client outcomes through enhanced clinical diagnosis and outcome assessment.
Ethical Principles and Practice Standards in Psychophysiological Psychotherapy
Authors: Moss Donald
Published: June 2024

Ethical principles and best practice standards serve to protect the patient from harm and assure optimal therapeutic interventions for the patient’s well-being. Following ethical principles and practice standards protects the therapist from groundless patient complaints. Ethical principles also serve to protect the reputation and future of psychophysiological therapies. Practitioners in psychophysiological psychotherapy are governed by the principles of their home profession as well as by the ethical codes of biofeedback and neurofeedback. Continuing education of practitioners in evolving standards and research evidence in psychophysiology and psychotherapy assures that their professional practice will be optimal for the patient. The responsibility of the practitioner includes establishing an empathic therapeutic relationship, educating the patient to the principles and techniques of psychophysiological therapy, and following current best practices in placement of physiological sensors. Informed consent is essential in relatively novel practice areas such as psychophysiological psychotherapy. Scope of practice and competence are central concepts in ethical professional practice and applicable to psychophysiological psychotherapy. Finally, attention to the needs and unique characteristics of diverse populations is necessary for ethical practice.
Israeli Border Kibbutzim in the Shadow of Syrian Artillery
Authors: Rozin Orit
Published: June 2024

The Israel–Syrian border was a constant point of friction. Hostilities erupted over the cultivation of land and the control of the demilitarized zones and over water resources. Northern kibbutzim both exacerbated Syrian violence and were its victims. Covering the interwar period, 1956–1967, this chapter traces the subjective emotional reaction of kibbutz members exposed to Syrian violence. It also considers the symbolic role played by “children under fire” within Israeli Jewish society at that time. On the one hand, kibbutz children epitomized Israel’s ideal emotional traits. Yet, on the other hand, an ethos of a “proper childhood” that developed in the interior, especially in the country’s urban centers, contradicted the lived experience of these kibbutzim. Members of these kibbutzim developed unique cultural practices to cope with the emotional challenge.
Israel in “Its Finest Hour”
Authors: Rozin Orit
Published: June 2024

In mid-May 1967, Egypt moved vast military forces to the Sinai and ordered the UN peacekeeping force to evacuate, setting off an Israeli security crisis. The chapter offers a revision of current scholarship, which describes Israeli society as swinging from a state of fear prior to the war to euphoria thereafter. Despite the military emergency and the lack of emotional guidance and inspiration from Prime Minister Levi Eshkol, Jewish Israelis for the most part managed, by the end of May 1967, to overcome their anxiety and to resurrect the values and norms of the Israeli emotional regime of the Ben-Gurion era. The chapter traces the emotional cascade that flooded Israelis as the crisis unfolded. It follows the efforts Israelis made to mobilize their emotions and surmount their fears. Israelis faced up to the dire situation by ascribing meaning to the threat of annihilation, what they came to call “their finest hour.”
Truth and Tariffs
Authors: Besharov Gregory
Published: June 2024

In surveys, economists routinely say that tariffs and other barriers to trade should be eliminated. Why? This chapter addresses the question by applying the ideas of the previous chapters to international trade. First the gains from trade are demonstrated, then the effects of tariffs, and finally sources of market failure including market power and knowledge spillovers. From the second-best perspective, free trade would not be an optimal policy, so the chapter considers why it is so broadly supported. One explanation is based on strategic interaction in the repeated game framework where cooperation can keep tariffs low. Another is that statements in support of free trade are intended to affect policy, because political distortions provide a rationale for statements about economic models that are not supported by a purely economic analysis. A final possibility is that it is simply based on ethical values.
The Limits of Confucian Political Meritocracy
Authors: Ziliotti Elena
Published: June 2024

