bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Effect of Channel Parameters between Filaments and Single Fabric Parameters on Air Permeability, Water Vapour Resistance and Thermal Resistance
Authors: Polipowski Mirosław , Więcek Piotr , Więcek Bogusław , Pinar Anna
Published: October 2017

The work presented is a continuation of research on the interthread channels of single fabric taking into account the parameters of fabric structure. The stereographic method of threedimensional structure analysis of a single fabric, the method of 3D microscopy of fabric fragments in structural light and analysis of microscopic images of the 4th generation were introduced. Statistical analysis of the air permeability, water vapour resistance and thermal resistance indicators for flat textile products showed significant dependences of these flow rates on channel parameters as well as other fabric parameters. The correlation between the parameters measured and the flow indicators was determined. Very strong correlations of the air permeability indicator were found with the channel clearance area, warp count and approximate channel volume. A strong correlation with the thickness of fabrics was obtained for the water vapour resistance indicator. For heat resistance there was a strong correlation with the diameter of channel inlets. Strong correlations between fabric parameters and channel parameters were obtained for the channel clearance area and approximate channel volume, warp and channel ground area, weft count and fabric thickness, channel inlet diameter, and fabric thickness.
Study on Importance of Employee Performance Assesment and Lost Productive Time Rate Determination in Garment Assembly Lines
Authors: Kayar Mahmut , Bulur Öykü Ceren
Published: October 2017

This study primarily includes theoretical information on the performance and lost productive time of a firm. Furthermore t-shirt sewing operations of a garment firm were analysed and time measurement for each operation was carried out by the time keeping method. By considering the measurements obtained, different performance estimations, the firm’s lost productive time rates, and the standard time was calculated within 5 different scenarios. According to each sewing standard time obtained, the assembly line balancing practice was carried out using the Hoffman method. Later on results of the assembly line balancing were compared, and the importance of employee performance assessment and its lost productive time rates for firms were discussed. The aim of the study was to emphasize the value of impeccable determination of the employee performance assessment and lost productive time rates. Consequently garment firms will be more cautious in calculating the standard time and will be able to reach their production target within the accurate measurement they obtain.
Language of Dressing as Communication System and its Functions – Roman Jakobson’s Linguistic Method
Authors: Todorović Tijana , Pavko Čuden Alenka , Košak Karin , Toporišič Tomaž
Published: October 2017

The aim of the study was to show the principles of nonverbal communication achieved with clothing by using Roman Jakobson’s linguistic method. As demonstrated and established here, clothes and their functions can be translated into verbal and written language. The language of fashion, costume and stage design can be analysed in terms of their function and symbolism. Based on the language function scheme, clothing can be interpreted as the language of communication and as a system. Using purely linguistic methods, examples of various clothing analyses demonstrate the clothing function as a visual sign system, which is equal to the linguistic sign system, language and communication. Different kinds of communication can be achieved through garments, as explained by the examples and discussion selected and described.
Optimized QuEChERS Method Combined with UHPLC-MS/MS for the Simultaneous Determination of 15 Mycotoxins in Liquorice
Authors: Huang Xiaojing , Wang Shaomin , Mao Dan , Miao Shui , Hu Qing , Ji Shen
Published: October 2017

In our study, a reliable and rapid analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 15 mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, alternariol, agroclavine, citrinin, diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone) in liquorice using ultra-HPLC coupled to tandem MS was developed and validated. Due to the complex ingredients in liquorice, we chose a QuEChERS-based extraction procedure as the sample pretreatment. Meanwhile, for the first time, acetate buffer was used to replaced water, which can greatly reduce the concentration of formic acid in acetonitrile, which further reduces the extraction efficiency of impurities. The optimal combination of adsorbents is 150 mg primary secondary amine, 150 mg silica gel, 600 mg octadecylsilane, and 900 mg anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Electrospray ionization in both positive- and negative-ionization modes was applied to detect all the mycotoxins in a single run time of 15 min, with LOQs in the range of 0.125–2.5 μg/kg. The recoveries of determination obtained were in the range of 81.0–104.7%, whereas the analytes could be accurately quantified in the 0.25–625 μg/kg concentration range, with all coefficients being >0.992. Intra- and interday reproducibility were lower than 5.5 and 8.9%, respectively, for all analytical mycotoxins. The validated method was finally applied to screen mycotoxins in 31 batches of real samples collected from drugstores and hospitals in Shanghai, China. Our survey findings show that six mycotoxins were detected, including alternariol, citrinin, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, ochratoxin, and zearalenone, and that the positive rate of mycotoxins was 54.8% in real samples, ranging from 3.37 to 520.6 μg/kg.
The usefulness of pedicled perforator flap in partial breast reconstruction after breast conserving surgery in Korean women
Authors: Kim Jae Bong , Kim Dong Kyu , Lee Jeong Woo , Choi Kang Young , Chung Ho Yun , Cho Byung Chae , Park Ho Yong , Lee Jee Yeon , Yang Jung Dug
Published: October 2017

Background The emergence of breast-conserving surgery combined with radiotherapy as the treatment of choice for early stage breast cancer has resulted in greater focus on oncoplastic breast surgery. The use of perforator flaps has particularly gained in reputation for its effectiveness in the reconstruction of partial breast defects in Korean women. Herein, we present our experience with the use of thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) and lateral intercostal artery perforator (LICAP) flaps.

