bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Über die Möglichkeiten der Züchtungsarbeit in Laufställen
Authors: Varo Mikko
Published: July 2018

Die Wirkung des Übergehens zum Laufstallsystem auf die Möglichkeiten zur Beurteilung der Produktionsneigungen der Kühe wurde bei 129 zu 36 Herden gehörenden Kühen untersucht, für die ganzjährige Leistungsangaben aus wenigstens zwei dem Übergangsjahr vorausgegangenen Kontrolljahren der Warmstallzeit und aus wenigstens zwei Jahren der darauffolgenden Laufstallzeit verfügbar gewesen waren. Die Untersuchung erfolgte durch Berechnen des Anteils der zwischen den Individuen bestehenden Varianz an der Gesamtvarianz sowohl der relativen Milchleistungen als der relativen Fettgehalte gesondert für die im Warmstall und für die im Laufstall erzielten Leistungen der regelmässigen Jahre. Die Milchleistungen wurden durch Koeffizienten auf den Leistungsstand 9jähriger Tiere ausgeglichen. Das Alter der Kühe belief sich im Übergangsjahr durchschnittlich auf 8.6 Jahre, wobei die jüngste 5 und die älteste 15 Jahre alt war. Im Warmstall wechselte das Alter zwischen 3 und 14 und im Laufstall zwischen 6 und 19 Jahren. Der Anteil der zwischen den einzelnen Tieren bestehenden Varianz an der Gesamtvarianz der Milchleistungen betrug im Warmstall 52.3 und im Laufstall 53.8 % und entsprechend an der Gesamtvarianz des Fettgehaltes im Warmstall 63.9 und im Laufstall 71.7 %, so dass der Übergang zum Laufstall die Beurteilungsmöglichkeiten für die Leistungen der Kühe wenigstens nicht verschlechtert hat. Der Anteil der regelmässigen Jahre – mit anderen Worten, der Jahre, in denen das Tier gesund gewesen ist und in Zwischenraumen von höchstens 15 Monaten gekalbt hat – an allen Jahren belief sich beim Warmstall auf 95.3 ± 1.1 und beim Laufstall auf 96.7 ± 1.0. Da das durchschnittliche Alter der Kühe beim Warmstall 6.8 und beim Laufstall 10.6 Jahre betrug, kann die Regelmässigkeit beim Laufstall als sehr gut angesehen werden. Bei den Altersklassen 8—12, zu denen Tiere sowohl in der Warmstall- als in der Laufstallzeit gehören, war die Regelmässigkeit im Laufstall um 6.1 ± 2.6 Prozenteinheiten besser als im Warmstall. Aus den Ergebnissen kann wohl geschlossen werden, dass das Übergehen zum Laufstallsystem die Möglichkeiten der Zuchtwahl gegenüber dem Warmstallsystem nicht erschwert, sondern eher vielleicht verbessert. Die Rangfolge einer und derselben Tiere kann im Laufstall eine andere als im Warmstall sein. Bei den untersuchten Herden ist der Leistungsstand im Laufstall derselbe wie im Warmstall geblieben.
Density, amount, and carbon content of organic matter in soils – some methodical reflections
Authors: Heinonen Reijo
Published: July 2018

The density of soil organic matter has been derived from an equation representing the regression of soil density on the clay and organic matter contents. When the amount of organic matter was taken as equalling 1.9 times the total organic carbon, this resulted in the value 1.47 for the density of soil organic matter, which is believed to be an appropriate figure.
Resistance to virus diseases of some F1 clones descended from the species hybridization Solanum demissum x S. tuberosum
Authors: Pohjakallio Onni , Karhuvaara Laura
Published: July 2018

The following are the main conclusions to be drawn from the results of experiments in which the resistance of F1 clones descended from the species hybridization Solanum demissum x S. tuberosum (Rosafolia) was investigated: The clones forming purple tubers appeared to be very susceptible to the potato rugose. Bud mutants descended from the former, forming white tubers, appeared to be wholly resistant to this virus. The virus accelerated the onset of tuber formation and the decline of the haulms of the susceptible F1 plants. The degeneration of the virus-diseased plants did not progress from one vegetative generation to the next; instead, the virus altered the rate of development of the potato plant to a new level.
Fertilizer phosphorus in some Finnish soils
Authors: Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

In the present paper it is tried to trace the fate of fertilizer phosphorus in soil by comparing the analyses of soils from treated and untreated plots of field trials. This indirect approach cannot be expected to provide exact values, but it is likely to give an approximate answer. The results reported above do not in any marked degree change our present conception of the forms in which fertilizer phosphorus accumulates in soils. In the acid soils studied (pH 4—6.4 in 0.02 N CaCl2) superphosphate tended to increase the fractions which were extracted by NH4F or NaOH. Hyperphosphate phosphorus was mostly found in the acid-soluble fraction. During a longer period of dressing with phosphate an increase in the organic phosphorus content of a peat soil could be detected. In the incubation experiments the mineralization of organic phosphorus occurred at a higher rate in the samples from the plots treated with superphosphate than in those from the untreated one. It might be supposed that the organic phosphorus mineralized mainly originated from the plant residues. It seems that the fractionation method developed by CHANG and JACKSON (4) for the estimation of discrete forms of soil phosphorus is not quite satisfactory for tracing the fertilizer phosphorus in soils recently dressed with phosphates. In particular, it may be fallacious to conclude that the fraction extracted by NH4F would only represent phosphorus bound to aluminium and its compounds. At least in the absence of soil, a large part of phosphorus in dicalcium phosphate dihydrate falls into this fraction, and also a small amount of hyperphosphate phosphorus may be found in it. The test values for »available» phosphorus showed the effect of fertilizers in accordance with previous observations (9, 13). Acetic acid soluble P revealed the treatment with hyperphosphate, but only slightly the application of superphosphate. The test value for the sorbed P of BRAY and KURTZ (2), or phosphorus extracted by 0.03 N NH4F-0.025 N HCI, distinctly indicated the addition of superphosphate, and also to some extent the presence of hyperphosphate phosphorus. Thus, even these results furnish a supplement to the data (11, 19) which prove that acids are not recommendable for the estimation of »available» phosphorus in Finnish soils. Probably, the use of ammonium fluoride would give a more reliable picture, provided, it is on the whole possible to characterize the phosphorus condition of soil with this kind of test values.
Tulotason vaikutuksesta elintarvikemenoihin ja kulutusmääriin
Authors: Kaarlehto Paavo
Published: July 2018

