bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Christian Minorities
Authors: Lineham Peter J.
Published: August 2017

The flourishing of Christian minorities was a consequence of the lessening of state control of religion, but the theological themes in these movements reflect the key debates of the century. Denominational tensions produced schisms, and the democratization of Bible use produced sharp differences over how to interpret it. Ancient heresies on Christology, and Trinitarianism, gained new support while views of the afterlife and of eschatology were a basis of sectarian division. New revelations were provided by some leaders, and more intimate community was a key theological and practical aspiration. As mainstream theologies accommodated with scientific medicine, traditional aspirations for healing were clothed with new theological values. Indigenous forms of Christianity shaped their own theological discourse.
Selfhood and Relationality
Authors: Mariña Jacqueline
Published: August 2017

This chapter explores Kant’s ground-breaking revision to Descartes’ model of the mind (the self as substance) and its reception in the nineteenth century. For Kant consciousness is not a substance, but an ongoing activity having a double constitution, or two moments: first, the original activity of consciousness (original apperception), and second, the reflected self, the ‘I think’ as object of reflection. Both are essential to the possibility of an awareness of a unified experience. Such an awareness is achieved only insofar as the self is capable of reflecting on its activity of thinking. As such, the possibility of self-consciousness, or the capacity to reflect on one’s own acts of thought is essential to the constitution of the self. This chapter analyses how this understanding of self-consciousness conditioned models of the self, its relation to God, and its relation to others in the work of Schleiermacher, Fichte, Hegel, and Kierkegaard.
Theatre
Authors: Brady Linzy , Mitchell Jolyon
Published: August 2017

How did the relation between Christianity and drama evolve during the long nineteenth century? How were Christian beliefs represented, promoted, and interrogated through drama? What part did Christianity play in the changing kinds, spaces, and genres of theatre? This chapter analyses the creation, production, and reception of a range of dramatic forms, including melodramas, musicals, ‘classics’, comedies, and tragedies, as well as explicitly religious, and later in the nineteenth century, cinematic dramas. Plays by George Bernard Shaw, Leo Tolstoy, and Henrik Ibsen are scrutinized alongside early silent films and the evolving passion and religious plays tradition. The chapter teases out a number of underlying tensions relating to the place of Christianity within popular and respectable theatre, romantic and realistic drama, and theatrical and screen drama. The chapter highlights how Christian beliefs were creatively used by playwrights, actors, and theatre-goers, in theatrical, domestic, and public spaces.
The Transformation of Metaphysics
Authors: Rasmussen Joel D.S.
Published: August 2017

This chapter charts the transformation of metaphysics across the nineteenth century as a series of prodigious swerves: first, it maps the move away from Christian dogmatics in the rationalist theology of Kant and his followers; second, it tracks the professed but problematic return to Christianity’s symbolic universe in the Idealism of Schelling and Hegel; third, it describes a veer ‘back to Kant’ in the attempts to disentangle Christian theology from metaphysics by such theologians as Ritschl and Herrmann; and finally, it addresses the recognition by some prominent Christian thinkers (e.g., Green in Britain, and Peirce in America) that some kind of metaphysical articulation of the Christian world-view is not only inevitable but also vital. The chapter concludes with a chastened reconceptualization of theological metaphysics as the hermeneutical explication, critique, and open-ended reassessment of the philosophical contours of Christian claims about ultimate reality.
The Science of Life
Authors: Schaefer Donovan O.
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines broad transformations in Christian thought that came to pass over the course of the nineteenth century through exposure to new developments in the life sciences. Taking William Paley’s Natural Theology (1802) as a starting point, it shows how a conception of an unchanging God that could be demonstrated through rational proof was affected by the new emphasis on change in the biological sciences, especially in the aftermath of Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species in 1859. Rather than suggesting that these new themes weakened Christian faith, however, a close examination of Christian thought in the latter half of the nineteenth century shows that encounters with science energized Christian theology, philosophy, and practice. This trajectory culminated with the development of the psychology of religion, as exhibited by the American pragmatists William James and Charles S. Peirce. George Eliot’s Middlemarch serves as a guide to the complexity of these transformations.
Immanence and Transcendence
Authors: Westphal Merold
Published: August 2017

This chapter distinguishes three modes of immanence and transcendence with reference to God: cosmological, epistemic, and ethical. Immanence affirms, while transcendence denies that God is contained within the world, and thus within the limits of human reason, or within the norms and resources of human society and culture. Hegel serves as the model of immanence within the nineteenth century. He affirms that spirit is the ultimate reality, and it turns out that he means the human spirit in its social constructions, its cultural self-understanding, and its historical unfolding. We can call this a humanistic pantheism. Kierkegaard develops the model of transcendence in the form of a personalist theism. God is personal as an agent (not merely a force or cause) and a performer of speech acts. As such God is a reality independent of and transcendent to human life in all its forms.
The Natural World
Authors: Young Malcolm Clemens
Published: August 2017

