bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic Disease Diagnosis as a Teachable Moment for Health Behavior Changes Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Authors: Xiang Xiaoling
Published: December 2015

Objective: To examine the impact of a new chronic disease diagnosis on substance use (i.e., smoking and drinking), utilization of preventive medical procedures, and physical activity among middle-aged and older adults. Method: Individual-level data came from 1996 to 2010 waves of the U.S. Health and Retirement Study. Disease diagnosis was ascertained from self-reports of physician-diagnosed diseases. A case-control difference-in-differences approach estimated in logistic regression was applied to test study hypotheses. Results: After a diagnosis of chronic disease, participants decreased substance use and increased utilization of preventive medical procedures. Physical activity declined after a diagnosis of lung disease, cancer, and stroke. Discussion: Chronic disease diagnosis may be an important teachable moment that can motivate individuals to adopt multiple risk-reducing health behaviors. Future research needs to elucidate the mechanisms through which disease diagnosis affects behaviors and test the modifying effect of time since diagnosis on intervention effectiveness.
Synthesis and characterization of organosoluble, transparent, and hydrophobic fluorinated polyimides derived from 3,3′-diisopropyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenyl-4′′-trifluoromethyltoluene
Authors: Liu Chanjuan , Pei Xianglin , Mei Mei , Chou Guoquan , Huang Xiaohua , Wei Chun
Published: December 2015

A novel aromatic fluorinated diamine monomer, 3,3′-diisopropyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenyl-4′′-trifluoromethyltoluene, was synthesized by coupling of 2-isopropylaniline and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde and its structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry, and then used to prepare a series of fluorinated polyimides (FPIs) by polycondensation reaction with various commercial dianhydrides via conventional one-step method. The obtained FPIs present excellent solubility in most organic solvents and enough to cast into tough and flexible films. All the FPI films show good optical transparency and light color with the cutoff wavelengths in range of 307–362 nm and the average transmittance above 86%. These polymer films also exhibit high glass transition temperature in range of 261–331°C and thermal stability with 10% weigh loss above 463°C under nitrogen atmosphere. Furthermore, they exhibit outstanding mechanical properties with tensile strengths of 65.9–94.3 MPa, elongation at break of 11.4–13.8%, Young’s modulus of 1.6–1.9 GPa, and low dielectric constants in range of 2.75–3.10 at 1 MHz as well as prominent hydrophobicity with the contact angle in the range of 87.3–93.9°.
Detecting the key geometrical features and grades of carbide inserts for the turning of nickel-based alloys concerning surface integrity
Authors: Fernández-Valdivielso A , López de Lacalle LN , Urbikain G , Rodriguez A
Published: December 2015

Machining science is aimed at defining both cutting tools and machining conditions based on economic performance and to maintain workpiece surface integrity. Currently, machinists face a wide offer of turning, milling, drilling, and threading tools. Tools present a lot of similarities and light differences between them, being the latter the concealed reasons for a better or worse performance on difficult-to-cut alloys machining. However machinists had not useful methods for detecting which key tool aspects implies the best performance. The classic and expensive 'test-trial' method results non-viable due to the market exponential increase, both in size and specialization. This paper brings up an indirect method for seeking common features in the group of those tools with the best performance on machining Inconel 718. The method is divided into five stages, namely: (a) raw testing of a basic operation with a lot of commercial solutions for the same operation; (b) filtering of results to reduce the feasible solutions to a few ones, studying the common features of successful cases; (c) testing of these feasible solutions aimed at choosing the best insert or tool (d); and finally (e) full testing concerning all workpiece surface integrity issues. The proposed method provides knowledge based on the distilling of results, identifying carbide grades, chipbreakers shapes, and other features for having the best tool performance. All surface integrity effects are checked for the best solution. This new point of view is the only way for improving the difficult-to-cut alloys machining, reaching technical conclusions with industrial interest. This paper shows the method applied on Inconel 718 turning, resulting in a carbide grade with 10% cobalt, submicron grain size (0.5–0.8 µm) and hardness around 1760 HV, coating TiAlN monolayer with 3.5 µm thickness, chipbreaker giving 19° of rake angle that becomes 13° real one after insert is clamped on toolholder. Cutting edge radius after coating was 48 µm approximately. Cutting speed was 70 m/min higher in comparison with that recommended in handbooks.
Nonlocal elastic medium modeling for vibration analysis of asymmetric conveyed-fluid Y-shaped single-walled carbon nanotube considering viscothermal effects
Authors: Ghorbanpour-Arani AH , Rastgoo A , Zarei M.Sh , Ghorbanpour Arani A , Haghparast E
Published: December 2015

