bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trading-off Constraints in the Pump Scheduling Optimization of Water Distribution Networks
Authors: Gencoglu Gencer , Merzi Nuri
Published: April 2020

Pumps are one of the essential components of water supply systems. Depending of the topography, a water supply system may completely rely on pumping. They may consume non-negligible amount of water authorities' budgets during operation. Besides their energy costs, maintaining the healthiness of pumping systems is another concern for authorities. This study represents a multi-objective optimization method for pump scheduling problem. The optimization objective contains hydraulic and operational constraints. Switching of pumps and usage of electricity tariff are assumed to be key factors for operational reliability and energy consumption and costs of pumping systems. The local optimals for systems operational reliability, energy consumptions and energy costs are investigated resulting from trading-off pump switch and electricity tariff constraints within given set of boundary conditions. In the study, a custom made program is employed that combines genetic algorithm based optimization module with hydraulic network simulation software -EPANET. Developed method is applied on the case study network; N8-3 pressure zone of the Northern Supply of Ankara (Turkey) Water Distribution Network. This work offers an efficient method for water authorities aiming to optimize pumping schedules considering expenditures and operational reliability mutually.
URBAN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CAXIAS DO SUL/BRAZIL: PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Poletto Matheus , De Mori Paulo R. , Schneider Vania E. , Zattera Ademir J.
Published: April 2020

Solid waste management is become a challenge for the cities’ authorities in developing countries mainly due rapid economic growth and population increasing. In cities of the developing world, the informal sector plays an important role in the management of urban solid waste. This work examines the participation of scavengers in an integrated municipal solid waste management system. The paper is based on direct field observations, interviews with scavengers and characterization of the urban solid waste generated in Caxias do Sul. The partnership between municipal government and local scavengers were also evaluated as well as the contribution of the scavengers in the urban solid waste management system. The study reveals that is necessary realize a campaign for improve the waste segregation at source, the infrastructure of the scavengers associations need to be improved and finally the scavengers need to be more deeply involved in the policies associated with the urban solid waste management system adopted in the city.
A NEW APPROACH FOR URBAN ROADS DETECTION USING LASER DATA AND AERIAL DIGITAL IMAGES
Authors: Da Silva Francisco Assis , Gohara Anderson Akio , Pazoti Mário Augusto , Pereira Danillo Roberto , Artero Almir Olivette , Piteri Marco Antonio
Published: April 2020

The automatic feature extraction from digital aerial images is not a trivial task mainly due to occlusion problems, shadows and different viewpoints. To obtain an improved feature extraction we used laser data, which have additional information such as height and material type of the surface. In this paper we performed the combination of digital image and laser data in order to improve the results of automatic extraction of urban roads. Initially, the urban roads were detected from the response of laser information; in the sequence we applied two different approaches to connect the disconnected road segments. The results were very promising, with sensitivity rate of 92%.
Evidence Based Practice in Speech Language Pathology/Audiology in India
Authors: Mukundan Geeta
Published: April 2020

This opinion article addresses the issue of EBP in academic, research and clinical settings in India. EBP is not an alien concept for Speech-Language Pathologists/Audiologists in the country.  Most professionals in practice are acquainted with the idea of integrating current research evidence with clinical expertise in the context of the client's own life situation. With the aim of eliminating nonstandard practice patterns in both assessment and intervention, experts in the field have developed guidelines for working with a wide range of clinical populations in India. Monographs and journals are being published periodically by academic institutions and professional bodies in an effort to bridge the research-to-practice gap. This opinion article reviews the EBP implementation problems unique to the sub continent including diverse languages and dialects, lack of standard tools for assessment in different languages, financial constraints, illiteracy, nonavailability of specialized centers and the lack of a mechanism to monitor clinical practices in India.
A Non-Systematic Review of Evidence-Based Practice within Speech Pathology in Australia
Authors: McLeod Sharynne
Published: April 2020

In this non-systematic review, evidence-based practice (EBP) in Australian speech pathology research and practice is examined. Many Australian researchers are contributing to the theoretical evidence through systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials, and other clinical research. Additionally, Australian researchers are integrating international theoretical evidence via speechBITE™ and other initiatives. Australian speech pathologists'clinical expertise is supported via Speech Pathology Australia and an example of the implementation of EBP in clinical contexts is the NSWEBP Network. Within Australia, research attention also has been directed towards the client's choice and the client's voice. This paper acknowledges limitations of implementing EBP in Australia: suggesting that inclusion of the client's voice could be formalised and that additional research needs to be undertaken to address practical differences in service delivery models between Australian and international contexts.
Continuous Versus Pulsed Pure-Tone Audiometry in a Group of School-Aged Children
Authors: Van Dijk Catherine , Osman Naeema
Published: April 2020

