bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hepatocyte growth factor is essential for migration of myogenic cells and promotes their proliferation during the early periods of tongue morphogenesis in mouse embryos
Authors: Amano Osamu , Yamane Akira , Shimada Mayumi , Koshimizu Uichi , Nakamura Toshikazu , Iseki Shoichi
Published: August 2002

Temporal and spatial occurrence of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its cognate receptor c‐Met in the mouse mandibular development was investigated by immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. HGF was first recognized in the mesenchymal cells of the first branchial arch at the 10th day of gestation (E10), before tongue formation, whereas HGF receptor (c‐Met) ‐positive myogenic cells first appeared at E11 in the center of mandibles. By E12, HGF turned to be colocalized with c‐Met in the differentiating tongue myoblasts. Between E14 and E16, HGF disappeared, whereas c‐Met remained, in the tongue myoblasts. The levels of HGF mRNA in the developing tongue decreased in accordance with the increase of desmin mRNA levels from E11 to E17. These in vivo results strongly suggest that the HGF/c‐Met system takes part in the earlier stages of tongue development. To elucidate this hypothesis, the antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide (A‐ODN) for mouse HGF mRNA was added to the organ culture system of mandible with serumless, defined medium. Mandibular arches from E10 mouse embryos were cultured at 37°C for 10 days in the absence or presence of A‐ODN, control (sense) oligonucleotide (C‐ODN), or A‐ODN plus recombinant HGF. In the control mandibular explants cultured without HGF or ODN, the anterior two‐third of the tongue derived from the first branchial arch was formed. It contained abundant desmin‐positive myoblasts and was equivalent to the tongue of E14–E15. In contrast, in the presence of A‐ODN in the medium, neither the swelling nor myogenic cells were found in the tongue‐forming region of explants, and myogenic cells accumulated behind the tongue‐forming region. Such dysplasia of tongue was never induced in the presence of C‐ODN or A‐ODN plus recombinant HGF in the medium. The effect of A‐ODN appeared to be developmental stage‐specific, because tongue dysplasia occurred when A‐ODN was present during the earlier 4 days but not during the later 4 days of the culture. Furthermore, recombinant HGF added to the culture without ODNs during the earlier 4 days caused elevation in the number of mitotic myoblasts. These results suggest that HGF regulates both the migration and proliferation of myogenic cells during the earlier stages of tongue development. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chewing and spitting out food among eating‐disordered patients
Authors: Kovacs Dora , Mahon Jennifer , Palmer Robert L.
Published: August 2002

Objective

The symptom of chewing and spitting out food (CHSP) is fairly common among patients with eating disorders. The purpose of this study is to examine the associations of the symptom in patients with eating disorders.

Method

Patients who reported CHSP were compared with those who did not. The relationship between CHSP and other symptoms was assessed by logistic regression analysis.

Results

CHSP was found in 22% of patients. Patients with anorexia nervosa and eating disorder not otherwise specified who reported CHSP showed more severe eating‐related pathology. This was not so for bulimia nervosa patients with CHSP who differed only in reporting greater distortion of body image. Binging was not related to CHSP in any of the diagnostic groups.

Discussion

CHSP is a common symptom in all groups of patients with eating disorders. The symptom may serve different functions for different patients, depending on diagnosis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 112–115, 2002.
A stability criterion for nonlinear oscillations in power systems by Hopf bifurcation theory
Authors: Amano Hiroyuki , Kumano Teruhisa , Inoue Toshio , Taniguchi Haruhito
Published: August 2002

A stability criterion for nonlinear oscillations in power systems is proposed. It consists of calculation of a limit cycle by application of Hopf bifurcation theory and nonlinear transformation of the coordinates using invariant manifolds. The proposed method is verified in a single‐machine infinite bus system. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(4): 1–8, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10008
A study of the field utilization factor and the maximum electric field at sparkover of the standard sphere gaps
Authors: Nishikori Yasuo , Kojima Soji , Kouno Teruya
Published: August 2002

The field utilization factor η (the mean electric field/the maximum electric field) of the standard sphere gaps was calculated by the charge simulation method, taking into account the ground plane and shanks. A simple equation: η = 1 − (g/3r), where g is the gap length and r is the radius of a sphere, can be used generally as a representative value of η, although it changes by the length and the diameter of shanks in the range permitted by the IEC standard. The maximum electric field at sparkover of a standard sphere gap describes a U‐shaped curve against (g/r), up to the diameter of 1 m. Peek's equation characterizes that the right‐hand side of the curve is almost constant. However, the effect of the ground and the shanks makes η smaller and the part of the curve is rather expressed as monotonously increasing. The curves of the maximum electric field of diameters 1.5 and 2 m are different from U‐form. The curve for a 1.5‐m sphere has its maximum point at g = 60 cm, and for a 2‐m sphere, at 50 cm. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(4): 26–32, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.1165
The implementation of international nature conservation agreements in Europe: the case of the Netherlands
Authors: Bennett Graham , Ligthart Saskia
Published: August 2002

