bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Om at stave et ord, når dele af retskriften er indlært: En dansk stavemaskine styret af sandsynligheder
Authors: Kihl Preben
Published: December 2019

Under stavningen af ord, hvis retstavning er ukendt for den stavende, styres sammenkoblingen mellem lyde og bogstaver i komplicerede stavesystemer af sandsynligheder. Nærværende undersøgelse søger at identificere disse sandsynligheder for dansk på grundlag af stavefejlene i Noesgaards (1945) meget store datamateriale fra en københavnsk børnepopulation. En reanalyse af hans data viser, at der i typiske danske valg mellem to muligheder, f.eks. mellem bogstaverne ø eller y for lyden [ø] eller mellem +/- stumt h foran [v], generelt forekommer lige mange fejl af hver type. Andre sammenhænge mellem lyde og bogstaver giver ikke anledning til stavefejl, f.eks. de initiale lukkelydes og de snævre vokalers bogstavering. På dette grundlag opstilles en dansk, stokastisk stavemaskine med sandsynlighederne 0,5 : 0,5 og 1 : 1. Det påvises, at de fundne fejlhyppigheder næppe er korreleret med bogstavhyppighederne i danske børnetekster.
Samtalegrammatik i skriftlig online interaktion
Authors: Jørgensen Maria
Published: December 2019

Denne artikel præsenterer en analyse af tre samtale grammatiske fænomener, nemlig partiklerne altså, øhm og hm, som de bruges i to Facebookgrupper, og er motiveret af et ønske om at forstå, hvordan sådanne fænomener, der ellers har været mest for bun det med talesproget, kan forekomme på skrift på nettet. Efter en introduktion til undersøgelsens metodisk-teoretiske fundament, nemlig samtaleanalyse, digital samtaleanalyse og samtalegrammatikken, samt en introduktion til undersøgelsens data, analyseres partiklerne. Altså bruges til at retfærdiggøre afvigelser fra interaktionens progression og vise den som nødvendig, mens øhm og hm bruges til at markere, at noget i interaktionen ses som problematisk. Øhm indleder kommentarer, der ikke samarbejder med resten af interaktionen på et strukturelt plan (er ikke-samordnende eller disalligning), og bruges til at vise, at noget i interaktionen udgør et alvorligt problem for ytreren. Hm indleder kommentarer, der samarbejder på et strukturelt plan, men indeholder et aff ektivt problem (er frasluttende eller disaffi liating), og bruges til at vise, at ytreren har visse forbehold over for noget i interaktionen. Undersøgelsen illustrerer partiklernes interaktionelle funktioner og viser derigennem, at samtalegrammatik fi ndes på Facebook, og at samtaleanalyse og samtalegrammatik er meningsfulde rammeværktøjer i studiet af skrift lig online interaktion. Facebookkommunikationens interaktionelle natur gives som forklaring på samtalegrammatikkens forekomst på skrift.
A escola francesa de Geografia. Uma abordagem contextual
Authors: Zanotelli Claudio
Published: December 2019

Vincent Berdoulay. A escola francesa de Geografia. Uma abordagem contextual. Tradução de Oswaldo Bueno Amorim Filho. São Paulo: Editora Perspectiva, 2017 [Edição original 2008].
Kinetochores attached to microtubule-ends are stabilised by Astrin bound PP1 to ensure proper chromosome segregation
Authors: Conti Duccio , Gul Parveen , Islam Asifa , Martín-Durán José M , Pickersgill Richard W , Draviam Viji M
Published: December 2019

Microtubules segregate chromosomes by attaching to macromolecular kinetochores. Only microtubule-end attached kinetochores can be pulled apart; how these end-on attachments are selectively recognised and stabilised is not known. Using the kinetochore and microtubule-associated protein, Astrin, as a molecular probe, we show that end-on attachments are rapidly stabilised by spatially-restricted delivery of PP1 near the C-terminus of Ndc80, a core kinetochore-microtubule linker. PP1 is delivered by the evolutionarily conserved tail of Astrin and this promotes Astrin’s own enrichment creating a highly-responsive positive feedback, independent of biorientation. Abrogating Astrin:PP1-delivery disrupts attachment stability, which is not rescued by inhibiting Aurora-B, an attachment destabiliser, but is reversed by artificially tethering PP1 near the C-terminus of Ndc80. Constitutive Astrin:PP1-delivery disrupts chromosome congression and segregation, revealing a dynamic mechanism for stabilising attachments. Thus, Astrin-PP1 mediates a dynamic ‘lock’ that selectively and rapidly stabilises end-on attachments, independent of biorientation, and ensures proper chromosome segregation.
Releasing a preprint is associated with more attention and citations for the peer-reviewed article
Authors: Fu Darwin Y , Hughey Jacob J
Published: December 2019

Preprints in biology are becoming more popular, but only a small fraction of the articles published in peer-reviewed journals have previously been released as preprints. To examine whether releasing a preprint on bioRxiv was associated with the attention and citations received by the corresponding peer-reviewed article, we assembled a dataset of 74,239 articles, 5,405 of which had a preprint, published in 39 journals. Using log-linear regression and random-effects meta-analysis, we found that articles with a preprint had, on average, a 49% higher Altmetric Attention Score and 36% more citations than articles without a preprint. These associations were independent of several other article- and author-level variables (such as scientific subfield and number of authors), and were unrelated to journal-level variables such as access model and Impact Factor. This observational study can help researchers and publishers make informed decisions about how to incorporate preprints into their work.
Improving the prediction accuracy of river inflow using two data pre-processing techniques coupled with data-driven model
Authors: Nazir Hafiza Mamona , Hussain Ijaz , Faisal Muhammad , Elashkar Elsayed Elsherbini , Shoukry Alaa Mohamd
Published: December 2019

