bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional geoscience database for the Oak Ridges Moraine project (southern Ontario)
Authors: Russell H A J , Logan C , Brennand T
A , Hinton M J , Sharpe D R
Published: March 2017

To assist in completing surface and subsurface mapping in the Oak Ridges Moraine area a geoscience database is being developed. The database consists of three data storage elements: a) relational database, b) GIS layers, and c) flat files. The relational database
is the repository for new and archival point data obtained by mapping and borehole studies. The GIS layers include a library of remotely sensed imagery, a regional Digital Elevation Model, and thematic layers. The flat file format has been used for subsurface geophysical data, particularly
reflection seismic and ground penetrating radar profiles. Most of the database is on desktop PC platforms with UNIX systems being incorporated for specific tasks. A simple example is provided to illustrate the potential for database querying and spatial interpolation in a
GIS.
Digital Elevation Models for hydrological applications in Oak Ridges Moraine, southern Ontario: the necessity for structured drainage networks
Authors: Paquette J
Published: March 2017

A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is being developed for landform and hydrologic analysis of the Oak Ridges Moraine study area. The model, at a grid scale of 30 m, is derived from 1:50 000 scale vector data containing accurate contour lines, elevation points, and
well structured drainage data for breakline enforcement. In order to use drainage vector information as breaklines, the data must respect certain conditions, such as connectivity of line segments and correct vector orientation.

The preprocessing of drainage data can involve considerable time and cost, therefore a minimum user interaction macro-process was developed using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The macro defines watershed outlets, then compares the distance of line segment nodes in order to reorient the
segments as necessary. The corrected drainage database is then used as input for a hydrologically sound DEM.
Résultats initiaux de la caractérisation géochimique des aquifères du piémont laurentien dans la municipalité régionale de comtés de Portneuf (Québec)
Authors: Bourque É , LaFlèche M R , Lefebvre R , Michaud Y
Published: March 2017

A hydrogeochemical groundwater study is underway in the Portneuf MRC (municipalité régionale de comtés) as part of a regional groundwater mapping project. This groundwater quality investigation has analyzed 37 groundwater samples for inorganic and
bacteriologic parameters. We noticed significant variations in the groundwater composition and quality, with several samples exceeding aesthetical objectives. We observed a degradation of the groundwater quality. Significant concentrations of nitrates have been measured for 41% of the samples.
Moreover, private well installations and maintenance seem to be deficient since 50% of the samples taken from those wells exceeded the microbiological norms.
Spatially linked relational database management of petrology and geochemistry using Fieldlog v3.0: a worked example from the Bathurst mining camp, New Brunswick
Authors: Rogers N , Brodaric B
Published: March 2017

Advances in personal computing power have enhanced the geological mapping process considerably. The recently developed Fieldlog v3.0 provides a geologist with the ability to store information in spatially linked relational databases and to organize data in a
customized form without having to deal with the complexities of relational database design. Furthermore, it automatically links these data sets spatially to a digital base map, thus enabling the on-screen editing of data, whilst providing data analysis tools such as stereonets and chemical plots.

The reclassification of the Patrick Brook Formation from the Tetagouche Group to the Miramichi was implemented following a combined chemical, petrological, spatial, and structural re-analysis of sedimentary rock data from the Bathurst mining camp, northern New Brunswick. The methodology behind this
reclassification is presented as an example of how Fieldlog v3.0 can be used to enhance geological models.
Reprint Explorer, a paleontological reprint database for Microsoft Windows
Authors: Stanley D C A , Haggart J W
Published: March 2017

A new dBASE for Microsoft Windows program allows a research scientist to efficiently catalogue a paleontological reprint collection. In addition to being able to capture bibliographic information describing each reprint in the collection, taxonomic details
regarding taxa covered in each reprint can be recorded. The resulting database can then be queried to easily locate specific papers or those dealing with specific taxa.
Chemical and stable isotopic composition of ground and surface waters from the Restigouche Zn-Pb massive sulphide deposit, Bathurst mining camp, northern New Brunswick - EXTECH II
Authors: Leybourne M I , Goodfellow W D , Boyle D R
Published: March 2017