In the early eighteenth century nature seemed to be governed by universal mathematical laws benevolently established by the Creator. Over the next hundred years, philosophical and cultural changes led to a new experience of nature’s meaning. Kant concluded that the tension between inert matter and living beings, between necessity and freedom, means that we cannot ultimately understand nature (the ground and origin of everything). Schelling’s idealism and its presumption of an immanent pre-existing harmony of mind and nature undermined this conclusion and ultimately led to new expectations for nature. Romantic ideas, from Schleiermacher (who located the religious impulse in the intuition of the universe as a whole) to Goethe, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Emerson, and Thoreau (with their faith that an encounter with nature could be suffused with holiness) came to be central to the modern environmental movement. The ideas of Charles Darwin changed how Christians came to understand the natural world.
Experience
Authors: Zahl Simeon
Published: August 2017

The long nineteenth century was a time of intense interest in ‘experience’ for Christians, at both academic and popular levels. This interest emerged especially in the wake of the success of Pietist, ‘experience’-oriented spiritualities in the eighteenth century, and out of a desire to defend and re-establish Christian faith against recent and ongoing philosophical and scientific encroachments and critiques. This chapter examines three major trajectories during the period: Friedrich Schleiermacher’s influential approach to religious experience and its legacy in figures like Coleridge, Bushnell, and von Hofmann; creative reflection on the limits of ‘experience’ from within Pietist and renewal movements; and the transformation of the critical Protestant ‘anti-enthusiastic’ tradition into the scientific analysis of religious experience, culminating at the end of the period in the work of William James. A key theme is the under-recognized significance of Protestant renewal movements as both a resource and a foil for each of these trajectories.
Music
Authors: Zon Bennett
Published: August 2017

Because music is unable to communicate its meaning as directly as words, it has always relied upon thought to help convey its meaning. Nineteenth-century musical thought therefore comes in two interrelated forms: (1) as literature about music (‘music-in-thought’), such as music history, philosophy, or theology; and (2) as music itself (music-as-thought) written for soloists, instruments, and voices in secular or sacred contexts like the concert hall or church. This chapter traces their complex metaphysical interrelationship by using Romantic philosophical and theological concepts of musical meaning to probe understandings of created natural order, from the sound of nature to birdsong, and from the music of man to the music of God. The Great Chain of Musical Being provides a foil for gauging the resilience of the Romantic period’s theological commitment to an incarnational Christianity straining under the influence of secularization.
Ergativity and Differential Case Marking
Authors: Malchukov Andrej L.
Published: August 2017

The present chapter discusses patterns of differential case marking in ergative languages, focusing on differential subject marking, which is more prominent in ergative languages (in contrast to accusative languages, where differential object marking is more prominent). It is argued that patterns of (differential) case marking can be accounted two general constraints related to (role)-indexing, on the one hand, and distinguishability (or markedness) on the other hand. This approach correctly predicts asymmetries between differential object marking (DOM) and differential subject marking (DSM) with regard to animacy, definiteness, as well as discourse features. I also show how this approach can be extended to capture a relation between case and voice alternation, as well as briefly outline diachronic scenarios leading to different types of differential case marking in ergative and split intransitive languages.
Correlates of Ergativity in Mayan
Authors: Aissen Judith
Published: August 2017

Since all Mayan languages are morphologically ergative, a central question concerns the role that ergativity plays in shaping the syntax. One widely accepted view is that at least those languages which exhibit constraints on the extraction of ergatives are “syntactically ergative”. Here we review the basic facts around ergative extraction in Mayan, surveying both those languages which permit it and those which do not, and identify areas of exceptionality and variation. Central to the discussion are ‘agent focus’ constructions, constructions which permit extraction of the external argument when it is blocked from a canonical transitive clause. We discuss two approaches this constellation of facts––one which holds that constraints on ergative extraction reflect syntactic ergativity and one which holds that they do not.
Hindi/Urdu and Related Languages
Authors: Butt Miriam
Published: August 2017

This chapter provides an overview of ergativity in Hindi/Urdu and some related South Asian languages.  Hindi/Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language that is part of a South Asian linguistic area or Sprachbund in which Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, and Munda languages have been in constant contact for thousands of years.  Hindi/Urdu is the South Asian language that has been studied most in terms of case marking and ergativity.  It thus serves as a basis for this handbook article.  The distribution of ergativity in Hindi/Urdu and related languages is explored and discussed in the context of the South Asian linguistic area and with respect to various structural and semantic factors that have been adduced in the literature.
The Structural Source of Split Ergativity and Ergative Case in Georgian
Authors: Nash Léa
Published: August 2017

