bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Top five ethical lessons of COVID-19 that the world must learn
Authors: Smith Maxwell J. , Ahmad Aasim , Arawi Thalia , Dawson Angus , Emanuel Ezekiel J. , Garani-Papadatos T. , Ghimire Prakash , Iliyasu Zubairu , Lei Ruipeng , Mastroleo Ignacio , Mathur Roli , Okeibunor Joseph , Parker Michael , Saenz Carla , Thomé Beatriz , Upshur Ross E.G. , Voo Teck Chuan
Published: January 2021

As the world reflects upon one year since the first cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and prepare for and experience surges in cases, it is important to identify the most crucial ethical issues that might lie ahead so that countries are able to plan accordingly. Some ethical issues are rather obvious to predict, such as the ethical issues surrounding the use of immunity certificates, contact tracing, and the fair allocation of vaccines globally. Yet, the most significant ethical challenge that the world must address in the next year and beyond is to ensure that we learn the ethical lessons of the first year of this pandemic. Learning from our collective experiences thus far constitutes our greatest moral obligation. Appreciating that decision-making in the context of a pandemic is constrained by unprecedented complexity and uncertainty, beginning in June 2020, an international group of 17 experts in bioethics spanning 15 countries (including low-, middle-, and high-income countries) met virtually to identify what we considered to be the most significant ethical challenges and accompanying lessons faced thus far in the COVID-19 pandemic. Once collected, the group met over the course of several virtual meetings to identify challenges and lessons that are analytically distinct in order to identify common ethical themes under which different challenges and lessons could be grouped. The result, described in this paper, is what this expert group consider to be the top five ethical lessons from the initial experience with COVID-19 that must be learned.
A tale of two SCADs: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection series
Authors: Rao Sanjana , Mittal Nitish , Ansari Mohammad M
Published: January 2021

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), a relatively rare condition, occurs when a tear is present in the coronary artery walls, slowing the flow of blood due to potential clotting. Most patients show symptoms of chest pain or shortness of breath; however, SCAD is seen mostly in relatively young and healthy women with minimal past medical history. Within this report, we present two female SCAD patients and the etiology of a SCAD case, including a complicated diagnosis and treatment. We describe a 33-year-old woman and a 40-year-old woman both presenting to the emergency department with chest pain and shortness of breath. Electrocardiogram was done and coronary artery angiography was performed on both patients, demonstrating a SCAD. Both patients were treated with aspirin, bet-blockers, and statin to relieve associated symptoms and accordingly discharged.
 
Key words: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), Female, intramural hematoma
Hyponatremia, osmotic demyelination syndrome, and the importance of the patient’s history
Authors: Gagnon Dominique
Published: January 2021

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM), first described in 1959, is a symmetrical non-inflammatory demyelinating disease with loss of oligodendrocytes that occurs most often following a rapid correction of severe hyponatremia (i.e., <120 mmol/L). It presents as a biphasic disease with initial seizure or encephalopathy, followed by clinical improvement and subsequent rapid deterioration with bulbar dysfunction, oculomotor dysfunction, various degree of paresis, and even locked in syndrome. Its occurrence is rare (≈0.6% of severe hyponatremia), it is diagnosed clinically and confirmed with brain imaging, ideally with magnetic resonance image, and it is reversible in approximately half the patients. Lesions are classically identified in the pons but extra pontine lesions (in basal ganglia, cerebellar white matter, thalamus, and hippocampus) have also been identified. The most commonly accepted molecular mechanism involves brain cell volume regulation with a rapid shift of osmole following brain edema which establishes during the chronic hyponatremic phase. For these reasons, osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) is a better term. The most identified risk factor is severe hyponatremia, but other electrolyte abnormalities can contribute, in particular, if the patient is an alcoholic or malnourished. This diagnosis should also be suspected in post-op patients with nausea and headache non-responsive to antiemetic and analgesic drugs. An essential step is an appropriate medical history, a list of medications, physical examination, and basic initial lab tests with the goal of identifying possible easily reversible causes of hyponatremia. Correction of severe hyponatremia with neurological symptoms should be done using rapid boluses of hypertonic saline solution in rapid succession with goals of increasing serum sodium by 5-6 mEq/L in the first two hours, which should be stopped if the level has risen by 10 mEq/L in the first five hours, and with the overall correction goal not to exceed 15-20 mEq/L in 48 hrs. This method has been shown safe in all hospital settings studied. Serial measurements of electrolyte levels and neurological examinations are recommended, as are correction of all electrolyte abnormalities, in
particular magnesium and potassium. Thiamine should be given to all patients with chronic alcohol use who present with hyponatremia and encephalopathy.
Pneumococcal pneumonia – a history based on chapters from the first edition (1950) and the latest edition (2018) of Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine
Authors: Kopel Jonathan , Hakim Ali , Nugent Kenneth , Berk Steven
Published: January 2021

