bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Karakteristik Ekstrak Alga Coklat pada Perlakuan Ukuran Partikel dan Lama Ekstraksi Alga Coklat (Sargassum polycystum) sebagai Antibakteri
Authors: Prasetya I Ketut Dio , Suhendra Lutfi , Ganda Putra G.P.
Published: June 2020

Sargassum polycystum is one group of brown algae (Phaeophyta) which contain fukoidan compounds. Fukoidan is a complex polysaccharide on seaweed cell walls that can enhance immunity by stimulating the production of immune cells. The purposes of this study were to determine the effect of particle size and extraction time of Sargassum polycystum against fukoidan characteristics and get particle size and extraction time which is the best treatment for getting extraction Sargassum polycystum as an antibacterial. This experiment used a randomized block design with particle size treatment and extraction time. Treatment of 40, 60, and 80 mesh particle sizes and extraction lengths of 3, 4 and 5 hours. The results showed the treatment of particle size, extraction time and interactivity affect the characteristics of brown algae extract (Sargassum polycystum) as an antibacterial. 80 mesh particle size treatment and extraction time of 5 hours is the best treatment to produce brown algae extract (Sargassum polycystum) as an antibacterial with characteristic sulfate content of 15.297 mg / L, inhibitory zone in Escherichia coli with a diameter of 10.15 mm and inhibit zone Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of 9,13 mm.

Keywords: Sargassum polycystum, Extraction, Sulphate, Antibacterial
Karakteristik Kandungan Fukosantin dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Alga Coklat (Sargassum polycystum) pada Perlakuan Konsentrasi Pelarut Aseton dan Suhu Maserasi
Authors: Eka Wati Ni Kadek , Suhendra Lutfi , Wartini Ni Made
Published: June 2020

Fucoxanthin has great potential to be developed as an antioxidant. The purposes of this study were to determine the effect of acetone solvent concentration and maceration temperature on the fucoxanthin content and antioxidant activity of brown algae extract (Sargassum polycystum) and determine the best acetone solvent concentration and maceration temperature on the fucoxanthin content and antioxidant activity of brown algae extract (Sargassum polycystum) . The study was the experimental research which designed by using randomized block desin (RBD) with two factors. The first factor was solvent concentration that consists of 70, 80 and 90 percent. The second factor was maceration temperature that consists of 30±2?, 40±2? and 50±2?. The data were analyzed by analysis of varian (ANOVA) and continued with the Tukey test. The results showed that the concentration of acetone solvent was influential on the content of fucoxanthin and antioxidant activity but did not affect the yield. Maceration temperature is influential on yield, fucoxanthin content and antioxidant activity. Interactions between treatments of acetone solvent concentration and maceration temperature greatly affect the content of fucoxanthin and antioxidant activity but do not affect the yield. The treatment of acetone 80 percent solvent concentration and maceration temperature 30±2? is the best treatment to produce brown algae extract (Sargassum polycystum) with a yield of 3.24 ± 0.45 percent, fucoxanthin content 1.03 ± 0.01 g fukosantin/g and antioxidant activity 99 ± 8.49 ppm and show activity powerful antioxidant.

Keywords: Sargassum polycystum, acetone, maceration, fucoxanthin, antioxidant.
Karakteristik Ekstrak Alga Coklat (Sargassum polycystum) sebagai Antioksidan pada Perlakuan Perbandingan Pelarut Aseton dan Etilasetat
Authors: Santiyoga I Komang Wiria , Suhendra Lutfi , Wartini Ni Made
Published: June 2020

Sargassum polycystum is one type of brown algae from Indonesia that is potentially a natural dye and antioxidants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the comparison of acetone and ethyl acetate solvents on the characteristics of Sargassum polycystum extract as an antioxidant and determine the best ratio of acetone and ethyl acetate to produce the characteristics of Sargassum polycystum extract as an antioxidant. This experiment was designed using a simple randomized block design with a comparative treatment of acetone and ethyl acetate. The treatment comprised of eight levels: 1 : 0; 0.81 : 0.19; 0.67 : 0.33; 0.52 : 0.48; 0.38 : 0.62; 0.24 : 0.76; 0.1 : 0.9 and 0 : 1. The treatment is grouped into 2 groups based on the time of implementation. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance using minitab software 17 and be continued using the method of significantly different honest. The results of the showed that the comparison of the acetone and ethyl acetate solvents has a very significant effect on yield, fukosantin compounds, antioxidant activity, brightness level (L *), redness level (a *) and yellowish level (b *) in brown algae extract (Sargassum polycystum). Comparative treatment of acetone and ethyl acetate (1: 0) with dielectric constant 20.70 is the best treatment to produce brown algae extract (Sargassum polycystum) with a yield characteristic of 2.83 ± 0.42 percent, the content of the compound fukosantin 0.031 ± 0.005 g fukosantin/g, IC50 163.43 ± 3.26 ppm, brightness level (L *) 19.60 ± 0.00, redness level (a *) 11.84 ± 0.01, yellowish level (b *) 8.83 ± 0.02.

