bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asteroseismology of solar-type stars
Authors: García Rafael A. , Ballot Jérôme
Published: September 2019

Until the last few decades, investigations of stellar interiors had been restricted to theoretical studies only constrained by observations of their global properties and external characteristics. However, in the last 30 years the field has been revolutionized by the ability to perform seismic investigations of stellar interiors. This revolution begun with the Sun, where helioseismology has been yielding information competing with what can be inferred about the Earth’s interior from geoseismology. The last two decades have witnessed the advent of asteroseismology of solar-like stars, thanks to a dramatic development of new observing facilities providing the first reliable results on the interiors of distant stars. The coming years will see a huge development in this field. In this review we focus on solar-type stars, i.e., cool main-sequence stars where oscillations are stochastically excited by surface convection. After a short introduction and a historical overview of the discipline, we review the observational techniques generally used, and we describe the theory behind stellar oscillations in cool main-sequence stars. We continue with a complete description of the normal mode analyses through which it is possible to extract the physical information about the structure and dynamics of the stars. We then summarize the lessons that we have learned and discuss unsolved issues and questions that are still unanswered.
GENERICITY AND RANDOMNESS WITH ITTMS
Authors: MONIN BENOÎT , D’AURIAC PAUL-ELLIOT ANGLÈS
Published: September 2019

We study genericity and randomness with respect to ITTMs, continuing the work initiated by Carl and Schlicht. To do so, we develop a framework to study randomness in the constructible hierarchy. We then answer several of Carl and Schlicht’s question. We also ask a new question one the equality of two classes of randoms. Although the natural intuition would dictate that the two classes are distinct, we show that things are not as simple as they seem. In particular we show that the categorical analogues of these two classes coincide, in contradiction with the natural intuition. Even though we are not able to answer the question for randomness in this article, we delineate and sharpen its contour and outline.
Changing Narratives and Persisting Tensions: Conflicts between Chinese and Western Medicine and Professional Profiles in Chinese Films and Literature, 1949–2009
Authors: Fang Xiaoping
Published: September 2019

This paper analyses the shifting images of Chinese medicine and rural doctors in the narratives of literature and film from 1949 to 2009 in order to explore the persisting tensions within rural medicine and health issues in China. Popular anxiety about health services and the government’s concern that it be seen to be meeting the medical needs of China’s most vulnerable citizens – its rural dwellers – has led to the production of a continuous body of literary and film works discussing these issues, such asMedical Practice Incident,Spring Comes to the Withered Tree,Chunmiao, andBarefoot Doctor Wan Quanhe. The article moves chronologically from the early years of the Chinese Communist Party’s new rural health strategies through to the twenty-first century – over these decades, both health politics and arts policy underwent dramatic transformations. It argues that despite the huge political investment on the part of the Chinese Communist Party government in promoting the virtues of Chinese medicine and barefoot doctors, film and literature narratives reveal that this rustic nationalistic vision was a problematic ideological message. The article shows that two main tensions persisted prior to and during the Cultural Revolution, the economic reform era of the 1980s, and the medical marketisation era that began in the late 1990s. First, the tension between Chinese and Western medicine and, second, the tension between formally trained medical practitioners and paraprofessional practitioners like barefoot doctors. Each carried shifting ideological valences during the decades explored, and these shifts complicated their portrayal and shaped their specific styles in the creative works discussed. These reflected the main dilemmas around the solutions to rural medicine and health care, namely the integration of Chinese and Western medicines and blurring of boundaries between the work of medical paraprofessionals and professionals.
An Uneasy Pleasure: Representing the Dangers of Skin-to-skin Contact in Eighteenth-century London ‘The William Bynum Prize Essay’
Authors: Fernandes Sara
Published: September 2019

This article considers the social function of contagious disease as moderator of class relationships in England during the first half of the eighteenth century and takes into account the ways in which the ‘communicability’ of the plague, great pox (syphilis) and smallpox (variola) was used by authors to crystallise social interaction and tension along class lines. The essay begins by examining the representation of the plague, syphilis and smallpox in the medical tradition, before shifting its attention to the practice of maritime quarantine, as laid out by Richard Mead in hisShort Discourse Concerning Pestilential Contagion(1720). By foregrounding medical writing on contagion through skin contact, I suggest that pornographic texts such as John Cleland’sThe Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure(Fanny Hill) (1748) had an interventionist function. Cleland is often charged with sanitising the true horrors of sex work in this period. This article proposes that if we take the time to appreciate the way infectious cutaneous diseases were believed to operate and spread we can recognise the moments in which he not only alludes to disease but invokes it for structural and thematic purposes. In proposing this, I am challenging the dominant interpretation that the problematic realities of eighteenth-century prostitution, especially disease, are subordinated to the narrative’s greater interest in erotic pleasure.
Age and development of active cryoplanation terraces in the alpine permafrost zone at Svartkampan, Jotunheimen, southern Norway
Authors: Matthews John A. , Wilson Peter , Winkler Stefan , Mourne Richard W. , Hill Jennifer L. , Owen Geraint , Hiemstra John F. , Hallang Helen , Geary Andrew P.
Published: September 2019

Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating (SHD) of boulders on cryoplanation terrace treads and associated bedrock cliff faces revealed Holocene ages ranging from 0 ± 825 to 8890 ± 1185 yr. The cliffs were significantly younger than the inner treads, which tended to be younger than the outer treads. Radiocarbon dates from the regolith of 3854 to 4821 cal yr BP (2σ range) indicated maximum rates of cliff recession of ~0.1 mm/yr, which suggests the onset of terrace formation before the last glacial maximum. Age, angularity, and size of clasts, together with planation across bedrock structures and the seepage of groundwater from the cliff foot, all support a process-based conceptual model of cryoplanation terrace development in which frost weathering leads to parallel cliff recession and, hence, terrace extension. The availability of groundwater during autumn freezeback is viewed as critical for frost wedging and/or the growth of segregation ice during prolonged winter frost penetration. Permafrost promotes cryoplanation by providing an impermeable frost table beneath the active layer, focusing groundwater flow, and supplying water for sediment transport by solifluction across the tread. Snow beds are considered an effect rather than a cause of cryoplanation terraces, and cryoplanation is seen as distinct from nivation.
Representative Democracy as Defensible Epistocracy
Authors: LANDA DIMITRI , PEVNICK RYAN
Published: September 2019

Epistocratic arrangements are widely rejected because there will be reasonable disagreement about which citizens count as epistemically superior and an epistemically superior subset of citizens may be biased in ways that undermine their ability to generate superior political outcomes. The upshot is supposed to be that systems of democratic government are preferable because they refuse to allow some citizens to rule over others. We show that this approach is doubly unsatisfactory: although representative democracy cannot be defended as a form of government that prevents some citizens from ruling over others, it can be defended as a special form of epistocracy. We demonstrate that well-designed representative democracies can, through treatment and selection mechanisms, bring forth an especially competent set of individuals to make public policy, even while circumventing the standard objections to epistocratic rule. This has implications for the justification of representative democracy and questions of institutional design.
BOUNDARY SCHWARZ LEMMA FOR SOLUTIONS TO NONHOMOGENEOUS BIHARMONIC EQUATIONS
Authors: MOHAPATRA MANAS RANJAN , WANG XIANTAO , ZHU JIAN-FENG
Published: September 2019

We establish a boundary Schwarz lemma for solutions to nonhomogeneous biharmonic equations.
Composition and diversity patterns of Eunicida and Amphinomida (Annelida) associated to dead coral in the Chinchorro Bank Biosphere Reserve, Caribbean Sea
Authors: Hernández-Alcántara Pablo , Cruz-Pérez Ismael Narciso , Solís-Weiss Vivianne
Published: September 2019

The present study is the first attempt to describe beta-diversity patterns in polychaetes of the Caribbean Sea, analysing depth changes in species composition of the Eunicida and Amphinomida inhabiting dead coral in Chinchorro Bank, southern Mexican Caribbean. In April 2008, dead coral fragments were collected by scuba diving in eight stations along two bathymetric gradients (4–9 m and 7–16.2 m depth); 755 individuals from 53 species of the families Amphinomidae, Dorvilleidae, Eunicidae, Lumbrineridae, Oenonidae and Onuphidae were identified. The highest number of species (32) and individuals (514) were found in the family Eunicidae. The Northern transect harboured 36 species, on average 18.75 ind. L−1, which decreased linearly with depth; the Central transect had 43 species, on average 19.01 ind. L−1, which increased at middle depths. The species inhabiting both these zones were moderately different (βsor = 0.603): 49.06% of the fauna occurred on both transects, but the components of beta-diversity, turnover and nestedness, displayed distinct patterns: in the Northern one replacement was the dominant factor (βsim = 0.3–1; βnes = 0–0.091), practically representing all faunal differences (βsor = 0.391–1); in the Central, dissimilarity due to nestedness increased (βnes = 0.031–0.829), mainly at the shallowest stations, but from 5 m depth, beta-diversity was almost completely explained by species replacement (βsim = 0.417–0.5; βnes = 0.031–0.318). Faunal differences were mostly related to higher abundances ofLysidice caribensis,Eunice goodeiandLumbrineris floridanain the Northern zone, andLumbrineris perkinsi,Nicidion obtusa,Lysidice caribensis,Lumbrineris floridana,Lysidice unicornisandEunice mutilatain the Central zone.
The acquisition and use of relative clauses in Turkish-learning children's conversational interactions: a cross-linguistic approach
Authors: UZUNDAĞ Berna A. , KÜNTAY Aylin C.
Published: September 2019

Using a cross-linguistic approach, we investigated Turkish-speaking children's acquisition and use of relative clauses (RCs) by examining longitudinal child–caregiver interactions and cross-sectional peer conversations. Longitudinal data were collected from 8 children between the ages of 8 and 36 months. Peer conversational corpus came from 78 children aged between 43 and 64 months. Children produced RCs later than in English (Diessel, 2004) and Mandarin (Chen & Shirai, 2015), and demonstrated increasing semantic and structural complexity with age. Despite the morphosyntactic difficulty of object RCs, and prior experimental findings showing a subject RC advantage, preschool-aged children produced object RCs, which were highly frequent in child-directed speech, as frequently as subject RCs. Object RCs in spontaneous speech were semantically less demanding (with pronominal subjects and inanimate head nouns) than the stimuli used in prior experiments. Results suggest that multiple factors such as input frequency and morphosyntactic and semantic difficulty affect the acquisition patterns.
Law, Language and the Printing Press in the Reign of Charles I: Explaining the Printing of the Common Law in English
Authors: Williams Ian
Published: September 2019

