bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation Product Supplemented from 20 Days Before Dry-Off Through 60 Days of Lactation on the Metabolic Adaptation of Dairy Cows to the Peripartum Phase
Authors: Mezzetti Matteo , Zontini Alessandro Maria , Minuti Andrea , Yoon Ilkyu , Trevisi Erminio
Published: February 2025

Sixty Holstein cows were enrolled at −76 days from calving (DFC) and classified based on the daily SCC during the previous week from an automated milking system. The separation thresholds for low (L, n = 46) and high (H, n = 14) classifications were 100 K/mL for primiparous and 200 K/mL for multiparous cows. Cows were then assigned to two homogeneous groups to receive diets supplemented with 19 g/d of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (TRT; NutriTek, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA, USA) or without supplementation (CTR) until 60 DFC. Cows were dried off at −56 DFC and monitored for disease incidence, milk yield and composition, plasma metabolic profile, and whole blood count from −76 to 60 DFC. Data were analyzed utilizing ANOVA and mixed models for repeated measures. During the dry period, TRT cows had greater plasma thiol and albumin compared to CTR. TRT-L cows had greater plasma protein and globulin than CTR-L. TRT-H cows had heightened hematocrit; reduced plasma globulin and haptoglobin; and higher albumin, albumin to globulin ratio, and thiol than CTR-H. TRT-H cows had greater concentrations of leukocytes and lymphocytes and lower plasma protein and ceruloplasmin at −54 DFC; lower reactive oxygen species to ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power ratios at −44 DFC; and greater concentrations of lymphocytes and plasma gamma glutamyl transferase at −7 DFC than CTR-H. After calving, TRT cows had a lower incidence of mastitis and higher butterfat, as well as greater plasma haptoglobin and aspartate amino transferase (AST) and reduced Mg compared to CTR. TRT cows had lower SCC between 1 and 7 DFC and a greater ECM between 41 and 60 DFC compared to CTR. TRT-H cows had lower SCC between 1 and 7 DFC and greater hemoglobin and plasma AST than CTR-H. Ameliorated immune system functions due to Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product administration lowered the SCC in TRT-H cows and prevented the onset of new intramammary infections across both L and H SCC groups, supporting the improved productive performance of dairy cows.
Dogs’ Gazing Behavior to Humans Is Related to Their Liveliness, Aggressiveness, and the Emotional Comfort They Provide
Authors: Kubinyi Eniko , Sommese Andrea , Gácsi Márta , Miklósi Ádám
Published: February 2025

Gazing toward humans is fundamental in dog–human communication. This study aimed to characterize companion dogs based on their gazing behavior and to explore the potential links between gazing, personality (liveliness, confidence, aggressiveness, and attachment), emotional comfort provided to the owners, and breed. We observed 171 dogs in an ambiguous situation involving a moving stimulus, a remote-controlled toy car and gathered additional data with questionnaires. Our behavior analysis, based on gaze frequency directed at the owner and experimenter, identified four distinct clusters of dogs: low gazers, experimenter-focused gazers, owner-focused gazers, and frequent gazers. We found that experimenter-focused gazers exhibited lower levels of liveliness than frequent gazers and were reported to be less aggressive than low gazers and frequent gazers. Owner-focused gazers provided more emotional comfort to their owners than low gazers. Regarding breeds, 56.5% of German shepherd dogs were low gazers, compared to only 5.3% of golden retrievers. Age, sex, neutered status, and approaching the stimulus were not associated with cluster membership. These results highlight the complexity of dog–human communication, suggesting that personality, emotional factors, and breed shape how dogs seek guidance and support from humans or express anxiety.
Pet Dog Choice in Hong Kong and Mainland China: Exploring Owners’ Motivations, Behaviours, and Perceptions
Authors: Yim Hei Tung , Flay Kate Jade , Nekouei Omid , Steagall Paulo Vinicius , Beatty Julia A.
Published: February 2025

Dogs are among the most popular pets worldwide, and ownership is increasing in many regions. Responsible pet ownership positively impacts animal welfare, yet little is known about the drivers of pet choices or their regional variation. To address this knowledge gap, a structured online questionnaire was developed to investigate the motivations, behaviours, perceptions, and demography of owners acquiring dogs. Quality control measures included content validity evaluation by independent experts and back-translation to optimize semantics. Non-probability convenience and purposive sampling was used to recruit respondents through social media and interest groups. In total, 2036 eligible responses were received. Three out of four respondents were female, which is a pattern reported in other regions. Mixed-breed dogs were the most popular, representing around 40% of the total, and non-commercial sources, such as shelters, were the predominant source for new pets (65%). In stark contrast to the UK, USA, and parts of Europe, brachycephalic breeds were the least popular of the purebreds. Poodles were the most frequently owned purebred in both HKSAR and MC. “Companionship for humans” was the most common reason for acquiring a pet dog, and strong agreement with the statement “I consider my dog part of my family” was almost universal (99%). Over half of respondents carried out no research before they acquired their dog (55%), and veterinary professionals were the least frequent resource used by the remainder. Our study reveals commonalities with other regions in drivers for, and perceptions of, pet dogs. Encouragingly from an animal welfare perspective, brachycephalic breeds were the least preferred type. Investigation of the drivers of this observation may be useful to encourage the acquisition of non-brachycephalic dogs in other regions. Overall, our study provides preliminary but valuable insights for developing targeted programs promoting responsible ownership in the region to enhance the well-being of both humans and dogs.
Antimicrobial Properties of Hive Products and Their Potential Applications in Human and Veterinary Medicine
Authors: Bava Roberto , Puteo Claudio , Lombardi Renato , Garcea Giuseppe , Lupia Carmine , Spano Angelica , Liguori Giovanna , Palma Ernesto , Britti Domenico , Castagna Fabio
Published: February 2025

