bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does Membrane Thickness Affect the Transport of Selective Ions Mediated by Ionophores in Synthetic Membranes?
Authors: Lomora Mihai , Dinu Ionel Adrian , Itel Fabian , Rigo Serena , Spulber Mariana , Palivan Cornelia G.
Published: September 2015

Biomimetic polymer nanocompartments (polymersomes) with preserved architecture and ion‐selective membrane permeability represent cutting‐edge mimics of cellular compartmentalization. Here it is studied whether the membrane thickness affects the functionality of ionophores in respect to the transport of Ca2+ ions in synthetic membranes of polymersomes, which are up to 2.6 times thicker than lipid membranes (5 nm). Selective permeability toward calcium ions is achieved by proper insertion of ionomycin, and demonstrated by using specific fluorescence markers encapsulated in their inner cavities. Preservation of polymersome architecture is shown by a combination of light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. By using a combination of stopped‐flow and fluorescence spectroscopy, it is shown that ionomycin can function and transport calcium ions across polymer membranes with thicknesses in the range 10.7–13.4 nm (7.1–8.9 times larger than the size of the ionophore). Thicker membranes induce a decrease in transport, but do not block it due to the intrinsic flexibility of these synthetic membranes. The design of ion selective biomimetic nanocompartments represents a new path toward the development of cellular ion nanosensors and nano­reactors, in which calcium sensitive biomacromolecules can be triggered for specific biological functions.

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Indocyanine green angiography for prediction of thrombosis in the internal jugular vein
Authors: Yoshimatsu Hidehiko , Yamamoto Takumi , Iida Takuya
Published: September 2015

Background

Although rare, thrombosis does occur in the internal jugular vein (IJV), which often leads to detrimental results. The aim of this report is to evaluate the feasibility of intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) angiography for prediction of IJV thrombosis.

Patients and Methods

From December of 2013 to August of 2014, we performed ICG angiography intraoperatively on patients who underwent free‐flap reconstruction with head and neck cancer. Ten flaps from 8 of these patients were chosen where one pedicle artery of a flap was anastomosed to the superior thyroid artery in an end‐to‐end fashion, and one pedicle vein of the flap was anastomosed to the IJV in an end‐to‐side fashion. For each case, the time it took for the dye to enter the pedicle artery and exit the pedicle vein into the IJV was measured in seconds (ICG time). These data were compared in 2 groups: group 1, which showed signs of congestion postoperatively and group 2, which showed no signs of congestion. Signs of congestions were defined as purple or blue flap color, rapid capillary refill, swollen flap, and brisk bleeding with dark blood after prick with 23‐gauge needle.

Results

Of the 10 flaps, 1 flap demonstrated signs of congestion postoperatively and was found with a thrombus in the IJV. The ICG time in this case was significantly longer than the means of ICG time in flaps with no thrombosis (18 ± 0 seconds versus 6.0 ± 1.0).

Conclusions

Intraoperative ICG angiography may predict postoperative IJV thrombosis with accuracy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:469–473, 2015.
A detailed mechanistic investigation into the reaction of 3‐methylpentanoic acid with Meldrum's acid utilizing online NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Dunn Anna L. , Codina Anna , Foley David A. , Marquez Brian L. , Zell Mark T.
Published: September 2015

A thorough investigation into the mechanism of the reaction of 3‐methylpentanoic acid and Meldrum's acid using online NMR spectroscopy is reported. This study is an expansion of a previous analysis of this chemical transformation in the synthesis of an active pharmaceutical ingredient imagabalin. The 3‐methylpentanoic acid analogue reveals similar behavior under the reaction conditions. Online NMR spectroscopy and offline characterization experiments reveal new information about the mechanism, providing conclusive spectroscopic evidence for the previously hypothesized dimer anhydride intermediate species 3‐methylpentanoic anhydride as a productive intermediate. The presence of an acyl chloride intermediate species, 3‐methylpentanoyl chloride, is also revealed for the first time in this synthesis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Through‐space 19F–19F spin–spin coupling in ortho‐fluoro Z‐azobenzene
Authors: Rastogi Shiva K. , Rogers Robert A. , Shi Justin , Brown Christopher T. , Salinas Cindy , Martin Katherine M. , Armitage Jacob , Dorsey Christopher , Chun Gao , Rinaldi Peter , Brittain William J.
Published: September 2015

We report through‐space (TS) 19F–19F coupling for ortho‐fluoro‐substituted Z‐azobenzenes. The magnitude of the TS‐coupling constant (TSJFF) ranged from 2.2–5.9 Hz. Using empirical formulas reported in the literature, these coupling constants correspond to non‐bonded F–F distances (dFF) of 3.0–3.5 Å. These non‐bonded distances are significantly smaller than those determined by X‐ray crystallography or density functional theory, which argues that simple models of 19F–19F TS spin–spin coupling solely based dFF are not applicable. 1H, 13C and 19F data are reported for both the E and Z isomers of ten fluorinated azobenzenes. Density functional theory [B3YLP/6‐311++G(d,p)] was used to calculate 19F chemical shifts, and the calculated values deviated 0.3–10.0 ppm compared with experimental values. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of childhood and recent traumatic events on the clinical presentation of overactive bladder
Authors: Lai H. Henry , Morgan Clinton D. , Vetter Joel , Andriole Gerald L.
Published: September 2015

Aims

(1) To describe the Prevalence of childhood and recent trauma in patients with overactive bladder (OAB), and (2) assess the impact of traumatic events on the clinical presentation and the severity of OAB symptoms, quality of life, and psychosocial health.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with OAB (n = 51) and age‐matched healthy controls (n = 30) were administered the Childhood Traumatic Events Scale and Recent Traumatic Events Scale, assessing exposure and perceived impact of common traumatic events. Among OAB patients, validated instruments were administered to correlate traumatic exposure to evaluate adult urinary symptoms (ICIQ‐UI, ICIQ‐OAB, OAB‐q, UDI‐6, IIQ‐7, USS), mood dysregulation (HADS), sleep and fatigue (PROMIS), and Psychological stress (PSS).

