bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polymer:Fullerene Bimolecular Crystals for Near‐Infrared Spectroscopic Photodetectors
Authors: Tang Zheng , Ma Zaifei , Sánchez‐Díaz Antonio , Ullbrich Sascha , Liu Yuan , Siegmund Bernhard , Mischok Andreas , Leo Karl , Campoy‐Quiles Mariano , Li Weiwei , Vandewal Koen
Published: July 2017

Spectroscopic photodetection is a powerful tool in disciplines such as medical diagnosis, industrial process monitoring, or agriculture. However, its application in novel fields, including wearable and biointegrated electronics, is hampered by the use of bulky dispersive optics. Here, solution‐processed organic donor–acceptor blends are employed in a resonant optical cavity device architecture for wavelength‐tunable photodetection. While conventional photodetectors respond to above‐gap excitation, the cavity device exploits weak subgap absorption of intermolecular charge‐transfer states of the intercalating poly[2,5‐bis(3‐tetradecylthiophen‐2‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene] (PBTTT):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) bimolecular crystal. This enables a highly wavelength selective, near‐infrared photoresponse with a spectral resolution down to 14 nm, as well as dark currents and detectivities comparable with commercial inorganic photodetectors. Based on this concept, a miniaturized spectrophotometer, comprising an array of narrowband cavity photodetectors, is fabricated by using a blade‐coated PBTTT:PCBM thin film with a thickness gradient. As an application example, a measurement of the transmittance spectrum of water by this device is demonstrated.
A Highly Sensitive, Direct X‐Ray Detector Based on a Low‐Voltage Organic Field‐Effect Transistor
Authors: Lai Stefano , Cosseddu Piero , Basiricò Laura , Ciavatti Andrea , Fraboni Beatrice , Bonfiglio Annalisa
Published: July 2017

A novel organic transistor‐based sensor for direct X‐ray detection is proposed. The device operates at low voltages (≤3 V) and is entirely fabricated on flexible, plastic substrates with techniques that can be easily upscaled to an industrial scale. It is claimed that flexible, low voltage organic transistors have never been employed as direct ionizing radiation detectors, as two terminal photodetectors are typically considered for this application. It is demonstrated that, differently from two‐terminal photodetectors, X‐ray detection ability of the proposed sensor can be tuned acting on the transistor polarization conditions. Thanks to such a peculiar feature of the device, outstanding values of sensitivity are observed (up to 1200 nC Gy−1), much larger than the ones reported for two terminal direct organic photodetectors. It is notable that, the reported performances have been obtained using as sensing layer a standard, commercially available organic semiconductor: a complete explanation of the mechanism behind the detection ability is thoroughly discussed. The device functionality is perfectly maintained even after the exposure to high X‐ray doses (160 Gy), thus demonstrating the significant radiation hardness of the detector.
History and current status of polymyxin B‐immobilized fiber column for treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock
Authors: Shimizu Tomoharu , Miyake Toru , Tani Masaji
Published: July 2017

Toraymyxin® (Toray Medical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) has been developed as a direct hemoperfusion column that contains polymyxin B‐immobilized fiber to bind endotoxins in patients’ blood. Toraymyxin was approved by the Japanese National Health Insurance system for the treatment of endotoxemia and septic shock in 1994. Since then, PMX (defined as direct hemoperfusion with Toraymyxin) has been safely used in more than 100 000 cases in emergency and intensive care units in Japan. Toraymyxin is currently available for use in clinical settings in 12 countries outside of Japan. We reviewed and analyzed the development, clinical use, and efficacy of Toraymyxin, and assessed the current status of Toraymyxin use for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. Our review shows that PMX appeared to be effective in improving hemodynamics and respiratory function in septic shock requiring emergency abdominal surgery. Recent large‐scale ranomized controlled trialscould not demonstrate whether prognosis is improved by PMX. However, the latest meta‐analysis revealed that PMX significantly decreased mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Combination of PMX with continuous hemodiafiltration and longer duration of PMX might be an effective strategy to improve survival in such patients.
Electronic Transport Properties of 1D‐Defects in Graphene and Other 2D‐Systems
Authors: Willke P. , Schneider M. A. , Wenderoth M.
Published: July 2017

The continuous progress in device miniaturization demands a thorough understanding of the electron transport processes involved. The influence of defects ‐ discontinuities in the perfect and translational invariant crystal lattice ‐ plays a crucial role here. For graphene in particular, they limit the carrier mobility often demanded for applications by contributing additional sources of scattering to the sample. Due to its two‐dimensional nature graphene serves as an ideal system to study electron transport in the presence of defects, because one‐dimensional defects like steps, grain boundaries and interfaces are easy to characterize and have profound effects on the transport properties. While their contribution to the resistance of a sample can be extracted by carefully conducted transport experiments, scanning probe methods are excellent tools to study the influence of defects locally. In this letter, the authors review the results of scattering at local defects in graphene and other 2D systems by scanning tunneling potentiometry, 4‐point‐probe microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy and conventional transport measurements. Besides the comparison of the different defect resistances important for device fabrication, the underlying scattering mechanisms are discussed giving insight into the general physics of electron scattering at defects.
Flash‐Vakuumpyrolyse – Techniken und Reaktionen
Authors: Wentrup Curt
Published: July 2017

