bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The dose makes the poison: from glutamate-mediated neurogenesis to neuronal atrophy and depression
Authors: Rubio-Casillas Alberto , Fernández-Guasti Alonso
Published: August 2016

Experimental evidence has demonstrated that glutamate is an essential factor for neurogenesis, whereas another line of research postulates that excessive glutamatergic neurotransmission is associated with the pathogenesis of depression. The present review shows that such paradox can be explained within the framework of hormesis, defined as biphasic dose responses. Low glutamate levels activate adaptive stress responses that include proteins that protect neurons against more severe stress. Conversely, abnormally high levels of glutamate, resulting from increased release and/or decreased removal, cause neuronal atrophy and depression. The dysregulation of the glutamatergic transmission in depression could be underlined by several factors including a decreased inhibition (γ-aminobutyric acid or serotonin) or an increased excitation (primarily within the glutamatergic system). Experimental evidence shows that the activation ofN-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPAR) can exert two opposite effects on neurogenesis and neuron survival depending on the synaptic or extrasynaptic concentration. Chronic stress, which usually underlies experimental and clinical depression, enhances glutamate release. This overactivates NMDA receptors (NMDAR) and consequently impairs AMPAR activity. Various studies show that treatment with antidepressants decreases plasma glutamate levels in depressed individuals and regulates glutamate receptors by reducing NMDAR function by decreasing the expression of its subunits and by potentiating AMPAR-mediated transmission. Additionally, it has been shown that chronic treatment with antidepressants having divergent mechanisms of action (including tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and ketamine) markedly reduced depolarization-evoked glutamate release in the hippocampus. These data, taken together, suggest that the glutamatergic system could be a final common pathway for antidepressant treatments.
Inclusive Economic Institutions in the Gulf Cooperation Council States: Current Status and Theoretical Implications
Authors: Kaya Abdullah , Tsai I-Tsung
Published: August 2016

While the social conflict theory (SCT) suggests that absolute monarchies will not tolerate inclusive economic institutions, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have regularly achieved above global average ratings for property rights protection, entry barriers, disruptive wealth redistribution and corruption. This paper discusses the extent to which GCC states have potential to further improve their institutional quality. We explore whether inclusive economic institutions may emerge in GCC states, such as: (1) regional economic integration and competition which alleviate rulers’ capability to expropriate private property and ease entry barriers to the market, (2) rulers of resource rich economies sustain political power with control of natural resources as opposed to the extraction of private property; and (3) prospect of long-term gain for the ruler incentivizes the adoption of a market-based economy. Strong state involvement in manufacturing and the monopoly of some services, the effect of tribalism in economic affairs and the distribution of resources, as well as a sponsorship system for foreign workers in these states may all impede the development of a truly competitive and free economy.
Preparation and characterization of glass fibers – polymers (epoxy) bars (GFRP) reinforced concrete for structural applications
Authors: Alkjk Saeed , Jabra Rafee , Alkhater Salem
Published: August 2016

The paper presents some of the results from a large experimental program undertaken at the Department of Civil Engineering of Damascus University. The project aims to study the ability to reinforce and strengthen the concrete by bars from Epoxy polymer reinforced with glass fibers (GFRP) and compared with reinforce concrete by steel bars in terms of mechanical properties. Five diameters of GFRP bars, and steel bars (4mm, 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm) tested on tensile strength tests. The test shown that GFRP bars need tensile strength more than steel bars. The concrete beams measuring (15cm wide × 15cm deep × and 70cm long) reinforced by GFRP with 0.5 vol.% ratio, then the concrete beams reinforced by steel with 0.89 vol.% ratio. The concrete beams tested on deflection test. The test shown that beams which reinforced by GFRP has higher deflection resistance, than beams which reinforced by steel. Which give more advantage to reinforced concrete by GFRP.
Modifying the properties of finely ground limestone by tumbling granulation
Authors: Macho Oliver , Eckert Maroš , Tomášová Barbora , Peciar Peter , Ščasný Martin , Fekete Roman , Peciar Marián
Published: August 2016

Calcium carbonate in the form of finely ground limestone is a material that has found its application in a wide range of industries, in the chemical, rubber, agricultural, and paper industries, is used for desulfurization of boilers and other. In civil engineering, ground limestone is used for the production of building materials, plaster and mortar mixtures, as a filler in concrete mixtures, in road construction, and as an essential component of mastic asphalt. This paper deals with examining the modification of the properties of finely ground limestone by the tumbling agglomeration method. It has been shown that the components of concrete with a round grain have a positive effect on the pumping of concrete in comparison with an elongated grain or the rough surface of crushed stone. The experiments will be carried out on a granulation plate using a variety of granulation liquid. The agglomerates and their properties were compared with untreated finely ground limestone, with a focus on detecting changes in compressibility, density and particle size. The output of this paper is a description and graphical representation of the changes in the properties of ground limestone before and after the agglomeration process.
Verification of the thermal insulation properties and determination the optimal position of the reflective thermal insulation layer in the wood based envelope
Authors: Labovský Martin , Lopušniak Martin
Published: August 2016