In the present research, vibration and instability analysis of a viscoelastic Y-shaped single-walled carbon nanotube conveying fluid is carried out. The surrounding viscoelastic medium is simulated by various models such as Kelvin–Voigt, Maxwell, standard linear solid Reissner, and nonlocal models. The size effects are considered based on modified couple stress theory. In order to achieve more accurate results, fourth-order beam theory is utilized. Surface stress effects are considered based on Gurtin–Murdoch theory. In addition, effects of the asymmetry of Y-shaped single-walled carbon nanotube are also taken into account. Regarding fluid–structure interaction, the equations of motion as well as boundary conditions are derived using Hamilton’s principle and solved by means of hybrid analytical–numerical method. Regarding the temperature changes on visco-Pasternak foundation, the effects of different surrounding medium models are discussed in detail. The overall results indicated that the stability and vibration characteristics of Y-shaped single-walled carbon nanotube conveying fluid are strongly dependent on damping coefficient. The results of this work are hoped to be useful in design and manufacturing of nanodevices where Y-shaped nanotubes act as a basic element.
Modular dynamic modeling and analysis of planar closed-loop mechanisms with clearance joints and flexible links
Authors: Song Zhendong , Yang Xiaojun , Li Bing , Xu Wenfu , Hu Hong
Published: December 2015

Dynamic analysis of a mechanism with clearance joints and flexible links is a research focus in the field of multibody dynamics. In this study, a general modular dynamic modeling approach based on Lagrange multiplier method for planar closed-loop mechanisms is proposed in order to improve the modeling efficiency and reusability of a structure having same topology. With this approach, dynamic analysis considering clearance joints and flexible links can be performed conveniently. A novel mathematical model to determine the relative motion modes between the two components of a clearance joint is developed based on the previous contact detection method. A complete dynamic effect evaluation system, which measures the influence of clearance joints and flexible links on the dynamic performances more conveniently and intuitively, is established. A planar 3-RRR parallel mechanism that is a closed-loop system including imperfect joints and flexible links is studied as an example. The dynamic model of this mechanism is established and its dynamic characteristics are investigated. The couple effects of clearance joints and flexible links for a parallel mechanism are investigated first. The contact forces existing in the clearance joints can cause system vibration and thus reduces the dynamic stability of the whole mechanical system. Meanwhile, the simulation results indicate that the flexible links can damp the vibration of the moving platform caused by clearance joints is certain.
Modal analysis of a light-weight robot with a rotating tool installed at the end effector
Authors: Vu Viet-Hung , Liu Zhaoheng , Thomas Marc , Hazel Bruce
Published: December 2015

This paper investigates vibration of a moving flexible robot through modal analysis and by constructing vibration spectra of operational signals. A vector autoregressive model combined with a sliding window technique is used for signal processing in order to take into account system nonstationarity. Modal decomposition is conducted on the state matrix constructed from the appropriate vector autoregressive model parameters. A complete modal decomposition and spectrum construction algorithm able of highlighting the structural modes and harmonic excitations is presented. Through accurate identification from the vector autoregressive model, the method presented is able to discriminate, display and monitor the harmonics and structural modes during the processes investigated. This method is validated first by numerical simulation and then experimentally with a flexible robot performing three processes: moving a manipulator through the workspace, steady rotation of a grinder on the end effector and moving the manipulator combined with rotating the grinder. It is found on the operating robot that participation of the first structural mode is negligible when rotating the grinder but must be taken into account when moving the manipulator. The analysis presented and results obtained provide a sound basis for further investigation of vibroimpact behaviour in a robotic grinding process.
Identification of a solid-core active magnetic bearing in current and voltage drive modes
Authors: Zhou Liang , Li Lichuan
Published: December 2015

There are two drive modes for an active magnetic bearing (AMB), namely the current and voltage drive modes. The analytical model of an AMB is second-order under current drive and third-order under voltage drive. The current drive is widely used due to its simple model. However, it is not the case in a solid-core AMB since it is subject to strong eddy currents. System identification is adopted in this paper to obtain the accurate model of a solid-core AMB, which shows that a third-order model is required to describe the real system in both current and voltage drive modes. Under the influence of eddy currents, the order of the model is increased in the current drive mode, whereas is not in the voltage drive mode, indicating that the model in the voltage drive mode describes the system dynamics better. All the details of the solid-core AMB, identification method and experimental results are given in this paper. In addition, a new numerical algorithm is proposed to simplify the existing least square method, which needs no iteration, achieves similar accuracy and is not restricted to our application.
Guiding mechanism design and precision pressure control in composites filament winding system
Authors: Zhao Pengbing , Zhou Jinzhu , Huang Jin
Published: December 2015

