bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards Innovative Occupational Health and Safety Regulation
Authors: Gunningham Neil
Published: March 2007

This article examines the possibilities for designing efficient and effective occupa tional health and safety regulation for those enterprises that are not 'best practice' performers. In relation to this group, the article focuses on three main ways in which current regulatory approaches might be substantially improved: the allocation of regulatory resources; strategies for inspection and enforcement; and the use of manage ment systems and legislation to control contractors and suppliers. It identifies weak nesses in current arrangements, and it argues the case for adopting a number of regulatory reforms and innovations drawing from experience internationally, or on recent and important developments in regulatory theory, and on approaches constructed during the course of this research. Particular emphasis is placed on innovations such as focused inspections, the use of audit services, and the use of principal contractors as surrogate regulators. The article is concerned with improving the design, administra tion and enforcement of occupational health and safety legislation.
Focus on the CNN Effect Misses the Point: The Real Media Impact on Conflict Management is Invisible And Indirect
Authors: Jakobsen Peter Viggo
Published: March 2007

`[Television] has changed the way the world reacts to crises', Boutros Boutros-Ghali, then United Nations (UN) Secretary-General (Gowing, 1994a).

The media ignores most conflicts most of the time. The coverage of the pre- and post-violence phases is negligible at best and only a few armed conflicts are covered in the violence phase. As focus and funds follow the cameras, the 1990s have witnessed a transfer of resources from more cost-effective, long-term efforts directed at preventing violent conflict and rebuilding war-torn societies to short-term emergency relief. Selective media coverage also contributes to an irrational allocation of short-term emergency relief because coverage is determined by factors other than humanitarian need. This invisible and indirect media impact on Western conflict management is far greater than the direct impact on intervention and withdrawal decisions that the debate over the CNN effect focuses on.
The Long Peace of ASEAN
Authors: Kivimäki Timo
Published: March 2007

According to the constructivist theory of liberal democratic peace, intersubjective social realities are often more important in the construction of pacific unions of interstate peace. In order to demonstrate the importance of social construction rather than objective matters as a source of peace, previous studies have discussed cases where democracies appear to have fought one another. This article, instead of showing how objective factors fail to contribute to liberal democratic peace if the intersubjective consensus is lacking, shows how the intersubjective consensus about the common interests, norms, and identity has contributed to the interstate peace among the illiberal non-democracies of Southeast Asia. The long peace among the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in 1968-94 is compared to the bellicose period of the Malaysian confrontation, when most of the objective bases for the perception of common interests, common commitment to democratic procedures and liberal norms, and institutional restraints on war were arguably stronger than during the long peace. The intention is to show how even the political elite groups of illiberal non-democracies can manipulate the social consciousness for the purpose of creating a pacific union, similar to the one which has been socially constructed by liberal democracies. At the same time the study provides indirect support for the constructivist theory of liberal democratic peace.
The Global Sources of Regional Transitions from War to Peace
Authors: MILLER BENJAMIN
Published: March 2007

This article examines the global sources of regional transitions from war to peace in two types of region: unstable (war-prone) and stable (not war-prone). I argue that the sources of regional hot wars are regional and domestic rather than global. Similarly, the possibility of reaching a high-level `warm peace' (i.e. conflict resolution) depends on regional and domestic forces. Accordingly, there is only limited influence of competing great powers on stable regions which are not war-prone. Yet, global factors can make a difference with regard to unstable war-prone regions depending on the type of great-power engagement. The great powers can bring about a lower level of `cold peace' through conflict reduction if the great-power intervention in war-prone regions is hegemonic or cooperative. If, however, the type of great-power regional engagement is competitive, then the great powers play a permissive or even aggravating role with respect to the local violence in such regions. At the same time, great-power competition can bring about regional-war termination, which, in the absence of effective conflict resolution or peacemaking, leads to a regional cold war. Great-power hegemony or concert can also increase the likelihood of a transition to warm peace in stable regions, especially if they are populated by young democracies. The article applies the thesis to regional-war termination by the superpowers in the Middle East during the Cold War era. I also discuss the effects of US hegemony on the emergence of cold peace in the Middle East. The pacifying effects of great-power concert and hegemony were also shown in another war-prone region - the Balkans during the 19th and 20th centuries. Finally, both the contribution of international factors to regional peace, and the limitations of this contribution, can be seen in the post-World War II transition of Western Europe to warm peace.
The Outcomes of Military Buildups: Minor States vs. Major Powers
Authors: SAMPLE SUSAN G.
Published: March 2007

