bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Competence, Organization Culture and Work Environment to Teacher’s Performance As Well As Its Implication on Grad Competence of State Senior Islam Schools on Padang City
Authors: Afandi Pandi , Supeno Bambang
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the competence, organizational culture, work environment, performance, MAN teacher graduates competence of Padang.

This research uses methods of descriptive and explanatory survey that the nature of this research is descriptive and verification, which is collect, present, analyze and test hypotheses to obtain conclusions and suggestions by using path analysis. This research was conducted on state Senior Islam Schools On Padang City. The sample of the research were 150 respondents, represented by teachers with the total population of 245. Data were obtained 5 point ordinal scale questionnaire.
The result of data analysis show that during the descriptive analysis of teacher’s competence is moderate to good, school organizational behavior moderate to good, work environment moderate to good, teacher’s performance is moderate to good, grad competence is moderate to good. The result of verification analysis: There is a significant influence of teacher’s competence towards teacher’s performance (21 percent), school organizational behavior towards teacher’s performance (84 percent), work environment towards teacher’s performance (56 percent), teacher’s competence, school organizational behavior, work environment towards teacher’s performance (83,6 percent), teacher’s performance towards grad competence (71,2 percent) State Senior Islam Schools On City In Padang.
Design & Development the IMC Model for Chain Store
Authors: Aghaei Mohammad , Asadollahi Amin , Azizi Kouchaksaraei Meysam
Published: April 2016

This study presents several dimensional conceptualizations of integrated marketing communications (IMC) and empirically develops its measurement instrument in chain store of Iran. These dimensions not only encompass important IMC activities identified in previous studies, but also include a newly identified dimension, relationship communications with existing customers. In this literature survey & focus group recognition the several constructs that effect the brand performance. Rigorous methodological guidelines were followed, including systematic steps of field interviews & Questionnaire, refinement, purification, and an empirical validation with a: large-scale survey with IMC practitioners and researchers in Iran Chain store. The objective of action research to Design & modify the IMC Model. The measurement instrument exhibits stable reliability and validity.
Selected Antecedents of Consumer Attitude toward a Product in an Eco-Label Context
Authors: Gross Sven , Wilson Phillip , Zhang Jie , Shao Chris , Dubinsky Alan J.
Published: April 2016

Marketers’ use of eco-labels—verifying the environmental friendliness of products—has steadily grown. Earlier studies have focused on the direct influence of eco-labels on consumer purchase intention for these products. Findings from that empirical work revealed that eco-labels can have a positive impact on purchase intention. Other investigations disclosed a positive relationship between consumer attitude toward the brand and purchase intention. Based on the foregoing research efforts, the purpose of the present work was to examine selected factors that may influence consumer attitude toward eco-labeled products. The following constructs were discerned to have that impact: recognition/awareness of eco-labels, perceived credibility of the eco-label, and current purchase behavior of eco-labeled products. Environmental attitude, though, was found to be unrelated to consumer attitude toward eco-labeled products. Implications and suggestions for future research are provided.
Devoir de mémoire et (re)construction narrative du tirailleur sénégalais dans Le Terroriste noir de Tierno Monénembo
Authors: Fotsing Mangoua Robert
Published: April 2016

Cet article explore la mise en texte de la réhabilitation d’un acteur Noir de la Résistance française dans Le Terroriste noir de Tierno Monénembo. En effet, ce dernier, en mettant aux prises littérature, histoire et mémoire, donne à s’interroger à propos de la prise en charge de la réalité historique par la fiction, sur le rôle de l’oubli et de l’imagination dans la construction du souvenir et sur la fonction qu’ils occupent dans le devoir de mémoire.
Menteries sur la patrie, violence et exils : la guerre selon les narratrices de Gisèle Pineau dans « Paroles de terre en larmes » (1987) et L’Exil selon Julia (1996)
Authors: Harpin Tina
Published: April 2016

On se souvient de la Seconde Guerre mondiale en Martinique et en Guadeloupe comme de l’ère des administrateurs Robert et Sorin, ces militaires français qui suivirent les ordres de Pétain aux Antilles. La période, marquée par la répression et des conditions de vie difficiles dues au blocus américain, a été redécouverte au cours des années 1980 à travers l’histoire méconnue des « Dissidents », ces soldats antillais partis combattre au sein des troupes des FFL du Général de Gaulle. Parmi les écrivains qui ont contribué notablement à raviver la mémoire de cet épisode remarquable de résistance et d’enthousiasme patriotique, Gisèle Pineau occupe une place à part. Au lieu de dépeindre les Dissidents comme de nouveaux « marrons » ou des héros supposément emblématiques de l’identité « créole » antillaise, elle choisit d’écrire sur leur ambivalence vis-à-vis de leur culture, de leur terre natale et de leurs compatriotes antillaises. Cet article analyse comment Gisèle Pineau révèle les désillusions de combattants au lendemain de la victoire, en donnant la parole à des femmes dans la nouvelle « Paroles de terres en larmes » (1987) et dans le roman L’Exil selon Julia (1996). Dans ces deux récits, le recours à des narratrices permet de dévoiler que la guerre repose sur des mensonges (discours patriotiques trompeurs et fausses promesses) et qu’elle est cause d’aliénation (du fait des traumatismes et des exils provoqués). Un tel point de vue et l’insistance sur le désespoir causé à chaque fois par les promesses non tenues nous invitent à nous interroger sur la violence implicite de ces textes, et la place qu’ils peuvent occuper au sein d’un travail pédagogique sur l’histoire. En dépit de leur message pacifiste et antimilitariste, ces récits sont en effet des fictions amères qui opèrent en quelque sorte une rupture avec la France en tournant violemment le dos à l’histoire nationale.
Migrations patrimoniales : Céline dans quelques fictions francophones contemporaines
Authors: Lafont Suzanne
Published: April 2016