To achieve thinner wood based envelope is necessary look for an alternative thermal insulation material, which will have the best possible thermal insulation properties while maintaining affordability. One such material is also reflective thermal insulation layer, but it is necessary to verify the thermal insulation properties and determine the optimal position in the wood based envelope.
Detail in architecture: Between arts & crafts
Authors: Dulencin Juraj
Published: August 2016

Architectural detail represents an important part of architecture. Not only can it be used as an identifier of a specific building but at the same time enhances the experience of the realized project. Within it lie the signs of a great architect and clues to understanding his or her way of thinking. It is therefore the central topic of a seminar offered to architecture students at the Brno University of Technology. During the course of the semester-long class the students acquaint themselves with atypical architectural details of domestic and international architects by learning to read them, understand them and subsequently draw them by creating architectural blueprints. In other words, by general analysis of a detail the students learn theoretical thinking of its architect who, depending on the nature of the design, had to incorporate a variety of techniques and crafts. Students apply this analytical part to their own architectural detail design. The methodology of the seminar consists of experiential learning by project management and is complemented by a series of lectures discussing a diversity of details as well as materials and technologies required to implement it. The architectural detail design is also part of students’ bachelors thesis, therefore, the realistic nature of their blueprints can be verified in the production process of its physical counterpart. Based on their own documentation the students choose the most suitable manufacturing process whether it is supplied by a specific technology or a craftsman. Students actively participate in the production and correct their design proposals in real scale with the actual material. A student, as a future architect, stands somewhere between a client and an artisan, materializes his or her idea and adjusts the manufacturing process so that the final detail fulfills aesthetic consistency and is in harmony with its initial concept. One of the very important aspects of the design is its economic cost, an actual price of real implementation. The detail determines not only the physical expression, it becomes the characteristic feature from which the rest of the building is derived. This course motivates students to surpass mere technical calculations learned from books towards sophistication and refinement, pragmatism and experimentation, and encourages a shift from feasibility to perfection.
The importance of the criteria of residential buildings from the perspective of future users
Authors: Sirochmanová Lenka , Kozlovská Mária , Bašková Renáta
Published: August 2016

The developers need to know what is important to their customers in preparation of new construction of residential buildings. The paper deals with finding the importance of structure, material, cost, time and environmental criteria of residential buildings from the perspective of the future owners. The research methodology that provided the information was questionnaire survey. Research was conducted in two lines. The first line is dedicated to the research of main construction domains of residential building. The second line of the research deals with the specific criteria of main construction domains. The order of importance of the main areas and the specific criteria is determined by analyzing of data through descriptive characteristics: median, modus, variance, average value and by weigh of importance.
Identification of Novel Regulators of the JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway that Control Border Cell Migration in theDrosophilaOvary
Authors: Saadin Afsoon , Starz-Gaiano Michelle
Published: August 2016

The Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway is an essential regulator of cell migration both in mammals and fruit flies. Cell migration is required for normal embryonic development and immune response but can also lead to detrimental outcomes, such as tumor metastasis. A cluster of cells termed “border cells” in the Drosophila ovary provides an excellent example of a collective cell migration, in which two different cell types coordinate their movements. Border cells arise within the follicular epithelium and are required to invade the neighboring cells and migrate to the oocyte to contribute to a fertilizable egg. Multiple components of the STAT signaling pathway are required during border cell specification and migration; however, the functions and identities of other potential regulators of the pathway during these processes are not yet known. To find new components of the pathway that govern cell invasiveness, we knocked down 48 predicted STAT modulators using RNAi expression in follicle cells, and assayed defective cell movement. We have shown that seven of these regulators are involved in either border cell specification or migration. Examination of the epistatic relationship between candidate genes and Stat92E reveals that the products of two genes, Protein tyrosine phosphatase 61F (Ptp61F) and brahma (brm), interact with Stat92E during both border cell specification and migration.
An Improved Binary Vector and Escherichia coli Strain for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Plant Transformation
Authors: Watson Michael R , Lin Yu-fei , Hollwey Elizabeth , Dodds Rachel E , Meyer Peter , McDowall Kenneth J
Published: August 2016

