bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional Drug Trade via the Internet: Role Characteristics of its Participants
Authors: Timko S. A. , Podshivalov A. P.
Published: May 2021

A characteristic feature of modern drug trafficking is its contactless sale via the Internet. Such criminal activity is organized and is carried out at the regional, interregional or interstate level. The authors of the paper analyze the distribution of roles between the participants of criminal groups, which allows them to act clearly and smoothly and avoid criminal prosecution. The participants of the drug market are identified as "organizers", "regional managers", "producers", "suppliers", "operators", "financial directors", "curators", "storekeepers", "advertisers", "hackers", "couriers", "kladmen". The conducted research allow us to conclude that the structure of organized criminal groups in the regions is not so extensive and due to the combination of the functions of individual participants in criminal groups is often reduced to 3-4 role components. These include: "organizer" — a person who has established the supply of narcotic drugs to the region, who has created an Internet resource for their sale and supports the activity and vital activity of such a resource; "operator" — an intermediary who supports the interaction of drug users and pawnbrokers through the Internet; "kladmen"who directly create dead drops ("zakladki") intended for drug users. The paper considers the functions that are assigned to each of the participants of such criminal groups.

Separately, the authors focus on the measures taken by members of criminal groups to conceal criminal activities: the use of encrypted messengers for communication, Internet websites specializing in drug trafficking; the use of electronic money and cryptocurrencies; the trivial involvement of front persons to register financial and banking transactions.
Seismic Wave Propagation and Basin Amplification in the Wasatch Front, Utah
Authors: Moschetti Morgan P. , Churchwell David , Thompson Eric M. , Rekoske John M. , Wolin Emily , Boyd Oliver S.
Published: May 2021

Ground-motion analysis of more than 3000 records from 59 earthquakes, including records from the March 2020 Mw 5.7 Magna earthquake sequence, was carried out to investigate site response and basin amplification in the Wasatch Front, Utah. We compare ground motions with the Bayless and Abrahamson (2019; hereafter, BA18) ground-motion model (GMM) for Fourier amplitude spectra, which was developed on crustal earthquake records from California and other tectonically active regions. The Wasatch Front records show a significantly different near-source rate of distance attenuation than the BA18 model, which we attribute to differences in (apparent) geometric attenuation. Near-source residuals show a period dependence of this effect, with greater attenuation at shorter periods (T<0.5  s) and a correlation between period and the distance over which the discrepancy manifests (∼20–50  km). We adjusted the recorded ground motions for these regional path effects and solved for station site terms using linear mixed-effects regressions, with groupings for events and stations. We analyzed basin amplification by comparing the site terms with the basin geometry and basin depths from two seismic-velocity models for the region. Sites over the deeper parts of the sedimentary basins are amplified by factors of 3–10, relative to sites with thin sedimentary cover, with greater amplification at longer periods (T≳1  s). Average ground-motion variability increases with period, and long-period variability exhibits a slight increase at the basin edges. These results indicate regional seismic wave propagation effects requiring further study, and potentially a regionalized GMM, as well as highlight basin amplification complexities that may be incorporated into seismic hazard assessments.
High-Definition Mapping of the Gutenberg–Richter b-Value and Its Relevance: A Case Study in Italy
Authors: Taroni Matteo , Zhuang Jiancang , Marzocchi Warner
Published: May 2021

The spatial variability of the magnitude–frequency distribution is important to improve earthquake forecasting capabilities at different time scales. Here, we develop a novel approach, based on the weighted maximum-likelihood estimation, to build a spatial model for the b-value parameter of the Gutenberg–Richter law and its uncertainty, also for earthquake catalogs with a time-varying completeness magnitude. Then, we also provide a guideline based on the Bayes factor to measure the importance of the b-value spatial variability with respect to a model having a spatially uniform b-value. Finally, we apply the procedure to a new Italian instrumental earthquake catalog from 1960 to 2019 to investigate the b-value spatial variability over the Italian territory.
Recent developments in strong-motion analysis*
Authors: Hershberger John
Published: May 2021

The integration of acceleration records as performed by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey to produce velocity and displacement curves has nearly always required the use of arbitrary “adjustments,” in addition to the three legitimate adjustments involved in fixing the two constants of integration and the acceleration axis. These additional adjustments were justified on the assumption of accelerometer zero shifts. An improved accelerometer eliminated the possibility of zero shifts, thereby preventing the continued use of the former adjustments. Since then acceptable integration results have not been obtainable, except only for short periods of ground motion.