The printing press had the potential to break the common lawyers' monopoly of legal knowledge. Early-modern England witnessed debates about the desirability of wider dissemination of legal learning. Previous scholarship has identified the long-term trend to increased printing of the law in English, focusing on ideological debates between lawyers and other key actors. Only selected texts and types of material were made available to the wider public before the 1620s. From the later 1620s a wider range of material which had hitherto existed only in manuscript was printed in English. Knowledge of the common law became more commonly available. This article identifies this crucial moment and explains the change. Rather than the ideological questions which are discussed in the existing literature, more mundane causes are identified for the legal profession's reduced control over the transmission of legal knowledge: a shift to the use of English by lawyers themselves, and a loss of professional control over manuscripts. The paper therefore demonstrates an important methodological point: understanding and assessing the history of legal printing requires engagement with older methods of transmitting the law.
Pneumonia incidence trends in UK primary care from 2002 to 2017: population-based cohort study
Authors: Sun Xiaohui , Douiri Abdel , Gulliford Martin
Published: September 2019

Increasing hospital admissions for pneumonia have been reported recently but it is not known whether pneumonia incidence rates have increased in the community. To determine whether incidence rates of pneumonia increased in primary care in the United Kingdom from 2002 to 2017, an open cohort study was conducted using electronic health records from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Clinically diagnosed pneumonia, influenza pneumonia, pleural infection and clinically suspected pneumonia, defined as chest infection treated with antibiotics, were evaluated. Age-standardised and age-specific rates were estimated. Joinpoint regression models were fitted and annual percentage changes (APC) were estimated. There were 70.7 million person-years of follow-up with 120 662 episodes of clinically diagnosed pneumonia, 1 831 005 of clinically suspected pneumonia, 23 814 episodes of influenza pneumonia and 2644 pleural infections over 16 years. The incidence of clinically diagnosed pneumonia increased from 1.50 per 1000 person-years in 2002 to 2.22 per 1000 in 2017. From 2010 to 2017, the APC in age-standardised incidence was 5.1% (95% confidence interval 3.4–6.9) compared with 0.3% (−0.6 to 1.2%) before 2010. Clinically suspected pneumonia incidence rates increased from 2002 to 2008 with an APC 3.8% (0.8–6.9) but decreased with an APC −4.9% (−6.7 to −3.1) from 2009 to 2017. Influenza pneumonia increased in the epidemic year of 2009. There was no overall trend in pleural infection. The results show that clinically diagnosed pneumonia has increased in primary care but there was a contemporaneous decline in recording of clinically suspected pneumonia or ‘chest infection’. Changes in disease labelling practice might partly account for these trends.
Early identification of impending cardiac arrest in neonates and infants in the cardiovascular ICU: a statistical modelling approach using physiologic monitoring data
Authors: Bose Sanjukta N. , Verigan Adam , Hanson Jade , Ahumada Luis M. , Ghazarian Sharon R. , Goldenberg Neil A. , Stock Arabela , Jacobs Jeffrey P.
Published: September 2019

Objective:

To develop a physiological data-driven model for early identification of impending cardiac arrest in neonates and infants with cardiac disease hospitalised in the cardiovascular ICU.

Methods:

We performed a single-institution retrospective cohort study (11 January 2013–16 September 2015) of patients ≤1 year old with cardiac disease who were hospitalised in the cardiovascular ICU at a tertiary care children’s hospital. Demographics and diagnostic codes of cardiac arrest were obtained via the electronic health record. Diagnosis of cardiac arrest was validated by expert clinician review. Minute-to-minute physiological monitoring data were recorded via bedside monitors. A generalized linear model was used to compute a minute by minute risk score. Training and test data sets both included data from patients who did and did not develop cardiac arrest. An optimal risk-score threshold was derived based on the model’s discriminatory capacity for impending arrest versus non-arrest. Model performance measures included sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, likelihood ratios, and post-test probability of arrest.

Results:

The final model consisting of multiple clinical parameters was able to identify impending cardiac arrest at least 2 hours prior to the event with an overall accuracy of 75% (sensitivity = 61%, specificity = 80%) and observed an increase in probability of detection of cardiac arrest from a pre-test probability of 9.6% to a post-test probability of 21.2%.

Conclusions:

Our findings demonstrate that a predictive model using physiologic monitoring data in neonates and infants with cardiac disease hospitalised in the paediatric cardiovascular ICU can identify impending cardiac arrest on average 17 hours prior to arrest.
Validation of a digitally displayed photographic food portion-size estimation aid among women in urban and rural Malawi
Authors: Flax Valerie L , Thakwalakwa Chrissie , Schnefke Courtney H , Stobaugh Heather , Phuka John C , Coates Jennifer , Rogers Beatrice , Bell Winnie , Colaiezzi Brooke , Muth Mary K
Published: September 2019

Objective:

To validate digitally displayed photographic portion-size estimation aids (PSEA) against a weighed meal record and compare findings with an atlas of printed photographic PSEA and actual prepared-food PSEA in a low-income country.

Design:

Participants served themselves water and five prepared foods, which were weighed separately before the meal and again after the meal to measure any leftovers. Participants returned the following day and completed a meal recall. They estimated the quantities of foods consumed three times using the different PSEA in a randomized order.

