bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Traffic data imputation via knowledge graph-enhanced generative adversarial network
Authors: Liu Yinghui , Shen Guojiang , Liu Nali , Han Xiao , Xu Zhenhui , Zhou Junjie , Kong Xiangjie
Published: October 2024

Traffic data imputation is crucial for the reliability and efficiency of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), forming the foundation for downstream tasks like traffic prediction and management. However, existing deep learning-based imputation methods struggle with two significant challenges: poor performance under high missing data rates and the limited incorporation of external traffic-related factors. To address these challenges, we propose a novel knowledge graph-enhanced generative adversarial network (KG-GAN) for traffic data imputation. Our approach uniquely integrates external knowledge with traffic spatiotemporal dependencies to improve data imputation quality. Specifically, we construct a fine-grained knowledge graph (KG) that differentiates attributes and relationships of external factors such as points of interest (POI) and weather conditions, facilitating more robust knowledge representation learning. We then introduce a knowledge-aware embedding cell (EM-cell) that merges traffic data with these learned external representations, providing richer inputs for the spatiotemporal GAN. Extensive experiments on a large-scale real-world traffic dataset demonstrate that KG-GAN significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods under various missing data scenarios. Additionally, ablation studies confirm the superior performance gained from incorporating external knowledge, underscoring the importance of this approach in addressing complex missing data patterns.
Comparative transcriptome and hormone analyses of roots in apple among three rootstocks with different rooting abilities
Authors: Li Zhongyong , Cao Yang , Zhu Jie , Liu Jin , Li Feng , Zhou Shasha , Zhang Xueying , Xu Jizhong , Liang Bowen
Published: October 2024

Background

Root plays an important role in the growth and development of fruit trees; however, the molecular mechanisms behind the differences among rootstock varie-ties remain unclear.

Methods

This study examined the effects of different rootstocks on root structure and the endogenous hormone content of 1-year old apple seedlings in combinations of Tianhong 2 (T2)/Malus robusta (HT), T2/G935, and T2/Jizhen 2 (J2).

Results

The results showed that the T2/HT treatment had greater root length, surface area, volume, average diameter, tips and forks, followed by G935 and J2. In T2/HT leaves and roots, the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellins (GA3) levels were highest, and the abscisic acid (ABA) levels were the lowest. A root transcriptome analysis detected 10,064, 10,511, and 8,719 differentially expressed genes in T2/HT vs. T2/G935, T2/HT vs. T2/J2, and T2/J2 vs. T2/G935, respectively. The analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) terms indicated a significant enrichment in biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that plant hormone signaling, MAPK signaling pathway–plant, and plant–pathogen interaction played important roles in differences in the rooting ability of different rootstocks. In addition, some key differential genes were associated with root growth and development and were involved in these metabolic pathways. This study is important for enriching theoretical studies of fruit tree roots.
A small venomous reptile from the Late Triassic (Norian) of the southwestern United States
Authors: Burch Helen E. , Eddins Hannah-Marie S. , Stocker Michelle R. , Kligman Ben T. , Marsh Adam D. , Parker William G. , Nesbitt Sterling J.
Published: October 2024

Reptile feeding strategies encompass a wide variety of diets and accompanying diversity in methods for subduing prey. One such strategy, the use of venom for prey capture, is found in living reptile clades like helodermatid (beaded) lizards and some groups of snakes, and venom secreting glands are also present in some monitor lizards and iguanians. The fossil record of some of these groups shows strong evidence for venom use, and this feeding strategy also has been hypothesized for a variety of extinct reptiles (e.g., archosauromorphs, anguimorphs, and a sphenodontian). However, evidence of systems for venom delivery in extinct groups and its evolutionary origins has been scarce, especially when based on more than isolated teeth. Here, we describe a potentially venomous new reptile, Microzemiotes sonselaensis gen. et sp. nov., from a partial left dentary recovered from the Sonsela Member of the Chinle Formation (middle Norian, Upper Triassic) of northeastern Arizona, U.S.A. The three dentary teeth have apices that are distally reclined relative to their bases and the tip of the posteriormost tooth curves mesially. The teeth show subthecodont implantation and are interspaced by empty sockets that terminate above the Meckelian canal, which is dorsoventrally expanded posteriorly. Replacement tooth sockets are positioned distolingually to the active teeth as in varanid-like replacement. We identify this new specimen as a diapsid reptile based on its monocuspid teeth that lack carinae and serrations. A more exclusive phylogenetic position within Diapsida is not well supported and remains uncertain. Several features of this new taxon, such as the presence of an intramandibular septum, are shared with some anguimorph squamates; however, these likely evolved independently. The teeth of the new taxon are distinctively marked by external grooves that occur on the entire length of the crown on the labial and lingual sides, as seen in the teeth of living beaded lizards. If these grooves are functionally similar to those of beaded lizards, which use the grooves to deliver venom, this new taxon represents the oldest known reptile where venom-conducting teeth are preserved within a jaw. The teeth of the new species are anatomically distinct from and ~10x smaller than those of the only other known Late Triassic hypothesized venomous reptile, Uatchitodon, supporting venom use across multiple groups of different body size classes. This new species represents the third Late Triassic reptile species to possibly have used envenomation as a feeding (and/or defensive) strategy, adding to the small number of venomous reptiles known from the Mesozoic Era.
Identification of Climate-Smart Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Germplasm for Optimum Moisture Areas of Ethiopia
Authors: Alemu Gadisa , Duga Ruth , Sime Berhanu , Dabi Alemu , Delesa Abebe , Geleta Negash , Zewdu Demeke , Kasahun Cherinet , Solomon Tafesse , Zegaye Habtemariam , Getamesay Abebe , Asefa Bayisa , Negash Tamirat
Published: October 2024

