bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of methods for encapsulation of viruses into polymeric nano‐ and microparticles for aquaculture vaccines
Authors: Ulanova Lilia S. , Isapour Golnaz , Maleki Atoosa , Fanaian Shirin , Zhu Kaizheng , Hoenen Antje , Xu Cheng , Evensen Øystein , Griffiths Gareth , Nyström Bo
Published: April 2014

To meet an urgent need for improved vaccines against viral diseases in aquaculture, encapsulating the viruses into biodegradable and biocompatible polymers was suggested to protect viral antigens from premature degradation and gradually expose them to the immune system. We used water‐in‐oil‐in‐water emulsion to first encapsulate model red fluorescent polystyrene (PS) particles and then infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) into poly‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA) together with coumarin 6. A milder layer‐by‐layer method was applied to incorporate both PS and ISAV into chitosan (Cs)‐fluorescein isothiocyanate and alginate (Alg) followed by ionic crosslinking. All particles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta‐sizer, fluorescence, transmission‐ and scanning electron microscopy. Successful encapsulation of PS beads and ISAV into PLGA, Cs, and Alg was accomplished. The prepared particles were of different size, surface charge density, and morphology. This yields opportunities for further developments of these structures as vaccine candidates to be delivered by injection or oral administration. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40714.
Finite‐Elemente‐Analyse von Stahlbetonbauteilen im ebenen Spannungszustand
Authors: Thoma Karel , Roos Patrick , Weber Marius
Published: April 2014

Der ebene Spannungszustand nimmt in der Analyse von Stahlbetonbauteilen eine zentrale Rolle ein. Das Last‐Verformungs‐Verhalten von Balken, Scheiben und dünnen Platten kann mithilfe des ebenen Spannungszustands ausreichend genau beschrieben werden. Im Folgenden wird eine Finite‐Elemente‐Analyse von Stahlbetonscheiben und Stahlbetonplatten auf Basis nichtlinearer Materialmodelle vorgestellt. Das den Berechnungen zugrunde gelegte mechanische Modell ist das gerissene Scheibenmodell, das einen ebenen Spannungszustand voraussetzt und frei drehbare Risse mit diskretem Rissabstand berücksichtigt. Für die Berechnung des Last‐Verformungs‐Verhaltens von Stahlbetonscheiben wird das gerissene Scheibenmodell um das linear elastische Werkstoffgesetz und das zweiachsige Druckmodell für Beton ergänzt. Die Analyse dünner Platten erfolgt mit einem Schichtenmodell. Die Voraussetzung eines ebenen Spannungszustands in jeder Schicht erlaubt die Betrachtung der Schichten als Stahlbetonscheiben. Die der Berechnung vorausgesetzten mechanischen Modelle und Werkstoffgesetze werden in Form eines “User Defined Materials” in das nichtlineare Finite‐Elemente‐Programm ANSYS Mechanical APDL implementiert. Folgend werden ausgewählte Scheiben‐ und Plattenversuche nachgerechnet.

Finite‐element‐analysis of reinforced concrete structural elements under plane stress – Membrane and thin plate calculations based on the cracked membrane model.

Plane stress fields play a central role in the analysis of reinforced concrete structural elements. The load‐deformation behavior of beams, membranes and thin plates can be represented with sufficient accuracy by plane stress states. This paper presents a finite‐element‐analysis approach of reinforced concrete membranes and plates, which is based on the cracked membrane model. The cracked membrane model assumes a plane stress state and considers discrete crack patterns that spacing are rotationally unconstrained. In order to compute the load‐deformation behavior of reinforced concrete membranes, the cracked membrane model is combined with a linear elastic material law and a biaxial compression model for the concrete. The analysis of thin reinforced concrete plates is based on a multi‐layer model. Assuming that each of the layers is under plane stress, it is possible to model a thin plate as an assemblage of reinforced concrete membranes. The presented mechanical models are implemented in the nonlinear finite‐element‐analysis software, ANSYS Mechanical APDL, by developing specialized “user defined materials”. To validate the finite‐element‐implementation, analysis results are compared with experimental results from selected membrane and plate tests.
UVA‐induced reset of hydroxyl radical ultradian rhythm improves temporal lipid production in Chlorella vulgaris
Authors: Balan Ranjini , Suraishkumar G. K.
Published: April 2014

We report for the first time that the endogenous, pseudo‐steady‐state, specific intracellular levels of the hydroxyl radical (si‐OH) oscillate in an ultradian fashion (model system: the microalga, Chlorella vulgaris), and also characterize the various rhythm parameters. The ultradian rhythm in the endogenous levels of the si‐OH occurred with an approximately 6 h period in the daily cycle of light and darkness. Further, we expected that the rhythm reset to a shorter period could rapidly switch the cellular redox states that could favor lipid accumulation. We reset the endogenous rhythm through entrainment with UVA radiation, and generated two new ultradian rhythms with periods of approximately 2.97 h and 3.8 h in the light phase and dark phase, respectively. The reset increased the window of maximum lipid accumulation from 6 h to 12 h concomitant with the onset of the ultradian rhythms. Further, the saturated fatty acid content increased approximately to 80% of total lipid content, corresponding to the peak maxima of the hydroxyl radical levels in the reset rhythm. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:673–680, 2014
Stability and kinetic behavior of immobilized laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila in the presence of the ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium ethylsulfate
Authors: Fernández‐Fernández María , Moldes Diego , Domínguez Alberto , Sanromán M. Ángeles , Tavares Ana Paula M. , Rodríguez Oscar , Macedo Eugénia A.
Published: April 2014