Die Anfänge der Flash‐Vakuumpyrolyse (FVP) ergaben sich in den 1940er und 1950er Jahren hauptsächlich aus dem massenspektrometrischen Nachweis pyrolytisch entstandener freier Radikale. In den 1960er Jahren begannen Organiker mit der Durchführung von FVP‐Experimenten zum Zweck der Isolierung neuer und interessanter Verbindungen und zum Verständnis pyrolytischer Prozesse. Seitdem wurden viele unterschiedliche Typen von Apparaten und Techniken entwickelt. Zielsetzung dieses Aufsatzes ist es, die wichtigsten Methoden vorzustellen wie auch eine Übersicht über typische Reaktionen und Beobachtungen zu geben, die mit den verschiedenen Techniken erreicht werden können. Dies umfasst unter anderem präparative FVP, chemische Abfangreaktionen, Matrixisolierung sowie Tieftemperatur‐Spektroskopie reaktiver Intermediate und instabiler Moleküle. Darüber hinaus ist die Kombination von FVP mit Matrixisolierung und Photochemie ein wirkungsvolles Instrument für Untersuchungen von Reaktionsmechanismen.
Kovalent gebundene, ineinander verkettete Cyclohexa‐m‐phenylene und ihre Selbstorganisation: Auf dem Weg zu supramolekularen 3D‐Kohlenstoffnanostrukturen
Authors: Dumslaff Bastian , Reuss Anna N. , Wagner Manfred , Feng Xinliang , Narita Akimitsu , Fytas George , Müllen Klaus
Published: July 2017

Durch den Versuch, so viele Phenylen‐Einheiten wie möglich auf kleinstem Raum zu gruppieren, betreten wir die dreidimensionale Welt der benzolbasierten Moleküle. In dieser Arbeit ermöglichen wir dies durch das einzigartige, schaufelradförmige Polyphenylen 10, welches aus zwei kovalent gebundenen, ineinander verketteten Cyclohexa‐m‐phenylenen besteht. Es wurde ein Vorläufermolekül konzipiert, welches frei rotierende m‐Chlorphenylen‐Einheiten trägt, die gleichermaßen eine ausreichende Löslichkeit und die benötigte räumliche Nähe für die finalen Ringschlüsse zu Struktur 10 ermöglichen. Die Selbstorganisation der löslichen Derivate zu supramolekularen Kohlenstoffnanostrukturen wird nacheinander mittels dynamischer Lichtstreuung (DLS) und Brillouin‐Lichtstreuung (BLS) untersucht, um die Dimensionen der im Anfangsstadium gebildeten Aggregate in Lösung, sowie den amorphen Charakter im Festkörper zu bestimmen.
Iron‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Aminations of C(sp3)−H Bonds in Alkylaryl Azides
Authors: Alt Isabel T. , Guttroff Claudia , Plietker Bernd
Published: July 2017

The nucleophilic iron complex Bu4N[Fe(CO)3(NO)] (TBA[Fe]) catalyzes the direct intramolecular amination of unactivated C(sp3)−H bonds in alkylaryl azides, which results in the formation of substituted indoline and tetrahydroquinoline derivatives.
Silanization of ZnO nanofibers by tetraethoxysilane
Authors: Khan Shakeel , Rasheed Muhammad Asim , Rafiq Muhammad Aftab , Shah Gul Bali , Rehman Wajid , Jamil Arifa , Khan Yaqoob
Published: July 2017

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanofibers are synthesized by electrospinning technique and then silanized to tailor its structural, optical, and electrical properties. The modification of ZnO nanofibers by chemical treatment of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) is clearly evident from the appearance of relevant Fourier transform infrared peak at about 1000 cm−1 corresponding to ZnOSi bond. The height of this peak increases linearly with increase in concentration of silane up to 400 μL, and afterward become plateau up to 500 μL. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurement shows that band gap decreases from 3.35 eV for pure zinc oxide nanofibers to 3.11 eV with successive increase in concentration of TEOS from 100 to 500 μL. The electrical characteristics of modified ZnO nanofibers are analyzed by impedance spectroscopy. It is observed that impedance of ZnO nanofibers increases (resistance from 1.69 × 108 to 2.618 × 109 ohm and capacitance from 2.043 × 10−12 to 7.618 × 10−13 F) with increase of TEOS concentration. This study provides guidelines for tailoring the electrical properties of ZnO nanofibers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45378.
Person entity linking in email with NIL detection
Authors: Gao Ning , Dredze Mark , Oard Douglas W.
Published: July 2017

For each specific mention of an entity found in a text, the goal of entity linking is to determine whether the referenced entity is present in an existing knowledge base, and if so to determine which KB entity is the correct referent. Entity linking has been well explored for dissemination‐oriented sources such as news stories, blogs, and microblog posts, but the limited work to date on “conversational” sources such as email or text chat has not yet attempted to determine when the referent entity is not in the knowledge base (a task known as “NIL detection”). This article presents a supervised machine learning system for linking named mentions of people in email messages to a collection‐specific knowledge base, and that is also capable of NIL detection. This system learns from manually annotated training examples to leverage a rich set of features. The entity linking accuracy for entities present in the knowledge base is substantially and significantly better than the best previously reported results on the Enron email collection, comparable accuracy is reported for the challenging NIL detection task, and these results are for the first time replicated on a second email collection from a different source with comparable results.
How Does Open Innovation Modify the Relationship between Environmental Regulations and Productivity?
Authors: Hu Die , Wang Yuandi , Li Yu
Published: July 2017

