bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Malaria Prevention Strategies: Adherence Among Boston Area Travelers Visiting Malaria-Endemic Countries
Authors: Stoney Rhett J. , Chen Lin H. , Jentes Emily S. , Wilson Mary E. , Han Pauline V. , Benoit Christine M. , MacLeod William B. , Hamer Davidson H. , Barnett Elizabeth D.
Published: October 2015

We conducted a prospective cohort study to assess adherence to malaria chemoprophylaxis, reasons for nonadherence, and use of other personal protective measures against malaria. We included adults traveling to malaria-endemic countries who were prescribed malaria chemoprophylaxis during a pre-travel consultation at three travel clinics in the Boston area and who completed three or more surveys: pre-travel, at least one weekly during travel, and post-travel (2–4 weeks after return). Of 370 participants, 335 (91%) took malaria chemoprophylaxis at least once and reported any missed doses; 265 (79%) reported completing all doses during travel. Adherence was not affected by weekly versus daily chemoprophylaxis, travel purpose, or duration of travel. Reasons for nonadherence included forgetfulness, side effects, and not seeing mosquitoes. Main reasons for declining to take prescribed chemoprophylaxis were peer advice, low perceived risk, and not seeing mosquitoes. Of 368 travelers, 79% used insect repellent, 46% used a bed net, and 61% slept in air conditioning at least once. Because travelers may be persuaded to stop taking medication by peer pressure, not seeing mosquitoes, and adverse reactions to medications, clinicians should be prepared to address these barriers and to empower travelers with strategies to manage common side effects of antimalarial medications.
Fatty acid profile of pork from a local and a commercial breed
Authors: Kasprzyk A. , Tyra M. , Babicz M.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. This study investigated the effects of breed on the fatty acid compositions of the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) of gilts and barrows. Although only one muscle was analyzed, the results gave a good indication of the effect that breed and sex may have on the fatty acid compositions of the meat. Breed exhibited a significant effect on the fatty acid composition of pigs, whereas the effects of sex were found to be minor. Higher contents of intramuscular fat (IMF), C16 : 1, C18 : 1 and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs); darker color of meat; and lower cholesterol content, drip loss, C18 : 0, C18 : 2, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), n-6 and n-6 : n-3 ratios were found in the LTL muscle of Pulawska pigs compared with Polish Landrace pigs. Meat of Pulawska pigs is especially suitable for the production of good-quality, cured and smoked loin for longer storage. Fat content was higher in barrows than in gilts, and as a consequence the IMF from barrows had higher saturated fatty acid proportions and hypercholesterolemic acids (OFAs) as well as lower C18 : 1 than that from gilts.
An astronomical correspondence to the 1470 year cycle of abrupt climate change
Authors: Kelsey A. M. , Menk F. W. , Moss P. T.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The existence of a ~ 1470 year cycle of abrupt climate change is well-established, manifesting in Bond ice-rafting debris (IRD) events, Dansgaard–Oeschger atmospheric temperature cycle, and cyclical climatic conditions precursory to increased El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability and intensity. This cycle is central to questions on Holocene climate stability and hence anthropogenic impacts on climate (deMenocal et al., 2000). To date no causal mechanism has been identified, although solar forcing has been previously suggested. Here we show that interacting combination of astronomical variables related to Earth's orbit may be causally related to this cycle and several associated key isotopic spectral signals. The ~ 1470 year climate cycle may thus be regarded as a high frequency extension of the Milankovitch precessional cycle, incorporating orbital, solar and lunar forcing through interaction with the tropical and anomalistic years and Earth's rotation.
Reasons for Visits to an Emergency Center and Hemostatic Alterations in Patients with Recurrent Spontaneous Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Authors: Cagini Carlo , Iannone Alessia , Bartolini Anna , Fiore Tito , Fierro Tiziana , Gresele Paolo
Published: October 2015

Purpose

To evaluate causes of visits to the Eye Emergency Department, determine the prevalence of subconjunctival hemorrhage (SCH), and assess the role of hemostatic abnormalities among patients with spontaneous recurrent SCH (SRSCH).

Methods

In a prospective study conducted over 2 years, hemostatic function was studied in a subgroup of 105 consecutive patients (39 male) with SRSCH free of systemic risk factors and in 53 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) (24 male).

Results

A total of 10,090 patients (mean age 57.2 ± 16.7 years, range 0-94, median 58.4) were evaluated. A total of 39.3% had ocular trauma, 34.9% inflammatory ocular surface disorder, 5.7% floaters, 3.3% visual symptoms of neurologic origin, 1.6% uveitis, 1.5% ocular hypertension, 0.8% retinal tear or detachment, 0.7% retinal vascular disease, and 0.5% other causes. A total of 1.6% of the patients were hospitalized. A total of 11.7% of patients had SCH: in 86.7% it was spontaneous, in 13.3% consequent to trauma or to ocular surface disorders. A total of 105 patients had SRSCH, and the prevalence of hemostatic abnormalities among them was not different from HC. Type I von Willebrand disease was diagnosed in 1 patient with SCH and in none of the HC (χ2 = 0.13, p = 0.72).

