bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Swirler geometry effects (dh/do ratio) on synthetic gas flames. Part 2: dynamic flame behaviour at external y altered acoustic conditions
Authors: Yilmaz Harun , Cam Omer , Yilmaz Ilker
Published: October 2021

In a combustion device, unsteady heat release causes acoustic energy to increase when acoustic damping (energy loss) is not that effective, and, as a result, thermo-acoustic flame instabilities occur. In this study, effects of the swirler dh/do ratio (at different swirl numbers) on dynamic flame behaviour of the premixed 20%CNG/30%H2/30%CO/20%CO2 mixture under externally altered acoustic boundary conditions and stability limits (flashback and blowout equivalence ratios) of such mixture were investigated in a laboratory-scale variable geometric swirl number combustor. Therefore, swirl generators with different dh/do ratios (0.3 and 0.5) and geometric swirl numbers (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 1.2 and 1.4) were designed and manufactured. Acoustic boundary conditions in the combustion chamber were altered using loudspeakers, and flame response to these conditions was perceived using photodiodes and pressure sensors. Dynamic flame behaviour of respective mixture was evaluated using luminous intensity and pressure profiles. Results showed that the dh/do ratio has a minor impact on dynamic flame behaviour.
The Historical and Contemporary Causes of «Survival Migration». From Central America’s Northern Triangle
Authors: Lukari North Liisa
Published: October 2021

Durante la última media década se han producido salidas masivas de refugiados procedentes del Triángulo Norte de América Central, es decir, de El Salvador, Guatemala y Honduras. Dichas salidas surgen de una serie de procesos históricos perversos, que se refuerzan mutuamente: la implementación profundamente defectuosa de acuerdos de paz igualmente defectuosos que puso fin a las guerras civiles de la región en la década de 1990; la búsqueda de la privatización neoliberal y las políticas económicas «amigables al mercado» que socavan el avance hacia una paz social sostenible; los acuerdos comerciales que infligieron un gran daño a la agricultura campesina; la búsqueda de inversión extranjera en sectores extractivos que desplazaron a pueblos rurales e indígenas y las políticas de las principales instituciones internacionales y del gobierno de Estados Unidos en particular, que profundizaron todas estas tendencias perversas que dejaron a la gente sin medios de vida. Las bandas criminales y la violencia vinculadas al narcotráfico son manifestaciones de estos procesos subyacentes que expulsan a las personas de la región en oleadas de «migración de supervivencia» forzada.

The past half decade of massive refugee outflows from the Northern Triangle of Central America –that is, from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras– emerge from a number of perverse and mutually reinforcing historical processes: the deeply flawed implementation of equally flawed peace accords that ended the region’s civil wars in the 1990s; the pursuit of neoliberal privatization and «market-friendly» economic policies that undercut advance toward sustainable social peace, including trade agreements that inflicted great damage to peasant agricultura; the pursuit of foreign investment in extractive sectors that displaced rural and indigenous peoples, and the policies of the major international institutions, and of the United States government in particular, which deepened all of these perverse trends that left people without livelihoods. The gang and criminal violence linked to the narcotics trade are manifestations of these underlying processes that expel people from the region in waves of forced «survival migration».
Tre matematiklæreres praksisfortolkninger af læremidler
Authors: Larsen Dorte Moeskær , Hjelmborg Mette Dreier , Christensen Mette strandgaard , Jensen Mie Engelbert , Junge Lene , Gents Stine Dunkan , Clausen Dagmara
Published: October 2021

Anvendelsen af læremidler i matematikundervisningen har udviklet og ændret sig meget i løbet af det sidste årti. I denne artikel undersøger vi mere speciﬁkt, på hvilken måde en lærers drivkræfter (Siedel & Stylianides, 2018) påvirker de forskellige didaktiske transformationer, der foregår mellem læremidler og læremidler i brug både i forhold til intentioner i læremidlet, undervisningen, som præsenteres af læreren, og oplægget realiseret i interaktionen i klassen (Stein, Remillard & Smith, 2007). Tre kompetente lærere fra forskellige regioner i Danmark er blevet udvalgt, interviewet, observeret og videofilmet. De tre lærere er derefter blevet klassificeret ud fra Siedel og Stylianides’ (2018) kategoriseringer af læreres forskellige drivkræfter til undervisning og efterfølgende perspektiveret i forhold til Rezat og Sträßers (2012) sociodidaktiske tetraeder. Resultaterne indikerer, at lærernes drivkræfter tydeligvis påvirker lærernes transformationer af læremidlerne. Dette visualiseres synligt i det sociodidaktiske tetraeder. Denne påvirkning ved læreres brug af læremidler er væsentlig at italesætte både på læreruddannelsen og i efteruddannelsesprogrammer.
Interactions et compétence interculturelle communicationnelle à l’UQO, une université québécoise de région accueillant peu d’étudiants internationaux
Authors: Gélinas-Proulx Andréanne , Parrado Mora Edwin Javier , Desautels Maude
Published: October 2021

Quelques études portent sur l’expérience des étudiants internationaux (ÉI) dans les universités québécoises qui reçoivent un nombre important d’ÉI, mais qu’en est-il pour les universités qui reçoivent moins de 1 % des ÉI de la province ? Cet article présente les résultats d’une recherche qui s’intéresse à comprendre, dans une perspective systémique et interculturelle, l’expérience des ÉI de l’Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO) à partir de leurs interactions avec les acteurs locaux, tant dans l’institution universitaire qu’en dehors. Par ailleurs, nous explicitons le rôle que joue la compétence interculturelle communicationnelle dans ces interactions sociales.