Methods This study included 33 patients who underwent breast reconstruction using TDAP or LICAP flaps at our hospital from January 2011 to December 2014. Data from patient medical records, and patient satisfaction surveys, which were conducted 12 months postoperatively, were retrospectively evaluated.

Results TDAP and LICAP flap-based reconstructions were performed in 14 and 19 patients, respectively. Five patients developed complications that required additional intervention. Overall patient satisfaction was observed to be excellent in 15 (46%) patients, and good in 12 (36%).

Conclusions Based on our experience, oncoplastic breast surgery using TDAP or LICAP flap is an effective remodeling technique for small-to-moderate breast defects in Korean women with smaller breasts.
Correlation between the time elapsed after liposuction and the risk of fat embolism: An animal model
Authors: Lim Kwang-Ryeol , Cho Jeong-Min , Yoon Chung-Min , Lee Keun-Cheol , Lee Sang-Yun , Ju Mi-Ha
Published: October 2017

Background Liposuction has become one of the most frequently performed procedures in the field of aesthetic surgery. Fat embolism syndrome after liposuction can easily be overlooked or underestimated; however, occasionally, fulminating fat embolism syndrome can develop and lead to a critical situation within 2–3 days after lipoplasty. Changes over time in the amount of circulating fat particles and the histology of major organs have not yet been studied.

Methods This study was conducted using 18 male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 12 weeks and weighing 500–628 g (average, 562 g). Fifteen rats were used as the experimental group and 3 as the control group. Under general anesthesia, tumescent-technique liposuction was performed at the lateral flank areas and abdomen for 1 hour. Blood, lung, and brain tissue specimens were obtained at 1 hour, 1 day, and 2 days after the liposuction procedure.

Results The average number of fat particles in the blood samples was 25,960/dL at 1 hour, 111,100/dL at 24 hours, and 21,780/dL at 48 hours. The differences between study groups were statistically significant. Both intravascular and extravascular fat particles with inflammation were seen in all 15 rats, as were inflammatory cell infiltration, hemorrhage, and consolidation with shrinkage of the lung alveoli.

Conclusions These results imply that there is a strong possibility of fat embolism syndrome after liposuction in real clinical practice, and the first 24–48 hours after the operation were found to be the most important period for preventing pulmonary embolism and progression to fulminating fat embolism syndrome.
A governança corporativa como instrumento de apoio à gestão da inovação na agroindústria
Authors: Silva Josivan Alves da , Santos David Ferreira Lopes
Published: October 2017

Este estudo analisa a Governança Corporativa como balizador do modelo de gestão da inovação na Agroindústria, para tanto, aproxima duas vertentes teóricas onde as pesquisas aplicadas ainda são escassas. A complexidade das relações institucionais entre os agentes inseridos em um sistema de inovação requer mecanismos que salvaguardem os múltiplos interesses sem prejuízo à transparência e competitividade das organizações. Em função da natureza exploratória do estudo, utiliza-se uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa, a partir de um estudo de caso de uma das principais empresas agroindustriais no segmento de fruticultura do Brasil. Os resultados dessa pesquisa sinalizam para um modelo de gestão da inovação que tenha ligação com a estratégia da empresa e possa ter em sua base os pilares da governança corporativa, bem como, indicadores que possam mensurar o processo de inovação em cada uma das suas etapas, e que se estabeleça nesse modelo uma visão holística do processo. Também se destaca no modelo proposto a importância da retroalimentação das etapas do sistema (feedback), que essa retroalimentação possa via a corrigir eventuais falhas no processo.
Ghostly Presence: An Abandoned Space and Three Religious Communities in Parishville, Quebec
Authors: Grigore Dovlete Monica , Beaman Lori G.
Published: October 2017

Once a religiously vibrant society, today Quebec is in the midst of a transition in its religious identity. Yet, the landscape of Quebec still preserves the marks of its perhaps more religious past. In other words, churches stand out in the contemporary panorama of the province. However, the lack of support by an active community has meant that many churches closed or face the threat of closure. Those religious groups that remain struggle to save their places of worship. The faithful of Parishville, both Catholic and Protestant, are no exception. This article explores the narratives of three religious groups (Anglican, United Church and Catholic) about an abandoned building that was once a church and then a Masonic Temple. Through our exploration of the aesthetic and material dimensions of the Masonic Temple we reveal aspects of the contemporary struggle of religious groups to survive as well as the fears, tensions and problems associated with this struggle. As it turns out, the Masonic Temple is a sort of ghostly presence, reminding the Protestant and Catholic parishioners of Parishville their own religious decline—the end of their building and the end of their faith.1
Seductive Atmospheres, Conflicting Symbols: Religious Landmark Buildings in Diverse Societies
Authors: Steets Silke
Published: October 2017

