bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DYNAMIC COMPLEXITY OF A PREDATOR-PREY MODEL FOR IPM WITH NONLINEAR IMPULSIVE CONTROL INCORPORATING A REGULATORY FACTOR FOR PREDATOR RELEASES
Authors: Tang Sanyi , Tian Yuan , Cheke Robert A.
Published: January 2019

The success of integrated pest management (IPM) depends on spraying the correct amount of pesticides at an appropriate time and releases of natural enemies or pathogens of the pest in appropriate proportions at critical times, with little cost and minimal effects on the environment. Therefore, control decisions require information on instantaneous killing rates of pesticides and numbers of natural enemies to be released, variables that should depend on the densities of both pest and natural enemy population densities in the field. To describe such a control strategy we have proposed a mathematical model of IPM involving releases of natural enemies in relation to a regulatory factor. The threshold condition for the existence and stability of the pest free periodic solution is provided using a cobweb model, the comparison principle and Floquet theory, which reveals the effects of nonlinear control actions on pest outbreaks. Bifurcation analyses show that the dynamics of the proposed model can be very complex, including multiple attractors and switch-like transition patterns following small random perturbations. Moreover, the random perturbations and nonlinear impulsive control measures could generate complex switching patterns, which show that the pest population could have outbreaks in complex ways due to environmental noise.
A Second Terrestrial Planet Orbiting the Nearby M Dwarf LHS 1140
Authors: Ment Kristo , Dittmann Jason A. , Astudillo-Defru Nicola , Charbonneau David , Irwin Jonathan , Bonfils Xavier , Murgas Felipe , Almenara Jose-Manuel , Forveille Thierry , Agol Eric , Ballard Sarah , Berta-Thompson Zachory K. , Bouchy François , Cloutier Ryan , Delfosse Xavier , Doyon René , Dressing Courtney D. , Esquerdo Gilbert A. , Haywood Raphaëlle D. , Kipping David M. , Latham David W. , Lovis Christophe , Newton Elisabeth R. , Pepe Francesco , Rodriguez Joseph E. , Santos Nuno C. , Tan Thiam-Guan , Udry Stephane , Winters Jennifer G. , Wünsche Anaël
Published: January 2019

LHS 1140 is a nearby mid-M dwarf known to host a temperate rocky super-Earth (LHS 1140 b) on a 24.737-day orbit. Based on photometric observations by MEarth and Spitzer as well as Doppler spectroscopy from the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher, we report the discovery of an additional transiting rocky companion (LHS 1140 c) with a mass of 1.81 ± 0.39 M
⊕ and a radius of 1.282 ± 0.024 R
⊕ on a tighter, 3.77795-day orbit. We also obtain more precise estimates for the mass and radius of LHS 1140 b, which are 6.98 ± 0.89 M
⊕ and 1.727 ± 0.032 R
⊕. The mean densities of planets b and c are 7.5 ± 1.0 g cm−3 and 4.7 ± 1.1 g cm−3, respectively, both consistent with the Earth’s ratio of iron to magnesium silicate. The orbital eccentricities of LHS 1140 b and c are consistent with circular orbits and constrained to be below 0.06 and 0.31, respectively, with 90% confidence. Because the orbits of the two planets are coplanar and because we know from previous analyses of Kepler data that compact systems of small planets orbiting M dwarfs are commonplace, a search for more transiting planets in the LHS 1140 system could be fruitful. LHS 1140 c is one of the few known nearby terrestrial planets whose atmosphere could be studied with the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope.
Winds of Massive Stars: High-resolution X-Ray Spectra of Stars in NGC 3603
Authors: Huenemoerder David P. , Schulz Norbert S. , Nichols Joy S.
Published: January 2019

The cluster NGC 3603 hosts some of the most massive stars in the Galaxy. With a modest 50 ks exposure with the Chandra High Energy Grating Spectrometer, we have resolved emission lines in spectra of several of the brightest cluster members, which are of WNh and O spectral types. This observation provides our first definitive high-resolution spectra of such stars in this nearby starburst region. The stars studied have broadened X-ray emission lines, some with blueshifted centroids, and are characteristic of massive stellar winds with terminal velocities around 2000–

. X-ray luminosities and plasma temperatures are very high for both the WNh and O-stars studied. We conclude that their X-rays are likely the result of colliding winds.
An Eigenvector-Based Method of Radio Array Calibration and Its Application to the Tianlai Cylinder Pathfinder
Authors: Zuo Shifan , Pen Ue-Li , Wu Fengquan , Li Jixia , Stebbins Albert , Wang Yougang , Chen Xuelei
Published: January 2019

We propose an eigenvector-based formalism for the calibration of radio interferometer arrays. In the presence of a strong dominant point source, the complex gains of the array can be obtained by taking the first eigenvector of the visibility matrix. We use the stable principle component analysis method to help separate outliers and noise from the calibrator signal to improve the performance of the method. This method can be applied with poorly known beam model of the antenna, is insensitive to outliers or imperfections in the data, and has low computational complexity. It thus is particularly suitable for the initial calibration of the array, which can serve as the initial point for more accurate calibrations. We demonstrate this method by applying it to the cylinder pathfinder of the Tianlai experiment, which aims to measure the dark energy equation of state using the baryon acoustic oscillation features in the large-scale structure by making intensity mapping observation of the redshifted 21 cm emission of the neutral hydrogen (H i). The complex gain of the array elements and the beam profile in the east–west direction (short axis of the cylinder) are successfully obtained by applying this method to the transit data of bright radio sources.
Discovery of δ Scuti Pulsations in the Young Hybrid Debris Disk Star HD 156623
Authors: Mellon Samuel N. , Mamajek Eric E. , Zwintz Konstanze , David Trevor J. , Stuik Remko , J. Talens Geert Jan , Dorval Patrick , Burggraaff Olivier , Kenworthy Matthew A. , Bailey, III John I. , Lomberg Blaine B. D. , Kuhn Rudi B. , Ireland Michael J. , Crawford Steven M.
Published: January 2019

The bRing robotic observatory network was built to search for circumplanetary material within the transiting Hill sphere of the exoplanet β Pic b across its bright host star β Pic. During the bRing survey of β Pic, it simultaneously monitored the brightnesses of thousands of bright stars in the southern sky (V ≃ 4–8, δ ≲ −30°). In this work, we announce the discovery of δ Scuti pulsations in the A-type star HD 156623 using bRing data. HD 156623 is notable as it is a well-studied young star with a dusty and gas-rich debris disk, previously detected using ALMA. We present the observational results on the pulsation periods and amplitudes for HD 156623, discuss its evolutionary status, and provide further constraints on its nature and age. We find strong evidence of frequency regularity and grouping. We do not find evidence of frequency, amplitude, or phase modulation for any of the frequencies over the course of the observations. We show that HD 156623 is consistent with other hot and high-frequency pre-main sequence and early zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) δ Scutis as predicted by theoretical models and corresponding evolutionary tracks, although we observe that HD 156623 lies hotter than the theoretical blue edge of the classical instability strip. This, coupled with our characterization and Sco–Cen membership analyses, suggests that the star is most likely an outlying ZAMS member of the ∼16 Myr Upper Centaurus-Lupus subgroup of the Sco–Cen association.
Observations of an Electron Diffusion Region in Symmetric Reconnection with Weak Guide Field
Authors: Zhou M. , Deng X. H. , Zhong Z. H. , Pang Y. , Tang R. X. , El-Alaoui M. , Walker R. J. , Russell C. T. , Lapenta G. , Strangeway R. J. , Torbert R. B. , Burch J. L. , Paterson W. R. , Giles B. L. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Ergun R. E. , Lindqvist P.-A.
Published: January 2019

The Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft encountered an electron diffusion region (EDR) in a symmetric reconnection in the Earth’s magnetotail. The EDR contained a guide field of about 2 nT, which was 13% of the magnetic field in the inflow region, and its thickness was about 2 local electron inertial lengths. Intense energy dissipation, a super-Alfvénic electron jet, electron nongyrotropy, and crescent-shaped electron velocity distributions were observed in association with this EDR. These features are similar to those of the EDRs in asymmetric reconnection at the dayside magnetopause. Electrons gained about 50% of their energy from the immediate upstream to the EDR. Crescent electron distributions were seen at the boundary of the EDR, while highly curved magnetic field lines inside the EDR may have gyrotropized the electrons. The EDR was characterized by a parallel current that was carried by antiparallel drifting electrons that were probably accelerated by a parallel electric field along the guide field. These results reveal the essential electron physics of the EDR and provide a significant example of an EDR in symmetric reconnection with a weak guide field.
L’hippocampe facilite l’intégration dans le champ symbolique
Authors: Cornelius John Thor
Published: January 2019

Cet article essaye de mettre au travail un mécanisme cérébral fondamental impliqué dans la création et le maintien des champs symboliques de la pensée. Il associera les théories d’espaces psychiques explorées par Donald Winnicott et Wilfred Bion aux examens neuroscientifiques de patients souffrant de lésions bilatérales de l’hippocampe et montrera comment les preuves provenant de chaque discipline éclairent cet aspect du psychisme. Cette capacité, qui était peut-être à l’origine un moyen de conserver une carte psychique orientée et subjective, permet aux individus un accès narratif et dynamique à des couches d’éléments superposés et à leurs interconnections. Si l’hypothèse que je propose est juste, l’hippocampe facilite l’intégration du champ symbolique de l’esprit où les formes narratives de la pensée, la créativité, la mémoire et le rêve sont entremêlés. L’absence d’hippocampe résulte en une incapacité à initier plusieurs formes de pensées. De plus, s’intéresser aux fonctions non endommagées de ces patients confirme certaines théories sur d’autres facultés du psychisme, ce qui amène un éclairage sur leurs rôles possibles dans la pensée humaine. La preuve que ces différents systèmes travaillent ensemble dans le champ symbolique apporte des indices fascinants concernant ces mécanismes fondamentaux du cerveau et du psychisme qui sont d’habitude intégrés sans heurt. Tout cela nous indique aussi le chemin vers de futures recherches cliniques et en laboratoire, au sein des neurosciences comme de la psychanalyse.
Can Everyone Be Refreshed?
Authors: Yancy Pamela , Handley Adrienne
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

Although most inactive nurses enrolled in a registered nurse refresher course can safely and effectively be returned to active practice on completion of such a course, there is a small group for which this is not the case. The authors explored factors that could predict successful course completion and transition back to active practice. Although not statistically significant, three factors seemed to suggest areas for further study. The age of the nurse and the number of children could be predictors of success. Nurses who had practiced in an acute care setting (i.e., hospital) were more likely to be successful than nurses who had practiced in other areas. Time in nursing practice immediately following graduation and time away from the practice of nursing were not found to be strong predictors. Other approaches may be necessary to help these nurses successfully return to practice.
Designing a Nurse Refresher Course Curriculum
Authors: Cundall Regina , Emert Betty , Gowens Donna , Hedrick Cathy , Phillips Marge , Schulze Beverly , Sredl Darlene
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

One viable way to increase the ranks of registered nurses employed within nursing is to offer nurse refresher courses to inactive registered nurses. Outcome measures identified in several studies suggested that more than 60% of nurse refresher course graduates retained employment within nursing for 2 years after completing the course. An extensive literature review revealed information on many nurse refresher programs, but no curricula. The purpose of this article is to offer a nurse refresher course curriculum and describe the process by which it was designed.
An Annual Employee Education Calendar as the Capstone of Educational Assessment, Planning, and Delivery
Authors: Morton Paula G
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

Staff development educators can better control their workload and provide a more comprehensive employee education program when the organization adopts a formal five-step process that culminates in the publication of an annual employee education calendar. This article describes the five steps of organization-wide learning needs assessment, resource allocation, priority setting, documentation of the educational plan, and calendar development, including elements and timelines. The annual calendar reflects involvement of staff throughout the facility in the identification, planning, and delivery of education programs. Its publication enhances staff and supervisors' awareness of learning opportunities. Its longer-range perspective assists managers and employees to better plan to meet learning needs and improves participation in staff development activities.
Increasing Psychiatric Rehabilitation Knowledge in a Supported Housing Setting: Pre- and Posttest Analysis
Authors: Zazzarino Anthony , Reilly Ann , Clay Zakia
Published: January 2019

The current study investigated the effectiveness of a state-wide Community Support Services training grounded in work-based learning to improve knowledge about psychiatric rehabilitation principles and skills. Supervisory staff and direct care staff in supported housing settings completed a 17-item, multiple choice, preand posttest after attending a 48-hour training series. Results indicated that participants gained psychiatric rehabilitation knowledge. These findings support the effectiveness of the training series grounded in work-based learning. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 57
(6), 39–44.]
Using a Veterans Affairs Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Group Therapy Program With Refugees
Authors: Haefner Judy , Abedi Maryam , Morgan Sam , McFarland Marilyn
Published: January 2019

The PTSD Recovery Program, an intervention based on guidelines for the treatment of combat Veterans diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that includes group therapy as adjunctive treatment to medication and individual therapy, was used for the treatment of PTSD in refugees at a clinic in central Texas. Eighteen clients diagnosed with PTSD completed 10 weekly group therapy sessions in addition to individual therapy and medication use. An in-service presentation educated providers on the PTSD Recovery Program and the group therapy intervention. Data were collected using a pre- and postintervention questionnaire. Statistical analysis supports the effectiveness of the PTSD Recovery Program as an adjunctive treatment for PTSD in the refugee population. Participant statements and provider satisfaction are included as qualitative data. Participant statements about symptom improvement, as well as providers' reported satisfaction with the PTSD Recovery Program, support this intervention as an effective adjunctive treatment for PTSD in the refugee population. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 57
(5), 21–28.]
Corneal Epithelial Damage During LASIK: A Review of 1873 Eyes
Authors: Chen Ying-Ting , Tseng Sung-Huei , Ma Mi-Chia , Huang Fu-Chin , Tsai Yi-Yu
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To assess the incidence, risk factors, management, and sequelae of intraoperative epithelial damage during LASIK using a linearly advancing microkeratome.

METHODS: Chart review of 1873 eyes (956 patients) that underwent primary LASIK using the Automated Corneal Sha per microkeratome and the VISX Star S2 excimer laser. The main outcome measure was the incidence of intraoperative epithelial damage (patch of loosened epithelium with or without any frank epithelial defect). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to identify risk factors for intraoperative epithelial damage.

RESULTS: Intraoperative epithelial damage occurred in 31 (1.66%) of 1873 eyes. The incidence of intraoperative epithelial damage increased with increasing patient age (odds ratio [OR] 1.095/decade; 95% confidence interval [Cl] 1.002 to 1.197, P=.045) and increasing years of contact lens wear (OR 1.136, 95% Cl 1.024 to 1.261, P=. 016). No correlation was found for gender, corneal curvature, central corneal thickness, microkeratome plate depth, or preoperative or postoperative refraction. The risk of intraoperative epithelial damage was significantly higher in the second eye if damage occurred in the first eye (66.7% versus 0.67%, OR 298.7, Cl 78.2 to 1141.2, P<.001). Epithelial damage was managed successfully intraoperatively in all 31 eyes; recurrent corneal erosion was noted 4 months postoperatively in 1 eye but resolved after anterior stromal puncture.