Les résultats issus de cette étude qualitative menée par groupe de discussion et entrevues auprès de 6 ÉI et 4 enseignantes de l’UQO mettent en évidence qu’en général, selon leur point de vue, les interactions des ÉI avec les étudiants locaux, les enseignants, le personnel de soutien et les membres de la communauté en dehors de l’université sont impartiales, cordiales, respectueuses et amicales ainsi qu’empreintes de soutien. On a pu constater cependant aussi des tensions, des frustrations, un manque de respect, une forme de ghettoïsation et de la solitude. Par rapport à la thématique de la compétence interculturelle communicationnelle, nous remarquons que des ÉI de l’UQO ainsi que des acteurs locaux démontrent de la flexibilité en s’adaptant, de la curiosité, de la sensibilité, de l’empathie ainsi que de l’ouverture, du respect et une appréciation positive des différences culturelles. D’autres exemples illustrent au contraire des situations allant jusqu’à l’exclusion et la discrimination. Enfin, cette étude suggère, entre autres, qu’une formation pour développer la compétence interculturelle communicationnelle des acteurs de l’institution serait nécessaire à l’UQO, ce qui aiderait au développement d’une plus grande sensibilisation aux défis que vivent les ÉI.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT NEW BEDDING MATERIALS ON AMMONIA EMISSION FROM DAIRY COW SLURRY
Authors: HELLSTEDT Maarit , HAAPALA Hannu E.S.
Published: October 2021

Agriculture is the most significant source of Ammonia emission that causes e.g. loss of Nitrogen from agricultural systems. Manure is the main source of Ammonia emissions and causes losses in the nutrient cycles of agriculture as well as local odour nuisance. By using different bedding materials, it is possible to reduce both the Ammonia emissions and to improve the cycling of nutrient. Peat is known as an effective litter material but its use as a virtually non-renewable resource is questionable. Therefore, we need to find new bedding materials to replace peat. In this study, the effect of ten different industrial by-products, reeds and stalks to reduce Ammonia emissions was tested in laboratory in January 2020. Dairy cow slurry and bedding materials were mixed in a volume ratio of 4:1. The Ammonia emission was measured for two weeks once or twice a day. Measurements were performed with a photoacoustic method. The results show that all tested materials reduce the Ammonia emission from the cow slurry used. Interesting new materials to substitute peat are zero fiber and briquetted textile waste. Wheat bran, pellets made of reed canary grass and chopped bulrush had the best effect which is at the same level as that of peat. However, no statistically significant differences between the calculated emission rates were found.
FOSTERING GREEN ECONOMY THROUGH NEW FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS IN CENTRAL BANKS’ PORTFOLIOS
Authors: TOPIĆ-PAVKOVIĆ Branka
Published: October 2021

The green economy implies the use of renewable energy from biomass, solar panels, wind power plants and recycled waste, while providing the environmental protection, human well-being and sustainable economic progress. As with other investments, the important question is how to find sufficient sources of funds and get investors interested in these projects. Global green bond issuance started along with the increasing need for financing green businesses and technologies, resolving climate change issues and financing through efficient emission of green securities and trading on markets. The proceeds of these bonds are explicitly used to finance new or existing green projects. This paper examines the concept and evolving of green bonds with emphasis on the new role of central banks in greening financial systems and its impact towards a green economy. The green bond market dates back to 2007, with launching the World Bank Green Bonds programme in 2007 and the Climate Awareness Bonds by the European Investment Bank (EIB) in 2008 for financing renewable energy and energy efficiency projects. The significance of making bond between sustainable economic development and environmental issues is evident through the rapid growth of these green instruments. The objective of this research was to identify new types of financial instruments intended to improve ecological projects, as well as to compare effects of green bonds utilization in different countries and by different institutions. The results show the improvement of the financial market and investor profits, while there is simultaneously significant growth of green projects pointing to the benefits of using this new form of financial instrument in promoting the green economy.
The role of psychology in the pedagogical work aimed at the elimination of bleating in the process of teaching singing
Authors: Zhang Ying
Published: October 2021

