bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mengukur Tingkat Efisiensi Bank Umum Syariah dengan Metode DEA dan Perbandingan dengan Rasio Keuangan (Studi Kasus: PT Bank Muamalat Indonesia dan PT Bank Mega Syariah)
Authors: Putra Joni Agusah , Doddy Muhammad
Published: June 2020

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengukur tingkat efisiensi Bank Muamalat Indonesia (BMI) dan Bank Mega Syariah (BMS). Metode yang digunakan adalah data envelopment analysis (DEA) model constant return to scale (CRS) dan model variabel return to scale (VRS) dengan pendekatan aset dan produksi. Hasil DEA model CRS pendekatan aset dibadingkan dengan rasio ROA sedangkan hasil DEA model VRS pendekatan produksi dibandingkan dengan rasio BOPO.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan, pada pendekatan aset BMI cenderung tidak efisien baik dengan model CRS, VRS dan secara skala. Sementara pada pendekatan produksi BMI tidak efisien dengan model CRS tetapi efisien berdasarkan model VRS dan secara skala. Sedangkan BMS cenderung dalam kondisi yang efisien pada pendekatan aset dan produksi baik dengan model CRS, VRSmaupun secara skala selama periode penelitian. Penelitian ini juga menyimpulkan, pengukuran efisiensi dengan DEA menunjukkan hasil yang konsisten dengan rasio keuangan ROA dan BOPO. Sehingga tidak ada perbedaan antara tingkat efisiensi menggunakan metode DEA dengan tingkat efisiensi menggunakan rasio keuangn pada BMI dan BMS selama periode penelitian.Kata Kunci: Efisiensi BUS, DEA, Rasio KeuanganABSTRACTThis research had been done to measure efficiency level Bank Muamalat Indonesia (BMI) and Bank Mega Syariah (BMS). The method tools were analysis envelopment data (DEA) model constant return to scale (CRS) and models variable return to scale (VRS) through asset and production approach. Result DEA model of asset approach CSR was compared to ratio ROA whereas result DEA model of production approach was compared to ratio BOPO. This research indicated that approach asset BMI tended to inefficiency both model CRS, VRS and by scale. Temporary approaching by production BMI in efficiency with model CRS but efficiency based on model VRS and by scale. Whereas BMS tended to be in efficiency to asset and production approach both model CRS, VRS and by scale during period of research. This research was also to conclude measurement efficiency by using DEA showed consistent result with financial ratio ROA and BOPO. So there would not be difference between the level of efficiency by using DEA method with the level of efficiency by using financial ratio at BMI and BMS during period of research.Keywords: BUS Efisiensi, DEA, Financial Ratio
PERAN DEWAN PENGAWAS SYARIAH DALAM PEMENUHAN PRINSIP SYARIAH DALAM PELAKSANAAN GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PADA PERBANKAN SYARIAH
Authors: Satifa Orisa , Suprapto Edy
Published: June 2020

This research is departing from the development of Islamic banking industry, which is growing rapidly. Moreover, the bank demanded to implement good corporate governance (GCG) in order to prevent any risk of islamic banking losses, both financial loss and reputation risk. The implementation of GCG in islamic banking industry have to meet the shariah compiance. Thus, to ensure the shariah compliance, it requires shariah supervisiory board (DPS), which it serves to maintain the bank‟s adherence to islamic principles in their activities to manage customer funds. The regulation of Bank of Indonesia no. 11/33/PBI/2009 on the implementation of GCG in islamic banks provide a comprehensive policy regarding the duties and the responsibilities of the DPS to ensure the fulfillment of islamic principles in implementation of good corporate governance in islamic banking.Keywords: Good corporate governance, Islamic Banking, Shariah Supervisiory Board, Shariah Principles, Regulation of Bank of Indonesia
ANALISIS POTENSI TERJADINYA FINANCIAL DISTRESS PADA BANK UMUM SYARIAH (BUS) DI INDONESIA
Authors: Rahmaniah Melan , Wibowo Hendro
Published: June 2020

ABSTRAK: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengukur tingkat kesehatan bank dengan menggunakan metode RGEC. Faktor-faktor yang dinilai adalah Risk profile, GCG, earnings, dan capital. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder yang diambil dari laporan tahunan tiga Bank Umum Syariah (BUS) pada tahun 2011 sampai 2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun 2011 hingga 2013 dari ketiga BUS tidak ada yang dinyatakan tidak sehat dan tidak berpotensi terjadinya high financial distress. Hasil Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa ketiga BUS tersebut mengalami penurunan dalam kinerja earning yang diukur dari rasio ROA dan ROE dan risiko likuiditas yaitu rasio FDR, akan tetapi penurunan kinerja tersebut tidak berpengaruh signifikan dan tidak menyebabkan masing-masing BUS mengalami potensi high financial distress.Kata kunci: Tingkat Kesehatan, Bank Umum Syariah, Metode RGEC, dan Financial Distress.ABSTRACT: This study aims to measure the soundness of Islamic banking using RGEC method. As RGEC method, factors used in this study are risk profile, good corporate government (GCG), earnings, and capital. The data used is secondary data which taken from annual report of three of Islamic bank from 2011 to 2013. This research used quantitative and descriptive approach to analyse the data. The result showed that the three Islamic banks are in a secure level of the soundness and has no potential of high financial distress. Moreover the result showed us that the three bank have decreased on earning performance which is measured by performance of ROA (Return on Asset) and ROE (Return on Equity) and liquidity risk is the ratio of FDR (Financing to Deposit Ratio), however the influence of it is not significant and each bank has not lead to high financial distress.Keywords: Level of Soundness, Islamic Banks, RGEC Method, and Financial Distress.
ANALISIS PENGARUH TINGKAT RELIGIOSITAS TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN BANK SYARIAH (STUDI KASUS PADA KARYAWAN KANTOR PUSAT BANK SYARIAH X)
Authors: Nuroniah Eva , Triyanto Abdi
Published: June 2020