Informed by the sociology of knowledge, this paper understands buildings as “material objectivations” that continuously “act back” upon their users. It examines the following question: Why are the discussions about constructing new (religious) landmark buildings, or the rebuilding of historical ones, so emotionally charged? Using the debate about a proposed golden cross on top of the reconstruction of the Prussian City Palace in Berlin as a starting point, this article studies buildings on two levels: the level of bodily experience, on which they unfold their seductive features, and the level of – often conflicting – symbolic inscription. The analysis shows that religious landmark buildings, such as churches or mosques, use specific means of expression to stimulate the experience of the “numinous.” As a result, they are often loaded with strong emotions and feelings of belonging or dis-belonging. As religious communities increasingly become fragmented in diverse societies, symbolic recognition in landmark projects appears to be a deeply political concern.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Negative–Associated Lymphangioma-like Kaposi's Sarcoma with Variable Clinical Presentations
Authors: Kotzias Georgios , Agunbiade Modupe , Isaac Leon , Khaladj Morteza
Published: October 2017

Lymphangioma-like Kaposi's sarcoma (LLKS) is a rare histologic variant of KS. Kaposi's sarcoma is also known as human herpesvirus type 8. The clinical presentation of the LLKS lesion is highly unusual and similar to that of classic KS but with multinodular vascular tumors and lymphedema. We present a 63-year-old native Haitian man with multiple slowly progressive exophytic ulcerated lesions covering more than 60% of his left lower extremity with no systemic involvement. Much confusion surrounded the clinical presentation of these wounds, and we postulated several differential diagnoses. Herein we describe the evaluation, clinical appearance, and progression of LLKS. Due to the rarity of LLKS, treating physicians need to be aware of the clinical presentation and diagnostic criteria of this variant. Despite being incurable, early diagnosis of LLKS can lead to long-term treatment options and a major reduction in symptoms.
Radiographic Assessment of Lower-Limb Discrepancy
Authors: Reina-Bueno Maria , Lafuente-Sotillos Guillermo , Castillo-Lopez Jose M. , Gomez-Aguilar Estela , Munuera-Martinez Pedro V.
Published: October 2017

Background:

This study compares different lower-limb length measurements using tests of lower-limb upright full-length radiography and anteroposterior radiography of load-bearing hips.

Methods:

Forty-seven consecutive individuals aged 17 to 61 years (mean ± SD, 31.47 ± 11.42 years) voluntarily took part in the study; 23 (48.9%) were women and 24 (51.1%) were men. All individuals presenting a difference of 5 mm or greater between both lower limbs quantified with a tape measure were included. All of the participants signed an informed consent form to take part in the study. Two anteroposterior load-bearing radiographs were taken: one of the hip and an upright full-length radiograph of the lower limbs. Lower-limb–length discrepancy was quantified by taking different reference points. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability was assessed for each radiographic measurement. Any correlation between the different measurements were also verified.

Results:

Interobserver and intraobserver reliability was high for all of the measurements because the intraclass correlation was greater than 0.75 in all of the cases. There was a strong and positive correlation between the different measurements because when performing bivariate correlations with the Pearson correlation coefficient, positive values close to 1 were found.

Conclusions:

In this study, the different reference points reported in the upright full-length radiograph in addition to the hip radiographs are useful for assessing lower-limb–length discrepancy. The results showed that there is a correct correlation between the different measurements.
Rupture of the Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle Secondary to Repetitive Overuse in a Taekwondo Athlete
Authors: Chun Dong-Il , Lee Jun-Hyuck , Cho Jaeho
Published: October 2017

Closed rupture of the extensor hallucis longus (EHL) tendon is rare, with most cases caused by either direct penetrating trauma or predisposing factors such as corticosteroid injection and iatrogenic trauma incidences. Almost all of the previous case reports have reported on rupture of the EHL tendon rather than the EHL muscle. In this report, we highlight an unusual clinical presentation of a rupture of the EHL muscle and discuss its predisposing factors. This patient was a taekwondo athlete with EHL muscle rupture secondary to repetitive overuse without any underlying systemic or local predisposing factors or direct trauma. Fifteen months after successful surgical treatment, he became fully functional again as an elite taekwondo athlete.
Isolated Fracture of the Medial Cuneiform
Authors: Babu Nina S. , Gambardella Gabriel V. , Bowlby Melinda A.
Published: October 2017

An isolated medial cuneiform fracture is a rarely encountered injury of the foot. We present a case of an isolated medial cuneiform fracture in a patient after sustaining a fall from a 15-foot height. Treatment consisted of primary arthrodesis of the first tarsometatarsal joint due to a high degree of comminution and intra-articular pain. When radiographs are inconclusive and the index of suspicion remains high for a lesser tarsus fracture, computed tomography is recommended. In patients with minimal displacement, conservative treatment is usually successful in achieving osseous fusion. When the fracture is displaced, intra-articular, or comminuted, surgical intervention, including open reduction with internal fixation and primary arthrodesis, should be considered.
Clinical Utility of Ultrasound Measurements of Plantar Fascia Width and Cross-Sectional Area
Authors: Bisi-Balogun Adebisi , Rector Michael
Published: October 2017

Background:

We sought to develop a standardized protocol for ultrasound (US) measurements of plantar fascia (PF) width and cross-sectional area (CSA), which may serve as additional outcome variables during US examinations of both healthy asymptomatic PF and in plantar fasciopathy and determine its interrater and intrarater reliability.

