bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENINGKATAN ANGKA KONSUMSI IKAN MELALUI DIVERSIFIKASI PRODUK OLAHAN IKAN DI KECAMATAN BANYUATES KABUPATEN SAMPANG
Authors: Pursetyo Kustiawan Tri , Siswantara Pulung , Abdillah Annur Ahadi , Pramono Heru , Saputra Eka
Published: June 2020

The Community Service Program aims to increase the knowledge of fish fishermen groups through counseling and training, then the Airlangga University Community Service Team transfers technology transfer to fishery product processing communities in Banyuates District, Sampang Regency. As target audiences that will be included in this Community Service program are the chairman, management and fish fishermen group, local village officials and local Animal Husbandry Service officers who are expected to later act as motivators. Itis hoped that later it can be relied upon as a source for the sustainability of the technology transfer program. The method used in the implementation of community service activities is by way of; (1) Development and training phase; (2) Monitoring and evaluation phase, To evaluate the level of knowledge and understanding of the material provided, it is given pretest and posttest. This Community Service program will be carried outfrom June to October 2017. To improve fish consumption, first the implementation team conducts socialization activities to elementary students to get to know more about various kinds of fish and their benefits. After thesocialization activities, counseling activities and training were made on various fish-based processed products, using the tutorial method, then continued with discussion.AbstrakProgram Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan para kelompok nelayan ikan melalui penyuluhan dan pelatihan, maka Tim Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Universitas Airlangga melakukan transfer alih teknologi bagi masyarakat pengolahan produk perikanan di Kecamatan Banyuates, Kabupaten Sampang. Sebagai khalayak sasaran yang akan diikutsertakan dalam program Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ini adalah ketua, pengurus serta kelompok nelayan ikan, aparat desa setempat dan petugas Dinas Peternakan setempat yang diharapkan nantinya dapat bertindak sebagai motivator.Diharapkan nantinya dapat diandalkan sebagai sumber untuk kesinambungan program alih teknologi. Metode yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah dengan cara; (1) Tahap Pembinaan dan pelatihan; (2) Tahap monitoring dan evaluasi, Untuk mengevaluasi tingkat pengetahuan dan pemahaman terhadap materi yang diberikan maka diberikan pretest dan post test. Kegiatan program Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ini akan dilaksanakan mulai bulan Juni sampai dengan Oktober 2017. Untuk meningkatkan angka konsumsi ikan, terlebih dahulu Tim pelaksana kegiatan melakukan sosialisasi kepada siswa SD agar lebih mengenal tentang berbagai macam ikan beserta manfaatnya. Selepas kegiatan sosialisasi dilakukan kegiatan penyuluhan dan pelatihan pembuatan aneka produk olahan berbahan dasar ikan, dengan menggunakan metode tutorial, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan diskusi.
Inflammatory Indicator and Hematological Indices in Contrast Induced Nephropathy among Patients Receiving Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wu Xiaoyan , Ma Chao , Sun Daqing , Zhang Guojing , Wang Jinmiao , Zhang Enyuan
Published: June 2020

Background: Strong indicators of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), hypersensitive CRP (hs-CRP), and a series of hematological indices, including platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), hematocrit (HCT) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW), are regarded related with the incidence of contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) closely. Whereas, it remains unclear whether they can function as predictors of CIN onset. The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine the relationship between above indicators and CIN incidence among patients receiving coronary intervention. Methods: Clinical studies were retrieved from the electronic databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Clinical Trials, and science direct from their inception to June 3rd, 2020. Meta-analysis was performed on pool eligible studies. Two reviewers screened all titles and abstracts and independently assessed all articles. Results: A total of 26 studies involving 29,454 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled analysis results revealed that patients with higher CRP (odds ratio [OR]=1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.12, P=0.02), hs-CRP (OR=1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.06, P=0.004), NLR (OR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.01–1.20, P=0.02), RDW (OR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.19–1.53, P<0.00001), and lower HCT (OR=0.94, 95% CI: 0.92–0.97, P=0.0003) all exhibited significantly higher CIN rates, but there was no significant association between PLR and CIN risk (OR=1.12, 95% CI: 0.99–1.26, P=0.07). Conclusion: The meta-analysis reported here demonstrates that pre-angiography CRP/hs-CRP and some hematological indices are associated with CIN.
Gustilo Type III Open and Comminuted Tibial Fractures Managed by Simultaneous Combination of a Free Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Flap and Ilizarov External Fixation
Authors: Takahashi Mitsuhiko , Iwase Joji , Abe Mitsunobu , Kosaka Hirofumi , Egawa Hiroshi , Sedo Hiromichi
Published: June 2020

Case:

A 70-year-old woman who sustained Gustilo type III open and comminuted tibial fractures presented with extensive soft-tissue defect. Definitive surgery was performed using a free latissimus dorsi muscle flap for the extensive soft-tissue defect and Ilizarov external fixation (IEF) to stabilize the fractures and arthrodese the ankle. Ankle arthrodesis was accomplished by the wires penetrating the implanted muscle flap.

