bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eating Disorders Among a Community‐Based Sample of Chilean Female Adolescents
Authors: Granillo M. Teresa , Grogan‐Kaylor Andrew , Delva Jorge , Castillo Marcela
Published: March 2011

The purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence and correlates of eating disorders among a community‐based sample of female Chilean adolescents. Data were collected through structured interviews with 420 female adolescents residing in Santiago, Chile. Approximately 4% of the sample reported ever being diagnosed with an eating disorder. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that those with higher symptoms of anxiety and who had tried cigarettes were significantly more likely to have been diagnosed with an eating disorder. Findings indicate that Chilean female adolescents are at risk for eating disorders and that eating disorders, albeit maladaptive, may be a means to cope with negative affect, specifically anxiety.
Perception of Own Death Risk: An Assessment of Road‐Traffic Mortality Risk
Authors: Andersson Henrik
Published: March 2011

This study examines individuals' perception of their own road‐mortality risk using a Swedish data set. Individuals' subjective beliefs about their personal risk are compared with the objective risk of his/her own age and gender group, which in this study is defined as the respondents' objective risk. Both descriptive statistics and regression results suggest that low‐ and high‐risk groups over‐ and underassess their risk levels, respectively. Having access to individual‐level data we also find that the probability of underassessment and the size of risk bias is related to individual characteristics, for example, gender. Individuals' formation of risk perception is also analyzed based on the Bayesian learning model. Even though we find a positive relationship between perceived and objective risk, we cannot reject the hypothesis that individuals are not Bayesian in updating their risk beliefs.
A Survey of Homework Use, Experience of Barriers to Homework, and Attitudes About the Barriers to Homework Among Couples and Family Therapists
Authors: Dattilio Frank M. , Kazantzis Nikolaos , Shinkfield Gregg , Carr Amanda G.
Published: March 2011

Homework is a therapeutic process that has strong theoretical and empirical basis, but existing research has focused on “compliance” rather than considering the broader and more clinically meaningful construct of “engagement.” Absent in the literature is empirical study of the barriers to engagement or study of homework use among couple and family therapists (CFTs). The current study investigates the frequency and type of homework, as well as the influence of homework compliance, quality of compliance, and experience of barriers to compliance on CFTs’ attitudes and beliefs toward barriers to homework completion for couples and families. Results indicated CFTs (N = 226 AAMFT Clinical members) use homework more often with couples than with families, and CFTs report greater homework compliance and quality of compliance for couples when compared to families. A path analysis examining compliance, quality of compliance, and barriers to compliance as predictors of attitudes/beliefs toward barriers revealed no significant findings. A discussion presents implications for future research and practice for homework in couple and family therapy.
Assessment of body fat in the pony: Part II. Validation of the deuterium oxide dilution technique for the measurement of body fat
Authors: DUGDALE A. H. A. , CURTIS G. C. , MILNE E. , HARRIS P. A. , ARGO C. MC.
Published: March 2011

Reasons for performing the study:Excessive accumulations or depletions of body fat have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in horses and ponies. An objective, minimally‐invasive method to accurately quantify body fat in living animals is required to aid nutritional management and define welfare/performance limits.

Objectives:To compare deuterium oxide (D2O) dilution‐derived estimates of total body water (TBW) and body fat with values obtained by ‘gold standard’ proximate analysis and cadaver dissection.

Hypothesis:D2O dilution offers a valid method for the determination of TBW and body fat in equids.

Methods:Seven mature (mean ± s.e. 13 ± 3 years, 212 ± 14 kg, body condition scores 1.25–7/9), healthy, Welsh Mountain pony mares, destined for euthanasia (for nonresearch purposes) were used. Blood samples were collected before and 4 h after D2O (0.11–0.13 g/kg bwt, 99.8 atom percent excess) administration. Plasma was analysed by gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry following filtration and zinc reduction. After euthanasia, white adipose tissue (WAT) mass was recorded before all body tissues were analysed by proximate chemical analyses.

Results:D2O‐derived estimates of TBW and body fat were strongly associated with proximate analysis‐ and dissection‐derived values (all r2>0.97, P≤0.0001). Bland‐Altman analyses demonstrated good agreements between methods. D2O dilution slightly overestimated TBW (0.79%, limits of agreement (LoA) ‐3.75–2.17%) and underestimated total body lipid (1.78%, LoA ‐0.59–4.15%) and dissected WAT (0.72%, LoA ‐2.77–4.21%).

Conclusions and potential relevance:This study provides the first validation of the D2O dilution method for the minimally‐invasive, accurate, repeatable and objective measurement of body water and fat in living equids.
Particle mapping in stables at an American Thoroughbred racetrack
Authors: MILLERICK‐MAY M. L. , KARMAUS W. , DERKSEN F. J. , BERTHOLD B. , HOLCOMBE S. J. , ROBINSON N. E.
Published: March 2011

Reasons for performing study:Airway inflammation and mucus in the trachea are common in racehorses. Fine airborne particles can initiate and coarse particles can worsen airway inflammation in man and in animal models of airway disease. The regional and seasonal distribution of particles of different sizes has never been investigated in American racing stables.