Nature conservation policy in European countries is increasingly determined by the requirements of a wide range of international agreements. The most important are two EU directives (the Birds Directive and the Habitats Directive) and four conventions (the Ramsar Convention, the Bern Convention, the Bonn Convention and the UN Convention on Biological Diversity). The main foci of these instruments are habitats and species that are of international importance or require international cooperation to secure their effective conservation. Despite the importance of these habitats and species, implementation of the instruments has been uneven. The Netherlands provides a interesting example of implementation issues. The legislation necessary to enable the government to legally designate areas that have to be protected under the Birds Directive was only adopted in 1998, 17 years after the deadline fixed by the directive. This legislation has enabled the government to nominate areas for designation under the Birds and Habitats Directive. However, not all the sites that fall under the criteria of the Directives have been included in the list, and the legislation does not include the required provision concerning compensation for areas that are protected under the Habitats Directive and then damaged by activities that are authorized in the public interest. In the case of the Ramsar Convention, the government is planning to increase the number of designated sites, but the total number of sites will still represent inadequately the types of wetland of international importance that are found in the Netherlands. Despite this uneven implementation, the instruments – particularly the EU Directives – are having far‐reaching effects on nature conservation in Europe. The most important consequences are that ecological considerations are the sole and absolute criteria for determining whether a site should be protected under the EU Directives and that many areas that until now only enjoyed limited protection under the spatial planning system now have to be legally protected from virtually all forms of damage. However, in practice many development plans take only limited account of the biodiversity conservation requirements implied by international conventions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
The use of socio‐economic and environmental indicators in assessing the effectiveness of EU agri‐environmental policy
Authors: Wilson Geoff A. , Buller Henry
Published: August 2002

Since the mid‐1980s, ‘indicators’ have been increasingly suggested as a possible means to evaluate the effectiveness of various policy mechanisms. In this paper, we shed some critical light on the use of indicators, by investigating in detail the advantages and disadvantages of using the indicator approach in the assessment of agri‐environmental policy effectiveness in the European Union. We review the theoretical and conceptual bases of the indicator approach, highlighting the complexity of identifying appropriate indicators and the difficulties in identifying means to ‘measure’ them. We analyse four levels of indicators (uptake, output, actor‐related and procedural indicators), and argue that, while indicators continue to have a central role to play in the evaluation of European agri‐environmental policy, that role is essentially limited and the notion of what constitutes an indicator needs to be thoroughly re‐examined. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Hydrogen peroxide–induced DNA damage and DNA repair in lymphocytes from malnourished children
Authors: González C. , Nájera O. , Cortés E. , Toledo G. , López L. , Betancourt M. , Ortiz R.
Published: August 2002

The aim of this study was to assess DNA repair capacity in lymphocytes of children with protein calorie malnutrition using the single‐cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay. Repair capacity was assessed by estimating the relative decrease of DNA migration length 5, 15, 30, and 60 min after hydrogen peroxide treatment, in three groups of children: well‐nourished (WN), well‐nourished infected (WN‐I), and malnourished infected (MN‐I). In addition, the DNA migration length was evaluated in all groups before and after peroxide treatment. Comparison of mean migration lengths observed in WN and WN‐I children showed significant differences at all times tested; between WN‐I and MN‐I differences were also observed, except after hydrogen peroxide exposure. This implies that lymphocytes of WN‐I and MN‐I children were equally sensitive to hydrogen peroxide. Nevertheless, the MN‐I group clearly shows the greatest overall percentage of damaged cells at all times tested. In relation to repair capacity, at 5 min it was approximately 30% in both groups of well‐nourished children, but only 20% in MN‐I; 15 min after exposure, repair capacity increased to 51% in well‐nourished children but only to 31% in MN‐I; and at 60 min this capacity increased to 82% in well‐nourished but only to 55% in MN‐I. These data indicate that lymphocytes of malnourished children show a decreased capacity to repair hydrogen peroxide–induced DNA damage compared to that of well‐nourished controls. This reflects that only malnutrition is associated with decreased DNA repair capacity. Additionally, the data confirm that severe infection and malnutrition are two factors clearly associated with increased DNA damage. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:33–42, 2002 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA adducts of 1,3‐butadiene in humans: Relationships to exposure, GST genotypes, single‐strand breaks, and cytogenetic end points
Authors: Zhao Chunyan , Vodicka Pavel , Sram Radim J. , Hemminki Kari
Published: August 2002

The modulation of 1,3‐butadiene (BD)‐induced DNA adducts by occupational exposure, glutathione S‐transferase (GST) genotypes, single‐strand breaks, and cytogenetic end points was studied in 15 workers and 11 controls. The exposed group consisted of 8 smokers and 7 nonsmokers, whereas the control group consisted of 7 nonsmokers and 4 smokers. Among all subjects, the adduct levels in workers lacking GSTM1 were significantly higher than in those who were GSTM1 positive (P = 0.026), and individuals with combined GSTM1(−) and GSTT1(+) genotype had elevated level of adducts compared to that of persons with GSTM1(+) and GSTT1(+) (P = 0.049). The increase in BD–DNA adduct levels in all subjects was significantly related to BD exposure and GSTM1 genotype (linear multiple regression analysis, P = 0.001; P = 0.035). The results suggest that DNA adducts serve as a sensitive and specific biomarker, integrating exposure and host metabolic capacity, although the data are limited to a small number of subjects. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:226–230, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of distance sampling and mark‐resight to estimate the local density of wildlife populations
Authors: Focardi Stefano , Isotti Roberto , Pelliccioni Elisabetta Raganella , Iannuzzo Daniele
Published: August 2002

