bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Planning a family in Nairobi’s informal settlements: results of a qualitative study
Authors: Towriss Catriona A. , Beguy Donatien , Wringe Alison , Hussein Barwako Hassan , Timæus Ian M.
Published: July 2019

Childbearing intentions among women in high-fertility contexts are usually classified into those wanting to have a baby, those wanting to ‘space’ a birth and those wanting to ‘limit’ their family size. However, evidence from Africa increasingly suggests that women’s intentions are more complex than this classification suggests, and that there is fluidity in these intentions. This research explores women’s accounts of their childbearing intentions and decisions in order to examine how this fluidity plays out in a low-fertility context in urban Africa. Six focus group discussions were conducted in April and May 2012 with women of reproductive age in Nairobi, Kenya. Participants were recruited using random and purposive sampling techniques. The focus group discussions had an average of seven participants each. Data were coded thematically and analysed using Nvivo software. The analysis explored the factors that women consider to be influential for childbearing and found that the health of the mother and child, costs of raising a child and relationships were commonly reported to be important. Evidence of intentions to space births and limit family size was found. However, the data also showed that there is fluidity in women’s family planning intentions, driven by changes in relationships or household finances, which often result in a desire to avoid pregnancy in the present moment. The fluidity observed in women’s childbearing intentions cannot be accounted for by the concepts of either ‘spacing’ or ‘limitation’ but is best explained by the concept of ‘postponement’. The research reveals the need for family planning clinics to provide a full method mix, as well as high-quality counselling, to enable women to choose a method that best suits their needs.
Dangerous Exposures: Visualizing Work and Waste in the Victorian Chemical Trades
Authors: Tucker Jennifer
Published: July 2019

Cheshire, Britain, and the towns of Widnes and St. Helens, where many of the world's first chemical factories and towns were created in the nineteenth century, is an especially important place to study historical responses to industrial pollution and its social costs. This paper, based on newly recovered archival sources about the Victorian alkali industry, explores the role of visual imagery, particularly drawings and lantern slides, in materializing the connection between labor in chemical trades, the disposal of waste, and poor health outcomes for diverse communities in the late nineteenth century. The paper will focus on the writer Robert Sherard's article “White Slaves of England” (1897), a work that, more than many of its time, drew national attention to the plight of nineteenth-century chemical workers by pictorializing the ways that work in heavy chemical industries, many of them involving waste and its disposal, affected individual workers and their lives. The paper concludes with critical reflections on the current state of scholarship on images, waste, and labor, areas for more needed work, and paths forward.
The Labors of Failure: Labor, Toxicity, and Belonging in Mumbai
Authors: Chatterjee Syantani
Published: July 2019

Shivaji Nagar in the Deonar suburb of Mumbai is popularly known as “Bombay's Gas Chamber.” Located between one of Asia's largest garbage dumps and Mumbai's largest municipal slaughterhouse, this neighborhood is environmentally vulnerable, situated at the crossroads of clusters of heavy and petrochemical industries, and a network of the city's busiest highways. In popular, official, and scholarly narratives, this neighborhood has been constructed as a place of failure, waste, and death. The residents of Shivaji Nagar, well aware of these narratives, use the demonstration of “failure” to their advantage to stake claims of belonging to the neighborhood, and demand state assistance, albeit often with punitive consequences. They contend that in doing so, “failure” becomes not merely a judgment conferred upon the neighborhood, its residents, and their way of life, but rather a medium of exchange for and a condition of possibility of their futures, and thus elicits an additional amount of labor. The article will focus on these labors performed by the waste workers who live and work in the neighborhood.
Changing Registers of Visibility: Immigrant Labor and Waste Work in Naples, Italy
Authors: Bonatti Valeria , Gille Zsuzsa
Published: July 2019

In recent years, growing emphasis on green economies and green capitalism have brought renewed attention to the waste practices of all places of work, including ones that are not directly linked to neither production nor waste management, such as schools, offices, and stores, as well as households, which European countries, in particular, are increasingly depicting as key sites of intervention for recycling economies. This trend represents a departure from historical waste management policies, which tend to view waste and waste work as separate from main economic and household activities, but is consistent with market economies’ trend of outsourcing dirty, demeaning, and dangerous labor to precarious and informal workforces, while at the same time granting them only limited legal access to waste materials and trash collection sites. The new forms of waste labor emerging from green capitalism's emphasis on private and small-scale recycling behaviors are largely invisible and unpaid; however, unlike more documented forms of global environmental racism denouncing the outsourcing of toxic materials to the Global South, they take place in industrialized countries where they are pushed upon disenfranchised minorities, such as informal workers, racialized ethnic minorities, and low-income women. In this article we examine women's participation in waste work through the lenses of waste, (in)visibility, and intersectionality. We draw on ethnographic and archival data collected in the city of Naples, Italy, an area with a prolonged history of toxic waste contamination and waste mismanagement which in recent years have drawn renewed scrutiny to public waste management as well as to everyday waste practices performed in households and workplaces, predominantly by women of different race and citizenship backgrounds. Through these experiences, we highlight how the increasing visibility of waste generated by green capitalism, coupled with the stigmatization and criminalization of informal waste collection and recycling, is generating new forms of social inequalities and exclusion.
System Reliable Probability for Multi-AUV Cooperative Systems under the Influence of Current
Authors: Liang Qingwei , Sun Tianyuan , Ou Junlin
Published: July 2019