Objectives:To determine the regional and seasonal concentration and number of airborne particles of different sizes in racing stables.

Methods:Direct reading instruments were used to determine the mass concentration and numbers of particles 3 times daily (early morning, midday and late afternoon) in July, September and November, in 3 different racing stables.

Results:Average particle concentrations were lowest in July and highest in September and November. Early morning concentrations were significantly higher than those measured throughout the rest of the day. The completely enclosed stable with little natural ventilation, had significantly higher particulate concentrations than the open‐sided stable. With regard to numbers of particles, those 2–5 µm were greatest in July and least in November; those 0.5–1.0 µm were greatest in September and least in November. Location of stall within stable also affected concentrations and numbers.

Conclusions:The concentration and number of particles in sizes known to reach the lower airways varies with stable design/management, time of day, season of year and location of the stall within the stable.

Potential relevance:Particle mapping is a useful tool in the identification of stables, season, and location of stalls within stables where horses may be at greater risk of exposure to offending particulates.
Fatal equine meningoencephalitis in the United Kingdom caused by the panagrolaimid nematodeHalicephalobus gingivalis: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: HERMOSILLA C. , COUMBE K. M. , HABERSHON‐BUTCHER J. , SCHÖNIGER S.
Published: March 2011

A fatal case of eosinophilic and granulomatous meningoencephalitis caused by the free‐living panagrolaimid nematodeHalicephalobus gingivalisis reported in a 10‐year‐old Welsh gelding in the United Kingdom. Clinical examination first revealed behavioural abnormalities which rapidly progressed to severe ataxia, reduced mentation status and cranial nerve signs. Despite symptomatic treatment no amelioration of neurological signs was achieved and the horse was subjected to euthanasia. A completepost mortemexamination revealed eosinophilic and granulomatous meningoencephalitis mainly affecting the cerebellum and brain stem with intralesional adult nematodes, larvae and eggs. There was also eosinophilic meningitis of the cervical spinal cord. The intralesional nematodes were morphologically consistent with the panagrolaimid nematodeH. gingivalis. Although infection by this facultative neurotropic parasite is extremely rare, it needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of central nervous signs in horses and, in particular, other equine helminthic infection of the central nervous system. This fatal case is unusual since lesions were locally very extensive and the nematodes did not colonise haematogenously to other organs as seen often in equine halicephalobosis. As the taxonomy ofH. gingivalishas changed and some recent reports in the literature still refer to this species asMicronema deletrixorHalicephalobus deletrix, we here provide a short update of the species and some insights on the order Tylenchida, which contains free‐living nematodes with parasitic tendencies.
Detection of Total Phenol in Green and Black Teas by Flow Injection System and Unmodified Screen Printed Electrode
Authors: de Mattos Ivanildo Luiz , Zagal José Heraclito
Published: March 2011

A flow injection system using an unmodified gold screen-printed electrode was employed for total phenol determination in black and green teas. In order to avoid passivation of the electrode surface due to the redox reaction, preoxidation of the sample was realized by hexacyanoferrate(III) followed by addition of an EDTA solution. The complex formed in the presence of EDTA minimizes or avoids polymerization of the oxidized phenols. The previously filtered tea sample and hexacyanoferrate(III) reagent were introduced simultaneously into two-carrier streams producing two reproducible zones. At confluence point, the pre-oxidation of the phenolic compounds occurs while this zone flows through the coiled reactor and receives the EDTA solution before phenol detection. The consumption of ferricyanide was monitorized at 360 mV versus Ag/AgCl and reflected the total amount of phenolic compounds present in the sample. Results were reported as gallic acid equivalents (GAEs). The proposed system is robust, versatile, environmentally-friendly (since the reactive is used only in the presence of the sample), and allows the analysis of about 35–40 samples per hour with detection limit = 1 mg/L without the necessity for surface cleaning after each measurement. Precise results are in agreement with those obtained by the Folin-Ciocalteu method.
Proof-Carrying Hardware: Concept and Prototype Tool Flow for Online Verification
Authors: Drzevitzky Stephanie , Kastens Uwe , Platzner Marco
Published: March 2011

Dynamically reconfigurable hardware combines hardware performance with software-like flexibility and finds increasing use in networked systems. The capability to load hardware modules at runtime provides these systems with an unparalleled degree of adaptivity but at the same time poses new challenges for security and safety. In this paper, we elaborate on the presentation of proof carrying hardware (PCH) as a novel approach to reconfigurable system security. PCH takes a key concept from software security, known as proof-carrying code, into the reconfigurable hardware domain. We outline the PCH concept and discuss runtime combinational equivalence checking as a first online verification problem applying the concept. We present a prototype tool flow and experimental results demonstrating the feasibility and potential of the PCH approach.
Genetical Swarm Optimization of Multihop Routes in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Caputo Davide , Grimaccia Francesco , Mussetta Marco , Zich Riccardo E.
Published: March 2011