We used distance sampling (line transects) and mark‐resight to estimate habitat and local area (area size, range: 3.9–44.5 ha) population density of ungulates. The distance sampling study was performed on fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) in a mediterranean forest. The mark‐resight study was performed on a roe deer population in a hilly area of the Apennines. The first study allowed us to estimate the animal density into four different habitats (deciduous oak wood, evergreen oak wood, maquis and open areas with domestic‐pine woods). The between habitat differences of population density are large for the three species: fallow deer are more abundant in the open areas (22.22 heads/km2, c.i. 12.42–39.74), roe deer in the deciduous oak wood (14.50 heads/km2, c.i. 7.01–30.10) and wild boar in both the open areas (11.29 heads/km2, c.i. 4.86–26.20) and evergreen oak wood (10.42 heads/km2, c.i. 6.78–16.02). The roe deer population in the Apennines is characterized by large between‐zone variations of population density (range: 1997: 13.25–131.31, 1998: 29.06–78.01, 1999: 10.67–88.58). Moreover, trends of local zones may be quite different with respect to the average trend of a wider study area, suggesting a well‐defined short‐scale spatial structure for this population. We conclude that both survey methods may be very useful in population assessment, but they need intense field effort and careful statistical design. Care needs to be taken to satisfy the assumptions of the statistical models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eating disorders, attachment and interpersonal difficulties: a comparison between 18‐ to 24‐year‐old patients and normal controls
Authors: Broberg Anders G. , Hjalmers Ingrid , Nevonen Lauri
Published: August 2002

This study tested the connection between eating disorder symptoms, insecure attachment, and other interpersonal difficulties. The sample consisted of 145 female patients (aged 18 to 24 years), who had attended an outpatient clinic for eating disorders in the city of Göteborg, Sweden, and 315 women chosen at random from the city's Population Register. Subjects filled in the Relationship Questionnaire (Bartholomew and Horowitz, 1991) and the Eating Disorders Inventory‐2 (Garner, 1991). The results confirm the link between eating disorders, insecure attachment and interpersonal problems that has been found in other studies, and extends it to women in the normal control group who report that they have previously had eating disorder problems. Our results further indicate that severity of eating disorders problems is related to security of attachment, whereas type of eating disorder is related to scores on the psychological subscales of the EDI‐2. The implications for psychological treatment are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Modelling the Quaternary evolution of shore platforms and erosional continental shelves
Authors: Trenhaile A. S.
Published: August 2002

A mathematical model was used to investigate the effect of glacially induced fluctuations in sea level on the evolution of wave‐cut shore platforms and erosional continental shelves during the Quaternary. The model used two deep‐water wave sets, which were used to calculate breaker height and depth, and the force of the waves at the waterline, according to the width and bottom roughness of the surf zone and the gradient of the submarine slope. The model also incorporated an erosional threshold related to the strength of the rocks, the number of hours each year in which the water level is at each intertidal elevation and the amount and persistence of the debris at the cliff foot. Most runs were made using a sea level model that consisted of 26 glacial cycles from 2 million to 0·9 million years ago, and nine, of approximately twice the amplitude and wavelength, in the last 0·9 million years. The model emphasized the dynamic association between the contemporary intertidal platform and the continental shelf. Both surfaces trend towards a state of static equilibrium under oscillating sea level conditions, when attenuated waves are unable to continue eroding the rock. If there has not been enough time to reduce the gradient of the shallower portions of the continental shelf, however, intertidal shore platforms can be in a temporary, though possibly long‐lasting, state of dynamic equilibrium. The model suggests that most platforms are, at least in part, inherited from one, or in many cases more, interglacial stages when sea level was similar to today's. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the correspondence between morphological and hydrodynamical patterns of groyne fields
Authors: Sukhodolov Alexander , Uijttewaal Wim S. J. , Christof Engelhardt
Published: August 2002

This paper examines a variety of recirculation flow patterns that develop in the groyne fields on rivers. A comprehensive data set was obtained from flume experiments at Delft University of Technology and field measurements performed on the Elbe River in Germany. The analysis focuses on patterns of velocity, scour and deposition, and corresponding change of riverbed morphology. The results show that velocity patterns in the groyne fields depend mainly on the aspect ratio between groyne length and length of groyne field. When the aspect ratio is greater than 0·5, a one‐gyre pattern of recirculation develops, while at groyne fields with aspect ratios less than 0·5 a two‐gyre recirculation pattern emerges. The spatial distribution of fine‐sediment deposition between the groynes coincides with the locations of gyres. Moreover, the thickness of the fine‐sediment layer decreases toward the gyre margins where recirculation velocities are greatest. Although the total concentration of suspended sediment in the river does not change considerably as the flow moves through the groyne field, the biological and gravimetrical composition of the suspended material changes substantially within the groyne field. These changes are due to preferential deposition of coarse mineral particles and the replacement of those minerals with finer organic material. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile leaf oil constituents of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf
Authors: Kasali Adeleke A. , Oyedeji Adebola O. , Ashilokun Adeolu O.
Published: August 2002

