bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HEGEMONIA, CRISE ECONÔMICA E POLÍTICA: A DINÂMICA DOS CICLOS DO CAPITALISMO
Authors: Avila Rober Iturriet , Salvagni Julice
Published: July 2018

O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica é analisar as dimensões hegemônicas em um contexto global de crise econômica e política à luz dos ciclos do capitalismo. Todas estas facetas do poder político, militar e econômico descortinariam os nexos do quadro atual, representativos à sociedade. Assim, desenvolvem-se pontos acerca da perspectiva econômica da crise em âmbito global, dando destaque à relação de mercado estabelecida entre os países emergentes e a soberania de potências econômicas. Pode-se perceber não apenas a mudança em relação às políticas macroeconômicas, mas também em relação ao papel que os países emergentes passam a ter na conjuntura mundial e as subsequentes crises políticas em alguns desses países.Palavras-chave: Hegemonia. Crise econômica. Crise política. Ciclos do capitalismo. Macroeconomia.ABSTRACT The objective of this bibliographical review is to analyze the hegemonic dimensions in a global context of economic and political crisis in the light of the cycles of capitalism. All these facets of political, military and economic power would uncover the nexus of the current framework, representative of society. Thus, points are developed about the economic perspective of the crisis at a global level, highlighting the established market relationship between emerging countries and economic power sovereignty. One can see not only the change in relation to macroeconomic policies, but also in relation to the role emerging countries have in the global scenario.Keywords: Hegemony. Economic crisis. Political crisis. Cycles of capitalism. Macroeconomics.
The development of a local government in Poland and the challenges of civilization transformations
Authors: Chudobski Andrzej
Published: July 2018

The study presents that a local government is as a decentralising reality, opposite of the globalisation processes. In the realisation of a local government, an important role is played by the political and construction of citizenship processes. In shaping the face of a local government in Poland, a force of tradition and post-modernisation value collide (including negating heritage of the past, the authority of the people of a cultural life). The process of political and economic transition reveal trends to getting acquainted with foreign designs (Anglo-Saxon) of a cultural life; in this situation, localism becomes a particular value. The level of development of a local government is a measure of the socio-political life, including its democracy.
What are the characteristics of an efficient firm in developing countries’ private sector? The case of Vietnam
Authors: PHAM Linh
Published: July 2018

The private sector is the primary source of local development in developing countries. Previous research in developing countries has documented many factors contributing to firm-level efficiency. However, which of these factors are most likely to correlate with efficiency? This paper studies the relative importance of the firm-level efficiency determinants in a transitional economy, using a firm-level panel dataset in Vietnam between 2005 and 2013. The empirical results show that firm-specific production and labor characteristics are the most significant determinants of efficiency. Thus, firms actively seeking to improve their own production process and labor force can be well-rewarded. Moreover, government technical supports and human resource training programs, combined with anti-corruption efforts, are beneficial for firm-level efficiency, thereby improving the living standards in developing economies.
KAJIAN SEMANTIK ETNOGRAFI PADA CERITA RAKYAT JEPANG WARASHIBECHŌJA
Authors: Laksmita Sari Ida Ayu
Published: July 2018

This study discuss the word and the sentences containing meaning ethnography in Japanese Folklore of Warashibechōja. This study uses the theory of semantic ethnography focusing to the meanings illustrating the local culture system. Through the text story of Warashibechōja data is collected anda analysed using methodes of descriptive qualitative with techniques note. The result of this study is found the word including sonkeigo constituting oral expression which is based on consideration respect towards the interloculator. In addition to, found the culture vacabularies describing Japanese traditional culture, those are wara, miso, furoshiki, uma, and muko. The illustrated Ideology is someone shall try to do from the small thing seriously to get the best result and found also the intention to diffuse religion of Buddhist in Japan.AbstrakPenelitian ini membahas kata serta kalimat yang mengandung makna etnografi pada cerita rakyat Jepang Warashibechōja. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori semantik etnografi yang memfokuskan pada makna-makna yang menggambarkan sistem kebudayaan setempat. Melalui teks cerita Warashibechōja data dikumpulkan dan dianalisis menggunakan metode metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik catat. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah ditemukannya kata yang termasuk sonkeigo yang merupakan ungkapan tingkat tutur yang didasarkan pada pertimbangan rasa hormat terhadap lawan bicara. Selain itu, ditemukan pula kosakata budaya yang menggambarkan kebudayaan tradisional Jepang, yaitu wara, miso, furoshiki, uma, dan muko. Ideologi yang tergambar adalah seseorang harus berusaha dari hal kecil secara sungguh-sungguh untuk mendapatkan hasil yang terbaik dan terdapat pula maksud untuk menyebarkan agama Buddha di Jepang.
Fungsi Sosial dan Transendental Tradisi Lisan Dero-Sagi Suku Bajawa-Ngada, Flores, Nusa Tenggara Timur
Authors: Sunarti Sastri
Published: July 2018