Virtually all of the empirical work concerning the general impact of mutual military buildups on the escalation of militarized disputes to war addresses the impact of these buildups on major states. Given the fact that better data are available now than when many of the first studies were conducted, the empirical question of whether the escalation of disputes between major and minor states follows similar patterns is addressed here. This also avoids the problem of our assuming that major states reflect the whole system, without systematic evidence that indicates that such an assumption is valid. The study builds upon earlier work by looking at the consequences of military buildups for all Militarized Interstate Disputes, and examines the effects for different classes of disputes (those between major states, those between minor states, and mixed disputes). The findings indicate that we cannot simply generalize from major state experiences to minor state relations: there are clear patterns of escalation, and there are definite commonalities and distinct differences in these patterns. Mutual military buildups increase the chance of escalation for both major and minor state disputes, but not for mixed disputes. Territorial disputes are much more likely to escalate than other types of disputes under virtually all circumstances. And it appears that the period after World War II is truly different from previous eras. There is no pattern of escalation among major states, and the patterns of escalation in the two other classes of disputes are substantially altered after the war. The author argues that in order to explain both similarities and differences, it is necessary to refrain from placing theoretical approaches in direct opposition to each other. Rather, we must look at the interplay between objective threat, cognitive psychology, and the impact of constructivism on both our theory and practice in politics.
Influencing the Decision Makers: The Vietnam Experience
Authors: Small Melvin
Published: March 2007

Although much has been written about foreign policy dissent in the United States, little is known about the relative effectiveness of dissenting tactics. Using evidence from the author's larger study of the impact of the anti-Vietnam War movement on Johnson and Nixon, this paper describes how dissenting opinion reached the Oval Office and those activities that were most likely to attract serious attention from the presidents and their advisors. During the Vietnam War period, mass demonstrations, letter writing, public petitioning, and face-to-face meetings with officials all captured administration attention. At times, dissenting activities, especially several large demonstrations, played a central role in the formulation of American foreign policy. In general, however, decision makers reacted unpredictably and sometimes irrationally to criticism. Consequently, foreign policy protesters were wise in employing all of the traditional forms of dissenting activities since all, at one time or another, reached their targets.
Economic Incentives and International Cooperation: Technology Transfer to the People's Republic of China, 1978-86
Authors: LONG WILLIAM J.
Published: March 2007

Long-term, economic incentive programs are a more pervasive feature of international relations than is generally appreciated. This article examines a recent incentive program - US technology transfer to the People's Republic of China - to determine its role in fostering bilateral cooperation (policy adjustment by one state to facilitate the goals of another) and in contributing to international peace and stability. The initial findings suggest that economic incentives can be a qualified success in achieving cooperation between the sender and target state largely through conditioning the environment in a manner that improves the possibility of goal attainment for both parties. In the broader international context, economic incentives are neither per se stabilizing nor destabilizing. As with any exercise of power, economic incentives or rewards carry the possibility of improving chances for peace or the possibility of destabilizing international relations, depending upon the situation in which they are introduced and the manner in which they are executed.
Military Spending in the USSR: A Reconsideration
Authors: Gonchar Ksenia
Published: March 2007

This essay discusses the reasons for some of the major problems in estimating the costs and burden of Soviet and Russian military efforts. It is argued that the traditional approaches to the topic, lacking strong systemic and institutional context, have supplied inadequate indicators. Moreover, most of the difficulties of reconsideration originate from the general distortion of statistical and informational institutions, peculiarities of the defence budgeting and procurement system, which make defence expenditures a weak indicator of Soviet defence efforts. The author seeks to identify alternative evaluations presented in some recently published books and discusses prospects for studying the Russian defence economy. Though most of the suggested methods have to be treated with caution, they may prove useful in conjunction with other indicators and aimed more at analysing trends than presenting precise figures.
Peace among Democratic and Oligarchic Republics
Authors: Weart Spencer R.
Published: March 2007

