bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children's well-being VS the culture and market of sexualization: An evidence-based why-question
Authors: Fotouhi Babak
Published: March 2024

I discuss the diverse health implications of sexualization in childhood, by cultural and market forces, from the lens of holistic well-being and flourishing research. I present a simple statistical example from the clothing market, and suggest a direction of inquiry towards pertinent "why" questions.
Complete remission of Varicose veins through Integrated therapy w.s.r. to Jalauka avacharana: A Unique Case Report
Authors: Balakrishna Acharya , Upreti Jaya , Chauhan Muskan , Katiyar Prashant , Arya Vedpriya
Published: March 2024

Objective:This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes and safety profile of leech therapy as a potential alternative or adjunctive treatment for varicose veins. Specifically, it examines the efficacy of leech therapy in managing varicose vein symptoms.Methods:A prospective case study was conducted with a single patient receiving treatment at the Ayurvedic Panchakarma department. The effects of leech therapy were assessed based on the patient's self-reported evaluation of varicose vein treatment over a 5-week period. Six sessions of Jalauka avacharana (Medicinal leech therapy) were administered to the patient.Results:Following the six sessions of leech therapy, the patient experienced gradual alleviation of symptoms, including reduced pain and burning sensations. Moreover, significant improvements were noted in reducing swelling, lumping, skin discoloration, tortuosity, and itching associated with varicose veins. These findings suggest the potential effectiveness of leech therapy in managing varicose vein symptoms.Conclusions:Leech therapy shows promise as a viable option for managing varicose veins, offering noticeable improvements in symptom relief and overall vascular health. Integrated therapy incorporating Ayurveda Panchakarma, naturopathy, and yogasanas may provide comprehensive support for individuals with varicose veins. Larger-scale studies are warranted to validate these preliminary outcomes and explore the long-term efficacy of integrated therapeutic approaches in varicose vein management.
Autistic and Non-Autistic Experiences of Decreased Sound Tolerance and Their Association with Mental Health and Quality of Life
Authors: Scheerer Nichole , Boucher Troy , Arzanpour Siamak , Iarocci Grace , Birmingham Elina
Published: March 2024

BackgroundDecreased sound tolerance (DST) is an increased sensitivity to sound at levels that would not bother most people. DST is highly prevalent in autistic adults; however, the extent to which DST differs across autistic and non-autistic adults is uncertain. This study explores multiple domains of DST symptoms and the severity of DST symptoms, as well as the behavioural reactions and coping strategies adopted to manage DST in both autistic and non-autistic adults. Lastly relationships between DST, autism characteristics, mental health, and quality of life were explored.MethodsThis study used online surveys to investigate the characteristics of DST in 77 autistic and 128 non-autistic adults who self-report DST, as well as the relationship between DST and autistic characteristics, mental health, and quality of life.ResultsThe results of this study indicated that misophonia, an aversion to specific sounds, was more severe in autistic adults. Similarly, hyperacusis, a reduced tolerance to everyday sounds at volumes that would not be distressing to most people, was also more severe in the autistic sample. Across the entire sample, misophonia symptoms were associated with more autistic traits and higher anxiety, while hyperacusis symptom severity was associated with more autistic traits, higher anxiety and depression symptoms, and poorer quality of life.ConclusionAlthough misophonia and hyperacusis appear to be more severe in autistic samples, these forms of DST may be related in similar ways to mental health and quality of life of both autistic and non-autistic adults. Future work should focus on differentiating the subtypes of DST in order to facilitate the development of treatments that specifically target the symptoms of each subtype (i.e. misophonia, and hyperacusis) rather than treating DST as a homogeneous problem.
Affective integration in experience, judgment, and decision-making
Authors: Asutay Erkin , Västfjäll Daniel
Published: March 2024

Research on the role of affect in judgment and decision-making has attracted an increasing interest in recent decades. However, most current approaches ignore the temporal dependence of mental states and focus on effects rather than on mechanisms. This effectively leads to an approach of mapping a relatively well-defined, but largely static, feeling state to a tendency for a certain behavioral response. Expected and experienced consequences of actions are integrated over time into a unified overall affective experience reflecting current resources under current demands. This affective integration is shaped by contextual factors and continually modulates judgments and decisions. Here, based on a few promising recent empirical and theoretical advances, we advocate for an approach to studying the role of affect in judgment and decision-making that integrates affective dynamics into decision-making paradigms and explicitly models the temporal variation in decision processes that result from changing affective states. This approach, by identifying the key variables explaining how changes in affect influence information processing, may provide new insights into the role of affective dynamics in behavior.
Research on Factors Affecting the Intentions to Invest in Stocks of Vietnamese Youth
Authors: Tung Hoang Thanh , Triet Duong Minh
Published: March 2024

To study the factors affecting the stock investment intention of Vietnamese youth, the research team used quantitative research methods based on sample data collected from a survey of 482 young people, of which 262 were young people who have made stock investments and intend to invest in stocks. The research team used SMARTPLS software to process collected survey data. Research results show that, in 6 factors with 95% confidence, 4 factors have an impact on the stock investment decisions of young people living in Vietnam. Among them, "Subjective Norms" (CCQ) has the strongest influence on stock investment intention with an influence of 0.349; Next is the factor "Perceived behavioral control" (NTKS) with an influence level of 0.181; The factor "Attitude towards money" (TDTB) has an influence level of 0.175; The factor "Attitude towards stock investment" (TDCK) has an influence level of 0.166. Two factors "Risk Perception" and "Profitability and stability" are not statistically significant enough to show a relationship with the stock investment intentions of young people living in Vietnam. Based on the analysis results, the research team proposed several discussions to promote young people's readiness and improve awareness and ability to carry out investment activities and stock investments.
The Experiences of the School Principals on the Implementation of the School Improvement Plan (SIP) in Lanao Del Sur, Philippines
Authors: Balindong Norfaesha A. , Naga Minerva-Saminah M. , Guimba Wardah D. , Bolat Yavuz
Published: March 2024

This qualitative study addressed a significant research gap in understanding the experiences of school principals in Lanao del Sur, Philippines as they navigate the implementation of the SIP (School Improvement Plan). Employing a purposive selection, the study engaged twenty-nine (29) school principals in an interview to unravel major findings in three key areas. Firstly, participants' experiences unveiled the importance of strategic governance for sustainable growth, enhanced education excellence, strategic self-assessment, and effective resource management, including considerations for educational capacity and sustainability. Secondly, the facilitation of the school improvement process involves stakeholder engagement, collaborative support and development, and addressing challenges to achieve excellence. Thirdly, participants offered insights into enhancing SIP implementation, emphasizing strategic excellence, educational empowerment, and safety and sustainability. Based on these findings, the study proposes the PrinciPulse SIP Implementation Model, an eight-cluster framework encompassing key aspects like leadership, academics, assessment, resources, capacity building, stakeholder engagement, support systems, and comprehensive planning. This dynamic framework empowers principals to proactively guide SIP implementation, fostering a culture of continuous improvement, collaboration, and adaptability in Lanao del Sur's educational landscape.
A Qualitative Study on MBHTE-BARMM Supervisors’ Approaches to Achieving Work-Life Responsibilities
Authors: Lampaco Asnaida T. , Naga Minerva-Saminah M. , Guimba Wardah D. , Daguisonan Lotis B.
Published: March 2024

This study explores the approaches employed by supervisors in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) in attaining work-life responsibilities. Employing a qualitative study design, it delves into the experiences of the research participants in their strive to balance their professional roles with personal life commitments. Data collection involved in-depth interviews, observation, and narrative analysis, involving a sample of twenty-five (25) supervisors from diverse divisions and programs in the BARMM. The findings of the study unveil several crucial dimensions of the participants’ experiences and strategies. It becomes apparent that they experienced multitasking hence, learned to prioritize tasks which is a testament to the dynamic and multifaceted nature of their roles. In terms of strategies, the study reveals that they predominantly rely on time management and advance planning to deal with the balancing of work and personal life. Moreover, personal, and professional factors that affect their approach to achieving work-life balance include personal problems, inability to balance time, and commitment to work. The research participants also face specific challenges such as resource shortages and overwhelming workloads. This study further highlights the participants’ expected support from schools and districts through communication and mutual understanding. Based on the findings of the study, a model was generated. This model reveals three dimensions of work-life responsibilities namely (1) personal and professional responsibilities, (2) internal support, and (3) external support.
Child Psychopathologies Linking Family Adversities to Educational Involvement among Children of Incarcerated Fathers
Authors: İşcanoğlu Zülal , Bulus Metin , Foster Holly
Published: March 2024

This study delves into the complex dynamics among risk experiences, emotional and behavioral symptoms, and the educational engagement of children with incarcerated fathers. Drawing data from 64 currently incarcerated fathers, their adolescent children, primary caregivers, and teachers, the research reveals that both socioeconomic and parental incarceration-specific adversities contribute to heightened externalizing and internalizing problems. Notably, socioeconomic risk factors wield a more substantial influence on these psychopathologies. Externalizing problems emerge as key mediators, outweighing internalizing problems in linking socioeconomic risk experiences to children’s attitudes toward school. Total indirect model analysis underscores that general risk experiences negatively impact children’s school attitudes and belongingness through both internalizing and externalizing problems. Findings underscore the significance of children’s socioeconomic adverse experiences, with a pronounced impact on behavioral adjustment and a notable contribution to emotional adjustment. This dual influence, particularly emphasizing behavioral aspects, subsequently shapes their involvement and adaptation within the school system. The study advocates for targeted interventions and policy measures, highlighting the necessity to bolster caregivers’ social and economic resources, actively engage incarcerated parents in decisions related to their children’s education and well-being, provide support to teachers in identifying and addressing challenges faced by children in schools, and deliver personalized psychological assistance for these children. These interventions facilitating the educational involvement are pivotal for disrupting the cycle of disadvantage and criminal behavior.
Mission-Oriented Public Policy for Nature Recovery
Authors: zu Ermgassen Sophus , Kedward Katie , Allen Andrew , Chausson Alexandre , Clark Michael , Duffus Natalie , Holmes-Skelton Georgina , Mazzucato Mariana , Simpson Katherine , Thind Puninda , Gomez-Baggethun Erik
Published: March 2024

Natural ecosystems and the benefits they provide continue to decline. A dominant narrative views a lack of funding for nature conservation as a major cause, emphasising the need to attract private finance. Governments have historically played a large direct role in tackling societal grand challenges, using ‘mission-oriented’ policies to coordinate public and private institutions for technological innovation. We conduct an expert workshop to identify policies for delivering nature recovery in England and perceptions of their feasibility, showing an inverse correlation between experts’ perceptions of policies’ impact at delivering nature recovery, and their feasibility. We then explore how these policies relate to the policy toolkit applied in mission-oriented strategy and demonstrate how missions-thinking can be applied to nature recovery. Many policies proposed fall within the conventional mission-oriented policy toolkit (clearly defining the mission, policy coordination, strategic public procurement, public investment in fundamental innovation and public goods, conditional financing, public engagement). However, experts also proposed various policies associated with greater direct regulation of ecological harms, indicating their perception that nature recovery is unlikely to be delivered through shaping markets to deliver technological innovations alone. We conclude by considering future directions and challenges for the implementation of mission-oriented policy for nature conservation.
Inner speech and bilingualism: A scoping review with clinical implications
Authors: Alexander Julianne M , Anderson Raquel
Published: March 2024

IntroductionBackground: Inner speech, or the “little voice in the head,” is implicated in many cognitive functions and is gaining interest in interdisciplinary research. Inner speech in bilinguals, people who speak more than one language proficiently, may shed a light on the underlying mechanisms of language and cognitive function in the brain. Objectives: We aim to examine the research on inner speech in bilingual adults and the methods used in this research to characterize how bilingual adults use inner speech. We further focus on the factors which influence language choice for inner speech. Finally, we aim to relate this research to future research on inner speech in bilingual adults with aphasia and its clinical implications. MethodWe conducted a scoping review of inner speech in bilingual adults and used a specific search strategy on five databases. Using the software Covidence, we reviewed the titles and abstracts, then completed a full text review. We extracted the relevant data and charted them based on pre-defined variables. ResultsInner speech is bilingual, but many factors influence which language is used, including age and context of acquisition, social environment, and emotionality. The most common methods used to evaluate inner speech in bilingual adults are questionnaires and interviews, and we critically examine these methods and suggest possible improvements in the discussion. ConclusionExamining how inner speech is used by bilingual adults can help researchers understand the phenomenon of inner speech, language organization in the brain, cognitive functions, and the importance of context and experience. This review helps to inform researchers and clinicians who work with bilingual adults with aphasia, as we must ensure that our work is based on accurate assumptions of these individuals rather than extending the knowledge from research with monolinguals without regard for the additional complexity of navigating multiple languages.
Towards the understanding of the core of general Personality Disorder factor: g-PD and its relation to hostile attributions
Authors: Zajenkowska Anna , Nowakowska Iwona , Cieciuch Jan , Gawęda Łukasz , Rogoza Radosław , Pinkham Amy , Czajkowska-Łukasiewicz Katarzyna
Published: March 2024

There is a general consensus that personality disorders (PDs) share a general factor (g-PD) overlapping with the general factor of psychopathology (p-factor). The general psychopathology factor is related to many social dysfunctions, but its nature still remains to some extent ambiguous. We posit that hostile attributions may be explanatory for the factor common for all PDs, i.e., interpersonal problems and difficulty in building long-lasting and satisfying relationships of all kinds. Thus, the main objective of the current project was to expand the existing knowledge about underlying factors of g-PD with regard to hostile attributions. We performed a cross-sectional study on a representative, community sample of Poles (N = 1031). Our hypotheses were primarily confirmed as hostile attributions predicted p-factor. However, the relation was positive only for hostile attributions related to ambiguous situations involving relational harm and physical harm done by female authorities and negative in case of hostile attributions in situations involving physical harm done by peers. Additionally, paranoia-like thoughts strongly related to hostile attributions and independently predicted g-PD. The results contribute to the current discussion on the nature of the g-PD, confirm that hostile attributions and paranoia are a crucial aspect of personality pathology, and indicate the importance of working on these cognitions in the course of therapeutic work.
An Approach to the Performance of Passport Services through Workload and Work Environment: Study at the Wonosobo Immigration Office
Authors: Mulyawan Budy , Ryanindityo M , Purnomo Agung , Syahrin M. Alvi , Wilonotomo  , Afifah Ifatul
Published: March 2024

This study aims to identify the effect of workload and work environment on the performance of passport issuance services at the Wonosobo Immigration Office. Workload is defined as a series of tasks that must be carried out by a work unit within an organization or by an individual who serves in a position within a certain period of time. Meanwhile, the work environment is defined as a place where a worker completes his duties in accordance with the goals to be achieved. There is a mismatch in the number of human resources in passport services compared to the high level of passport applications. The research method used in this research is quantitative method. Data collection was carried out through observation and distribution of questionnaires. Sampling using total sampling techniques, and data analysis was carried out using a Likert scale. The data analysis technique applied in this study is using multiple linear regression data analysis techniques. The results of data collection show the significance of workload of 0.32 and work environment of 0.21 greater than 0.05, which means that there is an influence of workload and work environment on employee performance in passport services. This study recommends increasing the number of human resources and improving the work environment to improve the performance of passport issuance services.
Pre-replication: anything goes, once
Authors: Karhulahti Veli-Matti , Martončik Marcel , Adamkovic Matus
Published: March 2024

In this commentary, we propose pre-replication as a necessary epistemic, analytic, and axiologic exercise to be carried out before each replication.
On the Nature of Measurement
Authors: Briggs Derek , maul andrew , McGrane Josh
Published: March 2024

Over time, the concept of measurement has come to be associated with precision, accuracy, objectivity, and overall trustworthiness. In this chapter we engage with the question of how educational measurement can be understood with respect to measurement more broadly, and if and how instances of educational measurement earn this claimed trustworthiness. In section 2 of the chapter, we trace some key historical developments that help to explain how the concepts and terminology of measurement came to be invoked in educational and psychological contexts. In section 3 we argue that irrespective of the field of application or disciplinary context, successful instances of measurement will always involve certain components that serve to justify its claimed trustworthiness. We introduce a TISM framework for understanding measurement with respect to four central components: Theory (T), Instrumentation (I), Scales & Units (S), and Modeling (M). We illustrate and apply the TISM framework briefly to the physical science context of measuring temperature and then more extensively to the educational context of measuring reading comprehension. Although the central components of measurement are present in each context, there are unique challenges in education. In section 4 of the chapter, we take a closer look at three of these challenges that are likely to remain areas for discussion and debate in the future: (1) the meaning of validity and how this should inform measurement practices, (2) evolving conceptualizations of measurement error and uncertainty, and (3) the role of measuring scales and units in the evaluation of magnitudes.
Examining the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions for anxiety in young adults: a narrative synthesis
Authors: Bose Joy
Published: March 2024

BackgroundAnxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety, are a major problem among adolescents and young adults. Structured mindfulness based interventions such as Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) have been shown to be at least as effective as other interventions for treating anxiety, but a thorough analysis of different factors for effective treatments is missing. ObjectiveThe objective of this narrative synthesis is to synthesize mindfulness treatments for anxiety in young adults aged between 12 to 25, and examine components of those interventions that are more effective in reducing anxiety. MethodsStudies were selected from 3 public databases (APA Psycinfo, Embase, Medline), as well as a manual process to augment the searches. Interventions involving Mindfulness based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Mindfulness based Stress Reduction (MBSR) based studies, as well as their variants were eligible. Anxiety should be one of the measures in the study although it may not be the primary measure. After initial screening and removal of duplicates, 8 studies involving 423 participants were identified. ResultsIdentified themes included customizations for young people, homework and follow ups, qualifications of the instructors, dropout rates, physical activity and subjective experience. Most studies showed a significant decrease in anxiety symptoms, in case of social phobia, chronic pain, stress and academic performance. However, variable scales for measuring anxiety were employed across studies, making it difficult to combine or compare them. The amount of improvement of anxiety was variable. Interventions that included mindfulness information sessions for parents and interventions with mindful physical activity such as yoga showed better results. ConclusionRecommendations are presented to enable more effective mindfulness interventions tailored for young people with anxiety.
Explaining bias with bias
Authors: Przybyszewski Krzysztof , Rutkowska Dorota , Bialek Michal
Published: March 2024

Bermúdez argues that a framing effect is rational, which will be true if one accepts that the biased editing phase is rational. This type of rationality was called procedural by Simon. Despite being procedurally rational in the evaluation phase framing effect stems from biased way we set a reference point against which outcomes are compared.
Zooming in and out of semantics: proximal–distal construal levels and prominence hierarchies
Authors: Lobben Marit , Laeng Bruno
Published: March 2024

AbstractA wide spectre of grammatical phenomena, ranging from case assignment to number, definiteness, verbal agreement, voice, direct/inverse morphology, and syntactic word-order respond to Prominence Hierarchies (PH), or semantic scales. Despite numerous linguistic-specific and cognitive explanations have been proposed since the topic was first introduced nearly fifty years ago, it remains unexplained why these hierarchies exist and continue to have pervasive effects on grammar. The field of prominence hierarchies as expressed through the languages of the world continues to be riddled with riddles. Under the five headings A) individuation and narrow reference phenomena, B) fronting mechanisms, C) the prominence of speech act participants, D) cultural variance and flexibility, and E) abstraction, we identify a set of unsolved mysteries, or conundrums, that require an explanation: 1) If animacy underlies PH, why can definiteness and specificity independently cause PH effects? 2) Why is individuation more pertinent for categories high up in the PH? 3) Why are personal names and kinship terms ranked above the category of humans, when they too reference humans? 4) How can one ‘empathise with’ an inanimate object when it is a topic, but not when the same referent is a regular direct object? 5) Why are topics given special priority, even when their referents are inherently low ranked? 6) Why can differentially marked objects be subjects of passive constructions when the same oblique cases in primary oblique functions cannot? 7) Why are question words and relative pronouns sensitive to animacy? 8) Why are first person pronouns, or sometimes first and second persons – the ‘speech-act participants’ – given special priority? 9) Why are abstract concepts always ranked the lowest? And finally, two related issues are discussed as the last conundrum: 10) Why do grammars rank some groups of humans as lower when these have a particular gender or ethnicity, and why are some animals ranked higher when they are domestic than wild, even if they belong to the same species? We attempt to resolve these conundrums with reference to the psychological Construal Level Theory (CLT) by suggesting that both PH and CLT structure the external world according to proximity or distance from the ‘Me, Here and Now’ (MHN) perspective. In language, MHN has the effect of structuring grammars; in cognition, MHN structures our lives, our preferences, and choices. Both, however, reflect a fundamental way in which the human mind works.
People reward others based on their willingness to exert effort
Authors: Xiang Yang , Landy Jenna , Cushman Fiery Andrews , Vélez Natalia , Gershman Samuel J.
Published: March 2024

Individual contributors to a collaborative task are often rewarded for going above and beyond—salespeople earn commissions, athletes earn performance bonuses, and companies award special parking spots to their employee of the month. How do we decide when to reward collaborators, and are these decisions closely aligned with how responsible they were for the outcome of a collaboration? In Experiments 1a and 1b (𝑁 = 360), we tested how participants give bonuses, using stimuli and an experiment design that has previously been used to elicit responsibility judgments (Xiang et al., 2023a). Past work has found that responsibility judgments are driven both by how much effort people actually contributed and how much they could have contributed (Xiang et al., 2023a). In contrast, here we found that participants allocated bonuses based only on how much effort agents actually contributed. In Experiments 2a and 2b (𝑁 = 358), participants allocated bonuses to agents who were instructed to exert a particular level of effort; participants rewarded these agents more for complying with instructions, and their rewards were less sensitive to the precise level of effort exerted. Together, these findings suggest that people reward collaborators based on their willingness to exert effort, and point to a difference between decisions about how to assign responsibility to collaborators and how to incentivize them. One possible explanation for this difference is that responsibility judgments may reflect causal inference about past collaborations, whereas providing incentives may motivate collaborators to keep exerting effort in the future. Our work sheds light on how we understand and formalize the cognitive capacities that underlie collaboration.
Could our tendency to lie be changed by metacognitive activity prior to making decisions in moral dilemmas?
Authors: Birkan Cemre , Çapkan-Altun Eda Nur , Tanseli-Kaspar Gizem
Published: March 2024

Moral judgments of hypothetical real-life moral dilemmas provide scientists valuable insight into the foundational psychological processes that underlie human moral cognition. Moral identity is a construct at the intersection of moral development and identity formation. It is thought to be a source of moral motivation linking moral reasoning (our judgments about whether certain actions are right or wrong) to behavior (Hardy & Carlo, 2011). Metacognitive regulation describes how people monitor and control their cognitive processes. For instance, when we realize that the strategy we use to solve a math problem is not working, we try another approach (Nelson & Narens, 1990). In this study, three different dimensions that have been studied very little before are brought together and we sought an answer to the question of how metacognitive activity affects our decisions in moral dilemma scenarios. The study aims to measure the effect of metacognitive activity on morally-right decision-making in moral dilemmas. The first hypothesis of this study is "If participants engage in moral metacognition before encountering moral dilemmas, their orientation towards truth increases”. A second hypothesis, in conjunction with the first one, is "When people are faced with moral dilemmas, it is assumed that there is a negative relationship between the tendency of people with high and low moral identity scores to lie.” 34 individuals from Yeditepe University participated in the study. The data of the study were collected through Google forms and PsychoPy v2023.1.1. The experimental group was first asked to fill in the moral identity questionnaire, and then they were expected to fill out the moral metacognition questionnaire. After completing the questionnaire-filling process, the participants were subjected to 4 different moral dilemma scenarios while the control group answered the moral dilemma scenarios without completing the moral metacognition questionnaire. Statistical analyzes were made using JASP 0.17.0. According to the results, there are no significant differences between Moral Metacognition Activity and the tendency to tell the truth based on One-Way ANOVA. All three dimensions have a positive correlation, but the correlation between the Moral Metacognition score and the moral identity score is significant. Also, the correlation between Moral Metacognition and Total True Answer is significant too. When we analyzed the truth and lie tendency given to the scenarios, it has been shown that the interests of the individuals are more in the scenarios that concern and affect their own lives. Our results suggest that people are willing to lie for their own benefit.
A Linguistic–Sensorimotor Model of the Basic-Level Advantage in Category Verification
Authors: Wingfield Cai , van Hoef Rens , Connell Louise
Published: March 2024

People are generally more accurate at categorising objects at the basic level (e.g., dog) than at more general, superordinate categories (e.g., animal). Recent research has suggested that this basic-level advantage emerges from the linguistic-distributional and sensorimotor relationship between a category concept and object concept, but the proposed mechanisms have not been subject to a formal computational test. In this paper, we present a computational model of category verification that allows linguistic distributional information and sensorimotor experience to interact in a grounded implementation of a full-size adult conceptual system. In simulations across multiple datasets, we demonstrate that the model performs the task of category verification at a level comparable to human participants, and – critically – that its operation naturally gives rise to the basic-level-advantage phenomenon. That is, concepts are easier to categorise when there is a high degree of overlap in sensorimotor experience and/or linguistic distributional knowledge between category and member concepts, and the basic-level advantage emerges as an overall behavioural artefact of this linguistic and sensorimotor overlap. Findings support the linguistic-sensorimotor preparation account of the basic-level advantage and, more broadly, linguistic-sensorimotor theories of the conceptual system.
Social Inequality in Adolescents’ Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Skills: An Intersectional Perspective
Authors: Lechner Clemens M. , Urban Julian
Published: March 2024

This paper explores social inequality in adolescents’ social, emotional, and behavioral (SEB) skills through the lens of intersectionality. We examine whether adolescents’ SEB skills differ based on parental education, gender, migration background, school track—and the intersections thereof. In two samples of German adolescents (14–20 years; N = 3,162), we fielded the Behavioral, Emotional, and Self-Regulatory Skills Inventory (BESSI), whose 32 skill facets from five domains enable a fine-grained SEB skill assessment. Bivariate analyses and multilevel analyses of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) identified parental education and migration background as key drivers of inequalities in almost all skills, especially in the Innovation domain. Gender and school track generated smaller and less consistent differences, mostly in favor of girls and adolescents attending academic tracks. Intersectional interactions contributed only modestly to SEB skill differences. We conclude that social inequality in SEB is non-negligible and unfolds primarily as additive effects.
Integrating Intra- and Interindividual Phenomena in Psychological Theories
Authors: Borsboom Denny , Haslbeck Jonas M B
Published: March 2024

Psychological science is divided into two distinct methodological traditions. One tradition seeks to understand how people function at the individual level, while the other seeks to understand how people differ from each other. Methodologies that have grown out of these traditions typically rely on different sources of data. While both use statistical models to understand the structure of the data, and these models are often similar, Molenaar (2004) showed that results from one type of analysis rarely transfer to the other, unless unrealistic assumptions hold. This raises the question how we may integrate these approaches. In this paper, we argue that formalized theories can be used to connect intra- and interindividual levels of analysis. This connection is indirect, in the sense that the relationship between theory and data is best understood through the intermediate level of phenomena: robust statistical patterns in empirical data. To illustrate this, we introduce a distinction between intra- and interindividual phenomena, and argue that many psychological theories will have implications for both types of phenomena. Formalization provides us with a methodological tool for investigating what kinds of intra- and interindividual phenomena we should expect to find if the theory under consideration were true.
Towards a Biologically Coherent Account of the Brain and How it Develops
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: March 2024

Different conceptualizations of brain function have different implications for understanding the relation of neuroscience to the study of human development. In one view, the brain is an isolated computational device that passively processes stimuli delivered from an external world and then mediates a response. An alternative view, which is more consistent with the evolutionary history of brains, moves away from simple causal linkages between stimulus and response and instead emphasizes the inherent, ongoing activity of the individual. Here the individual is not directly instructed by information from its environment but instead shapes its own sensory inputs through its goal-directed activity. Related conceptual confusions around instructions and information can be found in accounts of brain development that either fall back on a genetic blueprint or that elevate the role of extrinsic experience. A more coherent approach brings together aspects of developmental and evolutionary biology while drawing on developmental systems theory and particular themes in embodied cognitive science. Such an approach spans qualitatively different frames of explanation across a range of spatiotemporal scales, necessitating a reconsideration of disciplinary boundaries. Fully engaging in this effort can yield a more integrative science of brain, mind, and behavior and an enriched understanding of human development.
« Qui prend soin et qui protège le cadre de santé ? ». Apports de la psychologie clinique et sociale à la question du leadership de proximité à l’hôpital public
Authors: Haliday Héloise , Gabarrot Fabrice
Published: March 2024

Nous avançons dans cet article une contribution théorique originale croisant les apports de la psychologie clinique et de la psychologie sociale, afin de proposer une conceptualisation différente du leadership exercé par les cadres de santé à l’hôpital. Nos développements s’appuient sur un côtoiement au long cours de cadres de santé en formation ou en exercice, d’abord durant une enquête de terrain ethnographique avec entretiens semi-dirigés, puis grâce à plusieurs années de participation observante en tant qu’enseignants dans des formations en Instituts de Formation de Cadres de Santé. A partir de la question toujours plus sensible à l’hôpital de la prise en compte des difficultés propres aux cadres de santé, nous ouvrons dans un premier temps des pistes de compréhension des tensions psychiques que ces professionnels rencontrent. Tout d’abord, leur statut tiraillé entre identité soignante et identité managériale, et les injonctions parfois fortes à choisir entre les deux, peuvent amener les cadres à ressentir la nécessité d’être pour leurs équipes des « pivots » entre ces deux mondes. Si leur sentiment d’utilité sociale y gagne, la charge mentale afférente à ce rôle social qu’ils endossent augmente elle aussi, les équipes pouvant être tentées de déléguer des parties du travail collectif à la seule figure du cadre. Nous avons proposé que les situations dans lesquelles les cadres ressentiraient la nécessité d’endosser l’ensemble du « cadre » pour que leur service tienne relèveraient de moment de confusion entre « fonction du cadre » et « fonction-cadre », la première relevant des missions du cadre tandis que la seconde, en se référant à la psychologie clinique, peut être définie comme une fonction institutionnelle reposant sur de multiples paramètres garantissant la stabilité matérielle, relationnelle et symbolique suffisante d’un service. A partir des théories élaborées en psychologie sociale sur le « leadership partagé » et la « théorie de l’identité sociale », nous proposons des pistes pour penser l’activité concrète du cadre. Nous distinguons de trois registres : celui de la fonction-cadre, celui de la fonction du cadre et celui de la construction d’un sentiment d’identité partagé, qui sous-tend l’ensemble des actes et paroles du cadre. A rebours des injonctions au « deuil du soin » pour exercer des fonctions managériales, nous proposerons que le cadre gagne à rester proche de son identification première de soignant afin de bénéficier du soutien social de son équipe en tant que membre du groupe soignant à part entière, et que la répartition des tâches dans les services n’impute pas l’ensemble de la gestion des paramètres du cadre institutionnel à la personne du cadre de santé.
Effectiveness of Ex-Ante Honesty Oaths in Reducing Dishonesty Depends on Content
Authors: Zickfeld Janis , Scigala Karolina , Elbaek Christian T. , Michael John , Tønnesen Mathilde Tønning , Levy Gabriel , Ayal Shahar , Peer Eyal , Chou Eileen Y , Glogowsky Ulrich , Schudy Simeon , Feldman Yuval , Kanngiesser Patricia , Mazar Nina , Schindler Simon , Weiss Alexa , Nosenzo Daniele , Capraro Valerio , Hertwig Ralph , Barkan Rachel , Ariely Dan , Montal-Rosenberg Ronit , Thielmann Isabel , Martuza Jareef , Gerlach Philipp , Bahník Štěpán , Bialek Michal , Woike Jan Kristian , Nockur Laila , Bø Simen , Jacquemet Nicolas , Köbis Nils , Hafenbrädl Sebastian , Rahwan Zoe , Kajackaite Agne , Nielsen Yngwie Asbjørn , Koessler Ann-Kathrin , Vranka Marek Albert , Czarna Anna Z. , Seidl Alicia , Pfattheicher Stefan , Mitkidis Panagiotis
Published: March 2024

Dishonest behaviors such as tax evasion impose significant societal costs. Ex-ante honesty oaths—commitments to honesty before action—have been proposed as interventions to counteract dishonest behavior, but the heterogeneity in findings across operationalizations calls their effectiveness into question. We tested 21 honesty oaths (including a baseline oath)—proposed, evaluated, and selected by 44 expert researchers—and a no-oath condition in a megastudy involving 21,506 UK and US participants from Prolific.com who played an incentivized tax evasion game online. Of the 21 interventions, 10 significantly improved tax compliance by 4.5 to 8.5 percentage points, with the most successful nearly halving tax evasion. Limited evidence for moderators was found. Experts and laypeople failed to predict the most effective interventions, though experts’ predictions were more accurate. In conclusion, honesty oaths were effective in curbing dishonesty but their effectiveness varied depending on content. These findings can help design impactful interventions to curb dishonesty.
PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors for Alzheimer’s Pathology: A Literature Review
Authors: Huang Samuel , Long Yifei , Lau Katie , Nagpal Babita
Published: March 2024

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease where the buildup of insoluble amyloid-beta plaques causes synaptic dysfunction, tau pathology, and loss of neurons, which leads to mood disorders, mental decline, and dementia. PD-1/PD-L1 is an immune checkpoint which involves the binding of PD-L1 (Programmed Death Ligand 1) on a target cell to the PD-1 receptor (Programmed Cell Death Protein 1) on an immune cell. This immune checkpoint allows for the suppression and regulation of the immune system. Previous studies have shown that the blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 allows for the activation of the immune cell and pro-inflammatory responses. However, in AD, chronic neuroinflammation has been strongly linked with the pathogenesis of the disease. The use of PD-1 inhibitors in AD is unorthodox, but not unfounded, since the blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 can reduce local brain inflammation by the recruitment of immune cells for Aβ clearance, even if the immune cells are pro-inflammatory. Furthermore, PD-1 inhibitors have been found to inhibit tauopathy and there is even potential in efficient combination therapies with NOD2. The PD-1/PD-L1 axis in neuroinflammation and AD is highly complex, and through this review, we aim to provide some insight into this relationship and explore the potential of it as an AD treatment.
Individual differences in multi-tasking ability moderate the benefits of using low-degree automation
Authors: Greenwell-Barnden Jayden N , Loft Shayne , Bowden Vanessa , Bender Angela , Whitney Susannah , Lipp Ottmar V. , Visser Troy A. W.
Published: March 2024

Previous research has explored the effects of automation on task performance, situation awareness (SA), and workload outcomes, frequently finding that providing more automation is most beneficial. However, studies rarely consider individual differences in cognition and how this may impact the effects of automation. This study investigated the impact of low-degree automation, and whether multi-tasking ability modifies its impact on the above outcomes. Two experiments were conducted with 216 undergraduate students. In Experiment 1, participants completed multi-tasking-based cognitive tasks to derive a multi-tasking index and engaged in a multi-tasking intensive air traffic control simulation under two conditions, manual and automated, applied to accepting and handing-off aircraft at the controlled airspace boundary where performance was assessed. SA was measured by Situation Present Awareness Method. Workload was measured objectively by latency to SA queries. Experiment 2 extended the findings by utilizing a similar methodology on a different automated-assisted subtask - aircraft conflict detection. Experiment 2 retained SA and workload measures with the addition of the NASA-TLX for subjective workload. In both experiments, poorer multi-taskers exhibited greater benefits from automation applied to acceptance and hand-off, improved conflict detection and reduced workload. SA was greater in better multi-taskers. This work underscores the importance of considering individual cognitive differences when designing automated systems.
Observer-Generated Maps of Diagnostic Facial Features Enable Categorization and Prediction of Emotion Expressions
Authors: Wegrzyn Martin , Münst Laura , König Jessica , Dinter Maximilian , Kissler Johanna
Published: March 2024

According to one prominent model, facial expressions of emotion can be categorized into depicting happiness, disgust, anger, sadness, fear and surprise. One open question is which facial features observers use to recognize the different expressions and whether the features indicated by observers can be used to predict which expression they saw.We created fine-grained maps of diagnostic facial features by asking participants to use mouse clicks to highlight those parts of a face that they deem useful for recognizing its expression. We tested how well the resulting maps align with models of emotion expressions (based on Action Units) and how the maps relate to the accuracy with which observers recognize full or partly masked faces.As expected, observers focused on the eyes and mouth regions in all faces. However, each expression deviated from this global pattern in a unique way, allowing to create maps of diagnostic face regions. Action Units considered most important for expressing an emotion were highlighted most often, indicating their psychological validity. The maps of facial features also allowed to correctly predict which expression a participant had seen, with above-chance accuracies for all expressions. For happiness, fear and anger, the face half which was highlighted the most was also the half whose visibility led to higher recognition accuracies. The results suggest that diagnostic facial features are distributed in unique patterns for each expression, which observers seem to intuitively extract and use when categorizing facial displays of emotion.