CONCLUSIONS: The risk for intraoperative epithelial damage during LASIK increases with patient age, years of contact lens wear, and intraoperative epithelial damage in the first eye during simultaneous bilateral LASIK, but with proper intraoperative management, postoperative sequelae are rare. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:916923.]
Fifteen-year Follow-up After LASIK: Case Report
Authors: Kymionis George D , Tsiklis Nikolaos , PaIlikaris Aristofanis I , Bouzoukis Dimitrios I , Pallikaris loannis G
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To present 15-year follow-up of one of the first LASIKtreated patients.

METHODS: A 40-year-old woman underwent LASIK in the left eye for myopia in July 1991.

RESULTS: Fifteen years after LASIK, spherical equivalent error was statistically significantly reduced from preoperative -8.75 -3.75 × 025° to postoperative -4.25 -2.75 × 010°. Six months postoperatively refractive and topographic stability was obtained and remained stable during follow-up with no significant changes between interval mean time (-3.75 -3.00 × 020° 6 months postoperatively to -4.25 -2.75 × 010° 15 years postoperatively). No early or late postoperative complications were observed, and confocal microscopy revealed a regenerated nerve plexus and normal cornea. However, increased scattering and presence of debris were observed at the flap interface even after 15 years. Despite moderate predictability (residual refractive error) and small optical zone, the patient was satisfied with final outcome.
Effects of Zernike Wavefront Aberrations on Visual Acuity Measured Using Electromagnetic Adaptive Optics Technology
Authors: Rocha Karolinne Maia , Vabre Laurent , Harms Fabrice , Chateau Nicolas , Krueger Ronald R
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: This study measured the changes in visual acuity induced by individual Zernike ocular aberrations of various root-mean-square (RMS) magnitudes.

METHODS: A crxl Adaptive Optics Visual Simulator (Imagine Eyes) was used to modify the wavefront aberrations in nine eyes. After measuring ocular aberrations, the device was programmed to compensate for the eye's wavefront error up to the 4th order and successively apply different individual Zernike aberrations using a 5-mm pupil. The generated aberrations included defocus, astigmatism, coma, trefoil, and spherical aberration at a level of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.9 µm. Monocular visual acuity was assessed using computer-generated Lando It-C optotypes.

RESULTS: Correction of the patients' aberrations improved visual acuity by a mean of 1 line (-0.1 logMAR) compared to best sphero-cylinder correction. Aberrations of 0.1 µm RMS resulted in a limited decrease in visual acuity (mean +0.05 logMAR), whereas aberrations of 0.3 µm RMS induced significant visual acuity losses with a mean reduction of 1.5 lines (+0.15 logMAR). Larger aberrations of 0.9 µm RMS resulted in greater visual acuity losses that were more pronounced with spherical aberration (+0.64 logMAR) and defocus (+0.62 logMAR), whereas trefoil (+0.22 logMAR) was found to be better tolerated.

CONCLUSIONS: The electromagnetic adaptive optics visual simulator effectively corrected and generated wavefront aberrations up to the 4th order. Custom wavefront correction significantly improved visual acuity compared to best-spectacle correction. Symmetric aberrations (eg, defocus and spherical aberration) were more detrimental to visual performance. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:953-959.]
Stability of Wavefront Aberrations During the Daytime After 6 Months of Overnight Orthokeratology Corneal Reshaping
Authors: Stillitano Iane , Schor Paulo , Lipener Cesar , Hofling-Lima Ana Luisa
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the stability of wavefront aberrations during the daytime after 6 months of overnight orthokeratology corneal reshaping.

METHODS: A prospective study of 26 eyes using the Ultravision BE lens design during 6 months of overnight wear. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), cycloplegic refraction, and wavefront aberrometry were measured at 8 AM (within 1 hour after awakening and removing lenses), 1 PM (5 to 6 hours after lens removal), and 6 PM (10 to 12 hours after lens removal).

RESULTS: There was no significant difference in UCVA between 8 AM, 1 PM, and 6 PM (P= .383). Spherical power from wavefront aberrometry showed significant regression from 8 AM to 1 PM (P<.001) and stabilized near zero diopters. Total root-mean-square (RMS) increased and higher order aberration RMS and defocus (Z4) decreased between 8 AM and 1 PM (P<.001) but did not change for the rest of the day (P>.001). There was no statistically significant change in astigmatism (Z3 and Z5) (P=. 449) and coma (Z7 and Z8) (P=. 145) between 8 AM, 1 PM, and 6 PM. Spherical aberration (Z12) showed regression throughout the day (P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS: After 6 months of overnight orthokeratology wear, some optical aberrations showed regression during the day. Despite no significant change in UCVA during 10 to 12 hours, there was a significant increase in defocus (Z4) within the first 5 hours after removing the orthokeratology lens and a decrease in spherical aberration (Z12) throughout the day. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:978-983.]
Optimal Balance of Wavefront Aberrations in Photorefractive Keratectomy
Authors: Takhchidi Khristo P , Doga Alexander V , Kachalina Galina F
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To determine the ratio of defocus (Z4) to spherical aberration (Z12) in patients with optimal visual performance 10 years after multifocal aspheric photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).

METHODS: The optimal ratio of defocus to spherical aberration was determined in 16 presbyopic patients (32 eyes) with 10-year follow-up after aspheric multifocal PRK with good to excellent visual acuity postoperatively and the absence of mesopic symptoms such as halos and glare. All patients were satisfied with their near and far vision. The NIDEK OPD-Scan was used to measure wavefront aberrations postoperatively for a 6-mm pupil diameter to the 6th Zernike order. Preoperative manifest refraction spherical equivalent (M RSE) was -7. 61 ±1.04 diopters (D) (range: -6.25 to -10.00 D).

RESULTS: At 10 years postoperatively, mean spherical equivalent refraction was -0.49 ±0.96 D. All eyes were within 1.00 D of the intended refraction. The ratio of Z4/Z12 for patients with optimal outcomes was 3.07±1.36.

CONCLUSIONS: The ratio of Z4/Z12 generated in this study determines the optimum balance of defocus to spherical aberration required for excellent outcomes in patients undergoing multifocal aspheric PRK. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:S1037-S1040.]
Tangential Topography Corneal Map to Diagnose Laser Treatment Decentration
Authors: Vinciguerra Paolo , Randazzo Alessandro , Albè Elena , Epstein Daniel
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To describe the use of corneal topography to determine the cause of decentration and pseudodecentration after laser ablation.

METHODS: A total of 148 eyes referred for treatment of decentration after primary excimer laser surgery were evaluated using corneal topography. The criteria and maps used to distinguish between decentration and pseudodecentration are described. All eyes were analyzed with the tangential algorithm of the CSO corneal topographer and the NIDEK OPD-Scan.

RESULTS: Eyes were classified into two groups: decentered and pseudodecente red. Only 5 (3.4%) eyes were decentered, and 143 eyes were classified as pseudodecentered. Analysis of the different causes of pseudodecentration included 28 cases due to an irregular ablation, 107 cases due to high corneal dioptric grathent, and 8 cases due to central islands. Instantaneous corneal topography was the most suitable map to determine decentration and pseudodecentration.

CONCLUSIONS: Decentration and pseudodecentration were due to corneal topographic abnormalities causing sudden changes of corneal curvature in the m id periphery. The evaluation of the instantaneous curvature maps in this study underscores the importance of these peripheral changes by highlighting their impact on the optical performance of the central cornea. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:S1057-S1064.]
Populations reléguées et projets paysagers dans les marges de l’agglomération parisienne. Le cas de la plaine de Pierrelaye
Authors: Flégeau Morgane
Published: January 2019

L’intérêt récent pour les délaissés urbains de la part des acteurs publics de l’aménagement se manifeste dans l’aire urbaine centrale de la métropole parisienne mais aussi dans ses marges. On se propose ici d’étudier un projet d’aménagement en plaine de Pierrelaye, cherchant à transformer cette plaine agricole polluée en une forêt aménagée. Cet espace est aujourd’hui pour partie occupée par des familles de Gens du voyage et de Roms. Bien que l’abandon des activités soit lié à l’interdiction de consommer les produits agricoles issus de la plaine, la présence de ces populations est à la fois jugée comme une des raisons de la situation de déshérence que connait la plaine et comme un frein à la réalisation du projet. L’article aborde la difficile prise en compte des populations marginalisées et la part d’instrumentalisation dont fait l’objet le projet pour se défaire des occupations illégales, appuyé par un argumentaire paysager et social.
Les catastrophes cycloniques de septembre 2017 dans la Caraïbe insulaire au prisme de la pauvreté et des fragilités sociétales
Authors: Nicolas Thierry , Pagney Bénito-Espinal Françoise , Lagahé Émilie , Gobinddass Marie-Line
Published: January 2019

Les auteurs s’intéressent dans cet article à l’impact des ouragans majeurs de la saison cyclonique 2017 sur la Caraïbe insulaire, Irma et Maria. Ils soutiennent que le facteur principal de vulnérabilité des sociétés caribéennes n’est pas systématiquement lié à la puissance des ouragans ou au niveau de pauvreté que la récurrence de catastrophes en Haïti a contribué à fortement ancrer comme l’une des sources principales de vulnérabilité. En s’appuyant principalement sur les exemples cubain et saint-martinois, les auteurs montrent qu’il convient d’interroger les structures fondamentales des sociétés insulaires.
Changing the Approach to Deterrence in Cyberspace While Protecting Civilians From Cyber Conflict
Authors: Hadji-Janev Metodi
Published: January 2019