ABSTRAK: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat religiositas dan kinerja karyawa bank syariah x; pengaruh religiositas karyawan erhadap kierjanya. Lebih lanjut penelitian ini juga melihat bagaiamana manajer meningkatkan kinerja karyawan. Objek dari penelitian ini adalah karyawan bank syariah X yang ada dikantor pusat. Metodologi penelitian ini menggunakan kombinasi kualitaif dan kuantitaif. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dari wawancara dan juga data sekunder. Dalam menganalisis data kuantitatif menggunakan regression test, sedangkan untuk yang kualitatif menggunakan induktif. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah; tingkat religiositas bank syariah X berada pada level yang bagus dan juga tingkat kinerja karyawan; tingkat religiositas berpengaruh sebesar 33,8 % terhadap kinerja karyawan dan selebihnya dipengaruhi oleh factor yang lain.Kata kunci: Religiositas, kinerja karyawan, Bank syariah, dan regresi.ABSTRACT: The purpose of this research is to test : (1) how the religiosity rate and workers performance in x syariah bank; (2) the influence of religiosity rate to workers performance. furthermore, this research will looking for the way how to increase workers performance. The object of this research is the workers of x syariah bank at the head office. The method of this research is the combination between quantitative and qualitative method. Using two types of data, the primer data (questionnaire, interview and observation) and the secondary data (documentation and literature). In quantitative analysis Regression test is used. Whereas for qualitative analysis, using inductive method. The result of this study show that: (1) the religiosity rate of x syariah bank workers is relatively at very religious level, Workers performance rate also relatively at very good level; (2) that there is a significant influence 33,8% between religiosity rate to performance. Whereas 66,2% performance influenced by other aspect such as culture and job environment, leadership from top management, job motivation, job satisfaction, and others.Keywords: Religiosity, performance, Islamic bank, Regression
DROPSHIPPING DALAM PERSPEKTIF KONSEP JUAL BELI ISLAM
Authors: Pitriani Elpina , Purnama Deni
Published: June 2020

ABSTRAK: Islam menghalalkan jual beli karena sangat diperlukan masyarakat. Namun demikian dalam pelaksanaannya diperlukan aturan-aturan yang kokoh yang harus dipelihara untuk menjamin muamalah yang baik. Jual beli tidak sempurna jika tidak ada kepemilikan barang oleh pelaku akad. Semakin canggih dan berkembang teknologi informasi yang pesat dapat memacu pergeseran dalam dunia bisnis, menyebabkan muncul bisnis yang tidak mengharuskan penjual memiliki barang, yang disebut dengan dropshipping. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan studi literatur pustaka, menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan : (1). Praktik jual beli dropshipping dari sisi pelaku akad (penjual pembeli) dan ijab qobul telah memenuhi rukun dan syarat jual beli Islam, dari sisi kepemilikan atas objek barang memiliki dua pendapat, yaitu: pertama, diperbolehkan dengan catatan penjual mendapatkan ijin dari pemilik barang dan penjual dapat mengadakan atau menghadirkan barang tersebut. Kedua dilarang, karena penjual menjual barang bukan miliknya/ barang masih berada pada pemiliknya (supplier). (2). Dalam proses dropshipping, penjual dilarang melakukan penipuan atau kecurangan, penjual tidak boleh memberikan penjelasan yang tidak jelas tentang barang dan harga kepada konsumen dan melepas keluhan dari konsumen.Kata Kunci: Jual beli, Dropshipping, Akad, dan HargaABSTRACT: Islam has allowed trading because it’s very needed by the society. However, in its implementation required the substantial rules stout that should be maintained to ensure the good transaction. Trading is not perfect but having any goods by the seller. Increasingly advanced and developmental the information technology a rapid progress encourage a movement in the business world, causing the emergence of business that is not requires the seller possess items that is dropshipping. The research use the library study, using qualitative descriptive method. The results showed that: (1). Dropshipping from the side of the seller and buyer and ijab qobul have met cornerstone and the conditions of buying and selling of islam, and from the side of possession of an object goods having two: first, it is allowed, with note seller get permission from the owner of goods and seller can convene or presenting these goods. Second, forbidden, because the seller sells goods instead of possession and still to the owners (supplier). (2). In the process the seller is prohibited from conducting fraud or cheating, can not give the unclear explanation about the goods and the price to consumers and release complaint from customer.Keywords: Trade, Dropshiping, Contract, and Price
Uang Elektronik Dalam Perspektif Islam
Authors: Abdulfattah M. Rizky Wady , Kurniawan Rachmat Rizky
Published: June 2020

