bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Reproductive Effects of a Single Long Day in the Siberian Hamster (Phodopus sungorus
Authors: Finley Cynthia M. , Gorman Michael R. , Tuthill Christiana R. , Zucker Irving
Published: March 2007

Testicular regression was prevented or attenuated in Siberian hamsters exposed to a single 1- to 4-h extension of the 16-h photophase at 18 days of age and subsequently maintained in a short photoperiod (8L:16D) through Day 35. Testicular weights on Day 35 were not correlated with the duration of the active phase of wheel running or with the time of activity onset after transfer to the 8L:16D photoperiod. Wheel-running activity was not stably entrained to the light-dark cycle by 35 days of age. Progonadal effects of a single 33-h light pulse were greatest at 18 days of age, still evident at 30 days, but undetectable in older hamsters. In female hamsters, a single longer day at weaning was associated with increased fecundity several weeks later. Long photoperiods accelerated development of antral ovarian follicles, but exposure to males was necessary to induce ovulation before 60 days of age. The interval beginning shortly after weaning is one of heightened responsiveness to changes in day length (DL); exposure to increasing DL at this time may prolong the breeding season when DL decreases after the summer solstice. We suggest that the long-term effects of acute light treatments on reproduction are mediated by sustained changes in melatonin secretion induced by reprogramming of circadian oscillators.
Light Treatment for Sleep Disorders: Consensus Report
Authors: Boulos Ziad , Campbell Scott S. , Lewy Alfred J. , Terman Michael , Dijk Derk-Jan , Eastman Charmane I.
Published: March 2007

Sleep disturbances are an all-too-familiar symptom of jet lag and a prime source of complaints for transmeridian travelers and flight crews alike. They are the result of a temporary loss of synchrony between an abruptly shifted sleep period, timed in accordance with the new local day-night cycle, and a gradually reentraining circadian system. Scheduled exposure to bright light can, in principle, alleviate the symptoms of jet lag by accelerating circadian reentrainment to new time zones. Laboratory simulations, in which sleep time is advanced by 6 to 8 h and the subjects exposed to bright light for 3 to 4 h during late subjective night on 2 to 4 successive days, have not all been successful. The few field studies conducted to date have had encouraging results, but their applicability to the population at large remains uncertain due to very limited sample sizes. Unresolved issues include optimal times for light exposure on the first as well as on subsequent treatment days, whether a given, fixed, light exposure time is likely to benefit a majority of travelers or whether light treatment should be scheduled instead according to some individual circadian phase marker, and if so, can such a phase marker be found that is both practical and reliable.
Two Distinct Retinal Projections to the Hamster Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Authors: Treep J.A. , Abe H. , Rusak B. , Goguen D.M.
Published: March 2007

Electrical stimulation of the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) region in ham sters can induce expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity (lir) in a restricted portion of the dorsolateral suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The authors investi gated whether the mechanisms by which stimulation affects SCN cells involves orthodromic activation of IGL cells projecting to the SCN or antidromic activa tion of retinal ganglion cells that send bifurcating axonal projections to both the IGL and the SCN. Bilateral optic enucleation strongly reduced induction of Fos-lir in SCN cells in response to electrical stimulation of the IGL region, implicating antidromic activation of retinal ganglion cells as the mechanism. This result implies that a class of retinal ganglion cells that project to the IGL also project selectively to the dorsolateral SCN. Earlier pharmacological studies suggest that this anatomically distinct retinal projection to the SCN is also neurochemically different from that innervating the rest of the nucleus.
Daily and Photoperiodic Melatonin Binding Changes in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei, Paraventricular Thalamic Nuclei, and Pars Tuberalis of the Female Siberian Hamster (Phodopus sungorus)
Authors: Recio Joaquín , Pévet Paul , Vivien-Roels Berthe , Míguez Jesús M. , Masson-Pévet Mireille
Published: March 2007

Using quantitative autoradiography, 2-125I-melatonin binding was investigated throughout the light:dark cycle in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), paraventricular nuclei (PVT), and pars tuberalis (PT) of adult female Siberian hamsters kept for 10 weeks in either long or short photoperiods (LP or SP, respectively). Plasma melatonin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay, and the sexual status of the animals was established by visual inspection of vaginal smears and by weighing uteri after sacrifice. The SCN displayed neither daily nor photoperiod-dependent variations in specific binding. Melatonin receptors in these nuclei would be regulated neither by plasma melatonin nor by the light:dark cycle or sexual steroids. By contrast, melatonin receptor density in the PT displayed both strong daily (maximal values during the first half of the light period and minimal values during the night) and photoperiod-dependent (maximal values in LP) variations. These variations depended on changes in the maximal binding ( Bmax) without differences in the dissociation constant ( Kd). Daily melatonin receptor densities in the PT of LP- and SP-exposed animals might be regulated by the dark:light transition but not by melatonin. Daily profiles of 2- 125I-melatonin-specific binding in the PT were independent of photoperiod. Factors underlying the photoperiod-related variations presently are unknown. Concerning the PVT, weak variations in specific binding were detected in SP only when time points were grouped according to the light or dark periods. It is not yet possible to conclude whether they have any physiological relevance. These results show clearly that the regulation of melatonin receptors varies among structures (SCN, PVT, and PT) in the Siberian hamster and is also totally different from that found in the rat.
Photoperiodism in Hamsters: Abrupt Versus Gradual Changes in Day Length Differentially Entrain Morning and Evening Circadian Oscillators
Authors: Gorman Michael R. , Freeman David A. , Zucker Irving
Published: March 2007

