bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Note On Professor Sir Henry Cohen’s Manson Lecture “The Status of Brain in the Concept of Mind,” Philosophy, July, 1952
Authors: Eccles J. C.
Published: February 2009

Professor Cohen makes extensive reference to a lecture “Hypotheses relating to the brain-mind problem” which was published in Nature (July 14th, 1951). He gives a succinct account of the suggestions that I put forward, and then goes on to state that they “illustrate two fallacies which are to be found in so many contributions to the study of the body-mind relationship.” Be that as it may, but Professor Cohen has chosen most unsuitable illustrations, for in both cases they are based on misunderstandings of my article.
Objectivity in Conduct
Authors: Gilman Eric
Published: February 2009

There has of late been a revival of interest in the problem of practical reason. One of the causes of this revival has been, I think, a reaction against the radical subjectivism to which the emotive theory seemed to lead. Philosophers have wished to show that the method of linguistic analysis can account for that kind of objectivity, whatever kind that might be, which is possessed by our moral opinions, criticisms, etc. The question in what this objectivity consists has, however, remained obscure and recent writing has failed to distinguish at least two quite distinct issues. I hope to show what these are and that they are distinct.
Basic Intrinsic Ethical Values
Authors: Corkey R.
Published: February 2009

The revolutionary ideas introduced into ethical theory by G. E. Moore in his Principia Ethica, and advanced independently about the same time by Rashdall in his Theory of Good and Evil, have not, I feel, always been given the place they deserve by recent investigators of the subject.
The Physical Aspect of the Universe
Authors: Lodge Oliver
Published: February 2009

In the January number of the quarterly journal published by The British Institute of Philosophy, called Philosophy, Sir James Jeans with extraordinary ability has represented the view of the universe which may be held now in the twentieth century by a mathematician, and concludes that this representation contributes to and upholds an idealistic philosophy. Now with the contention that an idealistic philosophy is superior to any other, that is to say nearer the truth, we may be allowed to sympathize. Several physicists, even in the nineteenth century, were inclined to sustain the essence of Berkeley's view, or to consider that metaphysical truth must lie somewhere in that direction. G. F. FitzGerald, for instance, was notably of that opinion. But he was not prepared on that account to abandon the physical view of existence, and to take refuge in mere mathematical abstractions.
Poetry and Prose in the Arts (II)
Authors: Alexander S.
Published: February 2009

So far I have taken prose and poetry where admittedly they exist, in literature, and attempted to discover the difference between them by taking pieces of prose or poetry which have the same or much the same subjects and comparing them with one another. In all these pairs of passages I thought I could detect this difference: that in the poem the subject as rendered in words (for the poem is words and nothing else) acquires a life of its own, is a living thing, as it were, living its own life like an animal or plant, is organic, and, in a word, concrete. While the prose, for all its constructive unity, is not self-subsistent, but is descriptive of a given subject, even though that subject is itself created by the writer, as in a novel, and, in a word, is analytic. It is not the greater passion or vividness of the poem, for prose may be vivid, as in Carlyle, and passionate, as in Burke. It is that the poet places himself and places his hearer within the subject itself, and works from within outwards, while the prosaist describes relatively from without. Both of them describe, the poet as well as the prosaist. But the prosaist builds up his subject so as to bring it before your mind. The poet starts with his subject in its integrity, places the hearer's mind within it, and his exposition is the unfolding life of the subject itself.
Renouvier: The Man and His Work (ii)
Authors: Gunn J. Alexander
Published: February 2009

It is difficult within the space of an article such as this to do more than indicate the principal features of Renouvier's philosophy, and it is, of course, impossible to give in detail a discussion of the immense wealth of thought and argument contained in his writings. Of his thought before 1854, the most important piece of work was the article on “Philosophie” written for the Encyclopédic Nouvelle. This in some respects shows his own thought developing in the direction
Reason and Intuition
Authors: Stocks J. L.
Published: February 2009

One of the strangest of the many strange habits of philosophers, which mark them out as the Ishmaels of the scientific world, is their refusal to agree as to the precise meaning of the words they use. No philosopher, it seems, is bound by the definitions given by predecessors or contemporaries of even the most central terms: each has to define his terms for himself. The resulting situation certainly lends itself to ridicule and caricature, as in the legend of the theological disputants who arrived after long argument at the conclusion that when the one said ‘God’ he meant what the other meant when he said ‘Devil.’ Still it is probable that this idiosyncrasy of philosophers has some real ground in the special nature of the task on which they are engaged, and is not a mere exhibition of aimless malice or sheer incompetence. Whether that is so or not, one of the consequences of this situation is that the titles of philosophic discourses are apt to be singularly unilluminating: as an indication of the problem to be raised they are, to say the least, highly ambiguous. How the reader may understand the title of this paper I do not know; but the question which I had in mind in choosing it was this.
The Mind's Love for God
Authors: Henderson Kenneth
Published: February 2009

