bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ghost Workers
Authors: Horton Sarah Bronwen
Published: May 2017

Migrant farmworkers’ exclusion from many labor protections and forms of social assistance forces them to rely on informal and illicit subsistence strategies. One such strategy is “identity loan,” in which a migrant with legal status loans an undocumented migrant the work authorization documents that the latter needs to work. Unlike “identity theft,” then, “identity loan” is the voluntary and mutually beneficial exchange of work authorization documents. This chapter explores why document exchange flourishes in migrant communities, even as labor supervisors take advantage of such loans to reduce their labor costs. Labor supervisors often threaten to falsely position identity “loans” as “thefts,” denying “identity recipients” their right to workers’ compensation insurance when they are injured. Thus the recent trend towards governing immigration through crime—that is, federal and local officials’ reliance on criminal prosecution to deter undocumented migration— hands labor supervisors yet one more tool to create a docile labor force.
Álvaro’s Casket
Authors: Horton Sarah Bronwen
Published: May 2017

This chapter explains how migrant men’s longstanding exclusion from subsidized health care, such as Medicaid, allows their chronic illnesses to remain undiagnosed. Even as the Affordable Care Act made childless adult migrants eligible for Medicaid in 2014, men’s longstanding exclusion continues to discourage them from seeking care. Meanwhile, when migrant men enter the fields, hypertension and heart disease place them at higher risk of a heart attack. Thus men’s undiagnosed ailments and heat illness form a syndemic—a cluster of conditions that interact at the physiological level and exacerbate the damage caused by each alone. Meanwhile the produce industry’s concern to maintain consumer confidence through new food safety audits only exacerbates workers’ hypertension and encourages heat illness. Attention to the synergistic interaction between chronic disease and heat illness thus raises provocative questions about how to accurately count heat deaths in California’s fields while shedding new light on farmwork’s death toll.
Introduction
Authors: Cole Alan
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter begins the history of Chan literature in the late seventh century when a cycle of narratives appeared asking readers to believe that a perfect and final understanding of Buddhism had been brought to China by an Indian monk named Bodhidharma. These narratives also explained how Bodhidharma, once in China, installed this wisdom, suddenly and totally, in a Chinese monk named Huike, who then transmitted it to his disciple Sengcan in a similarly miraculous manner, and Sengcan in turn transmitted it to his disciple Daoxin, and so on, thereby generating a continuous track of perfectly realized Chinese masters—all of whom supposedly gained the same enlightenment that the Buddha had won back in India some 1,000 years earlier. It is this complex historical claim, slowly pieced together by mid-Tang authors, that has been essential to Chan ideology down to the present.
More Local Buddhas Appear
Authors: Cole Alan
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how the history of the Bodhidharma family developed in several directions in the wake of Du Fei's Record of the Transmission of the Dharma-Jewel. On one front, at least two masters—Puji and Yifu—came to be officially recognized as Shenxiu's descendants. When exactly this happened remains unclear. It is usually assumed that they both actually were Shenxiu's disciples and in that capacity received his sanction before he died. Besides this uncertainty regarding the timing of Puji's and Yifu's official inclusion in the Bodhidharma family, a number of sources name other masters as Shenxiu's descendants. Looked at this way, the birth of Chan is found in two other historical realities: an increasingly widespread desire—among elite Buddhist—to be included in the Bodhidharma family; and, the multiplication of techniques—literary, artistic, ritualistic and architectural—that made such claims to this legacy appear plausible.
Rules for Purity
Authors: Cole Alan
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores what we can infer about daily life in Chan monasteries based on details drawn from a genre of texts called “rules for purity.” The oldest Chan example of this genre, Rules for Purity for a Chan Monastery, was written in 1103 by a Chan abbot named Zongze. One of the remarkable things about Zongze's text is the way it combines historical—and largely mythical—claims regarding the Bodhidharma family with precise institutional rules for selecting the abbots who were to govern Chan monasteries. Thus, at the larger Chan monasteries that would have followed Zongze's “rules for purity,” ambitious monks with promising qualities were formally set within the Bodhidharma family, trained for years, and then, having been vetted by monastic and state officials, put to work running the enormous monastic estates that dotted the Chinese landscape.
Koans and Being There
Authors: Cole Alan
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on koans. The English word “koan” comes from the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese gong'an, which means “public case” in the sense of a legal precedent. The term gong'an begins to appear in Chan texts in the first half of the twelfth century as a technical term for a particular literary gesture that had already been in vogue in the eleventh century, one in which an author first selected a particular vignette or dialogue from some older strata of Chan literature and then offered commentary on it, or a poem about it, or often both. Thus, it took at least two Chan masters to make a koan—the one who supposedly first said or did something that was recorded in a Chan text, and a later one who took interest in just that account and developed it with his own commentary and/or poems.
Introduction
Authors: Kupchik Aaron
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the real school safety problem: how we over-police and punish students. It discusses current school practices, public discussions (or lack thereof) about these practices, actual levels of danger students face, and reasons why we have the policies and practices that we do. It then summarizes the contents of the chapters that follow.
Effective School Crime Prevention
Authors: Kupchik Aaron
Published: May 2017