With increasingly severe environmental regulations, a pressing issue has been the need for firms to develop efficient strategies to achieve environmental protection and high productivity. Several environmental experts argue that firms can respond to environmental regulations through innovation; however, the question of how to innovate is unanswered in the environmental literature. Therefore, this study focuses on the open innovation strategy approach to respond to environmental regulations and maintain high productivity by incorporating the idea of innovation management. We first divide open innovation strategy into two modes of external technology acquisition: foreign and domestic. Next, we examine these modes' mediation effects on environmental regulations and productivity. In addition, we test the moderating effect of internal R&D on the relationship between external technology acquisition and productivity. Using data on 35 Chinese industrial sectors from 2001 to 2010, the empirical findings show that foreign technology significantly and positively mediates the link between environmental regulations and productivity, while domestic technology does not. Internal R&D investment, as an absorptive capacity, positively moderates the effect of foreign technology; however, it negatively moderates the effect of domestic technology on productivity. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
The mTOR inhibition in concurrence with ERK1/2 activation is involved in excessive autophagy induced by glycyrrhizin in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Yang Hua , Yue Shuqiang , He Guangbin , Qu Shibin , Zhang Zhuochao , Ma Ben , Ding Rui , Peng Wei , Zhang Hongtao , Yang Zhaoxu , Dou Kefeng , Tao Kaishan , Li Xiao
Published: July 2017

Autophagy is a life phenomenon in which autophagosomes remove damaged or aging organelles and long‐lived circulating proteins to maintain the cell's stability. However, disorders of excessive autophagy are a response of cancer cells to a variety of anticancer treatments which lead to cancer cell death. The Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathways are both involved in nutrient‐induced autophagic phenomenon and exhibit vital relevance to oncogenesis in various cancer cell types, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the influence of autophagy for cancer cell death remains controversial and few scientists have investigated the variation of these two signaling pathways in cancer cell autophagic phenomenon induced by anticancer treatment simultaneously. Here, we explored the anticancer efficacy and mechanisms of glycyrrhizin (GL), a bioactive compound of licorice with little toxicity in normal cells. It is interesting that inhibition of Akt/mTOR signaling in concurrence with enhanced ERK1/2 activity exists in GL‐induced autophagy and cytotoxicity in HepG2 and MHCC97‐H hepatocellular carcinoma cells. These results imply that the GL‐related anticancer ability might correlate with the induction of autophagy. The influence of induced autophagic phenomenon on cell viability might depend on the severity of autophagy and be pathway specific. In the subsequent subcutaneous xenograft experiment in vivo with MHCC97‐H cells, GL obviously exhibited its inhibitory efficacy in tumor growth via inducing excess autophagy in MHCC97‐H cells (P < 0.05). Our data prompt that GL possesses a property of excess autophagic phenomenon induction in HCC and exerts high anticancer efficacy in vitro and in vivo. This warrants further investigation toward possible clinical applications in patients with HCC.
Toward the Quantitative Evaluation of an Activated Carbon Particle Electrode Performance in a Packed‐Bed System
Authors: Wang Lizhang , Kong Yan , Wei Dongyang , Yang Shengxiang , Chen Qing , Kong Ying , Li Peng , Ting Yen‐Peng , Ong Choon Nam
Published: July 2017

Determination of electrode area and effective current is an important, also an outstanding issue, for reaction progression kinetics analysis of an electrochemical system, especially for a packed‐bed electrode usually used in fuel cell processes, the oxygen reduction reaction, hydrogen electro‐generation, and the oxidation of organics. Herein, we report a novel strategy for the quantitative evaluation of oxidative performance towards a three‐dimensional framework, using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses to obtain the electrode area expansion factor (λ) and fractional current applied on an activated carbon particle electrode (β). The two variables acquired through electrochemical tests were extremely approximate to those from simulating experimental data in phenol, helianthin B, and oxalic acid oxidation. These results not only provide an assessment tool for particle electrode performances, but also lead to efficient design, control, and operation of a reaction, thus having implications in improving kinetics within the electrochemistry field.
Cu‐catalyzed Cascade Cyclization of Isothiocyanates, Alkynes, and Diaryliodonium Salts: Access to Diversely Functionalized Quinolines
Authors: Khan Salman , Volla Chandra M. R.
Published: July 2017

Herein, we report a copper‐catalyzed novel, highly efficient, and modular cascade annulation reaction for the synthesis of quinoline derivatives starting from easily available alkynes, isothiocyanates, and diaryliodonium salts. The reaction displayed excellent regioselectivities, when unsymmetrical alkynes were employed as partners, giving access to diversely functionalized quinolines in good to excellent yields for a wide range of functional groups.
Mild Cobalt(III)‐Catalyzed Allylative C−F/C−H Functionalizations at Room Temperature
Authors: Zell Daniel , Müller Valentin , Dhawa Uttam , Bursch Markus , Presa Rubén Rubio , Grimme Stefan , Ackermann Lutz
Published: July 2017

Sustainable, cobalt‐catalyst enabled, synthetically significant C−F/C−H functionalizations were achieved with an ample substrate scope at an ambient temperature of 25 °C, thereby delivering perfluoroallylated heteroarenes. Detailed experimental and computational mechanistic studies on the C−F/C−H functionalizations provided strong support for a facile C−F cleavage.
Dinaphthotetrathiafulvalene Bisimides: A New Member of the Family of π‐Extended TTF Stable p‐Type Semiconductors
Authors: Yamashita Masataka , Kawano Koki , Matsumoto Akinobu , Aratani Naoki , Hayashi Hironobu , Suzuki Mitsuharu , Zhang Lei , Briseno Alejandro L. , Yamada Hiroko
Published: July 2017

Air‐stable organic semiconductors based on tetrathiafuluvalene (TTF) were developed by synthesising a series of dinaphthotetrathiafulvalene bisimides (DNTTF‐Im) using electron‐donating TTF, π‐extended naphthalene, and electron‐withdrawing imide. Electron‐spin‐resonance spectroscopy and X‐ray single‐crystal structure analysis of aryl‐substituted DNTTF‐Im radical cations confirmed that localisation of the spin resides on the electron‐donating TTF moiety. The organic field‐effect transistor properties derived from the use of highly crystalline n‐butyl (C4) and n‐hexyl(C6)‐substituted DNTTF‐Im were assessed. The hole carrier mobility of C6‐DNTTF‐Im was improved from 3.7×10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 to 0.30 cm2 V−1 s−1 in ambient conditions. This is attributed to the raise of the substrate temperature from 25 °C to 200 °C during sublimation. The XRD and microscopy analysis suggested that increasing the substrate temperature accelerates the end‐on packing resulting in larger grains suitable for hole charge transport parallel to the substrate.
The significance of negative correlations in brain connectivity
Authors: Zhan Liang , Jenkins Lisanne M. , Wolfson Ouri E. , GadElkarim Johnson Jonaris , Nocito Kevin , Thompson Paul M. , Ajilore Olusola A. , Chung Moo K. , Leow Alex D.
Published: July 2017

Understanding the modularity of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)–derived brain networks or “connectomes” can inform the study of brain function organization. However, fMRI connectomes additionally involve negative edges, which may not be optimally accounted for by existing approaches to modularity that variably threshold, binarize, or arbitrarily weight these connections. Consequently, many existing Q maximization‐based modularity algorithms yield variable modular structures. Here, we present an alternative complementary approach that exploits how frequent the blood–oxygen–level–dependent (BOLD) signal correlation between two nodes is negative. We validated this novel probability‐based modularity approach on two independent publicly‐available resting‐state connectome data sets (the Human Connectome Project [HCP] and the 1,000 functional connectomes) and demonstrated that negative correlations alone are sufficient in understanding resting‐state modularity. In fact, this approach (a) permits a dual formulation, leading to equivalent solutions regardless of whether one considers positive or negative edges; (b) is theoretically linked to the Ising model defined on the connectome, thus yielding modularity result that maximizes data likelihood. Additionally, we were able to detect novel and consistent sex differences in modularity in both data sets. As data sets like HCP become widely available for analysis by the neuroscience community at large, alternative and perhaps more advantageous computational tools to understand the neurobiological information of negative edges in fMRI connectomes are increasingly important.
Localization of orofacial representation in the corona radiata, internal capsule and cerebral peduncle inMacaca mulatta
Authors: Morecraft R. J. , Binneboese A. , Stilwell‐Morecraft K. S. , Ge J.
Published: July 2017

Subcortical white matter injury is often accompanied by orofacial motor dysfunction, but little is known about the structural substrates accounting for these common neurological deficits. We studied the trajectory of the corticobulbar projection from the orofacial region of the primary (M1), ventrolateral (LPMCv), supplementary (M2), rostral cingulate (M3) and caudal cingulate (M4) motor regions through the corona radiata (CR), internal capsule (IC) and crus cerebri of the cerebral peduncle (ccCP). In the CR each pathway was segregated. Medial motor area fibers (M2/M3/M4) arched over the caudate and lateral motor area fibers (M1/LPMCv) curved over the putamen. At superior IC levels, the pathways were widespread, involving the anterior limb, genu and posterior limb with the M3 projection located anteriorly, followed posteriorly by projections from M2, LPMCv, M4 and M1, respectively. Inferiorly, all pathways maintained this orientation but shifted posteriorly, with adjacent fiber bundles overlapping minimally. In the ccCP, M3 fibers were located medially and M1 fibers centromedially, with M2, LPMCv, and M4 pathways overlapping in between. Finally, at inferior ccCP levels, all pathways overlapped. Following CR and superior IC lesions, the dispersed pathway distribution may correlate with acute orofacial dysfunction with spared pathways contributing to orofacial motor recovery. In contrast, the gradually commixed nature of pathway representation inferiorly may enhance fiber vulnerability and correlate with severe, prolonged deficits following lower subcortical and midbrain injury. Additionally, in humans these findings may assist in interpreting orofacial movements evoked during deep brain stimulation, and neuroimaging tractography efforts to localize descending orofacial motor pathways.
Parvalbumin‐expressing ependymal cells in rostral lateral ventricle wall adhesions contribute to aging‐related ventricle stenosis in mice
Authors: Filice Federica , Celio Marco R. , Babalian Alexandre , Blum Walter , Szabolcsi Viktoria
Published: July 2017

