bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Heterotrophic and Ammonifying Bacterial Populations as Affected by the Fish Clarias batrachus (Linn.) under Different Experimental Conditions
Authors: Jana B. B. , Barat S.
Published: February 2007

Fishes of the carnivorous species Clarias batrachus of different size (length of 12 to 22 cm, weight of 15 … 57 g) were kept in aquaria with and without feeding on fish meal with or without an addition of rice bran, the fish mass having been 15 g/l. Aquaria with the same addition of food pellets were used as the control. The number of colonies of heterotrophic bacteria as well as the M.P.N. of the ammonifying bacteria was higher in the fish‐containing aquaria than in the control, and in the fish‐containing aquaria the colony number and the number of ammonifying bacteria significantly increased with the size of fishes and with feeding. The heterotrophic bacteria reached the highest numbers 4 h after the beginning, the numbers of ammonifyers increased till the fifth day. Parallel to the number of ammonifyers, also the ammonium concentration increased.
Wasserchemie und Stoffwirtschaft
Authors: Schubert M. , Kaeding J.
Published: February 2007

For the solving of the most important main tasks of water quality economy, of the supply of drinking water, industrial water and irrigation water without damaging or otherwise detrimental substances we need the available findings and results of specialized research in water chemistry. In the logical continuation of the further development up to the level of maturity for practice, the experts of the engineering disciplines have to be consulted. The design of the sequence of water treatment processes depends on the aims of the tasks set, there being increasing by raised the question concerning the possibilities of the saving and winning of energy and raw materials. — Already in the sphere of production, however, in the interest of environment protection one endeavours to achieve a direct or indirect low‐waste or non‐waste process design. Finally, possibilities of materials and power economy are discussed by the examples of the treatment of the wastewaters of the chemical industry and of municipal wastewaters.
Toxicity of the Herbicide 2.4‐D‐Na to Two Species of Freshwater Prawn of the Genus Macrobrachium
Authors: Omkar  , Shukla G. S.
Published: February 2007

In batch experiments with exposure for 24 to 96 h Macrobrachium naso and M. dayanum were exposed to solutions of the sodium salt of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid. The LC50,96h are 2.397 g/l for Macrobrachium naso and 2.275 g/l for M. dayanum. No mortality was observed in solutions of 2.1 and 1.85 g/l. The differences in toxicity are not dependent on the size of the organisms, but they are species‐specific.
Untersuchungen zum Einfluß limnischer Makrophyten auf die Absterbegeschwindigkeit von Escherichia coli im Wasser
Authors: Burger G. , Weise G.
Published: February 2007

In bioassays in aquaria, the dying of Escherichia coli was accelerated by Glyceria maxima, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Alisma plantago‐aquatica as well as Mentha aquatia as compared with check tanks without any plants (initial concentration 15 × 103 colony‐forming units per ml). As expected, by this the antibacterial effect of the limnic macrophytes attains its maximum effectivity within the first days of the period of investigation. The decimal time of reduction is shortened by one third to half, the centimal reduction time is shortened by one fourth to one third. Mean contact times of 7… 11 h are required for the decimation of bacteria by 90 %, and mean contact times of 16… 19 h are necessary for a 99 % reduction of the population. Possibly, the antibacterial effect in mixed stands of different plant species is increased additively or superadditively.
The State of Metal Ions in Natural Waters
Authors: Linnik P. N. , Nabivanets B. I.
Published: February 2007

On the basis of an analysis of literature and of own investigations, the state of metalions in natural waters is described as essential for the properties. There are investigated especially: hydrolysis, polymerization and complexation with humic substances. An analytical method for determining the degree of dispersion and the shares of free and complexed metal‐ions as well as their charge and molar mass is presented.
Relationship Between Organic Carbon and Chemical Oxygen Demad
Authors: Procházková L. , Blažka P.
Published: February 2007

An investigation is made on the COD/OC ratio for samples from two ponds, one brook, three rivers and four reservoirs, all samples having been taken from sampling stations with a low organic load, with 2.6… 127 mg/l COD and 0.9… 38 mg/l OC. The samples were filtrated by filtration with pore sizes of 40 or 1 μm. In the course of self‐purification, the OC concentration in rivers and reservoirs decreases to 8 mg/l, whereas ponds reached minimum values of the same size. The quotient COD/OC varies as the mean value for the individual waters between 2.55 in reservoirs and 3.92 in ponds. The overall trend of the values in the sequence of pond — river — reservoir is decreasing. The variability of the COD/OC ratios both within and between the groups results in artifinial intercepts in linear regressions of the two parameters. The distribution of the values is discussed, quotients larger than four may be associated with sulphur‐containing compounds possibly coming from the sediments.
Genesis of the Protective Layers upon the Mild Steel Surface in the Neutral Natural Waters
Authors: Bischof V. , Eliášek J.
Published: February 2007

The formation of protective layers against corrosion was investigated by experiments performed in three different media: drinking water, drinking water enriched by chlorides and a concentrated chloride solution. In explanations of the LANGELIER and RYZNAR indices it is stated that the results of both chemical‐physical relations supply only indications of the trends of solutions towards formation of protective layers or of aggressivity. The aggressive action of increasing chloride and sulphate concentrations is clearly inhibited by the presence of calcium(II)‐ and magnesium (II)‐ions. A high availability of alkaline earths and hydrogencarbonate allows the formation of a protective layer consisting of FeOOH · H2O, CaCO3 and FeCO3.
Nitrat im Trinkwasser — hygienische und aufbereitungstechnische Probleme
Authors: Putzien J.
Published: February 2007

