bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagenetic peculiarities of potential Lower Jurassic reservoir sandstones, Troms 1 area, Off Northern Norway, and their tectonic significance
Authors: Riches P. , Traub-Sobott I. , Zimmerle W. , Zinkernagel U.
Published: November 2006

In the Troms 1 area, sediments of Early to Middle Jurassic age, ranging from alluvial plain deposits at the base, passing through coastal plain/tidal flat sediments up into high-energy nearshore shallow-marine sands, mark a transgression. The sandstones, classified as mineralogically and texturally mature quartz-arenites, are potential reservoir rocks in the eastern part of the area. The apparent supermaturity, however, is of secondary origin because unstable detrital components were dissolved during diagenesis. The succession of complex diagenetic processes was: (i) mechanical compaction and simultaneous pressure solution, (ii) partial dissolution with corrosion of detrital quartz and dissolution of unstable fragments, (iii) silica cementation, (iv) calcite cementation, (v) partial carbonate dissolution, (vi) kaolinite/Fe-carbonate cementation in the remaining pore space. Porosity and permeability of the sandstones are controlled by the degree of silicification and by dissolution processes. Two dissolution stages led to partial ‘skeletonization’ of the detrital framework and to elimination of unstable detrital grains. The first stage was a basic process leading to corrosion of detrital quartz and creating transitory secondary porosity; the second stage was acidic leading to the present preserved secondary porosity. Diagenetic dissolution channels formed. The degree of diagenetic alteration was much higher than normally observed in sandstones of such burial depth. Hydrothermal solutions rising from deep-seated faults may have led to this unusual alteration and triggered a rift-related type of complex diagenesis.
Thermodynamic and structural aspects of the dehydration of smectites in sedimentary rocks
Authors: Hall P. L. , Astill D. M. , McConnell J. D. C.
Published: November 2006

The diagenetic conversion of smectite to illite in shales has been proposed as a mechanism for generating overpressure (fluid pressure above hydrostatic) in sedimentary basins. However, the mechanism and rate-controlling factors of the reaction and the magnitude of the resulting volume change are not known. In this paper the thermodynamics of the reversible hydration/dehydration of smectite are analysed in the pressure/temperature regime of sedimentary rocks. If the interlamellar water is more dense than bulk water, and the pressures on the solid and fluid phases are equal, the dehydration temperature should increase with increasing confining pressureviathe Clapeyron-Clausius equation. However, either fluid pressures below the pressure on the solid matrix or high pore-fluid salinities can reduce the dehydration temperature. Experiments on Ca2+-montmorillonite compacted in the presence of distilled water in a steel autoclave fitted with a sensitive pressure transducer failed to detect any overall volume change due to dehydration up to 185°C and 1400 bar. This finding, which is consistent with recent high-pressure DTA and XRD studies on Na+-montmorillonite, suggests that reversible loss of the last two water layers does not occur in sedimentary basins except as part of the more complex diagenetic conversion of smectite to illite. Some recent evidence from high-resolution TEM and microprobe analyses regarding the mechanism of the reaction is also discussed.
Formation damage and remedial stimulation
Authors: Harper T. R. , Buller D. C.
Published: November 2006

It is argued that a wide range of engineering data and geological data is required to make confident prognoses or diagnoses of formation damage. Potential sources of data are reviewed, with comments on their limitations. It is proposed that microscopic failure can cause formation damage in macroscopically intact rock at stress concentrations around the wellbore. The significance of natural fractures is reviewed in relation to formation damage induced by diagenetic mineralization or invasion by lost circulation material. Removal of such plugging material by acid stimulation is assessed in relation to diverting agent requirements.
Structure of poorly-ordered aluminosilicates
Authors: Wilson M. A. , McCarthy S. A. , Fredericks P. M.
Published: November 2006

The structure of synthetic aluminosilicates prepared at pH 6 has been investigated by 29Si and 27Al high-resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and electron microscopy have also been used to characterize the products. The amount of Si and Al in protoimogolite, disordered allophane and other structures has been measured. There is a fair correlation between the intensity of the 349 cm−1 band in the FTIR spectra and the proportion by weight of protoimogolite Si measured by NMR. It is shown that disordered allophanes have similar structures to those proposed by van Reeuwijk and de Villiers (Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 32 (1968) 238–240), i.e. octahedral Al surrounding a tetrahedral core. Moreover, it is clear that at high Al:Si ratios (⩾1:1), protoimogolite can compete with disordered allophane precursors for aluminum. The driving forces for formation of protoimogolite rather than allophane appear to be long range Al-Al repulsive forces through oxygen.
Exposure to trichloramine and respiratory symptoms in indoor swimming pool workers
Authors: Jacobs J. H. , Spaan S. , van Rooy G. B. G. J. , Meliefste C. , Zaat V. A. C. , Rooyackers J. M. , Heederik D.
Published: November 2006

The association between swimming pool characteristics and activities of employees and respiratory symptoms in employees was studied. Trichloramine levels were measured to evaluate relationships with pool characteristics and to estimate long-term exposure levels.

Questionnaires were available from 624 pool workers and 38 swimming facilities. Chloramine levels were measured by area sampling over 2-h periods and analysed using ion chromatography. Work-related and general respiratory symptoms, and symptoms indicative of atopy and bronchial hyperresponsiveness were considered. Respiratory symptom prevalence among pool workers was compared with symptoms in a Dutch population sample. Chloramine levels were modelled with regression analysis. This model was used to estimate long-term average chloramine levels for each pool studied.

