bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959)
Authors: Khan Shamus
Published: June 2020

The classic “Undead text” of sociology is Erving Goffman’s The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. This article argues that what helps make Presentation Undead is that its key point is obvious. Yet this is only the case after someone shows that point to you. Undead texts are ones that live in us, because reading them awakens us to what we feel we have always seen and known, but did not quite know until we read them.
Prestige Matters: Wage Premium and Value Addition in Elite Colleges
Authors: Sekhri Sheetal
Published: June 2020

This paper provides evidence that graduates of elite public institutions in India have an earnings advantage in the labor market even though attending these colleges has no discernible effect on academic outcomes. Admission to the elite public colleges is based on the scores obtained in the Senior Secondary School Examinations. I exploit this feature in a regression discontinuity design. Using administrative data on admission and college test scores and an in-depth survey, I find that the salaries of elite public college graduates are higher at the admission cutoff although the exit test scores are no different. (JEL I23, I26, J24, J31, O15)
SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in India: epidemiological features and in silico analysis of the effect of interventions
Authors: Mazumder Archisman , Arora Mehak , Bharadiya Vishwesh , Berry Parul , Agarwal Mudit , Behera Priyamadhaba , Shewade Hemant Deepak , Lohiya Ayush , Gupta Mohak , Rao Aditi , Parameswaran Giridara Gopal
Published: June 2020

Background: After SARS-CoV-2 set foot in India, the Government took a number of steps to limit the spread of the virus in the country. This included restricted testing, isolation, contact tracing and quarantine, and enforcement of a nation-wide lockdown starting 25 March 2020. The objectives of this study were to i) describe the age, gender distribution, and mortality among COVID-19 patients identified till 14 April 2020 and predict the range of contact rate; and ii) predict the number of  COVID-19 infections after 40 days of lockdown.

Methods: We used a cross-sectional descriptive design for the first objective and a susceptible-infected-removed model for in silico predictions. We collected data from government-controlled and crowdsourced websites.

Results: Studying age and gender parameters of 1161 Indian COVID-19 patients, the median age was 38 years (IQR, 27-52) with 20-39 year-old males being the most affected group. The number of affected patients were 854 (73.6%) men and 307 (26.4%) women. If the current contact rate continues (0.25-27), India may have 110460 to 220575 infected persons at the end of 40 days lockdown.

Conclusion: The disease is majorly affecting a younger age group in India. Interventions have been helpful in preventing the worst-case scenario in India but will be unable to prevent the spike in the number of cases.
Strengthening the core health research capacity of national health systems helps build country resilience to epidemics: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Zachariah Rony , Maher Dermot , Aseffa Abraham , Vahedi Mahnaz , Launois Pascal , Khogali Mohammed , Aslanyan Garry , Reeder John C.
Published: June 2020

Background:  TDR, The Special Programme for Research and Training hosted at the World Health Organization, has long supported Low- and Middle-Income Countries in strengthening research capacity through three training programmes: the Postgraduate Training Scheme (PGTS), the Clinical Research and Development Fellowship (CRDF), and the Structured Operational Research Training InitiaTive (SORT IT). In the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, we assessed whether those trained through these programmes were involved in the COVID-19 response and if so, in which area(s) of the emergency response they were applying their skills.

Methods: From the records for each training programme, we identified the individuals who had completed training during the relevant timespan of each programme: 1999-2018 for the CRDF scheme, 2015-2020 for PGTS, and 2009-2019 for SORT-IT. Between March and April 2020, we sent trainees an online questionnaire by e-mail.

Results: Out of 1254 trained, 1143 could be contacted and 699 responded to the survey. Of the latter, 411 were involved with the COVID-19 response, of whom 315 (77%) were applying their acquired skills in 85 countries. With some overlap between programmes, 84% of those trained through CRDF were applying their skills in 27 countries, 91% of those trained through PGTS were applying their skills in 19 countries, and through SORT IT, this was 73% in 62 countries.  Skills were being applied in various areas of the emergency response, including: emergency preparedness, situation analysis/surveillance, infection control and clinical management, data generation, mitigating the effect of COVID on the health system, and research.  Depending on the type of training programme, 26-74% were involved in implementation, operational or clinical research.

Conclusion: Research training programmes build research capacity and equip health workers with transferable core competencies and skillsets prior to epidemics. This becomes invaluable in building health system resilience at a time of pandemics.
Reproducibly sampling SARS-CoV-2 genomes across time, geography, and viral diversity
Authors: Bolyen Evan , Dillon Matthew R. , Bokulich Nicholas A. , Ladner Jason T. , Larsen Brendan B. , Hepp Crystal M. , Lemmer Darrin , Sahl Jason W. , Sanchez Andrew , Holdgraf Chris , Sewell Chris , Choudhury Aakash G. , Stachurski John , McKay Matthew , Engelthaler David M. , Worobey Michael , Keim Paul , Caporaso J. Gregory
Published: June 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a rapid accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 genomes, enabling genomic epidemiology on local and global scales. Collections of genomes from resources such as GISAID must be subsampled to enable computationally feasible phylogenetic and other analyses. We present genome-sampler, a software package that supports sampling collections of viral genomes across multiple axes including time of genome isolation, location of genome isolation, and viral diversity. The software is modular in design so that these or future sampling approaches can be applied independently and combined (or replaced with a random sampling approach) to facilitate custom workflows and benchmarking. genome-sampler is written as a QIIME 2 plugin, ensuring that its application is fully reproducible through QIIME 2’s unique retrospective data provenance tracking system. genome-sampler can be installed in a conda environment on macOS or Linux systems. A complete default pipeline is available through a Snakemake workflow, so subsampling can be achieved using a single command. genome-sampler is open source, free for all to use, and available at https://caporasolab.us/genome-sampler. We hope that this will facilitate SARS-CoV-2 research and support evaluation of viral genome sampling approaches for genomic epidemiology.
Hepatitis B virus resistance to tenofovir: fact or fiction? A systematic literature review and structural analysis of drug resistance mechanisms
Authors: Mokaya Jolynne , McNaughton Anna L. , Bester Phillip A , Goedhals Dominique , Barnes Eleanor , Marsden Brian D , Matthews Philippa C.
Published: June 2020