Results

Childhood sexual trauma was more prevalent in patients with OAB compared to controls (29.4% vs. 6.7%, P = 0.041). OAB patients also rated their childhood sexual exposure as more traumatic compared to controls (mean ratings of 1.7 vs. 0.4, P = 0.050). There was no difference in childhood deaths (P = 0.24), parental upheaval (P = 0.87), violence (P = 0.099), illness/injury (P = 0.683), or any recent traumatic events between OAB and control subjects. Childhood trauma predicted worse bladder pain (P = 0.005), worse non‐urologic pain (P = 0.017), poorer mood (P = 0.001), higher anxiety (P = 0.029), higher physical symptom burden (P < 0.001), and higher psychological stress (P < 0.039). However, childhood trauma did not correlate with the severity of OAB symptoms (urgency, frequency, incontinence).

Conclusions

Thirty percent of OAB patients reported childhood sexual trauma. These patients report more pain symptoms, poorer mood, and greater somatic burden. These data highlight the potentiating role of psychosocial stressors from childhood in the adult suffering from OAB. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:1017–1023, 2016. © 2015 Wiley periodicals, Inc.
Life distribution analysis based on Lévy subordinators for degradation with random jumps
Authors: Shu Yin , Feng Qianmei , Coit David W.
Published: September 2015

For a component or a system subject to stochastic degradation with sporadic jumps that occur at random times and have random sizes, we propose to model the cumulative degradation with random jumps using a single stochastic process based on the characteristics of Lévy subordinators, the class of nondecreasing Lévy processes. Based on the inverse Fourier transform, we derive a new closed‐form reliability function and probability density function for lifetime, represented by Lévy measures. The reliability function derived using the traditional convolution approach for common stochastic models such as gamma degradation process with random jumps, is revealed to be a special case of our general model. Numerical experiments are used to demonstrate that our model performs well for different applications, when compared with the traditional convolution method. More importantly, it is a general and useful tool for life distribution analysis of stochastic degradation with random jumps in multidimensional cases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 62: 483–492, 2015
Topology optimization of multiscale elastoviscoplastic structures
Authors: Fritzen Felix , Xia Liang , Leuschner Matthias , Breitkopf Piotr
Published: September 2015

This paper extends current concepts of topology optimization to the design of structures made of nonlinear microheterogeneous materials. The objective is to maximize the macroscopic structural stiffness for a prescribed material volume usage while accounting for the nonlinearity and the microstructure of the material. The resulting design problem considers two scales: the macroscopic scale at which the optimization is performed and the microscopic scale at which the material heterogeneities and the nonlinearities are observed. The topology optimization at the macroscopic scale is performed by means of the bi‐directional evolutionary structural optimization method. The solution of the macroscopic boundary value problem requires as inputs the effective constitutive response with full consideration of the microstructure. While computational homogenization methods such as the FE2 method could be used to solve the nonlinear multiscale problem, the associated numerical expense (CPU time and memory) is highly unacceptable. In order to regain the computational feasibility of the computational scale transition, a recent model reduction technique of the authors is employed: the potential‐based reduced basis model order reduction with graphics processing unit acceleration. Numerical examples show the efficiency of the resulting nonlinear two‐scale designs. The impact of different load amplitudes on the design is examined. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zinc selective nano‐hybrid cation exchanger carboxymethyl cellulose Zr(IV) tungstate: Sol‐gel synthesis, physicochemical characterization, and analytical applications
Authors: Inamuddin  , Hussain Sardar , Mohammad Ali , Khan Anish
Published: September 2015

Nano‐hybrid cation‐exchanger, carboxymethyl cellulose Zr(IV) tungstate was synthesized in the presence of surfactant. Physicochemical properties like thermal stability, surface morphology, particle size, and composition were evaluated by using thermogravimetric analysis/diffrential thermal analysis/diffrential thermogravimetry (TGA/DTA/DTG), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission elctron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) techniques. The ion exchange properties such as ion exchange capacity, elution behavior, eluent concentration, thermal effects, and pH titration were also performed to validate ion exchange behavior of synthesized material. Incorporation of carboxymethyl cellulose into the matrices of inorganic gels of Zr(IV) tungstate resulted enhanced ion exchange capacity and better mechanical stability of nano‐hybrid cation exchanger. A series of experiments were carried out for selective separation of Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions of two‐component mixtures of heavy metal ions such as Zn(II)‐Hg(II), Zn(II)‐Cd(II), Zn(II)‐Ni(II), and Zn(II)‐Mg(II). The distribution studies showed that the synthesized nano‐hybrid cation‐exchanger is highly selective to Zn(II) ions. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2057–2066, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Flimmernde Luft und funkelnde Sterne
Authors: Vollmer Michael , Möllmann Klaus‐Peter
Published: September 2015

