bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First experience of the AML‐Berlin‐Frankfurt‐Münster group in pediatric patients with standard‐risk acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with arsenic trioxide and all‐trans retinoid acid
Authors: Creutzig Ursula , Dworzak Michael N. , Bochennek Konrad , Faber Jörg , Flotho Christian , Graf Norbert , Kontny Udo , Rossig Claudia , Schmid Irene , von Stackelberg Arend , Mueller Jans‐Enno , von Neuhoff Christine , Reinhardt Dirk , von Neuhoff Nils
Published: January 2017

Recently, studies in adults with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) showed high cure rates in low‐risk patients treated with all‐trans retinoid acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO), while toxicities were significantly reduced compared to the standard treatment with ATRA and chemotherapy. Here we report about first experience with 11 pediatric patients with low‐risk APL treated with ATRA and ATO. All patients stayed in molecular remission. All suffered from hyperleukocytosis. Two patients experienced reversible severe side effects. One suffered from osteonecroses at both femurs, seizures, as well as posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, the other patient had an abducens paresis.
Chemometric Based Identification and Validation of Specific Chemical Markers for Geographical, Seasonal and Gender Variations in Tinospora cordifolia Stem using HPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS Analysis
Authors: Bajpai Vikas , Kumar Sunil , Singh Awantika , Singh Jyotsana , Negi M.P.S. , Bag Sumit Kumar , Kumar Nikhil , Konwar Rituraj , Kumar Brijesh
Published: January 2017

Introduction

Tinospora cordifolia is a widely distributed medicinal plant used in various traditional and commercial Ayurvedic formulations. Due to the wide use of this plant it is important to know the extent of variability in the metabolite profile resulting from geographical location, season and gender.

Objective

To develop a statistical approach based on phytochemical markers for confident prediction of variations in metabolic profile and cytotoxicity due to geographical, seasonal and gender difference in T. cordifolia stem.

Methods

A HPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS method was used for the metabolite profiling of T. cordifolia stem. The data were analysed using chemometric methods including Student's t‐test, ANOVA, FA/PCA and ROC curve analysis and validated for the identification of chemical variations. The bioactivity of selected samples was also tested using a cell cytotoxicity assay to assess the functional aspect of the phytochemical variability.

Results

The chemometric approach applied here identified marker ions for geographical locations (m/z 294.1139 and 445.2136), seasons (m/z 344.1482, 359.1501, and 373.1305) and gender (m/z 257.1380) with 100% statistical sensitivity and specificity. An in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that male T. cordifolia stem was the most effective in inhibiting the growth of cancerous cell lines.

Conclusions

The developed and validated chemometric approach identified the analytical markers for phytochemical variations in unknown T. cordifolia stem samples from male or female plants and samples collected from different geographical locations and seasons. The results are supported by comparative cytotoxic activity data. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a parent‐reported questionnaire evaluating upper limb activity limitation in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Preston N. , Horton M. , Levesley M. , Mon‐Williams M. , O'Connor R.J.
Published: January 2017

Background and purpose

Upper limb activity measures for children with cerebral palsy have a number of limitations, for example, lack of validity and poor responsiveness. To overcome these limitations, we developed the Children's Arm Rehabilitation Measure (ChARM), a parent‐reported questionnaire validated for children with cerebral palsy aged 5–16 years.

This paper describes both the development of the ChARM items and response categories and its psychometric testing and further refinement using the Rasch measurement model.

Methods

To generate valid items for the ChARM, we collected goals of therapy specifically developed by therapists, children with cerebral palsy, and their parents for improving activity limitation of the upper limb. The activities, which were the focus of these goals, formed the basis for the items. Therapists typically break an activity into natural stages for the purpose of improving activity performance, and these natural orders of achievement formed each item's response options. Items underwent face validity testing with health care professionals, parents of children with cerebral palsy, academics, and lay persons.

A Rasch analysis was performed on ChARM questionnaires completed by the parents of 170 children with cerebral palsy from 12 hospital paediatric services. The ChARM was amended, and the procedure repeated on 148 ChARMs (from children's mean age: 10 years and 1 month; range: 4 years and 8 months to 16 years and 11 months; 85 males; Manual Ability Classification System Levels I = 9, II = 26, III = 48, IV = 45, and V = 18).

Results

The final 19‐item unidimensional questionnaire displayed fit to the Rasch model (chi‐squarep = .18), excellent reliability (person separation index = 0.95, α = 0.95), and no floor or ceiling effects. Items showed no response bias for gender, distribution of impairment, age, or learning disability.

Discussion

The ChARM is a psychometrically sound measure of upper limb activity validated for children with cerebral palsy aged 5–16 years. The ChARM is freely available for use to clinicians and nonprofit organisations.
Coherent evolution of potential vorticity anomalies associated with deep moist convection
Authors: Weijenborg C. , Chagnon J. M. , Friederichs P. , Gray S. L. , Hense A.
Published: January 2017

Potential vorticity (PV) elegantly describes synoptic‐ and planetary‐scale dynamics, but it has received less attention on smaller scales. On the convective scale, PV is characterised by dipoles associated with convective cells. We show that the PV dipoles are statistically significant and associated with statistically significant flow anomalies. Our hypothesis is that there is a coherent evolution of the PV dipoles. This hypothesis is tested by tracking convective cells in the non‐hydrostatic COSMO‐DE numerical weather prediction model during nine severe weather events. The 3135 convective cells used in this study are representative of deep moist convection over Western Europe in the COSMO‐DE model. Composites of the evolution of convective cells are made, and differences between ‘normal’ and intense cells are discussed.

