bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Criminal Liability Case Of Underage Motorcyclist Who Resulted In Death
Authors: Tamutu Herson
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this study is to find out how criminal liability in the accident of the passage of underage motorcyclists resulted in the death of the victim and know how the form of sanctions against minors who ride motorcycles resulted in the victim died in a traffic accident. This research uses normative research types or library research methods. Using several approaches, namely: the legal approach (statue approach), the case approach (case approach). First, the criminal liability of children in traffic accidents that result in the death of others is that the child can be criminally responsible for a separate process that is not the same as processing an adult. This is based on the provisions of Law No. 11 of 2012 in Article 2 in the implementation of the Criminal Justice System of Children is carried out based on the principle, protection, justice, non-discrimination, best interests for children, appreciation of opinions for children, survival and child development, development and guidance of propositional children, deprivation of independence and punishment as a last resort, and avoidance of retaliation. Second, that the form of punishment or sanctions and legal proceedings in cases of violations of the law by children is different from cases of violations of the law adults, in the investigation of cases of minors who commit criminal acts then investigators must apply restorative justice by seeking a diversion system processed by Law No. 11 of 2012 on the Child Justice System.Keywords: Accountability; minors; Laka lalu
Legal Efforts To Protect Franchisees Against Termination Of Employment Agreements
Authors: Chaerunisa Nur Ifani
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this study is to find out the legal efforts to protect franchisees against termination of employment agreements. The research method used is the dualism of normative-empirical legal research whereby research uses normative-empirical legal case studies in the form of legal behavioral products.  The approach used is a juridical approach and analytical technique using qualitative analytical methods. The results showed that the form of legal protection against franchisees in agreements with franchisees is contained in the Regulation of the Minister of Trade Number: 12/MDAG/Per/3/2006, in Article 7 that the term of the franchise agreement (franchising) is valid for at least 5 years. These terms provide legal protection to the franchisor as the franchisor, as such the franchisor cannot terminate the agreement at any time or at any time. It is necessary to immediately regulate regulations that directly or indirectly concern franchise business practices made in the form of legislation, such as the Antitrust or Antitrust Act and the current Business Competition Act.
The Application of Gorontalo Provincial Regional Regulation Number 4 of 2020 in the Efforts to Prevent and Control Covid-19 in Gorontalo City
Authors: Korompot Lani Cahyani
Published: August 2023

This article aims to find out how the application of Regional Regulation Number 4 of 2020 in efforts to prevent and control Covid-19. Based on the title raised in this study, the researchers used empirical research methods. The process of collecting data from the object studied in this study was by using interview techniques, document studies, and observation techniques. The application of the Gorontalo Provincial Regional Regulation Number 4 of 2020 concerning the application of Discipline and Law Enforcement of Health Protocols in the Efforts to Prevent and Control Covid-19 has been applied quite maximally by the government under the provisions of the duties that have been set and the authorities that have been coordinated which in this case includes all the efforts needed in handling Covid-19, this affirmation was supported by some information and also exploration carried out by researchers.
The Legal Position Of The Will Given To The Adopted Child As Proof Of Ownership In The Gorontalo Religious Court
Authors: Hinelo Meriyani
Published: August 2023

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to find out and analyze the  Juridical Analysis of Religious Court Decision  Number: 403/PDT. G/2019/PA. Gtlo Concerning  the Determination of Probate Disputes  and the Legal Position of  the Will as proof of rights in the judgment of the Judge. Research Uses this type of normative-empirical research. Using several approaches, namely:the legal approach(statue approach),  the case approach  (case approach). The results of this study show that:  First,  that based on  juridical analysis of religious court decision  number: 403/PDT. G/2019/PA. Gtlo About  the Determination of Will Disputes has been in line with the provisions of the event law, where the first condition that must be met by the plaintiff is regarding material conditions, while the plaintiff in his lawsuit is wrong in occupying defendant 1 and defendant 2  (two). Second,  that the legal position of the Will as proof of rights in the judge's consideration is not used as a balance material by pa judges because there are   defects as intended by the researcher, therefore  the judge ruled the lawsuit is  unacceptable(Niet Onvantkelijke Verklaard)  ) which means that the case has not been completed with a positive verdict in the sense that it has not touched the subject matter and if the plaintiff wants to re-apply must complete the terms of the formil in questionKeywords: Position; Will; Dispute
Law Enforcement Against Minors as Narcotics Dealers in Pohuwato Regency
Authors: Ishak Mohammad
Published: August 2023

