bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1,2‐Propanediol over Co‐Al2O3 Catalysts in Batch and Continuous Reactors
Authors: Cai Fufeng , Guo Yanjiao , Xiao Guomin
Published: October 2022

In this work, Co‐Al2O3 catalysts were evaluated for hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,2‐propanediol (1,2‐PDO) in batch and continuous reactors. Among the catalysts tested, the 30Co‐Al2O3 catalyst exhibited the best catalytic activity with good stability in the continuous reactor, attributable to the high acidity and Co dispersion. Furthermore, the experimental results indicated that better catalytic performance in terms of 1,2‐PDO selectivity was attained for the reaction performed in the continuous reactor. In comparison to the batch reactor, in situ reduction of the catalyst, shorter contact time between the reactants and the catalyst, and the presence of gas‐phase operation in the continuous reactor were responsible for the high activity for glycerol hydrogenolysis.
Numerical study of the effect of CO2/H2O dilution on the laminar burning velocity of methane/air flames under elevated initial temperature and pressure
Authors: Yang Huiyong , Wang Xun , Fu Jianqin , Liu Jingping
Published: October 2022

Diluents have an essential effect during combustion. Discovering the influence of CO2 and H2O as diluents on laminar burning velocity (LBV) is helpful for combustion control and optimization. In this study, CH4/air/CO2/H2O mixtures were investigated and validated using the FFCM‐Mech 1.0 over extensive boundary conditions. The chemical effects of the diluents CO2 and H2O were separated using a decoupling method. It was found that an increase in initial temperature promotes the chemical effects, while an increase in initial pressure does the opposite. In addition, the inhibiting effect of CO2 on LBV is stronger than that of H2O. Sensitivity, mole fraction, and rate of production (ROP) analyses were used to reveal that the sum of the chemical effects of adding CO2 and H2O separately was greater than the chemical effects of adding equal amounts of CO2 and H2O simultaneously. This paper not only investigates the effect of CO2 and H2O on the LBV under wide boundary conditions, but also offers a valuable guide for studying the operating conditions and intensity settings of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and theoretical guidance for further research on the combination of EGR and in‐cylinder water injection technology.
Bifunctional Peptide‐Assisted Synthesis of Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes for Toluidine Blue Dye Remediation in Aqueous Conditions
Authors: Jones Honora V. , Joiner Sadie K. , Ojo Ibikunle A. , Boyles Steven J. , Briggs Penland Beverly
Published: October 2022

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are known to be a suitable adsorbent of organic contaminants due to their large surface area and hollow structures; but at the nanoscale, CNTs have poor solubility and can be difficult to remove from solution. Studies have shown that the use of peptides can control the size, shape, and structure of materials during synthesis. In this research, magnetic CNTs were synthesized in a co‐precipitation reaction in the presence of the M6A−B1 peptide to correct these deficiencies in CNTs. Characterization of nanoparticles was facilitated by analytical methods including scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and more. Water remediation studies were conducted to study the effect of dye, pH, and adsorbent on the removal of Toluidine Blue O from an aqueous solution. Pseudo‐second order kinetics were used in describing the rate of adsorption while a Langmuir isotherm model was used to study the interaction between the peptide‐functionalized material and the adsorbate. The separation factor, RL, calculated for the studied dye concentrations showed that adsorption with the peptide‐functionalized material was favorable.
AnN‐Annulated, Rylene‐based Twistacene as Scaffold for Long Supramolecular Polymers
Authors: Martínez Manuel A. , Greciano Elisa E. , López‐Gandul Lucía , Sánchez Luis
Published: October 2022

The multistep synthesis of theN‐annulated rylenecarbodiimide1is reported. The large π‐surface and the operation of a fourfold array of H‐bonding interactions between the trialkoxybenzamide units yield highly stable supramolecular polymers, the stability of which has been quantified by applying the denaturation model. The operation of these non‐covalent interactions affords long 1D‐supramolecular polymers that have been visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Deep learning approach for investigation of temporal radio frequency signatures of drones
Authors: Sohal Rajdeep Singh , Grewal Vinit , Singh Kuldeep , Kaur Jaipreet
Published: October 2022

The omnipresence of drones in the civilian air space has led to their malicious usage raising high alert security issues. In this paper, a deep learning approach to detect and identify drones and to determine their flight modes from the remotely sensed radio frequency (RF) signatures is presented. This work intends to detect the presence of drones using two‐class classification, the presence along with identification of their make using four‐class classification. And this is further extended to the determination of their flight modes using ten‐class classification. It employs the proposed architectures of prominent deep learning classifiers, namely, autoencoder (AE), long short‐term memory (LSTM), convolutional neural network (CNN), and CNN‐LSTM hybrid model. To procure the relevant information from 227 RF signatures having 100 fragments each, the seven significant temporal statistical features, namely, maxima, minima, mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and root mean square, are extracted. In a two‐class classification scenario, all considered classifiers perform near to idle, whereas in a four‐class classification scenario, CNN performs best, followed by AE, CNN‐LSTM, and LSTM, respectively. Moreover, in a ten‐class classification scenario, AE far outperforms CNN, followed by LSTM and CNN‐LSTM, respectively. The best performance in terms of accuracy and classification time confirms the feasibility of the proposed AE classifier for the three considered drone operations.
Conjugates of lactobionic acid and IR820: New photosensitizers for efficient photodynamic therapy of hepatoma cells
Authors: Yuan Xiaoyin , Tao Yayu , Xiao Wen , Du Kunda , Hu Hang , Xu Defeng , Xu Qingbo
Published: October 2022