Keywords: Sargassum polycystum, fucosantin, antioxidant, acetone and ethyl acetate.
Analisis Produktivitas Produksi PT. Bapak Bakery Badung Bali
Authors: Afianti Evita Zuyyina , Satriawan I Ketut , Sedana Yoga I Wayan Gede
Published: June 2020

Bapak Bakery is one of the bread companies in Bali. This company has never taken productivity measurements. The company only uses the profits of sale production as a benchmark of its success achievement. PT. Bapak Bakery has problem in the field of production, namely lack of availability of raw materials which resulted in hampered production process so that consumer demand could not be fulfilled. The purpose of this study is to measure the level of production productivity, analyze the contribution of productivity ratio component and recommendation for PT. Bapak Bakery productivity improvement. The study uses the Objective Matrix (OMAX) method. In this study there are 5 ratios that are used as criteria in measuring productivity. The ratio is included in the criteria of efficiency, effectiveness and inferentiality. The productivity measurement results show that the lowest productivity index value is in March 2018 which was 175.3 and the highest value obtained was in July which was 501.6. Contribution analysis of productivity ratio component PT. Bapak Bakery who obtained the highest productivity value, namely ratio 1 with value of 830.7 and the lowest productivity value is ratio 3 and 4 with a value of 738. Recommendation of productivity improvement obtained ratio 1 in the amount of Rp. 131.724.436, ratio 2 is Rp 1.830.959 , ratio 3 is 6.471 hours, ratio 4 is Rp 600.064.834 and ratio 5 is 504 hours.

Keywords: Bread production, productivity measurement, Objective Matrix (OMAX)
Karakteristik Ekstrak Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) sebagai Sumber Antioksidan pada Perlakuan Ukuran Partikel dan Waktu Maserasi
Authors: Pratyaksa I Putu Lingsan , Ganda Putra G.P. , Suhendra Lutfi
Published: June 2020

Cocoa pod husk has not been used optimally by farmers, most of cocoa pod husk will discarded around the cacao tree or collected in one hole and then piled with soil. Cocoa pod husk waste can be used optimally by extracting polyphenol compounds which are used as natural antioxidant ingredients. This research aimed to determine the effect of particle size and maceration time on cocoa pod husk extract as a source of antioxidant and determine the best particle size and maceration time to produce cocoa pod husk extract as a source of antioxidants. This research used  factorial randomized block design with two factors. Factor 1 is a particle size consisting of 40, 60, and 80 mesh. Factor 2 is maceration time consisting of 24, 36, and 48 hours. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and then it will be proceed with tukey test. The results showed that particle size and maceration time affected yield, total phenolic and antioxidant capacity of cocoa pod husk extract, while the interaction was affected on total phenolic and antioxidant capacity but had no effect on yield of cocoa pod husk extract. The best treatment to produce cocoa pod husk extract as a source of antioxidants 80 mesh particle size and maceration time for 48 hours, with a yield value of 5.22 ± 0.05 percent, a total phenolic of 148.09 ± 0.00 mg GAE / g and antioxidant capacity of 118.71 ± 0.13 mg GAEAC / g.

Keywords: cocoa pod husk, extraction, antioxidants, particle size, maceration time
Gerónimo Barrera de la Torre. Ontología del paisaje chatino: hacia “otras” geografías. La(s) geografía(s) chatina(s) de la región de San Juan Lachao, Oaxaca, México: Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora. 2018, 124p. ISBN: 978-607-9475-61-1
Authors: Cortés Márquez Nubia
Published: June 2020

La concepción y comprensión del paisaje se da a partir de narrativas, discursos que construimos a lo largo del tiempo sobre lo que nos rodea en la vida cotidiana. Gerónimo Barrera de la Torre, autor del libro Ontología del paisaje chatino: hacia “otras geografías. La(s) geografía(s) chatina(s) de la región de San Juan Lachao, Oaxaca, nos brinda la posibilidad de conocer algunas de las formas de expresión de la vida chatina a lo largo de tres apartados.
Predictive value of an early amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram for short-term neurologic outcomes in preterm infants
Authors: Park Kyung Hee , Kim Young Mi , Lee Yun-Jin , Bae Mi Hye , Lee Na Rae , Han Young Mi , Kim Hye-Young , Kim Su Young , Byun Shin Yun
Published: June 2020

Background and Objectives. The aim of this study was to compare serial scores of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) in preterm infants with favorable neurologic outcome compared with those with unfavorable neurologic outcome and to evaluate whether aEEG in the early days of life has predictive value for short-term neurologic outcome in preterm infants.
Methods. This prospective observational study included infants born at ≤32 weeks of gestational age and ≤1,500 g of birth weight. On the basis of brain ultrasonography findings, the infants were divided into two groups (favorable and unfavorable outcome group) at 36 weeks of corrected age or at discharge. aEEG was performed at 12-14 h (day-1), 46-48 h (day-2), 70-72 h (day-3), and 1 week (day-7) of life. The aEEG recordings were analyzed using the criteria described by Burdjalov et al.23 and the serial scores of aEEG were compared between the two groups.
Results. Thirty five infants were enrolled and 18 infants and 17 infants were identified into both groups, respectively. Infants in the favorable outcome group showed high scores in almost all parameters and the score of all parameters increased over time. However, the scores of all components decreased in day-2 compared with those of day 1 in the unfavorable outcome group. The total score less than 3 of day-2 has predictive value of 70.6% of sensitivity and 72.2% of specificity for unfavorable outcome.
Conclusion. We found that aEEG is a useful predictor for short-term neurologic outcome in preterm infants.
Retrospective evaluation of childhood paraphenylenediamine intoxication due to black henna
Authors: Güdeloğlu Elif , Erdur Barış
Published: June 2020

