bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contexts and meanings of Japanese speech styles
Authors: Enyo Yumiko
Published: September 2015

Interactants’ non-reciprocal use of Japanese speech styles, i.e., the addressee honorific masu form and the non-honorific plain form, is frequently treated as the salient feature constituting speakers’ hierarchical identities. The hierarchical identities in question in this study are senpai-koohai ‘senior-junior’relationships among Japanese college students. The paper presents analyses that demonstrate that the construction of these hierarchical relationships depends on context. The data derive from nine hours of audio recordings of dyadic and multiparty interactions among college students at the meetings of an extracurricular club. Conceptualizing on-stage and off-stage as frames of talk that function as context in this data set, the study finds that hierarchical identities are not foregrounded during on-stage talk, but can be foregrounded during off-stage talk when the participants’ club roles are not foregrounded; the use of non-reciprocal speech styles that lead to hierarchical identity construction is observed in this situation. On the other hand, hierarchical identities are backgrounded during on-stage talk when the participants’ club roles are foregrounded. The use of the addressee honorific masu form in this situation indexes that the speaker is engaged in a club role, such as discussion leader or participant.
“Go up to miss thingy”. “He’s probably like a whatsit or something”.
Authors: Palacios Martínez Ignacio M. , Núñez Pertejo Paloma
Published: September 2015

In this paper we focus on some of the so-called ‘placeholders’, words that are almost empty semantically, used with multiple functions in communication and whose meaning has to be inferred by the listener (Jucker et al. 2003: 1749). This category of placeholders includes terms such as thing, thingy, stuff, thingummybob, thingybob and whatsit. We firstly identify the most common words in this category in the language of British adults and teenagers and we then consider them from a syntactic, a semantic and a pragmatic perspective. Our findings suggest that (i) the importance of these words lies in their pragmatic rather than in their semantic functions; (ii) contrary to what we expected, placeholders are not more common, statistically speaking, in the language of the younger generations than in that of adults; (iii) adults and teenagers share some of the uses of these terms; (iv) in the language of teenagers these dummy words are used in a wider range of contexts and situations. We finally contend that these lexical items show properties typical of pragmatic markers, since they help in the organisation of discourse, they are sometimes used as devices to hold or cede the floor and they also function interpersonally by promoting cooperation between the participants in the conversation.
Deployment of Paired Push Nets from Jet-Propelled Kayaks to Sample Ichthyoplankton
Authors: Acre Matthew R. , Grabowski Timothy B.
Published: September 2015

Accessing and effectively sampling the off-channel habitats that are considered crucial for early life stages of freshwater fishes constitute a difficult challenge when common ichthyoplankton survey methods, such as push nets, are used. We describe a new method of deploying push nets from jet-propelled kayaks to enable the sampling of previously inaccessible off-channel habitats. The described rig is also functional in more open and accessible habitats, such as the main channel of rivers or reservoirs. Although further evaluation is necessary to ensure that results are comparable across studies, the described push-net system offers a statistically rigorous methodology that generates replicate samples from a wide range of freshwater habitats that were previously inaccessible to this gear type.

Received January 26, 2015; accepted June 29, 2015
Doors for memory: A searchable database
Authors: Baddeley Alan D. , Hitch Graham J. , Quinlan Philip T. , Bowes Lindsey , Stone Rob
Published: September 2015

The study of human long-term memory has for over 50 years been dominated by research on words. This is partly due to lack of suitable nonverbal materials. Experience in developing a clinical test suggested that door scenes can provide an ecologically relevant and sensitive alternative to the faces and geometrical figures traditionally used to study visual memory. In pursuing this line of research, we have accumulated over 2000 door scenes providing a database that is categorized on a range of variables including building type, colour, age, condition, glazing, and a range of other physical characteristics. We describe an illustrative study of recognition memory for 100 doors tested by yes/no, two-alternative, or four-alternative forced-choice paradigms. These stimuli, together with the full categorized database, are available through a dedicated website. We suggest that door scenes provide an ecologically relevant and participant-friendly source of material for studying the comparatively neglected field of visual long-term memory.
Stock-Specific Size and Timing at Ocean Entry of Columbia River Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Steelhead: Implications for Early Ocean Growth
Authors: Weitkamp Laurie A. , Teel David J. , Liermann Martin , Hinton Susan A. , Van Doornik Donald M. , Bentley Paul J.
Published: September 2015