New indocyanine green (IR820) is an indocyanine green analog which has attracted increasing attention in cancer phototherapy for the prominent absorbance at near‐infrared region and improved stability. However, the lack of tumor targeting ability is still an obstacle that severely limits the application of IR820. Lactobionic acid (LA) is a ligand for the asialoglycoprotein receptors which are overexpressed on the membrane of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. In this work, three conjugates of LA and IR‐820, namely LA‐IR820, LA‐SS‐IR820, and LA‐DEG‐IR820, were developed for targeted photodynamic therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The in vitro photodynamic effect study shows that LA‐IR820, LA‐SS‐IR820 and LA‐DEG‐IR820 exhibit similar singlet oxygen quantum yield as compared to free IR820. The cellular uptake study demonstrates that LA‐IR820, LA‐SS‐IR820, and LA‐DEG‐IR820 exhibit enhanced cellular uptake amount as compared to free IR820 due to the ligand‐receptor interactions between LA and asialoglycoprotein receptor overexpressed on the membrane of HepG2 cells. Among these three conjugates, LA‐IR820 with hydrodynamic diameter of 154.6 ± 6.1 nm exhibits the highest cellular uptake amount. The cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation study shows that LA‐IR820, LA‐SS‐IR820 and LA‐DEG‐IR820 display enhanced cellular ROS level as compared to free IR820 and LA‐IR820 exhibits the highest cellular ROS level upon 600 mW/cm2 660 nm laser irradiation. As a result, LA‐IR820, LA‐SS‐IR820 and LA‐DEG‐IR820 exhibit enhanced photocytotoxicity against HepG2 cells as compared to free IR820 and LA‐IR820 exhibits the highest photocytotoxicity. LA‐IR820, LA‐SS‐IR820, and LA‐DEG‐IR820 show significant potential for the targeted photodynamic therapy of HCC.
A case of rapidly progressing and poorly differentiated Ip‐type early‐stage colorectal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Tsubomoto Atsuko , Sashiyama Hiroshi , Koike Junichi , Morita Yohei , Tsutsumi Osamu , Hamahata Yukihiro
Published: October 2022

A 36‐year‐old woman visited our hospital with a chief complaint of bleeding during defecation. Colonoscopy revealed a 20‐mm pedunculated polyp in the sigmoid colon, which was en bloc resected under endoscopy. The histopathological diagnosis was adenoma cancer with a depth of invasion indicating mucosal cancer, no lymphovascular invasion, and negative at the resection margin. The poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma component comprised approximately 5% of the tumor. Although there were no recurrence signs in the computed tomography scans obtained 4 months post polypectomy, the patient experienced aggressive lower back pain at 6 months post polypectomy. Local recurrence, peritoneal dissemination, and liver metastasis were confirmed. Finally, the patient died following a rapid and aggressive deterioration of her general condition. Histological examination of the local recurrence revealed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (por2), with immunostaining revealing a high Ki67 positivity rate of 95%. Moreover, the poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma region of the resected polyp had a Ki67 positivity rate of 90%, which suggested that they were the same tumors. These findings suggested that the recurrence could have occurred through implantation.
Gastric dilatation in patients with restrictive eating disorders
Authors: Gibson Dennis , Watters Ashlie , Dee Elizabeth , Mehler Philip S.
Published: October 2022

Objectives

To better understand gastric dimensions in patients diagnosed with restrictive eating disorders (EDs).

Method

In this retrospective study, 56 patients, with restrictive EDs, and 60 gender/age/race‐matched patients from an outpatient clinic, were studied. Difference in stomach size, between cohorts, was ascertained, and regression analyses were used to examine associations with stomach size in the ED cohort.

Results

Patients with EDs were found to have significantly enlarged gastric dimensions when compared to the control group (M:14.8 cm [SD: 3.2] vs. 11.4 cm [SD: 2.9], p < .0001). Among the ED cohort, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), on the day of imaging, positively correlated with gastric dimensions (r = .43, p = .0009), while hypoalbuminemia negatively correlated with gastric dimensions (r = −.37, p = .005). BUN and albumin nadir were also significantly associated with stomach size (r2 = .26, F[2,53] = 9.46, p = .0003). There was no significant correlation between gastric dimensions and ED diagnosis, percent ideal body weight, gender, duration of illness, engagement in vomiting behaviors, diagnosis of superior mesenteric artery syndrome, or use of promotility agents.

Discussion

Findings in this study suggest that malnutrition, secondary to EDs, may be associated with an enlarged stomach. The relationship between the gastric dimensions and reported GI symptoms in this population remain to be determined.

