bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skeletal mineralogy of marine calcifying organisms shaped by seawater temperature and evolutionary history—A case study of cheilostome bryozoans
Authors: Piwoni‐Piórewicz Anna , Liow Lee Hsiang , Krzemińska Małgorzata , Chełchowski Maciej , Iglikowska Anna , Ronco Fabrizia , Mazurkiewicz Mikołaj , Smith Abigail M. , Gordon Dennis P. , Waeschenbach Andrea , Najorka Jens , Figuerola Blanca , Boonzaaier‐Davids Melissa K. , Achilleos Katerina , Mello Hannah , Florence Wayne K. , Vieira Leandro M. , Ostrovsky Andrew N. , Shunatova Natalia , Porter Joanne S. , Sokolover Noga , Cumming Robyn L. , Novosel Maja , O'Dea Aaron , Lombardi Chiara , Jain Sudhanshi S. , Huang Danwei , Kukliński Piotr
Published: June 2024

Aim

Quantify the contribution of environmental factors (water temperature, salinity and depth) and evolutionary history to varied skeletal mineralogy in calcifying marine organisms.

Location

Global Ocean.

Time period

Present.

Major taxa studied

Order: Cheilostomatida; Phylum: Bryozoa.

Methods

We employed X‐ray diffraction (XRD) to analyse the skeletal mineral composition of 872 individual colonies, representing 437 bryozoan species, in terms of calcite/aragonite ratios. We integrated these data with equivalent published data, thus reaching 981 species, and applied linear models (LMs), generalized linear models (GLMs) and phylogenetic generalized least squares models (PGLSs) to investigate the influences of temperature, salinity, depth and phylogenetic history on the mineralogy of nearly 1000 cheilostome bryozoan species.

Results

Cheilostome bryozoans vary considerably in their skeletal mineral composition: in our dataset 65% of the species possess purely calcite skeletons, 15% exclusively employ aragonite and 20% exhibit mixed (i.e. calcite and aragonite) mineralogies. Temperature is the predominant measured environmental factor influencing bryozoan skeletal mineralogy, accounting for 20% of its variability across species, when phylogenetic relatedness is unaccounted for. Bryozoans in lower latitudes, characterized by higher seawater temperatures, have higher aragonite concentrations. By accounting for phylogenetic structure using a subset of 87 species for which we have topological information, 40% of the observed mineralogical variability could be attributed to present‐day temperature. In contrast, depth and salinity played minor roles, explaining less than 1% of the mineralogical variation each.

Main conclusions

This study emphasizes the influence of evolutionary history on the mineralogical variability of calcifying organisms, even when it can be shown that a single environmental factor (temperature) explains a substantial amount of this variability. When confronted with changing temperature, calcifiers such as bryozoans are likely to respond in diverse ways, depending on the species, given their phylogenetic relatedness and the external conditions they meet.
Transcription of damage‐induced RNA in Arabidopsis was frequently initiated from DSB loci within the genic regions
Authors: Kawaguchi Kohei , Satoh Soichirou , Obokata Junichi
Published: June 2024

DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) are the most severe DNA lesions and need to be removed immediately to prevent loss of genomic information. Recently, it has been revealed that DSBs induce novel transcription from the cleavage sites in various species, resulting in RNAs being referred to as damage‐induced RNAs (diRNAs). While diRNA synthesis is an early event in the DNA damage response and plays an essential role in DSB repair activation, the location where diRNAs are newly generated in plants remains unclear, as does their transcriptional mechanism. Here, we performed the sequencing of polyadenylated (polyA) diRNAs that emerged around all DSB loci in Arabidopsis thaliana under the expression of the exogenous restriction enzyme Sbf I and observed 88 diRNAs transcribed via RNA polymerase II in 360 DSB loci. Most of the detected diRNAs originated within active genes and were transcribed from DSBs in a bidirectional manner. Furthermore, we found that diRNA elongation tends to terminate at the boundary of an endogenous gene located near DSB loci. Our results provide reliable evidence for understanding the importance of new transcription at DSBs and show that diRNA is a crucial factor for successful DSB repair.
Radial sclerosing lesions found on core needle biopsy: excision can be safely avoided
Authors: Grabenstetter Anne , Brennan Sandra B , Jochelson Maxine S , Brogi Edi , Morrow Monica , Tan Lee K , D'Alfonso Timothy M
Published: June 2024

Aims

Radial sclerosing lesions (RSLs) are benign breast lesions composed of glandular and epithelial proliferations with stellate architecture and fibro‐elastotic stroma, which can mimic invasive carcinoma on imaging. Surgical management following a core biopsy diagnosis of RSLs remains controversial.

Methods and results

We retrospectively identified core biopsies with RSLs without atypia who underwent subsequent surgical excision between 2015 and 2021. All core biopsy slides were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis. Imaging was reviewed to determine radiological–pathological concordance. An upgrade was defined as invasive carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in the excision. The final cohort consisted of 130 core biopsies from 124 women (median age = 52 years, range = 27–76). The imaging modality was mammogram in 52 (40%) cases, MRI in 52 (40%) and ultrasound in 26 (20%). One hundred and seven (82%) core biopsies were vacuum‐assisted and 23 (18%) were ultrasound‐guided without vacuum assistance. The median lesion size on imaging was 9 mm (range = 2–41). Overall, two (1%) cases were upgraded at excision, including one microinvasive lobular carcinoma and one 2 mm focus of invasive mammary carcinoma with associated DCIS. In both cases, the upgraded foci of carcinoma were not closely associated with the biopsy site and were considered incidental upgrades.

