bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional analysis and treatment of the diurnal bruxism of a 16‐year‐old girl with autism
Authors: Armstrong Amy , Knapp Vicki Madaus , McAdam David B.
Published: April 2014

Bruxism is defined as the clenching and grinding of teeth. This study used a functional analysis to examine whether the bruxism of a 16‐year‐old girl with autism was maintained by automatic reinforcement or social consequences. A subsequent component analysis of the intervention package described by Barnoy, Najdowski, Tarbox, Wilke, and Nollet (2009) showed that a vocal reprimand (e.g., “stop grinding”) effectively reduced the participant's bruxism. Results were maintained across time, and effects extended to novel staff members.
Crowdsourcing medical expertise in near real time
Authors: Sims Max H. , Bigham Jeffrey , Kautz Henry , Halterman Marc W.
Published: April 2014

Given the pace of discovery in medicine, accessing the literature to make informed decisions at the point of care has become increasingly difficult. Although the Internet creates unprecedented access to information, gaps in the medical literature and inefficient searches often leave healthcare providers' questions unanswered. Advances in social computation and human computer interactions offer a potential solution to this problem. We developed and piloted the mobile application DocCHIRP, which uses a system of point‐to‐multipoint push notifications designed to help providers problem solve by crowdsourcing from their peers. Over the 244‐day pilot period, 85 registered users logged 1544 page views and sent 45 consult questions. The median initial first response from the crowd occurred within 19 minutes. Review of the transcripts revealed several dominant themes, including complex medical decision making and inquiries related to prescription medication use. Feedback from the post‐trial survey identified potential hurdles related to medical crowdsourcing, including a reluctance to expose personal knowledge gaps and the potential risk for “distracted doctoring.” Users also suggested program modifications that could support future adoption, including changes to the mobile interface and mechanisms that could expand the crowd of participating healthcare providers. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:451–456. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Comparative development and evolution of two lateral line phenotypes in lake malawi cichlids
Authors: Webb Jacqueline F. , Bird Nathan C. , Carter Lauren , Dickson Juleen
Published: April 2014

Cover illustration. The canals of the mechanosensory lateral line system of bony fishes vary in morphology among species, but are contained within a conserved subset of dermatocranial bones. In this issue of the Journal of Morphology, Webb et al. (pp. 678–692 10.1002/jmor.20247) investigate the role of heterochrony in the evolution of widened cranial lateral line canals from narrow canals using a comparative developmental morphological analysis of the lateral line canals in three Lake Malawi cichlids, Labeotropheus fuelleborni and Metriaclima zebra (narrow canals) and Aulonocara baenschi (widened canals). The cover image shows a 3‐D reconstruction (volume rendering) of μCT data from Aulonocara baenschi, revealing the large bony pores of the widened canals in the dentary, anguloarticular and preopercular bones.
Exploring temporal hydroclimatic variability in the Niger Basin (1901–2006) using observed and gridded data
Authors: Tarhule Aondover , Zume Joseph T. , Grijsen Johan , Talbi‐Jordan Amal , Guero Abdou , Dessouassi Robert Y. , Doffou Hilaire , Kone Soungalo , Coulibaly Bréhima , Harshadeep Nagaraja R.
Published: April 2014

Hydroclimatic variability manifests as abrupt shifts, trends, runs, and recurrent cyclical phenomena, collectively referred to as components. In this article, we tested for the presence and magnitude of each component in the Niger Basin (West Africa), using the 0.5° by 0.5° gridded annual rainfall and temperature data produced by the Climate Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia, UK, for the period 1901–2006. The streamflow data was also analysed for different sub‐basins of the Niger Basin. Abrupt shifts were tested using a Bayesian and nonparametric approach. Trends were analysed using the Mann‐Kendall trend test. Runs were extracted for dry, neutral, and wet conditions, simulated 1000 times based on the skew normal distribution, and used to investigate various run characteristics. Cyclical behaviour was investigated using continuous wavelet analysis. The results show that an abrupt change point occurred in 1969 in the rainfall and streamflow (but not temperature) time series in all subwatersheds of the Niger Basin. The magnitude of the shift in the mean rainfall varied between 16 and 24%. The temperature time series exhibit strong positive trends in all watersheds. Post change point, the rainfall and streamflow time series show positive, though statistically non‐significant trends at α = 0.1. In contrast, disregarding the change point, all subwatersheds show significant negative trends at α = 0.05 and the maximum run lengths are about 4 years long for both dry and wet conditions. Finally, wavelet analysis showed that both rainfall and streamflow in the Niger Basin fluctuate on cycles that are predominantly 2–4 years long, with a few occurrences in the 6–8 years range. Wavelet activity diminished noticeably when a series appeared strongly dominated by trends. The results provide a more comprehensive view of climatic variability than would be obtained from only one or a few components.
Magnetic Nanoclusters Engineered by Polymer‐Controlled Self‐Assembly for the Accurate Diagnosis of Atherosclerotic Plaques via Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Kim Myeong‐Hoon , Kim Bongjune , Lim Eun‐Kyung , Choi Yuna , Choi Jihye , Kim Eunjung , Jang Eunji , Park Hyo Seon , Suh Jin‐Suck , Huh Yong‐Min , Haam Seungjoo
Published: April 2014