Que se passe-t-il quand un écrivain dont l’existence est historiquement attestée intervient comme personnage dans une fiction, la sienne ou celle d’un autre écrivain ? Quels sont les effets produits par sa présence dans la fiction hôte et ceux qu’il subit en retour ? Le cas de l’écrivain Louis-Ferdinand Céline, présent dans de nombreuses fictions francophones contemporaines, offre un terrain d’analyse privilégié de ces transferts fictionnels et permet de saisir les processus qui président à la patrimonialisation, à l’échelle mondiale, d’auteurs pas tout à fait « classiques ».
Possible origin of double-peak emission in InGaN quantum wells on m-plane free-standing GaN substrates
Authors: Sakai Shigeta , Yamaguchi Atsushi A. , Kurihara Kaori , Nagao Satoru
Published: April 2016

A new theoretical model has been proposed to explain the origin of the double-peak emission observed characteristically in m-plane InGaN quantum wells (QWs). Although the emission spectrum with a double-peak structure is generally regarded as evidence of In compositional phase separation or extended crystal defects that generate localized energy states, such crystal irregularities cannot be observed by transmission electron microscopy or three-dimensional atom probe in the QWs. It has been clarified, by our model, that only the slowly decaying tailing of the density of states can cause the double-peak structure. This is consistent with experimental results, and furthermore, the measured temperature and In composition dependences of photoluminescence spectra with the double-peak emission can also be successfully reproduced by theoretical calculation based on our model.
Konstruksjoner av lederskap i barnehagen
Authors: Nilsen Hanne Kirsten
Published: April 2016

Artikkelen handler om hvordan barnehagelærere posisjonerer seg som ledere for personalet, gjennom tildeling av aktørstatuser til seg selv og medarbeidere i fortellinger fra barnehagen. Arbeidet har en narrativ tilnærming, og det anvendes en dialogisk performativ analyse på korte tekster om situasjoner og hendelser i barnehagen. Tekstene er opprinnelig skrevet som utgangspunkt for veiledningsøvelser i en opplæringssammenheng. Analysen fører frem til et antall konstruerte hovedkategorier innenfor hver gruppe: barnehagelærere som ledere for personalet, og medarbeidere som utfordrer lederskapet deres.This article is concerned with how preschool teachers position themselves as staff-leaders, giving various kind of agency positions to both themselves and their staff members in narratives from kindergartens. The study takes a narrative perspective using a dialogical and performance analysis strategy in analyzing short texts about situations and events in kindergartens, written for the purpose of training counselling dialogues in an educational setting. The analyzing process resulted in a number of constructed main categories within each group: the preschool teachers as leaders, and the staff members who are challenging their leadership.
Danningsbegrepet i barnehagenes årsplaner – en diskursanalytisk tilnærming
Authors: Nordvik Grete , Alvestad Marit
Published: April 2016

The introduction of the concept formation (danning/Bildung) in the Norwegian Framework plan for the content and tasks of kindergartens makes it important and interesting to gain new knowledge about this concept theoretical as well as practical. The intention in this article is to identify, analyse and discuss formation discourses in the annual plans. The empirical foundation for this qualitative analysis is twenty strategic selected annual plans from different types of kindergartens located in two Norwegian municipalities. Methodological perspectives are linked to several authors and researchers, in particular to Foucault’s critical discourse analysis. The theoretical perspectives in the study builds on Klafki’s formation theory and critical constructive didactics, and to Kosellec’s historical description of the formation concept.  Finally, the two discourses the analysis resulted in: the subjectivity discourse and the community discourse are presented and discussed from relevant theoretical and practical perspectives.Danningsbegrepet er innført i Rammeplan for barnehagens innhold og oppgaver, noe som gjør det både viktig og interessant å utvikle ny kunnskap om danningsbegrepet i barnehagens virksomhet så vel teoretisk som praktisk. Intensjonen i denne artikkelen er å løfte fram, analysere og diskutere hvilke danningsdiskurser som kan spores i årsplanenes beskrivelser av danning. Det empiriske grunnlaget for denne kvalitative analysen er tyve årsplaner fra ulike typer av barnehager lokalisert i to større norske bykommuner. Metodologiske perspektiver er knyttet til flere, men særlig til Focault sin kritiske diskursanalyse. Studien bygger på teoretiske perspektiver fra Klafki sin danningsteori og kritisk konstruktive didaktikk, samt til Kosellec sin begrepshistoriske utredning om danningsbegrepet. Avslutningsvis blir de to diskursene som analysen resulterte i; subjektivitetsdiskursen og felleskapsdiskursen presentert og drøftet ut fra relevante teoretiske og praktiske perspektiver.
Autumn ichthyoplankton assemblage in the Yangtze Estuary shaped by environmental factors
Authors: Zhang Hui , Xian Weiwei , Liu Shude
Published: April 2016