Juvenile salmon transitioning from freshwater to marine environments experience high variation in growth and survival, yet the specific causes of this variation are poorly understood. Size at and timing of ocean entry may contribute to this variation because they influence both the availability of prey and vulnerability to predators. To explore this issue, we used stock assignments based on genetic stock identification and internal tags to document the stock-specific size and timing of juvenile hatchery and presumed wild Columbia River Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss at ocean entry during 2007–2011. We found that juvenile salmon and steelhead had consistent stock-specific capture dates, with lower-river stocks typically having earlier timing than those originating farther upstream. Mean size also varied among stocks and was related to hatchery practices. Hatchery yearling Chinook Salmon and steelhead were consistently larger than wild fish from the same stocks, although timing in the estuary was similar. In contrast, hatchery subyearling Chinook Salmon were of similar size to wild fish but entered the ocean up to a month earlier. We evaluated the potential importance of these traits on early marine growth by estimating stock-specific growth rates for Chinook Salmon caught in estuarine and ocean habitats. Growth rates were related to relative ocean entry timing, with lower growth rates for stocks that had only recently arrived in marine waters. Our results demonstrate that stocks within a single basin can differ in their size and timing of ocean entry, life history traits that contribute to early marine growth and potentially to the survival of juvenile salmon. Our results also highlight the necessity of considering stock-specific variation in life history traits to understand salmon ecology and survival across the entire life cycle.

Received January 16, 2015; accepted April 28, 2015
Transmembrane proteoglycans control stretch-activated channels to set cytosolic calcium levels
Authors: Gopal Sandeep , Søgaard Pernille , Multhaupt Hinke A.B. , Pataki Csilla , Okina Elena , Xian Xiaojie , Pedersen Mikael E. , Stevens Troy , Griesbeck Oliver , Park Pyong Woo , Pocock Roger , Couchman John R.
Published: September 2015

Transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans regulate multiple aspects of cell behavior, but the molecular basis of their signaling is unresolved. The major family of transmembrane proteoglycans is the syndecans, present in virtually all nucleated cells, but with mostly unknown functions. Here, we show that syndecans regulate transient receptor potential canonical (TRPCs) channels to control cytosolic calcium equilibria and consequent cell behavior. In fibroblasts, ligand interactions with heparan sulfate of syndecan-4 recruit cytoplasmic protein kinase C to target serine714 of TRPC7 with subsequent control of the cytoskeleton and the myofibroblast phenotype. In epidermal keratinocytes a syndecan–TRPC4 complex controls adhesion, adherens junction composition, and early differentiation in vivo and in vitro. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the TRPC orthologues TRP-1 and -2 genetically complement the loss of syndecan by suppressing neuronal guidance and locomotory defects related to increases in neuronal calcium levels. The widespread and conserved syndecan–TRPC axis therefore fine tunes cytoskeletal organization and cell behavior.
Endothelial Msx1 transduces hemodynamic changes into an arteriogenic remodeling response
Authors: Vandersmissen Ine , Craps Sander , Depypere Maarten , Coppiello Giulia , van Gastel Nick , Maes Frederik , Carmeliet Geert , Schrooten Jan , Jones Elizabeth A.V. , Umans Lieve , Devlieger Roland , Koole Michel , Gheysens Olivier , Zwijsen An , Aranguren Xabier L. , Luttun Aernout
Published: September 2015

Collateral remodeling is critical for blood flow restoration in peripheral arterial disease and is triggered by increasing fluid shear stress in preexisting collateral arteries. So far, no arterial-specific mediators of this mechanotransduction response have been identified. We show that muscle segment homeobox 1 (MSX1) acts exclusively in collateral arterial endothelium to transduce the extrinsic shear stimulus into an arteriogenic remodeling response. MSX1 was specifically up-regulated in remodeling collateral arteries. MSX1 induction in collateral endothelial cells (ECs) was shear stress driven and downstream of canonical bone morphogenetic protein–SMAD signaling. Flow recovery and collateral remodeling were significantly blunted in EC-specific Msx1/2 knockout mice. Mechanistically, MSX1 linked the arterial shear stimulus to arteriogenic remodeling by activating the endothelial but not medial layer to a proinflammatory state because EC but not smooth muscle cellMsx1/2 knockout mice had reduced leukocyte recruitment to remodeling collateral arteries. This reduced leukocyte infiltration in EC Msx1/2 knockout mice originated from decreased levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1)/vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), whose expression was also in vitro driven by promoter binding of MSX1.
A novel form of synaptic plasticity in field CA3 of hippocampus requires GPER1 activation and BDNF release
Authors: Briz Victor , Liu Yan , Zhu Guoqi , Bi Xiaoning , Baudry Michel
Published: September 2015

Estrogen is an important modulator of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation through its rapid action on membrane-associated receptors. Here, we found that both estradiol and the G-protein–coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) specific agonist G1 rapidly induce brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) release, leading to transient stimulation of activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated (Arc) protein translation and GluA1-containing AMPA receptor internalization in field CA3 of hippocampus. We also show that type-I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation does not induce Arc translation nor long-term depression (LTD) at the mossy fiber pathway, as opposed to its effects in CA1, and it only triggers LTD after GPER1 stimulation. Furthermore, this form of mGluR-dependent LTD is associated with ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of GluA1, and is prevented by proteasome inhibition. Overall, our study identifies a novel mechanism by which estrogen and BDNF regulate hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the adult brain.
Type 3 innate lymphoid cells maintain intestinal epithelial stem cells after tissue damage
Authors: Aparicio-Domingo Patricia , Romera-Hernandez Monica , Karrich Julien J. , Cornelissen Ferry , Papazian Natalie , Lindenbergh-Kortleve Dicky J. , Butler James A. , Boon Louis , Coles Mark C. , Samsom Janneke N. , Cupedo Tom
Published: September 2015

Disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier allows bacterial translocation and predisposes to destructive inflammation. To ensure proper barrier composition, crypt-residing stem cells continuously proliferate and replenish all intestinal epithelial cells within days. As a consequence of this high mitotic activity, mucosal surfaces are frequently targeted by anticancer therapies, leading to dose-limiting side effects. The cellular mechanisms that control tissue protection and mucosal healing in response to intestinal damage remain poorly understood. Type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) are regulators of homeostasis and tissue responses to infection at mucosal surfaces. We now demonstrate that ILC3s are required for epithelial activation and proliferation in response to small intestinal tissue damage induced by the chemotherapeutic agent methotrexate. Multiple subsets of ILC3s are activated after intestinal tissue damage, and in the absence of ILC3s, epithelial activation is lost, correlating with increased pathology and severe damage to the intestinal crypts. Using ILC3-deficient Lgr5 reporter mice, we show that maintenance of intestinal stem cells after damage is severely impaired in the absence of ILC3s or the ILC3 signature cytokine IL-22. These data unveil a novel function of ILC3s in limiting tissue damage by preserving tissue-specific stem cells.
Critical role of phospholipase A2 group IID in age-related susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome–CoV infection
Authors: Vijay Rahul , Hua Xiaoyang , Meyerholz David K. , Miki Yoshimi , Yamamoto Kei , Gelb Michael , Murakami Makoto , Perlman Stanley
Published: September 2015

Oxidative stress and chronic low-grade inflammation in the lungs are associated with aging and may contribute to age-related immune dysfunction. To maintain lung homeostasis, chronic inflammation is countered by enhanced expression of proresolving/antiinflammatory factors. Here, we show that age-dependent increases of one such factor in the lungs, a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) group IID (PLA2G2D) with antiinflammatory properties, contributed to worse outcomes in mice infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Strikingly, infection of mice lacking PLA2G2D expression (Pla2g2d−/− mice) converted a uniformly lethal infection to a nonlethal one (>80% survival), subsequent to development of enhanced respiratory DC migration to the draining lymph nodes, augmented antivirus T cell responses, and diminished lung damage. We also observed similar effects in influenza A virus–infected middle-aged Pla2g2d−/− mice. Furthermore, oxidative stress, probably via lipid peroxidation, was found to induce PLA2G2D expression in mice and in human monocyte–derived macrophages. Thus, our results suggest that directed inhibition of a single inducible phospholipase, PLA2G2D, in the lungs of older patients with severe respiratory infections is potentially an attractive therapeutic intervention to restore immune function.
Autism-like syndrome is induced by pharmacological suppression of BET proteins in young mice
Authors: Sullivan Josefa M. , Badimon Ana , Schaefer Uwe , Ayata Pinar , Gray James , Chung Chun-wa , von Schimmelmann Melanie , Zhang Fan , Garton Neil , Smithers Nicholas , Lewis Huw , Tarakhovsky Alexander , Prinjha Rab K. , Schaefer Anne
Published: September 2015

Studies investigating the causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) point to genetic, as well as epigenetic, mechanisms of the disease. Identification of epigenetic processes that contribute to ASD development and progression is of major importance and may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we identify the bromodomain and extraterminal domain–containing proteins (BETs) as epigenetic regulators of genes involved in ASD-like behaviors in mice. We found that the pharmacological suppression of BET proteins in the brain of young mice, by the novel, highly specific, brain-permeable inhibitor I-BET858 leads to selective suppression of neuronal gene expression followed by the development of an autism-like syndrome. Many of the I-BET858–affected genes have been linked to ASD in humans, thus suggesting the key role of the BET-controlled gene network in the disorder. Our studies suggest that environmental factors controlling BET proteins or their target genes may contribute to the epigenetic mechanism of ASD.
The Arctic matters: extreme weather responds to diminished Arctic Sea ice
Authors: Francis J A
Published: September 2015

Screen et al (2015 Environ. Res. Lett.