This chapter summarizes the existing evidence on the subject of school safety practices. It argues that students need firm and clearly communicated rules, but that schools across the U.S. have gone too far in this direction, resulting in harmful over-policing and punishment of students. After describing how excessive punishment harms students, it then discusses the evidence about policing in schools. The chapter concludes by describing policies and practices supported by evidence as more promising strategies for promoting school safety.
Hurting Families
Authors: Kupchik Aaron
Published: May 2017

Chapter 4 looks at how school punishment can dramatically affect entire families. Based on a series of interviews with parents of youth who have been suspended and expelled from their schools, it illustrates the emotional and physical toll that school punishment can have on parents and siblings of punished students. As a result of these struggles with school punishment, some families eventually give up on working with schools and even on seeking an education for their children.
Civic Participation in the Future
Authors: Kupchik Aaron
Published: May 2017

This chapter turns to longer-term consequences of school punishment, asking how school suspension socializes young people into future roles as citizens. After discussing the powerful socializing effect of schools, where students are taught about their future roles as members of society, this chapter then presents quantitative analyses of nationally-representative data. The analyses show that students who are suspended in school are less likely to vote and volunteer in their communities years later, even after accounting for many factors known to shape one’s voting and volunteering behavior.
Conclusion
Authors: Kupchik Aaron
Published: May 2017

Chapter 8 concludes the book by summarizing the argument about the real school safety problem and why this problem is vitally important for the well-being of youth, families, communities, and all of society. It outlines productive next steps for moving forward by discussing a series of principles that should be applied when addressing school security and punishment, and discusses potential obstacles for meaningful reform that must be overcome.
Introduction
Authors: Flores Jerry
Published: May 2017

The book opens with a description of the two key sites in my study: El Valle Juvenile Detention and Legacy community school. I describe the focus of the project and the questions I address. Here, I emphasize how these two institutions and wraparound services shape the pathways of my participants and how these young women navigate these interlocking entities. I then discuss why understanding these new educational and penal connections is important, especially the role they play in the lives of the Latina girls in my study. In this chapter I introduce the term wraparound incarceration, which I coin in the book. I draw on previous research on intersectionality, the school-to-prison pipeline, life course theory and work on gender and crime to situate my own intellectual contributions. The chapter ends with a discussion of the major components of the book, providing readers a “map” of what to expect in the text. Finally, I introduce my primary respondents who will lead off and end every chapter in this manuscript. This introduction as a whole reminds the readers of the importance of studying the processes that lead this growing group of girls into the juvenile justice system.
School, Institutionalization, and Exclusionary Punishment
Authors: Flores Jerry
Published: May 2017

In this chapter, I demonstrate how the treatment girls received at their “regular” schools puts them in situations that landed them back in detention. The challenges of attending school were exacerbated by the lack of positive support girls received from wraparound services once they left Legacy Community School. In fact, the little wraparound support they did receive, like probation supervision and electronic monitoring, actually made them targets for mistreatment at the hands of their peers and educational staff alike. Along with this, the girls were also stigmatized because of the time they spent at Legacy Community School and in El Valle Juvenile Detention Center. In Sandra’s case, those challenges proved too great, and she eventually ended up back in El Valle. Like at home, in detention, and at Legacy, the girls in my study continued to experience interpersonal violence at the hands of their peers, and they received little protection from school or criminal justice officials. Instead, they experienced institutional harassment and targeting shaped by administrators’ gendered and racialized perceptions of these young Latinas as gang members and criminals.
Compassion
Authors: Caldwell Melissa L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter introduces themes of care, kindness, compassion, civic action, social justice, and faith-based assistance within the context of contemporary Russian society. The chapter presents the ethnographic field site of Moscow’s faith-based assistance community and sets the stage for the book’s larger discussion about the ways in which members of this community link their acts of assistance with performances of civic action and possibilities for understanding faith as a form of affective labor that produces future-oriented results. The discussion is contextualized within details about Russia’s contemporary political and economic situation, including the unique position of non-Orthodox Christian communities within the country’s religious and social justice spheres.
Faith in a Secular Humanism
Authors: Caldwell Melissa L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents the concept of a “secular theology of compassion.” Through a discussion of the ways in which Moscow’s religious communities cooperate to forge common cross-denominational interests through social justice projects, the chapter considers how clergy, staff, and volunteers in religiously affiliated welfare programs separate their personally held religious beliefs and theological philosophies from the larger ethical values that guide their work. Of particular concern are the political, spiritual, and ethical negotiations that take place between Russia’s Orthodox and non-Orthodox Christian communities as they strive to pursue shared goals of social justice while maintaining their respective histories and communities. Their collective efforts demonstrate how ethical values of empathy, care, and justice traverse, confuse, and even transcend religious/secular distinctions and provide opportunities for new shared spaces and practices of religiosity and compassion.
Practical Love
Authors: Caldwell Melissa L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes the subjective and experiential qualities of compassion in care work, with particular focus on how volunteers and recipients describe the relationships they forge with one another as deeply intimate experiences of care and affection. By focusing on intersubjective experiences of accompaniment, friendship, and love that emerge through circulations of care, members of Russia’s religiously affiliated assistance community describe their interactions as forms of intimacy and shared humanity, rather than spiritual encounters. This approach presents a counterpoint to anthropological theories of compassion and empathy by illuminating the dynamic and generative nature of economies of affect. Acts and ethics of faith-driven compassion build communities of intimacy and sentiment between assistance providers and their recipients.
The Business of Being Kind
Authors: Caldwell Melissa L.
Published: May 2017