The article reveals the contents of pedagogical skills of the future music teachers in the process of vocal training based on the value-based attitude of would-be teachers to technologically oriented vocal and pedagogical activity, their technological knowledge and skills in the field of vocal performance and vocal pedagogics and psychology, abilities to use singing training techniques. Vocal and psychological training of would-be teachers of music is considered as a process of acquisition of vocal-technical and art and performance knowledge and skills, vocal and pedagogical skills, using the singing teaching techniques, in order to use them in the work with students, especially those with voice defects. The research methodology is based on the theoretical analysis of the existing approaches, techniques and methods of forming pedagogical competence of would-be vocal coaches. Based on the analysis, the authors systematize and combine different instruments (pedagogical and psychological) in order to increase the effectiveness of eliminating bleating in the process of vocal training. The vocal-pedagogical psychology is characterized as an integrative system combining task-oriented, step-by-step and algorithm-based pedagogical, psychological and vocal activities of a coach aimed at the improvement of the result of teaching singing with account of voice defects in order to use them in the work with middle-school and out-of-school education students especially in terms of working with bleating.
“It is not a miracle, but grief...”: representations of Sergey Kozlov's on soteriological mission of the woman (based on the novella “Mother-Masha”)
Authors: Kashkareva Alena Petrovna
Published: October 2021

This article analyzes the views of the contemporary Ugric writer Sergey Kozlov pertaining to mission of the women in 1990s – 2000s, which was the turning period for the country. The novella “Mother-Masha” demonstrates that it textual space, namely the woman becomes the symbol of justice of the Christian fabric of life, and is reflected in the sincere desire of the protagonist to establish good and justice in the world. The author contemplates on S. Kozlov's ideological and artistic views upon the role of the woman at the time of major transformations in the Russian history. Reference to the writer’s fictional prose, diaries, and interviews allows revealing the peculiarities of his axiological position in the context of the Russian philosophy of femininity. The scientific novelty of this research is substantiated by the need for articulation of the problem related to the study of specificity of female images in the creative heritage of Siberian writer Sergey Kozlov. Comprehensive analysis of the writer's novella “Mother-Masha” included into the book “Duty Angel” (2011) is carried out. The article introduces the sources, such as diary notes and interview materials, which have not been previously used in studying the works of S. Kozlov. The conclusion is made that soteriological mission was imposed on Mother Masha – the woman who proliferated the Divine Commandments to the world and is associated with the symbol of national salvation.
Orthographic destabilization in the Russian language in the early XXI century
Authors: Kosyreva Marina Sergeevna
Published: October 2021

This article analyzes the phenomenon of orthographic destabilization in the Russian language in the early XXI century. The phonic and graphic word forms compete in the process of phonetic-graphic adaptation of global lexis to the conditions of the accepting language. The spring to life of the loanword in the new orthographic conditions is associated with variability of the form. Over time, the form of the word stabilizes, resulting in formal de-barbarization of the loanword. In the early XXI century, certain lexical globalisms retain variability even after codification in the normative and specialized dictionaries. The concept of overcoming the variability of orthographic norm in the conditions of linguistic globalization is not being fully implemented, causing orthographic destabilization. On the one hand, the rollback to orthographic variability demonstrates complex vicissitudes of the formation of speech culture of the era of linguistic globalization, while on the other hand is substantiated by specificity of the mechanisms of phonetic-graphic adaptation of loanwords in the Russian language. The variability expands due to the adaptation of new words from the global English departs from the existing orthographic rules. The author demonstrates the phenomenon of orthographic destabilization using the representative examples; as well as concludes that it is of destructive nature, and should be overcome by hewing to the relevant orthographic trends and rules.
The geotouristic attractiveness of the underground trails in Zabrze, Dąbrowa Górnicza and Tarnowskie Góry towns (Silesian Upland)
Authors: Dzięgiel Maciej
Published: October 2021

In Zabrze, Dąbrowa Górnicza and Tarnowskie Góry towns, seven underground tourist trails are located in historical mines. Four of them were developed in the central part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, two of which, at the “Królowa Luiza” (“Queen Louise”) Adit (comprising the former coal mine “Królowa Luiza” and the drainage Main Key Hereditary Adit remnant), and two others at the “Guido” Mine in Zabrze town. The next one was developed in the eastern part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, in a part of the “Sztygarka” Training Coal Mine in Dąbrowa Górnicza. Two other trails are located in Tarnowskie Góry town, in the border zone between the Upper Silesian Coal Basin and the Silesian-Kraków Monocline. These are the relics of the historical lead, zinc and silver ore mine, and the “Czarny Pstrąg” (“Black Trout”) drainage adit. The bituminous coal deposits are hosted in the Upper Carboniferous clastic formations, which fills the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. The metal ores are hosted in Middle Triassic dolomites, which belong to the southern margin of the Silesian-Kraków Monocline. The geotourism attractiveness of all these historical mines was demonstrated by selected annual statistical data of tourist attendance. In general, the interest in these facilities has been growing since decades, same as the popularity of industrial heritage in the Upper Silesia. These three towns have become very widely known in Poland and in the world.
Growth-dependent signals drive an increase in early G1 cyclin concentration to link cell cycle entry with cell growth
Authors: Sommer Robert A , DeWitt Jerry T , Tan Raymond , Kellogg Douglas R
Published: October 2021

Entry into the cell cycle occurs only when sufficient growth has occurred. In budding yeast, the cyclin Cln3 is thought to initiate cell cycle entry by inactivating a transcriptional repressor called Whi5. Growth-dependent changes in the concentrations of Cln3 or Whi5 have been proposed to link cell cycle entry to cell growth. However, there are conflicting reports regarding the behavior and roles of Cln3 and Whi5. Here, we found no evidence that changes in the concentration of Whi5 play a major role in controlling cell cycle entry. Rather, the data suggest that cell growth triggers cell cycle entry by driving an increase in the concentration of Cln3. We further found that accumulation of Cln3 is dependent upon homologs of mammalian SGK kinases that control cell growth and size. Together, the data are consistent with models in which Cln3 is a crucial link between cell growth and the cell cycle.
Genetic, cellular, and structural characterization of the membrane potential-dependent cell-penetrating peptide translocation pore
Authors: Trofimenko Evgeniya , Grasso Gianvito , Heulot Mathieu , Chevalier Nadja , Deriu Marco A , Dubuis Gilles , Arribat Yoan , Serulla Marc , Michel Sebastien , Vantomme Gil , Ory Florine , Dam Linh Chi , Puyal Julien , Amati Francesca , Lüthi Anita , Danani Andrea , Widmann Christian
Published: October 2021

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) allow intracellular delivery of bioactive cargo molecules. The mechanisms allowing CPPs to enter cells are ill-defined. Using a CRISPR/Cas9-based screening, we discovered that KCNQ5, KCNN4, and KCNK5 potassium channels positively modulate cationic CPP direct translocation into cells by decreasing the transmembrane potential (Vm). These findings provide the first unbiased genetic validation of the role of Vm in CPP translocation in cells. In silico modeling and live cell experiments indicate that CPPs, by bringing positive charges on the outer surface of the plasma membrane, decrease the Vm to very low values (–150 mV or less), a situation we have coined megapolarization that then triggers formation of water pores used by CPPs to enter cells. Megapolarization lowers the free energy barrier associated with CPP membrane translocation. Using dyes of varying dimensions in CPP co-entry experiments, the diameter of the water pores in living cells was estimated to be 2 (–5) nm, in accordance with the structural characteristics of the pores predicted by in silico modeling. Pharmacological manipulation to lower transmembrane potential boosted CPP cellular internalization in zebrafish and mouse models. Besides identifying the first proteins that regulate CPP translocation, this work characterized key mechanistic steps used by CPPs to cross cellular membranes. This opens the ground for strategies aimed at improving the ability of cells to capture CPP-linked cargos in vitro and in vivo.
Impaired HA-specific T follicular helper cell and antibody responses to influenza vaccination are linked to inflammation in humans
Authors: Hill Danika L , Whyte Carly E , Innocentin Silvia , Lee Jia Le , Dooley James , Wang Jiong , James Eddie A , Lee James C , Kwok William W , Zand Martin S , Liston Adrian , Carr Edward J , Linterman Michelle A
Published: October 2021

Antibody production following vaccination can provide protective immunity to subsequent infection by pathogens such as influenza viruses. However, circumstances where antibody formation is impaired after vaccination, such as in older people, require us to better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underpin successful vaccination in order to improve vaccine design for at-risk groups. Here, by studying the breadth of anti-haemagglutinin (HA) IgG, serum cytokines, and B and T cell responses by flow cytometry before and after influenza vaccination, we show that formation of circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) cells was associated with high-titre antibody responses. Using Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) class II tetramers, we demonstrate that HA-specific cTfh cells can derive from pre-existing memory CD4+T cells and have a diverse T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. In older people, the differentiation of HA-specific cells into cTfh cells was impaired. This age-dependent defect in cTfh cell formation was not due to a contraction of the TCR repertoire, but rather was linked with an increased inflammatory gene signature in cTfh cells. Together, this suggests that strategies that temporarily dampen inflammation at the time of vaccination may be a viable strategy to boost optimal antibody generation upon immunisation of older people.
Piezo1 ion channels inherently function as independent mechanotransducers
Authors: Lewis Amanda H , Grandl Jörg
Published: October 2021

Piezo1 is a mechanically activated ion channel involved in sensing forces in various cell types and tissues. Cryo-electron microscopy has revealed that the Piezo1 structure is bowl-shaped and capable of inducing membrane curvature via its extended footprint, which indirectly suggests that Piezo1 ion channels may bias each other’s spatial distribution and interact functionally. Here, we use cell-attached patch-clamp electrophysiology and pressure-clamp stimulation to functionally examine large numbers of membrane patches from cells expressing Piezo1 endogenously at low levels and cells overexpressing Piezo1 at high levels. Our data, together with stochastic simulations of Piezo1 spatial distributions, show that both at endogenous densities (1–2 channels/μm2), and at non-physiological densities (10–100 channels/μm2) predicted to cause substantial footprint overlap, Piezo1 density has no effect on its pressure sensitivity or open probability in the nominal absence of membrane tension. The results suggest that Piezo channels, at densities likely to be physiologically relevant, inherently behave as independent mechanotransducers. We propose that this property is essential for cells to transduce forces homogeneously across the entire cell membrane.
Hate Speech in Online Polylogues
Authors: Rusieshvili-Cartledge Manana , Dolidze Rusudan
Published: October 2021

This research is the first attempt in Georgia to analyse hate speech emerging in Computer-Meditated Communication. Particular attention is paid to the polylogal, asynchronic remarks made by members of the public reacting to online newspaper articles or press releases concerning the LGPT pride event planned for 18 - 23 June 2019, in Tbilisi, Georgia.