Setting:

Two urban and two rural communities in southern Malawi.

Participants:

Women (n 300) aged 18–45 years, equally divided by urban/rural residence and years of education (≤4 years and ≥5 years).

Results:

Responses for digital and printed PSEA were highly correlated (>91 % agreement for all foods, Cohen’s κw = 0·78–0·93). Overall, at the individual level, digital and actual-food PSEA had a similar level of agreement with the weighed meal record. At the group level, the proportion of participants who estimated within 20 % of the weighed grams of food consumed ranged by type of food from 30 to 45 % for digital PSEA and 40–56 % for actual-food PSEA. Digital PSEA consistently underestimated grams and nutrients across foods, whereas actual-food PSEA provided a mix of under- and overestimates that balanced each other to produce accurate mean energy and nutrient intake estimates. Results did not differ by urban and rural location or participant education level.

Conclusions:

Digital PSEA require further testing in low-income settings to improve accuracy of estimations.
Children of the Twins Early Development Study (CoTEDS): A Children-of-Twins Study
Authors: Ahmadzadeh Yasmin I. , Eley Thalia C. , Plomin Robert , Dale Philip S. , Lester Kathryn J. , Oliver Bonamy R. , McMillan Andrew , McAdams Tom A.
Published: September 2019

The Children of the Twins Early Development Study (CoTEDS) is a new prospective children-of-twins study in the UK, designed to investigate intergenerational associations across child developmental stages. CoTEDS will enable research on genetic and environmental factors that underpin parent–child associations, with a focus on mental health and cognitive-related traits. Through CoTEDS, we will have a new lens to examine the roles that parents play in influencing child development, as well as the genetic and environmental factors that shape parenting behavior and experiences. Recruitment is ongoing from the sample of approximately 20,000 contactable adult twins who have been enrolled in the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS) since infancy. TEDS twins are invited to register all offspring to CoTEDS at birth, with 554 children registered as of May 2019. By recruiting the second generation of TEDS participants, CoTEDS will include information on adult twins and their offspring from infancy. Parent questionnaire-based data collection is now underway for 1- and 2-year-old CoTEDS infants, with further waves of data collection planned. Current data collection includes the following primary constructs: child mental health, temperament, language and cognitive development; parent mental health and social relationships; parenting behaviors and feelings; and other socioecological factors. Measurement tools have been selected with reference to existing genetically informative cohort studies to ensure overlap in phenotypes measured at corresponding stages of development. This built-in study overlap is intended to enable replication and triangulation of future analyses across samples and research designs. Here, we summarize study protocols and measurement procedures and describe future plans.
Effekte von Zuckerkonsum auf die Gesundheit und mögliche Alternativen
Authors: Wölnerhanssen Bettina Karin , Meyer-Gerspach Anne Christin
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung. Übermässiger Zuckerkonsum erweist sich als gesundheitsschädigend für diverse Organsysteme und ist mitverantwortlich für Karies, Übergewicht, metabolisches Syndrom mit beeinträchtigter Glukosetoleranz bis zum Diabetes mellitus, Blutfettstörungen, arterielle Hypertonie, Hepatosteatose und kardiovaskuläre Morbidität und Mortalität. Der Konsum von Zucker sollte dringend reduziert werden. Zu einem gewissen Grad können Surrogate hilfreich sein. Künstliche Süssstoffe sind allerdings nicht inert und der chronische Konsum erweist sich zunehmend als ungünstig für den Stoffwechsel und die Darmflora. Natürliche Süssungsmittel wie Xylitol, Erythritol und seltene Zucker versprechen ein günstigeres Profil, müssen aber noch vertieft untersucht werden.
Bypass gastrique en Y selon Roux pour obésité sévère – Résultats à long terme
Authors: Suter Michel , Mantziari Stella , Duvoisin Céline , Dayer-Jankechova1 Anna , Favre Lucie
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung. Langzeitresultate nach Roux-Y-Magenbypass zur Behandlung der morbiden Adipositas. Hintergrund: Der Roux-Y Magenbypass (RYGB) wird seit gut 50 Jahren durchgeführt. Dennoch gibt es nur wenige publizierte Daten über Langzeitresultate. In diesem Artikel werden die eigenen Resultate bis 15 Jahre postoperativ und eine Literaturübersicht vorgestellt. Material und Methode: Die prospektiv erfasste Datenbank wurde für diesen Artikel retrospektiv analysiert. Eine Literatursuche erfolgte via Pubmed und Studien mit mind. 10-Jahresresultaten von mind. 50 Patienten eingeschlossen. Resultate: Zwischen 1999 und 2007 wurde an unserer Institution bei insgesamt 822 Patienten ein RYGB durchgeführt, bei denen ein minimaler Follow-up von 10-Jahren bestand. Bei 186 Patienten lag der Eingriff 15 Jahre zurück. Die Follow-up Rate nach 10 Jahren betrug 76 %, nach 15 Jahren 55 %. Patienten haben durchschnittlich 12.9 BMI-Punkte nach 10 Jahren an Gewicht verloren, was stabil bis 15 Jahre blieb. 80 %, respektive 72 % hatten einen stabilen Gewichtsverlust von mind. 20 % des Ursprungsgewichts nach 10, resp. 15 Jahren. Komorbiditäten und Lebensqualität verbesserten sich entscheidend. Diese Resultate sind vergleichbar mit den publizierten Langzeitresultaten, in denen auch ein präventiver Effekt auf die Entstehung von metabolen Komorbiditäten bei morbid Adipösen nach durchgeführten RYGB nachgewiesen werden konnte. Schlussfolgerung: RYGB erzielt gute bis exzellente Langzeitresultate betreffend Gewichtabnahme, die stabil bleibt bis 15 Jahre postoperativ. Parallel dazu verbessern sich Komorbiditäten, das kardiovaskuläre Risiko, die Lebensqualität und Lebenserwartung. RYGB ist eine gute Option für die meisten morbid adipösen Patienten, die für einen bariatrischen Eingriff qualifizieren.
Chirurgische und interdisziplinäre Behandlungskonzepte in der modernen Onkologie
Authors: Schrembs David , Rosenberg Robert
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung. Ein wesentlicher Teil chirurgischer Patienten leidet an malignen Tumorerkrankungen, welche jeden klinisch tätigen Chirurgen vor grosse Herausforderungen stellen. Die Heterogenität dieser onkologischen Krankheitsbilder, welche in den letzten Jahren auch durch die Fortschritte in der Bildgebung und molekularpathologischen Diagnostik noch komplexer geworden ist, macht ein universal gültiges und einfaches Behandlungskonzept unmöglich; vielmehr richtet sich die interdisziplinäre Therapie nach der Lokalisation und Entität des Primärtumors sowie einer vorhandenen Metastasierung und muss individuell und stadiengerecht geplant werden. Dabei gilt allgemein das Grundprinzip der vollständigen Resektion des Tumors mitsamt den regionalen Lymphknoten zum Erreichen der Tumorfreiheit als unumgänglich. Hier ist nach wie vor die chirurgische Therapie trotz der rasanten Fortschritte in der medikamentösen Onkologie ein unverzichtbarer Bestandteil der modernen onkologischen Behandlung und in der Regel Voraussetzung zur Heilung. Selbst für fortgeschrittene Krankheitsstadien in der metastasierten Situation (z. B. beim kolorektalen Karzinom) ist in vielen Fällen ein Therapieansatz mit kurativer Intention etabliert, wobei meist ein mehrzeitiges, interdisziplinäres Vorgehen gewählt wird. Zudem hat sich in den letzten Jahren ein Trend zur minimalinvasiven Chirurgie gezeigt, dies teils in Kombination mit Roboter-assistierten Operationsverfahren. Am Beginn einer jeden Behandlung steht dabei das Tumor-Staging mit Planung des Therapiekonzeptes in der interdisziplinären Tumorkonferenz sowie die Beurteilung des Patienten in Bezug auf Begleiterkrankungen und Risikofaktoren. Auch in der onkologischen Palliativtherapie kommt der Chirurgie ein hoher Stellenwert zu, dies insbesondere bei irresektablen, obstruierenden Tumoren des Gastrointestinaltraktes. So lässt sich durch Bypassverfahren wie z. B. Gastroenterostomien die Lebensqualität deutlich verbessern, wenn sämtliche anderen Therapieoptionen ausgeschöpft sind. Der folgende Artikel soll einen Überblick über die Grundsätze und Prinzipien der onkologischen Chirurgie geben, ohne auf die hochkomplexen Details der Behandlung der einzelnen Tumorentitäten einzugehen und erhebt keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit.
Long‐Term Coupling and Feedback Between Tectonics and Surface Processes During Non‐Volcanic Rifted Margin Formation
Authors: Theunissen Thomas , Huismans Ritske S.
Published: September 2019

