bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unconventional Secretion of PKCδ Exerts Tumorigenic Function via Stimulation of ERK1/2 Signaling in Liver Cancer
Authors: Yamada Kohji , Oikawa Tsunekazu , Kizawa Ryusuke , Motohashi Saya , Yoshida Saishu , Kumamoto Tomotaka , Saeki Chisato , Nakagawa Chika , Shimoyama Yuya , Aoki Katsuhiko , Tachibana Toshiaki , Saruta Masayuki , Ono Masaya , Yoshida Kiyotsugu
Published: December 2020

Expression of human protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) protein has been linked to many types of cancers. PKCδ is known to be a multifunctional PKC family member and has been rigorously studied as an intracellular signaling molecule. Here we show that PKCδ is a secretory protein that regulates cell growth of liver cancer. Full-length PKCδ was secreted to the extracellular space in living liver cancer cells under normal cell culture conditions and in xenograft mouse models. Patients with liver cancer showed higher levels of serum PKCδ than patients with chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis or healthy individuals. In liver cancer cells, PKCδ secretion was executed in an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi–independent manner, and the inactivation status of cytosolic PKCδ was required for its secretion. Furthermore, colocalization studies showed that extracellular PKCδ was anchored on the cell surface of liver cancer cells via association with glypican 3, a liver cancer–related heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Addition of exogenous PKCδ activated IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) activation and subsequently enhanced activation of ERK1/2, which led to accelerated cell growth in liver cancer cells. Conversely, treatment with anti-PKCδ antibody attenuated activation of both IGF1R and ERK1/2 and reduced cell proliferation and spheroid formation of liver cancer cells and tumor growth in xenograft mouse models. This study demonstrates the presence of PKCδ at the extracellular space and the function of PKCδ as a growth factor and provides a rationale for the extracellular PKCδ-targeting therapy of liver cancer.

Significance:

PKCδ secretion from liver cancer cells behaves as a humoral growth factor that contributes to cell growth via activation of proliferative signaling molecules, which may be potential diagnostic or therapeutic targets.
A Call to Action: Dismantling Racial Injustices in Preclinical Research and Clinical Care of Black Patients Living with Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Thomas Portia L. , Madubata Chioma J. , Aldrich Melinda C. , Lee Montessa M. , Owonikoko Taofeek K. , Minna John D. , Rudin Charles M. , Sage Julien , Lovly Christine M.
Published: December 2020

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive disease with dismal survival rates and limited therapeutic options. SCLC development is strongly associated with exposure to tobacco carcinogens. However, additional genetic and environmental risk factors that contribute to SCLC pathogenesis are beginning to emerge. Here, we specifically assess disparities pertaining to SCLC in Black populations. In contrast to non–small cell lung cancer, preliminary data suggest that Black individuals may actually be at a lower risk of developing SCLC relative to white individuals. This difference remains unexplained but urgently needs to be verified in larger data sets, because it could provide important new insights and approaches to understanding this recalcitrant tumor. Importantly, little biological information exists on SCLC in Black individuals, and few patient-derived preclinical SCLC models from diverse ancestries are available in the laboratory. Unfortunately, we note strikingly low numbers of Black participants in clinical trials testing new treatments for SCLC. Evidence further indicates that care for patients with SCLC may vary between communities with a large fraction of Black patients and those without. Together, these observations underscore the need to better investigate genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors associated with SCLC development, preclinical research, clinical care, and outcomes.
Prognostic Significance of ACP5 in Human Gastric Cancer
Authors: An Tailai , Liang Qian , Hao Tengfei , Deng Lingna , Lu Xiaofang , Wang Yan , Cheng Lyujia , Wu Wang , Zhang Changhua
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (ACP5) plays crucial roles in multiple pathological processes, including the genesis and progression of malignant tumors. We performed this study with the purpose of determining whether ACP5 is a crucial biomarker significantly related to prognoses of gastric cancer (GC) patients. Methods: The expression level of ACP5 level was assessed among 170 GC specimens using immunohistochemistry. The associations between ACP5 expression and clinicopathological variables were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to confirm independent prognostic factors for GC patients. Results: It was revealed that ACP5 expression level in GC tissue was significantly associated with depth of invasion (p = 0.029) and TNM stage (p = 0.036). ACP5 was demonstrated by multivariate Cox regression analysis to be an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) (p = 0.001) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (p = 0.011) of GC patients. Conclusions: The expression of ACP5 in GC tissue was significantly higher than that in normal tissues, and its overexpression was associated with a poorer prognosis, suggesting its potential roles in preventing and treating GC.
Una revisión de las teorías materialistas-postmaterialistas a partir de una clasificación generacional
Authors: Lasierra-Esteban Jose Manuel
Published: December 2020

