bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optical Characterization of NiO Doped Fe2O3
Authors: Chiad Sami Salmann
Published: December 2022

In this paper, the Fe2O3 thin film were prepared with various ratios doping of NiO by spray pyrolysis method on glass substrate temperature 400 °C. The initial solution was including a 0.1 M/L for both NiCl2 and FeCl3 diluted with redistilled water and a few drops of HCl. The effect of NiO-doping on optical properties were studied. UV-Visible spectrophotometer in the range of (300-900) nm used to determine absorbance spectra. The transmittance increased with increasing NiO content in NiO:Fe2O3 thin films, same behavior of extinction coefficient and skin depth. The energy gap increased from 2.45 eV before doping to 2.86 eV after 3% NiO-doping. While the reflectance, absorption coefficient, and refractive index are decreased with increasing NiO content in Fe2O3 thin films.
The Influence of Multicomponent Fertilizers on the Concentration of Nitrogen in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)
Authors: Draszawka-Bołzan Beata
Published: December 2022

Urbanization is the cause of many changes which is taking place in the environment, including those found in the catchment. A pot experiment on an acid brown soil was conducted in 1998-2001. Three multicomponent fertilizers were applied: Polifoska 8, Polifoska 15, Polimag 306 and Travit at the rates of 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 gN per pot. The total forms of nitrogen were determined in dry matter of perennial ryegrass with the use of ASA method. The contents of these elements were higher in the fertilized variants as compared to the control. No significant differences were found among the contents of investigated elements compared in plants treated with different multicomponent fertilizers. The chemical analyses indicated that increasing rates of the fertilizers applied enhanced the contents of nitrogen.
Manufacturing of Solvent-Free Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives in Form of Self-Adhesive Layers
Authors: Czech Zbigniew , Sowa Dominika , Ragańska Paulina
Published: December 2022

The present publication is related to a process for producing the non-solvent acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA). New applications and technical specifications stimulate the continuous development of new methods of polymerization of solvent-free acrylate. New synthesis of solvent-free acrylics includes polymerization in the reactor with removal of the solvent and polymerization of the carrier. The polymerization process is connected with UV-crosslinking.
The Effect of the Difference Time Grinding on the Structure and Morphology of Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3)
Authors: Omar Halo Dalshad
Published: December 2022

The objective of the paper has been given on the observations based on the studies on aluminum oxide (Al2O3) powder or alumina for different time grinding.A discussion about simple and low cost preparation of Al2O3 powder by (Mini Mill 2 Panalytical) and preparation of the sample was rotating at 0, 5,10 and 15 min and in the case of grinding of samples at high speed 659 rpm. Structure and morphology of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) powder its characterizations (XRD (Model: Panalytical Empyrean) and STM (Model: NTMDT Solver Nano.)) are studied in this research paper.
Comparative Study of Chemical Synthesis of Pyrimidine Derivatives by Using Grindstone Chemistry Technique and Conventional Method
Authors: Sonawane Ratnamala P.
Published: December 2022

The majority of the drugs on the market today are entirely chemically synthesized in the laboratory. Several scientists had synthesized dihydropyrimidine (DHPMs) derivatives showing a wide spectrum of biological actions as antibacterials, antivirals as well as antitumor agents. This activity is principally due to presence of steriogenic carbon C4 in their structure. The current investigation is comparative study of chemically synthesis of two DHPMs derivatives by Biginelli Reaction using conventional method and grindstone chemistry technique. The synthesis of DHPMs derivative involves a multicomponent reaction (aldehyde derivative, urea /thiourea and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds) in presence of HCl / NH4Cl as a catalyst. Two derivative viz. 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones and 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-thiones were synthesized and characterized using IR. The melting points were obtained are 208 °C and 210 °C respectively. “Grindstone Chemistry Technique” catalyzed by CuCl2·2H2O and Conc. HCl. gave more yield, solvent free and ecofriendly. The obtained products have been identified by comparison with spectral data & their melting points. This study will help to develop easy protocol for the synthesis of many more DHPMs derivative with high yield.
Performance of a Nano PbS/Si Hetrojunction Deposited by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis
Authors: Mousa Ali M. , Jawad Karem H.
Published: December 2022

Deposition of polycrystalline Lead sulfide nanothin films onto Si and glass substrates at temperatures (200-300 °C) was carried out by chemical spraying route using optimized preparative conditions. The XRD pattern confirmed the formation of PbS semiconducting films with orthorhombic structure. The electrical and optical properties of the nanocrystalline thin films were studied aiming to better understanding for the electrical and opto-electrical properties of a hetrojunction with p-type Si. It was found that, the average grain size of PbS in the films was between 4 nm and 7 nm. The band gap was also calculated from the absorption co-efficient curves and showed a blue shift due to the grain size of the nanoPbS in the films. The current-voltage (I-V) and photoresponse characteristics were obtained with different illumination intensities. The detector exhibits an evident wide-range spectral responsivity
Synergistic Effect of Cationic Surfactants in Adsorption
Authors: Kasilingam Thavan , Thangavelu C.
Published: December 2022

