bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State and Mafia, Differences and Similarities
Authors: Alfano Vincenzo
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this article is to investigate about the differences and, if any, the similarities among the modern State and the mafia criminal organizations. In particular, starting from their definitions, I will try to find the differences between State and mafia, to then focus on the operational aspects of the functioning of these two organizations, with specific reference to the effect/impact that both these human constructs have on citizens’ existences, and especially on citizen’s economic lives. All this in order to understand whether it is possible to identify an objective difference – beside morals – between taxation by the modern State and extortion by criminal organizations. With this of course I do not want to argue that the mafia is in any way justifiable or absolvable, nor that it is better than the State. However, I want to investigate whether there is a real, logical reason why the State should be considered by the citizens more desirable than the criminal organizations oppressing Southern Italy, from a strictly logical point of view and not from the point of view of ethics and morality.
Theory of the Whole and the Part – Ontological Perspective (E. Husserl, R. Ingarden)
Authors: Barska Katarzyna
Published: July 2015

The purpose of the paper is demonstrate the thesis that Ingarden's ontological system allows a better understanding of the “part-whole” problem then previous theories. Especially, if we take into account the existential ontology of Ingarden, which refers to Husserl “part-whole” theory, we can see that development of terms made by Ingarden sheds new light on old problems. In this context, particularly important is to distinguish between two existential moments: contingancy/inseparatness, because thanks to them we can talk about many different types of relationships and hence many types of objects.
A Rapid Technique for Preparing Hair Cuticular Scale Casts
Authors: Ogle RR , Mitosinka GT
Published: July 2015

One of the morphological features used for the examination and comparison of hair is the cuticular scale pattern. The shape and arrangement of the scales on the cuticle vary considerably in different species and to a lesser extent within species.
The Potential of Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography for the Pattern Individualization of Macromolecular Materials
Authors: De Forest PR
Published: July 2015

In an investigation almost any article or material may come to the attention of the forensic scientist as physical evidence. Frequently he is asked to test the existence of an association or common origin between the questioned material and some other sample to the exclusion of all (ideally) other similar samples of the same group or class. This process or operation is referred to as individualization by forensic Scientists. If the sample is an object which has certain morphological peculiarities or physical markings, these may be compared with those on an item that is thought to have been associated with the questioned one to test this hypothesis. If, however, the item or material lacks these markings, it may be necessary to consider compositional differences. The approach used to study such differences will vary depending on the general type of material being analyzed.
Educational Values of the Dream and Reality Psychoanalysis In “Sang Pemimpi” (the Dreamer), a Novel by Andrea Hirata
Authors: Nasir Muhammad
Published: July 2015

This article tries to look at psychoanalysis study of a novel concerning on the dream and reality in Sang Pemimpi (the Dreamer) by Andrea Hirata. In general, his work portrays mostly about the condition and situational life of Belitung community. Here, Andrea shows his ability as the representative of Belitung's young generation succeeded in fulfilling his dream by explaining the real life of the people in his hometown and villages having bitter experience values in the rich environment. Besides, he tries to describe the difficult life faced by the villagers. The dream in this novel is not only his, but also all dreams of the Belitung community as the manifestation of their life condition comparing to other areas or provinces in the Indonesia. Further, through this novel (work), it is implied an important massage directed to both Indonesian authority and Belitung mayor in order to be able to increase the level of education of grass root community, especially for those who live in the remote area or a very isolated area, such as Belitung. This is the real dream of all participants in the island which remains unsolved.
TẢI LƯỢNG CHẤT Ô NHIỄM ĐƯA VÀO VỊNH ĐÀ NẴNG
Authors: Sinh Le Xuan , Nam Le Van
Published: July 2015

Trên cơ sở các số liệu hiện trạng và quy hoạch phát triển kinh tế - xã hội của thành phố Đà Nẵng tới năm 2025, tải lượng ô nhiễm phát sinh từ các họat động phát triển đã được tính toán bằng phương pháp đánh giá nhanh môi trường. Kết quả tính toán cho thấy, mỗi năm thành phố Đà Nẵng phát sinh khoảng 42 nghìn tấn COD; 23 nghìn tấn BOD5; 9 nghìn tấn T_N; 3 nghìn tấn T_P; 140 nghìn tấn TSS từ các nguồn sinh hoạt, du lịch, nuôi trồng thủy sản, công nghiệp, chăn nuôi và rửa trôi đất. Tới năm 2025, lượng chất thải này sẽ tăng lên khoảng 1,3 - 1,7 lần. Các nguồn ô nhiễm chính là từ sinh hoạt (dân cư và khách du lịch) và chăn nuôi. Vì vậy, việc xử lý chất thải từ các nguồn này là rất cần thiết để giảm thiểu lượng chất thải đưa vào vịnh Đà Nẵng.
Corrosion resistance of alloys of Hastelloy in chloroaluminate melts
Authors: Karpov V. V. , Bazhenov A. V. , Abramov A. V. , Polovov I. B. , Rebrin O. I.
Published: July 2015

