bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Capacity and use of diagnostics and treatment for patients with severe acute respiratory infections in the pre-COVID-19 era in district and provincial hospitals in Viet Nam
Authors: Dat Vu Quoc , Nguyen The Hung , Kim Bao Giang , Hieu Quang Vu , Otsu Satoko
Published: February 2022

Objective: To describe the burden of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and the infrastructure and current practices of SARI management in hospitals in Viet Nam. Methods: We conducted a short observational study at critical care units (CCUs) in 32 district hospitals and 16 provincial hospitals in five provinces in Viet Nam from March to July 2019. We collected data on hospital equipment and medicines used in SARI management. At the patient level, data were collected for 14 consecutive days on all patients presenting to CCUs, including information on demographics, intervention and treatment within 24 hours of CCU admission and 7-day outcome. Results: There were significant differences between district and provincial hospitals in the availability of microbial culture, rapid influenza diagnostic tests, inflammatory markers and mechanical ventilation. Among 1722 eligible patients admitted to CCUs, there were 395 (22.9%) patients with SARI. The median age of SARI patients was 74 (interquartile range: 58–84) years; 49.1% were male. Although systemic antibiotics were available in all hospitals and were empirically given to 93.4% of patients, oseltamivir was available in 25% of hospitals, and only 0.5% of patients received empiric oseltamivir within 24 hours of admission. The 7-day mortality was 6.6% (26/395). Independent factors associated with 7-day mortality were septic shock and requiring respiratory support within 24 hours of admission. Discussion: SARI is a major burden on CCUs in Viet Nam. Barriers to delivering quality care include the limited availability of diagnostics and medication and non-protocolized management of SARI in CCUs.
On Vernacularity
Authors:   Queen Mary University of London, Tihanov Galin
Published: February 2022

Attention to the tensions between vernacular and cosmopolitan languages has been growing in recent years. This article discusses various aspects of vernacularity, focusing on Dante’s classic treatise, as well on twentieth-century authors, and reflects on its significance for how one understands 'world literature'.
Pan in the Bulgarian literature of Fin de siècle
Authors:   University of Library Science and Information Technology, Sofia, Georgieva Tsvetana
Published: February 2022

In the age of the Fin de siècle, the mythological Pan was the subject of numerous interpretations in painting, literature, and the performing arts. The article examines for the first time how the image of Pan fits into the modern Bulgarian literature of the early 20th century - in the works of Emanuil Popdimitrov, Trifon Kunev, Hristo Yassenov and Lyudmil Stoyanov. As an expression of the ideas of the epoch (in the Jugendstil and Secession currents), both in Europe and in Bulgaria, Pan and pantheism apologize for nature, the vegetative principle, youth and childhood, love fire, music and intoxication. The original in the Bulgarian interpretation is the sentimental, sensitive autumn Pan, the parodied Pan / Faun and the old wise man, master of music, and devoid of passion Pan.
Medicine and the Question of the Future
Authors:   SofiaMed Hospital, Tasheva Iveta
Published: February 2022

The text discusses one of the many applications of medical translation, namely its ability to translate knowledge. In this sense, it is directly related to the theme of the future and development of transhumanism. This particular article discusses some of the mainstays of transhumanism that affect medicine - the idea of genetic enhancement and the technologically determined evolution of individuals, futurological utopias and anti-utopias, and debates surrounding immortality.
The Sofia International Literary Festival – December 2021
Authors:   Sofia University, Karapetkova Daria
Published: February 2022

The text offers a review of the 9th edition of the Sofia International Literary Festival which took place in December 2021, trying to discover the conceptual threads that determine its structure and contents. It describes the meetings and the conversations with the participants at the festival, as well as the subjects of the discussions which were aimed to analyse some significant phenomena from the present days and also the perspectives they develop for all of us.
Приложение на образователни подкасти в професионалната подготовка на бъдещи учители по биология (В условията на епидемична обстановка, причинена от COVID-19)
Authors:   Софийски университет „Св. Климент Охридски“, Асенова Ася
Published: February 2022

One of the priority areas in vocational education (including the education of pre-service biology teachers) is related to providing a quality and innovative educational process based on modern information technologies and digitalization of educational content. The article presents the pedagogical effectiveness of educational podcasts in the e- learning for future biology teachers. This article presents and discusses the results of the application and design of educational podcasts in distance education of future biology teachers (in the context of an epidemic situation caused by COVID-19). Different types of podcasts and their pedagogical effectiveness are presented. The process of creating educational podcasts as a learning resource in the training of future biology teachers is described.
Медийно образование за деца: Предизвикателствата на новото дигитално общество
Authors:   Sofia University „St. Kliment Ohridski“, Стоянова Катя
Published: February 2022

The paper considers media and digital education as a prerequisite for adopting the new trends in education and adjustment to the needs and specifics of the digital society of the 21st century. It launches the idea to start teaching children from preschool when they have already interacted purposefully with various media products. Emphasis is on understanding digital and media literacy beyond the technical ability of children to handle media products, which in itself is important but insufficient in the set of knowledge and skills needed to understand, master, and participate in the vast and ever-changing media environment.
Alteraciones Hepáticas Causadas por el Sars-CoV-2
Authors: Nascimento Fidel Benaia Moro do , Zattar Artur Kiesqui , Castro Matthew Silvestre de , Fabris Gabriela Miranda , da Silva Vitória Carolina Bitencourt , Oliveira Maria Eduarda Costa , Rodrigues Lucas de Oliveira , de Lima Marina Zanatta Pessoa , Buri Rafaela , Souza Fernanda Gonçalves , de Jesus Victor Nogueira , Silva Vitória Silveira da
Published: February 2022

