bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ENFRENTAMIENTO A LA COVID-19 EN CUBA. EL PROCESO DE VACUNACIÓN
Authors: Ochoa Alonso Alcides Abad , Selva Suárez Lisett Nancy , López de Villavicencio Rubén García , Caballero González Liz
Published: December 2021

El artículo describe el comportamiento de la pandemia de la COVID-19 en Cuba mediante indicadores seleccionados y las posibles causas de su variabilidad en diferentes momentos, desde el diagnóstico de los primeros casos en marzo del 2020, hasta el 30 de octubre del 2021 y las principales acciones del Plan Nacional para su Prevención y Control, estructurado sobre la base de los aportes de la comunidad científica y con la participación de todos los organismos de la administración central del Estado, el sector empresarial, el no estatal y la población. Este Plan está dirigido a mitigar el impacto económico y social y a garantizar la protección de la población más vulnerable. Se expone en síntesis las características del Sistema Nacional de Salud, con énfasis en la estrategia de Atención Primaria, considerados una fortaleza para la prevención y control de la pandemia en el territorio nacional; además explica las diferentes etapas del proceso de vacunación y de manera particular la experiencia de su implementación en un área de salud. Entre los principales resultados destaca el hecho de contar con tres vacunas de producción nacional aprobadas por la entidad regulatoria para uso de emergencia, ser el país de Latinoamérica con mayor porcentaje de población vacunada, 64.5% con esquema completo y 87.3% con al menos una dosis y el primer país del mundo en realizar una vacunación masiva en población pediátrica.
FACES DA CRÍTICA DE ALESSANDRO BARATTA
Authors: Machado Bruno Amaral , Cordeiro Carolina Souza
Published: December 2021

O artigo propõe-se a analisar o pensamento crítico de Alessandro Baratta, criminólogo italiano de influência no campo criminológico crítico brasileiro, rastrear categorias utilizadas e dialogar com tradições que compartilhem dessa base teórica. Investiga-se o impacto dos estudos marxistas na concepção barattiana de crítica. Esse mapeamento resgata disputas filosóficas e sociológicas sobre os sentidos de ser crítico, discute com outras tradições críticas e problematiza supostos consensos. A investigação bibliográfica busca responder quais sentidos da crítica reputamos centrais na construção do pensamento barattiano a partir da perspectiva relacional entre Marx e Baratta. Explicitamos os diálogos que revelam raiz marxista, articulação do vocabulário de Marx na teoria barattiana e vinculação dos percursos de Baratta com os novos horizontes da crítica. Não há detalhamento dos autores selecionados, cuja obra excede bastante o que apresentamos. Interpretamos os autores que trazemos para o diálogo a partir de nossa inserção no campo. Acreditamos que selecionamos aspectos suficientes e necessários para o objetivo traçado. Identificamos que os sentidos da crítica barattiana inscrevem-se com forte influência do alfabeto marxista. Desde sua produção filosófica, passando pelas vertentes idealista e empírica dessa teoria criminológica até suas publicações finais, o “espectro de Marx” faz-se presente. Apesar do esforço em retomar diferentes rumos do debate, a crítica barattiana parece continuamente reelaborada sob lentes marxistas. A principal contribuição está na descrição e discussão das funcionalidades e transformações da crítica na obra de Baratta. Com isso, também avaliamos desdobramentos do debate no pensamento criminológico e na conformação das semânticas críticas na criminologia, especialmente no Brasil.
FIRE INVESTIGATION ACTIVITY MODEL BASED ON A SCENARIO APPROACH
Authors:   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, I. Lobaev , V. Pleshakov ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, V. Dzhugan ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, V. Malko ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, S. Nazarov ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia
Published: December 2021

Purpose. Fire investigation is one of the main functions of EMERCOM of Russia. The analysis of activity results of Federal Fire Service forensic institutions based on the current model shows that the point of fire origin is not identified with sufficient accuracy in 63 % of cases, and the fire cause is not unambiguously identified in 74 % of cases. This situation makes it impossible to create an incident information model, to establish cause-and-effect relationships between the phenomena and conditions at a fire scene and also to give the correct legal qualification of the incident. The purpose of the study is to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of fire investigation activities. Methods. The study is based on the theory of system analysis, the theory of functions and the theory of risks. The authors use methods of mathematical modeling and information synthesis, instrumental methods for their support, methods of informatics, expert analysis and combinatorics. Findings. A scenario approach to organize fire investigation activities is proposed. It allows effectively identifying the circumstances of fire occurrence, fire development and negative fire consequences. The problems of the proposed approach are the need to develop a reasonable list of scenarios to be investigated under conditions of information uncertainty and the labour-consuming nature of scenario research, which requires the availability of software and powerful computers. Research application field. The use of the proposed approach will improve the accuracy of determining a fire scenario with severe thermal damage to building structures and interior items caused by fire heat as well as with uneven distribution of fire load in the compartment with the ignition source, taking into account the specific gas exchange in the compartment during a fire and other parameters. Conclusions. The proposed activity model based on the scenario approach, which includes the physical evidence investigation at a fire scene and the results of mathematical modeling of the dynamics of hazardous fire factors, enables to determine the point of fire origin and the cause of the fire and also to establish cause-and-effect relationships between the fire and negative fire consequences with sufficient accuracy.
APPLICATION OF CGI-ANIMATIONS FOR LABORATORY WORKS ON FIRE SAFETY IN TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES COURSE IN DISTANCE LEARNING
Authors:   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, S. Shvyrkov , A. Shvyrkov ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, A. Petrov ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia
Published: December 2021

