bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Word Complexity of Primary‐Level Texts: Differences Between First and Third Grade in Widely Used Curricula
Authors: Kearns Devin M. , Hiebert Elfrieda H.
Published: July 2021

The Common Core State Standards emphasize the need for U.S. students to read complex texts. As a result, the level of word complexity for primary‐level texts is important, particularly the dimensions of and changes in complexity between first grade and the important third‐grade high‐stakes testing year. In this study, we addressed word complexity in these grades by examining its dimensions and differences in the texts in three widely used U.S. reading programs. Fourteen measures of word complexity were computed, and exploratory factor analysis established that four dimensions—orthography, length, familiarity, and morphology—characterized word complexity. As expected, the third‐grade texts have more complex words than the first‐grade texts have in the four dimensions, with the greatest differences in length and familiarity. More surprisingly, the words in the first‐grade texts increase in complexity over the year, but overall, the words in the third‐grade texts do not. Polysyllabic words are common in texts in both grades, comprising 48% of unique words in first‐grade texts and 65% in third‐grade texts. Polymorphemic words comprise 13% of unique first‐grade words and 19% of third‐grade words (for derived words, 3% and 6%, respectively, of all words). Results show that word complexity changes markedly between grades as expected, not only in length and familiarity but also in syllabic and morphemic structure. Implications for instruction and future word complexity analyses are discussed.
XAS Diagnostic of the Photoactive State in Co(II) Azobenzene Complex in Organic Solvents
Authors: Vlasenko Valery G. , Shapovalova Svetlana O. , Guda Alexander A. , Chernyshev Anatolii V. , Starikov Andrey G. , Smolentsev Grigory Yu. , Burlov Anatolii S. , Mashchenko Sergey A. , Soldatov Alexander V.
Published: July 2021

X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to characterize the structure of the photoactive Co(II) azobenzene complex. Optical absorption spectra show that photoinduced changes occur only in dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent, while in acetonitrile, this complex is photochemically inactive. Co K‐edge XAS spectra indicate 6‐coordinated species in acetonitrile with a structure similar to one in the crystalline form of the complex. However, in DMF, an activation process occurs related to the decrease of coordination number, bond shortening and absorption edge shift to the higher energies. Quantitative analysis indicates that observed spectral changes are related to the high spin ‐ low spin transition in the Co complex accompanied by the bond dissociation and solvent coordination.
Pd‐Au Supported Reduced Graphene Oxide Catalyst for Carbon‐ Hydrogen Bond Activation in Benzene
Authors: Sharma Deepika , Thakur Kamal Kishor , Gupta Neeraj
Published: July 2021

An improved reduced graphene oxide supported bimetallic palladium and gold catalyst was synthesized for the carbon‐hydrogen bond activation of un‐activated aromatic organic substrate benzene. XPS analysis has revealed that catalyst contained Au(0) nanoparticles with Pd(II) ions on its surface. The surface of rGO was found to be rich in sp2 carbon content with >C=O groups that most probably provided supporting sites for the gold and palladium metals. The XRD analysis further confirmed that Au(0) nanoparticles with palladium oxide and palladium nanoparticles were present on rGO surface. The catalytic activity of the material was tested towards activation of benzene to form biphenyl as an end product. Density function theory has revealed that Pd(II) ion was the active component that insert itself in between C−H bond of benzene and showed efficiency to interact with oxygen molecules. Simultaneously, Au(0) atoms have the tendency to adsorb on the π‐bonded surface of the catalyst and extend its conjugation that reduced the HOMO‐LUMO gap of the catalyst and provided the good catalytic activity.
In Situ Coupling of Catalytic Centers into Artificial Substrate Mesochannels as Super‐Active Metalloenzyme Mimics
Authors: Yang Jian , Li Ke , Li Chunzhong , Gu Jinlou
Published: July 2021

Highly evolved substrate channels in natural enzymes facilitate the rapid capture of substrates and direct transfer of intermediates between cascaded catalytic units, thus rationalizing their efficient catalysis. In this study, a nanoscale ordered mesoporous Ce‐based metal–organic framework (OMUiO‐66(Ce)) is designed as an artificial substrate channel, where MnO2 is coupled to Ce–O clusters as a super‐active catalase (CAT). An in situ soft template reduction strategy is developed to deposit well‐dispersed and exposed MnO2 in the mesochannels of OMUiO‐66(Ce). Several synthesis parameters are optimized to minimize the particle size to ≈150 nm for efficient intracellular endocytosis. The mesochannels provide interaction guidance that not only rapidly drove H2O2 substrates to CAT‐like catalytic centers, but also seamlessly transfer H2O2 intermediates between superoxide dismutase‐like and CAT‐like biocatalytic cascades. As a result, the biomimetic system exhibits high efficiency, low dosage, and long‐lasting intracellular antioxidant function. Under disease‐related oxidative stress, the artificial substrate channels promote the rate of the reactions catalyzed by MnO2, which exceeds that of the reactions catalyzed by natural CAT. Based on this observation, a set of design rules for substrate channels are proposed to guide the rational design of super‐active biomimetic systems.
Extra Sodiation Sites in Hard Carbon for High Performance Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Gan Qingmeng , Qin Ning , Gu Shuai , Wang Zhenyu , Li Zhiqiang , Liao Kemeng , Zhang Kaili , Lu Li , Xu Zhenghe , Lu Zhouguang
Published: July 2021

