bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ALOKASI PENGELUARAN RUMAH TANGGA UNTUK KONSUMSI BAHAN PANGAN DI KELURAHAN KEBUMEN KABUPATEN KEBUMEN
Authors: Suratiyah Ken , Astriana Nita , Waluyati Lestari Rahayu
Published: September 2020

The objectives of this paper are (1) to know how much household expenditure allocation for food consumption in Kelurahan Kebumen, (2) to know the factors affecting household expenditure allocation for food consumption in Kelurahan Kebumen. Household expenditure allocation for food consumption in kelurahan Kebumen is food expenditure percentage to total income for a month. Affecting factors were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. Dependent variable used is householod expenditure allocation for food consumption and independent variables used are the number of family members, wife’s age, education level of husband, education level ofwife, husband’s work time, wife’s work time, comparison of adult member with totally family members, and household’s income. The result show that household expenditure allocation for food consumption in Kelurahan Kebumen IS 51,33% of total income, it means that household in Kelurahan Kebumen are still poor. Affrcting factors to household expenditure allocation for food consumption in Kelurahan Kebumen are the number of family members, comparison of adult with totally familt members, and household income.
ANALISIS USAHATANI PADA SISTEM PERTANIAN ALAMI PADI LADANGDI KABUPATEN HALMAHERA UTARA
Authors: Rope Ranite , Widodo Sri , Djuwari Djuwari
Published: September 2020

This research aims: (1) to know the technical efficiency differences between up land rice of natural farming system and low land rice of conventional farming system, their input use for production process, cost and revenue; and (2) to analyze the allocative efficiency of up land rice of natural farming system in North Halmahera district, North Maluku province. The data was collected from 48 farmers of up land rice farming and 17 farmers of low land rice farming. The production function was estimated using Cobb-Douglas type production function, while cost and revenue was analyzed using independent sample t-test and allocative efficiency was counted. The results are: (1) the amount and kind of input influence the production, but there are no differences between natural and conventional farming system; (2) the input cost are small, so that the income per hectare for natural farming is not different with conventional farming system. The income of up land rice by natural farming system is higher than the low land rice by conventional farming system; (3) the per hectare use of seeds for up land rice of natural farming system is allocative efficient, while the labor is inefficient.
EFISIENSI SKALA USAHATANI PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT DAN DISTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN PETANI DI PROPINSI KALIMANTAN TIMUR
Authors: Daroni Daroni , Widodo Sri , Darwanto Dwidjono Hadi , Warsito Sofyan P
Published: September 2020

The objective of this research is to study the farmscale efficiency of oil palm smallholders. In this context it will also be studied the change in shifting cultivation activity and distribution of oil palm farmer income.The research was done in East Kalimantan with samples of 350 farmers by "Stratified Random Sampling" technique. The oil palm development in the East Kalimantan has a high potential to improve its business scale efficiency. In case there will be opportunities to reduce the cost to increase the production with additional input of fertilizer. Another opportunity is expanding farm size of ≥ 2 hectares will give better income rather than <2 hectares. In the same level of the employing input, the oil palm farm 012 hectares will produce higher Fresh Bunches with lower input.The oil-palm farming in the East Kalimantan is indicated by a reversel relationship between size and efficiency. The analyze of results signify that the larger farm have lower productivity. Using the same input or factor of production, however, the oil-palm farm agribusiness with ≥ 2 hectares width will gain higher benefit with lowercost. The production cost 0/the oil-palm operation of the small holders in the East Kalimantan has not gain the level of the technical efficiency as well as the cost efficiency (allocative efficiency). The oil-palm business scale of the small holders indicates that the scale economy in decreasing return to scale.The development of the oil-palm farming of small holders positively affects to reduce the pressure of population on the forest land resource in the shifting cultivatin of 81.46 percent. The income distribution in low in equality. The a Gini Index of 0.196 ( the evently distributed income).It is consistent with the income distribution analysis result based on the land farm size ownership in percentile The economies of scale of the oil-palm small holders will be achieved by the land size of ≥2 hectares. In related the family labors available, the small holders of the East Kalimantan are enable to operate the oil palm plantation of 5.7 hectares per farmer family.
Dampak GATT terhadap Perekonomian Indonesia Khususnya di Sektor Pertanian dan Strategi Agribisnis untuk Menghadapinya
Authors: Masyhuri Masyhuri
Published: September 2020

Setelah melakukan pertemuan yang berulang kali maka disepakatilah GATT (General Agreement on Tarif and Trade) pada tanggal 15 Desember 1993 dan selanjutnya ditandatangani sceara rsmi pada tanggal 15 April 1994.
Dialectical Infinity and the Third Mathematical Crisis —On the Fundamental Error of Actual Infinity
Authors: Hong Zhang
Published: September 2020