The corrosion behaviour of cationic surfactants, namely: cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB), have been used as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in well water. Protection efficiencies of the studied surfactants were depended on the hydrophobic chain length and concentration of the surfactants. The results shows that the order of protection efficiency is CTAB > DTAB. Tafel curves showed these surfactants are acting as an anodic inhibitors. Nyquist curves revealed that a protective film is formed on the metal surface. FTIR spectra suggest that the tested surfactants protective film consists of Fe2+-CTAB, Fe2+-DTAB and Zn(OH)2. Protection efficiency values and synergism parameters obtained weight loss; potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are consistent.
On Multiple Zagreb Indices of Dendrimer Nanostars
Authors: Farahani Mohammad Reza
Published: December 2022

In this paper, we focus on the structure of an infinite class of Dendrimer Nanostars D3[n] (n≥0 is infinite integer) and counting its First Multiple Zagreb index and Second Multiple Zagreb index. The Multiple Zagreb topological indices are equal to PM1(G)=(dv+dv) and PM2(G)=(dv×dv), where dv is the degree of a vertex v.
Characterization of Palm Nut Shell Carbon and Treated Flyash Residue for Adsorption of Coloring Matter from Aqueous Systems
Authors: Palanivel C. , Prabhakar L.D. , Emayavaramban M.
Published: December 2022

The Palm Nut Shell Carbon (PNSC) and Treated Flyash Residue (TFR) has prepared by sulphuric acid process and characterized.The characterization studies includes determination of moisture, bulk density, pH, carbon soluble in water and acid, decolourising power, iron content, phenol number and surface area parameters.The characteristics of these carbons were compared with that of high cost activated charcoal carbon (ACC).The PNSC and TFR were used for adsorption of colouring matter from the textile dyeing industrial effluents.
Prediction of Unsteady Natural Convection within a Square Cavity Containing an Obstacle at High Rayleigh Number Value
Authors: Souayeh Basma , Ben Cheikh Nader , Ben Beya Brahim , Lili Taieb
Published: December 2022

The present work deals with the prediction of a natural convection flow in a square cavity, partially heated by an obstacle placed at the bottom wall. The two transverse walls and the top wall of the cavity are supposed to be cold, the remaining walls are kept insulated. The main parameter of numerical investigations is the Rayleigh number (engine convection) varying from 103 to 105. When Ra is fixed at 107, the flow and thermal fields bifurcate and undergoes an unsteady behavior at critical positions. Flow patterns corresponding to the unsteady state are presented and analyzed in the current study. The simulations were conducted using a numerical approach based on the finite volume method and the projection method, which are implemented in a computer code in order to solve the Navier-Stokes equations.
Essential Oil Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Marrubium vulgare L. Growing Wild in Eastern Algeria
Authors: Abadi Abderazak , Hassani Aicha
Published: December 2022

In previous work [1], the essential oil of the aerial parts of Marrubium vulgare L. obtained by hydrodistillation was analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in order to determine their chemical composition. Fifty (50) components in the oil of M. vulgare were identified. The results demonstrated that the major components of the essential oil were: 4,8,12,16-Tetramethyl heptadecan-4-olid (16.97 %), Germacrene D-4-ol (9.61 %), α- pinéne (9.37 %), Phytol (4.87 %), Dehydro-sabina ketone (4.12 %), Piperitone (3.27 %), δ-Cadinene (3.13 %), 1-Octen-3-ol (2.35 %) and Benzaldehyde (2.31 %). In this study, the antioxidant properties of essential oil were examined. The results showed that this oil can be considered an effective source of antioxidants of natural origin. This is the first report on chemical composition of M. vulgare essential oil cultivated in Algeria and the original study on the antioxidant activity of M. vulgare essential oil. The antioxidant activity was investigated with one method: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method.
A Quantum Confinement Study of the Electronic Energy of some Nanocrystalline Silicon Quantum-Dots
Authors: Ekong Sylvester A. , Osiele Mike O.
Published: December 2022

We have employed a quantum confinement (QC) model to the study of different shapes of nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) quantum dot. Each dots (shapes), although within the limits of an effective diameter of 3nm, exhibits divergence leading to different electronic energy based on the transitions from the quantum selection rule. Also, the graphical representation of the energies from each shape as a function of the effective diameter gives a qualitatively similar spectrum of discrete energies. The results obtained in this work using QC model are in good agreement with experiment and other models in literature.
Synthesis, Spectral Correlations and Antimicrobial Activities of 2-Pyrimidine Schiff’s Bases
Authors: Senbagam R. , Rajarajan M. , Vijayakumar R. , Manikandan V. , Balaji S. , Vanangamudi Ganesan , Thirunarayanan G.
Published: December 2022

In the present study, a series of substituted (E)-N-benzylidene-2-aminopyrimidine compounds have been synthesized by condensation reaction with 2-aminopyrimidine and meta- and para- substituted benzaldehydes. These synthesized Schiff’s base compounds are confirmed by their physical constants, UV, IR and NMR spectral data. All the observed UV absorption maximum λmax(nm), IR frequencies νC=N(cm-1), NMR δ(ppm) of C-H & C=N chemical shifts have been correlated with Hammett substituent constants and F and R parameters using single and multi-linear regression analyses in order to study the effect of substituents on these spectral data has been studied. The antimicrobial activities of all the synthesized Schiff’s base compounds have been studied using Bauer-Kirby disc diffusion method
Spectral Correlation Analysis of Hammett Substituent Constants and Biological Activities of some (E)-1-(4-Phenoxyphenyl)-3-Phenylprop-2-en-1-Ones
Authors: Kalyanasundaram N. , Sakthinathan S.P. , Suresh R. , Kamalakkannan D. , John Joseph S. , Vanangamudi Ganesan , Thirunarayanan Ganesamoorthy
Published: December 2022

