bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dendrimeric Bisphosphonates for Multivalent Protein Surface Binding
Authors: Arendt Markus , Sun Wei , Thomann Jens , Xie Xiulan , Schrader Thomas
Published: October 2006

A single weak‐binding event is multiplied into an efficient receptor site for protein surfaces (<10−1 to >106 M−1 in buffered aqueous solution) in a biomimetic fashion. This has hitherto been done with natural host/guest pairs, but not with artificial receptors. The organic reaction presented is one of very few that enable chemists to fuse multiple ionic building blocks covalently in highly polar solution; this one‐pot reaction proceeds with virtually quantitative yield. According to this concept, other building blocks with aldehyde groups can likewise be multiplied into monodisperse functional dendrimers. Small basic proteins are bound by octameric dendrimers in 1:1 or 1:2 complexes with millimolar to submicromolar affinities. The complexation event is studied independently in buffered aqueous solution by three different spectroscopic methods (PFG‐LED, UV/Vis, and fluorescence). Potential new applications include recombinant protein purification through Arg tags on immobilized dendrimers and on/off switching of protein function by reversible active‐site capping of enzymes.
Nanostructured gold surfaces as reproducible substrates for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Sackmann M. , Bom S. , Balster T. , Materny A.
Published: October 2006

Raman spectroscopy is a common tool for the qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis of molecules. Although the unique identification of molecules is possible via their vibrational lines, high concentrations (mmol/l) are needed for their nonresonant excitation owing to their low scattering cross section. The intensity of the Raman spectra is amplified by the use of the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique. While the use of silver sols results only in a limited reproducibility of the Raman line intensities, lithographically designed, nanostructured gold surfaces used as SERS‐active substrates should, in principle, combine the high sensitivity with better reproducibility. For this purpose, we have produced gratings of gold dots on Si(001) surfaces by means of electron beam lithography. Qualitative and quantitative investigations of crystal violet (CV) performed using nanostructured surfaces give high reproducibility and enhancement of the Raman lines. The substrates are reusable after cleaning; all results presented could be obtained from a single SERS substrate. For the experiments very low laser powers were used. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intervention with bacterial adhesion by multivalent carbohydrates
Authors: Pieters Roland J.
Published: October 2006

Bacterial adhesion is often a prelude to infection. In many cases, this process is governed by protein–carbohydrate interactions. Intervention at this early stage of infection is a conceptually highly attractive alternative to conventional antibiotics that are increasingly prone to resistance. The lack of high‐affinity inhibitors of adhesion has proven to be a hurdle for further exploitation of this concept; however, new developments indicate a positive change. Structure‐based design at the monovalent level and also evaluation of glycodendrimers and glycopolymers have yielded structures of high affinity. In addition to the development of inhibitors, topics of this review include available structural information of adhesion proteins, carbohydrate specificities of the various pathogens and their adhesion proteins. Other new developments aimed at affecting bacterial adhesion and the use of the adhesins for bacterial detection are also discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 27, No. 6, 796–816, 2007
Normalization and Fermi–Coulomb and Coulomb hole sum rules for approximate wave functions
Authors: Pan Xiao‐Yin , Sahni Viraht , Massa Lou
Published: October 2006

For approximate wave functions, we prove the theorem that there is a one‐to‐one correspondence between the constraints of normalization and of the Fermi–Coulomb and Coulomb hole charge sum rules at each electron position. This correspondence is surprising in light of the fact that normalization depends on the probability of finding an electron at some position. In contrast, the Fermi–Coulomb hole sum rule depends on the probability of two electrons staying apart because of correlations due to the Pauli exclusion principle and Coulomb repulsion, while the Coulomb hole sum rule depends on Coulomb repulsion. We demonstrate the theorem for the ground state of the He atom by the use of two different approximate wave functions that are functionals rather than functions. The first of these wave function functionals is constructed to satisfy the constraint of normalization, and the second that of the Coulomb hole sum rule for each electron position. Each is then shown to satisfy the other corresponding sum rule. The significance of the theorem for the construction of approximate “exchange‐correlation” and “correlation” energy functionals of density functional theory is also discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Highly excited vibrational levels of triatomic molecule N2O: U(4) algebraic model
Authors: Zheng Yujun , Ding Shiliang
Published: October 2006

In the U(4) algebraic framework, the triatomic molecules are of U1(4) ⊗ U2(4) dynamical symmetry. A molecular Hamiltonian is constructed including the third‐order conbination of the invariant operators. Within this framework, the highly vibrational energy levels of the linear triatomic nitrous oxide molecule, including both bending and stretching vibrations, are studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Same vendor, version‐to‐version upgrade decision support model for commercial off‐the‐shelf productivity applications
Authors: Seibel Jason S. , Mazzuchi Thomas A. , Sarkani Shahram
Published: October 2006