This paper discusses the problem of finity and infinity based on the philosophical perspectives of opposing idealism and receiving dialectical materialism. Based on Hegel’s dialectical infinity view, this paper makes a comprehensive criticism of the thought of actual infinity. After Hegel’s dialectical infinite thought scientifically explained the limit concept in calculus, the Second Mathematical Crisis caused by the contradiction of infinitesimal quantity was solved thoroughly. However, the mathematics world has not learned the experience and lessons in history, has always adhered to the idealist thought and methodology of actual infinity, this thought finally brought the third crisis to mathematics. At the end of this paper, based on the infinite view of dialectical materialism, the author analyzes the Principle of Comprehension and the Maximum Ordinal Paradox, and points out that the essence of the Principle of Comprehension is a kind of actual infinity thought. Only by limiting the Principle of Comprehension to a potential infinity can we solve the Third Mathematical Crisis completely.
Maternidad/Paternidad: el declive de roles sociales convencionales en una muestra de universitarios(as)
Authors: Moreno-Rangel Yenny Patricia , Rincón-Silva Edgar Alexander
Published: September 2020

Introducción: Aunque hay múltiples factores asociados a la deserción estudiantil en la educación superior, como el estrato socioeconómico o los ingresos, es el embarazo durante la vida universitaria uno de los causales individuales de deserción que resulta más visible ya que tiene un impacto inmediato en el plan de vida del estudiante y se considera que debe ser atendido y prevenido por diferentes actores sociales incluyendo a la universidad. Materiales y métodos: la presente investigación indaga los por menores de la percepción de estudiantes universitarios de la maternidad/paternidad en su proyecto de vida a través de una metodología cualitativa con el uso de entrevistas a profundidad. Resultados: Gran parte de los entrevistados dan cuenta de su decisión de postergar e incluso descartar la idea de la maternidad/ paternidad de su proyecto de vida, es por esto que los anticonceptivos más usados son el condón y las pastillas anticonceptivas. Discusión: Diversos estudios concuerdan con los actuales hallazgos que evidencian por un lado la progresiva superación de la mirada tradicional de mujer valorada por su maternidad y por otro lado lo indispensable que resulta establecer las percepciones, conocimientos y creencias que tienen los adolescentes y jóvenes sobre sexualidad para aproximarse al entendimiento de algunos de los factores que pueden estar asociados a la misma. Conclusiones: La investigación permitió dar cuenta de los cambios que se comienzan a gestar en las intenciones de los jóvenes de posponer o definitivamente no optar por la maternidad y /o la maternidad en sus aspiraciones vitales Palabras Claves: Papel de las mujeres, papel de los hombres, parentalidad, maternalidad, educación superior, abandono escolar
Factores que influyen en el comportamiento del consumidor de los negocios al detal y supermercados en el Caribe colombiano
Authors: Espinel Blanca Inés , Monterrosa Castro Iván Javier , Espinosa Pérez Alba
Published: September 2020

Introducción. El presente artículo muestra los resultados de investigación relacionados con los factores que influyen en el comportamiento del consumidor: cómo es su decisión de compra, preferencias a la hora de realizar su compra, gustos y preferencias, si encuentra en cada uno de los establecimientos los productos que necesita, cómo lo quiere, y si prefieren comprar en las tiendas de barrio y supermercados. Objetivo. Analizar preferencias, edad, gustos, necesidades, opiniones, estrato y estilos de vida para la toma de decisiones. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó estudio descriptivo, con muestreo estratificado, aplicando encuesta a consumidores objeto de estudio, se corroboró con entrevistas a empresarios. Resultados. La investigación permitió conocer los factores socioculturales, preferencias, edad, gustos, necesidades, opiniones, estrato, que incidieron en la toma de decisiones de consumir en las tiendas de barrio y supermercados. Corroborando que el 62,9%, sí compra en las tiendas de barrio, por cercanía, facilidad de crédito, atención personalizada, productos ofrecidos al detal, amistades con los amigos que se crían en el mismo barrio y desean socializar en las tiendas. El 56,3% manifestó que no cambiaría la tienda por el supermercado por nivel de ingreso. Un 52,7%, por variedad de productos, prefieren hacer un mercado quincenal. Conclusión. Se concluye la hipótesis inicial que el principal motivo es porque prefieren comprar en las tiendas de barrio por la diversidad, precio y localización.
Los Valores y el control de problemas de agencia en empresas de familia
Authors: Acosta Prado Julio César , Ramíres Ospina Duván Emilio , Sanabria Landazábal Nestor Juan
Published: September 2020

