bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategies for Sustainable Crop Production in Semi-Arid Africa
Authors: McCown R.L. , Keating B.A. , Probert M.E. , Jones R.K.
Published: July 2017

This is a record of the experience of a research team attempting to identify a development path for a farming system in semi-arid Africa. The farming system is the largely-subsistence production of crops and livestock by smallholders in the Machakos and Kitui Districts in Eastern Kenya. The region is known locally as Ukambani- “the place where the Kamba people live”. This region has a long history in which the food demands of rapidly growing populations have periodically outstripped the productive capacity of the land and current technology. Today, the population pressure on land and its rate of growth are among the highest in the world, and emigration is no longer a feasible solution. But numerous other areas of Africa are not far behind in population pressures and a more sustainable agriculture in this region is important not only for Kenya. Almost certainly, the problems of agriculture in Machakos-Kitui today represent a future scenario for much of semi-arid Africa.

This article is also concerned with methodology for conducting research on farming systems. While the project was designed according to the concepts of Farming Systems Research (FSR) (Collinson, 1982), the realities of development assistance projects created challenges in implementation. The research also departed from the conventional FSR plan as new possibilities were realized, and with great benefit.

The outcome is a well-founded hypothesis: contrary to much contemporary wisdom, a strategy of augmenting traditional soil enrichment practices with modest amounts of fertilizer is economically feasible for many farmers and provides the best prospects for food security and sustainable agriculture in this climatic zone.
Overseas Aid for Biotechnology in Agriculture
Authors: Witcombe J. R.
Published: July 2017

Biotechnology could have a tremendous impact on the agricultural productivity of the developing world. However, most biotechnology research for agriculture is in the developed world for the agriculture of developed countries. Overseas aid must be used to help redress this imbalance, and aid agencies must work with both the private and public sectors to do this. This paper describes the great potential of biotechnology for agriculture and gives examples from the Overseas Development Administration (ODA) Plant Sciences Research Programme (PSRP) of the application of funding from overseas aid agencies to biotechnology in the developing world.
Rainfed Agriculture: Water Harvesting and Soil Water Conservation
Authors: Laryea K. B.
Published: July 2017

Cultivated rainfed agricultural lands contribute substantially to food production in the semi-arid tropics, but crop yields depend on the vagaries of the weather, particularly the variable onset and cessation of rainfall. Increased crop yields can be stabilized and the soil resource base conserved if runoff water from periodic intensive rainfall can be harvested, stored and used to supplement crop water requirements during periods of drought.
Management of Agroforestry for the Conservation and Utilization of Land and Water Resources
Authors: Kiepe P. , Rao M. R.
Published: July 2017

Although the potential of agroforestry for conservation and utilization of soil and water resources is well recognized, experimental evidence on the extent of actual benefits is limited. However, the scope for adoption of agroforestry technologies is great because of the low requirement for investment and the potentially high economic benefits, as most of them combine protection with production. Technologies vary from those with conservation as the main purpose to those focused on production, where soil conservation is supplementary. The adoption of agroforestry systems will ultimately depend on increased crop yields and economic benefits to farmers. The realization of their potential benefits will in turn depend on the management, which includes carefully selecting trees and shrubs adapted to local conditions, using a combination of appropriate technologies, and following good silvicultural and crop husbandry practices. Availability of tree seedlings and labour, the need to protect trees during non-cropping periods, competition of trees with crops for growth resources, and lack of short-term economic benefits are some of the constraints to the adoption of agroforestry by farmers.
New Gene Technologies and their Potential Value for Sugarcane
Authors: Birch Robert G.
Published: July 2017

An efficient system is now in place for improving diverse sugarcane cultivars by genetic transformation, that is, the insertion of useful new genes into single cells followed by the regeneration of genetically modified (transgenic) plants. The method has already been used to Introduce genes for resistance to several major diseases, Insect pests and a herbicide. Field testing has begun, and research is underway to identify other genes for increased environmental stress resistance, agronomic efficiency and yield of sucrose or other valuable products. Experience In other crops has shown that genetically Improved varieties which provide genuine environmental and consumer benefits are welcomed by producers and consumers. Substantial research Is still needed, but these new gene technologies will reshape the sugar industry and determine the International competitive efficiency of producers.
Simulation of multiple access protocols for real-time control
Authors: Finn Alan , Decker Randall , McClurg Chris , Harmon Dayle
Published: July 2017

The simulation activity described in this paper was undertaken for the design of a hierarchical multiple access communication network for a distributed real-time control system. The network consisted of multiple busses hierarchically connected by bridges. High bandwidth control loops were closed over local busses. Lower rate loops and status information were shared between busses.

Multiple simulation methodologies were employed to design and valdate the communications protocol for the network. The methodologies included mathematical analysis, functional simulation, and physical simulation. Each method elucidated a separate aspect of the protocol's behavior. The unique contribution of each method yielded a comprehensive understanding of the proposed design and perrnitted model validation by cross-checking the results.