The corrosion of Hastelloy S, Hastelloy X, Haynes 230, Hastelloy N, Hastelloy G35 and Hastelloy C2000 alloys was studied in KCl–AlCl3 melts at 550 °С. The rates and the mechanisms of corrosion of the studied materials were determined. The processes taking place during the interaction between alloys and chloroaluminate melts were investigated.
Synthesis of acyclic nucleoside analogues based on 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-ones by one-step Vorbrüggen glycosylation
Authors: Khalymbadzha I. A. , Deev S. L. , Shestakova T. S. , Rusinov V. L. , Chupakhin O. N.
Published: July 2015

New analogues of acyclovir have been prepared by reacting 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ones 1а-i and (2-acetoxyethoxy)methyl acetate 2 in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate as a catalyst. Thei nteraction between the compounds 1а-е and 2 has led to a mixture of N3 and N4 isomers. In contrast, the reaction of compounds 1g-i and 2 proceeded selectively to form N3 isomers. In the case of compounds 1a-c the predominant product is the one with the acyclic moiety in azine ring (N4 isomer). Interaction between 1d-f and 2 has led to mixtures comprising mainly N3 isomer. It has been found that the ratio of glycosylation products 1 and 2 are thermodynamically controlled. The structure of the obtained compounds has been proved by 1Н, 13С, two-dimensional 1Н-13С NMR spectroscopy and X-ray analysis.
In-vitro effects of garlic extracts on pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Neofabraea alba
Authors: Daniel Chanel K. , Lennox Cheryl L. , Vries Filicity A.
Published: July 2015

The antifungal activity of garlic extracts applied directly and through volatile release was tested against the growth of postharvest pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Neofabraea alba. Mycelial growth of B. cinerea and P. expansum was inhibited by aqueous and ethanol dilutions on garlic extract amended media (direct method) in a dose-response manner. The aqueous dilution was more effective than the ethanol dilution. Both dilutions inhibited mycelial growth of N. alba to a similar extent but no trend in data was noted across the concentration range. Calculated EC50 values indicated that 13.36% and 8.09% aqueous dilutions could be used to inhibit growth of B. cinerea and P. expansum, respectively; however, values generated for N. alba either bordered on or exceeded the concentration range. The volatile vapour application of garlic was able to inhibit mycelial growth and spore germination of all pathogens at concentrations as low as 20%. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed that 85.95% of compounds present in the garlic sample belonged to a sulphur or sulphur-derived group. Allicin, the active component of garlic, was not found; however, breakdown products of allicin were present in high amounts. Overall, the antifungal activity of garlic extracts for the control of B. cinerea and P. expansum was confirmed. Further investigations into the antifungal effect of garlic extracts on N. alba is required, although garlic volatiles seem to be effective. This report is the first of antifungal activity of garlic extracts against N. alba – the causal agent of bull’s eye rot, one of the major diseases of apples.
¿Quiénes son los sentenciados por homicidio intencional en México?
Authors: Vilata Carlos
Published: July 2015

Se presenta un perfil preliminar del homicida intencional en México. De esta forma se dan los primeros pasos empíricos en la construcción de un conocimiento sistemático y comparativo del delincuente violento. Se comparó al total de condenados por homicidio intencional frente al total de condenados por otros delitos federales intencionales entre 1997 y 2010. Se encontró que el total de sentenciados por este delito en el fuero federal es muy reducido, su número varía mucho entre años y cada vez es proporcionalmente menor frente a los sentenciados por otros delitos intencionales. También se encontró que cerca de un tercio cometió su delito fuera del país, principalmente en los Estados Unidos. Finalmente, se encontraron proporciones significativamente mayores de sentenciados casados, con grados universitarios y ocupados como profesionistas entre los homicidas intencionales. AbstractWe present a preliminary profile of the murderer in Mexico. This is the first step in constructing an empirical knowledge and systematic base for the comparative study of violent offenders in the Latin American region. The total number of federal convicts for murder was compared with the total number of convicts for other intentional crimes between 1997 and 2010. The study found that the total number of federal convicts for murder is comparatively small, highly varying and becoming less over time. About one third committed their crime overseas, mostly in the United States. Also, significantly higher proportions of married, college degrees, and professionals were found among convicts for murder.
Distribution of 238U, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs concentrations in soil samples nearby a nuclear laboratory, Capao Island, Brazil
Authors: Oliveira Luciano , Oliveira Celio , Carvalho Bruno , Cabral Paulo , Vital Helio , Andrade Edson
Published: July 2015

Absolute soil concentrations of 238U, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs samples were
measured using high-resolution gamma spectrometry. The area of interest
encompasses an embankment in a mangrove swamp in Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro,
called Capao Island, where nuclear, chemical and biological defense
laboratories of the Brazilian Army Technology Center are in operation for
more than 30 years. In order to ensure that no significant environmental
impact has resulted from neutron physics experiments performed in a graphite
exponential pile in addition to the operation of two cesium-driven
irradiating facilities, radiation monitoring of the isotopes was carried out.
A total of eight 250 ml soil samples were extracted within an area of 300 m x
300 m. No trace of 137Cs was detected and the measured levels of 238U were
found to be close to the global mean. However, some data that slightly
exceeded the expected normal range for 232Th (60 % of samples) and 40K (20 %
of samples) should be attributed to the construction debris (cement, rocks,
and sand) used in the embankment at the site. Since there is no handling of
those isotopes at that site or adjacent facilities that could affect their
presence, it was concluded that no detectable contamination has occurred.
Long-term monitoring the bearings of the Ponte 25 de Abril in Lisbon
Authors: Hoffmann Simon , Bergmeister Konrad
Published: July 2015