Conclusions

This study adds to the body of literature supporting observation, rather than routine excision of radial sclerosing lesions without atypia.
EMA beamline at Sirius: A versatile platform to probe glass and glass ceramics under extreme thermodynamic conditions
Authors: Pena Rafaella Bartz , da Silveira Rafael Abel , Hippler Gisele , Evaristo Leonardo de Lima , Corrêa Lucas Eduardo , do Carmo Danusa , Souza‐Neto Narcizo Marques , Pereira Altair Soria , Kaneko Ulisses Ferreira , Buchner Silvio , dos Reis Ricardo Donizeth
Published: June 2024

Glass and glass ceramics are very functional materials, albeit their structural complexity. Their relevance ranges from fundamental science problems in the fields of physics, chemistry, and geoscience, to applications in health areas, engineering, or technological matters that require high performance. Enhancing our understanding of these materials' performance and refining sample preparation methods remains paramount in this field. Synchrotron facilities offer a suite of powerful techniques for the detailed characterization of glasses and glass ceramics. These methods provide valuable insights into their atomic and molecular structure, phase transformations, mechanical behavior, and thermal properties, ultimately contributing to the development of improved materials for a wide range of applications. In‐depth investigations conducted under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature have yielded pivotal insights into densification mechanisms, phase transitions, crystallization kinetics, and their consequential macroscopic properties. The emergence of fourth‐generation synchrotrons brings in a wave of novel experimental possibilities that may exert a profound influence on this field in the coming decade. In this study, we unveil a selection of the remarkable capabilities now accessible to researchers at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Source—Sirius, within the realm of extreme methods of analysis (EMA) beamline for investigating vitreous systems under extreme conditions.
Parents and children in resettled refugee families: What are determinants of informational parental support?
Authors: van der Ent Barbara , van der Linden Meta , Dagevos Jaco
Published: June 2024

Parental support is vital for the well‐being and resilience of children with a refugee background as they navigate resettlement. However, providing such parental support is challenging for parents facing significant life changes due to involuntary migration and are unfamiliar with their new society. This study distinguishes between emotional and informational support, focusing on whether parents prioritize informational parental support–involving advice or exchanging information–and examines its determinants. We applied a multiple linear regression model on a data set with 254 recently‐arrived refugee parents of 10‐ to 16‐year‐olds. Results indicate that informational support is predicted by both the parent's educational level as well as their Dutch language proficiency. We conclude that enhancing language proficiency is crucial to empower parents in offering more informational support to their children, aiding their understanding of the new society.
SARS‐CoV‐2 Vaccination is Not Associated With Involuntary Childlessness in Female Healthcare Workers: A Multicenter Cohort Study
Authors: Dörr Tamara , Güsewell Sabine , Cusini Alexia , Brucher Angela , Goppel Stephan , Grässli Fabian , Betschon Elsbeth , Möller J. Carsten , Ortner Manuela , Ruetti Markus , Stocker Reto , Vuichard‐Gysin Danielle , Besold Ulrike , Risch Lorenz , von Kietzell Matthias , Schlegel Matthias , Kuster Stefan P. , Kahlert Christian R. , Kohler Philipp ,   for the SURPRISE (SURveillance of infectious diseases among health Professionals In SwitzErland) Study Group
Published: June 2024

Background

There is debate about the causes of the recent birth rate decline in high‐income countries worldwide. During the pandemic, concern about the effects on reproductive health has caused vaccine hesitancy. We investigated the association of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination and infection with involuntary childlessness.

Methods

Females in fertility age within a prospective multicenter cohort of healthcare workers (HCW) were followed since August 2020. Data on baseline health, SARS‐CoV‐2‐infection, and vaccination were obtained and regularly updated, in which serum samples were collected repetitively and screened for anti‐nucleocapsid and anti‐spike antibodies. In October 2023, participants indicated the presence of involuntary childlessness with onset during the pandemic, whereas those indicating an onset before the pandemic were excluded. The association of involuntary childlessness and SARS‐CoV‐2‐vaccination and infection was investigated using univariable and multivariable analysis. Sensitivity analysis was performed to compare those reporting involuntary childlessness with those birthing a child since 2020.

Results

Of 798 participants, 26 (3.2%) reported involuntary childlessness starting since the pandemic. Of the involuntary childless women, 73.1% (19/26) were vaccinated compared to 86.0% (664/772) without involuntary childlessness (p = 0.73). SARS‐CoV‐2 infection was reported by 76.9% (20/26) compared to 72.4% (559/772) of controls (p = 0.64). Neither SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination (aOR 0.91 per dose, 95%CI 0.67–1.26) nor infection (aOR per infection 1.05, 95%CI 0.62–1.71) was associated with involuntary childlessness. Sensitivity analysis confirmed these results.

Conclusions

Among female HCW of fertility age, 3.2% indicated involuntary childlessness, which is comparable to pre‐pandemic data. No association between involuntary childlessness and SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination or infection was found.
Machine learning‐based identification of a cell death‐related signature associated with prognosis and immune infiltration in glioma
Authors: Zhou Quanwei , Wu Fei , Zhang Wenlong , Guo Youwei , Jiang Xingjun , Yan Xuejun , Ke Yiquan
Published: June 2024

Accumulating evidence suggests that a wide variety of cell deaths are deeply involved in cancer immunity. However, their roles in glioma have not been explored. We employed a logistic regression model with the shrinkage regularization operator (LASSO) Cox combined with seven machine learning algorithms to analyse the patterns of cell death (including cuproptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, apoptosis and necrosis) in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. The performance of the nomogram was assessed through the use of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calibration curves. Cell‐type identification was estimated by using the cell‐type identification by estimating relative subsets of known RNA transcripts (CIBERSORT) and single sample gene set enrichment analysis methods. Hub genes associated with the prognostic model were screened through machine learning techniques. The expression pattern and clinical significance of MYD88 were investigated via immunohistochemistry (IHC). The cell death score represents an independent prognostic factor for poor outcomes in glioma patients and has a distinctly superior accuracy to that of 10 published signatures. The nomogram performed well in predicting outcomes according to time‐dependent ROC and calibration plots. In addition, a high‐risk score was significantly related to high expression of immune checkpoint molecules and dense infiltration of protumor cells, these findings were associated with a cell death‐based prognostic model. Upregulated MYD88 expression was associated with malignant phenotypes and undesirable prognoses according to the IHC. Furthermore, high MYD88 expression was associated with poor clinical outcomes and was positively related to CD163, PD‐L1 and vimentin expression in the in‐horse cohort. The cell death score provides a precise stratification and immune status for glioma. MYD88 was found to be an outstanding representative that might play an important role in glioma.
Utilizing Response Time for Item Selection in On‐the‐Fly Multistage Adaptive Testing for PISA Assessment
Authors: Tang Xiuxiu , Zheng Yi , Wu Tong , Hau Kit‐Tai , Chang Hua‐Hua
Published: June 2024

Multistage adaptive testing (MST) has been recently adopted for international large‐scale assessments such as Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). MST offers improved measurement efficiency over traditional nonadaptive tests and improved practical convenience over single‐item‐adaptive computerized adaptive testing (CAT). As a third alternative adaptive test design to MST and CAT, Zheng and Chang proposed the “on‐the‐fly multistage adaptive testing” (OMST), which combines the benefits of MST and CAT and offsets their limitations. In this study, we adopted the OMST design while also incorporating response time (RT) in item selection. Via simulations emulating the PISA 2018 reading test, including using the real item attributes and replicating PISA 2018 reading test's MST design, we compared the performance of our OMST designs against the simulated MST design in (1) measurement accuracy of test takers’ ability, (2) test time efficiency and consistency, and (3) expected gains in precision by design. We also investigated the performance of OMST in item bank usage and constraints management. Results show great potential for the proposed RT‐incorporated OMST designs to be used for PISA and potentially other international large‐scale assessments.
Global poverty: A Review of Measurement, Levels, and Trends in a Historical Perspective
Authors: Moatsos Michail
Published: June 2024

Global poverty both in terms of conceptualization and measurement has been the point of a long‐standing debate for at least the last 20 years. The debate mostly evolves around the appropriateness of the dominant dollar‐a‐day approach—conceptualized and popularized by the World Bank since the early 1990s—and the quest for (better) alternatives. The most prominent alternatives are the cost of basic needs method and the capabilities/multidimensional. However, the later lacks medium and long run global reach due to data limitations. In addition, global poverty estimates across the literature resist meaningful direct comparison due to the substantial methodological differences between each attempt, even using the same broad methodological framework. More welfare demanding definitions of cost of basic needs implementation, building upon the EAT‐Lancet healthy reference diet, indicate that global poverty has reduced at a much lower rate, and its estimates diverge at an increasing rate from the dollar‐a‐day definition of extreme poverty. This review compares the two main approaches on the definition and measurement of global poverty and contrasts available results with a focus in the long run implementations.
Pharmacologic management of trigeminal nerve injury after endodontic treatment: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Park Keun Jeong , Choi Eunhye , Jung Il Young , Kim Seong Taek
Published: June 2024

Background

Trigeminal nerve injury following endodontic treatment, leading to unpleasant sensations or partial sensory loss in the face or oral mucosa, is uncommon but significant when it occurs.

Objective

This study analysed the pharmacological management of trigeminal nerve injuries (TNI) in a university‐based hospital.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of 47 patients who visited the Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine at Yonsei University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea, after TNI following endodontic procedures in primary clinics. Both objective tests and subjective evaluations, assessed the extent and duration of sensory injury during the initial visit. The patient's initial symptoms, presumed cause of TNI, referral delay (time interval between TNI and the first visit to our clinic), and medications were analysed to determine whether these factors affected the outcomes.

Results

Most patients with TNI experienced dysesthesia with hypoesthesia (70.2%). The mandibular molars were predominantly affected (72.3%), with the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), lingual nerve (LN), both IAN and LN, and maxillary nerve compromised in 83.0, 12.8, 2.1, and 2.1% of cases, respectively. Causes of TNI included local anaesthesia (29.8%), overfilling/over‐instrumentation (25.5%), endodontic surgery (17.0%), and unknown factors (27.7%). A shorter referral delay was associated with better outcomes, with an average delay of 8.6 weeks for symptom improvement compared with 44.1 weeks for no change. The medication regimens included steroids, NSAIDs, topical lidocaine, vitamin B complex, Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), antiepileptics, antidepressants, and opioids administered alone or in combination, with a mean duration of 20.7 weeks. 53.2% of the patients reported improvement in their symptoms, 27.7% experienced no significant change, and 19.1% had unknown outcomes.

Conclusions

Swift referral to an orofacial pain specialist is recommended for effective recovery in cases of TNI arising from endodontic treatment.
Low‐energy red light‐emitting diode irradiation enhances osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells by regulating miR‐146a‐5p
Authors: Ren Yajiao , Wang Shifen , Li Hao , Li Jiaxin , Lan Xiaorong , Wang Yao
Published: June 2024

Aims

The study aimed to investigate the role of miR‐146a‐5p in osteogenesis of hPDLSCs irradiated with low‐energy red LEDs.

Methods

After irradiation with 5 J/cm2 red LED, miR‐146a‐5p expression was detected by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR), and osteogenic markers expression was determined by RT‐qPCR and Western blotting. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was assessed by ALP staining, and mineralization was assessed by Alizarin Red staining, respectively. Lentiviral vectors were designed to regulate miR‐146a‐5p expression. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay was performed to confirm the targeted relationship between miR‐146a‐5p and MAPK1. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to regulate MAPK1 expression.

Results

RT‐qPCR and western blotting revealed that 5 J/cm2 irradiation elevated the levels of the osteogenic markers osterix (OSX) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) in hPDLSCs. miR‐146a‐5p is downregulated in hPDLSCs under the low‐energy red LED light irradiation. miR‐146a‐5p underexpression markedly promoted the osteogenic potential of hPDLSCs. miR‐146a‐5p targeted MAPK1. 5 J/cm2 red LED irradiation rescued the inhibitory effects of upregulated miR‐146a‐5p on osteogenic differentiation, and the positive influence of red LED irradiation could be reversed by downregulated MAPK1.

Conclusion

These findings confirm that miR‐146a‐5p is involved in the effect of LED irradiation on the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs by targeting MAPK1. Red LED irradiation may be a potential clinical adjunct therapy for periodontal regeneration.
Robots at work: New evidence with recent data
Authors: Almeida Derick , Sequeira Tiago Neves
Published: June 2024

We reassess the relationship between robotization and the growth in labor productivity with more recent data. We discover that the effect of robot density in the growth productivity substantially decreased in the post‐2008 period. In this period, the lower positive effect of robot density in the growth of labor productivity is less dependent on the increase in value added. The data analysis dismisses any positive effect of robotization on hours worked. Results are confirmed by several robustness checks, cross‐sectional (and panel‐data) Instrumental Variable and quantile regression analysis. By means of the quantile regression analysis, we learn that the effect of robots on labor productivity is stronger for low productivity sectors and that in the most recent period, the effect of robotization felt significantly throughout the distribution. This highlights one of the possible sources of stagnation in the era of robotization and have implication both for labor market and R&D policies.
Bacterial chromatin proteins, transcription, and DNA topology: Inseparable partners in the control of gene expression
Authors: Hustmyer Christine M. , Landick Robert
Published: June 2024

DNA in bacterial chromosomes is organized into higher‐order structures by DNA‐binding proteins called nucleoid‐associated proteins (NAPs) or bacterial chromatin proteins (BCPs). BCPs often bind to or near DNA loci transcribed by RNA polymerase (RNAP) and can either increase or decrease gene expression. To understand the mechanisms by which BCPs alter transcription, one must consider both steric effects and the topological forces that arise when DNA deviates from its fully relaxed double‐helical structure. Transcribing RNAP creates DNA negative (−) supercoils upstream and positive (+) supercoils downstream whenever RNAP and DNA are unable to rotate freely. This (−) and (+) supercoiling generates topological forces that resist forward translocation of DNA through RNAP unless the supercoiling is constrained by BCPs or relieved by topoisomerases. BCPs also may enhance topological stress and overall can either inhibit or aid transcription. Here, we review current understanding of how RNAP, BCPs, and DNA topology interplay to control gene expression.
ppGpp is a dual‐role regulator involved in balancing iron absorption and prodiginine biosynthesis in Pseudoalteromonas
Authors: Wei Ning , Zha Fanglan , Zhou Luosai , Xu Hongyang , Liu Zhuangzhuang , Meng Qiu , Zhu Tingheng , Yin Jianhua , Yu Zhiliang
Published: June 2024

Iron is an essential element for microbial survival and secondary metabolism. However, excess iron availability and overloaded secondary metabolites can hinder microbial growth and survival. Microorganisms must tightly control iron homeostasis and secondary metabolism. Our previous studies have found that the stringent starvation protein A (SspA) positively regulates prodiginine biosynthesis by activating iron uptake in Pseudoalteromonas sp. strain R3. It is believed that the interaction between SspA and the small nucleotide ppGpp is important for iron to exert regulation functions. However, the roles of ppGpp in iron absorption and prodiginine biosynthesis, and the underlying relationship between ppGpp and SspA in strain R3 remain unclear. In this study, we found that ppGpp accumulation in strain R3 could be induced by limiting iron. In addition, ppGpp not only positively regulated iron uptake and prodiginine biosynthesis via increasing the SspA level but also directly repressed iron uptake and prodiginine biosynthesis independent of SspA, highlighting the finding that ppGpp can stabilize both iron levels and prodiginine production. Notably, the abolishment of ppGpp significantly increased prodiginine production, thus providing a theoretical basis for manipulating prodiginine production in the future. This dynamic ppGpp‐mediated interaction between iron uptake and prodiginine biosynthesis has significant implications for understanding the roles of nutrient uptake and secondary metabolism for the survival of bacteria in unfavorable environments.
Two‐pore channel 2 is required for soluble adenylyl cyclase‐dependent regulation of melanosomal pH and melanin synthesis
Authors: Zhou Dalee , Eraslan Zuhal , Miller Dawson , Taylor Isobel , You Jaewon , Grondin Samuel J. , Vega Martha , Manga Prashiela , Goff Philip S. , Sviderskaya Elena V. , Gross Steven S. , Chen Qiuying , Zippin Jonathan H.
Published: June 2024

Melanosomal pH is important for the synthesis of melanin as the rate‐limiting enzyme, tyrosinase, is very pH‐sensitive. The soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) signaling pathway was recently identified as a regulator of melanosomal pH in melanocytes; however, the melanosomal proteins critical for sAC‐dependent regulation of melanosomal pH were undefined. We now systematically examine four well‐characterized melanosomal membrane proteins to determine whether any of them are required for sAC‐dependent regulation of melanosomal pH. We find that OA1, OCA2, and SLC45A2 are dispensable for sAC‐dependent regulation of melanosomal pH. In contrast, TPC2 activity is required for sAC‐dependent regulation of melanosomal pH and melanin synthesis. In addition, activation of TPC2 by NAADP‐AM rescues melanosomal pH alkalinization and reduces melanin synthesis following pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of sAC signaling. These studies establish TPC2 as a critical melanosomal protein for sAC‐dependent regulation of melanosomal pH and pigmentation.
Modulatory effect of vitamin B6 on sex hormone receptors, thyroid, and kisspeptin/kiss1r system in the uterus of pseudopregnant bitches
Authors: Santos Luciano Cardoso , Santana Larissa Rodrigues , Niella Raquel Vieira , Machado William Morais , Silva Juneo Freitas , Snoeck Paola Pereira das Neves
Published: June 2024

This study evaluated whether the treatment of pseudopregnancy in bitches with vitamin B6 modulates uterine expression of receptors for progesterone (PR), oestrogen (ERα), androgen (AR), thyroid hormone (TRα) and the kisspeptin/Kiss1r system. Eighteen pseudopregnant bitches were treated for 20 days in groups receiving placebo (n = 6); cabergoline (5 μg/kg/day; n = 6); or vitamin B6 (50 mg/kg/day; n = 6). Blood was collected on the 1st day of drug administration and 120 h later to measure serum prolactin (PRL). After treatment, they were ovariohysterectomized and uterine fragments were collected for histomorphometry and immunohistochemical evaluation of PR, ERα, AR, TRα, Kiss1 and Kiss1r. After 120 h of cabergoline or vitamin B6 treatment, PRL levels were reduced in the bitches, confirming the antiprolactinemic effect of these drugs. Furthermore, regardless of treatment, the animals exhibited uterine histomorphometry consistent with dioestrus. The PR showed strong immunostaining in all regions and an increase in scores was observed for this receptor in animals treated with vitamin B6 in deep glands. In contrast, ERα and Kiss1R receptors showed weak to no immunostaining in all uterine regions and no changes between groups. Regarding AR, most animals treated with vitamin B6 showed increased trends in the deep gland and myometrium marking scores. In contrast, in both vitamin B6 and cabergoline treatments, a reduction in TRα marking scores was observed compared to the control group. In addition, on the endometrial surface, a reduction was observed in the marked area of Kiss1 after administration of cabergoline when compared to the pseudopregnant control group. These findings shed valuable insight into the use of vitamin B6 as a drug with actions similar to cabergoline in reducing PRL and uterine modulation in bitches.
Harmonizing fiscal policy: Indirect taxes and global public goods
Authors: Lopez‐Garcia Miguel‐Angel
Published: June 2024

This article focuses on the welfare effects of the interaction of a rule of indirect tax harmonization under the destination principle and the provision of public goods that are global in nature. It stresses the role of international transfers between governments set in order to equalize the social (i.e., worldwide) marginal cost of public funds across countries. Under this condition, it is shown how the combination of the tax and expenditure side of such a “harmonizing fiscal policy” can give rise to a potential Pareto improvement. This requires considering aggregate revenue effects (and the ensuing effects on the provision of public goods) of the fiscal reform jointly with under/over provision of public goods in the (first‐best) Samuelson sense.
The effect of female breast surface area on heat‐activated sweat gland density and output
Authors: Blount Hannah , Valenza Alessandro , Ward Jade , Caggiari Silvia , Worsley Peter R. , Filingeri Davide
Published: June 2024

Female development includes significant morphological changes across the breast. Yet, whether differences in breast surface area (BrSA) modify sweat gland density and output remains unclear. The present study investigated the relationship between BrSA and sweat gland density and output in 22 young to middle‐aged women (2810 years) of varying breast sizes (BrSA range: 147–561 cm2) during a submaximal run in a warm environment (32 0.6°C; 53 1.7% relative humidity). Local sweat gland density and local sweat rate (LSR) above and below the nipple and at the bra triangle were measured. Expired gases were monitored for the estimation of evaporative requirements for heat balance (Ereq, in W/m2). Associations between BrSA and (i) sweat gland density; (ii) LSR; and (iii) sweat output per gland for the breast sites were determined via correlation and regression analyses. Our results indicated that breast sweat gland density decreased linearly as BrSA increased (r = −0.76, P < 0.001), whereas sweat output per gland remained constant irrespective of BrSA (r = 0.29, P = 0.28). This resulted in LSR decreasing linearly as BrSA increased (r = −0.62, P = 0.01). Compared to the bra triangle, the breast had a 64% lower sweat gland density (P < 0.001), 83% lower LSR (P < 0.001) and 53% lower output per gland (P < 0.001). BrSA (R2 = 0.33, P = 0.015) explained a greater proportion of variance in LSR than Ereq (in W/m2) (R2 = 0.07, P = 0.538). These novel findings extend the known relationship between body morphology and sweat gland density and LSR, to the female breast. This knowledge could innovate user‐centred design of sports bras by accommodating breast size‐specific needs for sweat management, skin wetness perception and comfort.
Atomic layer etching of SiCO films with surface modification by O2 and CF4/NH3/Ar plasmas and desorption by IR annealing
Authors: McDowell Nicholas , Scott-McCabe Ritchie , Phan Phuc N. , Kobayashi Hiroyuki , Miyoshi Nobuya
Published: June 2024

Thermal atomic layer etching (ALE) is one promising method to achieve atomic level precision and high conformality over three-dimensional structures that can further enable the manufacturing of gate-all-around devices. Initially, an ALE process using CF4/NH3/Ar remote plasma exposure followed by infrared (IR) annealing was studied on SiCO films. The process showed self-limiting behavior and achieved an etch per cycle (EPC) of 0.2 nm/cycle. To increase the EPC, an O2 remote plasma exposure step was added before the CF4/NH3/Ar plasma exposure step in the ALE cycle. The process achieved an EPC of 1.0 nm/cycle. Measurements of the EPC of the SiCO film showed self-limiting behavior in both the O2 and CF4/NH3/Ar steps. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed an increase in atomic concentration (AC) of oxygen while the AC of carbon decreased following the exposure of the film to an O2 remote plasma. The results indicate that methyl groups (-CH3) in the top layers of the film are being replaced by hydroxyl (-OH) groups and Si-O-Si bonding. The N1s spectrum showed the formation of an ammonium fluorosilicate (NH4)2SiF6-based surface-modified layer following exposure to a CF4/NH3/Ar remote plasma. IR annealing of the film showed desorption of the ammonium fluorosilicate surface-modified layer and the return to an as grown SiCO film surface composition.
Physiological Profiles of Male and Female CrossFit Athletes
Authors: D’Hulst Gommaar , Hodžić Deni , Leuenberger Rahel , Arnet Janik , Westerhuis Elena , Roth Ralf , Schmidt-Trucksäss Arno , Knaier Raphael , Wagner Jonathan
Published: June 2024

Objective: To (1) establish extensive physiological profiles of highly trained CrossFit® athletes using gold-standard tests and (2) investigate which physiological markers best correlate with CrossFit Open performance. Methods: This study encompassed 60 participants (30 men and 30 women), all within the top 5% of the CrossFit Open, including 7 CrossFit semifinalists and 3 CrossFit Games finalists. Isokinetic dynamometers were employed to measure maximum isometric and isokinetic leg and trunk strength. Countermovement-jump height and maximum isometric midthigh-pull strength were assessed on a force plate. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was measured by a cardiopulmonary exercise test, and critical power and W′ were evaluated during a 3-minute all-out test, both on a cycle ergometer. Results: Male and female athletes’ median (interquartile range) VO2peak was 4.64 (4.43, 4.80) and 3.21 (3.10, 3.29) L·min−1, critical power 314.5 (285.9, 343.6) and 221.3 (200.9, 238.9) W, and midthigh pull 3158 (2690, 3462) and 2035 (1728, 2347) N. Linear-regression analysis showed strong evidence for associations between different anthropometric variables and CrossFit Open performance in men and women, whereas for markers of cardiorespiratory fitness such as VO2peak, this was only true for women but not men. Conventional laboratory evaluations of strength, however, manifested minimal evidence for associations with CrossFit Open performance across both sexes. Conclusions: This study provides the first detailed insights into the physiology of high-performing CrossFit athletes and informs training optimization. Furthermore, the results emphasize the advantage of athletes with shorter limbs and suggest potential modifications to CrossFit Open workout designs to level the playing field for athletes across different anthropometric characteristics.
Genome wide nucleosome landscape shapes 3D chromatin organization
Authors: Fouziya Shah , Krietenstein Nils , Mir Ulfat Syed , Mieczkowski Jakub , Khan Masood A. , Baba Aemon , Dar Mohmmad Abaas , Altaf Mohammad , Wani Ajazul H.
Published: June 2024