Here we present high‐resolution 2‐D coupled tectonic‐surface processes modeling of extensional basin formation. We focus on understanding feedbacks between erosion and deposition and tectonics during rift and passive margin formation. We test the combined effects of crustal rheology and varying surface process efficiency on structural style of rift and passive margin formation. The forward models presented here allow to identify the following four feedback relations between surface processes and tectonic deformation during rifted margin formation. (1) Erosion and deposition promote strain localization and enhance large offset asymmetric normal fault growth. (2) Progressive infill from proximal to more distal half grabens promotes the formation of synthetic sets of basinward dipping normal faults for intermediate crustal strength cases. (3) Sediment loading on top of undeformed crustal rafts in weak crust cases enhances middle and lower crustal flow resulting in sag basin subsidence. (4) Interaction of high sediment supply to the distal margin in very weak crust cases results in detachment‐based rollover sedimentary basins. Our models further show that erosion efficiency and drainage area provide a first‐order control on sediment supply during rifting where rift‐related topography is relatively quickly eroded. Long‐term sustained sediment supply to the rift basins requires elevated onshore drainage basins. We discuss similar variations in structural style observed in natural systems and compare them with the feedbacks identified here.
Regional Climate Effects of Biomass Burning and Dust in East Asia: Evidence From Modeling and Observation
Authors: Dong Xinyi , Fu Joshua S. , Huang Kan , Zhu Qingzhao , Tipton Matthew
Published: September 2019

