bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation of Skin Surface pH, Sebum Content and Stratum Corneum Hydration with Age and Gender in a Large Chinese Population
Authors: Man M.Q. , Xin S.J. , Song S.P. , Cho S.Y. , Zhang X.J. , Tu C.X. , Feingold K.R. , Elias P.M.
Published: July 2009

Background and Objectives: Evidence suggests the importance of skin biophysical properties in predicting diseases and in developing appropriate skin care. The results to date of studies on skin surface pH, stratum corneum (SC) hydration and sebum content in both genders and at various ages have been inconclusive, which was in part due to small sample size. Additionally, little is known about the skin physical properties of Asian, especially Chinese, subjects. In the present study, we assess the difference in skin surface pH, sebum content and SC hydration at various ages and in both genders in a large Chinese population without skin diseases. Methods: 713 subjects (328 males and 385 females) aged 0.5–94 years were enrolled in this study. The subjects were divided by age into 5 groups, i.e., 0–12, 13–35, 36–50, 51–70 and over 70 years old. A multifunctional skin physiology monitor was used to measure SC hydration, skin surface pH and sebum content on both the forehead and the forearms. Results: In males, the highest sebum content was found on the forearm and the forehead in the age groups 36–50 (93.47 ± 10.01 μg/cm2) and 51–70 years (9.16 ± 1.95 μg/cm2), while in females, the highest sebum content was found on the forearm and the forehead in the age groups 13–35 (61.91 ± 6.12 μg/cm2) and 51–70 years (7.54 ± 2.55 μg/cm2). The forehead sebum content was higher in males aged 13–70 years than in age-matched females; the sebum content on the forehead in both males and females was higher than that on the forearm. Skin surface pH on the forehead of both males and females over the age of 70 years was higher than that in younger groups. SC hydration on the forehead in both males and females was lower above the age of 70, and the one in males aged 13–35 was higher than that in females (43.99 ± 1.88 vs. 36.38 ± 1.67 AU, p < 0.01). SC hydration on the forehead in both males and females did not significantly differ from that on the forearm. Conclusions: In a large Chinese cohort, the skin surface pH, sebum content and SC hydration vary with age, gender and body site.
Simultaneous Characterization of Oxygen Transport into and through Porcine Skin Exposed to Oxygen-Saturated Water
Authors: Atrux-Tallau N. , Le T.H.B. , Denis A. , Padois K. , Zahouani H. , Haftek M. , Falson F. , Pirot F.
Published: July 2009

Oxygen delivery to the skin is a promising approach for treatment of dermatological diseases (e.g. ischemic wound healing). However, characterization of oxygen transport into and through the skin exposed to oxygen carrier formulations has not been reported. In the present study, we developed an original lab-made static diffusion cell mounted with porcine skin enabling the assessment of oxygen uptake into the skin (i.e., oxygen penetration) and passage through the skin (i.e., oxygen permeation). Oxygen penetration and permeation were recorded by using an optical probe implanted into the skin tissue and a Clark-type electrode plunged into the receptor solution of the diffusion cells. Permeability parameters (i.e., maximal and steady-state flux; permeability coefficient) of oxygen were determined after a 2-hour application of oxygen-saturated water to either the skin surface (exogenous delivery) or the dermis (endogenous delivery). Similar experiments were performed by using intact or stripped skin in order to appreciate the role of the stratum corneum as oxygen barrier. Exogenous delivery of oxygen to skin tissue was found more effective than endogenous delivery through intact and stripped skin. However, exogenous oxygen permeation was found smaller than that determined from endogenous delivery. The upper layers of the skin would constitute a potential oxygen reservoir created by the high solubility of oxygen in epidermal lipids. Therefore, oxygen carrier formulations might significantly improve the oxygen status in the skin for further biological effects.
Decreased Cutaneous Resonance Running Time in Cured Leprosy Subjects
Authors: Song S.P. , Elias P.M. , Lv C.Z. , Shi Y.J. , Guang P. , Zhang X.J. , Feingold K.R. , Man M.Q.
Published: July 2009

Background/Objectives: Leprosy prominently involves both the skin and peripheral neural tissues and some symptoms persist after microbial cure. Because alterations in the dermis also occur in leprosy, we assessed here whether there were changes in cutaneous resonance running time (CRRT), a parameter that is influenced by collagen properties, in cured leprosy subjects. Methods: A reviscometer was used to measure the CRRT at various directions on the dorsal hand and the flexural forearms of 76 cured leprosy subjects aged 50–85 years and 68 age-matched normal subjects. Results: In comparison to normal subjects, CRRTs on the hands and the forearms were significantly reduced in all directions in cured leprosy, except at the 1–7, 2–8 and 3–9 o’clock directions on the forearms. CRRTs were reduced significantly at both the 4–10 and 5–11 o’clock directions on the forearm in lepromatous (73.33 ± 4.19 at 4–10 o’clock and 67.44 ± 2.71 at 5–11 o’clock direction) and borderline lepromatous types (77.58 ± 5.84 at 4–10 o’clock and 79.85 ± 6.81 at 5–11 o’clock direction) as compared with normal (143.10 ± 7.75 at 4–10 o’clock and 125.18 ± 8.14 at 5–11 o’clock direction). On the hand, CRRTs at all directions, except that at 4–10 o’clock direction, were also significantly reduced in lepromatous and borderline lepromatous types in comparison with normal. Significant differences in CRRT at some directions were found among the various subtypes of leprosy. Conclusion: CRRTs were abnormal in the cured leprosy subjects as a whole, but varied with leprosy subtypes, which suggested that the extent of reduction of CRRTs correlates with the severity of immune alteration. These results suggest that CRRT measurements could be a useful approach to quantify the extent of some residual abnormalities in cured leprosy and perhaps could also be used to evaluate the efficacy of treatment.
Association between Enamel Hypoplasia and Dental Caries in Primary Second Molars: A Cohort Study
Authors: Hong L. , Levy S.M. , Warren J.J. , Broffitt B.
Published: July 2009

