bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversity of Building Blocks Unity of Construction Rule for Transportation Networks
Authors: Li Bangya , Liu Liang
Published: May 2021

The identification of local structure composition may help understand the network construction law from a bottom-up view. Focusing on local structure, the network subgraph approach was applied to systematically analyze 3- to 7-node subgraphs in several transportation networks in China. Results show that the number of subgraph and forms increase as the subgraph scale increase, but the rate are different, which indicates the diversity of building blocks in transportation networks. Moreover, both the network subgraph rank can be divided into two kinds, each corresponding to one of the transport geographical networks and transport service networks. The two kinds reflect the unity of construction rule of geographical network or service network due to the similarity of the cost, technical and space constraints. The methods and results can be used as methods and standards in the planning, evaluation and optimization of transportation networks.
Research on Residents' consumption and financial investment behavior in Internet economy
Authors: Mao XinPing
Published: May 2021

Internet economy, with its diversified forms and efficient and convenient operation mode, has a significant impact on Residents' consumption behavior, consumption structure and financial investment. We should actively improve the residents' awareness of rational consumption, optimize the consumption structure, strengthen the regulation and guidance of Internet finance, build a diversified financial investment product system, improve the social security system, and enhance the residents' confidence in Internet financial investment, so as to realize the overall progress and development of society in the era of Internet economy.
How Social Media "Reverse Domesticate" and "Make the Best Use of Everything" from Students' Academic Achievement
Authors: Gao Tianyu
Published: May 2021

With the progress of science and technology, the development of social media websites is unprecedented. While changing people's communication way, it also brings certain influence to social life. At present, social media has become an essential part of students' daily life, and its academic impact on students depends on who uses it and how. In accordance with certain criteria, this paper searches the core database of Web of Science and obtains 17 and 11 independent samples respectively to study the correlation between the use of social media (entertainment or learning) and academic performance. The results show that: (1) the use of social media for learning is beneficial to improve students' academic performance, while the use for entertainment has a negative impact on academic performance; (2) the influence of social media use on students' academic achievement shows significant gender difference between the two groups. However, it did not change with students' country and survey time; (3) educational level only has a significant moderating effect on the correlation between social media (learning) and academic performance. Compared with middle school students, college students' academic.
Ansoff’s Strategic Posture Analysis of Small Businesses in Henan Province, China, Post COVID-19
Authors: Bonelli Marco I.
Published: May 2021

Considering the dynamics of the fast-changing and often unpredictable global environment, a formal, reliable, and comprehensive framework for analyzing a business’ strategic posture may be useful. This paper examines an assessment tool, Igor Ansoff’s seminal contributions to strategic diagnosis. That tool focuses primarily on identifying and enhancing a firm’s strategic financial performance potential through analysis of an industrial sector environmental turbulence level relative to the firm’s aggressiveness and capability responsiveness. A small business survey conducted in the Henan Province of China after the COVID-19 lock-down analyzes the future strategic financial performance potential of the province’s small businesses as well as the interactions among the businesses’ external environmental turbulence level, aggressiveness, and capability responsiveness.
Research on Interdisciplinary Expression Forms Derived from Animation
Authors: Luo Dandan , Huang Min
Published: May 2021

Animation art is displayed in front of people in the form of images, and people have long been accustomed to attribute it to image art similar to movies. In a narrow sense, the expression form of anima-tion is really single. If we look at generalized animation from the original intention of animation, anima-tion has a broader development space, and there are more derivative possibilities of interdisciplinary com-bination. Nowadays, it is a pluralistic society, and the freedom, openness and integration of disciplines has become a trend. Starting from summarizing the three commonalities (story, role and performance) derived from the interdisciplinary animation, this paper discusses various possibilities of the interdisciplinary ex-pression forms derived from animation through practical cases.
Telematik, Digitalisierung und die Bedeutung für die Hebammenarbeit
Authors: Erdmann Daniela
Published: May 2021

Die Digitalisierung im Gesundheitssystem wirkt sich zunehmend auch auf die Berufsgruppe der Hebammen aus. Befeuert durch die Corona-Pandemie finden immer mehr Angebote für Schwangere und Wöchnerinnen in Form von Videotelefonie oder Online-Kursen statt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag erläutert die Autorin, welche Anforderungen für Hebammen damit einhergehen und welche Rahmenbedingungen der Telematikinfrastruktur für sie relevant sind.
Zystische zervikale Lymphknotenschwellung – TG-Bestimmung im Punktat sichert das lymphatisch metastasierte papilläre Schilddrüsenkarzinom
Authors: Smaxwil Constantin , Esianu Eduard , Altmeier Julia , Zielke Andreas
Published: May 2021

Anamnese Eine Patientin stellte sich mit einer zystischen Raumforderung im seitlichen Halsdreieck vor.

