bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survival or Courage as Human Motivation: Development of an Attitude Scale
Authors: Larsen Knud S. , Giles Howard
Published: September 2011

A conceptual distinction between social and existential courage is advanced. Social courage is defined as risk-taking in pursuit of socially valued goals. Existential courage is the learned capacity to make self-defined appropriate choices, to express self-defined appropriate emotions independent of, despite, or in opposition to survival or social cost motivation. Development of a Likert-type scale outlines constituent values of social and existential courage.
An Expanded Model for the Application of Parametric Statistics
Authors: Hand Jack , McCarter Robert E.
Published: September 2011

The current model for the application of parametric statistics involves only the population sampled, and probability statements refer to proportions of samples or proportions of decisions based upon samples. Most statistical textbooks, however, contain concepts that go beyond the explicitly proposed model. The rudiments of an appropriate, expanded model are presented. It is suggested that the expanded model is more adequate, general, and realistic than the classical model.
Effects of Preference and Dominance on Young Children's Optional Shift Performance
Authors: Mayes Gloria J. , Sanders Jo Ann Clawson , Sanders Raymond E.
Published: September 2011

The relative influence of preference and dominance (cue similarity) on mediated learning and transfer in kindergarten children was investigated in an optional intradimensional-extradimensional shift paradigm. Children were initially trained with a relevant dimension which was preferred-dominant, preferred-nondominant, nonpreferred-dominant, or nonpreferred-nondominant. In stationarity analyses, all groups appeared to learn the initial problem in a mediational fashion; preference and dominance did not differentially influence type of learning. Relevance of a preferred and/or dominant dimension resulted in mediated transfer, as reflected by the preponderance of intradimensional shifts. No mediated transfer in the nonpreferred-nondominant group despite mediated learning was explained in terms of differential response strengths of the observing responses specific to relevant and irrelevant dimensions.
Effects of Response Modes on Concept Identification
Authors: Forest James , Crossman Robert
Published: September 2011

40 subjects solved three concept-identification problems under one of four treatment conditions. Purpose of the experiment was to determine how the response format used by subjects affected their performance. Subjects used one of four possible response modes: verbalize a single hypothesis when they thought they had the correct answer, verbalize a new hypothesis each time they decided to switch answers, classify each stimulus as positive or negative, or classify stimuli as positive or negative and verbalize a hypothesis on each error. Preliminary analysis indicated that both main effects, problems and response format, were significant. However, a correction for the implicit criterion used by subjects who verbalized a single hypothesis suggested that these subjects were able to learn as fast as those in the other treatment conditions and that response format did not differentially affect concept-identification performance.
Psychopathology and Defensive Style of Alcoholics as a Function of Congruence-Incongruence between Psychological Differentiation and Locus of Control
Authors: Erickson Richard C. , Smyth Larry , Donovan Dennis M. , O'Leary Michael R.
Published: September 2011

Witkin's psychological differentiation construct and Rotter's locus of control construct were studied independently and in interaction to assess their ability to predict psychopathology and defensive style in a sample of 160 adult, male alcoholics. As predicted, locus of control was significantly correlated with both psychopathology and defensive style and field articulation was significantly correlated with defensive style. However, the congruent and incongruent construct was not significantly related to either psychopathology or defensive style.
Experienced Conflict in Decision-Making as a Function of Level of Cognitive Complexity
Authors: Menasco Michael B.
Published: September 2011

Two studies sought to establish a link between cognitive complexity and decisional conflict under noncompliant conditions. Difficulty of making a decision was used operationally as a means of inferring experienced conflict in decision-making. Experimental and ex post facto field study results indicated that mote complex subjects are more prone to rate decisions as more difficult and with greater feelings of discomfort than are less complex subjects. Possible differences in dissonance resolution on the part of complex and simple individuals are discussed based upon conflict in personality and conflict in decisional situations.
Personality Correlates of Placebo Responsivity and Religiosity
Authors: Lansky David , Pihl R. O.
Published: September 2011

Performances on measures of field dependence, locus of control, tolerance for ambiguity, and autonomic perception were compared for 11 members of the Hare Krishna movement, 15 Divine Light Mission members, 22 high and low marijuana placebo responders, and 16 university students. The members of the religious groups were less tolerant of ambiguity than the other groups. An hypothesis that the religious subjects would score like the high placebo responders, reflecting a similar reliance on external cues to define internal state, was rejected. Members of the religious movement, however, did have drug-related experiences similar to those of the volunteers for the drug study and unlike those of the college students.
Hypothesis Testing in Concept Identification within a Modified Selection Paradigm
Authors: Harpur John G. E.
Published: September 2011