Pure-tone testing is the primary audiological test procedure for the differential diagnosis of hearing loss and hearing disorders in school-aged children. No research is currently available internationally for children's responses to continuous versus pulsed pure-tones. The aim of this exploratory investigation was to compare the performance of a group of school-aged children on continuous versus pulsed pure-tone audiometry. The aims were to determine whether a threshold difference existed between continuous versus pulsed pure-tones and to record whether a listener preference existed between continuous versus pulsed tones for the frequency range of 125 to 8 000 Hz. Eighteen children (36 ears) aged between 8-12 years, participated in a hearing evaluation as well as in a brief three-question interview. Descriptive statistics viz. average threshold, mean difference and standard deviation of thresholds were used to analyse data. Listeners' perceived preferences were calculated in percentages and reasons for preferring one signal over another was analysed qualitatively. Although the automatically pulsed tone threshold (averaged a cross the frequencies tested) was lower than for the continuous tone, the difference was only 0.2 dB in the left ear and 0.5 dB in the right ear. This small difference is not important in clinical applications for which 5dB in crements are used in pure-tone audiometry. Where a listener preference was indicated, however, the continuous tones w ere preferred over pulsed tones by 56% percent of subjects. These findings differ from similar studies involving adults. This revealed that children may yield different preferences during pure-tone testing than adults and that these preferences should be taken into consideration during testing.
Listeners' attitudes: Speech Supplementation Strategies for Improving Effectiveness of Speakers with Mixed Dysarthria as a result of Motor Neuron Disease
Authors: Toy Natalie , Joubert Karin
Published: April 2020

This study examined unfamiliar and familiar listener attitudes towards the use of combined alphabet-topic cues and a control condition (habitual speech with no cues) associated with the speech of three individuals with severe mixed dysarthria. Two listener groups (N=36) were shown experimentally imposed visual images of the combined alphabet-topic cue strategy in conjunction with recorded auditory presentations with the habitual speech of three individuals with mixed dysarthria. Using a 7-point Likert scale, listeners were asked to rate how effective they thought the speakers communicated; how comfortable they were communicating with the speakers; and how persistent they were in trying to understand the speakers. The results revealed that there were no significant differences in the attitude ratings of familiar listeners as compared to unfamiliar listeners. However, results revealed that rating of communicative effectiveness, comfort communicating with speakers and listener persistence were each more favourable when using the combined cue condition than purely habitual speech. The results suggest that augmentative and alternative communication strategies providing frequent and specific cues regarding the content and constituent words of a message may enhance the attitudes of listeners.
"By the end of this course you should be able to...": Towards Constructive Alignment in the SLP Curriculum
Authors: Pascoe Michelle , Singh Shajila
Published: April 2020

This paper describes the way in which constructive alignment is being implemented in the Speech-language Pathology (SLP) programme at a South African university. We focus on one of the courses, Human Communication Development, that comprises the four year programme of study. A first year, first semester course that is attended by both SLP and Audiology students, it aims to introduce fundamentals of the communication process and its development at a pre-clinical level. We aim to show how theoretical principles from higher education can be implemented at a micro level in a course of the SLP Programme. The principles of constructive alignment are introduced and exemplified through description of the revision of this course. All academic and clinical staff involved in the programme contributed to the development of the course. A template for curriculum revision is presented which allows for the explicit alignment of intended learning outcomes, teaching and learning activities and criterion referenced assessment. Staff participants recorded reflections on their own learning in personal reflection logs. Through this journaling process parallels are drawn between the 'teachers' voyage of discovery and that of the students.
Editorial
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: April 2020

No abstract available.
A Team-work Approach to Cleft Palate Rehabilitation in South Africa
Authors: Marks Margaret
Published: April 2020

No abstract available.
Phonemic Testing
Authors: Epstein A. G.
Published: April 2020

No abstract available.
Learning to Talk - A guide for Parents
Authors: Allsopp Pat
Published: April 2020

No abstract available.
Stuttering - A symposium
Authors: Lubinsky Frume T.
Published: April 2020

No abstract available.
К вопросу о стимульно-согласованных исследованиях с использованием апостериорных вероятностей
Authors: Cvitanic Jaksa , Prelec Drazen , Radas Sonja , Čikic Hrvoje
Published: April 2020

Рассматривается проблема выявления правдивых ответов на вопросы некоторого исследования в случае, когда респонденты имеют общее априорное распределение, не интересующее составителя опроса. В такой постановке составителю опроса желательно иметь универсальное правило, стимулирующее респондентов отвечать правдиво при любом априорном распределении. Если дополнительно выполняются условие локальности (которое гарантирует, что платежные функции правил определяются апостериорными вероятностями
фактического состояния системы) и условие достаточной гладкости, мы доказываем, что равновесная платежная функция в случае правдивых ответов респондентов является логарифмической функцией апостериорных вероятностей. Более того, респонденты должны быть упорядочены в соответствии с этими вероятностями. В заключение обсуждаются вопросы применения полученных результатов.
Educação permanente em agentes comunitários de saúde: experiência de um projeto de intervenção
Authors: Godoi Bruno Bastos , Leite Luciana Fernandes Amaro
Published: April 2020

