bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Terms of trade during the first globalization: new evidence, new results
Authors: Chilosi David , Federico Giovanni , Tena-Junguito Antonio
Published: September 2022

By analyzing a new dataset of terms of trade covering the whole world during the “first globalization” (1800–1913), this article finds that trends of terms of trade varied significantly, both within the periphery and the core, and were mainly driven by import prices. Volatility declined because price spikes became less frequent and export prices became increasingly stable. We find little evidence of de-industrialization. Consistent with our trends, prices of primary products, similarly to those of manufactures, were falling and so was their volatility. These results sit uneasily with the view that terms of trade played a crucial role in holding back the development of peripheral countries before World War I.
BMI-CNV: a Bayesian framework for multiple genotyping platforms detection of copy number variants
Authors: Luo Xizhi , Cai Guoshuai , Mclain Alexander C , Amos Christopher I , Cai Bo , Xiao Feifei
Published: September 2022

Whole-exome sequencing (WES) enables the detection of copy number variants (CNVs) with high resolution in protein-coding regions. However, variants in the intergenic or intragenic regions are excluded from studies. Fortunately, many of these samples have been previously sequenced by other genotyping platforms which are sparse but cover a wide range of genomic regions, such as SNP array. Moreover, conventional single sample-based methods suffer from a high false discovery rate due to prominent data noise. Therefore, methods for integrating multiple genotyping platforms and multiple samples are highly demanded for improved copy number variant detection. We developed BMI-CNV, a Bayesian Multisample and Integrative CNV (BMI-CNV) profiling method with data sequenced by both whole-exome sequencing and microarray. For the multisample integration, we identify the shared copy number variants regions across samples using a Bayesian probit stick-breaking process model coupled with a Gaussian Mixture model estimation. With extensive simulations, BMI-copy number variant outperformed existing methods with improved accuracy. In the matched data from the 1000 Genomes Project and HapMap project data, BMI-CNV also accurately detected common variants and significantly enlarged the detection spectrum of whole-exome sequencing. Further application to the data from The Research of International Cancer of Lung consortium (TRICL) identified lung cancer risk variant candidates in 17q11.2, 1p36.12, 8q23.1, and 5q22.2 regions.
Outcomes in the treatment of aberrant subclavian arteries using the hybrid approach
Authors: Ben Ahmed Sabrina , Settembre Nicla , Touma Joseph , Brouat Anthony , Favre Jean-Pierre , Jean Baptiste Elixene , Chaufour Xavier , Rosset Eugenio ,   AURC (Association Universitaire pour la Recherche en Chirurgie) collaborators, Malikov Serguei , Desgranges Pascal , Cochennec Fréderic , Favre Jean-Pierre , Hassen-Khodja Reda , Sadaghianloo Nirvana , Berger Ludovic , Maurel Blandine , Du Mont Lucie Salomon , Rinckenbach Simon , Bartoli Michel , Lermusiaux Patrick , Millon Antoine , Coscas Raphael
Published: September 2022

Abstract and keywords

OBJECTIVES

Aberrant subclavian artery (ASCA) occurs rarely but is one of the most frequent anatomical variations of the supra-aortic trunks. No consensus has been established on its best treatment. The goal of this study was to report the outcomes of ASCA treated by the hybrid approach.

METHODS

This non-interventional retrospective multicentre analysis included patients treated for ASCA by the hybrid approach in 12 French university hospitals between 2007 and 2019. The hybrid approach was defined as an endovascular procedure combined with open surgery or a hybrid stent graft. Patients were divided in 4 groups (from less to more complex treatment). The primary end point was 30-day mortality. The secondary end points were 30-day complications and late mortality.

RESULTS

This study included 43 patients. The mean age was 65 (SD, standard deviation: 16) years. Symptoms were found in 33 patients. Subclavian revascularization combined with aberrant subclavian artery occlusion was undertaken in 13 patients. Unilateral and bilateral subclavian revascularization combined with a thoracic aortic stent graft was undertaken in 11 and 6 patients, respectively. Total aortic arch repair combined with a thoracic aortic stent graft was undertaken in 13 patients. Thirty-day mortality was 2.3% with a technical success rate of 95.3%. The 30-day major postoperative complication rate was 16.3%: 4 strokes, 2 tamponades, 1 acute respiratory distress syndrome. Mean follow-up was 56.3 (SD: 44.7) months. The late mortality was 18.6%.

CONCLUSIONS

The ASCA hybrid approach is feasible, safe and effective with low early mortality. Morbidity is rather high. However, it increases with the complexity of the hybrid approach, which should be kept as simple as possible if the anatomical morphology allows.
AORTLANTIC: French registry of aortic valve-sparing root replacement, preliminary multicentre results from western France
Authors: Dubost Clément , Tomasi Jacques , Ducroix Antoine , Pluchon Kevin , Escrig Pierre , Fouquet Olivier , Aupart Arthur , Mirza Alain , Fellah Imen , Bezon Eric , Baufreton Christophe , El Arid Jean Marc , Roussel Jean-Christian , Verhoye Jean-Philippe , Senage Thomas
Published: September 2022

OBJECTIVES

Aortic root aneurysms often affect younger patients in whom valve-sparing surgery is challenging. Among current techniques, aortic valve-sparing root replacement described by Tirone David has shown encouraging results. The AORTLANTIC registry was instituted for a multicentre long-term evaluation of this procedure. The current initial study evaluates the hospital outcomes of the procedure.