A daily traffic of app. 160,000 vehicles and 140 trains crossing the Ponte 25 de Abril makes it one of the busiest routes in Europe. This landmark has to bear enormous loads especially caused by the trains crossing it since 1999 after finishing the renovation and the completion of additional road lanes and the rail deck on this structure originally build in 1966. With each train an accumulated movement of up to 200 mm at a maximum speed of 15 mm/s can be noticed at the bearings supporting the bridge deck at the abutments and the piers. Only extensive maintenance prevented a total failure of the original roller bearings until these were exchanged by modern sliding bearings in 2004. Still an accumulated sliding path between 2,132 and 3,703 m per year on velocities 8 times higher than expected for regular sliding bearings made the use of new materials necessary. A permanent monitoring of the longitudinal movements of all 8 bearings allows the verification of the capabilities of these new materials in real service, which has been widely simulated in laboratory tests before. A robust measurement, data logging and communication system ensures the recording of the accumulated sliding path without interruption. Additional logging of detailed movement data in combination with recorded environmental information allows an analysis of the structural behaviour regarding its longitudinal movement. The paper will introduce the new sliding materials as well as the used monitoring system. The analysis of more than 2 years of movement data shows useful information not only for the bridge bearings itself, but about the overall behaviour of this remarkable suspension bridge. The special advantages of such continuous long-term monitoring will be presented. Prospects for possible extensions of the existing system will be given.
How Reliable is our Building Process?
Authors: Mans Dirk G. , Kool Erik J.
Published: July 2015

The paper presents the results of an investigation on collapsed roofs in the Netherlands after heavy
snowfall in November 2005. Based on meteorological data and local observations and measurements
the actual snow load which occurred is estimated and compared with statistical information. A
comparison between the actual maximum snow loads and the snow load dictated in the code shows that
both are of the same magnitude. The results of the investigations to the causes of collapse of 21 roofs
are considered. In 14 cases design mistakes are assigned as (one of) the causes; also execution mistakes
and lack of durability are assigned in several cases. In only 2 cases exceeding of the design load is
assigned as (one of) the causes.

The findings of another research in the Dutch project “Learning from failures” are referred to. In that
project the causes of the collapse of structures are related to organizational aspects in design and
execution, as source of failures or condition in which structural failures can be expected.

It is concluded that the snow loads as they are described in the code seem to be in accordance with the
chosen frequency of occurrence but that the resistance of structures in many cases is less than could be
expected based on the requirements of the code. A program to get more insight in the status quo of
structural safety in recently designed and realized buildings is initiated.
Design Proposal of New Roadway Bridge across the Danube in Novi Sad
Authors: Stipanic Bratislav , Ladjinovic Djordje , Floric Zoran , Pavkov Djordje , Radusinovic Nemanja
Published: July 2015

The paper deals with design proposal of new roadway bridge across the Danube in Novi Sad, with an overall length of 545 m, having the spans: 40,0+40,0+50,0+50,0+91,7+188,3+85 m. The bridge deck, width of 23,5 m, carries 4 lanes of vehicular traffic and two lanes of pedestrian/ cycleway.

The main bridge part is an asymmetric cable-stayed structure, with a main span of 188,3 m and a back span of 91,7 m. The unique single pylon of the original curved shape and height of 59,5 m is rigidly fixed into the deck. The stays of harp configuration are in middle plane. The aesthetics plays a major role in bridge design to be a meeting point for engineering and architecture. The proposed bridge has an original architectural appearance well incorporated in Novi Sad city environment of plane left bank and the hilly right bank with old Patrovaradin Fortress. This is a feasible original bridge design concept from structural point of view as well.
A feasibility study: Crossing of the Sognefjord with a fixed connection
Authors: Skorpa Lidvard
Published: July 2015

Based on the first phase of a feasibility study, it may be concluded that it is possible to cross the Sognefjord, the second longest and deepest fjord in the world, with a fixed connection. The use of floating, anchored pontoons as foundations, makes it possible to cross the 3,7 km wide, and 1250 m deep fjord with different crossing methods. Thus knowledge and experience from offshore technology turns out to be of great importance for how to solve extreme fjord crossing projects.