This study integrates data from regional model simulations, reanalysis data set, radiosonde observations, lidar measurements, and satellite products to evaluate the direct radiative forcing effect of biomass burning and dust over East Asia. During March and April, we find an overall cooling effect of the dust of −5 to −9 W/m2. Biomass burning aerosols from Peninsular Southeast Asia exhibit a warming effect of 5–10 W/m2 over the source area, lower than that over the downwind area of 10–20 W/m2 because of significantly higher cloud coverage in South China. Dust and biomass burning aerosols are found to cool the near surface layer (0–1 km) by −0.5 and −0.3 K, respectively, and warm the upper air (1–5 km) by +0.1 and +0.2 K, respectively. In Taipei, simultaneous presences of dust and biomass burning lead to cooling of near‐surface air by −1.5 K and warming of upper air by +1 K.
The Source, Significance, and Magnetospheric Impact of Periodic Density Structures Within Stream Interaction Regions
Authors: Kepko L. , Viall N. M.
Published: September 2019

We present several examples of magnetospheric ultralow frequency pulsations associated with stream interaction regions and demonstrate that the observed magnetospheric pulsations were also present in the solar wind number density. The distance of the solar wind monitor ranged from just upstream of Earth's bow shock to 261 RE, with a propagation time delay of up to 90 min. The number density oscillations far upstream of Earth are offset from similar oscillations observed within the magnetosphere by the advection timescale, suggesting that the periodic dynamic pressure enhancements were time stationary structures, passively advecting with the ambient solar wind. The density structures are larger than Earth's magnetosphere and slowly altered the dynamic pressure enveloping Earth, leading to a quasi‐static and globally coherent “forced‐breathing” of Earth's dayside magnetospheric cavity. The impact of these periodic solar wind density structures was observed in both magnetospheric magnetic field and energetic particle data. We further show that the structures were initially smaller‐amplitude, spatially larger, structures in the upstream slow solar wind and that the higher‐speed wind compressed and amplified these preexisting structures leading to a series of quasiperiodic density structures with periods typically near 20 min. Similar periodic density structures have been observed previously at L1 and in remote images, but never in the context of solar wind shocks and discontinuities. The existence of periodic density structures within stream interaction regions may play an important role in magnetospheric particle acceleration, loss, and transport, particularly for outer zone electrons that are highly responsive to ultralow frequency wave activity.
Upper Ocean Distribution of Glacial Meltwater in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Biddle Louise C. , Loose Brice , Heywood Karen J.
Published: September 2019

Pine Island Ice Shelf, in the Amundsen Sea, is losing mass due to increased heat transport by warm ocean water penetrating beneath the ice shelf and causing basal melt. Tracing this warm deep water and the resulting glacial meltwater can identify changes in melt rate and the regions most affected by the increased input of this freshwater. Here, optimum multiparameter analysis is used to deduce glacial meltwater fractions from independent water mass characteristics (standard hydrographic observations, noble gases, and oxygen isotopes), collected during a ship‐based campaign in the eastern Amundsen Sea in February–March 2014. Noble gases (neon, argon, krypton, and xenon) and oxygen isotopes are used to trace the glacial melt and meteoric water found in seawater, and we demonstrate how their signatures can be used to rectify the hydrographic trace of glacial meltwater, which provides a much higher‐resolution picture. The presence of glacial meltwater is shown to mask the Winter Water properties, resulting in differences between the water mass analyses of up to 4‐g/kg glacial meltwater content. This discrepancy can be accounted for by redefining the “pure” Winter Water endpoint in the hydrographic glacial meltwater calculation. The corrected glacial meltwater content values show a persistent signature between 150 and 400 m of the water column across all of the sample locations (up to 535 km from Pine Island Ice Shelf), with increased concentration toward the west along the coastline. It also shows, for the first time, the signature of glacial meltwater flowing off‐shelf in the eastern channel.
Remote Sensing Properties of Freezing Rain Events From Space
Authors: Adhikari Abishek , Liu Chuntao
Published: September 2019

Four years (April 2014 to March 2018) of Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Precipitation Features data along with colocated the Modern Era Retrospective‐Analysis for Research and Applications‐2 model data are used to identify Freezing Rain Features (FRFs). A Precipitation Feature with presence of both melting layer (maximum temperature of the vertical column > 4 °C) and a layer of subfreezing air (2‐m temperature < 0 °C) adjacent to the surface is considered an FRF. During 4 years of observations, GPM and Modern Era Retrospective‐Analysis for Research and Applications‐2 identify approximately 3,096 FRFs globally (65°S–65°N). Most of them are observed over Northern Hemispheric land in the winter season. The majority of FRFs originates through the “melting process,” whereas only 35 features are associated with “warm rain” process. The locations and seasonal and diurnal distribution patterns of the FRFs over the United States are well matched with the ground‐based observations. The ground‐based observations verify approximately 70% of the FRFs over the United States. Ku‐band radar properties show that FRFs are found shallower (2–5 km) and less intense (<27 dBZ) than precipitation features in general but deeper and more intense than Snow Features. Passive microwave properties show that FRFs Tbs and Polarization‐Corrected Temperature are warmer than Snow Features at all GPM Microwave Imager channels with the largest differences in 166 GHz. The enhancement in Tbs are more distinct with warm rain FRFs. FRF Tb tends to decrease as echo top height increases at all GPM Microwave Imager channels except for 183 GHz, where Tbs have lack of dependence on echo top height.
Projected Changes in the Probability Distributions, Seasonality, and Spatiotemporal Scaling of Daily and Subdaily Extreme Precipitation Simulated by a 50‐Member Ensemble Over Northeastern North America
Authors: Innocenti S. , Mailhot A. , Leduc M. , Cannon A. J. , Frigon A.
Published: September 2019