Ethiopia's Bread Wheat Breeding Program conducts annual multi-environment yield trials to develop advanced wheat genotypes for Ethiopian wheat cultivation, ensuring a steady supply of new and improved varieties to meet production and marketing challenges. The objective of this research was to assess potential yield and the interactions between genotype and environment in wheat across multiple environments, as every cultivar has a distinct response to soil and climate. The BLUP analysis reveals that the 22AA and 22KU trials in 2022, along with 21KU trials in 2021 yielded high grain production, indicating optimal testing locations for distinguishing bread wheat genotypes and agroecologies. The study found that seven out of sixteen trials exhibited a higher genetic variance for yield, indicating high genotype discriminating power, with estimates ranging from 0.043 to 0.989 for genetic variance, 0.084 to 1.147 for error variance, and 72.7 to 96.4 for heritability. EBW202471 and EBW202473 are stable genotypes with good yield performance across correlated locations, with EBW202471 showing the highest yield (4.98 t/ha) and Deka showing a lower yield (4.07 t/ha). Three wheat genotypes, EBW202471, EBW202472, and EBW202473, were found to be moderately resistant to moderately susceptible to stem and yellow rust among 20 wheat genotypes. Finally, the two genotypes, EBW202471 and EBW202473, were advanced to National Performance Trials to evaluate their performance alongside top genotypes from regional federal research centers and to be released as new varieties.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Fibrin with Laser Biostimulation in Treatment of Gingival Recessions: A Randomized Clinical Study
Authors: Rodrigues Celia Patricia Muller , Nassar Patricia Oehlmeyer , Oliveira Nicoly Tavares de , Broetto Heloiza do Valle , Caires Luiza Beatriz Mendes , Nascimento Marina Gabrielle do , Nassar Carlos Augusto
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Gingival recession can cause functional and aesthetic problems, and surgical treatment is often indicated. The use of advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) and low-power laser therapy (LLLT) has shown considerable efficacy.
Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of using A-PRF in combination with LLLT for root coverage in patients with multiple recessions.
Methodology: This was a split-mouth, parallel-group, randomized, double-blind study. It was carried out in the dental clinics of the State University of Western Paraná (UNIOESTE), in Cascavel-PR, Brazil. 56 recessions were divided into the Control Group: coronally positioned flap using A-PRF membranes and the LASER Group: coronally positioned flap using A-PRF membranes associated with LLLT. The patients underwent root coverage periodontal surgery associated with A-PRF and on one side of the arch low-power laser was applied postoperatively in 5 sessions: immediately after surgery, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days after the surgical procedure. The patients were followed up for 0, 90, and 180 days to check clinical periodontal parameters, after which the data was subjected to parametric and non-parametric statistical tests, with a 5% significance level considered for all analyses.
Results: In both groups, there were improvements in root coverage and keratinized tissue thickness in the periods evaluated (p<0.05), but no statistical difference when comparing the groups (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Both the use of A-PRF and A-PRF combined with LLLT provided satisfactory results in covering multiple recessions, although there was no significant superiority between the two treatments, LLLT group clinically showed increased width of keratinized tissue/buccal recession coverage.
Phytochemical Screening and Safety Assessment of a Polyherbal Tea Formulation of Lippia Multiflora, Zinger Officinale and Mentha Piperita
Authors: Epiphanie N'DRI Quesnelle , Elisée KPOROU Kouassi , Sitapha OUATTARA , Maxwell BEUGRE Avit Grah , Gisèle KOUAKOU-SIRANSY
Published: October 2024