Public significance

There are many physiologic changes to the gastrointestinal system that develop with malnutrition but the contribution of these physiologic changes toward the reported GI symptoms and refeeding difficulties is unclear. This is the first study to suggest that patients with malnutrition, secondary to EDs, may be associated with an enlarged stomach, and this potential relationship requires further investigation.
Colloidosomes as a Protocell Model: Engineering Life‐Like Behaviour through Organic Chemistry
Authors: Park Jun Hyeong , Galanti Agostino , Ayling India , Rochat Sebastien , Workentin Mark S. , Gobbo Pierangelo
Published: October 2022

The bottom‐up synthesis of self‐assembled micro‐compartmentalised systems that mimic basic characteristics of living cells is rapidly evolving. These types of systems are termed “protocells” and can be chemically programmed to grow and divide, to send and receive chemical signals, to transcript and translate chemical information, to adhere to surfaces or to other protocells, and to perform rudimental enzyme‐mediated metabolic processes. An emerging protocell model that is attracting great attention is the colloidosome. Colloidosomes are microcapsules with a chemically crosslinked, semipermeable membrane composed of amphiphilic nanoparticles. Colloidosomes display important advantages over other protocell models (e. g., vesicles and coacervate micro‐droplets) due to their physical‐chemical properties that can be easily tuned through the careful engineering of their synthetic building blocks. In this review, we deliver an overview of the different types of colloidosomes that have been developed thus far and discuss how organic chemistry contributes to the design and bottom‐up synthesis of novel types of colloidosomes endowed with advanced chemically programmed bio‐inspired functions.
High quantum yield of In‐based halide perovskites for white light emission and flexible x‐ray scintillators
Authors: Liang Dehai , Liu Xiaohui , Luo Binbin , Qian Qingkai , Cai Wensi , Zhao Shuangyi , Chen Jiangzhao , Zang Zhigang
Published: October 2022

In‐based halides always present low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) because of poor absorption, limiting their potential applications in luminescence‐related fields. In this work, zero‐dimensional MA4InCl7 [MA+: CH3NH3+] halides with different Sb3+ doping level are prepared through solvent evaporating method. The Sb3+‐doped MA4InCl7 shows a broadband yellow emission with full width at half‐maximum of 180 nm and a high PLQY of 84%. Such broadband emission originates from the self‐trapped excitons demonstrated by experimental results and theoretical calculations. Additionally, the Sb3+‐doped MA4InCl7 is further employed to fabricate white‐light‐emitting diodes, which possesses high color rendering index of 91 and excellent operating stability up to 400 h. Moreover, flexible Sb3+‐doped MA4InCl7 films are also prepared as x‐ray scintillators, exhibiting low detection limit of 63.3 nGyair/s and high spatial resolution of 10.0 lp/mm. Thus, this work provides guidance to design perovskite‐based devices with bright luminescence and x‐ray detection with excellent flexibility.

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Optimal scheduling of integrated energy systems including hydrogen electrolyzers, HFCVs, and electric vehicles
Authors: Xiaoxin Zhang , Qigong Chen , Yuan Ge
Published: October 2022

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) are promising environmentally friendly technologies that are increasingly supported by governments around the world. In the integrated energy system (IES) of this paper, by adding the method of electrolysis to hydrogen production, the electrical energy is converted into chemical energy, which cannot only absorb the new energy with fluctuating output but also meet the use of more and more HFCVs. Aiming at the newly introduced hydrogen energy conversion and consumption pathways, this paper uses a statistical analogy to model HFVCs, taking into account the energy conversion efficiency and the needs of vehicle owners. Using the GUROBI solver in the YALMIP toolbox, the IES optimization problem is formed into a MILP problem and solved, and the corresponding co‐optimization scheduling method is given. Based on meeting the needs of HFCVs and electric vehicle (EV) owners, the system can schedule the number and timing of charging and discharging of EVs and the power of hydrogen production from electrolyzers on the time scale, and finally smooth the total power curve. Simulation results show that the proposed collaborative optimal energy scheduling method can meet the current demand for new energy in the system and improve the economy of the IES.
Hosts, microbiomes, and the evolution of critical windows
Authors: Metcalf C. Jessica E. , Tepekule Burcu , Bruijning Marjolein , Koskella Britt
Published: October 2022

The absence of microbial exposure early in life leaves individuals vulnerable to immune overreaction later in life, manifesting as immunopathology, autoimmunity, or allergies. A key factor is thought to be a “critical window” during which the host's immune system can “learn” tolerance, and beyond which learning is no longer possible. Animal models indicate that many mechanisms have evolved to enable critical windows, and that their time limits are distinct and consistent. Such a variety of mechanisms, and precision in their manifestation suggest the outcome of strong evolutionary selection. To strengthen our understanding of critical windows, we explore their underlying evolutionary ecology using models encompassing demographic and epidemiological transitions, identifying the length of the critical window that would maximize fitness in different environments. We characterize how direct effects of microbes on host mortality, but also indirect effects via microbial ecology, will drive the optimal length of the critical window. We find that indirect effects such as magnitude of transmission, duration of infection, rates of reinfection, vertical transmission, host demography, and seasonality in transmission all have the effect of redistributing the timing and/or likelihood of encounters with microbial taxa across age, and thus increasing or decreasing the optimal length of the critical window. Declining microbial population abundance and diversity are predicted to result in increases in immune dysfunction later in life. We also make predictions for the length of the critical window across different taxa and environments. Overall, our modeling efforts demonstrate how critical windows will be impacted over evolution as a function of both host-microbiome/pathogen interactions and dispersal, raising central questions about potential mismatches between these evolved systems and the current loss of microbial diversity and/or increases in infectious disease.
CD4+ T effector memory cell responses in Chlamydia pneumoniae‐stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in nonasthmatic subjects
Authors: Smith‐Norowitz Tamar A. , Shidid Sarah , Norowitz Yitzchok M. , Kohlhoff Stephan
Published: October 2022

Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) is a gram‐negative intracellular bacterium that causes respiratory infection in humans, including subjects with or without asthma. C. pneumoniae activates cells (e.g., monocytes/macrophages) in vitro, and produces cytokines that may contribute to inflammatory responses observed in asthma. Immunological differences exist between subjects with or without asthma, with regard to host responses to C. pneumoniae. The heterogeneity and subsequent diverse pathophysiology of asthma can be better understood by analyzing the repertoire of T‐cell subpopulations; the most common distinction between different asthma endotypes includes cytokines produced by CD4+ cells (T helper (Th)2 high vs. Th2 low).
Ethnographic sibling research and language learning during the pandemic: Multimodal engagement in literacy and learning over Zoom
Authors: Alghoraibi Ala Saleh , Alghoribi Mohammed Saleh
Published: October 2022

Engaging in ethnographic sibling research, my brother and I intended to contribute to the knowledge of a multilingual learner's literacy practices via Zoom. We discuss agency and negotiated interaction between the ethnographer and sibling‐participant. We examine data from field notes, interviews, and participant artifacts using a social semiotic multimodal framework to understand how an English as an Additional Language (EAL) Learner made meaning of L2 undergraduate content. We argue that the accessibility of semiotic and multimodal resources to the L2 learner can influence engagement with the L2 content. The study suggests sibling research provides a unique lens for uncovering learning practices that often remain hidden. My brother demonstrated active participation in learning by capturing and revisiting critical information and decoding texts with the support of his home language.
Sexing Bones: Improving Transparency of Sex Reporting to Address Bias Within Preclinical Studies
Authors: Sharma Aikta , Michels Lysanne V , Pitsillides Andrew A , Greeves Julie , Plotkin Lillian I , Cardo Valentina , Sims Natalie A , Clarkin Claire E
Published: October 2022

Despite knowledge that sexually dimorphic mechanisms regulate bone homeostasis, sex often remains unreported and unconsidered in preclinical experimental design. Failure to report sex could lead to inappropriate generalizations of research findings and less effective translation into clinical practice. Preclinical sex bias (preferential selection of one sex) is present across other fields, including neuroscience and immunology, but remains uninvestigated in skeletal research. For context, we first summarized key literature describing sexually dimorphic bone phenotypes in mice. We then investigated sex reporting practices in skeletal research, specifically how customary it is for murine sex to be included in journal article titles or abstracts and then determined whether any bias in sex reporting exists. Because sex hormones are important regulators of bone health (gonadectomy procedures, ie, ovariectomy [OVX] and orchidectomy [ORX], are common yet typically not reported with sex), we incorporated reporting of OVX and ORX terms, representing female and male mice, respectively, into our investigations around sex bias. Between 1999 and 2020, inclusion of sex in titles or abstracts was low in murine skeletal studies (2.6%–4.06%). Reporting of OVX and ORX terms was low (1.44%–2.64%) and reporting of OVX and ORX with sex uncommon (0.4%–0.3%). When studies were combined to include both sexes and OVX (representing female) and ORX terms (representing male), a bias toward reporting of female mice was evident. However, when the terms OVX and ORX were removed, a bias toward the use of male mice was identified. Thus, studies focusing on sex hormones are biased toward female reporting with all other studies biased in reporting of male mice. We now call upon journal editors to introduce consistent guidance for transparent and accessible reporting of murine sex in skeletal research to better monitor preclinical sex bias, to diversify development of treatments for bone health, and to enable global skeletal health equity. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Resolving new and old phosphorus source contributions to subsurface tile drainage with weighted regressions on discharge and season
Authors: Osterholz William , Shedekar Vinayak , Simpson Zachary , King Kevin
Published: October 2022

Agricultural losses of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) emanate from both historic P applications (i.e., “old P”) and recently applied fertilizer (i.e., “new P”). Understanding the relative contributions of these sources is important for mitigating DRP losses from agriculture. This study provides a proof‐of‐concept for resolving new P vs. old P source contributions to DRP losses in subsurface tile drainage using edge‐of‐field water quality data and management records from eight fields in Ohio. Weighted regressions on discharge and season (WRDS) were fitted using data from periods without P fertilizer applications and then used to predict DRP losses in tile drainage during new P loss risk periods (default length, 90 d) after fertilizer applications. Differences between observed and predicted DRP concentrations during the new P loss risk period were attributed to the new P source. Remaining losses were attributed to the old soil P source. The WRDS model performance was modest (modified Kling–Gupta efficiency ranged from −0.074 to 0.484). New P sources contributed between 0 and 17% of overall DRP losses (average, 7%), with old soil P contributing 83–100%. Individual P fertilizer applications were associated with new DRP losses up to 192 g P ha−1. Increasing the length of the risk period for new P losses up to 180 d after fertilizer application marginally increased the estimated contribution of the new P source. The WRDS‐based analysis provides a novel approach for resolving the contributions of new and old sources to edge‐of‐field DRP losses.
Characteristics of extreme daily precipitation events over the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Serreze Mark C. , Voveris Jessica , Barrett Andrew P. , Fox Shari , Blanken Peter D. , Crawford Alex
Published: October 2022

