bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Secret of Successful Defense
Authors: Gillett Eric
Published: June 2009

The demise of stimulus-response behaviorism has brought radical changes in the way psychologists conceptualize classical Pavlovian conditioning, as described by Rescorla (1988). The new emphasis on learned expectations sheds light on Freud's 1926 theory of intrapsychic conflict which explains neurotic anxiety by the same principles that account for realistic anxiety. Learned expectations also figure prominently in the recent writings of a number of psychoanalytic theorists. This paper uses these principles to explain "successful defense," which is customarily defined as the activation of defense in the absence of conscious anxiety. These same principles elucidate an important difference between the therapeutic mechanisms of supportive versus expressive psychotherapy. This distinction parallels the difference between conditioned inhibition versus extinction in Pavlovian conditioning.
SOME AMBIGUITIES IN THE METHOD OF FREE ASSOCIATION AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR TECHNIQUE
Authors: Busch Fred
Published: June 2009

The method of free association, rooted in the topographic model, has not been clearly defined in structural terms. Little changed since Freud; the method is geared toward overcoming rather than investigating resistances. Furthermore, it is designed to discourage rather than encourage self-analysis. This seems to be another example of a "developmental lag" in adapting the psychology of the ego to clinical technique.
ON LOVE AND LUST IN EROTIC TRANSFERENCE
Authors: Gabbard Glen O.
Published: June 2009

Intense erotic transference is one of the most powerful and challenging phenomena in clinical psychoanalysis. Powerful longings for love and for sexual gratification are likely to elicit enactments in the analytic setting that interfere with the analyst's ability to maintain a dual state of awareness in which he or she is both a participant in and an observer of the immediate experience with the patient. These enactments occur on a continuum from frank love affairs between patient and analyst to subtle forms of partial transference gratification. Moreover, the two primary elements in the manifest content of erotic transference--love and lust--may be dissociated from one another and may produce significantly different reactions in the analyst.
PSYCHOANALYTIC SUPPORTIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY
Authors: JONGHE FRANS DE , RIJNIERSE PIET , JANSSEN ROB
Published: June 2009

Psychoanalytic Supportive Psychotherapy (PSP) is described as a distinct psychotherapeutic method rooted in the psychoanalytic frame of reference. It is argued (a) that PSP is psychotherapy and indeed a therapeutic modality on its own, (b) that it is supportive, and (c) that it is psychoanalytic. PSP is characterized by a therapeutic relationship determined predominantly by its primary relationship aspect, a therapeutic technique consisting in the main of supportive interventions, a therapeutic process that consists essentially of growing by experience, and a therapeutic goal residing in the first place in structure building. Like psychoanalysis proper, but in a substantially different way, it aims at structural personality change and can provide lasting results. As far as therapy is concerned, psychoanalysis is no longer a unimodal discipline. The psychoanalytic therapies include at least three treatment modalities: psychoanalysis proper, interpretive psychotherapy, and psychoanalytic supportive psychotherapy. Enlarging the number of therapeutic methods based on psychoanalytic theory represents a new approach to the widening scope of indications for psychoanalysis.
BEDROCK AND BEYOND: AN EXAMINATION OF THE CLINICAL UTILITY OF CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF FEMALE PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Tyson Phyllis
Published: June 2009

Libido theory and the idea of an innate matrix of bisexuality are an inadequate basis on which to understand female psychology. Rather, it is the mutual influence of sexuality, aggression, object relations, and a superego that inherits the object-related conflicts of early childhood, intertwined as these are with gender issues, that determine the way a woman experiences herself A woman can have a basically confident, narcissistically valued sense of femaleness and at the same time be troubled by intense feelings of inadequacy and deprivation. Instead of arbitrarily attributing these feelings to penis envy and a sense of castration, based on the idea of bisexuality as bedrock, this paper suggests that we consider primary femininity as bedrock, but that the superego, as heir to unresolved preoedipal and oedipal object-related conflicts, functions to maintain these painful emotions. Clinical material illustrates the utility of these ideas.
THE USES OF THE PAST AND THE ACTUALIZATION OF A FAMILY ROMANCE
Authors: Viederman Milton
Published: June 2009

This paper elaborates an aspect of the therapeutic experience of analysis that pertains to the examination of the past as it influences a patient's view of his self-worth and relationship to the world. It is complementary to the usual view of psychoanalytic process that involves analysis of transference resistance, revelation of transference, and the discovery of its genetic roots. I propose an additional therapeutic aspect of the reexperience of the past in which the changed representation of patient as child is validated by a new object, the analyst, who is experienced as a benevolent witness to the past and as a benevolent presence in the past, thereby consolidating the change and influencing the patient's adult self-representation. This therapeutic effect is more likely to be of significance in patients who have experienced parental loss or significant deprivation in childhood. Segments of the analysis of a patient illustrate this point. The patient described "listening to himself with compassion for the child he had been" and being listened to by me in the same way. He became thereby "tolerant and empathetic with the child he had been." The more general implications of this as a vehicle for change in psychoanalysis are discussed. Of ancillary interest was the patient's research into his past and ultimately his actualization of a family romance fantasy with a particular ironic twist.