During the composite winding process, pressure fluctuation will affect the density and homogeneity of the products and will make the interfacial strength disaccord with the fiber volume fraction. In order to improve the guiding precision and stability of the winding pressure, the bearing guide is replaced by the rolling guide in designing the pressure guiding mechanism, and parametric model of the guiding mechanism is established based on dynamics experiment of the joint surfaces. By analyzing the modal and harmonic response, the corresponding measures for improvement are proposed. Experimental results show that the designed guiding mechanism based on the rolling guide has high precision and perfect stability. Additionally, roundness error and installation error of the mandrel can cause the winding pressure to fluctuate and the gas compressibility, nonlinear flow, dead zone, cylinder friction, measurement noise and other nonlinear disturbances have significant impact on the pneumatic pressure control system. Considering the above circumstance, an adaptive fuzzy proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller based on the grey prediction is proposed. By predicting the output pressure, trend of the pressure signal can be reflected accurately, which provides a reliable basis for the decision-making of the fuzzy PID controller. Simultaneously, two separate fuzzy inference systems are employed to adjust the step length of the predictive control and the scale factor of the step self-tuning algorithm. Simulation and experimental results show that the fuzzy PID controller based on grey prediction has shorter settling time, smaller overshoot and error, stronger robustness and interference immunity. The designed guiding mechanism and control algorithm have effectively improved the precision and stability of the pressure control system for the composite materials winding formation.
Enhanced non-linear material modelling for analysis and qualification of rollover protective structures
Authors: Agius Dylan J , Kourousis Kyriakos I , Takla Monir , Subic Aleksandar
Published: December 2015

Finite element simulations of a rollover protective structure are an important aspect in its design, as it provides a means of structural integrity qualification prior to the required destructive testing. A good understanding of the rollover protective structure behaviour under simulated loading offers engineering practitioners the opportunity to optimize the design. The testing conditions, which are outlined in the applicable standards, result in plastic deformation of the rollover protective structure, associated with material hardening of various areas of the structure. An accurate description of the material behaviour is important for finite element simulations of the structural response. This research examines some of the hardening models commonly used in simulations of rollover protective structures, which are available in most finite element commercial software, including linear and multi-linear isotropic and kinematic hardening models and non-linear kinematic hardening models. The numerical performance of the plasticity models in representing the material behaviour was compared with the experimental data for commonly used rollover protective structure material. Analysis revealed the potential benefits and drawbacks of the various models. Moreover, a damage-induced softening model was implemented at the structure joints in conjunction with the non-linear hardening models. Enhanced computational results were obtained through this modelling variation, highlighting the importance of material modelling at the primary structure and the joints of a rollover protective structure.
Understanding remission in real-world lupus patients across five European countries
Authors: Schneider M , Mosca M , Pego-Reigosa J M , Hachulla E , Teh L-S , Perna A , Koscielny V , Pike J , Lobosco S , Apolone G
Published: December 2015

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease associated with increased mortality and significant personal, psychological and socioeconomic consequences. An agreed definition of remission is needed and lacking. We sought to visualize ‘remission in SLE’ in European patients considered by their physicians to be ‘in remission’ by comparing the reported symptom burden as reported by treating physicians for patients considered to be ‘in remission’ and those not considered to be ‘in remission’. Data for 1227 patients drawn from a multinational, real-world survey of patients with SLE consulting practising rheumatologists and nephrologists in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK show that physicians classed their patients as ‘in remission’ despite a considerable ongoing symptom burden and intensive immunosuppressive medication. Patients considered to be ‘in remission’ still had a mean of 2.68 current symptoms vs 5.48 for those considered to be not ‘in remission’ ( p < 0.0001). The most common symptoms among those seen to be ‘in remission’ were joint symptoms, fatigue, pain, mucocutaneous involvement, haematological manifestations and kidney abnormalities. The current analysis highlights important ongoing disease activity, symptom burden and immunosuppressive medication in European patients with SLE considered by their treating physician to be ‘in remission’. For a further improvement of outcome, there is an urgent need for an international consensus on the definitions for remission among patients with SLE.
Nationalism in the United States and Canadian primetime broadcast coverage of the 2014 Winter Olympics
Authors: Angelini James R , MacArthur Paul J , Smith Lauren Reichart , Billings Andrew C
Published: December 2015

The CBC’s and NBC’s primetime broadcasts of the 2014 Winter Olympics were analyzed to determine differences between the media treatment of home nation and foreign athletes. The CBC results showed that Canadian athletes represented 48.5% of total athlete mentions and constituted all of the top 20 most-mentioned athletes. NBC results showed that American athletes represented 43.9% of their total mentions and 65% of the top 20 most-mentioned athletes. The CBC was more likely to attribute Canadian athletic successes to commitment and intelligence, and non-Canadian successes to strength. The CBC was more likely to discuss the emotions and background of non-Canadians and make neutral/other comments about Canadians. NBC was more likely to attribute American failures to experience. Comparisons between the networks revealed 30 significant differences in the manner of depicting home athletes compared to athletes from other nations.
Preliminary evaluation of a brief mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention for mental health professionals
Authors: Dobie Alana , Tucker Alison , Ferrari Madeleine , Rogers Jeffrey M
Published: December 2015

Objectives:

Mental health professionals are particularly susceptible to occupational stress; however, there are limited formal programmes to address the problem. This paper discusses the preliminary results of a brief mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) programme for practising professionals in a public hospital mental health unit.