Many incidents in cyberspace and the response to those incidents by victim states prove that the cyber conflict is a reality. This new conflict is complex and poses serious challenges to national and international security. One way to protect the civilian populace is by deterring potential malicious actors (state and non-state) from exploiting cyberspace in a negative way. Given the changed reality and complexity that gravitates over the cyber conflict classical deterrence that have worked during the Cold War is not promising. The article argues that if the states are about to protect their civilians from the future cyber conflict by deterring potential attacker they need to change the approach to deterrence.
The Future of Apps
Authors: Linnes Cathrine , Metcalf Brian R. , Shahijan Milad Kalantari
Published: January 2019

Apps have the solutions for many things and consumers have them right in their pocket. Just think about a holiday. From the booking of flight tickets, making a hotel reservation, sharing it with your friends, ordering a rental car, paying for apparel, and so on. You can use your smartphone for almost everything these days and most apps are connected with social media sites. Even though many users do not want to pay lots of money for apps, experts still forecast huge growth. There is a big different on how consumers used apps 5 years ago and how they use apps today. Today consumers are demanding apps that can fulfil many different needs and are much more individualized. This high and consuming demand forces the developers the use large amounts of data before they can be able to meet these needs.
Social Media Activism From an Information Warfare and Security Perspective
Authors: van Niekerk Brett
Published: January 2019

The use of social media in advocacy, and particularly transnational advocacy, raises concerns of privacy and security for those conducting the advocacy and their contacts on social media. This chapter presents high-level summaries of cases of social media in advocacy and activism from the perspectives of information warfare and information security. From an analysis of these, the impact and relationships of social media in transnational advocacy and information security is discussed. Whilst online advocacy can be considered to be a form of information warfare aligned to a Cyber Macht theory, it can be argued that social media advocacy negatively impacts information security as it encourages various actors to actively attempt to breach security.
Mobile Security in Low-Income Households' Businesses
Authors: Chummun Bibi Zaheenah
Published: January 2019

A wide range of technologies impinges on all disciplines including financial services in this era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The deployment and security of mobile phones have considerably increased financial services access such as mobile money to the low-income households in developing African markets recently. The financial services that were once randomly accessible to those financially excluded have now become a potential pathway to enhance financial inclusion in allowing the low-income households to transact through mobile financial services in a more speedy, reliable, and secure manner. However, many security challenges remain to be addressed to promote a more inclusive mobile financial system. This chapter focuses on mobile devices security landscape and unprecedented security breaches by cyber criminals and how those threats can be mitigated in a view to promote financial inclusion in the mobile financial services sector of emerging African markets in the midst of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Out of Work, Out of Mind?
Authors: Collins Emily I.M. , Cox Anna L. , Wootton Ruby
Published: January 2019

Smartphones are now ubiquitous and valuable in many professions and yet have also been blamed for creating an ‘always on' culture, blurring boundaries between work and home. Research has shown that checking e-mails out-of-hours via computer makes workers feel more overloaded with work but also increases their sense of coping. A total of 94 participants completed a survey exploring whether the same pattern would emerge for accessing e-mail on smartphones, showing that those who use smartphones for work e-mail experienced lower levels of overload, but not coping, and push notifications were associated with greater use of smartphones for e-mail. However, there were no significant correlations between coping or overload and e-mail use or quantity, suggesting that lower overload is not due to the ability to processes or read more e-mails outside of work.
The Fight for Cyber Thoreau
Authors: Crosston Matthew D.
Published: January 2019

This analysis sheds light on where cyber disobedience fits in to larger society positively and does not deserve to be summarily thrown in with all types of illegal cyber acts. Making these legal delineations does not solve all of the problems a state will face in the new cyber age. But they will go a long way in helping a democratic state honor its foundation of civil liberties and freedom and avoid becoming a perpetuator of virtual hyperbole and digital panic. In so doing, it guarantees the people greater freedom for themselves while also having greater confidence in the fairness of their own government. This, in place of the chaotic, ambiguous, and uninformed legal and political environment governing cyber action today, would be a dramatic improvement.
Defining Cyber Weapon in Context of Technology and Law
Authors: Mali Prashant
Published: January 2019

This article describes how the interconnected world of today, or the cyber space so often called, is easily accessible through a wide array of devices and has an impact and reach beyond geo-political boundaries Owing to high levels of connectivity and the nature of E-governance activities today, the cyber space is rapidly becoming a potential global battlefield for cyber warfare among various state and non-state entities. An effective cyber weapon in this space is like an indicator of cyber power, its nature being offensive or defensive. Parameters of effectiveness and reliability range from the type of developer of the weapon, whether state or non-state to its longevity in time and technology and others like possibility of an economic implementation along with the scope of its usage. This article is aimed at analyzing existing definitions, opinions and notions about cyber weapons and defining the term cyber weapon from a techno-legal perspective, which could be universally acceptable and have characteristics of enforceability across all domains: civil, criminal & defense applications.
Death by Hacking
Authors: Wang Penelope
Published: January 2019

