bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methodology for ISO/IEC 29110 Profile Implementation in EPF Composer
Authors: Buchalcevova Alena
Published: August 2020

The article presents the ISO/IEC 29110 Profile Implementation Methodology that was developed to manage consistent implementation of individual ISO/IEC 29110 Profiles in the open-source content management tool Eclipse Process Framework Composer. Such an implementation enables effective managing of the standard and its publishing in the form of a web application that can be easily and efficiently used. This methodology represents an example of the usable outputs of the ISO/IEC 29110 standard being utilized in education and research in the Czech Republic. Its main elements described in this article can be also used for implementation purposes in other countries. First, the methodology structure is presented, followed by its individual elements, i.e. General Principles, Profile Structure, Profile Element Mapping, Implementation Conventions, EPF Composer Usage Guidelines, and Implementation Process. The evaluation of this methodology was performed during the implementation of the Entry Profile.
Conceptual Experiments in Automated Designing
Authors: Sosnin Petr Ivanovich
Published: August 2020

The success of designing Software Intensive Systems (SIS) and other objects may be improved by incorporating conceptual experimentation to be part of the design process. This paper presents a scientific approach to conceptual experimenting with objects that are units of designers' behavior and is aimed at solving project tasks in conceptual design. The proposed approach is based on specifying the behavior units as precedents and pseudo-code programming of experiments' plans. Reasoning used by designers in the experiments is registered in a question-answer form. Experimenting is supported by a specialized toolkit.
Test Suite Optimization Using Chaotic Firefly Algorithm in Software Testing
Authors: Pandey Abhishek , Banerjee Soumya
Published: August 2020

Software testing is time consuming and a costly activity. Effective generation of test cases is necessary in order to perform rigorous testing. There exist various techniques for effective test case generation. These techniques are based on various test adequacy criteria such as statement coverage, branch coverage etc. Automatic generation of test data has been the primary focus of software testing research in recent past. In this paper a novel approach based on chaotic behavior of firefly algorithm is proposed for test suite optimization. Test suite optimization problem is modeled in the framework of firefly algorithm. An Algorithm for test optimization based on firefly algorithm is also proposed. Experiments are performed on some benchmark Program and simulation results are compared for ABC algorithm, ACO algorithm, GA with Chaotic firefly algorithm. Major research findings are that chaotic firefly algorithm outperforms other bio inspired algorithm such as artificial bee colony, Ant colony optimization and Genetic Algorithm in terms of Branch coverage in software testing.
Software Module Clustering Using Bio-Inspired Algorithms
Authors: Jeet Kawal , Dhir Renu
Published: August 2020

Nature has always been a source of inspiration for human beings. Large numbers of complex optimization problems have been solved by the techniques inspired by nature. Software modularization is one of such complex problems that have been encountered by software engineers. It is the process of organizing modules of a software system into optimal clusters. In this chapter, some bio-inspired algorithms such as bat, artificial bee colony, black hole and firefly algorithm have been proposed for the cause of software modularization. The hybrid of these algorithms with crossover and mutation operators of the genetic algorithm has also been proposed. All the algorithms along with their hybrids are tested on seven benchmark open source software systems. It has been evaluated from the results thus obtained that the hybrid of these algorithms proved to optimize better than the existing genetic and hill-climbing approaches.
Using Kolmogorov Complexity to Study the Coevolution of Header Files and Source Files of C-alike Programs
Authors: Yu Liguo
Published: August 2020

In C-alike programs, the source code is separated into header files and source files. During the software evolution process, both these two kinds of files need to adapt to changing requirement and changing environment. This paper studies the coevolution of header files and source files of C-alike programs. Using normalized compression distance that is derived from Kolmogorov complexity, we measure the header file difference and source file difference between versions of an evolving software product. Header files distance and source files distance are compared to understand their difference in pace of evolution. Mantel tests are performed to investigate the correlation of header file evolution and source file evolution. The study is performed on the source code of Apache HTTP web server.
Bio-Inspired Computational Intelligence and Its Application to Software Testing
Authors: Pandey Abhishek , Banerjee Soumya
Published: August 2020

Bio inspired algorithms are computational procedure inspired by the evolutionary process of nature and swarm intelligence to solve complex engineering problems. In the recent times it has gained much popularity in terms of applications to diverse engineering disciplines. Now a days bio inspired algorithms are also applied to optimize the software testing process. In this chapter authors will discuss some of the popular bio inspired algorithms and also gives the framework of application of these algorithms for software testing problems such as test case generation, test case selection, test case prioritization, test case minimization. Bio inspired computational algorithms includes genetic algorithm (GA), genetic programming (GP), evolutionary strategies (ES), evolutionary programming (EP) and differential evolution(DE) in the evolutionary algorithms category and Ant colony optimization(ACO), Particle swarm optimization(PSO), Artificial Bee Colony(ABC), Firefly algorithm(FA), Cuckoo search(CS), Bat algorithm(BA) etc. in the Swarm Intelligence category(SI).
From Teaching Software Engineering Locally and Globally to Devising an Internationalized Computer Science Curriculum
Authors: Yu Liguo
Published: August 2020