Aims: Lippia multiflora, Zingiber officinale, and Mentha piperita are aromatic plants known for their health benefits. This study the phytochemical composition and evaluate the safety of a tea made from them for safe human consumption.
Methodology: For tea formulations, powder of each plant was prepared and weighed in specific proportions to formulate five different polyherbal tea. A hedonic test was then conducted on each formulation to evaluate consumer apprecation. Phytochemical composition was carried out by coloration and precipitation tests. This was followed by acute and subacute toxicity tests.
Results: Among the five formulations, formulation 4 consisting of “55% L. multiflora, 30% Z. officinale and 15% M. piperita" was the most appreciated tea with a value of 8.01. Regarding safety of the formulation 4, no deaths or signs of intoxication were observed. Subacute toxicity tests showed that the polyherbal tea 4 has no adverse effects on biochemical parameters. Apart from white blood cells for which there was an increasing number from 14.40 ± 0.50 103/uL to 19.30 ± 0.40 103/uL in comprarison to the control group (10.60 ± 0.90 103/uL), the haematological parameters were not significantly modified.  This Tea formulation ²was rich in compounds such as alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, saponosides, sterols and polyterpenes, leucoanthocyanins, and mucilages, which made its consumption more attractive.
Conclusion: The polyherbal tea 4 which was the most appreciated, was rich in secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, saponosides, sterols and polyterpenes, leucoanthocyanins, and mucilages, and was not toxic to wistar rats.
Acknowledgements
Authors: Hill Ian , Gamble Michelle
Published: October 2024

An archaeological watching brief was undertaken at the Jedburgh Abbey Rampart during repair and construction works to consolidate and secure the ‘rampart’ wall and its face, both of which had begun to deteriorate and fail. The watching brief followed on from earlier works to investigate the construction of the ‘rampart’, which had revealed the presence of disarticulated skeletal remains behind the wall. The excavations undertaken during the repair works have helped to infer the methods employed for the construction of the ‘rampart’, likely dating to the late 18th century. During construction several burials of the former Low Kirkyard were disturbed and displaced, with the disarticulated remains of several skeletons found within the construction deposits. The watching brief also revealed the remains of five burials that were partially disturbed during construction, with skeletal remains dating from the 15th century onwards. Disturbance to earlier graves, not disturbed by the construction, were also identified, the results of which indicate changing attitudes to skeletal remains through the post medieval and early modern periods.
Die Deutsche Filmförderung und ihre wichtige Reform
Authors: Böhning Björn
Published: October 2024

Für den Filmstandort Deutschland ist es fünf vor zwölf. Nationale und internationale Produktionen wandern ins europäische Ausland ab, internationale Auftraggeber bauen Oligopole auf und Arbeitsplätze gehen verloren. Eine Lösung: Im Rahmen der Novellierung der Filmförderung braucht es eine Investitionsverpflichtung für Sender und Streamer sowie Steueranreize für Unternehmen, die in begeisternde Geschichten investieren.
Input‐variable sensitivity assessment for sediment transport relations
Authors: Fernández Roberto , Garcia Marcelo H.
Published: July 2017

A methodology to assess input‐variable sensitivity for sediment transport relations is presented. The Mean Value First Order Second Moment Method (MVFOSM) is applied to two bed load transport equations showing that it may be used to rank all input variables in terms of how their specific variance affects the overall variance of the sediment transport estimation. In sites where data are scarce or nonexistent, the results obtained may be used to (i) determine what variables would have the largest impact when estimating sediment loads in the absence of field observations and (ii) design field campaigns to specifically measure those variables for which a given transport equation is most sensitive; in sites where data are readily available, the results would allow quantifying the effect that the variance associated with each input variable has on the variance of the sediment transport estimates. An application of the method to two transport relations using data from a tropical mountain river in Costa Rica is implemented to exemplify the potential of the method in places where input data are limited. Results are compared against Monte Carlo simulations to assess the reliability of the method and validate its results. For both of the sediment transport relations used in the sensitivity analysis, accurate knowledge of sediment size was found to have more impact on sediment transport predictions than precise knowledge of other input variables such as channel slope and flow discharge.
Micrometer‐scale magnetic imaging of geological samples using a quantum diamond microscope
Authors: Glenn D. R. , Fu R. R. , Kehayias P. , Le Sage D. , Lima E. A. , Weiss B. P. , Walsworth R. L.
Published: July 2017

Remanent magnetization in geological samples may record the past intensity and direction of planetary magnetic fields. Traditionally, this magnetization is analyzed through measurements of the net magnetic moment of bulk millimeter to centimeter sized samples. However, geological samples are often mineralogically and texturally heterogeneous at submillimeter scales, with only a fraction of the ferromagnetic grains carrying the remanent magnetization of interest. Therefore, characterizing this magnetization in such cases requires a technique capable of imaging magnetic fields at fine spatial scales and with high sensitivity. To address this challenge, we developed a new instrument, based on nitrogen‐vacancy centers in diamond, which enables direct imaging of magnetic fields due to both remanent and induced magnetization, as well as optical imaging, of room‐temperature geological samples with spatial resolution approaching the optical diffraction limit. We describe the operating principles of this device, which we call the quantum diamond microscope (QDM), and report its optimized image‐area‐normalized magnetic field sensitivity (20 µT⋅µm/Hz1/2), spatial resolution (5 µm), and field of view (4 mm), as well as trade‐offs between these parameters. We also perform an absolute magnetic field calibration for the device in different modes of operation, including three‐axis (vector) and single‐axis (projective) magnetic field imaging. Finally, we use the QDM to obtain magnetic images of several terrestrial and meteoritic rock samples, demonstrating its ability to resolve spatially distinct populations of ferromagnetic carriers.
Driving magma to the surface: The 2011–2012 El Hierro Volcanic Eruption
Authors: López Carmen , Benito‐Saz Maria A. , Martí Joan , del‐Fresno Carmen , García‐Cañada Laura , Albert Helena , Lamolda Héctor
Published: July 2017