O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a experiência de discentes do curso de Medicina da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) em um projeto de intervenção que visou capacitar os Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS) de uma Estratégia de Saúde da Família do município de Diamantina/MG. O projeto foi desenvolvido entre os meses de abril e julho de 2016 por oito discentes e uma docente do curso de Medicina da UFVJM. Foram realizados 10 encontros semanais com duração de 2 horas cada, cujo foco foi a capacitação dos ACS de temas escolhidos mediante prevalência de doenças da área de atuação da equipe de saúde. É de extrema importância a educação permanente em saúde dos ACS, quetem como objetivo influenciar positivamente nos indicadores de saúde da comunidade por meio de uma construção mais eficaz do conhecimento técnico-científico-reflexivo inerente ao dia a dia do profissional de saúde.
Campeão de vendas, cientificamente o Glifosato é um agrotóxico perigoso
Authors: Nodari Rubens Onofre , Hess Sônia Corina
Published: April 2020

Os herbicidas à base de glifosato (HBGs) contém, além do principio ativo (glifosato), outras substâncias como surfactantes e adjuvantes. Este artigo teve como objetivo a apresentação de uma revisão da literatura acerca dos riscos à saúde humana, de animais e aos ecossistemas, associados à exposição aos HBGs. Espera-se que o conteúdo possa ser útil ao aperfeiçoamento das práticas e políticas publicas relacionadas ao uso dos referidos agrotóxicos. Para a realização da presente pesquisa, foram consultadas bases de dados disponíveis em portais de periódicos institucionais. Descreve-se que, embora sejam aplicados sobre plantas, os HBGs são levados para longe do local de aplicação, pelo vento, pela água, pela colheita de pólen, grãos, raízes, folhas e frutos. Por serem sistêmicos na planta, chegam às colmeias de abelhas, ao prato do consumidor,a rios, lagos e oceanos.  Em contacto com outros organismos, que não plantas, os HBGs causam efeitosdiversos, tais como morte celular, distúrbios reprodutivos, câncer, malformações, autismo, entre outros.
Ensino de ciências exatas para jovens em situação de vulnerabilidade social e econômica
Authors: Moura Júnior Maurício Donato de , Manhães Carmen Maria Coimbra , Diana João Vitor Aranha , Oliveira Paulo Chaves de
Published: April 2020

Grande parte dos estudantes das escolas públicas do país apresenta baixo nível de aprendizagem devido a diversos fatores. Desses alunos, o grupo que possui frágeis condições econômicas e se encontra em situação de vulnerabilidade social é ainda mais prejudicado. Uma consequência do baixo aproveitamento escolar é a dificuldade que os estudantes de baixa renda enfrentam para conquistar posições de liderança no mercado de trabalho. Por este motivo, foi realizada uma parceria com a Escola Estadual Cristo Rei do município de Pedro Afonso, no estado de Tocantins, buscando identificar estudantes do ensino médio (1° ao 3° ano) em situação de vulnerabilidade e com baixo rendimento escolar. A estes estudantes foi ofertado um curso, entre agosto a novembro de 2018, buscando usar materiais práticos e audiovisuais para fornecer os conhecimentos e ferramentas da área das ciências exatas. Ao final do curso, observou-se um aumento médio de 95% de aproveitamento nas avaliações empregadas aos alunos.
Ciclismo, estética e teatro: um olhar sobre o livro "Se necesitan héroes: la estética del dolor/tourmalet"
Authors: Gomes Leonardo Do Couto , Almeida Duilio Queiroz de , Moraes Leticia Cristina Lima
Published: April 2020

Trata-se de uma resenha do livro espanhol "Se necesitan Héroes: La estética del dolor/Tourmalet", escrito pela brasileira Prescila Requião Lessa e pelo espanhol Miguel Ferrando Rochere, publicado pela Editora La Caja Books em 2018. Destaca-se a temática abordada pela obra, principalmente pelas análises e reflexões acerca dos usos da estética como ferramenta analítica do Esporte, além de trazer elementos da aplicabilidade dos esportes através do teatro. Sendo assim, a obra é de grande relevância para a comunidade acadêmica e científica, incentivando produções futuras acerca das mais distintas práticas corporais
Personality of internal auditors; an exploratory study in The Netherlands
Authors: van Kuijck Bob , Paresi Violaine
Published: April 2020

Many studies have been performed on the interpretation of a person’s personality along the Five-factor model that includes the following traits: openness to experience, emotional stability, conscientiousness, extraversion and agreeableness. However, very little research has been done specifically on the personality of internal auditors. This study tries to establish insight into the personality of internal auditors by comparing them with other professionals.

Based on a literature review and discussion, it is hypothesized whether or not the personality traits of internal auditors differ from those of other professionals. The hypotheses on each of the five factors have been tested for internal auditors and other professionals in The Netherlands.

Results show that, for four personality traits, the internal auditor’s personality is significantly different from other professionals; only the trait agreeableness shows no significant difference. Limitations of the study lie in its exploratory nature.
Legal Regulation and the Juridification of Party Governance
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole , Gauja Anika , Correa Patricia
Published: April 2020