Software development is the process to produce an information technology solution to a real-world problem. Teaching and integrating non-technical software engineering skills into the curriculum is considered one of the most challenging tasks in an academic environment. This becomes even more challenging when the curriculum is supposed to be internationalized and applied in different countries because of the cultural difference, policy difference, and business model difference. In this chapter, the authors present their experience of teaching a software engineering course both locally and globally, where two universities of USA and China are chosen for this study. Specifically, they describe how they adjust homework assignments and student performance evaluations to reflect different government policies, different business environment, and different real-world customer requirement. The chapter shows that it is possible to create an internationalized computer science curriculum that contains both common core learning standards and adjustable custom learning standards.
Selection Process for Free Open Source Software
Authors: Schuster David William
Published: August 2020

This chapter will discuss concerns a library may consider in selecting Open Source software. The author will review all aspects of a needs assessment, along with considerations for the sustainability of an open source project. Discussions about technical abilities, identify options a library might consider, installation and usability issues, and getting involved with an open source community. There are ways a library can get involved with open source software and contribute to a community without providing programming. Going with open source can help save money, but also help the library decide the direction it wants to keep its community engaged.
Software as a Service, Semantic Web, and Big Data
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: August 2020

This chapter explains the overview of software as a service (SaaS); SaaS and application service provision (ASP); the security concern of SaaS; the perspectives on SaaS adoption; the challenges of SaaS in the digital age; the overview of the Semantic Web; the current trends in the Semantic Web services; the overview of Big Data; the concept of Big Data analytics; and the prospects of Big Data in the digital age. SaaS offers a wide range of business applications through the cloud computing service providers toward enhancing organizational performance. The Semantic Web extends beyond the capabilities of the current Web 2.0, thus enabling more effective collaborations and smarter decision making in modern operations. Big Data from the cloud computing platforms provides the significant advantage, if the essential data sources are hosted by the same SaaS and enhanced by the Semantic Web technologies.
Offshore Software Testing in the Automotive Industry
Authors: Rentería y Hernández Tabata Pérez , Marsden Nicola
Published: August 2020

This paper presents a mixed-method study performed in the software department of an automotive supplier operating in India as an offshore service provider to a German company. The research focuses on the social dimension and human aspects involved in software testing in an intercultural setting. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of testers' perception regarding their daily activities and challenges were conducted. External and internal factors posing recurrent problems for testers were identified. Among the external were late inputs (documentation and software) and lack of recognition on the contribution of testing by other teams. A key internal factor was the view testers themselves hold about testing: boring when describing manual tests and interesting for the automated ones. Some of the testers feel they are not recognized by other teams and are not entirely satisfied with their job. Maintaining motivation over time was found to be a fundamental problem for testers.
Exploration and Exploitation of Developers' Sentimental Variations in Software Engineering
Authors: Islam Md Rakibul , Zibran Minhaz F.
Published: August 2020

Software development is highly dependent on human efforts and collaborations, which are immensely affected by emotions. This paper presents a quantitative empirical study of the emotional variations in different types of development activities (e.g., bug-fixing tasks), development periods (i.e., days and times) and in projects of different sizes involving teams of variant sizes. The study also includes an in-depth investigation of emotions' impacts on software artifacts (i.e., commit messages) and exploration of scopes for exploiting emotional variations in software engineering activities. This work is based on careful analyses of emotions in more than 490 thousand commit comments across 50 open-source projects. The findings from this work add to our understanding of the role of emotions in software development, and expose scopes for exploitation of emotional awareness in improved task assignments and collaborations.
Knitting Patterns
Authors: McMeel Dermott John James , Amor Robert
Published: August 2020

Large software conglomerates like Trimble and Autodesk provide consumers with suites of software that perform many functions within the design and construction process. Communicating with software outside of the suite can be highly problematic as file types and communication protocols are proprietary and closed within that software family - the antithesis of interoperability). This is in stark contrast with emerging trends in consumer computing, where we find a rich ecosystem of devices and services facilitating a period of intense innovation. This paper documents original research that aims to implement communication beyond specific software suites and test, to what extent, wider software ecosystems revolving around open standards might be implemented within the design and construction domain. Our first test case—an agent-based dynamic simulation combining natural and built environmental components—is deployed to explore the city as a multitude of interrelated natural and built patterns. We analyze the role this simulation might play in managing the complexities of rebuilding a sustainable urban environment after the devastating earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand. The second test case deploys an iPad application to communicate with a BIM model - exploring the development of a mobile application and methodology for openly communicating outside of the intended software family. Through these case studies we begin to identify ways to leverage emergent device and data ecosystems and representations for ‘knitting' devices and services together in innovative ways to advance design and construction processes.
Australia-India
Authors: Medhekar Anita
Published: August 2020

