bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Access and Connectivity Trade-Offs in Transit Stop Location
Authors: Mamun Sha A. , Lownes Nicholas E.
Published: March 2015

A formulation is proposed to address the trade-off between transit user access and trip connectivity. Transit access is typically regarded as the physical proximity to transit service. Additional stops can provide greater access to the service and reduce walking distance to stops. However, closer stops do not guarantee that routes serving the stops are well connected to desired trip destinations. In general, transit riders are willing to walk longer distances to access a stop that has frequent transit service, requires less wait time, and is well connected to their desired destinations. Frequent stops on the way to these desired destinations, although they provide shorter walking distance for some passengers, increase dwell time; this dwell time results in a smaller portion of the network's being connected within a certain travel time, which is an important element of the connectivity of the system. The proposed methodology considers both the impact of access distance to transit stops and trip connections to destinations for determining optimal stop locations and setting optimal transit line frequencies. The bus stop location model is formulated as a mixed-integer program and the coin-or branch-and-cut solver is used to solve the problem. Sensitivity analyses are performed and computational results are presented for an illustrative example. To illustrate the usefulness of the model, the formulation is applied to the bus transit network in New Haven, Connecticut, as a case study.
Park-and-Ride Network Equilibrium with Heterogeneous Commuters and Parking Space Constraint
Authors: Wang Hua , Meng Qiang , Zhang Xiao-Ning
Published: March 2015

A dynamic user equilibrium (DUE) model of heterogeneous commuters’ travel choice behaviors including departure time and path and travel mode choices in a schematic park-and-ride network is developed. Commuters have three transportation modes to choose from in a peak period: private car, rail transit, and a combination of private car and rail transit (i.e., an intermodal transportation mode). Two types of DUE patterns are derived with and without the parking space constraint. In this study, an optimal park-and-ride parking fee scheme is proposed: commuters’ travel choice behaviors are characterized by the developed trimodal multiclass DUE model. The optimal park-and-ride parking fee scheme is formulated as a bilevel program in which the upper-level problem is to find the optimal parking fee for improving network performance and the lower-level problem is to evaluate network performance in equilibrium. Because the DUE solution may not be unique, the authors aim to improve the network performance in the worst and best cases. Through numerical tests, it is demonstrated that the parking space constraint has a significant influence on the departure and route choices of commuters and should be considered as an important factor in park-and-ride commuting pattern analysis and parking fee management in order to avoid a misleading decision.
Unified Route Choice Framework
Authors: Xie Xiao-Feng , Feng Yiheng , Smith Stephen F. , Head K. Larry
Published: March 2015

The route choice system and the traffic control system (TCS) constitute two major approaches to mitigating congestion in urban road networks. The interaction between signal control and route choice is considered from a narrower route choice system perspective, with the focus on route choice models for operational purposes. The goal is to analyze the relative performance of alternative route choice models as different assumptions are made about the type of TCS in use. To this end, an agent-based framework for formulating different route choice models is defined, and this framework is integrated with a microscopic traffic simulation environment. Within the framework, each agent's memory is updated repeatedly (daily) to reflect available prior individual and social experience, and then a route is chosen by a probabilistic sequential decision-making process. Several previously developed route choice models from the literature are implemented with the framework, and their performance, along with some additional hybrid models that are suggested by the modeling framework, is evaluated on two simulated real-world systems: a 32-intersection road network in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, running with a SYNCHRO-generated coordinated timing plan and the same road network running with the scalable urban traffic control (SURTRAC) adaptive TCS. The results show that specific route choice models perform differentially when applied in conventional and adaptive traffic control settings and that better overall network performance for all route choice models is achieved in the adaptive control setting. This unified framework also makes it possible to analyze the performance impact of route choice model components and to formulate better-performing hybrid models.
A membranous structure separating the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis: an anatomical study and its clinical application for craniopharyngioma
Authors: Lu Yun-Tao , Qi Song-Tao , Xu Jia-Ming , Pan Jun , Shi Jin
Published: March 2015

OBJECT

This study aimed to identify the membranous septation between the adeno- and neurohypophysis. The clinical impact of this septation in the surgical removal of infradiaphragmatic craniopharyngioma (Id-CP) is also clarified.

METHODS

The sellar regions from 8 fetal and 6 adult cadavers were dissected. After staining first with H & E and then with picro-Sirius red, the membranous structures were observed and measured under normal light and polarization microscopy. The pre- and postsurgical images and intraoperative procedures in 28 cases of childhood Id-CP were reviewed and analyzed.

RESULTS

There is a significant membranous septation (termed the adenoneurohypophysis septation [ANHS]) lying behind the intermediate lobe to separate the adeno- and neurohypophysis. The average thicknesses are 21.9 ± 16.9 μm and 79.1 ± 43.2 μm in fetal and adult heads, respectively. The median segment of the septation is significantly thicker than the upper and lower segments. The ANHS extends from the suprasellar pars tuberalis to the sellar floor, where it is fused with the pituitary capsule. During Id-CP surgery performed via a transcranial approach, the ANHS can be identified to reserve the neurohypophysis. Moreover, by understanding the anatomy of this membrane, the pituitary stalk was preserved in 3 patients (10.7%).

