bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breastfeeding mothers consume more vegetables and a greater variety of fruits and vegetables than non‐breastfeeding peers: The influence of socioeconomic position
Authors: LESLIE Deborah A. , HESKETH Kylie D. , CAMPBELL Karen J.
Published: June 2012

Aim:  This study compared the diets of breastfeeding and non‐breastfeeding mothers from socioeconomically diverse regions of Melbourne to determine whether breastfeeding is a marker for healthier maternal dietary intakes.

Methods:  This cross‐sectional study obtained information via self‐reported questionnaire from 529 first‐time Melbourne mothers. Breastfeeding status was determined when the children were 3.9 months. Diet information was obtained using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. Maternal diet was assessed by seven indicators: average daily intake of fruit, vegetables, non‐core drinks, non‐core sweet snacks, non‐core savoury snacks, variety of fruit and variety of vegetables eaten in the preceding 12 months. Associations between breastfeeding status and each dietary variable were assessed using linear regression analyses. Socioeconomic position, maternal body mass index and the cluster‐based sampling design were controlled for.

Results:  Of the 529 subjects, 70% were breastfeeding their child. Compared with non‐breastfeeding mothers, breastfeeding mothers were found to consume more serves of vegetables (P= 0.001), a greater variety of fruit and vegetables (P= 0.001 and P≤ 0.001 respectively), and sweet snacks were consumed more frequently (P= 0.006). Differences were observed between low and high socioeconomic position mothers for fruit serves (P= 0.003), vegetable serves (P= 0.010) and fruit variety (P= 0.006). These associations persisted after controlling for socioeconomic position and maternal body mass index.

Conclusions:  The association between infant feeding (breastfeeding) and some aspects of maternal diet provides further evidence suggesting a link between maternal and child diets from a younger age than previously examined.
South Australian Long Day Care Centres engaged with a nutrition incentive award scheme show consistency with mealtime practice guidelines
Authors: GOLLEY Rebecca K. , BELL Lucy , MATWIEJCZYK Louisa , HARTLEY Jo
Published: June 2012

Aim:  The study aims to describe the meal time and parent communication practices used in South Australian Long Day Care Centres (LDCCs) and explore whether practices differ by engagement in a nutrition incentive award scheme, Start Right‐Eat Right.

Methods:  One hundred eighty‐four staff from South Australian LDCCs (81% response rate) completed a 16‐item telephone survey. Open and closed questions were asked, with multiple unprompted responses accepted for open questions. Differences by Start Right‐Eat Right status (engaged vs not‐engaged) were determined using chi‐square analysis.

Results:  Sitting and supervising children while eating (100%), offering meals (98%) and snacks (94%) at regular and predictable intervals, and discussing food served with children (88%) were common mealtime practices. Practices that involved children at mealtimes were also frequent. Engaged centres reported higher frequencies of staff role modelling (80% vs 56%, P= 0.004) and encouraging children to taste foods offered (33% vs 13%, P= 0.021). Centres reported using ‘sometimes foods’ (76%) and food alternatives (42%) to celebrate children's birthdays, with more engaged centres than not‐engaged centres using nutritious foods at celebrations (15% vs 6%, P= 0.045). While 59% of respondents indicated that nutrition can be a sensitive topic to discuss with families, over 90% indicated it is important to communicate with parents about nutrition and felt confident to do so.

Conclusion:  Practices employed by South Australian LDCCs to create a positive mealtime environment were consistent with current guidelines, more so when centres are engaged in a nutrition award scheme.
How well are we validating food frequency questionnaires that measure dietary iron intakes of Australian and New Zealand adults?
Authors: PALMER Michelle A. , MORGAN Catherine L.
Published: June 2012

Aim:  The availability of high‐quality, validated food frequency questionnaires is useful for the conduct of robust population dietary iron‐related research. This review aimed to evaluate the validation quality of recently validated food frequency questionnaires that measure iron intakes in Australian or New Zealand adults.

Methods:  Articles validating food frequency questionnaires that measured iron intakes in Australian or New Zealand adults, published from 1995, were sourced from a range of databases using standard search terms. Eligible validation studies were assessed for validation quality using recommendations from international reviews of food frequency questionnaire validation studies, and a quality score was calculated.

Results:  Nine studies validating food frequency questionnaires were located. Seven of the nine studies had achieved at least an acceptable quality validation score. More than half of the international validation recommendations were met in at least half of the eligible studies. Studies generally did not report or consider nutrient supplementation, did not validate the food frequency questionnaire against a biomarker, nor measured survey repeatability.

Conclusions:  The majority of food frequency questionnaire validation studies had achieved at least an acceptable quality validation score; however, some food frequency questionnaires had undergone a higher quality validation process than others. Applying the international validation recommendations to future validation studies may improve the quality of the food frequency questionnaire validation process and, potentially, population dietary iron‐related research.
Discriminating between carbohydrate‐rich foods: A model based on nutrient density and glycaemic index
Authors: SHRAPNEL Bill , NOAKES Manny
Published: June 2012

Aim:  The aim of this study was to develop a model for conceptualising the nutritional quality of carbohydrate‐rich foods, using nutrient density and glycaemic index.

Methods:  A nutrient density score based on six distinguishing nutrients was developed. Nutrient density scores and glycaemic indices for 95 carbohydrate‐rich foods were plotted on two dimensional axes, arranged into four carbohydrate quality quadrants. The classifications of foods and groups of foods were then assessed against Australian and American dietary guidelines' recommendations.