Even when averaging over 3135 cells during nine cases, a clear horizontal PV dipole pattern can be seen with associated flow anomalies. Compared to normal cells, intense cells (identified using PV, precipitation rate or vertical velocity) have a more monopole morphology, which resembles that of supercells. The statistically significant flow anomalies associated with the PV anomalies imply that the PV dipoles might be invertible in a statistical way.
Design of a Molecular Hybrid of Dual Peptide Inhibitors Coupled on AuNPs for Enhanced Inhibition of Amyloid β‐Protein Aggregation and Cytotoxicity
Authors: Xiong Neng , Zhao Yanjiao , Dong Xiaoyan , Zheng Jie , Sun Yan
Published: January 2017

Aggregation of amyloid‐β protein (Aβ) is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), so the inhibition of Aβ aggregation is an important strategy for the prevention and treatment of AD. Herein, we proposed to design molecular hybrids of peptide inhibitors by combining two peptide inhibitors, VVIA and LPFFD, into single sequences and examined their effects on Aβ42 aggregation and cytotoxicity. The hybrid peptides exhibit increased but moderate inhibitory activity as compared to their two precursors. By conjugating the peptides onto gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), however, the inhibition activity of the corresponding peptide@AuNPs against Aβ42 aggregation and cytotoxicity is greatly improved. Among them, VVIACLPFFD (VCD10)@AuNP is the most effective, which increases cell viability from 48% to 82% at a dosage as low as 0.1 nmol L−1 (NPs) or 40 nmol L−1 (peptide). The superior capacity of VCD10@AuNPs is considered due to its branched dual‐inhibitor sequence, and its special surface orientation and conformation. These structural features promote its synergetic interactions with Aβ on AuNP surface, leading to strong inhibitions of Aβ oligomerization and fibrillation and the cytotoxicity caused by the aggregation species. The findings suggest that potent inhibitors can be derived by hybridization of multiple peptide inhibitors with the hybrid products coupled onto nanoparticles.
Anisotropic Spectroscopy and Electrical Properties of 2D ReS2(1–x)Se2x Alloys with Distorted 1T Structure
Authors: Wen Wen , Zhu Yiming , Liu Xuelu , Hsu Hung‐Pin , Fei Zhen , Chen Yanfeng , Wang Xinsheng , Zhang Mei , Lin Kuan‐Hung , Huang Fei‐Sheng , Wang Yi‐Ping , Huang Ying‐Sheng , Ho Ching‐Hwa , Tan Ping‐Heng , Jin Chuanhong , Xie Liming
Published: January 2017

2D black phosphorus (BP) and rhenium dichalcogenides (ReX2, X = S, Se) possess intrinsic in‐plane anisotropic physical properties arising from their low crystal lattice symmetry, which has inspired their novel applications in electronics, photonics, and optoelectronics. Different from BP with poor environmental stability, ReX2 has low‐symmetry distorted 1T structures with excellent stability. In ReX2, the electronic structure is weakly dependent on layer numbers, which restricts their property tunability and device applications. Here, the properties are tuned, such as optical bandgap, Raman anisotropy, and electrical transport, by alloying 2D ReS2 and ReSe2. Photoluminescence emission energy of ReS2(1−

x

)Se2

x
monolayers (x from 0 to 1 with a step of 0.1) can be continuously tuned ranging from 1.62 to 1.31 eV. Polarization behavior of Raman modes, such as ReS2‐like peak at 212 cm−1, shifts as the composition changes. Anisotropic electrical property is maintained in ReS2(1−

x

)Se2

x
with high electron mobility along b‐axis for all compositions of ReS2(1−

x

)Se2

x
.
Breeding songbird use of native warm‐season and non‐native cool‐season grass forage fields
Authors: Moorman Christopher E. , Klimstra Ryan L. , Harper Craig A. , Marcus Jeffrey F. , Sorenson Clyde E.
Published: January 2017

Converting fields of non‐native cool‐season grasses to native warm‐season grasses has been proposed as a strategy to enhance avian habitat and diversify forage production for livestock, but may yield poor‐quality food and cover for birds. We measured territory density and reproductive effort for grassland and shrubland birds in 7 native warm‐season grass forage fields (4 hayed and 3 grazed), 7 non‐native cool‐season grass forage fields (4 hayed and 3 grazed), and 3 native warm‐season grass–forb fields managed for wildlife (hereafter, wildlife fields) during May–August 2009 and 2010 in the western Piedmont of North Carolina, USA. Eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna) territory density was ≥2 times greater in grazed, non‐native cool‐season grass fields than other field types, but grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum) territory density did not differ among field types. Field sparrow (Spizella pusilla) territory density was ≥3 times greater in wildlife fields than in all other field types. Indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea) territory density was 5.6 and 14.6 times greater in wildlife fields than in grazed and hayed, non‐native cool‐season fields, respectively. Reproductive effort for grassland and shrubland birds did not differ among field types. Our data suggest dense stands of tall, native warm‐season grass are not a better alternative to non‐native cool‐season grass pastures for grassland songbirds, especially eastern meadowlark. Shrubland songbirds selected wildlife fields managed with less frequent disturbance than forage fields. Moderate grazing to maintain grass heights ≥25 cm may increase quality of non‐native cool‐season grass and native warm‐season grass forage fields for grassland birds. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
A comparison of fecal steroid metabolite concentrations between harem and bachelor stallions in a free‐Ranging population of przewalski's horses (Equus ferus przewalskii)
Authors: D'Souza‐Anjo Maureen , Christensen Bruce W. , Brabender Kristin , Zimmermann Waltraut , Kass Philip H. , Schwarzenberger Franz
Published: January 2017