CONCLUSIONS

There is a significant membrane separating the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland, which lies behind the intermediate lobe. Understanding the anatomy of this septation is important for identifying and preserving the neurohypophysis and pituitary stalk during Id-CP surgery.
Failure analysis of C-5 after total disc replacement with ProDisc-C at 1 and 2 levels and in combination with a fusion cage: finite-element and biomechanical models
Authors: Completo António , Nascimento Abel , Ramos António , Simões José
Published: March 2015

OBJECT

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the failure risk of cervical vertebrae after total disc replacement with a keel-design prosthesis (ProDisc-C), taking into consideration the effects of vertebral body height, multilevel replacement, and the association with an adjacent fusion cage. Although promising clinical results have been reported for the ProDisc-C, some clinical studies have reported vertebral body–splitting fractures at single- and multilevel arthroplasty sites. This implant has central keels to provide solid initial stability, and some authors associate the potential risk of vertebral body failure with the keel design, especially in patients with small vertebral body height or when the implant is used at multiple levels.

METHODS

The study was performed using a specimen-specific C4–6 cervical-segment finite-element model to assess the compressive strains on the C-5 vertebral body for each cervical segment configuration, and synthetic polyurethane models to experimentally predict the compressive load at failure for 3 vertebral body heights.

RESULTS

The use of a keeled ProDisc-C prosthesis at multiple levels or in combination with a fusion cage increases by a factor of 2–3 the compressive strains at the C-5 vertebral body relative to single-level arthroplasty. All implanted segment configurations tested demonstrated a continuum of the load at failure and the vertebral body height, but no significant differences were found between the 3 vertebral body heights in each segment configuration.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of a keeled ProDisc-C prosthesis at 2 adjacent levels or combined with a fusion cage presented the lowest load-at-failure values, 2 times higher on average than the ones occurring during physiological tasks. This fact indicates an identical and limited risk of vertebral body failure for these 2 segment configurations, whereas vertebral body height appears to slightly affect this risk. However, for some tasks that place higher physical demands on the neck, beyond what was represented by our models, there may also be risk of microdamage initiation, which is not present in the single-level arthroplasty.
Effect of graded nerve pressure injuries on motor function
Authors: Karasawa Mika , Yokouchi Kumiko , Kakegawa Akira , Kawagishi Kyutaro , Moriizumi Tetsuji , Fukushima Nanae
Published: March 2015

OBJECT

The purpose of this study was to determine the minimum amount of nerve fibers required to maintain normal motor function after nerve injury in rats.

METHODS

The authors first confirmed that a common peroneal nerve injury caused more aggravating effects on lower limb motor function than tibial nerve injury, as assessed by the static sciatic index (SSI). Thereafter, rats were subjected to varying degrees of crush injury to the common peroneal nerve. At 48 hours after the injury, motor function was assessed using the SSI and slope-walking ability (with slope angles of 30° and 45°). The tibialis anterior muscle, a main muscle innervated by the common peroneal nerve, was removed. Muscle sections were co-labeled with neuronal class III β-tubulin polyclonal antibody to identify the presence of axons and Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated α-bungarotoxin to identify the presence of motor endplates.

RESULTS

The evaluation of neuromuscular innervation showed a correlation between SSI scores and ratios of residual axons (rs = 0.68, p < 0.01), and there was a statistically significant difference between slope-walking ability and ratios of residual axons (p < 0.01). Moreover, the ratios of residual axons in the nerve-crushed rats with normal motor function (SSI above −20) ranged from 36.5% to 88.7%, and those ratios in the success group with slope-walking angles of 30° and 45° ranged from 14.7% to 88.7% and from 39.8% to 88.7%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study of rodents, less than half of the motor axons were sufficient to maintain normal motor function of the lower limb.
Die Suche nach altem Wald in der Schweiz
Authors: Bütler Rita , Bolliger Markus , Commarmot Brigitte
Published: March 2015

The search for old-growth forests in Switzerland

Old-growth forests and stands have multiple values, such as biological, scientific, socioeconomic, aesthetic, spiritual and cultural ones, but they are very rare in central Europe. Currently, an overview about the existence and size of old-growth forest patches in Switzerland is missing. We propose a definition for old-growth forests worth preserving based on ten criteria: 1) presence of veteran trees, 2) significant biomass, 3) heterogeneous stand structure including senescent and decaying stages, 4) presence of natural processes and disturbances, 5) high dead wood volume (at least 30 m3/ha) and a large diversity of dimensions and decay stages of dead wood pieces, 6) autochthonous tree species, 7) diverse and natural species assemblages, 8) only extensive or no harvesting for the last 50 years, 9) long continuity of forest cover, 10) minimal area of 30 ha for old-growth forests and 1 ha for old-growth stands. When searching for old-growth forests and stands worth preserving, quantitative criteria from the National Forest Inventory and other sources should also be used. We call on all forest specialists to identify old-growth patches, to inform the population and decision makers about their high value, and to protect them in an adequate manner as a unique natural heritage.
Bedeutung alter Wälder für Flechten: Schlüsselstrukturen, Vernetzung, ökologische Kontinuität
Authors: Scheidegger Christoph , Stofer Silvia
Published: March 2015

The importance of old-growth forests for lichens: keystone structures, connectivity, ecological continuity

In Switzerland, 621 lichen species are associated with forest habitats, of which 134 priority forest lichen species need special measures for their long-term conservation. Almost three-quarters of the forest species are considered old-tree dependent lichens because they depend on keystone structures, which are phenological traits of old trees. Threatened forest lichens (red list categories CR, EN and VU) require significantly larger stem diameters to establish compared to non-threatened species (LC and NT). Because of a limited dispersal capacity several lichen species also depend on a high ecological continuity, which characterizes them as oldgrowth forest lichens. The conservation of old-tree and oldgrowth forest dependent lichens in general and specifically the preservation of occurrences in managed forests by maintaining specific habitat trees is an urgent task for biodiversity conservation in forests. However, in order to ensure ecological continuity of keystone structures, future habitat trees must be fostered in close proximity to existing occurrences of rare and endangered lichen species.
Une analyse non paramétrique de l'efficience technique des exploitations forestières suisses
Authors: Mack J. Alexander K.
Published: March 2015