Oleyl dextran‐coated magnetic nanoclusters (ODMCs) are fabricated for the accurate detection of macrophage‐rich atherosclerotic plaques using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Dextran is introduced to the cluster surface of magnetic nanocrystals (MNCs) through self‐assembly using amphiphilic oleic acid‐conjugated dextran (ODex) to provide not only hydrophilicity but also a high affinity to macrophages. Enhanced magnetism of the ODMCs is engineered by optimizing the degree of substitution (DS) of the oleyl group in ODex and the concentration of ODex used for the synthesis of ODMC. Consequently, ODMCs exhibit significantly increased T2 relaxivity and excellent macrophage‐targeting ability without cytotoxicity, in vitro. Moreover, in vivo T2‐weighted MR imaging after intravenous injection of ODMCs into a rat artery balloon injury model demonstrates considerable MR contrast strength efficacy in the plaques of the injured carotid artery. These novel ODMCs may offer a highly efficient MR imaging nanoprobes for the selective diagnosis of atherosclerosis.
A note on elliptic type boundary value problems with maximal monotone relations
Authors: Trostorff Sascha , Waurick Marcus
Published: April 2014

In this note we discuss an abstract framework for standard boundary value problems in divergence form with maximal monotone relations as “coefficients”. A reformulation of the respective problems is constructed such that they turn out to be unitarily equivalent to inverting a maximal monotone relation in a Hilbert space. The method is based on the idea of “tailor‐made” distributions as provided by the construction of extrapolation spaces, see e.g. [Picard, McGhee: Partial Differential Equations: A unified Hilbert Space Approach (De Gruyter, 2011)]. The abstract framework is illustrated by various examples.
Morphing Hydrogel Patterns by Thermo‐Reversible Fluorescence Switching
Authors: Bat Erhan , Lin En‐Wei , Saxer Sina , Maynard Heather D.
Published: April 2014

Stimuli responsive surfaces that show reversible fluorescence switching behavior in response to temperature changes were fabricated. Oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate thermoresponsive polymers with amine end‐groups were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The polymers were patterned on silicon surfaces by electron beam (e‐beam) lithography, followed by conjugation of self‐quenching fluorophores. Fluorophore conjugated hydrogel thin films were bright when the gels were swollen; upon temperature‐induced collapse of the gels, self‐quenching of the fluorophores led to significant attenuation of fluorescence. Importantly, the fluorescence was regained when the temperature was cooled. The fluorescence switching behavior of the hydrogels for up to ten cycles was investigated and the swelling‐collapse was verified by atomic force microscopy. Morphing surfaces that change shape several times upon increase in temperature were obtained by patterning multiple stimuli responsive polymers.

image
Gut feelings about smoking and coffee in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Derkinderen Pascal , Shannon Kathleen M , Brundin Patrik
Published: April 2014

Strong epidemiologic evidence suggests that smokers and coffee drinkers have a lower risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). The explanation for this finding is still unknown, and the discussion has focused on two main hypotheses. The first suggests that PD patients have premorbid personality traits associated with dislike for coffee‐drinking and smoking. The second posits that caffeine and nicotine are neuroprotective. We propose an alternative third hypothesis, in which both cigarette and coffee consumption change the composition of the microbiota in the gut in a way that mitigates intestinal inflammation. This, in turn, would lead to less misfolding of the protein alpha‐synuclein in enteric nerves, reducing the risk of PD by minimizing propagation of the protein aggregates to the central nervous system, where they otherwise can induce neurodegeneration. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Urinary metabolite profiling identifies novel colonic metabolites and conjugates of phenolics in healthy volunteers
Authors: Pimpão Rui C. , Dew Tristan , Figueira Maria E. , McDougall Gordon J. , Stewart Derek , Ferreira Ricardo B. , Santos Claudia N. , Williamson Gary
Published: April 2014

Scope

The colonic metabolism of dietary flavonoids, phenolic acids and their phenolic metabolites is complex and many metabolites and conjugates have not yet been unambiguously identified in humans.

Methods and results

Urine samples from nine healthy human volunteers obtained after the ingestion of a puree of five (poly)phenol‐rich berry fruits were analysed using LC‐Orbitrap MS to provide a preliminary indication of possible metabolites based on exact mass. In most cases, the identity of compounds was confirmed using standards produced either chemically or enzymically followed by analysis using LC‐triple quadrupole MS. Sulphated, glucuronidated and methylated forms of catechol, pyrogallol and protocatechuic acid mostly appeared in urine after 8 h, suggesting colonic metabolism. Gallic acid and (−)‐epicatechin conjugates appeared mainly before 4 h, indicative of absorption from the small intestine. Conjugates of ferulic, caffeic, and vanillic acid appeared at intermediate times.

Conclusion

We have positively identified metabolites and conjugates, some novel, in the urine of healthy volunteers after intake of multiple phenolics from a mixed puree from berry fruits, with each being excreted at specific and signature times. Some of these compounds could potentially be used as biomarkers of fruit intake. The possible biological activities of these colonic metabolites require further assessment.
A randomized comparative effectiveness trial of using cable television to deliver diabetes prevention programming
Authors: Ackermann Ronald T. , Sandy Lewis G. , Beauregard Tom , Coblitz Mark , Norton Kristi L. , Vojta Deneen
Published: April 2014

Objective

To evaluate the use and effectiveness of two “in‐home” strategies for delivering diabetes prevention programming using cable television.