Untersuchung und Diagnostik Nach Ultraschall und MRT wurde eine Feinnadelpunktion durchgeführt. Zytologisch fanden sich keine malignitätsverdächtigen Zellen. Bei einer erneuten Punktion wurde nun auch das Thyreoglobulin in der Zystenflüssigkeit bestimmt – und stark erhöht nachgewiesen. Damit war das lymphatisch metastasierte Schilddrüsenkarzinom gesichert.

Therapie und Verlauf Die erforderliche Operation konnte einzeitig durchgeführt werden. Drei Wochen nach der Operation erfolgte die Radiojodtherapie mit 3,7GBq I131.

Folgerung Schwellungen der Halslymphknoten können viele Gründe haben, dabei selten auch einmal die Metastase eines Schilddrüsenkarzinoms sein. Wir stellen anhand eines Fallbeispiels einen einfachen Weg vor, der das lymphatisch metastasierte Schilddrüsenkarzinom sicher nachweisen kann.
Kutane Manifestation einer AL-Amyloidose mit Plasmazellmyelom vom Lambda-Leichtkettentyp
Authors: Karitzky P. C. , Trautmann-Grill C. , Laske J. , Beissert S. , Meier F.
Published: May 2021

Die mit einem multiplen Myelom assoziierte Immunoglobulin-Leichtketten (AL)-Amyloidose ist unter den systemischen Amyloidosen die häufigste Form, als Entität selbst jedoch relativ selten. Die durch den monoklonalen Plasmazellklon sezernierten instabilen Leichtketten führen als Amyloidablagerungen im Gewebe zu manifesten Organschäden, v. a. die renalen und kardialen Organmanifestationen führen häufig zu einer sehr schlechten Prognose. Besonders kutane Manifestationen wie beidseitige periorbitale Ödeme, Ekchymosen und eine Makroglossie können als pathognomonisch für die systemische AL-Amyloidose betrachtet werden und sollten zu einer raschen Abklärung führen. Wir berichten über einen Patienten mit einer kutanen Manifestation einer AL-Amyloidose mit assoziiertem „smouldering Myelom“.
Atypisches Fibroxanthom oder pleomorphes dermales Sarkom – eine Frage der Infiltrationstiefe
Authors: Hasler H. , Beissert S. , Laske J.
Published: May 2021

Das atypische Fibroxanthom (AFX) ist eine seltene, niedrig-maligne mesenchymale Neoplasie der Haut. Die Abgrenzung zum malignen fibrösen Histiozytom bzw. pleomorphen dermalen Sarkom (PDS) wurde seit der Erstbeschreibung Anfang der 1960er-Jahre immer wieder kontrovers diskutiert. Mittlerweile wird der Begriff des pleomorphen dermalen Sarkoms für Tumore verwendet, die eine Infiltration der Subkutis, nekrotische Anteile oder eine perineurale oder lymphovaskuläre Infiltration aufweisen. Die Unterscheidung der beiden Entitäten erfolgt folglich vorwiegend histologisch, eine immunhistochemische Abgrenzung ist bisher nicht möglich.

Wir berichten über 2 Patienten mit atypischem Fibroxanthom und pleomorphem dermalem Sarkom. Beide Tumorentitäten sollten mittels weiter Exzision oder mikrografisch kontrollierter Chirurgie vollständig exzidiert werden. Insbesondere beim pleomorphen dermalen Sarkom kommt es häufiger zu Rezidiven und Metastasierung, deshalb sollte der Sicherheitsabstand größer als beim AFX gewählt werden und v. a. in den ersten 3 Jahren nach der Behandlung eine engmaschige Nachsorge erfolgen.

Eine einheitliche Klassifikation der beiden Tumorentitäten, die das aggressivere Verhalten des tiefer infiltrierenden pleomorphen dermalen Sarkoms berücksichtigt, wäre erstrebenswert.

Zudem sollten beide Tumore der Meldepflicht unterliegen, um weitere epidemiologische Daten sammeln zu können.
Die „vierte Welle“? COVID-19 und konsekutive kognitive Störungen
Authors: Berlit Peter , Frölich Lutz , Förstl Hans
Published: May 2021

Die COVID-19-Pandemie stellt die Gesundheitssysteme international vor Herausforderungen, die über Prävention, akute und Intensivbehandlung schwerkranker Patienten hinausgehen. Ein erheblicher Teil derjenigen, die eine akute Infektion überstanden haben – und nicht nur alte Patienten –, leiden unter einem „Post-COVID-Syndrom“. Risikofaktoren sind vorbestehende somatische Multimorbidität, kognitive und zerebrale Veränderungen, somatische Multimorbidität sowie Pneumonie mit Hypoxie, Intensivbehandlung und Verwirrtheitszustände während der akuten COVID-19-Infektion. Meist überdauert ein frontales Dysexekutiv-Syndrom, das einerseits mit Erschöpfung und Verstimmtheit, andererseits mit Störungen von Aufmerksamkeit und Gedächtnis assoziiert sein kann. Einige Pathomechanismen der COVID-Enzephalopathien sind bekannt, aber bisher wurden noch keine spezifischen Behandlungsstrategien für die nachfolgenden Defizite etabliert. Es ist damit zu rechnen, dass sich Hausärzte, Psychiater, Neurologen, Sozialpädagogen und andere in den nächsten Monaten und Jahren vermehrt der Aktivierung, Reintegration und Begutachtung betroffener Patienten widmen werden.
Palladium-Catalyzed C–H Benzannulation of Functionalized Furans and Pyrroles with Alkynes
Authors: Seo Jia , Chen Che-Wei , Chuang Shih-Ching , Joo Jung Min , Lee Woohyeong , Jeon Ju Eun , Chen Pei-Ling
Published: May 2021