A list was compiled of virtually all significant military confrontations between republics throughout history. By including regimes only marginally republican, some forty cases were found from ancient Greece to the 1990s; about half of these had significant combat. Detailed historical investigation of each case reveals consistent patterns. A striking lack of wars between well-established democracies prevailed not only among modern states but also among earlier regimes commonly described as democracies, for example in medieval Switzerland. A historically more numerous class of republic is the oligarchies, where those in power hold equal rights but deny such rights to other important groups (e.g. South Africa). Remarkably, oligarchies scarcely ever made war on other regimes of their own type. Oligarchies did commonly fight democracies. It also appears that both types of republic, unlike all other regimes, have tended to form durable peaceful leagues among themselves. These reliable and general observations are not consistent with explanations solely in terms of institutional structures, but they can be understood in terms of domestic political culture. Leaders who negotiated with fellow citizens as equals invariably treated foreign leaders in the same non-violent manner, provided that they perceived the foreigners too as political equals.
Threat and Repression: The Non-Linear Relationship between Government and Opposition Violence
Authors: GARTNER SCOTT SIGMUND , REGAN PATRICK M.
Published: March 2007

An understanding of the causes of political repression has continually eluded researchers for the past decade. We argue that much of this can be tied to the theoretical specifications of the models employed. We developed a decision-theoretic model that predicts the level of repression used by governments to suppress political opposition. We believe that analysis of repression needs to include the political contexts in which states operate. In particular, we theorize and find that the nature of the threat posed by an opposition group influences the impact of both the domestic and international factors on the government's decision to repress. We argue that the international and domestic costs associated with a given level of government repression are best represented by separate, non-linear functions of the level of demand made by a dissident opposition group. From this model we deduce an equilibrium level of repression for any given demand; we then empirically test these predictions against original data generated from 18 Latin American countries during the years 1977-86. We find that as the nature of the threat posed by an opposition group moves from minor to extreme, the marginal increment of government repression decreases. Analyses of these data support our theoretical propositions, and suggest that both non-linear approaches and the inclusion of opposition group demands provide a useful tool for studying state repression.
Conflict Resolution among Peaceful Societies: The Culture of Peacefulness
Authors: BONTA BRUCE D.
Published: March 2007

The literature about 24 peaceful peoples was examined to determine if their ways of conflict resolution differ from the approaches to conflict found in other, more violent, societies. While the strategies for managing conflicts employed by these peoples are comparable to those used in many other small-scale societies, their worldviews of peacefulness and the structures they use to reinforce those world-views do distinguish them from other societies. Several common notions about conflict and conflict resolution that are asserted by Western scholars can be questioned in light of the success of these societies in peacefully resolving conflicts: namely, that violent conflict is inevitable in all societies; that punishment and armed force prevent internal and external violence; that political structures are necessary to prevent conflicts; and that conflict should be viewed as positive and necessary. The contrary evidence is that over half of the peaceful societies have no recorded violence; they rarely punish other adults (except for the threat of ostracism); they handle conflicts with outside societies in the same peaceful ways that they approach internal conflicts; they do not look to outside governments when they have internal disputes; and they have a highly negative view of conflict.
The Nordic Area as a `Zone of Peace'
Authors: ARCHER CLIVE
Published: March 2007

Is the Nordic area a `zone of peace'? This article divides the concept into five elements: (1) intrastate war, (2) interstate war, (3) military intervention by outside forces, (4) military intervention by forces within the region in areas outside and (5) the overall expectations of peace within the region. Each of the elements are examined empirically and the article concludes that the Nordic area is indeed such a zone. The emergence of a zone of peace in an area which historically has seen a great deal of domestic and international war is explained by a combination of outside factors, such as the strategic importance of the area, and internal factors, such as the legitimacy of the government and the homogeneity of the population. Three broad considerations emerge from the study. Firstly, the link between democracy and peace has reinforced the Nordic peace as all the countries concerned have grown into stable democracies. Secondly, higher levels of gender equality within the Nordic countries may have also had a beneficial effect in terms of preventing violent conflict. And lastly, peaceful conflict resolutions has been accepted as the sole legitimate means of solving conflicts within the Nordic area, and this has had a marked effect on the foreign policies of the countries in the region.
Determinants of China's Military Expenditures: 1965-93
Authors: Sun Qian , Yu Qiao
Published: March 2007

China's military expenditures are of great concern to many. Although numerous articles have been written on this subject, little empirical work has been conducted to identify the determinants of China's military expenditures. This article fills this void by empirically showing that China's GNP, its rivals' military expenditures, its border wars with neighboring countries, and its leadership's preferences are likely determinants of China's military expenditures. Specifically, using the ACDA data, this study indicates that China's military expenditures are positively influenced by China's GNP, its rivals' military expenditures, and China's lagged military expenditures during the period 1965-93. In addition, the change in the Chinese leadership's top priority from preparing for war to economic development after 1979 has a negative impact on China's military expenditures, but the border wars with the Soviet Union and Vietnam do not have a significant impact. Similar results are obtained by using official Chinese data. This suggests that the difference between the official Chinese data and the ACDA data may be systematic so that the relationship between China's military expenditures and their determinants are qualitatively the same regardless of which dataset is used.
Nuclear Deterrence in the Developing World: A Game-Theoretic Treatment
Authors: Kraig Michael R.
Published: March 2007