The purpose of this study was to assess the longitudinal relationships between enamel hypoplasia and caries experience of primary second molars. The study sample was 491 subjects who received dental examinations at both age 5 and 9 by the calibrated examiners. Four primary second molars (n = 1,892) were scored for the presence of enamel hypoplasia for each participant. Caries presence and number of decayed and filled surfaces (dfs) were determined at age 5 and 9. The relationships between enamel hypoplasia and caries experience were assessed. Among primary second molars, 3.9% of children and 1.7% of primary second molars had enamel hypoplasia. At age 5, 36.8% of children with hypoplasia had caries, while 16.9% of children without enamel hypoplasia had caries. At age 9, the corresponding numbers were 52.6% for children with hypoplasia and 34.5% for children without hypoplasia, respectively. At the tooth level, for age 5, 28.1% of teeth with hypoplasia had caries (mean dfs = 0.40), and 7.6% of teeth without hypoplasia had caries (mean dfs = 0.11). At age 9, the corresponding numbers were 41.9% (mean dfs = 0.76) for teeth with hypoplasia and 18.3% (mean dfs = 0.34) for teeth without hypoplasia. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, teeth of subjects with enamel hypoplasia had a significantly higher risk for caries at age 5 and 9 after controlling for other risk factors. Enamel hypoplasia appears to be a significant risk factor for caries and should be considered in caries risk assessment.
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia Developed in Non-Intensive Care Units
Authors: Cakir Edis Ebru , Hatipoglu Osman N. , Yilmam Ilker , Eker Alper , Tansel Ozlem , Sut Necdet
Published: July 2009

Background: There are few studies about hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) developing in non-intensive care units (non-ICUs). Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence rate of non-ICU HAP, the risk factors associated with mortality and the survival rates of HAP patients at 6 weeks and 1 year. Patients and Methods: Between March 2005 and February 2006, 154 adult patients (97 males) with HAP were prospectively evaluated. Immunocompromised patients who were developing pneumonia were excluded from the study. The HAP incidence was calculated and survival was noted at 6 weeks and 1 year later. Kaplan-Meier methods were used for survival analysis; Cox regression was used to identify the risk factors associated with HAP-induced mortality. Results: During the study, and not counting those in the ICU, 45,679 adult patients were hospitalized. Of these, 154 patients developed HAP (incidence 3.3 cases/1,000 patients). The mean age of those developing HAP was 64.53 ± 14.92 years (range 15–98). Survival rates at the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 42nd and 365th day were 91, 89, 69, 49 and 29%, respectively. Independent risk factors associated with 6-week mortality were: age [relative risk (RR) 1.026; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.008–1.045], chronic renal failure (RR 1.8; 95% CI 1.087–3.086), aspiration risk (RR 2.86; 95% CI 1.249–6.564), steroid use (RR 2.35; 95% CI 1.306–4.257), and multilobar infiltration (RR 2.1; 95% CI 1.102–4.113). Conclusion: HAP – even if it develops in non-ICU environments – is hard to treat and has a higher mortality rate.
Comparison of Suction Catheter versus Forceps Biopsy for Sampling of Solitary Pulmonary Nodules Guided by Electromagnetic Navigational Bronchoscopy
Authors: Eberhardt Ralf , Morgan Ross K. , Ernst Armin , Beyer Thomas , Herth Felix J.F.
Published: July 2009

Background: Electromagnetic navigation has been approved for use as an adjunct to standard bronchoscopy. The diagnostic yield varies depending on the size of the lesion and successful navigation to the lesion. Objectives: The performance of two different biopsy tools, i.e. catheter aspiration and forceps biopsy, in the diagnosis of small pulmonary nodules (SPN) guided by electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy (ENB) was examined. Methods: 54 patients referred for suspected lung cancer underwent ENB and 55 SPN (<3 cm) were sampled using both techniques. Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) was used to verify the accuracy of target lesion localization by ENB. Primary end points of the study were successful navigation to the lesion and a positive diagnosis. Patients were followed until a definitive diagnosis was obtained. Results: All 55 lesions were accessed. Two lesions were excluded from data analysis as the patients were lost to follow-up and their diagnoses could not be confirmed. Of the remaining 53 lesions, 40 samples (75.5%) were diagnostic. Compared to forceps biopsy, catheter aspiration was positively correlated with the success rate (36/40 vs. 22/40; p = 0.035). The diagnostic yield was 93% when EBUS verified the lesion location after navigation and only 48% when lesion location was not confirmed. There were no significant complications. Conclusions: ENB is a useful tool in the evaluation of SPN <3 cm in diameter. For malignant lesions, sampling by catheter aspiration is associated with a higher diagnostic yield than sampling by forceps biopsy alone, in particular when EBUS could not confirm lesion location prior to sampling.
In vitro Effects of Synthetic Chemotactic Peptides on Neutrophil Function
Authors: Patrone Franco , Dallegri Franco , Bonvini Ezio , Sacchetti Carlo
Published: July 2009