In studies of photoperiodism, animals typically are transferred abruptly from a long (e.g., 16 h light per day [16L]) to a short (8L) photoperiod, and circadian oscillators that regulate pineal melatonin secretion are presumed to reentrain rapidly to the new photocycle. Among rats and Siberian hamsters, however, reentrainment rates vary depending on whether additional darkness is added to morning or evening, and a subset of hamsters (nonresponders) fails ever to reentrain normally to short photoperiods. The authors assessed whether several short-day responses occurred at different rates when darkness was extended into morning versus evening hours and the effectiveness of abrupt versus gradual shortening in day lengths (DLs). Entrainment patterns of photoresponsive hamsters also were compared to those of photononresponsive hamsters. Responsive hamsters transferred on a single day from 16L to 8L underwent more rapid gonadal regression, weight loss, decreases in follicle-stimulating hormone titers, and expansion of nocturnal locomotor activity when darkness was added to morning versus evening. When the dark phase was extended gradually by 8 h over 16 weeks, short-day responses occurred at the same rate whether darkness was appended to morning or evening or was added symmetrically. Darkness added to evening promoted more rapid short-day responses when it was added gradually rather than abruptly, despite the fact that average DLs were significantly shorter for the latter group. Among nonresponders, morning extensions of darkness transiently increased activity duration, whereas evening extensions did not. Gradual and abrupt decreases in DL differentially affect entrainment of evening and morning circadian oscillators. The authors argue for the incorporation of simulated natural photoperiods in studies of photoperiodism.
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei Lesions Do Not Eliminate Homeostatic Thermoregulatory Responses in Rats
Authors: Wachulec Maciek , Hua Li  , Tanaka Hideto , Peloso Elizabeth , Satinoff Evelyn
Published: March 2007

Electrolytic lesions aimed at the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) were made in male Long-Evans rats. Body temperature (Tb), activity, and drinking were monitored continuously in a 12-h light:12-h dark (12:12 LD) cycle at an ambient temperature of 23°C. Large SCN lesions eliminated activity and drink ing rhythms and abolished or reduced the circadian rhythm of Tb. The Tb responses of the rats were measured in L after exposure to cold and injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a fever-producing drug, and in both L and D during a 30-min exposure to a novel cage. Rats with SCN lesions (SCNX) maintained their Tb as well as did controls during 2-h exposure to 2°C. They also showed the expected increases in Tb in response to novelty and LPS. Nevertheless, there were differences between SCNX rats and other rats. When measured 9 h after LPS injection, SCNX rats had lower Tb in D than did sham-lesioned or intact rats or rats with lesions that missed the SCN. This is not surprising; the Tb of SCNX rats does not go as high as that of intact rats in D. However, it was surprising that at night SCNX rats increased their Tb in response to novelty (lights on in the test situation), whereas normal rats did not. For some reason, light inhibits the Tb rise to novelty in normal rats but does not do so in rats with SCN lesions.
Sleepiness, Performance, and Neuroendocrine Function during Sleep Deprivation: Effects of Exposure to Bright Light or Exercise
Authors: Leproult Rachel , Van Reeth Olivier , Byrne Maria M. , Sturis Jeppe , Van Cauter Eve
Published: March 2007