A deposit-scale study of the hydrology and hydrochemistry of surface and groundwaters has been initiated in the Bathurst Mining Camp as part of the EXTECH II program. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of hydrogeochemical methods in the
exploration for buried deposits within the Bathurst Mining Camp. Preliminary work has focussed on the Halfmile Lake and Restigouche Zn-Pb deposits. At the Restigouche deposit, samples of stream, spring, seep, and borehole waters have been collected and measured for a wide range of trace elements and
stable isotopes. Surface waters are dominantly low total dissolved solids (TDS) Ca-HCO3-waters, with differences between streams reflecting underlying lithology. Ore-related elements (e.g. Pb, Zn, K) are well correlated with proximity to the Restigouche deposit. Groundwaters at Restigouche are
highly variable in composition and range from shallow waters similar to stream waters, to deeper Na-Ca-Cl saline waters resembling brines from the Canadian Shield. Groundwaters at Restigouche are very different from those at the Halfmile Lake deposit, reflecting differences in hydrology and recharge
history.
Stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Advance Formation, a new upper Middle Ordovician unit, northern Rocky Mountains, British Columbia
Authors: Norford B S
Published: March 2017

The Advance Formation is a thin stratigraphic unit (up to 68 m thick) in the Williston Lake region of British Columbia. The unit has very restricted lateral distribution beneath a regional sub-Upper Ordovician (Ashgill) unconformity. The formation consists of
thinly bedded carbonates and shales deposited in a slope environment during late Caradoc (probably Kirkfieldian to Shermanian) time. Rocks of this age and lithology are unique in western Canada. The Advance Formation contains rich faunas of brachiopods and conodonts showing both North American and
European affinities. Solitary corals, trilobites, bryozoans, gastropods, pelecypods, cephalopods, and echinoderm debris are accessory components of the macrofaunas.
Middle Ordovician (Caradoc) pelecypods from the Advance Formation, British Columbia
Authors: Johnston P A
Published: March 2017

The newly recognized Advance Formation (Caradoc) of British Columbia has yielded pelecypods representing seven species: Lyrodesma sp., Cyrtodonta sp., Vanuxemia hayniana (Safford), and indeterminate species of Nuculoida, Malletiidae, Ambonychiidae, and
Modiomorphoida. Comparisons with Ordovician pelecypod assemblages and their associated depositional environments in eastern North America indicate that the Advance Formation pelecypods inhabited shallow proximal to mid-shelf environments below fair-weather wave base. The Advance Formation pelecypods
are of Scoto-Appalachian biogeographic affinity, indicating that a uniform pelecypod fauna inhabited laterally continuous platform environments across most of Laurentia during the Caradoc. Pedal protractor scars in Vanuxemia hayniana indicate that the myophoric notch allowed the protractor muscle to
pass through the plane of the hinge at high angles of shell gape. Lyrodesma is shown to have a schizodid-like ligament and is therefore transferred to the Trigonioida.
Beyond the ocean frontier: the Juan de Fuca Ridge
Authors:   Department of Energy, Mines and Resources Canada
Published: March 2017

Two thousand metres below the surface of the Pacific Ocean off Canada's west coast is an underwater mountain range called the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Its steaming vents spew forth an abundance of molten minerals, supporting a unique ecosystem denied the privileges of
light. The video takes the viewer to this remote new world and examines its scientific significance.
Earthquakes in Canada?
Authors:   Department of Energy, Mines and Resources Canada
Published: March 2017

Canadians are not immune from the threat of a major earthquake. This video looks at the causes of earthquakes, the risks, the consequences and the precautions. Everyone should know what to do in the event of an earthquake.
Un patrimoine caché, l'avenir des mines en Ontario
Authors:   Department of Energy, Mines and Resources Canada,   Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines
Published: March 2017

Produced in co-operation with the Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, this video traces Ontario's rich geological heritage, giving a broad sense of the importance of the mineral industry in Ontario. The number of minerals and their diversity will
come as a surprise.
Mineral wealth of Atlantic Canada
Authors:   Department of Energy, Mines and Resources Canada
Published: March 2017

Produced in conjunction with the Atlantic Geoscience Society, this video is an excellent introduction to the $2 billion mining industry of Atlantic Canada. The focus on how new mines are developed is complemented with a look at several mining
towns.
The science of change
Authors:   Department of Energy, Mines and Resources Canada
Published: March 2017

