bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Differential Elution of Drugs from XAD-2 Resin
Authors: Pranitis PAF , Stolman A
Published: July 2015

In a previously published XAD-2 resin method for the extraction of drugs from biofluids and tissue [1] the elution of the drug(s) from the resin was accomplished with one or more organic solvents. Drugs exhibiting acid, basic, and neutral characteristics were eluted from the column in the same fraction. Preliminary drug screening was usually carried out by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), employing a spray sequence which can achieve detection of almost all the commonly encountered drugs. This procedure of drug detection and identification requires that the analyst be especially competent in utilizing a spray sequence effectively. A preliminary study was conducted to determine whether the drugs eluted differentially from XAD-2 resin. Herein is presented a technique in which drugs are separated physically into acid or neutral, and basic drug fractions.
A Review of “Crime Investigation”
Authors: Rovak S
Published: July 2015

Over the past ten years there has been a vast increase in the amount of literature available in the field of forensic science. Much of this work is highly specialized, requiring a certain level of expertise to utilize the material, and still more is overly broad and therefore shallow. Worst of all, some has been written by persons with only a cursory knowledge of their topic. In view of this, the second edition of Crime Investigation, by Dr. Paul J. Kirk, is a welcome volume.
A Review of “Vademecum Gerichtsmedizin”
Authors: Ryser M
Published: July 2015

This handbook does not pretend to cover in detail all aspects of legal medicine. However, it mentions, sometimes only briefly, the most frequently encountered problems. An entire chapter discusses the different methods that can be of help in determining the time of death. Most of these methods are not routinely used but may be of interest. Forensic pathology makes up the largest part of this book and the information given is accurate but sometimes too schematic. The toxicology problems unfortunately are not given the importance one expects. However, the chapter on alcohol and its effects is quite thorough. There is a complete and interesting chapter about serology and its applications to forensic medicine.
Subclinical hypothyroidism: a ‘laboratory-induced’ condition?
Authors: Coene Karlien L M , Demir Ayse Y , Broeren Maarten A C , Verschuure Pauline , Lentjes Eef G W M , Boer Arjen-Kars
Published: July 2015

Objective

In current literature and guidelines, there is a tendency to define absolute TSH concentrations at which patient follow-up or even pharmaceutical intervention should be initiated. As TSH concentrations depend on the analytical method/platform used for TSH quantification, absolute cut-off values may pose threats for uniform clinical decision-making. In this study we therefore set out to clarify to what extent the method/platform and the reference values applied for TSH influence the clinical interpretation of thyroid parameters.

Design and methods

We retrospectively analyzed anonymous TSH results from the Dutch external quality assessment program (EQAS) in relation to reference values advised by different manufacturers. We also examined TSH/free thyroxin (fT4) reference ranges and prevalence of thyroid pathology among different Dutch laboratories, including four cases in which a switch in the measuring platform was made.

Results

Our data show that interpretation of thyroid parameters is not only influenced by between-method/platform variation, but is also substantially affected by the variation in TSH/fT4 reference intervals applied in individual laboratories. Additionally, we show that the transition to a novel analytical method/platform can result in a shift in the prevalence of thyroid pathology, especially for subclinical hypothyroidism.

Conclusions

Subclinical hypothyroidism can be a ‘laboratory-induced’ condition. This is an undesirable situation in regard to the clinical implications such a diagnosis can have for patients.
Monsoon Season Rain Prediction for the Year 2015 for Telangana, India Based on Telangana’s Historical Rain Data
Authors: Anand M. Sharan
Published: July 2015

In this work the prediction of rain is based on average of two methods. In these methods, historical rain data of Telangana from 1981 to 2012 are selected for projection. These methods take into account the trends in rain pattern also. Among the results are the effects of El Nino and La Nina which for Telangana are not as significant as compared to higher frequencies on annual rainfall basis. The period of these combined effects (El Nino and La Nina) is 10.67 years. The average rainfall of Telangana is 70 centimeters (cms). The normal range of rain varies between the mean+standard deviation as per the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD). The forecast is being made in November 2014 for the Year 2015 that the rain will be normal in the month of June whereas some excess rain will take place in later months as shown in Tables 1 to 5 here. The advantage of this approach is that it gives farmers far more time than they get presently when preliminary predictions are announced by Indian Meteorological Department in April for each monsoon.
New records of Cyathea atrovirens (Langsd. & Fisch.) Domin (Cyatheaceae) from Argentina
Authors: Krauczuk Ernesto R. , Marquez Gonzalo Javier , Keller Héctor A.
Published: July 2015

Cyathea atrovirens (Cyatheaceae) is the southernmost tree-fern of Argentina and its presence in the Corrientes province was in doubt after the height of the Yacyretá dam was raised. However, new records confirm the presence of the species in the province and increase the range distribution southward. Comments on the distribution and ecology of the species are now reported.
Lonomia obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae): hemostasis implications
Authors: Maggi Silviane , Faulhaber Gustavo Adolpho Moreira
Published: July 2015

