bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Most [False Reports] Involve Teens”: Officer Attitudes Toward Teenage Sexual Assault Complainants—A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: O’Neal Eryn Nicole , Hayes Brittany E.
Published: February 2019

Scholars, advocates, and victims have repeatedly criticized the police treatment of sexual assault (SA) complainants. Apathetic attitudes and hostile behavior on the part of the police have likely resulted from socialization into a culture that condones the use of force and violence and blames SA victims for their victimization. Using data from in-depth semistructured interviews with 52 Los Angeles Police Department sex crimes detectives, we examine officer attitudes toward teenage complainants of SA. Notably, almost three fourths of the respondents ( n = 38; 73%) mentioned that teenagers lie about SA. Practical implications, theoretical advancements, and directions for future research are discussed.
Patient engagement in first cycle comprehensive chemotherapy consultation pharmacist services and impact on patient activation
Authors: Bates Jill S , Auten Jessica , Sketch Margaret R , Patel Tejendra , Clark Stephen Michael , Morgan Katherine P , Muluneh Benyam , McLaughlin Jacqueline E , Pinelli Nicole R , Foster Matthew C , Amerine Lindsey
Published: February 2019

Background

Healthcare systems and policy makers worldwide are demonstrating interest in shared decision making, which requires patient activation. Patient activation can be measured using a validated tool called the patient activation measure-10. First cycle comprehensive chemotherapy consultation services (3CS) is provided by an oncology pharmacy team member during a patient encounter at the beginning of the patient's treatment for cancer.

Methods

This was a single center, prospective, non-randomized, observational clinical study in patients with cancer who required a new chemotherapy plan. A baseline patient activation measure-10 survey was administered and a pharmacy team member met with the patient to complete the first cycle 3CS encounter. Within two business days of that encounter, a second patient activation measure-10 survey was administered, and thus, patients served as their own control.

Results

Forty-nine patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled, of which 36 completed the study. Mean patient activation measure-10 scores measured at baseline and two business days after the 3CS encounter were significantly different (68.5 ± SD 14.7 vs. 75.0 ± SD 14.3, p = 0.001). This difference persisted when evaluated by gender (female: 70.0 ± SD 14.8 vs. 81.6 ± SD 10.5, p = 0.001; male: 66.1 ± SD 14.8 vs. 70.8 ± SD 14.7, p = 0.022).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that cancer patients had significantly increased patient activation scores after engagement in a 3CS encounter provided by an oncology pharmacy team. Further studies are needed to verify these data in a larger population, different healthcare settings, and to evaluate for patients who have solid tumor malignancies.
Application of time–intensity analysis in model system submitted to homogenization
Authors: Silva Pereira Gerlândia da , Leite Thiago S , Schmidt Flávio L , Cristianini Marcelo , Bolini Helena MA
Published: February 2019

The use of the high pressure homogenizer has been studied in fruit juices, but researches in model system for application in fruit nectar are scarce. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the application of these technologies and how the homogenization pressure (PH) can interfere in the sensorial profile of the samples. To prepare the solutions we used guar gum (0.1%), organic acids (0.3%), and sucrose (10%), which were later homogenized (0—control, 25 and 50 MPa) at 25 ℃. The rheological behavior and the temporal profile of the samples were evaluated. The model systems presented pseudoplastic behavior without residual tension and were fitted to the Ostwald–de Waele model. The consistency index reduced and the flow behavior index increased with processing. Apparent viscosity also decreased due to homogenization. In the time–intensity sensorial analysis, it was observed that the samples differed among the evaluated parameters, demonstrating that the samples with tartaric acid presented higher intensity for the sour taste. However, for sweetness, no change was observed. In the viscosity attribute, the model systems presented similar temporal profiles. Therefore, it was noted that the homogenization process favored a greater temporal profile of sour taste, making sensory perception more lasting in a model system for fruit nectar.
The clinical features in patients with newly diagnosed pseudoexfoliative glaucoma in Serbia
Authors: Maric Vesna D , Grgurevic Anita D , Cirkovic Andja M , Marjanovic Ivan S , Bozic Marija M
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

To evaluate the clinical characteristics of newly diagnosed pseudoexfoliative glaucoma and compare them with those pertaining to newly diagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma as well as pseudoexfoliation syndrome.

Methods:

This case–control study involved 306 participants, including patients with newly diagnosed pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, age- and sex-matched normal controls, patients with newly diagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma, and subjects with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. The study was conducted at the Glaucoma Department of Clinic for Eye Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, as the referral center for glaucoma in Serbia.