Das Flimmern der Sterne, von manchen als romantisch empfunden, ist für Astronomen ein Ärgernis. Selbst bei klarer Luft scheinen die Sterne herumzuhüpfen und in ständiger Bewegung zu sein. Das Maß des Seeings, wie die Wissenschaftler sagen, beschränkt das räumliche Auflösungsvermögen von Teleskopen. Mit einer einfachen Versuchsanordnung und einer Hochgeschwindigkeits‐Kamera lässt sich dieses Phänomen im Labor nachstellen und analysieren.
Cyclodextrine: wenn Chemie Physik auslöst
Authors: Vilgis Thomas
Published: September 2015

Cyclodextrine besitzen torusförmige Strukturen mit erstaunlichen Eigenschaften: Die Innenseite des Torus ist lipophil, die Außenseite hydrophil. Die geschmacksneutralen “Ringzucker” können in ihrem Hohlraum wasserunlösliche Stoffe beherbergen, ermöglichen aber auch neuartige Emulsionen mit steuerbarer Viskosität, intensivem Geschmack und lang anhaltender Aromafreigabe.
Does Executive Sponsorship Matter for Realizing Project Management Value?
Authors: Chandler Dawne E. , Thomas Janice L.
Published: September 2015

Executive sponsorship is critical to project success; however, the impact of the sponsorship role on project management value and sustainability is not known. Using correlation analysis we examine survey responses from 91 U.S. executives. Formalizing and providing training on the sponsorship role and responsibilities are both significantly related to senior management's perception of the sustainability of project management value. Unexpectedly, no significant relationship exists between the prevalence of the sponsorship role and project management value outcomes. These results extend our understanding of the importance of the sponsorship role and provide practical guidance for those seeking to improve the sustainability of project management value.
Selection of recombinant anti‐SH3 domain antibodies by high‐throughput phage display
Authors: Huang Haiming , Economopoulos Nicolas O. , Liu Bernard A. , Uetrecht Andrea , Gu Jun , Jarvik Nick , Nadeem Vincent , Pawson Tony , Moffat Jason , Miersch Shane , Sidhu Sachdev S.
Published: September 2015

Antibodies are indispensable tools in biochemical research and play an expanding role as therapeutics. While hybridoma technology is the dominant method for antibody production, phage display is an emerging technology. Here, we developed and employed a high‐throughput pipeline that enables selection of antibodies against hundreds of antigens in parallel. Binding selections using a phage‐displayed synthetic antigen‐binding fragment (Fab) library against 110 human SH3 domains yielded hundreds of Fabs targeting 58 antigens. Affinity assays demonstrated that representative Fabs bind tightly and specifically to their targets. Furthermore, we developed an efficient affinity maturation strategy adaptable to high‐throughput, which increased affinity dramatically but did not compromise specificity. Finally, we tested Fabs in common cell biology applications and confirmed recognition of the full‐length antigen in immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assays. In summary, we have established a rapid and robust high‐throughput methodology that can be applied to generate highly functional and renewable antibodies targeting protein domains on a proteome‐wide scale.
Influence of the Cu2ZnSnS4 absorber thickness on thin film solar cells
Authors: Ren Yi , Scragg Jonathan J. S. , Frisk Christopher , Larsen Jes K. , Li Shu‐Yi , Platzer‐Björkman Charlotte
Published: September 2015

In this study, we investigate the influence of absorber thickness on Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) solar cells, ranging from 500 to 2000 nm, with nearly constant metallic composition. Despite the observed ZnS and SnS phases on the surface and backside of all absorber films, scanning electron microscopy, Raman scattering, and X‐ray diffraction show no large variations in material quality for the different thicknesses. The open‐circuit voltage (Voc), short‐circuit current and overall power conversion efficiency of the fabricated devices show an initial improvement as the absorber thickness increases but saturate when the thickness exceeds 750 nm. External quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements suggest that the current is mainly limited by collection losses. This can result from non‐optimal bulk quality of the CZTS absorber (including the presence of secondary phases), which is apparently further reduced for the thinnest devices. The observed saturation of Voc agrees with the expected influence from strong interface recombination. Finally, an effective collection depth of 750–1000 nm for the minority carriers generated in the absorber can be estimated from EQE, indicating that the proper absorber thickness for our device process is approximately 1000 nm. Performance could be improved for thicker films, if the collection depth can be increased.
Thermography and electroluminescence imaging of scribing failures in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar modules
Authors: Misic B. , Pieters B. E. , Schweitzer U. , Gerber A. , Rau U.
Published: September 2015

Intentionally implemented scribing failures in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 modules are studied using electroluminescence (EL) and dark lock‐in thermography (DLIT). While the EL images do not allow a non‐ambiguous defect distinction, the DLIT images reveal characteristic defect patterns for each defect type. In order to explain the DLIT defect appearance, we model and simulate the scribing defects in a network simulation model. The simulations yield characteristic current flow patterns for each scribing defect type and thus aid in the understanding and interpretation of the measurements.
Photoconductive thin films of AgSbS2 with cubic crystalline structure in solar cells
Authors: Capistrán‐Martínez Jesús , Nair P. K.
Published: September 2015