There has been an increasing debate over the consequences of proliferation and the viability of deterrence in the newly-nuclear states, with the scholarly community generally splitting into two opposed and mutually exclusive groups. One set of scholars believes in the efficacy of deterrence and thus tends to favor proliferation, while another loose grouping of research efforts questions the viability of deterrence in the developing countries. The former group has generally pitched its arguments at an abstract level (primarily through non-formal research), while the latter group has based its critiques on specific countries or on subtopics within the theory of deterrence (such as the fragility of command and control systems). This article is an attempt to synthesize and formalize the key questions and concepts of this debate through both a literature review and a game model of complete and perfect information that allows for crisis escalation at the conventional and nuclear levels of conflict. After noting several logical inconsistencies in the extant pro-proliferation and pro-deterrence research, the article resolves many of the key issues through a formal study of the interactions between threat credibility, threat capability, and the dynamics of escalation. The results show some severe weaknesses in the pro-proliferation school: nuclear blackmail is still a possibility in dyads that experience asymmetric proliferation or in dyads where threat credibility at the nuclear level favors one side; nuclear weapons generally fail to bridge the gap left by incapable conventional forces; and status quo stability is intimately tied to variations in preference orderings, even when both sides possess capable nuclear threats. Contrary to the findings of the pro-proliferation school, deterrence between developing countries is neither simple nor preordained.
A Meta-Analysis of Corrections-Based Education, Vocation, and Work Programs for Adult Offenders
Authors: WILSON DAVID B. , GALLAGHER CATHERINE A. , MacKENZIE DORIS L.
Published: March 2007

Corrections-based education, vocation, and work programs are a major rehabilitative component of our correctional system. Recent reviews of the research literature raise doubt about the effectiveness of these programs in reducing recidivism. This study meta-analyzed the recidivism outcomes of 33 independent experimental and quasi-experimental evaluations of education, vocation, and work programs and found that program participants recidivate at a lower rate than nonparticipants. The generally weak methodological character of these studies, however, prevents attributing this observed effect on criminal behavior to the activities of the programs. Future evaluative research in this area could be strengthened through the incorporation of theoretical links between the program activities and future criminal involvement and through designs that control for self-selection bias beyond basic demographic differences.
Significant Adults, Caretakers, and Structures of Opportunity: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Rivera Ramon J. , Short James F.
Published: March 2007

During the Chicago study of "Street Corner Groups and Pat terns of Delinquency," adolescent boys (gang and nongang lower- class, and middle-class) were asked to nominate adults with whom they were in regular contact. Family members were ex cluded from nomination and the resulting rosters of adults, many of whom were local community residents, were included in a program of personal interviews.

This article is a first report on these interviews and focuses on patterns of adolescent-adult relations in the communities under study. Particular attention is given to the fashion in which adults operate to shape the social and economic opportunities that youngsters will encounter. There are marked differences in this regard among the groups of adults studied. Adults close to gang boys are less likely to express concern for the life chances of boys they know and they are less likely to be sought out by the boys for advice in handling problems that the boys have encountered in school.
Delinquent Gangs in Cross-Cultural Perspective: the Case of Cordoba
Authors: Defleur Lois B.
Published: March 2007

As part of a larger study, sixty-three "hard-core" juvenile offenders were interviewed in Cordoba, Argentina, concerning the nature and characteristics of their gangs. The delinquents discussed their activities quite freely. These gangs were relatively small; many did not have a clearly established leader; and membership was generally open to any boy who was vouched for and who engaged in the group's activities. The gangs supported subcultures which included deviant activities, argots, strong interests in sports, and fighting with boys from other neighbor hoods. The most frequent lawbreaking activity was theft. Most stolen items were used or sold and the proceeds were spent on movies, drinking, and girls. This pattern can be called the instrumental-theft subculture. In comparison with U.S. delin quent subcultures it was found that: Cordoba's gangs did not engage in vandalism or stealing for nonutilitarian reasons. There was little contact with adult criminals. Fighting was only one of many gang activities and conflict was not an end in itself. Drug use was virtually absent. In short, the theoretical formulations developed in the United States by American students of delin quency do not seem to describe the gangs under study.
An Effort to Identify Assault-Prone Offenders
Authors: Sarbin Theodore R. , Wenk Ernst Albert , Sherwood David W.
Published: March 2007