We reanalyzed the seismic and deformation data corresponding to the preeruptive unrest on El Hierro (Canary Islands) in 2011. We considered new information about the internal structure of the island. We updated the seismic catalog to estimate the full evolution of the released seismic energy and demonstrate the importance of nonlocated earthquakes. Using seismic data and GPS displacements, we characterized the shear‐tensile type of the predominant fracturing and modeled the strain and stress fields for different time periods. This enabled us to identify a prolonged first phase characterized by hydraulic tensile fracturing, which we interpret as being related to the emplacement of new magma below the volcanic edifice on El Hierro. This was followed by postinjection unidirectional migration, probably controlled by the stress field and the distribution of the structural discontinuities. We identified the effects of energetic magmatic pulses occurring a few days before the eruption that induced shear seismicity on preexisting faults within the volcano and raised the Coulomb stress over the whole crust. We suggest that these magmatic pulses reflect the crossing of the Moho discontinuity, as well as changes in the path geometry of the dyke migration toward the surface. The final phase involved magma ascent through a prefractured crust.
Physics‐based forecasting of induced seismicity at Groningen gas field, the Netherlands
Authors: Dempsey David , Suckale Jenny
Published: July 2017

Earthquakes induced by natural gas extraction from the Groningen reservoir, the Netherlands, put local communities at risk. Responsible operation of a reservoir whose gas reserves are of strategic importance to the country requires understanding of the link between extraction and earthquakes. We synthesize observations and a model for Groningen seismicity to produce forecasts for felt seismicity (M > 2.5) in the period February 2017 to 2024. Our model accounts for poroelastic earthquake triggering and rupture on the 325 largest reservoir faults, using an ensemble approach to model unknown heterogeneity and replicate earthquake statistics. We calculate probability distributions for key model parameters using a Bayesian method that incorporates the earthquake observations with a nonhomogeneous Poisson process. Our analysis indicates that the Groningen reservoir was not critically stressed prior to the start of production. Epistemic uncertainty and aleatoric uncertainty are incorporated into forecasts for three different future extraction scenarios. The largest expected earthquake was similar for all scenarios, with a 5% likelihood of exceeding M 4.0.
Reduction of initial shock in decadal predictions using a new initialization strategy
Authors: He Yujun , Wang Bin , Liu Mimi , Liu Li , Yu Yongqiang , Liu Juanjuan , Li Ruizhe , Zhang Cheng , Xu Shiming , Huang Wenyu , Liu Qun , Wang Yong , Li Feifei
Published: July 2017

A novel full‐field initialization strategy based on the dimension‐reduced projection four‐dimensional variational data assimilation (DRP‐4DVar) is proposed to alleviate the well‐known initial shock occurring in the early years of decadal predictions. It generates consistent initial conditions, which best fit the monthly mean oceanic analysis data along the coupled model trajectory in 1 month windows. Three indices to measure the initial shock intensity are also proposed. Results indicate that this method does reduce the initial shock in decadal predictions by Flexible Global Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Land System model, Grid‐point version 2 (FGOALS‐g2) compared with the three‐dimensional variational data assimilation‐based nudging full‐field initialization for the same model and is comparable to or even better than the different initialization strategies for other fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) models. Better hindcasts of global mean surface air temperature anomalies can be obtained than in other FGOALS‐g2 experiments. Due to the good model response to external forcing and the reduction of initial shock, higher decadal prediction skill is achieved than in other CMIP5 models.
Rapid early‐Holocene deglaciation in the Ross Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Spector Perry , Stone John , Cowdery Seth G. , Hall Brenda , Conway Howard , Bromley Gordon
Published: July 2017

Deglaciation of the Ross Sea following the last ice age provides an important opportunity to examine the stability of marine ice sheets and their susceptibility to changing environmental conditions. Insufficient chronology for Ross Sea deglaciation has helped sustain (i) the theory that this region contributed significantly to Meltwater Pulse 1A (MWP‐1A) and (ii) the idea that Ross Sea grounding‐line retreat occurred in a “swinging gate” pattern hinged north of Roosevelt Island. We present deglaciation records from southern Transantarctic Mountain glaciers, which delivered ice to the central Ross Sea. Abrupt thinning of these glaciers 9–8 kyr B.P. coincided with deglaciation of the Scott Coast, ∼800 km to the north, and ended with the Ross Sea grounding line near Shackleton Glacier. This deglaciation removed grounded ice from most of the central and western Ross Sea in less than 2 kyr. The Ross Sea Sector neither contributed nor responded significantly to MWP‐1A.
Implications of the ammonia distribution on Jupiter from 1 to 100 bars as measured by the Juno microwave radiometer
Authors: Ingersoll Andrew P. , Adumitroaie Virgil , Allison Michael D. , Atreya Sushil , Bellotti Amadeo A. , Bolton Scott J. , Brown Shannon T. , Gulkis Samuel , Janssen Michael A. , Levin Steven M. , Li Cheng , Li Liming , Lunine Jonathan I. , Orton Glenn S. , Oyafuso Fabiano A. , Steffes Paul G.
Published: July 2017

