bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oakland Urban Forestry Experiment: A Cooperative Approach
Authors: Cole Dana W.
Published: April 2024

California's pilot program in inner city urban forestry demonstrates that citizen participation is essential to the success of tree planting and environmental education. Support of government, and increasingly business, is also vital.
Building Professionalism into Forest Fire Suppression
Authors: Davis James B.
Published: April 2024

Federal, state, and local agencies, working through the National Wildfire Coordinating Group, have developed a National Interagency Fire Qualification System (NIFQS). NIFQS sets uniform standards for fire suppression work, specifying prerequisite jobs, currency of experience, required training, and physical fitness. The Boise Interagency Fire Center, in Idaho, dispatches only fire fighters who meet NIFQS standards.
Affordable Forestry
Authors: Slocum Robert W.
Published: April 2024

Intensive methods, though often proposed by foresters, are too expensive to appeal to many owners of small tracts. Affordable and attractive alternatives are available, and foresters have a good opportunity to improve management by promoting them.
Forest Industry in Northern New England
Authors: DeCoster Lester A.
Published: April 2024

Large-scale-forest industry is concentrated in the northern portions of Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. Industrial landholdings in Maine are sizeable, lying chiefly in the spruce-fir zone. Both even-and all-aged management systems are feasible. Stands badly need to be cleared of low-quality trees, and in remote and inaccessible areas economic efficiency demands use of large-scale management technology--both difficult topics to explain to the public. Fractionalization of nonindustrial private holdings and vastly increased cutting for fuelwood are affecting timber supplies, particularly for firms that have been depending on ready supplies of cheap wood.
Recreation Benefit Estimation in Theory and Practice: A Comment on Imperfect Methods
Authors: Johnson F. Reed
Published: April 2024

While some of the criticism of the travel-cost method of estimating benefits of outdoor recreation is without basis, serious problems of utility or disutility of travel, joint visitation, and data deficiencies do limit accuracy of the estimates. This method is nevertheless a considerable improvement over the current practice of using arbitrary unit-day values as approximations of users' average willingness to pay. Replacement of unit-day values with travel-cost and survey-valuation techniques will yield more accurate estimates and encourage needed refinements in data and methodology.
Power Requirements of Three Cable Logging Systems
Authors: Perkins R. H.
Published: April 2024

Systems that may be used for highlead yarding in the eastern United States have power requirements that differ according to the mechanical characteristics of the yarder and rigging arrangement. A study compared the conventional highlead system with two running skylines employing chokers, the Grabinski and the Purdue traction-cable. Both of these skyline systems have a rider block on the haul-back line to increase lifting capabilities. In the conventional and Grabinski systems, running-line tension to lift the lead end of the log was controlled with drum brakes. In the Purdue system, which was used to simulate a yarder having a drum interlocking mechanism for regulating running-line tension without the use of brakes, lift was controlled by installing, at the yarder, a sheave through which the haulback line had been threaded. With running-line tension controlled by brakes, input energy efficiency of the Grabinski increased with size of load; the maximum load tested required 36 percent less power than the conventional system. When the two rider-block systems were compared, the drum interlock was the more efficient as the load increased. For the maximum test load, power requirements were 24 and 51 percent less than for the Grabinski and conventional. These percentages would be expected to vary with load size and terrain.
Optimum Plot Size for Cruising Sawtimber in Eastern Forests
Authors: Wiant Harry V. , Yandle David O.
Published: April 2024

Calculations indicate that optimum plot size will often be less than 1/5 acre when stands in the eastern United States are cruised for sawtimber. The optimum size increases with increasing allowable sampling error and tract size, and decreasing measurement time, walking speed, coefficient of variation, and Student's "t" used.
Federal Government's Cooperative Education Program
Authors: Singer Patricia F.
Published: April 2024

The Cooperative Education Program is a government work-study program that allows federal agencies to recruit, train, and hire qualified college students noncompetitively. It is used by the Forest Service, the Soil Conservation Service, and the Bureau of Land Management, primarily to increase their number of women and minority employees. In all three agencies, participants are increasing each year; more than 1,200 are enrolled, with most seeking a bachelor's degree. They work as full-time agency employees for at least 26 weeks during school. If they perform satisfactorily and maintain a C average in coursework, most are converted to permanent jobs upon graduation.
World Forestry: Forest Plantations in Brazil and their Possible Effects on World Pulp Markets
Authors: Sedjo Roger A.
Published: April 2024

Largely in response to fiscal incentives offered by the government, industrial firms in Brazil had planted eucalyptus and loblolly and slash pines (Pinus taeda, P. elliottii) on 3.8 million hectares by the end of 1979. An additional 0.5 million hectares may be planted annually through 1985. Annual growth is estimated at 20 cubic meters per hectare for pine and 25 cubic meters for eucalyptus. Some of the wood is needed to make charcoal for the nation's steel industry and to supply pulp for domestic needs, but the plantations should supply enough additional timber to allow export of very large amounts of chemical pulp by 1995.
Reinvestment Rate and the Analysis of Forestry Enterprises
Authors: Schallau C. H. , Wirth M. E.
Published: April 2024