METHODS

This is a retrospective study of patients operated between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2020 in 6 hospitals in western France. All study data were recorded in the national digital database of the French Society of Cardiac Surgery: EPICARD.

RESULTS

A total of 524 consecutive patients with a mean age of 53 (15.1) years underwent surgery. 13% (n = 68) of patients presented with acute aortic dissection, 16.5% (n = 86) had associated connective tissue pathology and 7.3% (n = 37) had bicuspid aortic valves. Preoperative aortic regurgitation (AR) ≥2/4 was present in 65.3% (n = 341) of patients. Aortic valvuloplasty was required in 18.6% (n = 95) of patients. At discharge, 92.8% (n = 461) of patients had no or 1/4 AR. The stroke rate was 1.9% (n = 10). Intra-hospital mortality was 1.9% (n = 10).

CONCLUSIONS

The AORTLANTIC registry includes 6 centres in western France with >500 patients. Despite numerous complex cases (acute aortic dissections, bicuspid aortic valves, preoperative AR), aortic valve-sparing root replacement has a low intra-hospital mortality. The initial encouraging results of this multicentre study warrant further long-term evaluation by future studies.
Feedback of Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Care (FAPPC) trial: results of a real-world cluster randomized controlled trial in Scotland, UK
Authors: Marwick Charis A , Hossain Anower , Nogueira Rita , Sneddon Jacqueline , Kavanagh Kim , Bennie Marion , Seaton R Andrew , Guthrie Bruce , Malcolm William
Published: September 2022

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of general practice-level prescribing feedback on antibiotic prescribing in a real-world pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial

Methods

Three hundred and forty general practices in four territorial Health Boards in NHS Scotland were randomized in Quarter 1, 2016 to receive four quarterly antibiotic-prescribing feedback reports or not, from Quarter 2, 2016 to Quarter 1, 2017. Reports included different clinical topics, benchmarking against national and health board rates, and behavioural messaging with improvement actions. The primary outcome was total antibiotic prescribing rate. There were 16 secondary prescribing outcomes and 5 hospital admission outcomes (potential adverse effects of reduced prescribing). The main evaluation timepoint was 1 year after the final report (Quarter 1, 2018), with an additional evaluation in the quarter after the final report (Quarter 2, 2017). Routine administrative NHS data were used to generate the feedback reports and analyse the effects.

Results

Total antibiotic prescribing rates were lower at the main evaluation timepoint in both intervention (1.83 versus baseline 1.93 prescriptions/1000 patients/day) and control (1.90 versus baseline 1.98) practices, with no evidence of intervention effect [adjusted rate ratio (ARR) 0.98 (95% CI 0.94–1.02; P = 0.35)]. At the additional timepoint, adjusted total antibiotic prescribing rates were 1.67 and 1.73 prescriptions/1000 patients/day, with evidence of a small intervention effect, ARR 0.99 (0.98–1.00; P = 0.03).

Conclusions

This well-designed, practice-level antibiotic-prescribing feedback had limited evidence of additional effects in the context of decreasing antibiotic prescribing and an established national stewardship programme.
Are You Being Asked? Impacts of Respondent Selection on Measuring Employment in Malawi
Authors: Kilic Talip , Van den Broeck Goedele , Koolwal Gayatri , Moylan Heather
Published: September 2022

Accurate estimates of men's and women's employment are necessary for understanding sources of productivity and growth and designing well-targeted, gender-sensitive labour policies. This paper aims to address a key question—how respondent selection in household and labour force surveys affects these estimates—by leveraging two concurrent national surveys in Malawi that relied on the same questionnaire and field teams but differed in their approach to respondent selection. As compared with direct and private interviews with respondents, the ‘business-as-usual’ approach that allows for proxy reporting when targeted respondents are not available, as well as a mix of other standard survey approaches often used under time and resource constraints, is associated with significantly lower reporting of employment across a range of wage and self-employment activities. Although the effects are seemingly limited in absolute terms, they are quite large in relative terms, vis-à-vis the average participation rates and they tend to be more pronounced for women respondents and concerning questions with longer/12-month recall periods. The analysis also examines how household wealth, proxy reporting and difficulties associated with interpreting questions may be linked to lower reporting in the business-as-usual approach, and which can be examined in future methodological experimentation.
Medical informatics and climate change: a framework for modeling green healthcare solutions
Authors: Sijm-Eeken Marieke E , Arkenaar Welmoed , Jaspers Monique W , Peute Linda W
Published: September 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to develop a theory-based framework to enhance and accelerate development, selection, and implementation of solutions mitigating the climate impact of healthcare organizations.

Materials and Methods

Existing frameworks were combined to develop the Green-MIssion (Medical Informatics Solutions) framework. It was further developed and refined by mapping solutions from project plans and reviewing it with an expert panel.