The latitude‐altitude map of ammonia mixing ratio shows an ammonia‐rich zone at 0–5°N, with mixing ratios of 320–340 ppm, extending from 40–60 bars up to the ammonia cloud base at 0.7 bars. Ammonia‐poor air occupies a belt from 5–20°N. We argue that downdrafts as well as updrafts are needed in the 0–5°N zone to balance the upward ammonia flux. Outside the 0–20°N region, the belt‐zone signature is weaker. At latitudes out to ±40°, there is an ammonia‐rich layer from cloud base down to 2 bars that we argue is caused by falling precipitation. Below, there is an ammonia‐poor layer with a minimum at 6 bars. Unanswered questions include how the ammonia‐poor layer is maintained, why the belt‐zone structure is barely evident in the ammonia distribution outside 0–20°N, and how the internal heat is transported through the ammonia‐poor layer to the ammonia cloud base.
Classifying the tropospheric precursor patterns of sudden stratospheric warmings
Authors: Bao Ming , Tan Xin , Hartmann Dennis L. , Ceppi Paulo
Published: July 2017

Classifying the tropospheric precursor patterns of sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) may provide insight into the different physical mechanisms of SSWs. Based on 37 major SSWs during the 1958–2014 winters in the ERA reanalysis data sets, the self‐organizing maps method is used to classify the tropospheric precursor patterns of SSWs. The cluster analysis indicates that one of the precursor patterns appears as a mixed pattern consisting of the negative‐signed Western Hemisphere circulation pattern and the positive phase of the Pacific‐North America pattern. The mixed pattern exhibits higher statistical significance as a precursor pattern of SSWs than other previously identified precursors such as the subpolar North Pacific low, Atlantic blocking, and the western Pacific pattern. Other clusters confirm northern European blocking and Gulf of Alaska blocking as precursors of SSWs. Linear interference with the climatological planetary waves provides a simple interpretation for the precursors. The relationship between the classified precursor patterns of SSWs and ENSO phases as well as the types of SSWs is discussed.
Short‐term variability in the ionosphere due to the nonlinear interaction between the 6 day wave and migrating tides
Authors: Gan Quan , Oberheide Jens , Yue Jia , Wang Wenbin
Published: July 2017

Using the thermosphere‐ionosphere‐mesosphere electrodynamics general circulation model simulations, we investigate the short‐term ionospheric variability due to the child waves and altered tides produced by the nonlinear interaction between the 6 day wave and migrating tides. Via the Fourier spectral diagnostics and least squares fittings, the [21 h, W2] and [13 h, W1] child waves, generated by the interaction of the 6 day wave with the DW1 and SW2, respectively, are found to play the leading roles on the subdiurnal variability (e.g., ±10 m/s in the ion drift and ~50% in the NmF2) in the F region vertical ion drift changes through the dynamo modulation induced by the low‐latitude zonal wind and the meridional wind at higher latitudes. The relatively minor contribution of the [11 h, W3] child wave is explicit as well. Although the [29 h, W0] child wave has the largest magnitude in the E region, its effect is totally absent in the vertical ion drift due to the zonally uniform structure. But the [29 h, W0] child wave shows up in the NmF2. It is found that the NmF2 short‐term variability is attributed to the wave modulations on both E region dynamo and in situ F region composition. Also, the altered migrating tides due to the interaction will not contribute to the ionospheric changes significantly.
Equatorial magnetic field of the near‐Earth magnetotail
Authors: Ohtani S. , Motoba T.
Published: July 2017

The equatorial magnetic field of the nightside magnetosphere is critical for understanding not only the configuration of the magnetotail but also its state and dynamics. The present study observationally addresses various aspects of the equatorial magnetic field, such as its spatial distribution, possible antisunward gradients, and extremely weak magnetic fields, with emphasis on the transition region between dipolar and stretched magnetic configurations. The results are summarized as follows: (1) the transition of the tail magnetic field from a near‐Earth dipolar configuration to a stretched one farther out takes place around −12 ≤ Xagsm ≤ −9 RE, although instantaneous configurations can vary significantly; (2) the average equatorial magnetic field in this transition region is noticeably weaker at solar minimum presumably reflecting weaker nightside magnetospheric currents closer to Earth; (3) the statistical comparison of equatorial magnetic fields measured simultaneously at two locations indicates that the gradient of the equatorial magnetic field is directed predominantly earthward, and it is suggested that apparent tailward gradients observed can be very often attributed to other factors such as structures in the Y direction and local fluctuations; (4) however, the gradient can be transiently directed tailward in association with the dipolarization of local magnetic field; (5) extremely weak (≤ 2 nT) magnetic fields are occasionally observed in the transition region during the substorm growth phase and during prolonged quiet intervals, but the association with steady magnetospheric convection, which was suggested before, cannot be confirmed possibly because of its rare occurrence.
Distributions, sources, and transformations of dissolved and particulate iron on the Ross Sea continental shelf during summer
Authors: Marsay Chris M. , Barrett Pamela M. , McGillicuddy Dennis J. , Sedwick Peter N.
Published: July 2017