The effects of the three synthetic chemotactic N-formyl-L-methionyl peptides, namely f-met-phe, f-met-val and f-met-ala, on neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesiveness, oxidative metabolism, phagocytosis and killing were evaluated in vitro. The three peptides displayed different stimulating properties, with relative activity f-met-phe > f-met-val > f-met-ala for all functions tested. Experiments performed with chemotactically deactivated neutrophils showed that deactivation does not interfere with neutrophil functions other than chemotaxis and does not prevent further stimulation by the same chemo-attractant. The results demonstrate that the interaction of a single chemotactic agent with neutrophil membrane can trigger different cellular responses, dependent in their type and intensity on the concentrations of the chemotactic factor and on the functional state of the cell.
A Variation of the Radioimmune Assay
Authors: Keese Charles R. , Giaever Ivar
Published: July 2009

A novel method of radioimmune assay is described. It departs from conventional assays in that the radioiodine is reacted with protein following, rather than before, the antigen-antibody reaction. Using a BSA/anti-BSA system, the assay can detect antibody concentrations of less than 1 ng/ml and, in an inhibition test, can detect antigen concentrations down to approximately 100 ng/ml.
Radiosensitivity of Non-Primed and Primed Human T Cells in vitro
Authors: Onsrud Mathias , Thorsby Erik
Published: July 2009

Primary and secondary proliferative responses to hapten (TNP)-modified autologous cells as well as to allogeneic cells, antigen (purified protein derivative) and mitogens were used for in vitro studies of the radiosensitivity of human T cells. To be able to compare data obtained from the various assay systems, optimal responding/stimulating cell ratios were used and the post-irradiation period kept constant. With these precautions, no difference in radiosensitivity of the various T cell responses could be found whether they were induced by mitogen, antigen, allogeneic cells or TNP-modified autologous cells. Neither could, on a per-cell basis, any difference in radiosensitivity between primed and non-primed cells be detected. At 400 rad, about 10% of the response was recovered in either case. The immunocompetence of the T cells surviving irradiation, as estimated by the ability to give a TNP-specific response, was not impaired.
Studies on Immune Response to Mycobacterium lepraemurium
Authors: Navalkar R.G. , Patel P.J. , Kanchana M.V.
Published: July 2009

Evaluation of the cell-mediated immune response (CMI) in mice infected with Mycobacterium lepraemurium revealed a disturbance in the nonspecific components of the CMI. Expression of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) in skin test studies indicated that the organism is capable of inducing skin reactivity in mice. This begins at a very early stage of infection and subsequently decays as the infection becomes disseminated. At this stage, gross pathological changes are noticed followed by a high rate of mortality. An in vitro correlate of DTH, namely lymphocyte transformation, was in concordance with the observation on DTH. The suppression of CMI appears to be due to extensive multiplication of the infecting pathogen within the host system.
Nonparticipation of C1q in the Decrease of Complement Activity in the Cold in Sera of Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases
Authors: Yoshida Hiroshi , Morito Takao , Onizawa Norio , Kasukawa Reiji
Published: July 2009

Serum and plasma samples taken simultaneously from 560 patients with various diseases were examined for hemolytic complement activity (CH50) after incubation at 4 °C for 20 h. Serum CH50 titers less than 20 U/ml were observed in 39 cases and among them, a difference between serum and plasma CH50 of more than 5 U/ml were observed in 16 cases. Diagnosis of most of them were chronic liver diseases. To analyze the dissociation of CH50 titers between serum and plasma, sequential estimations of CH50 were performed on serum and plasma samples which showed the dissocation incubated at 4 and 37 °C. Marked decrease in CH50 titers was obtained in sera but not in plasma incubated at 4 °C. In such sera, however, no significant decrease of protein amount and agglutinating activity of C1q was observed. The result could indicate that C1q would not participate in the decrease of serum hemolytic activity in the cold, suggesting an activation of complement other than the classical pathway.
Reversible Suppression of Allo-Antibody Production by Cyclosporin A
Authors: Denham S. , Styles J.M. , Barfoot R.K. , Dean C.J.
Published: July 2009

Treatment of rats with 25 mg/kg/day of cyclosporin A suppressed their immune response to skin allografts. Withdrawal of cyclosporin A treatment led to complete recovery of specific immune responsiveness and the time taken for recovery was independent of the duration of treatment. Titration of the dose of cyclosporin A administered in vivo indicated that doses of 12 mg/kg/day or less were not fully immunosuppressive.
Effect of Surfactants Present in Drinking Water on the Immune Activity of Mice
Authors: Szymaniec Jan , Zimecki Michał , Wieczorek Zbigniew
Published: July 2009

The effect of some surfactants on the immune activity of mice was evaluated by determination of anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC), plaque-forming cells (PFC), the intensity of anti-SRBC delayed type hypersensitivity, and PFC numbers to an autologous red blood cell antigen in the autoimmune response of mice drinking water containing surfactants. Depending on the substance used and on the duration of its administration, stimulation or inhibition of the immune response was revealed. The cell sensitive to Triton X-100 undergoing transformation or activation is the T cell. Possible mechanisms of interaction of the surfactants with the immunologically committed cells are discussed.
Human IgE, IgG and IgE Antibody Synthesis in vitro
Authors: Ohta Ken , Akiyama Kazuo , Ogita Tadaatsu , Okudaira Hirokazu , Ito Koji , Miyamoto Terumasa , Horiuchi Yoshihiko , Maeda Hiroo
Published: July 2009

