bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inflation and Nominal Financial Reporting: Implications for Performance and Stock Prices
Authors: Konchitchki Yaniv
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT: The monetary unit assumption of financial accounting assumes a stable currency (i.e., constant purchasing power over time). Yet, even during periods of low inflation or deflation, nominal financial statements violate this assumption. I posit that, while the effects of inflation are not recognized in nominal statements, such effects may have economic consequences. I find that unrecognized inflation gains and losses help predict future cash flows as these gains and losses turn into cash flows over time. I also find significant abnormal returns to inflation-based trading strategies, suggesting that stock prices do not fully reflect the implications of the inflation effects for future cash flows. Additional analysis reveals that stock prices act as if investors do not fully distinguish monetary and nonmonetary assets, which is fundamental to determining the effects of inflation. Overall, this study is the first to show that, although inflation effects are not recognized in nominal financial statements, they have significant economic consequences, even during a period in which inflation is relatively low.
Giant Umbilical Cord Edema Caused by Retrograde Micturition through an Open Patent Urachus
Authors: Schaefer Inga-Marie , Männer Jörg , Faber Renaldo , Loertzer Hagen , Füzesi LÁszlÓ , Seeliger Stephan
Published: December 2010

A giant umbilical cord is a rare finding in mature newborns and originates from different developmental etiologies. We report on a case of a mature female newborn presenting a 50 × 8–cm giant umbilical cord without further malformations. Antenatal sonographic findings of a diffuse giant umbilical cord, elevated creatinine levels of 1.3 mg/dL in umbilical cord edema, gross and histopathological findings of allantoic remnants, and umbilical urinary discharge lead to the diagnosis of a patent urachus with retrograde micturition into the umbilical cord. Postnatal surgical repair was required. In antenatal sonography, cystic and diffuse changes should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a giant umbilical cord. In cases of diffuse enlargement, elevated umbilical creatinine can support the diagnosis of a patent urachus with open leakage into the Wharton's jelly. Appropriate surgical management is required.
Application of Activated Charcoal in the Downstream Processing of Bacterial Olefinic Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates)
Authors: Wampfler Bruno , Ramsauer Thomas , Kehl Karl , Zinn Manfred , Thöny-Meyer Linda
Published: December 2010

Medium chain length poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (mcl-PHAs) are bacterial thermoplastic elastomers with a large potential in medical applications. The present study provides a novel process to isolate and purify poly([ R]3-hydroxy-w-undecenoate-co-3-hydroxy-w-nonenoate-co-3-hydroxy-w-heptenoate)
(PHUE) and poly([R]-3hydroxy-w-undecenoate-co-3-hydroxy-w-nonenoate-co-3-hydroxyoctanoate- co-3-hydroxy-w-heptenoate-co 3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHOUE) from Pseudomonas putida species. Three different types of activated charcoal were compared with regard
to their capability to selectively remove impurities. The product 'Charcoal activated, powder, pure' from Merck was found to be most suitable. Using ethyl acetate as solvent, the polyesters were extracted from freeze-dried biomass at room temperature and simultaneously purified by addition
of activated charcoal at the beginning of the extraction. The period of extraction was one hour and the ratio solvent to biomass was 15:1 (vol/wt). After extraction, the solids were separated by pressure filtration through a metallic lace tissue. The filtrate was again passed through the previously
accumulated filter cake, followed by a second filtration through a 0.45 mm membrane to remove finest coal particles. The resulting filtrate was concentrated, thus yielding polyesters whose quality and yield depended on the quantity of activated charcoal applied. For highly pure PHUE and PHOUE
with low endotoxin levels, the optimum ratio of activated charcoal to solvent for extraction (V/V) was found to be 0.5 for PHUE and 0.25 for PHOUE. The yields with regard to the raw polymers amounted to 55 wt% for PHUE and 75 wt% for PHOUE, which are acceptable for polymers that can be used
for medical applications.
IMAPlate Based Miniature, High Sensitive, Rapid Screening Method for Detecting Bioengineered, Secreted Lipase Activities in Yeast Expression Systems
Authors: Sciotti Michel A. , Chen Guo Jun , Gygax Daniel
Published: December 2010

A spectrophotometric assay based on a miniaturized 96-well plate device (IMAPlate) enables a rapid and simple screening of bioengineered recombinant lipases expressed and secreted by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Starting from a colony, the test delivers a quantitative estimation
of enzymatic activity titer in 24 h or less with manual high throughput performances.
Continuous Micro-Production Using Enzymatic Reaction and Online Monitoring
Authors: Moser Regula , Chappuis Thierry , Vanoli Ennio , Crelier Simon , Naef Olivier
Published: December 2010

A micro-reactor coupled to a microfluidic system and an online UV/VIS spectrometer is described. The enzymatic reaction studied is the hydrolysis of the N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (BTEE) to N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine (BT) and ethanol, catalyzed by chymotrypsin.
The production is online monitored with UV spectroscopy at 256 nm. Three different immobilization methods of the enzyme are discussed: Eupergit® C, controlled-pore glass (CPG), and Sepharose.
Process Monitoring with Disposable Chemical Sensors Fit in the Framework of Process Analysis Technology (PAT) for Innovative Pharmaceutical Development and Quality Assurance
Authors: Spichiger Stefan , Spichiger-Keller Ursula E.
Published: December 2010