The composition of the essential oil of the leaf of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf, growing on the campus of Lagos State University, was determined by the use of GC and GC–MS. The oil gave 27 peaks, amounting to 98% of the total oil. Twenty‐three (97.3%) constituents were identified. The main constituents were geranial (33.7%), neral (26.5%) and myrcene (25.3%). Small amounts of neomenthol (3.3%), linalyl acetate (2.3%), Z‐β‐ocimene (1.0%) and E‐β‐ocimene were also detected. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the influence of numerical schemes and subgrid–stress models on large eddy simulation of turbulent flow past a square cylinder
Authors: Nakayama A. , Vengadesan S. N.
Published: August 2002

Influence of finite difference schemes and subgrid‐stress models on the large eddy simulation calculation of turbulent flow around a bluff body of square cylinder at a laboratory Reynolds number, has been examined. It is found that the type and the order of accuracy of finite‐difference schemes and the subgrid‐stress model for satisfactory results are dependent on each other, and the grid resolution and the Reynolds number. Using computational grids manageable by workstation‐level computers, with which the near‐wall region of the separating boundary layer cannot be resolved, central‐difference schemes of realistic orders of accuracy, either fully conservative or non‐conservative, suffer stability problems. The upwind‐biased schemes of third order and the Smagorinsky eddy‐viscosity subgrid model can give reasonable results resolving much of the energy‐containing turbulent eddies in the boundary layers and in the wake and representing the subgrid stresses in most parts of the flow. Noticeable improvements can be obtained by either using higher order difference schemes, increasing the grid resolution and/or by implementing a dynamic subgrid stress model, but each at a cost of increased computational time. For further improvements, the very small‐scale eddies near the upstream corners and in the laminar sublayers need to be resolved but would require a substantially larger number of grid points that are out of the range of easily accessible computers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of spectral and finite element methods applied to the study of the core‐annular flow in an undulating tube
Authors: Kouris Charalampos , Dimakopoulos Yannis , Georgiou Georgios , Tsamopoulos John
Published: August 2002

A Galerkin/finite element and a pseudo‐spectral method, in conjunction with the primitive (velocity‐pressure) and streamfunction‐vorticity formulations, are tested for solving the two‐phase flow in a tube, which has a periodically varying, circular cross section. Two immiscible, incompressible, Newtonian fluids are arranged so that one of them is around the axis of the tube (core fluid) and the other one surrounds it (annular fluid). The physical and flow parameters are such that the interface between the two fluids remains continuous and single‐valued. This arrangement is usually referred to as Core‐Annular flow. A non‐orthogonal mapping is used to transform the uneven tube shape and the unknown, time dependent interface to fixed, cylindrical surfaces. With both methods and formulations, steady states are calculated first using the Newton–Raphson method. The most dangerous eigenvalues of the related linear stability problem are calculated using the Arnoldi method, and dynamic simulations are carried out using the implicit Euler method. It is shown that with a smooth tube shape the pseudo‐spectral method exhibits exponential convergence, whereas the finite element method exhibits algebraic convergence, albeit of higher order than expected from the relevant theory. Thus the former method, especially when coupled with the streamfunction‐vorticity formulation, is much more efficient. The finite element method becomes more advantageous when the tube shape contains a cusp, in which case the convergence rate of the pseudo‐spectral method deteriorates exhibiting algebraic convergence with the number of the axial spectral modes, whereas the convergence rate of the finite element method remains unaffected. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on rational call option exercise
Authors: Engström Malin
Published: August 2002

Using Swedish equity option data, the rationality in the exercise of American call options is analyzed to see
how well it complies with the theoretical exercise rules. Although the exercise behavior appears to be rational
overall, several cases of both faulty exercise and failure to exercise are found. Almost a third of the early
exercised calls are exercised at other times than predicted by theory. Several of these exercise decisions could
potentially be explained by transaction costs, indicating that market frictions do affect the exercise behavior.
However, over two thirds of the faulty exercises cannot be explained at all. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Jrl Fut Mark 22:471–482, 2002
Distinct cytogenetic pathways of advanced‐stage neuroblastoma tumors, detected by spectral karyotyping
Authors: Stark Batia , Jeison Marta , Bar‐Am Irit , Glaser‐Gabay Leticia , Mardoukh Jacques , Luria Drorit , Feinmesser Meora , Goshen Yacov , Stein Jerry , Abramov Aya , Zaizov Rina , Yaniv Isaac
Published: August 2002