The plasmid vector pGreenII is widely used to produce plant transformants via a process that involves propagation in Escherichia coli. However, we show here that pGreenII-based constructs can be unstable in E. coli as a consequence of them hampering cell division and promoting cell death. In addition, we describe a new version of pGreenII that does not cause these effects, thereby removing the selective pressure for mutation, and a new strain of E. coli that better tolerates existing pGreenII-based constructs without reducing plasmid yield. The adoption of the new derivative of pGreenII and the E. coli strain, which we have named pViridis and MW906, respectively, should help to ensure the integrity of genes destined for study in plants while they are propagated and manipulated in E. coli. The mechanism by which pGreenII perturbs E. coli growth appears to be dysregulation within the ColE1 origin of replication.
Identification of QTLs Associated with Virulence Related Traits and Drug Resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Vogan Aaron A , Khankhet Jordan , Samarasinghe Himeshi , Xu Jianping
Published: August 2016

Cryptococcus neoformans is a basidiomycete fungus capable of causing deadly meningoenchephilitis, primarily in immunocompromised individuals. Formerly, C. neoformans was composed of two divergent lineages, but these have recently been elevated to species status, now C. neoformans (formerly C. neoformans var. grubii) and C. deneoformans (formerly C. neoformans var. neoformans). While both species can cause deadly infections in humans, C. neoformans is much more prevalent in clinical settings than C. deneoformans. However, the genetic factors contributing to their significant differences in virulence remain largely unknown. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping is a powerful tool that can be used to identify genomic regions associated with phenotypic differences between strains. Here, we analyzed a hybrid cross between these two species and identified a total of 23 QTL, including five for melanin production, six for cell size, one for cell wall thickness, five for the frequency of capsule production, three for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fluconazole in broth, and three for MIC on solid medium. For the fluconazole resistance-associated QTL, three showed environment and/or concentration-specific effects. Our results provide a large number of candidate gene regions from which to explore the molecular bases for phenotypic differences between C. neoformans and C. deneoformans.
Genomic Prediction of Gene Bank Wheat Landraces
Authors: Crossa José , Jarquín Diego , Franco Jorge , Pérez-Rodríguez Paulino , Burgueño Juan , Saint-Pierre Carolina , Vikram Prashant , Sansaloni Carolina , Petroli Cesar , Akdemir Deniz , Sneller Clay , Reynolds Matthew , Tattaris Maria , Payne Thomas , Guzman Carlos , Peña Roberto J , Wenzl Peter , Singh Sukhwinder
Published: August 2016

This study examines genomic prediction within 8416 Mexican landrace accessions and 2403 Iranian landrace accessions stored in gene banks. The Mexican and Iranian collections were evaluated in separate field trials, including an optimum environment for several traits, and in two separate environments (drought, D and heat, H) for the highly heritable traits, days to heading (DTH), and days to maturity (DTM). Analyses accounting and not accounting for population structure were performed. Genomic prediction models include genotype × environment interaction (G × E). Two alternative prediction strategies were studied: (1) random cross-validation of the data in 20% training (TRN) and 80% testing (TST) (TRN20-TST80) sets, and (2) two types of core sets, “diversity” and “prediction”, including 10% and 20%, respectively, of the total collections. Accounting for population structure decreased prediction accuracy by 15–20% as compared to prediction accuracy obtained when not accounting for population structure. Accounting for population structure gave prediction accuracies for traits evaluated in one environment for TRN20-TST80 that ranged from 0.407 to 0.677 for Mexican landraces, and from 0.166 to 0.662 for Iranian landraces. Prediction accuracy of the 20% diversity core set was similar to accuracies obtained for TRN20-TST80, ranging from 0.412 to 0.654 for Mexican landraces, and from 0.182 to 0.647 for Iranian landraces. The predictive core set gave similar prediction accuracy as the diversity core set for Mexican collections, but slightly lower for Iranian collections. Prediction accuracy when incorporating G × E for DTH and DTM for Mexican landraces for TRN20-TST80 was around 0.60, which is greater than without the G × E term. For Iranian landraces, accuracies were 0.55 for the G × E model with TRN20-TST80. Results show promising prediction accuracies for potential use in germplasm enhancement and rapid introgression of exotic germplasm into elite materials.
Microsporidia Intracellular Development Relies on Myc Interaction Network Transcription Factors in the Host
Authors: Botts Michael R , Cohen Lianne B , Probert Christopher S , Wu Fengting , Troemel Emily R
Published: August 2016