Innovation and technological advancements have seen many devices and systems being linked up on to the Internet. Such devices and systems include personal medical devices like insulin pumps and pacemakers, cars, as well as critical infrastructure like power grids and traffic light systems. However, recent research by cyber security experts has revealed that these critical devices and systems are highly vulnerable to being hacked into and manipulated. Should such an attack be carried out successfully by bad actors, like violent extremists, this could result in physical injury or even death. Hence, this chapter aims to bring awareness on the kinetic cyber threat by highlighting various forms of kinetic cyber, and the vulnerabilities that make these devices and systems susceptible. In addition, this chapter introduces the motivations and characteristics of violent extremists who might engage in kinetic cyber, and ends off by proposing some recommended directions to counter this threat.
Understanding Bystanders' Willingness to Intervene in Traditional and Cyberbullying Scenarios
Authors: Walker Justine A. , Jeske Debora
Published: January 2019

Bullying incidents in traditional and online settings are a cause for concern to many parties. The goal of the current study was to explore the extent to which a bystander would intervene in a bullying incident and the degree to which this behavior is influenced by group size (the number of other witnesses), the setting (traditional or cyberbullying), and gender of the victim. Using an online survey method, participants were presented with eight bullying scenarios, each of which involved verbal bullying of a victim. Participants (N = 82) were asked to report how likely they would be to intervene in each of these scenarios. Results showed that female victims were more likely to be helped than male victims. Furthermore, female participants were more willing to intervene than the male participants in the cyberbullying scenarios. Altruism was a positive predictor of participants' willingness to intervene. The present findings suggest that certain gender differences in helping behavior may depend on the context in which bullying is observed (traditional or cyberbullying).
The Influence of Pornography on Romantic Relationships of Emerging Adults
Authors: Young-Petersen Bonnie , Willoughby Brian J.
Published: January 2019

Scholars have studied emerging adults and pornography extensively, but to date there is no research on how pornography influences how emerging adults approach and act in relationships. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the nature of pornography use among emerging adults, as well as to look at the relationship between pornography use and porn-related relational anxiety among emerging adults. The authors describe existing research on pornography and emerging adults, introduce their own study, and explain the results and implications.
Youths and Cyberbullying
Authors: Wright Michelle F.
Published: January 2019

Youths are immersed in a digitally connected world, where blogs, social networking sites, watching videos, and instant messaging tools are a normal part of their lives. Many of these youths cannot remember a time in which electronic technologies were not embedded within their lives. Electronic technologies afford a variety of opportunities for youths, but there are also risks associated with such use, such as cyberbullying. This chapter draws on research from around the world to explain the nature, extent, causes, and consequences of cyberbullying. This chapter concludes with a solutions and recommendation section, emphasizing the need for cyberbullying to be considered a global concern.
Predicting Dysfunctional Internet Use
Authors: Stodt Benjamin , Wegmann Elisa , Brand Matthias
Published: January 2019

Internet addiction (IA) and cyberbullying (CB) represent two examples of dysfunctional Internet use (DIU) which are accompanied by negative consequences. In terms of prevention, the training of technical and reflective skills (Internet literacy) will be discussed with regard to these patterns. This study investigates the role of age, conscientiousness, and Internet literacy on IA symptoms and the participation in CB. Analyses reveal that positive attitudes towards online production and interaction and lower self-regulative skills can be associated with severe IA symptoms. Cyberbullies display less skills in reflecting on Internet content and also prove to have less self-regulative skills. Younger and less conscientious individuals are more likely to use the Internet dysfunctionally. Furthermore, significant correlations between experiences as a cyberbully and IA symptoms were found. In conclusion, the authors suggest that current media/Internet literacy curricula should be complemented by teaching reflective and regulative skills to prevent Internet users from negative consequences.
Adaptation of the JDL Model for Multi-Sensor National Cyber Security Data Fusion
Authors: Swart Ignatius , Irwin Barry V. W. , Grobler Marthie M.
Published: January 2019

The potential attack surface of a nation is large and no single source of cyber security data provides all the required information to accurately describe the cyber security readiness of a nation. There are a variety of specialised data sources available to assess the state of a nation in key areas such as botnets, spam servers and incorrectly configured hosts. By applying data fusion principles, the potential exists to provide a representative view of all combined data sources. This research will examine a variety of currently available Internet data sources and apply it to an adapted Joint Directors of Laboratories (JDL) data fusion model in order to illustrate the potential gains and current limitations. The JDL model has been adapted to suit national level cyber sensor data fusion with the aim to formally define and reduce data ambiguity and enhance fusion capability in a real world system. A case study highlights the results of applying available open source security information against the model to relate to the current South African cyber landscape.
A Comparative Analysis of the Cyberattacks Against Estonia, the United States, and Ukraine
Authors: Boyte Kenneth J.
Published: January 2019

This comparative international case study of cyber warfare provides a context for considering the evolution of cyber technologies as elements of hybrid warfare capable of creating confusion, disrupting communications, and impacting physical infrastructure (such as power grids and satellite-based communications and weapons systems). Expanding an unpublished paper recognized by the ASIS Foundation in its 2012 international student writing competition concerning global security, which compared the cyberattacks against Estonia in 2007 and the United States in 2012, this study re-examines and updates the original data in a broader analysis that primarily includes the cyberattacks against Ukraine during the 2013-2015 conflict, but also considers other incidents on the timeline of digitization. The study shows how cyber warfare, first reported in the 1990s, has become an integral component of war today for both state and non-state actors who use zombies and robot armies to penetrate national boundaries and firewalls via satellites.
OSNs as Cyberterrorist Weapons Against the General Public
Authors: Ayres Nicholas , Maglaras Leandros , Janicke Helge
Published: January 2019