Three-dimensional, binary-valued stimuli were presented to 64 subjects within a modified selection paradigm to test the validity of the assumption of majority rule outlined by Levine (1970). Within this paradigm it was found that no subjects manifested a pattern of responding of majority rule, and it was concluded that a more parsimonious explanation of Levine's results might involve subjects attempting to test conjunctive hypotheses within his forced-choice reception paradigm.
Psychology of Scientist: XXXIV. MMPI Characteristics of Physical and Social Science Students: Replication and Reanalysis
Authors: Kokosh John
Published: September 2011

In the original study, using freshmen data, 291 male college graduates in physics, zoology, sociology, and history were used to test four hypotheses derived from other MMPI studies of science students. Only one of the four hypotheses was supported: physics and zoology students were higher on Social Introversion than sociology and history students. For this replication, a second sample of 326 male graduates was obtained in the same majors and the data were reanalyzed to compare the four majors and the two time periods on each dependent variable. This time two of the four hypotheses were supported: the physics and zoology majors are higher on Social Introversion ( p < .001) and lower on Psychopathic deviate scale ( p < .001) than the sociology and history majors. Also, the physics and zoology majors are considerably higher on aptitude and achievement data than the sociology and history majors. The findings with the MMPI have small but favorable implications for the Roe and the Holland theories of career development.
Effect of Neonatal Surgery on Adult Fighting and Spacing in Mice (Mus Musculus)
Authors: Miley William M.
Published: September 2011

Mice received either neonatal sham surgery, neonatal castration or remained intact. Each of five animals in each group was paired with one of five animals in one of the other two groups. Intact mice attacked more than shams and shams more than castrates. Attacks always occurred in the attacked animal's experimental space.
Mystical Experience as Related to Present and Anticipated Future Church Participation
Authors: Hood Ralph W.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between reported mystical experience and present and anticipated patterns of church participation was investigated in an initial sample of 324 persons. A scale to measure reported mystical experience that allowed for a distinction between the report of mystical experience (Factor I) and its religious interpretation (Factor II) was utilized. Each factor differentially related to church denomination, frequency of church attendance, decision to change church membership, decision to quit church participation, and decision of non-church members to join a church. It was concluded that on the basis of these exploratory data the report of mystical experience is an important variable related to patterns of church participation.
An Initial Investigation into the Parameters of Overcorrection
Authors: Ollendick Thomas H. , Matson Johnny L.
Published: September 2011

The aggressive-disruptive behaviors of hitting and crying were eliminated in two young children by an overcorrection procedure. The components of the procedure were examined for their relative effectiveness and the amount or intensity of the overcorrection training was explored.
Educational Orientations of Faculty: Assessing a Personality Model of the Academic Professions
Authors: Morstain Barry R. , Smart John C.
Published: September 2011

This study examined faculty educational orientations and values in the context of Holland's personality and vocational choice model. Faculty ( N = 237) completed the Faculty Orientations Survey and were assigned to a personality group based on Holland's theory. One-way analyses of variance across Holland-type groups generated significant Fs on each subscale. Tukey's HSD a posteriori comparisons yielded significant group differences on various educational “purpose and process” dimensions of the survey, with individuals in Holland's Social and Artistic groups tending to form one cluster and individuals in the Realistic and Investigative groups forming another. Faculty educational orientations were judged to be generally congruent with the salient personality needs and characteristics of respective Holland groups. Discussion centered on the rationale for assessing faculty attitudes in areas critical to an institution's responsiveness to changing educational conditions, and the importance of theoretical models in these efforts.
A Factor Analytic Investigation of a Community Mental Health Center Population
Authors: Kilmann Peter R. , Combes Joan M.
Published: September 2011

Using factor analysis, this study investigated whether any relationships existed among 23 demographic variables derived from the admission records of the 336 patients admitted to a community mental health center during its first year of operation. Length of stay and source of referral correlated with psychotic disorders and personality disorders, respectively. Residence and age, and income were related to marital status. The implications of these findings for the functioning of the treatment center were discussed.
The Personal Orientation Inventory: A Study of Internal Consistency
Authors: Wise George W.
Published: September 2011

To assess the internal consistency of the Personal Orientation Inventory, 218 public school teachers (K—12) from a northeastern state were administered the inventory. Using the K-R 20 and the split-half methods, values and ranges were comparable to those previously reported. Prior estimates of the stability and internal consistency of the inventory are presented for comparison. The Inner Direction scale, in particular, is stable and internally consistent in all studies.
Relatedness of Married Couples' Scores on ‘Adorno’ Type Tests
Authors: Kirton Michael
Published: September 2011

Researchers have been surprised and nonplussed by finding unexpectedly weak relationships between dogmatism and personal attraction. The present study of 64 married couples finds significant correlations between the scores of spouses on the Dogmatism Scale and on four other closely related tests, implying a clear positive relationship between dogmatism and personal attraction.
Discussion of Similarity of Client and Therapist
Authors: Ross Michael B.
Published: September 2011

