bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Segregation on small rubble bodies due to impact-induced seismic shaking
Authors: Ghosh Sohanjit , Sharma Ishan , Dhingra Deepak
Published: June 2024

We present a framework to study regolith segregation on rubble-pile asteroids—self-gravitating granular aggregates—due to seismic shaking induced by impacts sustained during their lifetimes. We first relate the amplitude and frequency of surface vibrations to the location and severity of an impact, and the rubble body’s geometry and bulk properties. For illustration, the body is taken to be an ellipsoid with size and spin close to that of Itokawa, although more complex asteroid shapes may be incorporated. We then model the body’s collisional history stochastically given the variability in the impact activity on an asteroid. Finally, we use discrete element simulations to investigate the regolith’s response to impacts. In these simulations, in any sample collisional history, every time an impact occurs, a bin filled with a grain mixture and located at the region of interest on the asteroid is vibrated at that impact’s associated amplitude and frequency. Using this framework, we find that impact-driven seismicity is sufficient to drive size segregation on small rubble-piles, but the segregation quality depends on several aspects, e.g. total impact energy supplied, placement of the region of interest, bulk wave speed and seismic diffusivity.
Plasmid genomic epidemiology of carbapenem-hydrolysing class D β-lactamase (CDHL)-producing Enterobacterales in Canada, 2010−2021
Authors: Lerminiaux Nicole , Mitchell Robyn , Katz Kevin , Fakharuddin Ken , McGill Erin , Mataseje Laura
Published: June 2024

Carbapenems are last-resort antibiotics for treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales, but carbapenem resistance is a rising global threat due to the acquisition of carbapenemase genes. Oxacillinase-48 (bla
OXA-48)-type carbapenemases are increasing in abundance in Canada and elsewhere; these genes are frequently found on mobile genetic elements and are associated with specific transposons. This means that alongside clonal dissemination, bla
OXA-48-type genes can spread through plasmid-mediated horizontal gene transfer. We applied whole genome sequencing to characterize 249 bla
OXA-48-type-producing Enterobacterales isolates collected by the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program from 2010 to 2021. Using a combination of short- and long-read sequencing, we obtained 70 complete and circular bla
OXA-48-type-encoding plasmids. Using MOB-suite, four major plasmids clustered were identified, and we further estimated a plasmid cluster for 91.9 % (147/160) of incomplete bla
OXA-48-type-encoding contigs. We identified different patterns of carbapenemase mobilization across Canada, including horizontal transmission of bla
OXA-181/IncX3 plasmids (75/249, 30.1 %) and bla
OXA-48/IncL/M plasmids (47/249, 18.9 %), and both horizontal transmission and clonal transmission of bla
OXA-232 for Klebsiella pneumoniae ST231 on ColE2-type/ColKP3 plasmids (25/249, 10.0 %). Our findings highlight the diversity of OXA-48-type plasmids and indicate that multiple plasmid clusters and clonal transmission have contributed to bla
OXA-48-type spread and persistence in Canada.
Prevalence of errors in lab-made plasmids across the globe
Authors: Bai Xingjian , Hong Jack F. , Yu Shan , Hu David Y. , Chen Amy Y. , Rich Constance A. , Shi Silk J. , Xu Sandy Y. , Croucher Daniel M. , Müssar Kristofer J. , Meng Daniel W. , Chen Jane L. , Lahn Bruce T.
Published: June 2024

Plasmids are indispensable in life sciences research and therapeutics development. Currently, most labs custom-build their plasmids. As yet, no systematic data on the quality of lab-made plasmids exist. Here, we report a broad survey of plasmids from hundreds of academic and industrial labs worldwide. We show that nearly half of them contained design and/or sequence errors. For transfer plasmids used in making AAV vectors, which are widely used in gene therapy, about 40% carried mutations in ITR regions due to their inherent instability, which is influenced by flanking GC content. We also list genes difficult to clone into plasmid or package into virus due to their toxicity. Our finding raises serious concerns over the trustworthiness of lab-made plasmids, which parallels the underappreciated mycoplasma contamination and misidentified mammalian cell lines reported previously, and highlights the need for community-wide standards to uphold the quality of this ubiquitous reagent in research and medicine.
Characterization of Blood Group Variants in an Omani Population by Comparison of Whole Genome Sequencing and Serology
Authors: Haffener Paige E. , Al-Riyami Arwa Z. , Al-Zadjali Shoaib , Al-Rawahi Mohammed , Al Hosni Saif , Al Marhoobi Ali , Al Sheriyani Ammar , Leffler Ellen M.
Published: June 2024

Although blood group variation was first described over a century ago, our understanding of the genetic variation affecting antigenic expression on the red blood cell surface in many populations is lacking. This deficit limits the ability to accurately type patients, especially as serological testing is not available for all described blood groups, and targeted genotyping panels may lack rare or population-specific variants. Here, we perform serological assays across 24 antigens and whole genome sequencing on 100 Omanis, a population underrepresented in genomic databases. We inferred blood group phenotypes using the most commonly typed genetic variants. The comparison of serological to inferred phenotypes resulted in an average concordance of 96.9%. Among the 22 discordances, we identify seven known variants in four blood groups that, to our knowledge, have not been previously reported in Omanis. Incorporating these variants for phenotype inference, concordance increases to 98.8%. Additionally, we describe five candidate variants in the Lewis, Lutheran, MNS, and P1 blood groups that may affect antigenic expression, although further functional confirmation is required. Notably, we identify several blood group alleles most common in African populations, likely introduced to Oman by gene flow over the last thousand years. These findings highlight the need to evaluate individual populations and their population history when considering variants to include in genotype panels for blood group typing. This research will inform future work in blood banks and transfusion services.