India is Australia's fourth largest export market and investment destination, and fifth largest trading partner, with access to a large and youthful market of 1.4 billion population. In 2018, India was the second largest source of skilled professionals after the UK and third largest source of immigrants after the UK and New Zealand. Increasing number of Indian nationals and businesses are choosing Australia as a destination of choice for education, tourism and for doing business. The Independent India Economic Strategy – 2035 was launched on 22 November 2018 for promoting bilateral trade and export market for Australian goods, services, and investment opportunities for mutual economic benefit. This chapter examines the economic significance of bilateral trade relationship between Australia and India and opportunities and challenges faced by the two countries with focus on education, tourism, health, agri-business, alternative energy, and mining sectors to meet the demand and supply gap and the sustainable development goals.
Aged Care Services in India
Authors: Tannous Wadad Kathy , Ramachandran Divya
Published: August 2020

India is the world's largest democracy and second most populous country with nearly 1.4 billion people. With reduced birth rates and increasing lifespans, it had nearly 104 million ‘senior citizens' in 2011, expected to grow to 300 million by 2050. Providing care for the elderly in India is a growing public and private concern. Filial piety is embedded in culture and long-term care for parents and the elderly is expected from children. However, over the last five decades there have been rapid changes in socioeconomic patterns with increasing mobility for work and rise of nuclear households. Despite this, elder care is still largely underdeveloped, with lack of formal training in geriatric care and geriatric care curriculum in medical education. Australia has a highly evolved elderly care system with care services that includes retirement villages, home care, residential care, and flexible care. These are provided by subsidization from the government and private user pay system. Australia is well poised to provide aged care expertise and services and shape elderly care in India.
Emerging Business and Trade Opportunities Between India and Australia
Authors: Duggal Munish Kumar
Published: August 2020

The travel and tourism sector is an important economic sector that contributes to the national income through job creation and export promotion. The sector accounted for 10.4percent of global GDP, 319 million jobs, and 9.9percent of total employment in 2017 In the same year, India was the seventh largest country after USA, China, Germany, Japan, UK, and Italy in terms of the contribution of T&T sector to its overall GDP growth. In absolute terms, the contribution of T&T sector to overall GDP was US $ 234 billion at real 2017 prices. As percent of overall GDP, the contribution of T&T growth in 2017 for India was 9.4percent and Australia 11percent against a global average of 10.4percent. Thus, T&T sector is important to both India and Australia and can be studied further for unlocking business and trade opportunities which could be of mutual interest to these countries.
Riesz Potential With Logarithmic Kernel in Generalized Hölder Spaces
Authors: Vakulov Boris Grigorievich , Drobotov Yuri Evgenievich
Published: August 2020

The multidimensional Riesz potential type operators are of interest within mathematical modelling in economics, mathematical physics, and other, both theoretical and applied, disciplines as they play a significant role for analysis on fractal sets. Approaches of operator theory are relevant to researching various equations, which are widespread in financial analysis. In this chapter, integral equations with potential type operators are considered for functions from generalized Hölder spaces, which provide content terminology for formalizing the concept of smoothness, briefly described in the presented chapter. Results on potentials defined on the unit sphere are described for convenience of the analysis. An inverse operator for the Riesz potential with a logarithmic kernel is carried out, and the isomorphisms between generalized Hölder spaces are proven.
Researcher Positionality in the Dissertation in Practice
Authors: Smith Jess , Blevins Brooke , Werse Nicholas R. , Talbert Sandra
Published: August 2020

This chapter explores first the role of researcher perspective in the research process, then the unique nuances of the researcher positionality in dissertations in practice, followed by a discussion of the advantages and limitations of the unique positionality assumed by dissertations in practice. This chapter concludes by noting the importance of constructing conceptual coherence between the implications of the scholarly-practitioner's positionality statement and the discussion of the dissertation's ethical considerations and limitations. The dissertation in practice, more so than with traditional Ph.D. dissertations, assumes that the researcher holds close personal connections to the research site, participants, and contexts. Far from envisioning the researcher as an objective outside observer, the dissertation in practice assumes that the researcher has a vested interest in solving the professional problem of practice within their place of employment in the presence of colleagues. For this reason, the full disclosure of the researcher's positionality becomes all the more important.
Ensemble Techniques-Based Software Fault Prediction in an Open-Source Project
Authors: Rhmann Wasiur , Ansari Gufran Ahmad
Published: August 2020

