bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra
Published: November 2022

In this last section, some moments in history are highlighted to illustrate how 1 Cor 14 played a significant role during the transition of the dominant ecclesial language from Greek to Latin, and then from Latin to vernacular European languages in the post-Reformation period. The Corinthian commentary by Ambrosiaster in the fourth century reveals how this passage was used to combat the dominance of Greek. In the post-Reformation period, when a fierce debate concerning the liturgical language emerged again among church leaders in Europe, 1 Cor 14 was also used again to argue for silencing other languages. By changing one’s interpretative allegiance from Paul to the tongue(s) speakers, this concluding section argues that it is possible to reimagine the socio-linguistic dynamic in a multilingual space as being ordered, not by a totalizing-systemic structure of sameness, but by an openness to differences.
Introduction
Authors: Bernasconi Robert
Published: November 2022

Because critical philosophy of race uses philosophy in the fight against racism, it must investigate the different forms of racism using the methodologies best equipped to render them visible and intelligible. The Introduction differentiates between institutional, structural, and systemic racism and argues for a historical turn in critical philosophy of race as a necessary prerequisite to any attempt to explore them. A combination of phenomenology, genealogy, and dialectics can contribute to an understanding of systems of oppression that does not lose sight of the concrete experience of racism. The Introduction ends with a review of the book’s fifteen chapters to show how each of them contributes to this reconceptualization of critical philosophy of race.
Racialization and the Construction of Religions
Authors: Bernasconi Robert
Published: November 2022

Until the middle of the eighteenth century the concepts of race and religion were not nearly as clearly distinguished as they are now, when the difference between them is frequently mapped onto a distinction between nature and culture. Whereas in 1600 the term “religion” tended to be used in the singular to designate the true religion, as time wore on it increasingly became pluralized. When that happened, it proved a useful way of grouping peoples and the geographical spaces they inhabited, which was also how François Bernier introduced the already pluralized term “races” in 1684. This chapter includes a consideration of the purity of blood statues and of the conflict between missionaries and planters over the baptizing of slaves, as well as an examination of how the conceptions of race and religion were impacted by the experiences of Christian missionaries in East Asia.
The Policing of Race Mixing
Authors: Bernasconi Robert
Published: November 2022

The second half of the nineteenth century saw a shift in emphasis from the race-based arguments used to justify slavery in the 1850s, which tended to focus on a hierarchically organized racial essentialism, to a medicalizing racism that focused instead on the threat to survival and virility posed by race mixing. Racial purity increasingly came to be seen as the key to the health of society; those who were of mixed race and who could pass unnoticed across racial lines presented the greatest danger to it. To counter this possibility, segregation, the one-drop rule, and eugenics were widely embraced. Michel Foucault’s account of biopower provides a powerful framework within which to chart this transformation.
A Most Dangerous Error
Authors: Bernasconi Robert
Published: November 2022

The word racism became widespread in the English language only at the end of the 1930s, and it was primarily used to highlight not anti-Black racism, but a particular form of biological anti-Semitism that was attributed to certain Nazi anthropologists. The condemnation of racism in this narrow sense was promoted by Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict, and Ashley Montagu. That it relied on an inadequate account of the history of racism can be demonstrated through a study of Benedict’s work. Ashley Montagu, together with UNESCO, was largely responsible for its widespread adoption. But its insufficiency had much earlier been recognized by Oliver Cromwell Cox and would be exposed later by Frantz Fanon with his introduction of the idea of “cultural racism.”
Perpetrator Disgust
Authors: Munch-Jurisic Ditte Marie
Published: November 2022

What is the significance of our gut feelings? Can they disclose our deep selves or point to a shared human nature? The phenomenon of perpetrator disgust provides a uniquely insightful perspective by which to consider such questions. Across time and cultures, some individuals exhibit signs of distress while committing atrocities. They experience nausea, convulse, and vomit. Do such bodily responses reflect a moral judgment, a deep-seated injunction against atrocity? What conclusions can we draw about the relationship of our gut feelings to human nature and moral frameworks? Drawing on a broad range of historical examples as well as the latest scholarship from the philosophical and scientific study of emotions, this book explores the relationship of cognition and emotion through the lens of perpetrator disgust. Considering a range of interpretations of this phenomenon, it becomes evident that gut feelings do not carry a straightforward and transparent intentionality in themselves, nor do they motivate any core, specific response; they are templates that can embody a broad range of values and morals. Using this core insight, the book proposes a contextual understanding of emotions, by which an agent’s environment shapes their available hermeneutic equipment—concepts, categories, names, scripts—that individuals rely on to make sense of their emotions and navigate the world.
Agency and Social Structure
Authors: Burke Peter J. , Stets Jan E.
Published: November 2022

This introductory chapter outlines the main ideas in identity theory to orient the reader to what this book is about. It includes discussions of social structure, agency, and symbolic interaction. Identities are discussed as activated at the micro level of society, but embedded in meso-level and macro-level social structures and culture. Also discussed is the idea that while individuals enter situations at the micro level with agency as they are goal-oriented, this agency operates at the individual, interactive, and group levels. And, while people can bring about certain outcomes, social structure can constrain the actions of individuals. The scientific study of identities and the relationship between identities and the social structure emerges out of the structural version of symbolic interaction, and the latter part of the chapter reviews central concepts of this framework including the self, signs, symbols, language, and interaction.
The Development of Identity Theory
Authors: Burke Peter J. , Stets Jan E.
Published: November 2022

This chapter offers a roadmap on the development of identity theory, highlighting the important points regarding the sources of the many ideas incorporated into identity theory, and the different foci in identity theory. Three foci are discussed: the focus on the interaction between and among persons; the focus on the roles, groups, and organizations as bases for identities; and the focus on the feedback control system that allows identities to accomplish their goals. The chapter begins with the roots of identity theory in symbolic interaction. Identity theory emerges out of structural symbolic interaction, which is compared to traditional symbolic interaction. The discussion then moves to an analysis of the interactional, structural, and perceptual control foci in identity theory, which broadly correspond to the meso, macro, and micro levels of analysis in identity theory, respectively. All three foci or levels of analysis should be incorporated simultaneously into empirical and theoretical work on identities.
Bases of Identities
Authors: Burke Peter J. , Stets Jan E.
Published: November 2022

The different bases of identities refer to the source of the meanings in the identity standard. Identities based on personal meanings, role meanings, group meanings, and social category meanings are discussed along with the implications and consequences of having meanings lodged in these different bases. While all identities operate in the same manner, there are differences among identities with different bases, which result from the context in which each type of identity is activated. However, person, role, group, and categorical identities can be thought of as simultaneously operating in situations. Indeed, within groups there are roles, and persons play out these roles in different ways based on the distinctive aspects that define who they are. This overlap of identities in situations is discussed. Finally, the authors discuss how the verification of the different identities is associated with different bases of self-esteem. The verification of person identities is associated with authenticity-based self-esteem, the verification of role identities is related to efficacy-based esteem, and the verification of group and categoric identities is tied to worth-based esteem.
The Origins of Chinese Writing
Authors: Demattè Paola
Published: November 2022

This study investigates in archaeological context the prehistoric origins of Chinese writing in the Late Neolithic (3500–2000 BCE) and Early Bronze Age (2000–1250 BCE). It uses a novel and inclusive theoretical approach to the examination of archaeological evidence, grammatological data, and textual sources with the intent of demonstrating that Chinese writing emerged as a result of a long process that began in various parts of the territory of what is now China in the Late Neolithic and continued during the Early Bronze Age.
Introduction
Authors: Millar Katharine M.
Published: November 2022

The introduction outlines the problematique of the book: Why do people support the troops fighting in wars they oppose? How has this come to be produced as common sense? It contextualizes this puzzle by laying out the apparent disconnect between cultural myths of “good wars” and the military service required of “good” masculine citizens on the one hand, and the contemporary liberal democratic experience of distant wars fought by small, professional armed forces on the other hand. The chapter establishes the support the troops phenomenon in the US and UK (2001–2010) as an instance of gendered civilian anxiety stemming from non-service in wartime. It also briefly outlines the logic of inquiry, case selection, and methodology, as well as the structure, of the book.
Conclusion
Authors: Millar Katharine M.
Published: November 2022

This chapter provides a summary of the argument, contextualized by an overview of the casualties of the war on terror. It considers support the troops discourse and its political legacies in the context of the war on terror. It then moves from the war on terror to liberalism more generally, reflecting upon the characteristics of support the troops discourses that (re)produce the role of solidaristic, gendered violence in making up the political community. Finally, it reflects on what is to be done about the constraints of mandatory support. The chapter works through the perils of conscription, fascism, and pacifism as attempts to resolve the violent paradoxes of liberalism. It argues that though it is uncomfortable and difficult, “we” must refuse to support the troops, and reframe our notions of obligation beyond the liberal nation-state, substituting an analytic (and ethic) of refusing complicity for the existing one of unquestioning loyalty.
Spiritual Care
Authors: Cadge Wendy
Published: November 2022

COVID-19 thrust chaplains—especially those in healthcare—into the national spotlight as they cared for patients, family members, and exhausted and traumatized medical staff fighting the pandemic in real time. That spotlight, like COVID-19, was new, but the work of chaplains was not. This book asks who chaplains are, what they do across the United States, how that work is connected to the settings where they do it, and how they have responded to and helped shape contemporary shifts in the American religious landscape. The book focuses on Boston as a case study to show how chaplains have been, and remain, an important part of institutional religious ecologies, both locally and nationally. The book engages with scholarly literatures in sociology, religious studies, and organizational studies to contextualize these data. The book encourages scholars, religious leaders, and educators to step back and look around broadly enough so that they can see chaplains and integrate their work into thinking about American religious life. Considering the work of chaplains and keeping it on the radar of scholars and religious leaders may be a source of continuing insights into the future of religious life in the United States.
Engaging Religious and Spiritual Differences
Authors: Cadge Wendy
Published: November 2022

This chapter considers three case studies—the New England Seafarer’s Mission (NESM), the Boston Fire Department, and Massachusetts General Hospital—to show how chaplains and the organizations they serve responded to religious diversity over time. While some organizations—most notably prisons and the military—offer clear guidance around religious diversity, chaplains in most other settings improvise by neutralizing religious differences and/or code switching, moving between different religious and spiritual languages and registers depending on who they are engaging with and to what end. The chapter shows how they learn to do this in their training and daily work, and how they negotiate personal boundaries around authenticity in the process. Although the majority of chaplains interviewed make space for everyone—even if their personal beliefs and practices challenge their own—a few do not, pointing again to variation among chaplains as a group and the space these roles allow for individual improvisation.
The Curse
Authors: Wolff Nancy
Published: November 2022

The narrative underpinning this book—that before people commit crimes, they have most often been harmed repeatedly and inhumanely as children—begins in Chapter 1. While the criminal act involves a victim and an offender, in this narrative, victim and offender co-occur in the same person. For many, the curse of childhood harm casts a long shadow that affects brain and human development, increasing the likelihood of risk-taking and lawbreaking in adolescence and adulthood. In prison, harm continues. Authoritarian environments like prisons recreate the environments where harm began, causing retraumatization. To stop the harm, a harm-informed approach to custody is essential. A fifteenth-century Arthurian poem is used to weave together the themes of curse, shadow, and recovery.
Harm
Authors: Wolff Nancy
Published: November 2022

Chapter 2 provides a definition of, and framework for, harm (the curse). The recommended definition is ecologically framed and welfare-based, drawing on legal and philosophical frameworks of harm. Harm occurs when an act, inaction, incident, or condition adversely impacts the welfare interests of an individual. The ecosystem of harm has three levels: individual, household, and community. Surveys of harm used in correctional research are reviewed and compared to the original and adapted versions of the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Questionnaire. These harm surveys incompletely and inconsistently measure the harm experienced by justice-involved persons. A framework for measuring harm in accordance with the ecologically framed, welfare-based definition of harm is provided to guide the development of a standardized harm survey.
Childhood Harm and Its Shadow
Authors: Wolff Nancy
Published: November 2022

Chapter 3 summarizes the qualitative and quantitative evidence on childhood harm as reported by justice-involved youths and adults. Their personal narratives of childhood harm begin the chapter. Their stories include what happened—the curse—and their subsequent reactions as they aged—the shadow. The stories are then validated through the prevalence evidence on childhood harm drawn from the national and international research based on justice-involved samples. The qualitative data from the beginning of the chapter are combined to tell a meta-narrative of the shadow, which is then explained using developmental science theory and evidence. An ecobiodevelopmental framework describes the interplay among genes, environment, and personal experiences, which, for some, turns the curse of childhood harm into a lifelong shadow.
Epilogue
Authors: Flower Harriet I.
Published: November 2022

This chapter, an epilogue by Harriet I. Flower, offers some concluding remarks to the volume. It focuses on the periodization of the Roman Republic and outlines the key features of the second century bce. In so many ways, the second century bce was the crucial century that formed the Roman community and its culture, whether political, social, literary, or expansionist. The changes it ushered in were enormous and their after-effects cannot easily be overestimated. These changes were the result of decisions, some fully conscious and others less deliberately made, that would shape the Roman experience for the rest of antiquity.
What's the Use of Philosophy?
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2022

This book aims to answer the question posed in its title, whether the questioner intends to dismiss philosophy or seeks a positive answer. The first three chapters explore the grounds for dismissal. Chapter 1 expresses skepticism about the value of much professional Anglophone philosophy, while recognizing virtues in work often viewed as peripheral. Chapter 2 studies a philosophical subfield, the philosophy of science, arguing that, while its condition may be better than the norm, it is far from perfect. In Chapter 3, a more systematic critique is offered, in the form of a pathology report. Its diagnosis identifies six justifiable philosophical impulses that, when pursued obsessively, generate distortions and diseases: clarity becomes a fetish, formalism becomes obfuscation, “intuition” is given burdens it cannot bear, appeals to the a priori sprinkle fairy dust on controversial claims, ideas grabbed from other fields are used in cartoon forms, and questions no longer relevant are treated as if they were “timeless.” Chapter 4 attempts to identify the legitimate goals of philosophy. It sees value in attempts to respond to questions arising from the difficulties of the age, in attempts to reform methods of inquiry, and, above all, in the construction of syntheses capable of helping people as they struggle to make sense of their lives. Philosophy is renewed when these traditional goals once again become central to its discussions. The final chapter responds to a frequently voiced worry in a letter to young philosophers who wonder how they can align their aspirations with the hyper-professionalism expected of them.
The Political Philosopher and the Political Life
Authors: Stuhr John J.
Published: November 2022

This chapter argues that James developed a full-blown political philosophy, explicates its main features, and argues on behalf of its several insights. Viewing James’s politics from the context of his psychology, Section 1 explains that political theories, as conceptualizations, are the results of selective attention and interests, but they also contribute to the production of particular kinds of lives and societies. In section 2, accordingly, James’s political theory is examined under the various headings of democracy, liberalism, individualism, anti-imperialism, communitarianism, and anarchism. And, in the face of much scholarship that claims James had no political philosophy, it is shown that in fact just the opposite is the case. Section 3 details the ways in which this political philosophy is pragmatic, radically empirical, and pluralistic. In the final section, this political perspective is applied to contemporary issues such as sexism, racism, environmental degradation, war, and authoritarianism. Throughout, its democratic commitments are stressed.
The Temperament of Pragmatism
Authors: Stuhr John J.
Published: November 2022

After explaining James’s pragmatism as a philosophical method, a theory of truth, and, above all, a personal temperament, this chapter argues for the philosophical strength and value of this pragmatism. Section 1 details the three central meanings of pragmatism, linked but distinct: method, truth, temperament. Critics of pragmatism, particularly those who view pragmatism as some form of subjectivism or overly rosy view of the world, are rebutted. Section 2 explains how pragmatism naturalizes mysticism and its truth claims. Section 3 provides a critical assessment of James’s own claim that his pragmatism would be a “conquering destiny” and “epoch-making.” In section 4, this pragmatism is assessed (with a mixed verdict) from the perspective of its next century. The stress here is, in pragmatic and melioristic spirit, on practical results rather than logical argument.
Everything Here Is Plastic
Authors: Stuhr John J.
Published: November 2022

This chapter explains and defends a radically empirical worldview, a view of the real world as a world of dynamic relations. Section 1 explicates James’s radical empiricism and shows how he affirmed this view throughout his writings. Section 2 establishes similarities and differences between James’s theory and the transcendental empiricism and account of immanence of Gilles Deleuze, and through this detailed comparison further refines radical empiricism. Section 3 provides a companion comparison between radical empiricism and the non-reductive naturalism of George Santayana and pays special attention to the pragmatic rejection of any notion of an experience-independent nature. Finally, in section 4 these metaphysical differences are linked to temperamental differences. What appears to naturalists to be radical empiricism’s egoism is shown instead to be hope, meliorism, and belief in possibility.
Predicting and Simulating Liquidity
Authors: Lie Erik
Published: November 2022

This chapter shows how to predict future cash levels. It starts by teaching how to predict the cash levels based on a set of simple assumptions. Then it extends to predicting cash distributions based on assumed distributions for sales and other relevant variables. This is done with simulations in Crystal Ball. The chapter also gives hints on how to make assumptions about standard deviations, explains the concept Value at Risk (VaR), and shows how to make histograms.
Debt Payouts and Capital Structure
Authors: Lie Erik
Published: November 2022

The chapter argues that payouts to debtholders is yet another way to manage cash holdings. The advantage of debt payouts is their superior tax treatment compared to that for shareholder payouts. The disadvantage is that debt payouts impose a strong commitment for the firm and can result in default. Thus, debt is preferable to high shareholder payouts for firms with strong and steady prospects. The chapter concludes with a payout matrix that helps managers chose whether to pay out funds and how to do so based on various firm characteristics.
Introduction
Authors: Shattuck, Jr. Gardiner H.
Published: November 2022

This introduction provides an explanation of the author’s reasons for undertaking this study of the history of the Episcopal Church’s activities in the Middle East during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries—a largely overlooked topic among historians of American Anglicanism. In addition, it offers an overview of the historiography of the American Protestant churches’ involvement in missionary activities in the Middle East, including the missionaries’ engagement with and support of Eastern Christians; a summary of the book’s narrative structure; and a brief introduction to the history of the major churches of Eastern Christianity between the first and early nineteenth centuries, including information about their theological disagreements, their ethnic and linguistic differences, and their relationship with Ottoman authorities prior to the arrival of American missionaries in the 1820s.
The Logic and Vitality of Ends in Peirce and James
Authors: Goldman Loren
Published: November 2022

This chapter reconstructs the role of hope in the work of the American pragmatists Charles S. Peirce and William James. It argues that Peirce puts hope at the center of his philosophical system, and moreover, situates his hope in a grandly metaphysical philosophy of history, according to which the world inevitably progresses toward the manifestation of greater truth and rationality. In this regard Peirce parallels Bloch, albeit from very different foundations. The chapter argues that James makes hope a constitutive feature of social action, wherein certain states of affairs only become real thanks to a prior faith that they may be possible. Hope, therefore, underlies creative social action. In this regard James parallels Kant, albeit from very different foundations. Finally, the chapter argues that the problems encountered in the earlier chapters on Kant and Bloch then also effect these early American pragmatists.
Conclusion: Hope and the Production of a Transformable World
Authors: Goldman Loren
Published: November 2022

This final chapter reprises the argument of the book and then examines the idea of a democratic experiment. It offers three concepts of experimentation: a laboratory model drawn from science, the idea of experiments in living drawn from John Stuart Mill, and the idea of an experimentum mundi drawn from theatre. It argues that political theory largely favors the first model at the expense of the second two, yet that hopeful political practice requires a shift in perspective that privileges experiments in living and performative experiments as the foundation of any possible progress. It concludes with an appeal to the prefigurative and aesthetic politics of Vaclav Havel.
Assistive Technology
Authors: Power Jessica , Smith Emma M. , Ebuenyi Ikenna D. , MacLachlan Malcolm
Published: November 2022

For many individuals who experience short- or long-term disability access to assistive products (APs) (e.g., glasses, communication aids, walking sticks) can improve quality of life by minimising or removing functional limitations and barriers to participation in society. However there is an estimated 1 billion people in need of APs globally and with aging populations this demand will continue to increase over time. Assistive technology (AT), which includes different types of APs and may incorporate various aspects of assistive technology systems (ATS), is delivered in diverse contexts, with differing resources, needs and capacity. This chapter will outline how use of a systems thinking approach for AT can address the complexity of how APs are perceived, designed, produced, manufactured, distributed, serviced, and financed, and may help in achieving greater access to APs for those who need them.
Using a Systems Approach to Understand Quality Improvement in a Nursing Home in Japan
Authors: Kodate Naonori , Obayashi Kazuko , Mannan Hasheem , Masuyama Shigeru
Published: November 2022

As one of the most rapidly ageing economies, Japan currently faces a shortage of care workers and a relatively low intake of migrant workers. Faced with increasing demand, rising expectations for better care, and a declining number of care workers, there is the opportunity to rethink and analyze how care can and should be provided in residential care homes, including through the support of technology, such as robots. This chapter explores a nursing home in western Tokyo where robotics-aided care has been introduced and has previously been shown to improve standards of care. Although evaluations of socially assistive robots (SARs) and safety monitoring system suggest a positive impact, the mechanism through which the technology-driven system improves care and residents’ quality of life remains unclear. Using a systems approach, the authors sought to uncover this mechanism. They found that key factors for the successful implementation of robotics-aided care stem from within the organization, with a particular focus on the concepts drawn from resilience engineering, key attributes of which are anticipating, responding, monitoring, and learning. The chapter details some of the tools that pre-dated the introduction of these technologies in the care home and use a resilience framework to analyze interview data with care staff. Using a systems approach, the researchers unearth considerations (i.e., opportunities and challenges) for the future of care delivery in an institutional setting and highlight the characteristics of a context in which technologies can be effectively introduced and successfully implemented in nursing homes.
Stillbirth
Authors: Murphy Margaret M. , Dandona Rakhi , Blencowe Hannah , Quigley Paula , Leisher Susannah Hopkins , Storey Claire , Siassakos Dimitrios , Heazell Alexander , Flenady Vicki
Published: November 2022

Stillbirth, the death of a baby at or before the time of birth, affects at least 2 million families around the world each year. The global burden of stillbirth is borne unequally, with families in Sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia, and South America most affected. Although similar to the numbers of newborn deaths, stillbirth is only recently being addressed as a global public health issue. Utilizing a systems-thinking approach to stillbirth is necessary to address the inherent complexities in reducing its burden. This chapter discusses addressing the complexities of stillbirth using the WHO Health Systems Framework and provides salient examples from global partners who are all working to reduce the ongoing deaths from stillbirth.
Getting Things Right
Authors: McHugh Conor , Way Jonathan
Published: November 2022

This book has two main aims. First, it develops and defends a constitutive account of normative reasons as premises of good reasoning. This account says, roughly, that to be a normative reason for a response (such as a belief or intention) is to be premise of good reasoning, from fitting responses, to that response. Second, building on the account of reasons, it develops and defends a fittingness-first account of the structure of the normative domain. This account says that there is a single normative property, fittingness, which is normatively basic, and on which all other normative properties depend. On this view, reasons, oughts, value, and other normative phenomena all ultimately depend on fittingness. The account of normative reasons is a part of this general view of the normative domain. The book begins, in Chapter 1, by motivating the account of reasons as premises of good reasoning. Chapter 2 argues that good reasoning is, roughly, reasoning that preserves fittingness. Chapter 3 addresses the question of what fittingness is. Chapter 4 defends constitutive accounts of evaluative properties, like goodness, in terms of fitting attitudes. Chapters 5 and 6 shows how the view provides an attractive account of how reasons determine the deontic status of a response—whether you ought or may so respond. Chapter 7 addresses some challenges concerning certain reasons for belief, the relationship between reasons for action and reasons for intention, and reasons for emotion.
Working the city
Authors: Goodfellow Tom
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines the economy of the marketplace and the street. In each of the three cities, major efforts to territorially restructure market trading have been undertaken in the early twenty-first century, but with divergent outcomes. The chapter explores these before then considering the arena of street vending and hawking, and the different forms of marginalization, persecution, and negotiation that characterize street life in the three cities. The chapter argues that differences in both legitimation strategies and legacies of infrastructural power here combine with varying modalities of political informality to explain the variation in street economies, and consequently the experiences of vendors, hawkers, and hustlers. The chapter argues that how these groups are connected to political regimes through negotiation, attempts at incorporation, or agendas of outright ‘invisibilization’ provide a lens onto the broader politics of urbanization in each of the three cities.
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Establishment and Maintenance of Vascular Stem Cells inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Shimadzu Shunji , Furuya Tomoyuki , Kondo Yuki
Published: November 2022

The vascular system plays pivotal roles in transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant body. Primary vasculature is established as a continuous strand, which subsequently initiates secondary growth through cell division. Key factors regulating primary and secondary vascular developments have been identified in numerous studies, and the regulatory networks including these factors have been elucidated through omics-based approaches. However, the vascular system is composed of a variety of cells such as xylem and phloem cells, which are commonly generated from vascular stem cells. In addition, the vasculature is located deep inside the plant body, which makes it difficult to investigate the vascular development while distinguishing between vascular stem cells and developing xylem and phloem cells. Recent technical advances in the tissue-clearing method, RNA-seq analysis and tissue culture system overcome these problems by enabling the cell-type-specific analysis during vascular development, especially with a special focus on stem cells. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the establishment and maintenance of vascular stem cells.
Mapping of the Classical MutationrosetteHighlights a Role for Calcium in Wound-Induced Rooting
Authors: Modrego Abelardo , Pasternak Taras , Omary Moutasem , Albacete Alfonso , Cano Antonio , Pérez-Pérez José Manuel , Efroni Idan
Published: November 2022

Removal of the root system induces the formation of new roots from the remaining shoot. This process is primarily controlled by the phytohormone auxin, which interacts with other signals in a yet unresolved manner. Here, we study the classical tomato mutation rosette (ro), which lacks shoot-borne roots. ro mutants were severely inhibited in formation of wound-induced roots (WiRs) and had reduced auxin transport rates. We mapped ro to the tomato ortholog of the Arabidopsis thaliana BIG and the mammalians UBR4/p600. RO/BIG is a large protein of unknown biochemical function. In A. thaliana, BIG was implicated in regulating auxin transport and calcium homeostasis. We show that exogenous calcium inhibits WiR formation in tomato and A. thaliana ro/big mutants. Exogenous calcium antagonized the root-promoting effects of the auxin indole-3-acetic-acid but not of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, an auxin analog that is not recognized by the polar transport machinery, and accumulation of the auxin transporter PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) was sensitive to calcium levels in the ro/big mutants. Consistent with a role for calcium in mediating auxin transport, both ro/big mutants and calcium-treated wild-type plants were hypersensitive to treatment with polar auxin transport inhibitors. Subcellular localization of BIG suggests that, like its mammalian ortholog, it is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. Analysis of subcellular morphology revealed that ro/big mutants exhibited disruption in cytoplasmic streaming. We suggest that RO/BIG maintains auxin flow by stabilizing PIN membrane localization, possibly by attenuating the inhibitory effect of Ca2+ on cytoplasmic streaming.
Thrombocytopaenia in antiphospholipid syndrome: a free radical perspective
Authors: Ames Paul R J , Bucci Tommaso , Merashli Mira , Arcaro Alessia , Gentile Fabrizio
Published: November 2022

Thrombosis associated with thrombocytopaenia is an apparent paradox that is present across a wide spectrum of disorders. While thrombocytopaenia has been a controversial clinical classification criterion for APS, as initial reports failed to demonstrate a relation between low platelet count with other clinical or laboratory manifestations of the syndrome, recent data highlight the association between mild–moderate thrombocytopaenia and the risk of thrombosis. Although aPL antibodies may induce platelet activation in vitro, additional stimuli may contribute to their activation in vivo, among which are reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and lipid peroxidation products, which are elevated in patients with APS; an excess of the same stimuli may induce megakaryocyte and platelet apoptosis that leads to decreased platelet production and increased destruction, resulting ultimately in thrombocytopaenia. Herein we provide a novel plausible framework involving free radicals that could add to the understanding of the thrombocytopaenia–thrombosis paradox in APS.
Making Parenting Leave Accessible to Fathers: Political Actors and New Social Rights, 1965–2016
Authors: Engeman Cassandra
Published: November 2022

In recent decades, governments have created and expanded paid leave rights for fathers, but policies have developed along different timelines and trajectories. Using event history methods, this research investigates the timing of fathers’ leave rights adoption across twenty-two countries from 1965 to 2016. With a focus on “first laws,” the findings support explanations of family policy development that emphasize political actors. Specifically, results suggest leftist parties and institutions are important for the adoption of nontransferable leave, a hallmark of gender egalitarian family policy models. However, new leave rights-adoption is sensitive to incremental increases in confessional-right party power, indicating possible negotiations between partisan actors. Finally, results suggest a role for women lawmakers but only for transferable parenting leave, which is often taken by mothers, complicating previous research on the role of women lawmakers in family policy development. Overall, results underscore the need to distinguish between social provisions when examining their drivers.
Original Research: TikTok's ‘Dancing Nurses’ During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Content Analysis
Authors: Lancaster Rachelle , Sanchez Michelle , Maxwell Kelly , Medley Rachel
Published: November 2022

Background:

Amid the challenges of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, health care workers are using social media to publish increasing numbers of posts, memes, and videos. On TikTok, a rapidly growing and widely used social networking platform, videos labeled “dancing nurses” have recently been trending. Whether nurses or the general public consider such videos to breach professional ethical standards is unknown.

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to analyze and describe the use of the social media platform TikTok by nurses whose videos featured dancing nurses during the ongoing pandemic.

Methods:

Between March 1 and December 31, 2020, we conducted a search on TikTok using terms such as dancing nurse and hashtags such as “#dancingnurse.” For each identified video, the numbers of followers, views, likes, concurrent COVID-19 morbidity and mortality rates, and other data were collected. For videos meeting the inclusion criteria, content analysis was performed to evaluate dancing nurse behaviors and apply the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, ANA social networking principles, and National Council of State Boards of Nursing social media guidelines.

Results:

A total of 52 videos met all inclusion criteria and were included for analysis. These videos had a mean of 1.51 million views each. Among these videos, there were 356 violations of Code of Ethics provisions, social networking principles, and social media guidelines. Forty of the videos (77%) included a choreographed dance; 24 (46%) contained twerking and three (6%) featured dance moves such as pelvic thrusts and gyrations.

Conclusion:

The findings offer insight into how nurses are using TikTok, specifically with regard to posting videos that feature dancing nurses. Some of the analyzed videos included content that could be construed, in our view, as inappropriate and even sexually suggestive. The concern is that such videos could damage the professional image of nurses and downplay the seriousness of the current pandemic. It's essential that nurses who use social media consider the content and presentation of what they post. There is an urgent need for nurses to understand professional and workplace guidelines and policies regarding the use of social media, and how these may apply to content developed and posted on platforms such as TikTok.
Equitable Patient Care Includes Equitable Hair Care
Authors: Friedman Irene , Sison Michelle
Published: November 2022

One hospital's simple, inexpensive, easily scalable solution.
Monkeypox 2022
Authors: Borton Dorothy
Published: November 2022

In May 2022, a global outbreak of monkeypox was identified in Europe and North America in individuals most of whom had no history of travel from monkeypox-endemic countries. This article provides an overview of monkeypox disease prevention guidance and treatment options available.
Managing patients who are immunocompromised during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Pullen Richard L.
Published: November 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused distinct challenges for immunocompromised populations, including disease and social management. This article presents strategies to prevent infection and promote quality of life in patients who are immunocompromised.
Health information technology
Authors: Thompson Sondatre M.
Published: November 2022

Health information technology (HIT) has become essential for nursing practice. However, the lack of digital literacy leaves some nurses unaware of serious ethical issues that may occur when using it. This article describes the ethical issues that arise with the use of HIT in everyday nursing practice as well as in research activities, and outlines options for mitigation.
Performance of an Automated Detection Algorithm to Assess Objective Pulsatile Tinnitus
Authors: Ubbink Sander W.J. , van Dijk J. Marc C. , Hofman Rutger , van Dijk Pim
Published: November 2022

Objectives:

In this paper we describe an automated detection algorithm that objectively detects pulsatile tinnitus (PT) and investigate its performance.

Design:

Sound measurements were made with a sensitive microphone placed in the outer ear canal in 36 PT-patients referred to our tertiary clinic, along with a registration of the heart rate. A novel algorithm expressed the coherence between the recorded sound and heart rate as a pulsatility index. This index was determined for 6 octave bands of the recorded sound. We assessed the performance of the detection algorithm by comparing it with the judgement of 3 blinded observers.

Results:

The algorithm showed good agreement compared with the majority judgement of the blinded observers (ROC AUC 0.83). Interobserver reliability for detecting PT in sound recordings by the three blinded observers was substantial (Fleiss’s κ=0.64).

Conclusions:

The algorithm may be a reliable alternative to subjective assessments of in-canal sound measurements in PT-patients, thus providing clinicians with an objective measure to differentiate between subjective and objective pulsatile tinnitus.
Combined Anterior–Posterior versus Posterior-Only Fixation of Stress-Positive Minimally Displaced Lateral Compression Type 1 (LC1) Pelvic Ring Injuries
Authors: Tucker Nicholas J. , Scott Bryan L. , Heare Austin , Stacey Stephen C. , Mauffrey Cyril , Parry Joshua A.
Published: November 2022

Objectives:

To compare hospital outcomes and late displacement between stress-positive minimally displaced lateral compression type 1 (LC1) pelvic ring injuries treated with combined anterior–posterior versus posterior-only fixation.

Design:

Retrospective comparative cohort.

Setting:

Urban level-one trauma center.

Patients/Participants:

LC1 injuries managed operatively.

Intervention:

Anterior–posterior versus posterior-only fixation;

Main Outcome Measurements:

Physical therapy (PT) clearance, discharge location, hospital length of stay (LOS), inpatient morphine equivalent doses (MED), and fracture displacement at follow-up.

Results:

Groups were similar in demographic and injury characteristics (age, high energy mechanism, ASA score, stress displacement, and rami/sacral fracture classifications). Anterior–posterior fixation resulted in longer operative times (median difference (MD): 27.0 minutes, 95% confidence interval (CI): 17.0 to 40.0, P < 0.0001) and had a trend of increased estimated blood loss (MD: 10 mL, CI: 0 to 30, P = 0.07). Patients with anterior–posterior fixation required less inpatient MEDs (MD: −180.0, CI: −341.2 to −15.0, P = 0.02), were more likely to clear PT by discharge (100% vs. 70%, proportional difference (PD): 30%, CI: 2.0%–57.2%, P = 0.02), were less likely to discharge to rehabilitation facilities (0% vs. 30%, PD: 30%, CI: 2.0%–57.2%, P = 0.02), and had a trend of less days to clear PT after surgery (MD: −1, CI: −2 to 0, P = 0.09) and decreased LOS (MD: −1, CI: −4 to 1, P = 0.17). Late fracture displacement did not differ between groups.

Conclusion:

Anterior–posterior fixation of LC1 injuries was associated with an improved early hospital course—specifically, reduced inpatient opioid use and an increased number of patients who could clear PT and discharge home.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Limb Salvage in Diabetic Patients With Combination of Radical Excision, Antibiotic Impregnated Bone Cement, and External Fixator Application
Authors: Birinci Baris , Ozdemir Mahmut , Oznur Ali
Published: November 2022

In patients with diabetes, foot ulceration is a major cause of morbidity and hospitalization. The combination of deep ulcers and underlying osteomyelitis in patients with diabetes frequently leads to chronic nonhealing foot ulcers. These patients have often ended up with amputation. From 2003 to 2017, 17 of 175 diabetic patients (11 males and 6 females, 37 to 82 y old) were treated for diabetic foot and presented with complaints of ulceration, osteomyelitis, and foot gangrene. Magnetic resonance imaging–guided necrotic tissue debridement was performed, after the placement of antibiotic-impregnated bone cement, and soft tissue defect reduction was performed with an external fixator. Approximately 4 weeks later, polymethylmethacrylate was removed, and then the external fixator was removed after the soft tissue defect was closed. No patients had recurrent ulceration or osteomyelitis seen on radiographs up to their latest follow-up. There was pin tract infection in 2 patients who were treated with oral antibiotics and wound dressings. All patients have a fibrous union in the metatarsophalangeal joint. Compared with other radical techniques such as amputation, amputation, and long-term wound dressings, salvage of limbs with an external fixation can be used in selected patients who have osteomyelitis and soft tissue defects after debridement.

Level of Evidence: Diagnostic level III—nonrandomized controlled cohort study.