Polycrystalline thin films of AgSbS2 of thickness 140 nm and crystalline structure matching that of the mineral cuboargyrite (a = 0.5652 nm) are obtained by heating chemically deposited thin films at 150–320 °C. These films are deposited at 40 °C from a solution mixture containing antimony‐thiosulfate complex and Ag‐nitrate at a mole‐fraction Ag/(Ag+Sb) of 0.31. The as‐deposited films are progressively transformed to cubic‐AgSbS2, with the fraction of crystalline matter at 3.7% after heating at 150 °C and 98% at 280 °C. The crystalline grain diameter is limited to 8–11 nm. The amorphous film has an optical band gap (Eg) of 2.03 eV and the film heated at 320 °C has an Eg of 1.79 eV. The crystalline films are photoconductive; with electrical conductivity of 10−5 Ω−1 cm−1 under an intensity of illumination, 1000 W m−2 (tungsten‐halogen). The mobility–lifetime product of the material is 7.5 × 10−7 cm2 V−1. A solar cell, SnO2:F/CdS/AgSbS2(420 nm)/C, has open circuit voltage, 0.615 V; short‐circuit current density, 1.67 mA cm−2; and conversion efficiency, 0.57% for air‐mass 1.5 global solar radiation. Estimate for the maximum photo‐generated current density for cubic‐AgSbS2 is 16 mA cm−2; hence a supplementary absorber is recommended for future development of the solar cell.
PEO of rheocast A356 Al alloy: energy efficiency and corrosion properties
Authors: Mohedano Marta , Matykina Endzhe , Arrabal Raul , Mingo Beatriz , Zheludkevich Mikhail L.
Published: September 2015

PEO coatings were developed under voltage‐controlled mode on a rheocast A356 aluminum alloy without and with pretreatment by conventional anodizing in sulphuric acid. Microstructure and composition of uncoated and coated materials were studied using SEM, EDS and XRD. The anodic precursor oxide layer preserves the microstructure of the alloy because of the presence of secondary phases having a different behavior relative to the matrix during conventional anodizing. After PEO treatment, the coatings consisted of a mixture of α‐Al2O3, γ‐Al2O3, SiO2 and mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2). The effect of pre‐anodizing on energy efficiency was investigated revealing considerable energy savings with the precursor porous films, because of the faster establishment of the so‐called ‘soft sparking’ regime that promotes faster coating growth rate. The electrochemical corrosion properties were evaluated for uncoated and coated materials using electrochemical techniques (potentiodynamic curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). PEO coated materials showed remarkably reduced susceptibility to corrosion. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nachbehandlung an Schweißnähten
Authors: Baier Erhard
Published: September 2015

Die Erhöhung der Lebensdauer an geschweißten Konstruktionen ist eine ständige Herausforderung für Konstrukteure und Berechnungsingenieure, aber besonders auch für die Werkstatt und deren Schweißaufsicht inklusive Qualitätssicherung. Die Einführung hochfester Stähle im Stahlbau und die Notwendigkeit, die Konstruktionen gewichtsmäßig und somit kostenmäßig zu optimieren, erfordern immer mehr die Aufmerksamkeit an schweißtechnischen Details. Wesentlich an der Erhöhung der Lebensdauer geschweißter Konstruktionen ist das Vermeiden jeglicher Schwachpunkte, also Stellen, die zu vorzeitigem Versagen durch Rissbildung führen können. Insbesondere an Kehlnähten, die an üblichen Stahlbaukonstruktionen geschweißt werden, sind Nachbehandlungsmethoden wie das Überschleifen kaum realisierbar. Da derzeit verschiedene Nachbehandlungsverfahren breit diskutiert werden, wurden eigene vergleichende Untersuchungen zu einfachen, kostengünstigen und seit langem bekannten Werkstattverfahren durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurde die Auswirkung von üblichen Strahlbehandlungen untersucht.

Post treatment on fillet weld seams – Old technique compared. The increase of lifetime of welded structures is a permanent challenge for design and stress calculation engineers, but also for the workshop and quality engineers. The inauguration of high strength steels also in structural steel engineering and the need to reduce the weight and therefore the cost requires more and more concentration on weldment details. Fundamental on the increase of lifetime welded structures is to avoid any weak areas, which can fail ahead of lifetime due to initiated cracks.

Particularly fillet welds, which are widely used in all types of structures, are difficult to treat after welding by grinding. Presently in Germany the application of mechanical post weld treatment techniques are discussed and investigated. To compare the quite sophisticated technique UIT with a very simple and cheap workshop tool an own investigation had been carried out. It is shown that even low cost tools appropriate applied can give comparable good effects on extended life time on welded structures. The investigations were carried out with robot welded cruciform joint samples on middle strength mild steel S355.

The UIT treatment techniques give a significant improvement in fatigue strength of fillet welds. This applies not only in the increase of the achieved load cycles, but also in the increase of a possible stress level. The fatigue strength rises from 60 MPa as welded to 145 MPa after UIT treatment. The achievable load cycles can be increased by 10 times.

However with proper application of the quite simple pneumatic needle scaler or slag hammer a similar improvement can be achieved. Even shot peeling improves lifetime up to 5 times.

