bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Alaska earthquake of July 10, 1958: Movement on the Fairweather fault and field investigation of southern epicentral region
Authors: Tocher Don
Published: July 2021

The Fairweather fault is recognizable as a geologic and geomorphic feature from Palma Bay on the southeast at least as far northwest as Nunatak Fiord east of Yakutat Bay, a distance of 200 kilometers along the surface trace. The earthquake of July 10, 1958, was caused by movement on much or all of that segment of the fault: a 10-foot or larger right-lateral offset occurred at Palma Bay where the surface trace trends southeastward under the ocean, and fresh scarps were formed on the south shore of Nunatak Fiord. A displacement in which the southwest side moved relatively northwest 21 1/2 feet and up 3 1/2 feet was measured at one point on the fault just east of the north end of Crillon Lake. Continuity of breakage between Palma Bay and Nunatak Fiord cannot be demonstrated positively because ice and water conceal the ground surface in the fault zone along about 80 per cent of that distance.

Extensive minor faulting in bedrock east of the center of Crillon Lake was observed on flat areas on both sides of the Fairweather fault. These systems of minor faults were similar in general appearance to those formed on the Nunatak at Nunatak Fiord both in this earthquake and in the Yakutat Bay earthquakes of 1899.

A wide variety of geological effects other than faulting was observed throughout a broad area along the Pacific coast from Cape Spencer to Mount St. Elias. Among these were earth and rock avalanches, snow and ice avalanches, earth slumps, earth lurches, and sandblows from craterlets and fissures.
The Alaska earthquake of July 10, 1958: Seismic studies
Authors: Stauder William
Published: July 2021

The instrumental epicenter of the Alaska earthquake of July 10, 1958, has been located on the hanging-wall side of the Fairweather fault near the surface expression of the fault and at the southeast end of the greatly disturbed area.

The fault-plane solution from P waves gives a fault plane which differs by 15° from the strike of the observed surface faulting. The theoretical relative amplitudes computed from the fault-plane solution are interpreted as partly explaining the residuals of P arrivals and inconsistent directions of the first motion of P.

The directions of polarization of the S waves are found to conform to the pattern expected for a single couple as the point-source model of the focal mechanism. A method is suggested for using S waves to check fault-plane solutions from P and to select the fault plane from the two nodal planes of P.

Observations of S at near stations do not correspond to the pattern expected for a couple. Large transverse motion is observed along the azimuth of the fault. In the western United States, at stations along the same azimuth, the SH motion changes progressively to SV with distance. Large SV components at distances of 25° to 27° indicate that the critical angle for SV may be reached at these distances and that even long S waves are refracted by structure within the crust.
Three Kamchatka earthquakes
Authors: Stauder William
Published: July 2021

Three earthquakes, two with previously determined fault-plane solutions, are selected in order to study the relation between the S waves and the source mechanism. The S waves are observed at favorable epicentral distances at stations distributed in all quadrants about the epicenter. The earthquakes are of a focal depth of 40 to 60 kilometers and belong to the aftershock sequence of the great earthquake of November 4, 1952. The direction of first motion and the plane of polarization of S are determined by the construction of particle-motion diagrams.

In the case of the two earthquakes for which the fault-plane solutions have been published, no correspondence is found between the observed S wave data and the character of the S motion expected on the basis of the given nodal planes of P, whether the source be considered as a single couple or as a double couple. For the third earthquake it is found that the first motion of P is compressional along all rays leaving the focus downward and that the S waves are strongly SV polarized. No faulting mechanism can explain this distribution of the motion in the initial P and S phases. The motion is explained as corresponding to that generated by a simple force acting almost vertically downward. Graphical and analytical techniques of analysis determine the trend of the force at the source to be N 12° W, with a plunge of 85°. A reconsideration of the other two shocks shows that these, too, are better explained by a simple force source than by a faulting mechanism.
The application of a D.C. amplifier to seismic recording
Authors: Watt P. A.
Published: July 2021

The paper describes a D.C. chopper stabilized amplifier which is being used to amplify seismic signals from a Willmore S.P. geophone to a level suitable for direct recording on a 0-1 milliamp pen recorder. The over-all magnification of the system is approximately 10,000, while the amplification of the D.C. amplifier is 60 volts per microamp. The frequency response of the amplifier is D.C. to 75 cycles per sec. (3 d.b. down).
Crustal structure of the hawaiian ridge near gardner pinnacles
Authors: Shor George G.
Published: July 2021

A series of seismic refraction profiles has been made across a flat bank at Gardner Pinnacles (a pair of volcanic islets on the western Hawaiian Ridge) down the side of the ridge and across the adjacent deep to the floor of the Pacific basin. The ridge is composed principally of material with velocities typical of volcanic islands. The high-velocity oceanic crust, found in the oceanic areas adjacent, extends beneath the ridge and up into the center of the rise. The total crustal section is thickened and the Mohorovičić discontinuity depressed beneath the deep as well as beneath the ridge.

