bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive N+ scale of nucleophilicity in an equation including a Swain‐Scott response/selectivity parameter
Authors: Bentley T. William
Published: December 2012

A set of N+ nucleophilicity parameters (N+″) are reported for amines, carbanions and various other nucleophiles in methanol at 20 °C. N+″ = N″ +2.63, where N″ refers to logarithms of second‐order rate constants for reactions of the dimethylamino‐ benzhydrylium cation (dma)2CH+ with various nucleophiles in any solvent at 20 °C; as for other N+ parameters, N+″ = 4.75 for hydroxide in water. Logarithms of second‐order rate constants (log k) are correlated by a hybrid of Swain‐Scott and Ritchie (SSR) equations: log k = sE × N+″ + c, where sE is the response of the electrophile to changes in N+″ and c is a residual intercept term. Satisfactory results are obtained for some nucleophilic reactions at sp3 carbon, including S‐methyldibenzothiophenium triflate (reference substrate for the NT scale of solvent nucleophilicity), a methoxymethyl derivative and methyl p‐nitrobenzenesulfonate. Less satisfactory results are obtained for acetyl chloride. The results extend the scope of the hybrid SSR equation to nucleophilic substitutions and provide additional insights into the factors influencing sE. A previously published equation containing two response (s) parameters is shown to be less reliable, and an alternative is investigated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of bending on the performance of flexible carbon black/polymer composite gas sensors
Authors: Kinkeldei Thomas , Zysset Christoph , Münzenrieder Niko , Tröster Gerhard
Published: December 2012

The performance of electronics on flexible substrates suffers under substrate bending leading to reduced device performance. In this article, we highlighted the influence of bending strain on a conductive polymer composite gas sensor and developed a model to investigate the influence of strain. We evaluated the strain influence on the resistance of a gas sensor with respect to sensitivity, filler content, cyclic loading, and electrode orientation. The sensitivity of gas sensors increased with decreasing tensile bending radii. The influence of strain was dominant for gas sensors with less carbon black concentration. Cyclic bending tests showed a decrease of sensor resistance versus time and a plastic deformation. A sensor geometry orientations effect to reduce the sensitivity to bending strain was achieved by aligning the electrode fingers parallel to the strain. A model was successfully implemented to simulate strain influences inside the polymer incorporating the Poisson ratio. We suggest a concept to achieve a strain insensitive gas sensor by creating an orientation between single particles inside the composite. Implementing this results into existing gas sensors will improve the measurement quality and reliability of sensors on flexible substrates. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013
The effect of mixing methods on the dispersion of carbon nanotubes during the solvent‐free processing of multiwalled carbon nanotube/epoxy composites
Authors: Gupta Murari L. , Sydlik Stefanie A. , Schnorr Jan M. , Woo Dong Jin , Osswald Sebastian , Swager Timothy M. , Raghavan Dharmaraj
Published: December 2012

Several solvent‐free processing methods to disperse multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in bisphenol F‐based epoxy resin were investigated, including the use of a microfluidizer (MF), planetary shear mixer (PSM), ultrasonication (US) and combinations. The processed mixture was cured with diethyl toluene diamine. Three complimentary techniques were used to characterize the dispersion of the MWCNTs in cured composite samples: optical microscopy, micro Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For sample MF + PSM, optical micrographs and Raman images showed reduced agglomeration and a homogeneous distribution of MWCNTs in the epoxy matrix. SEM analysis of fractured specimen after tensile testing revealed breakage of nanotubes along the fracture surface of the composite. A comparison of the MWCNT dispersion in the epoxy samples processed using different methods showed that a combination of MF and PSM processing yields a more homogeneous sample than the PSM or US + PSM processed samples. Mechanical testing of the composites showed about 15% improvement in the tensile strength of samples processed by the MF + PSM method over other methods. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed a small decrease in the onset degradation temperature for poorly dispersed samples produced by PSM compared with the well‐mixed samples (MF + PSM). These results strongly suggest that the MF + PSM processing method yield better‐dispersed and stronger MWCNT/epoxy composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013
Distress in unaffected individuals who decline, delay or remain ineligible for genetic testing for hereditary diseases: a systematic review
Authors: Heiniger Louise , Butow Phyllis N. , Price Melanie A. , Charles Margaret
Published: December 2012

Objective

Reviews on the psychosocial aspects of genetic testing for hereditary diseases typically focus on outcomes for carriers and non‐carriers of genetic mutations. However, the majority of unaffected individuals from high‐risk families do not undergo predictive testing. The aim of this review was to examine studies on psychosocial distress in unaffected individuals who delay, decline or remain ineligible for predictive genetic testing.

Method

Systematic searches of Medline, CINAHL, PsychINFO, PubMed and handsearching of related articles published between 1990 and 2012 identified 23 articles reporting 17 different studies that were reviewed and subjected to quality assessment.

Results

Findings suggest that definitions of delaying and declining are not always straightforward, and few studies have investigated psychological distress among individuals who remain ineligible for testing. Findings related to distress in delayers and decliners have been mixed, but there is evidence to suggest that cancer‐related distress is lower in those who decline genetic counselling and testing, compared with testers, and that those who remain ineligible for testing experience more anxiety than tested individuals. Psychological, personality and family history vulnerability factors were identified for decliners and individuals who are ineligible for testing.