Esillä olevassa tutkimuksessa on pyritty selvittämään eräiden hyödykkeiden kulutusmäärien ja niiden ostoon käytettyjen rahamenojen riippuvuutta tulojen suuruudesta vuoden 1956 kulutustutkimuksessa kerätyn aineiston perusteella. Suoritetuissa laskelmissa on osoittautunut, että erityisesti runsaasti rasvaa sisältävien ravintoaineiden tulojoustokertoimien määrityksissä tavanomaiset kaksoislogaritmiset tai semilogaritmiset kysyntäfunktiot eivät ehkä parhaalla mahdollisella tavalla kuvaa k.o. riippuvuussuhteita. Lisäksi on kulutustutkimuksessa kerätyn aineiston luokittelu sekä perheen koon, että sosiaalisen ryhmän perusteella osoittautunut välttämättömäksi. Kun tällaista luokittelua ei ole voitu toteuttaa esillä olevassa aineistossa, on vertailua varten laskettu joustokertoimet erikseen koko luokittelemattomasta aineistosta, kaikista kaksilapsiperheistä sekä kaksilapsisista työläisperheistä. Laskelmien teknillisestä suorituksesta on huolehtinut FAO. Yhteenveto saaduista tuloksista on esitetty taulukossa 7.
Super-, thomas- ja hienofosfaatin vaikutuksesta mutasuolla
Authors: Takala Mauri
Published: July 2018

Kokeen perusteella voitaneen tehdä seuraavia päätelmiä: Superfosfaatti ja thomasfosfaatti ovat viljanviljelyssä vaikutukseltaan samanarvoisia. Nurmen pintalannoitukseen on superfosfaatti soveliaampaa kuin thomas- ja hienofosfaatti. Vuosittain uudistetulla sopivalla fosfaatti-kali pintalannoituksella voidaan timoteinurmen ikää lisätä sadon määrän ja laadun silti huonontumatta. Nurmen iän lisääntyessä saattaa siihen ilmaantua kuitenkin rikkaruohoja, etenkin juolavehnää.
The temperature of peat soil at Leteensuo
Authors: Pessi Yrjö
Published: July 2018

The soil temperature at depths of 20, 50 and 100 cm has been higher in the summertime in the cultivated fen soil at Leteensuo than in cultivated Sphagnum peat soil, while the latter again had higher temperatures than Sphagnum bog in its natural state. There is a remarkable difference in soil temperature between two bogs of different geographical location, namely, Leteensuo and Pelsonsuo. At Leteensuo, which lies in the southern part of Finland, the soil begins to warm up at a much earlier date than at Pelsonsuo and the soil temperature is higher. The effective soil temperature (referred to +5°C) at 20 cm depth is nearly twice as high as at Pelsonsuo; at a greater depth it is even three times as high.
Determination of total organic phosphorus in samples of mineral soils
Authors: Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

In this paper some observations on the estimation of organic phosphorus in mineral soils are reported. The fact is emphasized that the accuracy of all the methods available is relatively poor. Usually, there are no reasons to pay attention to differences less than about 20 ppm. of organic P. Analyses performed on 345 samples of Finnish mineral soils by the extraction method of MEHTA et. al. (10) and by a simple procedure adopted by the author (successive extractions with 4 N H2SO4 and 0.5 N NaOH at room temperature in the ratio of 1 to 100) gave, on the average, equal results. It seemed to be likely that the MEHTA method removed the organic phosphorus more completely than did the less vigorous method, but in the former the partial hydrolysis of organic phosphorus compounds tends to be higher than in the latter. An attempt was made to find out whether the differences between the respective values for organic phosphorus obtained by an ignition method and the simple extraction method could be connected with any characteristics of the soil. No correlation or only a low correlation coefficient could be calculated between the difference in the results of these two methods and e. g. the pH-value, the content of clay, organic carbon, aluminium and iron soluble in Tamm’s acid oxalate, the indicator of the phosphate sorption capacity, or the »Fe-bound» inorganic phosphorus, respectively. The absolute difference tended to increase with an increase in the content of organic phosphorus. For the 250 samples of surface soils analyzed, the ignition method gave values which were, on the average, about 50 ppm. higher than the results obtained by the extraction procedure. The corresponding difference for the 120 samples from deeper layers was about 20 ppm of organic P. The author recommends, for the present, the determination of the total soil organic phosphorus as an average of the results obtained by the ignition method and the extraction method.
Jäykkien savien pintakerroksen laadusta
Authors: Heinonen Reijo
Published: July 2018

Aikaisempien tutkimusten perusteella voidaan olettaa, että aitosaven osuus Helsingin ja Turun maanviljelysinsinööripiirien peltoalasta on n. 15 %, jos lähtökohtana on jankon maalaji kunkin peltolohkon alemmassa puolikkaassa. Käsilläolevassa työssä on tarkistettu tätä arviota analysoimalla edustavasta näyteaineistosta myös peltolohkon ylempää puolikasta ja multakerrosta edustavat näytteet, joiden tekstuuri on yleensä kevyempi kuin jankon. Siten päädyttiin arvioon, että aitosavi on jankon maalajina 12 %:ssa tutkimusalueen koko peltoalasta. Multakerroksessa aitosaven osuus olisi vain 5 %. Orgaanisen aineksen määrä oli positiivisessa korrelaatiossa multakerroksen savespitoisuuden kanssa peltolohkojen ylemmissä mutta ei alemmissa puolikkaissa. Humuspitoisuuden tyyppiarvoksi saatiin koko aineistossa 6.1 %.
A method for cellulose determination
Authors: Paloheimo L. , Herkola Eine , Kero M.-L.
Published: July 2018