Key Points

Utilizing whole genome sequencing to infer blood types in Omanis demonstrates high sensitivity for most blood groups

Population history influences blood group variation, necessitating population-specific genotype panels
Discovery of tumour indicating morphological changes in benign prostate biopsies through AI
Authors: Chelebian Eduard , Avenel Christophe , Järemo Helena , Andersson Pernilla , Bergh Anders , Wählby Carolina
Published: June 2024

Background and Objective

Diagnostic needle biopsies that miss clinically significant prostate cancers (PCa) likely sample benign tissue adjacent to cancer. Such samples may contain changes indicating the presence of cancer elsewhere in the organ. Our goal is to evaluate if artificial intelligence (AI) can identify morphological characteristics in benign biopsies of men with raised PSA that predict the future detection of clinically significant PCa during a 30-month follow-up.

Methods

A retrospective cohort of 232 patients with raised PSA and benign needle biopsies, paired by age, year of diagnosis and PSA levels was collected. Half were diagnosed with PCa within 30 months, while the other half remained cancer-free for at least eight years. AI model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and attention maps were used to visualise the morphological patterns relevant for cancer diagnosis as captured by the model.

Key findings and Limitations

The AI model could identify patients that were later diagnosed with PCa from their initial benign biopsies with an AUC of 0.82. Distinctive morphological patterns, such as altered stromal collagen and changes in glandular epithelial cell composition, were revealed.

Conclusions and Clinical Implications

AI applied to standard haematoxylin-eosin sections identifies patients initially diagnosed as negative but later found to have clinically significant PCa. Morphological patterns offer insights into the long-ranging effects of PCa in the benign parts of the tumour-bearing organ.

Patient Summary

Using AI, we identified subtle changes in normal prostate tissue suggesting the presence of tumours elsewhere in the prostate. This could aid in the early identification of potentially high-risk tumours, limiting overuse of prostate biopsies.
A causal link between autoantibodies and neurological symptoms in long COVID
Authors: Santos Guedes de Sa Keyla , Silva Julio , Bayarri-Olmos Rafael , Brinda Ryan , Alec Rath Constable Robert , Colom Diaz Patricia A. , Kwon Dong-il , Rodrigues Gisele , Wenxue Li , Baker Christopher , Bhattacharjee Bornali , Wood Jamie , Tabacof Laura , Liu Yansheng , Putrino David , Horvath Tamas L. , Iwasaki Akiko
Published: June 2024

Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers the generation of diverse and functional autoantibodies (AABs), even after mild cases. Persistently elevated autoantibodies have been found in some individuals with long COVID (LC). Using a >21,000 human protein array, we identified diverse AAB targets in LC patients that correlated with their symptoms. Elevated AABs to proteins in the nervous system were found in LC patients with neurocognitive and neurological symptoms. Purified Immunoglobulin G (IgG) samples from these individuals reacted with human pons tissue and were cross-reactive with mouse sciatic nerves, spinal cord, and meninges. Antibody reactivity to sciatic nerves and meninges correlated with patient-reported headache and disorientation. Passive transfer of IgG from patients to mice led to increased sensitivity and pain, mirroring patient-reported symptoms. Similarly, mice injected with IgG showed loss of balance and coordination, reflecting donor-reported dizziness. Our findings suggest that targeting AABs could benefit some LC patients.
Genomic epidemiology uncovers the timing and origin of the emergence of mpox in humans
Authors: Parker Edyth , Omah Ifeanyi F. , Varilly Patrick , Magee Andrew , Ayinla Akeemat Opeyemi , Sijuwola Ayotunde E. , Ahmed Muhammad I. , Ope-ewe Oludayo O. , Ogunsanya Olusola Akinola , Olono Alhaji , Eromon Philomena , Tomkins-Tinch Christopher H , Otieno James Richard , Akanbi Olusola , Egwuenu Abiodun , Ehiakhamen Odianosen , Chukwu Chimaobi , Suleiman Kabiru , Akinpelu Afolabi , Ahmad Adama , Imam Khadijah Isa , Ojedele Richard , Oripenaye Victor , Ikeata Kenneth , Adelakun Sophiyah , Olajumoke Babatunde , Djuicy Delia Doreen , Messanga Essengue Loique Landry , Moumbeket Yifomnjou Moïse Henri , Zeller Mark , Gangavarapu Karthik , O’Toole Áine , Park Daniel J , Mboowa Gerald , Tessema Sofonias Kifle , Tebeje Yenew Kebede , Folarin Onikepe , Happi Anise , Lemey Philippe , Suchard Marc A , Andersen Kristian G. , Sabeti Pardis , Rambaut Andrew , Njoum Richard , Ihekweazu Chikwe , Jide Idriss , Adetifa Ifedayo , Happi Christian T
Published: June 2024