Real multi-Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) cooperative systems operate in complicated marine environments. The interaction between a multi-AUV cooperative system and its marine environment will affect the reliability of the system. Current is an important influencing factor of multi-AUV cooperative systems. A reliability index of multi-AUV cooperative systems known as System Reliable Probability (SRP) is proposed in this study. A method to calculate SRP is introduced, and the influence of current on SRP is discussed in detail. Current is considered an attack source, and the degree of its influence on SRP is calculated. As an example, the performance of this method is shown on two multi-AUV cooperative systems. Results show that the influence of the same current environment on different structures of the multi-AUV cooperative systems differs. This result provides a reference for the structure selection of multi-AUV systems. This study provides a practical method to estimate the reliability of multi-AUV cooperative systems.
Indoor Scene recognition for Micro Aerial Vehicles Navigation using Enhanced SIFT-ScSPM Descriptors
Authors: Anbarasu B. , Anitha G.
Published: July 2019

In this paper, a new scene recognition visual descriptor called Enhanced Scale Invariant Feature Transform-based Sparse coding Spatial Pyramid Matching (Enhanced SIFT-ScSPM) descriptor is proposed by combining a Bag of Words (BOW)-based visual descriptor (SIFT-ScSPM) and Gist-based descriptors (Enhanced Gist-Enhanced multichannel Gist (Enhanced mGist)). Indoor scene classification is carried out by multi-class linear and non-linear Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers. Feature extraction methodology and critical review of several visual descriptors used for indoor scene recognition in terms of experimental perspectives have been discussed in this paper. An empirical study is conducted on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 67 indoor scene classification data set and assessed the classification accuracy of state-of-the-art visual descriptors and the proposed Enhanced mGist, Speeded Up Robust Features-Spatial Pyramid Matching (SURF-SPM) and Enhanced SIFT-ScSPM visual descriptors. Experimental results show that the proposed Enhanced SIFT-ScSPM visual descriptor performs better with higher classification rate, precision, recall and area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve values with respect to the state-of-the-art and the proposed Enhanced mGist and SURF-SPM visual descriptors.
Optimisation of the Position of Navigational Aids for the Purposes of SLAM technology for Accuracy of Vessel Positioning
Authors: Marchel Łukasz , Naus Krzysztof , Specht Mariusz
Published: July 2019

The geometric distribution of navigational aids is one of the most important elements to be taken into account in the planning of maritime terrestrial navigation systems. It determines to a large extent the capability of vessels to obtain high-precision position coordinates. Therefore, the optimisation of their location is a key element at the planning stage, in particular on port approach fairways. This article attempts to use computer simulation methods to assess the positioning accuracy of a vessel that follows a constant course and speed on a port approach fairway. The analysis uses a technique based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) Two-Dimensional (2D) Range-Bearing Simultaneous Location and Mapping (SLAM) method. In the simulation experiment conducted, the research object determined its position based on bearing and distance to fixed position beacons, which changed their locations in subsequent passages of the vessel. A geometrically optimal configuration of the terrestrial navigation marking system guaranteeing the highest positioning accuracy was identified as a result of the deliberations. The study analysed more than 20,000 cases of different configurations (locations) of the fixed position beacons, demonstrating that the adopted algorithm can be used successfully in the planning of their deployment in the context of ensuring minimum accuracy requirements for the positioning of navigational signs on port approach fairways and under restricted conditions by navigational marking services, as set out in International Maritime Organization (IMO) Resolutions A915 (21) and A953(22).
Associating sporadic, foodborne illness caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli with specific foods: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies
Authors: Devleesschauwer B. , Pires S. M. , Young I. , Gill A. , Majowicz S. E. ,   the study team
Published: July 2019

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections are a significant public health issue, with foodborne transmission causing >1 million illnesses worldwide each year. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO registry # CRD42017074239), to determine the relative association of different food types with sporadic illnesses caused by STEC. Searches were conducted from 01 August to 30 September 2017, using bibliographic and grey literature databases, websites and expert consultation. We identified 22 case-control studies of sporadic STEC infection in humans, from 10 countries within four World Health Organization subregions, from 1985 to 2012. We extracted data from 21 studies, for 237 individual measures in 11 food categories and across three status types (raw or undercooked, not raw and unknown). Beef was the most significant food item associated with STEC illness in the Americas and Europe, but in the Western Pacific region, chicken was most significant. These findings were not significantly moderated by the raw or cooked status of the food item, nor the publication year of the study. Data from the African, South-East Asian and Eastern Mediterranean subregions were lacking and it is unclear whether our results are relevant to these regions.
Maternal effects on seed heteromorphism: a dual dynamic bet hedging strategy
Authors: Jiang Li , Wang Lei , Baskin Carol C. , Tian Changyan , Huang Zhenying
Published: July 2019

