bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal exposure to airborne polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and risk of adverse birth outcomes
Authors: Kofoed Ane Bungum , Deen Laura , Hougaard Karin Sørig , Petersen Kajsa Ugelvig , Meyer Harald William , Pedersen Ellen Bøtker , Ebbehøj Niels Erik , Heitmann Berit Lilienthal , Bonde Jens Peter , Tøttenborg Sandra Søgaard
Published: August 2021

Human health effects of airborne lower-chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (LC-PCBs) are largely unexplored. Since PCBs may cross the placenta, maternal exposure could potentially have negative consequences for fetal development. We aimed to determine if exposure to airborne PCB during pregnancy was associated with adverse birth outcomes. In this cohort study, exposed women had lived in PCB contaminated apartments at least one year during the 3.6 years before conception or the entire first trimester of pregnancy. The women and their children were followed for birth outcomes in Danish health registers. Logistic regression was performed to estimate odds ratios (OR) for changes in secondary sex ratio, preterm birth, major congenital malformations, cryptorchidism, and being born small for gestational age. We performed linear regression to estimate difference in birth weight among children of exposed and unexposed mothers. All models were adjusted for maternal age, educational level, ethnicity, and calendar time. We identified 885 exposed pregnancies and 3327 unexposed pregnancies. Relative to unexposed women, exposed women had OR 0.97 (95% CI 0.82, 1.15) for secondary sex ratio, OR 1.13 (95% CI 0.76, 1.67) for preterm birth, OR 1.28 (95% CI 0.81, 2.01) for having a child with major malformations, OR 1.73 (95% CI 1.01, 2.95) for cryptorchidism and OR 1.23 (95% CI 0.88, 1.72) for giving birth to a child born small for gestational age. The difference in birth weight for children of exposed compared to unexposed women was − 32 g (95% CI—79, 14). We observed an increased risk of cryptorchidism among boys after maternal airborne LC-PCB exposure, but due to the proxy measure of exposure, inability to perform dose–response analyses, and the lack of comparable literature, larger cohort studies with direct measures of exposure are needed to investigate the safety of airborne LC-PCB exposure during pregnancy
Rationale, design and population description of the CREDENCE study: cardiovascular risk equations for diabetes patients from New Zealand and Chinese electronic health records
Authors: Liang Jingyuan , Pylypchuk Romana , Tang Xun , Shen Peng , Liu Xiaofei , Chen Yi , Tan Jing , Wu Jinguo , Zhang Jingyi , Lu Ping , Lin Hongbo , Gao Pei , Jackson Rod
Published: August 2021

The cardiovascular risk equations for diabetes patients from New Zealand and Chinese electronic health records (CREDENCE) study is a unique prospectively designed investigation of cardiovascular risk in two large contemporary cohorts of people with type 2 diabetes from New Zealand (NZ) and China. The study was designed to derive equivalent cardiovascular risk prediction equations in a developed and a developing country, using the same epidemiological and statistical methodology. Two similar cohorts of people with type 2 diabetes were identified from large general population studies in China and New Zealand, which had been generated from longitudinal electronic health record systems. The CREDENCE study aims to determine whether cardiovascular risk prediction equations derived in patients with type 2 diabetes in a developed country are applicable in a developing country, and vice versa, by deriving and validating equivalent diabetes-specific cardiovascular risk prediction models from the two countries. Baseline data in CREDENCE was collected from October 2004 in New Zealand and from January 2010 in China. In the first stage of CREDENCE, a total of 93,207 patients (46,649 from NZ and 46,558 from China) were followed until December 31st 2018. Median follow-up was 7.0 years (New Zealand) and 5.7 years (China). There were 5926 (7.7% fatal) CVD events in the New Zealand cohort and 3650 (8.8% fatal) in the Chinese cohort. The research results have implications for policy makers, clinicians and the public and will facilitate personalised management of cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes worldwide.
Alcohol consumption in relation to cardiovascular diseases and mortality: a systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies
Authors: van de Luitgaarden Inge A. T. , van Oort Sabine , Bouman Emma J. , Schoonmade Linda J. , Schrieks Ilse C. , Grobbee Diederick E. , van der Schouw Yvonne T. , Larsson Susanna C. , Burgess Stephen , van Ballegooijen Adriana J. , Onland-Moret N. Charlotte , Beulens Joline W. J.
Published: August 2021

