bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Potential of Halal Anti-Foam Production from Vegetable Oil Derivatives: a Review
Authors: Srijanto Bambang , Gunawan Setiyo , Supriono Bambang , Zuhdan Muhammad J.
Published: February 2023

The foam that occurs in the process can cause problems with the effectiveness of the process or the quality of the final product. The economic consequences of uncontrolled foaming can be very significant and cause serious losses and require expensive operating changes. Foaming problems can be just as expensive as treating other types of problems, such as corrosion, fouling, or emulsion. Indonesia is known as the largest producer of palm oil, so it has the potential as a producer of downstream palm oil derivative products, especially halal anti-foam with renewable raw materials. In the food industry, only calcium alginate, monoglycerides (MGS), and diglycerides (DGS) are permitted. The use of renewable raw materials in industrial processes is one of the steps to realizing the Sustainable Development Goals, especially the second goal, which is zero hunger in 2030. The details of the mechanism of action and the use of anti-foam in the food, medicine, cosmetics, textile, oil refining, petrochemical, paint, and pulp paper industries were discussed. Furthermore, the potential use of palm oil as raw material for halal anti-foaming is very prospective, considering that there are not many palm oil-based anti-foam products applied in various food industries.
THE EFFECT OF PICKING UNCERTAINTY WINDOW INTERVAL ON HYPOCENTER MICRO-EARTHQUAKE (MEQ) LOCATION USING GEIGER METHOD
Authors: Utama Widya , Ardhya Garini Sherly , Sere Lansa Fradana
Published: February 2023

Identification of the initial phase of the primary (P) waves at each seismic station is often inconsistent and implies the operator’s subjectivity, due to the high noise level. Errors in identifying the initial phase of the P waves can significantly bias the location of the hypocenter. In this study, the data used is one micro-earthquake (MEQ) event recorded by 8 seismic stations. At each seismic station, the P waves arrival time was measured repeatedly, to obtain the picking uncertainty time window interval of the P waves arrival time. The P waves arrival time data was processed using the Geiger method to obtain the MEQ hypocenter location. Based on the processing results, the determination of the arrival time of the P waves depends on the width of the time window and the amplitude scale used. The picking uncertainty time window interval will be narrower for arrival time observations with an enlarged time window and amplitude scale. Time window intervalin the range of 0,007-0,049 seconds, in this study significantly refracted the MEQ hypocenter location. The results of determining the location of the MEQ hypocenter using the Geiger method only produced two variants of the RMS error value with a difference of 0.001 seconds. However, the difference in the RMS error value is associated with a shift in the epicenter in the range of 2 – 21,1 meters and a shift in the elevation of the hypocenter in the range of 3-15 meters.
Parents' perception of toddlers' nutritional state
Authors: Marinho Catarina , Koch Cândida , Santos Margarida Reis
Published: February 2023

Background:

Parents' perception of children's body image may assume an important role in children's development.

Aims:

to assess parental perception on toddlers' nutritional status.

Methods:

Study conducted with toddlers' parents who attended nurseries in the district of Viseu, Portugal. Data collection instruments: a survey which included questions for social and demographic characterisation and the ‘Toddler Silhouette Scale’.

Findings:

Most parents have considered that the children's silhouette, ideal (98.4%) and real (95.8%), corresponded to the one regarding normal weight. 21.1% of the children seen by the parents as having a normal weight, had in fact excess weight, 9% suffered from obesity and 0.5% were underweight.

Conclusions:

The results suggest the existence of an inaccurate parental perception about their children's weight, reinforcing the importance of nurses who inform parents about their children's nutritional status and guide them to adopt healthy lifestyles.
How to be a safe adult
Authors: Knightsmith Pooky
Published: February 2023

Every child needs a safe adult, especially if they have faced trauma or are vulnerable. Dr Pooky Knightsmith describes the five Cs of being a safe adult.
Educating in times of grief: We need your views
Authors: Precious Gail
Published: February 2023

Gail Precious shares some educational resources on bereavement and calls for professionals working in schools to take part in a survey.
The lived experiences of discomfort in women with Crohn's disease: a hermeneutic phenomenological study
Authors: Nistor Oana-Irina , Wilson Rosemary , Tripp Dean , Camargo-Plazas Pilar
Published: February 2023

Background:

Discomfort in women with Crohn's disease is highly prevalent, even during remission. However, these women's lived experiences of discomfort are largely unknown.

Aims:

To explore the lived experiences of discomfort in women with Crohn's disease.

Methods:

Six women with Crohn's disease were recruited using purposive and snowball sampling. Semi-structured, audio-recorded interviews were conducted using Zoom and transcribed verbatim for analysis. van Manen's work guided the data analysis.

Findings:

Four phenomenological themes were identified: discomfort as an embodied experience, discomfort as a conscious experience, discomfort and social life, and discomfort as a way forward.