Resumen: Con la endemia del virus Sars-CoV-2, muchos individuos afectados por enfermedades hepáticas preexistentes como cirrosis hepática y las hepatopatías crónicas se tornaron expuestos a la descompensación del cuadro por la virulencia de la exposición y a la susceptibilidad individual por la infección del nuevo coronavirus. La citotoxicidad directa del virus Sars-CoV-2 ocurre por su replicación en las células hepáticas, dada por la conexión del agente a las células-blanco por la expresión de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2 (ECA2), que es la principal mediadora de la replicación viral en los pacientes infectados por el Covid-19. Como consecuencia, las citoquinas proinflamatorias aumentan y pueden provocar hipoxia e isquemia sistémica. En asociación a la linfopenia y a la disminución de los niveles de células T-CD4+, los pacientes pueden evolucionar para descompensación o empeoramiento del cuadro infeccioso, con la insuficiencia hepática crónica agudizada desde la primera semana y, así, disminución de sobrevida. Los pacientes prediagnosticados con cirrosis e infectados por el virus del Covid-19 poseen mayor acometimiento hepático y peor pronóstico y, por tanto, merecen seguimiento especial, siendo cuidadosamente evaluados a fin de posibilitar la reducción de las lesiones hepáticas causadas por la infección.
Apollo, la tamerice e la mantica
Authors: Arrigoni Giampiera
Published: February 2022

Apollo Myrikaios di Lesbo e Apollo Koropaios di Korope, che usavano la tamerice per la mantica, erano indipendenti da Delfi, ma il loro culto non era localmente meno importante.
Nora. Le domus dell’area centrale, diciott’anni di ricerche dell’Università di Milano
Authors: Bejor Giorgio
Published: February 2022

Una sintesi di quasi due decadi di scavi archeologici a Nora (CA) permette di riconsiderare alcuni dei problemi storici e urbanistici dell’insediamento dell’antica città. Le ricerche si sono incentrate sull’area centrale, già parzialmente indagata nel secondo dopoguerra: sono emersi nuovi dati relativi soprattutto ad abitazioni private, alle loro articolazioni stratigrafiche e planimetriche, e ai loro apparati decorativi, tra cui mosaici e pareti affrescate.
Is it possible to overcome disgust? An ambivalent emotion
Authors: Feloj Serena
Published: February 2022

A growing interest for the emotion of disgust has recently arisen in international contexts acrossseveral fields of research. A general definition of disgust will be primarily assumed: by disgust I understand a total rejection that generates a motion of repulsion and removal of an object that is in the proximity of the subject, without constituting a real danger. In reference to the notion of taboo, I will first of all assume its ambivalence. The emotion of disgust, essentially natural and cultural at the same time, as a typical trait of the process of human civilization that distinguishes humans from animals. At variance with other theories of disgust, I will argue that it is not possible to theoretically articulate the overcoming of disgust, but that it is possible to educate about this emotion through artistic experience. On this ground, an ethics of disgust will be outlined, which starts from the acknowledgement of one of our most bodily emotions.
Nuevos retos en el desarrollo y uso de vacunas contra la COVID-19.
Authors: Esparza José , Garcia Alexis , Figuera Manuel , Pujol Flor H
Published: February 2022

Introducción. Los primeros casos de la COVID-19 se reportaron en China a principios de diciembre del 2019 y el descubrimiento de su agente etiológico, el virus SARS-CoV-2, se anunció en enero del 2020. El conocimiento adquirido sobre la estructura y biología del SARS-CoV-2 permitió, entre otras cosas, el rápido desarrollo de varias vacunas contra la COVID-19, que hasta ahora se han basado en la producción de anticuerpos neutralizantes contra la proteína S de la espiga. Metodología. Las vacunas fueron inicialmente autorizadas para uso de emergencia, basado en resultados de seguridad, inmunogenicidad y eficacia en pruebas clínicas de fase 3. Estas vacunas se comenzaron a aplicar en programas de salud pública en diciembre del 2020. Hallazgos de interpretación. A medida que los programas de vacunación se expanden, varias preguntas se comienzan a plantear con respecto a las actuales vacunas, las cuales son discutidas en esta revisión: seguridad y efectos adversos, eficacia contra las variantes virales emergentes, efectividad en condiciones de “vida real”, duración de la inmunidad protectora y necesidad de refuerzos, vacunación heteróloga, y vacunación de niños. Reflexiones finales. La estrategia para el uso de las vacunas debe ser basada en el conocimiento científico, el cual está en desarrollo continuo. La investigación continúa para desarrollar una segunda generación de vacunas más efectivas.
Effect of Pre-Sowing Treatment of Enterolobium Contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong Seed
Authors: Bahar Nawa
Published: February 2022

Enterolobium contortisiliquum a nitrogen fixing tree species produces hardcoated and light brown colour seeds. Seed has physical dormancy due to hardiness of testa. Suitable pretreatment to break the dormancy was investigated. Germination was enhanced from 5.87% (untreated) to 93.17% (mechanical scarification). Although mechanical scarification treatment gives early, uniform and highest germination but it is not practicable in large-scale purposes. Therefore, sulphuric acid for 30 minutes soaking is recommended.
Trees Performance on Mine Spoil in a Dry Tropical Environment, India
Authors: Singh Arvind
Published: February 2022