Method:

A mixed-group of nine mental health professionals participated in eight weeks of daily 15-minute MBSR training interspersed with three 30-minute education sessions developed by the authors (AD and AT). Levels of psychological distress and mindfulness skill were measured before and immediately after participation.

Results:

Following the brief MBSR programme, quantitative and qualitative participant feedback revealed a perceived reduction in psychological distress.

Conclusions:

A brief MBSR programme can be incorporated into the full-time workloads of practicing mental health professionals, potentially addressing a significant unmet workplace need.
“Doctors Shouldn’t Underestimate the Power that they Have”: NZ Doctors on the Care of the Dying Patient
Authors: Malpas Phillipa Jean , Mitchell Kay
Published: December 2015

Rapidly aging populations and increased prevalence of chronic rather than acute illnesses have seen growing public and professional interest in medical decision making at the end of life and greater attention being paid to the factors that influence how individuals make such decisions. This study comprised 2 components: The first, a postal survey, based on the Remmelink questionnaire was sent in May 2013 to 3420 general practitioners (GPs) in New Zealand. Results from this component are reported elsewhere. The second component (reported here) sought information by inviting GPs to ring a free-phone number to be interviewed about their experiences caring for their dying patients. Interviews were recorded then transcribed with identifying information deleted to preserve anonymity. With an aging population, the provision of end-of-life care will increase in general practice. There is no doubt that hospice and specialist palliative care have transformed the quality of care for the dying and their families in New Zealand. However, while respondents in this study seemed realistic about what palliative care can and cannot achieve, patients and their families may have unrealistic expectations of both hospice and palliative medicine. Many GPs appear confused over the legality of the assistance they provide to the terminally ill, concerned that actions such as increasing medication to address refractory symptoms, or stopping food and fluids may put them at risk of legal censure when they foresee that their actions may hasten death.
Midwives’ Experiences, Education, and Support Needs Regarding Basic Newborn Resuscitation in Jordan
Authors: Kassab Manal , Alnuaimi Karimeh , Mohammad Khitam , Creedy Debra , Hamadneh Shereen
Published: December 2015

Newborns who are compromised at birth require rapid attention to stabilize their respiration attempts. Lack of knowledge regarding basic newborn resuscitation is a contributing factor to poor newborn health outcomes and increased mortality. The purpose of this study was to explore Jordanian midwives’ experiences, education, and support needs to competently perform basic newborn resuscitation. Qualitative descriptive methodology was used to analyze a convenience sample of 20 midwives. A thematic approach was used to analyze the data. Participants discussed their experiences of basic newborn resuscitation including knowledge, skills, and barriers and suggested solutions to improve practice. Four themes were revealed: lack of knowledge and skills in newborn resuscitation, organizational constraints, inadequate teamwork, and educational needs. The midwives perceived that their ability to perform newborn resuscitation was hindered by lack of knowledge and skills in newborn resuscitation, organizational constraints (such as lack of equipment), and poor co-ordination and communication among team members.
The Relationship Between Concussion Knowledge and the High School Athlete’s Intention to Report Traumatic Brain Injury Symptoms
Authors: Taylor Mary Ellen , Sanner Jennifer E.
Published: December 2015

Sports-related concussion or traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a frequent occurrence among high school athletes. Long-term and short-term effects of TBI on the athlete’s developing brain can be minimized if the athlete reports and is effectively treated for TBI symptoms. Knowledge of concussion symptoms and a school culture of support are critical in order to promote the student’s intention to report TBI symptoms. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the relationship between the high school athlete’s concussion knowledge and an intention to report TBI symptoms. One hundred eleven articles were retrieved and four articles met established criteria and were included in this systematic review. A link appears to exist between high school athlete concussion knowledge and an intention to report TBI symptoms. School nurses can provide a supportive environment and concussion knowledge to the high school athlete in order to ultimately facilitate TBI symptom reporting.
Placement of Plantar Plates for Lapidus Arthrodesis
Authors: Plaass Christian , Claassen Leif , Daniilidis Kiriakos , Fumy Mariesol , Stukenborg-Colsman Christina , Schmiedl Andreas , Ettinger Sarah
Published: December 2015

Background:

The modified Lapidus procedure is an accepted treatment option for patients with moderate to severe hallux valgus. Placing a plate plantar on the tension side of the arthrodesis has been shown to be biomechanically superior and has provided good clinical results. There is some concern about interference of the plantar placed plates on the tendon insertions. The purpose of this study was to determine a “safe zone” for plantar plate placement without irritation of the tendons.