Background and Objectives. Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) is a toxic substance in henna. Oral intake of this substance causes severe systemic toxicity. To the best of our knowledge there are no studies in the literature conducted only on children exposed to henna intoxication.
Methods. Twenty-three patients aged between 1 and 17 who referred to Nyala-Sudan Turkey Training and Research Hospital between May 2015 and June 2018 were evaluated retrospectively in terms of demographic, clinic and laboratory characteristics.
Results. Four (17.39%) patients were male and 19 (82.61%) were female. Average age of patients was 10.95 ± 3.2. Most of the referrals to the hospital following PPD intoxication occurred in the first 16 hours. All of the patients between 10 and 17 had taken henna for suicidal purposes. All patients had vomiting and agitation. The most common symptoms apart from these were gastrointestinal symptoms, tachycardia, tachypnea and dyspnea. Twelve (52.17%) patients had elevated liver function tests and 3 (13.04%) had developed renal failure. None of the patients had neurological complications. Two (8.70%) patients developed a need for tracheostomy. Average hospitalization period of patients was 8.5 days. Two patients died. One was in 1-5 age group and died due to renal complications, while the other was in 6-10 age group and died due to hepatic failure.
Conclusion. PPD intoxication is a life-threatening situation even in low doses. For this reason, even asymptomatic cases should undergo physical examination and should be followed closely in terms of respiratory tract obstruction. Ensuring hydration and diuresis in the early period, steroid and adrenalin therapy for prophylaxis in terms of respiratory tract obstruction are important and tracheostomy should not be abstained in necessary cases. It should not be forgotten that symptomatic treatment for organ systems and dialysis will decrease mortality and morbidity.
New guidelines for diagnosis of rheumatic fever; do they apply to all populations?
Authors: Aty-Marzouk Pakinam Abdel , Hamza Hala , Mosaad Naglaa , Emam Soha , Fattouh Aya M , Hamid Lamiaa
Published: June 2020

Background and Objectives. To evaluate the efficacy of recently updated Jones criteria for diagnosis of rheumatic fever in high incidence populations like Egypt.
Methods. Clinical data of 891 Egyptian patients with rheumatic fever, aged 5-15 years in a highly specialized rheumatic fever clinic were reviewed retrospectively from March 2014 to March 2016. Discriminant analysis was used to detect the most effective predictors for diagnosis of rheumatic fever in our patients incorporating echocardiographic criteria. We compared our results to the most recent update by the American Heart Association.
Results. The most effective predictors of rheumatic fever included arthritis, carditis, chorea, aortic regurgitation, grades of mitral regurgitation ≥10mm length and velocity ≥2.5 m/s, thick anterior mitral valve leaflets, elevated acute phase reactants, positive family history and prolonged PR interval. Our predictors showed a high sensitivity of 93%, a specificity of 62% and an overall prediction accuracy of 81.4%.
Conclusion. We concluded that strict application of updated Jones criteria may lead to under diagnosis of rheumatic fever in highly endemic countries. We recommend further studies to examine the sensitivity of the most recent update of Jones criteria on other highly endemic populations.
Corneal endothelial morphology and anterior segment parameters in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Bayat Alper Halil , Özturan Şeyma Gülcenur , Çakır Akın , Bölükbaşı Selim , Erden Burak , Bezen Diğdem , Elçioğlu Mustafa Nuri
Published: June 2020

Background and Objectives. To compare the corneal endothelial morphology and anterior segment parameters in type 1 diabetes mellitus children (T1DM) and healthy controls.
Methods. This cross-sectional prospective study included 56 patients with T1DM and 50 eyes of 50 age-matched controls. Endothelial morphology was analyzed with EM-3000 specular microscopy, and anterior parameters were analyzed with Sirius Scheimpflug topography. Endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation (CV) of cell area, central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), iridocorneal angle (ICA), K1 and K2, pupillary diameter (PD), horizontal visible iris diameter (HVID), duration of T1DM, and HbA1c levels were noted.
Results. The mean age of the T1DM group was 14.3 ± 3.2 years, compared to 13.2 ± 3.7 years in the healthy group (p = 0.140). The mean duration of diabetes mellitus was 4.5 ± 3.5 years. The mean HbA1c was 9.5 ± 1.9% (minimum 6%, maximum 14%). The mean values of CCT were 556 ± 30 μm and 536 ± 36 μm in T1DM and healthy groups, respectively (p = 0.003). The mean values of ACD were 3.69 ± 0.31 mm and 3.83 ± 0.27 mm in T1DM and healthy groups, respectively (p = 0.02). The mean values of PD were 4.29 ± 1.2 mm and 5.17 ± 1.36 mm in T1DM and healthy groups, respectively (p = 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between groups in terms of ECD, CV, ICA, K1, K2, and HVID (p > 0.05).
Conclusion. Type 1 diabetes mellitus children have thicker corneas, shallower anterior chamber depth, and smaller pupillary diameter than healthy subjects.
The remarkable response to ponatinib therapy in a child with blastic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Aksu Tekin , Ünal Şule , Gümrük Fatma
Published: June 2020