Maternal effects on offspring seeds are mainly caused by seed position on, and the abiotic environment of, the mother plant. Seed heteromorphism, a special form of position effect, is the production by an individual plant of morphologically distinct seed types, usually with different ecological behaviours. Seed heteromorphism is assumed to be a form of bet hedging and provides an ideal biological model to test theoretical predictions. Most studies of maternal effects on seeds have focused on abiotic environmental factors and changes in mean seed traits of offspring. Suaeda salsa is an annual halophyte that produces dimorphic seeds within the same inflorescence. We tested the hypothesis that plants grown from brown seeds of S. salsa have a higher offspring brown seed:black seed morph ratio and variance in seed size than plants from black seeds. Results from a pot experiment showed that plants grown from brown seeds had a higher brown seed:black seed ratio than plants grown from black seeds. This is the first layer of dynamic bet hedging. Brown seeds had higher size variation than black seeds, and seeds produced by plants from brown seeds also had higher seed size variation than plants grown from black seeds. This is the second layer of dynamic bet hedging. Thus, the maternal effect of seed heteromorphism is dual dynamic bet hedging. Furthermore, for seed traits we verified for the first time the theoretical prediction that an increase in offspring size variability induces an increase in the mean size of offspring.
An immigrant neighbourhood in ancient Rome
Authors: Abrecht Ryan R.
Published: July 2019

This article examines evidence for community among immigrants in ancient Transtiberim (modern Trastevere), a section of Rome that was both socially and spatially distinctive for much of the city's history. The only part of Rome located on the west bank of the Tiber River, Transtiberim was the heart of Rome's Jewish and Syrian communities. These immigrants and their descendants maintained certain traditions, languages and customs from home; participated in civic institutions that helped foster community at the local level; and laboured in institutions that were vital to the capital's urban economy. Though marginal in some ways, Transtiberim was also a neighbourhood where immigrants and their descendants found community and made vital contributions to the life of the imperial city.
Multivariate Base Rates of Low Scores and Reliable Decline on ImPACT in Healthy Collegiate Athletes Using CARE Consortium Norms
Authors: Houck Zac M. , Asken Breton M. , Bauer Russell M. , Kontos Anthony P. , McCrea Michael A. , McAllister Thomas W. , Broglio Steven P. , Clugston James R. ,   Care Consortium Investigators
Published: July 2019

Objectives:To describe multivariate base rates (MBRs) of low scores and reliable change (decline) scores on Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) in college athletes at baseline, as well as to assess MBR differences among demographic and medical history subpopulations.Methods:Data were reported on 15,909 participants (46.5% female) from the NCAA/DoD CARE Consortium. MBRs of ImPACT composite scores were derived using published CARE normative data and reliability metrics. MBRs of sex-corrected low scores were reported at <25th percentile (Low Average), <10th percentile (Borderline), and ≤2nd percentile (Impaired). MBRs of reliable decline scores were reported at the 75%, 90%, 95%, and 99% confidence intervals. We analyzed subgroups by sex, race, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and/or learning disability (ADHD/LD), anxiety/depression, and concussion history using chi-square analyses.Results:Base rates of low scores and reliable decline scores on individual composites approximated the normative distribution. Athletes obtained ≥1 low score with frequencies of 63.4% (Low Average), 32.0% (Borderline), and 9.1% (Impaired). Athletes obtained ≥1 reliable decline score with frequencies of 66.8%, 32.2%, 18%, and 3.8%, respectively. Comparatively few athletes had low scores or reliable decline on ≥2 composite scores. Black/African American athletes and athletes with ADHD/LD had higher rates of low scores, while greater concussion history was associated with lower MBRs (p< .01). MBRs of reliable decline were not associated with demographic or medical factors.Conclusions:Clinical interpretation of low scores and reliable decline on ImPACT depends on the strictness of the low score cutoff, the reliable change criterion, and the number of scores exceeding these cutoffs. Race and ADHD influence the frequency of low scores at all cutoffs cross-sectionally.
The Lumumba University in Moscow: higher education for a Soviet–Third World alliance, 1960–91
Authors: Katsakioris Constantin
Published: July 2019

Founded in Moscow in 1960 for students from Third World countries, the Peoples’ Friendship University ‘Patrice Lumumba’ was the most important venture in international higher education during the Cold War and a flagship of Soviet internationalism. It aimed to educate a Soviet-friendly intelligentsia and foster a Soviet–Third World alliance. This article retraces the history of this school, often criticized for its Third World concept, recruitment, and training policies. It recalls the forgotten French initiative to create a university for the underdeveloped countries, situates Lumumba University in the global Cold War, and compares it with mainstream Soviet schools. Soon after its creation, Lumumba University underwent important changes, but departed from its initial educational concept. Consequently, arguments justifying the existence of a special university disappeared. Third World countries, moreover, never agreed with the university’s concept. Despite its educational accomplishments, Lumumba University became the Achilles’ heel of Soviet cultural policy.
Blessing Same-Sex Unions in the Church of England: The Liturgical Challenge of Same-Sex Couples’ Demand for Equal Marriage Rites
Authors: Bethmont Rémy
Published: July 2019

