bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unfinished: Stone Carvers at Work on the Indian Subcontinent. By Vidya Dehejia and Peter Rockwell
Authors: Owen Lisa N.
Published: June 2018

The Unfinished: Stone Carvers at Work on the Indian Subcontinent. By Vidya Dehejia and Peter Rockwell. New Delhi: rOLI BOOkS, 2016. Pp. 280, illus.
Lamentation over the Destruction of Ur. By Nili Samet
Authors: Gadotti Alhena
Published: June 2018

The Lamentation over the Destruction of Ur. By Nili Samet. Mesopotamian Civilizations, vol. 18. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2014. Pp. xii + 286, 29 plts. $89.50.
Qumran Hebrew: An Overview of Orthography, Phonology, and Morphology. By Eric D. Reymond
Authors: Yuditsky Alexey (Eliyahu)
Published: June 2018

Qumran Hebrew: An Overview of Orthography, Phonology, and Morphology. By Eric D. Reymond. Resources for Biblical Study, vol. 76. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2014. Pp. xvii + 309. $37.95 (paper).
Ezra and the Law in History and Tradition. By Lisbeth S. Fried
Authors: Watts James W.
Published: June 2018

Ezra and the Law in History and Tradition. By Lisbeth S. Fried. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 2014. Pp. xii + 258, illus. $59.95.
Decoration on the Cult Chapel Walls of the Old Kingdom Tombs at Giza: A New Approach to Their Interaction. By Leo Roeten
Authors: Leprohon Ronald J.
Published: June 2018

The Decoration on the Cult Chapel Walls of the Old Kingdom Tombs at Giza: A New Approach to Their Interaction. By Leo Roeten. Culture & History of the Ancient Near East, vol. 70. Leiden: Brill, 2014. Pp. lix + 436, illus. $218.
Triangular Landscapes: Environment, Society, and the State in the Nile Delta under Roman Rule. By Katherine Blouin
Authors: Ruffini Giovanni
Published: June 2018

Triangular Landscapes: Environment, Society, and the State in the Nile Delta under Roman Rule. By Katherine Blouin. Oxford Studies on the Roman Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. xxv + 429, illus. $150.
Judäa—Syria Palästina. By Werner Eck
Authors: Eliav Yaron Z.
Published: June 2018

Judäa—Syria Palästina. By Werner Eck. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism, vol. 157. Tübingen:

Mohr Siebeck, 2014. Pp. xiv + 307. €119.
Archaeology of Prehistoric Arabia: Adaptation and Social Formation from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. By Peter Magee
Authors: Yule Paul A.
Published: June 2018

The Archaeology of Prehistoric Arabia: Adaptation and Social Formation from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. By Peter Magee. Cambridge World Archaeology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Pp. xv + 309, illus. $99.
In the Desert Margins: The Settlement Process in Ancient South and East Arabia. By Michel Mouton and Jérémie Schiettecatte
Authors: Yule Paul A.
Published: June 2018

In the Desert Margins: The Settlement Process in Ancient South and East Arabia. By Michel Mouton and Jérémie Schiettecatte. Arabia Antica, vol. 9. Pp. 334, illus. Rome: Bretschneider, 2014. €250.
Corpus of Syriac Incantation Bowls. By Marco Moriggi
Authors: Morony Michael
Published: June 2018

A Corpus of Syriac Incantation Bowls. By Marco Moriggi. Magical and Religious Literature of Late Antiquity, vol. 3. Leiden: Brill, 2014. Pp. xvii + 257, illus. $163.
Self-Awareness in Islamic Philosophy: Avicenna and Beyond. By Jari Kaukua
Authors: Rustom Mohammed
Published: June 2018

Self-Awareness in Islamic Philosophy: Avicenna and Beyond. By Jari Kaukua. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Pp. x + 257. $95.
Arabic Version of Ṭūsī’s Nasirean Ethics: With an Introduction and Explanatory Notes. By Joep Lameer
Authors: Vasalou Sophia
Published: June 2018

The Arabic Version of Ṭūsī’s Nasirean Ethics: With an Introduction and Explanatory Notes. By Joep Lameer. Islamic Philosophy, Theology, and Science, vol. 96. Leiden: Brill, 2015. Pp. ix + 550. $189, €136.
Ibadi Theology: Rereading Sources and Scholarly Works. Edited by Ersilia Francesca
Authors: Adem Rodrigo
Published: June 2018

Ibadi Theology: Rereading Sources and Scholarly Works. Edited by Ersilia Francesca. Studies on Ibadism and Oman, vol. 4. Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 2015. Pp. 331. €68.
Gouvernance et libéralités de Saladin: D’après les données inédites de six documents arabes. Edited by Jean-Michel Mouyon; Dominique Sourdel; and Janine Sourdel-Thomine
Authors: Christie Niall
Published: June 2018

Gouvernance et libéralités de Saladin: D’après les données inédites de six documents arabes. Edited by Jean-Michel Mouyon; Dominique Sourdel; and Janine Sourdel-Thomine. Documents relatifs à l’histoire des croisades, vol. 22. Paris: AcadémIe des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettred, 2015. Pp. 148. €30 (paper).
Fünfundzwanzig arabische Geschäftsdokumente aus dem Rotmeer-Hafen al-Quṣayr al-Qadīm (7./13. Jh.) [P.QuseirArab. II]. By Andreas Kaplony
Authors: Peters Rudolph
Published: June 2018

Fünfundzwanzig arabische Geschäftsdokumente aus dem Rotmeer-Hafen al-Quṣayr al-Qadīm (7./13. Jh.) [P.QuseirArab. II]. By Andreas Kaplony. Islamic History and Civilization, vol. 109. Leiden: Brill, 2014. Pp. vii + 208, illus. $120, €93.
Grammar of the Christian Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Diyana-Zariwaw. By Lidia Napiorkowska
Authors: Mengozzi Akessandro
Published: June 2018

A Grammar of the Christian Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Diyana-Zariwaw. By Lidia Napiorkowska. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics, vol. 81. Leiden: Brill, 2015. Pp. xiv + 600. $234, €181.
Back Matter
Authors: Editors
Published: June 2018

Back matter
Front Matter
Authors: Editors
Published: June 2018

Front matter
C
hthonomonadetes
Authors: Stott Matthew B. , Lee Kevin C.‐Y. , Morgan Xochitl C. , Carere Carlo R.
Published: June 2018

Chtho.no.mo.na.de'tes. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Chthonomonadetes
the class of the order
Chthonomonadales
.

Armatimonadetes / Chthonomonadetes

The class
Chthonomonadetes
was circumscribed for this volume on a phylogenetic basis via comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of a single isolated representative and uncultured representatives from multiple terrestrial and aquatic habitats; the class contains the order
Chthonomonadales
.

Type order
:
Chthonomonadales
Lee, Dunfield, Morgan, Crowe, Houghton, Vyssotski, Ryan, Lagutin, McDonald and Stott 2011, 2488
VP
.
I
gnavibacteria
Authors: Iino Takao
Published: June 2018

Ig.na.vi.bac.te'ri.a. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Ignavibacteriales
type order of the class; ‐
a
ending to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Ignavibacteria
class of the order
Ignavibacteriales
.

Ignavibacteriae / Ignavibacteria

The description of the class
Ignavibacteria
is mainly defined based on the phylogenetic position of the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The description is the same as that for the order
Ignavibacteriales
.
C
aldisericaceae
Authors: Mori Koji
Published: June 2018

Cal.di.se.ri.ca.ce'ae. N.L. neut. pl. n.
Caldisericaceae
the family of the genus
Caldisericum
.

Caldiserica / Caldisericia / Caldisericales / Caldisericaceae

Cells are multicellular filamentous with outer envelopes. Gram stain‐negative. Nonmotile. No spore formation. Anaerobic, chemoheterotrophic growth using thiosulfate, sulfite, and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Optimal growth at neutral pH, under thermophilic, nonhalophilic conditions. The major cellular fatty acid is C
17:0
iso.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 35.

Type genus
:
Caldisericum
Mori, Yamaguchi, Sakiyama, Urabe and Suzuki 2009, 2897
VP
.
E
lusimicrobiaceae
Authors: Brune Andreas
Published: June 2018

E.lu.si.mi.cro.bi.a.ce'ae. N.L. neut. n.
Elusimicrobium
type genus of the family; suff.
‐aceae
to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Elusimicrobiaceae
, the family of
Elusimicrobium
.

Elusimicrobia / Elusimicrobia / Elusimicrobiales / Elusimicrobiaceae

The family
Elusimicrobiaceae
currently accommodates only a single species, the ultramicrobacterium
Elusimicrobium minutum
. It also comprises numerous clades of uncultured bacteria, which have been detected in 16S rRNA‐based surveys and are exclusively found in intestinal habitats, ranging from the guts of termites, cockroaches, and beetle larvae to the mammalian intestinal tract.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 39.9 (genome sequence).

Type genus
:
Elusimicrobium
Geissinger, Herlemann, Mörschel, Maier and Brune 2010, 469
VP
(Effective publication: Geissinger, Herlemann, Mörschel, Maier and Brune 2009, 2839).
A
renibacter
Authors: Nedashkovskaya Olga I.
Published: June 2018

A.re.ni.bac'ter
. L. fem. n.
arena
sand; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Arenibacter
sand‐dwelling rod.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Arenibacter

The genus
Arenibacter,
a member of the family
Flavobacteriaceae
, was proposed to accommodate Gram‐negative, strictly aerobic, chemoorganotrophic, nongliding, and catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicates that the close relatives of the type strains of the genus
Arenibacter
are members of the family
Flavobacteriaceae
such as
Spongiimicrobium, Kriegella, Maribacter,
and
Zobellia
with sequence similarity ranges of 92.2–92.9, 91.6–93.0, 90.8–93.5, and 91.0–92.7%, respectively. On marine agar,
Arenibacter
species form regular, round, low‐convex, shiny, and dark‐orange colonies with a diameter of 1–3 mm after 48 h at 28°C. Growth occurs with 0–10.0% NaCl at pH 5.5–10.0 and at 4–42°C. The optimal growth is observed at 23–30°C at pH 7.0–8.5 and with 0.5–4% NaCl.
Arenibacter
strains cannot hydrolyze agar, alginic acids, chitin, starch, or Tween 80. The predominant cellular fatty acids are C
15:0
, iso‐C
15:0
, iso‐C
15:1
G, iso‐C
17:0
3‐OH, and summed feature 3, comprising C
15:0
iso 2‐OH and/or C
16:1
ω7
c
fatty acids. The major respiratory quinone is MK‐6. The main polar lipid is phosphatidylethanolamine. The
DNA G + C content
is 37–40 mol%. At the time of writing, the genus
Arenibacter
comprises seven validly named species which were isolated from the different marine environments including sediments, seaweeds, and echinoderms. The type species of the genus is
Arenibacter latericius
. The
Arenibacter
species possess 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to one another that range from 93.9 to 99.7%. The DNA–DNA relatedness between the type strains of the
Arenibacter
species is 9.1–62%.

DNA G
+
C content (mol
%
)
: 37–40 (
T
m
and HPLC).

Type species
:
Arenibacter latericius
Ivanova, Nedashkovskaya, Chun, Lysenko, Frolova, Svetashev, Vysotskii, Mikhailov, Huq and Colwell 2001, 1994
VP
, emend. Nedashkovskaya, Vancanneyt, Cleenwerck, Snauwaert, Kim, Lysenko, Shevchenko, Lee, Park, Frolova, Mikhailov, Bae and Swings 2006, 159.
L
eptotrichia
Authors: Eisenberg Tobias , Glaeser Stefanie P. , Blom Jochen , Kämpfer Peter
Published: June 2018

Lep.to.tri.chi'a. Gr. adj. leptos fine, small; Gr. fem. n. thrix, trichos, trichys hair; N.L. fem. n. Leptotrichia fine hair.

Fusobacteria / Fusobacteriia / Fusobacteriales / Leptotrichiaceae / Leptotrichia

Straight or slightly curved rods
, 0.5–3.0 × 5–15 µm,
with one or both ends pointed or rounded
. Frequently arranged in pairs, separate filaments, or chains, often with flattened ends. No club formation or branching. Nonmotile. Non‐spore‐forming. Gram‐stain‐negative or Gram‐stain‐variable.

Anaerobic on first isolation; many strains subsequently grow aerobically in the presence of CO
2

. Optimum temperature 35–37°C. Good growth occurs at pH 7.0–7.4. Chemoorganotrophic.
Metabolize carbohydrates with formation of acid without gas. The major product of glucose fermentation is lactic acid
. Acetic and succinic acids may be produced in trace amounts. Hydrogen sulfide and indole are not produced. Nitrate is not reduced. The primary habitat is the oral cavity of humans and some animals.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 29.2–31.6.

Type species
:
Leptotrichia buccalis
(Robin 1853) Trevisan 1879, 147
AL
(
Leptothrix buccalis
Robin 1853, 345).
S
neathia
Authors: Eisenberg Tobias , Glaeser Stefanie P. , Blom Jochen , Kämpfer Peter
Published: June 2018

Sneath'i.a. N.L. fem. n.
Sneathia
named after the British microbiologist Peter H. A. Sneath, in recognition of his outstanding contributions to microbial systematics.

Fusobacteria / Fusobacteriia / Fusobacteriales / Leptotrichiaceae / Sneathia

Gram‐stain‐negative
, asporogenous,
rod‐shaped bacteria
; nonmotile. Cells may display pleomorphism, and filaments may be observed.
Anaerobic
, although some strains may show poor growth in CO
2
.
Fermentative metabolism. Acid but no gas is produced from glucose
. Acid is not produced from ribose or maltose. Lactic acid, formic acid, and minor amounts of acetic acid are the end products of glucose metabolism; succinic acid may be produced.
Fastidious
; requires serum or blood for growth. Optimum temperature for growth 35–37°C. Catalase and oxidase negative. Esculin and hippurate are hydrolyzed but starch is not. β‐Glucuronidase is produced. Indole is not produced. Voges–Proskauer negative. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 22–25 [derived from genomic data (dfgd)].

Type species
:
Sneathia sanguinegens
Collins, Hoyles, Törnqvist, von Essen and Falsen 2002, 687
VP
(Validation List no. 85) (Effective publication: Collins, Hoyles, Törnqvist, von Essen and Falsen 2001, 360).
G
laciibacter
Authors: Trujillo Martha E.
Published: June 2018

Glaciibacter
(Gla.ci.i.bac'ter. L. n.
glacies
ice; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Glaciibacter
a rod of the ice).

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Glaciibacter

Gram stain positive, aerobic, non‐spore‐forming actinobacterium.
Motile
by a single polar flagellum. Colonies on TSA are white, round, smooth, and shiny. Cells are
rod shaped
and tend to aggregate when grown on TSB at >15°C. Growth is
psychrophilic
with temperatures between −5 and 25°C. The peptidoglycan contains
2,4‐diaminobutyric acid
and is of the type B2γ. The muramic acid is of the acetyl type.
MK‐12 and MK‐13 or MK‐11 are the main menaquinones
. The main fatty acid profile contains anteiso‐C
15:0
, anteiso‐C
17:0
, iso‐C
16:0
, and iso‐C
15:0
.

The genus
Glaciibacter
belongs to the
family

Microbacteriaceae

and is phylogenetically related to the genera
Subtercola
and
Agreia
. The genus contains the single species,
Glaciibacter superstes
, represented by two strains isolated from a permafrost ice wedge in Alaska. The type strain is AHU1791
T
.

DNA G + C content (mol
%
)
: 65.3–65.4 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Glaciibacter superstes
Katayama, Kato, Tanaka, Douglas, Brouchkov, Fukuda, Tomita and Asano 2009, 485
VP
.
P
seudarthrobacter
Authors: Busse Hans‐Jürgen , Wieser Monika
Published: June 2018

Pseud.ar.thro.bac'ter. Gr. adj.
pseudĕs
, false; N.L. masc. n.
Arthrobacter
, a bacterial genus name; N.L. masc. n.
Pseudarthrobacter
, the false
Arthrobacter
.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Micrococcaceae / Pseudarthrobacter

Presently, the genus
Pseudarthrobacter
contains the type species of the genus
Pseudarthrobacter polychromogenes
and the species
Pseudarthrobacter chlorophenolicus, Pseudarthrobacter defluvii, Pseudarthrobacter equi, Pseudarthrobacter niigatensis, Pseudarthrobacter oxydans, Pseudarthrobacter phenanthrenivorans, Pseudarthrobacter scleromae, Pseudarthrobacter siccitolerans,
and
Pseudarthrobacter sulfonivorans
. Cells are rod shaped when growing exponentially and are coccoid when reaching the stationary growth phase. The species of this genus share high 16S rRNA similarities (>97.5%). The peptidoglycan type is A3α (Lys–Ser–Thr–Ala; A11.23). The quinone system is menaquinone MK‐9(H
2
), but
P. scleromae
was reported to contain predominantly MK‐8(H
2
). Major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, dimannosylglyceride, and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. Major fatty acid is anteiso‐C
15:0
. High to moderate amounts of iso‐C
15:0
, iso‐C
16:0
, and anteiso‐C
17:0
are present as well.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 62.3–71.