Background. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) rarely occurs in children and adolescents, which shows more aggressive features like high risk of more advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. Suboptimal response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), adverse events, or advanced disease may impede the treatment.
Case. Herein we present a nine-year-old chronic phase CML case. He had no major molecular response (MMR) to imatinib, which was switched to dasatinib. MMR was ensured for 24 months, yet he developed a lymphoid blastic phase under dasatinib. He obtained a remarkable response to ponatinib when administered in parallel to multiagent induction chemotherapy.
Conclusion. Ponatinib therapy is effective and promising as a bridge to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children. Although more studies are necessary to determine indications, dose, efficacy, and safety data.
Recurrent debilitating calf pain associated with fasciitis in Familial Mediterranean fever and response to canacinumab
Authors: Demir Belde Kasap , Alaygut Demet , Alparslan Caner , Soyaltın Eren , Mutlubaş Fatma , Çamlar Seçil Arslansoyu , Yavaşcan Önder
Published: June 2020

Background. Myalgia is one of the presenting symptoms of Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF), which is reported at a rate of 27-39.6%. Recurrent fasciitis in those cases are extremely rare. We aimed to present a case with FMF having radiologically proven fasciitis.
Case. An 11-year-old male patient with a diagnosis of FMF and M694V homozygote mutation, using colchicine regularly at a dose of 2 mg/day (0.08 mg/kg/day) for 4 years; was admitted to the hospital with severe pain and tenderness on the right calf. There were no accompanying symptoms like fever or abdominal pain. He described three similar episodes with pain and tenderness in left and right calves, which were not accompanied by fever in the last 6 months. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels were high and serum creatinine kinase was normal. The day after initiation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), his complaints regressed. However, after a week, he again had a severe calf pain. Lower extremity arterial and venous doppler ultrasonography was normal. Increased peripheral signal intensity and fasciitis around the soleus muscle was defined in MRI. With NSAIDs, myalgia disappeared in a few days and acute phase reactants decreased within a week. In the follow up, canakinumab was prescribed due to febrile attacks as frequent as once a month and calf pain observed almost weekly. Thereafter, both febrile attacks and recurrent debilitating calf pain were completely ceased.
Conclusion. There are three cases in the literature with fasciitis related myalgia. With this case, we wanted to emphasize fasciitis as a cause of FMF associated myalgia on MRI. In such cases MRI may be helpful to demonstrate fascial involvement.
A mysterious case with abdominal pain and syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion
Authors: Aksoy Özlem Yüksel , Gündüz Mehmet , Ünal Özlem , Bostancı Funda , Çaycı Fatma Şemsa , Bayrakcı Umut Selda
Published: June 2020

Background. Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a rare, hereditary, metabolic disease caused by a defect in heme biosynthesis. Hormonal changes may trigger porphyria attacks.
Case. Here we present a 17 -year- old adolescent refugee mother who applied to the pediatric emergency department with the complaint of diffuse abdominal pain at puerperium. The patient was hypertensive, and had convulsions after admission. Hyponatremia (serum sodium; 121 meq/L) was detected, and syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) was found to be the cause of hyponatremia which responded well to fluid restriction. Infectious, autoimmune and toxicologic laboratory work-up did not reveal any specific pathologies. Despite prompt utilization of analgesic treatment, the patient continued to have unbearable abdominal pain. The preference of prone position to relieve the pain and the family history of a mother who had died with similar symptoms, led us to the diagnosis of AIP. Genetic analysis showed a heterozygous mutation in hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) gene (c160+6T > A) which confirmed our diagnosis.
Conclusion. Acute porphyrias should be considered in differential diagnosis of abdominal pain, especially when there are accompanying symptoms like hyponatremia, seizures, mental changes and hypertension.
Variant ataxia-telangiectasia in a child presenting with laryngeal dystonia
Authors: Arıcan Pınar , Dündar Nihal Olgaç , Kırbıyık Özgür , Çavusoğlu Dilek , Yılmaz Sema Bozkaya , Gençpınar Pınar
Published: June 2020

Background. Dystonia is a common hyperkinetic movement disorder in children; however, making an early and definitive diagnosis of dystonia can sometimes be challenging for clinicians.
Case. Herein, we report a case of a 16 years-old girl presenting with laryngeal dystonia due to compound heterozygosity of a known pathogenic and a novel variant in the ATM gene. Serum alpha-fetoprotein level was elevated. Serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE levels were within normal range. Treatment with L-DOPA had no benefit. Her symptoms were dramatically improved by localized botulinum toxin injections.
Conclusion. Mutations in the ATM gene show a wide phenotypic spectrum from severe classical early-onset ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) to late-onset milder variant A-T. Our findings highlight the importance of recognizing laryngeal dystonia as one of the clinical signs of A-T.
The nutrient values of barley and oat green fodder produced by hasılmatik at different days
Authors: GÜMÜŞ Hidir , BAYIR Ahmet
Published: June 2020