Those Anglican Churches that have opened marriage to same-sex couples have done so from a liturgical starting point which makes space for the eschatological vocation of marriage. Such liturgies are arguably more congenial to same-sex couples’ demands for equal rites. The Church of England, on the other hand, has clung to services underpinned by a narrow view of marriage as a creation ordinance. It may be well-suited to the established Church’s legal duties but it means that the present demand for the inclusion of same-sex couples into Christian marriage represents a greater challenge. Equal rites, however, need not exclude the view of marriage as a creation ordinance. Interviews with four Church of England clergy who have been involved in same-sex ceremonies allow an exploration of the kind of marriage services that would meet same-sex couples’ demands and offer insights about what these demands say about the English marriage service today.
Endorheic‐Exorheic Transitions of the Rio Grande and East African Rifts
Authors: Berry M. , van Wijk J. , Cadol D. , Emry E. , Garcia‐Castellanos D.
Published: July 2019

Tectonic extension of continental lithosphere creates accommodation space in which sediments are deposited. Climate‐driven processes provide the mechanism by which mass is detached from hillslopes and sediments are transported into this accommodation space. These two forcings, climate and tectonics, act together to create either endorheic (internally drained) or exorheic (externally drained) rift basins. Here we use a large‐scale dynamic landscape evolution‐tectonics model to understand the contribution of tectonic processes in endorheic‐exorheic transitions. In the model, extension results in opening of an asymmetric half‐graben along a listric normal fault. Rift opening occurs in the models in wet, temperate, or semiarid climates where runoff and evapotranspiration are varied. Our numerical experiments show that slow rift‐opening rates, a slowing‐down of rift opening, or increase of headwater topography (e.g., upstream epeirogenic uplift), are tectonic situations that can cause a transition from an endorheic to an exorheic drainage state in a rift basin. Our results also show that wet climate conditions lead to a permanent exorheism that persists regardless of rift‐opening rates. In semiarid climates, endorheic conditions are favored and may last for the duration of rifting except for when rift opening is very slow. These results form an interpretive framework to study endorheic and exorheic drainage systems in natural continental rifts. In the slow‐opening Rio Grande rift, the endorheic‐exorheic transition may have occurred without dramatic climate changes. Lake‐level variations in East African rift basins are predicted by our models to result from variations in climate.
Teleseismic P Wave Tomography Beneath the Pantanal, Paraná, and Chaco‐Paraná Basins, SE South America: Delimiting Lithospheric Blocks of the SW Gondwana Assemblage
Authors: Rocha M. P. , Assumpção M. , Affonso G. M. P. C. , Azevedo P. A. , Bianchi M.
Published: July 2019

We present velocity anomalies for the upper mantle beneath the Pantanal, Paraná, and Chaco‐Paraná basins, using teleseismic P‐wave tomography. Three hundred thirty‐nine stations were used to record 4,989 events for P and PKIKP phases, during the years 1992‐2017. A new temporary deployment with 34 stations improved the coverage in that region. A high‐velocity anomaly beneath the Paraná Basin was interpreted as a cratonic basement. Its northern portion is consistent with the cratonic block presented by Cordani et al. (1984), and the southern portion is consistent with that presented by Mantovani et al. (2005, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1342‐937x(05)71137‐0). Low velocities are consistent with the limits of the Rio de la Plata craton, proposed by Rapela et al. (2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2011.05.001). A low‐velocity anomaly under the Pantanal Basin correlates with the seismicity, suggesting lithospheric thinning. This result is not consistent with an extension of the Rio Apa Block beneath the Pantanal Basin. We observed high velocities separating the Pantanal and South‐Paraguay seismic zones. The Western Paraná Suture (as proposed by Dragone et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2017.01.029) shows no correlation with the seismic tomography anomalies. The thick lithosphere in the central part of the Paraná Basin is consistent with deviation of mantle flow, as suggested by SKS fast polarization (Melo & Assumpção, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy288). Synthetic tests show low resolution of the model for structures smaller than 200 x 200 km in the southwest portion of the study area but good resolution for large structures.
Paleomagnetic Recording Efficiency of Sedimentary Magnetic Mineral Inclusions: Implications for Relative Paleointensity Determinations
Authors: Hong Hoabin , Chang Liao , Hayashida Akira , Roberts Andrew P. , Heslop David , Paterson Greig A. , Kodama Kazuto , Tauxe Lisa
Published: July 2019