The methodology is based on combining methods utilized in CDA and Genre Approach to (im)politeness which is in accord with the general approach to CMDA .

At the first stage of the analysis, the examples of hate-speech acts were analysed according to the following criteria: identification of linguistic means and strategies employed while expressing impoliteness and specificity of identity construction (self-asserted versus others -asserted, positive versus negative, roles of participants and strategies of conflict generation or management). Next, linguistic peculiarities of hate speech (for instance, linguistic triggers [threats, insults, sarcasm incitements], wordplay, taboo, swear and derogatory words, metaphors, allusions and similes) were identified and analysed.

Quantitative methodology was employed while stating the number of proponents and opponents of the event as well as statistical data referring to the number of linguistic and politeness strategies employed while expressing an opinion.

This research shows particular tendencies of how impoliteness can be realised and how social identities can be construed using the example of hate discourse concerning LGBT pride

in Georgia. However, to fully explore the genre properties of hate discourse in Georgia further research based on examples of hate-discourse strategies applied when discussing ethnic minorities and gender roles, is needed.
Design of a robust active fuzzy parallel distributed compensation anti-vibration controller for a hand-glove system
Authors: Rajabpour Leila , Selamat Hazlina , Barzegar Alireza , Fadzli Haniff Mohamad
Published: October 2021

Undesirable vibrations resulting from the use of vibrating hand-held tools decrease the tool performance and user productivity. In addition, prolonged exposure to the vibration can cause ergonomic injuries known as the hand-arm vibration syndrome (HVAS). Therefore, it is very important to design a vibration suppression mechanism that can isolate or suppress the vibration transmission to the users’ hands to protect them from HAVS. While viscoelastic materials in anti-vibration gloves are used as the passive control approach, an active vibration control has shown to be more effective but requires the use of sensors, actuators and controllers. In this paper, the design of a controller for an anti-vibration glove is presented. The aim is to keep the level of vibrations transferred from the tool to the hands within a healthy zone. The paper also describes the formulation of the hand-glove system’s mathematical model and the design of a fuzzy parallel distributed compensation (PDC) controller that can cater for different hand masses. The performances of the proposed controller are evaluated through simulations and the results are benchmarked with two other active vibration control techniques-proportional integral derivative (PID) controller and active force controller (AFC). The simulation results show a superior performance of the proposed controller over the benchmark controllers. The designed PDC controller is able to suppress the vibration transferred to the user’s hand 93% and 85% better than the PID controller and the AFC, respectively.
A new specimen ofSinopterus dongi(Pterosauria, Tapejaridae) from the Jiufotang Formation (Early Cretaceous, China)
Authors: Shen Caizhi , Pêgas Rodrigo V. , Gao Chunling , Kundrát Martin , Zhang Lijun , Wei Xuefang , Zhou Xuanyu
Published: October 2021

The Tapejarinae are edentulous pterosaurs that are relatively common in Cretaceous continental deposits in South America, North Africa, Europe, and China (mostly Early Cretaceous). The Chinese Jiufotang Formation is particularly rich in tapejarine specimens, having yielded over 10 described specimens and dozens of undescribed ones. For the Jiufotang Formation, a total of seven nominal tapejarid species and two genera have been proposed. Some debate exists over how many of those are valid or, alternatively, sexual or ontogenetic morphs of fewer (or even a single) species. Despite the abundance of specimens and the relevant taxonomic problems involved, detailed revisions of the matter are still lacking. This is partly due to the relatively scarce knowledge on the comparative osteology of theSinopteruscomplex, which is hampered by the fact that most specimens have been only preliminarily described. In this contribution, we present a new postcranial specimen, D3072, which we attribute to the type-species of the genus,Sinopterus dongi. This new specimen helps shed some new light in the osteology ofSinopterus dongi, hopefully serving as a basis for future comparative studies involving further specimens and other proposed species and, subsequently, taxonomic revisions.
An Investigation into the Impact of COVID-19 on the Performance of a Non-profit Microfinance Institution
Authors: Prarthana B. Zaneta , Ashok K. R. , Mahendran K. , Bhuvaneswari Srivara Buddhi
Published: October 2021