On the basis of the study of split ergativity in Georgian, this chapter defends a simple principle according to which the difference between a nominative and an ergative behaviour of the same language, and possibly across languages, consists in the capacity of the transitive subject to be theta-licensed, and by consequence case-licensed, in a position outside vP only in the nominative type. An outcome of this difference is that the transitive subject in ergative languages is licensed in vP, which is also the minimal domain containing the direct object. As both arguments of the transitive verb stay in vP, they are case-licensed by the same c-commanding functional head, according to the mechanism of Dependent Case (DC) assignment as originally proposed by Marantz (1991). The reason why one functional head marks two arguments in a language is due to the functional impoverishment between T and vP.
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy for Pre-adolescent Children
Authors: Perepletchikova Francheska
Published: August 2017

Dialectical Behavior Therapy for pre-adolescent children (DBT-C) targets severe emotional and behavioural dysregulation in the paediatric population by teaching adaptive coping skills and helping parents create a validating and a change-ready environment. It retains the theoretical model, principles, and therapeutic strategies of standard DBT, and incorporates almost all of the adult DBT skills and didactics into the curriculum. However, the presentation and packaging of the information are considerably different to accommodate for the developmental and cognitive levels of pre-adolescent children. Additionally, the treatment target hierarchy has been greatly expanded to incorporate emphasis on the parental role in attaining child’s treatment goals. This chapter discusses the theoretical model, presents the treatment target hierarchy, provides an overview of the adaptations made to skills training and individual therapy, discusses the addition of the parent training component, and finally, briefly presents an empirical evidence for the model.
Bahrain
Authors: Michalak-Pikulska Barbara , Hassan Waïl S.
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines the development of the novel in Bahrain. It first provides an overview of the beginnings of the literary movement in Bahrain, noting the role played by the press in the development of modern Bahraini literature, particularly prose genres. It then looks at the first generation of Bahraini authors, including Muḥammad ‘Abd al-Malik, who began publishing short stories in 1966, and ‘Abd Allah Khalīfa, whose early fiction contains realistic representations of life centered on the sea. The chapter also discusses a number of Bahraini novels written by the second generation of Bahraini authors, including Walīd Hāshim, Fatḥiyya Nā
ṣir, and Aḥmad al-Mu’adhdhin.
Egypt until 1959
Authors: Allen Roger
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines the development of the novel in Egypt until 1959, focusing on its chronology and literary characteristics. It begins with an overview of the Egyptian novel genre and its narrative precedents, along with its connection to the cultural movement of the nineteenth century known as al-Nahḍa. After discussing al-Nahḍa’s two primary sources of inspiration, iqtibās (borrowing) and iḥyā’ (revival), the chapter considers the early periods in the development of modern Arabic narrative in Egypt. It also explores the emergence of the travel narrative and the historical novel, the rise of women writers, and the revival of the maqāma. Finally, it analyzes the novel Zaynab, published in 1913 by Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal, and novels published from the 1930s to the year 1959.
Toward a Theory of the Arabic Novel
Authors: Hassan Waïl S.
Published: August 2017