10 084006) find that model simulations forced by past and future Arctic sea-ice conditions provide robust evidence that a variety of extreme weather events both within and beyond the Arctic will be affected by changing sea-ice conditions.
Disentangling via Tensor Products and Ordered Supports
Authors: Johnson Gerald W. , Lapidus Michel L. , Nielsen Lance
Published: September 2015

More involved types of disentanglings are considered in this chapter. We discuss the situation where the Banach space X can be written as a direct sum X=Y⊕Z, for some Banach spaces Y and Z, and each of the operators Ai can be decomposed as Ai=Bi⊕Ci, for i=1,…,n. A second type of disentangling discussed is that of a function which is symmetric in several of its variables. Next, consideration is given to the disentangling of certain analytic (i.e. holomorphic) functions which can be written as tensor products of analytic functions of one variable. Also discussed is the effect on the disentangling process of the use of time-ordering measures with ordered supports. The results obtained in this part of Chapter 3 play a role throughout the remainder of the book. Finally, the disentangling of so-called exponential factors is addressed; we track the occurrence of a particular operator in the time-ordered products that constitute the disentangling.
Extraction of Multilinear Factors and Iterative Disentangling
Authors: Johnson Gerald W. , Lapidus Michel L. , Nielsen Lance
Published: September 2015

The first three sections of this chapter present, in a rigorous way, the concepts and techniques of extracting linear, bilinear and multilinear factors from the disentangling of a given function. The way in which the supports of the time-ordering measures are clustered plays a prominent role in this discussion. The fourth and fifth sections of this chapter discuss the concept of iterative disentangling and some related examples. An appendix to this chapter presents a detailed discussion of the decomposition of disentanglings.
Auxiliary Operations and Disentangling Algebras
Authors: Johnson Gerald W. , Lapidus Michel L. , Nielsen Lance
Published: September 2015

This chapter provides a counterpart, in the context of the more abstract setting of the monograph as a whole, to the noncommutative operations on the disentangling algebras of Wiener functionals introduced in earlier work of the first two authors. More to the point, this chapter first defines families of disentangling algebras and then defines the noncommutative operations +∘ and øtimes as maps on these disentangling algebras. Algebraic properties of these operations are then established and the relations between the disentangling map and these operations are investigated.
Disentangling via Continuous and Discrete Measures
Authors: Johnson Gerald W. , Lapidus Michel L. , Nielsen Lance
Published: September 2015

While the version of the operational calculus discussed in earlier chapters makes use of only continuous time-ordering measures (that is, measures which do not change points), in this chapter the disentangling process in the presence of time-ordering measures with nonzero discrete parts is addressed. The disentangling map is defined in this setting and it is shown that its definition in this chapter is consistent with the previous definitions. Some interesting and useful special cases of the general disentangling formulas are then computed. Finally, stability properties are discussed in some detail.
Derivational Derivatives and Feynman’s Operational Calculi
Authors: Johnson Gerald W. , Lapidus Michel L. , Nielsen Lance
Published: September 2015

This chapter develops a differential calculus (or derivational calculus) that can be associated with the disentangled operators that arise from the approach to Feynman’s operational calculus which is used in this volume. The main part of this chapter deals with a first-order infinitesimal calculus for an analytic function of several noncommuting operators. Analogues of Newton’s and Taylor’s formulas of arbitrary orders and with explicit remainder terms are developed for certain types of disentangled operators.
Nest construction behaviour
Authors: Healy S.D. , Morgan K.V. , Bailey I.E.
Published: September 2015

There is quite a lot of evidence demonstrating that birds will choose the location in which they build their nest and they will even modify nest location choice based on decisions made by conspecifics or heterospecifics. We know considerably less, however, about whether birds learn which materials with which to build or how to manipulate that material into an appropriate structure. This seems surprising, given how important the nest is to most birds’ reproductive success. There is some evidence that birds will learn about materials during their early development and, recently, that they will change their material choice in response to the reproductive outcomes of those choices. This experience-dependence is at odds with the still-predominant view that nest building is genetic. The most likely explanation for this view, however, is that we have so few data, observational or experimental, concerning nest-building decision making.
Functional properties of nests
Authors: Deeming D.C. , Mainwaring M.C.
Published: September 2015

Nest building behaviours were traditionally thought to be innate, yet we now know that they involve considerable plasticity. Specifically, the materials used to build nests are changeable within the course of an individual’s lifetime and individuals use those materials that benefit either themselves or their offspring most. At the interspecific level, there is variation in the type and shape of nests built and the number of nests built per breeding season. At the intraspecific level meanwhile, there is variation in the time taken to build nests, the materials used to build them and the size of final nests. Such plasticity often serves to create a suitable microclimate for parents and offspring, but nests are also receptacles for eggs and nestlings. Thus, the design of nests is likely to reflect a trade-off between the requirement for a structural platform for the nest contents and for the creation of suitable micro-environments.
Egg allometry: influences of phylogeny and the altricial–precocial continuum
Authors: Birchard G.F. , Deeming D.C.
Published: September 2015

The inter-relations between egg mass and incubation parameters such as incubation period have been well described in the past. This new synthesis deals with two key elements of allometric analysis of avian reproduction. The first part of this chapter considers the effects of controlling for phylogeny on regression estimates for relationships between egg mass and incubation period, eggshell gas conductance and oxygen consumption. Essentially, unlike the significant effects of order, there is little effect of phylogeny on regression estimates. The second part deals with analyses that consider avian reproduction from a perspective of egg and clutch energy content rather than mass. Developmental maturity at hatching is also considered. The chapter demonstrates using these energetically driven investigations, that egg biologists must answer evolutionary questions through interpretation based upon appropriately scaled metrics. Also, although phylogeny matters, we must be conscious of possible evolutionary convergences, such as developmental maturity, and modify analyses appropriately to account for such effects.
Egg signalling: the use of visual, auditory, and chemical stimuli
Authors: Brulez K. , Pike T.W. , Reynolds S.J.
Published: September 2015