Conclusions

The small number of studies and methodological limitations preclude definitive conclusions. Nevertheless, subgroups of those who remain untested appear to be at increased risk for psychological morbidity. As the majority of unaffected individuals do not undergo genetic testing, further research is needed to better understand the psychological impact of being denied the option of testing, declining and delaying testing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening for psychological distress in neurosurgical brain tumor patients using the Patient Health Questionnaire‐2
Authors: Bunevicius Adomas , Deltuva Vytenis , Tamasauskas Sarunas , Tamasauskas Arimantas , Bunevicius Robertas
Published: December 2012

Objective

Psychological distress is highly prevalent but often undiagnosed in brain tumor patients. We evaluated the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire‐2 (PHQ‐2) for screening of distressed neurosurgical brain tumor patients.

Methods

A total of 226 (69% women; mean age 55.6 ± 14.7 years) consecutive patients on admission for elective brain tumor surgery were evaluated for psychological distress using the PHQ‐2, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; n = 206), and the Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II; n = 196). At discharge, the patients were reevaluated using the PHQ‐2 and HADS.

Results

On admission, 43% and 18% of patients had moderate‐severe psychological distress according to the HADS (HADS depression or anxiety score ≥11) and BDI‐II (score ≥20), respectively. At discharge, there was a significant decrease in psychological distress among patients according to the PHQ‐2 (p = 0.04) and HADS (p < 0.001) screening results. The PHQ‐2 had marginal internal consistency (Cronbach's coefficient alpha = 0.68) and suboptimal test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.51). The PHQ‐2 had acceptable psychometric properties for identifying patients with moderate‐severe psychological distress according to the HADS (sensitivity = 74%, specificity = 68%, and positive predictive value (PPV) = 40%) and BDI‐II (sensitivity = 71%, specificity = 65%, and PPV = 30%). Psychometric properties of the PHQ‐2 were inferior for mild‐severe psychological distress. Greater number of PHQ‐2 depressive symptoms was associated with greater scores on the HADS and BDI‐II (all ps < 0.001).

Conclusions

Psychological distress is prevalent in brain tumor patients and can be successfully identified using the PHQ‐2. The PHQ‐2 has moderate internal consistency. The PHQ‐2 should be considered for routine use in brain tumor patients for psychological distress screening purposes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silicon micropillars: high stress plasticity
Authors: Rabier J. , Montagne A. , Wheeler J. M. , Demenet J. L. , Michler J. , Ghisleni R.
Published: December 2012

Silicon micropillars obtained by FIB from Floating Zone silicon single crystal have been deformed in situ in a SEM between room temperature and 400 °C. Pillars with <123> axis were studied in order to promote single slip deformation. Mechanical data as a function of pillar diameter and surface deformation microstructures observed by SEM are reported. Yield stresses as a function of temperature are compared with those resulting from high‐pressure tests (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Control of the dual mechanical port electrical machine and its applications in hybrid electrical vehicle
Authors: Chen Xiao , Pang Ting , Huang Shenghua , Wan Shanming
Published: December 2012

This paper deals with the control strategy of the dual mechanical port electrical machine (DMPEM) which is suitable for hybrid electrical vehicles. In particular, it discusses the power management algorithm of the electrical variable transmission (EVT) system based on DMPEM. Also an equivalent circuit of DMPEM has been proposed for the first time, which gives clear physical meanings to all components in the circuit. The power flow of DMPEM under different operating conditions is analyzed from the equivalent circuit. The proposed control strategy is validated on a simulated EVT experiment platform. The result proves its validity. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
NNLO corrections to top-pair production at hadron colliders: the all-fermionic scattering channels
Authors: Czakon Michal , Mitov Alexander
Published: December 2012

Abstract

This is a second paper in our ongoing calculation of the next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) QCD correction to the total inclusive top-pair production cross-section at hadron colliders. In this paper we calculate the reaction
$ q\overline{q}\to t\overline{t}+q\overline{q} $
which was not considered in our previous work on
$ q\overline{q}\to t\overline{t}+X $
[1] due to its phenomenologically negligible size. We also calculate all remaining fermion-pair-initiated partonic channels
$ q{q^{\prime }} $
,
$ q{{\overline{q}}^{\prime }} $
and qq that contribute to top-pair production starting from NNLO. The contributions of these reactions to the total cross-section for top-pair production at the Tevatron and LHC are small, at the permil level. The most interesting feature of these reactions is their characteristic logarithmic rise in the high energy limit. We compute the constant term in the leading power behavior in this limit, and achieve precision that is an order of magnitude better than the precision of a recent theoretical prediction for this constant. All four partonic reactions computed in this paper are included in our numerical program Top++. The calculation of the NNLO corrections to the two remaining partonic reactions,
$ qg\to t\overline{t}+X $
and
$ gg\to t\overline{t}+X $
, is ongoing.
Wandering Spleen: A Medical Enigma, Its Natural History and Rationalization
Authors: Magowska Anita
Published: December 2012

Introduction

Wandering spleen is a rare condition in which the spleen is not located in the left upper quadrant but is found lower in the abdomen or in the pelvic region because of the laxity of the peritoneal attachments. Many patients with wandering spleen are asymptomatic, hence the condition can be discovered only by abdominal examination or at a hospital emergency department if a patient is admitted to hospital because of severe abdominal pain, vomiting or obstipation.