This article deals with the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performance of a non-profit microfinance institution operating in the Nilgiris and Perambalur districts of Tamil Nadu in India. The primary focus of the paper is on the microfinance institute’s financial performance in terms of outreach and portfolio quality before and after the coronavirus outbreak. The most worrisome factors that were encountered in due course of the study include a decline in loan portfolio and clientele, and an increasing trend in portfolio at risk (PAR) percentage due to a surge in client overdues, outstanding loan amount and rise in number of delinquent clients. These negative impacts on performance were further investigated by establishing a connection to the clients’ repayment ability. A survey was conducted among the women clients of the microfinance institution by enlisting 120 respondents, 60 from each district to identify the various constraints faced by them in loan repayment as a result of the government-imposed lockdown that affected their livelihood and curbed their source of income. Therefore, an attempt has been made to bring out the ground level realities that played an important role in disrupting the normal functioning of the microfinance institution during the pandemic outbreak. This will prove useful in setting guidelines for future crises of like nature to enable microfinance institutions to keep functioning efficiently without any drastic changes to their performance.
An Eco-Friendly Production of a Novel and Highly Active Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase from Aspergillus clavatus
Authors: Pasin Thiago Machado , Scarcella Ana Sílvia de Almeida , Lucas Rosymar Coutinho de , Oliveira Tássio Brito de , Cereia Mariana , Polizeli Maria de Lourdes T. M.
Published: October 2021

Aims: Here, we describe a novel way to produce an endo-1,4-beta-xylanase from Aspergillus clavatus using paper and pulp industry waste.

Methodology:  Optimal Aspergillus clavatus NRRL1 cultivation conditions were evaluated using minimal medium with different concentrations (1 to 10%) of paper sludge pretreated with HCl, during different periods (1 to 14 days), with different pH values (3.0; 3.5; 4.0; 4.5; 5.0; 5.5; 6.0; 6.5; 7.0; 7.5 and 8.0), different temperatures (25, 30, 35, and 40 ºC) and different mixing conditions (static and stirring). After that, the enzyme activity was determined by DNS (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid), protein concentration was quantified by Bradford, SDS-PAGE was performed to evaluate the molecular mass, and TLC observed hydrolysis products.

Results: The enzyme showed a molecular mass of 25 kDa, and its production has been highly improved by optimizing culture conditions. The best activity of this enzyme was obtained when A. clavatus was cultivated for 5 days, at 120 rpm, 5% paper sludge, pH 6.0, and 35 ºC. The degradation profile of the beechwood xylan by the crude extract containing the GH11 xylanase showed xylotriose as the main product, but xylotetraose and xylobiose were also produced in significant amounts.

Conclusion: In addition to the fact that this xylanase has the property of producing large quantities of XOS (mainly xylotriose), it has the advantage of being obtained from recyclable waste of the pulp and paper industry. These facts confer great potential for future biotechnological and industrial applications.
Adoption Behaviour of the Rural Farming Household in South West Nigeria: A Panacea for Agricultural Promotion Policy (APP)
Authors: Adeleke Aturamu Oluyede
Published: October 2021

The study examined the adoption behaviour of the rural farming household in South-West Nigeria. A cross-sectional sample survey of 200 farmers were randomly chosen for the study. Descriptive statistics and Tobit regression were used to calculate the probability of adoption. The study showed the magnitude of change in the level of adoption of agroforestry-based technologies by performing simulated analysis on some identified variables that could influence government policies. The simulation is done with an increase in the values of the variables by 5%, 10% and 20%. The results of this simulation of policy variables revealed that adoption will decrease with increase in age and credit facility. Also, any policy that will improve the quality and/or coverage of extension education is likely to increase adoption of agroforestry-based technologies. Landowners are likely to adopt agroforestry based technologies than tenants. Any policy that provides land to prospective farmers is likely to increase adoption of agroforestry-based technologies. Some of the general conclusion which have emerged from this investigation are that: Only availability of credit to farmers has significant effect on adoption of agroforestry-based technology at 0.05 level. However, at 0.10 level of significance, distance of input source from farm, membership of cooperative society and farmers’ educational status are significant in explaining adoption decision of farmers in the area. It is therefore recommended that there is need for provision of regular and better extension services to keep farmers abreast of the latest agroforestry-based technologies.
Effects of AtSPS on the Growth and Development of Arabidopsis thaliana under Abiotic Stress
Authors: Zhao Bao-Zhen , Yu Yang , Yang Zhi , Ding Qi , Cui Na
Published: October 2021

Aims: SPS (Sucrose phosphate synthase) participates in plant growth and yield formation, and plays an important role in plant stress resistance. This study used T-DNA insertion mutant of AtSPS in Arabidopsis as test material. The growth indexes and soluble sugar contents of Arabidopsis thaliana under salt stress, osmotic stress and low temperature stress were determined, which laid the foundation for further understanding the mechanism of SPS in plant growth and development and abiotic stress resistance.

Study Design: In order to analyze the mechanism of SPS in plant growth and development and abiotic stress resistance, this study used T-DNA insertion mutant of AtSPS in Arabidopsis as test material. The growth indexes and soluble sugar contents of Arabidopsis thaliana under salt stress, osmotic stress and low temperature stress were determined.

Place and Duration of Study: College of Biological Science and Technology, between December 2020 and May 2021.

Methodology: The contents of soluble sugar in tomato fruits were measured with HPLC (High

performance liquid chromatography). The growth indexes were determined.

Results: The results showed that AtSPS played positive regulation roles in seed germination and seedling growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. However, under abiotic stress conditions, AtSPS mutant increased the contents of soluble sugar, suggesting that Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings might improve resistance through osmotic regulating substances.