The hypothesis that assaultive offenders have a higher "access- ordering" of the primary instrument of violence, the hand, was confirmed. A modification of Wagner's projective Hand Test correctly classified over 73 per cent of a sample of assaultive offenders and matched nonassaultive offenders. When the Wagner Hand Test was used as one predictor and the So Scale of the CPI as another, all assaultive offenders were correctly identified but 27 per cent of the nonassaultive offenders were misclassified (false positives). Results of using disjunctive criteria. suggest utility of such testing procedures for selecting specific kinds of parolees (assault-prone) for specific kinds of parole programs (violence prevention) in spite of the number of false positives produced.
Organizational Boundaries, Inmate Roles, and Rehabilitation
Authors: Rabow Jerome , Elias Albert
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to evaluate rehabilitation programs by focusing upon the transactions at the boundaries of an organiza tion and upon the social roles of delinquent boys. The social roles are examined before and shortly after the boys enter a treatment organization to determine whether inmates reproduce their delinquent, community social roles in the rehabilitative organization and whether these roles are modified as part of the treatment. The research demonstrates that inmates reproduce delinquent social roles within the treatment organization and that these roles, over time, are subsequently modified. Differences in the amount of modification and kind of duplication for gang and non-gang delinquents suggest that different organizational structures can inhibit or facilitate deviant community roles.
The Crime-Specific Model: A New Criminal Justice Perspective
Authors: Wormeli Paul K. , Kolodney Steve E.
Published: March 2007

The objectives of the criminal justice system are ambiguous and often conflicting. Attempts to improve law enforcement, on the one hand, and the administration of justice, on the other, result in an impasse which prohibits optimization of the operation of the system.

Therefore, quantitative analysis is almost always based on one of two conceptual models: the process model or the component model. This paper introduces a third conceptualization which is described as the crime-specific model.

The crime-specific perspective approaches criminal justice prob lems by considering subproblems categorized according to type of offense. This framework should facilitate planning and action in criminal justice. More pragmatic goals about specific crimes could be set and the evaluation of the achievement of these goals would be more direct. New concepts of organization throughout the system would be produced and the management of day-to-day operations would be streamlined.

In order for the crime-specific perspective to be used, two con ditions must exist. First, the circumstances surrounding the com mission of the offense and the characteristics of the offender must be measurably different for each offense category. Second, these differences must remain stable over time and across juridictions. This paper explores the extent to which events and offenders meet these constraints.

1S. E. Kolodney, P. L. Patterson, D. Daetz, and R. L. Marx, A Study of the Characteristics and Recidivism Experience of California Prisoners, Volume I: Summary Report, (San Jose, California: Public Systems Incorpo rated, February, 1970).

2Newly committed to prison excludes pa role violators returned, but permits offend ers to have had prior prison commitments. 3The number of new felony admissions during the years 1960-1968 for whom full data were available.

4 F α = 4.49 and Fn = 8.53 correspond to 95 and 99 percent confidence points on the F-distribution. These are common values for statistical tests.
Criminal Differentiation and Occupational Differentiation
Authors: Gibbs Jack P. , Short James F.
Published: March 2007

In view of the shortcomings of sociological theories on crime and deviance this paper urges a research strategy aimed at the discovery of empirical regularities. As one such example, data from Uniform Crime Reports and the U.S. Census are used to study the relation of criminal differentiation to age and occupa tional differentiation. Criminal differentiation is high among the young, decreasing until the early thirties and then increasing. That is, individuals in the late teens tend to be arrested for of fenses that are relatively rare in other age groups. The increase in criminal differentiation after age 30 does not reach the high levels of the late teens. Criminal differentiation and occupational differentiation are found to be directly related for two census years, 1950 and 1960. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Applications of Crime Seriousness Information in Police Departments
Authors: Heller Nelson B. , McEwen J. Thomas
Published: March 2007

This article describes the use of crime seriousness information in police operations. It is based on a project at the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department funded by the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. Eight weeks of crime information were coded using the Sellin-Wolfgang seriousness index. Statistics were then derived which quantified the seriousness of the various categories of crimes. Several applications were investigated based on the crime seriousness data. These included (1) case assignment to detectives, (2) allocation of patrol per sonnel, and (3) determination of the size and location of patrol beats. Finally, areas for future research involving the use of crime seriousness data are presented.
Problems with the Use of Regression Analysis in Prediction Studies
Authors: Palmer Jan , Carlson Paul
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the basic assumptions which must be met before linear regression techniques can be applied with maximum effectiveness. Starting with an intuitive explana tion of simple regression, the article proceeds to a discussion of more complex models which have applications in criminal justice research.