A series of aryl chalcones have been synthesized from 4-phenoxyacetophonone with various substituted benzaldehydes. The purity of all chalcones has been checked using their physical constants and spectral data. These spectral data have been correlated with Hammett substituent constants and F and R parameters using single and multi-linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis, the effect of substituents on the above spectral data has been studied. The single parameter correlation with few Hammett constants and F and R parameters gave satisfactory correlation coefficients whereas all multiple correlations gave satisfactory correlation coefficients with Resonance, Field and Swain-Lupton’s parameters. The antimicrobial activities of all chalcones have been studied using Bauer-Kirby method.
Polymerisation on Bio-Tissues
Authors: Goto Hiromasa
Published: December 2022

Preparation of electro-active polymers having characteristic surface on biological tissue was carried out. Direct polymerisation on biological material with unique structure can be a new method to obtain functional structure with no use of top-down or bottom-up technologies. Polymerisations of pyrrole, aniline, and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) were carried out on the bio-tissues. Surface structure of the bio-tissue/conducting polymer composite was observed with optical microscopy. The results of the present study involve demonstration of deposition of conducting polymers on the surface of wood, membrane of egg, fungus, flower, and bacteria in the water medium. This method allows preparation of electro-active composites with ordered structure through combination of structures of biological tissues. Note that electrochemical polymerisation in bacterial electrolyte solution can be a first example to date.
Modelling All-Optical Switching and Limiting Properties of AlAs Photonic Crystals
Authors: Fernando M.G. Pravini S. , Wijewardena  Gamalath K.A.I.L.
Published: December 2022

The incorporation of defect modes into the perfect crystal structure allows the control of the flow of light by altering the photonic bandgap and thereby can be manipulated to achieve optical switching. A model for all optical switching and limiting based on two dimensional photonic crystals is proposed for AlAs and the performance in square and hexagonal lattice structures were evaluated. Simulations were done using 2D finite difference time domain model incorporating instantaneous Kerr’s nonlinearity. The optimal nonlinear resonant frequencies and the refractive index change required for the performance in the nonlinear regime were obtained. The limiter effectiveness is analysed using extinction ratio. The lattice constant and the optimal microcavity distance required for the proposed model to work as a switch and a limiter in the telecommunication wavelength of 1.55 µm were obtained asand 2a respectively.
Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Oxide Composite and Study of Composite Mediated Photo-Oxidative Degradation of Methylene Blue under Visible Light
Authors: Rahman Md Ataur , Islam Tajmeri S.A.
Published: December 2022

Copper oxide composite was prepared from copper (II) acetate. Characterization of composite was performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), FT-IR Spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry. According to the findings of SEM the particle size was within the range from 450 nm to 550 nm. Band gap energy was determined by reflectance measurement and value was found to be 4.21 eV. From the result of EDS, it appears that the composite contains only Cu and O atoms. Result of XRD confirms that the composite contains CuO, Cu2O and metallic Cu. FTIR spectrum of composite supports the presence of Cu2O. Adsorptive and catalytic properties of composite were studied using Methylene blue as adsorbent. Photo-oxidative degradation of MB was investigated in the suspension of composite in separate experiments at different pH ranging from 2.5 to 5.5 under visible light. Low pH range from 2.5 to 3.5 is most effective for degradation. This was explained by proposing a cyclic mechanism which suggests the conversion of Cu22+to Cu2+and vice versa. 95.5% of MB was found to degrade when 5×10-5M solution of MB was irradiated for three hours in 100 mL suspension of composite having concentration 1gL-1at pH 2.5.
The Impact of Sunlight Intensity and Outdoor Temperature on the Performance of Inorganic Solar Panels
Authors: Abdulla Haval M. , Muhammad Fahmi Fariq , Faraj Mohammad Ghaffar
Published: December 2022

In this work the impact of sunlight intensity and ambient temperature on the inorganic solar panels in winter climate (22 November 2015) at Sarwchawa, Kurdistan Region, Iraq was carried out. A maximum intensity of sunlight (106.25 klux) was reached at 12:00 PM. However, beyond 12:00 PM the intensity showed a non-monotonic change behavior. This was ascribed to the change of sun position, its orientation and the direction at which the surface of the panel is illuminated. Results showed that the increase of sunlight intensity has made Isc to increase, while that of the Voc remains relatively unchanged. The reason why Isc is more affected by the sunlight intensity was understood from the fact that charge carriers acquire enough kinetic energy to move towards their corresponding electrodes before they relapse or recombine together, while as Voc is mostly correlated to the energy gap. There was a trivial decrement of efficiency with the increase of temperature. This was where the FF showeda reverse trend of increment with the increase of temperature. Noteworthy, at the points where the fill factor was decreased the efficiency was increased and vice versa.
Effect of Clamping Torque on Large Deflection Static and Dynamic Response of a Cantilever Beam: An Experimental Study
Authors: Mondal Soumen , Ghuku Sushanta , Saha Kashi Nath
Published: December 2022