Introducción. Este estudio busca la conceptualización y contextualización de los valores y las relaciones entre principal y agente en empresas de familia. La fundamentación teórica se realiza desde la teoría de la agencia y estudios empíricos relacionados. Objetivo. Analizar la relación de los valores y el control de problemas de agencia entre principales y agentes unidos por vínculo familiar. Materiales y métodos. Son de tipo cualitativo y buscan explicar la hipótesis formulada. El tratamiento de los datos se realizó a partir de la teoría de juegos, la propuesta de implementaciones y el diseño de mecanismos. Se utilizó la entrevista en profundidad como técnica de investigación, precedida por un análisis descriptivo con datos recolectados previamente. La recolección de los datos estuvo orientado a obtener las perspectivas y los puntos de vista de los participantes. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante el software ATLAS.ti. Resultados. Permitieron; por una parte, identificar los valores familiares transmitidos de los padres a los hijos y cómo se convierten en acuerdos implícitos de cómo manejar la actuación de la familia y su relación con la empresa; por otra, aceptar la hipótesis formulada. Conclusión. Se determinó que los valores son una variable importante en la reducción del riesgo moral y de selección adversa en el control de problemas de agencia, así como la existencia del mercado como principal externo interviniente y su contribución para consolidar las empresas de familia, en la medida en que, puedan existir múltiples principales y agentes.
Falta de Competencia y Sobrecarga Laboral como Estresores en Prácticas Clínicas Intrahospitalarias
Authors: Morales-Herrera Edith , Amigo-Rojas Claudio , Bustamante-Ubilla Miguel
Published: September 2020

Este trabajo estudia la falta de competencia y sobrecarga laboral como estresores en prácticas clínicas intrahospitalarias de enfermería. Se aplicó una metodología cuantitativa por medio del cuestionario bilingüe Kezkak, el cual  considera nueve dimensiones de estrés. Se realizó un piloteo del instrumento con docentes para verificar entendimiento y comprensión del mismo. Los estudiantes fueron contactados vía on-line lográndose una cobertura de 89,6%. Se pudo concluir que los estudiantes de enfermería presentaron estrés durante las prácticas clínicas intrahospitalarias preferentemente al inicio. Dentro de los principales factores de estrés destacan la falta de competencia y sobrecarga de trabajo de los estudiantes de enfermería en sus periodos de prácticas clínicas en los servicios de Medicina y Cirugía.
Introduction
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides an overview of the Polish–Lithuanian Jews who were taken captive to be ransomed or sold into slavery. Once captured, these Jewish women and men found themselves trapped in two major international economic systems of the period. The first was the international trade in Ukrainian, Polish, Russian, and Circassian captives carried out by the Crimean Tatars with the support of the Ottoman Empire. The second economic system was piracy in the Mediterranean. Two major issues are at the heart of the discussion on the fates of these Jewish captives. The first concerns the slave trade itself and how its market conditions shaped the fate of the captured Jews. The second deals with the effort to ransom the Jewish captives from eastern Europe and is focused on the transregional Jewish philanthropic networks that raised huge sums and transported them the long distances to the slave market, examining them in terms of both their form and their function.
The Captives
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter details the journey of the Jewish captives from Ukraine to the Tatar homeland of Crimea. By the time of the uprising, Jews in Ukraine were well aware of the dangers of the Black Sea slave trade. It is impossible even to estimate how many Jews were captured during the period from 1648 to 1667. Not all those taken by the Tatars actually made it to the slave market, killed either by their captors or by the traveling conditions. The chapter then looks at the experiences of the Jewish captives. For most Jews, being taken captive meant that they had lost everything. The realities of captivity were harsh: they were tied together with ropes or straps made out of animal hides, and many had little more than the clothes they stood up in. Ahead of them lay a long, difficult, and even dangerous journey during which they were at the mercy of their captors, who would not hesitate to kill them if they could no longer fetch a good price on the market. Even though they knew about the possibility of being ransomed at the end of their ordeal, it must have seemed a very distant hope.
The Fate of the Ransomed
Authors: Teller Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses what happened to the Polish Jewish captives once they had been ransomed and released. Most sought to return home at the first opportunity. Without a patron, however, this was not easy. The captives had been brutally snatched from their previous lives and so, once freed, had little or no resources on which to rely. The religious obligation of the local Jewish society toward them ended with their ransom; once they had been freed, they were largely on their own and had to make their own way home—an extremely difficult, often impossible, proposition. There is no way to tell just what proportion of the ransomed captives managed to return home, though the desire to do so seems to have been fairly widespread. Still, there were those who simply could not manage it. The financial difficulties, the physical danger of long-distance travel, and the continuing threat of pirates in the Mediterranean must have deterred many, especially women, who often opted to stay and start new lives. The chapter then considers the refugee information network, the problems of identification, and the cultural contacts between Ashkenazi refugees and the Sephardi society.
Making the Cut
Authors: Pedulla David
Published: September 2020