The temporal profiles of subjective fatigue (as assessed by the Stanford Sleepiness Scale), of cognitive performance (on a digit symbol substitution test and a symbol copying task), of body temperature, and of the peripheral concen trations of melatonin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and cortisol were obtained simultaneously at frequent intervals in 17 normal young subjects submitted to a 43-h period of constant routine conditions involving continuous wakefulness at bed rest in dim indoor light. The subjects had knowledge of time of day. Caloric intake was exclusively in the form of an intravenous glucose infusion, and plasma glucose levels were monitored continuously in 8 of the 17 subjects. Under these conditions, fluctuations in plasma glucose reflect primarily changes in glucose use because endogenous glucose production is suppressed by the exogenous infusion. Following the completion of a baseline constant routine study, the volunteers participated in two subsequent studies using the same protocol to determine the immediate psychophysiological effects of expo sure to a 3-h pulse of bright light or to a 3-h pulse of physical exercise. Sleepiness and performance varied in a mirror image, with significant negative correlations. Sleepiness scores were minimal around noon and then increased at a modest rate throughout the rest of the normal waking period. Staying awake during usual bedtime hours was associated with an acceleration in the rate of increase in sleepiness, which coincided with decreasing body temperature, rapidly rising cortisol concentrations, and maximal levels of melatonin and TSH. When body temperature reached its nadir, a further major increase in sleepiness occurred in parallel with a pronounced decrease in plasma glucose (reflecting increased glucose use). Recovery from maximal sleepiness started when blood glucose levels stopped falling and when significant decreases in cortisol and melatonin concentrations were initiated. Lower levels of subjective sleepiness resumed when glucose concentrations and body temperature had returned to levels similar to those observed prior to sleep deprivation and when melatonin and TSH concentrations had returned to daytime levels. The synchrony of behav ioral, neuroendocrine, and metabolic changes suggests that circulating hormonal levels could exert modulatory influences on sleepiness and that metabolic altera-tions may underlie the sudden increase in fatigue consistently occurring at the end of a night of sleep deprivation. Effects of bright light or exercise exposure on subjective sleepiness appeared to be critically dependent on the timing of exposure.
Structure and Permeability of Dialysis Membranes Sterilized by Various Methods
Authors: Sakai Kiyotaka
Published: March 2007

Appropriate design of dialysis membranes requires correct values of structural parameters such as pore radius, surface porosity, water content and tortuosity. It is impossible, however, to find the pore radius of dialy sis membranes using a mercury porosimeter or an electron microscope because the pores are only several tens of angstroms in radius. Consequently, diffu sional and convectional procedures such as the Lw method that uses both pure water permeability and water content, the Lw and Pm method which uses both solute and pure water permeability, and the σ method which uses the reflection coefficient, have been employed extensively to determine the pore radius of dialysis membranes. The structural parameters of symmetric membranes are determined from water content, solute and pure water permeability data based on the Lw and Pm method combined with the tortuous pore model we have pro posed. Determination of the structural parameters of microfiltration mem branes for plasma separation having huge pores by various methods is required to verify the method of characterizing dialysis membranes based on the tor tuous pore model. A dyeing method is also suitable for characterizing dialysis membranes of regenerated cellulose. Pore model studies using permeability and water content data for sterilized and treated membranes facilitate optimal design of dialysis membranes for clinical applications.
Later-Life Migration in the United States: A Review of Recent Research
Authors: Walters William H.
Published: March 2007

This bibliography summarizes the most important recent literature on elderly migration and retirement migration in the U.S. and Canada, providing an interdisciplinary reviewof articles published between January 1990 and December 2000. It describes and evaluates 232 studies dealing with migration theory and methods, the determinants of later-life mobility, patterns of migration, destination choice, consequences of migration, local and regional development, seasonal migration, return migration, and related topics.
Economic Contributions to Transportation Planning I
Authors: Viton Philip A.
Published: March 2007

This three-part article surveys the contributions of microeconomic analysis to urban transportation planning. Part One focuses on our understanding of the behavioral determinants of urban travel demand, including traditional qualitative choice models, and the more recent hierarchical extensions. The second part examines the direct and external costs of urban transportation, while the third considers models integrating demand and supply considerations.
Professional Roles and the Public Interest in Planning
Authors: Howe Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

A central ethical issue for planners today is how they can justify the use of administrative discretion in a democratic society. One major indicator of how planners think about their relationship to decisionmakers and to the public is how they define the "public interest. " The argument is made here that unless there are countervailing controls, the further planners'ideas of the public interest diverge from the ordinary moral principle of democratic responsiveness, the more difficult they will be to legitimate. This article explores four ideas of the planner's role and the ideas of the public interest associated with them. They are pluralist aggregation, an economic/analytical approach, the common interest, and the good reasons approach.
A Catholic Approach to Organizing What Urban Designers Should Know
Authors: Moudon Anne Vernez
Published: March 2007

Urban design is a professional, primarily prescriptivefield that relates only sporadically and selectively to substantive inquiry and theory. This article introduces an organizingframeworkfor substantive research that is readily available but not commonly associated with the field. This research is deemed essential to guide urban design practice. The "catholic" nature of the framework-it draws from a variety of disciplines, including history, sociology, psychology, anthropology, geography, architecture, landscape architecture, and urban planning, and covers a broad range of methodological approaches-serves to outline an epistemological map for urban design.
Do Plans Get Implemented? A Review of Evaluation in Planning
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: March 2007