A benzannulation strategy involving activation of two C–H bonds of five-membered heteroarenes was developed. Readily available furans and pyrroles stabilized by synthetically useful electron-withdrawing groups underwent Pd-catalyzed 1:2 annulation reactions with diaryl alkynes. A variety of functional groups, including ester, amide, ketone, aldehyde, and nitrile, on the heterocyclic cores were tolerated in the Pd-catalyzed oxidative reactions. In these reactions, the combination of 2,2-dimethylbutyric acid and its conjugate base facilitated metalation at the heteroaromatic rings and reoxidation of the Pd(0) species using oxygen as the terminal oxidant. This strategy provides fluorescent ­benzofuran and indole derivatives and is expected to allow for further development of functionalized polycyclic heteroaromatic compounds.
Hepatitis B Core-Related Antigen: From Virology to Clinical Application
Authors: Lee Hye Won , Ahn Sang Hoon , Chan Henry Lik-Yuen
Published: May 2021

Hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) is a composite measure of the serum levels of hepatitis B e antigen, hepatitis B core antigen, and a 22-kDa precore protein. It has been shown to reflect the level and transcriptional activity of covalently closed circular DNA in the liver. Longitudinal cohort studies have improved our understanding of the role of this novel viral marker in the natural history of chronic hepatitis B. HBcrAg kinetics reflect the response to peginterferon, and its role in defining guidelines for stopping peginterferon therapy has been evaluated. HBcrAg is a marker of intrahepatic viral activity, which may influence the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this article, we review the virology and role of HBcrAg in defining phases of chronic hepatitis B. Furthermore, the function of HBcrAg in predicting treatment outcomes and its role in monitoring response to novel antiviral agents will be discussed.
Blinding in Clinical Trials for Chronic Liver Diseases
Authors: Ortiz Vivian , Ellenberg Susan S. , Weinberg Ethan M.
Published: May 2021

Within the field of randomized clinical trials (RCTs), the randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial is considered the most efficient means of simultaneously assessing the efficacy and safety of a medical therapy in a single trial. While many RCTs are conducted without blinding (open label), it is rare to encounter a blinded trial that does not randomize its subjects. Clinical trials for chronic liver diseases have adopted many of the practices set forth by RCTs in other chronic diseases, but blinding has often been difficult to properly implement. This review examines the rationale for blinding, common challenges to successful blinding, different mechanisms of unintentional unblinding in clinical trials for viral hepatitis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and recommendations for blinding and design in future trials of treatments for liver disease.
Neuropsychological and Linguistic Outcomes after Gunshot Injury to Cerebellum: A Case Report
Authors: Afsar Mohammed , Darshini Kamasetru Jeevendrakumar , Shukla Dhaval , Vandana Valiyaparambath , Rajeswaran Jamuna
Published: May 2021

Craniocerebral gunshot injuries (CGIs) are highly fatal and mostly seen in the military settings. CGIs to the posterior cortical regions and cerebellum in civilian population are uncommon. Cerebellum once thought to be mediating the motor and vestibular functions is increasingly seen as an important structure for human cognition and affect. We present a case of a 53-year-old police inspector who sustained a gunshot injury in the suboccipital region with resulting damage to predominantly left cerebellum and right occipital lobe. Patient presented with complaints of neck pain, reduced clarity of speech, and mild forgetfulness for day-to-day affairs after 7 months of injury. A comprehensive neuropsychological assessment revealed impairments in motor speed, processing speed, sustained attention, executive functions (verbal fluency, working memory), and encoding component of memory functions. The speech–language assessment revealed mild dysarthria and mild word finding difficulties. His profile with mild to moderate deficits in neuropsychological and speech language functioning was partly congruent with the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome or Schmahmann’s syndrome. The spontaneous recovery and extent of damage to cerebellum may explain the milder form of the syndrome. The case highlights the need to routinely screen for cognitive-affective disturbances in patients with traumatic lesions to cerebellum.
Primary Sarcoma of the Head and Neck: Three Years’ Experience in a Tertiary Care Cancer Center
Authors: Patra Sanjiban , Trivedi Priti , Shah Anand
Published: May 2021

Introduction Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignancies originating from the transformed cells of mesenchymal lineage, representing only 1% of all the primary tumors arising within the head and neck region with a prevalence range of 4 to 10%. They are biologically different from the sarcomas of other sites because of the smaller size of the tumor at the time of presentation and higher chances of local recurrences. Due to the rarity in adults, there are very few studies on sarcomas of the head and neck. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency and spectrum of primary sarcomas in the head and neck region.

Materials and Methods This is a retrospective descriptive study. The authors analyzed 40 cases of histologically and immunohistochemically proven primary sarcomas arising in the head and neck region according to three age groups, pediatric (<12 years), adolescent (12–19 years), and adults (> 19 years).

Results Primary sarcomas represented 0.06% and 2.4% of total cancer cases and total sarcoma cases, respectively. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma was the most common histologic type, and nasopharynx the most common location in the pediatric population. Osteoblastic osteosarcomas and Ewing’s sarcoma were typical variants in adolescent age, affecting the hemimandible predominantly. In adults, osteosarcomas were commonest followed by conventional grade 1 chondrosarcoma. Treatment was planned according to the stage and grade of the tumor. Out of the 40 patients, 19 (47.5%) had a disease relapse within a period of 6 months from the completion of therapy.

Conclusion Head and neck sarcomas are notorious to recur. A timely and accurate diagnosis, proper staging, and multidisciplinary treatment plan can yield good patient outcomes.
Role of Biliary Organoids in Cholestasis Research and Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Soroka Carol J. , Roberts Scott J. , Boyer James L. , Assis David N.
Published: May 2021

Translational studies in human cholestatic diseases have for years been hindered by various challenges, including the rarity of the disorders, the difficulty in obtaining biliary tissue from across the spectrum of the disease stage, and the difficulty culturing and maintaining primary cholangiocytes. Organoid technology is increasingly being viewed as a technological breakthrough in translational medicine as it allows the culture and biobanking of self-organizing cells from various sources that facilitate the study of pathophysiology and therapeutics, including from individual patients in a personalized approach. This review describes current research using biliary organoids for the study of human cholestatic diseases and the emerging applications of organoids to regenerative medicine directed at the biliary tree. Challenges and possible solutions to the current hurdles in this emerging field, particularly the need for standardization of terminology and clarity on source materials and techniques, are also discussed.
Multimodal cell with simultaneous electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and in operando spectroscopic ellipsometry to understand thin film electrochemistry
Authors: Gettler Ryan , Young Matthias J.
Published: May 2021

To inform the development of advanced electrodes for energy storage, water treatment, and catalysis, among other applications, we need to improve our understanding of how material structure evolves during electrochemical operation. Insight into the evolution of local atomic structure during electrochemical operation is accessible through a range of sophisticated in operando probes, but techniques for in operando observation of macroscale electrode phenomena (e.g., swelling, dissolution, and chemical degradation) are limited. This macroscale understanding is critical to establish a full picture of electrochemical material behavior. Here, we report a multimodal cell for simultaneous electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and in operando spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). This SE-EQCM cell allows for the measurement of mass, thickness, optical properties, and electrochemical properties together in one device. Using polyaniline (PANI) as a test case, we demonstrate the use of this SE-EQCM cell to rapidly measure known phenomena and reproduce a range of prior results during the electrodeposition, electrochemical cycling, and electrochemical degradation of PANI. In particular, the simultaneous mass and thickness measurement afforded by this cell allows us to distinguish known qualitative differences in the degradation of PANI under oxidative and reductive potentials. The SE-EQCM cell we report promises to reveal new insights into the electrochemical behavior of thin film materials for a range of applications.
Existence and multiplicity of solutions for the fractional p-Laplacian Choquard logarithmic equation involving a nonlinearity with exponential critical and subcritical growth
Authors: de S. Böer Eduardo , H. Miyagaki Olímpio
Published: May 2021

In the present work, we obtain the existence and multiplicity of nontrivial solutions for the Choquard logarithmic equation (−Δ)psu+a|u|p−2u+λ(ln|⋅|*|u|p)|u|p−2u=f(u)inRN, where N = sp, s ∈ (0, 1), p > 2, a > 0, λ > 0, and f:R→R is a continuous nonlinearity with exponential critical and subcritical growth. We guarantee the existence of a nontrivial solution at the mountain pass level and a nontrivial ground state solution under critical and subcritical growth. Moreover, when f has subcritical growth, we prove the existence of infinitely many solutions via genus theory.
A low-noise analog frontend design for the Taiji phasemeter prototype
Authors: Liu He-Shan , Yu Tao , Luo Zi-Ren
Published: May 2021

The Taiji program plans to utilize the laser interferometer to measure the movement at the picometer level between free-floating test masses. As the phase readout equipment, the phasemeter needs to obtain the beat note with an accuracy of μrad/Hz. The main source of noise in the phasemeter is the analog frontend of the analog to digital converter. A self-designed phasemeter prototype with a low-noise analog frontend, which includes the theme of the pilot tone correction, has been developed and tested for the Taiji program in this Note. The experimental results show that the performance of the developed phasemeter can satisfy the Taiji sensitivity requirement in the whole frequency range. The sensitivity of the board can reach 0.5 μrad/Hz in the frequency range of 0.1–1 Hz. Therefore, the prototype gives us a good model for the fully functional Taiji phasemeter.
Thermal transport dynamics in active heat transfer fluids (AHTF)
Authors: Peng Wei , Chandra Anirban , Keblinski Pawel , Moran Jeffrey L.
Published: May 2021

We present results of molecular dynamics calculations of the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids containing self-propelled nanoparticles. The translational and rotational dynamics observed in the simulations follow the behavior expected from the standard theoretical analysis of Brownian and self-propelled nanoparticles. The superposition of self-propulsion and rotational Brownian motion causes the behavior of the self-propelled nanoparticles to resemble Brownian diffusion with an effective diffusivity that is larger than the standard Brownian value by a factor of several thousand. As a result of the enhanced diffusion (and the convective mixing resulting from the motion), we observe a discriminable increase of the effective thermal conductivity of the solution containing self-propelled nanoparticles. While the increases we observe are in the range of several percent, they are significant considering that, without propulsion, the nanofluid thermal conductivity is essentially not affected by the Brownian motion and can be understood within the effective medium theory of thermal conduction. Our results constitute a proof of concept that self-propelled particles have the potential to enhance thermal conductivity of the liquid in which they are immersed, an idea that could ultimately be implemented in a broad variety of cooling applications.
Twisted monolayer and bilayer graphene for vertical tunneling transistors
Authors: Ghazaryan Davit A. , Misra Abhishek , Vdovin Evgenii E. , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Morozov Sergei V. , Mishchenko Artem , Novoselov Kostya S.
Published: May 2021

We prepare twist-controlled resonant tunneling transistors consisting of monolayer and Bernal bilayer graphene electrodes separated by a thin layer of hexagonal boron nitride. The resonant conditions are achieved by closely aligning the crystallographic orientation of graphene electrodes, which leads to momentum conservation for tunneling electrons at certain bias voltages. Under such conditions, negative differential conductance can be achieved. Application of in-plane magnetic field leads to electrons acquiring additional momentum during the tunneling process, which allows control over the resonant conditions.
Guiding the design of oxidation-resistant Fe-based single atom alloy catalysts with insights from configurational space
Authors: Hensley Alyssa J. R. , Collinge Greg , Wang Yong , McEwen Jean-Sabin
Published: May 2021

The high activity and selectivity of Fe-based heterogeneous catalysts toward a variety of reactions that require the breaking of strong bonds are offset in large part by their considerable instability with respect to oxidative deactivation. While it has been shown that the stability of Fe catalysts is considerably enhanced by alloying them with precious metals (even at the single-atom limit), rational design criteria for choosing such secondary metals are still missing. Since oxidative deactivation occurs due to the strong binding of oxygen to Fe and reduction by adsorbed hydrogen mitigates the deactivation, we propose here to use the binding affinity of oxygen and hydrogen adatoms as the basis for rational design. As it would also be beneficial to use cheaper secondary metals, we have scanned over a large subset of 3d–5d mid-to-late transition metal single atoms and computationally determined their effect on the oxygen and hydrogen adlayer binding as a function of chemical potential and adsorbate coverage. We further determine the underlying chemical origins that are responsible for these effects and connect them to experimentally tunable quantities. Our results reveal a reliable periodic trend wherein oxygen binding is weakened greatest as one moves right and down the periodic table. Hydrogen binding shows the same trend only at high (but relevant) coverages and otherwise tends to have its binding slightly increased in all systems. Trends with secondary metal coverage are also uncovered and connected to experimentally tunable parameters.
Hot electron photoemission in metal–semiconductor structures aided by resonance tunneling
Authors: Shuklin Fedor A. , Smetanin Igor V. , Protsenko Igor E. , Khurgin Jacob B. , Nikonorov Nikolay V. , Uskov Alexander V.
Published: May 2021

Enhancement of the surface photoemission from metal into semiconductor by resonance tunneling of photoexcited electrons through (quasi-) discrete level in quantum well, located within Schottky barrier of the metal–semiconductor interface, is studied theoretically taking into account the difference between the electron masses in metal and semiconductor. It is shown, in particular, that resonance tunneling through the discrete level can lead to the redshift of the threshold wavelength of surface photoeffect, higher slope linear growth in photocurrent near the threshold (in contrast to quadratic growth, i.e., Fowler's law), and the possibility to increase substantially the photoemission efficiency similarly to recent experimental results on hot carrier generation in plasmonic structures with a discrete energy level at metal interface. The difference in the effective masses is shown to significantly affect the results. Double-barrier tunneling structures with resonant tunneling may become attractive for applications in photochemistry and in plasmonic photodetectors in near IR and middle IR regions of the spectrum.
Reverse-transcribed SARS-CoV-2 RNA can integrate into the genome of cultured human cells and can be expressed in patient-derived tissues
Authors: Zhang Liguo , Richards Alexsia , Barrasa M. Inmaculada , Hughes Stephen H. , Young Richard A. , Jaenisch Rudolf
Published: May 2021

Significance

An unresolved issue of SARS-CoV-2 disease is that patients often remain positive for viral RNA as detected by PCR many weeks after the initial infection in the absence of evidence for viral replication. We show here that SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be reverse-transcribed and integrated into the genome of the infected cell and be expressed as chimeric transcripts fusing viral with cellular sequences. Importantly, such chimeric transcripts are detected in patient-derived tissues. Our data suggest that, in some patient tissues, the majority of all viral transcripts are derived from integrated sequences. Our data provide an insight into the consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infections that may help to explain why patients can continue to produce viral RNA after recovery.
Metabolic bifunctionality of Rv0812 couples folate and peptidoglycan biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Black Katherine A. , Duan Lijun , Mandyoli Lungelo , Selbach Bruna P. , Xu Weizhen , Ehrt Sabine , Sacchettini James C. , Rhee Kyu Y.
Published: May 2021

Comparative sequence analysis has enabled the annotation of millions of genes from organisms across the evolutionary tree. However, this approach has inherently biased the annotation of phylogenetically ubiquitous, rather than species-specific, functions. The ecologically unusual pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has evolved in humans as its sole reservoir and emerged as the leading bacterial cause of death worldwide. However, the physiological factors that define Mtb’s pathogenicity are poorly understood. Here, we report the structure and function of a protein that is required for optimal in vitro fitness and bears homology to two distinct enzymes, Rv0812. Despite diversification of related orthologues into biochemically distinct enzyme families, rv0812 encodes a single active site with aminodeoxychorismate lyase and D–amino acid transaminase activities. The mutual exclusivity of substrate occupancy in this active site mediates coupling between nucleic acid and cell wall biosynthesis, prioritizing PABA over D-Ala/D-Glu biosynthesis. This bifunctionality reveals a novel, enzymatically encoded fail-safe mechanism that may help Mtb and other bacteria couple replication and division.
Crop harvested area, not yield, drives variability in crop production in Iran
Authors: Rezaei Ehsan Eyshi , Ghazaryan Gohar , Moradi Rooholla , Dubovyk Olena , Siebert Stefan
Published: May 2021

Increasing population and a severe water crisis are imposing growing pressure on Iranian cropping systems to increase crop production to meet the rising demand for food. Little is known about the separate contribution of trends and variability of the harvested area and yield to crop production in severely drought-prone areas such as Iran. In this study we (a) quantify the importance of harvested area and yield on trends and variability of crop production for the 12 most important annual crops under rainfed and irrigated conditions and (b) test how well the variability in annual crop areas can be explained by drought dynamics. We use remote sensing based land cover and evapotranspiration products derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer to quantify the extent of cropland and drought severity as well as survey-based, crop-specific reports for the period 2001–2016 in Iran. The intensity of drought stress was estimated using the annual ratio between actual and potential evapotranspiration. We found that trends in the production of specific crops are predominantly explained by trends in harvested crop area. Besides, the variability in the harvested area contributed significantly more to the variability in crop production than the variability in crop yields, particularly under rainfed conditions (seven out of nine crops). In contrast, variability in the production of heavily subsidized crops such as wheat was predominantly explained by yield variability. Variability in the annual cropland area was largely explained by drought, in particular for the more arid regions in the south of the country. This highlights the importance of better and proactive drought management to stabilize crop areas and yields for sufficient food production in Iran.
Measurement and analysis of motor-noise in underwater glider
Authors: Zhou Qing , Zhao Yihao , Wang Maofa
Published: May 2021

Self-noise is a very disadvantageous factor for underwater glider to observe ocean ambient noise, in which the noise caused by motor is very significant. In order to grasp the characteristics of the motor-noise and its influence on the measurement of ocean ambient noise, a long-term sea trial was conducted in the South China Sea in May 2020, and the self-noise data of underwater glider under different working conditions are obtained. By analyzing the noise level and spectrum level of the motor noise, we obtained the self-noise spectrum characteristics and know that the influence of control motor noise on the noise measurement of head and tail hydrophone is mainly below 5 kHz band, and the influence of full-frequency noise level brought by motor is within 10dB and 5dB respectively. The results lay an important foundation for further analysis of ocean ambient noise measured by underwater glider.
Feasibility and impact of greywater recycling in four types of buildings in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Tayara Adel , Shanableh Abdallah , Atieh Muataz Ali , Abdallah Mohamed , Battacharjee Sourjya , Mustafa Ahmed , Bardan Mayyada Al
Published: May 2021

Greywater (GW) recycling and reuse is an important approach for conserving water and meeting the demand of the growing population. However, the success of greywater reuse (GWR) depends on process feasibility and impacts. In this study, the feasibility and impact of GWR installations in four types of buildings (high rise residential building, school, hotel and house of worship) in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, were assessed. The study included economic assessment as well as assessment of impacts in terms of CO2 emissions and energy consumption over time. The GWR options included use of GW, as applicable, for toilet flushing or as make-up water in open air conditioning cooling towers. The results from the study indicate that GWR is feasible for the various types of buildings and applications assessed and that it can lead to significant reductions in water consumption, CO2 emissions and energy consumption. However, buildings owner’s share of financial savings is a key factor in deciding interest in installing and operating GWR systems.
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions based on energy conservation
Authors: Kartavskaya V M , Kartavskaya A V
Published: May 2021

The possibilities of introducing energy-saving technologies to improve energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere while meeting the own needs of the combined heat and power plant (CHP) in thermal energy are considered. With the introduction of the considered energy-saving technologies aimed at increasing the efficiency of fuel consumption in the production of heat and electric energy, including the use of thermal energy for own needs through the heat supply system (in-plant heat networks), it is also possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from CHP plants.
The future of residential neighborhoods 1960-80: transformation of the architectural and planning structure. Results of the international research project “Unloved heritage” of the socialist city 1960-70
Authors: Kozlov V
Published: May 2021

The results of an international research project to assess the urban development potential of residential neighborhoods in socialist cities, carried out by a consortium of universities, are presented. A differentiated analysis of the experience of transformation of microdistricts in different countries revealed potential opportunities for development and renewal in various aspects: functional and planning structure, open spaces, mobility systems, identity, and public spaces. The project offers strategies for the transformation of microdistricts, as well as defines the prospects for a research project at the next stage of cooperation between universities and directions for integrating the main provisions of the project into the educational programs of architectural universities, as an important project task of various urban planning scales.
New materials for the “green building” of urban areas
Authors: Tolmacheva N A , Zelinskaia E V , Kurina A V , Garashchenko A A
Published: May 2021

In the modern world during the rapid development of urban agglomerates, mankind uses less and less natural building materials and mainly uses artificially created. New construction technologies and modern materials must comply with environmental safety requirements, technical regulations and legislation in the field of environmental protection, so that the erected buildings and structures in urban design do not harm either man or the biosphere. Composite materials based on polymers and industrial waste are gaining popularity.The environmental assessment of new mineral-polymer composite (MPC) materials confirmed their compliance with technical and sanitary-epidemiological requirements, as well as with the criteria of the STO NOSTROY 2.35.4-2011 standard “Green building” such as: “Comfort and ecology of the internal environment”, “Energy saving and energy efficiency ",” Ecology of creation, operation and disposal ", which will reduce the load of construction on urban ecosystems and ensure the creation of a safe and comfortable living environment.
Housing construction issues in Irkutsk province (based on Vlast Truda materials)
Authors: Zvezdina A A , Lantsova I V , Metelkina L N
Published: May 2021

The article aims to select and study negative and positive materials on housing construction policies in Irkutsk province in 1921-1922 published in the Vlast Truda newspaper. These are materials on redistribution, preservation, and renovation of apartments, reconstruction of buildings, construction of affordable housing for workers and employees. Special attention is paid to the housing construction stages: building design by drawing and design offices, production of building materials, selection of qualified personnel, tendering for construction works. An analysis of living conditions of urban and rural residents is carried out. In this period, the systems of housing distribution and accommodation payment were based on the differentiated principle, taking into account the privileged party and government support. Newspaper periodicals as the most accessible and prompt source can help to recover lost information and find new facts when assessing the new national housing policy. At the same time, materials were presented on behalf of the editorial board which speaks for their subjectivity. There were no critical materials, but there were unverified facts. The article emphasizes the continuity of the Communist Party and Soviet press of the 1920s and modern Russian newspaper publications on the issues of housing construction whose improvement can raise the level of economic development and living standards.
Principles of reconstruction of a small depressive city on the example of Tulun
Authors: Bolshakov A G
Published: May 2021

Three principles of reconstruction of a small depressive city are considered. The principle of landscape conformity is the order of urban zoning of landscape locations. And in particular, the direction of engineering flood protection. Compares the two cities: Tulun and Lensk and two floods that they experienced. The second principle is to use the advantages of economic and geographical location to identify areas for the revival of a small depressive city. The third principle is a targeted approach to the development of morphotypes of residential development that are adequate for a small depressive city.
Compositional modeling as a method of study the architectural heritage in educational design
Authors: Kozlova G S , Kozlova L V
Published: May 2021

The article presents the methodology of the authors’ work with first-year students of architectural specialties INRTU on the topic of the course project “Compositional Analysis of an Architectural Object”. This methodology is based on the search for analogies as a system of regularities that makes it possible to recreate plastic models and architectural drawings of lost temples. The result of this work was the creation of models for the museum of the Irkutsk customs. It was recreated as separate buildings and structures, and 19th century customs quarter with Chudotvorskaya church - the lost monument of architecture 18th – 19th centuries. Further research was related to the study of the complex Siberian Baroque temples in Irkutsk and various types of church architecture in the mid-18th - early 20th centuries. The article is illustrated with graphic and model research of the architectural composition of architectural monuments various types and historical periods. The main stages of the course project are presented from the construction of functional planning and volumetric models to the design of the figurative and structural characteristics of the object in the presentation of the tablet. There is also shown the comparison of models for the evolution of an individual temple and analogs.
The road and Fortification Preparation of Border Areas in the Recommendations of the Russian military theorist A.A. Svechin (the late 1920s)
Authors: Novikov P A , Baksheev A I , Rybalko M L
Published: May 2021