The aim of this study was to determine whether concentrations of reproductive steroid hormone metabolites significantly differed between harem stallions and bachelor stallions in the free ranging group of Przewalski's horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) at the Hortobágy National Park in Hungary. Throughout the study, fecal samples were collected from 21 harem stallions and 15 bachelor stallions and analyzed for immunoreactive estrogen and androgen metabolites. Harem stallions demonstrated significantly higher concentrations of estrogen (P < 0.001) and epi‐androsterone (P < 0.001), but not testosterone (P = 0.426). These findings confirm that sociosexual status has a significant effect on androgen concentrations in individual Przewalski stallions. Zoo Biol. 36:127–131, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Complexity Science and the Art of Policy Making
Authors: Rosewell Bridget
Published: January 2017

What should be meant by a scientific approach to policy and how it might help create a more appropriate way of reaching decisions? Many years in practical policy making show that it is part science and part art. Complex systems science, as a form of story telling, can create links between them. Three aspects of policy making are considered: (1) the nature of proof in science and decision making, and how introducing new science into decision making is an under appreciated problem; (2) optimisation and that, despite optimal solutions not existing, policy makers want a single solution with unintended consequences left for future generations of policy makers; and (3)ceteris paribus—other things being equal, and the problem of deciding which things can be left alone and over what time periods. In policy, proof is an argument required by investors, regulators, and other decision makers. Proof must satisfy the beliefs and traditions of the decision maker, even when the former contradict observation and the latter are flawed, e.g. ‘we have been doing it this way for thirty years so it must be right’. In policy, the belief inoptimisationis particularly strong, within a tradition that focusses on parts and ignores wholes. Arguably, individuals do not always optimise and often make decisions by copying others, opening up new ways of nudging people towards compliance. Also firms may not optimise due to risk aversion, lack of information, or just focussing on survival. Even if optimisation were possible, a narrow view on what is being optimised can lead to missed opportunities, as in the case of the multiple returns of agglomeration. Also, although innovation is a pillar of economic policy, its necessary dynamics are incompatible with equilibrium theories. Equilibrium also suggests that ‘do nothing’ is a policy option for no change, rather than drifting into the unknown. However, ‘doing something’ has theadditionality problem, namely showing the benefits over doing nothing or something else. All investment impacts are on the balance of probabilities. Risk free investment and risk free polices are not possible in a complex world. What matters is to have a strong story, backed up by strong evidence on the main elements of the story. Then take a bet.
The Complexity of Government
Authors: Fisher Greg
Published: January 2017

Two broad arguments are made. The first is that we are some distance away from having a good understanding of collective action, and until we do, claims about the role and scope of government will be based on crude impressions or ideologies. The second is that complexity science is well placed to make advances in in this area because social systems are inherently complex, as are many collective action problems. Indeed, most political ideologies impacting on public policy have emerged from a comparatively simple, mechanistic view of social systems. It is argued that the economic success of capitalist countries can in part be attributed to people being free to form organisations, which are collective acts, and can be seen as the other side of the coin to Adam Smith’s division of labour. A discussion of what is meant bycollective actionwill develop a broader than normal definition that includes social governance, defined here as all forms of institutions, the role of which is to facilitate, or enable, collective action. Governments are part of our social governance furniture, but have a monopoly over the use of force. Thelibertarian challengeconcerning government will be used as the antithesis to the thesis that a primary role of government is to enable collective action, leading to a synthesis of the two. A speculation on the role governments should have in complex social systemsvis-a-viscollective action precedes consideration of what value complexity science can add in the domain of collective action and government. This could be substantial since complexity science includes concepts and tools which can help advance our understanding. At the very least, the dispassionate science of complexity could provide a fresh perspective on what has been an historically emotive and inconclusive debate.
On partial state matching
Authors: Jančík Pavel , Kofroň Jan
Published: January 2017

During explicit software model checking, the tools spend a lot of time in state matching. This is implied not only by processing a huge number of states, but also by the fact that state representation is usually not small either. In this article, we present two dead variable analyses; applying them during the code-model-checking process results in size reduction of both state representation and explored state space itself. We implemented the analyses inside Java PathFinder and evaluate their impact in terms of memory and time reduction using several non-trivial benchmarks.
Educational Review of Predictive Value and Findings of Computed Tomography Scan in Diagnosing Bowel and Mesenteric Injuries after Blunt Trauma: Correlation with Trauma Surgery Findings in 163 Patients
Authors: Cinquantini Francesco , Tugnoli Gregorio , Piccinini Alice , Coniglio Carlo , Mannone Sergio , Biscardi Andrea , Gordini Giovanni , Di Saverio Salomone
Published: January 2017