Millions of workers today labor in nontraditional situations involving part-time work, temporary agency employment, and skills underutilization or face the precariousness of long-term unemployment. To date, research has largely focused on how these experiences shape workers' well-being, rather than how hiring agents perceive and treat job applicants who have moved through these positions. Shifting the focus from workers to hiring agents, this book explores how key gatekeepers evaluate workers with nonstandard, mismatched, or precarious employment experience. Factoring in the social groups to which workers belong—such as their race and gender—the book shows how workers get jobs, how the hiring process unfolds, who makes the cut, and who does not. The book documents and unpacks three important discoveries. Hiring professionals extract distinct meanings from different types of employment experiences; the effects of nonstandard, mismatched, and precarious employment histories for workers' job outcomes are not all the same; and the race and gender of workers intersect with their employment histories to shape which workers get called back for jobs. Indeed, hiring professionals use group-based stereotypes to weave divergent narratives or “stratified stories” about workers with similar employment experiences. The result is a complex set of inequalities in the labor market. Looking at bias and discrimination, social exclusion in the workplace, and the changing nature of work, the book probes the hiring process and offers a clearer picture of the underpinnings of getting a job in the new economy.
The Nature of Drugs
Authors: Bian He
Published: September 2020

This chapter zooms in on the early decades of the seventeenth century to examine the amateurization of bencao in certain literati circles. However, it is not only about subtle debates within the neo-Confucian doctrine about the nature of drugs. The chapter also concerns the numerous and diverse attempts to live up to those ideals in late Ming China. At the time, many Confucian literati who took an interest in the subject of bencao belonged to the younger generations who came of age during or after the late decades of the Wanli reign (1572–1620). Not surprisingly, most of them lived and were primarily active in Jiangnan, the most prosperous and populous region of Ming China; but the enthusiasm for bencao did travel outside Jiangnan.
Introduction
Authors: Ghosh Arunabh
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter introduces a “crisis of counting” during the early years of the People's Republic of China (PRC). In its simplest form, the crisis in the PRC was understood as a problem of building a centralized statistical system. At the heart of the varied solutions attempted by Chinese statisticians was a contentious debate about the very nature of social reality and the place and efficacy of mathematical statistics—in particular, probability theory—in ascertaining that reality. This debate played out against a backdrop populated by three divergent methodological approaches to statistics and statistical work. After all, abstract ideas about the nature of the world, whether defined by chance or certainty, have real world consequences. Chinese deliberations over such questions and their engagement with the Ethnographic, Exhaustive, and Stochastic approaches during the 1950s exemplify some of those consequences. The chapter unpacks these choices and traces how statistics in its various forms—as a (social) science, as a profession, and as an activity—came to be formulated and practiced, shedding light on fundamental questions germane to the histories of the People's Republic, statistics and data, and mid-century science.
The Nature of Statistical Work
Authors: Ghosh Arunabh
Published: September 2020

This chapter draws upon statistical reports generated from all levels of the statistical system—internal work bulletins, and materials from conferences at the local, provincial, and national levels—to uncover the messiness of actual statistical work and its relationship to planning. It captures not only the centralizing impetus of the expansion but also the varieties of challenges that were encountered in putting into practice the methods that were at the heart of socialist statistics: the periodic reporting system, and the various forms of typical sampling. Statistical work was carried out within the larger unfolding context of increasing complexity, changing (economic) focus, and struggles over administrative devolution. As work became more complicated and demanding, engagement with and discussions about statistical activities grew more sophisticated—methods were expanded, analyses were undertaken, and the results of such analyses were circulated among leaders and bureaucrats. However, a key problem remained—the system that had been set up incentivized the overproduction of reports, and the state had little or no capacity to handle the resultant excess reports.
Two Gods in Heaven
Authors: Schäfer Peter
Published: September 2020

Contrary to popular belief, Judaism was not always strictly monotheistic. This book reveals the long and little-known history of a second, junior god in Judaism, showing how this idea was embraced by rabbis and Jewish mystics in the early centuries of the common era and casting Judaism's relationship with Christianity in an entirely different light. The book demonstrates how the Jews of the pre-Christian Second Temple period had various names for a second heavenly power—such as Son of Man, Son of the Most High, and Firstborn before All Creation. The book traces the development of the concept from the Son of Man vision in the biblical Book of Daniel to the Qumran literature, the Ethiopic Book of Enoch, and the Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria. After the destruction of the Second Temple, the picture changes drastically. While the early Christians of the New Testament took up the idea and developed it further, their Jewish contemporaries were divided. Most rejected the second god, but some—particularly the Jews of Babylonia and the writers of early Jewish mysticism—revived the ancient Jewish notion of two gods in heaven. Describing how early Christianity and certain strands of rabbinic Judaism competed for ownership of a second god to the creator, this book radically transforms our understanding of Judeo-Christian monotheism.
Defend the Sacred
Authors: McNally Michael D.
Published: September 2020

