bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cell–cell fusion: To lose one life and begin another
Authors: Whitlock Jarred M. , Chernomordik Leonid V.
Published: November 2024

As life extended into eukaryota, a great host of strategies emerged in the pursuit of cellular life. Some cells have been successful in solitude, some moved into cooperatives (i.e., multicellular organisms), but one additional strategy emerged. Throughout eukaryotes, many of the diverse multicellular cooperatives took life in partnership one step further. These cells came together and lost their singularity in the expanse of syncytial life. Recently in our search for this elusive “how”, we discovered the intriguing peculiarity of a nuclear, RNA‐binding protein living a second life as a fusion manager at the surface of developing osteoclasts, ushering them into syncytia 1. It is from here that we will develop several thoughts about the advantages of multinucleated cells and discuss how these fusing cells pass through several hallmarks of cell death. We will propose that cell fusion shares much with cell death because cell fusion is a death of sorts for the cells that undergo it – a death of the life that was and the beginning of new life in a community without borders.
Quantitative Analysis of Complex Aluminum Electrolytes by X‐Ray Fluorescence
Authors: Tan Qi , Gao Bingliang , Gao Pengde , Fan Chao , Li Haijun
Published: November 2024

The future production of electrolytic aluminum will be characterized by low temperature, low carbon emissions, and environmental friendliness, which will result in a more complex electrolyte system. Real‐time analysis of electrolytes can significantly enhance the efficiency of the electrolytic process. However, accurately analyzing the composition of complex aluminum electrolytes online has been a technical challenge. This research primarily focuses on determining the ingredient contents of complex aluminum electrolytes based on elemental concentrations measured using X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) according to an applicable standard. Calibration curves were established based on 53 standard samples of complex aluminum electrolytes to establish relationships between XRF fluorescence intensity and real concentrations. Analysis conducted on industrial complex electrolytes confirms that these newly constructed curves effectively reduce relative errors to less than 3%. Additionally, a feasible solution is proposed for determining the cryolite ratio (CR) in aluminum electrolytes using XRF. Results demonstrate an average deviation as low as approximately 0.02, fully meeting industrial production requirements. This technique offers numerous benefits including rapid analysis, ease of use, and cost savings.
Association Between the Fetal‐Type Posterior Cerebral Artery and Hypertensive Thalamic Hemorrhage
Authors: Pu Tianqiang , Zhong Xuemin , Jiang Guohui , Wu Zhengjun , He Shixu , Long Yanling , Liang Qiuxia , Tu Xionglong , Yao Suqiu , Wang Jian , He Mingfang
Published: November 2024

Introduction

This study investigated the association between the fetal‐type posterior cerebral artery (FTP) and hypertensive thalamic hemorrhage (HTH).

Method

Patients with hypertension who met the admission criteria between January 2020 and August 2022 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into the HTH and non‐HTH groups based on the presence or absence of thalamic hemorrhage, respectively. In addition to whether the variable was an FTP, other variables with unbalanced distributions between the two groups were used as matching factors for 1:1 propensity score matching, and other variables that were not used as matching factors were used as covariates for conditional logistic regression.

Results

A total of 722 patients were included in the study, with 115 in the HTH group and 607 in the non‐HTH group. After propensity score matching, 114 patients were included in both groups. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the FTP (p = 0.003, odds ratio [OR]: 2.712, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.407–5.225) and homocysteine levels (p = 0.007; OR: 1.051; 95% CI: 1.014–1.089) were significantly correlated with the occurrence of HTH.

Conclusion

The incidence of FTP is not low, and it is an independent risk factor for HTH. Early recognition and appropriate monitoring are warranted for cases of FTP.
Manipulation in the In Situ Growth Design Parameters of Aqueous Zinc‐Based Electrodes for Batteries: The Fundamentals and Perspectives
Authors: Che Lah Nurul Akmal
Published: November 2024

Precise exploitation of the growth of Zn metal anode in a power converter system has re‐emerged as one of the technological interests that have surged globally in the past 5 years, specifically to improve the practical use of deep cycling metal batteries. In this review, the in situ architectures of aqueous Zn metal‐based batteries focusing on the intrinsic geometrical building block and their respective mode of assembly classifying the deposition morphologies are scrutinised and discussed. The fundamental electrochemical kinetic principles and the associated critical issues, especially associated with the metal plague deposition that influences the morphology of deposited Zn, are considered. Also, the growing interest in the interphase system, which has an intense influence in characterising the types of Zn deposition morphology, is included. Consideration of the fundamental crystal features of Zn, endowing the predominant key for its growth assembly, is provided. Last, the review offers perspectives on the current progress of Zn–Air batteries in the application of electric vehicles.
Autoimmune Diseases and Risk of Non‐Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Mendelian Randomisation Study
Authors: Shi Xiaoting , Wallach Joshua D. , Ma Xiaomei , Rogne Tormod
Published: November 2024

Background

Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is one of the most common haematologic malignancies in the world. Despite substantial efforts to identify causes and risk factors for NHL, its aetiology is largely unclear. Autoimmune diseases have long been considered potential risk factors for NHL. We carried out Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses to examine whether genetically predicted susceptibility to ten autoimmune diseases (Behçet's disease, coeliac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, lupus, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes) is associated with risk of NHL.