Bu çalışma hasılmatikte üretilen arpa ve yulaf yeşil hasılının farklı günlerdeki besin madde içeriklerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada %100 arpa tohumu; % 100 yulaf tohumu ve %75 arpa tohumu+ %25 yulaf tohumu karışımı kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda arpa grubunun yeşil hasıl boyu ve yaş ağırlığı en yüksek bulunmuştur. Kuru madde değeri 7. günde en düşük arpa hasılında en yüksek yulaf hasılında tespit edilmiştir. Denemenin 7 gününde hasılların ham kül, ham selüloz, ham yağ, asit deterjan lif ve nötral deterjan lif içerikleri düzeyleri 5. güne göre tüm gruplarda artış göstermiştir. Bunun aksine yeşil hasılın nispi yem değerlerinde azalma görülmüştür. Denemenin sonunda arpa ve arpa+yulaf hasılı karışımlarının yeşil hasıl özelliklerinin daha iyi olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
International Responses to human Displacement: neo-liberalism and Post-Cold War Geopolitics
Authors: Hyndman Jennifer
Published: June 2020

This paper explores conditions which shape current international interventions to assist displaced persons. In particular, the intersection of neo-liberal politics at the national level with international geopolitics after the CoId War, and subsequent strategies of managing human displacement are examined. First, a trend in domestic politics and policies in Canada is illustrated through a series of current examples. From these vignettes, a pattern of neo-liberalism emerges. Second, a trend is noted towards
increased peacekeeping operations and the deployment of'preventive protection'-a strategy which emphasizes assistance to displaced persons within their country of origin, often
within a conflict zone-since the end of the Cold War. The possibility of a connection between neo-liberalism at home and peacekeeping and preventive protection abroad is explored. The irnperfect humanism of the international refugee regime is being superseded, it is argued, by a dangerous 'neo-humanism' maintained through pervasive neoliberal policies at national and international levels.
Refugees as an Impetus for Intervention: The Case of Haiti
Authors: Mills Kurt
Published: June 2020

The 1991-94 Haitian refugee crisis, and the resulting intervention, brings together a number ofdifferent issues, including refugee flows, human rights concerns, UN Security Council action, and the domestic politics and other direct interests ofone ofthe great powers. This article examines these factors and the role they played in the eventual US led intervention. It concludes that the perceived security aspects of the Haitian refugees were the primary impetus for the US action. However, human rights and other humanitarian concerns also played a significant, although ambiguous, role, and the reaction on the part of other states to the intervention may prove to be precedential in legitimating future intervention for humanitarian purposes.
Ethical Reflections on the Institution of Asylum
Authors: Penz Peter
Published: June 2020

This article explores the rationale for protecting and assisting refugees, from an ethical perspective. It also examines the relationship between a country’s obligation to provide asylum and that country’s affluence. The field of tension between statist and cosmopolitan ethics is analyzed. After showing that the former establishes weak and limited asylum obligations and after offering a brief argument for cosmopolitanism, the article explores cosmopolitan forms of utilitarianism, libertarianism, and egalitarianism. A reasonable synthesis of the last three perspectives is proposed: it includes a strong duty to provide asylum, a broad definition of the kinds of displacement that create entitlements to international protection and assistance, and international burden-sharing based on relative affluence.
Shifting Priorities, Attitudes, and Institutional Change: Reflections on UNHCR at the Crossroads
Authors: Gorlick Brian
Published: June 2020

The international debate on refugee issues is in flux and has been influenced by a number of factors including post–cold war disinterest in refugees, the media, extraordinary humanitarian crises, and shifting attitudes among policy makers and the public. Over the last decade in particular, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has been given the task of providing protection and relief in large-scale humanitarian operations, some of which are unprecedented in size, level of conflict, and categories of persons provided assistance. In the new millennium and under new leadership, will UNHCR get back to “the basics of protection,” or will it continue to be asked to respond to humanitarian crises in the absence of other action by the international community? These are serious policy questions facing the Office.
Réfugiés et sécurité régionale en Afrique : un défi pour le HCR
Authors: Mangala Jack M.
Published: June 2020

For African states, refugees have become closely linked to internal and external security concerns. This linkage is a result of the political “instrumentalization” of refugees and represents a huge challenge in terms of the protection of refugees and the search for solutions. This study begins by analyzing the mechanics through which this linkage operates and the security stakes that refugees represent. It then proceeds to examine the response of the UNHCR and of the international community to this challenge and shows how—through its handling of this sensitive issue—the humanitarian organization has been able to devise imaginative ways to expand its operations in order to give shape to the rights of refugees in matters of security as prescribed by international refugee law.
Nation Building and the Construction of Identity: Xenophobia in South Africa
Authors: Reilly Janet E.
Published: June 2020

This article examines the process of nation building in South Africa and its effect on the rise of xenophobia. It explores the ways in which South Africa’s efforts, since the elections of 1994, to construct a non-racial national identity have led to the exclusion of and the denial of rights to non-citizens. Looking at the history of immigration policy in South Africa, it argues that increased levels of xenophobia among South Africans represent an ever-widening gap between the country’s attempts to restructure itself constitutionally (by altering its laws) and culturally (by changing the people’s perception of what it means to be South African).
Building Hospitable Communities
Authors: Ferris Elizabeth
Published: June 2020