The hierarchical chromatin organization begins with formation of nucleosomes, which fold into chromatin domains punctuated by boundaries and ultimately chromosomes. In a hierarchal organization, lower levels shape higher levels. However, the dependence of higher-order 3D chromatin organization on the nucleosome-level organization has not been studied in cells. We investigated the relationship between nucleosome-level organization and higher-order chromatin organization by perturbing nucleosomes across the genome by deleting
Imitation SWItch
(
ISWI
) and
Chromodomain Helicase DNA-binding
(
CHD1
) chromatin remodeling factors in budding yeast. We find that changes in nucleosome-level properties are accompanied by changes in 3D chromatin organization. Short-range chromatin contacts up to a few kilo–base pairs decrease, chromatin domains weaken, and boundary strength decreases. Boundary strength scales with accessibility and moderately with width of nucleosome-depleted region. Change in nucleosome positioning seems to alter the stiffness of chromatin, which can affect formation of chromatin contacts. Our results suggest a biomechanical “bottom-up” mechanism by which nucleosome distribution across genome shapes 3D chromatin organization.
Plasma membrane abundance dictates phagocytic capacity and functional cross-talk in myeloid cells
Authors: Winer Benjamin Y. , Settle Alexander H. , Yakimov Alexandrina M. , Jeronimo Carlos , Lazarov Tomi , Tipping Murray , Saoi Michelle , Sawh Anjelique , Sepp Anna-Liisa L. , Galiano Michael , Perry Justin S. A. , Wong Yung Yu , Geissmann Frederic , Cross Justin , Zhou Ting , Kam Lance C. , Pasolli H. Amalia , Hohl Tobias , Cyster Jason G. , Weiner Orion D. , Huse Morgan
Published: June 2024

Professional phagocytes like neutrophils and macrophages tightly control what they consume, how much they consume, and when they move after cargo uptake. We show that plasma membrane abundance is a key arbiter of these cellular behaviors. Neutrophils and macrophages lacking the G protein subunit Gβ
4
exhibited profound plasma membrane expansion, accompanied by marked reduction in plasma membrane tension. These biophysical changes promoted the phagocytosis of bacteria, fungus, apoptotic corpses, and cancer cells. We also found that Gβ
4
-deficient neutrophils are defective in the normal inhibition of migration following cargo uptake. Sphingolipid synthesis played a central role in these phenotypes by driving plasma membrane accumulation in cells lacking Gβ
4
. In Gβ
4
knockout mice, neutrophils not only exhibited enhanced phagocytosis of inhaled fungal conidia in the lung but also increased trafficking of engulfed pathogens to other organs. Together, these results reveal an unexpected, biophysical control mechanism central to myeloid functional decision-making.
Setu: a pipeline for the robust assembly of SARS-CoV-2 genomes
Authors: Shukla Nityendra , Srivastava Neha , Srivastava Prachi , Narayan Jitendra
Published: June 2024

Setu is an efficient pipeline integrating currently available open source bioinformatic tools to perform rapid
de novo
assembly to assist tracking of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 genome evolution in clinical data, being particularly useful for institutions with limited computing resources or personnel not familiar with bioinformatic pipelines.
Pleistocene to recent evolution of Mocho-Choshuenco volcano during growth and retreat of the Patagonian Ice Sheet
Authors: Moreno-Yaeger Pablo , Singer Brad S. , Edwards Benjamin R. , Jicha Brian R. , Nachlas William O. , Kurz Mark D. , E. Breunig Rachel , Fustos-Toribio Ivo , Antipán Daniel Vásquez , Piergrossi Ella
Published: June 2024

Mocho-Choshuenco volcano (39.9°S, 72.0°W) produced ~75 explosive eruptions following retreat of the >1.5-km-thick Patagonian Ice Sheet associated with the local Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, from 35 to 18 ka). Here, we extend this record of volcanic evolution to include pre- and syn-LGM lavas that erupted during the Pleistocene. We establish a long-term chronology of magmatic and volcanic evolution and evaluate the relationship between volcanism and loading/unloading of the Patagonian Ice Sheet via twenty-four 40Ar/39Ar and two 3He age determinations integrated with stratigraphy and whole-rock compositions of lava flows and glass compositions of tephra. Our findings reveal that the edifice is much younger than previously thought and preserves 106 km3 of eruptive products, of which 50% were emplaced immediately following the end of the penultimate glaciation and 20% after the end of the LGM. A period of volcanic inactivity between 37 and 26 ka, when glaciers expanded, was followed by the eruption of incompatible element-rich basaltic andesites. Several of these syn-LGM lavas dated between 26 and 16 ka, which crop out at 1500–1700 m above sea level, show ice contact features that are consistent with emplacement against a 1400- to 1600-m-thick Patagonian Ice Sheet. Small volume dacitic eruptions and two explosive rhyolitic eruptions dominate the volcanic output from 18 to 8 ka, when the Patagonian Ice Sheet began to retreat rapidly. We hypothesize that increased lithostatic loading as the Patagonian Ice Sheet grew prohibited dike propagation, thus stalling the ascent of magma, promoting growth of at least three discrete magma reservoirs, and enhancing minor crustal assimilation to generate incompatible element-rich basaltic andesitic to dacitic magmas that erupted between 26 and 17 ka. From an adjacent reservoir, incompatible element-poor dacites erupted from 17 to 12 ka. These lava flows were followed by the caldera-forming eruption at 11.5 ka of 5.3 km3 of rhyolite from a deeper reservoir atop which a silicic melt lens had formed and expanded. Subsequent eruptions of oxidized dacitic magmas from the Choshuenco cone from 11.5 to 8 ka were followed by andesitic to dacitic eruptions at the more southerly Mocho cone, as well as small flank vent eruptions of basaltic andesite at 2.5 and 0.5 ka. This complex history reflects a multi-reservoir plumbing system beneath Mocho-Choshuenco, which is characterized by depths of magma storage, oxidation states, and trace element compositions that vary over short periods of time (<2 k.y.).
New data-driven method to predict the therapeutic indication of redeemed prescriptions in secondary data sources: a case study on antiseizure medications users aged ≥65 identified in Danish registries
Authors: Mahmoud Israa , Battini Vera , Carnovale Carla , Clementi Emilio , Kragholm Kristian , Sessa Maurizio
Published: June 2024

Objectives

We aimed to develop a new data-driven method to predict the therapeutic indication of redeemed prescriptions in secondary data sources using antiepileptic drugs among individuals aged ≥65 identified in Danish registries.

