bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Percutaneous Transfemoral Coronary Arteriography Without Systemic Anticoagulation—A Review of 648 Consecutive Procedures
Authors: Rich John M. , Cobb Tyson C. , Leighton Richard F.
Published: February 2007

Experience with 648 consecutive percutaneous transfemoral coronary arteriograms and left ventriculograms performed in a teaching laboratory without the use of systemic anticoagulation during the procedure was reviewed. Only 1 death was felt to be related to a procedure, and this occurred 3 weeks after a myocardial infarction. There were 10 myocardial infarctions or emboli, 8 cerebral vascular accidents, and 7 femoral artery complications. Only 1 patient experienced a residual neurologic change following a procedure‐related cerebral vascular accident, and this was a mild visual field defect. Clotting of the catheter without sequelae but necessitating procedural changes occurred in 10 instances. The transient nature of the neurologic deficits and the low mortality suggest that the emboli which occurred in these patients were small, possibly platelet‐fibrin accumulations. It is postulated that with the use of careful technic larger emboli capable of producing myocardial infarction with shock or disabling cerebral vascular accidents can be prevented, even in a training situation. However, smaller embolic phenomena probably cannot be completely avoided by the use of careful technic, and it is for prevention of small emboli that systemic anticoagulation with heparin may be of value.
Wegener's Granulomatosis: Angiographic Study and Case Report with Prolonged Survival
Authors: Edelstein Michael M. , Wexler Morton , Freed Ezekiel
Published: February 2007

In the limited form of Wegener's granulomatosis pulmonary arteries were pruned and slightly stretched by a cavitating granuloma. Bronchial and renal vasculature were normal. The microscopic focal small vessel changes are not appreciable at angiography.

Therefore, angiography is of no value in establishing the diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis.
Coronary Arterial Spasm in Classic Angina Pectoris
Authors: Chahine Robert A. , Raizner Albert E. , Luchi Robert J.
Published: February 2007

A 47‐year‐old black male who presented with classical angina pectoris and positive exercise test developed spasm of the right coronary artery in the vicinity of an atherosclerotic lesion resulting in transient total occlusion of the vessel. It seemed unlikely that spasm was catheter induced in this case, and the vessel relaxed promptly following nitroglycerin administration. The occurrence of severe spasm in proximity to atherosclerotic narrowing of coronary artery may contribute to stable and unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden death in patients with these conditions coexisting. The awareness of such a phenomenon is necessary to avoid serious errors in the interpretation of coronary angiograms.
Origin of the Sinoatrial Node and Atrioventricular Node Arteries in Right, Mixed, and Left Inferior Emphasis Systems
Authors: Vieweg W. V. R. , Alpert J. S. , Hagan A. D.
Published: February 2007

The origin of the sinoatrial node artery (SAN) and atrioventricular node artery (AVN) was determined for 118 patients with normal coronary arteriograms. The coronary arteriograms of the 118 patients were divided into right (66.1%), mixed (26.3%), and left (7.6%) inferior emphasis systems. The SAN arose from the right coronary artery in 53%, the left coronary artery in 35%, and had a dual origin in 11%. The proximal right coronary artery was the origin of the SAN in 48.7% of right, 60.5% of mixed, and 55.6% of left inferior emphasis systems. The left coronary artery was the origin of the SAN in 38.5% of right, 25.8% of mixed, and 44.4% of left inferior emphasis systems. The AVN arose from the right coronary artery in 84%, the left coronary artery in 8%, and from both in 8% of the 118 patients. The right coronary artery was the origin of the AVN in 98.7% of right, 74.2% of mixed, and 0% of left inferior emphasis systems. The left coronary artery was the origin of the AVN in 0% of right, 25.8% of mixed, and 100% of left inferior emphasis systems.
The Echocardiographic Diagnosis of “Concealed” Tricuspid Stenosis
Authors: Schloss Michael , Kronzon Itzhak
Published: February 2007

A case is presented of a 42‐yr old woman with rheumatic heart disease in whom cardiac catheterization revealed severe mitral stenosis and a low cardiac output, but no gradient across the tricuspid valve. Echocardiography clearly demonstrated the presence of tricuspid stenosis and the valve was found to be severely stenotic at surgery. This establishes the value of echocardiography in detecting tricuspid stenosis and suggests that, in some cases, it may be more sensitive than cardiac catherization in detecting this lesion.
Echocardiographic findings in a patient with primary pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Lense Lloyd D. , Kronzon Itzhak , Danilowicz Delores , Schloss Michael , Singh Amarjit
Published: February 2007

This is a report of the echocardiographic findings in a 9‐year‐old white female with primary pulmonary arterial hypertension confirmed by catheterization and later at autopsy. The reported findings of an absent “a” wave, a flat diastolic E to F slope, and a midsystolic closure of the pulmonic valve were observed. In addition, tricuspid valve prolapse was noted. Prolapse of the tricuspid valve may be part of the mechanism of tricuspid insufficiency in a patient with pulmonary hypertension.
Comparison of left and right ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Russell Richard O. , Dowling John T. , Burdeshaw John , Turner Malcolm E. , Rackley Charles E.
Published: February 2007

Pulmonary arterial end‐diastolic and mean right atrial pressures were compared in 25 patients with acute myocardial infarction and in one patient with unstable angina. No consistent relationship was observed between these pressures. Simultaneous ventricular function curves relating the stroke work of each ventricle to its respective filling pressure were constructed on 34 occasions, dextran infusion or diuresis being used to alter the filling pressure. The curves from each ventricle were described mathematically by a quadratic (parabolic) function as well as by a straight line function and then compared by canonical correlation analysis. Alterations in the left ventricular function curves occurred with and without depression of right ventricular function curves. These hemodynamic measurements demonstrate that acute myocardial infarction can alter the relationship between left and right ventricular function.
The clinical and angiographic spectrum of isolated, nondominant, left circumflex coronary disease
Authors: Moskowitz Ralph M. , Kronzon Itzhak , Schloss Michael , Glassman Ephraim
Published: February 2007

Sixteen of 994 patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease and dominant right coronary arteries had isolated left circumflex obstruction. Of these, 6 patients had significant (75%) narrowing in the main circumflex, 10 in 1 of the marginal branches and 1 in the atrioventricular groove branch. Angina was mild in 5, moderate to severe in 8, and unstable in 1. Four patients had prior myocardial infarction (MI), and 1 had a recent MI complicated by posterior papillary muscle rupture. The EKG was normal in 5, showed an MI in 2, LBBB in 1, RBBB in 2, ST‐T wave changes in 3, LVH in 2, and atrial fibrillation in 2. Left ventricular angiography performed in the right anterior oblique projection revealed normal contraction in 9 patients, apical hypokinesis in 4, posterobasal hypokinesis in 1, and diffuse hypokinesis in 2. The left ventricular end diastolic pressure was normal in 11 patients and elevated in 5. The cardiac index was normal in 12 patients and reduced in 2. Isolated, nondominant, left circumflex coronary disease is an uncommon entity in symptomatic patients. However, when present, it may produce significant clinical and hemodynamic impairment.
Design for obtaining the half‐axial projection
Authors: Kato Warren , Wong Maylene
Published: February 2007

A device for obtaining the half‐axial projection complementing single plane cine equipment is described. The design enables a single technician to raise and lower the patient's upper half of the body between 0° and 20° of longitudinal deviation from the rotating cradle, set between 0° and 70° of horizontal deviation. Materials cost less than $100 and can be assembled by personnel in most hospitals.
Incidence and age distribution of patients with myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteriograms
Authors: Thompson S. I. , Vieweg W. V. R. , Alpert J. S. , Hagan A. D.
Published: February 2007

Over a 41 month period selective coronary arteriography was performed on all patients age 35 and under seen at our hospital with a documented myocardial infarction. In these 25 patients, 4 (16%) demonstrated no arteriographic evidence of coronary artery disease. One‐hundred and fifty‐two patients over age 35 with a documented myocardial infarction underwent selective coronary arteriography during the same period. In each of the 152 cases, obstructive coronary artery disease was demonstrated. The generally favorable prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteriograms has been previously documented. On the basis of our experience and a review of the literature, it is recommended that all patients age 35 and under sustaining a myocardial infarction should undergo selective coronary arteriography, in order to establish prognosis.
Selective cannulation of the anterior interventricular vein and coronary sinus: Potential applications
Authors: Chatterjee Kanu , Magnusson Peter , Kaushik V. S. , Swan H. J. C.
Published: February 2007

A technique of cannulation of the anterior interventricular vein (AIV) selectively, along with selective cannulation of the coronary sinus, is described. The technique was successful in 61 of 82 patients (76%) in whom it was attempted. There were no serious complications. The technique allows one to obtain blood samples simultaneously from the anterior interventricular vein and the coronary sinus, so that the metabolism of the left ventricular anterior wall and that of the overall left ventricle can be studied. Possible clinical applications of simultaneous investigation of the left ventricular anterior wall and global myocardial metabolism are discussed.
Left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy II: The value of light microscopy
Authors: Davies Michael J. , Brooksby Iain A. B. , Jenkins B. Stephen , Cankovic‐Darracott Sally , Swanton R. Howard , Coltart D. John , Webb‐Peploe Michael M.
Published: February 2007

Histological sections of left ventricular endomyocardial biopsies have been examined by light microscopy. The biopsies were taken from patients with congestive, hypertrophic, or restrictive cardiomyopathy and from patients with either aortic stenosis or regurgitation. In congestive cardiomyopathy no specific features were found and similar abnormalities were seen in aortic valve disease. In only one of six cases of asymmetric septal hypertrophy were the characteristic histological appearances noted. In four out of five patients with a restrictive type of cardiomyopathy, amyloid was demonstrated. The muscle fibres in aortic stenosis had a greater cross‐sectional area than those in aortic regurgitation. A greater degree of fibrosis was present in aortic stenosis than in aortic regurgitation. In aortic stenosis the amount of fibrous tissue was inversely related to function.
Knotting of a flow‐directed catheter about a cardiac structure
Authors: Meister Steven G. , Furr Charles M. , Engel Toby R. , Sones Maurice , Frankl William S.
Published: February 2007

An instance of knotting of a flow‐directed catheter about an intracardiac structure, presumably part of the tricuspid valve apparatus, is described. Because of the patient's severe pulmonary disease, cardiac surgery to remove the catheter was contraindicated. The central portion of the catheter was allowed to remain in situ, without apparent ill effects over a 16 month period.
Recurrent catheter‐induced coronary artery spasm
Authors: Raizner Albert E. , Ishimori Tetsuo , Chahine Robert A.
Published: February 2007