This chapter traces the genealogy of the Arabic theory of novel to its English sources, which it locates in the context of twentieth-century European theories of the novel. It first considers how the novel emerged as the premier genre of modern Arabic literature, then discusses its modernity as well as its continuity with the narrative genres of classical and post-classical Arabic. It examines the dominant account of the “rise” of the Arabic novel by focusing on ‘Abd al-Muḥsin Ṭāha Badr’s 1963 study Taṭawwur al-riwāya al-‘arabiyya al-ḥadītha fī Miṣr (1870–1938) (The Development of the Modern Arabic Novel in Egypt, 1870–1938). It also explores the paradigms of rupture and continuity that can be identified with restrictive and inclusive theories of the novel, respectively. Finally, the chapter critiques what it describes as a flawed historiography and proposes an alternative theory of the Arabic novel.
Libya
Authors: Ahmida Ali Abdullatif
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses the development of the novelistic tradition in Libya. Until the mid-twentienth century, literary writing in Libya was dominated by classical and oral folk poetry. The modern prose and short story genres began in 1936 and flourished in the three decades after Libyan independence in 1951 and the discovery of oil in 1958. This chapter first provides an overview of Libyan state, society, and culture in the postcolonial period before identifying and contextualizing the origins of the Libyan novel. It then considers the works of the main novelists, the contributions of women authors, and novels written by Libyan dissident writers who were forced into exile by the Qaddafi dictatorship. It suggests that the Libyan novel reflects periods of profound social transformation, from the era of Italian colonialism to the Qaddafi regime.
Canada
Authors: Hartman Michelle
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines the development of the Arab Canadian novel, first by discussing the history of Arab immigration and the Canadian cultural and political landscape. It then considers the beginnings of Arabic fiction in Canada, focusing on Arab Canadian literary figures such as Sa‘d al-Khādim, along with early novels written in French and English. It also looks at playwrights who have written novels and discusses works with contemporary cultural politics as the main theme. The chapter reveals that Arab Canadians and Quebecois are actively involved in many literary, cultural, and activist scenes, as reflected in works that expose racism and the myths of official multiculturalism.
Chile
Authors: El Attar Heba
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines the literary work of the Arab diaspora in Chile, with particular emphasis on the Arab-Chilean, Syrian-Lebanese, and Palestinian-Chilean novels. It begins with an overview of the history of Arab immigration to Chile and how Arab immigrants were able to assimilate into Chilean society through their literary creativity. It then considers previous scholarship on the Arab-Chilean novel, which typically embodied several different stages of the journey to and within Chile: displacement, nostalgia, alienation, and integration. It also discusses the Syrian-Lebanese novel and the main themes of the Palestinian-Chilean novel, which include Palestine prior to the Partition, along with works that invoke border crossing. Finally, it explains how Palestinian immigrants succeeded over time in accumulating a twofold cultural capital in Chile.
The Medieval Turn in Modern Arabic Narrative
Authors: al-Musawi Muhsin
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines the medieval turn in modern Arabic fiction, which includes historical reconstruction, neo-historicism, topographical narration, Sufi dreams and visions, allegorical travelogues, biographies, chats and anecdotes, and majālis, or assemblies accommodating hashish addicts and Sufi gatherings. The chapter first considers the Arabic historical novel before turning to narrative genealogies in modern Arabic fiction in which visions and dreams are present as markers of medieval Sufism and poetics. It then explores the phenomenal growth of Sufism among peasants, craftsmen, and artisans, including women; Arabic novels that connect well with the khiṭaṭ genre; the travelogue as a venue for an allegorical critique; the use of Qur’anic phrases or catchwords in Arabic narratives; and works entrenched in classical style. The chapter provides examples to dispute the notion that pre-modern Arab culture has not survived its encounter with Europe and the engagement with European literary norms.
Spain
Authors: Parrilla Gonzalo Fernández , Casielles Laura
Published: August 2017

This chapter traces the origins of Moroccan literature written in Spanish. Two parallel phenomena have nourished the writing of Arab authors in Spanish during the last two decades: the revival of the Spanish language in the old colonies of Morocco and the Western Sahara, and emigration (mainly Moroccan) to Spain. The use of Spanish as a literary language did not appear until the colonial era, culminating with the French-Spanish Protectorate in 1912. This chapter first considers the beginnings of Spanish-language Moroccan literature during the colonial period before discussing the rebirth of Spanish in Morocco. It then examines the early Moroccan novels published in Spanish, along with the rise of a migrant Spanish and Catalan literature written by Moroccan immigrants who arrived as children in the 1990s and by exiled Sahrawis and other Arab authors in Spain.
The United States
Authors: Fadda Carol N.
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses the history of the Arab American novel, which dates back to the early part of the twentieth century. Since the 1990s, the genre has been flourishing at a rapid pace. Today, there are roughly 3.6 million Arab Americans in the United States, many of whom come from the Levant area. After providing a brief historical background on Arab immigration, the chapter traces the development of the Arab American novel during the three main literary periods: early twentieth century, 1930s–1960s, and late 1960s/early 1970s–the present. It cites novels that portray border crossings and transnational mobility among multiple Arab and US locations, as well as works that tackle anti-Arab racism and Islamophobia before and after 9/11.
Women and the Emergence of the Arabic Novel
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: August 2017

Women’s engagement in producing the early Arabic novel goes beyond authorship: it involves readership, girls’ education, venues, sensitivities, and gender difference as a topic in public discourse. Fiction became one of several genres for articulating female views of self and society amidst the stresses of late colonial modernity. This chapter first considers the venues where women’s fiction was produced and marketed, along with debates over the projected effects of fiction reading and the approach adopted by the first generation of Arab women novelists. It then discusses how women gained experience at fiction writing through translation-adaptation before turning to novels that focus on gender politics and the love plot. It also highlights the work of ‘Afīfa Karam to emphasize the ambiguities or tensions of early Arabic novels as women authors sought to balance gender expectations with the era’s discourses of domestic duty.
Thinking about Music and Technology
Authors: Mantie Roger
Published: August 2017