Purpose. The article demonstrates the capabilities of CGI-animation technologies in creating video clips for laboratory works on the course of Fire Safety in Technological Processes and the options for their use in both traditional and distance learning, which is especially timely taking into consideration threat of spreading coronavirus infection. Methods. To create video clips for laboratory works, methods and techniques of 3D graphics have been used, including the creation of volumetric models of the objects best matching the real ones, scene formation, animation, visualization and working with video. Findings. CGI-animation technologies have been used for creating video clips for laboratory works on the following topics of Fire Safety in Technological Processes course: – studying fire hazard of pressure increase in a heated apparatus with a liquid; – studying flammability of sparks impact and friction; – studying the parameters of fire and explosion hazard during flammable and combustible liquids evaporation into still environment; – studying the parameters of fire and explosion safety when ventilating devices from combustible gases and vapors. Research application field. The video clips for laboratory works created on the CGI-animation technologies basis are successfully used both in traditional and distance types of training on the course of Fire Safety in Technological Processes at State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia. Conclusions. Laboratory works using CGI-animation can be successfully applied both in distance and traditional learning formats, which diversifies the educational process and makes it more intense. CGI-animation technologies can be successfully used for developing educational content for various subjects not only for distance learning, but also for the other forms of education. In the future laboratory works can be improved through creating virtual laboratory works on their basis.
FORMINF UP THE SYSTEM OF INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE AWARDS IN THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING THE REGION OF EMPEROR PAUL I (1796–1801)
Authors:   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, BESPALOV A.
Published: December 2021

Based on the analysis of previously published documents, museum catalogs, reference books, stories from the regiments, scientific monographs and articles, this article examines forming up the system of individual and collective awards in the Russian army during the reign of Emperor Paul I (1796–1801).
PECULARITIES OF TEACHING POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF HIGHER SCHOOLS OF EMERCOM OF RUSSIA PROFESSIONALLY-ORIENTED VOCABULARY
Authors:   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, MUZYCHENKO A. , SKURKO E. ,   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia
Published: December 2021

The article is dedicated to the issues of translating general scientific and terminological vocabulary in authentic texts in a foreign language at the advanced stage of teaching a foreign language at the higher schools of EMERCOM, namely in postgraduate studies, revealing the causes of errors when translating texts, as well as the methods and techniques that contribute to their elimination.
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF TRANSLATION DICTIONARIES OF FIRE-TECHNICAL TERMS (BASED ON GERMAN AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES)
Authors:   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, SHMELEVA O.
Published: December 2021

This paper provides a brief overview of Russian printed dictionaries of fire-technical terminology based on the material of German and Russian languages. The mega-, macro- and microstructure of the analyzed dictionaries are described, their information content is evaluated. It is concluded that it is necessary to form an electronic terminological base for fire-technical vocabulary based on these languages. The author has also presented her ideas about further prospects for the compilating bilingual terminological dictionaries in this area.
MILITARY MINISTER OF RUSSIA A. I. CHERNYSHEV: POLITICAL PORTRAIT ON THE BACKGROUND OF THE EPOCH (1802–1825)
Authors:   State Fire Academy of EMERCOM of Russia, KOTLYREVICH A.
Published: December 2021

Based on the study of historical materials the author examines the diplomatic and military activity of Aleksander Ivanovich Chernyshev (1785–1857) in the first quarter of the 19th century. The analysis of the diplomatic service of A. I. Chernyshev in France in 1809–1812, his participation in the Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign campaigns of the Russian army (1813–1814) is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the professional and personal development of the future Military Minister of Russia.
RASopathies: Dermatologists’ viewpoints
Authors: Palit Aparna , Inamadar Arun C.
Published: December 2021

Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway dysregulation results in a group of disorders, collectively termed as RASopathies. Neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, Noonan syndrome/loose anagen hair, Legius syndrome, Costello syndrome, cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome and capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation are the well-recognized RASopathies. These are characterized by multi-organ tumours and hamartomas. Some other features in common are facial dysmorphism, skeletal abnormalities, congenital heart disease, neurocognitive abnormalities and risk of various solid-organ and haematological malignancies. Some of the RASopathies are heterogeneous, caused by several gene mutations resulting in variations in phenotypes and severity ranging from mild to fatal. Significant phenotypic overlaps among different disorders, often makes it difficult to pinpoint a clinical diagnosis. Specific cutaneous manifestations are present in some of the RASopathies and are often the earliest clinical signs/symptoms. Hence, dermatologists contribute significantly as primary care physicians by identifying disorder-specific cutaneous lesions. However, diagnostic work-up and management of these disorders are often multidisciplinary. Confirmation of diagnosis is possible only by genetic mapping in each case. Genetic counseling of the patients and the affected families is an important component of the management. The aim of this review is description of cutaneous manifestations of RASopathies in the background of multi-system involvement to enable dermatologists a comprehensive and logical approach to work up and diagnose such patients in the absence of facility for specific molecular testing.
MRI-Based Normative Measurement of the Ocular Globe Position in Relation to Inter-Zygomatic Line among Nepalese Subjects
Authors:   Department of Radiology and Imaging, TU Teaching Hospital, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal, JB Raj
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Proptosis and enophthalmos are cardinal signs of many orbito-ocular and systemic diseases. The need for an imaging parameter that will aid its early detection is necessary, as visual compromise is a major consequence if they are not diagnosed and managed early. Methodology: This prospective study was performed in a tertiary center. Data were collected over the period of January to April 2021 with total of 300 normal ocular globes. The measurement was done at the level of lens (midglobe section) on T2-weighted axial image. Results: The distance between the anterior margin and inter zygomatic line of the right ocular globe was 16.95 ± 1.48 mm (ranged 14.2 - 20.5 mm) and that of left was 16.86 ± 1.38 mm (ranged 14.2 - 20.3 mm). The position of the globes showed no statistically significant differences among gender groups in our study and the position of the right globe within the orbit was significantly different from that of the left orbit. Conclusion: The position of the globes showed higher values in males than in female. However, a statistically significant difference in globe position was observed between right and left orbits. The distance between the posterior margin of the globe and the inter zygomatic line was found to be lower among the Nepalese population compared with other population.
Алгоритмы на строках и их связь с абстрактной алгеброй
Authors: Тискин Александр Владимирович
Published: December 2021