The smooth “archipelagic apron” on the north side of the ridge has at most 20 meters of sediment over a layer with a velocity of 3 km/sec, which could be volcanic and is definitely of higher velocity than normal oceanic sediments.
A note on the amplitude-period relationship of earth noise in the one to eight second range
Authors: Hatherton T.
Published: July 2021

Maximum values of surface particle displacement due to microseisms recorded at an Antarctic seismological station (Scott Base) are compared with the displacements obtained by Romney at Harvard and Pinewoods. The relation of the displacement to the fourth power of the period obtained by Romney is confirmed by the Antarctic data.
Instrument noise in seismometers
Authors: Byrne C. J.
Published: July 2021

Methods are developed to analyze the effects of thermal noise and seismic noise in masking small earth vibrations. The procedure is applied to a simple seismometer, seismometers with electronic and galvanometer amplifiers, and a seismometer with a shunt capacity.

A numerical example is worked out for the Benioff one-second instrument. In the 0.1 second to 10 second band, thermal noise is not limiting.
Ground accelerations caused by large quarry blasts
Authors: Hudson D. E. , Alford J. L. , Iwan W. D.
Published: July 2021

Ground acceleration-time measurements have been made within 2000 ft. of two quarry blasts of total charge weight 185 tons and 673 tons. Ground accelerations were of a character and magnitude similar to those associated with damaging earthquakes. Complete response spectrum curves calculated from the acceleration records are presented. Direct comparisons are made between these results and previous similar measuements and calculations using identical instruments, which have been made of strong-motion earthquakes, H. E. blasts, and the Rainier nuclear blast.
Earthquakes in the northern California coastal region (part I)
Authors: Cameron J. B.
Published: July 2021

The velocities of Pn and Sn phases are determined for earthquakes originating in the northern California coastal region. The existence of station delays at Shasta, Mineral and Reno seismograph stations is proven for these earthquakes. A method of locating epicenters in this area is described, and epicenters for all large earthquakes since the installation of a station at Corvallis (1950), are found. A crustal structure consistent with observed data from these earthquakes is also presented.
Free spheroidal oscillations of the earth
Authors: Takeuchi H. , Kobayashi N.
Published: July 2021

Free periods of the earth's spheroidal oscillations are calculated for the wave numbers n up to 16. The earth's sphericity, self-gravitation and a liquid core are taken into account. Period-wave number and period-phase velocity relations obtained are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively.
The polar phase shift of surface waves on a sphere
Authors: Brune James N. , Nafe John E. , Alsop Leonard E.
Published: July 2021

It has been demonstrated by means of a model experiment that elastic surface waves on a sphere advance in phase by π/2 on each crossing of the polar or antipodal region. Comparison of the asymptotic forms of solutions of the wave equation for displacements and dilatation before the polar crossing with those that apply afterward also show the π/2 phase shift. Similarly a π/4 phase advance occurs for waves leaving a point source.

Because of the occurrence of the polar phase shift, it is necessary to correct previously published Rayleigh wave and Love wave phase velocities measured by correlation of phases over complete circumferential paths. The corrected Rayleigh wave phase velocity curve is presented here.

The polar phase shift is involved in the determination of periods of free oscillation of the earth from surface wave data. Using data from the great Chilean earthquake of May 22, 1960, it is shown that the ratio of the earth's circumference to the wave length at free oscillation periods gives very nearly half integers in accordance with the formula

2 π a λ = n + 1 2 ·
Note on the July 1960 earthquakes in central New Mexico
Authors: Sanford A. R. , Holmes C. R.
Published: July 2021

Earthquakes were felt in the Rio Grande valley of central New Mexico on July 22, 23, and 24, 1960. The strongest earthquake had a maximum intensity of VI at La Joya. On the basis of 28 smaller shocks recorded on a three-component seismograph at Socorro, an average epicenter of 34° 21.7′ and 107° 2.6′ W was determined for the earthquakes. In addition to the direct P and S phases, the seismograms showed sharp phases approximately 0.35, 1.95, 5.50, and 7.80 seconds after the direct P-phase.
Earthquakes in the Northern California Coastal Region (Part II)
Authors: Cameron J. B.
Published: July 2021

The PF phase, described previously by Byerly as False S, is shown to be a longitudinal wave which travels with a velocity of 5.1 km./sec., and arrives at the observing station with an angle of emergence less than that observed for Pn.

The epicenter locations of earthquakes in northern California show that this phase arises only from shocks originating on continental structure, and is not oberved from earthquakes at large distances from the coast.