The use of ionic liquids (ILs) as reaction media for enzymatic reactions has increased their potential because they can improve enzyme activity and stability. Kinetic and stability properties of immobilized commercial laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila in the water‐soluble IL 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([emim][EtSO4]) have been studied and compared with free laccase. Laccase immobilization was carried out by covalent binding on glyoxyl–agarose beads. The immobilization yield was 100%, and the activity was totally recovered. The Michaelis‐Menten model fitted well to the kinetic data of enzymatic oxidation of a model substrate in the presence of the IL [emim][EtSO4]. When concentration of the IL was augmented, the values of Vmax for free and immobilized laccases showed an increase and slight decrease, respectively. The laccase–glyoxyl–agarose derivative improved the laccase stability in comparison with the free laccase regarding the enzymatic inactivation in [emim][EtSO4]. The stability of both free and immobilized laccase was slightly affected by small amounts of IL (<50%). A high concentration of the IL (75%) produced a large inactivation of free laccase. However, immobilization prevented deactivation beyond 50%. Free and immobilized laccase showed a first‐order thermal inactivation profile between 55 and 70°C in the presence of the IL [emim][EtSO4]. Finally, thermal stability was scarcely affected by the presence of the IL. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:790–796, 2014
A Tryptophan 6‐Halogenase and an Amidotransferase Are Involved in Thienodolin Biosynthesis
Authors: Milbredt Daniela , Patallo Eugenio P. , van Pée Karl‐Heinz
Published: April 2014

The biosynthetic gene cluster for the plant growth‐regulating compound thienodolin was identified in and cloned from the producer organism Streptomyces albogriseolus MJ286‐76F7. Sequence analysis of a 27 kb DNA region revealed the presence of 21 ORFs, 14 of which are involved in thienodolin biosynthesis. Three insertional inactivation mutants were generated in the sequenced region to analyze their involvement in thienodolin biosynthesis and to functionally characterize specific genes. The gene inactivation experiments together with enzyme assays with enzymes obtained by heterologous expression and feeding studies showed that the first step in thienodolin biosynthesis is catalyzed by a tryptophan 6‐halogenase and that the last step is the formation of a carboxylic amide group catalyzed by an amidotransferase. The results led to a hypothetical model for thienodolin biosynthesis.
Artemisinin
Authors: Schäfer Bernd
Published: April 2014

Artemisinin wurde in den 1970er Jahren aus dem Einjährigen Beifuß (Artemisia annua) isoliert, den man zur Behandlung der Malaria in der traditionellen chinesischen Volksmedizin schon seit mindestens 1600 Jahre nutzt. Artemisinin entstammt dem Terpenstoffwechsel. Der Biosyntheseweg ist weitgehend bekannt. In den zurückliegenden 30 Jahren wurde eine Reihe interessanter Totalsynthesen publiziert, die auf beeindruckende Weise den präparativen Fortschritt der modernen organischen Chemie wiederspiegeln. Im industriellen Maßstab gewinnt man Artemisinin durch Extraktion aus dem Einjährigen Beifuß und durch Fermentation und Partialsynthese.
Label‐Free Biosensing over a Wide Concentration Range with Photonic Force Microscopy
Authors: Heo Seungjin , Kim Kipom , Cho Yong‐Hoon
Published: April 2014

We present a label‐free biosensor that measures molecular interactions between biomolecules on the surface of a probe bead and substrate over a wide concentration range. This system is capable of detecting target biomolecules with concentrations varying from 10 nM to 0.1 pM, with high selectivity and sensitivity.
Freely Floating Smectic Films
Authors: May Kathrin , Harth Kirsten , Trittel Torsten , Stannarius Ralf
Published: April 2014

We have investigated the dynamics of freely floating smectic bubbles using high‐speed optical imaging. Bubbles in the size range from a few hundred micrometers to several centimeters were prepared from collapsing catenoids. They represent ideal model systems for the study of thin‐film fluid dynamics under well‐controlled conditions. Owing to the internal smectic layer structure, the bubbles combine features of both soap films and vesicles in their unique shape dynamics. From a strongly elongated initial shape after pinch‐off, they relax towards the spherical equilibrium, first by a slow redistribution of the smectic layers, and finally by weak, damped shape oscillations. In addition, we describe the rupture of freely floating smectic bubbles, and the formation and stability of smectic filaments.
Intramolecular Interactions of Trityl Groups
Authors: Ściebura Jacek , Janiak Agnieszka , Stasiowska Agata , Grajewski Jakub , Gawrońska Krystyna , Rychlewska Urszula , Gawroński Jacek
Published: April 2014

Trityl group, Tr, is a molecular dynamic rotor of which the conformation and helicity depend on other groups in the close vicinity. Interactions with another covalently linked Tr group and with other substituents are analyzed in terms of transfer of chirality to the trityl group. Two trityl groups in a molecule can mutually interact at a distance of two, three, or five bonds. Despite its size, a Tr group attached to a cyclohexane or cyclopentane ring through an oxygen or nitrogen atom adopts either an axial or equatorial position, depending on additional stabilizing interactions, such as hydrogen bonding.
Small Molecular Aryl Acetylenes: Chemically Tailoring High‐Efficiency Organic Semiconductors for Solar Cells and Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Broggi Alessandra , Tomasi Ivan , Bianchi Luca , Marrocchi Assunta , Vaccaro Luigi
Published: April 2014