Keterpingiran dan kehilangan tradisi lisan di Indonesia pada dekade terakhir menjadi isu yang kerap dikeluhkan oleh para peneliti di bidang tradisi lisan. Namun, dalam tulisan ini saya mencoba memperlihatkan bagaimana Dero-Sagi (tradisi lisan) masyarakat Ngada, Bajawa, Flores, NTT bertahan dalam gempuran globalisasi dan permarginalan tradisi lokal. Ritual Dero-Sagi merupakan ritual pengungkapan rasa syukur atas keberhasilan panen kepada Tuhan YME. Dalam praktiknya Dero-Sagi memiliki dua fungsi yakni fungsi sosial dan fungsi transendental. Tulisan ini bermaksud mengupas kedua fungsi tersebut dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan deskriptif. Selain itu, tulisan ini juga bermaksud mengungkapkan komposisi skematik lisan dalam tuturan lisan pertunjukan Dero-Sagi.
Pantun Banjar sebagai Media Pendidikan Karakter
Authors: Yulianto Agus
Published: July 2018

Pantun Banjar adalah sastra lama yang lahir, tumbuh, dan berkembang di masyarakat Banjar. Pantun Banjar dapat memberikan sumbangan dalam pembentukan pola pikir, sikap, dan tingkah laku masyarakatnya. Hal itu berarti pantun Banjar dapat menjadi media pendidikan untuk membentuk karakter masyarakat Banjar itu sendiri. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif. Dengan metode deskriptif nilai-nilai yang dapat membentuk karakterpositif dalam pantun Banjar dapat diketahui, antara lain menjauhi perbuatan dosa, sikap rajin menuntut ilmu agama, jangan bersikap pemalas, dan memperhatikan lingkungan.
CERITA RAKYAT MAS MERAH:KAJIANRESEPSI SASTRA
Authors: Sahril Nfn
Published: July 2018

Fokus penelitian yaitu cerita rakyat “Mas Merah” ini adalah ingin mengetahui bagaimana pandangan dan persepsi masyarakat terhadap cerita rakyat tersebut. Melalui teori resepsi sastradengan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Resepsi sastra adalah kajian teks yang bertitik-tolak pada pembaca sebagai pemberi reaksi atau komentar terhadap teks sastra itu.Pembaca yang memberi makna merupakan variabel ruang, waktu, dan kelompok sosial budaya.Hal itu berarti setiap karya sastra tidak sama pembacaan, pemahaman, dan penilaiannya sepanjang waktu atau dalam semua kelompok masyarakat tertentu. Ada 14 informan yang dimintai tanggapan terhadap cerita rakyat “Mas Merah” yang dibagi dalam tiga pengelompokan usia, yang terdiri atas kelompok golongan usia muda, golongan usia menengah, dan golongan usia tua. Berdasarkan tanggapan dan persepsi informan diperoleh temuan bahwa cerita rakyat “Mas Merah” dapat dijadikan monumen dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat, sebagai dokumen sosio-budaya karena mengandung kearifan lokal.
FUNGSI KEPATUHAN MAKSIM PRINSIP KESANTUNAN PADA KOMENTAR BERITA DI FANSPAGE FACEBOOK MERDEKA.COM
Authors: Aini Qurratul - , Sumarlam S. - , Djatmika D.
Published: July 2018

Artikel ini menjelaskan tentang fungsi kepatuhan maksim prinsip kesantunan pada komentar berita online di fanspage Facebook merdeka.com. Data penelitian berupa tuturan yang didapatkan dari fanspage Facebook merdeka.com dengan rubrik berita politik tanggal 23 dan 24 September 2016. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif-kualitatif, data dianalisis dengan model Spradley, meliputi empat tahap, yaitu analisis domain, analisis taksonomi, analisis komposional, dan analisis tema budaya.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tuturan yang mematuhi maksim disampaikan dalam bentuk asertif, direktif dan ekspresif. Fungsi pelanggaran asertif memiliki 2 sub fungsi yaitu “menyatakan” dan “memaklumi”. Fungsi direktif memiliki 4 sub fungsi yaitu “bertanya”, “menasehati”, “konfirmasi” dan “mengajak”. Fungsi ekspresif memiliki 6 sub fungsi yaitu “memberi selamat”, “memuji”, “menyayangkan”, “berharap”, “bersyukur” dan“senang”. Subfungsi yang paling dominan adalah “menyatakan”.
Editorial
Authors: Rico Chavarro Didima
Published: July 2018

Reflexiones sobre la importancia de implementar la jurisdicción de Paz.
Prospectivas de la Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz y estructuras de poder en el contexto territorial
Authors: Rico Chavarro Didima
Published: July 2018

Introducción.
Factores que generan impunidad en el tratamiento judicial de casos de ejecuciones extrajudiciales en Colombia
Authors: Monsalve Boada Mario Samuel
Published: July 2018

El artículo examinó los principales factores jurídico-políticos que han facilitado la impunidad en Colombia, en los procesos penales relacionados con las ejecuciones extrajudiciales, práctica ilícita realizada por miembros de la fuerza pública para obtener beneficios del Estado, bien sean económicos, licencias, permisos, etc. Las conclusiones señalan que los principales factores que generan impunidad son, entre otros, la inoperancia del aparato judicial del Estado, la acción llevada a cabo por los abogados de la defensa de los miembros de la fuerza pública investigados, así como elementos políticos y sociales orientados no solo a obstaculizar la investigación penal, sino a evitar que se conozca la verdad y los máximos responsables de estos crímenes de lesa humanidad.
Editorial
Authors: Rico Chavarro Didima
Published: July 2018

A propósito del Plan Nacional de Acción en Derechos Humanos y Empresa
El paradigma de la extensión de la responsabilidad del franquiciado al franquiciador
Authors: Hormechea García María Alejandra
Published: July 2018