He upon whom has descended the “amor intellectualis Dei” must make up his mind to walk much alone. In the world of “intellectuals” he is at present “out of the swim,” and his work must be done against the prevailing current. And among the generality of religious people, he is regarded as rather a disturbing presence in matters of faith, apt to fall short, apparently, of their own standards in the service of God. “The love of the mind for God” has little popular esteem in English-speaking Christianity. The nineteenth century valued feeling as the chief element in religion, and the emphasis of to-day is on the practical service of the will. But in our tradition, from Colet and the Cambridge Platonists to Westcott and von Hiigel, the “amor intellectualis Dei” has produced a line of great men of God, and surely will never be without its witnesses. Their message is a two-fold one. First that every experience of life can be “produced” into an experience of God by an effort of personality in which creative thought and constructive imagination has its part, second that this “love of the mind” is natural in some degree to all men, and an end in itself, giving to each lover an original vision. “It is Origen,” writes Dean Inge, “who in words thrilling alike by their humility and confidence, proclaims that ‘as the eye seeks the light, as our body craves for food, so our mind is impressed with the natural desire of knowing the truth of God and the causes of what we observe.’”
Berkeley and God
Authors: Bennett Jonathan
Published: February 2009

It is well known that Berkeley had two arguments for the existence of God. A while ago, in trying to discover what these arguments are and how they fit into Berkeley's scheme of things, I encountered certain problems which are hardly raised, let alone solved, in the standard commentaries. I think that I have now solved these problems, and in this paper I present my results
Jørn Utzon: 1918–2008
Authors: Weston Richard
Published: February 2009

Jørn Utzon, designer of Sydney Opera House, the most famous and controversial building of the twentieth-century that unwittingly ushered in the contemporary fascination with ‘iconic’ buildings, died at his home in Denmark on 5 December 2008 at the age of ninety.
Resetting agendas a conference in a climate of change
Authors: Maturana Beatriz
Published: February 2009

As its title suggests, ‘The Oxford Conference 2008: 50 Years on – Resetting the Agenda for Architectural Education’ aimed to influence architectural education. Five decades ago, in 1958, fifty delegates representing British members of the profession, industry and teaching institutions attended the first and only other Oxford Conference on Architectural Education organised by the RIBA. Several visitors from abroad and from Commonwealth countries also attended. The 1958 conference articulated the demand to shift architectural education from polytechnics or art schools to universities, and fifty years later the notion that we live in a ‘climate of change’ permeated Oxford Conference 2008 (Oxford 2008). With delegates from forty-two countries representing every continent there was a manifest change in the composition of the delegates, and on the face of it this would suggest that a more diverse attendance made a difference in the spectrum of issues coming to the forefront: but did it?
Three's a crowd: drawing, building and photography in the recent work of Diller Scofidio + Renfro
Authors: Pierce Christopher
Published: February 2009

This is a short tale of two competing institutions and two of their most celebrated figures. On one side is Cooper Union – that hulking Manhattan brownstone, an island on the intersection of Lafayette Street and the Bowery where Ricardo Scofidio (1935) silently honed his art of drawing like an angel. On the other is Princeton University, where his partner (and partner), Elizabeth Diller (1954) is often resident. Princeton sits in the heart of the New Jersey woods, literally and metaphorically, and despite its baronial coniferous presence, is most notable in architectural circles for its rhetorical rather than physical manufacture. Diller + Scofidio's is a marriage whose vicissitudes are etched all over their work.
Spaces of encounter: informal markets in Europe
Authors: Mörtenböck Peter , Mooshammer Helge
Published: February 2009

In the past two decades numerous large-scale informal markets have emerged on the fringes of European cities in the wake of global geopolitical transformations. Relying on individualised long-distance connections and adapting to diverse local situations, they produce a proliferating array of unregulated urban architectures while providing habitats for millions of undocumented existences. One such case is the infamous Arizona Market not far from the north Bosnian town of Brc̆ko, a place that has been transformed from a border guard post into a major hub for people trafficking and prostitution and now into a multi-ethnic centre of ubiquitous consumption. Another one, Izmailovo Market in the north-east of Moscow, the largest informal trading centre in the region with links to all parts of the Russian Federation and beyond, has grown into a Babylonian site of 15 specialised trading areas that rivals the Moscow Kremlin both in terms of size and visitor attractiveness. And when the 22nd World Congress of Architecture was held in Istanbul under the motto ‘Grand Bazaar of Architectures’, a bazaar of a very different kind traded outside the tourist centres: a vast network of provisional, informal street markets that establish themselves right alongside the building sites of official urban regeneration, beneath terraces of motorways and next to newly constructed tram lines. Before exploring the dynamics of these spaces in more detail, let us address briefly the socio-economic conditions underlying the rise of informal markets.
The architecture of a novel
Authors: Main V. R.
Published: February 2009