The increasing nitrate concentrations in the ground water and drinking water which are caused by intensified fertilizing lead to the risk of methaemoglobinaemia of babies and increase the cancerogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic risk for the total population. In the drinking water conditioning the nitrate concentration can be reduced by different techniques. By ion exchange first the SO4‐ions and then the nitrate‐ions are removed. Very favourable is the exchange for HCO and the regeneration by means of carbon dioxide and CaCO3, for which a mass balance of substances is given. With 0.55 DM/m3 also the reverse osmosis in a mixture with raw water is practicable and also electrodialysis can be applied, whereas the biological techniques of the heterotrophic or autotrophic denitrification still include unsolved technological problems due to the necessity of an organic substrate or of H2. The special features of each of these techniques and the hygienic and also the corrosion‐chemical consequences are indicated.
Aldrin Induced Changes in the Activities of Three Phosphatases of Macrobrachium lamarrei (H. Milne EDWARDS)
Authors: Omkar  , Murti R. , Shukla G. S.
Published: February 2007

Macrobrachium lamarrei is exposed to 0.008, 0.017 and 0.021 mg/1 aldrin (0.4, 0.8 and 1.0 of the LC50,96h) for 24… 96 h and after exposure the activities of the acid, alkaline and glucose‐6‐phosphatases are determined. With concentration and time of exposure the acid phosphatase shows an increasing activity up to 170 % compared with the control, which is interpreted as a part of prenecrotic changes in the cells. With concentration and time of exposure the alkaline phosphatase shows a decreasing activity down to 20 % of the control, which is indicative of considerable disturbances of the total metabolism. The glucose‐6‐phosphatase shows an increasing activity with the aldrin concentration up to 150 % during 72 h; then the activity drops to 60… 80 %. The initial rise in the glucose concentration of blood caused by that is the clear consequence of a stress reaction and the change of metabolism resulting from it.
The Influence of the Incubation Temperature on the Body Length and the Yolk Sac Volume of Coregonus albula (L.) Eleutheroembryos
Authors: Luczynski M. , Dlugosz M. , Szutkiewicz B. , Kirklewska A.
Published: February 2007

Eggs of Coregonus albula were incubated at temperatures of 1.1, 2.0, 4.9, 6.6, 8.4 and 9.9 °C. The successful hatching is optimum with 61 % at 4.9 °C; incubation time and period of hatching decrease significantly with rising temperature. The length of eleutheroembryos decreases with rising temperature, the yolk sac volume increases. Between the incubation time till hatching and the body length a significantly positive regression exists in the range of 4.9… 8.4 °C, for the yolk sac volume the regression is negative, it is significant in the range of 2.9… 6.6 °C; at the same time a negative regression exists between the yolk sac volume and the body length. Thus, low temperatures cause a delay of hatching, higher temperatures accelerate hatching and at the same time result in a reduced utilization of the yolk reserves. Besides these influences of temperature on the rate of ontogenetic processes, some autoecological consequences of the influence of temperature result, which have to be taken into account in further investigations.
Water Quality Control in Impoundments
Authors: Chalupa J. , Fiala L. , Popovský J. , Sládeček V. , Vašata P.
Published: February 2007

This report on a seminar of the Water Research Institute in Prague deals with the methodological aspects of the measurement and evaluation of data for the water quality in impoundments in the CSSR mainly with respect to: the assessment of external causes, especially of anthropogenic influences in the catchment area, on the water quality (eutrophication, humic substances, trace elements), of the multi‐purpose utilization of impoundments, the classification and development of the water quality in impoundments, the intensified utilization of impoundments as well as the influences of sediments and the effect of piscicultural measures on the water quality. The paper is subdivided into the following chapters: system of measurement network and analysis, stratification number of samples, number of the criteria to be investigated, extreme periods of discharge, multi‐purpose utilization of impoundments, eutrophication, fish stocks.
Zum Einfluß von Rückständen von Zink‐ und Bleiverbindungen im Wasser auf die Assimilation von Fontinalis antipyretica
Authors: Weise G. , Burger G. , Fuchs S. , Schürmann L.
Published: February 2007

The carbon‐dioxide assimilation of Fontinalis antipyretica is inhibited by 100 mg/1Zn2+ or Pb2+, without a lethal effect being caused. With increasing time of exposure from one to six days the threshold value of toxicity is lowered and at the same time the net assimilation is reduced within the range of concentration of 0.1 mg/1. In the ecological optimum of the environmental conditions the toxicity is weaker than under other unfavourable environmental conditions at the same time. Therefore, the photoecologically optimum illumination of 1200 lx is an effective bioprotector against phytotoxic lead ion concentrations, so that at 1200 lx also at a comparatively high load a positive photosynthesis balance can be maintained. In the dark, in the first hour after the application of the lead ions dissimilation is a function of concentration, subsequently the respiration differences decrease very much in the range between 0 and 100 mg/1 lead(II)‐ions. Stimulating effects could be demonstrated only by 0.01 mg/1 Pb2+ and only for the carbondioxide assimilation.
Anwendung einfacher Konservierungsverfahren für Wasseruntersuchungen
Authors: Döll B. , Grether D. , Döll M.
Published: February 2007

Samples taken from the influent and effluent of a biological wastewater treatment plant were immediately analysed and investigated at different intervals within four weeks after sampling. They were stored in the dark at 277 and 293 K and at pH 2 and pH 12 each. None of the measures resulted in a correct stabilization or preservation of the samples: orthophosphate cannot be stabilized by any measure, the total phosphate needs not be stabilized, the COD gives values which are still useful only at pH 2 and 277 K, TOC and DOC do not show useful results with none of the applied techniques, equally insufficient are the results for ammonium‐ and nitrate‐ions. In addition, differences occur in the behaviour of the samples taken from the influent and effluent. In agreement with the results published in the literature, the chemical analysis has to be carried out within 6 h after sampling.
Studies on the Behaviour of Water‐endangering Substances in Plants for the Biological Cleaning of Municipal Waste Waters. Part 1: Bromoxynil
Authors: Luther D. , Abendroth H.‐C. , Prause C. , Leipold W.
Published: February 2007

The behaviour of the herbicide bromoxynil (3,5‐dibromo‐4‐hydroxybenzonitrile), labelled with 82Br, is investigated in an activated sludge plant on the laboratory scale with municipal wastewater. Only 5% of bromoxynil present in a concentration of 5 mg/l are degraded after preadaption of activated sludge for some weeks. The known hydrolysis products 3,5‐dibromo‐4‐hydroxybenzamide and 3,5‐dibromo‐4‐hydroxybenzoic acid were identified as degradation products. In addition, 1.9±0.9% of the quantity of 82Br appeared in the solution as Br− by debromination. Moreover, a pronounced adsorption of the active substance on activated sludge occurs. Its activity amounts to about 130% of the initial activity of the solution.
Hydrochemical Studies of Selected Water Bodies of the Carpet Belt of Eastern U.P. (India)
Authors: Tripathi R. S. , Sriwastwa V. M. S.
Published: February 2007

In the carpet industry of the investigated area in 1980 there were used 100 t of different chemicals, especially dyes and textile auxiliaries. This quantity is to be increased 2.6 times till 1985. This industry does not have any closed‐cycle drainage systems for the dyeing and washing plants. Thus, during eight months of the year the effluents infiltrate in the soil or evaporate from pools. The accumulations of wastewater originating contain up to 60 mg/l chromium, so that 1… 10 mg/l chromium occur in the wells of the area. In the few central water‐supply plants till now chromium has not been detected. The annual variation of the groundwater shows pronounced maxima of contamination during July to September, which clearly agree with the maxima of the wastewater concentrations. The possible ecological impacts of this uncontrolled spread of substances contained in water also in the nutrient chain are discussed.
Sichttiefen und Wasserfarben der oberen Seen der Feldberger Seenlandschaft im Jahre 1983
Authors: Richter W. M.
Published: February 2007

At the Schmaler and Breiter Luzin and at the Haus lake there were carried out monthly measurements of the depth of visibility with a white and a black Secchi disk and with Secchi disks of the colours blue, green, yellow, orange, red and reddish brown. The depths of visibility are 0.55… 5.8 m with variation widths for the colours referred to white of 0.05… 2.1 m. The diagram developed by SAUBERER, ELSTER and ŠTĚPÁNEK for the colour determination is extended empirically on the basis of measurements in the Feldberg lakes and then the water colour of the investigated lakes was determined in the annual variation. The thus obtained classification of the water in a ten‐step scale of colours shows a good agreement with the simultaneously determined colours according to FOREL and ULE. Of particular interest is the representation of the change of colours of the three lakes in the annual variation, which shows an individual distribution of colours for each lake—proceeding from a relatively uniform colour in December.
Zur Aquatoxizität ausgewählter Harnstoffherbizide und zu ihrer Kategorisierung als Wasserschadstoffe
Authors: Tscheu‐Schlüter M. , Winter W.
Published: February 2007

Eight urea herbicides, as are used for weed control, are investigated for their effect on the green alga Ankistrodesmus falcatus and the warm‐water fish Poecilia reticulata and found to be highly toxic for the test alga or highly to moderately toxic for the fish. If other criteria (acute toxicity to warm‐blooded animals, carcinogenicity and biochemical degradability) are taken into account too, the tested herbicides have to be classified as very dangerous water pollutants. Legal sanctions to be applied in cases of exceeded limiting values are discussed.
Zur Wirkung eingetragener Phytoplanktonbiomasse auf die Wasserbeschaffenheit eines schnell fließenden Tieflandgewässers
Authors: Kalbe L.
Published: February 2007

The effects of imported phytoplankton on a quick running lowland river in the district of the river Havel were investigated. The biomass of the phytoplankton (at the begin in the middle 25,6 mg/l, 184 μg/l chlorophyll) will become inactivated after a short time, a smaller part of about 15 % will be eliminated. On the balance of oxygen we could'nt find out effects because the rates of respiration and production are decreased. The oxygen content will be determined above all by the oxygen production in the upper region of the river with a high density of makrophytes and in the hypertrophic shallow lakes there are. Also the microbiological situation will not be determined by phytoplankton but the wastewater‐pollution on the other hand brings for an increase of numbers of Coliformes and Enterococces.
Wirkung der Chlorung auf die Abläufe einer Großkläranlage und ihres Vorfluters
Authors: Gudzuhn Ch. , Rummel W.
Published: February 2007

To protect a water for the purpose of local recreation – inclusive of bathing – the effluent of an upstream clarification plant was chlorinated. Due to poorly controlled dosing, residual chlorine quantities exceeding the permissible level entered the receiving stream, its biocenosis having been considerably endangered. Detrimental effects on the chemical composition are graphically represented by the measured results for some waters – partly criteria of quality. There is explained that the self‐purification capacity of the water decreased by about 30 % and that the hydrobiological species composition of periphyton was reduced by about 80 %. Finally, advice is given concerning the prevention of such damages to waters.
Chlorobium Chlorophyll as an Indicator of Organic Pollution in a Paleolimnological Investigation
Authors: Rybak M.
Published: February 2007

The object of the investigation was the strongly polluted Dłlugie Lake, Poland. Due to the development of the city of Olsztyn, for many years untreated municipal wastes were discharged into the lake. In the core of bottom sediments the occurrence of bacteriochlorophyll a pheophytin (Fig. 1) and Chlorobium chlorophylls and their degradation products (Fig. 2 and 3) were observed, which suggested the presence of photosynthetic bacteria from the family Chlorobiaceae COPELAND. The development of the Chlorobiaceae population was caused by the increase of organic pollution as an effect of the urbanization process of the city of Olsztyn. It was shown that Chlorobium chlorophylls can be used as indicators of organic pollution in paleolimnological investigation.
Pattern‐Recognition‐Verfahren in der Umweltanalytik und Ökotoxikologie: Methodische Grundlagen
Authors: Feiler D. , Nagel M. , Stottmeister E. , Koch R.
Published: February 2007

Modern methods of analyses of environment yield multivariate data sets of measured objects which are used as the basis of the evaluation and interpretation of substances, differentiated effects, but also of samples or processes. The integrated evaluation and assessment of such multivariate data requires the application of mathematical‐statistical methods, the method of pattern recognition being particularly suitable. Pattern recognition program systems constitute a compilation of different methods, as e.g. the multivariate linear regression, classification methods (discriminant analysis, multivariate variance analysis), cluster algorithms, multidimensional scaling, factorial analysis. A few possibilities of such pattern comparisons and identifications are represented by the example of gas chromatography and of the structure/effect analysis for the mutagenity to be expected of 117 substances.
Zum Auftreten von Sulfiden und ihrer Messung in situ im Breiten Luzin 1982 … 1984
Authors: Richter W. M.
Published: February 2007

An investigation is made into the seasonal and depth‐related distribution of sulphides in the Breiter Luzin in the years of 1982 to 1984 with the aid of a white‐lead line and of titration against copper sulphate. The results are discussed with respect to their importance for the occurrence of Coregonus albula and Mysis relicta. The occurrence of sulphides, which is different in the individual years with respect to concentration and distribution, is discussed concerning the possible causes of the annual differences in connection with air and water temperature, duration of sunshine and wind direction. A bathymetric and wind‐exposure chart of the lake is presented for an assessment of the wind exposure.
Untersuchungen zur Adsorption von Spuren hydrolysierbarer Metallionen an Oberflächen
Authors: Hoffmann H.‐J. , Bosholm J.
Published: February 2007

In static laboratory experiments there are determined quantities influencing the adsorption of selected metal ions on different surfaces (base metals, glass of instruments, quartz glass, plastic materials, precious metals). A great dependence on pH, ionic species, ionic concentration, material as well as temperature and presence of complexing agents is observed. Processes are proposed or confirmed by which the losses of material during the trace analysis are reduced.
Effect of Individual Phenolic Compounds and of Their Mixtures on Luminous Bacteria. Part 2: Interaction of p‐ and o‐Diphenol Toxicity for Beneckea harveyi with Their Oxidation
Authors: Stom D. J. , Geel T. A. , Balayan A. E.
Published: February 2007

Experimental material was obtained supporting a hypothesis on the interaction between p‐ and o‐diphenol toxicity and their oxidation. It is shown that quinones – the products of pyrocatechol and hydroquinone oxidation – possess increased toxicity towards luminous bacteria cells.
Impairments Induced by Sublethal Doses of Sevin and Thiodan on the Brain of a Freshwater Teleost Channa striatus BL. (Channidae)
Authors: Kulshrestha S. K. , Jauhar L.
Published: February 2007

Prolonged exposure to two pesticides Sevin and Thiodan for 30 days produced impairments in the brain of Channa striatus on the following ways:

– Separation and damage to meninges of cerebral hemispheres

– severe damage to all the five layers of the optic textum

– severe damage to torus longitudinalis

– partial damage to the molecular and grannular layers of the corpus cerebelli.

– no effect on diencephalon and myelencephalon.
Phosphataufnahme und Gasstoffwechsel von Myriophyllum spicatum und Cladophora glomerata
Authors: Weise G. , Bahr I. , Fuchs S. , Schürmann L.
Published: February 2007

The P‐uptake by Myriophyllum spicatum and Cladophora glomerata is investigated in the small phytotron at 5 and 15° in permanent light (11,5 klx) and in permanent darkness. Parallel to this, the gas‐metabolism‐physiological behaviour is determined by means of IRGA methods. A nutrient solution acc. to. Knop with P from KH2PO4 in the concentrations of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/1 P was used as the nutrient medium. Both species take P from the medium till the species – and development – specific pool is filled (6 … 7.5 mg/g P). Towards the end of the period of vegetation one can expect a P‐exudation. The P‐uptake is temperature‐dependent: Cladophora attains the highest P‐storage at low temperatures, Myriophyllum, at higher temperatures. Due to their longer phases of growth and lower proneness to traumas, submerse spermatophyta are superior to filamentous algae with respect to the long‐time elimination effects.
Ionenselektiver Austausch an slowakischem Klinoptilolith‐Tuffit
Authors: Horváthová E.
Published: February 2007

Clinoptilolite, a natural zeolite is efficient for removing ammonia from water. The use of natural zeolites deposited at Nižný Hrabovec, ČSSR, for ammonia removal from model solutions is studied under various conditions: pH, temperature, hydrodynamic regime, zeolite‐modification. The optimal ion exchange conditions, the equilibrium and capacity data in real waste water of ČSSR‐clinoptilolite tuff were investigated.
Einfluß des Komplexbildungsgrades auf die Migrationsgeschwindigkeit von Eisen(II, III)‐Verbindungen
Authors: Reissig H. , Fischer R. , Meyer B.
Published: February 2007

This paper describes relations between the degree of complexation calculated with a mathematical model (FISCHER and REISSIG, 1984) and the ion‐exchange and migration behaviour of iron(II, III)‐compounds in a simulated aquifer. In general, the bonding of the complexes to the soil matrix becomes stronger with increasing positive charge. Negatively charged or neutral complex compounds do not show any, or show only slight interactions with the soil matrix. By complexation it is possible to achieve great differences in the migration behaviour of a particular metal. In the course of migration in the deposit there was found a separation of the complex mixture in accordance with charge. The break‐through curves are characterized by a stepped shape, for this case. If weak acids or weak bases act as complex‐forming ligands, the pH‐dependent dissociation of the complexing species has to be taken into account in the complex calculation; this is represented by the example of the iron(III)‐citrate system in this paper. Moreover, experimental results concerning the migration behaviour of iron(II, III)‐fulvic acid complexes are given
Effect of Individual Phenolic Compounds and of Their Mixtures on Luminous Bacteria. Part 3. Combined Action of Phenolic Compounds on Aquatic Organisms
Authors: Stom D. J. , Geel T. A. , Balayan A. E.
Published: February 2007

Data on the action of mono‐ and polyatomic phenol mixtures on hydrobionts are discussed. Luminescent bacteria, Daphnia, algae zoospores, higher aquatic plants–Elodea and duckweed – were used as test objects. It is established that the toxicity of a paired mixture of mono‐ and polyatomic phenols is lower than the toxicity of their components.
Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Membranprozessen zur Beseitigung organischer Substanzen aus natürlichen Wässern
Authors: Dobrevski I. , Mavrov V. , Pavlova S.
Published: February 2007

Membrane‐filtration or dialysis techniques are increasingly used for the partial desalting of waters, e.g. brackish waters. By the use of Bulgarian PAN and acetate‐cellulose separating membranes there are eliminated also organic substances – inclusive of humic matter – from natural waters to different degrees. The experimental arrangement is described and the measured results for COD‐Mn, concentrations of humic acid and specific electrolytic conductivity are summarized in tables. The humic acid concentration (2.8 mg/l) was reduced by about 79 % by ultrafiltration, 82 % by reverse osmosis and 62 % by electrodialysis. The efficiency of the investigated techniques could be increased under certain conditions.
Gaschromatographische Spurenanalyse von leichtflüchtigen Halogenkohlenwasserstoffen im Wasser mittels FID‐Detektion
Authors: Stottmeister E. , Hendel P. , Engewald W.
Published: February 2007

The substances expelled with a nitrogen flow from the water sample are adsorbed on Tenax GC and then transferred from it into the separation column by heating to 200°. Detection is made by means of a flame ionization detector. The technique is suitable for routine application and in the practice of sanitation and water works with water samples of 0.5 l it allows the detection of < 1 μg/l of individual halogenated hydrocarbons.
Zur akuten Toxizität von Trichlorfon gegenüber ausgewählten Wasserorganismen
Authors: Neubert J.
Published: February 2007

Two different formulations of Trichlorfon were examined for their acute toxicity in laboratory tests. Cyprinus carpio L., Salmo gairdneri Rich. and the fish food organisms Cyclops spec., Diaptomus spec. and Chironomus spec. were used as test objects. The differences in toxicity between crystalline and technical Trichlorfon were not very large. The recorded lethal concentrations are summarized in graphical representations and tables. After exposure for several hours to lower concentrations of active constituents, the toxicant‐damaged fishes regained their original activity of life during a subsequent phase of recovery Tests of fish food organisms with 100 … 200 μg/l Trichlorfon led to death within 48 hours. Also on chironomid larvae Trichlorfon has a lethal effect at 0.2 mg/l within 48 hours. Toxicity is increased by the hardness constituents of the water. As experiments conducted with Crustacea have shown, growth is inhibited only at a certain concentration in the body.
Toxicity of Crude Oil to the Survival of the Fresh Water Fish Puntius sophore (HAM.)
Authors: Prasad M. S. , Kumari K.
Published: February 2007

The exposure of Puntius sophore to different concentrations of crude oil (200… 4000 ppm) revealed that 4000 ppm was acutely lethal to the fish and mortality did not occur at <500 ppm at 21±1 °C for up to 15 days. The increase in the opercular frequency during exposure to crude oil has been recorded almost parallel to toxicant concentrations. The objectionable odour of the crude oil and the formation of coagulated mucous film over the body and gills were the main factors causing mortality among the experimental fish.

