bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short‐term variability in QT interval and ventricular arrhythmias induced by dofetilide are dependent on high‐frequency autonomic oscillations
Authors: Champeroux P , Thireau J , Judé S , Laigot‐Barbé C , Maurin A , Sola M L , Fowler J S L , Richard S , Le Guennec J Y
Published: January 2015

Background and Purpose

The present study was undertaken to investigate an effect of dofetilide, a potent arrhythmic blocker of the voltage‐gated K+ channel, hERG, on cardiac autonomic control. Combined with effects on ardiomyocytes, these properties could influence its arrhythmic potency.

Experimental Approach

The short‐term variability of beat‐to‐beat QT interval (STVQT), induced by dofetilide is a strong surrogate of Torsades de pointes liability. Involvement of autonomic modulation in STVQT was investigated in healthy cynomolgus monkeys and beagle dogs by power spectral analysis under conditions of autonomic blockade with hexamethonium.

Key Results

Increase in STVQT induced by dofetilide in monkeys and dogs was closely associated with an enhancement of endogenous heart rate and QT interval high‐frequency (HF) oscillations. These effects were fully suppressed under conditions of autonomic blockade with hexamethonium. Ventricular arrhythmias, including Torsades de pointes in monkeys, were prevented in both species when HF oscillations were suppressed by autonomic blockade. Similar enhancements of heart rate HF oscillations were found in dogs with other hERG blockers described as causing Torsades de pointes in humans.

Conclusions and Implications

These results demonstrate for the first time that beat‐to‐beat ventricular repolarization variability and ventricular arrhythmias induced by dofetilide are dependent on endogenous HF autonomic oscillations in heart rate. When combined with evidence of hERG‐blocking properties, enhancement of endogenous HF oscillations in heart rate could constitute an earlier and more sensitive biomarker than STVQT for Torsades de pointes liability, applicable to preclinical regulatory studies conducted in healthy animals.
Involvement of neuronal TGF‐β activated kinase 1 in the development of tolerance to morphine‐induced antinociception in rat spinal cord
Authors: Xu Hao , Xu Tao , Ma Xiaqing , Jiang Wei
Published: January 2015

Background and Purpose

Tolerance induced by morphine and other opiates remains a major unresolved problem in the clinical management of pain. There is now good evidence for the importance of MAPKs in morphine‐induced antinociceptive tolerance. A member of the MAPK kinase kinase family, TGF‐β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is the common upstream kinase of MAPKs. Here, we have assessed the involvement of TAK1 in the development of tolerance to morphine‐induced analgesia.

Experimental Approach

The effects of an antagonist of TAK1 on morphine tolerance were investigated in vivo using the Randall–Selitto test, and the mechanism was investigated using Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The expression of TAK1 after chronic morphine exposure was also evaluated in vitro by immunohistochemistry.

Key Results

Chronic intrathecal morphine exposure up‐regulated protein levels and phosphorylation of spinal TAK1. TAK1 immunoreactivity was co‐localized with the neuronal marker NeuN. Intrathecal administration of 5Z‐7‐oxozeaenol (OZ), a selective TAK1 inhibitor, attenuated the loss of morphine analgesic potency and morphine‐induced TAK1 up‐regulation. Furthermore, OZ decreased the up‐regulated expression of spinal p38 and JNK after repeated morphine exposure. In vitro studies demonstrated that sustained morphine treatment induced TAK1 up‐regulation, which was reversed by co‐administration of OZ. A bolus injection of OZ showed some reversal of established morphine antinociceptive tolerance.

Conclusions and Implications

TAK1 played a pivotal role in the development of morphine‐induced antinociceptive tolerance. Modulation of TAK1 activation by the selective inhibitor OZ in the lumbar spinal cord may prove to be an attractive adjuvant therapy to attenuate such tolerance.
DHEA modulates the effect of cortisol on RACK1 expression via interference with the splicing of the glucocorticoid receptor
Authors: Pinto Antonella , Malacrida Beatrice , Oieni Jacopo , Serafini Melania Maria , Davin Annalisa , Galbiati Valentina , Corsini Emanuela , Racchi Marco
Published: January 2015

Background and Purpose

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is thought to be an anti‐glucocorticoid hormone known to be fully functional in young people but deficient in aged humans. Our previous data suggest that DHEA not only counteracts the effect of cortisol on RACK1 expression, a protein required both for the correct functioning of immune cells and for PKC‐dependent pathway activation, but also modulates the inhibitory effect of cortisol on LPS‐induced cytokine production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of DHEA on the splicing mechanism of the human glucocorticoid receptor (GR).

Experimental Approach

The THP1 monocytic cell line was used as a cellular model. Cytokine production was measured by specific elisa. Western blot and real‐time RT‐PCR were used, where appropriate, to determine the effect of DHEA on GRs, serine/arginine‐rich proteins (SRp), and RACK1 protein and mRNA. Small‐interfering RNA was used to down‐regulate GRβ.

Key Results

DHEA induced a dose‐related up‐regulation of GRβ and GRβ knockdown completely prevented DHEA‐induced RACK1 expression and modulation of cytokine release. Moreover, we showed that DHEA influenced the expression of some components of the SRps found within the spliceosome, the main regulators of the alternative splicing of the GR gene.