Birds have evolved a number of egg traits capable of transmitting information to a variety of receivers, from incubating parents through to predators and brood parasites. This occurs through visual, auditory and chemical stimuli. Research has primarily focussed on eggshell appearance in terms of base colour and pigmentation. This forms the main section of this chapter but it also considers other components of the eggs that may be acting as signals including size, shape, sound and smell. The chapter discusses how eggs can be used as signals by the reproductive female (and possibly the developing embryo), the nature of signals that eggs convey, and the identities of receivers that process these signals.
The energetic costs of incubation
Authors: Nord A. , Williams J.B.
Published: September 2015

This chapter discusses the energy balance and physiological homeostasis of incubating birds, ranging from taxonomic, geographical and life-history related variation in energy costs of incubation, to thermal considerations for birds on the nest, links between energy expenditure and fitness, and non-energetic costs of incubation. Energy costs of incubation amount to 3.4 times the basal metabolic rate (BMR). This is 15% lower than the cost of chick-rearing (2.9 × BMR) for all birds, but similar to chick-rearing costs in species with female-only incubation. Energy costs are typically higher in challenging conditions, which can impair fitness of parents and offspring. The chapter speculates on the physiological basis for this, and discusses how costs to parents may carry over to also affect nestling performance. The chapter ends by drawing attention to situations where the primary currency for incubation is not energy-based, which we exemplify by discussing the water economy of incubating desert birds.
Applications of incubation science to aviculture and conservation
Authors: Deeming D.C. , Jarrett N.S.
Published: September 2015

Modern conservation in birds is increasingly dependent on an understanding of biology of a diverse range of species. Unfortunately, our understanding of artificial incubation and egg science has in the past been limited to eggs of domestic poultry. However, there has been a realisation that factors such as incubation temperature or rates of egg turning established for poultry are not necessarily applicable to other species, such as passerines. By contrast, controlling weight loss from eggs can be easily achieved. This chapter describes incubators, and the artificial incubation conditions—temperature, humidity, respiratory gases and egg turning—in an attempt to provide an interface between science, conservationists and aviculturists. The factors involved in the practical application of artificial incubation are illustrated by the use of a case study illustrating the practical aspects of conservation of the Madagascar pochard.
The role of citizen science in studies of avian reproduction
Authors: Cooper C.B. , Bailey R.L. , Leech D.I.
Published: September 2015

Amateur ornithologists, such as birdwatchers, nest monitors, and ringers, have been, and will continue to be, key resources for ornithological research. These so-called citizen scientists significantly advance research by contributing to widely distributed and local projects and museum collections. This chapter reviews studies and discoveries related to avian reproduction that were made possible by citizen scientists. The studies span the use of historic collections of nests and eggs, as well as nest monitoring schemes, with a focus on those by the British Trust for Ornithology and the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Volunteer observations have contributed to our understanding of natural history, brood parasitism, nesting phenology, difficult-to-detect phenomena, geographic and temporal patterns in clutch size and productivity, behavioural ecology, breeding distributions, population modelling, frequency of breeding attempts, and post-fledging survival. The chapter concludes with issues related to new frontiers at the intersection of citizen science practice and avian reproduction.
Poisson Kernels and Green’s Representation Formula
Authors: Taheri Ali
Published: September 2015

This chapter establishes Green’s representation formula and using it to arrive at Greens functions and Poisson kernels. Presenting explicit examples of Greens functions and Poisson kernels in specific geometries, e.g., an hp-ball and a half-space. It presents an introductory study of the Newtonian potential.
Interpolation Theorems of Marcinkiewicz and Riesz-Thorin
Authors: Taheri Ali
Published: September 2015

This chapter introduces the two main interpolations theorems: Marcinkiewicz and Riesz-Thorin. It also presents a number of important applications. The chapter includes a discussion of weak-Lebesgue spaces, Lorentz spaces and their interpolation properties.
The Hilbert Transform on Lp(T) and Riesz’s Theorem
Authors: Taheri Ali
Published: September 2015

This chapter introduces the conjugate or Hilbert transform on the circle and establishes its a.e. existence and Lp boundedness by three different methods. The chapter also includes an application of the latter to norm convergence of Fourier series in Lp via boundedness of Riesz projections.
Morrey and Campanatovs. Hardy and John-Nirenberg Spaces
Authors: Taheri Ali
Published: September 2015