If the activities of Moscow’s faith communities represent new approaches to public service in Russia, they have also inspired new modes of economic activity. In Russia’s neoliberal reality, need, deservingness, and affect have become opportunities for political and economic entrepreneurial investment. Both within their own communities of supporters and beyond in Moscow’s commercial sector, religious groups and religiously affiliated assistance programs compete and cooperate with private businesses and state agencies to promote and capitalize on the simultaneously civic and financial value of compassion. By addressing Russia’s “business” or “economy” of kindness and compassion, this chapter considers the forms of revenue, investment, profit, and surplus that are generated and the social, material, and ethical results produced by these profits and surpluses.
Conclusion
Authors: Caldwell Melissa L.
Published: May 2017

This final chapter returns to the original themes of the book by considering how members of Moscow’s community of religiously affiliated assistance providers grapple with the uncertainties that they encounter on a daily basis, with specific attention to how members of this community struggle to maintain both the human and the humane in their social justice work. As the experiences documented here show, within the faith-based context, assistance encounters are never fully oriented either to the objective pole of human rights or to the subjective pole of compassion and empathy. As such, these struggles reveal that the future-oriented optimism made possible by the affective labor of faith belies the inherent precarity of faith. Yet it is this precarious state that makes possible the intersubjectivity of compassionate care, whereby those who provide assistance and those who receive it engage one another fully as humans.
The Role of the UN Secretary-General
Authors: Gilmour Andrew
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the key activities undertaken by each United Nations secretary-general in the Middle East and draws some lessons and comparisons: Trygve Lie, Dag Hammarskjöld, U Thant, Kurt Waldheim, Javier Perez de Cuellar, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Kofi Annan, and Ban Ki-moon. Since 1947, the Middle East—especially the Palestine question—has played a defining role in the history of the UN. This applies both to the intergovernmental bodies and to the Secretariat, the organ headed by the secretary-general. Every secretary-general has made strenuous efforts to resolve conflicts in the Middle East, or at least to mitigate their more brutal effects. Each has condemned Arab acts of violence or terrorism against Israel and has unequivocally supported Israel's right to live within secure, recognized borders. Similarly every secretary-general has publicly condemned Israeli actions (responsive or preemptive) against Arab states or civilians when they have considered that excessive force was used or that these actions were in violation of international law.
Constructing Security Council Resolution 1701 in Lebanon in the Shadow of the “War on Terror”
Authors: Makdisi Karim
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the “war on terror” gave global meaning to the 2006 Lebanon-Israel War and to the construction of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701, which authorized a more robust mandate to the long-standing peacekeeping mission in southern Lebanon: the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). After providing an interpretative framework showing how the “powerful discourse” that emerged after 9/11 linked Hizbullah and its assumed patron, Syria, with global terrorism, the chapter considers the construction of a UN-legitimated international regime, centered on Resolution 1559, that translated this war on terror discourse into domestic Lebanese terms. It then analyzes the construction of Resolution 1701, arguing that it made further violence in Lebanon inevitable. It also shows how the discursive contest over interpretations of Resolution 1701 transformed the conflict in Lebanon from an international to a domestic one and how the production of a hegemonic national discourse emerged following the signing of the 2008 Doha Agreement that precipitated the formation of a national unity government.
Libya: A UN Resolution and NATO’s Failure to Protect
Authors: Bachman Jeff
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines whether the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) intervention in Libya was predicated on an “ulterior motive exemption” that actually put civilians at greater risk and violated international law. On February 25, 2011, the United Nations Security Council held its first formal meeting on the situation in Libya. The following day, the Council adopted Resolution 1970, which referred to “widespread and systematic attacks…against the civilian population” that may constitute crimes against humanity. Resolution 1973 was adopted to authorize member states “through regional organizations or arrangements…to take all necessary measures…to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.” This chapter considers NATO's violations of international humanitarian law and its complicity in crimes committed by the rebels in Libya during the civil war, including their summary execution of Muammar Qaddafi.
An Agency for the Palestinians?
Authors: Al Husseini Jalal