Microsporidia are ubiquitous parasites that infect a wide range of animal hosts, and these fungal-related microbes undergo their entire replicative lifecycle inside of host cells. Despite being widespread in the environment and causing medical and agricultural harm, virtually nothing is known about the host factors important to facilitate their growth and development inside of host cells. Here, we perform a genetic screen to identify host transcription factors important for development of the microsporidian pathogen Nematocida parisii inside intestinal cells of its natural host, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Through this screen, we identified the C. elegans Myc family of transcription factors as key host regulators of microsporidia growth and development. The Mad-like transcription factor MDL-1, and the Max-like transcription factors MXL-1 and MXL-2 promote pathogen levels, while the Myc-Mondo-like transcription factor MML-1 inhibits pathogen levels. We used epistasis analysis to show that MDL-1 and MXL-1, which are thought to function as a heterodimer, appear to be acting canonically. In contrast, MXL-2 and MML-1, which are also thought to function as a heterodimer, appear to be acting in separate pathways (noncanonically) in the context of pathogen infection. We also found that both MDL-1::GFP and MML-1::GFP are expressed in intestinal cells during infection. These findings provide novel insight into the host transcription factors that regulate microsporidia development.
Using Genotyping by Sequencing to Map Two Novel Anthracnose Resistance Loci inSorghum bicolor
Authors: J. Felderhoff Terry , M. McIntyre Lauren , Saballos Ana , Vermerris Wilfred
Published: August 2016

Colletotrichum sublineola is an aggressive fungal pathogen that causes anthracnose in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The obvious symptoms of anthracnose are leaf blight and stem rot. Sorghum, the fifth most widely grown cereal crop in the world, can be highly susceptible to the disease, most notably in hot and humid environments. In the southeastern United States the acreage of sorghum has been increasing steadily in recent years, spurred by growing interest in producing biofuels, bio-based products, and animal feed. Resistance to anthracnose is, therefore, of paramount importance for successful sorghum production in this region. To identify anthracnose resistance loci present in the highly resistant cultivar ‘Bk7’, a biparental mapping population of F3:4 and F4:5 sorghum lines was generated by crossing ‘Bk7’ with the susceptible inbred ‘Early Hegari-Sart’. Lines were phenotyped in three environments and in two different years following natural infection. The population was genotyped by sequencing. Following a stringent custom filtering protocol, totals of 5186 and 2759 informative SNP markers were identified in the two populations. Segregation data and association analysis identified resistance loci on chromosomes 7 and 9, with the resistance alleles derived from ‘Bk7’. Both loci contain multiple classes of defense-related genes based on sequence similarity and gene ontologies. Genetic analysis following an independent selection experiment of lines derived from a cross between ‘Bk7’ and sweet sorghum ‘Mer81-4’ narrowed the resistance locus on chromosome 9 substantially, validating this QTL. As observed in other species, sorghum appears to have regions of clustered resistance genes. Further characterization of these regions will facilitate the development of novel germplasm with resistance to anthracnose and other diseases.
Sources of Error in Mammalian Genetic Screens
Authors: Sack Laura Magill , Davoli Teresa , Xu Qikai , Li Mamie Z , Elledge Stephen J
Published: August 2016

Genetic screens are invaluable tools for dissection of biological phenomena. Optimization of such screens to enhance discovery of candidate genes and minimize false positives is thus a critical aim. Here, we report several sources of error common to pooled genetic screening techniques used in mammalian cell culture systems, and demonstrate methods to eliminate these errors. We find that reverse transcriptase-mediated recombination during retroviral replication can lead to uncoupling of molecular tags, such as DNA barcodes (BCs), from their associated library elements, leading to chimeric proviral genomes in which BCs are paired to incorrect ORFs, shRNAs, etc. This effect depends on the length of homologous sequence between unique elements, and can be minimized with careful vector design. Furthermore, we report that residual plasmid DNA from viral packaging procedures can contaminate transduced cells. These plasmids serve as additional copies of the PCR template during library amplification, resulting in substantial inaccuracies in measurement of initial reference populations for screen normalization. The overabundance of template in some samples causes an imbalance between PCR cycles of contaminated and uncontaminated samples, which results in a systematic artifactual depletion of GC-rich library elements. Elimination of contaminating plasmid DNA using the bacterial endonuclease Benzonase can restore faithful measurements of template abundance and minimize GC bias.
Scan-o-matic: High-Resolution Microbial Phenomics at a Massive Scale
Authors: Zackrisson Martin , Hallin Johan , Ottosson Lars-Göran , Dahl Peter , Fernandez-Parada Esteban , Ländström Erik , Fernandez-Ricaud Luciano , Kaferle Petra , Skyman Andreas , Stenberg Simon , Omholt Stig , Petrovič Uroš , Warringer Jonas , Blomberg Anders
Published: August 2016

The capacity to map traits over large cohorts of individuals—phenomics—lags far behind the explosive development in genomics. For microbes, the estimation of growth is the key phenotype because of its link to fitness. We introduce an automated microbial phenomics framework that delivers accurate, precise, and highly resolved growth phenotypes at an unprecedented scale. Advancements were achieved through the introduction of transmissive scanning hardware and software technology, frequent acquisition of exact colony population size measurements, extraction of population growth rates from growth curves, and removal of spatial bias by reference-surface normalization. Our prototype arrangement automatically records and analyzes close to 100,000 growth curves in parallel. We demonstrate the power of the approach by extending and nuancing the known salt-defense biology in baker’s yeast. The introduced framework represents a major advance in microbial phenomics by providing high-quality data for extensive cohorts of individuals and generating well-populated and standardized phenomics databases
Optimizing Training Population Data and Validation of Genomic Selection for Economic Traits in Soft Winter Wheat
Authors: Hoffstetter Amber , Cabrera Antonio , Huang Mao , Sneller Clay
Published: August 2016