Employees with higher exposure reported upper respiratory symptoms with greater frequency. Upper respiratory symptoms were statistically significantly associated with cumulative chloramine levels (odds ratio (OR) >1.4 for hoarseness, lost voice, sinusitis). General respiratory symptoms were significantly elevated compared with a Dutch population sample (OR ranged 1.4–7.2).

An excess risk for respiratory symptoms indicative of asthma was observed in swimming pool employees. Aggravation of existing respiratory disease or interactions between irritants and allergen exposures are the most likely explanations for the observed associations.
The 6-min walking distance: long-term follow up in patients with COPD
Authors: Casanova C. , Cote C. G. , Marin J. M. , de Torres J. P. , Aguirre-Jaime A. , Mendez R. , Dordelly L. , Celli B. R.
Published: November 2006

The 6-min walking distance (6MWD) test is used in clinical practice and research into patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, little is known about natural long-term change in this parameter.

The 6MWD was measured at baseline and then annually for 5 yrs in 294 patients with COPD and its annual rate of decline was determined. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was also measured and the relationship between changes in both markers was explored.

At baseline, the median 6MWD was 380 m (range 160–600 m). It declined by 19% (16 m·yr-1) over the 5 yrs compared with baseline in patients with American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society stage III COPD (FEV130–50% predicted) and by 26% (15 m·yr-1) in patients with stage IV COPD (FEV1<30% pred). Over the 5-yr follow-up, the proportion of patients with a minimal clinically significant decline of 54 m increased with the severity of the disease. It was 24% in stage II, 45% in stage III, and 63% in stage IV disease. In contrast, the rate of decline of FEV1was greater in patients with milder airflow obstruction and lesser in patients with lower absolute FEV1values.

In conclusion, the 6-min walking distance test provides increasingly useful information as the severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease increases.
Dendritic cell recruitment in lesions of human and experimental pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Perros F. , Dorfmüller P. , Souza R. , Durand-Gasselin I. , Mussot S. , Mazmanian M. , Hervé P. , Emilie D. , Simonneau G. , Humbert M.
Published: November 2006

In the present study, the hypothesis that dendritic cells (DCs), key players in immunity and tolerance, might be involved in the immunopathology of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) was tested.

The phenotype and localisation of DCs were characterised by immunohistochemistry and double-labelling immunofluorescence in lung samples from controls, human IPAH patients and an experimental pulmonary hypertension model (monocrotaline-exposed rats).

As compared with controls, morphometric analysis demonstrated increased numbers of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN)-positive cells in muscular pulmonary arteries in IPAH and OX-62-positive DCs in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. In human samples, the mean±semnumber of DC-SIGN-positive cells·artery−1of 100–300 μm diameter was 1.4±0.4 in controlsversus26.4±2.7 in IPAH. In rats, the number of OX-62-positive cells·artery−1of 50–150 μm diameter was 0.5±0.2 in controls, and 0.7±0.5, 3.1±0.5 and 8.4±0.6 at day 7, 14 and 28 after monocrotaline exposure, respectively. Human complex lesions of muscular pulmonary arteries showed transmural DC infiltration. Phenotyping revealed an immature DC profile in human and experimental pulmonary hypertension.

The results support the concept that immature dendritic cells accumulate in remodelled pulmonary vessels and hence could be involved in the immunopathology of pulmonary hypertension.
Effects of rehabilitation on chest wall volume regulation during exercise in COPD patients
Authors: Georgiadou O. , Vogiatzis I. , Stratakos G. , Koutsoukou A. , Golemati S. , Aliverti A. , Roussos C. , Zakynthinos S.
Published: November 2006

In order to investigate underlying mechanisms, the present authors studied the effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on the regulation of total chest wall and compartmental (ribcage, abdominal) volumes during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

In total, 20 patients (forced expiratory volume in one second, mean±sem39±3% predicted) undertook high-intensity exercise 3 days·week-1for 12 weeks. Before and after rehabilitation, the changes in chest wall (cw) volumes at the end of expiration (EEV) and inspiration (EIV) were computed by optoelectronic plethysmography during incremental exercise to the limit of tolerance (Wpeak).

Rehabilitation significantly improved Wpeak(57±7versus47±5 W). In the post-rehabilitation period and at identical work rates, significant reductions were observed in minute ventilation (35.1±2.7versus38.4±2.7 L·min-1), breathing frequency (26±1versus29±1 breaths·min-1) and EEVcwand EIVcw(by 182±79 and 136±37 mL, respectively). Inspiratory reserve volume was significantly increased (by 148±70 mL). Volume reductions were attributed to significant changes in abdominal EEV and EIV (by 163±59 and 125±27 mL, respectively). The improvement in Wpeakwas similar in patients who progressively hyperinflated during exercise and those who did not (24 and 26%, respectively).