The effect of these post weld treatment techniques based on three important factors: the improvement of the geometry of the weld toe, the compacting of the metal, thereby a higher strength in the important zone and the neutralization of the welding residual stress by inserting compression stress.
Walzprofile mit aufgeschweißten Schienenklemmen
Authors: Bucak Ömer , Rodic Slobodan , Ehard Heinrich , Strohbach Holger
Published: September 2015

Geschweißte Schienenklemmen werden in der Regel im Druckbereich von Kranträgern zur Befestigung der Schiene genutzt. Die Spannungsverhältnisse an Kranbahnträgern, besonders in Einfeld‐Bauweise, sind dabei sehr ähnlich. Da für dieses Kerbdetail eine eindeutige Behandlung in den Kerbfallkatalogen der maßgebenden Normen bisher nicht erfolgte, wurden hier Untersuchungen durchgeführt, die eine Einstufung erlauben. Es zeigt sich im Vergleich zu ähnlichen Kerbdetails, wie etwa der Gurtlamelle, dass aufgeschweißte Schienenklemmen ein deutlich günstigeres Kerbverhalten aufweisen. Das gilt vor allem für Klemmen, die im Druckbereich der Träger aufgeschweißt wurden.

Rolled sections with welded rail clamps – Fatigue behaviour under compressive stress. Welded rail clamps are usually used to fix the rail at the compression area of crane girders. Especially for single span beams, the stress ratios of crane runway girders are similar. For this notch detail, a clear classification in the standards is not available, so experimental investigations with the aim of a notch classification of this detail were executed. A comparison to similar notch details like the welded lamellas on beam belts shows, that welded rail clamps have an improved fatigue behavior, especially for clamps at the compression area of the girders.
Duktilitäts‐ und Zähigkeitsanforderungen für hochfeste Stähle bei festigkeitsgesteuertem Versagen
Authors: Schaffrath Simon , Feldmann Markus
Published: September 2015

In DIN EN 1993 sind die Tragfähigkeitsfunktionen auf Grundlage einfacher Ingenieurmodelle aufgestellt worden. Kennzeichen dieser Modelle, insbesondere bei festigkeitsgesteuertem Versagen, ist häufig die implizite Inanspruchnahme von Materialduktilitäten. Sowohl hinsichtlich der Genauigkeit der Festigkeitsprognose als auch des Einsatzes hochfester Stähle birgt diese Herangehensweise einige Probleme. So werden die Traglasten letztendlich nur mit Streuungen abgeschätzt, da die Plastizierungs‐ und Schädigungsvorgänge nicht zufriedenstellend berücksichtigt werden können. Hinzu kommt, dass die pauschalen Duktilitätsanforderungen des EC 3 hochfesten Stähle mit fy ≥ 500 MPa häufig entgegenstehen. Diese Probleme können durchaus überwunden werden, wenn komplementär zu Versuchen numerische Methoden zur Vorausberechnung duktilen Bruchversagens angewandt werden, insbesondere unter Einbezug der Plastizierungs‐ und Schädigungsentwicklung, um damit tatsächliche Duktilitätsanforderungen maßgebender Details insbesondere aus hochfesten Stahlsorten zu bestimmen. Hierbei wird auf schädigungsmechanische Ansätze zurückgegriffen.

Ductility and toughness requirements for high strength steels under strength controlled failure – Analysis of the ultimate limit behaviour to derive ductility and toughness requirements. In Eurocode 3 the strength functions are derived from simple engineering models, the results of which are compared and evaluated with those of tests. Inherently these models often require implicit material ductilities. With regard to the model precision as well as to the use of high strength steel this approach involves several problems due to a lack of sound consideration of the plastification and damage process in the hot spot. Additionally, the lump ductility requirements of EC 3 are hindering the use of high strength steels with fy ≥ 500 MPa in construction. To overcome these obstacles, complementary to experimental results, improved numerical methods are to be used for the prediction of the real plastification and damage process for relevant details. From this a deeper insight in the real ductility requirements will be achieved allowing for a better estimation of high strength steels behaviour in constructions. For this damage mechanics will be used.
Hochfeste nahtlose Rohre und Stahlbauhohlprofile für Krane und den Maschinenbau
Authors: Müller Thomas , Straetmans Boris
Published: September 2015

Hochfeste Rohre und eckige Stahlbauhohlprofile für Krane sowie für den Maschinenbau werden eingesetzt, um bei zunehmender Auslastung den stetig wachsenden Anforderungen an die Konstruktion gerecht zu werden. In vielen Anwendungen besteht die Notwendigkeit, Konstruktionsmassen zu begrenzen. Damit werden entweder regulatorische Vorgaben, wie beispielsweise Achslastbeschränkungen bei Mobilkranen, oder andere anwendungsspezifische Erfordernisse erfüllt, wie die Steigerung der Hakenlast bei Gittermastkranen. Zudem bietet sich die Möglichkeit, Wanddicken zu reduzieren und damit den Verarbeitungsaufwand beim Schweißen zu reduzieren. Für Bemessung und Ausführung sind neben der Streckgrenze und den statischen Eigenschaften meist die Duktilität, die Kerbschlagzähigkeit sowie eine möglichst einfache Verarbeitung durch gleichmäßige Eigenschaften der eingesetzten Werkstoffe von zentralem Interesse. Dieser Beitrag bietet einen Überblick über Anforderungen, Herstellung und Eigenschaften hochfester nahtloser Rohre und Stahlbauhohlprofile.