The article is devoted to the Russian military construction on the example of the St. Petersburg Military District in the period from 1864 to 1917. Without taking into account the military factor, it is impossible to reconstruct the socio-economic development of our country’s regions. The scale and priority of military construction affect the long-term goals of the state. “Strategic” motives could both give an impetus to the economic growth of some regions, and on the contrary significantly restrain the development of others. St. Petersburg contains the results of many years of headquarters work such as all plans for mobilization and the sequence of replenishment, loss and restoration of the armed forces, stocks of maps. The main gunpowder, cannon and shell factories were located near St. Petersburg, while pipe, cartridge and mine factories are located in St. Petersburg itself. In St. Petersburg are stored the vast reserves of the State Bank, the Mint, the treasures of the Hermitage, the incalculable capitals of private financial enterprises, the money reserves of the State Treasury.The conditions of quartering significantly determine the combat training of troops in peacetime and, accordingly, their combat qualities in military conditions.
Sociocultural bases of an era of modernity and their influence on postrevolutionary architecture of the USSR
Authors: Smirnov A , Karasev S , Kuznetsov S , Kuibar V
Published: May 2021

Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917 applied for creation of the new world and first of all - the new person. This new person had to feel, wish, work and create in a new way. To formulate and implement the similar existential project, especially, so global, certain media language, imagination, art - a word, some obligatory means realizing political and subjective functions are required. Since ancient times such function was performed, in particular, in a special way by the organized subject and spatial environment finding the next expression in architecture. It is conventional that architecture - the major and strongest tool and the mechanism of impact on a subject. The architecture creates physical and symbolical borders, defining individual and collective life in a latent way. It is no wonder that the architecture of the first-ever socialist state was one of the most important construction tools of the new world.
Construction of isometric outlines of surfaces using their superimposed orthogonal projections
Authors: Kravcova L A , Kostrubova I I
Published: May 2021

The article solves the geometric task of constructing isometrics of the contour of spatial forms. The problem is solved by special construction of orthogonal projections of especial lines. These lines turn out to be contour lines of intersecting surfaces when they are further transformed into axonometry. Methods are considered to construct isometric contour of curved surfaces with finding their anchor points by superimposing projections of the same name. This simplifies the task of determining the coordinates of anchor points in a complex drawing.
Forensic construction and technical examination in criminal proceedings
Authors: Zhuravlev E G
Published: May 2021

The object is the procedures of appointment and production of forensic examinations and assessment and use of their results in criminal courtroom proceedings. The main emphasis is on the theoretical and legislative basis of forensic examinations in the Russian Federation, including the construction and technical ones. The procedures of appointment and production of forensic construction and technical examinations (FCTE) in criminal procedures are described. Special attention is paid to the organizational, procedural and methodological problems of appointment and production of forensic construction and technical examinations. The ways of improving the methodological support of the FCTE and developing solutions to these problems are outlined.
Solving the problem of high ground water
Authors: Shustov P A , Bobrova A A
Published: May 2021

During the construction of buildings and structures, as well as during operation, it is often necessary to carry out a set of measures to reduce the level of ground (underground) water. This is due to the frequent occurrence of dangerous natural and man-made processes - flooding of built-up areas, which cause adverse changes in the natural and man-made environment. The article discusses the main methods of water reduction, in order to choose the optimal and rational method of work during the construction and operation of buildings and structures. When choosing the most effective and optimal method of water reduction, it is necessary to take into account not only the physical properties of the soil, but also the technical, technological and economic aspects of the problem being solved.
Wooden house building market: technological problems in development issues
Authors: Yu Gorbachevskaya E , Bezrukikh O A , Safronov D A
Published: May 2021

Compared to other countries, the Russian Federation does not have sufficiently high indicators in the field of wooden housing construction. Nevertheless, there are some positive dynamics. It is estimated that during the last 20 years the volume of wooden construction has increased by 5-7 times. It is one of the leading development directions for the timber industry complex. This traditional type of house building has huge prospects in Russia, especially with the use of ready-made house modules. The article represents the analysis of prospects for Russian wooden construction using various technologies. The physical and technological properties of large-panel housing construction are also characterized. The necessity of further wooden construction development is shown as an influential factor for social life support, conservation of territories, history, the environment, etc. The article also contents some suggestions to optimize problematic issues in the wooden construction industry. The necessity of regulations and special rules without legal barriers is determined. It is needed because all wooden building structures must be estimated using uniform and understandable requirements which are easy to understand for consumers. That allows them to distinguish houses made from factory kits from those erected in a handicraft way. This will help solve the housing problems of citizens who will have additional opportunities to build their own houses, as well as for the development of the construction industry, creating new jobs at wood processing enterprises.