River inflow prediction plays an important role in water resources management and power-generating systems. But the noises and multi-scale nature of river inflow data adds an extra layer of complexity towards accurate predictive model. To overcome this issue, we proposed a hybrid model, Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), based on a singular spectrum analysis (SSA) denoising technique. First, SSA his applied to denoise the river inflow data. Second, VMD, a signal processing technique, is employed to decompose the denoised river inflow data into multiple intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), each with a relative frequency scale. Third, Empirical Bayes Threshold (EBT) is applied on non-linear IMF to smooth out. Fourth, predicted models of denoised and decomposed IMFs are established by learning the feature values of the Support Vector Machine (SVM). Finally, the ensemble predicted results are formulated by adding the predicted IMFs. The proposed model is demonstrated using daily river inflow data from four river stations of the Indus River Basin (IRB) system, which is the largest water system in Pakistan. To fully illustrate the superiority of our proposed approach, the SSA-VMD-EBT-SVM hybrid model was compared with SSA-VMD-SVM, VMD-SVM, Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) based i.e., EMD-SVM, SSA-EMD-SVM, Ensemble EMD (EEMD) based i.e., EEMD-SVM and SSA-EEMD-SVM. We found that our proposed hybrid SSA-EBT-VMD-SVM model outperformed than others based on following performance measures: the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Therefore, SSA-VMD-EBT-SVM model can be used for water resources management and power-generating systems using non-linear time series data.
A multiple comparative study of putative endosymbionts in three coexisting apple snail species
Authors: Dellagnola Federico A. , Rodriguez Cristian , Castro-Vazquez Alfredo , Vega Israel A.
Published: December 2019

We here compare morphological and molecular characters of some putative endosymbiotic elements of the digestive gland of three ampullariid species (Pomacea canaliculata,Pomacea scalarisandAsolene platae) which coexist in Lake Regatas (Palermo, Buenos Aires). The putative endosymbionts were reported in these species and were identified as C and K corpuscles. The three species show tubuloacinar glands, each adenomere was constituted mainly by two distinct cell types (columnar and pyramidal). C and K corpuscles together occupied from one-fourth to one-fifth of the tissue area in the three host species, where C corpuscles were round and greenish-brown, were delimited by a distinct wall, stained positively with Alcian Blue and were associated with columnar cells. K corpuscles were oval, dark-brown multilamellar bodies and were associated with pyramidal cells. Under TEM, C corpuscles occurred within vacuoles of columnar cells and contained many electron-dense clumps and irregular membrane stacks and vesicles spread in an electron-lucent matrix. Sometimes a membrane appeared detached from the inner surface of the wall, suggesting the existence of a plasma membrane. In turn, K corpuscles were contained within vacuoles of pyramidal cells and were made of concentric lamellae, which were in turn made of an electron-dense fibrogranular material. No membranes were seen in them. Interspecifically, C corpuscles vary significantly in width and inner contents. K corpuscles were also variable in length and width. However, both C and K corpuscles in the three studied species hybridised with generalised cyanobacterial/chloroplast probes for 16S rRNA. Also, both corpuscle types (isolated from gland homogenates) were sensitive to lysozyme digestion, which indicates that bacterial peptidoglycans are an integral part of their covers. The reported data confirm and extend previous studies onP. canaliculatain which the endosymbiotic nature of C and K corpuscles were first proposed. We further propose that the endosymbiotic corpuscles are related to the Cyanobacteria/chloroplasts clade. Based on the known distribution of these corpuscles in the major clades of Ampullariidae, we hypothesise they may be universally distributed in this family, and that may constitute an interesting model for studying the co-evolution of endosymbionts and their gastropod hosts.
Willingness to Pay for Social Health Insurance by the Self-employed in Port Harcourt, Rivers State; A Contingent Valuation Approach
Authors: E. Anderson Ikeokwu , O. Adeniji Foluke
Published: December 2019

Background/Aim: Urban Self-Employed Social Health Insurance (USSHIP), which is similar to Community-based health insurance schemes CBHI, USSHIP, is a package in the National Health Insurance Scheme NHIS specific but is not limited to self-employed individuals in Nigeria which has been rarely explored as instrument in financing healthcare in Nigeria. This study was aimed to assess the Willingness-to-Pay (WTP) for USSHIP and its determinants amongst the self-employed in Port Harcourt.

Methodology: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of 204 self-employed individuals selected from various trade association in Port Harcourt using semi-structured interviewer-administered pre-tested questionnaires. An iterative bidding approach of the contingent valuation method was used to elicit maximum WTP for the schemes. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to determine predictors to WTP. Data collected were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 23 software.

Results: The results show that 89.7% were willing to enrol into the program; the median WTP for the scheme per person/per month is ₦300 ($0.83). The predictors of WTP were marital status, level of education and mode of payment of healthcare.