This chapter explores implications of Heidegger’s landmark discussion of technology. Specifically, it examines how our relationship with technology is “revealing” of the human condition and how this may bear on music education. Technology’s impact on understandings of what it means to be human is explored through a discussion of techné and technological determinism. This is then linked to how technology has altered our musical subjectivity and our understandings of what it means to be “musically educated.” The chapter concludes with considering a few ways in which we might begin to think about technology’s potential impact on our music teaching and learning practices, with a reminder that the classroom is perhaps the ultimate technology at our disposal.
A Software Creator’s Perspective
Authors: Berkovitz Joe
Published: August 2017

Other contributors to this volume bring with them experience as educators, and as what one might term “metaeducators”: thinkers about the nature of teaching and learning and technology. The Provocation Questions deserve responses that spring from broad knowledge and thoughtful interpretation of the many things that have already been said and done in this field. For better or worse, my perspective cannot be erudite in this way: I am a software creator and a musician, but not an educator. My experience of education is from the student’s vantage point (in the past) and from an observer’s and vendor’s vantage point (in the present). Even with these deficits, though, I believe this kind of viewpoint can be useful to the reader. This work is about technologies and their impact, and the mindset of technology creators is, hopefully, not without some relevance.
Where Might We Be Going?
Authors: Savage Jonathan
Published: August 2017

Paraphrasing the Cat from Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland, “if you don’t know where you are going, any way will take you there.” The history of music education with technology is a difficult one. At a time of rapid technological change, it is vital that music educators adopt a principled and informed response to the choice and use of their technological tools. Change for the sake of change is seldom productive. This chapter briefly explores the work of key technological skeptics such as Christensen, Evgeny Morozov, Sherry Turkle, and others who point to the limitations of technology in various ways. Understanding the dangers of technology, what can be lost by engaging with technology as well as what can be gained, is vital work for all involved in music education.
Human Potential, Technology, and Music Education
Authors: Chrysostomu Smaragda
Published: August 2017

Technology, music, and education, the interrelations and interactions between them as well their impact on music education and young people’s lives, are explored in the Core Perspectives of this part of this book. Writers describe how technology enables transcendence of boundaries between formal and informal learning and between school life and personal life, potentially providing the necessary bridge that would transform music learning. At the same time, a number of threats from the use of technology in education and music education are recognized. Common threads from three different Core Perspectives’ chapters are explored and discussed in relation to the ultimate goal of education. Further discourse and caution, as well as further research, is important in order to explore and clarify potential opportunities for a more humane education and future.
Musicking and Technology
Authors: Nilsson Bo
Published: August 2017

Computers and digital instruments change the way we think about ourselves and other people, as is demonstrated by the example of a girl who imagined that she had a computer in her brain where she could click on “Music” in the menu to hear music. This chapter argues that good music technology should allow play and unpredictable events and support a balance between challenge and ability. Digital instruments should also make it possible to revise and develop musical compositions. Musicking and music creation with digital tools may be vital for children and young people in need of special support, although many children would use any tool available, including their own imaginations and fantasies. Musical activities are closely related to play and flow and have measurable biological effects, which makes musicking a matter not only of aesthetics and learning but also of health and well-being.
Pedagogical Fundamentalism versus Radical Pedagogy in Music
Authors: Partti Heidi
Published: August 2017

Due to the increasing media influence in society, the systematic development of media literacy in music education is a matter of the utmost importance. This chapter engages in an exploration of the role of the school in the face of the social-cultural changes that new media technologies have brought about in the wider culture of music making and learning. It is argued that it is equally unhelpful to adopt the strategy of “pedagogical fundamentalism,” according to which students are passive victims of harmful and damaging media, as that of “pedagogical populism,” which uncritically buys into utopian fantasies about social change autonomously produced by technology. Instead, the chapter argues for the importance of radical pedagogy in music education by suggesting that schools should aim to build balanced approaches to new media that will contribute to the development of the cultural competencies required for students’ growth into digital citizenship.
Technology in PerspectiveWho is in Control?
Authors: Gonzales Patricia
Published: August 2017

It is commonly known that the assimilation and use of technology that is vertically mandated, without a critical consideration of final users, presents various risks such as an inadequate and unreflective use of technology. For instance, new technological tools tend to be used only to facilitate aspects of traditional teaching practices, without changing previous pedagogical paradigms. One of the main causes is that many teachers have not acquired the expertise to take full advantage of innovative teaching/learning technologies. For adequate music education provision, music educators must respond distinctively and effectively by considering the sociocultural and educational context. This chapter argues that music teacher education and professional initiatives must be focused on empowering music teachers to critically decide the degree of technological assimilation and distinction in order to meet the standards of quality education.
Power and Choice in the Teaching and Learning of Music
Authors: Lum Chee-Hoo
Published: August 2017