Results:

The mean age in the pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, primary open-angle glaucoma, pseudoexfoliation syndrome, and normal control groups was 73.61 ± 8.46, 65.50 ± 8.97, 74.81 ± 6.80, and 73.58 ± 9.34 years, respectively (pseudoexfoliative glaucoma vs primary open-angle glaucoma, p < 0.001). Unilateral pseudoexfoliative glaucoma was diagnosed in 35 patients (42.2%). The intraocular pressure was higher in the eyes affected by pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (32.0 ± 9.5 mmHg) than that in the primary open-angle glaucoma eyes (28.8 ± 5.9 mmHg) (p < 0.001). In pseudoexfoliative glaucoma and primary open-angle glaucoma eyes, glaucoma severity was determined via the vertical cup-to-disk ratio (C/D) 0.65 (0.45–1.0) versus 0.60 (0.45–1.0), p = 0.048 and visual field mean deviation −5.68 (−1.58 to −30.9) versus −4.70 (−1.39 to −31.0), p = 0.045. Alzheimer’s was the only systemic disease associated with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma in the study sample, with an odds ratio of 0.021 (95% confidence interval = 0.00−21.52, p = 0.022).

Conclusion:

At the time of diagnosis, pseudoexfoliative glaucoma exhibits different clinical features compared with primary open-angle glaucoma. Higher intraocular pressure, narrow or occludable angle, increased trabecular pigmentation, phacodonesis, and poorer pupillary dilatation emerged as the factors associated with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma.
Intravitreal aflibercept for diabetic macular oedema: Moorfields’ real-world 12-month visual acuity and anatomical outcomes
Authors: Lukic Marko , Williams Gwyn , Shalchi Zaid , Sim Dawn , Patel Praveen J , Keane Pearse A , Hykin Philip G , Sivaprasad Sobha , Menon Deepthy , Bruynseels Alice , Hamilton Robin D , Rajendram Ranjan
Published: February 2019

Objectives:

To assess structural and functional outcomes of treatment with intravitreal aflibercept (Eylea®) for diabetic macular oedema in treatment-naive patients.

Design:

This is a retrospective, real-life, cohort study.

Participants and Methods:

In all, 92 diabetic patients (102 eyes) receiving intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy were included. A total of 99 aflibercept-treated eyes were included in the statistical analysis. Each patient had corrected visual acuity in Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters and optical coherence tomography central foveal thickness and macular volume performed at baseline and 12 months. Patients were initiated on a loading phase of five monthly intravitreal aflibercept injections, followed by injections if needed as per clinicians’ discretion.

Results:

The mean number of aflibercept injections received was 6.92. At baseline, the mean visual acuity (standard deviation; Snellen) was 59.7 (16.1) (20/63) Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters, the mean central foveal thickness (standard deviation) was 431 (129) µm, while the mean macular volume (standard deviation) was 9.53 (1.79) mm3. At 12 months, the mean visual acuity (standard deviation; Snellen) was 69.6 (15.2; 20/40) Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters (p < .0001). Mean central foveal thickness (standard deviation) was 306 (122) μm (p < .0001) and mean macular volume (standard deviation) was 8.43 (1.58) mm3 (p < .0001) at 12 months; 33 (33.67%) eyes gained ⩾15 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters at month 12, and 50 (55.55%) eyes had a decrease in central foveal thickness of ⩾100 µm.

Conclusion:

There was a significant improvement in visual acuity and in anatomical outcomes in aflibercept-treated eyes at 12 months after commencing treatment for diabetic macular oedema in real-life settings.
Natural history of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve neuropraxia after anterior approach total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Gala Luca , Kim Paul R , Beaulé Paul E
Published: February 2019

Aim:

The aim of this study was to examine the natural history of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) neuropraxia in a previously reported cohort of individuals after direct anterior approach (DAA).

Methods:

99 patients (107 hips) with LFCN neuropraxia were identified, out of which 82 patients (87 hips) (83.1%) completed functional outcomes questionnaires at mean follow-up of 5.5 years (4.4–6.9 years). 5 patients were excluded from the study due to intra-articular source of pain and/or revision surgery. The total sample was composed of 77 patients (31 total hip replacements and 51 hip resurfacings) and functional outcomes scores were obtained for all patients.

Results:

At average 5.46-year follow-up, 55 patients (60 hips 73%) still reported symptoms of LFCN neuropraxia but their Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores were not inferior to those who had resolution for pain, function and stiffness: p values of 0.716, 0.171, and 0.238, respectively. The mean score on visual analogue scale decreased from 2.32 (SD 2.11) to 1.76 (SD 1.99). 1 patient (1.2%) reported his activities were limited by his symptoms.