Background:Tenofovir (TFV) is a widely used treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. There is a high genetic barrier to the selection of TFV resistance-associated mutations (RAMs), but the distribution and clinical significance of TFV RAMs are not well understood. We here present assimilated evidence for putative TFV RAMs with the aims of cataloguing and characterising mutations that have been reported, and starting to develop insights into mechanisms of resistance.

Methods:We carried out a systematic literature search in PubMed and Scopus to identify clinical,in vitroandin silicoevidence of TFV resistance. We included peer-reviewed studies presenting original data regarding virological TFV breakthrough, using published methods to assess the quality of each study. We generated a list of RAMs that have been reported in association with TFV resistance, developing a ‘long-list’ (all reported RAMs) and a ‘short-list’ (a refined list supported by the most robust evidence). We assessed the potential functional and structural consequences by mapping onto the crystal structure for HIV reverse transcriptase (RT), as the structure of HBV RT has not been solved.

Results:We identified a ‘long-list’ of 37 putative TFV RAMs in HBV RT, occurring within and outside sites of enzyme activity, some of which can be mapped onto a homologous HIV RT structure. A ‘short-list’ of nine sites are supported by the most robust evidence. If clinically significant resistance arises, it is most likely to be in the context of suites of multiple RAMs. Other factors including adherence, viral load, HBeAg status, HIV coinfection and NA dosage may also influence viraemic suppression.

Conclusion:There is emerging evidence for polymorphisms that may reduce susceptibility to TVF. However, good correlation between viral sequence and treatment outcomes is currently lacking; further studies are essential to optimise individual treatment and public health approaches.
The Market for Audit Services: Year 2019
Authors: Guttsayt E. , Mar'yasin Anton
Published: June 2020

Th e article sets out the methodology and results of constructing time series of the main indicators of the market for audit services in the interval 2004-2019. A strong market decline has been shown and quantified since 2008. The dynamics of the average fees for audits in the context of small, medium and large audit organizations in the interval 2010-2019 was studied and it was illustrated a huge decrease in these fees in the indicated interval. It was revealed that in recent years, revenues from audits of socially significant organizations have fallen sharply, while revenues from audits of other economic entities behave differently.
UM OLHAR NA AVALIAÇÃO DE CONHECIMENTOS QUÍMICOS PARA CANDIDATOS COM DEFICIÊNCIA VISUAL NO ENEM
Authors: Ogeia Jaqueline Tachji , Cintra Elaine Pavini
Published: June 2020

O deficiente visual quando realiza sua inscrição para o Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio deve informar ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira (INEP), órgão responsável pela avaliação, o tipo de prova que deseja realizar, tendo como opção as provas em Braille, as provas ampliadas ou as provas com adaptação Ledor (nesse caso, contando  com a ajuda de ledores para realização da mesma). Esta pesquisa tem como finalidade verificar por meio de referenciais teóricos, os quesitos essenciais para as adaptações a serem realizadas na prova Ledor, assegurando equivalência entre as informações presentes nas provas dos candidatos videntes e aquelas presentes nas provas dos candidatos com deficiência visual. Nesse trabalho serão apresentados alguns exemplos de adaptações das provas do Caderno de Questões Branco, aplicada para os candidatos videntes, para as provas ledor do ENEM anos de 2014 e 2015, envolvendo questões relacionadas à disciplina de Química.
A IMPORTÂNCIA DAS DIRETRIZES CURRICULARES NACIONAIS DA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL PARA O TRABALHO PEDAGÓGICO
Authors: Maraschin Nunes Lenise , Da Rocha Vieira Gonçalves Suzane
Published: June 2020

O presente artigo objetiva discutir a visão dos gestores das Instituições Públicas de Educação Infantil do município de Bagé/RS, acerca da importância das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o trabalho pedagógico. Para isso, foram pesquisadas quinze escolas municipais através da participação de suas Equipes Gestoras. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se por meio da abordagem qualitativa e utilizou-se da análise documental e da aplicação de questionários para a produção dos dados. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que as DCNEIs fazem parte do conhecimento das equipes diretivas das escolas de Educação Infantil, e que, existe uma dicotomia no que se refere as respostas das pesquisadas e o conteúdo dos PPPs.
“VÃO TER QUE APRENDER MUITO SOBRE A GENTE”: ELEMENTOS DAS CRIANÇAS PARA UMA DISCUSSÃO SOBRE APRENDIZAGENS NA PRÉ-ESCOLA
Authors: Kremer Claines , Gobbato Carolina , Barbosa Maria Carmen Silveira
Published: June 2020