Molecular studies of advanced‐stage neuroblastoma (NBL) have revealed a marked genetic heterogeneity. In addition to MYCN amplification and chromosome 1 short‐arm deletions/translocations detected by conventional cytogenetics, application of fluorescence in situ hybridization has disclosed a high prevalence of 17q gain, whereas allelotyping and comparative genomic hybridization techniques also have revealed loss of 11q and of other chromosomal material. Using the recently developed technique of spectral karyotyping (SKY), we sought to refine the cytogenetic information, identify hidden recurrent structural chromosomal abnormalities, and compare them to the molecular findings. Thirteen samples of metaphase spreads from 11 patients with advanced‐stage NBL were analyzed by SKY. Most of them were found to have complex karyotypes (more than three changes per metaphase) and complex unbalanced rearrangements. Recurrent aberrations leading to 17q gain, deletion of 1p, MYCN amplification, and loss of 11q appeared in 7, 4, 4, and 5 patients, respectively, in simple and complex karyotypes. Chromosome 3 changes and gain of 1q and 7q appeared in 6, 5, and 4 patients, respectively, in complex karyotypes only, reflecting later changes. A strikingly high prevalence of the unbalanced translocation der(11)t(11;17), leading to concomitant 11q loss and 17q gain in 4 patients, delineated a distinct cytogenetic group, none having 1p deletion and/or MYCN amplification. der(11)t(11;17) was associated with complex karyotypes with changes in chromosomes 3 and 7q. The 17q translocations with partners other than 11q were associated with 1p deletion and/or MYCN amplification. The distinct cytogenetic subgroups identified by SKY confirm and extend the recent molecular observations, and suggest that different genes may interact in the der(11)t(11;17) pathway of NBL development and progression. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cumulative dosage effect of a RAD51l1/HMGA2 fusion and RAD51l1 loss in a case of pseudo‐Meigs' syndrome
Authors: Amant Frederic , Debiec‐Rychter Maria , Schoenmakers Eric F.P.M. , Hagemeijer‐Hausman Anne , Vergote Ignace
Published: August 2002

Uterine leiomyoma presenting with ascites and pleural fluid is referred to as pseudo‐Meigs' syndrome. It is unclear whether common uterine leiomyomas and uterine leiomyomas causing pseudo‐Meigs' syndrome are cytogenetically related or whether functionally different primary pathogenetic triggers are responsible for the differences in tumor phenotype. In this study, we investigated the possible involvement of RAD51LI and HMGA2 (formerly known as HMGIC) in initiation and/or progression of a huge uterine leiomyoma presenting as pseudo‐Meigs' syndrome. The detailed cytogenetic and FISH analysis revealed the presence of two subclones with a complex karyotype, 46,XX,t(2;12)(q31;q21),ins(14;12)(q23‐24;q15q21).ish del(12)(q15q15) (LL12NC01‐142H1‐,LL12NC01‐27E12‐),der(12)t(2;12)(LL12NC01‐142H1+,LL12NC01‐27E12‐),der(14)ins(14;12)(q22;q15q15) (LL12NC01‐142H1+,LL12NC01‐27E12+,RAD51LI+), der(14)ins(14;12)(q23‐q24;q15q21) (LL12NC01‐142H1‐, LL12NC01‐27E12+) [20]/46,idem,del(14)(q21q24).ish(RAD51LI‐) [6], indicating intragenic HMGA2 rearrangement and loss of one of the RAD51LI alleles in a derivative subclone with chromosome 14 deletion. Furthermore, RACE and RT‐PCR analysis of the tumor cells did not reveal abnormal HMGA2 or RAD51LI transcripts. Additionally, the cellular subclone with intrachromosomal 14q21‐q24/RAD51LI deletion showed an in vitro growth advantage over the subclone without the deletion. This observation supports a model in which accumulation of two independent mutations—a classical structural rearrangement involving HMGA2 and RAD51L1, in combination with a loss of the second RAD51L1 allele—might play a major role in the development of pseudo‐Meigs' syndrome. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for eolian deposition in the sandy uplands of East Texas and the implications for archaeological site integrity
Authors: Frederick Charles D. , Bateman Mark D. , Rogers Robert
Published: August 2002

Unconsolidated sands form an extensive mantle across large parts of East Texas uplands. The exact geomorphic processes responsible for their formation are not known, but, on hill summit settings, these deposits are interpreted as either eolian sediments or as sand liberated by thein situweathering of the underlying Tertiary age fluvial‐deltaic sandstone bedrock. In order to identify which of these is the most likely formation process, we used detailed sedimentary analysis coupled with optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the sediment on seven samples from a single profile in Lee County, Texas. All OSL samples demonstrated that samples had been exposed to significant sunlight before they were deposited in the middle to late Holocene, thereby ruling out anin situweathering origin. These results indicate that eolian sedimentation occurred during the middle to late Holocene and that archaeological sites within these deposits may be in good context and worthy of excavation. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ESR isochron dating analyses at Bau de l'Aubesier, Provence, France: Clues to U uptake in fossil teeth
Authors: Blackwell Bonnie A.B. , Skinner Anne R. , Blickstein Joel I.B. , Lebel Serge , Leung Helen Y.M.
Published: August 2002

At Bau de l'Aubesier, Provence, Mousterian artifacts and human teeth occur in inhomogeneous (“lumpy”) sedimentary deposits that include bone and tooth fragments and extensive burnt horizons. Electron spin resonance (ESR) isochron analyses of mammal teeth, which use multiple subsamples with different U concentrations, can measure the external dose rate experienced by the tooth regardless of reworking and sedimentary dose rate changes. Isochron analyses do depend on the U uptake model assumed, but can also identify teeth that have experienced secondary U uptake or leaching. Using 11 teeth from six archaeological layers, the isochrons demonstrate that at least three teeth have experienced secondary uptake. For eight teeth, the U uptake has apparently not followed strictly early (EU), linear (LU), or recent uptake (RU), but more closely approximates LU‐RU. Comparing volumetrically averaged sedimentary geochemistry with thermoluminescent dosimetry suggests that fossil tissues in the sediment have also experienced LU‐RU uptake. LU‐RU uptake can explain standard ESR ages that underestimate the true fossil age. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Neogene exhumation of the Variscan Szeghalom Dome, Pannonian Basin, E. Hungary
Authors: Toóth Tivadar M. , Schubert Feólix , Zachar Judit
Published: August 2002