Results:  The model showed considerable capacity to discriminate between the nutritional qualities of carbohydrate‐rich foods. In general, the ranking of foods was consistent with dietary guidelines' recommendations with most core foods including dairy products, legumes, starchy vegetables, breads and breakfast cereals falling into the two highest quality categories. Non‐core foods such as biscuits, donuts, pastries, sweets and soft drinks fell into the lowest quality category. There were two points of inconsistency between the model and the dietary guidelines, in relation to some fruits and cereals. Nutrient density scores for fruits varied widely. Many cereal foods, including rice and pasta, fell in the lower quality categories and were ranked similarly to biscuits and pastries. Total sugar content was a minor discriminator of nutritional quality using this model.

Conclusions:  Ranking the nutritional quality of carbohydrate‐rich foods using this model suggests that dietary recommendations for cereal foods in dietary guidelines and food guides may need to be reconsidered. More emphasis may need to be placed on nutrient density and less on sugar content.
A prospective randomised controlled trial of Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation versus liquid paraffin plus antiseptic cream in the treatment of recurrent epistaxis
Authors: Zhang J. , Qiu R.
Published: June 2012

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2012, 37, 271–275

Objectives:  To evaluate the efficacy of Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation with that of liquid paraffin plus antiseptic cream in the management of recurrent epistaxis.

Design:  Prospective clinical study. Eighty consecutive patients with histories of recurrent epistaxis were randomly assigned to receive treatment in an outpatient setting consisting of either a combination of liquid paraffin plus antiseptic cream (group 1) or Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation (group 2).

Setting:  University‐affiliated teaching hospital.

Participants:  Eighty consecutive patients who suffered from recurrent anterior epistaxis presented to the Otolaryngology Department at the Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University between February 2011 and June 2011.

Main outcome measures:  The following outcome measures were assessed: bleeding intensity, bleeding frequency 4 and 12 weeks after treatment (0 = no bleeding, 1 = reduced bleeding, 2 = the same, 3 = worse), participant’s perception of discomfort during the management (grade 0–10, where 10 is the worst pain) and complications.

Results:  At 12 weeks, 85% of laser patients versus 40% of control patients had no reported bleeding. The outcome score at 4 weeks after treatment showed no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.130, P > 0.05); however, the outcome score at 12 weeks after treatment showed a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.000, P < 0.01). The median and mean ± sd pain levels experienced were 5.0 and 5.2 ± 2.2. Both groups had no complications.

Conclusions:  It can be concluded that Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation is a preferable therapy in the treatment of recurrent epistaxis, especially in terms of long‐lasting efficacy. The level of pain associated with the procedure was tolerated. It is a simple, easy, safe and rapid therapy, which can be performed in an office setting.
Bioactive Compounds in Lipid Fractions of Pumpkin (Cucurbita sp) Seeds for Use in Food
Authors: Veronezi Carolina Médici , Jorge Neuza
Published: June 2012

Abstract:  Seeds are considered to be agro‐industrial residues, which can be used as source of macronutrients and/or raw material for extraction of vegetable oils, since they present great quantities of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to characterize the lipid fractions and the seeds of pumpkin (Cucurbita sp) varieties Nova Caravela, Mini Paulista, Menina Brasileira, and Moranga de Mesa aiming at using them in food. The chemical composition of the seeds was performed according to the official methods of American Oil Chemists’ Society and Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Total carotenoids and phenolic compounds were determined by spectrophotometry, while the levels of tocopherols were analyzed by high efficiency liquid chromatography. It was noted that the seeds contain high amounts of macronutrients that are essential for the functioning of the human organism. As to total carotenoids, Mini Paulista and Menina Brasileira pumpkin varieties presented significant amounts, 26.80 and 26.03 μg/g, respectively. Mini Paulista and Nova Caravela pumpkin varieties showed high amounts of total phenolic compounds in the lipid fractions and in the seeds. It was also found that γ‐tocopherol is the isomer that stood out in the lipid fractions and in the seeds, mainly in Menina Brasileira. Finally, the consumption of these seeds and use of lipid fractions provide the supply of large quantities of compounds that are beneficial for health and that may be potentially used in food, besides representing an alternative to better use of agro‐industrial residues.

Practical Application:  Bioactive compounds, besides presenting basic nutritional functions, provide metabolic and physiological health benefits when consumed as part of the usual diet. Therefore, there is a growing interest in vegetable oils of special composition, such as the ones extracted from fruit seeds. The seeds of Cucurbita sp are shown to be promising sources of oils, and especially the Cucurbita moschata and maxima species have not yet been fully elucidated. For this reason, it becomes important to investigate the chemical composition and lipid fractions of these seeds, aiming to use them in food.
Dried Plum Products as a Substitute for Phosphate in Chicken Marinade
Authors: Jarvis Nathan , Clement Ashley R. , O’Bryan Corliss A. , Babu Dinesh , Crandall Philip G. , Owens Casey M. , Meullenet Jean‐Francois , Ricke Steven C.
Published: June 2012

Abstract:  In order to address the growing demand for more natural poultry products, alkaline phosphates commonly used in chicken breast meat marinades were replaced with plum ingredients and evaluated. For initial sensory evaluation, 200 consumers of chicken were served a small portion of the chicken breast on a plate and were asked to evaluate the product for overall impression, flavor, and texture on a 9‐point hedonic scale with 1 =“dislike extremely” and 9 = "like extremely." Also, a 5‐point just‐about‐right (JAR) scale was used on questions about tenderness, juiciness, overall flavor, and saltiness. Both hedonic and JAR demonstrated that the marinades of plum concentrate and the blend of plum fiber and powder were not distinguishable from the control (P > 0.05). Using two different percentages of fiber/powder blend, two different percentages of concentrate, sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and no marinade, measurements were made for marinade per cent pickup, thaw loss, and cook loss. Plum concentrate at 1.1% was most similar to STPP in marinade per cent pickup, thaw loss, drip loss, and cook loss. These results show that plum ingredients can potentially be used as a substitute in standard phosphate marinades.

Practical Application:  Consumers are increasingly demanding more natural foods with less artificial additives. This research presents the results of experiments using dried plum ingredients as a substitute for phosphates commonly used in marinades for chicken. Results indicate that dried plum ingredients may be a suitable substitute for phosphates in marinades.
Identification and Characterization of Gamma‐Irradiated Dried Lentinus edodes Using ESR, SEM, and FTIR Analyses
Authors: Akram Kashif , Ahn Jae‐Jun , Kwon Joong‐Ho
Published: June 2012

Abstract:  A detailed electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis for different parts of gamma‐irradiated (0 to 50 kGy) dried mushroom (Lentinus edodes) was conducted to identify radiation‐induced signals. All studied mushroom parts except gills produced strong dose‐dependent radiation‐induced ESR signals particularly at about g= 2.0076, 20005, and 1.9911 demonstrating the generation of crystalline sugar radicals following irradiation. The intensity of these signals was highest in cap skin samples, followed by the cap core, stem skin, whole mushroom powder, and stem core samples, respectively. ESR‐based identification was easily possible at 2 kGy or more using mushroom cap skin or cap core as samples. The radiation‐induced ESR signals were found sensitive to thermal treatment showing the limitation of ESR‐based detection in case of heat‐processed samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed micro‐structural damage upon irradiation resulting decreased percentage of rehydration; however, no major alteration was observed through the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Irradiation changed the structural morphology; however, the main functional groups were stable against radiation treatment.

Practical Application:  Food irradiation can confirm hygienic quality and prolong the product shelf life. However, due to lack of international consensus, effective identification methods and detailed quality characterization are required for the general use of this technology.
Inhibition of Specific Cellular Antioxidant Pathways Increases the Sensitivity of Neurons to Meta‐tetrahydroxyphenyl Chlorin‐Mediated Photodynamic Therapy in a 3D Co‐culture Model
Authors: Wright Kathleen E. , MacRobert Alexander J. , Phillips James B.
Published: June 2012

The effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on neurons is of critical importance when treating cancers within or adjacent to the nervous system. Neurons show reduced sensitivity to meta‐tetrahydroxyphenyl chlorin (mTHPC) mediated PDT, so the aim of this study was to investigate whether neuron sparing is due to endogenous cellular antioxidant activity. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and their associated satellite glia were subjected to mTHPC‐PDT in a 3D co‐culture system following incubation with antioxidant inhibitors: diethyl dithiocarbamate (DDC, SOD‐1 inhibitor), 2‐methoxyestradiol (2‐MeOH2, SOD‐2 inhibitor) and l‐buthionine sulfoximine (l‐BSO, glutathione synthase inhibitor). Sensitivity of each cell type was assessed using a combination of live/dead staining and immunofluorescence. Pretreatment with DDC and with l‐BSO significantly increased the sensitivity of neurons to mTHPC‐PDT and also affected satellite glial cell viability, whereas 2‐MeOE2 caused only a small increase in neuron sensitivity (not significant). Pretreatment using a combination of DDC and l‐BSO caused a near total loss of neuron and glial cell viability in treatment and control conditions. These findings suggest that the SOD‐1 and glutathione pathways are likely to be involved in the neuronal sparing associated with mTHPC‐PDT.
Shedding Light on Thirteen Years of Darkness: Content Analysis of Articles Pertaining to Transgender Issues In Marriage/Couple and Family Therapy Journals
Authors: Blumer Markie L. C. , Green Mary S. , Knowles Sarah J. , Williams April
Published: June 2012

What is the extent to which marriage/couple and family therapy (M/CFT) journals address transgender issues and how many of them say they are inclusive of transgender persons when they are not? To answer these queries, a content analysis was conducted on articles published in M/CFT literature from 1997 through 2009. Of the 10,739 articles examined in 17 journals, only nine (0.0008%) focused on transgender issues or used gender variance as a variable. Findings support the assertion that transgender issues are ignored and marginalized by M/CFT scholars and researchers alike.
Individuelle Altersrenteninformationen für Beitragszahler: Empfehlungen für Spanien auf der Grundlage internationaler Erfahrungen
Authors: Regúlez‐Castillo Marta , Vidal‐Meliá Carlos
Published: June 2012

Auszug

In diesem Artikel möchten wir in groben Zügen Richtlinien skizzieren für die Gestaltung eines Informationsbriefs an Personen, die Beiträge an das spanische staatliche Rentensystem entrichten, falls je ein solches Instrument zum Einsatz kommen sollte. Anhand internationaler Erfahrungen und veröffentlichter Forschungsarbeiten in diesem Bereich untersuchen wir das Konzept der „individuellen Renteninformation“ und ermitteln dessen wichtigste Merkmale. Anschließend beschreiben wir zwei Modelle für die individuelle Renteninformation (aus den Vereinigten Staaten und Schweden) im Detail und richten unsere Aufmerksamkeit insbesondere darauf, wie sie strukturiert sind, welche Aspekte verbessert werden könnten und wo sie Schwächen aufweisen. Zum Schluss formulieren wir Empfehlungen für die Gestaltung eines Modells für Spanien.
Ausweitung der Deckung im argentinischen Rentensystem: Verteilung des Zugangs und Perspektiven für eine universelle Deckung
Authors: Arza Camila
Published: June 2012

Auszug

Eine der großen Herausforderungen der Sozialpolitik Lateinamerikas lautet, wie angesichts des umfangreichen informellen Sektors soziale Sicherheit für die ganze Bevölkerung gewährleistet werden kann. In Argentinien, Vorreiter in der Region bei der Entwicklung von Rentensystemen, verfügte 2005 mehr als ein Drittel der Personen im Rentenalter über keine Rentenleistungen. Nach der Einführung eines Programms mit gelockerten Beitragsbedingungen konnte die Deckung beträchtlich ausgeweitet werden, und auch zahlreiche Senioren, die sich außerhalb des Systems befanden, beziehen nun Rentenleistungen. Dieser Artikel untersucht die Auswirkungen des Programms auf den Umfang und die Verteilung der Deckung, zeigt Veränderungen der soziodemografischen Faktoren auf, die für die Teilnahme am Rentensystem bzw. für den Ausschluss davon entscheidend sind, und diskutiert Hindernisse, die eine universelle Deckung mittel‐ und langfristig nach wie vor erschweren.
Eine entwaffnend einfache Idee? Praktische Engpässe bei der Umsetzung eines universellen Grundeinkommens
Authors: De Wispelaere Jurgen , Stirton Lindsay
Published: June 2012

Auszug

Dieser Artikel untersucht die Umsetzung eines universellen Grundeinkommens, das ist ein für dieses bisher vernachlässigter Forschungsbereich. Wir beschreiben und erläutern drei wichtige praktische Engpässe, die verhindern könnten, dass das System des Grundeinkommens die von den Befürwortern gewünschte und behauptete universelle Deckung erreicht: i) die Führung eines bevölkerungsweiten Verzeichnisses oder „Katasters“ mit allen Anspruchsberechtigten, das eine volle Inanspruchnahme gewährleisten soll; ii) die Einführung robuster Auszahlungsmodalitäten, mit denen alle anspruchsberechtigten Leistungsempfänger erreicht werden und iii) die Schaffung eines wirksamen Aufsichtsmechanismus in einem politischen Kontext, der sich einer Kundenüberwachung aktiv widersetzt. Wir machen geltend, dass die Umsetzung eines universellen Grundeinkommens vor einzigartigen Herausforderungen steht, die von den Befürwortern genau bedacht werden müssen.
The sweet and bitter sides of galectins in melanoma progression
Authors: Braeuer Russell R. , Shoshan Einav , Kamiya Takafumi , Bar‐Eli Menashe
Published: June 2012

Melanoma is the leading cause of skin cancer‐related deaths, which is due in large part to its aggressive behavior, resistance to therapy, and ability to metastasize to multiple organs such as the lymph nodes, lung, and brain. Melanoma progresses in a stepwise manner from the benign nevus, to radial spreading through the dermis, to a vertical invasive phase, and finally to metastasis. The carbohydrate‐binding family of galectins has a strong influence on each phase of melanoma progression through their effects on immune surveillance, angiogenesis, cell migration, tumor cell adhesion, and the cellular response to chemotherapy. Galectins share significant homology in their carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), which mediates binding to an array of N‐glycosylated proteins located on the surface of tumor cells, endothelial cells, T‐cells, and to similarly glycosylated extracellular matrix proteins. Galectins are also present within tumor cells where they perform anti‐apoptotic functions and enhance intracellular signaling that results in deregulated expression of genes involved in tumor progression. The most extensively studied galectins, galectin‐1 and galectin‐3, have been shown to have profound effects on melanoma growth and metastasis by influencing many of these biological processes.
Richness and diversity of Leguminosae in an altitudinal gradient in the tropical semi‐arid zone of Brazil
Authors: LIMA Jacira R. , MANSANO Vidal F. , ARAÚJO Francisca S.
Published: June 2012

Abstract  Many studies are based on the premise that, on a local scale, diversity is the result of ecological processes, whereas on a regional scale factors such as the topography, geology, hydrology, and historical and evolutionary events would influence this control. The Baturité Mountain Range (Ceará state), located in the Brazilian semi‐arid zone, is considered an area of extreme importance for conservation with its vegetation varying with the altitude and slope (windward vs. leeward). On the windward (wet) slope, rainforest dominates, whereas the leeward (dry) slope is dominated by seasonal forests and thorny woodland. The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge of the patterns of richness and diversity of the family Leguminosae on a local scale (Baturité Mountain Range) as well as a regional scale (northeastern Brazil). The two slopes present quite distinct floras. The dry slope presents higher richness and diversity indices for Leguminosae than the wet slope. The highest diversity of Leguminosae in the dry areas did not corroborate the ideas of other studies carried out in neotropical forests (total flora) that the higher species richness was predicted for wet areas. The present study indicates that the historical and evolutionary processes influence the diversity patterns on a local scale (Baturité Mountain Range), as well as on a regional scale (Brazilian semi‐arid). Our results reinforce the uniqueness of each portion of this area and its importance for conservation.
Syrphid fly pollination of Guihaiothamnus acaulis (Rubiaceae), a species with “butterfly” flowers
Authors: XIE Pei‐Wu , LUO Zhong‐Lai , ZHANG Dian‐Xiang
Published: June 2012

The utility of pollination syndromes in predicting pollinators has been controversial. Flowers of Guihaiothamnus acaulis are tubular and vivid in color, indicating that butterflies might be the dominant pollinators of this species, based on the theory of pollination syndromes. To test this prediction, observations on the floral biology, pollinator behaviors, and breeding system were carried out in two wild populations. The results showed that diurnal and protandrous flowers of G. acaulis could last 7–10 days, and this species was self‐incompatible. Thus, the fruit set was pollinator‐dependent. In addition, pollen‐consuming hoverflies and halictid bees were identified as the major pollinators of G. acaulis; butterflies were recorded as visiting the flower only once. The expanded corolla throat, massive pollen per flower, and high floral longevity suggest that G. acaulis had experienced the process of pollinator shift. Our results indicated that the actual pollinating fauna of plants were determined by complex factors including floral syndromes, the availability of pollinators, and historical adaptation to habitat. Pollination syndromes should be used carefully to predict pollinators of a particular flowering plant species.
UNIVERSITY WITH CONDITIONS: A DECONSTRUCTIVE READING OF DERRIDA'S “THE UNIVERSITY WITHOUT CONDITION”
Authors: FUJITA HISASHI
Published: June 2012

abstract

The possibility of a Derridian theory of the university lies not in the discussion of the “as if” in “The University without Condition” but, rather, in a theoretical crack that Derrida's book promised to elucidate—between the “as if” and the “perhaps,” the performative and the event, transcendence and immanence. Moreover, we see a kind of rupture between this book and numerous texts from the 1970s and 80s, which are collected and published under the title of Right to Philosophy. Here lies a real philosophical stake. We see between the early Derrida and the later Derrida not only an ethico‐political turn but also, so to speak, a radical transition from the problematic of institution or case law (jurisprudence) to the axiomatic of law (loi) by aggravation of the transcendental.
LEVELS AND FIGURES IN PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: WALTON ROBERTO J.
Published: June 2012

abstract

Along with a static and genetic egological inquiry, Husserl offers a nonegological analysis that advances through different levels or stages of history. Basic phenomenological themes—subjectivity, temporality, intersubjectivity, and worldliness—appear in varying figures with the progressive bringing‐into‐play of levels that concern conditions of possibility, actual development, and rational goals. In addition, post‐Husserlian phenomenology discloses a surplus that brings us to a level outside the reach of history. This scheme confronts us both with the enduring issue of the stratification of reality and with Maurice Merleau‐Ponty's contention that philosophical problems are concentric. In order to shed light on these levels and figures, and thus to set in order the main themes of human experience, an attempt might be made to clarify the relationship between them in terms of the determinateness and indeterminateness of horizonality. As for every such level, there emerges a varying stage of rational legitimation; new advances could also be made with regard to the perennial problem of the unity of reason in the midst of its diversity.
THE HEADING OF A PROBLEM
Authors: GLENDINNING SIMON
Published: June 2012

abstract

Efforts to understand the division between analytic and continental philosophy in strictly philosophical terms seem slated to disappointment. Nevertheless, the worldwide dominance of these two models and their numerous subvarieties is the most salient feature of the passage of philosophy through the twentieth century. This paper explores this dominance and offers an assessment of developments that point toward a change from the model of two models. Specific attention is paid to Jacques Derrida's work on philosophical nationalism, which suggests that this change reflects the growing extension of the English language across the world and, hence, belongs to a profoundly ambiguous development. According to Derrida, on the one hand, this development holds out the chance for something radically nonparochial: “the universal penetration of the philosophical and of philosophical communication,” while on the other hand, it raises the threat that certain forms of “dogmatism and authority” that are linked to particularities of nation and history will impose “an axiomatic of philosophical discourse without any possible discussion.”1 The future of continental philosophy is assessed in light of this ambiguous development.
TO HAVE DONE (TRULY) WITH METAPHYSICS
Authors: BIMBENET ÉTIENNE
Published: June 2012

abstract

One cannot consider the future of continental philosophy without accounting for its specific “hermeneutic situation.” It seems to us that the state of continental philosophy today returns us to metaphysics and to the possibility of truly having done with it. Continental philosophy, in reality, does not cease to live metaphysically, because by asserting the end of metaphysics, it still continues to think according to the topos of the here‐and‐now and the beyond: that which seeks the ruin of the heavens continues to obsess over the heavens; the cult of immanence can only understand itself in opposition to the other world, therefore in constant reference to it; insufficiently radical, the critique, in the words of Karl‐Otto Apel, is but an “inverted metaphysics.” Our inversions of the for and against (the sensible vs. the intelligible, the body vs. the soul, the empirical vs. the transcendental, and more recently, the multiple vs. the one) still belong to the landscape of metaphysics.

How do we imagine what comes after metaphysics? Can philosophy think according to a topos other than the one of the world above and the world below? Can it respatialize itself in a new way? Put more precisely, can we accept what science tells us about the world and about humanity in any other way than as the deposing of the other world? Can science provide us with anything other than weapons against metaphysics; in other words, can science give us anything other than metaphysics? As a response to these questions, we imagine an alternative scenario tied to the (scientifically attested) fact of our animal origin. Our animal origin can be, for philosophy and more specifically for phenomenology, the chance for a new beginning. But it can do so only on the condition that it does not follow the current method of evolutionary psychology. If it is true that we can be metaphysicians while being reductionistic, because we thus preserve the “old schema,” then evolutionary psychology is today, in virtue of its very reductionism, one of the more metaphysical currents of thought. Conversely, if phenomenology decides to face the fact of evolution and to confront its estrangement, we think that it possesses all the resources to invent a new intellectual landscape.
Investigation of Pre-Stall Behavior in an Axial Compressor Rotor—Part II: Flow Mechanism of Spike Emergence
Authors: Wu Yanhui , Li Qingpeng , Tian Jiangtao , Chu Wuli
Published: June 2012

To investigate the pre-stall behavior of an axial flow compressor rotor, which was experimentally observed with spike-type stall inception, systematic experimental and whole-passage simulations were laid out to analyze the internal flow fields in the test rotor. In this part, emphases were put on the analyses of the flow fields of whole-passage simulation, which finally diverged, and the objective was to uncover the flow mechanism of short length scale disturbance (or spike) emergence. The numerical result demonstrated that the test rotor was of spike-type stall initiation. The numerical probes, arranged ahead of the rotor to monitor the static pressure variation, showed that there first appear two pips on the curves. After one rotor revolution, there was only one pip left, spreading at about 33.3% rotor speed. This propagation speed was almost the same as that of the spike observed in experiments. The further analysis of the flow field revealed a concentrated blockage sector on the flow annuls ahead of rotor developed gradually with the self-adjustment of flow fields. The two pins on monitoring curves corresponded to two local blockage regions in near-tip passages, and were designated as B1 and B2, respectively. The correlation between the tip secondary vortices (TSVs) in the preceding and native passages was the flow mechanism for propagation of B2 and B1, thereby leading to their spread speed approximate to the active period of the TSV in one passage. Furthermore, the self-sustained unsteady cycle of TSVs was the underlying flow mechanism for the occurrence of the so-called “tip clearance spillage flow” and “tip clearance backflow.” Because B2 was the tip-front of the blockage sector, TSVs associated with its propagation became stronger and stronger, so that the “tip clearance backflow” induced by it was capable of spilling into the next passage below the blade tip. This phenomenon was regarded as the threshold event where B2 started to evolve into a spike. The distinctive flow feature during the development stage of the spike was the occurrence of a separation focus on the suction side in the affected passages, which changed the self-sustained unsteady cycle of the TSV substantially. A three-dimensional vortex originating from this focus led to a drastic increase in the strength of the TSV, which, in turn, led to a rapid increase in the “tip clearance backflow” induced by the TSV and the radial extent of spillage flow.
Critical Heat Flux in Submerged Jet Impingement Boiling of Water Under Subatmospheric Conditions
Authors: Cardenas Ruander , Narayanan Vinod
Published: June 2012

Critical heat flux (CHF) characteristics in submerged jet impingement boiling of water on a heated copper surface are investigated at subatmospheric conditions. Data are reported at a fixed surface-to-nozzle diameter ratio of 23.8 and a fixed surface-to-nozzle height of 6 nozzle diameters. Three subatmospheric pressures of 0.176 bars, 0.276 bars, and 0.477 bars are considered, corresponding to fluid saturation temperatures of 57.3 °C, 67.2 °C, and 80.2 °C and liquid-to-vapor density ratios of 8502, 5544, and 3295, respectively. At each pressure, CHF for varying jet Reynolds numbers (Re) in the range 0–14,000 are compared for two different surface finishes of roughness average values of 123 nm and 33 nm. The CHF enhancement observed with increasing Re is depicted in a nondimensional CHF map. Existing correlations available in the literature, which are out of range of the current experimental conditions, are found to poorly predict the obtained CHF data. A CHF correlation that captures the entire experimental data set within an average error of ±3% and a maximum error of ±13% is developed. The effect of fluid subcooling on submerged jet CHF is studied at the lowest pressure of 0.176 bars. Subcooled jet CHF is found to be well predicted from saturated jet CHF by using a typical subcooled pool boiling CHF correction factor.
The Real McCoy
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: June 2012

The elusive enzyme that modifies proteins involved in building bone and teeth has now been identified.
Insights into Amyloidogenesis
Authors: Vinson Valda K.
Published: June 2012

The structure of the amyloid precursor protein transmembrane domain allows processive cleavage and cholesterol binding that may enhance cleavage.
The NADPH Survival Advantage
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: June 2012

Under conditions of metabolic stress, tumor cells receive a survival advantage through AMPK-dependent maintenance of NADPH abundance.
Neurotoxic MicroRNA
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: June 2012

Extracellular
let-7
microRNA activates the innate immune receptor TLR7, triggering neuronal death.
Perturbing Behavior to Uncover Polarization Signals
Authors: Andrianantoandro Ernesto
Published: June 2012

Perturbation analysis reveals evolving connections between nodes in signaling networks underlying neutrophil polarization.
Influence of DNA Template Choice on Transcription and Inhibition of Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase
Authors: Haupenthal Joerg , Hüsecken Kristina , Negri Matthias , Maurer Christine K. , Hartmann Rolf W.
Published: June 2012

In recent decades, quantitative transcription assays using bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) have been performed under widely diverse experimental conditions. We demonstrate that the template choice can influence the inhibitory potency of RNAP inhibitors. Furthermore, we illustrate that the sigma factor (σ
70
) surprisingly increases the transcription efficiency of templates with nonphysiological nonprokaryotic promoters. Our results might be a useful guideline in the early stages of using RNAP for drug discovery.
Hyperimmune Bovine Colostrum as a Low-Cost, Large-Scale Source of Antibodies with Broad Neutralizing Activity for HIV-1 Envelope with Potential Use in Microbicides
Authors: Kramski Marit , Center Rob J. , Wheatley Adam K. , Jacobson Jonathan C. , Alexander Marina R. , Rawlin Grant , Purcell Damian F. J.
Published: June 2012

Bovine colostrum (first milk) contains very high concentrations of IgG, and on average 1 kg (500 g/liter) of IgG can be harvested from each immunized cow immediately after calving. We used a modified vaccination strategy together with established production systems from the dairy food industry for the large-scale manufacture of broadly neutralizing HIV-1 IgG. This approach provides a low-cost mucosal HIV preventive agent potentially suitable for a topical microbicide. Four cows were vaccinated pre- and/or postconception with recombinant HIV-1 gp140 envelope (Env) oligomers of clade B or A, B, and C. Colostrum and purified colostrum IgG were assessed for cross-clade binding and neutralization against a panel of 27 Env-pseudotyped reporter viruses. Vaccination elicited high anti-gp140 IgG titers in serum and colostrum with reciprocal endpoint titers of up to 1 × 105. While nonimmune colostrum showed some intrinsic neutralizing activity, colostrum from 2 cows receiving a longer-duration vaccination regimen demonstrated broad HIV-1-neutralizing activity. Colostrum-purified polyclonal IgG retained gp140 reactivity and neutralization activity and blocked the binding of the b12 monoclonal antibody to gp140, showing specificity for the CD4 binding site. Colostrum-derived anti-HIV antibodies offer a cost-effective option for preparing the substantial quantities of broadly neutralizing antibodies that would be needed in a low-cost topical combination HIV-1 microbicide.
Therapeutic Activity of Intramuscular Peramivir in Mice Infected with a Recombinant Influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) Virus Containing the H275Y Neuraminidase Mutation
Authors: Abed Yacine , Pizzorno Andrés , Boivin Guy
Published: June 2012

The therapeutic activity of intramuscular (IM) peramivir was evaluated in mice infected with a recombinant influenza A/WSN/33 virus containing the H275Y neuraminidase (NA) mutation known to confer oseltamivir resistance. Regimens consisted of single (90 mg/kg of body weight) or multiple (45 mg/kg daily for 5 days) IM peramivir doses that were initiated 24 h or 48 h postinfection (p.i.). An oral oseltamivir regimen (1 or 10 mg/kg daily for 5 days) was used for comparison. Untreated animals had a mortality rate of 75% and showed a mean weight loss of 16.9% on day 5 p.i. When started at 24 h p.i., both peramivir regimens prevented mortality and significantly reduced weight loss (P< 0.001) and lung viral titers (LVT) (P< 0.001). A high dose (10 mg/kg) of oseltamivir initiated at 24 h p.i. also prevented mortality and significantly decreased weight loss (P< 0.05) and LVT (P< 0.001) compared to the untreated group results. In contrast, a low dose (1 mg/kg) of oseltamivir did not show any benefits. When started at 48 h p.i., both peramivir regimens prevented mortality and significantly reduced weight loss (P< 0.01) and LVT (P< 0.001) whereas low-dose or high-dose oseltamivir regimens had no effect on mortality rates, body weight loss, and LVT. Our results show that single-dose and multiple-dose IM peramivir regimens retain clinical and virological activities against the A/H1N1 H275Y variant despite some reduction in susceptibility when assessedin vitrousing enzymatic assays. IM peramivir could constitute an alternative for treatment of oseltamivir-resistant A/H1N1 infections, although additional studies are warranted to support such a recommendation.
Raman Spectroscopy as a Potential Tool for Detection of Brucella spp. in Milk
Authors: Meisel Susann , Stöckel Stephan , Elschner Mandy , Melzer Falk , Rösch Petra , Popp Jürgen
Published: June 2012

Detection of
Brucella
, causing brucellosis, is very challenging, since the applied techniques are mostly time-demanding and not standardized. While the common detection system relies on the cultivation of the bacteria, further classical typing up to the biotype level is mostly based on phenotypic or genotypic characteristics. The results of genotyping do not always fit the existing taxonomy, and misidentifications between genetically closely related genera cannot be avoided. This situation gets even worse, when detection from complex matrices, such as milk, is necessary. For these reasons, the availability of a method that allows early and reliable identification of possible
Brucella
isolates for both clinical and epidemiological reasons would be extremely useful. We evaluated micro-Raman spectroscopy in combination with chemometric analysis to identify
Brucella
from agar plates and directly from milk: prior to these studies, the samples were inactivated via formaldehyde treatment to ensure a higher working safety. The single-cell Raman spectra of different
Brucella
,
Escherichia
,
Ochrobactrum
,
Pseudomonas
, and
Yersinia
spp. were measured to create two independent databases for detection in media and milk. Identification accuracies of 92% for
Brucella
from medium and 94% for
Brucella
from milk were obtained while analyzing the single-cell Raman spectra via support vector machine. Even the identification of the other genera yielded sufficient results, with accuracies of >90%. In summary, micro-Raman spectroscopy is a promising alternative for detecting
Brucella
. The measurements we performed at the single-cell level thus allow fast identification within a few hours without a demanding process for sample preparation.
Respiratory Chain Analysis of Zymomonas mobilis Mutants Producing High Levels of Ethanol
Authors: Hayashi Takeshi , Kato Tsuyoshi , Furukawa Kensuke
Published: June 2012

