bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping of land use and coverage in 2000 and 2010 along the sub-basins of the Seco and Precuá creeks in the municipalities of Bacabeira and Rosário in the state of Maranhão, Brazil / Mapeamento do uso e cobertura do solo nos anos de 2000 e 2010 (...)
Authors: Araujo Gisele Cardoso , De Castro Antonio Carlos Leal , Soares Leonardo Silva
Published: June 2018

Através do emprego de técnicas de geoprocessamento estruturou-se um banco de dados com informações georreferenciadas, referente ao uso e cobertura do solo nos anos de 2000 e 2010 nas sub-bacias dos Riachos Seco e Precuá, localizadas nos municípios de Bacabeira e Rosário – MA, respectivamente, e pertencentes a bacia hidrográfica do rio Itapecuru. Utilizaram-se imagens de satélite de média resolução espacial (30m), que foram executadas em um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), por meio do programa SPRING 5.0.6. A partir das informações geradas no banco de dados foi possível verificar um aumento de áreas antropizadas nas duas sub-bacias, provocadas pelo desmatamento, urbanização, atividades agropecuárias, extrativismo e pelas atividades de terraplenagem para a implantação da Refinaria Premium I. Os resultados apresentados fornecem subsídios importantes no processo de compreensão da dinâmica do espaço geográfico e na identificação cronológica das alterações ambientais no entorno das sub-bacias investigadas.
English Exposed
Authors: Hart Steve
Published: June 2018

Having analysed the most common English errors made in over 600 academic papers written by Chinese undergraduates, postgraduates, and researchers, Steve Hart has written an essential, practical guide specifically for the native Chinese speaker on how to write good academic English. English Exposed: Common Mistakes Made by Chinese Speakers is divided into three main sections. The first section examines errors made with verbs, nouns, prepositions, and other grammatical classes of words. The second section focuses on problems of word choice. In addition to helping the reader find the right word, it provides instruction for selecting the right style too. The third section covers a variety of other areas essential for the academic writer, such as using punctuation, adding appropriate references, referring to tables and figures, and selecting among various English date and time phrases. Using English Exposed will allow a writer to produce material where content and ideas—not language mistakes—speak the loudest.
INTERVENÇÃO JUNTO A INDÍVIDUOS COM TRANSTORNO DO ESPECTRO DO AUTISMO: A PERCEPÇÃO DO PROFISSIONAL
Authors: Rocha Aila Narene Dahwache Criado , Capobianco Nadine Aparecida Nogueira , Brito Luana Borges , Santos Andréa Rizzo dos
Published: June 2018

Para a sistematização de intervenções, é fundamental conhecer a percepção dos profissionais que trabalham com indivíduos com Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo a fim de instrumentalizá-los no aprimoramento de ações que estimulem suas habilidades e atendam integralmente suas necessidades. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a percepção dos profissionais sobre o trabalho desenvolvido por eles com as crianças e jovens com Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo bem, como identificar suas estratégias de intervenção. Fizeram parte deste estudo 16 participantes, sendo doze educadores e quatro profissionais da saúde. Para a coleta de dados foi elaborado um roteiro de entrevista semi estruturada a fim de compreender a percepção dos profissionais acerca do trabalho com esses indivíduos. Após a entrevista pode-se identificar que os profissionais possuem conhecimento prático sobre as características e atuação com crianças e jovens com Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo, porém necessitam de espaços formais para a troca de experiências e a construção de novos conhecimentos.
PROGRAMAS DE INTERVENÇÃO PRECOCE: CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE INSTITUIÇÕES E PROFISSIONAIS
Authors: Nascimento Gabriela Cordeiro Corrêa do , Rosa Mariana Peres da , Burnagui Jhenifer Geisa , Gagliardo Heloisa Gagheggi Ravanini Gardon
Published: June 2018

RESUMO: Os termos intervenção precoce, estimulação precoce e estimulação essencial vêm sendo historicamente discutidos e, apesar de semelhantes, refletem em práticas de atuação distintas. Com relação aos programas de intervenção precoce (IP), estes visam proporcionar acompanhamento não só às crianças com alterações no desenvolvimento, mas também a família e ao contexto em que elas estão inseridas. Neste sentido, pretendeu-se com este estudo caracterizar as instituições que prestam serviços de IP na cidade de Curitiba-PR e os profissionais atuantes nestes serviços. A amostra constituiu-se de 19 representantes institucionais e 142 profissionais. Predominaram as instituições do 3º setor, que atuam na área da educação que contam com equipe multidisciplinar. Quanto à população atendida prevaleceu a clientela com múltiplas deficiências e deficiência intelectual. Em relação aos profissionais prevaleceram professores com especialização que atuam há mais de 10 anos na IP e as equipes foram classificadas majoritariamente como multidisciplinar. A partir dos resultados concluiu-se que a prevalência de instituições do terceiro setor e da área da educação podem estar atreladas a aspectos históricos como assistencialismo e políticas nacionais de educação. A interdisciplinaridade entre setores da saúde e da educação ainda se constitui como um desafio conceitual, metodológico e prático, sendo necessária maior disseminação e compreensão sobre suas diretrizes e funcionamento. Conhecer a caracterização de instituições e seus profissionais é fundamental para compreender os desafios que se colocam ao atendimento da clientela em questão, sendo necessária a ampliação desses serviços de maneira geral e do acesso aos mesmos.
STABILITY OF FOAMS CONTAINING DIESIL FUEL
Authors: Vilkova Natalya G. , Mishina Svetlana I. , Dorchina Olga V.
Published: June 2018