Catheter‐induced spasm has generally been considered to represent an iatrogenic phenomenon without important clinical significance. This report describes two patients who developed catheter‐induced spasm in the proximal segment of the right coronary artery in separate studies performed in different laboratories by means of different catheter techniques. One of these patients developed right coronary spasm on three occasions and, in addition, developed catheter‐induced spasm of the left main trunk during two different studies. These observations would add support to the hypothesis that a predisposition to coronary artery spasm may exist in certain individuals. Catheter‐induced spasm deserves attention, since it may provide a means of identifying spasm‐prone individuals.
Influence of Gravity on Two‐Layer Laminar Flow in a Microchannel
Authors: Yamaguchi Y. , Honda T. , Briones M. P. , Yamashita K. , Miyazaki M. , Nakamura H. , Maeda H.
Published: February 2007

A microchannel forms a laminar flow if the fluid velocity is sufficiently slow. It is important to clarify the effect of gravity on laminar flow, since several microsystems require side‐by‐side laminar flow, which does not possess an interfacial tension. In this work, the influence of gravity on side‐by‐side laminar flow was quantitatively investigated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. As a result, a dimensionless parameter related to side‐by‐side laminar flow interfacial tilting was derived. Using this parameter, it was possible to estimate the interfacial tilting angle. The results reported here will be useful for microdevice design for chemical analysis, mixing, and chemical reactions.
Droplet Formation by the Collision of Two Aqueous Solutions in a Microchannel and Application to Particle Synthesis
Authors: Sotowa K.‐I. , Irie K. , Fukumori T. , Kusakabe K. , Sugiyama S.
Published: February 2007

A new microreactor suitable for reaction crystallization was developed. In order to prevent particles from depositing on the channel wall, the reactants were injected into a stream of immiscible fluids, so that droplets consisting of the reactants were formed. This microreactor can be used to synthesize particles without fouling. The microreactor was applied to calcium carbonate precipitation and silver particle synthesis. Fouling did not occur, even when calcium carbonate precipitation was undertaken continuously for 9 h. In the silver particle synthesis, the particles obtained showed a narrower size distribution and a smaller degree of agglomeration. The fluid dynamics in the microreactor were also investigated using a computational fluid dynamics simulation. The mixing behavior in the droplets was affected by the flow conditions of the reactants.
Porous Microfluidic Devices – Fabrication and Applications
Authors: de Jong J. , Geerken M. J. , Lammertink R. G. H. , Wessling M.
Published: February 2007

The major part of microfluidic devices nowadays consists of a dense material that defines the fluidic structure. A generic fabrication method enabling the production of completely porous micro devices with user‐defined channel networks is developed. The channel walls can be used as a (selective) barrier for transport. In this conceptual article the focus is on the opportunities offered by this approach. Fabrication method and applicable materials are briefly discussed. Two applications of porous micro devices are shown: a micro gas‐liquid contactor and a porous channel emulsificator that can be used to make monodispersed droplets. For both devices a short comparison with alternative concepts is drawn. Finally, key areas for the presented technology are addressed.
Micro Process Technology as a Means of Process Intensification
Authors: Becht S. , Franke R. , Geißelmann A. , Hahn H.
Published: February 2007

Different implications and possible applications of the process intensification (PI) approach in the chemical industry are shown. Whereas in its pioneer days PI was defined as a pure reduction in plant size by a factor of 10–100, the PI idea has developed towards a multidisciplinary approach for process and plant. This tendency is driven by the challenges the chemicals business is facing today in terms of cost and innovation pressure. This study describes how micro process technology could provide the opportunity to realize chemical processes and plant designs faster, resulting in lower investment and operating costs. In this context, it is shown that microstructured catalytic wall reactors can boost partial oxidation processes operated in multitubular reactors by increasing chemical conversion by a factor greater than 2, though only adding 20 % of nominal capacity enhancement.
Inline Analysis in Microreaction Technology: A Suitable Tool for Process Screening and Optimization
Authors: Ferstl W. , Klahn T. , Schweikert W. , Billeb G. , Schwarzer M. , Loebbecke S.
Published: February 2007

A procedure is described for successfully benchmarking different inline spectroscopic techniques in a microreaction plant. The objective was to identify the highest calibration precision for the real‐time quantification of the main product. Investigated methods were Raman‐, near infrared‐, and visible spectroscopy. Besides microreaction technology, the procedure comprises chemometric approaches using statistical experimental design tools and multivariate calibration methods. A calibration model was set up and validated within a defined parameter space (temperature, stoichiometry, and flow rate). The experimental basis was the investigation of toluene nitration using two different nitrating agents. The first reaction was a homogeneous nitration with pure nitric acid as the nitrating agent. It was found that Raman‐spectroscopy generates the highest precision. In the second reaction, a heterogeneous liquid‐liquid system was obtained using mixed acids. In this case, the precision is very similar for all methods with no preferences for a specific method. As well as investigating the calibration model, additional testing of the observed flow patterns was undertaken for the latter reaction, using the sensitive and very fast AOTF‐NIR‐spectroscopy.
Geschwindigkeitseinfluss bei der Gutbettbeanspruchung
Authors: Husemann K. , Mütze T.
Published: February 2007