In addition, this might be vital to projects in scenic inland lake areas or urban waterfront areas. In these areas, a not visible, submerged floating tunnel will have great advantages compared to other crossing methods, as there will be no conflict to visual intrusion, free passage of ships traffic, and less traffic pollution.
Maintenance and Safety of Large-Scale Bridges
Authors: Chen Airong
Published: July 2015

With more and more large-scale bridges being built in China, a scientific methodology to establish a maintenance strategy with high efficiency and low cost for these bridges has become an urgent task. To improve the current maintenance design of large-scale bridges, the concept of life-cycle theory should be introduced into civil engineering. Besides, related techniques and tools should be developed to provide the maintenance design more quantitative and objective support. In this paper, a framework of bridge life-cycle design theory proposed by the author is briefly introduced. In this framework, both performance design and maintenance design are integrated into an interactive design process. Within this framework, the requirements of the maintenance work can be sufficiently considered in the design stage, which can effectively lower the life-cycle cost of bridges.

To fulfill this innovation of design theory, several techniques used in the maintenance design against long term actions such as fatigue, durability deterioration, and extreme events like bomb explosion, earthquake and fire are presented. With the development and improvement of these techniques, the maintenance strategy can be designed based on more quantitative analysis, instead of pure practical experiences. Only in this way, can the maintenance strategy be well designed and implemented.
An Experimental Study of residual strain in partially prestressed concrete beams under fatigue loading
Authors: Song Yupu , Han Jigang
Published: July 2015

This paper gives details of a fatigue test programme of partially prestressed concrete T-beams. A total of six beam specimens were tested under various fatigue load ranges until failure. In addition, two specimens were tested for monotonic capacity. The residual strains of the compressive concrete and the tensile reinforcement steel were measured by FBG sensors and strain gauges at different numbers of load cycles during the tests. Based on the experimental results, the propagation process of residual strains in the non-prestressed steel reinforcement was presented, and an empirical formulas between residual strains and the cyclic number were developed. In addition, a theoretical method was proposed to quantify the residual strains of the non-prestressed steel reinforcement in partially prestressed concrete beams under fatigue loading. The results show that the theoretical method is in good agreement with the experimental data.
Regulations and Responsibilities for a Mature Society
Authors: Kanda Jun , Elms David
Published: July 2015

Structural engineering is a tool for ensuring the safety of buildings against natural environmental forces. Professional engineers are qualified persons for the design and construction of safe buildings. Regulations have been developed to provide detailed specifications to assure safety in terms of minimum requirements. Though they might not meet the specific demands of individual structures, cost competition forces engineers to design for minimum levels of safety which may not be adequate for society. A new system for building approval is discussed where safety decisions are made between stakeholders helped by information from engineers' on safety and economy.
Clubhouse at Great Northern Golf Course
Authors: Frandsen Mikkel
Published: July 2015

The clubhouse of Great Northern Golf Course is a modern building with elegant structures.

The clubhouse consists of two separate wings and a foyer, which is elevated on a small plateau overlooking the golf course. The elegant timber roof structure floats on cantilevered steel columns protruding from a natural stone wall.

The roof structure is a special structure inspired by folding a piece of paper - not into long rectangular planes, but instead into triangular planes as shown on the visualisation.

Visually the roof structure is split into two layers which sit, one on top of each other. The bottom layer is the primary load carrying structure made out of laminated timber frames, and the top layer is the cover with wooden shingles on timber purlins that extends beyond the bottom layer.

The fa9ade is designed using structural glazing with hidden connections to the roof structure and the natural stone walls. 12m high glass fins support the fa9ade with elegant joints (fig. 1.2).

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.2
The construction of the girder just above the existing Shinkansen viaduct in urban area
Authors: Yokota Shogo , Tamura Shinya , Yamada Keisuke , Sakamoto Kenji
Published: July 2015

We are now carrying out a project to open new line ""Ueno-Tokyo line'', which connects two radiate railway lines. This line is now under construction just above the in-service Shinkansen line, because we couldn't obtain the space for new line in urban area. We applied a viaduct structure with double- deck system, which consisted of a viaduct for the new line added on the existing viaduct for Shinkansen. The construction site was so narrow, that we couldn't get the sufficient space for using a large size crane. Therefore, we specially manufactured a huge movable erection girder, and a push-out method was applied to construct the main girders by using the movable erection girder. We completed all of the girder constructions with high difficulty without any accidents by carrying out elegant design and construction. In this paper, we describe the construction of the girders between piers of new viaduct just above the Shinkansen line.
Ultra High-rise Building Adopting Various Structural Technologies
Authors: Tatsuno Satoshi , Komuro Tsutomu , Matsumoto Shuichi , Kawamoto Shin-ichiro
Published: July 2015

Redevelopment of urban areas requires to solve many issues of the limited conditions of the construction site. In this project, two subway lines exist underground in the construction site, as well as the piles of the former building. In consideration of difficulties of the construction, it was intended to design a new high-rise building without removing the remained piles. To reuse the remained piles, it was necessary to minimize reaction forces on piles in the structural design. By installing seismic isolation system, seismic load could be minimized and by using ultra-high strength materials and light weight concrete, the total weight of the building decreased. As a result, the construction term and costs were reduced as well as the reuse of the piles. Furthermore, it was successful to decrease the environmental load.
A distributed parameter model of frame pin-supported wall structure
Authors: Wu Shoujun , Pan Peng
Published: July 2015