Global warming is expected to produce modifications in the intensity, as well as in the seasonality and spatiotemporal structure of extreme precipitation. In the present study, the temporal evolution of simulated daily and subdaily precipitation extremes was analyzed to assess how they respond to climate warming over different time horizons. Pooling series from the recent 50‐member Canadian Regional Climate Model v5 Large Ensemble, the probability distributions, date and time of occurrences, and spatiotemporal structure of simulated Annual Maxima (AM) precipitation were analyzed at various spatial scales and for durations between 1 hr and 3 days. In agreement with previous studies, the results underline the large increases in AM precipitation quantiles, especially for the shortest durations and for the more extreme events (i.e., longest return periods), and modifications in their spatiotemporal scaling properties and annual and diurnal cycles. For instance, subdaily AM extremes are expected to occur later in the evening, while, no matter the duration, the extremes are expected to occur over a wider period of the year in future climate. Finally, the analysis of projected AM probability distributions showed that heavy‐tail Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distributions will most likely be observed in the future climate, with some model grid boxes experiencing a significant increase of GEV shape parameters. These results may have major consequences in terms of the occurrence and possible impacts of the most extreme precipitation events.
Satellite Orbital Drag During Magnetic Storms
Authors: Oliveira D. M. , Zesta E.
Published: September 2019

We investigate satellite orbital drag effects at low‐Earth orbit associated with thermosphere heating during magnetic storms caused by coronal mass ejections. CHAllenge Mini‐satellite Payload (CHAMP) and Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) neutral density data are used to compute orbital drag. Storm‐to‐quiet density comparisons are performed with background densities obtained by the Jacchia‐Bowman 2008 (JB2008) empirical model. Our storms are grouped in different categories regarding their intensities as indicated by minimum values of the SYM‐H index. We then perform superposed epoch analyses with storm main phase onset as zero epoch time. In general, we find that orbital drag effects are larger for CHAMP (lower altitudes) in comparison to GRACE (higher altitudes). Results show that storm time drag effects manifest first at high latitudes, but for extreme storms, particularly observed by GRACE, stronger orbital drag effects occur during early main phase at low/equatorial latitudes, probably due to heating propagation from high latitudes. We find that storm time orbital decay along the satellites' path generally increases with storm intensity, being stronger and faster for the most extreme events. For these events, orbital drag effects decrease faster probably due to elevated cooling effects caused by nitric oxide, which introduce modeled density uncertainties during storm recovery phase. Errors associated with total orbit decay introduced by JB2008 are generally the largest for the strongest storms and increase during storm times, particular during recovery phases. We discuss the implication of these uncertainties for the prediction of collision between space objects at low‐Earth orbit during magnetic storms.
IFN-γ restores the impaired function of RNase L and induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in lung cancer
Authors: Yin Huijing , Jiang Zhengyu , Wang Shuoer , Zhang Ping
Published: September 2019

RNase L is an essential component in interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral signaling that showed antitumor effects in cancer. Cancer immunotherapy based on interferon has achieved encouraging results that indicate an applicable potential for cancer therapy. Here we showed that function of RNase L, though highly upregulated, was functionally impaired both in nuclear and cytoplasm in lung cancer cells. In normal lung epithelial cells, RNase L activation induced by 2–5A promoted nuclear condensation, DNA cleavage, and cell apoptosis, while in lung cancer cells, these processes were inhibited and RNase L-mediated downregulation of fibrillarin, Topo I and hnRNP A1 was also impaired in lung cancer cells. Moreover, the impairment of RNase L in lung cancer cells was due to the elevated expression of RLI. Application of IFN-γ to lung cancer cells led to enhanced expression of RNase L that compensated the RLI inhibition and restored the cytoplasmic and nuclear function of RNase L, leading to apoptosis of lung cancer cells. Thus, the present study discovered the impaired function and mechanism of RNase L in lung cancer cells and proved the efficacy of IFN-γ in restoring RNase L function and inducing apoptosis in the lung cancer cell. These results indicated the RNase L as a therapeutic target in lung cancer cells and immunotherapy of IFN-γ may serve as an adjuvant to enhance the efficacy.
Polyphenol-rich extract induces apoptosis with immunogenic markers in melanoma cells through the ER stress-associated kinase PERK
Authors: Prieto Karol , Cao Yu , Mohamed Eslam , Trillo-Tinoco Jimena , Sierra Rosa A. , Urueña Claudia , Sandoval Tito Alejandro , Fiorentino Susana , Rodriguez Paulo C. , Barreto Alfonso
Published: September 2019