Two forestry investment situations are used to illustrate the importance of the reinvestment rate when the rate-of-return (IRR) criterion is applied. One, involving the allowable-cut effect, demonstrates how an 80 percent IRR translates to a realizable rate of return (RRR) of 13 percent if the reinvestment rate is 10 percent. A short-rotation hardwood coppice investment generates a 29 percent IRR, but the RRR is only 16 percent if the reinvestment rate is 10 percent. A method for calculating RRR is given.
World Forestry: Overview of Forestry in Uruguay
Authors: White Edwin H. , Pou Rosario
Published: April 2024

Uruguay is trying to develop a forest resource to offset extremely unfavorable cash flow and to diversify agricultural products. Soils and climate favor rapid growth of exotic species, especially eucalypts. Tax incentives encourage private landowners to establish plantations. The nation has too few foresters and needs to expand its forestry education program. Transportation systems and mechanization are inadequate at present.
Softwood Log Export Policy: The Key Questions
Authors: Darr David R.
Published: April 2024

The softwood log export issue has been debated for several decades and the discussion will probably continue into the future. Proposals to "solve" the issue should be reviewed carefully in terms of their assumptions about market responses to a change in policy.
Students Need a Proper Introduction to Forestry
Authors: Lynch Dennis L. , Crews Donald L.
Published: April 2024

In an attempt to improve the balance between forestry graduates and job openings, an introductory course has been developed at Colorado State University to clarify professional requirements and opportunities.
Owners of Large, Private Forested Tracts in the Shawnee Hills of Illinois
Authors: McCurdy Dwight R. , Vitello John
Published: April 2024

A majority of owners of large tracts in the, Shawnee Hills of Illinois were found to be practicing forestry or interested in doing so. Since these owners control much of the forest in the region, they should be given priority in programs for increasing timber production from nonindustrial private forests.
Band Dendrometers or Diameter Tapes?
Authors: Cameron Robert J. , Lea Russ
Published: April 2024

In a beech-birch-maple stand in the Adirondack Mountains of New York, measurements with diameter tapes provided growth estimates as precise as those obtained with dendrometer bands.
Delayed Bucking and Bolewood Moisture Content
Authors: Patterson III William A. , Post Irwin L.
Published: April 2024

When the tops were left on for two weeks after the trees were felled, the moisture content in paper birch (Betula papyrifera) boles was 20 percent less than in bolts made immediately after felling and stacked for drying. The moisture content of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) boles was unaffected by this treatment. Thus, delayed bucking may be a means of decreasing drying time for some species.
Evolution of Management Policy and Research in the National Parks
Authors: Stottlemyer J. Robert
Published: April 2024

In the absence of basic ecological research, the National Park Service has often pursued management policies inconsistent with the enabling legislation for the various parks. The general aim now is to return park ecosystems to those prevailing before the arrival of Europeans. Present administrative authority is sufficient to mitigate most countervailing factors originating within park boundaries, but research must be considerably augmented and the findings applied. The most significant challenges, however, now come from beyond park boundaries. Their solution is very complex and will challenge the best scientific expertise.
Forestry Curriculum Changes: What Do Professionals in the West Think?
Authors: Case Pamela J. , Ferrell William K. , Hagestedt Richard
Published: April 2024

The opinions of professional foresters were needed to help design curricular changes at the School of Forestry at Oregon State University. About 650 experienced public and private foresters in the West were surveyed, by questionnaire, about their current work and how it had changed from their initial professional appointment, the changes they expected in professional work in the future, and the deficiencies they felt existed in their education. Results showed that, as foresters advanced, they spent increasingly more time dealing with people (administration, organization) and increasingly less time at conventional tasks (logging, inventory), and they enjoyed greater diversity in their jobs. Foresters expected these trends to accelerate in the future and, correspondingly, felt deficient in the disciplines that would support the increased activities they foresaw in their professional futures. Survey findings suggested the need for some changes to broaden traditional forestry curricula.
Feasibility of Developing Regional Weight Tables
Authors: Jacobs Matthew W. , Monteith Douglas B.
Published: April 2024

Comparison of the relationship between whole tree weight, height, and d.b.h., with values for individual trees as the sample units, confirms the empirical observation that a weight table for a species may be applicable over wide geographic areas. The comparisons were made for Maine, New York, and West Virginia. The hypothesis that useful regional weight tables could be developed is recommended for testing.
Evaluating Scaling Systems
Authors: Fahey Thomas D. , Snellgrove Thomas A. , Cahill James M. , Max Timothy A.
Published: April 2024

A proposed method of analyzing scaling systems consists of two parts. Part I applies only to sound logs and compares the precision of scaling systems using the relationship between lumber recovery and scaled volume. Part II uses only defective logs to compare the abilities of scaling systems to adjust volume for defect.
RPA/NFMA--Time to Punt
Authors: Behan R. W.
Published: April 2024

Attempting to resolve conflicts in the management of the national forests, Congress enacted the Resources Planning Act and the National Forest Management Act, which now mandate planning for the National Forest System. Because the required plans must be capable of withstanding legal challenges, exorbitant amounts of time and money have to be, and are being, allocated to their preparation. The two acts should be repealed. Planning could then proceed as an administrative procedure, at far lower cost, and the agency could reestablish its emphasis on its development, management, and protection activities. Management conflicts should be handled not by legislation and litigation, but by relying on emerging capabilities: the USDA Forest Service has shown its willingness to listen to opinions from the public, and the local land managers should resolve conflicts locally, through bargaining, compromise, and negotiation.
Forests and Forestry in China
Authors: Hsiung Wen-Yue , Johnson Frederic C.
Published: April 2024

China has an area slightly larger than the United States and yet has over four times the number of native trees. The major forest types include Boreal coniferous forests, temperate deciduous, rich subtropical mixed forests, and tropical monsoonal forests along the southern border. Almost all of the tree genera familiar to American foresters are present in China. Other genera such as Cinnamomum, Cunninghamia, Ginkgo, Metasequoia, Paulownia, Pseudolarix, and Sophora illustrate the great diversity of climax forests. Some 13 percent of the forest area is occupied by the over fifty species of commercial bamboos. One of the present major efforts is planting millions of hectares to boost production of wood, fiber, food, and medicinals and to ameliorate climate in the semiarid portions.
Federal Cultural Resource Management: Constraint or Opportunity
Authors: Friedman Janet
Published: April 2024

Federal forestlands contain prehistoric and historic sites important to an understanding of human culture and behavior. Managers have responsibility, clearly stated in law, for protecting the sites from damage by vandals or from incidental harm by forestry activities. They are beginning to see that the responsibility is not so much a constraint as an opportunity to serve the public.
The Right to Risk in Wilderness
Authors: McAvoy Leo H. , Dustin Daniel L.
Published: April 2024

This article proposes an expansion of outdoor recreation opportunities to include wilderness areas in which users would bear sole responsibility for their personal welfare. Agencies managing areas designated for full-risk use would be absolved, indeed prohibited, from intervening at any time on behalf of any recreationist in distress.
Compliance with Backcountry Permits in Mount McKinley National Park
Authors: Plager Anna , Womble Peter
Published: April 2024

While 93 percent of hikers sampled in 1978 had a permit, about half of this group deviated to some extent from the trip described on the document. Roughly half of the hikers who changed their planned trip did so for reasons they could not control or anticipate (e.g., bad weather, rugged terrain, injury). Most of those who hiked without a permit and about half of those who changed their trip did not support the permit system or could not obtain the park zone they preferred. Compliers and partial compliers strongly supported the system: noncompliers were less favorable but some of them expressed support. An inference from the study is that managers could improve compliance by providing hikers with detailed information about their planned trips and by making the permit system as unrestrictive as possible.
Financial Comparison of Forest Fertilization in the Pacific Northwest and the Southeast
Authors: Fight Roger D. , Dutrow George F.
Published: April 2024

Large variations in before-tax real rates of return were found when application of fertilizer to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the Pacific Northwest was compared with application to slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) in the Southeast. Top rates, however, were close to 30 percent in both regions. Prices and costs for 1976 and price trends developed for the 1980 Resources Planning Act Assessment were used in the comparison.
Removal or Retention of Unmerchantable Saplings in Allegheny Hardwoods: Effect on Regeneration after Clearcutting
Authors: Marquis David A.
Published: April 2024

Disposition of residual saplings left after a 1937 clearcutting for chemical wood in a northern hardwood stand in Pennsylvania had a major effect on the development of the new stand. Where these saplings were mowed down (cut), the new stand, after 35 years, is dominated by fast growing, shade-intolerant black cherry. (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) in the overstory whereas the slower growing sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) are relegated to the understory--even though these tolerants were present as advance seedlings before cutting. Where the tolerant species were retained as saplings up to 5 or 6 inches d.b.h. after cutting they are represented in the larger diameters and upper crown strata. Plots with residual saplings have higher average stand diameter and higher basal areas in merchantable-sized trees than plots on which stems over 0.5 inch d.b.h. were mowed.
World Forestry: Forest Ownership in the European Community
Authors: Harou Patrice A.
Published: April 2024

Private forests comprise 60 percent of the forest area in the European Community. Pronounced fragmentation of holdings is a serious abstracle to management and regular wood supply. The average size of private holding is only about 4.5 hectares. Some 3.5 million private forest properties have less than 5 hectares. Various fiscal and nonfiscal incentives are used to foster management on these properties. Some of the experience acquired in the European countries may be applicable in the United States.
World Forestry: Forest Research and its Prospects in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Lun Wu Chung
Published: April 2024

Long experience has provided China with much practical knowledge about her complex forest sites and ecology, but only recently has the nation begun systematic research on a substantial scale. Now she is making progress in forest surveys, silviculture, tree breeding, and pest control; and some basic research is under way in dendrology, soils, tree physiology, and biochemistry. Much remains to be done, and if progress is to be speeded it is desirable to keep the research institutions stable, increase the number of experimental forests, strengthen basic research, and promote scientific cooperation within the People's Republic and with other nations.
Forest Preserve District of Cook County, Illinois
Authors: Wendling Robert C. , Gabriel Samuel J. , Dwyer John F. , Buck Richard L.
Published: April 2024

The Forest Preserve District of Cook County, Illinois, includes 65,000 acres, 11 percent of a county whose population of 5.5 million includes that of Chicago. The district's growth and development reflect strong public support for urban forest preservation, environmental education, and outdoor recreation. Management is strongly influenced by heavy use, large populations in nearby areas, and the high value that urbanites place on forest and related resources.
Interpreting the Realizable Rate of Return
Authors: Klemperer W. David
Published: April 2024

The "realizable rate of return" (RRR), which Schallau and Wirth suggested (Journal of Forestry, December 1980, p. 740) as a possible measure for ranking investment alternatives, can be biased against long-lived investments unless an adjustment is made for different project durations. Also, for any given internal rate of return. RRR will asymptotically approach the alternative rate as investment life lengthens. Thus, extremely attractive long-term investments may appear mediocre when evaluated with the RRR, unless the analyst fully understands the relationships between RRR and investment life.
Regeneration after Clearcutting in Subalpine Stands near Windigo Pass, Oregon
Authors: Minore Don , Dubrasich Michael E.
Published: April 2024

Subalpine units of mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana [Bong.] Carr.), near Windigo Pass, Oregon, did not regenerate immediately after being clearcut between 1959 and 1962. They were adequately stocked 9-12 years later, however, regardless of postharvest treatment. Natural regeneration was adequate. Except on flat sites above 6,000 feet, clearcutting appears to be an acceptable harvesting method in these subalpine stands.
Forestry Curricula: The Missing International Perspective
Authors: Neff Jeffrey W.
Published: April 2024

A survey of the catalogs of 41 U.S. forestry schools revealed that few included curricula with an international perspective. The dearth of international courses may have serious implications for world forestry, and schools should reevaluate their curricula.
State Incentives for Nonindustrial Private Forestry
Authors: Meeks Gordon
Published: April 2024

A survey in 1981 by the National Conference of State Legislatures found that tax legislation is the most extensive method used by states to encourage management of nonindustrial private forests. Approximately 22 states provide forest landowners and farmers with property tax relief by assessing value on the basis of use (rather than market value), and by providing various means of deferring timber taxes. Few states provide cost-sharing or other direct financial incentives other than through their technical assistance programs. The effectiveness of incentives programs was not quantified, but indications are that funding and institutional considerations are the primary limitations. Taxes have frequently been called the primary disincentives to nonindustrial management for timber production. The extensive actions on taxes implies a substantial interest by state legislators in lessening the obstacles to such management.
Forest Resource Planning at State Level: A Review of Promising Developments
Authors: Webster Henry H. , Olmstead J. G.
Published: April 2024

All but a few states have begun planning and most are well along. The aim usually is to provide direction for the state forestry agency in forming a program that responds to resource issues of most concern to the public. Efforts are hampered by lack of inventory data, by difficulty in deciding what issues are most important, and by imperfect coordination with the national effort being made under the Resources Planning Act. Substantial progress is nevertheless being made.
Indian Fires as an Ecological Influence in the Northern Rockies
Authors: Barrett Stephen W. , Arno Stephen F.
Published: April 2024

The importance of fire as an ecological disturbance in the Northern Rockies is well accepted. Lightning is generally thought to have been the main source of ignition prior to settlement by Europeans. But writings of explorers and pioneers mention deliberate burning by Indians frequently enough to warrant an investigation of its importance. Interviews with descendants of Native Americans and of pioneer settlers in western Montana suggest that Indian burning was widespread, had many purposes, but was generally unsystematic. Fire chronologies based upon scars on old-growth trees indicate that fire intervals within similar forest types were shortest near Indian-use zones. Comparisons of presettlement fire intervals with those calculated from modern lightning-fire records suggest that Indian-caused fires substantially augmented lightning fires over large areas. As dependence on lightning fires alone may not create or perpetuate certain desirable plant communities or stand conditions, prescribed burning may be needed.
Twenty Years of Management in a Small Woodlot of Southern Michigan
Authors: Rudolph Victor J. , Bresnahan Richard G.
Published: April 2024

A 10-acre mixed hardwood stand that was initially fairly even aged has been managed for 20 years on a 5-year cutting cycle. Net annual growth has averaged 327 board feet per acre. At current stumpage prices, the annual value of harvested products--veneer and sawlogs, and fuelwood--is $43.90 per acre. Although the traditional uneven-aged diameter distribution has not been achieved yet, the present stand can sustain several more cyclic cuts at five-year intervals at approximately the same intensity as in the past. Diameter distribution and stand volume will need to be monitored closely, however, to assess the level of periodic cutting which ingrowth from reproduced trees will permit on a long-term basis.
Spruce Budworm Policy in Maine: Tradition, Conflict, and Adaptation
Authors: Rumpf Thomas A. , Irland Lloyd C. , Blackmer Stephen D.
Published: April 2024

In the late 1970s an outbreak of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) combined with rising protection costs, environmental concerns, and recognition of the long-term nature of the infestation demanded new approaches to forest management. Through adaptation of traditional policy, frequent conflict, and innovation the Maine Department of Conservation and private landowners refined their understanding of the budworm infestation and have adopted forest management techniques in lieu of exclusive reliance on insecticides. As knowledge of the budworm problem continues to grow, and as spray costs continue to rise, further revisions in policy will most likely be needed.
Maximizing Financial Yields by Integrating Logging and Silvicultural Techniques
Authors: LeDoux Chris B. , Brodie J. Douglas
Published: April 2024

Substantial gains in merchantable volume yields and profits from Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands in mountainous terrain can be achieved by considering logging and silvicultural techniques simultaneously. To maximize financial yields, managers must consider not only the length of the rotation, timing of entries, and volume removal per entry but also the proper harvesting equipment, precommercial and commercial thinning treatments, and fertilizer applications. The joint returns from combinations of techniques are greater than the sum of returns from each technique applied independently.
Variables for Predicting Inside-Bark Diameters of Upper Stems of Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Wingerd Dan E. , Wiant Harry V.
Published: April 2024

Multiple regression equations for predicting upper-stem, inside-bark diameters of seven Appalachian hardwoods were selected by screening all possible combinations of seven independent variables. Independent variables involving diameter measurements appeared in more equations than those involving height measurements. Comparisons to the bark options used in the STX program are provided.
Establishing Natural Regeneration of Ponderosa Pine in Central Arizona
Authors: Heidmann L. J. , Johnsen Thomas N. , Cole Quinten W. , Cullum George
Published: April 2024

Since 1968, more than 11,000 acres of Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.) natural regeneration have been established on the Chevelon District of the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest by timing site preparation and rodent control with seedfall. Domestic livestock is excluded from regeneration areas. At current prices, the average cost per acre of natural regeneration is about $41, which is $218 less than the cost of planting an acre in the Southwest.
Optimizing Wood Inventory at Pulpmills: A Comment
Authors: Winer H. I.
Published: April 2024

At a pulpmill in Tennessee a model similar to that described by Galbraith and Meng in the Journal of Forestry for May 1981 (79:292-294) has proved useful in regulating wood inventories.
Stand Risk Rating for the Southern Pine Beetle: Integrating Pest Management with Forest Management
Authors: Lorio Peter L. , Mason Garland N. , Autry Gordon L.
Published: April 2024

Stand risk rating for the southern pine beetle. Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., is a first step toward dealing with a serious but sporadic insect problem. Two approaches, one utilizing readily available resource data, the other employing data obtained from aerial photographs, illustrate application of current knowledge to meet the protection needs of resource management--the primary role of integrated pest management. During a 36-month period in Louisiana, high-risk stands accounted for 13.4 infestations per 1,000 acres, four times the rate of low-risk stands; in Texas high-risk stands accounted for 9.9 infestations per 1,000 acres during 1973-1978, almost five times the number for low.
Forest Services Data on Timber Sold And Harvested--Some Caveats for Users
Authors: Wiener Alfred A.
Published: April 2024

USDA Forest Service reports of timber sold and harvested provide data for measuring performance on the national forests, as well as comparative information for private applications. Analysis or comparisons of such data must, however, be made with care, because there are differences in periods of reporting, potential uses, units of measurement, species, timber size, and contract terms.
Policy Considerations In Forestry Project Evaluations
Authors: Contreras Arnoldo , Gregersen Hans
Published: April 2024

It is important to distinguish between an economic analysis of a forestry investment project within a given policy environment and economic analysis of the effects of the policies creating the environment. If the distinction is not made, misunderstanding and misallocation of resources can occur.
Land-Use Planning: Opportunity for Resource Professionals
Authors: Stine Stephen E. , Byrne James G.
Published: April 2024

Theories and processes of planning have undergone susbstantial changes in recent decades, and innovations are occuring in the means by which state and local governments put plans into effect. Managers of public and industrial forests must keep abreast of developments and contribute their knowledge and skills when land-use plans are being made. They should also reappraise the planning on the lands they are directly responsible for Forestry schools do not seen to give students a basic understanding of land-use planning.
Identifying Prime Forestland in Michigan's Upper Peninsula
Authors: Maurer John C.
Published: April 2024

Michigan's Upper Peninsula is extremely dependent on its forests for its well-being. Timberlands are being lost to other uses. A grassroots approach was developed to identify prime forestlands and to ensure, through the local people, the retention of these areas for tree growth.
World Forestry: Forestry in Tanzania
Authors: Dykstra Dennis P.
Published: April 2024