Abstract: This study aims to analyze law enforcement against minors as narcotics traffickers in Pohuwato Regency. The process of law enforcement on children uses a different application method from other legal models. because the suspect who is brought before the investigator's desk is a person who is still underage or not yet legally competent. Based on this, the researcher aims to analyze the application of law to minors as narcotics traffickers. This study uses an empirical method by including interview data along with official data sourced from the Indonesian National Police, especially the Pohuwato Regional Police. justice and balance for the perpetrators of the crime and the victims themselves. Factors that become obstacles in the application of the law against narcotics committed by minors are divided into two, namely internal factors and external factors. With the diversion method based on a justice or judicial approach based on deliberation or restorative justice , it is hoped that legal development in Indonesia will prioritize more humanistic laws so that Indonesian law does not seem rigid. Keywords: Diversion, Narcotics, Restorative Justice
Electronic Legality Of Employment Contracts On Minor Children
Authors: Nusi Novriyanto
Published: August 2023

Based on the results of the study, the answers to the existing problems were obtained, that the validity of the employment contract between Youtube and the content creator who was still underage in the statutory provisions contained four conditions for the validity of an agreement, one of which involved the ability to make agreements. Like the real world, there are several requirements from the electronic service provider that must be approved by social media users, especially a content creator. These requirements are commonly known as terms of service. One of the things that are usually regulated in the terms of service is the age of the user so that the legal relationship that exists between the child and the agency or institution is based on the existence of a working relationship between the two parties, in which the child can be represented by the parent or guardian based on a work agreement because children are still unable to carry out legal actions independently, this is because children are categorized as people who are not yet capable of carrying out legal actions  As for government regulations regarding employment contracts between YouTube and content creators who are still underage, it can be seen in several laws and regulations in Indonesia which regulate the procedures for engagements or work contracts such as the Civil Code, the ITE Law and in the Manpower Act. For example, in the Civil Code, one of the things that can be used as a reference in the validity of a contract is age, namely 21 years or already married, so based on the problem formulation, the researcher gives an idea in the form of underage content creators who are required to be accompanied or represented by parents or guardians in entering into agreements or contracts with the youtube platform service provider so that it cannot damage the validity of the contract or agreement that has been made by the parties.Keywords: Validity of Employment Contract, Content Creator  Children.
Legal Protection Against Consumers In Illegal Online Loans
Authors: Sidiki Indah Aprilia
Published: August 2023

INDAH APRILIA SIDIKI (NIM :1011418002 ) 2021. “LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST CONSUMERS IN ILLEGAL ONLINE LOANS”. Supervised by each Supervisor I : Dr. Fence M. Wantu, SH., MH., and Supervisor II : Dolot Alhasni Bakung, SH., MH. Department of Law, Faculty of Law, State University of Gorontalo.This study discusses legal protection for consumers in illegal online loans. The purpose of this research is to find out legal protection for consumers in illegal online loans, and to find out the legal consequences of default in illegal online loans. The method used is normative research using library dataThe results of this study are that online loan service providers have been regulated in Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 77 /POJK.01/2016 concerning Information Technology-Based Borrowing-Lending Services, but not all online loan companies are registered with financial services authorities. Then the legal consequences of default in online loans are not clearly regulated because existing regulations only regulate defaults carried out by legal online loans, while illegal ones are only regulated for reprimands and up to blocking if proven guilty, related to consumers being transferred to the Criminal Code and the Protection Act. consumer.Keywords: Protection, loans, illegal
Parental Responsibilities Towards Children Who Do Begging Activities in Gorontalo City
Authors: Suleman Abdul Rahman
Published: August 2023