Polyphenols elicit antitumor activities, in part, through the induction of anti- or pro-oxidant effects in cancer cells which promote priming of protective anti-tumor immunity. We recently characterized a polyphenol-rich extract from Caesalpinia spinosa (P2Et) that stimulates in vivo antitumor responses against breast and melanoma tumor models via the promotion of immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD). However, the primary mediators whereby P2Et promotes ICD remained unknown. Here, we sought to elucidate the role that severe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays in mediating P2Et-induced apoptosis and ICD in murine melanoma cells. Our findings demonstrate a substantial selective induction of specific ER-stress mediators in B16-F10 melanoma cells treated with P2Et. While knockout of the ER stress-associated PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) prevented induction of apoptosis and expression of ICD markers in P2Et-treated cells, deletion of X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) did not. P2Et-driven activation of PERK in melanoma cells was found to promote ER-calcium release, disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential, and trigger upregulation of ICD drivers, surface calreticulin expression, and extracellular release of ATP and HMGB1. Notably, calcium release inhibition, but not targeting of PERK-driven integrated stress responses, prevented P2Et-induced apoptosis. Collectively, these results underline the central role of PERK-directed calcium release in mediating the antitumor and immunogenic actions of P2Et in melanoma cells.
G3BP1 inhibits ubiquitinated protein aggregations induced by p62 and USP10
Authors: Anisimov Sergei , Takahashi Masahiko , Kakihana Taichi , Katsuragi Yoshinori , Kitaura Hiroki , Zhang Lu , Kakita Akiyoshi , Fujii Masahiro
Published: September 2019

The aberrant accumulation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates in cells plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of several degenerative diseases, including Parkinson disease (PD) and cystic fibrosis (CF). In this study, we found that Ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) inhibits ubiquitinated protein aggregations induced by p62 and USP10 in cultured cells. p62 is a ubiquitin receptor, and p62 and its binding partner USP10 have been shown to augment ubiquitinated protein aggregation. G3BP1 interacted with p62 and USP10 and inhibited p62/USP10-induced protein aggregation. The G3BP1 inhibition of protein aggregations targeted two aggregation-prone proteins, α-synuclein and CFTR-ΔF508, which are causative factors of PD and CF, respectively. G3BP1 depletion increased the amounts of ubiquitinated α-synuclein and CFTR-ΔF508 protein. A proteasome reporter indicated that G3BP1 depletion inhibits the proteasome activity. We herein present evidence that G3BP1, p62 and USP10 together control ubiquitinated protein toxicity by controlling both ubiquitination and aggregation. Taken together, these results suggest that G3BP1, p62 and USP10 could be therapeutic targets for ubiquitinated protein aggregation disorders, including PD and CF.
Excitotoxic neurodegeneration is associated with a focal decrease in metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 availability: an in vivo PET imaging study
Authors: Crabbé Melissa , Dirkx Nina , Casteels Cindy , Laere Koen Van
Published: September 2019

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have been proposed as promising therapeutic targets to correct the dysregulated glutamate signaling, associated with neurodegenerative pathologies. Of all mGluR subtypes, especially mGluR5 acts as a modulator of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. To study the behavior of mGluR5 following localized excitotoxicity, we utilised a pharmacological model that portrays exacerbated neuronal glutamate release, mediated by the endogenous excitotoxin quinolinic acid (QA). Using longitudinal positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]FPEB, we investigated cerebral changes in mGluR5 following striatal QA-lesioning. Behavioral tests were executed to monitor motor and cognitive performance. Decreased mGluR5 binding potential (BPND) was found in the affected striatum and globus pallidus of QA-lesioned rats at week 3, and further decreased at week 7, as compared to sham-injected controls. mGluR5 availability in the ipsilateral nucleus accumbens was significantly decreased at 7 weeks post-injection. QA rats performed significantly worse on motor coordination and balance compared to control rats. Correlation analysis indicated a positive correlation between striatal mGluR5 BPND and rotarod performance whereas print width of the unaffected forepaws showed a positive relation with mGluR5 BPND in the contralateral motor cortex. Together, our results suggest decreased mGluR5 availability to be related to excitotoxin-induced neurodegeneration and symptomatology although late stage effects do indicate possible cortical mGluR5-mediated effects on motor behavior.
TRAF3 regulates the oncogenic proteins Pim2 and c-Myc to restrain survival in normal and malignant B cells
Authors: Whillock Amy L. , Mambetsariev Nurbek , Lin Wai W. , Stunz Laura L. , Bishop Gail A.
Published: September 2019

TRAF3 is a versatile intracellular adapter protein with multiple context-specific roles. Uniquely in B cells, TRAF3 deficiency enhances survival and increases the risk of transformation, as loss of TRAF3 is observed in several types of B cell cancers. Here, we report a new mechanism for TRAF3 in the restraint of B cell survival. We found that TRAF3 deficiency was associated with induction of the pro-survival kinase Pim2 in mouse primary B cells and human malignant B cell lines. The increase in Pim2 was independent of NF-κB2 activation but was ameliorated with inhibition of STAT3 expression or function. TRAF3 deficiency also led to a Pim2-dependent increase in c-Myc protein levels and was associated with reduced c-Myc ubiquitination. TRAF3-deficient primary B cells were less sensitive to cell death induced by the Pim inhibitors SGI-1776 and TP-3654. Interestingly, human malignant B cell lines with low expression of TRAF3 were more sensitive to Pim inhibition-induced cell death. Combination treatment of TRAF3-deficient B cells and B cell tumor lines with c-Myc inhibitors enhanced their sensitivity to Pim inhibition, suggesting a possible therapeutic strategy. TRAF3 thus suppresses a Pim2-mediated B cell survival axis, which can be a potential target for treatment of B cell malignancies.