This chapter opens a critical dialogue about the relationship between technology and the teaching and learning of music, with key emphasis on notions of power and choice. The chapter’s discussions revolve around technology as provision for (1) access to the musical world as sound through digital forms and formats, (2) greater opportunities for the most basic beginner in music to explore and experiment with sound, (3) wide/r choice and variety in listening, performing, and creating for both the “trained” and “untrained” musician, (4) compressed time and space in musical experiences and environments, and (5) questioning what constitutes musicality, a musician, and skill acquisition. Music educators need to draw closer links between the widening gap of school music with learners’ daily musical-technological experiences and become more cognizant of the multimedia and multidisciplinary space that the digital native learner is engulfed in, so as to further notions of creative work within the music classroom that might include these experiences.
A Pluralist Approach to Music Education
Authors: Humberstone James
Published: August 2017

This chapter engages with the Core Perspectives and Provocations by proposing that it is possible to revolutionize music education by engaging with the kind of music made with technology that Ethan Hein advocates in chapter 36; but at the same time, not to abandon what we know about tried and tested music pedagogies. It proposes that the way to do this is to take a truly pluralist approach to music, one that embraces all genres, especially popular music genres, by taking the time to learn about them and legitimize them in the music classroom. Recent research on the creative processes of traditional composers and DJs reveals that technology directly affects both, and this understanding, alongside Barbara Freedman’s approach, which allows students to lead with technology, breaks down the borders that prevent such a pluralist approach from being taken. The chapter concludes that such barriers have already been broken in the professional, metamodern musical world.
Getting in the Way?
Authors: Howell Gillian
Published: August 2017

New music technologies are often promoted as tools that can enrich music learning experiences, in and out of the classroom. However, their success is context dependent rather than universally assured. This chapter examines some of the limitations that occur in facilitator-led community music activities, where project goals frequently encompass social and health-related as well as musical dimensions, and where sustainability of activities and outcomes is often a priority. Descriptions of music composition projects in three diverse settings—from a remote village in postwar East Timor (Timor-Leste) to a school-based residency in suburban Australia—illustrate some of the limitations of new music technologies. Issues discussed include environmental capacities, workshop flow, and facilitator knowledge. While new music technologies in community music workshops are not inherently problematic, this chapter argues that their effective use requires thorough consideration of the complete environmental and social context.
Traditions and Ways Forward in the United States
Authors: Dorfman Jay
Published: August 2017

This chapter focuses on the structure of music teacher preparation programs, how they currently accommodate technology studies, and how they might do so in the future. The chapter discusses music technology skill development and the roles of faculty in overseeing skill development under the theoretical model known as technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK). The chapter concludes with suggestions for researching the complex task of integrating technology into music preparation.
Authentic Approaches to Music Education with Technology
Authors: Savage Jonathan
Published: August 2017

This chapter argues that approaches to music education with or without technology have been unhelpfully categorized in binary opposition. An example of this from qualification frameworks in the United Kingdom is explored. Notions of what constitutes a “digital” as opposed a “nondigital” musician are equally flawed. Rather, the chapter argues that a rich account of musical practice and music education should avoid artificial distinctions and focus on what really matters—the music itself. One example of such an approach from the world of electroacoustic music is presented as a potential way forward.
Technology in Music Initial Teacher Education
Authors: Gall Marina
Published: August 2017

This chapter draws upon the work of Gena Greher and Jay Dorfman, teacher educators working in Massachusetts, to compare and contrast the music initial teacher education in the United States with the system in England. This includes discussion of the structure of the teacher education programs, the impact of the differing school curricula on teacher education in each country, novice teachers’ opportunities for using technology when on school placements, and continuing professional development for practicing schoolteachers. The chapter also reflects on the English system of ITE for secondary music teachers presented by Jonathan Savage in chapter 52, raising issues related to gender, and new forms of initial teacher education that have emerged of late.
Application of Technology in Music Education in Selected African Countries
Authors: Kigozi Benon
Published: August 2017

Culturally, many Africans feel that African music must be taught in context and through methods that are specific to Africa. Thus far, “African culture” and instructional practices in Africa have not succeeded in consistently incorporating computer-based technology for music education into regular classroom instruction, even at those few schools that can afford it. Computer-based technology must therefore prove to have a generic role of preservation and advancement of the culture if it is to be integrated in music education. Through discussion of music teaching in Namibia, Ghana, Malawi, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, and Kenya, this chapter illustrates how governmental educational policy reflects and relates to expectations for technology in music education.
Then and Now
Authors: Williams David A.
Published: August 2017