The comparative characteristic of the stability of foams formed by sodium dodecylsulfate and gelatin at their various concentrations at the presence of the diesel fuel under the action of an applied pressure drop was carried out in this work. It was shown that the change in the gelatin/ surfactant ratio in the initial solution changed the stability of such foams at the presence of an organic liquid. The surfactant and protein concentrations when these dispersions are more stable at the presence of the organic phase were determined. The isolated foam films obtained from a solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate + gelatin / diesel fuel were studied. It was shown that there was no correlation between the stability of the isolated film and the foam under the action of applied pressure drops: the films in contact with diesel fuel retained considerable stability, unlike the foams obtained from this aqueous solution of gelatin and surfactant in the presence of said organic substance. The coefficients of initial spreading of diesel fuel on the surface of an aqueous solution containing gelatin and surfactant were calculated. The change in the interfacial energy at the interface of the aqueous solution of sodium dodecylsulfate + gelatin/ diesel fuel with time when changing of the surfactant: protein ratio in the initial solution and different concentrations of the organic liquid was investigated. The change in the interfacial tension at the interface of the aqueous solution of sodium dodecylsulfate + gelatin/ diesel fuel over time was accompanied by a significant decrease in the stability of foams obtained from aqueous solutions containing gelatin and an ionic surfactant. If the interfacial tension did not change or slightly decreased, the foams containing diesel fuel remained stable.Forcitation:Vilkova N.G., Mishina S.I., Dorchina O.V. Stability of foams containing diesil fuel. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 6. P. 48-53
SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF MACROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS WITH FRAGMENT OF METHYLINDANDONE
Authors: Berezina Galina R. , Nikolaeva Karina A.
Published: June 2018

The present communication is a continuation of the systematic studies of the authors in the field of synthesis and studying the properties of macroheterocyclic compounds, as large as possible structural modifications allow currently to synthesize macroheterocyclic compounds, differing in composition, the nature of their constituent heteroatoms and make this class of compounds promising from the point of view of directed synthesis to obtain materials with valuable practical properties. Condensation products and macroheterocyclic compounds of a symmetrical structure are synthesized by the interaction of diimine 2-methylindandione-1,3 with 2,4-diaminobenzenesulfonic acid and 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-thiadiazole in a molar ratio of 2:1. Condensation products constitute a powdery substance with different shades of red color, soluble in water and organic solvents of different nature. Macroheterocyclic compounds were synthesized with two ways. The first method is cyclization of compounds of structure 2:1 in a symmetric structure, and the second in a molar ratio of the starting materials. A purification was performed by column chromatography on alumina of II degree of activity by Brockmann eluent acetone - chloroform, 1:1 by volume. An identification of the synthesis products was performed by thin-layer chromatography on plates Silufol UV-254 (eluent – acetone - chloroform, 1:1 by volume). The compounds were characterized by data of IR, electronic and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Electronic absorption spectra were measured on instrument Hitachi U-2010 in quartz cuvettes at 20 °C. IR spectra were obtained on the device Avatar 360 FT-IR ESP in KBr. 1H NMR spectra of solutions of samples in acetone – D6 were recorded on device "AMD Brucker 500" with an internal standard of TMS. The data of elemental analysis obtained on the instrument CHNS-O Analyzer FlashEA 1112 Series. A hypsochromic shift of the absorption bands was observed upon closure in a cycle. The widened absorption bands in the visible part of the electron spectrum indicate that the molecules of synthesized compounds have a flat structure and the absorption due to individual fragments, which are part of molecules and single-chain pairing of the synthesized structures.Forcitation:Berezina G.R., Nikolaeva K.A. Synthesis and properties of macrocyclic compounds with fragment of methylindandone. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 6. P. 29-34
Caseanalyse i læreruddannelsen
Authors: Gammelgaard Ole
Published: June 2018

ResuméArtiklen tilbyder et teoretisk og empirisk blik på underviserens arbejde med caseanalyser inden for læreruddannelsen. Ambitionen er primært at udvikle en analytisk model på et professionsdidaktisk grundlag og sekundært at afklare, hvordan analysen empirisk kan håndteres inden for rammerne af en professionel praksis, hvor der er travlt med at undervise. Undersøgelsens væsentligste teoretiske resultater er, at den analytiske model kan forstås som en række delanalyser: en kontekst-, en handlings-, en baggrunds-, en udviklings- og en resultatanalyse. Empirisk er der tale om mindst to sammenhængende caseanalyser forskudt i tid, hvor den første kvalificerer det indgreb, der afprøves i den anden. Artiklen henvender sig primært til undervisere og forskere ved professionshøjskolerne, men er relevant for alle, der arbejder med undervisning.AbstractThe article offers a theoretical and empirical view on case analysis performed by teacher trainers. First of all, the ambition is to develop an analytical model based on educational theory relevant for teacher training, secondly to identify how the case analysis can be applied within a professional practice focusing on teaching. The main results of the research are that the analytical model can be understood as a number of minor analyses each with their own research question: a context, an action, a background, a development and a result analysis. Empirically we speak of at least two intertwined case analyses shifted in time. The first analysis qualifies the pedagogical action that is tested in the second. The article is primarily addressed to teacher trainers and researchers within teacher education, however, it is relevant to everyone reflecting on teaching.
KVANTATIVNE PROMJENE ANTROPOLOŠKIH DIMENZIJA POD UTICAJEM MORFOLOŠKIH KARAKTERISTIKA KOD SPORTISTA
Authors: Gojković Dejan , Mićović Dušan
Published: June 2018