Рассматриваются алгоритмическая задачи сравнения строк и приближенного поиска в строке и их взаимосвязь с тропической матричной алгеброй и нестандартной разновидностью классической группы кос. Использование этой взаимосвязи позволяет получить эффективные алгоритмы приближенного поиска для сжатых строк, динамически изменяющихся строк, а также эффективные параллельные алгоритмы для данных задач.
Асимптотический анализ систем обслуживания с повторными вызовами при регенерирующем входящем потоке
Authors: Афанасьева Лариса Григорьевна , Баштова Елена Евгеньевна
Published: December 2021

Рассматривается многоканальная система с повторными вызовами и постоянной интенсивностью запросов с орбиты. Времена обслуживания требований имеют произвольное распределение, а входящий поток предполагается регенерирующим. На основе метода синхронизации и теорем о сильной гауссовской аппроксимации регенерирующих потоков мы устанавливаем аналог сильного принципа инвариантности Штрассена для количества требований в перегруженной системе.
Комплекс алгоритмов Data Mining в исследовании процесса протекания химических реакций
Authors: Биллиг Владимир Арнольдович , Звягинцев Николай Васильевич
Published: December 2021

В настоящее время накоплено значительное количество экспериментальных данных, фиксирующих процесс протекания химических реакций. Анализ этих данных комплексом алгоритмов Data Mining дает важную практическую информацию для поиска эффективных условий проведения реакций, при которых получается максимальное количество целевого продукта при минимальных затратах. В данной работе на примере работы с базой, содержащей данные о протекании реакции карбонилирования различных олефинов, показано, как разработанный нами программный комплекс, позволяет извлечь полезные знания, способствующие повышению эффективности протекания химических реакций.
От дискретной математики к семантике языков программирования
Authors: Городняя Лидия Васильевна
Published: December 2021

Статья посвящена малоизвестной истории небольшого коллектива математиков, сложившегося в Новосибирске вокруг Б. А. Трахтенброта. Этот коллектив осуществил для отечественного программирования крайне важную работу по ознакомлению с мировыми достижениями на стыке теории и практики, включая выполнение переводов основополагающих работ в сфере анализа и компиляции языков программирования и развития математических моделей, лежащих в основе доказательного программирования, верификации программ и логического вывода свойств программ.
Устранение операторов прошлого в троичной логике линейного времени на конечных трассах
Authors: Куцак Нина Юрьевна , Подымов Владислав Васильевич
Published: December 2021

В работе рассматривается троичный вариант языка логики линейного времени (LTL), основанный на логике сильной неопределенности Клини, и предлагается подход к устранению операторов прошлого из этого языка с сохранением выразительных возможностей. Этот подход основан на особых преобразованиях троичных формул в двоичные и обратно с использованием известных результатов об устранении операторов прошлого в LTL.
Статистический анализ случайных графов для задачи распространения информации
Authors: Маркович Наталья Михайловна , Рыжов Максим Сергеевич
Published: December 2021

Работа посвящена распространению сообщений в случайных графах. Рассматривается задача передачи сообщения каким-то узлом графа другим узлам в графе. Для этой цели среди узлов графа находятся лидирующие узлы, которые наиболее быстро распространяют информацию, а также лидирующие сообщества, к которым такие узлы относятся. С помощью статистических методов, оценивая экстремальные и хвостовые индексы сообществ, проводится исследование фиксированных и динамически меняющихся графов, в которых распределения числа входящих и выходящих связей между узлами задается степенным законом с известными параметрами.
Автоматическое тестирование студенческих программ
Authors: Новиков Михаил Дмитриевич
Published: December 2021

В статье описываются две системы, предназначенные для тестирования программ, выполняемых студентами первого курса факультета ВМК МГУ в рамках практикума на ЭВМ. Системы разрабатываются на факультете ВМК с 2017 года. Первая система тестирует программы на языке Паскаль, а вторая - на языке Ассемблера.
Декомпозиция логических теорий: вычислительные проблемы и приложения
Authors: Пономарев Денис Константинович
Published: December 2021

Интерес к методам декомпозиции в логике связан с анализом и применением больших аксиоматических теорий, возникающих в приложениях. Применение логики многогранно и исследование свойств, связанных с декомпозицией, требует разнообразных техник. Эта тема стала актуальной, главным образом, благодаря развитию логических методов представления знаний и автоматизированного вывода, однако полученные результаты оказались интересными как для классической области логики, так и канонических приложений, например, синтеза логических схем и компрессии данных.
Несколько слов о сложности доказательств
Authors: Соколов Дмитрий Олегович
Published: December 2021

Теория сложности доказательств изучает длины доказательств пропозициональных формул. За последние тридцать лет в данной области произошло ряд существенных прорывов, а также были открыты новые связи с другими разделами теории сложности вычислений. Мы рассмотрим, как основные задачи теории сложности доказательств, так и примеры применений.
LANDOWNING SYSTEM OF TOROPETSKY YEZD IN THE 16TH CENTURY
Authors: Карпова Мария Владимировна , Степанова Юлия Владимировна
Published: December 2021

Статья посвящена генезису поместной системы Торопецкого уезда на основе данных писцовой книги Торопецкого уезда письма Александра Давыдовича Ульянина и Тимофея Степанова сына Бибикова 1540 г. Особое внимание уделено динамике землевладения и землепользования на протяжении XVI в. Автор соглашается с выводом, сформулированным в отечественной историографии, о зарождении поместного фонда на порубежных литовско-русских землях в начале XVI в., который стремительно расширялся и к середине столетия превалировал над черными землями, что являлось частью общей политики московского государя по закреплению новой власти на присоединенных в ходе литовских войн территориях.

The article analyzes the origins of the landowners possessions in Toropetsky yezd in the 16th century. Much attention is given to the describing the changes that happened to the structure of the landowners in Toropetsky yezd in the 16th century. The author accepts the opinion of the soviet historians that the landowning system of Toropetsky yezd appeared in the early 16th century and developed rapidly, so predominated over state lands by the middle of the 16th century, that was a part of government policy of the Moscow authorities and was connected with consolidation influence in the boundary land, that became Moscow possession as a result of Russian-Lithuanian war.
Fatigue life predictions of carbon fiber reinforced plastic in specimens of double-shear bolted joint
Authors: Strizhius V. E.
Published: December 2021

It is noted that in modern aircraft composite structures there is a significant number of composite and metal-composite shear bolted joints, the fatigue life of which is an important factor to ensure the operating safety of such constructions. Thus, special attention is given to the evaluation of the layered composites fatigue life in such joints during tests and calculations of the similar structures components. Despite a considerable number of publications and studies on this subject, it can be observed that many important methodological issues have not been solved yet in this field. These problems can deal with the choice of the main mode of layered composites fatigue damage in shear bolted joints; the uncertainty of the basic fatigue curve; the practical absence of some models, representing diagrams of constant life fatigue for the layered composites in the joints under consideration; the uncertainty of fatigue damage summation rule in the layered composites in the investigated joints. Based on the review results and the data analysis of domestic and foreign publications including the results of specially conducted studies, the solutions to these problems are proposed. The proposed solutions were verified by analyzing the calculated and experimental data on the fatigue life of carbon fiber reinforced plastic laminates НТА7/6376 [45/-45/0/90]3S in the double-shear bolted joints specimens.
HOMEM COMO PRINCÍPIO, CENTRO E FIM DA RELIGIÃO
Authors: Rodovalho Amaral Vitor
Published: December 2021

Neste artigo pretendemos apresentar ”“ e não defender ”“ as principais teses de Feuerbach em sua mais famosa obra, “A essência do cristianismo” (1841), em especial a tese de que Deus é a projeção inconsciente e involuntária dos atributos essenciais da natureza humana. Para Feuerbach, Deus não possui existência externa ou independente do homem, mas é a própria essência humana objetificada, porém confundida com uma essência transcendente. Assim, mostraremos que o desenvolvimento desta tese culmina, para Feuerbach, na revelação dos principais “segredos” e “contradições” do cristianismo, permitindo ao homem a “reapropriação” de sua essência alienada em Deus. Desenvolvendo esse pressuposto, Feuerbach apresenta o papel central da imaginação na religião, sua relação com os desejos e sentimentos do coração humano, bem como a felicidade como o fim último da religião. Com isso, o filósofo pretende provar que o homem é o princípio, centro e fim da religião, e que esta se reduz inteiramente à  antropologia.
PATHOS NO CINEMA
Authors: Pereira Cordeiro Jéssica Maria
Published: December 2021

Este ensaio tem como objetivo investigar o conceito de Pathos (ação patética) presente na Poética de Aristóteles e sua apropriação pelo cinema clássico dos anos 20, através do aprofundamento teórico de Sergei Eisenstein, no Cinema Soviético, e da análise da obra cinematográfica “A paixão de Joana d’Arc” (La passion de Jeanne d’Arc), clássico do cinema mudo europeu.
IMBRICAÇÕES FOTONARRATIVAS NO FILME ACOSSADO (À BOUT DE SOUFFLE), DE JEAN-LUC GODARD
Authors: Menezes Ferro Andressa Liz
Published: December 2021