The innovative principle of enzymatic sensors applied to monitor the feeding process in disposable bioreactors is described. Innovative is the type of enzyme immobilized within the 'paste' to monitor L-glutamate. Innovative is the application of the miniaturized disposable
sensor developed at C-CIT AG for continuous monitoring. The sensor allows the amount of the digested nutrient to be estimated from the amperometric signal. Innovative is the wireless signal transduction between the sensor mounted to the bioreactor and the signal receiver. An example of a process
control run is given and, also, the biocompatibility and the specifications of the biosensors. The comparison of results evaluated by different analytical methods is discussed.
Tissue Engineering – The Gateway to Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Bono Epifania , Mathes Stephanie H. , Franscini Nicola , Graf-Hausner Ursula
Published: December 2010

Tissue Engineering as an emerging biotechnology sector aims at the in vitro regeneration of diseased tissues and promises to profoundly change medical practice, offering the possibility of regenerating tissues and organs instead of just repairing them (regenerative medicine).
Improved healing processes and a higher quality of life are the expected results. This article gives an overview of different technologies for regenerative medicine and presents results of our own current applied research and development. A recent project was successfully closed with the development
of a natural biomaterial for soft tissue oral defects. The establishment of an in vitro bioreactor system enabled us to simulate the mechanical and biological environment in a healing wound and to investigate the suitability of different implant materials for the oral tissue regeneration.
Moreover, focusing the attention on an alternative method for the intervertebral disc (IVD) regeneration, we established a new tissue engineered approach, based on the three-dimensional (3D) culture of autologous human IVD cells into a polyurethane (PU)-fibrin composite. IVD cells were able
to proliferate and, thanks to the 3D conditions, to differentiate expressing the typical native tissue markers. The development of an automated platform was the goal of an additional project, to standardize the cell culture technology, increase the bio-safety and reduce the production costs,
moving tissue engineering nearer to clinical application.
Listening to the Troubled Waters
Authors: Kouri Jaana
Published: December 2010

The history of Lypyrtti, an old pilot village in the southwestern coast of Finland, is for many villagers a story of depopulation of a vital community during the last fifty years. In 2005 the villagers of Lypyrtti expressed their interest in collecting the oral history of their village. This material is gathered, edited and released in the context of research on the topic of 'narrated environment', which draws attention to the interdisciplinary methods and theories of the practices of place making
‘Isteach chun an Oileáin’
Authors: Campbell Liam , Mackinnon Iain
Published: December 2010

Since 2007 the Irish government have prevented the fisher-men of the Donegal islands of Arranmore, Tory and Inishbofin from engaging in their generations-old drift-net salmon fishery. We have been involved in supporting the islanders as they organise themselves to find ways to oppose the ban. In this dialogue we reflect on some aspects of our involvement.
Weaving Threads between the Ethnic and the Global
Authors: Petronoti Marina
Published: December 2010

This article addresses hairdressing as a forum in which African women running small salons in Athens negotiate identity and raise claims to modernity. The specificity of their entrepreneurial activities lies in that they occur at a time when the incorporation of ethnic modes of adornment in Western fashion captures Greeks' interest, but prevailing policies curtail the rights of displaced populations and look down upon their traditional performances. In this sense, my analysis touches upon issues of analytical importance to the ethnography on immigration in Greece. It exemplifies how African entrepreneurs diffuse seeds of their cultural legacy in the lifestyle of otherwise dismissive hosts as well as the multiple repercussions that their involvement in a major domain of consumption have on stereotypical imageries of and attitudes towards the Other.
A one-pot Synthesis of (E,E)-1-arylseleno-substituted 1,5-dien-3-ynes by Palladium-Catalysed Three Component Cross-Coupling Reaction
Authors: Yao Fang , Hao Wenyan , Cai Mingzhong
Published: December 2010

( E,E)-1-Arylseleno-substituted 1,5-dien-3-ynes can be stereoselectively synthesised in one pot, in good yields with high stereoselectivity, by the Pd(PPh3)4-catalysed Stille coupling of ( E)-1-iodo-2-arylselenoethenes with trimethyl-stannyl(trimethylsilyl)ethyne, followed by the cross-coupling with ( E)-vinyl iodides in the presence of tris(diethylamino) sulfonium trimethyldifluorosilicate (TASF).
A new Long-Chain Secondary Alkanediol from the Flowers of Argemone mexicana
Authors: Brahmachari Goutam , Roy Rajiv , Mandal Lalan C. , Ghosh Partha Pratim , Gorai Dilip
Published: December 2010

An ethanolic extract of the dried flower petals of Argemone mexicana afforded a new and optically active secondary C31-alkanediol characterised as hentriacontane-3,20-diol on the basis of spectroscopic studies including IR, HRMS, 1H and 13C NMR.
The Growth and Deformation of Ice Crystals
Authors: Glen J. W. , Perutz M. F.
Published: December 2010

X-ray diffraction photographs were taken of ice dendrites grown from water and from the vapour. In both cases [1120] was found to be the growth direction.