Methods

This article aims to provide a historical overview of wandering spleen diagnostics and surgical treatment supplemented with an analyses of articles on wandering spleen included in the PubMed database.

Results

One of the first clinical descriptions of a wandering spleen was written by Józef Dietl in 1854. The next years of vital importance are 1877 when A. Martin conducted the first splenectomy and in 1895 when Ludwik Rydygier carried out the first splenopexy to immobilize a wandering spleen. Since that time various techniques of splenectomy and splenopexy have been developed.

Conclusions

Introducing medical technologies was a watershed in the development and treatment of wandering spleen, which is confirmed by the PubMed database. Despite the increased number of publications medical literature shows that a wandering spleen still remains a misdiagnosed condition, especially among children.
Hoping to Live a “Normal” Life Whilst Living with Unpredictable Health and Fear of Death: Impact of Cystic Fibrosis on Young Adults
Authors: Higham Lorraine , Ahmed Shenaz , Ahmed Mushtaq
Published: December 2012

This study aimed to explore the hopes and fears of young adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). Fifteen young adults with CF, aged 18–29, were interviewed about their hopes and fears using a grounded theory approach. Five themes were identified during the analysis: perceptions of living with unpredictable health and fear of death and dying; hopes for normality; hopes for a normal relationship and/or marriage; hopes for having children; and hopes for a normal work life. Participants feared the unpredictable nature of CF and the suffering that they believed they would have to endure due to ill health before premature death. Despite their fears, participants hoped to live a “normal” life by achieving their hopes of having long‐lasting relationships, having children and pursuing a career. The findings highlight the need to help alleviate the fears of young adults with CF and to enable them to plan to achieve their hopes, hence giving them a sense of control over their condition.
Progression of the silicate cathode materials used in lithium ion batteries
Authors: Bao LiYing , Gao Wei , Su YueFeng , Wang Zhao , Li Ning , Chen Shi , Wu Feng
Published: December 2012

Poly anionic silicate materials, which demonstrate a high theoretical capacity, high security, environmental friendliness and low-cost, are considered one of the most promising candidates for use as cathode materials in the next generation of lithium-ion batteries. This paper summarizes the structure and performance characteristics of these materials. The effects of different synthesis methods and calcination temperature on the properties of these materials are reviewed. Materials that demonstrate low conductivity, poor stability, cationic disorder or other drawbacks, and the use of various modification techniques, such as carbon-coating or compositing, elemental doping and combination with mesoporous materials, are evaluated as well. In addition, further research topics and the possibility of using these kinds of cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries are discussed.
Traveling wave solutions of advection–diffusion equations with nonlinear diffusion
Authors: Monsaingeon L. , Novikov A. , Roquejoffre J.-M.
Published: December 2012

We study the existence of particular traveling wave solutions of a nonlinear parabolic degenerate diffusion equation with a shear flow. Under some assumptions we prove that such solutions exist at least for propagation speeds

c \in ]\left. c_{⁎}, + \infty [\right.

, where

c_{⁎} > 0

is explicitly computed but may not be optimal. We also prove that a free boundary hypersurface separates a region where

u = 0

and a region where

u > 0

, and that this free boundary can be globally parametrized as a Lipschitz continuous graph under some additional non-degeneracy hypothesis; we investigate solutions which are, in the region

u > 0

, planar and linear at infinity in the propagation direction, with slope equal to the propagation speed.

Nous étudions lʼexistence dʼune classe particulière de solutions dʼondes pour une équation non linéaire parabolique dégénérée en présence dʼun écoulement cisaillé. Sous certaines hypothèses nous prouvons que ces solutions existent au moins pour des vitesses de propagation

c \in ]\left. c_{⁎}, + \infty [\right.

, où

c^{⁎} > 0

est une vitesse critique calculée explicitement en fonction de lʼécoulement mais peut-être pas optimale. Nous prouvons également quʼune hypersurface de frontière libre sépare une zone

u = 0

dʼune zone

u > 0

et que, sous une hypothèse supplémentaire de non-dégénérescence, cette frontière peut être globalement paramétrée comme un graphe lipschitzien. Nous nous intéressons à des solutions qui, à lʼinfini dans la direction de propagation, sont planes et linéaires avec pente égale à la vitesse.
A lower bound on the blow-up rate for the Davey–Stewartson system on the torus
Authors: Godet Nicolas
Published: December 2012

We consider the hyperbolic–elliptic version of the Davey–Stewartson system with cubic nonlinearity posed on the two-dimensional torus. A natural setting for studying blow-up solutions for this equation takes place in