Buscou-se nesse artigo um diálogo entre visualidade e textualidade a partir da análise do filme Acossado, de Jean-Luc Godard. Esse filme foi um dos pioneiros da “Nouvelle Vague”, movimento cinematográfico da década de 60 que instaurou uma nova linguagem do cinema. Essa nova linguagem nasce a partir da proposta de um cinema autoral e inovações de técnicas narrativas que proporcionam uma diversidade de interpretações e diálogos que se dão pela quebra da narrativa tradicional cinematográfica. O filme de Godard apresenta um contínuo interstício entre imagens que dialogam diretamente com o espectador fazendo com que sua ação de ver o filme se torne ativa, e não passiva.
QUESTÃO DA TRANSGRESSÃO EM SADE E BATAILLE
Authors: Diniz Guilherme Grané
Published: December 2021

O presente trabalho se propõe a realizar uma breve comparação entre o pensamento de Georges Bataille e do Marquês de Sade acerca da questão da transgressão. Neste sentido, aclararemos a leitura batailleana da obra de Sade, mostrando aproximações e distanciamentos entre ambos os autores. Mostraremos que Bataille incorporou de forma quase textual passagens e ideias presentes na obra de Sade, nem sempre se atendo ao sentido ou ao contexto no qual elas estavam postas. Procedendo a uma análise, primeiramente, de como o tema se põe na obra “O Erotismo”, de Bataille, e então de como se apresenta em algumas obras principais de Sade, concluiremos que o principal ponto de contato entre ambos os autores, e a principal herança que Bataille recebeu de Sade, é o conceito de natureza.
QUE PLATÃO DIRIA SE ELE JOGASSE POKEMON GO?
Authors: Maciel Ziober Marcia
Published: December 2021

Platão pensou sobre a realidade. Como se enquadraria as reflexões de Platão sobre a realidade nos dias de hoje onde pensamos sobre realidade virtual e, mais recentemente, realidade aumentada. É possível analisar estes, podemos dizer, tipos novos de realidade que surgem à luz de Platão?
ALEGORIA E ARQUÉTIPO NO LIVRO DA CIDADE DAS DAMAS DE CHRISTINE DE PIZAN
Authors: Silva Keilla Salvador da
Published: December 2021

Este trabalho consiste em analisar os arquétipos femininos presentes no primeiro livro de A Cidade das Damas, bem como a escolha da autora por uma narrativa alegórica. É gritante o uso que Christine de Pizan faz dos arquétipos, muitas vezes subvertendo-os utilizando-se de arquétipos predominantemente masculinos à época em que escreveu para descrever as mulheres citadas no livro. Para tal, utilizaremos os conceitos de arquétipos e de jornada do herói, de Joseph Campbell, comentados por Christopher Vogler, e de inconsciente coletivo, de Carl Gustav Jung.
DIREITO E VIDA: UMA RELAÇÃO VIOLENTA
Authors: Da Silva Costa Wesley
Published: December 2021

Neste artigo, tratar-se-á a problematização apresentada por Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) acerca da relação entre vida e direito. Para o autor berlinense, o direito, longe de ser uma elaboração racional digna de culto, carrega consigo um caráter de instrumentalização que lhe possibilita subjugar a vida e dominá-la. Assim, apresentaremos as teses precipuamente contidas no texto sobre a violência, datado de 1921, as quais nos apontam o caráter mítico do direito e o caráter violento de seus contratos. Apresentar-se-á, também, a tese defendida pelo autor que coloca meios puros na política como forma de agir não violento. Conclui-se que a vida autêntica é histórica, para além da “mera vida” orgânica e de toda e qualquer representação jurídica ou violenta do direito.
MARXISMO CRÍTICO LATINO-AMERICANO
Authors: Salinas Ramos César Miguel
Published: December 2021

O filósofo equatoriano Bolívar Echeverría desenvolve o marxismo crítico latino-americano, partindo da contradição entre valor de uso e valor de cambio, esta contradição nos tempos do capitalismo contemporâneo significa gerar um ethos concreto e particular, que nos permita viver objetiva e subjetivamente. O filósofo encontra diferentes modernidades que aparecem no momento em que as diversas sociedades assumem e vivem a contradição que nos coloca a hegemonia capitalista: modernidade realista, romântica, clássica e barroca. Sendo esta última o tipo particular em que as sociedades latino-americanas vivem o capitalismo contemporâneo, configuração produto do devir histórico singular de nossas sociedades, olhar que questiona sobre o nosso ser e nossas possibilidades emancipadoras.
Characteristics of Serratula centauroides (Compositae) Coenopopulations in Transbaikalia (East Siberia)
Authors:   Institute of General and Experimental Biology SB RAS, Shishmarev V. M. , Shishmareva T. M. ,   Institute of General and Experimental Biology SB RAS
Published: December 2021

The coenopopulations of Serratula centauroides in various plant communities of Transbaikalia have been studied. In the study areas 10 geobotanical descriptions were made in plant communities with the participation of S. centauroides. In the investigated area S. centauroides is found on dry rocky slopes, in herb and sandy steppes. Depending on the growing conditions, the density of individuals in coenopopulations ranges from 0.18 to 1.80 individuals per 1 m2. The highest occurrence of S. centauroides is noted in communities dominated by Gramineous and Artemisia: Gramineous-Artemisia-herb, Filifolium-Artemisia-Gramineous, Gramineous-Artemisia, Oxytropis-Gramineous and Allium-Artemisia. Studied coenopopulations S. centauroides are confined to the following communities: Filifolium-herb, Gramineous- Artemisia-herb, Sophora-herb, Filifolium-Artemisia-Gramineous, Gramineous-Artemisia, Agropyron- Carex, Carex-herb, Oxytropis-Gramineous and Allium-Artemisia. The phytomass, biological and exploitation resources, the possible volumes of annual harvesting of raw material of S. centauroides were determined. The phytomass of S. centauroides herb ranges from 8.10±3.46 to 75.93±19.55 g/m2 (air-dry raw material). The average phytomass of 1 individual of S. centauroides herb varies from 13.67±3.59 to 67.14±14.30 g (air-dry raw materials). The total biological resources of S. centauroides herb is 777.9 t (fresh raw materials) and 266.8 tons (air-dry raw materials). The total exploitation resources of S. centauroides herb is 224.7 t (fresh raw materials) and 79.8 t (air-dry raw materials). The possible volume of annual harvesting of raw materials of S. centauroides in the studied coenopopulations on the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Republic of Buryatia amounts to 37.5 t (fresh raw materials) and 13.3 t (air-dry raw materials).
Vital Dye Absorption by a Baikal Sponge as a Test Response to Surfactant Exposure
Authors:   Irkutsk State University, Zhdanova G. O. , Saksonov M. N. ,   Irkutsk State University, Topchiy I. A. ,   Irkutsk State University, Ignatik А. А. ,   Irkutsk State University, Kupchinsky A. B. ,   Baikal Museum ISC SB RAS, Tsyrenov V. Zh. ,   East-Siberian State University of Technology and Management, Stom D. I. ,   Irkutsk State University,   Irkutsk National Research Technical University,   Baikal Museum ISC SB RAS
Published: December 2021

Baikal sponges account for a large, if not the largest proportion of zoobenthos of Lake Baikal, especially in the littoral. It is here that the largest number of pollutants comes. A fixed lifestyle, inertia, and the absence of visible manifestations of the life activity of the sponges create significant specific difficulties when working with them in a laboratory experiment. The lack of clear criteria, test reactions, and rapid biocontrol systems hinder the determination of the physiological state of the sponges, their activity, degree of infection, cure, and the influence of various stress factors on them. In this regard, there is relatively little information about the reactions of Baikal Porifera to toxicants. This report presents experimental materials on the change in dye absorption by Baicalospongia bacilifera sponge under the influence of one of the most common components of domestic wastewater – sodium dodecyl sulfate. A negative effect was noted with a 2-hour exposure to the sponge of this surfactant in a concentration of 25 mg/l and higher. The obtained experimental data suggest that, in further studies, bleaching of dye solutions with a sponge of B. bacilifera can serve as a test reaction for the presence of contaminants.
Diversity of Soils of Southern Transbaikalia (on the Example of the Daursky Reserve)
Authors:   Institute of Geography SB RAS, Khadeeva E. R. , Lopatovskaya O. G. ,   Irkutsk State University, Saraeva L. I. ,   Daursky State Nature Biosphere Reserve,   Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS, Tkachuk T. E. ,   Daursky State Nature Biosphere Reserve,   Transbaikal State University
Published: December 2021

The paper presents the study of soil cover of the steppe areas on the territory of the Daursky State Nature Biosphere Reserve in Transbaikalia (East Siberia). We determined the types of soils in the area surrounding the currently dry Barun-Torey lake according to the modern classification: Chestnut typical and saline, Saline gleyed typical and sulfide (sor) typical. Typical chestnut soils are formed on the tops of lake terraces and form complexes with saline soils. Salted chestnut soils occupy transit landforms. Saline soils are confined to low relief forms of the shoreline and the bottom of the lake, where the accumulation of readily soluble salts occurs. Typical Chestnut and saline soils are characterized by a light granulometric composition and a low humus content. Sulphide and typical gleyed saline soils have a heavier granulometric composition, a highly alkaline reaction of the soil solution, a very low humus content and a high content of readily soluble salts. The natural factors of soil formation are: slightly dissected relief; arid and cryoarid climate; groundwater level; steppe and halophytic meadow vegetation. Chestnut soils that form at the tops of lake terraces are the most common. Solonchaks occupy low relief forms of the lake shoreline and lake bottom.
Swelling studies on poly(n, n-dimethyl acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) hydrogels
Authors: Nakan Ulantay , Tolkyn Balgyn , Mun Grigoriy , Yeligbayeva Gulzhakhan , Tileubekov Nursultan , Serikbay Nurkat , Negim El-Sayed
Published: December 2021

Hydrogel copolymers based on N, N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMA) and acrylic acid (АAc) were synthesized with different molar composition ratios ([DMA-AAc] = 30÷70, 50÷50 and 70÷30) using ammonium peroxydisulfate as a free radical initiation system and in the presence of various amounts of N, N’-methylene bis (acrylamide) as a crosslinker agent (0.05, 0.1 and 0.3 mol. %) and water as reactant medium. The swelling technique characterized the obtained copolymer by different amounts to added of the crosslinking agent. While a large amount of crosslinking agent in the poly (DMA-co-AAc) hydrogels was reduced the swelling degree in the water medium, a smaller amount in the gel indicated the tendency of the gel to burst. Absorption studies were made using on different concentrations of copper sulphate (CuSO4). Poly (DMA-co-AAc) hydrogels absorption capacity is competitive when there is more N, N-dimethyl acrylamide content in copolymer than others. The swelling ratios of low concentration of Cu (II) ion are higher than those of higher concentration of Cu (II) ion. Hydrogel gave the highest swelling ratio for the solution containing the lowest Cu (II) ion concentration than for the solution containing the highest Cu (II) ion.
Determination of the correlation between the accumulation of pigments and natural rubber in Tau-saghyz
Authors: Sissemali K. , Мutalkhanov M. , Alnurova A. , Akilbekova A. , Tauasarova M. , Bassygarayev Z. , Boguspaev K.
Published: December 2021

Natural rubber is a valuable polymer used in a wide variety of industries, from tire manufacturingto medical products and applications in the food industry. The tau-sagyz rubber plant (Scozonera tausaghyzLipcsh et Bosse) is one of the few plants in the world that can be used in the production of naturalrubber when cultivated in culture. To increase the productivity of plants, it is necessary to establish factorsaffecting the biosynthesis of natural rubber. In our studies, the level of pigments (chlorophyll–a, b, carotenoids)was chosen as a factor that may have a positive effect on the accumulation of rubber in the roots ofS. tau-saghyz. For this purpose, samples (leaves, roots) were taken from 3 groups of plants (north, south,east) in the Karatau mountains of the Kurman-Tas range. The extraction of pigments from leaf samples wascarried out with acetone, and the extraction of rubber from the roots was carried out with hexane. The obtaineddata on the content of pigments and rubber in the samples were statistically processed using the t-testand Pearson correlation analysis. As a result, a statistical difference in the values of pigment accumulationin leaves and rubber in roots between the 3 studied groups of plants is shown. On the other hand, a very lowlevel of correlation was found between the accumulation of pigments in the leaves and rubber in the roots inall three groups. The obtained results reliably showed that the level of pigment accumulation in the leavesdoes not affect the accumulation of rubber in the roots of Tau-sagyz.
Immunomodulatory Properties of Cytokine-preconditioned Compact-bone Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cultured in 2D and 3D Culture Conditions
Authors: Sekenova Aliya , Li Yelena , Saparov Arman , Mambetpayeva Bakhyt , Kulmaganbetova Nazik , Ramankulov Yerlan , Ogay Vyacheslav
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess potent immunomodulatory properties and therefore represent a promising therapeutic tool for the treatment of immune-related diseases. Recently, preconditioning has been proposed as a strategy to improve the immunomodulatory activity of MSCs. In this study, we focused to investigate the effects of preconditioning with pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) on immunomodulatory activity of mouse compact bone-derived MSCs (CB MSCs) in 2D and 3D culture conditions. Mouse CB MSCs for the 2D condition were cultured in a standard tissue culture plate. 3D spheroid MSCs were formed by enforced composing in Nunclon Sphera 96-well U-bottom plate. MSCs in 2D and 3D spheroid cultures were preconditioned with TNF-α and IFN-γ alone and in combination for 24 hours. The levels of immunomodulatory factors (PGE2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ) were measured by ELISA. The immunomodulatory properties of MSCs were examined by macrophage inflammation and lymphocyte co-culture assays. Our results showed that TNF-α and IFN-γ more effectively increased the secretion of PGE2 and IL-6 by 3D spheroid MSCs compared with 2D MSCs culture.Сytokine-preconditioned 3D spheroid MSCs significantly decreased the production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10 in splenic lymphocytes and TNF-α and IL-6 in macrophages. Сytokine-preconditioned 3D spheroid MSCs increased IL-6 and IL-10 levels in lymphocytes and macrophages respectively. It was found that 3D spheroid MSCs more effectively suppressed the proliferation of T cells compared with 2D MSCs culture. Moreover, preconditioning of 3D spheroid MSCs using TNF-α suppressed more effectively in vitro immune response than preconditioning with IFN-γ or with the combination of two cytokines. Thus, our data suggest that preconditioning with pro-inflammatory cytokines more effectively increases the immunomodulatory activity of 3D MSC spheroids compared to 2D MSC culture.
Population biology of the endemic species Pimpinella tragium Vill
Authors: Oleynikova E.
Published: December 2021

For the first time for the European part of Russia, a study of the population biology of the endemic species of chalk and limestone Pimpinella tragium Vill. in natural habitats of the Voronezh region was carried out. The species is an obligate calcephyte, prefers open chalk substrates. Biomorphological analysis made it possible to classify Pimpinella tragium as a herbaceous polycarpic taproot plant. Due to the presence of a powerful taproot, the species promotes the fixation of weak chalky substrates. In the future, open groups of calciphilic vegetation with the participation of Pimpinella may appear on the Cretaceous substrate.  Six-year monitoring of the main stages of development of Pimpinella tragium made it possible to identify 4 ontogenetic periods and 9 age states: latent (seeds), pregenerative (seedlings, juvenile, immature and virginal individuals), generative (young, middle-aged, old generative individuals), postgenerative (senile individuals). The paper presents the morphometric characteristics of individuals of different age groups. The ontogenetic structure of Pimpinella tragium cenopopulations was studied, the type of the basic spectrum was revealed. Most cenopopulations have a left-sided spectrum; the absolute maximum is more often represented by young individuals, the local maximum – by middle-aged individuals. For some populations, a centered ontogenetic spectrum was noted with maxima on middle-aged generative individuals. The formation of the ontogenetic structure of Pimpinella tragium cenopopulations is significantly influenced by the physical characteristics of the Cretaceous substrate, and hence the physiological characteristics of this species. The ability of the species to reproduce only by seed is of great importance, since in different years the germination and survival rate of seedlings can differ sharply.
New Tools for Romanian SLPs to use with Language Learning Children
Authors: RHOADES Ellen A. , BODEA-HAŢEGAN Carolina , TALAȘ Dorina
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of using three functional measures: Auditory Developmental Scale (0-6 years), Caregiver Intake Interview, and Infant-Directed Speech Checklist in SLT. In the first part of this article, the authors discuss the purpose and advantages of using these instruments in SLT practice. In the last part of this article, the Caregiver Intake Interview and the Infant-Directed Speech Checklist are presented in two languages, English and Romanian.
Cerebral Hemispheric Dominance and Lateralization. Examination methods and procedures
Authors: PREDA Vasile Radu
Published: December 2021