The usual metods for cellulose determinations, excepting those in which the material is decomposed by total hydrolysis, are principally methods for producing cellulose preparations. In these the non-cellulosic compounds are tried to be removed as thoroughly as possible without decomposing the cellulose. However, the preparations obtained still contain different non-cellulosic components for which corrections must be made. In the method proposed by the authors a crude cellulose preparation is produced by a relatively mild treatment, and corrections are made for crude lignin and pentosans. The main feature in producing the crude cellulose preparation is shaking the samples with 3N NaOH solution in pressure bottles in a boiling water bath. The method appears to give readable results for fodder materials. For woods the results are evidently too high, especially due to mannan in the crude cellulose.
Piiloitävyyteen liittyvän entsyymitoiminnan vaikutuksista ohran laatuominaisuuksiin
Authors: Orko Ari , Keränen A. J. A. , Tikka Jyry
Published: July 2018

Suoritetuissa tutkimuksissa verrattiin toisiinsa kahta täysin erilaista vuoden 1962 satoa olevaa ohranäytettä, nimittäin kunnoltaan moitteetonta hyvälaatuista ohraa (Proctor) ja erittäin kosteissa olosuhteissa korjattua heikkolaatuista ohraseosta (Pirkka ja Balder). Ohranäytteitä idätettiin laboratoriossa joko normaalisesti tai kahteen kertaan, jolloin mahdollisesti esiintyneet juuri-idut välillä poistettiin. Normaalin idätyksen aikana amylolyyttisten entsyymien aktiivisuus lisääntyi hyvälaatuisessa ohrassa jyrkemmin kuin huonolaatuisessa ohraseoksessa. Viimeksi mainitun α-amylaasiaktiivisuus oli jo ennen idätystä n. 3 diastaattista yksikköä; vastaavan aktiivisuuden hyvälaatuinen ohra saavutti vasta 2 vrk:n idätyksen jälkeen. Hyvälaatuisen ohran diastaattisen aktivisuuden lähtöarvo oli n. 20 % pienempi kuin huonolaatuisen ohraseoksen, mutta ensiksi mainitun diastaattinen aktiivisuus lisääntyi jyrkemmin ollen 4 vrk:n idätyksen jälkeen samaa suuruusluokkaa kuin huonolaatuisessa ohraseoksessa. Amylografitutkimuksissa amylolyyttisten entsyymien aiheuttama tärkkelyksen pilkkoutuminen tuli havaittavaksi n. 12 t liotuksen jälkeen. Idättämättömässä huonolaatuisessa ohraseoksessa todettiin paperikromatografisesti maltoosia enemmän kuin hyvälaatuisessa ohrassa. Maltoosin määrässä todettiin huomattava lisääntyminen 3 vrk:n ja glukoosin määrässä 4 vrk:n idätyksen jälkeen. Hyvälaatuisen idättämättömän ohran proteolyyttinen aktiivisuus oli vajaa puolet huonolaatuisen ohraseoksen aktiivisuudesta, ja idätyksen aikana molempien ohranäytteiden aktiivisuus lisääntyi jokseenkin samalla nopeudella. Vapaiden aminohappojen määrä lisääntyi idätyksen aikana suhteessa proteolyyttisen aktiivisuuden kasvuun. Molempien ohranäytteiden amylolyyttisten ja proteolyyttisten entsyymien aktiivisuudessa todettiin itämisen alussa liotuksen aikana alenemista; amylografinen tutkimus vahvisti amylolyyttisten entsyymien aktiivisuuden alenemisen. Kaksoisidätyskokeissa huonolaatuisen ohraseoken diastaattisen aktiivisuuden todettiin lisääntyneen toisella idätyskerralla jyrkemmin kuin ensimmäisellä ja molemmilla kerroilla nopeammin kuin hyvälaatuisen ohran. Aktiivisuuden lisääntyminen toisessa idätyksessä oli sitä voimakkaampaa mitä lyhyempää idätystä ensimmäisessä vaiheessa oli käytetty. Molempien näytteiden amylolyyttisten entsyymien aktiivisuudet olivat toisessa idätyksessä 3 vrk:n kuluttua noin kaksinkertaiset ensimmäiseen idätykseen verrattuna. Hyvälaatuisen ohran proteolyyttisen aktiivisuuden kasvu oli toisella idätyskerralla erityisen nopeaa huonolaatuiseen ohraseokseen verrattuna. Epäedullisissa kosteusoloissa alkuunpäässeellä entsyymitoiminnalla on selvästi todettava vaikutus ulkonaisesti moitteettoman ohranjyvän koostumukseen.
The most important quality criteria of some homegrown black-currant varieties II. Dry matter, pectin, acid content, colour and formol value
Authors: Kuusi Taina
Published: July 2018

The quality properties of black-currant have been investigated in respect of 12 home-grown varieties. Samples were obtained from 6 localities over a period of 3 years. The properties studied were dry matter, pectin and its degree of esterification, acid content, colour strength, and formol value. As regards dry matter, the differences between the varieties were small. A high summer temperature diminished the dry matter values. Some variations existed between the varieties in respect of pectin. Thus Wellington XXX and X contained an abundant amount of pectin, whereas Brödtorp and Black of Lepaa contained little. A high summer temperature lowered the pectin content, but the degree of its esterification remained high. A corresponding effect was noted as a consequence of the degree of north latitude of the place of growth: the amount of pectin was increased and its degree of esterification was lowered towards the north. With respect to the acid content, differences were remarked among the varieties, corresponding approximately to results reported earlier in literature. As a rule, the acid content of the home-grown varieties is higher than the values so reported. Of weather factors, sunshine seems to exercise most influence on the acid content, the acid being increased by a lack of it. Similarly, differences among the varieties were found in colour strength. This property seems to bear a negative correlation to the berry size, since the colouring compounds are localized in the skin part of the berry. The colour strength depends markedly upon the summer temperature, as is evidenced by both the comparison of the different years, and that of the different localities. Slight differences in the formed value were noted between the varieties. However, this value depends substantially upon the degree of maturity; it falls during ripening, a fact which renders comparison difficult.
Agriculture in an industrial framework
Authors: Thomas Edgar
Published: July 2018