Genomic selection (GS) is a breeding tool that estimates breeding values (GEBVs) of individuals based solely on marker data by using a model built using phenotypic and marker data from a training population (TP). The effectiveness of GS increases as the correlation of GEBVs and phenotypes (accuracy) increases. Using phenotypic and genotypic data from a TP of 470 soft winter wheat lines, we assessed the accuracy of GS for grain yield, Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) resistance, softness equivalence (SE), and flour yield (FY). Four TP data sampling schemes were tested: (1) use all TP data, (2) use subsets of TP lines with low genotype-by-environment interaction, (3) use subsets of markers significantly associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL), and (4) a combination of 2 and 3. We also correlated the phenotypes of relatives of the TP to their GEBVs calculated from TP data. The GS accuracy within the TP using all TP data ranged from 0.35 (FHB) to 0.62 (FY). On average, the accuracy of GS from using subsets of data increased by 54% relative to using all TP data. Using subsets of markers selected for significant association with the target trait had the greatest impact on GS accuracy. Between-environment prediction accuracy was also increased by using data subsets. The accuracy of GS when predicting the phenotypes of TP relatives ranged from 0.00 to 0.85. These results suggest that GS could be useful for these traits and GS accuracy can be greatly improved by using subsets of TP data.
From Genotype to Phenotype: Nonsense Variants in SLC13A1 Are Associated with Decreased Serum Sulfate and Increased Serum Aminotransferases
Authors: Tise Christina G , Perry James A , Anforth Leslie E , Pavlovich Mary A , Backman Joshua D , Ryan Kathleen A , Lewis Joshua P , O’Connell Jeffrey R , Yerges-Armstrong Laura M , Shuldiner Alan R
Published: August 2016

Using genomic applications to glean insights into human biology, we systematically searched for nonsense single nucleotide variants (SNVs) that are rare in the general population but enriched in the Old Order Amish (Amish) due to founder effect. We identified two nonlinked, nonsense SNVs (R12X and W48X) in SLC13A1 (allele frequencies 0.29% and 0.74% in the Amish; enriched 1.2-fold and 3.7-fold, compared to the outbred Caucasian population, respectively). SLC13A1 encodes the apical sodium-sulfate cotransporter (NaS1) responsible for sulfate (re)absorption in the kidneys and intestine. SLC13A1 R12X and W48X were independently associated with a 27.6% (P = 2.7 × 10−8) and 27.3% (P = 6.9 × 10−14) decrease in serum sulfate, respectively (P = 8.8 × 10-20 for carriers of either SLC13A1 nonsense SNV). We further performed the first exome- and genome-wide association study (ExWAS/GWAS) of serum sulfate and identified a missense variant (L348P) in SLC26A1, which encodes the basolateral sulfate-anion transporter (Sat1), that was associated with decreased serum sulfate (P = 4.4 × 10−12). Consistent with sulfate’s role in xenobiotic detoxification and protection against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity, SLC13A1 nonsense SNV carriers had higher aminotransferase levels compared to noncarriers. Furthermore, SLC26A1 L348P was associated with lower whole-body bone mineral density (BMD) and higher serum calcium, consistent with the osteochondrodysplasia exhibited by dogs and sheep with naturally occurring, homozygous, loss-of-function mutations in Slc13a1. This study demonstrates the power and translational potential of systematic identification and characterization of rare, loss-of-function variants and warrants additional studies to better understand the importance of sulfate in human physiology, disease, and drug toxicity.
Evidence for Regulation of ECM3 Expression by Methylation of Histone H3 Lysine 4 and Intergenic Transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Raupach Elizabeth A , Martens Joseph A , Arndt Karen M
Published: August 2016