This study investigated the response of the ichthyoplankton community to environmental changes in the Yangtze Estuary using canonical correspondence analysis. Ichthyoplankton community and environmental data were recorded during the autumns of 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007 and 2009. Among the ichthyoplankton, the dominant larval and juvenile families were the Engraulidae, Gobiidae and Salangidae, and the most common eggs were fromTrichiurus lepturus. The ichthyoplankton was identified via canonical correspondence analysis to three assemblages: an estuary assemblage dominated byChaeturichthys stigmatias, a coastal assemblage dominated byEngraulis japonicusandStolephorus commersonii, and an offshore assemblage dominated byTrichiurus lepturus. Regarding environmental factors in the Yangtze Estuary, suspended matter and surface seawater salinity were the main factors influencing the distributions of the different assemblages, while sediment from the Yangtze River during the rainy season and chlorophyllawere the principle drivers of the annual variances in the distribution of ichthyoplankton assemblages. Our aims in this study were to provide detailed characterizations of the ichthyoplankton assemblage in the autumns of seven years, examine the long-term dynamics of autumn ichthyoplankton assemblages, and evaluate the influence of environmental factors on the spatial distribution and inter-annual variations of ichthyoplankton assemblages associated with the Yangtze Estuary.
Genome sequencing and analysis of the first complete genome ofLactobacillus kunkeeistrain MP2, anApis melliferagut isolate
Authors: Asenjo Freddy , Olmos Alejandro , Henríquez-Piskulich Patricia , Polanco Victor , Aldea Patricia , Ugalde Juan A. , Trombert Annette N.
Published: April 2016

Background.The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most important pollinator in agriculture worldwide. However, the number of honey bees has fallen significantly since 2006, becoming a huge ecological problem nowadays. The principal cause is CCD, or Colony Collapse Disorder, characterized by the seemingly spontaneous abandonment of hives by their workers. One of the characteristics of CCD in honey bees is the alteration of the bacterial communities in their gastrointestinal tract, mainly due to the decrease ofFirmicutespopulations, such as theLactobacilli. At this time, the causes of these alterations remain unknown. We recently isolated a strain ofLactobacillus kunkeei(L. kunkeeistrain MP2) from the gut of Chilean honey bees.L. kunkeei, is one of the most commonly isolated bacterium from the honey bee gut and is highly versatile in different ecological niches. In this study, we aimed to elucidate in detail, theL. kunkeeigenetic background and perform a comparative genome analysis with otherLactobacillusspecies.

Methods.L. kunkeeiMP2 was originally isolated from the guts of ChileanA. melliferaindividuals. Genome sequencing was done using Pacific Biosciences single-molecule real-time sequencing technology.De novoassembly was performed using Celera assembler. The genome was annotated using Prokka, and functional information was added using the EggNOG 3.1 database. In addition, genomic islands were predicted using IslandViewer, and pro-phage sequences using PHAST. Comparisons betweenL. kunkeeiMP2 with otherL. kunkeei, andLactobacillusstrains were done using Roary.

Results.The complete genome ofL. kunkeeiMP2 comprises one circular chromosome of 1,614,522 nt. with a GC content of 36,9%. Pangenome analysis with 16L. kunkeeistrains, identified 113 unique genes, most of them related to phage insertions. A large and unique region ofL. kunkeeiMP2 genome contains several genes that encode for phage structural protein and replication components. Comparative analysis of MP2 with otherLactobacillusspecies, identified several unique genes ofL. kunkeeiMP2 related with metabolism, biofilm generation, survival under stress conditions, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs).

Discussion.The presence of multiple mobile genetic elements, including phage sequences, suggest a high degree of genetic variability inL. kunkeei. Its versatility and ability to survive in different ecological niches (bee guts, flowers, fruits among others) could be given by its genetic capacity to change and adapt to different environments.L. kunkeeicould be a new source ofLactobacilluswith beneficial properties. Indeed,L. kunkeeiMP2 could play an important role in honey bee nutrition through the synthesis of components as isoprenoids.
Yuanhe Poetry Sequences
Authors: McCraw David
Published: April 2016

During the Yuanhe reign period (806–821), premier mid-Tang poets Han Yu (768–824) and Meng Jiao (751–815) experimented with the poem sequence, leaving several remarkable examples. This article examines one sequence by each poet: Han’s “Autumn Meditations” and Meng’s “Wintry Creek.” It demonstrates that Han did indeed write a poetic sequence (rather than a mere “series”) and that Meng offered a darker view of man’s place in the natural world than mainline readings would allow. The study illuminates the therapeutic nature of both sequences and so sheds light on the art of the poetry sequence.
When can ocean acidification impacts be detected from decadal alkalinity measurements?
Authors: Carter B. R. , Frölicher T. L. , Dunne J. P. , Rodgers K. B. , Slater R. D. , Sarmiento J. L.
Published: April 2016