Hard carbons are promising anodes for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, the low practical capacity from limited sodiation sites impedes their applications. Herein, ultrahigh concentration of pyridine N (≈7.9%) is introduced inside hard carbon, considering that pyridine N may provide extra sodium storage sites with stable CN• and CC• radicals during cycling. To expose more radical sites for sodium storage, a 3D structure with a multistage pore structure is constructed through NH3 release during the pyrolyzation process. As expected, the hard carbon with extra sodiation sites exhibits an impressively high capacity of 434 mA h g−1 at 20 mA g−1, superior rate performance of 238 mA h g−1 at a current density of 5 A g−1 and a high‐capacity retention of 98.7% after 5000 cycles. The radicals induced Na‐adsorption mechanism was further explored through ex situ electron paramagnetic resonance technology, in situ Raman technology and density functional theory calculations. The results reveal that the extra sodiation sites come from the electrostatic interaction at low potentials. This work constructs a sodium ions storage model of extra radicals and provides an extended strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of SIBs anode materials.
RNA‐seq bulked segregant analysis combined with KASP genotyping rapidly identified PmCH7087 as responsible for powdery mildew resistance in wheat
Authors: Zhan Haixian , Wang Yingli , Zhang Dan , Du Chenhui , Zhang Xiaojun , Liu Xiaoli , Wang Guangyuan , Zhang Shuosheng
Published: July 2021

Powdery mildew causes considerable yield losses in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Mapping and cloning powdery mildew‐resistant quantitative trait loci can benefit stable yield production by facilitating the breeding of resistant varieties. In this study, we used the powdery mildew resistance introgression line ‘CH7087’ (harboring the resistance gene PmCH7087) and developed a large F2 population and a corresponding F2:3 segregation population containing 2,000 family lines for molecular mapping of PmCH7087. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the resistance phenotype was controlled by a single dominant gene. According to the performance exhibited by the F2:3 lines, 50 resistant lines and 50 susceptible lines without phenotype segregation were chosen for pooling and bulked segregant RNA sequencing (BSR‐Seq) analysis. A region spanning 42.77 Mb was identified, and genotyping of an additional 183 F2:3 lines with extreme phenotypes using 20 kompetitive allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) markers in the BSR‐Seq mapping regions confirmed this region and narrowed it to 9.68 Mb, in which 45 genes were identified and annotated. Five of these transcripts harbored nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms between the two parents, with the transcripts of TraesCS2B01G302800 being involved in signal transduction. Furthermore, TraesCS2B01G302800.2 was annotated as the closest homologue of serine/threonine‐protein kinase PBS1, a typical participant in the plant disease immune response, indicating that TraesCS2B01G302800 was the candidate gene of PmCH7087. Our results may facilitate future research attempting to improve powdery mildew resistance in wheat and to identify candidate genes for further verification and gene cloning.
Eliciting forgiveness
Authors: Yucel Meltem , Vaish Amrisha
Published: July 2021

When we commit transgressions, we need to be forgiven to restore our friendships and social standing. Two main ways we can elicit forgiveness is through asking for forgiveness after committing a transgression (i.e., retrospective elicitors) or before committing a transgression (i.e., prospective elicitors). Research on retrospective elicitors with adults and children indicates that apologizing or showing remorse elicits forgiveness from both victims and bystanders, and sheds light on the nuances of such elicitors and their functions. Far less is known about how adults and children respond to prospective elicitors of forgiveness, such as disclaimers (statements that prepare the listener for a transgression or a failure of character or performance, e.g., “I don't mean to be rude but…”), and how the functions and effectiveness of prospective elicitors compare to those of retrospective elicitors. Furthermore, much less is known about the additive effects of using both retrospective and prospective elicitors of forgiveness. A better understanding of how and when forgiveness is elicited in childhood and through adulthood promises to shed light on human sociality and cooperativeness.

This article is categorized under:

Cognitive Biology > Social Development

Psychology > Emotion and Motivation

Cognitive Biology > Cognitive Development
Ligaments of the scapho-trapezial-trapezoidal joint: MR anatomy in asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals
Authors: Higashigaito Kai , Pfirrmann Christian W. A. , Koch Sarah , Graf Dimitri , Schweizer Andreas , Nanz Daniel , Rosskopf Andrea B.
Published: July 2021

Purpose

To evaluate the MRI anatomy of the scapho-trapezial-trapezoidal (STT) ligament complex in asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals.

Material and methods

In this retrospective study, STT ligament complex of 42 (male 69%, median age 37.5 years) asymptomatic (n = 25) and symptomatic (n = 17) (defined as pain described over the STT joint) individuals was examined using a high-resolution 3D proton density-weighted isovoxel sequence (MR arthrogram) with multiplanar reconstructions. Two musculoskeletal radiologists independently assessed visibility, signal intensity (SI), morphology, and thickness of the radiopalmar scapho-trapezial ligament (rpSTL), palmar scapho-capitate capsular ligament (pSCL), palmar STT capsule (pSTTC), and dorsal STT capsule (dSTTC).