We report water column dissolved iron (dFe) and particulate iron (pFe) concentrations from 50 stations sampled across the Ross Sea during austral summer (January–February) of 2012. Concentrations of dFe and pFe were measured in each of the major Ross Sea water masses, including the Ice Shelf Water and off‐shelf Circumpolar Deep Water. Despite significant lateral variations in hydrography, macronutrient depletion, and primary productivity across several different regions on the continental shelf, dFe concentrations were consistently low (<0.1 nM) in surface waters, with only a handful of stations showing elevated concentrations (0.20–0.45 nM) in areas of melting sea ice and near the Franklin Island platform. Across the study region, pFe associated with suspended biogenic material approximately doubled the inventory of bioavailable iron in surface waters. Our data reveal that the majority of the summertime iron inventory in the Ross Sea resides in dense shelf waters, with highest concentrations within 50 m of the seafloor. Higher dFe concentrations near the seafloor are accompanied by an increased contribution to pFe from authigenic and/or scavenged iron. Particulate manganese is also influenced by sediment resuspension near the seafloor but, unlike pFe, is increasingly associated with authigenic material higher in the water column. Together, these results suggest that following depletion of the dFe derived from wintertime convective mixing and sea ice melt, recycling of pFe in the upper water column plays an important role in sustaining the summertime phytoplankton bloom in the Ross Sea polynya.
Long‐term morphodynamics of muddy backbarrier basins: Fill in or empty out?
Authors: Mariotti G. , Canestrelli A.
Published: July 2017

The long‐term (3000 years) morphodynamics of an idealized muddy backbarrier tidal basins is studied using a shallow‐water hydrodynamics and wind‐wave model (Deltf3D‐FLOW‐WAVE), modified to include fully coupled marsh organogenic accretion, biostabilization, drag increase, and wave‐induced marsh edge erosion. The latter process is implemented with a novel probabilistic algorithm. Starting from an initially empty basin with a uniform bed slope, a network of channels incise the mudflat, sediment is released, and marshes establish at the basin landward margin. If enough mud is supplied to the basin from the shelf, marsh progradation counteracts marsh edge erosion and marshes expand. Marsh expansion does not completely fill the basin but leaves open a few km‐wide channels, large enough for waves to resuspend sediment. Starting from a basin (almost) filled with marshes, a drop in the external mud supply or an increase in the rate of relative sea level rise causes the basin to empty out by marsh edge erosion, while the marsh platform, aided by reworking of the sediment released by marsh retreat and mudflat deepening, keeps pace even with fast rates (10 mm/yr) of relative sea level rise. Even if the marsh does not drown, the marsh retreats faster if the rate of sea level rise increases, because more sediment is sequestered to fill the newly created accommodation space and is thus not available for marsh progradation. This study suggests that prediction of marsh erosion requires a basin‐scale sediment budget, and that edge erosion, not platform drowning, is likely to dominate marsh loss.
Abundance and morphometry changes across the high‐mountain lake‐size gradient in the tropical Andes of Southern Ecuador
Authors: Mosquera Pablo V. , Hampel Henrietta , Vázquez Raúl F. , Alonso Miguel , Catalan Jordi
Published: July 2017

The number, size, and shape of lakes are key determinants of the ecological functionality of a lake district. The lake area scaling relationships with lake number and volume enable upscaling biogeochemical processes and spatially considering organisms' metapopulation dynamics. These relationships vary regionally depending on the geomorphological context, particularly in the range of lake area <1 km2 and mountainous regions. The Cajas Massif (Southern Ecuador) holds a tropical mountain lake district with 5955 water bodies. The number of lakes deviates from a power law relationship with the lake area at both ends of the size range; similarly to the distributions found in temperate mountain ranges. The deviation of each distribution tail does not respond to the same cause. The marked relief limits the size of the largest lakes at high altitudes, whereas ponds are prompt to a complete infilling. A bathymetry survey of 202 lakes, selected across the full‐size range, revealed a volume‐area scaling coefficient larger than those found for other lake areas of glacial origin but softer relief. Water renewal time is not consistently proportional to the lake area due to the volume‐area variation in midsize lakes. The 85% of the water surface is in lakes >104 m2 and 50% of the water resources are held in a few ones (∼10) deeper than 18 m. Therefore, midlakes and large lakes are by far more biogeochemically relevant than ponds and shallow lakes in this tropical mountain lake district.
Criteria for designation with an “H” [MAK Value Documentation, 2014]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2017

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated criteria to designate substances with an “H” which can be absorbed via the skin in such amounts as to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity. Information on the uptake via the skin can be obtained from studies in humans, animals and from in vitro models preferably with human skin. Ideally, these data allow the calculation of a flux, i.e. the amount absorbed per cm
2
skin and hour. If these experimental studies are lacking, fluxes based on physicochemical data are calculated with three mathematical models for an aqueous saturated solution or a read‐across to similar substances with a better database is used. For gaseous substances, the water solubility of the substance is calculated at a substance concentration in the gas phase that corresponds to the MAK value and the flux is modelled.