Although democratic states increasingly regulate political parties, we know little about how legal environments shape parties' internal lives. This article conceptualizes and measures the "juridification" of party organizations' conflict regulation regimes: that is, the extent to which
parties replicate external legal standards (e.g. norms of due process) within their own procedures. Formulating hypotheses on juridification within different parties and legal environments, we examine intra-party juridification across four democracies with most different party law provisions.
While party juridification varies—reflecting parties' ideological differences—in contexts where organizational governance remains unregulated, once intra-organizational governance is subject to statutory constraints, parties emulate legal norms embedded in the state legal system,
transcending what is legally required, which has important repercussions for how the law shapes civil society organizations generally.
Influence of vessel characteristics and atmospheric processes on the gas and particle phase of ship emission plumes: in situ measurements in the Mediterranean Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula
Authors: Celik Siddika , Drewnick Frank , Fachinger Friederike , Brooks James , Darbyshire Eoghan , Coe Hugh , Paris Jean-Daniel , Eger Philipp G. , Schuladen Jan , Tadic Ivan , Friedrich Nils , Dienhart Dirk , Hottmann Bettina , Fischer Horst , Crowley John N. , Harder Hartwig , Borrmann Stephan
Published: April 2020

Abstract. A total of 252 emission plumes of ships operating in the
Mediterranean Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula were investigated using a
comprehensive dataset of gas- and submicron-particle-phase properties
measured during the 2-month shipborne AQABA (Air Quality and Climate Change in the Arabian Basin) field campaign in summer
2017. The post-measurement identification of the corresponding ship
emission events in the measured data included the determination of the plume
sources (up to 38 km away) as well as the plume ages (up to 115 min) and
was based on commercially available historical records of the Automatic
Identification System. The dispersion lifetime of chemically inert CO2
in the ship emission plumes was determined as 70±15 min, resulting
in levels indistinguishable from the marine background after 260±60 min. Emission factors (EFs) as quantities that are independent of plume
dilution were calculated and used for the investigation of influences on
ship emission plumes caused by ship characteristics and the combustion
process as well as by atmospheric processes during the early stage of
exhaust release and during plume ageing. Combustion efficiency and therefore
emission factors of black carbon and NOx were identified to depend
mostly on the vessel speed and gross tonnage. Moreover, larger ships,
associated with higher engine power, were found to use fuel with higher
sulfur content and have higher gas-phase SO2, particulate sulfate,
particulate organics, and particulate matter EFs. Despite the independence of
EFs of dilution, a significant influence of the ambient wind speed on the
particle number and mass EFs was observed that can be traced back to
enhanced particle coagulation in the case of slower dilution and suppressed
vapour condensation on particles in the case of faster dilution of the emission
plume. Atmospheric reactions and processes in ship emission plumes were
investigated that include NOx and O3 chemistry, gas-to-particle
conversion of NOx and SO2, and the neutralisation of acids in the
particle phase through the uptake of ambient gas-phase ammonia, the latter
two of which cause the inorganic particulate content to increase and the
organic fraction to decrease with increasing plume age. The results allow for us to
describe the influences on (or processes in) ship emission plumes
quantitatively by parameterisations, which could be used for further
refinement of atmospheric models, and to identify which of these processes
are the most important ones.
Snow heterogeneous reactivity of bromide with ozone lost during snow metamorphism
Authors: Edebeli Jacinta , Trachsel Jürg C. , Avak Sven E. , Ammann Markus , Schneebeli Martin , Eichler Anja , Bartels-Rausch Thorsten
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Earth's snow cover is very dynamic on diurnal time scales. The changes to the snow structure during this metamorphism have wide ranging impacts such as on avalanche formation and on the capacity of surface snow to exchange trace gases with the atmosphere. Here, we investigate the influence of dry metamorphism, which involves fluxes of water vapor, on the chemical reactivity of bromide in the snow. For this, the heterogeneous reactive loss of ozone at a concentration of 5–6 x 1012 molecules cm-3 is investigated in artificial, shock-frozen snow samples doped with 6.2 μM sodium bromide and with varying metamorphism history. The oxidation of bromide in snow is one reaction initiating polar bromine releases and ozone depletions. We find that the heterogeneous reactivity of bromide is completely absent from the air-ice interface in snow after 12 days of temperature gradient metamorphism and suggest that burial of non-volatile bromide salts occurs when the snow matrix is restructuring during metamorphism. Impacts on polar atmospheric chemistry are discussed.
Rate coefficients for reactions of OH with aromatic and aliphatic volatile organic compounds determined by the Multivariate Relative Rate Technique
Authors: Shaw Jacob T. , Rickard Andrew R. , Newland Mike J. , Dillon Terry J.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The multivariate relative rate method was applied to a range of volatile organic compounds (VOC) reactions with OH. This previously published method (Shaw et al., 2018b) was improved to increase the sensitivity towards slower reacting VOC, broadening the range of compounds which can be examined. A total of thirty-five room temperature relative rate coefficients were determined; eight of which have not previously been reported. Five of the new reaction rate coefficients were for large alkyl substituted monoaromatic species recently identified in urban air masses, likely with large ozone production potentials. The new results (with kOH (296 K) values in units of 10–12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1) were: n-butylbenzene, 11 (± 4); n-pentylbenzene, 7 (± 2); 1,2-diethylbenzene, 14 (± 4); 1,3-diethylbenzene, 22 (± 4) and 1,4-diethylbenzene, 16 (± 4). Interestingly, whilst results for smaller VOC agreed well with available structure activity relationship (SAR) calculations, the larger alkyl benzenes were found to be less reactive than the SAR prediction, indicating that our understanding of the oxidation chemistry of these compounds is still limited. kOH (296 K) rate coefficients (in units of 10–12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1) for reactions of three large alkanes with OH were also determined for the first time: 2-methylheptane, 9.1 (± 0.3); 2-methylnonane, 11.0 (± 0.3) and ethylcyclohexane, 14.4 (± 0.3), all in reasonable agreement with SAR predictions. Rate coefficients for the twenty-seven previously studied OH + VOC reactions agreed well with available literature values, lending confidence to the application of this method for the rapid and efficient simultaneous study of gas-phase reaction kinetics.
The influence of the signal-to-noise ratio upon radio occultation inversion quality
Authors: Gorbunov Michael
Published: April 2020