Given growing interest in extreme high‐latitude weather events, we use records from nine meteorological stations and atmospheric reanalysis data to examine extreme daily precipitation events (leading, 99th and 95th percentile) over Arctic Canada. Leading events span 90 mm at Cape Dyer, along the southeast coast of Baffin Island, to 26 mm at Sachs Harbour, on the southwest coast of Banks Island. The 95th percentiles range from 20 to 30% of leading event sizes. Extreme events are most common on or near the month of climatological peak precipitation. Contrasting with Eurasian continental sites having a July precipitation peak corresponding to the seasonal peak in precipitable water, seasonal cycles in precipitation and the frequency of extremes over Arctic Canada are more varied, reflecting marine influences. At Cape Dyer and Clyde River, mean precipitation and the frequency of extremes peak in October when the atmosphere is quickly cooling, promoting strong evaporation from Baffin Bay. At all stations, leading events involved snowfall and strong winds and were associated with cyclone passages (mostly of relatively strong storms). They also involved strong vapour fluxes, sometimes associated with atmospheric rivers or their remnants. The most unusual sequence of events identified here occurred at Clyde River, where the three largest recorded precipitation events occurred in April of 1977. Obtaining first‐hand accounts of this series of events has proven elusive. Identified links between extreme events and atmospheric rivers demonstrates the need to better understand how the characteristics of such features will change in the future.
Vertical Artifacts as Lung Ultrasound Signs: Trick or Trap? Part 2‐ An Accademia di Ecografia Toracica Position Paper on B‐Lines and Sonographic Interstitial Syndrome
Authors: Smargiassi Andrea , Zanforlin Alessandro , Perrone Tiziano , Buonsenso Danilo , Torri Elena , Limoli Giuseppe , Mossolani Elisa E. , Tursi Francesco , Soldati Gino , Inchingolo Riccardo
Published: October 2022

Although during the last few years the lung ultrasound (LUS) technique has progressed substantially, several artifacts, which are currently observed in clinical practice, still need a solid explanation of the physical phenomena involved in their origin. This is particularly true for vertical artifacts, conventionally known as B‐lines, and for their use in clinical practice. A wider consensus and a deeper understanding of the nature of these artifactual phenomena will lead to a better classification and a shared nomenclature, and, ultimately, result in a more objective correlation between anatomo‐pathological data and clinical scenarios. The objective of this review is to collect and document the different signs and artifacts described in the history of chest ultrasound, with a particular focus on vertical artifacts (B‐lines) and sonographic interstitial syndrome (SIS). By reviewing the possible physical and anatomical interpretation of the signs and artifacts proposed in the literature, this work also aims to bring order to the available studies and to present the AdET (Accademia di Ecografia Toracica) viewpoint in terms of nomenclature and clinical approach to the SIS.
The Course and Neonatal Outcome of Choroid Plexus Extension to the Anterior Horn at the Routine Anatomy Scan
Authors: Anabusi Saja , Mei‐Dan Elad , Stratulat Vasilica , Laxman Preeya , Nevo Ori
Published: October 2022

Objectives

Our objective was to examine the pregnancy course and immediate neonatal outcome of fetuses with an isolated extension of choroid plexus (CP) to the anterior horn during the second trimester.

Methods

We prospectively collected the cases referred to us between July 2012 and January 2021 with isolated finding of CP extension to the anterior horn. Relevant clinical and demographic information was recorded, and a full anatomy scan including a comprehensive neurosonogram was performed. In cases of confirmed isolated extension of CP to the anterior horns, women were offered further investigation including fetal MRI, and ultrasound follow up.

Results

We collected 29 eligible cases for analysis. The mean gestational age (GA ± SD) for diagnosis and referral was 19.24 ± 2.3 weeks. No other intracranial anomalies were detected in any of the cases, and the finding resolved at 25 ± 2.6 weeks. The average extension length and width to the anterior horn were 0.7 ± 0.3 cm, and 0.5 ± 0.1 cm, respectively. Eleven fetuses (38%) had choroid plexus cyst (CPC) in addition to the extension. Ten patients (35%) completed a fetal brain MRI, with no identified abnormalities. Gross neurological exam and Apgar score at birth were normal.

Conclusion

Extension of CP to anterior horn with or without CPC at mid‐trimester seems to have spontaneous resolution with likely a good prognosis and no further implications.
The Necessity of Nostril Retention Application After Secondary Unilateral Cleft Rhinoplasty
Authors: Zhang Shiming , Wu Min , Chen Jiali , Yin Jiayi , Sakran Karim A. , Wang Yan , Zeng Ni , Yang Chao , Shi Bing , Huang Hanyao
Published: October 2022

Background

This study aims to investigate the necessity of nostril retention after secondary unilateral cleft rhinoplasty.

Methods

Seventy four patients who underwent secondary unilateral cleft rhinoplasty were categorized into control group, nasal retainer group, and nasal clip group. A nasal retainer or nasal clip was applied 7 days after secondary correction and retained in the nostrils of the patients for 6 to 12 months. Measurements from pre‐ and post‐operative photos and patient‐reported outcomes were used in this study.