Results

The framework classifies solutions into three categories: (1) monitor and measure environmental impact of a healthcare setting; (2) help create and increase awareness among employees and patients; and (3) interventions to reduce environmental impacts.

Discussion and Conclusion

The framework combines concepts from healthcare information technology and environmental sciences and can be used to structure green medical informatics solutions for different healthcare settings. Furthermore, research should evaluate its application for measuring and assessing the impact of green medical informatics solutions on environmental sustainability and climate resilience.
DNA methylation profile in CpG-depleted regions uncovers a high-risk subtype of early-stage colorectal cancer
Authors: Yu Huichuan , Wang Xiaolin , Bai Liangliang , Tang Guannan , Carter Kelly T , Cui Ji , Huang Pinzhu , Liang Li , Ding Yanqing , Cai Muyan , Huang Meijin , Liu Huanliang , Cao Guangwen , Gallinger Steven , Pai Rish K , Buchanan Daniel D , Win Aung Ko , Newcomb Polly A , Wang Jianping , Grady William M , Luo Yanxin
Published: September 2022

Background

The current risk stratification system defined by clinicopathological features does not identify the risk of recurrence in early-stage (stage I-II) colorectal cancer (CRC) with sufficient accuracy. We aimed to investigate whether DNA methylation could serve as a novel biomarker for predicting prognosis in early-stage CRC patients.

Methods

We analyzed the genome-wide methylation status of CpG loci using Infinium MethylationEPIC array run on primary tumor tissues and normal mucosa of early-stage CRC patients to identify potential methylation markers for prognosis. The machine-learning approach was applied to construct a DNA methylation–based prognostic classifier for early-stage CRC (MePEC) using the 4 gene methylation markers FAT3, KAZN, TLE4, and DUSP3. The prognostic value of the classifier was evaluated in 2 independent cohorts (n = 438 and 359, respectively).

Results

The comprehensive analysis identified an epigenetic subtype with high risk of recurrence based on a group of CpG loci in the CpG-depleted region. In multivariable analysis, the MePEC classifier was independently and statistically significantly associated with time to recurrence in validation cohort 1 (hazard ratio = 2.35, 95% confidence interval = 1.47 to 3.76, P < .001) and cohort 2 (hazard ratio = 3.20, 95% confidence interval = 1.92 to 5.33, P < .001). All results were further confirmed after each cohort was stratified by clinicopathological variables and molecular subtypes.

Conclusions

We demonstrated the prognostic statistical significance of a DNA methylation profile in the CpG-depleted region, which may serve as a valuable source for tumor biomarkers. MePEC could identify an epigenetic subtype with high risk of recurrence and improve the prognostic accuracy of current clinical variables in early-stage CRC.
The Unequal Distribution of Consequences of Contracting Out: Female, Low-skilled, and Young Workers Pay the Highest Price
Authors: Egede Hansen Gustav , Bel Germà , Helby Petersen Ole
Published: September 2022

While the public and private labor markets are marked by significant differences in the institutions of wage formation, very few studies have examined workers’ wages and employment in the public and private sectors when solving the same tasks. Focusing on government contracting out, we examine the changes in work income, employment, and government income benefits when public workers are transferred from a public to a private employer due to contracting out. Drawing on theories on wage gaps between the public and private sectors and the property rights literature, we develop novel hypotheses about how individual characteristics of workers moderate the impact of contracting out on workers. Using high-quality individual-level Danish register data, we establish a worker treatment group who experienced contracting out and match them with a similar group of public workers who did not. Difference-in-difference estimation with coarsened exact matching suggests that workers overall experience a significant decline in work income and employment, albeit with major intergroup differences across gender, skills, and age. Our sub-group findings show that female, low-skilled, and younger workers pay the highest price for government contracting out, both in terms of salaries and employment. We discuss how economic theories of public‒private gaps in wage setting can be combined with public administration theories of contract design and monitoring to develop improved—and possibly more equitable—conditions for workers when governments contract out.
Multiple gallstones causing ileus twenty years after cholecystectomy
Authors: Petrillo Peter , Green Donald , Haag Susan , Kepros John
Published: September 2022

Gallstone ileus is an important form of small bowel obstruction that occurs in less than 0.5% of patients who present with obstruction. A biliary enteric fistula that evolves in the setting of chronic cholecystitis may allow the passage of a large gallstone into the gastrointestinal tract distal to the common duct. A single stone that is sufficient in size (at least 2–2.5 cm diameter) may then create a mechanical obstruction, most often at the ileocecal valve or the terminal ileum where the intestinal lumen narrows, and where peristalsis is less robust. We present an unusual case of gallstone ileus in a patient whose obstruction was caused by not one, but seven individual gallstones, collectively restricted in the jejunum at the point of a previous anastomosis and occurring twenty years after cholecystectomy.
Decoding liver fibrogenesis with single-cell technologies
Authors: Zhou Tingting , Kiran Musunuru , Lui Kathy O , Ding Qiurong
Published: September 2022