The ortginal traffic load for this study included messages with maximurn acceptable delays between 0.001 and 1.0 seconds. The speed of the network was limited to less than 1.0 megabit per second (Mbps) for electrical reasons. The results demonstrated an unacceptable probability of delay for the highest rate messages, even at the muximum bus speed. A separate dedicated link was therefore added to the control system for the highest rate messages.
Obstacles to International Travel and Tourism
Authors: Ascher Bernard
Published: July 2017

This article identifies and examines restrictions on tourist trade and suggests possible approaches for the future. Particular attention is given to government actions and regulations.
The Determinants of Timing in the Adoption of New Accounting Standards: A Study of SFAS No. 87, Employers' Accounting for Pensions
Authors: Tung Samuel S. , Weygandt Jerry J.
Published: July 2017

This study examines whether debt contracting and political costs influence companies' decisions regarding the timing of the initial adoption of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 87, Employers' Accounting for Pensions. The results are consistent with the debt contracting hypotheses: early adopters tended to have higher leverage and a higher income effect from the adoption and a lower interest coverage ratio and a larger increase in this ratio from the adoption. Our findings, however, do not support the political cost hypothesis.
Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency in Patients Receiving Simultaneous Parenteral and Oral Nutrition
Authors: Stein T. Peter , Buzby Gordon P. , Hargrove W. Clark , Leskiw Maria J. , Mullen James L.
Published: July 2017

Essential fatty acid deficiency is a common finding in patients nourished parenterally with hypertonic glucose and amino acids. In this study, we measured the Iinoleate concentration in the livers of 3 groups of patients. All the patients had operable upper gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Group I ate the hospital's regular diet ad libitum. Group II were given total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Group III received both enteral and parenteral nutrition and obtained about 35% of their caloric intake from food. The percentage of total liver fatty acids as linoleate were group I, 15.2 ± 1.2%, group II, 3.7 ± 1.4%, and group III, 2.8 ± 1.6%. Data are expressed as the mean ± 1 SEM. The patients who received 35% of their calories by mouth as food and the patients on TPN were found to be equally depleted in linoleate.
Nutritional and Immunological Evaluations in Cancer Patients. Relationship to Surgical Infections
Authors: Dionigi Paolo , Dionigi Renzo , Nazari Stefano , Bonoldi Alberto Pietro , Griziotti Antonella , Pavesi Franco , Tibaldeschi Carlo , Cividini Flavio , Gratton Ilvo
Published: July 2017

Several reports provide evidence of the synergism between malnutrition and infection in hospitalized patients. In this study, preoperative complete nutritional assessment (NA) was performed to: 1) evaluate NA modifications in 21 controls with benign minor surgical diseases and in 71 surgical cancer patients; 2) determine the relative value of nutritional and immunological indicators in relation to the postoperative septic complications in cancer patients. The following parameters were used: percent ideal body weight, percent usual body weight, percent weight loss/month, percent standard arm circumference, percent standard triceps skinfold; hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum proteins, albumin, iron, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, retinol binding protein (RBP); serum creatinine, urine creatinine, creatinine/height index, percent arm muscle circumference; peripheral lymphocytes, white blood cells, complement (C3c), skin tests. In the cancer group percent usual body weight, percent arm muscle circumference, hematocrit, hemoglobin, albumin, iron, ceruloplasmin, retinol binding protein, C3c and delayed hypersensitivity response (DHR) were significantly different from controls. Ceruloplasmin and DHR were the only tests significantly different in the cancer patients who developed postoperative infections. Duration of anesthesia and operative field contamination are other important causative factors which, if associated with malnutrition, may determine a higher susceptibility to infections in surgical cancer patients.
Incidence and Mortality of Hypoalbuminemic Patients in Hospitalized Veterans
Authors: Reinhardt George F. , Myscofski Jeanne W. , Wilkens Donna B. , Dobrin Philip B. , Mangan James E. , Stannard Robert T.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of hypoalbuminemia (HAlb) in a hospitalized male veteran population. Computerized surveillance of all clinical serum albumin determinations was performed during a 60‐day interval. Each patient with an albumin level of 3.4 g/100 ml or less was identified and classified as an A, B, C, or D patient, based on the lowest recorded albumin level. After classification, each patient was followed either until death or for a minimum of 60 days. From a population of 2060 hospitalized veterans, 509 were identified as having HAlb for an incidence of 24.7%. The 30‐day mortality rate for these 509 patients was 24.6%. The highest mortality rate, 62.0%, was seen in 50 group D patients whose albumin levels fell to 2.0 or below. For all HAlb patient groups, a linear correlation could be demonstrated between the level of HAlb observed and the subsequent 30‐day mortality rate. It is concluded that, in our hospitalized veteran population, HAlb is a common finding and is associated with an increased 30‐day mortality rate.
Immediate Postoperative Feeding Following Massive Abdominal Trauma‐the Catheter Jejunostomy
Authors: Dunn Ernest L. , Moore Ernest E. , Bohus Robert W.
Published: July 2017

Early postoperative feeding with an elemental diet has been successful in elective gastrointestinal surgery. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether elemental feedings were feasible through a catheter jejunostomy in patients suffering massive abdominal and retroperitoneal injuries. Eight patients had a combination of hepatic, upper gastrointestinal, and pancreatic injuries. A 16‐gauge intercath was placed in the proximal jejunum, and the constant infusion of elemental diet begun at 12 to 18 hr postoperatively. Within 2 days the patients were receiving 2200 to 2400 cal/day and were maintained at this level for 5 to 22 days (average 11 days) before oral intake could be resumed. Body weight, lean muscle mass, and serum albumin were maintained during this period. Transferrin levels and total lymphocyte count improved during the elemental feedings. All patients eventually recovered completely. There were no gastrointestinal complications associated with the early feeding. Catheter jejunostomy can provide early nutritional support in patients with massive abdominal injuries.
An Electron Spectroscopic Study of the Cobalt(101̄2)-Oxygen Interaction: Chemisorption Properties, Oxide Growth and Oxidation States of the Surface Metal Ions
Authors: Scott E. G. , Prior K. A. , Lambert R. M.
Published: July 2017

The interaction of oxygen with the stepped (101̄2) surface of cobalt has been investigated over a range of temperature (300–800 K) and pressure (10−7−10+1 Torr) by XPS, UPS and LEED. After completion of a layer of chemisorbed atoms, oxygen uptake proceeds by the nucleation and growth of CoO. An examination of the satellite intensities associated with the Co(2p) levels yields no evidence for the formation of the higher oxide, and valence band UP spectra point to the same conclusion. However, the LEED results indicate that poorly ordered domains of the (100) plane of the Co3O4 spinel lattice are formed after extensive oxidation. A model is proposed which accounts for these observations; it also provides a basis for reconciling a number of conflicting reports in the literature.
Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectra of CO, H2, C2H4, and C2H5OH Adsorbed on Alumina Supported Rh.
Authors: Blyholder G. , Orji L.
Published: July 2017

Infrared spectra of CO, H2, C2H4, and C2H5OH adsorbed on rhodium supported on alumina have been obtained by a diffuse reflectance technique using a Fourier Transfor spectrometer. In the temperature range from 523K to 673K surface water or hydroxyl groups can oxidize metallic Rh particles to give Rh in a positive oxidation state as indicated by the the infrared spectrum of chemisorbed CO. Reduction in H2 at either lower or higher temperatures produces metallic Rh particles that chemisorb CO to produce broad bands for both linear and bridge bonded CO characteristic of metallic Rh particles. Aside from chemisorbed CO, the most conspicuous surface species formed during CO hydrogenation on Rh/A12O3 is a surface acetate. Ethene has two main reactions with Rh/A12O3; one to produce a surface ethylidyne and the other to produce gas phase ethane. The main interactions of ethanol with the Rh/A12O3 are to produce a surface acetate and to decompose to produce gas phase methane. In the presence of CO the ethene reacts with surface oxygen to give a surface acetate. In no case could a surface species be found that could be identified as an intermediate in CO hydrogenation to hydrocarbons. No surface species were found that could be assigned as CO insertion products with ethene or ethanol to give C3 molecules.
Adsorption of Phenol and p-Nitrophenol on Activated Carbon: Determination of Effective Diffusion Coefficients
Authors: Costa Enrique , Calleja Guillermo , Marijuan Luis
Published: July 2017

Adsorption of phenol and p-nitrophenol in aqueous solution on granular activated carbon has been studied in a stirred-tank system. Equilibrium isotherms and concentration decay curves were obtained experimentally for each adsorbate in the finite batch adsorber, for three temperatures in the range 274-313 K. Effective internal diffusion coefficients, Di, of the two adsorbates were calculated by means of a mathematical model of diffusion-adsorption that takes into account ordinary liquid phase diffusion and surface diffusion mechanisms. Surface diffusion coefficients, DS, were also calculated and correlated with temperature and surface coverage. Isosteric heat of adsorption and activation energy for the adsorption of p-nitrophenol were calculated; values obtained are between those of characteristic physical and chemical adsorption.
Gas Chromatographic Study of Specific Physisorption by Activated Carbons
Authors: Carrott P.J.M. , de Carvalho M. Brotas , Sing K.S.W.
Published: July 2017

Gas chromatography has been used to study the adsorption of C2–C6 n-alkenes and methanol by activated carbons. Although the higher alkenes adsorb non-specifically only, ethene can also undergo specific interactions with hydroxyl surface sites. The adsorption of alcohols is effected by both adsorbate–adsorbent and adsorbate–adsorbate interactions to such an extent that only in the case of methanol is it possible to obtain reliable chromatographic results. Methanol can undergo specific interactions with both hydroxyl and carbonyl surface sites. The use of methanol and ethene in combination can be used to follow changes in surface polarity brought about by surface modification procedures.
Further Observations on the Displacement of Pre-adsorbed Water from BPL Activated Carbon by Chloropicrin Vapour
Authors: Hall C. Richard , Holmes Richard J. , Lawston Ian W.
Published: July 2017

The efficiency of adsorption of chloropicrin vapour from a flowing airstream by beds of BPL activated carbon has been measured as a function of the relative humidity and temperature. The results show that there is a complex relationship between the kinetic adsorption performance and environmental parameters. In particular, the displacement of pre-adsorbed water can be critical. In several situations that reflect practical usage the effluent airstream is not able to remove water from the filter bed as fast as it is displaced (because it quickly reaches saturation). In such cases there is a fine balance as to whether water accumulation in the transport pore structure of the carbon results in pore blockage and thereby prevents the system reaching thermodynamic equilibrium, or whether build-up occurs in the intergranular spaces where it has only a limited effect.
Surface Characteristics of Hardened Slag–Lime Pastes
Authors: Amin Anwar
Published: July 2017

Two types of slag–lime pastes were prepared from granulated blast furnace slag and calcium hydroxide in a weight ratio of 80:20 and using initial water/solid (W/C) ratios of 0.25 and 0.4, respectively, to produce low and normal porosity pastes. After being hydrated for various lengths of time, the pastes were examined for surface area and pore structure using the nitrogen adsorption technique. The results of surface area, total pore volume and mean hydraulic radius measurements were related as far as possible to the chemical nature and physical state of the hydration products formed.
Adsorption of Some Allylic Compounds on Polarized 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel Electrodes in H2SO4 Solutions
Authors: Al-Megren Hamid A. , Al-Suhybani Abdulaziz A.
Published: July 2017

The adsorption of different compounds containing the allylic group on 304 austenitic stainless steel (304SS) in H2SO4 solutions was investigated under different conditions. These include the effect of H2SO4 (1–12 M), temperature (5–45°C), inhibitor concentration [inhibitor] (10−610−1 M) and the effect of Cl− on the inhibition efficiency (%Ef). The dependence of the open circuit potential (OCP) on time as well as on the above-mentioned conditions was also investigated. The current densities (cds) for the cathodic and anodic reactions were reported under the specified conditions. Such additives were found to greatly reduce the rate of reaction and for the weak inhibitors the extent of adsorption is enhanced in the presence of Cl−. In addition, the kinetic parameters and thermodynamic functions were evaluated using appropriate equations.
The Kinetics of Basic Dye Removal Using Palm-Fruit Bunch
Authors: Nassar Mamdouh M.
Published: July 2017

Equilibrium and kinetic studies were carried out during the adsorption of Basic Yellow dye on palm-fruit bunch adsorbent. The adsorbent is a cheap, abundant waste in tropical countries and has a monolayer equilibrium capacity of 320 mg dye/(g palm-fruit bunch). The effect of particle size, contact time and temperature were studied. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson adsorption models. The applicability of the Lagergren kinetic model has also been investigated. The adsorption isotherm rate constants demonstrate that palm-fruit bunch is a favourable adsorbent. The removal process follows first-order kinetics. The temperature dependence indicates the endothermic nature of the process.
Characterization and Catalytic Behaviour of Co3(PO4)2–AlPO4 Catalysts
Authors: Mostafa M.R. , Ahmed F.Sh.
Published: July 2017

Co3(PO4)2, AlPO4 and the binary system Co3(PO4)2-AlPO4 with different compositions were prepared by the coprecipitation method. The structural properties of these samples were determined using XRD, DTA and FT-IR techniques. The textural properties were determined from the adsorption of nitrogen at 77 K. The surface acidity was measured by a calorimetric titration method. The samples were tested as catalysts in the dehydration of ethanol and isopropanol using a pulse microcatalytic technique. The data obtained from XRD and FT-IR indicate the amorphous structures of the prepared catalysts. An increase in Co3(PO4)2 content led to a decrease in the surface area and in the total pore volume and an increase in the mean pore radius. The surface acidity of the catalyst depends on the chemical composition; the surface acidity increased with an increase in the AlPO4 content. The dehydration temperature and the distribution of acid sites are important parameters in determining the selectivity and activity of the catalyst.
The Influence of Acid Treatment on the Sorption Properties of Latvian Clays
Authors: Ruplis A. , Bumans R.
Published: July 2017

n-Hexane and carbon tetrachloride vapour sorption isotherms at 20°C are reported for two series (A and U) of Latvian clays. Samples of the A series were prepared from triassic montmorillonite clays by sulphuric or hydrochloric acid treatment at 100°C. Samples of the U series were prepared from quaternary hydromica clays in the same way. It was found that the vapour sorption isotherms exhibit a reproducible closed hysteresis loop at P/P0 = 0.3–0.99. For samples of series A, both the shape and the location of the hysteresis loop change as the acid concentrations increase. The BET specific surface area of both series samples increases at first and then decreases as the concentration of acid increases. Kelvin pore radii distribution curves have been calculated. It was found that the pore radius increases when the concentration of acid increases. The total pore volume of the samples was estimated as the amount of adsorbed vapour at P/P0=0.99. The pore volume at first increases and then decreases when the concentration of acid increases.
Criteria for Assessing Critical Adult Education Research
Authors: Little David J.
Published: July 2017

Critical educational science is an emerging adult education research orientation that preserves while at the same time supersedes empirical-analytic and intrepretive research traditions. This supersession/preservation is explored through an examination of the philosophical foundations of each. Based on this analysis, criteria are proposed for assessing critical adult education research projects and questions are raised regarding the reporting of this research.
Different effects of (CIS+TRANS) 1,3-dichloropropene in renal cortical slices derived from male and female rats
Authors: Secondin Livia , Maso Stefano , Trevisan Andrea
Published: July 2017

1 Nephrotoxic effects of 1,3-dichloropropene (cis and trans isomers mixture) was investigated in vitro by means of renal cortical slice model in male and female rats, including treatment with metabolism modifiers as an inducer of cytochrome P-450 1A class (β-naphtho-flavone), a reduced glutathione depleting (DL-buthio-nine-[S, R]-sulfoximine), an inhibitor of g-glutamyltransferase (AT-125) and inhibitor of cysteine conjugate β-lyase (aminooxiacetic acid).

2 Dose-dependent decrease of p-aminohippurate uptake was observed in male renal cortical slices. Only the high doses (3.0 and 4.0×10-4 M) caused a significant loss of organic anion uptake in females.

3 β-Naphthoflavone and α-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid (AT-125) partially, but significantly, reduced organic anion loss in males. In females, DL-buthionine-[S, R]-sulfoximine significantly increased in females but in males loss of organic anion accumulation caused by 1,3-dichloropropene. Aminooxyacetic acid did not ameliorate 1,3 D effects in vivo and in vitro in male rats. It appeared very toxic for female rats (all rats died) after in vivo injection.

4 Sensitivity to nephrotoxicity induced by 1,3-dichlor-opropene in vitro was about double in male than female rats. Reduced glutathione conjugation appeared involved in nephrotoxicity induced in males but in females, probably by means of a chloropropylcysteinylglycine-conjugate formation; slight toxicity in females is likely related to oxidative metabolism.
Multiple sclerosis progression in a natural history study: Predictive value of cerebrospinal fluid free kappa light chains
Authors: Rudick RA , Medendorp SV , Namey M , Boyle S , Fischer J
Published: July 2017

Objectives: To determine the relationship between baseline CSF immunologic abnormalities and MS disease progression; To determine progression rates in an untreated, recently-diagnosed MS sample using several validated clinical measures.

Background: CSF immune abnormalities are common in MS but have not been linked to disease progression.

Design Methods: Thirty-six patients with definite (n=28), probable (n=2), or possible (n=6) MS were studied prospectively. Baseline CSF was analyzed for free kappa and lambda light chains, myelin basic protein, IgG synthesis rate, and IgG index. MS patients were entered into the study within 5 years of symptom onset and examined semiannually for as long as 53.4 months (median length offollow up 38.9 months). MS progression was defined as sustained worsening on the following clinical measurement instruments: the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), the Ambulation Index (AI), the 9 Hole Peg Test (9HT) and the Box and Blocks test (BBT). Kaplan-Meier estimates of disease progression were calculated and the relationship between baseline CSF values and disease progression was determined using Cox proportional hazards regression models.

Results: By 36 months, 33% (95% Cl-10.3, 55.7) of patients had progressed on EDSS and 49.7% (95% Cl=27.7, 71.7) had progressed on at least one of the outcome measures. Patients with CSF free kappa chain levels in the upper quartile had a significantly higher risk of progression on EDSS (Hazard Ratio 3.78; p=0.04) and 9HT (Hazard Ratio 10.77, p=0.04).

Conclusions: In this study, CSF free kappa light chains predicted subsequent physical deterioration in prospectively evaluated MS patients. If this is confirmed by larger studies, then CSF free kappa light chains could serve as a target for intervention in therapeutic trials.
Who initiates and organises situations for work-related alcohol use? The WIRUS culture study
Authors: Nordaune Kristin , Skarpaas Lisebet S. , Sagvaag Hildegunn , Haveraaen Lise , Rimstad Silje , Kinn Liv G. , Aas Randi W.
Published: July 2017

Aims: Alcohol is one of the leading causes of ill health and premature death in the world. Several studies indicate that working life might influence employees’ alcohol consumption and drinking patterns. The aim of this study was to explore work-related drinking situations, with a special focus on answering who initiates and organises these situations. Methods: Data were collected through semi-structured group interviews in six Norwegian companies from the private ( n=4) and public sectors ( n=2), employing a total of 3850 employees. The informants ( n=43) were representatives from management and local unions, safety officers, advisers from the social insurance office and human-resource personnel, health, safety and environment personnel, and members from the occupational environment committee. Both qualitative and quantitative content analyses were applied in the analyses of the material. Results: Three different initiators and organisers were discovered: the employer, employees and external organisers. External organisers included customers, suppliers, collaborators, sponsors, subcontractors, different unions and employers’ organisations. The employer organised more than half of the situations; external organisers were responsible for more than a quarter. The differences between companies were mostly due to the extent of external organisers. Conclusions: The employer initiates and organises most situations for work-related alcohol use. However, exposure to such situations seems to depend on how many external relations the company has. These aspects should be taken into account when workplace health-promotion initiatives are planned.
Hospital Admitted Head Injury: A Prospective Study in Trøndelag, Norway, 1979–80
Authors: Edna Tom-Harald , Cappelen Johan
Published: July 2017

Head injury ranks among the leading causes of disability and death in the prime of life. The purpose of the present prospective investigation was to study head injuries necessitating hospital admission in our region. The characteristics of 1124 such head injuries in Trøndelag in 1979–80 are presented. The annual incidence was 200 per 100000 inhabitants. Young males were most often affected. The incidence was higher in males than in females in all age ranges. Road traffic accidents were the most common cause of head injury, but home accidents had higher rates of skull fractures and intracranial haematomas. Both lethality and duration of hospitalization increased with age.
Bias from Non-Participation: A Study of Low-Level Lead Exposure in Children
Authors: Lyngbye Troels , Hansen Ole Noerby , Grandjean Philippe
Published: July 2017

Epidemiological studies on neurobehavioural effects in childhood are highly sensitive to selection bias. A study on the significance of low-level lead exposure was performed among school children in the first grade in Aarhus in 1982–83. Deciduous teeth were collected and analysed for the circumpulpal dentin lead concentration. On the basis of the lead levels, a case and a control group were identified. Information on socioeconomical status and past medical history was obtained for all children. A “common sense” stratification of the reason for non-participation, showed bias in particular due to non-responders, while “refusers” caused little, if any bias. A non-participation of 7% significantly distorted the main result of the study in the direction of the null-hypothesis. Current studies of low-level lead exposure vary greatly with regard to non-participation and the extent of selection bias may contribute to understand the apparent diversity of findings of studies in this field.
Stochastic variable selection strategies for zero-inflated models
Authors: Cantoni Eva , Auda Marie
Published: July 2017

When count data exhibit excess zero, that is more zero counts than a simpler parametric distribution can model, the zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) or zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) models are often used. Variable selection for these models is even more challenging than for other regression situations because the availability of p covariates implies 4 p possible models. We adapt to zero-inflated models an approach for variable selection that avoids the screening of all possible models. This approach is based on a stochastic search through the space of all possible models, which generates a chain of interesting models. As an additional novelty, we propose three ways of extracting information from this rich chain and we compare them in two simulation studies, where we also contrast our approach with regularization (penalized) techniques available in the literature. The analysis of a typical dataset that has motivated our research is also presented, before concluding with some recommendations.
Factors and Predictors of Response with Epoetin Alfa for Chemotherapy-Related Anemia
Authors: Goram Adrian L
Published: July 2017

Objective:

To describe the value of specific factors and predictors that influence the use of epoetin alfa for anemia in adults with cancer receiving chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy.

Data Sources:

Data search restricted to English-language literature on epoetin alfa identified by MEDLINE searches (1990-July 2000) and other pertinent literature was conducted.

Data Synthesis:

Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) is a common finding among cancer patients. Patients receiving repeated or multiple chemotherapy regimens alone or with radiation therapy may worsen ACD. Blood transfusion is the cornerstone of treatment. Risks associated with allogeneic blood transfusion are clearly established. This includes alteration of the immune system, acute allergic reactions, viral and bacterial infections, tumor reappearance, and reduced quality of life (QOL). As the demand for blood increased and periodic supply shortages occurred, healthcare centers began seeking alternatives to blood transfusion. Recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin alfa) is a prophylactic or treatment option that can reduce the need for blood transfusion with an improved QOL. Albeit clinically beneficial, epoetin alfa is expensive. Using predictors during early use with epoetin alfa, clinicians can identify patients most likely and least likely to benefit from further therapy, thus preventing costly outcomes. The change in hemoglobin (>0.5–1.0 g/dL) combined with either endogenous erythropoietin concentration (<100 mU/mL) or absolute reticulocyte count increase (>40,000 cells/uL) two to four weeks after starting therapy provided the most powerful prediction of response to epoetin alfa.

Conclusions:

Key factors and predictors with epoetin alfa can optimize therapy outcomes in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.
Compliance Issues and Extemporaneous Preparation of Medications for Pediatric Patients
Authors: Schell Kenneth H.
Published: July 2017

Objective:

Medications often are produced in a form that makes administration to pediatric patients difficult. Even when available in liquid forms, some medications can pose compliance problems in children. Various strategies and techniques are discussed which provide information on how to increase compliance in this special group of patients by providing preparations that can be rapidly formulated and easily administered.

Conclusions:

The pharmacist and pharmacy technician can benefit from an increased awareness of the special needs of the pediatric patient regarding drug therapy. With the increasing probability of an expanded scope of practice for technicians, this information can be of interest to both pharmacists and technicians.
Effect of Low Temperatures on Drug-Delivery Efficacy of Aerosols
Authors: Martí-Bonmatí Ezequiel , Juan Gustavo , Martí-Bonmatí Luis , Ramon Mercedes
Published: July 2017

Objective:

To determine how low temperatures affect the pharmaceutical properties of oral inhalation aerosols pressurized with chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

Design:

Inhalation aerosols of the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist terbutaline sulfate were exposed at three different environmental temperatures [22, 0, and −10 °C; (±2)]. Three groups of 10 canisters each, at different drug loads (100%, 50%, and 20%), were studied at these temperatures. Canisters with mouthpieces were weighed before and after 40 actuations in order to study the mass propelled in each experimental condition. Photographs were also taken of the aerosol mist at each temperature.

Results:

A statistically significant decrease in the average mass of the aerosol discharged was evidenced at low temperatures. The temperature and aerosol output were linearly correlated. The weight loss at–10 °C was 35.4%. At this temperature the emitted doses were discharged as liquefied droplets. This effect was quickly manifested and proved reversible.

Conclusions:

Low temperatures modify the pharmaceutical properties of oral inhalation aerosols pressurized with CFCs. This technical information should be included as a note of caution in the prescribing information.
Optimisation of rocker sole footwear for prevention of first plantar ulcer: comparison of group‐optimised and individually‐selected footwear designs
Authors: Preece Stephen J. , Chapman Jonathan D. , Braunstein Bjoern , Brüggemann Gert‐Peter , Nester Christopher J.
Published: July 2017

Background

Appropriate footwear for individuals with diabetes but no ulceration history could reduce the risk of first ulceration. However, individuals who deem themselves at low risk are unlikely to seek out bespoke footwear which is personalised. Therefore, our primary aim was to investigate whether group‐optimised footwear designs, which could be prefabricated and delivered in a retail setting, could achieve appropriate pressure reduction, or whether footwear selection must be on a patient‐by‐patient basis. A second aim was to compare responses to footwear design between healthy participants and people with diabetes in order to understand the transferability of previous footwear research, performed in healthy populations.

Methods

Plantar pressures were recorded from 102 individuals with diabetes, considered at low risk of ulceration. This cohort included 17 individuals with peripheral neuropathy. We also collected data from 66 healthy controls. Each participant walked in 8 rocker shoe designs (4 apex positions × 2 rocker angles). ANOVA analysis was then used to understand the effect of two design features and descriptive statistics used to identify the group‐optimised design. Using 200 kPa as a target, this group‐optimised design was then compared to the design identified as the best for each participant (using plantar pressure data).

Results

Peak plantar pressure increased significantly as apex position was moved distally and rocker angle reduced (p < 0.001). The group‐optimised design incorporated an apex at 52% of shoe length, a 20° rocker angle and an apex angle of 95°. With this design 71–81% of peak pressures were below the 200 kPa threshold, both in the full cohort of individuals with diabetes and also in the neuropathic subgroup. Importantly, only small increases (<5%) in this proportion were observed when participants wore footwear which was individually selected. In terms of optimised footwear designs, healthy participants demonstrated the same response as participants with diabetes, despite having lower plantar pressures.

Conclusions

This is the first study demonstrating that a group‐optimised, generic rocker shoe might perform almost as well as footwear selected on a patient by patient basis in a low risk patient group. This work provides a starting point for clinical evaluation of generic versus personalised pressure reducing footwear.
Frontline Science: Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor subtype 1 is a critical modulator of mast cell degranulation and stress-induced pathophysiology
Authors: Ayyadurai Saravanan , Gibson Amelia J , D'Costa Susan , Overman Elizabeth L , Sommerville Laura J , Poopal Ashwini C , Mackey Emily , Li Yihang , Moeser Adam J
Published: July 2017

Life stress is a major risk factor in the onset and exacerbation of mast cell–associated diseases, including allergy/anaphylaxis, asthma, and irritable bowel syndrome. Although it is known that mast cells are highly activated upon stressful events, the mechanisms by which stress modulates mast cell function and disease pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor subtype 1 (CRF1) in mast cell degranulation and associated disease pathophysiology. In a mast cell–dependent model of IgE-mediated passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA), prophylactic administration of the CRF1-antagonist antalarmin attenuated mast cell degranulation and hypothermia. Mast cell–deficient KitW-sh/W-sh mice engrafted with CRF1−/− bone marrow–derived mast cells (BMMCs) exhibited attenuated PSA-induced serum histamine, hypothermia, and clinical scores compared with wild-type BMMC-engrafted KitW-sh/W-sh mice. KitW-sh/W-sh mice engrafted with CRF1−/− BMMCs also exhibited suppressed in vivo mast cell degranulation and intestinal permeability in response to acute restraint stress. Genetic and pharmacologic experiments with murine BMMCs, rat RBL-2H3, and human LAD2 mast cells demonstrated that although CRF1 activation did not directly induce MC degranulation, CRF1 signaling potentiated the degranulation responses triggered by diverse mast cell stimuli and was associated with enhanced release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Taken together, our results revealed a prominent role for CRF1 signaling in mast cells as a positive modulator of stimuli-induced degranulation and in vivo pathophysiologic responses to immunologic and psychologic stress.
IL-23 restoration of Th17 effector function is independent of IL-6 and TGF-β in a mouse model of alcohol and burn injury
Authors: Li Xiaoling , Cannon Abigail R , Hammer Adam M , Morris Niya L , Choudhry Mashkoor A
Published: July 2017

T cells play a critical role in host defense against intestinal bacteria. We have shown that ethanol combined with burn injury suppresses Peyer's patch (PP) Th17 cytokines 1 d after injury. We assessed the mechanism of suppressed Th17 effector functions. Mice were gavaged with ethanol 4 h before burn injury and euthanized 1, 3, and 7 d after injury. Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), PPs, and spleen Th1 and Th17 cytokines were assessed. A significant decrease in IL-17, IL-22, IL-2, and IFN-γ were observed in all 3 lymphoid organs 1 and 3 d after injury. We used splenic cells to study the role of IL-6, IL-23, TGF-β, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in suppressing Th17 cytokines. We also assessed whether the AHR agonist 6-formylindolo (3, 2-b) carbazole (FICZ) modulates Th17 cytokines. We found a significant decrease in IL-6 and TGF-β after ethanol and burn; IL-23 was undetectable. The reconstitution of IL-23 in culture medium increased IL-17 by 2-fold and IL-22 by 20-fold in cells from burn ethanol mice. The restoration of IL-6 and TGF-β combined did not influence the release of Th17 cytokines. We observed that AHR was necessary for IL-23 restoration of IL-22 after ethanol and burn injury. The AHR agonist FICZ enhanced IL-22, but not IL-17. None of these treatments influenced the release of Th1 cytokines. Together, these results suggest that IL-23 plays a critical role in regulation of Th17 cytokines. Furthermore, IL-6 and TGF-β do not appear to influence IL-23-mediated restoration of Th17 cytokines after ethanol and burn injury.
Genomic profiling of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) from patients (pts) with metastatic breast cancer (mBC).
Authors: Pusztai Lajos , Chung Jon , Young Lauren , Schrock Alexa Betzig , Hartmaier Ryan , Frampton Garrett Michael , Gay Laurie M. , Stephens Phil , Miller Vincent A. , Ali Siraj Mahamed , Ross Jeffrey S. , Vahdat Linda T. , O'Shaughnessy Joyce
Published: July 2017