Methods:

Twenty-nine embalmed right feet were used for this study. The anatomy of the insertion of the peroneus longus (PL) tendon and tibialis anterior (TA) tendon on the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal were analyzed. Six different plate designs for plantar plating of the first tarsometatarsal fusion were included. The fit to the bone and contact to tendon insertion were analyzed.

Results:

The PL showed a main insertion to the first metatarsal and a lesser insertion to the medial cuneiform. The TA inserted onto the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal in all cases in our series. There was a “safe zone” between the TA and PL insertion areas for plate placement. Straight, Y- and U-shaped plates could be placed without compromising the tendon insertion. Depending on the design, even preshaped plates may have to be bent to allow a good fit to the plantar side of the first tarsometatarsal joint.

Conclusion:

Plantar plating for modified Lapidus arthrodesis can be safely performed, without damaging the plantar tendon insertion area of the PL and TA.

Clinical Relevance:

The exact knowledge of the anatomy of the plantar region of the tarsometatarsal joint can help to improve plate placement.
A Dialogue Simulation Tool for Use in the Design of Interactive Computer Systems
Authors: Lenorovitz David R. , Ramsey H. Rudy
Published: December 2015

A recurrent problem in designing interactive computer systems is the inability of system designers, users, and implementors to observe the system's external behavior until implementation has occurred. This, in turn, often results in failure to detect design deficiencies until a point when corrections are costly or impractical. A simulation tool is described which allows a systems designer to interactively specify, implement, demonstrate, evaluate, and iteratively modify an operational simulation of the proposed system's user-computer interface. The tool is intended for hands-on usage by an applications-oriented systems designer with little or no formal training in computer software programming. The capabilities and characteristics of the tool are described along with an economical and efficient approach to its design and implementation.
The Effects of Mean CSS Response Time and Task Type on Operator Performance in an Interactive Computer System
Authors: Williams J. D. , Swenson J. S. , Hegarty J. A. , Tullis T. S.
Published: December 2015

Mean Computer Subsystem (CSS) response times and task type were studied to determine their effect on operator performance in an interactive computer system. The mean CSS response times were categorized into four groups; “zero” seconds, “low” (4.0 to 7.9 sec.), “medium” (16.8 to 17.3 sec.), and “high” (24.2 to 30.3 sec.). A simple data entry task and a data correction task were used to study the task type effect.

Five directory assistance operators were used as subjects. Each operator performed the tasks using a Teleray 3700 CRT terminal over a 5-day period. The operators experienced every CSS response time condition for about one-and-a-half hours.

An analysis of typographical errors revealed a significantly lower error rate on the data correction task than on the data entry task. Overall speed of performance results showed that all operators performed significantly faster during the data correction task. Improvement of overall typing rate was observed in the data correction tasks with increased response time. The data also were analyzed to study the “search and preparation” time that the operator used prior to entering data on the terminal. This analysis revealed that operators efficiently utilized the CSS response time to search for errors and to prepare to enter data. The analysis also showed that increased delays in CSS response time caused no identifiable reduction in typing speed once the operators began entering data on the terminal.

Utility Indices were calculated to estimate the relative importance of each independent variable in influencing the operators' performance. The calculated indices indicated that mean CSS response time had only a small effect on performance of the operators under the conditions studied. Within the limits of this study, the data suggest that operator performance is better controlled by paying close attention to the design of the operators' tasks than by providing short CSS response times.
The Use of Choice-Reaction-Time Models in the Analysis of Detection Tasks
Authors: Richards Robert R. , Sadosky Thomas L. , Schutz Rodney K.
Published: December 2015

The information processing models used in the analysis of choice-reaction-time tasks are limited in their applicability to real detection tasks because the models are task dependent. The linear relationships between time and information processed in one task have not been extended to detection tasks in general. This paper examines a model for making the information processing models more general. Parameters relating to detection tasks are divided into two categories; those that influence the intercept (basic detection time) and those that influence the slope (information processing rate).