Conclusion:

The combined free flap and IEF management protocol described in this report was effective in achieving early weight-bearing and prompt bone healing in an elderly patient with poor bone quality and extensive open and comminuted fractures.
Talar Avascular Necrosis After Calcium Phosphate Injection Treatment of Talar Bone Marrow Lesions
Authors: Kohring Jessica M. , Oh Irvin , Baumhauer Judith F.
Published: June 2020

Case:

We report on 2 patients who developed avascular necrosis (AVN) of the talus and poor patient outcomes after undergoing calcium phosphate injection into talar dome bone marrow lesions.

Conclusion:

Subchondroplasty, defined as calcium phosphate injection for the treatment of articular bone marrow edema, is a recently described procedure for use in the ankle joint. In our opinion, the limited available research is of poor quality and describes equivocal improvement in patient symptoms after this procedure. Given the debilitating outcomes and extensive AVN we observed in 2 patients, we strongly advise caution in the use of this procedure in the talus.
Student Ethics in Learning Perspectives of Kiai Hajj Muhammad Zaini Sekumpul Martapura
Authors: Barni Mahyuddin , Yusran Muhammad
Published: June 2020

Students are a component of the education system. It will not be called education if the student is not in it. To succeed in education (learning), many conditions must be considered; one of which is ethics or manners. In the context of Islamic education, ethics or manners for a student is very important. It is difficult for a student to succeed in education if he is not ethical or civilized.  Even if he succeeded in education or in learning, then his knowledge was not a blessing or not useful for others or a cause of destruction for himself. This paper aims to describe the ethics of a student who is learning according to the perspective of a religious figure so that he is successful in his learning. This paper used documentary techniques. The data of this paper obtained from the recordings of lectures delivered by Kiai Haji Muhammad Zaini during his lifetime and juxtaposed with the book read by him. Student ethics according to Kiai Hajj Muhammad Zaini is that a student should always expect and ask his teacher to always pray for him, use the time for useful activities, repeat lessons at home and ask back to the teacher related lessons that are still vague for him, clean the intention when looking for knowledge that is only because of Allah SWT, revive religion, keep the Islamic shari'a in order to remain there, intend the knowledge gained will be practiced, always do good deeds and adorn themselves with praiseworthy qualities, get used to getting up at night to worship Allah and ask Allah in order to give him useful knowledge and other virtues, respect his teacher zahir (external) and bathin (inner), not make friends or be close with people who are not in good morals (immoral perpetrators and other deeds), do not use the knowledge they get to debate or pilgrimage, always trying to be close to Allah SWT, accustom to ablution before learning, always reading the Qur'an, always correcting the five senses of sin in order to quickly understand the science of religion.
A New Kinetic Turbidity Test Method for Calcite Scale Inhibition Study and Updates on Barite Scale Inhibition Model
Authors: Dai Chong , Paudyal Samiridhdi , Ko Saebom , Ouyang Bingjie , Lu Yi-Tsung , Deng Guannan , Zhao Yue , Wang Xin , Mateen Sana , Kan Amy , Tomson Mason
Published: June 2020

Calcite (CaCO3) is one of the most common scales in oilfield, and its formation can cause a decrease in production. Pressure drop can cause the pH and calcite saturation index (SI) to increase, similarly increase in temperature increases calcite SI. We have developed a new approach to simulate the water composition (e.g., TDS, Ca, and alkalinity) for laboratory tests with ScaleSoftPizer (SSP) software based on desired temperature, pH, and SI. The evaluation of calcite formation and inhibition in the laboratory is also a challenge because the release of CO2 gas increases the pH and saturation index (SI) of the solution, and must therefore be controlled. Accordingly, this study aimed to develop a new and well-controlled test method for calcite inhibition under simulated oilfield conditions (i.e., pH, SI, Ca/HCO3 ion ratio). A new rapid kinetic turbidity method was developed in a closed system for calcite inhibition study. Good consistency was obtained for triplicate calcite nucleation and inhibition experiments, which demonstrated the reproducibility of the new method. Calcite nucleation experiments were conducted, and a new calcite nucleation model is proposed. The effect of acetic acid and inhibitors on calcite kinetics was also evaluated with this new method. This is the first time to accurately measure calcite inhibition under a broad range of production conditions, especially under neutral-to-acidic conditions (pH = 5.5-7), using simple and low-cost kinetic turbidity test methods. By avoiding the release of CO2, this new laboratory test method strictly controls pH, SI, and Ca/HCO3 ion ratios, and thereby the field conditions for calcite scales can be accurately simulated. In addition, barite inhibition experiments were conducted, and inhibition models for eighteen different inhibitors were determined and put onto a self-consistent algorithm, with many practical advantages: speed, reliability, internal consistency, and relative effectiveness for common conditions, to mention a few. Finally, a protocol has been developed to characterize the inhibition of essentially any new inhibitor, or combination, with minimal to no testing.
Developments on Calcium Sulfate Scaling Prediction and Control in Oil and Gas Production
Authors: Paudyal Samridhdi , Mateen Sana , Dai Chong , Ko Saebom , Wang Xin , Deng Guannan , Lu Alex , Zhao Yue , Bingjie Ouyang , Kan Amy T. , Tomson Mason B.
Published: June 2020