Transcription of nonprotein-coding DNA is widespread in eukaryotes and plays important regulatory roles for many genes, including genes that are misregulated in cancer cells. Its pervasiveness presents the potential for a wealth of diverse regulatory roles for noncoding transcription. We previously showed that the act of transcribing noncoding DNA (ncDNA) across the promoter of the protein-coding SER3 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae positions nucleosomes over the upstream activating sequences, leading to strong repression of SER3 transcription. To explore the possibility of other regulatory roles for ncDNA transcription, we selected six candidate S. cerevisiae genes that express ncRNAs over their promoters and analyzed the regulation of one of these genes, ECM3, in detail. Because noncoding transcription can lead to changes in the local chromatin landscape that impinge on the expression of nearby coding genes, we surveyed the effects of various chromatin regulators on the expression of ECM3. These analyses identified roles for the Paf1 complex in positively regulating ECM3 transcription through methylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (K4) and for Paf1 in controlling the pattern of intergenic transcription at this locus. By deleting a putative promoter for the noncoding transcription unit that lies upstream of ECM3, we provide evidence for a positive correlation between intergenic transcription and ECM3 expression. Our results are consistent with a model in which cotranscriptional methylation of histone H3 K4, mediated by the Paf1 complex and noncoding transcription, leads to activation of ECM3 transcription.
Profesijos mokytojų kompetencijų atitiktis profesijos mokytojo standartui
Authors: Martišauskienė Elvyda , Gaigalienė Marytė
Published: August 2016

Straipsnyje analizuojamas profesijos mokytojų požiūris į svarbiausių veiklos sričių, teikiamų profesijos mokytojo standarte (asmenybinio ugdymosi, mokymo modulio planavimo, mokymo ir tobulinimo, profesinio rengimo programos projektavimo, mokyklos ir švietimo sistemos plėtojimo), kompetencijas trimis atžvilgiais: a) bendru jų svarbumo pripažinimu, b) asmeniniu santykiu, reiškiamu noru jas tobulinti, ir c) kvalifikacijos kėlimo sistemos teikiamos pagalbos įvertinimu. Aptariami veiksniai, darantys poveikį tokiam požiūriui.
Ritos Raudeliūnaitės daktaro disertacija „Sutrikusio regėjimo paauglių socialinių įgūdžių ugdymas”
Authors: Gudonis Vytautas
Published: August 2016

Ritos Raudeliūnaitės daktaro disertacijos „Sutrikusio regėjimo paauglių socialinių įgūdžių ugdymas” apžvalga.
Institutional changes in the economies of Central and Eastern European countries and the situation of the labour market
Authors: Adamczyk Andrzej
Published: August 2016

The object of the article is to assess the influence of economic and political institutions on the situation of the labour market in Central and Eastern European countries. In the initial phase of transformation, the debate in these countries focused on economic stabilization. In recent years, the focus shifted towards institutional solutions of economic processes, including the situation of the labour market.The emphasis is put on the particularities of the countries undergoing transformation, in which profound changes in economic and political institutions are taking place due to the implementation of economic reforms, on the one hand, and the democratization process, on the other hand. Undoubtedly, the process of institutional change was occurring at varying pace in Central and Eastern European Countries as a result of various problems of respective labour markets.The analysis, based upon the data from 1995 to 2006, shows that the institutional structure has a great impact on the labour market. The existence of efficient and well-managed institutions help to reduce distortions in the allocation of the labour force as well as creating demand for labour.
Challenges to Adolescent Confidentiality in a Children’s Hospital
Authors: Talib Hina J. , Silver Ellen J. , Alderman Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVES:

Protecting confidentiality for hospitalized adolescents can be challenging and may interfere with optimal adolescent-friendly care. The goal of this study was to explore physician trainees’ experience with adolescent confidentiality at an academic children’s hospital.

METHODS:

A total of 175 trainees were invited to complete an online survey about knowledge, attitudes, and experiences with confidential adolescent concerns in the inpatient setting. A total of 133 (76%) responded: 78% female; 65% pediatric or family medicine residents; and 35% medical students.

RESULTS:

In the past year, 56 (42%) of 133 trainees cared for a hospitalized adolescent whose confidentiality had been breached. Barriers to ensuring confidentiality included: patient/family not knowledgeable about minor consent law (50%); trainees not knowledgeable about minor consent law (47%); and hospital discharge summary requiring parental signature (47%). On patient- and family-centered rounds (PFCR), respondents reported that minor adolescents (aged <18 years) compared with young adults (aged ≥18 years) were more likely to have social history discussed away from the bedside (91% vs 84%; P < .001) and less likely to have confidential time with the medical team (28% vs 47%; P < .001). Barriers to participation in PFCR included the following: patient was sleeping (61%), patient declined to participate (51%), and confidentiality concerns (32%).