Receiving communities play a critical role in determining whether refugees and other migrants will become full participating members of their host societies or whether they will remain on the margins. This paper reviews global trends which impact the receptivity of communities to refugees and migrants, including the growing public debate on migration, increasingly restrictive governmental policies, xenophobia and racism, public confusion, and increasing questions of citizenship and identity. This is followed by an examination of the roles played by national and local governments, the media, and civil society in creating communities which welcome newcomers, affirm diversity, and encourage full participation of all who live there.
L’intégration des réfugiés guatémaltèques au Mexique et leur transformation progressive en acteurs autonomes
Authors: Michel Edith F. Kauffer
Published: June 2020

This article looks at the integration of Guatemalan refugees in Mexico from three different angles: a) Integration is a political decision and has to be put in place as a policy; b) It is also the wish of the refugees themselves to stay for good in the country of asylum; c) Integration also refers to an experience of spontaneous integration, a process that comes about from direct interaction between Guatemalans and Mexicans. The policy of integration therefore results in the gradual retreat and disappearance of some of the key players, such as specialized agencies and non-governmental organizations. Faced with these realities, the “ex-refugees,” or new immigrants, take the initiative of setting up their own organizations, which have started to move towards a growing autonomy; this initiative is evidence of their political integration.
Protection of Refugee Children in India
Authors: Vijayakumar V.
Published: June 2020

This note is an attempt to illustrate the role played by the Indian judiciary in protecting refugee children and their interests in the context of India not being a party to the Refugee Convention or its Protocol. Along with this, the efforts taken by the Supreme Court of India in bridging the gap between India’s international obligations and domestic laws, both treaty-based and customary, are mentioned briefly. In doing so, the lack of focused discussion of article 22 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in protecting unaccompanied and separated children and their interests is also mentioned. The article calls for a more meaningful discussion of these issues in the future.
Roundatble Report: Taking the Agenda Forward: The Roundtable on Separated Children Seeking Asylum in Canada
Authors: Kumin Judith , Chaikel Danya
Published: June 2020

On October 15 and 16, 2001, the National Roundtable on Separated Children Seeking Asylum in Canada was held in Ottawa. The meeting was organized by the Child Welfare League of Canada, International Social Service Canada, and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Branch Office in Canada. The organizers brought together immigration officials, child welfare professionals, and refugee advocates, in an effort to build partnerships and improve awareness of the problem of separated children seeking asylum in Canada. Participants discussed ways to resolve the tension between immigration and child protection concerns, as well as how to develop a consistent approach to the issue across Canada. Senator Landon Pearson generously agreed to host the event.
“Between a Rock and a Hard Place”: Australia’s Mandatory Detention of Asylum Seekers
Authors: Motta Francesco P.
Published: June 2020

For fourteen years Australia has detained asylum seekers arriving unlawfully in its territory. It also intercepts asylum seekers arriving in the territorial waters, detaining them in third countries and preventing them from seeking refugee status in Australia (the “Pacific Solution”). This paper traces the development of the policy, its current implementation, the justification employed by the government for maintaining it, and its legality under international law. On examination of these issues, it is evident that the justification for the mandatory policy is flawed; that the costs of the policy – in terms of the physical and mental well-being of asylum seekers themselves, and the social and financial impact on the Australian community – are too great, and it puts Australia in breach of its obligations under international law. However, the government has not canvassed alternatives to the mandatory detention policy and has no intention of changing it. This leaves asylum seekers who enter Australian territory unlawfully literally and figuratively between a “rock and hard place.”
Preventive Detention of Immigrants and Non-Citizens in the United States since September 11th
Authors: Martin Kate
Published: June 2020

The attacks of September 11, 2002, have dramatically altered the policy andscape in Washington, but it is important to reject the notion that there is a necessary trade-off between security and civil liberties. One of the most serious threats to civil liberties has been the adoption of a policy of preventive detention that has resulted in the secret jailing of hundreds of Arabs and Muslims when there is no evidence linking them to terrorist activity. This has been done, not by using the limited new authorities granted the government in the post-September 11 terrorism legislation, but by improperly using pre-existing criminal and immigration authorities. Secret arrests are antithetical to a democratic society. A targeted investigation that focuses on actual terrorist activity and respects the legitimate political and religious activity of citizens and non-citizens would be more effective than a dragnet approach that has resulted in the secret arrests of hundreds of individuals.
Protecting the Borderline and Minding the Bottom Line: Asylum Seekers and Politics in Contemporary Australia
Authors: Philpott Simon
Published: June 2020

In late 2001, the Australian government put asylum seekers at the centre of its re-election campaign by refusing to accept 438 asylum seekers picked up by the Norwegian cargo ship Tampa. It then introduced legislation giving the Commonwealth powers to interdict asylum seekers at sea, and to forcibly return them to the port of embarkation. These measures extend the punitive regime of mandatory detention in privately owned and operated centres. This paper examines recent legislative and identity politics in the context of the long-standing white Australian fear of invasion from the north.
Reducing Environmental Damage Caused by the Collection of Cooking Fuel by Refugees
Authors: Lynch Maureen
Published: June 2020