Variables chosen for investigation were target size, target location certainty, distracting visual images, and average information content in the stimulus. Results indicated that target size, location certainty, and distracting images definitely affect “basic detection time.” It was also indicated that information-processing time, established by information content, was not greatly affected by those variables. An exception occurs with high levels of distracting images (clutter) which adds significant search time to a task.
The Design of a CRT Computer Terminal—A Human Factors Dream or Nightmare?
Authors: LeCocq Andrew D.
Published: December 2015

Designing a CRT-type computer terminal within a short period of time is a significant challenge to engineers, the marketing staff, and the human factors specialists. During the entire design phase of a new CRT terminal,1 human factors requirements were generated using a number of techniques including empirical studies, evaluations, and application of basic human factors data and techniques. This paper (1) describes in detail how the human factors requirements were determined and (2) illustrates how human factors can have total involvement in a product, from initial conceptualization to hardware testing.
Effects of Picture-Text Sequence, Prerequisite Knowledge, and Review Questions upon Training for EDP System Users
Authors: Dellner W. J.
Published: December 2015

How information is presented to and processed by a reader determines how the reader will assimilate, retain, and recall (i.e., learn) that information. Meaningful learning requires reader integration of new and existing information. Rote learning occurs if information is memorized in an arbitrary, verbation fashion. Review questions which prompt integration of old and new information should promote meaningful learning, whereas, recall review questions should promote rote learning.
The Psychomotor Performance of Women in Cold Weather Clothing
Authors: Bensel Carolyn K. , Bryan Laura P. , Mellian Sirvart A.
Published: December 2015

This study was conducted to determine the differential effects on women's psychomotor performance of wearing cold weather clothing designed for them vs. cold weather clothing designed for men. Twenty women performed a battery of tasks under each of 10 clothing conditions. The tasks were divided into the following categories: (1) body flexibility, (2) rate of movement, (3) psychomotor coordination, and (4) manual dexterity. The results indicate that certain features of women's cold weather clothing, particularly fit, contribute to higher performance levels than those attained with men's clothes.
Human Factors in Coal Mining—A Need for Solutions
Authors: Wiehagen William J. , Peay James M. , Joyce Reid P.
Published: December 2015

The mining industry has been correctly regarded for many years as an extremely dangerous one. In addition to the many hazards inherent in the mining environment itself, miners have had to cope with poorly designed equipment and jobs, inadequate training, and inept supervision. Recent efforts of the U.S. Bureau of Mines and a number of contractors have brought current technology to bear toward the solution of these problems.
A Methodology for Conducting Human Factors Evaluations of Vehicles in Operational Field Tests
Authors: Hicks John A.
Published: December 2015

The purpose of the present investigation was to initiate the development of a standardized methodology for use in conducting human factors evaluations of trucks and similar vehicles within the context of operational field tests. The methodology focuses on the assessment of users' (drivers') judgments of the vehicles being evaluated and allows for the differential weighting of individual human factors characteristics. The methodology is presented, including recommended statistical analysis procedures. The key to the methodology is the Human Factors Vehicular Evaluation Instrument which is an interview form containing eighty-five human factors characteristics relevant to vehicle design and operation. Data is presented from the initial utilization of the methodology in an operational field test.
Maximal Pedal Forces Exertable by Weak Females
Authors: Konz Stephan
Published: December 2015

The maximum capability of weak females to actuate manual brake systems and power brake systems with power failure depends upon a number of variables. The following variables will be discussed and preliminary conclusions made on their quantitative effect: percentile of population to be covered, sex, age, force within a trial, repeated trials, left vs right foot, static vs moving vehicle, location of pedal to driver and seat, and preferred seat location.

Using many assumptions and skimpy data, a 5% USA female, seated in a properly adjusted seat, for a panic stop will exert about 215 N in a moving, full-size USA vehicle with power brake failure.
Human Limitations in Using a Portable Light Pen Device for Manually Scanning Bar Code Patterns
Authors: Israelski Edmond W. , Gruenz Otto O. , Ward Helen
Published: December 2015

In Experiment I a total of 30 subjects used the device to scan bar code patterns of varying position, orientation and width. The strongest main effects on the dependent variable, proportion of labels scanned in error, were observed for the independent variable, label width. Label widths of 0.1 inch produced error rates of 58.2 percent compared to error rates of 29.6 percent and 24.8 percent for 0.2 inch and 0.3 inch width labels, respectively. Experiment II examined learning effects and showed that label scanning accuracy leveled off after scanning 400 to 500 labels.
Better Utilization of SAR Dynamic Range
Authors: Dragavon Edward J.
Published: December 2015

Three general classes of image enhancement techniques for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) video were investigated through non-real-time computer simulation. The general categories were 1) monochromatic adaptive gray shade transformations, 2) pseudocolor encoding, and 3) feature analytic methods. The class of feature analytic techniques was found to have the greatest potential for improving the operational utility of SAR imagery.
The Effects of Ambient Illumination, Aircraft Velocity and Feedback on Absolute Distance Judgments during Simulated Night Nap-of-the-Earth Flight
Authors: Fineberg Michael L. , Dressel J. Douglas
Published: December 2015