Calcium Sulfate (CaSO4) is precipitated due to super saturation of Ca2+ and SO42-ions that can be created due to change pH, pressure, temperature or due to mixing of the brines. Among the CaSO4 species, CaSO4.2H2O or gypsum is stable in solid phase at lower temperature below 50 °C which has been observed frequently in wells treated with CO2 flooded-EOR technique. As a result, mineral scaling, especially calcium sulfate (gypsum) deposition has been a serious flow assurance problem in oil and gas production leading to production shut down because of formation damage or equipment failure. Use of scale inhibitors may be the efficient method to prevent the scale formation. However, there is a knowledge gap on types of scale inhibitor that might be efficient in controlling the calcium sulfate scaling under varied field conditions. Additionally, there is a need of an efficient method to evaluate the performance of scale inhibitor and simulate the dynamic field condition.

This study provides information on several options of inhibitors to control CaSO4 at various conditions as established with modified laser-light based Kinetic Turbidity Test (mKTT) method that can assess several samples over a range of concentrations simultaneously. Other newly developed modified Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (mCSTR) method showed to be an efficient tool to understand scale inhibitor performances, as it can overcome limitations of dynamic scale loop (DSL) with low residence time and low volume capacity of capillary tubing. Similarly, as minimum effective dosage (MED) needed can be easily established in one setting with mCSTR method. It showed much better efficiency compared to that of standard bottle test, which suffers lack of dynamics and multiple bottle tests needed to establish MED. This study provides more effective test methodologies for scale inhibitors performance testing. The mCSTR apparatus can be used for various mineral scales such as barium sulfate, halite, calcite, etc. Additionally, this study will provide a mathematical model (scaling risk-inhibitor dosage recommendation) via mCSTR method which can be used to predict scaling tendency and inhibitor need under desired conditions.
On-Site Analysis of Scale Squeeze Inhibitors in Remote Environments Using Fluorescence and Time Resolved Fluorescence
Authors: Heath Stephen , Green Steve , Badawy Ahmed , Puupponen Salla , Toivonen Susanna , Vuori Vesa , Peltokoski Brita
Published: June 2020

Scale inhibitor (SI) analysis is an extremely important part of scale management and it is essential to have reliable methods for the accurate and precise measurement of scale inhibitor residuals in produced fluids in order to prevent wells from scaling. This information enables key decisions on the efficiency of scale squeeze and continuous chemical injection treatments especially in remote environments.

In remote fields, such as in desert and extreme winter environments, the ability to be able to monitor scale squeeze residuals on-site would offer significant potential to improve scale management capability through provision of rapid data which otherwise might not be available for several weeks due to long sample transport times to the laboratory.

Since conventional scale inhibitor analysis methods are not suited for on-site analysis this has led to the development of a toolbox of technology options including suitable scale inhibitor squeeze chemistry coupled with advanced, on-site, "near on-line" scale inhibitor detection procedures including Fluorescence (F) and Time Resolved Fluorescence (TRF).

In this paper, two field examples for on-site TRF analysis of polymeric scale squeeze inhibitors from remote wells in harsh environments will highlight the benefits of quick and timely scale inhibitor residual information. In the example from remote desert wells, a comparison of TRF and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the polymer residuals will show the accuracy and precision of the TRF method at low SI levels.

In addition, an example for the proof of concept of detection of three different F Tagged sulphonated polymers in the presence of a phosphonate squeeze inhibitor and continuously injected untagged polymer will demonstrate the ability of "near on line" fluorescence techniques to improve scale management where four subsea wells are co-mingled in the same flow line.

This paper concludes that fluorescence techniques are particularly suited to tagged polymers and naturally fluorescent molecules whereas Time Resolved Fluorescence provides the ability to detect untagged scale inhibitors like sulphonated copolymers, phosphonates and phosphate esters. The two techniques can be used individually or in combination with each other and, in addition, offer the advantage of being able to detect polymeric and phosphonate scale inhibitors to minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) of 1-2ppm and <1ppm respectively which offers potential to extend treatment lifetimes.
Closing the Loop – Deploying Reservoir Analysis & Novel Downhole Diagnostic Technology Utilizing Coiled Tubing for Scale Identification & Treatment Leads to Production Revival in HPHT Gas Well
Authors: Hamid Saad , G Herrera Carlos , Ahmed Usman
Published: June 2020

Scale deposition is one of the most common challenges encountered in oil and gas wells. Mature fields tend to have these issues, but tackling scale removal requires tedious diagnostic and intervention work due to uncertainty in determining the exact location and source of scale.

Production decline was observed in a High-Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) gas producer. Well testing was performed to assess and diagnose the production impairment. The preliminary well test data interpretation highlighted positive skin which needed to be characterized. Scale and even sand were considered as a possible cause of production impairment due to the nature of production chemistry and reservoir type, but the hypothesis lacked physical evidence in the wellbore.