The planning community has shown a curious lack of interest in developing methods to evaluate how successfully plans are implemented. Evaluation in planning has centered primarily on methods of comparing the impacts of alternative proposed plans. The methodological problems with evaluating implementation success are many, but they are not insurmountable. A typology of planning evaluation is offered here. The need to establish a separate, distinctive form of planning evaluation focused exclusively on evaluating the implementation success of plans is discussed. This call to develop and refine methods to evaluate plan implementation success coincides with the call by many theorists to develop better theories of planning based on a keener understanding of the realities of planning practice.
The Transportation Effects of Neo-Traditional Development
Authors: Berman Michael Aaron
Published: March 2007

Neo-traditional development emphasizes a return to the grid patterns and walkable streets of the early part of this century. Proponents claim that it will lead to increased walking and decreased driving. This literature review examines general transportation behavior and trends and the feasibility of the neo-traditional concept to evaluate these claims. Neo-traditional developments will reduce driving significantly only if they provide levels of access that are comparable with existing suburban access. This will require that people live in neo-traditional developments, that a wide range of activities is within walking distance, and that people choose not to drive. The greatest effects can be expected for shopping trips in areas where there are few available shopping centers and for other nonwork trips that can be accomplished on foot in neo-traditional developments. By providing street networks based on a grid, neo-traditional developments may reduce congestion on main streets and may reduce automobile travel times.
Integrated Approaches to Environmental Planning and Management
Authors: Margerum Richard D.
Published: March 2007

Integrated approaches to environmental planning and management are being widely advocated in the literature and by management organizations. Terms such as integrated resources management, ecosystem management, and integrated environmental management have emergedfrom several different fields. This literature reveals concurrence on several substantive elements and some common views on the procedural elements. An operational model to help guide practitioners is currently lacking, but one might emerge through (1) more empirical investigations, (2) greater transfer of knowledge from social sciencefields to the natural resource fields, (3) the incorporation and refinement offrameworksfor collaboration, and (4) increased understanding of institutional changes required for coordinated decision making.
Reshaping the Goals of Family Policy: Sexual Equality, Not Protection
Authors: Spakes Patricia
Published: March 2007

Social workers and feminists have been strong advocates for the development of a national family policy that, they argue, will contribute to equality between the sexes. This article demonstrates why this contention is not true and why current proposab for a family policy warrant concern, rather than support from feminists. It reviezus feminist critiques of the family as a source of women's oppression, the pronatalist nature of this society, the pronatalist intent of family policy, and the weaknesses of current proposals in accounting for the diverse needs of families and in supporting minority and low-income families. It concludes by suggesting the major components of a feminist family policy.
Pay Equity and Social Work
Authors: Freeman Miriam L.
Published: March 2007

During the 1980s, pay equity emerged as a major employment and economic issue. Pay equity is proposed as one solution to the gap in wages between white men, women, and men of color. There is an abundance of information on this issue, but little attention has been paid to it in the social work literature. This article discusses the relevance of pay equity for social work and suggests strategies for achieving it.
A Shelter: An Organization Like Any Other?
Authors: Srinivasan Meera , Davis Liane V.
Published: March 2007

Shelters for battered women have been idealized as collectivist organizations that empower residents and staff alike. Qualitative research at a battered women's shelter indicates that despite an implicit philosophy of empowerment , a shelter is indeed an organization like any other. Two separable organizational structures were identified: an egalitarian, collectivist structure for the relationships among staff members and a hierarchical structure for the relationships between staff members and residents. To prevent an inadvertent return to traditional patriarchal structures that oppress women, feminist social workers must continuously assess how ideology affects the organizational environment in which services are delivered.
Caring for Women With HIV and AIDS
Authors: Norman Elaine , Dumois Ana O.
Published: March 2007

In 1991, the Community Family Planning Council in New York City became one of only two family planning agencies in the United States to offer primary care medical and social services to HIV-AIDS- infected women and their families. This article discusses the organi zational demands involved in setting up an integrated program of this kind and having it accepted by the staff as well as the special concerns of women with gender-related needs.
Exchanging Welfare Checks for Wedding Rings: Welfare Reform in New Jersey and Wisconsin
Authors: Thomas Susan L.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the growth in welfare reforms in the 1980s and 1990s, known as Bridefare, that have focused on forcing poor women into traditional marriages to remain eligible for public assistance benefits. It argues that Bridefare perpetuates discriminatory institu tions and subjects poor women to dominance by and economic depen dence on men.
Over the Edge? Women and Tenure in Today's Academic Environment
Authors: DiNitto Diana , Aguilar Marian A. , Franklin Cynthia , Jordan Catheleen
Published: March 2007

This article presents an exploratory, descriptive inquiry on the sub jective perceptions of women faculty members of their experiences on the tenure track in schools of social work and the personal demands and impact of being female faculty members. The women's suggestions for improving the tenure process are also presented.
Women Vietnam Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Implications for Practice
Authors: Price David H. , Knox Jo
Published: March 2007