Methods:

Ten healthy individuals (20 feet) were enrolled. Participants were assessed twice by two raters each to determine intrarater and interrater reliability. For each foot, three transverse scans of the central bundle of the PF were taken at its insertion at the medial calcaneal tubercle, identified in real time on the plantar surface of the foot, using a fine wire technique. Reliability was determined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), standard errors of measurement (SEM), and limits of agreement (LOA) expressed as percentages of the mean. Reliability of PF width and CSA measurements was determined using PF width and CSA measurements from one sonogram measured once and the mean of three measurements from three sonograms each measured once.

Results:

Ultrasound measurements of PF width and CSA showed a mean of 18.6 ± 2.0 mm and 69.20 ± 13.6 mm2 respectively. Intra-reliability within both raters showed an ICC > 0.84 for width and ICC > 0.92 for CSA as well as a SEM% and LOA% < 10% for both width and CSA. Inter-rater reliability showed an ICC of 0.82 for width and 0.87 for CSA as well as a SEM% and LOA% < 10% for width and a SEM% < 10% and LOA% < 20% for CSA. Relative and absolute reliability within and between raters were higher when using the mean of three sonographs compared to one sonograph.

Conclusions:

Using this novel technique, PF CSA and width may be determined reliably using measurements from one sonogram or the mean of three sonograms. Measurement of PF CSA and width in addition to already established thickness and echogenicity measurements provides additional information on structural properties of the PF for clinicians and researchers in healthy and pathologic PF.
Behcet's Disease
Authors: Mahoney James M. , Millonig Kelsey
Published: October 2017

Behcet's disease is a rare autoimmune systemic vasculitis. It usually presents with a symptom complex involving primarily mucocutaneous lesions, genital lesions, and uveitis. When it involves the lower extremity, venous and arterial disease predominates, and joint involvement occurs in approximately 50% of patients. We present a patient with Behcet's disease who was initially referred to us for chronic toenail pathology.
Comparison of Hallux Rigidus Surgical Treatment Outcomes Between Active Duty and Non–Active Duty Populations
Authors: Jones Marc D. , Sweet Kerry J.
Published: October 2017

Background:

Our aim in this study was to compare the long-term outcomes of three different surgical procedures for the treatment of hallux rigidus (ie, cheilectomy, decompressive osteotomy, and arthrodesis) between active duty military and non–active duty patients.

Methods:

A retrospective review of 80 patients (95 feet) undergoing surgical treatment for hallux rigidus was performed. Telephone survey was used to obtain postoperative outcome measures and subjective satisfaction. Additional data recorded and analyzed included age, sex, status of patient (active duty or non–active duty), grade of hallux rigidus, surgical procedure performed, date of surgery, time to return to full activity, ability to return to full duty, and follow-up time postoperatively.

Results:

The decompressive osteotomy group had the highest return-to-duty rate, satisfaction rate, and Maryland Foot Scores of all three surgical groups, although these differences were not statistically significant. Active duty and non–active duty patients did not have statistically significant differences in outcomes measures (ie, time to return to full activity, ability to return to full duty, satisfaction, or postoperative Maryland Foot Score) in any of the three surgical groups.

Conclusions:

Decompressive osteotomy, cheilectomy, and first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis are all reliable and effective procedures for treatment of hallux rigidus in both active duty military and non–active duty patients. Active duty military personal have a high rate of returning to their prior military activities after surgical treatment of hallux rigidus.
Motivating participation in open science by examining researcher incentives
Authors: Ali-Khan Sarah E , Harris Liam W , Gold E Richard
Published: October 2017

Support for open science is growing, but motivating researchers to participate in open science can be challenging. This in-depth qualitative study draws on interviews with researchers and staff at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital during the development of its open science policy. Using thematic content analysis, we explore attitudes toward open science, the motivations and disincentives to participate, the role of patients, and attitudes to the eschewal of intellectual property rights. To be successful, an open science policy must clearly lay out expectations, boundaries and mechanisms by which researchers can engage, and must be shaped to explicitly support their values and those of key partners, including patients, research participants and industry collaborators.
Multivariate ordination identifies vegetation types associated with spider conservation in brassica crops
Authors: Saqib Hafiz Sohaib Ahmed , You Minsheng , Gurr Geoff M.
Published: October 2017