The Pannonian Basin consists of several deep sub‐basins separated by uplifted basement highs. One of the largest and deepest sub‐basins is the Békés Basin in SE Hungary which is surrounded to the north by several crystalline domes. Of these, the Szeghalom Dome is the best known petrologically, and has been used for studying the Neogene exhumation history of the area.

On the basis of metabasite bulk chemistry, the Szeghalom Dome can be subdivided into four distinct zones, the borders of which correspond closely to geophysical anomalies. The four zones exhibit different pre‐Variscan and Variscan pressure–temperature–time (P–T–t) histories. In zone I, high‐pressure relics (600°C, > 12 kbar) occur. Peak‐metamorphic conditions of the main Barrovian overprint were c. 700°C and 6 kbar, and amphibole K/Ar ages scatter around 260 Ma. Zone II shows similar characteristics, with the formation of anatectic granite at peak conditions. K/Ar ages are as low as 220 Ma. Zones III and IV show similar evolution to each other with high‐grade Barrovian relics (700°C), peak metamorphism at 570°C and amphibole ages of 300 Ma.

Throughout the dome, fingerprints of a three‐fold Neogene tectonic evolution can be observed. An early detachment fault formed quartz–feldspar–mylonite in zone IV, while chloritic breccia developed at the border of zones II and III. Following the thermal subsidence phase of the basin evolution, the area was dominated geodynamically by the reactivation of older strike‐slip fault systems. These movements were responsible for the horizontal transport of the crystalline blocks at both the southern and northern flanks of the dome. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A moderate exhumation rate for the high‐pressure Maksyutov Complex, southern Urals, Russia
Authors: Hetzel Ralf , Romer Rolf L.
Published: August 2002

The high‐pressure Maksyutov Complex in the southern Urals contains a regionally coherent crustal unit that experienced peak metamorphic conditions of ∼2 GPa (∼60 km) and ∼550°C at 378 ± 6 Ma. Exhumation of the high‐pressure unit occurred under retrograde blueschist and middle/lower greenschist facies conditions, indicating a pronounced cooling during decompression. The rise of the high‐pressure unit to a mid‐crustal depth (∼20 km) was accommodated along retrograde ductile shear zones that formed in quartz‐rich lithologies. Rb‐Sr white mica ages from these quartzitic mylonites cluster at ∼360 Ma, while Ar‐Ar ages are more variable, between 370 ± 7 and 344 ± 7 Ma. We interpret the Rb‐Sr ages to date the mylonitic deformation in the retrograde shear zones and infer that by 360 ± 8 Ma the high‐pressure Maksyutov Complex has reached mid‐crustal depth. The pressure–temperature–time data suggest an average exhumation rate of 2 (+2/−0.5) mm a−1 for the first exhumation stage from 60 to 20 km. Using our Rb‐Sr data and published fission‐track data, a slower exhumation rate of 0.3 ( ± 0.1) mm a−1 is inferred for the rise of the high‐pressure rocks from the middle to the upper crust. The moderate exhumation rate of 2 mm a−1 is in accordance with published thermal models, which demonstrate that a relatively slow exhumation is required for high‐pressure rocks to experience syn‐decompressional cooling. Such syn‐decompressional cooling, as inferred for the Maksyutov Complex, contrasts with isothermal decompression observed in many other regional high‐pressure terrains that experienced a relatively fast exhumation. The two main factors that controlled the unusual thermal evolution of the southern Urals may be the low radiogenic heat production of the crust and the stable, ∼200 km thick lithospheric mantle beneath the orogen. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Aeronian (Middle Llandovery) graptolite from the Pentamerus Beds near Hillend Farm, Shropshire, UK
Authors: Loydell David K. , Paul Smith M.
Published: August 2002

A specimen of Clinoclimacograptus retroversus is recorded from the Pentamerus Beds of the A489 road section near Hillend Farm, Shropshire, England. This specimen, combined with the presence of the brachiopod Eocoelia hemisphaerica, demonstrates that the beds here must be of mid to late Aeronian (Mid Llandovery) age. The fossiliferous horizons lie only a few metres above the Precambrian unconformity and thus help to constrain the timing of the transgression here. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TrkA immunoreactive astrocytes in dendritic fields of the hippocampal formation across estrous
Authors: Mccarthy J.B. , Barker‐Gibb A.L. , Alves S.E. , Milner T.A.
Published: August 2002

