bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Situ Curing and Out‐of‐Autoclave of Interply Carbon Fiber/Carbon Nanotube Buckypaper Hybrid Composites Using Electrical Current
Authors: Nguyen Nam , Hao Ayou , Park Jin Gyu , Liang Richard
Published: August 2016

A new simple out‐of‐autoclave (OOA) method is introduced in this study. Electrical current is applied to layers of CNT BP to generate heat for curing the hybrid composite. The results indicate that hybrid composites fabricated by this in situ curing method exhibits relatively good mechanical properties and low void content, compared to samples produced by the autoclave process. In addition, finite element analysis demonstrates that the in situ curing of composite can achieve uniform heat distribution and energy efficiency. The proposed in situ curing technique is promising for fabricating high‐quality advanced composites with potential for energy and cost savings.
Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis associated with renal tubular acidosis is due to a CLCN7 mutation
Authors: Piret Sian E. , Gorvin Caroline M. , Trinh Anne , Taylor John , Lise Stefano , Taylor Jenny C. , Ebeling Peter R. , Thakker Rajesh V.
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to identify the causative mutation in a family with an unusual presentation of autosomal dominant osteopetrosis (OPT), proximal renal tubular acidosis (RTA), renal stones, epilepsy, and blindness, a combination of features not previously reported. We undertook exome sequencing of one affected and one unaffected family member, followed by targeted analysis of known candidate genes to identify the causative mutation. This identified a missense mutation (c.643G>A; p.Gly215Arg) in the gene encoding the chloride/proton antiporter 7 (gene CLCN7, protein CLC‐7), which was confirmed by amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)‐PCR, and to be present in the three available patients. CLC‐7 mutations are known to cause autosomal dominant OPT type 2, also called Albers–Schonberg disease, which is characterized by osteosclerosis, predominantly of the spine, pelvis and skull base, resulting in bone fragility and fractures. Albers–Schonberg disease is not reported to be associated with RTA, but autosomal recessive OPT type 3 (OPTB3) with RTA is associated with carbonic anhydrase type 2 (CA2) mutations. No mutations were detected in CA2 or any other genes known to cause proximal RTA. Neither CLCN7 nor CA2 mutations have previously been reported to be associated with renal stones or epilepsy. Thus, we identified a CLCN7 mutation in a family with autosomal dominant osteopetrosis, RTA, renal stones, epilepsy, and blindness. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two cases with de novo 3q26.31 microdeletion suggest a role for FNDC3B in human craniofacial development
Authors: Cao Yang , Mitchell Elyse B. , Gorski Jerome L. , Hollinger Cassandra , Hoppman Nicole L.
Published: August 2016

Here, we report strong evidence for a role of the FNDC3B gene in craniofacial development. Chromosomal microarray identified deletions at 3q26.31 in two patients with dysmorphic facial features. Parental FISH studies demonstrated that they are de novo; therefore, these two 3q26.31 microdeletions likely contribute to the patients' dysmorphic features. Interestingly, the minimal region of overlap contains only the FNDC3B gene. Ffibronectin domain III‐containing protein 3B (FNDC3B), also known as factor for adipocyte differentiation‐104 (FAD104), was first identified as a positive regulator of adipogenesis in a mouse model. Excitingly, further studies in a mouse model have recently demonstrated that FNDC3B is required for normal calvarial bone formation and negatively regulated calvarial cell differentiation through inhibition of BMP/Smad signaling. fndc3b‐deficient mice have multiple cranial and skeletal malformations, such as craniosynostosis‐like premature calvarial ossification, and skeletal deformities in the anterior fontanel and femurs. In summary, we report the first two patients with de novo 3q26.31 microdeletions. Both have dysmorphic features, consistent with the phenotypes seen in fndc3b‐deficient mice in animal studies, which imply a critical role of FNDC3B in human craniofacial development. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Zielgerichtete kovalente Inhibitoren für das Wirkstoffdesign
Authors: Baillie Thomas A.
Published: August 2016

Abweichend vom üblichen Arzneimittelwirkmechanismus einer reversiblen, nichtkovalenten Wechselwirkung eines Liganden mit seinem biologischen Zielmolekül wird ein zielgerichteter kovalenter Inhibitor (TCI) so entwickelt, dass nach einer anfänglichen reversiblen Assoziation eine kovalente Bindung zwischen einem Elektrophil auf dem Liganden und einem nucleophilen Zentrum auf dem Protein geknüpft wird. Obwohl diese Methode einige potenzielle Vorteile bietet (hohe Wirksamkeit, verlängerte Wirkung), haben Bedenken wegen möglicher toxikologischer Folgen durch Proteinhaptenisierung die Entwicklung des TCI‐Konzepts aufgehalten. Neue Ansätze zur Verringerung des Risikos ernster ungünstiger Reaktionen regten das Interesse an diesem Gebiet an und führten zur Vertriebsgenehmigung für eine erste Serie von TCIs. Der Zugang über kovalente Inhibitoren wird daher rasch als nützliches Mittel in der Arzneimittelforschung akzeptiert werden und großen Einfluss auf das Design von Enzyminhibitoren und Rezeptormodulatoren ausüben.
Fullerene‐Based Macro‐Heterocycle Prepared through Selective Incorporation of Three N and Two O Atoms into C60
Authors: Li Yanbang , Zhang Gaihong , Wang Dian , Xu Beidi , Xu Dan , Lou Ning , Gan Liangbing
Published: August 2016