Payment system into non-cash payment form is more efficient and economical. Electronic money arises as an answer to the community's need for a micro payment instrument that is expected to make the payment process faster, more efficient and safer at a relatively cheaper cost, but not all electronic money issued in accordance with the concept of sharia. This study is intended to find out electronic money in Islamic perspective on the contract and sharia principles applied to electronic money transactions. This research uses descriptive method using library learning method, that is studying theory, system, and how to work electronic money so that can found the relation of law and provision in electronic money transaction. This writing produces information about the legal contract and sharia principles in transactions that exist in electronic money.
Fiqh Solutions Against Usury (Riba) Practices In Conventional Banking
Authors: Rasyid Asgaft Asy-Syad
Published: June 2020

The discussion of usury as if there had never been an endpoint, from the time of the companions of the prophet to contemporary Islamic scholars. Especially when the practice of usury appears in banking financial institutions. The majority of contemporary Islamic scholars such as Yûsuf Al-Qaradhāwi, view that the operation of conventional banks based on interest is unlawful, because this is the same as usury. In line with the fatwa of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), which states that all forms of money interest practices within financial institutions are illegal. Over time, financial transactions (muamalah) carried out by someone also need instruments of financial institutions. So, a solution is needed for a Muslim to conduct financial transactions with the banking world. The fiqh study provides space for Muslims to conduct financial transactions both with individuals and with an institution while remaining based on applicable Islamic law.
Premios docentes con impacto: más allá del reconocimiento a la excelencia
Authors: Feixas M. , Zellweger F.
Published: June 2020

Los premios docentes son instrumentos dinámicos para desarrollar iniciativas institucionales y promover la calidad en la enseñanza. En España su trayectoria tiene menos historia y poco se ha publicado al respecto, no obstante en centro Europa y en los países anglosajones los premios llevan varias décadas formado parte de la educación superior. Tras años de otorgar premios, las instituciones quieren saber si están cambiando la percepción sobre la importancia de la docencia universitaria y cómo deberían diseñarse para que además de reconocer y honorar la excelencia docente, también promuevan el desarrollo sistemático de la cultura del aprendizaje en la organización, así como el Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL). En este artículo revisamos la bibliografía sobre las iniciativas de excelencia en la docencia y en concreto los premios a la excelencia en docencia; se muestran las concepciones de excelencia subyacentes a los premios y las ventajas y retos que se derivan de su implementación. Existen evidencias de que los premios docentes que no solo se otorgan para reconocen una trayectoria docente ejemplar sino que además promueven el desarrollo de proyectos transformativos, tienen mayor impacto no solo en el desarrollo docente individual sino también el colectivo e institucional. Un ejemplo que se muestra es el Premio de Desarrollo Docente de la Zurich University of Teacher Education. Finalmente, se presentan algunas recomendaciones para su implementación.
Firms’ export decisions: self-selection versus trial-and-error
Authors: Movahedi Mohammad , Shahbazi Kiumars
Published: June 2020

In this paper, a conceptual theoretical model is developed to better integrate various dimensions of the firms’ decision to export. The model sheds light on the affirmations of the founding models of the ‘new theory of international trade’, in particular the role of productivity and sunk costs of exporting in the firms’ export decision. It also takes into account two stylized facts that seem difficult to be reconciled with the implications of the founding models: 1) many domestic firms, regardless of their productivity level, enter foreign markets every year with little sales and cease all exporting activities in less than a year; 2) several of high-productivity firms choose to only serve their domestic market.
Basicity determination of SBA-15 doped with different alkaline metals through CO2 adsorption and isopropanol decomposition
Authors: Reale Natalia Romina , Cagnoli Maria Virginia
Published: June 2020

In order to increase the activity and selectivity towards to light olefins in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, new support for the role of iron (Fe) are presented. Thus, SBA-15 was synthetized and doped with different alkaline metals preserving the structural characteristics of the mesoporous solid. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction at low angles, N2 adsorption, atomic absorption spectroscopy, CO2 desorption at programmed temperature and isopropanol test. The alkaline metals (Li, K and Cs) introduction into the channels of the solid, generate basic sites of different strength that are not present in the SBA-15 without doping and do not produce significant changes in the structural and textural properties of the SBA-15, only a densification in the walls of the channels is evidenced. According to the alkaline metal used and through CO2 adsorption and isopropanol decomposition, it was possible to established the order by the total number of sites: Li >> K » Cs, and the force order for both types of sites (weak and intermediate): Li > Cs > K.
Recyclable Cu(II)-(MAA-EGDMA) catalyst for selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes using sodium hypochlorite
Authors: Khojasteh Roya Ranjineh , Maleki Mitra
Published: June 2020