Female Vietnam War veterans are an oppressed community, linked by their common experience in a tragic, unpopular war; by their subjugation in an overwhelmingly male military subculture dominated by a patriarchal society; and by their common struggle to deal with the emotional and psychological costs of their service. This article examines the problems experienced by women veterans of the Vietnam War who suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder, identifies practice settings where women veterans are encountered, and suggests assessment strategies and therapeutic interventions.
"Are You Married?" Two Sexual-Minority Students' Perspectives on Field Placements
Authors: Messinger Lori , Topal Michelle
Published: March 2007

"Are you married?" It is my first day of field placement. I had prepared so carefully by moving the ring my lover gave me to my right hand and leaving my pink triangle earring at home. Dressed in "professional clothes," I knew that I could pass undetected. Now, confronted with this question, how do I respond?
Homelessness Among AFDC Families in a Rural State: It Is Bound to Get Worse
Authors: Butler Sandra Sue
Published: March 2007

Drawing on a sample of 929 recipients of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) in the rural state of Maine, the study reported here examined the differences between families who had and had not experienced homelessness. The findings revealed few differ ences between the ever-homeless and the never-homeless groups, which indicates the importance of AFDC in preventing homelessness.
Submerged Voices: Coordinators of Sexual Assault Services Speak of Their Experiences
Authors: Carmody Moira
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a study of a small group of social workers who are or have been coordinators of health-based sexual assault services in New South Wales, Australia. What does working in this area of practice mean for these women? How has being daily witnesses to sexual assault affected their lives professionally and personally? This article aims to give voice to and thereby gain some understanding of these workers' experiences.
A Closer Look at the Drug Abuse—Maternal Aggression Link
Authors: HIEN DENISE , HONEYMAN TOYE
Published: March 2007

This study examines the relationship between drug abuse and maternal aggression (MA) among low-income women, controlling for a number of factors that often obscure the nature of the links between these two behaviors. Drug abusers (n = 87) and nonsubstance abusing normals (n = 75) were recruited from public hospital treatment programs and received extensive clinical evaluations for salient factors including psychiatric disorder, trauma history, domestic violence, coping, and MA. Findings indicated that drug abuse was consistently associated with more severe disciplinary practices and a higher potential for punitiveness than nonsubstance abuse. Further examination revealed the following two factors that predicted MA more powerfully than drug abuse: (a) being in a violent couple and (b) the use of avoidant coping strategies. Discussion includes recommendations for use of parenting interventions with drug-using women that address not only abstinence from drug abuse but also anger management and coping strategies.
Computer-Administered Interviews With Children About Maltreatment
Authors: BLACK MAUREEN M. , PONIRAKIS ANGELO
Published: March 2007

It is widely recognized that maltreatment research should include a more child-oriented perspective. Although there are guidelines for directly interviewing children about their maltreatment experiences, oftentimes the children's ability to respond to sensitive questions may be hindered by embarrassment, shame, and/or guilt. With the technological advances of talking computers, computer-administered questionnaires may be an optimal way to interview children about maltreatment, because questions can be presented in two modalities—aurally, through headphones, and visually, on the screen. This method ensures privacy and presents questions in a gender-specific format that can be tailored to the developmental level and specific experiences of each child. This article reviews the advantages and disadvantages of using computer-administered questionnaires to ask children about their maltreatment history. Attention is also directed toward the methodological, developmental, and ethical aspects of interviewing children about maltreatment.
Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) Programs
Authors: AHRENS COURTNEY E. , CAMPBELL REBECCA , WASCO SHARON M. , APONTE GLORIA , GRUBSTEIN LORI , DAVIDSON WILLIAM S.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, new programs have emerged in hospital emergency departments to care for sexual assault victims. These programs, collectively known as Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) programs, improve the treatment of sexual assault victims through explicit attention to the medical, emotional, and legal needs of sexual assault survivors. Although SANE programs have proliferated over the past several years and now number nearly 100 nationwide, details about how these alternative services were developed have been missing in the literature. In this article, two recently established SANE programs are studied in depth to reveal how rape crisis centers in different communities created these services. Factor associated with the successful implementation of these SANE programs included (a) strong organizational history, (b) use of sexual assault councils and task forces, (c) affiliation with larger organizations, (d) positive relationships with hospitals, (e) engaging in training and collaboration with community systems, and (f) strategies for resolving differences. Implications for the health care of sexual assault victims are discussed.
Childhood Maltreatment and College Drop-Out Rates
Authors: DUNCAN RENAE D.
Published: March 2007