The 24, 48, 78 and 96‐h TL 50 values have been 3275, 1750, 1650 and 1450 ppm. The corresponding regression coefficients b were –1.8056, –1.5849, –1.6037 and –1.6497.
Environmental Geochemistry of Iron and Manganese in Six Himalayan Lakes
Authors: Kango R. A. , Dubey K. P. , Zutshi D. P.
Published: February 2007

The distribution and abundance of iron and manganese, the two important mobile metals, in an aquatic environment have been presented. These metals play an important role in the binding of nutrients and toxic elements by virtue of their high specific area in the oxide form. The concentration of Fe ranged from 1.08 to 5.2 mg/g and that of Mn from 0.27 to 2.17 mg/g. The Dal lake sediments were rich in Fe and those of the Wular lake had the lowest mean concentration of Fe. It was observed that the smaller particle size fractions had a higher metal content in comparison to large size fractions. Data on the selective extraction of Fe and Mn and their accumulation in humus material have also been given.
The Structure of the Phytoplankton Community and the Dynamics of its Biomass in the Lake Jaisamand, Rajasthan
Authors: Rao P. S. , Durve V. S.
Published: February 2007

Phytoplankton in the lake Jaisamand consists of 52 taxa, out of which 25 belong to Chlorophyceae, 12 to Bacillariophyceae, 2 to Euglenophyceae, 1 to Xanthophyceae and 12 to Myxophyceae. The highest phytoplankton density occurred in July, i.e. in the beginning of monsoon, and the lowest in November. The dominant Chlorophyceae were Spirogyra elliptica, Closterium and Hydrodictyon. Navicula lanceolata, Pinnularia viridis and Synedra ulna were dominant amongst Diatoms. Xanthophyceae was represented by a single species of the genus Botryococcus and Euglenophyceae by Phacus longicauda and Euglena viridis. The dominant Myxophyceae were Microcystis aeruginosa and M. flosaquae. Under the stratified conditions, the near bottom waters got depleted of phytoplankton. The overall trend in the quality and quantity of phytoplankton indicated that temperature and nutrients had an influence on the rate of plankton production.
An Attempt of the Treatment of Underground Water in an Integrated Multifunctional Plant
Authors: Gomálká E. , Kowalski Z.
Published: February 2007

By means of an integrated multifunctional experimental pilot plant there were tested several process variants for the treatment of carbonic‐acid‐aggressive and manganese‐enriched model water. Deacidification and oxidation of iron‐ and manganese‐constituents are effected by gas exchange with atmospheric oxygen. The hydrated‐oxide particles formed are held back by two layers of foamed polyurethane and a sand bed lying uppermost. The process of neutralization and oxidation as well as flocculation is accelerated by the use of chalk, lime or soda. The effectiveness of the process technology investigated is illustrated by a table of results of small‐scale experiments with model waters prepared from drinking water.
Anwendung nitratsensitiver Elektroden zur Nitratbestimmung in Grundwässern
Authors: Robowsky K. D.
Published: February 2007

By a comparison of methods of the nitrate determination in groundwater the correctness of the values of more than 10 mg/1 nitrate determined with a Nitratsensitrode (VEB Kombinat Keramische Werke Hermsdorf) is proved. In this range of concentrations, the rate of retrieval and the coefficient of variation are about 99.6 % and 2.5 %, respectively. Measured values from samples with less than 10 mg/1 nitrate have a larger error and are recorded as too high.
Modellierung und Simulation des Phytoplanktongehaltes in einem eutrophen Fließgewässer
Authors: Gnauck A. H. , Winkler W. , Groth K. , Komoss F. , Six E.
Published: February 2007

The model structure contains three compartments which are described by single models and are multiplicatively combined into an overall model of the net production of phytoplankton, the sedimentation of algae and the grazing by zooplankton being taken into account as loss quantities. The radiation and nutrients available (N, P, Si) are represented by Fourier models; the same holds for the water temperature. The light and temperature dependence of the growth rate are described by exponential equations, the nutrient dependence is described by the Monod statement. When the half‐saturation constants and the sinking losses of the seasonally prevailing algae groups are taken into account, besides the total net production also the seasonal succession of the biomass of the different algae groups can be simulated realistically.
Effect of Individual Phenolic Compounds and of their Mixtures on Luminous Bacteria. Part 7: Change of Polyphenol Toxicity in the Presence of their Oxidases and Certain Practical Problems
Authors: Stom D. J. , Geel T. A. , Balayan A. E.
Published: February 2007

Data are presented on the toxicity of hydroquinone and pyrocatechol in the presence of protein preparations possessing oxidase activity. Problems are discussed of their use as biologically active means.
Diazinon Toxicity: Activities of Acetylcholinesterase and Phosphatases in the Nervous Tissue of Zebra Fish, Brachydanio rerio (Cyprinidae)
Authors: Ansari B. A. , Aslam M. , Kumar K.
Published: February 2007

The LC50‐value of diazinon for Brachydanio rerio decreases from 2.3 to 2.12 mg/1 during the time from 24 to 96 h. In the course of exposure for 24 to 288 h against 0.26 to 2.08 mg/1 diazinon the activity of acetylcholinesterase as well as acid and alkaline phosphatases decreases to 20.… 30% as a minimum. The decrease of the enzymatic activities in the brain tissue is more time‐dependent than concentration‐dependent, which may de due to the respective metabolites of diazinon.
Toxicity of Nickel to a Fresh Water Teleost, Colisa fasciatus
Authors: Kumar N. , Nath K.
Published: February 2007

The acute toxicity of nickel sulphate to Colisa fasciatus has been evaluated by static bioassay experiments. The LC 50 values of nickel for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h were computed to be 96.12, 60.18, 24.45 and 16.72 mg/1, respectively. Their 95 % confidence limits have also been investigated.
Theoretical and Practical Investigations on the Heterogeneous Distribution of Plankton in the Main Basin of the Saidenbach Storage Reservoir
Authors: Horn H. , Horn W. , Kohlsdorf M.
Published: February 2007