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the interplay between humanitarian/developmental concerns of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) and the political interests of the donors, host countries, and the refugees themselves. UNRWA has been tasked to provide educational, medical, social and relief, microfinance, and camp upgrading services to the “Palestine refugees” in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank. The chapter first considers the dynamics behind the creation and the evolution of UNRWA's mandate in terms of institutional and operational development, along with the impact of its assistance programs. It then discusses the political dimensions attached to the concepts of community participation and of protection that UNRWA has recently mainstreamed across its various activities. It also analyzes the impact of UNRWA's roles on the Palestinian refugees and the overall Near East context. The chapter suggests that UNRWA has become a site of conflicting claims its staff has had to reconcile for the sake of preserving the delivery of humanitarian assistance.
The Syrian Refugee Crisis in the Middle East
Authors: Khallaf Shaden
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the response of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to the Syrian refugee crisis in the Middle East. The Syrian displacement crisis that began in 2011 has been a humanitarian catastrophe unfolding during one of the most tumultuous and complex times in contemporary Middle Eastern history. The Syria crisis has been a transformational development, a “game-changer,” on a number of levels, including the impact on local and regional dynamics, the scope and nature of the international response, and the challenges to the global refugee protection regime it has triggered. This chapter first provides an overview of the complex displacement patterns involving Syrian refugees before discussing the international community's response to the crisis. It also considers the policy challenges arising from the Syrian displacement crisis and suggests that a qualitative and quantitative shift in approach to dealing with displacement in the region seems to herald the way forward, with a pressing need for innovative outlooks and meaningful partnerships that give primacy to refugees' own perspectives.
Peacebuilding in Palestine
Authors: Turner Mandy
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how peacebuilding as a policy discourse and practice has been developed and applied in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT). It first traces the emergence of peacebuilding as a Western policy discourse in the context of colonization, its evolution into a hegemonic project in the post-Cold War period, and the key assumptions and policies that underpin it. It then considers the situation in which Western peacebuilding and and statebuilding practices and policies were applied in the OPT—inserted as they were into the framework created by the Oslo Accords and subsequent peace agreements between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). It also explores how these policies and practices were shaped by global structures of power as they manifest themselves in the region, along with the particular application of these peacebuilding policies and their impacts. The chapter concludes by arguing that peacebuilding strategies in the OPT have contributed toward creating what it calls a “zombie peace”.
The Protective Shields
Authors: Mohamadieh Kinda
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the various roles undertaken by civil society organizations (CSOs), or nongovernmental organizations, in the Arab region and their implications for collaboration between CSOs and the United Nations, with particular emphasis on how CSOs figure in policy debates and the human rights movement. CSOs in the Arab region, mainly those working on policy and legislative issues, have been engaged with UN-led processes and conferences since the 1992 Earth Summit, and including the 1995 Summit on Social Development and the 2000 Millennium Summit. However, as some UN agencies, driven by a quest for funding, have moved into programmatic interventions, tensions have sometimes emerged between CSOs and UN agencies when some UN agencies have ended up potentially competing with CSOs for funding or crowding out the space available for CSOs. This chapter first traces the history of CSO-UN interactions in the Arab region before discussing the new challenges and possibilities raised during the period of the Arab uprisings.
Crowd, Mob, and Nation in Boris Godunov
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: May 2017

The two authorial versions of Musorgsky’s Boris Godunov reflect contrasting historiographical and ideological traditions that were being debated in the 1860s and 1870s, when the opera was being written. The difference is epitomized by the St. at St. Basil’s shrine in the original version, which depicts the crowd (i.e., the Russian people) according to the tradition of Nikolai Karamzin, the autocracy’s official historiographer, as submissive and dependent; and the so-called Kromy Forest scene which replaced it in the revised version, which depicts the crowd as actively rebellious and as a powerful agent, according to the then recent revisionary writings of Nikolai Kostomarov. What then of the widespread custom, dating from the Moscow Bolshoy Theater revival of the opera for Mujsorgsky’s centenary in 1939, of including the two scenes in a conflated version of the opera that the composer never imagined? Despite its manifest incoherence from an historiographical standpoint, it has become popular owing to its aesthetic and dramatic qualities. It thus crystallizes a key problem in academic reception studies, which have generally followed a modernist bias that upholds authors over audiences.
Is There a “Russia Abroad” in Music?
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: May 2017