Background and Aims

Laparotomy can detect bowel and mesenteric injuries in 1.2%–5% of patients following blunt abdominal trauma. Delayed diagnosis in such cases is strongly related to increased risk of ongoing sepsis, with subsequent higher morbidity and mortality. Computed tomography (CT) scanning is the gold standard in the evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma, being accurate in the diagnosis of bowel and mesenteric injuries in case of hemodynamically stable trauma patients. Aims of the present study are to 1) review the correlation between CT signs and intraoperative findings in case of bowel and mesenteric injuries following blunt abdominal trauma, analysing the correlation between radiological features and intraoperative findings from our experience on 25 trauma patients with small bowel and mesenteric injuries (SBMI); 2) identify the diagnostic specificity of those signs found at CT with practical considerations on the following clinical management; and 3) distinguish the bowel and mesenteric injuries requiring immediate surgical intervention from those amenable to initial nonoperative management.

Materials and Methods

Between January 1, 2008, and May 31, 2010, 163 patients required laparotomy following blunt abdominal trauma. Among them, 25 patients presented bowel or mesenteric injuries. Data were analysed retrospectively, correlating operative surgical reports with the preoperative CT findings.

Results

We are presenting a pictorial review of significant and frequent findings of bowel and mesenteric lesions at CT scan, confirmed intraoperatively at laparotomy. Moreover, the predictive value of CT scan for SBMI is assessed.

Conclusions

Multidetector CT scan is the gold standard in the assessment of intra-abdominal blunt abdominal trauma for not only parenchymal organs injuries but also detecting SBMI; in the presence of specific signs it provides an accurate assessment of hollow viscus injuries, helping the trauma surgeons to choose the correct initial clinical management.
Preliminary research of terminal shock motion in tandem configuration turbine-based combined cycle inlet
Authors: Liu J. , Yuan H. , Hua Z. , Chen W. , Ge N.
Published: January 2017

The pressure oscillation and terminal shock motion in a two dimensional inlet, which was designed for tandem configuration turbine-based combined cycle propulsion systems was investigated experimentally and numerically, respectively. The inlet was characterised by a bleed cavity upstream the inlet throat, an S-shape rectangular-to-circular diffuser and flowpaths for a turbine and a ramjet engine. The terminal shock motion was calculated through a second-order unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes scheme. The pressure and the terminal shock were unsteady when the combined cycle inlet operated at different conditions. With the terminal shock located in the throat and at the shoulder of the third ramp of the TBCC inlet, the pressure oscillation was significant and the shock exhibited unsteady streamwise motion with an oscillatory pattern. The amplitude of shock oscillation at these two conditions was 6mm and 12mm, respectively. When the shock was located downstream of the throat and upstream of the cowl lip, it oscillated in a small range. We defined this motion as the “shake” of the shock. This unsteady behaviour of the shock was caused by flow separation in the combined cycle inlet diffuser.
Requirements ofn-3 very long-chain PUFA in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL): effects of different dietary levels of EPA and DHA on fish performance and tissue composition and integrity
Authors: Bou Marta , Berge Gerd M. , Baeverfjord Grete , Sigholt Trygve , Østbye Tone-Kari , Romarheim Odd Helge , Hatlen Bjarne , Leeuwis Robin , Venegas Claudia , Ruyter Bente
Published: January 2017

Farmed salmon feeds have changed from purely marine-based diets with high levels of EPA and DHA in the 1990s to the current 70 % plant-based diets with low levels of these fatty acids (FA). The aim of this study was to establish the impacts of low dietary EPA and DHA levels on performance and tissue integrity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Atlantic salmon (50 g) in seawater were fed fourteen experimental diets, containing five levels (0, 0·5, 1·0, 1·5 and 2·0 %) of EPA, DHA or a 1:1 EPA+DHA plus control close to a commercial diet, to a final weight of 400 g. Lack of EPA and DHA did not influence mortality, but then-3-deficient group exhibited moderately slower growth than those fed levels above 0·5 %. The heart and brain conserved EPA and DHA levels better than skeletal muscle, liver, skin and intestine. Decreased EPA and DHA favoured deposition of pro-inflammatory 20 : 4n-6 and 20 : 3n-6 FA in membrane phospholipids in all tissues. When DHA was excluded from diets, 18 : 3n-3 and EPA were to a large extent converted to DHA. Liver, skeletal and cardiac muscle morphology was normal in all groups, with the exception of cytoplasm packed with large or foamy vacuoles and sometimes swollen enterocytes of intestine in both deficient and EPA groups. DHA supplementation supported normal intestinal structure, and 2·0 % EPA+DHA alleviated deficiency symptoms. Thus, EPA and DHA dietary requirements cannot be based exclusively on growth; tissue integrity and fish health also need to be considered.
Inadequate dietary intake of minerals: prevalence and association with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors
Authors: Sales Cristiane H. , Fontanelli Mariane de M. , Vieira Diva A. S. , Marchioni Dirce M. , Fisberg Regina M.
Published: January 2017