Liver fibrogenesis is a highly dynamic and complex process that drives the progression of chronic liver disease toward liver failure and end-stage liver diseases. Despite decades of intense studies, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying liver fibrogenesis remain elusive, and no approved therapies to treat liver fibrosis are currently available. The rapid development of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies allows the characterization of cellular alterations under healthy and diseased conditions at an unprecedented resolution. In this Review, we discuss how the scRNA-seq studies are transforming our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of liver fibrosis. We specifically emphasize discoveries on disease-relevant cell subpopulations, molecular events, and cell interactions on cell types including hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, myofibroblasts, and macrophages. These discoveries have uncovered critical pathophysiological changes during liver fibrogenesis. Further efforts are urged to fully understand the functional contributions of these changes to liver fibrogenesis, and to translate the new knowledge into effective therapeutic approaches.
Optical variability of the very radio-loud narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxy, 1H 0323+342
Authors: Turner Clay S , Miller Hugh R , Maune Jeremy D , Eggen Joseph R
Published: September 2022

1H 0323+342 is optically one of the nearest and brightest very radio-loud narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxies (vRL NLSy1). It is also one of the first vRL NLSy1s detected at gamma-ray energies by the Fermi-LAT. We report the results of monitoring the optical flux of 1H 0323+342 during more than six and a half years. In some cases, we, for the first time, simultaneously use two telescopes to monitor the optical flux of 1H 0323+342 on time-scales ranging from minutes to hours, demonstrating the reality of low amplitude microvariability whole events with durations of a few hours for this object. Based on the present results, as well as those of earlier studies, we suggest that this represents a fundamental time-scale associated with the underlying source region We also present an enhancement of Howell’s comparison star method for detecting microvariability.
Phase-dependent cyclotron line feature in XTE J1946 + 274: a NuSTAR view
Authors: Devaraj Ashwin , Paul Biswajit
Published: September 2022

We report the results from a timing and spectral analysis of the Be/X-ray binary, XTE J1946 + 274 which underwent a Type II outburst in June 2018 and was observed with NuSTAR at a flux of ∼2.8 × 10−9 erg cm−2 s−1. The spectrum was described well with HighEC, NPEX, FDcut, and the CompTT models for the continuum. A cyclotron line is detected at ∼37.7 keV independent of the choice of the continuum model, confirming the previous detections. The pulse profile shows strong energy dependence with a double-peaked structure at low energies while evolving into a single-peaked structure at higher energies. Though the cyclotron line is detected in the phase-average spectra, from the phase-resolved analysis we find that it is unambiguously detected in only ∼50 per cent of the phases, where the second pulse peak disappears. In the remaining pulse phase, we find marginal evidence for the presence of a weak line at 36.5 keV. The cyclotron line centroid remains fairly constant with phase in the second peak but a significant variation of the Cyclotron Resonance Scattering Feature's depth with the pulse phase is evident. We compile the results from the previously published literature on this source and find that XTE J1946 + 274 has been observed over the flux range of ∼0.4–7.3 × 10−9 erg cm−2 s−1. Although there is no clear variation between the cyclotron line energy with luminosity, it is among a handful of the sources that have been observed over such a wide range of fluxes and may contain, within this range, the critical luminosity.
Robust parameter estimation from pulsar timing data
Authors: Samajdar A , Shaifullah G M , Sesana A , Antoniadis J , Burgay M , Chen S , Cognard I , Guillemot L , Kramer M , McKee J W , Mickaliger M B , Theureau G , Van der Wateren E
Published: September 2022

Recently, global pulsar timing arrays have released results from searching for a nano-Hertz gravitational wave background signal. Although there has not been any definite evidence of the presence of such a signal in residuals of pulsar timing data yet, with more and improved data in future, a statistically significant detection is expected to be made. Stochastic algorithms are used to sample a very large parameter space to infer results from data. In this paper, we attempt to rule out effects arising from the stochasticity of the sampler in the inference process. We compare different configurations of nested samplers and the more commonly used markov chain monte carlo method to sample the pulsar timing array parameter space and account for times taken by the different samplers on same data. Although we obtain consistent results on parameters from different sampling algorithms, we propose two different samplers for robustness checks on data in the future to account for cross-checks between sampling methods as well as realistic run-times.
A new method for finding nearby white dwarfs exoplanets and detecting biosignatures
Authors: Limbach Mary Anne , Vanderburg Andrew , Stevenson Kevin B , Blouin Simon , Morley Caroline , Lustig-Yaeger Jacob , Soares-Furtado Melinda , Janson Markus
Published: September 2022