Conclusion: Sequel to the findings of this study, the WTP amount for social health insurance program by the self-employed is too small, the implications for these findings imply that with the amount stated, the program cannot be successfully implemented. Recognizing this low amount stated for WTP for USSHIP, which is insufficient to scale up the scheme, the government support for the program is highly recommended.
Isolation and Identification of Fungal Pathogen Associated with Post Harvest Deterioration of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Fruits in Three Selected Markets in Jos, Nigeria
Authors: Ishaya M. , Anzaku A. E. , John W. C. , Janfa N. , Oke O. , Oladipo S. A.
Published: December 2019

Aim: This study was carried out to isolate, identify and characterize fungal pathogens associated with post-harvest spoilage of cucumber.

Study Design: This research study was done using random sampling technique. 

Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was carried out from March to June, 2019 at biology laboratory Federal College of Forestry, Jos.

Methodology: Fungi isolates were obtained from diseased portions of the cucumber fruit samples cultured on PDA media and incubated at 28ºC2 for seven days. The mycelial were identified macroscopically and microscopically. Pathogenicity tests were conducted for all the fungal pathogens identified by inoculating healthy cucumber samples and incubating for ten days with the readings being taken at two day intervals. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated using LSD at P ≤ 0.05.

Results: Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium sp., Geotrichum candidum and Yeast sp were isolated and identified. Result showed that Gada biu market was the most heavily infested location with all the fungal isolates. Geotrichum candidum constituted the highest (50%) occurrence of fungal isolates from all locations. All the fungal isolates were found to be pathogenic on cucumber fruits, with Fusarium being the most destructive, followed by yeast and Geotrichum candidum and the least was Aspergilus fumigatus.

Conclusion: The results obtained in this study showed the isolates identified were involved in Cucumber spoilage. Therefore, Careful handling of Cucumber fruits should be ensured to prevent the spread of these pathogenic fungi.
Fruit and Seed Biometrics and Influence on Germination of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Jackfruit)
Authors: Barbosa Uilian do Nascimento , Marangon Ana Lícia Patriota Feliciano , Meunier Isabelle Maria Jacqueline , Marangon Luiz Carlos , De Lima Anderson Oliveira , De Sena Oliveira Géssyca Fernanda , Dos Santos Adriano Castelo
Published: December 2019

This work aimed to characterize the biometry of fruits and seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. and to verify its influence on germination. The fruits were collected from the matrices trees in the Jardim Botânico do Recife (JBR), Pernambuco. From 10 pathogen-free A. heterophyllus matrices, 50 fruits (multiple fruits, which in the research were considered as single fruit) and 500 seeds were collected, being measured length, width and thickness, using a tape measure (for fruits ) and digital caliper (precision 0.001 mm) for the seeds, as well as weighing on a precision scale. The seeds were classified by size: Small (≤ 2.5 cm), medium (2.6 to 3 cm) and large (≥ 3.1 cm). The germination test was conducted in a greenhouse of the JBR, with a 50% shading screen. The container used was a 50 x 25 x 5 cm polypropylene tray with holes at the bottom to provide drainage. The obtained results allow inferring that the seed size did not influence the vigor on A. heterophyllus germination in a greenhouse. The variation found in fruit size and number of seeds per fruit, as well as field observations regarding fruit and seed morphology, pulp flavor and consistency, allows us to infer that there is a possibility of several varieties of the species occurring in the studied site.
Hybrid Pattern Recognition and Multi-resolution Analysis (MRA) Based Fault Location in Power Transmission Lines
Authors: I. Aneke Jude , Ezechukwu O. A. , Tagboh P. I.
Published: December 2019

This paper proposes a fault (line-to-line) location on Ikeja West – Benin 330kV electric power transmission lines using wavelet multi-resolution analysis and neural networks pattern recognition abilities. Three-phase line-to-line current and voltage waveforms measured during the occurrence of a fault in the power transmission-line were pre-processed first and then decomposed using wavelet multi-resolution analysis to obtain the high-frequency details and low-frequency approximations. The patterns formed based on high-frequency signal components were arranged as inputs of the neural network, whose task is to indicate the occurrence of a fault on the lines. The patterns formed using low-frequency approximations were arranged as inputs of the second neural network, whose task is to indicate the exact fault type. The new method uses both low and high-frequency information of the fault signal to achieve an exact location of the fault. The neural network was trained to recognize patterns, classify data and forecast future events. Feed forward networks have been employed along with back propagation algorithm for each of the three phases in the Fault location process. An analysis of the learning and generalization characteristics of elements in power system was carried using Neural Network toolbox in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Simulation results obtained demonstrate that neural network pattern recognition and wavelet multi-resolution analysis approach are efficient in identifying and locating faults on transmission lines as the average percentage error in fault location was just 0.1386%. This showed that satisfactory performance was achieved especially when compared to the conventional methods such as impedance and travelling wave methods.
Endocrine Therapy for Hormone Receptor‐Positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Buzdar Aman U. , Dawood Shaheenah , Harvey Harold A. , Craig Jordan Virgil
Published: December 2019

Overview

The importance of the reproductive endocrine system in breast cancer treatment began to be appreciated at the turn of the nineteenth century. It was around this time that it was realized that approximately one‐third of premenopausal women with advanced breast cancer would respond to oophorectomy. However, it was only when the estrogen receptor (ER) was discovered that it was possible to fully appreciate the mechanisms underlying the activity of ovarian ablation and other associated treatments for breast cancer such as ovarian irradiation, adrenalectomy, and hypophysectomy. Research into both the estrogen and progesterone pathways not only provided a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanism of the carcinogenic pathway involved in the development of breast cancer but also allowed identification of potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