Conclusion:

Healthcare professionals and researchers can facilitate the recognition, impact and mitigating strategies of discomfort by acknowledging it as an essential phenomenon for women with Crohn's disease. Further research is recommended to understand better the experience of discomfort and its implications for women's quality of life and their social and therapeutic relationships.
The impact of a hepatitis B diagnosis
Authors: Freeland Catherine , Cohen Chari
Published: February 2023

Hepatitis B significantly impacts a person's quality of life, starting at diagnosis. This includes their physical health, such as an increased risk of liver cancer, as well as their mental and emotional wellbeing, contributing to depression, anxiety and self-isolation, exacerbated by stigma and discrimination. Goals have been set to eliminate hepatitis B. To reach these goals, it is essential that people living with hepatitis B are actively involved in their treatment and management through shared decision-making. This will require further research into its effects on individuals who are directly affected. Moving towards elimination means expanding testing to identify those infected, as well as ensuring that protections are in place to support people living with hepatitis B and minimise stigma and discrimination.
Study of Decision-making Issues in Social Groups Based on Modelling of Incomplete Consensus
Authors: Maksimova Olga V. , Aronov Iosif Z. , Papic Ljubisa
Published: February 2023

In many social groups, for example, in European eco-settlements, socialmovements (occupy), international organizations (WTO, OSCE, IPCC, etc.),decision-making is based on the consensus of the group members. Instead ofvoting, when the majority wins over the minority, consensus allows findinga solution that each member of the group supports or, at least, considersacceptable. This approach ensures that all the opinions of the group members,their ideas and needs will be taken into account. At the same time, reachinga consensus requires considerable time, since it is necessary to come toan agreement within the group, regardless of its size. It was shown that in some situations the number of iterations (agreements, negotiations) is verysignificant. Moreover, in the decision-making process, there is always a riskof blocking a decision by a minority in the group, which not only prolongs thedecision-making time but even makes it impossible. As a rule, such a minorityis presented by one or two odious people. Such a member of the group triesto dominate the discussion, always stands by his/her opinion, ignoring theposition of the others. This leads to a protraction in the decision-makingprocess, on the one hand, and a deterioration in the quality of consensus,on the other, since only the opinion of the dominant part of the group wouldbe taken into account.In order to overcome this problem, it was proposedto make a decision based on the principle of “Consensus Minus One” or“Consensus Minus Two”, that is, not to take into account the opinion of one ortwo odious members of the group. For example, in climate researches, wheremany scientific disciplines are involved, a complete consensus is almostimpossible.Based on the simulation of consensus using the Markov chain model, thearticle studies the question of how much the decision-making time is reducedwhen using the “Consensus Minus One” and “Consensus Minus Two” rules,if the position of the dominant members of the group is not taken into account.As it appears from the findings obtained, this paper can be in generalsummarized by saying that the rule of thumb applied for making a decisionpursuant to the incomplete consensus principle has a solid mathematicalbackground. The simulation results showed that its use can reduce the timerequired to reach a consensus to 97%, which is crucial for practice.The average number of agreements hyperbolically depends on the averageauthoritarianism of the group members (excluding the autocratic members),which means that the negotiation process can be protracted at high values ofthe above-mentioned average authoritarianism
Chitosan/NC Based Bio Composite Membrane: An Impact of Varying Amount of Chitosan on Filtration Ability for the Malachite Green Dye
Authors: Goswami Rekha , Mishra Abhilasha , Bhatt Neha , Prasad Brijesh
Published: February 2023

This study is generally focused on knowing about which appropriate quantityof chitosan with cellulose nanocrystal gives best output in terms of strengthand potential to bear vaccum pressure during filtration study. It was observedthat membrane MIII showed best results in filtering out the malachite greendye present in the aqueous solution of 50 PPM taken during study. Thefiltration study was observed under three different pH values i.e. 2.0, 5.0and 9.0 and recorded results depicted that the first five cycles significantlyremove the dye concentration ranging from 32-13 PPM, 27-7 PPM and33-14 PPM respectively. The contact angle results for all the membraneshowed hydrophilic behaviour. The thickness and the swelling behaviour alsoanalysed and it was observed that membrane MV showed highest thickness (0.56 mm) as well as highest swelling behaviour (1.5) due to presence of highchitosan content in its composition
Constraints on Neutrino Mass Matrix with no Majorana Phases
Authors: Khan Hiba , Singh Santosh Kumar , Nautiyal Vivek Kumar
Published: February 2023

In the basis where charged lepton mass matrix is real and diagonal, we havefound conditions under which there are no Majorana phases in neutrino massmatrix. An important feature of the condition is that it has been formulatedin terms of modulus of the elements of neutrino mass matrix independent ofphases. If these conditions are satisfied, a CKM type matrix is enough tomake neutrino Majorana mass matrix real and diagonal without any need ofMajorana phases. As an application, we explore the possibility of Majoranaphases in all phenomenologically acceptable neutrino mass matrices with twotexture zeros.
Estimation and Assessment of Ionospheric Slant Total Electron Content (STEC) Using Dual-frequency NavIC Satellite System
Authors: Bhardwaj Sharat Chandra , Vidyarthi Anurag , Jassal B. S. , Shukla Ashish K.
Published: February 2023

Many atmospheric errors affect the positional accuracy of a satellite-basednavigation device, such as troposphere, ionosphere, multipath, and so on, butthe ionosphere is the most significant contributor to positional error. Sincethe ionosphere’s dynamics are highly complex, especially in low latitudeand equatorial regions, a dual-frequency approach for calculating slant totalelectron content (STEC) for ionospheric delay estimation performs betterin these conditions. However, the STEC is ambiguous and it cannot beused directly for ionospheric delay prediction, accurate positioning purposes,or ionospheric study. As a result, STEC estimation and pre-processing arerequired steps prior to any positioning application. There is very little litera-ture available for STEC pre-processing in the NavIC system, necessitating anin-depth discussion. This paper focuses on how to extract navigational data from a raw binary file obtained from the Indian NavIC satellites, estimate andpre-process STEC, and build a database for STEC. It has been found that anhourly averaged STEC data is suitable for ionospheric studies and monthlymean value can be used for ionospheric behavioral research. Furthermore, theSTEC is affected by diurnal solar activity, thus, the seven-month data analysisthat includes summer and winter months has been used to study ionosphereaction during the summer and winter months. It has been observed that STECvalues are higher during the summer months than the winter months; someseasonal characteristics are also been found.
Business of Uncertainties: An Afflict of COVID-19 on Indian Insurance
Authors: Arora Anjali , Arora Geeta
Published: February 2023

COVID-19 had far-reaching consequences for different economic sectorsaround the world. While the impact was not standardised throughout, onething was consistent: every sector and region, including India and the Indianinsurance sector, faced challenges in adapting to the new normal. The insuranceindustry provided both life and non-life or general insurance. COVID-19had a mixed effect on the insurance industry. The effect of COVID-19 on theinsurance industry was not uniform; some products saw a significant increasein business, while others saw a significant decrease. The aim of this researchis to examine and assess the overall effect of COVID-19 on the insuranceindustry with emphasis on the steps to be taken to prepare the insurancesector to deal with these types of the consequences in the future. Data fromthe regulatory authority’s website is used to compile and analyse the findingsof the study.
Dynamic Green Function Solution of Beams Under Moving Loads With Elastically Supports
Authors: Ouchenane Meriem , Lassoued Rachid
Published: February 2023

The dynamic analysis of bridges simulated as Euler-Bernoulli beam models with elastic supports subjected to mobile loads are analyzed by conventional methods to obtain a new solution for displacement. Generally, these beam supports can be characterized by springs with a given stiffness, which considerably influence the structure's dynamic behavior and even attenuate the dynamic amplification. The solutions proposed until now are defined only on span but not supports. In this paper, we used Green's function, considering boundary and continuity conditions and shear force to study the global behavior of the beam. A new displacement formula is proposed for the beam to support a span according to the velocity of the mobile load, the beam rigidity, and the stiffness of supports. A further study leads to the present two new formulas, which directly give displacements at the level of supports according only to the beam rigidity and supports stiffness and to the load value at any time. The result of this analysis shows that several combined factors influence the vibratory behavior of the beam when it is supported on elastically supports, namely the stiffness of the supports, the rigidity of the beam, its length, the value of the mobile load, and its velocity. The evolution of support stiffness leads to classical boundary conditions. A study of coupling between the beam and supports is presented, with the study of the comportment in function to the ratio between the beam rigidity and spring stiffness.
Study of Public Perceptions on the Urban Railway Planning of the City of Banda Aceh and the Surrounding Areas
Authors: Darma Yusria , Saleh Sofyan M , Devi Diana , Muhajir Muhajir , Rinaldi Rizal , Ashfa Salsabila , Ahlan Muhammad
Published: February 2023

The urban railway in the City of Banda Aceh and the surrounding areas is currently being proposed by the Aceh Provincial Government through the Department of Transportation of Indonesia. The presence of this rail transport mode is expected to change the travel behavior of the commuter. As such, people who use private vehicles may shift to public transport mode, thereby reducing congestion, noise, and pollution. The objective of this study is to determine factors and indicators—related to rail transport—that are important to the community. This study was conducted to provide information on the urban railway planning of the City of Banda Aceh. The principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized in this study. The results analysis of the study shows that the most significant variable influencing the public on the urban railway for Banda Aceh City is land use (19.09%). The indicator that is important to the community under the land use factor includes the property used as railway (0.911), land use used as railway (0.907), adjacent land used as railway infrastructure (0.876), and adjacent property used as railway infrastructure (0.861). Overall, the respondents positively perceived the urban railway planning of Banda Aceh City and accepted the city's rail transport plan.
High Data Transfer Rate and High Speed Accessing Optical Disk Drive Technology
Authors: Itao Kiyoshi , Hara Shigeji , Watabe Akinori , Nakanishi Hiroshi , Yamamoto Manabu
Published: February 2023

A high data transfer rate and high speed accessing optical disk drive has been developed for its application to the information processing for the office automation, with the performance capabilities summerized in Table 1. The 130 mm diameter disk holds 520 MB of user data on both side. The composite continuous groove track format is adopted in order to realize the fast track counting and accessing.
Microgrinding Optical Materials
Authors: Bifano Thomas , Dow Thomas A. , Scattergood Ron
Published: February 2023