Streptococcus pneumoniae remains an important cause of pneumonia-related morbidity and mortality, especially in children and older patients. Although routinely encountered in clinical practice, many clinicians do not know the historical developments in the management of pneumococcal pneumonia and their impact on public health interventions. Reviewing the evolution of clinical information about pneumococcal pneumonia can provide insight into the scientific and technological advances in medicine. Specifically, the development of antibiotics and the development of vaccines against pneumococci were important advances in modern infectious disease control. In addition, the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria marks an important development and highlights the need for new antibiotics, antibiotic stewardship, and effective vaccination. To illustrate these ideas, we discuss the evolution of clinical information about pneumococcal pneumonia between the 1st edition (published in 1950) and 20th edition (published in 2018) of Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. This comparison outlines the important advances in the prevention and treatment of pneumonia and provides the background for understanding future challenges in identifying, treating, and preventing bacterial infections, such as pneumococcal pneumonia.
Keywords: Pneumococcal pneumonia, Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, antibiotics, vaccination, serotypes
Modeling of COVID-19 total hospitalizations in the United States
Authors: Kopel Jonathan , Tenner Thomas , Brower Gregory
Published: January 2021

The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus continues to increase across the globe affecting allaspects of modern life. It remains unknown whether COVID-19 hospitalizations can be effectivelymodeled using regression analysis. Specifically, it is unknown which regression model mayaccurately reflect past or future trends in COVID-19 hospitalizations. We wanted to see whetherwe could develop a simple model to describe both previous and future COVID-19 hospitalizations.The graph for total hospital admissions for COVID-19 shows a curve similar to a sine wave withpeaks in total hospitalizations occurring in April, July, and December. We used regression analysisfor total COVID-19 hospitalizations to provide insight into potential factors influencing COVID-19hospitalizations and predict future hospitalizations. We found that the total hospitalizations in theUnited States followed a sine-wave distribution with peaks in hospitalizations every 3.5 monthsbetween April and November 2020. However, the sine-wave distribution for COVID-19 disappearedwhen the model was extended to December 2020. In general, mathematical modeling ofhospitalizations works best when there is an established pattern of disease transmission frommultiple years of data collection; COVID-19 is a novel virus for which we have less than a year’sworth of data from which to draw conclusions. Furthermore, there remains uncertainty aboutthe trajectory of COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations in the future, particularly with the recentemergency use authorization of the Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines.Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, hospitalizations, ventilator, morbidity, and mortality
Antidiabetic action of combined medicine glikverin in terms of experimental Diabetes Mellitus type 2
Authors: Chikitkina O. M. , Kononenko N. M. , Chikitkina V. V. , Lar’yanovskaya Y. B.
Published: January 2021

Antidiabetic action of a new composition Glikverin was investigated in experimental DM in rats caused by streptozotocin on the background of nicotineamide. It was established that combination of quercetin and voglibose in one remedy determines more significant antidiabetic action than of these components separately. The influence on glicaemia level and lipid peroxidation/anbtioxidative system indexes on this model was of the same significance in Glikverin and standard reference agent tablets metformin. The efficacy of a new composition is confirmed by results of histological study. Positive influence on condition of pancreatic endocrine component in rats was more significant in Glikverin than in reference agents voglibose, quercetin and tablets metformin. Received data justifies and makes reasonable using Glikverin for correction of carbohydrate metabolism and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in terms of relative insulin resistance.
Safety study of extract of medicago sativa sowing grass
Authors: Yeriomenko Rimma F. , Maloshtan Lyudmila N.
Published: January 2021

In this study there was determined the absence of toxic effect after a single intragastric administration of EGMS at a dose of 5000 mg / kg to male and female rats. According to the conventional toxicological classification of substances, under the intragastric administration EGMS belongs to class V of toxicity – practically harmless substances (LD50  >5000 mg / kg). The results of macro- and microscopic studies of internal organs in 14 days after a single intragastric administration of EGMS at a dose of 5000 mg / kg showed the absence of any anatomical and morphological disorders in tissue structures of male and female rats. The calculated value of TI, which lies beyond 200, indicates a high level of safety of EGMS and its prospectivity for medical practice as an effective and safe corrector of protein metabolism with an anabolic action.
Sublingual ranula in a 71-year-old patient
Authors: Janas-Naze Anna , Chiżyński Adam , Szczepkowska Aleksandra , Osica Piotr
Published: January 2021

The article describes a case of sublingual ranula, methods of diagnostic and treatment.
The estimation of suspended sediment transport using nefelometric and traditional measurements of turbidity of water on an example of the cascade lower Brda River
Authors: Szatten Dawid Aleksander
Published: January 2021