In conclusion, pulmonary rehabilitation lowers chest wall volumes during exercise by decreasing the abdominal volumes. The improvement in exercise capacity following rehabilitation is independent of the pattern of exercise-induced dynamic hyperinflation.
No association between polymorphisms in the BDNF gene and age at onset in Huntington disease
Authors: Mai Maren , Akkad Amer D , Wieczorek Stefan , Saft Carsten , Andrich Jürgen , Kraus Peter H , Epplen Jörg T , Arning Larissa
Published: November 2006

Background

Recent evidence suggests that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an attractive candidate for modifying age at onset (AO) in Huntington disease (HD). In particular, the functional Val66Met polymorphism appeared to exert a significant effect. Here we evaluate BDNF variability with respect to AO of HD using markers that represent the entire locus.

Methods

Five selected tagging polymorphisms were genotyped across a 65 kb region comprising the BDNF gene in a well established cohort of 250 unrelated German HD patients.

Results

Addition of BDNF genotype variations or one of the marker haplotypes to the effect of CAG repeat lengths did not affect the variance of the AO.

Conclusion

We were unable to verify a recently reported association between the functional Val66Met polymorphism in the BDNF gene and AO in HD. From our findings, we conclude that neither sequence variations in nor near the gene contribute significantly to the variance of AO.
Metabolic network driven analysis of genome-wide transcription data from Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: David Helga , Hofmann Gerald , Oliveira Ana Paula , Jarmer Hanne , Nielsen Jens
Published: November 2006

Background

Aspergillus nidulans (the asexual form of Emericella nidulans) is a model organism for aspergilli, which are an important group of filamentous fungi that encompasses human and plant pathogens as well as industrial cell factories. Aspergilli have a highly diversified metabolism and, because of their medical, agricultural and biotechnological importance, it would be valuable to have an understanding of how their metabolism is regulated. We therefore conducted a genome-wide transcription analysis of A. nidulans grown on three different carbon sources (glucose, glycerol, and ethanol) with the objective of identifying global regulatory structures. Furthermore, we reconstructed the complete metabolic network of this organism, which resulted in linking 666 genes to metabolic functions, as well as assigning metabolic roles to 472 genes that were previously uncharacterized.

Results

Through combination of the reconstructed metabolic network and the transcription data, we identified subnetwork structures that pointed to coordinated regulation of genes that are involved in many different parts of the metabolism. Thus, for a shift from glucose to ethanol, we identified coordinated regulation of the complete pathway for oxidation of ethanol, as well as upregulation of gluconeogenesis and downregulation of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. Furthermore, on change in carbon source from glucose to ethanol, the cells shift from using the pentose phosphate pathway as the major source of NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase, reduced form) for biosynthesis to use of the malic enzyme.

Conclusion

Our analysis indicates that some of the genes are regulated by common transcription factors, making it possible to establish new putative links between known transcription factors and genes through clustering.
Systematic screening of polyphosphate (poly P) levels in yeast mutant cells reveals strong interdependence with primary metabolism
Authors: Freimoser Florian M , Hürlimann Hans Caspar , Jakob Claude A , Werner Thomas P , Amrhein Nikolaus
Published: November 2006

Background

Inorganic polyphosphate (poly P) occurs universally in all organisms from bacteria to man. It functions, for example, as a phosphate and energy store, and is involved in the activation and regulation of proteins. Despite its ubiquitous occurrence and important functions, it is unclear how poly P is synthesized or how poly P metabolism is regulated in higher eukaryotes. This work describes a systematic analysis of poly P levels in yeast knockout strains mutated in almost every non-essential gene.

Results

After three consecutive screens, 255 genes (almost 4% of the yeast genome) were found to be involved in the maintenance of normal poly P content. Many of these genes encoded proteins functioning in the cytoplasm, the vacuole or in transport and transcription. Besides reduced poly P content, many strains also exhibited reduced total phosphate content, showed altered ATP and glycogen levels and were disturbed in the secretion of acid phosphatase.

Conclusion

Cellular energy and phosphate homeostasis is suggested to result from the equilibrium between poly P, ATP and free phosphate within the cell. Poly P serves as a buffer for both ATP and free phosphate levels and is, therefore, the least essential and consequently most variable component in this network. However, strains with reduced poly P levels are not only affected in their ATP and phosphate content, but also in other components that depend on ATP or free phosphate content, such as glycogen or secreted phosphatase activity.
The human EGF-TM7 receptor EMR3 is a marker for mature granulocytes
Authors: Matmati Mourad , Pouwels Walter , van Bruggen Robin , Jansen Machiel , Hoek Robert M , Verhoeven Arthur J , Hamann Jörg
Published: November 2006

EMR3 is a member of the epidermal growth factor-seven-transmembrane (EGF-TM7) family of adhesion class TM7 receptors. This family also comprises CD97, EMR1, EMR2, and EMR4. To characterize human EMR3 at the protein level, we generated Armenian hamster mAb. Using the mAb 3D7, we here demonstrate that EMR3, like other EGF-TM7 receptors, is expressed at the cell surface as a heterodimeric molecule consisting of a long extracellular α-chain, which possesses at its N-terminus EGF-like domains and a membrane-spanning β-chain. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that all types of myeloid cells express EMR3. In peripheral blood, the highest expression of EMR3 was found on granulocytes. More mature CD16+ monocytes express high levels of EMR3, and CD16– monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells (DC) are EMR3dim/low. Lymphocytes and plasmacytoid DC are EMR3–. It is interesting that in contrast with CD97 and EMR2, CD34+CD33–/CD38– committed hematopoietic stem cells and CD34+CD33+/CD38+ progenitors in bone marrow do not express EMR3. In vitro differentiation of HL-60 cells and CD34+ progenitor cells revealed that EMR3 is only up-regulated during late granulopoiesis. These results demonstrate that the expression of EGF-TM7 receptors on myeloid cells is differentially regulated. EMR3 is the first family member found mainly on granulocytes.
Performance of Seismic-Isolated Bridges in Relation to Near-Fault Ground-Motion and Isolator Characteristics
Authors: Dicleli Murat
Published: November 2006