Morfološka antropometrija je važan za selekciju kandidata za pojedini sport ili disciplinu, praćenje i evaluaciju trenažnog procesa, objektivno ocjenjivanje opšteg razvoja i kontrolu uhranjenosti djece sportista i rekreativaca.Uzorak ispitanika je bio 54 ispitanika srednjih škola u Banja Luci uzrasta 15 godina obuhvaćeni redovnom nastavom fizičkog vaspitanja i dodatnim trenažnim radom za razvoj snage i agilnosti u okviru sportskog društva za fizičku kulturu škole. Svi ispitanici uključeni u eksperiment su bili zdravi što je utvrđeno ljekarskim pregledom prije i poslije eksperimenta.Uzorak varijabli za morfološke sposobnosti činile su dimenzije:cirkularna dimenzionalnost skeleta i mase tijela a to su:srednji obim grudnog koša u cm,obim butine opružene noge u cm,maksimalni obim podkoljenice u cm, masa tijela u gr.Potkožno masno tkivo i to debljina kožnog nabora trbuha u mm,debljina kožnog nabora butine u mm,debljina kožnog nabora potkoljenice u mm.Predloženi model uzorka antropometrijskih mjera za procjenu morfoloških karakteristika primjenjen je prema upustvima Internacionalnog biološkog programa(IBP). Rezultati kanoničke dikriminativne funkcije ukazuju da je u finalnom u odnosu na inicijalno mjerenje kod ekperimentalne grupe došlo do statistički značajnih promjena morfoloških sposobnosti.Postavljene hipoteze su se potvrdile.
EFEKTI PROGRAMA SPRINTERSKE BRZINE U REDOVNOJ NASTAVI FIZIČKOG VASPITANJA NA NEKE MOTORIČKE I FUNKCIONALNE SPOSOBNOSTI
Authors: Mićović Dušan
Published: June 2018

Istraživanje je izvršeno sa ciljem da se utvrde efekti treninga sprinterske brzine na transformaciju motoričkih i funkcionalnih sposobnosti učenika osnovnih škola. Uzorak ispitanika je činilo 54 učenika za osnovno obrazovanje u Kosovskoj Mitrovici, starosti 11 godina ± 6 meseci. Eksperimentalna grupa bila je sastavljena od 27 ispitanika odabranih za trening sprinterske brzine na časovima fizičkog vaspitanja, tri puta nedeljno po 45 min, u trajanju od osam nedelja. Kontrolna grupa je bila sastavljena takođe od 27 ispitanika koji su sa istim fondom časova i u istom vremenskom intervalu, kao i eksperimentalna grupa, pohađali časove redovnog programa fizičkog vaspitanja (tri puta nedeljno po 45 min, u trajanju od osam nedelja). U istraživanju su primenjeni merni instrumenti za procenu dimenzija eksplozivne i repetitivne snage, fleksibilnosti, koordinacije, segmentarne brzine i funkcionalnih sposobnosti. Osnovni cilj istraživanja je bio utvrđivanje uticaja programa rada sprinterske brzine u redovnoj nastavi fizičkog vaspitanja na razvoj motoričkih i funkcionalnih sposobnosti kod ispitanika eksperimentalne grupe. Dodatni cilj istraživanja je bio utvrđivanje uticaja programskih sadržaja redovne nastave fizičkog na razvoj istih antropoloških obeležja kod kontrolne grupe ispitanika. Rezultati su pokazali da je eksperimentalna grupa ispitanika postigla bolje rezultate u istraživanim prostorima, kao i da je došlo do značajnih efekata treninga sprinterske brzine na finalnom testiranju.
METODE ZA ODREĐIVANJE ANTIMIKROBNE REZISTENCIJE KOD MIKROORGANIZAMA U HRANI
Authors: LEDINA Tijana , BULAJIĆ Snežana , ĐORĐEVIĆ Jasna
Published: June 2018

Rezistencija na antibiotike predstavlja rastući problem koji je Svetskazdravstvena organizacija proglasila jednom od najvećih pretnji za globalno zdravljeljudi. Lanac hrane jedan je od najvažnijih puteva prenošenja i širenja rezistencijena antibiotike između populacije rezistentnih i populacije osetljivih komensalnihi/ili patogenih mikroorganizama. Rezistencija na antibiotike može biti urođena, ilistečena putem mutacija ili lateralnog transfera gena. Sa aspekta širenja rezistencijeznačajna je samo rezistencija stečena lateralnim transferom gena. Postoje brojnemetode za detekciju i određivanje prirode rezistencije na antibiotike kod bakterijaizolovanih iz hrane. Neophodno je da metode budu standardizovane i da obezbeđujukonzistentnost i doslednost dobijenih rezultata. Za detekciju fenotipske rezistencijekod bakterija izolovanih iz hrane koriste se metode kojima se određuje minimalnainhibitorna koncentracija antibiotika. U njih spadaju metod mikrodilucije, metoddilucije u agaru i E-testovi. Kvalitativne i semikvantitativne metode koje se čestokoriste kod kliničkih izolata, nisu prigodne za ispitivanje rezistencije na antibiotikekod mikroorganizama izolovanih iz hrane. Kod mikroorganizama kod kojih seutvrdi prisustvo fenotipske rezistencije na antibiotike, određuje se prisustvo gena zarezistenciju. Mikroorganizmi kod kojih se dokaže prisustvo genetskih determinantikoje su povezane sa stečenom rezistencijom na antibiotike, predstavljaju rizik zadiseminaciju rezistencije i među osetljivom populacijom. Mikroorganizmi koji imajukomercijalnu upotrebu, ne bi trebalo da poseduju genetske determinante prenosiverezistencije na antibiotike.
ZAŠTO VETERINARI TREBA DA POZNAJU PONAŠANJE ŽIVOTINJA
Authors: VUČINIĆ Marijana , NENADOVIĆ Katarina , KOVAČ Dunja , JANKOVIĆ Ljiljana
Published: June 2018