Type species
:
Pseudarthrobacter polychromogenes
(Schippers‐Lammertse AF, Muijsers AO, & Klatser‐Oedekerk KB 1963) Busse 2016, 26
VP
(
Arthrobacter polychromogenes
Schippers‐Lammertse AF, Muijsers AO, & Klatser‐Oedekerk KB 1963, 2
AL
).
T
errimicrobium
Authors: Qiu Yan‐Ling , Tourlousse Dieter M. , Sekiguchi Yuji
Published: June 2018

Ter.ri.mi.cro'bi.um. L. fem. n.
terra
earth; N.L. neut. n.
microbium
microbe; N.L. neut. n.
Terrimicrobium
microbe from soil.

Verrucomicrobia / Spartobacteria / Chthoniobacterales / Ignavibacteriaceae / Terrimicrobium

Gram‐negative, nonmotile, and nonsporulating short rods. Facultative anaerobe. Aerobically oxidizes or ferments a limited selection of simple carbohydrates but cannot utilize organic acids, amino acids, alcohols, or aromatic compounds. Represented by a single cultivated member, namely the type strain (NM‐5
T
) of the type species
Terrimicrobium sacchariphilum
, isolated from rotted straw residue in anoxic rice field soil. The genome of
T. sacchariphilum
NM‐5
T
is 4,751,807 bp in length, has a G + C content of 60.19%, and contains 4,175 protein‐encoding and 54 RNA genes, including 4 rRNA and 47 tRNA genes. Belongs to the class
Spartobacteria
, subdivision 2 of the phylum
Verrucomicrobia
, sharing 85–88% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity with other
Spartobacteria
species.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 60.19% (genome sequence).

Type species
:
Terrimicrobium sacchariphilum
Qiu, Kuang, Shi, Yuan and Guo 2014, 1722
VP
.
E
lusimicrobiales
Authors: Brune Andreas
Published: June 2018

E.lu.si.mi.cro.bi.a'les. N.L. neut. n.
Elusimicrobium
type genus of the order; suff.
‐ales
to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Elusimicrobiales
the order of
Elusimicrobium
.

Elusimicrobia / Elusimicrobia / Elusimicrobiales

The order
Elusimicrobiales
currently contains the family
Elusimicrobiaceae
, which accommodates only a single species, the ultramicrobacterium
Elusimicrobium minutum
. It also comprises numerous clades of uncultured bacteria from mostly anoxic habitats (anoxic soils, aquifers, freshwater and marine sediments, and intestinal tracts), which have been detected exclusively in 16S rRNA‐based surveys.

Type genus
:
Elusimicrobium
Geissinger, Herlemann, Mörschel, Maier and Brune 2010, 469
VP
(Effective publication: Geissinger, Herlemann, Mörschel, Maier and Brune 2009, 2839).
E
ndomicrobiales
Authors: Brune Andreas
Published: June 2018

En.do.mi.cro.bi.a'les. N.L. neut. n.
Endomicrobium
type genus of the order; suff.
‐ales
to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Endomicrobiales
the order of
Endomicrobium
.

Elusimicrobia / Endomicrobia / Endomicrobiales

The order
Endomicrobiales
currently contains the family
Endomicrobiaceae
, which accommodates only a single species, the ultramicrobacterium
Endomicrobium proavitum
. It also comprises several clades of uncultured bacteria, which have been detected exclusively in 16S rRNA‐based surveys of mostly anoxic habitats (anoxic soils, aquifers, freshwater sediments, and intestinal tracts).

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 35.2–39.3 (genome sequence).

Type genus
:
Endomicrobium
Zheng, Dietrich, Radek and Brune 2018, 693
VP
(Effective publication: Zheng, Dietrich, Radek and Brune 2016, 199).
C
aldiserica
Authors: Mori Koji
Published: June 2018

Cal.di.se'ri.ca. N.L. neut. pl. n.
Caldiserica
phylum of the order
Caldisericales
.

Caldiserica

The phylum
Caldiserica
is defined on a phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of a sole isolated strain and uncultured representatives from environments. The phylum
Caldiserica
was originally known as the candidate phylum OP5. Heterotrophic. Gram stain‐negative, with an outer envelope.
Single‐institution report of setup margins of voluntary deep‐inspiration breath‐hold (DIBH) whole breast radiotherapy implemented with real‐time surface imaging
Authors: Xiao Annie , Crosby Jennie , Malin Martha , Kang Hyejoo , Washington Maxine , Hasan Yasmin , Chmura Steven J. , Al‐Hallaq Hania A.
Published: June 2018

Purpose

We calculated setup margins for whole breast radiotherapy during voluntary deep‐inspiration breath‐hold (vDIBH) using real‐time surface imaging (SI).

Methods and Materials

Patients (n = 58) with a 27‐to‐31 split between right‐ and left‐sided cancers were analyzed. Treatment beams were gated using AlignRT by registering the whole breast region‐of‐interest to the surface generated from the simulation CT scan. AlignRT recorded (three‐dimensional) 3D displacements and the beam‐on‐state every 0.3 s. Means and standard deviations of the displacements during vDIBH for each fraction were used to calculate setup margins. Intra‐DIBH stability and the intrafraction reproducibility were estimated from the medians of the 5th to 95th percentile range of the translations in each breath‐hold and fraction, respectively.