This paper investigates the performance of seismic-isolated bridges (SIBs) subjected to near-fault (NF) earthquakes with forward rupture directivity effect (FRDE) in relation to the isolator, substructure, and NF earthquake properties, and examines some critical design clauses in AASHTO's Guide Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design. It is found that the SIB response is a function of the number of velocity pulses, magnitude of the NF ground motion, and distance from the fault. Particularly, a reasonable estimation of the expected magnitude of the NF ground motion according to the characteristics of the bridge site is crucial for a correct design of the SIB. It is also found that the characteristic strength and post-elastic stiffness of the isolator may be chosen based on the characteristics of the NF earthquake. Furthermore, some of the AASHTO clauses are found to be not applicable to SIBs subjected to NF ground motions with FRDE.
Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnostic Assay for the Detection of β‐Thalassemia
Authors: PAPASAVVA THESSALIA , KALAKOUTIS GABRIEL , KALIKAS IOANNIS , NEOKLI ELECTRA , PAPACHARALAMBOUS SOTEROULA , KYRRI ANDREANNI , KLEANTHOUS MARINA
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  The development of a noninvasive method for detection of β‐thalassemia in the population of Cyprus is based on the detection of paternally inherited single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as well as β‐thalassemia (β‐thal) mutations. We selected 11 informative SNPs for the Cypriot population linked to the β‐globin locus. Two different approaches were used: allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (AS‐PCR) and the arrayed primer extension (APEX) method. The AS‐PCR approach is being standardized, and the method was applied in two families. The paternally inherited allele was noninvasively detected with the AS‐PCR approach on maternal plasma. Some preliminary tests were performed with the APEX method on genomic DNA of parents carrying the β‐thal mutation.
Quantitative Analysis of Plasma DNA in Colorectal Cancer Patients
Authors: FRATTINI MILO , GALLINO GIANFRANCESCO , SIGNORONI STEFANO , BALESTRA DEBORA , BATTAGLIA LUIGI , SOZZI GABRIELLA , LEO ERMANNO , PILOTTI SILVANA , PIEROTTI MARCO A.
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Extracellular DNA in the plasma or serum of cancer patients has been recently proposed as a source of analyzable cancer‐related gene sequences (qualitative approach). Furthermore, patients with different tumor types show high levels of cell‐free circulating DNA both in plasma and serum (quantitative approach) at the time of surgery. Our aim was to verify whether the level of cell‐free DNA in plasma might help in detecting recurrences during follow‐up of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. We studied 70 patients undergoing surgery for primary CRC. Plasma samples were obtained at the time of surgery and during follow‐up. The cell‐free circulating DNA in plasma was quantified by the Dipstick Kit method. At the time of surgery, in all patients, cell‐free DNA levels in plasma were about 25 times higher in comparison with 20 healthy donors. In contrast, the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) value of this cohort of patients was altered in only about 37% of cases. During follow‐up, cell‐free DNA levels decreased progressively in tumor‐free patients, while it increased in those developing recurrences or metastases. The results were further supported by qualitative analysis of circulating tumor‐specific DNA, such as K‐Ras mutations and p16INK4a promoter hypermethylation. These preliminary data confirm that plasma tumor DNA levels (i) are significantly higher in patients with CRC, (ii) decrease progressively in the follow‐up period in tumor‐free patients, and (iii) increase in patients with recurrence or metastasis. We suggest, therefore, that the quantification of plasma cell‐free DNA might represent a useful tool for monitoring of CRC and, prospectively, for identifying high‐risk individuals.
Circulating Nucleic Acids and Diabetic Complications
Authors: BUTT ASIF N. , SHALCHI ZAID , HAMAOUI KARIM , SAMADHAN ANDJENY , POWRIE JAKE , SMITH SHIRLEY , JANIKOUN SARAH , SWAMINATHAN R.
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem across the world. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and nephropathy are two of the major complications of diabetes. DR is the leading cause of blindness and diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end‐stage renal failure. We have examined the potential value of circulating nucleic acids in the detection and monitoring of these two complications of diabetes. mRNA for nephrin was significantly higher in all diabetics compared to healthy controls and it was significantly higher in normoalbuminuric patients compared to healthy controls. This may indicate progression to microalbuminuric stage. Circulating rhodopsin mRNA was detectable in healthy subjects and in diabetic patients. It was significantly raised in diabetic patients with retinopathy. Higher rhodopsin mRNA in diabetic patients without retinopathy suggests that some of them may go on to develop it or already have it subclinically. Circulating nucleic acids have the potential to be noninvasive molecular tests for diabetic complications.
Cell‐Free DNA Levels as a Prognostic Marker in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: ANTONATOS DIONISIOS , PATSILINAKOS SOTIRIOS , SPANODIMOS STAVROS , KORKONIKITAS PANAGIOTIS , TSIGAS D.
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Cell‐free DNA that originates from cell death, circulates in peripheral blood. There are indications that the infarcted myocardium contributes to an increase of cell‐free DNA levels. Our aims were to quantify levels of cell‐free DNA in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and examine their correlation with myocardial markers and with postinfarction (PI) clinical course. Thirteen patients (age 57 ± 16 year) admitted with AMI and who underwent thrombolysis with reteplase within 6 h from the onset of chest pain were studied. PB samples were collected on admission and for 5 consecutive days. Creatine kinase (CK) and troponin I (TnI) were measured on admission and every 8 h for 3 consecutive days. Clinical events were recorded throughout the hospitalization period. Cell‐free DNA levels were also measured in 30 healthy controls. Log‐transformed mean (±SE) of maximum free DNA values in patients higher than controls (6873 ± 357 g.e./mL verses 4112 ± 234 g.e./mL, P < 0.0001). Log‐transformed maximum values of CK and TnI were correlated with log‐transformed free DNA values of first (r= 0.62, P= 0.02/r= 0.68, P= 0.01) and second (r= 0.57, P= 0.04/r= 0.72, P= 0.0053) PI day. Nine patients (group A) had an uncomplicated PI clinical course and four patients (group B) had recorded events (three with angina and one death). Free DNA levels on the second PI day were higher in group B than group A (1298.0 ± 796.0 g.e./mL verses 244.6 ± 257.7 g.e./mL, P= 0.003). In conclusion, free DNA levels are significantly higher in patients with AMI than in controls and may play a role in the prognosis of these patients.
Eph/ephrins and N-cadherin coordinate to control the pattern of sympathetic ganglia
Authors: Kasemeier-Kulesa Jennifer C. , Bradley Roger , Pasquale Elena B. , Lefcort Frances , Kulesa Paul M.
Published: November 2006