A nonparametric analysis of the technical efficiency of Swiss forestry firms

The chronic deficits of Swiss public forestry firms can be attributed in part to problems of efficiency. By using a nonparametric method of efficiency measurement, called data envelopment analysis (DEA), and on the basis of the data of the network of experimental forestry firms (TBN), this study attempts to shed light on these problems and propose an approach to detect them. In an effort to improve the performance and to increase the competitiveness, and while taking into account the multifunctionality of forests, this benchmarking exercise allows to compare the characteristics of the technical efficient firms with those of the non efficient firms. Overall, there is a great potential to increase the technical efficiency of firms by reducing the amount of labor and capital inputs used as well as administration costs. Wood production is generally less efficient in protective forests because of the difficult harvesting conditions. Moreover, less efficient firms generally have a higher tendency to outsource and obtain more State contributions when compared to efficient ones. Finally, efficient firms seem to be generally less diversified.
A Model for the Universe that Begins to Resemble a Quantum Computer
Authors: Gudder Stan
Published: March 2015

This article presents a sequential growth model for the Universe that acts like a quantum computer. The basic constituents of the model are a special type of causal set (causet) called a c-causet. A c-causet is defined to be a causet that has a unique labeling. We characterize c-causets as those causets that form a multipartite graph or equivalently those causets whose elements are comparable whenever their heights are different. We show that a c-causet has precisely two c-causet offspring. It follows that there are 2n c-causets of cardinality n + 1. This enables us to classify c-causets of cardinality n + 1 in terms of n-bits. We then quantize the model by introducing a quantum sequential growth process. This is accomplished by replacing the n-bits by n-qubits and defining transition amplitudes for the growth transitions. We mainly consider two types of processes, called stationary and completely stationary. We show that for stationary processes, the probability operators are tensor products of positive rank-one qubit operators. Moreover, the converse of this result holds. Simplifications occur for completely stationary processes. We close with examples of precluded events.
MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Lipids and Gene Expression Reveals Differences in Fatty Acid Metabolism between Follicular Compartments in Porcine Ovaries
Authors: Uzbekova Svetlana , Elis Sebastien , Teixeira-Gomes Ana-Paula , Desmarchais Alice , Maillard Virginie , Labas Valerie
Published: March 2015

In mammals, oocytes develop inside the ovarian follicles; this process is strongly supported by the surrounding follicular environment consisting of cumulus, granulosa and theca cells, and follicular fluid. In the antral follicle, the final stages of oogenesis require large amounts of energy that is produced by follicular cells from substrates including glucose, amino acids and fatty acids (FAs). Since lipid metabolism plays an important role in acquiring oocyte developmental competence, the aim of this study was to investigate site-specificity of lipid metabolism in ovaries by comparing lipid profiles and expression of FA metabolism-related genes in different ovarian compartments. Using MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging, images of porcine ovary sections were reconstructed from lipid ion signals for the first time. Cluster analysis of ion spectra revealed differences in spatial distribution of lipid species among ovarian compartments, notably between the follicles and interstitial tissue. Inside the follicles analysis differentiated follicular fluid, granulosa, theca and the oocyte-cumulus complex. Moreover, by transcript quantification using real time PCR, we showed that expression of five key genes in FA metabolism significantly varied between somatic follicular cells (theca, granulosa and cumulus) and the oocyte. In conclusion, lipid metabolism differs between ovarian and follicular compartments.
Proton Adsorption Selectivity of Zeolites in Aqueous Media: Effect of Exchangeable Cation Species of Zeolites
Authors: Munthali Moses , Johan Erni , Matsue Naoto
Published: March 2015

The saturation of negative charges of zeolites by specific cations to modify their physicochemical and catalytic properties has broadened the applications of zeolites. The adsorption behavior of H+ to Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ and Cs+-saturated Linde-type A, Na-P1, mordenite, X type and Y type zeolites was evaluated at different pH-pM, where pH-pM is equal to log {(M+)/(H+)} and M+ represents either Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, or Cs+. In all cases, with decreasing pH-pM, the amounts of alkali metal retention decreased due to the adsorption of H+ via cation exchange reaction. The adsorption selectivity of H+ into the zeolites had a negative correlation with the Si/Al ratio of the zeolites. In each zeolite species, Cs+-saturated zeolite showed the lowest H+ selectivity, and this suggested that Cs+ had the strongest adsorption energy in the alkali metal cations. The adsorption of H+ was strongly affected by diameter and hydration energy of the alkali metal cations, and was also affected by the framework type and Si/Al ratio of the zeolites. The adsorption of H+ into zeolites decreases the amount of cation retention other than with H+ and may cause the elution of Si and Al into aqueous solutions.
An Examination of Three Spatial Event Cluster Detection Methods
Authors: Mariathas Hensley , Rosychuk Rhonda
Published: March 2015

In spatial disease surveillance, geographic areas with large numbers of disease cases are to be identified, so that targeted investigations can be pursued. Geographic areas with high disease rates are called disease clusters and statistical cluster detection tests are used to identify geographic areas with higher disease rates than expected by chance alone. In some situations, disease-related events rather than individuals are of interest for geographical surveillance, and methods to detect clusters of disease-related events are called event cluster detection methods. In this paper, we examine three distributional assumptions for the events in cluster detection: compound Poisson, approximate normal and multiple hypergeometric (exact). The methods differ on the choice of distributional assumption for the potentially multiple correlated events per individual. The methods are illustrated on emergency department (ED) presentations by children and youth (age < 18 years) because of substance use in the province of Alberta, Canada, during 1 April 2007, to 31 March 2008. Simulation studies are conducted to investigate Type I error and the power of the clustering methods.
Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis of Three Pathogenesis-Related Cytochrome P450 Genes from Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Tylenchida: Aphelenchoidoidea)
Authors: Xu Xiao-Lu , Wu Xiao-Qin , Ye Jian-Ren , Huang Lin
Published: March 2015