Growth performance was evaluated in nine tropical trees planted on mine spoil in a dry tropical environment. Of the nine species evaluated, Albizia lebbeck, Dalbergia sissoo, Pongamia pinnata and Tamarindus indica were nitrogen fixing leguminous tree species. Among all the species, Terminalia arjuna was the best performing tree species while Madhuca indica was the poorest performing tree species on mine spoil.
Comparison Between Analgesic Effect of Dexamethasone and Dexmedetomidine as an Adjuvant to Bupivacaine for Spinal Anaesthesia for Elective Caesarean Sections
Authors: Said Abdelhady Baher
Published: February 2022

Background Caesarean sections are usually performed under spinal anaesthesia. It provides effective postoperative pain control over a limited period of time. As a result, various intrathecal additives have been used. Recently, dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine have been used as adjuncts for different types of regional anaesthesia without increasing the risk of neurological complications. Objectives: We compared the analgesic effects of intrathecal dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine in elective caesarean sections. Design: A single-blind randomized trial. Setting: Benha University Hospital, between February 2021 and July 2021. Patients: We randomly enrolled 633 pregnant women in this study. Only 580 patients met all the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were age of 18 to 40 years old, an ASA class ІІ - III, gestational age > 37 weeks, BMI less than 30 kg/m2 who were electively scheduled for. The exclusion criteria included patient refusal, age < 18 or > 40 years, known allergy to medications used in the study, BMI more than 30 kg/m2, coagulopathies or anticoagulant use, cerebrovascular insufficiency, neuromuscular diseases and diabetic neuropathy. Intervention: The dexmedetomidine group (A) received 10 μg of dexmedetomidine with 12.5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5%intrathecally(n=290). The dexamethasone group (B) received 4 mg of dexamethasone with 12.5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5%intrathecally(n=290). Main outcome: The time to initial analgesic rescue (pethidine 0.5 mg/kg) and the duration of motor blockage were assessed. Results: The time to the first rescue analgesia and motor blockade were significantly higher in the dexmedetomidine group. (418 min vs 190 min), P<0.001, (324 min vs 144 min), P <0.001 respectively. Conclusion: According to this study, both drugs could be safely added to bupivacaine intrathecally. Dexmedetomidine provides significantly longer postoperative analgesia and motor blockade times than dexamethasone. Further dose-response studies are needed to determine the optimum dosage of dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine and the safety of the intrathecal route.
Moisture distribution and water vapour flux over the Arabian Sea during an active and weak spell of southwest monsoon, 1973
Authors: RAMAMURTHY K. , JAMBUNATHAN R. , SIKKA D. R.
Published: February 2022

The radiosonde data collected during the Indo-Soviet Monsoon Experiment, 1973 have been utilised to study some aspects of the moisture distribution over the Arabian Sea during an active and weak spell of southwest monsoon in that year, The study shows that there is stratification of moisture field over the Arabian Sea during the weak monsoon except the equatorial region, particularly the eastern parts, During the active monsoon, the stratification is broken to the north of about 10°N and east of 60°E, resulting in the building up of a deep moist layer over this area from surface to 400 mb, The equatorial region is conspicuously dry in the middle layers -during the active spell. The moisture build up in the middle layers during both the spells is mainly brought about by large-scale vertical motion associated with synoptic scale disturbances rather than by advective processes. During active monsoon, large, scale upward motion is envisaged over north and east central Arabian Sea and subsidence near the equator.

 

The moisture flux computations show that there is a large net flux divergence over the Arabian Sea during the active monsoon and small net convergence during the weak monsoon.
The effects of urbanisation and industrial development on air temperatures at Bombay airport
Authors: PRADHAN S. K. , KISHAN DAYA , MANRAL N. S.
Published: February 2022

Trend in the minimum and maximum temperatures at Bombay airport has been examined for the period 1950-1974. Colaba temperatures have been taken for comparison.
The study reveals that the mean daily minimum temperature at Bombay airport in creased due to rapid urbbnisation and industrialisation around the airport. The decreasing trend in mean minimum temperature during 1959 to 1963 was due to the increased air flow from E/NE direction as a result of cutting of hills, In the vicinity of the airport in these directions.
The mean daily maximum temperature also show an increasing trend from 1962 on wards, due, to higher order influence of urbranisation as compared to that of   industrialisation.
A statistical study of the annual rainfall in the Sutlej catchment and annual run-off at Bhakra dam site
Authors: PAREEKSK R.S. , DUBE S.K. , ABBI S. D. S.
Published: February 2022

An analysis of the annual rainfall of three selected stations with long term data in Sutlej catchment and the annual run-off at Bhakra dam site has been made for their averages and standard deviations. Each series has been examined for general trend by (i) the low pass filter, (ii) Mann-Kendall test and (iii) comparison of short period averages with long period average. Further, the periodicities in the data series have also been examined by power spectral analysis.
Evaluation of safe periods for germination of a few vegetable crops
Authors: SASTRY P.  S.  N. , VICTOR U. S.
Published: February 2022

Soil temperature is an important critical factor for germination of vegetable seed. Utilising daily soil temperature data recorded on the sandy loam soils of Delhi for 16 years from 1955-70,a method has been described to delineate favourable period for seed germination of cabbage ,carrot onion and peas varieties of varied tolerance to unfavourable soils temperature .It is suggested that by following suitable agronomies practices like irrigation and mulching the seedling period could be extended by a few week .
Aircraft measurement of electrical parameters inside monsoon clouds
Authors: SELVAM A.M. , MURTY A.S. RAMACHANDRA , VIJAYAKUMAR R. , MURTY BH. V. RAMANA
Published: February 2022