The mechanics of grinding and polishing are fundamentally similar: both rely on randomly oriented diamond particles for material removal. The basic difference between the processes is that grinding uses a fixed abrasive, while polishing uses a loose abrasive. The difference in material removal mechanisms for grinding (brittle) and polishing (ductile) of optical materials is intriguing, especially in view of the similarities between the two processes. This similarity brings up an important question: can the material removal mechanism be changed from one of fracture to one of plastic deformation in the grinding of brittle materials? This possibility of a brittle-ductile transition in material removal is the central concern of microgrinding research, and is the subject of this paper.
Implementation of Optical Clock Distribution in a Supercomputer
Authors: Kiefer David R , Swanson Vernon W
Published: February 2023

General purpose supercomputing is best accomplished today with the use of multiple high performing central processors. Performance of these systems is greatly dependent upon the operating frequency of each individual processor which begins with the operating frequency of the individual integrated circuit components used to implement the logic. As operating frequency of integrated circuit components increases the challenge to take advantage of this improved frequency becomes increasingly more difficult. One of the big challenges is to distribute a clock to each of the approximate 18 million latches in the system with minimal skew so that all latches operate synchronously. Two properties of clock distribution that is critical to system performance is: Skew - Time difference in clock signal delivered to any two latches in the entire system. Signal Integrity - The quality of the clock signal delivered to any latch in the system.
Analyses of the potential of tropospheric trace gas observations from satellites.
Authors: de Winter-Sorkina R. , van der Woerd H. , Roemer M.
Published: February 2023

The trace gas observations from satellites can be the powerfull tools for the validation of tropospheric models, because of their global coverage in space and time. For verification of tropospheric models GOME spectrometer [1], which will be launched on ERS-2 satellite in 1994 should be able to measure the changes in tropospheric column densities of species occuring in the atmosphere. The trace species for which the tropospheric columns could be observed by GOME spectrometer are: ozone O3, nitrogen dioxide NO2, sulfur dioxide SO2 and formaldehyde HCHO. In this study we tried to answer the question: what is the sensitivity of GOME spectrometer for the measurement of changes in the tropospheric column densities of these species. We applied only forward modeling to see how large should be the changes in tropospheric column densities of these species to cause the change of GOME signal which will exceed the noise level of the instrument. Though, it is the lowest boarder of detectibility, we tried to find out, and the error caused by the retrieval procedure must be added to our results.
The Consortium Lidar: Results, and Facilities Present and Planned
Authors: Wickwar V.B. , Wilkerson T.D. , Meriwether J.W. , Rees D.
Published: February 2023

The Consortium Lidar, located at Utah State University (41.7° N, 111.8° W), is developing into a major lidar facility to study the middle atmosphere. Organizationally, the consortium is made up of Utah State University, University of Maryland, Clemson University, and University College London—the universities that have contributed, along with the NSF, to setting up the facility. Regular Rayleigh-scatter observations at 532 nm, to obtain relative densities and absolute neutral temperatures, are made with a Spectra Physics, seeded, Nd:YAG laser. They began in August 1993. Vibrational Raman-scatter observations at 607 nm, to extend the temperatures down to the tropopause, began a year later. To maximize the scientific return, observations are made almost every clear night, and they are coordinated with other middle atmosphere observations made from USU’s CEDAR observatory at Bear Lake and from the shuttle and satellites.
Experimental Modular Switching System with a Time-Multiplexed Photonic Center Stage
Authors: Thompson Richard A. , Anderson Robert V. , Camlet John V. , Giordano Philip P.
Published: February 2023

An experimental Time-Space-Time switching system has been constructed. Multi-user switching modules are interconnected by a lithium niobate switching network, under distributed control. Channels with high data rates are mixed with conventional channels.
Role of reconfigurable wavelength-multiplexed networks and links for future optical networks
Authors: Chidgey P. J. , Hawker I. , Hill G. R. , Westlake H. J.
Published: February 2023

Network design, implementation, and paths to exploiting monomode optical fiber bandwidth are reviewed. Experimental measurements in operational fiber networks are reported by using fiber amplifiers and optical switches.
Monolithically Integrated InP Photonic Circuits for Optical processing in Very High Speed Optical Loop
Authors: Renaud M. , Cavaillès J.A. , Vinchant J.F. , Jarry P. , Erman M. , Martinson T. , Vogel P.
Published: February 2023

Optical rings have found many applications in high speed Local Area Networks (LANs). Generally, such rings arc formed by point to point optical transmission links, implying optical to electrical conversions at each node. These repeated con versions affect the reliability, generate jitter, increase the susceptibility to electromagnetic interferences and limit the bit rate to that allowed by the node processing electronics.
Wide temperature range of stable single mode operation in optimally designed DFB lasers
Authors: Soda H. , Kihara K. , Furutsu M. , Matsuda M. , Seki H. , Ogita S. , Ishikawa H. , Imai H.
Published: February 2023

We have reported that in aysmmetric mirror reflectivity GaInAsP/InP DFB laser, a high single longitudinal mode (SLM) operation yield was achieved by adjusting a KL to to be 0.5 to 1 and a power reflectivity of a low reflecting end to be 0.05 when the other end is as cleaved [1]. This is because that an axial hole burning effect which breaks SLM operation at high output power is not serious as to reduce the gain difference. In such a weakly coupled case, there is a possibility of unnecessary Fabry-Perot (FP) mode lasing due to a mismatch between a gain peak wavelength and a lasing wavelength of DFB mode when a temperature is changed. Here we have examined an effect of the mismatch for 1.3µm DFB lasers, and made clear an optimum region of the wavelength mismatch. With this optimization, low threshold high efficiency DFB lasers with high SLM operation yield over a wide temperature range have been realized.
Effectiveness of internet delivered cognitive behaviour therapy provided as routine care for people in the depressed phase of bipolar disorder treated with Lithium
Authors: Nielssen Olav , Staples Lauren , Karin Eyal , Kayrouz Rony , Dear Blake , Titov Nickolai
Published: February 2023

There is little research reporting the outcome of internet delivered cognitive behaviour therapy, (iCBT), which helps patients identify and modify unhelpful cognitions and behaviours, for the depressed phase of bipolar disorder as part of routine care. Demographic information, baseline scores and treatment outcomes were examined for patients of MindSpot Clinic, a national iCBT service who reported taking Lithium and their clinic records confirmed the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Outcomes were completion rates, patient satisfaction and changes in measures of psychological distress, depression and anxiety measured by the Kessler-10 item (K-10), Patient Health Questionnaire 9 Item (PHQ-9), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale 7 Item (GAD-7), compared to clinic benchmarks. Out of 21,745 people who completed a MindSpot assessment and enrolled in a MindSpot treatment course in a 7 year period, 83 reported taking Lithium and had a confirmed a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Outcomes of reductions in symptoms were large on all measures (effect sizes > 1.0 on all measures, percentage change between 32.4% and 40%), and lesson completion and satisfaction with the course were also high. MindSpot treatments appear to be effective in treating anxiety and depression in people diagnosed with bipolar, and suggest that iCBT has the potential to overcome the under-use of evidence based psychological treatments of people with bipolar depression.
Exiled in the present: The last Cyberman walks in Rettendon
Authors: Overill Ralph
Published: February 2023

The author introduces, presents and considers a recent experiment that saw him walk to the location of the 1995 Essex Range Rover murders while dressed as a character he has created, ‘the last Cyberman’. The article tracks the lineage of this imagined persona through a concise review of the author’s journey through fine art research study, before displaying the photographs and reflective text resulting from the walk. Upon analysing these, connections are made to the work of Francesca Woodman, Michael Landy and J. G. Ballard, as it becomes evident that this recent performative development in the author’s practice reveals previously tacit truths about his relationship to his home county and the displacement he feels in twenty-first-century life.
Examining cultural displacement within two graphic novels: A comparative analysis
Authors: Louka Margarita
Published: February 2023

This article analyses how two graphic novels convey the feeling of cultural displacement through their intentions, research methods and visual language. The two graphic novels discussed are Shaun Tan’s The Arrival and a student work by Margarita Louka, Foreign. This article will be accompanied by a discussion in the wider discourses surrounding migration, so that the graphic novels can be correctly contextualized. Even though the visual styles in The Arrival and Foreign are different, both use similar strategies such as defamiliarization, variation of atmosphere and a sympathetic main character to convey the feeling of cultural displacement.
Quijada Van Den Berghe, C. y Gómez Asencio, J. J. (Eds.). (2021). Los pretéritos perfectos simple y compuesto en español peninsular y en otras lenguas románicas. Arco Libros. ISBN: 978-84-7133-856-3
Authors: Soler Montes Carlos
Published: February 2023

No hay resumen
Ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella spp. isolated from the environment and the roles played by wild animals in their maintenance
Authors: Oludairo Oladapo Oyedeji , Kwaga Jacob K. P. , Kabir Junaid , Abdu Paul A. , Gitanjali Arya , Perrets Ann , Cibin Veronica , Lettini Antonia Anna , Aiyedun Julius O.
Published: February 2023

Salmonella is a ubiquitous organism of public health importance that causes diarrhea and other systemic disease syndromes. The ecology and epidemiology of the organism in addition to the roles played by wild animals are important in understanding its disease. Relevant published peer-reviewed literature was obtained after imputing the study's keywords into the Google search engine. The publications were thereafter saved for the study. The study revealed the ecology of Salmonella is directly related to its epidemiology. These were found to be either positively or negatively influenced by the living and non-living parts of the environment. Free-ranging and captive wild animals can serve as asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella, therefore, help to maintain the cycle of the disease since wildlife serves as reservoir hosts to over 70% of emerging zoonotic diseases. Cockroaches transmit Salmonella through their feces, and body parts and when ingested by birds and animals. The statistically significant over 83% of Salmonella isolation in lizards suggests the reptile could be a source of Salmonella distribution. Snakes, foxes, badgers, rodents, and raccoons have been reported to have Salmonella as a natural component of their gut with the ability to shed the organism often. The high occurrence (>45%) of diverse Salmonella serovars coupled with the fact that some of these animals were handled, kept as pets and consumed by man portends these animals as potential sources of transmission of the organism and the disease. The etiology and epidemiology of Salmonella are overtly affected by several environmental factors which also determine their survival and maintenance. The roles played by wild animals in the relationship, transmission, growth or interaction within and between Salmonella spp., the occurrence, prevalence, and distribution of the organism help maintain the organism in the environment. An understanding of the roles played by the different parts of the environment and wild animals in the ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella can help make informed decisions on the prevention and control of the diseases it causes. This review aimed to investigate the relationship between ecology, epidemiology, and environment, including the roles played by wild animals in the maintenance of the organism and its disease.
Methotrexate-Induced Apoptotic Colopathy in Crohn's Disease
Authors: Chittajallu Vibhu , Liu Wendy , Nguyen Vu
Published: February 2023

Apoptotic colopathy is a pattern of injury not frequently associated with Crohn's disease (CD) despite its association with medications used in CD management. We describe a patient with CD on methotrexate who underwent a diagnostic colonoscopy for abdominal pain and diarrhea, with biopsies demonstrating apoptotic colopathy. After methotrexate discontinuation, repeat colonoscopy demonstrated resolution of apoptotic colopathy in addition to diarrhea improvement.
Belgian family policy from a comparative perspective: does it support fertility and gender equity?
Authors: Rizzi Ester , Rees Alice
Published: February 2023

The aim of this article is to compare the Belgian family policy to policies in other countries within the so-called conservative welfare state regime group, namely, France, Germany and the Netherlands, and to the policy applied in one country that has adopted a social-democratic model, i.e., Sweden. Based on previous studies, we aim to identify strengths and weaknesses according to two criteria: efficacy in promoting fertility and promoting gender equity, the latter being understood as mothers’ involvement in the labour market and fathers’ involvement in care. We maintain that the Belgian family policy presents several features that have the potential to positively affect fertility. Such positive features mainly pertain to family allowances and birth premiums, together with enrolment rates for children under three years of age (albeit with worrisome, low public spending on childcare). However, other aspects of the Belgian policy are more critical for gender equity. Such aspects include the remuneration of parental leave and time credit, a lack of radical reforms to support fathers’ involvement, and regional disparities in several family policy measures. Counterintuitively, short durations for maternity leave and parental leave might also negatively affect gender equity.
Pet Animal Idiomatic Expressions in English and Kurdish: A Pragmatic Analysis
Authors: Ibrahim Elaf M. , Muhammad Himdad A.
Published: February 2023

Animal idioms are widespread in daily life; they have become inextricably linked to human existence and language. Additionally, they have acquired additional attributive and connotative meanings – which differ from one culture to another - in addition to their literal and lexical meanings. Animal idioms are not well-investigated, especially from a pragmatic point of view. These set expressions vary from one language to another as well. Hence, this paper examines pet animal idiomatic expressions from a pragmatic perspective. The paper adopts a qualitative method for the analysis of the samples. It focuses on the similarities and differences in both English and Kurdish languages in terms of three pragmatic concepts; cooperative principles, implicature, and politeness. Only three pet animals, namely bird, fish, and mouse have been selected to be studied and analyzed thoroughly. The samples of the study are collected from reliable English and Kurdish dictionaries and other resources. The findings show that some pet animal names have different frequencies in using, i.e., some are used more in English rather than in Kurdish, and vice versa. There are many contrasts rather than similarities in the meaning and utilizing of animal idioms in both languages. It was also found out that the pet animals violate all the maxims to get the idiomatic meaning; the most common type of implicature is the conversational one and most of the expressions are used negatively in terms of politeness.
Recovery from Psychological Trauma in American Post-Apocalypse Novels
Authors: Mohammed Araz A.
Published: February 2023

This research investigates two major American post-apocalypse novels which are Cormac McCarthy The Road (2006) and Jeanne DuPrau The City of Ember (2003). In order for the study to go beyond a mere representation of characterizations or motives, the research integrates Judith Herman’s psychoanalytic theories into the various layers of both texts. First, employing Herman’s theoretical framework of hyperarousal, intrusion, and constriction, which are three symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, the study argues that the main purpose of The Road is the manifestation of parental love, but the main purpose of The City of Ember is survival. Second, the paper draws on Herman’s critical notions of safety, remembrance, mourning and reconnection to represent the possibility of achieving recovery in a post-apocalyptic world. Even though the nameless boy in The Road is exposed to an ashen, senseless world and the father asserts that everything has died, the son is shown as the hero of his father’s stories. Symbolically, the son is associated with light and as the source of his father’s power. Likewise, Lina and Doon’s collaboration in The City of Ember signifies that there is value to human life and friendship when an entire population are about to descend into total inferno. The study argues that even though both novels share some basic similar themes such as recovery from traumatic experiences, their approaches differ concerning the orchestration of language, symbols, settings, narrative voices and conflicts.
A Paradigmatic Lexical Relation Study of Analysing Entailment in Identity and Inclusion Relations
Authors: Taher Marewan D. , Salih Salah M.
Published: February 2023