The causal effects of alcohol-in-moderation on cardiometabolic health are continuously debated. Mendelian randomization (MR) is an established method to address causal questions in observational studies. We performed a systematic review of the current evidence from MR studies on the association between alcohol consumption and cardiometabolic diseases, all-cause mortality and cardiovascular risk factors. We performed a systematic search of the literature, including search terms on type of design and exposure. We assessed methodological quality based on key elements of the MR design: use of a full instrumental variable analysis and validation of the three key MR assumptions. We additionally looked at exploration of non-linearity. We reported the direction of the studied associations. Our search yielded 24 studies that were eligible for inclusion. A full instrumental variable analysis was performed in 17 studies (71%) and 13 out of 24 studies (54%) validated all three key assumptions. Five studies (21%) assessed potential non-linearity. In general, null associations were reported for genetically predicted alcohol consumption with the primary outcomes cardiovascular disease (67%) and diabetes (75%), while the only study on all-cause mortality reported a detrimental association. Considering the heterogeneity in methodological quality of the included MR studies, it is not yet possible to draw conclusions on the causal role of moderate alcohol consumption on cardiometabolic health. As MR is a rapidly evolving field, we expect that future MR studies, especially with recent developments regarding instrument selection and non-linearity methodology, will further substantiate this discussion.
Governmental goals and the international strategies of state-owned multinational enterprises: a conceptual discussion
Authors: Rygh Asmund , Benito Gabriel R. G.
Published: August 2021

State owned multinational enterprises (SOMNEs) have received extensive attention in recent research in international business and corporate governance, which demonstrates effects of state ownership on a range of international strategic decisions such as the degree of internationalization, foreign entry modes, and host country location choices. Such effects are explained by factors such as SOMNEs’ non-financial goals, corporate governance, and institutional pressures. However, results are mixed and context-dependent, and overall we still have an incomplete understanding of what governments aim to achieve through SOMNEs, and how these goals in turn lead to different international strategies. This conceptual article aims to explore how specific government goals may affect international strategies. We provide a more fine-grained view on SOMNE financial and non-financial goals and link them to key international strategic decisions such as the degree of internationalization, entry and establishment modes, and host country location choice. We review and extend previous literature and identify novel theoretical arguments, leading to an extensive set of propositions. We also sketch ideas for empirical studies of SOMNE objectives.
The Role of Chance in the Census Bureau Database Reconstruction Experiment
Authors: Ruggles Steven , Van Riper David
Published: August 2021

The Census Bureau plans a new approach to disclosure control for the 2020 census that will add noise to every statistic the agency produces for places below the state level. The Bureau argues the new approach is needed because the confidentiality of census responses is threatened by “database reconstruction,” a technique for inferring individual-level responses from tabular data. The Census Bureau constructed hypothetical individual-level census responses from public 2010 tabular data and matched them to internal census records and to outside sources. The Census Bureau did not compare these results to a null model to demonstrate that their success in matching would not be expected by chance. This is analogous to conducting a clinical trial without a control group. We implement a simple simulation to assess how many matches would be expected by chance. We demonstrate that most matches reported by the Census Bureau experiment would be expected randomly. To extend the metaphor of the clinical trial, the treatment and the placebo produced similar outcomes. The database reconstruction experiment therefore fails to demonstrate a credible threat to confidentiality.
Stability criteria for positive linear discrete-time systems
Authors: Glück Jochen , Mironchenko Andrii
Published: August 2021

We prove new characterisations of exponential stability for positive linear discrete-time systems in ordered Banach spaces, in terms of small-gain conditions. Such conditions have played an important role in the finite-dimensional systems theory, but are relatively unexplored in the infinite-dimensional setting, yet. Our results are applicable to discrete-time systems in ordered Banach spaces that have a normal and generating positive cone. Moreover, we show that our stability criteria can be considerably simplified if the cone has non-empty interior or if the operator under consideration is quasi-compact. To place our results into context we include an overview of known stability criteria for linear (and not necessarily positive) operators and provide full proofs for several folklore characterizations from this domain.
Friction of Metals: A Review of Microstructural Evolution and Nanoscale Phenomena in Shearing Contacts
Authors: Chandross Michael , Argibay Nicolas
Published: August 2021

The friction behavior of metals is directly linked to the mechanisms that accommodate deformation. We examine the links between mechanisms of strengthening, deformation, and the wide range of friction behaviors that are exhibited by shearing metal interfaces. Specifically, the focus is on understanding the shear strength of nanocrystalline and nanostructured metals, and conditions that lead to low friction coefficients. Grain boundary sliding and the breakdown of Hall–Petch strengthening at the shearing interface are found to generally and predictably explain the low friction of these materials. While the following is meant to serve as a general discussion of the strength of metals in the context of tribological applications, one important conclusion is that tribological research methods also provide opportunities for probing the fundamental properties and deformation mechanisms of metals.
The social marketing paradox: challenges and opportunities for the discipline
Authors: Akbar M. Bilal , Foote Liz , Lawson Alison , French Jeff , Deshpande Sameer , Lee Nancy R.
Published: August 2021

This paper contributes to emerging discourse about the ongoing challenges and opportunities of social marketing as a discipline. The paper presents a qualitative perspective on existing challenges faced by social marketing and offers suggestions for addressing these challenges. Nine semi-structured interviews with social marketing academics and practitioners from six different countries were conducted. Thematic analysis was used to analyse and interpret the qualitative data. The study provides insight into existing challenges for social marketing, classified into three key themes according to their position within or outside of the discipline: 1) poor branding of the discipline as an internal challenge, 2) competing disciplines as an external challenge, and 3) overall reach of the discipline, seen as both an internal and external challenge. The findings suggest that social marketing needs to overcome poor branding issues to sufficiently address external challenges. We conclude by arguing for a more robust marketing of the discipline. While scholars have identified the challenges and opportunities for social marketing as a discipline, they have paid little attention to examining these challenges from the viewpoint of expert practitioners and academics. This paper presents a nuanced contextual understanding of the identified challenges through a qualitative perspective and explores how social marketing can overcome these challenges.
Angraecum inflatum, a new species in Angraecinae (Orchidaceae) from Madagascar
Authors: Hermans Johan , Rajaovelona Landy , Cribb Phillip
Published: August 2021