Summary In southern Brazil, since 1989, several cases of accidents produced by unwilling contact with the body of poisonous caterpillars of the moth species Lonomia obliqua Walker, 1855 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), were described. L. obliqua caterpillars have gregarious behavior and feed on leaves of host trees during the night, staying grouped in the trunk during the day, which favors the occurrence of accidents with the species. This caterpillar has the body covered with bristles that on contact with the skin of individuals, breaks and release their contents, inoculating the venom into the victim. The basic constitution of the venom is protein and its components produce physiological changes in the victim, which include disturbances in hemostasis. Hemorrhagic syndrome associated with consumption coagulopathy, intravascular hemolysis and acute renal failure are some of the possible clinical manifestations related to poisoning by L. obliqua. Specific laboratory tests for diagnosis of poisoning have not been described previously. The diagnosis of poisoning is made based on the patient's medical history, clinical manifestations, erythrocyte levels, and, primarily, parameters that evaluate blood coagulation. Treatment is performed with the use of supportive care and the administration of specific hyperimmune antivenom. Poisoning can be serious and even fatal.
MicroRNAs, cancer and ionizing radiation: Where are we?
Authors: Marta Gustavo Nader , Garicochea Bernardo , Carvalho André Lopes , Real Juliana M. , Kowalski Luiz Paulo
Published: July 2015

Summary The aim of this study is to describe the biogenesis of microRNA, its relations with carcinogenesis, and the correlation between microRNA and ionizing radiation (IR), focusing on radioresponsiveness. It is known that microRNA biogenesis is well established and involves different enzymatic cleavages, resulting in the production of mature microRNA. MicroRNAs are involved in carcinogenesis. Their interaction is related to the genetic and epigenetic changes associated with activation of proto-oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Several studies have shown that the levels of expression of some microRNAs vary significantly after irradiation. There are evidences that microRNAs can influence cellular response after IR. In addition, microRNAs are related to modulation of the expression of several post-transcriptional targets in DNA damage response pathways, and to the DNA damage repair regulation mechanism. Future studies can clarify a possible clinical use of microRNAs as a new class of radiosensitive agents.
"O Que Gerencio e de Quem Dependo?": Determinantes da Ação de Blogueiros
Authors: Castro Isadora Vergara , Santos Júnior Carlos Denner dos
Published: July 2015

Blogssão cada vez mais procurados por empresas para constituir alianças estratégicas. Essas alianças formam redes sociais digitais de relacionamentos entre blogs, visitantes e patrocinadores. A rede, estruturada sob o mecanismo de conexão preferencial, induz o novo blogueiro ao gerenciamento não só dos recursos dos quais seu blog depende para sobreviver e adquirir atratividadeem um ambiente competitivo, heterogêneo e mutável, mas também ao desafio de superar as incertezas, contingências e vulnerabilidades do contexto em que está inserido. Entretanto, blogueiros agem gerencialmente de forma distinta na busca da sobrevivência e do sucesso?Com essa pergunta em mente, foi desenvolvido um modelo teórico para caracterizar a ação gerencial do blogueiro de acordo com o contexto do blog. O teste empírico, realizado com 21 blogs por meio de combinação de pesquisa qualitativae quantitativa, indicou não só que blogueiros adotam estilos de gestão adaptativos, mas que suas ações evoluem na busca dessa atratividade, sinalizando que o gerenciamento pode ser uma forma de superar o favoritismo presente na rede. Os resultados contribuem para o entendimento de como certos blogs alcançam o sucesso de forma rápida e legítima ao atuarem contextualizadamente e com dinamismo, explicandoassim a ocorrência de troca de liderança, antes considerada aleatória na perspectiva da teoria de redes (conexão preferencial).
Dynamics of Sulfentrazone Applied to Sugarcane Crop Residues
Authors: Carbonari Caio A. , Gomes Giovanna L. G. C. , Trindade Maria L. B. , Silva José R. M. , Velini Edivaldo D.
Published: July 2015

The sulfentrazone is regularly applied to sugarcane crop harvest residue for PRE control of weedy species, especially in the dry season during the year, but little is known about how rainfall timing or crop residue mass affect the release of sulfentrazone into the soil and its subsequent effectiveness. Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of sugarcane residue mass (5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha−1) and rainfall timing (1, 30, and 60 d after herbicide application) on sulfentrazone retention. Rainfall volumes were simulated at 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 35, 50, and 100 mm. A 20-mm rainfall volume was simulated at 7 and 14 d after the first simulated event. The water passing through the straw was collected after each rainfall simulation. The concentration of sulfentrazone was measured by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The initial 20 mm of rain released the maximum mass of sulfentrazone from the sugarcane residue. The mass of sugarcane residue affected the amount of sulfentrazone recovered. The amount of sulfentrazone released from the residue was significantly reduced by the persistence on the residue surface for long periods before the occurrence of rain. During periods of low rainfall, recommendations for sulfentrazone rate must take into account losses that occur when applied over the harvest residues to design a weed-management plan that does not compromise efficacy and duration of the residual effects.
Modelling the tension stiffening effect in SFR-RC
Authors: Amin Ali , Foster Stephen James , Watts Murray
Published: July 2015