Rocking structure is a kind of novel structure system, which release constraints in some part of a structure. Frame pin-supported wall structure is a kind of rocking structure, in which walls are hinged at the bottom. Most of previous research concerning frame pin-supported wall structure focused on the overall behaviour, while the inner force and strength demand of the wall is not well discussed. In this paper, a distributed parameter model of frame pin-supported wall structure is developed. The wall and frame are simplified as a bending beam and a shear beam, respectively. The accuracy of the model is verified by SA 2000, for two typical external force profiles, i.e. uniform and invert triangular. It is found that the distributed parameter model gives a fairly accurate estimation of displacement, moment and shear of frame pin-supported wall structure. istribution of displacement and inner force of pin-supported wall can be given with the model.
Application of Ultra Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete to Bridge Piers
Authors: Hattori Masahiro , Nozawa Tadaaki , Hamaguchi Yoshiki , Choi Joon-Ho , Otsuka Hisanori
Published: July 2015

In this study, the experimental specimens composed by the extra-high tensile strength concrete called as ESCON and the high yield strength steels called as USD685 were prepared to clarify the seismic performance of the ultra high strength fiber RC columns under cyclic bending loading. Compared to the experimental results of normal strength RC columns, the yielding capacity and the maximum capacity of the high strength one were improved. In addition, the crack distributions and the failure modes were different by the polyvinyl alcohol fiber contained in ESCON. Moreover, the trace analyses using the Finite Element Method (FEM) of these experiments of RC columns were conducted. As a result, it was identified that the experimental hysteresis curves could be traced by FEA. Lastly, it was calculated that how much cross section with equivalent strength of the normal strength specimen by using ESCON and USD685 could be reduced. The calculations showed that the cross section of area of RC columns using these high strength materials could be reduced by about 40% of normal one.
Performance Evaluation of Friction Slip Damper with Sets of Disc Springs and Bolt for Bridge
Authors: Atsushi Takeda , Takeshi Sano
Published: July 2015

Introduction of vibration control systems for bridges have advantages in terms of both seismic performance and construction cost. In applying the bridge vibration control system, it is necessary to use an appropriate model of the damper for design. The purpose of this paper is to establish the design model for the friction slip damper. The damper tests subjected to calculated response displacements for design earthquake motion were carried out, and the damping force-displacement relation was evaluated. As a result, two design models for the damper were proposed.
Development of Wooden Damping Wall with Oil Damper
Authors: Shinohara Masatoshi , Isoda Hiroshi , Ozaki Masami , Asai Fukutaro , Takahashi Osamu , Tomizawa Tetsuya , Matsuda Masahiro
Published: July 2015

In this paper, the development of wooden damping wall with oil damper is described. The purpose of the new damper system is to reduce a maximum story drift during severe earthquakes (20% reduction by the addition of two shear walls). The main approach to achieve this objective is to design joints resisting high shear strength, to develop and verify the high performance oil damper and to assess the shear performance and story drift using time history response analysis method.

The dynamic shear wall tests were also carried out to confirm the analytical study.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents as Antidepressants: Truth or Dare
Authors: Raison Charles L. , Miller Andrew H.
Published: July 2015

Mounting data suggest that there is a reliable association between inflammatory markers and depression. This association has led to the speculation that anti-inflammatory drugs may have antidepressant activities. Although an increasing number of studies have addressed this issue, there are several considerations that have confounded attempts to interpret the extant literature in this area. These include: (1) the use of anti-inflammatory drugs with potential antidepressant effects unrelated to inflammation, (2) the evaluation of antidepressant effects of anti-inflammatory drugs in patient populations whose underlying inflammatory disorder may directly benefit from anti-inflammatory treatment (unrelated to mood), (3) potential cultural biases of available studies, and (4) a nonlinear relationship between inflammation and depression that may contribute to a differential response in anti-inflammatory-treated versus placebo-treated patients depending on inflammatory status. Taken together, these data indicate that anti-inflammatory agents do not likely exhibit generalized antidepressant effects and may only be effective in subgroups of patients with increased inflammation. Moreover, the data raise the larger question of whether any antidepressant agent is truly an antidepressant, or whether all medications are only antidepressants for select populations of patients with more biologically discreet disease states we have yet to identify or name.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2015;45(5):255–261.]
El origen africano del cultivo del arroz en Las Américas
Authors: Carney Judith A.
Published: July 2015