This chapter discusses the recent advances in the molecular biology and physiology underlying the estrogen and progesterone receptor (PR) pathways and potential targets for intervention. In addition, it examines and compares the pharmacology and efficacy of the different endocrine agents used in the management of both early‐ and advanced‐stage breast cancer.
Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Rahaman Jamal , Lu Karen , Cohen Carmel J.
Published: December 2019

Overview

Endometrial carcinoma is the most frequent gynecologic cancer in the United States with over 50,000 new cases diagnosed per year. Over 80% have Type I cancers with the classic estrogen‐dependent endometrioid histology and a favorable prognosis. Type II cancers have a different molecular profile associated with more virulent disease and diminished survival and include uterine papillary serous carcinomas (UPSC) and clear cell carcinomas. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) has recently defined four molecular subtypes of endometrial cancer based on somatic mutations, copy number alterations, and microsatellite instability status. Over 75% of patients are present with irregular or postmenopausal bleeding. Surgical staging includes a total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy, and pelvic and para‐aortic lymph node sampling, which can be performed via a laparotomy, laparoscopy, or robotic surgery. Surgery, where possible, constitutes the definitive primary treatment for most patients with endometrial carcinoma. Primary radiation therapy and primary hormonal therapy are alternatives for inoperable patients. Adjuvant therapy for stage I disease is determined by age, depth of myometrial invasion, lymphovascular space invasion, and tumor grade. For patients with advanced and recurrent disease, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy are utilized. Paclitaxel (T), carboplatin (C), cisplatin (P), and doxorubicin (A) are the most active single agents, with TC and TAP being the most effective combination of chemotherapy regimens. Hormonal therapy includes oral progestins, the progesterone‐containing intrauterine device, tamoxifen, gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analogs, and aromatase inhibitors. Emerging biologic agents with activity include bevacizumab and mTOR inhibitors. Tumor molecular profiling, minimal invasive surgery, sentinel lymph node assessment, and integration of novel biologic therapies will likely play a greater role in the future.
Hereditary Cancer Syndromes: Risk Assessment and Genetic Counseling
Authors: Webster Rachel , Bannon Sarah A. , Hyde Samuel M. , Woodson Ashley H. , You Nancy Yi‐Qian , Lu Karen H. , Arun Banu
Published: December 2019

Overview

Understanding the etiology of cancer combines a multitude of factors including genetic, environmental, health, and lifestyle influences on the pathway to malignancy. While single‐gene‐inherited causes for cancer account for only 5–10% of cancer cases, identifying these individuals and their family members can provide insights into tumorigenesis, improvement in therapeutic outcomes, and prevention of cancer development in some cases. The process of evaluating an individual's cancer history as well as their family history is key in ascertaining those at risk for hereditary cancer.
Hierarchical Porous Organometallic Polymers Fabricated by Direct Knitting: Recyclable Single‐Site Catalysts with Enhanced Activity
Authors: Shen Yajing , Zheng Qingshu , Zhu Haibo , Tu Tao
Published: December 2019

Porous organometallic polymers (POMPs) with hierarchical pore structures, high specific surface areas, and atomically dispersed metal (Ir, Pd, Ru) centers are successfully fabricated by a facile one‐pot method through direct knitting of diverse N‐heterocyclic carbene metal (NHC‐M) complexes. These polymers can function as recyclable solid single‐site catalysts and exhibit excellent catalytic activity and selectivity in both dehydrogenation and hydrogenation reactions even at ppm‐level catalyst loadings. Remarkably, a record turnover number (TON) of 1.01 × 106 is achieved in the hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ‐valerolactone, which is 750 times higher than that attained with corresponding bis‐NHC‐Ir complex.
Genetic and morphological diversity of mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in northern Madagascar: The discovery of a putative new species?
Authors: Sgarlata Gabriele Maria , Salmona Jordi , Le Pors Barbara , Rasolondraibe Emmanuel , Jan Fabien , Ralantoharijaona Tantely , Rakotonanahary Ando , Randriamaroson Jacquis , Marques Adam Joseph , Aleixo‐Pais Isa , de Zoeten Tiago , Ousseni Dhurham Said Ali , Knoop Simon Benjamin , Teixeira Helena , Gabillaud Vivien , Miller Alex , Ibouroi Mohamed Thani , Rasoloharijaona Solofonirina , Zaonarivelo John Rigobert , Andriaholinirina Nicole Volasoa , Chikhi Lounès
Published: December 2019

Tropical forests harbor extremely high levels of biological diversity and are quickly disappearing. Despite the increasingly recognized high rate of habitat loss, it is expected that new species will be discovered as more effort is put to document tropical biodiversity. Exploring under‐studied regions is particularly urgent if we consider the rapid changes in habitat due to anthropogenic activities. Madagascar is known for its extraordinary biological diversity and endemicity. It is also threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation. It holds more than 100 endemic primate species (lemurs). Among these, Microcebus (mouse lemurs) is one of the more diverse genera. We sampled mouse lemurs from several sites across northern Madagascar, including forests never sampled before. We obtained morphological data from 99 Microcebus individuals; we extracted DNA from tissue samples of 42 individuals and amplified two mitochondrial loci (cytb and cox2) commonly used for species identification. Our findings update the distribution of three species (Microcebus tavaratra, Microcebus arnholdi, and Microcebus mamiratra), including a major increase in the distribution area of M. arnholdi. We also report the discovery of a new Microcebus lineage genetically related to M. arnholdi. Several complementary approaches suggest that the newly identified Microcebus lineage might correspond to a new putative species, to be confirmed or rejected with additional data. In addition, morphological analyses showed (a) clear phenotypic differences between M. tavaratra and M. arnholdi, but no clear differences between the new Microcebus lineage and the sister species M. arnholdi; and (b) a significant correlation between climatic variables and morphology, suggesting a possible relationship between species identity, morphology, and environment. By integrating morphological, climatic, genetic, and spatial data of two northern Microcebus species, we show that the spatial distribution of forest‐dwelling species may be used as a proxy to reconstruct the past spatial changes in forest cover and vegetation type.
Preparation and electrooptic study of reverse mode polymer dispersed liquid crystal: Performance augmentation with the doping of nanoparticles and dichroic dye
Authors: Sharma Vandna , Kumar Pankaj , Chinky  , Malik Praveen , Raina K. K.
Published: December 2019