This study, which followed 210 freshmen through 4 years of college, found that by their second semester in college, students who reported experiencing more than one form of childhood abuse (physical, sexual, or emotional) and those who were sexually assaulted but not otherwise maltreated were significantly less likely to be enrolled than nonvictims. By the end of their senior years, only 35% of multiple victims, 50% of those sexually abused only, and 60% of nonvictims were enrolled. Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at the 2nd week of the freshman year were significantly related to college attendance at the 4th year, with a significant interaction between PTSD and abuse history as they related to remaining in or dropping out of college. Unless researchers studying the impact of childhood trauma in college samples are examining first-semester freshmen, it is likely that the research is being conducted with only the healthiest of survivors, which could lead to inaccurate conclusions about the abuse population as a whole.
Affective Orientations of Perpetrators, Victims, and Functional Spouses
Authors: YELSMA PAUL
Published: March 2007

Affective orientations of 79 perpetrators, 57 victims, and 70 functional spouses were examined. Self-report measures were utilized to assess five affective orientations: (a) alexithymia, (b) affective orientation, (c) range of positive feelings, and (d) expression of positive affect, and (e) expression of negative affect. Perpetrators were significantly more alexithymic than functional spouses but were not significantly different from victims. Perpetrators and victims report being less disposed to possess or express their feelings than do functional males and females. Male perpetrators were significantly less aware of their affective states than functional males; and female victims were significantly less aware of their affective states than functional females. Female victims possessed significantly fewer positive feelings than functional women. Expression of positive emotions was significantly less for female victims than for functional females. Deficit of positive affect versus the presence of negative affect was a significant indicator of physical abuse reported within intimate relationships.
Sexual Coercion and Well-Being in Young Adulthood
Authors: ZWEIG JANINE M. , BARBER BONNIE L. , ECCLES JACQUELYNNE S.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the associations between sexual coercion and well-being (anger, coping, depressed mood, self-esteem, social anxiety, and social isolation) based on gender and college enrollment. Participants were 872 women and 527 men, ages 19 through 22 years. Women were more likely than men to report having experienced sexual coercion. In addition, noncollege women were more likely than college women to report having experienced rape and sexual abuse. Participants who reported experiencing sexual coercion had poorer social and psychological adjustment. The effect of coercion on well-being did not differ for college and noncollege young adults. Type of sexual coercion (no coercion, pressure, and violent coercion) related to adjustment differentially for women and men. Pressured women had lower well-being scores than either women who were not coerced or violently coerced. In contrast, violently coerced men had lower scores for well-being than either pressured men or men who were not coerced.
What Happens When Corporal Punishment Is Legal?
Authors: CZUMBIL MARIA R. , HYMAN IRWIN A.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses abuses of the use of legalized corporal punishment in schools. The relationship between social factors and the prevalence of corporal punishment in schools was assessed. Newspaper articles dated from 1975 through 1992 and collated through Burelles's Clipping Service were analyzed. The six variables were (a) sex of the educator, (b) sex of the student, (c) age of the student, (d) reason for punishment, (e) severity of punishment, and (f) geographical location. The study found that males are more likely to be the recipients of severe corporal punishment and that the reporting of corporal punishment incidents was highest in the South Atlantic region of the United States.
Case Study of Rape in Contemporary China
Authors: GIL VINCENT E. , ANDERSON ALLEN F.
Published: March 2007

Rape is a rarely reported event in contemporary China. In this article, two distinct narratives provided by a victim allow for deconstruction and analysis within sociocultural and historical frames. Analyses are purposely framed within the contexts of culture and history and contextualized within the realities of the victim's life. The authors argue that this rape has as much to do with the victimization of one woman as with those enablements which a patriarchal and phallocentric culture provides for men who use their privilege as a sexual weapon. The narratives also illustrate how a Chinese woman metamorphoses her trauma in ways consistent with Sinitic history and culturally gendered forms of coping. The authors end with a critical assessment of China's efforts to remediate sexual crimes against women.
Discussing Incentive Compensation with Donald Hastings of Lincoln Electric
Authors: Hodgetts Richard M.
Published: March 2007

Today, Lincoln Electric's line of manufactured arc welding products accounts for around 85% of the company's $1.2 billion in annual sales. Not with-standing the company's impressive success, it is best known for its outstanding productivity incentive program. Lincoln Electric's unique beliefs about the workplace are largely responsible for highly prized jobs, high wages, high productivity, a high level of trust between employees and management, and a very low turnover rate. Lincoln Electric's compensation package for factory workers consists of a piecework system for base wages and a year-end bonus. In Richard M. Hodgetts' interview, Donald Hastings, recently retired chairman of Lincoln Electric, discusses the company's compensation philosophy in depth. In order to maintain the company's foundation beliefs, he states that the "entire system is designed around the philosophy that if people are given the opportunity to succeed, they'll take it." In addition, he addresses Lincoln Electric's continual challenge to maintain its core beliefs while adapting to meet changing business needs.
Challenging Behaviorist Dogma: Myths About Money and Motivation
Authors: kohn Alfie
Published: March 2007

