bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Characterization of Organic‐Inorganic Composite Materials Based on Poly(acrylamide) Hydrogels and Clay Minerals
Authors: Ibraeva Zhanar E. , Zhumaly Assiya A. , Blagih Evgeniy , Kudaibergenov Sarkyt E.
Published: May 2015

Organic‐inorganic hybrid composite materials consisting of poly(acrylamide) hydrogel (PAAH) and clay minerals such as bentonite, montmorillonite, and kaolin as well as silica and titanium dioxides were obtained by “in situ” synthetic protocol and characterized by swelling measurements, FTIR, SEM, XRD and DSC. Concentration of clay minerals embedded within PAAH is varied from 2.5 to 30 wt.%. The swelling degree of composite hydrogels Ks and the constants k and n that characterize the mode of the penetrant (e.g. water) transport mechanism were determined. It was found that the swelling degree of PAAH/Clay minerals is in the range of 7‐15 g/g and changes in the following order: PAAH/Bentonite>PAAH/TiO2>PAAH/SiO2>PAAH/Kaolin≈ PAAH/Montmorillonite. The influence of pH, temperature, ionic strength, water‐organic solvent mixture, as well as the content of clay minerals and crosslinking agent on swelling‐deswelling behaviour of composite hydrogel materials was evaluated. For some PAAH/Clay minerals system the enthalpy of mixing ΔHm was calculated. The positive values of the ΔHm indicate that the swelling of composite hydrogel materials in water has the endothermic character. It was demonstrated that PAAH‐clay mineral composites can potentially be used as “pigs” for the cleaning of the internal surface of main pipes from debris, sand and asphaltene‐resin‐wax deposits.
Accelerated motion corrected three‐dimensional abdominal MRI using total variation regularized SENSE reconstruction
Authors: Cruz Gastao , Atkinson David , Buerger Christian , Schaeffter Tobias , Prieto Claudia
Published: May 2015

Purpose

Develop a nonrigid motion corrected reconstruction for highly accelerated free‐breathing three‐dimensional (3D) abdominal images without external sensors or additional scans.

Methods

The proposed method accelerates the acquisition by undersampling and performs motion correction directly in the reconstruction using a general matrix description of the acquisition. Data are acquired using a self‐gated 3D golden radial phase encoding trajectory, enabling a two stage reconstruction to estimate and then correct motion of the same data. In the first stage total variation regularized iterative SENSE is used to reconstruct highly undersampled respiratory resolved images. A nonrigid registration of these images is performed to estimate the complex motion in the abdomen. In the second stage, the estimated motion fields are incorporated in a general matrix reconstruction, which uses total variation regularization and incorporates k‐space data from multiple respiratory positions. The proposed approach was tested on nine healthy volunteers and compared against a standard gated reconstruction using measures of liver sharpness, gradient entropy, visual assessment of image sharpness and overall image quality by two experts.

Results

The proposed method achieves similar quality to the gated reconstruction with nonsignificant differences for liver sharpness (1.18 and 1.00, respectively), gradient entropy (1.00 and 1.00), visual score of image sharpness (2.22 and 2.44), and visual rank of image quality (3.33 and 3.39). An average reduction of the acquisition time from 102 s to 39 s could be achieved with the proposed method.

Conclusion

In vivo results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method showing similar image quality to the standard gated reconstruction while using data corresponding to a significantly reduced acquisition time. Magn Reson Med, 2015. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Magn Reson Med 75:1484–1498, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance.
Studies on mechanical behavior high impact polystyrene/vinyl clay nanocomposites: Comparison betweenin situpolymerization and melt mixing
Authors: Nair Praseetha P. , George K.E. , Jayakrishnan N.
Published: May 2015

A comparative study on various synthesis methods like melt mixing (MM) andin situpolymerization (ISP) of high impact polystyrene/vinyl clay nanocomposites (HIPS/VNCs) is attempted here. In ISP, nanocomposites were prepared by mixing vinyl clay (VC) and poly butadiene rubber (PBR) in styrene with the initiator, azo bis isobutyronitryle. Melt compounding was conducted in two ways–commercial melt mixed blend where Commercial HIPS was mixed with VC andin situmelt mixed blend, where, nanocomposites were prepared by mixing polystyrene, PBR, and VC. The effect of dispersion of the nanoclay on the morphology and material properties of HIPS/VNCs was compared for all the methods, and it is found that the product obtained by ISP gives better properties when compared with MM. Moreover, the dispersion of the clay in the matrix is greater byin situmethod, which is evident from X‐ray diffraction pattern and scanning electron microscopic analysis. Statistical analysis of ISP was carried out by design expert software version 8.0.7.1. Modeling and Optimization of the mechanical properties were done by using central composite design of response surface methodology. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:68–76, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Control methods against invasive Aedes mosquitoes in Europe: a review
Authors: Baldacchino Frédéric , Caputo Beniamino , Chandre Fabrice , Drago Andrea , della Torre Alessandra , Montarsi Fabrizio , Rizzoli Annapaola
Published: May 2015