Over the last two decades, ever increasing interest has been focused on π‐conjugated triple‐bond‐containing systems, namely, (poly)aryl acetylenes, as a very promising class of semiconducting materials, owing to the availability of flexible/efficient synthetic protocols and the new conception of their conformational and steric advantages. In this review, the major design/synthetic strategies used to obtain molecular aryl acetylene semiconductors are discussed. A brief discussion of their key properties as well as their performance in organic field‐effect transistors and photovoltaic cell applications is also included.
Robust adaptive synchronization of uncertain complex networks with multiple time‐varying coupled delays
Authors: Zhao Yin‐Ping , He Ping , Saberi Nik Hassan , Ren Junchao
Published: April 2014

In this article, the synchronization problem of uncertain complex networks with multiple coupled time‐varying delays is studied. The synchronization criterion is deduced for complex dynamical networks with multiple different time‐varying coupling delays and uncertainties, based on Lyapunov stability theory and robust adaptive principle. By designing suitable robust adaptive synchronization controllers that have strong robustness against the uncertainties in coupling matrices, the all nodes states of complex networks globally asymptotically synchronize to a desired synchronization state. The numerical simulations are given to show the feasibility and effectiveness of theoretical results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 20: 62–73, 2015
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution from Glycerol and Water over Nickel‐Hybrid Cadmium Sulfide Quantum Dots under Visible‐Light Irradiation
Authors: Wang Jiu‐Ju , Li Zhi‐Jun , Li Xu‐Bing , Fan Xiang‐Bing , Meng Qing‐Yuan , Yu Shan , Li Cheng‐Bo , Li Jia‐Xin , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu
Published: April 2014

Natural photosynthesis offers the concept of storing sunlight in chemical form as hydrogen (H2), using biomass and water. Herein we describe a robust artificial photocatalyst, nickel‐hybrid CdS quantum dots (Nih‐CdS QDs) made in situ from nickel salts and CdS QDs stabilized by 3‐mercaptopropionic acid, for visible‐light‐driven H2 evolution from glycerol and water. With visible light irradiation for 20 h, 403.2 μmol of H2 was obtained with a high H2 evolution rate of approximately 74.6 μmol h−1 mg−1 and a high turnover number of 38 405 compared to MPA‐CdS QDs (mercaptopropionic‐acid‐stabilized CdS quantum dots). Compared to CdTe QDs and CdSe QDs, the modified CdS QDs show the greatest affinity toward Ni2+ ions and the highest activity for H2 evolution. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), inductively‐coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES), and photophysical studies reveal the chemical nature of the Nih‐CdS QDs. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and terephthalate fluorescence measurements clearly demonstrate water splitting to generate ⋅OH radicals. The detection of DMPO‐H and DMPO‐C radicals adduct in EPR also indicate that ⋅H radicals and ⋅C radicals are the active species in the catalytic cycle.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization as an adjunct tool in the diagnosis of primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma in fine needle aspiration specimens
Authors: Kos Zuzana , Williams Phillip A. , Belanger Eric C. , Mai Kien T.
Published: April 2014

We investigated the role of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the diagnosis of primary renal neoplasms and lesions suspicious for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

 Consecutive fine‐needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB) of 39 renal masses and 41 metastatic tumours suspicious for renal cell origin were assessed with an immunohistochemical panel for CK7, RCC antigen, CD10, AMACR, PAX8, vimentin, and CD117. In addition, FISH was performed using probes for chromosomes 1p, 3p, 7, 17, X, and Y.

 A total of 31 of 39 primary renal masses and 33 of 41 metastatic tumors suspicious for renal origin demonstrated typical cytological and immunohistochemical (IHC) features of subtypes of renal neoplasms (40 clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC), 20 papillary RCC, and 4 renal oncocytomas). FISH analysis of 15 randomly selected cases each of primary and metastatic lesions revealed chromosomal abnormalities consistent with the diagnosis in 73% of these cases. Of 8 primary renal masses demonstrating atypical microscopic features and noncontributory IHC profiles, FISH was helpful in subtyping 5 (62%) of these lesions (2 clear cell RCC, 1 solid variant of oncocytic papillary RCC, 1 mixed clear cell and papillary RCC, and 1 chromophobe RCC with papillary architecture). Of 8 metastatic tumors clinically suspicious for renal cell origin and supportive, but nondiagnostic IHC, FISH revealed supportive chromosomal changes in 6 (75%) cases.

 In conclusion FISH analysis on FNAB material, even with limited tissue, may be contributory to the diagnosis and subtyping of RCC in diagnostically challenging biopsies. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:1013–1023. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytologic features of the normal pineal gland on squash preparations
Authors: Murro Diana , Alsadi Alaa , Nag Sukriti , Arvanitis Leonidas , Gattuso Paolo
Published: April 2014

As primary pineal lesions are extremely rare, many surgical pathologists are unfamiliar with normal pineal cytologic features. We describe cytologic features of the normal pineal gland in patients of varying ages and identify common diagnostic pitfalls.

We performed a retrospective review of pineal gland biopsies performed at our institution, where approximately 30,000 surgical specimens are accessioned yearly, for the last 23 years. Only two pineal gland biopsies were found. Although both cases were initially diagnosed as low‐grade gliomas on frozen section, the final diagnosis was benign pineal tissue based on light microscopy and immunohistochemistry results. Additionally, we performed squash preparations of five normal pineal gland autopsy specimens with Papanicolaou and Diff–Quik® (Dade Behring, Newark, DE) stains.