[Response] The conventional wisdom among compensation specialists is to throw money and other rewards at employees in order to motivate them and make them work harder. But numerous studies have shown that, in the workplace, money ranks far behind such factors as challenging work or interesting people to work with. Furthermore, there are no controlled scientific studies that have found a long-term enhancement of the quality of work as a result of any monetary or other reward system. In fact, the more rewards are used to "motivate" people, the more people lose interest in whatever they had to do to get the rewards. Money itself is not the problem, but using money to get people to jump through hoops, is. And a preoccupation with money can distract the compensation specialist from attending to what's really important in moving an organization forward-meeting employees' needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy.
Long-Term Incentives: How Private Companies Can Compete with Public Companies
Authors: Longnecker Brent M. , Petersen Brent T. , Hitt Roger
Published: March 2007

For any company, be it public or private, to compete sucessfully for key emploee talent, it must be well awre ofthe total direct compensation market for executives-including all levels and combinations of base salery, bonus, and long-term incentives. As many companies prefer-and soem shareholders demand-a portion of executive comensation is drectly aligned with the interest of the shreholders. This results primarly in the sue of stock options, restricted stock, and otehr equity-based plans. But what should private companies do? As they have not stock to offer, how do they address long-term incentives? One way si by using phantom stock. Anoterh way is buy using perfoance units plans. Though both methods have theri pros and cons, they can help priavte companies sucessfully compete with pulicly traded ones without diluting the onership structure of the company.
Automatic 401 (k) Enrollment: Retirement Cure-All or Bltter Pill?
Authors: Youden Diane
Published: March 2007

Automatic enrollment in a 401 (k) plan, also known as "negative election," is not a panacea and is not right for every plan sponsor. However, for some plan sponsors with low employee participation in the 401(k) plan, high turnover, or problems passing the discrimination tests, implementing automatic enrollment could be a beneficial move. As in any effective program that a plan sponsor would like to implement in a company, anticipating employee reaction and developing a clear communications strategy that addresses employee issues are essential, advises the author. To illustrate her point, she highlights in different case studies the strategies of two companies that have approached their low 401 (k) participation and what they did to improve it. While automatic 401(k) enrollment is not necessarily the ideal cure for getting employees to participate in their companies' 401(k) plan, it can help solidify the relationship between employee and employer while communicating to workers the importance of saving for their retirement.
Long-Term Care: Alternative Solutions
Authors: Silver Ivy
Published: March 2007

Long-term care problems and their solutions are multidimensional and will evolve over time. Current legislative solutions answer one small element of the dilemma. With a problem that is already costing over $2 billion dollars of personal income each month, what alternatives are available? One solution is the extension of long-term care insurance provided through employer-sponsored plans for today's working-age caregivers. This article looks at two primary populations: future persons at risk and those currently in need of either at-home care or a nursing home setting. Employer based contracts are reviewed for applicable solutions for both the employee and the employer.
Reducing Fear Of Crime Through Police Visibility: A Field Experiment
Authors: Winkel Frans Willem
Published: March 2007

On the basis of theoretical premises and previous empirical research, three hypotheses are formulated about the effects of increased police visibility. In the first place, a decreased fear of crime among the public is expected. Second, increased police visibility is hypothesized to result in lower estimates of subjective risks of victimization. Finally, it is predicted that police visibility will strengthen police-community relations.
Preincarceration Patterns of Drug and Alcohol Use by Jail Inmates
Authors: Mays G. Larry , Fields Charles B. , Thompson Joel A.
Published: March 2007

Extensive research exists which examines the relationship between the use of alcohol and/or drugs and the commission of crime. However, the debate continues over the causal nature of these linkages. This paper will develop a profile of preincarceration alcohol and drug use from a survey of 5,785 jail inmates. From this profile there will be a discussion concerning the operational and policy implications of having an inmate population with the types of drug and alcohol problems traditionally associated with local jail inmates.
When Policies Conflict: Can Retributive State Policy Goals Be Met Effectively By Rehabilitative Alternative Sentencing Strategies*
Authors: Bondi Connie B.
Published: March 2007

Programs do not exist in a vacuum; therefore program evaluations which ignore the outside influences that impact the program are in error. The community sentencing program discussed had a stated goal of rehabilitation yet was found to have predominantly retributive outcomes. Examination of the external influences impacting the program (state level policy and the judiciary) provided explanations for the apparent dysfunction between the program's stated goal of rehabilitation and its retributive outcomes. Both the funding agent (the state) and the judiciary viewed community sentencing as a method of making probation a more meaningful sanction. Once the program accepted the state funding, it was obligated to process the offenders the judiciary sent despite the obvious shift in correctional philosophy. As a rehabilitative program, the program failed to meet its stated goals; however, in the final analysis it was found that the program both successfully and cost-effectively met the funding agency's goal of retribution. The observed effects this shift in philosophy had upon the program counselors are briefly discussed.
Juvenile Justice Code Purpose Clauses: The Power of Words
Authors: Hemmens Craig , Fritsch Eric , Caeti Tory J.
Published: March 2007