Hive products, encompassing honey, propolis, bee venom, royal jelly, and pollen, are recognized for their antimicrobial and therapeutic properties. This review examines their chemical composition, explores their mechanisms of action, and discusses their potential applications in both human and veterinary medicine, particularly in addressing the challenge of antimicrobial resistance. This study utilized a comprehensive literature search strategy, gathering data from Google Scholar, MEDLINE PubMed, SciELO, and SCOPUS databases. Relevant search terms were employed to ensure a thorough retrieval of the pertinent literature. Honey, rich in bioactive compounds such as hydrogen peroxide and methylglyoxal, effectively disrupts biofilms and combats multi-drug-resistant pathogens, showing promise in treating a range of infections. Propolis, with its flavonoids and phenolic acids, demonstrates synergistic effects when used in conjunction with antibiotics. Bee venom, particularly its component melittin, exhibits antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties, although further research is needed to address toxicity concerns. Pollen and royal jelly demonstrate broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, which is particularly relevant to animal health. Existing pre-clinical and clinical data support the therapeutic potential of these hive products. Hive products represent a vast and largely untapped natural resource for combating antimicrobial resistance and developing sustainable therapies, particularly in the field of veterinary medicine. However, challenges remain due to the inherent variability in their composition and the lack of standardized protocols for their preparation and application. Further research is essential to fully elucidate their mechanisms of action, optimize formulations for enhanced efficacy, and establish standardized protocols to ensure their safe and effective clinical use.
Sage–Husa Algorithm Based on Adaptive Double Forgetting Factors
Authors: Li Wenjuan , Zhan Mingjing , Feng Hui
Published: February 2025

In order to address the issues of insufficient filtering accuracy and filtering divergence that have been observed in the Sage–Husa algorithm when applied to nonlinear system state estimation, an adaptive double forgetting factor-based Sage–Husa algorithm is proposed. This algorithm builds upon the Sage–Husa algorithm with forgetting factors by introducing double forgetting factors and adaptively adjusting them using a windowing method combined with an exponential form. On the basis of ensuring the semi-positive definiteness of the process noise covariance matrix and the positive definiteness of the observation noise covariance matrix, a covariance matching technique is employed to determine whether the measurement noise statistical characteristics need to be re-updated. The results of the simulations demonstrate that the proposed algorithm enhances the accuracy of filtering and exhibits strong effectiveness and feasibility.
Design and Evaluation of Mastectomy Bras Using 3D Virtual Prototyping
Authors: Ermin Gözde , Şen Kılıç Arzu
Published: February 2025

This study aims to develop an innovative and functional mastectomy bra that addresses the physical, aesthetic, and psychological needs of post-mastectomy women. Mastectomy bras play a vital role in prosthesis stability, body image improvement, and quality of life. Using CLO 3D virtual fitting software-2024.2.214, two bra models were designed and evaluated for ergonomic fit and aesthetic appearance. The virtual prototyping method enabled design evaluation without physical sample production, providing an efficient and sensitive approach for user-centered design. Features such as prosthesis stability, user comfort, and aesthetic elements were optimized, while Tencel–PES–elastane and nylon–elastane fabrics were compared for pressure performance and body fit. Results showed similar performance for both fabrics; however, Tencel was recommended as a sustainable option due to its superior moisture absorption, breathability, and skin-friendly properties. The 3D virtual prototyping method offered an effective evaluation tool while addressing the psychological needs of women who prefer not to participate in physical fittings. This approach presents an innovative and sustainable model that can be applied to the design of other specialized garments. This study presents an innovative contribution by integrating advanced CLO 3D virtual prototyping technology into the design process, enabling ergonomic and aesthetic evaluations without the need for physical samples, especially for women in the sensitive post-operative period. This innovative approach not only streamlines the design process but also establishes a sustainable framework for specialized garment production. The utilization of Tencel–polyester–elastane fabric as a sustainable alternative demonstrates suitable performance in terms of comfort and ergonomic fit while promoting environmentally friendly practices. These findings highlight the significance of digital prototyping methods in garment design and offer a user-centric, eco-conscious model applicable to other specialized garments.
Optimized Extraction Method for Neutral Cannabinoids Quantification Using UHPLC-HRMS/MS
Authors: Meirelles João Victor , Estevam Débora Cristina Diniz , dos Santos Vanessa Farelo , Pereira Henrique Marcelo Gualberto , Saint Pierre Tatiana D. , Veiga-Junior Valdir F. , Padilha Monica Costa
Published: February 2025