Abstract. In this paper, we investigate the influence of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) upon the radio occultation (RO) retrieval quality. We perform two series of numerical simulations: (1) with artificial RO data and, (2) with real COSMIC observations. We superimpose the simulated white noise with varying magnitudes upon both types of the observation data and evaluate the response in the statistics. The statistics use the reference fields of the analyses of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Our simulations indicate that the effect of additive white noise has a threshold character: the influence of the noise is very low up to some threshold, but when the threshold is exceeded, the influence increases dramatically. Another conclusion is that, given RO observations of fair quality, the enhancement of the SNR cannot be expected to provide significant improvement in retrieval quality.
Aerosol optical properties as observed from an ultralight aircraft over the Strait of Gibraltar
Authors: Chazette Patrick
Published: April 2020

Abstract. An unprecedented scientific flight was conducted over the Strait of Gibraltar to study the optical properties of the atmospheric aerosols from the sea surface to the lower free troposphere within the framework of the southern Spain experiment for spaceborne mission validation (SUSIE). A Rayleigh-Mie lidar was installed on an ultra-light aircraft (ULA) for vertical (nadir) and horizontal line-of-sight measurements. This experiment took place on 13 August in parallel with continuous observations with a N2-Raman lidar from the coastal site of San Pedro Alcantara (~ 50 km north-east of Gibraltar). Significant differences were observed between the optical properties of the aerosol layers sampled over the Strait of Gibraltar and San Pedro Alcantara. These differences are related to the surface/atmosphere interface in the planetary boundary layer and as well as the origins and transport processes in the lower free troposphere. A significant contribution of terrigenous aerosols originating from the Iberian Peninsula is highlighted over the two areas. These polluted dusts are identified with lidar ratios (LR) ~ 45±8 sr higher than those of Saharan aerosols sampled during the same period ( 20 % for the Saharan dusts. The difference in LR is the opposite of what is usually assumed for these two types of aerosols and highlights the need to update the classification of aerosols in terms of LR to be used in the inversion of vertical profiles from future spaceborne missions embedding a lidar operating at 355 nm.
Decadal variation in CO2 fluxes and its budget in a wheat and maize rotation cropland over the North China Plain
Authors: Zhang Quan , Lei Huimin , Yang Dawen , Xiong Lihua , Liu Pan , Fang Beijing
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Carbon sequestration in agroecosystems has great potential to mitigate
global greenhouse gas emissions. To assess the decadal trend of CO2
fluxes of an irrigated wheat–maize rotation cropland over the North China
Plain, the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) with the atmosphere was measured by
using an eddy covariance system from 2005 to 2016. To evaluate the
detailed CO2 budget components of this representative cropland, a
comprehensive experiment was conducted in the full 2010–2011 wheat–maize
rotation cycle by combining the eddy covariance NEE measurements, plant
carbon storage samples, and a soil respiration experiment that differentiated
between heterotrophic and below-ground autotrophic respirations. Over the
past decade (from 2005 to 2016), the cropland exhibited a
statistically nonsignificant decreasing carbon sequestration capacity; the
average of total NEE, gross primary productivity (GPP), and ecosystem
respiration (ER), respectively, were −364, 1174, and 810 gC m−2 for wheat and
−136, 1008, and 872 gC m−2 for maize. The multiple regression revealed
that air temperature and groundwater depth showed pronounced correlations
with the CO2 fluxes for wheat. However, in the maize season, incoming
shortwave radiation and groundwater depth showed pronounced correlations
with CO2 fluxes. For the full 2010–2011 agricultural cycle, the
CO2 fluxes for wheat and maize were as follows: for NEE they were −438 and −239 gC m−2, for GPP 1078 and 780 gC m−2, for ER 640 and 541 gC m−2, for soil
heterotrophic respiration 377 and 292 gC m−2, for below-ground autotrophic
respiration 136 and 115 gC m−2, and for above-ground autotrophic respiration
128 and 133 gC m−2. The net biome productivity was 59 gC m−2 for
wheat and 5 gC m−2 for maize, indicating that wheat was a weak CO2
sink and maize was close to CO2 neutral to the atmosphere for this
agricultural cycle. However, when considering the total CO2 loss in the
fallow period, the net biome productivity was −40 gC m−2 yr−1
for the full 2010–2011 cycle, implying that the cropland was a weak CO2
source. The investigations of this study showed that taking cropland as a
climate change mitigation tool is challenging and that further studies are
required for the CO2 sequestration potential of croplands.
Regulation of nitrous oxide production in low-oxygen waters off the coast of Peru
Authors: Frey Claudia , Bange Hermann W. , Achterberg Eric P. , Jayakumar Amal , Löscher Carolin R. , Arévalo-Martínez Damian L. , León-Palmero Elizabeth , Sun Mingshuang , Sun Xin , Xie Ruifang C. , Oleynik Sergey , Ward Bess B.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Oxygen-deficient zones (ODZs) are major sites of net natural