An exposure time of one hour and an exposed skin area of 2000 cm
2
which corresponds to the area of both hands and forearms is used as a practical exposure model for liquids. For gases, the exposure time is taken as 8 hours and the exposed skin area as 1.8 m
2
.

With the obtained fluxes, the body burden is calculated and if it exceeds 25% of the chronic systemic NOAEL for workers, the substance is designated with an “H”. If the substance is genotoxic and no systemic NOAEL could be deduced, a qualitative proof of uptake is enough for the designation with an “H”.
Ethylacetat [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2017

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of ethyl acetate [
141‐78‐6
] of 400 ml/m
3
, considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail. The critical effect of ethyl acetate is irritation of eye and nose in humans and of the olfactory mucosa in rats; in addition, neurotoxic effects are observed in animals at high concentrations. In three studies with volunteers exposed to 400 ml ethyl acetate/m
3
, slight irritation in the nose, throat and eye were observed, however the physiological parameters blinking frequency and nasal resistance, both indicators of irritation were not affected. Overall, 400 ml ethyl acetate/m
3
is not an unequivocal NOAEC. Accordingly, the MAK value has been lowered to 200 ml/m
3
. As local effects are critical, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category I and the excursion factor of 2 are confirmed. Taking into consideration the data for the metabolites acetic acid and ethanol, damage to the embryo and fetus is unlikely when the MAK value for ethyl acetate is observed. Therefore, ethyl acetate remains classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Ethyl acetate is not genotoxic and there are no carcinogenicity studies. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity. Skin sensitization is not expected from the limited data. There are no data concerning the potential for respiratory sensitization.
Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light [MAK Value Documentation, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2017

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of hydrotreated light distillates (petroleum) [
64742‐47‐8
] of 20 ml/m
3
, considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail. The critical effect of hydrotreated light distillates (petroleum) (C9–C16) vapours is presumably CNS‐depression as is the case with other hydrocarbon mixtures like White Spirit. For the aerosol phase lung toxicity is assumed to be the critical effect. The Commission increased the MAK value for the vapour phase to 50 ml/m
3
in analogy to hydrotreated heavy naphtha (petroleum) (C6–C13) for which behavioural studies with White Spirit (C9–C12) in volunteers were used to derive the MAK value. White Spirit can be viewed as representative for hydrotreated light distillates (petroleum) because their C13–C16 components have low vapour pressure and do not contribute much to the concentration in the vapour phase. On the other hand, the aerosol phase comprises mostly these components and they are expected to be deposited as aerosol in the lung. A MAK value of 5 mg/m
3
for the respirable fraction in analogy to White Oil is set. As systemic effects are critical, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category II is retained. The excursion factor of 2 for the vapour is confirmed and an excursion factor of 4 for the aerosol is set in analogy to White Oil. The assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C is confirmed, as there is no reason to fear damage to the embryo or foetus when the MAK value is observed. Hydrotreated light distillates are not genotoxic. After chronic epicutaneous application of high doses of kerosenes malign skin tumours developed in mice. However, since the relevance of these tumours for humans in this model is not clear, the assignment to Carcinogen Category 3B is retained. Skin contact does not contribute to systemic toxicity and sensitization is not expected.
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) [MAK Value Documentation, 2009]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2017

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) [67‐68‐5] of 50 ml/m
3
, considering the endpoints local and systemic toxicity as well as developmental toxicity. In a 13‐week inhalation study the olfactory and respiratory epithelia and the pharynx of rats are the target tissues, and a reduction of body weight gain, possibly secondary to the irritation, is seen. The NOAEC for these effects is 964 mg/m
3
(297 ml/m
3
, vapour). As local effects are critical, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category I and the excursion factor of 2 are confirmed. In a developmental toxicity study with rats a borderline increase in incidences of pups with dilated renal pelvis were seen at the low dose of 200 mg/kg body weight and day. The developmental toxicity study in rabbits revealed an increase in the incidence of malformations of the kidneys after oral administration of 1000 mg/kg body weight and day; this may have been an effect of the treatment. Therefore, a substance‐specific effect on the urinary tract cannot be ruled out. Because a NOAEL for developmental toxicity for rats cannot be established, damage to the embryo or foetus cannot be judged and dimethyl sulfoxide is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group D. DMSO is not genotoxic in vitro and in vivo. Long‐term carcinogenicity studies are not available, short‐term studies do not indicate a potential for carcinogenicity. DMSO is not a skin sensitizer, data on respiratory sensitization are not available. Skin contact is expected to contribute significantly to the systemic toxicity of DMSO therefore, it is still designated with an “H”.
White mineral oil, pharmaceutical [MAK Value Documentation, 2015]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2017