We use a large initial condition suite of simulations (30 runs) with an Earth system model to assess the detectability of biogeochemical impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on the marine alkalinity distribution from decadally repeated hydrographic measurements such as those produced by the Global Ship‐Based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO‐SHIP). Detection of these impacts is complicated by alkalinity changes from variability and long‐term trends in freshwater and organic matter cycling and ocean circulation. In our ensemble simulation, variability in freshwater cycling generates large changes in alkalinity that obscure the changes of interest and prevent the attribution of observed alkalinity redistribution to OA. These complications from freshwater cycling can be mostly avoided through salinity normalization of alkalinity. With the salinity‐normalized alkalinity, modeled OA impacts are broadly detectable in the surface of the subtropical gyres by 2030. Discrepancies between this finding and the finding of an earlier analysis suggest that these estimates are strongly sensitive to the patterns of calcium carbonate export simulated by the model. OA impacts are detectable later in the subpolar and equatorial regions due to slower responses of alkalinity to OA in these regions and greater seasonal equatorial alkalinity variability. OA impacts are detectable later at depth despite lower variability due to smaller rates of change and consistent measurement uncertainty.
A tale of three islands: Downstream natural iron fertilization in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Robinson J. , Popova E. E. , Srokosz M. A. , Yool A.
Published: April 2016

Iron limitation of primary productivity prevails across much of the Southern Ocean but there are exceptions; in particular, the phytoplankton blooms associated with the Kerguelen Plateau, Crozet Islands, and South Georgia. These blooms occur annually, fertilized by iron and nutrient‐rich shelf waters that are transported downstream from the islands. Here we use a high‐resolution (1/12°) ocean general circulation model and Lagrangian particle tracking to investigate whether inter‐annual variability in the potential lateral advection of iron could explain the inter‐annual variability in the spatial extent of the blooms. Comparison with ocean color data, 1998–2007, suggests that iron fertilization via advection can explain the extent of each island's annual bloom, but only the inter‐annual variability of the Crozet bloom. The area that could potentially be fertilized by iron from Kerguelen was much larger than the bloom, suggesting that there is another primary limiting factor, potentially silicate, that controls the inter‐annual variability of bloom spatial extent. For South Georgia, there are differences in the year‐to‐year timing of advection and consequently fertilization, but no clear explanation of the inter‐annual variability observed in the bloom's spatial extent has been identified. The model results suggest that the Kerguelen and Crozet blooms are terminated by nutrient exhaustion, probably iron and or silicate, whereas the deepening of the mixed layer in winter terminates the South Georgia bloom. Therefore, iron fertilization via lateral advection alone can explain the annual variability of the Crozet bloom, but not fully that of the Kerguelen and South Georgia blooms.
Causes of variability in light absorption by particles in snow at sites in Idaho and Utah
Authors: Doherty Sarah J. , Hegg Dean A. , Johnson James E. , Quinn Patricia K. , Schwarz Joshua P. , Dang Cheng , Warren Stephen G.
Published: April 2016

A characterization of black carbon (BC) and other light‐absorbing particles in snow is presented for three mountain valley sites in Idaho in early 2014 and for one site near Vernal, Utah, in early 2013 and 2014. The focus of the study was on constraining the magnitude and drivers of variations in particulate absorbers in midlatitude U.S. seasonal snow. Mass mixing ratios of BC in newly fallen snow were similar at all three Idaho sites, with a median of 4.7 ± 4.2 ng BC per gram of snow. The median total light‐absorbing particulate mixing ratios in new snow, expressed as an equivalent mixing ratio of BC, was 18 ± 23 ng g−1. At the Utah site, which is near sources of both fossil fuel and dust, the mixing ratios of BC varied from 7 to 45 ng g−1 across seven new snowfall samples, and the BC‐equivalent mixing ratios varied from 9 to 1500 ng g−1. At all sites, dry deposition and in‐snow processes increase the mixing ratio of BC by up to an order of magnitude and increase the mixing ratio of all light‐absorbing particulates by up to 2 orders of magnitude, highlighting the importance of capturing these processes for accurately representing snow albedo in climate models. Spatial variability at a range of scales is found to be considerably smaller than the temporal variations at a given site, with implications for the representativeness of field samples used in observation/model comparisons.
Effects of habitat quality and ambient hyporheic flows on salmon spawning site selection
Authors: Benjankar Rohan , Tonina Daniele , Marzadri Alessandra , McKean Jim , Isaak Daniel J.
Published: April 2016

Understanding the role of stream hydrologic and morphologic variables on the selection of spawning sites by salmonid fishes at high resolution across broad scales is needed for effective habitat restoration and protection. Here we used remotely sensed meter‐scale channel bathymetry for a 13.5 km reach of Chinook salmon spawning stream in central Idaho to describe habitat quality and set boundary conditions for a two‐dimensional surface water model coupled with a three‐dimensional hyporheic flux model. Metrics describing ambient hyporheic flow intensity and habitat quality, which is quantified as a function of stream hydraulics and morphology, were compared to the locations of nests built by female salmon. Nest locations were predicted most accurately by habitat quality followed by channel morphology (i.e., riffles location). As a lesser degree than habitat quality, water surface curvature was also a good indicator of spawning location because its intensity can identify riffle morphology. The ambient hyporheic flow predicted at meter‐scale resolution was not a strong predictor of redd site selection. Furthermore, the study suggests direct morphological measurements obtained from easily measured channel bathymetry data could enable effective and rapid assessments of salmon spawning channels across broad areas.
Vertical variation of mixing within porous sediment beds below turbulent flows
Authors: Chandler I. D. , Guymer I. , Pearson J. M. , van Egmond R.
Published: April 2016