Software engineering repositories have been attracted by researchers to mine useful information about the different quality attributes of the software. These repositories have been helpful to software professionals to efficiently allocate various resources in the life cycle of software development. Software fault prediction is a quality assurance activity. In fault prediction, software faults are predicted before actual software testing. As exhaustive software testing is impossible, the use of software fault prediction models can help the proper allocation of testing resources. Various machine learning techniques have been applied to create software fault prediction models. In this study, ensemble models are used for software fault prediction. Change metrics-based data are collected for an open-source android project from GIT repository and code-based metrics data are obtained from PROMISE data repository and datasets kc1, kc2, cm1, and pc1 are used for experimental purpose. Results showed that ensemble models performed better compared to machine learning and hybrid search-based algorithms. Bagging ensemble was found to be more effective in the prediction of faults in comparison to soft and hard voting.
On the representation of $k$-free integers by binary forms
Authors: Stewart Cameron L. , Xiao Stanley Yao
Published: August 2020

Let

F

be a binary form with integer coefficients, non-zero discriminant and degree

d

with

d

at least

3

and let

r

denote the largest degree of an irreducible factor of

F

over the rationals. Let

k

be an integer with

k \geq 2

and suppose that there is no prime

p

such that

p^k

divides

F(a,b)

for all pairs of integers

(a,b)

. Let

R_{F,k}(Z)

denote the number of

k

-free integers of absolute value at most

Z

which are represented by

F

. We prove that there is a positive number

C_{F,k}

such that

R_{F,k}(Z)

is asymptotic to

C_{F,k} Z^{2/d}

provided that

k

exceeds

{7r}/{18}

or

(k,r)

is

(2,6)

or

(3,8)

.
A Kakeya maximal function estimate in four dimensions using planebrushes
Authors: Katz Nets Hawk , Zahl Joshua
Published: August 2020

We obtain an improved Kakeya maximal function estimate in

\mathbb R^4

using a new geometric argument called the planebrush. A planebrush is a higher dimensional analogue of Wolff’s hairbrush, which gives effective control on the size of Besicovitch sets when the lines through a typical point concentrate into a plane. When Besicovitch sets do not have this property, the existing trilinear estimates of Guth–Zahl can be used to bound the size of a Besicovitch set. In particular, we establish a maximal function estimate in

\mathbb R^4

at dimension 3.059. As a consequence, every Besicovitch set in

\mathbb R^4

must have Hausdorff dimension at least 3.059.
ABC of Political Science in Spanish: training course on Spanish for Political Science and International Relations
Authors: Astakhova E. V. , Kriukova E. V.
Published: August 2020

The article presents a new book on the language profession, prepared at the Department of Spanish language of the MGIMO: «ABC of Political Science in Spanish. Training course on the language profession for political scientists and international relations «(B2-C1) prepared by Phd. Elena Astakhova y Phd. Elena Krukova. The course presents the main political categories based on professionally oriented texts, comments and numerous lexical and speech exercises.
Grammatical and lexical meaning of a preposition in Spanish language
Authors: Galstian S. A.
Published: August 2020

The article analyzes the linguistic approaches to the question of studying the grammatical and lexical content of a preposition. The article seeks to clarify what is meant by the lexical meaning of a preposition, and what refers to the grammatical one. By analyzing the provisions the article proves that the lexical and grammatical meaning of a preposition must be studied complexly, without being separated from each other.
Electronic identity cards in Spanish-speaking countries
Authors: Buynova K. R.
Published: August 2020

The article summarizes the regional differences in the usage of the terms of the bureaucratic apparatus basing on the analysis of electronica IDs in the twenty countries where Spanish is the primary language.
PODEMOS PHENOMENON
Authors: Khenkin S. .
Published: August 2020

The article studies political ideological orientations and practical steps taken by Podemos party, which was founded in January 2014 and for a short time turned into an influential actor in Spanish politics. Special attention is given to the Podemos image metamorphoses, designed to satisfy the interests of various groups of population with different political orientations.
THE USSR OF THE DÉTENTE IN MAFALDA’S ARGENTINA
Authors: Buynova KRISTINA
Published: August 2020

One of the most successful projects in the history of “serious” comics, Argentinian Mafalda by Quino, was published during the years 1963-1973, when the so-called Argentine Revolution coincided with the détente period. The Cold War and the participation of USSR in it were in Mafalda an important political subject, which became the topic of the present investigation.
GONE WITH THE WIND, OR THE OBSOLETE WORDS IN MODERN SPANISH
Authors: Larionova MARINA
Published: August 2020