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated pharmaceutical white mineral oil which is a grade of white mineral oil [
8042‐47‐5
] considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications are described in detail. In addition to studies with white mineral oils, studies with other highly refined mineral oils are used. Critical effect is lung toxicity which is observed as microgranulomas in two long‐term studies with rats and dogs at a respirable aerosol concentration of 100 mg/m
3
with a NOAEC of 5 mg/m
3
. A MAK value of 5 mg/m
3
has been set as the respirable fraction (R). Since the critical effect is a long‐term effect on the lung, Peak Limitation Category II is designated, with an excursion factor of 4. The NOAEC and the oral NOAEL for developmental toxicity of white mineral oil in rats are 1000 mg/m
3
and 5000 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The differences between the MAK value and the NOAEC and that of the oral NOAEL scaled to a concentration at the work place are sufficiently large, so that damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is not exceeded. Pharmaceutical white mineral oil is therefore classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Highly refined mineral oils are neither genotoxic nor carcinogenic. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity. Numerous studies where purified mineral oil and petrolatum are used as a vehicle show no sensitization in humans and animals. The same is expected for pharmaceutical white mineral oil.
Sex matters: repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in adolescent rats
Authors: Wright David K. , O'Brien Terence J. , Shultz Sandy R. , Mychasiuk Richelle
Published: July 2017

Objective

Whether sex differences contribute to the heterogeneity of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and repeated mTBI (RmTBI) outcomes in adolescents is unknown. Therefore, this study examined changes in, and differences between, male and female rats following single mTBI and RmTBI.

Methods

Rats were given a single mTBI, RmTBI (i.e., 3x), or sham injuries. Injuries were administered using a lateral impact model that mimics forces common in human mTBI. After the final injury, rats underwent extensive behavioral testing to examine cognition, motor function, and anxiety‐ and depressive‐like behavior. Postmortem analyses investigated gene expression and structural changes in the brain.

Results

Many of the outcomes exhibited a sex‐dependent response to RmTBI. While all rats given RmTBI had deficits in balance, motor coordination, locomotion, and anxiety‐like behavior, only male rats given RmTBI had short‐term working memory deficits, whereas only females given RmTBI had increased depressive‐like behavior. Volumetric and diffusion weighted MRI analyses found that while RmTBI‐induced atrophy of the prefrontal cortex was greater in female rats, only the male rats exhibited worse white matter integrity in the corpus callosum following RmTBI. Sex‐dependent changes in brain expression of mRNA for glial fibrillary acidic protein, myelin basic protein, and tau protein were also observed following injury.

Interpretation

These findings suggest that in adolescent mTBI, sex matters; and future studies incorporating both male and females are warranted to provide a greater understanding of injury prognosis and better inform clinical practice.
Over‐selective Responding in a Diagnostic Judgment Task
Authors: Quigley Martyn , Reed Phil
Published: July 2017

Medical diagnoses are often made on the basis of the presence of multiple symptoms. However, little is known about how the presence of multiple simultaneous symptoms may influence a bias in determining which symptoms are identified, in part due to a lack of an experimental analogue of this process. The current article presents a laboratory analogue of this process and explores whether over‐selectivity influences the ability to identify symptoms indicative of particular illnesses. In two experiments, participants completed a diagnosis task that required them to rate the degree to which symptoms predicted illnesses, with predictor symptoms being presented either singly or in compound. In both experiments, over‐selectivity was observed; one symptom of the compound received lower ratings, compared to the other element of the compound and the single predictor, while the other component received comparable ratings with the element. These findings are discussed in relation to associative accounts of over‐selectivity and as a procedure to study biases in medical decision making.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐Isothermal Simulations of Aluminum Depth Filtration
Authors: Demuth Cornelius , Werzner Eric , Mendes Miguel A. A. , Krause Hartmut , Trimis Dimosthenis , Ray Subhashis
Published: July 2017

The present article addresses the modeling issues, related to the numerical simulation of aluminum depth filtration inside a real filter section in presence of non‐negligible temperature variation. The filter structure is obtained by digitizing the computed tomography (CT) scanned data of a characteristic ceramic foam filter. The modeling takes the process conditions of a filtration trial in a pilot casting line into account. The incompressible flow of liquid aluminum is solved by the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and the heat transfer is solved by the finite volume method (FVM). The temperature dependences of the viscosity and the density of liquid metal are specifically considered. Although the consideration of buoyancy force significantly affects the fluid flow, the temperature‐dependent viscosity plays only a minor role. A Lagrangian tracking of particles is performed for modeling the filtration of inclusions. In accordance with the depth filtration theory, the computational results confirm an exponential decrease in the particle concentration with the filter depth. The overall filtration efficiency is found to remain almost unaffected by both buoyancy and temperature‐dependent viscosity. Using the numerically determined filtration coefficient, the filtration efficiency is extrapolated for a real filter of larger length, although the experimental data are underpredicted.