River ecosystems are influenced by contaminants in the water column, in the pore water and adsorbed to sediment particles. When exchange across the sediment‐water interface (hyporheic exchange) is included in modeling, the mixing coefficient is often assumed to be constant with depth below the interface. Novel fiber‐optic fluorometers have been developed and combined with a modified EROSIMESS system to quantify the vertical variation in mixing coefficient with depth below the sediment‐water interface. The study considered a range of particle diameters and bed shear velocities, with the permeability Péclet number,
between 1000 and 77,000 and the shear Reynolds number,
between 5 and 600. Different parameterization of both an interface exchange coefficient and a spatially variable in‐sediment mixing coefficient are explored. The variation of in‐sediment mixing is described by an exponential function applicable over the full range of parameter combinations tested. The empirical relationship enables estimates of the depth to which concentrations of pollutants will penetrate into the bed sediment, allowing the region where exchange will occur faster than molecular diffusion to be determined.
The effects of Sao Paulo urban heat island on lightning activity: Decadal analysis (1999–2009)
Authors: Bourscheidt Vandoir , Pinto Osmar , Naccarato Kleber P.
Published: April 2016

Eleven years of lightning data from the Brazilian Integrated National Lightning Detection Network were used to analyze the effects of the urban heat island (UHI) of Sao Paulo on lightning activity, extending the investigation of previous works. Cloud‐to‐ground lightning data were analyzed in both spatial and temporal perspectives, using different approaches: flash density, flash rate, thunderstorm hours (TH), and the cell initiation technique (CIT), which aims to identify the onset of thunderstorms. Land surface temperature (LST) from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) was used to analyze the UHI evolution over the years. MODIS data were validated using ground stations, distributed within the urban area. Different time intervals (seasonal and intraday) were used in an attempt to separate local convective systems from synoptic‐scale events. The results indicate significant effects of the UHI (using LST) on THs and CIT. The CIT showed a nearly ring pattern, especially during the afternoon (14:00–18:00 LT) of summer months, reinforcing temperature contrast as a condition for storm initiation. The results also suggest an amplification of the UHI effects on thunderstorm activity by local factors (sea and country breeze, synoptic events, and terrain). Higher flash rates were also observed throughout the urban region, which influences the lightning density. Temporal analysis indicates that minimum temperature and lightning activity increase in wintertime. In summary, the results agree with previous studies about the UHI and indicate its importance on lightning occurrence, especially by increasing the temperature contrast and the instability in these regions.
A Full Vacuum Approach for the Fabrication of Hybrid White‐Light‐Emitting Thin Films and Wide‐Range In Situ Tunable Luminescent Microcavities
Authors: Oulad‐Zian Youssef , Sanchez‐Valencia Juan Ramon , Oliva Manuel , Parra‐Barranco Julian , Alcaire Maria , Aparicio Francisco J. , Mora‐Boza Ana , Espinos Juan Pedro , Yubero Francisco , Gonzalez‐Elipe Agustin R. , Barranco Angel , Borras Ana
Published: April 2016

This study shows the fabrication by a dry approach at mild temperature (<150 °C) of a photoluminescence white light emitting hybrid layer. The white light emitter is obtained by evaporation of two photoluminescent small molecules, a blue (1,3,5‐triphenyl‐2‐pyrazoline (TPP)) and an orange (Rubrene) dye within the porous of an SiO2 host film fabricated by glancing angle deposition. Fluorescence (Föster) resonant energy transfer between the two organic dyes allows the emission of the combined system upon excitation of the TPP molecule at wavelength of 365 nm. The distribution of the organic molecule within the host layer is analyzed as a function of the substrate temperature and vacuum conditions and the required conditions for the white emission determined by finely controlling the TPP:Rubrene ratio. The full vacuum processing of the hybrid layers provides a straightforward route for the incorporation of the white light emitters as optical defect within 1D Bragg microcavities. As a consequence, directional emission of the system is achieved which allows the development of wide‐range in situ tunable photoluminescent devices.
A Continuous‐Flow Cascade Reactor System for Subtilisin A‐ Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of N‐tert‐Butyloxycarbonylphenylalanine Ethyl Thioester with Benzylamine
Authors: Falus Péter , Cerioli Lorenzo , Bajnóczi Gabriella , Boros Zoltán , Weiser Diána , Nagy József , Tessaro Davide , Servi Stefano , Poppe László
Published: April 2016