From North Dakota's Standing Rock encampments to Arizona's San Francisco Peaks, Native Americans have repeatedly asserted legal rights to religious freedom to protect their sacred places, practices, objects, knowledge, and ancestral remains. But these claims have met with little success in court because Native American communal traditions don't fit easily into modern Western definitions of religion. This book explores how, in response to this situation, Native peoples have creatively turned to other legal means to safeguard what matters to them. To articulate their claims, Native peoples have resourcefully used the languages of cultural resources under environmental and historic preservation law; of sovereignty under treaty-based federal Indian law; and, increasingly, of Indigenous rights under international human rights law. Along the way, Native nations still draw on the rhetorical power of religious freedom to gain legislative and regulatory successes beyond the First Amendment. This book casts new light on discussions of religious freedom, cultural resource management, and the vitality of Indigenous religions today.
Divided Armies
Authors: Lyall Jason
Published: September 2020

How do armies fight and what makes them victorious on the modern battlefield? This book challenges long-standing answers to this classic question by linking the fate of armies to their levels of inequality. Introducing the concept of military inequality, the book demonstrates how a state's prewar choices about the citizenship status of ethnic groups within its population determine subsequent battlefield performance. Treating certain ethnic groups as second-class citizens, either by subjecting them to state-sanctioned discrimination or, worse, violence, undermines interethnic trust, fuels grievances, and leads victimized soldiers to subvert military authorities once war begins. The higher an army's inequality, the book finds, the greater its rates of desertion, side-switching, casualties, and use of coercion to force soldiers to fight. The book draws on Project Mars, a new dataset of 250 conventional wars fought since 1800, to test this argument. Project Mars breaks with prior efforts by including overlooked non-Western wars while cataloguing new patterns of inequality and wartime conduct across hundreds of belligerents. The book also marshals evidence from nine wars, ranging from the Eastern Fronts of World Wars I and II to less familiar wars in Africa and Central Asia, to illustrate inequality's effects. Sounding the alarm on the dangers of inequality for battlefield performance, the book offers important lessons about warfare over the past two centuries—and for wars still to come.
Crossing the Pomerium
Authors: Koortbojian Michael
Published: September 2020

The ancient Romans famously distinguished between civic life in Rome and military matters outside the city—a division marked by the pomerium, an abstract religious and legal boundary that was central to the myth of the city's foundation. This book explores, by means of images and texts, how the Romans used social practices and public monuments to assert their capital's distinction from its growing empire, to delimit the proper realms of religion and law from those of war and conquest, and to establish and disseminate so many fundamental Roman institutions across three centuries of imperial rule. The book probes such topics as the appearance in the city of Romans in armor, whether in representation or in life, the role of religious rites on the battlefield, and the military image of Constantine on the arch built in his name. Throughout, the book reveals how, in these instances and others, the ancient ideology of crossing the pomerium reflects the efforts of Romans not only to live up to the ideals they had inherited, but also to reconceive their past and to validate contemporary practices during a time when Rome enjoyed growing dominance in the Mediterranean world. The book explores a problem faced by generations of Romans—how to leave and return to hallowed city ground in the course of building an empire.
Against Political Equality
Authors: Bai Tongdong
Published: September 2020

This book argues that domestic governance influenced by Confucianism can embrace the liberal aspects of democracy along with the democratic ideas of equal opportunities and governmental accountability to the people. But Confucianism would give more political decision-making power to those with the moral, practical, and intellectual capabilities of caring for the people. While most democratic thinkers still focus on strengthening equality to cure the ills of democracy, the proposed hybrid regime—made up of Confucian-inspired meritocratic characteristics combined with democratic elements and a quasi-liberal system of laws and rights—recognizes that egalitarian qualities sometimes conflict with good governance and the protection of liberties, and defends liberal aspects by restricting democratic ones. The author applies his view to the international realm by supporting a hierarchical order based on how humane each state is toward its own and other peoples, and on the principle of international interventions whereby humane responsibilities override sovereignty. The book presents a novel Confucian-engendered alternative for solving today’s political problems.
Statistical Inference via Convex Optimization
Authors: Stillwell John
Published: September 2020

Reverse mathematics is a new field that seeks to find the axioms needed to prove given theorems. Reverse mathematics began as a technical field of mathematical logic, but its main ideas have precedents in the ancient field of geometry and the early twentieth-century field of set theory. This book offers a historical and representative view, emphasizing basic analysis and giving a novel approach to logic. It concludes that mathematics is an arena where theorems cannot always be proved outright, but in which all of their logical equivalents can be found. This creates the possibility of reverse mathematics, where one seeks equivalents that are suitable as axioms. By using a minimum of mathematical logic in a well-motivated way, the book will engage advanced undergraduates and all mathematicians interested in the foundations of mathematics.
In the Matter of Nat Turner
Authors: Tomlins Christopher
Published: September 2020