Este artigo tematiza as aprendizagens das crianças pequenas na pré-escola com o objetivo de compreender como elas as significam em seus cotidianos. Com bases teóricas na Pedagogia da Infância, busca-se ampliar o debate sobre as aprendizagens na/da Educação Infantil, visto que a Base Nacional Comum Curricular propõe um currículo não disciplinar e que a pré-escola precisa reafirmar-se como uma etapa não preparatória aos anos seguintes de escolarização. O percurso metodológico deste estudo foi construído a partir dos pressupostos da Pesquisa com Crianças, inspirada etnograficamente, e os dados foram produzidos em uma escola pública do município de Osório/RS, junto a 14 crianças de 5 anos de idade. As análises indicaram que as crianças identificam a pré-escola como um contexto em que são construídas tanto aprendizagens formais quanto cotidianas; além disso, que essas aprendizagens são significadas a partir das suas brincadeiras e nas suas interações. Considera-se que o ponto de vista das crianças sobre o que e como aprendem traz uma profícua colaboração para a construção de contextos educativos que valorizem os percursos de aprendizagem das crianças pequenas em sintonia com as especificidades das infâncias na primeira etapa da Educação Básica.
Eleonora Dell'' Elicine y Céline Martin (eds.), Framing Power in Visigothic Society. Discourses, Devices, and Artifacts.
Authors: Ripoll Gisela
Published: June 2020

Eleonora Dell' Elicine y Céline Martin (eds.), Framing Power in Visigothic Society. Discourses, Devices, and Artifacts
Técnicas de digitalización, reconstrucción y visualización 3D aplicadas a los moldes de Terra Sigillata de Los Villares de Andújar.
Authors: Maldonado Ruiz Alexis
Published: June 2020

Digitization, reconstruction and 3D visualization techniques applied to the molds of terra sigillata of the roman site of Los Villares de Andújar (Isturgi). Possibilities in the dissemination, study and conservation of the archaeological heritage.
Innovation and the strong development around the digitalization tools and 3D modeling softwares in recent years, as well as its application within the field of Archeology, has represented obvious benefits for the study, conservation and, very especially, within the area of the dissemination of archaeological heritage. In the following lines we will expose the possibilities of applying jointly photogrammetric techniques, 3D restoration post-processes and digital analysis on terra sigillata hispánica molds from the Roman site of Los Villares de Andújar (Jaén).
Objective analysis of collagen organization in thyroid nodule capsules using second harmonic generation microscopy images and the Hough transform
Authors: Bueno Juan M. , Ávila Francisco J. , Hristu Radu , Stanciu Stefan G. , Eftimie Lucian , Stanciu George A.
Published: June 2020

Papillary carcinoma is the most prevalent type of thyroid cancer. Its diagnosis requires accurate and subjective analyses from expert pathologists. Here we propose a method based on the Hough transform (HT) to detect and objectively quantify local structural differences in collagen thyroid nodule capsules. Second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy images were acquired on non-stained histological sections of capsule fragments surrounding the healthy thyroid gland and benign and tumoral/malignant nodules. The HT was applied to each SHG image to extract numerical information on the organization of the collagen architecture in the tissues under analysis. Results show that control thyroid capsule samples present a non-organized structure composed of wavy collagen distribution with local orientations. On the opposite, in capsules surrounding malignant nodules, a remodeling of the collagen network takes place and local undulations disappear, resulting in an aligned pattern with a global preferential orientation. The HT procedure was able to quantitatively differentiate thyroid capsules from capsules surrounding papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) nodules. Moreover, the algorithm also reveals that the collagen arrangement of the capsules surrounding benign nodules significantly differs from both the thyroid control and PTC nodule capsules. Combining SHG imaging with the HT results thus in an automatic and objective tool to discriminate between the pathological modifications that affect the capsules of thyroid nodules across the progressions of PTC, with potential to be used in clinical settings to complement current state-of-the-art diagnostic methods.
Experimental determination of full matrices of the piezo-optic and elasto-optic coefficients for Pb5Ge3O11 crystals
Authors: Martynyuk-Lototska Iryna , Mys Oksana , Dudok Taras , Mytsyk Bohdan , Demyanyshyn Natalya , Kostyrko Myroslav , Adamenko Dmitro , Trubitsyn Mikhaylo , Vlokh Rostyslav
Published: June 2020

We determine full matrices of piezo-optic and elasto-optic coefficients for lead germanate crystals,

P
b

5

G
e

3

O

11

, using Dixon–Cohen and interferometric methods. Two different types of samples are studied, single- and multi-domain. We show that the correct data for the

P
b

5

G
e

3

O

11

crystals can be obtained only with single-domain samples, since the domain structure induces a number of features that make the final results unreliable. We demonstrate that the acousto-optic figures of merit reach high-enough values at the isotropic acousto-optic interactions with longitudinal acoustic waves propagating along the principal

x

and

z

axes (

63
×

10

−
15

and

37
×

10

−
15

s

3

/

k
g

), respectively. At the same time, the efficiency of the acousto-optic interactions with transverse acoustic waves is low. The same is true concerning anisotropic acousto-optic diffraction, since the appropriate elasto-optic coefficients are small enough.
Multi-focus image fusion using fractal dimension: publisher’s note
Authors: Panigrahy Chinmaya , Seal Ayan , Kumar Mahato Nihar , Krejcar Ondrej , Herrera-Viedma Enrique
Published: June 2020

This publisher’s note amends information in the Funding section of
Appl. Opt.
59, 5642 (2020).APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.391234
One-step synthesis of sulfur-incorporated graphene quantum dots using pulsed laser ablation for enhancing optical properties
Authors: Kang Sukhyun , Jeong Young Kyu , Jung Kyung Hwan , Son Yong , Kim Won Rae , Ryu Jeong Ho , Kim Kang Min
Published: June 2020