Conclusion: AtSPS played positive regulation roles in seed germination and seedling growth of Arabidopsis. Meanwhile, AtSPS mutant increased the contents of soluble sugar to increase resistance of Arabidopsis under abiotic stresses, and the growth and development were blocked, suggesting that SPS was negative regulatory element to resist abiotic stress.
New Validated Method for the Estimation of Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone Using RP-HPLC
Authors: Rafi Syed , Rambabu Kantipudi
Published: October 2021

New, simple and economical high pressure liquid chromatography method has been developed for the simultaneous quantification of Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone.By using Waters HPLC e-2695 quaternary pump with a PDA detector of 2998 instrument the chromatographic separation of Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone was achieved on the column of Inertsil ODS (150x4.6mm, 3.5 µ) using an isocratic elution with a buffer containing 0.1percentformic acid and acetonitrile at a rate of 30:70 as a mobile phase with a flow rate of 1 ml/min at ambient temperature. A detector wavelength of 261 nm utilizing the PDA detector were given in the instrumental settings. The linearity was studied between the concentration range of 3-45 µg/ml of Pioglitazone and 1-15 µg/ml of Rosiglitazone were injected.The plotted calibration curves were linear with a regression coefficient of R2> 0.999, indicates that the linearity was with in the limit. As a part of method validation the parameters like specificity, linearity, accuracy, ruggedness, robustness were determined and the results were found to be within the allowable limit. The method developed was found to be applicable to routine analysis and to be used for the measurement of both active pharmaceutical ingredients (i.e, Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone).Validation of the proposed method was carried out according to an International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Since, there is no HPLC method reported in the literature for the estimation of Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone, there is a need to develop quantitative methods under different conditions to achieve improvement in specificity, selecivity etc.
Bioanalytical Method Development and Validation for the Determination of Favipiravir in Spiked Human Plasma by using RP-HPLC
Authors: V. Duse Pallavi , G. Baheti Kamalkishor
Published: October 2021

A precise, simple and reproducible reverse phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for determination of Favipiravir by using Carbamazepine as internal standard in spiked human plasma. A chromatographic separation was accomplished with Cromasil C18 (250mm x 4.6ID, Particle size: 5 micron) column using mobile phase consists of methanol: water in the ratio (35:65, %v/v), at pH 3.0 with binary gradient system-maintained flow rate at 0.8ml/min. The detection wavelength of drug sample was at 225 nm. Extraction was done by using ethyl acetate as extracting solvent. The retention time of Favipiravir was found to be 6.62 min.  The method was found to be linear in the concentration range of 0.2-3.2 µg/ml. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) value was found to be 0.72. The intra- and inter day precision and accuracy lies within the specified range. The recovery studies were found to be in the range of 97.6 to 100.2%. %Relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be in the range of 0.07-2.80%. All parameters were found to be validated from spiked human plasma. The proposed RP-HPLC method is highly accurate and rapid for the determination of favipiravir in human plasma and can be applied for pharmacokinetic studies and Therapeutic drug monitoring.
Forensic Odontology Knowledge Analysis among Undergraduates Dental Students in Saudi Aribia
Authors: Alsowayigh Kholod , Almajaishe Rawan , Shareef Shatha , Alateeq Hassan , Alaskar Norah , Alamoudi Asmahan , Alzahrani Khames
Published: October 2021

Aims: This study aims to measure the knowledge and awareness level towards Forensic odontology and Bite mark analysis among Dental students in Saudi Arabia.

Study Design: This is an observational cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Conducted in Saudi Arabia from July to August 2021.

Methodology: The study’s population consisted of Dental undergraduate in Saudi Arabia. Our Inclusion criteria: Male and Female, Private or Public, Dental Intern and dental students in Saudi national or non-Saudi. And Agree to Participate. The sample size was estimated using the Qualtrics calculator with a confidence level of 95%; a sample size of 386. Google Form was used as study tools the questionnaire contained 8 Questions. The First question includes information about years of study, the second question Name the College of a student, and other questions include questions on knowledge about Forensic odontology and Bite Mark analysis, and would they wish this specialization would be Available to us in Saudi Arabia

Results: A total of 386 participants completed the survey questionnaire. The results showed that the 75.4% of the study participants were females compared to 24.6% of them were males. it can be noted that approximately 75% of the study participants were in advance levels of their education (fourth year or after) compared to 25% of students were at inception phase of their study.