H^{s}

,

1/ 2 < s < 1

. In this paper, we prove a lower bound on the blow-up rate for these regularities.
Frailty syndrome and the risk of vascular dementia: The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: Solfrizzi Vincenzo , Scafato Emanuele , Frisardi Vincenza , Seripa Davide , Logroscino Giancarlo , Maggi Stefania , Imbimbo Bruno P. , Galluzzo Lucia , Baldereschi Marzia , Gandin Claudia , Di Carlo Antonio , Inzitari Domenico , Crepaldi Gaetano , Pilotto Alberto , Panza Francesco ,   Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging Working Group
Published: December 2012

Background

Frailty is a clinical syndrome generally associated with a greater risk for adverse outcomes such as falls, disability, institutionalization, and death. Cognition and dementia have already been considered as components of frailty, but the role of frailty as a possible determinant of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD) has been poorly investigated. We estimated the predictive role of frailty syndrome on incident dementia and its subtypes in a nondemented, Italian, older population.

Methods

We evaluated 2581 individuals recruited from the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging sample population consisting of 5632 subjects aged 65 to 84 years and with a 3.9‐year median follow‐up. A phenotype of frailty according to a modified measurement of Cardiovascular Health Study criteria was operationalized. Dementia, AD, and VaD were classified using current published criteria.

Results

Over a 3.5‐year follow‐up, 65 of 2581 (2.5%) older subjects, 16 among 252 frail individuals (6.3%), of which 9 were affected by VaD (3.6%), developed overall dementia. In a proportional hazards model, frailty syndrome was associated with a significantly increased risk of overall dementia (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.85; 95% confidence interval: 1.01–3.40) and, in particular, VaD (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.68; 95% confidence interval: 1.16–7.17). The risk of AD or other types of dementia did not significantly change in frail individuals in comparison with subjects without frailty syndrome.

Conclusion

In our large population‐based sample, frailty syndrome was a short‐term predictor of overall dementia and VaD.
Longitudinal, region‐specific course of diffusion tensor imaging measures in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Nowrangi Milap A. , Lyketsos Constantine G. , Leoutsakos Jeannie‐Marie S. , Oishi Kenichi , Albert Marilyn , Mori Susumu , Mielke Michelle M.
Published: December 2012

Background

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a promising method for identifying significant cross‐sectional differences of white‐matter tracts in normal controls (NC) and those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer's disease (AD). There have not been many studies establishing its longitudinal utility.

Methods

Seventy‐five participants (25 NC, 25 amnestic MCI, and 25 AD) had 3‐Tesla MRI scans and clinical evaluations at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were analyzed at each time‐point and longitudinally in eight a priori–selected areas taken from four regions of interest (ROIs).

Results

Cross‐sectionally, MD values were higher, and FA values lower in the fornix and splenium of the AD group compared with either MCI or NC (P < .01). Within‐group change was more evident in MD than in FA over 12 months: MD increased in the inferior, anterior cingulum, and fornix in both the MCI and AD groups (P < .01).

Conclusions

There were stable, cross‐sectional, region‐specific differences between the NC and AD groups in both FA and MD at each time‐point over 12 months. Longitudinally, MD was a better indicator of change than FA. Significant increases of fornix MD in the MCI group suggest this is an early indicator of progression.
Behavioral operations: The state of the field
Authors: Croson R. , Schultz K. , Siemsen E. , Yeo M.L.
Published: December 2012

The field of behavioral operations has matured into an established area within the discipline of operations management. The field fills an essential void by laying the micro‐foundations for the broader discipline of operations management. As such, the field examines a variety of topics and is methodologically diverse.
The Glaciers of the Alps
Authors: Tyndall John
Published: December 2012

John Tyndall (1820–93) was an influential Irish geologist who became fascinated by mountaineering after a scientific expedition to Switzerland in 1856. He joined the Alpine Club in 1858 and achieved the summit of the Matterhorn in 1868 - a feat which led to a peak on the Italian side of the massif being named after him. He also climbed Mont Blanc three times. A writer of scientific texts who was widely praised for the quality of his prose, Tyndall made clear that in this work, published in 1860, he had 'not attempted to mix Narrative and Science'. He divides his account into two parts: his Alpine adventures and observations, and the scientific explanations about the origins and structural aspects of glaciers. Both sections include explanatory illustrations. This book, a classic text of Alpine exploration, offers a unique account of Tyndall's mountaineering expeditions and the science that inspired them.
Where There's a Will, There's a Way!
Authors: Cash James
Published: December 2012

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries many scientists, naturalists, engineers and inventors from humble backgrounds, largely self-taught, made significant contributions to British science. This 1873 book by James Cash (1839–1909) celebrates their achievements in natural history, while promoting a 'self-help' ideology, stressing how disadvantages could be overcome by those with ability and determination. Many of his subjects corresponded with great names such as William Jackson Hooker, and sent specimens or local information which helped build up the larger picture. Cash gives particular attention to men from the north of England, where many men engaged in the cloth trade were also notable plant collectors. His subjects include George Caley, a weaver self-taught in Latin and French, and whom Sir Joseph Banks employed to go to New South Wales as a collector; Edward Hobson, a factory worker; and John Horsefield, a self-taught weaver who memorised the Linnaean orders at his loom.
A Text-Book of Botany
Authors: Sachs Julius , Thiselton Dyer W. T.
Published: December 2012

Julius Sachs (1832–97) was an important and influential German botanist. He attended Charles University in Prague, gaining his doctorate in 1856. After appointments in Dresden, Chemnitz and Bonn, he took a professorship at the University of Freiburg in 1867. A year later he accepted a chair at Würzburg, where he stayed for the rest of his career. Sachs made important contributions across botanical science, notably in cytology and photosynthesis. He was also largely responsible for the leap in understanding of plant physiology that took place in the second half of the nineteenth century. His famous Textbook of Botany, published here in the 1875 English translation of the final German edition (1874), takes the physiological approach that he pioneered and features hundreds of instructive illustrations and a full index. It was the most influential botanical text of its day, and the standard textbook on the subject for many years.
The Planet Neptune
Authors: Nichol John Pringle
Published: December 2012

J. P. Nichol (1804–59), astronomer and political economist, was Regius Professor of Astronomy at the University of Glasgow. He brought astronomy to a non-scientific audience through his enthusiastic public lectures and astronomy books. His works include the popular Views of the Architecture of the Heavens (1837; also reissued in this series) in which he supported the nebular hypothesis, which in modified form is the model of star formation most widely accepted today. Neptune was (in 1846) the first planet to be discovered by mathematical prediction rather than empirical observation, and in this book, first published in 1855, Nichol describes that discovery to a lay readership. Part 1 is an exposition of the then current view of the solar system and the research and discoveries which led to that view; Part 2 is dedicated to Neptune; while the third part explains the controversies over the planet's discovery.
Old New Zealand
Authors: Maning Frederick Edward
Published: December 2012

First published anonymously in 1863, this classic book recounts the experiences of Frederick Edward Maning (c.1811–83), an Anglo-Irish trader who emigrated to Tasmania with his family as a boy and later relocated to New Zealand. A self-styled 'Pakeha-Maori' ('Pakeha' is the Maori word for a white New Zealander), Maning acquired land and settled down with a Maori woman, occupying a tenuous position between the two cultures. Observing that the old Maori way of life was rapidly disappearing due to the increased European presence in New Zealand, Maning endeavoured to record Maori customs and material culture before all knowledge of them disappeared. Old New Zealand is a mixture of history, autobiography and anecdote, and the author insists all the incidents and people described are real. The language is informal, and the narrative vigorous and rapid, with lively dialogues and occasional Maori phrases. A glossary explains Maori words and concepts.
The Founders of Canterbury
Authors: Wakefield Edward Gibbon
Published: December 2012

Edward Gibbon Wakefield (1796–1862) was a colonial advocate and political theorist, who was influential in the early colonisation of New Zealand and South Australia. Wakefield read widely on contemporary economics and social questions, and his theory of colonisation helped shape the British Empire. He formed the New Zealand Association in 1837 to create a new colony in that country, finally emigrating himself in 1852. His son, the editor of this volume of letters, was appointed secretary of the first settler expedition to New Zealand in 1839, and was elected political representative for Canterbury in 1854. The letters in the volume, published in 1868, which span the period 1847–50, trace the history of the town of Canterbury from Wakefield senior's suggestion of church-led settlement in the 1840s to its foundation in 1850–1. A planned second volume was never published.
Air Pollution and Global Warming
Authors: Jacobson Mark Z.
Published: December 2012

This new edition of Mark Jacobson's textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the history and science of the major air pollution and climate problems that face the world today, as well as the energy and policy solutions to those problems. Every chapter has been brought completely up to date with new data, figures and text. There is a new additional chapter on large-scale solutions to climate and air pollution problems. Many more color photographs and diagrams, and many additional examples and homework problems have been added. This is an ideal introductory textbook on air pollution for students taking courses in atmospheric chemistry and physics, meteorology, environmental science, Earth science, civil and environmental engineering, chemistry, environmental law and politics, and city planning and regulation. It will also form a valuable reference text for researchers and an introduction to the subject for general audiences.
The Reality of Social Construction
Authors: Elder-Vass Dave
Published: December 2012

'Social construction' is a central metaphor in contemporary social science, yet it is used and understood in widely divergent and indeed conflicting ways by different thinkers. Most commonly, it is seen as radically opposed to realist social theory. Dave Elder-Vass argues that social scientists should be both realists and social constructionists and that coherent versions of these ways of thinking are entirely compatible with each other. This book seeks to transform prevailing understandings of the relationship between realism and constructionism. It offers a thorough ontological analysis of the phenomena of language, discourse, culture and knowledge, and shows how this justifies a realist version of social constructionism. In doing so, however, it also develops an analysis of these phenomena that is significant in its own right.
Nicephori Gregorae Byzantina historia
Authors: Gregoras Nicephorus
Published: December 2012