Results

Interreader agreement ranged from fair to good and intraclass correlations were good. The rpSTL was almost always visible (85.7%/80.1%; reader 1/reader 2). The pSCL and dSTTC were visible in all cases. The pSTTC was visible in only 52.4%/42.9%. Mean thickness of the rpSTL, pSCL, pSTTC, and dSTTC was 1.4 ± 0.5 mm/1.3 ± 0.5 mm, 2.8 ± 0.7 mm/2.7 ± 0.6 mm, 0.5 ± 0.5 mm/0.4 ± 0.4 mm, and 0.5 ± 0.3 mm/0.3 ± 0.3 mm. Both readers rated SI of the rpSTL significantly more often as increased in the symptomatic group (increased SI in asymptomatic group: 20%/15%; symptomatic group: 56%/50%) (p-values < 0.005). For all other ligaments, no significant difference was observed for SI between symptomatic and asymptomatic group (p-values ranging between 0.188 and 0.890). For all other ligaments, no significant differences were observed regarding ligament visibility, morphology, and thickness (p-values ranging between 0.274 and 1.000).

Conclusion

The anatomy of the STT ligament complex can consistently be visualized on high-resolution 3D MRI. Increased signal intensity of rpSTL is significantly more frequent in patients with radial-sided wrist pain.
Population decline of the cape petrel (Daption capense) on King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica
Authors: Braun Christina , Esefeld Jan , Savelieva Larisa , Peter Hans-Ulrich
Published: July 2021

The Antarctic and the surrounding Southern Ocean are currently subject to rapid environmental changes and increasing anthropogenic impacts. Seabird populations often reflect those changes and so act as indicators of environmental variability. Their population trends may provide information on a variety of environmental parameters on the scale of years or decades. We therefore provide long-term data on the cape petrel (Daption capense) population from a long-term monitoring program on Fildes Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, Maritime Antarctic, an area of considerable human activity. Our data, covering a period of 36 years, indicate some variability, but no clear trend in the number of breeding pairs between the breeding seasons 1985 and 2006. However, beginning in the 2008 season, the population decreased significantly and reached a minimum in the 2020 season. The mean annual decrease between 2008 and 2020 was 10.6%. We discuss possible causes of this strong negative population trend. Anthropogenic disturbance only affects a few breeding sites in the area and is therefore unable, on its own, to explain the consistent population decline at all the breeding sites studied. We think it more likely that reduced food availability was the main cause of the drastic decline in the cape petrel population.
Tendons and ligaments of the Rangifer tarandus metapodial and hoof
Authors: Hull Emily , Semeniuk Mitchell , Puolakka Hanna-Leena , Kynkäänniemi Sanna-Mari , Niinimäki Sirpa
Published: July 2021

Rangifer tarandus, the northern species including both reindeer and caribou, is a pillar of northern ecosystems and the lives of northern peoples. As the only domestic cervid, reindeer are important not only to the herders and hunters who presently interact with them, but also to zooarchaeologists and palaeontologists tracing their histories. Unfortunately, limited anatomical information on Rangifer tarandus muscles is available beyond descriptions of the large muscle groups. The lower limb and hoof in particular is poorly documented. This is problematic, as this important body part has the potential to be informative in zooarchaeological analyses of habitual activity, especially in regards to historical animal health, movement, and habitual activity. Better understanding of the hoof can additionally be useful to herders and veterinarians seeking to provide veterinary care for living animals. This study has used dissections and comparisons of the reindeer hoof with other domestic ungulates to document both the common and unique structures in Rangifer tarandus hooves, including the presence and attachment points of these structures. As these structures have proved unique, especially in regards to the dewclaw, it is important that other ungulates not be used exclusively in the analysis of Rangifer tarandus remains.
Kidney organoid systems for studies of immune-mediated kidney diseases: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Stein Melissa C. , Braun Fabian , Krebs Christian F. , Bunders Madeleine J.
Published: July 2021

Acute and chronic kidney diseases are major contributors to morbidity and mortality in the global population. Many nephropathies are considered to be immune-mediated with dysregulated immune responses playing an important role in the pathogenesis. At present, targeted approaches for many kidney diseases are still lacking, as the underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. With the recent development of organoids—a three-dimensional, multicellular culture system, which recapitulates important aspects of human tissues—new opportunities to investigate interactions between renal cells and immune cells in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases arise. To date, kidney organoid systems, which reflect the structure and closer resemble critical aspects of the organ, have been established. Here, we highlight the recent advances in the development of kidney organoid models, including pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids and primary epithelial cell-based tubuloids. The employment and further required advances of current organoid models are discussed to investigate the role of the immune system in renal tissue development, regeneration, and inflammation to identify targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches of immune-mediated kidney diseases.
Exponential mean-square stability properties of stochastic linear multistep methods
Authors: Buckwar Evelyn , D’Ambrosio Raffaele
Published: July 2021

The aim of this paper is the analysis of exponential mean-square stability properties of nonlinear stochastic linear multistep methods. In particular it is known that, under certain hypothesis on the drift and diffusion terms of the equation, exponential mean-square contractivity is visible: the qualitative feature of the exact problem is here analysed under the numerical perspective, to understand whether a stochastic linear multistep method can provide an analogous behaviour and which restrictions on the employed stepsize should be imposed in order to reproduce the contractive behaviour. Numerical experiments confirming the theoretical analysis are also given.
Correction to: Viable supply chain model: integrating agility, resilience and sustainability perspectives—lessons from and thinking beyond the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Ivanov Dmitry
Published: July 2021