Instruments were fabricated for measurement from aircraft, of (i) vertical component of potential gradient, (ii) cloud droplet charge and (iii) static discharge current. The instruments were flight tested on seven days in maritime and continental clouds during the 1974 summer monsoon. The paper describes the instruments and the preliminary results.
Moisture processes in the operational quasi-geostrophic model
Authors: RAMANATHN Y. , BANSL R. K.
Published: February 2022

Five-layer quasi-geostropbic model with input data at 850, 700, 500, 300 and 100mb is being run on an operational basis once a day.24 hour’s forecast of contour heights at the above levels and vertical velocity (w) values at 200, 400, 600 and 800mb are obtained. The model includes orography, cumulus scale heating in the tropical domain of the forecast area. The area of integration is from 40° to 120° E and 5.0° to 42.5°N at 2.5° grid interval. The model boundary values are generated from a bigger coarse mesh area from 0° to 140° and 00 to 60oN at 5° interval.
Sodar studies of the thermal structure of the lower Troposphere at Delhi
Authors: SINGAL S.P. , AGGARWAL S. K. , GERA B. S.
Published: February 2022

The monostatic sodar system set up at National Physical Laboratory has been operating continuously to study the thermal structure of the lower troposphere upto a vertical height of 350 m. The results obtained from December 1914 through April 1975 a-re presented. The observed structures showing thermal plumes, inversions, instabilities, turbulences etc developing in the atmosphere as a function of space and time have been indexed to indicate the type of meteorological conditions expected for anyone of these indices.
To examine if the sodar can be used for 24 hours monitoring of atmospheric refractivity gradients, the intensity of the received echo signal a-t a fixed height of 150 m ha-s been measured using a microphotometer and compared with the refractivity gradient number obtained from radiosonde data. The results show that the two techniques have a good correlation within the limits of the experimental error. These relative values of received intensity have also been used to calculate thermal structure function CT. The  computed values of a p have been found to compare well with Panofsky observations, showing, thereby the utility of the sodar echograms to derive information of the atmospheric turbulence parameter.
Solar radiation measurements and studies of atmospheric transmission at high altitude stations in India
Authors: MANI A. , CHACKO O. , DESIKAN V.
Published: February 2022

Results of radiation measurements made at high altitude stations in the Himalayas and other locations in India have been studied. The values of direct solar radiation at stations in Kashmir during the pre-monsoon summer months are exceptionally low and lower than those at Kodaikanal in spite of low atmospheric humidity. Such exceptionally low values of direct solar radiation observed in Kashmir have to be attributed to the thick layer of aerosols over most of north India during the summer months. Values of atmospheric turbidity were found to be comparatively high over the Himalayas.  Spectral measurements of direct solar radiation as well as global and diffuse solar radiation at the high altitude stations have been discussed.
Flow through soil with initial gradient
Authors: BASAK P.
Published: February 2022

A short review of the phenomenon of initial gradient in irrigation, drainage and consolidation problems is made and an analysis is presented to show that for the problem of horizontal and vertical capillary saturation, non recognition of initial gradient would lead to serious error in the estimation of ultimate travel length and the time rate on progress of saturation line.
Regional magnetic profiles over Cuddapah basin north of 16° parallel
Authors: RAO V. BHASKARA , SWAMY G. NARASIMHA
Published: February 2022

Cuddapah basin, since the observation of high negative Bouguer anomalies, has been an area of considerable geophysical interest. The Geophysics Department of Andhra University has conducted regional magnetic investigations in the Cuddapah basin north of 16° parallel. The surface geology and a brief qualitative discussion of the anomalies observed are presented" Results obtained over eight long regional magnetic profiles across the Cuddapah basin are presented and discussed qualitatively. The possibility of the extension of the boundaries of the basin and a mid-basin uplift are indicated.
Structure of an immature cyclonic storm in the Bay of Bengal as revealed by radar
Authors: RAGHAVAN S.
Published: February 2022

Poorly developed or immature cyclonic storms are common in the Bay of Bengal particularly when their residence time over the sea is short. These often do not exhibit on the radar or satellite pictures all the features normally associated with tropical storms. Spiral rainbands are not stable, a complete eyewall is not formed: false eye circulations develop and probably inhibit intensification. The rainshield area consists of shallow echoes with bright bands while the spiral band and eyewall areas have tall convective clouds probably consisting of supercooled water. Observed features on radar do not give any indication of future motion.

The intensity of such immature systems is difficult to assess from observed winds owing perhaps to asymmetry of structure. They are also difficult to locate and track with the available meager synoptic data coastal radar pictures and twice-a-day satellite pictures. A specific case of radar observation of a storm of this type is examined to see how best such storms can be located, tracked and classified.
Measurements of radiation balance components over a water surface
Authors: KELKAR R. R. , PRADHAN T. D.
Published: February 2022

Results of measurement of solar and infrared radiative fluxes in the upward and downward direction over a 20 m2 evaporimeter tank are presented. The diurnal and seasonal variations of each component of the radiation balance are discussed. A numerical relation between hourly values of net radiation and global solar radiation is obtained. It is however, found that the net radiation is greater in the afternoon than in the forenoon for a given amount of global solar radiation.
The impact of weather on the two varieties of winter jowar at Sholapur
Authors: SREENIVASAN P. S.
Published: February 2022

The paper analyses the relationship between different weather factors like rainfall, minimum and maximum temperatures as independent variables and winter jowar yield as the dependent variable by two methods, namely, (a) the Fisher's technique of regression integral and (b) the selected periods of regression function. For a discontinuous phenomenon such as rainfall at Sholapur, the Fisherian technique seems to be not quite appropriate. The 22-year data analysed was collected at the crop weather station located in Sholapur (Maharashtra).