Five years before the 2022–2023 global mpox outbreak Nigeria reported its first cases in nearly 40 years, with the ongoing epidemic since driven by sustained human-to-human transmission. However, limited genomic data has left questions about the timing and origin of the mpox virus’ (MPXV) emergence. Here we generated 112 MPXV genomes from Nigeria from 2021-2023. We identify the closest zoonotic outgroup to the human epidemic in southern Nigeria, and estimate that the lineage transmitting from human-to-human emerged around July 2014, circulating cryptically until detected in September 2017. The epidemic originated in Southern Nigeria, particularly Rivers State, which also acted as a persistent and dominant source of viral dissemination to other states. We show that APOBEC3 activity increased MPXV’s evolutionary rate twenty-fold during human-to-human transmission. We also show how Delphy, a tool for near-real-time Bayesian phylogenetics, can aid rapid outbreak analytics. Our study sheds light on MPXV’s establishment in West Africa before the 2022–2023 global outbreak and highlights the need for improved pathogen surveillance and response.
Molecular epidemiology of recurrent zoonotic transmission of mpox virus in West Africa
Authors: Djuicy Delia Doreen , Omah Ifeanyi F. , Parker Edyth , Tomkins-Tinch Christopher H , Otieno James Richard , Yifomnjou Moïse Henri Moumbeket , Essengue Loique Landry Messanga , Ayinla Akeemat Opeyemi , Sijuwola Ayotunde E. , Ahmed Muhammad I. , Ope-ewe Oludayo O. , Ogunsanya Olusola Akinola , Olono Alhaji , Eromon Philomena , Yonga Martial Gides Wansi , Essima Gael Dieudonné , Touoyem Ibrahim Pascal , Mounchili Landry Jules Mouliem , Eyangoh Sara Irene , Esso Linda , Nguidjol Inès Mandah Emah , Metomb Steve Franck , Chebo Cornelius , Agwe Samuel Mbah , Mossi Hans Makembe , Bilounga Chanceline Ndongo , Etoundi Alain Georges Mballa , Akanbi Olusola , Egwuenu Abiodun , Ehiakhamen Odianosen , Chukwu Chimaobi , Suleiman Kabiru , Akinpelu Afolabi , Ahmad Adama , Imam Khadijah Isa , Ojedele Richard , Oripenaye Victor , Ikeata Kenneth , Adelakun Sophiyah , Olajumoke Babatunde , O’Toole Áine , Magee Andrew , Zeller Mark , Gangavarapu Karthik , Varilly Patrick , Park Daniel J , Mboowa Gerald , Kifle Tessema Sofonias , Tebeje Yenew Kebede , Folarin Onikepe , Happi Anise , Lemey Philippe , Suchard Marc A , Andersen Kristian G. , Sabeti Pardis , Rambaut Andrew , Ihekweazu Chikwe , Jide Idriss , Adetifa Ifedayo , Njoum Richard , Happi Christian T
Published: June 2024

Nigeria and Cameroon reported their first mpox cases in over three decades in 2017 and 2018 respectively. The outbreak in Nigeria is recognised as an ongoing human epidemic. However, owing to sparse surveillance and genomic data, it is not known whether the increase in cases in Cameroon is driven by zoonotic or sustained human transmission. Notably, the frequency of zoonotic transmission remains unknown in both Cameroon and Nigeria. To address these uncertainties, we investigated the zoonotic transmission dynamics of the mpox virus (MPXV) in Cameroon and Nigeria, with a particular focus on the border regions. We show that in these regions mpox cases are still driven by zoonotic transmission of a newly identified Clade IIb.1. We identify two distinct zoonotic lineages that circulate across the Nigeria-Cameroon border, with evidence of recent and historic cross border dissemination. Our findings support that the complex cross-border forest ecosystems likely hosts shared animal populations that drive cross-border viral spread, which is likely where extant Clade IIb originated. We identify that the closest zoonotic outgroup to the human epidemic circulated in southern Nigeria in October 2013. We also show that the zoonotic precursor lineage circulated in an animal population in southern Nigeria for more than 45 years. This supports findings that southern Nigeria was the origin of the human epidemic. Our study highlights the ongoing MPXV zoonotic transmission in Cameroon and Nigeria, underscoring the continuous risk of MPXV (re)emergence.
Novel Loci (EIF4A2, ADIPOQ, TPRG1) for Triglyceride / High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio Longitudinal Change (ΔTHR) among Subjects without Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence from the Long Life Family Study (LLFS) and the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) Offspring Cohort (OS)
Authors: Wang Lihua , Wang Siyu , Anema Jason A. , Moghaddam Vaha A. , Lu Yanli , Lin Shiow , Daw E. Warwick , Kuipers Allison L. , Miljkovic Iva , Brent Michael , Patti Gary , Thygarajan Bharat , Zmuda Joseph M. , Province Michael A. , An Ping
Published: June 2024

Aims/hypothesis

Triglyceride (TG)/High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (THR) represents a single surrogate predictor of hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance that is associated with premature aging processes, risk of diabetes and increased mortality. To identify novel genetic loci for THR change over time (ΔTHR), we conducted genome-wide association study (GWAS) and genome-wide linkage scan (GWLS) among subjects of European ancestry who had complete data from two exams collected about seven years apart from the Long Life Family Study (LLFS, n=1384), a study with familial clustering of exceptional longevity in the US and Denmark.