In the internal world of the novel, the writer makes all the decisions. The starting point may be a story, an image, an opening sentence, or an idea. In my case, it was a painting: Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe. I cannot remember when I first saw it; the image of the naked woman staring out of the picture has haunted me for many years. Although she is in the company of fully dressed men, she doesn't appear vulnerable. Her body language, and her eyes in particular, unmistakably reveal a powerful, self-confident and intelligent woman.
The Child's Right To Refuse Surgery:
Authors: Radford Mark
Published: February 2009

Following on from the article in the last journal examining the ethical issues within the operating theatre, this article will examine the legal and ethical conflicts surrounding consent in the child. The scenario of a child refusing surgery, coupled with the desire to help is a problem faced by many practitioners. Legislation was created to clarify the situation, but subsequent legal interpretation has clouded the issue once again.
Thoughts by Agency Jane
Authors: Day Jill
Published: February 2009

Jane Bovey has long been a member of BARNA, and has recently left her job in the private sector as an anaesthetics and recovery nurse to work with an agency. Jane decided to write a column in the journal to express concerns felt by many nurses working in anaesthetics and recovery. Jane also wanted to promote debate on some contentious issues, and welcomes replies to her column. If you have a reply, send to email: theeditor.bjarn@k-2.org.uk or BJARN, 6 Bromyard Avenue, Walmley, Sutton Coldfield, B76 IRQ. The views expressed in this column are entirely of the author, and do not necessarily reflect those held by the British Anaesthetic & Recovery Nurses Association.
The Nurse Co-Ordinator's Role
Authors: Brown Valerie
Published: February 2009

The recent years of poor pay, increasing workload and lack of a proper career structure have led to many staff feeling undervalued and demoralised. More are turning to agency work as a way of 'topping up' wages or even working for agencies as the sole employer to achieve flexibility in working patterns. Balfor Recruitment Group deals with staff with a variety of skills, finding anything from an occasional shift to full time work. I know that this includes some of you. However, I doubt you know much about my side of the work so I have been asked to tell you about it. I look forward to hearing whether you find it interesting and whether you learnt anything new!
Nausea & Vomiting In Recovery
Authors: Rowbotham David
Published: February 2009

Nobody is more aware of the problem of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) than members of BARNA. It is very distressing both for patients and carers and you are dealing with it every day. So, what can you do about it ?
A Review of Ondansatron Versus Other Antiemetics in Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: Sealey Lynn
Published: February 2009

The workload of the recovery unit can be considerably increased by patients suffering post operative nausea and vomiting (PONV). The unit can often become blocked by patients too sick to discharge back to the main ward. Via a review of the literature and a small research study in the authors own recovery ward, it was concluded that PONV causes patients to stay in recovery longer. In fact the study reveals of those patients who did not receive an antiemetic perioperatively, 31% suffered PONV and those who had PONV spent 29 minutes longer in recovery.

Despite ondansatron being one of the most expensive drugs, it was only successful in 81% of cases. However those people who did receive ondansatron, spent an average of 8 minutes less time in recovery, compared with those who were not given it. These findings potentially have considerable cost implications, relevant in todays current climate of economy saving strategies. These findings and their implications are discussed.
The Concerns of Recovery Practitioners Assisting in the Care of ICU Patients
Authors: Sealey Lynn
Published: February 2009

When high dependency and intensive care units are full, which occurs more and more often nationally, recovery wards are being utilised to hold critically ill patients. Recovery practitioners are often expected to assist in the care of these patients.

A small study established the views of a sample of recovery practitioners regarding the recovery unit being used as stop-gap, or ICU overflow. There were positive and negative opinions from recovery practitioners who were involved in the care of these critically ill patients. Recovery practitioners often reported feeling inexperienced and ill equipped, with increased levels of stress when working in the ICU bay. Only 20% of recovery practitioners in the study, expressed optimism about working in the ICU bay, and 60% identified that training and development was a strategy which may help to overcome some of their perceived problems.

This paper reports these concerns and identifies strategies which have been implemented to address some of these concerns.
Attempting to Rationalise the Perioperative Nursing Role
Authors: Behar-Spicer Cina
Published: February 2009

Nursing and the role of the nurse have always been difficult to define (Nightingale 1986). This is especially true in operating theatres where task focused care often takes precedence over holistic patient care (Conway 1995). There is no shortage of literature suggesting that theatre nurses are preoccupied in preparation of instrumentation (Conway 1995, Holmes 1994) and if a non-nurse were to observe staff in some operating theatres it may be difficult to see where the nursing exists.
Care of the Neurosurgical Patient in the Post Anesthetic Care Unit
Authors: McNeillis Melissa
Published: February 2009

In this care study I will explain the care that SVB received following his admission to the Post Anaesthetic Care unit (PACU) and summarise his discharge to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The limitations that this case report presents are that often the care received in the PACU can be quite short in terms of total length of stay in hospital. It is not uncommon that High Dependency patients are received for initial care into the PACU following surgery and to be further discharged and nursed in either a dedicated High Dependency Unit or to the Intensive Care Unit.
Care of the older perioperative patient
Authors: Parker Amanda
Published: February 2009