The present paper reports an experimental study on the effect of finite clamping on static and dynamic characteristics of cantilever beam. The experiment is carried out with two different beams, each of which is clamped at two different locations resulting in two different geometry settings. Under each of these four settings, specimen is clamped under two different torque ratings giving rise to different finite clamping effect. Under the eight settings, coordinates of tip point under static loading are measured directly using scales and plumb at each load step; whereas, complete deflection profiles of loaded beam under each static load step are obtained through post-processing of images captured during experimentation. Such image processing is carried out manually using AutoCAD® and in-built AutoLISP® software. Strain measurements at each static load step are carried out by using strain gauge, a universal data acquisition system and the associated Catman Easy® software. To obtain loaded free vibration characteristics, loaded beam under each setting is disturbed by a rubber hammer and its dynamic response is recorded from strain gauge signal through Catman Easy® software. These dynamic strain readings of loaded beam are post-processed and FFT plots are generated in MATLAB® software and first two loaded natural frequencies of beam under each setting are obtained. Finally, effects of clamping torques on the static strain and deflection results and loaded natural frequencies for beam settings with the four different thickness to length ratios are reported in a suitable manner. The result reported may be useful as ready reference to develop a theoretical model of clamped beam like structures incorporating the effect of finite clamping.
Measurement of Soil-Gas Radon in Some Areasof Iraq Using Nuclear Track Detector CR-39
Authors: Abass Khalid Haneen , Mohammed Baidaa Y. , Rehem Azhar N. , Oleiwi Dalia J.
Published: December 2022

The health hazards of the radioactive gas radon on general public are well known. In order to understand the level and distribution of 222Rn concentrations in soil-gas in Babil province, we have measured the radon gas concentration in soil samples of different areas in Babylon (Al-werdeiaa, Al-seiahy, Al-Thewrae, Al-muhendisen, Al-keliss, Nadeer) by using alpha-emitters registrations which are emitted from radon gas in nuclear track detector (CR-39). The obtained results have shown that the highest average radon gas concentration in soil sample was found in Al-muhendisen and Al-werdeiaa samples, which was (32.75 Bq/m3), while the lowest average radon gas concentration in soil samples was found in Nadeer sample, which was (25.85 Bq/m3). The present results show that the radon gas concentration in all soil samples is below the allowed limit from (International Commission of Radiation Protection) (ICRP) agency.
Study of the Effects of Decreasing Molecular Rigidity on Mesomorphism
Authors: Sharma Vinay S. , Jain B.B. , Patel R.B.
Published: December 2022

A Chalconyl homologous series: RO-C6H4-CH=CH-CO-C6H4-OC14H29(n) (meta) is synthesized and studied with a view to understand and establish the effect of molecular structure on Liquid crystal behaviour by reducing molecular rigidity through diminishing of a phenyl ring and a central carboxy or vinyl carboxy group from a molecule. Novel series consists of thirteen homologues (C1to C18). First member (C1) homologue is nonliquid crystal and the rest of the homologues (C2to C18) are enantiotropically ( C2to C5) nematogenic or monotropically (C6to C18) nematogenic plus smectogenic of low mesophaselengths and low transition temperatures ( 38°C to 76°C). Transition temperatures were determined by an optical polarizing microscopy (POM) equipped with a heating stage. Cr-N/I, N-I, I-N, N-Sm transition curves behaved in normal manner in a phase diagram. N-I and I-Sm transition curves exhibited odd-even effect. Textures of nematic phase are threaded or schlieren and that of the smectic phase are of the type A or C. Analytical, spectral and thermal data supported molecular structure of homologues. Thermal stability ( N-I/ I-N) of series for nematic is 67.5°C and that of the smectic is very low. Group efficiency order derived on the basis of thermal stability is as under. –Cl with –C6H4.COO- > -OC14H29(n) without –C6H4.COO-with reference to central bridge –CH=CH-CO-.
Influence of Gamma Radiation on Structural and Optical Properties of Fe2O3 Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Spray Technique
Authors: Mutter Mahdi M. , Atty Habiba Kadhum , Hateef Areej Adnan
Published: December 2022

The purpose of this research is studying the effect of gamma radiation on the structural and optical properties of iron oxide Fe2O3 thin films. The technique used for prepared the thin films was thermal chemical spray. The effect of Co60 irradiation on the structural and optical properties of the thin films was investigated. The crystal structure were studied by XRD pattern. The surface tested from crack and defect was looke by used microscope image. The absorption and transmission spectra by used UV/VIS for the as deposited and irradiated thin films. The energy gap and absorption coefficient were studied. It's found that the energy gap for the un-irradiated sample was 2.3 eV and than after exposed to gamma radiation at (25,50,75,100 and 125) Gy the energy gap decreased and above 5o Gy was increasing. The absorption coefficient increased until (12x104) cm-1 at 50 Gy and than was decreasing to (2x104) cm-1 at 125 Gy. The effect of radiation on the structural and optical properties was positive at the levels of irradiation used.
MHD Transient Free Convection Flow in Vertical Concentric Annulus with Isothermal and Adiabatic Boundaries
Authors: Jha Basant K. , Yusuf Taiwo S.
Published: December 2022