Se realiza un análisis empírico de las teorías del Materialismo-Postmaterialismo a partir de la elaboración de un índice, con los 12 items recogidos en la literatura y se aplica a una estructura de 4 generaciones, para observar el grado de Materialismo o Post-materialismo de una sociedad. Se observa una relativa similitud generacional entre países diversos, económica y geográficamente, lo cual refuerza la tesis generacional frente a tesis clásicas como la de la socialización o la de la escasez. Las variables relevantes para explicar el Postmaterialismo son el nivel de vida, el interés por la política y la formación principalmente. Los valores generacionales oscilan entre el Postmaterialismo elevado entre los Millennials y el Materialismo de los Mayores. Los resultados tienen diversas consecuencias para la economía, la sociología y la política, especialmente en las sociedades que tienden al envejecimiento.
Entre science et politique, la criminologie, une science sociale en balbutiements…
Authors: Kaluszynski Martine
Published: December 2020

La criminologie a aujourd’hui une actualité traversée par de nombreuses controverses, que ce soit sur son institutionnalisation, son développement dans le cadre d’un marché de la sécurité florissant, ou les emprunts qui y ont été faits lors de lois pénales assez récentes40. La criminologie a été abordée sous une forme picaresque et colorée or, il y a un vrai phénomène criminologie à analyser, tant cette “science sociale” relève des questions qui sont de réels problèmes de société. En s’attachant à la genèse de ce savoir, nous voudrions ici précisément montrer la dimension sociologique de ces écrits, proches de l’anthropologie, portés plutôt par des médecins, quelques juristes intéressés par le social et par l’impact de leurs travaux sur les possibles transformations du monde.
Palavras-chave: Ciência – Criminologia – Sociologia - França – Europa Século XIX – Política – Saberes de Governo.
Jonathan Simon. Mass incarceration on trial: a remarkable court decision and the future of prisons in America
Authors: Silvestre Giane
Published: December 2020

Resenha do livro de Jonathan Simon, Mass incarceration on trial: a remarkable court decision and the future of prisons in America, Nova York, The New Press, 2014.
Criminología, mundo del derecho y modos de compromiso público: exploraciones sobre el caso de Argentina.
Authors: Sozzo Máximo
Published: December 2020

En este trabajo se abordan los modos de compromiso público de los investigadores en el ámbito de la criminología, entendida como un campo de estudios complejo y polivalente, que se encuentra atravesado por diversas tradiciones teóricas y metodológicas que se refieren a un conjunto amplio de problemas de investigación. Las indagaciones producidas en los últimos 20 años sobre este problema han sido construidas sobre un puñado de jurisdicciones del Norte Global. Dialogando críticamente con dicha producción intelectual, este artículo busca presentar una exploración sobre un contexto específico del Sur Global, el caso de Argentina. Se argumenta que la radicación de una buena parte de este campo de estudios en el mundo académico de las Facultades de Derecho en este escenario específico – aunque tal vez esto resulte similar en otros contextos latinoamericanos – trae aparejado ciertos modos de compromiso público de sus participantes que se moldean en relación con los de la figura históricamente precedente, y simultáneamente activa, del penalista. Se identifican estos modos encontrando puntos de contacto con algunos delimitados en los escenarios del mundo de lengua inglesa por Sparks y Loader en una serie de textos recientes, pero se destaca un tipo peculiar de involucramiento que se define como el observador crítico pero realista y reformista. Se definen sus caracteristicas y se ejemplifica con ciertos protagnistas fundamentales del campo criminológico argentino que provienen del mundo del derecho. Finalmente, se señalan ciertas direcciones en que esta indagación debería avanzar en el futuro cercano.
Body fat evaluation in Colombian Paso horses: body condition score and morphometric and ultrasound measurements
Authors: Zuluaga Cabrera Angélica María , Correa Valencia Nathalia María Del Pilar
Published: December 2020

The body condition score (BCS) is insufficient in determining the amount of body fat in horses, thus defining obesity. Measurement of the subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) by ultrasonography should be considered as an appropriate method in the definition of fat distribution at different body locations in horses. Therefore, this study aimed to 1) characterize the SFT in three different anatomical locations (i.e. neck, lumbar region, and gluteal region); 2) evaluate the relationship between BCS and SFT; 3) determine the influence of gender, weight, age, and gait on BCS and SFT measurements, and 4) explore the agreement between the morphometric measurements [i.e. body mass index (BMI), girth circumference: height at withers ratio (GC: HW), neck circumference: height at withers ratio (NC: HW)], and BCS and SFT in a population of Colombian Paso Horses (CPHs). The Henneke’s body condition scoring was applied to 69 adult CPHs,selected using a convenience sampling. Additionally, BMI, GC: HW, and NC: HW were calculated. Body fat percentage (BF%) was calculated by ultrasound measurement of the SFT in the neck, lumbar region, and gluteal region. The BF% in the CPHs was 6.4 ± 1.1. The GC: HW, NC: HW, and BMI were not predictors of the BF% or BCS, and neither gender nor gait was decisive in the definition of fattening in the study animals, although age and weight were determining variables. According to our results, ultrasound is an adequate tool to calculate the BF% of the CPHs. However, it must be accompanied by Henneke’s BCS assessment.
Qualidade de vida de pacientes renais crônicos em hemodiálise de um hospital de Minas Gerais
Authors: Casselhas Daniela Abreu , Magalhães Isabela Sales Oliveira , Nakasu Maria Vilela Pinto
Published: December 2020

Introdução: A hemodiálise é o principal tratamento para portadores da Doença Renal Crônica. O tratamento hemodialítico pode acarretar diversos prejuízos psicológicos e sociais na vida dos pacientes, levando a uma perda significativa na qualidade de vida (QV), que está associada à maiores taxas de mortalidade e morbidade. Objetivo: Analisar a qualidade de vida de pacientes renais crônicos submetidos à hemodiálise através da aplicação da Escala SF-36. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, prospectivo, não randomizado de abordagem quantitativa. De um total de 88 pacientes da Unidade de Hemodiálise do Hospital de Clínicas de Itajubá, 72 foram estudados. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de uma entrevista com aplicação de um questionário sociodemográfico e do instrumento SF-36. Resultados: Os resultados do estudo mostraram comprometimento da qualidade de vida dos pacientes analisados. As dimensões com os menores valores de mediana foram estado geral de saúde (46) e capacidade funcional (55). As dimensões com maiores valores foram aspectos sociais (100) e aspectos emocionais (100). Conclusão: Os pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise apresentaram valores reduzidos nos escores de qualidade de vida, principalmente nos domínios capacidade funcional e estado geral de saúde do SF-36.
Efeitos do exercício físico na prevenção e tratamento de lesões por isquemia: uma revisão de literatura
Authors: Costa Felipe Cruz , Silva Amanda Freitas Texeira da , Macedo Bernardo Felipe Santana de , Silva Giulia Vitória Nascimento da , Silva Tereza Maria Meireles Fernandes da , Brito Marcus Vinicius Henrique
Published: December 2020

Introdução: Em 2013 mais de 17,3 milhões de mortes/ano foram causadas por doenças cardiovasculares, acompanhado de uma estimativa de mais de 23,6 milhões de mortes para 2030, representando a maior causa global de morte. Objetivo: Esta revisão de literatura tem como objetivo a sistematização do conhecimento acerca dos efeitos do exercício físico como medida de prevenção e/ou tratamento em lesões causadas por isquemia, a fim de instigar novas pesquisas e contribuir para a disseminação de informação atual. Metodologia: Este estudo constitui uma revisão bibliográfica de caráter analítico dos estudos a respeito dos efeitos do exercício físico como medida de prevenção e tratamento de lesões causados por isquemia nos tecidos de animais submetidos a experimentação científica, em que foram coletados 99 artigos a partir de uma busca nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO e Lilacs com os descritores: “ischemia”, “exercise”, “rats” e “muscle”. Resultados e Conclusão: A atual literatura aponta para um consenso acerca dos efeitos cardioprotetores e neuroprotetores do atividade física, com ênfase no aumento da resistência contra agentes oxidantes, melhoria no processo de angiogênese, maior resistência contra acidificação do meio, melhoria no processo de cardiomiogênese, e apresenta as vias de sinalização moleculares que possivelmente explicam os efeitos advindos do exercício físico nas suas mais diferentes intensidades.
Da nuvem ao território nacional: uma periodização das empresas de transporte por aplicativo no Brasil
Authors: Tozi Fabio
Published: December 2020

O artigo dedica-se a compreender a entrada e a expansão das plataformas de transporte privado por aplicativos no Brasil, especialmente a partir da chegada da Uber. Inicialmente, apresenta um debate acerca do processo de uberização da economia que propõe compreender o papel ativo do espaço para a realização concreta das “plataformas digitais”, aqui entendidas como “plataformas territoriais”. Em seguida, propõe uma periodização da estratégia territorial da Uber procurando analisar seu uso do território brasileiro, bem como os conflitos com os entes estatais e a relação com seus concorrentes diretos. Finalmente, discute o papel estratégico da informação (big data, algoritmos, plataformas, geolocalização e dispositivos de vigilância remota) como elementos para se pensar uma nova gestão corporativa e algorítmica do território nacional.
Divisão territorial do trabalho e transporte interestadual de passageiros: mudanças recentes na circulação rodoviária
Authors: Santos Bruno Candido
Published: December 2020

O transporte rodoviário interestadual de passageiros passou por importantes transformações a partir da década de 2000, com a mudança de marcos regulatórios, a ampliação do acesso ao transporte aéreo e a reorganização corporativa e operacional das empresas rodoviárias. Há a redução do volume de passageiros transportados pelos ônibus ao passo que o transporte aéreo registra recordes de pessoas em voos domésticos em virtude do barateamento das passagens e de novas regulamentações para o setor. Este artigo debaterá tais mudanças a partir dos elementos concernentes às duas atividades econômicas e enfatizará as modificações no panorama dos transportes aéreo e rodoviário com a discussão de dados de demanda de órgãos reguladores e de informações acerca do cenário operacional do modal rodoviário.
O desconforto das regiões e das classes
Authors: Silva Leonardo Luiz Silveira da , Costa Alfredo
Published: December 2020

De caráter essencialmente epistemológico, este artigo faz uma analogia entre região e classe como categorias de análise. Parte do pressuposto de que são generalizações problemáticas: enquanto a região simplifica a diversidade do espaço ao homogeneizá-la, a classe negligencia a diversidade identitária de seus membros. Assumimos a posição de que regiões e classes são construções arbitrárias que revelam estratégias políticas e que não se sustentam frente às categorias mais amplas que as abrigam: o espaço e a sociedade. Pautado em pressupostos da pós-modernidade, o artigo defende, todavia, o uso dessas categorias, por considerar que elas se apresentam tanto como estratégia discursiva aos experts, quanto como possibilidade pedagógica aos que não são familiarizados com a relativização de suas proposições totalizantes.
Conservação dos bens culturais móveis em papel: termos-chave em português e seus equivalentes em russo
Authors: Canofre Marina , De Sales Denise Regina
Published: December 2020

Este artigo visa descrever e analisar questões de Terminologia e Tradução do par linguístico português-russo relacionadas à pesquisa terminológica “A Linguagem do Patrimônio Cultural Brasileiro: Conservação dos Bens Culturais Móveis”. A pesquisa visava descrever práticas textuais da área, explicitando sua organização conceitual e terminológica, e incluiu: a compilação de corpora em português, espanhol, francês, inglês, italiano e russo; a identificação de termos em português; a busca de equivalentes para esses termos nas línguas citadas; e a criação de uma base terminológica on-line multilíngue de acesso gratuito. As investigações basearam-se nos pressupostos da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (TCT); na noção de equivalência tradutória de Hurtado Albir; nos preceitos metodológicos da Linguística de corpus; e em trabalhos anteriores do Projeto Terminológico Cone Sul (Termisul).
Sublime, sublimação e expressão: a ressonância de Kant e Freud na articulação adorniana entre arte e sociedade
Authors: Proença Fernanda
Published: December 2020

O presente trabalho pretende investigar a teoria estética adorniana, naquilo que ela apresenta sobre a relação entre arte e sociedade, buscando aproximações com os conceitos de sublime kantiano e sublimação freudiana. Elucidar, primeiramente, como o caráter emancipatório da obra de arte depende de sua não subserviência à realidade, analisando, por esse viés, as consonâncias e contradições com a sublimação freudiana, enquanto adequação social, e com estética kantiana, particularmente na premissa de idoneidade da natureza. Em seguida, quanto ao caráter sócio-histórico da arte, investigar aquilo que a arte apresenta de extra-artístico na constituição do teor de verdade das obras, articulando a sedimentação adorniana e os momentos mediados da experiência estética em Freud e Kant. Por fim, procura-se mostrar como a vertente utópica da arte, conforme apresentada por Adorno, depende de premissas encontradas em Freud e Kant, manifestas na primazia da imaginação.
Foreword to the third special issue on small wild cats
Authors: Appel Angie , Mukherjee Shomita
Published: December 2020

We are delighted to present the third special issue on small wild cats. The authors of this special issue worked on seven small wild cats in eight countries and provide important updates on their distribution, behaviour and their plights.
Unanticipated Admission Following Outpatient Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Identifying Opportunities for Improvement
Authors: Beck Anna C. , Goffredo Paolo , Gao Xiang , McGonagill Patrick W. , Weigel Ronald J. , Hassan Imran
Published: December 2020

Background

Unanticipated admissions are a burden to the health care system. Over 400 000 outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomies (LCs) are performed annually in the United States. The aim of this study is to identify causes of unanticipated admissions and modifiable risk factors.

Methods

Patients undergoing elective outpatient LCs were identified from the 2013-2015 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database.

Results

A total of 69 376 patients underwent outpatient LC or LC+ intraoperative cholangiogram (IOC); 2027 (2.9%) were admitted after a median of 5 days (interquartile range 3-8). Admission rates varied by preoperative indications: pancreatitis (4.9%), gallstones with obstruction (3.9%), cholecystitis (3.0%), and gallstones without obstruction (2.6%) ( P = .003). The most frequent causes were infection, retained stones, and other GI complications. Patients admitted for infection or cardiopulmonary complications were older with higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) ( P < .01), while patients with pain and retained stones were younger with lower ASA ( P < .01). Patients who underwent LC+IOC had a lower admission rate due to retained stones (.17% vs. .31% LC, P = .006).

Conclusions

Unanticipated admissions following outpatient LC occur infrequently for diverse reasons usually within the first week after surgery. Associated factors are patient and disease related and not at all modifiable. In selected patients, increased IOC use may decrease admissions from retained stones.
Factors Affecting Total Operating Time in Patients Undergoing Mastectomy With and Without Reconstruction
Authors: Huang Julian , Wang Melinda , Chagpar Anees
Published: December 2020

Background

Operating room (OR) time varies significantly in patients undergoing mastectomy. We sought to determine factors influencing OR time such that more accurate predictions could be made.

Methods

Records of patients undergoing mastectomy at our institution between January 2010 and June 2018 were reviewed. Operating Room time was defined as time from incision to dressing. Nonparametric analyses were performed to determine factors associated with OR time. A predictive model using linear regression was created on a training set and evaluated in a separate testing set.

Results

Our cohort included 1008 female patients who underwent either unilateral or bilateral mastectomy (BM), with or without reconstruction, and with or without concomitant axillary lymph node staging at our institution. The median OR time was 4.67 hours (range; .70-16.35 hours). To create a predictive model, we divided our cohort into a training set of 504 patients and a testing set of 504 patients. Across the training set, body mass index (BMI), BM, nonconventional mastectomies, intraoperative frozen sections, receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and reconstruction were associated with longer OR times on linear regression. A model generated from these findings on the training set was run on the testing set (Pearson correlation = .743 for predicted vs. actual OR times, P < .001).

Conclusion

A number of preoperative factors such as BMI, unilateral vs. BM, type of mastectomy and reconstruction, use of intraoperative frozen sections, and receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy can influence OR times. Accurate predictions can be made using a simple model incorporating these factors.
No need to hide: Acknowledging the researcher’s intuition in empirical organizational research
Authors: Kump Barbara
Published: December 2020

Experts on organizational research methods have begun to highlight the importance of researchers’ intuition (i.e. ‘direct knowing’) and have called for more genuine method sections that acknowledge its use. However, using intuition contradicts established research standards of traceability. Hence, when intuition was involved in the research process, researchers must choose between reporting its role, thereby risking the impression of lacking scholarly rigor, and downplaying its role, thereby writing less-than-honest research reports. This article aims to provide a solution to this dilemma by conceptually exploring how intuition can be integrated in research such that scholarly rigor is maintained. Building on Weick’s distinction of creative imagination and validation, it argues that intuition can be legitimately seized if its functioning principles are taken into account and its outcomes are later validated through analytical procedures. The article synthesizes theoretical assumptions and empirical findings on characteristics of intuition with discussions of organizational research methods to derive implications on (1) points in the research process where researchers’ intuitions may be legitimately included and (2) possible types of intuitive outcomes that may be reported. This may contribute to both more genuine method sections and more rigorous research that systematically validates intuition, instead of hiding it.
From darkness to light: Barriers and facilitators to mental health recovery in the South African context
Authors: de Wet Anneliese , Pretorius Chrisma
Published: December 2020

Background:

South Africa is a low and middle income country facing many challenges in public mental health care and implementation of recovery.

Aims:

To contribute to what barriers and facilitators to recovery might be for service users in South Africa, from the perspective of service users, carers and service providers from three psychiatric hospitals in the Western Cape province.

Method:

Interviews and focus groups were conducted with service users, carers and service providers. Interviews and focus groups were transcribed and analysed using atlas.ti software and reflexive thematic analysis, from the bottom up.

Results:

The barriers, environment, family, public mental health services, stigma and service users’ attitude or behaviour generated, were found to be the most salient. The facilitators to recovery generated were support, family or friends, service providers, structure and empowerment. The need for support was identified as an underlying component to all these themes.

Conclusion:

Barriers and facilitators to recovery seemed to have both intrapersonal and external sources that intersect at times. Recovery needs to be supported at an individual level, especially through an under-utilised resource such as peer support work, but in conjunction with the development of recovery-enabling environments in services and communities in South Africa.
Contradictions and Tensions Between Old and New: An Audience Perception of Indigenous Culture Representation in Soap Opera
Authors: Onyenankeya Oluwayemisi Mary , Onyenankeya Kevin , Osunkunle Oluyinka
Published: December 2020

There is a perception that soap operas are progressively infusing dominant social values and ideas while constructing and positioning indigenous cultures as peripheral and inconsistent with modernity. This article aims at ascertaining audience perceptions of and attitudes toward the construction and representation of indigenous cultures in Generations: The Legacy within the framework of indigeneity and audience reception theories. Using quantitative methodology, 350 questionnaires were distributed to a randomly selected sample. Findings showed the majority of the audience felt the soap represents indigenous cultures as the ‘insignificant other’ and perpetuates stereotypes about traditional indigenous groups. This process creates cultural tensions.
How leaders’ experiences and rebellion shape military recruitment during civil war
Authors: Chaudhry Suparna , Karim Sabrina , Scroggs Matt K
Published: December 2020

The use of forced recruitment strategies during war can adversely affect military effectiveness and human rights. Given these costs, under what conditions do state leaders adopt coercive recruitment during civil wars? We find that between 1980 and 2009, states changed their recruitment practices 140 times during civil wars – half of which were towards coercive recruitment. Since structuralist explanations focus on factors that remain more or less constant over time, they cannot explain the frequency of these changes. Instead, we focus on individual-level factors and argue that leaders’ dispositions as risk-takers determine their beliefs about using force to solve collective action dilemmas during civil wars. Further, conflict context matters for leaders’ recruitment decisions – when rebel groups engage in coercive recruitment, leaders may also feel more justified in using such strategies. Using the LEAD Dataset and data on recruitment, we find that risk-tolerant leaders, including those who have had careers in the security sector, as well as those who have prior experience as a rebel or revolutionary leader, are more likely to use force to increase recruitment. While we theorize that this effect may be mitigated by combat experience, the evidence is mixed. Lastly, we find that rebels’ use of forced recruitment makes state leaders less likely to use voluntary recruitment.
The outcome of applications for restoration to the Medical Register following disciplinary erasure
Authors: Milroy Bryony KP , David Timothy J , Ellson Sarah
Published: December 2020

In the period 1 January 2012 to 30 June 2020, 76 doctors whose names/entries had been erased from the UK Medical Register by a disciplinary tribunal applied for restoration, and 23 out of 76 (30.3%) applications granted. In 5 of the 53 of those refused restoration, the tribunal suspended indefinitely the right to make further applications. The most frequent reasons for refusal were failure to demonstrate insight (seen in 96%), failure to demonstrate remediation (seen in 79%), and failure to demonstrate that knowledge and skills were up to date (24.5%). Success was more common in UK graduate applications (14/29 – 48.3%) than non-UK graduate applications (9/37 – 24.3%), and in those legally represented (16/29 – 55.2%) than in those without legal representation (7/29 – 24.1%), but the data does not indicate the reasons for these differences. Disciplinary erasure need not necessarily be for life as doctors who learn from their experience, change their ways, and provide evidence of genuine insight and remediation along with up to date knowledge and skills can successfully be reinstated on the register.
Memorable, Meaningful, Pleasurable: An Exploratory Examination of Narrative Character Deaths
Authors: Fitzgerald Kaitlin , Francemone C. Joseph , Grizzard Matthew
Published: December 2020

The current manuscript presents a study that examines contextual factors that can explain two distinct types of viewer responses to death in narratives. Using procedures developed in past research, we explore why some narrative character deaths elicit poignant, eudaimonic responses while others elicit joyful, hedonic responses. We incorporate a control group to examine whether freely-recalled memorable deaths are more closely associated with feelings of meaning or pleasure. Results suggest that meaningful deaths lead to appreciation; befall liked, moral characters; and elicit mixed/negative affect, whereas pleasurable deaths lead to enjoyment; befall disliked, immoral characters, and elicit positive affect. In addition, freely-recalled character death is more closely aligned with meaningful death and its correlates than pleasurable death and its correlates. We conclude with a discussion of how the current findings can improve the use of mediated death in clinical settings, particularly as a strategy for approaching instances of disenfranchised grief.
Two Sides of the Same Coin: The Relationship Between Modern Racism and Rape Blaming Attitudes among Swedish Students and Community Members
Authors: Sjöberg Mattias , Sarwar Farhan
Published: December 2020

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between modern racism and rape victim and perpetrator blame, and rape perception. Participants from both a community population ( n = 211) and a student population ( n = 200) read a rape vignette and provided their judgements of blame towards a victim and perpetrator, their perception of the event as rape, and later answered the modern racism scale. Results showed a significant positive relationship between modern racism and rape victim blame ( r = .35, R2 [Formula: see text] 100 = 12.1%), while modern racism had a significant negative relationship with perpetrator blame ( r = −.27, R2 [Formula: see text] 100 = 7.5%) and rape perception ( r = −.29, R2 [Formula: see text] 100 = 8.7%). Implications for the criminal justice system as well as suggestions for future research were discussed.
Nested active learning for efficient model contextualization and parameterization: pathway to generating simulated populations using multi-scale computational models
Authors: Cockrell Chase , Ozik Jonathan , Collier Nick , An Gary
Published: December 2020

There is increasing interest in the use of mechanism-based multi-scale computational models (such as agent-based models (ABMs)) to generate simulated clinical populations in order to discover and evaluate potential diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. The description of the environment in which a biomedical simulation operates (model context) and parameterization of internal model rules (model content) requires the optimization of a large number of free parameters. In this work, we utilize a nested active learning (AL) workflow to efficiently parameterize and contextualize an ABM of systemic inflammation used to examine sepsis.

Contextual parameter space was examined using four parameters external to the model’s rule set. The model’s internal parameterization, which represents gene expression and associated cellular behaviors, was explored through the augmentation or inhibition of signaling pathways for 12 signaling mediators associated with inflammation and wound healing. We have implemented a nested AL approach in which the clinically relevant (CR) model environment space for a given internal model parameterization is mapped using a small Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The outer AL level workflow is a larger ANN that uses AL to efficiently regress the volume and centroid location of the CR space given by a single internal parameterization.

We have reduced the number of simulations required to efficiently map the CR parameter space of this model by approximately 99%. In addition, we have shown that more complex models with a larger number of variables may expect further improvements in efficiency.
A novel method for evaluating the slurry coating characteristics of sized yarns based on the starch-iodine color reaction principle and image processing
Authors: Yan Wenjun , Zhu Bo , Liu Jianli , Gao Weidong
Published: December 2020

The slurry coating characteristics of sized yarns directly impact warp weavability. Due to the damage to sized films, the conventional methods of detecting sized-yarn coating characteristics have drawbacks of low efficiency and poor repeatability. A novel detecting method of slurry coating characteristics was proposed based on image processing. Through the starch-iodine color reaction principle, a self-made dynamic image acquisition device was developed in this paper, in which the apparent images of starch-based sized yarns after color reaction were captured consecutively. The slurry coating percentage ( SCP), slurry coating depth ( SCD) and slurry coating unevenness ( SCU), respectively reflecting the sizing coating integrity, sizing coating thickness and thickness unevenness, were extracted by image processing. The effects of experimental parameters, including immersion time and concentration of I2-KI solution, on slurry coating characteristics were analyzed, and central composite design was adopted to optimize the stability of the test system. Sized yarns commonly used in textile mills were characterized by the proposed method. The experimental results indicated that immersion time of 3.56 min and I2-KI concentration of 0.11‱ (‱ represents that the mass of the solute is one ten-thousandth of solution) led to the optimal stability of slurry coating characteristics (the CV of SCP, CV of SCD and CV of SCU were 3.32%, 5.56% and 9.37%, respectively). The much lower CV of the proposed method compared with conventional ones confirmed that the method was useful for evaluating slurry coating characteristics.
Comparison of direct wet mount, Kato–Katz and formol ether sedimentation technique for the diagnosis of hookworm infection in Debre Elias Woreda, Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Aschale Yibeltal , Worku Ligabaw , Addisu Ayenew , Alemu Mekuannint , Alemu Abebe
Published: December 2020

Hookworm infection is a neglected parasitic disease. Direct wet mount is the usual method for the diagnosis of hookworm in Ethiopia, but its sensitivity is unsatisfactory. A cross-sectional study was therefore conducted from January to February 2018 among 192 study participants in Debre Elias district. Stool samples were processed by three methods: the prevalence of hookworm was 77.6%, 68.2% and 49.0% by Kato–Katz, formol ether sedimentation technique and direct wet mount, respectively. Direct wet mount had relatively low sensitivity (61.4%) compared to formol ether sedimentation technique (85.6%) and Kato–Katz (97.4%). The latter two compared well with the gold standard method with kappa values of κ = 0.94, κ = 0.71 and κ = 0.39, respectively, and are therefore recommended over against the direct wet mount technique in detecting hookworm.
Profiling the unemployed from selected communities in South Africa based on their experiences, commitment to employment, and job search behaviour
Authors: Putter Ivan , van der Vaart Leoni , De Witte Hans , Rothmann Sebastiaan , Van den Broeck Anja
Published: December 2020

Unemployment has negative consequences for individuals’ psychological well-being. Consequently, interventions should be designed and implemented to alleviate the psychological burden of unemployment. The design of these interventions should, however, be approached with care, as ‘the unemployed’ may not be a homogeneous group. The aim of the study was to determine whether the four already identified (the optimists, the desperate, the discouraged, and the adapted) South African unemployment profiles could be replicated in other unemployed communities in South Africa. The study also aimed to examine the associations between these profiles and negative emotions and basic psychological need frustration. To establish the replicability of the types, a multiphased sampling design was followed to recruit 867 unemployed people residing in Boipatong and Orange Farm in the Gauteng Province in South Africa. Through latent profile analysis, the study replicated the four profiles: the optimists, the desperate, the discouraged, and the adapted. The profiles were differentially associated with negative emotions and psychological need frustration, further attesting to the validity of the profiles. The results of the study can be applied towards creating tailored interventions for the different types of unemployed people from South African communities to enhance the efficacy of these interventions.
Development of solar photovoltaic industry and market in China, Germany, Japan and the United States of America using incentive policies
Authors: Wen Daoyuan , Gao Weijun , Qian Fanyue , Gu Qunyin , Ren Jianxing
Published: December 2020

Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has developed rapidly in the past decades and is essential in electricity generation. In this study, we demonstrate the relationship between PV incentive policies, technology innovation and market development in China, Germany, Japan and the United States of America (USA) by conducting a statistical data survey and systematic literature review. This article investigates the key policies affecting the development of PV technology from the perspective of solar PV Research and Development (R&D), industry, and market development. Our study highlights how these different kinds of policies drive the countries to change their role on the global stage. The results show the performance of supply-push policies and demand-pull policies during different periods and their significant impact on PV development, while it presenting future challenges and recommendations for PV development. Our study contributes to improve the understanding of PV technology innovation, its market development, and policy evolution through a multiple-perspective analysis of PV development processes.
Illusory-Correlation Effects on Implicit and Explicit Evaluation
Authors: Van Dessel Pieter , Ratliff Kate , Brannon Skylar M. , Gawronski Bertram , De Houwer Jan
Published: December 2020

Research suggests that people sometimes perceive a relationship between stimuli when no such relationship exists (i.e., illusory correlation). Illusory-correlation effects are thought to play a central role in the formation of stereotypes and evaluations of minority versus majority groups, often leading to less favorable impressions of minorities. Extant theories differ in terms of whether they attribute illusory-correlation effects to processes operating during learning (belief formation) or measurement (belief expression), and whether different evaluation measures should be differentially sensitive to illusory-correlation effects. Past research found mixed evidence for dissociative effects of illusory-correlation manipulations on measures of implicit (i.e., automatic) and explicit (i.e., controlled) evaluation. Four high-powered studies obtained illusory-correlation effects on explicit evaluations, but not implicit evaluations probed with an Implicit Association Test, Evaluative Priming Task, and Affect Misattribution Procedure. The results are consistent with theories that attribute illusory-correlation effects to processes during belief expression.
Identifying animate stones and sacred landscapes: Twenty-five years of native pipestone-quarries research in the American midcontinent
Authors: Emerson Thomas E , Hughes Randall E , Farnsworth Kenneth B , Wisseman Sarah U
Published: December 2020

This paper assesses our current understanding of the native use of the major midcontinental United States pipestone quarries based on over two decades of research. Our studies indicate that combining chemical and mineralogical techniques such as shortwave infrared spectroscopy (SWIS), thin-section petrography, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) have identified pipestones with similar chemical compositions containing distinctive mineralogical suites (often including berthierine, kaolinite, diaspore, muscovite, and pyrophyllite). This research has identified unique mineral compositions at known quarries such as catlinite, Ohio Feurt Hill, Baraboo, and Barron pipestones, as well as identifying previously unknown quarries of Sterling Illinois pipestone, Cahokia Missouri flint clay, and Portsmouth Ohio Claystone. These discoveries have led to a major shift in interpretations of Cahokian and Hopewell pipe exchange. Further examination of native ethnographic quarry use identified the primary attraction of pipestone quarries lay in the perceived ritual and spiritual power of the stone rather than in its economic utility.
Reconstruction of aortic valve by autologous pericardium (Ozaki’s procedure): Single center experience in Vietnam
Authors: Ngo Hung Thanh , Nguyen Huu Cong , Nguyen Thuy Tran , Le Thanh Ngoc , Camilleri Lionel , Doan Hung Quoc
Published: December 2020

Aim

We aimed to report the experience of aortic valve reconstruction with autologous pericardium using Ozaki’s procedure in Vietnam.

Methods

The study included consecutive patients with isolated aortic valve disease who underwent Ozaki’s procedure in our hospital between June 2017 and August 2019. Aortic valve leaflets were reconstructed with autologous pericardium using Ozaki’s procedure.

Results

Sixty-one patients were included (mean age 55.8 years; 41 were male): 24 with aortic stenosis, 17 with aortic regurgitation, and 20 with both. Of the 61 patients, 16 had a bicuspid aortic valve, and 5 had infective endocarditis. The preoperative peak and mean gradient pressure gradients were 91.7 ± 16.1 mm Hg and 55.3 ± 10.3 mm Hg, respectively. Surgery was performed via a full or partial sternotomy. The procedure was successful in 59 cases. Two patients were converted to prosthetic valve replacement. The aortic crossclamp time was 110.9 ± 20.5 minutes. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed a mean pressure gradient of 8 ± 2 mm Hg and an aortic valve area of 3.04 ± 0.44 cm2. The mean follow-up period was 18.5 ± 5.7 months. One patient died in hospital due to cardiac tamponade. One patient underwent reoperation due to infective endocarditis 6 months after surgery. Another died at 8 months after surgery due to a mediastinal abscess. The surviving patients had no aortic regurgitation or mild aortic regurgitation at the last follow-up visits.

Conclusions

Aortic valve reconstruction with autologous pericardium provided good outcomes in our study.
What are the experiences of speech and language therapists implementing a staff development approach in early years settings to enhance good communication practices?
Authors: Kent Julie , McDonald Sarah
Published: December 2020

Interventions designed to improve communication environments and the quality of adult–child interactions in early years (EY) settings are an important part of facilitating children’s communication skills both for children with identified Speech, Language and Communication Needs (SLCN) and children without SLCN. One such intervention devised and delivered by speech and language therapists (SLTs) in Nottinghamshire is the Language Lead Approach (LLA), where SLTs deliver a formalized but flexible package of support and training to EY practitioners who go on to become Language Leads (LLs) for their setting. Nine SLTs delivering the LLA were interviewed to explore their perspectives on the implementation and impacts of the LLA. Interviews were analysed thematically. Three key themes were identified, the first of which related to factors internal to the setting and included aspects relating to the nature of initial and sustained engagement with an LL and the setting manager, time pressures and the impact of different setting organizational cultures. The second theme which emerged related to the individual qualities and characteristics of the LL, as SLTs noted that the response of LLs to the role varied considerably and was influenced by their confidence, experience and leadership capacity, as well as the degree of autonomy in the role. The final theme, external influences on implementation, reflected the SLTs own working practices and workload. Overall, SLTs felt the LLA was effective and could be implemented alongside their daily workload. SLTs reflected on their lack of training to implement such interventions, the challenges to sustaining the LLA at the setting and County level, and the challenges of evidencing effectiveness. This research has implications for those designing and evaluating training and mentoring approaches as well as for those SLTs who are seeking to develop the effectiveness of their consultative working with Early Years Educators (EYEs).