To tune the electronic and optoelectronic properties of graphene quantum dots (GQDs), heteroatom doping (e.g., nitrogen (N), boron (B), and sulfur (S)) is an effective method. However, it is difficult to incorporate S into the carbon framework of GQDs because the atomic size of S is much larger than that of C atoms, compared to N and B. In this study, we report a simple and one-step method for the synthesis of sulfur-doped GQDs (S-GQDs) via the pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) process. The as-prepared S-GQDs exhibited enhanced fluorescence quantum yields (0.8% → 3.89%) with a huge improved absorption band in ultraviolet (UV) region (200 ∼ 400 nm) and excellent photo stability under the UV radiation at 360 nm. In addition, XPS results revealed that the PLAL process can effectively facilitate the incorporation of S into the carbon framework compared to those produced by the chemical exfoliation method (e.g., hydrothermal method). And also, the mechanisms related with the optical properties of S-GQDs was investigated by time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectroscopy. We believe that the PLAL process proposed in this study will serve as a simple and one-step route for designing S-GQDs and opens up to opportunities for their potential applications.
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DAN ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK IXORA CUMINGIANA
Authors: Palupi Kartika Dyah , Praptiwi Praptiwi , Wulansari Dewi , Agusta Andria
Published: June 2020

Plants from Ixora genus exhibit a variety of pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor activities. This plants may contain many interesting bioactive compounds, especially phenolics and terpenoids groups. Ixora cumingiana is one of the Ixora species whose pharmacological effect has not been explored comprehensively. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of eight extracts from bark and leaf of I. cumingiana. The plant samples were successively extracted using n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The antibacterial evaluation was carried out against Staphylococcus aureus and the antioxidant activity was evaluated using a radical scavenging assay against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Initial activity screening was performed using thin layer chromatography-bioautography followed by the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the determination of antioxidant activity index (AAI) using microdilution technique. The dichloromethane extract of the bark as well as the n-hexane and dichloromethane extract of the leaf of I. cumingiana exhibited moderate antibacterial effect with MIC value of 128, 128, and 256 µg/ml, respectively. The methanol extract from the bark displayed a strong antioxidant activity (AAI = 1.5±0.13) and possessed the highest total phenolic content (43±0.91 mg AGE/ g extract). These experimental results showed that I. cumingiana is potential to be developed as an antioxidant agent rather than as an antibacterial agent.
PENGARUH PEMAPARAN MEDAN MAGNET 0,2 mT PADA MEDIA YANG MENGANDUNG LOGAM (Al, Pb, Cd, dan Cu) TERHADAP Bacillus sp DALAM MENGHASILKAN PROTEASE
Authors: Sumardi Sumardi , Agustrina Rochmah , Irawan Bambang , Rodia Shofia
Published: June 2020

This study aimed to determine the effect of 0.2 mT magnetic field exposure on metals (Al, Pb, Cd and Cu) containing media, to proteolytic index of Bacillus sp., protease activity and cell morphology of Bacillus sp. This study consisted of three stages. The first stage was a proteolytic test on solid media containing milk. The second stage was the production of protease enzymes in liquid media. The third stage was Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis on a culture treatment known as protease enzyme activity. The results showed that the largest proteolytic index on CuCl2 metal ion content of magnetic 0.2 mT magnetic field for 10 minutes increased the value of the largest proteolytic index was 4.33. While in the ion solution containing CdCl2, Bacillus sp. culture did not grow. In the production of enzymes in the liquid medium, the highest enzyme activity (0.140 U/ ml) was produced on a medium containing AlCl3 and exposed to magnetic fields. The SEM analysis also proved that the supplementation of AlCl3 increased cell length by 2.38 and 2.78 times longer than control without magnetic field and for magnet field, respectivelly.
PEMANFAATAN RUANG VERTIKAL PADA AKTIVITAS HARIAN ORANGUTAN (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) DI STASIUN RISET CABANG PANTI TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG PALUNG, KALIMANTAN BARAT
Authors: Mulyawarman Awit , Setyawati Tri Rima , Riyandi Riyandi
Published: June 2020

Orangutans are solitary animals from the Pongidae family. There are three sub-species of Bornean orangutans, i.e. Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii, P. pygmaeus pygmaeus and P. pygmaeus morio, all of which are highly endangered. Orangutans carry out several daily activities such as eating, moving, resting, and nesting in the tree canopy. However, it has yet remains unknown on how their behaviours vary with tree height. This study aimed to determine the frequency of presence, daily activities of orangutans, and vertical space utilization in orangutan activities in the natural habitat of the Panti Branch Research Station, Gunung Palung National Park. This study used the Focal Animal Sampling method with a two minute time interval for ± 12 hours and was studied for over six months. The focal orangutans whose activities were recorded during the study consisted of 12 individuals divided into 3 age groups, namely the adult, adolescent, and juvenile age groups. The results showed that the daily activity of orangutan was observed on 36 species of trees with the greatest frequency found on Garcinia sp. and Syzigium sp. accounted for33% each. The female orangutans were found to be more dominant in feeding activities (3.93 per day), while male orangutans spent more time for resting activities (4.56 hours per day). The utilization of vertical space in young male orangutans took place in tall trees and eating activities occurred at an altitude of 33.6 m. On average, teenage female orangutans choose tree to make their nests in trees 30 m high.
NOTES ON FIMBRIBAMBUSA WIDJAJA, WITH A NEW SPECIES FROM THE LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS
Authors: Widjaja Elizabeth Anita
Published: June 2020