The evaluation of the suspended sediment transport was conducted on artificial reservoir of cascade of lower Brda River, to compare methods: traditional (weight) and nephelometric (optical). The analysis was based on field research conducted below the Smukała Reservoir in the years 2014 - 2015. These included sample collection for determining the value of total suspension (traditional method) and nephelometric turbidity of water (laser method). Sampling was connected with the observations of water levels, for specifying the hydrological situation. The collected data were interpreted using basic statistical methods. Was found that the the Brda River is characterized by a low suspended sediments load. Observations turbidity of water was possible to determine temporary dynamics of suspended sediments and indicate the main source of the suspended material. Received in article data indicate that the compare methods are interchangeability.
The influence of the preparation of polyphenols and diazepam on behavioral reactions and sanogenesis at the dosed traumas of the gingival margin of one year’s rats
Authors: Nikolaeva Anna Vladimirovna
Published: January 2021

At the experiments on the 22 rats, 12 months age was studied the influence of the preparation of Phytosedum polyphenols and  the tranquilizer of Diazepamum on the healing process of the standart injuries of  gums. The assessment of behavioral responses was carried out for 5 minutes in rats in the test "open field" - were registered parameters, that describing their motor activity.The Aim of this research was to study the influence of the preparation of polyphenols on the healingprocess of the standard injuries  of the mucous membrane gingiva depending on the type of conduct and the usefulness of the diet of old rats.Materials and methods. In the experiment were used 22 albino rats of 12 months of age. Before starting the experiment was evaluated the behavioral responses of all animals in the test "open field." Then rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, which daily orally administered: 1st group (5 rats) - water (1.0 ml / kg);  2d group  (5 rats) - water - 1.0 ml / kg; 3rd group (6 rats) "BDP + diazepam"; 4th group (6 rats) - ("BDP + phytosedum " - 1.0 ml / kg in 1: 1 dilution).Results and conclusions. Established the dependence the rate of the occurrence of complete healing of injuries from "psycho" rats. In terms of total active motor and search activity of rats healing occurs earlier than in passive animals. The introduction of drugs of natural origin - fitoseda and synthetic - of Diazepamum offsetting these differences. Diazepam lowerd terms of the full adhesion, and Phytosedum  - stimulate of the process of sanogenesis fitosed. Despair reduction of research and the behavioral activity of old rats from the usefulness of their diet.
Evaluation of health status of adult population in the observation area of Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant
Authors: Khomenko I. M. , Zakladnaya N. V.
Published: January 2021

Introduction. Exploitation of nuclear power plants (NPP) is accompanied by a specific radiation and non-radiation influence on the environment. That is why the detection of their influence on the health of adjacent areas residents is of great importance.Objective. To estimate health status of the population of observation area of nuclear power facilities ofUkraineon the example of Zaporizhia NPP.Materials and methods. System review, bibliographic, analytical and statistical methods are used in the research.Results. An increase in the disease incidences of the digestive system of the adult population was found in certain regions of Zaporizhia NPP observation area.Conclusions. In connection with further development of nuclear power engineering and extension of nuclear power plants inUkraineafter the end of their operation lifetime and possible influence of adverse environmental factors during their exploitation for health of population dwelling on the observation area, the morbidity of population requires more detailed study and estimation.
Sport and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Iłżecka Joanna
Published: January 2021

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons. Symptoms of the disease include progressive weakness and atrophy of muscles and increasing respiratory failure. The etiology of the disease is not completely unknown. Data from the literature suggest that sport can be a risk factor for ALS through vigorous physical activity, trauma or micro trauma associated with it, and the acceptance by athletes toxic substances. Research on this topic conducted in patients with ALS are not clear, but some of them point to the importance of vigorous physical activity and traumatic factors in causing disease. The above issues require further research. The aim of the work was a review of the literature concerning sports and risk of ALS.
Initiatives for the quality of medical simulation in the training of nurses
Authors: Studnicka Katarzyna , Zarzycka Danuta
Published: January 2021

Introduction. In the training of nurses, simulation is used more and more often as an educational tool. For that purpose, various means and tools of simulation are employed, starting with simple trainers, which have been in use for quite a long time, through complex in structure and more and more physiologically and informatically advanced high-fidelity simulators placed in a realistic virtual environment to trained people (so called standardised patients). The addressee of the educational actions, assuming an active role, is a student, but it is the teacher with a special training in conducting this type of courses that is the coordinator of such actions.

Purpose. Presentation of selected initiatives for the quality of medical simulation in training nurses.

Method. Unsystematic review of literature, based on the thematic selection of articles, with a preference for the studies constituting a systematic review of works published in the last 14 years.

Results.All the organizations mentioned below support and shape globally the development of medical simulation in the training of nurses. It is worth getting familiar with their mission and standards as they can help to develop medical simulation and educate the students of nursing at the best possible level so as to master not only the basic skills, but also those related to the communication within a team or decision making.