Neurotrophins are important modulators of structural synaptic plasticity. (Through trophic action (Jordan. J Neurobiol 40:434–445, 1999), astrocytes serve as permissive substrates to support axonal regrowth (Ridet et al. Trends Neurosci 20:570–571, 1997), and are involved in estrogen‐induced synaptic structural plasticity (Garcia‐Segura et al. Cell Mol Neurobiol 16:225–237, 1996). Previously, we reported that tyrosine kinase A receptor (TrkA) immunoreactivity was present both in presynaptic neuronal processes (axons and terminals) and in select astrocytes of the male rat hippocampal formation (Barker‐Gibb et al. J Comp Neurol 430:182–199, 2001). We show that the number of TrkA‐immunoreactive astrocytes in female rats fluctuates 16‐fold across the estrous cycle in dendritic fields of the hippocampal formation, with the greatest number at estrus after the peak plasma estradiol concentration of proestrus. Few TrkA‐labeled astrocytes were found in ovariectomized animals; after estrogen replacement, this number increased by 12‐fold in the hippocampal formation, indicating estrogen‐mediated induction. Dual‐labeling studies showed that TrkA‐labeled astrocytes were also immunoreactive for vimentin, a protein expressed by reactive astrocytes. Ultrastructural analysis of the dentate gyrus molecular layer demonstrated that TrkA immunoreactive astrocytes are positioned primarily next to dendrites and unmyelinated axons. Because nerve growth factor (NGF) has been reported to stimulate astrocytes to function as substrates for axon growth (Kawaja and Gage. Neuron 7:1019–1030, 1991), these findings are consistent with the theory that TrkA immunoreactive astrocytes serve a role in structural plasticity, axon guidance, and synaptic regeneration across the estrous cycle in the hippocampal formation. GLIA 38:36–44, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motor cortex involvement during verbal versus non‐verbal lip and tongue movements
Authors: Salmelin Riitta , Sams Mikko
Published: August 2002

We evaluated left and right motor cortex involvement during verbal and non‐verbal lip and tongue movements in seven healthy subjects using whole‐head magnetoencephalography. The movements were paced by tone pips. The non‐verbal tasks included a kissing movement and touching the teeth with the tongue. The verbal tasks comprised silent articulation of the Finnish vowel /o/, which requires mouth movement similar to that in the kissing task, pronouncing the same self‐selected word repeatedly, and producing a new word for every tone pip. Motor cortex involvement was quantified by task‐related suppression and subsequent rebound of the 20‐Hz activity. The modulation concentrated to two sites along the central sulcus, identified as the motor face and hand representations. The 20‐Hz suppression in the face area was relatively similar during all tasks. The post‐movement rebound, however, was significantly left‐lateralized during word production. In the non‐verbal tasks, hand areas showed pronounced suppression of 20‐Hz activity that was significantly diminished for the verbal tasks. The latencies of the 20‐Hz suppression in the left and right face representations were correlated across subjects during verbal mouth movements. Increasing linguistic content of lip and tongue movements was thus manifested in spatially more focal motor cortex involvement, left‐hemisphere lateralization of face area activation, and correlated timing across hemispheres. Hum. Brain Mapping 16:81–91, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterocondensed 1,4‐diphosphinines
Authors: Ivonin Sergey P. , Tolmachev Andrew A. , Chernega Alexander N. , Pinchuk Alexander M.
Published: August 2002

A reaction of phosphorus tribromide with a compound containing two 2,5‐dimethyl‐1‐arylpyrrolyl‐3 residues bound through a phosphorus atom gave rise to a new phosphorus‐containing heterocyclic system, 1,4‐diphosphinine. The new products thus obtained have been characterized and described. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:46–52, 2002; DOI 10.1002/hc.1105
Evaluation of thyroid nodules with technetium‐99m MIBI and technetium‐99m pertechnetate
Authors: Sathekge M. Michael , Mageza Ralph B. , Muthuphei M. Nelson , Modiba M. Charles M. , Clauss Ralf C.
Published: August 2002

Background

Most thyroid centers use fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) and technetium‐99m pertechnetate for the preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules. This approach is sufficient in most cases other than follicular neoplasm, and follicular carcinoma is more common than papillary carcinoma in developing countries such as in our center. Technetium 99m‐methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) proposed for myocardial perfusion was also found to be taken up by a variety of tumors including thyroid cancer.

Methods

We evaluated MIBI uptake of nodular thyroid disease and compared it with pertechnetate scan, FNA, and histologic findings for the differentiation of malignant thyroid nodules from benign lesions. Seventy‐one patients were included in the study. Three‐phase pertechnetate scintigraphy was completed after a single injection of 150 MBq. Perfusion/uptake mismatch (uniform perfusion with cold uptake) was regarded as positive for malignancy, whereas perfusion/uptake match (cold perfusion with cold uptake) was regarded as negative. After 1 week, 400 MBq of MIBI was injected, images were obtained at 20 minutes and 2 hours, and evaluated semiquantitatively by use of a 4‐point (0–3) scoring system. MIBI scans were considered positive if there was uptake superior to normal thyroid tissue on early and delayed images (score = 3). In the following days and weeks, all patients underwent FNA followed by surgery.

Results

Histopathologic diagnosis revealed a total of 23 thyroid carcinomas, 21 (91%) and 19 (83%) were positive on MIBI and pertechnetate, respectively. Of the 48 patients with benign nodules, 11 (23%) and 29 (60%) were positive on MIBI and pertechnetate, respectively. The specificity of MIBI, pertechnetate, and FNA is 77%, 40%, and 90%, respectively.