En el funcionamiento cotidiano del negocio que supone la franquicia, las partes (franquiciante-franquiciado), enocasiones, se pueden ver obligadas solidariamente a responder por perjuicios ocasionados a la integridad y la saludde los consumidores. Ante esta problemática, Colombia tendría que afrontar una complejidad jurídica para resolverel grado de responsabilidad entre las partes porque no existe una regulación ni precedentes jurisprudenciales alrespecto. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar esa responsabilidad civil presuntamente compartida. La metodologíaempleada radicó en la revisión de la jurisprudencia nacional e internacional, el ordenamiento jurídico nacionaly la doctrina relacionada con el tema. Como resultado, se sugirió acoger las posturas adoptadas por las Cortes de losEstados Unidos, que ya han enfrentado y solucionado casos semejantes.
Política criminal en Colombia, hacia su constitucionalización
Authors: Rodríguez Sánchez John Jairo
Published: July 2018

El artículo es fruto de la investigación que se realizó con el objetivo de establecer si la política criminal que se desa-rrolla en Colombia se fundamenta en los principios rectores del sistema acusatorio implementado en el país. Para tal

efecto se identificaron las investigaciones y orientaciones teóricas que se han formulado, se expone el estado de lasdiscusiones en cuanto al manejo de la política criminal en Colombia, y en el último capítulo se presenta una propuestateórico práctica cimentada en lo que se propuso como sistema de enjuiciamiento criminal colombiano, esto es, unsistema acusatorio. La investigación tuvo como derrotero los pilares y los principios que originan estos sistemas, porello la propuesta que se ofrece se hace desde este marco que es el que, en últimas, inspira teleológicamente el sistema.
Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia dan Sastra (BASASTRA) di SD dan MI
Authors: Khair Ummul
Published: July 2018

The learning of Bahasa Indonesia in curriculum 13 is the learning based on the text, text is an application of the thing in the human mind which is complete with the situation and context. The application of the learning uses scientific approach with suitable model. The achieving of the KD in the group KI: 1 and 2 are determine by achieving KD in the group, KI: 3 and 4. The meaning of the language based on the function. Its mean the using of the language which is never been separated from the context because the form of the language that used represented the idea, character, values, and ideology of the user
Expediente
Authors: Editorial Equipe
Published: July 2018

Editora da Revista de Educação Pública: Filomena Maria de Arruda Monteiro Editora Adjunta: Rute Cristina Domingos da Palma Técnica: Dionéia da Silva Trindade Técnica: Léa Lima Saul Revisão de texto: Maria das Graças Martins da Silva Editoração eletrônica e finalização: Téo de Miranda – Editora Sustentável
Avaliação Emancipadora: Educação de Jovens e Adultos e Educação Profissional
Authors: RÊSES Erlando Da Silva , SILVA Reinouds Lima
Published: July 2018

ResumoO presente artigo avalia o Programa de Educação de Jovens e Adultos integrada à Educação Profissional (PROEJA) no Instituto Federal do Maranhão – Campus Açailândia. Fez-se uso da metodologia da avaliação emancipadora: descrição da realidade, crítica da realidade e criação coletiva (SAUL, 2006). O levantamento de dados foi por meio de grupos focais com discentes, docentes e técnico-administrativos e discussão por Análise de Conteúdo (BARDIN, 2011). A descrição da realidade compreendeu dados da localidade, planos de curso e Programa. Na crítica da realidade prevaleceu a percepção dos sujeitos e na criação coletiva enfatizaram-se as contradições e as proposições.
Transfobia e cotidiano escolar: impactos na relação docente/discente
Authors: FRANCO Neil
Published: July 2018

Este estudo contextualiza sobre manifestações de preconceito e discriminação nas relações estabelecidas entre professoras travestis, transexuais e transgêneros e corpo discente. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa em que foram analisadas fontes bibliográficas, documentais e empíricas. Destacam-se as teorias pós-críticas como campo teórico, em especial, a teoria queer. Concluiu-se que a transfobia é um fenômeno que habita o contexto escolar, exigindo medidas pontuais para que esse processo de segregação do humano seja amenizado. Nesse trajeto, a presença de professoras trans na escola pode desencadear novas perspectivas de pertencimento para o segmento LGBT no âmbito escolar.
Apresentação
Authors: CASTILHO Suely Dulce De , FERREIRA Nilce Vieira Campos
Published: July 2018

Em tempos de aprovação da reforma do Ensino Médio, de supressão dos termos identidade de gênero e orientação sexual da Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC), de crescente participação do setor empresarial em instituições de ensino, de militarização de instituições escolares, de ampla ofensiva liberal-conservadora, apoiada em uma aliança entre o empresariado da educação e os setores mais reacionários, evidencia-se a disputa pela concepção de educação nos mais variados espaços e tempos. Os textos que ora apresentamos se mostram pertinentes para a discussão que remete à necessidade de desconstrução de práticas e discursos colonizadores e discriminatórios rumo à reconstrução do tecido social no qual estamos imersos.
Os elementos etnoculturais de uma pedagogia triangular: o caminho para a hospitalidade convivial
Authors: PIZZI Jovino
Published: July 2018