Infant preparations were highly cellular smears composed of numerous, uniform, single cells with indistinct cytoplasm, small round‐to‐oval nuclei, fine chromatin, and absent nucleoli and calcifications. The vague microfollicular pattern mimicked a pineocytoma and the fine fibrillary background mimicked a glial neoplasm. Young adult smears were similar; however, microcalcifications were present with fewer background single cells. Older patients had much less cellular smears composed of small clusters of cells with fusiform‐to‐spindle nuclei, a fine chromatin pattern, and indistinct cytoplasmic borders. There were fewer background single cells and more microcalcifications.

The cytologic features of the native pineal gland vary with age. Normal pineal tissue can be confused with a pineocytoma or low‐grade glioma. Familiarity with normal pineal gland cytological features will help to avoid a potential misdiagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:939–943. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytologic features of pigmented atypical meningioma mimicking melanoma on intraoperative crush preparations
Authors: Han Song‐Hee , Joo Mee , Lee Byung Hoon , Park Sung‐Hye
Published: April 2014

Pigmented tumors rarely arise in the meninges, and when they do, these are mainly melanocytomas or melanomas. We describe the cytologic findings of atypical meningioma with intratumoral hemosiderin pigment mistaken for spindle cell melanoma in a 33‐year‐old male patient during intraoperative consultation. Preoperative radiologic images revealed a cystic meningeal mass with intratumoral hemorrhage. The crush preparation demonstrated cellular smears of syncytial clusters as well as fascicles of large pleomorphic spindle cells with discrete cytoplasmic brown pigment. Detection of cytoplasmic brown pigment and a preponderance of large spindle cells with nuclear pleomorphism led to a diagnosis of spindle cell melanoma on intraoperative cytology. Histopathologic examination displayed high cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism with prominent nucleoli, and foci of spontaneous necrosis. In addition, there were areas showing classic meningotheliomatous meningioma features. Altogether, the histologic findings were consistent with atypical meningioma. The cytoplasmic pigment in the tumor cells was confirmed to be hemosiderin using special stains and immunohistochemistry. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report describing cytomorphology of atypical pigmented meningioma. We discuss the differential diagnosis in intraoperative cytology and a possible mechanism related to intratumoral hemosiderin deposition in meningiomas. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:149–152. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SULT 1A3 single‐nucleotide polymorphism and the single dose pharmacokinetics of inhaled salbutamol enantiomers: Are some athletes at risk of higher urine levels?
Authors: Jacobson Glenn A , Yee Kwang Choon , Wood‐Baker Richard , Walters E. Haydn
Published: April 2014

The study was designed to investigate the effect of a common genetic variation of the main salbutamol metabolizing enzyme SULT1A3 (single nucleotide polymorphism 105A>G, rs1975350) on the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of salbutamol. Subjects were administered a 400 µg dose of inhaled salbutamol via a large volume spacer and blood samples were collected over 4 h. Plasma levels of (R)‐ and (S)‐salbutamol were determined by an enantioselective liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) assay. Twenty‐five subjects with asthma were recruited and underwent SULT1A3 genotyping, from which four SNP homozygote (GG) subjects and nine wild‐type (AA) subjects were selected to participated in the pharmacokinetic investigation. There were no differences in pharmacokinetic parameters (t1/2, Cmax, AUC0‐4h) between SNP and wild‐type genotypes for either the R‐ or S‐enantiomer. Observed Cmax of R‐ and S‐salbutamol [mean (SD)] was 0.64 (0.30) ng/mL and 1.32 (0.98) ng/mL, respectively. The mean t1/2 of R‐ and S‐salbutamol was estimated at 2.94 (1.17) h and 7.86 (6.14) h respectively. The AUC0‐4h of R‐ and S‐salbutamol was 14.0 (6.8) and 38.3 (19.5) ng/mL.h respectively. In conclusion, the common SULT1A3 SNP 105A>G is not an important determinant of salbutamol enantiomer pharmacokinetics under normal clinical use and does not place some individuals at greater risk of accumulation in the body. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Independence of the blood pressure lowering effect and efficacy of the angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, LCZ696, in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: an analysis of the PARAMOUNT trial
Authors: Jhund Pardeep S. , Claggett Brian , Packer Milton , Zile Michael R , Voors Adriaan A. , Pieske Burkert , Lefkowitz Martin , Shi Victor , Bransford Toni , McMurray John J. V. , Solomon Scott D
Published: April 2014

Aims

The first in class angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, LCZ696 has been shown to reduce levels of N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), reduce left atrial size and improve New York Heart Association (NYHA) class in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We examined whether the effects of LCZ696 were independent of systolic blood pressure (SBP) lowering.

Methods and results

In the Prospective comparison of ARNi (angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor) with ARB (angiotensin receptor blocker) on Management Of heart failUre with preserved ejectioN fracTion (PARAMOUNT) trial 301 patients were randomly assigned to LCZ696 or valsartan. We examined the relationship between SBP lowering and LCZ696 on NT‐proBNP level, left atrial size, NYHA class and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). By 12 weeks blood pressure was reduced by 9 mmHg (SD 15)/5 mmHg (SD 11) in patients receiving LCZ696 in comparison with 3 mmHg (SD 17)/2 mmHg (SD 12) in those receiving valsartan. The change in NT‐proBNP was poorly correlated with change in SBP (LCZ696, r = 0.17, P = 0.06; valsartan, r = 0.05, P = 0.58) After adjustment for change in SBP, the ratio of change in NT‐proBNP at 12 weeks for LCZ696 vs. valsartan was 0.76 (95% CI 0.63–0.93, P = 0.008), and similar to the ratio not adjusting for SBP (0.76, 95% CI 0.63–0.92, P = 0.006); P for interaction was 0.38). Similarly, reduction in left atrial volume index at 36 weeks, improvement in NYHA class and eGFR were all independent of the change in SBP.

Conclusion

In patients with HFpEF, the effect of the angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696 on NT‐proBNP, left atrial volume, functional class, and eGFR was independent of reduction in SBP.
Amperometric Glucose Biosensor Based on Pt‐Pd Nanoparticles Supported by Reduced Graphene Oxide and Integrated with Glucose Oxidase
Authors: Hossain M. F. , Park Jae Y.
Published: April 2014

A novel glucose biosensor was developed based on the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) on reduced graphene oxide incorporated with electrochemically deposited platinum and palladium nanoparticles (PtPdNPs). Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was more hybridized by chemical and heat treatment. Bimetallic nanoparticles were deposited electrochemically on the RGO surface for potential application of the PdPt alloy in biosensor preparation. The as‐prepared hybrid electrode exhibited high electrocatalytic activities toward H2O2, with a wide linear response range from 0.5 to 8 mM (R2=0.997) and high sensitivity of 814×10−6 A/mMcm2. Furthermore, glucose oxidase with active material was integrated by a simple casting method on the RGO/PdPtNPs surface. The as‐prepared biosensor showed good amperometric response to glucose in the linear range from 2 mM to 12 mM, with a sensitivity of 24×10−6 A/mMcm2, a low detection limit of 0.001 mM, and a short response time (5 s). Moreover, the effect of interference materials, reproducibility and the stability of the sensor were also investigated.
Multiparameter Sensor Chip with Barium Strontium Titanate as Multipurpose Material
Authors: Huck Christina , Poghossian Arshak , Kerroumi Iman , Schusser Sebastian , Bäcker Matthias , Zander Willi , Schubert Jürgen , Buniatyan Vahe V. , Martirosyan Norayr W. , Wagner Patrick , Schöning Michael J.
Published: April 2014

It is well known that biochemical and biotechnological processes are strongly dependent and affected by a variety of physico‐chemical parameters such as pH value, temperature, pressure and electrolyte conductivity. Therefore, these quantities have to be monitored or controlled in order to guarantee a stable process operation, optimization and high yield. In this work, a sensor chip for the multiparameter detection of three physico‐chemical parameters such as electrolyte conductivity, pH and temperature is realized using barium strontium titanate (BST) as multipurpose material. The chip integrates a capacitively coupled four‐electrode electrolyte‐conductivity sensor, a capacitive field‐effect pH sensor and a thin‐film Pt‐temperature sensor. Due to the multifunctional properties of BST, it is utilized as final outermost coating layer of the processed sensor chip and serves as passivation and protection layer as well as pH‐sensitive transducer material at the same time. The results of testing of the individual sensors of the developed multiparameter sensor chip are presented. In addition, a quasi‐simultaneous multiparameter characterization of the sensor chip in buffer solutions with different pH value and electrolyte conductivity is performed. To study the sensor behavior and the suitability of BST as multifunctional material under harsh environmental conditions, the sensor chip was exemplarily tested in a biogas digestate.
Search engine and content providers: neutrality, competition and integration
Authors: Guijarro Luis , Pla Vicent , Vidal Jose R. , Martinez–Bauset Jorge
Published: April 2014

In recent years, there has been a rising concern about the policy of major search engines. The concern comes from search bias, which refers to the ranking of the results of a keyword search on the basis of some other principle than the sheer relevance. This search bias is also named as search non‐neutrality. In this paper, we analyse one non‐neutral behaviour, that is, a behaviour that results in a search bias: the payment by content providers to the search engine (a.k.a. side payment) in order to improve the chances to be located and accessed by a user. A game theory‐based model is presented where a search engine and two content providers interact strategically, while the aggregated behaviour of users is modelled by a demand function. The utility of each stakeholder (i.e. the users, the search engine and each content provider) when the search engine is engaged in such a non‐neutral behaviour is compared with that of the neutral case, when no such side payment is present. Additionally, the paper analyses the organisation of such an industry, specifically, the search engine and content providers incentives for a partial and full merger with the content providers, and the effects of each organisation on the users. This paper concludes by identifying the circumstances under which the search bias, on the one hand, and the integration, on the other hand, will effectively result in the users being harmed. This eventual harmful situation will provide a rationale for regulatory measures to be adopted. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experience of working on underground civil works contracts for strategic crude oil storage projects in India
Authors: Pillai Shri Rajan K. , Malkani Shri Suresh
Published: April 2014

Strategic storage of crude oil in unlined underground rock caverns below the groundwater table is being constructed for the first time in India. The projects are being implemented by Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd., (ISPRL) a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) created by the Government of India. The article deals with Indian experience of working on underground civil works contracts with design consultants as well as contractors.

Apart from discussing the basic principles of storage, salient design and construction aspects, it describes the implementation philosophy of the projects including a description of the awarding of contracts through a relatively new online method of procuring services called Reverse Auction.