Conclusions and Implications

These data contribute to our understanding of the mechanism of action of DHEA and its effect on the immune system and as an anti‐glucocorticoid agent.
Reciprocity vs. Free‐Riding in Innovation Contest Communities
Authors: Kathan Wolfgang , Hutter Katja , Füller Johann , Hautz Julia
Published: January 2015

Innovation contest communities are virtual tools for corporations to integrate external knowledge and creativity into the innovation process. Built on both the principle of competition and the advantages of a collaborative community, innovation contest communities constitute special interaction phenomena. The present study explores how different co‐operation behaviours, namely reciprocal giving, initial altruistic giving and free‐riding, influence the quality of participants' ideas on an open virtual contest platform with more than 2,000 members and more than 4,000 submissions. Our findings show that reciprocity and free‐riding are substantial behavioural elements of innovation contest communities leading to different outcomes regarding quality of submitted ideas. With this study, we contribute to a better theoretical understanding of distinctive types of co‐operation and free‐riding among individuals in the context of open innovation, extending theories of the evolution of co‐operation.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Series of 2‐((1‐substituted‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methylthio)‐6‐(naphthalen‐1‐ylmethyl)pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐one As Potential HIV‐1 Inhibitors
Authors: Fang Zengjun , Kang Dongwei , Zhang Lingzi , Huang Boshi , Liu Huiqing , Pannecouque Christophe , De Clercq Erik , Zhan Peng , Liu Xinyong
Published: January 2015

A series of novel S‐DABO derivatives with the substituted 1,2,3‐triazole moiety on the C‐2 side chain were synthesized using the simple and efficient CuAAC reaction, and biologically evaluated as inhibitors of HIV‐1. Among them, the most active HIV‐1 inhibitor was compound 4‐((4‐((4‐(2,6‐dichlorobenzyl)‐5‐methyl‐6‐oxo‐1,6‐dihydropyrimidin‐2‐ylthio)methyl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)methyl)benzenesulfonamide (B5b7), which exhibited similar HIV‐1 inhibitory potency (EC50 = 3.22 μm) compared with 3TC (EC50 = 2.24 μm). None of these compounds demonstrated inhibition against HIV‐2 replication. The preliminary structure–activity relationship (SAR) of these new derivatives was discussed briefly.
Prenatal and neonatal risk factors associated with children's developmental status at ages 4–7: lessons from the Jiangsu China birth defects prevention cohort
Authors: Liu Y. , Li X.‐N. , Sun X.‐R. , Liu Q.‐L. , Zha S.‐W. , Chen Y.‐H. , Mao C.‐T. , Xu X.‐Y.
Published: January 2015

Background

There is limited information involving population data about the role of maternal health, fetal growth and neonatal health on children's developmental status at ages 4–7 years. Our aim was to determine the contribution of maternal, fetal and neonatal health to developmental status at ages 4–7 years.

Methods

In this 7‐year follow‐up prospective cohort study, a sample of 26 803 mothers participated in the beginning. Among their children, 19 187 voluntarily completed the development screening test or the social life ability survey, which were designed for two different age groups (<6 or ≥6 years old, respectively). Logistic regression analysis was used to link the data with the prenatal outcome card and interview questionnaire applied to pregnant women in previous study, to the analysis of various related factors such as demographic, socio‐economic, disease and menstrual history, marriage and pregnancy care.

Result

Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used separately in two age groups [4–6 (n = 8439) and 6–7 (n = 10 748) years old] to analyse relative factors. Maternal age of 25–30 years, maternal education of high school and greater, family income and not drinking during pregnancy were associated with higher scores in development.

Conclusion

Both preconception and pregnancy health education and health care are the important maternal factors closely associated with children's cognitive and social competence. Public health policies for preconception care and public welfare for high‐quality childcare are essential for improving children's life.
Developmental Trajectories of Acculturation: Links With Family Functioning and Mental Health in Recent‐Immigrant Hispanic Adolescents
Authors: Schwartz Seth J. , Unger Jennifer B. , Zamboanga Byron L. , Córdova David , Mason Craig A. , Huang Shi , Baezconde‐Garbanati Lourdes , Lorenzo‐Blanco Elma I. , Des Rosiers Sabrina E. , Soto Daniel W. , Villamar Juan A. , Pattarroyo Monica , Lizzi Karina M. , Szapocznik José
Published: January 2015

The present study was designed to examine acculturative changes, and their effects on mental health and family functioning, in recent‐immigrant Hispanic adolescents. A sample of 302 Hispanic adolescents was assessed five times over a 2½‐year period. Participants completed measures of Hispanic and U.S. practices, collectivist and individualist values, and ethnic and U.S. identity at each time point. Baseline and Time 5 levels of mental health and family functioning were also assessed. Latent class growth analyses produced two‐class solutions for practices, values, and identifications. Adolescents who increased over time in practices and values reported the most adaptive mental health and family functioning. Adolescents who did not change in any acculturation domain reported the least favorable mental health and family functioning.
Teacher–Child Interactions in Chile and Their Associations With Prekindergarten Outcomes
Authors: Leyva Diana , Weiland Christina , Barata M. , Yoshikawa Hirokazu , Snow Catherine , Treviño Ernesto , Rolla Andrea
Published: January 2015

Quality of teacher–child interactions is central to prekindergarten children's learning. In the United States, the quality of teacher–child interactions is commonly assessed using the teaching through interactions conceptual framework and an associ/ated observational tool, the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS). This study examined: (a) whether there was evidence supporting three distinctive domains of teacher–child interactions in Chile (construct validity) and (b) whether these domains predicted end‐of‐prekindergarten language, academic, and executive function skills in Chile (predictive validity). The sample consisted of 91 Chilean prekindergarten classrooms (1,868 four‐year‐old children). The findings support both construct and predictive validity of the teaching through interactions conceptual framework as assessed by the CLASS in Chile. Implications for cross‐country comparison of quality of teacher–child interactions in prekindergarten classrooms are discussed.
Management of allergy to penicillins and other beta‐lactams
Authors: Mirakian R. , Leech S. C. , Krishna M. T. , Richter A. G. , Huber P. A. J. , Farooque S. , Khan N. , Pirmohamed M. , Clark A. T. , Nasser S. M.
Published: January 2015

The Standards of Care Committee of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (BSACI) and an expert panel have prepared this guidance for the management of immediate and non‐immediate allergic reactions to penicillins and other beta‐lactams. The guideline is intended forUKspecialists in both adult and paediatric allergy and for other clinicians practising allergy in secondary and tertiary care. The recommendations are evidence based, but where evidence is lacking, the panel reached consensus. During the development of the guideline, allBSACImembers were consulted using a Web‐based process and all comments carefully considered. Included in the guideline are epidemiology of allergic reactions to beta‐lactams, molecular structure, formulations available in theUKand a description of known beta‐lactam antigenic determinants. Sections on the value and limitations of clinical history, skin testing and laboratory investigations for both penicillins and cephalosporins are included. Cross‐reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins is discussed in detail. Recommendations on oral provocation and desensitization procedures have been made. Guidance for beta‐lactam allergy in children is given in a separate section. An algorithm to help the clinician in the diagnosis of patients with a history of penicillin allergy has also been included.
Respiratory syncytial virus induces indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase activity: a potential novel role in the development of allergic disease
Authors: Ajamian F. , Wu Y. , Ebeling C. , Ilarraza R. , Odemuyiwa S. O. , Moqbel R. , Adamko D. J.
Published: January 2015

Background

Infants that develop severe bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are at increased risk of developing asthma later in life. We investigated a potential immunological mechanism for the association between RSV and the development of allergic inflammation. The enzyme indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) has been reported to induce selective apoptosis of T helper 1 (Th1) cells and contributed to Th2‐biased immune responses.

Objective

To determine whether RSV infection in vitro could induce IDO expression and bioactivity in human dendritic cells, leading to a Th2‐biased immune response.

Methods

Human peripheral blood monocytes from healthy adult donors were isolated, differentiated to dendritic cells (moDC), in vitro. We studied RSV infection and mechanisms of IDO activation in moDC with subsequent effect on T‐bet expression.

Results

We found that moDC were infected by RSV and that this induced IDO activation. RSV‐induced IDO activity was inhibited by palivizumab, UV inactivation, TL4R inhibition, and ribavirin. However, blocking endosomal TLR function with chloroquine did not inhibit IDO activity. Selective inhibitors suggested that RSV‐induced IDO activity was dependent on the retinoic acid‐inducible gene‐I (RIG‐I) related pathway via NF‐κB and p38 MAPK. Coculture of RSV‐infected moDC with activated T cells, in a transwell system, suppressed expression of T‐bet (a Th1‐associated factor) but not GATA3 (a Th2 regulator). Inhibition of IDO activity with the competitive inhibitor, 1‐methyl tryptophan, blocked the effect on T‐bet expression.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

Our data show for the first time that RSV can induce the expression and bioactivity of IDO in human moDC, in a virus replication‐dependant fashion. We suggest that RSV activation of IDO could be a potential mechanism for the development of allergic diseases.
Vertical Bone Augmentation with an Autogenous Block or Particles in Combination with Guided Bone Regeneration: A Clinical and Histological Preliminary Study in Humans
Authors: Rocchietta Isabella , Simion Massimo , Hoffmann Maria , Trisciuoglio Davide , Benigni Marco , Dahlin Christer
Published: January 2015

Background

Vertical ridge augmentation with the use of solid bone blocks or particulate bone autograft, exposed or covered by a nonresorbable expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membrane, are well known in the literature and have been shown to be effective in treating bone atrophy.

Purpose

The aim of our study was to assess the two techniques in respect to biological properties of transplanted bone in graft revascularization and bone remodeling in conjunction with dental implants.

Materials and Methods

Ten patients were treated within the study, with a total of 12 sites with posterior mandibular edentulous ridges with insufficient bone to allow implant placement. Bone regeneration was performed using autogenous intraoral block graft or autogenous particulate graft with an ePTFE barrier membrane. At 6–10 months, reentry surgery was performed; bone biopsies, including microscrews, were harvested; and implants were placed.

Results

Eleven sites out of 12 healed uneventfully. A mean height gain of 5.03 mm was achieved. Mean bone‐to‐implant contact and bone fill were assessed by means of histomorphometric analysis. The block specimens revealed a bone‐to‐implant contact of 42.34%, and the particulate grafts had a bone‐to‐implant contact of 26.62% (p < .012). Bone fill values reported were 68.32% and 48.28% (p < .019) for block specimens versus particulate grafts.

Conclusions

The results clearly showed that both techniques were clinically successful for subsequent implant placement and prosthetic rehabilitation. The histological outcomes, including revascularization and bone remodeling, of the two techniques differed significantly. The block grafts outperformed the particulate grafts in terms of bone‐to‐implant contact and bone fill values; however, the morbidity associated with the donor site of the block must be considered.
In Vitro Investigation of the Effect of Oral Bacteria in the Surface Oxidation of Dental Implants
Authors: Sridhar Sathyanarayanan , Wilson Thomas G. , Palmer Kelli L. , Valderrama Pilar , Mathew Mathew T. , Prasad Shalini , Jacobs Michael , Gindri Izabelle M. , Rodrigues Danieli C.
Published: January 2015

Background

Bacteria are major contributors to the rising number of dental implant failures. Inflammation secondary to bacterial colonization and bacterial biofilm is a major etiological factor associated with early and late implant failure (peri‐implantitis). Even though there is a strong association between bacteria and bacterial biofilm and failure of dental implants, their effect on the surface of implants is yet not clear.

Purpose

To develop and establish an in vitro testing methodology to investigate the effect of early planktonic bacterial colonization on the surface of dental implants for a period of 60 days.

Materials and Methods

Commercial dental implants were immersed in bacterial (Streptococcus mutans in brain‐heart infusion broth) and control (broth only) media. Immersion testing was performed for a period of 60 days. During testing, optical density and pH of immersion media were monitored. The implant surface was surveyed with different microscopy techniques post‐immersion. Metal ion release in solution was detected with an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy sensor platform called metal ion electrochemical biosensor (MIEB).

Results

Bacteria grew in the implant‐containing medium and provided a sustained acidic environment. Implants immersed in bacterial culture displayed various corrosion features, including surface discoloration, deformation of rough and smooth interfaces, pitting attack, and severe surface rusting. The surface features were confirmed by microscopic techniques, and metal particle generation was detected by the MIEB.

Conclusion

Implant surface oxidation occurred in bacteria‐containing medium even at early stages of immersion (2 days). The incremental corrosion resulted in dissolution of metal ions and debris into the testing solution. Dissolution of metal ions and particles in the oral environment can trigger or contribute to the development of peri‐implantitis at later stages.
Peri‐implant evaluation of immediately loaded implants placed in esthetic zone in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2: a two‐year study
Authors: Aguilar‐Salvatierra Antonio , Calvo‐Guirado José Luis , González‐Jaranay Maximino , Moreu Gerardo , Delgado‐Ruiz Rafael Arcesio , Gómez‐Moreno Gerardo
Published: January 2015

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate implant survival and primary stability parameters in patients with diabetes with different levels of glycosylated hemoglobin Alc (HbA1c) treated with immediate placement and provisionalization of implant‐supported, single‐tooth replacements over 2 years.

Materials and methods

Eighty‐five patients were divided into three groups according to their HbA1c levels: 33 patients in Group 1 (<6, control group); 30 patients in Group 2 (6.1–8); and 22 patients in Group 3 (8.1–10). Each patient received one‐one‐piece implant in the anterior zone of the upper maxillary. The implant survival rate was analyzed for each group, together with three variables to evaluate the general state of peri‐implant health: probe depth, bleeding on probing, marginal bone loss.

Results

Marginal bone loss increased in relation with higher HbA1c levels. For marginal bone loss in Group 1, mean resorption values ranged from 0.51 after 6 months to 0.72 after 2 years in comparison with respective values of 1.33 and 1.92 in Group 3. This pattern was repeated for bleeding on probing, both parameters showing significant differences between groups. For bleeding on probing, mean bleeding levels varied from 0.36 in Group I at 6 months after implant placement, to 0.59 in Group 3 (P = 0.041 between the three groups). Peri‐implant pocket depth showed the same tendency to increase in relation to HbA1C but differences between groups did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions

Patients with diabetes can receive implant‐based treatments with immediate loading safely, providing they present moderate HbA1c values.
Clinical and microbiological findings in patients with peri‐implantitis: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Canullo Luigi , Peñarrocha‐Oltra David , Covani Ugo , Botticelli Daniele , Serino Giovanni , Penarrocha Miguel
Published: January 2015

Objective

The aim of this study was to analyze clinical and microbiological characters in subjects and implants affected and not affected by peri‐implantitis. Additionally, same features were analyzed also intra‐individually, comparing healthy and diseased implants within the same subject.

Materials and methods

A total of 534 patients who received at least 1 implant and coming to routine check‐up or spontaneous visits at the University of Valencia were recruited. Clinical parameters including Bleeding on probing (BoP), Probing pocket depth (PPD), and Pi were screened. Samples for microbiological analysis were obtained from three locations: peri‐implant sulci (PIS), inner parts of the implant connections (I), and gingival sulci of neighboring teeth (GS). Quantitative real‐time PCR was performed for total counts of 10 microorganisms.

Results

A total of 534 patients with 1507 dental implants were analyzed. The prevalence of peri‐implantitis was found 10.3% for patients and 7.3% for implants. Higher percentage of healthy periodontal subjects were found in the non‐peri‐implantitis group. The analysis within the 53 patients affected by peri‐implantitis revealed that the implants affected by peri‐implantitis presented a higher percentage of plaque, BoP, and number of implants presenting <2 mm attached gingiva. Additionally, more cemented crowns and implants inserted in bone‐augmented sites were found among the diseased implants. The microbiologic analysis presented no relevant differences between the analysis at the peri‐implant sulcus (PIS) and the connections inside the abutments surfaces (PI). The microbial composition at the neighboring teeth (GS) resembled the composition found at the PIS with a high frequency of Pg, Tf, Pi, PM, and Ec.

Conclusions

The results of this study seem to indicate that inadequate oral hygiene and the presence of bleeding from the gingiva/mucosa in patients with dental implant were associated with an higher prevalence of peri‐implantitis; moreover, in the patients affected by peri‐implantitis, the lack of sufficient height keratinized mucosa (<2 mm) and bone regenerative procedures at implant level were also associated to higher prevalence of peri‐implantitis as well.
A qualitative analysis on participants’ perspectives on oral implants
Authors: Atieh Momen A. , Morgaine Kate C. , Duncan Warwick J.
Published: January 2015

Background

Quantitative research methods provide clinicians with information about the effectiveness of interventions and determined causal‐effect relationships, whereas qualitative research investigates other aspects of clinical implant practice, particularly the participants’ perspectives and expectations. The aim of the qualitative study was to understand the experience of participants with immediate single molar implants.

Methods

In‐depth, audiorecorded, semistructured interviews were conducted with 15 participants who had participated in a controlled clinical trial of immediate molar implants. Participants were aged 36–77 years. Nine participants received single implants in mandibular molar fresh extraction sockets while the remaining participants had their implants in healed sites. The interviews that assessed participants’ perspectives of the pre‐operative, operative, and postoperative phases of therapy were transcribed verbatim and analysed using inductive and content analysis.

Results

Participants took part in the clinical trial mainly because it offered oral implant therapy at a reduced cost. The affordability of implant treatment was the main factor in determining restorative options. Minimal differences were found between male and female participants of different age groups in terms of their perceptions of function and aesthetics. However, single molar implants did not have an impact on aesthetics and self‐esteem. Participants’ expectations regarding the longevity of oral implants were not realistic and their knowledge about future maintenance needs was not adequate.

Conclusions

Using face‐to‐face verbal conversation more frequently may improve communication between clinicians and participants and minimize misunderstanding about the procedures of different treatment modalities. Special emphasis should be placed on understanding the importance of maintenance by spending more time with the participants to identify any future barriers to maintaining good outcomes of oral implants.
The role of acrylic acid impurity as a sensitizing component in electrocardiogram electrodes
Authors: Stingeni Luca , Cerulli Emilia , Spalletti Anna , Mazzoli Alessandra , Rigano Luigi , Bianchi Leonardo , Hansel Katharina
Published: January 2015

Background

Allergic contact dermatitis caused by (meth)acrylates is well known, both in occupational and in non‐occupational settings. Contact hypersensitivity to electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes containing (meth)acrylates is rarely reported.

Objective

To report the first case of contact dermatitis caused by acrylic acid impurity in ECG electrodes.

Materials and methods

Patch tests were performed with separate components of electrodes and some (meth)acrylates. This was followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography of electrode hydrogel.

Results

The patient was contact‐allergic to electrode hydrogel but not to its separate constituents. Positive reactions were observed to 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2‐HEMA), 2‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate (2‐HPMA) and ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). Subsequent analysis showed that the electrode hydrogel contained acrylic acid as an impurity. The latter was subsequently patch tested, with a positive result.

Conclusion

The sensitization resulting from direct contact with ECG electrodes was caused by acrylic acid, present as an impurity in ECG electrodes. Positive reactions to 2‐HEMA, 2‐HPMA and EGDMA are considered to be cross‐reactions.
Association between urinary angiotensinogen excretion rates and left ventricular mass index and carotid intima–media thickness in hypertensive kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Tiryaki Ozlem , Usalan Celalettin
Published: January 2015

Objectives

The renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) is thought to regulate blood pressure and to be an independent risk factor for the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT). Locally produced RAS in most tissues has been recently described. It has been reported that urinary angiotensinogen levels provide a specific index of the intrarenal RAS status and is significantly correlated with blood pressure and proteinuria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of local intrarenal RAS with LVH and CIMT in hypertensive renal transplant recipients (RTRs).

Results

A total of 96 non‐diabetic RTRs (50 hypertensive patients, 46 normotensive patients) were included in this study. Urinary angiotensinogen (UAGT)/urinary creatinine (Ucre) was significantly higher in hypertensive patients compared with normotensive patients (p < 0.01). Left ventricular mass (LVM)I and CIMT were significantly higher in hypertensive patients compared with the normotensive patients (p < 0.01). Importantly, a significant positive correlation was found between UAGT/Ucre levels and LVMI (r = 0.724, p = 0.012) and also CIMT (r = 0.452, p = 0.02) in hypertensive RTRs.

Conclusions

These data indicate that UAGT is increased in hypertensive RTRs, and local RAS may play an important role in the development of cardiovascular abnormalities in hypertensive renal transplant recipients.
Inland capture fisheries: status and data issues
Authors: Bartley D. M. , De Graaf G.J. , Valbo‐Jørgensen J. , Marmulla G.
Published: January 2015

Lakes, reservoirs and wetlands cover a total area of about 7.8 million km2 and provide a rich environment for inland capture fisheries. Production from the world's inland capture fisheries has grown steadily to over 11.6 million tonnes in 2012, with almost 95% of the catches from developing countries. The sector is composed primarily of small‐scale fishers and provides employment to approximately 61 million people, of which 50% are women. Inland capture fisheries yield is only 6.3% of the global reported fish production (capture fisheries and aquaculture). However, it is proposed that this is an underestimate and actual yield may be several times greater. The apparent low proportion of fish provided by inland capture fisheries globally does not reflect adequately the importance of inland capture fisheries in today's society. A lack of accurate information renders analysis of existing data sets difficult and makes decision‐making problematic. Is the sector in serious trouble because of the multiple uses of and threats to inland water ecosystems? Is the sector stable and increased production due only to better reporting? Or, is the sector growing?
Estimated numbers of patients with liver disease related to hepatitis B or C virus infection based on the database reconstructed from medical claims from 2008 to 2010 in Japan
Authors: Ohisa Masayuki , Kimura Yuki , Matsuo Junko , Akita Tomoyuki , Sato Tomoki , Matsuoka Toshihiko , Sakamune Kazuaki , Katayama Keiko , Huy Do Son , Miyakawa Yuzo , Tanaka Junko
Published: January 2015

Aim

To estimate the number of patients with liver‐related diseases classified by hepatitis viruses (HBV, HCV) based on the information from re‐coded medical claims including several diagnosed diseases.

Methods

We analyzed reimbursement data provided by health insurance societies for 2.1 million individuals during 2008–2010. Database information of employees and their families aged under 65 years employees with hepatitis‐related disease was extracted, the 1‐year period prevalence was calculated, and then number of patients with liver disease related to HBV and HCV by sex and age groups, respectively, was estimated.

Results

The estimated number of patients were almost equivalent during 2008–2010. As for HBV and HCV, the estimated numbers of patients with chronic hepatitis (CH) in a year ranged 192 641–226 601 and 282 438–306 877, respectively.

Conclusion

In the 2008 Patient Survey in Japan, the number of patients was estimated by the main disease in one patient, even though the patient was diagnosed with several diseases. Based on the database with hepatitis‐related diseases after evaluating several diagnosed diseases from medical claims, the estimation method and protocol may minimize the disadvantage of medical claim analysis, and is useful for patients, especially asymptomatic carriers and those with CH which had been underestimated in the 2008 Patient Survey.
Applications for CO2‐Activated Carbon Monoliths: II. EDLC Electrodes
Authors: Kunowsky Mirko , Linares‐Solano Ángel , Garcia‐Gomez Alejandra , Barranco Violeta , Rojo José María , Carruthers James Donald
Published: January 2015

The use of high‐density carbon monoliths (CM) for preparing supercapacitor electrodes is analyzed. The starting CMs, produced by ATMI Co, were treated as follows: (1) under a N2 flow at 1073 K to modify the carbon surface chemistry and (2) activated with CO2 at the same temperature, using different activation times, to increase their porosity. Electrochemical measurements were performed on disks of 1–2 mm thickness which are suitable for direct use in practical devices. Two‐ and three‐electrode cells were used with 2 M H2SO4 solution as electrolyte. The contents of surface oxygen groups were measured by temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The porosity of the starting monolith is increased by physical activation with CO2, the BET surface area increasing from 957 to 1684 m2/g. Upon heat treatments, both, the high density (1.2 g/cm3), as well as the high amount of surface oxygen groups (2411 μmol CO/g) of the starting monolith are reduced; however, the densities of the treated monoliths remain higher than values reported for other porous carbon monoliths. The performance of the CMs as supercapacitor electrodes show as follows: (1) high specific and exceptionally high volumetric capacitances (up to 292 F/g and 342 F/cm3, respectively) due to their appropriate structure, porosity, and density, (2) a long and stable cyclability, (3) a decrease of power density with disk thickness, and (4) a decrease of pseudocapacitance with activation time.
Dispersion analysis of spreadable processed cheese with low content of emulsifying salts by photocentrifugation
Authors: Hoffmann Wolfgang , Schrader Katrin
Published: January 2015

Photocentrifugation at 1200 g and 60 °C was used to monitor emulsion stability of spreadable processed cheese (PC) with a low content (0.7 and 1.0 g 100 g−1) of typical emulsifying salts (ES) after different manufacturing conditions. This method of dispersion analysis has been used more frequently for nonfood materials rather than for foodstuffs. The PC contained 36.5 g 100 g−1 dry matter, 40 g 100 g−1 fat in dry matter and was manufactured in a laboratory cooker at 82 or 92 °C and 1000–3000 rpm cutter speed for 5–19 min. Insufficient fat emulsification and a heterogeneous casein matrix of a PC with 0.7% was well illustrated by photocentrifugation. At 1 g 100 g−1 ES and 3000 rpm cutter speed, the effect of manufacturing time on the behaviour of the colloidal dispersion was demonstrated by the different evolutions of the corresponding transmission profiles. Sedimentation velocities were measured at a level of 20% transmission. These results showed that dispersion analysis of spreadable PC by photocentrifugation at 60 °C is a sensitive method and applicable as a new approach for characterisation of emulsion stability resulting from physicochemical changes during manufacture.
Drying characteristics and thermal degradation kinetics of hardness, anthocyanin content and colour in purple‐ and red‐fleshed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) during hot air drying
Authors: Moon Ji Hoon , Pan Cheol‐ho , Yoon Won Byong
Published: January 2015

Purple‐fleshed potatoes (PFP) and red‐fleshed potatoes (RFP) were dried using hot air. The hardness, anthocyanin content and colour in PFP and RFP during drying were evaluated at 60, 70 and 80 °C. The hardness was characterised by a softening stage in the early drying period, followed by a hardening stage. The times to reach at the transition were 420, 300 and 240 min at 60, 70 and 80 °C, respectively, for PFP, and 480, 360 and 240 min for RFP. However, the moisture content of both PFP and RFP at the transition time was identical at 0.3 (d.b.). The two stages of hardness changes were well described by combining two modified first‐order kinetics models. The activation energy (Ea) for the degradation of anthocyanin in PFP and RFP was 25.12 and 28.43 kJ mol−1, respectively. The Ea values demonstrated that the thermal sensitivity of PFP was higher than that of RFP.
A Comparative Review of Current Practices in Personality Assessment Norming
Authors: Gaddis Blaine H. , Foster Jeff L. , Lemming Matthew R.
Published: January 2015

Because consequential personnel decisions are often made by comparing an individual against a norm group, having accurate and representative norms is as important as having sound selection procedures. Existing standards provide specific guidance on selection procedures, but are less clear on norms. To fill this gap and define best practices, we (a) review existing literature and guidelines; (b) review current applied practices using 30 personality assessments offered in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada; and (c) provide recommendations for strengthening existing guidelines and helping publishers develop, present, and apply norms for personality assessments.
How Do Employees Construe Their Career Success: An improved measure of subjective career success
Authors: Pan Jingzhou , Zhou Wenxia
Published: January 2015

Subjective career success has long been of interest to scholars because of its importance in the career area. However, the subjective career success literature suffers from the lack of measurement. To fill this void, after reviewing the limitations of the existing instruments, the current study developed a three‐dimensional scale of subjective career success based on the framework of Zhou et al. Three independent studies were conducted using three separate samples (N = 244; N = 411; N = 254) in China to examine the reliability and validity of the developmental scale. The results provided evidence of internal homogeneity, structural validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity of the developed scale. To conclude the study, the limitations of the article and implications for future study were discussed.
A Comparison of the Psychometric Properties of the Forced Choice and Likert Scale Versions of a Personality Instrument
Authors: Joubert Tina , Inceoglu Ilke , Bartram Dave , Dowdeswell Kim , Lin Yin
Published: January 2015

The present research investigated if an item response theory (IRT)‐scored forced‐choice personality questionnaire has the same normative data structures as a similar version that uses a 5‐point Likert scale instead. The study was conducted using a sample of 349 training delegates who completed both an IRT‐scored forced‐choice and a normative single‐stimulus version of the questionnaire. Results largely supported the scaling properties, measurement precision, and equivalence of the data structures of the two scoring methods.
Dispersal strength determines meta‐community structure in a dendritic riverine network
Authors: Cañedo‐Argüelles Miguel , Boersma Kate S. , Bogan Michael T. , Olden Julian D. , Phillipsen Ivan , Schriever Tiffany A. , Lytle David A.
Published: January 2015

Aim

Meta‐community structure is a function of both local (site‐specific) and regional (landscape‐level) ecological factors, and the relative importance of each may be mediated by the dispersal ability of organisms. Here, we used aquatic invertebrate communities to investigate the relationship between local and regional factors in explaining distance decay relationships (DDRs) in fragmented dendritic stream networks.

Location

Dryland streams distributed within a 400‐km2 section of the San Pedro River basin, south‐eastern Arizona, USA.

Methods

We combined fine‐scale local information (flow and habitat characteristics) with regional‐scale information to explain DDR patterns in community composition of aquatic invertebrate species with a wide range of dispersal abilities. We used a novel application of a landscape resistance modelling approach (originally developed for landscape genetic studies) that simultaneously assessed the importance of local and regional ecological factors as well as dispersal ability of organisms.

Results

We found evidence that both local and regional factors influenced aquatic invertebrate DDRs in dryland stream networks, and the importance of each factor depended on the dispersal capacities of the organisms. Local and weak dispersers were more affected by site‐specific factors, intermediate dispersers by landscape‐level factors, and strong dispersers showed no discernable pattern. This resulted in a strongly hump‐shaped relationship between dispersal ability and landscape‐level factors, where only moderate dispersers showed evidence of DDRs. Unlike most other studies of dendritic networks, our results suggest that overland pathways, using perennial refugia as stepping‐stones, might be the main dispersal route in fragmented stream networks.

Main conclusions

We suggest that using a combination of landscape and local distance measures can help to unravel meta‐community patterns in dendritic systems. Our findings have important conservation implications, such as the need to manage river systems for organisms that span a wide variety of dispersal abilities and local ecological requirements. Our results also highlight the need to preserve perennial refugia in fragmented networks, as they may ensure the viability of aquatic meta‐communities by facilitating dispersal.
Effect of professional mechanical plaque removal on secondary prevention of periodontitis and the complications of gingival and periodontal preventive measures
Authors: Sanz Mariano , Bäumer Amelie , Buduneli Nurcan , Dommisch Henrik , Farina Roberto , Kononen Eija , Linden Gerard , Meyle Joerg , Preshaw Philip M. , Quirynen Marc , Roldan Silvia , Sanchez Nerea , Sculean Anton , Slot Dagmar Else , Trombelli Leonardo , West Nicola , Winkel Edwin
Published: January 2015

Background and Aims

The scope of this working group was to review: (1) the effect of professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR) on secondary prevention of periodontitis; (2) the occurrence of gingival recessions and non‐carious cervical lesions (NCCL) secondary to traumatic tooth brushing; (3) the management of hypersensitivity, through professionally and self administered agents and (4) the management of oral malodour, through mechanical and/or chemical agents.

Results and Conclusions

Patients undergoing supportive periodontal therapy including PMPR showed mean tooth loss rates of 0.15 ± 0.14 teeth/year for 5‐year follow‐up and 0.09 ± 0.08 teeth/year (corresponding to a mean number of teeth lost ranging between 1.1 and 1.3) for 12–14 year follow‐up. There is no direct evidence to confirm tooth brushing as the sole factor causing gingival recession or NCCLs. Similarly, there is no conclusive evidence from intervention studies regarding the impact of manual versus powered toothbrushes on development of gingival recession or NCCLs, or on the treatment of gingival recessions. Local and patient‐related factors can be highly relevant in the development and progression of these lesions. Two modes of action are used in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity: dentine tubule occlusion and/or modification or blocking of pulpal nerve response. Dentifrices containing arginine, calcium sodium phosphosilicate, stannous fluoride and strontium have shown an effect on pain reduction. Similarly, professionally applied prophylaxis pastes containing arginine and calcium sodium phosphosilicate have shown efficacy. There is currently evidence from short‐term studies that tongue cleaning has an effect in reducing intra‐oral halitosis caused by tongue coating. Similarly, mouthrinses and dentifrices with active ingredients based on Chlorhexidine, Cetylpyridinium chloride and Zinc combinations have a significant beneficial effect.
Primary prevention of peri‐implantitis: Managing peri‐implant mucositis
Authors: Jepsen Søren , Berglundh Tord , Genco Robert , Aass Anne Merete , Demirel Korkud , Derks Jan , Figuero Elena , Giovannoli Jean Louis , Goldstein Moshe , Lambert France , Ortiz‐Vigon Alberto , Polyzois Ioannis , Salvi Giovanni E. , Schwarz Frank , Serino Giovanni , Tomasi Cristiano , Zitzmann Nicola U.
Published: January 2015

Aims

Over the past decades, the placement of dental implants has become a routine procedure in the oral rehabilitation of fully and partially edentulous patients. However, the number of patients/implants affected by peri‐implant diseases is increasing. As there are – in contrast to periodontitis – at present no established and predictable concepts for the treatment of peri‐implantitis, primary prevention is of key importance. The management of peri‐implant mucositis is considered as a preventive measure for the onset of peri‐implantitis. Therefore, the remit of this working group was to assess the prevalence of peri‐implant diseases, as well as risks for peri‐implant mucositis and to evaluate measures for the management of peri‐implant mucositis.

Methods

Discussions were informed by four systematic reviews on the current epidemiology of peri‐implant diseases, on potential risks contributing to the development of peri‐implant mucositis, and on the effect of patient and of professionally administered measures to manage peri‐implant mucositis. This consensus report is based on the outcomes of these systematic reviews and on the expert opinion of the participants.

Results

Key findings included: (i) meta‐analysis estimated a weighted mean prevalence for peri‐implant mucositis of 43% (CI: 32–54%) and for peri‐implantitis of 22% (CI: 14–30%); (ii) bleeding on probing is considered as key clinical measure to distinguish between peri‐implant health and disease; (iii) lack of regular supportive therapy in patients with peri‐implant mucositis was associated with increased risk for onset of peri‐implantitis; (iv) whereas plaque accumulation has been established as aetiological factor, smoking was identified as modifiable patient‐related and excess cement as local risk indicator for the development of peri‐implant mucositis; (v) patient‐administered mechanical plaque control (with manual or powered toothbrushes) has been shown to be an effective preventive measure; (vi) professional intervention comprising oral hygiene instructions and mechanical debridement revealed a reduction in clinical signs of inflammation; (vii) adjunctive measures (antiseptics, local and systemic antibiotics, air‐abrasive devices) were not found to improve the efficacy of professionally administered plaque removal in reducing clinical signs of inflammation.

Conclusions

Consensus was reached on recommendations for patients with dental implants and oral health care professionals with regard to the efficacy of measures to manage peri‐implant mucositis. It was particularly emphasized that implant placement and prosthetic reconstructions need to allow proper personal cleaning, diagnosis by probing and professional plaque removal.