The article examines linguistic fashions in modern Spanish that determine the increase of the use of some words and condemn others to oblivion, dismissing them of the current language. One of the main causes leading to the fact that the word falls into disuse, is attributed to the political, economic, ideological, scientif-ic-technical, social and cultural changes experienced by the society. As soon as the reality is transformed, the active vocabulary is modified: some words die, others, many other, are born. However, we must not forget that the words constitute people like a linguocultural community. That’s why we must be conscious that the forgotten words represent a common knowledge, giving the assurance that dif-ferent generations share the same values and the same rules. The best recipe to save the words that are out of fashion is to insist on its use, introducing them in everyday speech
THE DIALOGUE OF LANGUAGES AND CULTURES IN BASQUE PLACE NAMES
Authors: Chesnokova OLGA S. , Talavera-Ibarra PEDRO LEONARDO
Published: August 2020

Presently, Basque toponymy comes out as the result of a dialogue between cultures and languages inside the original territory of Basqueland, as well as the result of a dialogue with the regions historically tied to Euskadi. The toponymy also includes Basque names in other lands, a presence that bears witness to a Basque expansion. This feature allows us to apply to the entire corpus of Basque toponymy a methodology that estab-lishes its dialogic and associative ties as well as its semiotic parameters. In view of the agglutinative character of the Basque language, it is possible to clearly define, from a historic perspective, the topoformative elements and their limits. Nowadays, on the other hand, an important characteristic of Basque toponymy is the pres-ence of duplicate names, a process explained by both an official policy and the standardization and revival of Basque language and literature.
The sources of the Russian-Portuguese relations
Authors: Cherniavskiy Stanislav I.
Published: August 2020

The article is devoted to the most important stages in the history of Russian-Portuguese relations (1722-1799) - from the ﬁrst study of diplomatic contacts (1722) to conclusion of a bilateral Defense Treaty of the Union (1799). On the basis of archival materials, the author analyzes the complex diplomatic activity on both sides, which led to the establishment of friendly, trusting relationship Lisbon and St. Petersburg
Semantic peculiarities of the verbs in the syntactic constructions used to describe emotional states in Spanish
Authors: Mijeeva Natalia A.
Published: August 2020

This article is dedicated to investigation of the syntactic constructions describing emotional state of a person in Spanish: constructions with verba sentiendi, constructions with change of the empathy, causative constructions. These constructions have a determinate semantic structure which includes a predicate name of emotion and a verb. Diﬀerent classiﬁcations of the verbs used in the above mentioned syntactic constructions are expounded and their semantic peculiarities are analysed in the article.
The actual development of indigenous political movements in Latin America
Authors: Kretov Stanislav
Published: August 2020

The article oﬀers an inquiry into the development of indigenous political movements in Latin America in 1990-2000, presents the analysis of the political culture of traditional communities as well as analyzes the correlation between the political strategies adopted by ethnic movements and the eﬀectiveness of the political participation of indigenous communities in several Latin America countries.
Political and juridical analysis of the territorial dispute between Bolivia and Chile and prospects of its settlement
Authors: Solovyev Nikita
Published: August 2020

The article dwells upon the political and juridical analysis of the territorial dispute between Bolivia and Chile. There was conducted the analysis of Bolivian lawsuit against Chile in the International Court of Justice, were pointed out the peculiarities of the case, were subjected to analysis the positions of the two countries towards the dispute The author makes conclusions about the prospects of resolution of the dispute and its contribution to the international law
Latin American “left drift” is set to the right (some ﬁnishing touches to the “portrait” of the “right turn”)
Authors: Okuneva Liudmila
Published: August 2020

The article deals with the reﬂections on the concept of the “right” and the “left” in Latin America, on the causes and characteristics of the completion of the “leftist cycle” and the advent of the “right turn”.
Models of Modernization and geopolitical changes in Latin America
Authors: Szilágy István
Published: August 2020

In South America in the 1960s and 1970s the contradictions of economic, social and political structures were deepening. In order to surmount the structural crisis the diﬀerent political forces, tendencies and governments elaborated various strategies. These attempts aiming at reorganizing the society led to undermining the hegemony of ruling governing block and radical transformation of state apparatus. Progressive and regressi-ve forms of military dictatorship and excepcional states of the new militarism appeared on the continent because of the Brazilian military takeover of April, 1964. Formally these state systems were set up by the institutional takeover of the armed forces. The military governments strove for the total reorganization and modernization of the societies in their all - economic, political and ideological - territories. The study aims at analizing the diﬀe-rent models of modernization during the past sixty years.
Inter-civilizational dimension of the Ibero-American world
Authors: Astakhov Evgeny
Published: August 2020

The paper analyzes some political, economic and cultural characteristic features of Spain and Latin-Caribbean America. The author traces a possible policy of Spain and Latin-Caribbean America towards challenges of global civilization.
Latin America and the risks to the international trading system: megaregional commercial agreements
Authors: Zakhartsova Anastasia
Published: August 2020