WIDJAJA, E. A. 2020. Notes on Fimbribambusa Widjaja, with a new species from the Lesser Sunda Islands. Reinwardtia 19(1): 55‒59. ‒‒ A new species, Fimbribambusa rifaiana Widjaja from Alor Island (Lesser Sunda Islands), is described and F. soejatmiae Widjaja & Ervianti, previously described contrary to Art. 40.7 of the ICN (2018), is validated. An improved generic concept of Fimbribambusa and an identification key to the Indonesian species are presented.
Identificação de atividade deteriorante e do gene apr na microbiota isolada de leite cru em Caxias, MA
Authors: Araújo Lorena Gonçalves , Ribeiro Júnior José Carlos , Alves Bruno Kaik , Cesar Kellyane Karen Ferreira Aguiar , Lopes Joyce Bitencourt Athayde
Published: June 2020

Dentre as bactérias contaminantes, as psicrotróficas destacam-se como as principais responsáveis pela deterioração do leite, pois são capazes de se multiplicar em temperaturas de refrigeração. O gene apr carreia a informação para a produção da metaloprotease alcalina, uma enzima termoresistente capaz de degradar as proteínas do leite. Objetivou-se investigar, por meio de métodos biomoleculares, a presença do gene apr e o potencial deteriorante de bactérias proteolíticas isoladas do leite cru em uma microrregião do Maranhão. Foram selecionadas 112 amostras de leite cru, coletadas de fevereiro a junho de 2018 em propriedades leiteiras das microrregiões de São João do Sóter e Caxias, MA. As análises microbiológicas foram realizadas no Instituto Federal do Maranhão (IFMA), Campus Caxias, e os ensaios biomoleculares no Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (LIPOA) da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL). Foram realizados testes para classificação de proteólise, lipólise e potencial acidificante em temperatura ótima (36 °C/2 dias) e atividade psicrotrófica (7 °C/10 dias). Foram achados 10 (9%) isolados positivos para o gene apr, todos pertencentes ao gênero Pseudomonas, corroborando com outras pesquisas no estado que apontam para o grande potencial deteriorante das bactérias encontradas na localidade. Desta forma, assim como em outras regiões do Brasil, o leite cru refrigerado produzido no estado do Maranhão precisa ser obtido de forma higiênica evitando contaminação com microrganismos deteriorantes que possam comprometer a integridade e a qualidade do leite fluido e derivados destinados ao comércio.
Leites fermentados comerciais: estudo com consumidores
Authors: Silva Michelle Antunes de Alvarenga e , Silva Keila De Matos , Castro Marlon Dias de , Souza Maria Clara Saraiva , Campos Paloma Caroline De Lima , Rocha Larissa De Oliveira Ferreira
Published: June 2020

Entender como os consumidores percebem os produtos alimentícios é fundamental. Além de saber o quanto os consumidores gostam de um produto, as empresas de alimentos precisam de informações sobre quais características sensoriais os consumidores esperam encontrar no produto. Como os consumidores nem sempre conseguem dizer por que gostam de um produto, o teste Check All That Apply (CATA) pode ser uma alternativa simples para obter uma visão da percepção do consumidor frente a um produto. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi aplicar o teste CATA simultaneamente com um teste de aceitação, com a finalidade de entender quais características são importantes para o produto em estudo. Cinco marcas comerciais de leite fermentado foram avaliadas por um painel de 60 consumidores. Os consumidores responderam ao teste CATA contendo 15 atributos que descreviam as características sensoriais do leite fermentado e ao teste de aceitação através de uma ficha de escala hedônica de nove pontos. Os dados do CATA foram avaliados estatisticamente pelo teste Q de Cochran e pela Análise de Correspondência. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre as amostras para todos os atributos analisados. A amostra 657 foi a mais aceita pelos consumidores. As características apresentadas por esta amostra foram gosto doce, sabor característico de leite fermentado e cor esbranquiçada. Os atributos que não tiveram impacto na aceitação foram: sabor e aroma de baunilha, coloração caramelo, aspecto coagulado, gosto amargo e ácido. Os resultados apresentados podem ser aplicados pelas indústrias de laticínios para o desenvolvimento de formulações visando atender às expectativas dos consumidores.
Understanding SARS CoV-2 biology to win COVID-19 battle
Authors: Koga-Ito Cristiane Yumi , Koga-Ito Henrique Toshiaki , Sampaio Aline Da Graça , Vegian Mariana Raquel da Cruz
Published: June 2020

This review highlights the main findings on the biology of SARS CoV-2 and the strategies to combat COVID 19 pandemic. Since the initial outbreak in China on December 2019, the international scientific community joined efforts in an unprecedent public health battle. In late May 2020, 5 204 508 cases and 337 687 deaths have been reported by World Health Organization, with higher number of cases in Europe and Americas. SARS-CoV-2 was described as a novel variant from the coronavirus family and its genome was sequenced within a few months while COVID 19 quickly spread worldwide. The main cell receptor (angiotensin converting enzyme 2) was identified as involved in the invasion of host cells. As a result of the findings from cell biology, immunology and clinical studies, the pathogenesis of the virus started to be understood but it has been not fully elucidated so far. While a massive effort for the development of a vaccine is on course, preventive protocols for infection control have been proposed. Many studies on the discovering of effective therapeutic protocols have been developed, particularly on the redirection of already approved substances, but no gold standard treatment was established until now. An overview on the envisioned socioeconomic and politic impacts suggest that our society will be transformed after COVID 19 pandemia. As a result, deep changes in science, politics, socioeconomic and healthcare priorities shall appear in post-pandemia agenda.KEYWORDSCovid-19; Pandemic; SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus. Key-words: COVID 19, pandemia, SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus.
Associations between the household environment and stunted child growth in rural India: a cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Lee Charlotte , Lakhanpaul Monica , Maza Stern Bernardo , Sarkar Kaushik , parikh priti
Published: June 2020