The present shape of agriculture in every country is the result of a complex of past economic, social and political factors. These factors are continuously under pressure from new forces. Today, for better or for worse, the pursuit of economic growth has become the dominant force the world over. In order to achieve and sustain a more rapid rate of growth two things are necessary. The first is to improve productivity within each activity by the greater application of capital, by better technology, by better management and by better organisation. The second is to aim at the optimum allocation of resources between activities by moving resources from less to more productive uses. Pursuing these two paths towards faster growth is releasing two sets of forces which are exerting a radical impact on both the size and the pattern of agriculture. This paper deals with this impact on agriculture in contemporary Britain a highly industrial and a preponderantly urban nation committed to the experiment of running a hybrid economy based on the two pillars of private enterprise and public control.
Relationship of the moisture content of Finnish wheat flour and relative humidity
Authors: Linko Yu-Yen , Linko Pekka
Published: July 2018

Changes in the moisture content of Finnish commercial wheat flour stored at variable relative humidities, representing the conditions typical of flour storage in Finland, were investigated. It could be shown that flour of 15 % moisture at the time of packing tends to dry considerably during normal storage conditions. Owing to the hysteresis effect, the moisture content of once dried flour is not likely to reach detrimental levels during normal storage, even if the relative humidity would exceed the critical level of 75—80 % for short periods. Minimum warehouse relative humidity was observed during Januay, at which time flour moisture had decreased to 6.7 %. The equilibrium humidity for flour of 15 % original moisture content was found to be about 70 %.
On the thyroid morphology and the level of milk yield among the progeny of goitrous and apparently normal cows
Authors: Kossila Vappu
Published: July 2018

The thyroid morphology and the level FCM yield were studied in 84 dam-daughter pairs discarded from the Ayrshire herd of the Viik Experimental Farm. Data was divided into three groups according to the thyroid weight of the dam: less than 30 g in group I, from 30 to 50 g in group II, and 50 g or over in group III. The following mean values were obtained for the dams and their daughters: thyroid weight in grams: I 24.17 and 21.07, II 38.13 and 24.51, III 61.22 and 31.58; thyroid weight in grams per 100 kg corrected body weight (BRT): I 4.55 and 4.18, II 7.42 and 4.92, III 11.46 and 6.29; absolute amount of epithelial tissue contained per thyroid in grams (Eg); I 4.81 and 4.13, II 5.37 and 4.81, III 6.96 and 5.61; corrected body weight in kg: I 497 and 474, II 507 and 462, III 517 and 489; age in months: I 85.6 and 61.8, II 107.7 and 59.8, III 119,2 and 64.0; mean FCM yield in kg during productional lifetime; I 14.64 and 15.06, II 13.93 and 13.78, III 13.48 and 13.94; FCM yield in kg per 500 kg corrected body weight: I 14.73 and 15.87, II 13.74 and 14.92, III 13.04 and 14.28. The lower thyroid weight in daughters was apparently due to their lower body weight and age as well as to the higher iodine content of the ration. The dam-daughter correlations in respect of the thyroid weight, the BRT, the Eg, the corrected body weight, age, and FCM-yield were: I 0.13, 0.07, 0.27, 0.22, 0.25, and 0.42**, II + III 0.40**, 0.41**, 0.24, 0.07, 0.15, and 0.22, I + II + III 0.47***, 0.49***, 0.30**, 0.13, 0.16, and 0.35***. The results of this study indicate a) that the incidence of goiter was higher in the progeny of goitrous than in that of normal dams, b) that the incidence of goiter in the daughters decreased if the goitrous dam received supplemental iodine during the gestation period from which the daughter was born, c) that a heavier thyroid weight resulted in a lower FCM yield.
Determination of free and combined plant acids
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa , Kotilainen Kaija
Published: July 2018

A method is presented for the determination of the total amounts of plant acids and associated cations, viz. potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium. The principle of the method is as follows: The acids and salts are extracted into water, and the cations retained by an Amberlite IR-120H+ resin using a batch technique. The acids are titrated electrometrically to pH 9.0. The cations are eluted from the resin and determined by flame photometry. As the inorganic salts present in the water extract are converted by the ion exchanger to the corresponding acids, the total acidity value is corrected for the chlorides, phosphates and nitrates present. The free and combined plant acids are calculated on the basis of the results obtained. The various stages of the analytical procedure are discussed and the results obtained in the analyses of 17 different fodders and foodstuffs are given as examples.
Lajikkeen ja tuleentumisajan vaikutus kevätvehnän jyvien mineraalipitoisuuteen
Authors: Lallukka Ulla
Published: July 2018

Kevätvehnälajikkeiden jyvien pää- ja hivenravinnepitoisuuksien välillä todettiin tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja. Tähkäidäntää kestävien Touko- ja Timantti-vehnien mineraalipitoisuudet olivat yleensä hyvin samankaltaiset ja erosivat merkitsevästi muista lajikkeista. Touko ja Timantti sisälsivät runsaasti magnesiumia, mangaania, kalsiumia ja fosforia sekä niukasti kaliumia. Jyvän tuleentumisen edistyessä sen kaliuminpitoisuus väheni ja kalsiuminpitoisuus lisääntyi. Muiden kivennäisaineiden pitoisuuksissa ei havaittu eroja tuleentumisen aikana. Mineraalipitoisuuksien vuosittaiset vaihtelut olivat huomattavat.
Pestyn perunan säilyvyys neularei'itetyssä muovissa
Authors: Ellala Anita , Vanhanen Lasse , Kurkela Rakel
Published: July 2018