This cross-sectional, population-based study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dietary mineral inadequacies among residents in urban areas of Sao Paulo, to identify foods contributing to mineral intake and to verify possible associations between socio-demographic and lifestyle factors and mineral intake. Data were obtained from the 2008 Health Survey of Sao Paulo (n 1511; mean age 43·6 (sd 23·2), range 14–97 years). Dietary intake of minerals was measured using two 24-h dietary recalls. Socio-demographic and lifestyle data were collected. The prevalence of inadequate intake was estimated according to Dietary Reference Intakes methods. Associations between mineral intake and baseline factors were determined using multiple linear regression. Na, Ca and Mg showed the highest dietary inadequacies. Some age/sex groups had lower intakes of P, Zn, Cu and Se. Rice, beans and bread were the main foods contributing towards mineral intake. Female sex was negatively associated with K, Na, P, Mg, Zn and Mn intakes. All age groups were positively associated with the intakes of K, P, Mg and Mn. Family income above one minimum wage was positively associated with Se intake. Living in a household whose head completed ≥10 years of education was positively associated with Ca and negatively associated with Na intake. Former smoker status was negatively associated with Ca intake. Current smoker status was inversely associated with K, Ca, P and Cu intakes. Sufficient physical activity was positively associated with K, Ca and Mg intakes. Overall, the intakes of all major minerals were inadequate and were influenced by socio-demographic and lifestyle factors.
Fast magnetic field penetration into low resistivity plasma
Authors: Fruchtman Amnon
Published: January 2017

Penetration of a magnetic field into plasma that is faster than resistive diffusion can be induced by the Hall electric field in a non-uniform plasma. This mechanism explained successfully the measured velocity of the magnetic field penetration into pulsed plasmas. Major related issues have not yet been resolved. Such is the theoretically predicted, but so far not verified experimentally, high magnetic energy dissipation, as well as the correlation between the directions of the density gradient and of the field penetration.
Heterogeneity in chronic fatigue syndrome – empirically defined subgroups from the PACE trial
Authors: Williams T. E. , Chalder T. , Sharpe M. , White P. D.
Published: January 2017

Background

Chronic fatigue syndrome is likely to be a heterogeneous condition. Previous studies have empirically defined subgroups using combinations of clinical and biological variables. We aimed to explore the heterogeneity of chronic fatigue syndrome.

Method

We used baseline data from the PACE trial, which included 640 participants with chronic fatigue syndrome. Variable reduction, using a combination of clinical knowledge and principal component analyses, produced a final dataset of 26 variables for 541 patients. Latent class analysis was then used to empirically define subgroups.

Results

The most statistically significant and clinically recognizable model comprised five subgroups. The largest, ‘core’ subgroup (33% of participants), had relatively low scores across all domains and good self-efficacy. A further three subgroups were defined by: the presence of mood disorders (21%); the presence of features of other functional somatic syndromes (such as fibromyalgia or irritable bowel syndrome) (21%); or by many symptoms – a group which combined features of both of the above (14%). The smallest ‘avoidant–inactive’ subgroup was characterized by physical inactivity, belief that symptoms were entirely physical in nature, and fear that they indicated harm (11%). Differences in the severity of fatigue and disability provided some discriminative validation of the subgroups.

Conclusions

In addition to providing further evidence for the heterogeneity of chronic fatigue syndrome, the subgroups identified may aid future research into the important aetiological factors of specific subtypes of chronic fatigue syndrome and the development of more personalized treatment approaches.
HOW INDUSTRIALISED WAS MEXICO BY 1929? A SMALL BUT NECESSARY CORRECTION TO MEXICO’S NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
Authors: Kuntz-Ficker Sandra
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this work is to correct an error contained in the historical record of Mexico’s GDP which has led to underestimate considerably the progress achieved by industrialisation in the Mexican economy before the Great Depression, also distorting its position within the Latin American context. This error consists in the misleading identification of industry with manufacture, ignoring the contribution to Mexican industrial production made by the metallurgical sector. By incorporating the value added from metallurgy to the net output of manufacture the share of industry in GDP grows accordingly, placing Mexico among the most industrialised countries of Latin America by the end of the export era.
A Rainbow r-Partite Version of the Erdős–Ko–Rado Theorem
Authors: AHARONI RON , HOWARD DAVID
Published: January 2017

Let [n]r be the complete r-partite hypergraph with vertex classes of size n. It is an easy exercise to show that every set of more than (k−1)nr−1 edges in [n]r contains a matching of size k. We conjecture the following rainbow version of this observation: if F1,F2,. . .,Fk ⊆ [n]r are of size larger than (k−1)nr−1 then there exists a rainbow matching, that is, a choice of disjoint edges fi ∈ Fi. We prove this conjecture for r=2 and r=3.
The Fountain of the Innocents and its place in the Paris cityscape, 1549–1788
Authors: GILKS DAVID
Published: January 2017

This article analyses how the Fountain of the Innocents appeared and also how it was used and perceived as part of the Paris cityscape. In the 1780s, the plan to transform the Holy Innocents’ Cemetery into a market cast doubt on the Fountain's future; earlier perceptions now shaped discussions over reusing it as part of the transformed quarter. The article documents how the Fountain was dismantled in 1787 and re-created the following year according to a new design, explaining why it was created in this form. Finally, the article considers what contemporary reactions to the remade Fountain reveal about attitudes toward the authenticity of urban monuments before the establishment of heritage institutions and societies.
Frequency and Dispersal of Glyphosate-Resistant Sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) Populations across Brazilian Agricultural Production Areas
Authors: Lopez Ovejero Ramiro F. , Takano Hudson K. , Nicolai Marcelo , Ferreira Antonio , Melo Marcel S. C. , Cavenaghi Anderson L. , Christoffoleti Pedro J. , Oliveira Rubem S.
Published: January 2017