Methods

An individually randomized, two‐arm intervention trial including adults with diabetes risk factors living in two US cities. Interventions involved a 16‐session lifestyle intervention delivered via “video‐on‐demand” cable television, offered alone versus in combination with web‐based lifestyle support tools. Repeated measures longitudinal linear regression with imputation of missing observations was used to compare changes in body weight.

Results

A total of 306 individuals were randomized and offered the interventions. After 5 months, 265 (87%) participants viewed at least 1, and 110 (36%) viewed ≥9 of the video episodes. A total of 262 (86%) participants completed a 5‐month weight measurement. In intention‐to‐treat analysis with imputation of missing observations, mean weight loss at 5 months for both treatment groups combined was 3.3% (95% CI 0.7‐5.0%), regardless of intervention participation (with no differences between randomized groups (P = 0.19)), and was 4.9% (95% CI 2.1‐6.5%) for participants who viewed ≥9 episodes.

Conclusions

In‐home delivery of evidence‐based diabetes prevention programming in a reality television format, offered with or without online behavioral support tools, can achieve modest weight losses consistent with past implementation studies of face‐to‐face programs using similar content.
NLRPs, microbiota, and gut homeostasis: unravelling the connection
Authors: Zambetti Lia Paola , Mortellaro Alessandra
Published: April 2014

Within the NOD‐like receptor (NLR) family, there are several NLRP (NLR family, pyrin domain‐containing) proteins that are involved in the formation of inflammasomes. These multi‐protein complexes are a key part of the network of cellular events required for secretion of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐18. The NLRP3 inflammasome is the best‐characterized member of the family and has recently been implicated in gut homeostasis and determining the severity of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and inflammation‐associated colorectal cancer. This led to the discovery that NLRP6 and NLRP12 also contribute to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and modulation of the gut microbiota, which in turn influences the intestine and distant organs. In this review, we bring together the latest data on the potential roles of NLRP family members in gut health and disease and identify the most pressing questions that remain to be answered to further our understanding of human diseases including IBD, inflammation‐associated cancers, and metabolic syndromes linked with obesity. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guideline for the prevention and treatment of anticipatory nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy in pediatric cancer patients
Authors: Dupuis L. Lee , Robinson Paula D. , Boodhan Sabrina , Holdsworth Mark , Portwine Carol , Gibson Paul , Phillips Robert , Maan Cathy , Stefin Nancy , Sung Lillian
Published: April 2014

This guideline provides an approach to the prevention and treatment of anticipatory chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in children. It was developed by an international, inter‐professional panel using AGREE II methods and is based on systematic literature reviews. Evidence‐based recommendations for pharmacological and non‐pharmacological interventions to prevent and treat anticipatory CINV in children receiving antineoplastic agents are provided. Gaps in the evidence used to support the recommendations are identified. The contribution of this guideline to anticipatory CINV control in children requires prospective evaluation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:1506–1512. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anti‐gastroesophageal reflux surgery in infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Jensen Erik A. , Munson David A. , Zhang Huayan , Blinman Thane A. , Kirpalani Haresh
Published: April 2014

Gastroesophageal reflux may exacerbate lung disease in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Anti‐reflux surgery may therefore reduce the severity of this disease in some infants. We report a retrospective series of 22 infants with severe BPD who underwent anti‐reflux surgery. Our experience indicates that these procedures can be safely performed in this population and that early post‐operative initiation of gastric feeds is well tolerated. Modest post‐operative reductions in required oxygen and median respiratory rate were observed. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:584–587. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A protocol for drugs that require regular monitoring
Authors: Wood Su
Published: April 2014

The author discusses the regular monitoring requirements of the DMARDs and other drugs and provides a protocol for blood test monitoring in general practice.
Effects of a non‐absorbing substrate on the magneto‐optical Kerr response of plasmonic ferromagnetic nanodisks
Authors: Maccaferri Nicolò , Kataja Mikko , Bonanni Valentina , Bonetti Stefano , Pirzadeh Zhaleh , Dmitriev Alexandre , van Dijken Sebastiaan , Åkerman Johan , Vavassori Paolo
Published: April 2014

Magnetoplasmonics is an emerging field of intense research on materials combining magnetic and plasmonic functionalities. The novel optical and magneto‐optical (MO) properties displayed by these materials could allow the design of a new class of magnetically controllable optical nano‐devices. In this work, we investigate the effects of a non‐absorbing (insulating) substrate on the MO activity of pure ferromagnetic disk‐shaped nanostructures supporting localized plasmon resonances. We show that the red‐shift of the localized plasmon resonance, related to the modification of the localization of the electromagnetic field due to the substrate, is not the only effect that the substrate has on the MO response. We demonstrate that the reflectivity of the substrate itself plays a key role in determining the MO response of the system. We discuss why it is so and provide a description of the modeling tools suitable to take into account both effects. Understanding the role of the substrate will permit a more aware design of magnetoplasmonic nanostructured devices for future biotechnological and optoelectronic applications.