In recent years, wireless sensor networks have been attracting considerable research attention for a wide range of applications, but they still present significant network communication challenges, involving essentially the use of large numbers of resource-constrained nodes operating unattended and exposed to potential local failures. In order to maximize the network lifespan, in this paper, genetical swarm optimization (GSO) is applied, a class of hybrid evolutionary techniques developed in order to exploit in the most effective way the uniqueness and peculiarities of two classical optimization approaches; particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithms (GA). This procedure is here implemented to optimize the communication energy consumption in a wireless network by selecting the optimal multihop routing schemes, with a suitable hybridization of different routing criteria, confirming itself as a flexible and useful tool for engineering applications.
In vivoStudy of the Histone Chaperone Activity of Nucleolin by FRAP
Authors: Gaume Xavier , Monier Karine , Argoul Françoise , Mongelard Fabien , Bouvet Philippe
Published: March 2011

Nucleolin is a major nucleolar protein involved in various aspects of ribosome biogenesis such as regulation of polymerase I transcription, pre-RNA maturation, and ribosome assembly. Nucleolin is also present in the nucleoplasm suggesting that its functions are not restricted to nucleoli. Nucleolin possesses,in vitro, chromatin co-remodeler and histone chaperone activities which could explain numerous functions of nucleolin related to the regulation of gene expression. The goal of this report was to investigate the consequences of nucleolin depletion on the dynamics of histones in live cells. Changes in histone dynamics occurring in nucleolin silenced cells were measured by FRAP experiments on eGFP-tagged histones (H2B, H4, and macroH2A). We found that nuclear histone dynamics was impacted in nucleolin silenced cells; in particular we measured higher fluorescence recovery kinetics for macroH2A and H2B but not for H4. Interestingly, we showed that nucleolin depletion also impacted the dissociation constant rate of H2B and H4. Thus, in live cells, nucleolin could play a role in chromatin accessibility by its histone chaperone and co-remodeling activities.
Targeting the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Pathway in Rhabdomyosarcomas: Rationale and Future Perspectives
Authors: Martins Ana Sofia , Olmos David , Missiaglia Edoardo , Shipley Janet
Published: March 2011

Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) are a heterogeneous group of tumors that share features of skeletal myogenesis and represent the most common pediatric soft tissue sarcoma. Even though significant advances have been achieved in RMS treatment, prognosis remains very poor for many patients. Several elements of the Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) pathway are involved in sarcomas, including RMS. The IGF2 ligand is highly expressed in most, if not all, RMS, and frequent overexpression of the receptor IGF1R is also found. This is confirmed here through mining expression profiling data of a large series of RMS samples. IGF signaling is implicated in the genesis, growth, proliferation, and metastasis of RMS. Blockade of this pathway is therefore a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of RMS. In this paper we examine the biological rationale for targeting the IGF pathway in RMS as well as the current associated preclinical and clinical experience.
Thiolactosides: Scaffolds for the Synthesis of Glycolipids in Animal Cells
Authors: Mori Masako , Kasuya Maria Carmelita Z. , Mizuno Mamoru , Hatanaka Kenichi
Published: March 2011

Various glycolipids were synthesized using thiolactosides as scaffolds for glycosylation in animal cells. The basic building blocks,n-dodecylβ-D-thiolactoside (β-LacSC12) andn-dodecylα-D-thiolactoside (α-LacSC12), were chemically synthesized in 2 steps: glycosylation followed by deacylation. The thiolactosides were administered to animal cells in culture and served as substrates for cellular enzyme-catalyzed glycosylation. Incubation of mouse melanoma B16 cells in the presence ofβ-LacSC12 orα-LacSC12 resulted in sialylation of the terminal galactose residue and gave a GM3-type ganglioside. Administration ofβ-Lac SC12 in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells likewise gave a GM3-type ganglioside. On the other hand, introduction ofβ-LacSC12 in African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells gave Gb3- and Gb4-type glycolipids aside from GM3-type ganglioside. In the course of the study, significant changes in B16 cell morphology and elevated secretion of melanin were also observed.
Myelography in the Age of MRI: Why We Do It, and How We Do It
Authors: Ozdoba Christoph , Gralla Jan , Rieke Alexander , Binggeli Ralph , Schroth Gerhard
Published: March 2011

Myelography is a nearly ninety-year-old method that has undergone a steady development from the introduction of water-soluble contrast agents to CT myelography. Since the introduction of magnetic resonance imaging into clinical routine in the mid-1980s, the role of myelography seemed to be constantly less important in spinal diagnostics, but it remains a method that is probably even superior to MRI for special clinical issues. This paper briefly summarizes the historical development of myelography, describes the technique, and discusses current indications like the detection of CSF leaks or cervical root avulsion.
Eigenvector Weighting Function in Face Recognition
Authors: Ying Han Pang , Jin Andrew Teoh Beng , Heng Siong Lim
Published: March 2011