Sekä mustaan neularei’itettyyn polyeteeniin että voimapaperiin pakattuna ollut hyvälaatuinen pesty peruna säilyi mukaisena, 4—6 °C:ssa varastoidun perunan veroisena kolme viikkoa 10 °C:ssa ja kaksi viikkoa 22 °C:ssa. Korkealaatuinen peruna säilyi pestynä 22°C:ssa kolme viikkoa ja 10°:ssa jopa seitsemän viikkoa molemmissa pakkauksissa ruoka- perunaominaisuuksiltaan moitteettomana, vaikka se olikin erotettavissa mukaisena 4–6 °C:ssa varastoidusta perunasta. Nämä säilyvyysajat ovat markkinoinnin kannalta riittävät, sillä pakkauksen ja kulutuksen välillä todennäköisesti kuluva aika on noin kaksi—kolme viikkoa. Pakattavan perunan laadulla ja kasvukauden aikana vaikuttavilla tekijöillä kuten lannoituksella todettiin olevan ratkaiseva merkitys perunan ruokaperunaominaisuuksien säilymiseen. Jos pakattava perunamateriaali on heikkolaatuista joko virustautisen siemenen tai liian voimakkaan lannoituksen takia, huononee tavaran laatu huomattavasti nopeammin kuin hyvälaatuisen perunan, jopa niin että sen kelpoisuus ruokaperunaksi tulee kyseenalaiseksi lyhyessäkin säilytyksessä pakkauksesta riippumatta. Tulosten mukaan musta polyeteeni esti parhaiten perunoiden vihertymisen. Vihertyminen osoittautui säilyvyyttä rajoittavaksi tekijäksi, jos perunat joutuivat voimakkaan loistelamppuvalaistuksen alaisiksi. Vesihöyryn ja hiilidioksidin läpäisevyys oli runsainta voimapaperipakkauksessa. Neularei’ityksellä saatiin polyeteenipakkaus kauttaaltaan kaasuja läpäiseväksi. Vesihöyryn läpäisevyys oli neularei’ityksen ansiosta riittävä; se esti mm. kondenssiveden muodostuksen pakkauksen sisäpintaan varaston lämpötilan muutosten yhteydessä.
Ham quality and its relationship to carcass quality I. Ultrasonic and other measurements
Authors: Uusisalmi Unto
Published: July 2018

Ham quality and its relationship to carcass quality were studied in Landrace and Yorkshire pigs at the Puistola testing station. The research material was as follows: 1) ultrasonic and other measurements and points evaluation of 236 live pigs in three weight classes, and conventional carcass evaluation of these pigs; 2) ultrasonic and other measurements and points evaluation of 97 live pigs, determinations of the specific weight of the ham, and the dissection results on the left half of the carcass. The subjective points evaluation of ham performed on the live pigs did not correlate with the subjective points evaluation made on the carcasses. Nor did the exterior measurements made on the ham provide sufficient information about the slaughter quality of the ham. By means of stepwise multiple regression analysis, estimations were obtained for the skin + fat and meat + bone components of the most valuable part of the carcass and of the ham. In these estimations the most important were the dissection results and specific weight of the ham and the ultrasonic measurements. The statistically significant effect of the slaughter weight emerged to such an extent that corrections according to slaughter weight were found necessary in the dissection analysis.
Effective cation-exchange capacity in Finnish mineral soils
Authors: Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

Effective CEC of 230 mineral soil samples was estimated as sum of (Ca + Mg) and (AI + H) displaced by N KCI. The mean values as me/100 g of soil were, in the surface samples, 15.9 ± 2.0 in 46 clay soils, 8.9 ± 1.3 in 21 silt and loam soils, and 8.3 ± 1.1 in 39 sandy soils. In samples from the deeper layers the corresponding means were 16.3 ± 2.3 in 54 clay soils, 5.6 ± 0.9 in 21 silt and loam soils, and 2.5 ± 0.5 in 49 sandy soils. In surface samples of clay soils the mean effective CEC was about two thirds, in sandy soils of deeper layers about one third, and in all other groups about one half of the corresponding average potential CEC determined by neutral ammonium acetate. In the total material in which clay content ranged from 0 to 95%, organic C from 0.1 to 8.7 %, soil pH from 3.3 to 7.5, and oxalate soluble Al from 1.4 to 47.9 mmol/100 g, the »effective CEC» depended mostly on clay content: the partial correlation coefficient r = 0.90***, and the standard partial regression coefficient β = 0.84. The corresponding coefficients for the relationship between the »effective CEC» and the content of organic C were r = 0.55*** and β = 0.29, soil pH r = 0.35*** and β = 0.16, and oxalate soluble Al r = –0.13 and β = –0.06. The positive effect of liming on effective CEC, particularly, in coarser textured acid soils high in organic matter was emphasized.
Kahdella eri lannoitustasolla viljeltyjen perunalajikkeiden laatu ruokaperunana
Authors: Kurkela Rakel , Ellala Anita , Vanhanen Lasse
Published: July 2018

Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin kahdella eri lannoitustasolla viljellyn 14 perunalajikkeen ruokaperunaominaisuudet. Kokeissa olivat varhaisperunalajikkeina Dore, Ersteling, Ostara, Siikli, Sirtema ja Tanja sekä talviperunalajikkeina Alfa, Bintje, Milva, Patrones, Realta, Rekord ja Tombola. Laadun kriteerinä on pidetty ominaispainoa, makua, jauhoisuutta, moitteettoman ruokaperunan määrää, keitonjälkeistä tummumista ja rikkikiehumista (ELLALA ym. 1971). Moitteettoman ruokaperunan osuus vaihteli eri lajikkeilla 0—98 %. Moitteettoman ruokaperunan määrä sadosta vaihteli 0—28 tn/ha. Lannoituksen ominaispainoa alentava vaikutus ilmeni kaikilla lajikkeilla moitteettoman ruokaperunan prosentuaalisen osuuden alenemisena. Moitteettoman ruokaperunan sadon määrä (tn/ha) oli varhaisperunalajikkeilla Sirtemaa lukuunottamatta suurempi voimakkaalla lannoituksella kuin normaalilla. Talviperunalajikkeilla ei lannoituksen aiheuttama sadon lisäys kompensoinut lannoituksen ominaispainoa alentavaa vaikutusta, joten niistä saatiin normaalilla lannoituksella enemmän moitteetonta ruokaperunaa kuin voimakkaalla lannoituksella. Rikkikiehumista esiintyi haitallisessa määrin ainoastaan Milvassa, jossa hajoaminen oli niin voimakasta, että se rajoittanee k.o. lajikkeen käyttöä ruokaperunana. Sen sijaan lajike voi olla käyttökelpoinen jalosteisiin, joissa korkea kuiva-ainepitoisuus on eduksi ja joissa rikkikiehuminen ei ole esteenä. Perunat säilyivät 0.25 %:sella NaHSO3-liuoksella käsittelyn jälkeen 1—5 vrk tummumattomina lajikkeesta riippuen. Lannoituksen todettiin aiheuttavan makueroa vain kahteen varhaisperunalajikkeeseen (Siikli, Tanja) ja kahteen talviperunalajikkeeseen (Realta, Patrones). Muilla lajikkeilla makueroa ei triangelitestiä käyttäen todettu.
Carbohydrate and acid composition of Finnish berries
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa , Suomi Kaija
Published: July 2018