tecelagem sociocultural inspirada em uma epistemologia do mundo da vida afro-ibérico- -ameríndio. O objetivo é realçar a necessidade de uma consideração etno-cultural em torno a multiplicidade étnico-racial e, em decorrência, insistir na necessidade de uma pedagogia capaz de cultivar uma hospitalidade voltada à convivência com a diversidade. O debate tem em vista considerações geoculturais de um horizonte que interconecta três continentes: África, Europa e as Américas. Ao mesmo tempo, pretende-se delinear uma aproximação aos princípios e fins da Educação Nacional em relação às exigências dos estudos afro e indígenas, do ponto de vista histórico e/ou cultural.Palavras-chave: Educação. Geoculturalidade. Interculturalidade. Hospitalidade.
Resumos do XX Congresso da Associação Brasileira de Saúde das Polícias e Bombeiros Militares
Authors: Costa Sergio Henrique Nascente
Published: July 2018

Resumos do XX Congresso da Associação Brasileira de Saúde das Polícias e Bombeiros Militares e o III Encontro de Saúde mental.
Second and Third Release from the Second Population Census of
Pakistan, 1961
Authors: Sanauixah M.
Published: July 2018

This brief review of the second1 and third2 census bulletins
from the 1961 census of Pakistan is second in a series3 of review
articles by the Demographic Section of the Institute of Development
Economics on the census publications. This review is really a supplement
to the first in so far as the second and third bulletins are, by and
large, final confirmations of the first bulletin, though the third
bulletin also provides a long series of detailed figures for small
areas. The second census bulletin gives the final results of some of the
information collected during the 1961 census, the provisional summaries
of which were published in the first bulletin. It, however, does not
reproduce the literacy, houses and household data and some of the urban
information from the first bulletin. Instead, it provides some
additional information on population by rural-urban and religious
classifications. Besides, the second release contains statistical notes
on (a) growth of population, (b) rural and urban growth of population,
and (c) religion. These differences between the two successive census
bulletins are important and the additional information returned will
form the subject matter of discussion in this article.
Review of Developments in the Pakistan Economy
Authors: A. M. G. A. M. G.
Published: July 2018

Prices of wheat and rice showed divergent trends during the
period October to December 1961. While prices of wheat in the Lyallpur
market recorded a net advance of Rs. 0.25 per maund over the period
under review, prices of rice (msdium quality) in the Dacca market
registered a net decline of Rs. 3.60 per maund. In the case of wheat,
price fluctuations were small and there was no deterioration in the
overall supply situation. Moreover, as compared with prices a year ago,
the end-December 1961 prices were around Rs. 1.25—2.00 per maund lower
at Rs. 14.00—16.25 per maund. On the other hand, a sharp increase in the
prices of rice at Dacca from Rs. 32.40 per maund at the close of
September to Rs. 37.60 in October was held in check only after the
release of government-held stocks. Subsequently, prices fell
persistently when the 'aman' crop was harvested and the market received
continued inflow of the new crop. By the end of December, medium quality
rice reflected a greater decline than the earlier increase in prices so
that the quarter under review closed with a net fall of Rs. 3.60 per
maund of Rs. 28.80. However, the corresponding quotation a year ago was
still lower at Rs. 27.50.
The Inflationary Implications of Crop Failure
Authors: Porter Richard C.
Published: July 2018

In discussions of the economic problems of underdeveloped
countries, the thinking of layman and of professional economists often
diverges widely. Nowhere is this disagreement more patent than in the
case of food production and its effects upon the price level. In
government agencies, newspapers, and public discussions, the view that
bad crops "cause" inflation is ubiquitous, while economists are usually
quick to point out the difference between movements in relative prices
and the general price level. The economists' view is sophisticated and
requires elaboration. For nearly a century, there has been a division of
economic problems into two basic categories:' those concerned with the
value and production of particular commodities relative to other
commodities; and those concerned with the total production of an economy
and the general price level of the output. There is now an extensive
theory of the effect of a decline in the output of a commodity (e.g.,
food) upon its price. Under most conditions, one can safely predict that
an autonomous1 reduction in the output of food will induce a rise in the
price of food relative to other prices. But there is no reason to expect
a rise in the general price level; for that is determined by another
theory a theory which does not concern itself with production of
particular commodities, but rather with total production in the economy.
If food output were a small part of this total production, the economist
would say that the overall price level is not affected by a decline in
food output; the rise in food prices, even if large, would be offset by
slight declines in other prices2 so that the general price level would
remain stable. Food production in Pakistan is, however, no small part of
total output.
Effectiveness of Bank Rate Instrument in Pakistan
Authors: Chapra M. Umer
Published: July 2018

On January 15, 1959, bank rate was raised in Pakistan from its
traditional level of 3 per cent to 4 per cent. This paper examines the
effect of this rise of one percentage point in the bank rate on the
borrowings of scheduled banks from the State Bank, their reserves, their
lending rates, the supply of their credit, and the allocation of their
credit among various sectors of the economy. This is done by comparing
the values of certain relevant variables primarily in the year before
the bank-rate change (1958) and the year after the bank-rate change
(1959). From this examination of a single experience in Pakistan, it is
not desired to prove that the bank rate would be effective or
ineffective in future. It would, however, be unwise to ignore this bit
of historical evidence in the country. The assessment will certainly
give some idea of what to expect in future in comparable circumstances.
A rise in bank rate may be effective in curtailing scheduled bank credit
in two different ways. First, it may be an effective way of announcing
to both the banks and the public the direction of State Bank policy.
Scheduled banks may become cautious as a result of this, and may,
therefore, refuse to lend as much as previously at a given rate of
interest. Second, a higher bank rate would make it costlier for
scheduled banks to borrow from the State Bank. Scheduled banks may
maintain relatively higher reserves after an increase in the bank rate
because they know that in the event they have to borrow from the State
Bank, it will be at a higher rate. However, bank rate would become a
penalty rate only if the scheduled banks do not have excess reserves,
need to borrow from the State Bank, and the bank rate exceeds the rate
charged by scheduled banks.
Advance Deposit Requirements for Imports in Pakistan
Authors: Elahi Mansoor
Published: July 2018

The system of advance deposit requirements for imports, as a
means of improving the balance of payments, has achieved some popularity
in recent years. Most frequently used in Latin America, this technique,
in the form of margin requirements at the time of opening a letter of
credit, has also been employed in Pakistan from time to time. Advance
deposit requirements serve as a selective credit control instrument to
raise the cost of financing imports and thus directly affect the ability
and willingness to import. Under certain conditions, the requirement can
also be an effective general instrument of monetary policy through its
indirect effects on the supply and demand for liquid assets in the
private sector. These direct and indirect effects may then reduce the
demand for imports and thus improve the balance of payments of the
country concerned. Imports in Pakistan were liberalized in August 1948,
because at that time the limited productive activity in the country made
large quantities of imports a physical necessity. In September 1949, the
devaluation of sterling, followed by Pakistan's decision not to devalue
its own currency, rendered importing very profitable. During 1950 the
demand for imports increased as a result of rising incomes due to the
Korean boom. To limit this demand, orders were issued in September 1950
by the State Bank of Pakistan requiring advance deposits on
imports.
The Dangers of Monetary Policy in Agrarian Economies: A
Comment
Authors: Patrick Hugh T. , Chandler Lester V.
Published: July 2018

In an interesting recent article in this Journal1 Richard C.
Porter presents a model "to show that, in agrarian (or predominantly
agricultural) economies it may be impossible to counteract apparently
temporary shifts in the price level by means of traditional monetary
policy". In Section III, to which this comment relates, he assumes a
two-sector model, with one sector (agriculture) producing the single
commodity (foodstuffs) in the economy and the other sector living on
lump-sum transfer payments from the agricultural sector and producing
nothing. These lump-sum taxes are fixed and in money form; Porter in a
footnote (p. 61) assumes (incorrectly, as is discussed below) that "none
of the conclusions would be altered if the tax were fixed in real
terms". Output is independent of economic considerations (determined by
the "caprice of nature"). A fixed money supply is given, as is a desire
to hold a certain real wealth balance relative to real income and
consumption. Speculation on the basis of expectations of price changes
is assumed away. The non-agricultural sector holds its real wealth only
in the form of money, while the agricultural sector holds both money and
hoards of foodgrains. While Porter grants that we know almost nothing
about "what causes changes (and by how much) in the relative proportions
of foodgrain stocks and money in rural wealth balances", his analysis
rests entirely on presumed changes in this fraction. As he indicates,
with an unchanging fiaction, monetary policy is successful in
maintaining a certain price level.
Some Aspects of Interwing Trade and Terms of Trade in
Pakistan
Authors: Islam Nurul
Published: July 2018

cover page not scanned
Two Years of Pakistan's Second Plan (Review Article)
Authors: Power John H.
Published: July 2018

The publication by the Planning Commission of a Mid-Plan
Review1 of progress in the first two years of the Second Five Year Plan
(1960-65) gives interested observers a unique opportunity to reassess
their thinking about economic development in Pakistan. Despite enormous
difficulties because of data limitations, this document represents an
admirable effort to measure the growth in the whole economy and in its
major sectors in the recent past and to suggest what this implies with
respect to the prospects for meeting the targets of the Second Plan.
Inevitably, it also raises, though only by implication, some questions
about longer-run growth pros¬pects in Pakistan. The document is divided
into three parts : a general review, a sectoral review, and a
statistical appendix. The appendix, which consumes more than half of the
119 pages, contains the basic raw material which is summarized and
evaluated in the first two parts. Since data relating to privately
financed development expenditure are generally lacking, most of the
reported data refer to the government-financed sector. Nevertheless,
attempts have been made to fill in the gaps with estimates for the
private sector in order to give a rounded picture of development
progress.
The Development of Institutional Agricultural Credit in
Pakistan
Authors: Khan Md. Irshad
Published: July 2018

The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the development
of insti¬tutional agricultural credit in Pakistan since independence1.
Although much has been written about the problems of rural credit in
this country, tjie em¬phasis was usually on the role of the traditional
village money-lender who was, and in many cases still is, the only
significant source of credit for the small agriculturist2. Very little
information is available on the operation of public or semi-public
agricultural credit institutions, their relative growth in different
areas of Pakistan, their sources of finance or their importance in view
of the aggregate credit requirements. It is today generally recognized
in advanced as well as in less developed countries that the credit needs
of agriculture cannot be met from private sources alone. Government
owned or government-supported credit institutions must carry significant
burden of the credit supply to agriculture if any major development is
to take place in that sector. Even in countries as highly developed as
the United States, government agencies, such as the Farmer's Home
Administration, have been established to fill the big credit gap left by
the commercial banking system. If private banks find it unprofitable in
the United States to lend to agriculture on any significant scale, it is
reasonable to expect this to be even more true in a relatively less
developed country such as Pakistan. The need for government action in
the rural credit field is further accentuated by the fact that many of
the village money¬lenders (predominantly non-Muslim) left Pakistan after
Partition and migrrated to India.
Labour Force and Employment in Pakistan, 1961-86: A Preliminary
Analysis
Authors: Bose Swadesh R.
Published: July 2018

As the need for a long-run perspective in development planning
becomes recognized in Pakistan, the long-term problems of the economy
are bound to become policy issues of great importance. The future
employment of a rapidly increasing labour force is one such problem,
although it cannot, of course, be separated from the problems of growth
of investment and output. Although planning goals have, in the past,
been set essentially in terms of growth of national and per-capita
income, planners cannot ignore the problem of employment. Large numbers
of the existing labour force are now either unemployed or
underemployed1, and to these are added the new entrants to the labour
force as population increases. At the same time, a large shift in the
occupational pattern of the labour force (but not necessarily a net
transfer) away from the agricultural sector into the nonagricultural
sector is necessary for the growth of the economy and per-capita income.
It is for these reasons that a properly conceived employment objective
should be incorporated in the planning process, especially in a long-run
perspective plan. The purpose of this paper is to project for Pakistan
the future growth of population and labour force in order to examine the
magnitude and complexity of the employment problem which Pakistan faces.
The projections cover a period of 25 years from January 1961 to January
1986. The terminal date is so chosen that it roughly coincides with that
of the proposed perspective plan (July 1965-June 1985) which will
reportedly aim at tripling per-capita income from the level of 1961,
achieving equality in per-capita incomes of East and West Pakistan, and
reaching a stage of full employment by 19852.
Rainfall, Acreage and Wheat Production in West Pakistan: A
Statistical Analysis
Authors: Qureshi Sarfraz Khan
Published: July 2018

Reliable knowledge about the factors causing variability in
agricultural production is indispensable in the process of planning for
economic development in Pakistan. This holds particularly for the major
foodgrains, wheat and rice, which account for at least 40 per cent of
gross national product. If we can determine the extent to which factors
beyond our control (e.g., weather) cause year-to-year fluctuations in
output, we should be able to estimate more accurately the increases in
output attributable to our own development efforts (e.g.,increased use
of fertilizers, pest-control measures, etc.). In the case of wheat
production in West Pakistan, our immediate concern is to study factors
that determine acreage and production in any cropping season. With
reliable indicators of the probable wheat production earlier than the
month of September when official estimates are made available,
government policy measures with respect to foodgrain import and storage
could be taken to ensure a more stable domestic supply and price level.
Representing consulship. On the concept and meanings of the consular diptychs
Authors: Olovsdotter Cecilia
Published: July 2018

Although the consular diptych does not appear as a distinct category of art until the end of the Roman consulate’s thousand-year history (c. 400–541), it constitutes a primary example of the continuance of Roman honorific tradition, developing concurrently with the division and transformation of the Roman empire and the resurgence of the consulate as the most prestigious office on the cursus honorum. By analysing and interpreting the patterns of motif selection, compositional structure and representational mode in the consular diptychs, it is possible to trace the various contextual factors, cultural and historical, that contributed towards their conception, and to gain valuable insights into the precepts of the late antique ‘ideology of consulship’ that was transmitted through this new visual medium. The present article discusses the different layers of meaning within the consular imagery, conveyed through an increasing elaboration and regularization of form and content, from the basic theme of official apparatus and ceremonial to the more symbolic themes through which the ideal aspects and functions of the Late Antique consulate are expressed, notably the triumphal and regenerative powers figuratively invested in the consul, and the intimate link between these and the ideas of imperial victory and ‘Eternal Rome’.
Is it possible to believe in a syncretistic god? A discussion on conceptual and contextual aspects of Hellenistic syncretism
Authors: Pakkanen Petra
Published: July 2018

This article will look into the phenomenon of syncretism from two different points of view. Firstly, syncretism will be discussed from a conceptual perspective in relation to elaborations on belief, an equally perplexing concept in the studies of ancient Greek religion. Secondly, a very selective example of the syncretism between the goddess Demeter and Isis as an object of veneration in Ptolemaic Egypt will be looked at more closely in order to bring the conceptual perspective into closer contact with the contextual one. It will be argued that syncretism can be regarded both as an essence of polytheistic religious systems in particular, and as a process of syncretization. Once a metaphorical understanding of syncretism is added to these views, believing in a syncretistic deity (Demeter-Isis in our case) appears doubtful since a new entity in a polytheistic belief-system would have entailed a fundamental change in the belief system itself as well as an introduction of totally new features to the conception of deities in general.
Italian dreams, Roman longings. Vilhelm Lundström and the first Swedish philological-archaeological course in Rome, 1909
Authors: Blennow Anna , Whitling Frederick
Published: July 2018