Ponašanje je najbrži način adaptacije životinje na promene kojese dešavaju u njenom organizmu ili u životnom okruženju. To je vidljiva osobinaživotinja. Zbog toga, veterinari mogu da koriste znanje o ponašanju životinja umnogim granama veterinarske prakse i veterinarske nauke. Poznavanje ponašanjaživotinja može biti od pomoći u dijagnostici u veterinarskoj praksi. Osim toga, znanjeo ponašanju životinja može se primeniti u svim postupcima postupanja sa životinjamakao i pri njihovom obuzdavanju, prilikom kliničkog pregleda životinja, u procesimaučenja i obuke životinja, u usmeravanju kretanja životinja, hranjenju, reprodukcijii mnogim drugim aktivnostima. Smeštajni sistemi i sve vrste obogaćivanja uslovaživota su proizvodi primenjene nauke o ponašanju životinja. Veterinari moraju znatikako da spreče poremećaje u ponašanju i patološke oblike ponašanja životinja, alii kako da ih leče. Takođe, oni treba da znaju kako da primene znanje o ponašanjuživotinja za dobrobit životinja. Dalje, nauka o ponašanju životinja može se primenitiu kontroli divljači i štetočina na humaniji način, kao i u očuvanju vrsta. Postojemnogi drugi primeri primene znanja o ponašanju životinja u veterinarskoj praksi, akoji su izneti u ovom radu.
Modeling and analysis of the impacts of jet lag on circadian rhythm and its role in tumor growth
Authors: Hassan Azka , Ahmad Jamil , Ashraf Hufsah , Ali Amjad
Published: June 2018

Circadian rhythms maintain a 24 h oscillation pattern in metabolic, physiological and behavioral processes in all living organisms. Circadian rhythms are organized as biochemical networks located in hypothalamus and peripheral tissues. Rhythmicity in the expression of circadian clock genes plays a vital role in regulating the process of cell division and DNA damage control. The oncogenic protein, MYC and the tumor suppressor, p53 are directly influenced by the circadian clock. Jet lag and altered sleep/wake schedules prominently affect the expression of molecular clock genes. This study is focused on developing a Petri net model to analyze the impacts of long term jet lag on the circadian clock and its probable role in tumor progression. The results depict that jet lag disrupts the normal rhythmic behavior and expression of the circadian clock proteins. This disruption leads to persistent expression of MYC and suppressed expression of p53. Thus, it is inferred that jet lag altered circadian clock negatively affects the expressions of cell cycle regulatory genes and contribute in uncontrolled proliferation of tumor cells.
Physiological and behavioral responses of house sparrows to repeated stressors
Authors: Gormally Brenna M.G. , Wright-Lichter Jessica , Reed J. Michael , Romero L. Michael
Published: June 2018

Despite decades of research, we still lack a complete understanding of what factors influence the transition of the necessary and adaptive acute stress response to what has become known as chronic stress. This gap in knowledge has illuminated the necessity for studies that examine the thresholds between these two sides of the stress response. Here, we determine how repeated exposure to acute stressors influences physiological and behavioral responses. In this repeated measures study, house sparrows (Passer domesticus) were exposed to a chronic stress protocol. We took physiological and behavioral measurements before, during, and after the protocol. Blood samples were used to assess four aspects of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function: baseline corticosterone, stress-induced corticosterone, negative feedback, and the maximal capacity to secrete corticosterone. We also assessed bacterial killing capacity and changes in uric acid concentration. Neophobia trials were used to assess behavioral changes throughout the protocol. We found no significant changes in HPA axis regulation in any of the four aspects we tested. However, we found that uric acid concentrations and neophobia significantly decreased after only four days of the chronic stress protocol, while bacterial killing capacity did not decrease until after eight days of exposure. These results indicate that different components of the stress response can be impacted by chronic stress on different timescales. Our results further indicate the importance of assessing multiple aspects of both physiology and behavior in order to understand how exposure to chronic stress may influence ability to cope with future challenges.
Description of a change in teaching methods and comparison of quizzes versus midterms scores in a research methods course
Authors: Sullivan Stephanie G. B. , Hoiriis Kathryn T. , Paolucci Lucia
Published: June 2018

Objective:

We describe a change in teaching method from extended face-to-face instruction to a blended classroom environment in a research methods course and compare student scores following a change in assessment from mid-term examination to weekly quizzes.

Methods:

The course traditionally had been taught using a weekly 2-hour lecture for each academic term. A change in teaching methods was designed to include 20 minutes of lecture followed by 30 minutes of topic-specific in-class group discussions. The students then continued group work for an additional hour at an alternative location of their choice, such as the library, café, student study areas, or at home. Student homework/reading assignments were given as topics for weekly group discussions. In addition, the midterm examinations were replaced with weekly quizzes. Using t-test and analysis of variance, scores for four student cohorts in two successive academic terms were compared using identical multiple-choice questions from the midterms and quizzes for two topics. Student verbal feedback was elicited at the end of each term.