We demonstrate that the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) can detect infrared (IR) excess from the blended light spectral energy distribution of spatially unresolved terrestrial exoplanets orbiting nearby white dwarfs. We find that JWST is capable of detecting warm (habitable-zone; Teq = 287 K) Earths or super-Earths and hot (400–1000 K) Mercury analogues in the blended light spectrum around the nearest 15 isolated white dwarfs with 10 h of integration per target using MIRI’s medium-resolution spectrograph (MRS). Further, these observations constrain the presence of a CO2-dominated atmosphere on these planets. The technique is nearly insensitive to system inclination, and thus observation of even a small sample of white dwarfs could place strong limits on the occurrence rates of warm terrestrial exoplanets around white dwarfs in the solar neighbourhood. We find that JWST can also detect exceptionally cold (100–150 K) Jupiter-sized exoplanets via MIRI broad-band imaging at $\lambda = 21\, \mathrm{\mu m}$ for the 34 nearest (<13 pc) solitary white dwarfs with 2 h of integration time per target. Using IR excess to detect thermal variations with orbital phase or spectral absorption features within the atmosphere, both of which are possible with long-baseline MRS observations, would confirm candidates as actual exoplanets. Assuming an Earth-like atmospheric composition, we find that the detection of the biosignature pair O3+CH4 is possible for all habitable-zone Earths (within 6.5 pc; six white dwarf systems) or super-Earths (within 10 pc; 17 systems) orbiting white dwarfs with only 5–36 h of integration using MIRI’s low-resolution spectrometer.
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 regulates SHH-subgroup medulloblastoma progression
Authors: Wynn Daniel T , Rodriguez-Blanco Jezabel , Long Jun , Yang Fan , Shen Chen , Fei Dennis , Tang Hsin-Yao , Hanson Derek , Robbins David J
Published: September 2022

Background

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common pediatric brain tumor. Although standard-of-care treatment generally results in good prognosis, many patients exhibit treatment-associated lifelong disabilities. This outcome could be improved by employing therapies targeting the molecular drivers of this cancer. Attempts to do so in the SONIC HEDGEHOG MB subgroup (SHH-MB) have largely focused on the SHH pathway’s principal activator, smoothened (SMO). While inhibitors targeting SMO have shown clinical efficacy, recurrence and resistance are frequently noted, likely resulting from mutations in or downstream of SMO. Therefore, identification of novel SHH regulators that act on the pathway’s terminal effectors could be used to overcome or prevent such recurrence. We hypothesized that protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is one such regulator and investigated its role and potential targeting in SHH-MB.

Methods

PRMT5 expression in SHH-MB was first evaluated. Knockdown and pharmacological inhibitors of PRMT5 were used in SHH-MB sphere cultures to determine its effect on viability and SHH signaling. GLI1 arginine methylation was then characterized in primary SHH-MB tissue using LC–MS/MS. Finally, PRMT5 inhibitor efficacy was evaluated in vivo.

Results

PRMT5 is overexpressed in SHH-MB tissue. Furthermore, SHH-MB viability and SHH activity is dependent on PRMT5. We found that GLI1 isolated from SHH-MB tissues is highly methylated, including three PRMT5 sites that affect SHH-MB cell viability. Importantly, tumor growth is decreased and survival increased in mice given PRMT5 inhibitor.

Conclusions

PRMT5 is a requisite driver of SHH-MB that regulates tumor progression. A clinically relevant PRMT5 inhibitor represents a promising candidate drug for SHH-MB therapy.
W. E. B. Du Bois as Scholar-Activist and Public Intellectual
Authors: Franklin V. P.
Published: September 2022

W. E. B. Du Bois went from celebrated young scholar in the late 1890s to prominent scholar-activist in 1905 and to nationally and internationally known public intellectual by 1920. He was recognized as an outstanding scholar in the late 1890s with the publication of The Suppression of the Atlantic Slave Trade to the United States, 1638–1870 (1895); The Philadelphia Negro (1899), and his editorship of Atlanta University Studies, beginning in 1897. With the publication of The Souls of Black Folk in 1903 and the founding of the Niagara Movement in 1905, Du Bois became a cultural worker and scholar-activist seeking to counter the enormous influence of Booker T. Washington and his “Tuskegee Machine” on African American social and political affairs. Following his acceptance of the editorship of the NAACP’s Crisis in 1909, Du Bois became a leading public intellectual offering his perspectives and critiques of historical and contemporary events “along the color line.”
Tiny People and Glaciers
Authors: Hall Þorbjörg Daphne , Cannady Kimberly
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines narratives of Icelandicness in contemporary popular music, with a focus on the Sugarcubes, Björk, and Sigur Rós. These narratives are informed by local historical and contemporary contexts, and external stereotypes of Icelanders that have been around for centuries. The authors explore narratives of Icelandic popular music that often focus on simplified connections between music, nature, and folklore. Through qualitative research, including ethnography, this chapter explores how artists make sense of “borealist” imagery of Iceland that offers a divisive opportunity for unique branding and the embrace of “cool capitalism” in the popular music realm. Musicians simultaneously strengthen these connections through their artistic processes, but they also actively try to work against them when such imagery is seen as more limiting than beneficial. Through this material, this chapter offers a locally grounded perspective on how Icelandic artists negotiate these associations between popular music, place, and marketing.
How to Get What You Want to Know and Know What You’ve
Gotten in Research
Authors: Barnartt Sharon N. , Altman Barbara M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter begins with a discussion of how measurement differs from methodology, before reviewing historical types of measurement, and discussing how different models of disability inform measurement. The chapter uses developments in the measurement of disability in the US Census as a case study for discussing how official measures often change, and the implications of these changes. It then provides an overview of contemporary models of disability, including diagnostically based models, the medical model, deviance model, social models, minority group models, cultural models, social structural models, environmentally based models, and others (legal, identity/advocacy-based, and architectural). It concludes by discussing the implications of different models for data collection, data analysis, and the interpretation of results.
John Locke and Rhetoric
Authors: Shanks Torrey
Published: September 2022