"It is never too late to have a happy childhood" (button worn by patient on his fortieth birthday).
OEDIPAL SIBLING TRIANGLES
Authors: Sharpe Sheila A. , ROSENBLATT ALLAN D.
Published: June 2009

Sibling triangles exist independent of parent-child triangles and undergo parallel development into constellations bearing significant formal and dynamic similarities to the standard parent-child oedipal relationships. They may exert definitive effects on the individual's identifications, adult object choices, and patterns of relating. Recognition of such constellations and their outcomes is often crucial to successful therapy. A developmental line is delineated with emphasis on the recapitulation throughout development of oedipal sibling issues. Speculations are offered about the possible factors responsible for pathological outcomes of oedipal sibling triangles, and about why, in many cases, oedipal sibling experience may be more influential in development than oedipal parental experience.
CONNEGTIONISM AND PSYCHOANALYSIS
Authors: Olds David D.
Published: June 2009

A currently interesting set of models of perception, learning, and cognition---known as connectionist or neural net systems---have contributed to changes in the way cognitive scientists view brain function. A fruitful interaction between brain models and computer models leads us to think that the brain may be less dependent on a central processor, that there may be much brain work that is self-organizing, and that mind-brain dualism may be unnecessary. This article explores the implications for psychoanalytic theory that emerge from these new models.

"All current evidence suggests that knowledge in the brain is not represented by a program---a set of instructions for manipulating signs---if anything, it is more likely to be represented by a network of connections."---Heinz R. Pagels The Dreams of Reason
Nonverbal Communications: Some Reflections on Their Role in the Psychoanalytic Process and Psychoanalytic Education
Authors: Jacobs Theodore J.
Published: June 2009

This paper focuses on the phenomenon of nonverbal behavior and its role in analytic practice and in the teaching of technique. The idea is presented that data arising from the nonverbal realm are underutilized both in the clinical situation and in supervision. Some possible reasons for the development of this situation are presented, illustrated by several clinical examples drawn from the author' experiences as a candidate.
On Grist for the Mill: External Reality as Defense
Authors: Inderbitzin Lawrence B. , Levy Steven T.
Published: June 2009

The meaning of the "grist for the mill" metaphor has undergone a shift from "analyzing everything" to "everything is analyzable." This is used as a point of departure for exploring some of the multiple, complicated, and often unrecognized ways reality is used defensively by analyst and analysand. The point of view presented is in the spirit of a balancing perspective with regard to current trends in psychoanalysis which emphasize interactions, the analyst' contribution to transference, reality experiences as causation of psychopathology, and the role of the "real" relationship in the mechanism of therapeutic action.

“He too wants to experience realities and despises everything that is merely ‘imaginary’”–Sigmund Freud (1917, p. 368)
The Dissociative Character: A Reconsideration Of “Multiple Personality”
Authors: Brenner Ira
Published: June 2009

The author has interviewed and reviewed the cases of over 100 patients with a suspected diagnosis of multiple personality disorder (MPD). He finds it clinically useful to think of a continuum of character pathology in which dissociative and defensive altered states predominate. At one end of this continuum is MPD, which he considers a lower-level dissociative character. He redefines dissociation as a defensive altered state, due to autohypnosis, which augments repression or splitting. Depending on the degree of integration of the ego, it may result in a broad range of disturbances of alertness, awareness, memory, and identity. Four vignettes are presented which illustrate a transient hypnoid state, "characterological" dissociation in an upper-level dissociative character, and two cases of MPD, including one emerging in analysis.

“How didst thou make division of Thyself?”—William Shakespeare, Twelfth Night
The Phallic Astration Complex and Primary Femininity: Paired Developmental Lines toward Female Gender Identity
Authors: Mayer Elizabeth Lloyd
Published: June 2009

I suggest that two developmental lines contribute to the achievement of female gender identity. One is rooted in the phallic Castration complex, and the other in primary femininity. Far from being mutually exclusive, the two comprise necessary aspects of every girl's progress toward becoming a woman. To that extent, every woman's analysis will include the analysis of compromise formations that emerge from both. In distinguishing clinical manifestations of each developmental line, I suggest that it may be useful to conceptualize primary femininity and the phallic castration complex as affect-defense configurations which incorporate two fundamentally different ideas about danger. In conflicts of primary femininity, danger is anticipated: anxiety is the signal for compromise formation, since what is actually possessed (the female genital). is valued and is therefore imagined as subject to danger. In the phallic castration complex, danger is imagined already to have occurred. Depressive affectbecomes the primary motive for defense, based on a fantasy that what is valued (the male genital) has already been lost This distinction may facilitate our efforts to specify exactly how recent revisions in theories of female development have explicit implications for practice.
The Role of an Analyst's Expectations in Clinical Technique: Reflections on the Concept of Resistance
Authors: Renik Owen
Published: June 2009

The role played by an analyst's expectations in technique is taken up via consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the concept of resistance. A conception of resistance is presented, and specific clinical interventions suggested by it are illustrated and discussed. The principle of even hovering attention as an ideal analytic attitude is criticized.
Interpretation and Expectation: The Anxiety of Influence
Authors: Raphling David L.
Published: June 2009

Interpretations go beyond assigning unconscious meaning to analytic material. They inevitably communicate the analyst's assessments of the patient's present and past conflicts, and his expectations for their future resolution. The analyst's estimation of a patient's potential, as well as his personal investment in helping the patient realize that potential, is embedded in the interpretive process. Although careful analysis of unintended interpretive influences on a patient's uansference and resistance is required to assure relative neutrality, there remains a residual conditioning effect of interpretations that catalyzes the analytic process and reinforces a patient's efforts to change.
The Continued Usefulness of Psychoanalysis in the Treatment Armamentarium for Panic Disorder
Authors: Milrod Barbara
Published: June 2009

The case of a late adolescent with panic disorder and obsessivecompulsive disorder is described. The patient experienced resolution of both disorders in brief psychodynamic psychotherapy, but required psychoanalysis in order to make inroads into his restricted life-style. This case illustrates the continued usefulness of psychoanalysis in the treatment of such patients.
Introduction: Gedo and Freud on Working Through
Authors: Smith Henry F.
Published: June 2009

In this issue we begin an experiment John Gedo has graciously given us permission to publish his plenary address with a series of brief commentaries, which are followed by a response (“Encore”) from Dr. Gedo. You will note that some of the discussants take up an aspect of his point of view, while others elaborate on an aspect of the topic. The result might be called a “round table” on working through. We invite JAPA readers to join in the discussion with written comments. We would aim in this way to keep alive in the Journal a sense of the vitality of argument found at our meetings and so to advance the work and its theoretical basis. We are grateful to the discussants and especially to Dr. Gedo for his patience with our scrutiny and his engagement with our responses.
The Preconceptual Organization of Emotion
Authors: Frosch Allan
Published: June 2009

The suggestion is made that emotions organized on a preconceptual level are psychic constructs different in kind, as well as degree, from emotions organized on a more abstract conceptual level. For many people the regressive alteration in ego functioning that gives rise to these emotional constructions represents a characterological way of handling conflict. Emotions organized on a preconceptual level and rigidly maintained through primitive defenses ward off a host of fears ranging from castration to dedifferentiation. The from the preconceptual world of sensation to the conceptual world of abstraction complements the resolution of oedipal themes and is essential for free and easy movement between reality-based interactions and the imaginary experience of both self- and object representations in the transference. Structural and dynamic aspects of these emotional constructions are discussed and their relation to a person's experience of reality is explored through transference material taken from different points in an analysis. The problem of the analyst's use of concepts to refer to preconcepts is also discussed, as is the issue of enactments.
The Analytic Role: A Mediating Influence in the Interplay of Transference and Countertransference
Authors: Almond Richard
Published: June 2009

Recognition of the analyst's subjective involvement has led to profound reconsideration of the nature of mutative process. How is it that the analyst can be personally involved in an unconscious way, yet also be an “objective” participant in the relationship? The paper proposes that the analyst's subjectivity is mediated by his or her role. The analytic role conditions how the analyst listens, experiences, and behaves, leading to interactive outcomes different from that expectable from unmodified subjectivity. The paper describes the analytic role in terms of contributions from metapsychology, clinical theory, and tactics. Each affects the function of the analyst-at-work in a different way. The analytic role, learned during training, is maintained by a combination of internalization and ongoing involvement in psychoanalytic activities. A clinical illustration demonstrates how a typical transference-countertransference enactment is influenced by the analytic role. The vignette suggests ways in which the concept of role modifies the effect of subjectivity. Three recent viewpoints-those of Renik, Ehrenberg, and Hoffman-that challenge previous theories of mutative process are discussed in terms of the analytic role. In each case, consideration of role clarifies the nature of the innovative technique or view, and seeming contradictions between it and existing clinical theory.
Clinical Truth and Contemporary Relativism: Meaning and Narration in the Psychoanalytic Situation
Authors: Reed Gail S.
Published: June 2009

This paper proposes that clinical psychoanalysis requires distinctions for its practice that tend to be blurred by a less than careful importation of contemporary philosophical concepts. One such distinction is that between narration and the event narrated; another, that between meaning seen as absolutely relative and meaning understood as hierarchical. The first distinction identifies present experience as formed by a narrative strategy arrived at in the past. The second distinction allows pathology to be described as arrests or limitations in the ability to construe meaning. This perspective has implications for a number of current debates, among them those concerning the roles of interpretation and reconstruction. A clinical illustration involving the reconstruction of a disavowed perception and relying on the aforementioned distinctions is presented.
A Classic Revisited: Clinical and Theoretical Reflections on Stoneapos;s Widening Scope of Indications for Psychoanalysis
Authors: Grand Stanley
Published: June 2009

Leo Stoneapos's „The Widening Scope of Indications for Psychoanalysis” has had a major influence on the way almost two generations of American psychoanalysts have been taught to think about and practive psychoanalysis. Contemporary elaborations and extensions of the ideas contained in Stoneapos;s paper have, however, been used to move us steadily toward a shift in the treatment paradigm that under lies the way psychoanalysis is currently being conducted. This con temporary tendency to enlarge the scope of the mode of action of psychoanalysis, in order to accommodate the wider range of patients being treated today, blurs those aspects of psychoanalytic technique that distinguish the unique psychoanalytic perspective from the more general psychotherapeutic perspective. Several ideas contained in Stoneapos;s paper are considered as a basis for clarifying this distinction and the technical implications deriving from it Two clinical vignettes are presented to illustrate these issues.
Psychological-Mindedness as a Defense
Authors: Fogel Gerald I.
Published: June 2009

Many patients seen today use sophisticated capacities for psychological reflection and premature synthesis to ward off knowledge of more primitive conflict and islands of unintegration. They show a precocious talent for free association, a talent they perversely misuse. Similarly, they enjoy access to a rich fantasy life, even as they subtly impoverish it. Effective therapeutic work requires that they suffer „traumatization”—experiences of dedifferentiation that undermine their considerable capacity to know what they feel and think. Structural and process variables interact with content variables in complex and ambiguous ways. As a consequence, estimates of the authenticity and „fit” of personal and interpersonal experiences and behaviors of both partners in the therapeutic encounter become necessarily involved. Such factors may increase the possibility of misunderstandings, but also of more authentic and firmly grounded understandings. Similar issues are eventually revealed in these patients' early lives, where psychological and other formulaic understandings were prematurely applied to offset overwhelmedness and other unarticulable experiences; the patientapos;s talents for ambiguity, irony, self-soothing, or responsiveness to others were, in effect, exploited at the expense of full psychological growth. Versions of this clinical presentation may be increasingly common in a new generation of analyzable patients. Clinical work with them is facilitated by a synthesis of contemporary developmental, structural, and object relations theory.
Free Associatioan and Analytic Neutraltity: Basic Structure of the Psychoanalytic Situation
Authors: Adler Elliot , Bachant Janet L.
Published: June 2009

This paper re-examines within a contemporary context an essential foundation of classical technique, the psychoanalytic situation. Defined in terms of basic elements of psychoanalytic relatedness which make possible the most profound exploration of human motivation, its core structure is viewed as an extraordinary interpersonal arrangement anchored by two clearly differentiated yet complimentary ways of relating: free-association and analytic neutrality. The patient's role, organized by the prerequisites of expressive freedom, is counter posed with the psychoanalyst's, which is structured to empower listening and understanding. Elaborating the parameters of this unique relationship, the authors emphasize the synergic effects of each participants' activity in creating a vehicle for destabilizing neurotic equilibrium. An extensive discussion of analytic neutrality, conceived as guiding ideal that informs all the analyst's attitudes and actions in the exploration of psychic reality, is presented. Specifically, the authors distinguish three essential dimensions which bear upon the interactive process: neutrality with regard to conflict, neutrality with regard to sequence, and neutrality with regard to transference. In contrast to the rigid constraint on human responsiveness often caricatured in the literature. this vision of technical neutrality establishes its vital contribution to the integrity, depth, and tone of any analytic process that unfolds.
Seduction Trauma: Representation, Deferred Action, and Pathogenic Development
Authors: Blum Harold P.
Published: June 2009

Seduction trauma refers to a range of phenomena currently described under the rubric of child abuse. Freud elucidated the fantasy distortion and elaboration of traumatic experience and retained the importance of actual trauma. Psychic trauma is associated with the alteration of self and object representations and ensuing new identifications, e.g., with victim and aggressor. The “deferred action” of psychic trauma is an antiquated concept and psychic trauma has immediate effects as well as far reaching developmental consequences. Prior trauma predisposes to later traumatic vulnerability and to trauma linked to phase specific unconscious conflict. The pathogenesis of child sex abuse and the enactment of oedipal incest extends before and after the oedipal phase, is often associated with other forms of abuse, and has a history of pathogenic parent-child relationship.
Coordinating Developmental and Psychoanalytic Processes: Conceptualizing Technique
Authors: Abrams Samuel , Solnit Albert J.
Published: June 2009