The Cannabis market is experiencing steady global growth. Cannabis herbal extracts (CHE) are interesting and sought-after products for many clinical conditions. The medical potential of these formulations is mainly attributed to neutral cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and cannabinol (CBN), and their non-standardized content poses a significant fragility in these pharmaceutical inputs. High-resolution mass spectrometry portrays a powerful alternative to their accurate monitoring; however, further analytical steps need to be critically optimized to keep up with instrumental performance. In this study, Full Factorial and Box–Behnken designs were employed to achieve a multivariate optimization of CBD, THC, and CBN extraction from human and veterinary commercial CHE using a minimum methanol/hexane 9:1 volume and short operational times. A predictive model was also constructed using the Response Surface Methodology and its accuracy was validated. Agitation and sonication times were identified as the most significant operational extraction parameters, followed by the extraction mixture volume. The final setup of the optimized method represented a significantly faster and cheaper protocol than those in the literature. The selected neutral cannabinoids quantification was conducted using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS) with a precision of <15%, accuracy of 69–98%, sensitivity of 23–39 ng kg−1, and linearity regarding pharmaceutical requirements. State-of-the-art levels of analytical sensitivity and specificity were achieved in the target quantification due to high-resolution mass spectrometry. The developed method demonstrated reliability and feasibility for routine analytical applications. As a proof-of-concept, it enabled the efficient processing of 16 samples of commercial CHE within a three-hour timeframe, showcasing its practicality and reproducibility, and highlighting its potential for broader adoption in similar scenarios for both human and veterinary medicines.
PERK-Olating Through Cancer: A Brew of Cellular Decisions
Authors: Mazzolini Laurent , Touriol Christian
Published: February 2025

The type I protein kinase PERK is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transmembrane protein that plays a multifaceted role in cancer development and progression, influencing tumor growth, metastasis, and cellular stress responses. The activation of PERK represents one of the three signaling pathways induced during the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is triggered, in particular, in tumor cells that constitutively experience various intracellular and extracellular stresses that impair protein folding within the ER. PERK activation can lead to both pro-survival and proapoptotic outcomes, depending on the cellular context and the extent of ER stress. It helps the reprogramming of the gene expression in cancer cells, thereby ensuring survival in the face of oncogenic stress, such as replicative stress and DNA damage, and also microenvironmental challenges, including hypoxia, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Consequently, PERK contributes to tumor initiation, transformation, adaptation to the microenvironment, and chemoresistance. However, sustained PERK activation in cells can also impair cell proliferation and promote apoptotic death by various interconnected processes, including mitochondrial dysfunction, translational inhibition, the accumulation of various cellular stresses, and the specific induction of multifunctional proapoptotic factors, such as CHOP. The dual role of PERK in promoting both tumor progression and suppression makes it a complex target for therapeutic interventions. A comprehensive understanding of the intricacies of PERK pathway activation and their impact is essential for the development of effective therapeutic strategies, particularly in diseases like cancer, where the ER stress response is deregulated in most, if not all, of the solid and liquid tumors. This article provides an overview of the knowledge acquired from the study of animal models of cancer and tumor cell lines cultured in vitro on PERK’s intracellular functions and their impact on cancer cells and their microenvironment, thus highlighting potential new therapeutic avenues that could target this protein.
Hypoxia Regulates the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells Through HIF-1α Mediated Autophagy in Yak
Authors: Yang Shanshan , Cui Yan , Ma Rui , Yu Sijiu , Zhang Hui , Zhao Pengfei , He Junfeng
Published: February 2025

Cell proliferation and migration mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) are important processes of hypoxic cardiac vascular remodeling. HIF-1α also regulates the physiological hypoxic adaptation of the coronary artery in the yak heart, but the potential mechanism remains to be completely elucidated. In this study, coronary artery proliferation increased with age and hypoxia adaptation time. In vitro analysis showed that hypoxia can promote the proliferation of coronary vascular smooth muscle cells (CASMCs). Meanwhile, HIF-1α plays an important role in the regulation of proliferation and migration under hypoxia. Autophagy regulates cell proliferation and migration to participate in hypoxia adaptation in plateau animals. Here, the level of autophagy increased significantly in yak coronary arteries with age and was regulated by HIF-1α-mediated hypoxia. In addition, autophagy could also mediate the hypoxic effect on the proliferation and migration of CASMCs. In summary, the results revealed that the increase in yak heart coronary artery thickening with age increases vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, mainly achieved through hypoxia-mediated HIF-1α-regulated autophagy. These results contribute to understanding how the heart adapts to life in a hypoxic environment.
Nano-Scale Video Imaging of Motility Machinery by High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: McArthur Steven John , Umeda Kenichi , Kodera Noriyuki
Published: February 2025