Studies assessing the effect of similarity of client and therapist on the process or outcome of therapy have produced inconclusive results. Many have reported at least one finding that similarity has no effect. After examining the literature, it appears that several important variables have not been considered. These may be critical in explaining the operation of similarity in the therapeutic relationship. Suggestions for research are offered.
Analysis of Love Relationships in Functional and Dysfunctional Marriages
Authors: Fiore Anthony , Swensen Clifford H.
Published: September 2011

35 functional and 35 dysfunctional married couples were compared for their expression of love in their marital relationship. The two groups were differentiated on whether they sought help for marriage problems and on the number and severity of problems they had in their marriages. There was little difference between the two groups in their expectations of expression of love in marriage but the functional married couples expressed significantly more love than did the dysfunctional couples. The differences between the two groups were particularly great in the expression of affection and in providing moral support and encouragement for each other.
Some Evidence Relating to Convergent Validity of Form B of Coopersmith's Self-Esteem Inventory
Authors: Bedeian Arthur G. , Zmud Robert W.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the convergent validity of the recently developed short form of Coopersmith's Self-esteem Inventory. The inventory and the Adjective Check List were administered to 172 male and 85 female university students. Correlations of scores on the inventory and the Adjective Check List scales for Self-confidence, Exhibition, and Change displayed a mixed pattern. All three ACL scales were significantly related to the inventory for males, but only the Exhibition scale was significantly related for females. In all instances, the correlations were low, or at best moderate. These findings were not interpreted as demonstrating strong support for the convergent validity of the inventory.
Vocational Interest and Personality Correlates of Differential Abilities
Authors: Turner Robert G. , Hibbs Clarence
Published: September 2011

Based upon the proposal of Yonge and Regan (1975) that the six Holland vocational groups show different patterns of abilities, the vocational interest correlates of differential combinations of abilities were investigated. From the Scholastic Aptitude Test scores of a sample of 412 college freshmen, three ability groups were created: (1) verbal greater than mathematical, (2) verbal equal to mathematical, and (3) mathematical greater than verbal. Based on responses to the Vocational Preference Inventory and 16 PF, significant differences in group means were found on scales related to artistic interests. For both sexes the highest scores on these scales were made by the high verbal-low mathematical group.
The Ontario Problem Assessment Battery for Alcoholics
Authors: Freedberg Edmund J. , Scherer Shawn E.
Published: September 2011

Normative data for the Ontario Problem Assessment Battery for alcoholics are reported. Results indicate that the battery's content and scaling do not show ceiling effects for either 172 alcoholics or 68 of the spouses. (Ns vary over measures.) Both groups report moderate severity of problems in social coping skills and general lifestyle-related areas.
Power as a Function of Office Space and Physiognomy: Two Studies of Influence
Authors: Durand Douglas E.
Published: September 2011

Although the use of power is one of the most pervasive facts of personal and organizational life, relatively few studies have been reported which focus directly on this topic. This study tested two hypotheses: organizational power is associated with office size and interpersonal power is associated with predominant facial features. Analyses of data from three organizations strongly supported the first hypothesis. In the second study, 99 subjects ranked, according to perceived power, nine composite pictures in which two facial features were varied. The results did not support the second hypothesis.
Causative vs Predictive Models of Therapists' Expectancies: A Further Evaluation
Authors: Martin Paul J. , Sterne Arthur L. , Lindsey Carole J.
Published: September 2011

A recent study provided evidence that therapists' expectancies predict but do not cause improvement in schizophrenic patients. Expectancies of clinicians who had no contact with the patients studied were as closely linked to patients' improvement as expectancies of therapists who treated the patients. It was suggested that training and experience of the clinicians, who were provided with summaries of hospital admissions in lieu of patient contact, enabled them to recognize prognostic signs and thus predict improvement with their expectancies. The present study expanded on these findings. Untrained and inexperienced college students were given the same summaries from which they formed and reported expectancies for improvement in the same schizophrenic patients. Their expectancies were less efficient as prognosticators than expectancies of therapists and clinicians but nevertheless yielded approximately 50% significant predictions across 30 measures of patients' improvement. The results are interpreted as supporting the predictive model of therapists' expectancies.
Performance on Multi-Dimensional Concept-Identification Tasks: Using Eight Dimensions, Three-Value, Nonverbal and Verbal Stimuli
Authors: Friedman Will J. , Stelling Barry M. , Gibson Perry A. , Phelan Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