Methods

Subjects with diabetes or using medications for dyslipidemia were excluded from this analysis. ΔTHR was derived using growth curve modeling, and adjusted for age, sex, field centers, and principal components (PCs). GWAS was conducted using a linear mixed model accounted for familial relatedness. Our linkage scan was built on haplotype-based IBD estimation with 0.5 cM average spacing.

Results

Heritability of ΔTHR was moderate (46%). Our GWAS identified a significant locus at theLPL(p=1.58e-9) for ΔTHR; this gene locus has been reported before influencing baseline THR levels. Our GWLS found evidence for a significant linkage with a logarithm of the odds (LODs) exceeding 3 on3q28(LODs=4.1). Using a subset of 25 linkage enriched families (pedigree-specific LODs>0.1), we assessed sequence elements under3q28and identified two novel variants (EIF4A2/ADIPOQ-rs114108468,p=5e-6, MAF=1.8%;TPRG1-rs16864075,p=3e-6, MAF=8%; accounted for ∼28% and ∼29% of the linkage, respectively, and 57% jointly). While the former variant was associated withEIF4A2(p=7e-5) /ADIPOQ(p=3.49e-2) RNA transcriptional levels, the latter variant was not associated withTPRG1(p=0.23) RNA transcriptional levels. Replication in FHS OS observed modest effect of these loci on ΔTHR. Of 188 metabolites from 13 compound classes assayed in LLFS, we observed multiple metabolites (e.g., DG.38.5, PE.36.4, TG.58.3) that were significantly associated with the variants (p<3e-4).

Conclusions

Our linkage-guided sequence analysis approach permitted our discovery of two novel gene variantsEIF4A2/ADIPOQ-rs114108468 andTPRG1-rs16864075 on3q28for ΔTHR among subjects without diabetes selected for exceptional survival and healthy aging.
Dorsal root ganglia atrophy and serum biomarkers supporting the diagnosis of chronic postsurgical inguinal pain
Authors: Herrmann Eva , Schindehütte Magnus , Kindl Gudrun , Reinhold Ann-Kristin , Aulbach Felix , Rose Norman , Dreiling Johannes , Schwarzkopf Daniel , Meir Michael , Jin Yuying , Teichmüller Karolin , Widder Anna , Blum Robert , Sawalma Abdelrahman , Cebulla Nadine , Sendtner Michael , Meissner Winfried , Brack Alexander , Pham Mirko , Sommer Claudia , Schlegel Nicolas , Rittner Heike L.
Published: June 2024

Background

Chronic postsurgical inguinal pain (CPIP) is the most common complication of groin hernia surgery. The characteristics of patients, their medical care, and choice of the best diagnostic tools remain to be defined to optimize preventive and therapeutic interventions.

Methods

Claims data from 2018 and a 1-year follow-up were analysed and deep phenotyping including sensory testing, blood and skin biopsies, MRI imaging of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and patient-reported outcomes were used to define normative values, as well as incidence, medical care, and pathophysiological factors.

Results

11,221 patients with hernia surgery in 2018 were identified; 8.5% had pain before which was relieved by surgery, but a similar percentage had novel groin pain. Deep phenotyping of 141 healthy controls provided a map of the inguinal sensory system. CPIP patients suffered from moderate pain with neuropathic features, individual sensory abnormalities, and unilateral L1 DRG atrophy. In the blood, C-C-motif chemokine ligand (CCL2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were upregulated while apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) was reduced. A cluster of DRG atrophy, BDNF, ApoA1 and anxiety correlated best with the diagnosis. CPIP patients with novel pain had significantly more DRG atrophy (−22% ipsi vs. contra).

Conclusion

CPIP is relevant and often newly acquired after surgery. A combination of DRG imaging, serum markers, and anxiety screening can support the diagnosis. Using this core set of markers could guide surgeons towards more personalized therapies and possible preventive intraoperative techniques.

Trial registration

German Trial Registry DRKS00024588 and DRKS00016790
Y RNA-derived fragments in a complex with YBX1 modulate PARP1 residency at DNA double strand breaks
Authors: Shaw Annabelle , Ajit Kamal , Gullerova Monika
Published: June 2024

To protect genome integrity from pervasive threats of damage and prevent diseases like cancer, cells employ an integrated network of signalling pathways called the DNA damage response. These pathways involve both protein and RNA components which can act within the damaged cell or be transferred intercellularly to influence population-wide responses to damage. Here, we show that radioprotection can be conferred by damage-derived exosomes and is dependent on YBX1-packaged Y3-derived ysRNA. In recipient cells, ysRNA are methylated on cytosine by an RNA methyltransferase NSUN2, and bound by m5C reader, YBX1. YBX1/ysRNA localises at double strand break (DSB) sites to promote efficient DNA repair and cell survival through complex formation with PARP1. YBX1 modulates PARP1 auto-modification by facilitating ysRNA ADP-ribosylation, promoting increased PARP1 residency at DSBs. Our data highlight an unprecedented role for these under-studied species of small non-coding RNA, identifying them as a novel substrate for PARP1 mediated ADP-ribosylation and their function in DNA repair.
A Coronaviral Pore-Replicase Complex Drives RNA Synthesis in Double Membrane Vesicles
Authors: Chen Anan , Lupan Ana-Mihaela , Quek Rui Tong , Stanciu Stefan G. , Asaftei Mihaela , Stanciu George A. , Hardy Kierra S. , de Almeida Magalhães Taciani , Silver Pamela A. , Mitchison Timothy J. , Salic Adrian
Published: June 2024