To detect spatial heterogeneous distributions it is necessary to delimitate quantitatively the sum of all errors caused by methods from sampling to counting. This is possible by the coefficient of variation, since it constitutes also a measure of the counting error and since its dependence on the counted number or the mean density of the population is clearly defined. In the investigations the error caused by methods (reproducibility of sampling and counting) does not exceed the theoretically permitted maximum counting error (at p = 0.05). Accordingly, all results of investigations for which the coefficient of variation lies above this counting error limit can be interpreted as actual spatial heterogeneous distributions. During the full circulations of autumn and spring as well as the summer stagnation period, in the Saidenbach storage reservoir no significant differences of the phytoplankton were observed within the range of horizontal distances of appr. 100m for 50% of the cases. For zooplankton. 45% of the investigations indicated a homogeneous distribution. The evaluation of data by the patchiness‐index according to Lloyd (L), the Morisita index (M) as well as the graphical comparison between variance and mean value (82/x) do not show any remarkably different results.
Seasonal Variation in Primary Productivity and its Interrelationship with Chlorophyll in the Lake Jaisamand (Rajasthan, India)
Authors: Durve V. S. , Rao P. S.
Published: February 2007

Lake Jaisamand near Udaipur (Rajasthan) is one of the oldest man‐made lakes in India. The primary productivity of the lake showed a bimodal pattern with a first peak of a higher magnitude in July (7.605 g/m2d C) and the second of a lower magnitude (5.851 g/m2 dC) in December. The minimum production was 2.455 g/m2 dC in November. The chlorophyll values were high during low water levels of summer and low during monsoon months when the water level rises, thereby dispersing the phytoplankton biomass and decreasing its density per unit of water volume. From the results obtained it appears that beside temperature and transparency, the trophogenic area and seasonal water level fluctuations have a considerable influence on the primary productivity in this lake. Based on annual production rates and chlorophyll values lake Jaisamand could be regarded as an eutrophic waterbody.
Daphnia magna as a Model to Assess Heavy Metal Toxicity: Comparative Assessment with Mouse System
Authors: Khangarot B. S. , Ray P. K. , Chandr H.
Published: February 2007

The acute static bioassays with heavy metals at 13 ± 1.5 °C in hard water (total hardness = 240 ppm as CaCO3) were conducted in the laboratory with Daphnia magna. The 48 hr LC values and their 95 per dent confidence limits in ppm of metal were: 0.0038 (0.0027… 0.0053) for Hg; 0.015 (0.009… 0.026) for Ag; 0.1 (0.063… 0.16) for Cu; 0.69 (0.48… 1.0) for Zn; 1.52 (1.01… 2.28) for Co; 1.8 (1.16… 2.70) for Cr; 1.5 (1.07… 2.1) for Cd; 2,63 (1.7… 4.08) for Pb; 7.3 (5.49… 9.71) for Ni and 19.5 (13.45… 28.3) for Sn. At the close of 24 h of exposure Zn and Cd solutions showed milky white precipitation. The order of toxicity of heavy metals in this model was: Hg>Ag>Cu>Zn>Cd>Co>Cr>Pb>Ni>Sn.

Comparison of D. magna and mouse LC50 data showed that Daphnia were sensitive at 1/2710, 1/83, 1/123 and 1/5.5, the LC50 values of Hg, Cu and Zn, respectively.

Toxicity test with D. magna is simple, requiring less space, time, facilities, acclimatization time and equipment. Furthermore, Daphnia is more functional, reliable and gives reproducible results. Based on this data we believe the Daphnia magna model can be used as a model to study heavy metal toxicity.
Effects of Copper Sulphate on the Free Amino Acids of Channa punctatus (BLOCH).
Authors: Ansari I. A.
Published: February 2007

The free amino acids of the liver and muscle of C. punctatus exposed to 1 ppm of copper sulphate solution up to 84 days were investigated. Few amino acids, notably cystine and tryptophan, disappeared and few new amino acids appeared. These changes in the free amino acids may be due to toxic effects of copper sulphate leading to rancidity in the fish.
Purification Limits of the Activated Sludge Process
Authors: Chudoba J.
Published: February 2007

Basic principles determining and substantiating the contents of organics in secondary effluents were formulated and discussed. It has been shown that the activated sludge process, if optimally designed and operated, can produce secondary effluents with soluble carbonaceous BOD5 values below 5 mg/1 and suspended solids concentrations approaching 10 mg/1. While the total values of BOD5 are significantly influenced by SS concentrations, the total values of COD are influenced mostly by soluble refractory organics present in raw wastewaters and formed in the process as microbial waste products.
Zur statistischen Auswertung von mikroskopischen Plankton‐ und Partikelzählungen
Authors: Kalbe L. , Recknagel R.‐D.
Published: February 2007

The Poisson distribution is required for the evaluation of counting results. Its availability can be checked with the dispersion index and graphically with a probability sheet. It is shown by an example that with increasing particle density the deviation from the Poisson distribution increases and how these anomalies become visible in the dispersion index and the per‐cent error of the count. For the calculation of confidence intervals, a simple approximation formula and the asymptotic behaviour with growing random sample size are represented. The phenomena of over‐ and under‐distribution as well as of “contagion” (Neyman distribution) are mentioned, and the high‐speed method of counting according to Tippett and the variance‐analytical evaluation methods are referred to.
Ein Beitrag zur Seston‐Eliminierung mit Mikrosiebfiltern
Authors: Kalbe L. , Wollin K.‐M. , Stechert G.
Published: February 2007