Aging‐associated ependymal‐cell pathologies can manifest as ventricular gliosis, ventricle enlargement, or ventricle stenosis. Ventricle stenosis and fusion of the lateral ventricle (LV) walls is associated with a massive decline of the proliferative capacities of the stem cell niche in the affected subventricular zone (SVZ) in aging mice. We examined the brains of adult C57BL/6 mice and found that ependymal cells located in the adhesions of the medial and lateral walls of the rostral LVs upregulated parvalbumin (PV) and displayed reactive phenotype, similarly to injury‐reactive ependymal cells. However, PV+ ependymal cells in the LV‐wall adhesions, unlike injury‐reactive ones, did not express glial fibrillary acidic protein. S100B+/PV+ ependymal cells found in younger mice diminished in the LV‐wall adhesions throughout aging. We found that periventricular PV‐immunofluorescence showed positive correlation to the grade of LV stenosis in nonaged mice (<10‐month‐old), and that the extent of LV‐wall adhesions and LV stenosis was significantly lower in mid‐aged (>10‐month‐old) PV‐knock out (PV‐KO) mice. This suggests an involvement of PV+ ependymal cells in aging‐associated ventricle stenosis. Additionally, we observed a time‐shift in microglial activation in the LV‐wall adhesions between age‐grouped PV‐KO and wild‐type mice, suggesting a delay in microglial activation when PV is absent from ependymal cells. Our findings implicate that compromised ependymal cells of the adhering ependymal layers upregulate PV and display phenotype shift to “reactive” ependymal cells in aging‐related ventricle stenosis; moreover, they also contribute to the progression of LV‐wall fusion associated with a decline of the affected SVZ‐stem cell niche in aged mice.
Intensive Short‐Term Dynamic Psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder: A pilot effectiveness and process‐outcome study
Authors: Lilliengren Peter , Johansson Robert , Town Joel M. , Kisely Steve , Abbass Allan
Published: July 2017

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical‐ and cost‐effectiveness of Intensive Short‐Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). We further aimed to examine if a key clinical process within the ISTDP framework, termed the level of mobilization of unprocessed complex emotions (MUCE), was related to outcome. The sample consisted of 215 adult patients (60.9% female) with GAD and comorbid conditions treated in a tertiary mental health outpatient setting. The patients were provided an average of 8.3 sessions of ISTDP delivered by 38 therapists. The level of MUCE in treatment was assessed from videotaped sessions by a rater blind to treatment outcome. Year‐by‐year healthcare costs were derived independently from government databases. Multilevel growth models indicated significant decreases in psychiatric symptoms and interpersonal problems during treatment. These gains were corroborated by reductions in healthcare costs that continued for 4 years post‐treatment reaching normal population means. Further, we found that the in‐treatment level of MUCE was associated with larger treatment effects, underlining the significance of emotional experiencing and processing in the treatment of GAD. We conclude that ISTDP appears to reduce symptoms and costs associated with GAD and that the ISTDP framework may be useful for understanding key therapeutic processes in this challenging clinical population. Controlled studies of ISTDP for GAD are warranted.
The Soluble Interleukin 6 Receptor: Advanced Therapeutic Options in Inflammation
Authors: Rose‐John Stefan
Published: July 2017

Interleukin (IL)‐6 binds to IL‐6R and the complex of IL‐6 and IL‐6R associates with the receptor subunit gp130, which initiates signaling. gp130 is expressed on all cells. IL‐6R is cleaved by the ADAM17, generating a soluble IL‐6R (sIL‐6R). The sIL‐6R binds IL‐6 and the complex of IL‐6 and sIL‐6R binds to gp130 even on cells that do not express IL‐6R. This process, which has been called IL‐6 trans‐signaling, increases the spectrum of target cells for IL‐6. We generated a protein, sgp130Fc, which inhibits IL‐6 trans‐signaling without affecting IL‐6 classic signaling. Using the sgp130Fc protein we demonstrated that IL‐6 classic signaling is antiinflammatory and protective, whereas IL‐6 trans‐signaling is proinflammatory. Blocking IL‐6 trans‐signaling does not compromise the defense of the body against bacterial infections. We suggest that sgp130Fc is a superior agent as compared to IL‐6 or IL‐6R antibodies to block IL‐6. The sgp130Fc protein is in phase II clinical trials.
Probing Transient Photoinduced Charge Transfer in Prussian Blue Analogues with Time‐Resolved XANES and Optical Spectroscopy
Authors: Zerdane Serhane , Cammarata Marco , Balducci Lodovico , Bertoni Roman , Catala Laure , Mazerat Sandra , Mallah Talal , Pedersen Martin N. , Wulff Michael , Nakagawa Kosuke , Tokoro Hiroko , Ohkoshi Shin‐ichi , Collet Eric
Published: July 2017

We studied the transient electron‐transfer process in CsCoFe and RbMnFe Prussian Blue analogues by time‐resolved X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) and by time‐resolved optical spectroscopy. We performed time‐resolved studies on CsCoFe nanocrystals dispersed in solution. The XANES results obtained at room temperature clearly evidence CoIII(low spin)FeII→CoII(high spin)FeIII electron transfer between the metal centers through opposite spectral shifts at the Fe and Co edges. We also studied the MnIII(low spin)FeII→MnII(high spin)FeIII process in an RbMnFe powder sample at thermal equilibrium and under laser excitation. Optical spectroscopy revealed that the process occurs on the picosecond timescale, as already reported by Raman spectroscopy, and that the lifetime of the photoinduced charge‐transfer states is in the 1–10 µs range, depending on the sample and temperature.
Effect of TiO2 Surface Treatment on the Current–Voltage Hysteresis of Planar‐Structure Perovskite Solar Cells Prepared on Rough and Flat Fluorine‐Doped Tin Oxide Substrates
Authors: Cojocaru Ludmila , Uchida Satoshi , Jayaweera Piyankarage V. V. , Kaneko Shoji , Wang Haibin , Nakazaki Jotaro , Kubo Takaya , Segawa Hiroshi
Published: July 2017

Herein, we studied the effect of surface treatment of compact TiO2 layer by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light and by TiCl4 on the I–V hysteresis of perovskite solar cells prepared on fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates with two different surface roughnesses. Initially, the cells prepared on flat FTO substrates show better results than cells prepared on rough FTO, with slightly higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) and less hysteresis in the I–V curves. Treatment of TiO2 prepared on flat FTO has no effect on the I–V hysteresis because of better contact between TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3 layers. Treatment of TiO2 layer on rough FTO has a positive effect on the PCE and I–V hysteresis and stability.
The Late Carboniferous Khuhu Davaa ophiolite in northeastern Mongolia: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean
Authors: Zhu Ming‐Shuai , Zhang Fochin , Miao Lai‐Cheng , Baatar Munkhtsengel , Anaad Chimedtseren , Yang Shun‐Hu , Li Xing‐Bo
Published: July 2017

The newly discovered Khuhu Davaa ophiolite is located in the Adaatsag suture zone, which marks the closure of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean in northeastern Mongolia. In this paper, we present new geochemical and SIMS zircon U–Pb data for the ophiolite to provide some constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Mongol–Okhotsk orogenic belt. Metagabbro and plagiogranite samples from the ophiolite yielded SIMS zircon U–Pb ages of 321 ± 4 Ma and 314 ± 3 Ma, respectively, which are interpreted to represent the formation age of the ophiolite. These data suggest that the Carboniferous Khuhu Davaa ophiolite is likely related to the contemporaneous Adaatsag ophiolite to the southwest, defining the suture zone of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean in northeastern Mongolia. Tholeiitic basalt samples from the ophiolite show N‐MORB and E‐MORB geochemical affinities but are enriched in Ba, Pb, and Sr, which may reflect an input of subduction‐related fluids. Metagabbro samples exhibit HSFE depletion and LILE enrichment, which are diagnostic geochemical features of arc magmatism. Plagiogranites with low TiO2 contents appear to have formed through partial melting rather than fractional crystallization of a mafic crust in the subduction zone environment. Thus, we suggest that the Khuhu Davaa ophiolite resulted from generation of oceanic crust during the closure of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean and documents the initiation of subduction during the Late Carboniferous in northeastern Mongolia.
Sedimentary microfacies and organic geochemical characterization of mudstones in the Keluke Formation in northeastern Qaidam, China
Authors: Liu Xiaoguang , Li Sanzhong , Zhong Jianhua , Li Yong , Liu Xuan , Ni Liangtian , Liu Shengxin , Dong Shoutao , Guo Runhua , Lan Haoyuan , Sun Wenjun
Published: July 2017

During the Early Carboniferous, the northeastern Qaidam Basin probably formed in an active continental margin setting. Due to marine regression after the late Early Carboniferous, the marginal shelf began to receive more terrestrial clastic sediments, and alternating occurrence of carbonates and siliciclastics characterized this region. Consequently, shales or mudstones with considerable thickness were deposited in the Upper Carboniferous, especially in the Keluke Formation. In order to illuminate a more accurate sedimentary environment of shales and further evaluate the shale gas potential, multidisciplinary traditional methods were conducted including rock core examinations and laboratory analysis. Results reveal that the sedimentary microfacies of shales in the Keluke Formation can be divided into the upper shoreface, the lower shoreface, and the upper to transition offshore. These microfacies developed on a homoclinal carbonate ramp with a gentle slope. The thickest succession of mudstone develops in the lower shoreface, which is a counterpart with the lagoonal setting of a stationary hydraulic system. The quartz content of shale samples ranges from 30% to 66% and clay minerals from 24% to 43% by bulk compositional analysis, which indicates the content of brittle minerals and shales fissility to some extent. The total organic carbon content ranges from 0.5% to 7.6% by weight, with an average value of 2.69% in ZK1‐1 and 1.11% in ZK3‐2, indicating abundant organic matter richness. The kerogen is mainly of type II, which indicates that source for the organic matter is a mixture of higher terrestrial plants and acquatic organisms. The vitrinite reflectance ranges from 1.22% to 1.55%, indicating a moderate to high thermal maturity. Three types of pores are recognized in the shales, including organic pores, intrapartical pores, and interparticle pores. The significance of this work emphasizes two aspects. First, it gives a more detailed classification of sedimentary environment of the mudstone succession; second, it acquires the preliminary subsurface data regarding to the shale gas potential evaluation.
Geomorphologic study of the valley floor in different tectonic segments along Kosi River valley between South Almora Thrust and Himalayan Frontal Thrust: Kumaun Himalaya, India
Authors: Luirei Khayingshing , Bhakuni S.S. , Kothyari Girish C.
Published: July 2017