Forests in Tanzania occupy nearly half of the country's total land area. Most of the forestland is classified as woodland, with smaller areas in tropical high forest, mangrove forest, and plantations. An increasing share of industrial wood is harvested from the plantations, although pitsawing of native timber remains an important component of lumber production. About 97 percent of total roundwood consumption is for fuelwood and charcoal, and much of the country's current emphasis in forestry is on the establishment of village woodlots and agroforestry plots. Education in forestry and forest products is provided by two technical institutes and one university. Wildlife remains an important part of Tanzania's natural resource heritage, and the country supports some of the largest remaining populations of many African game species.
Managing Red Alder in the Douglas-Fir Region: Some Possibilities
Authors: Tarrant Robert F. , Bormann Bernard T. , DeBell Dean S. , Atkinson William A.
Published: April 2024

We compare the present net worth (PNW) of each of six theoretical systems for managing red alder (Alnus rubra) with PNW of fertilized and unfertilized Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) systems in continuous management. Under the conditions specified for this analysis, the most profitable system (PNW = $623 per acre) is Douglas-fir commercially thinned and fertilized twice in a 45-year rotation. In the next most profitable system (PNW = $578 per acre), red alder is grown to sawlog size in 28 years and followed by Douglas-fir, thinned twice but not fertilized, in a 45-year rotation. The remaining six systems range downward from PNW = $527 (unfertilized Douglas-fir) to PNW = -$251 (red alder in continuous 13-year rotation). The conditions under which managed red alder systems are equally profitable with Douglas-fir include increases in either real interest rate, alder stumpage price, or the cost of nitrogen fertilizer, or a decrease in the time required to grow red alder to minimum sawlog size.
Forest Home Sites Influence Heating and Cooling Energy
Authors: DeWalle David R. , Heisler Gordon M. , Jacobs Robert E.
Published: April 2024

Experiments with small mobile homes in Pennsylvania indicated that shade of trees can significantly reduce solar heating and that by lowering wind speeds forests can lessen infiltration of outside air. In one deciduous stand in summer, cooling energy needs were 75 percent less than in the open. In winter shading is counterproductive, offsetting savings from reduced infiltration of cold air. In the deciduous stand, savings in winter heating energy were only 8 percent, and with greater shading in a dense pine forest heating energy needs rose 12 percent. Forests and windbreaks are especially effective with poorly sealed houses and in windy weather. On forested sites in most of the United States, energy use can probably be lessened by manipulating forest growth to allow the sun to strike the house in winter. On open sites windbreaks and carefully located shade trees would lessen year-round energy use.
Designated-Dispersed Tentsites
Authors: Echelberger Herbert E. , Leonard Raymond E. , Adler Steven P.
Published: April 2024

Simple campsites away from trails and streams were marked in an attempt to disperse campers in heavily used eastern backcountry. Campers who used these sites responded more favorably to the concept of dispersed camping than did those who stayed at trailside sites.
Redwood Sprout Growth Three Decades after Thinning
Authors: Cole Dana W.
Published: April 2024

Growth of redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) stump sprouts was monitored for 31 years. Thinning of sprouts at two years of age accelerated growth of those that received full sunlight at the time of thinning. Conversely, sprouts receiving only moderate light and some competition from surrounding vegetation grew at a significantly faster rate when unthinned than when thinned--an indication that where light is limiting some minimal number of sprouts is necessary to maintain a healthy stump-root system. In clumps receiving minimal light, many residual sprouts died after thinning.
Benefit-Cost Evaluation of the Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth Research and Development Program
Authors: Rose Dietmar W.
Published: April 2024

Preprogram benefit-cost analyses of the Expanded Research and Development Program for Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth (Orgyia pseudotsuga) were reviewed. Additional analyses were performed to test the sensitivity of benefit-cost ratios to various assumptions after incorporating currently available information. The decision to accelerate funding of the research is supported under some assumptions, but many uncertainties need to be resolved before a final verdict can be given. Models to estimate damages under alternative research funding and control procedures need to be improved. The great number of unknowns emphasizes the need for careful analyses before making major research funding decisions.
A New Education System for Woodlot Owners
Authors: Zeichick Herbert H. , OKeefe Timothy G.
Published: April 2024

In an attempt to teach Maine owners of small woodlots about forest management, a new technique based on a system of rotating teaching units was tried in Penobscot Country. Our personal observations, and reports by participants, seem to show that the technique increases woodlot owners' interest and involvement in management.
Tax Incentives for Reforestation in Public Law 96-451
Authors: Dennis Donald F.
Published: April 2024

Concern about reforestation and to some extent about the financial viability of forest management on private land stimulated passage of Public Law 96-451, which includes tax incentives for reforestation. An economic analysis that measures the impact of the incentives on present net worth, cash flow, and internal rate of return under various landowner and forest situations indicates that the incentives wall improve forestry's competitive positions with respect to other long-term capital investments.
Continuing Forestry Education: The Independent Study Option
Authors: Straka Thomas J.
Published: April 2024

Independent study through correspondence instruction can be a valuable component of continuing forest education. Course work is available in almost any field that would interest a forester, including the natural, physical, and social sciences, business administration, quantitative methods, and environmental studies. Credit from most of these courses can be applied to the Continuing Forestry Education Program of the Society of American Foresters.
Damage to National Forest Timber on Mount St. Helens
Authors: Snellgrove Thomas A. , Kendall Snell J. A. , Max Timothy A.
Published: April 2024

Within the blowdown area breakage amounted to 7 percent of the total cubic volume of all species. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) breakage was 4.6, western redcedar (Thuja plicata) was 6.6, true fir (Abies spp.) was 6.9, and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) was 9.2. Woody material available for energy generation was about 5,800 cubic feet per acre. Fuel loading (material 0.25 to 3 inches in diameter) was 2.9 tons per acre.
Tract Size and Harvesting Costs in Southern Pine
Authors: Cubbage Frederick W.
Published: April 2024

Average harvesting costs per cord were estimated by computer simulation for several southern pine harvesting systems on tracts ranging from 5 to 360 acres in size. Costs for highly mechanized systems averaged less than those for shortwood and chain-saw tree-length operations on tracts larger than 20 to 30 acres, but rose rapidly on tracts smaller than 20 acres. On tracts under 20 acres, shortwood systems employing bobtail trucks or prehaulers had somewhat lower costs--which, however, remained nearly constant as tract size increased. Costs for a tree-length cable skidder operation leveled off slightly higher than those for the prehauler system at about 40 acres. Semi-mechanized shortwood systems were not much affected by tract size, but their costs were higher than those for all other harvest systems. While the simulation held constant many factors that influence costs in the field, the general results correspond to the actual use of systems in the South.
Bird Predation and Spruce Budworm Populations
Authors: Crawford H. S. , Titterington R. W. , Jennings D. T.
Published: April 2024

In northern New England, numbers of birds and amounts of budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) larvae and pupae eaten per bird increased as insect populations increased. Birds ate approximately 2, 23, and 87 percent of the epidemic, transitional, and endemic populations. Blackburnian and Nashville warblers, golden-crowned kinglets, white-throated sparrows, and black-capped chickadees were important predators in stands with endemic budworm populations. Bird communities most effective as budworm predators are found in mature managed forests containing a mix of species and size classes with scattered openings and patches of regeneration.
World Forestry: Control of Pine Bast Scale in China
Authors: McClure Mark S. , Dahlsten Donald L. , DeBarr Gary L. , Hedden Roy L.
Published: April 2024

The pine bast scale, Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana), is an economically important pest throughout east-central China. It probably is the same as Matsucoccus resinosae Bean and Godwin, which attacks red pine (Pinus resinosa) in the northeastern United States. The Chinese Ministry of Forestry has organized an intensive control effort which integrates biological, chemical, regulatory, and silvicultural methods. The most effective predators include several ladybird beetles, an anthocorid bug, and a mite, but rearing and release are still in experimental stages. Insecticides are applied by smoke, spray, or injection when scale densities necessitate their use. Attacks of the scale are most frequent in dense monocultures, on northern slopes, and in stands at middle or low elevations. Knowledge developed in China may prove applicable in the United States, and the two nations might profitably cooperate in research.
Research and Technology Transfer in Southwest Oregon
Authors: Hobbs Stephen D. , Gordon John C. , Brown George W.
Published: April 2024

A cooperative program designed to intensify research and technology transfer has developed as a result of local demand to address severe reforestation problems in southwest Oregon. The Forestry Intensified Research (FIR) Program, begun in 1978, has two distinct, interrelated phases: (1) Fundamental FIR, in which scientists conduct basic research at off-site research centers, and (2) Adaptive FIR, in which forestry specialists conduct adaptive research and education programs as an interdisciplinary team in the problem area. Establishing the local team has done more to ensure effective technology transfer than any other single factor.
Road Density Models Describing Habitat Effectiveness for Elk
Authors: Lyon L. Jack
Published: April 2024

Models depicting elk response to changes in the density of forest roads usually require extrapolation beyond the data. Results are likely to reflect the calculation technique rather than elk behavior. One technique described here does produce a model that coincides with actual elk behavior. This model can be used to predict habitat effectiveness for elk at road densities up to six miles per square mile.
SKIDLOG--An Interactive Skidding Model
Authors: Hassler Curt C. , Sinclair Steven A. , Ferguson Duncan J.
Published: April 2024

SKIDLOG is a deterministic "what-if?" interactive computer simulation model designed to evaluate the potential performance of a 4-wheel-drive articulated log skidder under a variety of assumptions and constraints. The model considers the effect of tire size, soil strength, tree size and load geometry, slope, and skidder size, type, horsepower, and speed to determine the ability of a skidder to move a load of logs.
Residential Fuelwood Use in the United States
Authors: Skog Kenneth E. , Watterson Irene A.
Published: April 2024