What does it take to form and sustain an émigré culture? Does Russian music between the world wars constitute such a culture, the way Russian literature assuredly does? How did Russian music abroad differ from Russian music at home during this period? These questions are considered in the light of Arthur Lourié’s forceful arguments on behalf of an émigré “school,” which are ultimately rejected, in part by applying the criteria proposed by Marc Raeff in his study Russia Abroad..
Two Serendipities
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: May 2017

The relationship between Soviet power and the musical life of the nation is usually viewed in terms of the domination of the latter by their former. This paper considers the other side of the coin: how Soviet power could act as an enabler to those whose predilections and personalities made for a propitious adaptation to the regime and its affordances.
What’s an Awful Song Like You Doing in a Nice Piece Like This?
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: May 2017

This essay questions the derivation of an enigmatic and therefore controversial passage in Prokofieff’s Symphony-Concerto for cello and orchestra from a song by the Belorussian composer Isaak Lyuban.
How The Rite Became Possible
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: May 2017

The Rite of Spring is a composition that no one could have predicted at the time Stravinsky met Diaghilev. It took the timely death of Rimsky-Korsakov to make Stravinsky available to the Diaghilev enterprise, and without Diaghilev’s intervention it would never have occurred to a former pupil of Rimsky-Korsakov to write a ballet. The essay concludes with a consideration of the changing ways in which folklore was incorporated into Stravinsky’s early ballets, and cites one specific instance in which music intended for The Rite actually went into Petrushka.
Diaghilev without Stravinsky? Stravinsky without Diaghilev?
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: May 2017

A counterfactual fantasy designed to illustrate the necessity of each to the other’s success, and to emphasize the improbability of their alliance. A study in historical contingency.
The Politics of Place in the “Cinema of Allende”
Authors: Trumper Camilo D.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 studies documentary films as rich historical documents and creative political exercises. Chilean documentarians turned their attention to the streets in order to reconcile cinematic form and political commitment in the three years of Allende’s presidency. The films they made emerge as key sources for political history. They shed light on the struggle over urban spaces as a political tactic. They also proposed a complex and reciprocal relationship between political and aesthetic modes. Their films were creative attempts to engage and understand the relationship between politics and visual culture, and act as evidence of how styles and forms of political participation were rapidly and radically changing in the 1960s and 70s.
Two Cities, Two Systems, Similar Problems
Authors: Soyer Michaela
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 introduces the teenagers in this study and provides a précis of the structural conditions of juvenile justice at both field sites. The two systems are contextualized within historical and contemporary developments of juvenile justice in the United States.
Too Little Too Late
Authors: Soyer Michaela
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3 focuses on the youths’ experiences of the punitive and rehabilitative aspects of juvenile justice. This chapter contextualizes depictions of inner-city men as being subject to top-down control mechanisms within a range of alternatives. Left without any support from the juvenile justice system, poverty and violence are as limiting as constant supervision and control.
Imagining Desistance
Authors: Soyer Michaela
Published: May 2017

The concept of “imagined desistance” accounts for the observation that all the young men who participated in this study are convinced that they won’t be rearrested after their initial stay at a detention facility. The institutional structures of juvenile justice encourage teenagers to frame their incarceration as a positive turning point, but they don’t allow young men to create a nondeviant identity that is built on positive experiences of an alternative self.
Conclusion
Authors: Soyer Michaela
Published: May 2017

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Regulating Style
Authors: Thomas Kedron
Published: May 2017