1016

Background: Clonal evolution during progression to and treatment of mBC highlights the importance of genomic profiling of recent samples to guide clinical decision making. We undertook this study to characterize genomic alterations (GA) in ctDNA from pts with mBC during the course of clinical care. Methods: Hybrid-capture based genomic profiling of 62 genes (FoundationACT) was performed on ctDNA from 255 BC pts. The fraction of ctDNA in the blood was estimated using the maximum somatic allele frequency (MSAF) for each sample. Results: 168 pts were ER+ [16 HER2+, 134 HER2(-), 18 HER2 unknown (unk)]; 51 were ER(-) [7 HER2+, 38 triple negative (TNBC), 6 HER2 unk]; 36 were ER unk; 95% were stage 4. For pts with treatment information, 90% had prior chemotherapy and 90% ER+ pts had prior aromatase inhibitor therapy (AI). ≥1 GA was reported in 78% of all cases and in 88% of cases with evidence of ctDNA in the blood (MSAF >0). For 226 cases with MSAF >0, an average of 2.7 GA/case were reported. The most common GA for ER+ pts were in TP53 (44%), PIK3CA (39%), ESR1 (36%), CDH1 (11%), KRAS (10%) and ERBB2 ( HER2, 9%). 101 ESR1 GA were identified in 61 pts [54 ER+, 7 ER unk], including 4 HER2+ pts. For ER+ pts with treatment information: 37% (22/60) with prior AI had ESR1 GA; all pts with ESR1 GA had prior AI. 24 pts had >1 ESR1 GA, with instances of GA in cis. Frequent ESR1 GA were Y537S/N (n=47), D538G (n=29) and E380Q (n=7); rearrangement (n=3) and amplification (n=1) were also detected. Concurrent GA with ESR1 were found in PIK3CA (41%), FGFR1 (13%), BRCA1/2 (5%), HER2 (5%) and AKT1 (3%). In ER(-) pts, the most common GA were in TP53 (74%), PIK3CA (17%), NF1 (11%), BRCA1 (9%) and EGFR (9%). HER2 activating mutation occurred in 3% of cases that were HER2(-) by prior testing. Kinase fusions in FGFR2/3 (3 ER+) and EGFR (1 TNBC) were observed. Conclusions: In this study, evidence of ctDNA in the blood was observed in 89% of cases. PIK3CA and ESR1 GA frequencies were similar to those reported in previous studies of ctDNA from ER+ pts after AI. Diverse ESR1 GA and co-occurring GA suggest therapeutic approaches for AI refractory ER+ mBC. Our results demonstrate that genomic profiling of ctDNA may be a complementary approach to tissue-based genomic testing for pts with mBC.
Precision medicine for gallbladder cancer using somatic copy number amplifications (SCNA) and DNA repair pathway gene alterations.
Authors: Javle Milind M. , Catenacci Daniel , Jain Apurva , Young Lauren , Wang Kai , Chung Jon , Hezel Aram F. , Schrock Alexa Betzig , Goyal Lipika , Gay Laurie M. , Ahn Daniel H. , Kelley Robin Kate , Ganesan Shridar , Stephens Phil , Miller Vincent A. , Ali Siraj Mahamed , Bekaii-Saab Tanios S. , Shroff Rachna T. , Ross Jeffrey S.
Published: July 2017

4076

Background: Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is commonly diagnosed at an advanced, unresectable disease stage and has a poor prognosis. Comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) has a developing role in guiding systemic, precision anti-cancer therapy. Methods: We performed hybrid capture-based CGP on FFPE samples for 491 consecutive advanced GBCs. Mean coverage depth was >550X for up to 315 cancer-related genes plus 37 introns from 28 genes frequently rearranged in cancer. All 4 classes of genomic alterations (GA) were detected. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) was determined on up to 1.1 Mb of sequenced DNA. Results: Median age was 64 (range 25-88) and 69% (337/491) of patients were female. 96% (470), 2.9% (14), and 1.4% (7) of GBC patients had the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous, or carcinoma not specified (NOS), respectively. Commonly altered genes were TP53 (62%), CDNK2A (31%), ARID1A (18%), and SMAD4 (15%), and most of the genetic aberrations (GA) were short variants. Potentially targetable SCNAs (including ERBB genes, MET, FGFRs, and the CCND1-FGF3/4/19 11q13 amplicon) were identified in 21% of cases (Table). Oncogenic BRAF, ALK, or FGFR2/3 rearrangements were found in 7 cases (1.4%). Moreover, 7.8% of cases had BRCA2 or ATM GA, and 0.8% had INI1loss suggesting benefit from PARP or EZH2 inhibitors, respectively. TMB was low; the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles were 2.5, 3.8 and 6.3 mutations/Mb, respectively. Less than 1% of cases had microsatellite instability. Radiological response to TKIs and immunotherapy was noted. Conclusions: In addition to the significant opportunity for anti-HER targeted therapies, other subsets of GBC cases harbored kinase GA (particularly SCNA), the 11q13 amplicon, or BRCA2/ ATM/ INI1mutations that are linked to therapeutic benefit. How the frequency of both driver SCNA and DNA repair alterations in GBC can be linked with inflammation awaits additional investigation. [Table: see text]