In 1831 Virginia, Nat Turner led a band of Southampton County slaves in a rebellion that killed fifty-five whites, mostly women and children. After more than two months in hiding, Turner was captured, and quickly convicted and executed. This book penetrates the historical caricature of Turner as befuddled mystic and self-styled Baptist preacher to recover the haunting persona of this legendary American slave rebel, telling of his self-discovery and the dawning of his Christian faith, of an impossible task given to him by God, and of redemptive violence and profane retribution. Much about Turner remains unknown. His extraordinary account of his life and rebellion, given in chains as he awaited trial in jail, was written down by an opportunistic white attorney and sold as a pamphlet to cash in on Turner's notoriety. But the enigmatic rebel leader had an immediate and broad impact on the American South, and his rebellion remains one of the most momentous episodes in American history. This book provides a luminous account of Turner's intellectual development, religious cosmology, and motivations, and offers an original and incisive analysis of the Turner Rebellion itself and its impact on Virginia politics. The book also undertakes a critical examination of William Styron's 1967 novel, The Confessions of Nat Turner, which restored Turner to the American consciousness in the era of civil rights, black power, and urban riots. A speculative history that recovers Turner from the few shards of evidence we have about his life, the book is also a unique speculation about the meaning and uses of history itself.
Zhuangzi
Authors: Goldin Paul R.
Published: September 2020

This chapter studies the Zhuangzi. Unlike in the previously discussed texts, virtually all serious scholars accept that the Zhuangzi comprises layers of diverse origin and date. Since the twentieth century, there have been several attempts to identify the various strata and associate them with particular philosophical camps: syncretists, primitivists, and so on. The details of each scheme vary, but there has been a rough consensus that the “inner chapters” represent the closest surviving approximation of the work of Zhuang Zhou himself, while the “outer” and “mixed chapters” are a grab bag of pieces by Zhuang Zhou's disciples, epigones, and enthusiasts. Accordingly, this chapter refers to relevant passages from the “outer” and “mixed chapters” without embarrassment. Indeed, in some cases, our understanding would be impaired without them. Moreover, the inquiry is delimited by a necessary recognition: what is found in Zhuangzi are repeatedly revisited philosophical themes rather than sustained and internally consistent philosophical arguments. With a text that contains material of diverse origin, covering a span of centuries, it would be unjustifiable to presume coherence. While the range of themes is generally stable, the chapter shows that different passages often explore them in dissimilar ways.
Xunzi
Authors: Goldin Paul R.
Published: September 2020

This chapter turns to Xunzi, one of the most popular philosophers throughout East Asia. He has been the subject of more books published in English over the past two decades than any other Chinese philosopher, vastly outstripping Mencius. His body of work has always been one of the best preserved, and with the commonplace scholastic objection to his philosophy—namely, that he was wrong to say human nature is evil (xing e)—having lost most of its cogency, it is only to be expected that philosophical readers should be attracted to his creative but rigorous arguments. In practice, Xunzi's claim that xing is evil means that following the impulses of one's xing, without reflecting on them and moderating them, will lead one to evil acts. It should be emphasized that e, the Chinese word translated here as “evil,” is not to be understood in the Christian sense of “diabolical” or “antithetical to God.”
Taxonomic dysbiosis of gut microbiota and serum biomarkers reflect
severity of central nervous system injury
Authors: Chernevskaya EA , Meglei AYu , Buyakova IV , Kovaleva NYu , Gorshkov KM , Zakharchenko VE , Beloborodova NV
Published: September 2020

The term “chronic critical illness” (CCI) refers to patients with
prolonged dependence on intensive care. In most patients, CCI is triggered
by severe brain injury. Ever more studies researching the microbiota in
pathologic conditions are published every year, but a lot is yet to be
elucidated about the composition of the gut microbiota in CCI. The aim of
this study was to investigate possible correlations between changes in the
taxonomic abundance of the gut microbiota, levels of proinflammatory and
neurological serum biomarkers and the severity of central nervous system
injury in patients with CCI. Our prospective observational pilot study
included 29 patients with CCI. Using real-time PCR allowed us to detected
changes in the taxonomic abundance of the gut microbiota. The correlation
analysis of serum biomarkers and the taxonomic composition of the gut
microbiota revealed statistically significant correlations between cortisol
levels and the abundance of F. prausnitzii (r = ‒0.62; p < 0.05) and B.
thetaiotaomicron (r = ‒0.57; p < 0.05) in vegetative state patients;
between the CRP/albumin ratio and the abundance of S. aureus (r = 0.72; p
< 0.05); between the abundance of B. fragilis group/F. prausnitzii and
S100 levels (r = 0.45; p <0.05) in conscious patients; between Glasgow
coma scale scores and the abundance of Enterococcus spp. (r = ‒0.77; p
<0.05) in both groups. Thus, the association between the changes in the
taxonomic composition of the gut microbiota and the severity of neurologic
deficit can be evaluated using PCR-based diagnostic techniques and blood
serum biomarkers. This approach will help to optimize antibacterial
treatment regimens and/or develop alternative strategies to minimize the
aggressive effect of antibiotics on the gut microbiota.
COVID-19 and digital deprivation in Poland
Authors: Kuc-Czarnecka Marta
Published: September 2020