The Carder displacement meter has thoroughly proved its superiority over integration as a means for obtaining displacement information of general engineering significance, and is being increasingly used for this purpose.
Bermuda T phases with large continental paths*
Authors: Shurbet D. H.
Published: May 2021

A short-period arrival on records of the Bermuda-Columbia Seismograph Station is identified as the T phase. The path of propagation consists of land paths up to 51° preceding 14° of water path. It is shown that the travel time of this phase can be accounted for if the energy travels as the P phase over the land path and the T phase over the ocean path. Background noises in the Sofar channel do occasionally arise from earthquakes as much as several thousand miles inland.
Seismic seiches in Norway and England during the Assam earthquake of August 15, 1950*
Authors: Kvale Anders
Published: May 2021

During the Assam earthquake of August 15, 1950, unusual waves were observed in at least 37 localities in fjords and lakes in Norway. Reports from 29 of these are discussed in this paper. In most places the waves were standing waves, with periods of 1 to 3 minutes and amplitudes of 5 to 100 cm. and began when the acceleration at the seismological observatory in Bergen surpassed 20 milligals in the east-west direction and 40 milligals in the vertical direction. The movements generally ceased when the acceleration decreased to below 10 milligals. The main periods of the long waves declined during this period from about 30 to 15 seconds, but the seismograms also indicate longer periods, of about 1 to 3 minutes, which may have some connection with the seiches.

The calculated periods for the basins where waves were observed are, assuming one node, in most places between 1 and 3 minutes. In England, standing oscillations were recorded in water reservoirs at Margate, Chichester, and Portsmouth during the earthquake. The periods cannot be determined from the records, but the calculated periods vary from 15 to 25 seconds, which corresponds fairly closely with the 22 seconds given by Kew Observatory as the period of the long waves of the earthquake. The maximum amplitude in the reservoirs was 2 inches.

Seiches in Norway during the Lisbon earthquake of November 1, 1755, and progressive waves during the Kansu earthquake of December 16, 1920, are briefly discussed.
Calculated travel times of seismic core waves*
Authors: Forester R. D.
Published: May 2021

Travel times for the seismic core waves, PKP, PKS, and SKS, were computed by integration along the travel paths. For this purpose the velocity distribution within the earth was broken into segments which were represented by continuous functions. Except for rays of grazing incidence to the outer core the times calculated for PKP and PKS are intermediate between the smoothed times given by Jeffreys and times based upon recent observed data. The times calculated for SKS are in fair agreement with the smoothed times given by Jeffreys.
Properties of strong ground motion earthquakes*
Authors: Housner George W.
Published: May 2021

The analysis given here considers that an earthquake fault is formed by the superposition of a large number of incremental shear dislocations the sudden release of which produces the earthquake. It is postulated that during an earthquake the incremental dislocations are released in such a way that the average slip is proportional to the square root of the area of slip, and that the probability of release of individual incremental dislocations is such that the probability of a total slip area A is inversely proportional to A. With these two postulates a frequency distribution of earthquakes is derived that agrees with observed data; the Richter magnitude is shown to be essentially a logarithmic measure of the average slip on a fault; and an expression is derived for the energy released by an earthquake that agrees with that derived from consideration of the energy carried in a wave train. Expressions are derived also for the areas of slip during earthquakes, the maximum relative slip, and the average annual, over-all shearing distortion of the state of California and these are in satisfactory agreement with observed behavior. It is assumed that an accelerogram is formed by the superposition of a large number of elemental acceleration pulses random in time. It is shown that this agrees with recorded accelerograms, and an accelerogram composed in this fashion is shown to have the characteristics of actual recorded accelerograms. It is also shown that the maximum ground accelerations in the vicinity of the center of the fault, so far as they are dependent upon the size of the slip area, have essentially reached their upper limits for shocks with areas of slip approximately equal to that associated with the El Centro earthquake of 1940.
The attentuation of compression waves in lossy media*
Authors: Knopoff L.
Published: May 2021

By means of modeling experiments on a wax slab, oil-coupled lithium sulfate transducers are found to have excellent directional properties as seismic modeling transducers. Investigation of the several orders of multiple reflection amplitudes shows that consistency in the measured reflection coefficients for the spherical wave fronts is easily achieved if a loss mechanism of the internal viscosity type is attributed to the wax.
Crustal structure in the Transvaal*
Authors: Gane P. G. , Atkins A. R. , Sellschop J. P. F. , Seligman P.
Published: May 2021

abstract

Travel-time data are given at 25 km. intervals between 50 and 500 km. for traverses west, south, east, and north of Johannesburg. These derive from numerous seismograms of Witwatersrand earth tremors taken by means of a triggering technique. The only phases considered to be consistent are those mentioned below, and few signs of a change of velocity with depth were discovered. There were no great differences in the results for the various directions, and the mean results were:

P 1 = + 0.24 + Δ / 6.18 sec . S 1 = + 0.37 + Δ / 3.66 sec . P n = + 7.61 + Δ / 8.27 sec . S n = + 11.4 + Δ / 4.73 sec .

which give crustal depths of 35.1 and 33.3 km. from P and S data respectively. These depths include about 1.3 km. of superficial material of lower velocity.
An automatic spot brightener*
Authors: De Bremaecker J. Cl. , Michel Jean
Published: May 2021

abstract

The automatic spot brightener consists of an auxiliary beam directed on one of the moving mirrors of the instruments, and from there on a photocell. Interruption of the light on the cell short-circuits a resistance and brightens the spots.
Effects of ground on earthquake motion
Authors: Gutenberg B.
Published: May 2021