nitrous oxide (N2O) production and emissions. In order to understand
changes in the magnitude of N2O production in response to global
change, knowledge on the individual contributions of the major microbial
pathways (nitrification and denitrification) to N2O production and
their regulation is needed. In the ODZ in the coastal area off Peru, the
sensitivity of N2O production to oxygen and organic matter was
investigated using 15N tracer experiments in combination with quantitative PCR (qPCR) and
microarray analysis of total and active functional genes targeting archaeal amoA
and nirS as marker genes for nitrification and denitrification, respectively.
Denitrification was responsible for the highest N2O production with a
mean of 8.7 nmol L−1 d−1 but up to 118±27.8 nmol L−1 d−1 just below the oxic–anoxic interface. The highest N2O production
from ammonium oxidation (AO) of 0.16±0.003 nmol L−1 d−1
occurred in the upper oxycline at O2 concentrations of 10–30 µmol L−1 which coincided with the highest archaeal amoA transcripts/genes.
Hybrid N2O formation (i.e., N2O with one N atom from NH4+
and the other from other substrates such as NO2-) was the dominant
species, comprising 70 %–85 % of total produced N2O from
NH4+, regardless of the ammonium oxidation rate or O2
concentrations. Oxygen responses of N2O production varied with
substrate, but production and yields were generally highest below 10 µmol L−1 O2. Particulate organic matter additions increased
N2O production by denitrification up to 5-fold, suggesting increased
N2O production during times of high particulate organic matter export.
High N2O yields of 2.1 % from AO were measured, but the overall
contribution by AO to N2O production was still an order of magnitude
lower than that of denitrification. Hence, these findings show that
denitrification is the most important N2O production process in low-oxygen conditions fueled by organic carbon supply, which implies a positive
feedback of the total oceanic N2O sources in response to increasing
oceanic deoxygenation.
Teleconnections and relationship between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) in reconstructions and models over the past millennium
Authors: Dätwyler Christoph , Grosjean Martin , Steiger Nathan J. , Neukom Raphael
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The climate of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) is strongly
influenced by variations in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and
the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Because of the limited length of
instrumental records in most parts of the SH, very little is known about the
relationship between these two key modes of variability over time. Using
proxy-based reconstructions and last-millennium climate model simulations,
we find that ENSO and SAM indices are mostly negatively correlated over the
past millennium. Pseudo-proxy experiments indicate that currently available
proxy records are able to reliably capture ENSO–SAM relationships back to at
least 1600 CE. Palaeoclimate reconstructions show mostly negative
correlations back to about 1400 CE. An ensemble of last-millennium climate
model simulations confirms this negative correlation, showing a stable
correlation of approximately −0.3. Despite this generally negative
relationship we do find intermittent periods of positive ENSO–SAM
correlations in individual model simulations and in the palaeoclimate
reconstructions. We do not find evidence that these relationship
fluctuations are caused by exogenous forcing nor by a consistent climate
pattern. However, we do find evidence that strong negative correlations are
associated with strong positive (negative) anomalies in the Interdecadal
Pacific Oscillation and the Amundsen Sea Low during periods when SAM and
ENSO indices are of opposite (equal) sign.
Assessment of probability distributions and minimum storage draft-rate analysis in the equatorial region
Authors: Hasan Hasrul Hazman , Mohd Razali Siti Fatin , Muhammad Nur Shazwani , Mohamed Zawawi Samba , Mohamad Hamzah Firdaus
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Streamflow information is critical to the management and development of water resources strategies. The reliability of water supply from rivers depends on their low flow characteristics. Low flow frequency analysis was derived using the Weibull plotting position and four specific distributions. Maximum likelihood was used to parameterise, while Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests are used to evaluate their fit to the dataset. The best probability distribution is then selected based on individual probabilistic analysis and the flow duration curve for the study threshold level (Q90 percentiles) with the pooling procedure derived to quantify the drought characteristics. The mass curve is used to quantify the minimum storage draft-rate required to maintain the 50 % mean annual flow for a recurrence interval of 10 years. The results indicated the hydrological droughts have generally become more frequent and critical in the availability of rivers to sustain water demand during low flows.
Does the AO index have predictive power regarding extreme cold temperatures in Europe?
Authors: Bódai Tamás , Schmith Torben
Published: April 2020

Abstract. With a view to seasonal forecasting of extreme value statistics, we apply the method of Nonstationary extreme value statistics to determine the predictive power of large scale quantities. Regarding winter cold extremes over Europe, we find that the monthly mean daily minimum local temperature – which we call a native co-variate in the present context – has a much larger predictive power than the nonlocal monthly mean Arctic Oscillation index. Our results also prompt that the exploitation of both co-variates is not possible from 70 years-long data sets.
A New View on Risk of Typhoon Occurrence in the Western North Pacific
Authors: Ng Kelvin S. , Leckebusch Gregor C.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. To study high impact tropical cyclone (TC) is of crucial importance due to its extraordinary destruction potential that leads to major losses in many coastal areas in the Western North Pacific (WNP). Nevertheless, because of the rarity of high-impact TCs, it is difficult to construct a robust risk assessment based on the historical best track records. This paper aims to address this issue by introducing a computationally simple and efficient approach, using data from the THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) archive with the application of impact-oriented tracking algorithm, to build a physically consistent high impact typhoon event set with non-realised TC events – data equivalent to more than 10 000 years of TC events. The temporal and spatial characteristics of the new event set is consistent to the historical TC climatology in the WNP. It is shown that this TC event set contains ~ 100 and ~ 77 times more Very Severe Typhoons and Violent Typhoons than the historical records, respectively. Furthermore, this approach can be used to improve the return period estimation of TC-associated extreme wind. Consequently, a robust extreme TC hazard risk assessment, reflective of the current long-term climate variability phase, can be achieved using this approach.
GPS geodetic infrastructure for subsidence and fault monitoring in Houston, Texas, USA
Authors: Agudelo Gonzalo , Wang Guoquan , Liu Yuhao , Bao Yan , Turco Michael J.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Houston, Texas, is one of the earliest urban areas to employ
Global Positioning System (GPS) technology for land subsidence and fault
monitoring. As of 2020, the University of Houston and the Harris-Galveston
Subsidence District have integrated over 230 permanent GPS stations into
their routine GPS data processing for regional subsidence and fault
monitoring. This article summarizes the GPS geodetic infrastructure in the
Greater Houston region. The infrastructure is comprised of two components: a
dense GPS network (HoustonNet) and a stable regional reference frame
(Houston20). Houston20 is realized by 25 long-history (>8 years)
continuous GPS stations located outside the subsiding area and is aligned in
origin and scale with the International GNSS Reference Frame 2014 (IGS14).
The stability of the regional reference frame is below 1 mm yr−1 in all
three directions. GPS-derived ground deformation rates (2010–2019) within
the Greater Houston region are also presented in this article.
PDCA method for management of land subsidence
Authors: Muramoto Yoshiyuki , Hayatsu Susumu , Hiyama Michiharu , Murai Daisuke , Kunisue Shoji
Published: April 2020

Abstract. In Chiba prefecture in Japan, it has been reported land
subsidence for many decades. One of the causes of land subsidence is
considered gas production. To reduce and control land subsidence, we applied
PDCA method in a certain new development area. As a result, we could
maintain successfully the land subsidence less than the target value, 20 mm yr−1 at the present moment.
Absolute vertical motion of the Amsterdam Ordnance Datum (NAP)
Authors: Reudink Rene , Klees Roland , Alberts Bas , van Waarden Pieter
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The backbone of the Amsterdam Ordnance Datum (NAP) is a network of about 400 primary subsurface markers. Relative movements between the primary subsurface markers are measured with spirit levelling once in 10–20 years. However, little is known about absolute vertical movements of the primary network. This information is indispensable for the interpretation of water level measurements at the tide gauges along the Dutch coast. It may be provided by gravity measurements. Here we present a time-series analysis of more than twenty years of gravity measurements at the stations Westerbork, Epen, Zundert, and Radio Kootwijk. It reveals that only station Epen shows a statistically significant movement of -0.252±0.066 µGal yr−1, which corresponds to an uplift of 1.3±0.5 mm yr−1. For the other stations, the trends are statistically not different from zero at a significance level of 0.05. Corrections for water table variations are found to be indispensable; peak-to-peak amplitudes range from 4 µGal (Westerbork) to 28 µGal (Radio Kootwijk). Depsite some fundamental objections, corrections for instrumental offsets reduce the data scatter. First experiments with 7 years of soil moisture data acquired at station Radio Kootwijk reveal that the gravity signal of soil moisture variations has a standard deviation of 2.2 µGal, which is comparable to the noise standard deviation of measured gravity.
A multiscale approach for detection and mapping differential subsidence using multi-platform InSAR products
Authors: Solano-Rojas Dario E. , Wdowinski Shimon , Cabral-Cano Enrique , Osmanoglu Batuhan , Havazli Emre , Pacheco-Martínez Jesus
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Detecting and mapping subsidence is currently supported
by interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) products. However,
several factors, such as band-dependent processing, noise presence, and
strong subsidence limit the use of InSAR for assessing differential
subsidence, which can lead to ground instability and damage to
infrastructure. In this work, we propose an approach for measuring and
mapping differential subsidence using InSAR products. We consider synthetic
aperture radar (SAR) data availability, data coverage over time and space,
and the region's subsidence rates to evaluate the need of post-processing,
and only then we interpret the results. We illustrate our approach with two
case-examples in Central Mexico, where we process SAR data from the Japanese
ALOS (L-band), the German TerraSAR-X (X-band), the Italian COSMO-SkyMed
(X-band) and the European Sentinel-1 (C-band) satellites. We find good
agreement between our results on differential subsidence and field data of
existing faulting and find potential to map yet-to-develop faults.
Study on the influence of supertall building load on adjacent tunnel subsidence
Authors: Xu Yan , Yan Xuexin , Yang Tianliang
Published: April 2020