El arroz no empezó a ser cultivado en las Américas sino hasta el periodo del comercio transatlántico de esclavos. Para el siglo XVIII este cultivo ya se había establecido extensamente en plantaciones desde Carolina del Sur hasta Brasil. Cultivado por esclavos así como cimarrones, tanto para la subsistencia como para la exportación, el comienzo de la cultivación de arroz en las Américas invariablemente se ha atribuido a los dueños de plantaciones europeos. Este artículo presenta evidencia del importante papel que desempeñaron los africanos en establecer la cultura del arroz en el Nuevo Mundo. Este trabajo se enfoca sobre el arroz africano (Oryza glaberrima), personas esclavizadas de África occidental para quienes este cultivo era un alimento básico, y un sistema de conocimiento indígena sobre el arroz con características idénticas entre el Atlántico africano y americano. Un estudio comparativo de usos del suelo, métodos de cultivo, procesos de molienda y tradiciones culinarias ilumina el tema de la difusión de la cultura africana de arroz a las Américas, así como la labor que desempeñaron los esclavos de África occidental en liderar el cultivo de arroz para eventualmente convertirlo en un alimento básico de subsistencia en el Nuevo Mundo.
Airborne and ground‐based transient electromagnetic mapping of groundwater salinity in the Machile–Zambezi Basin, southwestern Zambia
Authors: Chongo Mkhuzo , Vest Christiansen Anders , Tembo Alice , Banda Kawawa E. , Nyambe Imasiku A. , Larsen Flemming , Bauer‐Gottwein Peter
Published: July 2015

The geological and morphological evolution of the Kalahari Basin of Southern Africa has given rise to a complex hydrogeological regime that is affected by water quality issues. Among these concerns is the occurrence of saline groundwater. Airborne and ground‐based electromagnetic surveying is an efficient tool for mapping groundwater quality variations and has been used extensively to explore the Kalahari sediments, e.g., in Botswana and Namibia. Recently, airborne and ground‐based mapping of groundwater salinity was conducted in the Machile–Zambezi Basin, southwestern Zambia, using the versatile time‐domain electromagnetic system and WalkTEM system, respectively, incorporating earlier ground‐based ProTEM 47D measurements. The data were inverted using the laterally constrained inversion technique followed by a separate spatially constrained inversion scheme. WalkTEM data were inverted as ordinary single‐site one‐dimensional inversions. The regional electrical resistivity signature of the Machile–Zambezi Basin was found to be characterized by high elevation (1000 m–1050 m above mean sea level), high electrical resistivity (above 100 Ωm) areas that form the western and eastern boundaries of a low‐resistivity (below 13 Ωm) valley that extends southwestwards into the Makgadikgadi salt pans. The electrical resistivity distribution is indicative of a full graben related to the Okavango–Linyati Fault system as a result of propagation of the East African Rift Valley System into Southern Africa. The saline lacustrine sediments infilling the Machile Graben are responsible for the low formation resistivity (below 13 Ωm) and high salinity (above 7000 μS/cm) observed in the groundwater and are probably related to the complex evolutionary history of Palaeo‐Lake Makgadikgadi.
An Identification of Construction Project Overheads for Sustainable Cost Management and Controlling Practices (CMCPs)
Authors: Jaya Nyoman Martha , Frederika Ariany
Published: July 2015

Project overheads are allocated on a percentage basis to project costs and common to maintain multiple cost objects, but cannot directly be distributed to construction activities. Construction project overheads have to be identified their cost behaviours properly in order to sustain Cost Management and Controlling Practices (CMCPs) during the construction stage. The literature review method identified forty seven (47)project overheads and categorised into four hierarchies (unit, batch, project, and facility levels). Therefore, the identification of project overheads should enable a sustainable improvement to the CMCPs in construction projects.
Modeling Discharge of the Bangga Watershed under Climate Change
Authors: Sutapa I. Wayan , Bisri Moh , Rispiningtati Rispiningtati , Montarcih Lily
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this research is to create a model of the discharge as the impact of climate change due to global warming. The study was conducted using data from the Bangga watershed. Monthly water balance model used is the development of a model FJ. Mock by entering the natural phenomena that occur at this time such as climate change, canopy interception, rainfall distribution based on land use, soil type and soil characteristics. Calibration of water balance is used to determine the performance of the models to variations in climate change. Then, analysis is conducted as the effect of rain and temperature on runoff at river Bangga. The conclusion of this research were: 1) Accuracy of discharge simulation models against observed discharge is quite good, which is characterized by the Nash coefficient (Ns) close to one except for a few periods and annual rainfall runoff ratio (RE) approaches one. 2) Changes in rainfall have a considerable influence on the runoff, while the effect of temperature on runoff is not too significant.
The Importance of the Physical Boundary Line onBali Coastal Tourist Resorts
Authors: Rajendra Anom , Temple Nicholas , Nicholls Richard
Published: July 2015

This paper is to propose a concept of boundary line onBali coastal tourist resorts in which the aim of this concept is to offer aclear boundary between private owners and public space and to avoid dispute on the land ownership between privates and the state. The rationale behind this concept is because there isa serious problem in these areas resulted from many interests and activities being in conflict as result they become a very sensitive space. Beach utilisation without planning, takes place creatinga conflict of interest which tends to bringnegative impacts on social, economic, politic and environmental aspect.According to research, the areais impacted upon by physical problemsemerging not only from the offshore but also the onshore sources. If there is no solution immediately, it will bring serious implication for social and environmental cost which will adversely affect all parties and Bali as a whole. Therefore, the boundary line concept is expected to be one of the most effective solutions to solve the problem, and in turn it becomesamodel to sustain the areas as the most popular tourist attractions in Bali.
The Influence of Austenisation Temperature and Holding Time on Mechanical Properties, Scale Thickness, and Microstructure in Alloy Steel
Authors: Aziz Abdul , Hidayat Maulud , Hardiyanti Indah
Published: July 2015