Reported herein, the preparation, morphological, and electrooptic (EO) characterization of reverse mode polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) with nematic liquid crystal (LC) and UV curable polymer optical adhesive using polymerization induced phase separation method. The PDLCs are switchable between transparent and opaque states due to the homeotropic and planar alignment of LC in their OFF and ON states of applied voltage, respectively. Further, effect of doping of a fixed concentration of azo dye and silica nanoparticles (NPs) on morphological, EO and response characteristics of same PDLC sample was also analyzed. Experimental results showed that doped reverse mode PDLCs have the higher OFF state optical transmission and boost up in the scattering ON state compared with pristine reverse mode PDLC. The phenomenon is also supported by extinction coefficient and absorption study based on Beer's law. The threshold and operating voltages were found reduced ~1.56 and ~1.73 times for NPs and (NPs + dye) doped reverse mode PDLCs, respectively, along with better contrasts to the pristine reverse mode PDLC. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48745.
Fabrication of tough, self‐recoverable, and electrically conductive hydrogels byin situreduction of poly(acrylic acid) grafted graphene oxide in polyacrylamide hydrogel matrix
Authors: Li Bengang , Wu Chao , Wang Chengyu , Luo Zhenyang , Cao Jianpeng
Published: December 2019

Developing electrically conductive hydrogels with good electronic properties and excellent mechanical performance is significant to their potential applications. In this article, we present a strategy to fabricate tough, self‐recoverable and electrically conductive hydrogels containing reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Poly(acrylic acid) grafted graphene oxide (GO‐g‐PAA) was synthesized and incorporated into chemically crosslinked polyacrylamide (PAM) networks to obtain GO‐g‐PAA/PAM hydrogels, which were further treated with ascorbic acid solution at ambient temperature to give rGO‐g‐PAA/PAM hydrogels. The interfacial interaction between GO/rGO and hydrogel matrix was improved by reversible hydrogen bonds between the grafted PAA chains and PAM matrix. Consequently, both GO‐g‐PAA/PAM and rGO‐g‐PAA/PAM hydrogels exhibited improved tensile properties, excellent energy dissipation, and rapid self‐recovery. Thein situchemical reduction of GO‐g‐PAA in hydrogel matrix endowed rGO‐g‐PAA/PAM hydrogels with satisfactory electrical conductivity and obvious resistance change upon stretching. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2020,137, 48781.
Painful invisibilities: Roll management or ‘off‐rolling’ and professional identity
Authors: Done Elizabeth J. , Knowler Helen
Published: December 2019

‘Off‐rolling’ is widely defined as the illegal removal of students from a school roll, unlike permanent exclusion, which involves sanctioned formal procedures. It is a practice that brings very different logics, political agendas, governmental imperatives and the associated matter of school leader professional identity into sharp relief. Deviant professional identities have already been discursively constituted, despite the current lack of research into the motivation of senior school leaders who engage in ‘off‐rolling’. This article draws on Foucault to explore tensions between a political standards and an inclusion agenda, and to consider how the professional identities of senior school leaders are shaped such that ‘off‐rolling’ becomes possible. It is suggested that chronic underfunding of the inclusion agenda has combined with what England's Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills (Ofsted) now describes as an over‐emphasis on academic performance to create unsustainable pressures on many senior school leaders. The descriptor ‘contextual roll management’ may therefore be more appropriate. The moral outrage which accompanies public and political discourse around ‘off‐rolling’ is theorised with reference to Apple, Ball and Popkewitz. Such moral indignation distracts attention from the wider socio‐political and economic context within which schools are now required to deliver academic progress and inclusion. We conclude the article by outlining key empirical questions that have yet to be addressed.
Umbrella review and meta-analysis of antiplatelet therapy for peripheral artery disease
Authors: Ambler G K , Waldron C-A , Contractor U B , Hinchliffe R J , Twine C P
Published: December 2019

Background

The literature on antiplatelet therapy for peripheral artery disease has historically been summarized inconsistently, leading to conflict between international guidelines. An umbrella review and meta-analysis was performed to summarize the literature, allow assessment of competing safety risks and clinical benefits, and identify weak areas for future research.

Methods

MEDLINE, Embase, DARE, PROSPERO and Cochrane databases were searched from inception until January 2019. All meta-analyses of antiplatelet therapy in peripheral artery disease were included. Quality was assessed using AMSTAR scores, and GRADE analysis was used to quantify the strength of evidence. Data were pooled using random-effects models.