An examination of the Pn - P̄ relationship, and the Intensity, indicate that exceptionally shallow foci result in the generation of a PF phase. It is concluded that the very thick Franciscan formation in northern California carries considerable seismic energy from hese shallow focus earthquakes, and it is this energy which is identified as the PF phase.
The deformation of the ground around surface faults
Authors: Chinnery M. A.
Published: July 2021

A rectangular dislocation surface (i.e., a surface across which there is a discontinuity in the displacement vector) is used as a model of a vertical transcurrent fault. The results of Steketee (1958a) are employed to derive, in analytical form, the displacement field throughout a semi-infinite elastic medium due to such a dislocation. In particular, the displacements of the surface of the medium are calculated in some detail, and contour maps of the various components are given for two representative cases. The solution to the limiting case of a fault of infinite length is also included. Methods are then discussed for the determination of the depth of a surface fault from measurements of the deformation of the ground produced by it, and these are applied to the faults associated with the Tango and North Idu earthquakes, and to the San Andreas fault. In each of these cases, the general features of the crustal deformations agree well with the predictions of the theory, and it is concluded that dislocation theory provides a good description of the effects of fracture in the earth's crust.
Propagation of leaking interface waves
Authors: Phinney Robert A.
Published: July 2021

With simple generalizations of the method due to Rosenbaum (1961) and Phinney (1961), single integral expressions may be written down for the long range pole contributions to the transient signal in a plane seismic waveguide. This method yields expressions for the leaking, or imperfectly trapped waves, and suffers from no restriction on the number of layers or the existence of coupling to one or two half-spaces. When it is applied to the simple interface wave problem of two halfspaces in contact, closed form expressions are obtained describing the propagation of pulses along the interface due to lower sheet poles. The theory is applied to the Lamb problem, the liquid/solid interface, and the solid/solid interface problems. The leaking wave generalizations of the Rayleigh and Stoneley waves are found and a new wave, coupled to the P-wave, is demonstrated. The physical importance of leaking interface pulses is shown to be in their coupling to the normal or leaking oscillations of layered structures.
GESTÃO DE DADOS ABERTOS GOVERNAMENTAIS: DO MODELO À PRÁTICA
Authors: De Souza Paulo Joelson , De Rezende Gama Janyluce , Caliman Douglas Roriz
Published: July 2021

A divulgação de dados abertos governamentais segue uma tendência crescente nos últimos anos alcançando todas as esferas de governo. O objetivo do estudo é investigar a gestão de dados abertos governamentais e o alcance na prática dos objetivos esperados diante de sua disponibilização e publicação. Possui uma abordagem qualitativa, valendo-se da pesquisa documental para prospecção de dados e informações. Para tanto, optou-se, a partir de um modelo de referência internacional de adoção da gestão de dados abertos, o Open Data Charter, por efetuar comparativos dos planos de dados abertos publicados por quatro instituições públicas, sendo duas de abrangência nacional e outras duas de governos internacionais, visando a compreensão do nível de aderência destes planos aos princípios e objetivos dos DAG propostos no modelo de referência. Foram analisados os planos de dados abertos que estavam vigentes nessas instituições na data da coleta de dados, no ano de 2018. Os resultados permitem afirmar que ações relacionadas à participação comunitária e interações com a sociedade necessitam de fomento nos processos de gestão. O estudo contribui com um modelo de referência de dados abertos governamentais que atenda a demandas dos cidadãos por informações, transparência, melhores serviços públicos e espaços de participação na gestão pública.
AVALIAÇÃO DE EMPRESAS PELO MÉTODO DE FLUXO DE CAIXA DESCONTADO: O CASO DE UMA INDÚSTRIA DE MADEIRAS FAQUEADAS DE CAPITAL FECHADO
Authors: Grejanin Victor Uhdre , Martins Vinicius Abilio
Published: July 2021

O processo de avaliação de empresas ganhou destaque nas últimas décadas. Existem diversos métodos que auxiliam na determinação do valor justo de uma empresa. Dentre os mais utilizados, destaca-se o método de fluxo de caixa descontado. No entanto, este modelo tem uso predominante em empresas de capital aberto. Desta forma, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar a viabilidade de aplicação, em uma empresa de capital fechado, do modelo de avaliação de empresas por meio do fluxo de caixa descontado. Trata-se do caso de uma empresa de extração e beneficiamento de madeira de capital fechado, localizada na região Sul do Brasil. Foi realizada uma pesquisa aplicada, sob o método dedutivo, descritivo, de natureza aplicada, sob uma abordagem quali-quantitativa, realizado por meio do emprego do método de fluxo de caixa descontado. Como resultados, estimou-se o valor de mercado da organização, apoiado na perspectiva de crescimento do gestor, aliada à taxa de crescimento do período analisado. Constata-se que o método de avaliação por fluxo de caixa descontado, apesar da sua utilização ser de aplicação em empresas de capital aberto, pode ser aplicável para avaliação de empresa de capital fechado, levando em consideração suas limitações e a precaução em não enviesar os resultados.
INFLUÊNCIA DO CETICISMO PROFISSIONAL NO GERENCIAMENTO DE IMPRESSÃO DA DIVULGAÇÃO DA INFORMAÇÃO CONTÁBIL
Authors: Matthes Daniel , Adam Camila , Tene Jules Kout , Cunha Paulo Roberto da
Published: July 2021

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a influência do ceticismo profissional sobre o gerenciamento de impressão na divulgação da informação contábil. O ceticismo profissional foi analisado por meio das variáveis mente questionadora, suspensão de julgamento, busca de conhecimento, compreensão interpessoal, autonomia e autoestima, conforme constructo de Hurtt (2010). O gerenciamento de impressão foi analisado por meio das variáveis seletividade, distorção de medição e aprimoramento de divulgação, conforme Cardoso, Leite e Aquino (2018). A pesquisa caracteriza-se como descritiva, survey e quantitativa. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 201 acadêmicos do curso de Ciências Contábeis de duas Universidades Públicas do Estado de Santa Catarina. A análise dos dados se deu por meio de estatística descritiva e regressão OLS por meio do software SPSS®. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram que a característica mente questionadora influencia negativamente as variáveis aprimoramento de divulgação e distorção de medição, demonstrando que quanto maior o nível da característica mente questionadora num indivíduo, menor a possibilidade de este ser influenciado por duas das técnicas de gerenciamento de impressão.
Efficacy and safety of different terbinafine regimens in patients of recurrent tinea corporis and cruris
Authors: Verma Noopur , Verma Savita , Dayal Surbhi , Gupta M. C.
Published: July 2021

Background: Tinea corporis and cruris is said to be recurrent when there is relapse of sign and symptoms after 6 weeks of cure. Recently, there has been increase in cases of recurrent tinea corporis and cruris, with atypical lesions. This study was done to establish efficacy and safety of different terbinafine regimens against recurrent tinea corporis and cruris.Methods: Sixty patients with clinically and mycologically diagnosed recurrent tinea corporis and cruris were enrolled and divided into three groups. Group A was administered oral terbinafine 500 mg once daily for 2 weeks, group B was given terbinafine 250 mg once daily for double duration i.e., 4 weeks, and group C was given standard treatment which is 250 mg once daily for 2 weeks. Physician assessment four-point scale (PA4PS) and KOH wet mount were assessed for clinical and mycological efficacy. Biochemical laboratory parameters (liver function tests and kidney function tests) and adverse drug reactions were assessed for safety.Results: At the end of 6 weeks, reduction in PA4PS from baseline was 46.5%, 95.8%, and 20.4% in groups with double dose, double duration and standard therapy respectively with statistically significant (p<0.05) improvement in group with double duration. Mycological cure at the end of 4 weeks was 80%, 100% and 50%. There was no safety concern in any of the groups.Conclusions: Double duration of terbinafine was found to be more efficacious and safer.
Relationship between myometrial thickness and latency interval of pregnancy after preterm premature rupture of membranes
Authors: Nossair Wael S.
Published: July 2021

Background: Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) increases the risk of prematurity and leads to a number of other perinatal and neonatal complications. Prolonged latency interval increases probability of complications in mothers with PPROM. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the myometrial thickness and the length of latency interval after PPROM.Methods: This study included 62 pregnant women admitted due to spontaneous PPROM from 26 to 37 weeks gestational age. All selected cases were subjected to full medical history, full clinical examination, laboratory investigations, and ultrasound evaluation with measurement of myometrium thickness at lower uterine segment and uterine fundus, measurement of amniotic fluid index.Results: A total 32 (51.7%) of our patients had latency interval <1 week while the rest of patients had latency interval ≥1 week with mean latency interval value was 5.45±2.4 days. Sonographic evaluation of the myometrial thickness showed that the mean thickness at lower uterine segment was 6.6±1.26 mm and at fundus was 6.1±1.28 mm. we found that at cut off point ≥6.9 mm lower uterine segment myometrial thickness had 87.5% sensitivity and 93.3% specificity in prediction of latency interval≥1 week, while at cut off point≥6.4 mm uterine fundus myometrial thickness had 81.3% sensitivity and 63.3% specificity in prediction of latency interval more than 1 week.Conclusions: Sonographic evaluation of myometrial thickness appears to be helpful in prediction of latency interval in PPROM.
Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum secondary to intestinal pneumatosis: an uncommon cause of acute abdomen
Authors: Vives Jonathan Salgado , Serna Enrique Chávez , Bustos Fernando Uraik Hernandez , Herrera Guadalupe Grisel Yañez
Published: July 2021

Intestinal pneumatosis is a rare entity characterized by gas accumulation in the submucosa and or subserosa of the intestinal tract wall and is generally associated with other diseases, the primary presentation is rare. Most of the cases are asymptomatic, being infrequent the presentation as an acute abdomen secondary to a spontaneous pneumoperitoneum. We report the case of a patient with systemic sclerosis, who presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction, without improvement to conservative treatment and with progression to acute abdomen, for which surgical treatment was performed showing intestinal pneumatosis that compromised the entire small intestine.
Truths and myths about marketed anti-aging skin products: a systematic review
Authors: Barnawi Ghassan M. , Barnawi Azhar M.
Published: July 2021

Aging of the skin naturally occurs with increasing age due to several factors involving the reduction of collagen, elastin and many other proteins which help maintain strength and integrity of the skin. Several strategies and treatments were developed to fight and slow down this unstoppable ongoing natural process, however, many of the widely available products may not be as efficient as advertised. The aim was to discuss and investigate the truths and myths about skin anti-aging products and strategies by reviewing the previous studies conducted on this subject. Google scholar database was explored to search for articles related to the current subjects starting from 2010 till 2021. The included searching terms were a combination of anti-aging strategies and efficacy, anti-aging products and myths, anti-aging products and usage of women and perception and attitude of women and anti-aging strategies. The inclusion criteria included original articles conducted on anti-aging products and strategies and full text articles. A total of 40 articles were obtained, only three articles were eligible for the inclusion criteria. The three studies included a total number of 192 participants. Some anti-aging products were found to improve skin health and improve the level of coarse and fine wrinkles and lines. However, their efficacy was limited and doesn't act as magic.
Assessment of immediate postoperative complications in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis with pre-existing co-morbid conditions
Authors: Arora Jainendra K. , Kumar Deepak
Published: July 2021

Background: Elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy done by experienced surgeon continues to be a vary safe operation however from surgical point of view, presence of co-existing clinical conditions offer independent complication risk but the influence of these clinical conditions such , diabetes, hypertension, respiratory etc. has not been emphasized enough. This study is an effort to determine the influence of co-existing clinical conditions on morbidity and mortality following laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted over a period of 1.8 years from August 2017 to April 2019. On the basis of selection criteria patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis were divided into two groups cases and control group. The evaluation of morbidity was done in terms of any wound infection, chest infection, cardiac complications, cholangitis, deep vein thrombosis, septicemia, etc.Results: Distribution of complications was comparable between cases and controls. (Nil: 90% versus 92.50% respectively. Proportion of patients with complications was significantly lower in patients without history of previous attack as compared to with history of previous attack. Distribution of complications were comparable between diabetic and non-diabetic.Conclusions: The presence of co- morbid conditions in the form of diabetes mellitus and hypertension does not in-crease the risk of immediate post operative complications. However, history of previous attack of acute cholecystitis can increased chances of intra-operative adhesions around calots triangle prolonging the duration of surgery which in turn can increase the risk of post operative complications.
A study to determine risk factors for renal scarring as detected by dimercaptosuccinic acid scan in children with urinary tract infection
Authors: Jacob Nisha Jacob Arackal , Koripadu Seshagiri , Yanamandala Harishchandra Venkata
Published: July 2021

Background: The aim of the study was to determine the risk factors for renal scarring detected by DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid) scan in children with culture-proven urinary tract infection (UTI).Methods: A hospital based observational case-control study was conducted from 2018 June to 2020 June in children aged between 1 month to 5 years who underwent a DMSA scan following culture-proven UTI (N=72). Of the children fulfilling the criteria, 43 had renal scarring in the DMSA scan as a case group and the remaining 29 children who had no renal scarring were taken as a control group.Results: Of the total 72 cases with culture-positive UTI, 59% of patients had renal scarring and the rest and 40% were scar negative. There was no significant difference in the renal scarring observed with respect to age in the two groups. There was significant (p<0.05) the association noted between renal scarring and VUR (vesicoureteric reflux). A significant difference was observed in the renal scarring between the two groups regarding the presence of recurrent UTI (p=0.000). Although most cases (97.7%) had a fever in the DMSA positive group, this was not a significant risk factor for scarring (p>0.05). In DMSA positive group, circumcision was not a significant risk factor for scarring.Conclusions: VUR and recurrent UTI were significant risk factors for renal scarring in children with culture-proven UTI as detected by DMSA scan. The other risk factors like age, sex, fever, leucocytosis and circumcision were not found to be significant.
Peak expiratory flow rate in children aged 6 to 14 years
Authors: Gunasekaran A.
Published: July 2021

Background: The objective of this study was to record the PEFR values in children aged between 6 to 14 years.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 1205 children aged 6 to 14 years in department of paediatrics at a medical college hospital. In a pre-structured questionnaire, the age, sex and PEFR values were recorded. PEFR was considered as primary outcome variable. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis.Results: Total of 1205 children, 51% were boys and 49% were girls. Ninety children of age 6 years ranged between 60 to 200 with 111.1±29.4 and 7 years ranging from 70 to 210 with 136.3±30.5. One hundred and five of age 8 years had 156.9±33.3 ranging from 90 to 230 and 126 of age 10 years with 195.7±38.8 ranging from 110 to 290. Mean PEFR for boys increased with their age and was greater than girls.Conclusions: The overall mean PEFR values for the age group 6 to 14 years was 225±90.07 l/min. Boys have higher PEFR value than girls of the same age group. Hence, PEFR values in this study can be used clinically as reference value for children aged 6 to 14 years.
Peak expiratory flow rate and its correlation with height among 6 to 14 years children: a cross sectional study
Authors: Gunasekaran A.
Published: July 2021

Background: The objective of this research was to study the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) values and its correlation with height in children aged between 6 to 14 years and height.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 1205 children aged 6 to 14 years in department of paediatrics at a medical college hospital. In a pre-structured questionnaire, the age, sex, height and PEFR values were recorded. PEFR was considered as primary outcome variable. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis.Results: Among 1205 study participants, height showed a steady relationship with PEFR. As height increases PEFR increases progressively in both boys and girls. (R2=0.691). The linear regression model for PEFR with height of all age shows, one centimeter increase in height there was 5.1% increase in PEFR with a constant (-458.0) and a 95% confidence interval 4.9 to 5.3, a lesser R2=69.1% which was found to be statistically significant.Conclusions: The PEFR values derived and its height correlation in this study can be used as reference for children in and around Chennai district.
Study to determine the correlation of platelet-lymphocyte ratio in COVID 19 positive and negative severe acute respiratory infections cases
Authors: T. Kavya S. , Nair Akash G. , R. Sanjay Kumar H. , N. Siddesh
Published: July 2021

Background: Severity of COVID 19 disease is related to the systemic inflammatory response triggered by the respiratory virus. Hematological alterations triggered by inflammation can be used as a marker to predict the severity of COVID 19 infection.Methods: 155 patients of severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) defined by World Health Organization (WHO) criteria of which 65 were COVID positive and 90 COVID negative were taken for the study. Demographic profile of the population and platelet count, lymphocyte count and platelet lymphocyte ratio was compared between COVID 19 positive and negative SARI cases using appropriate descriptive statistics. Correlation analysis done for the same parameters between severe and moderate COVID 19 SARI cases.Results: Median platelet count in COVID positive group (2.47 L) was lower than that of COVID negative group (2.65 L) and was not statistically significant between 2 groups. Median lymphocyte count in COVID positive group (651) was lower compared to the negative group (1250) and difference was statistically significant. PLR in COVID positive group was higher (353) than COVID negative group (198) and was statistically significant (p value 0.00). PLR was higher in severe COVID disease compare to moderate disease but difference was not statistically significant. No significant correlation was found in platelet count, lymphocyte count in moderate and severe COVID positive SARI cases.Conclusions: Lower lymphocyte counts was observed in SARI caused by COVID 19 infection than other causes of SARI. No significant correlation was found in platelet count between COVID positive and negative SARI cases. PLR was significantly higher in COVID positive SARI cases as compared to COVID negative SARI cases. Platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) was higher in severe COVID disease when compared to moderate disease but levels did not reach statistical significance.
Characteristics of patients presenting with septic wounds in selected hospitals in Kajiado County, Kenya
Authors: Kaanto Ruth , Kagira John , Waititu Kenneth , Ngotho Maina , Maina Naomi , Gachohi John
Published: July 2021

Background: Wound management is a serious global health problem. The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of patients presenting with septic wounds in selected hospitals in Kajiado County, Kenya, and their association with selected factors.Methods: We purposively sampled 182 patients with septic wounds and collected data using questionnaires whose statistical relationship between various patients' characteristics, including the data collected Likert-scale design was assessed.Results: A majority (73.1%) of the patients presented with one wound. Most (54.4%) of the wounds were located on the lower limbs and mainly (23.1%) caused by road traffic accidents. The majority of the wounds had lasted for 1-2 weeks at the time of presentation, and the wound sizes were mainly >11 mm. We found a significant association (p<0.05) between number of wounds and age, marital status, and highest education level. The wound causes were significantly associated with gender, age, occupation, and sub-county of residence. Wound duration was significantly associated with understanding prescribed medication, adherence to dosage, water source, alcoholism, and cigarette smoking. Wound improvement was significantly associated with patients' understanding of the prescribed medication, adherence to dosage and water source, alcoholic status, and cigarette smoking.Conclusions: Individual patient, social and cultural factors were associated with septic wounds characteristics, suggesting that addressing them at the individual level using proper hygiene and cleanliness at home and workplaces is key. Policies to reduce traffic accidents, increase literacy, and promote healthcare access need to be promoted to reduce the wound sepsis burden.
Classification and types of flaps in endodontic surgery
Authors: Rajkhan Wael Hisham , Alrasheedi Naif Mayouf , Alsaper Hatton Khalid , Aljishi Reem Abdulwahed , Alahmadi Reem Badi , Abdulbagi Rogaya Hassan , Kernshi Kholoud Shergawi , Almalki Afnan Hassan , Aloqayli Sarah Hussain , Alrehaili Hanan Sulaiman , Aljohani Ghaida Ghazi
Published: July 2021

The success of endodontic surgeries can be significantly associated with the selected dental flap. Many flaps have been reported among studies in the literature with variable frequencies of advantages and disadvantages and with different indications for each flap. This literature review discusses the most commonly reported types of endodontics flaps along with the reported advantages and disadvantages, in addition to the uses, applications, and most probable indications and contraindications for each designed flap. Among the reported flap designs, clinical success and favorable outcomes were observed with the ones that limited the damage to the root-attached tissues. Moreover, crestal bone loss has been reported to be minimal when using the full mucoperiosteal flap designs. Many previous studies have reported that using triangular and rectangular flap designs has been associated with favorable events regarding crestal bone loss, with the observed complete healing of the resorption damaging events and absent alternations of the heights of the crestal bone that were potentially affected. Further details of each flap design are provided within the full manuscript of this article based on the obtained evidence from previous investigations.
Mycology of otomycosis and the role of antifungal drops versus antifungal cream in the treatment of otomycosis: an observational study
Authors: Lekha V. Sneha , Priyadarshini Neelima , Pakanati Siva Subba Rao , Kumar K. Dilip
Published: July 2021

Background: Aim of the study was to determine most common mode of presentation, spectrum of fungi involved in otomycosis and to compare the treatment efficacy of 1% clotrimazole drops with 1% clotrimazole cream in management of otomycosis.

Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over a study period of 18 months, in which a total of 60 patients who are clinically diagnosed with otomycosis were included. All the specimens collected from patients were subjected to standard microbiological procedures for identification of fungi involved in otomycosis. Then patients were randomly allotted into 2 groups for treatment with 1% clotrimazole drops or with cream. Improvement in symptoms of pain, pruritis, blocked sensation, and discharge on one-and two-weeks follow-up was recorded. External auditory canal was evaluated for improvement in otomycotic debris. All patients were asked the opinion about preferred modality of treatment.

Results: In our study, Aspergillus niger 27(45%) was the predominant species isolated. When compared to the symptoms on day 01 at day 07, significant difference was noted for the improvement of the symptoms and also for the otomycotic debris in both the groups. The group with cream had significantly more blocked sensation. On second week follow up, significant improvement was noted for all the symptoms and otomycotic debris. Forty five out of sixty patients preferred using cream.

Conclusions: In our study, Aspergillus species was found to be the commonest fungi involved in otomycosis. 1% topical clotrimazole drops and cream were equally effective in management of otomycosis.
Incidence of concha bullosa and its role in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Lakshmi Yalagandula Vijaya , Singh Thakur Dinesh , Fathima Razia , Kumar Vaddi Hemanth
Published: July 2021

Background: Pneumatization of nasal turbinates is called concha bullosa. Most often it involves the middle turbinate and is one of the commonest variants of sinonasal anatomy. Bulbous and extensive type of concha bullosa may lead to narrowing or even complete blockage of osteomeatal complex. This alters the normal airflow and drainage pathways of mucous, resulting in mucosal edema which obstructs the ethmoidal infundibulum and osteomeatal obstruction leading to sinusitis. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of concha bullosa and assess its role in causation of chronic rhinosinusitis. The objective was to determine the incidence of concha bullosa and assess its role in chronic rhinosinusitis.

Methods: A retrospective study of 120 patients suffering from chronic sinusitis of age group 18 years to 70 years old were taken between March 2018 to January 2021 at Malla Reddy institute of medical sciences (MRIMS) who had nasal symptoms significant enough to warrant a CT paranasal sinus (CT PNS) with positive findings. All PNSs involved were identified for sinus disease. Concha bullosa identified and graded into small, moderate and large. Patients with history of previous nasal surgeries were excluded.

Results: Our study showed 54% cases of chronic sinusitis with concha bullosa.

Conclusions: Concha bullosa may be one of the predisposing factors of chronic rhinosinusitis and hence surgical manipulation by functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is important to prevent recurrence of sinusitis.
Impact of chronic idiopathic urticaria on patients' quality of life in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Andijani Fedaa S.
Published: July 2021

Background: Urticaria is a common chronic dermatological disease that has a negative impact on the psychological status and the social interaction of the patients’ quality of life. The dermatology life quality index (DLQI) is one of the dermatology-specific instruments to evaluate the extent of the quality of life (QoL) impairment in the patients with skin diseases and provide an additional evaluation for the overall effectiveness of the treatment.

Methods: This study was designed as a descriptive cross-sectional which was conducted in Jeddah city. Questionnaires with verified Arabic version of the DLQI were distributed and collected to the patients by dermatologists.

Results: A total 79 patients were enrolled in the study. Male patients represented 48.1%, while female represented 51.9% and sex ratio was 1:1.1. The mean DLQI score in all patients was 10.67±5.54. 51.9% of the patients unfortunately with score of 11-20 had very large effect on their life.

Conclusions: Chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU) has a significant negative impact on the quality of life. In Saudi Arabia, few studies only have been done to evaluate the impact of CIU on patients’ life and more studies are needed to help the patient to improve the management’s strategy and the patients’ life.
Evaluation of glycolic acid and trichloroacetic acid peels in the treatment of melasma
Authors: Rao Bikkasani U. P. Lakshmi Kishan , Rao K. Satyanarayana
Published: July 2021

Background: Melasma is a chronic acquired hypermelanosis of the skin mainly affecting women. The etiopathogenesis of melasma is not fully understood but multiple factors like genetic influences, sunlight exposure, pregnancy, estrogen ingestion and family history are implicated. The present study was aimed to evaluate the therapeutic, efficacy of glycolic acid (GA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) superficial chemical peels in melasma patients.

Methods: Fifty patients with clinically diagnosed melasma of either sex attending the outpatient clinic of department of dermatology of Mamata medical college and hospital, Khammam during the period of April 2007 to March 2008 constituted the subject material.