Five species of invasive Aedes mosquitoes have recently become established in Europe: Ae. albopictus, Ae. aegypti, Ae. japonicus japonicus, Ae. koreicus and Ae. atropalpus. These mosquitoes are a serious nuisance for people and are also competent vectors for several exotic pathogens such as dengue and chikungunya viruses. As they are a growing public health concern, methods to control these mosquitoes need to be implemented to reduce their biting and their potential for disease transmission. There is a crucial need to evaluate methods as part of an integrated invasive mosquito species control strategy in different European countries, taking into account local Aedes infestations and European regulations. This review presents the control methods available or in development against invasive Aedes mosquitoes, with a particular focus on those that can be implemented in Europe. These control methods are divided into five categories: environmental (source reduction), mechanical (trapping), biological (e.g. copepods, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, Wolbachia), chemical (insect growth regulators, pyrethroids) and genetic (sterile insect technique and genetically modified mosquitoes). We discuss the effectiveness, ecological impact, sustainability and stage of development of each control method. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Magnetic non‐volatile flip‐flop with spin‐Hall assistance
Authors: Wang Zhaohao , Zhao Weisheng , Deng Erya , Zhang Yue , Klein Jacques‐Olivier
Published: May 2015

A novel multi‐bit non‐volatile flip‐flop (NVFF) written by spin‐Hall‐assisted spin‐transfer torque (STT) is proposed. This NVFF employs perpendicular‐anisotropy MTJs and requires an STT current combined with a spin‐Hall current to write the data. Thanks to the assistance of spin‐Hall effect (SHE), the incubation delay required by the conventional STT switching can be eliminated to achieve fast operation. Our proposed NVFF uses multi‐bit architecture and shows high‐density and low‐energy advantages over hybrid NV/volatile FFs in the application of the NV register file. Sim‐ulation results show that the proposed spin‐Hall‐assisted NVFF saves ∼31% storage density and ∼32% energy dissipation compared with the conventional STT‐NVFF. Moreover, the reliability of MTJ barrier is enhanced due to the reduction of the write voltage. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Is it possible to respond with 100 percent compassion, 0 percent tolerance?
Authors: Nelson J. Dirk ,   in consultation with Elizabeth Briggs
Published: May 2015

Workplace sociopaths — about 1 individual in 25 — do not have a conscience. That's according to Martha Stout in The Sociopath Next Door. Workplace sociopaths have no feelings of guilt or remorse. When the opportunity exists, a workplace sociopath will manipulate reality; hide evidence; stab others in the back; fabricate compelling lies; attempt to ruin the reputations of others; steamroll the weak; and bring down people who are smarter, more accomplished, classier or more admirable, all in the name of fun, adrenaline rush and vengeance.
Millisecond‐Timescale Monitoring of PbS Nanoparticle Nucleation and Growth Using Droplet‐Based Microfluidics
Authors: Lignos Ioannis , Stavrakis Stavros , Kilaj Ardita , deMello Andrew J.
Published: May 2015

The early‐time kinetics (<1 s) of lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dot formation are probed using a novel droplet‐based microfluidic platform, which allows for high‐throughput and real‐time optical analysis of the reactive process with millisecond time resolution. The reaction platform enables the concurrent investigation of the emission characteristics of PbS quantum dots and a real‐time estimation of their size and concentration during nucleation and growth. These investigations reveal a two‐stage mechanism for PbS nanoparticle formation. The first stage corresponds to the fast conversion of precursor species to PbS crystals, followed by the growth of the formed particles. The growth kinetics of the PbS nanoparticles follow the Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner model for Ostwald ripening, allowing direct estimation of the rate constants for the process. In addition, the extraction of absorption spectra of ultrasmall quantum dots is demonstrated for first time in an online manner. The droplet‐based microfluidic platform integrated with online spectroscopic analysis provides a new tool for the quantitative extraction of high temperature kinetics for systems with rapid nucleation and growth stages.
A review and perspective of efficient hydrogen generation via solar thermal water splitting
Authors: Muhich Christopher L. , Ehrhart Brian D. , Al‐Shankiti Ibraheam , Ward Barbara J. , Musgrave Charles B. , Weimer Alan W.
Published: May 2015

Solar thermal water splitting (STWS) produces renewable hydrogen from water using concentrated sunlight. Because it utilizes energy from the entire solar spectrum to directly drive the redox reactions that split water, it can achieve high theoretical solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiencies. In two‐step STWS, a metal oxide is first heated by concentrated sunlight to high temperatures to reduce it and produce O2. In the second step, the reduced material is exposed to H2O to reoxidize it to its original oxidation state and produce H2. Various aspects of this process are reviewed in this work, including the reduction and oxidation chemistries of the active redox materials, the effects of operating conditions, and the solar thermal reactors in which the STWS reactions occur, and a perspective is given on the future optimization of STWS. WIREs Energy Environ 2016, 5:261–287. doi: 10.1002/wene.174

This article is categorized under:

Concentrating Solar Power > Science and Materials

Energy and Climate > Science and Materials

Energy Research & Innovation > Science and Materials
Categorical foundations for structured specifications in Z
Authors: Castro Pablo F. , Aguirre Nazareno , Pombo Carlos L. , Maibaum T. S. E.
Published: May 2015