This study aims to determine and analyze the responsibilities of parents in employingchildren as beggars and to determine the purpose of Islamic law and civil law on parentalresponsibilities. The type of research used is empirical research, namely research that includes legalidentification and research on legal effectiveness. The results of the study show that the basis ofparental responsibility in employing children as beggars in Gorontalo City is an error in the soul ofparents concerning their behavior in this case employing children as beggars who can be sanctioned.Based on his psyche, the perpetrator can be reproached because of his behavior, in other words, onlywith this inner connection can the prohibited act be held accountable for the parents who employtheir children as beggars. In Islam, the law of begging has been explained that the law is not allowed.What is recommended is that it is better to give each other the hand above than the hand below.Keywords: Parents Responsibility, Child Labour, Beggar
Study On The Effectiveness Of Supervision And Council By Regional Supervisory Assembly Against Notaries In Gorontalo District
Authors: Lahay Ridho cahya Pratama
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this article is to determine the effectiveness of the authority of Supervision and Guidance by the Regional Supervisory Board for the Notary profession and to know the inhibiting factors for Supervision and Guidance of the Notary profession in Gorontalo Regency, Although routinely in carrying out supervisory and coaching duties, the Regional Supervisory Council still finds several problems regarding the code of ethics of the notary profession, frequent administrative violations related to the notary deed .The research method used is the empirical legal research method. The problem in this article is to what extent is the effectiveness of the authority of the Regional Supervisory Council towards the supervision and guidance of Notaries in Gorontalo Regency and what are the inhibiting factors in carrying out such supervision and guidance. The results of the discussion show that there are some ineffective supervision implementations such as Notaries in Gorontalo Regency still often neglect to make book bundles if the number of deeds has fulfilled 50 deeds, there are also repeated omissions by Notaries related to the neatness of deed storage and deed picking tests. . The inhibiting factor is the lack of infrastructure due to the combination in 1 Supervisory Council at the regional level so that it has implications for less effective and maximum supervision and guidance for Notaries. For this reason, it is necessary to add authority to the Regional Supervisory Council in the Law on Notary Positions or in other technical regulations as well as the need for government efforts to support human resources in order to increase the Notary profession in Gorontalo, so that with the adequate allocation of the Notary profession in each region, an institution can be created. Regional Supervisors in each of the regions in need.Keywords: Effectiveness, Supervision, Guidance, Notary Position
The Effectiveness Of The National Land Agency In Implementing The Complete Systemic Land Registration Program
Authors: Mootalu Sri Rahayu
Published: August 2023

The research aims to determine to what extent the role of Nasional Land Agency in implementing the complete and systematic Land Registration (PTSL) program and internal and external factors inhibiting the National Land Agency in implementing the Complate and Systematic Land Registration (PTSL) program towards the improvement of Land Certificate Ownership Data in Gorontalo Regency. In this case, the program has been done well, yet it remains encountering several problems. The research employs empirical legal research. The problems in this current research are the role of National Land Agency in implementing the Complate and Systematic Land Registration (PTSL) program towards the impprovment of Land Certificate Ownership Data in Gorontalo Regency and internal and external factors inhibiting the implementation of program. The research finding reveals that the implementation of Complete and Systematic Land Registration (PTSL) program by National Land Agency remains not maximum. Therefore, it is necessary to fiind a preper solition so that the PTSL program could achieve the predetermined target and implementation stages must be in accordance with the prevailing regulation. Keywords: Role of BPN, PTSL Program, Land Certificate Ownership
The Role of the Sub-district Government in Facilitating the Drafting of Village Regulations
Authors: Inombi Amelia Sianti
Published: August 2023

This study discusses the juridical review of the application of the principle of good faith in online buying and selling transactions. The objectives of this research are; To find out how the juridical review of the application of the principle of good faith To find out what are the inhibiting factors for the application of the principle of good faith in online buying and selling transactions The method used in this research is empirical normative research, which means to analyze research based on library data and based on the state of variables, and the phenomena that occur when the research takes place and presents it as it is. The results of the study show that to realize the principle of good faith in online buying and selling transactions, the government has regulated it in Article 1338 of the Civil Code which reads "All agreements made in accordance with the law apply as law for those who make them. The obstacles in applying the principle of good faith in online buying and selling transactions are the internal factors consisting of the contents of the agreement that are not in accordance, the agreement factor where the agreed goods are drawn are not in accordance with what was sent, and the object of the agreement is not appropriate. The external factors are security in transactions, settlements outside the law, consumer knowledge, the last factor is space and time distance, data authenticity and finally the factor in the existence of goods.
Restriction And Classification Of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles In War According To The Principles Of International Law
Authors: Ismail Mohamad Akib
Published: August 2023

This research aims to find out how international law exists in the assessment and limits the company of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in war from international legal principles and provides an overview of the classification of UAVs as weapons based on existing regulations. By regulations and international legal products that are the limiting parameters of UAVs such as St. Petersburg 1868, The Hague Convention 1907 and also pay attention to the foresight regarding the classification of UAVs themselves. The research method used is the juridical normative legal research method. The problem in this article is how to limit the use of UAVs in the war based on the principles of international law and knowing how to classify UAV classes as weapons in battle according to international law. Based on the research results on the use and classification of UAVs in the world of firearms, it is still far from clear. It has not been able to provide "safety" parameters clearly and unequivocally in international legal products. The use of UAVs as weapons is still relatively new. Researchers categorize UAVs now better known as the AWS category. The use of which will be limited by the principles of international law.
Overview Of The Crime Of Management Of Severe Massage
Authors: Kamaru Julaeha
Published: August 2023