Summary. Simulation has existed for centuries, but only recently has it started to have a big impact on healthcare. A need exists for the change in the training of nurses to facilitate the transfer of theoretical knowledge for the student into the clinical context and develop the necessary personal competences, which can be provided for by high-fidelity simulation.
Should the identified correlations between the spine, pelvis and feet be considered in the functional therapy of postural static disorders?
Authors: Sokołowski Marek , Brzozowska Malina , Posłuszny Bartosz
Published: January 2021

The human locomotor system is a complex kinematic system whose elements remain in uninterrupted mutual subtle relations. Any changes in the position or function within the spine-pelvis complex or in lower limbs trigger mutual reactions. Therefore, one should believe that the concept of tensegration and the integrity of myofascial tapes, assuming that the normal function of the musculoskeletal system depends on the correct deployment of tension between specific elements of the system, is currently the only concept that meets the needs of the comprehensive therapy of postural mistakes and defects.
Analgesic activity of new complex compounds SnCl4 with salicyloylhydrazones of benzaldehyde and brombenzaldehyde
Authors: Prokopchuk Elena , Aleksandrova Alexandra , Kravchenko Iryna
Published: January 2021

The physiological role of pain helps to avoid or limit the tissue damage and therefore it provides the vital protective function. It has been previously studied, that complex compounds SnCl4 with salicyloylhydrazones of benzaldehyde and brombenzaldehyde as well as their components represent the practical interest by the manifestation of anti-inflammatory and antidepressive action. In this case the analgesic properties of the complexes themselves, as well as compounds belonging to their structure were of interest of our study. The experiments were performed on white mice. Several chemical (allyl isothiocyanate or AITC, capsaicin, formalin) and thermal effects have been chosen in this investigation for studying the analgesic activity and establishing the possible mechanisms of antinociceptive effect.

The tested compounds showed a mixed type of receptor interaction using models with different types of stimulation, which allows to make conclusions about their perspective as highly effective analgesics with a complex mechanism of action.
The differences in some motor skills among students involved in karate and football
Authors: Berisha Ajvaz , Koca Afrim , Berisha Kushtrim
Published: January 2021

In theory and practice of every sport, and therefore also in the sport of Karate there are certain rules that must be respected in order to meet the desired goals. As a very important rule in the sport of karate is to start the physical exercising at the youngest age possible in order to stimulate the development of those motor skills which are specific to the sport.

As for its implementation, this study has a transversal empirical character, which means that the measurements of the motor skills are done over a specific time period. The sample was defined as students of the age of 12 from the Middle School “Selami Hallaqi” Gjilan. In this research have been included 90 students, or two groups with 45 students each. The first group is consisted of students who except for the regular two hours per week of physical education classes have also exercised the sport of karate two more times a week, an hour a day. While, the second group is consisted of a student who besides the regular two times a week of physical education have also exercised football two more times, one hour per day. Measurements were made at the end of the school year. 9 motor variables were applied (Kurelić et al. 1975), running in 20 meters (MT20V), long jump from the place (MSKDM), high jump from the place (MSKVM), hand taping (MTRUK), leg walk ( MTNOG), eight with bowing(MOSPR), running sideways (mtrs) bowing ahead in the bank (MFLPRK), legs spread sideways-retaliation (MFLSP). For the processing of the result it was applied the analysis of t-test for independent samples.

The basic statistical parameters of the results obtained in the two groups involved in the research show that the values obtained do not have an outlined asymmetry and incline to the lowest ones (hypo cortical). Analysis of the t-test for independent sample obtained shows that differences in all variables between groups were statistically significant.

The changes obtained from the students involved in karate section show that specific exercises applied in the training of karate have helped to improve the moor tasks to a large extent, which is confirmed by a statistically significant difference between young karate sportsman and footballers (p
Use of correctional technologies in the process of health-recreational fitness training by men with impaired biogeometric profile of posture
Authors: Kashuba Vitaliy , Rudenko Yuliya , Khabynets Tamara , Nosova Natalia
Published: January 2021

The purpose of the article is to study the effectiveness of correctional technology applied for impairment of biogeometric profile of posture observed among mature men in the process of their health-recreational fitness training. Objective. In general, the number of respondents involved in the sequential transformation phase of the experiment comprised of n = 50 people, i. e. men in the second period of their adulthood (35 – 45 years). Methods. The paper uses the data gained from the analysis of professional scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical observation; functional assessment of movements; analysis of men's posture was performed using the "Torso" program, visual screening of the biogeometric profile of posture, methods of mathematical statistics.

Results of the study. The paper presents a theoretical generalization as well as it offers a new solution to the scientific task, which presupposes development and scientific substantiation of correctional technology, applied for impairment of biogeometric profile of posture observed among men of the second period of their adulthood in the process of their health-recreational fitness training, all together aiming at improving general health. The author's technology consisted of three stages, in which physical activity was strictly regulated. The letter was determined on the basis of diagnosing the state of men's posture biogeometric profile. Among the criteria for the effectiveness of the author's technology the following ones should be noted, including the type of posture, the level of biogeometric profile of posture, the level of movements functional assessment, indicators of physical development, as well as physical fitness level of men aged 36 – 45 years. Conclusions. The results of a consistent transformation experiment have confirmed the effectiveness of the developed technology when it is used for correction of impaired biogeometric profile of the posture observed among men in the second period of their adulthood during their fitness training process. During the study the effectiveness of the author's technology was experimentally confirmed, which in its turn served as a basis for recommending it for practical use in the process of health-recreational fitness training by mature men. The framework of this work does not reduce the scientific potential of the chosen issue, and therefore the prospect of further research is to introduce and study the effectiveness of a differentiated approach to health-recreational fitness training by mature women given the level of biogeometric profile of their posture.
Molecular Fingerprinting of Indian Medicinal Tree Sara Asoca using RAPD Markers
Authors: Yadav Shailendra Singh , Waoo Ashwini A.
Published: January 2021