This video looks at the Geological Survey of Canada's contribution to the international Global Change Program, and its attempt to assess the amount and the reasons for contemporary and future changes in our environment. Essential to this work is a solid grasp of
past environmental conditions and changes, which can only be found in the geological record.
Conodont biostratigraphy and correlation, Cache Creek Group, Fort St. James, central British Columbia
Authors: Orchard M J , Struik L C , Taylor H
Published: March 2017

Conodont collections from the Cache Creek Group of the Fort St. James in central British Columbia are provisionally
differentiated into five upper Paleozoic faunas (A-E) and several Triassic faunas. The Pope formation (informal) is
predominantly Late Carboniferous in age, with the majority of outcrops being Bashkirian. Moscovian limestones are far
less common and largely confined to eastern exposures. A belt of limestones on the northern edge of the outcrop are
Gzhelian-Asselian in age. The only definitive Permian conodont fauna dates a basalt unit as Guadalupian
(Roadian-Wordian). Sparsely fossiliferous Lower-Upper Triassic clastic and chert strata occur widely. Correlatives of
most of the conodont faunas presently identified in Fort St. James area are known from the eastern (melange) belt of the
Cache Creek Group in its type area in southern British Columbia; all those from the Paleozoic are also known from chert
of the Slide Mountain terrane.
Geology and deformation history of the Nowyak Lake area, western Churchill Province, Northwest Territories
Authors: Relf C , Scott C , Lépine I , Labelle A
Published: March 2017

In the Nowyak Lake area (western Churchill Province), the Archean Yathkyed and Kaminak Lake greenstone belts have distinct lithological differences: whereas the Yathkyed belt is dominated by mafic flows, the adjacent Kaminak belt consists mainly of volcaniclastic
sedimentary rocks and greywackes. Sedimentary rocks of the Paleoproterozoic Hurwitz Group overlie the contact between the two greenstone belts, and preserve two sets of Proterozoic fabrics that can be traced into the underlying Archean basement. The Nowyak Lake shear zone, a shallow north-dipping
zone of intense shearing and retrograde metamorphism, deforms both the Hurwitz Group and mafic rocks correlated with the Kaminak belt, and is itself deformed into a broad, north-plunging antiform that exposes amphibolite grade Archean gneisses in its core. The timing and kinematics of the Nowyak
Lake shear zone are the subject of ongoing study.
A preliminary transect across east-central Angikuni Lake, District of Keewatin, Northwest Territories
Authors: Aspler L B , Chiarenzelli J R
Published: March 2017

Three lithotectonic domains outcrop in a transect across east-central Angikuni Lake: I)greenschist facies mafic volcanic and gabbroic rocks; II) upper amphibolite facies psammitic, amphibolitic, peltic and granitic gneiss, granite, and gabbro; and III)
greenschist facies mafic and felsic volcanic rocks and microbially laminated carbonate rocks that are unconformably(?) overlain by sandstone, (pyritic) quartz pebble conglomerate, pelite, and felsic volcanic rocks. The supracrustal rocks of Domain III were likely deposited in shallow water (on Rae
crust ?). A northeast-trending, near vertical, mylonitic shear zone displaying dextral kinematic indicators and shallowly plunging stretching lineations, juxtaposes rocks of domains I and II. Domain II is separated from Domain III by narrow north, northwest, and northeast-trending zones of
greenschist facies brecciated to mylonitic granite. It remains unclear if Domain II is basement to, or was developed at the expense of domains I and III. Proterozoic Baker Lake Group outliers and related dykes are in each domain.
Archean and Proterozoic geology of the North Henik Lake area, District of Keewatin, Northwest Territories
Authors: Aspler L B , Chiarenzelli J R
Published: March 2017

Neoarchean supracrustal rocks in central Ennadai-Rankin greenstone belt represent ensimatic deposition well-removed from a continental influence. Henik Group volcanic, volcaniclastic, siliciclastic, and chemogenic rocks were deposited in deep water volcanic
plateau, slope, and basin environments. Shallow water deposits are restricted to aprons surrounding felsic volcanic centres. Montgomery Lake Group fluvial sandstones, separated from underlying Henik Group and overlying Hurwitz Group strata by angular unconformities, may be a Neoarchean molasse.
Hurwitz Group (ca. 2.45-2.11 Ga) silicilastic and carbonate rocks record continental to marine intracratonic basin sedimentation, possibly related to the breakup of a speculative earliest Paleoproterozoic supercontinent (Kenorland). Hurwitz Group outcrops delineate a regional Paleoproterozoic
anticlinorium-synclinorium pair. The basement-cover contact is folded and cut by space-accommodating thrusts and cross faults. New gold showings occur in Hurwitz Group pyritic quartz pebble conglomerate (Noomut Formation) and hematitic quartz veins (Whiterock Member), and Henik Group pyritic-chert
horizons, volcanic-hosted disseminations, and quartz veins.
Geology of the Markham Bay-Crooks Inlet area, southern Baffin Island, Northwest Territories
Authors: Scott D J , St-Onge M R , Wodicka N , Hanmer S
Published: March 2017

Metasedimentary rocks and orthogneisses of the Markham Bay-Crooks Inlet area comprise folded and imbricated panels of a broadly south-verging thrust þ fold belt subsequently affected by orogen-parallel folding and cross-folding. Two assemblages of supracrustal
rocks have been identified: the more extensive shelf sequence comprises the marbles, psammites, and semipelites of the ca. 1.93-1.86 Ga Lake Harbour Group, the second is characterized by thick successions of feldspathic quartzite and pelite, interpreted as a foreland basin sequence and intruded by
layered ultramafic-mafic sills. Several types of orthogneiss have been recognized: 1) layered hornblende tonalite and monzogranite gneiss imbricated with supracrustal units in the southern part of the area, and 2) orthopyroxene tonalite with diorite sheets in the central part of the area that is in
part 1.84-1.82 Ga. The ca. 1.85 Ga Cumberland monzogranite batholith postdates earliest imbrication, but is itself carried by youngest thrusts.
Mercury in till and stream sediments in the Manitouwadge-Hornpayne region, Ontario
Authors: Kettles I M , Bauke S D , Garrett R G
Published: March 2017

As part of the Northern Ontario Development Agreement (NODA), reconnaissance-scale and detailed-scale till sampling were carried out in the Manitouwadge-Hornpayne area, which contains the Manitouwadge greenstone belt. Geochemical data were generated for till
samples and also for stream sediment samples collected in 1967. None of the original analytical work involved the determination of mercury. The heightened interest in mercury as a pollutant and in surficial sediment geochemistry as an important component of environmental research has warranted the
reanalysis of selected samples for this element. There is a wide variation in the mercury of content of till (5-871 ppb in the <0.002 mm fraction (n=647)) and stream sediments (27-741 ppb in the <0.063 mm fraction (n=108)). Similar to levels of copper and zinc, there are high
concentrations of mercury in till (>320 ppb) and in stream sediments (>401 ppb) in the vicinity of the Manitouwadge greenstone belt. Mercury content of till is also high overlying other greenstone belts and the Killala Lake alkalic complex.
Geology of the northern Nain Plutonic Suite and its envelope rocks, Labrador
Authors: Emslie R F , Ermanovics I F , Ryan A B
Published: March 2017

The northern part of the Nain Plutonic Suite (NPS) is dominated largely by anorthositic rocks but includes major layered intrusions such as Kiglapait and Hettasch, local smaller intrusions of gabbronorite and troctolitic rocks, and granitoid rocks of the
Umiakovik Lake batholith. Several intrusions of monzonite, quartz monzonite and granite and minor intrusions of ferrodioritic rocks also form part of the Nain Plutonic Suite. The eastern margin of the anorthositic complex includes a wide zone of variably recrystallized, foliated, and hydrated rocks
intruded by altered and fresh diabase dykes. Archean and Paleoproterozoic supracrustal and plutonic rocks of Nain and Churchill provinces form the host rocks to the Nain Plutonic Suite. These include the Paleoproterozoic Tasiuyak gneiss and Ramah Group of the Torngat orogen and foreland,
respectively, as well as Snyder Group, and Archean metasedimentary rocks of the Nain craton. Accessory sulphide minerals in rocks of these units represented a potential sulphur source accessible to intruding basic magmas of the Nain Plutonic Suite.
The literature of Jurassic and early Cretaceous foraminifera - a compendium
Authors: Thomas F C
Published: March 2017

The three thousand citations of Jurassic and Early Cretaceous foraminifera primarily deal with specific geographic locations, and as such have been organized into lists representing several broadly defined regions of the globe. Citations outlining specific
aspects of the microfossils, such as evolution, taxonomy, and general works, are given separately.
Field relationships and petrology of Lapeyrère gabbronorite, south-central Grenville Province, Quebec
Authors: Nadeau L , Brouillette P
Published: March 2017

High-grade Grenvillian gneisses and tectonites of the Portneuf-Mauricie region include a number of largely massive, late orogenic gabbroic intrusions. The Lapeyrère gabbronorite is the largest of these bodies, standing out as a prominent positive anomaly on
the regional Bouguer gravity map.