This study aims to determine the handling of the crime of severe persecution. The method used in this research is empirical or sociological research methodology. This study uses a qualitative approach and sampling using purposive sampling. The results of this study indicate that non-criminal mistreatment is carried out in two stages, namely preventive countermeasures and repressive countermeasures. As for preventive countermeasures, there are several things that are carried out by law enforcers which are to prevent the occurrence of criminal acts of persecution, especially the type of severe abuse, including those carried out in this preventive stage such as legal counseling, patrols in certain areas and conducting bhabinkamtibmas. Meanwhile, in the repressive countermeasures stage, it is certainly the final action taken by law enforcement to prevent the occurrence of criminal acts of persecution. In this countermeasure stage, law enforcers must carry out legal process actions according to procedures if there are violations of the provisions of the applicable laws and regulations. The Gorontalo City Government is also expected to be able to contribute in dealing with the problem of criminal acts whose perpetrators deserve the appropriate punishment, also because considering this severe persecution is very influential in people's lives.
The Role of Supervisory Agency in the Circulation of Cosmetics With Fake Distribution Permission
Authors: Khodijah Siti , Junus Nirwan , Achir Nurvazria
Published: August 2023

This study aims to determine the role of the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency which (will be referred to as BPOM) in the distribution of cosmetics that include a fictitious distribution permit. The method used in this study is an empirical research methodology. This study uses a qualitative approach and sampling using purposive sampling and using descriptive analysis techniques. The results of this study show that the role of BPOM in the distribution of cosmetics that includes a fictitious distribution permit continues to carry out Supervision, Guidance, and Prosecution of every producer who violates government regulations related to the circulation of counterfeit cosmetics that include a fictitious distribution permit number and several programs are run to deceive consumers. get the right. In addition, it continues to protect consumers who experience losses by providing administrative sanctions to the perpetrators to be able to pay for the losses suffered by the consumers themselves. Protecting Consumers from the Circulation of Dangerous Cosmetics BPOM has several programs, namely the National Movement to Beware of Illegal Drugs and Food (GNWOMI), GENPOPA, BPOM Checks, Public Warnings, Educational Videos, Community Awareness Index Surveys, Implementing Teams for Quality Improvement of Community Empowerment and Consumer Protection.
Analysis Of Judge's Decision Against Substitute Charities In Religious Courts Consider From Islamic Law Commission
Authors: Adam Rikson , Rahim Erman , Hamid Tome Abdul
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this study is to analyze the judge's decision in case number: 132/Pdt.P/2019/PA.Gtloviewed from the Compilation of Islamic Law This research uses a normative-empirical legal research type, where an analysis of the written law is carried out with factual events in the field. In this study, the data sources used are primary data consisting of the results of interviews and field observations, the Civil Code, ILC, and judges' decisions related to the issues being discussed; and secondary data (supporting) scientific works, and other sources related to the problems discussed.The results of the study show that first, the substitute heirs proposed by the applicants in case no. 132/Pdt.P/2019/PA.Gtlo from the late. Zubaida Datau may become a substitute heir based on the provisions formulated in the Compilation of Islamic Law (ILC), provided that the plot of land is the property of the late. Saini Datau. However, if the plot of land is the property of the Almh. Kamaria Datau, then the substitute heir proposed by the applicant, must be declared not accepted by the panel of judges at the Gorontalo PA because he is prevented from becoming an heir based on the ILC formulation. Legal considerations of the panel of judges examining case No. 132/Pdt.P/2019/PA.Gtlo, where the case is declared unacceptable, is that it is unclear/fuzzy, no longer voluntary, but a contentious case, because it contains a dispute between the heirs of the deceased's heirs. Kamaria Datau, and the late. Zubaida Datau.
Mechanism of Legal Protection Against the Eradication of The Crime of Human Trafficking
Authors: Butota Hendriyanto
Published: August 2023

This study aims to analyze how the protection of human trafficking is in the Law on the Eradication of the Crime of Human Trafficking, and to examine the ideal protection mechanism for human trafficking. This type of research in writing this proposal is a normative juridical research method. The approach used in this study is statutory. The results show that legal protection for criminal acts of trafficking in persons is generally regulated in various laws and regulations in Indonesia. The legal protection policy is directed at several aspects, namely: restitution and compensation, counseling services and medical assistance, legal assistance, and information provision. Indonesia must have a regulation that can protect against problems arising from acts of human trafficking carried out between countries.
Verbal Sexual Harassment Victim (Catcalling) Legal Protection in Human Rights Perspective in Indonesia
Authors: Daud Indah Intania , R. U. Puluhulawa Moh. , Towadi Mellisa
Published: August 2023