High strength seamless tubes and steel hollow sections for cranes and machine building applications – production and properties. High strength tubes and steel hollow sections for cranes and machine building applications are used with increasing utilization of the designs to cover continuously growing requirements. For many applications limiting construction weight is a necessity. Either regulatory inputs, like axle load limitation of mobile cranes, or other application‐specific requirements such as load capacity of crawler cranes are covered. Additionally high strength steels allow wall thickness reductions and thereby give opportunity to reduce the effort of welding. For design and execution beside yield strength and static properties mostly ductility, impact properties and preferable easy processing through uniform properties of the used steel grade are key interests. This article will provide an overview of requirements, manufacturing and properties of high strength seamless tubes and steel hollow sections.
Writing Inspired
Authors: Tischhauser Karen
Published: September 2015

Students need inspiration to write. Assigning is not teaching. In order to inspire students to write fiction worth reading, teachers must take them through the process of writing. Physical objects inspire good writing with depth. In this article, the reader will be taken through the process of inspiring young writers through the use of boxes. There is no substitute for physical objects when the goal is writing. By following this writing process, good fiction writing will be inspired.
A REPLICABLE MODEL FOR VALUING LOCAL FOOD SYSTEMS
Authors: MILLER STEVEN R. , MANN JOHN , BARRY JUDITH , KALCHIK TOM , PIROG RICH , HAMM MICHAEL W.
Published: September 2015

We use the underlying data of the IMPLAN Pro 3.0 regional economic simulation model to estimate the current economic contribution of Michigan's local food system and explore the chain of transactions giving rise to consumption of locally sourced goods from producer to processor to consumption. The proposed methodology includes both unprocessed and processed foods in the estimation of the local food system's economic value. The model also provides a replicable and consistent approach to estimating the value of local food systems within regional and state economies.
Disaster Vulnerability of Hospitals: A Nationwide Surveillance in Japan
Authors: Ochi Sae , Kato Shigeaki , Kobayashi Kenichi , Kanatani Yasuhiro
Published: September 2015

Objective

Hospital preparedness against disasters is key to achieving disaster mitigation for health. To gain a holistic view of hospitals in Japan, one of the most disaster-prone countries, a nationwide surveillance of hospital preparedness was conducted.

Methods

A cross-sectional, paper-based interview was conducted that targeted all of the 8701 registered hospitals in Japan. Preparedness was assessed with regard to local hazards, compliance to building code, and preparation of resources such as electricity, water, communication tools, and transportation tools.

Results

Answers were obtained from 6122 hospitals (response rate: 70.3%), among which 20.5% were public (national or city-run) hospitals and others were private. Eight percent were the hospitals assigned as disaster-base hospitals and the others were non-disaster-base hospitals. Overall compliance to building code, power generators, water tanks, emergency communication tools, and helicopter platforms was 90%, 84%, 95%, 43%, and 22%, respectively.

Conclusion

Major vulnerabilities in logistics in mega-cities and stockpiles required for chronic care emerged from the results of this nationwide surveillance of hospitals in Japan. To conduct further intensive surveillance to meet community health needs, appropriate sampling methods should be established on the basis of this preliminary study. Holistic vulnerability analysis of community hospitals will lead to more robust disaster mitigation at the local level. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:614–618)
About bubbles and vortex rings
Authors: Martínez-Bazán C.
Published: September 2015

Bubble interaction with turbulence has a number of applications in engineering processes and nature. The complex interplay between the vortical structures present in a turbulent flow and the bubbles drives their deformation dynamics, which may lead to bubble rupture under the appropriate conditions. Such a process includes nonlinear interaction among the turbulent eddies and between the eddies and the bubbles. Thus, the coupled evolution of a single vortex ring with a bubble represents an idealized scenario that can provide a framework to shed light on understanding such a common and complex mechanism. Jha & Govardhan (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 773, 2015, pp. 460–497) have performed elegant experiments generating controlled vortex rings and injecting bubbles of known volume. They have reported interesting results on the elongation process of the bubble and its impact on vortex dynamics.
Actively flapping tandem flexible flags in a viscous flow
Authors: Uddin Emad , Huang Wei-Xi , Sung Hyung Jin
Published: September 2015

The active flapping motions of fish and cetaceans generate both propulsive and manoeuvring forces. The tail fin motions of the majority of fish can essentially be viewed as a combined pitch-and-heave motion. Downstream bodies are strongly influenced by the vortices shed from an upstream body. To investigate the interactions between flexible bodies and vortices, the present study examined tandem flexible flags in a viscous flow by using an improved version of the immersed boundary method. The upstream flag underwent passive flapping in a uniform flow while the downstream flag flapped according to a prescribed pitching and heaving motion of the leading edge. The influences of the active flapping motion on the system dynamics were examined in detail, including the frequency, the phase angle, the bending coefficient and the amplitudes of the pitching and heaving motion. The variation of the drag coefficient of the downstream flag was explored together with the instantaneous vorticity contours and the body shapes. Both the slalom mode and the interception mode were identified according to the vortex–flexible body interactions, corresponding to the low- and high-drag situations, respectively. The underlying mechanism was discussed and compared with previous studies.
A qualitative study exploring pupil and school staff perceptions of school meal provision in England
Authors: Day Rhiannon E. , Sahota Pinki , Christian Meaghan S. , Cocks Kim
Published: September 2015