Die Gutbettbeanspruchung für die Feinzerkleinerung hat in der Zerkleinerungstechnik eine große wirtschaftliche Bedeutung und ist für die Zerkleinerungswissenschaft von grundsätzlichem Interesse. Da die Gutbettbeanspruchung sowohl die Merkmale einer Verdichtung als auch die der Zerkleinerung trägt, ist für ein Erfassen der in ihr vorherrschenden Mikroprozesse eine Betrachtung beider parallel ablaufender Prozesse notwendig.
Charakterisierung der Dispergiereigenschaften von keramischen nanodispersen Suspensionen mit der Ultraschallspektroskopie
Authors: Steinborn G. , Wäsche R.
Published: February 2007

Die Dispergiereigenschaften von verschiedenen nanoskaligen Pulvern mit unterschiedlicher Kornfraktion im Bereich von 10 bis 250 nm werden in verdünnten und konzentrierten keramischen Schlickern mit der Ultraschallspektroskopie untersucht. Alle stabilen Suspensionen weisen im entsprechenden pH‐Bereich eine monomodale Partikelgrößenverteilung auf. Durch die Charakterisierung der Suspensionen mit der Ultraschallspektroskopie kann eine verbesserte Bewertung hinsichtlich Homogenität und Agglomeratbildung auch für nanoskalige Pulver erhalten werden. Dies ermöglicht eine bessere Qualitätskontrolle prozessrelevanter Schritte bei der Verarbeitung.
Taming the shadow: corporate responsibility in a Jungian context
Authors: Ketola Tarja
Published: February 2007

Rampant shadows undermine true corporate responsibility (CR) when companies try to keep up appearances by fair means or foul. This paper studies the thoughts, words and deeds of CR actors in their Jungian context. The aim is to help CR actors to understand different CR behaviour and to gain new insights into developing CR values, discourses and practices.

This research builds on earlier psychological articles published in this journal, and digs deeper into the psychological resources of the human mind to show what vast potentials lie there to solve CR issues. Jungian theories open up the individual, organizational and societal personality and give opportunities to expand it horizontally and vertically. The Jungian prospective quality of the psyche is illustrated by three levels of unconscious – personal, cultural and collective, which can help the development of CR values, discourses and actions of individuals, organizations, societies and humankind. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Cell‐mediated cytotoxicity against ectromelia virus‐infected target cells. I. Specificity and kinetics
Authors: Gardner I. , Bowern Narelle A. , Blanden R. V.
Published: February 2007

Spleen cells from mice immunized intravenously with attenuated ectromelia virus were cytotoxic for target cells infected with virulent ectromelia virus in the absence of exogenous complement; cytotoxicity was measured by 51Cr release from target cells. L929 cells were the most sensitive target cells, but the effect could also be demonstrated with P‐815 mastocytoma cells and chick embryo cells; mouse embryo cells were unsatisfactory. Hyperimmune anti‐ectromelia serum and complement was not significantly cytotoxic although fluorescein‐conjugated antiserum stained virus‐infected L929 cells.

Release of 51Cr label from ectromelia‐immune spleen cells (at a spleen cell: target cell ratio of 100: 1) increased in a linear manner with time, until a plateau was reached at 20–24 hours. Cytotoxicity appeared to be specific in that ectromelia‐immune spleen cells killed ectromelia‐infected L929 cells, but not uninfected L929 cells, whereas spleen cells from mice immunized with Listeria monocytogenes (a potent stimulus for cell‐mediated immunity) or from normal mice, did not kill ectromelia‐infected L929 cells. Spleen cells from mice immunized with vaccinia virus (a poxvirus closely related to ectromelia) were cytotoxic for ectromelia‐infected L929 cells.

Spleen cells from mice immunized with ectromelia virus had acquired cytotoxic activity by 2 days after immunization. Cytotoxic potency reached a peak at 6 days and had declined to a low level by day 10. The potential significance of the phenomenon in relation to control of viral infection is discussed.
Paralysis to serum albumins in T and B lymphocytes in mice. Dose dependence, specificity and kinetics of escape
Authors: Rajewsky K. , Brenig Christa
Published: February 2007

Paralysis to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was induced in mice at three concentrations of antigen. The animals were kept for 10 weeks at 10−8 M BSA (low zone), 10−5 M BSA (high zone) or 10−4 M BSA. The latter concentration approaches that of autologous serum albumin.

In order to determine paralysis in helper T cells and antibody‐forming cell precursors (AFCP), the animals were immunized with sheep serum albumin (SSA) that cross‐reacts with BSA at the levels of both helper cell and AFCP receptors. Helper cell paralysis was quantitated by determining splenic helper activity for BSA in a cooperating cell transfer system. Paralysis in the AFCP was determined by measuring the cross‐reactivity of BSA and SSA in the anti‐SSA serum raised in paralyzed and control animals.