I
The collection of fuelwood by large numbers of internally displaced people and refugees for the purpose of providing energy for food preparation and cooking can cause environmental devastation and adversely affect the socio-economic balance with local populations. There is no simple solution. Reducing environmental impact, and thus easing societal tensions, requires addressing a complex set of issues including supply of and demand for natural resources, aid agency operations, willingness to utilize refugee knowledge and experience, the effects of forced displacement, poverty, and lack of land. The key to establishing sustainable solutions, whether fuel or non-fuel alternatives, requires being able to identify and understand the interaction between human needs and behaviour and the local environment. This paper explores the scope of the problem and offers case examples, describes efforts taken and alternatives available, presents outcomes of evaluations that have been performed, and outlines lessons learned to be used in future crises.abstract
Creating Human Insecurity: The National Security Focus in Canada’s Immigration System
Authors: Lowry Michelle
Published: June 2020

This paper explores the processes through which Canada’s immigration system creates human insecurity for newcomers to Canada. With a focus on the new Immigration and Refugee Protection Act and post-September 11 security measures such as the Safe Third Country Agreement, I argue that the immigration system draws on and reaffirms national security discourses. Measures designed to create national security, in turn, create human insecurity for migrants and refugees. Using a feminist approach that explores how gender, race, and class oppressions intensify experiences of in/security, this paper suggests that the new national security measures within Canada’s immigration system will likely have a disproportionate impact on classed, raced, and gendered asylum seekers.
Social Exclusion: Belonging and Not Belonging in the World System
Authors: Richmond Anthony H.
Published: June 2020

The term “social exclusion” is defined. Research on social exclusion, undertaken in Britain, with particular reference to the situation of ethnic minorities and refugees is reviewed. It is argued that the phenomenon of social exclusion must be understood in a global context. Inequality, social exclusion, ethnic conflict, and terrorist activities, while not caused by globalization, have been greatly exacerbated by recent changes in the world system. The immigration and anti-terrorist measures adopted after 11 September are criticized, and policies that are needed to remedy the consequences of social exclusion are proposed.
A Critical Anti-Racist Interrogation of Voluntary/Forced Repatriation Theory: The Intersections of African Refugees’ Dilemma
Authors: Ighodaro MacDonald E.
Published: June 2020

The author examines the historical/theoretical voluntary repatriation framework, which asserts that refugees should only repatriate to their country of origin on a voluntary basis when the socio-political and ethnic situation that initiated their problem comes to an end. This theory articulates durable protection and resettlement initiatives for refugees in general. Also, the above theory is contrasted with the present re-articulated forced repatriation theories, which state that refugees should repatriate to unsafe conditions in their country of origin. Furthermore, the study interrogates the intersectionality of African refugees’ dilemma and the apprehensions of refugees’ host countries, and conceptualizes the specific ideology that legitimizes the forced repatriation of refugees, and the impacts of accepting the emerging theory using a critical anti-racist framework.
Land, Memory, and Identity: The Palestinian Internal Refugees in Israel
Authors: Cohen Hillel
Published: June 2020

This article describes and analyzes the processes the Internal Refugees have experienced since the establishment of the state till this day from the perspective of the struggle over the “refugee identity.” While the state has tried to undermine this identity as part of its policy against the Right of Return, activists from the refugees’ communities have done their best to preserve it. In the late 1980s it looked as if the state’s goal of uprooting the refugee identity was achieved, but the last decade witnessed an awakening of this identity. This has a lot to do with the Israeli-Palestinian peace talks, but also, it is suggested here, with the very nature of “refugee identity,” which has two components, of which one is positive (“my roots are there”) and one is negative (“I am not from here”).
Resisting Oblivion: Historiography of the Destroyed Palestinian Village of Lubya
Authors: Issa Mahmoud
Published: June 2020

The following article “Resisting Oblivion” is part of a long research on a Palestinian demolished village, Lubya, and its historiography before and after its demolition in 1948. This article is part of a forthcoming book, due to be published in both Danish and English in Denmark this year. The article is based mainly on the oral accounts of the elderly generation from the village – 700 people were interviewed – and archival documents, pieced together to produce this microcosmic piece of modern Palestinian historiography, and to show the power of past memory acounts in shaping the lives of people, even after fifty-four years in exile.
“I Want to Tell You about My Life Now”: The Voice of Palestinian Refugees in Frontiers of Dreams and Fears
Authors: Burwell Catherine
Published: June 2020

Many individuals and institutions – from scholar Edward Said to media watchdog Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting – have noted the Western media’s imbalance in presenting the struggles of the Palestinian people, particularly during the ongoing Al-Aqsa Intifada. Yet as the mainstream media continue to under-report violence against Palestinians and misrepresent the occupation of Palestinian lands, Palestinian filmmakers have begun to generate their own images, often through the genre of the documentary. This article examines one such documentary, Mai Masri’s Frontiers of Dreams and Fears, a study of the daily lives of children living in Shatila and Dheisheh refugee camps. It argues that Masri’s film, through its restoration of the lost voice of the refugee child and its insistence on Palestinian narrative, provides an essential alternative to the exploitative images of the institutionalized media.
Security Council Resolution 1325: Practice and Prospects
Authors: Bahdi Reem
Published: June 2020