Sexual harassment provides a feeling of insecurity and comfort to the victim, even at a more severe level, the victim can experience trauma. The very broad scope of sexual harassment shows how complex the problem is. So widespread, verbal sexual harassment (indecent comments, sexually suggestive jokes and so on) or what is known as catcalling is an interesting issue to study. This is because verbal sexual harassment or catcalling often occurs in the community but is considered normal by the community, even though catcalling can create feelings of insecurity, comfort and even fear for the victim. The type of legal research in this research is normative legal research, which is a process to find a rule of law, legal principles, and legal doctrines in order to answer the legal issues faced. The approach used in this research is a statutory approach, namely research on legal products. In this study the authors found that legal protection for victims of catcalling is still inadequate, judging from the lack of accommodation of repressive legal protection, this is because there are no specific rules governing the act of catcalling.
Investigators Obstacles in Child Molestation Cases
Authors: Nurhayati Nasir Siti
Published: August 2023

Abstract: The purpose of this research is to identify the types of obstacles that investigators face when investigating child abuse. Empirical research approach was applied in this study. This study employs a qualitative methodology, purposive sampling, and descriptive qualitative analytic approaches. According to the findings of this study, the investigator's restrictions in processing instances of criminal acts of sexual abuse against minors are both internal and external. The internal barrier consists of people resources from investigators, the system, and the cultural side. Meanwhile, there are no witnesses to see, the victims are still minors, fees, and parents' inexperience of legal procedures. The execution of law enforcement investigations must boost confidence so that all types of hurdles to conducting investigations may be rapidly overcome. As a result, the inquiry is progressing as we all hoped. The investigation should be conducted in line with the appropriate legal procedure, particularly when dealing with cases of child abuse and updating legal knowledge for investigators, particularly those whose education is still insufficient.
Restorative Justice Alternative Criminal Case Settlement In Indonesia
Authors: Mamonto Ridho
Published: August 2023

This study aims to analyze the concept of resolving criminal acts in the Attorney General's Regulation Number 15 of 2020 concerning Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice, as well as to examine aspects of legal certainty in the Attorney General's Regulation Number 15 of 2020 concerning Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice. The type of research in writing this proposal is normative research, namely research that examines the study of documents such as legislation, court decisions, and legal theory. The approaches used by researchers in compiling this research are, among others: the Invitation Approach (Statue Approach). The results showed that in the Prosecutor's Regulation No. 15 of 2020, criminal cases can be closed by law and prosecuted based on Restorative Justice, except for recidivists. Prosecutor's Regulation No. 15 of 2020 lies in the guidelines that have been created and determined and are limited by requirements in their implementation.
Legal Protection for Consumers' Personal Data in Online Shopping
Authors: Karim Mawarni , U. Puluhulawa Fenty , Puluhulawa Jufryanto , Swarianata Vifi
Published: August 2023

In the current technological era, developments occur in all aspects of life including trading activities, namely online shopping. Online shopping began to grow and develop into a habit for the community. Mothers' shopping habits are increasingly turning to buying and selling online for more practical reasons. For modern society, especially in Indonesia, online shopping, online shopping applications, and social media have various kinds of goods or services that they want or need. the purpose of conducting this research is to analyze the legal protection of the personal data of consumers who shop online. The research used in this paper is Juridical Sociological research and uses a descriptive qualitative research approach and uses interactive analysis techniques
Copyright Protection Against the Act of Covering Songs on Youtube Channels in the Regulation of Intellectual Property Rights in Indonesia
Authors: Wahidji Moh. Fadlan
Published: August 2023

This study aims to determine and describe the form of copyright protection against the act of covering songs on YouTube channels in the regulation of intellectual property rights in Indonesia. The research method used is normative juridical by examining through literature studies. The results of the research based on Article 5 and Article 9 of Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright, the creator gets legal protection related to songs uploaded by other parties through Youtube which applies anywhere regardless of the media used to announce a song. In addition, songwriters get legal protection from Youtube, namely Youtube will delete videos that violate copyright, but this is only implemented by Youtube if it has received notification of copyright infringement. The legal consequences for Youtube that continues to broadcast songs uploaded without the creator's permission is the closure of the Youtube site as a whole.
Implementation of Rural Area Development Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration
Authors: Tombinawam Muh Muhyi , Cherawati Thalib Mutia , Tome Abdul Hamid
Published: August 2023