Fashion knock-offs are everywhere. Even in the out-of-the-way markets of highland Guatemala, fake branded clothes offer a cheap, stylish alternative for people who can’t afford high-priced originals. Fashion companies have taken notice, ensuring that international trade agreements include stronger intellectual property protections to prevent and punish brand “piracy,” the unauthorized reproduction of trademarked brand names and logos. Regulating Style approaches the fashion industry from the perspective of indigenous Maya people who make and sell knock-offs, asking why they copy and wear popular brands, how they interact with legal frameworks and state agents who criminalize their livelihoods, and exploring the localized ethics, norms, and values that structure their trade. Beyond showing that intellectual property proponents misrepresent the presumed threat that “piracy” poses to the economy, this book argues that international law itself perpetuates powerful divisions of race, class, and gender across a postcolonial field, institutionalizing a discriminatory divide between populations designated as rightful creators and consumers and others disparaged as mere copycats. Drawing on cultural studies, archaeology, and material culture studies in anthropology, this book develops a robust theory of style that emphasizes the centrality of copying and imitation to processes of cultural production. In analyzing the relationship of style to race, class, gender, indigeneity, and discourses of entrepreneurship and development that privilege a particular model of creativity, originality, and modernity in Guatemala and beyond, Regulating Style offers a new perspective on what is really at stake for fashion companies in the globalization of intellectual property law.
Pathways to Methamphetamine
Authors: Shukla Rashi K.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2, “Pathways to Methamphetamine,” presents information on the backgrounds and early life experiences of the adults in this study, including childhood experiences and early drug encounters. Significant social encounters shaped these adults as young children and set the stage for what followed. The histories of abuse and neglect, initial drug encounters, and first experiences with meth are discussed.
Manufacturing Meth
Authors: Shukla Rashi K.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5, “Manufacturing Meth,” provides insight into the third step of immersion, involvement with clandestine manufacturing. How individuals learn to manufacture meth, the motivations for involvement, and patterns of production are discussed. Insights into the addictive aspects of the lifestyle are introduced.
The Journey Ends?
Authors: Shukla Rashi K.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 10, “The Journey Ends,” discusses what is known about drugs in terms of research and policy. The limitations of current approaches and responses are presented, along with the essential elements needed for change. The chapter ends with a discussion of shifts in policy responses occurring at federal and state levels. The chapter concludes with a summary of the ongoing problem as it exists today and the conclusion of the story being told. As is shown, the end is really only the beginning.
Revenge of Dust
Authors: Flaherty George F.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 scrutinizes Tlatelolco, site of the October 2 massacre. Its literary, photographic, and cinematographic representations by such authors as Carlos Fuentes, Juan Rulfo, Nacho López, and Fernando del Paso, mediate between the realm of “compulsory visibility” of a modernizing Mexican state and its shadowy byproducts. The first is embodied by the discourses of transparency and hygiene of modern architecture in the Mario Pani’s Nonoalco-Tlatelolco housing complex. The second is the spectral social body inhabiting the hub of the national railroad network at Tlatelolco—that is, self-constructed settlements and tenements of the migrant underclasses, overlooked by the State and eventually displaced by the modernization projects. This blindness and exclusionary practice of the modern technocratic administration is also manifest in the highly managed character of the Plaza de las Tres Culturas erected on the Tlatelolco site, demonstrating the limited scope of de facto citizenship in Mexico. At the same time, the opacity of the site tests the limits of history writing in general.
Gestures of Hospitality
Authors: Flaherty George F.
Published: May 2017

In Chapter 4 the unfinished mega Hotel de México (started in 1966) performs as the double to the nation-state. The hotel—archetypal building of modernity—conceals its operations and administrative apparatus, very much like the ruling PRI. By extension, the metaphor of hospitality illuminates how this self-proclaimed host treated its citizens, “limiting” or “conditioning” their status as perpetual guests. The analysis of the late major mural by the famous Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros The March of Humanity on Earth and Towards the Cosmos (1964–71), housed in the cultural center adjacent to the Hotel, reveals contradictions that parallel the challenge of reconciling the revolutionary rhetoric with capitalist modernization faced by the regime and its elites. The chapter argues that militant Siqueiros contradicted the official vision of “cosmic communion” proposed by the architect Guillermo Rossel de la Lama by crafting the mural whose story lines and gestures, especially the motif of hands, contested Mexico’s political status quo, echoing the unruliness of the 68 Movement after the Tlatelolco massacre.
Satellites
Authors: Flaherty George F.
Published: May 2017

The notion of satellites deployed in Chapter 5 elucidates the sociopolitical status of the middle class and youth within the Mexican nation-state at mid-century. Both were peripheral to the franchise, their political options curtailed by the corporatist and clientelist institutions. While the new university campuses, such as the representative University City (supervised in part by Mario Pani), appeared as the spaces of conviviality, they were in fact spaces of management and control, designed to prevent disruptions to the programmed flows of the city. In this light, the chapter discusses the 68 Movement’s slogan ganar la calle as the set of conscious, intentional, and insurgent urban tactics, both embodied and discursive, devised to counter the state’s denial of room for political participation—most notably, through the movement’s marches
Mobilization and Mediation
Authors: Flaherty George F.
Published: May 2017