Results: Distribution of melasma patients by duration of lesions showed the duration varied from 6 months to 6 years in both the groups, the difference in the duration of disease in two groups was statistically non-significant. Whereas site involvement showed malar region (96%) was the most commonly affected site followed by forehead (80%) and chin (20%). Study also showed sunlight was the main precipitating factor and the most frequent Fitzpatrick skin phototype was type V. The majority of cases in both the groups pigmentation was homogenous. In both the groups, at the end of three peels, it was observed that maximum cases had moderate improvement. Burning sensation was significantly high in group B compared to group A, erythema was seen in more in group B.

Conclusions: This study proposes to combine both their modalities of chemical peels for better results TCA peels are used initially to get prompt response and then followed by GA peels to further reduce the pigmentation and maintain the effect.
Demographic profile of patients treated for melasma with glycolic acid and trichloroacetic acid: an institutional experience
Authors: Rao Bikkasani U. P. Lakshmi Kishan , Rao K. Satyanarayana
Published: July 2021

Background: Melasma is an acquired disorder of hyperpigmentation characterised by forehead, cheeks, around eyelids and chin mostly in the sun-exposed areas of the skin. The etiology for melasma is not clear, various factors like genetic or hormonal influences the cause. The aim was to understand the demographical distribution and epidemiological pattern of pigmentation in melasma patients.

Methods: A total of 50 patients were participated in the present study at department of dermatology of Mamata medical college and hospital, Khammam over a period of one year.

Results: The mean age of patients with melasma was 33.84±5.76 years, with the youngest and oldest being 20 and 40 years with female preponderance, with a male to female ratio of 1:9. The maximum number of patients educated up to middle school level (38%) followed by primary school. The maximum number of individuals participated in the present study were housewife’s and out of 50 individuals 92% patients in the present series were married whereas family history of melasma was noted only 16% of the melasma patients.

Conclusions: The present observations demonstrates that the melasma is a female predominant, affecting young adults, etiological observations like sunlight, married, pregnancy, indoor, family history followed by cosmetics plays an important role in the melasma.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MONITORING SYSTEMS REGARDING MONITORING STUDENTS’ ATTENDANCE AT PRIMARY SCHOOL LEVEL IN DISTRICT BANNU
Authors: Khan Wali Ahmad , Ullah Mati , Khan Irfan Ullah , Altaf Muhammad , Shah Muzammil
Published: July 2021

Purpose of the study: The key purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of Internal and External Monitoring systems regarding students’ attendance at primary school level Bannu.

Methodology: Descriptive survey design was used for this study. The data was taken from head Teachers through a self-developed questionnaire of the 6-Likert scale. According to John Curry (1984) Sample size rule of Thumb, out of N= 650, n= 65 respondents was taken from district Bannu. A simple random technique was used, and also validity and reliability of the instrument were making sure in this study. Data were analyzed through SPSS by using Mean, Std. Deviation and t-test.

Main Findings: The main findings of the existing study shown that the officials of external monitoring are better in monitor the students’ attendance, improving students’ attendance during routine monitoring, priority-based check-up of primary school students attendance during official visits, and pointing out of students absentees while the internal monitoring officials perform better only regarding “encouraging school staff to motivate the regular students with the proper award”.

Applications of this study: The existing study greatly significant for Educational administrators and monitoring departments, policymakers, Head Teachers, and the government which can find the real fact and issues about student attendance.

Novelty/Originality of this study: The current study is fairly new and unique in the field of education department of the monitoring system. The current study is the original research work of a researcher in the field of the education monitoring system of IMS and EMS/IMU.
O desenho infantil como ferramenta de diagnóstico, percepção ambiental e avaliação de ações de educação ambiental
Authors: Schwanke Cibele , Moura Caetano Flores de
Published: July 2021

Chegamos a um ponto crítico com relação ao uso dos bens naturais, onde a poluição do ar, da água e da terra têm causado degradação da qualidade do ar, escassez de água, infertilidade dos solos e injustiças sociais. Diante desse cenário destaca-se a gestão ambiental, o estudo da percepção ambiental e as ações de educação ambiental para amenizar esse contexto. O presente artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo realizada a partir do desenvolvimento de ações de educação ambiental em uma comunidade em situação de risco e vulnerabilidade socioambiental. O diagnóstico sobre como as crianças participantes de um projeto percebem a natureza, antes e depois das ações de educação ambiental implementadas, foi realizado na tentativa de compreender as mudanças ocorridas em suas relações com o seu espaço e a natureza. Tendo em vista o público constituído por crianças de 6 a 8 anos, foram utilizados desenhos que posteriormente foram interpretados utilizando a análise de conteúdo. Como resultado da intervenção, identificou-se que os educandos passaram a se perceber como parte da natureza e agentes atuantes em seus espaços e que a relação e a percepção ambiental dos educandos mudou, passando de uma percepção ambiental descontextualizada com a realidade, para uma percepção ambiental contextualizada e participativa do meio ambiente.