The following results were obtained. (1) Helper activity was almost totally suppressed in both low zone abd high zone paralysis, and at the helper cell level, paralysis could not be “broken” by immunization with a cross‐reacting antigen. (2) Recovery in the helper cell compartment was not detectable before 4–5 months after the last paralyzing injection. (3) In the AFCP, that are not affected in low zone paralysis, only a small fraction of the cells, namely, those expressing receptors with a high affinity for the antigen, is inactivated in high zone paralysis. This is also true for animals kept at 10−4 M antigen over a 10‐week period. (4) Recovery in the (peripheral) AFCP was rapid and complete 2–3 months after the last paralyzing injection.
Frequency of hapten‐specific B cells in neonatal and adult murine spleens
Authors: Press Joan L. , Klinman N. R.
Published: February 2007

The frequency of B cells specific for 2,4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP), 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl (TNP) and fluorescein (Fl) in spleen cell suspensions obtained from neonatal, conventionally‐reared, nonimmune adult, and germ‐free adult BALB/c mice was determined by an in vitro splenic focus technique. Per 106 injected adult spleen cells, the frequency of primary B cells stimulated by 10−6M DNP, TNP, or F1 determinant concentration on Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin was 3.5, 3.0, and 2.0, respectively. These frequencies were relatively invariant, even in germ‐free donors. The frequency of DNP and TNP‐specific B cells in neonatal spleens was also relatively invariant and approached adult frequencies early in development. In contrast, variation was observed in the frequency of neonatal precursor cells responding to F1, and spleen cell suspensions from 3‐day old neonates had 5–6‐fold fewer F1‐specific B cells than DNP or TNP‐specific B cells. Since the experimental conditions employed maximized B cell responsiveness, and since the generation of primary B cells appears to be independent of antigenic stimulation, this observed disparity in the rate of appearance of specific B cells is most likely a reflection of the mechanism responsible for generating B cell diversity.
Radiosensitivity of T and B lymphocytes. I. Effect of irradiation on cell migration
Authors: Anderson R. E. , Sprent J. , Miller J. F. A. P.
Published: February 2007

To study the effect of irradiation on cell migration, populations of recirculating lymphocytes consisting predominantly of either T or B lymphocytes were labeled with 51Cr, exposed to various doses of irradiation in vitro and transferred intravenously to syngeneic mice. Cell recipients were killed at intervals to determine levels of radioactivity in various organs. On the basis of radioactive counts, small T lymphocytes homed normally to the lymphoid tissues within 4 h of injection (primary migration) in spite of prior exposure to heavy irradiation, e.g. 5000 r. Primary migration, especially to the lymph nodes, was greatly reduced, however, when irradiated cells were cultured in vitro for 1–7 h before injection. This suggested that cell damage following irradation was not manifested immediately, but developed slowly over several hours. This was supported by observations that, with cells injected immediately after irradiation, even doses as low as 50 r caused a marked reduction in secondary migration, i.e. migration occurring between 4 and 24 h after cell injection. Activated T cells proved to be more radioresistant than small T cells in that secondary migration of activated cells was not abolished, although reduced, by high doses of irradiation.

B cells were found to be extremely radiosensitive. Thus, in contrast to T cells, primary migration of B cells was greatly reduced by heavy irradiation. Secondary migration of B cells, although limited, was abolished by 100 r.

When lymphocytes were irradiated and placed in tissue culture for 4 days, virtually no B cells survived exposure to 300 r. This dose reduced viability of T cells by 90 %. Five to 10 % of T cells, however, remained viable after exposure to doses as high as 1000 r.

The results, as a whole, suggested that both T and B small lymphocytes die in interphase soon after irradiation, death occurring very rapidly with B cells, but less rapidly with T cells. Interphase death of activated T cells seemed to occur comparatively slowly.
Hapten‐induced paralysis. I. Evidence for the persistence of hapten‐specific immunocompetent B lymphocytes in specifically paralyzed mice
Authors: Gronowicz Eva , Coutinho A. , Sjöberg O.
Published: February 2007

Injection of 3,5‐dinitro‐4‐hydroxy‐phenacetyl (NNP) azide induced specific unresponsiveness, as judged by the failure of pretreated mice to respond to NNP‐HRC (horse red blood cells), but not to HRC. The unresponsiveness of the NNP azide‐treated mice was not broken by incubating lymphocytesin vitrotogether with NNP‐HRC. Injection of the nonreactive hapten, NNP‐ϵ‐aminocaproic acid, also induced specific unresponsiveness when measuredin vivo, but cells from such animals did respond normallyin vitro. Spleen cells from mice treated with NNP azide contained a higher number of background PFC to NNP and NIP as compared to untreated controls.
Regulation of the immune response. V. Antibody‐mediated inhibition of T and B cell cooperation in the in vitro response to red cell antigens
Authors: Hoffmann M. K. , Kappler J. W. , Hirst J. A. , Oettgen H. F.
Published: February 2007

The investigation of the mechanism by which antibody inhibits the production of antibody has been continued using the in vitro response of mouse spleen cells to red cell antigens as assay system. Extending earlier findings demonstrating that antibody does not inhibit (1) the priming of T cells (as opposed to B cells) and (2) the production of antibody by antigen‐sensitive B cells, we show here that antibody (endogenous as well as exogenous) does not affect the potential of primed T cells to perform a helper function either. It appears that antibody interferes with the realization of this potential, i. e. the cooperation of T and B cells. Possible mechanisms are discussed, drawing particular attention to the fact that an intact Fc portion is required for antibody to be suppressive in this system.
Studies on the heterogeneity and idiotypic specificity of anti‐dinitrophenyl antibodies from inbred guinea pigs
Authors: Haimovich J. , Jaton J.‐C. , Pink J. R. L.
Published: February 2007

The heterogeneity of antibodies raised to 2,4‐dinitrophenyl keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP‐KLH) in inbred guinea pigs was investigated by isoelectric focusing (IEF) techniques. Some, but not all, of immunized strain 2 (Heston) and strain 13 guinea pigs produced antibodies giving restricted banding patterns, detectable by protein staining, in the basic region of IEF gels. In all cases studied, these antibodies were directed against the DNP group. Their banding patterns resembled those given by myeloma proteins from mice or electrophoretically restricted antibodies from rabbits.

Antibodies in at least four pairs of sera from strain 2 animals gave very similar banding patterns on IEF gels. Immunoglobulin fractions with anti‐DNP activity, which gave indistinguishable, restricted banding patterns, were isolated from two individual animals, and used to prepare anti‐idiotypic antisera in rabbits. The fractions were shown to be idiotypically cross‐reactive, but not identical, by passive hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition techniques. Purified anti‐DNP antibodies from some, but not all strain 2 guinea pigs, and antibodies in sera from strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs immunized with DNP‐KLH, were shown to be idiotypically cross‐reactive in the hemagglutination inhibition system.
Idiotype suppression. I. Influence of the dose and of the effector functions of anti‐idiotypic antibody on the production of an idiotype
Authors: Eichmann K.
Published: February 2007

Parameters that influence the effect of passively administered anti‐idiotypic antibody on the expression of idiotype‐positive and of idiotype‐negative antibodies were investigated in adult A/J mice immunized with Group A streptococci. The results suggest: 1. idiotype‐positive antibodies are eliminated from the spectrum of humoral antibodies as a consequence of the elimination of the idiotype‐forming cell precursors. 2. The heterogeneity of the idiotype‐negative compensatory response of individual suppressed mice is as restricted as that of the idiotype‐positive normal response. The isoelectric spectra of idiotype‐negative antibodies are individually specific, whereas the isoelectric spectra of idiotype‐positive antibodies are individually specific, whereas the isoelectric spectra of idiotype‐positive antibodies are shared between individual mice. 3. Suppression is transient in mice treated with low and with high doses of anti‐idiotypic antibody, but is maintained in mice treated with intermediate doses. 4. Suppression is mediated by complement and macrophage fixing (guinea pig IgG2) anti‐idiotypic antibody only. IgG1 anti‐idiotypic antibody appears to have an enhancing effect on the production of the idiotype. The results are discussed with respect to possible regulatory functions of idiotype‐anti‐idiotype interactions in the immune response.
Fluorescence labeling of mouse alloantibodies
Authors: Hämmerling U. , Chin A. F. , Arny M.
Published: February 2007

Mouse alloantibodies can be readily labeled with fluoresceinyl thioureido caproic acid and tetramethylrhodaminylthiourido caproic acid, which are new derivatives of fluorescein or tetramethylrhodamine, containing a caproic acid residue as a spacer. The ω‐carboxyl group will establish an amide bond with amino groups of portein in a mild condensation reaction with water‐soluble carbodiimides. Antibody activity is fully retained, and binding to fixed or unfixed cells yields specific fluorescence of a practical intensity.
Generation of antibody diversity. I. Kinetics of production of different antibody specificities during the course of an immune response
Authors: Cunningham A. J. , Pilarski Linda M.
Published: February 2007

The plaque‐forming cells (PFC) produced by mice immunized with erythrocytes from one sheep could be divided into different specificity subgroups by testing their ability to cross‐react with erythrocytes from other individual sheep or from other species. Using this marker system, we investigated the kinetics of production of different specificities during primary and secondary immune responses.

The main findings were: (a) PFC of certain specificities were entirely absent from the spleen during the first 2 days of a primary response, but present from the start in a secondary response; (b) more than half of the early plaques were so specific that they lysed red cells from the immunizing sheep, but not from other sheep. In addition, significant numbers of heteroclitic antibody‐forming cells were found. These results do not support the conventional idea that all B cells exist before antigenic stimulation. Instead, they provide some evidence for the view that antigen stimulates the proliferation of an initial population of B cells with low affinity receptors from which it generates cells producing entirely new antibody specificities.
Expression of membrane‐bound IgM and HLA antigens on lymphoblastoid cells in different stages of the cell cycle
Authors: Killander D. , Klein Eva , Levin A.
Published: February 2007

The expression of membrane‐bound IgM and HLA on human lymphoid cells in different stages of the cell cycle was determined by cytophotometric techniques. Asynchronously proliferating cells were pulse labeled with [3H]thymidine. IgM and HLA were then stained directly and indirectly with fluorescein‐conjugated antibodies and quantitated on the single cell level by microspectrofluorometry. The same individual cells were analyzed further by dry mass and Feulgen DNA determinations using microinterferometry and microspectrophotometry, respectively. Cells in the S phase were subsequently identified by [3H]thymidine autoradiography.

The amounts of membrane‐bound IgM and HLA were both found to increase continously throughout interphase. Thus, in absolute terms, the IgM and HLA content was maximal in G2, minimal in the G1 and intermediate in the S phase. However, since the total proteins (dry mass) increased in the same manner, the IgM (and HLA)/total protein ration remained constant during the cell cycle. For geometric reasons, the total cell surface area increases less than the cell volume (mass) during interphase. This might indicate that the density of IgM and HLA on the membrane is greater in the G2 than in the G1 phase.
Thymic dependence of amphibian antibody responses
Authors: Turner R. J. , Manning Margaret J.
Published: February 2007

Larvae of Xenopus laevis were thymectomized at one week post fertilization and tested as toadlets for their ability to produce circulating antibodies.

Sham‐thymectomized animals immunized with human IgG in adjuvant produced both high (IgM) and low molecular weight antibody, while in those immunized with sheep red blood cells, antibody, was detectable only in the IgM moiety. Thymectomized siblings, though apparently healthy, failed to respond to either antigen.

The inhibition of IgM antibody in the amphibian following thymic depletion contrasts with the mammal, where normal or subnormal titers can still be demonstrated. This may point to phylogenetic differences in the role of the thymus. Alternatively, early‐thymectomized Xenopus may simply be closer to a completely athymic condition.
Adjuvant activity of bacterial peptidoglycans on the production of delayed hypersensitivity and on antibody response
Authors: Nauciel C. , Fleck Jacqueline , Martin J.‐P. , Mock Michele , Nguyen‐Huy H.
Published: February 2007

Purified peptidoglycans from various gram‐negative bacteria can substitute for mycobacteria in Freund's type adjuvant. The effect of adjuvants on the production of delayed hypersensitivity in the guinea pig was studied with azobenzenearsonateNacetylLtyrosine as antigen. It was found that only a few μg of peptidoglycan per animal were needed. An adjuvant effect on antibody response to egg albumin was also obtained.
Cell‐mediated cell lysis in vitro: genetic control of killer cell production and target specificities in the mouse
Authors: Nabholz M. , Vives J. , Young Hazel M. , Meo T. , Miggiano V. , Rijnbeek Annemarie , Shreffler D. C.
Published: February 2007

The requirements for killer cell production in the course of a mixed leukocyte reaction and the specificity of target cell (PHA‐blasts) lysis in the mouse were investigated using inbred strains carrying intra‐H‐2 recombinant chromosomes. Strong lytic activity was generated in all, and only those, responder‐stimulator combinations which differed at either the H‐2D or the H‐2K, or both regions, even if the MLR incompatibility between responder and stimulator was very weak. Killing activity was specific and directed against determinants controlled by genes in the H‐2K and H‐2D regions. The slope of the killer dose‐response curves is the same for either type of specificity. Quantitative comparison of the lytic activity of a given killer cell population on different targets demonstrated a dose effect of the number of specificities recognized. No significant killing against the Ir or the Ss‐Slp regions of the H‐2 complex could be detected.

AntiH2 sera, if directed against the killer cells, do not inhibit their activity, while they can block killing, if directed against the target. This inhibition is specific in that a serum that blocks killing against the H‐2K specificity of a given target does not inhibit the lytic activity directed against the H‐2D determinants on the same target.
Rejection of skin grafts from different inbred strains by nude mice reconstituted with allogeneic or congenic thymus cell suspensions
Authors: Kindred Berenice
Published: February 2007

BALB/c‐nu nu mice which have been injected with a congenic thymus cell suspension are able to reject skin grafts from all other strains tested. Mice injected with allogeneic H2 incompatible thymus cells do not reject skin grafts. When allogeneic, H2 compatible cells are used, grafts from a third strain are usually rejected, although the rejection time may be extraordinarily slow. It is suggested that the host and donor cells cooperate to permit the rejection of the grafts.
The participation of thymus‐derived and of bone marrow‐derived lymphocytes of sensitized mice, in the proliferative response to specific antigen, in vitro
Authors: Mugraby Lea , Gery I. , Sulitzeanu D.
Published: February 2007

Spleen cells of mice primed with sheep red cells (SRC) responded with increased thymidine uptake when stimulated with SRC in vitro. Depletion of bone marrow‐derived (B) cells by filtering the spleen cells through columns of plastic beads coated with anti‐mouse immunoglobulin serum resulted in a drastic loss of the proliferative response. A similar loss occurred on depleting the thymus‐derived (T) cells by treatment with anti‐Θ serum and complement. Addition of peritoneal exudate cells failed to restore the reactivity of the purified T cells to SRC. The proliferative response could be restored to a level exceeding the sum of the individual responses, by mixing the purified T with the purified B cells. A synergistic interaction between T and B cells is suggested.
Detection of anti‐estradiol antibodies and of 17β‐estradiol by means of a 17β‐estradiol‐bacteriophage T4 conjugate. Dependence of the haptenated phage reaction on several physical parameters
Authors: Andrieu J. M. , Mamas S. , Dray F.
Published: February 2007

17β‐Estradiol bacteriophage T4 conjugate has been prepared as a model of haptenated phage to study the influence of pH, ionic strength, temperature, and methods of plating on the rate of neutralization by anti‐estradiol antiserum. We found that: (1) at pH 5.6, 0.005 M, the rate of neutralization was ten times faster than under usual conditions (pH 6.8, 0.05 M), and (2) neutralization occurs 10 times slower at 0 °C than at 37 °C.

Inhibition of the neutralization process (viroimmunoassay) with free hapten performed at 0 °C allows one to quantify as little as 2 pg of estradiol.
The role of thymus cells in the immune response to poly(Tyr, Glu)‐polyD L Ala–polyLys as a function of the genetic constitution of the mouse strain
Authors: Lichtenberg Louise , Mozes Edna , Shearer G. M. , Sela M.
Published: February 2007

Immune responsiveness to poly (Tyr, Glu)polyD L Ala–polylys [(T, G)A–L] was studied at the cellular level by comparing the limiting dilutions of immunocompetent cells from thymus and bone marrow of five mouse strains exhibiting either high or low responses to this immunogen.