Commercial Off‐the‐Shelf (COTS) Productivity Applications have provided a reliable, convenient, and consistent productivity environment for commercial, government, and personal users for over two decades. Vendors today, such as Microsoft and Adobe, typically deliver new capabilities as follow‐on versions or upgrades to existing product lines. Annually, corporations needlessly spend millions of dollars investing in follow‐on versions of currently deployed applications without adequately evaluating upgrade decisions. Exacerbating the problem, vendors release new versions of their productivity applications with increasingly shorter intervals, advertising them as full of new and ‘‘must have’’ capabilities. The decision to upgrade is challenging. Unfortunately, there is a lack of ‘‘same vendor, version‐to‐version’’ upgrade decision support models to assist Information Technology (IT) decision‐makers whether to upgrade or not. As a result, IT decision makers typically employ general strategies that are not based on clear, well‐defined decision attributes, which, in turn, waste valuable IT resources. This research effort proposes an upgrade decision support model for COTS productivity applications based on a multivariable, scenario‐based survey of IT professionals. Using logistic regression analysis, a model is developed using an iterative approach to isolate contributing survey attributes and to produce a statistically significant model. The proposed logistic regression model produces an output based on the probability of upgrading intended to assist an IT professional in productivity application upgrade decisions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 9: 296–312, 2006
Shakespeare and Kolbenheyer: Regional Theatre During the Third Reich – a Case Study
Authors: HEINRICH ANSELM
Published: October 2006

The importance of regional theatre in the grand scheme of theatre history has long been neglected; this even holds true for an area of research which has aroused more historical interest than any other – Nazi Germany. Addressing this desideratum the article investigates the history of a typical provincial theatre – the Städtische Bühnen in the Westphalian city of Münster – with a special emphasis on the repertoire. The author examines how far the regime was able to implement its demand for a specifically political theatre and relates his findings to other German playhouses. The article argues that the failure of the Nazi administration to turn the Münster playhouse into a propaganda stage does not mean that regional theatres did not fulfil their role for the regime. They did so in other, less obvious ways.
Art as Part of Everyday Life: Understanding Applied Theatre Practices through the Aesthetics of John Dewey and Hans Georg Gadamer
Authors: RASMUSSEN BJØRN , GÜRGENS RIKKE
Published: October 2006

In the period between 2000 and 2004, the Norwegian Research Council funded a research project on ‘cultural-aesthetic practice and welfare’. This project includes two independent studies about theatre and young people. In her dissertation Rikke Gürgens investigates the theatre experience of exceptional and extraordinary people who produce their own theatre. Bjørn Rasmussen conducted an action research project, which established a ‘reflection room’ for teenagers at risk in high schools by means of drama and theatre practice. In both studies, the notion of art as an important part of everyday life became important. The theatre experience had strong implications both socially and aesthetically. In this article we discuss the link and the difference between the aesthetic and the social dimension from the perspectives of John Dewey and Hans-Georg Gadamer. In different ways we believe these philosophers provide a bridge between an autonomous view of art and a present cultural aesthetic that emphasizes the social perspective to a greater degree.
Pragmatic Dramaturgy: Text as Context as Text
Authors: KAYNAR GAD
Published: October 2006

This essay attempts to theorize the decades-long practice of German and other dramaturgs, a practice that is rarely acknowledged by theatre research. It maintains that the dramaturgical interpretation of the specific play in the process of preparing it for stage realization is subject to ‘applied dramaturgy’. Dramaturgy in this sense is predominantly ‘circumstantial’ rather than play-oriented, accounting mainly for the contextual performance conditions, either extra-textual, extra-theatrical or both. Through concrete and partly personal examples drawn largely from the field of production dramaturgy, the article suggests that extrinsic parameters such as the management of the theatre; the definition of the theatrical institution; its implied spectators; the reality conventions within which it operates; its human artistic, technical, spatial and financial resources; its marketing methods; and so on might be no less important to academic play and performance analysis than they are for practical theatre purposes.
Exact quantum calculations of the kinetic isotope effect: Cross sections and rate constants for the F+HD reaction and role of tunneling
Authors: De Fazio Dario , Aquilanti Vincenzo , Cavalli Simonetta , Aguilar Antonio , Lucas Josep M.
Published: October 2006

In this paper we present integral cross sections (in the 5–220meV collision energy range) and rate constants (in the 100–300K range of temperature) for the F+HD reaction leading to HF+D and DF+H. The exact quantum reactive scattering calculations were carried out using the hyperquantization algorithm on an improved potential energy surface which incorporates the effects of open shell and fine structure of the fluorine atom in the entrance channel. The results reproduce satisfactorily molecular beam scattering experiments as well as chemical kinetics data for both the HF and DF channels. In particular, the agreement of the rate coefficients and the vibrational branching ratios with experimental measurements is improved with respect to previous studies. At thermal and subthermal energies, the rates are greatly influenced by tunneling through the reaction barrier. Therefore exchange of deuterium is shown to be penalized with respect to exchange of hydrogen, and the isotopic branching exhibits a strong dependence on translational energy. Also, it is found that rotational excitation of the reactant HD molecule enhances the production of HF and decreases the reactivity at the D end, obtaining insight on the reaction stereodynamics.
Improved charge exchange spectroscopy on the Joint European Torus for ion temperature and rotation velocity profiles
Authors: Andrew Yasmin , Hawkes N. C. , Crombe K. , Contributors JET EFDA
Published: October 2006

The Joint European Torus (JET) edge charge exchange recombination spectroscopy diagnostic has recently been enhanced to extend its spatial coverage and improve its time resolution. Two identical periscopes have been installed on opposite ports so that they have perfectly symmetrical views of the edge plasma. This matched viewing geometry allows both the poloidal and toroidal components of the impurity ion rotation velocity to be accurately resolved. These measurements play a crucial role in the understanding of the physics of edge phenomena such as edge transport barrier formation and enhanced light microscopes. The diagnostic also has a more central view of the plasma with a third periscope that faces up towards the top of the vessel. This is a new configuration for the diagnostic and allows the poloidal rotation velocity profile to be measured further in towards the plasma core than previously possible. The new upward facing, core plasma viewing arrangement provides the advantage that the spatial evolution of the internal transport barrier can be tracked from its formation. An additional spectrometer-detector system doubles the total number of charge exchange recombination spectroscopy lines of sight that are analyzed and improves time resolution from 50to10ms.
A cyclic voltammetric study of some 4-substituted Benzene-1,2-diols
Authors: Proudfoot GM , Ritchie IM
Published: October 2006

A voltammetric study of
several 4-substituted benzene-1,2-diols in aqueous solutions as a function of
pH has been carried out. From slow linear sweep voltammetry at a rotating disc
electrode, diffusion coefficients were obtained which could be correlated, in
the main, with molecular size. From cyclic voltammetry at a stationary
electrode, it was established that the rate of the redox reaction decreases
with increasing pH. The cyclic voltammetric measurements were also used to
estimate E1/2 as a function of pH. All systems studied showed
regions in which plots of E1/2 against pH were linear with a slope
of close to -59 mV per pH unit. Such plots were used to estimate values of E1/2
at pH 0, which were then correlated with the Hammett function. The cyclic voltammetry
also showed that the reactivity of the quinone formed by oxidation of the
benzene-1,2 diols increased with pH. With the most reactive quinones (e.g. that
formed from 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone), a second pair of cyclic voltammetric
peaks could be observed, which were ascribed to the oxidation and reduction of
a dimer formed by quinone coupling.
D:A-Friedooleananes From Elaeodendron glaucum
Authors: Weeratunga G , Kumar V , Sultanbawa MS
Published: October 2006

Two new trioxygenated
D:A-friedooleananes from the stem bark of Elaeodendron
glaucum have been shown to be the angular methyl dioxygenated
25,28-dihydroxy-D:A-friedooleanan-3-one (2) and 25-hydroxy-3-oxo-D:A-friedooleanan-28-al
(3).
Delisea pulchra (cf. fimbriata) Revisited. The Structural Determination of Two New Metabolites From the Red Alga Delisea pulchra
Authors: Denys R , Coll JC , Bowden BF
Published: October 2006

Two new metabolites (1a) and (2a) have been isolated from the red alga Delisea pulchra . The previously reported metabolites (3)-(7) were also isolated, and the full n.m.r. characterization of
(3), (4) and (6) is reported for the first time.
The Chemistry of Laurenene. XIV. New Rearrangements of a Ring A Seco Ester
Authors: Clarke DB , Guild JR , Weavers RT
Published: October 2006

Adsorption on neutral alumina of a keto ester derived from the diterpene lauren-1-ene has been shown to yield a new keto ester with an unusual bridged tricyclic ring system. With trifluoroacetic acid, both keto esters yield a further new compound which contains a benzene ring. The transformations involved may be rationalized in terms of carbocationic rearrangements. An alcohol derived from the compound with the bridged tricyclic ring system has been converted into a cyclopentacyclononene derivative by β -cleavage of the alkoxy radical.
Synthesis of r-1-Ethyl-t-2-methyl-t-3-arylindans
Authors: Alesso EN , Iglesias GYM , Mufato JD , Aguirre JM
Published: October 2006

Although there are four possible racemates of the 1-ethyl-2-methyl-3-arylindans ( α, β, γ and δ, only three ( α, β and γ) have been synthesized or obtained from propenylbenzenes with acid reagents. Now we present a synthetic route for the preparation of the δ racemates (r-1-ethyl-t-2-methyl-t-3-arylindans), and 13C n.m.r. chemical shifts for the four racemates .
Role of Acupuncturists in Acupuncture Treatment
Authors: Liu Tao
Published: October 2006

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is based on a paradigm of the body different to that of modern biomedicine. Inherent characteristics of TCM necessitate an active and central role of acupuncturists in acupuncture treatment. The author looks at acupuncture in the practical context and analyzes the role of acupuncturists in diagnostic process and treatment delivery. Acupuncture as a complex non‐pharmacological therapy depends solely on the acupuncturists′ skills, competence and understanding of TCM theory to work. More attention should be given to this important role of acupuncturists in either clinical practice or research on acupuncture.
Potentiometric Study of the Reactivity of Calcined Magnesites for Use in Magnesium Oxychloride Cements
Authors: ALEGRET S. , BLANCO M. , SUBIRATS R.
Published: October 2006

The reactivities of calcined magnesites for industrial use and of magnesium oxides prepared from basic magnesium carbonate were assessed by using potentiometry to monitor pH changes in aqueous suspensions following step wise acid additions. The results were compared with those obtained by calorimetric measurements performed during formation of magnesium oxychloride cement. The quality of cements made using these materials was checked by compressive strength determinations and found to correlate well with the experimental reactivities.
A General Structure for Coincidence Twist Grain Boundaries in Rock‐Salt‐Structured Oxides
Authors: DUFFY DOROTHY M. , TASKER PHILIP W.
Published: October 2006