Using this discussion as a background, it is shown that linear regression models which predict events with only two out comes violate two basic assumptions. Several alternative methods of dealing with this problem are examined, and one method, a multivariate logistic model, is used to estimate the probability of recidivism based on data provided by the Michigan Department o f Corrections.
Prison Officers' Attitudes and Perceptions of Attitudes
Authors: Kauffman Kelsey
Published: March 2007

Connecticut prison officers exhibit substantial misperception of the beliefs and attitudes of their fellow officers. On each of eight hypothetical conflict situ ations, officers perceive their colleagues as being less sympathetic to inmates and treatment than they report themselves to be. Officers who hold sympa thetic attitudes are likely to see themselves as isolated from the officer group, whereas officers holding attitudes unsympathetic to inmates and treatment tend to view themselves as in the mainstream of opinion, regardless of the ma jority view. In addition, officers tend to perceive unanimity among their col leagues even when consensus is lacking. These findings have implications for officers and for public policy regarding prisons.
Race and Economic Marginality in Explaining Prison Adjustment
Authors: WRIGHT KEVIN N.
Published: March 2007

A common theme found in the prison literature suggests that blacks, because of their experience in the modern urban ghetto, are more resilient to the pains of incarceration. Ghetto life supposedly socializes the individual to engage in self-protection against the hostile social environment of the slum and the cold and unpredictable prison setting. Two images of the male black inmate are found in the literature: Carroll describes the black prisoner as tough, domineering, and aggressive, while Johnson suggests that he is strong, stoic, and unmoved by pressure. A review of the empirical research about race and adjustment reveals that support for either of these images is mixed. Using multiple indicators of distress and aggressive behavior, this study finds that, with the exception of self-inflicted injury, blacks and whites experience incarceration similarly. Outcome results were corroborated by findings that blacks and whites have similar environmental needs and rate their prison settings similarly. Some support for the claim that a more economically marginal life-style before incarceration is related to successful adjustment was found, yet this was true independent of race. These findings lead to the conclusion that racial distinctions are not universal, and the practice of suggesting that blacks adapt one way and whites another leads to inappropriate conclusions about patterns of prison adjustment.
Cops in the Classroom: A Longitudinal Evaluation of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (Dare)
Authors: ROSENBAUM DENNIS P. , FLEWELLING ROBERT L. , BAILEY SUSAN L. , RINGWALT CHRIS L. , WILKINSON DEANNA L.
Published: March 2007

Although aggressive enforcement programs have been the backbone of our national drug control policy, school-based drug education has been widely praised as the most promising strategy for achieving long-term reductions in the demand for drugs and alcohol. Employing specially trained police officers in the classroom, Project DARE has become America's most popular and prevalent drug education program. Despite this status, the effectiveness of the program has yet to be demonstrated. A longitudinal randomized experiment was conducted with 1,584 students to estimate the effects of DARE on their attitudes, beliefs, and drug use behaviors in the year following exposure to the program. DARE had no statistically significant main effects on drug use behaviors and had few effects on attitudes or beliefs about drugs. However, significant interactions between DARE and other factors (e.g., metropolitan status) suggest that some program effects varied across subgroups of the target population. This research provides a test of the comprehensive model of school-based prevention and helps to identify possible differential effects of this drug education initiative.
A Social Learning Theory Analysis of Computer Crime among College Students
Authors: SKINNER WILLIAM F. , FREAM ANNE M.
Published: March 2007

Computer crime is a fairly new area of research in criminology and deviance. With the exception of Hollinger, few studies have examined the occurrence of illegal computer acts and virtually none have tried to offer a theoretical explanation for the behavior. In this article, the authors provide data on the lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of five illegal computer activities from a multistage sample (N = 581) of students at a southern university. The authors also examine the etiology of computer crime by testing the ability of social learning theory to explain these behaviors. Using multiple regression procedures, they demonstrate that measures of differential association, differential reinforcement and punishment, definitions, and sources of imitation are significantly related to computer crime. Findings from this study are compared with Hollinger's data and discussed in terms of why social learning theory is an appropriate and useful theoretical perspective for understanding why college students commit illegal computer acts.
Race, Contexts, and the Use of Intake Diversion
Authors: LEIBER MICHAEL J. , STAIRS JAYNE M.
Published: March 2007