Results

Twenty-eight meta-analyses were included. Thirty-three clinical outcomes and 41 antiplatelet comparisons in 72 181 patients were analysed. High-quality evidence showed that antiplatelet monotherapy reduced non-fatal strokes (3 (95 per cent c.i. 0 to 6) fewer per 1000 patients), In symptomatic patients, it reduced cardiovascular deaths (8 (0 to 16) fewer per 1000 patients), but increased the risk of major bleeding (7 (3 to 14) more events per 1000). In asymptomatic patients, monotherapy reduced non-fatal strokes (5 (0 to 8) fewer per 1000), but had no other clinical benefit. Dual antiplatelet therapy caused more major bleeding after intervention than monotherapy (37 (8 to 102) more events per 1000), with very low-quality evidence of improved endovascular patency (risk ratio 4·00, 95 per cent c.i. 0·91 to 17·68).

Conclusion

Antiplatelet monotherapy has minimal clinical benefit for asymptomatic peripheral artery disease, and limited benefit for symptomatic disease, with a clear risk of major bleeding. There is a lack of evidence to guide antiplatelet prescribing after peripheral endovascular intervention.
Cortical mapping of mirror visual feedback training for unilateral upper extremity: A functional near‐infrared spectroscopy study
Authors: Bai Zhongfei , Fong Kenneth N. K. , Zhang Jiaqi , Hu Zhishan
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Mirror therapy has been shown to be effective in promoting hemiplegic arm recovery in patients with stroke or unilateral cerebral palsy. This study aimed to explore the cortical mapping associated with mirror therapy in a group of healthy adults by using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy.

Methods

Fifteen right‐handed healthy adults were recruited by means of convenience sampling. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used: movement complexity with two levels—task‐based (T) and movement‐based (M), and visual direction with two levels—mirror visual feedback task (MT) and covered mirror with normal visual feedback task (NoT) as the control, constituting four conditions, namely TMT, MMT, TNoT, and MNoT. The regions of interest were the sensorimotor cortex (SMC), the supplementary motor area (SMA), the superior parietal cortex (SPL), and the precuneus in both the contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres.

Results

Our findings showed that in the ipsilateral hemisphere, MT induced a higher activation in the SMA and SPL than NoT. With regard to the activation of the ipsilateral SMC, only one channel was found showing superior effects of MT compared with NoT. In addition, MT can strengthen the functional connectivity between the SMC and SMA. In the contralateral hemisphere, both movement complexity and visual direction showed significant main effects in the SMC, while only movement complexity showed a significant main effect in the SMA and SPL. The precuneus of both sides was deactivated and showed no significant difference among the four conditions.

Conclusions

Our experiment implies that the modest activation of ipsilateral SMC during MT is likely to be associated with the enhanced activity of ipsilateral SMA and that the precuneus may not be an essential component of the MT‐related neural network.
Discouraging tattling: Adults need to help, not be the police
Authors: Walters Anne S.
Published: December 2019

I recently heard an interesting piece on NPR called “No Fair,” part of the This American Life podcast series. In April, Ira Glass interviewed the show's producer David Kestenbaum about the installation of a “tattlephone” in his son's preschool classroom. The children could record their tattles into the phone, and this was meant to reduce the drain on time and energy from mediating all the tattling. Kestenbaum's accounting of the recorded messages is classic: “‘Nathan farted in my face and I said, yuck, Nathan,’ but the real crime? ‘He didn't say excuse me.’”
A Heterogeneous Recyclable Rhodium‐based Catalyst for the Reduction of Pyridine Dinucleotides and Flavins
Authors: Deng Yifan , Odziomek Mateusz , Sanchez Clement , Back Olivier , Mougel Victor , Fontecave Marc
Published: December 2019

Reduced pyridine nucleotides and flavins are important enzyme cofactors that require continuous regeneration for biotechnological development of the corresponding enzymes. This can be achieved with the assistance of a dehydrogenase system or by reduction with formate catalysed by a soluble organometallic {[Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+} (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; bpy=bipyridine) complex. Here, we report that this Rh complex, once immobilized on bypiridine‐periodic mesoporous organosilica, displays catalytic activity for flavin (including FAD, FMN and riboflavin) and NAD(P)+ reduction by formate. The recyclability of this solid catalyst makes it possible to achieve up to 20 cycles of FAD reduction without activity loss. This recyclable heterogeneous catalyst can also be used to assist a complex NADH‐, FAD‐ and O2‐dependent monooxygenase system, allowing several cycles of transformation of a phenol into the corresponding catechol.
Eco‐Mn Ecocatalysts: Toolbox for Sustainable and Green Lewis Acid Catalysis and Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Bihanic Camille , Richards Kenza , Olszewski Tomasz K. , Grison Claude
Published: December 2019

Phytoextraction is one of the most promising phytotechnologies used to restore natural environments degraded by mining activities. In New Caledonia, a few plant species, which belong to the Grevillea genus, have the ability to extract Mn from soil and accumulate it in abundance (over 1 % of leaves dry weight). This review describes the use of Grevillea Mn‐accumulating plant species to produce the first bio‐sourced Mn catalysts, called Eco‐Mn catalysts. Extensive structural studies of Eco‐Mn catalysts have highlighted an original composition characteristic of their vegetal origin. Eco‐Mn catalysts have demonstrated competitive catalytic activities compared to conventional Mn catalysts in Lewis acid catalysis, aminoreductions, alcohol oxidations, epoxidation reactions, oxidative cleavage of 1,2‐diols and alkenes and “Janus catalysts” for sequential tandem oxidations such as tandem carbonyl‐ene cyclisation, synthesis of substituted pyridines and oxidative iodination of ketones.
Dynamic Environments as a Tool to Preserve Desired Output in a Chemical Reaction Network
Authors: Maguire Oliver R. , Wong Albert S. Y. , Baltussen Mathieu G. , van Duppen Peer , Pogodaev Aleksandr A. , Huck Wilhelm T. S.
Published: December 2019