Human IgE biosynthesis in vitro was studied by co-culturing T and B cells from atopic patients and normal controls in the presence of 10 μl/ml pokeweed mitogen for 7 days. IgE and anti-mite IgE ab in the culture media significantly correlated with those in plasma. Normal T cells suppressed in vitro production of IgE and IgE ab significantly more than did atopic T cells but no difference was found in IgG production. The culture of B cells alone (T-depleted fraction) produced IgE equally as well as the co-culture of T and B cells. Anti-mite IgE ab was also produced by B cells alone from mite-sensitive patients. However, IgE biosynthesis in vitro was not consistently affected by pokeweed mitogen. The results suggest a deficiency of the T suppressor system in atopy and the existence of T-independent IgE-producing cells.
Adjuvant and Immunosuppressive Effects of Retinol and Tween 80 on IgG Production in Mice
Authors: Barnet John B. , Bryant Robert L.
Published: July 2009

The effect of retinol emulsified in Tween 80, alone or in combination with Al(OH)3, on the adjuvant-independent and dependent IgG responses to ovalbumin (OA) were examined by passive hemagglutination and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, respectively. High antibody levels were detected after a second injection of OA on day 30, however, primary IgG antibodies were either partially (adjuvant independent) or totally (adjuvant dependent) suppressed. Animals treated with saline:Tween 80 prior to immunization with OA in saline as a control produced no detectable antibody response after either antigen injection. Additional control animals pretreated with saline:Tween 80 and then immunized with OA absorbed to Al(OH)3 [OA:Al(OH)3] showed suppressed primary responses and a significant increase in antibody levels after a second injection of OA:Al(OH)3. These results indicate that although the retinol component of retinol·Tween 80 caused an immunopotentiation, the Tween 80 component effected a temporary suppression.
Suppression of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis with Thoracic Duct Lymphocytes
Authors: Frost Heiner , Swanborg Robert H.
Published: July 2009

Thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) from Lewis rats immunized 9–10 days previously with basic protein in complete Freund’s adjuvant (BP-CFA) failed to induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in syngeneic recipients. This contrasts with the successful transfer of EAE by lymph node cell suspensions from donors immunized 9 days previously with BP-CFA. Only minor EAE was induced passively by TDL from rats immunized 11–12 days before with BP-CFA. TDL collected 9–20 days after BP-CFA immunization, however, were successful in transferring specific suppression of EAE tested by the lack of disease in the recipients immunized actively with BP-CFA 1 week after the TDL transfer. The data indicate that the thoracic duct contains specific suppressor cells shortly before, during and after the development of clinical EAE.
Calcium Binding to Mastocyte Plasma Membrane
Authors: Tolone G. , Bonasera L. , Vitale F. , Pontieri G.M.
Published: July 2009

Rat mastocyte plasma membrane possess two major classes of calcium binding sites which have widely different affinity. At pH 7.5 the low affinity sites can bind about 88 nmol of Ca2+ per milligram of membrane protein and are half-saturated at 125 μM Ca2+, whereas the high-affinity sites bind about 12 nmol of Ca2+ per milligram of membrane protein and are half-saturated at 5.5 μM Ca2+. Membrane phospholipids and neuraminic acid residues account for approximately 87% of calcium binding.
Clinical Studies of a Purified Timothy Pollen Extract
Authors: Berg T. , Nordvall S.L. , Lanner Å.
Published: July 2009

A purified freeze-dried preparation of timothy pollen was compared with a crude extract in RAST, skin tests, conjunctival provocation tests and desensitization treatment. In 48 children with grass pollen allergy a thorough allergological investigation was performed, using the two allergen preparations in different tests. The purified preparation contained relevant allergens, as judged from the good agreement between the two extracts in prick and provocation tests. The freeze-dried purified extract had good storage stability. Desensitization treatment was found to have a significant effect, as judged by repeated prick and provocation tests with both extracts. The effect of the desensitization treatment was at least as good in the children treated with the purified preparation as in those treated with the crude extract.
IgE Antibodies Produced in Mice Instrumental in Analyses of Antigenicity of Cephalothin Preparation
Authors: Muranaka Masaharu , Tadokoro Kenji , Hirai Koichi , Koizumi Kazuhiro , Fukuba Sumiko , Suzuki Shuji
Published: July 2009

IgE antibodies to a cephalothin preparation were produced in mice which had been immunized with cephalothin-Ascaris extract conjugate mixed with Al(OH)3 gel plus Bordetella pertussis. Mice which had been irradiated just before receiving the booster injection with the conjugate showed higher IgE antibody levels against the preparation in comparison with unirradiated mice. The specificities of IgE antibodies against the preparation were examined with an inhibition test of passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reaction. The intensity of the PCA reaction evoked by the cephalothin preparation in the rats was substantially or partially reduced by a pretreatment of the animals with an injection of a cephalothin preparation from another source or a cephaloridine preparation. Meanwhile, a prior injection of a cefazolin, a 7-aminocephalosporanic acid, a benzylpenicillin (PcG) preparation, or an aminobenzylpenicillin preparation into the animals showed only weak or no influence on the PCA reaction. These results suggest that the acyl side chain of cephalothin plays an important role as eliciting antigenic determinant in the PCA reaction. The difference in the antigenic specificity between the cephalothin and PcG preparation is also discussed.
Mitogenic Responsiveness of Mouse, Rat and Human Lymphocytes to Staphylococcus aureus Cell Wall, Teichoic Acid, and Peptidoglycan
Authors: Dziarski Roman , Dziarski Agnes , Levinson Arnold I.
Published: July 2009