The intrusion comprises a variety of rock types defining a suite ranging from "hornblende-free" gabbronorite to "pyroxene-free" hornblende-quartz-diorite, with more evolved phases occurring in minor amounts. The rocks commonly exhibit cumulate textures, a weak but pervasive magmatic foliation and
local development of compositional layering.

The subtle nature of the layering suggests the establishment of fairly constant physico-chemical conditions during crystallization, and limited convection and thermal erosion during cooling. Internal igneous structural relationships intimate syn- and postsolidification body rotation. This, and the
nature of the metamorphic fabric in the wall rocks are consistent with emplacement in the middle crust during regional deformation.
L'utilisation du géoradar et des méthodes électriques pour la cartographie des formations aquifères du piémont laurentien, Québec
Authors: Michaud Y , Fortier R , Parent M , Pilon J
Published: March 2017

Geophysical investigations are being conducted to complement stratigraphic data on Quaternary sequences of the Laurentian piedmont and to evaluate the potential and limitations of selected geophysical methods for the delineation of aquifers in surficial deposits.
Ground penetrating radar (GPR), electrical resistivity, and induced polarization have been used on surface aquifers in Sainte-Anne River delta in the Jacques-Cartier River delta, and in the vicinity of the Saint-Narcisse Moraine. Results show that these geophysical methods are complementary and that
they can be used to identify different stratigraphic units and to determine their lateral extent and their organization. They can also be used to determine the depth of the water table.
Analyse hydrologique pour l'évaluation de la recharge en eau souterraine dans le bassin versant de la rivière Portneuf sur le piémont laurentien, Québec
Authors: Paradis D , Lefebvre R , Michaud Y
Published: March 2017

An assessment of groundwater recharge is performed for the Portneuf Regional County Municipality, as part of a regional hydrogeological mapping project. This assessment is based on the compilation of meteorological and hydrometric data for the period from 1973
to 1992. These data are interpreted by hydrological modelling. The CEQUEAU hydrological balance matrix model is applied to the Portneuf River drainage basin. The average groundwater recharge calculated for the entire drainage basin is 299 mm/year for average precipitation of 1174
mm/year.
Premiers résultats de la caractérisation isotopique des aquifères de la région de Portneuf, Québec
Authors: Vitali F , Savard M M , Bourque É
Published: March 2017

The isotopic characterization of groundwater in the "municipalité régionale de comté" (MRC) of Portneuf is ongoing. The preliminary study of d13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and dissolved oxygen indicates the existence of various types of
aquifers in the area. Unconfined aquifers have been identified in surficial materials along the Sainte-Anne River, and near the Jacques Cartier River. Slowly recharging aquifers may exist near the towns of Grondines and Portneuf. There is also a þfossil aquiferþ composed of seawater, that has likely
not been recharged since its formation during the Champlain Sea transgression.
Electrical characteristics of mineralized and monmineralized rocks at the Brunswick No. 12 deposit, Bathurst mining camp, New Brunswick
Authors: Katsube T J , Scromeda N , Best M E , Goodfellow W D
Published: March 2017

Electrical characteristics of mineralized and nonmineralized rock samples from the Brunswick No. 12 massive sulphide deposit have been studied to determine the electrical connectivity of the mineralization and hence its relationship to mineral deposits. The
objective is to obtain information to assist in the interpretation of airborne, ground, and borehole electromagnetic surveys.

Laboratory results indicate that electrical resistivities (rr) for mineralized rocks and nonmineralized host rocks (hanging and footwall sediments, iron-formation, chloritized iron-formation, and basement rocks) are in the ranges of <10 W-m and 7000 to >10 000 W-m,
respectively. However, different types of mineralogical and microstructural interferences cause an increase in the measured range of rr values (2 to 20 000 W-m). These include thin quartz veins that raise rr by at least 13 000 W-m, and thin veins containing fine- to medium-sized sulphide grains that
reduce rr to 5-50 W-m. Furthermore, interbedded sulphide and silicate layers can produce electrical anisotropies as high as 1000:1 or larger.
Pore surface area characteristics of the Nolichucky Shale within the Oak Ridge Reservation (Tennessee, U.S.A.): implication for fluid explusion efficiency
Authors: Katsube T J , Dorsch J , Connell S
Published: March 2017

Pore-surface area characteristics, represented by the relationship between residual porosity ratio and pore-surface area (frr-A), have been determined for mudrock samples from the Nolichucky Shale on the Oak Ridge Reservation (Tennessee, U.S.A.) and for samples
of mudrock-saprolite developed from these shales. The purpose is to obtain important petrophysical information, required for petroleum exploration and assessment of barrier quality to contaminant migration.

Results indicate that the frr-A relationship for fresh mudrock and mudrock fragments from the saprolite is positive, implying that these Cambrian shales are likely mature and have undergone considerable diagenesis. The mudrock saprolite groundmass samples display a frr-A relationship which is zero
to slightly negative, suggesting likely most pore cement has been dissolved to the extent that the original grains have lost most of their cement coating, effectively displaying characteristics of an immature sedimentary rock.
Introduction
Authors: Macqueen R W
Published: March 2017

In 1995, Alberta produced about 48.0% ($20.8 billion) of total Canadian mineral production - almost entirely oil, natural gas and coal. What of the non-fuel mineral potential? Canada-Alberta Agreement on Mineral Development (MDA) studies provide or enhance
the geological framework, technology development, and economic aspects necessary to encourage exploration for base/precious metals, diamonds, industrial minerals and other non-fuel mineral commodities. Because they underlie an efficient and dynamic exploration community, geoscience studies expended
about 65% of federal/provincial MDA funds available. This volume reports on federal MDA-supported Geoscience conducted mainly by Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) personnel. Regional studies of the exposed Canadian Shield of northeastern Alberta (~58% of MDA geoscience funding) include
bedrock/Quaternary geological mapping at 1:50000 scale, gamma ray spectrometry-magnetics-VLF geophysics, and geochemistry of lake sediments/waters. Many new data from these studies are available digitally. The potential of Athabasca Basin in Alberta for uranium-polymetallic mineralization is
evaluated. A digitally based integration project contributes to assessment of the undiscovered mineral potential of northeastern Alberta. Diamond-related studies (~30% of MDA geoscience funds) include examination of minettes/kimberlites, regional indicator mineral/geochemical till/soil
studies in southern Alberta, and a Cypress Hills aeromagnetic survey. Other studies reported on herein involve gold, including Fort McKay area microdisseminated Au-Ag-Cu minerals; gold/platinum group elements in Tertiary/Holocene gravels of central Alberta; and gold occurrences in lithified
Cretaceous and Tertiary gravels/conglomerates of southwestern Alberta. Good potential exists for many commodities.
Data integration study for mineral potential mapping in northeastern Alberta
Authors: Chung C -J , Rencz A N , Zhang A
Published: March 2017

A preliminary data integration study was conducted for a part of the Canadian Shield in northeastern Alberta to produce mineral potential maps. Digital data sets of geology, geophysics, geochemistry, mineral occurrences and remote sensing information were
compiled and registered to a common coordinate system, thus forming a number of discrete layers of digital data. Several modelling procedures were developed to integrate the data to produce mineral potential maps. One of these procedures is the logistic discriminant function model. The application
of this model involves using statistical correlations among data layers and gold occurrences at the locations of known gold occurrences in the study area, to predict the potential for unknown gold occurrences elsewhere in the study area. A training area was used to construct a statistical
relationship among 27 of the 36 known gold occurrences in the area and the 14 layers of input data. The statistical relationship derived from the training area was then applied to the entire area. Application of the discriminant function model over the entire area successfully predicts the
occurrence of more than 75% of the known gold occurrences in the area.
Summary and conclusions
Authors: Macqueen R W
Published: March 2017