Recognizing the centrality of judgment to John Locke’s political thought highlights his ambivalent relationship to rhetoric. While sometimes critical of rhetoric as manipulative and distorting, he is deeply attuned to the power of persuasion over individuals and polities, in positive and negative ways. An important, but neglected, aspect of his Two Treatises of Government is a creative refiguring of the politically influential doctrine of patriarchalism. While challenging the rhetoric of this absolutist doctrine as deceptive, Locke depends on ingenious rhetoric to lead readers to see absolutism in a new light. His political critique depends in indispensable ways on figural language as well as vivid examples and narratives. Fully understanding Locke’s political critique demands that we take stock of the way that his rhetoric pluralizes and decenters the unitary, timeless figure of sovereignty and proprietorship advanced by adherents of the divine right of kings in order to inaugurate alternative political possibilities.
Scelsi’s Pfhat
Authors: Leydon Rebecca
Published: September 2022

Timbre is the aspect of sound that enables listeners to link it with material objects and physical processes. Dennis Smalley’s term “source bonding” sums up this tendency to link timbral features directly to their material origins. Spectral features of harmonicity, attack, and spectral flux encode the physical qualities of sources—real or imagined—and of actions such as striking, flexing, and splintering. In this essay I imagine the shimmering orchestral surface of Giacinto Scelsi’s Pfhat as a window onto a virtual materiality—in particular, the monumental ruins of the Forum Romanum. The work’s many composite timbres are categorized by their degrees of durability: “sturdy” timbres, such as those produced by struck metallophones and the steady-state quality of the organ’s pitches, contrast with pliable and ephemeral timbres such as the choral voices and modified brass instruments. The former are mapped to enduring weight-bearing structures, such as the surviving columns of the temple of Castor and Pollux, visible from Scelsi’s studio, while the latter are imagined as the ghostly afterimages of architectural features that once existed but which have collapsed or weathered away over time. Drawing on texts of Freud, Pierre Jouve, and recent writings on acoustics and ecological hearing, I approach this music as an auditory hallucination of monumental architecture as it exists across time and in various stages of construction and decay.
Audiovisual Rhythm and Its Spectator
Authors: Warner Rick
Published: September 2022

How does cinema work as a fundamentally rhythmic medium? What aesthetic elements make up a film’s unfolding rhythms, and how do they impact the embodied viewer-listener? This chapter expands on received theories by focusing on multisensory cinematic rhythms and their affective and atmospheric operations. Drawing on a range of theorists and practitioners (Jean Epstein, Sergei Eisenstein, Jean Mitry, Robert Bresson, Jennifer Barker, and Michel Chion), this chapter argues for a conception of audiovisual rhythm that turns on the repetition of motifs across multiple scenes. Barry Jenkins’s Moonlight figures as the central case study, as audiovisual rhythm is shown to crucially inform the film’s immersive sensory address to the audience as well as the film’s social and political themes.
Film Theory and Machine Vision
Authors: Somaini Antonio
Published: September 2022

The history of visual cultures is periodically marked by the appearance of new images and technologies of vision, images that introduce new forms of representation, and technologies that introduce new ways of seeing, extending, and reorganizing the field of the visible. In some cases, such changes produce only marginal transformations, whereas in others the transformations are vast, tectonic shifts. This is what is happening today with three phenomena that deserve our closest attention: the new technologies of machine vision based on artificial neural networks; the presence on the internet of trillions of images that are machine-readable, in the sense that they can be processed and analyzed by technologies of machine vision; and the genuinely new types of images that may be produced through processes of machine learning. The chapter will analyze these three phenomena and their various aesthetic, epistemological, and political implications from the perspective of film theory.
On the Impersonality of Experience
Authors: Richmond Scott C.
Published: September 2022

Accounts of the fates of film theory after 1970 often, rightly, articulate a rupture between psychoanalytic film theory and its successors, especially the “turn to affect.” This chapter describes, across this rupture, a shared intellectual problem that animates both: that of the impersonality of experience. This chapter narrates the shift (paraphrasing Eugenie Brinkema) from the episteme of the spectator to the episteme of affect by focusing on how impersonality structures both. In so doing, it emphasizes film theory’s basic project of sorting out what is personal and impersonal in our encounters with cinema; part of this project involves developing vocabulary to describe and theorize about the technical articulations and intimate structures of our horizons of experience. The history of film theory—the history of how we speak to one another about what is meaningful in movies and our experiences of them—is, then, one expression of the history of experience. Film theory both in its psychoanalytical phase and its subsequent turn toward affect remains a crucial intellectual inheritance and scholarly practice for reckoning with our present and the ways technical media structure our experience. In other words, the history of film theory since 1970 can be usefully understood as a series of schemes for articulating the intimate impersonality of our relations to technology. It is thus also a history of ways of articulating the political import of what’s personal and impersonal about experience in the cinema, and our experience with technical media more broadly.
Those Who Have
Authors: Rhodes John David
Published: September 2022