Graph‐based subspace learning is a class of dimensionality reduction technique in face recognition. The technique reveals the local manifold structure of face data that hidden in the image space via a linear projection. However, the real world face data may be too complex to measure due to both external imaging noises and the intra‐class variations of the face images. Hence, features which are extracted by the graph‐based technique could be noisy. An appropriate weight should be imposed to the data features for better data discrimination. In this paper, a piecewise weighting function, known as Eigenvector Weighting Function (EWF), is proposed and implemented in two graph based subspace learning techniques, namely Locality Preserving Projection and Neighbourhood Preserving Embedding. Specifically, the computed projection subspace of the learning approach is decomposed into three partitions: a subspace due to intra‐class variations, an intrinsic face subspace, and a subspace which is attributed to imaging noises. Projected data features are weighted differently in these subspaces to emphasize the intrinsic face subspace while penalizing the other two subspaces. Experiments on FERET and FRGC databases are conducted to show the promising performance of the proposed technique.
Characterization of the Gene Expression Profile of Human Hippocampus in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Hippocampal Sclerosis
Authors: Lachos Julio , Zattoni Michela , Wieser Heinz-Gregor , Fritschy Jean-Marc , Langmann Thomas , Schmitz Gerd , Errede Mariella , Virgintino Daniela , Yonekawa Yasuhiro , Frei Karl
Published: March 2011

One of the main putative causes of therapy refractory epilepsy in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) with hippocampal sclerosis is the overexpression of multidrug transporters (MDTs) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). It steps up the removal of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) out of the brain cells across the BBB resulting in a low concentration of AEDs within the target cells. Some of the mechanisms of AED resistance are most likely to be genetically determined. To obtain more information about the underlying pathophysiology of intractability in epilepsy, we compared the global gene expression profile of human hippocampus and hippocampal-derived microvascular endothelial cells from MTLE with HS patients and controls.
At the level of MDT, a significant up-regulation was found for ABCB1 (P-gp), ABCB2, ABCB3, and ABCB4, which was mainly related to endothelial cells. The data on the MDT were validated and extended by quantitative RT-PCR. Surprisingly, inflammatory factors such as interleukins (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18) and cytokines (TNF-α and TGF-β1) were found to be up-regulated in hippocampal parenchyma. The overexpression of P-gp, IL-1β, and IL-6 was also confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Our results suggest that complex expression changes of ABC-transporters may play a decisive role in pharmacoresistance in MTLE. Further studies on the new and unexpected overexpression of inflammatory cytokines may unlock hitherto undiscovered pathways of the underlying pathophysiology of human MTLE.
Cognitive‐Enhancing Effects of Polygalasaponin Hydrolysate in Aβ25–35‐Induced Amnesic Mice
Authors: Xu Shu ping , Yang Yan yan , Xue Dan , Liu Jin xiu , Liu Xin min , Fan Tai-Ping , Pan Rui le , Li PengTao
Published: March 2011

Polygalasaponins are the major active constituents of Polygala tenuifolia exhibiting antiamnesic activity, but their applications are limited due to their toxicities. Evidence showed that the toxicities can be attenuated by hydrolysis. Herein, effects of a hydrolysate of polygalasaponins (HPS) on cognitive impairment induced by Aβ25−35 were assessed by Morris water maze and step‐through passive avoidance tests. The impaired spatial reference memory was improved by HPS (50 and 100 mg/kg). In the acquisition trial of step‐through test, HPS (50 and 100 mg/kg) increased the latency into the dark chamber and decreased the error frequency significantly (P < .05). However, no significant change was observed during the retention trial. Additionally, HPS increased the corresponding SOD activities (62.34%, 22.09%) and decreased MDA levels (28.21%, 32.35%) in both cortex and hippocampus as compared to model animals. These results show that HPS may be a useful treatment against amnesia probably via its antioxidant properties.
Progesterone Administration Modulates Cortical TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Male Rats
Authors: Wang Zhong , Zuo Gang , Shi Xiao-Yong , Zhang Jian , Fang Qi , Chen Gang
Published: March 2011

Our previous study concerning brain trauma has shown that progesterone could regulate toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in the brain, which also has been proved to play important roles in early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The aim of the current study was to investigate whether progesterone administration modulated TLR4/NF-κB pathway signaling pathway in the brain at the early stage of SAH. All SAH animals were subjected to injection of 0.3 ml fresh arterial, non-heparinized blood into prechiasmatic cistern in 20 seconds. Male rats were given 0 or 16 mg/kg injections of progesterone at post-SAH hours 1, 6, and 24. Brain samples were extracted at 48 h after SAH. As a result, SAH could induce a strong up-regulation of TLR4, NF-κB, pro-inflammatory cytokines, MCP-1, and ICAM-1 in the cortex. Administration of progesterone following SAH could down-regulate the cortical levels of these agents related to TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Post-SAH progesterone treatment significantly ameliorated the EBI, such as the clinical behavior scale, brain edema, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment. It was concluded that post-SAH progesterone administration may attenuate TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in the rat brain following SAH.
EEG and MEG Data Analysis in SPM8
Authors: Litvak Vladimir , Mattout Jérémie , Kiebel Stefan , Phillips Christophe , Henson Richard , Kilner James , Barnes Gareth , Oostenveld Robert , Daunizeau Jean , Flandin Guillaume , Penny Will , Friston Karl
Published: March 2011