The rapid spread of glyphosate-resistant sourgrass populations generates concern in the agricultural production sector in Brazil. Nonetheless, there is not much information related to the frequency and dispersion of sourgrass throughout recent years. We investigated the frequency and dispersion of glyphosate-resistant sourgrass populations in Brazilian agricultural regions as part of a larger-scale weed resistance monitoring study. A discriminatory rate of 960 g ae ha−1of glyphosate was used on plants at the 2- to 3-tiller stage, originating from 2,593 populations of sourgrass sampled in 329 counties in 14 Brazilian states between 2012 and 2015. The dispersion of sourgrass populations originated in western Paraná State, next to the Paraguay border, where the first resistance case was reported. Its dispersion to the central region of Brazil, mainly in soybean-producing areas, is most likely a consequence of agricultural equipment movement and wind-mediated dispersal. Glyphosate-resistant sourgrass populations were found in every geographical region across all Brazilian states tested. These data highlight the importance of an appropriate weed resistance monitoring program to track the evolution and dispersion of resistance to mitigate these issues by focusing efforts regionally and raising awareness among stakeholders in each region.
Wege aus der Vertrauenskrise
Authors: Geukes Katharina , Schönbrodt Felix D. , Utesch Till , Geukes Sebastian , Back Mitja D.
Published: January 2017

Zusammenfassung. Die Psychologie, und mit ihr auch die Sportpsychologie, befindet sich in einer sogenannten Vertrauenskrise (siehe Titel des Themenhefts). Während die Diskussion ihrer Ursachen und Konsequenzen lebendig geführt wird, fehlt es an der Herausarbeitung individueller Möglichkeiten, Vertrauen wieder kollektiv herzustellen. In diesem Beitrag zeigen wir Wege aus dieser Vertrauenskrise auf und beschreiben insbesondere individuelle Schritte hin zu verlässlichem und offenem Forschen: Verlässliches Forschen bezieht sich auf das Publizieren von robusten Ergebnissen, sowie von direkten und konzeptuellen Replikationsstudien und offenes Forschen auf die Transparenz hinsichtlich der Planung (Präregistrierung), der Durchführung (Open Material) und der Analyse (Open Data, Reproducible Code) wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen. Das Bekenntnis zu verlässlicher und offener Forschung wird unser Handeln in den verschiedenen Rollen im Wissenschaftssystem (als Forscher, Reviewer, Herausgeber, Betreuer, Kommissionsmitglied etc.) verändern. In diesem Sinne begreifen wir in diesem Beitrag die momentane Diskussion als Chance, die Zuverlässigkeit unserer Befunde nachhaltig zu steigern und langfristig gerechtfertigtes Vertrauen zu schaffen.
Caspase-mediated proteolysis of the sorting nexin 2 disrupts retromer assembly and potentiates Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling
Authors: Duclos Catherine M , Champagne Audrey , Carrier Julie C , Saucier Caroline , Lavoie Christine L , Denault Jean-Bernard
Published: January 2017

The unfolding of apoptosis involves the cleavage of hundreds of proteins by the caspase family of cysteinyl peptidases. Among those substrates are proteins involved in intracellular vesicle trafficking with a net outcome of shutting down the crucial processes governing protein transport to organelles and to the plasma membrane. However, because of the intertwining of receptor trafficking and signaling, cleavage of specific proteins may lead to unintended consequences. Here we show that in apoptosis, sorting nexin 1 and 2 (SNX1 and SNX2), two proteins involved in endosomal sorting, are cleaved by initiator caspases and also by executioner caspase-6 in the case of SNX2. Moreover, SNX1 is cleaved at multiple sites, including following glutamate residues. Cleavage of SNX2 results in a loss of association with the endosome-to-trans-Golgi network transport protein Vps35 and in a delocalization from endosomes of its associated partner Vps26. We also demonstrate that SNX2 depletion causes an increase in hepatocyte growth factor receptor tyrosine phosphorylation and Erk1/2 signaling in cells. Finally, we show that SNX2 mRNA and protein levels are decreased in colorectal carcinoma and that lower SNX2 gene expression correlates with an increase in cancer patient mortality. Our study reveals the importance to characterize the cleavage fragments produced by caspases of specific death substrates given their potential implication in the mechanism of regulation of physiological (signaling/trafficking) pathways or in the dysfunction leading to pathogenesis.
Spatially integrative metrics reveal hidden vulnerability of microtidal salt marshes
Authors: Ganju Neil K. , Defne Zafer , Kirwan Matthew L. , Fagherazzi Sergio , D’Alpaos Andrea , Carniello Luca
Published: January 2017

Salt marshes are valued for their ecosystem services, and their vulnerability is typically assessed through biotic and abiotic measurements at individual points on the landscape. However, lateral erosion can lead to rapid marsh loss as marshes build vertically. Marsh sediment budgets represent a spatially integrated measure of competing constructive and destructive forces: a sediment surplus may result in vertical growth and/or lateral expansion, while a sediment deficit may result in drowning and/or lateral contraction. Here we show that sediment budgets of eight microtidal marsh complexes consistently scale with areal unvegetated/vegetated marsh ratios (UVVR) suggesting these metrics are broadly applicable indicators of microtidal marsh vulnerability. All sites are exhibiting a sediment deficit, with half the sites having projected lifespans of less than 350 years at current rates of sea-level rise and sediment availability. These results demonstrate that open-water conversion and sediment deficits are holistic and sensitive indicators of salt marsh vulnerability.
Prehistorical and historical declines in Caribbean coral reef accretion rates driven by loss of parrotfish
Authors: Cramer Katie L. , O’Dea Aaron , Clark Tara R. , Zhao Jian-xin , Norris Richard D.
Published: January 2017