Taking as the departure point a car trip through Mexico City in the movie Los Caifanes by Juan Ibáñez (1966), chapter VI examines the media mobilized by the 68 movement—a vast body of graphics and films, including communiqués and the documentary El Grito (1969). Produced horizontally and collaboratively, printmaking served as an efficient means of counter-information. Heterogeneous materials denounced the state’s violence and everyday repression, circulating widely with the use of the city’s buses so that they saturated urban space not unlike Olympic propaganda. Similarly, small mobile film crews armed with lightweight cameras—trained at the new film school, Centro Universitario de Estudios Cinematographicos—sought to disrupt Mexico City’s official representation and communication flows. As such, the 68 movement harnessed the city as the medium of communication, creating open-ended “media fields” that aimed to move their audiences and invite them to participate in their reproduction and transformation.
Diagnostic Neutrality in Psychiatric Treatment in North India
Authors: Sousa Amy June
Published: May 2017

In India, doctors deemphasize diagnoses and the biomedical specificities of what are essentially grave conditions, like schizophrenia. They don’t talk about diagnoses or treat diagnoses as important, at least when interacting with their patients. As a result, they leave many possible ways to imagine the future intact. This may widen the range of possibilities for living in the present. This chapter describes the way two sisters who each meet criteria for schizophrenia understand their problems.
Vulnerable Transitions in a World of Kin
Authors: Marrow Jocelyn
Published: May 2017

The polyvocal meanings of a newly married young woman’s psychotic illness are the subject of this chapter. The perspectives of the young woman, her husband, husband’s family, her parents, and the hospital staff compete as all try to arrive at a decision about how to respond to her distress. In many ways, Priyanka’s story is a familiar one of a young Indian woman making a difficult adjustment to hardship, subordination, and disappointment in her new marital home. Yet the line between reasonable suspicion and delusional paranoia during this difficult transition can be very thin, as evidenced by the family members’ narratives of the early weeks of Priyanka’s marriage. The chapter illustrates the role of kin in the life of someone with schizophrenia, and the stressful marriage transition that may make her more vulnerable to falling ill.
Racism and Immigration
Authors: Eliacin Johanne
Published: May 2017

Arguably the most important discovery in the recent social epidemiology of schizophrenia is that the illness does not occur at a fixed rate across the globe as researchers used to believe, but at variable rates. One of the best documented cases is among the African Caribbean community in Britain, where the risk for schizophrenia is as high as fifteen times the rate for the local white community. Rates among the African-Caribbean British are much more elevated than rates among African-Caribbeans living in Jamaica. The author argues that there are five features of social experience within the community that may contribute to these increased rates: social inequality, racism, social fragmentation, increasingly fragile cultural identity, and community “expressed emotion.” This chapter describes a British African Caribbean woman living with schizophrenia.
Voices That Are More Benign
Authors: Luhrmann T. M. , Padmavati R.
Published: May 2017

Persons with schizophrenia and other serious psychotic disorders often experience a wide range of auditory events. We call them “voices,” but in fact, people hear scratching, buzzing, bells. They hear voices inside their heads and voices that seem to come from outside, from the world. Sometimes the voices are clear; sometimes, indistinct. Sometimes they make kind and even admiring remarks (“You’re the one. You’re the one I came for.”) Sometimes they are horribly mean. Sometimes they command, and sometimes they comment. In general, on average, people with schizophrenia in India are more likely to experience their voices as people they know or as gods, and in general the voices are more benign than they are for many patients in the US. That may make it easier to live with them. This chapter considers the voice-hearing experience of a Chennai housewife with schizophrenia.
Demonic Voices
Authors: Droney Damien
Published: May 2017

Charles is a young man living in Accra who hears voice that he interprets as those of witches and demons. This is not bizarre or unusual in the context of the local cosmology in which spiritual attack by malevolent others is not uncommon; Charles’ social world consider it plausible that he may be under spiritual attack. However, when he confronts his father’s tenant—who is bewitching him in order to seduce him—his father thinks that there is something more. This results in Charles’ first hospitalization. Supported by Ga religious beliefs and Pentecostal Christianity, Charles’ direct experiences of gods and demons transform his everyday existence into a constant battle between forces of good and evil, where his protection is Christian prayer and the strength of his spirituality.
Madness Experienced as Faith
Authors: Sood Anubha
Published: May 2017

Spirit possession is what anthropologists call a common “idiom of distress” in India. That is, anthropologists observe that spirit possession is a way of behaving that signals emotional trouble. Spirit possession in India often begins with intense distress to the afflicted. However, through negotiation and attention to its desires, possessing spirits may be transformed from malevolent to beneficent. Sumita is a devotee and long-term resident of the Balaji temple in Rajasthan, India. After her marriage, demands for dowry, domestic violence, and Sumita’s growing awareness of the destructive spirits living in the walls of her husband’s home, her in-laws expel her from their home. After numerous stays in publicly-funded psychiatric facilities, she is brought by her father to the temple of Balaji, where she begins to hear the voice of the deity. Sumita manages to eke out a marginal existence by passing on the divine revelations of Balaji to worshipers at the shrine. In this way, her spirit possession may participate in the construction of a valued social identity in which voices and visions are signs of the divine and not solely associated with a permanent, crippling illness.
Faith Interpreted as Madness
Authors: Friedman Jack R.
Published: May 2017