In this paper we present a formalization of the

Z

notation and its structuring mechanisms. One of the main features of our formal framework, based on category theory and the theory of institutions, is that it enables us to provide an abstract view of

Z

and its related concepts. We show that the main structuring mechanisms of

Z

are captured smoothly by categorical constructions. In particular, we provide a straightforward and clear semantics for promotion, a powerful structuring technique that is often not presented as part of the schema calculus. Here we show that promotion is already an operation over schemas (and more generally over specifications), that allows one to promote schemas that operate on a local notion of state to operate on a subsuming global state, and in particular can be used to conveniently define large specifications from collections of simpler ones. Moreover, our proposed formalization facilitates the combination of

Z

with other notations in order to produce heterogeneous specifications, i.e., specifications that are obtained by using various different mathematical formalisms. Thus, our abstract and precise formulation of

Z

is useful for relating this notation with other formal languages used by the formal methods community. We illustrate this by means of a known combination of formal languages, namely the combination of

Z

with

CSP

.
The Effect of Operative Technique on Ulnar Nerve Strain following Surgery for Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Mitchell Justin , Dunn John C. , Kusnezov Nicholas , Bader Julia , Ipsen Derek F. , Forthman Christopher L. , Dykstra Aaron
Published: May 2015

Background

The aim of this study is to compare the amount of strain on the ulnar nerve based on elbow position after in situ release, subcutaneous transposition, submuscular transposition, and medial epicondylectomy.

Methods

Six matched cadaver upper extremity pairs underwent ulnar nerve decompression, transposition in a sequential fashion, while five elbows underwent medial epicondylectomy. A differential variable reluctance transducer (DVRT) was placed in the ulnar nerve. An in situ release, a subcutaneous transposition, and a submuscular transposition were performed sequentially with the strain being measured after each procedure in neutral, full elbow flexion, and extension positions. The strain was then averaged and compared for each procedure. Five cadavers underwent medial epicondylectomy and were similarly tested.

Results

After the in situ release, there was no statistically significant change in strain in either flexion or extension. After a subcutaneous transposition, there was a statistically significant decrease in strain in full elbow flexion but not in extension. Similarly after a submuscular transposition, there was a statistically significant decrease in strain in full flexion but not in extension. There was not a statistically significant change in strain with medial epicondylectomy.

Conclusion

An in situ release of the ulnar nerve at the elbow may relieve pressure on the nerve but does not address the problem of strain which may be the underlying pathology in many cases of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE). Transposition of the ulnar nerve anterior to the medial epicondyle addresses the problem of strain on the ulnar nerve. In addition, it does not create an increased strain on the ulnar nerve with elbow extension.
New Sources for Comparative Social Science: Historical Population Panel Data From East Asia
Authors: Dong Hao , Campbell Cameron , Kurosu Satomi , Yang Wenshan , Lee James Z.
Published: May 2015

Comparison and comparability lie at the heart of any comparative social science. Still, precise comparison is virtually impossible without using similar methods and similar data. In recent decades, social demographers, historians, and economic historians have compiled and made available a large number of micro-level data sets of historical populations for North America and Europe. Studies using these data have already made important contributions to many academic disciplines. In a similar spirit, we introduce five new micro-level historical panel data sets from East Asia, including the China Multi-Generational Panel Dataset–Liaoning (CMGPD-LN) 1749–1909, the China Multi-Generational Panel Dataset–Shuangcheng (CMGPD-SC) 1866–1913, the Japanese Ninbetsu-Aratame-Cho Population Register Database–Shimomoriya and Niita (NAC-SN) 1716–1870, the Korea Multi-Generational Panel Dataset–Tansung (KMGPD-TS) 1678–1888, and the Colonial Taiwan Household Registration Database (CTHRD) 1906–1945. These data sets in total contain more than 3.7 million linked observations of 610,000 individuals and are the first such Asian data to be made available online or by application. We discuss the key features and historical institutions that originally collected these data; the subsequent processes by which the data were reconstructed into individual-level panels; their particular data limitations and strengths; and their potential for comparative social scientific research.
Global weak solutions in a three-dimensional chemotaxis–Navier–Stokes system
Authors: Winkler Michael
Published: May 2015

The chemotaxis–Navier–Stokes system

\left\{\begin{align*}
n_{t} + u \cdot \mathrm{∇}n\: & = \: \mathrm{\Delta }n−\mathrm{∇} \cdot (n\chi (c)\mathrm{∇}c),\: \\ c_{t} + u \cdot \mathrm{∇}c\: & = \: \mathrm{\Delta }c−nf(c),\: \\
u_{t} + (u \cdot \mathrm{∇})u\: & = \: \mathrm{\Delta }u + \mathrm{∇}P + n\mathrm{∇}\mathrm{\Phi },\: \\ \mathrm{∇} \cdot u\: & = \: 0,\: \end{align*}\right.\:\:( \star )

is considered under homogeneous boundary conditions of Neumann type for

n

and

c

, and of Dirichlet type for

u

, in a bounded convex domain

\mathrm{\Omega } \subset \mathbb{R}^{3}

with smooth boundary, where

\mathrm{\Phi } \in W^{2,\infty }(\mathrm{\Omega })

, and where

f \in C^{1}([0,\infty))

and

\chi \in C^{2}([0,\infty))

are nonnegative with

f(0) = 0

. Problems of this type have been used to describe the mutual interaction of populations of swimming aerobic bacteria with the surrounding fluid. Up to now, however, global existence results seem to be available only for certain simplified variants such as e.g. the two-dimensional analogue of (

\star

), or the associated chemotaxis–Stokes system obtained on neglecting the nonlinear convective term in the fluid equation.

The present work gives an affirmative answer to the question of global solvability for (

\star

) in the following sense: Under mild assumptions on the initial data, and under modest structural assumptions on

f

and

\chi

, inter alia allowing for the prototypical case when

f(s) = s\:\text{ for all }s \geq 0\:\text{ and}\:\chi \equiv \mathrm{const}.,

the corresponding initial–boundary value problem is shown to possess a globally defined weak solution.

This solution is obtained as the limit of smooth solutions to suitably regularized problems, where appropriate compactness properties are derived on the basis of a priori estimates gained from an energy-type inequality for (

\star

) which in an apparently novel manner combines the standard

L^{2}

dissipation property of the fluid evolution with a quasi-dissipative structure associated with the chemotaxis subsystem in (

\star

).
Clinical and Functional Outcome of Assertive Outreach for Patients With Schizophrenic Disorder: Results of a Quasi-Experimental Controlled Trial
Authors: Kästner D. , Büchtemann D. , Warnke I. , Radisch J. , Baumgardt J. , Giersberg S. , Kopke K. , Moock J. , Kawohl W. , Rössler W.
Published: May 2015

Background

The majority of studies support modern assertive health service models. However, the evidence is limited for parts of continental Europe, as well as for the pharmacological adherence outcome parameter.

Method

We conducted a quasi-experimental controlled trial including adult patients with a schizophreniform disorder and a maximum of 60 points on the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF). Interventions (n= 176) and controls (TAU,n= 142) were assessed every six-month within one year in 17 study practices in rural areas. Mental and functional state were rated using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the GAF. Functional limitations and pharmacological adherence were patient-rated using the WHO-Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHODAS–II) and the Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS). We computed multilevel mixed models.

Results

The GAF and BPRS of both groups improved significantly, yet the increase in the intervention group was significantly higher. In contrast, patient-rated variables – WHODAS–II and MARS – neither showed a stable temporal improvement nor a difference between groups.

Conclusion

Our findings only partly support the investigated AO intervention, because of conflicting results between clinician- and patient-ratings. Accordingly, the benefits of AO need to be further evaluated.
Saying no to the glow: When consumers avoid arrogant brands
Authors: Munichor Nira , Steinhart Yael
Published: May 2015

Arrogant brands have a multifaceted influence on consumers: Although consumers appreciate arrogant brands as reflecting high status and quality, arrogance can also make consumers feel inferior. Consumers whose self is a priori threatened may consequently “say no to the glow” and avoid arrogant brands. Results from six experiments using fictitious or actual arrogant brands show that when consumers experience prior self‐threat, they may avoid brands that convey arrogance in favor of a competing, less‐arrogant alternative. Such avoidance helps self‐threatened consumers restore their self‐perceptions and feel better about themselves.
Prevalence of Posterior Shoulder Subluxation in Children With Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy After Early Full Passive Range of Motion Exercises
Authors: Justice Denise , Rasmussen Lynnette , Di Pietro Michael , Chang Kate W.‐C. , Murphy Susan L. , Nelson Virginia S. , Yang Lynda J.‐S.
Published: May 2015

Background

Children with neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) are often prescribed shoulder range of motion (ROM) exercises; however, the extent and timing of exercise implementation remains controversial in the context of shoulder joint integrity. The association of ROM exercises to delayed posterior shoulder subluxation (PSS) is unknown.

Objective

To determine prevalence of PSS in children with NBPP who began full passive ROM exercises before 6 months of age, and characteristics associated with development or absence of PSS in children.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Tertiary care NBPP referral center.

Participants

Forty‐six children with NBPP, aged 24‐57 months, who began full ROM exercises before 6 months of age.

Methods

One radiologist conducted bilateral shoulder ultrasound (US) on each child to evaluate for PSS. One occupational therapist evaluated each child clinically for PSS using defined parameters without knowledge of US results.

Main Outcome Measures

By US, 20% of children had PSS; 46% had PSS by clinical examination. Shoulder active ROM limitations and history of shoulder surgery were associated with presence of PSS. Extent of NBPP was not associated with PSS.

Results

Nine of 46 children (20%) met US criteria for PSS; α angle was 58° ± 21° (mean ± standard deviation [SD]). Twenty‐one children (46%) met clinical criteria. Mean age at examination was 35 ± 10 months. Shoulder active ROM (P ≤ .004) was associated with PSS, whereas passive ROM was not (P ≥ .08). History of secondary shoulder surgery and primary nerve graft repair were associated with PSS (P = .04). Extent of NBPP by Narakas classification was not associated with PSS (P = .48).