This three-volume edition, in Greek with Latin translation, of the History by Nicephorus Gregoras (c. 1295–1360) was edited by Ludwig Schopen (Volumes 1 and 2, 1829–30) and Immanuel Bekker (Volume 3, 1855). The astronomer and historian, Gregpras, became the archivist of the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (to whom he proposed a calendar reform similar to that adopted by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582), and was involved in the fruitless negotiations of 1333 to unite the Greek and Latin Churches. The thirty-seven books by Gregoras' History overlap with the work by George Pachymeres, and continue the narrative to 1359. This period is also covered in the History by the ex-Emperor John Cantacuzene, and both these authors are also reissued in this series. Volume 2 begins in 1341, with the events following the death of Andronikos III, and ends in 1351, during the troubled reign of John VI Cantacuzene.
Nicephori gregorae Byzantina historia
Authors: Gregoras Nicephorus
Published: December 2012

This three-volume edition, in Greek with Latin translation, of the History by Nicephorus Gregoras (c. 1295–1360) was edited by Ludwig Schopen (Volumes 1 and 2, 1829–30) and Immanuel Bekker (Volume 3, 1855). The astronomer and historian, Gregpras, became the archivist of the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (to whom he proposed a calendar reform similar to that adopted by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582), and was involved in the fruitless negotiations of 1333 to unite the Greek and Latin Churches. The thirty-seven books of Gregoras' History overlap with the work by George Pachymeres, and continue the narrative to 1359. This period is also covered in the History by the ex-Emperor John Cantacuzene, and both these authors are also reissued in this series. Volume 3 describes the overthrow of John VI, his withdrawal to a monastery, and the accession of John V Palaiologos, the son of Andronikos III.
'Aper than Ape'
Authors: Evans Raymond
Published: December 2012

My cousin Harvey was beginning to annoy the crap out of me. It was mid-1956 and I had just turned twelve. Harvey had been saying it all morning, over and over, like he was mesmerised: ‘Elvis the Pelvis, Elvis the Pelvis’, with a stupid grin on his face. It had been on the front page of the Courier-Mail that day – a story about a new American singer who wiggled his pelvis like a girl. There was even a little cartoon of someone contorting himself like Plastic Man. But the more Harvey said it, the more stupid it sounded. It was starting to coalesce into one ridiculous word: ‘Elvisdapelvis, Elvisdapelvis’. I shouted, ‘Will you cut it out? That is not his real name, you know. It's just what the papers say.’ Harvey picked up the paper again: ‘But it's funny. Look at him wriggling. Elvisdapelvis.’ We went down into the backyard to play badminton, but he wouldn't stop. ‘Elvis!’ he called out as he threw the shuttlecock up; and then, ‘da PELVIS!’ as he served it like a missile at me over the net. ‘If you don't shut up, I'm not playing,’ I said. ‘He's just another one they've all got it in for. You haven't even heard him yet.’
Encounters with Trees
Authors: Buckridge Patrick
Published: December 2012

Ten years ago, a colleague and I co-wrote an article about the Bunya pine tree in Queensland's literary history. In the course of our joint research, we made an interesting and surprising discovery: that there appeared to be two separate and distinct ways of seeing or imagining the Bunya in early Queensland literature – there were, in effect, two different Bunyas. One was the Romantic Bunya, a dark, gloomy, threatening tree, overwhelming in size, and sublime in its capacity to elicit awe and even terror from those nervous European explorers who found themselves surrounded by them. This is the Bunya described in Leichhardt's letters and in the novels of Rosa Praed, for whom it evoked anxieties about cannibalism among the Aboriginal tribes who gathered at the triennial feast.
'Tinned Literature'?
Authors: Dale Leigh
Published: December 2012

To date, histories of literary culture in Queensland have not paid particular attention to newspapers, despite the fact that metropolitan and regional publications carried considerable material that allows us insight into the ways in which books were circulated and evaluated. Reviews and essays sat alongside advertisements run by department stores, specialist retailers, large distributors and newsagents, in turn jostling for attention with interviews with authors, poems, reports of literary gatherings and substantial critical essays. This article offers a ‘case study’ of literary materials in The Brisbane Courier, part of a project on the representation of literature (broadly conceived) in Australian newspapers from 1930. The year 1930 was chosen because the interwar years are so frequently characterised, in discussion of the critical study of Australian literature in particular, as a time of neglect, and the Depression as a catalyst for the gradual narrowing of literary horizons. Our larger aim is to understand this historical period better, as well as to calibrate the discussion of Australian literature against the discussion of literature generally. By focusing on a single year for data collection, we have been able to assemble a rich and detailed picture of ‘talk about books’. This, in turn, has enabled us to analyse the significant differences between, for example, the ways in which books are discussed and represented as commercial and aesthetic objects in regional and metropolitan newspapers (see Dale and Thomson 2010).
South Brisbane's Cultural Hub
Authors: Metcalf Bill
Published: December 2012

Entering Brisbane's South Bank from the Victoria Bridge, we walk past the concrete 1980s Queensland Performing Arts Complex, the brick Queensland Conservatorium and the modern, glass-fronted ABC Broadcasting buildings, then past assorted cafes and pseudo-beaches until reaching the Ship Inn. Here, we enter an enclave of mid- to late-nineteenth-century architectural gems, surrounding and focusing on the small but tranquil South Brisbane Memorial Park (1923). Opposite the Ship Inn (1865), Cumbooquepa (1891) and South Brisbane Town Hall (1891–92), and adjoining the Maritime Museum (1881), at the eastern edge of South Bank Parklands stands a magnificent old building now known as the Griffith Film School. This building has been the cultural hub of South Brisbane for 130 years, and provides a stylish, heritage ‘bookend’ to today's South Bank Cultural and Educational Precinct.
'Worse than Murder'?
Authors: Genever Geoffrey
Published: December 2012

During the second half of the nineteenth century, Queensland courts tried, convicted and hanged sixteen men for the crime of rape. Of these, one was Caucasian, three were Pacific Islanders and twelve were Aboriginal. The Indigenous total would have been fourteen but for the fact that two other men convicted and sentenced for this offence evaded the gallows: one died in custody, the other was shot dead while attempting to escape. In each case of execution, the victims were European women or girls.
UNIVALENCE CRITERIA AND ANALOGUES OF THE JOHN CONSTANT
Authors: KIM YONG CHAN , SUGAWA TOSHIYUKI
Published: December 2012

Let $p(z)= z{f}^{\prime } (z)/ f(z)$ for a function $f(z)$ analytic on the unit disc $\mid z\mid \lt 1$ in the complex plane and normalised by $f(0)= 0, {f}^{\prime } (0)= 1$. We provide lower and upper bounds for the best constants ${\delta }_{0} $ and ${\delta }_{1} $ such that the conditions ${e}^{- {\delta }_{0} / 2} \lt \mid p(z)\mid \lt {e}^{{\delta }_{0} / 2} $ and $\mid p(w)/ p(z)\mid \lt {e}^{{\delta }_{1} } $ for $\mid z\mid , \mid w\mid \lt 1$ respectively imply univalence of $f$ on the unit disc.
Ontogeny of dipeptide uptake and peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) expression along the gastrointestinal tract in the neonatal Yucatan miniature pig
Authors: Nosworthy Matthew G. , Bertolo Robert F. , Brunton Janet A.
Published: December 2012

The H+-coupled transporter, peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), is responsible for the uptake of dietary di- and tripeptides in the intestine. Using an in vivo continuously perfused gut loop model in Yucatan miniature pigs, we measured dipeptide disappearance from four 10 cm segments placed at equidistant sites along the length of the small intestine. Pigs were studied at 1, 2, 3 (suckling) and 6 weeks (post-weaning) postnatal age. Transport capability across the PepT1 transporter was assessed by measuring the disappearance of 3H-glycylsarcosine; real-time RT-PCR was also used to quantify PepT1 mRNA. Each of the regions of intestine studied demonstrated the capacity for dipeptide transport. There were no differences among age groups in transport rates measured in the most proximal intestine segment. Transport of 3H-glycylsarcosine was significantly higher in the ileal section in the youngest age group (1 week) compared with the other the suckling groups; however, all suckling piglet groups demonstrated lower ileal transport compared with the post-weaned pigs. Colonic PepT1 mRNA was maximal in the earliest weeks of development and decreased to its lowest point by week 6. These results suggest that peptide transport in the small intestine may be of importance during the first week of suckling and again with diet transition following weaning.
CHANGES IN ANTIOXIDANT ISOZYMES AS A BIOMARKER FOR CHARACTERIZING HIGH TEMPERATURE STRESS TOLERANCE IN RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) SPIKELETS
Authors: DAS SMRUTI , KRISHNAN P. , NAYAK MONALISA , RAMAKRISHNAN B.
Published: December 2012

High temperature stress at flowering can adversely affect rice yield, largely due to failure of fertilization. Oxidative damage can be a major reason inducing spikelet sterility in rice. In the present study, the effect of high temperatures on antioxidant metabolism in rice spikelets was characterised using nine different genotypes. Exposure to different temperatures at flowering stage revealed significant differences among various antioxidant enzymes in spikelets, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Spikelets of susceptible genotypes withstood temperature stress of up to 35 °C, those of moderately tolerant between 35 °C and 38 °C and those of tolerant genotypes up to 40 °C. Presence or absence, and changes in the isozyme intensities were consistent with alterations in their activities. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) isozymes II and III were present after exposure at 30 °C and 35 °C, while SOD I appeared above 40°C. Intensities of catalase isozymes I and III and the only isozyme of ascorbate peroxidase altered, while the only isozyme of guaical peroxidase and two (III and IV) of the four isozymes of catechol peroxidase disappeared after high temperature exposure of 45 °C. Thus, this work provides an evidence of the role of antioxidant metabolism in spikelets under high temperature stress conditions. Hence, changes in antioxidant isozymes in rice spikelets can be used as a biomarker for characterizing high temperature stress tolerance in rice spikelets.
Geographical variations inSalmonellaincidence in Israel 1997–2006: the effect of rural residency
Authors: WEINBERGER M. , AGMON V. , YARON S. , NISSAN I. , PERETZ C.
Published: December 2012