A study was conducted to determine the effects of illumination, velocity and knowledge of results on distance judgment accuracy in simulated night NOE flight. Twenty subjects were randomly divided into KOR and NK groups and then shown a part task, video tape simulation of NOE flight which contained 45 target presentations. The subject's task was to approach the obstacle on a collision course until he reached his minimum safe breakaway distance, then make an avoidance response with his simulated control stick. Illumination, velocity and feedback conditions were varied while measuring the accuracy of response in terms of mean error distances from the analytically determined breakaway point. The results indicated that reductions in illumination, given that the object is visible at all, had no significant effect on distance judgment while both feedback and reduced velocity produced improved accuracy. The results were interpreted in terms of their interactions and then translated to operational suggestions concerning training for NOE pilots.
Time-Series Special Estimation of Evoked Brain Activity in the Assessment of Functional Disorders of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Leisman Gerald , Sprung Lance , Ashkenazi Maureen , Schwartz Joddy
Published: December 2015

Methods are discussed for studying functional brain based disorders hypothesized to be the result of systems dysfunction rather than specific structural deficit.
Human Factors in Consumer Product Safety
Authors: McGuinness James
Published: December 2015

A study was conducted to determine the type of signs that consumers would select as the most efficient warning label to be placed on a power mower. The Consumer Product Safety Commision is considering the implementation of a safety regulation for mowers that would consist of some combination of warning signs, deadman switch and/or clutch to reduce an estimated 112,000 injuries annually. Eighty-four percent of those interviewed responded that the addition of a warning sign could reduce injuries. Safety sign variables, and the implications of survey data for human factors design are some of the points discussed in this paper.
The Assessment and Evaluation of Job Performance Aid Formats Using Saint
Authors: Smillie Robert J. , Ayoub Mahmoud A.
Published: December 2015

An operational model was developed for a series of five tasks and four job performance aids. The tasks were defined by both speed and accuracy constraints. Each aid was described in terms of its efficacy on task performance, i.e., time and errors. The developed model was transcribed into SAINT in order to simulate and to compare different combinations of each task's speed and accuracy constraints under various levels of speed stress. Mean task time was found to be a function of task constraints and the JPAs matched to those constraints. Performance time was found to decrease when JPAs were reassigned if initial JPA assignments failed an evaluation criterion test. Performance time continued to decrease when a state of organizing stress was induced by reducing the overall available task time to perform the task series. The continued reduction of the overall available time reached a point at which the stress became disorganizing and caused mean task time to increase.
An Overview of Research Needs in the Display Systems Design Area
Authors: LaVerne L Hoag
Published: December 2015

A review of the research literature on the design of controls and displays is presented with respect to its application to the design of industrial control rooms such as in railroad yards, chemical plants, refineries and power plants. Differences between designing for military and aircraft systems and industrial systems is discussed. The principle display and operator variables that require further research are: (1) measures of the difficulty of using a display system, (2) measuring the attention capacity of the operator, (3) the effect of the level of abstraction of the information, (4) measurement of the operator's image of the system being controlled, (5) the effect of job experience and training on the approach of the operator of the system and (6) the effect of the age of the operator.
Illumination Levels and Performance of Practical Visual Tasks
Authors: Bennett Corwin A. , Chitlangia Anand , Pangrekar Abhay
Published: December 2015

Two experiments studied the relation of illumination level and practical task performance, and the effects of age. Performance improved with illumination and declined with age. The North American illumination standards seem adequate but not excessive.
Response Surface Methodology as a Manipulator of Complex Task Difficulty
Authors: Beringer Dennis B.
Published: December 2015

Applications of Central-Composite Designs (CCD) in human factors research are reviewed briefly. A recent application of the CCD to the manipulation of task variables is discussed. The use of this approach in the evaluation of a computer-generated aircraft area navigation control-display system is outlined, showing how this approach can be used to evaluate system/operator performance systematically and economically across a wide range of task and environmental variables.
Multidimensional Scaling as a Technique for Choosing Tone Signals
Authors: Wattenbarger Blake L.
Published: December 2015

This paper reports a study that was conducted to select 3 or 4 tone signals from a set of 16 related signals with the criterion that the chosen signals sound as much alike as possible. The signals were required to be different for machine recognition purposes, but should sound alike to people to avoid possible confusion. The study employed a multidimensional scaling technique called INDSCAL to assess the similarity relationships among the 16 candidate signals. Twenty-two subjects provided similarity estimates on a 7-point scale for all possible pairs of signals. A 3-dimensional INDSCAL solution was found to describe the data adequately, and the required signals were chosen on the basis of their clustering in this space. The study demonstrates the use of multidimensional scaling to solve practical problems.
Development of a Job-Based Diagnostic Test in an Individualized Instruction Program for Boiler Technicians
Authors: Laabs Gerald J. , Panell Robert C.
Published: December 2015