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt disease, causes huge economic losses in pine forests. The high expression of cytochrome P450 genes in B. xylophilus during infection in P. thunbergii indicated that these genes had a certain relationship with the pathogenic process of B. xylophilus. Thus, we attempted to identify the molecular characterization and functions of cytochrome P450 genes in B. xylophilus. In this study, full-length cDNA of three cytochrome P450 genes, BxCYP33C9, BxCYP33C4 and BxCYP33D3 were first cloned from B. xylophilus using 3' and 5' RACE PCR amplification. Sequence analysis showed that all of them contained a highly-conserved cytochrome P450 domain. The characteristics of the three putative proteins were analyzed with bioinformatic methods. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to assess the functions of BxCYP33C9, BxCYP33C4 and BxCYP33D3. The results revealed that these cytochrome P450 genes were likely to be associated with the vitality, dispersal ability, reproduction, pathogenicity and pesticide metabolism of B. xylophilus. This discovery confirmed the molecular characterization and functions of three cytochrome P450 genes from B. xylophilus and provided fundamental information in elucidating the molecular interaction mechanism between B. xylophilus and its host plant.
La décoration sculptée de l'église romane de Santa Maria de Uncastillo (Aragon)
Authors: Lacoste J.
Published: March 2015

Construite env. de 1135 à 1155, l'église conserve un important décor sculpté. Mais l'atelier de Uncastillo a décoré aussi plusieurs édifices navarrais. Il fut un des tout premiers à adopter les dispositions ornementales en usage dans la France méridionale, dont il relaya ainsi l'influence artistique.
La défense du suffrage universel sous la Seconde République : les réactions de l'opinion gardoise et le pétitionnement contre la loi du 31 mai 1850 (1850-1851)
Authors: Huard Raymond
Published: March 2015

Pour faire échec à cette loi, qui limitait le droit de suffrage, deux campagnes de pétitions furent lancées successivement dans le Gard : la première, organisée en quelques jours (8 au 17 mai 1850), avec un beau succès (15 000 signatures) ; la seconde, en 1851, moins fructueuse. Leurs résultats reflètent l'implantation du parti républicain dans les villes et les campagnes du département.
Le Parlement de Navarre et l'expulsion des Jésuites (mars 1762-mai 1764)
Authors: Desplat Christian
Published: March 2015

Наварский парламент и изгнание иезуитов (март 1762 - май 1764 г.)

Нравственный и культурный престиж иезуитов в Беарне, их участие в социальной жизни, значение их образовательной деятельности объясняют нерешительность парламента города По вынести им приговор. Но парламентская солидарность взяла верх и постановлением от 28.4.1763 г., утвержденным 13.4.1764 г., суд приговорил их к изгнанию.
Un exemple des réformes humanitaires dans la marine française : l'hôpital maritime de Toulon (1782-1787)
Authors: White John C.
Published: March 2015

Œuvre commune du maréchal de Castries, secrétaire d'État à la Marine, et de Pierre-Victor Malouet, intendant de Toulon, l'hôpital fut établi dans l'ancien couvent des Jésuites, après rénovation complète. Son installation témoigne de la diffusion des idées humanitaires et des progrès accomplis dans le domaine de l'hygiène au XVIIIe siècle.
Le dimanche et le lundi
Authors: Polge Henri
Published: March 2015

La tradition de la non-profanation du dimanche remonte évidemment loin dans le temps ; celle du lundi chômé ne semble pas antérieure aux derniers siècles de l'Ancien Régime. Cléricaux et anti-cléricaux paraissent avoir été incapables de trouver un terrain d'entente dans la nécessité d'une trêve hebdomadaire du travail : d'où la curieuse pratique de la « Saint-Lundi », jour non consacré mais choisi par la plupart des travailleurs pour se reposer.
Une enquête sur le Parlement de Toulouse en 1718
Authors: Virieux Maurice
Published: March 2015

Анкета о Тулузском Парламенте в 1718 г.

Эта анкета, инициатор которой неизвестен, привела к изданию "Памятной Записки о господах членах Тулузского Парламента", представляющей разнообразную информацию: моральный портрет каждого члена парламента, его происхождение, социальный статус, имущественное положение, религиозную и политическую позицию. Она также дает сведения о так называемом Селламарском заговоре и об отношении членов парламента к финансовым нововведениям этой эпохи.
Le peuplement du Roussillon, du Conflent et du Vallespir aux IXe et Xe siècles
Authors: Martinez Catherine , Rossignol Nicole
Published: March 2015

Населенность районов Руссильона, Конфлана и Валлеспира в IX и X веках

Эта работа основана на переписи всех населенных пунктов, упоминаемых в хартиях до 1020 г., и определении их географического местоположения. Было насчитано 350 населенных пунктов, что доказывает большую плотность населения этих районов уже со времен средневековья. С другой стороны, главные особенности распределения населения определились тогда же и не менялись до наших дней.
Introduction à l'histoire du XVIIIe siècle communal en Provence
Authors: Emmanuelli François-Xavier
Published: March 2015

Provence is one of the regions where communal life was most intense. The author insists on the problems set out by the structures of power, both in space and in time. From an analysis of all judicial, institutional and financial factors, he derives the idea of a « frozen » society, in which the crisis led to internal tensions.
Le mariage et la femme dans les proverbes du Sud de la France
Authors: Segalen Martine
Published: March 2015

From the analysis of about one hundred proverbs, the author draws the main rules which, in the traditional society of Southern France, governed the formation of unions and the development of conjugal life. In these proverbs, the feminine sex usually appears as irresponsible ; the woman, being inferior to man in economic position, age and instruction, must obey him.
Nice, frontière du baroquisme au siècle des Lumières
Authors: Vovelle Michel
Published: March 2015

L'auteur s'interroge sur l'existence et la nature d'une « frontière » des sensibilités et des comportements collectifs, qui séparerait à l'âge classique la Provence du comté de Nice. Il semble bien qu'une séparation existe, mais le « baroque » niçois, plus profus et plus stable que le « baroque » provençal, représente-t-il l'ultime avancée de l'italianité ou une originalité locale ? La parole, sur ce point, est aux historiens italiens.
La consommation de viande à Bordeaux au XIXe siècle (1839-1903)
Authors: Schoull Christian
Published: March 2015

This methodological article is a comparison in the consumption of the various qualities of meat. The author is able to try some hypotheses as to the development of society in Bordeaux during the XIXe Century, as much as this consumption does reflect the existence of economic and social inequalities.
L'orme au village
Authors: Polge Henri
Published: March 2015

Most people nowadays consider the elm growing on the village square as an indifferent tree, which may be useful or ornemental only. Tracing back the attitudes and feelings of the inhabitants towards this elm reveals a veneration, which can be felt well into the XXth Century, unconscious as it may have become. Like the oak in some regions as the Bask country, the elm of the public square is a descendant of the Sacred Tree of old.
Comportements familiaux dans le négoce bordelais au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Butel Paul
Published: March 2015

Diese Untersuchung, Kaufmannsfamilien im Bordeaux des 18. Jahrhunderts betreffend, zeigt die Stärke der Familiendynastien, die um den Preis täglicher Arbeit aufgebaut wurden. Bei der Wahl der Ehepartner triumphierte die elterliche Autorität sowie die genaue Beachtung der Anforderungen, die das Unternehmen stellte. Die Gattin wußte nicht nur Bescheid in geschäftlichen Angelegenheiten ; sie war manchmal dazu berufen, sie selbst zu leiten. Die Witwe genoß große Handlungsfreiheit. Die Kinder, die in der Familie selbst erzogen wurden, bewahrten den Sinn für die nötigen Hierarchien.
L'ascension sociale d'une famille d'immigrants en Quercy au XVe siècle
Authors: Lartigaud Jean
Published: March 2015

Unter den Einwanderern, die sich nach dem Hundert jährigen Krieg im Quercy niederliessen, gelang den runf Söhnen eines Bauern aus der Auvergne ein rascher gesellschaftlicher Aufstieg 1480 wurden sie zu Grundherren, 1510 in den Adelsstand erhoben. Die neue Generation bewohnte drei befestigte Wohnsitze, in deren Nähe die Geistlichen der Famille kirchliche Ämter innehatten. Diese hatten ihre Titel an der Universität Cahors erworben. Ihnen vor allem ist dieser Aufstieg zu verdanken, der insofern aussergewöhnlich ist, als er von städtischem Einfluss feast gänzlich frei zu sein scheint in einer Zeit, da die geringe Zahl des in der Gegend ansässigen Adels nur durch die Aufnahme jüngerer Söhne aus herrschaftlichen Familien Mittelfrankreichs oder durch den Aufstieg einiger Kaufmannsn und Juristenfamilien zunimmt.
Saint-Nicolas et la Garonne
Authors: Higounet Charles
Published: March 2015

The existence of a series of 25 place names or names of patrons of priories and churches, which emerged between 1088 and the mid-13th Century along the Garonne river and its tributaries, suggests that there may have been a link between the cult of saint Nicholas and fluvial activity at that time.
L'industrie lainière à Nîmes au XVIIe siècle : crise conjoncturelle ou structurelle ?
Authors: Teisseyre-Sallmann Line
Published: March 2015

Шерстяная промышленность в г. Ниме в XVII в.: кризис, вызванный обстоятельствами или структурой?

Шерстяная промышленность г. Нима, источник процветания города, во второй половине XVII в. пришла в упадок без видимой причины и без большого ущерба для текстильной промышленности в целом. Она возродилась в другой отрасли - шелк, получившей с 1650 г. необыкновенное развитие.
Petits marchands colporteurs de la Haute Planèze d'Auvergne à la fin de l'Ancien Régime
Authors: Poitrineau Abel
Published: March 2015

La partie septentrionale de la Planèze d'Auvergne est, dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle, une pépinière de colporteurs saisonniers. Ces « petits marchands » s'approvisionnent sur place ou dans les villes du pourtour du Massif Central en menues marchandises, qu'ils écoulent dans les foires et dans les campagnes. Très nombreux, très solidaires les uns des autres, ils constituent des auxiliaires originaux du système de distribution dans la société « traditionnelle ».
Adémar de Chabannes et la Paix de Dieu
Authors: Callahan Daniel F.
Published: March 2015

Adémar de Chabannes war zugleich Zeuge und begeisterter Werber der Gottesfriedensbewegung. Als Zeuge bietet er in seinem Werk wertvolle Hinweise auf die Friedenskonzile, die zwischen 994 und 1031 im Limousin abgehalten wurden. Als Propagandist verbindet er immer wieder das Thema des Friedens mit der apostolischen Funktion des hl. Martial. Er stellt ihn als unmittelbaren Jünger Christi dar, der den präzisen Auftrag hat, zeit seines Lebens und nach seinem Tod dem Frieden in ganz Aquitanien zum Sieg zu verhelfen.
Les estimes de la Dalbade en 1459
Authors: Eclache Michèle
Published: March 2015

Die Untersuchung der «estimes» (=Steuerregister) eines Toulouser Stadtviertels, die bisher noch nicht unternommen worden war, da sie nicht mit Sicherheit datiert werden konnten, ermöglicht es, das Bild der Toulouser Gesellschaft in der Mitte des 15 Jahrhunderts zu vervollständigen und mit Hilfe der präzisen Zahlenangaben, die sie liefert, die Vermögensenitwicklung im Vergleich zu ähnlichen Dokumenten des vorhergehenden Jahrhunderts zu beurteilen.
Un journal de province à la fin de l'Ancien Régime : Le Journal de la généralité de Montpellier (1780-1789)
Authors: Michel Henri
Published: March 2015

Après avoir esquissé la chronologie des débuts de la presse à Montpellier (1770-1780), l'auteur s'attache à l'analyse des articles parus dans le Journal de la généralité de Montpellier, entre 1780 et 1789. Il tente ainsi de reconnaître les intérêts des lecteurs de ce journal. Malgré la présence de nombreux thèmes communs à la presse de ce type à la fin de l'Ancien Régime, deux sujets semblent ici plus amplement traités : la médecine et le négoce.
Registres de conscription et histoire sociale : recherches sur les ouvriers de la région mazamétaine au XIXe siècle, d'après les registres de conscription
Authors: Cazals Danielle , Cazals Rémy
Published: March 2015

Mit Hilfe einer Datenverarbeitungsanlage ausgewertet und mit anderen Quellen verglichen, liefern die reichhaltigen Angaben der Musterungsregister wertvolle Auskünfte über verschiedene Aspekte der Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte des Bezirks Mazamet (Tarn) : wirtschaftliche und soziale Definition des Bezirks und der Gemeinden, die er umfaßt, geographische Herkunft der Fabrikarbeiter, Beruf der Eingezogenen im Vergleich zum Beruf des Vaters, körperliche Verfassung, Ausbildungsgrad, Verhältnis zwischen Glaubensbekenntnis und Beruf.
Les visites pastorales dans le Midi aquitain : bilan d'une enquête
Authors: Darricau Raymond , Peyrous B.
Published: March 2015

Пастырские посещения прихожан на юго-западе Франции (Аквитания): итоги обследования

Недавно законченное обследование пастырских посещений прихожан позволяет дать первые итоги по истории этого обычая в южной Аквитании. От Средневековья и ХVI в. сохранилось мало протоколов этих посещений, зато ХVII и ХVIII в. в. указывают на широкое развитие этого обычая. Они продолжаются и в ХIХ в., являющемся самым ярким периодом посещения прихожан священниками. В XX в. начинается упадок, который ускоряется после Второго Собора Ватикана.
Le Triomphe du pauvre : les pauvres contre les riches à l'époque révolutionnaire à travers une fête rouergate
Authors: Petit Claude
Published: March 2015

The Revolutionary Civil Commission of Aveyron introduced in Brumaire, Year II, a sans-culotte festival in which are found the accents of the Parisian "enragés". Its application at Saint-Geniez-d'Olt, a town dominated by an extremist Revolutionary Committee, already exhibits, beyond the political struggles, the characteristics of a social conflict : a transition from bourgeois revolution to the proletarian revolution. But does it deserve the name, « Triumph of the Poor » ?
« Libertas hominum Montispessulani » : rédaction et diffusion des coutumes de Montpellier
Authors: Gouron André
Published: March 2015

Written in 1204 and 1205 from partly anterior elements and completed later by a series of consular statutes, the customs of Montpellier soon enjoyed a considerable reputation. To this reputation, found on the Spanish side of the Pyrenees as well as in Auvergne, were added actual daughter-customs, almost all composed during the first half of the thirteenth century. The location of these sources along the trade routes of Montpellier suggest that commercial activity was not foreign to the phenomenon of diffusion.
Notes sur La femme en Limousin vers 1300
Authors: Verdon Jean
Published: March 2015

Diese Untersuchung, die sich im wesentlichen auf das Urkundenbuch O Domina (Archiv des Départements Haute-Vienne, G 9) stützt, legt die Vermutung nahe, daß die Rolle der Frau in der Gesellschaft des Limousin gegen 1300 relativ beschränkt war. Zwar werden die Witwen mit der Vormundschaft über ihre Kinder betraut, aber im allgemeinen handeln die Frauen selten allein. In der Ehe verwaltet der Gatte den Besitz und läßt dabei seiner Gattin anscheinend wenig Entschei- dungsfreiheit.
Les honneurs funèbres chez les Foix-Béarn au XVe siècle
Authors: Tucoo-Chala Pierre
Published: March 2015

La famille des Foix-Béarn s'est particulièrement préoccupée des rites funéraires au XV siècle. Un registre fort important est consacré aux honneurs funèbres organisés à leur intention. Document très précieux car il permet de voir comment les pratiques royales et seigneuriales du nord du royaume sont adaptées en pays méridional. Les listes d'invitation, la mention des personnes présentes, l'énumération des cadeaux offerts, des produits alimentaires nécessaires fournissent une foule d'indications exploitables.
Les cuirs bruts à Toulouse au XVIe siècle
Authors: Caster Gilles
Published: March 2015

Collectors of local untanned hides must have existed in every medieval city ; they bought them in the entire region from butchers and resold them to tanners. This commerce obeyed very peculiar financial mechanisms which varied by the nature of the products : ox-hide, cow-hide, skins of sheep, lamb, goat, kid, and tallow. The collectors of local raw hides belonged to every social group, from important ennobled merchants to simple cobblers.
Contribution à l'étude des confréries de Pénitents à Nice aux XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles
Authors: Bordes Maurice
Published: March 2015

Created at the end of the Middle Ages or during the Catholic Reformation, the penitential confraternities of Nice were authorized by the bishop and the civil authorities ; women could take part but in subordinate roles. A highly developped charitable activity (hospitals, pawnshops, etc.) was added to piety itself. The penitential confraternities of Nice remained extremely animated in the 18th century, and contributed to maintaining for many years the baroque aspects of Nice's religious life.
Sur le rôle des transports terrestres dans l'économie du Sud-Ouest au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Poussou Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2015

Man weiß wenig über die Rolle des Straßengüterverkehrs in der Wirtschaft des Südwestens im 18.Jahrhundert. Die Überlegenheit der Binnenwasserstraßen ist zwar offensichtlich, das ist aber kein Grund, den Transport auf dem Landweg zu vernachlässigen, dem geographisch eine viel größere Bedeutung zukommt, als man oft glaubt, und der für den Handel unentbehrlich ist. Übrigens war das Straßennetz weniger unzulänglich, als man behauptet. Zahlreiche Nachforschun- gen müssen noch unternommen werden, unterdessen muß man aber dem Landtransport den Platz einräumen, der ihm zukommt.
Villes, bourgs, villages : le réseau urbain-villageois en Provence (1750-1850)
Authors: Vovelle Michel
Published: March 2015

Cet article fait le point d'une enquête collective en cours sur le village provençal à l'époque moderne. Il s'interroge d'abord, dans une approche globale, sur la notion même de ville, bourg et village, telle qu'elle a été perçue localement par les contemporains, notamment dans les ouvrages statistiques de la fin du XVIIIE siècle : ce qui le conduit à une vision d'ensemble du réseau urbain-villageois. Puis une étude plus approfondie dans le site délimité de la Moyenne Durance, à partir des dénombrements d'époque révolutionnaire, permet d'analyser les traits complémentaires des agglomérations qui constituent ce réseau hiérarchisé.
Usure et usuriers dans les Pyrénées au XIXe siècle
Authors: Soulet Jean-François
Published: March 2015

In der ersten Hälfte des 19.Jahrhunderts scheint der Wucher im Gebiet der Pyrenäen allgemein verbreitet. Gerichtsverfahren sowie Ermittlungen, die von Geistlichen durchgeführt werden, geben genaueren Einblick in die vielfältigen Gepflogenheiten, wie namentlich den Kauf von Eheverträgen. 1848 erreicht die Erbitterung, die in der Bevölkerung herrscht, ihren Höhepunkt, was die oft gegen die ortsansässigen Wucherer gerichteten Gewaltausbrüche in den Tälern bestätigen.
Les sources de l'histoire religieuse des diocèses du Midi aux XIXe et XXe siècles : les archives diocésaines
Authors: Cholvy Gérard
Published: March 2015

Cette présentation se situe dans le prolongement d'une précédente enquête portant sur les « Archives du Vatican » (Annales du Midi, t. 81, fasc. 2, 1969, pp. 216-229). Elle concerne treize diocèses et n'a pas la prétention d'être exhaustive. Elle attire l'attention sur l'intérêt des fonds, existant ou à naître, du « religieux », les archives publiques ne révélant le plus souvent que la surface. Qu'il s'agisse de la sociologie du clergé, de celle du peuple chrétien (visites et enquêtes pastorales, congrès), des œuvres de toute sorte, et si déficiente que soit la documentation disponible, l'historien ne peut négliger d'y recourir.
Jean Giscard, marchand drapier toulousain sous Louis XIV
Authors: Bernet Gabriel
Published: March 2015

Жан Жискар, торговец сукном в Тулузе при Людовике ХIV

Жан Жискар торгует в Тулузе на площади Петра и на улице Прядильщиков сукном и шерстеными тканями, которые ему поставляют мануфактуры Квреси, Альби и Лораге. Успех торговли позволяет ему стать старшиной биржи в 1711 г. Позднее он испытывает затруднения из-за наложных платежей, скверных урожаев и новых вкусов его клиентуры. Он передает дело своему зятю в 1719 г.
Les monastères de Gascogne et le conflit franco-anglais (1270-1327)
Authors: Kicklighter Joseph. A.
Published: March 2015

Монастыри в Гасконии и франко- английские конфликты

На протяжении всего периода от Парижского договора /1259/ до конца правления Эдуарда 11 /1327/ вопрос контроля над монастырями в английском герцогстве Гасконии являлся значительным источником конфликтов между двумя монархиями. Ссылаянь на королевскую защиту многие монастыри боролись за освобождение от надзора герцогства /при активном участии сенешалов и Парижского Парламента/ и содействовали тем самым упадку английского господства в Гасконии.
Limoges, capitale régionale de la libre-pensée à l'orée du XXe siècle
Authors: Pérouas Louis
Published: March 2015

The Free-Thinkers of 3 Limousin departments and of Dordogne adhered to the French Federation of Free-Thought (created in 1905), and through the action of Emile Noel, published twice-monthly. Le Libre-Penseur du Centre, which until 1914. Meeting with little success in this quite anticlerical region, the review was led to extend its diffusion towards the West and the South, thus making Limoges a regional capital of anticlericalism.
Geoffroy Gay : une lecture de la Fronde bordelaise
Authors: Jouhaud Christian
Published: March 2015