A modified version of Sampson and Laub's integrative conflict perspective, which emphasizes structural contingencies, racial stereotyping, and punitiveness, is used to understand the influence of race on diversionary decision making at intake in three juvenile courts in the state of Iowa. The authors hypothesized that in a jurisdiction that has greater economic and racial inequality and personnel that adhere to beliefs in racial differences and retribution, African Americans, particularly those charged with drug offenses, would receive greater social control than similarly situated whites. The results provide partial support for the hypothesis. The discussion focuses on the need to broaden the scope of the search for the contingencies of decision making, to employ multiple research methodologies, and to refine conflict theory to account for the differential treatment of African American youth.
Preparing Culturally Responsive Teachers
Authors: Villegas Ana María , Lucas Tamara
Published: March 2007

To successfully move the field of teacher education beyond the fragmented and superficial treatment of diversity that currently prevails, teacher educators must articulate a vision of teaching and learning in a diverse society and use that vision to systematically guide the infusion of multicultural issues throughout the preservice curriculum. A vision is offered of culturally responsive teachers that can serve as the starting point for conversations among teacher educators in this process. In this vision, culturally responsive teachers (a) are socioculturally conscious, (b) have affirming views of students from diverse backgrounds, (c) see themselves as responsible for and capable of bringing about change to make schools more equitable, (d) understand how learners construct knowledge and are capable of promoting knowledge construction, (e) know about the lives of their students, and (f) design instruction that builds on what their students already know while stretching them beyond the familiar.
Three School-University Partnerships for Teacher Development
Authors: Auger F. Keith , Odell Sandra J.
Published: March 2007

A formal, contractual school-university partnership is described that has evolved over 25 years through an ongoing conversation among district teachers and administrators, local teacher federation members and leaders, and college faculty and administrators. The article focuses on the exchange of services agreement that funds the partnership at no cost to either party, a brief description of three programs that have grown out of the complementary needs of the parties to the partnership, and the benefits that have accrued to the schools, the university, and the individuals involved.
Pay of Employees in the Public and Private Sector
Authors: Trinder Chris
Published: March 2007

This article sets out a general framework within which the sectoral distribution of pay can be examined. The main evidence on income from employment is then analysed with a view to answering questions about overall changes in total pay bills, and gross earnings of individuals in the public and private sectors.
Shocks to the System: the German Political Economy Under Stress
Authors: Carlin Wendy , Soskice David
Published: March 2007

The German economy is recovering hesitantly from the sharp post-unification boom and recession. Two features of recent West German performance are novel: there has been an unprecedented loss of jobs in industry, and manufacturing profitability has been pushed to its lowest level ever and is now low relative to other OECD economies. Serious problems with labour costs and innovation would be expected to show up in a weakening in the trend of export performance. That this has not yet happened is the consequence of the existence of an apparently robust innovation system which enables companies to pursue high quality incremental innovation strategies. However, the experiment of transferring the West German model to the East has proved extremely costly and has not so far established the basis for self-sustaining growth. Problems in profitability, investment and employment in West Germany reflect the failure of the bargaining system—unions, employers, Bundesbank and public sector—to negotiate the sharing of the burden of unification.
Ethnic Bargains, Group Instability, and Social Choice Theory
Authors: CHANDRA KANCHAN
Published: March 2007

This article makes two arguments: first, it argues that theories connecting ethnic group mobilization with democratic bargaining are based, often unwittingly, on primordialist assumptions that bias them toward overestimating the intractability of ethnic group demands. Second, it proposes a synthesis of constructivist approaches to ethnic identity and social choice theory to show how we who study ethnic mobilization might build theories that rely on the more realistic and more powerful assumption of instability in ethnic group boundaries and preferences. It illustrates the promise of this approach through a study of the language bargain struck in India's constituent assembly between 1947 and 1949.
The Viability of Learners' Beliefs and Opinions as Input for Second Language Course Design
Authors: Lambert Craig P.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the consistency with which 174 Japanese learners' responded to questions concerning their beliefs and opinions about language learning. The amount of agreement in learners' responses to 126 items concerning five major aspects of second language (L2) courses was compared over a period of two weeks, and again over a period of one year, in order to determine their viability as input for L2 course design. Although these learners' opinions were found to be a viable source of information about some of the aspects of L2 courses, they did not correlate well with hard data on their future language needs. It is therefore suggested that such knowledge might be used more productively in the classroom as a basis for dialogue between teachers and learners regarding the purpose and demands of courses rather than as input for their design.
The Value of Finding Out What Classroom Activities Students Like
Authors: Spratt Mary
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on a study which investigated learners' preferences amongst 48 English language learning activities. 997 students on service English programmes at a tertiary education institution in Hong Kong were asked to complete a questionnaire about their preferences. The results support claims for the value of a learning-centred approach to lesson, materials and syllabus design, go against various previous studies that indicate learners' preference for non-communicative activities and, in their suggestion of a distinct learner profile for these students, show the importance of learning context in studies of attitude. They also indicate that learners distinguish in their preferences between similar activities, and that teachers' perceptions of students' preferences are often inaccurate.