The structures of three [OOl] coincidence twist grain boundaries were calculated for NiO. The symmetry of the structures enables the probable low‐energy configurations for a series of such boundaries to be deduced. The interfaces have a reduced density of ions in the boundary plane and achieve a maximum amount of undistorted lattice rotated halfway between the conflgurations of the upper and lower grains.
Removal of Oxide Contamination from Silicon Carbide Powders
Authors: BRYNESTAD JORULF , BAMBERGER CARLOS E. , HEATHERLY DALE E. , LAND J. FRED
Published: October 2006

The removal of oxide (SiO2) contamination from SiC powders by treatment with BCl3(g) or with HF(g) has been demonstrated. Hydrogen fluoride is more effective and does not present corrosion problems with the container materials used.
Preparation and Sintering of a Porous Glass‐Ceramic in the System Na2 O‐B2O3‐Ga2O3
Authors: Res Miloslav A. , Bednarik Jaroslav , Fourie Jacobus T. , Albain Jonathan L.
Published: October 2006

Clear glasses were produced when SiO2 in sodium borosilicate glasses was replaced by Ga2O3. Phase separation and/or crystallization occurred after heat treatment. The porous skeleton of leached material consisted of monoclinic β‐Ga2O3. The specific surface areas and pore radii are comparable to those of porous SiO2. Alumina contamination influenced the structure of the porous product.
Conductivity of Iron‐Doped Polycrystalline Alumina at High Temperatures
Authors: LLOYD I. K. , POLLAK T. M. , BOWEN H. K.
Published: October 2006

Conductivity was studied from 10−5 to 105 Pa oxygen and 1450° to 1600°C in samples of polycrystalline alumina doped with 0.09, 0.5, and 5 wt% iron. The observed conductivity appeared to be electronic. The electronic defects in the 0.09 and 0.58 samples were controlled by iron at high oxygen pressures and by silicon at low oxygen pressures. The behavior of the 5% samples was controlled by the formation and precipitation of iron‐aluminate spinel.
Perception–action coupling in children with and without DCD: frequency locking between task‐relevant auditory signals and motor responses in a dual‐motor task
Authors: Whitall J. , Getchell N. , McMenamin S. , Horn C. , Wilms‐Floet A. , Clark J. E.
Published: October 2006

Background The current research examines the relationship between perceptual and motor processes, known as perception–action or sensorimotor coupling, and the potential differences in perception–action coupling among children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and adults in a gross‐motor co‐ordination task (clapping while marching) when a task‐relevant driving sensory signal is present.

Methods Ten children with DCD (7.32 + 0.23 years), eight typically developing (TD) children who were age‐, gender‐ and racially/ethnically matched (6.91 + 0.24 years) and 10 college‐aged adults were participants in this study. Participants clapped and marched to an auditory beat at four different frequencies: 0.8, 1.2,1.6 and 2.0 Hz. The relative timing measures of mean relative phase (MRP) and variability of relative phase (VRP) were calculated and compared using 3 (group) x 4 (frequency) x 2 (limb)anovas. Qualitatively, participants were assessed for the presence of absolute coupling (100% + 15% MRP).

Results Statistically significant differences in MRP occurred for coupling, frequency and group, and post hoc analysis indicated that the adult group differed from both the DCD and TD groups, who did not differ from each other. In VRP, there were significant main effects for coupling and group, and a significant interaction between group and frequency, with post hoc analysis indicating the DCD group to be different from the TD and adult groups. Qualitatively, both the adult and TD groups increased in the number of participants who adopt absolute coupling as frequency increases. In contrast, the DCD participants adopt this absolute coupling far less frequently overall; in fact, the number of participants adopting this pattern decreases as frequency increases.

Conclusions These results indicate that children with DCD have difficulties with both the co‐ordination and the control of their perception–action coupling for this particular task.
Joint attention and symbolic play in young children with autism: a randomized controlled intervention study
Authors: McConachie Helen
Published: October 2006

.
 
Kasari C.,
Freeman S. &
Paparella T.
(
2006
)

,
47
,
611
–
620
.

Background  Delays and deficits in joint attention and symbolic play constitute two important developmental problems in young children with autism. These areas of deficit have been well studied in autism but have rarely been the focus of treatment efforts (see Kasari, Freeman & Paparella 2001). In this study, we examine the efficacy of targeted interventions of joint attention and symbolic play.

Methods  Participants were 58 children with autism aged 3 and 4 years old (46 boys). Children were randomized to a joint attention intervention, a symbolic play intervention, or control group. Interventions were conducted 30 min daily for 5–6 weeks. Both structured assessments of joint attention and play skills and mother–child interactions were collected pre and post intervention by independent assessors.

Results  Results indicate that both intervention groups improved significantly over the control group on certain behaviours. Children in the joint attention intervention initiated significantly more showing and responsiveness to joint attention on the structured joint attention assessment and more child‐initiated joint attention in the mother–child interaction. The children in the play group showed more diverse types of symbolic play in interaction with their mothers and higher play levels both on the play assessment and in interaction with their mothers.

Conclusions  This randomized controlled trial provides promising data on the specificity and generalizability of joint attention and play interventions for young children with autism. Future studies need to examine the long‐term effects of these early interventions on children’s development.
Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP)
Authors: Reading Richard
Published: October 2006

.
 
Baird G.,
Simonoff E.,
Pickles A.,
Chandler S.,
Loucas T.,
Meldrum D. &
Charman T.
(
2006
)

,
368
,
210
–
215
.