The understanding of the performance and cracking behaviour of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) has developed greatly in recent times. Many of these studies, however, are limited to SFRC without conventional reinforcement. This paper reports on the tensile behaviour of SFRC members co-reinforced with conventional reinforcing bars (SFR-RC). A physical description of the behaviour of the specimens is presented and an analytical model is derived. The model adopts the load-sharing concept between the tensile stresses resisted by the steel fibres and the steel reinforcing bar as well as the bond between the concrete and reinforcing bar to the tension stiffening effect of these members. The model is founded upon a previously reported tension chord model and allows for explicit identification of the three components to the tension stiffening effect. An experimental programme is reported here and the model is shown to correlate well with the experimental data and test data reported elsewhere.
Primary thyroid lymphoma: a comprehensive summary of two cases
Authors: Sharma Sonam , Mandal Devashis , Yadav Amit K. , Mandal Ashish K.
Published: July 2015

Thyroid lymphoma occurs rarely; constituting approximately 1-5% of all thyroid malignancies. Two cases of thyroid lymphoma are presented herewith. Both the patients were elderly females who presented with a rapidly enlarging anterior neck mass without cervical lymphadenopathy, leading to compressive symptoms like dysphagia, stridor and dyspnoea. Thyroid lymphoma is a great diagnostic and therapeutic challenge which requires high clinical suspicion with rapid and accurate diagnostic modalities to detect it as early recognition of this rare malignancy can lead to timely intervention and avoid morbidity associated with extensive surgery as chemotherapy and radiation are the mainstays of its treatment.
A pedagógusi szerep dilemmái és összefüggései az életminőséggel
Authors: Bakos Kinga
Published: July 2015

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Hátralékosok a Berettyóújfalui járásban
Authors: Bánfalvi Győző
Published: July 2015

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Los límites del reconocimiento: migrantes latinoamericanos en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile
Authors: Thayer C. Luis Eduardo , Córdova R. María Gabriela , Ávalos B. Betania
Published: July 2015

En los últimos 15 años, la llegada de migrantes latinoamericanos a la Región Metropolitana ha introducido cambios profundos en la sociedad y, sin embargo, ha persistido la ausencia de una política migratoria orientada a su reconocimiento. Ello ha dejado el proceso de incorporación a la suerte de las estrategias de los propios migrantes y a las respuestas que encuentra en la ciudadanía autóctona. Nuestra investigación busca dar cuenta de la disposición de esta población para involucrarse en una relación de reconocimiento con los migrantes latinoamericanos. Para ello se analizan, por un lado, las concepciones ideológicas hegemónicas con que la población nativa define su condición nacional frente a lo extranjero; y, por otro, se identifican las disposiciones subjetivas particulares que diversos estratos de población metropolitana tienen hacia los migrantes.AbstractThe arrival of immigrants from Latin America to the Metropolitan Region over the past 15 years has introduced deep social changes. The absence of a migration policy geared towards the recognition of migrants as social subjects has left the incorporation process to the fate of the immigrants' own strategies. Our research seeks to show the disposition of native people to engage in a recognition relationship with Latin American immigrants.
Tube‐dwelling invertebrates: tiny ecosystem engineers have large effects in lake ecosystems
Authors: Hölker Franz , Vanni Michael J. , Kuiper Jan J. , Meile Christof , Grossart Hans-Peter , Stief Peter , Adrian Rita , Lorke Andreas , Dellwig Olaf , Brand Andreas , Hupfer Michael , Mooij Wolf M. , Nützmann Gunnar , Lewandowski Jörg
Published: July 2015

There is ample evidence that tube‐dwelling invertebrates such as chironomids significantly alter multiple important ecosystem functions, particularly in shallow lakes. Chironomids pump large water volumes, and associated suspended and dissolved substances, through the sediment and thereby compete with pelagic filter feeders for particulate organic matter. This can exert a high grazing pressure on phytoplankton, microorganisms, and perhaps small zooplankton and thus strengthen benthic‐pelagic coupling. Furthermore, intermittent pumping by tube‐dwelling invertebrates oxygenates sediments and creates a dynamic, three‐dimensional mosaic of redox conditions. This shapes microbial community composition and spatial distribution, and alters microbe‐mediated biogeochemical functions, which often depend on redox potential. As a result, extended hotspots of element cycling occur at the oxic‐anoxic interfaces, controlling the fate of organic matter and nutrients as well as fluxes of nutrients between sediments and water. Surprisingly, the mechanisms and magnitude of interactions mediated by these organisms are still poorly understood. To provide a synthesis of the importance of tube‐dwelling invertebrates, we review existing research and integrate previously disregarded functional traits into an ecosystem model. Based on existing research and our models, we conclude that tube‐dwelling invertebrates play a central role in controlling water column nutrient pools, and hence water quality and trophic state. Furthermore, these tiny ecosystem engineers can influence the thresholds that determine shifts between alternate clear and turbid states of shallow lakes. The large effects stand in contrast to the conventional limnological paradigm emphasizing predominantly pelagic food webs. Given the vast number of shallow lakes worldwide, benthic invertebrates are likely to be relevant drivers of biogeochemical processes at regional and global scales, thereby mediating feedback mechanisms linked to climate change.
Green light: gross primary production influences seasonal stream N export by controlling fine‐scale N dynamics
Authors: Lupon Anna , Martí Eugènia , Sabater Francesc , Bernal Susana
Published: July 2015

Monitoring nutrient concentrations at fine‐scale temporal resolution contributes to a better understanding of nutrient cycling in stream ecosystems. However, the mechanisms underlying fine‐scale nutrient dynamics and its implications for budget catchment fluxes are still poorly understood. To gain understanding of patterns and controls of fine‐scale stream nitrogen (N) dynamics and to assess how they affect hydrological N fluxes, we explored diel variation in stream nitrate (NO3¯) concentration along a headwater stream with increasing riparian area and channel width. At the downstream site, the highest day–night variations occurred in early spring, when stream NO3¯ concentrations were 13% higher at night than at daytime. Such day–night variations were strongly related to daily light inputs (R2 = 0.74) and gross primary production (GPP; R2 = 0.74), and they showed an excellent fit with day–night NO3¯ variations predicted from GPP (R2 = 0.85). These results suggest that diel fluctuations in stream NO3¯ concentration were mainly driven by photoautotrophic N uptake. Terrestrial influences were discarded because no simultaneous diel variations in stream discharge, riparian groundwater level, or riparian solute concentration were observed. In contrast to the downstream site, no diel variations in NO3¯ concentration occurred at the upstream site, likely because water temperature was colder (10°C vs. 12°C) and light availability was lower (4 vs. 9 mol·m−2·d−1). Although daily GPP was between 10‐ and 100‐fold lower than daily respiration, photoautotrophic N uptake contributed to a 10% reduction in spring NO3¯ loads at the downstream site. Our study clearly shows that the activity of photoautotrophs can substantially change over time and along the stream continuum in response to key environmental drivers such as light and temperature, and further, that its capacity to regulate diel and seasonal N fluxes can be important even in low‐productivity streams.
Effect of multiple disturbances on food web vulnerability to biodiversity loss in detritus‐based systems
Authors: Calizza Edoardo , Costantini M. Letizia , Rossi Loreto
Published: July 2015

Global biodiversity is affected by human pressure and climate change, and the present rate of biodiversity loss is probably higher than ever before. Community composition is also changing, and interspecific interactions are under severe pressure. The extinction of one species within a food web can result in further secondary extinctions, due to bottom‐up effects that can be even more intense and less predictable than the direct effects of disturbance, undermining our capacity for ecosystem management and conservation. Here we investigated a metric for assessing the structural stability of food webs in the face of species loss, referred to as “Resistance”, based on two fundamental web properties: (1) the proportion of key species in the web, a “key” species being one whose deletion leads to at least one secondary extinction, and (2) the mean number of secondary extinctions observed per key species deletion. We compared web Resistance with web Robustness (Dunne et al. 2002) based on 12 detritus‐based riverine food webs under four species extinction scenarios on various temporal and spatial scales. We investigated the effect of multiple disturbances (extreme flood and river basin urbanization) on community vulnerability to biodiversity loss, assessing the behavior of Robustness and Resistance under the applied species extinction scenarios and testing their dependence on web topology. We estimated the contribution of the rarest and the most dominant species, and that of the most and least connected species, to web Resistance.

Urbanization negatively affected community vulnerability to biodiversity loss. Only food web Resistance showed a significant flood effect and interaction between flood and urbanization. The most connected species contributed the most to food web resistance, whereas the rarest and the most abundant species had a similar, intermediate structural importance. Both food web Resistance and the role of selected key species varied across web description scales. Food web Resistance values were coherent across species extinction scenarios, demonstrating the suitability of the proposed approach for quantifying community vulnerability to species loss and the importance of considering food webs in monitoring and impact assessment programs. The approach is thus seen to be a promising research pathway supporting ecosystem management.
5-Hydroxytryptophan: A Novel Eco-Friendly Corrosion and Oilfield Microbial Inhibitor
Authors: Ituen E. B. , Akaranta O. , James O. A.
Published: July 2015

The applications of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) now transcends food supplements to solving global oilfield problem caused by corrosion. Being an alkaloid, 5HTP is environmentally non-toxic and relatively inexpensive. Its potential as oilfield inhibitor of mild steel corrosion has been investigated at 30 °C to 60 °C using weight loss technigue simulated in both 2.0 M hydrochloric acid and 2.0 M sulphuric acid. The efficiency of inhibition increased with increase in concentration of 5-HTP and decreased with increase in temperature. High inhibition efficiencies up to 93.72 % and 90.23 % were obtained in hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid respectively even at concentrations as low as 1.0 Ò 10−4 M 5-HTP at room temperature. The compound inhibits corrosion mainly by adsorption mechanism determined by fitting surface coverage data into some adsorption isotherms from where the nature of interactions in the adsorbed layer was predicted. The inhibition of mild steel corrosion by 5-HTP was best approximated by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Physical adsorption mechanism involving electrostatic interaction of charged molecules of the 5-HTP with charged metal is proposed. Stability of the inhibitor to high temperature was also elucidated using thermodynamic models. It was implied from results that 5-HTP is a stable inhibitor at temperatures up to 60 °C. The inhibitor protects the mild steel surface effectively from acid attack, with better protection obtained in HCl. The adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous at the temperatures studied. 5-HTP would make an efficient corrosion inhibitor for oilfield operations.
Enhancing Zonal Isolation by Rheological Hierarchy Optimization
Authors: Shadravan Arash , Alegria Adriana
Published: July 2015

Achieving the turbulent flow regime might not be always possible in the field therefore cement engineers follow the ELF (equivalent laminar flow) rules used for efficient cement placement. These rules are: 1) Density hierarchy: The displacing fluid should be at least 10-15% heavier than the fluid it is displacing. This percentage is dictated by the pore pressure-fracture pressure window. 2) Friction pressure hierarchy: The friction pressure of the displacing fluid should be at least 20% higher than the fluid it is displacing. The advanced fluid displacement simulator fluid friction charts should be used to determine this. 3) Minimum pressure gradient: Each displacing fluid should be able to break the gel strength of the fluid it is directly displacing to prevent leaving any gelled, undisplaced layers in the annulus. 4) Velocity profile: The velocity of the displacing fluid in the wider side should not exceed the velocity of the fluid being displaced in narrow side of the same annulus in order to effectively remove mud from narrow side of the annulus. Friction pressure hierarchy modeling helps minimizing fluid intermixing in the annulus. Rheological hierarchy optimization is in fact a critical step towards more accurately designing the spacer fluids for enhanced zonal isolation. Besides the required laboratory testing for mud, spacer and cement, designing cement jobs with the minimum fluid intermixing and viscous fingering will improve zonal isolation. The objective of this paper is to perform a sensitivity analysis utilizing a micro-emulsion spacer rheological properties model and a 3-D visualization computational fluid dynamics (CFD) module to investigate the optimum rheological profile for a weighted spacer fluid to maintain the friction pressure hierarchy and enhance zonal isolation. Based on the simulation results the optimum scenario was selected. This engineering analysis positively yielded in a good cement job confirmed by CBL/VDL.
Seeding Rate, Row Spacing, and Nitrogen Rate Effects on Perennial Ryegrass Seed Production
Authors: Koeritz Eric J. , Watkins Eric , Ehlke Nancy J.
Published: July 2015

Seeding rates (SRs) and row‐spacing widths (RSWs) in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seed production are variable and the impacts of these factors on perennial ryegrass seed yield and plant growth characteristics are not well characterized. Experiments were conducted during 2010 and 2011 in first‐year seed production fields near Roseau and Roosevelt, MN, where five SRs (1.3, 2.6, 5.2, 7.8, and 10.4 kg pure live seed [PLS] ha−1), three RSWs (10, 20, and 30 cm), and three N rates (67, 112, and 157 kg N ha−1) were evaluated in a split‐split plot design under nonirrigated conditions. The 30‐cm RSW resulted in 45% greater stem rust incidence, 8% fewer fertile tillers, and up to 2% greater 1000‐seed weight (TSW) vs. the 10‐cm RSW. For every unit of N applied, N increased biomass by 4 to 25 kg ha−1, fertile tillers by 3.7 tillers m−2, and seed yield by up to 4.7 kg seed ha−1, depending on environment. The 7.8 and 10.4 kg PLS ha−1 SRs combined with the 10‐cm RSW, 157 ha−1 N rate, and other management factors, nearly eliminated weeds (<2% weed cover) compared with with wider RSWs and lower SRs. Weed cover was always inversely correlated with early‐season vegetative cover (EVC). Seeding rates of 2.6 kg PLS ha−1 and greater resulted in similar seed yields suggesting that early‐season plant density is not as important for seed yield as other management factors such as N rate, which significantly improved seed yield in three environments.
Relative Efficiency of Genomewide Selection for Testcross Performance of Doubled Haploid Lines in a Maize Breeding Program
Authors: Krchov Lisa‐Marie , Bernardo Rex
Published: July 2015

In a simple scheme for genomewide selection in maize (Zea mays L.), a subset of n out of N doubled haploid (DH) lines from a biparental cross are genotyped and phenotyped in testcross combination. The n lines are then used as a training population to predict the performance of the remaining N − n lines. Our objectives were to (i) determine whether or not this scheme for genomewide selection is more efficient than phenotypic selection under a fixed budget and (ii) give recommendations for implementing this genomewide selection scheme during maize line development. From empirical data across multiple populations, testers, years, and locations, we assessed the observed and expected gains from phenotypic selection and genomewide selection under different budget scenarios. Total budgets ranged from $12,000 to $22,000, and standard costs per DH line were $90 for field trials and $15 for genotyping. The relative efficiency of genomewide selection (compared with phenotypic selection) depended on the (i) effectiveness of phenotypic selection and of genomewide selection for the trait in a given cross, (ii) sizes of the training and test populations that could be accommodated within a given budget, and (iii) number of selected lines. In general, the correlation between marker‐predicted values and phenotypic values had to exceed 0.50 for the genomewide selection scheme to be more efficient than phenotypic selection. Our results suggested that for the genomewide selection scheme to be effective, a training population of 60 to 80 lines and a test population of at least 100 lines are needed per biparental cross.
Generalized frames with C*-valued bounds and their operator duals
Authors: Alijani A.
Published: July 2015

Certain facts about frames and generalized frames are extended for the new g-frames, referred as *-g-frames, in a Hilbert C*-modules. As a matter of fact, some relations are establish between *-frames and *-g-frames in a Hilbert C*-module. Furthermore, the paper studies the operators associated to a given *-g-frame, the construction of new *-g-frames. Moreover, the operator duals for a *-g-frame are introduced and their properties are investigated. Finally, operator duals of a *-g-frame are characterized.
Biology and harmfulness of Brassica pod midge (Dasineura brassicae Winn.) in winter oilseed rape
Authors: Graora Draga , Sivcev Ivan , Sivcev Lazar , Bьchs Wolfgang , Tomic Vladimir , Dudic Boris , Gotlin-Culjak Tanja
Published: July 2015

The Brassica pod midge (Dasineura brassicae Winn.) is an important pest in
oilseed rape (Brasica napus L.). It develops two generations per year and
overwinters in the larval stage in cocoons in soil. Immigration of the first
generation adults lasted from the beginning of April until the end of May.
Larvae developed in pods from mid-April to mid-June, causing pod deformation
and cracking, which resulted in premature falling out of seeds and yield
reduction. Pod damage amounted to 11.6%. The emergence of the second
generation adults was detected at the end of May and in the first ten days of
June. D. brassicae was found to lay eggs in healthy pods and no correlation
was found with the cabbage seed weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis Paykull.
Correlation of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone production by Fusarium species originating from wheat and maize grain
Authors: Tancic Sonja , Stankovic Slavica , Levic Jelena , Krnjaja Vesna
Published: July 2015

A total of 39 Fusarium graminearum, F. sporotrichioides, F. semitectum and F.
equiseti isolates, originating from wheat and maize samples collected at 10
locations in Serbia, were analyzed by ELISA method for their potential of
deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) production under optimal
laboratory conditions. Fusarium graminearum isolates with the highest
intraspecies variability were the best producers of both deoxynivalenol and
zearalenone. In contrast, F. equiseti isolates were the weakest producers of
these two toxins. Considering the plant origin of the isolates,
wheat-originating F. sporotrichioides isolates were better deoxynivalenol
producers, while the maize-originating isolates produced more zearalenone.
There was no clear difference in ZEA production between wheat- and
maizeoriginating isolates of F. graminearum, while higher average DON
concentrations were produced by F. graminearum wheat-originating isolates.
Negative correlation was detected between the production of deoxynivalenol
and zearalenone by various Fusarium spp.
Chemical control of field dodder in alfalfa
Authors: Saric-Krsmanovic Marija , Bozic Dragana , Malidza Goran , Radivojevic Ljiljana , Gajic-Umiljendic Jelena , Vrbnicanin Sava
Published: July 2015

Parasitic flowering plants have recently come into focus of research
interests as a result of their notable expansion and increasing damage that
they are causing in agricultural fields. Damage caused by field dodder in
alfalfa crops mainly includes reduced yield of fresh biomass and considerable
decrease in seed production. Effective control of field dodder in alfalfa
crops necessarily includes a number of preventive measures and procedures, as
well as chemical control. The effectiveness of glyphosate, propyzamide,
imazethapyr and diquat herbicides in controlling field dodder in alfalfa
crops was tested in trials conducted in 2011. Pot and field trials were set
up in an experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in
Novi Sad (location Rimski Sancevi) and in a private field at Popovici
(vicinity of Mladenovac). In pot trials, two glyphosate application rates
(288 and 360 g a.i. ha) achieved the highest effectiveness of 95% and 97.5%,
respectively. Both application rates of propyzamide (1500 and 2000 g a.i. ha)
had weak effectiveness (85% and 87%, respectively), while imazethapyr (150 g
a.i. ha) was the weakest herbicide with 80% efficacy. In field trials at both
locations, diquat (450 g a.i. ha) showed the best efficacy in controlling
field dodder in alfalfa. The efficacy of all other treatments was weaker at
Popovici with the following survival rates of field dodder plants: 25%
(glyphosate, 288 g a.i. ha), 15% (glyphosate, 360 g a.i. ha), 79%
(propyzamide, 1500 g a.i. ha), 70% (propyzamide, 2000 g a.i. ha) and 72%
(imazethapyr, 150 g a.i. ha). At the location Rimski Sancevi, the same
treatements resulted in around 1% remaining field dodder plants in alfalfa
crop.
Raman spectroscopy of optical properties in CdS thin films
Authors: Trajic J. , Gilic M. , Romcevic N. , Romcevic M. , Stanisic G. , Hadzic B. , Petrovic M. , Yahia Y.S.
Published: July 2015

Properties of CdS thin films were investigated applying atomic force
microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy. CdS thin films were prepared by
using thermal evaporation technique under base pressure 2 x 10-5 torr. The
quality of these films was investigated by AFM spectroscopy. We apply Raman
scattering to investigate optical properties of CdS thin films, and reveal
existence of surface optical phonon (SOP) mode at 297 cm-1. Effective
permittivity of mixture were modeled by Maxwell - Garnet approximation.
The fractal nature materials microstructure influence on electrochemical energy sources
Authors: Mitic V.V. , Kocic Lj. , Paunovic V. , Bastic F. , Sirmic D.
Published: July 2015

With increasing of the world energy crisis, research for new, renewable and
alternative energy sources are in growth. The focus is on research areas,
sometimes of minor importance and applications, where the different synthesis
methods and microstructure properties optimization, performed significant
improvement of output materials? and components? electro-physical properties,
which is important for higher energy efficiency and in the electricity
production (batteries and battery systems, fuel cells and hydrogen energy)
contribution. Also, the storage tanks capacity improvement, for the energy
produced on such way, which is one of the most important development issues
in the energy sphere, represents a very promising research and application
area. Having in mind, the results achieved in the electrochemical energy
sources field, especially electrolyte development, these energy sources,
materials fractal nature optimization analysis contribution, have been
investigated. Based on materials fractal structure research field,
particularly electronic materials, we have performed microstructure influence
parameters research in electrochemistry area. We have investigated the Ho2O3
concentration influence (from 0.01wt% to 1wt%) and sintering temperature
(from 1320?C to 1380?C), as consolidation parameters, and thus, also open the
electrochemical function fractalization door and in the basic thermodynamic
parameters the fractal correction introduced. The fractal dimension
dependence on additive concentration is also investigated.
The effect of mouth breathing on chewing efficiency
Authors: Nagaiwa Miho , Gunjigake Kaori , Yamaguchi Kazunori
Published: July 2015

Objective: 

To examine the effect of mouth breathing on chewing efficiency by evaluating masticatory variables.

Materials and Methods: 

Ten adult nasal breathers with normal occlusion and no temporomandibular dysfunction were selected. Subjects were instructed to bite the chewing gum on the habitual side. While breathing through the mouth and nose, the glucide elution from the chewing gum, number of chewing strokes, duration of chewing, and electromyography (EMG) activity of the masseter muscle were evaluated as variables of masticatory efficiency.

Results: 

The durations required for the chewing of 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 250 strokes were significantly (P < .05) longer while breathing through the mouth. There was no significant difference in the glucide elution rate (%) for each chewing stroke between nose and mouth breathings. The glucide elution rates for 1- and 3-minute chewing were significantly (P < .05) lower while breathing through the mouth. However, there was no significant difference in the glucide elution rate for 5-minute chewing between nose and mouth breathings. While chewing for 1, 3, and 5 minutes, the chewing stroke and EMG activity of the masseter muscle were significantly (P < .05) lower during mouth breathing.

Conclusions: 

It takes a longer amount of time to complete chewing to obtain higher masticatory efficiency when breathing through the mouth. Therefore, mouth breathing will decrease the masticatory efficiency if the duration of chewing is restricted in everyday life.
Surgical outcome of strabismus
Authors: Shrestha Sabina , Manoranjan Aparajita , Shrestha Sushan
Published: July 2015

Introduction: Strabismus is encountered daily by paediatric ophthalmologists and orthoptists in their practice.Strabismus and amblyopia affect 5% of the population. The aim of the study was to determine the surgicaloutcome of strabismus.Methods: It was a prospective study conducted at Nepal Eye Hospital from 2010 to 2011 with the samplesize of 40. Patients undergoing strabismus surgery either for esotropia or exotropia were included in the study.Detailed preoperative and postoperative orthoptic evaluation of all the patients was done apart from the anteriorand posterior segment examination and the surgical outcome was assessed.Results: Forty patients of which 52.5% males and 47.5% females with mean age of 21.025 years underwentstrabismus surgery. Manifest divergent squint was present in 61%, manifest convergent squint in 38% andintermittent squint in 5% of patients. 87.5% underwent 2 muscle surgery, 10% underwent 3 muscle surgeryand 2.5% underwent single muscle surgery. Postoperative deviation for near was 0 ???? in 10%, 2-8 ???? in 37.5%and 10-15???? in 27.5%. Similarly, postoperative deviation for distance was 0???? in 22%, 2-8???? in 27% and 10-15????in 22%. Binocular single vision was present in 50% patients preoperatively and 53% patients postoperatively.Conclusion: Though cosmesis has been improved in most of the patients after strabismus surgery, binocularsingle vision and stereopsis improved in very minimal percentage of patients as the surgery was done after theage of visual maturation in most of the cases. This accentuates the need for strabismus surgery within the yearsof cortical plasticitydoi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v12i2.12921
Serum Creatinine and Urine Microalbumin Level in Hypertensive and Non hypertensive Patients.
Authors: Joshi Keshab Raj , Gautam Ashish , Pandeya Dipendra Raj , Poudel Keshab
Published: July 2015

Introduction: Hypertension is one of the most common cardiovascular disorders, more likely to accelerateatherosclerosis causing cardiovascular complications and benign arteriolar nephrosclerosis for an extendedperiod of time may manifest as a mild to moderate elevation of serum creatinine and/or microalbuminuria.Methods: The present study was carried out on total 100 subjects. Which were divided into two groups. Firstgroup of experimental group consist of 50 subjects with known Hypertensive Subjects. Another group is controlgroup consist of 50 Non-Hypertensive Subjects with no present and past family history of hypertension.Results: The serum creatinine and microalbuminuria were estimated, compared and correlated in hypertensivecase group with healthy normotensive group. In case group there was signiÞ cantly elevated urine microalbuminand serum creatinine levels when compared to controls and also signiÞ cant positive correlation betweenserum creatinine and urine microalbumin levels in case group (hypertensive) as compared to control (nonhypertensive) groupConclusions: In the present study it has concluded that in Hypertensive patients serum creatinine, urinemicroalbumin is stastistically elevated in subjects group when compared to the control group.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v12i2.12923
Association of Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Stomach Cancer
Authors: Thapa Narayan , Shah Kunda Bikram , Bhandari Bharat Bahadur , Hamal Bhairab Kumar , Shrestha Amar , Adhikari Subodh Kumar
Published: July 2015

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) as a primary etiological factor in carcinoma stomach. Associationof H. Pylori in gastric cancer has been documented to be in more than 50% of cases. In underdevelopedcountries, this association is shown to be much higher according to different studies.Methods: A prospective observational study of 40 consecutive cases of carcinoma stomach was under takenin surgical department of Shree Birendra hospital and Bir hospital, for a period of two years 2009 to 2011.Location and pathological types of the lesion were noted and all specimens were investigated to see presenceof helicobacter pylori by rapid urease test (RUT) and histological examination.Results: Out of 40 patients, helicobacter pylori positivity was seen in 27 (67.5%) cases by both rapid ureasetest and Histopathological examination (HPE). Regarding the pathological types, out of 26 intestinal type of castomach, 20 (76.92%) cases were positive for H. pylori infection, whereas out of 14 diffuse type of ca stomach,7(50%) cases were positive for H. pylori. In 29 cases of distal ca stomach, H. pylori positivity was seen in 22(75.86%) cases, whereas in rest of the 11 cases the lesion involved other part of the stomach, H. pylori positivitywas seen in 5(45.45%) cases.Conclusion: Helicobacter pylori infection is higher in prevalence in cases of stomach cancer. Its associationwith intestinal histological type of stomach cancer is more common than diffuse type. There is higher prevalenceof Helicobacter pylori infection in distal carcinoma. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v12i2.12927
Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.
Authors: Pandey Bandana
Published: July 2015

Introduction: Knowledge of pelvic inflammatory disease and its epidemiology is essential to understand reproductive morbidity in women. This paper estimates the level of association between demographic factors and pelvic inflammatory disease in women in their reproductive age. Methods: A descriptive study done in Humla, Kritipur and Baudha by organizing a health camp. Women of reproductive age group and who have lower abdominal pain, pervaginal discharge, fever, and dysparunia were included in the study after taking informed verbal consent from the patient. Patients who have lower abdominal pain and pervaginal discharge were diagnosed as pelvic inflammatory disease. Results: Diagnoses of pelvic inflammatory disease were made in 30% of attendances amongst women aged between 16 to 48. Increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease was associated with smoking (P<0.0001), age groups 31 – 40 yrs (44.6%),in rural areas(45%) and people who are illiterate (P<0.0001). Among 400, 383(95%) were reported ever using a modern contraceptive. Conclusion: The prevalence of pelvic inflammatory disease was 30% in reproductive age group and was significantly associated with smoking.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v13i1.12992
Awareness about Tuberculosis in people living with HIV/AIDS: A cross Sectional Institutional Study.
Authors: Shrestha Bikal , Pandya Kapil , Patel Barun , Shrestha Rubina Shrestha , Kumar Raj
Published: July 2015

Introduction: Worldwide, Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common opportunistic infection affecting HIV seropositive individuals and it remains the most common cause of death in patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is estimated that 50 to 60% of HIV infected people will develop TB in their lifetime. Keeping this in background this study was planned to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices on TB in HIV positive patients. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in HIV positive individuals attending an ART centre. 100 attendees were selected by systematic random sampling method and interviewed with a pretested, structured questionnaire. Results: In the study 37.2% of respondents were not aware about air/droplet as a route of transmission of TB. Only 10% knew that infective organisms as a common opportunist infection in people with HIV & AIDS. 78.2% of the study population felt that the community will treat them differently if they suffer from TB and total of 57.7% confirmed an attitude of hiding the disease in them. Conclusion: The overall knowledge about TB in HIV positive individuals is low. Efforts must be made to counsel the patients about TB right in the first counselling session that the patient attends in ART centres so as to prevent spread of TB in the community.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v13i1.12993
Intestinal Parasitic Infections among School Children.
Authors: Ghimire Gyanendra , Pandeya Dipendra , Adhikari Binita , Pradhan Manoj
Published: July 2015

Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections are endemic worldwide and constitute a major public health problem and considered as ‘cancers of developing countries. Nepal is small improvised country where 70.0% of morbidity and mortality are associated with infectious diseases. Giardiasis, ascariasis, amoebiasis, ancyclostomiasis and taeniasis are common intestinal parasitic infections in Nepal. Thus, in this paper we report the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among school going children of Eastern part of Nepal.   Mathods:  A total of 300  stool samples were collected from school children of Eastern part of Nepal in random basis. An informed consent was taken from both students and school teachers. The samples were examined for the presence of parasites both macroscopically and microscopically. Standard parasitological examination methods were followed. Results: Out of total 300 school going children included in the study, 195 were male and 105 were female.  A total of 97 (29.1%) were positive for one or more parasites. Out of total parasites detected, 35 (36.1%) were protozoan, 39 (40.2%) were helminthes and 23(23.7%) were mixed type. Giardia intestinalis 30 (30.9%) and Hookworm 18 (18.6%) were the commonest protozoan and helminthes respectively. The other parasites detected were A. lumbricoides 15(15.5%), H. nana 6 (6.2%) and Entamoeba histolytica 5(5.2%). Multiple parasitism was detected in 23(23.7%) children. Conclusion: The incidence of intestinal parasite infection was 29%. The commonest infestation was Helminthe. Regular deworming program in association to other preventive measures may help reduce the prevalence.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v13i1.12994