Motility is a vital aspect of many forms of life, with a wide range of highly conserved as well as highly unique systems adapted to the needs of various organisms and environments. While many motility systems are well studied using structural techniques like X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy, as well as fluorescence microscopy methodologies, it is difficult to directly determine the relationship between the shape and movement of a motility system due to a notable gap in spatiotemporal resolution. Bridging this gap as well as understanding the dynamic molecular movements that underpin motility mechanisms has been challenging. The advent of high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) has provided a new window into understanding these nano-scale machines and the dynamic processes underlying motility. In this review, we highlight some of the advances in this field, ranging from reconstituted systems and purified higher-order supramolecular complexes to live cells, in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic contexts.
Diagnostic Performance of Serum Mac-2-Binding Protein Glycosylation Isomer as a Fibrosis Biomarker in Non-Obese and Obese Patients with MASLD
Authors: Ananchuensook Prooksa , Moonlisarn Kamonchanok , Boonkaew Bootsakorn , Bunchorntavakul Chalermarat , Tangkijvanich Pisit
Published: February 2025

Background: Serum mac-2-binding protein glycosylation isomer (M2BPGi) is a new biomarker for liver fibrosis. However, its performance in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), particularly in obese patients, remains to be explored. Methods: This study evaluated the role of M2BPGi in predicting liver fibrosis in 205 patients with MASLD using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) as a reference. The performance of M2BPGi was compared to vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE), FIB-4, APRI, and NFS. The PNPLA3, TM6SF2, and HSD17B13 polymorphisms were assessed by allelic discrimination assays. Results: The area under the ROC curves for VCTE, M2BPGi FIB-4, APRI, and NFS in differentiating significant fibrosis were 0.95 (95% CI; 0.91–0.98), 0.85 (0.79–0.92), 0.81 (0.74–0.89), 0.79 (0.71–0.87), and 0.80 (0.72–0.87) (all p < 0.001), respectively. The optimal cut-off values of M2BPGi in predicting significant fibrosis, advanced fibrosis, and cirrhosis were 0.82, 0.95, and 1.23 cut-off index (COI); yielding satisfactory sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy. The performance of M2BPGi was consistent among subgroups according to BMI, while the AUROCs of FIB-4, APRI, and NFS were remarkably decreased in patients with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. Patients with the PNPLA3 GG genotype had significantly higher M2BPGi than those with the CC/CG genotypes. In multivariate analysis, the independent factors associated with significant liver fibrosis were VCTE, M2BPGi, and PNPLA3 rs738409. Conclusions: Our data demonstrated that serum M2BPGi accurately assessed liver fibrosis across different BMI, indicating that this biomarker could apply to non-obese and obese patients with MASLD in clinical settings.
Microbiome Integrity Enhances the Efficacy and Safety of Anticancer Drug
Authors: Mafe Alice N. , Büsselberg Dietrich
Published: February 2025

The intricate relationship between anticancer drugs and the gut microbiome influences cancer treatment outcomes. This review paper focuses on the role of microbiome integrity in enhancing the efficacy and safety of anticancer drug therapy, emphasizing the pharmacokinetic interactions between anticancer drugs and the gut microbiota. It explores how disruptions to microbiome composition, or dysbiosis, can alter drug metabolism, immune responses, and treatment side effects. By examining the mechanisms of microbiome disruption caused by anticancer drugs, this paper highlights specific case studies of drugs like cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and irinotecan, and their impact on microbial diversity and clinical outcomes. The review also discusses microbiome-targeted strategies, including prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), as promising interventions to enhance cancer treatment. Furthermore, the potential of microbiome profiling in personalizing therapy and integrating these interventions into clinical practice is explored. Finally, this paper proposes future research directions, including developing novel biomarkers and a deeper comprehension of drug–microbiome interactions, to respond to current gaps in knowledge and improve patient outcomes in cancer care.
Feasibility of Serum Galectin-1 as a Diagnostic Biomarker for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Study on a Segment of the Chinese Population Using Convenience Sampling
Authors: Zeng Ting , Li Fang , Yang Min , Wu Yao , Cui Wei , Mou Huaming , Luo Xiaohe
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is commonly considered as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, posing considerable public health and economic challenges due to its high prevalence. This study investigates the diagnostic potential of serum galectin-1 levels in MASLD patients. Methods: A total of 128 participants were analyzed for this study, comprising 68 healthy controls and 60 MASLD patients. The hepatic steatosis index (HSI) and fatty liver index (FLI) were calculated to evaluate the liver steatosis. Serum galectin-1 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We additionally conducted a comparative analysis of galectin-1 mRNA and protein expression levels in the liver tissue between the mouse models of MASLD, including ob/ob mice (n = 6), high-fat diet-fed C57 mice (n = 6), and the control group (n = 6). Results: Average serum galectin-1 levels significantly differed between groups, with lower values in the controls (p < 0.01). The frequency of MASLD increased with higher quartiles of galectin-1 levels (p < 0.01). The correlation analysis showed a positive relationship between serum galectin-1 and both HSI and FLI (p < 0.01). The multivariate logistic regression indicated that elevated galectin-1 was associated with an increased risk of MASLD (p < 0.01), yielding an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for predicting MASLD at 0.745 (95% CI: 0.662–0.829). Hepatic galectin-1 levels were also elevated in the MASLD mouse model at both transcript and protein levels (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Serum galectin-1 can be used as a potential biomarker to help diagnose MASLD.
Highly Stable Ni–Red Mud Catalysts for CO2-Free Hydrogen and Valuable Carbon from Natural Gas
Authors: Khan Wasim Ullah , Hantoko Dwi , Nasser Galal , Bakare Akolade Idris , Al Shoaibi Ahmed , Chandrasekar Srinivasakannan , Hossain Mohammad M.
Published: February 2025