Conservation biological control emphasizes natural and other non-crop vegetation as a source of natural enemies to focal crops. There is an unmet need for better methods to identify the types of vegetation that are optimal to support specific natural enemies that may colonize the crops. Here we explore the commonality of the spider assemblage—considering abundance and diversity (H)—in brassica crops with that of adjacent non-crop and non-brassica crop vegetation. We employ spatial-based multivariate ordination approaches, hierarchical clustering and spatial eigenvector analysis. The small-scale mixed cropping and high disturbance frequency of southern Chinese vegetation farming offered a setting to test the role of alternate vegetation for spider conservation. Our findings indicate that spider families differ markedly in occurrence with respect to vegetation type. Grassy field margins, non-crop vegetation, taro and sweetpotato harbour spider morphospecies and functional groups that are also present in brassica crops. In contrast, pumpkin and litchi contain spiders not found in brassicas, and so may have little benefit for conservation biological control services for brassicas. Our findings also illustrate the utility of advanced statistical approaches for identifying spatial relationships between natural enemies and the land uses most likely to offer alternative habitats for conservation biological control efforts that generates testable hypotheses for future studies.
Augmented cartilage regeneration by implantation of cellular versus acellular implants after bone marrow stimulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies
Authors: Pot Michiel W. , van Kuppevelt Toin H. , Gonzales Veronica K. , Buma Pieter , IntHout Joanna , de Vries Rob B.M. , Daamen Willeke F.
Published: October 2017

Bone marrow stimulation may be applied to regenerate focal cartilage defects, but generally results in transient clinical improvement and formation of fibrocartilage rather than hyaline cartilage. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strive to develop new solutions to regenerate hyaline cartilage tissue. This systematic review and meta-analysis provides a comprehensive overview of current literature and assesses the efficacy of articular cartilage regeneration by implantation of cell-laden versus cell-free biomaterials in the knee and ankle joint in animals after bone marrow stimulation. PubMed and EMBASE (via OvidSP) were systematically searched using tissue engineering, cartilage and animals search strategies. Included were primary studies in which cellular and acellular biomaterials were implanted after applying bone marrow stimulation in the knee or ankle joint in healthy animals. Study characteristics were tabulated and outcome data were collected for meta-analysis for studies applying semi-quantitative histology as outcome measure (117 studies). Cartilage regeneration was expressed on an absolute 0–100% scale and random effects meta-analyses were performed. Implantation of cellular biomaterials significantly improved cartilage regeneration by 18.6% compared to acellular biomaterials. No significant differences were found between biomaterials loaded with stem cells and those loaded with somatic cells. Culture conditions of cells did not affect cartilage regeneration. Cartilage formation was reduced with adipose-derived stem cells compared to other cell types, but still improved compared to acellular scaffolds. Assessment of the risk of bias was impaired due to incomplete reporting for most studies. Implantation of cellular biomaterials improves cartilage regeneration compared to acellular biomaterials.
Genome-wide identification and expression profile analysis of CCH gene family in Populus
Authors: Xu Zhiru , Gao Liying , Tang Mengquan , Qu Chunpu , Huang Jiahuan , Wang Qi , Yang Chuanping , Liu Guanjun , Yang Chengjun
Published: October 2017

Copper plays key roles in plant physiological activities. To maintain copper cellular homeostasis, copper chaperones have important functions in binding and transporting copper to target proteins. Detailed characterization and function analysis of a copper chaperone, CCH, is presently limited to Arabidopsis. This study reports the identification of 21 genes encoding putative CCH proteins in Populus trichocarpa. Besides sharing the conserved metal-binding motif MXCXXC and forming a βαββαβ secondary structure at the N-terminal, all the PtCCHs possessed the plant-exclusive extended C-terminal. Based on their gene structure, conserved motifs, and phylogenetic analysis, the PtCCHs were divided into three subgroups. Our analysis indicated that whole-genome duplication and tandem duplication events likely contributed to expansion of the CCH gene family in Populus. Tissue-specific data from PlantGenIE revealed that PtCCH genes had broad expression patterns in different tissues. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that PnCCH genes of P. simonii × P. nigra also had different tissue-specific expression traits, as well as different inducible-expression patterns in response to copper stresses (excessive and deficiency). In summary, our study of CCH genes in the Populus genome provides a comprehensive analysis of this gene family, and lays an important foundation for further investigation of their roles in copper homeostasis of poplar.
The Radiation Belt Electron Scattering by Magnetosonic Wave: Dependence on Key Parameters
Authors: Lei Mingda , Xie Lun , Li Jinxing , Pu Zuyin , Fu Suiyan , Ni Binbin , Hua Man , Chen Lunjin , Li Wen
Published: October 2017

Magnetosonic (MS) waves have been found capable of creating radiation belt electron butterfly distributions in the inner magnetosphere. To investigate the physical nature of the interactions between radiation belt electrons and MS waves, and to explore a preferential condition for MS waves to scatter electrons efficiently, we performed a comprehensive parametric study of MS wave‐electron interactions using test particle simulations. The diffusion coefficients simulated by varying the MS wave frequency show that the scattering effect of MS waves is frequency insensitive at low harmonics (f < 20 fcp), which has great implications on modeling the electron scattering caused by MS waves with harmonic structures. The electron scattering caused by MS waves is very sensitive to wave normal angles, and MS waves with off 90° wave normal angles scatter electrons more efficiently. By simulating the diffusion coefficients and the electron phase space density evolution at different L shells under different plasma environment circumstances, we find that MS waves can readily produce electron butterfly distributions in the inner part of the plasmasphere where the ratio of electron plasma‐to‐gyrofrequency (fpe/fce) is large, while they may essentially form a two‐peak distribution outside the plasmapause and in the inner radiation belt where fpe/fce is small.
Thermosphere Global Time Response to Geomagnetic Storms Caused by Coronal Mass Ejections
Authors: Oliveira D. M. , Zesta E. , Schuck P. W. , Sutton E. K.
Published: October 2017