A structured approach was adopted to identify, qualify and rectify the situation. High Pressure Coiled Tubing (HPCT) technology capable of providing real time down hole communication was utilized along with coiled tubing mounted downhole camera (DHC) to determine if the wellbore conditions were contributing towards the production decline resulting in a positive skin. The real time images acquired during the downhole camera run revealed astonishing details of the scale that was causing an impact in the production and the flowing wellhead pressure. The high-resolution images obtained during the well intervention clearly pin-pointed at the root cause of production loss and aided in designing a focused treatment for the challenge at hand. Given the sensitive nature of reservoir and possible interaction between the scale dissolving chemicals and reservoir, a customized treatment was formulated. The treatment design exploited the benefits of scale dissolution while preventing reservoir damage. The treatment was pumped using coiled tubing with a high-pressure jetting and rotating nozzle to ensure 360 degree wellbore coverage.

The well was opened to flow immediately after execution of the treatment. The post treatment flowback results indicated a resounding success with production almost quadrupling. A production log was subsequently performed to understand and gauge reservoir performance. The results of production logging further endorsed the fact that skin damage due to scale had been successfully removed and wellbore skin was reduced.
Improved Scale Prediction for High Calcium Containing Produced Brine and Sulfide Scales
Authors: Wang Xin , Deng Guannan , Ko Saebom , Yi-Tsung Lu Alex , Zhao Yue , Dai Chong , Paudyal Samridhdi , Ouyang Bingjie , Mateen Sana , Kan Amy T. , Tomson Mason B.
Published: June 2020

In oil and gas industry, scaling prevention is one of the most important problems. While with more aggressive drilling and exploitation, scale control for the unconventional scale under complex water chemistry becomes more challenging. There are more chances to encountering with high temperature, high pressure, high TDS and some unconventional scale conditions. The modeling of the sulfide scale is notoriously difficult due to the extremely low solubility and complex water chemistry. Thus, the thermodynamic data is rare for sulfide minerals. Metal-sulfide-bisulfide complexes bring a large uncertainty for scale prediction. Another challenge is scale prediction in brine with high TDS, especially with high calcium concentration. Thermodynamic data with common ions Ca2+ and SO42- is needed to improve thermodynamic models. The objective of this paper is to extend our knowledge for these exotic scale solubility predictions with both experimental studies and model validation. Some remaining questions in Pitzer theory framework have been thoroughly reviewed and discussed to improve the scale prediction for iron sulfide and high calcium condition. The newly derived models are able to predict the saturation index (SI) within ±0.3 unit for iron sulfide and ±0.15 units for common sulfate scales, respectively. These developed models have been incorporated into ScaleSoftPitzer for practical use in the oil and gas production.
Developments in Squeeze Treatments Design - Why not Apply 24 Month Duration Squeeze to Offshore Production Wells?
Authors: Jordan Myles Martin , Sutherland Louise , Johnston Clare
Published: June 2020

The control of inorganic scale deposition within production wells by deployment of scale squeeze treatments is a well-established method for both onshore and offshore production wells.

Over the past 25 years the science of designing and optimising these treatments has advanced significantly with a better understanding of chemical/rock interaction, more effective modelling software to design the treatments and improved analysis methods for the determination of returning residual concentrations.

Scale squeeze treatments have in general been designed to treat between 6 to 12 months of water production before either the production layer or bulk produced water composition falls below minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC). In this paper examples of the process followed to design treatments for 24 months produced water for three offshore fields (North Sea, West Africa and Middle East) are outlined.

Factors that have influenced the change from 12 to 24 months squeeze treatments include changing MIC values, rising operation expenditure related to subsea vs platform deployment costs and in all cases assessing total operational cost vs simply chemical costs alone.

This paper presents the field treatment designs from 4 case study fields, changing MIC values based on produced water composition which impacts chemical volumes required. The balance between cost of operation to deploy the chemical treatments to subsea vs platform wells are discussed. The implication of deferred oil associated with delayed production during pumping and post squeeze well clean-up was also considered in the design process for these wells. These case studies describe squeeze treatments which in certain wells treat over 25,000,000 bbls to MIC.

The paper outlines the elements of the process that should be considered/reviewed when making the decision to change from the conventional 12 months to 24 months squeeze treatment. Designs and field results from three oil producing basins, each with different cost drivers, have been used to illustrate how it is possible to maintain effective scale management through the life cycle of these production wells.
Scale Dissolver and Scale Squeeze Operations in an HPHT Field in the North Sea
Authors: Nelson Alexander , Algrøy Trine , Netland Kjetil , Sæther Øystein , Johnsen Rita Iren
Published: June 2020

This paper presents a case history of scale treatments performed in a well producing in the North Sea. Kvitebjørn is a gas and condensate producer with high reservoir pressure (480bar) and high temperature (152°C). Well A-7 T2 started production in January 2014 and has a history of a carbonate scale precipitation.A few months after start-up, formation water breakthrough was observed in addition to a reduction in Production Index.