A method of growing cylindrical single crystals of any desired orientation has been devised. Some of these crystals were extended to several times their original length. Slip took place exclusively on the basal plane. Experiments designed to locate the glide direction gave inconclusive results and suggested that, in general, crystals near the melting point can glide in any direction.

Before deformation, ice crystals gave fairly sharp X-ray diffraction spots on Laue photographs. After deformation the spots are drawn out into streaks which later break up into rows of small spots. This indicates that bending of the crystals is followed by the formation of small crystallites of slightly differing orientations. Analogous effects are observed in metals.
Ice Movement and Temperature Distribution in Glaciers and Ice Sheets
Authors: Robin G. de Q.
Published: December 2010

The distribution of temperature throughout an ice sheet has been considered, taking into account the influence of ice movement as well as other items previously considered, such as conduction, the geothermal outflow of heat and heat generated by ice movement. By making certain simplifying assumptions, a quantitative method of estimating the temperature distribution near the centre of an ice sheet has been put forward.

It is shown that even a small mean annual accumulation will have considerable effect on the temperature distribution in a large ice sheet. For a moderate rate of accumulation a substantial fraction of the total thickness of ice at the centre of a large ice sheet may be isothermal at the prevailing surface ice temperature. Under these conditions at some distance from the centre, the change in the surface ice temperature with elevation may produce a temperature gradient opposite to normal, that is the temperature falls with increasing depth below the surface, due to the outward movement of the ice. Observed temperature gradients on ice sheets fit the proposed hypotheses roughly, but it appears that climatic change should also be taken into account.

It is suggested that a rise from temperatures below melting point at the base of ice sheets may provide an explanation of the occasional catastrophic advances of certain glaciers.
Density of Single Crystals of Ice from a Temperate Glacier
Authors: Butkovich T. R.
Published: December 2010

Density of single crystals of ice from the Mendenhall Glacier near Juneau, Alaska, a temperate glacier, was determined by the hydrostatic weighing method. It was found that the densities of single crystals are slightly but measurably variable from one crystal to another. The values range from a minimum of 0.91712 gm./cm.3 to a maximum of 0.91728 gm./cm.3, when corrected for −3.5° C., for the eight crystals measured. Any imperfections such as Tyndall figures (hexagonal prismatic voids) were immediately evident in the density determinations, and correction for these imperfections give a corrected density essentially the same as that of clear specimens. Two clear crystal aggregate specimens tested had a lower density than the pure single ice crystals. An error computation gives the value of the estimated maximum error of the density determinations as ±2.1×10−5 gm./cm.3.
Studies in Glacier Physics on the Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island, 1953: Part III: Seismic Sounding
Authors: Röthlisberg H.
Published: December 2010

Firn and ice thickness measurements were carried out by seismic refraction and reflection methods on a flat col of the highland snowfields of the Penny Ice Cap and on a medium-sized valley glacier (Highway Glacier). The longitudinal wave velocities were found to vary from some 1000 m./sec. (3280 ft./sec.) in firn to 3810 m.,/sec. (12,500 ft./sec.) in ice and approximately 6000 m.% sec. (20,000 ft./sec.) in the bedrock (gneiss). The thickness of firn and ice at the firn col was found to be 254 m. (834 ft.). On Highway Glacier some 80 reflections were evaluated, giving position, dip and strike of the bedrock surface. A longitudinal profile of Highway Glacier from the junction of three main tributary glaciers to the tongue is given; the ice thickness slowly decreases. At the junction, the bedrock is 400 m. (1310 ft.) deep, there is no deep basin as might be expected from the surface features. The mean slope of the glacier surface is about 3° of arc and of the bed about 1°.
Glaciological Observations on Some of the Outlet Glaciers of South-West Vatnajökull, Iceland, 1954: Part I: Glacier Regime
Authors: King Cuchlaine A. M. , Ives J. D.
Published: December 2010

Accumulation and ablation measurements on Morsárjökull are described and a tentative glacier budget for the three seasons 1951–52, 1952–53 and 1953–54 is presented. Observations of glacier flow on Morsárjökull, Svinafellsjökull and Skaftafellsjökull are considered. The recent fluctuations of the snouts of Skaftafellsjökull and Svinafellsjökull are discussed and related to variations in the height of the accumulation zones of the glaciers; recent glacier thinning is also mentioned.
Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand: Observations on its Crater Lake and Glaciers
Authors: Odell N. E.
Published: December 2010

Mt. Ruapehu, the highest summit in the North Island of New Zealand, is a semi-dormant volcano, whose crater lake was responsible for the flood that caused the disastrous railway accident on Christmas Eve, 1953. Since the last eruption of 1945, when mostly ash was ejected, the crater lake that subsequently formed has been contained by a barrier partly composed of lava and partly of névé and ash. It was the breaking through of the latter weaker portion of the dam that was responsible for the flood of mud and boulders which descended via the Whangaehu Glacier and struck the railway 25 miles (40 km.) distant. There is no evidence of eruptive activity having been the cause of the outbreak. During three ascents of the mountain, observations were made of the glaciers, which have been in a state of gradual shrinkage over a number of years. But during the past Summer—a season of exceptional dryness—the process of ablation and wastage has been greatly accelerated, so that immense areas of rock and ash have freshly emerged, and crevasses and dirt-ridges have taken the place of smooth névé or glacier surfaces.
The Growth of Ice Crystals in Water
Authors: Arakawa Kiyoshi
Published: December 2010