This chapter rejects the major models of governance that have been examined in the previous chapter. The crux of the argument is that in industrialized pluralistic societies, democratic institutions are crucial to identifying collective problems and determining how they can be effectively solved. Drawing on studies on epistemic democracy, I argue that it is unlikely that morally and competent political leaders could make the right decisions without much informational input from other members of society and gather the relevant knowledge dispersed in society. Although these considerations clash with Confucian meritocratic theories, they are consistent with the Confucian idea that a good government should provide for the well-being of the people.
An Introduction to Public Debt
Authors: Dwivedi Hari Krishna
Published: June 2024

From being viewed as a ‘slowly metastasizing cancer at the core of society’ to being regarded as a tool to bring an economy out of recession, public debt has evoked very contrasting opinions with regard to its utility to society. The chapter discusses the viewpoints of leading economists and thinkers such as David Hume, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Paul Krugman, John Maynard Keynes, Abba Lerner, James Buchanan, and Bill Mitchell. The chapter starts by familiarizing the reader with the concept of public debt by connecting it with the familiar concept of household debt that most people have encountered in some form or other. The discussion on the utility of public debt is ever more important as the world’s public debt has grown tremendously over the past few years on account of many reasons not least the Covid-19 pandemic.
International Debt Crises
Authors: Dwivedi Hari Krishna
Published: June 2024

Many countries across the world have slipped into a debt crisis that has resulted in political and economic upheaval impacting the lives of their citizen. This chapter dwells on the various debt crises in South Asia, Europe, and Latin America. The chapter discusses the main reasons behind the crises and lessons learned. The Latin American debt crises illustrate how difficult it can be for a country to come out of a debt crisis once it has set in. The role of the subnational governments (SNGs) in these countries are covered in great details. Although the crises in eurozone and in India’s neighbourhood have occurred primarily at the federal government level, they still offer valuable lessons that are applicable in the subnational context, as many of the factors and forces that operate on the decision-makers at the subnational level are quite similar to those operating on the decision-makers at the national level.
Borrowing in a Decentralized Governance Structure
Authors: Dwivedi Hari Krishna
Published: June 2024

This chapter predominantly examines the reasons driving the subnational governments (SNGs) to engage in borrowing activities. It delves into the dynamics between central government policies and the policies formulated by SNGs with regards to their borrowing practices, illuminating how these interactions influence the financial landscape at both state and central levels. The chapter also discusses the various mechanisms that are used across the world to control SNG borrowing. Although there is no clear answer to what type of controls work best when it comes to keeping SNG borrowing under sustainable levels, many countries are moving towards using administrative and rules-based controls.
Debt Sustainability of SNGs
Authors: Dwivedi Hari Krishna
Published: June 2024

This chapter rigorously discusses the concept of debt sustainability and the various existing approaches that are used to assess the sustainability of debt. These include the Domar model, present value budget constraint, fiscal response function, and indicator approach. Many studies have been undertaken to analyse the sustainability of debt of Indian states. The results from some of the studies are discussed in the chapter. While most studies have shown that currently the cumulative SNG debt situation remains sustainable, a few found the sustainability criteria were not met, albeit with a lower statistical significance. However, studies that looked at the historical debt position of the SNGs tended to agree that the SNG debt position was not sustainable in the period immediately before the implementation of the FRBM regime.
An Alternative Approach to Measure SNG Debt Sustainability
Authors: Dwivedi Hari Krishna
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces an alternative approach to measure debt sustainability of subnational governments (SNGs). The key difference is the use of states’ own revenue and total expenditure as opposed to earlier approaches which used revenue receipts, revenue expenditure, and total expenditure. The result from the alternative approach is more resilient to changes in the transfers from central government which account for almost 45 per cent of the revenue receipts of states. This is particularly relevant given the gradual reduction in the divisible pool due to tendency of the central government to garner revenue through cesses and surcharges and the increasing use of tax holidays for various businesses. The approach that is presented considers stationarity, cross-sectional dependence, and structural breaks. The results indicate that the SNGs’ debt in India is sustainable.
Strengthening Finances of Local Bodies
Authors: Dwivedi Hari Krishna
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on the critical role of local bodies in strengthening the finances of subnational governments (SNGs) It emphasizes the necessity for greater administrative and financial autonomy for local bodies in India. By augmenting their revenue collections, local bodies can effectively deliver services to citizens, creating an environment conducive to economic growth. This, in turn, helps reduce the debt burden on SNGs, as economic growth leads to improved financial health of the SNGs. Drawing lessons from China, the chapter suggests that India can leverage local bodies to simulate economic growth at the grassroots level. Local bodies, specifically urban local bodies (ULBs), play a vital role in providing essential infrastructure and public services, which are crucial for cultivating a competent workforce and aiding economic activity. The rural local bodies in India have limited sources of revenues, with most expenditure supported through intergovernmental transfers. The chapter recommends multiple ways to augment their revenue, for example, focusing on user fees and betterment levies, improving property tax and professional tax collection. Addressing the challenges faced by ULBs, this chapter emphasizes the need for financial autonomy and adequate resources to address India’s urbanization challenge. It suggests measures to augment ULBs’ revenues, including property tax reforms, streamlined collection of user charges, and exploring alternative financing methods such as municipal bonds. The chapter highlights that by empowering local bodies with greater financial autonomy and implementing revenue collection reforms, India can harness the potential of local economic development to drive inclusive and sustainable growth.
A Woman Set Free
Authors: Hendry John
Published: June 2024