Ferromagnetic nickel nanodisk in vacuum (left) and on a non‐absorbing substrate (right), illuminated by linearly polarized light. The polarization of the reflected field is changed in the first case due to a combination of intrinsic magneto‐optical properties and the nanoconfinement of the material. In the second case, the polarization of the reflected light is affected also by the presence of the substrate.
Accurate binding energies of hydrogen, halogen, and dihydrogen bonded complexes and cation enhanced binding strengths
Authors: Mohan Neetha , Suresh Cherumuttathu H.
Published: April 2014

Interaction energy (Eint) values of a variety of hydrogen, halogen, and dihydrogen bonded complexes in the weak, medium, and strong regimes have been computed using W1BD, MP2, M06L density functional theory, and hybrid methods MP4//MP2, MP4//M06L, and CCSD(T)//MP2. W1BD level Eint and CCSD(T) results reported in the literature show very good agreement (mean absolute deviation = 0.19 kcal/mol). MP2 underestimates Eint while M06L shows accurate behavior for all except halogen and charge‐assisted hydrogen bonds. MP4//MP2, MP4//M06L, and CCSD(T)//MP2 yield Eint very close to those obtained from W1BD. The high accuracy energy data at MP4/MP2 is used to study the effect of a cation (Li+, NH4+) on the Eint. The cation enhances electron donation from the donor to noncovalent bonding region leading to substantial enhancement in Eint (∼141–566% for Li+ and ∼105–539% for NH4+) and promotes a noncovalent bond in the weak regime to medium regime and that in the medium regime to strong regime. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigation of hidden periodic structures on SEM images of opal‐like materials using FFT and IFFT
Authors: Stephant Nicolas , Rondeau Benjamin , Gauthier Jean‐Pierre , Cody Jason A. , Fritsch Emmanuel
Published: April 2014

We have developed a method to use fast Fourier transformation (FFT) and inverse fast Fourier transformation (IFFT) to investigate hidden periodic structures on SEM images. We focused on samples of natural, play‐of‐color opals that diffract visible light and hence are periodically structured. Conventional sample preparation by hydrofluoric acid etch was not used; untreated, freshly broken surfaces were examined at low magnification relative to the expected period of the structural features, and, the SEM was adjusted to get a very high number of pixels in the images. These SEM images were treated by software to calculate autocorrelation, FFT, and IFFT. We present how we adjusted SEM acquisition parameters for best results. We first applied our procedure on an SEM image on which the structure was obvious. Then, we applied the same procedure on a sample that must contain a periodic structure because it diffracts visible light, but on which no structure was visible on the SEM image. In both cases, we obtained clearly periodic patterns that allowed measurements of structural parameters. We also investigated how the irregularly broken surface interfered with the periodic structure to produce additional periodicity. We tested the limits of our methodology with the help of simulated images. SCANNING 36:487–499, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Problematizing the STEM Pipeline Metaphor: Is the STEM Pipeline Metaphor Serving Our Students and the STEM Workforce?
Authors: CANNADY MATTHEW A. , GREENWALD ERIC , HARRIS KIMBERLY N.
Published: April 2014

Researchers and policy makers often use the metaphor of an ever‐narrowing pipeline to describe the trajectory to a science, technology, engineering or mathematics (STEM) degree or career. This study interrogates the appropriateness of the STEM pipeline as the dominant frame for understanding and making policies related to STEM career trajectories. Our review of pertinent literature and independent analysis of data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988 finds that the trajectory implied by the pipeline metaphor fails to describe the experience for nearly half of those who go on to become scientists or engineers, masks meaningful differences in trajectories by subfield, and informs policies that do little to diversify or increase the size of the STEM workforce. We suggest a pathway metaphor to better illuminate the multiple trajectories toward STEM degrees and careers and present four composite trajectories as useful categorizations of the individual paths taken by STEM graduates and career entrants.
Understanding the Heterogeneous Nature of Science: A Comprehensive Notion of PCK for Scientific Literacy
Authors: VAN DIJK ESTHER M.
Published: April 2014

This paper is concerned with the conceptualization of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) for teaching about the nature of science. In contrast to the view that science teachers need to develop a specific “PCK for nature of science,” an alternative, more comprehensive notion of PCK for science teaching is suggested. The point of departure for the development of this notion is Shulman's original conceptualization of PCK that is rooted in Schwab's views of science. With respect to the aim of science teaching to enhance scientific literacy, this approach may offer science teachers an appropriate way to portray and reflect on the diversity of scientific practices within their teaching. In addition, the different interpretations of the “nature of science” and “inquiry” that both feature prominently in Schwab's work and in contemporary discussions of the nature of science are discussed.
Examining Classroom Science Practice Communities: How Teachers and Students Negotiate Epistemic Agency and Learn Science‐as‐Practice
Authors: STROUPE DAVID
Published: April 2014