CONCLUSIONS:

Breaches in confidentiality for hospitalized adolescents are a common trainee experience. On PFCR, adolescents are less likely to have confidential time with the medical team than young adults. In trainees’ experience, hospital systems such as PFCR and discharge procedures pose inherent challenges to confidentiality for minor adolescent patients, as do lack of knowledge of minor consent laws by both clinicians and families.
Perinatal Asphyxia in the Delivery Room: Initial Management and Current Cooling Guidelines
Authors: Chalak Lina F.
Published: August 2016

This review will summarize the guidelines for initiating and delivering therapeutic hypothermia for newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and the related new recommendations from the Neonatal Resuscitation Program in the first few hours after birth. The neuroprotective effects of hypothermia (33.0°C−34.0°C), when initiated before 6 hours of age and continued for 72 hours, in reducing death and disability will be summarized. New studies attempting to optimize neuroprotection by providing deeper and longer cooling will be discussed. Potential problems regarding initiating cooling upon transport, as well as cooling in low-resource setting will be reviewed. Therapeutic hypothermia is safe and effective only with strict adherence to published protocols.
Assessment of official combat mission’s fulfillment by higher educational
Authors: Anatskyi R.V. , Kolomiitseva O.E.
Published: August 2016

Purpose: to analyze results of official combat mission’s fulfillment (militarized cross with shooting and throwing of grenades) by military educational establishment’s cadets. Material: in the research 80 2nd year cadets of different specialties participated. The cadets fulfilled exercise in full military equipment. They started and finished by military units and total time, registered by indicators of the last team member, was considered. The distance was 6 km and included: run on even surface; overcoming of obstacle course; two firing lines with shooting in lying and standing position at human height target; throwing of training grenade (F 1) for distance of not less than 35 m. For every slip in shooting 10 seconds of penalty time was accounted; for failure in throwing grenade - 40 seconds of penalty time. Results: the conducted study permitted to assess different sides of cadets’ profile training, i.e. physical, fire and tactic. All units finished in full strength, i.e. coordination of actions was good. The best total time of cross fulfillment was demonstrated by cadets of “special purpose units” specialty. The best shooting results were in cadets of “automobile transport” specialty - 90%, who also were the best in throwing grenade - 40%. Not very high indicator of this speed-power exercise says about inability to overcome general fatigue and fulfill combat task at the utmost. Conclusions: Complex technology of trainings with their combining with profile disciplines (physical, tactic and fire) first of all train cadets to act coordinately; to be responsible for each other; it will facilitate development and perfection of basic physical qualities, formation of main physical skills; increase percentage of sharpshooting in conditions of significant physical loads.
Winter 2011
Authors: Lal Hamish
Published: August 2016

In this issue, we have chosen to look at a wide variety of questions that arise in respect of claims, adjudications and disputes. We look at a recent case where one of the parties sought to argue that the selection process for the arbitrators should not be followed because the process conflicted with some specific legislation. The Supreme Court decided otherwise and this case shows how the parties’ freedom to select arbitrators has ‘trumped’ or circumvented the challenge from legislation.
Liverpool integrated urban drainage: a partnership approach
Authors: Parkes Adam , Forrester Graeme , Spencer Peter , Gilmore Laura , Todd Graham
Published: August 2016

A preliminary flood risk assessment estimated that 20 100 households in Liverpool are at risk of surface water flooding in a once in 200 year event. This paper describes a detailed investigation to reassess the numbers and locations of properties at risk, and then to determine the possible solutions and associated costs. The investigation involved integrated working between Liverpool City Council, the Environment Agency, United Utilities and CH2M. The project included data collection; integrated hydraulic modelling of the sewer network and watercourses (including overland flow modelling) using InfoWorks 2D; analysis; high-level option development; and cost–benefit analysis of the potential solutions. Solutions considered included surface water management, culvert rehabilitation and optimisation of the sewerage and watercourse infrastructure. The technical aspects discussed in this paper include creating the integrated model, flood mapping, ‘hot spot’ identification and modelling of possible flood alleviation options. The project will enable creation of a multi-agency investment and action plan to reduce the risk of flooding in high-risk locations. The paper also reviews the advantages and disadvantages of the project for all the parties and discusses what lessons can be learnt for future integration and partnership.
Analysis of hydrological processes with non-linear methods
Authors: Kędra Mariola
Published: August 2016

This paper presents the results of the analysis of a selected non-linear hydrological process using two non-linear methods and two standard statistical methods. The process studied was the daily discharge of the Krzyworzeka Stream, a tributary of the Raba River, which is, in turn, a right-bank Carpathian tributary of the Vistula River (Poland). The results obtained not only allow a proper understanding of the dynamics of the investigated process, but also proper selection of the means of modelling and methods of description. Similar research could be conducted for other geophysical processes that, in addition to random features, display deterministic behaviour and non-linear dependencies. The way the methods work is presented in a broader context using the example of three typical processes, in order to demonstrate both methods.
Modelling flow in the middle and lower Yangtze River, China
Authors: Huang Guoxian , Zhou Jianjun , Lin Binliang , Xu Xinfa , Zhang Shuanghu
Published: August 2016