Results:

Quiz scores showed significant improvement over midterm scores for the more challenging statistics multiple-choice questions (t[371] = −2.21, p = .03, d = 0.23) with no significant improvement in multiple-choice questions about the safety of human subjects (t[374] = −.401, p = .69, d = 0.04). Student verbal feedback indicated higher satisfaction with the blended classroom and experiential learning style.

Conclusion:

Assessment using quizzes in an early and often format, instead of a midterm examination, was associated with higher scores on identical questions. Students preferred the blended classroom environment with experiential learning exercises and weekly quizzes.
Comparison of student performance and perceptions of a traditional lecture course versus an inverted classroom format for clinical microbiology
Authors: Burnham Kara D , Mascenik James
Published: June 2018

Objective:

Student satisfaction and student performance are of primary concern when classroom pedagogy is changed. We determine the equivalence of two teaching methodologies in a clinical microbiology course using test scores as the measure of student performance.

Methods:

The two teaching methodologies examined were a traditional lecture-based method face-to-face (F2F) method and an inverted classroom method (ICM). Student perceptions of the ICM method were measured using a course survey in which students were asked to compare their experiences in the ICM class with experiences in a traditional F2F class. Classroom exams were administered in the same way in the traditional F2F lecture and ICM courses. Student test averages obtained in both pedagogies were compared for equivalence using an independent samples t-test. A six-question survey was developed to assess student perception of the ICM classroom compared to that for the traditional lecture-based classroom.

Results:

Test performance of students in the ICM was equivalent to that of students receiving traditional F2F lectures. Mean difference between test scores for the ICM and traditional F2F groups was 1.9 points (95% confidence interval [CI], −4.0–0.14). Survey responses indicated that respondents feel positively about self-learning in ICM and prefer the flexibility provided by ICM.

Conclusion:

This study provides evidence that the ICM method of teaching clinical microbiology can replace the traditional F2F method without loss of student performance. Respondent perceptions of the inverted classroom were positive, with students favoring the flexibility.
Thoroughbred mare's milk exhibits a unique and diverse free oligosaccharide profile
Authors: Karav Sercan , Salcedo Jaime , Frese Steven A. , Barile Daniela
Published: June 2018

The Thoroughbred is among the most valuable horse breeds, and its husbandry is a major industry. Mare's milk plays a major role in the health of neonatal foals. Although the main components of mare's milk are broadly characterized, free oligosaccharides (OS), which possess various bioactivities in many mammalian milks, have not been fully profiled in Thoroughbreds. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify OS in Thoroughbred mare's milk during the first week of lactation, when foals typically consume mare's milk exclusively. A total of 48 OS structures (including isomers and anomers), corresponding to 20 unique compositions, were identified by nano LC‐Chip QToF‐MS and confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. Neutral OS were the most abundant glycans (58.3%), followed by acidic OS containing Neu5Ac (33.3%), a minor presence of fucosylated OS structures (6.25%) and one structure containing NeuGc (2.1%). Comparison with other well‐characterized mammalian milks revealed that mare's milk shared 8 OS structures with human, bovine, pig and goat milk (i.e., 2 sialyllactose isomers, 3 hexose, LNH, LNT, and OS with the composition 3 Hex‐1 Neu5Ac). Additionally, there were seven unique OS not previously found in other mammal milks. During the first 7 days of lactation, the percentage of neutral and fucosylated OS increased, whereas acidic OS decreased and the total OS concentration ranged from 217.8 mg·L−1 to 79.8 mg·L−1.
Reactive Forging − Pressure Assisted Thermal Explosion Mode of SHS for Processing Dense In Situ Composites and Structural Parts: A Review
Authors: Gotman Irena , Gutmanas Elazar Y.
Published: June 2018

Over the last decades, there has been a decisive shift from basic science to applied research that brought about the development of a number of unconventional combustion processes that allow for simultaneous synthesis and consolidation of otherwise difficult‐to‐process high temperature materials. External pressure application during thermal explosion (TE) mode of self‐propagating high‐temperature synthesis (SHS) can produce dense products provided the combination temperature and pressure are sufficient for consolidation. In the developed TE‐based reactive forging (RF) method, a self‐sustained reaction is ignited by rapid heat transfer from press die and rams, and a moderate consolidation pressure is applied when the combustion product still contains a sufficient amount of liquid or very soft phase. Plastic flow of the product results in filling the shape of the die thus producing a near‐net‐shape part. Reactive forging (RF) is especially efficient in combination with the developed short distance infiltration (SDI) approach based on the presence of a low melting phase component (e.g., Al, Mg, Ti–Ni eutectics) in the non‐dense reactant blend that is squeezed into the pores under the applied pressure thereby increasing the interparticle contact area and enhancing exothermic heat release rate. Compared to traditional reactive melt infiltration, SDI has the advantage of the considerably shorter infiltration distances (μm vs. mm–cm). Close temperature monitoring during RF and RF/SDI processing provides a deeper insight into the SHS reaction mechanisms. The “heat sink” action of the pressure die after TE results in rapid cooling of the consolidated products and correspondingly fine microstructures and high mechanical properties. Examples of successful application of the RF/SDI processing of homogeneous and functionally graded in situ composites based on binary (Al2O3, TiB2, TiC, TiN) and ternary (MgAl2O4, Ti3SiC2, Ti3AlC2) ceramics, as well as intermetallic–ceramic and metal–ceramic interpenetrating phase composites are described. Nanostructuring of reactant blends results in lower SHS ignition temperatures, and thus can be utilized for two‐stage ignition of multi‐component composite materials and structures with tunable ignition delay. Pressure assisted SHS is a “green,” cost‐effective, and thus perspective manufacturing route of near‐net‐shape structural parts. Examples of successful application of RF and RF‐SDI approach to fabrication of ceramic matrix–diamond grinding wheels, light armor tiles and high melting temperature nozzles are presented.
High Thermoelectric Performance in Supersaturated Solid Solutions and Nanostructured n‐Type PbTe–GeTe
Authors: Luo Zhong‐Zhen , Zhang Xiaomi , Hua Xia , Tan Gangjian , Bailey Trevor P. , Xu Jianwei , Uher Ctirad , Wolverton Chris , Dravid Vinayak P. , Yan Qingyu , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: June 2018