The utilization of red mud as a catalyst support has been investigated to produce high-value carbon and COx-free hydrogen from natural gas. Nickel impregnation between 10 wt% to 20 wt% over red mud generates more active species in the form of nickel oxide; however, nickel–red mud interaction also generates less active spinel species (NiFe2O4). The red mud itself deactivates quickly during the production of hydrogen from the decomposition of methane; however, nickel-based red mud-supported catalysts have shown significant improvement in the activity results. For instance, the catalyst with 20 wt% nickel supported by red mud demonstrates a stable methane conversion as high as 75%. The reduction kinetics analysis demonstrated the lowest reduction in activation energy of 83 kJ/mol for 20Ni-PRM which played a major role in the excellent activity and stability of this catalyst. The post-reaction catalyst characterization results indicate the formation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, as evidenced by high resolution transition electron microscope and thermogravimetric analyses.
Health Equity Intervention for Youth with Type 1 Diabetes and High Social Risk
Authors: Stover-Kempers Stephanie M. , Torres Kristen A. , Barry-Menkhaus Samantha A. , Jenisch Celeste , Spiro Kim , Harris Michael A. , Wagner David V.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who experience avoidable complications often have dangerously high and consistently elevated HbA1c values. Novel Interventions in Children’s Healthcare (NICH), a program designed to effectively intervene with this population, has demonstrated success with reducing avoidable complications and improving HbA1c in these youth. However, prior examinations of program outcomes have not included a comparison group. This is the first study to compare electronic health record (EHR) outcomes (i.e., HbA1c values, hospital utilization) of NICH youth to a comparison group. Methods: Youth with T1D and avoidable complications were referred to NICH (n = 101; NICH = 40; comparison = 61) from the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Retrospective EHR review included one year prior to and two years post NICH referral. Outcomes included hospitalization utilization and HbA1c values. There were no significant demographic differences between NICH and unserved youth (M age = 14.05 years; 50% female). Results: Within-group analyses revealed that NICH youth demonstrated a significant reduction in mean (M) admissions from one year prior to two years post-referral (M = 1.55 to M = 0.99; p = 0.011) as well as reduced HbA1c values from pre-referral to one year post-referral (M = 11.64%; 287 mg/dL; 15.9 mmol/L to M = 10.87; 265 mg/dL; 14.7 mmol/L; (p = 0.006)). Between-group analyses revealed NICH youth had lower proportions of individuals with an HbA1c over 10% (240 mg/dL; 13.3 mmol/L) (p = 0.03) compared to comparison group youth at one year post-referral. ANOVA analyses showed a significant reduction in admissions in linear interaction F (1,95) = 4.036, (p = 0.047), indicating that NICH youth demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in admissions over time compared to comparison youth. Conclusions: This study was the first to compare the health outcomes of NICH youth to a comparison group. NICH youth demonstrated significant reductions in admissions and HbA1c values over time.
Reflectance Minimization of GaAs Solar Cell with Single- and Double-Layer Anti-Reflection Coatings: A Simulation Study
Authors: Sharma Gaudel Gangasagar , Yu Seung-Ju , Parajuli D. , KC Devendra , Khattri Khim B. , Kim Young Jun , Rho Won-Yeop
Published: February 2025

Renewable energy is in high demand, with significant contributions from the solar industry encouraging research into more efficient, cost-effective, and versatile solar cell technologies. Anti-reflection coating (ARC) is an important method for improving solar cell efficiency by minimizing light reflectance and maximizing photon absorption. This study investigates the electrical and optical behaviors of single- and double-layer ARCs for gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells, using PC1D simulation for single-layer SiO2, and ZnSe, and double-layer SiO2/ZnSe configurations. The findings indicate that the double-layer SiO2/ZnSe ARC structure significantly reduces reflectance and enhances light absorption, leading to a higher current density (Jsc) and overall efficiency. With optimized layer thicknesses of 60 nm (ZnSe) and 100 nm (SiO2), the efficiency increased from 20.628% to 30.904%, representing a 49.81% improvement. This enhancement is primarily attributed to the increased photon absorption and a higher electron–hole generation rate, confirming the superior performance of double-layer ARCs over single-layer configurations.
Prospective Follow-Up of Neurological Findings and Recovery Tımes in COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Bulğak Mirkan , Demirdal Tuna
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to evaluate the type, frequency, onset, and recovery duration of neurological symptoms caused by COVID-19, including newly emerging post-COVID-19 neurological findings, to contribute to improved prognosis and follow-up strategies. A total of 110 COVID-19 patients hospitalized with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests (24 December 2021–10 March 2022) were prospectively assessed. Neurological symptoms during hospitalization and at 1, 3, and 6 months post-discharge were documented, with all findings confirmed by a neurologist. The time of symptom onset was recorded for each patient. Fatigue (75.5%) was the most common symptom, lasting 10.43 weeks on average, followed by myalgia (57.3%, 4.29 weeks) and headache (56.4%, 3.35 weeks). Forgetfulness persisted the longest (22.03 weeks). Headache and myalgia were more frequent in women, while symptoms like dizziness, insomnia, and nausea/vomiting were more common in patients aged ≤50. No significant differences in symptom duration were observed based on age or gender. Neurological symptoms, such as fatigue, headache, myalgia, and forgetfulness, were prevalent in both the acute and post-COVID-19 phases. The study underscores the importance of systematic neurological monitoring and the development of individualized follow-up strategies to manage long-term neurological effects and improve patient outcomes.
The Role of Infant and Early Childhood Gut Virome in Immunity and the Triggering of Autoimmunity—A Narrative Review
Authors: Mpakosi Alexandra , Sokou Rozeta , Theodoraki Martha , Iacovidou Nicoletta , Cholevas Vasileios , Tsantes Andreas G. , Liakou Aikaterini I. , Drogari-Apiranthitou Maria , Kaliouli-Antonopoulou Christiana
Published: February 2025