Fear of change is deeply embedded in the music education profession. It is a fear of the unknown—a fear of losing control over that with which music teachers are comfortable and confident. As a whole the music education profession resists the use of new music technologies. We are a profession that resists change, and this resistance has hurt us. This resistance is fast making us irrelevant in a musical world that is ever changing. Students currently in K–12, as well as in higher education, have grown up with new music technologies and related musical styles that are quite different from what they encounter in schools. The vast majority of these students see no place for themselves in school music programs. We are missing out on exciting opportunities that would be made possible by embracing new music technologies, especially when used in conjunction with corresponding pedagogies.
Legal Satire and the Legal Profession in the 1590s
Authors: Winston Jessica
Published: August 2017

This chapter argues that, in the later sixteenth century, satires and negative comments about lawyers offered a means to shape professional decorum. A signal example is John Davies’s Epigrammes (c.1592–5; pub. c.1598–9), which negatively depict lawyers, Inns-of-Court men, and their social milieu. Yet the Epigrammes differ from contemporary legal satire by presenting, in the speaker of the series, a positive ethos for legal men. In developing these points, this chapter argues for one relationship between the legal and literary cultures of the Inns of Court and rereads Davies’s Epigrammes to show how this verse is similar to and distinctive from later sixteenth-century legal satire.
Edward Coke, Roman Law, and the Law of Libel
Authors: Ibbetson David
Published: August 2017

The law of criminal libel emerged in the Star Chamber in the early years of the seventeenth century. Particularly important to its later development and historiography was Sir Edward Coke’s report of Pickering’s Case, described by him as the case De libellis famosis. The article reassesses the early history of the law of libel, placing it in the context of earlier statutes dealing with sedition. Close analysis of Coke’s report, and the relationship between his original manuscript and the printed version, reveals that the report should be analysed as a literary text in itself, with changes being introduced by Coke in order to produce a particular model of the law.
Spenser, Plowden, and the Hypallactic Instrument
Authors: Zurcher Andrew
Published: August 2017

Since at least the work of Jones and Stallybrass on Renaissance clothing, the materially distributed nature of human identity—not merely reflected in, but constituted by, garments and other prosthetic objects—has been marked as a recurrent and distinctive feature of early modern English literary accounts of person. This article explores hybrid objects in two works by Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene (1590, 1596) and A view of the Present State of Ireland (c.1596), charting connections between Spenser’s hypallactic allegoresis and early modern common law evidentiary conventions. Spenser’s mingling of inward, psychological states (purpose, inclination, guilt, etc.) with material objects pushes against sixteenth-century protestant rejections of embodied ritual, popish vestments, devotional icons and shrines, and good works, but emerges as a powerful instrument in his proposals for social and legal ‘reform’ of Ireland.
The Monarchical Republic, Constitutionality, and the Legal Profession
Authors: Raffield Paul
Published: August 2017

This chapter analyses the theme of constitutionality, arguing that the symbolism of the Elizabethan Inns of Court revels involves elements of ‘monarchical republicanism’. It analyses Gerard Legh’s description of his visit to the Inner Temple revels of 1561/62, at which Gorboduc was originally performed. It interprets Gorboduc in relation to Elizabethan political literature (notably Sir Thomas Smith’s De republica Anglorum) and to Sir John Fortescue’s De laudibus legum Angliae. Finally, the chapter considers Gorboduc in relation to Renaissance theories surrounding the didactic aim of poetic drama, particularly to Sir Philip Sidney’s argument, in The Defence of Poesie, that poetry performed a crucial political and moral role, which was to teach as well as to delight.
Contract
Authors: Wilson Luke
Published: August 2017

Recent work in literature and contract law has endorsed a view of literature as supremely sensitive to legal technicalities. But literary texts respond as well to deeper, slower-changing features of the idea of contract. The example of Philip Henslowe shows how law illiteracy produced tactical adaptations that responded only vaguely to developments in contract law. Although contract as a literary device may appear in any genre, it has particular and abiding affinities with comedy. In Shakespeare, contract tends to appear in close association with two other literary forms, riddle and prophecy, and in conjunction with these functions as a tool to think about the management of the predictability and intelligibility of future contingencies.
Law Enforcement and the Local Community
Authors: Sharpe James
Published: August 2017

Ultimately, the enforcement of the criminal law in early modern England depended upon the co-operation and involvement of a number of parochial officers: in particular the parish constables, but also churchwardens and manorial jurors. Recently social historians examining local law enforcement have rejected the earlier tendency to disparage parochial officers and have emphasized the relative efficiency of local officers, the importance of the shifting relation between central authority and local society, and the implications of social and cultural change among the bulk of the population. This paper provides an overview of these themes, and stresses the importance of the law at all social levels in early modern England.
Making Law and Recording It
Authors: Rosenblatt Jason
Published: August 2017