Abstract. With the rapid growth of economy in coastal megacities, the construction of supertall buildings with deep pile foundations adjacent to tunnels in soft soil is inevitable. The additional subsidence of tunnel and long-term subsidence of soft soil was appeared caused by the supertall building load transferred through pile foundation. In this paper, a typical case in Shanghai where deep piles of supertall building group adjacent to a metro tunnel was selected, and the long-term monitoring data of tunnel deformation was collected and analysed. The layered subsidence of
surrounding soft soil was analysed by using the monitoring data of
extensometers in a land subsidence monitoring station near the study area.
The results of data analysis showed that the construction of supertall
building had a significant impact on the adjacent tunnel subsidence. Moreover, with the increase of the load transferred from building structure
to pile foundation, the adjacent tunnel appeared sustained uneven subsidence. And the subsidence of tunnel in the study area mainly depended
on the deformation of underlying soil.
Introduction of Integrated Mining Impact Monitoring – i2Mon Development Project
Authors: Yang Chia-Hsiang , Müterthies Andreas
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Monitoring of mining areas and associanted dam stability,
has become increasingly important as the awareness of safety and
environmental protection is rising. An appropriate monitoring scheme is
necessitated to legally activate, reactivate, or terminate mining
operations. The project Integrated Mining Impact Monitoring (i2Mon)
aims to identify and analyze mining-induced impact, in particular its ground
deformation. The monitoring system comprises terrestrial measurement and
remote sensing: levelling, GPS, LiDAR scanning, UAV survey, and SAR
interferometry. For interpretation and prediction, modelling will be used to
simulate local displacements by different factors. The final goal is to
launch an interactive GIS-based platform as an early warning and decision
making system for mining industry. Currently, the project is proceeding from
a preparatory phase. This paper focuses on spaceborne SAR interferometry,
whereby we can cost-effectively monitor ground movement at millimeter level
over a large area. We introduce the prototype of our InSAR monitoring
system. The test result from Sentinel-1 images shows the surface movement
during 2018 at a deactivating open-pit coal mine in Germany. We discuss the
current status, ongoing works, planned test sites in Poland, and how we
integrate data from different sensors and approaches.
Subsidence of rice paddy and upland crop fields in Shinotsu Peatland, Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Yokochi Minoru , Sekimoto Koichi , Inoue Takashi
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Agricultural land use on peatlands inevitably causes
ongoing land surface subsidence resulting in a reduction of productivity. In
addition, oxidation of the peat substrate associated with subsidence is
responsible for greenhouse gas emission with the ensuing consequence for
global climatic stability. A concept of “paludiculture”, the utilisation
of wet or rewetted peatlands for agriculture, has been proposed in European
countries to avoid further subsidence and greenhouse gas emission. However,
few studies have documented a long-term record of subsidence through
agriculture in wet peatlands such as paddy fields for rice cultivation. In
this study, we measured the subsidence rates of peatland in rice paddy use
and compared them to the rates in peatland with upland crop cultivation. The
average subsidence between 2006 and 2016 for the paddy plots was 3.6±1.9 cm (± SE) and significantly less than that of 25.6±1.7 cm
for the upland plots, and the subsidence reduced linearly as the period of
paddy use increased. These results suggest that paddy use of peatlands can
effectively reduce subsidence. Our results will encourage the use of
peatlands with a wet environment as one of the valid options for future
peatland management in terms of mitigation of land subsidence and peat loss.
Rapid Land Subsidence in Tianjin, China Derived from Continuous GPS Observations (2010–2019)
Authors: Zhao Ruibin , Wang Guoquan , Yu Xiao , Sun Xiaohan , Bao Yan , Xiao Genru , Gan Weijun , Shen Shuilong
Published: April 2020

Abstract. We have delineated ten years of urban subsidence derived from
continuous GPS stations operated by the Crustal Movement Observational
Network of China (CMONOC) within and adjacent to the municipality of
Tianjin. A method for obtaining accurate site velocities with respect to a
stable regional reference frame is described. CMONOC stations in Jizhou
(JIXN) and Baodi (TJBD) districts recorded minor subsidence of approximately
1 to 2 mm yr−1 during the period from 2010 to 2019. One station in Wuqing
(TJWQ) district and one station in Binhai (TJBH) district recorded steady
subsidence of approximately 5 and 2 cm yr−1 from 2010 to 2019,
respectively. One station in Cangzhou (HECX) of Hebei Province, adjacent to
Tianjin, recorded steady subsidence of approximately 2.4 cm yr−1 during
2010–2014 and more rapid subsidence of 4 cm yr−1 since 2015. TJWQ recorded
the most rapid land subsidence and the most significant seasonal ground
oscillations (uplift and subsidence) among these five stations. This study
indicates that subsidence rates in Tianjin vary significantly in space and
time. Particular attention should be paid, therefore, to extrapolate or
infer a rate of subsidence for an area on the basis of a subsidence rate
obtained from previous GPS observations or proximal GPS sites. The
subsidence time series presented in this study provide reliable “ground
truth” and constraints for calibrating or validating subsidence estimations
from numerical modeling and repeated surveys using other remote sensing
techniques, such as Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR).