bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementing a reading-to-learn programme in EFL bilingual teaching
Authors: Kartika-Ningsih Harni
Published: August 2023

This article draws on a study that investigated an implementation of reading-to-learn pedagogy (R2L) on EFL students’ writing. The study involved a group of Year 8 students from an Indonesian public school who were taught English using R2L strategies that had been specifically developed for EFL classrooms, where both L1 and L2 are used as the instructional language. Classroom observations, student writing, and interviews were collected as the data. The texts produced by the students before and after the programme were examined qualitatively using a functional linguistic model. The study found that fine-tuning R2L by systematizing the use of L1 and L2 in the classroom interactions can assist in improving student writing. Students wrote longer texts, used high-level vocabulary, and had a better mastery of English grammar as shown by their use of more complex grammatical structures. Other pedagogic gains from the programme are also discussed.
Following the Principles of the Universe: Lessons from Plants on Individual and Communal Thriving
Authors: Montgomery Beronda L
Published: August 2023

Synopsis

The means by which plants and other organisms exist in and respond to dynamic environments to support their thriving as individuals and in communities provide lessons for humans on sustainable and resilient thriving. First examined in my book, Lessons from Plants (Harvard University Press, 2021), I explore herein the following question: “How can plants teach us to be better humans?” I consider how insights gathered from plant physiology, phenotypic plasticity, and other plant growth phenomena can help us improve our lives and our society, with a focus on highlighting academic and scientific environments. Genetically identical plants can have very different appearances, metabolisms, and behaviors if the external environments in which they are growing differ in light or nutrient availability, among other environmental differences. Plants are even capable of transformative behaviors that enable them to maximize their chances of survival in dynamic and sometimes unfriendly environments, while also transforming the environment in which they exist in the process. Highlighting examples from research on, for instance, plants’ responses to light and nutrient cues, I focus on insights for humans derived from lessons from plants. These lessons focus on how plants achieve their own purposes by following common principles of the universe on thriving and resilience as individuals and in communities.
A new approach to the joint order batching and picker routing problem with alternative locations
Authors: Hedayati Sajjad , Setak Mostafa , Demir Emrah , Van Woensel Tom
Published: August 2023

Accepted by: M. Zied Babai

The clustered and generalized vehicle routing problem (CGVRP) extends the well-known vehicle routing problem by grouping the demand points into multiple distinct zones, and within each zone, further separation is made by forming clusters. The objective of the CGVRP is to determine the optimal routes for a fleet of vehicles dispatched from a depot, visiting all zones within each cluster. This requires making two simultaneous optimization decisions. Firstly, each zone must be visited by exactly one node, and secondly, all zones within a cluster must be visited by the same vehicle. In this paper, we introduce two mixed-integer linear programming formulations for the CGVRP, aimed at solving a joint order batching and picker routing problem with alternative locations in a warehouse environment featuring mixed-shelves configuration. Both formulations are tested on three scenarios of randomly generated small- and medium-sized instances. Additionally, we propose a general rule approach for calculating a cost matrix in a rectangular environment. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed mathematical formulations in efficiently solving problems with up to 180 nodes.
Mortality in KPC-producingKlebsiella pneumoniaebloodstream infections: a changing landscape
Authors: Giacobbe Daniele Roberto , Marelli Cristina , Cattardico Greta , Fanelli Chiara , Signori Alessio , Di Meco Gabriele , Di Pilato Vincenzo , Mikulska Malgorzata , Mazzitelli Maria , Cattelan Anna Maria , Pallotto Carlo , Francisci Daniela , Calabresi Alessandra , Lombardi Andrea , Gori Andrea , Del Bono Valerio , Aldieri Chiara , Losito Angela Raffaella , Raffaelli Francesca , Cortegiani Andrea , Milazzo Marta , Del Puente Filippo , Pontali Emanuele , De Rosa Francesco Giuseppe , Corcione Silvia , Mularoni Alessandra , Russelli Giovanna , Giacomini Mauro , Badalucco Ciotta Flavia , Oltolini Chiara , Serino Francesco Saverio , Momesso Elena , Spinicci Michele , Graziani Lucia , Torti Carlo , Trecarichi Enrico Maria , Merli Marco , D’Amico Federico , Marchese Anna , Vena Antonio , Bassetti Matteo
Published: August 2023

Objectives

To assess the impact of carbapenem resistance on mortality in Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection (BSI) in the era of novel β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations.

Material and methods

Retrospective study of patients with K. pneumoniae BSI between January and August 2020 in 16 centres (CARBANEW study within the MULTI-SITA project).

Results

Overall, 426 patients were included: 107/426 (25%) had carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CR-Kp) BSI and 319/426 (75%) had carbapenem-susceptible K. pneumoniae (CS-Kp) BSI. Crude cumulative 30 day mortality was 33.8% and 20.7% in patients with, respectively, CR-Kp BSI and CS-Kp BSI (P = 0.027). Carbapenemase production or carbapenemase-encoding genes were detected in 84/98 tested CR-Kp isolates (85.7%), mainly KPC (78/84; 92.9%). Ceftazidime/avibactam was the most frequently used appropriate therapy for CR-Kp BSI (80/107; 74.7%). In multivariable analyses, variables showing an unfavourable association with mortality after correction for multiple testing were age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (HR 1.20; 95% CI 1.10–1.31, P < 0.001) and Pitt score (HR 1.33; 95% CI 1.15–1.55, P < 0.001), but not carbapenem resistance (HR 1.28, 95% CI 0.74–2.22, P = 0.410). In a propensity score-matched analysis, there was no difference in mortality between patients appropriately treated with ceftazidime/avibactam for CR-Kp BSI and patients appropriately treated with other agents (mainly meropenem monotherapy or piperacillin/tazobactam monotherapy) for CS-Kp BSI (HR 1.07; 95% CI 0.50–2.29, P = 0.866).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the increased mortality in CR-Kp BSI compared with CS-Kp BSI is not (or no longer) dependent on the type of therapy in areas where ceftazidime/avibactam-susceptible KPC-producing isolates are the most prevalent type of CR-Kp.
A new hope for early T cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy based on STAT5+ leukemic stem cell targeting
Authors: Pelayo Rosana
Published: August 2023

Leukemia stem cells are known to drive tumor progression, drug resistance, microenvironmental shift, and relapse, which would make them a perfect therapeutic target. However, their phenotypic and functional similarity to their normal counterparts leaves limited road maps for their selective elimination. Tremblay et al. recently unraveled the fundamental role of overactivated pSTAT5 as a functional marker of early T cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia stem cells driving leukemic progression and highlighted its potential use as a therapeutic target to prevent fatal outcomes.
Response to the multi-country monkeypox outbreak: a view from Africa
Authors: Tomori Oyewale , Blumberg Lucille
Published: August 2023

Human monkeypox was first reported in Africa in 1970. However, the disease has only entered notoriety since the current public health emergency of international concern in Europe and the Americas in 2022. At present there is significant inequality in access to diagnostics, vaccinations and therapeutics, due to which African nations are being completely left behind.
Modulation of potassium transport to increase abiotic stress tolerance in plants
Authors: Mulet Jose M , Porcel Rosa , Yenush Lynne
Published: August 2023

Potassium is the major cation responsible for the maintenance of the ionic environment in plant cells. Stable potassium homeostasis is indispensable for virtually all cellular functions, and, concomitantly, viability. Plants must cope with environmental changes such as salt or drought that can alter ionic homeostasis. Potassium fluxes are required to regulate the essential process of transpiration, so a constraint on potassium transport may also affect the plant’s response to heat, cold, or oxidative stress. Sequencing data and functional analyses have defined the potassium channels and transporters present in the genomes of different species, so we know most of the proteins directly participating in potassium homeostasis. The still unanswered questions are how these proteins are regulated and the nature of potential cross-talk with other signaling pathways controlling growth, development, and stress responses. As we gain knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of potassium homeostasis in plants, we can take advantage of this information to increase the efficiency of potassium transport and generate plants with enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress through genetic engineering or new breeding techniques. Here, we review current knowledge of how modifying genes related to potassium homeostasis in plants affect abiotic stress tolerance at the whole plant level.
Association of bisphosphonate with bone loss and pain-related behaviour in an adjuvant-induced osteoporosis model
Authors: Mayumi Norihiro , Wakabayashi Hiroki , Miyamura Gaku , Sudo Akihiro
Published: August 2023

Objectives

Osteoporosis animal models are used extensively to determine the mechanisms of disease pathology and identify potential biological targets. The study aimed to establish a bone loss model, identify pain-related behaviour in neighbouring joints using an adjuvant-induced osteoporosis model, and examine the therapeutic effect of bisphosphonates.

Methods

Complete Freund’s adjuvant was injected subcutaneously into the back of the right foot of 8-week-old female ddY mice. Subsequently, pain, arthritis, and bone density in the right knee were monitored over time.

Results

Pain evaluation using von Frey filaments showed a significantly exacerbated knee pain threshold compared to the control group (saline administration) at 7- and 14-day intervals after complete Freund’s adjuvant administration, and bone density during the same period also significantly declined. The adjuvant-induced osteoporosis model was created similarly; alendronate 40 μg/kg was subcutaneously injected twice and vehicle once from 7 to 14 days after onset. In the alendronate administration group on the 14th day, significant improvements in bone density, arthritis, and pain threshold around the knee were observed compared to the untreated group.