The Next Generation Science Standards and other reforms call for students to learn science‐as‐practice, which I argue requires students to become epistemic agents—shaping the knowledge and practice of a science community. I examined a framework for teaching—ambitious instruction—that scaffolds students’ learning of science‐as‐practice as they act as epistemic agents. Using a situative theoretical framework and analytical tools from science studies literature, I conducted a multicase study of five beginning teachers. I found that (a) teachers and students negotiated their roles as they decided on “what counted” as science ideas. Participants positioned some ideas as important by making discursive moves, signaling students to either work on the ideas as epistemic agents or, alternatively, to judge the information as “right” or “wrong”; (b) the participants worked to make science a “public” or “private” enterprise. The framing of science then influenced how teachers and students participated in their science practice community; (c) the negotiation of “what counted” as science ideas and the framing of science as “public” or “private” influenced (i) the percentage of students sharing ideas on the public plane, and (ii) the number of science ideas initiated and kept in play on the public plane.
Polymer Powder Processing of Cryomilled Polycaprolactone for Solvent‐Free Generation of Homogeneous Bioactive Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
Authors: Lim Jing , Chong Mark Seow Khoon , Chan Jerry Kok Yen , Teoh Swee‐Hin
Published: April 2014

Synthetic polymers used in tissue engineering require functionalization with bioactive molecules to elicit specific physiological reactions. These additives must be homogeneously dispersed in order to achieve enhanced composite mechanical performance and uniform cellular response. This work demonstrates the use of a solvent‐free powder processing technique to form osteoinductive scaffolds from cryomilled polycaprolactone (PCL) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP). Cryomilling is performed to achieve micrometer‐sized distribution of PCL and reduce melt viscosity, thus improving TCP distribution and improving structural integrity. A breakthrough is achieved in the successful fabrication of 70 weight percentage of TCP into a continuous film structure. Following compaction and melting, PCL/TCP composite scaffolds are found to display uniform distribution of TCP throughout the PCL matrix regardless of composition. Homogeneous spatial distribution is also achieved in fabricated 3D scaffolds. When seeded onto powder‐processed PCL/TCP films, mesenchymal stem cells are found to undergo robust and uniform osteogenic differentiation, indicating the potential application of this approach to biofunctionalize scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
Microstructure and Properties of 15Cr‐5Ni‐1Mo‐1W Martensitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Krishna S Chenna , Gangwar Narendra Kumar , Jha Abhay K. , Pant Bhanu , George Koshy M.
Published: April 2014

In the present investigation, 15Cr‐5Ni‐1Mo‐1W martensitic stainless steel was studied for the microstructure and mechanical properties after heat treatment (solution treatment, cryo treatment, and aging). A combination of high strength and ductility was obtained by cryo treatment (−70°C for 2 h), and aging (500°C for 2 h). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to identify the phases in the steel. TEM studies have shown the presence of retained austenite and large (Nb,V)C carbides in the martensite matrix after solution treatment. Aging at 500°C for 2 h has shown precipitation of fine Mo2C precipitates in the martensite matrix. The increase in strength after cryo treatment and aging is attributed to transformation of retained austenite and precipitation of fine Mo2C precipitates, respectively. The yield strength of the steel in aged condition calculated based on the Orowan strengthening is in good agreement with the experimental value considering the softening induced by reversed austenite. The present steel showed yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of 1050 and 1235 MPa, respectively with a ductility of 20.4%. This paper brings out the details of the investigation results and a correlation between microstructure and strength.
Punching shear design of footings: critical review of different code provisions
Authors: Siburg Carsten , Ricker Marcus , Hegger Josef
Published: April 2014

Eurocode 2 and the corresponding National Annex were introduced in Germany in 2012. Most of the design provisions for these new standards were adopted from Model Code 1990 and provide a new design approach for ground slabs and footings. For the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010, the punching shear design concept has been revised and introduced in Swiss standard SIA262:2013. This paper presents in detail the design equations for determining the punching capacity according to Eurocode 2, the German National Annex to Eurocode 2, fib Model Code 2010 and SIA 262:2013.

Parametric studies have been used to examine the influence of the main parameters (shear span‐depth ratio, effective depth, longitudinal reinforcement ratio and concrete compressive strength) on the punching shear resistance of footings. To quantify the level of safety and the efficiency, the design provisions are compared with systematic test series.
Surgeon practices regarding infection prevention for growth friendly spinal procedures
Authors: Glotzbecker Michael P. , Garg Sumeet , Akbarnia Behrooz A. , Vitale Michael , Hillaire Tricia St , Joshi Ajeya
Published: April 2014

Purpose

The rate of infection in patients having growth sparing surgery for early onset scoliosis has been reported up to 25 % during the course of treatment. A recent study demonstrated significant variability in the approach to infection prevention in adolescent and neuromuscular scoliosis. The purpose of this study is to conduct a similar survey in order to understand approaches used by experienced pediatric spinal surgeons with regard to infection prevention in growth friendly spinal procedures.

Materials and methods

After preliminary internal testing of a survey by the authors, a final 21-question survey was created and approved by the authors and electronically distributed to all members of the Chest Wall Spinal Deformity Study Group and the Growing Spine Study Group ( n = 57). A total of 40 responses were obtained (70 %).

Results

Significant variability in practice was demonstrated across the majority of the questions answered. Several of the questions demonstrated relative equipoise between practices, including preoperative MRSA screening, preoperative chlorhexidine baths, postoperative antibiotic duration after insertion, use of topical antibiotics, use of drains, use of IV gram negative coverage or vancomycin, and skin preparation.