Throughout childhood and adolescence, psychological growth proceeds in a sequence of progressive hierarchical organizations. Consequently, children are continuously consolidating existing positions or are in transition from one to another. When analytic treatment is proposed, analysts often find themselves in the position of being required to technically coordinate the requirements of the analytic process with those of the ongoing developmental process. While it is the patient who will ultimately bring the needs of both processes together, the approach the analyst assumes to recognizing and addressing these needs can have a facilitating influence on the treatment. Play, for example, is a window on old conflicts and impaired object relationships from the past, but it is also a way in which children consolidate existing organizational hierarchies. Similarly, the analytic interaction provides a pathway to the past, but it is also used by children to provide the building blocks for newly emerging structures. To facilitate further clinical research, a conceptual outline of the relationship between the two processes is provided.
Refusal of Autonomy: the Use of Words by a Young Adult in Analysis
Authors: Fabricius Julia
Published: June 2009

Analytic work with a depressed twenty-three-year-old woman is presented showing how she used ruminative thoughts to maintain a fixed internal dyadic relationship in which neither self not object had autonomy. The resulting omnipotent/impotent impasse meant that she was unable to move forward in her development. In the analysis this relationship was externalized through her use of words, which were employed as actions designed to have a concrete effect on both her self and her analyst. For a long period in the analysis it was essential to understand and interpret the function of her words, rather than to look for symbolic meaning, and it was this which gradually enabled her to take a third, observing, position from which she had greater freedom to operate as an adult.
An Expanded Developmental Line for Negation: Rejection, Refusal, Denial
Authors: Litowitz Bonnie E.
Published: June 2009

Freud's 1925 paper on negation provides the foundation for exploring an expanded developmental line of negation. Incorporating evidence from child language studies and explanations from the philosophy of language, this paper describes three types of negation that emerge in a developmental sequence: rejection, refusal, and denial. Clinical examples illustrate each type of negation, demonstrating how it might appear in clinical interactions. Along the way, confusions in terminology (due partly to translation problems) and questions for developmental theory are discussed. An expanded developmental line of negation provides additional interpretive perspectives on the forms of defense that Freud was addressing in “Negation” (1925) and subsequent papers (1927, 1940a, b).
Maternal Identification: a Description of the Process in Real Time
Authors: Nachman Patricia A.
Published: June 2009

This research, using the method of microanalysis, explores the to-and-fro activity of the self- and object representational world of mothers as they observe their children. Under examination is a “moment” usually lasting not more than 5-20 seconds that was selected by the mother as outstanding to her during the time she was observing her child. A microanalytic interview technique was developed in which the mother is asked about everything she experienced about “the moment,” including what she was feeling, imagining, doing, perceiving, and remembering. At brief intervals she was asked to indicate on a scale where-on herself or her child-her experience was centered. These data were organized in terms of tracking the locus of the mother's perspective: from dwelling in her own mind (self-representation) to inhabiting that of her child (object representation). Results indicate that these representational shifts occurred frequently, usually every one to three seconds, and that there were significant individual differences among the mothers.
Erikson's Concept of Ego Identity Reconsidered
Authors: Wallerstein Robert S.
Published: June 2009

This paper explores and attempts to explain the paradox that Erik Erikson-after Freud, undoubtedly the psychoanalyst best known, most deeply esteemed, and most widely influential in the sociohistorical surround of world culture-has at the same time never been properly integrated into the psychoanalytic mainstream, but has instead been marginalized, consigned to a persisting psychoanalytic limbo. Two successive contexts within the historical unfolding of psychoanalysis in America, the milieu in which Erikson worked, would seem to account for this neglect. First, Erikson's monumental contributions to our understanding of the psychosocial developmental process, of the epigenesis of the ego, of the phase-specific developmental tasks across the eight postulated stages of the life cycle, and of the intergenerational cogwheeling of the life cycles were made during the 1950s and 1960s and could not easily be integrated into the ego psychology metapsychological paradigm then monolithically regnant within American psychoanalysis. And, second, as a major paradigm shift took place in America, beginning in the 1970s, toward a more relational, interpersonal, and intersubjective framework, Erikson's contributions, couched as they were in the structural language of the ego psychology of his time, were overlooked and went unremarked as seminal precursors of the newly emerging emphases. The clear relationship of Erikson's concepts of (ego) identity to emerging conceptions of self in relation to objects was simply not noticed, and his work continues to this day to be neglected and unintegrated within psychoanalysis.
On The Scientific Standing of Psychoanalysis
Authors: Opatow Barry
Published: June 2009