This chapter presents an analysis of decay rates of integral means of functions. It also provides an introduction of Morrey and Campanato spaces and their relation to Holder spaces. It also provides an introduction of John-Nirenberg space BMO and real Hardy spaces Hp The Hardy space H1 the div-curl lemma, some Hardy space techniques in PDEs and higher integrability of Jacobians.
Friends and ‘Anti-Fennelists’
Authors: Lee Lois
Published: September 2015

This chapter focuses on the social side of ‘secularity’, demonstrating how non-religious engagements with religion structure social relations in positive and negative ways. It shows how people’s religious, spiritual, non-religious, and secularist knowledge and situated identities become visible when they recall social encounters. Building on the idea of everyday, banal non-religiosity, this chapter demonstrates the ways in which non-religious cultures are shared between people at certain moments and become part of the tacit knowledge that mediates their ongoing relationships. While participating in organized non-religious activity remains relatively marginal in the UK, non-religiosity therefore contributes to the ‘hidden solidarities’ of everyday social relations and friendship. These forms of solidarity are less visible than centralized and institutional ones, as are the cultural forms that mediate them, but they nevertheless structure daily lives.
WZ Sge-type dwarf novae
Authors: Kato Taichi
Published: September 2015

We have summarized the current understanding and recently obtained findings about WZ Sge-type dwarf novae. We also reviewed the historical development of the understanding of these objects, provided the modern criteria, and reviewed the past research in relation to superhumps, early superhumps, and the outburst mechanism. We regard the presence of early superhumps (reflecting the 2:1 resonance) and long or multiple rebrightenings as the best distinguishing properties of WZ Sge-type dwarf novae. We provided the updated list of nearly 100 WZ Sge-type dwarf novae mainly based on the data obtained by the VSNET Collaboration up to Kato et al. (2015, PASJ, 67, 105), and discussed the statistics. We could detect early superhumps with amplitude larger than 0.02 mag in 63% of the studied WZ Sge-type dwarf novae, which makes early superhumps a useful distinguishing feature for WZ Sge-type dwarf novae. Theoretical light curves of early superhumps generally appear to reproduce the existence of many low-amplitude objects, supporting the geometrical origin of early superhumps. Using the recently developed method of measuring mass ratios using developing phase of superhumps (stage A superhumps), we showed that there is a linear relation between the period variation of superhumps and the mass ratio in WZ Sge-type objects. By using this relation, we were able to draw an evolutionary picture of a large number of WZ Sge-type dwarf novae and identified the type of outburst to be an evolutionary sequence: type C → D → A → B → E, with some outliers for type-B objects. The duration of stage A (evolutionary phase) of superhumps is also well correlated with the estimated mass ratios. By using mass ratios from stage A superhumps and the duration of stage A, we have been able to identify the best candidates for period bouncers.
Serial Casting for Infantile Idiopathic Scoliosis: Radiographic Outcomes and Factors Associated With Response to Treatment
Authors: Iorio Justin , Orlando Giuseppe , Diefenbach Chris , Gaughan John P. , Samdani Amer F. , Pahys Joshua M. , Betz Randal R. , Cahill Patrick J.
Published: September 2015

Background:

Serial casting for early-onset scoliosis has been shown to improve curve deformity. Our goal was to define clinical and radiographic features that determine response to treatment.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed patients with idiopathic infantile scoliosis with a minimum of 2-year follow-up. Inclusion criteria were: progressive idiopathic infantile scoliosis and initial casting before 6 years of age. Two groups were analyzed and compared: group 1 (≥10-degree improvement in Cobb angle from baseline) and group 2 (no improvement).

Results:

Twenty-one patients with an average Cobb angle of 48 degrees (range, 24 to 72 degrees) underwent initial casting at an average age of 2.1 years (range, 0.7 to 5.4 y). Average follow-up was 3.5 years (range, 2 to 6.9 y). Sex, age at initial casting, magnitude of spinal deformity, and curve flexibility (defined as change in Cobb angle from pretreatment to first in-cast radiograph) were not significantly different between groups (P>0.05). Group 1 had a significantly higher body mass index (BMI) than group 2 at the onset of treatment (17.6 vs. 14.8, P<0.05). Univariate analysis of demographic, radiographic, and treatment factors revealed that only BMI was predictive of Cobb improvement (P=0.04; odds ratio=2.38). Group 1 (n=15) had a significantly lower Cobb angle (21 vs. 56 degrees) and rib vertebral angle difference (13 vs. 25 degrees) compared with group 2 at latest follow-up (P<0.05). A significantly larger proportion of children who were casted at less than 1.8 years of age had a Cobb angle <20 degrees at latest follow-up (P=0.03). Group 2 maintained stable clinical and radiograph parameters from pretreatment to most recent follow-up.