 

The estimated values of yield by the Fisherian technique applied to the maximum temperature and by the selected periods method as applied to rainfall are found to be quite good in agreement.
An automatic telemetering raingauge system
Authors: DATAR S. V. , GANGOPADHYAY A. K. , ROYCHOUDHURY D. K.
Published: February 2022

The paper describes an automatic telemetering raingauge system designed and constructed in the Instruments Division, Meteorological Office, Pune. A novel feature of the present system design is that the mode of the rainfall data broadcasts from the field station can be pre-selected by a switch provided for the purpose in the field end system.

The system is designed to be modular to facilitate any rare fault location and quick servicing in the field. It uses two standard crystal controlled transmitters. The system can operate in 100 per cent humid environment, since the field unit electronics package and power supply are completely enclosed in a weather proof housing. The complete field unit is light. rugged and easily transportable in a jeep trailer.
Surface pressure anomaly pattern types and their application In forecasting daily rainfall distribution over India
Authors: SINGH S. V. , KRIPALANI R. H. , PAUL D. K.
Published: February 2022

Daily pressure anomaly charts for July and August are objectively classified into ten the large scale types for each month, utilising thirty years (1946-75) of data, through a chart-to-chart correlation method proposed by Lund (1963) .Average spatial distribution of rainfall associated with each of the pressure anomaly types are computed for 31 meteorological sub-divisions covering entire contiguous India using 15 years (1958-72) if data. Usefulness of these rainfall distribution type conditional climatologies in forecasting precipitation distribution over 10 sub-divisions lying in western and central parts of the country for the next 24 hours, is verified using 3 years (1973-75) of charts. The verification reveals that the forecasts as skillful as given by an experienced forecaster using all synoptic information can be made by simple stratification of pressure anomaly charts.
Tracking of a cyclone over Arabian Sea by enhanced satellite pictures
Authors: VEERARAGHAVAN K. , TIWARI V. S.
Published: February 2022

This is the study of a cyclone over the Indian seas in 1981 using enhanced advanced yery High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) pictures received at New Delhi. We note that the area bounded by the temperature contour of -65 deg. C defines the Central Dense Overcast (CDO). The size of the CDO was seen to increase with the intensity of the storm. This could be used as a parameter to forecast intensification. Even though the storm attained the intensity of a severe cyclonic storm with a core of hurricane winds, there was no ‘eye’. Thus a severe cyclonic storm with a core of hurricane winds may exist without an ‘eye’ in satellite pictures. With the advent of INSAT more frequent pictures at half hourly intervals will become available when more light can be thrown on the ‘eye’ characteristics.
Water hyacinth canopy and pan evaporation
Authors: RATHORE L. S. , MASKE S. J. , SHAHA S. K.
Published: February 2022

Water losses from open pan evaporimeter covered with water hyacinth, an aquatic weed, and from an open pan evaporimeter were compared to find out tentatively, the quantitative effect of water hyacinth canopy on evaporation. It was found that water hyacinth canopy doubles the water losses due to its higher transpiration rate. A quantitative description of water hyacinth canopy and its use in computation of evaporation from large water bodies is outlined.
Swells over the Arabian Sea during the months, May, June and July
Authors: THIRUVENGADATHAN A. , PADVAL S. V. , SINGH R. S.
Published: February 2022

The paper presents the climatological features of the swells over the Arabian Sea, based on the observations made by the Russian research vessels during the Indo-Soviet Monsoon Experiment (ISMEX) 1973, Monsoon Experiment 1977 and Monex 1979.
Thermal regime in wheat growing regions of India
Authors: . JAIPAL , DIKSHIT S. K. , JOSEPH LAWRENCE
Published: February 2022

The paper presents a study of various temperature parameters for the entire wheat  zone of India. By taking into account the accepted heat requirements of the wheat crop, optimum periods for sowing and harvesting in different parts of the wheat zone have been assessed on the basis of long term data of temperature, its derived parameters and their distribution over the wheat zone (area), The periods for sowing, as assessed climatologically, generally fit in well with those obtained experimentally for certain areas.
Crustal investigations from explosion data along Kaveli-Udipi Section of Peninsular India
Authors: CHAUDHURY H. M. , SRIVASTAVA H. N. , KAMBLE V. P. , DUBE R. K. , VERMA R. K. , VERMA G. S.
Published: February 2022