Background  Recent reports have suggested that the prevalence of autism and related spectrum disorders (ASDs) is substantially higher than previously recognized. We sought to quantify prevalence of ASDs in children in South Thames, UK.

Methods  Within a total population cohort of 56 946 children aged 9–10 years old, we screened all those with a current clinical diagnosis of ASD (n = 255) or those judged to be at risk for being an undetected case (n = 1515). A stratified subsample (n = 255) received a comprehensive diagnostic assessment, including standardized clinical observation, and parent interview assessments of autistic symptoms, language and intelligence quotient (IQ). Clinical consensus diagnoses of childhood autism and other ASDs were derived. We used a sample‐weighting procedure to estimate prevalence.

Findings  The prevalence of childhood autism was 38.9 per 10 000 (95% CI 29.9–47.8) and that of other ASDs was 77.2 per 10 000 (52.1–102.3), making the total prevalence of all ASDs 116.1 per 10 000 (90.4–141.8). A narrower definition of childhood autism, which combined clinical consensus with instrument criteria for past and current presentation, provided a prevalence of 24.8 per 10 000 (17.6–32.0). The rate of previous local identification was lowest for children of less‐educated parents.

Interpretation  Prevalence of autism and related ASDs is substantially greater than previously recognized. Whether the increase is due to better ascertainment, broadening diagnostic criteria, or increased incidence is unclear. Services in health, education and social care will need to recognize the needs of children with some form of ASD, who constitute 1% of the child population.
Deaths from injury in children and employment status in family: analysis of trends in class specific death rates
Authors: Reading Richard
Published: October 2006

.
 
Edwards P.,
Roberts I.,
Green J. &
Lutchmun S.
(
2006
)

,
333
,
119
.

Objective  To examine socio‐economic inequalities in rates of death from injury in children in England and Wales.

Design  Analysis of rates of death from injury in children by the eight‐class version of the National Statistics Socio‐Economic Classification (NS‐SEC) and by the registrar general’s social classification.

Setting  England and Wales during periods of 4 years around the 1981, 1991 and 2001 censuses.

Subjects  Children aged 0–15 years old.

Main outcome measures  Death rates from injury and poisoning.

Results  Rates of death from injury in children fell from 11.1 deaths (95% CI 10.8–11.5 deaths) per 100 000 children per year around the 1981 census to 4.0 deaths (3.8–4.2 deaths) per 100 000 children per year around the 2001 census. Socio‐economic inequalities remain: the death rate from all external causes for children of parents classified as never having worked or as long‐term unemployed (NS‐SEC 8) was 13.1 (10.3–16.5) times that for children in NS‐SEC 1 (higher managerial/professional occupations). For deaths as pedestrians the rate in NS‐SEC 8 was 20.6 (10.6–39.9) times higher than in NS‐SEC 1; for deaths as cyclists it was 27.5 (6.4–118.2) times higher; for deaths because of fires it was 37.7 (11.6–121.9) times higher; and for deaths of undetermined intent it was 32.6 (15.8–67.2) times higher.

Conclusions  Overall, rates of death from injury and poisoning in children have fallen in England and Wales over the past 20 years, except for rates in children in families in which no adult is in paid employment. Serious inequalities in injury death rates remain, particularly for pedestrians, cyclists, house fires and deaths of undetermined intent.
An Overview of the TAXUS® Express®, Paclitaxel‐Eluting Stent Clinical Trial Program
Authors: LASALA JOHN M. , STONE GREGG W. , DAWKINS KEITH D. , SERRUYS PATRICK W. , COLOMBO ANTONIO , GRUBE EBERHARD , KOGLIN JOERG , ELLIS STEPHEN
Published: October 2006

Restenosis remains a problem following percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with coronary artery disease. Drug‐eluting stents (DES), which combine mechanical and pharmacologic properties, have been shown to prevent or reduce neointimal growth after deployment. This review describes the TAXUS paclitaxel‐eluting stent clinical trial expansion program (TAXUS® Express®, Boston Scientific, Natick, MA). This program comprises the largest data set of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of DES to date, with over 6,200 patients enrolled since 2000. The program includes treatment of de novo lesions, as well as higher‐risk lesion and patient populations. In this review, we discuss the results from the TAXUS family of randomized clinical trials, and compare the findings with data from TAXUS registries. The data from the randomized clinical trials suggest that the paclitaxel‐eluting stent provides consistent and durable benefits across multiple lesion and patient types. Evidence from peri‐and postapproval registries, where patient populations are more heterogeneous than those eligible and included in the RCTs, corroborate these findings, with overall low rates of cardiac events, including reinterventions.
Parasite strain coexistence in a heterogeneous host population
Authors: Green Darren M. , Kiss Istvan Z. , Kao Rowland R.
Published: October 2006