Saraca asoca is an important medicinal tree facing a serious problem of reduction from its instinctivetenancy in India.Before formulation of conservation strategies for geographical protection of S. asoca genotypes available in India, it is necessary to characterize them. In the current study, the RAPD markers have been utilized effectively for categorization of S. asoca collected from 15 diverse sites of India. An initial experiment on the amplification suitability of genomic DNA samples of four S. asoca was done with 35RAPD primers. Among them only twenty sixproved their efficiency in two times repeat amplification.Total 146 bands were amplified and out of these 97 bands were found to be polymorphic. The average numbers of total band was 5.61 while average numbers of polymorphic bands was 3.73. The numbers of bands produced per primer ranged from 3 (OPE-15) to 8 (RUF205). Among all studied markers the highest percentage (100%) of polymorphism was demonstrated by only one marker (OPE-06). The lowest percent of polymorphicm (20%) was demonstrated by marker RUF211. The average percentage of polymorphism was 66.44%. Cluster analysis grouped all the S. asoca genotypes under study into two groups. Grouping of genotypes according to their sites of collection demonstrates higher similarity among or between them. The results obtained in the current study may help to formulate conservation strategies for the conservation of S. asoca genotypes.
Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Genotypes Prevalent in KP
Authors: Farzana Farzana , Ahmad Ayaz , Ali Ijaz
Published: January 2021

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health dilemma affecting about 2 billion of world population and more than 350 million people are chronic HBV carriers including Pakistan with an estimated prevalence rate of 3%. HBV can be categorized into 10 genotypes (A-H) clarified by more than 8% of sequence divergence based on the whole genome. Although Pakistan is highly endemic to HBV no large scale study of HBV genotypes based on sequence analysis has been reported yet so the ongoing research study was aimed to explore the existing patterns of HBV genotypes based on sequencing method and phylogenetic analysis of HBV S gene distributed in Khyber Pakhtukhwa (KP)which isone of the third most populated province of Pakistan. A total of 3000 chronically HBV positive samples were collected from 7 most populous districts of KP and were analyzed by ICT followed by qualitative PCR for confirmation. Type-specific PCR or restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and random sequencing of the partial Sgene were carried out for HBV genotypes characterization. We obtained a 100 of, S gene nucleotide sequences out of which 28 nucleotide sequences demonstrating the whole diversity of the sequenced types were further used for phylogenetic study using Mega 6 software. Active infection of HBV was confirmed in all patients through qualitative PCR and three genotypes A, C, and D were confirmed by type specific PCR and RFLP. The most prevalent genotype detected was genotype D 68.3% followed by genotype A 22.6% and genotype C 8.53%. Phylogenetic analysis of the obtained sequences based on HBV S gene revealed that some of our HBV sequences clustered with some local isolates showing close homology with them while other clustered together with some foreign isolates with a high bootstrap value. However, one isolate didn’t match or show any similarity with any of HBV strain available in online repositories that point towards a great divergence and a distinctive origin of the strain.
Einleitung zum Themenheft Authentizität zwischen Wahrhaftigkeit und Inszenierung?
Authors: Felder Ekkehard , Gardt Andreas
Published: January 2021

The central question of this issue Authenticity between Truthfulness and Pretension? is directly related to the epistemologically explosive alternative of Reality or Construction?, which is the subject of an anthology published in 2018 under the same title (Felder/Gardt 2018). While the volume Reality or Construction dealt with interdisciplinary aspects with regard to the question of whether we actually have access to reality or whether we are merely caught up in our own constructions of reality, the present issue is concerned with a decidedly linguistic approach (more precisely: an approach based on the analysis of discourse and conversation, the history of concepts and relationships as well as social history), which also includes aspects of social symbolism and social semiotics. The articles focus on the phenomenon of authenticity, which opens up the speaker-centred perspective of truthfulness to complement the world-related issue of reality.
Constitució i altar: la fiscalització del comportament del clergat per part del cap polític durant el Trienni Liberal (1820-1823)
Authors: Sànchez Sancho Xavier
Published: January 2021