While paradigmatic lexical/sense relations are traditionally used to analyse the relations between lexical items, the present article adopts a descriptive qualitative method, based on Cruse’s (2000) classification of lexical/sense relations, to find the identity and inclusion relations of two lexical items in two different texts by using the logical entailment relation. The article aims at finding out whether or not lexical items can be substituted by another without changing their meaning; the meaning of one lexical item is included in the meaning of the other; and the validity of these relations in one context can be tested as entailment relations. The study concludes that entailment has a context-bound relation with regard to identity and inclusion relations. Entailment occurs freely with propositional synonymy. Although the two lexical items in near synonymy are close in meanings or related, entailment relation cannot be attained. Entailment in hyponymy is a unilateral relation. i.e., the meaning of one hyponym entails the meaning of the superordinate, but the meaning of the superordinate does not entail the meaning of each hyponym. Entailment in meronymy relation stands if the relation is between patronym to holonym, i.e., the entailment relation does not stand under holonym to partonym.
Poland in the EU Development Policy: Active Participant or Passive Donor?
Authors: Szynol Monika
Published: February 2023

Accession to the European Union (EU) significantly impacted the structure and volume of Poland’s Official Development Assistance (ODA). Since 2004, most of the Polish aid has been distributed through multilateral channels (annually 73% on average), with the dominant position among them of the EU (annually 90% of multilateral ODA and at the same time 66% of total ODA). The EU remains the main administrator of Polish aid resources. Therefore, the main aim of this article is to define the contribution (both in political and financial terms) that Poland makes to the European Union’s development policy. It is no less important to verify the state’s activity level in shaping this policy, which is related to promoting foreign policy interests (long-term and short-term) in the EU forum.
„Konferencja w sprawie przyszłości Europy” wobec zmian polityki równościowej i antydyskryminacyjnej
Authors: Burgoński Piotr
Published: February 2023

Konferencja w sprawie przyszłości Europy (KwsPE) trwała od wiosny 2021 r. do wiosny 2022 r. Stanowiła wspólne przedsięwzięcie Parlamentu Europejskiego, Rady UE, Komisji Europejskiej i państw członkowskich, na które złożyło się wiele debat i dyskusji z udziałem obywateli UE na temat wyzwań, priorytetów i przyszłości Europy. Uczestnicy KwsPE sformułowali dwie propozycje zmian w zakresie polityki równościowej i antydyskryminacyjnej UE. Pierwsza z nich przewiduje wypłacanie dotacji lub udzielanie ulg podatkowych przedsiębiorcom, którzy zatrudnią ustalony przez UE odsetek (kwoty) kobiet, osób młodych, starszych i pochodzących z mniejszości przez określony minimalny okres. Zgodnie z drugą propozycją UE miałaby zobowiązać przedsiębiorstwa (w zależności od liczby pracowników) do tworzenia w nich przedszkoli i placów zabaw oraz udzielać przedsiębiorstwom dotacji na tworzenie przedszkoli przystępnych cenowo. Celem niniejszego artykułu było określenie, czy propozycje uczestników KwsPE potwierdzają, czy też wyznaczają nowy kierunek polityki równościowej i antydyskryminacyjnej UE. Badania, które przeprowadzono metodą jakościowej analizy zawartości ograniczyły się do wymiaru ideacyjnego wspomnianej polityki. Analizy miały charakter kontekstualny, gdzie kontekstem była dotychczasowa polityka równościowa i antydyskryminacyjna UE oraz modele polityki zatrudnienia, rynku pracy i społecznej. Przeprowadzone analizy pozwoliły stwierdzić, że ewentualne przyjęcie propozycji KwsPE nie przyczyniłoby się do zasadniczych zmian, a jedynie mogłyby wzmacniać istniejące już tendencje i rozwiązania w obecnej polityce równościowej i antydyskryminacyjnej UE.
Koniec z Françafrique? Polityka Emmanuela Macrona wobec państw afrykańskich
Authors: Ciesielska-Klikowska Joanna , Mądry Bartosz
Published: February 2023

Francja przez stulecia była obecna na kontynencie afrykańskim, gdzie za sprawą polityki kolonialnej budowała swoje imperium. W czasie rządów kolonialnych Afryka postrzegana była przez Francję bardziej jako przedmiot niż podmiot polityki zagranicznej. Ogromną zmianę przyniosły wydarzenia połowy XX w., który okazał się czasem powstania współczesnych, niepodległych państw afrykańskich. Zachodzące wówczas procesy polityczne na świecie wymusiły na, najpierw IV, a następnie V Republice zmianę percepcji dawnych posiadłości, tworząc układ z założenia partnerski, choć niedoskonały. Dzisiaj, za sprawą największych wpływów spośród państw Unii Europejskiej w Afryce, Francję uznać można za nieformalnego przedstawiciela UE na tym kontynencie i łącznika we wzajemnych stosunkach. Stąd pozycja Paryża ma dla pozostałych państw Europy istotne znaczenie. Dekolonizacja otworzyła jednak drzwi dla nowych, pozaunijnych graczy w tym regionie, w tym Rosji.

Celem artykułu jest próba dokonania bilansu dotychczasowego okresu prezydentury Emmanuela Macrona w kontekście jego polityki wobec Afryki. W pracy skupiono się na analizie dokonań francuskiego przywódcy w odniesieniu do kreowania politycznych, społecznych i militarnych stosunków w regionie Afryki Subsaharyjskiej (operacja „Serval” i „Barkhane”). Ze względu na aktualne wydarzenia w Ukrainie zaprezentowano ponadto problem rywalizacji o wpływy w Afryce między Francją i Rosją.
Cerebral blood flow pulsatility and cerebral artery stiffness acutely decrease during hemodialysis
Authors: Paré Mathilde , Obeid Hasan , Labrecque Lawrence , Drapeau Audrey , Brassard Patrice , Agharazii Mohsen
Published: February 2023

End‐stage kidney disease (ESKD) is associated with increased arterial stiffness and cognitive impairment. Cognitive decline is accelerated in ESKD patients on hemodialysis and may result from repeatedly inappropriate cerebral blood flow (CBF). The aim of this study was to examine the acute effect of hemodialysis on pulsatile components of CBF and their relation to acute changes in arterial stiffness. In eight participants (age: 63 ± 18 years, men: 5), CBF was estimated using middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) assessed with transcranial Doppler ultrasound before, during, and after a single hemodialysis session. Brachial and central blood pressure, along with estimated aortic stiffness (eAoPWV) were measured using an oscillometric device. Arterial stiffness from heart to MCA was measured as the pulse arrival time (PAT) between electrocardiogram (ECG) and transcranial Doppler ultrasound waveforms (cerebral PAT). During hemodialysis, there was a significant reduction in mean MCAv (−3.2 cm/s, p < 0.001), and systolic MCAv (−13.0 cm/s, p < 0.001). While baseline eAoPWV (9.25 ± 0.80 m/s) did not significantly change during hemodialysis, cerebral PAT increased significantly (+0.027 , p < 0.001) and was associated with reduced pulsatile components of MCAv. This study shows that hemodialysis acutely reduces stiffness of arteries perfusing the brain along with pulsatile components of blood velocity.
The influence of exercise volume and posture on exercise‐induced plasma volume expansion
Authors: Nelson W. Bradley , Walker James M. , Hansen Crystelle , Foote Kristopher M. , Bexfield Nathan A. , Mack Gary W.
Published: February 2023

Acute high‐intensity interval exercise is known to expand plasma volume 24 h after exercise. Upright exercise posture plays a role in expanding plasma volume by influencing lymphatic outflow and redistributing albumin while supine exercise does not. We examined if further upright and weight‐bearing exercises could further promote plasma volume expansion. We also tested the volume of intervals needed to induce plasma volume expansion. To test the first hypothesis, 10 subjects performed intermittent high‐intensity exercise (4 min at 85% V̇O2max, 5 min at 40% V̇O2max repeated 8 times) on separate days on the treadmill and cycle ergometer. For the second study, 10 subjects performed four, six, and eight intervals of the same interval protocol on separate days. Changes in plasma volume were calculated from changes in hematocrit and hemoglobin. Transthoracic impedance (Z0) and plasma albumin were assessed while seated before and postexercise. Plasma volume increased 7.3% ± 4.4% and 6.3% ± 3.5% following treadmill and cycle ergometer exercise, respectively. For four, six, and eight intervals, plasma volume increased by 6.6% ± 4.0%, 4.7% ± 2.6%, and 4.2% ± 5.6%, respectively. The increases in plasma volume were similar for both exercise modes and all three exercise volumes. There were no differences in Z0 or plasma albumin content between trials. In conclusion, rapid plasma volume expansion following eight bouts of high‐intensity intervals appears to be independent of upright exercise posture (treadmill versus cycle ergometer). Meanwhile, plasma volume expansion was similar after four, six, and eight intervals of cycle ergometry.
Management of two circulations in a COVID‐19 patient with secondary superinfection
Authors: Stadlen Rachael , Singhal Arun K. , Reed Robert M. , Hasday Jeffrey D. , Bates Melissa L. , Schmidt Gregory A. , Eberlein Michael
Published: February 2023

Optimal oxygenation in the intensive care unit requires adequate pulmonary gas exchange, oxygen‐carrying capacity in the form of hemoglobin, sufficient delivery of oxygenated hemoglobin to the tissue, and an appropriate tissue oxygen demand. In this Case Study in Physiology, we describe a patient with COVID‐19 whose pulmonary gas exchange and oxygen delivery were severely compromised by COVID‐19 pneumonia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. His clinical course was complicated by a secondary superinfection with staphylococcus aureus and sepsis. This case study is provided with two goals in mind (1) We outline how basic physiology was used to address life‐threatening consequences of a novel infection—COVID‐19. (2) We describe a strategy of whole‐body cooling to lower the cardiac output and oxygen consumption, use of the shunt equation to optimize flow to the ECMO circuit, and transfusion to improve oxygen‐carrying capacity when ECMO alone failed to provide sufficient oxygenation.