The study comprised six wild and seven cultivated berries grown in Finland, one imported berry and the rhubarb. The samples were analysed for sugars, starch, hemicellulose polysaccharides, cellulose, crude lignin, titratable and total acidity and organic salts, crude protein, crude fat and ash. Five berry species were furthermore analysed for the amount and composition of seeds. The sugar content of the berries is some 35—55 per cent of the dry matter, hemicellulose plus cellulose is 10—20 per cent, and crude lignin 3—10 per cent. A considerable proportion of the last two groups occurs in the seeds. The total amount of plant acids varies within a range of 10—20 per cent, and 10—30 per cent of the acids is in the form of salts. Titratable acid amounts to some 70—90 per cent of the total acid content. Seed content and the composition of seeds varies greatly. In some berries seeds account for one-quarter of the dry matter, and seeds may have a fat content that is nearly 30 per cent of the dry matter.
The resistance of ten potato varieties to mechanical injury
Authors: Seppänen Esko
Published: July 2018

The resistance of 10 potato varieties to mechanical injury was tested. Large intra- and intervarietal variations were detected. The Dutch varieties, Record and Bintje, proved to be the most resistant followed by the Finnish varieties Jaakko and Pito. The amount of severe injuries increased with the age and the size of tubers. Among these varieties no correlation appeared between varietal starch content and injury resistance of tubers.
Transmission of cocoa viruses by mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Roivainen Osmo
Published: July 2018

Several mealybug species reacted positively towards light and high humidity. Planococcoides njalensis (Laing) had a thermopreferendum at 20-25°C. and 25-33° C. was optimum for reproduction with a partial fecundity of 92 nymphs per female. T ½ biol. of 32P in the species was 11.4—15.3 days. Food uptake from virus infected plants was positively related to the infectivity of P. njalensis with cocoa swollen shoot virus isolate 1A. Plant and mealybug radioactivity were positively correlated. Amount of honeydew excreted by the species and the radioactivity of the honeydew were positively correlated. Frequency distribution of 32P in P. njalensis after feeding on 32P-active seedlings or sucrose solution was similar. Radiation effects on infectivity of mealybugs were not detected at 30 µCi/ml of 32P in seedling culture solution. With CSSV 1A and P. njalensis, preliminary fasting increased the rate of settling down to feed, the food uptake and infectivity of mealybugs. Virus was transmitted more often from stems than leaves of source plants. Groups of seedlings of 29—54 days old were almost equally good sources of virus for mealybugs and availability varied more between individual source plants. Mealybugs removed their stylets from source plants in 240 seconds. The length of acquisition access time for maximum transmission was 48—72 hours. Virus was not acquired during short feeds of up to one hour. Virus was acquired from infected seedlings by mealybugs via a parafilm membrane. Acquisition of virus from liquid leaf extract was rare. Virus persisted in mealybugs up to 72—96 hours and loss of infectivity was exponential with a T 1/2 of 12—13 hours. Virus persisted in the mealybugs through postacquisition moulting. Mealybugs vere seemingly more efficient vectors after postacquisition feeding than fasting, Latent period of virus in the test plants was short and over 98 % of the test plants showed virus symptoms in three months. With different numbers of mealybugs on test plants during the inoculation feed, the infection rate was as expected. The use of mealybugs while testing virus resistant and tolerant cocoa is demonstrated. Location of feeding mealybugs on test beans did not influence the infection rate. Virus transmission by mealybugs was not affected by light or darkness. The food uptake was highest and virus was transmitted most often in 29—36°C. The transmission of CSSV isolate 1M or cocoa mottle leaf virus isolate 1C with P. njalensis as the vector, or CSSV 1A with Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) was similar to that of CSSV 1A with P. njalensis as the vector. A formula is given to describe the increase of infectivity in mealybugs during acquisition feed.
Primary production and seasonal dynamics of the flora and fauna of the field stratum in a reserved field in Middle Finland
Authors: Törmälä Timo , Raatikainen Mikko
Published: July 2018

The underground biomass of a reserved field which had not been cultivated for three years, exceeded that of the aboveground living vegetation throughout the year. The mean amount of the aboveground detritus, including both loose litter and rooted nonliving parts of the vegetation, was in dry weight 300 g/m2. It was at its minimum end of June and early July. The aboveground net primary production measured by the harvesting method was 405—415 g/m2. year depending on the way of calculation, and the underground production was 343 g/m2. year. Seasonal dynamics of the green biomasses of 56 taxa could be studied and five groups were formed on the basis of the time and duration of the biomass maxima. Using Renkonen’s and Sorensen’s indices three seasonal aspects of the vegetation could be distinguished. The leafhoppers were divided into three phenological groups, and three seasonal aspects were formed. The vertebrate fauna was scarce in the study area. Shrews were the most abundant species and e.g. five Sorex isodon were trapped. During the period of maximum standing crops the herbivores amounted to 0.3 % of the green biomass. The higher the trophic level the later it reached the maximum.
Digestibility and nitrogen balance of the feed of dairy cows with urea as the sole or partial source of nitrogen
Authors: Kreula M. , Ettala T.
Published: July 2018

The digestibility and nitrogen balance tests were performed both with cows on purified protein-free feed (0-feed) with urea as the sole source of nitrogen, and with cows on a urea-rich, low-protein diet (ULP-feed). In addition to ordinary low-protein fodders, ULP-feed contained also as the source of energy so-called hemicellulose and 0-fibre, which are waste products of the cellulose industry. The determinations were made either with chromic oxide as an indicator, or by collecting the faeces and urine separately. The average digestibility percentage of the nitrogen (= urea-N) with 0-cows was 67.0±5.2, that of the dry matter 73.9±5.1 and that of the organic matter 76.6±5.1. With ULP-cows the average digestibility percentage of the total nitrogen was 71.2±4.9 and that of the urea nitrogen varied between 70 and 86. The average digestibility percentage of hemicellulose was 83 and that of the 0-fibre of the sulphite cellulose industry (0-fibre 2) 80. The nitrogen balance was positive in all experiments, + 20.4 ± 20.6 g with 0-cows and + 39,4 ± 16.4 g with ULP-cows per day.
Raskasmetallit ravintokasveissa ja maassa
Authors: Hårdh J. E.
Published: July 2018

Ravintokasvien ja niiden kasvupaikassa maan raskasmetallipitoisuuksia tutkittiin 52:lla koealalla eri puolilla Suomea. Samalla tutkittiin Ca-, K- ja Mg-lannoituksen vaikutusta salaatin, pinaatin ja porkkanan pitoisuuksiin sekä korjuun jälkeen tapahtuvan pesun puhdistavaa tehoa salaatin pitoisuuksissa. Keskimäärin ovat ravintokasvien, salaatin, pinaatin, porkkanan, puolukan, mustikan ja sienten pitoisuudet meillä alhaisempia kuin Keski-Euroopan maissa. Myös viljely- ja metsämaan raskasmetallipitoisuudet olivat alhaisempia. Teollisuuslaitosten, asutustaajamien ja vilkkaiden liikenneväylien välittömässä läheisyydessä oli kasveissa ja maassa tausta-arvoja korkeampia pitoisuuksia. Suuren teollisuuslaitoksen vaikutus näkyi 10 km:n päähän, ja lähempänä kuin 5 km:n päässä voivat raskasmetallipitoisuudet olla varteenotettavan korkeita. Kalkitus vähensi vihannesten Pb- ja Cd-pitoisuutta, upottamalla salaatti veteen viidesti vähenivät pitoisuudet 38—44 %:lla. Vihanneskasveista salaatti ja metsäkasveista sienet ottavat maasta eniten raskasmetalleja. Turun ja Lahden moottoriteiden varrella olivat lehtivihannesten raskasmetallipitoisuudet korkeimmat 5 m:n etäisyydellä tien reunasta. Maan pitoisuuksissa ei liikenteen vaikutusta ollut havaittavissa.
Relationships between physical and chemical characteristics and calculated metabolizable energy values in barley and oats with highly variable volume weights
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa
Published: July 2018

61 samples of barley with a volume weight of 38—75 kg/hl, and 49 oat samples with a volume weight of 40—65kg/hl were analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics. The approximate metabolizable energy (ME) value was calculated from the composition. The physical characteristics varied more, but the starch content less, in barley than in oats. There was also a negative correlation between starch and crude protein, and ether extract level in barley, but not in oats. Therefore the difference between the ME values of the best and the poorest samples was only 12% for barley, but 27 % for oats. Both the starch and the crude protein content predicted the ME value well: R2 of starch was 78—94 %, and that of crude fibre 55—84 %. The volume weight still gave a good indication for barley, but not at all for oats.
Puumelassi tuoreviljan säilöntäaineena
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa
Published: July 2018

Lignosulfonaattiköyhdytettyä hapanta sulfiittijäteliemestä valmistettua puumelassia kokeiltiin laboratoriomittakaavassa ohran, kauran ja mäskin märkäsäilöntään sekä ohran ja kauran jyväsäilöntään. Märkäsäilönnässä 10 ja 20 % puumelassia ohran, kauran ja mäskin kuiva-aineesta esti lämpimässä varastossa virhekäymisen. Myös maitohappokäyminen jäi vähäiseksi, koska jo 10 %:n puumelassilisäys alensi pH:n alle viiden. Homeen kasvua puumelassi hillitsi vain suurena konsentraationa ja kylmässä varastossa. Sen vuoksi sen käytöstä kostean viljan säilöntään ei ollut sanottavaa hyötyä. Uudenlainen puumelassi osoittautui runsaasti lignosulfonaatteja sisältävää sulfiittijätelientä maittavammaksi.
Seed-borne fungi on cruciferous cultivated plants in Finland and their importance in seedling raising
Authors: Tahvonen Risto
Published: July 2018

The seed-borne fungi of cabbage, swede, turnip, rape, turnip rape, radish and black radish and their importance in seedling raising have been examined in this study. The seed lots used in the study were on sale at seed merchants in Finland during the period 1968 —1976. Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.) Wiltshire was the most common pathogen, being more common on cabbage than on any of the other plant species. 91 % of the white cabbage and red cabbage seed lots were infected. The mean A. brassicicola contents of the infected seed lots were 29.5 % and 30.6 %. Plenodomus lingam (Tode ex Fr.) Höhnel occurred in 10 % of the white cabbage and 27 % of the red cabbage seed lots, the fungus content varying from 0.5 % to 14 %. The fungus was also found on cauliflower, swede and radish. Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. was found in 4 % of the cabbage and in 31 % of the rape seed lots at fungus contents of 0.5—6.5 %. Alternaria raphani Groves & Skolko was found in 30 % of the radish and black radish seed lots at fungus contents of 0.5—8 %. The following fungi were also found on the seeds of Cruciferous plants: Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabenh., Whetzelinia sclerotiorum (Lib) Korf & Dumont, Botrytis cinerea Pers., Ulocladium concortiale (Thum.) Simmons, Fusarium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani Kühn as well as 18 fungus genera and species either saprophytic or pathogenic to other plants. When the Alternaria brassicicola content of the seeds was 20 % it caused 10 % damping-off damage on the sand substrate. A similar level of damage occurred on the peat substrate when the fungus content reached 70 %. In addition to causing damping off and damaging the seedlings, the fungus also slowed-down seedling growth without apparently damaging them. When the seedlings were grown at a lower temperature the amount of damage caused by A. brassicicola was much less than that which occurred when a higher temperature was used. Plenodomus lingam caused as much damping-off as there were seeds infected with the fungi. Other seed-borne fungi had no importance in seedling raising. Sphagnum fuscum peat, which is used in Finland as a growth substrate, reduced the amount of damping-off caused by seed-borne fungi in comparison to disinfected substrates and prevented the spread of A. brassicicola and P. lingam from diseased to healthy seeds. Dressing the seeds with thiram proved to be very effective against A. brassicicola.
Studies on the nitrogen compounds of the faeces of dairy cows fed urea as the sole or partial source of nitrogen
Authors: Ettala Terttu , Kreula Matti
Published: July 2018