Background: The bacterial gut microbiome has been the subject of many studies that have provided valuable scientific conclusions. However, many different populations of microorganisms that interact with each other to maintain homeostasis coexist inside the gut. The gut virome, especially, appears to play a key role in this interactive microenvironment. Intestinal viral communities, including bacteriophages, appear to influence health and disease, although their role has not yet been fully elucidated. In addition, bacteriophages or viruses that infect bacteria regulate bacterial growth, thus shaping the composition of the gut microbiome and affecting the immune system. Infant Gut Virome: The shaping of the gut microbiome during the first years of life has a significant role in the maturation of the infant’s immune system. In contrast, early dysbiosis has been associated with chronic, including metabolic and autoimmune, disorders later in life. Purpose: Although viruses have been shown to be potential triggers of autoimmune diseases, there is a gap in the literature regarding the infant gut virome in autoimmunity development. Despite the lack of evidence, this review attempts to summarize and clarify what is known so far about this timely and important topic in the hope that its findings will contribute to future research.
Promising Results About the Possibility to Identify Prostate Cancer Patients Employing a Random Forest Classifier: A Preliminary Study Preoperative Patients Selection
Authors: Faiella Eliodoro , Pileri Matteo , Ragone Raffaele , De Nicola Anna Maria , Beomonte Zobel Bruno , Grasso Rosario Francesco , Santucci Domiziana
Published: February 2025

Objective: This study evaluates the accuracy of a Machine Learning model of Random Forest (RF) type, using MRI data and radiomic features to predict lymph node involvement in prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: Ninety-five patients who underwent mp-MRI, prostatectomy, and lymphadenectomy at the Fondazione Policlinico Campus Bio-medico Radiological Department from 2016 to 2022 were analyzed. Radiomic features were extracted from T2-weighted, DWI, and ADC sequences and processed using a Random Forest (RF) model. Clinical data such as PSA levels and Gleason scores were also considered. Results: The RF model demonstrated significant accuracy in predicting lymph node involvement, achieving 84% accuracy for nodules in the peripheral zone (80% for predicting positive lymph node involvement and 85% for negative lymph node involvement) and 87% for those in the transitional zone (86% for predicting positive lymph node involvement and 88% for negative lymph node involvement). In the peripheral zone, key features included ADC shape maximum 2D diameter row and T2 noduloglcm difference variance, while in the transitional zone, DWI glcm difference average and DWI glcm Idm were important. DWI and ADC sequences were particularly crucial for accurate lymph node assessment. First-order features emerged as the most significant in whole-gland analysis, indicating fundamental differences in tumor composition and density critical for identifying malignancies with higher metastatic potential. Conclusions: AI-driven radiomic analysis, especially using DWI- and ADC-derived features, effectively predicts lymph node involvement in PCa patients, in particular in negative linfonode status patients, offering a promising tool for preoperative linfonode sparing patient selection. Further validation with larger cohorts is needed. Some limitations of this study are a relatively small sample size and it being a retrospective study.
Exploring AI-Driven Machine Learning Approaches for Optimal Classification of Peri-Implantitis Based on Oral Microbiome Data: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Pais Ricardo Jorge , Botelho João , Machado Vanessa , Alcoforado Gil , Mendes José João , Alves Ricardo , Bessa Lucinda J.
Published: February 2025