SPM is a free and open source software written in MATLAB (The MathWorks, Inc.). In addition to standard M/EEG preprocessing, we presently offer three main analysis tools: (i) statistical analysis of scalp-maps, time-frequency images, and volumetric 3D source reconstruction images based on the general linear model, with correction for multiple comparisons using random field theory; (ii) Bayesian M/EEG source reconstruction, including support for group studies, simultaneous EEG and MEG, and fMRI priors; (iii) dynamic causal modelling (DCM), an approach combining neural modelling with data analysis for which there are several variants dealing with evoked responses, steady state responses (power spectra and cross-spectra), induced responses, and phase coupling. SPM8 is integrated with the FieldTrip toolbox , making it possible for users to combine a variety of standard analysis methods with new schemes implemented in SPM and build custom analysis tools using powerful graphical user interface (GUI) and batching tools.
Improvement of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Obese and Non-Obese Patients after the Duodenal Switch Operation
Authors: Frenken M. , Cho E. Y. , Karcz W. K. , Grueneberger J. , Kuesters S.
Published: March 2011

Introduction. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most important obesity-related comorbidities. This study was undertaken to characterise the effect of the biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) in morbidly obese and nonmorbidly obese diabetic patients.Methods. Outcome of 74 obese diabetic patients after BPD-DS and 16 non-obese diabetic patients after BPD or gastric bypass surgery was evaluated. Insulin usage, HbA1c-levels, and index of HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistence) were measured.Results. A substantial fraction of patients is free of insulin and shows an improved insulin sensitivity early after the operation, another fraction gets free of insulin in a 12-month period after the operation and a small fraction of long-term insulin users will not get free of insulin but nevertheless shows an improved metabolic status (less insulin needed, normal HbA1c-levels).Conclusion. BPD-DS leads to an improvement of T2DM in obese and non-obese patients. Nevertheless, more data is needed to clarify indications and mechanisms of action and to adjust our operation techniques to the needs of non-obese diabetic patients.
The Role of Proteoglycans in Contributing to Placental Thrombosis and Fetal Growth Restriction
Authors: Said Joanne M.
Published: March 2011

Fetal growth restriction is an important pregnancy complication that has major consequences for the fetus and neonate as well as an increased risk of long-term morbidity extending into adulthood. The precise aetiology of most cases of fetal growth restriction is unknown although placental thrombosis is a common feature in many of these cases. This paper will outline the potential role of proteoglycans in contributing to placental thrombosis and fetal growth restriction.
1,3‐Oxazepane‐4,7‐Diones Compounds: 1H and 13C NMR High‐Resolution Spectroscopy (1D and 2D)
Authors: Mohammad AbdulKarim-Talaq , Osman Hasnah , Yeap Guan-Yeow
Published: March 2011

The complete 1H and 13C NMR assignment of new 1,3‐oxazepane‐4,7‐dione compounds has been obtained using one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR techniques including COSY, HMQC, and HMBC experiments. The data deduced from this study show that the alkyl chain and the phenyl ring are in different planes compared to the oxazepine ring.
Behaviorism and the Beginnings of Close Reading
Authors: Gang Joshua
Published: March 2011

Many of close reading's most enduring assumptions and techniques have their origins in psychological behaviorism. Beginning with I. A. Richards's critical work from the 1920s, this article demonstrates the central place of behaviorist ideas in New Critical theories of poetry. Despite explicitly disparaging Richards's behavioristic poetics, Brooks's Well Wrought Urn and Wimsatt and Beardsley's "intentional fallacy" perpetuated behaviorism's influence on literary criticism. This article traces how the New Critics translated behavioristic psychology into poetic formalism and discusses the implications of this for contemporary critical practice.
Re-"turning" Othello : Transformative and Restorative Romance
Authors: Britton Dennis Austin
Published: March 2011

This essay argues that Othello both reveals the work of genre in the formation of religious identities and enacts a debate about the uses of two competing ends of romance: to transform and to restore identity. As a Christian Moor, Othello is patterned after Ruggiero in Orlando Furioso , a romance in which religious conversion transforms a Moorish hero and thus allows him to be incorporated into Christendom. Iago, however, attempts to counteract this type of romance by using another tendency of the genre--to restore originary identity--in order to re-"turn" Othello to what is presumably his prior Muslim faith.
Totalitarian Faulkner: The Nazi Interpretation of Light in August and Absalom, Absalom!
Authors: Spoth Daniel
Published: March 2011

This piece, "Totalitarian Faulkner," examines the early German translations (1936 and 1938) of Faulkner's Light in August and Absalom, Absalom! , about which almost nothing has been written in English. I show that the circulation of these works in a National Socialist context provides a counternarrative to the accepted interpretation of Faulkner as an unrecognized, apolitical international modernist. Contrary to this hypothesis, I suggest that there exist thematic elements in Faulkner's fiction that prove adaptable to a Fascist context. I reveal these significances by close reading Absalom alongside an interpretation of Nazi "blood and soil" ideologies.
"Partial to Some One Side": The Advice-to-a-Painter Poem as Historical Writing
Authors: Gallagher Noelle
Published: March 2011

This essay argues that many Restoration and eighteenth-century satires and panegyrics were intended and received as interventions in a tradition of English historical writing. Using the advice-to-a-painter poems of Edmund Waller and Andrew Marvell as my chief examples, I suggest that the partiality derogatorily ascribed to satire and panegyric by Restoration historians not only enabled satirists and panegyrists to adopt a biased political stance; it also facilitated a narrowing of formal perspective—partiality in the sense of partialness—that allowed for the development of more detailed forms of historical representation.
The Education of Alice M. Jordan and the Origins of the Boston Public Library Training School
Authors: Eaton Gale
Published: March 2011

The pioneering supervisor of work with children at the Boston Public Library, Alice M. Jordan (1870-1960), is primarily remembered as a book woman. She was also a patient and astute institutional politician whose determination to build a qualified cadre of children's librarians led her to teach at Simmons College in Boston and organize a round table of children's librarians. After 1917, under the administrations of Charles Belden and Milton Lord at the BPL, her efforts gained institutional support, and she helped found the BPL Training School, becoming a recognized player in the professionalization of the BPL staff.
Library Services in Spanish Prisons: Current State of Affairs
Authors: Pérez Pulido Margarita
Published: March 2011

This article discusses the defining characteristics of the organizational model for the provision of library services in Spanish prisons. The author provides data about the correctional facilities and the offender population and focuses on several issues that impact on the organization and operation of prison libraries. The article concludes with a reflection on the limitations of the current library service model.
Analysis of High Resolution Electron Microscope Images of the Pd2Si-Si Interface
Authors: Krakow W.
Published: March 2011

High resolution electron micrographs have been obtained from Pd2Si-Si(111) interfaces viewed edge on and a detailed analysis of the interface structure has been carried out using computer simulations of the images. Since the stacking sequence of hexagonal Pd2Si is AαAαAα..., the question whether the interface plane of Pd2Si is silicon rich, A, or silicon deficient, α, has been investigated. An advancing interface cannot be planar at all stages of growth; therefore the question of interface roughness along the direction of the electron beam and twinning orientations has been considered. This has been modeled by Fourier shift techniques incorporated into multislice dynamical theory and, of course, is complicated by the dynamical diffraction conditions of the structure and the contributions of high order Bragg reflections to image detail. It has been possible to access the image features present in Pd2Si/Si micrographs and to point out the difficulties which are encountered not only in this system but in a wide variety of interface structures by high resolution electron microscopy. Perhaps the most important finding of this study is that the interface region contains a mixture of silicon-rich and silicon-deficient Pd2Si planes adjacent to the silicon side of the interface.
An X-Ray Study of Domain Structure and Stress in Pd2Si Films at Pd-Si Interfaces
Authors: Chen Haydn , White G. E. , Stock S. R. , Ho P. S.
Published: March 2011

The domain structures of palladium and Pd2Si as well as their crystallographic relationship to the silicon substrates were determined on Si(111) and Si(100) samples by mapping X-ray diffraction pole figures. X-ray diffraction topography and rocking curve measurements were carried out for the silicon substrates in order to detect the presence of elastic and/or plastic deformation in the substrates caused by silicide formation. The stresses in the silicide films were determined from the bending of the silicon substrates using X-ray diffraction techniques.
Effects of Electrically Active Impurities on the Epitaxial Regrowth Rate of Amorphized Silicon and Germanium
Authors: Suni I. , Göltz G. , Nicolet M.-A. , Lau S. S.
Published: March 2011

The influence of electrically active n-type (75As) and p-type (11B) impurities on the solid phase epitaxial regrowth of ion-implanted amorphized Si<100> and Ge<100> has been studied for low temperature furnace annealing. Both types of impurity increase the rate of regrowth of both silicon and germanium at a concentration level of 1020 cm−3 . Above this level, 75As retards regrowth in germanium. In compensated surface layers, the regrowth rate slows down to the values observed in self-implanted or intrinsic crystals for both silicon and germanium. The results can be qualitatively explained in terms of electrically induced generation of point defects at the amorphous-crystalline interface.
Electronic Structure of Silicide-Silicon Interfaces
Authors: Rubloff G. W. , Ho P. S.
Published: March 2011

Over the past few years the electronic structure of transition metal-silicon and silicide-silicon interfaces (and of bulk silicide compounds) has been revealed for the first time, using surface spectroscopies (photoemission and Auger) and theoretical calculations. These investigations, which have included palladium, platinum, nickel, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten, have elucidated the important role played by the chemical bond between the transition metal d and the Si 3p electrons. They have also shown the high chemical reactivity of the atomically clean transition metal-silicon interface, which leads to interfacial silicide formation at relatively low temperatures (i.e. markedly below those needed for bulk silicide formation on chemically cleaned silicon surfaces). As a result, silicide-like chemical bonding dominates the interface electronic structure of such contacts under a wide variety of conditions. Detailed comparisons of interface spectra (observed at low metal coverages) with those of the bulk silicide reaction products give strong evidence for additional electronic states of relatively high density (about 0.1 states per interface atom) which lie in or near the silicon band gap region. These states are believed to be true interface states associated with localized bonding configurations unique to the atoms at the interface, and they could explain the silicon-rich silicide composition of a thin (about 3–5 Å) interfacial region which has been observed by Auger composition analysis and suggested by chemical shifts in core and valence electron densities of states. Finally, metal atom diffusion into the silicon substrate has been observed in ion channeling studies and suggested from surface spectroscopy results; these impurity atoms should produce defect states localized near the interface and lying within the silicon band gap, although these electronic states have not yet been directly observed. As a whole these results present a fairly detailed picture of the electronic structure and chemistry of the silicide-silicon interface.However, correlations with the interface electrical properties are needed to ascertain which electronic features and chemical mechanisms in fact determine the Schottky barrier height of the contact.
Radioactive Ni* Tracer Study of the Nickel Silicide Growth Mechanism
Authors: Baglin J. E. E. , Atwater H. A. , Gupta D. , D'heurle F. M.
Published: March 2011