Geoffroy Gay ist Priester und Schriftsteller. Als Dichter, Historiker und Theologe schreibt er seit 1615, zur Zeit der Fronde, zahlreiche Schmähschriften gegen Mazarin. Er ist der Sohn eines Hoteliers und verbringt den größten Teil seines Lebens in Bordeaux. In seinen von der Fronde inspirierten Texten erweist er sich als Gegner des Herzogs von Epernon, als Anhänger des Prinzen von Condé und gibt vor allem seiner Liebe zu seiner Heimatstadt Bordeaux Ausdruck. Dies stellt eine gewisse « progressistische » und revolutionäre Auffassung von der Fronde in Bordeaux in Frage.
L'enseignement dans la Haute-Garonne et le conseil général (1800-1873)
Authors: Sicard Germain
Published: March 2015

La situation de l'enseignement, déplorable en 1800, s'améliore lentement, sous les regards des notables qui rêvent, sous l'Empire et la Restauration, du développement des établissements catholiques. La loi de 1833 conduit au renforcement progressif de l'enseignement primaire public, qui établit son autonomie, étend son influence et son prestige. Dès le temps de V. Duruy, l'évolution est sensible vers sa gratuité et sa généralisation.
L'instruction primaire dans l'arrondissement de Toulouse sous le Second Empire
Authors: Bédry Marie-Bernadette
Published: March 2015

Начальное образование в округе Тулузы при Наполеоне III

В эпоху Наполеона III начальное образование в округе Тулузы переживает глубокие изменения. Теперь оно зависит от собственной администрации, которая утверждает свою независимость. Школьные учителя составляют преданную и самоотверженную корпорацию. Численность школьников значительно увеличивается, образование охватывает пойти всех. Бесплатность ширится и школа становится государственной услугой. Главные черты современной школы намечены уже со времен Наполеона III.
Le Purgatoire dans la région toulousaine au XIVe et au début du XVe siècle
Authors: Bastard-Fournié Michèle
Published: March 2015

La dévotion aux âmes du Purgatoire se répand dans le Midi toulousain au cours du XIVe siècle, par l'intermédiaire d'une institution paroissiale, le Bassin du Partie d'Avignon en 1333, son origine est liée aux débats sur la Vision Béatifique, soulevés entre 1331 et 1336 par le pape cahorsin Jean XXII. Les Bassins du Purgatoire ont été le moyen institutionnel et concret utilisé par le clergé séculier pour répandre dans un Midi réticent l'idée de la rétribution immédiate et du Purgatoire.
Les revenus des vicaires perpétuels du chapitre de Périgueux au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Mandon Guy
Published: March 2015

Constituting an apparently well-defined social group within the first order of the kingdom, the perpetual vicars are also interesting by the image which is attached to them. The study of thirty or so cases leads one to challenge the accepted idea of their poverty, often considered as synonomous to their state, replacing it by the notion of a truly tiny income, but one which was growing. The study also exposes several of the economic, legal and psychological factors responsible for such a situation.
Le système agro-pastoral de la Haute-Lande et son évolution depuis le XVIIe siècle : l'exemple de Saugnac-et-Muret
Authors: Lascarret Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2015

Unpublished documents authorise a new approach to the agro-pastoral system of the Haute-Lande in the past and to its analysis in the light of demographic evolution. By ingeniously combining the resources of three natural sectors, this system was capable of absorbing, without dearth, a population growth of about 40 % in the first half of the 19th century in Saugnac-et-Muret. The Law of 1857 precipitated its decline, favored the constitution of large forest properties, developped share-cropping and accelerated rural exodus.
De la répartition fiscale de la capitation à la définition d'un corps social : l'exemple provençal
Authors: Derlange Michel
Published: March 2015

Определение классовой структуры при помощи регистров распределения подушной подати на примере Прованса. Тщательное изучение регистров подушной подати, с успехом заменивших в краях действительного оброка регистры личного оброка, позволяют уловить структуру общества в его целом в рамках тогдашней жизни. Оно освещает социально-функциональную действительность различных категорий с традиционными наименованиями, их экономический вес и их социальное значение.
La Cerdagne après le traité des Pyrénées
Authors: Marcet Alice
Published: March 2015

Der Pyrenäenvertrag wirft zahlreiche Probleme auf, unter denen die kirchliche Verwaltung des « Landes, das an die Cerdagne grenzt », nicht zu den geringsten zähalt : die Bischöfe von Seu d'Urgell, denen die meisten Pfarren unterstellt sind, versuchen, ihre Machtbefugnisse durchzusetzen. Daraus ergeben sich - bis zur Revolution - unzählige Konflikte zwischen ihnen und den Vertretern des Königs.
Cercles et sociabilité en Gascogne (XIXe-XXe siècles)
Authors: Traimond Bernard
Published: March 2015

Die « Zirkel » die Treffpunkt der Männer, der Erwachsenen waren und zugleich eine Leitungsfunktion fur die ländliche Gemeinde ausübten, bestanden in der Gascogne seit dem Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts. Sie sind städtischen Ursprungs, dank der Großhändler in Bordeaux, verbreiteten sich bei Kaufleuten und Handwerkern in den Marktflecken und wurden schließlich auf dem Lande eine Einrichtung für Bauern und Arbeiter. Ein Teil ihres Wirkungsbereichs ist heute auf Vereinigungen anderer Art wie Sportvereine, Jagdgesellschaften, Seniorenklubs übergegangen.