Conclusions

Early use of full‐arc passive ROM home exercise program is not associated with increased prevalence of PSS in children with NBPP compared to prevalence of PSS in published literature. We suggest careful clinical examination, based on defined criteria, provides a reasonable screening examination for evaluating PSS that can be confirmed by noninvasive US.
Disability Stage is an Independent Risk Factor for Mortality in Medicare Beneficiaries Aged 65 Years and Older
Authors: Hennessy Sean , Kurichi Jibby E. , Pan Qiang , Streim Joel E. , Bogner Hillary R. , Xie Dawei , Stineman Margaret G.
Published: May 2015

Background

Stages of activity limitation based on activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) have been found to predict mortality in persons aged 70 years and older but have not been examined in Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older using data that are routinely collected.

Objective

To examine the association between functional stages based on items of ADLs and IADLs with 3‐year mortality in Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older, accounting for baseline sociodemographics, health status, smoking, subjective health, and psychological well‐being.

Design

A cohort study using the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) and associated health care utilization data.

Setting

Community administered survey.

Participants

The study included 9698 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older who participated in the MCBS in 2005‐2007.

Main Outcome Measures

Death within 3 years of cohort entry.

Results

The overall mortality rate was 3.6 per 100 person years, and 3‐year cumulative mortality was 10.3%. Unadjusted 3‐year mortality was monotonically associated with both ADL stage and IADL stage. Adjusted 3‐year mortality was associated with ADL and IADL stages, except that in some models the hazard ratio for stage III (which includes persons with atypical activity limitation patterns) was numerically lower than that for stage II.

Conclusion

We found nearly monotonic relationships between ADL and IADL stage and adjusted 3‐year mortality. These findings could aid in the development of population health approaches and metrics for evaluating the success of alternative economic, social, or health policies on the longevity of older adults with activity limitations.
Pope Francis and American Economics
Authors: Shadle Matthew A.
Published: May 2015

Reaction among conservatives to Pope Francis' Evangelii Gaudium has most often been negative. Ross Douthat, however, in his 2013 New York Times op-ed, has offered a more nuanced critique. Our four Roundtable authors respond to Douthat's implied invitation to a discussion by responding from the viewpoint of Catholic social thought.
Seed That Falls on Fertile Ground (Matthew 13:1–9): Catholic Higher Education and the Renewal of Agrarianism
Authors: Groppe Elizabeth
Published: May 2015

Agriculture in the United States today faces myriad challenges, including soil erosion, biodiversity loss, climate change, water shortages, dependence on harmful chemicals, and a breach in the intergenerational transmission of agricultural knowledge. The scope and scale of the agricultural problems facing our nation today are an indication that we need a new culture of theager(“field” in Latin)—a fundamentally new way of understanding and enacting our relationship to the land and the production of food. Catholic colleges and universities can make a vital contribution to this renewal through new agrarian curricular and research programs grounded in Catholicism's sacramental epistemology, analogical metaphysics, interdisciplinary search for wisdom, and respect for the spiritual significance of agricultural and manual labor. In turn, the incorporation of agrarian practice, education, and research within Catholic institutions of higher education can contribute to the education of the whole person that is fundamental to Catholic pedagogy, the cultivation of the virtue of humility, and the enrichment of Catholic liturgical practice and Catholic culture.
The missing links between emotional job demand and exhaustion and satisfaction: testing a moderated mediation model
Authors: Wang Wenyan , Yin Hongbiao , Huang Shenghua
Published: May 2015

Although emotional labor in the workplace has been of increasing interest to researchers, the complete process of emotional labor has seldom been systematically analyzed. This paper explores the links between emotional job demand and its psychological effects on employees, with a particular focus on the mediation of emotional labor strategies and the moderation of social support. The results of a survey of 679 Chinese employees in the service sector reveal that emotional job demand significantly increases emotional exhaustion and reduces job satisfaction. Two emotional labor strategies, surface acting and deep acting, partially mediate these associations. Social support significantly moderates the relationships between deep acting and emotional job demand and its psychological effects, but does not do so for surface acting. Suggestions are offered accordingly for organizations wishing to reduce the negative influence of emotional labor on employees and improve the efficiency of service enterprises.
In vitro selenium accessibility in pet foods is affected by diet composition and type
Authors: van Zelst Mariëlle , Hesta Myriam , Alexander Lucille G. , Gray Kerry , Bosch Guido , Hendriks Wouter H. , Du Laing Gijs , De Meulenaer Bruno , Goethals Klara , Janssens Geert P. J.
Published: May 2015

Se bioavailability in commercial pet foods has been shown to be highly variable. The aim of the present study was to identify dietary factors associated with in vitro accessibility of Se (Se Aiv) in pet foods. Se Aiv is defined as the percentage of Se from the diet that is potentially available for absorption after in vitro digestion. Sixty-two diets (dog, n 52; cat, n 10) were in vitro enzymatically digested: fifty-four of them were commercially available (kibble, n 20; pellet, n 8; canned, n 17; raw meat, n 6; steamed meat, n 3) and eight were unprocessed (kibble, n 4; canned, n 4) from the same batch as the corresponding processed diets. The present investigation examined if Se Aiv was affected by diet type, dietary protein, methionine, cysteine, lysine and Se content, DM, organic matter and crude protein (CP) digestibility. Se Aiv differed significantly among diet types (P< 0·001). Canned and steamed meat diets had a lower Se Aiv than pelleted and raw meat diets. Se Aiv correlated positively with CP digestibility in extruded diets (kibbles, n 19; r 0·540, P =0·017) and negatively in canned diets (n 16; r − 0·611, P =0·012). Moreover, the canning process (n 4) decreased Se Aiv (P =0·001), whereas extrusion (n 4) revealed no effect on Se Aiv (P =0·297). These differences in Se Aiv between diet types warrant quantification of diet type effects on in vivo Se bioavailability.
The Problem of University Courses on Infinitesimal Calculus and Their Demarcation from Infinitesimal Calculus in High Schools
Authors: Toeplitz Otto
Published: May 2015