This study aims to determine how the implementation of rural area development in Bone Bolango Regency is based on Ministerial Regulation Number 5 of 2016. The legal basis of the rural area development policy is Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages. The law has the purpose and function of creating a strong, independent, peaceful, and democratic village that is used to regulate the development of rural areas. The results of this study are; 1). The implementation of rural area development in Bone Bolango Regency based on Ministerial Regulation Number 5 of 2016 can be carried out by forming a Coordination Team for Rural Area Development, planning the preparation of the development plan in question, and cooperation and determination of the village sarasan; 2). Obstacles in the implementation of rural area development in Bone Bolango Regency based on Ministerial Regulation Number 5 of 2016 are the lack of formation of a Rural Area Development Coordination Team (TKPKP), and the lack of maximum implementation of rural area development in Bone Bolango Regency
Legal Analysis of The Privacy of State-Owned Enterprises
Authors: Fauzi Ahmad
Published: August 2023

The world's market economic system influences the management behavior of State-Owned Enterprises which has been lulled by the monopolistic system. The market economic system requires the community as the main actor and the state as the facilitator. Competition occurs in companies as well as in State-Owned Enterprises. To increase efficiency and productivity, must make changes to the management system by making structural adjustments which have been known as restructuring. The government formulates the direction of targets and policies for the management and supervision of State-Owned Enterprises Law Number 19 of 2003 concerning  State-Owned Enterprises was made to fulfill the vision of future development; create a management and supervision system based on the principles of efficiency and productivity to improve performance and value in managing and confirming the role of government institutions and the position of government representatives as shareholders or capital owners to emphasize and clarify the relationship as an operator or business actor with a government institution as a regulator; to avoid acts of exploitation outside the corporate mechanism; to lay the foundations or principles of good corporate governance (Good Corporate Governance). The aim is to regulate operations, regulate restructuring, and privatization as a tool and method in State-Owned Enterprises.
Principle of Maximum Liability of Available Resources (MAR) in Regional Finance in Indonesia
Authors: Ansar Ansar , Aspan Zulkifli , Razak Abdul
Published: August 2023

One of the major resources in the regions is financial resources which are usually translated into the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD). In its management, it creates uncertainty about the fulfillment of human rights in regional financial management. This is because one of them is the regional financial regulation which causes the budget allocation for the issue of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to be very inadequate. In this study, the authors used a normative research method by examining several regional regulations on APBD, using two approaches, namely the statutory approach and the conceptual approach. The research locations were selected in 6 regions, namely Bangka Belitung Islands Province, South Kalimantan Province, Malang City, Denpasar City, and Palu City. The author limits it only to economic, social and cultural rights in particular, the right to education, the right to health, the right to food, and the right to housing. Based on the results of the research, the authors propose that the government applies the Principle of Maximum Available Resources (MAR) in the management of regional finances, particularly in the budget for the fulfillment of economic, social and cultural rights.
The Principle of Freedom of Contract in Agricultural Product Sharing based on Islamic Law
Authors: Bakung Dolot Alhasni , Abdussamad Zamroni , Muhtar Mohamad Hidayat
Published: August 2023

Islamic financial scheme in practice is still causing problems in the wider community due to differences in perceptions that exist in the community. The principle of freedom of contract in Law No. 2 of 1960 concerning agricultural product sharing and Islamic law, especially related to agricultural product sharing and Article 1338 paragraph (1) of the civil code which stipulates that a legally made Agreement will apply like a law for the maker (Pacta Sunt Servanda principle), the word “all” means that every legal subject can make an agreement whose contents are about anything, legal subjects have the freedom to determine the form of the agreement. This normative research aims to analyse the legal ramifications of violating the concept of freedom of contract in agricultural product sharing from the viewpoints of Islamic law.  This result of this article found that the implementing of the revenue sharing system did not get a fair share, this was because at the time of the contract, farmers were in a weak position due to the need for money for children's education and other emergency needs, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic.  The owner of the land has the right to obtain part of the crop on the farm managed by the cultivator and receive back the return of the land upon completion of the agreement.
Costumer Explicit Consent Under Indonesian Open Banking Regulations
Authors: Bajrektarevic Anis H. , Pati Umi Khaerah , Towadi Mellisa , Pratama Anugrah Muhtarom
Published: August 2023