Earthquake damage at a given location depends on properties of the arriving elastic waves, of the ground at the shaken site, and of the structures involved. To investigate effects of the ground on the motion at the surface, five identical seismographs have been operated temporarily at 25 locations within 30 miles from the Seismological Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, and their records have been compared with those written by an identical instrument recording in routine at the Seismological Laboratory. The ratio of amplitudes at sites on fairly dry alluvium more than 500 feet deep to those at the Seismological Laboratory (on crystalline rock) is frequently 5 : 1 or more for earthquake waves having periods of 1 to 1 1/2 sec. For waves having periods of 0.1 ± sec. and waves having periods exceeding 10 sec. (length more than 10 miles) the corresponding differences in amplitudes are small. Amplitudes of earthquake waves and of the continuous unrest of the ground recorded at sites on water-saturated soft ground may be ten times those recorded at the Laboratory. The period of waves for which the response relative to that at the Seismological Laboratory is greatest usually decreases as the thickness of the alluvium decreases and is about ¼ sec. at stations on alluvium 100 ± feet thick. At stations on crystalline rock the motion of the ground does not differ significantly from that at the Laboratory for waves having periods exceeding ¼ sec.

At sites on alluvium, relatively strong shaking lasts several times as long as at those on crystalline rock; usually this ratio decreases with decreasing thickness of the alluvium. Ground effects may produce appreciable differences in duration and amount of shaking even at localities only a fraction of a mile apart. The importance of selecting crystalline rock or at least dry ground and avoiding water-saturated soft ground for foundations of buildings to reduce potential earthquake damage is stressed.
A survey of the microseisms recorded at Aberdeen in 1955, together with a review of the meteorological conditions under which they may have arisen
Authors: Geddes A. E. M.
Published: May 2021

As observations of microseisms at Aberdeen appeared to indicate that microseisms may arise from a cause or causes other than from standing waves set up by reflection from a steep rocky coast or by a mixture of waves in a fast-moving storm, a survey of Aberdeen records for 1955 has been carried out and a comparison made with the meteorological conditions prevailing at the time. A noticeable feature on the weather charts was the frequent occurrence of pressure distributions with two centres, while the occasions on which fast-moving storms occurred, or reflection from rocky coasts, were rare. Consequently there seemed to be grounds for supposing that the standing waves arose from the interference of two sets of wave systems generated by double low-pressure centres. Further, single low centres off either the Norwegian coast or that of America produced very little effect at Aberdeen. The survey suggests that the principal regions where such microseisms were produced appeared to be in the Atlantic north of 50° N and off the rocky coast of northwest Scotland.

From a comparison of the displacements on the E-W and N-S records there is some support for the hypothesis that microseisms are due to a mixture of Rayleigh waves and Love waves.
Polar graphs of initial motions at an earthquake source
Authors: BÅTH Markus
Published: May 2021

abstract

A modified technique for fault-plane solutions is developed, using polar diagrams with the earthquake focus at the origin and with station azimuth and angle of incidence at the focus as co�nates. A figure is given illustrating the distribution of initial longitudinal motion in a perfectly general case for a plane fault source with rectilinear slip, together with all the special cases which can be derived from it. Formulas are given which combine all the quantities entering into the solution.
Mechanisms of the aftershocks of the Kern County, California, earthquake of 1952
Authors: Båth Markus , Richter Charles F.
Published: May 2021

abstract

Using directions of first motion of longitudinal waves recorded at near-by stations, the orientation of fault traces and the nature of fault motions have been deduced for fifty-seven earthquakes of the Kern County aftershock series. Unlike the main shock, the aftershocks exhibit considerable strike slip with left-hand strike slip dominating on and to the south of the White Wolf fault and right-hand strike slip and dip slip to the north of it. The two last-mentioned mechanisms represent a secondary strain release, beginning not earlier than thirty-seven hours after the main shock.
The application of the Maxwell impedance bridge to the calibration of electromagnetic seismographs
Authors: Willmore P. L.
Published: May 2021

It is shown that an electromagnetic seismograph may be calibrated by observing the deflections of the galvanometer when an electrical signal is injected through a suitable coupling circuit. A specially designed version of the Maxwell Impedance Bridge is used for this purpose, the seismometer being connected in one arm and the galvanometer across the output. The bridge is balanced when the seismometer is clamped. The seismometer is then unclamped, and the galvanometer starts to swing with an amplitude equal to that which would be produced by a ground acceleration proportional to the bridge current. The constant of proportionality is found by injecting a “substitution e.m.f.” across the ratio arm of the bridge. By carrying out the substitution experiments in their most complete form it is possible to determine the mass, the suspension stiffness, and the damping constant of the seismometer, either including or excluding the effects of the galvanometer reaction. Typical calibration curves for Benioff, Willmore, and Sprengnether seismometers are included.
The geographical location of a distant earthquake
Authors: Gilić A.
Published: May 2021

Condensed from a paper published by the Geophysical Institute of the University of Zagreb (Ser. III, No. 8, 1957).