Using the shadow-photograph method the processes of growth of disc crystals and of ice dendrites formed in water are studied. A mechanism of dendritic crystal growth is suggested.
On the Occurrence of Ice Domes and Permanently Snow-Covered Summits
Authors: Manley Gordon
Published: December 2010

The occurrence of isolated ice- or snow-covered summits is reviewed. Their existence appears in the first place to be a function of their breadth in relation to the altitude of the firn line on adjacent glaciers; other factors remain to be discussed. Light may thus be thrown on questions of past glaciation of rounded summits in critical areas, and notably on the amount of precipitation then prevailing.
Contributions to the Glaciology of the Antarctic
Authors: Loewe F.
Published: December 2010

During a winter in Terre Adélie in 1951 (Antarctica) certain glaciological studies were made. These were strongly hampered by the extraordinary strength and persistence of the blizzards from the ice cap. Near the coast the wind dominates the distribution of snow completely. The firn limit on the open ice cap is at a height of 450 m. (1500 ft.). The deposited snow is very tightly packed with a density of 0.4–0.5 gm./cm.3. On the ice cap the mean annual accumulation is 20–30 cm. water. At the coast and particularly on the ice cap measurements and calculations of the radiation balance show a strong loss for most of the time owing to the high albedo of the snow. The snow surface is almost continuously colder then the snow below and the air above. The radiation loss is mainly replaced by the influx of warmer air into the continent. The density of the drifting snow was measured. On a day with heavy blizzard the snow transport across each m. of the coast line is 2.5–3 kg. /m.sec. In a year at least 20 million tons pass each km. (30 million tons per mile). In Terre Adélie the drifting snow is an important item in the mass economy of the ice cap.
Notes on the Glacier Fluctuations in Bünsow Land, Central Vestspitsbergen
Authors: Sweeting Marjorie , Groom Gillian
Published: December 2010

These notes are based on observations made in 1953 on the nature and state of the glaciers in Bünsow Land while the writers were members of the Cambridge Spitsbergen (Physiological) Expedition. Changes in the glacierization of the area, since the compilation of W. B. Harland’s map in 1949, are indicated. These changes illustrate some of the ways in which the thinning and decay of the Spitsbergen glaciers have been brought about.
Glacial Activity in the Western United States
Authors: Harrison A. E.
Published: December 2010

Four coordinated reports on recent trends in glacial activity in the State of Washington, U.S.A., have been prepared by three authors and three of these appear in this issue of the Journal of Glaciology. The fourth report will appear in a later number. Other reports regarding the condition of glaciers in this state and in other regions of the western United States have appeared in various mountaineering journals. It is the purpose of this paper to serve as a reference to the bibliography in this field and show how the detailed story included in the companion papers is part of a widespread change in trend. Results reported by other observers are reviewed briefly. In addition, some data on observations by the author in the Sierra Nevada are included in order to compare the magnitude of the activity in California and Washington.
Design and Operation of a Portable, Digital Impulse Radar
Authors: Jones F.H.M. , Narod B.B. , Clarke G.K.C.
Published: December 2010

We have constructed a back-portable, impulse radar instrument that weighs roughly 12 kg, can be powered by dry cells, and records and stores data digitally. The radar is controlled by an on-board, purpose-built microcomputer that ensures simple field operation, facilitates modifications, and allows unattended operation when investigating time-varying targets. The transmitting unit is triggered from the receiver via an optical link and generates an electromagnetic wavelet by discharging two high-voltage capacitors through back-to-back silicon-controlled rectifiers into a resistively loaded dipole antenna. Successful field operations carried out during the summers of 1986 and 1987 include depth profiling, as well as studies of englacial and subglacial targets, on several temperate and sub-polar glaciers.
The Medial Moraines of Ghiacciaio Dei Forni, Valtellina, Italy: Morphology and Sedimentology
Authors: Smiraglia C.
Published: December 2010

Two distinct medial moraines are located on the tongue of Ghiacciaio dei Forni (Rhaetian Alps, Italy); they are formed by the confluence of three ice streams. The two ice-cored medial moraines originate from rock outcrops situated below the snow line. The moraines, which on the surface comprise angular clasts, extend for approximately 2 km and reach a maximum height of 10 m. Nourishment of the moraines seems to be due primarily to the supraglacial debris derived from the rock walls. Measurements made in the late summer of 1985 provided evidence of the role played by differential ablation in the development of these moraines. Sedimentological analysis further confirmed the mainly supraglacial origin of the debris comprising the moraines.
Force Budget: II. Application to Two-Dimensional Flow along Byrd Station Strain Network, Antarctica
Authors: Van Der Veen C.J. , Whillans I.M.
Published: December 2010