Sedimentary relative paleointensity (RPI) records are often carried by complex magnetic mineral mixtures, including detrital and biogenic magnetic minerals. Recent studies have demonstrated that magnetic inclusions within larger detrital silicate particles can make significant contributions to sedimentary paleomagnetic records. However, little is known about the role such inclusions play in sedimentary paleomagnetic signal recording. We analyzed paleomagnetic and mineral magnetic data for marine sediment core MD01‐2421 from the North Pacific Ocean, offshore of central Japan, to assess how magnetic inclusions and other detrital magnetic minerals record sedimentary paleomagnetic signals. Stratigraphic intervals in which abundant magnetic inclusions dominate the magnetic signal are compared with other intervals to assess quantitatively their contribution to sedimentary RPI signals. The normalized remanence record from core MD01‐2421 does not correlate clearly with global RPI stacks, which we attribute to a demonstrated lower paleomagnetic recording efficiency of magnetic inclusions compared to other detrital magnetic minerals. We also carried out the first laboratory redeposition experiments under controlled Earth‐like magnetic fields for particles with magnetic inclusions using material from core MD01‐2421. Our results confirm that such particles can be aligned by ambient magnetic fields but with a lower magnetic recording efficiency compared to other detrital magnetic minerals, which is consistent with normalized remanence data from core MD01‐2421. Our demonstration of the role of sedimentary magnetic inclusions should have wide applicability for understanding sedimentary paleomagnetic recording.
Preferential Deposition of Snow and Dust Over Hills: Governing Processes and Relevant Scales
Authors: Comola F. , Giometto M. G. , Salesky S. T. , Parlange M. B. , Lehning M.
Published: July 2019

Preferential deposition of snow and dust over complex terrain is responsible for a wide range of environmental processes and accounts for a significant source of uncertainty in the surface mass balances of cold and arid regions. Despite the growing body of literature on the subject, previous studies reported contradictory results on the location and magnitude of deposition maxima and minima. This study aims at unraveling the governing processes of preferential deposition in a neutrally stable atmosphere and to reconcile seemingly inconsistent results of previous works. For this purpose, a comprehensive modeling approach is developed, based on large eddy simulations of the turbulent airflow, Lagrangian stochastic model of particle trajectories, and immersed boundary method to represent the underlying topography. The model is tested against wind tunnel measurements of dust deposition around isolated and sequential hills. A scale analysis is then performed to investigate the dependence of snowfall deposition on the particle Froude and Stokes numbers, which fully account for the governing processes of inertia, flow advection, and gravity. Model results suggest that different deposition patterns emerge from different combinations of dimensionless parameters, with deposition maxima located either on the windward or the leeward slope of the hill. Additional simulations are performed, to test whether the often used assumption of inertialess particles yields accurate deposition patterns. Results indicate that this assumption can be justified when snowflakes present dendritic shape but may generate unrealistic results for rounded particles. We finally show that our scale analysis provides qualitatively similar results for hills with different aspect ratios.
Impact of Vegetation‐Generated Turbulence on the Critical, Near‐Bed, Wave‐Velocity for Sediment Resuspension
Authors: Tang Caihong , Lei Jiarui , Nepf Heidi M.
Published: July 2019

Laboratory experiments examined the impact of model vegetation on wave‐driven resuspension. Model canopies were constructed from cylinders with three diameters (d = 0.32, 0.64, and 1.26 cm) and 12 densities (cylinders/m2) up to a solid volume fraction (ϕ) of 10%. The sediment bed consisted of spherical grains with d50 = 85 μm. For each experiment, the wave velocity was gradually adjusted by increasing the amplitude of 2‐s waves in a stepwise fashion. A Nortek Vectrino sampled the velocity at z = 1.3 cm above the bed. The critical wave orbital velocity for resuspension was inferred from records of suspended sediment concentration (measured with optical backscatter) as a function of wave velocity. The critical wave velocity decreased with increasing solid volume fraction. The reduction in critical wave velocity was linked to stem‐generated turbulence, which, for the same wave velocity, increased with increasing solid volume fraction. The measured turbulence was consistent with a wave‐modified version of a stem‐turbulence model. The measurements suggested that a critical value of turbulent kinetic energy was needed to initiate resuspension, and this was used to define the critical wave velocity as a function of solid volume fraction. The model predicted the measured critical wave velocity for stem diameters d = 0.64 to 2 cm. Combining the critical wave velocity with an existing model for wave damping defined the meadow size for which wave damping would be sufficient to suppress wave‐induced sediment suspension within the interior of the meadow.
Spatial Variation in the Responses of the Surface External and Induced Magnetic Field to the Solar Wind
Authors: Shore R. M. , Freeman M. P. , Coxon J. C. , Thomas E. G. , Gjerloev J. W. , Olsen N.
Published: July 2019

We analyze the spatial variation in the response of the surface geomagnetic field (or the equivalent ionospheric current) to variations in the solar wind. Specifically, we regress a reanalysis of surface external and induced magnetic field (SEIMF) variations onto measurements of the solar wind. The regression is performed in monthly sets, independently for 559 regularly spaced locations covering the entire northern polar region above 50° magnetic latitude. At each location, we find the lag applied to the solar wind data that maximizes the correlation with the SEIMF. The resulting spatial maps of these independent lags and regression coefficients provide a model of the localized SEIMF response to variations in the solar wind, which we call “Spatial Information from Distributed Exogenous Regression.” We find that the lag and regression coefficients vary systematically with ionospheric region, season, and solar wind driver. In the polar cap region the SEIMF is best described by the By component of the interplanetary magnetic field (50–75% of total variance explained) at a lag ∼20–25 min. Conversely, in the auroral zone the SEIMF is best described by the solar wind ϵ function (60–80% of total variance explained), with a lag that varies with season and magnetic local time (MLT), from ∼15–20 min for dayside and afternoon MLT (except in Oct–Dec) to typically 30–40 min for nightside and morning MLT and even longer (60–65 min) around midnight MLT.
Influence of Rainfall Over Eastern Arabian Sea on Its Salinity
Authors: Behara Ambica , Vinayachandran P. N. , Shankar D.
Published: July 2019