Copper(II) α-benzoin oxime complex was synthesized by the reaction between copper(II) benzoate and α-benzoin oxime. The poly methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (MAA-EGDMA) was applied as support of copper complex catalyst for oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes using NaClO. The structure and morphology of immobilized Cu(II)-benzoin oxime have been studied by using different analysis including Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The yield of aldehydes was determined by Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis. The immobilized Cu(II)-benzoin oxime indicated a high catalytic activity compared to its absence for the alcohol oxidation with sodium hypochlorite. The effect of the reaction time and temperature, the solvent type, the amounts of catalyst and NaClO were optimized to obtain maximum yield. The prepared catalyst had various benefits such as being inexpensive, environmentally friendly manner, recyclable, reducing the reaction time and increasing the yield. A reaction mechanism is proposed for oxidation of alcohols in the presence of the catalyst.
Theoretical DFT study of Cannizzaro reaction mechanism: A mini perspective
Authors: Suhail Mohammad , Mukhtar Sofi Danish , Ali Imran , Ansari Ariba , Arora Saiyam
Published: June 2020

In regards to the Cannizzaro reaction and its peculiar mechanism, some researchers have presented a free radical mechanism for the Cannizzaro reaction, while others have found that it is feasible through an ionic mechanism, but the actual mechanism has not been finalized yet. The researchers have given the proof of both the mechanisms through their papers published. Actually, Cannizzaro reaction may occur through both mechanisms depending on both molecular structure and different conditions which are yet to be explained. Recently published papers describe that free radical mechanism occurs only in a heterogeneous medium, while an ionic mechanism occurs in a homogeneous medium. We revealed no explanation of the molecular structure-based reason, responsible for a radical or an ionic mechanism. The present paper reviews not only homogeneous/heterogeneous medium conditions but also molecular structure-based facts, which may be responsible for the Cannizzaro reaction to occur through the radical or ionic mechanism, and that may be acceptable to the scientific society. Besides, Density Functional Theory study using Gaussian software was also involved in the explanation of the molecular structure, responsible for one of the two mechanisms. Also, the present paper specifies all points related to future perspectives on which additional studies are required to understand the actual mechanism with a definite molecular structure in the different reaction media.
A Highly Selective and Simple Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Zinc at Nano-trace Levels in Some Environmental, Biological, Food, and Pharmaceutical Samples Using 2-hydroxynaphthaldehydebenzoylhydrazone
Authors: Ahmed Mohammed Jamaluddin , Hossain Faisal , Mahmood Esham
Published: June 2020

A simple, ultra-sensitive, and highly selective spectrophotometric method has been established for the trace quantification of zinc (Zn), using 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde benzoylhydrazone (HNABH). Zn forms a pale yellowish-green complex (maximum absorption at 426 nm) with HNABH (1:1, v:v) in a marginally acidic solution (0.00005-0.00023 M H2SO4). The average molar absorption coefficient and Sandell’s sensitivity were found: 2.87×105 L/mol.cm and 12 ng/cm2 of Zn, respectively. The observed linearity range for Zn was 0.01-50 mg/Lwith a detection limit of 1 µg/L. The analysis of biological, food, and vegetable samples using the suggested method were found to be in tremendous accord with those acquired by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The method has high precision and accuracy (s = ±0.01 for 0.5 mg/L). The limit of quantification of the proposed method was 10 µg/L.
In silico screening for the interaction of small molecules with their targets and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy by free online tools
Authors: Kumar Praveen , Satyanarayan Nayak Devappa , Madhunapantula Subba Rao Venkata , Kumar Hulikal Shivashankara Santhosh , Achur Rajeshwara
Published: June 2020