The implementation of GDPR and PSD2 in the EU as well as the PSD2 alignment with GDPR, encourage central banks in various countries including Indonesia to immediately implement an open banking system that also prioritizes privacy data protection. The PDP bill principle of explicit consent must be applied in open banking financial transactions that in Indonesia as stated in the National Standard Open API Payment (SNAP) 2021 (a Technical Standards and Governance Guideline). However, there are some fundamental differences regulated in PSD2 when compared to SNAP which will hinder Indonesia's adequate GDPR. This research is normative research with statutory approach and comparative approach. The results showed that there are some fundamental differences between PSD2 and SNAP, including the parties involved, data portability and the concept of re-consent or re-confirmation which are not regulated in SNAP but regulated in PSD2, for the concept of sensitive data payment, neither SNAP nor PSD2 provide the specific concept, both define it broadly.
The Problem of Fulfilling Voter Rights in Village Head Elections Is Based On E-Voting
Authors: Rahim Erman I. , Achir Nuvazria
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this writing is to discuss the paradigm of the electoral process which is now showing a new face, through technological sophistication, which in foreign terms is called E-Voting (Electronic Voting), and legitimized through Indonesian national laws and regulations. This model is used during the implementation of voting and counting through an electronic device and has begun to be used in several countries, including Brazil, India, Switzerland, and the United States (US), including the Boalemo District Government, which is the umpteenth time using this system in Simultaneous Village head elections implementation in the region. The writing method used is empirical, seeing how a rule works in society. The data obtained is systematically arranged and then processed using descriptive analytical techniques. The study results show that the Village Head Election through the E-Voting system has been carried out for the fourth time by the regional government of Boalemo with an electronic device intermediary based on its legal umbrella, namely Regulation of the Regent of Boalemo Regency Number 48 of 2015 concerning Procedures for Election, Appointment and Inauguration of Village Heads. In practice, there are problems related to the fulfillment of voter rights in the E-Voting Based Village head elections, which are influenced by several things, namely; Location, Time, and Distance of polling stations, Not Accommodating Voters Under Certain Circumstances, Convoluted Voting Systems, and Procedures, Lack of Availability of Human Resources and Infrastructure.
Implications of Mixed Marriage in the Perspective of Gorontalo Customary Law and Its Reality based on International Private Law Principles
Authors: Thalib Mutia Cherawaty
Published: August 2023

This paper aims to describe the application of local wisdom values as part of the implementation of the Gorontalo Marriage Customary Law to mixed marriages performed by Indonesian citizens of Gorontalo ethnicity and foreign nationals and to analyze the consequences of mixed marriages according to Gorontalo customary marriage law. The method of data collection was carried out through the stages of inventorying secondary data, tracking primary data through interviews, in-depth focus group discussion, and then analysis qualitatively. This paper uses descriptive analytic methods. The discussion demonstrates that mixed marriage is a family law event that has occurred from time immemorial. It's just that people's understanding of the order of family life is getting wider. This is due to the fact that cross-country personal relations are getting better, which has implications for the family law order from the perspective of local wisdom, especially in regions where the family system is open to other legal systems, including Gorontalo's customary marriage law. Mixed marriages, in the view of the local wisdom of the Gorontalo people, can be carried out through the Gorontalo traditional wedding procession in full if the husband and/or wife submit to the Islamic religion. This is legally obligatory because of the philosophy of Gorontalo customs: "Adati Hula-Hulaa To Syara, Syara Hula-Hulaa To Qurani" (Adat is based on Syara, Syara is based on the Al-Quran), so that every wedding procession that chooses to use Gorontalo's customs contains advice and prayers (for God's sake), which have the value of guidance as stipulated in the Al-Quran. As for the consequences of mixed marriages on Gorontalo's customary law, where one of the bride and groom is a foreigner but not Muslim, they cannot be married according to Gorontalo's customary law; the process is based on Al-Quran values.
The Concept of Revitalizing Traditional Institutions in the Criminal Law System to Realize Restorative Justice
Authors: Ismail Dian Ekawaty , Mantali Avelia Rahmah Y , Moha Mohamad Rivaldi
Published: August 2023

This article examines data and facts related to implementing and functionalizing traditional institutions as living laws in society. It presents the concept of revitalizing traditional institutions in the criminal law system to realize restorative justice. According to indigenous peoples, justice is a complex concept because formal courts and other forums, such as customary courts, can administer it. This study aims to analyze the contribution of traditional institutions and restorative justice in the criminal law system in Indonesia. The approaches used in this research are conceptual, historical, statutory, and case approaches. The study results from show that customary institutions and restorative justice in Indonesia have been carried out through the participation of community members with traditional legal characteristics, cultural pluralism, moral values, and religion to solve problems through consultation to reach an agreement. Customary institutions and restorative justice in Indonesia are carried out by mediation for an agreement to reach an agreement in the best interests of victims, perpetrators, families, and other parties related to the traditional characteristics of law, cultural pluralism, moral values, and religion.
Introducere în studiul schimbării organizaționale. Editura Pro Universitaria, București, 2021. Lucian Sfetcu
Authors: Căpraru Mădălina
Published: August 2023