The treatment of a highly eutrophic raw water is investigated by a differentiated microscopic analysis of the seston particles in three size classes, an analysis of the assimilation pigments and of the seston solids. At an average number of particles of 106/ml elimination amounts to 31… 44%. The average pigment content of 124 mg/m3 chlorophyll a plus phaeopigments is reduced by 34%, the average dry matter of 14.6 mg/l being reduced by 50%.
A Multimedia Filter in Numerical Calculation
Authors: Dabrowski W. , Burys S.
Published: February 2007

The historical evaluation of the balance equation is well known and several interpretations of the part played by the accumulation term of this equation in the modelling of certain problems connected with the flow of water suspension through a porous body have been published. Unfortunately none of the previous studies gives an opportunity of rapidly calculating the error resulting from the omission of the accumulation term from the balance equation.

Recently, however, the use of inequalities to estimate this error has been suggested (DABROWSKI 1982, 1894). These inequalities are based on equations analogous to those of HERZIG, LECLERC and LE GOFF. This method is now used in numerical calculations of the behaviour of the multimedia filter.
Non‐Linear Mapping als Display‐Methode
Authors: Henrion R. , Henrion A. , Henrion G.
Published: February 2007

To illustrate the structure of a data set, different display methods are applied in pattern recognition. With non‐linear mapping the attempt is made to transfer all distances of the objects in the multidimensional space to the plane as well as possible, the minimization of the imaging error being performed by a gradient method. Suitable starting configurations are selected appropriately from the principal component analysis or from results of the cluster analysis. The advantages and drawbacks of the non‐linear mapping compared with the principal component analysis are discussed and examples of results are presented also with respect to the cluster analysis. For the implementation of the non‐linear mapping a BASIC program is proposed.
Simulatoren meteorologischer Eingangsgrößen für mathematische Modelle der Wassergütewirtschaft
Authors: Finke W. , Kluge Ch.
Published: February 2007

Operational stochastic models with different time discretisation levels have been developed for generation of meteorological input processes for hydrologic models. These stochastic models can also supply the input simulation for water quality management models. In this paper they are outlined with special regard to the threshold model for intermittend processes of short time intervals (less than about ten days) with is based on a “pressed” power transformation to normality and a method of quantiles or alternatively a modified method of moments for estimating the correlation coefficients.
Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Phosphor‐ und Stickstoffelimination in unbelüfteten Abwasserteichen
Authors: Uhlmann D.
Published: February 2007

In view of the eutrophication problem, there is an increasing requirement to upgrade the performance of waste treatment lagoons (WTL) with respect to the removal of dissolved phosphorus (EP) and of nitrogen (EN). Semicontinuous‐flow laboratory models of WTLs were operated at different conditions of organic and nutrient load, residence time of the water, temperature (T), and illuminance (I). From these experiments, equations were derived which yield the outflow concentration of dissolved phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, respectively, as a function of these variables. The variations of T and I were considered to be the main variables which controlled the seasonal changes of EP and EN. Data from existing lagoons corresponded to the calculations obtained by means of the equations reasonably well. Under the climatic conditions of the GDR, the seasonal mean of EP and EN attains a level of 50 to 60%. A still higher effect would be possible with a decreased load, the combination with additional treatment steps or the exclusion of hydraulic short‐circuiting.
Deleterious effects of Malathion on survivality and growth of the fingerlings ofChanna punctatus(BLOCH.), a freshwater murrel
Authors: Shukla J. P. , Banerjee M. , Pandey K.
Published: February 2007

The LC50of Malathion forChannu punctatusis determined for 24… 96 h of exposure as 10.95… 3.22 mg/l. At exposure to 2.5 mg./l Malathion, growth–measured by increase in weight–is significantly reduced from the 19th day and reduced by 10 % till the 31st day. During the same period of time, the RNA and protein contents of the muscle is lowered by 10 and 15 %, respectively, as compared with the control. In addition to an acute toxic effect, in sublethal concentrations Malathion has also pronounced effects on growth and metabolism.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen über das Phosphataufnahmevermögen ausgewählter Bakterienarten
Authors: Röske I. , Luther D. , Abendroth H.‐C.
Published: February 2007

The P‐uptake by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli is determined in batch culture with peptone/glucose/sodium chloride or peptone/acetate/sodium chloride as substrate at 60 to 120 mg/1 orthophosphate for 20 h with cell densities of 2 · 107/ml (Acinetobacter) or 1.2 · 109. The measurements were carried out by means of an Na2HPO4 (32P) addition of 95 to 420 kBq. During the stationary phase the bacteria achieved the following P‐contents in the biomass in fg/g bacterium: Acinetobacter 6 to 13, Pseudomonas 0.2 to 0.6, Escherichia 0.04 to 0.09; during the phase of growth Acinetobacter achieved 40 to 100 fg/bacterium. Acetate as the substrate did not result in any increase of the P‐uptake. The maximum accumulation with Acinetobacter was 13 % P in the dry substance.
Morphometrie und Wasserbeschaffenheit von Talsperren
Authors: Loth P.
Published: February 2007

Morphometric, hydrophysical and trophic criteria of 66 storage reservoirs with different trophic levels were related to each other on order to get generalizable statements for describing the quality of storage reservoirs and to make predictions for planned storage reservoirs possible. Model setups which are known from literature are compared with measured values from practice, and the results are represented as tables and graphs.