The nitrogen compounds of the faeces of dairy cows on purified, protein-free feed with urea and small amounts of ammonium salts as the sole source of nitrogen (0-feed). on low-protein feed in which part of the protein was replaced with urea (ULP-feed) and on normal protein-containing feed (NorP-feed) were studied. The total nitrogen contents of the dry matter of the faeces were 2.5 ± 0.7 % on 0-feed, 2.4 ± 0.4 % on ULP-feed and 2.3 ± 0.6 % on NorP-feed. The proportion of urea- and ammonium nitrogen of the total nitrogen was 3.2 ± 2.4, 4.5 ± 2.4 and 3.7 ± 1.8 % respectively, and the proportion of nitrogen soluble in 70 % ethanol 10.9 ± 5.7, 9.9 ± 2.4 and 10.4 ± 3.8 % of the total nitrogen; the proportion of nitrogen in the free amino acid fraction was 4.1 ±2.9 on 0-feed, 1.6 ± 1.4 (P < 0.05) on ULP-feed and 3.2 ± 2.9 % on NorP-feed. The nitrogen insoluble in 70 % ethanol as a proportion of the total nitrogen was 82.3 ± 7.2 on 0-feed, 85.4 ± 5.0 on ULP-feed and 82.3 ± 7.2 % on NorP-feed. Of the total nitrogen of this insoluble fraction, the following proportions were released as amino acids by acid hydrolysis: 62.15 ± 8.5 % on 0-feed, 61.6 ± 10.7 % on ULP-feed and 59.0 ± 13.9% on NorP-feed. (α, Ɛ-diaminopimelic acid was 1.7 ± 0.6, 0.7 ± 0.2 (P < 0.05) and 1.2 ± 0,4 mol % respectively of the total amino acids of the hydrolyzate. The soluble nitrogen fraction was separated into free amino acid and »peptide» fractions, and the amino acid composition of both was determined, the latter after acid hydrolysis
The leaching and retention of copper lignosulphonate, copper sulphate and copper-EDTA in soil
Authors: Korkman Johan , Virta Pirkko
Published: July 2018

In this work, a comparison is made between four soil types with respect to the leaching and retention of copper in them when it is added in the form of copper sulphate, copper lignosulphonate and copper-EDTA-chelate. In laboratory tests, the soil samples in lysimeter tubes were fertilised on the surface with amounts of copper corresponding to the amounts used in practice, after which the soils were irrigated with pure water. The results showed that copper added in EDTA form was leached through the soil columns to some extent during irrigation when the pH values of the soils had been raised to the 7.0—7.4 level by the addition of lime. The copper added in the form of copper lignosulphonate or copper sulphate was not leached through the columns. There was no difference in the distribution of copper in the soil columns after eluviation where the different sources of copper were concerned. The bulk of the copper remaining in the soil was found in the uppermost stratum 2.5 cm in depth. There was no difference between the four soil types in this respect. When the soil was analyzed immediately after eluviation, the copper retained in it was still in an acetate-EDTA extractable form irrespective of source compound.
Effects of sewage sludge application on the yield of different crops and the uptake of some heavy metals
Authors: Sorteberg Asbjørn
Published: July 2018

An account is given of two pot experiments with sewage sludge. H/73. Sewage sludge was added in amounts of 0, 50 and 200 g of dry matter per pot of 5 litres =0, 20 and 80 tons per hectare respectively, given at the start of the experiment. Two soils, a loamy sand and a clay soil, were included in the experiment which has been running for 6 years (1973—78), with oats and barley every second year. The sewage sludge was anaerobically digested and had a relatively high content of heavy metals. Relative yields (grain + straw) for the experimental period were, as a mean of the two soil types, 100, 126 and 166 respectively for 0,50 and 200 g sewage sludge per pot. The uptake of N was 43.9 percent of added N in 50 g sludge and 32.6 percent of added N in 200 g sludge. For P the uptake was 23.9 and 18.5 percent respectively. The effect of sludge on the content of heavy metals in the yields was: Cd. Heavy effect. Heavier effect on the grain of oats than on the grain of barley. Cu. Distinct effect. Higher content in barley than in oats, and higher content in grain than in straw for both crops. Ni. Heavy effect, particularly in grain of oats. Higher content in grain of oats than in straw. For barley the content was slightly higher in straw than in grain. Zn. Distinct effect, particularly in the first two years. Highest increase in the straw. Pb and Hg. No effect. 14/71 included rates of up to 400 g dry matter per pot of anaerobically digested sewage sludge, two rates of lime, with crops of oats, barley, red clover and timothy. The experiment ran for two years (1971—72). Soil: Loam. The sludge had a positive effect on the total yield of all crops, but the highest rate had a negative effect on the grain of barley in the first year, and in the second year the hight rates caused retarded germination of all crops. The concentration of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn was substantially higher in red clover than in timothy. With the addition of roughly the same amounts of heavy metals to unlimed loamy sand (H/73)and loam (14/71), oats obtained a higher concentration of Cd, Ni and Zn from the sludge with the highest content of these metals (H/73).