We investigate, for the first time with a spatial superposed epoch analysis study, the thermosphere global time response to 159 geomagnetic storms caused by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed in the solar wind at Earth's orbit during the period of September 2001 to September 2011. The thermosphere neutral mass density is obtained from the CHAMP (CHAllenge Mini‐Satellite Payload) and GRACE (Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment) spacecraft. All density measurements are intercalibrated against densities computed by the Jacchia‐Bowman 2008 empirical model under the regime of very low geomagnetic activity. We explore both the effects of the pre‐CME shock impact on the thermosphere and of the storm main phase onset by taking their times of occurrence as zero epoch times (CME impact and interplanetary magnetic field Bz southward turning) for each storm. We find that the shock impact produces quick and transient responses at the two high‐latitude regions with minimal propagation toward lower latitudes. In both cases, thermosphere is heated in very high latitude regions within several minutes. The Bz southward turning of the storm onset has a fast heating manifestation at the two high‐latitude regions, and it takes approximately 3 h for that heating to propagate down to equatorial latitudes and to globalize in the thermosphere. This heating propagation is presumably accomplished, at least in part, with traveling atmospheric disturbances and complex meridional wind structures. Current models use longer lag times in computing thermosphere density dynamics during storms. Our results suggest that the thermosphere response time scales are shorter and should be accordingly adjusted in thermospheric empirical models.
The Yermak Pass Branch: A Major Pathway for the Atlantic Water North of Svalbard?
Authors: Koenig Zoé , Provost Christine , Sennéchael Nathalie , Garric Gilles , Gascard Jean‐Claude
Published: October 2017

An upward‐looking Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler deployed from July 2007 to September 2008 in the Yermak Pass, north of Svalbard, gathered velocity data from 570 m up to 90 m at a location covered by sea ice 10 months out of 12. Barotropic diurnal and semidiurnal tides are the dominant signals in the velocity (more than 70% of the velocity variance). In winter, baroclinic eddies at periods between 5 and 15 days and pulses of 1–2 month periodicity are observed in the Atlantic Water layer and are associated with a shoaling of the pycnocline. Mercator‐Ocean global operational model with daily and 1/12° spatial resolution is shown to have skills in representing low‐frequency velocity variations (>1 month) in the West Spitsbergen Current and in the Yermak Pass. Model outputs suggest that the Yermak Pass Branch has had a robust winter pattern over the last 10 years, carrying on average 31% of the Atlantic Water volume transport of the West Spitsbergen Current (36% in autumn/winter). However, those figures have to be considered with caution as the model neither simulates tides nor fully resolves eddies and ignores residual mean currents that could be significant.
Observations of Acyl Peroxy Nitrates During the Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Éxperiment (FRAPPÉ)
Authors: Zaragoza Jake , Callahan Sara , McDuffie Erin E. , Kirkland Jeffrey , Brophy Patrick , Durrett Lindsi , Farmer Delphine K. , Zhou Yong , Sive Barkley , Flocke Frank , Pfister Gabriele , Knote Christoph , Tevlin Alex , Murphy Jennifer , Fischer Emily V.
Published: October 2017

We report on measurements of acyl peroxy nitrates (APNs) obtained from two ground sites and the NSF/National Center for Atmospheric Research C‐130 aircraft during the 2014 Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Éxperiment (FRAPPÉ). The relative abundance of the APNs observed at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) indicates that anthropogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the dominant drivers of photochemistry during days with the most elevated peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). Reduced major axis regression between propionyl peroxynitrate (PPN) and PAN observed at BAO and from the C‐130 produced a slope of 0.21 (R2 = 0.92). Periods of lower PPN/PAN ratios (~0.10) were associated with cleaner background air characterized by lower ammonia and formic acid abundances. The abundance of methacryloyl peroxynitrate relative to PAN only exceeded 0.05 at BAO when PAN mixing ratios were <300 parts per trillion by volume, implying low influence of isoprene oxidation during periods with substantial local PAN production. We show an example of a day (19 July) where high O3 was not accompanied by enhanced local PAN production. The contribution of biogenic VOCs to local O3 production on the other days in July with elevated O3 (22, 23, 28, and 29 July 2014) was small; evidence is provided in the high abundance of PPN to PAN (slopes between 0.18 and 0.26). The PAN chemistry observed from surface and aircraft platforms during FRAPPÉ implies that anthropogenic VOCs played a dominant role in PAN production during periods with the most O3 and that the relative importance of biogenic hydrocarbon chemistry decreased with increasing O3 production during FRAPPÉ.
Axisymmetric Initialization of the Atmosphere and Ocean for Idealized Coupled Hurricane Simulations
Authors: Aksoy Altuğ , Zhang Jun A. , Klotz Bradley W. , Uhlhorn Eric W. , Cione Joseph J.
Published: October 2017