C. Zeissig has given a graphical method for determining an epicenter by using direction lines which have been derived from the P times on pairs of stations.

By a modified procedure it is possible—assuming an approximate value for the epicenter and the origin time—to draw the direction lines as straight lines on a large-scale map, whereby a preliminary condition for an accurate location of an earthquake is obtained.

As the most probable epicenter there can be taken the center of gravity of selected intersection points of reliable direction lines. The selection itself is based on criteria which follow from a detailed study of the reliability of the lines and points.

As an illustration of the method, a solution is given for one earthquake.
A portable water-tube tiltmeter
Authors: Eaton Jerry P.
Published: May 2021

The accumulation of magma within a volcano deforms the ground surface around it. Although pendulum-type tiltmeters are our most sensitive and convenient tool for detecting such deformations, their records are generally difficult to interpret because purely local disturbances obscure the subtle changes produced by the volcano.

A new tiltmeter consisting of a permanent tilt base and a portable water-tube leveling system was developed to measure tilting around Kilauea caldera. Because the tilt bases for this instrument are on the ground surface outdoors, the leveling system must be operated under conditions that are far from ideal. If the work is performed at night and if a carefully standardized procedure is followed, leveling can be carried around a circuit consisting of three piers at the vertices of a triangle 2,000 inches on a side with a closure error of less than 10µ (corresponding to an error in the measurement of tilt of less than 0.2 ՠ10-6 radian).

Tilting at four new tilt bases around Kilauea caldera between October, 1958, and February, 1959, shows that the summit of the volcano is swelling. An analysis of the tilting around the caldera suggests that magma is accumulating in a reservoir about 4 kilometers beneath the southwest end of the caldera.
The second shear mode of continental Rayleigh waves
Authors: Oliver Jack , Dorman James , Sutton George
Published: May 2021

Waves of the Rayleigh type corresponding to the fundamental and first shear modes for the continental crust-mantle system have been identified on seismograms previously. In this paper, waves corresponding to the second shear mode are identified for two paths, one from the Belgian Congo to Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; the other from Oklahoma to Palisades, New York. Comparison of the dispersion of these waves with theoretical dispersion for several crust-mantle models demonstrates the increase in resolving power of this method of obtaining crustal structure when data for several modes are available. There are small but measurable differences in the velocity structures averaged along these two paths.
Seizure susceptibility in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Reyes-Marin Karen , Zegarra-Valdivia Jonathan , Nuñez Angel
Published: May 2021

Epileptic seizures in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients are rare but still approximately 8 times more common than in the general age-matched population. Experimental and clinical studies have suggested the epileptogenic potential of Aβ, which might represent a principal responsible for the epileptic-like discharges and cognitive decline observed in AD. In addition, an increase in cortical excitability has been demonstrated in AD animal models that may be due to an imbalance of excitatory/inhibitory synaptic transmission. Cortical hyperexcitability has also been demonstrated in the human EEG by the presence of a high proportion of fast oscillatory activities. This review tries to show the mechanisms involved in the generation of the epileptic seizures observed in AD and have been widely studied in animal models. Unfortunately, the EEG analysis in AD is not a standard procedure in clinical practice. Nevertheless, seizures and other electroencephalographic abnormalities are commonly found in AD patients. We suggest that EEG studies in these patients could help to an early diagnosis and inform about the evolution of this disease and their possible cognitive deterioration.
Phloridzin docosahexaenoate, a novel polyphenolic derivative, is cytotoxic to canine osteosarcoma D17 cells
Authors: Murray Beth , Arumuggam Niroshaa , Astatkie Tess , Rupasinghe H.P.
Published: May 2021

Canine osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common form of bone cancer diagnosticated in dogs and is highly metastatic. There has been limited advancement in discovering an effective treatment for OSA in the last few decades. The major drawback of the currently used chemotherapeutic drugs is their side effects. In this preliminary study, we investigated the efficacy of using a novel food-derived drug, phloridzin docosahexaenoate (PZ-DHA), in the treatment of canine OSA in vitro. PZ-DHA was selectively cytotoxic to canine OSA D17 cells, while normal human liver cells (WRL68) were more resistant. We also found that PZ-DHA had enhanced cellular uptake in D17 cells compared to its precursors and in WRL68 cell line. This study provides preliminary evidence that PZ-DHA needs to be further assessed as a safe and efficacious new drug in the treatment of both canine and human OSA.
A Pilot Study of At-Home Virtual Reality for Chronic Pain Patients
Authors: Jones Ted
Published: May 2021

Chronic pain disorders are a common and expensive health problem worldwide. Available treatments for these disorders have been decreasing and new treatments are needed. Virtual reality (VR) has been used for acute and procedural pain for years but systems are only now becoming available for use with chronic pain. In this study patients with a chronic pain disorder were given the option of using either take-home virtual reality equipment for one month or take-home biofeedback equipment for one month. In the VR condition patients were oriented to the “PainCare” app but could access any free content from the internet as well. Qualitative data was gathered on 23 VR patients and 12 biofeedback patients. Pre-post measures of depression, catastrophizing and function were obtained from 17 VR patients and 8 biofeedback patients. Data found that there was a statistically significant decrease in depression and catastrophizing in the VR group but no such decrease was found in the biofeedback group. No significant increase in function was found in either group though the VR group trended in that direction. One hundred percent (100%) of the patients who tried VR reported that they thought it had helped them overall at least a little. Patient ratings of the VR equipment were more favorable than the biofeedback equipment. This non-randomized small sample study suggests that at-home VR use can be used successfully with patients to decrease the important treatment variables of depression and catastrophizing, and perhaps become a significant contribution to the treatment of chronic pain disorders.
Comparison of two marketed effervescent fast relief formulations for antacid activity-an in vitro study
Authors: Dhawal Pranjali P. , Barve Siddhivinayak S. , Sen-Roy Dyotona
Published: May 2021

Background: Hyper-acidity is excessive formation of acid (pH=1.5-3.5) in the stomach by parietal cells which causes a burning sensation in the chest. The preservation of gastric acid insult is crucial because of the implications of hyperacidity in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers and duodenal ulcers. Acidity is controlled by use of some over-the-counter (OTC) antacid formulations containing magnesium or aluminum hydroxides.Methods: In the present study, the preliminary antacid test (PAT), the pH acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), acid neutralizing potential (ANP) along with buffering capacity of two well-known quick release formulations (F1 [Digene Ultra Fizz] and F2 [a standard, commercially available product]) were determined. Results: According to US pharmacopeia USP, both the antacid formulations passed the PAT test. PAT results revealed that the pH of the acid-antacid solution was higher in F1 (8.20±0.02) as compared to F2, (6.53±0.01). The ANC results revealed that F1 (46.89±0.6 mEq/dosage) had higher neutralizing capacity as compared to F2(30.12±1.3 mEq/dosage). Higher ANP was observed for F1 (245 mins), and it was 2.7 times that of F2 (90 min). The onset of action for both the antacids was <2 seconds. Additionally, buffering capacity was evidently observed during ANP analysis in the case of F1. Independent T test performed for all the tests revealed that the data obtained was highly significant (p<0.01).Conclusions: F1 showed high antacid and buffering properties when tested in vitro. The present study highlights the need for future research on specific OTC non-prescribed antacid formulations with respect to their price, efficacy and side effects.
A questionnaire based study-assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance among health care professionals, pre and post educational intervention
Authors: Fatima Husna , Subhani Ghulam , Mohsin Mohammed , Devi D. Nageswari
Published: May 2021

Background: Pharmacovigilance (PV) is an important tool in generating adverse drug reaction (ADR) data. However, the practice of PV is still very low among health care professionals due to lack of knowledge and awareness. This study was conducted to assess the level of  knowledge, awareness and practice of PV among health care professionals and to assess subsequent change in these after PV training session.Methods: A cross sectional questionnaire based study was conducted among health care professionals of a tertiary health care and teaching institute. Participants were given a questionnaire. They completed it before and after undergoing training programme in PV. Impact of effectiveness of educational intervention (continuing medical education-CME (pharmacovigilance workshop) was evaluated by paired t-test.Results: Out of 110 participants, 96 participants completely filled the questionnaire before and after the educational intervention (CME). CME on PV was found to increase knowledge and positive attitudes towards various aspects of PV.Conclusions: Training programme on PV will help increase the knowledge as well as awareness about principles and techniques of PV and improve the rate of spontaneous ADR reporting. Organising frequent CME programmes and workshops will increase the credibility of health care in the country.
Study on antihyperglycemic effect of bromocriptine in dexamethasone induced hyperglycemic wistar rats
Authors: M. B. Rekha , Bhandare Basavaraj , V. Satyanarayana , M. B. Hemamalini
Published: May 2021

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that develops due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. Recent animal and human studies have reported bromocriptine to be effective in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The present study was done to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of bromocriptine in dexamethasone induced hyperglycemic rats.Methods: Male wistar rats were used and divided into 5 groups. Dexamethosone was used to induce hyperglycemia in group B-E. Group A was the untreated control group, group B was the standard control group, group C was the oral 10 mg/kg of bromocriptine dissolved in 0.9% normal saline, group D was the oral 20 mg/kg metformin dissolved in 0.9% normal saline, group E was the oral 10 mg/kg bromocriptine+20 mg/kg metformin dissolved in 0.9% normal saline. Fasting blood glucose, post prandial blood glucose and body weight was estimated on day 1, 15, 30.Results: It was seen that dexamethasone induced hyperglycemia and increase in body weight in male wistar rats, which were significantly controlled by oral bromocriptine and bromocriptine with metformin combination.Conclusions: Results obtained from this study showed that bromocriptine can be a promising drug with novel mechanism to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Adverse drug reaction monitoring in patients of hypertension at a tertiary care hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Chandra Shruti , Kaur Sukhmeen , Jayabhaye Deepali , Ubale Amol
Published: May 2021

Background: Hypertension is one of the highest prevailing diseases worldwide. Due to long term therapy antihypertensive drugs are commonly associated with adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Therefore, the study was conducted with the objective to examine the incidence of different types of ADRs in drug treated hypertensive patients.Methods: Present study was a prospective cross sectional observational study carried out in the outpatient of department of medicine of MGM hospital, a tertiary care teaching hospital, in Aurangabad. 320 diagnosed hypertensive patients were studied. Questionnaire was asked and their prescription were analysed and follow up was done.Results: Among 320 patient’s 75 patients were reported ADR. Males accounted for higher percent of ADRs 46 (61%) than females 29 (38.6%). Most of the patients 147 (55.9%) were on mono therapy. Calcium channel blocker was the frequently used class of drug, showed maximum number of ADR (30.6%) followed by ACE inhibitor (28%) and ARB (21.3%). As per WHO-UMC scale, type of reactions and their percentage were as certain (9.3%), Probable/ Likely (64%), possible (22.6%), and unlikely (4%). According to Naranjo scale most of the reactions were possible (64%). severity assessment is done by Hartwig and Siegel scale. No lethal ADR were reported. 4% reactions were severe, 32% were of moderate category and 64% were mild reactions.Conclusions: Such type of studies are helpful in selection of appropriate medicines for hypertensive patients, enhancing patient adherence with the therapy by selecting medicines of lesser ADR profile, reducing unnecessary economic burden to the patients due to unwanted effects of the therapy.
Postoperative outcome and hemodynamic changes in high versus low pressure to pneumoperitoneum in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Marimuthu Valarmathi , Murugan Bhuvaneswari
Published: May 2021

Background: A pneumoperitoneum is created by insufflating a gas (usually carbon dioxide) into the peritoneal cavity during laparoscopic surgery. Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) rises as a result of this. At a rate of 4–6 liter min-1, carbon dioxide is insufflated into the peritoneal cavity at a pressure of 10–20 mm Hg. Aim of the research was to compare the hemodynamic effects and the level of post-operative symptoms due to high pressure and low-pressure pneumoperitoneum in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Methods: 60 patients fulfilling inclusion criteria who were posted for elective cholecystectomy under general anaesthesia were divided into two groups, 30 patients in each group. Group L included pneumoperitoneum created with intra-abdominal pressure of 7-10 mmHg, and group H included pneumoperitoneum created with intra-abdominal pressure of 12-14 mmHg. Variables such as the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, end-tidal CO2, the level of post-operative abdominal pain, shoulder-tip pain, nausea and vomiting, and the liver function test were compared between the two groups.Results: Between groups, no statistical difference has been noted in the demographic characters of the patient. There was a statistical difference of intraoperative and post-operative systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) between groups. End-tidal CO2 was compared between the two groups during the surgery and a significant difference regarding EtCO2. Liver function tests showed a significant difference in all measured factors after surgery between the two groups.Conclusions: Low-pressure pneumoperitoneum decreases hemodynamic complications. Post-operative abdominal pain, shoulder tip pain, nausea and vomiting are reduced.
21q22.11q22.12 deletion syndrome with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Taneja Sunil , Bansal Alexandra , Goyal Pratishtha , Khan Iltefat , Shekhar Rajeev , Khan Iftikhar Hussain
Published: May 2021

Haemophagocyticy lymyphohistiocytosis in the new-born is uncommon. Incidence is reported between 1 in 50,000 to 1,50,000 admissions. Usually it is primary or familial HLH in the first year of life. Secondary causes are due to viral, bacterial and fungal infections. A dysmorphic small for gestational age male neonate presented with sepsis and neonatal cholestasis. He also had associated HLH. Exom sequencing showed a 21q22.11q22.12 deletion. This has not known to have any association with familial HLH. He was managed with IVIG and steroids. The neonate made a recovery but succumbed later to an intercurrent illness.
Orthodontic management of traumatized teeth: a literature review
Authors: Hifny Sara Ahmed , Hawsawi Mohammed Abdulrazzag , Baraat Abdulaziz Mohammed , Bakhadlaq Wesam Faiz , Hakami Hafiz Mohammed , Alghamdi Abdullah Abdulghani , Alsayegh Homood Mohammed , Ashour Asmaa Tariq , Bahamid Ahmed Abdullah , Alsalem Rehan Salem , Jiffri Shereen Osama
Published: May 2021

Traumatic dental injuries can significantly impact the appearance and the functions of the affected teeth and can induce significant damages to the surrounding structures within the oral cavity including both the soft and hard ones. This present literature review aimed to discuss the appropriate orthodontic management of dental traumatic events and to present evidence from previous studies in the literature. The search took place in the relevant databases l, such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar to find the relevant articles that have previously discussed the topic to retrieve all the potentially related information that will help to formulate strong evidence. The literature review was focused on the orthodontic management considerations for patients that had dental traumas including crown and crown-root fractures, in addition to intrusion and extrusion luxation injuries. Overall, orthodontists should be able to deal with all the possible traumatic lesions as early as possible to avoid the development of any complications which might affect the prognosis of the affected teeth and the surrounding structures. Moreover, the evidence suggested that aforementioned lesions which was a period of at least three months should be recommended after applying the orthodontic treatment to early screen against any potential complications and maintain stabilization.
A comparative study of direct health intervention and peer-led intervention on menstrual hygiene management of adolescent girls in rural India
Authors: Krishnamurthy Logeswari , Parmar Jeram , Suryawanshi Deodatt M.
Published: May 2021

Background: Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) among adolescents in rural India is negatively influenced by myths and taboos which predispose them to infections which can be dispelled by health education by experts or peers. The study aimed to demonstrate the relative effectiveness of direct health education over peer led health education on MHM.Methods: A longitudinal follow up intervention study recruiting 486 school going adolescent females divided in three groups I, II and III was conducted. Group I received peer led, while group II received direct health education and group III was control. Pre and post intervention scores of participants were compared.Results: Direct intervention group demonstrated highest improvement in number of participants having good MHM scores (p<0.05). Mean MHM scores of direct intervention group participants were the highest among all the three groups (p<0.05). Knowledge score of direct intervention group was significantly higher than group 1 (p=0.001) and group III with no difference in practice scores between group I and II (p=0.147).Conclusions: Direct health education as an intervention is more relatively effective than peer led in MHM of adolescent females.
Assessment of patient satisfaction of services in primary healthcare centers of Shivamogga: a cross-sectional study
Authors: B. Ajay Mallya , N. Praveen Kumar , H. Sridevi N.
Published: May 2021

Background: India is the second most populous country in the world. Studies have shown that quality of primary health care in low to middle income countries is very poor. Patient’s perception of quality of health care service provided has strong relation with the utilization the services. Hence it’s important to monitor the health care delivery systems in the country to gain more knowledge about the health care delivery systems.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected primary healthcare centres (PHCs) in Shimoga. 5 PHCs were selected by simple random sampling. 30 patients attending the facility were randomly chosen for exit interview. Data regarding patient’s perception of quality of health care provided by the facility was collected using a questionnaire.Results: Majority of the participants (68%) found the services provided by the facility to be satisfactory. Patients showed high satisfaction towards explanation provided the regarding problem by doctor (84%) and cleanliness of the facility (87.3%). Poor satisfaction was seen towards availability of medicines (54%) and behaviour of the paramedical staff (46%).Conclusions: There is a need to improve the quality of services provided by the primary healthcare centres to achieve better patient satisfaction and utilization.
Study of relationship between age and body mass index on knee osteoarthritis in advanced aged females in a divisional city of Bangladesh
Authors: Roy Malay K. , Hossain M. Zakir , Siddiquee A. H. M. Tanvir Hasan , Alauddin M. , Islam Mohammad K. , Rahman Minto A. K. M. Mustafizur , Sarkar Tapas K.
Published: May 2021

Background: Knee osteoarthritis is a notable issue in senior citizens and is a burning problem worldwide. There are so many risk factors related to knee osteoarthritis but women's sex, age, and obesity are significant. The aim and objective of this study were to estimate the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis among women in the age group of 46 to 65 years and the effect of age and body mass index (BMI) on knee osteoarthritis.

Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted at outpatient department (OPD) in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, a tertiary level hospital, among females of Mymensingh, a divisional city of Bangladesh in the age group of 46 to 65 years. Purposive sampling technique used to select study subjects. A total of 100 females participated in this study in one month (July 2019-August 2019).

Results: 100 participants were enlisted in the study, in the age group of 46 to 55 years 39 (39%) and 56 to 65 years 61 (61%). Total 65 (65%) participants were affected with knee osteoarthritis. Among them, 19 (29.2%) participants were in the age group of 46-55 years and 46 (70.8%) participants were in the age group of 55-65 years, thus in the advanced age group, knee osteoarthritis is remarkably more. Participants affected with knee osteoarthritis with BMI ≥25 were significantly more affected 45 (69.2%) compared with participants with normal BMI 20 (30.2%).

Conclusions: Knee osteoarthritis is significantly associated with advanced age and obesity. Advanced age and overweight were strongly associated with osteoarthritis in our population. Therefore, weight reduction and preventive measures can decrease the burden and will help in minimizing morbidity associated with OA.
Clinical assessment of Super bioavailable Itraconazole 50 mg in dermatophytosis (Clear 50)
Authors: Dhoot Dhiraj , Ghate Sunil , Mahajan Harshal , Barkate Hanmant
Published: May 2021

Super bioavailable itraconazole (SBITZ) is a newer formulation of itraconazole which is recently launched in India. But there is no published clinical evidence of SBITZ in the management of dermatophytosis in Indian patients.

A Real world retrospective data analysis was conducted with 346 dermatologists across India to assess the response of Indian patients with dermatophytosis who were prescribed super bioavailable itraconazole 50 mg twice a day for 4 weeks.

Out of 4625 patients’ data, 2743 were included for final analysis. Mean age of patients was 36.17±12.05 years with male preponderance. Most of the patients were diagnosed as T. cruris. At the end of treatment, 51% of patients achieved complete clinical cure while 46% achieved clinical improvement (>50% symptom clearance) and 3% were labelled as clinical failure. About 70% patients achieved clearance in body surface area. Mean total symptom score (TSS) was reduced to 0.74±1.1 from 7.29±1.73 while mean BSA score was reduced from 1.96±0.83 to 0.38±0.65 (p<0.05). Similar type of improvements were seen in naïve, recurrent and chronic dermatophytosis patients. A total of 61 adverse effects (AE) were reported from 56 patients. All the AEs were mild to moderate in nature and did not require discontinuation of therapy.

Patients treated with super bioavailable itraconazole showed greater improvement in clearance of symptoms as well as lesions. Additionally, it showed significant improvement in naïve, recurrent and chronic patients enabling its placement in armamentarium of management of all types of dermatophytosis.
Inter-American Development Bank Annual Report 1974
Authors:   Inter-American Development Bank
Published: May 2021

The Annual Report contains a review of the Bank's operations in 1974.
Inter-American Development Bank Annual Report 1979
Authors:   Inter American Development Bank
Published: May 2021

The Annual Report contains a review of the Bank's operations in 1979.
Inter-American Development Bank Annual Report 1987
Authors:   Inter-American Development Bank
Published: May 2021

The Annual Report contains a review of the Bank's operations in 1987.
Abordaje del diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno del síncope durante el embarazo.
Authors: Romero Ximena , Soto Susana , Uriel Monserrat
Published: May 2021

Introducción: El síncope es un síntoma que consiste en la pérdida transitoria de la conciencia, que ocurre como consecuencia de un período autolimitado, relativamente breve, y espontáneo de un suministro inadecuado en la irrigación cerebral. Las posibles causas son numerosas. El síncope y el presíncope son prevalentes en el embarazo, sin embargo, en muchas ocasiones la etiología durante el embarazo no está del todo bien definida. 

Serie de casos clínicos: En esta serie de casos, se presentan a tres pacientes con síncope. La primera paciente presentó un síncope durante el embarazo; la segunda presentó síncope neurogénico previo a la gestación, y cursa con aumento en la frecuencia de episodios. En el caso de la tercera paciente presentó un síncope en las primeras semanas de embarazo.

Conclusión: Es de vital importancia establecer un protocolo diagnóstico y de seguimiento para definir la causa del síncope durante el embarazo. Establecer si hay alteración cardiaca de base que pudiera complicar a la madre o al feto en el transcurso de la gestación, en el parto o en el puerperio, y no solamente considerarlo un evento aislado relacionado con cambios hemodinámicos o efectos fisiológicos del propio embarazo, sino que al precisar la causa del síncope en el embarazo se obtiene un mejor seguimiento en el control prenatal, una programación del momento del desembarazo oportuno y protocolariamente, previniendo así, complicaciones al “binomio madre-hijo”.

 Palabras clave: Síncope, embarazo, prevención, bloqueo auriculoventricular, bloqueo de rama
CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA PRODUÇÃO ARTESANAL DO AÇÚCAR PURGADO
Authors: Ribeiro Nirvana Cecilia , De Cássia Oliveira Gomes Fátima , De Resende Machado Ana Maria , Arthur Rabello Anderson , Cunha Martins Euler
Published: May 2021

A cana-de-açúcar é a base de muitos subprodutos relevantes para a economia brasileira, desde a colonização até os dias atuais. A capacidade de sobrevivência da agricultura familiar depende da produção e do consumo  alimentos provenientes de metodologias ecológicas, com razões sociais e relevância ambiental. Em Minas Gerais, na comunidade de Rio Vermelho – Jaboticatubas, ainda se faz presente a produção de derivados da cana, que efetivam a importância da manufatura tradicional e artesanal. Assim, o açúcar oriundo de processos manuais acrescido de componentes do campo, como terra de formigueiro e argila, recebe o nome de açúcar purgado. Neste trabalho, foram realizadas análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas de três amostras de açúcar de purga para avaliar se atendem aos padrões de qualidade, a fim de assegurar a segurança dos alimentos dos consumidores que movimentam o mercado interno. Como a classe de produtos orgânicos rurais normalmente não se enquadra nos padrões legislativos vigentes para alimentos, buscou-se referência na literatura. Avaliando-se os critérios de qualidade microbiológica, observou-se discrepância entre o resultado esperado e o obtido em amostras analisadas, confirmando-se a necessidade de relacionar o processo produtivo com condições higiênico-sanitária favoráveis.