A one-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the hydrodynamic processes in a large and complex river network located in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin, China. The main stem of the river is connected to two large lakes, Dongting and Poyang, through many branches. A mass conservation method was used to determine the lateral inflows from local basins along the river. The model was verified against measured data at a large number of hydrological stations over a 2-year period. The water levels and discharges predicted by the model were found to generally agree well with the measured data. The model was then used to reproduce the flow process during a large flood event that occurred in 1998. It was found that the two large lakes could store a large volume of water and thus played an important role in attenuating the flood impact.
Training for reduction of design waste
Authors: Moreton Aaron , Coffey Vaughan , Sadiqi Zabihullah
Published: August 2016

Construction and demolition (C&D) waste have negative impacts on the environment. As a significant proportion of C&D waste is related to the design stage of a project, there is an opportunity for architects to reduce the waste. However, research suggests that many architects often do not understand the impact of their design on waste generation. Training and education are proposed by current researchers to improve architects' knowledge; however, this has not been adequately validated as a viable approach to solving waste issues. This research investigates architects' perceptions towards waste management in the design phase, and determines whether they feel they are adequately skilled in reducing C&D waste. Questionnaire surveys were distributed to architects from 98 architectural firms and 25 completed surveys were returned. The results show that while architects are aware of the relationship between design and waste, ‘extra time’ and ‘lack of knowledge’ are the key barriers to implementing waste reduction strategies. In addition, the majority of respondents acknowledge their lack of skill to reduce waste through design evaluation. Therefore, training programmes can be a viable strategy to enable them to address the pressing issue of C&D waste reduction.
Recovery of lubricant base oils using ionic liquid processes
Authors: Grimes Sue M. , Thompson Feyisetan
Published: August 2016

Two novel low-temperature ionic liquid processes are developed for the recovery of base oils from waste lubricant oils. One uses 3-(triethoxysilyl)-propylammonium-3-(triethoxysilyl)-propyl carbamate (TESAC), in which the waste lubricant base oil is insoluble, and the other uses trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (P6,6,6,14Cl) in which the base oil is soluble. In the 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (TESA)/TESAC process, waste oil components, including the base oil, are dissolved in the solvent TESA which is converted, in situ, with carbon dioxide to TESAC, recovering the base oil as an insoluble layer. In the P6,6,6,14Cl process, the base oil is separated from most additives as a solution in the ionic liquid from which it can be extracted with methanol. The recovered oils from both processes have properties consistent with lubricant oils in commercial use and the ionic liquids can be recovered for recycle minimising reagent use and providing a route to closed-loop base oil recovery and recycle.
High-value resource recovery products from waste tyres
Authors: Zhang Yeshui , Wu Chunfei , Nahil Mohamad A. , Williams Paul
Published: August 2016

A novel process has been developed which enables the production of high-value carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and hydrogen-rich syngas from the two-stage pyrolysis–catalysis of waste tyres. The waste tyre samples originated from truck tyres and from car tyres. In addition, three of the main rubber elastomers used in tyre manufacture, polybutadiene rubber, styrene–butadiene rubber and natural rubber, were also investigated. The waste car tyres produced a syngas yield of 30·2 wt%, which was composed largely of hydrogen (53·8 vol%) with a calorific value of 18·8 MJ/m3. Increasing the tyre:catalyst ratio increased the yield of hydrogen. The component rubber elastomers produced much higher yields of syngas and hydrogen gas concentration. The carbon deposited on the catalyst during reaction was found to be mostly composed of graphitic CNTs. Changing the process conditions in terms of tyre:catalyst ratio could increase the yield of the carbon deposited on the catalyst to up to 14 wt%.
Field studies on defluoridation using magnesium oxide
Authors: Rao S. M. , Pemmaraju M. , Kumar A. , Kundu S. , Dhananjay M.
Published: August 2016

By far the most serious natural groundwater-quality problem in India derives from high fluoride, arsenic and iron concentrations. Fluoride removal from contaminated groundwater is practiced by pump and treat method; treatment is generally accomplished by addition of an aluminium sulfate–lime mixture to the pumped water or by permeating water through column of activated alumina. A magnesium-oxide-based method (termed the IISc method) has been developed to remove fluoride from drinking water. The IISc method relies upon the precipitation–sedimentation–filtration technique. Magnesium oxide addition to the contaminated groundwater removes fluoride ions through chemical reactions. The alkaline pH induced by magnesium oxide addition is neutralised by the addition of sodium bisulfate solution to the treated water. Interference from bicarbonate ions towards pH neutralisation is minimised by the addition of lime and calcium chloride solution to the untreated water. The IISc method has several advantages: chemicals used in the process are non-toxic, the process does not involve a recharge process and avoids the generation of corrosive and toxic wastes. This study reports experimental results and experience gathered during the course of a field investigation spread over a 10 month period using the IISc method for treating fluoride-contaminated drinking water in a village in Karnataka.
Repair Work
Authors: Simmons Dana
Published: August 2016

Fresh anxieties and new debts, in response to Jill Morawski’s and Michelle Murphy’s commentaries.