Conclusion:

Although the majority of patients still report symptoms related to LFCN neuropraxia, symptoms do improve over time and there are no functional limitations. Even if LFCN neuropraxia following DAA does not lead to functional limitations, all patients should be made aware in order to alleviate any long-term functional concerns.
Draft Genome Sequencing of the Pathogenic Fungus Cladosporium phlei ATCC 36193 Identifies Candidates of Novel Polyketide Synthase Genes Involved in Perylenequinone-Group Pigment Production
Authors: Kang Yu-Na , So Kum-Kang , Kim Do-Wan , Kim Dae-Hyuk , Lee Tae-Ho
Published: February 2019

Cladosporium phlei, which causes purple eyespot disease, has been focused on as a source of phleichrome from the perylenequinone group of pigments. Although this agent is important in photodynamic therapy, there are no genome sequences for the species. Here, we sequenced the genome of C. phlei and reported the draft sequence. The total length of the draft genome was approximately 31.8 Mb, and 9571 genes were predicted. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Rachicladosporium sp., and Rachicladosporium antarcticum were closely related, and this result corresponded to the taxonomic data. In addition to the draft genome sequence, we report four candidates of new polyketide synthase (PKS) genes, involved in the production of perylenequinone-group pigments.
Advance care planning in dementia: recommendations for healthcare professionals
Authors: Harrison Dening Karen , Sampson Elizabeth L , De Vries Kay
Published: February 2019

The process of advance care planning in dementia is far from straightforward; as dementia progresses, the ability to consider future thoughts and actions becomes compromised, thus affecting decision-making abilities. Family carers find themselves increasingly in a position where they need to inform, or directly make, decisions on behalf of the person with dementia. This article discusses the context and importance of a palliative care approach and recommends rationales and strategies for healthcare professionals to support families affected by dementia to better plan for their future care.
Privacy and app use in Australian primary schools: insights into school-based Internet governance
Authors: Rennie Ellie , Schmieder Kathrin , Thomas Julian , Howard Sarah K , Ma Jun , Yang Jack
Published: February 2019

This article identifies the apps that are most frequently used in 148 Australian primary schools and categorises them by their stated treatment of identifiable information. Rather than providing a legal analysis, we use this as evidence of Internet governance insofar as it illuminates the influence of the education sector on the behaviour of technology companies. Teachers’ decision-making in the selection of apps is far from uniform, making individual guardian consent an inadequate approach to the protection of children. The failure of consent leads to other legal and self-regulatory approaches through which the state and technology companies together recreate the school’s role as administrator over the conduct and formation of future digital citizens.
Discourse or gimmick? Digital marginalia in online scholarship
Authors: Skains R Lyle
Published: February 2019

Marginalia has been studied as discourse, as historical documentation and as evidence of reader response. As many academic texts are now available electronically, it seems a natural step to incorporate the interactive, social functions of the Web 2.0. Digital marginalia in an academic publishing context has been a largely unsuccessful venture to this date, yet there are several promising developments. Tools have emerged that enable readers annotate online texts in an approximation of paper-based marginalia, with the additional affordances of two- (or many-) way discourse, digital archiving, and the ability to hide the annotations. This article reviews the contemporary practices of digital marginalia, narrowing in to focus on digital marginalia as a form of academic discourse and peer review. I analyse several case studies of digital marginalia and discourse within this context, including Nature’s trial of open peer review, Wellcome Open Research, PLOS ONE and PubPeer’s systems, as well as my own experience using open peer review with Hypothes.is in a special ‘disrupted’ issue of the Journal of Media Practice. The article examines the relative success of these initiatives, attitudes toward open peer review and concludes with some promising developments for the future of digital marginalia and discourse in academic publishing.
Omar Mateen as US citizen, not foreign threat: Homonationalism and LGBTQ online representations of the Pulse nightclub shooting
Authors: Meyer Doug
Published: February 2019

This article focuses on how 377 reports from popular lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) websites represented Omar Mateen, the shooter of the 2016 Pulse nightclub shooting in Orlando, Florida, drawing particular attention to the exclusion of Mateen's native-born status. Based on a grounded theory analysis of the five most-trafficked LGBTQ websites, results demonstrate that the reports generally decontextualized Mateen from his country of birth, the USA, and excluded any emphasis on xenophobia or anti-Latinx prejudice as a potential motivating factor in the shooting. Instead, Mateen was usually associated with “terrorism” and sometimes implicitly positioned as a “foreign threat.” These results, building on Jasbir Puar's concept of homonationalism, have implications for LGBTQ positions on the US political left, as the reports typically constructed themselves as anti-Republican and opposed to Islamophobia, while simultaneously reinforcing homonationalist, and relatively conservative, positions.
Decision tree–based seismic damage prediction for reinforcement concrete frame buildings considering structural micro-characteristics
Authors: Su Liang , He Hai-jian
Published: February 2019

A decision tree–based seismic vulnerability method for reinforcement concrete frames is proposed. Structures with stories equal to 3, 6, 9, and 12 were considered herein and 45,360 (4 × 11,340) reinforcement concrete frame damage samples with different micro-characteristic values were simulated using the capacity spectrum method. Afterward, with the adoption of CART algorithm, a decision tree was derived to visualize the relationship between the structural characteristics and damage states according to training samples. Damage prediction can then be made for unseen structures according to their characteristic values directly using the configured decision trees. Ten training and testing sets were established randomly from the sample library and their seismic vulnerabilities under three earthquake intensity levels were assessed to verify the proposed method. The results show that the decision tree predictor is efficient for seismic vulnerability assessment of reinforcement concrete frames, and the predictor shows high prediction accuracy and stability.
Measurement and evaluation of indoor air quality in naturally ventilated residential buildings
Authors: Yin Haiguo , Liu Chunxue , Zhang Leiming , Li Angui , Ma Zhenjun
Published: February 2019

This paper presents the field measurement and evaluation of the indoor air quality of 25 naturally ventilated residential buildings in northwestern China. Concentrations of formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, total volatile organic compounds, nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5, and air infiltration rate were measured in the bedroom, living room and kitchen of each building in different seasons. The results show that the concentration of formaldehyde can be used as a representative index of indoor gaseous pollutants, and that formaldehyde concentrations in various locations measured were highest in spring and lowest in autumn. PM2.5 concentration was the most important influencing factor of indoor air quality in winter, and concentration of outdoor PM2.5 was the key factor under hazy weather conditions. The median air infiltration rate was around 0.35 h−1 in bedrooms and 0.8 h−1 in kitchens, and these should be increased to 0.66 h−1 and 1.6 h−1, respectively, to provide acceptable indoor air quality in northwestern China. The findings obtained from this study can be used to understand where and how to improve the indoor air quality of naturally ventilated buildings in northwestern China. The data can also contribute to the development of a national database for improving residential ventilation, energy efficiency and indoor air quality.
On the properly political (disposition for the) Anthropocene
Authors: Blaser Mario
Published: February 2019

The environmental crises referenced by the term Anthropocene incite responses that reflect different understandings about the right way to live on Earth. This, one would expect, should generate a proliferation of disagreements and an expansion of politics. Yet, so-called post-political authors warn that, instead, the way in which the Anthropocene has been brought to the public eye implies an emptying out of politics and a disavowal of the inherently conflictive pursuit of different visions about the right way to live on Earth. To counter this, they propose that the problematic of the Anthropocene needs to be displaced onto the terrain of the “properly political.” In this paper I probe what the “properly political” might mean in the context of the Anthropocene.
Politics, Interrupted
Authors: Li Tania Murray
Published: February 2019

Against the suggestion that we are living in ‘post-political’ times, I argue that the capacity for critical politics is permanent and broadly distributed, as it emerges from the contradictions embedded in our everyday lives. Yet collective mobilisation to change prevailing power formations is not common. Ethnographers are well positioned to explain why this is so, by investigating critique at its incipient stage, when it may be mute or incoherent, and examining how it develops into a world-changing force or—more often—how the emergence of such a force is interrupted. Posing the trajectory towards historically effective politics as counter-factual (something we might expect to find), and attending to how such a trajectory is interrupted, offers a useful point of entry for ethnographic research. Drawing on the work of Antonio Gramsci and Stuart Hall, I propose a set of questions that could help guide a renewed anthropology of politics along these lines: (1) What is the formation of power that creates a sense of unease, or separation? (2) Through what practices is critique shared or enunciated? (3) What is the social group that connects to this critique? (4) In what ways does a group thus assembled act to change the configuration of power it has identified as problematic? Following the logic of the counterfactual: (5) What potential or embryonic critiques are not articulated, (6) do not form the basis for connection and mobilisation, or (7) do not make new worlds? Finally: (8) What are the formations, practices, and affective states that sustain and stabilise the status quo? In the second part of my essay I use these questions to probe practices of politics in three sites in rural Indonesia where I have carried out research.
‘To Act upon one's Time …’ From the impulse to resist to global political strategy
Authors: Müller Birgit
Published: February 2019

This article reflects on the possibilities for political action emerging out of quotidian engagements. Following controversies on the patenting of seeds in Canada and globally within the Committee for Food Security I explore what gave the impulse for political resistance in these different arenas. How did collective action emerge and how did it sustain itself? Three political concepts are important for understanding the political actions that I observed: Eigen-Sinn, empathy and strategy. These allowed me to follow and theorize political engagements. I first reflect on the potential to resist as a capacity of all human beings, because they have Eigen-Sinn: the capacity to attribute their own meanings to things, and act in their own self-interested way according to the meaning given. Self-interested action can only become political, however, when humans go beyond their strictly individual interests and empathize with others (humans and nonhumans), what Adorno described as getting into ‘live contact with the warmth of things’. Finally, I discuss how collective action can become not only possible, but also effective, by building and defending a space for strategic action.
Confessions of an ambivalent country expert: Queer refugeeism in the UK and the political economy of (im)mobility in and out of Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: McNeal Keith E.
Published: February 2019