Explosion data collected during 1972- 75 from the deep seismic sounding (DSS) field experiments carried along the Kaveli - Udipi profile under the lndo-Soviet collaboration project has been analysed and interpreted. The velocity of the phases Pg, P* , Pn have been found to be 5.97,± 0.00, 6.81 ± 0.04 and 8.18 ± 0.15 km/sec and for Sg, S*, Sn to be 3.60 ± 0.00, 4.01 ± 0.02, 4.75 ± 0.03 km/sec respectively. A two layered crustal model has been interpreted from the refraction studies for the region. The average thickness of the granitic layer has been found to be 22.4 km and that of basaltic layer to be 16.2 km giving 38.6 km as the depth of Moho. The results obtained from reflection studies broadly confirm the above results. Relationship of the variation of P phase amplitude with charge size and epicentral distance has been derived for three sectors corresponding to the three field seasons along the profile.
Some aspects of changes in microseism recorded at Madras During the period of two cyclones in November 1977
Authors: MANIKIAM B. , VEERARAGHAVAN N.
Published: February 2022

Two major cyclones developed in November 1977 in the Bay of Bengal. The first storm that crossed coast near Nagapattinam moved across the Peninsula and reintensified into a severe storm. The Bay cyclone was one of the severest storms of this century. These two storms coexisted between 16th and 2Oth. This work pertains to a study of the microseism recorded at Madras during this period when the two storms coexisted. The results indicate that the increase in amplitude of the microseism not only depends on the severity of the storm but also on several other factors.
Size distribution of microscopic size particles in Bombay atmosphere during a dust-episode
Authors: JOSHI P. V. , SAWANT V. D. , KELKAR D. N.
Published: February 2022

Atmosphere of Bombay became very dusty and visibility was reduced considerably during the period 6 -10 April 1981. Possibly this was due to the introduction of dust storm particles derived from the arid regions of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Size distribution of aerosol particles during the episode are compared with that of the preceding week. Derived parameters like number and volume concentrations and density of particles are also compared for the two weeks. Transport mechanism of these particles is discussed taking into consideration meteorological conditions persisting during that period.
Estimation of weekly potential evapotranspiration
Authors: KHAMBETE N. N. , BISWAS B. C.
Published: February 2022

Weekly potel1tial evapotranspiration is estimated by four different methods- (A) Interpolation of monthly values estimated by modified Penman formula, (B) Estimation by modified Penman formula with weekly meteorological normals and measured net solar radiation as input data, (C) Computed following the method given by Doorenbos and Pruitt (1975) and (D) Estimation by modified Penman formula with weekly meteorological normals and solar radiation obtained from tables. Values so obtained are compared with actual evaporation. Method D may be used to compute PE values from climatological data if, net solar radiation is not available.
Weather features associated with abnormal wheat yields of Himachal Pradesh
Authors: RAO G. APPA , DUDHANE S. N.
Published: February 2022

Significant variations in wheat yields over Himachal Pradesh during the last three decades have been reported. A study has been undertaken to identify the weather factors responsible for the abnormal yields over the State, based on a statistical model. The synoptic systems and weather during the sensitive periods of the abnormal years against the physiology of the crop are discussed.
A stochastic model of drought
Authors: KAMTE P. P. , DAHALE S. D.
Published: February 2022

The paper deals with an application of stochastic process to daily rainfall series of various meteorological sub-divisions and of different climatic regimes. An Auto-regressive AR(1) model is used to generate m-day minimum rainfall with the auto-correlations estimated through statistically transformed distribution of minimum rainfall of different durations. The model statisfactorily explains the observed minimum rainfall of different durations, Further, the probabilities of minimum rainfall of different durations are estimated to understand how best one can delineate the areas of droughts.
A statistical study on incidence of drought in relation to agricultural production
Authors: NARAIN PREM , BHARGAVA P. N. , SAKSENA ASHA
Published: February 2022

In India about 75 percent of the cultivated area is rainfed and since about 42 per cent of- our food comes from such areas, there is considerable variation in food production depending upon the amount and distribution of rainfall Semi-arid areas where the annual potential evapotranspiration exceeds-the mean—annual rainfall exist in several of our States. In such areas crop fortune depends very much on vagaries of weather: The annual rainfall in these areas is usually less than 75 cm and there occurs sometimes prolonged dry spells within the rainy season. It is then the distribution of rainfall during a season more important than its amount. While the rainfall, coupled with the moisture storage property of soils-ensurethe--moisture supply, the Water loss taking place in the form of evapotranspiration, runoff and deep drainage places an evapotranspirative demand during the growing season. It is, therefore, the- progressive balance. between the receipt and expenditure of the moisture in the soil which creates favourable or unfavourable conditions for successful crop production. One can, thus, with the help of rainfall distribution and potential evapotranspiration values determine conditions for drought for a specific period in relation to a given variety of crop in the region.

 

Several research workers have attempted to study the various aspects of drought on this basis. Their studies mostly relate to occurrence of dry spells, water availability periods, drought mapping, Palmer indexing and spectrum analysis for assessing and forecasting of drought. These studies have not taken into account the crop yields in determining the agricultural drought.

 

In the present paper, therefore, data on rainfall and yield of a crop like jowar have been analysed for certain, semi-arid areas of western India for characterising the agricultural drought and its intensity. The recurrence of drought in relation of jowar has also been studied.
Application of Markov chain model in determining drought proneness
Authors: KHAMBETE N. N. , BISWAS B. C.
Published: February 2022

Rainfall distribution especially run of wet and dry spells will have dominating effect on the crop yield. Two state Markov chain model of order one has been used to evaluate sequences of dry and wet weeks during southwest monsoon period over dry farming tract of Maharashtra.