Across the history of film theory, many theorists of cinema have agreed that it is better to think of cinema as a category—of production and reception—that displaces the person, or displaces, at least, any personal, individualizing sense of the person. Looked at from one angle, the history of film theory looks like an ongoing dialogue about the ability of cinema, as a medium (when used correctly) to decenter and defamiliarize the experience of sovereign personhood. Claims about cinema’s ability to produce an experience of depersonalization are bound up with theorists’ fascination with cinematic indexical automatism. From debates in Soviet film theory to Maya Deren to the realist film theories associated with Bazin and Kracauer, film theory seems to be enthralled by a modernist sensibility—one that is contemporaneous with cinema’s emergence—best encapsulated by T. S. Eliot’s famous declaration in his “Tradition and the Individual Talent” that “Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality.” Claims for impersonality often intersect with or ground claims for cinema’s radical ethical and political potential, especially its promise to usher in new aesthetic, cognitive, and epistemological experiences that are ontologically possible only through the medium of the photographic moving image.
Theory for the Masses; or, Toward a Vernacular Criticism
Authors: Isenberg Noah
Published: September 2022

This chapter takes as its point of departure Miriam Hansen’s evocative notion of the “vernacular” as a means of understanding a kind of film writing, from the 1920s up to the present, which is on a deeper, more structural level theoretical—that is, marked by a rigorous, sustained engagement with cinema—but also, in terms of the language in which the ideas are presented, is aimed at a mass audience. We begin with the pioneering film critics from Weimar Germany, Lotte Eisner and Siegfried Kracauer, and trace this line of inquiry through the American scene at mid-century, focusing on critics like Barbara Deming, Robert Warshow, Parker Tyler, and others. The chapter seeks at the same time to bridge the otherwise seemingly insurmountable divide between theory and criticism, between academic discourse and journalism, even between print and electronic media, by tracking the debate through the more recent writings of Susan Sontag and Dave Kehr up to Manohla Dargis, A. O. Scott, and Girish Shambu. In other respects, the chapter serves as a wide-ranging reappraisal of the “vernacular” and its enduring appeal not only as a useful heuristic tool for grasping the films of classical Hollywood but, more broadly, for dissecting the writing on film and media from the 1920s until now.
Research during Pandemics and Epidemics
Authors: Eyal Nir
Published: September 2022

This chapter is an introduction to the ethics of research during pandemics and epidemics. It quickly relays multiple ethical questions in pandemic and epidemic research, such as whether (placebo-controlled) randomized controlled trials for countermeasures against novel infections for which no alternate countermeasure exists are ethical, whether testing in a disaster zone a countermeasure that will only help patients elsewhere or in future outbreaks is ever ethical, and whether international organizations should put pressure on nations to share information and tissue to promote the development of countermeasures against pandemics and epidemics. The chapter then focuses on one normative question, the ethics of human challenge trials for vaccines to fight novel infections, as this question played out in COVID-19 but also with a view to how much human challenge trials should be used in future pandemics.
Theory and Research on Asymmetric Frontal Cortical Activity as Assessed by EEG Frequency Analyses
Authors: Harmon-Jones Eddie , Popp Taylor , Gable Philip A.
Published: September 2022

This chapter reviews research on asymmetric EEG alpha power over frontal cortical regions. After providing a brief review of the historical use of alpha power and its usefulness for examining cortical activity, the chapter then looks at more recent evidence linking asymmetric alpha power over the frontal cortical regions to other physiological measures that suggest neural and neurochemical underpinnings of asymmetric alpha power. The chapter also explores the relationship of asymmetric frontal alpha power to emotional and motivational processes and the types of research paradigms used in these investigations (e.g., responses to state manipulations, resting baseline activity); it also covers both basic and applied research (e.g., clinical applications, neurofeedback). It looks at methodological concerns associated with the recording, analysis, and interpretation of asymmetric frontal alpha power. It ends with a discussion of the advantages of using this measure as compared to others and it will also suggest some future research directions.
From Neural Oscillations to Cognitive Processes
Authors: Keil Andreas , Thigpen Nina
Published: September 2022

This chapter defines and characterizes neural oscillations in the context of cognitive, affective, and motor processes. First, we discuss the neurophysiology of neural oscillations at different spatial and temporal scales. We then review extant conceptual and mechanistic models, which link different brain oscillations to each other, and to behavioral/cognitive processes. The chapter then considers examples of empirical research and focuses on oscillatory brain activity that appears in macroscopic (large-scale) recordings such as EEG or MEG. Typical findings and standard interpretations of changes in oscillatory power or phase are discussed in the context of these examples. In conclusion, it proposes elements of an integrative framework of oscillatory brain activity to assist researchers in the planning and interpretation of studies of large-scale neural oscillations.
Undefining Music Therapist
Authors: Gilbertson Simon K.
Published: September 2022