Stunting is a major unresolved and growing health issue for India. There is a need for a broader interdisciplinary cross sectoral approach in which disciplines such as environment and health have to work together to co-develop integrated socio-culturally tailored interventions. However, there remains scant evidence for the development and application of such integrated, multifactorial child health interventions across Indias most rural communities. In this paper we explore and demonstrate the linkages between environmental factors and stunting thereby highlighting the scope for interdisciplinary research. We examine the associations between household environmental characteristics and stunting in children under five years across rural Rajasthan, India. We used DHS-3 India (2005-06) data from 1194 children living across 109,041 interviewed households. Multiple logistic regression analyses independently examined the association between (i) primary source of drinking water, (ii) primary type of sanitation facilities, (iii) primary cooking fuel type, and (iv) agricultural land ownership and stunting adjusting for child age. Results suggest, after adjusting for child age, household access to (i) improved drinking water source was associated with a 23% reduced odds (OR=077, 95% CI 05 to 100), (ii) improved sanitation facility was associated with 41% reduced odds (OR=051, 95% CI 03 to 082), and (iii) agricultural land ownership was associated with a 30% reduced odds of childhood stunting (OR 070, 95% CI 051 to 094). The cooking fuel source was not associated with stunting. Our findings indicate that a shift is needed from nutrition-specific to contextually appropriate interdisciplinary solutions, which incorporate environmental improvements. This will not only improve living conditions in deprived communities but also help to tackle the challenge of childhood malnutrition across Indias most vulnerable communities.
Critical Study on The Concept of al-Ṣaḥāba Kullahum ‘Udulun in ‘Ilm al-Ḥadīth
Authors: Mukri Barmawi
Published: June 2020

Sahabat adalah orang-orang muslim yang hidup sezaman dengan Nabi Muhammad saw dan pernah bergaul dengan beliau secara langsung dan ketika mati mereka itu masih tetap sebagai orang yang beiman. Mereka ini merupakan generasi awal yang beriman kepada ajaran Nabi Muhammad dan yang menerima ajaran Islam (hadis-hadis Nabi) secara langsung dari beliau. Mereka ini sangat taat kepada Nabi sehingga tidak mungkin mereka itu berani berkhianat dan berbohong dengan sengaja dalam meriwayatkan hadis Nabi. Mereka pada umumnya bersifat ‘adil, ṣiqah dan .dābiṭ. Akan tetapi karena sahabat Nabi itu adalah sebagai manusia biasa maka kemudian jika ditemukan sekelompok kecil dari mereka yang tidak ‘adil, ṣiqah dan .dābiṭ  karena menurut data historis mereka ini terbukti termasuk golongan orang munafik atau fasik, maka periwayatan hadisnya harus ditolak. Hal ini dimaksudkan tidak lain untuk menjaga kemurnian ajaran Islam yang berasal dari Nabi. Jadi dengan demikian kaidah al-Ṣaḥāba Kullahum ‘Udulun tidak berlaku secara umum.
Ta’limu al-Mahārat al-Qur'āniyyah
Authors: Anshori Ahmad Suyuti
Published: June 2020

The qur'an is the great miracle of the prophet Muhammad saw. The book is absolutely holy, far from any distortion as underwent by other holy books. The Qur'an book is the most authentic source book ever given to human civilization. Nowadays no scholars or linguist could imitate the beauty and then compact quality of the Qur’an. In addition, the Qur’an has also made a significant contribution to Arabic language and also its eternity. Thanks to the book, the Arabs became one community, and Muslims could unearth on knowledge. Therefore, the Qur’an has become the central point for Muslims from the time of the Prophet to our recent area. A number of religious scholars, researchers, and writers have focused their attention on the holy book, from way how to read, write, memories, interpret, and study its miracle. This writing elaborates on the way how to teach skill about the Qur'an i.e., listening, writing, reading, and memorizing-all in relation to various theories of education.
Mafhūm al-Ḥadīth al-Gharīb ‘ind al-Ṭabrānī: Dirāsah Istiqrā’iyah Naqdiyah
Authors: Al-‘Ubaydī ‘Ammār Jāsim Muḥammad
Published: June 2020

Tulisan Tabarani dalam studi terakhir dari sepuluh bukunya tidak pernah menggambarkan dari Sepuluh hadits, yang tidak pernah mutlak lemah dari perawinya.Adapun hadis kesebelas, dia membuatnya menjadi sahih, dari wajah yang dia ambil, dari jalur Abdul Hamid Bin Essam Al-Jarjani, dan terkejut dengan narasi unik dari ceramah Abu Dawud Al-Tailasi, dari bagian Ibn al-Hajjaj, dan mengoreksinya karena ia mengikuti dua jalur dari Abdul Malik bin dan Ameer bin Sweid.Al-Tabarani dikejutkan oleh hadits yang ada satu kata ganti di dalamnya yang lemah, atau ini diriwayatkan oleh hadits dengan dokumen tanpa jaminan yang bertentangan dengan apa yang diriwayatkan oleh orang-orang yang dapat dipercaya, atau atas dukungannya.Dari berbagai cara, kecuali melalui belajar, Al-Tabarani menyadari sama sekali, bahkan jika Hadits adalah saksi, atau banyak bukti, dan ini berarti bahwa itu tidak menghitung bukti dalam penghakiman Hadis itu benar dan lemah, dan menunjukkan bahwa konsep keanehan absolut adalah dalam arti lemah. Dari cara dia meriwayatkannya, dan itu berbeda dengan konsep kaum modernis sejak kemunculan, bahkan sampai hari ini.
Taṣawwur al-Dawlah al-Qawmiyyah fī Mīthāq al- Madīnah
Authors: Arief Abd Salam
Published: June 2020