The west coast of India and the adjoining eastern Arabian Sea (EAS) is one of the high rainfall zones of Indian summer monsoon. The summer monsoon rainfall in this region is about 1,036 km3, which is comparable to the annual runoff of the Ganga‐Brahmaputra river system. We have investigated the impact of EAS rainfall and Bay of Bengal (BoB) low‐salinity water on the Arabian Sea salinity with a suite of experiments using an ocean general circulation model. The sea surface salinity (SSS) of EAS decreases progressively from June to September by 0.5 to 1 psu. A numerical experiment that isolates the effect of EAS rainfall suggests that this SSS decrease is largely due to local rainfall over the EAS. The spatial pattern of SSS decrease, however, is influenced by the prevailing West India Coastal Current. The role of low‐salinity water originating in the BoB on reducing the EAS salinity has also been examined. In the South Eastern Arabian Sea, during winter, the SSS decreases by about 1.5 psu. This freshening is caused by rainfall during the early winter in the southwestern BoB between 6°N and 15°N. Neither rainfall to the north of 15°N nor river runoff into the BoB contributes much to the South Eastern Arabian Sea freshening during winter.
Temporal and Topographic Source Effects on Tsunami Generation
Authors: Derakhti Morteza , Dalrymple Robert A. , Okal Emile A. , Synolakis Costas E.
Published: July 2019

We present a systematic study of the influence on tsunami waves generated by the uplift of a rectangular plug, of the rise time of the deformation, and of its topographic details (e.g., the presence of a sill). We are motivated by the fact that most simulation codes use an instantaneous deformation of a flat ocean floor as an initial condition of the problem, although Hammack (1973, http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:HAMjfm73) performed pioneering laboratory studies as well as analytical computations featuring variable rise times. Here, we consider three 2‐D source shapes, including a flat seafloor, a simple elevated piston, and additional trapezoidal sill on top of it, all with variable rise times, and simulate the resulting waves using the fully nonlinear smooth particle hydrodynamic model graphics processing unit smooth particle hydrodynamic. We validate our results against Hammack's (1973) laboratory measurements and analytical results. We find that a relatively large sill, with height and width of more than half of the local depth and width of the source, has a profound effect on the spatiotemporal structure of the generated free surface wavefield. Specifically, we show that the maximum water surface elevation over the source region is not always the same as the bottom displacement, as assumed in most tsunami propagation models. Next, we obtain simple scaling relationships to predict the maximum height of the generated tsunami over and outside the source, based on the geometry of the sill and the nondimensional bed rise time. Last, we show that inertial effects may lead to an initial free surface displacement over the generation region greater than the maximum vertical displacement of the displaced seabed.
The Gravitational Signature of Martian Volcanoes
Authors: Broquet A. , Wieczorek M. A.
Published: July 2019

By modeling the elastic flexure of the Martian lithosphere under imposed loads, we provide a systematic study of the old and low‐relief volcanoes (>3.2 Ga, 0.5 to 7.4 km) and the younger and larger prominent constructs within the Tharsis and Elysium provinces (<3 Ga, 5.8 to 21.9 km). We fit the theoretical gravitational signal to observations in order to place constraints on 18 volcanic structures. Inverted parameters include the bulk density of the load, the elastic thickness required to support the volcanic edifice at the time it was emplaced (Te), the heat flow, the volume of extruded lava, and the ratio of volcanic products that form within (Vi) and above the preexisting surface (Ve). The bulk density of the volcanic structures is found to have a mean value of 3,206±190 kg/m3, which is representative of iron‐rich basalts as sampled by the Martian basaltic meteorites. Te beneath the small volcanoes is found to be small, less than 15 km, which implies that the lithosphere was weak and hot when these volcanoes formed. Conversely, most large volcanoes display higher values of Te, which is consistent with the bulk of their emplacement occurring later in geologic history, when the elastic lithosphere was colder and thicker. Our estimates for the volumes of volcanic edifices are about 10 times larger than those that neglect the flexure of the lithosphere. Constraints on the magnitude of subsurface loads imply that the ratio Vi/Ve is generally 3:5, which is smaller than for the Hawaiian volcanoes on Earth.
24(S)-Hydroxycholesterol induces ER dysfunction-mediated unconventional cell death
Authors: Urano Yasuomi , Ho Vo Diep-Khanh , Hirofumi Araki , Noguchi Noriko
Published: July 2019