Design

This was an incident new-user register-based cohort study using Danish registers.

Setting

The study setting was Denmark and the study period was 2005–2017.

Participants

Participants included antiepileptic drug users in Denmark aged ≥65 with a confirmed diagnosis of epilepsy.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Sensitivity served as the performance measure of the algorithm.

Results

The study population comprised 8609 incident new users of antiepileptic drugs. The sensitivity of the algorithm in correctly predicting the therapeutic indication of antiepileptic drugs in the study population was 65.3% (95% CI 64.4 to 66.2).

Conclusions

The algorithm demonstrated promising properties in terms of overall sensitivity for predicting the therapeutic indication of redeemed antiepileptic drugs by older individuals with epilepsy, correctly identifying the therapeutic indication for 6 out of 10 individuals using antiepileptic drugs for epilepsy.
Early family socioeconomic status and asthma-related outcomes in school-aged children: Results from seven birth cohort studies
Authors: Yang-Huang Junwen , McGrath Jennifer J , Gauvin Lise , Nikiéma Beatrice , Spencer Nicholas James , Awad Yara Abu , Clifford Susan , Markham Wolfgang , Mensah Fiona , Andersson White Pär , Ludvigsson Johnny , Faresjö Tomas , Duijts Liesbeth , van Grieken Amy , Raat Hein
Published: June 2024

Objective

To examine the associations between maternal education and household income during early childhood with asthma-related outcomes in children aged 9–12 years in the UK, the Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, the USA and Canada.

Methods

Data on 31 210 children were obtained from 7 prospective birth cohort studies across six countries. Asthma-related outcomes included ever asthma, wheezing/asthma attacks and medication control for asthma. Relative social inequalities were estimated using pooled risk ratios (RRs) adjusted for potential confounders (child age, sex, mother ethnic background and maternal age) for maternal education and household income. The Slope Index of Inequality (SII) was calculated for each cohort to evaluate absolute social inequalities.

Results

Ever asthma prevalence ranged from 8.3% (Netherlands) to 29.1% (Australia). Wheezing/asthma attacks prevalence ranged from 3.9% (Quebec) to 16.8% (USA). Pooled RRs for low (vs high) maternal education and low (vs high) household income were: ever asthma (education 1.24, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.37; income 1.28, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.43), wheezing/asthma attacks (education 1.14, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.35; income 1.22, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.44) and asthma with medication control (education 1.16, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.40; income 1.25, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.55). SIIs supported the lower risk for children with more highly educated mothers and those from higher-income households in most cohorts, with few exceptions.

Conclusions

Social inequalities by household income on the risk of ever asthma, wheezing/asthma attacks, and medication control for asthma were evident; the associations were attenuated for maternal education. These findings support the need for prevention policies to address the relatively high risks of respiratory morbidity in children in families with low socioeconomic status.
Dietary supplement use among military personnel: international patterns and motivations for use
Authors: McClung James P , Charlot K , Rowland D , Fallowfield J L , Malgoyre A , Pravst I
Published: June 2024

Dietary supplements, products that contain one or more dietary ingredients, or their components, typically in a concentrated form, are often consumed for purported health and performance benefits. The frequency, forms and motivations for dietary supplement use may differ between civilian and military populations. The objective of this manuscript is to review patterns and trends in dietary supplement use in military personnel from the USA, France, the UK and Slovenia. Main findings indicate that dietary supplement use may be higher in military personnel as compared with civilian populations. Factors motivating dietary supplement use in military personnel include physical and cognitive performance, recovery, and the maintenance of body weight and composition, whereas civilian populations tend to be motivated by health and wellness. Commonly used dietary supplements in military populations, such as proteins and amino acids, may be associated with performance, body weight management and body composition. The relationship between dietary supplement use and the frequency and severity of adverse events, along with the potential benefits of dietary supplements, has not been carefully assessed in military populations and should be the focus of future studies.
The Arrhenia peltigerina complex—preliminary report
Authors: Voitk Andrus , Saar Irja , Burzynski Michael , Corriol Gilles
Published: June 2024

Phylogenetic study of Arrhenia peltigerina revealed a complex of seven divergent clades. Type specimens of Agaricus peltigerinus and Omphalina cupulatoides fell into separate clades; the latter was recombined as Arrhenia cupulatoides. Four clades were described as new species: Arr. baltica, Arr. fennoscandica, Arr. mohniensis, and Arr. talpoides; the fifth, with only a single specimen, was left formally undescribed. These cryptic species are uncommon—more so in North America than Scandinavia—and collections are often misidentified. Spore measurements separated Arr. baltica from the others by its narrower spores; average measurements help separate some species a bit better than ranges. So far, Arr. peltigerina was found only in North America, Arr. mohniensis and Arr. talpoides in both Europe and North America, and the remainder only in Europe. The host species of Peltigera was Peltigera hymenina for Arr. cupulatoides, Peltigera rufescens for Arr. baltica, and varied for the others. All but one collection came from soil over calcareous bedrock. Small sample size does not permit assigning high confidence to noted interspecific differences; these await confirmation by greater experience from future study.