Drawing heavily on Emily Davies’s correspondence, this chapter first describes her life in London and her early involvement in Langham Place and the women’s movement. It then examines her personal character, attitudes, and tastes; her moral and religious beliefs; her sexuality; her philosophical liberalism and political conservatism. Particular attention is given to her reading of and response to the philosophy of John Stuart Mill, presented as a major influence on her thought; and her relation to the broad church movement, to which her brother and many of her acquaintance were allied. In this context the chapter describes and elucidates her particular approaches to the women’s issues of the day, and how these compared with those of others in the movement.
The Demise of Langham Place
Authors: Hendry John
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores how Emily Davies worked her way into the centre of the women’s movement amidst growing tensions within the Langham Place group. A central problem was the financial non-viability of the English Woman’s Journal, but this was exacerbated by interpersonal tensions in an erotically charged atmosphere, cruelly misogynistic press coverage, and sharply conflicting priorities amongst the members. The chapter covers Davies’s editorship first of the English Woman’s Journal and then, when she considered that a hopeless task, of the Victoria Magazine. By the time she withdrew from that too, the Langham Place group had effectively dispersed. While Jessie Boucherett continued to pursue the original agenda, through SPEW and a new publication, the English Woman’s Journal had folded, Parkes had had enough, Faithfull had been disowned, and another key figure, Adelaide Procter, had died. Bodichon still led, but from Algiers. The leader on the ground was now Davies.
From Educating Women to Examining Girls
Authors: Hendry John
Published: June 2024

This chapter traces Davies’s interest in the higher education of women, and explores her development of a distinctive practical approach to campaigning. Her first campaign, in support of Elizabeth Garrett’s attempt to gain admission to London University so as to qualify as a doctor, was focused more on medicine as a female profession than on degrees for women; it was Frances Power Cobbe who brought the latter issue to public attention. But it was Davies who kept up the pressure on university authorities and who, rebutted there, turned to a more practically achievable object, gaining girls admission to the school-leaving exams recently introduced by Oxford and Cambridge for grammar school boys. The chapter shows how Davies chose and went about her task, identifying institutional targets, using influential print media to make a reasoned case, setting up committees through which she could act, and working with sympathetic male collaborators.
Rival Projects
Authors: Hendry John
Published: June 2024