When the Association of German Scientists and Physicians last met in Düsseldorf exactly twenty-eight years ago on September 24, a debate took place following lectures by Felix Klein and Alfred Pringsheim on roughly the same topic to which I would like to direct your attention today. The printed report of the Düsseldorf debate only remarked that, “It is not possible to go into details here,” so one can only guess how two of the most powerful teacher personalities among German mathematicians of that time had confronted one another with their diametrically opposed views on this topic and how they did so with their characteristically lively spirit.
Changes in attitudes toward wolves before and after an inaugural public hunting and trapping season: early evidence from Wisconsin's wolf range
Authors: HOGBERG JAMIE , TREVES ADRIAN , SHAW BRET , NAUGHTON-TREVES LISA
Published: May 2015

In many areas, wildlife managers are turning to hunting programmes to increase public acceptance of predators. This study examines attitudes measured before and after a hunting and trapping season (wolf hunt) in Wisconsin (WI), USA, and casts some doubt on whether such programmes actually promote public acceptance. In Wisconsin, attitudes toward wolves (Canis lupus) were recorded before and after the inaugural regulated wolf hunt. Measuring longitudinal changes is particularly important in assessing management interventions. The attitudes of 736 previous respondents were resampled in 2013. Changes in individual responses to statements about emotions, behavioural intentions, beliefs, and attitudes toward wolves and wolf management between 2009 and 2013 were assessed using a nine-item scaled variable called ‘tolerance’. Although the majority (66%) of wolf range respondents approved of the decision to hold the hunt, the results indicate a negative trend in attitudes toward wolves among male respondents and hunters living in wolf range, both before and after the state's first legal hunt, suggesting that hunting was not associated with an increase in tolerance for the species after one year. Tolerance levels among female respondents remained stable throughout the study period.
Fear of falling assessments in older people with dementia
Authors: Cox Chantel , Vassallo Michael
Published: May 2015

Fear of falling (FoF) is a common condition in older age. However, there is a paucity of research on its prevalence, impact and treatment in older people with dementia. People with dementia have an increased risk of falls which present a significant threat to their independence, as well as having a significant economic impact on health and social services. This review outlines the key issues in relation to FoF, current guidelines and assessment tools and their use for people with dementia. Further research needs to be completed in both addressing the specific assessment barriers that people with dementia may face regarding the use of current FoF tools, with further exploration surrounding the individual's experience of FoF and how this may be impacting upon their quality of life and functionality. Until a well-validated method has been developed, clinicians need to utilize available tools as guidelines, seek the assistance of proxies at all stages of the care journey, and use clinical judgement to assess FoF in patients with dementia.
Maxillofacial Injury—Not Always a Difficult Airway
Authors: Glasheen John , Hennelly David , Cusack Stephen
Published: May 2015

The optimal method for securing the airway in injured patients is controversial. Maxillofacial injury has been shown to be a marker for difficult airway management; however, a delay in intubation may result in deterioration of intubating conditions due to further airway bleeding and swelling. Decisions on the timing and method of airway management depend on multiple factors, including patient characteristics, the skill set of the clinicians, and logistical considerations. This report describes the case of a multi-agency response to a motor-vehicle collision in a rural area in Ireland. One young male patient had sustained significant maxillofacial injuries, multiple limb injuries, and had a decreased level of consciousness. Further airway compromise occurred following extrication. Difficult intubation was predicted; however, abnormal jaw mobility from bilateral mandibular fractures enabled easy laryngoscopy and intubation. Although preparation must be made for difficult airway management in the setting of maxillofacial injury, appropriately trained and experienced practitioners should not be deterred from performing early intubation when indicated.

GlasheenJ,HennellyD,CusackS.Maxillofacial injury – not always a difficult airway.Prehosp Disaster Med.2015;30(4):1–4.
Acculturation and dietary patterns among residents of Surinamese origin in the Netherlands: the HELIUS dietary pattern study
Authors: Sturkenboom Suzanne M , Dekker Louise H , Lamkaddem Majda , Schaap Laura A , de Vries Jeanne HM , Stronks Karien , Nicolaou Mary
Published: May 2015

Objective

Insight into the role of acculturation in dietary patterns is important to inform the development of nutrition programmes that target ethnic minority groups. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate how the adherence to dietary patterns within an ethnic minority population in the Netherlands varies by acculturation level compared with the host population.

Design

Cross-sectional study using data of the HELIUS study. Dietary patterns were assessed with an ethnic-specific FFQ. Acculturation was operationalized using unidimensional proxies (residence duration, age at migration and generation status) as well as on the basis of the bidimensional perspective, defined by four distinct acculturation strategies: assimilation, integration, separation and marginalization.

Setting

Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Subjects

Participants of Dutch (n 1370) and Surinamese (n 1727) origin.

Results

Three dietary patterns were identified: (i) ‘noodle/rice dishes and white meat’ (traditional Surinamese pattern); (ii) ‘red meat, snacks and sweets’; and (iii) ‘vegetables, fruit and nuts’. Surinamese-origin respondents adhered more to the traditional Surinamese pattern than the other dietary patterns. Neither the unidimensional proxies nor the bidimensional acculturation strategies demonstrated consistent associations with dietary patterns.

Conclusions

The lack of consistent association between acculturation and dietary patterns in the present study indicates that dietary patterns are quite robust. Understanding the continued adherence to traditional dietary patterns when developing dietary interventions in ethnic minority groups is warranted.
Food waste in campus dining operations: Inventory of pre- and post-consumer mass by food category, and estimation of embodied greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Costello Christine , Birisci Esma , McGarvey Ronald G.
Published: May 2015

There are many economic, social and environmental reasons to reduce the occurrence of food that is wasted. As communities consider options for managing their food waste streams, an understanding of the volume, composition and variability of these streams is needed to inform the decision-making process and potentially justify the capital investments needed for separation and treatment operations. This more detailed inventory also allows for the estimation of embodied resources in food that is wasted, demonstrated herein for greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). Pre- and post-consumer food waste was collected from four all-you-care-to-eat Campus Dining Services (CDS) facilities at the University of Missouri, Columbia over 3 months in 2014. During the study period approximately 246.3 metric tons (t) of food reached the retail level at the four facilities. 232.4 t of this food was served and 13.9 t of it (10.1 t of edible and 3.8 t of inedible), was lost as pre-consumer waste. Over the same time period, an estimated 26.4 t of post-consumer food waste was generated at these facilities, 21.2 t of the waste edible and 5.3 t of it inedible. Overall, 5.6% of food reaching the retail level was lost at the pre-consumer stage and 10.7% was lost at the post-consumer stage. Out of the food categories examined, ‘fruits and vegetables’ constituted the largest source of food waste by weight, with grains as the second largest source of food waste by weight. GHGs embodied in edible food waste were calculated. Over the study period an estimated 11.1 t CO2e (100-yr) were embodied in the pre-consumer food waste and 56.1 t were embodied in post-consumer food waste for a total of 67.2 t. The ‘meat and protein’ category represents the largest embodiment of GHG emissions in both the pre- and post-consumer categories despite ranking fourth in total weight. Beef represents the largest contribution to post-consumer GHG emissions embodied in food waste with an estimated 34.1 t CO2e. This distinction between the greatest sources of food waste by weight and the greatest sources of GHG emissions is relevant when considering alternative management options for food waste.
The Genetic and Environmental Foundations of Political, Psychological, Social, and Economic Behaviors: A Panel Study of Twins and Families
Authors: Hatemi Peter K. , Smith Kevin , Alford John R. , Martin Nicholas G. , Hibbing John R.
Published: May 2015

Here we introduce the Genetic and Environmental Foundations of Political and Economic Behaviors: A Panel Study of Twins and Families (PIs Alford, Hatemi, Hibbing, Martin, and Smith). This study was designed to explore the genetic and environmental influences on social, economic, and political behaviors and attitudes. It involves identifying the psychological mechanisms that operate on these traits, the heritability of complex economic and political traits under varying conditions, and specific genetic correlates of attitudes and behaviors. In addition to describing the study, we conduct novel analyses on the data, estimating the heritability of two traits so far unexplored in the extant literature: Machiavellianism and Baron-Cohen's Empathizing Quotient.
Che-1 modulates the decision between cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by its binding to p53
Authors: Desantis A , Bruno T , Catena V , De Nicola F , Goeman F , Iezzi S , Sorino C , Gentileschi M P , Germoni S , Monteleone V , Pellegrino M , Kann M , De Meo P D , Pallocca M , Höpker K , Moretti F , Mattei E , Reinhardt H C , Floridi A , Passananti C , Benzing T , Blandino G , Fanciulli M
Published: May 2015

The tumor suppressor p53 is mainly involved in the transcriptional regulation of a large number of growth-arrest- and apoptosis-related genes. However, a clear understanding of which factor/s influences the choice between these two opposing p53-dependent outcomes remains largely elusive. We have previously described that in response to DNA damage, the RNA polymerase II-binding protein Che-1/AATF transcriptionally activates p53. Here, we show that Che-1 binds directly to p53. This interaction essentially occurs in the first hours of DNA damage, whereas it is lost when cells undergo apoptosis in response to posttranscriptional modifications. Moreover, Che-1 sits in a ternary complex with p53 and the oncosuppressor Brca1. Accordingly, our analysis of genome-wide chromatin occupancy by p53 revealed that p53/Che1 interaction results in preferential transactivation of growth arrest p53 target genes over its pro-apoptotic target genes. Notably, exposure of Che-1+/− mice to ionizing radiations resulted in enhanced apoptosis of thymocytes, compared with WT mice. These results confirm Che-1 as an important regulator of p53 activity and suggest Che-1 to be a promising yet attractive drug target for cancer therapy.
A cellular screen identifies ponatinib and pazopanib as inhibitors of necroptosis
Authors: Fauster A , Rebsamen M , Huber K V M , Bigenzahn J W , Stukalov A , Lardeau C-H , Scorzoni S , Bruckner M , Gridling M , Parapatics K , Colinge J , Bennett K L , Kubicek S , Krautwald S , Linkermann A , Superti-Furga G
Published: May 2015