Resistive stresses and velocities at depth are calculated along the Byrd Station Strain Network, Antarctica, using field data. There are found to be large longitudinal variations in basal drag and this result is little affected by errors in the input data or by uncertainties in the constitutive relation for ice. Basal drag varies by a factor of about 2 along the strain network, and is usually equal to the driving stress to within 10–20%. Sites of high drag are not always correlated with basal topographic highs, indicating that some process such as basal water drainage is involved in controlling the friction at the bed. Basal sliding velocities are very sensitive to errors in measured surface velocities and the rate factor in Glen’s flow law. As a result, calculated sliding velocities are much less reliable than deep stresses, and need to be interpreted with caution.
A Map-plane Finite-element Model: Three Modeling Experiments
Authors: Fastook James L. , Chapman Judith E..
Published: December 2010

Preliminary results are presented on a solution of the two-dimensional time-dependent continuity equation for mass conservation governing ice-sheet dynamics. The equation is solved using a column-averaged velocity to define the horizontal flux in a finite-element formulation. This yields a map-plane model where flow directions, velocities, and surface elevations are defined by bedrock topography, the accumulation/ablation pattern, and in the time-dependent case by the initial surface configuration. This alleviates the flow-band model limitation that the direction of flow be defined and fixed over the course of the modeling experiment. The ability of the finite-element method to accept elements of different dimensions allows detail to be finely modeled in regions of steep gradients, such as ice streams, while relatively uniform areas, such as areas of sheet flow, can be economically accommodated with much larger elements. Other advantages of the finite-element method include the ability to modify the sliding and/or flow-law relationships without materially affecting the method of solution.

Modeling experiments described include a steady-state reconstruction showing flow around a three-dimensional obstacle, as well as a time-dependent simulation demonstrating the response of an ice sheet to a localized decoupling of the bed. The latter experiment simulates the initiation and development of an ice stream in a region originally dominated by sheet flow. Finally, a simulation of the effects of a changing mass-balance pattern, such as might be anticipated from the expected carbon dioxide warming, is described. Potential applications for such a model are also discussed.

SYMBOLS USED

a(x,y) Accumulation/ablation rate.

A Flow-law parameter.

B Sliding-law parameter.

CijC Global capacitance matrix.

f Fraction of the bed melted.

Fij,F Global load vector.

g Acceleration of gravity.

hj,h Ice-surface elevation.

H Ice thickness.

k(x,y) Constitutive equation constant of proportionality.

kij Global stiffness matrix.

m Sliding-law exponent.

n Flow-law exponent.

ρ Density of ice.

σ(x,y) Ice flux.

t Time.

U Column-average ice velocity.

UF Column-average deformation (flow) velocity.

US Sliding velocity.

v Variational trial function.

x,y Map-plane coordinates.
Stable-isotope (18O/16O) Tracing of Fresh, Brackish, and Sea Ice in Multi-year Land-fast Sea Ice, Ellesmere Island,Canada
Authors: Jeffries Martin O. , Roy krouse H. , Sckinger William M. , Serson Harold V.
Published: December 2010

Ice salinity and 18O/16O ratios were measured on 12 ice cores drilled from thick, multi-year land-fast sea ice (MLSI) off the north coast of Ellesmere Island, Canada. Fresh, brackish, and sea ice were identified in the ice cores using the 18O/16O ratios. Two cases are considered: case 1, which assumes that no isotopic fractionation occurs on freezing; and, case 2, which assumes that a maximum isotopic fractionation factor (a) of 1.003 applies. The amount of each ice type is variable among the cores, but overall the 12 cores comprise 29.6% brackish ice, 70.0% sea ice, and 0.4% fresh ice in case 1, and 42.3% brackish ice, 57.3% sea ice, and 0.4% fresh ice in case 2. The data suggest that time-dependent brackish sea-water stratification below the ice is quite common and is often associated with the inverted bottom topography. However, the stratification is not always confined to small, areally limited under-ice melt pools in inverted depressions, and neither is it a summer-only phenomenon. Brackish ice growth apparently occurs in a brackish water layer that in some instances underlies the ice sheet year-round. For both case 1 and case 2 the salinity distribution in brackish ice is positively skewed, with 50% of salinity values occurring in the range 0–0.49‰. Sea-ice salinity values are more evenly distributed. In case 1, brackish ice has mean salinity and mean δ18O values of 0.66 and –19.9‰, respectively, compared to mean values of 1.88 and –6.5‰ for the sea ice. In case 2, brackish ice has mean salinity and mean S18O values of 0.75 and –18.1% compared to mean values of 2.03 and –5.2‰ for the sea ice. The salinity of brackish ice and sea ice, ice-growth mechanisms, and the inclusion of brine in the sub-structure are discussed briefly.
Water-pressure Coupling of Sliding and Bed Deformation: II. Velocity-Depth Profiles
Authors: Alley R.B.
Published: December 2010

Basal motion of a glacier resting on an unconsolidated bed can arise from sliding between ice and bed, ploughing of clasts through the upper layer of the bed, pervasive deformation of the bed, or shearing across discrete planes in the bed. Theoretical analyses and limited observations of soft-bedded glaciers not dominated by supply of channelized melt water from the surface suggest that sliding will be slow if the bed contains abundant clasts in the 1–10 mm size range, and that high velocities by ploughing are unlikely though possible. Pervasive deformation usually will account for 60–100% of the basal velocity, and the strain-rate will be proportional to the basal shear stress and inversely proportional to the square or cube of the effective pressure. These hypotheses are based on results of part I in this series, and allow modeling of Ice Stream B, West Antarctica, in part III of this series.
Snow-crystal Growth with Varying Surface Temperatures and Radiation Penetration
Authors: Colbeck S.C.
Published: December 2010