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by disruption of protein folding activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), which while generally pro-survival in effect can also induce cell death under severe ER stress. 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), which is enzymatically produced in the ER of neurons, plays an important role in maintaining brain cholesterol homeostasis but also shows neurotoxicity when subjected to esterification by acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) in the ER. In this study, we demonstrated that the accumulation of 24S-OHC esters in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells evoked the UPR with substantially no pro-survival adaptive response but with significant activation of pro-death UPR signaling via regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD). We further found that accumulation of 24S-OHC esters caused disruption of ER membrane integrity and release of ER luminal proteins into cytosol. We also found that de novo synthesis of global proteins was robustly suppressed in 24S-OHC-treated cells. Collectively, these results show that ER dysfunction and the accompanying RIDD-mediated pro-death UPR signaling and global protein synthesis inhibition are responsible for 24S-OHC ester-induced unconventional cell death.
Development of a high-throughput strategy for discovery of potent analogues of antibiotic lysocin E
Authors: Itoh Hiroaki , Tokumoto Kotaro , Kaji Takuya , Paudel Atmika , Panthee Suresh , Hamamoto Hiroshi , Sekimizu Kazuhisa , Inoue Masayuki
Published: July 2019

Lysocin E, a 37-membered natural depsipeptide, induces rapid bacteriolysis in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus via a unique menaquinone-dependent mechanism, presenting a promising therapeutic lead. Despite the great medical importance, exploring the potential utility of its derivatives as new platform structures for antibiotic development has remained a significant challenge. Here, we report a high-throughput strategy that enabled the preparation of thousands of analogues of lysocin E and large-scale structure-activity relationship analyses. We integrate 26-step total synthesis of 2401 cyclic peptides, tandem mass spectrometry-sequencing, and two microscale activity assays to identify 23 candidate compounds. Re-synthesis of these candidates shows that 11 of them (A1–A11) exhibit antimicrobial activity superior or comparable to that of lysocin E, and that lysocin E and A1–A11 share l-Leu-6 and l-Ile-11. Therefore, the present strategy allows us to efficiently decipher biologically crucial residues and identify potentially useful agents for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Accurate estimation of cell-type composition from gene expression data
Authors: Tsoucas Daphne , Dong Rui , Chen Haide , Zhu Qian , Guo Guoji , Yuan Guo-Cheng
Published: July 2019

The rapid development of single-cell transcriptomic technologies has helped uncover the cellular heterogeneity within cell populations. However, bulk RNA-seq continues to be the main workhorse for quantifying gene expression levels due to technical simplicity and low cost. To most effectively extract information from bulk data given the new knowledge gained from single-cell methods, we have developed a novel algorithm to estimate the cell-type composition of bulk data from a single-cell RNA-seq-derived cell-type signature. Comparison with existing methods using various real RNA-seq data sets indicates that our new approach is more accurate and comprehensive than previous methods, especially for the estimation of rare cell types. More importantly, our method can detect cell-type composition changes in response to external perturbations, thereby providing a valuable, cost-effective method for dissecting the cell-type-specific effects of drug treatments or condition changes. As such, our method is applicable to a wide range of biological and clinical investigations.
Interaction between the nasal microbiota and S. pneumoniae in the context of live-attenuated influenza vaccine
Authors: de Steenhuijsen Piters Wouter A. A. , Jochems Simon P. , Mitsi Elena , Rylance Jamie , Pojar Sherin , Nikolaou Elissavet , German Esther L. , Holloway Mark , Carniel Beatriz F. , Chu Mei Ling J. N. , Arp Kayleigh , Sanders Elisabeth A. M. , Ferreira Daniela M. , Bogaert Debby
Published: July 2019

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main bacterial pathogen involved in pneumonia. Pneumococcal acquisition and colonization density is probably affected by viral co-infections, the local microbiome composition and mucosal immunity. Here, we report the interactions between live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), successive pneumococcal challenge, and the healthy adult nasal microbiota and mucosal immunity using an experimental human challenge model. Nasal microbiota profiles at baseline are associated with consecutive pneumococcal carriage outcome (non-carrier, low-dense and high-dense pneumococcal carriage), independent of LAIV co-administration. Corynebacterium/Dolosigranulum-dominated profiles are associated with low-density colonization. Lowest rates of natural viral co-infection at baseline and post-LAIV influenza replication are detected in the low-density carriers. Also, we detected the fewest microbiota perturbations and mucosal cytokine responses in the low-density carriers compared to non-carriers or high-density carriers. These results indicate that the complete respiratory ecosystem affects pneumococcal behaviour following challenge, with low-density carriage representing the most stable ecological state.
The transcription factor OsSUF4 interacts with SDG725 in promoting H3K36me3 establishment
Authors: Liu Bing , Liu Yuhao , Wang Baihui , Luo Qiang , Shi Jinlei , Gan Jianhua , Shen Wen-Hui , Yu Yu , Dong Aiwu
Published: July 2019