Previous studies have suggested that the segmental pattern of neural-crest-derived sympathetic ganglia arises as a direct result of signals that restrict neural crest cell migratory streams through rostral somite halves. We recently showed that the spatiotemporal pattern of chick sympathetic ganglia formation is a two-phase process. Neural crest cells migrate laterally to the dorsal aorta, then surprisingly spread out in the longitudinal direction, before sorting into discrete ganglia. Here, we investigate the function of two families of molecules that are thought to regulate cell sorting and aggregation. By blocking Eph/ephrins or N-cadherin function, we measure changes in neural crest cell migratory behaviors that lead to alterations in sympathetic ganglia formation using a recently developed sagittal slice explant culture and 3D confocal time-lapse imaging. Our results demonstrate that local inhibitory interactions within inter-ganglionic regions, mediated by Eph/ephrins, and adhesive cell-cell contacts at ganglia sites, mediated by N-cadherin, coordinate to sculpt discrete sympathetic ganglia.
Identification of novel snRNA-specific Sm proteins that bind selectively to U2 and U4 snRNAs in Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Tkacz Itai Dov , Lustig Yaniv , Stern Michael Zeev , Biton Moshe , Salmon-Divon Mali , Das Anish , Bellofatto Vivian , Michaeli Shulamit
Published: November 2006

In eukaryotes the seven Sm core proteins bind to U1, U2, U4, and U5 snRNAs. In Trypanosoma brucei, Sm proteins have been implicated in binding both spliced leader (SL) and U snRNAs. In this study, we examined the function of these Sm proteins using RNAi silencing and protein purification. RNAi silencing of each of the seven Sm genes resulted in accumulation of SL RNA as well as reduction of several U snRNAs. Interestingly, U2 was unaffected by the loss of SmB, and both U2 and U4 snRNAs were unaffected by the loss of SmD3, suggesting that these snRNAs are not bound by the heptameric Sm complex that binds to U1, U5, and SL RNA. RNAi silencing and protein purification showed that U2 and U4 snRNAs were bound by a unique set of Sm proteins that we termed SSm (specific spliceosomal Sm proteins). This is the first study that identifies specific core Sm proteins that bind only to a subset of spliceosomal snRNAs.
Cultural differences in the correction of social inferences: Does the dispositional rebound occur in an interdependent culture?
Authors: Geeraert Nicolas , Yzerbyt Vincent Y.
Published: November 2006

Although social observers have been found to rely heavily on dispositions in their causal analysis, it has been proposed that culture strongly affects this tendency. Recent research has shown that suppressing dispositional inferences during social judgment can lead to a dispositional rebound, that is relying more on dispositional information in subsequent judgments. In the present research, we investigated whether culture also affects this rebound tendency. First, Thai and Belgian participants took part in a typical attitude attribution paradigm. Next, dispositional rebound was assessed by having participants describe a series of pictures. The dispositional rebound occurred for both Belgian and Thai participants when confronted with a forced target, but disappeared for Thai participants when the situational constraints of the target were made salient. The findings are discussed in light of the current cultural models of attribution theory.
Detection of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Variations by Partially Denaturing HPLC
Authors: Chin Tan Min , Anuar Diyanah , Soo Ross , Salto-Tellez Manuel , Li Wei Qi , Ahmad Baidah , Lee Soo Chin , Goh Boon Cher , Kawakami Kazuyuki , Segal Amanda , Iacopetta Barry , Soong Richie
Published: November 2006

Background: Epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) variants may be useful markers for identifying responders to gefitinib and erlotinib, small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors of EGFR; therefore, sensitive and cost-effective assays are needed to detect EGFR variants in routine clinical samples. We have developed a partially denaturing HPLC (pDHPLC) assay that is superior to direct sequencing with respect to detection limits, costs, and time requirements.