El cap polític com a màxima autoritat civil va ser conscient desd’un bon inici del Trienni Liberal (1820-1823) que s’havien de controlar elscomportaments que tenien a l’altar els clergues de l’arquebisbat de Tarragona.El sacerdot, com a guia espiritual, a través dels seus actes incidia sobrel’opinió pública d’una manera que ni les societats patriòtiques, ni cap espaide confluència social d’activitat política, podia fer-ho. Ens trobem amb unaestructura eclesiàstica generalment reticent a acceptar el liberalisme, on lagran majoria de clergues desoïa les ordres de promocionar el constitucionalismedes de l’altar. En aquesta recerca s’explicarà que a mesura que la tensiósocial i la desobediència clerical van anar creixent, hi va haver una majorimposició del cap polític sobre l’arquebisbat de Tarragona.
De la iglesia a las calles. La buena prensa navarra y las movilizaciones católicas ante el laicismo liberal (1906-1910)
Authors: Gainza Laset Beatriz
Published: January 2021

Este artículo se basa en un análisis de la prensa sobre la cuestiónreligiosa en el contexto de la primera década del siglo xx en Navarra. A travésde dos diarios, el carlista El Pensamiento Navarro y el conservador Diario deNavarra, se trata de ver el papel de la prensa como elemento movilizador enuna sociedad de masas y analizar cómo las corrientes políticas que representabanse unieron en un movimiento de protesta unitario contra las medidaslaicistas de los gobiernos liberales, en un momento en el que en España seestá forjando una nueva identidad católica, de perfil victimista y militante,que se vinculará indefectiblemente a una idea de nación y que será clave paraentender las futuras estrategias comunes de conservadores y carlistas.
Method for measuring the radius of mean curvature of a spherical
surface based on phase measuring deflectometry
Authors: Hong Tiexin , Li Dahai , Wang Ruiyang , Zhang Xinwei , Liu Xiaoxiao
Published: January 2021

In this paper, a method for measuring the radius of mean curvature (

R

m

) of the spherical surface based on
phase measuring deflectometry is proposed. With our method, the
average of the

R

m

in a small region is constrained by a
preknown radius of curvature (

R

p

), and the height of an anchor point
in this region can be calculated with iterative and optimization
methods. Then both the height and slope data of the spherical surface
can be obtained, and the

R

m

of each point of the spherical
surface can be calculated by a differential geometric method. The
feasibility of the proposed method is verified by simulation. In the
experiment, a spherical surface with 88.652 mm radius of curvature is
measured to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method, which can be
used to accurately measure the

R

m

of each point on the spherical
surface by online or in situ measurement.
Second derivative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for estimating tissue hypoxia
Authors: Bachir Wesam , Hamadah Omar
Published: January 2021

Estimating tissue hypoxia using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has been a tough challenge. In this work, a novel approach for extracting tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) from diffuse reflectance spectra is presented. The devised method is based on the second derivative of visible light diffuse reflectance of tissue over 100 nm ranged from 500 nm to 600 nm. The theoretical predictions of the method were confirmed by estimating StO2 from simulated diffuse reflectance generated by Monte Carlo based look-up tables. Effect of scattering and blood volume fraction on the StO2 estimation are quantified. Validation was also tested on clinical measurements from oral mucosal tissue. The devised second derivative Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (SD-DRS) shows a potential application for detecting tumor hypoxia, in particular, the differentiation between healthy and cancerous tissue.
Effects of visual impairment on mobility functions in elderly: Results of Fujiwara-kyo Eye Study
Authors: Miyata Kimie , Yoshikawa Tadanobu , Harano Akihiro , Ueda Tetsuo , Ogata Nahoko
Published: January 2021

The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a significant association between a visual impairment (VI) and mobility functions in an elderly Japanese cohort. The subjects of this study were part of the Fujiwara-kyo Eye Study, a cross sectional epidemiological study of elderly individuals conducted by Nara Medical University. Participants were ≥70-years who lived in the Nara Prefecture. All underwent comprehensive ophthalmological examinations, and a VI was defined as a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) worse than 20/40 in the better eye. The associations between the BCVA and walking speed and one-leg standing time were determined. The medical history and health conditions were evaluated by a self-administered questionnaire. A total of the 2,809 subjects whose mean age was 76.3 ± 4.8 years (± standard deviation) were studied. The individuals with a VI (2.1%) had significantly slower walking speeds and shorter one-leg standing times than that of the non-VI individuals (1.5±0.4 vs 1.7±0.4 m/sec, P<0.01; 17.1±19.6 vs 27.6±21.3 sec, P<0.01, respectively). Univariate logistic regression found that the odds ratio (OR) for the slower walking speed (<1 m/sec) in the VI individuals was significantly higher at 7.40 (3.36–16.30;95% CI, P <0.001) than in non-VI individuals. It was still significantly higher at 4.50 (1.87–10.85;95% CI, P = 0.001) in the multivariate logistic regression model after adjusting for the BCVA, age, sex, current smoking habit, and health conditions. Our results indicate that the walking speed and one-leg standing times were significantly associated with VI.
On the inaccuracies of dental radiometers
Authors: Shortall Adrian C. , Hadis Mohammed A. , Palin William M.
Published: January 2021