Pharmaceutical chemistry deals with the process of isolating organic compounds from natural sources or chemically synthesizing them in order to explore potential drugs. Drugs are small molecules, used to prevent or treat various diseases. Of several lead molecules, only few of them reach clinical trial phases and emerge as effective drugs, whereas the majority will be eliminated at different stages. On the other hand, due to the lack of proper identification of their pharmacokinetic properties and biological potential, many small molecules fail to reach this stage. This could be because of the fact that it is either time consuming and costly or there is full of uncertainty due to lack of analyses that are necessary for the confirmation. In the post-genomic era, computational methods have been implemented in almost all stages of drug research and development owing to the drastic increase in the available knowledge about small molecules and the target biomacromolecule. This includes identifying the suitable and specific targets for drug candidates, lead discovery, lead optimization and ultimately preclinical phases. In this context, numerous websites have become highly valuable and influence the drug development and discovery process. Here, we have attempted to bring together some of the online computational approaches and tools that are available to facilitate research efforts in the field of drug discovery and drug design. The output information from these tools is extremely helpful in selecting and deciding about the future direction or specific path needed to be followed by the researchers. These computational methods are indeed help to focus the intended research in the right direction. As detailed in this review, the information provided about the servers and methods should be useful throughout the process of screening of synthesized or chemical database originated small molecules to find the appropriate targets along with the active sites without depending on any commercial tools or time-consuming and costly assays. It should however be remembered that the bioinformatics-based prediction cannot completely replace the wet lab data of chemical compounds or specific assays.
Strong anthropogenic control of secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene in Beijing
Authors: Bryant Daniel J. , Dixon William J. , Hopkins James R. , Dunmore Rachel E. , Pereira Kelly L. , Shaw Marvin , Squires Freya A. , Bannan Thomas J. , Mehra Archit , Worrall Stephen D. , Bacak Asan , Coe Hugh , Percival Carl J. , Whalley Lisa K. , Heard Dwayne E. , Slater Eloise J. , Ouyang Bin , Cui Tianqu , Surratt Jason D. , Liu Di , Shi Zongbo , Harrison Roy , Sun Yele , Xu Weiqi , Lewis Alastair C. , Lee James D. , Rickard Andrew R. , Hamilton Jacqueline F.
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol (iSOA) is a significant
contributor to organic carbon (OC) in some forested regions, such as
tropical rainforests and the Southeastern US. However, its contribution to
organic aerosol in urban areas that have high levels of anthropogenic
pollutants is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the formation of
anthropogenically influenced iSOA during summer in Beijing, China. Local
isoprene emissions and high levels of anthropogenic pollutants, in
particular NOx and particulate SO42-, led to the formation of
iSOA under both high- and low-NO oxidation conditions, with significant
heterogeneous transformations of isoprene-derived oxidation products to
particulate organosulfates (OSs) and nitrooxy-organosulfates (NOSs).
Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass
spectrometry was combined with a rapid automated data processing technique
to quantify 31 proposed iSOA tracers in offline PM2.5 filter
extracts. The co-elution of the inorganic ions in the extracts caused matrix
effects that impacted two authentic standards differently. The average
concentration of iSOA OSs and NOSs was 82.5 ng m−3, which was around 3 times
higher than the observed concentrations of their oxygenated precursors
(2-methyltetrols and 2-methylglyceric acid). OS formation was dependant on
both photochemistry and the sulfate available for reactive uptake, as shown by a
strong correlation with the product of ozone (O3) and particulate
sulfate (SO42-). A greater proportion of high-NO OS products were
observed in Beijing compared with previous studies in less polluted
environments. The iSOA-derived OSs and NOSs represented 0.62 %
of the oxidized organic aerosol measured by aerosol mass spectrometry on average, but
this increased to ∼3 % on certain days. These results
indicate for the first time that iSOA formation in urban Beijing is strongly
controlled by anthropogenic emissions and results in extensive conversion to
OS products from heterogenous reactions.
Synergistic enhancement of urban haze by nitrate uptake into transported hygroscopic particles in the Asian continental outflow
Authors: Seo Jihoon , Lim Yong Bin , Youn Daeok , Kim Jin Young , Jin Hyoun Cher
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Haze pollution is affected by local air pollutants,
regional transport of background particles and precursors, atmospheric
chemistry related to secondary aerosol formation, and meteorological
conditions conducive to physical, dynamical, and chemical processes. In
the large, populated and industrialized areas like the Asian continental
outflow region, the combination of regional transport and local stagnation
often exacerbates urban haze pollution. However, the detailed chemical
processes underlying the enhancement of urban haze induced by the combined
effect of local emissions and transported remote pollutants are still
unclear. Here, we demonstrate an important role of transported hygroscopic
particles in increasing local inorganic aerosols, by studying the chemical
composition of PM2.5 collected between October 2012 and June 2014 in
Seoul, a South Korean megacity in the Asian continental outflow region,
using the ISORROPIA II thermodynamic model. PM2.5 measured under the
condition of regional transport from the upwind source areas in China was
higher in mass concentration and richer in secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA)
species (SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+) and aerosol
liquid water (ALW) compared to that measured under non-transport
conditions. The secondary inorganic species and ALW were both increased,
particularly in cases with high PM2.5 levels, and this indicates
inorganic species as a major driver of hygroscopicity. We conclude that the
urban haze pollution in a continental outflow region like Seoul,
particularly during the cold season, can be exacerbated by ALW in the
transported particles, which enhances the nitrate partitioning into the
particle phase in NOx- and NH3-rich urban areas. This study
reveals the synergistic effect of remote and local sources on urban haze
pollution in the downwind region and provides insight into the nonlinearity
of domestic and foreign contributions to receptor PM2.5 concentrations
in numerical air quality models.
Estimation of rate coefficients for the reactions of O3 with unsaturated organic compounds for use in automated mechanism construction
Authors: Jenkin Michael E. , Valorso Richard , Aumont Bernard , Newland Mike J. , Rickard Andrew R.
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Reaction with ozone (O3) is an important removal process for unsaturated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere. Rate coefficients for reactions of O3 with VOCs are therefore essential parameters for chemical mechanisms used in chemistry transport models. Updated and extended structure–activity relationship (SAR) methods are presented for the reactions of O3 with mono- and poly-unsaturated organic compounds. The methods are optimized using a preferred set of data including reactions of O3 with 222 unsaturated compounds. For conjugated dialkene structures, site specific rates are defined, and for isolated poly-alkenes rates are defined for each double bond to determine the branching ratios for primary ozonide formation. The information can therefore guide the representation of the O3 reactions in the next generation of explicit detailed chemical mechanisms.
Monsoonal forcing controlled cold water coral growth off south-eastern Brazil during the past 160 kyrs
Authors: Bahr André , Doubrawa Monika , Titschack Jürgen , Austermann Gregor , Nürnberg Dirk , Albuquerque Ana Luiza , Friedrich Oliver , Raddatz Jacek
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Cold-water corals (CWC) constitute important deep-water ecosystems that are increasingly under environmental pressure due to ocean acidification and global warming. The sensitivity of these deep-water ecosystems to environmental change is demonstrated by abundant paleo-records drilled through CWC mounds that reveal a characteristic alteration between rapid formation and dormant or erosive phases. Previous studies have identified several parameters such as food supply, oxygenation, and carbon saturation state of bottom water as central for driving or inhibiting CWC growth, yet there is still a large uncertainty about the relative importance of the different environmental parameters. To advance this debate we have performed a multi-proxy study on a sediment core retrieved from the 25 m high Bowie Mound, located in 866 m water depth on the continental slope off south-eastern Brazil, a structure built up mainly by the CWC Solenosmilia variabilis. Our results indicate a multi-factorial control on CWC growth and mound formation at Bowie Mound during the past ~160 kyrs, which reveals distinct formation pulses during glacial high northern latitude cold events (Heinrich Stadials, HS) largely associated with anomalous continental wet periods. The ensuing enhanced run-off elevated the terrigenous nutrient and organic matter supply to the continental margin, and might have boosted marine productivity. The dispersal of food particles towards the CWC colonies during HS was facilitated by the highly dynamic hydraulic conditions along the continental slope that prevailed throughout glacial periods. These conditions caused the emplacement of a pronounced nepheloid layer above Bowie Mound aiding the concentration and along-slope dispersal of organic matter. Our study thus demonstrates a yet unrecognized impact of continental climate variability on a highly vulnerable deep-marine ecosystem.
Last 2400 yrs. Environmental changes and human activity recorded in the gyttja-type bottom sediments of the Młynek Lake (Warmia and Masuria Region, northern Poland)
Authors: Welc Fabian , Nitychoruk Jerzy , Marks Leszek , Bińka Krzysztof , Rogóż-Matyszczak Anna , Obremska Milena , Zalat Abdelfattah
Published: June 2020