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-04042-6
An improved conflicting-evidence combination method based on the redistribution of the basic probability assignment
Authors: Yan Zezheng , Zhao Hanping , Mei Xiaowen
Published: July 2021

Dempster–Shafer evidence theory is widely applied in various fields related to information fusion. However, the results are counterintuitive when highly conflicting evidence is fused with Dempster’s rule of combination. Many improved combination methods have been developed to address conflicting evidence. Nevertheless, all of these approaches have inherent flaws. To solve the existing counterintuitive problem more effectively and less conservatively, an improved combination method for conflicting evidence based on the redistribution of the basic probability assignment is proposed. First, the conflict intensity and the unreliability of the evidence are calculated based on the consistency degree, conflict degree and similarity coefficient among the evidence. Second, the redistribution equation of the basic probability assignment is constructed based on the unreliability and conflict intensity, which realizes the redistribution of the basic probability assignment. Third, to avoid excessive redistribution of the basic probability assignment, the precision degree of the evidence obtained by information entropy is used as the correction factor to modify the basic probability assignment for the second time. Finally, Dempster’s rule of combination is used to fuse the modified basic probability assignment. Several different types of examples and actual data sets are given to illustrate the effectiveness and potential of the proposed method. Furthermore, the comparative analysis reveals the proposed method to be better at obtaining the right results than other related methods.
Making Behavioral Ethics Research More Useful for Ethics Management Practice: Embracing Complexity Using a Design Science Approach
Authors: Maesschalck Jeroen
Published: July 2021

Research on behavioral ethics is thriving and intends to offer advice that can be used by practitioners to improve the practice of ethics management. However, three barriers prevent this research from generating genuinely useful advice. It does not sufficiently focus on interventions that can be directly designed by management. The typical research designs used in behavioral ethics research require such a reduction of complexity that the resulting findings are not very useful for practitioners. Worse still, attempts to make behavioral ethics research more useful by formulating simple recommendations are potentially very damaging. In response to these limitations, this article proposes to complement the current behavioral ethics research agenda that takes an ‘explanatory science’ approach with a research agenda that uses a ‘design science’ approach. Proposed by Joan van Aken and building on earlier work by Herbert Simon, this approach aims to develop field-tested ‘design propositions’ that present often complex but useful recommendations for practitioners. Using a ‘CIMO-logic’, these propositions specify how an ‘intervention’ can generate very different ‘outcomes’ through various ‘mechanisms’, depending on the ‘context’. An illustration and a discussion of the contours of this new research agenda for ethics management demonstrate its advantages as well as its feasibility. The article concludes with a reflection on the feasibility of embracing complexity without drowning in a sea of complicated contingencies and without being paralyzed by the awareness that all interventions can have both desirable and undesirable effects.
Reduction of NOx by H2 on WOx-Promoted Pt/Al2O3/SiO2 Catalysts Under O2-Rich Conditions
Authors: Eßer Enno , Schröder Daniel , Nartova Anna V. , Dmitrachkov Aleksey M. , Kureti Sven
Published: July 2021

This work addresses the reduction of NOxby H2under O2-rich conditions using Al2O3/SiO2-supported Pt catalysts with different loads of WOxpromotor. The samples were thoroughly characterised by N2physisorption, temperature-programmed desorption of CO, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, laser raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy with probe molecule CO. The catalytic studies of the samples without WOxshowed pronounced NOxconversion below 200 °C, whereas highest efficiency was related to small Pt particles. The introduction of WOxprovided increasing deNOxactivity as well as N2selectivity. This promoting effect was referred to an additional reaction path at the Pt-WOx/Al2O3/SiO2interface, whereas an electronic activation of Pt by strong metal support interaction was excluded.

Graphic Abstract
Are Acute Increases and Variability in Emotion Regulation Strategies Related to Negative Affect and Paranoid Thoughts in Daily Life?
Authors: Bahlinger Katrin , Lincoln Tania M. , Clamor Annika
Published: July 2021

Background

Negative affect reliably predicts paranoid thoughts. Previous studies point to the importance of emotion regulation for paranoid thoughts but have not yet focused on effects of acute increases and variability in strategy use.

Methods

We conducted an experience-sampling study for one week in a subclinical sample. Acute increases in the intensity of strategy use from one measurement point until the next, between-strategy variability (i.e., standard deviation between all strategies at one measurement point), and within-strategy variability (i.e., standard deviation of each strategy over one day) were analyzed for effects on negative affect and paranoid thoughts.

Results

Multi-level-models indicated that acute increases in acceptance and reappraisal are associated with less negative affect. Acute increases in acceptance, but not in reappraisal, were related to less paranoid thoughts. In contrast, acute increases in rumination and suppression were associated with more negative affect and paranoid thoughts. Between- and within-strategy variability were no significant predictors.

Conclusions

Acute increases in the intensity of but not variability in emotion regulation strategies are related to negative affect and paranoid thoughts in daily life. Future studies are needed to examine whether improving emotion regulation leads to sustainable reductions in symptoms.
Error bound analysis for vector equilibrium problems with partial order provided by a polyhedral cone
Authors: Hung Nguyen Van , Novo Vicente , Tam Vo Minh
Published: July 2021

The aim of this paper is to establish new results on the error bounds for a class of vector equilibrium problems with partial order provided by a polyhedral cone generated by some matrix. We first propose some regularized gap functions of this problem using the concept of$$\mathcal {G}_{A}$$GA-convexity of a vector-valued function. Then, we derive error bounds for vector equilibrium problems with partial order given by a polyhedral cone in terms of regularized gap functions under some suitable conditions. Finally, a real-world application to a vector network equilibrium problem is given to illustrate the derived theoretical results.
The Diverse Landscape of Negative Polarity Items: On the Use of German NPIs as Experimental Diagnostics
Authors: Schaebbicke Katharina , Seeliger Heiko , Repp Sophie
Published: July 2021

The goal of this study is to provide better empirical insight into the licensing conditions of a large set of NPIs in German so that they can be used as reliable diagnostics in future research on negation-related phenomena. Experiment 1 tests the acceptability of 60 NPIs under semantic operators that are expected to license superstrong, strong, weak, and nonveridicality-licensed NPIs, respectively: antimorphic (not), anti-additive (no), downward entailing (hardly), nonveridical (maybe, question). Controls were positive assertions. Cluster analysis revealed seven clusters of NPIs, some of which confirm the licensing categorization from the literature (superstrong and weak NPIs). Other clusters show unclear patterns (overall high or medium ratings) and require further scrutiny in future research. One cluster showed high acceptability ratings only with the antimorphic and the question operator. Experiment 2 tested whether the source of this unexpected distribution was a rhetorical interpretation of the questions. Results suggest that rhetoricity was not the sole source. Overall, the results show gradual rather than categorical differences in acceptability, with higher acceptability corresponding to stronger negativity. The paper provides the detailed results for the individual NPIs as a preliminary normed acceptability index.
Quantum Transport in a Crystal with Short-Range Interactions: The Boltzmann–Grad Limit
Authors: Griffin Jory , Marklof Jens
Published: July 2021

We study the macroscopic transport properties of the quantum Lorentz gas in a crystal with short-range potentials, and show that in the Boltzmann–Grad limit the quantum dynamics converges to a random flight process which is not compatible with the linear Boltzmann equation. Our derivation relies on a hypothesis concerning the statistical distribution of lattice points in thin domains, which is closely related to the Berry–Tabor conjecture in quantum chaos.
Validität und Reliabilität virtualisierter RTR-Messungen
Authors: Waldvogel Thomas , Wagschal Uwe , Metz Thomas , Becker Bernd , Feiten Linus , Weishaupt Samuel
Published: July 2021

Können virtualisierte Erhebungen rezeptionsbegleitend gemessener Kandidatenbewertungen in Echtzeit über das Internet valide und reliable Daten generieren? Seitdem Reinemann et al. vor 15 Jahren die Reliabilität und Validität von sogenannten Real-Time-Response-Messungen (RTR) mit physischen Eingabegeräten in laborexperimentellen Erhebungssettings in dieser Zeitschrift belegt haben, hat die Messtechnik eine weitreichende Veränderung erfahren, die durch die Virtualisierung ihres Instrumentariums gekennzeichnet ist. Allerdings liegen bislang kaum methodologische Erkenntnisse über den grundlegenden Wandel dieser Schlüsseltechnik vor. Der hier vorliegende Beitrag untersucht deshalb anhand von drei Fernsehduellen zu Landtagswahlen in Deutschland, inwiefern Daten, die mit einem virtualisierten Messinstrument der RTR-Messung in einer Feldstudie erhoben wurden, etablierten Standards der Datenqualität entsprechen. In unserer Analyse finden wir deutliche Belege für die Validität des Messverfahrens. Darüber hinaus zeigt unser Beitrag, dass diese neuartige Form der Erhebung von Echtzeitreaktionen reliable Daten mit einer hohen internen Konsistenz generieren kann, wenngleich die Befunde in Teilen ambivalent bleiben. Wir schlussfolgern, dass die Virtualisierung des RTR-Messinstrumentariums einen komplementären Ansatz zu den dominierenden Erhebungen mit laborexperimentellen Forschungsdesigns etabliert, wodurch die Analyse von Publikumsreaktionen auf landespolitische TV-Duelle in natürlichen Rezeptionssituationen zugänglich und die technische Implementierung von RTR-Studien über das Internet auch in Zeiten der COVID-19-Pandemie gewährleistet wird.
Lack of physical activity, neuropsychiatric symptoms and the risk of incident mild cognitive impairment in older community-dwelling individuals
Authors: Krell-Roesch Janina , Syrjanen Jeremy A. , Bezold Jelena , Trautwein Sandra , Barisch-Fritz Bettina , Kremers Walter K. , Machulda Mary M. , Mielke Michelle M. , Knopman David S. , Petersen Ronald C. , Woll Alexander , Vassilaki Maria , Geda Yonas E.
Published: July 2021

The present study examined the longitudinal association and interaction between lack of engaging in physical activity (PA) and presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) with the risk of incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The authors conducted a prospective cohort study in the setting of the population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging in Minnesota, USA, involving 3083 cognitively unimpaired persons aged ≥ 50 years (1570 males; median age, 74 years). Predictors included: lack of engaging in light, moderate, and vigorous intensity PA within 1 year of baseline assessment as measured by a self-reported questionnaire; and presence of NPS (agitation, anxiety, apathy, appetite change, sleep/nighttime disturbance, depression, irritability, clinical depression, clinical anxiety) as measured by standardized tools. When the authors detected a statistically significant interaction, they compared the risk of incident MCI between four groups of participants (no NPS/engaging in PA = reference group; NPS/engaging in PA; no NPS/not engaging in PA; NPS/not engaging in PA) by calculating hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age (as time scale), sex, education, global cognition, medical comorbidities, and apolipoprotein E ɛ4 status. After a median follow-up of 6.3 years, 599 participants developed incident MCI. Not engaging in vigorous intensity PA and having sleep/nighttime disturbance (HR [95% CI], 1.61 [1.07, 2.43]; p = 0.021), clinical depression (1.98 [1.34, 2.92]; p < 0.001) or clinical anxiety (1.63 [1.11, 2.41]; p = 0.013) was associated with an increased risk of incident MCI as compared to the reference group. Thus, the combined presence of lack of vigorous intensity physical activity with sleep/nighttime disturbance behavior, clinical depression, or clinical anxiety was greater than the expected arithmetic sum of their independent effects. Neuropsychiatric symptoms appear to be a stronger driving force of incident MCI than lack of physical activity.
Entwicklung affektiv-motivationaler Merkmale am Übergang in die Sekundarstufe – Wie ergeht es bildungsbenachteiligten Kindern?
Authors: Ömeroğulları Melike , Gläser-Zikuda Michaela
Published: July 2021

Der Übergang von der Primar- in die Sekundarstufe wurde bezogen auf Bildungsungleichheiten sowie Leistungsentwicklung von Schüler/innen intensiv untersucht. Obwohl emotionale und motivationale Aspekte nachweislich einen mediierenden Einfluss auf Schulleistungen haben, wurde deren Entwicklung dezidiert am schulischen Übergang bisher allerdings eher wenig Beachtung geschenkt. In der vorzustellenden Studie wurde daher die Entwicklung von Schulfreude und Anstrengungsbereitschaft am Übergang in die Sekundarstufe (4. auf 5. Klasse) untersucht. Zudem wurde analysiert, ob diverse Benachteiligungsmerkmale einen Einfluss auf die Ausgangswerte und auf deren Veränderung aufweisen. Die Studie basiert auf der Startkohorte Kindergarten des Nationalen Bildungspanels (NEPS; N = 2737). Ergebnisse latenter Wachstumskurvenmodelle zeigen im Mittel für die Schulfreude eine Zunahme, während die Anstrengungsbereitschaft sich am Übergang nur minimal verändert. Für die Benachteiligungsmerkmale, gemessen am sozioökonomischen und soziokulturellen Hintergrund, Migrations- und Bildungshintergrund sowie die elterliche Unterstützung, konnten keine negativen Effekte auf den Ausgangswert beobachtet werden. Hingegen hatte ein Migrationshintergrund (2. Generation) einen positiven Effekt auf die Änderungsrate der Anstrengungsbereitschaft. Limitationen und mögliche pädagogische Implikationen der Studie werden abschließend diskutiert.
Role of Echocardiography for the Perioperative Assessment of the Right Ventricle
Authors: Labus Jakob , Uhlig Christopher
Published: July 2021

Purpose of Review

This review aims to highlight the perioperative echocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular (RV) function with strengths and limitations of commonly used and evolving techniques. It explains the value of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and describes the perioperative changes of RV function echocardiographers should be aware of.

Recent Findings

RV dysfunction is an entity with strong influence on outcome. However, its definition and assessment in the perioperative interval are not well-defined. Moreover, values assessed by TTE and TEE are not interchangeable; while some parameters seem to correlate well, others do not. Myocardial strain analysis and three-dimensional echocardiography may overcome the limitations of conventional echocardiographic measures and provide further insight into perioperative cardiac mechanics.

Echocardiography has become an essential part of modern anesthesiology in patients with RV dysfunction. It offers the opportunity to evaluate not only global but also regional RV function and distinguish alterations of RV contraction.
Effect of Crystallographic Orientation and Grain Boundaries on Martensitic Transformation and Superelastic Response of Oligocrystalline Fe–Mn–Al–Ni Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Bauer A. , Vollmer M. , Niendorf T.
Published: July 2021

In situ tensile tests employing digital image correlation were conducted to study the martensitic transformation of oligocrystalline Fe–Mn–Al–Ni shape memory alloys in depth. The influence of different grain orientations, i.e., near-〈001〉 and near-〈101〉, as well as the influence of different grain boundary misorientations are in focus of the present work. The results reveal that the reversibility of the martensite strongly depends on the type of martensitic evolving, i.e., twinned or detwinned. Furthermore, it is shown that grain boundaries lead to stress concentrations and, thus, to formation of unfavored martensite variants. Moreover, some martensite plates seem to penetrate the grain boundaries resulting in a high degree of irreversibility in this area. However, after a stable microstructural configuration is established in direct vicinity of the grain boundary, the transformation begins inside the neighboring grains eventually leading to a sequential transformation of all grains involved.
Simulations of cosmic ray propagation
Authors: Hanasz Michał , Strong Andrew W. , Girichidis Philipp
Published: July 2021

We review numerical methods for simulations of cosmic ray (CR) propagation on galactic and larger scales. We present the development of algorithms designed for phenomenological and self-consistent models of CR propagation in kinetic description based on numerical solutions of the Fokker–Planck equation. The phenomenological models assume a stationary structure of the galactic interstellar medium and incorporate diffusion of particles in physical and momentum space together with advection, spallation, production of secondaries and various radiation mechanisms. The self-consistent propagation models of CRs include the dynamical coupling of the CR population to the thermal plasma. The CR transport equation is discretized and solved numerically together with the set of MHD equations in various approaches treating the CR population as a separate relativistic fluid within the two-fluid approach or as a spectrally resolved population of particles evolving in physical and momentum space. The relevant processes incorporated in self-consistent models include advection, diffusion and streaming propagation as well as adiabatic compression and several radiative loss mechanisms. We discuss, applications of the numerical models for the interpretation of CR data collected by various instruments. We present example models of astrophysical processes influencing galactic evolution such as galactic winds, the amplification of large-scale magnetic fields and instabilities of the interstellar medium.
Massnahmen zur Prävention und Früherkennung des Urothelkarzinoms der Harnblase
Authors: Schmid Florian , Poyet Cédric
Published: July 2021

Das Urothelkarzinom der Harnblase gehört zu den 10 häufigsten Krebserkrankungen weltweit. Die Verteilung der Risikofaktoren, Möglichkeiten der Früherkennung, Diagnostik und Therapie variieren je nach Region stark. Die Behandlungsform und Invasivität der Therapie sowie auch deren Prognose sind stark abhängig vom initialen Tumorstadium. Die wichtigsten Risikofaktoren für die Entstehung eines Urothelkarzinoms der Harnblase umfassen das Rauchen und die berufliche Exposition zu aromatischen Aminen oder chlorierten sowie polyzyklisch-aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen in der Industrie. Die Bestrebungen der Arbeitsmedizin im Verlauf der letzten Jahrzehnte haben zu einer deutlichen Risikoreduktion von exponierten Arbeitnehmenden geführt. Die Bemühungen in der Anbindung von Patienten an Rauchentwöhnungsprogramme müssen hingegen noch weiter intensiviert werden. Nur gerade ein Drittel der Raucher mit Diagnose eines Urothelkarzinoms der Harnblase schaffen es, im weiteren Verlauf den Rauchabusus komplett zu sistieren. Ein Screening wird aufgrund der vergleichsweise niedrigen Inzidenz und der kurzen Vorlaufzeit der Erkrankung nicht empfohlen. Hingegen sollten Patienten mit dem Symptom einer schmerzlosen Makrohämaturie in jedem Fall auf das Vorliegen eines Karzinoms im unteren oder oberen Urogenitaltrakt abgeklärt werden. Für die Durchführung einer gründlichen Diagnostik ist die Zuweisung an einen Urologen sinnvoll.
Modeling and forecasting of rainfall reoccurrence changes using Markov Switching in Iran
Authors: Javari Majid
Published: July 2021

This paper represents the recurrence (reoccurrence) changes in the rainfall series using Markov Switching models (MSM). The switching employs a dynamic pattern that allows a linear model to be combined with nonlinearity models a discrete structure. The result is the Markov Switching models (MSM) reoccurrence predicting technique. Markov Switching models (MSM) were employed to analyze rainfall reoccurrence with spatiotemporal regime probabilities. In this study, Markov Switching models (MSM) were used based on the simple exogenous probability frame by identifying a first-order Markov process for the regime probabilities. The Markov transition matrix and regime probabilities were used to analyze the rainfall reoccurrence in 167 synoptic and climatology stations. The analysis results show a low distribution from 0.0 to 0.2 (0–20%) per day spatially from selecting stations, probability mean of daily rainfall recurrence is 0.84, and a different distribution based on the second regime was found to be more remarkable to the rainfall variability. The rainfall reoccurrence in daily rainfall was estimated with relatively low variability and strong reoccurrence daily with ranged from 0.851 to 0.995 (85.1–99.5%) per day based on the spatial distribution. The variability analysis of rainfall in the intermediate and long variability and irregular variability patterns would be helpful for the rainfall variability for environmental planning.
Characteristics and control measures of odor emissions from crematoriums in Beijing, China
Authors: Cui Yangyang , Zhai Xiaoman , Wang Baocheng , Zhang Shihao , Yeerken Amanzheli , Cao Xizi , Zhong Lianhong , Wang Liming , Wei Tong , Liu Xinyu , Xue Yifeng
Published: July 2021