This paper presents MHD transient flow in an infinite vertical concentric annulus when the fluid is set in motion by free convection current occurring in the annulus as a result of application of isothermal heating on the inner surface of the outer cylinder while the outer surface of the inner cylinder is thermally insulated. The solution of the governing equations are obtained using the well-known Laplace transform technique while the Riemann-sum approximation method has been used to invert the solution from Laplace domain to time domain. The numerical values obtained using Riemann-sum approximation approach is validated by presenting a comparison with the values obtained using the implicit finite difference method as well as the steady-state solution. These comparisons with the steady state solution shows a remarkable agreement at large value of time. The effect of the governing parameters on the velocity field, temperature field, mass flow rate as well as the skin-friction on both surfaces of the annulus have been analysed and presented with the aid of line graph. Generally, we observed that the mass flow rate and skin friction at the isothermally heated surface increases with increase in radius ratio. However, the reverse is seen at the thermally insulated surface as the skin-friction decreases with increase in radius ratio.
Fe2O3 Thin Films Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis Technique and Study the Annealing on its Optical Properties
Authors: Abass Khalid Haneen
Published: December 2022

Fe2O3 thin films that doped by NiO were obtained on glass substrates by the chemical spray pyrolysis technique, and annealed at 450 °C and 500 °C. The effect of annealing on optical properties was studied by recording the absorbance spectra using UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The refractive index decreases with increasing annealing temperature, such as an optical band gap that decreases from 2.68 eV before annealing to 2.58 eV after annealing of 500 °C. Absorption coefficient and extinction coefficient increase with increasing annealing temperature.
Effect of Substituents on Phenazine Derivatives by Spectral Studies
Authors: Thirunarayanan G. , Muthuvel I. , Sathiyendiran V.
Published: December 2022

A series of eleven substituted dipyrido[3,2-a; 2′,3′-c]phenazine derivatives have been synthesized and examined their purities by literature method. The infrared and 13C NMR spectral data of prepared phenazines were correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameters using single and multi-regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis, the effect of substituents on the infrared frequencies (ν, cm-1) and 13C nmr chemical shifts(δ, ppm) has been studied.
Modified Screw Jack for Lifting Operation in Industrial Setting
Authors: Ezurike Benjamin , Okwu Modestus
Published: December 2022

With the increasing level of technology, researchers all over the world are working continuously to improve and implement better and robust design of materials at workplace for productivity, efficiency and effectiveness. Detailed design procedure of a quick lifting screw jack is presented in this paper. The design is fundamentally a modification of the conventional scissor jack. The problems associated with the conventional jacks are the ergonomic snags experienced by operators due to prolonged bending or squatting positions during operation. These problems of waist pain and backaches are as a result of continuous turning of the wrench or crank shaft in an uncomfortable position for a long period. These led to the design and modification of quick lifting screw jack with gear arrangements that are safe, reliable and capable of raising or lowering heavy load with little effort. The results showed that the introduction of the crank and gear mechanism would help reduce difficulty in operation, reduce time, increase efficiency and effectively control the difficulties concomitant with Ergonomics - which is an ultimate sensitivity in design process.
Annealing Temperature Effects on the Optical Properties of CdO Thin Films Deposited by CSP Technique
Authors: Chiad Sami Salmann
Published: December 2022

By chemical spray pyrolysis method. The CdO thin film prepared at constant film thickness (350 nm). The prepared films are annealed at a temperature of 450 and 500 °C. The optical properties are calculated from the measurement of UV-Visible spectrophotometer spectrum in the range of (300-900) nm at room temperature. The transmittance, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and skin depth are calculated as annealing temperature. The energy gap decreased from 2.52 eV to 2.47 eV when the annealing temperature increased from room temperature to 500 °C.
Preparation and Study of Colloidal CdO Nanoparticles by Laser Ablation in Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Authors: Agool Ibrahim R. , Abd Ahmed N. , Dawood Mohammed O.
Published: December 2022

Nanoparticles NPSof cadmium oxide CdO were generated by laser ablation of a solid target (cadmium) in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution. CdO colloidal nanoparticles have been synthesized by laser ablation Nd:YAG (1064 nm, 100 pulses, pulse energy= 400 mJ) when the solid target CdO was immersed in PVP. Structure, topography and optical properties of the CdO nanoparticles NPShave been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM) and the UV-Vis absorption respectively.
Study the Effect of Substrate Temperature on the Optical Properties of CoFe2O4 Films Prepared by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis Method
Authors: Salman Sabah A. , Khodair Ziad T. , Abed Sahar J.
Published: December 2022

Cobalt Ferrite CoFe2O4 thin films have been deposited by chemical spray pyrolysis method (CSP) on glass substrates at different substrate temperatures (300, 350, 400 and 450°C) with an interval of (50°C) using Cobalt Nitrate and Ferric Nitrate as Cobalt and Iron sources respectively, at thickness (400±20) nm. The effect of substrate temperatures change on the optical properties for all prepared films was studied. The optical properties for all the films were studied by recording the transmittance and absorbance spectrum in the range of (300-900) nm. The results showed decreases in transmittance and increases in absorbance with increasing the substrate temperatures. the optical energy gap for allowed direct electronic transition was calculated and it was found that decreases with increasesing the substrate temperatures (2.40-2.22 eV), the Urbach energy increases with increasesing the substrate temperatures and it is values range between (634.6-700.5) meV. The optical constants (absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant and optical conductivity) as a function of photon energy for all prepared films were calculated.
Development of Electrically Conductive Nanocrystalline Thin Film for Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Das Sujan Kumar , Islam Jahid M.M. , Hasan Monirul , Kabir Humayun , Gafur Md Abdul , Hoque Enamul , Khan Mubarak A.
Published: December 2022

Sodium alginate (TiO2) sand composites were prepared by solution casting. Purified sand was added in the composite films to increase electrical conductivity. Electrical properties such as conductivity, capacitance, dielectric constant, and loss tangent of the composites were investigated. The current voltage characteristics for all the composites showed ohmic behavior. All the electrical properties have been found to improve with the incorporation of sand (SiO2) but 6% sand containing composite exhibits the best electrical properties. The mechanical properties tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (Eb) and Young modulus for 6% sand containing composite film are found to be 4.445 MPa, 9.76%, and 72.8 MPa respectively. The experimental results reveal that the blended films exhibit higher stability and improved mechanical properties of both tensile strength and elongation at break in dry state. Water absorption properties of the composites are found to decrease with the increase of sand content. Lowest water uptake properties and highest stability were demonstrated by 6% sand containing sample. Electrically conductive composite films have useful applications for solar cells and optoelectronics. Thus, this study is very much expected to aid in the design and selection of proper composite for the potential application of solar cell and optoelectronics.
Studies on Spray Pyrolised Nanostructured SnO2 Thin Films for H2 Gas Sensing Application
Authors: Bari R.H. , Patil S.B.
Published: December 2022

The objective of this work is to study the influence of pyrolysis temperature on structural, surface morphology and gas sensing properties of the nanostructured SnO2 thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique. These films were characterized for the structural, morphological and elemental composition carried by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron mi­croscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrophotometer (EDAX). The information of crystallite size, dislocation density and microstrain is obtained from the full width-at half- maximum (FWHM) of the diffraction peaks. Effect of sprayed deposition temperature on H2 gas sensing performance and electrical properties were studied using static gas sensing system. The sensor (Tpyr. = 350°C) showed high gas response (S = 1200 at 350 °C) on exposure of 500 ppm of H2 and high selectivity against other gases The results are discussed and interpreted.
Studying the Optical Properties of Thin Films Prepared from Polystyrene Doped with DCM Dye
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed Namah
Published: December 2022

Polymeric thin films of Polystyrene (PS) doped with DCM laser dye have been prepared using casting method and pure thin films of PS. Optical properties for deposed thin films on glass substrate with 0.237μm was prepared using casting method involved absorptions spectra measurement using UV mate SP-8001 double-beam spectrophotometer covering the wavelengths range 190-1100nm, where the absorption coefficient was calculated and the direct energy gap was 3.9eV for PS thin film, energy gap for PS-DCM thin film was 2.2eV. While for indirect transitions the energy gap for PS thin film was 2.25eV and phonon energy was 0.55eV, but the energy gap for PS-DCM film was 1.4eV and phonon energy was 0.5eV.
An Inverted L Antenna with a Parasitic Structure for RFID Tag
Authors: Meneses-González Salvador Ricardo , Lopez-Bonilla José Luis
Published: December 2022

An inverted L antenna altered by a parasitic resonant structure is designed for RFID tag. In order to determine the performance of varying design parameters on impedance and resonance frequency, HFSS simulation software and experimental tests are carried out. This way, the focus of this work is RFID tag antenna design based on the structure above mentioned.
Effects of Cu-Doping on Optical Properties of NiO
Authors: Jandow Nidhal Nissan
Published: December 2022

This work presents the effect of Cu-doping on some optical properties of Cu:NiO thin film prepared by spray pyrolysis technique. UV-Visible spectrophotometer in the range 380-900 nm used to determine the absorbance spectra for various Cu-doping of Cu:NiO thin film. The transmittance and energy gap are decreased with increasing Cu-doping in the prepared films, while absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, and skin depth are increased with increasing Cu-doping.
X-RD, TEM, Magnetic Studies on NixZn1-xFe2O4 (Where x= 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.8) Nano Scale Particles by Chemical Co-Precipitation Method
Authors: Suryanarayana B. , Raghavendra V. , Chandra Mouli K.
Published: December 2022

Nickel zinc nanoparticles NixZn1-xFe2O4 (where x= 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.8) by Chemical Co-Precipitation method. The samples were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), TEM, VSM .The powders of XRD patterns confirm a single spinel crystalline phase with cubic structure formation with no indication of any other secondary or unidentified phase. The lattice parameter changed from 8.336 Å to 8.382 Å. The average particle size ranged 20 to 80 nm was observed by TEM.
Synthesis and Characterization of Some Novel Coumarin Based 2-Pyridone Heterocycles with their Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Potency
Authors: Desai Nisheeth C. , Karkar Tushar J.
Published: December 2022