Sb‐doped and GeTe‐alloyed n‐type thermoelectric materials that show an excellent figure of merit ZT in the intermediate temperature range (400–800 K) are reported. The synergistic effect of favorable changes to the band structure resulting in high Seebeck coefficient and enhanced phonon scattering by point defects and nanoscale precipitates resulting in reduction of thermal conductivity are demonstrated. The samples can be tuned as single‐phase solid solution (SS) or two‐phase system with nanoscale precipitates (Nano) based on the annealing processes. The GeTe alloying results in band structure modification by widening the bandgap and increasing the density‐of‐states effective mass of PbTe, resulting in significantly enhanced Seebeck coefficients. The nanoscale precipitates can improve the power factor in the low temperature range and further reduce the lattice thermal conductivity (κlat). Specifically, the Seebeck coefficient of Pb0.988Sb0.012Te–13%GeTe–Nano approaches −280 µV K−1 at 673 K with a low κlat of 0.56 W m−1 K−1 at 573 K. Consequently, a peak ZT value of 1.38 is achieved at 623 K. Moreover, a high average ZTavg value of ≈1.04 is obtained in the temperature range from 300 to 773 K for n‐type Pb0.988Sb0.012Te–13%GeTe–Nano.
A Porphyrin Spin Qubit and Its 2D Framework Nanosheets
Authors: Urtizberea Ainhoa , Natividad Eva , Alonso Pablo J. , Andrés Miguel A. , Gascón Ignacio , Goldmann Michel , Roubeau Olivier
Published: June 2018

Molecular spin qubits have been shown to reach sufficiently long quantum coherence times to envision their use as hardware in quantum processors. These will however require their implementation in hybrid solid‐state devices for which the controlled localization and homogeneous orientation of the molecular qubits will be necessary. An alternative to isolated molecules that can ensure these key aspects is 2D framework in which the qubit would act as node. In this work, it is demonstrated that the isolated metalloporphyrin [Cu(H4TCPP)] molecule is a potential spin qubit, and maintains similar quantum coherence as node in a 2D [{CuTCPP}Zn2(H2O)2] metal–organic framework. Mono‐ and multilayer deposits of nanosheets of a similar 2D framework are then successfully formed following a modular method based on Langmuir–Schaefer conditions. The orientation of the {CuTCPP} qubit nodes in these nanosheets is homogeneous parallel to the substrate. These nanosheets are also formed with a control over the qubit concentration, i.e., by dilution with the unmetallated porphyrin. Eventually, 2D nanosheets are formed in situ directly on a substrate, through a simple protocol devised to reproduce the Langmuir–Schaefer conditions locally. Altogether these studies show that 2D spin qubit frameworks are ideal components to develop a hybrid quantum computing architecture.
Hierarchical Domain Structure and Extremely Large Wall Current in Epitaxial BiFeO3 Thin Films
Authors: Bai Zi Long , Cheng Xiao Xing , Chen Dong Fang , Zhang David Wei , Chen Long‐Qing , Scott James F. , Hwang Cheol Seong , Jiang An Quan
Published: June 2018

Erasable electrical conductive domain walls in an insulating ferroelectric matrix provide novel functionalities for applications in logic and memory devices. The crux of such success requires sufficiently high wall currents to drive high‐speed and high‐power nanodevices. This work provides an appealing strategy to increase the current by two orders of magnitude through the careful selection of current flowing paths along the charged walls. The dense walls come into form through the hierarchical evolution of the 71°, 109°, and 180° domains of epitaxial BiFeO3 films in a planar‐geometry ferroelectric resistance‐switching memory cell. The engineered films grown on SrTiO3 and GdScO3 substrates allow the observation of detailed local configurations and the evolution of the different domain types using vector piezo‐force microscopy. The higher local electrical conductivity near the charged domain walls is identified by conductive atomic‐force microscopy. It is shown that 180° domain reversal proceeds by three‐step 71° rotations of the pristine domains. Surprisingly, a maximum current of ≈300 nA is observed for current paths along charge‐uncompensated head‐to‐head hierarchical domain walls connecting the two electrodes on the film surface. Furthermore, the achievable current level can be conveniently controlled by varying the relative directions of the initial polarization and the applied field.
Unraveling the Main Chain and Side Chain Effects on Thin Film Morphology and Charge Transport in Quinoidal Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Liu Xuncheng , He Bo , Garzón‐Ruiz Andrés , Navarro Amparo , Chen Teresa L. , Kolaczkowski Matthew A. , Feng Shizhen , Zhang Lianjie , Anderson Christopher A. , Chen Junwu , Liu Yi
Published: June 2018