Abstract. In the densely forested Warmia and Masuria region (north-eastern Poland) there are many lakes characterized by small size, calm sedimentation and lack of tributaries, which makes them a very good archive of environmental data for the Holocene. For this reason, one of them – the Młynek Lake, located near the village of Janiki Wielkie, has been selected for multi-faceted palaeoenvironmental research based on a precise radiocarbon scale. Bottom sediments of this reservoir also contain unique information about anthropopression, because a defensive settlement has been operating on its northern shore since the early Iron Age to early Medieval period, which gives opportunity to correlate paleoenvironmental data with phases of the human activity in the last 2400 years. Between 3rd–2nd 2century BC the lake was surrounded by a dense forest with domination of warm and wet climate conditions. In turn of 2nd century BC and 2nd century AD forest around reservoir was much reduced, what can be associatedwith the first – early iron age – occupation phase attested on the strong hold located close to the lake. Between 2nd–9th century AD gradual restoration of forest and decline of human settlements is attested, along with lake deepening and onset of colder and humid climatic phase which correspond to global cooling episode known as Bond 1 (1.5 ka BP). Period between 9th–13th century AD indicates again intensive forest clearing around the lake in result of human activity (Middle Age settlement phase on stronghold). This period is characterized by climate change towards warming, which confirms the gradual 33shallowing of the lake (Middle Age warming period). Since 13 up to 17th century AD intensive cultivation34activity around lake tool place. The landscape is subjected to strong human transformations which means that environmental and climate changes are not so clear. However, changes in lake sedimentation can be seen around 1500, which may be associated with so called Little Ice Age - clod interval.
Different coastal marsh sites reflect similar topographic conditions for bare patches and vegetation recovery
Authors: Wang Chen , Schepers Lennert , Kirwan Matthew L. , Belluco Enrica , D'Alpaos Andrea , Wang Qiao , Yin Shoujing , Temmerman Stijn
Published: June 2020

Abstract. The presence of bare patches within otherwise vegetated coastal marshes is sometimes considered to be a symptom of marsh die-back and the subsequent loss of important ecosystem services. Here we studied the topographical conditions determining the presence and revegetation of bare patches in three marsh sites with contrasting tidal range, sediment supply and plant species: the Scheldt Estuary (the Netherlands), Venice Lagoon (Italy), and Blackwater Marshes (Maryland, USA). We analyzed topographic properties of bare patches, including elevation, size, distance and connectivity to channels based on GIS analyses of aerial and LIDAR imagery. Our results demonstrate that across the different marsh sites, bare patches connected to channels occur most frequently at the lowest elevations and farthest distance from the main channels. Bare patches disconnected from channels occur most frequently at intermediate elevations and distances from channels, and vegetated marshes dominate at highest elevations and shortest distances from channels. Revegetation in bare patches is observed in only one site with the highest tidal range and highest sediment availability, and preferentially occurs from the edges of small unconnected bare patches at intermediate elevations and intermediate distances from channels. Our results are discussed within the alternative stable state theory. We suggest the existence of two stable states, a high-elevated vegetated state close to channels that tends to remain high and vegetated, and a low-elevated state of bare connected patches far from channels that tends to remain bare, with an unstable state at intermediate channel distances where bare patches may form and rapidly become revegetated.
Evaluating the reliability of U–Pb laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) carbonate geochronology: matrix issues and a potential calcite validation reference material
Authors: Guillong Marcel , Wotzlaw Jörn-Frederik , Looser Nathan , Laurent Oscar
Published: June 2020