A 14‐membered heterocycle is created on the C60 cage skeleton through a multistep procedure. Key steps involve repeated PCl5‐induced hydroxylamino N−O bond cleavage leading to insertion of nitrogen atoms, and also piperidine‐induced peroxo O−O bond cleavage leading to insertion of oxygen atoms. The hetero atoms form one pyrrole, two pyran, and one diazepine rings in conjunction with the C60 skeleton carbon atoms. The fullerene‐based macrocycle showed unique reactivities towards fluoride ion and copper salts.
Helpful Thoughts – Some Reflections on the Psychodynamic Treatment of Traumatized Refugees
Authors: Harnischfeger Jessica
Published: August 2016

This article discusses critically the focus on stress symptoms when treating traumatized refugees. It describes common challenges that practitioners meet, when working with extreme trauma. It suggests three concepts that might help to understand the complicated dynamics of severe traumatization. These concepts deal as well with the nature of post‐traumatic problems as with the way they might be treated. A clinical case is used to exemplify and discuss the concepts. Finally the article offers some thoughts on the special dynamics of the situation of refugees.
Effects of a hook ring on catch and bycatch in a Mediterranean swordfish longline fishery: small addition with potentially large consequences
Authors: Piovano Susanna , Swimmer Yonat
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a circle hook ring on catch rates of target fish species and bycatch rates of sea turtles, elasmobranchs, and non‐commercial fish in a shallow‐set Italian swordfish longline fishery.

Results were compared from 65 sets from six commercial fishing vessels totalling 50 800 hooks in which ringed and non‐ringed 16/0 circle hooks with a 10° offset were alternated along the length of the longline. In total, 464 individuals were caught in the 4 years of experiment, with swordfish (Xiphias gladius) comprising 83% of the total number of animals captured. Catch rates of targeted swordfish were significantly higher on ringed hooks (CPUEringed hooks = 8.465, CPUEnon‐ringed hooks = 6.654).

Results indicate that ringed circle hooks captured significantly more small‐sized swordfish than non‐ringed circle hooks (27.7% vs. 19.5%, respectively).

For species with sufficient sample sizes, the odds ratio (OR) of a capture was in favour of ringed hooks; significantly for swordfish (OR = 1.27 95%CI 1.04–1.57), and not significantly for bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) (OR = 1.50, 95%CI 0.68–3.42) nor for pelagic stingray (Pteroplatytrigon violacea) (OR = 1.13, 95%CI 0.54–2.36). All six loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) and three of the four blue sharks (Prionace glauca) were captured on ringed hooks, however, the small sample sizes prevented meaningful statistical analysis.

In summary, results from this study suggest that the addition of a ring to 16/0 circle hooks confers higher catchability for small‐sized commercial swordfish, and does not significantly reduce catch rate of bycatch species and protected species in a Mediterranean shallow pelagic longline fishery.

These findings should motivate fisheries managers to consider factors in addition to hook shape when aiming to promote sustainable fishing practices. The presence of a ring has the potential to negate some conservation benefits.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Convenient Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Synthesis of Benzofuran‐2(3 H)‐ones with Formic Acid as the CO Source
Authors: Qi Xinxin , Li Hao‐Peng , Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: August 2016

A general and convenient palladium‐catalyzed carbonylation procedure for the synthesis of benzofuran‐2(3 H)‐ones from phenols and aldehydes has been developed. With formic acid as the CO source, a variety of benzofuran‐2(3 H)‐ones were obtained in moderate to good yields.
The pivotal role of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition in the treatment of patients with neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Phan Alexandria T. , Dave Bhuvanesh
Published: August 2016

Significant advances have been made toward understanding the biology of neuroendocrine tumors (NET) in terms of defining prognosis and improving clinical management; however, many unmet needs remain. The treatment landscape for NET has evolved, with the approval of the targeted agents everolimus and sunitinib for the treatment of advanced pancreatic NET in 2011 followed by the approval of everolimus for the treatment of advanced nonfunctional gastrointestinal and lung NET in 2016. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and components of the mTOR pathway play pivotal roles in NET pathogenesis. Effects of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus have been well documented in preclinical and clinical studies, both as monotherapy and combination therapy. mTOR inhibition as backbone therapy within the NET treatment landscape is a focus of continuing research, which includes evaluation of the growing armamentarium of approved and investigational agents as potential combination partners. Data evaluating the clinical benefits of agents targeting mTOR and related pathways (alone and in combination) in the treatment of patients with NET continue to increase. Many of the findings to date are encouraging.
The hedgehog pathway in triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Habib Joyce G. , O'Shaughnessy Joyce A.
Published: August 2016