The study points up very clearly the value of finding out about students' preferences. This has implications for teaching and learning, which are discussed in the paper.
Some Factors in Learning English in Thailand
Authors: Prapphal Kanchana , Oller John W.
Published: March 2007

To design an optimally efficient EFL curriculum, it is necessary to investigate factors which may obstruct or enhance the acquisition of the nonprimary language. It was found that affective variables and formal exposure were not good predictors of EFL proficiency of Thai first-year university students. The causal model, hypothesizing that demographic variables may cause certain attitudes towards English which may in turn affect the attainment of English proficiency, was consistent with the data although the observed relationships were weak.
A Study of Four Attitudes and Reading Comprehension of Primary Six Students in Singapore
Authors: Ghadessy Mohsen
Published: March 2007

Scores of 645 Chinese and Malay students from the Normal Stream* of six Primary Schools in Singapore in relation to pupils' attitude toward (1) teachers, (2) learning processes, (3) language arts and (4) mathematics and their (5) reading comprehension are com pared and contrasted to find answers to the following questions:

1. What are the correlations between the five variables for the two student groups?

2. Are there significant differences between the same variable across groups?

3. Would "clustering" of Malay students in some schools affect their performance scores?

The obtained statistics indicate that, except in one case, there is a positive correlation between all the variables for the two groups. There is a significant difference between three of the attitudes across groups with the Chinese doing better in the reading and comprehen sion test. Clustering does not seem to affect the reading ability of the Malays. It is concluded that for the Malays the home environment is a much more important factor than the school environment in their attempt to master the English language.
Elaboration as a Text-Processing Strategy: a Meta-Analytic Review
Authors: Sahari Mohd
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this meta-analytic review was to establish the efficacy of elaboration as an aid in learning from text-based materials. A total of 29 studies which investigated the effects of training in, or exposure to, the use of this cognitive strategy was examined. Results supported the contention that elaboration enhances higher-order learning; it is an ability to solve problems which are not explicitly stated in the texts. The facilitative effect of elaboration is associated with direct instructions, involving explicit teaching, modelling, feedback, and students' practice in applying the strategy to the content of the texual materials. This study, hence, confirmed and extended the results of previous work in helping students to become effective and efficient learners.
La conquête de la modernité par les nouveaux mouvements chrétiens coréens
Authors: LUCA Nathalie
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the complexity of the links between the new Christian movements and modernity, using three churches as examples: the Unification Church, the Providence Church, and the Full Gospel Church. She demonstrates the close links between religion and politics in the context of South Korea's struggle against the communism of its neighbour North Korea.
Religion and the Nation-State in South Korea: A Case of Changing Interpretations of Modernity in a Global Context
Authors: KÖNIG Matthias
Published: March 2007

The author explores changing interpretations of modernity in a global context by analysing discourses and policies governing the relation of the nation-state and religion in post-Liberation South Korea. For a long time, the models of religion and of the nation-state that formed part of the occidental interpretation of modernity influenced discursive and political practices in South Korea. In the 1980s, however, these have become increasingly engaged in the self-reflexive construction of a non-occidental modernity, one that has allowed for a re-appraisal of Confucian traditions and for a revaluation of religions. It is argued that these shifts are embedded in more general changes of cognitive and normative frames as diffused in global discursive and institutional frameworks, thus successively depriving the West of its hegemonic position in interpreting the universalistic aspirations of modernity.
Fonction des groupes et des relations personnelles en milieu urbain
Authors: Remy Jean
Published: March 2007

Personal relations fulfilled many functions in all socie ties before the expansion of mass media. Today, the development of urbanization, together with the expan sion of mass media, lend personal relations less poly functional, by the use of more adequate substitutes for some functions. The A. proposes some conculsions useful for pastoral action.