A new vortex‐scale initialization scheme is presented for idealized coupled hurricane simulations. The atmospheric scheme involves construction of azimuthally averaged kinematic and thermodynamic initial fields based on historical composite data sets from hurricane reconnaissance aircraft. For ocean initialization, a statistical scheme is proposed to construct regression models among atmospheric and ocean fields in the hurricane inner core. For the numerical model, the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) model coupled with a one‐dimensional, diffusive ocean model is used with modifications to initialize with the observation‐based vortex and to ensure that the storm environment remains approximately steady. The primary goal in these simulations is to obtain steady state hurricanes of category‐1 intensity with characteristics typically observed during the hurricane season of the western Atlantic and Caribbean Sea regions. It is demonstrated that this is successfully achieved in the simulations. In an azimuthally averaged sense, regression models are found to capture about 70% of total variance for sea‐surface temperature cooling and up to 55% of total variance for mixed‐layer depth perturbation in the hurricane inner core. Furthermore, within the inner core of a hurricane vortex, it is found that storm speed contributes most to upper ocean perturbations, whereas characteristics of the atmospheric vortex contribute very little. The importance of storm speed in controlling upper ocean perturbations is strongest near the storm center, diminishing gradually toward no measurable impact beyond the immediate inner core.
Evaluation of WRF SCM Simulations of Stratocumulus‐Topped Marine and Coastal Boundary Layers and Improvements to Turbulence and Entrainment Parameterizations
Authors: Ghonima Mohamed S. , Yang Handa , Kim Chang Ki , Heus Thijs , Kleissl Jan
Published: October 2017

Stratocumulus‐topped boundary layers (STBLs) are notoriously difficult to parameterize in single‐column models due to the strong inversion layer across which entrainment mixing plays an important role in modulating the boundary layer mass, energy, and moisture balances. We compare three different WRF planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes (Yonsei University, YSU; Asymmetric Convective Model version 2, ACM2; Mellor‐Yamada‐Nakanishi‐Niino, MYNN) against large eddy simulations (LES) to find out that they underestimate entrainment flux in stratocumulus over both ocean and coastal land. Hence, the PBL schemes produce a cooler, moister STBL with higher liquid water content. In order to improve the entrainment parameterization, we propose a modification to the YSU scheme that takes into account the in‐cloud turbulence flux contribution to cloud top entrainment through the formulation of a velocity scale based on the in‐cloud buoyancy flux. A revised top‐down mixing profile is also implemented to model mixing due to turbulence generated by longwave cooling at the cloud top. The modified YSU simulates stronger entrainment flux, resulting in a STBL that matches LES results. Similar modifications were made to ACM2 in addition to implementing explicit entrainment, and while the results also showed good agreement with LES, discretization issues and conflicts with its original design prevent immediate implementation, as the contribution from the modifications and the original scheme are difficult to correctly modulate.
Hindcasting the Madden‐Julian Oscillation With a New Parameterization of Surface Heat Fluxes
Authors: Chen Junwen , Deng Yi , Wang Jingfeng , Lin Wenshi
Published: October 2017

The recently developed maximum entropy production (MEP) model, an alternative parameterization of surface heat fluxes, is incorporated into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. A pair of WRF cloud‐resolving experiments (5 km grids) using the bulk transfer model (WRF default) and the MEP model of surface heat fluxes are performed to hindcast the October Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) event observed during the 2011 Dynamics of the MJO (DYNAMO) field campaign. The simulated surface latent and sensible heat fluxes in the MEP and bulk transfer model runs are in general consistent with in situ observations from two research vessels. Compared to the bulk transfer model, the convection envelope is strengthened in the MEP run and shows a more coherent propagation over the Maritime Continent. The simulated precipitable water in the MEP run is in closer agreement with the observations. Precipitation in the MEP run is enhanced during the active phase of the MJO with significantly reduced regional dry and wet biases. Large‐scale ocean evaporation is stronger in the MEP run leading to stronger boundary layer moistening to the east of the convection center, which facilitates the eastward propagation of the MJO.
2,3‐Pentandion – Bestimmung von 2,3‐Pentandion in der Luft am Arbeitsplatz mittels Hochleistungsflüssigchromatographie (HPLC) [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2017]
Authors: Schuh C. , Nitschke L. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2017

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of 2,3‐pentanedione in workplace air in a concentration range of a tenth up to twice the currently valid MAK value of 0.083 mg/m
3
. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through a cartridge filled with silica gel impregnated with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) using a suitable flow‐regulated pump with a volumetric flow rate of 1 L/min. For sampling 1 hour or 15 min (checking the short‐term value) can be used. The formed derivative 2,3‐pentanedione bis(2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone) is extracted with desorption agent and analysed by means of high performance liquid chromatography using an UV or a MS detector. The quantitative determination is based on a calibration function obtained by means of a multiple‐point calibration. The absolute limit of quantification (LOQ) is 0.043 ng and the relative LOQ is 0.00078 mg/m
3
based on an air sample volume of approx. 60 L or 0.0031 mg/m
3
based on an air sample volume of approx. 15 L (for short‐term value).
Method for the determination of cadmium and its inorganic compounds in workplace air using ICP mass spectrometry after acid digestion [Air Monitoring Methods, 2017]
Authors: Timm K. , Brock T.H. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2017