Heterogeneity in host susceptibility and transmissibility to parasite attack allows a lower transmission rate to sustain an epidemic than is required in homogeneous host populations. However, this heterogeneity can leave some hosts with little susceptibility to disease, and at high transmission rates, epidemic size can be smaller than for diseases where the host population is homogeneous. In a heterogeneous host population, we model natural selection in a parasite population where host heterogeneity is exploited by different strains to varying degrees. This partitioning of the host population allows coexistence of competing parasite strains, with the heterogeneity‐exploiting strains infecting the more susceptible hosts, in the absence of physiological tradeoffs and spatial heterogeneity, and even for markedly different transmission rates. In our model, intermediate‐strategy parasites were selected against: should coexistence occur, an equilibrium is reached where strains occupied only the extreme ends of trait space, under appropriate conditions selecting for lower R0.
Decomposer biomass in the rhizosphere to assess rhizodeposition
Authors: Christensen Søren , Bjørnlund Lisa , Vestergård Mette
Published: October 2006

Quantification of the organic carbon released from plant roots is a challenge. These compounds of rhizodeposition are quickly transformed into CO2and eventually bacterial biomass to be consumed by bacterivores (protozoa and nematodes). Microbes stimulate rhizodeposition several‐fold so assays under sterile conditions give an unrealistic value. Quantifying bacterial production from3H‐thymidine incorporation falls short in the rhizosphere and the use of isotopes does not allow clear distinction between labeled CO2released from roots or microbes. We reduced rhizodeposition in 3–5 week old barley with a 2 week leaf aphid attack and found that biomass of bacterivores but not bacteria in the rhizosphere correlated with plant–induced respiration activity belowground. This indicated top‐down control of the bacteria. Moreover, at increasing density of aphids, bacterivore biomass in the rhizosphere decreased to the level in soil unaffected by roots. This suggests that difference in bacterivore biomass directly reflects variations in rhizodeposition. Rhizodeposition is estimated from plant‐induced increases in bacterial and bacterivore biomass, and yield factors, maintenance requirements, and turnover rates from the literature. We use literature values that maximize requirements for organic carbon and still estimate the total organic rhizodeposition to be as little as 4–6% of the plant‐induced respiration belowground.
Correction: A Text-Book of Zoöogeography
Authors: Gill Theo.
Published: October 2006

Editor of SCIENCE: The fate of my review of Beddard's Zoogeography furnishes another illustration of the dangers which an author is subject to in his path to publication. In the proof (of which I have a duplicate at hand), Nearctic and
Ostolaemus
occur all right, but in the published article (altered after it passed through my hands)
Osteolaemus
is substituted for
Ostolaemus
and
Osteoloemus
for
Osteolaemus
and consequently there is no apparent point to the criticism made and no reason for the analogue educed. 'Upiform' on p. 273 (left column) should have been
pupiform
, and 'even' on p. 273 (right column) just before 'the same Hyracodon' should, of course, have been
event
. The
p
of pupiform and
t
of event were dropped after transmission of the proof; 'molacologist' should have been corrected to
malacologist
.

I may add that Mr. Beddard spells the title of his volume Zoogeography (without ö) as I had written and corrected.

The reviewer of Beddard's work in 'Nature' (July 25, p. 289) is ""at a loss to understand"" ""by what confusion of ideas the name
Hyracodon
, (which belongs to an extinct genus of rhinoceros- like animals) is made to do duty for
Didelphys
.""
Hyracodon
of Tomes, as noted in the review in SCIENCE (p. 273) was published in 1863 and in the Proc. Zoöl. Soc. London (p. 50) and has remained unexplained to the present day. I have long been inclined to believe that it was based on a young
Didelphys
, although the meagre description does not apply to any stage I have seen (and I have seen many). I was surprised that it was not noticed in Mr. Thomas' excellent work on Marsupials. It seems, indeed, to have fallen quite flat, but was noticed by Murray in his geographical distribution of Mammals, and I presume that it is from Murray that Mr. Beddard has received the generic name. The homonymy of the names of Leidy and Tomes was, of course, a mere coincidence. The type of Tomes' genus (
Hyracodon fuliginosus
) was from 'Ecuador; collected by Mr. Fraser.' If it has not been lost, perhaps Mr. Thomas may find it and tell us what it is.

We may, perhaps, derive some comfort from the fact that the printers of your famous contemporary 'Nature' are by no means exempt from errors like those I now correct. Four lines before the reference to
Hyracodon
just cited, we find a reference to the 'Siberian hippopotamus; ' the original copy of the review undoubtedly had
Liberian
.
Endopeptidase and Glycosidase Activities of the Bacteriophage B30 Lysin
Authors: Baker John R. , Liu Chengbao , Dong Shengli , Pritchard David G.
Published: October 2006

Synthetic peptides corresponding to portions of group B streptococcal peptidoglycan were used to show that the endopeptidase activity of bacteriophage B30 lysin cleaves between
d
-Ala in the stem peptide and
l
-Ala in the cross bridge and that the minimal peptide sequence cleaved is
dl
-γ-Glu-Lys-
d
-Ala-Ala-Ala. The only glycosidase activity present is that of
N
-acetyl-β-
d
-muramidase.
Complete Sequence of the Enterocin Q-Encoding Plasmid pCIZ2 from the Multiple Bacteriocin Producer
Enterococcus faecium
L50 and Genetic Characterization of Enterocin Q Production and Immunity
Authors: Criado Raquel , Diep Dzung B. , Aakra Ågot , Gutiérrez Jorge , Nes Ingolf F. , Hernández Pablo E. , Cintas Luis M.
Published: October 2006