Britains older population is on the increase. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the perioperative care of older patients does not take into consideration the physiological changes that come with ageing and their implications for care. Active consideration of physiological changes can contribute to the reduction in morbid events and achieves a better outcome for the older surgical patient.
Delegation Dilemma: Accountability is Undermined by a Lack of Role Clarity
Authors: King Linnette
Published: February 2009

A lack of clarity in role definition can pose a risk to the care of patients in the peri-operative phase. Health care teams are often made up of multi-skilled-nursing-care-providers that are not statutorily registered professionals. This may undermine who is actually responsible and accountable in practice. This delegation dilemma is due to certain market forces, like changes and reforms in health service provision, shortages of doctors and nurses, and ever rising costs. Change and development in practitioners' scope of practice has been encouraged with training to enable practitioners to take on certain specific aspects of health care provision that were traditionally part of a doctor and, or a nurse's role. These changes should be monitored and considered by risk managers or those responsible for clinical governance, as they raise important legal and professional issues. In short, there is confusion over accountability driven by issues of role expansion. The respective professional bodies, both medical and nursing and the Department of Health need to come together and find a consensus of opinion in resolving the confusion over accountability and role delineation.
A Thought from our Chair
Authors: Smedley Pat
Published: February 2009

Summer recess / the silly season when nothing much of import seems to happen and when we should all probably adopt the French tradition of loosing ourselves with the entire family in some quiet little spot in Provence. No such luck however - some of us have to battle on in particularly hot and humid units and look forward to a fresh start in September. Well this year - having been freshly inspired and reinvigorated by our 17th Annual Conference - I shall not let the silly season pass and go to waste without quietly planning for our next years activities. Melanie is writing up the conference report and I do not want to steal her thunder - but I will say how delighted I was with the conference. We tried for a ‘new look’ and I believe we largely succeeded. It was wonderful to share the platform with our friends from ASPAN and welcome the nurse leaders from IARNA and SSARN. We had an excellent timeand taking them all to the Shepherd and Dog via narrow country lanes that the bus could hardly navigate was a definite master stroke.
Airway Management in Recovery
Authors: Oakley M.
Published: February 2009

Maintaining the patient's airway in the post anaesthetic stage of the patient's care is a skilful endeavour and all practitioners working in a recovery unit must be familiar with all types of obstruction, the causes and how to treat them. Awareness must also be demonstrated of the airway adjuncts available to maintain a patient's airway.
A Systematic Approach for Nursing Specialities: Part 2
Authors: McAuliffe M. S. , Edge M. J.
Published: February 2009

This overview of the research process is for nurses who have either not had a formal course of study in the area, or have not thought about the process in some time. Using a systematic method of viewing the research process should improve understanding. By knowing how question type determines design, and ultimately how results are structured, nurses will be better able to engage in the process as knowledgeable participants. Using this framework should allow those, who wish to do so, to further study the numerous variations in designs and nuances within in each level.
We (Theatre Health Care Professionals) are the Patient's Advocate: Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Bradley M.
Published: February 2009

The word ‘advocacy’ is often used in hospitals. The author's practice has always been to treat the patient as he would like himself or a member of his family to be treated, but is this being an advocate? This article will examine the concept of advocacy and its relevance to the perioperative arena. In the view of the author, protecting a patient's dignity, being aware of tissue viability, ensuring the right patient receives the right treatment, monitoring of vital signs, correct patient positioning etc. are all a part of our duty of care.
Cessation of Long-Term Morphine Analgesia - A Case Study
Authors: Cowan David T , Wright David
Published: February 2009

Background

With regard to the problematic use of opioid analgesic drugs, attention is focused not only on those who began using opioids for recreational purposes, but also on those who may become iatrogenically addicted to opioids administered for pain control. It has been suggested that narcotics opioids cause psychological and physical dependence after relatively small therapeutic doses, for a relatively short period of administration Glatt 1974 and that physical dependence may even start to manifest after a single therapeutic dose Qones 1980. Despite these claims, some patients report that they are able to benefit from relatively long-term opioid analgesia without experiencing the effects of problematic drug use that are associated with recreational drug users (Cowan et al 2001, 2002). This issue has obvious implications for anaesthetic and recovery room practitioners who routinely administer opioids to patients in their care. In view of this, the following case study report may be of interest to such practitioners.
The development of group CBT for the treatment of
road-traffic-accident-related post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot study
Authors: Thompson Andrew R. , Wilde Eamonn , Boon Katherine
Published: February 2009

Individually focused CBT for road traffic accident (RTA)-related post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) involving exposure and cognitive restructuring has been shown to be
effective. Group CBT interventions provide an opportunity for treatment to be delivered in
a cost-effective fashion and may also be ‘normalizing’ for patients,
but few evaluations have been published. Many elements of CBT lend themselves well to
group presentation, although implementing exposure presents a specific problem. The
development and preliminary evaluation of a group (n = 6) targeting
RTA-related PTSD is described here. Pre- and post-questionnaire evaluation is accompanied
by assessment of patient satisfaction. Four of the group no longer met diagnostic criteria
and the remaining two showed clinically significant change in both the number and severity
of symptoms. In addition symptoms of depression decreased from the severe to the mild
range within the group and there were high levels of participant satisfaction reported.
Further research is required to evaluate this and similar packages before group treatment
can be advocated as an alternative to individual CBT for PTSD.
Are we as good as we think we are? Self-assessmentversusother forms of assessment of competence in psychotherapy
Authors: Mathieson Fiona M. , Barnfield Tracey , Beaumont Graeme
Published: February 2009