Alexandria is a poor Romanian woman who obtains solace and support from a community of evangelical Christians. Alexandria lives with delusional guilt that she is responsible for many evil crimes. Having borne a son out-of-wedlock while living with her impoverished mother in her village, Alexandria is hospitalized for mental illness. With the compassion and fellowship of her new Christian friends, Alexandria finds acceptance and hope. However, in the context of post-socialist Romania—formerly Eastern Orthodox and currently striving for all that is modern—evangelicalism is so unfamiliar as to seem bizarre. The psychiatrist treating her at the publicly-funded psychiatric hospital where Alexandria lives is baffled by her religious experience and thinks of them only as signs of mental illness. Alexandra’s story illuminates the way fledgling religious movements (here, evangelical Protestantism) may collide with established religious sensibilities and biomedical protocols for treating schizophrenia.
The Culture of the Institutional Circuit in the United States
Authors: Luhrmann T. M.
Published: May 2017

To many people in society who struggle with schizophrenia, the mental health system in the United States delivers care that is disgraceful. This is not, it should be said, the care that the health system in some sense ‘intends’ to deliver. Yet care-as-usual has become an “institutional circuit” of prison, shelter, hospital, and transitional housing which is notable mostly for the degree to which people opt out of services. This chapter describes the institutional circuit and the culture that develops on the street, in which to assert that one is “crazy” is seen as asserting weakness and vulnerability in a difficult world—and so many people chose to reject care associated with psychiatric illness.
Return to Baseline
Authors: Cassaniti Julia
Published: May 2017

Ta is a school teacher living in Bangkok. She suffered episodes of debilitating psychosis during which she is so completely caught in an evil spirit world that she cannot interact with other persons or even take care of herself in basic ways. However, what was remarkable is that between episodes, she is completely free of any symptoms of schizophrenia. Over the course of ten years, Ta’s lucid periods have become less lucid and her episodes of “spirit sickness”—as she calls them—less separate from reality. This development has allowed Ta more control over her hallucinatory experiences. Now, she can sometimes force demonic spirits to go away, or summon beneficent spirits to help herself or others. The chapter illustrates a form of psychosis that appears to be more common outside of western settings.
God and the Green Divide
Authors: Baugh Amanda J.
Published: May 2017

American environmentalism historically has been associated with the interests of white elites. Yet religious leaders in the twenty-first century have helped instill concern about the earth among groups diverse in religion, race, ethnicity, and class. How did that happen and what are the implications? Building on scholarship that provides theological and ethical resources to support the “greening” of religion, God and the Green Divide examines religious environmentalism as it actually happens in the daily lives of urban Americans. Baugh argues that the spread of religious environmentalism in the United States has relied not simply on the “ecological dimensions” of scriptures, theology, and religious traditions, but also on latent assumptions about race, ethnicity, and class. By carefully examining negotiations of racial and ethnic identities as central to the history of religious environmentalism, this work complicates assumptions that religious environmentalism is a direct expression of theology, ethics, or religious beliefs.
Introduction
Authors: Baugh Amanda J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter advances the book’s central argument: the spread of religious environmentalism in the United States has relied not simply on the “ecological dimensions” of scriptures, theology, and religious traditions, but also on latent assumptions about race, ethnicity, and class. It also introduces the work of Faith in Place in the context of other religious environmental movements in the United States, and discusses how the book contributes to conversations in American religion, religion and ecology, and lived religion.
People, Not Polar Bears
Authors: Baugh Amanda J.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 1 describes Faith in Place’s origins and development within the context of the American environmental movement and with attention to strategic decisions its leaders made to help their organization survive and ultimately flourish. Although Faith in Place originated with priorities, activities, and participants that were quite similar to numerous other environmental groups, Faith in Place’s first ten years involved a series of strategic decisions in which leaders developed measures to differentiate their work from mainstream environmentalism. Strategic decision-making led to a coalition distinct for its racial diversity.
Smaller Than Life
Authors: Alilunas Peter
Published: May 2017

This introduction offers an overview of relevant literature, a brief trajectory of the history of pornography before the video era, and an analysis of why the topic has not received much attention. Additionally, it offers one of the central arguments in the book, that the industry’s quest for respectability by foregrounding quality (both aesthetically and narratively) had critical ramifications in terms of gender and sexuality—particularly for women—that have been previously overlooked.