A national survey by the USDA Forest Service found that U.S. households are burning more wood than at any time since World War II. In 1981, an estimated 42 million cords were used--an amount equal to one-fourth of that going into other wood products. Eighty percent of fuelwood is hardwood. The effect on timber markets is limited because only one-fourth is purchased and less than one-fourth of that cut by households comes from portions of trees usable for pulpwood or sawlogs. Currently, fuelwood displaces 2 to 3 percent of other home-heating fuels. One-half of fuelwood is burned in rural areas, where almost one-half of the households use 2½ to 3 cords annually. Greatest use per household is in the Pacific Northwest, Northern Rocky Mountains, and New England.
Site Characteristics and Preparation Practices Influence Costs of Hand-Planting Southern Pine
Authors: Guldin Richard W.
Published: April 2024

Analyses of 67 planting contracts covering 11,344 acres on eight southern national forests and six corporate ownerships yielded an equation that explained 79 percent of the variation in hand-planting cost. Planting contracts for between 140 and 250 acres were the most expensive. Diseconomies of scale for both small and large planting contractors overlapped in this range. Number of machine passes and broadcast burning cost measured site-preparation intensity. Planting cost per acre was reduced $5.21 for every machine pass and $0.27 for every dollar spent on broadcast burning. National forests paid $15.59 per acre more to plant their sites than industries paid.
Hope Farm Woodland: 33-Year Production in an Uneven-Aged Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stand
Authors: Farrar R. M. , Murphy P. A. , Colvin R.
Published: April 2024

A 25.7-acre stand of loblolly-shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda and P. echinata), located in southwestern Arkansas on site index 80 land and managed under a selection system, has averaged 414 board feet Doyle in annual growth and maintained an average annual cut of 360 board feet per acre over a 33-year period. This stand illustrates the productive capacity of small forests of southern pine under good management. The trends in stand structure and volume suggest that regulation by volume control applied solely to sawtimber may not provide adequate control of the structure. A remedy is proposed in which the entire diameter distribution is regulated.
Conversion Factors can affect Forest Products Trade Policies
Authors: Darr David R.
Published: April 2024

Conversion of board feet to cubic measurement is a common problem that is shared by analysts of forest products trade policies. Two examples--comparison of the United States and Canadian stumpage prices, and comparisons of United States and Japanese log and lumber trade data--illustrate how conversion factors can influence trade policies. Guidelines are proposed for assessing whether or not conversing factors are appropriate.
The Forestry Incentives Program and Forest Yield Taxation in Massachusetts: Do We Need the Subsidy?
Authors: Kronrad Gary D. , Morzuch Bernard J.
Published: April 2024

In Massachusetts, nonindustrial private forest landowners are offered two incentive programs: the Forestry Incentives Program (FIP) and a modified assessment-yield tax law. Both are designed to increase the flow of timber products by decreasing the costs of engaging in forest management. Of sites studied, 76.5 percent do not need FIP or the tax incentive to earn an alternative rate of return from forest management. Still, benefit-cost analyses indicate that FIP is a profitable investment of public dollars at discount rates of 4 and 6.625 percent. FIP is unprofitable at 10 percent. The property tax incentive was shown to be an inefficient investment of public dollars at discount rates of 5, 10, or 15 percent. Ratios obtained by combining the programs and using discount rates of 5, 10, and 15 percent indicated costs greater than benefits. The authors conclude that programs with similar objectives should be analyzed together.
When is Hardwood Cable Logging Economical?
Authors: LeDoux Chris B.
Published: April 2024

Using cable logging to harvest eastern hardwood logs on steep terrain can result in low production rates and high costs per unit of wood produced. Logging managers can improve productivity and profitability by knowing how the interaction of site-specific variables and cable logging equipment affect costs and revenues. Data from selected field studies and forest model plots, as used in a simulation model, indicate that managers must consider cable logging technology, average slope distances required, volume and size of material cut, tree species and market price, and silvicultural treatment proposed.
The Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources: Case Histories from Canada, Mexico, and the United States
Authors: Ledig F. Thomas , Vargas-Hernández J. Jesús , Johnsen Kurt H.
Published: April 2024

Genetic diversity in forest trees is best conserved in native populations. However, natural populations are threatened by many factors, eliminating valuable but often cryptic genetic resources. Gene banks (seed banks, plantations, or clonal archives) provide a prudent backup for breeders and ecological restorers should native populations be lost. Ottawa Valley white spruce, Guadalupe Island pine, and Torrey pine are examples of the value of gene banks in the conservation of forest genetic resources.
Integrating Wildfire into Strategic Planning for Sierra Nevada Forests
Authors: Johnson K. Norman , Sessions John , Franklin Jerry , Gabriel John
Published: April 2024

This study combines the spatial simulation of forest development on a large landscape, including wildfire occurrence and effects, with the search for management actions that achieve multiple goals. The approach was applied to the Eldorado National Forest. Resulting analysis suggests that active management (prescribed fire and timber harvest) could enable the simultaneous movement toward the goals of developing complex forest structure and reducing high-severity fire, while also limiting watershed disturbance and providing a regular timber harvest.