Three series of low‐bandgap polymers based on a novel quinoidal para‐azaquinodimethane (p‐AQM) unit are devised and synthesized, enabling an in‐depth study of the impact of structural factors such as polymer main chain, branching point of the side chain, and the length of the branch chains on the thin film morphologies and charge transport properties. Morphological studies reveal that the polymers composed of larger repeating units exhibit a stronger tendency to form edge‐on lamella. On the other hand, altering the side chain structures of polymers with the same main chain configuration indicates that the branching point position has a more deterministic impact than the branch chain length on the interchain interactions and the crystallite orientation. These results demonstrate a compound odd‐even effect of the branching point on the chain packing and morphology, which correlates well with the corresponding field effect transistor performances. The polymer with the branching point at the fourth carbon displays the highest charge carrier mobility over 1.0 cm2 V−1 s−1, concurrent with a bimodal texture. This study provides a comprehensive description of the correlations between polymer structures, thin film morphology, and device performances, providing a clear path to desirable bimodal thin film texture for charge transport.
Co‐Based Catalysts Derived from Layered‐Double‐Hydroxide Nanosheets for the Photothermal Production of Light Olefins
Authors: Li Zhenhua , Liu Jinjia , Zhao Yufei , Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N. , Chen Guangbo , Shi Run , Zhang Xin , Liu Xingwu , Wei Yinmao , Wen Xiao‐Dong , Wu Li‐Zhu , Tung Chen‐Ho , Zhang Tierui
Published: June 2018

Solar‐driven Fischer–Tropsch synthesis represents an alternative and potentially low‐cost route for the direct production of light olefins from syngas (CO and H2). Herein, a series of novel Co‐based photothermal catalysts with different chemical compositions are successfully fabricated by H2 reduction of ZnCoAl‐layered double‐hydroxide nanosheets at 300–700 °C. Under UV–vis irradiation, the photothermal catalyst prepared at 450 °C demonstrates remarkable CO hydrogenation performance, affording an olefin (C2–4=) selectivity of 36.0% and an olefin/paraffin ratio of 6.1 at a CO conversion of 15.4%. Characterization studies using X‐ray absorption fine structure and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy reveal that the active catalyst comprises Co and Co3O4 nanoparticles on a ZnO–Al2O3 mixed metal oxide support. Density functional theory calculations further demonstrate that the oxide‐decorated metallic Co nanoparticle heterostructure weakens the further hydrogenation ability of the corresponding Co, leading to the high selectivity to light olefins. This study demonstrates a novel solar‐driven catalyst platform for the production of light olefins via CO hydrogenation.
Experimental warming advances phenology of groundlayer plants at the boreal‐temperate forest ecotone
Authors: Rice Karen E. , Montgomery Rebecca A. , Stefanski Artur , Rich Roy L. , Reich Peter B.
Published: June 2018

Premise of the Study

Changes to plant phenology have been linked to warmer temperatures caused by climate change. Despite the importance of the groundlayer to community and forest dynamics, few warming experiments have focused on herbaceous plant and shrub phenology.

Methods

Using a field study in Minnesota, United States, we investigated phenological responses of 16 species to warming over five growing seasons (2009–2013) at two sites, under two canopy covers, and in three levels of simultaneous above‐ and belowground warming: ambient temperature, ambient +1.7°C and ambient +3.4°C. We tested whether warming led to earlier phenology throughout the growing season and whether responses varied among species and years and depended on canopy cover.

Key Results

Warming extended the growing season between 11–30 days, primarily through earlier leaf unfolding. Leaf senescence was delayed for about half of the species. Warming advanced flowering across species, especially those flowering in August, with modest impacts on fruit maturation for two species. Importantly, warming caused more than half of the species to either converge or diverge phenologically in relation to each other, suggesting that future warmed climate conditions will alter phenological relationships of the groundlayer. Warm springs elicited a stronger advance of leaf unfolding compared to cool spring years. Several species advanced leaf unfolding (in response to warming) more in the closed canopy compared to the open.

Conclusions

Climate warming will extend the growing season of groundlayer species in the boreal‐temperate forest ecotone and alter the synchrony of their phenology.
Association between venous blood lactate levels and differences in quantitative capillary refill time
Authors: Oi Yasufumi , Sato Kosuke , Nogaki Ayako , Shinohara Mafumi , Matsumoto Jun , Abe Takeru , Morimura Naoto
Published: June 2018

Aim

Capillary refill time has been widely adopted for clinical assessment of the circulatory status of patients in emergency settings. We previously introduced quantitative capillary refill time and found a positive association between longer quantitative capillary refill time and higher lactate levels in the intensive care units, but not in the emergency department. In this study, we aimed to identify a quantitative and clinically applicable index of circulatory status (ΔAb) that can be measured with quantitative capillary refill time, then evaluated the linear association between this index and lactate levels in the emergency department.

Methods

We undertook a prospective single‐center observational study at a university hospital from November 2015 to July 2016. We included 139 patients with endogenous diseases to test the association between quantitative capillary refill time, ΔAb (measured with a pulse oximeter), and lactate levels.

Results

ΔAb was independently and significantly associated with high lactate levels (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 0.16 [0.05–0.45]).