 

An index based on parameters of this model has been developed to bring out the degree of drought proneness. Following this index dry farming tract of Maharashtra has been delineated into five zones of different degree of drought proneness.
البناء على ما مضى في الأحكام الشرعية «العبادات أنموذجًا»
Authors: د. عبد الحميد عبد الله قائد ناصر القحوم
Published: February 2022

انتظمت دراسة هذا الموضوع بين التأصيل لمفهوم البناء على ما مضى من الأحكام الشرعية والتطبيق له بعدد من المسائل، بمنهج استقرائي تحليلي ليُعلَم المعنى، ويتضح المراد، ويكون لقاصد معرفة البناء في الأحكام الشرعية ما أراد، ليصل إلى أنَّ البناء لا يكون إلا عن خلل طارئ حصل أثناء العبادة الصحيحة غير المنقطعة، فيلزم من فعله الإجزاء والإبراء سواء في فعل المكلف نفسه كالصيام، أو فعل غيره كالإمامة، فتكوَّن هذا البحث من مقدمة وأربعة مباحث وخاتمة. فالمقدمة فيها أهمية الموضوع، ومشكلته، ومنهجيته، وخطته. أما المبحث الأول: ففيه التعريفات في اللُّغة وفي الاصطلاح للبناء، والحكم، والشرعية، ثم مفهوم البناء وصورته. وأما المبحث الثاني: ففيه أسبابه البناء وشروطه، كما شمل المبحث الثالث: على البناء للخلل الطارئ في العبادة الصحيحة غير المنقطعة، بتوضيح البناء للخلل الطارئ لا الخلل الأصلي، والبناء على الصحيح من الأعمال لا الفاسد منها، وألا يكون بعد انقطاع. وأمَّا المبحث الرابع: ففيه تطبيقات لفروع وأحكام فقهية يصح فيها البناء على ما مضى، كالبناء على ما مضى في الطهارة، والأذان، والصلاة، والخطبة، والصيام، والطواف، ثم ختمت بخاتمة فيها أهم النتائج ويتبع ذلك قائمة المراجع.

This study was organized between rooting of the concept of building on the previous juridical rulings and the application of the concept in a number of issues. The researcher used the inductive-analytical approach to clarify that building on previous rulings only takes place in the case of an emergency defect occurring during uninterrupted true worship. That imposes sufficiency or exoneration, whether it is performed by the act of the person himself/herself, such as fasting, or the act of others such as being the imam. This research consisted of an introduction, four sections, and a conclusion. The introduction included the significance of the study, its problem, methodology, and plan. The first section included the definitions and terminology of building, governance, and legitimacy, Then the concept of building and its image is discussed. The second section included the reasons for building on previous juridical rulings and its conditions. The third section included building in the case of an emergency defect and not an original defect. It also included how such building is based on correct deeds and not corrupt ones, and not after a break. The fourth section included applications of jurisprudential rulings in which it was correct to build on what passed, such as building on cleanliness, Azan, prayers, Friday sermon, fasting, and Tawaf.
أثر الحرب على بعض المتغيَّرات الاقتصادية الكلية في الاقتصاد اليمني دراسة تحليلية وصفية للفترة (2015-2017)
Authors: د عبده مدهش صالح الشجري
Published: February 2022

هدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى أثر الحرب على بعض المتغيَّرات الاقتصادية الكلية، وهي: الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، الموازنة العامة، سعر الصرف، الميزان التجاري، المديونية.وتوصَّلت الدراسة إلى النتائج التالية: انكمش الناتج المحلي الإجمالي بمعدل تراكمي خلال السنوات الثلاث الأولى للحرب وصل 55%. بلغ عجز الموازنة العامة بعد الحرب خلال الفترة 2015-2017 كمتوسط 740.2 مليار ريال وبزيادة قدرها 70%، وكنسبة من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي شكَّلت 13.7% بينما كانت قبل الحرب 6.3%. بلغ العجز في الميزان التجاري كمتوسط للفترة( 2015-2017 ) 1330 مليار ريال، وكنسبة من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي 24.8%. انخفضت قيمة العملة بالمتوسط خلال الفترة 2015-2018، بمعدل سنوي 66%. ارتفعت المديونية بعد الحرب بشكل حاد، وشكَّلت كنسبة من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي بلغت 128% كمتوسط للفترة(2015-2017) .

The study aimed at identifying the impact of the war on some macroeconomic variables, namely: gross domestic product, public budget, exchange rate, trade balance, and indebtedness. The study concluded that gross domestic product shrank at a cumulative rate of 55% during the first three years of the war. After the war and during the period 2015-2017, the public budget deficit amounted to an average of 740.2 billion riyals, with an increase of 70%, and accounted for 13.7% of the GDP, compared to 6.3% before the war. The average deficit in the trade balance for the period 2015-2017 amounted to 1330 billion riyals, and as 24.8% of the GDP. The currency’s value, on average, decreased at an annual rate of 66% during the period 2015-2018. The debt rose after the war, and constituted 128% of the GDP as an average for the period 2015-2017.
النفاق في رواية «الحارس في حقل الشوفان» للروائي جي دي سالينجر: تحليل أطر المحادثة
Authors: د.عبدالحميد احمد ناصر المدري
Published: February 2022