The locations of the genetic determinants for enterocin L50 (EntL50A and EntL50B), enterocin Q (EntQ), and enterocin P (EntP) in the multiple bacteriocin producer
Enterococcus faecium
strain L50 were determined. These bacteriocin genes occur at different locations;
entL50AB
(encoding EntL50A and EntL50B) are on the 50-kb plasmid pCIZ1,
entqA
(encoding EntQ) is on the 7.4-kb plasmid pCIZ2, and
entP
(encoding EntP) is on the chromosome. The complete nucleotide sequence of pCIZ2 was determined to be 7,383 bp long and contains 10 putative open reading frames (ORFs) organized in three distinct regions. The first region contains three ORFs:
entqA
preceded by two divergently oriented genes,
entqB
and
entqC
. EntqB shows high levels of similarity to bacterial ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, while EntqC displays no significant similarity to any known protein. The second region encompasses four ORFs (
orf4
to
orf7
), and ORF4 and ORF5 display high levels of similarity to mobilization proteins from
E. faecium
and
Enterococcus faecalis
. In addition, features resembling a transfer origin region (
oriT
) were found in the promoter area of
orf4
. The third region contains three ORFs (
orf8
to
orf10
), and ORF8 and ORF9 exhibit similarity to the replication initiator protein RepE from
E. faecalis
and to RepB proteins, respectively. To clarify the minimum requirement for EntQ synthesis, we subcloned and heterologously expressed a 2,371-bp fragment from pCIZ2 that encompasses only the
entqA
,
entqB
, and
entqC
genes in
Lactobacillus sakei
, and we demonstrated that this fragment is sufficient for EntQ production. Moreover, we also obtained experimental results indicating that EntqB is involved in ABC transporter-mediated EntQ secretion, while EntqC confers immunity to this bacteriocin.
Genetic and Phenotypic Variability among
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhimurium Isolates from California Dairy Cattle and Humans
Authors: Adaska J. M. , Silva A. J. , Berge A. C. B. , Sischo W. M.
Published: October 2006

Fifty-six human and 24 adult dairy cattle isolates of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium from a single county in California were compared using ribotyping, insertion sequence typing (IS
200
), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, plasmid typing, phage typing, and antimicrobial resistance testing. The majority of the isolates fell into one of two groups which were phage types DT104 and DT193. Combining the information from all typing methods, a total of 45 different “clusters” were defined, with 35 of those including only a single isolate. The library of isolates had a high degree of variability, but antibiotic resistance and plasmid typing each defined single clusters in which human or bovine isolates predominated (χ
2
,
P
< 0.05).
Coping with Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Toxicity: Physiological and Genome-Wide Responses of
Burkholderia xenovorans
LB400 to PCB-Mediated Stress
Authors: Parnell J. Jacob , Park Joonhong , Denef Vincent , Tsoi Tamara , Hashsham Syed , Quensen John , Tiedje James M.
Published: October 2006

The biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) relies on the ability of aerobic microorganisms such as
Burkholderia xenovorans
sp. LB400 to tolerate two potential modes of toxicity presented by PCB degradation: passive toxicity, as hydrophobic PCBs potentially disrupt membrane and protein function, and degradation-dependent toxicity from intermediates of incomplete degradation. We monitored the physiological characteristics and genome-wide expression patterns of LB400 in response to the presence of Aroclor 1242 (500 ppm) under low expression of the structural biphenyl pathway (succinate and benzoate growth) and under induction by biphenyl. We found no inhibition of growth or change in fatty acid profile due to PCBs under nondegrading conditions. Moreover, we observed no differential gene expression due to PCBs themselves. However, PCBs did have a slight effect on the biosurface area of LB400 cells and caused slight membrane separation. Upon activation of the biphenyl pathway, we found growth inhibition from PCBs beginning after exponential-phase growth suggestive of the accumulation of toxic compounds. Genome-wide expression profiling revealed 47 differentially expressed genes (0.56% of all genes) under these conditions. The biphenyl and catechol pathways were induced as expected, but the quinoprotein methanol metabolic pathway and a putative chloroacetaldehyde dehydrogenase were also highly expressed. As the latter protein is essential to conversion of toxic metabolites in dichloroethane degradation, it may play a similar role in the degradation of chlorinated aliphatic compounds resulting from PCB degradation.
Molecular Epidemiology of Norovirus Outbreaks in Norway during 2000 to 2005 and Comparison of Four Norovirus Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assays
Authors: Vainio Kirsti , Myrmel Mette
Published: October 2006

During the period from January 2000 to August 2005 a total of 204 outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis were diagnosed at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. A clear increase in the norovirus activity was seen in healthcare institutions during the winter seasons. Polymerase sequence analysis of norovirus strains from 122 outbreaks showed that 112 were caused by GII strains (91.8%). Two norovirus variants seen during the study period—GIIb and GII.4—were predominant between January 2000 and September 2002, whereas GII.4 was predominant from September 2002 onward. The highest norovirus activity was seen during the 2002-2003 and 2004-2005 seasons with the emergence of new GII.4 variants. This study describes the molecular epidemiology of norovirus strains circulating in Norway during the five previous seasons and compares four norovirus real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assays. A suitable assay for routine diagnostics is suggested.
Shiga Toxin 2-Producing
Acinetobacter haemolyticus
Associated with a Case of Bloody Diarrhea
Authors: Grotiuz Germán , Sirok Alfredo , Gadea Pilar , Varela Gustavo , Schelotto Felipe
Published: October 2006