Methods: Primers, temperatures, and buffer conditions were optimized for PCR-pDHPLC analysis of EGFR exons 18–21. We evaluated the detection limits of pDHPLC and direct sequencing by analyzing mixtures of wild-type and variant EGFR DNA and screened 192 lung cancer samples to examine the diversity of pDHPLC-detectable variants. To assess amenability to routine analysis, we tested lung and pleural tissue specimens from 14 lung cancer patients treated with gefitinib.

Results: The detection limits for variant alleles were 1:100 for pDHPLC and 1:5 for direct sequencing. pDHPLC analysis detected 26 unique EGFR variants, including the common deletions in exon 19 and substitutions in codons 787 and 858. Direct sequencing could not identify 30% (18 of 60) of the variant amplicons identified by pDHPLC. We identified these 18 amplicons by fraction collection after pDHPLC analysis. Analysis of a limited series of lung biopsy samples detected EGFR variants more frequently in gefitinib responders than in nonresponders. pDHPLC analysis was 56% less expensive and 39% faster than direct sequencing.

Conclusions: pDHPLC-based analysis detects EGFR variations in routine clinical samples with a better detection limit and lower cost and time requirement than direct sequencing.
Investigation of Interaction Between Coolant Formulations and Flux Loading/Compositions in Controlled Atmosphere Brazed (CAB) Aluminum Surfaces in Heat Exchanger Applications
Authors: Jeffcoate C , Ranger M , Grajzl J , Yang B , Woyciesjes P , Gershun A
Published: November 2006

An investigation was made into the effects of flux formulation and after brazing residue on the pitting potential of the aluminum surface in various types of coolants during laboratory evaluations. Samples of CAB brazed radiator header alloy aluminum, with various flux loadings, were supplied by Behr and the Ford Motor Company. The flux is generally in the form of potassium fluoroaluminate, general formula K1–3AIF4–6.xH2O. The samples in the flux loading study were all passed through the brazing ovens with the following flux loadings: • No flux, • Half the regular amount of flux, • The regular amount of flux, • Double the regular amount of flux, • Regular amount of flux over half of the surface area. The individual coolants used in the flux loading study were 25 % volumes of the following, each with 100 ppm of chloride: • Conventional, • Hybrid (HOAT), • Organic Acid (OAT), • Modified Organic Acid (MOAT). In the flux composition study, different compositions of potassium fluoroaluminate from three different suppliers were evaluated with hybrid type coolant. All the aluminum samples were run according to a Ford Laboratory Test Method (FLTM) BL105-01 “A Rapid Method to Predict the Effectiveness of Inhibited Coolants in Aluminum Heat Exchangers” [1]. The samples were heated and boiled in coolant for 1 h. The temperature was lowered to 70°C and the samples were electrochemically tested by either potentiodynamic polarization or modified Ford FLTM BL105-01. Each coolant at the end of the test was submitted for chemical analysis of fluoride content. The electrochemical results of the flux loading study showed that the higher the flux loading on the aluminum header material, the easier it is to initiate corrosion. Chemical analysis showed the presence of significant quantities of fluoride in the end of test fluids. As the only fluoride-containing component of the system is the flux residue, it was concluded that fluoride leached from the flux residue. The second study showed that not all potassium fluoroaluminate brazing flux is alike. Samples of three fluxes from three different suppliers of the same loading on aluminum were tested with hybrid coolant. When subjected to heating and potentiodynamic polarization, significantly different results were obtained from the three different fluxes.
Evaluation of Techniques for the Marking of Mummichogs with Emphasis on Visible Implant Elastomer
Authors: Skinner Marc A. , Courtenay Simon C. , Parker W. Roy , Curry R. Allen
Published: November 2006

We conducted two experiments to determine the most appropriate method for use in a mark–recapture study of movements of the mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. In the first experiment, 315 mummichogs were marked with fin clips, fingerling tags, acrylic paint, or visible implant elastomer (VIE) and were held for 144 d. Percent tag retention (98.5%) and survival (100%) were highest for the VIE group, and no negative effect was observed on length growth. This led to a more detailed experiment (167 d) to assess potential negative effects of VIE on the growth and survival of 144 mummichogs marked on various body locations; we also assessed mark retention and readability in this experiment. No negative effects on growth were detected; mean daily length increases ranged from 0.04 to 0.12 mm, and specific growth rates for all groups ranged from 0.129% to 0.470%. Mean survival of all groups was 90.8% (range = 66.7–100%) and was higher in marked groups than controls. All marks were retained and visible without the aid of a light-emitting diode light at the end of the experiment, thus demonstrating that VIE is a suitable method for the marking of mummichogs.
Effect of Pelvic Fin Ray Removal on Survival and Growth of Bull Trout
Authors: Zymonas Nikolas D. , McMahon Thomas E.
Published: November 2006