The promulgation and implementation of the national and Beijing municipal standards for air pollutants emitted from crematoriums has effectively alleviated the problem of “black smoke” in crematoriums, but noticeable odor in crematoriums remains. We determined the level of odor emissions in crematoriums by monitoring the odor concentrations of cremators, incinerators, and cremation workshops in five crematoriums in Beijing. Subsequently, we analyzed the major contributing factors to the odor level and proposed control measures. A high odor concentration in crematoriums was observed; two different mechanisms were proposed to explain this finding. First, poor ventilation conditions in workshops and inadequate airtightness of equipment resulted in dimensionless concentrations of unorganized odor emissions in the workshops ranging from 97 to 732, with an average of 504, which is much higher than the standard level of 20. Second, the postprocessing facilities used in cremation sites produce poor odor removal, which, coupled with fuel usage and unregulated operations, led to high concentrations of organized odor emissions ranging from 231 to 1303 (910 on average) for cremators and incinerators. The odor emissions of cremators and incinerators meet the Integrated Emission Standards of Air Pollutants (DB11-501-2017), which are suitable for industries containing industrial kilns but not for crematoriums. The odor emissions in crematoriums are lower than those emitted from industries, such as fiber manufacturing and activated carbon processing. However, the unique geographical locations of crematoriums, high population density, and high exposure risk to local residents necessitate strengthening the management and control of odor emissions from crematoriums. To further address the problem of odor emissions from crematoriums in Beijing, further clarification and tightening of industry standards for the concentration limits of organized and unorganized odor emissions is recommended. Crematoriums will thus be prompted to increase odor control in workshops and adopt and improve deodorization facilities, including the installation and application of treatment facilities, such as adsorption and biological control.
Ethical Framework to Guide Decisions of Treatment Over Objection
Authors: Fischkoff David , Prager Kenneth , Dastidar Joyeeta , Dugdale Lydia , Neuberg Gerald , Nemeth Samantha , Fischkoff Katherine
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND:

Whether to proceed with a medical intervention over the objection of a patient who lacks capacity is a common problem facing practitioners. Despite this, there is a notable gap in the literature describing how to proceed in such situations in an ethically rigorous and consistent fashion. We elaborate on the practical application of the 2018 Rubin and Prager 7-question algorithm for ethics consultations about treatment over objection and we describe the impact of each of the 7 questions.

STUDY DESIGN:

We retrospectively review a series of consultations at Columbia University Irving Medical Center between April 2017 and May 2020 for treatment over objection in adult patients determined to lack capacity. Outcomes about the final ethics recommendation and the assessment of each of the 7 questions are reported. The statistical analysis was designed to determine which of the 7 questions in the algorithm were most predictive of the final ethics recommendation.

RESULTS:

In our series, there was an ethics recommendation to proceed over the objection of a patient in 63% of consultations. Although all 7 questions were considered to be important to the ethical analysis of a patient's situation, the presence of logistical barriers to treatment and the imminence of harm to a patient without treatment emerged as the most significant drivers of the recommendation of whether to proceed over objection or not.

CONCLUSIONS:

Cases of treatment over objection in a patient lacking capacity are frequently encountered problems that require a careful balance of patient autonomy and a physician's duty of beneficence. The application of the Rubin and Prager 7-question algorithm reliably guides a care team through such a complex ethical dilemma.
‘Constitutions selection’: Darwin, race and medicine
Authors: Seth Suman
Published: July 2021

In the course of his discussion of the origin of variations in skin colour among humans in the Descent of Man, Charles Darwin suggested that darker skin might be correlated with immunity to certain diseases. To make that suggestion, he drew upon a claim that seemed self-evidently correct in 1871, although it had seemed almost certainly incorrect in the late eighteenth century: that immunity to disease could be understood as a hereditary racial trait. This paper aims to show how fundamental was the idea of ‘constitutions selection’, as Darwin would call it, for his thinking about human races, tracking his (ultimately unsuccessful) attempts to find proof of its operation over a period of more than thirty years. At the same time and more broadly, following Darwin's conceptual resources on this question helps explicate relationships between conceptions of disease and conceptions of race in the nineteenth century. That period saw the birth of a modern, fixist, biologically determinist racism, which increasingly manifested itself in medical writings. The reverse was also true: medicine was a crucial site in which race was forged. The history of what has been called ‘race-science’, it is argued, cannot and should not be written independent of the history of ‘race-medicine’.
Bootstrapping implementation research training: A successful approach for academic health centers
Authors: Stevens Kathleen R. , de la Rosa Elisabeth , Ferrer Robert L. , Finley Erin P. , Flores Bertha E. , Forgione Dana A. , Noel Polly Hitchcock , Reistetter Timothy A. , Valerio-Shewmaker Melissa , Wooten Kevin C.
Published: July 2021

Demand for building competencies in implementation research (IR) outstrips supply of training programs, calling for a paradigm shift. We used a bootstrap approach to leverage external resources and create IR capacity through a novel 2-day training for faculty scientists across the four Texas Clinical & Translational Science Awards (CTSAs). The Workshop combined internal and external expertise, targeted nationally established IR competencies, incorporated new National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute OpenAccess online resources, employed well-known adult education principles, and measured impact. CTSA leader buy-in was reflected in financial support. Evaluation showed increased self-reported IR competency; statewide initiatives expanded. The project demonstrated that, even with limited onsite expertise, it was possible to bootstrap resources and build IR capacity de novo in the CTSA community.