A unique combination of government agencies, private foreign and Indian consultants, private foreign and Indian contractors are collaborating on the projects and therefore an analysis has been made of the interactive experience. It is recommended that foreign agencies and Indian agencies including government agencies should learn from the feedback and improve their professional potential.
An Activin A/BMP2 Chimera, AB204, Displays Bone-Healing Properties Superior to Those of BMP2
Authors: Yoon Byung-Hak , Esquivies Luis , Ahn Chihoon , Gray Peter C , Ye Sang-kyu , Kwiatkowski Witek , Choe Senyon
Published: April 2014

Recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP2) has been used clinically to treat bone fractures in human patients. However, the high doses of rhBMP2 required for a therapeutic response can cause undesirable side effects. Here, we demonstrate that a novel Activin A/BMP2 (AB2) chimera, AB204, promotes osteogenesis and bone healing much more potently and effectively than rhBMP2. Remarkably, 1 month of AB204 treatment completely heals tibial and calvarial defects of critical size in mice at a concentration 10-fold lower than a dose of rhBMP2 that only partially heals the defect. We determine the structure of AB204 to 2.3 Å that reveals a distinct BMP2-like fold in which the Activin A sequence segments confer insensitivity to the BMP2 antagonist Noggin and an affinity for the Activin/BMP type II receptor ActRII that is 100-fold greater than that of BMP2. The structure also led to our identification of a single Activin A-derived amino acid residue, which, when mutated to the corresponding BMP2 residue, resulted in a significant increase in the affinity of AB204 for its type I receptor BMPRIa and a further enhancement in AB204's osteogenic potency. Together, these findings demonstrate that rationally designed AB2 chimeras can provide BMP2 substitutes with enhanced potency for treating non-union bone fractures. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Cobalt Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Electrocatalytic Study
Authors: Bagheri Samira , Chekin Fereshteh , Hamid Sharifah Bee Abd
Published: April 2014

In this work, green synthesis of cobalt doped titanium dioxide (Co‐TiO2) has been carried out in aqueous medium using gelatin. The Co‐TiO2 particles have been characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X‐ray (EDAX), FT‐IR spectroscopy and voltammetry techniques. XRD results show pure Co‐TiO2 and TiO2 powders with average crystallite size about 12 nm and 15 nm, respectively. Co loaded in TiO2 hasn't influence crystalline structure. Moreover, efficient Co‐TiO2‐based anode was fabricated by casting of the Co‐TiO2 solution on glassy carbon electrode (Co‐TiO2/GCE). The electrocatalysis of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at Co‐TiO2/GCE has been examined using linear scanning voltammetry (LSV) in alkaline media. The OER is significantly enhanced at Co‐TiO2/GCE, as demonstrated by a negative shift in the LSV curve at the Co‐TiO2/GCE compared to that obtained at the unmodified one. The value of energy saving of oxygen gas at a current density of 5 mA cm−2 is 12.6 kW h kg−1. The low cost as well as the marked stability of the modified electrode make it promising candidate in industrial water electrolysis process.
Pharmacokinetic interaction between simvastatin and fenofibrate with staggered and simultaneous dosing: Does it matter?
Authors: Winsemius Anneke , Ansquer Jean‐Claude , Olbrich Matthias , van Amsterdam Peter , Aubonnet Patrick , Beckmann Katrin , Driessen Stefan , van Assche Hanneke , Piskol Gabi , Lehnick Dirk , Mihara Katsuhiro
Published: April 2014

Simvastatin and fenofibrate are frequently co‐prescribed at staggered intervals for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Since a drug–drug interaction has been reported when the two drugs are given simultaneously, it is of clinical interest to know whether the interaction differs between simultaneous and staggered combinations. A study, assessing the impact of both combinations on the interaction, was conducted with 7‐day treatment regimens using simvastatin 40 mg and fenofibrate 145 mg: (A) simvastatin only (evening), (B) simvastatin and fenofibrate (both in evening), and (C) simvastatin (evening) and fenofibrate (morning). Eighty‐five healthy subjects received the respective treatments in a randomized, 3‐way cross‐over study. The pharmacokinetics of simvastatin and the active metabolite simvastatin acid were determined. There was a limited reduction in the AUC0–24h of simvastatin acid of 21 and 29% for simultaneous and staggered combination, respectively. The geometric mean AUC0–24h ratio of simvastatin acid for the two combined dosing regimens (B/C) and 90% confidence interval were 111% (102–121). The interaction apparently had no impact on lipid markers. The findings imply that the observed pharmacokinetic interaction is unlikely clinically relevant, and support the combined use of simvastatin and fenofibrate not only given at staggered interval but also given simultaneously.
Synthesis and evaluation of a new 99mTc(I)‐tricarbonyl complex bearing the 5‐nitroimidazol‐1‐yl moiety as potential hypoxia imaging agent
Authors: Giglio J. , Dematteis S. , Fernández S. , Cerecetto H. , Rey A.
Published: April 2014

The objective of this work was to develop a novel 99mTc complex bearing the 5‐nitroimidazol‐1‐yl moiety with recognised selectivity towards hypoxic tissue, as a potential radiopharmaceutical for imaging tumour hypoxia.

The new metronidazole derivative (2‐amine‐3‐[2‐(2‐methyl‐5‐nitro‐1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)ethylthio]propanoic acid) (L) containing adequate groups to coordinate technetium through the formation of a Tc(I)‐tricarbonyl complex was synthesised with adequate yield (33%) and characterised by spectroscopy.

Labelling was performed by substitution of three labile water molecules of the technetium tricarbonyl precursor, fac‐[99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+ with the ligand. A radiochemical purity higher than 90% was achieved and remained unchanged for more than 4 h. The complex has a high stability in plasma, a moderate plasma protein binding and a moderate hydrophilicity.

In vitro cell uptake studies showed a ratio between the activity taken up by cells in hypoxia/normoxia of 1.6 ± 0.4 (p < 0.5).