A new species from Madagascar, Angraecum inflatum Hermans, is described and illustrated for the first time. It is compared with similar species from section Lemurangis. A preliminary conservation assessment is provided.
Fatal Case of a Contained Ruptured of the Infrarenal Aorta due to Simultaneous Primary Aortocaval Fistula and Aortoenteric Fistula
Authors: Ibrahim Abdulhakim , Marchiori Elena , Oberhuber Alexander , Usai Marco V.
Published: August 2021

We report an extremely rare case of primary aortocaval fistula with simultaneous development of an aortoenteric fistula in a 68-year-old man. The patient developed under oral anticoagulation a spontaneous intracaval aortic rupture. An emergency intervention was performed with a covering of the fistula with an aorto-uniiliac stent graft and a femoro-femoral crossover bypass. One week later, the patient was transferred to our institution with the diagnosis of a psoas abscess and a suspected concomitant aortoenteric fistula. We performed a complete explantation of the endograft and implanted it after extensive debridement an aortobiiliac bypass, made of bovine pericardium. The postoperative course was complicated, first by bleeding from the left iliac anastomosis, and then by bleeding from the proximal aortic anastomosis. The entire graft was explanted and an axillo-femoral bypass was implanted. The patient then developed a multi-organ failure and died 3 months later. If possible, an extended surgical debridement and resection of all infected tissue with in situ reconstruction is the gold standard. However, with this therapy, there is still a high risk of reinfection. Long-term antibiotic management is mandatory.
Early graft calcification without graft dysfunction after living donor liver transplantation: two case reports
Authors: Li Peilin , Hidaka Masaaki , Huang Yu , Hara Takanobu , Nagakawa Kantoku , Matsushima Hajime , Tanaka Takayuki , Adachi Tomohiko , Soyama Akihiko , Gu Weili , Kanetaka Kengo , Eguchi Susumu
Published: August 2021

Graft calcification after liver transplantation (LT) has seldom been reported, but almost of all previously reported cases have been attributed to graft dysfunction. We herein report two cases of graft calcification without liver dysfunction after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Two patients who underwent LDLT were found to have graft calcification in the early postoperative period (< 1 month). Calcification in the first case was found at the cut edge of the liver at post-operative day (POD) 10, showing a time-dependent increase in calcification severity. The second patient underwent hepatic artery re-anastomosis due to hepatic artery thrombosis on POD4 and received balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of the splenic kidney shunt due to decreased portal vein blood flow on POD6. She was found to have diffuse hepatic calcification in the distant hepatic artery area at 1-month post-operation followed by gradual graft calcification at the resection margin at 6-month post-operation. Neither case showed post-operative graft dysfunction. Calcification of the liver graft after LDLT is likely rare, and graft calcification does not seem to affect the short-term liver function in LDLT cases. We recommend strictly controlling the warm/cold ischemia time and reducing the physical damage to the donor specimen as well as monitoring for early calcification by computed tomography.
Stochastic approach to model spot price and value forward contracts on energy markets under uncertainty
Authors: Pawłowski Michał , Nowak Piotr
Published: August 2021

The paper deals with a model of electricity spot prices. The proposed dynamics of electricity spot prices is driven by a mean reverting diffusion with jumps having hyperexponential distribution. The analytical formula for the forward contract’s price is derived in a crisp case. Inasmuch as the model parameters are considered to be evaluated imprecisely, their fuzzy counterparts are introduced. With usage of the fuzzy arithmetic, the analytical expression for the forward contract’s price is derived. Several numerical examples highlighting attributes of the fuzzy forward electricity prices are brought out.
Human emotion modeling (HEM): an interface for IoT systems
Authors: Elkobaisi Mohammed R. , Al Machot Fadi
Published: August 2021

The use of IoT-based Emotion Recognition (ER) systems is in increasing demand in many domains such as active and assisted living (AAL), health care and industry. Combining the emotion and the context in a unified system could enhance the human support scope, but it is currently a challenging task due to the lack of a common interface that is capable to provide such a combination. In this sense, we aim at providing a novel approach based on a modeling language that can be used even by care-givers or non-experts to model human emotion w.r.t. context for human support services. The proposed modeling approach is based on Domain-Specific Modeling Language (DSML) which helps to integrate different IoT data sources in AAL environment. Consequently, it provides a conceptual support level related to the current emotional states of the observed subject. For the evaluation, we show the evaluation of the well-validated System Usability Score (SUS) to prove that the proposed modeling language achieves high performance in terms of usability and learn-ability metrics. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance at runtime of the model instantiation by measuring the execution time using well-known IoT services.
Valorization of secondary feedstocks from the agroindustry by selective catalytic oxidation to formic and acetic acid using the OxFA process
Authors: Ponce Sebastian , Wesinger Stefanie , Ona Daniela , Streitwieser Daniela Almeida , Albert Jakob
Published: August 2021

The selective oxidative conversion of seven representative fully characterized biomasses recovered as secondary feedstocks from the agroindustry is reported. The reaction system, known as the “OxFA process,” involves a homogeneous polyoxometalate catalyst (H8PV5Mo7O40), gaseous oxygen, p-toluene sulfonic acid, and water as solvent. It took place at 20 bar and 90 °C and transformed agro-industrial wastes, such as coffee husks, cocoa husks, palm rachis, fiber and nuts, sugarcane bagasse, and rice husks into biogenic formic acid, acetic acid, and CO2 as sole products. Even though all samples were transformed; remarkably, the reaction obtains up to 64, and 55% combined yield of formic and acetic acid for coffee and cocoa husks as raw material within 24 h, respectively. In addition to the role of the catalysts and additive for promoting the reaction, the influence of biomass components (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) into biogenic formic acid formation has been also demonstrated. Thus, these results are of major interest for the application of novel oxidation techniques under real recovered biomass for producing value-added products.

Graphical abstract
An MFV-based image processing filter and its application to seismic tomographic images
Authors: Dobróka Tünde Edit
Published: August 2021

In the tomographic reconstruction of seismic travel time data, care must be taken to keep the propagation of data errors to the model space under control. The non-Gaussian noise distribution—especially the outliers in the data sets- can cause appreciable distortions in the tomographic imaging. To reduce the noise sensitivity well-developed tomography algorithms can be used. On the other hand, the quality of the tomogram can further be improved by using image processing tools. In the paper, a newly developed robust filter is presented, in which the Most Frequent Value (MFV) method developed by Steiner is applied. To analyze the noise reduction capability of the new filter (called Steiner-filter) and to compare it to smoothing filters based on arithmetic- and binomial mean, as well as median, medium-sized tomographic images are used. The MFV-based filter is successfully tested also in edge detection procedures.
High-velocity impact behavior of hybrid fiber-reinforced epoxy composites
Authors: Stephen Clifton , Shivamurthy B. , Mourad Abdel-Hamid I. , Selvam Rajiv
Published: August 2021

In this study, non-hybrid and hybrid (Kevlar, carbon and glass) fabric epoxy composite laminates were fabricated with different stacking sequences by hand lay-up followed by hot-compression molding. Experimental tests were conducted to investigate tensile, flexural, and hardness characteristics. It was found that the stacking sequence did not significantly affect the tensile strength and hardness values of the composites; however, it affected their flexural strength. Damage morphology of the specimens through SEM images showed that the major damage mechanisms in the composites were delamination, fiber breakage, pull-out, and matrix cracking. Based on the static experimental results, the high-velocity impact behavior was investigated through simulation study using LS-DYNA finite element analysis (FEA) software. To study the ballistic impact, a steel projectile with a hemispherical penetrating edge at impact velocities of 100 m.s−1, 250 m.s−1, and 350 m.s−1 was considered. Among non-hybrid fabric epoxy composite specimens, Kevlar/epoxy specimen was found to have the highest impact energy absorption followed by carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy, respectively. Regarding the hybrid fabric epoxy composite specimens, the ones with Kevlar plies in the rear face exhibited better energy absorption compared to other stacking sequences. The non-hybrid glass/epoxy specimen had the lowest energy absorption and highest post-impact residual velocity of projectile among all specimens. From the FEA results, it was noted that impact resistance of hybrid composites improved when Kevlar fabric was placed in the rear layer. Thus, the stacking sequence was observed to be of substantial importance in the development of fabric-reinforced composite laminates for high-velocity impact applications.
Vibro-acoustic performance of steel–concrete composite and prestressed concrete box girders subjected to train excitations
Authors: Zhang Xun , Luo Hao , Kong Derui , Chen Tao , Li Xi
Published: August 2021

Owning to good mechanical properties, steel–concrete composite (SCC) and prestressed concrete (PC) box girders are the types of elevated structures used most in urban rail transit. However, their vibro-acoustic differences are yet to be explored in depth, while structure-radiated noise is becoming a main concern in noise-sensitive environments. In this work, numerical simulation is used to investigate the vibration and noise characteristics of both types of box girders induced by running trains, and the numerical procedure is verified with data measured from a PC box girder. The mechanism of vibration transmission and vibro-acoustic comparisons between SCC and PC box girders are investigated in detail, revealing that more vibration and noise arise from SCC box girders. The vibration differences between them are around 7.7 dB(A) at the bottom plate, 19.3 dB(A) at the web, and 6.7 dB(A) at the flange, while for structure-radiated noise, the difference is around 5.9 dB(A). Then, potential vibro-acoustic control strategies for SCC box girders are discussed. As the vibro-acoustic responses of two types of girders are dominated by the force transmitted to the bridge deck, track isolation is better than structural enhancement. It is shown that using a floating track slab can make the vibration and noise of an SCC box girder lower than those of a PC box girder. However, structural enhancement for the SCC box girder is extremely limited in effects. The six proposed structural enhancement measures reduce vibration by only 1.1–3.6 dB(A) and noise by up to 1.5 dB(A).
Distribution and modes of occurrence of uranium in coals of Eastern Yunnan, China
Authors: Wang Xin , Feng Qiyan , Meng Qingjun , Liu Fei , Cao Qihang , Liu Guijian
Published: August 2021

Uranium is an environmentally hazardous element, and is commonly present at trace levels (2.4 μg/g for world coals) in coal deposits. However, selected coal deposits could be highly enriched in uranium. In this study, 15 coal samples were collected from Eastern Yunnan coal deposits, China, aiming to characterize the distribution and the occurrence of uranium in those coals. In studied samples, uranium content varied from 0.36 to 8.28 μg/g, with an average value of 3.76 μg/g. Generally, uranium content in coals from northern coal mines (3.02 ± 2.44 μg/g, n = 5) were lower than it in southern coal mines (4.13 ± 2.30 μg/g, n = 10). Uranium in coal samples showed no obvious correlation with total sulfur, whereas was positively correlated with ash yield. The results of sequential chemical extraction procedure confirm that organic-bound is the dominant occurrence of uranium. The slight enrichment of uranium in studied coals was probably attributed to sedimentation processes, hydrological conditions and tectonic structure of the coal deposits.
Maximal $$L^q$$-Regularity for Parabolic Hamilton–Jacobi Equations and Applications to Mean Field Games
Authors: Cirant Marco , Goffi Alessandro
Published: August 2021

In this paper we investigate maximal $$L^q$$

L
q

-regularity for time-dependent viscous Hamilton–Jacobi equations with unbounded right-hand side and superlinear growth in the gradient. Our approach is based on the interplay between new integral and Hölder estimates, interpolation inequalities, and parabolic regularity for linear equations. These estimates are obtained via a duality method à la Evans. This sheds new light on the parabolic counterpart of a conjecture by P.-L. Lions on maximal regularity for Hamilton–Jacobi equations, recently addressed in the stationary framework by the authors. Finally, applications to the existence problem of classical solutions to Mean Field Games systems with unbounded local couplings are provided.
Entrepreneurial Beliefs and Agency under Knightian Uncertainty
Authors: Westgren Randall E. , Holmes Travis L.
Published: August 2021

At the centenary of Frank H. Knight’s Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit (1921), we explore the continuing relevance of Knightian uncertainty to the theory and practice of entrepreneurship. There are three challenges facing such assessment. First, RUP is complex and difficult to interpret. The key but neglected element of RUP is that Knight’s account is not solely about risk and uncertainty as states of nature, but about how an agent’s beliefs about uncertain outcomes and confidence in those beliefs guide their choices. Second, RUP is Knight’s only effort in this area. His subsequent career led elsewhere, so he did not engage with subsequent interpretations of this work. Third, much of the current literature emphasizes that decisions must be different under the two states of nature with a consequent misunderstanding of entrepreneurial agency. This paper addresses each challenge in sequence. First, we explicate Knight’s (1921) approach and explain why that approach is murky. Second, as a complement to Knight’s interpretation, we examine Frank P. Ramsey’s approach to subjective probabilities to help clarify Knight’s murky approach. What links Knight and Ramsey is a shared pragmatism about entrepreneurial agency under uncertainty that depends upon the beliefs about, and confidence in, their judgments of possible outcomes. This Knight-Ramsey approach does not require actor’s behaviors to be determined by the class of uncertain environment (whether risk, uncertainty, or ambiguity) they face. We focus on the response by the entrepreneur to the existence of uncertainty in all its forms. We argue that this reductive account provides a foundation to examine common problems in management, including managerial hubris, the interaction between entrepreneurs and venture capitalists, and the need for experimentation (such as prototyping and market research) in advance of new product and venture launches. Third, we critique current literature that favors epistemic purism about the ontology of risk and uncertainty and ignores Knight-Ramsey pragmatism in meeting uncertainty, such as using formal and informal institutions for uncertainty mitigation. Our account locates Frank Knight’s subtleties in entrepreneurial behavior firmly in the literature on entrepreneurial agency a century later.
Bidirectional relationship between parental psychological control and adolescent maladjustment
Authors: Yu Xiaoxia , Fu Xinyuan , Yang Zhixu , Zhang Mei , Liu Xiaolan , Fu Yufeng , Lv Yichen
Published: August 2021

Introduction

This study explores the longitudinal and bidirectional relations between paternal/maternal psychological control and adolescent maladjustment (i.e., internalizing symptoms, aggression, and association with deviant peers).

Methods

This longitudinal investigation was conducted at two time points over a one‐year interval with participants comprising 543 Chinese adolescents aged 10 to 13 (mean age at Time 1 = 11.29; 51.93% girls). The performed measurements encompassed paternal/maternal psychological control, adolescent internalizing symptoms, aggression, association with deviant peers, and demographic information.

Results

The findings of a cross‐lagged model analysis revealed that paternal psychological control was longitudinally and positively related to adolescent internalizing symptoms and aggression. Maternal psychological control was not significantly related to any domain of adolescent maladjustment. In turn, adolescent association with deviant peers was longitudinally and positively associated with both parents’ psychological control.

Conclusions

Parental psychological control was bidirectionally associated with adolescent maladjustment in general, and paternal psychological control played a crucial role on adolescent maladjustment in the Chinese cultural context. The study's findings supported the reciprocal model of parent–child interaction, and extended it by highlighting the apprehension of the characteristics of parental impact from a cultural perspective. The study results add to the current scholarly understanding of parental psychological control in the non‐western cultural context.
Linear-model-based estimation in wall turbulence: improved stochastic forcing and eddy viscosity terms
Authors: Gupta Vikrant , Madhusudanan Anagha , Wan Minping , Illingworth Simon J. , Juniper Matthew P.
Published: August 2021

We use Navier–Stokes-based linear models for wall-bounded turbulent flows to estimate large-scale fluctuations at different wall-normal locations from their measurements at a single wall-normal location. In these models, we replace the nonlinear term by a combination of a stochastic forcing term and an eddy dissipation term. The stochastic forcing term plays a role in energy production by the large scales, and the eddy dissipation term plays a role in energy dissipation by the small scales. Based on the results in channel flow, we find that the models can estimate large-scale fluctuations with reasonable accuracy only when the stochastic forcing and eddy dissipation terms vary with wall distance and with the length scale of the fluctuations to be estimated. The dependence on the wall distance ensures that energy production and energy dissipation are not concentrated close to the wall but are evenly distributed across the near-wall and logarithmic regions. The dependence on the length scale of the fluctuations ensures that lower wavelength fluctuations are not excessively damped by the eddy dissipation term and hence that the dominant scales shift towards lower wavelengths towards the wall. This highlights that, on the one hand, energy extraction in wall turbulence is predominantly linear and thus physics-based linear models give reasonably accurate results. On the other hand, the absence of linearly unstable modes in wall turbulence means that the nonlinear term still plays an essential role in energy extraction and thus the modelled terms should include the observed wall distance and length scale dependencies of the nonlinear term.
The Super-Predator Effect: How Negative Targeted Messages Demobilize Black Voters
Authors: Stout Christopher , Baker Keith
Published: August 2021

This article assesses whether messages that are framed to denigrate a politician or political entity in the eyes of a particular group – defined here as negative targeted messages – decreases Blacks' enthusiasm to vote. It also explores why such messages are effective at demobilizing Black voters. Using a survey experiment implemented on a nationally representative sample, the authors find that Blacks are less enthusiastic about voting when presented with evidence of racism within their preferred political party. Whites and Latinxs do not respond similarly to the same stimulus. The findings also demonstrate evidence that the effectiveness of negative targeted messages towards Blacks is driven by the treatment's ability to alter perceptions of party empathy. Overall, the results suggest that targeted negative messages can be effective at depressing Black turnout. However, parties may be able to counter this negative messaging with evidence of outreach to minority communities to demonstrate a greater sense of empathy.
Perspectival usages of French past time verbal tenses: an experimental investigation
Authors: Grisot Cristina , Blochowiak Joanna
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we carried out two experimental studies to investigate whether verbal tenses, in their perspectival usages, give access to the speaker’s perspective. Study 1 is an annotation study in which annotators evaluated corpus excerpts as expressing situations or narrating events in a subjective or objective way. We manipulated access to the verbal tense: half of the annotators saw the tense of the verbs, and half saw only infinitive forms of the verbs. Study 2 is a self-paced reading experiment in which we examined how native speakers of French process utterances with the Passé Simple when it is preceded byaujourd’hui(semantic incompatibility solved pragmatically by perspective-taking),hier(semantic and pragmatic compatibility) anden ce moment(semantic incompatibility which cannot be solved pragmatically). The results of Study 1 suggest that the subjective interpretation of an utterance is not triggered by its verbal tense. Study 2 questions the idea that perspective-taking is a component of speaker’s subjectivity. In general, our experimental findings do not support the hypothesis that verbal tenses give access to speaker’s subjectivity, a theoretical hypothesis which has never before been directly experimentally tested.
Use of Naloxone in 9-1-1 Patients without Respiratory Depression in Los Angeles County, California (USA)
Authors: Jenkins Colin , Levine Michael , Sanko Stephen , Kazan Clayton , Thomas Caroline E. , Eckstein Marc
Published: August 2021

Introduction:

Along with an increase in opioid deaths, there has been a desire to increase the accessibility of naloxone. However, in the absence of respiratory depression, naloxone is unlikely to be beneficial and may be deleterious if it precipitates withdrawal in individuals with central nervous system (CNS) depression due to non-opioid etiologies.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to evaluate how effective prehospital providers were in administering naloxone.