Coronavirus-infected cells contain double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) that are key for viral RNA replication and transcription, perforated by hexameric pores connecting the vesicular lumen to the cytoplasm. How pores form and traverse two membranes, and how DMVs organize RNA synthesis, is unknown. Using structure prediction and functional assays, we show that the non-structural viral membrane protein nsp4 is the key DMV pore organizer, spanning the double membrane and forming most of the pore lining. Nsp4 interacts with nsp3 on the cytoplasmic side and with the viral replicase inside the DMV. Newly synthesized mRNAs exit the DMV into the cytoplasm, passing through a narrow ring of conserved nsp4 residues. Steric constraints imposed by the ring predict that modified nucleobases block mRNA transit, with broad spectrum anti-coronaviral activity.
DNA replication initiation timing is important for maintaining genome integrity
Authors: Reed Tristan T. , Kendal Abigail H. , Wozniak Katherine J. , Simmons Lyle A.
Published: June 2024

DNA replication is regulated by factors that promote or inhibit initiation. InBacillus subtilis,YabA is a negative regulator of DNA replication initiation while the newly identified kinase CcrZ is a positive regulator. The consequences of under-initiation or over-initiation of DNA replication to genome stability remain unclear. In this work, we measure origin to terminus ratios as a proxy for replication initiation activity. We show that ΔccrZand severalccrZalleles under-initiate DNA replication while ablation ofyabAor overproduction of CcrZ leads to over-initiation. We find that cells under-initiating DNA replication have few incidents of replication fork stress as determined by low formation of RecA-GFP foci compared with wild type. In contrast, cells over-initiating DNA replication show levels of RecA-GFP foci formation analogous to cells directly challenged with DNA damaging agents. We show that cells under-initiating and over-initiating DNA replication were both sensitive to mitomycin C and that changes in replication initiation frequency cause increased sensitivity to genotoxic stress. With these results, we propose that cells under-initiating DNA replication are sensitive to DNA damage due to a shortage of DNA for repair through homologous recombination. For cells over-initiating DNA replication, we propose that an increase in the number of replication forks leads to replication fork stress which is further exacerbated by chromosomal DNA damage. Together, our study shows that DNA replication initiation frequency must be tightly controlled as changes in initiation influence replication fork fate and the capacity of cells to efficiently repair damage to their genetic material.

IMPORTANCE

The regulation of DNA replication is fundamental to cell growth and cell cycle control. In eukaryotes under-initiation or over-initiation leads to genome instability. For bacteria, it is unclear how changes in replication initiation frequency impact DNA replication status and genome integrity. We show that tight regulation of DNA replication initiation is critical for maintaining genome integrity. Cells over-initiating or under-initiating DNA replication are sensitive to DNA damage. Further, cells over-initiating DNA replication experience replication fork stress at levels that phenocopy cells encountering DNA damage from the crosslinking agent mitomycin C. Our results establish the critical importance of properly regulating DNA replication initiation frequency because an imbalance in initiation results in replication fork perturbations, deficiencies in DNA repair, and genome instability.
An independent, multi-country head-to-head accuracy comparison of automated chest x-ray algorithms for the triage of pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Worodria William , Castro Robert , Kik Sandra V. , Dalay Victoria , Derendinger Brigitta , Festo Charles , Nguyen Thanh Quoc , Raberahona Mihaja , Sudarsan Swati , Andama Alfred , Thangakunam Balamugesh , Lyimo Issa , Nguyen Viet Nhung , Rakotoarivelo Rivo , Theron Grant , Yu Charles , Denkinger Claudia M. , Lapierre Simon Grandjean , Cattamanchi Adithya , Christopher Devasahayam J. , Jaganath Devan ,   R2D2 TB Network
Published: June 2024

Background

Computer-aided detection (CAD) algorithms for automated chest X-ray (CXR) reading have been endorsed by the World Health Organization for tuberculosis (TB) triage, but independent, multi-country assessment and comparison of current products are needed to guide implementation.

Methods

We conducted a head-to-head evaluation of five CAD algorithms for TB triage across seven countries. We included CXRs from adults who presented to outpatient facilities with at least two weeks of cough in India, Madagascar, the Philippines, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Vietnam. The participants completed a standard evaluation for pulmonary TB, including sputum collection for Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and culture. Against a microbiological reference standard, we calculated and compared the accuracy overall, by country and key groups for five CAD algorithms: CAD4TB (Delft Imaging), INSIGHT CXR (Lunit), DrAid (Vinbrain), Genki (Deeptek), and qXR (qure.AI). We determined the area under the ROC curve (AUC) and if any CAD product could achieve the minimum target accuracy for a TB triage test (≥90% sensitivity and ≥70% specificity). We then applied country- and population-specific thresholds and recalculated accuracy to assess any improvement in performance.