Due to challenges with removing scale by wireline, interventions using scale dissolver were performed in late 2017 and early 2018. The second dissolver treatment was followed by a scale squeeze to protect the well from further scaling. The chemicals used were qualified according to the Operator’s technical specifications. Due to high reservoir temperature, thermal stability was vital in the qualification process. The formation permeability was moderate, which was important to consider when evaluating the risk of formation damage.

The environmental category for the chemicals versus their performance was an important factor in the qualification process. Modelling programs were used to assess placement distribution under various bullhead pumping conditions. For the scale squeeze, a modelling program was used to simulate treatment lifetime using isotherms derived from laboratory core flood testing.

Water samples were taken from the well and analysed onshore in the supplier’s laboratory. Following the scale squeeze, water samples were taken from the well during the entire treatment lifetime. Ion concentrations and residual inhibitor concentrations were monitored together with production parameters to assess the scale situation in the well.

Following the treatments, the well showed an increased gas production. The well produced 1.2MSm3 at 40% choke before the treatments and 1.2MSm3 at 6-7% choke after. Laboratory work combined with field experience from this first well that was treated, forms the basis for possible future treatments. Being able to treat wells through pro-active and efficient scale inhibitor squeeze treatments will allow for continued production of wells exposed to scale risk, avoiding the cost and risks associated with mechanical scale removal and avoiding production deferral associated with potential dissolver jobs.
Simulation of Sampling Conditions to Aid Optimum Collection and Handling of Formation Water Samples During Formation Testing
Authors: McCartney Ross
Published: June 2020

Formation water samples are often collected via formation testing from appraisal wells to aid scale management planning. It is important that the samples, and analyses obtained from them, are of good quality. The risk of obtaining poor quality samples/analyses is, in part, determined by the methods, procedures and equipment selected by the operator. To reduce this risk, it is useful to simulate the anticipated sampling conditions ahead of formation testing. This aids selection of optimum methods, procedures and equipment to obtain formation water samples/analyses for scale management planning given the constraints of the drilling and testing programmes.

To demonstrate the approach, scale prediction software has been used to simulate the conditions experienced by samples obtained from low, moderate and high pressure and temperature reservoirs (all non-H2S-bearing). A typical North Sea formation water composition was assumed but the composition was varied to explore how this affected the results. A wide range of sampling scenarios have been modelled. For example, these have looked at the effects of sampling drawdown, sampling below the bubble point, in the transition zone and below the OWC, use of different types of sample chambers, and use of different post-sampling handling methods.

The simulation results show, for given reservoir conditions and formation water compositions, why, and how, the compositions can be affected by the choice of sampling methods, procedures and equipment. This has allowed recommendations to be made with respect to how to produce water from the test zone, what type of sampling tools should be used under different circumstances, and how the samples should be handled after collection for each category of reservoir. The same approach can be used after acquisition to help confirm the quality of the samples/analyses obtained (i.e. by simulating the actual sampling conditions encountered).
Scale Control Using Reactive Transport Modeling: Lessons Learned from Field Studies
Authors: Tambach Tim J. , Fadili Ali , Gdanski Rick D. , Kampman Niko , Koot Wouter , Snippe Jeroen R. , de Zwart Bert-Rik H.
Published: June 2020

The use of reactive transport modeling (RTM) is increasing in the oil and gas industry for assessing the geochemical impact (e.g. scaling and souring) of various activities, such as waterflooding for improved oil recovery (IOR) and CO2 storage. RTM is a technique that integrates fluid flow, transport of heat and solutes, and geochemical reactions. It can be used to model fluid compositional changes as well as rock mineralogical changes, caused by geochemical reactions, under flowing conditions. We use our in-house reservoir simulator (MoReS), coupled to geochemical software (PHREEQC), to carry out RTM. Simulations are based on the mixed solvent electrolyte (MSE) model from OLI Studio, a standard tool used by production chemists, enabling accurate computation of aqueous chemical reactions and partitioning of components between solid, fluid and gas phases.

Over the last few years we have used RTM to make scale predictions for several waterflooding projects around the globe. In this paper we will show results from these field cases and highlight the most important findings. In brief, these are: Enabling mineral precipitation reactions in flow calculations improves the match between measured and simulated production water (PW) chemistry.Full 3D reservoir models capture different flow paths arriving/mixing near production wells, enabling an improved match between historical and simulated PW chemistry. Simplified (1D/2D) models are sufficient for predicting the magnitude of scale deposition and screening scale prediction uncertainties when little is known about reservoir connectivity (e.g. new developments).Inclusion of clay mineral cation exchange reactions significantly modifies the evolution of the injected water composition during migration through the reservoir. As a result, this impacts the reservoir deposition of scaling minerals (e.g. barite) and the scaling potential of production wells. Characterization of cation exchange properties of clay minerals in reservoirs is therefore recommended.