This chapter charts the progress of Davies’s project for a university-level college for women through to its opening in Hitchin, and its interaction with another project for female education led by a group of women activists in Manchester and Liverpool. This project was initiated in the wake of Davies’s book by Anne Clough, a relation of Bodichon’s, who was soon joined by Josephine Butler, Elizabeth Wolstenholme, and Lydia Becker, who were by now leading the more political wing of the women’s movement. While Davies’s project was based on women taking identical degree examinations to men, and thus showing themselves their intellectual equals, the rival project resulted in a scheme of special examinations for women, administered by Cambridge University but at a much lower level than their degrees. The chapter addresses the specific points of disagreement but also the wider differences in the women’s movement they reflected.
Denaturalizing the Law
Authors: Chaudhry Faisal
Published: June 2024

Chapter three outlines the key elements of a conceptual vocabulary of a historical ontological approach to jurisprudence, distinguishing between doctrinal discourse capable of being used to verbalize propositions of the law and ordinary-language discourse that can be used to articulate propositions about the law. With the first most closely connected to venues of administration and scientizing juristic speculation and the second the public sphere, the respective contribution of each type to constituting the law as a distinct kind of object (viz. ‘ontologizaton’) unfolded at different sites, even if ones that were separated by permeable barriers across which discursive elements could pass. After explicating the notion of ontologization, the chapter turns to a second key pair of elements of the conceptual vocabulary of a historical ontological approach to jurisprudence. These enable a distinction between doctrinal discourse’s qualities of operativeness and administrability.
Beyond the Permanent Settlement
Authors: Chaudhry Faisal
Published: June 2024

The chapter looks at non-zamindari forms of revenue settlement that dominated the other areas under the Company’s direct rule in the Madras and Bombay Presidencies. In particular, it focuses on the advent of the raiyatwari settlement system in Madras in which it was the ostensible cultivator of the soil upon whom the right to property was settled. Arguing that the raiyatwari and zamindari systems were premised on similar discourses about property, the chapter then turns to the Company state’s difficulty in squaring the extension of its rights regime with pre-colonial practices of gifting control over land absent revenue duties. The chapter concludes by reconsidering the supposed ideological break within the Company’s raj that is seen as occurring with the ascent of Ricardian rent theory after 1820, insisting that it did little to change the fundamental focus of its rule: the idea of property as rent that was doctrinalized everywhere.
Conclusion
Authors: Chaudhry Faisal
Published: June 2024

The Conclusion provides a summary of the book’s key arguments and contents by recounting three levels at which the book’s intervention has been staged. The first is discussed in terms of the book’s concerns with how to understand the major phases of legal change in the subcontinent’s colonial history, highlighting the book’s unconventional way of understanding the line between Company and Crown rule. The second level is discussed in terms of the book’s correction to the past overcorrection by which legal change has been linked to macro-level forces more than to the law itself. Here the Conclusion emphasizes the book’s concern with the heretofore unnoticed importance of classical legal thought in the study of South Asia. Finally, the third level of intervention speaks to the book’s jurisprudential aims through its historical ontological approach to the law, which is meant to extend far beyond the study of South Asia.
Statist Internationalism
Authors: Hirst Samuel J.
Published: June 2024

The two halves of this chapter examine the emergence of state-sanctioned narratives in the Soviet Union and Turkey, as elites in each country wrestled with the ideological implications of interstate partnership. The first half focuses on the Soviet Union, where the endorsement of Turkish statism was a contested process. In the second half of the 1920s, especially after Chiang Kai-Shek’s repression of Chinese communists, a faction aligned with the Comintern encouraged the Soviet leadership to break relations with the Turkish government and endorse Turkish workers and peasants. This line was defeated in the early 1930s, as Soviet publications proclaimed the nationalist government a progressive historical force because of its commitment to industrialization. The chapter’s second half turns to Turkish writing about the Soviet Union, which flourished in the early 1930s. It argues that Turkish intellectuals looked to the Soviet Union much as Western intellectuals sought inspiration for New Deal-type programs. Turkish writers from across the political spectrum sought to provincialize the Soviet Union: that is, they argued socialist ideology did not make the Soviet Union an exceptional state. Their depictions, however, also presented the Soviet Union as an underdeveloped agricultural country, one whose state-led industrialization offered a particularly relevant model of emulation for Turkey. The prominent role of the state-led development in each of the two narratives was complementary, and the chapter ends by showing their convergence in a statist internationalism.
Epilogue
Authors: Hirst Samuel J.
Published: June 2024