Results

Of 3,927 individuals included, the median age was 41 years (IQR 29-54), 12.9% were people living with HIV (PLWH), 8.2% living with diabetes, and 21.2% had a prior history of TB. The overall AUC ranged from 0.774-0.819, and specificity ranged from 64.8-73.8% at 90% sensitivity. CAD4TB had the highest overall accuracy (73.8% specific, 95% CI 72.2-75.4, at 90% sensitivity), although qXR and INSIGHT CXR also achieved the target 70% specificity. There was heterogeneity in accuracy by country, and females and PLWH had lower sensitivity while males and people with a history of TB had lower specificity. The performance remained stable regardless of diabetes status. When country- and population-specific thresholds were applied, at least one CAD product could achieve or approach the target accuracy for each country and sub-group, except for PLWH and those with a history of TB.

Conclusions

Multiple CAD algorithms can achieve or exceed the minimum target accuracy for a TB triage test, with improvement when using setting- or population-specific thresholds. Further efforts are needed to integrate CAD into routine TB case detection programs in high-burden communities.
Optimization of steady spin prediction by nonlinear iterative inversion algorithm
Authors: Yan Chao , Tu Lianghui
Published: June 2024

Purpose

Since the inception of aircraft, the phenomenon of spin has persistently accompanied aircraft, and research into spin has been ongoing. This paper aims to introduce an optimization technique to enhance the traditional geometric method for predicting steady spin, aiming to achieve more precise predictive outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach

To begin with, the force and moment equations used for motion analysis are initially presented, followed by the establishment of the motion model. Subsequently, the forward problem is set up, and the equilibrium solutions for the left and right spins of the aircraft are determined using the geometric method under the basic and wingtip configurations, thus solving the forward problem. In the final stage, nonlinear inversion is applied, and the inversion objective function is formulated based on the least squares approach. Through iterative processes, the measured data are interpolated, leading to the acquisition of the accurate equilibrium solution.

Findings

The findings indicate that the utilization of the nonlinear iterative inversion algorithm has effectively optimized the geometric method, yielding favorable outcomes. Postoptimization, the prediction accuracy has been enhanced, and the error has significantly diminished when compared to the preoptimization results.

Originality/value

The nonlinear inversion algorithm is used to refine the steady spin prediction for general aviation aircraft. This approach significantly mitigates the precision issues inherent in the forward problem. As demonstrated through the simulations provided, the application of the nonlinear iterative algorithm to resolve the inversion function yields promising optimization outcomes.
Revolutionizing finance with bitcoin and blockchain: a literature review and research agenda
Authors: Han Sirui , Lu Haitian , Wu Hao
Published: June 2024

Purpose

Our analysis is targeted at researchers in the fields of economics and finance, and we place emphasis on the incremental contributions of each paper, key research questions, study methodology, main conclusions and data and identification tactics. By focusing on these critical areas, our review seeks to provide valuable insights and guidance for future research in this rapidly evolving and complex field.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper conducts a structured literature review (SLR) of Bitcoin-related articles published in the leading finance, economics and accounting journals between 2018 and 2023. Following Massaro et al. (2016), SLR is a method for examining a corpus of scholarly work to generate new ideas, critical reflections and future research agendas. The goals of SLR are congruent with the three outcomes of critical management research identified by Alvesson and Deetz (2000): insight, critique and transformative redefinition.

Findings

The present state of research on Bitcoin lacks coherence and interconnectedness, leading to a limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms. However, certain areas of research have emerged as significant topics for further exploration. These include the decentralized payment system, equilibrium price, market microstructure, trading patterns and regulation of Bitcoin. In this context, this review serves as a valuable starting point for researchers who are unacquainted with the interdisciplinary field of bitcoin and blockchain research. It is essential to recognize the potential value of research in Bitcoin-related fields in advancing knowledge of the interaction between finance, economics, law and technology. Therefore, future research in this area should focus on adopting innovative and interdisciplinary methods to enhance our comprehension of these intricate and evolving technologies.

Originality/value

Our review encompasses the latest research on Bitcoin, including its market microstructure, trading behavior, price patterns and portfolio analysis. It explores Bitcoin's market microstructure, liquidity, derivative markets, price discovery and market efficiency. Studies have also focused on trading behavior, investors' characteristics, market sentiment and price volatility. Furthermore, empirical studies demonstrate the advantages of including Bitcoin in a portfolio. These findings enhance our understanding of Bitcoin's potential impact on the financial industry.
Career adaptability in higher vocational education: examining crossover effects from headteachers to students
Authors: Jiang Xiaochuan , Yang Jianfeng , Wang Xiyan , Hou Yanhui
Published: June 2024

Purpose

To enhance the understanding of the antecedents of students' career adaptability, this study employs the crossover model to explore the potential transfer of career adaptability from headteachers to students and the underlying mechanisms involved.

Design/methodology/approach

This study examined the proposed moderated mediation model using matched survey data collected from 37 headteachers and 1,598 students in Chinese higher vocational colleges.

Findings

Headteachers’ career adaptability is positively related to students’ career adaptability via students’ psychological capital. An increased frequency of headteacher–student interactions strengthened the indirect relationship between headteachers' career adaptability and students' career adaptability.

Originality/value

The findings suggest that, under certain conditions, headteachers’ career adaptability could be transferred to students via students’ psychological capital.
The search for greener pastures: a qualitative analysis of employee job search dynamics
Authors: Kanar Adam , Bouckenooghe Dave
Published: June 2024

Purpose

This study explores job search dynamics among employed individuals. We focus on factors related to employees initiating their job searches and changing its intensity.