A criterion-referenced test keyed to an individualized, self-paced instruction program was developed as part of a diagnostic testing/shipboard training system. The job-based test described hypothetical situations that were based on known job requirements. Under each such situation, questions were asked that required the demonstration of skills and knowledges that supported the job and were covered in the various modules of the instruction program. High face and content validity were ensured by using cards, charts, diagrams, and illustrations in presenting each job situation; and by having job experts write test items. Items were selected that best discriminated between graduates and nongraduates of a shorebased program using the same instruction. The cutoff score for the set of items pertaining to each module was determined from the performance of graduates of the shorebased program and applied to a cross-validation sample. Test scores from two administrations were used to estimate the reliability of the diagnostic decision making.
Task Taxonomy: Two Ignored Issues
Authors: Companion Michael A. , Corso Gregory M.
Published: December 2015

This paper focuses on two major issues concerning task taxonomies which to date have been ignored. The first issue involves the development of a set of criteria for the evaluation of existing and future task taxonomies. A set of criteria is proposed and several major existing taxonomies are evaluated. The second issue concerns the relation of empirical data, provided by field and laboratory research, to the development of the task taxonomy. Three approaches are cited which seem to encompass the relation between the taxonomy and the empirical data used in the development of task taxonomies. It is suggested that one of these approaches appears to be better suited for the development of a taxonomy to predict operator performance in any system.
Personnel Subsystem Design for an Automated Telephone Repair Bureau
Authors: Martin C. R. , Tullis T. S. , Phillips M. R. , Kubitsky G. L.
Published: December 2015

In the development of a computer-based system for automated testing of telephone lines and improved processing of customer trouble reports, a specific subsystem was developed for the personnel who will work in the automated repair bureau. This subsystem, the Personnel Subsystem (PSS), consists of (1) the people within the system, (2) the criteria by which they are selected, (3) the designed and documented process by which they are trained, and (4) the reference documentation through which on-the-job performance is maintained. This paper outlines both the process used in developing that PSS and the crucial role that PSS design played in integrating the software, hardware, and personnel components into a total operational system.
Multifunction Keyboard Configurations for Single-Seat, Air-to-Ground Fighter Cockpits
Authors: Reising John M.
Published: December 2015

Aircraft which utilize digital computers will require the use of multifunction controls and displays. Four different multifunction keyboard configurations were examined by pilots flying a simulated mission. Recommendations for optimizing keyboard configurations and control logic are given.
A Computer-Based Simulator Simulator
Authors: Trollip Stanley R.
Published: December 2015

Skills such as flying holding patterns are taught in planes or simulators. An alternative method is to use computer-assisted instruction (CAI) which emphasizes training requirements rather than physical fidelity. Such a program was written and evaluated. Traditional groundschool methods were compared with the CAI method. All subjects completed a training sequence in a ground-trainer. Those taught by computer performed better on all measures, attaining criterion quicker and with significantly fewer critical errors. Results indicate that CAI offers an inexpensive and effective alternative to the costly trainers currently in use.
Transfer of a Computer-Assisted Instrument Procedures Trainer to Flight
Authors: Finnegan James P.
Published: December 2015

A simple, comparatively inexpensive instrument flight trainer based on computer-assisted instruction (CAI) technology was compared with more traditional devices in training 48 private pilots to fly a standard instrument procedure. Groups of students were trained using either (a) CAI and aircraft training, (b) ground school, ground-based trainer and aircraft training, or (c) ground school and aircraft training. Both the CAI system and the general aviation flight trainer were found to provide similar magnitude of transfer to the aircraft. The results suggest that substantial cost benefit could be derived by substituting such CAI training for more costly higher fidelity training in the flight training curriculum.
Human Collision Avoidance Behavior as a Function of Visibility, Traffic Density Electronic Aiding and Type of Information Displayed
Authors: Williams Kent E.
Published: December 2015

Licensed Captains of 80,000 DWT oil tankers were tested on a real time computerized simulator in order to evaluate their collision avoidance behavior in the open sea. Visibility, Traffic density, Navigational aid, and Type of information displayed were manipulated experimentally in order to assess the effects of these variables upon the human's performance in potential collision situations. The findings indicated that a computerized collision avoidance system greatly reduced the danger of collision in poor visibility and in high traffic density whereas the possibility of collision was increased using radar in poor visibility and high traffic density. Furthermore, it was found that a meaningful graphic display of information was responsible for the improved performance as compared to a visual alphanumeric display of target ship information.