The application of steel products have been widely used and various research have been developed to find a good and appropriate quality of steel and can be produced in the country without have to be imported, for example alloy steels. One of the alloy steels that have been constantly developed is Ni-Cr-Mo alloy steel with additional nickel, chromium and molybdenum which can increase hardness, tensile strength, ductility and toughness. The effect during the production process is at the heating process that causes the formation of iron oxide layer (scale) and the loss of steel weight. Therefore, the selection of heat treatment methods and techniques are required to increase the mechanical properties of steel, such as hardness, tensile strength, and toughness, with the scale is about <5% of steel weight. In this research, the heat treatment was carried out at austenisation temperature of 800°, 850°, 900°C and at holding time of 20, 40, 60 minutes, then followed by a rapid cooling (quenching) to improve the mechanical properties of hardness. This research also tested the mechanical properties of steel that consist of hardness test and impact test, and metallographic observation that consist of micro structure observation and scale thickness observation. The micro structure from heat treatment process is martensite, it is due to a rapid cooling (quenching) that rapidly change the austenite phase into martensite. The data showed the highest hardness is 588.35 HVN at 850°C of temperature and 60 minutes of holding time, 8.5 Joules of impact energy, and 91.5 μm of scale thickness. While the lowest hardness is 539.34 HVN at 800°C of temperature, 5 Joules of impact energy, and 47.81 μm of scale thickness.
Tensile Strength of Banana Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites Materials
Authors: Irawan Agustinus Purna , Sukania I. Wayan
Published: July 2015

Indonesia is one of countries with the potential for abundant natural resources, especially natural fibers. The potential of Indonesian natural fibers abundant is not fully put to good use to increase social welfare. One of the natural fibers that have the potential to be developed is the banana fiber. Banana fiber has potential in abundance and can be developed as a biocomposite material that is strong, inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and can be recycled. This study aims to produce a tensile strength of Banana Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite Materials (BFRECM). Testing of the tensile strength refers to the ASTM D 3039 / D3039M. Based on the research results, obtained the tensile strength of BFRECM (62.3 ± 0.67) MPa and modulus of elasticity (8.72 ± 1.12) GPa. Tensile strength obtained will be referred for further study of natural fiber composites.
Bone Implant Materials from Eggshell Waste
Authors: Sopyan Iis
Published: July 2015

Hydroxyapatite powder has been synthesized from eggshell waste using a simple hydrothermal synthesis. The process involved drying and thermal decomposition of eggshell into calcium oxide followed by a hydrothermal reaction at a temperature of as low as 90°C with ammonium di-hydrogen phosphate and water. The produced hydroxyapatite powder is extraordinarily fine with nanosize primary particles. The yield of conversion is high, ca. 90%. Hydroxyapatite pure phase can be maintained until calcination of below 900°C, at which β-tricalcium phosphate phase started to appear to transform into biphasic calcium phosphate. Its high purity as proved by XRD shown that the product fulfills medical requirement. The present invention provides an environmentally beneficial and straightforward method of producing hydroxyapatite for bone implant materials using eggshell waste.
Redesign Combustion Air Shelter of the Furnace to Improve the Performance in Melting Bronze for Manufacturing Gamelan
Authors: Priambadi I. Gusti Ngurah , Sugita I. Ketut Gede , Komaladewi A.A.I.A. Sri , Astawa Ketut , Adnyana I. Wayan Bandem
Published: July 2015

Gamelan Bali is a set of Balinese traditional musical instruments used to accompany a series of cultural and religious ceremonies or performances. The existence of gamelan has been famous to foreign countries. Therefore, gamelan is not only produced for national orders but also for international orders. Almost 75% of gamelan production process is done using traditional method, namely: smelting, forging, grinding (Sruti) to get the basic tone, and assembly. Smelting process uses traditional furnace, where combustion air is blown from the blower through the injector into the combustion chamber of melting furnace. Open model furnace is used so that the heat generated in the combustion of the fuel is not perfect and it consumes more fuel. This condition, of course, impacts on pollutant factors produced in the combustion process and production cost that is relatively high. To minimize that problem, a change in the combustion air shelters form is done. The use of this method in the smelting process is expected to reduce the production cost, especially in fuel use and to reduce pollutants produced in the combustion process. Studies have shown that the application of the above method reduces the fuel consumption up to 20%. The decrease in the fuel consumption due to the fuel (charcoal) is wrapped by more air, thus it makes the fuel combustion process work better.
Experimental Study of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Condensed Flow on the Vertical Wave Plates
Authors: Piarah Wahyu H. , Djafar Zuryati
Published: July 2015