We previously isolated respiratory-deficient mutant (RDM) strains of
Zymomonas mobilis
, which exhibited greater growth and enhanced ethanol production under aerobic conditions. These RDM strains also acquired thermotolerance. Morphologically, the cells of all RDM strains were shorter compared to the wild-type strain. We investigated the respiratory chains of these RDM strains and found that some RDM strains lost NADH dehydrogenase activity, whereas others exhibited reduced cytochrome
bd
-type ubiquinol oxidase or ubiquinol peroxidase activities. Complementation experiments restored the wild-type phenotype. Some RDM strains seem to have certain mutations other than the corresponding respiratory chain components. RDM strains with deficient NADH dehydrogenase activity displayed the greatest amount of aerobic growth, enhanced ethanol production, and thermotolerance. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that all NADH dehydrogenase-deficient strains were mutated within the
ndh
gene, which includes insertion, deletion, or frameshift. These results suggested that the loss of NADH dehydrogenase activity permits the acquisition of higher aerobic growth, enhanced ethanol production, and thermotolerance in this industrially important strain.
Genotypic and Chemotypic Diversity of Neotyphodium Endophytes in Tall Fescue from Greece
Authors: Takach Johanna E. , Mittal Shipra , Swoboda Ginger A. , Bright Sherrita K. , Trammell Michael A. , Hopkins Andrew A. , Young Carolyn A.
Published: June 2012

Epichloid endophytes provide protection from a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses for cool-season grasses, including tall fescue. A collection of 85 tall fescue lines from 15 locations in Greece, including both Continental and Mediterranean germplasm, was screened for the presence of native endophytes. A total of 37 endophyte-infected lines from 10 locations were identified, and the endophytes were classified into five distinct groups (G1 to G5) based on physical characteristics such as colony morphology, growth rate, and conidial morphology. These classifications were supported by phylogenetic analyses of housekeeping genes
tefA
and
tubB
, and the endophytes were further categorized as
Neotyphodium coenophialum
isolates (G1, G4, and G5) or
Neotyphodium
sp. FaTG-2 (
Festuca arundinacea
taxonomic group 2 isolates (G2 and G3). Analyses of the tall fescue
matK
chloroplast genes indicated a population-wide, host-specific association between
N. coenophialum
and Continental tall fescue and between FaTG-2 and Mediterranean tall fescue that was also reflected by differences in colonization of host tillers by the native endophytes. Genotypic analyses of alkaloid gene loci combined with chemotypic (chemical phenotype) profiles provided insight into the genetic basis of chemotype diversity. Variation in alkaloid gene content, specifically the presence and absence of genes, and copy number of gene clusters explained the alkaloid diversity observed in the endophyte-infected tall fescue, with one exception. The results from this study provide insight into endophyte germplasm diversity present in living tall fescue populations.
Stable Isotope Peptide Mass Spectrometry To Decipher Amino Acid Metabolism in Dehalococcoides Strain CBDB1
Authors: Marco-Urrea Ernest , Seifert Jana , von Bergen Martin , Adrian Lorenz
Published: June 2012

Dehalococcoides
species are key players in the anaerobic transformation of halogenated solvents at contaminated sites. Here, we analyze isotopologue distributions in amino acid pools from peptides of
Dehalococcoides
strain CBDB1 after incubation with
13
C-labeled acetate or bicarbonate as a carbon source. The resulting data were interpreted with regard to genome annotations to identify amino acid biosynthesis pathways. In addition to using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for analyzing derivatized amino acids after protein hydrolysis, we introduce a second, much milder method, in which we directly analyze peptide masses after tryptic digest and peptide fragments by nano-liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS). With this method, we identify isotope incorporation patterns for 17 proteinaceous amino acids, including proline, cysteine, lysine, and arginine, which escaped previous analyses in
Dehalococcoides
. Our results confirmed lysine biosynthesis via the α-aminoadipate pathway, precluding lysine formation from aspartate. Similarly, the isotopologue pattern obtained for arginine provided biochemical evidence of its synthesis from glutamate. Direct peptide MS/MS analysis of the labeling patterns of glutamine and asparagine, which were converted to glutamate and aspartate during protein hydrolysis, gave biochemical evidence of their precursors and confirmed glutamate biosynthesis via a
Re
-specific citrate synthase. By addition of unlabeled free amino acids to labeled cells, we show that in strain CBDB1 none of the 17 tested amino acids was incorporated into cell mass, indicating that they are all synthesized
de novo
. Our approach is widely applicable and provides a means to analyze amino acid metabolism by studying specific proteins even in mixed consortia.