Current efforts to design functional molecular systems have overlooked the importance of coupling out‐of‐equilibrium behaviour with changes in the environment. Here, the authors use an oscillating reaction network and demonstrate that the application of environmental forcing, in the form of periodic changes in temperature and in the inflow of the concentration of one of the network components, removes the dependency of the periodicity of this network on temperature or flow rates and enforces a stable periodicity across a wide range of conditions. Coupling a system to a dynamic environment can thus be used as a simple tool to regulate the output of a network. In addition, the authors show that coupling can also induce an increase in behavioural complexity to include quasi‐periodic oscillations.
Regioselective Synthesis, Crystallographic Characterization, and Electrochemical Properties of Pyrazole‐ and Pyrrole‐Ring‐Fused Derivatives of Y2@C3v(8)‐C82
Authors: Yu Bing , Shen Wangqiang , Yang Le , Liu Yangchun , Pan Changwang , Cong Hailin , Jin Peng , Lu Xing
Published: December 2019

Chemical modification of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) is an efficient strategy to realize their ultimate applications in many fields. Herein, we report the highly regioselective and quantitative mono‐formation of pyrazole‐ and pyrrole‐ring‐fused derivatives of the prototypical di‐EMF Y2@C3v(8)‐C82, that is, Y2@C3v(8)‐C82(C13N2H10) and Y2@C3v(8)‐C82(C9NH11), from the respective 1,3‐dipolar reactions with either diphenylnitrilimine or N‐benzylazomethine ylide, without the formation of any bis‐ or multi‐adducts. Crystallographic results unambiguously reveal that only one [6,6]‐bond out of the twenty‐five different types of nonequivalent C−C bonds of Y2@C3v(8)‐C82 is involved in the 1,3‐dipolar reactions. Our theoretical results rationalize that the remarkably high regioselectivity and the quantitative formation of mono‐adducts are direct results from the anisotropic distribution of π‐electron density on the C3v(8)‐C82 cage and the local strain of the cage carbon atoms as well. Interestingly, electrochemical and theoretical studies demonstrate that the reversibility of the redox processes, in particular the reversibility of the reductive processes of Y2@C3v(8)‐C82, has been markedly altered upon exohedral functionalization, but the oxidative process was less influenced, indicating that the oxidation is mainly influenced by the internal Y2 cluster, whereas the reduction is primarily associated with the fullerene cage. The pyrazole and pyrrole‐fused derivatives may find potential applications as organic photovoltaic materials and biological reagents.
Iodinated Metallacrowns: Toward Combined Bimodal Near‐Infrared and X‐Ray Contrast Imaging Agents
Authors: Lutter Jacob C. , Eliseeva Svetlana V. , Collet Guillaume , Martinić Ivana , Kampf Jeff W. , Schneider Bernadette L. , Carichner Aidan , Sobilo Julien , Lerondel Stéphanie , Petoud Stéphane , Pecoraro Vincent L.
Published: December 2019

Multimodal probes capable of combining imaging modalities within a single molecule are in high demand today as they can provide information at both molecular and anatomical levels. Herein, a study was conducted on a series of gallium(III)/lanthanide(III) bis(12‐MC‐4) metallacrowns (MCs) with the general composition {Ln[12‐MCGaIIIN(shi)‐4]}2(iph)4 (Ln‐Ix, x=0, 4, 8, 12), where shi and iph are salicylhydroximate and isophthalate ligands, respectively, or their iodinated derivatives. For Yb‐Ix, the attenuation in X‐ray computed tomography (XCT) imaging and near‐infrared (NIR) luminescence properties can be finely tuned by controlled structural modifications based on iodo groups. Solutions of Yb‐Ix appear to be 22–40 times more efficient as XCT agents in comparison to the commercially available iobitridol, while providing an intense emission signal in the NIR range with total quantum yields up to 8.6 %, which are among the highest values reported so far. Therefore, these molecules are promising potential bimodal agents for combined NIR luminescence and XCT imaging.
CNG und LNG aus biogenen Reststoffen – ein Konzept zur ressourcenschonenden Kraftstoffproduktion
Authors: Müller Christian , Anghilante Régis , Schmid Max , Härdtlein Marlies , Spörl Reinhold , Colomar David , Ortloff Felix , Eltrop Ludger , Graf Frank , Bajohr Siegfried , Kolb Thomas
Published: December 2019

Es wurde ein Verfahren entwickelt, das die Umwandlung von Reststoffen zu methanbasierten Kraftstoffen unter höchstmöglichem Erhalt des biogenen Kohlenstoffs mithilfe von elektrischer Energie aus erneuerbaren Quellen ermöglicht. Waldrestholz, Stroh und Klärschlamm wurden als besonders relevante Einsatzstoffe identifiziert. Durch die hochintegrierte Kopplung von Vergasung, Hochtemperaturelektrolyse und Methanisierung wird der biogene Kohlenstoff aus den Edukten nahezu vollständig in das Produkt Methan überführt. Die Gestehungskosten sind dabei mit denen gegenwärtig eingesetzter Technologien vergleichbar und liegen bei Großanlagen im Bereich üblicher Werte der Biomethanerzeugung.
Engineering investigation for the size effect of graphene oxide derived from graphene nanoplatelets in polyurethane composites
Authors: Um Jun Geun , Jun Yun‐Seok , Elkamel Ali , Yu Aiping
Published: December 2019