Conventional terrorism has been around for hundreds of years and even though its tactics and the weapons of choice have evolved over time as well as the use and deployment of weapons may have changed the root definition of terrorism has remained relatively untouched. With the advent of mass computing, cybercrime has increased year on year. This chapter will look at three differing viewpoints of cyberterrorism and its ultimate effects on society. Many industry and academic experts warn that it is only a matter of time before conventional terrorist acts will migrate to the digital arena in the form of cyberterrorism. Current literature suggests that a countries critical national infrastructure will be the main focus of attack for the cyberterrorist but this chapter will address another possible target for the cyberterrorist using a different type of cyber weapon: a mimetic virus. This chapter also looks at how a mimetic virus could use social media to spread throughout the target audience using what is known as Internet memes.
Quantitative Approaches to Representing the Value of Information Within the Intelligence Cycle
Authors: Smith Christopher M. , Scherer William T. , Todd Andrew , Maxwell Daniel T.
Published: January 2019

The authors propose that valuation of information metrics developed near the end of the intelligence cycle are appropriate supplemental metrics for national security intelligence. Existing information and decision theoretic frameworks are often either inapplicable in the context of national security intelligence or they capture affects from inputs aside from just the information or intelligence. Applied information theory looks at the syntactic transmission of information rather than assigning it a quantitative value. Information economics determines the market value of information, which is also inapplicable in a national security intelligence context. Decision analysis can use the value of information to show the expected value of perfect information (EVPI) and the expected value of imperfect information (EVII) and although this method can be used with utility theory and not just monetary objectives, it has been shown that decision makers within the intelligence community (IC) have difficulty agreeing upon how to value objectives within analysis. Additionally, it is difficult to determine how decision makers use intelligence in the decision-making process, which makes existing decision theoretic methods problematic, and might include inputs from variables besides just the intelligence.
Keyframe-Based Vehicle Surveillance Video Retrieval
Authors: Liu Xiaoxi , Liu Ju , Gu Lingchen , Ren Yannan
Published: January 2019

This article describes how due to the diversification of electronic equipment in public security forensics, vehicle surveillance video as a burgeoning way attracts us attention. The vehicle surveillance videos contain useful evidence, and video retrieval can help us find evidence contained in them. In order to get the evidence videos accurately and effectively, a convolution neural network (CNN) is widely applied to improve performance in surveillance video retrieval. In this article, it is proposed that a vehicle surveillance video retrieval method with deep feature derived from CNN and with iterative quantization (ITQ) encoding, when given any frame of a video, it can generate a short video which can be applied to public security forensics. Experiments show that the retrieved video can describe the video content before and after entering the keyframe directly and efficiently, and the final short video for an accident scene in the surveillance video can be regarded as forensic evidence.
Environmental Security Threats and Policy Response in the Niger Delta, Nigeria 1990-2016
Authors: Amadi Luke A. , Alapiki Henry
Published: January 2019

In recent years, environmental security in the coastal Niger Delta has had a growing scholarly interest from divergent perspectives seeking for broader elucidation and understanding of State policy response. These security threats notably oil spill, water and land pollution, gas flaring, acid rain, mangrove deforestation, etc are linked to the Multinational Oil Corporations (MNOCs)and oil resource exploitation. These have been perverse, resulting in ecological breakdown, vulnerability, emergency and environmental insecurity challenges since at least the 1970s when oil in the region became the main stay of Nigeria's economy. This conceptual paper builds on the political ecology framework which discusses the impact of global power asymmetry on natural resource extraction and extensive body of work in the broad field of environmental security to explore salient indicators which demonstrate the evidence of environmental insecurity threats and poor State policy response and made some recommendations.
Print Media's Role in Securitization
Authors: Uprety Sudeep
Published: January 2019

This chapter attempts to understand the inter-relationship between the media and the national security/foreign affairs sector in Nepal, particularly unfolding the perceptions between each other and the resultant impression in the print media – thereby carrying forward the “securitization” discourse. Through the process of content analysis and expert opinions, this chapter advocates for the “desecuritization” of sensitive issues such as national security and diplomacy, promoting peace and cooperation rather than polarization of ideas and perspectives.
Defense Acquisition, Public Administration, and Pragmatism
Authors: Snider Keith F.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the relationship of U.S. defense management to public administration. It argues that public administration, as a field of study, plays a minor role in defense acquisition, because acquisition has unique characteristics that separate it from the mainstream of the field. The tenuous connections between acquisition and public administration have led to an issue of academic legitimacy in that the discipline has failed to respond to the needs of acquisition professionals. The chapter then presents a discussion and illustration of philosophical pragmatism as a potential contribution of administrative theory to acquisition practice, and it concludes with thoughts on the potential for acquisition to adopt pragmatism as a guiding way for thought and practice.