In Sweden, the future of Classical Philology and the study of the ancient past remain uncertain a century after the first Swedish university course in Rome, led by Vilhelm Lundström, Professor of Latin at Gothenburg, and the simultaneous establishment of the study of Classical Archaeology and Ancient History in Swedish academia in 1909. The institutionalisation of the Swedish scholarly presence in Rome materialised with the establishment of the Swedish Institute in Rome (SIR) in 1925, and its inauguration the following year—partly as a result of Lundström’s pioneering initiative. The present article discusses the implications of Lundström’s course in Rome as well as in Sweden, and sheds light on his neohumanist vision of an integrated study of antiquity; with Classical Archaeology and Ancient History as integral elements of Classical Philology. This vision lay abandoned throughout the twentieth century, but deserves to be taken into account when discussing how philology relates to archaeology, or considering the study of antiquity and the classical tradition in a modern comprehensive context of humanities in academia.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Educational Research, Vol. 1, No. 1
Authors: Williams Adan
Published: July 2018

Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Educational Research, Vol. 1, No. 1
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Linguistics Research, Vol. 1, No. 1
Authors: Lane Sarah
Published: July 2018

Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Linguistics Research, Vol. 1, No. 1
Gramsci e a História: uma reavaliação do conceito de revolução passiva
Authors: Gonçalves Rodrigo Jurucê Mattos
Published: July 2018

Neste artigo buscamos uma releitura do conceito de revolução passiva, elaborado por Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937), nos Cadernos do cárcere. A revolução passiva é uma importante ferramenta teórica para problematizar a História do Brasil e praticamente formou uma tradição entre os intelectuais gramscianos. Cremos que é possível enriquecer essa tradição com a contribuição de marxistas brasileiros como Francisco de Oliveira, Ruy Mauro Marini e Florestan Fernandes, trazendo à revolução passiva novas perspectivas na análise do passado e do presente.
SISTEM PAKAR PENENTUAN MOTIF DAN WARNA BATIK BERDASARKAN CIRI FISIK DENGAN METODE FORWARD CHAINING
Authors: Dhenabayu Riska , Sari Hesty Puspita , Yunita Sari Silviana Valyanda
Published: July 2018

Membatik merupakan teknik menghias kain tradisional Indonesia dengan menggunakan lilin untuk membuat pola dan desain. Penggunaan batik antara satu individu dengan individu lainnya memang berbeda, bergantung dari ciri fisik dan karakter pemakai agar terlihat bagus, elegan, dan jragem (berwibawa). Kesesuaian pengguna batik ini merupakan hal yang penting mengingat kebutuhan masyarakat terhadap penampilan yang nyaman, pantas, dan menarik. Ingatan manusia dan ahli yang memahami batik sangatlah terbatas, maka diperlukan sebuah sistem untuk menjaga salah satu warisan budaya ini agar bisa bertahan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan dan menerapkan basis pengetahuan dan sistem pakar yang dapat dengan cepat mencocokan batik yang sesuai dengan ciri fisik pengguna khususnya batik Blitar. Sistem ini akan menarik kesimpulan dari beberapa jenis masukan yang masuk ke sistem berdasarkan warna kulit, ukuran pakaian, usia, dan jenis kelamin. Program ini menggunakan PHP sebagai bahasa pemrograman dan MySQL sebagai basis data sistem.
SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN UNTUK MENENTUKAN DOSIS OBAT PADA ANAK MENGGUNAKAN METODE FORWARD CHAINING (Studi Kasus Di Klinik Dokter Umum Karanggayam - Srengat)
Authors: Mawaddah Udkhiati , Fauzi Muchtar
Published: July 2018

Pembahasan utama dalam skripsi ini adalah perancangan dan pembuatan sistempendukung keputusan dengan metode forward chaining. Penelitian dalam skripsi inimenggunakan subjek penyakit anak dan dosis obat anak karena penentuan jenis penyakit dan dosis obat pada anak yang dilakukan sebelumnya masih ditentukan oleh dokter sendiri.Metode yang digunakan dalam pembuatan sistem pendukung keputusan ini adalah forward chaining untuk menentukan jenis penyakit pada pasien, di mana sistem digerakkan oleh fakta-fakta yang ada. Fakta tersebut diperoleh dari kondisi fisik pasien, atau disebut dengan gejala. Dalam pembuatan sistem pendukung keputusan ini diperlukan penggalian data yang bersumber pada pakar, dalam hal ini adalah dokter. Proses pengujian sistem pendukung keputusan ini menggunakan angket. Berdasarkan hasil kuisioner, sistem pendukung keputusan ini memiliki prosentase kemudahan program untuk digunakan oleh pengguna adalah sebesar 48,8%. Selain itu kesesuaian program ini juga mendapatkan prosentase yang besar juga.
Morfometría geométrica en puntas de proyectil lanceoladas de las Sierras Centrales, Argentina
Authors: Rivero Diego , Heider Guillermo
Published: July 2018

Los resultados que se exponen y discuten en este trabajo constituyen un acercamiento inicial a la utilización de la morfometría geométrica como metodología aplicada al estudio de puntas de proyectil lanceoladas de las Sierras Centrales. Este tipo de instrumentos líticos pertenecientes a los sistemas de armas utilizados por los cazadores recolectores, comúnmente denominadas puntas “ayampitín”, constituyen un elemento diagnóstico de la tecnología existente en el área durante el Holoceno Medio. El análisis de variables morfométricas y su relación con la materia prima empleada permitió abordar la historia de vida de los artefactos y las variables de diseño existentes, reflejando una amplia variabilidad. El conjunto de cuarenta piezas es el primero al que se aplica esta metodología, por cuanto los resultados obtenidos son preliminares.
La fecha de la cerámica más temprana en los Andes sur. Una perspectiva macrorregional mediante modelos bayesianos
Authors: Marsh Erik Johnson
Published: July 2018