The mitogenic activity of Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (PG), teichoic acid (TA) and cell wall (CW, a PG-TA complex) for mouse, rat and human lymphocytes was determined by measuring DNA synthesis. At optimal concentrations PG was the most potent mitogen, inducing maximum stimulation of mouse spleen lymphocytes on day 2 of culture, rat spleen lymphocytes on day 3, rat lymph node cells on day 2, human peripheral blood lymphocytes on day 5, and human cord blood lymphocytes on day 4. CW was less mitogenic than PG for mouse splenocytes and human peripheral and cord blood lymphocytes, with maximum stimulation occurring on days 2, 6 and 5, respectively. CW was not mitogenic for rat lymphocytes, and TA was not mitogenic for mouse, rat and human lymphocytes. At high concentrations CW and TA were cytotoxic, as indicated by markedly reduced thymidine uptake and low viability. PG was not toxic to lymphocytes. Our results suggest that TA when bound to PG can at high concentrations mask the mitogenic activity of PG and render CW cytotoxic.
Haemagglutinating Serum and Salivary Antibody Responses after Oral and Intragastric Antigen
Authors: Matthews J.B. , Fivaz B.H. , Sewell H.F.
Published: July 2009

Using the experimental protocol and methods previously described, we find consistently different results from those reported for salivary and some serum antibody levels, as detected by passive haemagglutination. All salivas, plus sera from intragastrically-challenged rats were negative. Rats given oral antigen had low litre serum antibody with a 60% response. The technical reasons for the discordant results are discussed.
In vivo Suppression and Enhancement of the Murine Homocytotropic Antibody Response by Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A
Authors: Chen S.E. , Tse C.S. , Bernstein I.L. , Archer D.
Published: July 2009

Efects of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) on the mouse homocytotropic antibody (HCA) system were studied. Groups of BDF mice received 10 µg SEA either orally or intraperitoneally at 0, 24, 48 h before or after immunization with 100 µg ovalbumin in 1 mg A1(OH)3 gel. Primary and secondary HCA responses were determined by 48-hour passive cutaneous anaphylactic reactions in genetically hairless mice. It was found that effects of SEA on HCA responses were dependent on the time and route of SEA administration. In general, early administration (48 h before immunization) of SEA showed suppression, while later administration (either 24 h before or after immunization) of SEA demonstrated enhancement. A further delay of SEA administration (48 h after immunization) exerted suppressive effects except when it was given intraperitoneally in the anamnestic HCA experiments. The mouse HCA system proved to be a suitable in vivo correlate of in vitro plaque-forming cell responses modulated by SEA.
Investigation of a Syngeneic Murine Model for the Study of IgE Antibody Regulation with Isologous Antiidiotypic Antibodies
Authors: Blaser K. , Nakagawa T. , de Weck A.L.
Published: July 2009

A murine experimental model to study in vivo effects of antiidiotypic antibodies (aid) on the benzylpenicilloyl- (BPO) and phosphorylcholine- (PC) specific IgE and IgG responses has been investigated. Isologous aid against anti-BPO antibodies and against the PC-specific myeloma proteins T15 and M167 have been administered to BALB/c mice previously sensitized with (BPO) carrier protein or PC keyhole limpet hemocyanin. One single injection of aid caused depression of anti-BPO IgE antibody levels for 2–3 weeks, whereas the anticarrier protein IgE response has not been affected. Longterm depression of anti-PC IgE was achieved when anti-T15 antiserum has been administered three times to PC keyhole limpet hemocyanin immunized mice. Suppression of anti-BPO IgE and IgG antibodies has been achieved for a long period in mice actively producing anti-BPO aid. These results show that different individuals of the BALB/c mouse strain share major idiotypic determinants in IgE and IgG antibodies and that IgE antibody formation is accessible to suppression by isologous aid. These findings permit to integrate IgE regulation into the basic concepts of autologous immune regulation and might finally lead to applications in the treatment of IgE-mediated allergic syndromes.
Joint Inflammation in Rabbits Induced by Preformed Immune Complexes
Authors: Bjursten L.M. , Bagge U. , Ahlstedt S.
Published: July 2009

The rabbit knee joint was used to evaluate the inflammatory properties of immune complexes with different contents of antigen. Immune complexes made in vitro with antiserum from hyperimmunized rabbits and bovine serum albumin as antigen were injected into the joints. The reactivity of the individual animal was established by injection of normal rabbit serum into the contralateral joint. The number of leukocytes washed out from the joints at fixed intervals was used as a measure of the inflammatory properties of the immune complexes. With immune complexes formed at antigen excess the highest numbers of leukocytes, with a predominance of granulocytes, were found after 6 h of exposure. However, these complexes gave only weak complement activation in vitro, measured with a hemolysis assay. Complexes formed at optimal precipitation proportions gave high complement activation in vitro but only a small number of leukocytes in the joints at 6 h exposure. This finding may be explained by a rapid phagocytosis of the latter complexes while complexes formed at antigen excess are not readily phagocytized. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that higher leukocyte counts were found after shorter exposure times to complexes formed at optimal precipitation proportions than after exposure to complexes with antigen excess.
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Normal and Neoplastic Human Hematopoietic Surface Antigens
Authors: Attallah A.M. , Strong D.M. , Slease R.B. , Noguchi P.D.
Published: July 2009