Conclusions

Most patients had ocular infection or trauma and were treated on an outpatient basis; SCH was the third cause of access. The large majority of SCH were unprovoked, and the prevalence of hemostatic alterations in patients with SRSCH and no systemic causes was not different from the general population. Hemostatic screening or second level blood clotting tests were of no use in these patients.
Human blindsight is mediated by an intact geniculo-extrastriate pathway
Authors: Ajina Sara , Pestilli Franco , Rokem Ariel , Kennard Christopher , Bridge Holly
Published: October 2015

Although damage to the primary visual cortex (V1) causes hemianopia, many patients retain some residual vision; known as blindsight. We show that blindsight may be facilitated by an intact white-matter pathway between the lateral geniculate nucleus and motion area hMT+. Visual psychophysics, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and fibre tractography were applied in 17 patients with V1 damage acquired during adulthood and 9 age-matched controls. Individuals with V1 damage were subdivided into blindsight positive (preserved residual vision) and negative (no residual vision) according to psychophysical performance. All blindsight positive individuals showed intact geniculo-hMT+ pathways, while this pathway was significantly impaired or not measurable in blindsight negative individuals. Two white matter pathways previously implicated in blindsight: (i) superior colliculus to hMT+ and (ii) between hMT+ in each hemisphere were not consistently present in blindsight positive cases. Understanding the visual pathways crucial for residual vision may direct future rehabilitation strategies for hemianopia patients.
Listening in
Authors: Jarvis Erich D
Published: October 2015

Zebra finches communicate with each other in ways that are more complex than previously thought.
The Experiences of Landlords and Clinical and Housing Service Staff in Supportive Independent Housing Interventions
Authors: MacLeod Tim , Nelson Geoffrey , O'Campo Patricia , Jeyaratnam Jeyagobi
Published: October 2015

This study documented the perspectives of landlords and clinical and housing service teams for head lease (agency holds the lease) versus rent subsidy (tenant holds the lease) in housing programs for adults with psychiatric disabilities. Sixteen landlords and 24 housing and clinical team members participated in individual or focus-group interviews. It was found that there was less contact between landlords and tenants in the head lease program, where housing teams tended to negotiate trouble spots. Also, head lease programs were marked by intensive oversight and partial (as opposed to full) separation of housing and clinical service teams.
Bounce resonance diffusion coefficients for spatially confined waves
Authors: Li Xinxin , Tao Xin , Lu Quanmin , Dai Lei
Published: October 2015

Theoretical bounce resonance diffusion coefficients from interactions between electrons and spatially confined waves are derived and validated. Roberts and Schulz bounce resonance diffusion coefficients assume waves to be present on the whole bounce trajectory of particles; therefore, they are not directly applicable to waves that have a finite spatial extent. We theoretically derive and numerically validate a new set of bounce resonance diffusion coefficients for spatially confined waves. We apply our analysis to magnetosonic waves, which are confined to equatorial regions, using a previously published magnetosonic wave model. We find that the bounce resonance diffusion coefficients are comparable to the gyroresonance diffusion coefficients. We conclude that bounce resonance diffusion with magnetosonic waves might play an important role in relativistic electron dynamics.
Electron distribution function formation in regions of diffuse aurora
Authors: Khazanov G. V. , Tripathi A. K. , Sibeck D. , Himwich E. , Glocer A. , Singhal R. P.
Published: October 2015

The precipitation of high‐energy magnetospheric electrons (E ∼ 600 eV–10 KeV) in the diffuse aurora contributes significant energy flux into the Earth's ionosphere. To fully understand the formation of this flux at the upper ionospheric boundary, ∼700–800 km, it is important to consider the coupled ionosphere‐magnetosphere system. In the diffuse aurora, precipitating electrons initially injected from the plasma sheet via wave‐particle interaction processes degrade in the atmosphere toward lower energies and produce secondary electrons via impact ionization of the neutral atmosphere. These precipitating electrons can be additionally reflected upward from the two conjugate ionospheres, leading to a series of multiple reflections through the magnetosphere. These reflections greatly influence the initially precipitating flux at the upper ionospheric boundary (700–800 km) and the resultant population of secondary electrons and electrons cascading toward lower energies. In this paper, we present the solution of the Boltzman‐Landau kinetic equation that uniformly describes the entire electron distribution function in the diffuse aurora, including the affiliated production of secondary electrons (E < 600 eV) and its energy interplay in the magnetosphere and two conjugated ionospheres. This solution takes into account, for the first time, the formation of the electron distribution function in the diffuse auroral region, beginning with the primary injection of plasma sheet electrons via both electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic waves and whistler mode chorus waves to the loss cone, and including their subsequent multiple atmospheric reflections in the two magnetically conjugated ionospheres. It is demonstrated that magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling is key in forming the electron distribution function in the diffuse auroral region.
Vibration‐induced dynamical weakening of pyroclastic flows: Insights from rotating drum experiments
Authors: Valverde Jose Manuel , Soria‐Hoyo Carlos
Published: October 2015