A tracer technique using radioactive 56Ni* was applied to investigate the growth mechanisms ofNi2Si, NiSi and NiSi2 on Si<100> and Si <111> wafers. A thin Ni* tracer layer initially at the Ni-Si interface was observed to migrate and spread during the growth of nickel silicides at 350, 450 and 800°C. These data are discussed, together with other results from 31Si* tracer work and xenon marker experiments. Ni appears to be the dominant moving species in all cases, diffusing both substitutionally and by grain boundary paths (in comparable amounts) for Ni2Si and substitutionally for NiSi and NiSi2.
Formation of Intermetallics and Grain Boundary Diffusion in Cu-Al and Au-Al Thin Film Couples
Authors: Vandenberg J. M. , Den Broeder F. J. A. , Hamm R. A.
Published: March 2011

An in situ annealing X-ray study was applied to Cu-Al thin film couples over a wide range of copper-to-aluminum film ratios. This new technique, which has been previously described for a study on the Au-Al thin film system, enables us to make a temperature-dependent photographic X-ray analysis. The present study indicated that only a limited number of the wide variety of bulk phases form in the Cu-Al thin film interface, while some of these phases in the interface are transient. In the transient stages of the interface reaction, the f.c.c.-ordered phase β-Cu3A1 grows over the entire range of copper-to-aluminum film ratios after the first nucleation of CuA12, indicating a two-step nucleation reaction. On the aluminum-rich side, this phase transforms to a new ordered hexagonal phase β′. It could be interpreted as a superlattice of the metastable hexagonal ω phase occurring in zirconium-based alloys. The end phases are CuA1 and CuAl2.
Theoretical Models of Schottky Barriers
Authors: Schluter M.
Published: March 2011

A review is presented in which existing theories of the formation of Schottky barriers are analyzed. The list includes macroscopic dielectric approaches and various microscopic quantum mechanical treatments. The central role of interface states and their different physical origins are assessed. Simple concepts, able to predict general trends in barrier heights, are examined along with detailed microscopic theories applied to individual contacts.
Electron Beam Study of Silicide Schottky Diodes
Authors: Huang H.-C. W. , Aliotta C. F. , Ho P. S.
Published: March 2011

An electron-beam-induced voltage (EBIV) technique has been developed to measure the barrier height of Schottky diodes. The principle of this technique is described and is compared with the conventional electron-beam-induced current (EBIC) technique. Applications of both techniques are illustrated in a study of composite silicide Schottky diodes with mixed high and low barrier areas formed using bilayer and co-evaporated Pd-Ti and Pt-Ti films on silicon substrates. The difficulty of using EBIC for quantitative studies of diode characteristics is discussed and contrasted with the advantages of the EBIV technique. The extension of the EBIV technique to contactless measurements of barrier height variation with good lateral resolution is described.
Effects of Interface Structure on the Electrical Characteristics of PtSi-Si Schottky Barrier Contacts
Authors: Tsaur B.-Y. , Silversmith D. J. , Mountain R. W. , Anderson C. H.
Published: March 2011

The properties of PtSi-Si Schottky barrier contacts formed by a new technique employing multilayer metallization are compared with those of contacts prepared by the conventional single-layer metallization method. The multilayer technique permits the formation of very shallow contacts without any limitation being placed on the thickness of the PtSi layer. For a PtSi layer of given thickness the PtSi-Si contact interface obtained by this technique is more uniform than the interface formed by annealing a single layer of platinum on silicon. The interfacial uniformity is independent of PtSi thickness for shallow PtSi-Si contacts produced by the multilayer technique, while for conventional contacts the uniformity decreases with increasing PtSi thickness. Large-area (9.4 × 10−3 cm2) diodes utilizing shallow PtSi-Si contacts about 200 Å deep have been fabricated without guard rings. These diodes exhibit near-ideal forward current-voltage characteristics, low reverse leakage currents (less than 5 nA at −10 V) and high breakdown voltages (over −90 V). These characteristics are superior to those of diodes using conventional PtSi-Si contacts.
New Developments in the Defect Structure of Implanted Furnace-Annealed Silicon on Sapphire
Authors: Richmond Eliezer Dovid , Knudson Alvin R. , Magee Tom J.
Published: March 2011