Conclusions:

To maintain a homogeneous cohort, we excluded patients with syndromes and developmental delays. We believe that analyzing a homogeneous group provides more meaningful results than if we studied a heterogeneous sample. BMI was significantly associated with outcome such that for each unit increase in BMI, there is a 2.38× increase in the chance of improvement. Curve flexibility was similar between groups, which suggest that the amount of correction obtained at initial casting does not confirm treatment success. Key aspects of treatment that may determine success include age of less than 1.8 years at initiation of casting and derotation of the spine to correct rib vertebral angle difference of <20 degrees.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV—Therapeutic.
Tsunamis: bridging science, engineering and society
Authors: Kânoğlu U. , Titov V. , Bernard E. , Synolakis C.
Published: September 2015

Tsunamis are high-impact, long-duration disasters that in most cases allow for only minutes of warning before impact. Since the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami, there have been significant advancements in warning methodology, pre-disaster preparedness and basic understanding of related phenomena. Yet, the trail of destruction of the 2011 Japan tsunami, broadcast live to a stunned world audience, underscored the difficulties of implementing advances in applied hazard mitigation. We describe state of the art methodologies, standards for warnings and summarize recent advances in basic understanding, and identify cross-disciplinary challenges. The stage is set to bridge science, engineering and society to help build up coastal resilience and reduce losses.
The meteorite impact-induced tsunami hazard
Authors: Wünnemann K. , Weiss R.
Published: September 2015

When a cosmic object strikes the Earth, it most probably falls into an ocean. Depending on the impact energy and the depth of the ocean, a large amount of water is displaced, forming a temporary crater in the water column. Large tsunami-like waves originate from the collapse of the cavity in the water and the ejecta splash. Because of the far-reaching destructive consequences of such waves, an oceanic impact has been suggested to be more severe than a similar-sized impact on land; in other words, oceanic impacts may punch over their weight. This review paper summarizes the process of impact-induced wave generation and subsequent propagation, whether the wave characteristic differs from tsunamis generated by other classical mechanisms, and what methods have been applied to quantify the consequences of an oceanic impact. Finally, the impact-induced tsunami hazard will be evaluated by means of the Eltanin impact event.
New computational methods in tsunami science
Authors: Behrens J. , Dias F.
Published: September 2015

Tsunamis are rare events with severe consequences. This generates a high demand on accurate simulation results for planning and risk assessment purposes because of the low availability of actual data from historic events. On the other hand, validation of simulation tools becomes very difficult with such a low amount of real-world data. Tsunami phenomena involve a large span of spatial and temporal scales—from ocean basin scales ofto local coastal wave interactions ofor even, or from resonating wave phenomena with durations ofto rupture with time periods of. The scale gap of five orders of magnitude in each dimension makes accurate modelling very demanding, with a number of approaches being taken to work around the impossibility of direct numerical simulations. Along with the mentioned multi-scale characteristic, the tsunami wave has a multitude of different phases, corresponding to different wave regimes and associated equation sets. While in the deep ocean, wave propagation can be approximated relatively accurately by linear shallow-water theory, the transition to a bore or solitary wave train in shelf areas and then into a breaking wave in coastal regions demands appropriate mathematical and numerical treatments. The short duration and unpredictability of tsunami events pose another challenging requirement to tsunami simulation approaches. An accurate forecast is sought within seconds with very limited data available. Thus, efficiency in numerical solution processes and at the same time the consideration of uncertainty play a big role in tsunami modelling applied for forecasting purposes.
Ornithinimicrobium algicola sp. nov., a marine actinobacterium isolated from the green alga of the genus Ulva
Authors: Ramaprasad E. V. V. , Sasikala Ch. , Ramana Ch. V.
Published: September 2015

A Gram-staining-positive, non-spore-forming actinobacterium, strain JC311T, isolated from marine green alga of the genus Ulva was studied to examine its taxonomic position. On the basis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies, strain JC311T was shown represent a member of the genus Ornithinimicrobium and to be closely related to Ornithinimicrobium pekingense LW6T (98.6 %), Ornithinimicrobium kibberense K22-20T (98.3 %) and Ornithinimicrobium humiphilum HKI 0124T (98.1 %). However, strain JC311T showed less than 22 % DNA reassociation value (based on DNA–DNA hybridization) with O. pekingense JCM14001T, O. kibberense JCM12763T and O. humiphilum KCTC19901T. The predominant menaquinone of strain JC311T was MK-8(H4). The peptidoglycan contained l-ornithine as the diagnostic diamino acid. The polar lipid profile consisted of the lipids diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, glycophospholipid, aminophospholipid, phospholipid and two unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 1ω9c and iso-C17 : 0 were consistent with the fatty acid patterns reported for members of the genus Ornithinimicrobium. The distinct genomic, morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic differences from the previously described taxa support the classification of JC311T as a representative of a novel species of the genus Ornithinimicrobium, for which we propose the name Ornithinimicrobium algicola sp. nov., with the type strain JC311T ( = KCTC 39559 T =  LMG 28808T).
Molecular characterization of novel mucosotropic papillomaviruses from a Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)
Authors: Zahin Maryam , Ghim Shin-je , Khanal Sujita , Bossart Gregory D. , Jenson Alfred B. , Joh Joongho
Published: September 2015