Alcalase® (Subtilisin A) was immobilized by simple hydrophobic adsorption onto various surface‐grafted macroporous silica gels resulting in easy‐to‐prepare and stable biocatalysts enabling the efficient kinetic resolution (KR) and dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of racemic N‐Boc‐phenylalanine ethyl thioester with benzylamine. The immobilized Alcalase biocatalysts, which retained their activity and selectivity when stored at 4 °C for more than a year, were tested in enzymatic aminolysis in batch and continuous‐flow KRs resulting in (S)‐N‐Boc‐phenylalanine benzylamide in high enantiomeric purity. In KR of the racemic thioester by Alcalase‐catalyzed aminolysis in a continuous‐flow reactor, the productivity (specific reaction rate, rflow) and enantiomeric ratio (E) were studied in the 0–100 °C range. The effect of the temperature on base‐catalyzed racemization of the non‐transformed (R)‐thioester in a continuous‐flow reactor was also investigated in the 0–150 °C range. The continuous‐mode DKR of the racemic thioester in a serial cascade system of six biocatalyst‐filled columns at 50 °C for KR and five grafted silica gel‐filled columns at 150 °C for racemization resulted in the formation of the (S)‐benzylamide in 79% conversion, 8.17 g L−1 h−1 volumetric productivity and 98% ee. This is the first example of a dynamic kinetic resolution of an amino acid derivative in continuous‐flow mode using an alternating cascade of packed‐bed enzyme reactors and racemization reactors kept at different temperatures.

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Synthesis of [60]Fullerene‐Fused Tetralones via Palladium‐ Catalyzed Ketone‐Directed sp2 CH Activation and sp3 CH Functionalization
Authors: Zhou Dian‐Bing , Wang Guan‐Wu
Published: April 2016

The palladium‐catalyzed ketone‐directed dual sp2 CH activation and sp3 CH functionalization has been applied for fullerene functionalization for the first time. The sec‐alkyl aryl ketones have been exploited to react with [60]fullerene (C60) to provide the novel and scarce C60‐fused tetralones. The combined use of a highly active cationic palladium(II) catalyst and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid is crucial for the improvement of the reaction yield. A plausible reaction mechanism leading to the observed products has been proposed, and the electrochemistry of the fullerene products has also been investigated.

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Three‐component solids velocity measurements in the outlet section of a riser
Authors: Pantzali Maria N. , Marqués de Marino Javier , Marin Guy B. , Heynderickx Geraldine J.
Published: April 2016

Coincident (simultaneous) three‐component particle velocity measurements performed using two laser Doppler anemometry probes at the outlet section of a 9 m high cylindrical riser are for the first time presented for dilute flow conditions. Near the blinded extension of the T‐outlet a solids vortex is formed. Particle downflow along the riser wall opposite the outlet tube is observed, which is restricted to higher riser heights at higher gas flow rates. Increased velocity fluctuations are observed in the solids vortex and downflow region as well as at heights corresponding to the outlet tube. Contrary to the rest of the riser, in the downflow region time and ensemble velocity averages are not equal. Given the local bending of the streamlines, axial momentum transforms to radial and azimuthal momentum giving rise to the corresponding shear stresses. Turbulence intensity values indicate the edges of the downflow region. © 2016 The Authors AIChE Journal published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3575–3584, 2016
Targeted age, device deployment, and problems associated with pediatric defibrillation in pediatric prehospital emergency medical care settings in Japan
Authors: Kaku Noriyuki , Nitta Masahiko , Muguruma Takashi , Tsukahara Kohei , Knaup Emily , Nosaka Nobuyuki , Enomoto Yuki
Published: April 2016

Aim

The use of automated external defibrillators was expanded to include infants according to the 2010 cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines in Japan. However, deployment has been slower for pediatric patients in Japan, because there are fewer appropriate pediatric patients for automated external defibrillators than adults. This study aimed to investigate the targeted age range for pediatric defibrillation and device deployment of defibrillators for pediatric patients in prehospital emergency medical care settings in Japan, and present the issues associated with automated external defibrillators.

Methods

We administered a web‐based survey to the fire defense headquarters in Japan regarding prehospital emergency medical care for pediatric patients in June 2013. We extracted and analyzed some parts of the data related to pediatric defibrillation.

Results

Eighty‐eight percent of the fire defense headquarters responded to the survey. Sixty‐two percent of the fire defense headquarters applied the expanded indication protocol for pediatric defibrillation, which included infants. Forty‐three percent of the fire defense headquarters replied that their emergency medical service personnel were using semi‐automatic defibrillators without a pediatric mode, whereas 21% of them were using automated external defibrillators that were not equipped with pediatric attenuators. Moreover, many of the semi‐automatic defibrillators are not designed for pediatric defibrillation in patients aged <8 years.

Conclusions

Pediatric prehospital emergency medical care in Japan is inadequately equipped for pediatric defibrillation. It will be necessary to use age‐appropriate defibrillators as the targeted age range for automated external defibrillators rapidly expands to include infants.
An Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of α‐Fluoro β‐Hydroxy Carboxylic Esters
Authors: Howard James K. , Müller Marion , Berry Alan , Nelson Adam
Published: April 2016

The trans‐o‐hydroxybenzylidene pyruvate aldolase‐catalysed reactions between fluoropyruvate and many (hetero)aromatic aldehydes yield aldol adducts without subsequent dehydration. Treatment of the reaction products with hydrogen peroxide yields the corresponding syn‐configured α‐fluoro β‐hydroxy carboxylic acids which have >98 % ee. The overall chemoenzymatic approach, in which fluoropyruvate serves as a fluoroacetate equivalent, may be exploited in the synthesis of polar building blocks and fragments with potential value in drug discovery.
Helium permeability of polymer materials as liners for composite overwrapped pressure vessels
Authors: Murray Brendan R. , Leen Sean B. , Semprimoschnig Christopher O. A. , Brádaigh Conchúr M. Ó
Published: April 2016