The structural defect properties of silicon on sapphire (SOS) are investigated with transmission electron microscopy and Rutherford backscattering. The results for as-grown SOS films are compared with SOS films which have been implanted with 1016 Si+ ions cm− 2 at an energy of 170 keV and annealed at 600°C (1 h) and 1000°C (18 h). The regrowth proceeds from the silicon surface even though it is noncrystalline as determined by reflection high energy electron diffraction. The structural defects consist of stacking faults, microtwins and dislocations. The stacking faults and microtwins show a dramatic reduction with processing. The nature of the structural defects at the interface after implantation and annealing is reported here for the first time. It is different from the bulk of the silicon film and consists of a layer of dislocation loops of various sizes and short dislocation lines which follow the interface and curve upwards. This behavior is analogous with the secondary defects generated in self-implanted bulk silicon. Suggestions, based on results from bulk silicon implantation, are made for optimizing the ion implantation furnace annealing process.
The Role of Metal and Passivation Defects in Electromigration-Induced Damage in Thin Film Conductors
Authors: Lloyd J. R. , Smith P. M. , Prokop G. S.
Published: March 2011

The effect of both metal defects (nicks and scratches) and passivation defects (Griffith cracks or pinholes) was theoretically and experimentally investigated. Flux divergences due to temperature and stress gradients are considered. It was observed that failure near a severe metal defect or at a defect in the passivation layer can be a major contributor to electromigration-induced lifetime degradation.
Direct Observation of Atomic Processes: Silicon Adatoms on Tungsten Surfaces
Authors: Casanova R. , Tsong T. T.
Published: March 2011

A wide variety of the behaviors of single silicon adatoms on tungsten surfaces have been studied in the field ion microscope (FIM). Existing works are summarized, and some new results are presented. Diffusion parameters for single silicon atoms on the W{110} plane were found to be Ed=0.70±0.07eV and Do = 3.1 × 10−4 × 10±1.28 cm2 s−1, where Ed is the activation energy of diffusion and Do the diffusivity. Although chain-form atomic clusters were often formed when more than one adatom was present on a plane, the clusters were not stable during diffusion. Silicon atom transport on the W{110} plane is thus achieved dominantly by migration of single silicon atoms. The desorption field as a function of radial distance from the W{ 110} plane center was measured, and the data were related to the field distribution on the plane at a given applied voltage. The binding energy of silicon adatoms on the W{l10} plane was estimated from the desorption field. Relative pair energies for the Si-Si interaction on the W{110} plane for several bond lengths were obtained from the relative frequencies of observing these bonds in the FIM. The maximum binding occurred at a separation √2a, with the bond aligned in the [110] direction, the maximum antibinding occurred at a distance a in the [001] direction, and a weak binding occurred at 2a along the [001] direction; a was the substratelattice constant. Using the pair energy data, the relative binding energy in an adlayer for various adlayer structures was calculated. The[2√2/-√3×/√3]R35.26° superstructure, which is conventionally expressed as p(2 × 1), had the lowest energy. Our subsequent thermal equilibration experiments with deposited silicon adatoms at about 300 K confirmed the existence of such a structure. Since further heatings at about 300 K changed only the adlayer shape and composites, but did not change the structure of the superlattice, the observed superstructure was the equilibrium adlayer structure at a low degree of coverage at about 300 K. Monte Carlo computer simulations using the measured pair energies predicted the same equilibrium superstructure. In addition, many growth defects of the two-dimensional lattice, such as antiphase domains and stacking faults, were observed. The computer simulations also showed these and other defects. On the W{112} plane, no cooperative walk of silicon adatoms similar to that of metal adatoms was found. However, the staggered and straight bond configurations were observed much more often than that expected from a random distribution. When two silicon adatoms were deposited onto the same surface channel, they were mobile although the ,√3a bond separation seemed to occur more often. In addition, interactions of plane edges with silicon adatoms and some other observations are discussed.
Ion Beam Deposition: Damage and Epitaxy
Authors: Armour D G
Published: March 2011

The bombardment of solid surfaces with ions in the energy range below about 150 eV, depending on the ion-substrate combination, results in a net growth of material on the surface. An ion beam facility capable of producing highly uniform, low energy beams of current densities in the range 10−2 to 1 Am−2 has been developed to study the potential of this growth technique for the fabrication of thin epitaxial films at low temperatures.

The energy deposition associated with ion bombardment, which is considered to be responsible for the low temperature epitaxy capability, can also cause atomic displacements on the surface and near-surface regions of the substrate during initial growth and in the growing film. A study of the growth processes thus requires investigation of the damaging effects of low energy ion bombardment. In the present paper, fundamental aspects of the implantation and deposition of materials using very low energy ions will be discussed.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Sputtering with Mmany-Body Interactions
Authors: Lo Davy Y. , Tombrello Tom A. , Shapiro Mark H. , Harrison Don E.
Published: March 2011

Many-body forces obtained by the Embedded-Atom Method (EAM) [41 are incorporated into the description of low energy collisions and surface ejection processes in molecular dynamics simulations of sputtering from metal targets. Bombardments of small, single crystal Cu targets (400–500 atoms) in three different orientations ({100}, {110}, {111}) by 5 keV Ar+ ions have been simulated. The results are compared to simulations using purely pair-wise additive interactions. Significant differences in the spectra of ejected atoms are found.