The earliest pottery marks a milestone in the human history of the southern Andes. This paper proposes an approximation of the date of the earliest pottery using Bayesian chronological models. Models of 84 radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dates from 49 sites are compared among five areas in Argentina (the provinces of San Juan and Mendoza) and Chile (the semi-arid north, central, and south central). Although there are still few data, they show an intriguing pattern of very similar dates with medians between 2100–2180 cal BP (2250–1920, 68% probability, starting boundaries) in four of the areas, though some error ranges are large. The similarity of the dates is striking considering that the macro-region extends over one thousand kilometers (north–south) from 30° to 39°S and includes a diverse range of environments. The contemporaneity is even more notable because these areas include the continent’s southern limit of agriculture. It is hoped this will encourage researchers to more carefully assess this period when excavating and dating relevant contexts as well as encourage discussions on the nature of the initial adoption of ceramics in the southern Andes.
Biogeografía humana en la cuenca del Río Diamante: información arqueológica y perspectivas
Authors: Giardina Miguel , Otaola Clara , Franchetti Fernando
Published: July 2018

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados iniciales de un proyecto de investigación arqueológica para la cuenca del río Diamante, provincia de Mendoza y se realiza una síntesis de la información disponible. Como objetivo general y de largo plazo, buscamos analizar si hubo una disminución en la movilidad residencial y una ampliación en la variedad de recursos consumidos durante el Holoceno tardío como plantea el modelo de poblamiento del área propuesto a nivel regional. O por el contrario, analizar si existió un continuum de sociedades con alta movilidad residencial sin una saturación del espacio que implicara cambios en el uso de los recursos. Las evidencias arqueológicas disponibles para evaluar estos modelos alternativos no son suficientes como para inclinar la balanza hacia uno u otro modelo. Sin embargo, la tendencia general observada apunta hacia una amplia movilidad residencial y el aprovechamiento de recursos de todos los pisos ecológicos.
El sitio Abrigo Pozo Cavado, Puna de Salta. Nuevo aporte arqueológico y cronológico para el estudio de procesos de cambio hacia finales del Holoceno medio (ca. 5600-4600 años AP)
Authors: López Gabriel E. J. , Orsi Juan Pablo
Published: July 2018

Este trabajo analiza y discute nueva información arqueológica y cronológica del sitio Abrigo Pozo Cavado correspondiente a finales del Holoceno medio (ca. 5600-4600 años AP). Este sitio se ubica en el Salar de Pocitos, Puna de Salta, a una altura de 3700 msnm. El registro arqueofaunístico indica una predominancia absoluta de los Camelidae pero con variabilidad osteométrica relacionada con la presencia de distintas especies de esta familia. El material lítico registra distintas morfologías de puntas de proyectil y materias primas, entre ellas, obsidianas alóctonas. Por último, se destaca la presencia de cuentas de valva.
Análisis de formas sobre vasijas enteras de museos del sur de Mendoza
Authors: Sugrañes Nuria
Published: July 2018

Se realizó un relevamiento de vasijas enteras e incompletas pertenecientes a colecciones de tres museos del sur de Mendoza. El objetivo principal fue conocer las formas de vasijas cerámicas presentes en la región y generar, a partir de los resultados, una muestra comparativa para el análisis de fragmentos cerámicos arqueológicos. Este trabajo surge a partir de la alta fragmentación de la cerámica en la región y, la escasa presencia de vasijas enteras en los sitios arqueológicos. Se confeccionaron fichas con variables que contemplen aspectos tecnológicos y que se vinculan con la movilidad de las poblaciones humanas. Además, se hizo hincapié en la relación forma - función de las vasijas, como una forma de evaluar el rol de la tecnología cerámica a partir de las tendencias observadas en el sur de Mendoza. Los resultados del análisis cerámico muestran para la región una gran variabilidad morfológica, lo cual parece estar relacionado a las diversas posibilidades de uso y, a las expectativas arqueológicas esperables para poblaciones cazadoras recolectoras móviles.
Estimación de la edad de guanaco (Lama guanicoe) a partir de los dientes incisivos: un aporte metodológico para la construcción de perfiles de mortalidad
Authors: Kaufmann Cristian A. , Alvarez María Clara , Pérez S. Iván
Published: July 2018

El guanaco fue el principal recurso para los cazadores-recolectores que habitaron las regiones pampeana y patagónica de Argentina. Este ungulado jugó un rol fundamental en las esferas económica, social e ideológica de estas sociedades durante el Holoceno. En este sentido, comprender la relación entre las poblaciones de humanos y guanacos en el pasado es crucial para la zooarquelogía sudamericana. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una metodología que permite estimar la edad relativa de los camélidos a partir del análisis de los dientes incisivos. La muestra se compone de incisivos de 91 guanacos modernos, asignados a diferentes clases de edad. Este análisis incluyó variables cualitativas, tales como el estado de la raíz y de la dentina, así como cuantitativas, como la altura de la corona. Los resultados indican que la combinación de estas variables es un indicador útil para la estimación de la edad en incisivos aislados de guanaco, los cuales son frecuentemente hallados en el registro faunístico.