Design/methodology/approach

We conducted a qualitative study with 41 employed job seekers using semi-structured interviews.

Findings

Our analysis reveals six catalysts that initiate employee job searches and nine modulators that influence fluctuations in job search effort. We highlight the significant roles of social actors, resource dynamics, and personal, professional, and environmental factors in shaping employees’ job searches.

Research limitations/implications

The diverse sample strengthens theory building but may not represent all employed job seekers. Future research would benefit from longitudinal designs.

Practical implications

This study underscores the influence of social actors on employee job search processes. Our findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and employers seeking to support employed job seekers and proactively manage voluntary turnover.

Originality/value

This research advances our understanding of employee job search beyond its traditional role in voluntary turnover. By integrating Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, we provide a framework for understanding employee job search initiation and modulation.
Loving the skin, you’re in: a deconstruction of children’s literature that focus on body (size) issues
Authors: Smith Delphia
Published: June 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to evaluate children’s literature that focuses on body size issues for elementary readers.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper used an evaluative tool based on three categories: content, audience and other considerations.

Findings

The evaluative tool was used to evaluate six children’s books identified as critical literature supporting body image. The books evaluated focused on body image but were also tied to other themes such as body positivity, body neutrality, self-love, acceptance, diversity and inclusivity. All books acknowledged and celebrated the uniqueness of varied body types.

Research limitations/implications

Because of the number of books evaluated, the evaluative results may lack generalizability. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to evaluate other critical children’s literature focused on body image.

Practical implications

The paper offers recommendations for parents, teachers and schools.

Originality/value

This paper encourages the need for parents, teachers and schools to help children embrace body positivity and neutrality so that they would love their skin.
Bringing joy back into higher education: the potential contribution of coaching
Authors: Lynden Jenny , Gallaghan George , van Nieuwerburgh Christian J.
Published: June 2024

Purpose

There are significant challenges facing academics and senior leaders in higher education (HE) institutions internationally. These challenges have led to increasing levels of metrification and managerialism, which has fostered work intensification, reduced professional autonomy, stress and burnout amongst faculty staff. Traditional approaches for supporting and developing staff, such as mentoring and training, do not provide the resources faculty staff need to meet the challenges they face. In contrast, experiences in various other educational and professional settings have demonstrated the effectiveness of workplace coaching in fostering well-being, adaptability, flexibility and sustainable performance. This review argues that workplace coaching could similarly support academics.

Design/methodology/approach

A critical literature review evaluates coaching interventions across educational and comparable sectors to identify positive well-being and performance-based outcomes.

Findings

While there is limited research into the efficacy of coaching interventions for faculty staff in HE, research in other educational, as well as comparable professional contexts, identifies significant sustainable improvements in well-being and performance for professional staff.

Practical implications

The evidence that identifies positive outcomes of coaching in professional workplace contexts is compelling. This critical review uses some of that evidence base to propose an agenda to implement coaching programmes that support faculty staff to improve their well-being and performance.

Originality/value

While there are published research studies on the positive outcomes of coaching in primary and secondary educational contexts, as well as for postgraduate research students, there is very limited knowledge, practice and research about coaching faculty staff in HE. This article addresses this by critically reviewing a broad range of literature to identify coaching and research initiatives for faculty staff in HE institutions.
Analyzing downside risk of BRICS stock indices: insights from value at risk and time series econometrics
Authors: Ghulam Younis Ahmed , Joo Bashir Ahmad
Published: June 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to analyze the downside risk for the stock indices of BRICS countries. The study also aimed to study the interrelationship, directional influence and interdependence among the stock exchanges of BRICS economies to provide insights for policymakers, fund managers, investors and other stakeholders.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors used Value at Risk (VaR) as an indicator of downside risk and time series econometrics for measuring the long run relationship, directional influence and interdependence.

Findings

The calculated VaR estimates, long-run linkages and strong interdependence among these indices especially with the returns of Brazil exerting a notable impact on the returns of other BRICS nations. These results emphasize the significance of taking into account cross-country spillover effects and domestic market dynamics in the context of portfolio management and risk assessment strategies. Further, from the extended results of variance decomposition analysis, the authors find that Brazil’s, China’s and South African stock market returns have a significantly lagged impact on their own stock market, while Russia’s and India stock market returns do not have a significantly lagged impact on their own stock markets.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study comprehensively analyzing the BRICS indices downside risk through the historical simulation method of VaR estimation, which is an unexplored area of risk management.
Mental health, positive psychology and forgiveness: a positive autoethnographic case study of Everett Worthington
Authors: Worthington, Jr. Everett L. , Gonot-Schoupinsky Freda
Published: June 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to elicit understanding of how forgiveness, religion and spirituality, and relationships can better our lives. It draws from the life of Everett L. Worthington, Jr, a positive psychologist and Commonwealth Professor Emeritus at Virginia Commonwealth University. He has published almost 50 books and over 500 scholarly articles or chapters.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a case study, followed by a ten-question interview. The core methodology is positive autoethnography which is embraced by Worthington to reveal life lessons from things he has done.