Conclusions

Alendronate may contribute to pain improvement through the simultaneous effects of bone mass improvement and suppression of osteoporotic pain.
Plasma membrane aquaporins regulate root hydraulic conductivity in the model plant Setaria viridis
Authors: Gal Atara , Dalal Ahan , Anfang Moran , Sharma Davinder , Binenbaum Jenia , Muchaki Purity , Kumar Rakesh , Egbaria Aiman , Duarte Karoline Estefani , Kelly Gilor , de Souza Wagner Rodrigo , Sade Nir
Published: August 2023

The high rate of productivity observed in panicoid crops is in part due to their extensive root system. Recently, green foxtail (Setaria viridis) has emerged as a genetic model system for panicoid grasses. Natural accessions of S. viridis originating from different parts of the world, with differential leaf physiological behavior, have been identified. This work focused on understanding the physiological and molecular mechanisms controlling root hydraulic conductivity and root-to-shoot gas exchange signaling in S. viridis. We identified 2 accessions, SHA and ZHA, with contrasting behavior at the leaf, root, and whole-plant levels. Our results indicated a role for root aquaporin (AQP) plasma membrane (PM) intrinsic proteins in the differential behavior of SHA and ZHA. Moreover, a different root hydraulic response to low levels of abscisic acid between SHA and ZHA was observed, which was associated with root AQPs. Using cell imaging, biochemical, and reverse genetic approaches, we identified PM intrinsic protein 1;6 (PIP1;6) as a possible PIP1 candidate that regulates radial root hydraulics and root-to-shoot signaling of gas exchange in S. viridis. In heterologous systems, PIP1;6 localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, and upon interaction with PIP2s, relocalization to the PM was observed. PIP1;6 was predominantly expressed at the root endodermis. Generation of knockout PIP1;6 plants (KO-PIP1;6) in S. viridis showed altered root hydraulic conductivity, altered gas exchange, and alteration of root transcriptional patterns. Our results indicate that PIPs are essential in regulating whole-plant water homeostasis in S. viridis. We conclude that root hydraulic conductivity and gas exchange are positively associated and are regulated by AQPs.
Comparison of Joint Mobilization and Movement Pattern Training for Patients With Hip-Related Groin Pain: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Harris-Hayes Marcie , Zorn Patricia , Steger-May Karen , Burgess Megan M , DeMargel Rebecca D , Kuebler Suzanne , Clohisy John , Haroutounian Simon
Published: August 2023

Objective

The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of completing a randomized clinical trial (RCT) and examine the preliminary effects of 2 interventions for hip-related groin pain (HRGP).

Methods

In this pilot RCT, patients with HRGP, who were 18 to 40 years old, were randomized (1:1 ratio) to a joint mobilization (JtMob) group or a movement pattern training (MoveTrain) group. Both treatments included 10 supervised sessions and a home exercise program. The goal of JtMob was to reduce pain and improve mobility through peripherally and centrally mediated pain mechanisms. The key element was physical therapist-provided JtMob. The goal of MoveTrain was to reduce hip joint stresses by optimizing the biomechanics of patient-specific tasks. The key element was task-specific instruction to correct abnormal movement patterns displayed during tasks. Primary outcomes were related to future trial feasibility. The primary effectiveness outcome was the Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score. Examiners were blinded to group; patients and treatment providers were not. Data collected at baseline and immediately after treatment were analyzed with analysis of covariance using a generalized linear model in which change was the dependent variable and baseline was the covariate. The study was modified due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Results

The COVID-19 pandemic affected participation; 127 patients were screened, 33 were randomized (18 to the JtMob group and 15 to the MoveTrain group), and 29 (88%) provided posttreatment data. Treatment session adherence was 85%, and home exercise program component adherence ranged from 71 to 86%. Both groups demonstrated significant mean within-group improvements of ≥5 points on Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score scales. There were no between-group differences in effectiveness outcomes.

Conclusions

A large RCT to assess the effects of JtMob and MoveTrain for patients with HRGP may be feasible. Preliminary findings suggested that JtMob or MoveTrain may result in improvements in patient-reported pain and activity limitations.

Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic interfered with participation, but a randomized controlled trial may be feasible. Modification may be needed if the trial is completed during future pandemics.
Reliability, Measurement Error, Responsiveness, and Minimal Important Change of the Patient-Specific Functional Scale 2.0 for Patients With Nonspecific Neck Pain
Authors: Thoomes Erik , Cleland Joshua A , Falla Deborah , Bier Jasper , de Graaf Marloes
Published: August 2023

Objective

The Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) is a patient-reported outcome measure used to assess functional limitations. Recently, the PSFS 2.0 was proposed; this instrument includes an inverse numeric rating scale and an additional list of activities that patients can choose. The aim of this study was to assess the test–retest reliability, measurement error, responsiveness, and minimal important change of the PSFS 2.0 when used by patients with nonspecific neck pain.

Methods

Patients with nonspecific neck pain completed a numeric rating scale, the PSFS 2.0, and the Neck Disability Index at baseline and again after 12 weeks. The Global Perceived Effect (GPE) was also collected at 12 weeks and used as an anchor. Test–retest measurement was assessed by completion of a second PSFS 2.0 after 1 week. Measurement error was calculated using a Bland–Altman plot. The receiver operating characteristic method with the anchor (GPE) functions as the reference standard was used for calculating the minimal important change.

Results

One hundred patients were included, with 5 lost at follow-up. No floor and ceiling effects were reported. In the test–retest analysis, the mean difference was 0.15 (4.70 at first test and 4.50 at second test). The ICC (mixed models) was 0.95, indicating high agreement (95% CI = 0.92–0.97). For measurement error, the upper and lower limits of agreement were 0.95 and −1.25 points, respectively, with a smallest detectable change of 1.10. The minimal important change was determined to be 2.67 points. The PSFS 2.0 showed satisfactory responsiveness, with an area under the curve of 0.82 (95% CI = 0.70–0.93). There were substantial to high correlations between the change scores of the PSFS 2.0 and the Neck Disability Index and GPE (0.60 and 0.52, respectively; P < .001).