Behavior described by hypothesis theory was investigated using multi-dimensional concept-identification tasks. 25 undergraduate students were given 8 experimental problems (4 nonverbal and 4 verbal) after a brief training. The two sets of problems, each with 1, 2, 3, and 4 dimensions (each with a singular value) in common with a sample card, were counterbalanced and randomly given. No significant differences for nonverbal and verbal stimuli were found. More students tended to employ parallel rather than serial processing of dimensions, although comparison of these groups showed no significant difference in performance. Times to solution and errors to solution were functions of students' sex. These results are interpreted as conforming to hypothesis theory, as being congruent with Neisser's (1964) findings as well as suggesting that men are less willing to state hypotheses through a greater fear of failure.
Further Study of the Validity of the Death Concern Scale
Authors: Klug Leo , Boss Marvin
Published: September 2011

In a previous article it was concluded that Dickstein's Death Concern Scale was a measure of two components, the conscious contemplation of death and the negative evaluation of death. In this study, factor analyses of 2 sets of data from church-going adults support this conclusion. To clarify the nature of these components Templer's Death Anxiety Scale and a set of questions about acceptance of death were administered to the same subjects. The results support the contention that negative evaluation and death anxiety are very similar constructs. The nature of conscious contemplation is less clear.
Husband-Wife Helping-Relationships: The “Mental Hygiene” Function in Marriage
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Weir Tamara
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationships between several correlates and consequences of the husband-wife helping-relationship. 189 husband-wife pairs provided information about several aspects of their: experienced stress, their informal helping-relationship, and their satisfactions and well-being. Effective husband-wife helping-relationships were signficantly related to the quality of life of the marital partners.
Comparison of Accuracy in Five Measures of Stress
Authors: Richardson John H. , Keeling Marvin R.
Published: September 2011

36 Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to stress by immersion, erratic photoperiod and crowding for 28 days. Control and experimental animals were sacrificed and the thymus, spleen, adrenals, testis, and pituitary were removed and their weights were recorded as a ratio of organ weight to body weight. The pituitary was the most accurate measure of stress according to Z scores.
Interpersonal Attitudes of Suicidal Individuals
Authors: Nelson Vickie Lee , Nielsen Elwin C. , Checketts Keith T.
Published: September 2011

This study compared differences in the way in which 63 suicidal and 56 nonsuicidal persons in therapy reported their relations to other people on the FIRO-B, and the Sociability and Tolerance scales from the California Personality Inventory. Suicidal and nonsuicidal groups performed significantly differently on three scales, Wanted Affection, Sociability, and Tolerance. There was a significant interaction on Wanted Affection between suicidal status and sex. Suicidal persons showed a preference for less social involvement and a lower level of tolerance for others. Suicidal males expressed more affection than suicidal females while nonsuicidal males expressed less affection than nonsuicidal females. Suicidal individuals, both males and females, and nonsuicidal females obtained much higher wanted affection scores than did nonsuicidal males. Implications of these findings regarding the nature of the personality needs of suicidal males and females were discussed.
Increasing Specialization and Isolation of Applied Behavior Analysis within Behavior Modification
Authors: Barling Julian
Published: September 2011

The increasing specialization and isolation of applied behavior analysis, a particular methodological stance within behavior modification, is examined. Implications from the results, which provide some support for this trend, are discussed.
Do School Psychologists Continue to Operate Out of a Narrow Tester-Reporter Model in Spite of Recommendations to Change?
Authors: Leva Richard A. , Rywick Thomas
Published: September 2011

This research explored assumptions that school psychologists operate out of a narrow tester-report writing model, fail to consult with teachers, and are restricted in their role. The members of the New York State Association of School Psychologists were mailed a survey designed to test these assumptions. While the results should be viewed as exploratory and tentative due to the geographical limitations of the sample, the data obtained did not appear to support these assumptions: 85% indicated freedom in role performance, and 100% indicated some type of consultation regarding psychological findings. The average time spent testing and report writing was 40%, and this was viewed as less than indicating a narrow tester-report writing role.
Evaluation of Apprenticeship Teaching in Higher Education
Authors: Meredith Gerald M. , Bub Daniel N.
Published: September 2011

To a special 20-item rating instrument, constructed to evaluate the performance of teaching assistants in the classroom, responses of 2258 undergraduate students in social science and humanities courses were intercorrelated and factored. Three oblique factors were identified: Relational Impact, Classroom Organization, and Learning Outcomes. The instrument may be used to assess instructional impact and/or diagnose areas of strength and weakness in apprenticeship teaching.
Dimensions of Examinees' Response to the Rorschach: An Empirical Synthesis
Authors: Dana Richard H. , Hinman Suki , Bolton Brian
Published: September 2011