The different genome-wide distributions of tri-methylation at H3K36 (H3K36me3) in various species suggest diverse mechanisms for H3K36me3 establishment during evolution. Here, we show that the transcription factor OsSUF4 recognizes a specific 7-bp DNA element, broadly distributes throughout the rice genome, and recruits the H3K36 methyltransferase SDG725 to target a set of genes including the key florigen genes RFT1 and Hd3a to promote flowering in rice. Biochemical and structural analyses indicate that several positive residues within the zinc finger domain are vital for OsSUF4 function in planta. Our results reveal a regulatory mechanism contributing to H3K36me3 distribution in plants.
Emergent symmetries in block copolymer epitaxy
Authors: Ding Yi , Gadelrab Karim R. , Mizrahi Rodriguez Katherine , Huang Hejin , Ross Caroline A. , Alexander-Katz Alfredo
Published: July 2019

The directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) has shown promise in fabricating customized two-dimensional (2D) geometries at the nano- and meso-scale. Here, we discover spontaneous symmetry breaking and superlattice formation in DSA of BCP. We observe the emergence of low symmetry phases in high symmetry templates for BCPs that would otherwise not exhibit these phases in the bulk or thin films. The emergence phenomena are found to be a general behavior of BCP in various template layouts with square local geometry, such as 44 and 32434 Archimedean tilings and octagonal quasicrystals. To elucidate the origin of this phenomenon and confirm the stability of the emergent phases, we implement self-consistent field theory (SCFT) simulations and a strong-stretching theory (SST)-based analytical model. Our work demonstrates an emergent behavior of soft matter and draws an intriguing connection between 2-dimensional soft matter self-assembly at the mesoscale and inorganic epitaxy at the atomic scale.
AWD regulates timed activation of BMP signaling in intestinal stem cells to maintain tissue homeostasis
Authors: Tracy Cai Xiaoyu , Li Hongjie , Safyan Abu , Gawlik Jennifer , Pyrowolakis George , Jasper Heinrich
Published: July 2019

Precise control of stem cell (SC) proliferation ensures tissue homeostasis. In the Drosophila intestine, injury-induced regeneration involves initial activation of intestinal SC (ISC) proliferation and subsequent return to quiescence. These two phases of the regenerative response are controlled by differential availability of the BMP type I receptor Thickveins (Tkv), yet how its expression is dynamically regulated remains unclear. Here we show that during homeostasis, the E3 ubiquitin ligase Highwire and the ubiquitin-proteasome system maintain low Tkv protein expression. After ISC activation, Tkv is stabilized by proteasome inhibition and undergoes endocytosis due to the induction of the nucleoside diphosphate kinase Abnormal Wing Disc (AWD). Tkv internalization is required for the activation of the Smad protein Mad, and for the return to quiescence after a regenerative episode. Our data provide insight into the mechanisms ensuring tissue homeostasis by dynamic control of somatic stem cell activity.
Genomic signatures and correlates of widespread population declines in salmon
Authors: Lehnert S. J. , Kess T. , Bentzen P. , Kent M. P. , Lien S. , Gilbey J. , Clément M. , Jeffery N. W. , Waples R. S. , Bradbury I. R.
Published: July 2019

Global losses of biodiversity are occurring at an unprecedented rate, but causes are often unidentified. Genomic data provide an opportunity to isolate drivers of change and even predict future vulnerabilities. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations have declined range-wide, but factors responsible are poorly understood. Here, we reconstruct changes in effective population size (Ne) in recent decades for 172 range-wide populations using a linkage-based method. Across the North Atlantic, Ne has significantly declined in >60% of populations and declines are consistently temperature-associated. We identify significant polygenic associations with decline, involving genomic regions related to metabolic, developmental, and physiological processes. These regions exhibit changes in presumably adaptive diversity in declining populations consistent with contemporary shifts in body size and phenology. Genomic signatures of widespread population decline and associated risk scores allow direct and potentially predictive links between population fitness and genotype, highlighting the power of genomic resources to assess population vulnerability.
Enhancing laser beam performance by interfering intense laser beamlets
Authors: Morace A. , Iwata N. , Sentoku Y. , Mima K. , Arikawa Y. , Yogo A. , Andreev A. , Tosaki S. , Vaisseau X. , Abe Y. , Kojima S. , Sakata S. , Hata M. , Lee S. , Matsuo K. , Kamitsukasa N. , Norimatsu T. , Kawanaka J. , Tokita S. , Miyanaga N. , Shiraga H. , Sakawa Y. , Nakai M. , Nishimura H. , Azechi H. , Fujioka S. , Kodama R.
Published: July 2019

Increasing the laser energy absorption into energetic particle beams represents a longstanding quest in intense laser-plasma physics. During the interaction with matter, part of the laser energy is converted into relativistic electron beams, which are the origin of secondary sources of energetic ions, γ-rays and neutrons. Here we experimentally demonstrate that using multiple coherent laser beamlets spatially and temporally overlapped, thus producing an interference pattern in the laser focus, significantly improves the laser energy conversion efficiency into hot electrons, compared to one beam with the same energy and nominal intensity as the four beamlets combined. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations support the experimental results, suggesting that beamlet interference pattern induces a periodical shaping of the critical density, ultimately playing a key-role in enhancing the laser-to-electron energy conversion efficiency. This method is rather insensitive to laser pulse contrast and duration, making this approach robust and suitable to many existing facilities.