Conclusion

The PSFS 2.0 is a reliable and responsive patient-reported outcome measure for use by patients with neck pain.
Associating Multimodal Neuroimaging Abnormalities With the Transcriptome and Neurotransmitter Signatures in Schizophrenia
Authors: Luo Yuling , Dong Debo , Huang Huan , Zhou Jingyu , Zuo Xiaojun , Hu Jian , He Hui , Jiang Sisi , Duan Mingjun , Yao Dezhong , Luo Cheng
Published: August 2023

Background and Hypothesis

Schizophrenia is a multidimensional disease. This study proposes a new research framework that combines multimodal meta-analysis and genetic/molecular architecture to solve the consistency in neuroimaging biomarkers of schizophrenia and whether these link to molecular genetics.

Study Design

We systematically searched Web of Science, PubMed, and BrainMap for the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) or fractional ALFF, regional homogeneity, regional cerebral blood flow, and voxel-based morphometry analysis studies investigating schizophrenia. The pooled-modality, single-modality, and illness duration-dependent meta-analyses were performed using the activation likelihood estimation algorithm. Subsequently, Spearman correlation and partial least squares regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between identified reliable convergent patterns of multimodality and neurotransmitter/transcriptome, using prior molecular imaging and brain-wide gene expression.

Study Results

In total, 203 experiments comprising 10 613 patients and 10 461 healthy controls were included. Multimodal meta-analysis showed that brain regions of significant convergence in schizophrenia were mainly distributed in the frontotemporal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, thalamus, striatum, and hippocampus. Interestingly, the analyses of illness-duration subgroups identified aberrant functional and structural evolutionary patterns: Lines from the striatum to the cortical core networks to extensive cortical and subcortical regions. Subsequently, we found that these robust multimodal neuroimaging abnormalities were associated with multiple neurobiological abnormalities, such as dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic systems.

Conclusions

This work links transcriptome/neurotransmitters with reliable structural and functional signatures of brain abnormalities underlying disease effects in schizophrenia, which provides novel insight into the understanding of schizophrenia pathophysiology and targeted treatments.
Longitudinal MicroRNA Signature of Conversion to Psychosis
Authors: Iftimovici Anton , He Qin , Jiao Chuan , Duchesnay Edouard , Krebs Marie-Odile , Kebir Oussama , Chaumette Boris
Published: August 2023

Background and Hypothesis

The emergence of psychosis in ultra-high-risk subjects (UHR) is influenced by gene-environment interactions that rely on epigenetic mechanisms such as microRNAs. However, whether they can be relevant pathophysiological biomarkers of psychosis’ onset remains unknown.

Study Design

We present a longitudinal study of microRNA expression, measured in plasma by high-throughput sequencing at baseline and follow-up, in a prospective cohort of 81 UHR, 35 of whom developed psychosis at follow-up (converters). We combined supervised machine learning and differential graph analysis to assess the relative weighted contribution of each microRNA variation to the difference in outcome and identify outcome-specific networks. We then applied univariate models to the resulting microRNA variations common to both strategies, to interpret them as a function of demographic and clinical covariates.

Study Results

We identified 207 microRNA variations that significantly contributed to the classification. The differential network analysis found 276 network-specific correlations of microRNA variations. The combination of both strategies identified 25 microRNAs, whose gene targets were overrepresented in cognition and schizophrenia genome-wide association studies findings. Interpretable univariate models further supported the relevance of miR-150-5p and miR-3191-5p variations in psychosis onset, independent of age, sex, cannabis use, and medication.

Conclusions

In this first longitudinal study of microRNA variation during conversion to psychosis, we combined 2 methodologically independent data-driven strategies to identify a dynamic epigenetic signature of the emergence of psychosis that is pathophysiologically relevant.
Medical and Psychiatric Care Preceding the First Psychotic Disorder Diagnosis
Authors: Benson Nicole M , Yang Zhiyou , Fung Vicki , Normand Sharon-Lise , Keshavan Matcheri S , Öngür Dost , Hsu John
Published: August 2023

Background

Individuals with psychotic symptoms experience substantial morbidity and have shortened life expectancies; early treatment may mitigate the worst effects. Understanding care preceding a first psychotic disorder diagnosis is critical to inform early detection and intervention.

Study Design

In this observational cohort study using comprehensive information from the Massachusetts All-Payer Claims Database, we identified the first psychotic disorder diagnosis in 2016, excluding those with historical psychotic disorder diagnoses in the prior 48 months among those continuous enrollment data. We reviewed visits, medications, and hospitalizations 2012–2016. We used logistic regression to examine characteristics associated with pre-diagnosis antipsychotic use.

Study Results

There were 2505 individuals aged 15–35 years (146 per 100 000 similarly aged individuals in the database) with a new psychotic disorder diagnosis in 2016. Most (97%) had at least one outpatient visit in the preceding 48 months; 89% had a prior mental health diagnosis unrelated to psychosis (eg, anxiety [60%], depression [60%]). Many received psychotropic medications (77%), including antipsychotic medications (46%), and 68% had a visit for injury or trauma during the preceding 48 months. Characteristics associated with filling an antipsychotic medication before the psychotic disorder diagnosis included male sex and Medicaid insurance at psychosis diagnosis.

Conclusions

In this insured population of Massachusetts residents with a new psychotic disorder diagnosis, nearly all had some healthcare utilization, visits for injury or trauma were common, and nearly half filled an antipsychotic medication in the preceding 48 months. These patterns of care could represent either pre-disease signals, delays, or both in receiving a formal diagnosis.
Methodological Characteristics and Feasibility of Ecological Momentary Assessment Studies in Psychosis: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Bell Imogen H , Eisner Emily , Allan Stephanie , Cartner Sharla , Torous John , Bucci Sandra , Thomas Neil
Published: August 2023

Background

Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) involves completing multiple surveys over time in daily life, capturing in-the-moment experiences in real-world contexts. EMA use in psychosis studies has surged over several decades. To critically examine EMA use in psychosis research and assist future researchers in designing new EMA studies, this systematic review aimed to summarize the methodological approaches used for positive symptoms in psychosis populations and evaluate feasibility with a focus on completion rates.

Methods

A systematic review of PubMed, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and Embase databases using search terms related to EMA and psychosis was conducted. Excluding duplicate samples, a meta-analysis was conducted of EMA survey completion rates and meta-regression to examine predictors of completion.

Results

Sixty-eight studies were included in the review. Characteristics and reporting of EMA methodologies were variable across studies. The meta-mean EMA survey completion computed from the 39 unique studies that reported a mean completion rate was 67.15% (95% CI = 62.3, 71.9), with an average of 86.25% of the sample meeting a one-third EMA completion criterion. No significant predictors of completion were found in the meta-regression. A variety of EMA items were used to measure psychotic experiences, of which few were validated.

Conclusions

EMA methods have been widely applied in psychosis studies using a range of protocols. Completion rates are high, providing clear evidence of feasibility in psychosis populations. Recommendations for reporting in future studies are provided.
Making space for CRISPR: scientists’ translation work to make gene editing a legitimate technology
Authors: Svingen Marit , Jahren Lisbeth
Published: August 2023

This paper focuses on scientists working with CRISPR in Norway, where genetic modification is thought to be a particularly stigmatized technology with strict regulation and a strong consumer skepticism. Drawing on actor–network theory, we investigate the translation work these scientists perform to mobilize CRISPR as a more legitimate technology and how they relate to society’s perception of GMO. We find that the scientists make co-productions of CRISPR as a ‘more controllable’ and ‘socially useful’ technology and show how they attempt to mobilize industry, farmers, media, politicians, and youth by (1) distinguishing CRISPR from GMO, (2) assuring the consumers of CRISPR’s safety, and (3) creating trust through openness about the risks. We conclude that the scientists’ efforts are twofold; they work on solving societal challenges, as well as making continuous efforts to manage their relationship to society. An important part of this work was seen as providing knowledge and creating ‘new understandings’ about CRISPR; however, if research should take place in conversation with society’s views and opinions, we suggest that the scientists should enter into a two-way dialog with the consumers about these definitions.
Distrust in grant peer review—reasons and remedies
Authors: Langfeldt Liv , Reymert Ingvild , Svartefoss Silje Marie
Published: August 2023

With the increasing reliance on competitive grants to fund research, we see a review system under pressure. While peer review has long been perceived as the cornerstone of self-governance in science, researchers have expressed distrust in the peer review procedures of funding agencies. This paper draws on literature pointing out ability, benevolence, and integrity as important for trustworthiness and explores the conditions under which researchers have confidence in grant review. Based on rich survey material, we find that researchers trust grant reviewers far less than they trust journal peer reviewers or their colleagues’ ability to assess their research. Yet, scholars who have success with grant proposals or serve on grant review panels appear to have more trust in grant reviewers. We conclude that transparency and reviewers with field competencies are crucial for trust in grant review and discuss how this can be ensured.
Is There Job Polarization in Developing Economies? A Review and Outlook
Authors: Martins-Neto Antonio , Mathew Nanditha , Mohnen Pierre , Treibich Tania
Published: August 2023

In this paper we analyze the evidence of job polarization—the relative decline of mid-wage jobs—in developing and emerging economies. We carry out an extensive literature review, revealing that job polarization in these countries is only incipient compared to advanced economies. We then examine the possible moderating aspects explaining this lack of job polarization. We distinguish three groups of explanations: Limited technology adoption; structural change; and changes in the global value chains. Finally, we suggest new microeconomic data and empirical analyses that should be developed in order to guide evidence-based policy-making addressing those issues in developing and emerging economies.
Lack of Musashi‐2 induces type IIa fiber‐dominated muscle atrophy
Authors: Furuichi Yasuro , Furutani Ayana , Tamura Kotaro , Manabe Yasuko , Fujii Nobuharu L.
Published: August 2023

Skeletal muscle is a highly plastic tissue, adapting its structure and metabolism in response to diverse conditions such as contractile activity, nutrients, and diseases. Finding a novel master regulator of muscle mass and quality will provide new therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of muscle weakness. Musashi is an RNA‐binding protein that dynamically regulates protein expression; it was originally discovered as a cell fate determination factor in neural cells. Here, we report that Musashi‐2 (Msi2) is dominantly expressed in slow‐type muscle fibers, fibers characterized by high metabolism and endurance. Msi2 knockout (KO) mice exhibited a decrease in both soleus myofiber size and number compared to control mice. Biochemical and histological analyses revealed that type IIa fibers, which are of the fast type but have high metabolic capacity, were decreased in Msi2 KO mice. The contraction force of isolated soleus muscle was lower in KO mice, and the expression of the metabolic proteins, cytochrome c oxidase and myoglobin, was also decreased in KO muscle. Our data demonstrate the critical role of Msi2 in the maintenance of normal fiber‐type composition and metabolism.
Probing bundle-wise abnormalities in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus using fixel-based analysis: new insights into neurocognitive impairments
Authors: Zhao Jing , Jing Bin , Liu Jiaojiao , Chen Feng , Wu Ye , Li Hongjun
Published: August 2023

Background:

Changes in white matter (WM) underlie the neurocognitive damages induced by a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This study aimed to examine using a bundle-associated fixel-based analysis (FBA) pipeline for investigating the microstructural and macrostructural alterations in the WM of the brain of HIV patients.

Methods:

This study collected 93 HIV infected patients and 45 age/education/handedness matched healthy controls (HCs) at the Beijing Youan Hospital between January 1, 2016 and December 30, 2016.All HIV patients underwent neurocognitive evaluation and laboratory testing followed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning. In order to detect the bundle-wise WM abnormalities accurately, a specific WM bundle template with 56 tracts of interest was firstly generated by an automated fiber clustering method using a subset of subjects. Fixel-based analysis was used to investigate bundle-wise differences between HIV patients and HCs in three perspectives: fiber density (FD), fiber cross-section (FC), and fiber density and cross-section (FDC). The between-group differences were detected by a two-sample t-test with the false discovery rate (FDR) correction (P <0.05). Furthermore, the covarying relationship in FD, FC and FDC between any pair of bundles was also accessed by the constructed covariance networks, which was subsequently compared between HIV and HCs via permutation t-tests. The correlations between abnormal WM metrics and the cognitive functions of HIV patients were explored via partial correlation analysis after controlling age and gender.

Results:

Among FD, FC and FDC, FD was the only metric that showed significant bundle-wise alterations in HIV patients compared to HCs. Increased FD values were observed in the bilateral fronto pontine tract, corona radiata frontal, left arcuate fasciculus, left corona radiata parietal, left superior longitudinal fasciculus III, and right superficial frontal parietal (SFP) (all FDR P <0.05). In bundle-wise covariance network, HIV patients displayed decreased FD and increased FC covarying patterns in comparison to HC (P <0.05) , especially between associated pathways. Finally, the FCs of several tracts exhibited a significant correlation with language and attention-related functions.

Conclusions:

Our study demonstrated the utility of FBA on detecting the WM alterations related to HIV infection. The bundle-wise FBA method provides a new perspective for investigating HIV-induced microstructural and macrostructural WM-related changes, which may help to understand cognitive dysfunction in HIV patients thoroughly.
What Do We Know About Hair Growth Induced by Wounding and Its Therapeutic Applications?
Authors: Vathananai Wipawan , Jimenez Francisco
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND

Many studies have reported the role of hair follicles (HFs) in the wound healing response, and vice versa, the creation of superficial injuries may stimulate hair growth, which has encouraged new treatments for hair loss.

OBJECTIVE

To review the phenomenon of wound-induced hair growth and the usefulness of therapeutic procedures based on skin wounding in androgenetic alopecia (AGA).

METHODS

A literature search was conducted to review cases of localized hypertrichosis induced by wounds and the role of microneedling, fractional laser, and scalp threading as monotherapy for AGA.

RESULTS

Localized hypertrichosis has been extensively reported after bone fractures, burn injury, chronic venous ulcer, etc. Only 2 cases of wound-induced hair neogenesis in humans have been reported. As monotherapy for AGA, 1 of 3 studies of microneedling, 4 of 6 of fractional lasers, and 2 of 3 studies of scalp threading show good efficacy.

CONCLUSION

Certain types of wounds seem to stimulate localized hair growth in humans, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Reports on wound-induced HF neogenesis in humans are anecdotal and questions remain as to whether this is a true phenomenon in humans. Further clinical studies are needed before recommending wound-induced hair growth procedures as therapies for AGA.
Our bab(y)ies, your uterus—a retrospective study on surrogacy at a private fertility center in South West Nigeria
Authors: Aderonmu Mojisola M. , Oyero Adebisi N. , Shote Olaitan B. , Okonkwo Chinelo G. , Ashiru Oladapo A.
Published: August 2023

Introduction:

In vitro fertilization, a form of assisted reproductive technology has evolved over the last 3–5 decades in the management of infertility and now has been expanded to include third-party reproductive solutions.

There are 2 types of gestational surrogacy: (1) full surrogacy (an egg from a woman is fertilized with a sperm and the resulting embryo is implanted into another woman) or (2) partial surrogacy (sperm from a man is used to fertilize an egg from the same woman in whom the embryo will be transferred to).

In Nigeria, there is a paucity of publications on the outcomes of surrogate pregnancies, even though it is being practiced.

At the Medical Art Center Ikeja Lagos, we practice only full surrogacy, otherwise referred to as gestational surrogacy.

Study design:

This was a retrospective descriptive study of 61 cycles performed over 76 months between January 1, 2015 and April 30, 2021 at a private-run single-location fertility center in South West Nigeria.

Data were extracted from the electronic medical records of the commissioning parents and the gestational carrier.

Results:

There were a total of 58 gestational carriers in the program. Eleven (19%) had a miscarriage and there were 63 live births, out of which were 14 twin pairs (44%), 1 set of triplets (~5%) and the rest were singletons. One (1.7%) surrogate had delivery complicated by a hysterectomy on account of postpartum hemorrhage. There was no maternal mortality. The commonest reason for choosing surrogacy was multiple failed in vitro fertilization cycles, uterine factor infertility, and advanced maternal age.

Conclusion:

Gestational surrogacy is a valid medically assisted reproduction option for individuals who desire to have children. This option should continue to be supported by ethical, regulatory, and legal frameworks available in Nigeria.
Investigating Socioeconomic Barriers to Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Greiner Rachel C. , Rubinstein Jay T. , Kohlberg Gavriel D.
Published: August 2023

Objective

To explore socioeconomic disparities in cochlear implant evaluation (CIE) referrals and cochlear implantation.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Setting

Tertiary referral academic center.

Methods

Adult patients (n = 271) with an audiogram performed between 2015 and 2019 with a pure-tone average of at least 60 dB and word recognition score of 60% or less in the better-hearing ear or no word recognition score performed were included to determine if socioeconomic factors influenced the rate of referral to CIE and cochlear implantation.

Results

There were 122 insured patients referred to CIE where 84 were considered cochlear implant (CI) candidates and 73 were implanted. In multivariate regression analysis, non–English-speaking patients were referred to CIE at lower rates (p < 0.01) than English-speaking patients. Patients who met the CI candidacy criteria with private insurance (p = 0.03) or Medicare with private insurance supplement (p = 0.03) had higher rates of cochlear implantation than those with Medicare or Medicaid. Of the uninsured patients (n = 22), 3 were referred to CIE and 2 were considered CI candidates. No uninsured patients received a CI.

Conclusions

Primary language spoken was associated with a disparity in rates of CIE referral. Insurance type did influence rate of cochlear implantation once patients completed CIE and were considered CI candidates. Additional research is needed to implement strategies for more inclusive treatment.
A global systematic review and meta-analysis on the emerging evidence on risk factors, clinical characteristics, and prognosis of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A)
Authors: Qamar Mohammad Aadil , Afzal Syed Shabbir , Dhillon Rubaid Azhar , Sajid Mir Ibrahim , Sarfraz Zouina , Sarfraz Azza , Narmeen Mehek , Irfan Omar , Cherrez-Ojeda Ivan , Bin Sarwar Zubairi Ali
Published: August 2023

Background:

The multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) has emerged, similar to those in children associated with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) [multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)]. This review aimed to analyze the risk factors, clinical course, and prognosis of MIS-A.

Methods:

A comprehensive literature search was conducted using several databases for cases reporting MIS-A from 1 December 2019 till 9 September 2021. The case definitions used to identify potential cases were those recommended by the World Health Organization, Center for Disease Control, and individual country/physician classification. The meta-analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) 2.2.027 and Review Manager (RevMan) 5.4.1, employing 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results:

Seventy studies were assessed for full-text eligibility, out of which 37 were included. The mean age of the study population was 32.52±10.29 years. The most common symptoms were fever (89.8%, 95% CI: 77.7–95.7%) and diarrhea (49%, 95% CI: 35.4–62.7%). Ventricular tachycardia (57.1%, 95% CI: 43.1–70.1%) was the most common electro-cardiac abnormality. The most common inflammatory marker was elevated C-reactive protein (89.8%, 95% CI: 77.7–95.7%). Abnormal echocardiogram was the most common imaging test result (commonly, ventricular dysfunction and arrhythmias), while steroids were the most administered treatment. Severe cases had a higher need for vasopressor and inotropic support and antibiotic therapy compared to the non-severe cases. One death was reported due to cardiovascular failure.

Conclusion:

Our collated findings will help clinicians identify the typical presenting symptoms and optimal management of MIS-A. Further research is required to understand the long-term prognosis and the correlation between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and MIS-A to understand its pathogenesis and clinical spectrum.
DNA methylation-based biomarkers for cardiometabolic-related traits and their importance for risk stratification
Authors: Colicino Elena , Fiorito Giovanni
Published: August 2023

Recent findings

The prevalence of cardiometabolic syndrome in adults is increasing worldwide, highlighting the importance of biomarkers for individuals’ classification based on their health status. Although cardiometabolic risk scores and diagnostic criteria have been developed aggregating health effects of individual conditions on the overall syndrome, none of them has gained unanimous acceptance. Therefore, novel molecular biomarkers have been developed to better understand the risk, onset and progression of both individual conditions and the overall cardiometabolic syndrome.

Consistent associations between whole blood DNA methylation (DNAm) levels at several single genomic (i.e. CpG) sites and both individual and aggregated cardiometabolic conditions supported the creation of second-generation DNAm-based cardiometabolic-related biomarkers. These biomarkers linearly combine individual DNAm levels from key CpG sites, selected by two-step machine learning procedures. They can be used, even retrospectively, in populations with extant whole blood DNAm levels and without observed cardiometabolic phenotypes.

Purpose of review

Here, we offer an overview of the second-generation DNAm-based cardiometabolic biomarkers, discussing methodological advancements and implications on the interpretation and generalizability of the findings. We finally emphasize the contribution of DNAm-based biomarkers for risk stratification beyond traditional factors and discuss limitations and future directions of the field.
Surgeon Counseling Regarding Return to Sexual Activity After Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Caldwell Lauren , Kim-Fine Shunaha , Antosh Danielle D. , Husk Katherine , Meriwether Kate V. , Long Jaime B. , Heisler Christine A. , Hudson Patricia L. , Lozo Svjetlana , Iyer Shilpa , Rogers Rebecca G.
Published: August 2023

Importance

Patients highly value surgeon counseling regarding the first sexual encounters after pelvic reconstructive surgery.

Objectives

We performed a qualitative analysis of usual surgeon counseling regarding return to sexual activity after surgery for pelvic organ prolapse and/or urinary incontinence.

Methods

Participating surgeons provided a written description of their usual patient counseling regarding return to sexual activity after pelvic organ prolapse or urinary incontinence surgery. Counseling narratives were coded for major themes by 2 independent reviewers; disagreements were arbitrated by the research team. Analysis was performed utilizing Dedoose software and continued until thematic saturation was reached.

Results

Twenty-two surgeons participated, and thematic saturation was reached. Six major themes were identified: “Safety of Intercourse,” “Specific Suggestions,” “Surgical Sequelae,” “Patient Control,” “Partner Related,” “Changes in Experience,” and “No Communication.” Nearly all participating surgeons included counseling on the safety of intercourse and reassurance that intercourse would not harm the surgical repair. Specific suggestions included different positions, use of lubrication, vaginal estrogen use, specific products/vendors, alternatives to (vaginal) intercourse, and the importance of foreplay. Surgical sequelae discussion included possible interventions for complications, such as persistent sutures in the vagina, abnormal bleeding, or de novo dyspareunia. Counseling regarding changes to the patient's sexual experience ranged from suggestion of improvement to an anticipated negative experience. Surgeons more commonly advised patients that their sexual experience would be worsened or different from baseline; discussion of improvement was less frequent.

Conclusions

Surgeon counseling regarding the postoperative return to sexual activity varies among pelvic reconstructive surgeons. Most reassure patients that intercourse is safe after surgery.
Effect of Squeeze, Cough, and Strain on Dynamic Urethral Function in Nulligravid Asymptomatic Women: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study
Authors: Martin Liam C. , Routzong Megan R. , Abramowitch Steven D. , Rostaminia Ghazaleh
Published: August 2023

Importance

In the past, urethral shape, mobility, and urodynamics have been used to retrospectively demonstrate correlations with stress urinary incontinence. Our previous work has shown a relationship between urethral function and shape in symptomatic women.

Objective

This study aimed to characterize the effect of pelvic floor squeeze and strain maneuvers on urethral shapes and pressure in a cohort of patients without pelvic floor disorders.

Study Design

In this cross-sectional study, volunteers underwent dynamic pelvic floor ultrasound examination, and a modified urodynamic study. Urethral length, thickness, and proximal and distal swing angles were measured at rest, squeeze, and strain. The midsagittal urethral walls were traced so that a statistical shape model could be performed. Means and standard deviations of imaging and urodynamic measures were calculated.

Results

Data from 19 participants were analyzed. On average during squeeze compared with rest, urethral length increased by 6%, thickness decreased by 42% (distal, P < 0.001), 10% (middle), and urethral pressure increased by 14%. Opposite shape changes—length decreased by 10% (P = 0.001), thickness increased by 57% (distal, P < 0.001), 20% (middle, P < 0.001)—and increased urethral mobility were observed during strain, with larger pressure increases occurring (29%, P < 0.001). Fifty-one percent of the total shape variance described the differences between maneuvers. These differences were statistically different between groups (P < 0.001 for comparisons, all others P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Dynamic ultrasound and urodynamics allow for the establishment of baseline ranges in urethral metrics (2-dimensional measures, shape, and pressure) and how they are altered during maneuvers. These data can allow for a more objective identification of incontinence via ultrasound and urodynamic testing.