Results

A total of 7269 breath‐holds were detected over 1305 fractions in which a median dose of 200 cGy was delivered. Each fraction was monitored for 5.95 ± 2.44 min. Calculated setup margins were 4.8 mm (A/P), 4.9 mm (S/I), and 6.4 mm (L/R). The intra‐DIBH stability and the intrafraction reproducibility were ≤0.7 mm and ≤2.2 mm, respectively. The isotropic margin according to SI (9.2 mm) was comparable to other institutions’ calculations that relied on x‐ray imaging and/or spirometry for patients with left‐sided cancer (9.8–11.0 mm). Likewise, intra‐DIBH variability and intrafraction reproducibility of breast surface measured with SI agreed with spirometry‐based positioning to within 1.2 and 0.36 mm, respectively.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that intra‐DIBH variability, intrafraction reproducibility, and setup margins are similar to those reported by peer studies who utilized spirometry‐based positioning.
A simple method to account for skin dose enhancement during treatment planning of VMAT treatments of patients in contact with immobilization equipment
Authors: Rijken James , Kairn Tanya , Crowe Scott , Muñoz Luis , Trapp Jamie
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The ability to accurately predict skin doses and thereby design radiotherapy treatments that balance the likelihood of skin reactions against other treatment objectives is especially important when hypofractionated prescription regimes are used. However, calculations of skin dose provided by many commercial radiotherapy treatment planning systems are known to be inaccurate, especially if the presence of immobilization equipment is not accurately taken into account. This study proposes a simple method by which the accuracy of skin dose calculations can be substantially improved, to allow informed evaluation of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatment plans.

Method

A simple method was developed whereby dose calculation is split into grid regions, each with a correction factor which determines MU scaling for skin dose calculation. Correction factors were derived from film measurements made using a geometrically simple phantom in partial contact with a vacuum immobilization device. This method was applied to two different test treatments, planned for delivery to a humanoid phantom with a hypofractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy technique, and results were verified using film measurements of surface dose.

Results

Compared to the measured values, calculations of skin dose volumes corresponding to different grade tissue reactions were greatly improved through use of the method employed in this study. In some cases, the accuracy of skin dose evaluation improved by 76% and brought values to within 3% of those measured.

Conclusion

The method of skin dose calculation in this study is simple, can be made as accurate as the user requires and is applicable for various immobilization systems. This concept has been verified through use on SBRT lung treatment plans and will aid clinicians in predicting skin response in patients.
Vascularized Liver Organoids Generated Using Induced Hepatic Tissue and Dynamic Liver‐Specific Microenvironment as a Drug Testing Platform
Authors: Jin Yoonhee , Kim Jin , Lee Jung Seung , Min Sungjin , Kim Suran , Ahn Da‐Hee , Kim Yun‐Gon , Cho Seung‐Woo
Published: June 2018

Induced hepatic (iHep) cells generated by direct reprogramming have been proposed as cell sources for drug screening and regenerative medicine. However, the practical use of a 3D hepatic tissue culture comprised of iHep cells for drug screening and toxicology testing has not been demonstrated. In this study, a 3D vascularized liver organoid composed of iHep cells and a decellularized liver extracellular matrix (LEM) cultured in a microfluidic system is demonstrated. iHep cells are generated by transfection with polymer nanoparticles and plasmids expressing hepatic transcription factors. The iHep cells are cocultured with endothelial cells in the 3D LEM hydrogel in a microfluidic‐based cell culture device with a continuous dynamic flow of media. The resultant 3D vascularized liver organoids maintained under this physiologically relevant culture microenvironment exhibit improved hepatic functionalities, metabolic activity, biosynthetic activity, and drug responses. Finally, the feasibility of using the iHep‐based 3D liver organoid as a high‐throughput drug screening platform, as well as its use in a multiorgan model comprised of multiple internal organoids is confirmed. The study suggests that a combined strategy of direct reprogramming, matrix engineering, and microfluidics can be used to develop a highly functional, standardized, drug screening, and toxicological analysis platform.
Fully Bioabsorbable Natural‐Materials‐Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Jiang Wen , Li Hu , Liu Zhuo , Li Zhe , Tian Jingjing , Shi Bojing , Zou Yang , Ouyang Han , Zhao Chaochao , Zhao Luming , Sun Rong , Zheng Hairong , Fan Yubo , Wang Zhong Lin , Li Zhou
Published: June 2018

Implantable medical devices provide an effective therapeutic approach for neurological and cardiovascular diseases. With the development of transient electronics, a new power source with biocompatibility, controllability, and bioabsorbability becomes an urgent demand for medical sciences. Here, various fully bioabsorbable natural‐materials‐based triboelectric nanogenerators (BN‐TENGs), in vivo, are developed. The “triboelectric series” of five natural materials is first ranked, it provides a basic knowledge for materials selection and device design of the TENGs and other energy harvesters. Various triboelectric outputs of these natural materials are achieved by a single material and their pairwise combinations. The maximum voltage, current, and power density reach up to 55 V, 0.6 µA, and 21.6 mW m−2, respectively. The modification of silk fibroin encapsulation film makes the operation time of the BN‐TENG tunable from days to weeks. After completing its function, the BN‐TENG can be fully degraded and resorbed in Sprague–Dawley rats, which avoids a second operation and other side effects. Using the proposed BN‐TENG as a voltage source, the beating rates of dysfunctional cardiomyocyte clusters are accelerated and the consistency of cell contraction is improved. This provides a new and valid solution to treat some heart diseases such as bradycardia and arrhythmia.
Triple Acceptors in a Polymeric Architecture for Balanced Ambipolar Transistors and High‐Gain Inverters
Authors: Yi Zhengran , Jiang Yingying , Xu Long , Zhong Cheng , Yang Jie , Wang Qijun , Xiao Junwu , Liao Xueming , Wang Shuai , Guo Yunlong , Hu Wenping , Liu Yunqi
Published: June 2018