We isolated two new manatee papillomavirus (PV) types, TmPV3 and TmPV4, from a Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Two PV types were previously isolated from this species. TmPV1 is widely dispersed amongst manatees and a close-to-root PV; not much is known about TmPV2. The genomes of TmPV3 and TmPV4 were 7622 and 7771 bp in size, respectively. Both PVs had a genomic organization characteristic of all PVs, with one non-coding region and seven ORFs, including the E7 ORF that is absent in other cetacean PVs. Although these PVs were isolated from separate genital lesions of the same manatee, an enlarged E2/E4 ORF was found only in the TmPV4 genome. The full genome and L1 sequence similarities between TmPV3 and TmPV4 were 63.2 and 70.3 %, respectively. These genomes shared only 49.1 and 50.2 % similarity with TmPV1. The pairwise alignment of L1 nucleotide sequences indicated that the two new PVs nested in a monophyletic group of the genus Rhopapillomavirus, together with the cutaneotropic TmPV1 and TmPV2.
Systematic Review of the Research on Morphological Modularity
Authors: Esteve-Altava Borja
Published: September 2015

The modular organization of the phenotype is an emergent property that derives from a semi-independent relation of body parts in their inheritance, development, function, and evolution. Understanding the modular organization of living beings is essential to understand the evolvability and plasticity of organismal form, and how morphological variation is structured during evolution and development. For this reason, delimiting morphological modules and establishing the factors originating them is a lively field of inquiry in biology today. However, unifying the results of the available body of knowledge is a challenge because of the large number of species studied and the disparity of morphological system, from the flower of angiosperms to the wing of insects and the head of primates (to name a few). The specific factors behind each pattern of modularity and the methods used to identify vary widely as well. This review summarizes more than 190 original research articles since 1958, in order to get a quantitative appraisal on what is studied, how is studied, and how results are explained. The results reveal an heterogeneous picture, where some taxa, systems, and approaches are over-studied, while others receive minor attention; other major trends and gaps in the study of morphological modularity through time are also discussed. In sum, this systematic review seeks to offer an objective view of this research field and highlight future research niches.
Plasticity-Driven Self-Organization under Topological Constraints Accounts for Non-Random Features of Cortical Synaptic Wiring
Authors: Miner Daniel , Triesch Jochen
Published: September 2015

Understanding the structure and dynamics of cortical connectivity is vital to understanding cortical function. Experimental data strongly suggest that local recurrent connectivity in the cortex is significantly non-random, exhibiting, for example, above-chance bidirectionality and an overrepresentation of certain triangular motifs. Additional evidence suggests a significant distance dependency to connectivity over a local scale of a few hundred microns, and particular patterns of synaptic turnover dynamics, including a heavy-tailed distribution of synaptic efficacies, a power law distribution of synaptic lifetimes, and a tendency for stronger synapses to be more stable over time. Understanding how many of these non-random features simultaneously arise would provide valuable insights into the development and function of the cortex. While previous work has modeled some of the individual features of local cortical wiring, there is no model that begins to comprehensively account for all of them. We present a spiking network model of a rodent Layer 5 cortical slice which, via the interactions of a few simple biologically motivated intrinsic, synaptic, and structural plasticity mechanisms, qualitatively reproduces these non-random effects when combined with simple topological constraints. Our model suggests that mechanisms of self-organization arising from a small number of plasticity rules provide a parsimonious explanation for numerous experimentally observed non-random features of recurrent cortical wiring. Interestingly, similar mechanisms have been shown to endow recurrent networks with powerful learning abilities, suggesting that these mechanism are central to understanding both structure and function of cortical synaptic wiring.

Author Summary

The problem of how the brain wires itself up has important implications for the understanding of both brain development and cognition. The microscopic structure of the circuits of the adult neocortex, often considered the seat of our highest cognitive abilities, is still poorly understood. Recent experiments have provided a first set of findings on the structural features of these circuits, but it is unknown how these features come about and how they are maintained. Here we present a neural network model that shows how these features might come about. It gives rise to numerous connectivity features, which have been observed in experiments, but never before simultaneously produced by a single model. Our model explains the development of these structural features as the result of a process of self-organization. The results imply that only a few simple mechanisms and constraints are required to produce, at least to the first approximation, various characteristic features of a typical fragment of brain microcircuitry. In the absence of any of these mechanisms, simultaneous production of all desired features fails, suggesting a minimal set of necessary mechanisms for their production.
Crystal structure of ethyl 4-(2-fluorophenyl)-6-methyl-2-sulfanylidene-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate
Authors: Krishnamurthy M. S. , Begum Noor Shahina
Published: September 2015

The title compound, C14H15FN2O2S, crystallizes with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. In each molecule, the pyrimidine ring adopts a sofa conformation with thesp3-hybridized C atom forming the flap and the fluoro-substituted ring in an axial position. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviaN—H...S hydrogen bonds, forming chains ofR22(8) rings along [100]. In one independent molecule, an intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond is observed.