Normal and neoplastic human hematopoietic cells were examined for surface markers by a variety of techniques including cytotoxicity assays using anti-HTLA and anti-Ia antiserum with viability measured by trypan blue exclusion and automated flow cytometry; E- and EAC-rosette binding assays and surface immunoglobulin measured by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. In most cases there was good agreement among these assays. However, one case of CLL of T origin (92% E-rosette-positive) also showed significant amounts of la antigen by cytotoxicity tests; additionally, a case of CML in blast crisis demonstrated no E or EAC markers or surface immunoglobulin, but the majority of cells were lysed by both anti-HTLA and anti-la antiserum. Thus, la is not an exclusive B cell marker.
Generation of a Phagocytosis-Stimulating Factor by Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils during Phagocytosis
Authors: Ishibashi Yoshio , Yamashita Tatsuhisa
Published: July 2009

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) generated a phagocytosis-stimulating factor (PSF) intracellularly during phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan or latex particles. The generation of PSF by PMNs reached the maximum at 60 min after the start of phagocytosis. When PSF was washed out after preincubation with PMNs or opsonized zymosan particles, no enhancement of phagocytosis by PMNs was observed, suggesting that the continuous existence of PSF in the incubation medium is required for stimulation of phagocytosis.
Regulation of Allergic Reaction by Aerobic Corynebacterium equi Extract, CEF
Authors: Furuichi Kiyoshi , Ezoe Hisanori , Katoh Hisao , Adachi Hidenari , Obara Tadashi
Published: July 2009

The effect of a water-soluble fraction (CEF) that was prepared from an extract of Corynebacterium equi on primary reaginic antibody formation was studied in Balb/c mice. Mice were immunized with a hapten carrier (DNP-OVA) and received intra-peritoneal injections of CEF 7 and 2 days prior to, or 2 and 7 days after the immunization. PCA titers of both antihapten (DNP) and anticarrier (OVA) antibodies of IgE class were reduced significantly by the CEF treatment. Evidence was presented in adoptive transfer experiments that the number of IgE-producing cells in the CEF-treated mice was lower than that of controls. Suppression of IgG1 anti-DNP antibody formation was also achieved by the CEF treatment. Formation of IgG1 anti-OVA antibodies, however, was not suppressed significantly by the treatment. The suppressive activities of CEF were shown to be dose-dependent, but timing of CEF administration did not appear critical.
Rat Plasma Lipoprotein Inhibitors of Lymphocyte Proliferation: Specific Membrane Receptor for Very Low Density Lipoproteins
Authors: Yi P.I. , Beck G. , Zucker S.
Published: July 2009

We have compared the inhibitory effects of plasma lipoproteins on DNA synthesis by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated rat lymphocytes. The order of suppressor potency was: very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) > chylomicrons > low density lipoproteins > > high density lipoproteins. We have further demonstrated the presence of specific receptor sites for VLDL on rat spleen lymphocytes. The number of VLDL receptors was estimated at 31,000 by a modified Scatchard analysis. Our results suggest that in the normal physiologic state, the proliferation of circulating lymphocytes may be suppressed by the combined effects of plasma lipoproteins. Furthermore, it would appear that the binding of plasma VLDL to specific receptors on rat lymphocytes would be the initial physiological event in this inhibitory process.
Glycosphingolipid Clustering and Mast Cell Degranulation
Authors: Curtain C. , Looney F.D. , Smelstorius J.A.
Published: July 2009

It was shown using spin-labelled probes that challenge of sensitized rat peritoneal mast cells results in clustering of sphingolipids located in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer. This clustering is partially inhibited by antiallergic drugs of the chromone type. It is hypothesized that the sphingolipid clustering may be involved in the Ca++ gate mechanism which is associated with anaphylactically-induced mast cell degranulation.
Castor Bean Allergens: Evidence for Distinct Heat-Labile and Stable Entities
Authors: Lehrer S.B. , Taylor J. , Salvaggio J.E.
Published: July 2009

Castor beans contain one of the most potent allergens known to man. Previous studies suggested that these allergens are heat-stable; but our current data suggest that both heat-stable and labile allergens are present in castor bean extracts. The heat-labile allergen is of large molecular weight and is immunochemically distinct from the smaller molecular weight heat-stable allergen. Both allergens have different isoelectric points. These antigens may be clinically relevant since coffee workers sensitized to castor have IgE antibodies to both allergens.
Binding of the Receptors for IgE by Various Lectins
Authors: Helm Ricki M. , Froese Arnold
Published: July 2009

Two receptors for IgE, having apparent molecular weights of 55,000 and 45,000 daltons were isolated from rat basophilic leukaemia cells by means of IgE-Sepharose. Both molecules were bound by concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin and Ricinus communis agglutinin (castor bean lectin). The lectins of pea and gorse origin only bound the 45,000 dalton receptor.
Early Rheumatoid-Like Joint Lesions in Rabbits Injected with Foreign Serum
Authors: Oldham G. , Bowyer D.E. , Coombs R.R.A.
Published: July 2009

Intradermal injection of rabbits with lipid-coupled bovine serum proteins or bovine serum itself prior to a regimen of intravenous injections of bovine serum enhanced the incidence of joint lesions over that seen in animals receiving the intravenous regimen only. This increased incidence of synovial lesions appeared, however, to be unrelated, either to the state of delayed hypersensitivity or to the concentration of passive haemagglutinating antibodies to bovine serum proteins in these animals. Lipid-coupled bovine serum, given as a first course in a regimen of intravenous injections, was no more arthritogenic than the native proteins and, as a second course series of intravenous injections, was definitely less arthritogenic.
Inhibition of Contact Sensitivity by Macrophages
Authors: Ptak W. , Zembala M. , Asherson G.L. , Marcinkiewicz J.
Published: July 2009