The exploration of novel molecular architectures is crucial for the design of high‐performance ambipolar polymer semiconductors. Here, a “triple‐acceptors architecture” strategy to design the ambipolar polymer DPP‐2T‐DPP‐TBT is introduced. The utilization of this architecture enables DPP‐2T‐DPP‐TBT to achieve deep‐lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels of −5.38/−4.19 eV, and strong intermolecular interactions, which are favorable for hole/electron injection and intermolecular hopping through π‐stacking. All these factors result in excellent ambipolar transport characteristics and promising applications in complementary‐like circuits for DPP‐2T‐DPP‐TBT under ambient conditions with high hole/electron mobilities and a gain value of up to 3.01/3.84 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 171, respectively, which are among the best performances in ambipolar polymer organic thin‐film transistors and associated complementary‐like circuits, especially in top‐gate device configuration with low‐cost glass as substrates. These results demonstrate that the “triple‐acceptors architecture” strategy is an effective way for designing high‐performance ambipolar polymer semiconductors.
Structural characterizations, thermal behavior, and electrical measurements of the amidosulfonic acid catalyzed thermal ring‐opening polymerization of substituted cyclotriphosphazene in 1,2,4‐trichlorobenzene solution
Authors: Koran Kenan , Görgülü Ahmet Orhan
Published: June 2018

In this study, we aimed to design and synthesize poly[3,3,5,5‐tetrachloro‐1,1‐bis{spiro(2′,2″‐dioxy‐1′‐1″‐biphenylyl)}phosphazene] (3) in order to obtain a polymer which is resistant to moisture and hydrolysis and also contains chlorine atoms within its structure. For this reason, the polymerization experiments of polymer 3 were performed using ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of 3,3,5,5‐tetrachloro‐1,1‐bis[spiro(2′,2″‐dioxy‐1′,1″‐biphenylyl)]cyclotriphosphazene (2) at different time and temperature. In particular, ROP of 2 was successful in 1,2,4‐trichlorobenzene solution in the presence amidosulfonic acid and promoter (CaSO4.2H2O) in sealed glass tubes under vacuum for 60, 72, and 96 hr at 220°C. The changes in molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer 3 were noted as a function of polymerization reaction time. The structure of polymer 3 was approved by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), FT‐IR, NMR spectroscopy (31P, 1H, 13C), and elemental analysis. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal stability of polymer 3 were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. Dielectric properties of 3 were determined as a function of frequency at five different temperatures by an impedance analyzer. The activation energy of polymer 3 was calculated using Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (F–W–O) integral method.
Current status of immunotherapy against gastrointestinal cancers and its biomarkers: Perspective for precision immunotherapy
Authors: Hazama Shoichi , Tamada Koji , Yamaguchi Yoshiyuki , Kawakami Yutaka , Nagano Hiroaki
Published: June 2018

Immunotherapy has shown encouraging results for some types of tumor. Although enormous efforts have been made toward the development of specific immunotherapeutic strategies against gastrointestinal cancers, such as adoptive T‐cell transfer, peptide vaccines, or dendritic cell vaccines, the efficacy of immunotherapies prior to the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors was not substantial. This article reviews immunotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies, including cell therapy, peptide vaccine, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and attempts to resolve the immunosuppressive conditions surrounding the tumor microenvironment, and to construct novel combination immunotherapies beyond immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Obesity and recurrence‐free survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after achieving sustained virological response to interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Shinkawa Hiroji , Tanaka Shogo , Takemura Shigekazu , Ito Tokuji , Aota Takanori , Koda Masaki , Miyazaki Toru , Yamamoto Takatsugu , Kubo Shoji
Published: June 2018

Aim

Some patients who achieve a sustained virological response (SVR) to interferon (IFN) treatment for chronic hepatitis C prior to hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) experience postoperative recurrence. This study investigated the relationship between obesity and postoperative HCC recurrence in SVR patients.

Methods

Fifty‐nine patients who had achieved SVR before hepatic resection were evaluated. Patients had a solitary tumor ≤5 cm in diameter or ≤3 lesions each ≤3 cm in size with no macroscopic vascular invasion (Milan criteria). Patient characteristics potentially associated with recurrence risk were investigated.

Results

Three‐, 5‐, and 7‐year recurrence‐free survival after surgery were 65%, 44%, and 41%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that obesity (P < .01), hypertension (P = .038), and non‐anatomical resection (P = .022) were significantly associated with a lower recurrence‐free survival rate. In a multivariate analysis, obesity (hazard ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3‐6.1; P < .01) and non‐anatomical resection (hazard ratio, 2.7; 95% CI 1.1‐6.2; P = .025) were independently associated with postoperative recurrence. Three‐, 5‐, and 7‐year overall survival rates after surgery were 100%, 80%, and 64% in obese patients and 100%, 92%, and 82% in non‐obese patients, respectively (P = .014). However, other variables showed no significant difference in the overall survival rate.

Conclusions

Obesity and non‐anatomical resection were independent risk factors for HCC recurrence after hepatic resection and successful IFN therapy. Obesity is an important clinical problem to consider to improve postoperative outcomes in such patients.
Shared Communities: A Multinational Qualitative Study of Immigrant and Receiving Community Members
Authors: Buckingham Sara L. , Brodsky Anne E. , Rochira Alessia , Fedi Angela , Mannarini Terri , Emery Lindsay , Godsay Surbhi , Miglietta Anna , Gattino Silvia
Published: June 2018

Community psychology is central to understanding how immigrants and more established residents of their new settings join together to develop a shared sense of community and membership. In our present study, we explored how newer (i.e., first‐ and second‐generation immigrants) and more established community members form multiple positive psychological sense of community (PSOC) with one another. We conducted a multinational, qualitative study of PSOC through interviews with 201 first‐ and second‐generation immigrants and third generation or more “receiving community members” in three contexts (Baltimore‐Washington corridor of the U.S.; Torino, Italy; Lecce, Italy). Results indicated numerous similarities among the ways in which participants constructed PSOC in shared and nonshared communities, regardless of immigration/citizenship status, length of community residence, city, country, age, or gender. Small, proximal, and salient communities were often particularly important to building positive PSOC, which was formed around diverse membership boundaries. As intersectional beings, members converged and diverged on many characteristics, providing multiple opportunities for members to bring diversity to their communities while sharing other characteristics deemed essential to membership. Nonetheless, findings point to significant, structural challenges rooted in power and privilege that must be confronted to bridge the community‐diversity dialectic and build strong, shared sense of community.
Enzymatic Thioamide Formation in a Bacterial Antimetabolite Pathway
Authors: Litomska Agnieszka , Ishida Keishi , Dunbar Kyle L. , Boettger Marco , Coyne Sébastien , Hertweck Christian
Published: June 2018