Background: Machine learning (ML) techniques have been recently proposed as a solution for aiding in the prevention and diagnosis of microbiome-related diseases. Here, we applied auto-ML approaches on real-case metagenomic datasets from saliva and subgingival peri-implant biofilm microbiomes to explore a wide range of ML algorithms to benchmark best-performing algorithms for predicting peri-implantitis (PI). Methods: A total of 100 metagenomes from the NCBI SRA database (PRJNA1163384) were used in this study to construct biofilm and saliva metagenomes datasets. Two AI-driven auto-ML approaches were used on constructed datasets to generate 100 ML-based models for the prediction of PI. These were compared with statistically significant single-microorganism-based models. Results: Several ML algorithms were pinpointed as suitable bespoke predictive approaches to apply to metagenomic data, outperforming the single-microorganism-based classification. Auto-ML approaches rendered high-performing models with Receiver Operating Characteristic–Area Under the Curve, sensitivities and specificities between 80% and 100%. Among these, classifiers based on ML-driven scoring of combinations of 2–4 microorganisms presented top-ranked performances and can be suitable for clinical application. Moreover, models generated based on the saliva microbiome showed higher predictive performance than those from the biofilm microbiome. Conclusions: This feasibility study bridges complex AI research with practical dental applications by benchmarking ML algorithms and exploring oral microbiomes as foundations for developing intuitive, cost-effective, and clinically relevant diagnostic platforms.
The Association of Statin Therapy with Liver and Pancreatic Fat Fraction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Parlar Mehmet Akif , Mutlu Hakan , Doğantekin Betül , Musaoğlu İsmail Serhat , Albayrakoğlu Nisa Demirboşnak , Yavuz Mustafa Lütfi , Özbolat Zehra Buşra , Kaplan Mustafa
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: It has been shown that the use of statins in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) worsens hyperglycemia and hemoglobin A1c levels but may help in the preservation of pancreatic β-cell function. The potential role of a high pancreatic fat fraction (PFF) in this process has not yet been clarified. This study aimed to investigate whether the liver fat fraction (LFF) and PFF in T2DM patients is affected by statin therapy. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved a total of 140 T2DM patients, including both those who were receiving (n = 70) and those who were not receiving (n = 70) statin therapy. The mapping of the LFF and PFF utilizing the IDEAL-IQ sequence was conducted in magnetic resonance imaging. Results: In T2DM patients who used statins, the median PFF was higher compared to those who did not use statins (8.4 vs. 6.2%, p = 0.021), while the median LFF was found to be similar (8.4 vs. 8.9, p = 0.572). Variations in PFF were associated with the use of various statins (non-statin group: 6.2 vs. atovastatin: 8.7 vs. rosuvastatin: 3.2 vs. pitavastatin: 9.2, p = 0.004). The multivariable regression analysis indicated that insulin usage decreased log(LFF) by a factor of 0.16-fold (ꞵ ± SE = −0.16 ± 0.05, p = 0.010), and rosuvastatin usage reduced log(PFF) by 0.16-fold (ꞵ ± SE = −0.16 ± 0.07, p = 0.025), irrespective of other risk factors. Furthermore, the use of atorvastatin (ꞵ ± SE = 0.17 ± 0.06, p = 0.011) and pitavastatin (ꞵ ± SE = 0.19 ± 0.07, p = 0.008) were independently associated with an increase in log(PFF). Conclusions: In patients with T2DM, statin use did not show a significant effect on the liver fat fraction, but it caused differences in the pancreatic fat fraction. The observation of a lower pancreatic fat fraction in patients taking a rosuvastatin and atorvastatin dose of 40 mg/day suggests that different types and doses of statins may have varying effects on pancreatic fat accumulation.
Klina River Water Quality Assessment Based on Diatom Algae
Authors: Fetoshi Osman , Koto Romina , Shala Albona , Sallaku Fatbardh , Bytyçi Pajtim , Nuha Demokrat , Đurin Bojan , Hasalliu Rozeta , Bytyçi Arbëri , Rathnayake Upaka , Dogančić Dragana
Published: February 2025

Benthic diatoms are being used as indicators to assess the biological quality of surface waters in Kosovo. The Klina River is the left tributary of the White Drin River Basin, with a length of 69 km. The study assessed the level of surface water quality in the Klina River using 12 diatomic indices calculated with the Omnidia program. For this purpose, three stations monitored the river Klina in the autumn of 2021 to conform to international standards. A total of 88 diatom taxa were identified, with the dominant species being Rhoicosphenia abbreviata (C. Agardh) Lange-Bertalot, Gyrosigma acuminatum (Kützing) Rabenhorst, Cocconeis placenula Ehrenberg, Gomphonema minutum (Ag.) Agardh f. minutum, Gomphonema clavatum Ehr, Meridion circulare (Greville) C.A. Agardh, Cocconeis pediculus Ehrenberg, Diatoma vulgaris Bory, and Nitzschia dissipata (Kützing) Grunow ssp. dissipata etc. This study assessed the surface water quality in the Klina River using diatom indices, indicating that the river is in good to moderate ecological condition. Environmental variables such as hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and dissolved oxygen (DO) had significant positive correlations (<0.01) with the biological diatom index (IBD), Descy’s pollution metric (Descy), Sladeček’s pollution metric (SLA), the European index (CEE), and Watanabe’s Index (WAT), while the total suspended solids (TSS) also showed a strong negative significant correlation (<0.01) with the generic diatom index (IDG), Indice Diatomique Artois Picardie (IDAP), the eutrophication pollution index (EPI-D), the trophic diatom index (TDI), the Pampean diatom index (IDP), and Steinberg and Schiefele’s index (SHE). Total phosphorus (TP), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) presented a significant negative correlation (<0.05) with the IBD, Descy, SLA, CEE, and WAT indices. Our findings provide insights for organizations dealing with the state of the environment and water protection in Kosovo, and these results can be used as a starting point for assessing the ecological quality of water and monitoring environmental pollution in the Kosovo region.
Growth Effects of Wealth Inequality Through Transmission Channels
Authors: Motahar Seyed Armin , Mamipour Siab
Published: February 2025