In the Kumaun Himalaya, a portion of the Kosi River valley of ~90 km in length is chosen to study the fluvial morphology that provides first‐order information about the dynamic response of bedrock channels to tectonic impulse. The Kosi River flows across/along major tectonic boundaries such as the South Almora Thrust, Ramgarh Thrust, Main Boundary Thrust, and the Himalayan Frontal Thrust, and local transverse and longitudinal faults. Varied fluvial landforms correspond to different tectonic settings, lithologies, bedrock channels, hillslopes, large landslides, terraces, and fans. The longitudinal valleys are also the sites for thick aggradational landforms. Some portion of these valleys fall in the areas of active extensional tectonics and is characterized by one of the widest valley floor sections in the Lesser Himalaya. In contrast, the transverse valley sections are incised by deep‐cut v‐shaped valleys and the narrowest valley section. Swerving of the Kosi River is observed in the Ramgarh Thrust and Amel Fault zones and also in the Main Boundary Thrust zone. Recent tectonic activity is evident from the presence of the faulted Quaternary deposits, linear fault scarps, abandoned channels, incised meandering, and multiple levels of terraces/strath terraces. Field observations and the computed ratio of valley floor width to valley height (Vf) corroborate each other. Valleys developed parallel to the strike of faults and bedrocks have relatively broader valleys with higher Vf values whereas in contrast, the valleys developed across the bedrock strike are narrow with smaller Vf values. The results of computed stream length gradient (SL) and steepness (Ks) indices show considerable correlations between the obtained SL and Ks data and the field evidences; high values of SL and Ks are characterized by the presence of knick points observed at the prominent thrusts and faults.
Characterization of serum proteins attached to distinct sol–gel hybrid surfaces
Authors: Araújo‐Gomes Nuno , Romero‐Gavilán Francisco , Sánchez‐Pérez Ana M. , Gurruchaga Marilo , Azkargorta Mikel , Elortza Felix , Martinez‐Ibañez María , Iloro Ibon , Suay Julio , Goñi Isabel
Published: July 2017

The success of a dental implant depends on its osseointegration, an important feature of the implant biocompatibility. In this study, two distinct sol–gel hybrid coating formulations [50% methyltrimethoxysilane: 50% 3‐glycidoxypropyl‐trimethoxysilane (50M50G) and 70% methyltrimethoxysilane with 30% tetraethyl orthosilicate (70M30T)] were applied onto titanium implants. To evaluate their osseointegration, in vitro and in vivo assays were performed. Cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro did not show any differences between the coatings. However, four and eight weeks after in vivo implantation, the fibrous capsule area surrounding 50M50G‐implant was 10 and 4 times, respectively, bigger than the area of connective tissue surrounding the 70M30T treated implant. Thus, the in vitro results gave no prediction or explanation for the 50M50G‐implant failure in vivo. We hypothesized that the first protein layer adhered to the surface may have direct implication in implant osseointegration, and perhaps correlate with the in vivo outcome. Human serum was used for adsorption analysis on the biomaterials, the first layer of serum proteins adhered to the implant surface was analyzed by proteomic analysis, using mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). From the 171 proteins identified; 30 proteins were significantly enriched on the 50M50G implant surface. This group comprised numerous proteins of the immune complement system, including several subcomponents of the C1 complement, complement factor H, C4b‐binding protein alpha chain, complement C5 and C‐reactive protein. This result suggests that these proteins enriched in 50M50G surface might trigger the cascade leading to the formation of the fibrous capsule observed. The implications of these results could open up future possibilities to predict the biocompatibility problems in vivo. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1477–1485, 2018.
Sirtuin7 is involved in protecting neurons against oxygen‐glucose deprivation and reoxygenation‐induced injury through regulation of the p53 signaling pathway
Authors: Lv Jianrui , Tian Junbin , Zheng Guoxi , Zhao Jing
Published: July 2017

Sirtuin7 (SIRT7) is known to regulate apoptosis and stress responses. So far, very little is known about the role of SIRT7 in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential role of SIRT7 in regulating oxygen‐glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R)‐induced injury in neurons. We found a significant increase of SIRT7 expression in neurons in response to OGD/R treatment. Knockdown of SIRT7 aggravated OGD/R‐induced injury. Knockdown of SIRT7 augmented the levels of total and acetylated p53 protein. Moreover, knockdown of SIRT7 markedly increased the transcriptional activity of p53 toward apoptosis and activated the p53‐mediated proapoptotic signaling pathway. By contrast, overexpression of SIRT7 showed the opposite effects. Taken together, the results of our study suggest that SIRT7 is involved in protecting neurons against OGD/R‐induced injury, possibly through regulation of the p53‐mediated proapoptotic signaling pathway, indicating a potential therapeutic target for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Alternative or Nontraditional Sexualities and Therapy: A Case Report
Authors: Sprott Richard A. , Randall Anna , Davison Karen , Cannon Neil , Witherspoon Ryan G.
Published: July 2017

A traditionally marginalized subset of couples engage in consensual nonmonogamy (CNM: open marriage, polyamory, swinging, etc.) or alternative sexualities, such as kink or bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism/masochism. Nonmonogamous and sexually diverse individuals often experience discrimination or stigma in various domains of professional services, including mental healthcare. These cases require knowledge, skills, and awareness to provide culturally sensitive care, which is often called “kink aware therapy” or “poly‐friendly therapy” within alternative sexuality communities. This article explores one application of a kink‐focused and CNM‐focused therapeutic framework for working with a couple who is exploring nontraditional sexualities. This case incorporates evidence‐based clinical practice and identifies the limitations and significant gaps in the empirical research literature.
Predicting the level of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with triple‐negative breast cancer: Usefulness of breast MRI computer‐aided detection and diagnosis
Authors: Ku You Jin , Kim Hak Hee , Cha Joo Hee , Shin Hee Jung , Chae Eun Young , Choi Woo Jung , Lee Hee Jin , Gong Gyungyub
Published: July 2017

Purpose

To evaluate the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) computer‐aided detection and diagnosis (CAD) for the detection of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. TNBC is a heterogeneous malignancy with a varying prognosis. Recently, the importance of TILs in TNBC has been determined.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively enrolled 60 lesions of TNBC. Either at 1.5T or 3T MRI, including T1, T2‐weighted, and dynamic contrast‐enhanced, images were obtained. The CAD results for all lesions were obtained, and we analyzed quantitative kinetic features including the initial peak enhancement and enhancement profiles. We divided the tumors into two groups: those with a TIL level of less than 50%, and those with a TIL level of 50% or more. Kinetic parameters were compared using Student's t‐tests and chi‐square tests.