This chapter is a pluriform work consisting of a stage play with integrated endnotes, reflection, and video projection. An introduction explains how the work can be used for study and educational purposes highlighting the domains of gender and sexual preference, identity, performative ontology, multiplicity, and partial perspectives. The characters A and B and CHORUS struggle through harsh antagonistic and oppositional interactions that problematize the defining/undefining of music therapy and music therapists. The work does not shy away from the pain of discrimination, systemic power, criminalization, or personal crisis. In place of a harmonious resolution, A and B join in reciting a manifesto for further learning, something that which was impossible at the outset. The chapter concludes with a series of reflections that contextualize the stage play in relation to selected life experiences and the resulting commitment to queering music therapy.
The Afro-Latin American Novel and the Novel about Afro-Latin Americans
Authors: Luis William
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses authors who write about Afro-Latin Americans and Afro-Latin Americans who write about people of African descent. The title reflects a cultural norm that groups all writers under a national category and considers a contemporary trend to support authors of African descent to tell their own stories. The essay beings with the Cuban antislavery narrative; it situates the enslaved poet Juan Francisco Manzano, the first and only enslaved in Latin America to write his Autobiografía, as a central pillar. It continues with an analysis of the most important white and black authors in the various countries with significant black populations in Spanish America and Spanish descendants in the United States. The study presents, analyzes, and problematizes the two perspectives mentioned in the title and how early white authors were the first to write about the black protagonist. Black authors offered a different and more personal outlook. But even so, some of them supported a national discourse that moves away from a black or African based cultural view, epitomized by the mulatto. The United States is home to the second-largest Spanish-speaking population in the world, and it also produces a literature by and about Hispanics in Spanish and with Latinx in English. Starting in the nineteenth century, writers living in the United States wrote about enslaved people of their country of origin and considers that this other geographic space is also present in their works. It concludes with how Latinx authors, those born or raised in the United States, write about the culture of their parents and the one of their new homelands, and how Afro-Latinx authors negotiate African cultural and religious spaces and contribute to a hybrid, twenty-first century literature.
Inhabiting Reality
Authors: Joslin Katherine
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks at Jane Addams as a major literary figure at the turn into the twentieth century. She was born into a generation of writers, including Edith Wharton and Theodore Roosevelt, who came of age amid social and literary turmoil at the turn into the twentieth century. In constructing Hull House, Addams brought writers into the fold, including Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Ida Tarbell, and Zona Gale. She encouraged drama at Hull House, talking with William Butler Yeats about the long memory of stories in the lives of ordinary people around her in Chicago. The first writer she visited was Leo Tolstoy, who was caught, as she was, between imaginative prose and social admonition. When Addams put pen to paper, she could not help but tell stories as she rebelled against the disciplinary styles emerging around her in academia. She inhabited reality by giving voice to people from the streets around her and telling stories that the common reader wanted to hear. She wrote ten books, three collaborations, and hundreds of articles and speeches and thousands of letters that are a joy to read. The Papers Project at Hull House, a long labor to preserve her voice for us to read unfiltered, is now being digitized at http://janeaddams.ramapo.edu. We can all come to know Jane Addams as we listen in the twenty-first century to a voice as modern as our own.
Jane Addams
Authors: Burnier DeLysa
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines Jane Addams’s care-centered approach to leadership and administration. Addams believed that government’s “ultimate purpose” was to secure the welfare of the people. Addams came to understand that caring for one another must define social relations with the political community if democracy is to have genuine meaning and substance for all citizens. This chapter examines the central elements that comprise Addams’s care-centered approach to leading and managing, her vision of a democratic community focused on care and social justice, and her process of collective democratic problem-solving driven by sympathetic understanding and affectionate interpretation. The chapter then examines the problematic marketization of care and community under neoliberalism and concludes by arguing for the need today to adopt Addams’s democratic perspective on care and community if all citizens are to enjoy a decent life.
Future Directions of Contextual Behavioral Science
Authors: Wicksell Rikard K. , Törneke Niklas , McCracken Lance M. , Bricker Jonathan B. , Murrell Amy R. , Masuda Akihiko , Biglan Anthony
Published: September 2022

This article reflects on future directions within the field of contextual behavioral science (CBS), focusing on (1) refinement of the theory of CBS and implications for clinical practice; (2) methodological aspects, particularly the utility of individual-level analyses for understanding change processes and customized interventions; (3) how digital resources can be utilized to improve research and clinical interventions, including accessibility to empirically supported treatments; (4) how a systems-oriented approach can improve the ability to address complex problems in, for example, young individuals and their families; (5) why and how dissemination across cultural contexts is an important area of development; and (6) how CBS can be used at a societal level to promote public health, including policymaking and key research studies. It is hoped that directing attention to key challenges and opportunities will inspire other researchers, Finally, suggestions are offered on how to develop the field to gain further knowledge, improve methods, increase evidence, and, ultimately, promote health and well-being.