Abstract. We document that the reliability of carbonate U–Pb dating by laser ablation
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is improved by
matching the aspect ratio of the LA single-hole drilling craters and
propagating long-term excess variance and systematic uncertainties. We
investigated the impact of different matrices and ablation crater geometries
using U–Pb isotope analyses of one primary (WC-1) and two secondary
reference materials (RMs). Validation RMs (VRMs) include a previously
characterised one (ASH-15D) and a new candidate (JT), characterised by ID-TIMS
(intercept age: 13.797±0.031 Ma) with excellent agreement to pooled
LA-ICP-MS measurements (13.75±0.11 | 0.36 Ma), a U
concentration of approx. 1 µg g−1 and 238U∕206Pb ratios from 5
to 460, defining the isochron well. Differences in ablation crater depth to
diameter ratios (aspect ratio) introduce an offset due to downhole
fractionation and/or matrix effects. This effect can be observed either when
the crater size between U–Pb RM and the sample changes or when the ablation rate
for the sample is different than for the RM. Observed deviations are up to
20 % of the final intercept age depending on the degree of crater geometry
mismatch. The long-term excess uncertainty was calculated to be in the range
of 2 % (ASH-15D) to 2.5 % (JT), and we recommend propagating this
uncertainty into the uncertainty of the final results. Additionally, a
systematic offset to the ID-TIMS age of 2 %–3 % was observed for ASH-15D but
not for JT. This offset might be due to different ablation rates of ASH-15D
compared to the primary RM or remaining matrix effects, even when the aspect ratios chosen are similar.
Comparison of published palaeoclimate records suitable for reconstructing annual to sub-decadal hydroclimatic variability in eastern Australia: implications for water resource management and planning
Authors: Flack Anna L. , Kiem Anthony S. , Vance Tessa R. , Tozer Carly R. , Roberts Jason L.
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Knowledge of past, current and future hydroclimatic risk is of great importance. However, like many other countries, Australia's observed hydroclimate records are at best only ~ 120 years long (i.e. from ~ 1900 to present) but are typically less than ~ 50 years long. Therefore, recent research has focused on developing longer hydroclimate records based on palaeoclimate information from a variety of different sources. Here we review and compare the insights emerging from 11 published palaeoclimate records that are relevant to annual to sub-decadal hydroclimatic variability in eastern Australia over the last ~ 1000 years. The sources of palaeoclimate information include ice cores, tree rings, cave deposits and lake sediment deposits. The published palaeoclimate information was then analysed to determine when (and where) there was agreement (or uncertainty) about the timing of wet and dry epochs in the pre-instrumental period (1000–1899). The occurrence, frequency, duration and spatial extent of pre-instrumental wet and dry epochs was then compared to wet and dry epochs since 1900. The results show that instrumental records (~ 1900–present) underestimate (or at least misrepresent) the full range of rainfall variability that has occurred, and is possible, in eastern Australia. Even more disturbing is the suggestion, based on insights from the published palaeoclimate data analysed, that 71 % of the pre-instrumental period appears to have no equivalent in the instrumental period. This implies that the majority of the past 1000 years was unlike anything encountered in the period that informs water infrastructure, planning and policy in Australia. A case study, using a typical water storage reservoir in eastern Australia, demonstrates that current water resource infrastructure and management strategies would not cope under the range of pre-instrumental conditions that this study suggests has occurred. When coupled with projected impacts of climate change and growing demands, these results highlight some major challenges for water resource management and infrastructure. Though our case study location is eastern Australia, these challenges, and the limitations associated with current methods that depend on instrumental records that are too short to realistically characterise interannual to multidecadal variability, also apply globally.
Accessible Table of Contents
Authors: Cohn Ellen R.
Published: June 2020

Accessible Table of Contents
Commuting inequality, role of urban structure, and identification of disadvantaged groups in the Mexico City metropolitan area
Authors: Bautista-Hernández Dorian Antonio
Published: June 2020

Cities in developing countries are undergoing a vigorous urbanization process marked by deep social and economic inequalities, which are reflected in transportation. This study analyzes one-way Average Commute Time (ACT) in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, specifically regarding its spatial pattern in relation to the urban center and the differences between cars and public transportation. It also explores the urban structure drivers as well as the social dimension. Results show that ACT is lower for car drivers than for transit users. The curve depicting the relationship between ACT and distance to the center differs between private car and public transit, being semi-flat for the former and an inverted U-shaped curve for the latter. There is a higher spatial correlation for transit ACT than for car ACT. Based on the results from Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and spatial regression models, travel times from TRANUS transport model show that job accessibility plays a significantly inverse role in determining ACT for transit users and car users alike. However, this response is not consistent according to observed travel times from the 2017 Household Origin Destination Survey (HODS17). In regard to population groups, migrants and indigenous populations display significantly longer commute times, especially when using public transit, providing evidence that these groups are disadvantaged.
A Pragmatic Study of Swearing Objects and Expressions in Jordanian Arabic
Authors: Banikalef Alaeddin Abdullah
Published: June 2020