An empirical update of a 1960 review of Rorschach factor analytic studies was done by using 13 previous factor analytic studies which yielded 65 factors derived from a variety of subject populations. The Rorschach scores defining these factors were recoded into a 30-category system. Relationships among factors were assessed by the number of common defining categories. Principal components analysis was used to condense this matrix to the primary dimensions of variation followed by Varimax rotations. A 10-factor solution was considered a sufficient representation of major dimensions. Tentative and similar interpretations of these 10 factors were couched in terms of both Rorschach's and Eysenck's personality theories.
Note on “Context Effect” and Free-Operant Avoidance Behavior
Authors: Roberts A. E.
Published: September 2011

The avoidance behavior of 11 rats was observed following a change in the stimulus context of training. Following 75 90-min. sessions, the lever was moved from a right-side to a center-wall position. Avoidance performance was severely disrupted in the first session following the lever-change but had recovered by the fifth session.
Concurrent Validity of a Personality Test as a Predictor of Industrial Job Success
Authors: Kao Henry S. R. , Berkstresser Dorie L.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between industrial workers' production records and personality traits in an industrial setting to establish the concurrent validity of a personality test. Certain scales of the Runner Studies of Attitude Patterns (1970) correlated well with work performance of 15 molders and 10 trimmers from a factory making pharmaceutical closures. Specific traits needed in the applicants for the position of machine operators are noted. Some particular differences in traits for the two job classifications are discussed.
Cognitive Complexity and the Affective Stimulus Values of Photographed Faces
Authors: Sappenfield Bert R. , Fisher Jane
Published: September 2011

25 male and 25 female college students rank ordered 14 photographs of male faces from least liked to most liked and then rated the 4 least liked and the 4 best liked photographs on 10 scales, according to the procedure described by Bieri, Atkins, Briar, Leaman, Miller, and Tripoldi (1966). For both sex groups and for two types of scores, cognitive complexity was significantly greater for ratings of least liked photographs than for ratings of best liked photographs.
Effects of P.E.T. on Authoritarian Attitudes toward Child-Rearing in Parents and Non-Parents
Authors: Mitchell Jeananne , McManis Donald L.
Published: September 2011

Changes in authoritarian attitude toward child-rearing were examined in 13 women who received standard Parent Effectiveness Training (P.E.T.), 13 who only read the P.E.T. book, or 15 who did neither. Both parents and non-parents receiving P.E.T. expressed significantly less authoritarian attitudes on the posttest, while in the book-reading group only parents showed a comparable significant change. Parents receiving P.E.T. showed significantly greater changes than non-parents receiving P.E.T.; and, non-parents receiving P.E.T. did not change significantly more than parents who only read the P.E.T. book.
Assignment of Responsibility for Marital Conflict to Husbands and Wives: Sex Stereotypes or a Double Standard?
Authors: Kleinke Chris L.
Published: September 2011

Male and female students from three universities were asked to rate how much conflict in six areas of marriage is caused by the husband and how much conflict is caused by the wife. It was concluded that both males and females still hold to the stereotype of assigning responsibility for conflict in housekeeping to wives and responsibility for conflict in family finances to husbands. Males in one sample showed a double standard by blaming wives more than husbands for over-all conflict in marriage. Females were equal in over-all attribution of marital conflict to husbands and wives.
Duration of Exposures to a Conspecific and Social Inhibition of Operant Behavior in Japanese Quail
Authors: Deni Richard
Published: September 2011

Though there are a theory of social facilitation and research data which suggest behavior will be enhanced in the presence of a conspecific, social inhibition of operant behavior does occur reliably in Japanese quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica). Key pecking was assessed in 10 adult male quail during a series of episodes where a conspecific was either visible or not visible to the subject and each episode was either 10 sec., 60 sec. or 120 sec. in duration. Results indicated that consistent significant inhibition of responding occurred as a function of visual exposure to the companion; responding during sessions where durations of exposure were short (either 10 or 60 sec.) was significantly lower than that where durations were 120 sec., and interactions between the duration of exposure and visibility of a companion indicated that differences in duration were largely related to increased responding in the 120-sec. condition when the companion was not visible. There parametric findings serve further to define the conditions under which a conspecific can be a stimulus controlling learned behavior.
Self-Selection of Diet by Hispid Cotton Rats (Sigmodon Hispidus)
Authors: Harriman Arthur E.
Published: September 2011

Dietary requirements of hispid cotton rats were studied by the self-selection of diet method. A subject pool of 46 animals was required to provide 10 males and 10 females which adjusted successfully to the feeding plan. Subsequently a mash devised on the basis of self-selection data fed naive subjects more efficiently than did a commercial chow. Consequently dietary self-selections by the successful selectors, while possibly nonrepresentative for the species, may provide a suitable maintenance ration for captives.
Inner-Centeredness of Highly Creative Adolescents
Authors: Poole Millicent E. , Williams A. J. , Lett W. R.
Published: September 2011