Conclusion

Other studies have demonstrated that variability in practice may have a negative impact on clinical outcomes, so one could postulate that steps that can reduce variability in the current population may help improve outcomes in this population. Areas of clinical equipoise can be used to help design and direct multicenter studies with an ultimate goal of reducing infections in this population.

Level of evidence

Level V.
Modelling the dynamics of a sphere approaching and bouncing on a wall in a viscous fluid
Authors: Izard Edouard , Bonometti Thomas , Lacaze Laurent
Published: April 2014

The canonical configuration of a solid particle bouncing on a wall in a viscous fluid is considered here, focusing on rough particles as encountered in most of the laboratory experiments or applications. In that case, the particle deformation is not expected to be significant prior to solid contact. An immersed boundary method (IBM) allowing the fluid flow around the solid particle to be numerically described is combined with a discrete element method (DEM) in order to numerically investigate the dynamics of the system. Particular attention is paid to modelling the lubrication force added in the discrete element method, which is not captured by the fluid solver at very small scale. Specifically, the proposed numerical model accounts for the surface roughness of real particles through an effective roughness length in the contact model, and considers that the time scale of the contact is small compared to that of the fluid. The present coupled method is shown to quantitatively reproduce available experimental data and in particular is in very good agreement with recent measurement of the dynamics of a particle approaching very close to a wall in the viscous regime $St \le {O}(10)$, where $St$ is the Stokes number which represents the balance between particle inertia and viscous dissipation. Finally, based on the reliability of the numerical results, two predictive models are proposed, namely for the dynamics of the particle close to the wall and the effective coefficient of restitution. Both models use the effective roughness height and assume the particle remains rigid prior to solid contact. They are shown to be pertinent to describe experimental and numerical data for the whole range of investigated parameters.
Linear instability analysis of convection in a laterally heated cylinder
Authors: Wang Bo-Fu , Wan Zhen-Hua , Guo Zhi-Wei , Ma Dong-Jun , Sun De-Jun
Published: April 2014

The three-dimensional instabilities of axisymmetric flow are investigated in a laterally heated vertical cylinder by linear stability analysis. Heating is confined to a central zone on the sidewall of the cylinder, while other parts of the sidewall are insulated and both ends of the cylinder are cooled. The length of the heated zone equals the radius of the cylinder. For three different aspect ratios, $A= 1.92 $, 2, 2.1 ($A=\mathrm{height}$/radius), the dependence of the critical Rayleigh number on the Prandtl number (from 0.02 to 6.7) has been studied in detail. For such a kind of laterally heated convection, some interesting stability results are obtained. A monotonous instability curve is obtained for $A= 1.92 $, while the instability curves for $A= 2 $ and $A= 2.1 $ are non-monotonous and multivalued. In particular, an instability island has been found for $A=2$. Moreover, mechanisms corresponding to different instability results are obtained when the Prandtl number changes. At small Prandtl number, the flow is oscillatory unstable, which is dominated by hydrodynamic instability. At intermediate Prandtl number, the interaction between buoyancy and shear in the base flow plays a more important role than pure hydrodynamic instability. At even higher Prandtl number, Rayleigh–Bénard instability becomes the dominant process and the flow loses stability through steady bifurcation.
ON ${\omega _1}$-STRONGLY COMPACT CARDINALS
Authors: BAGARIA JOAN , MAGIDOR MENACHEM
Published: April 2014

An uncountable cardinal κ is called

${\omega _1}$

-strongly compact if every
κ-complete ultrafilter on any set I
can be extended to an

${\omega _1}$

-complete ultrafilter on I. We show that the
first

${\omega _1}$

-strongly compact cardinal,

${\kappa _0}$

, cannot be a successor cardinal, and that its cofinality is at
least the first measurable cardinal. We prove that the Singular Cardinal
Hypothesis holds above

${\kappa _0}$

. We show that the product of Lindelöf spaces is
κ-Lindelöf if and only if

$\kappa \ge {\kappa _0}$

. Finally, we characterize

${\kappa _0}$

in terms of second order reflection for relational structures
and we give some applications. For instance, we show that every first-countable
nonmetrizable space has a nonmetrizable subspace of size less than

${\kappa _0}$

.
CONVEXLY ORDERABLE GROUPS AND VALUED FIELDS
Authors: FLENNER JOSEPH , GUINGONA VINCENT
Published: April 2014

We consider the model theoretic notion of convex orderability, which fits
strictly between the notions of VC-minimality and dp-minimality. In some classes
of algebraic theories, however, we show that convex orderability and
VC-minimality are equivalent, and use this to give a complete classification of
VC-minimal theories of ordered groups and abelian groups. Consequences for
fields are also considered, including a necessary condition for a theory of
valued fields to be quasi-VC-minimal. For example, the p-adics
are not quasi-VC-minimal.
THE NEAT EMBEDDING PROBLEM FOR ALGEBRAS OTHER THAN CYLINDRIC ALGEBRAS
AND FOR INFINITE DIMENSIONS
Authors: HIRSCH ROBIN , AHMED TAREK SAYED
Published: April 2014