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 calls for a more active role for women in the prevention and reconciliation of conflicts. Focusing on the Palestinian Right of Return and the work of a feminist organization called the Jerusalem Link, this paper examines Resolution 1325’s premise that women can make a unique contribution to peace building. As “transfer” or the ethnic cleansing of Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza looms on the horizon, scholars, advocates, and policy-makers must pay more attention to the work of women peace-builders because they might be able to help chart a path towards a real and just solution on seemingly intractable issues such as the Right of Return.
The Palestinian Refugees, International Law, and the Peace Process
Authors: Sabel Robbie
Published: June 2020

The article reviews recent Israel-Palestinian negotiations on the issue of the Palestinian refugees. It examines legal aspects of the major issues that were involved in the negotiations including who was responsible for the plight of the refugees, the definition of who is a refugee, the existence of a right of return, and the question of restitution and compensation. The article reaches the conclusion that, in the context of the Arab-Israeli conflict, no legal “right of return” exists, implementation of such a right would be impracticable and UN General Assembly Resolution 194 does not impose such a right. The article shows, however, that despite deep differences on legal positions, the parties have endeavoured to draft language that will enable them to proceed with a practical solution.
Interception and Asylum: When Migration Control and Human Rights Collide
Authors: Brouwer Andrew , Kumin Judith
Published: June 2020

Preoccupied with sovereign control of access to their territories, states are devoting increasing energy and resources to intercepting and turning back migrants before they arrive at their borders. Interception measures, however, rarely include adequate procedures to distinguish those who need protection from those who do not. As a result, desperate people are left with no option but to resort to ever more dangerous and disruptive methods of migration. This article surveys the main types of interception measures and their effects, and examines the international refugee and human rights law issues raised by these practices. It then reviews recent developments at the level of UNHCR’s Executive Committee with regard to interception and concludes with some suggestions for building compliance with principles of refugee protection in the context of interception measures.
To Deter and Deny: Australia and the Interdiction of Asylum Seekers
Authors: Howard Jessica
Published: June 2020

The paper provides an overview of the development and implementation of Australia’s comprehensive ‘border protection’ policy, including the Pacific Solution and Operation Relex – the interdiction of asylum seekers. The intention of the paper is to demonstrate the lengths to which a developed state will go in addressing the interrelated problems of secondary movement, people smuggling and mixed flows. It also highlights the ‘export value’ of the policy and its wider implications.
Asylum Seekers Living in the Australian Community: A Casework and Reception Approach, Asylum Seeker Project, Hotham Mission, Melbourne
Authors: Mitchell Grant , Kirsner Sara
Published: June 2020

In Australia, asylum seekers either are detained in immigration detention centres or, depending upon their mode of entry into Australia and the status of their application for protection, live in the community, often in a state of abject poverty. Hotham Mission’s Asylum Seeker Project (ASP), a Melbourne-based non-governmental organization (NGO), is unique in Australia in its comprehensive work in housing and supporting asylum seekers in the community, particularly those released from detention. The work of the Asylum Seeker Project illustrates that it is possible, through the application of a comprehensive reception casework system, to adequately support asylum seekers in the community with their welfare needs and to prepare asylum seekers for all immigration outcomes. The Project thus provides a compassionate model of reception support and a viable alternative to immigration detention.
Diasporic Nationalism, Citizenship, and Post-War Reconstruction
Authors: Um Khatharya
Published: June 2020

While ties between Cambodian diasporas and Cambodia have been significant and enduring over the decades of conflict, the political changes engendered by the internationally endorsed elections of 1993 have transformed the scope and characteristics of the transnational traffic. Shaped by complex ideological, class, gender, and generational dynamics, Cambodian diasporas’ re-engagement with the ancestral homeland has since acquired a multidimensionality that extends beyond mere monetary remittance. Spanning both private and public spheres, from national to household levels, these transnational encounters necessarily dislodge the narrow analytic focus and assumptions that accompany much of the discourse of transnationalism, and interrogate critical issues of nationalism, citizenship, and belonging.
The Triad of Transnationalism, Legal Recognition, and Local Community: Shaping Political Space for the Burmese Refugees in Japan
Authors: Banki Susan
Published: June 2020

Refugee participation in transnational acts – from advocating for regime change in home countries to strengthening modes of safe passage for friends and family to host countries – is only as effective as the ability of refugees to organize, collaborate with one another, and develop strong communication links between communities in the home and host countries. While many assume that legal status improves the ability of refugees to engage in political transformation, research on the Burmese refugees living in Japan reveals that the application and provision of legal status can have the opposite effect, weakening fragile community structures, stemming advocacy efforts, and discouraging communication between divided political and ethnic groups. I argue that transnational acts form a three-way relationship with legal recognition and local community, and that, because of conflictual relationships among local refugee communities, refugees from Burma with higher degrees of legal recognition in Japan do not necessarily expand transnational space.