The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking were administered to 1,000 metropolitan sixth-graders from whom 4% were selected as being “highly creative.” Miller's tests for locus of control and of evaluation were also given to this latter group and to a control group. Significant differences on the locus of evaluation measure were found between the “high creatives” and a control group, but the differences between the groups were not significant on the measure of locus of control. Although the predicted relationship between creativity and an internal locus of evaluation appeared to be supported, the extent to which the original tests had been successful in selecting people with creative ability was questioned.
Effects of Manipulation of Examination Grades on Locus of Control Beliefs
Authors: Doyle Douglas , Mendel Raymond M. , Layne C. Clinton , Shiek David A.
Published: September 2011

Subjects enrolled in three classes of a lower level psychology course, all taught by the same instructor, were administered Rotter's Locus of Control questionnaire. Approximately 1 mo. later the subjects took a regularly scheduled examination over course material. At the first class session after the examination, the instructor informed one class that all had performed very poorly on the examination and another class that they had all done very well. The third class was not told of their examination results. All three classes were readministered the Locus of Control questionnaire, and after completion of this were given the true results of their examination. The changes in the scores from pretest to posttest on the Locus of Control questionnaire were analyzed and no significant differences were found. This finding does not support previous research.
Perceptual Defensiveness and Death Anxiety
Authors: Fleming S. J.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between the extent of defensive responding on a perceptual recognition task and score on the Handal death anxiety scale. The results did not confirm the hypothesis that perceptually defensive respondents (those with elevated thresholds for death words as opposed to neutral words) would tend to have lower scores on the death anxiety inventory. Additional research into multilevel criteria of death anxiety is suggested along with improving the internal consistency of the Handal death anxiety scale.
Therapeutic Effects of Psychological Testing
Authors: Verinis J. S. , Espindola E.
Published: September 2011

12 patients were assessed before and after receiving a projective test battery and 12 were assessed before and after an intellectual cognitive test battery. Patients' self-reports, nurses' ratings, and doctors' ratings were used. When compared with a group of 10 patients who did not receive any tests, more short-term behavioral change was noted in these patients receiving tests.
Effects of Methylphenidate on Acquisition and Subsequent Performance of Successive Discrimination Reversals
Authors: Handley George W.
Published: September 2011

20 rats were trained to bar press for sucrose solution in the presence of one of two stimulus conditions. On each of 6 daily training sessions the reward value of the stimuli was reversed. 20 min. prior to the second reversal, the subjects received an i.p. injection of either isotonic saline, 2 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, or 8 mg/kg of methylphenidate. The performance of drugged subjects was superior on Reversal 2. In the 2 mg/kg condition this effect persisted over Reversals 2 to 6, indicating that more than a transient performance effect was induced by drug administration. A second study using 16 subjects was conducted to ascertain additional information relative to the effects of the 2 mg/kg dose on short- and long-term performance. Results supported the contention that this dose level, when administered during early training, produces long-term enhancement of problem solving.
Children's Causal Ascriptions for Positive and Negative Interpersonal Outcomes
Authors: Ames Russell , Ames Carole , Garrison Wayne
Published: September 2011

This experiment assessed how children of high and low social status in the classroom attributed the causes of positive and negative interpersonal outcomes for themselves and others. 80 fourth, fifth, and sixth grade children ( n = 40 males and 40 females) were classified as high or low social status using a sociometric technique. Subjects were asked to attribute the causes of 24 written descriptions of positive and negative interpersonal outcomes. Children of high status tended to attribute the causes of positive outcomes internally and negative ones externally, while lows were more external for positive and internal for negative outcomes. Children of high status tended to view the causes of their own and another's behavior for positive outcomes congruently, whereas lows acted according to the Jones and Nisbett (1971) actor-observer bias. Implications were made for the cognitive correlates of social interaction.
Non-Cognitive Variables Related to Performance in Navy “A” Schools
Authors: Hoiberg Anne , Booth Richard F. , Berry N. H.
Published: September 2011

15 items from a background information questionnaire, administered to 7,929 students at the beginning of an occupational training program, were used as predictors of performance in 9 Navy “A” schools. The sample of students within each specialty was divided into validation and cross-validation subsamples; basis for this division was the criterion of 8 successive levels of final grade average or disenrollment from school. Although the multiple regression composite consisted of different variables for each specialty, the most significant predictors included: level of schooling prior to enlistment, choosing the specialty by oneself, being knowledgeable about work done in that rating group, and responding that the assignment was congruent with one's abilities and interests. In addition to increasing the multiple correlations in these subgrouping analyses, these non-cognitive variables would probably be quite useful for classification and recruiting personnel.
Life Changes, Stereotyping, and Age Identification
Authors: Keith Pat M.
Published: September 2011