Artikel ini membahas konsep negara bangsa dalam Piagam Madinah. Apakah konsep ‘ummah’ dalam Piagam Madinah berkonotasi kebangsaan dalam pengertian yang luas, modern, dan berskala nasional, atau sematamata bersifat eksklusif, yakni terbatas hanya di kalangan muslim saja, meski realitas masyarakat Madinah waktu itu sangatlah heterogen. Berbagai hipotesa telah muncul. Kesemuanya menggarisbawahi signifikansi Piagam Madinah sebagai dasar-dasar sosial politik bagi masyarakat Madinah serupa dengan undangundang. Karena itu, Piagam Madinah mencerminkan sebuah konstitusi berlaku dalam masyarakat Madinah yang terbentuk sebagai kesatuan politik dan diikat oleh kesepakatan bersama. Dengan piagam ini, warga yang bersifat heterogen menjadi satu kesatuan dengan hak dan kewajiban yang sama, saling menghormati walaupun berbeda suku dan agama. Tentu saja, isi Piagam Madinah merupakan suatu pandangan moderen dan merupakan suatu solusi politik dalam mengantisipasi dan mecegah persoalan yang diakibatkan karena keragaman. Ini dilakukan dengan membentuk apa yang dijelaskan dalam Piagam Madinah sebagai ‘ummah.
Palatable Sharia: 'Killing Two Birds with One Stone'
Authors: Ikhwan Hakimul
Published: June 2020

Based on observation in the District of Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia shariatization was a form of local re-packaging sharia where the term ‘sharia’ has been replaced with ‘Akhlaq al-Karimah’ (noble character). It then had the effect of not only silencing critical groups but also moderating sharia to become more open and inclusive. More importantly, the local-branded sharia became a common ground for the various Islamist groups to coalesce and, indeed, suppress vigilante action to renounce violent threat, at the very least, and served to lessen the divides between them. In this regard, the so-called sharia was like ‘killing two birds with one stone’ that on one side was a form of moderation to the critical groups but, on the other, was designed to be a common ground for various Islamist groups to coalesce. [Berdasarkan penelitian di Kabupaten Cianjur, Jawa Barat, shariatisasi di Indonesia telah mengambil bentuk lokal dengan mengganti istilah ‘shariah’ dengan ‘akhlaq al-karimah’. Hal ini tidak hanya membungkam kelompok kritis, tetapi juga memoderasi syariah menjadi lebih terbuka dan inklusif. Terpenting adalah lokalisasi syariah menjadi landasan bersama bagi berbagai kelompok Islam untuk berkoalisi, dan alih – alih menekan aksi massa yang bisa menimbulkan kekerasan, dan yang menimbulkan perpecahan diantara mereka. Dalam hal ini, perumpamaannya seperti ‘sekali lempar, dua burung terjatuh’, yang mana satu sisi merupakan bentuk moderasi kelompok kritis, satu sisi yang lain menjadi pondasi bersama koalisi berbagai kelompok Islam.]
Lineages of Islamic Extremism in Egypt: Ikhwan al-Muslimun, State Violence and the Origins of Radical Politics
Authors: Munhanif Ali , Dahlan M.
Published: June 2020

This article examines why an Islamic organization appeal into radical behavior? Focusing on Ikhwan al-Muslimun (IM) and its splinter groups in Egypt, this article seeks to highlight historical-institutional underpinnings of when and how political Islam faced obstacles to enter pragmatic politics. Political experiences of the IM in the 1950s and the institutional structures created by Nasser’s regime in the early 1960s have shaped a condition of uncertainty that constrained Islamist activists to twart moderation. Islamist thinkers such as Sayyid Qutb exploited the fear of Nasserism and new emerging state institutions, to convince many members that they were threatened by the current regime. Initiatives to embrace radical ideology and actions have become dominant frameworks in the IM. The extent to which this radical ideology may develop is not only because of these institutional constraints, but also because of the absence of pragmatic-minded leaders who appealed with non-violence ideas to integrate Islamic agenda in institutional opportunities. [Tulisan ini membahas organisasi Islam yang cenderung menjadi radikal, studi kasus Ikhwan al-Muslimun (IM) dan pecahannya di Mesir, dengan mengulas secara organisasional historis disaat Islam politik tersebut mendapat rintangan ketika memasuki politik praktis. Pengalaman politik IM tahun 1950an dan 1960an saat dibawah rezim Nasser telah membawa ketidakpastian dan yang menyebabkan para aktifis menjauhi sikap moderat. Seorang Sayyid Qutb pun mengangkat ketakutan pada kekuasaan rezim Nasser untuk meyakinkan massa pada sebuah ancaman baru. Cara berpikir dan bertindak radikal telah menjadi pilihan yang dominan bagi anggota IM. Kesuburan paham radikal tersebut dimungkinkan karena tidak hanya adanya tekanan organisasional, tetapi juga tiadanya tokoh politik yang mendorong pendekatan non kekerasan dalam integrasikan agenda politik dengan peluang organisasioanal.]
Madurese Christian: In Search of Christian Identity within Muslim Society
Authors: Siddiq Akhmad
Published: June 2020