The article focuses on the peculiarities of the Latin American and Caribbean participation in the international trading system. The author analyzes bound and applied tariﬀ levels in Latin America established when joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) and lists the reasons why the international trading system and the WTO in particular are crucial to Latin American countries. In this light the article investigates the phenomenon of megaregional agreements and reviews the risks they pose to Latin America and to the international trading system in general.
Catalonia, Valencia, Balearic Islands: to the question about cultural and linguistic separatism
Authors: Denisenko Galina
Published: August 2020

The article analyzes the phenomenon of linguo-cultural separatism in the Catalan language area in Spain which rejects the idea of language unity and cultural community of peoples that populate it. We also look at the tasks and problems of language normalization and codiﬁcation that are faced by the regional governments of the territories in the Catalan language historical area
ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN THE USSR AND THE FRANCOIST SPAIN IN THE 1960-S
Authors: Filatov Georgy
Published: August 2020

Relations between Spain and the Soviet Union in the XX century had periods of rapid development and quick decline. During the civil war in Spain the ties intensiﬁed unprecedentedly, but the rule of Francisco Franco was marked by the transformation of the two states into ideological and political opponents. The period of World War II can be considered as the lowest point in the relationship, when Spanish volunteers fought in the Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front. The situation did not improve after the war, when the Soviet Union proposed the most stringent measures to inﬂuence the Franco regime. Nevertheless, since the second half of the 1950s, when both regimes experienced a period of relative liberalization, direct channels of communication, primarily economic, have begun to appear. Together with symbolic steps that the sides exchanged, the development of economic relations contributed signiﬁcantly to the change. The Soviet Union supplied aluminum, cellu-lose and tractors, Spain exported agricultural products and copper. Since the middle of the 1960s, the range of goods has become more diverse: in Soviet deliveries, oil and oil products have played an increasing role, and Spain has provided more and more consumer goods. In the second half of the 1960s a new sphere has opened for the trade relations between Madrid and Moscow - ﬁshing. Active development of the ﬁshing industry in the USSR required new ﬁshing areas, and the Spanish ports were convenient for basing Soviet ﬁshing vessels. In the end of the decade, the sides signed a number of bilateral treaties regulating the mutual use of coastal infrastruc-ture. Economic ties between the USSR and the francoist Spain began to pave the way for establishing normal relations between the two countries.
«Eurocommunism» and the split of the Communist movement in Spain
Authors: Astakhov Evgeny
Published: August 2020

In the period post Franco were created more favorable conditions for left parties, ﬁrst of all for Communist party. However, «eurocommunists» leadership of the Communist party of Spain (KPI) led her to a deep crisis. The creation in January 1984 of the new Communist party of the people of Spain (PCPE), despite the difﬁculties of institutional development, the complicated ﬁnancial situation, lack of personnel, became a signiﬁcant factor in the national political ﬁeld. After many years of political and ideological disarmament of the left forces in Spain appeared a party, acting with genuine class positions. At the same time, PCPE played the role of catalyst of processes oriented to shift to the left axis of the political life of the country. However, the current situation in the Spanish communist movement, the whole objective situation in Spain dictated the need for the uniﬁcation of the communists. That goal was answered by the creation of a left electoral coalition «United left».
Collision of Royal Law and local fueros in the process of the Spanish state formation in XVI century on the example of the Antonio Perez case
Authors: Kalínina Elena
Published: August 2020

In this article, the Author uses the concrete case of Antonio Perez, the ex-secretary of the king Philip II of Spain, to demonstrate the course of the Spanish state formation and the integration of the Law and State with its problems and contradictions. The object of this study is to research the mentioned process in theory and in reality, because they are different. In theory, the process of the State formation comes to its end in the epoch of the Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella governing. Later, in the epoch of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Spain was the Empire yet. However, in the epoch of Philip II the unity and integrity of the new sate are in danger, because the case of Antonio Peres demonstrates that customary law as fueros, privileges and time-honoured traditions are able to survive the political and legal processes.
Flamenco as part of the national culture of Spain: a view from Russia
Authors: Kudriavtseva Irina
Published: August 2020

The article examines the history of the formation of flamenco as an original art, which arose thanks to the merger of several musical trends. The main traditional elements of female and male costumes of the flamenco performers, characteristic features of the dance and its musical accompaniment are listed in the work. Named modern flamenco styles, which successfully exist and develop along with classical dance.
Word formation as a tool to increase motivation for language learning
Authors: Makarchuk Elena
Published: August 2020

The article is dedicated to develop the motivation for Spanish language learning among aspiring linguists. For this purpose, a system of exercises to practice building words with prefixes is proposed to be used as an instrument. The knowledge of the prefix patterns would enhance students’ vocabulary. The article defines the most useful prefixes, and is based on works of Spanish and Russian linguists, as well as on the author’s own research. It describes the exercises system organized by units, which can be dealt in an independent way, and suggests examples to practice these exercises.
Euro-Mediterranean Association: from the Barcelona process to the Union for the Mediterranean
Authors: Anikeeva Natalya
Published: August 2020

The Mediterranean has been the priority direction in the politics of Spain in the post-Franco era. When Spain entered the EEC in 1986 and participated between 1990 and 2000 in the Barcelona Process and the founding of the Union for the Mediterranean, the Mediterranean accent of its policy became even clearer. The Spain of today’s stage shares, in broad strokes, the EU’s approaches to politics in the Mediterranean region.      