In light of the substantial rise in economic inequality in recent decades across the majority of economies, the relationship between inequality and economic growth has garnered significant attention. However, the specific impact of wealth inequality through various transmission channels on growth remains underexplored. This study underscores the limitations of relying on income inequality as a proxy for wealth disparities in growth research and emphasizes the importance of addressing nonlinearities in examining the relationship between inequality and growth. It pioneers the examination of transmission channels from wealth inequality to economic growth, employing an innovative nonlinear mediation analysis that incorporates both linear and nonlinear aspects, with the Generalized Additive Method utilized for the nonlinear part. Using the wealth Gini index as the primary measure of wealth inequality across a panel of 150 countries from 1980 to 2020, the findings indicate that inequality impedes growth via the human capital, socio-political stability, consumption, and innovation channels, while it exerts a positive influence through investment. The mediation effect of the rent-seeking channel is found to be nonsignificant. Above all, the study highlights the substantial negative impact of wealth inequality on innovation, a key driver of economic growth, underscoring the importance of addressing wealth disparities in future growth analyses and policy decisions.
Cutting into the Mirror: Association of Body Image Concerns with Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents and Young Adults with Eating Disorders
Authors: Piarulli Francesco Maria , Margari Anna , Margari Francesco , Matera Emilia , Viola Giuseppina , Maiorano Claudia , De Agazio Gabriele , Tarantino Fabio , Carruolo Valeria , Petruzzelli Maria Giuseppina
Published: February 2025

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a transdiagnostic behavior often found in patients with eating disorders (EDs). Both conditions plateau in adolescence and share psychopathological traits. Our study focuses on body image concerns, a complex psychopathological construct associated with both NSSI and ED, as a shared risk factor between the two. This study included 73 participants aged 14–24 recruited from the Eating Disorders Day Hospital, University Hospital of Bari, Italy, divided into two groups: those with an ED and NSSI (ED + NSSI) and those with an ED without NSSI (ED-only). Using standardized assessments such as clinical and demographical data, the Body Uneasiness Test (BUT-a), and the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI-2), this study found that the ED + NSSI group exhibited significantly higher body image concerns in all main scales and subscales of BUT-a and EDI-2. Moreover, the ED + NSSI group presented higher scores on psychopathological traits associated with a more severe ED, namely Ineffectiveness, Social Insecurity, and Asceticism. Finally, patients in the ED + NSSI group were diagnosed with a higher degree of depressive disorders. These findings highlight significant associations between body image concerns and NSSI in patients with an ED, also showing a higher risk of psychiatric comorbidities and a more severe ED profile in these patients.
Inconsistent Variations in Components of Functional Stability Under Heterogeneous Conditions: A Case Study from the Maolan Karst Forest Ecosystems in Guizhou Province, Southwest of China
Authors: Li Yong , Meng Longchenxi , Chen Luyao , Sui Mingzhen , Zhang Guangqi , Liu Qingfu , Chen Danmei , Ding Fangjun , Zang Lipeng
Published: February 2025

Human-induced environmental changes threaten the functional stability of natural forest ecosystems. Understanding the dominant factors influencing both functional space and stability in extremely heterogeneous environments is crucial for elucidating the stability of heterogeneous forest ecosystems. Here, 30 forest dynamic plots were established along the successional pathway in Maolan National Nature Reserve in Southwest China. By measuring 15,725 stems across 286 distinct species’ six key plant functional traits, we constructed the key plant functional traits for functional space and quantified functional redundancy (FR) and functional vulnerability (FV) to represent functional stability, and we further utilized the line model and multiple linear regression model to explore the key biotic/abiotic indicators influencing functional stability along the successional pathway of degraded karst forests. Additionally, as the successional pathway unfolded, the contribution of the six plant traits to the overall functional space increased, from 59.85% to 66.64%. These traits included specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf thickness (LT) and leaf nitrogen content (LNC), which played a crucial role in driving functional space. With the increasing species richness (FR), functional entities (p < 0.001) and FR (p < 0.001) increased, while FV (p < 0.01) decreased. The results also demonstrated a higher FR in degraded karst forests (FR > 2). However, over 51% of FEs consisted of a single species, with the majority of species clustered into a few functional entities (FEs), indicating an elevated level of FV in karst forests. Soil nutrient availability significantly influences the ecosystem’s functional stability, explaining 87% of FR variability and 100% of FV variability. Finally, the rich SR of karst forests could provide sufficient insurance effects; soil pH and available potassium (AK) enhance resilience, and exchangeable calcium (Eca), total phosphorus (TP) and total potassium (TK) indicate the resistance of functional stability in degraded karst forests. This study highlights the complex mechanisms of functional stability in extreme habitat conditions, thereby deepening our understanding of ecosystem function maintenance.