Results

There were 48 low‐TIL lesions and 12 high‐TIL lesions. The portion of persistent enhancement of tumors was negatively associated with the TIL levels (P = 0.003). The persistent minus washout value of the low‐TIL group was higher than that of the high‐TIL group (P = 0.008). The odds ratios were 0.944 (P = 0.012) for the persistent portion and 0.971 (P = 0.008) for the persistent minus washout value.

Conclusion

The prediction model using kinetic enhancement parameters, particularly persistent proportion and plateau minus washout value, could be helpful for identifying TIL levels in TNBC and may be used as an imaging biomarker to guide the treatment plan.

Level of Evidence: 4

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:760–766.
Brain volumetric correlates of inhibition and cognitive flexibility 16 years following childhood traumatic brain injury
Authors: Yu Kelleynne , Seal Marc L. , Reyes Jonathan , Godfrey Celia , Anderson Vicki , Adamson Chris , Ryan Nicholas P. , Hearps Stephen J. C. , Catroppa Cathy
Published: July 2017

Executive functions (EFs), such as inhibition and cognitive flexibility, are essential for everyday functioning, including regulation of socially appropriate emotional responses. These skills develop during childhood and continue maturing into early adulthood. The current study aimed to investigate the very long‐term impact of childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) on inhibition and cognitive flexibility, and to examine whether global white matter is associated with these abilities. Twenty‐eight young adult survivors of childhood TBI (mean age at 16‐year follow‐up = 21.67 years, SD = 2.70) and 16 typically developing controls (TDCs), group‐matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic status, completed tests of inhibition and cognitive flexibility and underwent structural MRI. Survivors of childhood TBI did not significantly differ from TDCs on EF or white matter volume. However, the relationship between EF and white matter volume differed between survivors of TBI and TDCs. Survivors of TBI did not mimic the brain behavior relationship that characterized EF in TDCs. The inverse brain behavior relationship, exhibited by childhood TBI survivors, suggests disruptions in the whole brain underpinning EF following childhood TBI.
Optimization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes reinforced hollow‐fiber solid–liquid‐phase microextraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples using experimental design
Authors: Hamedi Raheleh , Hadjmohammadi Mohammad Reza
Published: July 2017

A novel design of hollow‐fiber liquid‐phase microextraction containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a solid sorbent, which is immobilized in the pore and lumen of hollow fiber by the sol–gel technique, was developed for the pre‐concentration and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples. The proposed method utilized both solid‐ and liquid‐phase microextraction media. Parameters that affect the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were optimized in two successive steps as follows. Firstly, a methodology based on a quarter factorial design was used to choose the significant variables. Then, these significant factors were optimized utilizing central composite design. Under the optimized condition (extraction time = 25 min, amount of multiwalled carbon nanotubes = 78 mg, sample volume = 8 mL, and desorption time = 5 min), the calibration curves showed high linearity (R2 = 0.99) in the range of 0.01–500 ng/mL and the limits of detection were in the range of 0.007–1.47 ng/mL. The obtained extraction recoveries for 10 ng/mL of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons standard solution were in the range of 85–92%. Replicating the experiment under these conditions five times gave relative standard deviations lower than 6%. Finally, the method was successfully applied for pre‐concentration and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples.
Separation and identification of lipids in the photosynthetic cousins of Apicomplexa Chromera velia and Vitrella brassicaformis
Authors: Tomčala Aleš , Kyselová Veronika , Schneedorferová Ivana , Opekarová Iva , Moos Martin , Urajová Petra , Kručinská Jitka , Oborník Miroslav
Published: July 2017

The alveolate algae Chromera velia and Vitrella brassicaformis (chromerids) are the closest known phototrophic relatives to apicomplexan parasites. Apicomplexans are responsible for fatal diseases of humans and animals and severe economic losses. Availability of the genome sequences of chromerids together with easy and rapid culturing of C. velia makes this alga a suitable model for investigating elementary biochemical principals potentially important for the apicomplexan pathogenicity. Such knowledge allows us to better understand processes during the evolutionary transition from a phototrophy to the parasitism in Apicomplexa. We explored lipidomes of both algae using high‐performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry or gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. A single high‐performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis in both ionization modes was sufficient for the separation and semi‐quantification of lipids in chromerid algae. We detected more than 250 analytes belonging to five structural lipid classes, two lipid classes of precursors and intermediates, and triacylglycerols as storage lipids. Identification of suggested structures was confirmed by high‐resolution mass spectrometry with an Orbitrap mass analyzer. An outstandingly high accumulation of storage triacylglycerols was found in both species. All the investigated aspects make C. velia a prospective organism for further applications in biotechnology.