6‐Thioguanine (6TG) is a DNA‐targeting therapeutic used in the treatment of various cancers. While 6TG was rationally designed as a proof of concept for antimetabolite therapy, it is also a rare thioamide‐bearing bacterial natural product and critical virulence factor of Erwinia amylovorans, plant pathogens that cause fire blight. Through gene expression, biochemical assays, and mutational analyses, we identified a specialized bipartite enzyme system, consisting of an ATP‐dependent sulfur transferase (YcfA) and a sulfur‐mobilizing enzyme (YcfC), that is responsible for the peculiar oxygen‐by‐sulfur substitution found in the biosynthesis of 6TG. Mechanistic and phylogenetic studies revealed that YcfA‐mediated 6TG biosynthesis evolved from ancient tRNA modifications that support translational fidelity. The successful in vitro reconstitution of 6TG thioamidation showed that YcfA employs a specialized sulfur shuttle that markedly differs from universal RNA‐related systems. This study sheds light on underexplored enzymatic C−S bond formation in natural product biosynthesis.
Creating Zipper‐Like van der Waals Gap Discontinuity in Low‐Temperature‐Processed Nanostructured PbBi2nTe1+3n: Enhanced Phonon Scattering and Improved Thermoelectric Performance
Authors: Xu Biao , Feng Tianli , Li Zhe , Zhou Lin , Pantelides Sokrates T. , Wu Yue
Published: June 2018

Nanoengineered materials can embody distinct atomic structures which deviate from that of the bulk‐grain counterpart and induce significantly modified electronic structures and physical/chemical properties. The phonon structure and thermal properties, which can also be potentially modulated by the modified atomic structure in nanostructured materials, however, are seldom investigated. Employed here is a mild approach to fabricate nanostructured PbBi2nTe1+3n using a solution‐synthesized PbTe‐Bi2Te3 nano‐heterostructure as a precursor. The as‐obtained monoliths have unprecedented atomic structure, differing from that of the bulk counterpart, especially the zipper‐like van der Waals gap discontinuity and the random arrangement of septuple‐quintuple layers. These structural motifs break the lattice periodicity and coherence of phonon transport, leading to ultralow thermal conductivity and excellent thermoelectric z T.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Amination of Silyloxyarenes through C–O Bond Activation
Authors: Wiensch Eric M. , Montgomery John
Published: June 2018

Silyloxyarenes were utilized as electrophilic coupling partners with amines in the synthesis of aniline derivatives. A diverse range of amine substrates were used, including cyclic or acyclic secondary amines, secondary anilines, and sterically hindered primary anilines. Additionally, a range of sterically hindered and unhindered primary aliphatic amines were employed, which have previously been challenging with other classes of aryl ether electrophiles. Orthogonal couplings of silyloxyarenes with aryl methyl ethers are illustrated, where selectivity between the two C−O electrophiles is determined by ligand control, thereby allowing complementary and selective late‐stage diversification of either electrophile. Finally, a sequential coupling displays the utility of this amination method along with the reversal in intrinsic reactivity between aryl methyl ethers and silyloxyarenes.
Nickel–Iron Layered Double Hydroxide Hollow Polyhedrons as a Superior Sulfur Host for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zhang Jintao , Li Zhen , Chen Ye , Gao Shuyan , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: June 2018

We have designed and synthesized novel hollow Ni/Fe layered double hydroxide (LDH) polyhedrons as an advanced sulfur host for enhancing the performance of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. The Ni/Fe LDH host shows multiple advantages. First, the Ni/Fe LDH shells can provide sufficient sulfiphilic sites for chemically bonding with polysulfides. Second, the hollow architecture can provide sufficient inner space for both loading a large amount of sulfur and accommodating its large volumetric expansion. Moreover, once the active material is confined within the host, the shells could easily restrict the outward diffusion of polysulfides, guaranteeing prolonged cycle life even with high sulfur loading. As a result, the S@Ni/Fe LDH cathode has successfully solved the main issues related to sulfur electrodes, and it exhibits significantly improved electrochemical performances with prolonged life over 1000 cycles and excellent rate properties.
Tuning the Electronic Properties and Acid‐Response Behavior of N‐Heteroacene‐Based π‐Conjugated Liquids by Changing the Number of π‐Conjugated Substituents
Authors: Sato Yuika , Mutoh Yuichiro , Matsukuma Daisuke , Nakagawa Makoto , Kawai Takeshi , Isoda Kyosuke
Published: June 2018

We have designed and synthesized two room‐temperature‐fluorescent π‐conjugated liquids based on the N‐heteroacene framework (1 and 2). These two π‐conjugated liquids, which contained one and two thiophene rings, respectively, exhibited different electronic properties and rheology behaviors. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of dithiophene‐appended compound 4 revealed that two thiophene rings hindered the interactions of the imino N atoms with acids through the formation of interactions between the S atoms of the thiophene rings and the imino N atoms of the pyrazine group. On the other hand, monothiophene‐appended molecules 1 and 3 each contained an unhindered imino N atom on the opposite site to the thiophene ring. Upon dissolving various acids with different pKa values in compounds 1 and 2, these slight structural differences gave rise to marked differences in their acid‐response behaviors, thereby resulting in the emission of variously colored fluorescence in the liquid state. Furthermore, when acids with lower pKa values was dissolved in compounds 1 and 2, phase transition occurred from an isotropic liquid state to a self‐organized liquid‐crystalline phase.
Autism throughout genetics: Perusal of the implication of ion channels
Authors: Daghsni Marwa , Rima Mohamad , Fajloun Ziad , Ronjat Michel , Brusés Juan L. , M'rad Ridha , De Waard Michel
Published: June 2018

Background

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders characterized by deficits in social interactions, interpersonal communication, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors and may be associated with intellectual disabilities. The description of ASD as a synaptopathology highlights the importance of the synapse and the implication of ion channels in the etiology of these disorders.