Results

After 6 to 12 months, although relapse still occurred in three groups, the nasal retainer group showed a better effect in the ratio of nostril height, whereas the nasal clip group showed a significant improvement in the ratio of nasal base. And both the two groups also showed significant improvement in the ratio of nasal columella. Patients from the control group generally had lower Derriford Appearance Scale (DAS) scores than the nasal retainer group and nasal clip group. Wearing a nasal retainer may negatively influence self‐concept, facial self‐consciousness of appearance and physical state, and significant differences in mean scores were also found in 9 items.

Conclusions

The nostril retention after secondary unilateral cleft rhinoplasty could help preserve nasal morphology and reduce postoperative relapse but worsen the patients' quality of life. The necessity of applying the nostril retention should consider the forms of nasal deformity and the potential influence on the quality of life.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 133:1618–1623, 2023
Impact of topsoil mining for unfired mudbricks on soil quality in eastern KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa
Authors: Leshalagae Mojapelo , Buthelezi‐Dube Nkosinomusa Nomfundo
Published: October 2022

Topsoil mining associated with informal mud brick making is common in rural villages of South Africa. The impact of topsoil mining on soil quality, however has not been investigated. This study therefore assessed the impact of topsoil mining associated with unfired mud bricks on selected soil quality indicators in two villages of KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. First, local miners were interviewed to ascertain information related to topsoil mining, brickfield site identification and soil suitability for mud bricks. Two brickfields per village mined for ≤5 and > 20 years, respectively were used in this study. Experiment consisted of three treatments, that is, unmined, mined and recovering lands replicated three times. Nine soil samples were collected (0–10 cm) from each site (three composite samples per treatment) with corresponding bulk density samples taken at 0–5 cm using core rings. The average topsoil mining depth was 30 cm. Interviews revealed that isidaka (poorly drained sandy clay) and isibomvu (red soil) are preferred over ubumba (clayey) soils. Topsoil mining increased silt fraction across all studied brickfields with an average of 45.2% in mined compared with 30.6% in unmined treatments. The response of clay fractions was variable across villages and mining time. Mining significantly decreased mean weight diameter, exchangeable bases, organic carbon, and nitrogen content and stocks and porosity while it increased bulk density. Results show that topsoil mining for mud brick making results in poor soil physical quality, nutrient availability and carbon storage with implications for land degradation in mud brickfields.
Olive oil promotes the survival and migration of dermal fibroblasts through Nrf2 pathway activation
Authors: C. de S. Ribeiro Bianca , V. de C. Faria Regina , de S. Nogueira Jeane , Santos Valença Samuel , Chen Lin , Romana‐Souza Bruna
Published: October 2022

Olive oil has beneficial effects on skin wound healing due to its anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties; however, the mechanism by which olive oil promotes wound healing is unclear. We evaluated the mechanisms involved in Nrf2 pathway activation by olive oil and its role in cell survival and migration in mouse dermal fibroblasts in a short‐term exposition. Our data demonstrated that olive oil and oleic acid promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, while olive oil and hydroxytyrosol stimulated nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation. Olive oil‐mediated ROS production increased nuclear factor kappa B p65 expression, while olive oil‐stimulated reactive nitrogen species production augmented the levels of Nrf2. Olive oil augmented cell proliferation, cell migration, and AKT phosphorylation, but decreased apoptotic cell number and cleaved caspase‐3 levels. The effect of olive oil on cell migration and protein levels of AKT, BCL‐2, and Nrf2 were reversed by an Nrf2 inhibitor. In conclusion, the activation of the Nrf2 pathway by olive oil promotes the survival and migration of dermal fibroblasts that are essential for the resolution of skin wound healing.
Wetting and Adhesion of a Polymer Melt on Porous Self‐Assembled Polymer Substrates by Breath Figure Templating
Authors: Giraudet Cédric , Escalé Pierre , Save Maud , Billon Laurent , Brown Ross , Derail Christophe , Rubatat Laurent
Published: October 2022

This study addresses the wetting and adhesion of a low molecular mass poly(n‐butyl acrylate) homopolymer melt, used as a weak acrylic adhesive, on two types of textured polymer films prepared by the breath figure templating method. The first film is a polystyrene homopolymer honeycomb‐like structure with well‐defined porous structure and long‐range ordering. The second is a disordered poly(n‐butyl acrylate)‐block‐polystyrene diblock copolymer film featuring a broad distribution of pore diameters. Static contact angle measurements show that porous films repel better the polymer melt than the corresponding nontextured films. Contact angles and spreading of polymer melt droplets on these textured surfaces reveals a Cassie‐Baxter state on the ordered porous film and a partial Wenzel state on the disordered porous films. In addition, probe tack results show that the textured surfaces tend to induce cavitation. The correlation between the wetting and adhesion highlights the major role of melt insertion into the pores, which is primarily controlled by the pores’ dimensions.
3D‐Printed Poly(acrylic acid–vinylimidazole) Ionic Polymer Metal Composite Actuators
Authors: Wang Yuyang , Liang Yue , Bansode Archana , Lou Xiaoyuan , Zhang Xinyu , Beckingham Bryan S. , Auad Maria L.
Published: October 2022

Ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMC)—constructed using an ionic polymer sandwiched between metal electrodes—have shown great potential for the fabrication of soft actuators. IPMC architectures have many advantages including low actuation voltage, fast response, basic control, and relatively light weight. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)‐based ion exchange membranes are of particular interest for IPMC devices due to their large ion exchange capacity and ease of preparation; however, they suffer from relatively weak mechanical strength. Here, PAA‐based soft actuators are synthesized with enhanced mechanical properties and proton conductivity through the incorporation of hydrogen bonding interactions with imidazolium groups via copolymerization with 1‐vinylimidazole. In addition to examining the impact of composition on physiochemical (swelling, glass transition, decomposition, Young's modulus, etc.) and electrochemical (specific capacitance) properties, an additive manufacturing process, digital light projection (DLP), is utilized to fabricate complex geometries demonstrating the potential for the fabrication of IPMC devices with complex actuation modalities. Planar DLP 3D‐printed IPMC actuators of varied polymer compositions are fabricated with activated carbon and copper electrodes, and their actuation performance is evaluated in air, where large bending deformation is observed (14°–37°).
“In Water” Fabricated and Recycled Covalent Adaptable Acylhydrazone Thermosets
Authors: Li Guanglong , Huang Jing , Zhang Xuhui , Wang Yang , Qiao Jinliang , Liu Tianxi , Du Mingliang , Dong Weifu
Published: October 2022

Thermosetting resins play an increasingly important role in daily life due to their good mechanical properties. However, they can hardly be recycled and reused, leading to severe environmental pollution. A very promising solution to this dilemma is to develop sustainable thermosets from biomass that can be recycled and reprocessed on demand under environmentally friendly conditions. In this study, sustainable thermosets based on dynamic acylhydrazone bonds made from biomass acid derivatives is reported. The sustainability of the presented acylhydrazone biomass covalent adaptable networks (CANs) thermosetting resins is summarized as follows: 1) The raw materials are renewable resources; 2) the resins can be recycled to maintain their mechanical properties, which can considerably extend their service life; and 3) the material preparation and recycling can be conducted in the mixed solvent of water/ dimethyl sulfoxide (7/3), which excellent reduced the use of organic solvents. In addition, these acylhydrazone CANs thermosets have excellent mechanical performance and outstanding heat resistance. The acylhydrazone bonds in the thermoset networks can enhance the hydrophobicity and water resistance of the acylhydrazone CANs thermosets. Taken together, these acylhydrazone CANs thermosets which are fabricated and recycled in the mixed solvent provide a solution to developing sustainable materials.
Glycopolymer Decorated pH‐Dependent Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe Based on Förster Resonance Energy Transfer for the Detection of Cancer Cells
Authors: Bhattacharya Koushik , Kundu Moumita , Das Subhayan , Samanta Sarthik , Roy Sib Sankar , Mandal Mahitosh , Singha Nikhil K.
Published: October 2022

Development of fluorescent imaging probes is an important topic of research for the early diagnosis of cancer. Based on the difference between the cellular environment of tumor cells and normal cells, several “smart” fluorescent probes have been developed. In this work, a glycopolymer functionalized Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) based fluorescent sensor is developed, which can monitor the pH change in cellular system. One‐pot sequential reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)polymerization technique is employed to synthesize fluorescent active triblock glycopolymer that can undergo FRET change on the variation of pH. A FRET pair, fluorescein o‐acrylate (FA) and 7‐amino‐4‐methylcoumarin (AMC) is linked via a pH‐responsive polymer poly [2‐(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDPAEMA), which can undergo reversible swelling/deswelling under acidic/neutral condition. The presence of glycopolymer segment provides stability, water solubility, and specificity toward cancer cells. The cellular FRET experiments on cancer cells (MDA MB 231) and normal cells (3T3 fibroblast cells) demonstrate that the material is capable of distinguishing cells as a function of pH change.
Average saturation efficiency filter ASEF‐CEST MRI of stroke rodents
Authors: Chung Julius Juhyun , Jin Tao
Published: October 2022

Purpose

The average saturation efficiency filter (ASEF) is a novel method of improving the specificity of CEST; however, there is a mismatch between the magnetization transfer (MT) effect under high‐duty cycle and low‐duty cycle pulse trains. We explore measures of mitigation and the sensitivity and potential of ASEF imaging in phantoms and stroke rats.

Methods

Simulation and nicotinamide phantoms in denatured protein were used to investigate the effect of different average saturation powers and MT pool parameters on matching coefficients used for correction as well as the ASEF ratio signal and baseline. Then, in vivo studies were performed in stroke rodents to further investigate the sensitivity and fidelity of ASEF ratio spectra.

Results

Simulation and studies of nicotinamide phantoms show that the matching coefficient needed to correct the baseline MT mismatch is strongly dependent on the average saturation power. In vivo studies in stroke rodents show that the matching coefficient required to correct the baseline MT mismatch is different for normal versus ischemic tissue. Thus, a baseline correction was performed to further suppress the residue MT mismatch. After correction of the mismatch, ASEF ratio achieved comparable contrast at 3.6 ppm between normal and ischemic tissue when compared to the apparent amide proton transfer (APT*) approach. Moreover, contrasts for 2.0 and 2.6 ppm were also ascertainable from the same spectra.

Conclusion

ASEF can improve the CEST signal specificity of slow exchange labile protons such as amide and guanidyl, with small loss to sensitivity. It has strong potential in the CEST imaging of various diseases.
“The MRI education course” – A free resource for the community to provide MRI education, across the Europe and Iran, established during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Bortolotti Laura , Pickles Elisabeth S. , Dineen Aine T. , Sakhavalkar Priyanka , Fuchs Patrick S. , Lesbats Clementine , So Po‐Wah , Grist James T.
Published: October 2022

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Long‐term impact of a behavioral weight management program on depression and anxiety symptoms: 5‐year follow‐up of the WRAP trial
Authors: Jones Rebecca A. , Mueller Julia , Sharp Stephen J. , Griffin Simon J. , Ahern Amy L.
Published: October 2022

Objective

Behavioral weight management programs may support short‐term mental health; however, limited evidence reports the long‐term impacts. This study investigated the impact of behavioral weight management programs on depression and anxiety symptoms at 5 years from baseline.

Methods

The Weight loss Referrals for Adults in Primary care (WRAP) trial randomized 1267 adults with BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 to a brief intervention (BI) or commercial behavioral weight management program (WW; formerly Weight Watchers) for 12 or 52 weeks (CP12 and CP52, respectively). Linear regression was used to separately compare 5‐year changes in depression and anxiety symptoms (by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) between randomized groups, adjusting for baseline depression/anxiety symptoms, gender, and research center.

Results

A total of 643 (51%) participants attended the 5‐year study follow‐up visit. There was no evidence of a difference between the randomized groups for 5‐year changes in depression (BI: −0.08 ± 3.29; CP12: 0.02 ± 3.01; CP52: −0.09 ± 3.41) or anxiety (BI: 0.16 ± 3.50; CP12: −0.05 ± 3.55; CP52: −0.66 ± 3.59) symptoms.

Conclusions

This study found no evidence that commercial weight management programs differed in 5‐year changes in depression and anxiety symptoms, compared with BI. These are average effects; some individuals experienced increases or decreases in symptoms. Future research should investigate who is at most risk of mental health declines and investigate how to support them. Future trials should transparently report long‐term mental health outcomes to strengthen understanding.
Exposure to nitrosatable drugs during pregnancy and childhood cancer: A matched case–control study in Denmark, 1996–2016
Authors: Sirirungreung Anupong , Hansen Johnni , He Di , Huang Xiwen , Ritz Beate , Heck Julia E.
Published: October 2022

Background

Nitrosatable drugs can be synthesized to N‐nitroso compounds in human stomach. In a pregnant woman, N‐nitroso compounds can be translocated to the fetus through the placenta. Maternal exposure of nitrosatable compounds during pregnancy has been associated with childhood brain tumors and leukemia. However, few studies have investigated an association between nitrosatable drug exposure during pregnancy and childhood cancer. We examined if maternal prescriptions of nitrosatable drugs received during pregnancy are associated with childhood cancer.

Methods

A matched case‐control study was conducted using Danish nationwide registry data from 1995 to 2016. Each childhood cancer case was matched with twenty‐five controls. Maternal exposure of nitrosatable drugs during pregnancy was identified from the Danish National Prescription Register. A multivariable conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (adj.OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each childhood cancer type.

Results

Maternal prescriptions of nitrosatable drugs positively associate with central nervous system tumors (adj.OR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.04–1.51) and neuroblastoma (adj.OR = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.34–2.85) in offspring. We also observed a positive association between perinatal exposure of nitrosatable drugs and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (adj.OR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.07–1.59), however, it appeared to be due to confounding by indication, i.e., maternal infections.

Conclusion

Nitrosatable drug use during pregnancy potentially increased risk of central nervous system tumors and neuroblastoma. While a positive association between maternal prescriptions of nitrosatable drugs and acute lymphoblastic leukemia should be interpreted cautiously because of confounding by indication.
The effect of different forms of iron substances on the aging properties of carbon‐black filled natural rubber
Authors: Zhao Wenrong , Lu Ming , Wang Bin , Liu Xiaoqing , Wang Shuang
Published: October 2022

The effect of iron‐containing substances with different forms on the properties of carbon‐black filled natural rubber compound is discussed. The ionic iron substances (FeCl2, FeCl3, Fe(SA)3) have a detrimental effect on the rubber. Based on the oxidation induction temperature values, the relative deteriorating effects of ionic iron substances on the rubber are in the order: Fe(SA)3 > FeCl3 ≈ FeCl2. Not only are the metal ions (Fe2+, Fe3+) with adjacent stable oxidation states catalytically active in degrading rubber, but also the counterions have an influence on the effect of oxidation, particularly the stearic anion. Ionic iron materials can decrease the molecular weight, especially for the case of Fe(SA)3 as measured by gel permeation chromatography. Due to the degrading effect on the rubber molecules, Fe(SA)3 brings about a torque decrease in moving die rheometer and evident decrease of the Mooney viscosity at 100°C, which is different from the effects of Fe2O3 and 304L‐Fe. The insoluble iron substances behave more like hard fillers. Additionally, Fe(SA)3 remarkably alters the bound rubber content and the tensile properties after aging via two different process (scission and crosslinking). Overall, this work has a thorough comparison of effect of iron‐containing materials on rubber aging and provides useful inspiration to protect the rubber from deterioration by foreign reagents and regulating the rubber stability and degradation rate via introducing degradative metal ions.