Conclusion: Every dental student must have knowledge of forensic dentistry because it is important to preserve the rights and assist the legal and security authorities in identifying victims and suspects and gaining awareness to accurately.
A Brief Review on Topical Gels as Drug Delivery System
Authors: Bhuyan Chinmoy , Saha Dipankar , Rabha Bipul
Published: October 2021

The method of applying prescription dosage forms to the skin for direct treatment of a cutaneous disorder is known as a topical drug delivery system. Topical gels are semisolid dosage forms in which a liquid phase is constrained within a three-dimensional polymeric matrix derived from natural or semi-synthetic sources with high physical or chemical cross-linking. Because of their intermediate behavior between solid and liquid materials, topical gels are an excellent candidate for transdermal drug delivery. Clinical evidence indicates that topical gel is a safe and effective treatment choice for the management of skin-related diseases, especially when used for local action to avoid the side effects of other conventional dosage forms. Gels, cream, ointment, and paste are the most commonly used semi-solid formulations for topical drug delivery. Gels are colloids in which the liquid medium has thickened to the extent that it behaves like a solid. Since topical gel formulations are less greasy and can be quickly removed from the skin, they offer better drug delivery. In comparison to cream, ointment, and paste, gel formulations have improved application properties and consistency. This article aims to review the principles and recent developments in topical gels, including classification, methods of preparation, applications, and so on.
Prevalence of Adverse Reactions to Different COVID-19 Vaccinations among Karachi Residents
Authors: Malik Hira Ahmed , Faraz Aisha , Bhatty Afreen , Mumtaz Tayyaba , Zafar Urooj , Khurram Samreen
Published: October 2021

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic emerged in Karachi and rapidly spread throughout Pakistan Since February 26, 2020. 

Objectives: Vaccination is currently one of the most effective COVID-19 eradication approach. The purpose of this study was to gather data on the adverse effects of the COVID-19 vaccine.

Methodology: It was an observational study that was carried out between the 11th and 23rd of April 2021, and the participants were Karachi residents. We looked at the proportion of self-reported local and systemic adverse effects within seven days of immunization in people who filled out Google forms and received one or two doses of the vaccine.

Results: The vaccination ratio for male was slight higher than females. Participants aged between 51 to 60 years and 41 to 50 years had higher number of vaccinations. Sinopharm is by far the most widely used vaccine. After the first dose of vaccination, the majority of participants complained of fever, chills, muscle pain, and arm pain, whereas after the second dose, the majority of participants had no symptoms, with a few participants complaining of fever, chills, diarrhea, and muscle pain.

Conclusion: The first and second doses' post-vaccination adverse effects were mild and predictable, and there were no hospitalizations; this data can help lessen vaccine hesitancy.
RECESSED BALCONY HEAT RE-ENTRY EFFECT ON FAÇADE WITH CONDENSER UNITS
Authors: Tanumidjaja Kevin Yonathan , Mintorogo Danny Santoso , Damayanti Rully
Published: October 2021

The use of split-type air conditioner in Surabaya results in the almost universal typical apartment layouts which feature a recessed balcony upon the building’s exterior façade which then utilized as air-conditioner condenser unit storage. Façade geometry with recessed balcony itself carries its own characteristic of surface air movement which affects the general Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and heat dissipation of a building. Nevertheless, façade as architectural elements greatly influence building’s energy performance. Inefficiencies in heat dissipation from a condenser unit is detrimental on its performance and precipitate energy wastage. Based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis incorporated with energy performance evaluation, the effectiveness of façade geometry with recessed balcony is explored in this paper. It was found that recessed balconies are not an ideal place for condenser unit placement on a façade where many factors contributed to promoting heat re-entry from condenser units into the building’s interior.
PEDESTRIAN BEHAVIOR FOR DEVELOPING STRATEGY IN TOURISM AREA; AGENT-BASED SIMULATION
Authors: Asriana Nova
Published: October 2021

Agent-based modelling is an approach to develop a design strategy in socio-related studies to understand pedestrian behavior by using simulation through validation using field observation. This study area has a historic city so that having several potential advantages as destination tourists and also having urban issues. Some facilities disseminate prosperous for domestic tourist destinations, transportation hubs (land and water-based transport), and public facilities. The purpose is to develop a design strategy of pedestrian behavior in urban space to be procedure based on computational modelling. By merging the result, it helps designers to depict pedestrian movement flow, permeability, and connectivity patterns, which represent the presumptions of the origins or source of movement, destinations, generators, and attractors of movement. This simulation examines and valuates spatial behavior models allowing to route preferences of each pedestrian in order to be used in the strategy of design process for architect, urban planner, or other designer stakeholders. The result will imply a walkable pedestrian-way design, where this approach of a pedestrian experience might be an effective tool in city planning.
Promoting Feliz Guest House Surabaya by Emphasizing Its Unique Selling Points in Its Marketing Booklet
Authors: Sanjaya Gitta
Published: October 2021

Feliz Guest House is a 2-star hotel which located at Jl. Raya Kendangsari No. 80, Surabaya. FGH is a guesthouse with a concept of a mini hotel. Their main competitors are Home Guest House, SepuluhEnam Homestay, and Savira Guest House. The main problem that FGH is facing is the decline of occupancy rate in the past three years. To solve the problem, I think FGH needs a marketing booklet that can help them promote and emphasize its unique selling points. A marketing booklet will be a good solution to the problem is because FGH can effectively promote the business to potential customers. By knowing the purpose of the company and its uniqueness, it will create a positive image on the customers’ mind. The benefit that the company will get is that they can use it to promote their company and its products to the new customers in order to increase the sales. Keywords: Promotion, Promotional Tool, Unique Selling Points, Marketing Booklet.