The Spanish School of Mediterranean Studies is represented by a series of fundamental works from the centers of the International Research Institute of Barcelona, the Autonomous University of Madrid and other specialized institutions. In our study, the publications of famous public figures from Spain that came to light in the Spanish magazine “Política Exterior” are particularly important.      

The UPM was founded on July 13, 2008, during the Paris Summit for the Mediterranean, which was attended by representatives of 43 nations. Its implementation, however, took time to complete. The obstacles to the operation of the project were due to a series of causes. They were provoked, first of all, by the disparity between the EU members and the Mediterranean countries, as well as by the consequences of the Arab Spring, by the challenges of the Arab-Israeli settlement, and by the EU’s policy regarding some states in the region, in particular, to Syria.

Cooperation and development in the Mediterranean are the objective of the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM), an association that promotes peace and prosperity for an area with 750 million inhabitants.
Particularities of the Spanish Language in Uruguay
Authors: Zenkovich Alla
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this article is to analyze the particular characteristics of the Spanish language in Uruguay, which is a variety of the Spanish language in Rio de la Plata (Argentina, Chili, Paraguay) and represents a special interest for the linguists, professors of Spanish language and foreign experts who go to work in Uruguay. We analyze the history of this particular language variety beginning from the epoch of the Spanish conquest, the influence of the local American languages (in particular of the Guarani Indians), as well as the Italian language and its dialects due to an important immigration from this country. We also pay attention to the phenomenon of the bilingualism, in other words the influence of the Portuguese language (the well-known “Portunol”) and the influence of the French language after the French immigration of the XIX century that led to gallicisms in Spanish language. All these facts provoked such linguistic characteristics as “an untypical use of some pronouns, a less rhythmical intonation and a very special vocabulary to compare with classical Spanish of Spain. The study is based on our own notes made during two trips to Uruguay, and on the “New Dictionary of Americanisms”, books of the history of Latin America and scientific works of the philologists who dedicated their studies to this subject.
Conceptual metaphor in Argentinian political discourse (based on the speech of the Argentinean President (2007–2015) C.Fernández de Kirchner during the 69th session of the UN General Assembly)
Authors: Vorontsova I. S.
Published: August 2020

The article reviews the history of discourse analysis development. The definitions of the terms discourse, political discourse and metaphor are given. The main contemporary European and Russian linguistic approaches to metaphor study are analyzed. The article also presents the analysis of the conceptual metaphor types (orientational, ontological, structural) in the political discourse, as well as its functions according to the cognitive approach. The metaphor nominating different socio-political actions and phenomena on the basis of the cognitive world picture is an integral part of the modern political discourse and contains vast imaginative and notional potential, the skillful usage of which helps the orator to carry out their speech intentions. The speech given by the Argentinean President (2007–2015) K. Fernández de Kirchner during the 69th session of the UN General Assembly has become the material for the study.
About the anniversary conference «Pages of the Spanish emigration in the USSR»
Authors: Orlov A. A.
Published: August 2020

.
Brazil: radicalization of the political process (2013–2019)
Authors: Okuneva L. S.
Published: August 2020

The   article is  devoted  to  the  analysis of  such an  important trend  in the   development  of  the   political process  in  modern Brazil as  radicalization and polarization. These trends began to appear even  from  the  mass social movements of 2013, gradually gained strength, and became decisive in  the  series of  presidential elections in  2014 and 2018 and are now  the  main trend of  Brazilian  politics. The release  of  prison in  November 2019  and the  inclusion  in  the  political  live  of  the former president Luíz  Inácio Lula da Silva, the  largest leftist Brazilian politician, can give  a special impetus to political radicalization.
Spain’s party system development trends in the context of the electoral cycle 2019
Authors: Baranov A.
Published: August 2020