Treatment of triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains challenging due to the underlying heterogeneity of this disease coupled with the lack of predictive biomarkers and effective targeted therapies. Intratumoral heterogeneity, particularly enrichment for breast cancer stem cell‐like subpopulations, has emerged as a leading hypothesis for systemic therapy resistance and clinically aggressive course of poor prognosis TNBC. A growing body of literature supports the role of the stem cell renewal Hedgehog (Hh) pathway in breast cancer. Emerging preclinical data also implicate Hh signaling in TNBC pathogenesis. Herein, we review the evidence for a pathophysiologic role of Hh signaling in TNBC and explore mechanisms of crosstalk between the Hh pathway and other key signaling networks as well as their potential implications for Hh‐targeted interventions in TNBC.
A Fluorescent Probe for Imaging Sirtuin Activity in Living Cells, Based on One‐Step Cleavage of the Dabcyl Quencher
Authors: Kawaguchi Mitsuyasu , Ikegawa Shohei , Ieda Naoya , Nakagawa Hidehiko
Published: August 2016

Sirtuins (SIRTs) are a family of NAD+‐dependent histone deacetylases. In mammals, dysfunction of SIRTs is associated with age‐related metabolic diseases and cancers, so SIRT modulators are considered attractive therapeutic targets. However, current screening methodologies are problematic, and no tools for imaging endogenous SIRT activity in living cells have been available until now. In this work we present a series of simple and highly sensitive new SIRT activity probes. Fluorescence of these probes is activated by SIRT‐mediated hydrolytic release of a 4‐(4‐dimethylaminophenylazo)benzoyl (Dabcyl)‐based FRET quencher moiety from the ϵ‐amino group of lysine in a nonapeptide derived from histone H3K9 and bearing a C‐terminal fluorophore. The probe SFP3 detected activities of SIRT1, ‐2, ‐3, and ‐6, which exhibit deacylase activities towards long‐chain fatty acyl groups. We then truncated the molecular structure of SFP3 in order to improve both its stability to peptidases and its membrane permeability, and developed probe KST‐F, which showed specificity for SIRT1 over SIRT2 and SIRT3. We show that KST‐F can visualize endogenous SIRT1 activity in living cells.
Characterization of a Cyanobacterial Haloperoxidase and Evaluation of its Biocatalytic Halogenation Potential
Authors: Frank Annika , Seel Catharina Julia , Groll Michael , Gulder Tanja
Published: August 2016

Vanadium‐dependent haloperoxidases (VHPOs) are a class of halogenating enzymes found in fungi, lichen, algae, and bacteria. We report the cloning, purification, and characterization of a functional VHPO from the cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina (AmVHPO), including its structure determination by X‐ray crystallography. Compared to other VHPOs, the AmVHPO features a unique set of disulfide bonds that stabilize the dodecameric assembly of the protein. Easy access by high‐yield recombinant expression, as well as resistance towards organic solvents and temperature, together with a distinct halogenation reactivity, make this enzyme a promising starting point for the development of biocatalytic transformations.
Platinum Nanoparticles on Interconnected Ni3P/Carbon Nanotube–Carbon Nanofiber Hybrid Supports with Enhanced Catalytic Activity for Fuel Cells
Authors: Wu Xin , Liu Zhen , Zeng Jianhuang , Hou Zhaohui , Zhou Wuyi , Liao Shijun
Published: August 2016

A new class of hybrid support is prepared by chemical vapor deposition of acetylene yielding carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on electrolessly plated Ni3P on carbon nanotubes (Ni3P/CNT). The as‐prepared Ni3P/CNT–CNF hybrid is used to support platinum nanoparticles, produced by the microwave‐assisted ethylene glycol reduction method, as an electrocatalyst (Pt/Ni3P/CNT–CNF). The as‐prepared Ni3P/CNT–CNF hybrid and Pt/Ni3P/CNT–CNF catalyst are characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, and thermogravimetric analysis. Electrochemical evaluations of the electrocatalyst are performed for methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions. The electrochemical active surface area of Pt/Ni3P/CNT–CNF, evaluated both by hydrogen adsorption cyclic voltammetry (CV; 95 m2 g−1) and CO anodic stripping CV (106 m2 g−1), is higher than that of a Pt/CNT benchmark. Electrochemical evaluation of methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions indicate that as‐prepared Pt/Ni3P/CNT–CNF shows enhanced activity relative to that of commercial Pt/C‐JM and Pt/CNT. The superior performance of as‐prepared Pt/Ni3P/CNT–CNF is mostly attributed to the improved electron transfer and facilitated mass transport originating from the tailor‐made Ni3P/CNT–CNF hybrid support.
Next Generation Multiresponsive Nanocarriers for Targeted Drug Delivery to Cancer Cells
Authors: Altenbuchner Peter T. , Werz Patrick D. L. , Schöppner Patricia , Adams Friederike , Kronast Alexander , Schwarzenböck Christina , Pöthig Alexander , Jandl Christian , Haslbeck Martin , Rieger Bernhard
Published: August 2016

C−H bond activation of 2‐methoxyethylamino‐bis(phenolate)‐yttrium catalysts allowed the synthesis of BAB block copolymers comprised of 2‐vinylpyridine (2VP; monomer A) and diethylvinylphosphonate (DEVP; monomer B) as the A and B blocks, respectively, by rare‐earth‐metal‐mediated group‐transfer polymerization (REM‐GTP). The inherent multi‐stimuli‐responsive character and drug‐loading and ‐release capabilities were observed to be dependent on the chain length and monomer ratios. Cytotoxicity assays revealed the biocompatibility and nontoxic nature of the obtained micelles toward ovarian cancer (HeLa) cells. The BAB block copolymers effectively encapsulated, transported, and released doxorubicin (DOX) within HeLa cells. REM‐GTP enables access to previously unattainable vinylphosphonate copolymer structures, and thereby unlocks their full potential as nanocarriers for stimuli‐responsive drug delivery in HeLa cells. The self‐evident consequence is the application of these new micelles as potent drug‐delivery vehicles with reduced side effects in future cancer therapies.
Anion Recognition by Aliphatic Helical Oligoureas
Authors: Diemer Vincent , Fischer Lucile , Kauffmann Brice , Guichard Gilles
Published: August 2016

Anion binding properties of neutral helical foldamers consisting of urea type units in their backbone have been investigated. 1H NMR titration studies in various organic solvents including DMSO suggest that the interaction between aliphatic oligoureas and anions (CH3COO−, H2PO4−, Cl−) is site‐specific, as it largely involves the urea NHs located at the terminal end of the helix (positive pole of the helix), which do not participate to the helical intramolecular hydrogen‐bonding network. This mode of binding parallels that found in proteins in which anion‐binding sites are frequently found at the N‐terminus of an α‐helix. 1H NMR studies suggest that the helix of oligoureas remains largely folded upon anion binding, even in the presence of a large excess of the anion. This study points to potentially useful applications of oligourea helices for the selective recognition of small guest molecules.
High‐Performance Polymers for Membrane CO2/N2 Separation
Authors: Liu Junyi , Hou Xianda , Park Ho Bum , Lin Haiqing
Published: August 2016

This Concept examines strategies to design advanced polymers with high CO2 permeability and high CO2/N2 selectivity, which are the key to the success of membrane technology for CO2 capture from fossil fuel‐fired power plants. Specifically, polymers with enhanced CO2 solubility and thus CO2/N2 selectivity are designed by incorporating CO2‐philic groups in polymers such as poly(ethylene oxide)‐containing polymers and poly(ionic liquids); polymers with enhanced CO2 diffusivity and thus CO2 permeability are designed with contorted rigid polymer chains to obtain high free volume, such as polymers with intrinsic microporosity and thermally rearranged polymers. The underlying rationales for materials design are discussed and polymers with promising CO2/N2 separation properties for CO2 capture from flue gas are highlighted.
Thermal kinetics analysis in microwave‐assisted oil sands separation
Authors: Rambabu Karumudi , Semagina Natalia , Lange Carlos F.
Published: August 2016

This computational study addresses oil sands separation under microwave irradiation. Electric field distribution and microwave energy dissipation were analyzed at the level of sand particles and bitumen. The simplified model does not include water or gas present in the oil sands. The microwave power dissipated in bitumen was found to be about 32 times that of the sand particles. In order to investigate the feasibility of heating the bitumen phase preferentially and sustaining a thermal gradient between the bitumen phase and the solid phase, thereby reducing the thermal losses to the solid phase, time scales were estimated using several different scenarios. The small size of the particles in the solid phase caused the time needed to reach thermal equilibrium between phases to be extremely short, in the order of 10 to 100 ms. To achieve separation times shorter than these, pressures up to 100 GPa would have to be sustained across the oil sands layer. Alternatively, buoyancy‐driven separation by settling would require accelerations in the order of 100 000 m/s2 (105 g). Therefore, the heating and separation of bitumen within the thermal conduction time scales seem to be theoretically possible but associated with high technological challenges in their implementation.
Estimation of methylene blue index in oil sands tailings using hyperspectral data
Authors: Entezari Iman , Rivard Benoit , Lipsett Michael G.
Published: August 2016

Clay minerals constitute a significant fraction of oil sands tailings; and clay mineralogy, abundance, and morphology can dramatically affect the strength of the tailings during consolidation. The ability of clays to expand or swell in the presence of water is of importance in establishing the post‐depositional strength and the geotechnical stability of a tailings deposit for reclamation purposes. The surface activity of oil sands tailings solids is typically determined using the methylene blue index (MBI), an analytical technique that quantifies the ionic absorption capacity of a sample. The present work explores the use of short‐wave infrared (SWIR) and long‐wave infrared (LWIR) hyperspectral observations for the estimation of the swelling potential or activity of oil sands tailings indicated by MBI. Spectral features in reflectance spectra were characterized in the SWIR and LWIR, in particular those attributed to the presence of quartz and clays. These features were employed to assess the correlation between MBI and remote sensing reflectance measurements collected in the laboratory from air‐dried tailings. In the SWIR, a band ratio of reflectance at 2.111 and 1.992 μm was highly correlated with MBI. For the potential estimation of MBI in outdoor settings, where the intervening atmosphere can impact the spectral measurements, a band ratio of reflectance at 1.773 and 1.307 μm provided an estimation of MBI when moisture of tailings did not exceed 0.20 g/g (20 wt%). The best predictions of MBI were obtained in the LWIR using the reflectance peaks at 9.67 µm and 11 µm attributable to clay minerals.
Fouling and Cake Behavior of Algal Organic Foulants on Microfiltration Membranes in Various Growth Phases
Authors: Huang Weiwei , Chu Huaqiang , Dong Bingzhi
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the fouling behavior of algal organic foulants in various growth phases during microfiltration. The characteristics of the algogenic organic matter (AOM) in various growth phases were also determined to identify the membrane foulants on fouled membranes. The results indicated the stationary phase of the Aphanizomenon flos‐aquae and Anabaena flos‐aquae AOMs resulted in the most serious filtration flux, followed by their late exponential and primary exponential phases. The amounts of protein/protein‐like substances, the neutral hydrophilic fraction, and the macromolecular organics (including molecular weight) increased with cultivation time, potentially attributed to increasing membrane fouling. Analysis of organic hydrophobicity, molecular weight distribution and fluorescence excitation–emission matrix indicated that algal organic accumulation is a dynamic process of algal activity, biopolymers such as protein‐like and polysaccharides‐like substances were the major components of membrane foulants for the three algal growth phases. Moreover, pore plugging and cake layer formation were the dominant fouling mechanisms in membrane filtration. Timely monitoring of algal growth in water can be important for effectively predicting membrane fouling in microfiltration.
The Experimental Manipulation of Desire Thinking in Alcohol use Disorder
Authors: Caselli Gabriele , Gemelli Antonella , Spada Marcantonio M.
Published: August 2016

Objective

Desire thinking is a voluntary cognitive process involving verbal and imaginal elaboration of a desired target. Recent research has revealed that desire thinking may play a significant role in the escalation of craving. The goal of this study was to explore the effect of a desire thinking induction on craving in a sample of patients with alcohol use disorder.

Methods

Ten patients with alcohol use disorder were exposed to a brief exposure to alcohol‐related thoughts plus desire thinking induction versus brief exposure to alcohol‐related thoughts plus distraction.

Results

The induction of desire thinking led to a significant increase in distress and urge to use alcohol when compared to a behavioural assessment test and a distraction task. The clinical implications for the treatment of alcohol use disorder are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Psychotherapeutic strategies that target desire thinking, both at the assessment and at the intervention levels, may be relevant in the treatment of craving‐related problems.

Deriving and illustrating the role of desire thinking in a given episode of craving may support the development of metacognitive awareness about its functions and consequences.
Development and validation of the sociocultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire‐4‐revised (SATAQ‐4R)
Authors: Schaefer Lauren M. , Harriger Jennifer A. , Heinberg Leslie J. , Soderberg Taylor , Kevin Thompson J.
Published: August 2016

Objective

The Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire‐4 (SATAQ‐4) is a measure of internalization of appearance ideals (i.e., personal acceptance of societal ideals) and appearance pressures (i.e., pressures to achieve the societal ideal). The current study sought to address limitations of the scale in order to increase precision in the measurement of muscular ideal internalization, include an assessment of one's desire for attractiveness, and broaden the measurement of appearance‐related pressures.

Method

The factor structure, reliability and construct validity of the SATAQ‐4‐Revised were examined among college women (N = 1,114) in Study 1, adolescent girls (N = 275) in Study 2, and college men (N = 290) in Study 3.

Results

Factor analysis among college women indicated a 7‐factor 31‐item scale, labeled the SATAQ‐4R‐Female: (1) Internalization: Thin/Low Body Fat, (2) Internalization: Muscular, (3) Internalization: General Attractiveness, (4) Pressures: Family, (5) Pressures: Media, (6) Pressures: Peers, and (7) Pressures: Significant Others. SATAQ‐4R‐Female subscales demonstrated good reliability and construct validity among college women. Examination of the SATAQ‐4R‐Female among adolescent girls suggested a six‐factor scale in which peer and significant others items comprised a single subscale. The scale demonstrated good reliability and construct validity in adolescent girls. Examination of the SATAQ‐4R among men produced a 28‐item scale with seven factors paralleling the factors identified among college women. This scale, labeled the SATAQ‐4R‐Male, demonstrated good reliability and construct validity.

Discussion

Results support the reliability and validity of SATAQ‐4R‐Female in college women and adolescent girls, and the SATAQ‐4R‐Male in college men. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:104–117)
Demographic differences in diet breadth of Canada lynx during a fluctuation in prey availability
Authors: Burstahler Christa M. , Roth James D. , Gau Robert J. , Murray Dennis L.
Published: August 2016

Population dynamics of specialist carnivores are closely linked to prey availability, but the extent of variability in diet breadth of individual carnivores relative to natural variability in the abundance of their primary prey is not well understood. Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) specialize on snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) and exhibit cyclic fluctuations in abundance that lag 1–2 years behind those of snowshoe hares. Declining hare densities spur demographic changes in lynx, but it is unclear whether a corresponding increase in diet breadth occurs: (1) broadly across a lynx population; (2) only among individuals who are able to effectively switch to alternative prey; or (3) only among individuals who cannot capture sufficient primary prey. We measured stable isotope ratios of lynx muscle tissue spanning a cyclic increase and decline in hare density (1998–2001) in Fort Providence, NT, Canada. We found that lynx cohorts responded differently to hare population change, with yearling animals having broader diets at low hare densities, while adults and dependent juveniles maintained a constant diet through the initial decline in hare density. This result was consistent irrespective of lynx sex and indicates that yearling lynx likely are forced to adopt a broader diet when primary prey densities decline. Our results imply that select cohorts of specialist carnivores can exhibit high dietary plasticity in response to changes in primary prey abundance, prompting the need to determine whether increased diet breadth in young lynx is a successful strategy for surviving through periods of snowshoe hare scarcity. In this way, cohort‐specific niche expansion could strongly affect the dynamics of organisms exhibiting population cycles.
After the games are over: life‐history trade‐offs drive dispersal attenuation following range expansion
Authors: Perkins T. Alex , Boettiger Carl , Phillips Benjamin L.
Published: August 2016

Increased dispersal propensity often evolves on expanding range edges due to the Olympic Village effect, which involves the fastest and fittest finding themselves together in the same place at the same time, mating, and giving rise to like individuals. But what happens after the range's leading edge has passed and the games are over? Although empirical studies indicate that dispersal propensity attenuates following range expansion, hypotheses about the mechanisms driving this attenuation have not been clearly articulated or tested. Here, we used a simple model of the spatiotemporal dynamics of two phenotypes, one fast and the other slow, to propose that dispersal attenuation beyond preexpansion levels is only possible in the presence of trade‐offs between dispersal and life‐history traits. The Olympic Village effect ensures that fast dispersers preempt locations far from the range's previous limits. When trade‐offs are absent, this preemptive spatial advantage has a lasting impact, with highly dispersive individuals attaining equilibrium frequencies that are strictly higher than their introduction frequencies. When trade‐offs are present, dispersal propensity decays rapidly at all locations. Our model's results about the postcolonization trajectory of dispersal evolution are clear and, in principle, should be observable in field studies. We conclude that empirical observations of postcolonization dispersal attenuation offer a novel way to detect the existence of otherwise elusive trade‐offs between dispersal and life‐history traits.
Climate change is the primary driver of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) range expansion at the northern extent of its range; land use is secondary
Authors: Dawe Kimberly L. , Boutin Stan
Published: August 2016

Quantifying the relative influence of multiple mechanisms driving recent range expansion of non‐native species is essential for predicting future changes and for informing adaptation and management plans to protect native species. White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have been expanding their range into the North American boreal forest over the last half of the20thcentury. This has already altered predator–prey dynamics in Alberta, Canada, where the distribution likely reaches the northern extent of its continuous range. Although current white‐tailed deer distribution is explained by both climate and human land use, the influence each factor had on the observed range expansion would depend on the spatial and temporal pattern of these changes. Our objective was to quantify the relative importance of land use and climate change as drivers of white‐tailed deer range expansion and to predict decadal changes in white‐tailed deer distribution in northern Alberta for the first half of the21stcentury. An existing species distribution model was used to predict past decadal distributions of white‐tailed deer which were validated using independent data. The effects of climate and land use change were isolated by comparing predictions under theoretical “no‐changebetween decades” scenarios, for each factor, to predictions under observed climate and land use change. Climate changes led to more than 88%, by area, of the increases in probability of white‐tailed deer presence across all decades. The distribution is predicted to extend 100 km further north across the northeastern Alberta boreal forest as climate continues to change over the first half of the 21st century.
Attack of the clones: reproductive interference between sexuals and asexuals in theCrepisagamic complex
Authors: Hersh Evan , Grimm Jaime , Whitton Jeannette
Published: August 2016

Negative reproductive interactions are likely to be strongest between close relatives and may be important in limiting local coexistence. In plants, interspecific pollen flow is common between co‐occurring close relatives and may serve as the key mechanism of reproductive interference. Agamic complexes, systems in which some populations reproduce through asexual seeds (apomixis), while others reproduce sexually, provide an opportunity to examine effects of reproductive interference in limiting coexistence. Apomictic populations experience little or no reproductive interference, because apomictic ovules cannot receive pollen from nearby sexuals. Oppositely, apomicts produce some viable pollen and can exert reproductive interference on sexuals by siring hybrids. In theCrepisagamic complex, sexuals co‐occur less often with other members of the complex, but apomicts appear to freely co‐occur with one another. We identified a mixed population and conducted a crossing experiment between sexual diploidC. atribarbaand apomictic polyploidC. barbigerausing pollen from sexual diploids and apomictic polyploids. Seed set was high for all treatments, and as predicted, diploid–diploid crosses produced all diploid offspring. Diploid–polyploid crosses, however, produced mainly polyploidy offspring, suggesting that non‐diploid hybrids can be formed when the two taxa meet. Furthermore, a small proportion of seeds produced in open‐pollinated flowers was also polyploid, indicating that polyploid hybrids are produced under natural conditions. Our results provide evidence for asymmetric reproductive interference, with pollen from polyploid apomicts contributing to reduce the recruitment of sexual diploids in subsequent generations. Existing models suggest that these mixed sexual–asexual populations are likely to be transient, eventually leading to eradication of sexual individuals from the population.
Heading for the hills? Evaluating spatial distribution of woodland caribou in response to a growing anthropogenic disturbance footprint
Authors: MacNearney Doug , Pigeon Karine , Stenhouse Gordon , Nijland Wiebe , Coops Nicholas C. , Finnegan Laura
Published: August 2016

Anthropogenic landscape change (i.e., disturbance) is recognized as an important factor in the decline and extirpation of wildlife populations. Understanding and monitoring the relationship between wildlife distribution and disturbance is necessary for effective conservation planning. Many studies consider disturbance as a covariate explaining wildlife behavior. However, we propose that there are several advantages to considering the spatial relationship between disturbance and wildlife directly using utilization distributions (UDs), including objective assessment of the spatially explicit overlap between wildlife and disturbance, and the ability to track trends in this relationship over time. Here, we examined how central mountain woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) distribution changed over time in relation to (i) anthropogenic disturbance, baseline range (defined using telemetry data from 1998 to 2005), and alpine habitat; and (ii) interannual climate variation (North Pacific Index;NPI). We developed seasonalUDs for caribou in west‐central Alberta and east‐central British Columbia, Canada, monitored withGPScollars between 1998 and 2013. We mapped the cumulative annual density of disturbance features within caribou range and used indices of overlap to determine the spatial relationship and trend between caribouUDs, anthropogenic disturbance, baseline range, alpine habitat, and theNPI. Anthropogenic disturbance increased over time, but the overlap between caribouUDs and disturbance did not. Caribou use of alpine habitat during spring, fall, and late winter increased over time, concurrent with a decrease in use of baseline range. Overlap between caribouUDs and disturbance increased during spring and fall following relatively cold, snowy winters (highNPI), but overall, climate did not explain changes in caribou distribution over time. We provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that caribou populations adjust their spatial distribution in relation to anthropogenic landscape change. Our findings could have implications for population persistence if distributional shifts result in greater use of alpine habitat during winter. Monitoring long‐term changes in the distribution of populations is a valuable component of conservation planning for species at risk in disturbed landscapes.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Mono‐ and Bimetallic Rhodium(I), Iridium(I) and Gold(I) Methanide and Methandiide Complexes from 2‐Quinolyl‐Linked (Thiophosphoranyl)methane
Authors: Leung Wing‐Por , Chan Yuk‐Chi , Choi Tsz‐Hei , Lee Hung‐Kay
Published: August 2016

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Wing‐Por Leung at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, P. R. China. The cover image shows the isolation of mono‐, bi‐, and polymetallic complexes derived from 2‐quinolyl‐linked potassium (thiophosphoranyl)methanide by simple metathesis reactions.
Automation of DNA and miRNA co‐extraction for miRNA‐based identification of human body fluids and tissues
Authors: Kulstein Galina , Marienfeld Ralf , Miltner Erich , Wiegand Peter
Published: August 2016

In the last years, microRNA (miRNA) analysis came into focus in the field of forensic genetics. Yet, no standardized and recommendable protocols for co‐isolation of miRNA and DNA from forensic relevant samples have been developed so far. Hence, this study evaluated the performance of an automated Maxwell® 16 System‐based strategy (Promega) for co‐extraction of DNA and miRNA from forensically relevant (blood and saliva) samples compared to (semi‐)manual extraction methods. Three procedures were compared on the basis of recovered quantity of DNA and miRNA (as determined by real‐time PCR and Bioanalyzer), miRNA profiling (shown by Cq values and extraction efficiency), STR profiles, duration, contamination risk and handling. All in all, the results highlight that the automated co‐extraction procedure yielded the highest miRNA and DNA amounts from saliva and blood samples compared to both (semi‐)manual protocols. Also, for aged and genuine samples of forensically relevant traces the miRNA and DNA yields were sufficient for subsequent downstream analysis. Furthermore, the strategy allows miRNA extraction only in cases where it is relevant to obtain additional information about the sample type. Besides, this system enables flexible sample throughput and labor‐saving sample processing with reduced risk of cross‐contamination.
Discussion on ‘an investigation into the effects of damping and nonlinear geometry models in earthquake analysis’ by Andrew Hardyniec and Finley Charney
Authors: Hall John F.
Published: August 2016

The discussed paper explores how various assumptions for damping and geometric nonlinearity affect the seismic collapse behavior of steel‐frame buildings. The recommended damping scheme is questioned, and an alternative is suggested. Additional explanation is sought to justify the differences observed between the P‐delta and co‐rotational models for geometric nonlinearity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioenergy from agroforestry can lead to improved food security, climate change, soil quality, and rural development
Authors: Sharma Navin , Bohra Babita , Pragya Namita , Ciannella Rodrigo , Dobie Phil , Lehmann Sarah
Published: August 2016

Well‐designed bioenergy systems can contribute to several objectives, such as mitigating climate change, increasing energy access, and alleviating rural poverty. With adequate technical assistance and land management, farm yields and income can be increased, food security strengthened, carbon sequestration improved, and pressure for land clearing reduced. There are, nonetheless, risks involved on bioenergy production and several initiatives worldwide have failed to achieve proposed positive outcomes. Overreliance on monoculture plantations, negative land‐use change impacts, and use of cereal crops as feedstocks are among the main causes. Agroforestry systems and practices can address most of these risks and thus play an important role in sustainable production of several bioenergy outputs, including efficient solid biomass, biogas, liquid biofuels, and dendro power. This article assesses the potential of such integrated approaches to provide multiple benefits, including the coproduction of food, animal feed, and organic fertilizers, while respecting economic, social, and environmental sustainability indicators. Building on experiences from sub‐Saharan Africa, developing Asia, and Latin America, promising perennial species, production models, and value chains are analyzed. Finally, key challenges and potential solutions for larger scale adoption of integrated food‐energy approaches are also identified and discussed.
Tail Wags Dog: Intraday Price Discovery in VIX Markets
Authors: Bollen Nicolas P.B. , O'Neill Michael J. , Whaley Robert E.
Published: August 2016

Beginning with VIX futures in 2004, followed by VIX options in 2006 and VIX ETPs in 2009, the daily open interest in volatility contracts is now in the tens of billions of dollars. Given this growth, it is important to develop a better understanding of price discovery and the supply/demand dynamics in each market. Some of the price relations are linked by arbitrage. Others are not. In particular, the relation between the VIX cash index and the VIX futures is not arbitraged, and we show that, where once VIX changes led VIX futures price changes, the VIX futures now leads. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 37:431–451, 2017
The Long‐term Health Effects of Fetal Malnutrition: Evidence from the 1959–1961 China Great Leap Forward Famine
Authors: Kim Seonghoon , Fleisher Belton , Sun Jessica Ya
Published: August 2016

We report evidence of long‐term adverse health impacts of fetal malnutrition exposure of middle‐aged survivors of the 1959–1961 China Famine using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. We find that fetal exposure to malnutrition has large and long‐lasting impacts on both physical health and cognitive abilities, including the risks of suffering a stroke, physical disabilities in speech, walking and vision, and measures of mental acuity even half a century after the tragic event. Our findings imply that policies and programs that improve the nutritional status of pregnant women yield benefits on the health of a fetus that extend through the life cycle in the form of reduced physical and mental impairment.
Rapid recharge of fresh water to the halite‐hosted brine aquifer of Salar de Atacama, Chile
Authors: Boutt David F. , Hynek Scott A. , Munk Lee Ann , Corenthal Lilly G.
Published: August 2016

We document, analyse, and interpret direct and rapid infiltration of precipitation to the southern margin of the Salar de Atacama halite‐hosted brine aquifer during two intense precipitation events in 2012–2013. We present physical, geochemical, and stable and radioactive isotope data to detail this influx of water. The two events differ distinctly in the mechanisms of recharge. The 2012 event did not produce direct precipitation onto the salar surface, while the 2013 event did. Both events are recorded by abrupt changes in head in observation wells along the halite aquifer margin. Spatially distributed water levels rose by over 30 cm during the larger 2013 event consistent with remotely sensed observations of surface water extent. The lithium concentration and stable isotopic composition of water indicate dilution of brine and dissolution of salt with fresh water. Tritium measurements of precipitation, surface water, and groundwater all indicate modern influx of water to the halite aquifer along the southern margin. We extend these observations by examining the response of the halite aquifer as a whole to precipitation events during the period of 2000–2010. This study suggests that local recharge to the aquifer during sporadic precipitation onto the halite nucleus is an important component of the modern water budget in this hyper‐arid environment. The rapid dissolution and salinization along the southern margin of the salar halite nucleus are aided by such precipitation events contributing a modern fresh water component to the water budget of the economically valuable lithium‐rich brine. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using ecological production functions to link ecological processes to ecosystem services
Authors: Bruins Randall JF , Canfield Timothy J , Duke Clifford , Kapustka Larry , Nahlik Amanda M , Schäfer Ralf B
Published: August 2016

Ecological production functions (EPFs) link ecosystems, stressors, and management actions to ecosystem services (ES) production. Although EPFs are acknowledged as being essential to improve environmental management, their use in ecological risk assessment has received relatively little attention. Ecological production functions may be defined as usable expressions (i.e., models) of the processes by which ecosystems produce ES, often including external influences on those processes. We identify key attributes of EPFs and discuss both actual and idealized examples of their use to inform decision making. Whenever possible, EPFs should estimate final, rather than intermediate, ES. Although various types of EPFs have been developed, we suggest that EPFs are more useful for decision making if they quantify ES outcomes, respond to ecosystem condition, respond to stressor levels or management scenarios, reflect ecological complexity, rely on data with broad coverage, have performed well previously, are practical to use, and are open and transparent. In an example using pesticides, we illustrate how EPFs with these attributes could enable the inclusion of ES in ecological risk assessment. The biggest challenges to ES inclusion are limited data sets that are easily adapted for use in modeling EPFs and generally poor understanding of linkages among ecological components and the processes that ultimately deliver the ES. We conclude by advocating for the incorporation into EPFs of added ecological complexity and greater ability to represent the trade-offs among ES. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:52–61. © 2016 SETAC.

Key Points

Ecological production functions (EPFs) integrate ecosystem services (ES) with ecological modeling, frame knowledge of ES production, and highlight knowledge gaps. Useful EPFs quantify final ES; respond to ecosystem condition, to stressor levels, or to management scenarios; reflect ecological complexity; rely on data with broad coverage; perform well; and are practical to use and transparent. Through the use of EPFs with these desirable characteristics, ecological risk assessments of chemicals such as pesticides can be broadened so as to encompass ecosystem-level effects and reflect stakeholder concerns.