Despite recent attempts to improve the quality of school meals in England through the introduction of school meal standards, uptake remains low. Since the introduction of the universal infant free school meal (UIFSM) scheme in September 2014 all pupils in Reception, Year 1 and Year 2 in English state-funded primary schools are eligible to receive a free lunch. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of pupils, catering managers and head teachers concerning school meal provision in eight primary schools in North England and provides a unique insight into each school’s preparation for implementation of UIFSM. A total of thirty-two focus groups were conducted with sixty-four pupils aged 7–8 years (Year 3) and sixty-four pupils aged 9–10 years (Year 5) in June–July 2014, to explore perceptions of school meals. Interviews were carried out with six catering managers and five head teachers concerning catering and the impending implementation of UIFSM. Increasing acceptance of school meals could lead to improved uptake. Pupils desired increased choice and menu variety, including greater variety of vegetables and fruit. Caterers can influence the quantity and types of foods offered to pupils, and there are opportunities for them to promote healthy eating behaviours in the dining room. The important roles of school meal providers, caterers, pupils and parents need to be recognised to improve delivery and acceptability of school meals and ultimately school meal uptake. There were practical challenges to implementation of UIFSM, with some concerns expressed over its feasibility. Head teachers were mainly positive about the potential beneficial impacts of the scheme.
PROBLEMS IN HORACE, EPODE 11
Authors: Woodman A.J.
Published: September 2015

Fraenkel dismissed Epode 11 with the statement that it ‘is an elegant piece of writing, but there is little real life in it’. By this ambiguously expressed comment he did not mean that the poem fails to ‘come alive’, but that it is artificial: he saw the poem as little more than an assembly of themes and motifs which recur in other genres, especially epigram and elegy. This has also been the perspective of some other twentieth-century scholars: Georg Luck's self-styled ‘interpretation’ of the poem consists largely of a numbered list of thirteen motifs which the epode has in common with elegy and which in Luck's opinion were derived by Horace from Gallus. Alessandro Barchiesi, on the other hand, capitalizes on the perceived elegiac motifs in order to see the poem as a dynamic fusion of elegy and iambus. As for commentators, although older representatives seem to have regarded Epode 11 as generally self-explanatory, the poem receives increasing attention from Cavarzere, Mankin and Watson, the last of whom originally discussed some of its problems in a paper published twenty years earlier. Yet various problems still remain, and in this paper I propose to re-examine lines 1–6 and 15–18 in the hope that a clearer view of the epode as a whole may emerge.
VENUS’ BOOTS AND THE SHADOW OF CAESAR IN BOOK 1 OF VIRGIL'S AENEID
Authors: Nabel Jake
Published: September 2015

uirginibus Tyriis mos est gestare pharetram,purpureoque alte suras uincire cothurno.It is customary for us Tyrian girls to carry a quiverand to lace our calves up high in red boots.(Verg. Aen. 1.336–7)
With these words a disguised Venus explains the accessories of her costume to Aeneas and Achates shortly after the Trojan landing in North Africa. Even detailed commentaries on this passage overlook an important feature: the lines contain a reference to Julius Caesar, who claimed descent from Venus and made a political point of wearing red boots during his dictatorship. This allusion to Caesar connects in significant ways to adjoining passages of the first book of the Aeneid.
Charles ii's Commission for Ecclesiastical Promotions, 1681–1684: A Reconsideration
Authors: TAPSELL GRANT
Published: September 2015

This article dissents from the classic analysis of the ‘commission for ecclesiastical promotions’ (1681–4) offered by Robert Beddard in 1967. Rather than acting as a powerful ‘instrument of tory reaction’, in the hands of a ‘reversionary interest’ of lay and clerical ‘Yorkists’ dedicated to changing the political hue of the upper ranks of the clergy, in reality it functioned as ‘an instrument of personal rule’ for a king who had not surrendered his own interests to those of his heir presumptive. Its political impact is queried with evidence from the start of James's reign that emphasises the immediate sense of crisis felt by many bishops.
British High Churchmen, Continental Church Tourism and the Roman Connection in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: MORRIS J. N.
Published: September 2015

This article examines accounts of continental church life to be found in the travel journals, letters and books of leading High Church Anglicans in the nineteenth century. It argues that these constitute a neglected source of evidence for understanding the interaction between continental church developments and the High Church revival in Anglicanism. It focuses particularly on accounts of travel in Catholic countries, and concludes that there are good reasons for assuming that experience of Catholic worship on the continent influenced High Church attitudes towards liturgical and ritual reform in Anglicanism.
Mothers' talk to children with Down Syndrome, language impairment, or typical development about familiar and unfamiliar nouns and verbs
Authors: KAY-RAINING BIRD ELIZABETH , CLEAVE PATRICIA
Published: September 2015

This study investigated how forty-six mothers modified their talk about familiar and unfamiliar nouns and verbs when interacting with their children with Down Syndrome (DS), language impairment (LI), or typical development (TD). Children (MLUs < 2·7) were group-matched on expressive vocabulary size. Mother–child dyads were recorded playing with toy animals (noun task) and action boxes (verb task). Mothers of children with DS used shorter utterances and more verb labels in salient positions than the other two groups. All mothers produced unfamiliar target nouns in short utterances, in utterance-final position, and with the referent perceptually available. Mothers also talked more about familiar nouns and verbs and labelled them more often and more consistently. These findings suggest that mothers of children in the early period of language development fine-tune their input in ways that reflect their children's vocabulary knowledge, but do so differently for nouns and verbs.
X-ray powder diffraction data for letrozole (C17H11N5)
Authors: Huang Yan Mei , Yang Hong Qin , Zheng Shou Jun , Tang Pei Xiao , Li Hui
Published: September 2015