Methods

A narrative and critical review of the relevant papers from 1982 to 2017 known by the authors was conducted.

Results

Genome‐wide linkages, association studies, and genetic analyses of patients with ASD have led to the identification of several candidate genes and mutations linked to ASD. Many of the candidate genes encode for proteins involved in neuronal development and regulation of synaptic function including ion channels and actors implicated in synapse formation. The involvement of ion channels in ASD is of great interest as they represent attractive therapeutic targets. In agreement with this view, recent findings have shown that drugs modulating ion channel function are effective for the treatment of certain types of patients with ASD.

Conclusion

This review describes the genetic aspects of ASD with a focus on genes encoding ion channels and highlights the therapeutic implications of ion channels in the treatment of ASD.
Steric and Electronic Factors Affecting the Conformation of Bimetallic CuI Complexes: Effect of the Aliphatic Spacer of Tetracoordinating Schiff‐Base Ligands
Authors: Díaz Daniel E. , Llanos Leonel , Arce Pablo , Lorca Romina , Guerrero Juan , Costamagna Juan , Aravena Daniel , Ferraudi Guillermo , Oliver Allen , Lappin A. Graham , Lemus Luis
Published: June 2018

A family of six homoleptic [CuI(Ln)]2(ClO4)2 and six heteroleptic [CuI(Ln)(PPh3)2]2(ClO4)2 bimetallic complexes, in which Ln are bis‐Schiff base ligands with alkyl spacers of variable length (n=2–7 −CH2−), were prepared to evaluate the role of the spacer on the formation of helicates or mesocates. In the homoleptic series, spectroscopic and theoretical studies indicate that preferences for a conformation are based on energetic parameters, mainly, the establishment of noncovalent interactions. The odd–even nature of the spacers preconditions the superposition of the aromatic rings to allow the juxtaposition necessary for noncovalent interactions, whereas the increase of the length reduces the strength of such interactions. Consequently, complexes with even‐spacers of short length were identified as helicates in solution, [CuI(Ln)]22+ (n=2, 4). Complexes [CuI(Ln)]22+ (n=3–7) dissociate in solution to produce the monometallic complexes in equilibrium, [CuI(Ln)]+. The stability of the bimetallic species is discussed in terms of their conformations. The set of heteroleptic complexes was prepared to evaluate the reach of the “odd–even rule” in the solid, which is based on the “zig–zag” arrangements of the spacers. Based on crystallographic information, “S‐” and “C”‐type conformations of Ln are related to even and odd spacers, respectively. This trend is considered in addition to other factors to explain preferences for either a mesocate or helicate conformation in the homoleptic series.
Experimental investigation on pressure drop of a laboratory‐scale random packing column under roll and heave motion
Authors: Huang Yi , Di Xiaoning , Ma Jun , Chen Shujie , Wang Wenhua
Published: June 2018

The effects of tilt, roll, and heave ship motion on pressure drop were investigated in a laboratory‐scale random packing, which was located at a six degree of freedom (6DoF) motion parallel platform. The water‐air system was adopted, and various operating condition (liquid load and F‐factor) as well as sea states were tested. In tilted states, the pressure drop was decreased as the tilted angle increased, which was associated with the reduction in liquid hold‐up. Under a roll and heave motion, it was found that the pressure drop fluctuated around the value of vertical state. Subsequently, the relative change in pressure drop was introduced to reflect the influence of sea state. It was found that the relative change in pressure drop monotonously decreased as the heave motion frequency decreased, but it could inversely increase under a low‐frequency roll motion, particularly under high liquid load with a large size Pall ring.
The role and outcome of cardiac rehabilitation program in patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Younis Arwa , Shaviv Ella , Nof Eyal , Israel Ariel , Berkovitch Anat , Goldenberg Ilan , Glikson Michael , Klempfner Robert , Beinart Roy
Published: June 2018

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with diminished cardiac function, and exercise tolerance.

Hypothesis

We sought to investigate the role of cardiac rehabilitation program (CR) in patients with AF.

Methods

The study included 2165 consecutive patients that participated in our CR program between the years 2009 to 2015. All were evaluated by a standard exercise stress test (EST) at baseline, and upon completion of at least 3 months of training. Participants were dichotomized according to baseline fitness and the degree of functional improvement. The combined primary end point was cardiac related hospitalization or all‐cause mortality.

Results

A total of 292 patients had history of AF, with a mean age of 68 ± 9 years old, 76% of which were males. The median predicted baseline fitness of AF patients was significantly lower compared to non‐AF patients (103% vs 122%, P < 0.001, respectively). Prominent improvement was achieved in the majority of the patients in both groups (64% among AF patients and 63% among those without AF). Median improvement in fitness between stress tests was significantly higher in patients with AF (124% vs 110%, P < 0.001, respectively). Among AF patients, high baseline fitness was associated with a lower event rates (HR 0.40; 95%CI 0.23‐0.70; P = 0.001). Moreover, prominent improvement during CR showed a protective effect (HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.69‐0.99; P = 0.04).

Conclusion

In patients with AF participating in CR program, low fitness levels at baseline EST are associated with increased risk of total mortality or cardiovascular hospitalization during long‐term follow‐up. Improvement on follow‐up EST diminishes the risk.