The synthesis of a novel series of 6-((arylidene) amino)-2-oxo-1-((1-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl) ethylidene) amino)-4-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbonitriles 4a-o were synthesized and structures of compounds have been elucidated by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral data. Antimicrobial activity was measured against certain strains of bacteria and fungi by serial broth dilution. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity shown that the compounds (4g, 4j, 4k and 4o) were found to be most active against selected bacterial strains and compounds (4d, 4m and 4n) were found to be most active against selected fungal strains.
Effect of Precipitation on the Acidification of Soils of West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Authors: Daniszewski Piotr , Draszawka-Bołzan Beata
Published: December 2022

The progress of civilization as well as the growing up process of transformative environment adversely affect individual environmental elements in the soil. In recent years the increasing pollution of the atmosphere causes more and more interest in the science of the substances contained in it and merge back to the surface of the Earth. Of great importance for the environment have the substances contained in the water drainage, as in the form of dissolved very easily reach the individual environmental elements causing their contamination. Strong acidification most soils in Poland is the main cause of weak download main nutrients in soils, and low yields. Part of important plant micronutrients: iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt/an acidic soils are more available In soils acidic phosphorus being introduced in mineral fertilisers is associated with aluminum and iron, in forms not available for plants. The low pH of the soil inhibits the oxidation of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3-), and at the same time, poorly developed root system is not able to efficiently download ion nitrate from the soil. The result is outside the range of the washing of nitrate nitrogen contamination of groundwater and is followed by the root system. The purpose of the work was to determine the pH of precipitation and atmospheric.
NMR Spectral Correlations in Some Tröger’s Bases
Authors: Thirunarayanan Ganesamoorthy , Suresh M.
Published: December 2022

Some Tröger’s bases have been synthesised from substituted anilines and paraformaldehyde in presence of Lewis acid catalyst such as anhydrous AlCl3, through electrophilic substitution reaction. The purities of these Tröger’s bases have been checked by their physical constants and spectroscopic data published earlier in the literature. The NMR chemical shift (δ, ppm) of methylene protons and carbon were assigned. The assigned methylene protons and carbon chemical shifts (δ, ppm) of synthesised Tröger’s bases have been correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameters using single and multi-regression analyses. From the results of statistical analyses, the effects of substituent on methylene protons and carbon were discussed.
Structural and Optical Properties of Nanostructured Bismuth Oxide
Authors: Ali Reem Sami
Published: December 2022

Thin films of bismuth oxide have been prepared utilizing vacuum evaporation. XRD anyalysis reveal that all the films were tetragonal polycrystalline structure with a preferred orientation along (002) plane. SEM images indicate that the grain size fall in the category of nanosize. AFM results assure that the nanonstructure behavior of thin films. Optical studies show that these films have a direct transition with optical energy gap equal to 2.5 eV.
Study of Anticoagulant Dabigatran by Analytical Instrumentation
Authors: Patel Bharat , Ram Pravin , Khatri Taslimahemad , Ram Vijay , Dave Pragnesh
Published: December 2022

Dabigatran with IUPAC name 3-({2-[(4-Carbamimidoyl-phenylamino)-methyl]-1-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole-5-carbonyl}-pyridin-2-yl-amino)-propionic acid, which can be used to prevent strokes in those with atrial fibrillation due to causes other than heart valve disease, and at least one additional risk factor for stroke (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age, diabetes, and prior stroke), with molecular formula C34H41N7H5 was studied in detail for functional group analysis with FTIR, characteristic absorbance by UV-NIR, thermal behavior by TGA-DTA-DSC, particle size and stability of the molecule with Nano particle size analyzer. The structure was confirmed by LC-MS/MS with ESI probe and mass was found in aggregation with the reported standard values. The purity of drug was determined by Prep. HPLC analysis. FTIR analysis showed the characteristic peak of carboxylic acid, UV-NIR analysis showed that the λmax was 224 nm with methanol as a diluent, the compound was found stable in the thermal analysis, the average particle size was found to be 25.2 nm, Z-average as 0.2 nm and zeta potential as -67.6 mv hence showed excellent stability in the zeta potential analysis as per ASTM standards D4187-82, American Society of Testing and Materials, 1985.
Effect of High-Temperature Heating on Chemical Changes in M7C3 Carbides of AISI D2 Tool Steel
Authors: Nykiel Tadeusz , Hryniewicz Tadeusz
Published: December 2022

The paper presents the study results obtained on 16H12MF/NC11LV/D2 tool steel. The main purpose of the study was to establish the chemical composition of the coarse primary M7C3 carbides occurring in that steel after a standard soft annealing. The effect of high-temperature annealing in the air atmosphere was investigated. The study was limited to the decarburized layer, on the distance of about 0.4 mm from the surface, of hardened steel after annealing and austenitizing at 1150 °C in the air atmosphere for the periods of 30 and 90 minutes. It was found that the coarse primary M7C3 carbides of the annealed D2 tool steel differ significantly as to the contents of Cr, Mo, and V, and in the most degree to the contents of chromium and molybdenum. The average concentration of chromium rises successively with the growth of austenitizing time. On the other hand, the concentrations of molybdenum and vanadium are lower after 30 minutes of austenitizing than their concentrations in the similar carbides of the annealed steel. Prolongation of the austenitizing time up to 90 minutes results in the increase of molybdenum and vanadium contents in the coarse carbides. It was found that austenitizing of AISI D2 tool steel at the temperature of 1150 °C in the air atmosphere leads to precipitation of the second phase, brighter in the BSE_Z pictures, in relation to the matrix of carbides, with the amount and magnitude being higher with the annealing time.
Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil of Marrubium vulgare from Eastern Algeria
Authors: Abadi Abderazak , Hassani Aicha
Published: December 2022