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for letrozole, C17H11N5, are reported [a = 7.034(0) Å, b = 16.177(5) Å, c = 13.411(3) Å, α = γ = 90°, β = 105.71(9)°, unit-cell volume V = 1469.0(3) Å3, Z = 4, and space-group P21/c]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P21/c space group. No detectable impurity was observed.
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes and Neural Mechanisms Associated with Non-right Handedness in Children Born Very Preterm
Authors: Pascoe Leona , Scratch Shannon E. , Burnett Alice C. , Thompson Deanne K. , Lee Katherine J. , Doyle Lex W. , Cheong Jeanie L.Y. , Inder Terrie E. , Anderson Peter J.
Published: September 2015

Non-right handedness (NRH) is reportedly more common in very preterm (VPT; <32 weeks’ gestation) children compared with term-born peers, but it is unclear whether neonatal brain injury or altered brain morphology and microstructure underpins NRH in this population. Given that NRH has been inconsistently reported to be associated with cognitive and motor difficulties, this study aimed to examine associations between handedness and neurodevelopmental outcomes in VPT 7-year-olds. Furthermore, the relationship between neonatal brain injury and integrity of motor tracts (corpus callosum and corticospinal tract) with handedness at age 7 years in VPT children was explored. One hundred seventy-five VPT and 69 term-born children completed neuropsychological and motor assessments and a measure of handedness at 7 years’ corrected age. At term-equivalent age, brain injury on MRI was assessed and diffusion tensor measures were obtained for the corpus callosum and posterior limb of the internal capsule. There was little evidence of stronger NRH in the VPT group compared with term controls (regression coefficient [b] −1.95, 95% confidence interval [−5.67, 1.77]). Poorer academic and working memory outcomes were associated with stronger NRH in the VPT group. While there was little evidence that neonatal unilateral brain injury was associated with stronger NRH, increased area and fractional anisotropy of the corpus callosum splenium were predictive of stronger NRH in the VPT group. VPT birth may alter the relationship between handedness and academic outcomes, and neonatal corpus callosum integrity predicts hand preference in VPT children at school age. (JINS, 2015, 21, 610–621)
Poetics of Piety: Genre, Self-Fashioning, and the Mappila Lifescape
Authors: MUNEER ARAM KUZHIYAN
Published: September 2015

Notwithstanding a recent resurgence of scholarly interest in what one may call “Mappila Studies”—the body of scholarship on the Muslims of Malabar in the Malayalam-speaking South Indian state of Kerala—research on this community still leaves too much to be desired. As for the fate of Mappilaliterary culturewithin this incipient field of study, scholars have either given short shrift to or painted in broad brushstrokes the impressive literary legacy of the Mappila Muslims of Malabar despite its enormous historic/al and socio-cultural value.2That said, even the tiny array of scholarly works, mostly by Malayali scholars, that seeks to treat of Mappila literature has largely approached the subject, I argue, from a provincialised “literary” vantage point, thereby reducing the whole of Mappila narratives to mere aesthetic artifacts having no bearing upon the lives of Mappilas. I call this dominant paradigm of doing Mappila literature “literarisation”—that is, fetishising the “literariness” of text by privileging its formal, stylistic, and aesthetic features over its social tone and life. This view assumes text to be a domain of symbols separable from a domain of practice and disregards the social production of text which cannot be abstracted out from the materialities giving shape to it.3
Effect of feeding pattern on infant illness in Chinese cities
Authors: Cai Li , Yu Pan , Zhang Yumei , Yang Xiaoguang , Li Wenjun , Wang Peiyu
Published: September 2015

Objective

To investigate the effect of different feeding patterns on the occurrence of diseases among infants.

Design

Data on socio-economic status, feeding patterns before 6 months (exclusive breast-feeding (EBF); mixed feeding with breast milk and formula (MBF); exclusive formula-feeding (EFF)) and illness of infants were collected via face-to-face interviews. The proportions of infants who had ever been ill or hospitalized and their potential influence factors were investigated.

Setting

Eight large cities in China.

Subjects

Infants (n1654) aged 0–11·9 months were recruited from hospitals.

Results

For infants aged 0–2·9 months, the percentage who had been ill was 19·2 %, 24·1 % and 26·3 % among the EBF, MBF and EFF groups, respectively. For those aged 3–5·9 and 6–11·9 months, the corresponding percentages were 41·6 %, 45·6 % and 51·0 %, and 67·0 %, 73·4 % and 67·7 %. Respiratory disease was the most common reported illness and cause of hospitalization. The risks of having (total) illness, diarrhoea and respiratory disease increased significantly with age, but not allergic disease. Compared with EBF, MBF and EFF infants had significantly higher risks of having illnesses except for allergic disease, and feeding patterns were not related to hospitalization. Low birth weight, middle family income and low level of mother’s education also increased the risk of illness.

Conclusions

A protective effect of EBF against total illness in urban Chinese infants was found. An increasing trend with age was observed among the percentages of infants who had been ill or had diarrhoea or respiratory disease, but not allergic disease.