This study investigated the accuracy of sixteen models of commercial dental radiometers (DR) in measuring the output of thirty-eight LED light curing units (LCUs) compared with a 'gold standard' laboratory-grade spectrometer integrating-sphere (IS) assembly. Nineteen Type I (fiber-bundle light guide) and nineteen Type II (light source in head) LED LCUs were tested, some using different output modes and light guides, resulting in 61 test subsets per radiometer. Gold standard (GS) output measurements (n = 3) were taken using the IS and confirmed with two types of laboratory-grade power meter (PowerMax-Pro 150 HD and PM10-19C; Coherent). One DR (Bluephase Meter II, Ivoclar; BM II) allowed power (mW) as well as irradiance (mW/cm2) recordings. Irradiance readings (n = 3) for each DR/LCU were compared with the IS derived irradiance. Individual LCU irradiance values were normalized against IS data. The GS method yielded reproducible data with a 0.4% pooled coefficient of variation for the LCUs. Mean power values ranged from 0.19 W to 2.40 W. Overall power values for the laboratory-grade power meters were within 5% of GS values. Individual LCU/DR normalized irradiance values ranged from 7% to 535% of the GS; an order of magnitude greater than previous reports. BM II was the only radiometer to average within 20% of normalized pooled GS irradiance values, whereas other radiometers differed by up to 85%. Ten radiometers failed to provide any reading for 1 LCU. When tested with the PowerMax-Pro in high speed (20 kHz) mode, eight LCUs demonstrated pulsing outputs undetectable at the standard (10 Hz) data acquisition rate. Sufficient light exposure is critical for the successful curing of dental resin-based materials. Substantial discrepancies may occur between actual and estimated radiometric data using current DRs. More accurate DRs need to be developed. Manufacturers' accuracy claims for DRs should specify compatible LCUs and testing parameters.
Serum TSH level as predictor of Graves’ disease recurrence following antithyroid drug withdrawal: A systematic review
Authors: Subekti Imam , Kartiko Gracia Jovita , Suhardi Zahra Farhanni , Muhadi  , Wisnu Wismandari
Published: January 2021

Graves’ disease (GD) has a high recurrence rate despite various and adequate treatment. Numerous studies have been performed to identify the predictor of disease recurrence. This report aims to investigate the role of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level as a thyrotropin in predicting the recurrence of Graves’ disease within 1 to 2 years following antithyroid drug (ATD) withdrawal. Literature searching was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Proquest, EBSCO in August 2019 and Google Scholar in October 2020. The study criteria include the study that evaluates TSH level 4 weeks following ATD withdrawal, with subjects ≥18 years old who are retrospectively or prospectively followed up after 1 to 2 years following ATD withdrawal. Four eligible studies were selected based on inclusion/exclusion criteria, all of which measured TSH level at 4 weeks following ATD withdrawal. All studies had 1 to 2 years follow up. One study was an RCT, two studies were done in prospective cohort and another in retrospective cohort. All studies had comparable validity and applicability. Three out of four studies suggested that low TSH level measured 4 weeks following treatment withdrawal was associated with higher risk of disease recurrence. In conclusion, low TSH level obtained 4 weeks after ATD withdrawal was associated with higher rate of recurrence rate in GD.
Impact of influenza vaccination on amoxicillin prescriptions in older adults: A retrospective cohort study using primary care data
Authors: Rodgers Lauren R. , Streeter Adam J. , Lin Nan , Hamilton Willie , Henley William E.
Published: January 2021

Background

Bacterial infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract are a frequent complication of influenza and contribute to the widespread use of antibiotics. Influenza vaccination may help reduce both appropriate and inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics. Electronic health records provide a rich source of information for assessing secondary effects of influenza vaccination.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study to estimate effects of influenza vaccine on antibiotic (amoxicillin) prescription in the elderly based on data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. The introduction of UK policy to recommend the influenza vaccine to older adults in 2000 led to a substantial increase in uptake, creating a natural experiment. Of 259,753 eligible patients that were unvaccinated in 1999 and aged≥65y by January 2000, 88,519 patients received influenza vaccination in 2000. These were propensity score matched 1:1 to unvaccinated patients. Time-to-amoxicillin was analysed using the Prior Event Rate Ratio (PERR) Pairwise method to address bias from time-invariant measured and unmeasured confounders. A simulation study and negative control outcome were used to help strengthen the validity of results.

Results

Compared to unvaccinated patients, those from the vaccinated group were more likely to be prescribed amoxicillin in the year prior to vaccination: hazard ratio (HR) 1.90 (95% confidence interval 1.83, 1.98). Following vaccination, the vaccinated group were again more likely to be prescribed amoxicillin, HR 1.64 (1.58,1.71). After adjusting for prior differences between the two groups using PERR Pairwise, overall vaccine effectiveness was 0.86 (0.81, 0.92). Additional analyses suggested that provided data meet the PERR assumptions, these estimates were robust.