Findings

Worthington reveals a life honoring the interwoven lives of people. He has studied forgiveness intensively and finds it to be an essential way of making our way in the world and in a world community that all too often hosts hurt.

Research limitations/implications

An extensive literature has developed to understand what forgiveness is, how it comes about naturally and how the REACH Forgiveness method can help people who struggle to forgive themselves or others, and do it more quickly, thoroughly and frequently. Forgiving has psychological, social, spiritual and physical benefits to the forgiver.

Practical implications

This article is filled with practical information on how to forgive and how to pursue eudaemonia, which Worthington defines as virtue for oneself.

Social implications

Forgiveness has widespread social implications. Good relationships are those that can help form, maintain, grow and repair when damaged close emotional bonds. Forgiveness helps repair, maintain and grow those bonds.

Originality/value

Worthington has been instrumental in the establishment and growth of the subfield of forgiveness studies and in the study of humility.
Colombia's economic relations with China: The role of economics and politics in trade, investment, and economic agreements
Authors: Quan Xiang (Joanna)
Published: June 2024

Over the past two decades, many Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) countries have deepened their economic relationship with China by accepting large amounts of Chinese investments and signing up for China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). However, Colombia has not followed such a path. Using cross‐border data on trade, investment, and economic agreements, this article demonstrates that Colombia's under‐engagement with China is driven by Colombia's lower competitiveness in the commodities sectors, where Chinese demand for LAC products is highest. Colombia's limited competitiveness has led to lower exports to China and lower amounts of Chinese investment. The low level of bilateral economic activities has resulted in a lack of incentives for Colombia to sign economic agreements with China, as well as general public skepticism toward China and more favorable attitudes toward the United States even though this trend has been on the decline since 2016. Colombia can benefit from strengthening ties with China, without distancing itself from the United States, on issues pertaining to energy transition and the development of rural infrastructure, which will help reduce inequality and broaden export diversification in the medium to long term.
Emerging trends in peacebuilding: The case of Colombia
Authors: Vuković Siniša , Dore Giovanna Maria Dora , Paz Guadalupe
Published: June 2024

The implementation of the 2016 Peace Agreement has produced one of the most comprehensive and exhaustive peacebuilding efforts to date. The ambitious peace agreement, centred around six core themes, has expanded the scope of peacebuilding into areas that traditionally have been largely ignored or overlooked by policymakers. While the implementation process is still maintaining an overall trajectory that can be considered as success, the same process is still poised with a range of engdogenous and exogenous challenges that may undermine both the pace and the quality of peacebuilding efforts. This article surveys the current trends in the implementation phase, highlighting the key dynamics that stand in the way of an effective and timely implementation of the Colombian peace plan. In addition to exploring the emerging challenges to the liberal peacebuilding approach, this article also highlights the significance of concurrent opportunities and liabilities that stem from developmental approaches to peacebuilding.
Italy: Political Developments and Data in 2023
Authors: BIANCALANA CECILIA , SEDDONE ANTONELLA , GALLINA MARTA
Published: June 2024

The year 2023 was a year of consolidation for the government of Giorgia Meloni (Fratelli d'Italia). After the turbulent 2022, the 2023 electoral landscape in Italy saw minimal changes at the national level. However, while there were no national elections, regional elections were held in five regions, bearing witness to shifts and stances within both the majority and the opposition. At the national party level, leadership changes occurred both in the center‐left and in the center‐right. On the one hand, following primary elections, Elly Schlein became the first woman to lead the Partito Democratico. On the other, Forza Italia faced uncertainty following the passing of Silvio Berlusconi, with Antonio Tajani appointed interim leader. Other than that, the political landscape in Italy remained relatively stable in 2023, with Giorgia Meloni seeking to consolidate her leadership within the coalition and her credibility as head of government, while the opposition strove to reorganize.
Alcohol sipping patterns, personality, and psychopathology in Children: Moderating effects of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation
Authors: Ferariu Ana , Chang Hansoo , Taylor Alexei , Zhang Fengqing
Published: June 2024

Background

Alcohol, the most consumed drug in the United States, is associated with various psychological disorders and abnormal personality traits. Despite extensive research on adolescent alcohol consumption, the impact of early alcohol sipping patterns on changes in personality and mental health over time remains unclear. There is also limited information on the latent trajectory of early alcohol sipping, beginning as young as 9–10 years old. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is crucial for cognitive control and response inhibition. However, the role of the dACC remains unclear in the relationship between early alcohol sipping and mental health outcomes and personality traits over time.

Methods

Utilizing the large data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (N = 11,686, 52% males, 52% white, mean [SD] age 119 [7.5] months, 9807 unique families, 22 sites), we aim to comprehensively examine the longitudinal impact of early alcohol sipping patterns on psychopathological measures and personality traits in adolescents, filling crucial gaps in the literature.

Results

We identified three latent alcohol sipping groups, each demonstrating distinct personality traits and depression score trajectories. Bilateral dACC activation during the stop‐signal task moderated the effect of early alcohol sipping on personality and depression over time. Additionally, bidirectional effects were observed between alcohol sipping and personality traits.

Conclusions

This study provides insights into the impact of early alcohol consumption on adolescent development. The key finding of our analysis is that poor response inhibition at baseline, along with increased alcohol sipping behaviors may accelerate the changes in personality traits and depression scores over time as individuals transition from childhood into adolescence.