Hirsch and Hodkinson proved, for

$3 \le m < \omega $

and any

$k < \omega $

, that the class

$SNr_m {\bf{CA}}_{m + k + 1} $

is strictly contained in

$SNr_m {\bf{CA}}_{m + k} $

and if

$k \ge 1$

then the former class cannot be defined by any finite set of
first-order formulas, within the latter class. We generalize this result to the
following algebras of m-ary relations for which the neat reduct
operator

$_m $

is meaningful: polyadic algebras with or without equality and
substitution algebras. We also generalize this result to allow the case where
m is an infinite ordinal, using quasipolyadic algebras in
place of polyadic algebras (with or without equality).
THE STRENGTH OF RAMSEY’S THEOREM FOR COLORING RELATIVELY
LARGE SETS
Authors: CARLUCCI LORENZO , ZDANOWSKI KONRAD
Published: April 2014

We characterize the effective content and the proof-theoretic strength of a
Ramsey-type theorem for bi-colorings of so-called exactly large
sets. An exactly large set is a set

$X \subset {\bf{N}}$

such that

${\rm{card}}\left( X \right) = {\rm{min}}\left( X \right) + 1$

. The theorem we analyze is as follows. For every infinite
subset M of N, for every coloring C of the
exactly large subsets of M in two colors, there exists and
infinite subset L of M such that
C is constant on all exactly large subsets of
L. This theorem is essentially due to Pudlák and
Rödl and independently to Farmaki. We prove that—over
RCA0 —this theorem is equivalent to closure under the
ωth Turing jump (i.e., under arithmetical truth).
Natural combinatorial theorems at this level of complexity are rare. In terms of
Reverse Mathematics we give the first Ramsey-theoretic characterization of

${\rm{ACA}}_0^ +$

. Our results give a complete characterization of the theorem
from the point of view of Computability Theory and of the Proof Theory of
Arithmetic. This nicely extends the current knowledge about the strength of
Ramsey’s Theorem. We also show that analogous results hold for a
related principle based on the Regressive Ramsey’s Theorem. We
conjecture that analogous results hold for larger ordinals.
GENERIC STABILITY AND STABILITY
Authors: ADLER HANS , CASANOVAS ENRIQUE , PILLAY ANAND
Published: April 2014

We prove two results about generically stable typespin arbitrary theories. The first, on existence of strong germs, generalizes results from [2] on stably dominated types. The second is an equivalence of forking and dividing, assuming generic stability ofp(m)for allm. We use the latter result to answer in full generality a question posed by Hasson and Onshuus: IfP(x) εS(B) is stable and does not fork overAthenprestrictionAis stable. (They had solved some special cases.)
FAMILIES OF ULTRAFILTERS, AND HOMOMORPHISMS ON INFINITE DIRECT
PRODUCT ALGEBRAS
Authors: BERGMAN GEORGE M.
Published: April 2014

Criteria are obtained for a filter

${\cal F}$

of subsets of a set I to be an intersection
of finitely many ultrafilters, respectively, finitely many
κ-complete ultrafilters for a given uncountable
cardinal

$\kappa .$

From these, general results are deduced concerning
homomorphisms on infinite direct product groups, which yield quick proofs of
some results in the literature: the Łoś–Eda
theorem (characterizing homomorphisms from a not-necessarily-countable direct
product of modules to a slender module), and some results of Nahlus and the
author on homomorphisms on infinite direct products of
not-necessarily-associative k-algebras. The same tools allow
other results of Nahlus and the author to be nontrivially strengthened, and
yield an analog to one of their results, with nonabelian groups taking the place
of k-algebras.

We briefly examine the question of how the common technique used in applying the
general results of this note to k-algebras on the one hand, and
to nonabelian groups on the other, might be extended to more general varieties
of algebras in the sense of universal algebra.

In a final section, the Erdős–Kaplansky theorem on
dimensions of vector spaces

${D^I}$

$(D$

a division ring) is extended to reduced products

${D^I}/{\cal F},$

and an application is noted.
THE NON-AXIOMATIZABILITY OF O-MINIMALITY
Authors: RENNET ALEX
Published: April 2014

Fix a language extending the language of ordered fields by at least one new
predicate or function symbol. Call an L-structure R
pseudo-o-minimal if it is (elementarily equivalent to) an
ultraproduct of o-minimal structures. We show that for any recursive list of
L-sentences , there is a real closed field satisfying which
is not pseudo-o-minimal. This shows that the theory To−min
consisting of those -sentences true in all o-minimal
-structures, also called the theory of o-minimality (for L), is
not recursively axiomatizable. And, in particular, there are locally o-minimal,
definably complete expansions of real closed fields which are not
pseudo-o-minimal.
Food insecurity among Iraqi refugees living in Lebanon, 10 years after the invasion of Iraq: data from a household survey
Authors: Ghattas Hala , Sassine AnnieBelle J. , Seyfert Karin , Nord Mark , Sahyoun Nadine R.
Published: April 2014