This paper speaks for the claim that psychoanalysis qualifies as a scientific enterprise. It will derive from the conceptual and evidential structure of psychoanalysis a causal empirical hypothesis that admits of scientific intraclinical testing. Relevant topics from the philosophy of science (especially the nature of causal explanation and the work of Grünbaum) and the psychoanalytic theories of pathogenesis and therapeutic action are discussed in a preliminary way to create a framework for the demonstration. The dynamic unconscious is examined as the core causal concept of psychoanalysis. Taken together with an account of the structure of the mental apparatus, a coherent picture of mental causation (the propagation of an unconscious impulse) comes into view. This leads to the formulation of a set of clinical propositions that unite to generate a causal empirical hypothesis based solely on data from the analytic setting—namely, that the transferences and symptoms that appear in free association in the analytic situation possess an interrelational structure that is theoretically implied and can be statistically confirmed.
The Reconstruction of Reminiscence
Authors: Blum Harold P.
Published: June 2009

The lifting of repression and of infantile amnesia was an original aim and goal of clinical psychoanalysis. Memory may be more or less reliable and authentic. However, it tends to be subjective, self-serving, and selective, and there are different memory modalities and systems. The recovery of repressed childhood memory has been largely subsumed under the analysis of unconscious conflict and fantasy. “Hysterics suffer mainly from reminiscences,” and these reminiscences interweave with and contribute to reconstruction, which is intrinsic to psycho-analysis. Memory and reconstruction are subject to the influence of special interests, transference, and countertransference. Since open questions remain concerning preoedipal, and particularly preverbal, reconstruction, external confirmation may further both the analytic process and analytic research. The process of reconstruction integrates and transcends memory, facilitating personality reorganization.
Freud's Intrapsychic Use of the Jewish Culture and Religion
Authors: Halpern Janice R.
Published: June 2009

Freud's attitudes about Jewish culture and Jewish religion were diametrically opposed. If one examines his approaches to these two aspects of Judaism together, one can discern an emotionally split quality. The intensity of his feelings about his Jewishness, and the ways he characterized the culture and religion, suggest that his attitudes towards them had their source in an unconscious conflict. Freud's relationship with his father was ambivalent, and included disappointments incidentally related to his father's Jewishness. Using the defense mechanism of splitting of representations, Freud projected his ambivalent feelings for his father onto his Judaism, splitting it into loved and hated halves. In his characterizations of Jewish culture and religion, one can discern both his disappointment in his father and his longing to regain the idealized father. Moses and Monotheism shows most clearly this splitting of representations. In it Freud invented two Gods, two Moseses, and two Jewish peoples. Freud's unconscious intention in the book may have been to deal with his ambivalence for his father through the medium of dealing with his Judaism.
Freud and Feminism: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Richards Arlene Kramer
Published: June 2009

This paper traces the contributions made by women to Freud's ideas about women. Freud paid back the gifts he received from women with encouragement and support for their careers and with a theory that was instrumental in freeing women from both domestic bondage and fantasies of inferiority, but which was used by later “Freudians” as justification for returning women to an exclusively domestic life. Paying particular attention to Sabina Spielrein, Lou Andreas-Salome, and H.D., the paper illustrates some of the contributions of women to early psychoanalysis, and speculates on ways in which Freud's thinking was guided by his belief that women are, and should be considered, equal to men.
Ferenczps Fatal Illness in Historical Context
Authors: Hoffer Peter T. , Hoffer Axel
Published: June 2009

In August 1932, Ferenczi was already manifesting symptoms of his fatal illness, pernicious anemia. This was diagnosed between September 20 and October 2 of that year, less than a month after the Twelfth International Psychoanalytic Congress in Wiesbaden. Despite seemingly successful treatment with injectable liver extract, he underwent an acute psychotic episode in March 1933, triggered by the neurological symptoms of his illness. These facts substantiate the subsequent claim of Freud and Jones that Ferenczi suffered from paranoia near the end of his life, but they do not support the commonly-held view that the writings and experiments in psychoanalytic technique of his last five years were symptomatic of a progressive mental illness.
The Berlin Poliklinik: Psychoanalytic Innovation in Weimar Germany
Authors: Danto Elizabeth Ann
Published: June 2009