Pyroclastic flows are characterized by their high mobility, which is often attributed to gas fluidization of the usually fine and/or low‐density particles. However, the physical mechanism that might drive sustained fluidization of pyroclastic flows over extraordinarily long runout distances is elusive. In this letter it is proposed that a powerful mechanism to weaken the frictional resistance of pyroclastic flows would arise from the prolonged and intense mechanical vibrations that commonly accompany these dense gravitational fluid‐particle flows. The behavior of fine powders in a slowly rotating drum subjected to vibrations suggests that fluid‐particle relative oscillations in granular beds can effectively promote the pore gas pressure at reduced shear rates. Dynamical weakening, as caused by the enhancement of pore fluid pressure, may be an important mechanism in any geophysical process that involves vibrations of granular beds in a viscous fluid. This is particularly relevant for granular flows involving large amounts of fine and/or light particles such as pyroclastic density currents.
A Non‐rare‐Earth Ions Self‐Activated White Emitting Phosphor under Single Excitation
Authors: Guo Hongyu , Zhang Junying , Ma Lun , Chavez Jose L. , Yin Luqiao , Gao Hong , Tang Zilong , Chen Wei
Published: October 2015

White light phosphors have many potential applications such as solid‐state lighting, full color displays, light source for plant growth, and crop improvement. However, most of these phosphors are rare‐earth‐based materials which are costly and would be facing the challenge of resource issue due to the extremely low abundance of these elements on earth. A new white color composite consisted of a graphitic‐phase nitrogen carbon (g‐C3N4) treated with nitric acid and copper‐cysteamine Cu3Cl(SR)2 is reported herein. Under a single wavelength excitation at 365 nm, these two materials show a strong blue and red luminescence, respectively. It is interesting to find that the white light emission with a quantum yield of 20% can be obtained by mixing these two self‐activated luminescent materials at the weight ratio of 1:1.67. Using a 365 nm near‐ultraviolet chip for excitation, the composite produces a white light‐emitting diode that exhibits an excellent color rendering index of 94.3. These white‐emitting materials are environment friendly, easy to synthesize, and cost‐effective. More importantly, this will potentially eliminate the challenge of rare earth resources. Furthermore, a single chip is used for excitation instead of a multichip, which can greatly reduce the cost of the devices.
Infant feeding practices and childhood diet at Apollonia Pontica: Isotopic and dental evidence
Authors: Schmidt Jodi , Kwok Cynthia , Keenleyside Anne
Published: October 2015

Objective

This study analyzes deciduous dental pathology and stable isotopes to investigate the relationship between diet, feeding practices, and oral health in a subadult skeletal sample from the Greek colonial site of Apollonia Pontica, Bulgaria (mid‐5th to mid‐3rd Centuries BC).

Methods

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis was conducted on 74 bone collagen samples, and the deciduous dentitions of 85 individuals aged 8.5 months to 11 years were examined for evidence of caries, calculus, antemortem tooth loss, abscesses, and occlusal tooth wear.

Results

δ13C and δ15N values of the collagen samples indicate that weaning began between the ages of 6 months and 1 year, and was complete for most individuals by the age of 3. The isotopic data are consistent with a mixed diet of primarily terrestrial C3 resources. The dental pathology data indicate that complementary foods provided to young children had an impact on their oral health early on. Four outliers exhibited elevated δ15N values compared with the adult female range and lower levels of tooth wear than other members of their age groups. Possible explanations include prolonged breastfeeding, the consumption of diets elevated in 15N, and physiological/nutritional stress.

Conclusions

The deciduous dental data correlate well with the isotopic data and are consistent with later textual sources regarding the timing and duration of weaning, and the composition of complementary foods. The results of this research demonstrate the value of combining isotopic and dental evidence to investigate the dietary practices of infants and young children and the impact of these practices on oral health. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:284–299, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Situ Solid‐State Generation of (BN)2‐Pyrenes and Electroluminescent Devices
Authors: Wang Suning , Yang Deng‐Tao , Lu Jiasheng , Shimogawa Hiroyuki , Gong Shaolong , Wang Xiang , Mellerup Soren K. , Wakamiya Atsushi , Chang Yi‐Lu , Yang Chuluo , Lu Zheng‐Hong
Published: October 2015

New BN‐heterocyclic compounds have been found to undergo double arene photoelimination, forming rare yellow fluorescent BN‐pyrenes that contain two BN units. Most significant is the discovery that the double arene elimination can also be driven by excitons generated electrically within electroluminescent (EL) devices, enabling the in situ solid‐state conversion of BN‐heterocycles to BN‐pyrenes and the use of BN‐pyrenes as emitters for EL devices. The in situ exciton‐driven elimination (EDE) phenomenon has also been observed for other BN‐heterocycles.
Remarkable Differences in Reactivity between Benzothiazoline and Hantzsch Ester as a Hydrogen Donor in Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric Reductive Amination of Ketones
Authors: Kim Kyung‐Hee , Akiyama Takahiko , Cheon Cheol‐Hong
Published: October 2015

Described herein are differences in behavior between a Hantzsch ester and a benzothiazoline as hydrogen donors in the chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed asymmetric reductive amination of ketones with p‐anisidine. The asymmetric reductive amination of ketones with a Hantzsch ester as a hydrogen donor provided the corresponding chiral amines exclusively, regardless of the structures of the ketones, whereas a similar transformation with a benzothiazoline provided chiral amines and p‐methoxyphenyl‐protected primary amines in variable yields, depending on the structures of both the ketones and benzothiazolines. Because a benzothiazoline has an N,S‐acetal moiety that is vulnerable to p‐anisidine, the primary amine can be formed through transimination of the benzothiazoline with p‐anisidine followed by reduction of the resulting aldimine with remaining benzothiazoline.
A novel fluorescent probe based on rhodamine hydrazone derivatives bearing a thiophene group for Al3+
Authors: Li Meng‐xiao , Zhang Xia , Fan Yu.‐hua. , Bi Cai‐feng
Published: October 2015

In the present work, a novel 5‐methyl‐thiophene‐carbaldehyde‐functionalized rhodamine 6G Schiff base (RA) was designed and easily prepared as an Al3+ fluorescent and colorimetric probe, which could selectively and sensitively detect Al3+ by showing enhanced fluorescence emission. Meanwhile distinct color variation from colorless to pink also provided ‘naked eye’ detection of Al3+, due to the ring spirolactam opening of the rhodamine derivative. Other metal ions (including K+, Mg2+, Na+, Ba2+, Mn2+, Cd2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Hg2+, Co2+, Li+, Sr2+ and Cu2+) could only induce limited interference. The detection limit of the fluorescent probe was estimated to be 4.17 × 10−6 M, the binding constant of the RA–Al3+ complex was 1.4 × 106 M−1. Moreover, this fluorescent probe RA possessed high reversibility. As aluminum is a ubiquitous metal in nature and plays vital roles in many biological processes, this chemosensor could be explored for biological study applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitral valve repair after annuloplasty ring dehiscence using MitraClip
Authors: Hanson Ivan D. , Hanzel George S. , Shannon Francis L.
Published: October 2015

Dehiscence of a surgical mitral annuloplasty ring for repair of functional mitral regurgitation (MR) is an infrequently reported complication that often manifests as recurrent MR and heart failure. Re‐do mitral valve surgery to correct ring dehiscence may not be feasible for patients at high risk of operative mortality or serious morbidity. We report two cases of mitral annular ring dehiscence and severe mitral regurgitation in patients at prohibitive risk for re‐do mitral valve surgery who were successfully treated with MitraClip. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Different Complexation Behavior of P‐Functionalized Ferrocene Derivatives Towards SnCl2, SnCl4 and SnPh2Cl2: Auto‐ionization and Redox‐Type Reactions
Authors: Gawron Matthias , Dietz Christina , Lutter Michael , Duthie Andrew , Jouikov Viatcheslav , Jurkschat Klaus
Published: October 2015

The novel phosphonyl‐substituted ferrocene derivatives [Fe(η5‐Cp)(η5‐C5H3{P(O)(O‐iPr)2}2‐1,2)] (Fc1,2) and [Fe{η5‐C5H4P(O)(O‐iPr)2}2] (Fc1,1′) react with SnCl2, SnCl4, and SnPh2Cl2, giving the corresponding complexes [(Fc1,2)2SnCl][SnCl3] (1), [{(Fc1,1′)SnCl2}n] (2), [(Fc1,1′)SnCl4] (3), [{(Fc1,1′)SnPh2Cl2}n] (4), and [(Fc1,2)SnCl4] (5), respectively. The compounds are characterized by elemental analyses, 1H, 13C, 31P, 119Sn NMR and IR spectroscopy, 31P and 119Sn CP‐MAS NMR spectroscopy, cyclovoltammetry, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and single‐crystal as well as powder X‐ray diffraction analyses. The experimental work is accompanied by DFT calculations, which help to shed light on the origin for the different reaction behavior of Fc1,1′ and Fc1,2 towards tin(II) chloride.
New Route to Stabilize Ruthenium Nanoparticles with Non‐Isolable Chiral N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Martínez‐Prieto Luis Miguel , Ferry Angélique , Lara Patricia , Richter Christian , Philippot Karine , Glorius Frank , Chaudret Bruno
Published: October 2015

Ru nanoparticles (RuNPs) stabilized by non‐isolable chiral N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), namely SIDPhNp ((4S,5S)‐1,3‐di(naphthalen‐1‐yl)‐4,5‐diphenylimidazolidine) and SIPhOH ((S)‐3‐((1S,2R)‐2‐hydroxy‐1,2‐diphenylethyl)‐1‐((R)‐2‐hydroxy‐1,2‐diphenylethyl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐3H‐imidazoline), have been synthesized through a new procedure that does not require isolation of the free carbenes. The obtained RuNPs have been characterized by state‐of‐the‐art techniques and their surface chemistry has been investigated by FTIR and solid‐state MAS NMR upon the coordination of CO, which indicated the presence of free and reactive Ru sites. Their catalytic activity has been tested in various hydrogenation reactions involving competition between different sites, whereby interesting differences in selectivity were observed, but no enantioselectivity.
Selective Heterogeneous C−H Activation/Halogenation Reactions Catalyzed by Pd@MOF Nanocomposites
Authors: Pascanu Vlad , Carson Fabian , Solano Marta Vico , Su Jie , Zou Xiaodong , Johansson Magnus J. , Martín‐Matute Belén
Published: October 2015

A directed heterogeneous C−H activation/halogenation reaction catalyzed by readily synthesized Pd@MOF nanocatalysts was developed. The heterogeneous Pd catalysts used were a novel and environmentally benign Fe‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) (Pd@MIL‐88B‐NH2(Fe)) and the previously developed Pd@MIL‐101‐NH2(Cr). Very high conversions and selectivities were achieved under very mild reaction conditions and in short reaction times. A wide variety of directing groups, halogen sources, and substitution patterns were well tolerated, and valuable polyhalogenated compounds were synthesized in a controlled manner. The synthesis of the Pd‐functionalized Fe‐based MOF and the recyclability of the two catalysts are also presented.
Ring Expansions of Boroles with Diazo Compounds: Steric Control of C or N Insertion and Aromatic/Nonaromatic Products
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Hupp Florian , Krummenacher Ivo , Mailänder Lisa , Rauch Florian
Published: October 2015

Access to novel imine‐substituted 1,2‐azaborinines, as well as highly arylated boracyclohexa‐3,5‐dienes has been developed by ring expansion of boroles with diazoalkanes with varying degrees of steric bulk. The formation of a diazoalkane intermediate is also discussed for the reaction of ortho‐brominated p‐tolyl‐azide with 1,2,3,4,5‐pentaphenylborole. Structural details as well as UV/Vis spectroscopic and cyclic voltammetric data are provided. These boron‐containing heterocycles have the potential to serve as building blocks for boron‐containing materials.
Facile Synthesis of Size‐Tunable Functional Polyimidazolium Macrocycles through a Photochemical Closing Strategy
Authors: Yan Tao , Sun Li‐Ying , Deng Yu‐Xin , Han Ying‐Feng , Jin Guo‐Xin
Published: October 2015

A synthetic strategy for the preparation of a series of polyimidazolium macrocycles from the corresponding dicarbene‐derived metallacycles is described. Photodimerization of terminal cinnamic esters (UV‐irradiation, λ=365 nm) produces the closed metallacycles with perfect stereoselectivity and high yields. Subsequent removal of the template from the photodimerization product results in polyimidazolium macrocycles. The size and shape of the receptor can be tuned easily by changing the length and breadth of the internal bridging groups of the ligands. Preliminary investigation shows the potential of the macrocycle as iodide sensor.
Conversion of Carbon Monoxide‐Rich Synthesis Gas to Hydrocarbons and Alcohols over Cu/Co/ZnO/SiO2 Catalysts
Authors: Schröder Johannes , Arnold Ulrich , Abeln Johannes , Sauer Jörg , Döring Manfred
Published: October 2015

Catalysts of the type Cu/Co/ZnO/SiO2 were prepared by impregnation, subsequent calcination and reduction with hydrogen. Characterization of the catalysts was carried out by ICP‐AES, BET measurements and powder X‐ray diffraction analyses. Furthermore, temperature programmed reduction was employed to investigate their reduction behavior. The catalysts were tested in the conversion of synthesis gas to hydrocarbons and alcohols. High CO conversions could be reached in a single reactor pass. Selectivity was highest for methane, and short‐chain hydrocarbons, but alcohols were also formed.
The clinical usefulness of the intraoperative detection of sentinel lymph node metastases by a rapid RT‐PCR system in patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Yanagita Shigehiro , Uenosono Yoshikazu , Arigami Takaaki , Daisuke Matsushita , Okubo Keishi , Kijima Takashi , Arima Hideo , Hirata Munetsugu , Haraguchi Naoto , Hagihara Takahiko , Nishizono Yuka , Ishigami Sumiya , Natsugoe Shoji
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

The incidence of pathological lymph node metastases in patients with gastric cancer is 5% to 10%, which means that approximately 90% of patients with gastric cancer may undergo unnecessary lymphadenectomy. The precise intraoperative diagnosis of sentinel lymph node (SN) metastases is essential. The purpose of the current study was to verify the usefulness of a rapid reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) system compared with hematoxylin and eosin staining for such diagnoses.

METHODS

A total of 113 patients with clinical T1‐T2 (cT1‐T2) gastric cancer, including 73 patients with cT1cN0 disease with a tumor diameter <4 cm, were enrolled in the current study. SNs were identified by a radioisotope method. Carcinoembryonic antigen and cytokeratin 19 were used as markers for RT‐PCR and the cutoff values were set using 1701 lymph nodes harvested from 157 patients with gastric cancer.

RESULTS

SNs were detected in all 113 patients. Sensitivity and accuracy for detection by paraffin section were both 100% in patients with cT1 disease and were 60% and 90%, respectively, in patients with cT2 disease. The sensitivity of RT‐PCR for the detection of pathological SN metastases was 92.3%. Furthermore, 11 patients had SN metastases detected only by RT‐PCR, and these patients had frequent lymphatic invasion. Hematoxylin and eosin staining detected SN metastases in 6 of 73 patients with cT1cN0 gastric cancer; RT‐PCR and frozen section detected SN metastases in 6 and 4 of these patients, respectively. Accordingly, the sensitivity of RT‐PCR and frozen section for the detection of those pathological SN metastases were 100% and 66.6%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The rapid RT‐PCR system appears to have clinical usefulness for the intraoperative detection of SN metastases in patients with gastric cancer. Cancer 2016;122:386–392. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Safety of Anti‐TNF Therapies in Immune‐Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Infections and Malignancy
Authors: Pereira Rui , Lago Paula , Faria Raquel , Torres Tiago
Published: October 2015

Preclinical Research

The efficacy of anti‐TNF agents in the treatment of multiple immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) has increased their daily use. However, concerns remain regarding their long‐term safety profile. Using a literature‐based review of the infectious and malignant complications of anti‐TNF biologics in IMIDs including psoriasis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease, this review presents current evidence relative to the safety of anti‐TNF agents in the context infections and malignancy in adults with IMIDs. Treatment with anti‐TNF biologics is an effective treatment option with known risks that can be mitigated by appreciating the safety aspects and via a thorough screening and continuous monitoring of the patient. Drug Dev Res 76 : 419–427, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Frailty and geography: should these two factors be added to the ABCDE contemporary guide to diabetes therapy?
Authors: Maddaloni Ernesto , D'Onofrio Luca , Pozzilli Paolo
Published: October 2015

On the road towards personalized treatments for type 2 diabetes, we suggest here that two parameters could be added to the ABCDE algorithm, ‘F’ for frailty and ‘G’ for geography. Indeed, the progressive ageing of population is causing a simultaneous increase of frailty worldwide. The identification of the optimal therapeutic approach is often difficult in frail subjects because of the complexity of ‘frailty syndrome’. Nevertheless, given the relevance of diabetes in the development and progression of frailty, a safe and effective cure of diabetes is extremely important to guarantee a good medical outcome. There are few data about diabetes treatment in this delicate category of patients, and the choice of the appropriate therapy mostly remains a challenge. Moreover, type 2 diabetes affects more than 382 million people of different countries, races and ethnicities. To face the lack of solid evidence‐based medicine for the treatment of diabetes in different ethnic groups, it is extremely important to increase knowledge about the different pathophysiology of diabetes according to ethnicity. In this way, a tailored approach to treatment of various ethnic groups living in the same or different regions can eventually be developed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exposure to sexism can decrease implicit gender stereotype bias
Authors: Ramos Miguel R. , Barreto Manuela , Ellemers Naomi , Moya Miguel , Ferreira Lúcia , Calanchini Jimmy
Published: October 2015

Two studies examined the effect of exposure to sexism on implicit gender bias, focusing specifically on stereotypes of men as competent and women as warm. Male and female participants were exposed to sexism or no sexism. In both Experiment 1 (Implicit Association Task; N = 115) and Experiment 2 (Go/No‐go Association Task; N = 167), women who had been exposed to sexist beliefs demonstrated less implicit gender stereotype bias relative to women who were not exposed to sexism. In contrast, exposure to sexism did not influence men's implicit gender stereotype bias. In Experiment 2, process modelling revealed that women's reduction in bias in response to sexism was related to increased accuracy orientation and a tendency to make warmth versus competence judgments. The implications of these findings for current understandings of sexism and its effects on gender stereotypes are discussed.
Highly Sensitive and Simultaneous Detection of Hydroquinone and Catechol Using Poly(mercaptoacetic acid)/Exfoliated Graphene Composite Film‐modified Electrode
Authors: Fu Ju , Tan Xiaohong , Shi Zhen , Song Xinjian , Zhang Shenghui
Published: October 2015

Graphene nanosheets were facilely prepared through one‐step liquid‐phase exfoliation of graphite powder in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) with the assistance of sodium citrate, and then employed to modify the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) via solvent evaporation. Subsequently, mercaptoacetic acid (MA) was electrodeposited onto the surface of exfoliated graphene‐modified GCE (EG/GCE) to construct a composite film‐modified electrode (pMA/EG/GCE). The electrochemical behaviors of hydroquinone (HQ) and catechol (CC) were studied. It was found that the oxidation peak currents of HQ and CC increased obviously on the surface of EG/GCE and pMA/GCE, compared with those on bare GCE. However, the oxidation signals of HQ and CC further enhanced greatly on the surface of pMA/EG/GCE, showing strong synergetic enhancement effects. As a result, a highly sensitive electrochemical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of HQ and CC. The linear range was from 0.1 to 100 μmol L−1, and the detection limits were 85 and 80 nmol L−1 for HQ and CC (S/N=3).
Hydrological modelling, process understanding and uncertainty in a southern African context: lessons from the northern hemisphere
Authors: Hughes D. A.
Published: October 2015

During the four decades of Keith Beven's career there have been many developments in the science of hydrological modelling. Some have focused on the links between hydrological process understanding and the structure and complexity of hydrological models, others on the related issues of modelling uncertainty. The southern Africa region continues to be generally less well endowed with the resources required to contribute to these research developments, but they are critical for successful water resources management decision‐making in data scarce areas, and go beyond academic interest. Consequently, the focus in the region has been on adding a local context to northern hemisphere research as well as trying to put it into practice. The challenge in southern Africa has always been to extrapolate from published research ideas and decide how they can be effectively used in larger scale practical applications in data‐poor areas. The paper examines the issues of model complexity, links with process understanding and the broad topic of model uncertainty estimation in the context of data scarce areas and how the science questions relate to improvements in water resources decision making. The conclusions suggest that the southern African region has benefited a great deal from several decades of northern hemisphere research (including those by Beven) and that some values have been added through the focus on practical implementation. The region should also embrace the opportunities presented by the need to link realistic uncertainty estimates with risk‐based water resources decision‐making, thereby contributing to the international debate on this important topic. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling suspended sediment concentration using artificial neural networks for Gangotri glacier
Authors: Joshi Rajesh , Kumar Kireet , Adhikari Vijay Pal Singh
Published: October 2015

The dynamics of suspended sediment involves inherent non‐linearity and complexity because of existence of both spatial variability of the basin characteristics and temporal climatic patterns. This complexity, therefore, leads to inaccurate prediction by the conventional sediment rating curve (SRC) and other empirical methods. Over past few decades, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have emerged as one of the advanced modelling techniques capable of addressing inherent non‐linearity in the hydrological processes. In the present study, feed‐forward back propagation (FFBP) algorithm of ANNs is used to model stage–discharge–suspended sediment relationship for ablation season (May–September) for melt runoff released from Gangotri glacier, one of the largest glaciers in Himalaya. The simulations have been carried out on primary data of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) discharge and stage for ablation season of 11‐year period (1999–2009). Combinations of different input vectors (viz. stage, discharge and SSC) for present and previous days are considered for development of the ANN models and examining the effects of input vectors. Further, based on model performance indices for training and testing phase, a suitable modelling approach with appropriate model input structure is suggested. The conventional SRC method is also used for modelling discharge–sediment relationship and performance of developed models is evaluated by statistical indices, namely; root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and coefficient of determination (R2). Statistically, the performance of ANN‐based models is found to be superior as compared to SRC method in terms of the selected performance indices in simulating the daily SSC. The study reveals suitability of ANN approach for simulation and estimation of daily SSC in glacier melt runoff and, therefore, opens new avenues of research for application of hybrid soft computing models in glacier hydrology. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of temperature, food availability, and estradiol injection on gametogenesis and gender in the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera
Authors: Teaniniuraitemoana Vaihiti , Leprêtre Maxime , Levy Peva , Vanaa Vincent , Parrad Sophie , Gaertner‐Mazouni Nabila , Gueguen Yannick , Huvet Arnaud , Le Moullac Gilles
Published: October 2015

The black‐lip pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera is a protandrous hermaphrodite species. Its economic value has led to the development of controlled hatchery reproduction techniques, although many aspects remain to be optimized. In order to understand reproductive mechanisms and their controlling factors, two independent experiments were designed to test hypotheses of gametogenesis and sex ratio control by environmental and hormonal factors. In one, pearl oysters were exposed under controlled conditions at different combinations of temperature (24 and 28°C) and food level (10,000 and 40,000 cells mL−1); whereas in the other, pearl oysters were conditioned under natural conditions into the lagoon and subjected to successive 17β‐estradiol injections (100 μg per injection). Gametogenesis and sex ratio were assessed by histology for each treatment. In parallel, mRNA expressions of nine marker genes of the sexual pathway (pmarg‐foxl2, pmarg‐c43476, pmarg‐c45042, pmarg‐c19309, pmarg‐c54338, pmarg‐vit6, pmarg‐zglp1, pmarg‐dmrt, and pmarg‐fem1‐like) were investigated. Maximum maturation was observed in the treatment combining the highest temperature (28°C) and the highest microalgae concentration (40,000 cells mL−1), where the female sex tended to be maintained. Injection of 17β‐estradiol induced a significant increase of undetermined stage proportion 2 weeks after the final injection. These results suggest that gametogenesis and gender in adult pearl oysters can be controlled by environmental factors and estrogens. While there were no significant effects on relative gene expression, the 3‐gene‐pair expression ratio model of the sexual pathway of P. margaritifera, suggest a probable dominance of genetic sex determinism without excluding a mixed sex determination mode (genetic + environmental). J. Exp. Zool. 325A:13–24, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Raman spectra and phase composition of MnGeO3 crystals
Authors: Oreshonkov Aleksandr S. , Gerasimova Julia V. , Ershov Alexandr A. , Krylov Alexander S. , Shaykhutdinov Kirill A. , Vtyurin Aleksandr N. , Molokeev Maxim S. , Terent'ev Konstantin Y. , Mihashenok Natalia V.
Published: October 2015

MnGeO3 single‐crystal samples have been synthesized by optical zonal melting and spontaneous crystallization. X‐ray crystal analysis showed the first sample to be a two‐phase one with phase ratio as follows: 17% – monoclinic C2/c, and 83% – orthorhombic Pbca; the phase ratio of the second sample was unknown. Raman spectra have been produced for these samples. Lattice dynamics has been simulated and polarization dependencies of lines' intensities have been analyzed to interpret experimental Raman spectra and to attribute lines to the spectra of monoclinic and orthorhombic phases. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of spectra sample size for characterizing single cells using micro‐Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Schie Iwan W. , Chan James W.
Published: October 2015

Single‐cell micro‐Raman spectroscopy has the potential to become a powerful, new cytometric approach for discriminating between cell types and identifying subpopulations of cells based on differences in the intrinsic, molecular content of the cells. Despite the considerable progress in demonstrating many biomedical applications of single‐cell Raman spectroscopy, an unresolved issue with this method is the inconsistent manner in which the technique has been applied experimentally to acquire spectra from a cell, which can potentially lead to irreproducible and inconsistent results from study to study. Specifically, the problem pertains to the validity of using micro‐Raman spectroscopy to sample an arbitrary fraction of the cell volume and to claim that the resulting spectrum represents the entire cell volume. In this study, we investigate the effect of sample size (i.e. the number of Raman spectra acquired from distinct locations in a cell) on the ability to generate a Raman spectrum that accurately describes the total molecular content of the cell. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a minimum sample size of Raman spectra acquired from a cell can be used in place of a full hyperspectral Raman image to achieve the same degree of discrimination between different cell populations. Lymphocytes exposed to the chemotherapy drug, doxorubicin, at different concentrations and exposure times are used as a model biological system in this study. This work demonstrates the importance of adequate spectral sampling and presents an approach for determining the minimum sample size needed to reproduce a Raman spectrum of a whole cell, which are expected to impact future single‐cell Raman spectroscopy studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Referral patterns, treatment and outcome of high‐grade malignant bone sarcoma in Scandinavia—SSG Central Register 25 years' experience
Authors: Zaikova Olga , Sundby Hall Kirsten , Styring Emelie , Eriksson Mikael , Trovik Clement S. , Bergh Peter , Bjerkehagen Bodil , Skorpil Mikael , Weedon‐Fekjær Harald , Bauer Henrik C.F.
Published: October 2015

Aims

The objectives of this study were to present changes in referral patterns, treatment and survival in patients with high‐grade malignant bone sarcoma in Sweden and Norway based on data in the Scandinavian Sarcoma Group (SSG) Central Register.

Method

Data on 1,437 patients with diagnosis 1986–2010 was analyzed.

Results

Osteosarcoma was the most frequentl diagnosis (45%), followed by Ewing sarcoma (21%) and chondrosarcoma (17%). Thirty‐one percent of Swedish and 41% of Norwegian patients had tumors in the axial skeleton. Eighty‐six percent of extremity tumors and 66% of axial tumors were referred to a sarcoma center prior to unplanned surgery or biopsy. During the past decade, limb salvage surgery has risen from under 50% to over 80%. Five‐year overall survival in non‐metastatic osteosarcoma was 70% for extremity tumors, and 35% for axial tumors. No improvement in osteosarcoma survival was observed during the last decade. Five‐year survival in Ewing sarcoma improved from 50% to 69%.

Conclusion

Referral patterns in bone sarcomas have improved. However, greater efforts should be dedicated to improving referral of patients with possible tumors in the axial skeleton to multidisciplinary teams (MDTs). Overall survival of patients with high‐grade malignant bone sarcomas in Sweden and Norway is in line with other reports. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015;112:853–860. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Large‐Scale Fabrication of Polymer Microcavities with Adjustable Openings and Surface Roughness Regulated by the Polarity of both Seed Surface and Monomers
Authors: Tian Lei , Zhao Panpan , Li Xiangjie , Wang Shenqiang , Ali Zafar , Zhang Baoliang , Zhang Hepeng , Zhang Qiuyu
Published: October 2015

Polymer microcavities with adjustable openings and surface roughness are fabricated on a large scale via single‐hole poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) swelling seed particles. The size of openings of these microcavities can be adjusted by changing the amount of hydrophilic monomer, and the degree of surface roughness is easily regulated relying on the adjustment of the polarity of monomer. Furthermore, the morphology of PGMA/poly(styrene‐methacrylic acid) (PGMA/P(S‐MAA)) microparticles from microcavity to erythrocyte shape is controlled by the polarity of seed surface. From transmission electron microscopy images of PGMA/P(S‐MAA) microparticles, a fresh polymer particle appears in the cavity. To confirm this phenomenon, thermal annealing process in dioxane/water solution is carried out. Considering the flexibility of polymers, the openings and closing of the prepared microparticles are regulated following the increase in volume ratio of dioxane/water. Ball‐in‐bowl‐shaped PGMA/P(S‐MAA) microparticles are further presented, which proves secondary nucleation of monomer in the polymerization stage.

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Clinimetric Analysis of the Motor Section of the Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Rating Scale: Reliability and Factor Analysis
Authors: Hall Deborah A. , Stebbins Glenn T. , Litvan Irene , Bordelon Yvette , Riley David E. , Leverenz James , Standaert David G.
Published: October 2015

Introduction

PSP is a rare degenerative disorder associated with significant morbidity. Recently, investigations of the etiology and treatment of PSP have been initiated. The aim of the present study was to validate the motor domain of the Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Rating Scale (PSPRS) as part of a larger epidemiological study.

Methods

Fifty videos of patients with PSP were rated by four trained movement disorder neurologists using the PSPRS. Reliability and construct validity of the scale were evaluated using standard methods.

Results

Inter‐rater reliability for the total scale score was good. Internal consistency of the scale improved with the removal of three items. Four factors accounted for the majority of the variance of the scale as determined by principal components analysis.

Discussion

This study shows that the motor domain of the PSPRS is a reliable scale, with a factor structure that suggests construct validity, for the assessment of motor signs of the disease. Removal or modification of items may improve the clinimetric features of the motor domain of the scale.
Chaos control and synchronization of fractional order delay‐varying computer virus propagation model
Authors: Ansari Moien Ahmad , Arora Deepak , Ansari Sana Parveen
Published: October 2015

In the present article, the authors have studied the dynamical behavior of delay‐varying computer virus propagation (CVP) model with fractional order derivative, and it is found that the chaotic attractor exists in the considered fractional order system. In order to eliminate the chaotic behavior of fractional order delay‐varying CVP model, feedback controlmethod is used. This article also dealswith the synchronization between controlled and chaotic delay‐varying CVPmodel via active controlmethod. The fractional derivative is described in the Caputo sense. Numerical simulation results are carried out by means of Adams‐Boshforth‐Moultonmethod with the help ofMATLAB, and the results are successfully depicted through graphs .Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.