Biodistribution in normal mice showed rapid depuration and low uptake in all organs and tissues except liver. Biodistribution in mice bearing induced tumours showed a low tumour uptake, but tumour/muscle ratio was favourable thanks to depuration. Comparison with biological results of other metronidazole derivatives clearly shows that modifications of the chelator are very important and contribute to improve the biological behaviour.
Mutations of NOTCH3 in childhood pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Chida Ayako , Shintani Masaki , Matsushita Yoshihisa , Sato Hiroki , Eitoku Takahiro , Nakayama Tomotaka , Furutani Yoshiyuki , Hayama Emiko , Kawamura Yoichi , Inai Kei , Ohtsuki Shinichi , Saji Tsutomu , Nonoyama Shigeaki , Nakanishi Toshio
Published: April 2014

Mutations of BMPR2 and other TGF‐β superfamily genes have been reported in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, 60–90% of idiopathic PAH cases have no mutations in these genes. Recently, the expression of NOTCH3 was shown to be increased in the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells of PAH patients. We sought to investigate NOTCH3 and its target genes in PAH patients and clarify the role of NOTCH3 signaling. We screened for mutations in NOTCH3, HES1, and HES5 in 41 PAH patients who had no mutations in BMPR2, ALK1, endoglin, SMAD1/4/8, BMPR1B, or Caveolin‐1. Two novel missense mutations (c.2519 G>A p.G840E, c.2698 A>C p.T900P) in NOTCH3 were identified in two PAH patients. We performed functional analysis using stable cell lines expressing either wild‐type or mutant NOTCH3. The protein‐folding chaperone GRP78/BiP was colocalized with wild‐type NOTCH3 in the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas the majority of GRP78/BiP was translocated into the nuclei of cells expressing mutant NOTCH3. Cell proliferation and viability were higher for cells expressing mutant NOTCH3 than for those expressing wild‐type NOTCH3. We identified novel NOTCH3 mutations in PAH patients and revealed that these mutations were involved in cell proliferation and viability. NOTCH3 mutants induced an impairment in NOTCH3‐HES5 signaling. The results may contribute to the elucidation of PAH pathogenesis.
Sterols associated with small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs): intrinsic mobility role for 1H NMR detection
Authors: Mouret Liza , Da Costa Grégory , Bondon Arnaud
Published: April 2014

Small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) of phospholipids are often used as a membrane model system for studying the interaction of molecules. When using NMR under the standard liquid‐state conditions, SUV phospholipid proton spectra can be recorded, exhibiting sharp signals. This is not only because of the fast vesicular tumbling but also because of the combination of this tumbling with the individual motion of the lipids inside the bilayer. This appears evident because addition of cholesterol is responsible of broader resonances because of the slowing down of the lipid motion. On the other hand, no 1H signal is detected for cholesterol in the bilayer. This lack of detection of the inserted molecules explains why generally SUVs are not considered as a good model for NMR studies under the standard liquid‐state conditions. Here, we use two other sterols in order to demonstrate that an increase of the molecular mobility inside the bilayer could allow the detection of their proton resonances. For desmosterol and lanosterol, which show higher mobility inside the bilayer, with increasing lateral diffusion rates, 1H sterol signals are detected in contrast to cholesterol. For the fast diffusing lanosterol, no significant improvement in detection is observed using deuterated lipids, demonstrating that homonuclear dipolar coupling is fully averaged out. Furthermore, in the case of low mobility such as for cholesterol, the use of a fast magic angle spinning probe is shown to be efficient to recover the full proton spectrum. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contractile properties of slow and fast skeletal muscles from protease activated receptor‐1 null mice
Authors: Sitparan Paran K. , Pagel Charles N. , Pinniger Gavin J. , Yoo H.J. , Mackie Eleanor J. , Bakker Anthony J.
Published: April 2014

Introduction: Protease‐activated receptors (PARs) may play a role in skeletal muscle development. We compared the contractile properties of slow‐twitch soleus muscles and fast‐twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from PAR‐1 null and littermate control mice. Methods: Contractile function was measured using a force transducer system. Fiber type proportions were determined using immunohistochemistry. Results: Soleus muscles from PAR‐1 null mice exhibited longer contraction times, a leftward shift in the force–stimulation frequency relationship, and decreased fatiguability compared with controls. PAR‐1 null soleus muscles also had increased type 1 and decreased type IIb/x fiber numbers compared with controls. In PAR‐1 null EDL muscles, no differences were found, except for a slower rate of fatigue compared with controls. Conclusions: The absence of PAR‐1 results in a slower skeletal muscle contractile phenotype, likely due to an increase in type I and a decrease in type IIb/x fiber numbers. Muscle Nerve 50: 991–998, 2014
A novel low‐bandgap conjugated polymer based on Ru(II) bis(acetylide) complex and BODIPY moieties
Authors: Zhang Shuwei , Sheng Yuan , Wei Guo , Quan Yiwu , Cheng Yixiang , Zhu Chengjian
Published: April 2014

A novel conjugated polymer P‐1 incorporating Ru(II) bis(acetylide) complex and borondipyrromethene (BODIPY) moieties in the main chain was synthesized by Pd‐catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reaction of diethynyl substituted BODIPY derivative (M‐1) and Ru(II) bis(acetylide) complex (M‐2), and the reference polymer P‐2 was obtained from the same method as preparation of P‐1. Compared with P‐2, Ru(II)‐containing polymer P‐1 shows low‐bandgap as 0.87 eV from cyclic voltammetry, and obvious redshifts in both UV–vis absorption and fluorescence spectra. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1686–1692
A Multifunctional Magnetic Composite Material as a Drug Delivery System and a Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agent
Authors: Zhang Guilong , Gao Junlan , Qian Junchao , Cai Dongqing , Zheng Kang , Yu Zhiwu , Wang Junfeng , Zhong Kai , Zhang Xin , Wu Zhengyan
Published: April 2014