Lymphoid cells of mice injected with picrylsulphonic acid and then painted with picryl chloride produce a specific T suppressor factor (TSF) in vitro. This factor arms peritoneal exudate cells, which then produce a nonspecific factor which inhibits the transfer of contact sensitivity by immune cells incubated in it. An adherent, theta-negative cell, which is presumably a macrophage, is responsible. This justifies the use of the term macrophage suppressor factor. As a separate phenomenon, passive transfer cells lose their activity when incubated on high density monolayers of normal peritoneal exudate cells. However, this is not associated with the production of a supernatant factor. The inhibition of transfer when immune cells are incubated with specific TSF is unaffected by nylon wool filtration (which removes macrophages). This suggests that TSF is able to depress the passive transfer of contact sensitivity by a macrophage-independent process.
Induction and Characterization of Suppressor T Cells and Soluble Factors with Modified Timothy Grass Pollen AgB
Authors: Malley Arthur , Deppe Linda B. , Brandt Jeanne
Published: July 2009

Previous studies demonstrated that antigen B (AgB), a major antigen of timothy grass pollen, modified by photooxidation (Ox-AgB) does not react with rabbit, human, or mouse antibodies directed against AgB and does not induce antibodies reactive with either native or modified AgB. However, immunization of mice with Ox-AgB in alum induces significant T helper cell activity. In this review, we describe the conditions and kinetics for Ox-AgB induction of T suppressor cells, the secretion of AgB-specific T suppressor factor (TSF), and the partial purification of AgB-specific TSF.
Role of the Cytoskeleton in the Fc Receptor Activity of Rat Peritoneal Macrophages
Authors: Fóris Gabriella , Dezsõ Baláis , Medgyesi György , Bazin Hervé
Published: July 2009

High concentration of cytochalasin B (CB) and vinblastine (Vb) inhibited the erythrocyte-antibody (EA) rosette formation of rat peritoneal macrophages (PM). Low concentration of Vb enhanced rosette formation. CB and Vb had the same effect on the rosette formation when anti-SRBC immunoglobulin (Ig) had been previously bound in vivo or in vitro to the Fc receptors (FcR) of the macrophages, suggesting that the intact function of the cytoskeleton is required for the last step of rosette formation. CB and Vb exert a reversible effect on FcR activity. Regeneration of FcR activity was observed also in the presence of 10 μg/ml cycloheximide. The effect of CB and Vb on rosette formation depends both on the (sub)classes of antibody involved and on the nature of the particulate antigen. Rosettes with living trypanosomes displayed an extremely high CB sensitivity.
Induction of IgM Immunological Memory to Lipoteichoic Acids in Rabbits
Authors: Jackson Dianne E. , Jackson G.D.F. , Wicken A.J.
Published: July 2009

Intravenous immunisation of rabbits with 109Lactobacillus fermentum cells elicited a response, specific for lipoteichoic acid (LTA), detectable as IgM plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen by day 2 and as thiol-sensitive 19s antibodies in sera by day 3. Direct PFC responses peaked at day 6, with no indirect PFC demonstrable at that time. Specific IgG PFC appeared after 14 days. A second intravenous injection 5 weeks later induced a 10-fold higher IgM PFC response to LTA which reached a maximum on day 4. An enhanced specific IgG PFC response was also observed. Serum analysis showed further evidence of the anamnestic IgM response to LTA. The results are discussed in terms of the T-dependence of the LTA immunogen.
Levamisole Stimulation of Neutrophil Chemotaxis and Chemokinesis by Protection of Both the Leucoattractant and the Cellular Chemotactic Response from Inactivation by the Peroxidase/Hydrogen Peroxide/Halide System in vitro
Authors: Anderson Ronald
Published: July 2009

The effects of levamisole, at concentrations known to stimulate neutrophil motility, on neutrophil post-phagocytic metabolic activity were investigated. Levamisole at these concentrations caused inhibition of hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) activity, superoxide production, hydrogen peroxide generation and myeloperoxidase (MPO), mediated iodination of ingested Candida albicans. The inhibition of MPO-mediated iodination was not solely due to lack of H2O2 availability as a result of decreased HMS activity but also to a primary inhibition of iodination as shown in a cell-free system with horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) and added H2O2 and sodium iodide. Further experiments were designed to investigate possible relationships between stimulation of motility and levamisole-induced inhibition of superoxide generation and peroxidase-mediated iodination. These showed that the peroxidase/halide/H2O2 system caused inactivation of both the leucoattractant and neutrophil chemotactic responsiveness. However, concentrations of levamisole, which stimulate motility and inhibit superoxide production and peroxidase-mediated iodination, protected both the leucoattractant response and the ability of the cell to respond to the leucoattractant from inactivation by the HRP/H2O2/iodide system.
Immunoglobulin E-Containing Cells in Mouse Lung Following Allergen Inhalation and Ozone Exposure
Authors: Gershwin Laurel J. , Osebold John W. , Zee Yuan Chung
Published: July 2009

Cells containing immunoglobulin E (IgE) were enumerated and their location in mouse lungs was determined by direct immunofluorescence. Lungs were studied from mice that had been immunized with aerosolized ovalbumin as well as from normal mice and from mice that were exposed to ozone (0.5 or 0.8 ppm) prior to receiving aerosolized antigen. In addition, some mice were immunized intraperitoneally with ovalbumin precipitated in alum. IgE-containing cells were primarily airway-related in normal mice and in mice immunized by the intraperitoneal route. Lungs from aerosol-immunized, and aerosol-immunized and ozone-exposed mice showed a more disseminated distribution of IgE-containing cells. Fluorescent cells were counted and numbers were expressed as total cells per square millimeter of lung tissue and as airway-associated cells per millimeter of airway. Total IgE cells increased 9.4-fold in mice that received aerosolized ovalbumin as compared to normal mice. When ozone exposure was added to the effects from aerosolized ovalbumin, the increase of IgE cells over normal was 34.2-fold. IgE cell counts correlated well with anaphylactic sensitivity to intravenous challenge with ovalbumin. The observed enhancement of allergic sensitization by ozone exposure has important implications for human health.
Effect of Age on Mast Cell Granules
Authors: Krüger Per Göran , Lagunoff David
Published: July 2009

Padawer has proposed that rat mast cells in the peritoneal cavity have an extended lifespan and under normal conditions exhibit little turnover of their secretory granules. We have examined several constituents of the granules as part of a study of the structure and function of these organelles. The previously described increase in volume of mast cells with age of the rats from which the cells are obtained is associated with an increase in the quantity of histamine, heparin, β-glucuronidase and mast cell protease. While the former 3 granule components increase in parallel with mast cell volume, the increase in protease between 3- and 6-month-old rats is in excess of cell volume and the other 3 granule component. Granules from rats 1 month or less in age tend to be more difficult to isolate with their surrounding membranes intact.
Induction of Hypersensitivity Reactions to Lactobacillus fermentum and Lipoteichoic Acid in Rabbits
Authors: Jackson Dianne E. , Howlett C.R. , Wicken A.J. , Jackson G.D.F.
Published: July 2009

Regimens of intravenous injections of saline-washed Lactobacillus fermentum elicited hypersensitivity reactions in rabbits. Pathological investigation revealed evidence consistent with induction of aggregate anaphylaxis, characterised by acute cor pulmonale. Additional evidence of similar tissue injury was observed in livers of rabbits which had received several intravenous injections of L. fermentum. Deposition of immune complexes in kidney glomeruli was demonstrated in only 1 out of 11 animals. Skin testing experiments revealed that lipoteichoic acid was involved in type I and type III antibody-mediated hypersensitive states. The involvement of bacterial cell surface components and extracellular products in such reactions implies a potential role in host tissue injury.
Orally Induced Tolerance
Authors: Titus Richard G. , Chiller Jacques M.
Published: July 2009

Several elements of the phenomenon of oral tolerance were examined. It was shown that whereas intragastric (i.g.) exposure of mice to the T-dependent antigens oval-bumin (OVA), bovine serum albumin, and human gamma globulin severely compromised the ability to respond to a subsequent challenge with the homologous antigen, i.g. treatment with T-independent antigens such as dinitrophenylated Ficoll, polyvinylpyrrolidone and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) did not induce anergy. Furthermore, mice parenterally primed to OVA were not only refractory to the induction of oral tolerance with OVA, but displayed an anamnestic response following i.g. treatment with the antigen. In a final line of investigation, it was shown that whereas mice administered OVA orally lost specific T cell functions such as the ability to (a) provide helper activity; (b) proliferate in response to antigen, and (c) mediate delayed-type hypersensitivity, such animals possessed OVA-specific functional B cells as evidenced by the ability to respond to OVA when the antigen was administered either linked to a recognizable carrier or in conjunction with LPS.
Effect of the New Immunosuppressive Agent, Cyclosporin-A, on Natural Killer Cell and Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Attallah A.M. , Urritia-Shaw A. , Yeatman T.J. , Folks T.
Published: July 2009

Athymic nude mouse homozygotes (nu/nu) and the heterozygote nu/nu+ were injected intraperitoneally with 2 mg of cyclosporin-A (CS-A) twice, 72 and 1 h prior to analysis. We have found that in vivo administration of CS-A results in a significant suppression of natural killer (NK) cell and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) activity which probably play an important role in tumor and graft rejection. T cells were also suppressed, in contrast, B cells were found to be immunocompetent as determined by cell proliferation and antibody-forming capacity in response to mitogens and antigens. The identity of cells mediating NK cell and ADCC activity and its relationship to T lymphocytes are also discussed.
Dose Dependence of Trichinella Spiralis-Induced Immunopotentiation
Authors: Blackwood L.L. , Molinari J.A.
Published: July 2009

Previous reports studying the immunological and histopathological sequelae following infection with Trichinella spiralis indicated that this nematode can affect the host’s immune capabilities to heterologous antigens. The present investigation was aimed at determining the dose of T. spiralis larvae required for development of maximum delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) against heat-killed bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 4 × 106 bacteria 28 days after oral intubation with 0, 50, 100, 200, 300 or 400 viable T. spiralis larvae. Groups were tested in vivo for DTH 28 days after administration of nonviable BCG by the footpad swelling assay. Prior infection with 200 nematode larvae resulted in 34 of 42 animals (81%) developing positive 24-hour DTH reactions. When these data were compared to those seen in the other experimental and control groups, the 200 larval dose appeared to effect maximal immunopotentiation in this system.