The Oracle of Delphi's admonition to ‘know thyself’ may be more difficult than it seems, when it comes to self-assessment of competence in cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). This paper investigates the accuracy of self-rating of competence in relation to other measures such as ‘direct’ assessment of videotaped sessions or supervisor ratings. Self-assessment of competence is something most of us do and arguably has an important role in professional development, but it may also be biased and unreliable. Two measures were developed, based on the Cognitive Therapy Scale – Revised, to assess student and supervisor assessments of competence at the start and end of a CBT training course. Competence data across a range of measures from a 5-year audit of a postgraduate CBT course is presented and the relationship between self-rated and other-rated measures explored. Results are discussed and it is suggested that trainee self-assessment, while not found in this study to be correlated with other measure of competence, may provide important information about confidence development, and areas where a trainee perceives they have strengths and weaknesses.
Hybrid simulations of magnetic reconnection initiated in the magnetosheath
Authors: Omidi N. , Phan T. , Sibeck D. G.
Published: February 2009

Interaction of solar wind tangential discontinuities (TDs) with the bow shock may initiate reconnection in the magnetosheath. We employ 2.5‐D electromagnetic, hybrid simulations that treat the ions kinetically via particle‐in‐cell methods and the electrons as a massless fluid to study this interaction. We present results from eight runs corresponding to TD thicknesses ranging from 10 to 260 ion skin depths and shear angles ranging from 120° to 180°. Our results indicate a transition from time‐dependent to steady state reconnection as the thickness of the solar wind TD increases above 30 ion skin depths. As the shear angle in the magnetic field decreases, it takes longer to initiate reconnection, and reconnection jet speeds diminish, suggesting a lower reconnection rate. Implications of these results for magnetic reconnection at currents sheets in general and at the magnetopause in particular are also discussed.
Modeling the deep penetration of outer belt electrons during the “Halloween” magnetic storm in 2003
Authors: Li Xinlin , Barker A. B. , Baker D. N. , Tu W. C. , Sarris T. E. , Selesnick R. S. , Friedel R. , Shen C.
Published: February 2009

Radiation belt electrons are a natural hazard to satellites and humans in space, and they can be quickly enhanced and redistributed in the magnetosphere. Specification and advanced warning of such a reconfiguration of the electron distribution will be valuable to spacecraft designers, operators, and astronauts. Here we report our modeling results and discuss a feasible forecast procedure on such an extreme event. During the geomagnetic storm of October/November 2003, the intensity peak of the outer radiation belt electron moved from its nominal position of L ≈ 4 to L ≈ 2.5 in a day. This event was correlated with extremely high solar wind speeds and enhanced ULF wave power through out the inner magnetosphere, both are known to be associated with enhanced radial transport of radiation belt electrons. A radial diffusion model is developed, using the measurements of relativistic electrons at geosynchronous orbit as the source population and making the radial diffusion coefficient a function of solar wind parameters and L. We found that the deep penetration of 4.5 MeV electrons down to L ≈ 2.5 measured by Polar High Energy Space Telescope can be modeled by the fast inward radial transport mechanism. The practical significance of this model is that the inputs are solely from measurements of current solar wind and energetic electrons at geosynchronous orbit. Thus the model can be operated in real time to forecast the multiple MeV electron fluxes inside geosynchronous orbit and down to L ≈ 2.5 in such an extreme storm event.
Influence of decortication of the donor bone on guided bone augmentation
Authors: Lundgren Anna Karin , Lundgren Dan , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Nyman Sture , Sennerby Lars
Published: February 2009

The aim of the present study was to evaluate if early access to the endosteal bone compartment by removal of the outer cortical bone plate will enhance bone augmentation in a secluded space. Two titanium cylinders were placed on the skull of each of 8 rabbits. Each cylinder was placed into a circular slit, secured to the skull bone via two mini‐screws and supplied with a titanium lid. On the test side, the outer plate of the cortical bone, demarcated by the slit, was removed.The subsequent bleeding resulted in blood fill of the cylinders to various degrees. On the control side, the cortical bone plate was left intact and no bleeding was observed at the time of the placement of the titanium lids. After 3 months, the animals were sacrificed to obtain histology and histomorphometry. No differences in the total amount of augmented bone tissue, in relation to the total experimental area (75.5%±10.9% at the test sites and 71.2%±13.5% at the control sites) or of the augmented mineralized bone tissue in relation to the total amount of augmented bone tissue, was revealed (17.8%±3.0% and 16.0%±4.9% respectively). There was no difference in the morphological appearance of the augmented bone between test and control sites and there were no obvious similarities in the appearance between the newly formed bone tissue and the donor bone. The augmented bone consisted of slender bone trabeculae, distributed in abundant marrow spaces. A conspicuous finding was that the bone trabeculae tended to climb along the inner walls of the titanium cylinder. It is concluded that decortication of the calvarial bone in the rabbit does not result in more bone formation beyond the skeletal envelope after a healing period of 3 months compared to no removal of the cortical bone plate inside a secluded experimental area.
Influence of multiple use of Timedur®‐titanium cannon drills: thermal response and scanning electron microscopic findings
Authors: Jochum Roman M. , Reichart Peter A.
Published: February 2009

Multiple use of dental drills is known to raise drilling temperatures. Therefore, to minimize surgical trauma, well sharpened drills are recommended. In order to evaluate surgical trauma due to multiple use, 20 Timedur® cannon drills (ZL‐Duraplant‐Implant‐System®) were used 51 times in an in vitro experimental setting using pigs' mandibles. Preparations of implant sites were performed with cannon drills at a maximum rotational speed of 1200 r.p.m. with low pressure and water irrigation. Drills were divided randomly into 3 groups and were treated differently after each preparation: 10 cannon drills were cleaned only with distilled water (group 1), 5 cannon drills were disinfected with Secudrill® and autoclaved (group 2) and 5 cannon drills were cleaned with Instrument Detergent MIS 027® and autoclaved (group 3). Temperature measurements were performed with a NiCrNi thermocouple placed 0.5 mm from the drilling site. The width of the cutting edge of the cannon drills was repeatedly examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results revealed that temperatures measured at all times were below the bone injuring level. Drills reused more than 40 times stood out with an increased number of higher temperatures. Only autoclaved drills showed an increased width of the cutting edges. From the present investigation it can be concluded that cannon drills of the ZL‐Duraplant System® should not be re‐used more than 40 times.
The Effect of Ethanol on Human Brain Metabolites Longitudinally Characterized by Proton MR Spectroscopy
Authors: Biller Armin , Bartsch Andreas J , Homola György , Solymosi Làszló , Bendszus Martin
Published: February 2009

The effect ethanol exerts on the human brain has not yet been addressed by longitudinal magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic experiments. Therefore, we longitudinally characterized cerebral metabolite changes in 15 healthy individuals by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) subsequent to the ingestion of a standard beverage (mean peak blood alcohol concentration (BAC): 51.43 ± 10.27 mg/dL). Each participant was examined before, over 93.71 ± 11.17 mins immediately after and 726.36 ± 94.96 mins (12.11 ± 1.58 h) past per os alcohol exposure. Fronto-mesial and cerebellar ethanol concentrations over time were similar as determined by the LCModel analysis of spectral data. Alcohol-induced changes of fronto-mesial creatine, choline, glucose, inositol and aspartate levels for 5.79 ± 2.94 mins upon ingestion as well as cerebellar choline and inositol levels for 8.64 ± 2.98 mins past exposure. Closely associated with ethanol concentrations, supratentorial creatine, choline, inositol and aspartate levels decreased after ethanol administration, whereas glucose levels increased. Similarly, infratentorial choline and inositol concentrations were negatively correlated with ethanol levels over time. There were no changes in N-acetyl-aspartate levels upon alcohol exposure. Furthermore, no influence of ethanol on brain water integrals was detected. Ethanol consumption may directly increase oxidative stress and the neuronal vulnerability to it. In addition, our results are compatible with ethanol-induced cell membrane modifications and alternative energy substrate usage upon alcohol exposure.
Neuroprotective Role of Mitochondrial Uncoupling Protein 2 in Cerebral Stroke
Authors: Mehta Suresh L , Li P. Andy
Published: February 2009

The uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are mitochondrial transporter proteins involved in proton conductance across inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). UCP2, which is one of the members of this class of proteins, has a wide but restricted tissue distribution including brain. Its physiologic role according to emerging evidences, although still not clear, indicate that distribution of UCP2 may be related to regulation of mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm), production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), preservation of calcium homeostasis, modulation of neuronal activity, and eventually inhibition of cellular damage. These factors are very important in determining the fate of neurons and damage progression in the brain during various neurodegenerative diseases including cerebral stroke. Recent evidence indicates that an increased expression and activity of UCP2 are well correlated with neuronal survival after stroke and trauma. This review briefly covers the present understanding of UCP2, which eventually may be beneficial to understand the precise role of UCP2 to develop strategy to identify its potential therapeutic application.
Soft and hard elastic moduli of Galfenol transduction elements (invited)
Authors: Wun-Fogle M. , Restorff J. B. , Clark A. E.
Published: February 2009