The influence of life changes and stereotypes of old age on age identity was examined among 169 subjects 65 yr. or over. Negative stereotypes of old age were only weakly associated with a self-definition as old and were less important than life changes in determining age identification.
Freshman Withdrawal from College: An Empirical Examination of the Usefulness of “Autopsy Studies”
Authors: Timmons Frank R.
Published: September 2011

“Autopsy studies” are investigations in which students are asked at their time of withdrawal from college why they are leaving. Some authors (2, 4) have questioned the usefulness of these studies, noting that withdrawing students may tend to downplay their true problems and overemphasize more socially desirable reasons for leaving. Moreover, previous “autopsy studies” have not used any comparison groups to check to see whether continuing students had the same difficulties as withdrawers but chose to remain in college. The present study rectifies these two major problems of “autopsy studies” by interviewing withdrawers at least several months after withdrawal and by comparing their responses on a follow-up questionnaire with the responses of a random sample of continuers. The results do, indeed, indicate that continuers have significantly more problems in a number of areas than do the withdrawers but choose not to withdraw despite these problems.
Covert Discrimination Training: An Experimental Test of the Assumed Functional Equivalence between Covert and Overt Conditioning Procedures
Authors: Small Maurice M.
Published: September 2011

This study experimentally evaluated the assumed functional equivalence between covert and overt conditioning procedures by determining whether a discriminative stimulus for a yawning response could be developed by using only imaginal, covert conditioning procedures. Two groups of 5 (6 men and 4 women) were tested. The results strongly supported the assumed functional equivalence and suggested that covert conditioning procedures may be used by the subjects themselves.
Current Deprivation, Maintenance Schedule, and Reaction to Food
Authors: Maples Ernest G. , Haraway Maury M. , Newbery James
Published: September 2011

The study compared the effects of current deprivation (hours since feeding) and maintenance schedule (hours per day fed) on the responsiveness to food. The subjects were 30 Holtzman rats assigned to three groups. Response measures were latency-to-eat and amount eaten in 1 min. Only maintenance schedule was shown to be significant. This result is consistent with previously demonstrated effects of these variables on food reinforcement and with theoretical views of Sheffield, Denny, and Premack.
Effects of a Brief Period of Handling on Activity of Rats
Authors: Ades César , Broadway Nilce A. S.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the effects of handling as a factor distinct from environmental novelty, adult rats were subjected to a brief period of handling in their own home cages. In one group handling was preceded by a signaling tone; in another group tone and handling were not paired. Handling elicited similar, clear-cut increases in activity in both groups and lost some of its effect with repeated presentations. No significant changes in activity during the signal which could be attributed to the tone-handling contingency were found.
Sex-Role Stereotypes, Models' Race, and Imitation
Authors: Harris Mary B.
Published: September 2011

To determine how sex-role stereotypes mediate the influence of a model, 136 male and female shoppers heard a male or female, black or white model, who was identified as a nurse or television repairman, make unrealistically high estimates of the prices of objects, supposedly for a consumer survey. The objects, some of which were sex-stereotyped, were a bottle opener, pliers, thermometer, football magazine, and recipe holder. When subjects were asked to estimate prices, a larger modeling effect than in a no-model control group was found, and black models were imitated less than white models. Estimates of the nurse for the thermometer, of the female model for the recipe holder, and of the male model for the pliers tended to be imitated more, and female subjects imitated price estimates for the pliers more than did males. There was also a tendency for the price guesses of male models to be remembered better. The results suggested that imitation by adults in this situation was mediated not so much by gender per se as by the subject's expectations of the model's knowledge of the specific behaviors to be imitated.
Order Effects in Consensus Information and Causal Attributions
Authors: Kassin Saul M.
Published: September 2011

84 subjects read about an aggression experiment in which the target actor delivered severe shocks to a confederate. Two other participants in the same session behaved either aggressively (high consensus) or not aggressively (low consensus) and delivered their shocks either before or after the target actor. Causal attributions to the actor, the confederate, and the circumstances were obtained. Significant order effects and an interaction of consensus × order suggested that order is important when consensus is presented sequentially.
Self-Disclosure among Police and College Students
Authors: Gewirtz David , Parker L. Craig , York Michael W.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between self-disclosure and Criminal Justice personnel was studied. The subjects were Criminal Justice, Arts and Science, and Business undergraduate students. All subjects were given Jourard's Self-disclosure Scale. Subjects were asked to indicate their disclosure to four target persons: mother, father, male friend, and female friend. When analyzed in three separate repeated measures of analyses of variance data suggested no significant differences between Criminal Justice majors and the other college groups on self-disclosure. However, Criminal Justice majors with no police experience or little police experience disclosed more than Criminal Justice majors with extensive police experience. Older respondents disclose significantly less than do younger respondents.
Effects of Ionized Air on Early Acquisition of Sidman Avoidance Behavior by Rats
Authors: Falkenberg Virginia , Kirk Roger E.
Published: September 2011