The chapter analyzes Selden’s struggle to limit the reach of ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the mid-1640s, as Presbyterians in the Westminster Assembly of Divines attempted to exclude from communion anyone it identified as scandalous or ignorant. As a corollary, he defended parliamentary rule on religious matters in a number of venues, including the Assembly itself, where he was a minority lay member, in the House of Commons, and in a monograph-length excursus on excommunication in his massive De synedriis, a study of the great Synedrion as a continuous civil rather than ecclesiastical institution. While drawing distinctions between them, Selden connects excommunication and exile in his legal imaginary. Surprisingly, and despite his attack on the Assembly in his sonnet ‘On the New Forcers of Conscience’, this connection seems to have escaped the imagination of John Milton, the great poet of exile.
Seldenism
Authors: Visconsi Elliott
Published: August 2017

The great scholar and legal thinker John Selden was a subject of contested memory in the politically turbulent years following his death. This article reads the collection Table-Talk as a work of popular constitutional commentary specifically designed to advance, for lay audiences, the scholar’s quasi-Erastian vision of religious toleration and the proper relations between church and state. Selden, in this account, is made legible for all readers as an early voice skeptical of priestcraft and as a leading figure in the doctrines coalescing around the functional separation of church and state in the later seventeenth century.
Law and Literature in Scotland, c.1450–1707
Authors: Houston Rab
Published: August 2017

The aim of this chapter is to set out what we know of the tensions within Scots law, between law and Scottish society, and between Scots and English law during the last two and a half centuries of Stewart rule. It seeks to explain the distinctive aspects of Scots law and its context by exploring some of the many historical areas that a combination of law and literature can illuminate. The intention is to help readers familiar only with England to break down assumptions about what was normal, natural, or even normative, by drawing comparisons between countries whose fortunes slowly converged, but whose society, politics, religion, culture, and law remained quite different.
English Liberties outside England
Authors: Hulsebosch Dan
Published: August 2017

In what ways did ‘English liberties and privileges’ circulate through the seventeenth-century English Empire? This essays explores the functions of liberty claims in the extra-English territories of the English king and finds that the language served progressively multiple and overlapping purposes, from allowing overseas emigrants to return home and advertising familiar rights in the new colonies, to serving claims that the colonial legal environment was similar to England’s—and even vice versa. Paying attention to the function of liberty claims across the century also sheds light on how they began to change the meaning of liberty itself: from a royally granted privilege to a right deserved by all subjects.
Legal Agency as Literature in the English Revolution
Authors: Smith Nigel
Published: August 2017

The literary canon of the mid-seventeenth century has always included works of argument in various spheres—religious, political, philosophical, and juridical—that make up the polemic of the civil wars and the experiment with non-monarchical government that followed. This very large body of usually printed literature was often in the form of a legal plea. One area in which law was reconceived in the name of the common people and exemplified in public and courtroom protest, on the printed page and in the internal politics of the New Model Army, was the Leveller movement, most famously exemplified in the career and expression of John Lilburne. The broader impact of Leveller revisions to legal understanding is exemplified in the activities of the 1650s popular republican and Restoration law publisher John Streater.
Introduction
Authors: Hutson Lorna
Published: August 2017

The Handbook’s Sections divide contents thematically, with chapters by historians, literary critics, and legal historians. Analyses of literary and dramatic works are integrated into accounts of shifts in legal thought. Section I challenges commonplaces about legal and literary learning in the Inns, and Section II revises accounts of the lawyers’ professional identity and politics. Section III surveys the historiography of local government and considers how history plays elicit the audience’s desire for legal and administrative reform. Section IV engages with the extent to which spiritual life eludes jurisdiction. Section V focuses on how legal developments are registered in works of the imagination. Section VI considers how legal and regulatory practices inform interpretation of the politics of censorship and prosecutions for libel. Section VII concerns the emerging ideology of English common law. Section VIII examines literary dimensions of common law ideology relating to colonization of Ireland and America, to England’s title to Scotland, to the rise of international law, and to the legal rights of American colonial emigrants.
Idiosyncratic Books and Common Learning
Authors: McGlynn Margaret
Published: August 2017

Readings on statutes were one of the most important elements of English legal education in the century or so after 1470, but they remain largely understudied as sources for the law. At first glance they seem to be the very opposite of an educational tool, designed to repel anyone who is not already familiar with their norms and assumptions. But for those initiated into those norms and assumptions they embody the evolution of common learning over generations and continue to fulfil their note-takers’ intentions of making the intricacies of the law available to later generations. This paper examines the ways in which the manuscripts containing the readings were compiled, circulated, and used, and argues that they throw light both on the ways in which lawyers learned their law, and the ways in which they navigated the shift from manuscript to print and from common learning to individual authority.