In materials with high magnetostriction, e.g., Galfenol (Fe100−xGax), strong magnetoelastic coupling produces a strong dependence of the modulus on the magnetic state of the system. This is manifested in stress-strain curves which depend on the applied magnetic field H. Highly textured free standing zone melt Fe81.6Ga18.4 rods approximately 2in.×14 in diameter in both as-grown and stress-annealed conditions were measured; one rod was grown at a faster than normal rate. In addition, an Fe81.6Ga18.4 steel (Ga alloyed with 1003 steel) and an Fe81Al19 rod were measured for comparison. Stress-strain curves at an actively controlled fixed magnetic field were obtained and the modulus at constant H, YH, was determined by numerical differentiation. All curves exhibit a minimum in the modulus at a stress that depends on H. At low and high stresses YH saturates and equals YB, the modulus at constant flux density B. A single domain rotation model originally used to model the magnetization and magnetostriction in these materials was able to capture the major features of the stress-strain behavior and modulus, including the position of the minimum YH and the ΔE effect but did not describe the details accurately. The average YB of five Fe81.6Ga18.4 samples grown at normal rates was 76±3GPa. YH was highly dependent on sample, field, and stress and varied between 22 and 65GPa. Magnetomechanical coupling factors k33 were calculated to be ∼0.65.
Optimization of novel flux barrier in interior permanent magnet-type brushless dc motor based on modified Taguchi method
Authors: Yang Byoung-yull , Hwang Kyu-yun , Rhee Sang-bong , Kim Dae-kyong , Kwon Byung-il
Published: February 2009

This paper proposes the novel flux barrier by using the modified Taguchi method to reduce the cogging torque. In the optimizing process the modified Taguchi method is utilized to consider multiple objective quality characteristics simultaneously such as the torque ripple and the efficiency as well as the cogging torque. The optimal novel flux barrier can effectively reduce the cogging torque and torque ripple and it is verified through the experimental results.
Free transverse vibrations of cracked nanobeams using a nonlocal elasticity model
Authors: Loya J. , López-Puente J. , Zaera R. , Fernández-Sáez J.
Published: February 2009

In this paper, flexural vibrations of cracked micro- and nanobeams are studied. The model is based on the theory of nonlocal elasticity applied to Euler–Bernouilli beams. The cracked-beam model is established using a proper modification of the classical cracked-beam theory consisting of dividing the cracked element into two segments connected by a rotational spring located at the cracked section. This model promotes a discontinuity in bending slope, which is proportional to the second derivative of the displacements. Frequency equations of cracked nanobeams with some typical boundary conditions are derived and the natural frequencies for different crack positions, crack lengths, and nonlocal length parameters are calculated. The results are compared with those corresponding to the classical local model, emphasizing the differences occurring when the nonlocal effects are significant.
Phase separation induced by cation disorder and strain in (La,Y)2/3(Ca,Sr)1/3MnO3 films
Authors: Cai H. L. , Wu X. S. , Wang Z. H. , Lu X. M. , Gao J.
Published: February 2009

Effects of cation disorder and strain on the surface morphologies and transport properties of thin films with different A-site cation disorder, which was achieved by Y and Sr codoping into La2/3Ca1/3MnO3, have been investigated. A metal-insulator transition (MIT) was observed on all films except that on MgO, which indicates that large strain increases insulator phase. With increasing cation disorder, the resistivity increases while MIT and Curie temperature decrease, which reveal that cation disorder suppresses the long-range ferromagnetic metallic phase. The spin-glass state and ferromagnetic-metallic state coexist in low temperature. Cation disorder induces more insulator phases in the large strain films. A Kondo-like transport behavior was observed in the large cation disordered films.
Spin transfer torque in magnetic tunnel junctions with synthetic ferrimagnetic layers
Authors: Ichimura M. , Hamada T. , Imamura H. , Takahashi S. , Maekawa S.
Published: February 2009

Based on the spin-polarized free-electron model, spin and charge transports are analyzed in the magnetic tunnel junctions with the synthetic ferrimagnetic layers in the ballistic regime, and the spin-transfer torque is derived. In the realistic junctions, the spin torque exerted on the magnetizations of two ferromagnetic layers in the synthetic ferrimagnetic layer shows a trend to rotate the same direction. It is suggested that, through the antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling in the synthetic ferrimagnetic layer, this trend induces the cooperative reversal of magnetizations in two ferromagnetic layers, and expected that this cooperative rotation reduces the critical current for the magnetization reversal in the synthetic ferrimagnetic layer.
Experimental and theoretical study of CO collisions with CH3- and CF3-terminated self-assembled monolayers
Authors: Alexander William A. , Morris John R. , Troya Diego
Published: February 2009

We present an experimental and theoretical study of the dynamics of collisions of the CO molecule with organic surfaces. Experimentally, we scatter CO at 60 kJ mol−1 and 30° incident angle from regular (CH3-terminated) and ω-fluorinated (CF3-terminated) alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and measure the time-of-flight distributions at the specular angle after collision. At a theoretical level, we carry out classical-trajectory simulations of the same scattering process using CO/SAM potential-energy surfaces derived from ab initio calculations. Agreement between measured and calculated final translational energy distributions justifies use of the calculations to examine dynamical behavior of the gas/surface system not available directly from the experiment. Calculated state-to-state energy-transfer properties indicate that the collisions are notably vibrationally adiabatic. Similarly, translational energy transfer from and to CO rotation is relatively weak. These trends are examined as a function of collision energy and incident angle to provide a deeper understanding of the factors governing state-to-state energy transfer in gas/organic-surface collisions.
Theoretical and experimental results of electronic transport of spin quantum cross structure devices
Authors: Kondo Kenji , Kaiju Hideo , Ishibashi Akira
Published: February 2009

Recently, we have proposed quantum cross structure (QCS) devices that consist of two metal thin films deposited on organic films with edge-to-edge configuration like crossed fins for switching devices. In this paper, we propose a spin quantum cross structure (SQCS) device, which is a QCS device consisting of two magnetic thin films. We show theoretical and experimental results of electronic transport characteristics regarding SQCS devices. The calculation of the I-V characteristics has been performed for the SQCS devices with the Ni magnetic thin films for both the electrodes within the framework of the Anderson model. Then, we fabricated a SQCS device with the Ni magnetic thin films and measured the I-V characteristics by a four-terminal method. Also, the calculation of the magnetoresistance ratio has been done as a function of renormalized transfer matrices including magnetostriction effects and the other effects phenomenologically.
Positron depth profiling of the structural and electronic structure transformations of hydrogenated Mg-based thin films
Authors: Eijt S. W. H. , Kind R. , Singh S. , Schut H. , Legerstee W. J. , Hendrikx R. W. A. , Svetchnikov V. L. , Westerwaal R. J. , Dam B.
Published: February 2009

We report positron depth-profiling studies on the hydrogen sorption behavior and phase evolution of Mg-based thin films. We show that the main changes in the depth profiles resulting from the hydrogenation to the respective metal hydrides are related to a clear broadening in the observed electron momentum densities in both Mg and Mg2Ni films. This shows that positron annihilation methods are capable of monitoring these metal-to-insulator transitions, which form the basis for important applications of these types of films in switchable mirror devices and hydrogen sensors in a depth-sensitive manner. Besides, some of the positrons trap at the boundaries of columnar grains in the otherwise nearly vacancy-free Mg films. The combination of positron annihilation and x-ray diffraction further shows that hydrogen loading at elevated temperatures, in the range of 480–600 K, leads to a clear Pd–Mg alloy formation of the Pd catalyst cap layer. At the highest temperatures, the hydrogenation induces a partial delamination of the ∼5 nm thin capping layer, as sensitively monitored by positron depth profiling of the fraction of ortho-positronium formed at interface with the cap layer. The delamination effectively blocks the hydrogen cycling. In Mg–Si bilayers, we investigated the reactivity upon hydrogen loading and heat treatments near 480 K, which shows that Mg2Si formation is fast relative to MgH2. The combination of positron depth profiling and transmission electron microscopy shows that hydrogenation promotes a complete conversion to Mg2Si for this destabilized metal hydride system, while a partially unreacted, Mg-rich amorphous prelayer remains on top of Mg2Si after a single heat treatment in an inert gas environment. Thin film studies indicate that the difficulty of rehydrogenation of Mg2Si is not primarily the result from slow hydrogen dissociation at surfaces, but is likely hindered by the presence of a barrier for removal of Mg from the readily formed Mg2Si.
Effect of Si codoping on Eu3+ luminescence in GaN
Authors: Wang R. , Steckl A. J. , Brown E. E. , Hommerich U. , Zavada J. M.
Published: February 2009

Eu and Si codoped GaN thin films were grown on sapphire by solid source molecular beam epitaxy. Eu3+ photoluminescence (PL) emission at ∼622 nm (D50-F72) was enhanced by approximately five to ten times with Si doping. The effect of Si codoping on PL intensity, lifetime, and excitation dependence revealed two distinct regimes. Moderate Si doping levels (0.04–0.07 at. %) lead to an increase in lifetime combined with improved excitation efficiency and a greatly enhanced PL intensity. High Si doping levels (0.08–0.1 at. %) significantly quench the PL intensity and lifetime, due primarily to nonradiative channels produced by a high defect population.
Yttrium disilicate crystallites embedded porous sol-gel thin films for self-cleaning displays
Authors: Fernandez Toney T. , Jose Gin , Ward Michael , Arunkumar K. V. , Unnikrishnan N. V.
Published: February 2009

We report on the preparation of self-cleaning and highly transparent yttrium disilicate phosphor host matrix. The yttrium disilicate crystallites were produced in titanosilicate thin films prepared by sol-gel and dip coating method. The thin film phosphor surface was maintained to be superhydrophilic by the synergic effect of the coproduced TiO2 anatase crystals and the high porosity of the film. The high porosity and the tuning of the pore size were attained by the “molecular footprint” technique. It was found that the film with higher contact fraction could retain the superhydrophilicity even in the absence of ultraviolet light. We successfully demonstrate the integration of this property to the films containing yttrium disilicate nanocrystals.