Caribbean coral reefs have transformed into algal-dominated habitats over recent decades, but the mechanisms of change are unresolved due to a lack of quantitative ecological data before large-scale human impacts. To understand the role of reduced herbivory in recent coral declines, we produce a high-resolution 3,000 year record of reef accretion rate and herbivore (parrotfish and urchin) abundance from the analysis of sediments and fish, coral and urchin subfossils within cores from Caribbean Panama. At each site, declines in accretion rates and parrotfish abundance were initiated in the prehistorical or historical period. Statistical tests of direct cause and effect relationships using convergent cross mapping reveal that accretion rates are driven by parrotfish abundance (but not vice versa) but are not affected by total urchin abundance. These results confirm the critical role of parrotfish in maintaining coral-dominated reef habitat and the urgent need for restoration of parrotfish populations to enable reef persistence.
Synchronous deglacial thermocline and deep-water ventilation in the eastern equatorial Pacific
Authors: Umling Natalie E. , Thunell Robert C.
Published: January 2017

The deep ocean is most likely the primary source of the radiocarbon-depleted CO2 released to the atmosphere during the last deglaciation. While there are well-documented millennial scale Δ14C changes during the most recent deglaciation, most marine records lack the resolution needed to identify more rapid ventilation events. Furthermore, potential age model problems with marine Δ14C records may obscure our understanding of the phase relationship between inter-ocean ventilation changes. Here we reconstruct changes in deep water and thermocline radiocarbon content over the last deglaciation in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) using benthic and planktonic foraminiferal 14C. Our records demonstrate that ventilation of EEP thermocline and deep waters occurred synchronously during the last deglaciation. In addition, both gradual and rapid deglacial radiocarbon changes in these Pacific records are coeval with changes in the Atlantic records. This in-phase behaviour suggests that the Southern Ocean overturning was the dominant driver of changes in the Atlantic and Pacific ventilation during deglaciation.
A human immunodeficiency syndrome caused by mutations in CARMIL2
Authors: Schober T. , Magg T. , Laschinger M. , Rohlfs M. , Linhares N. D. , Puchalka J. , Weisser T. , Fehlner K. , Mautner J. , Walz C. , Hussein K. , Jaeger G. , Kammer B. , Schmid I. , Bahia M. , Pena S. D. , Behrends U. , Belohradsky B. H. , Klein C. , Hauck F.
Published: January 2017

Human T-cell function is dependent on T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) and co-signalling as evidenced by immunodeficiencies affecting TCR-dependent signalling pathways. Here, we show four human patients with EBV+ disseminated smooth muscle tumours that carry two homozygous loss-of-function mutations in the CARMIL2 (RLTPR) gene encoding the capping protein regulator and myosin 1 linker 2. These patients lack regulatory T cells without evidence of organ-specific autoimmunity, and have defective CD28 co-signalling associated with impaired T-cell activation, differentiation and function, as well as perturbed cytoskeletal organization associated with T-cell polarity and migration disorders. Human CARMIL2-deficiency is therefore an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency disorder associated with defective CD28-mediated TCR co-signalling and impaired cytoskeletal dynamics.
MetaSort untangles metagenome assembly by reducing microbial community complexity
Authors: Ji Peifeng , Zhang Yanming , Wang Jinfeng , Zhao Fangqing
Published: January 2017

Most current approaches to analyse metagenomic data rely on reference genomes. Novel microbial communities extend far beyond the coverage of reference databases and de novo metagenome assembly from complex microbial communities remains a great challenge. Here we present a novel experimental and bioinformatic framework, metaSort, for effective construction of bacterial genomes from metagenomic samples. MetaSort provides a sorted mini-metagenome approach based on flow cytometry and single-cell sequencing methodologies, and employs new computational algorithms to efficiently recover high-quality genomes from the sorted mini-metagenome by the complementary of the original metagenome. Through extensive evaluations, we demonstrated that metaSort has an excellent and unbiased performance on genome recovery and assembly. Furthermore, we applied metaSort to an unexplored microflora colonized on the surface of marine kelp and successfully recovered 75 high-quality genomes at one time. This approach will greatly improve access to microbial genomes from complex or novel communities.
CaTe: a new topological node-line and Dirac semimetal
Authors: Du Yongping , Tang Feng , Wang Di , Sheng Li , Kan Er-jun , Duan Chun-Gang , Savrasov Sergey Y. , Wan Xiangang
Published: January 2017

Combining first-principles calculations and effective model analysis, we predict that CaTe is a topological node-line semimetal in the absence of the spin-orbit coupling. Using a slab model, we obtain the nearly flat drumhead surface state near the Fermi level. When the spin-orbit coupling is included, three node lines will evolve into a pair of Dirac points along the M−R line. These Dirac points are robust and protected by the C4 rotation symmetry. Once this crystal symmetry is broken, the Dirac points will be eliminated, and the system becomes a strong topological insulator.
Structure-based modelling of hemocyanin allergenicity in squid and its response to high hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Zhang Yifeng , Deng Yun , Zhao Yanyun
Published: January 2017

The secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of squid hemocyanin (Hc) were characterised, and the relationship between Hc structure and allergenicity responses to high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) was modelled. The Hc allergenicity varied with its protein structure. Electrophoresis analysis revealed that HHP treatment significantly decreased the band intensity of Hc when increasing pressure from 200 and 400 MPa to 600 MPa. The protein structure analysis of squid Hc showed that while HHP treatment decreased the α-helix content, free sulfhydryl content, and Rg, it increased the random coil content, surface hydrophobicity index (Ho), Guinier aggregation number (〈Nagg〉G) and average aggregation number (〈Nagg〉Q). The α-helix and random coil contents of the 600 MPa treated samples were 23.67% and 37.54%, respectively, compared to 32.37% and 32.02% in the control, respectively. HHP treatment decreased the IgE and IgG-binding capacities, indicating a significant decrease in the allergenicity (P< 0.05) of squid Hc. This study provided meaningful information of applying HHP to reduce allergenicity, and explained the responses of Hc protein structure to HHP for lowering the allergenicity of squid.
Loss of Merlin induces metabolomic adaptation that engages dependence on Hedgehog signaling
Authors: Das Shamik , Jackson William P. , Prasain Jeevan K. , Hanna Ann , Bailey Sarah K. , Tucker J. Allan , Bae Sejong , Wilson Landon S. , Samant Rajeev S. , Barnes Stephen , Shevde Lalita A.
Published: January 2017

The tumor suppressor protein Merlin is proteasomally degraded in breast cancer. We undertook an untargeted metabolomics approach to discern the global metabolomics profile impacted by Merlin in breast cancer cells. We discerned specific changes in glutathione metabolites that uncovered novel facets of Merlin in impacting the cancer cell metabolome. Concordantly, Merlin loss increased oxidative stress causing aberrant activation of Hedgehog signaling. Abrogation of GLI-mediated transcription activity compromised the aggressive phenotype of Merlin-deficient cells indicating a clear dependence of cells on Hedgehog signaling. In breast tumor tissues, GLI1 expression enhanced tissue identification and discriminatory power of Merlin, cumulatively presenting a powerful substantiation of the relationship between these two proteins. We have uncovered, for the first time, details of the tumor cell metabolomic portrait modulated by Merlin, leading to activation of Hedgehog signaling. Importantly, inhibition of Hedgehog signaling offers an avenue to target the vulnerability of tumor cells with loss of Merlin.
Chlorpyrifos inhibits neural induction via Mfn1-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in human induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Yamada Shigeru , Kubo Yusuke , Yamazaki Daiju , Sekino Yuko , Kanda Yasunari
Published: January 2017

Organophosphates, such as chlorpyrifos (CPF), are widely used as insecticides in agriculture. CPF is known to induce cytotoxicity, including neurodevelopmental toxicity. However, the molecular mechanisms of CPF toxicity at early fetal stage have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we examined the mechanisms of CPF-induced cytotoxicity using human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We found that exposure to CPF at micromolar levels decreased intracellular ATP levels. As CPF suppressed energy production that is a critical function of the mitochondria, we focused on the effects of CPF on mitochondrial dynamics. CPF induced mitochondrial fragmentation via reduction of mitochondrial fusion protein mitofusin 1 (Mfn1) in iPSCs. In addition, CPF reduced the expression of several neural differentiation marker genes in iPSCs. Moreover, knockdown of Mfn1 gene in iPSCs downregulated the expression of PAX6, a key transcription factor that regulates neurogenesis, suggesting that Mfn1 mediates neural induction in iPSCs. Taken together, these results suggest that CPF induces neurotoxicity via Mfn1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation in iPSCs. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction in iPSCs could be used as a possible marker for cytotoxic effects by chemicals.
The potential role of spectrin network in the mechanotransduction of MLO-Y4 osteocytes
Authors: Wu Xin-Tong , Sun Lian-Wen , Yang Xiao , Ding Dong , Han Dong , Fan Yu-Bo
Published: January 2017

The spectrin is first identified as the main component of erythrocyte membrane skeleton. It is getting growing attention since being found in multiple nonerythroid cells, providing complex mechanical properties and signal interface under the cell membrane. Recent genomics studies have revealed that the spectrin is highly relevant to bone disorders. However, in osteocytes, the important mechanosensors in bone, the role of spectrin is poorly understood. In this research, the role of spectrin in the mechanotransduction of MLO-Y4 osteocytes was studied. Immunofluorescence staining showed that, the spectrins were elaborately organized as a porous network throughout the cytoplasm, and linked with F-actin into a dense layer underlying the cell membrane. AFM results indicate that, the spectrin is pivotal for maintaining the overall elasticity of osteocytes, especially for the cell cortex stiffiness. Disruption of the spectrin network caused obvious softening of osteocytes, and resulted in a significant increase of Ca2+ influx, NO secretion, cell-cell connections and also induced a translocation of eNOS from membrane to cytoplasm. These results indicate that the spectrin network is a global structural support for osteocytes involving in the mechanotransduction process, making it a potential therapeutic target for bone disorders.