Methods:

This is a retrospective study of naloxone administration in two large urban Emergency Medical Service (EMS) systems. The proportion of patients who had a respiratory rate of at least 12 breaths per minute at the time of naloxone administration by prehospital providers was determined.

Results:

During the two-year study period, 2,580 patients who received naloxone by prehospital providers were identified. The median (interquartile range) respiratory rate prior to naloxone administration was 12 (6-16) breaths per minute. Using an a priori respiratory rate of under 12 breaths per minute to define respiratory depression, only 1,232 (47.8%; 95% CI, 50.3%-54.2%) subjects who received naloxone by prehospital providers had respiratory depression.

Conclusion:

This study showed that EMS providers in Los Angeles County, California (USA) frequently administered naloxone to individuals without respiratory depression.
Financial openness, bank capital flows, and the effectiveness of macroprudential policies
Authors: Jin Hao , Xiong Chen
Published: August 2021

This paper quantitatively examines the macroeconomic and welfare effects of macroprudential policies in open economies. We develop a small open economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model, where banks choose their funding sources (domestic vs. foreign deposits) and are subject to financial constraints. Our model predicts that banks reduce leverage in response to a macroprudential policy tightening, but increasingly rely on foreign funding. This endogenous shifts of funding composition significantly undermine the stabilizing effect and welfare gains of macroprudential policies. Our results also suggest macroprudential policies are less effective in financially more open economies, and optimal policy should take capital flows into consideration. Finally, we find empirical support for the model predictions in a group of developing and emerging economies.
Estimating the FOMC’s interest rate rule with variable selection and partial regime switching
Authors: Check Adam
Published: August 2021

When studying the Federal Open Market Committee’s (FOMC’s) interest rate rule, some authors, such as Gonzalez-Astudillo [(2018) Journal of Monetary, Credit, and Banking 50(1), 115–154.], find evidence for changes in inflation and output gap responses. Others, such as Sims and Zha [(2006) American Economic Review 96(1), 54–81.], only find evidence for a change in the variance of the interest rate rule. In this paper, I develop a new two-regime Markov-switching model that probabilistically performs variable selection and identification of parameter change for each variable in the model. I find substantial evidence that there have been changes in the FOMC’s response to the unemployment gap and in the volatility of the rule. When the FOMC responds strongly to the unemployment gap, I find a bimodal density for the inflation response coefficient. Despite the bimodal density, there is a low probability that there have been changes in the FOMC’s response to inflation.
Smarter Medicine in der stationären Allgemeinen Inneren Medizin: Wo stehen wir?
Authors: Baumgartner Christine , Aujesky Drahomir
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung. Als Reaktion auf die zunehmende Evidenz für Überdiagnostik und Übertherapie wurde in der Schweiz analog zu «Choosing Wisely» 2014 die Bewegung «Smarter Medicine» lanciert. Für die stationäre Innere Medizin wurde von «Smarter Medicine» eine Top-5-Liste diagnostischer Tests oder Therapien mit nachteiligem Nutzen-Risikoverhältnis identifiziert. Dazu gehören 1. der Verzicht auf repetitive Blut- oder Röntgenuntersuchungen ohne spezifische Fragestellung, 2. das Vermeiden von Blasenkathetern bei Inkontinenz, falls dies lediglich dem Komfort oder dem Urinmonitoring bei nicht-kritisch Kranken dient, 3. das Beschränken auf die minimal notwendige Transfusionsmenge, 4. die Förderung der Mobilisation bei älteren Patienten sowie 5. der Verzicht auf Benzodiazepine und andere Sedativa zur Therapie von Insomnie und Agitation bei älteren Patienten. Der folgende Artikel diskutiert die Rationale für diese Empfehlungen und gibt eine Übersicht über die entsprechenden Interventionen, welche in der Schweiz und anderswo in der Zwischenzeit implementiert wurden.
Enhancing Community Suicide Risk Assessment and Protective Intervention Action Plans Through a Bystander Intervention Model-Informed Video
Authors: Hill Karien , Schwarzer Ralf , Somerset Shawn , Chouinard Philippe A. , Chan Carina
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Aim: The effects of a bystander intervention model (BIM)-informed intervention (video) for the general community on participant risk of suicide assessment ability (ROSAA) and protective intervention ability (PIA) were compared with an active control (non-BIM-informed video). Method: Video interventions with 628 participants ( Mage = 47.99, SDage = 17.34, range = 18–85 years) were conducted online. ROSAA and PIA were assessed immediately preintervention, postintervention, and at 2 months follow-up ( n = 126). Results: Linear mixed model analyses indicated that the experimental and control conditions improved on both outcome variables postintervention/Time 2 (T2); however, the former yielded better outcomes than the latter (moderate ESs in both variables). Follow-up/Time 3 (T3) experimental ROSAA scores were higher than Time 1 (T1) and lower than T2 scores. Follow-up experimental PIA scores were higher than T1 and lower than T2 scores. Follow-up control ROSAA scores were higher than those of T1 and similar to T2. Follow-up control PIA scores were similar to T1 and T2 scores. Limitations: Limitations of the study include: sample homogeneity, small n at follow-up, self-report data only (no observable behavior was tested), fair inter-rater reliability, and a brief follow-up time frame. Conclusion: Current community information increased ROSAA and PIA. A BIM-informed intervention significantly enhanced these effects, which seemed to wane somewhat over time with the effect being lower at follow-up compared with postintervention. The BIM should be explored further as a basis for community suicide prevention interventions.
Volume and Heat Transport in the South China Sea and Maritime Continent at Present and the End of the 21st Century
Authors: Samanta Dhrubajyoti , Goodkin Nathalie F. , Karnauskas Kristopher B.
Published: August 2021