Fin rays offer a viable alternative to scales and otoliths for determining ages of threatened salmonids, but information on potential side effects from their removal is limited. We conducted a laboratory study to assess the effects of removal of three pelvic fin rays on the survival and growth of two age-groups of bull trout Salvelinus confluentus (age 3: 209–298 mm standard length [SL]; age 4: 294–362 mm SL). Survival was similar between fin-ray-excised fish (≥73%) and control fish (≥69%) at each stage during the 169-d study (P > 0.85). Survival was also similar within age-3 (fin ray excision: ≥39%; control: ≥30%; P > 0.42) and age-4 bull trout (fin ray excision: ≥94%; control: ≥94%; P > 0.86), although a bacterial coldwater infection disproportionately caused higher mortality in age-3 fish for both test groups. Growth also did not differ between treatment and control groups of either age-3 or age-4 fish (P > 0.38). The fin excision wound was completely healed in 56% of treatment fish by day 33 and in 96% by day 126. Excised fin rays regenerated at the rate of 0.25% per day in 92% of treatment fish, attaining nearly one-half (42%) of the estimated total length by the end of the study; 90% regeneration was predicted to occur in about 13 months. Results suggest that removal of pelvic fin rays for aging is probably not deleterious to bull trout over the size range examined.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Authors: Cohen Seth M. , Petryk Magdalena , Varma Mala , Kozuch Peter S. , Ames Elizabeth D. , Grossbard Michael L.
Published: November 2006

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Outline the definition and classification of MALT lymphoma.Summarize the current understanding of the pathogenesis of MALT lymphoma.Articulate treatment options for patients with MALT lymphoma.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com

The concept of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas was introduced by Isaacson and Wright [Cancer 1983; 52:1410–1416] in 1983. After more than 20 years of clinical research MALT lymphomas are now recognized as a distinct subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) with unique pathogenic, histological, and clinical features. Although this subtype of NHL occurs frequently, optimal management remains elusive. This manuscript reviews features of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, pathology, molecular characteristics, and management of both gastric and non-gastric MALT lymphoma.
Predisposing factors for small colon impaction in horses and outcome of medical and surgical treatment: 44 cases (1999–2004)
Authors: Frederico Lisa M. , Jones Samuel L. , Blikslager Anthony T.
Published: November 2006

Objective—To identify factors associated with development of small colon impaction in horses and with selection of medical versus surgical treatment and to determine the prognosis for affected horses following medical or surgical management.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—44 horses with primary impaction of the small colon.

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for signalment, history, clinical findings, treatment (medical vs surgical), hospitalization time, and outcome. For comparison purposes, the same information was collected for 83 horses with primary impaction of the large colon.

Results—Diarrhea was the only factor found to be associated with development of small colon impaction. Horses with small colon impaction were 10.8 times as likely to have diarrhea at the time of initial examination as were horses with large colon impaction. Abdominal distension was the only factor associated with use of surgical versus medical treatment. Horses with small colon impaction that were treated surgically were 5.2 times as likely to have had abdominal distension at the time of admission as were horses with small colon impaction that were treated medically. Overall, 21 of 23 (91%) horses treated medically and 20 of 21 (95%) horses treated surgically survived to discharge.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that diarrhea may be a risk factor for development of small colon impaction and that horses with small colon impaction that have abdominal distension at the time of initial examination are more likely to require surgical than medical treatment.
Primary odorants of laundry soiled with sweat/sebum: Influence of lipase on the odor profile
Authors: Munk Signe , Münch Petra , Stahnke Louise , Adler‐Nissen Jens , Schieberle Peter
Published: November 2006

Odorants still attached to laundry soiled with human axillary sweat and sebum after a mild washing procedure [European full‐scale, short‐cycle wash (20 min wash, 15 min rinse) at 30°C, using color detergent, at 3.5 g/L] were extracted and analyzed by aroma extract dilution analysis. Esters (ethyl‐2‐methylpropanoate and ethylbutanoate), ketones (1‐hexen‐3‐one and 1‐octen‐3‐one) and, in particular, aldehydes [(Z)‐4‐heptenal, octanal, (E)‐2‐octenal, methional, (Z)‐2‐nonenal, (E,Z)‐2,6‐nonadienal, (E,Z)‐2,4‐nonadienal, (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal, and 4‐methoxybenzaldehyde] were identified as primary odorants. Organic acids, which are dominant characteristic odorants in human axillary sweat, were, on the other hand, effectively removed during the washing process. The influence of lipase activity on the odor profile was investigated by analyzing selected sets of textile swatches, sampled from the right/left axillary of male runners, washed in the presence or absence of lipase. The swatches were examined by a sensory ranking analysis prior to the analytical odor analysis. Swatches selected for the subsequent odor analysis possessed greater odor intensity when washed in the presence of lipase than the corresponding swatches washed in the absence of lipase. The aroma extract dilution analysis revealed that aldehydes were present in slightly greater concentrations in swatches washed in the presence of lipase. The aldehydes are believed to be formed through oxidative degradation of triglycerides present in human sebum, which may be facilitated by lipase. Based on sensory panel results and dilution analysis of odorants, the impact of lipase on the odor impression was, however, minor and thus believed to be inadequate as explanation for malodor generation in laundry as experienced by the consumer.
Drag‐reducing surfactants
Authors: Hellsten Martin
Published: November 2006