The perception that juvenile crime is out of control and that the juve nile justice system is too lenient on offenders has led to a reevaluation, in popular discourse and academic scholarship, of the goals of the juvenile justice system. This article seeks to determine the extent to which "get tough" rhetoric has been operationalized by legislatures in the purpose clause of the juvenile justice code. The purpose clause is found at the beginning of a code section. It serves the function of explaining the goals of that section of the code, outlining what the legislature hopes to accom plish through the code. We examine juvenile justice code purpose claus es to determine which states still adhere to the traditional model of juve nile justice, which states have adopted a punitive approach, which states have endorsed the balanced approach, and which states have failed to adopt a coherent set of goals for the juvenile justice system.
The Effects of the Media on Federal Criminal Justice Policy
Authors: Chermak Steven M. , Weiss Alexander
Published: March 2007

This article examines the news media's role in federal criminal justice policy-making. Specifically, we examine how news coverage of cele brated events affected the gun control policy-agenda over a twenty-five year period by linking the presentation of gun issues in the New York Times to corresponding changes in the number of congressional hearings on gun control. Moreover, we examine the implementation of two pieces of federal gun legislation as case studies to more clearly identify the role of the media in federal criminal justice policy-making. Our results indi cate that the media affect the federal policy process in three ways: first, the media can open a window of opportunity to consider policy change; second, the media can promote a limited range of policy alternatives; and third, the media can promote the interests of policy entrepreneurs.
Environmental Discontinuities: The Production and Regulation of an Eco-experience
Authors: Halsey Mark
Published: March 2007

The paper examines the socio-ecological effects of formal and infor mal regulatory strategies in and around a South Australian Marine Park. It discusses some of the problematic dichotomies these regulations are founded on and help to perpetuate. The paper employed a single case study methodology and relied particularly on the data derived through qualitative field work. Data sources for the study included legislation, field notes, media promotions, photographs, brochures and phone inter views. Data was obtained directly from the principle research site and from key agencies involved in regulating activities at this site. A key con clusion of the study is that Park infrastructures and prescriptions help reinforce the idea that 'humans' and 'nature' are discrete entities rather than part of a continuous flow of matter-energy. In addition, it was con cluded that this delineation has serious implications for the way human/environment interactions are regulated 'outside' these areas.
Maternal Perceptions of Successful Breastfeeding
Authors: Leff Ellen W. , Gagne Margaret P. , Jefferis Sandra C.
Published: March 2007

Twenty-six mothers were interviewed concerning successful and unsuccessful breastfeeding. Constant comparative analysis yielded five major categories of successful breastfeeding: infant health, infant satisfaction, maternal enjoyment, desired maternal role attainment, and lifestyle compatibility. A core concept, working in harmony, emerged as a unifying theme. Mothers described successful breastfeeding as a complex interactive process resulting in mutual satisfaction of maternal and infant needs. This concept broadens definitions of successful breastfeeding often used by health professionals, which emphasize breastfeeding duration and nutritional aspects.
Development of the Preterm Infant Breastfeeding Behavior Scale (PIBBS): A Study of Nurse-Mother Agreement
Authors: Nyqvist Kerstin Hedberg , Rubertsson Christine , Ewald Uwe , Sjödén Per-Olow
Published: March 2007

Research on the development of preterm infant feeding behavior has focused mainly on bottlefeeding, using invasive methods or observations by professionals. In this study, a clinical method for observing breastfeeding was developed in collaboration between observers and mothers for the purpose of enabling neonatal personnel and mothers to describe developmental stages in preterm infant breastfeeding behavior. Tests of interobserver reliability resulted in acceptable agreement between observers, but a somewhat lower level of agreement between observers and mothers. The scale showed a good capacity to discriminate between infant gestational ages and can be used for helping mothers to identify their infants' emerging competence.
Transitioning to the Breast at Six Weeks: Use of a Nipple Shield
Authors: Woodworth Marilee , Frank Ellen
Published: March 2007

After forceful help with breastfeeding on the first day after birth, a baby began to refuse to latch onto the breast. The mother received help maintaining her milk supply and advice on feeding methods and use of a nipple shield from a lactation consultant after leaving the hospital and was eventually able to breastfeed with the help of a nipple shield. Important aspects of this case were the treatment in the hospital, which included forcing the baby to the breast and using a tube-feeding device with artificial baby milk. Also critical was this mother's commitment to breastfeeding and the longterm support she received.