We report the first Shiga toxin 2-producing
Acinetobacter haemolyticus
strain that was isolated from the feces of a 3-month-old infant with bloody diarrhea. Usual enteropathogenic bacteria were not detected. This finding suggests that any Shiga toxin-producing microorganism capable of colonizing the human gut may have the potential to cause illness.
Osteomyelitis of the Ulna Caused by
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Welkerling Heike , Geißdörfer Walter , Aigner Thomas , Forst Raimund
Published: October 2006

A 41-year-old man was provided with a jacket crown after a root end resection of a molar. Four months later, cortical destruction of the ulnar diaphysis with swelling and pain appeared in his forearm. No microorganism could be grown from an intraoperative tissue specimen, but bacterial 16S rRNA genes were detected by broad-range PCR, revealing
Porphyromonas gingivalis
as the causative agent of osteomyelitis.
MLN120B, a Novel IκB Kinase β Inhibitor, Blocks Multiple Myeloma Cell Growth In vitro and In vivo
Authors: Hideshima Teru , Neri Paola , Tassone Pierfranchesco , Yasui Hiroshi , Ishitsuka Kenji , Raje Noopur , Chauhan Dharminder , Podar Klaus , Mitsiades Constantine , Dang Lenny , Munshi Nikhil , Richardson Paul , Schenkein David , Anderson Kenneth C.
Published: October 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to delineate the biological significance of IκB kinase (IKK) β inhibition in multiple myeloma cells in the context of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) using a novel IKKβ inhibitor MLN120B.

Experimental Design: Growth-inhibitory effect of MLN120B in multiple myeloma cells in the presence of cytokines [interleukin-6 (IL-6) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1)], conventional agents (dexamethasone, melphalan, and doxorubicin), or BMSC was assessed in vitro. In vivo anti-multiple myeloma activity of MLN120B was evaluated in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)–hu model.

Results: MLN120B inhibits both baseline and tumor necrosis factor-α–induced nuclear factor-κB activation, associated with down-regulation of IκBα and p65 nuclear factor-κB phosphorylation. MLN120B triggers 25% to 90% growth inhibition in a dose-dependent fashion in multiple myeloma cell lines and significantly augments tumor necrosis factor-α–induced cytotoxicity in MM.1S cells. MLN120B augments growth inhibition triggered by doxorubicin and melphalan in both RPMI 8226 and IL-6-dependent INA6 cell lines. Neither IL-6 nor IGF-1 overcomes the growth-inhibitory effect of MLN120B. MLN120B inhibits constitutive IL-6 secretion by BMSCs by 70% to 80% without affecting viability. Importantly, MLN120B almost completely blocks stimulation of MM.1S, U266, and INA6 cell growth, as well as IL-6 secretion from BMSCs, induced by multiple myeloma cell adherence to BMSCs. MLN120B overcomes the protective effect of BMSCs against conventional (dexamethasone) therapy.

Conclusions: Our data show that the novel IKKβ inhibitor MLN120B induces growth inhibition of multiple myeloma cells in SCID-hu mouse model. These studies provide the framework for clinical evaluation of MLN120B, alone and in combined therapies, trials of these novel agents to improve patient outcome in multiple myeloma.
A Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of Temsirolimus (CCI-779) Administered Intravenously Daily for 5 Days Every 2 Weeks to Patients with Advanced Cancer
Authors: Hidalgo Manuel , Buckner Jan C. , Erlichman Charles , Pollack Marilyn S. , Boni Joseph P. , Dukart Gary , Marshall Bonnie , Speicher Lisa , Moore Laurence , Rowinsky Eric K.
Published: October 2006

Purpose: Patients with advanced cancer received temsirolimus (Torisel, CCI-779), a novel inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin, i.v. once daily for 5 days every 2 weeks to determine the maximum tolerated dose, toxicity profile, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary antitumor efficacy.

Experimental Design: Doses were escalated in successive cohorts of patients using a conventional phase I clinical trial design. Samples of whole blood and plasma were collected to determine the pharmacokinetics of temsirolimus and sirolimus, its principal metabolite.

Results: Sixty-three patients were treated with temsirolimus (0.75-24 mg/m2/d). The most common drug-related toxicities were asthenia, mucositis, nausea, and cutaneous toxicity. The maximum tolerated dose was 15 mg/m2/d for patients with extensive prior treatment because, in the 19 mg/m2/d cohort, two patients had dose-limiting toxicities (one with grade 3 vomiting, diarrhea, and asthenia and one with elevated transaminases) and three patients required dose reductions. For minimally pretreated patients, in the 24 mg/m2/d cohort, one patient developed a dose-limiting toxicity of grade 3 stomatitis and two patients required dose reductions, establishing 19 mg/m2/d as the maximum acceptable dose. Immunologic studies did not show any consistent trend toward immunosuppression. Temsirolimus exposure increased with dose in a less than proportional manner. Terminal half-life was 13 to 25 hours. Sirolimus-to-temsirolimus exposure ratios were 0.6 to 1.8. A patient with non–small cell lung cancer achieved a confirmed partial response, which lasted for 12.7 months. Three patients had unconfirmed partial responses; two patients had stable disease for ≥24 weeks.

Conclusion: Temsirolimus was generally well tolerated on this intermittent schedule. Encouraging preliminary antitumor activity was observed.