After Freud proposed in 1918 the creation of “institutions or out-patient clinics [where] treatment will be free,” Max Eitingon, Ernst Simmel, and other progressive psychoanalysts founded the Berlin Poliklinik, a free outpatient clinic. Guided by Weimar Republic principles of “radical functionalism,” the Poliklinik and its companion inpatient service, the Schloss Tegel Sanatorium, pioneered treatment and training methodologies still used—and still debated—today. Their funding strategies, statistics, and approaches to clinical problems like length of treatment tell the history of an innovative psychoanalytic institute where men and women were generally treated in equal numbers and patients (ranging in occupational status from unemployed to professional) of all ages were treated free. Franz Alexander, Karl Abraham, Theresa Benedek, Paul Federn, Otto Fenichel, Edith Jacobson, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, Helene Deutsch, Hanns Sachs, Sándor Radó, Hermine von Hug-Hellmuth, Wilhelm Reich, Annie Reich, and Melanie Klein all worked at the Poliklinik, and from there initiated decades of original clinical theory, practice, and education.
Exploring The Frontier From The Inside Out: John Sloan's Nude Studies
Authors: Coco Janice M.
Published: June 2009

The American realist artist John Sloan (1871–1951), a leading member of The Eight and the Ashcan School, is best known for his paintings and etchings of New York City life at the turn of the twentieth century—pictures that have endured as major documents in art history. Given the social nature of his early images, contemporaries were perplexed when Sloan became almost exclusively preoccupied with what was perhaps the most unpopular genre in American art—the female nude. Yet despite disapproval from his peers and lack of public interest, he continued to focus on nude studies for over twenty years, and created a series of unusual and disturbing images that so far have defied explanation. Formal analyses exist, but little has been written about the content of these pictures. My study bypasses the question of aesthetic quality that has troubled other art historians, and instead attempts to correlate these works with Sloan's personal life and his early career. When interpreted in the light of his history and his own words, these images reveal Sloan's intimate connection to his depicted female figures—a bond that emerges despite his attempt to maintain an objective distance from his subjects. My analysis is based on the work of D. W. Winnicott, who theorized that cultural production embodies our earliest, most profound relationship to our parents. As I will argue, the late nudes represent an intense period of mature, retrospective self-exploration. While this psychoanalytic investigation is certainly speculative, it is intended to open some possible new ways of understanding Sloan's representations of women.
Black to The future
Authors: Verharen Charles C.
Published: June 2009

The aim of this article is to look for common ground in the philosophies advanced by Africans in the diaspora. The Africana response to racism establishes a tradition of resistance to oppression, grounded in a philosophy of freedom. What is the meaning of being Black in the world's future? What new philosophy emerges out of Africana experience? Challenging the orthodoxy of racist ideology, this article argues that Afrocentricity allows one to embrace the divergent cultural experiences of a global village.
Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) as Agents of Change for The Development of Minority Businesses
Authors: Adebayo Arinola O. , Adekoya Adeyemi A. , Ayadi O. Felix
Published: June 2009

This article attempts to make a wake-up call to Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) to respond to the plight of minority business owners while also fulfilling their role of educating students. Although the state of minority businesses was much better than what the public is made to believe, however, these businesses continue to face challenges. Aside from the traditional problem of limited capital resources many challenges have ensued from the economic, social, and political changes in our society today. As long as the current political and economic climates persist, leading to a negative impact on the economies of minority population, institutions of higher learning, particularly HBCUs, have a unique opportunity to be the catalyst of change in the development and promotion of minority businesses.
Africans and Racism in The new Millennium
Authors: Ojo-Ade Femi
Published: June 2009

Given the general excitement over the New Millennium, Femi Ojo-Ade has deemed it fit to re-visit the question of race and color with regards to Africans from the continent and the Diaspora. His intention is to determine whether humanity has made enough progress to belie the late W. E. B. Du Bois’s 1903 statement on the preeminance of racism as a universal problem. The critic uses both written texts and film to assess the experiences of Africans as they encounter Euro-America and search for identity in a global village that has remained primarily Eurocentric. The article’s conclusions challenge all those of African ancestry: In the face of persistent racism, a polarization of Africans along continental and national lines can only hurt the cause of all descendants of Africa, including the African Americans who are being urged to prioritize their citizenship of the United States.
“We Will Shoot Back”
Authors: Umoja Akinyele Omowale
Published: June 2009

Between 1965 and 1979, economic boycotts were a principal form of insurgency for Black activists in Mississippi. After 1964, in several communities, the boycott of White-owned commerce became the primary tactic utilized by human rights forces to disrupt the system of segregation. These boycotts relied upon paramilitary organization to protect the activities and leadership of the Mississippi freedom movement and the Black community in general and to sanction anyone in the Black community who wished to violate the boycott. This paradigm of economic boycotts supported by paramilitary organization was first utilized in 1965 in Natchez. Natchez is a commercial center in southwest Mississippi. The combination of economic boycott with armed resistance posed an effective coercive campaign to pressure the local White power structure for concessions demanded by the movement. The insurgent model of Natchez was replicated throughout the state, particularly in Black communities of southwest Mississippi.
Black Adolescents' Racial Socialization Experiences
Authors: Constantine Madonna G. , Blackmon Sha'Kema M.
Published: June 2009

This study explored the relationship between parental racial socialization messages and area-specific self-esteem (i.e., home, school, and peer self-esteem) among Black American adolescents. The authors found that parental racial socialization messages reflecting pride and knowledge about African American culture were positively associated with Black youths' peer self-esteem. Moreover, racial socialization messages about the relative importance of majority culture (i.e., White) institutions and the values and benefits associated with being involved with these institutions were negatively associated with school self-esteem in Black adolescents. Future research directions are offered.
Undoing Racism in America
Authors: Vora Erika , Vora Jay A.
Published: June 2009

Racism and ethnic prejudice are major problems in our society. These prob lems are accentuated when a homogeneous white community has little opportunity to engage with culturally diverse others. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a well planned engagement of white students with members of a black community, in a safe and welcoming environment, would significantly reduce racism and prejudice. The success of the experiential approach was assessed through a questionnaire as well as qualitative reports. The finding of this study indicate that positive interactions between black andwhite Americans result in positive attitudes toward one another, reduce ethnocentrism, and increase effective intercultural interactions.
Black Youths and Illegal Drugs
Authors: Joseph Janice , Pearson Patricia G.
Published: June 2009

Drug trafficking among Black youths has turnedthe inner cities into “war zones,” as rival gangs fight for control of the drug market. Moreover, many Black youths have lost their lives because of the powerful lure of drug addiction. This article examines the effects of drugs on Black youths. Policy recommendations are also discussed.
Gender Differences among Abused Older African Americans and African American Abusers in an Elder Abuse Provider Agency
Authors: Dimah Agber , Dimah Keren Patricia
Published: June 2009

Objectives of this study were to examine gender differences among mistreated older African Americans and their perpetrators. The analysis was based on substantiated elder abuse cases in Illinois. Gender differences regarding six forms of abuse were examined as were demographic and barrier differences among victims and perpetrators. Overall, older African Americans were more susceptible to financial exploitation and intentional neglect. Other than intentional physical neglect, there were no significant gender differences between male and female victims in their mistreatment (χ 2 = 6.66, p =.010). Both male and female abusers were equally engaged in caring for their aging relatives and more likely to be children of the victims and living with them. Females (75.0%) more than males (67.0%) were abusive to aging relatives. Findings show that older Blacks, especially males, are subject to mistreatment from relatives who may be overwhelmed by caring for them and may benefit from intervention programs.
Defining a Mother-Centered Matrix to Analyze the Status of Women
Authors: Dove Nah
Published: June 2009

This article focuses on the significance of mother-centeredness to state development. Modern Africa is faced with the imposition of Western states that are fundamentally male-centered and antithetical to the well-being of Africa and her people and, for that matter, all humanity. Defining the Mother-Centered Matrix that underpinned the development of Kemet challenges the belief that the United States and other modern states are necessarily progressive. Issues of “development” from a culturally sensitive perspective highlight the importance of Kemet as a state model that can provide contemporary African people with examples of ways of governing and living that are still unparalleled by modern states.
How Does Racial Identity Affect Historically Black Colleges and Universities' Student Perceptions of September 11, 2001?
Authors: Wade Bruce H.
Published: June 2009

Building upon sociological frameworks articulated by DuBois, Winant, and Gilroy, this article investigates how racial identity formation among African American college students impacts student attitudes about their rapidly changing world. The study was conducted within two months of the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks. Based on a convenience sample of 135 students attending historically black colleges and universities in the southeastern U.S., the findings indicate that racial identity attitudes (stages based on Janet Helms'1990 Racial Identity Attitudes Scale) as well as gender and student classification help to explain attitudes about the United States (immigration policy, perceptions of globalization, and military responses to the attacks) in the aftermath of the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks on September 11, 2001. Male and female racial identity levels and attitudes did not differ significantly. Racial identity stages help explain perceptions of globalization, pride in being an American, American foreign policy, support for the state of Israel, and the perceived treatment of women within the Islamic faith.
And Still They Rise
Authors: Matthews-Armstead Eunice
Published: June 2009

This article reports the findings of a qualitative study that sought to gain insight into the process of college enrollment among African American females from low-income communities. A comparative case study approach was used to examine the life histories and social relationships of five African American young women who enrolled in college and two who did not. The findings indicate that their ability to enroll in college appeared to be connected to a pattern of perceptions regarding self, their family inter active patterns, and their connectedness to others. Social factors such as poverty, inadequate educational institutions, and multiple systems of oppression that are traditionally viewed as risk factors were viewed by the young women of this study as being inconsequential in regards to their ability to enroll in college.