Methods

Two‐sample MR was performed using publicly available summary statistics from cohorts of European ancestry. For NHL and four NHL subtypes, we used data from UK Biobank, Kaiser Permanente cohorts, and FinnGen studies.

Results

Negative associations between type 1 diabetes and sarcoidosis and the risk of NHL were observed (odds ratio [OR] 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.92–0.98, p = 5 × 10−3, and OR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.85–0.99, p = 2.8 × 10−2, respectively). These findings were supported by the sensitivity analyses accounting for potential pleiotropy and weak instrument bias. No significant associations were found between the other eight autoimmune diseases and NHL risk.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that genetically predicted susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, and to some extent sarcoidosis, might reduce the risk of NHL. However, future studies with different datasets, approaches, and populations are warranted to further examine the potential associations between these autoimmune diseases and the risk of NHL.
Pan‐Cancer Survival Impact of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in a National Healthcare System
Authors: Miller Sean R. , Schipper Matthew , Fritsche Lars G. , Jiang Ralph , Strohbehn Garth , Ötleş Erkin , McMahon Benjamin H. , Crivelli Silvia , Zamora‐Resendiz Rafael , Ramnath Nithya , Yoo Shinjae , Dai Xin , Sankar Kamya , Edwards Donna M. , Allen Steven G. , Green Michael D. , Bryant Alex K.
Published: November 2024

Background

The cumulative, health system‐wide survival benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is unclear, particularly among real‐world patients with limited life expectancies and among subgroups poorly represented on clinical trials. We sought to determine the health system‐wide survival impact of ICIs.

Methods

We identified all patients receiving PD‐1/PD‐L1 or CTLA‐4 inhibitors from 2010 to 2023 in the national Veterans Health Administration (VHA) system (ICI cohort) and all patients who received non‐ICI systemic therapy in the years before ICI approval (historical control). ICI and historical control cohorts were matched on multiple cancer‐related prognostic factors, comorbidities, and demographics. The effect of ICI on overall survival was quantified with Cox regression incorporating matching weights. Cumulative life‐years gained system‐wide were calculated from the difference in adjusted 5‐year restricted mean survival times.

Results

There were 27,322 patients in the ICI cohort and 69,801 patients in the historical control cohort. Among ICI patients, the most common cancer types were NSCLC (46%) and melanoma (10%). ICI demonstrated a large OS benefit in most cancer types with heterogeneity across cancer types (NSCLC: adjusted HR [aHR] 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.54–0.58, p < 0.001; urothelial: aHR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83–1.01, p = 0.066). The relative benefit of ICI was stable across patient age, comorbidity, and self‐reported race subgroups. Across VHA, 15,859 life‐years gained were attributable to ICI within 5‐years of treatment, with NSCLC contributing the most life‐years gained.

Conclusion

We demonstrated substantial increase in survival due to ICIs across a national health system, including in patient subgroups poorly represented on clinical trials.
Recent Insights into the Reaction Mechanisms of Non‐Heme Diiron Enzymes Containing Oxoiron(IV) Complexes
Authors: Li Rui‐Ning , Chen Shi‐Lu
Published: November 2024

Oxoiron(IV) complexes are key intermediates in the catalytic reactions of some non‐heme diiron enzymes. These enzymes, across various subfamilies, activate dioxygen to generate high‐valent diiron‐oxo species, which, in turn, drive the activation of substrates and mediate a variety of challenging oxidative transformations. In this review, we summarize the structures, formation mechanisms, and functions of high‐valent diiron‐oxo intermediates in eight representative diiron enzymes (sMMO, RNR, ToMO, MIOX, PhnZ, SCD1, AlkB, and SznF) spanning five subfamilies. We also categorize and analyze the structural and mechanistic differences among these enzymes.
The challenge of triple intestinal parasite infections in immigrants—A call for comprehensive differential diagnosis
Authors: Siddig Emmanuel Edwar , Ahmed Ayman
Published: November 2024

Key Clinical Message

Screening for parasitic infections among displaced populations including migrants, refugees, and internally displaced persons is crucial to prevent long‐term complications associated with untreated infections. Additionally, prompt treatment with appropriate medications like praziquantel and albendazole can lead to significant improvement and successful patient outcomes. This case highlights the necessity of heightened awareness, early detection, and effective management of parasitic infections to enhance public health efforts and minimize the spread of these diseases. Implementing multisectoral One Health will improve human, animal, and environmental health globally using limited resources.