Iraqi refugees in Lebanon are vulnerable to food insecurity because of their limited rights and fragile livelihoods. The objective of the present study was to assess household food insecurity among Iraqi refugees living in Lebanon, almost 10 years after the invasion of Iraq. A representative survey of 800 UN High Commissioner for Refugees-registered refugee households in Lebanon was conducted using multi-stage cluster random sampling. We measured food insecurity using a modified US Department of Agriculture household food security module. We collected data on household demographic, socio-economic, health, housing and dietary diversity status and analysed these factors by food security status. Hb level was measured in a subset of children below 5 years of age (n 85). Weighted data were used in univariate and multivariate analyses. Among the Iraqi refugee households surveyed (n 630), 20·1 % (95 % CI 17·3, 23·2) were found to be food secure, 35·5 % (95 % CI 32·0, 39·2) moderately food insecure and 44·4 % (95 % CI 40·8, 48·1) severely food insecure. Severe food insecurity was associated with the respondent's good self-reported health (OR 0·3, 95 % CI 0·2, 0·5), length of stay as a refugee (OR 1·1, 95 % CI 1·0, 1·2), very poor housing quality (OR 3·3, 95 % CI 1·6, 6·5) and the number of children in the household (OR 1·2, 95 % CI 1·0, 1·4), and resulted in poor dietary diversity (P< 0·0001). Anaemia was found in 41 % (95 % CI 30·6, 51·9) of children below 5 years of age, but was not associated with food insecurity. High food insecurity, low diet quality and high prevalence of anaemia in Iraqi refugees living in Lebanon call for urgent programmes to address the food and health situation of this population with restricted rights.
Patterns of trematode infections of Opisthorchis viverrini (Opisthorchiidae) and Haplorchis taichui (Heterophyidae) in human populations from two villages in Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR
Authors: Sato M. , Pongvongsa T. , Sanguankiat S. , Yoonuan T. , Kobayashi J. , Boupha B. , Nishimoto F. , Moji K. , Sato M.O. , Waikagul J.
Published: April 2014

The liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, and the minute intestinal fluke, Haplorchis taichui, are prevalent in many Asian countries. This study analysed the patterns of infections of O. viverrini and H. taichui in Lahanam and Thakhamlien villages (Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR), in two cross-sectional investigations. Out of a total of 207 human participants, post-anthelmintic treatment positivity rates for expelled worms were 170 (82.1%) for H. taichui and 65 (31.4%) for O. viverrini. Both these species co-exist in the study villages. When each parasite was analysed separately, H. taichui infections reached a plateau among people aged >20 years. Opisthorchis viverrini infection rates were highest in the age group 21–30 years, with decreasing infection rates after the age of 30. Our findings indicated that fish-borne trematode infections were more prevalent among adults. Fish, common intermediate hosts, were acquired in the study area for analysis. The examination of 35 species of fish as intermediate hosts found O. viverrini metacercariae in only six species, and these were found mostly during the month of November. Many farmers who live on the rice fields obtain their food from their immediate environment, including these intermediate-host fish, potentially putting them at greater risk of O. viverrini infection. By contrast, H. taichui metacercariae were found in three species of fish obtained from the market, meaning that anyone could consume them and become infected. If people who work in rice fields limit the species of fish they consume, or avoid consuming raw fish during the month of November, they may reduce their risk of O. viverrini infection.
Effect of mobile phone use on salivary concentrations of protein, amylase, lipase, immunoglobulin A, lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidase and C-reactive protein of the parotid gland
Authors: Hashemipour M S , Yarbakht M , Gholamhosseinian A , Famori H
Published: April 2014

Background:

The possibility of side effects associated with the electromagnetic waves emitted from mobile phones is a controversial issue. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of mobile phone use on parotid gland salivary concentrations of protein, amylase, lipase, immunoglobulin A, lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidase and C-reactive protein.

Methods:

Stimulated salivary samples were collected simultaneously from both parotid glands of 86 healthy volunteers. Salivary flow rate and salivary concentrations of proteins, amylase, lipase, lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidase, C-reactive protein and immunoglobulin A, were measured. Data were analysed usingt-tests and one-way analyses of variance.

Results:

Salivary flow rate and parotid gland salivary concentrations of protein were significantly higher on the right side compared to the left in those that predominantly held mobile phones on the right side. In addition, there was a decrease in concentrations of amylase, lipase, lysozyme, lactoferrin and peroxidase.

Conclusion:

The side of dominant mobile phone use was associated with differences in salivary flow rate and parotid gland salivary concentrations, in right-dominant users. Although mobile phone use influenced salivary composition, the relationship was not significant.
Bayesian Fault-Tolerant Position Estimator and Integrity Risk Bound for GNSS Navigation
Authors: Chan Fang-Cheng , Joerger Mathieu , Khanafseh Samer , Pervan Boris
Published: April 2014

The advent of multiple Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) constellations will result in a considerable increase in the number of satellites for positioning worldwide. This substantial improvement in measurement redundancy has the potential to radically advance receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) performance. However, regardless of the number of satellites, the performance of existing RAIM methods is sensitive to the assumed prior probabilities of individual fault hypotheses. In this paper, a new method is developed using Bayes’ theorem to generate upper bounds on posterior probabilities of individual fault hypotheses given current user measurements. These bounds are used in a Bayesian fault-tolerant position estimator (FTE) that minimizes integrity risk. The detection test statistic is a measurement-based integrity risk bound, which is directly compared with a pre-specified risk requirement. The associated challenge of quantifying continuity risk is resolved using a bounding approach, which is also detailed in this work. The new Bayesian FTE method is shown to be more robust to uncertainty in prior probability of fault occurrence than existing RAIM methods.