Polymers have been identified as replacement materials for metallic liners in composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) for future space launchers. PEEK, Nylon, and PVDF plastics formed from base powder grades have been permeability tested to determine their susceptibility to the diffusion of helium through flatwise panel cross sections. Permeability, diffusion, and solubility coefficients have been obtained for each material with PVDF and PA11 grades showing the lowest permeability coefficients and hence the best barrier properties to permeation. Crystallinity percentages and internal air void contents in the polymer samples have also been used to assess the differences in permeability between materials with an analysis of void dispersion effects given through X‐ray CT scanning techniques. The measured permeability coefficients have been used to assess the ability of all materials tested to act as a functional polymer liner in a standard COPV with final leak rates predicted based on liner thicknesses and weights. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43675.
An amphoteric poly(VAc‐DBM‐AM‐DMAPS) emulsion focusing on the ecological sand‐fixing in salty desert: Structure and properties
Authors: Gong Wei , Li Meilan , Zang Yunxiao , Xie Hao , Liu Bailing , Chen Hualin ,   R&D Center of Materials and Technology for Ecological Sand‐fixing
Published: April 2016

In order to control the impacts of blown sand in salty desert, in this article, the amphoteric emulsion, for the first time, was applied as an ecological sand‐fixing material. This study started from the synthesis of the poly{vinyl acetate‐dibutyl maleate‐acrylamide‐co‐3‐[N‐(2‐methacroyloylethyl)‐N, N‐dimethylammonio]‐propane sulfonate} [P(VAc‐DBM‐AM‐DMAPS)] copolymer emulsion. Then, the structures, composition, thermal property of the emulsion were characterized by 1H‐NMR, FTIR, and DSC, respectively. The basic properties of the emulsion and salt tolerance of the latex films were measured by using viscometer, dynamic light scattering, and laser Doppler electrophoresis also. And the sand‐fixing properties of the emulsion were evaluated. Finally, the influence of the emulsion on the growth of soil microbe and plants were discussed for understanding its ecological effect. The experimental results showed that the emulsion has been successfully synthesized and could be as an ecological sand‐fixing material. The related reason is that, first, the emulsion could significantly improve the compressive strength and water retaining; second, the emulsion had good thermal aging, freeze‐thaw stabilities and salt tolerance to withstand the changes in temperature and NaCl concentration of salty desert; third, the influence of the emulsion on the growth of plants and microbe of sand also showed a dependable ecological effect. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43715.
Comparative Morphology and Histology of the Nasal Fossa in Four Mammals: Gray Squirrel, Bobcat, Coyote, and White‐Tailed Deer
Authors: Yee Karen K. , Craven Brent A. , Wysocki Charles J. , Van Valkenburgh Blaire
Published: April 2016

Although the anatomy of the nasal fossa is broadly similar among terrestrial mammals, differences are evident in the intricacies of nasal turbinal architecture, which varies from simple scroll‐like to complex branching forms, and in the extent of nonsensory and olfactory epithelium covering the turbinals. In this study, detailed morphological and immunohistochemical examinations and quantitative measurements of the turbinals and epithelial lining of the nasal fossa were conducted in an array of species that include the gray squirrel, bobcat, coyote, and white‐tailed deer. Results show that much more of the nose is lined with olfactory epithelium in the smallest species (gray squirrel) than in the larger species. In two species with similar body masses, bobcat and coyote, the foreshortened felid snout influences turbinal size and results in a decrease of olfactory epithelium on the ethmoturbinals relative to the longer canine snout. Ethmoturbinal surface area exceeds that of the maxilloturbinals in all four sampled animals, except the white‐tailed deer, in which the two are similar in size. Combining our results with published data from a broader array of mammalian noses, it is apparent that olfactory epithelial surface area is influenced by body mass, but is also affected by aspects of life history, such as diet and habitat, as well as skull morphology, itself a product of multiple compromises between various functions, such as feeding, vision, and cognition. The results of this study warrant further examination of other mammalian noses to broaden our evolutionary understanding of nasal fossa anatomy. Anat Rec, 299:840–852, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
NN‐Based Output‐Feedback Control for Stochastic Nonlinear Systems with Unknown Control Directions
Authors: Min Hui‐Fang , Duan Na
Published: April 2016

This paper addresses the neural network‐based output‐feedback control problem for a class of stochastic nonlinear systems with unknown control directions. The restrictions on the drift and diffusion terms are removed and the conditions on unknown control directions are relaxed. By introducing a proper coordinate transformation, and combining dynamic surface control (DSC) technique with radial basis function neural network (RBF NN) approximation approach, we construct an adaptive output‐feedback controller to guarantee the closed‐loop system to be mean square semi‐globally uniformly ultimately bounded (M‐SGUUB). A simulation example demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Distribution‐free precedence control charts with improved runs‐rules
Authors: Malela‐Majika J.‐C. , Chakraborti S. , Graham M. A.
Published: April 2016