The topicality of the article is that the party system of Spain is undergoing serious transformations, the positioning of political forces and their ideologies, the organizational structure are changing significantly. National parliamentary elections are held for the fourth time in 4 years, which is unique to the countries of consolidated democracy. Trends in the development of Spain are relevant for cross- national comparisons of party systems. Methods – systems approach, synchronous comparative analysis, a secondary analysis of the results of opinion polls, mapping of party support in the elections. Materials: regulations; statements by party leaders; pre-election programs; results of sociological surveys; statistics on the results of elections. Results: The crisis of the party system in Spain is peculiar to the transition from a bipartisan model to a model of moderate pluralism, increased fragmentation, significant volatility, and the dependence of the main national parties on the support of regional parties. In the electoral cycle of 2019, the party system of Spain is a system of moderate pluralism (5 leading actors) with the growing role of regional parties, pragmatic coalitions are inevitable for creating a government. The economic recovery of 2014–2019 influenced the decline in the influence of “Unidos Podemos”, their electorate partially returned to the PSOE. In European and subnational elections, these trends are even more pronounced due to the format of electoral systems and the isolation of regional party systems. The threefold structure of the Spanish electorate, distributed mainly among left-leaning centers, center-right and regional nationalists, is preserved. An analysis of the statistical results of the elections and questionnaires proves an inversely correlated relationship between the level of support for the PSOE and “Unidos Podemos” in the center-left segment, and the level of support for the People’s Party, “Citizens” and “Vox” in the center-right camp. The influence of parties is extremely uneven across autonomous communities, and unevenness is increasing. The increase in the instability of the party system in Spain is predicted due to the growing influence of new parties and the underdeveloped culture of parliamentary coalitions. This process increases the chances of Catalan nationalists. A radical reform of the political system of Spain is brewing; the electorate of the left parties expresses the greatest demand for reform.
The Eastern Partnership Initiative After the Vilnius Summit (November 28-29, 2013)
Authors: Petrov K.
Published: August 2020

A crisis of EU eastern policy was shown by Vilnius summit. However, the EU remains consistent in its efforts to giving the EU institutions the nature of the framework for all multilateral agreements within the framework of the initiative «Eastern Partnership». It should not be understand as the weakening of the program, but its further focusing and concentration. This article make predictions about the allocation of a number of countries (Moldova, Georgia) in a separate sub-block for which the integration will be accelerated, while others experience a slowdown in program participants. Relations between EU and Ukraine and between EU and Belarus are purely political and will be less dependent on the implementation of the «Eastern Partnership».
Turkey’s SCO Perspective: Possible Contributions to the Regional Security Architecture and Economic Prosperity
Authors: Has K.
Published: August 2020

The paper discusses the benefits of Turkey’s cooperation with SCO countries. Turkey’s economic indices reveal the shift of trade volumes from Europe to Asia, the country is interested in free trade zones in the region and support most initiatives brought forward by China. Being the member of NATO Turkey seeks nevertheless fundamental security co-operation with adjacent states. Especially important for Turkey are relations with Afghanistan.
Larisa Efremova
Authors: Efremova L.
Published: August 2020

Larisa Efremova, Deputy head of Rossotrudnichestvo.
Nadyr Momunov
Authors: Momunov N.
Published: August 2020

Nadyr Momunov.
Status and outlook for reconciliation of situation in Afghanistan
Authors: Rasulov A.
Published: August 2020

The article describes the possibilities of SCO expansion and its transformation from regional to global structure. The SCO development strategy and actual needs of organization are analyzed.The main attention is paid to Afghanistan and Iran. The ways of overcoming disproportions between political and economic activities within SCO are submitted for consideration.
The Dynamics of Peace and Conflict in Afghanistan-Pakistan Region and Implications for Regional Security
Authors: Sharma B.
Published: August 2020

The article describes in detail all aspects of situation in Afghanistan and most recent trends of regional co-operation with a view of assistance being rendered to Afghanistan in combating narcotics, terrorism, restoring its agriculture, political transition to democracy. The projects of building transportation corridors from Central Asia via Afghanistan to the South Asia and Arabian Sea are discussed. Prospects of peace building require participation of Pakistan and India in the creation of secure environment in the region.
Perspectives for the Deepening of Cooperation on Environmental Problems within SCO Structure
Authors: Makarov I.
Published: August 2020

The author argues for necessity of ecological cooperation within SCO, it should be based on the concept of “green economic growth“. He notes that in SCO countries (especially in China) ecological problems are being transformed from national to regional. Under consideration are the directions of possible ecological cooperation: water resources management, coordination of trading of quotas for greenhouse emissions, harmonization of ecological standards and exchange of green technologies SCO has the potential of becoming the main platform of solving ecological disputes in the region.
Environmental Projects in the SCO Territories – Ash Damps Utilization Case Study
Authors: Tikhomirov S.
Published: August 2020

The possibilities of ecological cooperation within SCO countries are considered, a case of ash damps industrial waste utilization being as example. The actual cooperation between Russia and India in this field can turn into one of the joint economic projects for SCO if India becomes a full SCO member-state.