In this study, commercial polyurethane (PU) and graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) and their derivative graphene oxide (GO) were used to fabricate PU composites. The size effect of fillers on mechanical properties and anti‐corrosion performance of as‐prepared composites was thoroughly investigated. It was found that GO was more uniformly dispersed in the PU matrix than GnP due to its compatibility with PU. Furthermore, GO led to the higher mechanical properties and anti‐corrosion performance than PU/GnP composites, and the properties were strongly dependant on the size of the GO. Specifically, incorporating large sized GO (GO‐M25) in 0.5 wt% indicated the highest average synergetic tensile modulus up to 53% from the neat PU and the lowest corrosion rate of 0.001 MPY (1 MPY = 0.547 g · m−2 · d−1). This phenomenon was attributed to the fact that the larger size of GO is not only uniformly dispersed within the PU matrix but also enables interaction between PU and GO. Conversely, PU composites incorporated with the small sized GO (GO‐C750) did not show elastic behaviour from 0.1 to 0.5 wt% of the filler. This is due to the fact that the high surface area and hydrophilic functionalities of GO‐C750 resulted in hard‐segment content reduction in PU. This research can help in the design of a PU coating that is physically improved and that has a superior anti‐corrosive capacity, particularly for pipelines in the oil‐sands transportation industry.
Safety and efficacy of catheter ablation in atrial fibrillation patients with left ventricular dysfunction
Authors: Long Songbing , Xi Yutao , Gao Lianjun , Chen Qi , Cheng Jie , Yang Yanzong , Xia Yunlong , Yin Xiaomeng
Published: December 2019

Background

Catheter ablation (CA) for atrial fibrillation (AF) in heart failure (HF) patients reduced the mortality but may increase complications and raise the safety concern.

Hypothesis

CA for AF in HF patients may not increase the complications vs medical treatment, and it may reduce hospitalizations and mortality and improve heart function.

Methods

Three groups of AF patients were included in the study: 120 congestive HF for their first CA (AFHF‐CA), 150 congestive HF who were undergoing medical therapy (AFHF‐Med), and 150 patients with normal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) (AF‐CA).

Results

After 30 ± 6 months of follow up, 45.8% of patients in the AFHF‐CA and 61.3% of patients in the AF‐CA groups maintained sinus rhythm (SR) in comparison with 2.7% in AFHF‐Med (P < .01). Hospitalization for HF was significantly lower in AFHF‐CA than in AFHF‐Med groups (P < .01). Death occurred in 7.5% of patients in the AFHF‐CA group, which was lower than 18% in the AFHF‐Med group (P < .01). Significant improvements in heart function were shown in the AFHF‐CA group compared to the AFHF‐Med group, including LVEF (P < .01), LV end‐diastolic diameter (P < .01), and New York Heart Association classification (P < .01), as well as the left atrial diameter (P < .01). AFHF‐CA patients required additional ablation more often (P < .05). CA had a better prognosis in paroxysmal AF and tachycardia‐related diseases.

Conclusion

CA for AF reduced hospitalizations and mortality and improved heart function, vs medical treatment, and was as safe as CA in those with normal heart function.
Pretreatment peripheral blood leukocytes are independent predictors of survival in oral cavity cancer
Authors: Valero Cristina , Zanoni Daniella K. , McGill Marlena R. , Ganly Ian , Morris Luc G.T. , Quer Miquel , Shah Jatin P. , Wong Richard J. , León Xavier , Patel Snehal G.
Published: December 2019

Background

Inflammation and immune surveillance evasion are cancer hallmarks. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) represent both. The aim of the current study was to examine PBLs as predictors of outcomes in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and to find specific cutoffs with the goal of including PBLs as host factor in patients' preoperative risk assessment.

Methods

Previously established head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cutoffs were examined in an independent cohort of 1369 OSCC patients. Then optimal OSCC cutoffs were found and validated in the subset of patients with OSCC (n = 119) from the external HNSCC cohort. The PBLs analyzed were neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes individually, the neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and a combined index using all PBLs called Systemic Inflammation Response Index (SIRI).

Results

All parameters were significant predictors of survival using the previous cutoffs. However, OSCC cutoffs stratified survival outcomes better. Considering neutrophils ≤4.8 × 109/L as reference, patients with 4.8–9.1 × 109/L neutrophils had 1.536 times higher risk of death (95% CI, 1.295‐1.822), and patients with ≥9.1 × 109/L had 3.076 times higher risk (95% CI: 2.170‐4.360). All PBLs maintained independent prognostic capacity in multivariable analysis. Neutrophils, NLR, and SIRI were significant predictors of survival when validating OSCC cutoffs in the external validation cohort.

Conclusions

Pretreatment peripheral blood neutrophils, NLR, and SIRI are the most robust independent predictors of overall survival among all PBLs in OSCC. The authors report externally validated cutoffs that demonstrate the feasibility of including PBLs as host features in the preoperative prognostication of OSCC.