Cell cooperation between thymocytes and bone marrow cells was demonstrated for (T, G)A–L. Limiting dilutions of thymus and bone marrow cells in the presence of an excess amount of the complementary cell type were performed with cells of C3H. SW, C57BL/6 (H2b), C3H/HeJ, AKR/Cu (H2k) and SJL/J (H2s). A low precursor frequency was detected in the bone marrow population when the defect was at the determinant level only, as in the case of C3H/HeJ and AKR/Cu mice. These results were confirmed by allogeneic transfer experiments. Furthermore, results of a two‐step experiment performed with C3H. SW and C3H/HeJ congenic strains indicated that there is no defect in the proliferative rate of the thymocytes of the low responder strain.

In contrast, in the SJL low responder strain the genetic defect was reflected in both the thymus and bone marrow populations of immunocytes. This strain is a nonresponder to all determinats attached to A–L and, therefore, exhibits a carrier defect. The results presented here demonstrate the crucial role of the thymus‐derived cells when the genetic control includes a defect at the carrier level.
Site‐dependent differences in rejection of tumor cells with and without preimmunization
Authors: Den Otter W. , Runhaar B. A. , Ruitenbeek A. , Dullens H. F. J.
Published: February 2007

DBA/2 mice were immunized subcutaneously (s.c.) and intraperitoneally (i.p.) against DBA/2 derived SL2 lymphoma cells.

I.p. immunization causes i.p., but not s.c. immunity. However, s.c. immunization results in both s.c. and i.p. immunity, the latter being as strong as after i.p. immunization. Thus, we obviously have to prefer s.c. to i.p. immunization.

The difference between i.p. and s.c. immune surveillance is discussed.
Differences in antigen handling by peritoneal macrophages from the Biozzi high and low responder lines of mice
Authors: Wiener Edith , Bandieri A.
Published: February 2007

Peritoneal macrophages were isolated from high (Ab/H) and low (Ab/L) responder mice and their in vitro handling of three isotopically labeled antigens, 125I‐labeled keyhole limpet hemocyanin (125I‐KLH), 14C‐labeled type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide complexed with methylated bovine serum albumin (14C‐SIII‐MBSA) and (14C‐LE), studied in relation to the immune responses which these compounds evoke in the corresponding animals.

There was a striking morphological difference between cultured Ab/H and Ab/L macrophages and the latter showed higher lysosomal enzyme activities. All three antigens were taken up faster by Ab/L macrophages. The intracellular digestion of 125I‐KLH was also more rapid in these cells. Membrane‐bound 125I‐KLH was persistent in Ab/H macrophages, but disappeared rapidly from the Ab/L cells. After the uptake of 14C‐SIII‐MBSA complexes, more was retained by Ab/L macrophages, although probably localized in the interior of the cell, not on the membrane. Following the exposure of the cells to 14C‐LE, there seemed to be an equivalent degree of continuing association of the polysaccharide with Ab/H as well as Ab/L cells.

Thus, KLH and SIII, which evoke maximal and minimal antibody production in the two mouse strains, were handled differently by Ab/H and Ab/L macrophages. On the other hand LE, which elicits equivalent IgM synthesis in both mouse strains, had a similar fate in the two kinds of macrophages. The results suggest that macrophages express genes which control the humoral immune responses in the high and low responder animals and that antigen presentation on the macrophage membrane is a major factor regulating antibody production in these mice.
Surface molecular components of T and B lymphocytes
Authors: Mehrishi J. N. , Zeiller K.
Published: February 2007

Biochemical and biophysical methods have demonstrated differences in the surface topochemistry of murine T and B lymphocytes. On the surface of B cells, negatively charged groups of sialic acid, phosphate groups and unidentified acidic groups, positively charged amino groups and sulfhydryl groups are present. On the surface of T cells, which carry a higher net negative charge than B cells, the presence of phosphate and sulfhydryl groups has not been detected; the number of the positively charged groups is much smaller and that of carboxyl groups of sialic acid much larger than those on the B cell.
The immunological properties of haptens coupled to thymus‐independent carrier molecules. II. The influence of the graft‐versus‐host reaction on primary antibody responses to hapten‐coupled polysaccharides and proteins
Authors: Klaus G. G. B. , McMichael A. J.
Published: February 2007

Previous work from our laboratory has shown that hapten‐coupled pneumococcal polysaccharide (SIII) and levan (LE) (DNP‐lys‐SIII and DNP‐lys‐LE) elicit thymus‐independent IgM anti‐DNP responses in mice. In the present study the effects of the graft‐versus‐host (GVH) reaction on primary antibody responses to these two antigens and to various hapten‐protein conjugates was investigated.

Injection of (CBA × C57BL)F1 mice with CBA spleen cells at the time of immunization significantly enhanced primary anti‐hapten responses, irrespective of whether the carrier stimulates T cells (proteins) or not (polysaccharides). Injection of allogeneic cells increased the IgM and elicited a significant IgG anti‐DNP response to DNP‐lys‐LE and DNP‐lys‐SIII. Contrary to the observations of others, we found that allogeneic spleen cells enhanced primary antibody responses to hapten‐protein conjugates. In contrast, we have been unable to demonstrate an IgG response to the polysaccharide moieties of DNP‐lys‐SIII or DNP‐lys‐LE, thus suggesting that the effects of activated T cells on antibody responses are related to the nature of the epitope involved.

Isoelectric focusing studies of IgG anti‐DNP antibodies elicited in response to DNP‐lys‐LE via the GVH reaction indicate that allogeneic T cells can cooperate with and stimulate a heterogeneous population of B cells.