Ocean transports through the Southeast Asian Seas connect the western tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans, thereby exerting an important role in regional and global climate. High‐resolution regional ocean model simulations over the South China Sea (SCS) and maritime continent are used to study the mean and seasonally varying thermohaline structure and volume transport through the straits surrounding the SCS. Diversity in the vertical structure of these straits is not only indicative of the role of widely varying bathymetry but also strong seasonality associated with monsoonal currents. The presence of a Pacific water mass in intermediate and deep layers of the Luzon Strait points to a key pathway between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Further, examining a suite of global, high‐resolution model simulations reveals the projected changes in the regional upper ocean transports due to anthropogenic radiative forcing by the end of the 21st century. The global models predict an increase in heat and volume transport through the Luzon and Karimata Straits, and a decrease thereof through the Makassar and Lombok Straits by the end of the century. Overall, these changes impute additional net convergence of heat and volume in the SCS, a significant reduction of sea surface salinity and mixed layer depth, and an increase in the upper‐ocean heat content of the region. As the SCS serves as a regional heat capacitor and is impacted by the global thermohaline circulation locally via Indonesian Throughflow, these predicted changes have the potential to impact climate over the Indo‐Pacific region and globally.
Linking Dominant Rainfall‐Runoff Event Hydrologic Response Dynamics With Nitrate and Chloride Load Estimates of Three Boreal Shield Catchments
Authors: Ross C. A. , Casson N. J. , Tenuwara M.
Published: August 2021

Understanding hydrological dynamics in boreal Shield catchments is critical for projecting changes in stream runoff and chemistry in a region that is, sensitive to climate change. Previous work has mostly focused on a limited number of events over one or a few seasons because of the relative scarcity of high‐frequency datasets and automated tools for rainfall‐runoff event delineation. For the boreal region, a greater understanding of seasonality in hydrologic response and solute export related to rainfall‐initiated events is needed, as significant shifts in hydrologic regimes from climate change are expected. This study aimed to help resolve these knowledge gaps by assessing event‐scale hydrologic response dynamics and stream loads of nitrate and chloride using long‐term data from three boreal Shield catchments. Hydrometric and stream chemistry data from 2001 to 2018 were analyzed to delineate rainfall‐runoff events and estimate event nitrate and chloride loads. Event hydrologic response and loads were highly variable, especially with respect to catchment runoff initiation. Only subtle differences in hydrologic response dynamics were observed between summer and fall events, while seasonal differences in event nitrate and chloride loads were most statistically significant. Interestingly, a wide range of rainfall‐runoff events classified by response magnitude and timing was associated with differences in nitrate and chloride export. This study further confirms the utility of long‐term high‐frequency datasets and illustrates the need for additional work to further assess long‐term changes in event‐based hydrologic response and stream solute concentrations in the boreal region.
Coulomb Stress Modeling and Seismicity in the Western Himalaya, India Since 1905: Implications for the Incomplete Ruptures of the Main Himalayan Thrust
Authors: Parija Mahesh Prasad , Kumar Sushil , Tiwari V. M. , Biswal Shubhasmita , Biswas Arkoprovo , Velliyidathu Arjun
Published: August 2021

The along‐strike terminations of seismic ruptures on the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT), western Himalayan segment, due to four earthquakes of magnitude (Mw) ≥ 6.6 in 1905–2019 are investigated using the Coulomb failure criterion. For the 1975 Kinnaur earthquake (Mw 6.8), stress perturbations are controlled by the secondary fault structures, which generated stress heterogeneities within the study area and have limited the mainshock rupture propagation in the NW‐SE direction along strike, impeding the rupture to reach the Himalayan front. The ramp geometry of the MHT played a significant role during the 1991 Uttarkashi and 1999 Chamoli earthquakes, inhibiting the seismic ruptures from accelerating toward the surface. Besides, the geometry marks the presence of complex Lesser Himalayan duplexes, which accumulates the resultant coseismic stress from the two earthquakes. The Coulomb stress modeling of the studied earthquakes suggests a lateral increase in stress interactions along the strike for the 1905 Kangra, the 1991 Uttarkashi, and the 1999 Chamoli events and across the strike for the 1975 Kinnaur earthquake in the western Himalaya. Finally, we infer that the tectonic loading of the MHT dominates the present‐day stress perturbations in the western Himalaya.