تعد أطر المحادثة إحدى الإنجازات الرئيسية لبول غرايس في مجال التداولية، حيث تلعب دورا هاما في العديد من المجالات ومنها الأدب. إن الإستخدام الفعال لهذة الأطر يجعل عملية التواصل ناجحة. يهدف البحث الحالي إلى تحليل أطر المحاثة التي تضمنتها رواية «الحارس في حقل الشوفان» للروائي جي دي سالينجر، وكيف إن إستخدام هذة الأطر في الرواية يعكس قصد الكاتب في إيصال أفكار معينة كالنفاق والتضليل. إضف إلى ذلك أن هذة الأطر تثري المعاني في الرواية وتجعل عملية التواصل بين الشخصيات فعالة، وتساعد القراء على فهم طبيعة العلاقة بين الشخصيات عن طريق فهم الرسائل الضمنية، وأن الإخلال بهذة الأسس الكلامية في الرواية يشير إلى أن العالم الذي يعيش فيه بطل الراواية هولدن عالم يسوده الغموض والإختلال والشذوذ والزيف والنفاق، وأن عالم كهذا لا يقدر أطر وقيم الكلام يمكن أن يكون عالم تنقصه القيم الأخلاقية، ويزعم بشكل مزيف أنه يمتلك مبادئ سامية.

The Conversational Principle is one of Paul Grice’s major achievements in the field of pragmatics. It plays a very significant role in different fields among which is the field of literature. The effective employment of maxims of conversation makes the process of communication successful. The objective of this research paper is to analyze the maxims of conversation in J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye and examine how the use of the maxims reflects the writer’s intention to communicate certain thoughts such as hypocrisy and disinformation. The manipulation of maxims of conversation enriches the meanings in the novel and makes the process of communication between the characters effective. It also helps the readers understand the nature of the relationship among characters through the comprehension of hidden messages. Violations of the maxims of the conversation throughout the novel reflects that Holden lives in an ambiguous, disorderly, irregular, false and hypocritical world. And such a world that shows no respect to the maxims and values of speech is possibly a world that lacks moral values and falsely claiming high principles.
Pemberdayaan E-Commerce di Kalangan Pelaku UMKM di Indonesia
Authors: Nurjaman Kadar
Published: February 2022

In order to help the community's economy grow, one of the national priorities is to empower small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs). Developing an e-commerce platform for small businesses or SME e-commerce is one strategy to empower SMEs. Small and medium-sized businesses in Indonesia have enormous potential, but they have yet to fully realize it because of a lack of e-commerce adoption. Because of the current state of globalization, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) must stay up with technology advancements in order to remain competitive. Developing an e-commerce platform for small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) is not an easy task because of the unique characteristics of SMEs. As a result, a number of factors must be taken into account when creating SME e-commerce. Clear legal protection, a solid labor and infrastructure, banking support, and government support are all considered in a qualitative descriptive analysis. Taking these factors into consideration, it is hoped that SME e-commerce would continue to grow in order to meet Indonesia's economic growth goals.
Vacunación obligatoria de menores: multa y exclusión de los menores de preescolar.
Authors: Preciado Domènech Carlos Hugo
Published: February 2022

Multa a padres y exclusión de niños de preescolar por negarse a cumplir con la obligación legal de vacunación infantil. Enfoque obligatorio que responde a una necesidad social apremiante de proteger la salud individual y pública contra las enfermedades bien conocidas por la ciencia médica y para protegerse contra cualquier tendencia a la baja en la tasa de vacunación infantil. Medidas impugnadas proporcionales a los objetivos legítimos perseguidos. Amplio margen de apreciación no sobrepasado.
Fine to parents and exclusion of children from preschool for refusing to comply with the legal obligation to vaccinate children. Mandatory approach that responds to a pressing social need to protect individual and public health against well knokn diseases to medical science and to protect themselves against any downward trend in the childhood vaccination rate. Contested measures proportional to the legitimate objectives pursued. Wide margin of appreciation not exceded.
Potensi Candesartan dalam Terapi COVID-19
Authors: Handoko Amelia , Mahardhika Gembong Satria , Zain Haidar
Published: February 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) akibat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) menyebabkan kerusakan paru dan mortalitas bagi penderitanya. Di awal pandemi COVID-19, penggunaan obat antihipertensi RAS blocker diduga berperan dalam keluaran yang kurang baik pada pasien COVID-19 dengan hipertensi karena secara teoritis akan meningkatkan ekspresi ACE2 dan memperbanyak jalan masuk virus ke dalam organ. Beberapa penelitian terkini menyatakan sebaliknya. Studi preliminary menunjukkan penurunan mortalitas dan luaran kritis pasien dengan terapi ARB. Candesartan dalam studi in-vitro dapat mengurangi badai sitokin pada COVID-19 dan berpotensi mengurangi efek destruktif lain dari infeksi SARS-CoV-2. Candesartan dapat menekan inflamasi berlebih dan mengurangi stres oksidatif, sehingga berpotensi bermanfaat dalam terapi infeksi akut SARS-CoV-2. Candesartan juga bermanfaat mengurangi komplikasi jangka panjang, bermanfaat untuk fungsi paru dan organ-organ lainnya.

 

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes lung damage and mortality. At early COVID-19 pandemic stage, use of RAS blocker as antihypertensive drugs was discouraged because it potentially increases the expression of ACE2, therefore increase viral entry into organs. Nevertheless, recent researches suggests otherwise. Preliminary studies has shown reduction in mortality and critical outcomes of patients with ARB therapy. Candesartan in-vitro wasable to reduce cytokine storm in COVID-19 and potentially reduce other destructive effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection by surpressing excessive inflammation and reducing oxidative stress; potentially benefits acute treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Candesartan also play a role in reducing long-term complications of the disease, improving lung function as well as other organs.
Indeks Subjek
Authors: - -
Published: February 2022

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