Studies on the heat transfer characteristics of vertical wave plate subjected to the condensed steam had been done. This research was done to know temperature distribution profiles and heat transfer coefficient on wave plates in vertical position. Temperature profiles were obtained by measuring directly the temperature of test section. On the other hand, determination of heat transfer coefficient was done by using Von Karman’s equation that based on temperature profile.
Mobile Robot Motion Control Using Laguerre-Based Model Predictive Control
Authors: Chipofya Mapopa , Lee Deok Jin , Chong Kil To
Published: July 2015

This paper presents a method of solving the problem of mobile robot motion control using a model predictive controller designed using Laguerre functions. A linear model of the two-wheeled nonholonomic robot is used. This linear model is obtained by converting the nonlinear model in the Cartesian system to a polar one. This change is preferred because it is easier to work with the linear model than its corresponding nonlinear one. Simulation results obtained from MATLAB showing that Laguerre-based MPC (LMPC) performs well are presented.
Fusing Multiple Inexpensive GPS Heading Data via Fuzzified Ad-Hoc Weighing
Authors: Vista IV Felipe P. , Lee Deok Jin , Chong Kil To
Published: July 2015

Applying the same principle behind the Ad-hoc weighing used in fusing data from two inexpensive GPS and an electronic compass (EC) brought up the problem of numerous conditions when trying to fuse data from three GPS devices. Fusing data from two GPS and one EC required at least thirty-two (32) conditions while using three GPS would require 182 conditions that would have entailed a complex set of programming codes. Fuzzy logic was explored as a possible candidate to replace the hard-coding of if-then-statements but still perform the ad-hoc algorithm as desired. The GPS Fix and HDOP (horizontal dilution of precision) values are utilized to derive the corresponding weight to be assigned to the individual GPS as well as the overall fused GPS data. Experimental tests using actual GPS data showed the effectivity of the proposed method.
Evaluation of High Grade Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete Quality Using Non-Destructive Testing Technique
Authors: Kencanawati Ni Nyoman , Fajrin Jauhar , Anshari Buan , Akmaluddin Akmaluddin , Shigeishi Mitsuhiro
Published: July 2015

A large amount of waste concrete generates an environmental problem due to demolition of old concrete structures. To solve this problem, it is necessary to collect recycled aggregate from waste concrete. The conventional recycling technique of recycled aggregate from waste concrete does not indicate a significant quality to be re-used for making a new concrete. We proposed new techniques to produce high grade recycled aggregate by heating-grinding (H-G) method and heating-grinding-acid (H-G-A) method. To ensure the quality of the concrete made from recycled coarse aggregate concrete, the non-destructive evaluation was conducted in this research. High grade recycled aggregate concrete were prepared in advanced using two methods mentioned earlier. Then, new concrete specimens were produced using those types of recycled aggregate concrete. After 28 days curing time, rebound hammer test and ultrasonic pulse velocity test were performed on recycled coarse aggregate concrete to examine the surface hardness and ultrasonic wave velocity of the concrete. Almost similar quality to natural coarse aggregate in terms of density, water absorption, sieve analysis achieved by both H-G recycled coarse aggregate and H-G-A recycled coarse aggregate. However, the surface hardness and ultrasonic wave velocity of H-G-A recycled coarse aggregate concrete is better than those of H-G recycled coarse aggregate concrete. That acid solvent enables to dismantle the cement paste from aggregate surface more effectively, so this types of recycled aggregate shows a better performance than the other one. Continued delamination reduces pores in the interfacial transition zone resulting better bonding mechanism between new cement paste and recycled aggregate surface.
The Force Analysis of Anchor Anti-Slide Pile in Slope Reinforcement under Seismic Load
Authors: Ding Hui , Chen Jie , Song Li
Published: July 2015

The force affect factors of anchor anti-slide pile in slope reinforcement under seismic load are studied in this paper. First of all, the method of dynamic analysis is introduced in FLAC3D. At the same time, seismic wave is selected in seismic dynamic analysis. Then, the sensitivity influence of anti-slide pile design parameters on dynamic contact stress, shear force and dynamic bending moment is analyzed by applying the seismic wave, giving the most significant effect factors of the dynamic contact stress and dynamic moment. In the end, the distribution regular of the contact force and the pile body stress under earthquake action is analyzed by selecting a case, laying a theoretical foundation for the further study of the dynamic performance of the reinforced slope.
Lateral Resistance Influencing Factor Analysis of Small Diameter Anti-Slide Pile Based on Orthogonal Test
Authors: Liu Lian , Bai Mo Han , Lu Wen Long
Published: July 2015

Following with the development of construction industry, small diameter anti-sliding pile has been widely implemented in slope stabilization and deep foundation support. Much attention has been paid on researching lateral resistance of pile body. By orthogonally testing factors of small diameter anti-slide reinforcement pile models including concrete strength, sectional dimension and reinforcement bar gauge, The article analyzed sensitive influence to lateral resistance of pile body. The results indicate that concrete strength appears the most sensitive factor, next sectional dimension, and then reinforcement bar gauge. By comparing with shearing test of small diameter anti-slide reinforcement pile models, the conclusion follows that reinforcement of pile body does not fully unleash its shear resistance characteristic. Thus conclusion provides reference for implementation and designing of small diameter anti-slide pile.