Magnetic iron oxide coated in hydrogenation silica (Fe3O4@HSiO2) is constructed as both a tumor drug carrier and a magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent. Colchicine (COLC) is loaded in Fe3O4@HSiO2 with the highest amount of 28.3 wt% at pH 9. The release performance of COLC can be controlled by pH, as the porous HSiO2 shell can partially shed at pH below 3.0 to facilitate the release of COLC. MR imaging (MRI) tests prove that Fe3O4@HSiO2 at pH 3.0 (H+‐Fe3O4@HSiO2) shows a stronger MR contrast enhancement than Fe3O4. Cytotoxicity experiment indicates that Fe3O4@HSiO2 has excellent biocompatibility and magnetic targeting performance. Additionally, COLC‐loaded Fe3O4@HSiO2 (Fe3O4@HSiO2–COLC) displays a higher inhibition effect on tumor cells under a magnetic field than free COLC. The visibility upon MRI, high targeting, and pH‐controlled release characteristics of Fe3O4@HSiO2–COLC are favorable to achieve the aim of reducing side effects to normal tissues, making Fe3O4@HSiO2–COLC an attractive drug delivery system for nanomedicine.
Lectures on non‐perturbative effects in large N gauge theories, matrix models and strings
Authors: Mariño M.
Published: April 2014

In these lectures I present a review of non‐perturbative instanton effects in quantum theories, with a focus on large N gauge theories and matrix models. I first consider the structure of these effects in the case of ordinary differential equations, which provide a model for more complicated theories, and I introduce in a pedagogical way some technology from resurgent analysis, like trans‐series and the resurgent version of the Stokes phenomenon. After reviewing instanton effects in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, I address general aspects of large N instantons, and then present a detailed review of non‐perturbative effects in matrix models. Finally, I consider two applications of these techniques in string theory.
Characterization and inhibition of AF10‐mediated interaction
Authors: Hagen Sven , Mattay Dinah , Räuber Christina , Müller Kristian M. , Arndt Katja M.
Published: April 2014

The non‐random chromosomal translocations t(10;11)(p13;q23) and t(10;11)(p13;q14–21) result in leukemogenic fusion proteins comprising the coiled coil domain of the transcription factor AF10 and the proteins MLL or CALM, respectively, and subsequently cause certain types of acute leukemia. The AF10 coiled‐coil domain, which is crucial for the leukemogenic effect, has been shown to interact with GAS41, a protein previously identified as the product of an amplified gene in glioblastoma. Using sequential synthetic peptides, we mapped the potential AF10/GAS41 interaction site, which was subsequently be used as scaffold for a library targeting the AF10 coiled‐coil domain. Using phage display, we selected a peptide that binds the AF10 coiled‐coil domain with higher affinity than the respective coiled‐coil region of wild‐type GAS41, as demonstrated by phage ELISA, CD, and PCAs. Furthermore, we were able to successfully deploy the inhibitory peptide in a mammalian cell line to lower the expression of Hoxa genes that have been described to be overexpressed in these leukemias. This work dissects molecular determinants mediating AF10‐directed interactions in leukemic fusions comprising the N‐terminal parts of the proteins MLL or CALM and the C‐terminal coiled‐coil domain of AF10. Furthermore, it outlines the first steps in recognizing and blocking the leukemia‐associated AF10 interaction in histiocytic lymphoma cells and therefore, may have significant implications in future diagnostics and therapeutics. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Verlust der Heliumdichtheit
Authors: Brockmann Robert
Published: April 2014

Im Rahmen des Fusionsexperimentes Wendelstein 7‐X wurde festgestellt, dass mehrere supraleitende Spulen während der Abkühlung auf LHe‐Temperatur ihre Heliumdichtheit bei ca. 200 Kelvin einbüßten. Die Bewertung der Dehnung im Bereich der Aluminiumschweißnähte zeigte, dass aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten des Supraleiters und der Hochspannungsisolation die Passivschicht vom Supraleiter aufreißen kann. Untersuchungen, bei denen der Supraleiter ab einer Temperatur von 200 Kelvin in einer Prüfkammer gedehnt wurde, bestätigten, dass bei einer beidseitigen Verletzung der Passivschicht des Supraleiters dieser seine Heliumdichtheit verliert. Die Untersuchungen zeigten auch, dass die mit dem UST‐Verfahren georteten Leckagen nach dem Kontakt mit Sauerstoff und Feuchtigkeit wieder verheilten, sodass der Supraleiter seine Heliumdichtheit von 10−6 auf 10−11 mbar x l/s wiedererlangte.
Nanoparticle‐based detection of cancer‐associated RNA
Authors: Elbehery Ali H. A. , Azzazy Hassan M. E.
Published: April 2014

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer cases are expected to increase globally by 57% over the coming two decades. A critical factor in the management of cancer is early detection using highly sensitive diagnostic techniques. RNAs play a vital role in cancer pathogenesis. The detection of aberrant and/or abnormally expressed RNA has been reported in several cancers. Nanoparticle‐based assays have been shown to have enhanced specificity and sensitivity as compared with conventional methods. In addition, nanoparticles have enabled the development of new diagnostic strategies. This review covers nanoparticle‐based techniques used for the detection of mRNA and micro‐RNA associated to different cancers.

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing

Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology