bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Capsule Social and Material History of Fort St. Joseph and Its Inhabitants (1691-1763)
Authors: Brandao Jose Antonio , Nassaney Michael S
Published: January 2007

Le Fort Saint-Joseph fut l'un des postes français les plus importants de la région des Grands Lacs. Situé sur la rivière Saint-Joseph près de la ville actuelle de Niles, Michigan, sa localisation exacte restait incertaine jusqu'à récemment. Cet article a deux buts : annoncer que le fort a été redécouvert ; et décrire l'état de nos recherches sur la société et la culture matérielle du lieu au XVIIIe siècle.
L' Â«Empire palimpsesteÂ»: L'exemple des annees trente dans le Limousin
Authors: Grondin Reine-Claude
Published: January 2007

This study of the colonial idea in Limousin was inspired by the pioneering work of Raoul Girardet in 1972. Yet as the product of another time, influenced by micro-history and cultural history as well, it focuses on the circulation and appropriation of the colonial idea in a particular French province. Close attention to local conditions of reception, material and ideological, together with a chronological focus on the 1930s, makes it possible to see the sometimes conflicting nature of imperial and regional goals; this contradiction tended to be obscured in earlier French colonial historiography, which presented only the viewpoint from Paris.
The Formative Influence of French Colonialism on the Life and Thought of Malek Bennabi (Malik bn Nabi)
Authors: Naylor Phillip Chiviges
Published: January 2007

Malek Bennabi (1905–73) fut un intellectuel algérien de premier rang. Cet article étudie l'effet du colonialisme sur sa vie et ses idées. L'étude considère ses livres et offre une comparaison entre Bennabi et Frantz Fanon. Bennabi montre qu'il n'était pas « colonisable » à cause de sa formation et sa conscience historique.
Une institution republicaine? L'ecole indigene en Nouvelle-Caledonie (1885-1945)
Authors: Pineau-Salaun Marie
Published: January 2007

New Caledonia stood out as a unique colony in the French Empire because of its highly exceptional policy of confining the colonial population in the second half of the nineteenth century. This article explores the origins of the school, the institution that was the most visible and best-developed site of colonial practice. The objectives of schooling in New Caledonia were never clear under the Third Republic: the Kanaks were perceived as an obstacle to colonization, and their population was in precipitous decline. In New Caledonia, as elsewhere in the empire, education for the "inferior people" was seen as necessary and evolved through a dialectic between philanthropy and the strategic, political, and economic interests of the Mère-Patrie. New Caledonia's schools were emblematic of this mix between altruism and utilitarianism, bearing in mind, of course, that for the colonizers, it was not evident that utility should serve the interest of the Kanaks. The difficulties confronted by France, notably those concerning the formation of an indigenous elite, offer insight into the limitations of the colonial project in its entirety.
Bilingual Wordplay: Variations on a Theme by Hemingway and Steinbeck
Authors: Gladstein Mimi Reisel
Published: January 2007

Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck were among the few early 20th century American writers to incorporate the Spanish language into their work, making vanguard experiments in bilingual fiction. More often than not, this was to show their affinity for the working-class Spanish or Mexican people they were depicting. In this living within, between, and sometimes outside of two cultures, Hemingway and Steinbeck are not unlike early Chicano writers, with whom they share, in a limited way, a kind of bilingualism. Their way with language has special appeal to a new generation of bilingual American readers that lives on the border between the United States and Mexico and speaks that mix-and-match argot called everything from Spanglish to Tex/Mex to calo.
The Contemporary Significance of What Has Been. Three Approaches to Remembering the Past: Lineage, Gada, and Oral Tradition
Authors: Amborn Hermann
Published: January 2007

For current discourse in the southwest Ethiopian hill farming populations of the Burji, Konso, and D'iraaša, the present time constitutes a spatiotemporal system of coordinates in which modern attitudes to the past and tradition intersect or are knotted with group “memories.”

What do we mean by memory? Who remembers? And how? The word “memory” is used here to refer to the common memory of a local group of people, in other words the cultural processing of memory.

In the course of time such memories have manifested themselves in different ways. This paper examines why certain events are remembered and how their transmission is expressed. Linked to this is the question of the meaning (Sinngehalt) of memory. The question of the relationship between memory and so-called real historical events is thus only secondary. Three types of possible approach are discussed in this paper: mythical time, referring to mytho-historical traditions of origin; cyclical time, as seen in the Gada system (generation grading system); and linear time, as shown in the genealogical lines of specific lineages.

In their traditions, all three population groups refer to a common original settlement area in Liban, to the east of the areas they occupy today. References to Liban, with varying geographical locations, are also found in the oral traditions of many Oromo-speaking groups. Oromo nationalists claim Liban as the common original home of all Oromo. In this paper, however, Oromo-speaking groups are not discussed, since we are mainly concerned with the Burji, Konso, and D'iraaša, for whom, according to their Liban traditions, the exodus was the moment of their separation from the Oromo-speaking Borana, who lived in Liban together with them up to that point.
The Wings of the Dove : Tracing the Phantom of the Palace
Authors: Cagidemetrio Alide
Published: January 2007

Focusing on the name of Milly Theale's Venetian Palace—Leporelli—the article traces the presence of Mozart's Don Giovanni in The Wings of the Dove, and in other works by Henry James, from Watch and Ward and The American to "The Aspern Papers" and "The Third Person." The Don Giovanni motif is connected to James's representation of rococo Venice, Casanova, Palazzo Barbaro and its paintings, and to his relationship with Constance Fenimore Woolson and Constance Fletcher.
O O O O that Ja-hame-sian Rag / It's so elegant / So intelligent: Tracing Appropriations of the Master's Aura in Modernist Critical Discourse
Authors: Anesko Michael
Published: January 2007

Credit for the twentieth-century recuperation of Henry James's canonical standing largely goes to the Modernist generation that succeeded him. Far from demonstrating symptoms of the anxiety of influence, many of the high Modernists were eager to embrace James's example—none more so than R. P. Blackmur. Blackmur's effort to collect and publish separately the prefaces to the New York Edition marked an irreversible turning point in the construction of the modern canon and cemented James's place in it.
Creating Scholarly Community: A Thirty-Year View of the HJR and the Henry James Society
Authors: Fogel Daniel Mark
Published: January 2007

Fogel, the first editor of the Henry James Review, reminisces about the origins and traces the history of the Henry James Review and the Henry James Society.
Henry James and the United States
Authors: Rowe John Carlos
Published: January 2007

Henry James's decision to become a British citizen in 1915, thereby losing his U.S. citizenship, has been discussed often as part of his biography, but it has larger significance in relation to recent discussions of cosmopolitanism. Although he lived in the era of the nation state, James wrote positively about transnational characters and experiences, anticipating recent efforts by intellectuals and artists to think and live beyond the nation and challenge the rhetoric of patriotism.
Subjunctive Biography
Authors: Savoy Eric
Published: January 2007

The history of critical and biographical writing about "James and sexuality" in the last twenty years suggests that there is no congruent relation between "gay James" and "queer James." Indeed, the articulation of the formerâusually in the context of biographical revision or narrative thematics-would seem inversely proportional to the emergence of the latter, which usually addresses the difficulties of style and narrative form. This essay takes up and develops Leo Bersani's proto-New-Formalist observation that James's is a "richly superficial art" to argue that, in the broad field of "sexuality," gay studies and queer theory have fundamentally different objects of critical desire. That object is imagined by this essay as broadly analogous to the grammatical subjunctive.
HIV/AIDS Protective Factors among Urban American Indian Youths
Authors: Marsiglia Flavio Francisco , Nieri Tanya , Stiffman Arlene Rubin
Published: January 2007

This research examined how family and individual factors influence 3 HIV/AIDS risk behaviors: having more than 1 sexual partner in the last 3 months, substance use at last sexual intercourse, and condom non-use at last sexual intercourse. The sample includes 89 sexually active American Indian adolescents living in a large Southwestern U.S. city. Logistic regression results revealed that family communication acts as a protective factor against HIV risk through a lower reported substance use during last sexual intercourse, but it did not appear to affect the number of multiple recent sex partners. Family and personal involvement in American Indian cultural activities, both low on average in this urban sample, had no effect on outcomes. This study advances knowledge on sexual health risk and protective factors among American Indian adolescents, an understudied group, and provides implications for prevention intervention with American Indian youths and their families.
Awareness and Knowledge of the U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee: Implications for Biomedical Research
Authors: McCallum Jan M , Arekere Dhananjaya M , Green B. Lee , Katz Ralph V , Rivers Brian M
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this review was to collect and interpret the findings of all published qualitative or quantitative research that assessed African Americans' 1) general awareness and/or specific knowledge of the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, and 2) attitudes towards and/or willingness to participate in biomedical research. An exhaustive review of the literature produced eight articles that fit the aforementioned selection criteria. All articles that assessed both awareness and knowledge found that familiarity with the USPHS Syphilis Study at Tuskegee did not necessarily ensure accurate knowledge of it. Four studies also found that awareness of the USPHS Syphilis Study at Tuskegee did not relate to willingness to participate in biomedical research. In addition to awareness and knowledge of the USPHS Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, published studies suggest that a broad array of structural and sociocultural factors influence minorities' willingness to participate in biomedical studies.
How Can States Provide Affordable Pharmaceuticals to the Underserved?
Authors: Zara Jane
Published: January 2007

Advocates of drug price restrictions in the U.S. argue that pharmaceutical companies operate in an unregulated market, free to charge whatever price the market will bear. The pharmaceutical industry insists that these large profits are justified for investments toward discovering new life saving medicines. As innovation wanes, marketing costs soar, and drug profits rise, public interest advocates and state leaders are challenging this justification. This article examines current problems associated with the ability to procure affordable medicines, and examines mounting tensions between the federal government and the states, particularly regarding the states' ability to negotiate lower prices with drug manufacturers in light of the recent Medicare changes. It provides a brief survey of efforts underway to secure affordable pharmaceuticals for state's residents, addressing the history and feasibility of using compulsory licensing for producing affordable life-saving drugs with respect to public health, constitutional, eminent domain, and anti-trust issues.
The Emerging Human Right to Tobacco Control
Authors: Dresler Carolyn , Marks Stephen P.
Published: January 2007

The economic and public health impacts of tobacco use, which kills approximately 5 million people per year and is expected to kill 10 million, mainly poor, people in 2030, are well known. Less attention has been paid to the impact of this epidemic on human rights and the potential application of a human rights perspective to tobacco control. This article examines the emerging human right to tobacco control in relation to other efforts to reduce the death and disability resulting from the activities of the tobacco industry, such as the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and suggests ways of implementing human rights mechanisms to address this public health disaster.
The Dignity of the "Unfittest:" Victims's Stories in South Africa
Authors: Coundouriotis Eleni
Published: January 2007

This essay explores the ways in which dignity is discussed in anti-apartheid literature, and compares this to the meaning of dignity in human rights theory and South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission's claim that story-telling restores dignity. The literary explorations of dignity contribute an added layer of complication for understanding the claims of the TRC because the assumptions about storytelling and truth are very different in each set of discourse. I argue that how one understands dignity greatly affects how one perceives political struggle and differential power relations in society.
North African Berber and Arab Influences in the Western Mediterranean Revealed by Y-Chromosome DNA Haplotypes
Authors: Gérard Nathalie , Berriche Sala , Aouizérate Annie , Diéterlen Florent , Lucotte Gérard
Published: January 2007

We have analyzed Y-chromosome diversity in the western Mediterranean area, examining p49a,f TaqI haplotype V and subhaplotypes Vb (Berber) and Va (Arab). A total of 2,196 unrelated DNA samples, belonging to 22 populations from North Africa and the southern Mediterranean coast of occidental Europe, have been typed. Subhaplotype Vb, predominant in a Berber population of Morocco (63.5%), was also found at high frequencies in southern Portugal (35.9%) and Andalusia (25.4%). The Arab subhaplotype Va, predominant in Algeria (53.9%) and Tunisia (50.6%), was also found at a relatively high frequency in Sicily (23.1%) and Naples (16.4%); its highest frequency in Iberia was in northern Portugal (22.8%) and Andalusia (15.5%). In Iberia there is a gradient of decreasing frequencies in latitude for both subhaplotypes Va and Vb, related to eight centuries of Muslim domination (8th to 15th centuries) in southern Iberia.
Transnational Orientals: Scholars of Art, Nationalist Discourses, and the Question of Intellectual Authority
Authors: Chen Constance J. S
Published: January 2007

This article examines the ways in which two scholars of Japanese descent, Okakura Kakuzo (1862-1913) and Kojiro Tomita (1890-1976), defined the bourgeois fascination for East Asia in early twentieth-century United States. Fashioning multi-layered, transnational identities for themselves as authoritative cultural intermediaries, they occupied privileged positions within American social and intellectual circles and became active participants in debates regarding the impacts of modernization and Westernization on Asia and its aesthetics. In the process, Okakura and Tomita constructed and disseminated discourses of race, nationalism, and culture that served to decenter the nation-state and to underscore the complexities of the immigrant experience amidst socio-economic and political transformations taking place on both sides of the Pacific.
Citizen Kwang: Chang-rae Lee's Native Speaker and the Politics of Consent
Authors: Huang Betsy
Published: January 2007

This article examines the ways in which Chang-rae Lee's Native Speaker (1995) interrogates the ideological and cultural consent that American citizenship uncompromisingly demands of its Asian American and immigrant constituents. The absence of Asian Americans in political life is reflected in Asian American fiction, which has, until recently, largely adhered to the formula of family dramas that deal with the crisis of assimilation within the domestic sphere. Huang argues that Native Speaker provides a fresh perspective to the corpus through his portrayal of an Asian American politician, a figure previously unseen in the Asian American literary imagination. Through a close analysis of Lee's nuanced dramatization of ethnic politics in the dynamic of public theater of electoral politics, Huang shows the ways in which Lee exposes the representational predicaments faced by Asian American politicians, and by ethnic politicians more generally.
Revising the Vanquished: Indigenous Perspectives on Colonial Encounters
Authors: Weaver-Hightower Rebecca
Published: January 2007

This essay examines how and why two works of postcolonial literature (Master of the Ghost Dreaming by the Aboriginal Australian writer Narogin Mudrooroo and Indigo: Mapping the Waters by the British writer Marina Warner) and two films (Werner Herzog's 1973 German classic Aguirre: The Wrath of God and the 1986 Australian Broadcasting Corporation film Babakiueria) invite readers to re-imagine colonial contact from the perspective of indigenous Australian and Caribbean people. The essay juxtaposes these particular texts in order to analyze different narrative techniques—cinematic and literary, fictional and somewhat documentary, serious and humorous—and different colonial textual targets—letters, reports, diaries, and ethnographies. Looking at this range of techniques and topics allows us to speculate on the intent and efficacy of these revisionary texts and to explore how they use the narrative point of view to metaphorically shift political perspective. This potentially greater understanding of imperial history and historicity can be an important catalyst of movements toward social progress in postcolonial and neocolonial states. But, as the essay shows, Babakiueria warns that reader/viewers must also be wary of this desire to know the Other, which can, if focused in the wrong direction, reinforce "orientalism" and enable a culturally paralyzing complacency.
Wordsworth amongst the Aristotelians
Authors: Joshua Essaka
Published: January 2007

Critics have ignored scholastic Aristotelianism as a possible source for WordsworthÃs philosophical outlook on the related areas of metaphysics and cognitive theory. Without denying fundamental orientations towards both empiricism and Platonism on these issues, I argue that Wordsworth also has much in common with the Aristotelians who debated with Locke. Wordsworth accepts, as these thinkers do, the passivity not just of sensation but of knowledge of objects external to the mind, and he believes that there are real essences. In common with the Aristotelian rejection of Platonism, these essences are held to be immanent in things.
Idolatrous Cultures and the Practice of Religion
Authors: Johnson Carina L
Published: January 2007

In the fifteenth century, idolatry could be understood as one in a diversity of religious rites. Nicholas of Cusa and subsequent Platonists emphasized that no rite was necessary, only love, and drew on prisca theologia to understand religion throughout the world. By the turn of the sixteenth century, cosmographers such as Peter Martyr Anglerius incorporated these ideas into descriptions of religious and cultural practice. Early Reformation concerns about removing superstitious rites and images, and the Counter-Reformation response to that critique, led to a vilification of heterodox religion as idolatrous and the increasing location of idolatry in cultures outside of Europe.
Les revendications politiques des Premières Nations du Canada : Le concept de nation comme outil contre-hégémonique
Authors: Gentelet Karine
Published: January 2007

A determining factor in the evolution of their power relationship with the State was the fact that Native groups became conscious of their identity and collective power and that they defined their collective identity using the concept of “nation”. The federal positions have also changed on the question of Aboriginal collective rights and the State has modified certain principles in its policies. The Native groups have redefined their collective rights according to their needs and political objectives. With that concept, they have developed a form of counter-hegemony, releasing them from the domination of the State and enabling them to attain the political autonomy they are seeking.
Aboriginal Self-Determination in Canada : Protections Afforded by the Judiciary and Government
Authors: Dalton Jennifer E.
Published: January 2007

On présume en général que les arrêts décisifs de la Cour suprême canadienne représentent une tendance vers une protection croissante des droits des Autochtones en droit canadien. Cet article prend la position inverse. En dépit des décisions judiciaires concernant des droits autochtones sous 35(1), les droits des peuples autochtones du Canada ne sont pas mieux protégés. Les juges ont plutôt développé différents tests juridiques qui ont freiné l'élargissement de droits autochtones. On découvre ainsi que la reconnaissance politique et gouvernementale des peuples autochtones et de leurs droits, incluant le droit à l'autodétermination, fut plus grande que celle par la Cour suprême du Canada, et ceci malgré le traitement destructeur des peuples autochtones par l'État canadien. Le gouvernement du Canada a été prêt à reconnaître leur droit inhérent à l'autodétermination. Ceci est dû au statut légal modifié de qui constitue un «peuple» en droit international et au rôle du gouvernement canadien en tant que signataire de plusieurs conventions et déclarations internationales, tout autant qu'à des déclarations politiques plus récentes et des développements dans les négociations territoriales et d'autonomie plus globales.
The Blood Test Revisited: A New Look at German Casualty Counts in World War I
Authors: McRandle James H. , Quirk James
Published: January 2007

This paper presents a "new" set of data on German casualties in World War I, using the German medical corps's official history to resolve two major controversies concerning casualty comparisons in Winston Churchill's "Blood Test" chapter in The World Crisis: first, treatment of the 496,000 German casualties that Churchill could not assign to battle periods; and second, provision of German casualty data comparable to that of the French and British through the inclusion of "lightly wounded" German casualties. Finally, these data weaken somewhat, but do not overturn Churchill's argument that, in every battle period on the Western Front, Allied casualties were greater than German casualties.
Prince Eugene of Savoy, the Toulon Expedition of 1707, and the English Historians-- A Dissenting View
Authors: Paoletti Ciro
Published: January 2007

This article uses recent English-language historical accounts of the 1707 siege of the French naval base of Toulon by the army of Prince Eugene of Savoy as a case study of the distortions that can occur when the authors of these accounts have not made full use of works written at the time of the events they treat and, in particular, are ignorant of the historical literature on the subject in languages other than their own (in this case, works in French, German, and Italian). The author believes that these shortcomings in the English-language literature on the military history of the 1688–1748 period, which currently dominates the field, demonstrate how much work remains to be done on every aspect of this crucial period, addressing once again problems that everyone believed had been closed for good.
The Palestinian Elections: Beyond Hamas and Fatah
Authors: Malki Riad
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Januaryâs remarkably free and affair parliamentary elections broke the PLOâs long-standing monopoly over Palestinian politics. As future free elections unfold, the prospects for a multiparty system await testing through the creation of a third option that is distinct from what Fatah or Hamas represents. For Palestinians who love democracy; believe in moderation; long for peace, prosperity, and improved governance; and want to honor national and religious sentiments within a humane and well-built framework of liberal constitutionalist political principles, the time to act is now.
Reforming Intelligence: Identity and Security in Taiwan
Authors: Phillips Steven E.
Published: January 2007

Abstract: The intelligence and security services of the Republic of China on Taiwan have been transformed by democratization and Taiwanization. After decades as âpolitical policeâ answering to the Nationalist Party, in the 1980s they began to focus on threats to the state, ending the use of coercion, and accepting external supervision. Like all aspects of political change on Taiwan, however, institutional reform of these agencies, particularly the National Security Bureau, became caught up in the islandâs unresolved dilemmas of national identity and its precarious relationship with the Peopleâs Republic of China. Such conflicts threaten to undermine the effectiveness of these agencies.
Arab Political Pacts: An Unlikely Scenario
Authors: Kramer Karen
Published: January 2007

The formation of pacts between Arab regimes and liberal oppositional forces would be unlikely to move the region toward democratization. Liberal reformers do not have the political strength to compel the regimes toward real power sharing agreements. If pacts do become a political imperative, they will have to include the Islamists - the only Arab oppositional groups with the strength to extract real political compromise from the regimes. However, Arab pacts are unlikely to be formed any time soon. Extensive patronage systems and a loyal coercive apparatus keep Arab leaders firmly in control; they do not yet need to share power.
Left-Feminism, the Consumer Movement, and Red Scare Politics in the United States, 1935-1960
Authors: Storrs Landon R. Y
Published: January 2007

In the United States, right-wing hostility to female consumer advocates who held federal jobs or had the ear of federal officials was an important source of the crusade against "Communists in government," a primary engine of the Second Red Scare. The hunt for communists in the U.S. government, which began in the 1930s and reached a fever pitch in the 1950s, reshaped the terrain of party politics and halted expansion of the American welfare state. Conservatives' attack on the New Deal—often seen as triggered by the rise of mass production unionism—also was a reaction to the emergence of a consumer movement that was feminist, anti-racist, and pro-labor. That movement was predominantly female and wielded more influence over federal policy than scholars have recognized. Focusing on the League of Women Shoppers, the Consumers' National Federation, and the fate of their members who obtained positions in such government agencies as the Office of Price Administration, this article argues that conservative anticommunists' gendered animosity to the consumer movement was critical to the pre-history of the federal employee loyalty program created in 1947, and that civil servants with ties to consumer groups were prominent among that program's casualties.
An All-Consuming Subject? Women and Consumption in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-Century Western India
Authors: McGowan Abigail
Published: January 2007

This article examines the emergence of women as new consuming subjects in late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century western India. In a period of material and social change, elite women had new access to and new control over goods; reformers argued that it was the duty of the modern wife to manage the material comforts of household life. Examining writing by and for women, including memoirs, advice manuals, and popular journals, this article focuses on the central role goods played in negotiating new ideals of feminine behavior, whether through the emergence of consumption as women's work or in the way goods shaped women's new roles in society. In the end, it was the feminization of consumption that made the problem of material goods so pressing on the national scale; indeed, the role goods played in constituting new gender identities helped to shape nationalist agendas in this period.
Valuing Women's Work in the Home: A Defining Moment
Authors: Brooks Kim
Published: January 2007

Over the last twenty years, feminists interested in law reform have struggled with the difficulty of reaching consensus on a method for valuing women's unpaid work in the home. This article highlights the significance of Fobel v. Dean as a defining moment in legal recognition of the value of women's unpaid labour in the home in tort law. It reviews the reasons why Fobel v. Dean presents a breakthrough in the case law on damage awards in tort for women's unpaid work in the home. It also suggests changes to the methods adopted by courts to quantify the value of women's unpaid work in the home that might be endorsed in cases that will become future defining moments.
Durant les vingt dernières années, les féministes qui s'intéressent à la réforme du droit ont eu beaucoup de difficultésà trouver un terrain d'entente sur une méthode pour évaluer le travail domestique non rémunéré accompli par les femmes. Le présent article met en lumière l'importance de l'arrêt Fobel c. Dean qui marque la reconnaissance judiciaire, en droit de la responsabilité civile, de la valeur du travail non payé des femmes à la maison. L'article explique en quoi l'arrêt Fobel c. Dean représente une percée dans la jurisprudence touchant les dommages accordés en responsabilité civile pour le travail non rémunéré des femmes. L'auteure suggère également des modifications aux méthodes adoptées par les tribunaux pour quantifier la valeur du travail domestique non rémunéré accompli par les femmes en vue d'assurer que la jurisprudence en cette matière continue de progresser.
When "Feminist Beliefs" Became Credible as "Political Opinions": Returning to a Key Moment in Canadian Refugee Law
Authors: MacIntosh Constance
Published: January 2007

This submission highlights the key feminist inroad into the protection of refugee women fleeing persecution over the past twenty years—the moment in which Canadian state machinery formally engaged the fact that women may suffer social, political, or other forms of persecution because they are women. Drawing upon a myriad of sources, the submission illustrates the highly personal experiences that colour this engagement between feminism and the law, as well as the challenge of making women's experiences as women legally relevant and politically meaningful.
Le présent exposé met en lumière les incursions féministes clés dans la protection des réfugiées qui ont fui la persécution durant les vingt dernières´années—le moment pendant lequel l'État canadien a pris formellement connaissance du fait que les femmes peuvent subir des formes particulières de persécution sociale, politique ou autre, parce qu'elles sont femmes. En se fondant sur de multiples sources, l'exposé illustre les expériences très personnelles qui colorent cet engagement entre le féminisme et le droit aussi bien que le défi de rendre les expériences des femmes comme femmes pertinentes en droit et significatives sur le plan politique.
Granovsky v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) : Adding Insult to Injury?
Authors: Sampson Fiona
Published: January 2007

This article analyzes the Supreme Court of Canada's decision in Granovsky v. Canada as a defining moment for the author, a feminist equality rights lawyer with a specific interest in disability discrimination. At issue in Granovsky was the constitutionality of section 44(2)(b) of the Canada Pension Plan Act, as it relates to persons with disabilities. While the Court's decision that the contested legislation was constitutional was disappointing in terms of the advancement of equality rights for disabled persons in Canada, of perhaps greater concern is the manner in which the Court reached its conclusions in this case. The way in which the decision in Granovsky affirms, rather than transforms, the power imbalance between disabled and non-disabled persons struck the author as a defining moment in the evolution of equality rights jurisprudence.
Le présent article analyse l'arrêt de la Cour suprême du Canada, Granovsky c.
Canada, arrêt important d'après l'auteure, une avocate féministe qui s'intéresse
aux droits à l'égalité, particulièrement en ce qui a trait à la discrimination
fondée sur le handicap. Dans l'affaire Granovsky, on contestait la
constitutionnalité de l'alinéa 44 (2) (b) de la Loi sur le ré gime de pensions
du Canada dans son application aux personnes handicapées. Bien que la
décision de la Cour confirmant la constitutionnalité de la disposition contestée
ait été décevante, eu égard à la progression des droits à l'égalité des personnes
handicapées au Canada, le cheminement logique par lequel la Cour en est
arrivée à cette conclusion pose de plus sérieux problèmes. En effet, la manière
par laquelle la décision Granovsky maintient le déséquilibre de pouvoir entre
les personnes handicapées et les personnes non handicapées et refuse de le
transformer a frappé l'auteure comme un moment marquant dans l'évolution de
la jurisprudence en matière de droits à l'égalité.
"Who Should Survive?: One of the Choices on Our Conscience": Mental Retardation and the History of Contemporary Bioethics
Authors: Antommaria Armand Matheny
Published: January 2007

The film "Who Should Survive?: One of the Choices on Our Conscience" contains a dramatization of the death of an infant with Down syndrome as the result of the parents' decision not to have a congenital intestinal obstruction surgically corrected. The dramatization was based on two similar cases at The Johns Hopkins Hospital and was financed by the Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., Foundation. When "Who Should Survive?" was exhibited in 1971, the public reaction was generally critical of the parents' decision and the physicians' inaction. Although technological developments in medicine were a necessary condition for the production of this film and its unanticipated reception, they were not a sufficient condition. The proximate cause was a changed understanding of the capabilities of individuals with Down syndrome. Part of the impetus for this change was data showing the adverse effects of institutionalization on normal children.
Economic Status According to the Distribution of Housing Size in KaesÅng around 1900
Authors: O SÅng
Published: January 2007

Homes ranging from one-room dwellings to forty-five-room mansions were constructed
in the KaesÅng area around 1900. Analysis indicates that 23 percent were small, 57 percent
were medium, and 20 percent were large. Medium-sized dwellings constituted 80
percent of the total number of habitations, indicating that the middle class constituted
approximately four-fifths of the area population. The large middle class is unusual compared
to other urban areas of the period and is related to commercial activity. More than
8Å percent of the citizenry of KaesÅng engaged directly in merchant activities or in something
related. The merchants of KaesÅng had outstanding financial skills that transformed
their commercial capital into industrial capital via the ginseng trade. The people
of KaesÅng did not aspire to high government positions, but rather for commercial success.
For this reason, Japanese businessmen could not penetrate the KaesÅng market during
the colonial period.
Economic Status According to the Distribution of Housing Size in KaesÅng around 1900
Authors: O SÅng
Published: January 2007

Homes ranging from one-room dwellings to forty-five-room mansions were constructed
in the Kaesŏng area around 1900. Analysis indicates that 23 percent were small, 57 percent
were medium, and 20 percent were large. Medium-sized dwellings constituted 80
percent of the total number of habitations, indicating that the middle class constituted
approximately four-fifths of the area population. The large middle class is unusual compared
to other urban areas of the period and is related to commercial activity. More than
8ŏ percent of the citizenry of Kaesŏng engaged directly in merchant activities or in something
related. The merchants of Kaesŏng had outstanding financial skills that transformed
their commercial capital into industrial capital via the ginseng trade. The people
of Kaesŏng did not aspire to high government positions, but rather for commercial success.
For this reason, Japanese businessmen could not penetrate the Kaesŏng market during
the colonial period.
Wanna Revisited
Authors: Hudson Richard A
Published: January 2007

This article addresses general questions about the organization of grammar via a detailed discussion of a small, but well-explored, area of English: the contraction of want to to wanna. It distinguishes three general approaches to the analysis of wanna: a phonological rule, lexicalization, or a derivational rule. Each approach has a different set of strengths, but they all have weaknesses as well. The article then offers a new analysis in terms of REALIZATION, which combines the strengths of all the previous analyses. This analysis, which is based on the theory of word grammar, accounts not only for all the well-known syntactic and morphological constraints on this contraction, but also for a fact that has not been noted before: that, for some speakers, the last vowel alternates in just the same idiosyncratic way as that of to, which suggests strongly that in some sense wanna contains to as well as want. For these (but not all) speakers, the proposed analysis recognizes two words (sublexemes of WANT and TOinf) at the level of syntax and a single form ({wanna}, containing variants of {want} and {to}) at the level of form; the relations between these words and forms, and between the forms and their phonological realizations, are defined by a declarative network.
Identifying Opinion Leaders and Elites: A Longitudinal Design
Authors: Davis Susan E
Published: January 2007

The term longitudinal design refers to a flexible research approach that can be applied to a wide range of topics involving change over time. Longitudinal refers to both the data collected and the methods of analysis used, and project designs can combine several data-gathering and analysis methods within a longitudinal framework. Longitudinal research demonstrates several features that permit the observation of process and change and facilitate identification and evaluation of the underlying factors. Several library and information science studies demonstrate the application of a longitudinal approach to both prospective and retrospective research questions. This article draws primarily on a longitudinal study of leaders who emerged in the archival profession during the 1980s when archivists developed the first set of descriptive standards (MARC AMC) in response to trends in the automation of library cataloging. The study identified a core group of leaders whose influence drove the archival profession to move in a specific direction. The identification of opinion leaders and elites, and the factors that led to their status, has significant implications for understanding patterns of decision making and communication within organizations.
Improving GIS Consultations: A Case Study at Yale University Library
Authors: Parrish Abraham
Published: January 2007

For the last decade and a half, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) services in academic libraries have been developing, and GIS librarians have been experimenting with different ways to provide these services. However, there has been virtually nothing in the literature with respect to GIS consultation statistics. One goal of this article is to discuss a four-year case study on the use of GIS consultation statistics to give a better understanding of what GIS librarians might typically expect as far as number of patrons, their characteristics, amount of time spent with them, and the amount of data distributed to them while running a GIS service at an academic library. Techniques for reducing the amount of time spent with patrons while developing a higher degree of efficiency and effectiveness in conducting GIS consultations will also be explored. Finally, a juxtaposition of GIS consultations with other types of library reference services will reveal significant differences between them.
Digital Preservation of Geospatial Data
Authors: Sweetkind Julie , Larsgaard Mary Lynette , Erwin Tracey
Published: January 2007

The selection, acquisition, and management of digital data are now part and parcel of the work librarians handle on a day-to-day basis. While much thought goes into this work, little consideration may be given to the long-term preservation of the collected data. Digital data cannot be retained for the future in the same way paper-based materials have traditionally been handled. Specific issues arise when archiving digital data and especially geospatial data. This article will discuss some of those issues, including data versioning, file size, proprietary data formats, copyright, and the complexity of file formats. Collection development topics, including what to collect and why, will also be explored. The work underlying this article is being done as part of an award from the Library of Congress's National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP).
Philip Levine's "Magpiety" and His Literary Debt to Czeslaw Milosz
Authors: Bethea Arthur F.
Published: January 2007

The article compares two poems named "Magpiety," one by Czeslaw Milosz and the other by Philip Levine, to support the view that Milosz influenced Levine. The "Magpiety" poems have key similarities such as a complex use of time, an implication of transcendence or permanence, and a Romantic treatment of physical nature. Although his poem can be interpreted as a tribute, Levine acknowledges Milosz less directly than he could have, while his short story "The Key" speculates that, as a boy, Milosz may have been an anti-Semite. Referring to Bloom's theory of anxiety, the article suggests that Levine may have sensed that his "Magpiety" is too derivative or that he is too uncertain or conflicted about the nature of his literary inheritance. A vehement opponent of anti-Semitism, Levine may have felt or perceived a form of anti-Semitism in Milosz' religious or metaphysical writings. In fact, critics have posited Milosz as an opponent of anti-Semitism; for Levine, though, this opposition may not have been strong enough.
Edwin Rolfe's Historical Witness to the Spectacle of McCarthyism
Authors: Finnegan Jim
Published: January 2007

This article critiques and extends Walter Kalaidjian's reading of Edwin Rolfe's "Are You Now or Have You Ever Been" and "Letter" (College Literature 24.3). These two poems, and Rolfe's Cold War-era poetry more generally, offer more than melancholy laments over the repression of 1930s Left avant-garde commitments and the heady idealism of Popular Front mass culture sociability from 1950s contemporaneous cultural memory. They also offer complex theoretical meditations on cultural memory and historicity which anticipate contemporary cultural studies theories of hegemony and rearticulation—these are lyric meditations which locate glimpses of new Left progressive possibilities emerging from within the dark terrain of McCarthyite paranoia and repression. Rolfe's poems brilliantly deploy double-voiced modernist ironies in order to, as Michael Rothberg defines the goal of traumatic realism, "explore the intersection of the psychic and the social, the discursive and the material, and the extreme and the everyday" (2000, 6).
Culinary Eros in Contemporary Hispanic Female Fiction: From Kitchen Tales to Table Narratives
Authors: Zubiaurre Maite
Published: January 2007

Literary criticism has read the kitchen in Laura Esquivel's novel Like water for chocolate as the ideal site for establishing a female community and even feminist utopia from which to contest patriarchal power. This article openly contests such reading. It argues that Esquivel's novel, as the paradigmatic example of what I call "kitchen tales," is particularly skillful in keeping women within the magic-domestic realm and at the margins of any real public influence. Furthermore, I coin the term "table narratives" to designate an alternative group of female Hispanic fictions where women appear at the other end of the food production line, as consumers rather than producers of culinary delicacies. This article concludes that table narratives are the ones with a strong feminist agenda. They firmly place women within the public arena, instead of confining them to the kitchen and forcing them to be forever witches, virgins, nurturers, and mothers.
Sami al-Arian, the Politics of Injury, and the Academic Bill of Rights
Authors: Goodman Robin Truth
Published: January 2007

I look here at the allegations against Sami al-Arian's alleged terrorist affiliations in order to question the limitations to liberal defenses of academia. The paper criticizes the "freedom of speech" arguments for academic freedom for reproducing class and race hierarchies and for being unable to disassociate the category of "speech" from the category of "violence." Al-Arian's alleged connections to terrorism made him into a poster-child for a post-September-11 right wing version of what the so-called "liberal academy" has become. For this reason, I think it important to ask here: 1) in what ways, to what extent, and why, has the defense of civil liberties, and therefore of democratic culture, become unworkable as a formative goal and function of the university; and 2) if there are other ways of formulating the role of higher education that do not depend on reiterative evocations of equal citizenship defined as a First Amendment practice. As Judith Butler puts it, "It is crucial to ask under what conditions some human lives cease to become eligible for basic, if not human rights."
Academic Freedom and Antiwar Dissent in a Democratic Idiom
Authors: Ivie Robert L
Published: January 2007

Academic freedom, as conceptualized by John Dewey, entailed not only the principle of unfettered intellectual inquiry but also the equally important, but often overlooked, expectation of artful communication. Both the principle and the expectation were grounded in the argument that academic freedom is legitimized as an investment in democracy. The development of a great democratic community depends not only on unfettered social inquiry but also the full and moving public communication of intellectual insights and innovations. Consistent with Dewey's vision, and drawing on Michel de Certeau, this paper examines academic freedom as a form of political dissent and mode of resisting governing orthodoxies, that is, as a tactic or set of tactics for speaking in the democratic idiom. It draws on the examples of David Horowitz and Ward Churchill to caution against tactics of reverse recrimination that render dissenting speech strategically vulnerable to ruling frames of interpretation.
Education and the Academic Left: Critical Reflections on Todd Gitlin
Authors: Kellner Douglas
Published: January 2007

This study provides a critical reading of Todd Gitlin's The Intellectuals and the Flag (2006) in the context of his writing on the university and what he calls the "academic left" over the past decade. The focus is on Gitlin's critiques of various types of social theory and research which he finds distinctive of "the academic left," as well as on his reflections on education and the university. The essay argues that Gitlin's critique articulates with the rightwing attack on the university and academic left, reproducing positions first popularized by Allan Bloom in The Closing of the American Mind (1987). Like Bloom, Gitlin bemoans the influence of German romanticism, Big T Theory, cultural studies, and certain versions of multiculturalism, thus positioning Gitlin as the leftwing of the right's attack on the university and academic left.