Distribution‐free (nonparametric) control charts are helpful in applications where we do not have enough information about the underlying distribution. The Shewhart precedence charts is a class of Phase I nonparametric charts for location. One of these charts, called the median precedence chart (Med chart hereafter), uses the median of the test sample as the charting statistic, whereas another chart, called the minimum precedence chart (Min chart hereafter), uses the minimum. In this paper, we first study the comparative performance of the Min and the Med charts, respectively, in terms of their in‐control and out‐of‐control run‐length properties in an extensive simulation study. It is seen that neither chart is best as each has its strength in certain situations. Next, we consider enhancing their performance by adding some supplementary runs‐rules. It is seen that the new charts present very attractive run‐length properties, that is, they outperform their competitors in many situations. A summary and some concluding remarks are given. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward an interdisciplinary approach to understanding sensory function in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Cascio Carissa J. , Woynaroski Tiffany , Baranek Grace T. , Wallace Mark T.
Published: April 2016

Heightened interest in sensory function in persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) presents an unprecedented opportunity for impactful, interdisciplinary work between neuroscientists and clinical practitioners for whom sensory processing is a focus. In spite of this promise, and a number of overlapping perspectives on sensory function in persons with ASD, neuroscientists and clinical practitioners are faced with significant practical barriers to transcending disciplinary silos. These barriers include divergent goals, values, and approaches that shape each discipline, as well as different lexical conventions. This commentary is itself an interdisciplinary effort to describe the shared perspectives, and to conceptualize a framework that may guide future investigation in this area. We summarize progress to date and issue a call for clinical practitioners and neuroscientists to expand cross‐disciplinary dialogue and to capitalize on the complementary strengths of each field to unveil the links between neural and behavioral manifestations of sensory differences in persons with ASD. Joining forces to face these challenges in a truly interdisciplinary way will lead to more clinically informed neuroscientific investigation of sensory function, and better translation of those findings to clinical practice. Likewise, a more coordinated effort may shed light not only on how current approaches to treating sensory processing differences affect brain and behavioral responses to sensory stimuli in individuals with ASD, but also on whether such approaches translate to gains in broader characteristics associated with ASD. It is our hope that such interdisciplinary undertakings will ultimately converge to improve assessment and interventions for persons with ASD. Autism Res 2016, 9: 920–925. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Discourse comprehension in autism spectrum disorder: Effects of working memory load and common ground
Authors: Schuh Jillian M. , Eigsti Inge‐Marie , Mirman Daniel
Published: April 2016

Pragmatic language impairments are nearly universal in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Discourse requires that we monitor information that is shared or mutually known, called “common ground.” While many studies have examined the role of Theory of Mind (ToM) in such impairments, few have examined working memory (WM). Common ground impairments in ASD could reflect limitations in both WM and ToM. This study explored common ground use in youth ages 8–17 years with high‐functioning ASD (n = 13) and typical development (n = 22); groups did not differ on age, gender, IQ, or standardized language. We tracked participants' eye movements while they performed a discourse task in which some information was known only to the participant (e.g., was privileged; a manipulation of ToM). In addition, the amount of privileged information varied (a manipulation of WM). All participants were slower to fixate the target when considering privileged information, and this effect was greatest during high WM load trials. Further, the ASD group was more likely to fixate competing (non‐target) shapes. Predictors of fixation patterns included ASD symptomatology, language ability, ToM, and WM. Groups did not differ in ToM. Individuals with better WM fixated the target more rapidly, suggesting an association between WM capacity and efficient discourse. In addition to ToM knowledge, WM capacity constrains common ground representation and impacts pragmatic skills in ASD. Social impairments in ASD are thus associated with WM capacity, such that deficits in domain‐general, nonsocial processes such as WM exert an influence during complex social interactions. Autism Res 2016, 9: 1340–1352. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identifying the differences in mechanisms of mycophenolic acid controlling fucose content of glycoproteins expressed in different CHO cell lines
Authors: Zhang An , Tsang Valerie Liu , Markely Lam R. , Kurt Lutfiye , Huang Yao‐Ming , Prajapati Shashi , Kshirsagar Rashmi
Published: April 2016

In the biopharmaceutical industry, glycosylation is a critical quality attribute that can modulate the efficacy of a therapeutic glycoprotein. Obtaining a consistent glycoform profile is desired because molecular function can be defined by its carbohydrate structures. Specifically, the fucose content of oligosaccharides in glycoproteins is one of the most important attributes that can significantly affect antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. It is therefore important to understand the fucosylation pathway and be able to control fucosylation at the desired level to match predecessor materials in late stage and biosimilar programs. Several strategies were explored in this study and mycophenolic acid (MPA) was able to finely modulate the fucose content with the least undesired side effects. However, the response was significantly different between CHO cell lines of different lineages. Further experiments were then performed for a deeper understanding of the mechanism of fucosylation in different CHO cell lines. Results indicated that changes in the intracellular nucleotide involved in fucosylation pathway after MPA treatment are the main cause of the differences in fucosylation level response in different CHO cell lines. Differences in MPA metabolism in the various CHO cell lines directly resulted in different levels of afucosylation measured in antibodies produced by the CHO cell lines. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2367–2376. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.