Parasitic infections including Schistosoma spp., hookworm, and Strongyloides spp. are commonly co‐existing diseases in underdeveloped countries including South Sudan and Sudan. These infections are often presented with no specific symptoms, therefore they remain undetected and eventually leading to long‐term complications. Latent parasitic infections among adults particularly displaced population like migrants and refugees have recently gained global attention. In this case report, we present the case of a young male immigrant from South Sudan with multi‐parasitic infections. The patient was admitted to a hospital complaining of gastrointestinal symptoms of hematemesis and melena, which were accompanied by signs of liver and spleen enlargement, coupled with low blood cell counts. While liver function tests showed no abnormalities, stool examinations confirmed the presence of S. mansoni, hook worm eggs, and Rhabditiform first‐stage larvae of S. stercoralis. The patient was treated with medications such as praziquantel and albendazole, which resulted in full recovery and discharge from the hospital. This case highlights the importance of considering multiple infections among patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, especially in endemic areas. Cost‐effective prevention and control strategy require the implementation of a multisectoral One Health strategy for the surveillance, prevention, and control of parasitic infections in human, animals, and the environment.
1‐(2’‐Hydroxy‐2’‐Methylpropionyl)Glycoside as a Versatile Glycosyl Donor for O‐/C‐Glycosylation
Authors: Liu Meng , Liu Fen , Xiao Hui , Wang Peng‐Yu , Liu Miao , Ye Xin‐Shan , Xiong De‐Cai
Published: November 2024

Herein, we developed a Lewis acid‐mediated O‐glycosylation and C‐glycosylation protocol using stable glycosyl 2’‐hydroxy‐2’‐methylpropionates as donors. These glycosylation reactions reached completion within 1 h at room temperature. The practicality of this protocol is characterized by their straightforward operation and efficient applicability to various substrates, including both disarmed and armed glycosyl donors, through the remote activation of easily accessible TMSOTf.
Iodide Double Perovskites and the Limits of their Structural Stability
Authors: Mulligan Anya S. , Kent Greggory T. , Zhuang Jiale , Zohar Arava , Albanese Kaitlin R. , Morgan Emily E. , Wu Guang , Cheetham Anthony K. , Seshadri Ram
Published: November 2024

While halide double perovskites A2M(I)M(III)X6 have attracted significant attention, examples involving iodides are rare. We examine the limits of the structural stability of iodide double perovskites, presenting the synthesis and single‐crystal structures of Cs2NaScI6 and Cs2NaYI6. Bypassing the common expectation that iodides have small band gaps, these compounds display optical gaps of 3.10 eV [M(III) = Sc] and 3.65 eV [M(III) = Y]. Cs2NaScI6 is the only iodide double perovskite to exhibit a cubic crystal structure at room temperature. Density functional theory‐based electronic structure calculations help understand the role of competing Cs3M(III)2I9 (3 : 2 : 9) phases and provide possible reasons for why iodide double perovskites based around In(III), Sb(III) and Bi(III) cations have proved elusive. We confirm design rules for halide double perovskites based around concepts of the tolerance factor and the radius ratio of the smaller, trivalent ion, but also point to situations such as what is observed for Cs2NaScI6 where a double perovskite can be trapped in a metastable structure.
Ethnic Conflict in South Ethiopia Regional State; Investigating the Intra‐Ethnic Conflict of Kusume in D'irashe Special Woreda
Authors: Hale Tefera Kegnalew , Belihu Mezgebu Mandefro
Published: November 2024

In recent years, political science has produced a wealth of literature exploring the causes and characteristics of violence between ethnic groups and ethnic conflicts. However, there has been a notable lack of attention given to the emergence of violent intra‐ethnic conflicts, particularly in the diverse continent of Africa. This study explores the nature, causes, consequences, actors, and politics of the Kusume intra‐ethnic conflict. The study employed the instrumentalist theory of ethnicity to underpin its argument. It incorporated both primary and secondary data sources to conduct the research. Data collection involved document analysis, in‐depth interviews, observations, and focus group discussions. A total of 25 interviews were conducted, with 15 interviewees chosen from local elders, Kebele leaders, youths, and civil servants. The remaining 10 interviewees were chosen from five Woreda Offices of D'irashe. Sixteen participants were selected for focus group discussions. Qualitative data analysis was used to analyze the data and draw scientific findings and recommendations. The study revealed that various factors influenced the conflict in the area. These included issues such as inadequate infrastructure development (e.g., clean water, electricity, and road construction), the prevalence of injustices, lack of good governance, and unequal job opportunities. Furthermore, the conflict was aggravated by the dissolution of the Segen Zone, delayed responses from local and regional governments, ethnic elite competition, and the complex nature of the conflict itself. The consequences of the conflict encompassed material destruction, loss of life, displacement, and disruption of socio‐economic and political interactions in the area. The study suggests that federal and regional governments should intervene appropriately to address these issues and prevent similar conflicts in the future.
Poly(Ionic) Liquid‐Enhanced Ion Dynamics in Cellulose‐Derived Gel Polymer Electrolytes
Authors: Paiva Tiago G. , Klem Maykel , Silvestre Sara L. , Coelho João , Alves Neri , Fortunato Elvira , Cabrita Eurico J. , Corvo Marta C.
Published: November 2024

Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) are regarded as a promising alternative to conventional electrolytes, combining the advantages of solid and liquid electrolytes. Leveraging the abundance and eco‐friendliness of cellulose‐based materials, GPEs were produced using methyl cellulose and incorporating various doping agents, either an ionic liquid (1‐Butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Pyr14][TFSI]), its polymeric ionic liquid analogue (Poly(diallyldimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) [PDADMA][TFSI]), or an anionically charged backbone polymeric ionic liquid (lithium poly[(4‐styrenesulfonyl)(trifluoromethyl(S‐trifluoromethylsulfonylimino) sulfonyl) imide] LiP[STFSI]). The ion dynamics and molecular interactions within the GPEs were thoroughly analyzed using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier‐Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), Heteronuclear Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy (HOESY), and Pulsed‐Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Diffusion (PFG‐NMR). Li+ transference numbers (tLi+) were successfully calculated. Our study found that by combining slow‐diffusing polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) with fast‐diffusing lithium salt, we were able to achieve transference numbers comparable to those of liquid electrolytes, especially with the anionic PIL, LiP[STFSI]. This research highlights the influence of the polymer′s nature on lithium‐ion transport within GPEs. Additionally, micro supercapacitor (MSC) devices assembled with these GPEs exhibited capacitive behavior. These findings suggest that further optimization of GPE composition could significantly improve their performance, thereby positioning them for application in sustainable and efficient energy storage systems.
How Can Unique Alkaline Soda Waters Be Managed and Restored? Lake Neusiedl as the Largest Threatened European Example
Authors: Boros Emil , Vörös Lajos
Published: November 2024

Inland alkaline soda waters (ASW), such as Lake Neusiedl (LN), represent some of the most stable alkaline natural environments and unique ecosystems on Earth. Their European hotspot is located in Central Europe, where LN stands as the largest threatened representative, giving it practical importance. This study aims to compare fundamental hydro‐ecological variables of LN, including a habitat restoration site (LNres), with intermittent alkaline soda waters (IASW) in the adjacent subregion (Seewinkel). IASW serves as a characteristic close‐to‐nature reference status for natural ASW in order to restoration suggestions for LN. Variables investigated include depth, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, algae‐free suspended solids, chromophoric dissolved organic matter and chlorophyll a. Significant differences were found among most variables between the three sites (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA and Dunn's test), except for water depth, DO, conductivity, TSS‐Algfree and CHL between IASW and LNres, and CDOM between LNres and LN. Principal component analyses revealed that LNres is situated between LN (semi‐static) and reference IASW (astatic), supporting the hypothesis that LNres is closer to the reference IASW than the non‐restored part of LN. The hydro‐ecological properties of IASW and LNres are similar to the shallow shoreline of LN, suggesting that management strategies of intermittent waters can be applied to shoreline restoration of semi‐static waters. This can be achieved by restoring seasonal water dynamics and groundwater function through extensive wetland rehabilitation in the above‐ground and below‐ground watershed recharge area of LN. Additionally, extensive vegetation control (reed) should be implemented to prevent ASW from impacting the habitat and freshwater exchange.
Prevalence of transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis in undifferentiated heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Healy L. , Giblin G. , Gray A. , Starr N. , Murphy L. , O'Sullivan D. , Kavanagh E. , Howley C. , Tracey C. , Morrin E. , McDaid A. , Clarke A. , O'Neill J.O. , Joyce E. , O'Connell M. , Mahon N. G.
Published: November 2024

Aims

Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR‐CM) is an increasinglyrecognized cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), which may be diagnosed non‐invasively using 99mTc 3,3‐diphosphono‐1,2‐propanodicarboxylic acid (DPD) scintigraphy‐based diagnostic criteria. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of ATTR‐CM in an undifferentiated HFpEF cohort with a DPD scintigraphy‐based screening protocol.

Methods

Patients with HFpEF [ejection fraction (EF) ≥50%] aged ≥60 years and no prior evaluation for cardiac amyloidosis or known monoclonal gammopathy attending a regional cardiology network were screened with DPD scintigraphy. Patients with positive myocardial uptake (Perugini grade 2 or 3) were tested for a monoclonal protein and transthyretin gene variant.

Results

Eighty‐six subjects were prospectively enrolled: 56% female, mean age 77 ± 8 years, 63% New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III and median N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) 1766 ng/L [inter‐quartile range (IQR) 731–3703]. DPD scintigraphy was positive in seven patients (8%). Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance was present in one out of seven patients, and no pathogenic TTR gene variant was identified. The prevalence of wild‐type ATTR‐CM was 8% of this cohort. Compared with the HFpEF DPD scintigraphy‐negative cohort, DPD scintigraphy‐positive patients were older (86 ± 3 vs. 76 ± 8 years), more frequently male (16% vs. 2%, P = 0.02), and had significantly greater left ventricular (LV) wall thickness (16 vs. 12 mm; P = 0.002) and higher high‐sensitivity troponin levels at diagnosis [78 ng/L (IQR 21–116) vs. 11 ng/L (IQR 9–17); P < 0.001].

Conclusions

In an undifferentiated HFpEF cohort, 8% were found to have wild‐type ATTR‐CM using a DPD scintigraphy‐based screening protocol. Screening undifferentiated HFpEF patients is associated with a significant diagnostic yield, which can be further increased by targeting older males with increased LV wall thickness and elevated high‐sensitivity troponin levels.
Prognostic impact of iron deficiency in new‐onset chronic heart failure: Danish Heart Failure Registry insights
Authors: Mohamed Abdullahi Ahmed , Christensen Daniel Mølager , Mohammad Milan , Torp‐Pedersen Christian , Køber Lars , Fosbøl Emil Loldrup , Biering‐Sørensen Tor , Hansen Morten Lock , Malik Mariam Elmegaard , Nouhravesh Nina , Anderrson Charlotte , Schou Morten , Gislason Gunnar
Published: November 2024

Aims

Iron deficiency (ID) is prevalent in chronic heart failure (HF) but lacks a consensus definition. This study evaluates the prevalence and the prognostic impact of ID using different criteria on all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality, as well as first hospitalization for HF in patients with new‐onset chronic HF.

Methods

In this nationwide registry‐based cohort, we explored four definitions of ID: the current European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines [ferritin <100 ng/mL or ferritin 100–299 ng/mL and transferrin saturation (TSAT) <20%], ferritin level <100 ng/mL, TSAT < 20% and serum iron ≤13 μmol/L. Patients were identified through the Danish Heart Failure Registry.

Results

Of 9477 new‐onset chronic HF patients registered in the Danish Heart Failure Registry from April 2003 to December 2019, we observed ID prevalence rates ranging from 35.8% to 64.3% depending on the ID definition used. Among patients with ID defined by iron ≤13 μmol/L or TSAT < 20%, 26% and 15.5%, respectively, did not meet the ESC guidelines definition for ID. Conversely, 11% of patients meeting the ESC criteria exhibited serum iron >13 μmol/L and TSAT > 20%. Regardless of anaemia status, ID defined by TSAT < 20% or serum iron ≤13 μmol/L was associated with all‐cause mortality [non‐anaemic, hazard ratio (HR): 1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30–1.89 and HR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.24–1.73; anaemic, HR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.07–1.38 and HR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.09–1.44, respectively] and cardiovascular mortality (non‐anaemic, HR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.59–3.06 and HR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.12–1.95; anaemic, HR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.11–1.69 and HR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.02–1.61, respectively), as well as increased risk of first hospitalization for HF (non‐anaemic, HR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.09–1.1.50 and HR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.10–1.46; anaemic, HR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.08–1.44 and HR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.05–1.42, respectively). ID defined by ESC guidelines was associated with all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality only in non‐anaemic patients (HR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.18–1.1.70 and HR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.18‐2.12.). Furthermore, the ESC guideline definition was associated with increased risk of first hospitalization for HF, regardless of anaemia status (non‐anaemic, HR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.08–1.1.47; anaemic, HR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.17–1.53).

Conclusions

ID, when defined by TSAT < 20% or serum iron ≤13 μmol/L, is associated with increased risk of all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality, as well as first hospitalization for HF in patients with new‐onset chronic HF, regardless of anaemia status. Conversely, ID defined as ESC guidelines is associated with all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality only in non‐anaemic patients.
Carbon–Carbon Bond Forming Reactions of Vinyl Cations: A Personal Perspective
Authors: Riu Martin‐Louis Y. , Popov Stasik , Wigman Benjamin , Zhao Zhenqi , Wong Jonathan , Houk Kendall N. , Nelson Hosea M.
Published: November 2024

Vinyl cations were first proposed as reactive intermediates nearly eighty years ago by Jacobs, and their properties were closely studied in the second half of the twentieth century by Stang, Olah, Caple, Grob, Hanack, and others. Recent developments in the catalytic generation and reactions of vinyl cations with unactivated C(sp3) −H bonds prompted us to assemble a field guide based on our previous experiences that is geared for synthetic chemists who are looking to construct C−C bonds via vinyl cation C−H insertion or Friedel‐Crafts addition. In particular, this article focuses on silylium‐ and lithium‐initiated C−C bond forming reactions of vinyl cations generated from vinyl triflates and ultimately aims to provide the reader with context and accelerate their selection of optimal reaction conditions and starting materials.
Three‐Way Equal Filtering Power Divider for Modern Communication Systems
Authors: Nwajana Augustine O. , Paul Rose
Published: November 2024

This article proposes a three‐way (3‐way) equal filtering power divider (FPD) employing the microstrip compact folded‐arms square open‐loop resonator (FASOLR). The proposed FPD evenly distributes an input signal into three equal output signals. The design incorporates balanced signal power division, and filtering technology for the removal of unwanted frequency elements and aimed at enhancing signal quality and efficiency in the radiofrequency (RF) front‐end of communication systems. The use of FASOLR in the design helps to achieve miniaturization by reducing the device footprint. Keysight's Advanced Design System (ADS) software is used for conducting the design simulations. The proposed FPD features a 2.6 GHz center frequency, with a 0.03 fractional bandwidth. The implementation is carried out on Rogers RT/Duroid 6010LM substrate with a dielectric constant of 10.7, a thickness of 1.27 mm, and a loss tangent of 0.0023. This design includes theoretical calculations, circuit modeling, microstrip layout design, and electromagnetic (EM) simulations. The good agreement between the theoretical and practical results verifies the proficiency of the FPD in delivering equal power outputs at the three output ports, and at the same time filtering out unwanted frequencies as required. The practical responses of the prototype FPD indicate a good return loss of better than 15.5 dB and an insertion loss of better than 4.77 + 0.34 dB. The design prototype achieved a compact size of 0.31 × 0.18 λg. The results reinforce the design's competitive edge in performance and actual footprint. λg is the guided wavelength for the microstrip line impedance at the center frequency of the three‐way equal FPD.
Economic Forecasting With German Newspaper Articles
Authors: Berger Tino , Wintter Simon
Published: November 2024

We introduce a new leading indicator for the German business cycle based on the content of newspaper articles from the Süddeutsche Zeitung. We use the rapidly evolving technique of Natural Language Processing (NLP) to transform the content of daily newspaper articles between 1992 and 2021 into topic time series using an LDA model. These topic time series reflect broad areas of the German economy since 1992, in particular the recession phases of the High‐Tech Crisis, the Great Financial Crisis and the Covid‐19 pandemic. We use the Newspaper Indicator in a Probit model to demonstrate that our data can be considered as a new leading indicator for predicting recession periods in Germany. Moreover, we show in an out‐of‐sample forecast experiment that our newspaper data have a predictive power for the German business cycle across 12 target variables that is as strong as established survey indicators. Industrial Production, the Stock Market Index DAX, and the Consumer Price Index for Germany can even be predicted out‐of‐sample more accurately with our newspaper data than with survey indices of the Ifo Institute and the OECD.
The Therapeutic Effects of Bioactive Compounds on Colorectal Cancer via PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway: A Critical Review
Authors: Demir Kübra , Turgut Rana , Şentürk Selcen , Işıklar Handan , Günalan Elif
Published: November 2024

Understanding the molecular signaling pathways of colorectal cancer (CRC) can be accepted as the first step in treatment strategy. Permanent mTOR signaling activation stimulates the CRC process via various biological processes. It supplies the survival of CRC stem cells, tumorigenesis, morbidity, and decreased response to drugs in CRC pathogenesis. Therefore, inhibition of the mTOR signaling by numerous bioactive components may be effective against CRC. The study aims to discuss the therapeutic capacity of various polyphenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids on CRC via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. The potential molecular effects of bioactive compounds on the mTOR pathway's upstream and downstream targets are examined. Each bioactive component causes various physiological processes, such as triggering free radical production, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of CRC stem cell migration, and suppression of glycolysis through mTOR signaling inhibition. As a result, carcinogenesis is inhibited by inducing apoptosis and autophagy. However, it should be noted that studies are primarily in vitro dose‐dependent treatment researchers. This study raises awareness about the role of phenolic compounds in treating CRC, contributing to their future use as anticancer agents. These bioactive compounds have the potential to be developed into food supplementation to prevent and treat various cancer types including CRC. This review has the potential to lead to further development of clinical studies. In the future, mTOR inhibition by applying several bioactive agents using advanced drug delivery systems may contribute to CRC treatment with 3D cell culture and in vivo clinical studies.
Enhancing Viability of Lactobacillus plantarumBG24 Through Optimized Spray Drying: Insights Into Process Parameters, Carrier Agents, Comparative Analysis With Freeze Drying, and Storage Condition Influences
Authors: Kaymak Ertekin Figen , Köprüalan Aydın Özgün , Altay Özgül
Published: November 2024

This study investigated the survival dynamics of Lactobacillus plantarum BG24, a probiotic strain, within reconstituted skim milk (RSM) and yeast extract (YE) matrices during the spray–drying (SD) process, encompassing of inlet/outlet air temperatures. Notably, optimum SD parameters were found to be an inlet air temperature of 150°C and outlet air temperature of 83°C, that achieving high viability (92.23%), and reducing both moisture content (MC) (3.57%) and water activity (aw) (0.266). The use of soy protein isolate (SPI), gum Arabic (GA), RSM, maltodextrin (MD), sucrose (SUC), and lactose in binary mixtures or alone was investigated in terms of the best survival rate of probiotic bacteria, and RSM alone and RSM + GA and SPI alone were found to be the best drying carriers giving higher viability during SD. SD at optimum process temperatures and freeze drying (FD) were compared in the survival rate of probiotic bacteria in the carrier of RSM with YE, and FD samples showed a higher survival rate (97.69%) than SD samples. It was determined that the storage temperature (4°C and 20°C) had an impact on the glass transition temperature, MC, aw, and cell viability. Increased storage temperature led to a greater decrease in cell viability, especially for SD probiotic powders. These findings furnish critical insights into the intricate interplay among process parameters, carrier agents, drying techniques, and storage conditions, thereby elucidating avenues for refining probiotic preservation strategies within the ambit of SD, and by extension, in the domains of food and pharmaceutical sciences.
Rebalance the Inhibitory System in the Elderly Brain: Influence of Balance Learning on GABAergic Inhibition and Functional Connectivity
Authors: Liu Xinyu , Scherrer Selin , Egger Sven , Lim Song‐I , Lauber Benedikt , Jelescu Ileana , Griffa Alessandra , Gambarota Giulio , Taube Wolfgang , Xin Lijing
Published: November 2024

Aging involves complex processes that impact the structure, function, and metabolism of the human brain. Declines in both structural and functional integrity along with reduced local inhibitory tone in the motor areas, as indicated by reduced γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels, are often associated with compromised motor performance in elderly adults. Using multimodal neuroimaging techniques including magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI as well as transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), this study explores whether these age‐related changes can be mitigated by motor learning. The investigation focused on the effects of long‐term balance learning (3 months) on intracortical inhibition, metabolism, structural, and functional connectivity in the cortical sensorimotor network among an elderly cohort. We found that after 3 months of balance learning, subjects significantly improved balance performance, upregulated sensorimotor cortical GABA levels and ventral sensorimotor network functional connectivity (VSN‐FC) compared to a passive control group. Furthermore, correlation analysis suggested a positive association between baseline VSN‐FC and balance performance, between baseline VSN‐FC and SICI, and between improvements in balance performance and upregulation in SICI in the training group, though these correlations did not survive the false discovery rate correction. These findings demonstrate that balance learning has the potential to counteract aging‐related decline in functional connectivity and cortical inhibition on the “tonic” (MRS) and “functional” (SICI) level and shed new light on the close interplay between the GABAergic system, functional connectivity, and behavior.
Evaluation and Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Cryotherapy and Electrosurgery in the Treatment of Sebaceous Hyperplasia, Seborrheic Keratosis, Cherry Angioma, and Skin Tag: A Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial Study
Authors: Sadeghzadeh‐Bazargan Afsaneh , Shafiei Mojtaba , Atefi Najmolsadat , Dehghani Abbas , Pashaei Arezoo , Karimzadeh Mehraneh , Goodarzi Azadeh
Published: November 2024

Background

Cryotherapy and electrosurgery are two commonly used methods to remove sebaceous hyperplasia, seborrheic keratosis, cherry angioma, and skin tags, which can be bothersome and uncomfortable. We compare the effectiveness and adverse effects of cryotherapy and electrosurgery in treating these skin conditions.

Method

The study was conducted as an assessor‐blind trial. The 32 lesions in each lesion group were divided into two treatment groups, cryotherapy and electrosurgery, using sealed envelopes. We collected baseline information, which included age, gender, lesion location, and consent, from the patients. Follow‐up visits were scheduled at 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months after the initial treatment session to evaluate the response rate of the lesions. Based on before‐after clinical images, this evaluation encompassed patient and physician satisfaction (no change, little, somewhat, good, and excellent), and any potential complications.

Results

The mean age of cryotherapy group was 52.04 ± 11.59 years, while the mean age in the electrosurgery group was 50.48 ± 10.70 years (p > 0.05). Regarding gender, 15 (23.4%) in the cryotherapy and 24 (37.5%) in the electrosurgery were female (p > 0.05). Physician and patient satisfaction increased significantly over time in the cryotherapy and electrosurgery groups (p < 0.001). For sebaceous hyperplasia, cherry angioma and skin tags, the degree of satisfaction of patients and physicians was significantly higher for electrosurgery than cryotherapy during follow‐up (p < 0.05). However, seborrheic keratosis responded better to cryotherapy. Hypopigmentation and depigmentation occurred in 2 (3.1%) and 4 (6.3%) of the cryotherapy cases, respectively. Hypopigmentation and atrophic scars also occurred in 4 (6.3%) and 2 (3.1%) of the cases in the electrosurgical group in different sessions.

Conclusion

It appears that electrosurgery is more effective in the treatment of sebaceous hyperplasia, cherry angioma and skin tags, while cryotherapy is more effective in the treatment of seborrheic keratosis.
Exploring Education Interventions for Stroke Prevention Among Adults and Older Individuals: A Scoping Review
Authors: Abbasian Mehdi , Rashidi Birgani Hosna , Khabiri Roghayeh , Namvar Leila , Jahangiry Leila
Published: November 2024

Background and Aims

This investigation aims to conduct a comprehensive review of educational interventions targeting stroke prevention to provide effective preventive measures and optimize resource utilization in adults and the elderly populations.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed, SCOPUS, and Embase for articles published online or in print until February 22, 2022. Inclusion criteria for studies were limited to the studies that examined stroke education or training interventions aimed at improving knowledge among adults aged 30 years and above, with a particular focus on older adults.

Results

A review of 97,848 papers was conducted, resulting in the inclusion of 19 papers. Of these, six were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), six were non‐randomized studies, five were campaign studies, one was a cross‐sectional study, one was a pilot study, and one was a prospective study. The provided information describes various interventions and educational programs related to stroke awareness, prevention, and management. The intervention subjects were categorized as awareness of warning signs and symptoms of stroke (n = 14), comprehensive awareness campaigns (n = 5), multilevel strategies for stroke education (n = 4), community‐based nursing education and rehabilitation program (n = 5), multimedia campaign for 9‐1‐1 awareness (n = 3), and self‐management interventions (n = 1).

Conclusion

The categorized interventions, addressing awareness of warning signs and symptoms, comprehensive awareness campaigns, multilevel strategies, community‐based nursing education and rehabilitation programs, multimedia campaigns for 9‐1‐1 awareness, and self‐management interventions, collectively enrich our understanding of the multifaceted approaches to stroke education.
Functional analysis and treatment of problem behavior by domesticated canines
Authors: Salzer Allyson R. , Dozier Claudia L. , DiGennaro Reed Florence D. , Reed Derek D.
Published: November 2024

Functional analyses are used to assess maintaining variables of behavior. Despite the large amount of research on functional analyses with humans, there are limited examples with nonhumans and even fewer studies incorporating modifications to standard methods of assessment with nonhumans. One modification that has yet to be evaluated with nonhuman animals is the trial‐based functional analysis in which control and test conditions are embedded in naturalistic environments. This study compared a standard functional analysis with a trial‐based functional analysis across different topographies of problem behavior with dogs. The results of the functional analyses corresponded for every dog. Individualized treatments were designed to reduce problem behavior. Implications of the trial‐based functional analysis include feasibility for privately owned dogs and dogs under the care of shelters. The trial‐based functional analysis offers a modification to established functional analyses that may allow increased access to the assessment of problem behavior.
PlexinA1 (PLXNA1) as a novel scaffold protein for the engineering of extracellular vesicles
Authors: Zhao Hang , Li Zhi , Liu Da , Zhang Jiaxun , You Zhicheng , Shao Yuzhang , Li Hongyan , Yang Jun , Liu Xiang , Wang Miaozhu , Wu Chengen , Chen Jing , Wang Jianwu , Kong Guanyi , Zhao Libo
Published: November 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) had been described as a next‐generation drug delivery system, due to the compelling evidence that they can facilitate the transfer of a variety of biomolecules between cells. The most frequently used strategy for loading protein cargoes is the endogenous engineering of EVs through genetic fusion of the protein of interest (POI) and scaffold proteins with high EV‐sorting ability. However, the lack of scaffold proteins had become a major issue hindering the promotion of this technology. Herein, we proposed novel screening criteria that relax the inclusion requirement of candidate scaffold proteins and eventually identified a new scaffold protein, PLXNA1. The truncated PLXNA1 not only inherits the high EV‐sorting ability of its full‐length counterpart but also allows the fusion expression of POI in both outer surface and luminal areas, individually or simultaneously. In conclusion, our screening criteria expanded the range of potential scaffold proteins. The identified scaffold protein PLXNA1 showed great potential in developing therapeutic EVs.
Reusable Magnetic Nanoparticles: A Green System for Synthesis of Pyrrole Scaffolds
Authors: Sharma Shubham , Vaishali  , Pandey Aaysha , Garg Ayushi , Sharma Pooja , Bhatrola Kanchna , Irfan Ali , Devi Nisha , Rubab Laila , Mishra Kaushiki , Dubey Khushali , Mateev Emilio
Published: November 2024

Nowadays, environmentally sustainable organic synthesis is demanding. In this context, nanoparticles are particularly interesting owing to their green synthesis aspects. Specifically, magnetic nanoparticles have been continuously utilized in organic synthesis for a decade. Among heterocycles, pyrrole and its analogs have a unique place due to its vast spectrum of applications. Derivatives of pyrrole help to find lead structures for new synthetic pharmaceutical compounds and other valuable compounds. Thus, magnetic nanoparticles accelerate organic chemists to develop pyrrole derivatives through green synthesis. Moreover, magnetic nanoparticles in pyrrole scaffold synthesis improve reaction efficiency and sustainability and create unique functional molecular hybrids for many scientific applications. This paper reviews the utilization of magnetic nanoparticles to afford a variety of valuable pyrrole derivatives, with a focus on their environmental friendliness.
Enhancing medical imaging education: integrating computing technologies, digital image processing and artificial intelligence
Authors: Mdletshe Sibusiso , Wang Alan
Published: November 2024

The rapid advancement of technology has brought significant changes to various fields, including medical imaging (MI). This discussion paper explores the integration of computing technologies (e.g. Python and MATLAB), digital image processing (e.g. image enhancement, segmentation and three‐dimensional reconstruction) and artificial intelligence (AI) into the undergraduate MI curriculum. By examining current educational practices, gaps and limitations that hinder the development of future‐ready MI professionals are identified. A comprehensive curriculum framework is proposed, incorporating essential computational skills, advanced image processing techniques and state‐of‐the‐art AI tools, such as large language models like ChatGPT. The proposed curriculum framework aims to improve the quality of MI education significantly and better equip students for future professional practice and challenges while enhancing diagnostic accuracy, improving workflow efficiency and preparing students for the evolving demands of the MI field.
Research on Metallic Spheres Radius Classification Method Using Machine Learning With Eddy Current Testing
Authors: Zhang Huilin , Li Wenkai , Zhao Qian , Xia Zihan , Shi Yuxin , Yin Wuliang
Published: November 2024

Metallic spheres play a crucial role in industry and their accurate measurement is essential to ensure the safety of industrial production. Eddy current testing (ECT), which is non‐contact and non‐invasive, provides an efficient and precise approach for the parameter evaluation of metallic spheres. In this paper, we utilize machine learning (ML) methods to invert inductive signals in order to address the inverse problem of ECT, with the aim of reconstructing the radius of a metallic sphere. Datasets containing the radius information of the metallic sphere were constructed based on the simplified analytical solution. The datasets were divided into two parts based on the real part (RP) and imaginary part (IP) features, and the connection between the two features and the radius of the metallic sphere were compared by five classification models. While achieving accurate classification of aluminum and stainless steel spheres with different radius, the models are evaluated to ensure the reliability and validity of the models. The results show that the use of IP data as a classification feature has better accuracy as compared to RP. The K nearest neighbor (KNN) radius classifier has the highest accuracy of 95.5% in aluminum spheres and the random forest (RF) radius classifier has the highest accuracy of 95.9% in stainless steel spheres. In addition, all five classifiers are able to overcome the effect of lift‐off on the classification results.