This research investigated the effects of positive and negative air ionization on the early acquisition of a Sidman (1953) avoidance response. The subjects were 20 male albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain. They were randomly assigned to ionization conditions and given 4 2-hr. acquisition sessions. The temporal parameters of the task were a response-shock interval of 20 sec. and a shock-shock interval of 5 sec. Shocks were delivered as 1-ma. pulses of 1 sec. duration. The results indicated that at the end of 4 2-hr. sessions the avoidance performance of rats trained in the presence of negative air ions was superior to that of rats trained in the presence of positive air ions.
Sex-Role Attitude as a Moderator in the Relationship between Locus of Control and N Achievement
Authors: Bedeian Arthur G. , Hyder Jeffery L.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between locus of control and n Achievement as moderated by Bem and Watson's (1976) recently reconceptualized measures of “masculinity,” “femininity,” and “androgyny.” The Bem (1974) Sex-role Inventory, Rotter (1966) Internal-External (I-E) Locus of Control Scale, and Mehrabian (1969) n Achievement Scale were administered to 130 male and 81 female university students. n Achievement and I-E scores were significantly and negatively correlated ( r = —.54, df = 32, p < .02) for androgynous females, indicating a tendency for n Achievement to increase as feelings of external control decrease. All other relationships were non-reliable. These findings were interpreted with regard to related empirical and theoretical issues in the literature.
Complexity of Logical Rule in an Abstract Conceptual Task
Authors: Harpur John G. E.
Published: September 2011

The experiment investigated the relative ease with which 30 adult human subjects in college could identify relevant attributes and rules relating them in a series of tasks in which five-dimensional truth tables were used as stimuli. The results indicated that two- and three-dimensional conjunctive concepts were attained as easily as simple concepts. Inclusive disjunctive concepts were more difficult, except when negation was involved. Subjects tended to solve disjunctive tasks by using conjunctive hypotheses and, rather than identify why some statements were true (which was the required response), they would specify the conditions which made the remaining statements false.
Accuracy of Feelings of Correctness on the WAIS and Binet
Authors: Rust James O. , Oster Gerald D.
Published: September 2011

Students learning to use assessment procedures are warned against offering feedback to clients. Research shows conflicting influences of knowledge of such results and has largely ignored the client's feelings of correctness. Data were collected to determine whether WAIS and Binet examinees were aware of the accuracy of their responses. Subjects were administered the tests and were asked to indicate whether they thought each of their answers was correct. Generally subjects knew whether their responses were correct. There was a significant correlation between the accuracy of such feelings of correctness and IQ but not between the self-knowledge and either age or sex.
Future Outlook and Psychopathology among Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Evans Ronald G. , Dinning W. David
Published: September 2011

The Future Outlook Inventory, Rotter I-E Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking, and MMPI were administered to 109 hospitalized psychiatric patients. Lowered future outlook was associated with external locus of control, increased levels of depression, state and trait anxiety, and disordered thinking and with increased elevations on 9 of 13 MMPI scales. Future outlook scores were not related to sex, age, education, or number of admissions.
First-Name Stereotypes and Expected Academic Achievement of Students
Authors: Nelson Susan D.
Published: September 2011

This study explored Garwood's hypothesis that the expected academic achievement of a student is influenced by the stereotype associated with the name assigned to that student. The given names of 24 students were randomly chosen from the upper and 24 from the lower 10% of a small college population. The list was given to the subjects (45 students and 30 teachers) who were asked to place each name either in the upper or lower group. The names included in the honor group received higher ratings by the subjects than those in the remedial group.
Sex Differences in Dimensions of Internal versus External Control
Authors: Dudley Gary E.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the dimensions of Rotter's internal-external control construct in 92 male and 108 female undergraduate college students. The findings contrast with others in that a sex difference in factor structure was observed. The confounding effects of the I-E inventory were brought into focus in viewing causality from a four element framework, as suggested by attribution theorists, as opposed to a two element causal model, assumed by Rotter.
Recall of Categorized Lists as a Function of Organization, Associative Frequency, Cues at Recall, and Inter-Trial Variability of Order
Authors: Sowder Calvin D.
Published: September 2011

10 subjects were randomly assigned to each cell of a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Lists of 10 categories with 8 items per category were learned and recalled. Significant effects in total word recall were observed for (a) associative frequency of category instances, (b) blocked vs random organization of category instances during acquisition, (c) category label cues vs no cues at recall, and (d) the interaction of associative frequency and cues at recall. Category label cues did not facilitate recall of low-frequency items but did facilitate recall of high-frequency items. High associative frequency and blocked organization of category instances both significantly increased words per category recalled. High associative frequency and category label cues at recall both significantly increased the number of categories recalled.