The temperature field is derived for a sinusoidally varying surface temperature with varying solar radiation penetration. The growth rates of snow crystals are calculated to explain the rapidly growing layers of faceted crystals (i.e. depth hoar) that form just below the surface at high altitudes and in polar snow. The solutions also show that a layer of wet snow can exist just below the surface even on days when the surface temperature remains sub-freezing.
A Synthetic-Aperture Radio-Echo Experiment at Storglaciären, Sweden
Authors: Walford M.E.R. , Kennett M.I.
Published: December 2010

A polarization-sensitive aperture-synthesis experiment has been carried out using radio-echo data from Storglaciären, Sweden. Echoes were recorded in each of three antenna configurations over an array of sites on the glacier surface. The echo information was transferred to a mainframe computer and manipulated in order to reveal any major individual targets present. Within a 100 m cube, six major targets were identified, each with its own echoing characteristics. Echo strengths indicate that the targets are probably cavities containing water. It cannot be determined whether they are isolated or parts of a continuous system.
Water-pressure Coupling of Sliding and Bed Deformation: III. Application to Ice Stream B, Antarctica
Authors: Alley R.B. , Blankenship D.D. , Rooney S.T. , Bentley C.R.
Published: December 2010

Geophysical studies and glaciological analyses suggest strongly that Ice Stream B, West Antarctica, moves primarily by pervasive deformation of a meters thick subglacial till. Analysis of the longitudinal profile of the ice stream up-stream of the ice plain suggests that basal sliding is slow everywhere, that effective pressure decreases slowly down-stream, and that the strain-rate of pervasive shear is proportional to the basal shear stress and inversely proportional to the square or cube of the effective pressure. Discrete shearing may occur beneath the pervasively deforming zone. These and other hypotheses, which build on the analyses of the first two papers in this series, can be tested in the field.
Modelling Antarctic Fast-Ice Growth
Authors: Crocker G.B. , Wadhams P.
Published: December 2010

An existing thermodynamic ice-growth model (Semtner, 1976) has been tested for its ability to predict the growth of fast ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Significant discrepancies between observed and predicted ice thicknesses were found to occur, primarily due to the presence of sub-ice platelets and the formation of a snow-ice layer. Although these ice-growth processes are not well enough understood to permit rigorous physical modelling, it is shown that fairly simple modifications to the model greatly improve the accuracy of the thickness predictions, and serve to highlight the importance of these processes in the Antarctic fast-ice environment. Surface flooding and snow-ice formation are assumed to occur immediately upon the establishment of a positive hydrostatic water level, and a surface temperature in excess of a critical value, above which interconnecting channels in the ice matrix permit the flow of water to the surface. The presence of the sub-ice platelet layer is assumed to increase columnar ice growth at a rate proportional to the volume fraction of ice in the platelet layer, a simple technique but one that permits estimates of platelet-enhanced growth without detailed knowledge of oceanographic conditions. The resulting model predictions are in close agreement with measurements of fast-ice growth and decay in McMurdo Sound; however, data suitable for testing the model over a complete range of conditions and over multi-year cycles are not available at the present time.
Laboratory Simulations Of Glacial Abrasion: Comparison With Theory
Authors: Iverson Neal R.
Published: December 2010

Glacial abrasion was simulated in experiments in which a small artificial glacier bed was pushed beneath a fixed ice block under pressure. The experiments provide a means of testing theoretical models of abrasion, particularly those factors that govern the magnitude of stress concentrations beneath abrading rock fragments. In preliminary experiments, vertical ice flow around a sphere mounted on the bed was studied. In subsequent experiments, marble tablets were pushed beneath granitic rock fragments frozen into the base of the ice block. Unlike previous abrasion experiments, the sliding velocity was realistic (25 mm d−1), and ice near the bed was at the pressure-melting temperature. Resultant striations closely resemble those observed on glaciated bedrock.

As predicted by Hallet (1979), the component of the ice velocity towards the bed strongly influenced stresses beneath fragments, and classical regelation and creep theory provided an approximate estimate of the downward drag force on fragments. Half of the rock fragments rotated significantly, accounting for 10–50% of their motion relative to the bed and influencing abrasion rates and the shear stress supported along the ice-bed interface. Striation patterns indirectly suggest that fragment rotations were inhibited by increases in ice pressure, which presumably increased the drag on roughness elements on fragment surfaces. This may have resulted from a reduction in the thickness of the water film around fragments, facilitated by leakage of water from the bed.
Boudinage: A Source Of Stratigraphic Disturbance In Glacial Ice In Central Greenland
Authors: Cunningham J. , Waddington E.D.
Published: December 2010