In many discussions and conversations with Muslim Madurese I often heard common belief that none of Madurese individuals embraces Christianity. They mostly conceive that almost one hundred percent of Madurese people are Muslim while Christian people living in Madura are generally non-Madurese. It might be right but the fact shows that some of the Madurese have embraced Christianity, besides Madurese Christian community in Sumber Pakem East Java which is practicing Christianity for more than four generations. The ignorance of Madurese Muslim toward Christian population, especially Madurese Christian in Madura, appear because of less interaction between Muslim and Christian on the one hand and social worries of Madurese Christians to express their identity on the other. This paper aims to describe the existence of Madurese Christians, examine how they survive inside and outside Madura island, and how they interact with Madurese Muslims. It also attempts to elucidate cultural connection between ethnicity (of Madurese) and religiosity (of Christian).[Dalam perlbagai diskusi dan perbincangan dengan orang Madura, seringkali terdengar pernyataan bahwa tidak ada orang Madura yang memeluk Kristen. Dipercaya bahwa 100 % orang Madura adalah muslim, sedangkan orang Kristen di Madura adalah bukan orang Madura. Hal ini mungkin benar, namun realitasnya berkata bahwa ada sekolompok orang Madura memeluk Kristen beberapa generasi dan tinggal di Sumber Pakem, Jawa Timur. Ketidaktahuan ini disebabkan oleh minimnya interaksi antara Madura muslim dan Kristen disatu sisi, dan di sisi yang lain karena adanya kegamangan kelompok Madura Kristen untuk menunjukkan identitasnya pada publik. Artikel ini menjelaskan keberadaan orang Madura Kristen dan bagaimana mempertahankannya dan berinteraksi dengan muslim, baik di dalam maupun luar Pulau Madura. Artikel ini juga mengeksplorasi hubungan kultural antara etnisitas (Madura) dengan agama (Kristen).]
The Qur’an, Woman and Nationalism In Indonesia: Ulama Perempuan’s Moral Movement
Authors: Kusmana Kusmana
Published: June 2020

This paper discusses how 'ulama perempuan' (Female Muslim woman clerics) use religious sources particularly, Qur’an, in their expression of moral movement as seen in media. It also contends that they try to make identity and sense of belonging by inviting themselves and others to participate in improving the wellbeing and cohesion of Indonesia as the nation. Using a descriptiveanalytic method, the study questions about the factors that have made it possible for some Indonesian ulama perempuan to propose a different view, and what do their movement represent in terms of nationalism? In answering them, the study relies its data on their recommendations both at KUPI (Kongres Ulama Perempuan Indonesia), April 25-27, 2017, Cirebon, West Java, and press release presented at Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta on March 1, 2018, as well as two other recommendations that follow. The study finds that 'ulama perempuan' have made an alternative voice using some of religious sources (the Qur’an) and secular ones through their moral movements in improving the status and role of women, the well beings of children, and environment sustainability. Their movement attracts other agents particularly that of media to magnify the voice and make the movement gear as strong alternative message of soft nationalism.[Artikel ini membahas tentang bagaimana ulama perempuan di Indonesia menggunakan sumber hukum, khususnya al Qur’an dalam aktifitas gerakan moral yang terlihat dalam media massa. Mereka juga mencoba menunjukkan identitas dan perasaan kepedulian dengan melibatkan diri dalam perbaikan keadaan dan kesatuan bangsa. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif analitis, tulisan ini mencoba menjawab pertanyaan mengenai factor-faktor yang membuat gerakan mereka memungkinkan untuk mengajukan pandangan alternatif dan merepresentasikan diri dalam wacana nasionalisme. Untuk menjelaskan hal tersebut, studi ini mendasarkan pada hasil rekomendasi mereka pada Kongres Ulama Perempuan Indonesia (KUPI) pertama di Cirebon tahun 2017 dan press release mereka di Masjid Istiqlal pada tanggal 1 Maret 2018, termasuk dua rekomendasi lain berikutnya. Artikel ini memberikan kesimpulan bahwa ulama perempuan mampu membuat pandangan alternatif dengan menggunakan sumber hukum Islam (al Qur’an) dan sumber lain melalui gerakan moral dalam mengangkat status dan peran perempuan, kesejahteraan anak-anak dan isu lingkungan yang berkelanjutan. Gerakan mereka juga menarik perhatian media untuk menguatkan pendapat dan gerakan mereka sebagai pesan alternatif dalam nasionalisme moderat.]
Eksistensi Agama Sakai dan Suku Siak dalam Mempertahankan Diri dari Transmigran dan Industrialisasi
Authors: Mardani Dede Aji
Published: June 2020

Agama Sakai merupakan agama asli Indonesia yang masih ada dan terawat sampai dengan sekarang. Namun keberadaannya telah mengalami distorsi dan penurunan pemeluknya salah satu yang menyebabkannya adalah migrasi orang orang dari luar Riau. Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk melihat lebih jelas fenomena yang terjadi dengan sesungguhnya. Agama Sakai merupakan salah satu dari Indeginious Religion yang ada di Indonesia keunikan dari agama ini meiiputi masalah ritus agamanya, dalam kekerabatan, kematian dan adanya antu. Karena adanya enkulturisasi agama dari jawa Yaitu Islam dan Kristen, maka keberagamaan mereka sedikit mengalami distorsi itulah salah satu faktor tentang eksistensi suku Siak, Bengkalis di Provinsi Riau. Selain itu Keberadaan Suku dan Agama asli Indonesia terancam punah adalah industrialisasi dan hegomoni konflik tanah serat konflik antara manusia dan gajah inilah yang menyebabkan konflik di Riau terjadi, Namun yang lebih penting bahwa tingkat kesejahteraan Suku Siak yang beragama Sakai tidak mengalami kenaikan meski kedua kapubaten tersebut merupakan penghasil sumber daya alam yaitu migas terbesar di Indonesia