Research background: The problem of digital deprivation is already known, but the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted its negative consequences. A global change in the way of life, work and socialisation resulting from the epidemic has indicated that a basic level of digital integration is becoming necessary. During the lockdown, people were forced to use ICTs to adapt to a rapidly changing reality. Current experience with coronavirus pandemic shows that the transition to these extraordinary circumstances is not smooth. The inability to rapid conversion to the online world (due to a lack of skills or technical capabilities) significantly reduces professional mobility, hinders access to public services, and in the case of children, exposes them to the risk of remaining outside the remote education system.
Purpose of the article: This research paper is addressing new issues of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on deepening and increasing the severity of e-exclusion. The goal of the paper is to indicate territorial areas in Poland which are particularly vulnerable to digital deprivation due to infrastructural deficiencies.
Methods: Raster data regarding landform, combined with vector data regarding population density and type of buildings as well as the location of BTS stations are used in so-called modelling overland paths (GIS method) to indicate areas vulnerable to the infrastructural digital divide.
Findings & Value added: The research showed that 4% of Poles remain out-side the Internet coverage, and additional ten percent of them are out of the reach of the Internet, allowing efficient remote work or learning. The research indicated that digital 'accessibility gap' is underestimated. E-exclusion has become a pressing issue and requires urgent system solutions, in case of future lockdowns.
How do security and benefits instill trustworthiness of a digital local currency?
Authors: Ključnikov Aleksandr , Civelek Mehmet , Polách Jiří , Mikoláš Zdeněk , Banot Michal
Published: September 2020

Research background: The existence of new technologies and increase in the extensive usage of the internet by individuals, forces governments, local authorities and practitioners to create alternative payment methods such as digital currencies. However, some of the individuals are concerned about trusting these currencies since they negatively perceive their security. Moreover, some people with low income have the willingness to use these currencies in case of receiving some financial benefits. In this regard, security and benefits have been used as tools to increase the trustworthiness of digital currencies.
Purpose of the article: The goal of this study is to investigate and to examine the influences of security and benefits of a local digital currency on potential users? trust in this currency. This paper also considers the age and work experience of prospective users and investigate these variables? effects on stated relationships.
Methods: This paper is based on a case study that includes 413 respondents who are workers of a large company in Cieszyn Silesia region of the Czech Republic. A questionnaire survey was employed by researchers to determine the perceptions of potential local currency users. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the relationships between selected variables. Calculations were made using SPSS Statistics software.
Findings & Value added: The results of this paper confirm the positive influences of security and provided benefits on the trust of a digital currency. Regarding characteristics of potential users, perceptions of younger and less experienced users regarding the security and financial benefits are more positive to trust this currency comparing to older and more experienced respondents. Trade freedom of a country, long term orientation and individualistic characteristics of potential users might be reasons for the positive relation-ships between security, benefits and trust in a local digital currency. On the other hand, the income of prospective users, new technology curiosity, and experience of users might be mounting pieces of evidence to explain the differences in the perceptions of potential users regarding security, benefits and trust to a local digital currency. This paper also proposes some policy implementations to users, practitioners, local authorities and governments to make them cope with the security and trust issues of these currencies.
Managerial ownership and catering to investor sentiment for dividends: evidence from the electromechanical industry sector on the Warsaw Stock Exchange
Authors: Pieloch-Babiarz Aleksandra
Published: September 2020

Research background: Dividends have been the subject of scientific research for decades. However, many aspects of payout policy are still controversial, and research provides contradictory results. One research area is the impact of the ownership structure on dividend policy. Although many scientific studies on this subject have been conducted, there is still a lack of research on the impact of managerial ownership on adjusting the dividend payout to investor sentiment. It was this research gap that motivated us to investigate the issue.
Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to evaluate how managerial ownership affects the disposition of companies to adjust their dividend payouts to investor sentiment. Achieving that objective provides stock market investors with additional information and allows for its practical implications as they seek the best investment opportunities.
Methods: The main method of investigation is a panel regression model with random effects. This model is used based on the Breusch-Pagan test and the Hausman test, while the information criteria of Akaike, Schwarz, and Hannan-Quinn are also taken into consideration. Additionally, descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation coefficient are used. The research sample consists of Polish companies from the electromechanical industry sector that are listed on the main market of the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) in the period 2009?2018.
Findings & Value added: Our findings reveal that: 1) an increase in dividend premium results in a higher payout in order to cater to investor sentiment; 2) if the manager holds the greatest number of shares, the catering effect weakens. The main contribution of the paper is a new approach to the catering theory of dividends, which includes the impact of managerial ownership.
Perception of non-financial risk determinants in SMEs in Visegrad countries
Authors: Virglerova Zuzana , Dvorsky Jan , Kozubikova Ludmila , Cepel Martin
Published: September 2020