A hydrodynamic model of interface stability in a stratified fluid is reviewed. The model predicts that irregularities on the boundaries of a stiff layer, embedded in a soft matrix, are unstable in pure shearing flow, when compression is normal to the layer. Perturbations on such a layer can grow to form symmetric pinch-and-swell structures called boudins. The model predicts initial perturbation growth rates on the boundaries of an interglacial period ice layer. We find that, beneath an ice divide, irregularities on the Sangamon layer boundaries will not kinematically decay, as the layer thins. Finite-element modelling is used to determine the strain history of Sangamon ice beneath the divide at Summit, Greenland. That history suggests boundary irregularities have grown, relative to layer thickness, at least 26 fold over the past 90000 years. The result may be severe distortion or severing of the layer. Core holes penetrating the layer may recover anomalously thick or thin columns of ice resulting in erroneous environmental and climatic interpretations. Radio echo-sounding may be useful in searching for zones of boudinage, which should be avoided when coring. Initial perturbations might arise from mass-balance spatial variations or from transient flow fields.
A Modern Pollen Spectrum From Dye 3, South Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Bourgeois Jocelyne C.
Published: December 2010

Results of pollen analysis of a large firn sample from Dye 3, southern Greenland, are reported. The sample was divided into three sections: all dominated by pine, birch, and ragweed pollen. Pollen concentration for the entire sample is 15 pollen grains per litre and the annual pollen deposition rate has been estimated at approximately 0.73 grains cm−2 year−1 (7300 grains m−2 a−1). Although these values are slightly lower than expected, considering the relatively southern latitude of the site, they are within the range of values obtained from other Arctic ice caps.
Flow Laws For Glacier Ice: Comparison Of Numerical Predictions And Field Measurements
Authors: Van Der Veen C.J. , Whillans I.M.
Published: December 2010

Ice flow along the 20 km long strain network up-stream of the Dye 3 bore hole in Greenland is studied in detail. By solving the force-balance equations and using selected flow laws, stresses and strain-rates are calculated throughout the section of the ice sheet. The validity of the results is evaluated by comparison with the velocity profile derived from bore-hole-tilting measurements, and with observed surface strain-rates. A number of constitutive relations are tried and most predict a velocity profile at the bore-hole site that is in good agreement with that observed, if appropriate enhancement factors are used. However, there are major discrepancies between modelled and measured surface strain-rates. Use of Nye’s generalization of Glen’s flow law, or an anisotropic constitutive relation, requires unrealistically large along-flow variations in the enhancement factor. Inclusion of normal stress effects can lead to much better agreement, but it is possible that other processes, such as dynamic recrystallization or primary creep, should be included in the constitutive relation of polar ice.
Does Ablation Technique Utilized in the Management of Unresectable Locally Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma?
Authors: Pezzilli Raffaele , Fabbri Dario , Imbrogno Andrea
Published: December 2010

Radiofrequency ablation in the management of advanced pancreatic cancer should be no longer utilized in patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Perspectives on Hydrate Thermal Conductivity
Authors: English Niall J. , Tse John S.
Published: December 2010

In this review, the intriguing, anomalous behaviour of hydrate thermal conductivity will be described, and progress in performing experimental measurements will be described briefly. However particular attention shall be devoted to recent advances in the development of detailed theoretical understandings of mechanisms of thermal conduction in clathrate hydrates, and on how information gleaned from molecular simulation has contributed to mechanistic theoretical models.
LES of a Meso Combustion Chamber with a Detailed Chemistry Model: Comparison between the Flamelet and EDC Models
Authors: Minotti Angelo , Sciubba Enrico
Published: December 2010

The goal of this paper is to contribute to the design of high-performance mesocombustors, a field currently under rapid development, in particular for propulsion, e.g., for UAVs, and micro/meso-electrical power generators. This study is focused on a cylindrical combustor of 29 cm3, fuelled by methane and air, which provides 2 kW of thermal power. The device was entirely designed and built at the Sapienza University of Rome and coupled with an ultra-micro turbine. Two 3D LES simulations with detailed chemistry are presented. They differ only for the combustion models, so that a model comparison can be carried out. The calculated maximum temperature inside the chamber, the gas exhaust temperature and the combustion efficiency are compared and discussed. The results, reported at two different physical times, show the effects of the different combustion models, which predict different temperature and species concentration maps, but similar values for the combustion efficiency. Thermal, chemical and kinematic maps show that the Eddy Dissipation Concept allows for a more accurate estimatation of the performance parameters for application to first-order design procedures.
New Perspectives in Monitoring Drinking Water Microbial Quality
Authors: Figueras Mª José , Borrego Juan J.
Published: December 2010

The safety of drinking water is evaluated by the results obtained from faecal indicators during the stipulated controls fixed by the legislation. However, drinking-water related illness outbreaks are still occurring worldwide. The failures that lead to these outbreaks are relatively common and typically involve preceding heavy rain and inadequate disinfection processes. The role that classical faecal indicators have played in the protection of public health is reviewed and the turning points expected for the future explored. The legislation for protecting the quality of drinking water in Europe is under revision, and the planned modifications include an update of current indicators and methods as well as the introduction of Water Safety Plans (WSPs), in line with WHO recommendations. The principles of the WSP approach and the advances signified by the introduction of these preventive measures in the future improvement of dinking water quality are presented. The expected impact that climate change will have in the quality of drinking water is also critically evaluated.
Unexplored Nucleophilic Ring Opening of Aziridines
Authors: Costero Ana María , Gil Salvador , Parra Margarita , Rodríguez Pablo
Published: December 2010