The overall incidence and serotype distribution of non-typhoidSalmonella(NTS) may vary between different geographical localities. To investigate possible regional differences and the effect of demographic factors, we studied 15 865 episodes of laboratory-confirmed NTS infection in Israel. Using Poisson models we found significant variation in the average annual incidence rate of NTS in 15 administrative sub-districts, which was inversely associated with the percent of rural residency (incidence rate ratio 0·75, 95% confidence interval 0·65–0·86,P < 0·001). Variation was also found in the relative incidence of the most prominent serotypes (Enteritidis, Virchow, Typhimurium, Hadar, Infantis), which was affected by rural residency, the percent of non-Jewish population in the sub-district, and the percent of population aged ⩾55 years in the sub-district. Rural residency had a major effect on the epidemiology of salmonellosis in Israel. Future research is required to understand whether decreased incidence in rural areas is an under-detection bias or reflects true differences in NTS illnesses.
Introduction
Authors: Celis Karen , Mazur Amy G.
Published: December 2012

Four decades after publication, Hanna Pitkin's The Concept
of Representation (1967), continues to resonate with
scholars of representation and democratic performance. Many contemporary
empirical and theoretical studies of politics begin and/or end with Pitkin's
seminal taxonomy of representation (formal, symbolic, descriptive, and
substantive representation); her definitions of these different forms of
representation; or her conceptualizations of the relationships between the
representative and the represented. This classic work still seems to provide
some of the crucial tools and concepts for analyses and critiques that focus
on the way in which and the extent to which policy decisions and
deliberative processes relate to society.
Factors reducing the cut-off frequency of resonant tunneling diodes
Authors: Alkeev Nikolay , Averin Stanislav , Dorofeev Aleksey , Gladysheva Nadezda
Published: December 2012

The impedance dependence of resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) based on the GaAs/AlAs heterosystem is investigated in the range of 0.1–40 GHz. The analysis shows that the impedance of about 90% of unbiased RTDs is well described by an equivalent circuit (EC) consisting of parallel-connected resistance and capacitance and an additional resistance connected in series with this parallel combination. When a bias voltage is applied to these RTDs, one needs a “quantum” inductance LQ to describe the impedance behavior. We find the value of LQ and calculate the delay time of electrons in the quantum well (QW) of an RTD. The impedance of the rest 10% of the RTDs is well described by an EC that takes into account the recharge of localized electron states at the heterointerfaces of the active layers. Expressions for the cut-off frequencies that take into account the delay of electrons in the QW and the localized electron states at the heterointerfaces are derived. It is shown that the delay of electrons in the QW and localized electron states at the heterointerfaces may significantly reduce the cut-off frequency of RTDs.
Spontaneous formation of dipolarization fronts and reconnection onset in the magnetotail
Authors: Sitnov M. I. , Buzulukova N. , Swisdak M. , Merkin V. G. , Moore T. E.
Published: December 2012

We present full‐particle simulations of 2‐D magnetotail current sheet equilibria with open boundaries and zero driving. The simulations show that spontaneous formation of dipolarization fronts and subsequent formation of magnetic islands are possible in equilibria with an accumulation of magnetic flux at the tailward end of a sufficiently thin current sheet. These results confirm recent findings in the linear stability of the ion tearing mode, including the predicted dependence of the tail current sheet stability on the amount of accumulated magnetic flux expressed in terms of the specific destabilization parameter. The initial phase of reconnection onset associated with the front formation represents a process of slippage of magnetic field lines with frozen‐in electrons relative to the ion plasma species. This non‐MHD process characterized by different motions of ion and electron species generates a substantial charge separation electric field normal to the front.
Cerebral Autoregulation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Comparison of Three Methods
Authors: Budohoski Karol P , Czosnyka Marek , Smielewski Peter , Varsos Georgios V , Kasprowicz Magdalena , Brady Ken M , Pickard John D , Kirkpatrick Peter J
Published: December 2012

In patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) failure of cerebral autoregulation is associated with delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Various methods of assessing autoregulation are available, but their predictive values remain unknown. We characterize the relationship between different indices of autoregulation. Patients with SAH within 5 days were included in a prospective study. The relationship between three indices of autoregulation was analyzed: two indices calculated using spontaneous blood pressure fluctuations, Sxa (based on transcranial Doppler) and TOxa (based on near-infrared spectroscopy); and transient hyperemic response test (THRT) where a brief compression of the common carotid artery is used. The predictive value of indices was assessed using data from the first 5 days. Overall there was only moderate correlation between indices. However, both Sxa and TOxa showed good accuracy in predicting impaired autoregulation evidenced by a negative THRT (area under the curve (AUC): 0.788, 95% CI: 0.723 to 0.854 and AUC: 0.827, 95% CI: 0.769 to 0.885, respectively). All indices proved accurate in predicting DCI when 0- to 5-day data were used (AUC: 0.801, 95% CI: 0.660 to 0.942; AUC: 0.857, 95% CI: 0.731 to 0.984, AUC: 0.796, 95% CI: 0.658 to 0.934 for THRT, Sxa, and TOxa, respectively). Combining all three indices had 100% specificity for predicting DCI. While multiple colinearities exist between the assessed methods, multimodal monitoring of cerebral autoregulation can aid in predicting DCI.