Research background: The identification of risks and their management is a key task of strategic management. The right and early identification of risk sources can help companies to survive not only during a crisis period. However, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) underestimate the necessity to analyze risks and implement the enterprise risk management (ERM).
Purpose of the article: The primary aim of the contribution is to identify the most important non-financial risks and their causes in the V4 countries and to analyze the perception of these risks by SME owners.
Methods: The results are based on the survey conducted in 2018. The valid questionnaire of 1781 owners of SMEs from four countries was evaluated and analyzed to fulfil the main objective. The statistical hypotheses were con-firmed through statistical methods such as Z-score and Chi-square test. The SPSS Statistics was used for data evaluation.
Findings & Value added: The results can be interesting not only for research organizations investigating the development of SMEs, but also for state institutions or private agencies seeking to adapt national support for SMEs. It was discovered that the entrepreneur?s country is the most important factor for the perception of the sources of safety risk, legal risk, and other business risks. There are differences in managers? perception in case of other risk sources (corruption and clientelism) between entrepreneurs from the Czech Republic and other countries of the Visegrad Group. The SMEs? country of origin is an important factor for the evaluation of the source of non-financial risks (safety risk, legal risk and other business risks). Differences in the perception of safe-ty risk sources between entrepreneurs from the Czech Republic and Poland were confirmed. More than 25% of SMEs in the Visegrad Group perceive frequent changes of the legal regulation as a legal risk.
Progress and trends in pediatric hematopoietic cell transplantation in Central-East European countries
Authors: Czyżewski Krzysztof , Sedláček Petr , Štěrba Jaroslav , Bilic Ernest , Roganović Jelena , Krivan Gergely , Rascon Jelena , Colita Anca , Jazbec Janez , Švec Peter , Serhii Pavlyk , Lysytsia Oleksandr , Wachowiak Jacek , Styczyński Jan
Published: September 2020

Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is widely used as a treatment for acquired and congenital disorders. In recent years, a significant increase in transplant activity around the world has been observed, especially in Eastern European countries. This article aimed to assess progress and trends in pediatric HCT in Central-Eastern European countries between 2013 and 2018. Transplant activity survey in 2013 and 2018 in nine Central-Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine) was performed. The highest transplant rates in total were found in the Czech Republic and Hungary. When calculated per 10 million of the pediatric population, a 25.9% increase in the number of allo-HCT was observed with the highest in Croatia, Romania, Lithuania, and Poland; and a 12.2% increase in the number of auto-HCT was observed with the highest in Slovenia, Slovakia, Romania, Poland, Ukraine, and Croatia. We have shown, over the years 2013 and 2018, in some countries of Central-Eastern Europe that there was a significant increase in transplant activity, especially in those with the lower rates. This increase was observed mainly in centers already existing in 2013, especially in the allo-HCT setting. The rise of activity was significantly less influenced by the creation of new transplant centers or the increase in the number of pediatric transplant beds. In conclusion, our analysis indicates that in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, and Slovenia, the actual infrastructure and the number of HCTs cover the needs, whereas in other countries, especially in Romania and Ukraine, the number of HCT needs to be increased.
Feasibility of up-front autologous stem cell transplantation for high risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma – non-randomized analysis of 58 consecutive patients
Authors: Armatys Anna , Wieczorkiewicz-Kabut Agata , Kata Dariusz , Woźniczka Krzysztof , Kopińska Anna , Koclęga Anna , Spałek Adrianna , Helbig Grzegorz
Published: September 2020

Introduction

High-dose chemotherapy supported by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) continues to be a standard of care for relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and may be considered as a frontline consolidation for a proportion of patients with high-risk features.

Aim

We evaluated the feasibility and safety of ASCT for high-risk DLBCL who are in first complete remission after standard treatment with chemotherapy ± rituximab.

Material and methods

A retrospective analysis of 58 patients (36 males and 22 females) receiving up-front ASCT between 1996 and 2018 for remission consolidation.

Results

Of the diagnosed, fifty patients were in clinical stage ≥ III. Forty-two (72%) of transplanted patients had age-adjusted IPI ≥ 2. The “B” symptoms were present in 34 patients. The conditioning consisted of cyclophosphamide, carmustine, etoposide (CBV) in 32 patients, carmustine, cytarabine, etoposide, melphalan (BEAM) in 18, and 8 patients received bendamustine, cytarabine, etoposide, melphalan (BeEAM). The transplant-related mortality was 0% at day +30 and +100 after ASCT. Median overall survival (OS) was 4.2 years whereas progression-free survival (PFS) reached 3.0 years. The estimated 5-year OS and PFS were found to be 66% and 64%, respectively. The presence of “B” symptoms remained significance in multivariate analysis (HR 4.17 [95% CI: 1.19–14.5];p= 0.02). No grade 3 or 4 non-hematological adverse events were observed.

Conclusions

Up-front ASCT was found to be a safe and feasible procedure with long-term remission in approximately 70% of patients.