The essential oil from flowering Marrubium (Marrubium vulgare L.) an aromatic member of the Lamiaceae family, from Algeria, obtained by hydrodistillation, was analysed by GC/FID and GC/MS. The constituents were identified by their mass spectra and Kovats’ indices. Fivety (50) components in the oil of M. vulgare were identified. The results demonstrated that the major components of the essential oil were: 4,8,12,16-Tetramethyl heptadecan-4-olid (16.97%), Germacrene D-4-ol (9.61%), α- pinéne (9.37%), Phytol (4.87%), Dehydro-sabina ketone (4.12%), Piperitone (3.27%), δ-Cadinene (3.13%), 1-Octen-3-ol (2.35%) and Benzaldehyde (2.31%). Essential oil of M vulgare was evaluated for its antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram negative pathogenic bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Extremal Degree-Product Indices of Graphs with Fixed Number of Pendant Vertices and Cyclomatic Number
Authors: Jamil M.K. , Tomescu Ioan , Akhter Naveed , Kamran Jamil Muhammad
Published: December 2022

The Narumi-Katayama index and first multiplicative Zagreb index of a graph are defined as the product of the degrees of the vertices of and the product of square of the degrees of the vertices of , respectively. The second multiplicative Zagreb index is defined as . In this paper, we compute the extremal , and for the graphs with given order, number of pendant vertices and cyclomatic number.
Novel Theory of Mathematical Pendulum Part 1
Authors: Pluta Zdzisław , Hryniewicz Tadeusz
Published: December 2022

In the paper, a new adequate theory of a simple mathematical pendulum is presented. This paper consists of two parts. In Part 1, the behaviour of pendulum in particular points, that is in central and terminal/extremum ones have been analyzed very carefully in detail. System of forces in these points was considered with a special attention turned towards the terminal points where the equilibrium of forces occurs and in the next moment the lack of that equilibrium takes place with the proof of the open polygon of forces as the condition of beginning of accelerated free variable motion. Part 2 of the paper is to be devoted to the kinetics of the pendulum weight presented by separating in it the descriptions of differentiated motion of this body in the consecutive neighbouring space-times corresponding with particular quarter-periods. In the conclusion, further elaborations in the subject are forecasted, regarding both dynamics and energy of the flat mathematical pendulum.
Extraction Studies of Lanthanum(III) from Sodium Salicylate Medium Using Trialkyl Phosphine Oxide
Authors: Pawar S.D.
Published: December 2022

Cyanex-923, a mixture of four trialkylphosphine oxide has been used for the extraction and separation of La(III) from sodium salicylate medium. Lanthanum(III) ion was found to be quantitatively extracted with Cyanex-923 in toluene at pH 6.0. The metal loaded organic phase is stripped with 2.0M HCl solution. Various parameters like effect of pH, Cyanex-923 concentration, sodium salicylate concentration, diluents, equilibration period and stripping agent on the extraction of La(III) has been studied. The stoichiometry of the extracted species of this metal ion was determined on the basis of the slope analysis method. The reaction proceed by solvation and the probable extracted species found were LaSal-HSal .2Cyanex-923.
Non Destructive Application of Radioactive Tracer Isotopes for Performance Evaluation of Industrial Grade Anion Exchange Resins Tulsion A-33 and Indion NSSR
Authors: Singare P.U.
Published: December 2022

The present study deals with non-destructive application of radioactive tracer isotopes to evaluate the performance of Tulsion A-33 (nuclear grade) and Indion NSSR (non-nuclear grade) anion exchange resins. The performance evaluation was done by carrying out the iodide and bromide ion-isotopic exchange reactions using the above resins. It was observed that at a constant temperature of 40.0 °C, as the concentration of labeled iodide ion solution increases 0.001 M to 0.004 M, the percentage of iodide ions exchanged increases from 58.0% to 64.0% for Tulsion A-33 resins; and from 48.4% to 50.8% for Indion NSSR resins. Similarly in case of bromide ion-isotopic exchange reaction under identical experimental conditions, the percentage of bromide ions exchanged increases from 45.6% to 50.4% for Tulsion A-33 resin; and from 39.8% to 44.6% for Indion NSSR resin. It was also observed that during iodide ion-isotopic exchange reaction at 40.0 °C, using 1.000 g of ion exchange resins and 0.003 M labeled ionic solution, using Tulsion A-33 resin the values of specific reaction rate (min-1), amount of iodide ion exchanged (mmol), initial rate of iodide ion exchange (mmol/min) and log Kd were 0.229, 0.469, 0.107 and 10.6 respectively, which was higher than the values of 0.167, 0.375, 0.063 and 7.6 respectively as obtained by using Indion NSSR resins under identical experimental conditions. The overall results indicate superior performance of Tulsion A-33 over Indion NSSR resin under identical operational parameters.