The developed workflow, based on learnings from various projects, is now used to forecast scaling risks in new projects and supports ongoing projects in mitigating risks (e.g. selection/timing scale squeezes).
Large Scale Laboratory Tests for Calcium Carbonate Scaling in Sliding Sleeve Valves
Authors: Martins A. L. , Santos H. F , Castro B. B. , Gonçalves A. S. , Maffra D. A. , Loureiro J. B.
Published: June 2020

Downhole carbonate scaling is a major concern in offshore scenarios, where workover operations are associated with very high costs. Intelligent completion concepts are also a requirement for reservoir management optimization. These systems however, introduce several elements in the production string which may constitute hotspots for scaling. The goal of this work is to present pilot scale test facilities and procedures designed to mimic real field situations. Results presented include pH, conductivity and particle size distributions from samples taken along the pipe length and along periodic time intervals. Severe, but representative of some of Brazilian pre-salt scenarios, scaling conditions (S between 3 and 3.4 and pH around 7.5) enable comparative results with a reasonable test volume. Pressure drop on the valve and along the pipe length is also discussed. The scale adherent to the pipe wall and on the valve have been dried and weighted after the experiment. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy have been used for further characterization of the scale structure. The role of flow rates, water composition and valve opening (creating different localized pressure drops) is experimentally investigated. A discussion on scaling mechanisms is presented. Additionally, the use of non-chemical strategies to delay pressure drop increase is also shown. Results show the present experimental set up is able to reproduce hydrodynamics and scaling conditions of downhole scenario. In this work reproducible large scale test procedures have been established. The flow loop allows the evaluation of chemical injection devices besides non chemical mitigation alternatives, including coatings and physical strategies.
The Reduction in CD8+PD-1+ T Cells in Liver Histological Tissue is Related to Pegylated IFN-α Therapy Outcomes in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients
Authors: Liu Ruyu , Chen Yanhui , Guo Jiang , Li Minghui , Lu Yao , Zhang Lu , Shen Ge , Wu Shuling , Chang Min , Hu Leiping , Hao Hongxiao , Zhang Henghui , Xie Yao
Published: June 2020

Background and Aim:Antiviral therapy is recommended for patients with immune-active chronic hepatitis B (CHB) to decrease the risk of liver-related complications. However, the outcomes of the pegylated IFN-α (PEG-IFN-α) therapy vary among CHB patients. We aimed to identify factors that can influence the outcomes in CHB patients who received antiviral PEG-IFN-α monotherapy.Methods:Thirty-two CHB patients who received PEG-IFN-α monotherapy were enrolled in this study. All of the patients underwent two liver biopsies at baseline and 6 months after the initiation of the therapy. CD8+T cells, CD4+T cells, CD68+mononuclear cells, and PD-1 levels in the 64 liver biopsy specimens were examined via immunofluorescence.Results:The overall median frequency ofCD8+T cells in the liver tissues of 32 CHB patients significantly decreased at 6 months after the therapy initiation (p< 0.01). In the FIER (fibrosis and inflammation response with HBeAg seroconversion) group, CD8+PD-1+T cells significantly decreased at 6 months (p< 0.05), while CD8+PD-1-T cells had no significant difference. On the contrary, in the FIENR (no fibrosis and inflammation response and HBeAg seroconversion) group, CD8+PD-1-T cells significantly decreased after 6 months of PEG-IFN-α treatment (p< 0.05), while CD8+PD-1+T cells had no significant difference. In addition, the levels of CD68+mononuclear cells in the FIER group showed an overall increasing trend after treatment (p< 0.05).Conclusions:The changes in the levels of CD8+PD-1+T cells and CD68+mononuclear cells may be related to the response to PEG-IFN-α therapy.
Multi-omics analysis reveals the influence of genetic and environmental risk factors on developing gut microbiota in infants at risk of celiac disease
Authors: Leonard Maureen M , Karathia Hiren , Pujolassos Meritxell , Troisi Jacopo , Valitutti Francesco , Subramanian Poorani , Camhi Stephanie , Kenyon Victoria , Colucci Angelo , Serena Gloria , Cucchiara Salvatore , Montuori Monica , Malamisura Basilio , Francavilla Ruggiero , Elli Luca , Fanelli Brian , Colwell Rita , Hasan Nur , Zomorrodi Ali R , Fasano Alessio , Team CDGEMM Study
Published: June 2020