This research paper aims at exploring the swearing objects and expressions that are used in Jordanian Arabic, particularly in the Mafraq Governorate. This study provides foreigners with enough information on swearing objects and expressions in the Mafraq Governorate. The stratified sample which allows selecting a separate simple random sample from each population stratum was applied in the current research. Questionnaire and interview method were employed in this study. The study found that Jordanians in Mafraq Governorate use fifteen swearing objects, including swearing by imaginary custodians as a unique swearing object for this area of Jordan. Various swearing expressions are used when people in Mafraq swear by these objects. The research paper concludes that there are differences in the percentage of using swearing objects between Mafraq Governorate and other northern parts of Jordan. The research paper recommends a new study of swearing objects and expressions in the whole of Jordan. A comparative study of swearing objects and expressions between Jordan and a certain western country, particularly a native English country is recommended.
Aptitud social de la percepción ambiental en el Parque Metropolitano Bicentenario, ciudad de Toluca, México
Authors: Orozco Hernández María Estela , Álvarez Arteaga Gustavo , Reyes Zuazo María Antonieta
Published: June 2020

La urbanización inclusiva incorpora áreas verdes como estrategia para la adaptación a la variación climática, a nivel local se desconoce la capacidad social para el manejo resiliente de los parques urbanos. El estudio analiza la aptitud social a través de la percepción ambiental en el Parque Metropolitano Bicentenario. La pregunta y el constructo proponen: ¿cómo influye la percepción ambiental en la aptitud social? La aptitud social es una capacidad adaptativa condicionada por factores subjetivos y socioculturales. A través de un diseño no experimental, observación directa y un cuestionario aplicado a una muestra de visitantes y residentes, se identifica el patrón de percepción y las áreas de oportunidad para la mejora ambiental. Los resultados establecen que la aptitud social exhibe un bajo nivel de empatía e intersubjetividad, falta de participación, especialmente en estados de neutralidad e indiferencia, debido a problemas económicos y personales. Se concluye que el potencial social de la capacidad de adaptación se articula a través de juicios de valor que definen una fuerte disposición proambiental, la selección y clasificación de opciones de mejora que implican necesidades y expectativas de responsabilidad ambiental, participación social vinculada al bienestar emocional y beneficios de recreación, deporte y salud. La operación depende del sistema de decisión que organiza los programas y proyectos de mejora continua, los procesos de cooperación y negociación, y el marco regulatorio para el manejo socio-ecológico de las áreas verdes en Toluca.
Legislación, riesgos y retos de los sistemas biométricos
Authors: Quintanilla Mendoza Gabriela
Published: June 2020

La identificación personal ha obligado a los individuos a tener múltiples contraseñas, tokens y números o documentos personales de identificación, que han resultado no ser lo más adecuado para actividades en línea. Las tecnologías biométricas han ofrecido formas de identificación y validación eficientes, pero también han resultado ser inseguras ante posibles trasgresiones o mal uso que pudieran realizar los controladores. Si bien existe legislación para reglamentar esta información, resulta todavía limitada. Con el nuevo Reglamento General de Protección de Datos europeo, se espera que se extienda la protección de los datos biométricos a todos los países, para que los riesgos y retos actuales sobre seguridad, privacidad y derechos humanos sean atenuados.
Obligaciones de seguridad en el tratamiento de datos personales en Chile: escenario actual y desafíos regulatorios pendientes
Authors: Benussi Díaz Carlo
Published: June 2020

El siguiente trabajo tiene por objeto examinar y esquematizar el panorama regulatorio actual y futuro de obligaciones legales de seguridad vinculadas al tratamiento de datos personales efectuado en Chile. Para esto, hacemos una revisión de lo que sobre estas obligaciones dispone la Ley 19.628 sobre Protección de la Vida Privada; la Ley 20.584 que «Regula los derechos y deberes que tienen las personas en relación con acciones vinculadas a su atención en salud» y su reglamento; la Ley 20.120 «Sobre la investigación científica en el ser humano, su genoma, y prohíbe la clonación humana» y su reglamento; y el proyecto de ley que modifica la Ley 19.628 sobre Protección de la Vida Privada, Boletín 11.144-07. En este examen se incluyen algunas consideraciones jurídicas particulares relativas a las obligaciones introducidas por este proyecto de ley.
Valoración algorítmica ante los derechos humanos y el Reglamento General de Protección de Datos: el caso SyRI
Authors: Lazcoz Moratinos Guillermo , Castillo Parrilla José Antonio
Published: June 2020

La Corte de Distrito de La Haya dictó el 5 de febrero de 2020 una sentencia sobre el Sistema de Indicación de Riesgos (SyRI), por la que considera que: i) es lícito utilizar instrumentos de este tipo siempre que exista un interés público que lo justifique y se tomen las medidas adecuadas para garantizar la mínima injerencia necesaria en el derecho a la privacidad; y ii) que la implementación de SyRI no ofrece garantías suficientes como para considerar que este sistema en concreto respeta el necesario juicio de proporcionalidad que debe superar toda injerencia en la privacidad de acuerdo con el artículo 8 del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos (CEDH). A lo largo de este trabajo reflexionaremos en detalle sobre las consideraciones de la Corte en esta sentencia en relación con el respeto a la privacidad, la obtención masiva de datos y la opacidad con que funcionan los algoritmos de análisis de datos masivos.