The reactivity of dianions of carboxylic acids towards aziridines has been studied. Although, a similar reactivity to that of enolates from ketones, esters or amides has been observed, the method directly yields g-aminoacids in one step. The method is complementary of previous results of enenediolate reactivity with other electrophiles. A comparative study with the reactivity of this enediolates with epoxides is included.
Sonogashira Reaction of Aryl and Heteroaryl Halides with Terminal Alkynes Catalyzed by a Highly Efficient and Recyclable Nanosized MCM-41 Anchored Palladium Bipyridyl Complex
Authors: Lin Bo-Nan , Huang Shao-Hsien , Wu Wei-Yi , Mou Chung-Yuan , Tsai Fu-Yu
Published: December 2010

A heterogeneous catalyst, nanosized MCM-41-Pd, was used to catalyze the Sonogashira coupling of aryl and heteroaryl halides with terminal alkynes in the presence of CuI and triphenylphosphine. The coupling products were obtained in high yields using low Pd loadings to 0.01 mol%, and the nanosized MCM-41-Pd catalyst was recovered by centrifugation of the reaction solution and re-used in further runs without significant loss of reactivity.
Volatile Compounds of Young Wines from Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischet and Chardonnay Varieties Grown in the Loess Plateau Region of China
Authors: Jiang Bao , Zhang Zhenwen
Published: December 2010

In order to elucidate the aroma components of wine produced in the Loess Plateau region of China, volatile compounds of young wines from Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischet and Chardonnay varieties grown in the new ecological region were investigated for the first time in this research. Among the volatile compounds analyzed by HS-SPME with GC-MS, a total of 45, 44 and 42 volatile compounds were identified and quantified in Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischet and Chardonnay wines, respectively. In the volatiles detected, alcohols formed the most abundant group in the aroma compounds of the three wines, followed by esters and fatty acids. According to their odor active values (OAVs), 18 volatile compounds were always present in the three wines at concentrations higher than their threshold values, but ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and isoamyl acetate were found to jointly contribute to 92.9%, 93.3%, and 98.7%, of the global aroma of Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischet and Chardonnay wines, respectively. These odorants are associated with “fruity’’ and ‘‘ripe fruit’’ odor descriptors.
Chemistry and Biochemistry of Dietary Polyphenols
Authors: Tsao Rong
Published: December 2010

Polyphenols are the biggest group of phytochemicals, and many of them have been found in plant-based foods. Polyphenol-rich diets have been linked to many health benefits. This paper is intended to review the chemistry and biochemistry of polyphenols as related to classification, extraction, separation and analytical methods, their occurrence and biosynthesis in plants, and the biological activities and implications in human health. The discussions are focused on important and most recent advances in the above aspects, and challenges are identified for future research.
Anticoagulation in the Elderly
Authors: Robert-Ebadi Helia , Righini Marc
Published: December 2010

Management of anticoagulation in elderly patients represents a particularly challenging issue. Indeed, this patient population is at high thromboembolic risk, but also at high hemorrhagic risk. Assessment of the benefit-risk balance of anticoagulation is the key point when decisions are made about introducing and/or continuing such treatments in the individual elderly patient. In order to maximise the safety of anticoagulation in the elderly, some specific considerations need to be taken into account, including renal insufficiency, modified pharmacodynamics of anticoagulants, especially vitamin K antagonists, and the presence of multiple comorbidities and concomitant medications. New anticoagulants could greatly simplify and possibly increase the safety of anticoagulation in the elderly in the near future.
Estimating Urban Heat Island Effects on the Temperature Series of Uccle (Brussels, Belgium) Using Remote Sensing Data and a Land Surface Scheme
Authors: Hamdi Rafiq
Published: December 2010

In this letter, the urban heat island effects on the temperature time series of Uccle (Brussels, Belgium) during the summers months 1960–1999 was estimated using both ground-based weather stations and remote sensing imagery, combined with a numerical land surface scheme including state-of-the-art urban parameterization, the Town Energy Balance Scheme. Analysis of urban warming based on remote sensing method reveals that the urban bias on minimum temperature is rising at a higher rate, 2.5 times (2.85 ground-based observed) more, than on maximum temperature, with a linear trend of 0.15 °C (0.19 °C ground-based observed) and 0.06 °C (0.06 °C ground-based observed) per decade respectively. The results based on remote sensing imagery are compatible with estimates of urban warming based on weather stations. Therefore, the technique presented in this work is a useful tool in estimating the urban heat island contamination in long time series, countering the drawbacks of a ground-observational approach.
Ca2+-Regulated Photoproteins: Effective Immunoassay Reporters
Authors: Frank Ludmila A.
Published: December 2010

Ca2+-regulated photoproteins of luminous marine coelenterates are of interest and a challenge for researchers as a unique bioluminescent system and as a promising analytical instrument for both in vivo and in vitro applications. The proteins are comprehensively studied as to biochemical properties, tertiary structures, bioluminescence mechanism, etc. This knowledge, along with available recombinant proteins serves the basis for development of unique bioluminescent detection systems that are “self-contained”, triggerable, fast, highly sensitive, and non-hazardous. In the paper, we focus on the use of photoproteins as reporters in binding assays based on immunological recognition element—bioluminescent immunoassay and hybridization immunoassay, their advantages and prospects.