Conclusions

Once differences between groups were taken into account, influenza vaccine had a beneficial effect, lowering the frequency of amoxicillin prescribing in the vaccinated group. Ensuring successful implementation of national programmes of vaccinating older adults against influenza may help contribute to reducing antibiotic resistance.
Prevalence of MRSA nasal carriage among pregnant women in Copenhagen
Authors: Holm Mona Katrine Alberthe , Winther Thilde Nordmann , Kammann Sisse , Rasmusson Marianne Skovby , Brooks Lis , Westh Henrik , Bartels Mette Damkjær
Published: January 2021

Background

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) frequently causes outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). It is believed that MRSA predominantly enters the NICU with MRSA colonized parents. In Denmark, 27 MRSA NICU outbreaks have been registered between 2008 and 2019.

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of MRSA nasal carriage in pregnant women in Copenhagen and to clarify if MRSA screening during pregnancy could add to the prevention of NICU outbreaks.

Methods

All pregnant women 18 years or older were offered MRSA nasal screening at their first midwife visit between 13 and 20 weeks of gestation.

Results

1778 pregnant women were included, two (0.11%) carried MRSA in the nose.

Conclusion

Infants of the two MRSA positive women were not admitted to a NICU and therefore the screening had no impact on NICU outbreaks. The low prevalence of MRSA found in this study does not justify MRSA screening of all pregnant women in Denmark.
Nanoscale quantitative surface roughness measurement of articular cartilage using second-order statistical-based biospeckle
Authors: Youssef Doaa , Hassab-Elnaby Salah , El-Ghandoor Hatem
Published: January 2021

Quantitative measurement of nanoscale surface roughness of articular cartilage tissue is significant to assess the surface topography for early treatment of osteoarthritis, the most common joint disease worldwide. Since it was not established by clinical diagnostic tools, the current studies have been suggesting the use of alternative diagnostic tools using pre-clinical methods. This study aims to measure the nanoscale surface roughness of articular cartilage tissue utilizing biospeckle which is used as a non-destructive and non-contact optical imaging technique. An experimental setup was implemented to capture biospeckle images from twelve cross-section areas of articular cartilage tissue gathered from bovine knee joints at 632 nm wavelength laser radiation. Then, to analyze the biospeckle image, a second-order statistical-based method was proposed through the combination of 308 highly correlated statistical features extracted from implemented gray-level co-occurrence matrices by employing principal component analysis. The result indicated that the measurement of the nanoscale surface roughness based on the first principal component only is able to provide accurate and precise quantitative measurement of early signs of articular cartilage degeneration up to 2500 nm.
Baseline T cell immune phenotypes predict virologic and disease control upon SARS-CoV infection in Collaborative Cross mice
Authors: Graham Jessica B. , Swarts Jessica L. , Leist Sarah R. , Schäfer Alexandra , Menachery Vineet D. , Gralinski Lisa E. , Jeng Sophia , Miller Darla R. , Mooney Michael A. , McWeeney Shannon K. , Ferris Martin T. , Pardo-Manuel de Villena Fernando , Heise Mark T. , Baric Ralph S. , Lund Jennifer M.
Published: January 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed that infection with SARS-CoV-2 can result in a wide range of clinical outcomes in humans. An incomplete understanding of immune correlates of protection represents a major barrier to the design of vaccines and therapeutic approaches to prevent infection or limit disease. This deficit is largely due to the lack of prospectively collected, pre-infection samples from individuals that go on to become infected with SARS-CoV-2. Here, we utilized data from genetically diverse Collaborative Cross (CC) mice infected with SARS-CoV to determine whether baseline T cell signatures are associated with a lack of viral control and severe disease upon infection. SARS-CoV infection of CC mice results in a variety of viral load trajectories and disease outcomes. Overall, a dysregulated, pro-inflammatory signature of circulating T cells at baseline was associated with severe disease upon infection. Our study serves as proof of concept that circulating T cell signatures at baseline can predict clinical and virologic outcomes upon SARS-CoV infection. Identification of basal immune predictors in humans could allow for identification of individuals at highest risk of severe clinical and virologic outcomes upon infection, who may thus most benefit from available clinical interventions to restrict infection and disease.
El almacenamiento de productos agrarios en O Castelo de Laias (Cenlle, Ourense). Estrategias de conservación y consumo
Authors: Álvarez González Yolanda , Orejas Saco del Valle Almudena , López González Luis Francisco
Published: January 2021

El asentamiento de O Castelo de Laias, junto al río Miño, ha proporcionado una larga secuencia de ocupación, desde la Edad del Bronce Final-Primera Edad del Hierro hasta una fase altoimperial romana. El recinto superior del castro conserva un singular conjunto de estructuras para el almacenamiento de productos agrarios, datadas en los ss. IV y III a. C. Este recinto fue amurallado y su superficie acondicionada mediante bancales, para permitir la instalación de los graneros, mientras las viviendas se extendieron por la ladera. En este artículo, se propone una sistematización de los datos sobre la construcción y características de los contenedores; los productos almacenados, básicamente cereales, y una interpretación en clave social, teniendo en cuenta la capacidad de almacenamiento y la composición de lo almacenado en cada depósito.