On the basis of electrophysiological and neuropsychological investigations the existence of cerebral hemispheric dominance has been established. Thus, a certain psycho-behavioural function may not be equally governed by either the left or the right hemisphere, a tendency towards lateralization coming into play (Sperri, 1974; Arseni, Golu, Dănăilă, 1983; Funnell, Carballis, Gazzanga, 2000). The functional asymmetry of the analysers is encountered both at the peripheral level, through the sensory-motor lateralization of paired receptors, and at the cortical level, through the asymmetrical functioning of the cerebral hemispheres. Consequently, tests for hemispheric dominance, as well as tests for lateralization must, respectively, be employed. When examining cerebral hemispheric dominance and lateralization, the characteristics of the organs under investigation are taken into account, and so is the age of the subjects. The examination of functional asymmetry in the case of analyzers with paired receptors has relied on an impressive number of trials, procedures, tests and questionnaires on lateralization, all suitable for the subjects’ age and for the psycho-physiological characteristics of the respective couple of paired organs. The combined use of lateralization tests specifically adapted for all paired organs (hand, eye, is essential in order to establish the degree of lateralization homogeneity. The examinations and the calculation of the laterality index are to be done periodically, the results being recorded in a chart that reflects the evolution of lateralization as a result of engaging the child in various activities meant for a specific type of lateralization.
Expressive language development in ASD context- Case Study
Authors: POPONETE Valentina-Georgica
Published: December 2021

This paper aims to highlight a way of approach for a child with ASD in the field of speech therapy alone, despite the unfavorable forecast (prognosis). The structure of the paper consists of two main parts: a theoretical one regarding the diagnosis and its involvement in the field of language development, and in the second part will be presented a case study carried out over a period of 6 months and with possible future opportunities progress. It is well known that most children with ADS have major language deficiencies coupled with their lack of social skills which worsens (accentuates) the course of further development and, therefore, early intervention can substantially reduce their disabilities. But, in this case study, it is presented a thirteen-year-old boy with ADS and its total absence (lack) of expressive language although the receptive language is at a pretty good level. The main goal of the program was to develop, somehow, (at first hand) first of all, a phonological basis in order to establish a pragmatic (functional) verbal communication. It is known that children with ADS are quite difficult to engage in activities that require focused attention and proper response to multiple requests and what was really remarkable and quite unusual, in the same time, is his full cooperation that led to significant results that will help him in the future.
Forms of Public Communication That are Written to Build Relations Between The Audience and Governmental Institutions: A Case Study of Governmental Institutions' Electronic Sites
Authors: Ali Shokhan Abubakr
Published: December 2021

The electronic site is one of the latest forms of communication facilities that governmental institutions use to establish public relations with their audiences. Governmental institutions utilize a variety of services and initiatives to develop good relationships with their audiences.
To bring their work and actions to the majority of the public, they use various forms of mass media. The title of this research (Forms of public communication that are written to build relations between the audience and governmental institutions: a case study of governmental institutions' electronic sites).
The significance of this research has focused on all of the subjects reported on the official websites of governmental institutions, as well as the review of the subjects and all of the aspects to know how to write the subjects and to be aware of all of the activities that the institutions conduct. Thus, all organizations must maintain their main sites and be able to better guide their matters to the public, which is one of the most critical circles of contact between governmental institutions and local and international audiences.
The main question of this study is to determine what type of public relations writing is used, in which area, and what governmental institutions' activities are.
The study aims to demonstrate the most popular writing styles and genres for public relations, as well as to be aware of the principles of writing, and to illustrate the subjects and actions that the institution does. Knowing the details and specifics of the topics published on the institution's website is also essential.
This thesis is a descriptive study using the content analysis approach, intending to analyze the subjects of the main site of the governmental institutions in Sulaimaniyah. For this reason, the Directorate of the Sulaimaniyah Appeals Court, the Passport Office of Sulaimaniyah Province, and the Sulaimaniyah Traffic Directorate have set out all matters for six months from December ١, ٢٠١٩ to January ٦, ٢٠٢٠.
As a consequence, the working style is one of the methods that the three institutions have used most often, and the articles written adhere to the standards of public relations writing. The majority of their activities included (visiting, conferences, courses, gathering) the majority of their publications, and then mentioning the institution's services, which were solely focused on news.