This paper considers queer refugeeism from Trinidad and Tobago to the UK in relation to the political economy of (im)mobility in and out of the Caribbean. Gay rights have been embraced by liberal democracies as the newest form of human rights, what has been called “homonationalism.” Mirroring other double-binds of liberal inclusion, I show how queer asylum-seekers get caught betwixt and between two globally-stratified homonationalisms while confronting the realpolitik of European asylum law not only as queer refugees but also in terms of transnational social mobility otherwise unavailable to them. The British asylum system therefore materializes as a bordering operation that more often than not denies lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) asylum-seekers their rights under the sign of their humanitarian protection. I consider whether homonationalisms everywhere—as assemblages of human rights discourse—should be thought of as “post-political” projects, a concept critical to growing bodies of political theory and cultural critique. This is because humanitarianism touts “rights” as universal and moral, therefore transcending the political. However, as a result of their practical effects, I show how the institutional practices deemed post-political in the case at hand should be understood as attempts to deflect and defuse the underlying politics of socioeconomic status and mobility at stake, and that the conflicts and contradictions at the heart of queer asylum-seeking represent the return of the repressed political within legal-technical spaces of disagreement. I also scrutinize the ambivalent entanglements of “expertise” when anthropologists are solicited as country experts in legal asylum cases.
Introduction: A return to politics
Authors: Postero Nancy , Elinoff Eli
Published: February 2019

What does politics mean in contemporary anthropology? Counter to propositions that argue that neoliberalism has produced a “post-political” condition, we argue the notion of a post-political world was never empirically accurate. Instead, using the ethnographic method, our contributors show ongoing and diverse forms of political practices and contestations in the contemporary moment. We reconsider politics at a conceptual level, defining politics as practices of world-making that proceed through the formulation of constellations of critique, disagreement, difference, and conflict. We build this definition through a discussion of contemporary theories of the post-political and agonistic politics, and by tracing a history of political anthropology. Finally, we consider politics as both a practice and a goal. The authors in this collection show that new political anthropologies are particularly attuned to questions of commoning/uncommoning, spaces of articulation and disarticulation, and struggles to live “otherwise.” We argue that a return to these questions with a robust and specific engagement with politics is necessary for anthropology and increasingly urgent given the global conjuncture.
Has India’s tripartite cooperation with Brazil and South Africa helped it combat human trafficking? A news media framing analysis spanning two decades
Authors: Rosas-Moreno Tania Cantrell , Ganapathy Deepti
Published: February 2019

In 2003, India, Brazil, and South Africa co-founded the IBSA Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, to counter marginalization and promote social equality among the Global South nations. Given the essentiality of the press in a democracy, and the difficulty in accurately measuring an elusive crime, news analysis offers an effective way to consider how (inter)national policy trickles to practice in the streets, or at citizen level. In this instance, India’s human trafficking situation in light of its IBSA co-founding/membership is considered through a mixed-methods framing-theory-informed analysis of almost 300 human trafficking stories from two top Indian dailies spanning nearly two decades. Basic quantitative findings plus a comparison among five emergent frames indicate that at least in India’s case, its IBSA co-founding and membership have had little to no influence on its human trafficking situation. This research is significant, because it questions international organizational participation effectiveness; articulates the gross social injustice of human trafficking; points out the Indian press’s role in reporting on it; and calls for other root-based approaches to stop trafficking, given how current top-down measures seem powerless to stay it.
Listening out and dealing with otherness. A postcolonial approach to higher education teaching
Authors: Thielsch Angelika
Published: February 2019

Postcolonial pedagogy invites academic teaching staff to create situations, in which hegemonic modes of knowledge production can be critically reflected and one’s own entanglement as disciplinary socialised member of (western) academia experienced. Such a postcolonial approach has been applied to a seminar in the context of cultural musicology and its impact on teaching and learning analysed. In this paper, the findings of the accompanying research are presented and discussed in relation to the concept of Bildung, theories on individual learning (in higher education) and current processes to internationalise the curricula. Throughout the argumentation, I will demonstrate how postcolonial pedagogy may cause the construction of otherness and why this simultaneously constitutes the biggest challenge as well as the profoundest reward when applying such an approach to university teaching. In addition to that, this paper introduces a definition of postcolonial pedagogy and offers recommendations to foster its implementation in higher education contexts.
Expecting and Competing? Jealous Responses Among Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women
Authors: Massar Karlijn , Buunk Abraham P.
Published: February 2019

In the current study, we reasoned that when pregnant, women should be especially motivated to protect their reproductive investments as well as their pair bond and be vigilant about intrasexual competitors. To investigate this, pregnant women ( n = 66) and nonpregnant women ( n = 59; age M = 27.41, SD = 3.36) in committed relationships read a jealousy-evoking scenario that was accompanied by a picture of either an attractive or an unattractive woman, after which they indicated their jealousy about such a situation. Moreover, we asked whether a mate’s emotional infidelity would evoke more jealousy than his sexual infidelity. The results showed that for pregnant women, both rivals evoked similar amounts of jealousy, whereas nonpregnant women’s jealousy was mainly evoked by the attractive rival. Moreover, pregnant women indicated they would be most upset by their partner’s emotional infidelity, and especially if they were previously exposed to the attractive rival. Nonpregnant women considered both types of infidelity equally upsetting. These results emphasize the adaptive function of jealousy and extend the literature on the influence of a rival’s attractiveness on women’s jealousy by focusing on the experiences of pregnant women.
Videoscope-based inspection of turbofan engine blades using convolutional neural networks and image processing
Authors: Kim Yong-Ho , Lee Jung-Ryul
Published: February 2019

A typical aircraft engine consists of fans, compressors, turbines, and so on, and each is made of multiple layers of blades. Discovering the site of damages among the large number of blades during aircraft engine maintenance is quite important. However, it is impossible to look directly into the engine unless it is disassembled. For this reason, optical equipment such as a videoscope is used to visually inspect the blades of an engine through inspection holes. The videoscope inspection method has some obvious drawbacks such as the long-time attention on microscopic video feed and high labor intensity. In this research, we developed a damage recognition algorithm using convolutional neural networks and some image-processing techniques related to feature point extraction and matching in order to improve the videoscope inspection method. The image-processing techniques were mainly used for the preprocessing of the videoscope images, from which a suspected damaged region is selected after the preprocessing. The suspected region is finally classified as damaged or normal by the pre-trained convolutional neural networks. We trained the convolutional neural networks 2000 times by using data from 380 images and calculated the classification accuracy using data from 40 images. After repeating the above procedure 50 times with the data randomly divided into training and test groups, an average classification accuracy of 95.2% for each image and a damage detectability of 100% in video were obtained. For verification of the proposed approach, the convolutional neural network part was compared with the traditional neural network, and the preprocessing was compared with the region proposal network of the faster region–based convolutional neural networks. In addition, we developed a platform based on the developed damage recognition algorithm and conducted field tests with a videoscope for a real engine. The damage detection AI platform was successfully applied to the inspection video probed in an in-service engine.
Balanced but not fair: Strategic balancing, rating allocations, and third-party intermediaries
Authors: Bowers Anne
Published: February 2019

This article examines how two fundamental features of many intermediaries—that intermediaries provide ratings across a set of candidates (their portfolio), and that intermediaries wish to look credible to their audiences—may create the potential for bias in evaluation outcomes. I examine how having too many positive ratings, which risks intermediary credibility, may bias an intermediary in favor of giving a subsequent negative rating, which I term strategic balancing. My setting is the ratings given by equity analysts on publicly traded firms. I find evidence consistent with a strategic balancing effect, such that having a greater allocation of high ratings in an analyst’s portfolio is associated with a subsequent negative rating, particularly when such ratings can be justified. My findings suggest that lower ratings may not be the result of poor firm performance, but instead may occur because such a rating allows an intermediary to maintain credibility. That is, the very features that define the role of the intermediary—one who interprets many market offerings for a particular audience—can create the conditions in which its evaluations may be subjective.
The impact of the 2008 economic crisis on imprisonment in Europe
Authors: Rodríguez-Menés Jorge , López-Riba José M.
Published: February 2019

We explore how the worldwide economic downturn of the early 2000s affected imprisonment rates across Europe. We test three hypotheses: (i) the recession caused an increase in incarceration rates directly, regulating the excess in labour supply; (ii) it did it indirectly, by affecting crime; (iii) its effects varied according to the institutional context – countries’ welfare states and criminal justice traditions. We use cross-national panel data to fit fixed, random and mixed-effects models and to explain variations in incarceration rates within and across countries during 12 years. The results show that the economic crisis had multiple effects on imprisonment and that these were moderated by the institutional context, increasing it in countries with less comprehensive welfare states and more punitive penal traditions and decreasing it in countries with penal-welfarist policies.
Conditioning the neuroimmune response to ethanol using taste and environmental cues in adolescent and adult rats
Authors: Gano Anny , Pautassi Ricardo M , Doremus-Fitzwater Tamara L , Barney Thaddeus M , Vore Andrew S , Deak Terrence
Published: February 2019

Our work in adult Sprague-Dawley rats has shown elevation of the cytokine Interleukin (IL)-6 in the hippocampus and amygdala following acute and repeated binge-like doses of ethanol during intoxication. Previously, we have shown that in adults, the central IL-6 response to a sub-threshold dose of ethanol was sensitized by repeated pairings of ethanol as an unconditioned stimulus (US) with an odor conditioned stimulus (CS).In the present studies, acute ethanol exposure (4 g/kg intraperitoneal) was paired with a combined odor and taste cue using a single trial learning procedure, after which rats were tested for conditioned effects of the CS on neuroimmune gene expression. We found that IL-6 was significantly elevated in the amygdala based on exposure to the CS after just one CS–US pairing in young adolescent rats (age P32–40), an effect that was more modest in young adults (P72–80). These data indicate that, despite a normal disposition toward a blunted neuroimmune response to ethanol, adolescents were more sensitive than adults to forming learned associations between ethanol’s neuroimmune effects and conditioned stimuli. Given the emergent role of the immune system in alcoholism, such as regulating ethanol intake, these ethanol-induced conditioned effects on cytokine levels may contribute to our understanding of the unique attributes that make adolescence a time period of vulnerability in the development of later alcohol abuse behaviors.

Impact statement

A combined odor and taste cue was paired with a binge-like ethanol exposure (4 g/kg intraperitoneal) using a single-trial learning paradigm. Re-exposure to the CS alone was sufficient to evoke a conditioned Interleukin (IL)-6 elevation in the amygdala in adolescents, an effect that was not observed in young adults. This demonstrates a particular sensitivity of adolescents to alcohol-associated cues and neuroimmune learning, whereas prior work indicated that adults require multiple pairings of ethanol to the CS in order to achieve a conditioned amygdala IL-6 response. While the role of immune conditioning has been studied in other drugs of abuse, these findings highlight a previously unknown aspect of alcohol-related learning. Given the emergent importance of the neuroimmune system in alcohol abuse, these findings may be important for understanding cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol intake among problem drinkers.
Male Experience and Sociodemographic Characteristics of Premarital Pregnancy: Based on a Nationwide Population-Based Survey Among Urban and Rural Chinese Youths
Authors: Guo Chao , Ding Ruoxi , Wen Xu , Zheng Xiaoying
Published: February 2019

Little is known about the male experience of premarital pregnancy (MEPP) and the sociodemographic characteristics of unmarried male youths involved in pregnancy. This study estimates the prevalence of MEPP and identifies the sociodemographic factors associated with it among Chinese unmarried youths aged 15–24 years, using data from the Survey of Youth Access to Reproductive Health in China. Descriptive analyses and χ2 tests were applied to explore the number and prevalence of MEPP, and logistic regressions were used to identify the associated factors. As a result, among 2,853 sexually experienced male youths, 597 individuals reported 852 partner pregnancies caused by them during their lifetime, with a weighted prevalence rate of 20.87% (95% CI [18.85%, 22.88%]). Among these pregnancies, 78.05% ended in induced abortion. Factors like living with only the father (OR: 4.16, 95% CI [2.22, 7.8]) and the low level of education of the father (junior high school or below, OR: 1.60, 95% CI [1.04, 2.46]) were associated with MEPP among unmarried male youth. Furthermore, there is a marked difference between the rural and urban youth in factors associated with MEPP. The findings in this study highlight the importance of and need for strategies and interventions targeting male youths, in order to improve sexual education and reproductive services.
Exploring the Effectiveness of an Integrated Mixed Martial Arts and Psychotherapy Intervention for Young Men’s Mental Health
Authors: Bird N. , McCarthy G. , O’Sullivan K.
Published: February 2019

This research sought to establish the impact of a 10-week program combining mixed martial arts (MMA) and one-to-one psychotherapy on young males’ mental health and determine factors that predict help-seeking behavior in at-risk males. Preparticipation and post-participation interviews were employed as the method of data collection. Seven males (20–35 years; M = 24.57) completed preparticipation interviews and five completed follow-up interviews. Thematic analysis of preparticipation revealed that help-seeking behavior in at-risk males is impeded by the presence of male gender stereotypes, the absence of positive role models, as well as difficulty navigating challenging social landscapes. Post-participation interviews revealed that the sport provided structure and fitness for at-risk males, while the counseling was pivotal for personal growth. Improved relationships, work life, and self-esteem were also observed. The sporting element of the program helped to reduce stigma associated with engaging in psychotherapy, and positive male relationships were noted as particularly impactful. Findings support previous research indicating that combining sports and psychotherapy positively impacts young males’ mental health. Sport provides an acceptable doorway to psychotherapy, providing space to explore personal issues.
Preparatory Time–Related Hand Surgery Operating Room Inefficiency: A Systems Analysis
Authors: Milone Michael T. , Hacquebord Heero , Catalano Louis W. , Glickel Steven Z. , Hacquebord Jacques H.
Published: February 2019

Background: No study exists on preparatory time—from patient’s entrance into the operating room to skin incision—and its role in hand surgery operating room inefficiency. The purpose of this study was to investigate the length and variability of preparatory time and assess the relationship between several variables and preparatory time. Methods: Consecutive upper extremity cases performed for a period of 1 month by hand surgeons were reviewed at 3 surgical sites. Preparatory time was compared across locations. Cases at one location were further analyzed to assess the relationship between preparatory time and several variables. Both traditional statistical methods and Shewhart control charts, a quality control tool, were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 288 cases were performed. The mean preparatory times at the 3 sites were 25.1, 25.7, and 20.7 minutes, respectivley. Aggregated preparatory time averaged 24.4 (range 7-61) minutes, was 75% the length of the surgical time, and accounted for 34% of total operating room time. Control charts confirmed substantial variability at all locations, signifying a poorly defined process. At a single site, where 189 cases were performed by 14 different surgeons, there was no difference in preparatory time by case type, American Society of Anesthesiologists status, or case start time. Preparatory time varied by surgeon and anesthesia type. Conclusions: Preparatory time was found to be a source of inefficiency, independent of the surgical site. Control charts reinforced large variations, signifying a poorly designed process. Surgeon seemingly plays an important, albeit likely indirect, role. Efforts to improve operating room workflow should include preparatory time.
Research Progress on the Biological Effects of Low-Dose Radiation in China
Authors: Ji Kaihua , Wang Yan , Du Liqing , Xu Chang , Liu Yang , He Ningning , Wang Jinhan , Liu Qiang
Published: February 2019

Human are exposed to ionizing radiation from natural and artificial sources, which consequently poses a possible risk to human health. However, accumulating evidence indicates that the biological effects of low-dose radiation (LDR) are different from those of high-dose radiation (HDR). Low-dose radiation–induced hormesis has been extensively observed in different biological systems, including immunological and hematopoietic systems. Adaptive responses in response to LDR that can induce cellular resistance to genotoxic effects from subsequent exposure to HDR have also been described and researched. Bystander effects, another type of biological effect induced by LDR, have been shown to widely occur in many cell types. Furthermore, the influence of LDR-induced biological effects on certain diseases, such as cancer and diabetes, has also attracted the interest of researchers. Many studies have suggested that LDR has the potential antitumor and antidiabetic complications effects. In addition, the researches on whether LDR could induce stochastic effects were also debated. Studies on the biological effects of LDR in China started in 1970s and considerable progress has been made since. In the present article, we provide an overview of the research progress on the biological effects of LDR in China.
Evaluation of bladder shape using transabdominal ultrasound: Feasibility of a novel approach for the detection of involuntary detrusor contractions
Authors: Gray Thomas , Phillips Luned , Li Weiguang , Buchanan Charlotte , Campbell Patrick , Farkas Andrew , Abdi Shahram , Radley Stephen
Published: February 2019

Conventional assessment of overactive bladder syndrome uses invasive pressure-measuring catheters to detect bladder contractions (urodynamics). We hypothesised that bladder shape changes detected and measured using transabdominal ultrasound scan could provide a non-invasive and clinically useful alternative investigation of bladder contractions. This feasibility study evaluated a novel transabdominal ultrasound scan bladder shape test during conventional urodynamics and physiological bladder filling. The aim was to initially evaluate and refine a non-invasive approach for detecting and quantifying bladder shape changes associated with involuntary bladder contractions. To develop measurement techniques and characterise bladder shape changes during bladder filling, healthy female volunteers (n=20) and women with overactive bladder symptoms who had previously undergone urodynamics (n=30) completed symptom questionnaires and bladder diaries. The bladder shape test protocol included consumption of 1 l water before undergoing serial transabdominal ultrasound scan imaging of the bladder during physiological bladder filling and during episodes of urgency. In a further group of women with overactive bladder (n=22), serial transabdominal ultrasound scan images were captured during urodynamics so that shape changes occurring with bladder contractions could be characterised. In both healthy volunteers and women with overactive bladder, the transverse view of the bladder provided the most reliable plane to characterise and measure bladder shape changes. A sphericity index derived from the ratio between maximum inscribed and minimum circumscribed ellipses (πac2(inner)/πac2(outer)) offered a reliable and reproducible measurement system. Of participants undergoing transabdominal ultrasound scan during urodynamics, there were significant measurable differences in sphericity index between patients with bladder contractions (n=12) and patients with acontractile bladders ( p < 0.001). Bladder shape changes detected during physiological filling and urodynamics have provided preliminary evidence to support further research into bladder shape test as a non-invasive diagnostic tool to identify involuntary bladder contractions in patients with overactive bladder syndrome.
Perceived barriers to and facilitators of physical activity in people living with HIV: A qualitative study in a French sample
Authors: Gray Laura , Schuft Laura , Bergamaschi Alessandro , Filleul Valentine , Colson Serge S , d’Arripe-Longueville Fabienne
Published: February 2019

Objectives

The benefits of physical activity in people living with HIV (PLHIV) are numerous and are largely reported in the literature. Understanding why PLHIV engage or not in physical activity is key to better accompanying health behaviors. Through a qualitative approach, our study sought to identify barriers to and facilitators of physical activity participation in PLHIV.

Methods

PLHIV were recruited by purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were carried-out in Center and Southern France. The data were analyzed following the principals of thematic analysis. Physical activity level was assessed through questions related to physical activity recommendations and a physical activity questionnaire.

Results

Fifteen semi-structured interviews (seven men and eight women; Mage = 46.6; SD = 10.3) were analyzed. Only a third of our sample was considered physically active with almost half being considered inactive according to recommendations. A multidimensional perspective of physical activity barriers and facilitators emerged. Barriers to and facilitators of physical activity were related to the physical, psychological and socio-environmental domains.

Discussion

Our research sought to better understand the beliefs and attitudes of PLHIV towards physical activity. Physical activity was overall viewed as beneficial by both active and less active PLHIV; however, PLHIV remain insufficiently active. This is discussed through our multidimensional approach of the barriers to and facilitators of physical activity.