Conclusions

We introduced ΔAb, measured using quantitative capillary refill time, as a surrogate index of lactate levels to overcome the shortcomings of capillary refill time. We showed that ΔAb is a feasible, non‐invasive, and rapid assessment of patients with high lactate levels in emergency primary care settings. Future multicenter studies with a longitudinal design should be undertaken to verify our findings.
Katalytische Umwandlung von funktionalisierten cyclischen organischen Carbonaten
Authors: Guo Wusheng , Gómez José Enrique , Cristòfol Àlex , Xie Jianing , Kleij Arjan W.
Published: June 2018

Funktionalisierte cyclische organische Carbonate und deren heterocyclischen Derivate sind eine sehr vielseitige Gruppe heterocyclischer Substrate, deren katalytische Ringöffnung und Decarboxylierung die Entwicklung neuartiger Synthesewege zur Herstellung stereo‐ und enantioselektiver C‐N‐, C‐O‐, C‐C‐, C‐S‐ und C‐B‐Bindungen ermöglicht. Erst kürzlich wurden Übergangsmetall‐vermittelte Umwandlungen als wirksame Methode zur Synthese komplexerer Moleküle wiederentdeckt. Dieser Kurzaufsatz illustriert das Potential cyclischer Carbonate und ihrer strukturell verwandten Heterocyclen, mit einem besonderen Fokus auf dem synthetischen Nutzen und der mechanistischen Mannigfaltigkeit ihrer Umwandlungen.
Sodiation of Arenes and Heteroarenes in Continuous Flow
Authors: Weidmann Niels , Ketels Marthe , Knochel Paul
Published: June 2018

The first sodiations of (hetero)arenes in continuous flow using NaDA (sodium diisopropylamide) in Me2EtN are reported. This flow procedure enables sodiation of functionalized arenes and heteroarenes that decompose under batch‐sodiation conditions. The resulting sodiated (hetero)arenes react instantly with various electrophiles, such as ketones, aldehydes, isocyanates, alkyl bromides, and disulfides, affording polyfunctionalized (hetero)arenes in high yields. Scale‐up is possible without further optimization.
Activation and Deactivation Strategies Promoted by Medium Effects for Selective Aliphatic C−H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Bietti Massimo
Published: June 2018

Selective functionalization of unactivated aliphatic C−H bonds represents an important goal of modern synthetic chemistry. Differentiating between such bonds in organic molecules with high levels of selectivity remains a crucial issue, and a profound understanding of even the subtlest reactivity trends is needed. Among the methods that have been developed, those based on hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) have attracted considerable interest. Within this framework, medium effects have proved effective in altering the reactivity and site selectivity in synthetically useful C−H functionalization procedures. In this Review, the mechanistic features behind the available strategies are discussed. It is shown that hydrogen bonding and acid–base interactions can promote C−H bond activation or deactivation toward HAT reagents, thereby providing fine‐control over the site selectivity and product chemoselectivity as well as useful guidelines for future development and applications.
Functionalizable Stereocontrolled Cyclopolyethers by Ring‐Closing Metathesis as Natural Polymer Mimics
Authors: Alkattan Mohammed , Prunet Joëlle , Shaver Michael P.
Published: June 2018

Whereas complex stereoregular cyclic architectures are commonplace in biomacromolecules, they remain rare in synthetic polymer chemistry, thus limiting the potential to develop synthetic mimics or advanced materials for biomedical applications. Herein we disclose the formation of a stereocontrolled 1,4‐linked six‐membered cyclopolyether prepared by ring‐closing metathesis (RCM). Ru‐mediated RCM, with careful control of the catalyst, concentration, and temperature, selectively affords the six‐membered‐ring cyclopolymer. Under optimized reaction conditions, no metathetical degradation, macrocycle formation, or cross‐linking was observed. Post‐polymerization modification by dihydroxylation afforded a novel polymer family encompassing a poly(ethylene glycol) backbone and sugar‐like functionalities (“PEGose”). This strategy also paves the way for using RCM as an efficient method to synthesize other stereocontrolled cyclopolymers.
Fabrication of Light‐Triggered Soft Artificial Muscles via a Mixed‐Matrix Membrane Strategy
Authors: Yu Qi , Yang Xiaojie , Chen Yao , Yu Kaiqing , Gao Jia , Liu Zunfeng , Cheng Peng , Zhang Zhenjie , Aguila Briana , Ma Shengqian
Published: June 2018

Artificial muscles triggered by light are of great importance, especially for the development of non‐contact and remotely controlled materials. Common materials for synthesis of photoinduced artificial muscles typically rely on polymer‐based photomechanical materials. Herein, we are able to prepare artificial muscles using a mixed‐matrix membrane strategy to incorporate photomechanical molecular crystals with connective polymers (e.g. PVDF). The formed hybrid materials inherit not only the advantages of the photomechanical crystals, including faster light response, higher Young's modulus and ordered structure, but also the elastomer properties from polymers. This new type of artificial muscles demonstrates various muscle movements, including lifting objects, grasping objects, crawling and swimming, triggered by light irradiation. These results open a new direction to prepare light‐driven artificial muscles based on molecular crystals.
The Impact of Targeted Rheumatoid Arthritis Pharmacologic Treatment on Mental Health
Authors: Matcham Faith , Galloway James , Hotopf Matthew , Roberts Emmert , Scott Ian C. , Steer Sophia , Norton Sam
Published: June 2018

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pharmacotherapy may impact mental health outcomes by improving pain and stiffness, potentially by targeting inflammatory processes common to RA and depression. The objectives of this review were to ascertain the frequency of mental health assessments in RA pharmacotherapy trials, quantify the efficacy of RA pharmacotherapy for mental health outcomes, and explore the clinical and demographic factors related to mental health outcomes. Effective pharmacotherapy alone is unlikely to substantially improve mental health outcomes in most patients with RA. Integrated mental health care provided within routine clinical practice is essential to optimize mental and physical health outcomes.