Necroptosis is a form of regulated necrotic cell death mediated by receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3. Necroptotic cell death contributes to the pathophysiology of several disorders involving tissue damage, including myocardial infarction, stroke and ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, no inhibitors of necroptosis are currently in clinical use. Here we performed a phenotypic screen for small-molecule inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced necroptosis in Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD)-deficient Jurkat cells using a representative panel of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. We identified two anti-cancer agents, ponatinib and pazopanib, as submicromolar inhibitors of necroptosis. Both compounds inhibited necroptotic cell death induced by various cell death receptor ligands in human cells, while not protecting from apoptosis. Ponatinib and pazopanib abrogated phosphorylation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) upon TNF-α-induced necroptosis, indicating that both agents target a component upstream of MLKL. An unbiased chemical proteomic approach determined the cellular target spectrum of ponatinib, revealing key members of the necroptosis signaling pathway. We validated RIPK1, RIPK3 and transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) as novel, direct targets of ponatinib by using competitive binding, cellular thermal shift and recombinant kinase assays. Ponatinib inhibited both RIPK1 and RIPK3, while pazopanib preferentially targeted RIPK1. The identification of the FDA-approved drugs ponatinib and pazopanib as cellular inhibitors of necroptosis highlights them as potentially interesting for the treatment of pathologies caused or aggravated by necroptotic cell death.
The nucleoprotein of influenza A virus induces p53 signaling and apoptosis via attenuation of host ubiquitin ligase RNF43
Authors: Nailwal H , Sharma S , Mayank A K , Lal S K
Published: May 2015

The interplay between influenza virus and host factors to support the viral life cycle is well documented. Influenza A virus (IAV) proteins interact with an array of cellular proteins and hijack host pathways which are at the helm of cellular responses to facilitate virus invasion. The multifaceted nature of the ubiquitination pathway for protein regulation makes it a vulnerable target of many viruses including IAV. To this end we conducted a yeast two-hybrid screen to search for cellular ubiquitin ligases important for influenza virus replication. We identified host protein, RING finger protein 43 (RNF43), a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a novel interactor of nucleoprotein (NP) of IAV and an essential partner to induce NP-driven p53-mediated apoptosis in IAV-infected cells. In this study, we demonstrate that IAV leads to attenuation of RNF43 transcripts and hence its respective protein levels in the cellular milieu whereas in RNF43 depleted cells, viral replication was escalated several folds. Moreover, RNF43 polyubiquitinates p53 which further leads to its destabilization resulting in a decrease in induction of the p53 apoptotic pathway, a hitherto unknown process targeted by NP for p53 stabilization and accumulation. Collectively, these results conclude that NP targets RNF43 to modulate p53 ubiquitination levels and hence causes p53 stabilization which is conducive to an enhanced apoptosis level in the host cells. In conclusion, our study unravels a novel strategy adopted by IAV for utilizing the much conserved ubiquitin proteasomal pathway.
Necrosis- and apoptosis-related Met cleavages have divergent functional consequences
Authors: Montagne R , Berbon M , Doublet L , Debreuck N , Baranzelli A , Drobecq H , Leroy C , Delhem N , Porte H , Copin M-C , Dansin E , Furlan A , Tulasne D
Published: May 2015

Upon activation by its ligand hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, the receptor tyrosine kinase Met promotes survival, proliferation, and migration of epithelial cells during embryogenesis. Deregulated Met signaling can also promote cancer progression and metastasis. Met belongs to the functional family of dependence receptors whose activity switches from pro-survival to pro-apoptotic during apoptosis upon caspase cleavage. Although apoptosis resistance is a hallmark of cancer cells, some remain sensitive to other cell death processes, including necrosis induced by calcium stress. The role and fate of Met during necrotic cell death are unknown. Following treatment with calcium ionophores, cell lines and primary cells undergo necrosis, and the full-length Met receptor is efficiently degraded. This degradation is achieved by double cleavage of Met in its extracellular domain by a metalloprotease of the A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family and in its intracellular domain by calpains (calcium-dependent proteases). These cleavages separate the Met extracellular region from its kinase domain, thus preventing Met activity and its potential pro-survival activity. Although the intracellular fragment is very similar to the fragment generated by caspases, it displays no pro-apoptotic property, likely because of the presence of the last few amino acids of Met, known to inhibit this pro-apoptotic function. The fragments identified here are observed in lung tumors overexpressing the Met receptor, along with fragments previously identified, suggesting that proteolytic cleavages of Met are involved in its degradation in tumor tissues. Thus, Met is a modulator of necrosis, able to protect cells when activated by its ligand but efficiently degraded by proteolysis when this process is engaged.