This analytical procedure is a validated measurement method for the determination of cadmium and its inorganic compounds in workplace air averaged over the sampling period after personal or stationary sampling. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through a membrane filter located in the sampling head (GSP and FSP) of the sampling device using a suitable flow‐regulated pump. The flow rate is set to 10 L/min with a recommended air sample volume of 1200 L. The collected cadmium is prepared by unpressurised acid digestion and analysed by means of mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP‐MS). The quantitative determination is based on a calibration function obtained by means of an equidistant 10‐point calibration. The absolute limit of quantification (LOQ) is 0.1 µg/L and the relative LOQ is 0.007 µg/m
3
based on an air sample volume of approx. 1.2 m
3
. The mean recovery is 102% and the expanded uncertainty for cadmium in inhalable dusts is approx. 19% and approx. 26% in respirable dusts.

Joint Publication of the Analytical Subcommittee of the Chemistry Board of Experts of the Expert Committee Raw Materials and Chemical Industry of the German Social Accident Insurance and the working group “Air Analyses” of the Permanent Senate Commission of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area.
1‐Chlor‐2,3‐epoxypropan (Epichlorhydrin) [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2017]
Authors: Göen T. , Bader M. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2017

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated EKA (exposure equivalents for carcinogenic substances) for epichlorohydrin (CAS‐No 106‐89‐8) in 2017. Available publications are described in detail.

In rodents, epichlorohydrin induces malignant lymphomas, hyperplasias, forestomach papillomas and carcinomas, subcutaneous fibromas and lung and pituitary tumours. Epichlorohydrin was classified in category 2 for carcinogenic substances. The substance can easily pass through the skin, so biological monitoring is indicated for a valid individual risk assessment.

In several biomonitoring studies the mercapturic acids derivatives N‐acetyl‐S‐(3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl)‐L‐cysteine (CHPMA) and N‐acetyl‐S‐(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl)‐L‐cysteine (DHPMA) in urine as well as the hemoglobin adducts N‐(3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl)valine and N‐(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl)valine are suggested as biomarkers after epichlorohydrin exposure. Validated analytical procedures for their quantification are available. Data of a correlation of epichlorohydrin in the air and the CHPMA‐excretion in urine were considered for the evaluation of exposure equivalents for carcinogenic substances. Sampling time is at the end of exposure or end of shift and after long term exposure at the end of the shift after several shifts.
Beryllium und seine anorganischen Verbindungen – Bestimmung von Beryllium in Urin mittels Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2017]
Authors: Paul R. , Budnik L.T. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2017

The working group „Analyses in Biological Materials“ of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area verified the present biomonitoring method.

This procedure describes a method for the determination of beryllium in urine by means of atomic absorption spectrometry using the graphite furnace technique with a pyrolytically coated graphite tube and Zeeman background correction. The acidified samples are homogenized and injected into the graphite tube without further sample preparation using an autosampler. Magnesium nitrate is used as a matrix modifier. After drying, pyrolysis and atomization, the absorbance is measured at 234.9 nm. The beryllium concentration is quantified using either a calibration curve (method I) or the standard addition method (method II).

The method was extensively validated and the reliability data were confirmed by independent laboratories, which have established and cross‐checked the whole procedure.
Triethanolamine [MAK Value Documentation, 2010]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2017

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated triethanolamine [
102‐71‐6
], considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.

After single application, triethanolamine was not found to have any relevant irritation potential for the skin or mucous membranes. The systemic toxicity of triethanolamine via all routes of exposure is low. A 28‐day inhalation study in rats with aerosol exposure revealed a LOAEC of 20 mg/m
3
for inflammation of the larynx, the most sensitive toxicological end point. A benchmark calculation for focal laryngeal inflammation yielded a BMDL of 14.8 mg/m
3
for male rats and 14.1 mg/m
3
for female rats and the maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) is set at 5 mg/m
3
which also provides protection from systemic effects caused by triethanolamine.

Since the critical effect is local, Peak Limitation Category I is designated, with an excursion factor of 4 because the effects on the larynx were observed only after prolonged exposure to 20 mg/m
3
and triethanolamine had, if at all, a very low acute irritative potency.

There are no conclusive studies on developmental toxicity available. Triethanolamine is therefore classified in Pregnancy Risk Group D.

Triethanolamine is not genotoxic in vitro or in vivo; there is no evidence of germ cell mutagenicity. Oral and dermal studies in rats and mice yielded no evidence of a carcinogenic potential.

Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.

The sensitizing potency of triethanolamine is only very slight. Triethanolamine has therefore not been designated with “Sh” or “Sa” (for substances which cause sensitization of the skin or airways).