Although drag reduction by polymers has become common practice for the pipeline transport of crude oil, drag reduction by surfactants for district heating or cooling has so far been applied only in Japan. Resistance to the adoption of this approach by the rest of the world is based on environmental concerns and the reduced capacity of heat exchangers that are all designed for turbulent flow. Newly developed types of drag‐reducing surfactants with improved biodegradability and the ongoing activity to find more suitable exchanger designs will, it is to be hoped, lead to a widespread use of this promising technology.
Multiple linear regression modeling of the critical micelle concentration of alkyltrimethylammonium and alkylpyridinium salts
Authors: Jalali‐Heravi M. , Konouz E.
Published: November 2006

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of a set of 30 alkyltrimethylammonium [RN+(R′)3X−] and alkylpyridinium salts [RN+ΦX−] was related to topological, electronic, and molecular structure parameters using a stepwise regression method. Among different models obtained, two equations were selected as the best and their specifications are given. The statistics for these models together with the crossvalidation results indicate the capability of both models to predict the CMC of cationic surfactants. The results obtained for alkyltrimethylammonium salts indicate that geometric characteristics such as volume of the tail of the molecule, maximum distance between the atoms, and surface area play a major role in micelle formation. However, the simultaneous modeling of the CMC of both alkyltrimethylammonium and alkylpyridinium salts indicates that the topological descriptors of the Balaban and Randic indices and also the electronic parameter of total energy of the molecules are important.
Synthesis and characterization of glucosamide‐based trisiloxane gemini surfactants
Authors: Han Fu , Zhang Gaoyong
Published: November 2006

A new family of glucosamide‐based trisiloxane gemini surfactants of the general formula (CH2OCH2)n (Me3SiOSiMeR1OSiMe3)2 (where R1=(CH2)3NR2(CH2)2NHCO (CHOH)4CH2OH; R2=CH2CH(OH)CH2OCH2; and n=0, 1, or 2) was prepared and characterized, both structurally and as aqueous surfactants. The monomer was prepared by amidation of the precursor amine functional trisiloxane with d‐gluconic acid δ‐lactone. Gemini surfactants were then prepared by the alkylation of the precursor secondary amine with oligoethylene glycol diglycidyl ethers. They were structurally and elemental analysis. Members of this family reduced the surface tension of water to approximately 21 mN/m at concentration levels of 10−5 mol/L. These gemini compounds showed two critical aggregation concentration values. This behavior resulted from the formation of premicellar aggregates before true micelles were formed.
Glucamine‐based gemini surfactants II: Gemini surfactants from long‐chainN‐alkyl glucamines and epoxy resins
Authors: Warwel S. , Brüse F.
Published: November 2006

Gemini surfactants were synthesized by reaction of long‐chainN‐alkyl glucamines with epoxy resins. Analogous to the synthesis of gemini surfactns from long‐chainN‐alkyl glucamines and α, ω‐diepoxides (1), the reaction in methanol at 70°C could be used to convert the starting materials selectively and almost quantitatively.N‐Octyl glucamine,N‐decyl glucamine, andN‐dodecyl glucamine were combined with several epoxy resins, mainly technical glycidyl ethers of diols. Syntheses involving equimolar amounts of amine resulted in quantitative conversion of the epoxy resins, and epoxide and products could be isolated quantitatively by removing the solvent. Gemini surfactants having hydrophobic or hydrophilic spacers were preparared according to their structures and the hydrophilic properties of the epoxy resin. Surface tensions were measured, and foaming propertiers were examined to characterize surface‐active properties of these surfactants. The more hydrophilic products were of particularly high surface activity. Tensiometric studies showed a reduction of surface tension to 30–34 mN/m and critical micelle concentrations in the range of 2–35 mg/L. Comparison of gemini surfactants from long‐chainN‐alkyl glucamines and diepoxides of α,ω‐diolefins (chain lengths: C8, C9, C10, and C14) with those based on epoxy resins showed similar or lower surface activities using hydrophobic epoxy resins and much better surface‐active properties using hydrophilic epoxy resins (e.g., based on glycerol). This, together with the easier availability, makes the epoxy resin‐based products interesting surfactants. Products having very good surface‐active properties are available, especially using glycidyl ether of aliphatic diols or glycerol.
Enhancing solubilization in microemulsions—State of the art and current trends
Authors: Salager Jean‐Louis , Antón Raquel E. , Sabatini David A. , Harwell Jeffrey H. , Acosta Edgar J. , Tolosa Laura I.
Published: November 2006

Along a formulation scan, solubilization is maximal when a bicontinuous microemulsion is in equilibrium with both oil and water excess phases in a so‐called Winsor III system. The logical way to enhance solubilization is to increase the interaction of the surfactant for both the oil and water phases, which can be easily attained by increasing the size of both the head and tail groups. However, this approach is limited by solubility constraints. Additional solubilization enhancement can be attained by introducing a molecule(s) that bridge the bulk phase and the adsorbed surfactant layer; this can be accomplished by using the so‐called lipophilic and hydrophilic “linker effect” or by using block copolymer additives. In either case, the goal is to modify an extended zone in the oil and water domains close to their boundary. The intramolecular grafting of a linker group between the hydrophilic and lipophilic moieties in a surfactant results in a so‐called “extended” surfactant structure, which produces enhanced solubilization, as does the surfactant/linker combination, but with the added benefit that the self‐contained extended surfactant structure does not undergo selective partitioning. We conclude that an improvement in solubilization is directly related to the presence of a smooth, blurred, and expanded transition across the interfacial region from polar to apolar bulk phases.