Background: Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune digestive disorder that occurs in genetically susceptible individuals in response to ingesting gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. Research shows that genetic predisposition and exposure to gluten are necessary but not sufficient to trigger the development of CD. This suggests that exposure to other environmental stimuli early in life, e.g., cesarean section delivery, exposure to antibiotics or formula feeding, may also play a key role in CD pathogenesis through yet unknown mechanisms. Here, we use multi-omics analysis to investigate how genetic and early environmental risk factors alter the development of the gut microbiota in infants at risk of CD. Results: Toward this end, we selected 31 infants from a large-scale prospective birth cohort study of infants with a first-degree relative with CD. We then performed rigorous multivariate association, cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses using metagenomic and metabolomic data collected at birth, three months and six months of age to explore the impact of genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors on the gut microbiota composition, function and metabolome prior to the introduction of trigger (gluten). These analyses revealed several microbial species, functional pathways and metabolites that are associated with each genetic and environmental risk factor or that are differentially abundant between environmentally exposed and non-exposed infants or between time points. Among our significant findings, we found that cesarean section delivery is associated with a decreased abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus and Bacteroides dorei and of folate biosynthesis pathway, and with an increased abundance of hydroxyphenylacetic acid, alterations that are implicated in immune system dysfunction and inflammatory conditions. Additionally, longitudinal analysis revealed that, in infants not exposed to any environmental risk factor, the abundances of Bacteroides uniformis and of metabolite 3-3-hydroxyphenylproprionic acid increase over time while those for lipoic acid and methane metabolism pathways decrease, patterns that are linked to beneficial immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusions: Overall, our study provides unprecedented insights into major taxonomic and functional shifts in the developing gut microbiota of infants at risk of CD linking genetic and environmental risk factors to detrimental immunomodulatory and inflammatory effects.
The miRNA COMPLEXES AGAINST CORONAVIRUSES SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV
Authors: Rakhmetullina Aizhan , Ivashchenko Anatoliy , Akimniyazova Aigul , Aisina Dana , Pyrkova Anna
Published: June 2020

Background: In the past twenty years humankind has effected from infections caused by SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome), MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome) and SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses, which have caused significant harm to human health and resulted in high mortality. The possibility of using miRNA (mRNA-inhibiting RNA) to inhibit infections caused by the coronaviruses SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV has been shown. Methods: The MirTarget program determines the following characteristics of interaction between miRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs): the start of the miRNA binding site on the mRNA; the locations of the miRNA binding sites in the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR), 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR), or coding sequence (CDS); the interaction free energy (∆G, kJ/mole); and nucleotide interaction schemes between miRNAs and mRNAs.Results: Using bioinformatics approaches, completely complementary miRNA (cc-miRNA) complexes were predicted to be able to bind and inhibit the translation of coronavirus proteins and the replication of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV genomes. For complexes of seven completely complementary miRNA of SARS-CoV-2 (cc-miRc), seven completely complementary miRNA of SARS-CoV (cc-miRs), and eight completely complementary miRNA of MERS-CoV (cc-miRm), the interactions with the RNA genomes (gRNAs) of the corresponding coronaviruses was evaluated. The free energy of the interactions of cc-miRNAs with binding sites was significantly higher than the free energy of the interactions with other regions in gRNA, which ensures high selectivity of the binding of cc-miRNAs. Weak binding of cc-miRNAs to the mRNAs of 17508 human genes was shown, which suggests the absence of side effects of the cc-miRNAs in humans. A feature of this method is the simultaneous inhibition of translation and replication by several cc-miRNAs binding from the 5' end to the 3' end of gRNA. Conclusion: The use of several cc-miRNAs to suppress infections allows each of them to be used at a lower concentration to avoid side effects when one cc-miRNA is introduced into humans at a high concentration.
Exaggerated Mini Puberty of Early Infancy in the Preterm Girls: A Case Report and Systematic Review
Authors: davoodi mohamad Ahangar , Ghobadi Fatemeh , Mahmoudi Golsa , Amir Almasi-Hashiani
Published: June 2020

Background: Mini puberty is the important period of infancy life that has several impressions to sexual development in both sexes. In the infants born very premature and extremely low birth weight, mini puberty changes including clinical, hormonal and imaging data are severe and long lasting, especially in girls. It can be called “exaggerated mini puberty”.Methods: In this study, 6-month preterm infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia presented with periodic vaginal bleeding, breast stage tanner 3 and pubic hairs. We followed up infant by clinical and para clinical evaluations during one year and compared this data with all of the similar articles were published.Results: During one year monitoring of the infancy puberty presentation, gradually returned to the pre pubertal state, without excessive hormonal treatment. Conclusions: Due to this systematic review, exaggerated mini puberty is the temporary physiologic state in very low birth weight preterm infants that should be prevents any extra hormonal and surgical intervention.
Clinical Analysis of Classification for Tibial Plateau Fractures and Popliteal Artery Injury
Authors: Yao Yilun , Wu Xiaoshu , Wu Lei , Yang Lei , Jiang Chunzhi , Yang Wengbo
Published: June 2020