External and internal changes that affect non-governmental organizations and the difficulty to manage such situations are the main themes tackled by the author Lucian Sfetcu in his paper Introduction to the study of organizational change. The author studies, from this perspective, the Catalctica NGO, and proposes a method of analysing organisational changes applied to the NGO work model. The paradigm proposed by Lucian Sfetcu represents a guide for the non-governmental organizations from our country that face strong changes as a result of internal or external forces. The paper is welcome in a field so little studied in our country, specially in the actual political and economic context. In regards to future research directions, like the author of the book has stated, this paper represents only the foundation, comparative studied between NGOs from different fields, and from different regions from our country being necessary. ##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
Identity here and there. Migration as resource for identity construction. Pro Universitaria, Bucharest, 2019. Alexandra Deliu
Authors: Manoilă Mădălina
Published: August 2023

“Identity here and there. Migration as resource for identity construction”, by Alexandra Deliu, discusses identity building in the context of Romanian international migration, using narrative analysis as its main analytical approach. The author describes a comprehensive picture of how migration experience is employed in conjunction with other discursive resources to account for the identity of the self and of others.
DISCREPANCIES AND UNIFICATION NEED OF FODDER QUALITY ANALYSIS METHODS
Authors: Popov Vladimir
Published: August 2023

Fodder laboratories make analysis specifically using different methods, devices and equipment. Thesearticle is devoted fundamental principle in work of laboratories on fodder quality evaluation — to maximally exact fulfillment of the standardized procedures of estimation of the forage nutrients and antinutrients content. It is necessary to consider as the important problem unification of methods of estimation of the nutrients content in forages, preliminarily having carried out objective comparative researches on purpose to find out, how much adequate the methods of analysis reflect a true quality of forages.
Biofabrication of functional bone tissue: defining tissue-engineered scaffolds from nature
Authors: Rifai Aaqil , Weerasinghe D. Kavindi , Tilaye Gebreselassie Addisu , Nisbet David , Hodge Jason M. , Pasco Julie A. , Williams Lana J. , Samarasinghe Rasika M. , Williams Richard J.
Published: August 2023

Damage to bone leads to pain and loss of movement in the musculoskeletal system. Although bone can regenerate, sometimes it is damaged beyond its innate capacity. Research interest is increasingly turning to tissue engineering (TE) processes to provide a clinical solution for bone defects. Despite the increasing biomimicry of tissue-engineered scaffolds, significant gaps remain in creating the complex bone substitutes, which include the biochemical and physical conditions required to recapitulate bone cells’ natural growth, differentiation and maturation. Combining advanced biomaterials with new additive manufacturing technologies allows the development of 3D tissue, capable of forming cell aggregates and organoids based on natural and stimulated cues. Here, we provide an overview of the structure and mechanical properties of natural bone, the role of bone cells, the remodelling process, cytokines and signalling pathways, causes of bone defects and typical treatments and new TE strategies. We highlight processes of selecting biomaterials, cells and growth factors. Finally, we discuss innovative tissue-engineered models that have physiological and anatomical relevance for cancer treatments, injectable stimuli gels, and other therapeutic drug delivery systems. We also review current challenges and prospects of bone TE. Overall, this review serves as guide to understand and develop better tissue-engineered bone designs.
Thermos-responsive hydrogel system encapsulated engineered exosomes attenuate inflammation and oxidative damage in acute spinal cord injury
Authors: Xiao Yu , Hu Xinmei , Jiang Peng , Qi Zhongquan
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious and disabling condition, and the effectiveness of conventional treatment is limited, such as supportive treatment and emergency surgery. Exosomes derived from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSC-Exos) have potential therapeutic effects on SCI but are limited by delivery efficiency. Our study aimed to further investigate the therapeutic effects of miR-138-modified UCMSC-exosomes (Exos-138) following SCI.

Methods: We developed an injectable triblock polymer of polyglycolic acid copolymer and polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG-PLGA)-loaded temperature-sensitive hydrogel of miR-138-modified stem cell exosomes and characterised its biocompatibility in vitro. In Sprague-Dawley rats with SCI, the hydrogel was injected into the injury site, behavioural scores were measured, and pathological analysis was conducted postoperatively to assess neurological recovery.

Results:In vitro, our data demonstrated that miR-138-5p-modified UCMSC-Exos can reduce inflammation levels in BV-2 cells through the NLRP3-caspase1 signalling pathway and reduce neuronal apoptosis by downregulating intracellular reactive oxygen species levels through the Nrf2-keap1 signalling cascade. The results of in vivo experiments showed that the P-Exos-138 hydrogel promoted neurological recovery in rats with SCI.

Discussion: Our study explored a novel exosome delivery system that can be a potential therapeutic strategy for SCI. Our study, currently, has theoretical value; however, it can serve as a basis for further investigations on the treatment approaches at various stages of SCI development in inflammation-dependent injury of the central nervous system.