The epilogue tracks the legacy of interwar statist internationalism, both in Soviet-Turkish relations and in international development politics during the Cold War. It demonstrates that the influence of Soviet cooperation on Turkish statism was erased from later accounts of Kemalist modernization, as Turkey became associated with a US-affiliated model of development in the 1950s. Yet it shows that, in Soviet relations with Egypt and other Third World states, the Turkish precedent continued to be important. Although Stalin’s threatening gestures drove Turkey into NATO in the aftermath of the Second World War, by the 1960s the Soviet and Turkish governments were engaged again in joint industrial projects. The epilogue argues that dating statist internationalism to the interwar period, a period when the Kemalists were navigating the Paris Order rather than facing an ideological choice between US and Soviet ideological models, helps to explain why many aspects of Soviet-Turkish cooperation outlasted the Cold War.
Home, beyond the foundational decade
Authors: Mitra Subrata K.
Published: June 2024

Home, riding high in the 1950s, went into relative decline during the decades that followed, reaching its nadir in the 1984 anti-Sikh riots. Its decline began with the collapse of the Congress system and the concept of collective responsibility built into the cabinet system. This had secured Home its central role as mediator between conflicting interests, essential to its functioning as the keeper of orderly rule. The concentration of power in the hands of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and her trusted group of politicians and civil servants cut the ministry off from the flow of authority and accountability. Why did the Ministry of Home Affairs, the ‘safe pair of hands’ of the state under Patel and Pant, get bypassed in the fateful decision to impose the national Emergency in 1975? Was the decision entirely agency driven, or did it have a structural basis?
Home stymied
Authors: Mitra Subrata K.
Published: June 2024

An emergency proclamation signals the end of governance by stealth. Unlike earlier occasions when national emergency was declared, the one of 1975 led to draconian measures, including largescale incarceration of opposition leaders. The Home Ministry was bypassed in the making of the decision to proclaim the Emergency. During the Emergency, pro-regime forces contemplated the prospect of moving the political system off its liberal foundation and transform India into an authoritarian state. Ironically, once the emergency ended, anti-emergency evangelists sought to move fast to ‘punish the guilty’, without having to put up with slow-paced, due process of fair trials. How the Ministry of Home Affairs coped with these challenging situations during the emergency and afterwards, and the complex relationship of liberal democracy and the emergency, are discussed in this chapter.
Conclusion
Authors: Mitra Subrata K.
Published: June 2024

The book shows Home’s special expertise in governance by stealth—generating maximum order with the use of minimum force—as the common answer to the puzzles of its institutional longevity and adaptability. It details the contribution of the ministry to state formation and nation-building in India. Power-sharing by Indian leaders under colonial rule and Indianization of the higher civil services made it possible for the post-independence Indian government, manned by Indian leaders and civil servants who had already started working together under colonial rule, to draw on the colonial legacy and enrich it with post-colonial innovations. Mandated to the Ministry of Home Affairs, orderly rule through governance by stealth has remained a continuous process despite major changes in the context. As new facts have emerged, new innovations have been made and fresh insights have been added to existing knowledge. Besides reviewing the results garnered from the study, this concluding chapter considers the challenges facing the state in India today and prognosticates the way forward for structural reform, through governance by stealth.
Cosmopolitanism and the City
Authors: Magaldi Cristina
Published: June 2024

This chapter presents the scholarly framework that guided the research for the book and that provided methodological tools for the conceptualization of turn-of-the-20th-century Rio de Janeiro as part of an interdependent cultural and musical urban network. It explores cosmopolitanism as an experience of cities and as part of an urban modernity that saw many variants at the turn of the 20th century. It introduces Rio de Janeiro’s history and sociopolitical context and places the city’s sociopolitical developments in a larger geographical-historical context, one that frames the musics, people, and performances discussed later in the book.