Objective To explore the association between the classification for tibial plateau fractures (TPF) and the popliteal artery injury (PAI).Methods 22 TPF patients accompanied by PAI who were treated from May 2012 to July 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 19 males and 3 females with an average age of 49.43 years. The Schatzker classification and three-column classification were performed for TPF. The severity of extremity injury was evaluated using the mangled extremity severity score (MESS). Except 3 patients treated with amputation, the remaining patients underwent surgical repair of popliteal artery and fracture external fixation. The efficacy was evaluated using the Rasmussen score for tibial head fractures.Results There were 10 cases of Schatzker type IV fractures, 1 case of type V fractures and 11 cases of type VI fractures. Based on the three-column classification, the posterior column was involved in 22 cases, 2 columns in 15 cases and 3 columns in 6 cases. The MESS was 6-10 points, with an average of 7.59 points. Except 1 case directly receiving amputation, 3 cases of segment P1 injury was observed via preoperative DSA + intraoperative exploration, while segment P2 in 6 cases and segment P3 in 12 cases. Popliteal artery was found completely ruptured in 11 cases, partially ruptured in 1 case, and severely contused with thrombosis in 10 cases. The Rasmussen score was given to 19 patients at the last follow-up,except for the cases undergoing amputation. The efficacy was excellent in 8 cases, good in 7 cases, moderate in 3 cases and poor in 1 case.Conclusion: In patients with complex TPF, the risk of PAI becomes higher with the increase of Schatzker classification level. Knee CT scan is helpful in determining the severity of fractures and evaluating PAI. Based on the three-column classification, PAI should be suspected when the fractures involve the medial and posterior column.PAI is mainly in the segment P3, and artery rupture or severe contusion with extensive thrombosis may occur.The postoperative knee function of patients with complex TPF can be well restored by early active surgical repair of popliteal artery.
The Role of P TEN Protein Phosphatase in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: The Ability of TGF-β1 Inducing Migration and Invasion was Inhibited by PTEN Protein Phosphatase through Down-regulating p-P38
Authors: Zhang Junjun , Zhou Ni , Wang Shuilian , Gong Pinggui , Zhao Xiangdong , Peng Hong
Published: June 2020

BackgroundThe phosphatase and tensin homolog gene(PTEN) is a crucial cancersuppressor gene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC),which encodes the protein i-ncluding lipid phosphatase and protein phosphatase.p-P38 plays a vital role in the development process of cancers.However,whether and how PTEN protein p-hosphatase inhibit p-P38 expression and regulate migration and invasion in nas-opharyngeal carcinoma is still fully elucidated.MethodsThe abilities of migration and invasion were analyzed using Scratch,Transwell,Boyden experiments in NPC cells.Westere Blot was utilized to explo-re the expression of E-caherin,N-caherin and VIMENTIN in Epithelial-mesench-ymal transition(EMT),P38,p-P38(Thr180/Tyr182),AKT,p-AKT(Ser473),PTEN and its mutants.qPCR was done to detect the mRNA expression of PTEN and PTEN mutants.Immunofluorescence localization assay and Co-immunoprecipitatio-n assay was used to explore the mutual combination of PTEN and P38.ResultsWe verified that transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) could induce migration,invasion,and EMT in NPC again,and appropriate concentration was 5ng/ml.Interesting,we demonstrated that 5ng/ml TGF-β1 enhanced the level of p-AKT(Ser473)and p-P38(Thr180/Tyr182).Further more,after overexpression of PTEN WT and various mutants including PTEN-C124S(lacking of both lipid p-hosphatase and protein phosphatase),PTEN-G129E(only lacking of lipid phosph-atase but remaining protein phosphatase),PTEN-Y138L(lacking of protein phosp-hatase but remaining lipid phosphatase),and PTEN 1-353(Lack of c-tail structur-e),we observed that PTEN protein phosphatase reduced the ability of migration,invasion by inhibiting TGF-β1-induced p-P38,but the PTEN c-tail did not invo-lvein this process.At last,we confirmed PTEN could bind to P38 each other.ConclusionsThe asssys in the study indicated that PTEN protein phosphatasemight be anticancer,where it was able to inhibit the ability of TGF-β1 inducingmigration and invasion by reducing p-P38 in NPC cells.
Another aspect of surgical residency training for future professional development through the application of mentorship program
Authors: Chan Kun-Ming , Hsu Jun-Te , Yeh Chun-Nan , Yeh Ta-Sen , Lee Wei-Chen , Lien Hsin-Yi
Published: June 2020

Background

Traditionally, surgical residency training is more focused on obtaining surgical skills through a well-established coaching system worldwide. However, constant advances in medical science require surgeons to learn not only surgical skills but also the ability of scientific research to improve clinical practice and future professional development. The study aims to emphasize that professional education in terms of scientific research is also significant for surgical residency training.
Methods

All residents who entered the surgery residency program of the Department of Surgery in Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between years 2006 and 2015 were evaluated in the study. Generally, every resident is assigned to a mentor since the first year of residency. Then, the mentor would help the resident qualify a two-step evaluation in terms of scientific research during the residency training program.
Results

A total of 193 residents were evaluated in the study. All of them had completed the first step regarding oral presentation of their designated research, and the majority of residents obtained 80–90 points that were rated by referees. Overall, 102 residents (52.8%) had completed the second step with the publication of a research manuscript. The percentage of residents who had fulfilled the criteria of this two-step assessment ranged from 35.3–81.8% by year.
Conclusions

Surgical training has become more complex and challenging for residents nowadays. The continuing education for surgical residents should not be limited in coaching clinical practice. Scientific research is also essential for current surgical residency training, and a formal mentorship program may be beneficial for the future professional development of surgical residents.