Conclusions

In combination with FNA and three‐phase pertechnetate scan, MIBI could be helpful in preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules. Intense MIBI activity increases the probability of thyroid cancer, whereas reduced activity drastically decreases the probability of malignancy. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 305–310, 2001.
Risk factors for wound infection in head and neck cancer surgery: A prospective study
Authors: Penel Nicolas , Lefebvre Daniéle , Fournier Charles , Sarini Jèrome , Kara Ahmed , Lefebvre Jean‐Louis
Published: August 2002

Background

The goal of this prospective study is to determine risk factors for wound infections (WI) for patients with head and neck cancer who underwent surgical procedure with opening of upper aerodigestive tract mucosa.

Methods

One hundred sixty‐five consecutive surgical procedures were studied at Oscar Lambret Cancer Center within a 24‐month interval. Twenty‐five variables were recorded for each patient. Statistical evaluation used X2test analysis (categorical data) and Mann–Whitney test (continuous variables).

Results

The overall rate of WI was 41.8%. Univariate analysis indicated that five variables were significantly related to the likelihood of WI: tumor stage (p= .044), previous chemotherapy (p= .008), duration of preoperative hospital stay (p= 022), permanent tracheostomy (p= .00008), and hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers (p= .008).

Conclusions

Despite antibiotic prophylaxis, WI occurrence is high. These data inform the head and neck surgeon, when a patient is at risk for WI and may help to design future prospective studies. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 447–455, 2001.
Age‐related differences in the medial temporal lobe responses to emotional faces as revealed by fMRI
Authors: Iidaka Tetsuya , Okada Tomohisa , Murata Tetsuhito , Omori Masao , Kosaka Hirotaka , Sadato Norihiro , Yonekura Yoshiharu
Published: August 2002

Age‐related differences involved in the neural substrates of emotional face perception were investigated in young and old healthy volunteers. The subjects were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging while they were judging the gender of faces with negative, positive, or neutral emotional valence. The results showed that both the predominant activation in young subjects and reduced activity in old subjects contributed to a significant age difference in the left amygdala during the perception of negative faces. Activity in the right parahippocampal gyrus during the perception of positive faces diminished with advancing age. Neural activity in the angular gyrus and lingual gyrus of the right hemisphere was reduced in the old subjects during the perception of positive faces. There was no region where old subjects had greater activity than young subjects during the task. In old subjects, the overall activity in the right hippocampus during the task correlated negatively with age, whereas the activity in the right parahippocampal gyrus correlated positively with neuropsychological performance. There was no significant correlation between subjects' characteristics and signal change in young subjects. These results indicate the age‐associated vulnerability of the medial temporal lobe structures including the amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus during face perception. The dissociation with reduced activity in the left amygdala and the right parahippocampal gyrus may suggest that aging differentially affects neural responses to faces with negative or positive emotional valence. The parieto‐occipital lobe, which has been found to be involved in face processing, also showed a functional decline associated with aging. Hippocampus 2002;12:352–362. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transforming Human Resources in the New Economy: Developing the Next Generation of Global HR Managers at Deutsche Bank AG
Authors: Svoboda Michael , Schröder Silke
Published: August 2002

This article illustrates how global player, Deutsche Bank, has managed to achieve a change of direction for
its HR function: becoming a strategic partner to the business. Follow the authors step by step in this
transformational process to see how this change management program developed from strategy to action, making
every HR professional at DB a change agent. Find out how strategic competency definition, human resource
development, and state‐of‐the‐art information technology acted as levers to engage
Deutsche Bank's HR community on this journey. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Investigating the potential neurotoxicity of Ecstasy (MDMA): an imaging approach
Authors: Reneman Liesbeth , Booij Jan , Majoie Charles B. L. M. , van den Brink Wim , den Heeten Gerard J.
Published: August 2002

Human users of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) users may be at risk of developing MDMA‐induced neuronal injury. Previously, no methods were available for directly evaluating the neurotoxic effects of MDMA in the living human brain. However, development of in vivo neuroimaging tools has begun to provide insights into the effects of MDMA in the human brain. In this review, contributions of brain imaging studies on the potential neurotoxic effects of MDMA and functional consequences are highlighted. An overview is given of PET, SPECT and MR spectroscopy studies, most of which show evidence of neuronal injury in MDMA users. Different neuroimaging tools are discussed that have investigated potential functional consequences of MDMA‐induced 5‐HT neurotoxic lesions. Finally, the contribution of brain imaging in future studies is discussed, emphasising the crucial role it will play in our understanding of MDMA's short‐ and long‐term effects in the human brain. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is hydrology kinematic?
Authors: Singh V. P.
Published: August 2002

A wide range of phenomena, natural as well as man‐made, in physical, chemical and biological hydrology exhibit characteristics similar to those of kinematic waves. The question we ask is: can these phenomena be described using the theory of kinematic waves? Since the range of phenomena is wide, another question we ask is: how prevalent are kinematic waves? If they are widely pervasive, does that mean hydrology is kinematic or close to it? This paper addresses these issues, which are perceived to be fundamental to advancing the state‐of‐the‐art of water science and engineering. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.