What have we learned from the federally supported geoscience studies of the Canada Alberta Partnership on Minerals (MDA)? For the exposed Precambrian Shield, the major area of federal MDA geoscience funding, geological studies outline: a new tectonic/radiometric
framework with 3 types of sulphide occurrences; a high potential for uranium-polymetallic mineralization; and the distribution/origin of glacial materials. A regional geophysical survey demonstrates significant differences in igneous rocks, and reveals some sulphide mineralization. A regional lake
sediment/water geochemical survey indicates locally anomalous values of Au and U. A digitally based integration of Shield studies permits sophisticated mineral potential assessments and rapid access to geoscience data. Diamond-related studies of Alberta minettes/kimberlites, and appraisal of diamond
potential within the new Precambrian crustal blocks, provide a new diamond exploration framework for Alberta. A low-density indicator mineral/geochemical survey of southern Alberta demonstrates that one in two till samples contains indicator minerals, and identifies several areas favourable for
kimberlite occurrence. An aeromagnetic survey of southeastern Alberta suggests the presence of an igneous dyke swarm of probable Eocene age, possibly with diamond potential. Exciting MDA-funded geoscience studies in the Fort McKay region verify disseminated gold, silver and copper mineralization in
Paleozoic rocks. Studies of Tertiary/Recent gravels in central Alberta clarify the nature and distribution of anomalous amounts of gold and platinum group elements with economic potential. Studies of the Crowsnest Volcanics of southwestern Alberta reveal their origin, and offer a better assessment
of their potential for economic mineralization.
Ravens Throat project - geology of Mount Kraft and part of Dal Lake map areas, Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories
Authors: Colpron M , Augereau C
Published: March 2017

The Ravens Throat project area is underlain by strata of the Neoproterozoic Mackenzie Mountains and Windermere supergroups, and by Lower Cambrian to Upper Devonian siliciclastic and carbonate rocks of the Mackenzie Platform. The basal Windermere strata were
deposited during Neoproterozoic rifting, and numerous extension faults associated with this tectonic event cut older Neoproterozoic strata of the Mackenzie Mountains Supergroup. Mesozoic contractional deformation resulted in the development of broad folds and thrust faults, which were transected by
younger right-lateral strike-slip faults. The development of both thrust faults and strike-slip faults was influenced by pre-existing, basin-bounding extension faults. Copper is concentrated as stratabound disseminated sulphides in the Coates Lake Group and as vein systems along fracture zones in
the Little Dal Group. Zinc occurrences are associated with hydrothermal dolomite near the base of the Middle Devonian Landry Formation, and with a regolith at the sub-Whittaker (Late Ordovician) unconformity.
The Hoodoo '97 Expedition: probing the ice cap of Hoodoo Mountain volcano, Iskut River region, British Columbia
Authors: Russell J K , Stasiuk M V , Hickson C J , Maxwell M , Edwards B R
Published: March 2017

Hoodoo Mountain volcano is a Quaternary volcano located on the north side of the Iskut River, in the Coast Mountains of northwestern British Columbia. An ice cap, 3-4 km in diameter, covers the summit region of the volcano and obscures the youngest volcanic
stratigraphy. In 1995, an Industrial Partners Program project involving the Geological Survey of Canada, Golder Associates Ltd., and several universities, was initiated. The aim of this field-based project was to map the thickness and shape of the ice cap with radar to produce an image of the
sub-ice topography of the summit to the volcano. The survey comprised Global Positioning System-controlled traverses across the ice sheet using both ice radar and ground-penetrating radar. The radargrams give clues to the evolution of Hoodoo Mountain volcano and are critical for assessing the
nature and magnitude of hazards that would arise from renewed volcanism.
Geological setting of the Fraser River delta
Authors: Clague J J
Published: March 2017

The Fraser River delta is located in a structural depression near the west margin of the North America plate. The depression is underlain by three different basements which are exposed in the Coast Mountains to the north, the Cascade Range to the southeast, and
Vancouver Island to the west. Basement rocks in the vicinity of the Fraser delta are overlain by thick, Late Cretaceous and Tertiary clastic sediments that have been shed from adjacent rising mountains, and by Quaternary sediments deposited mainly during Pleistocene glacial stages. The distribution
of the mountains and low-lying areas of south-coastal British Columbia is a product of Cenozoic plate convergence, subduction, and dextral transpression. This physiography, however, has been considerably modified by Pleistocene glacial erosion and deposition over the last two million years. There
has been comparatively less landscape change during the last 10 000 years (postglacial, or Holocene, time), although the Fraser delta has formed during this time. The tectonic processes that have shaped the landscape continue to operate today and are responsible for slow uplift and subsidence,
earthquakes, and recent volcanic activity.
Sedimentary environments of the Fraser delta
Authors: Luternauer J L , Mosher D C , Clague J
J , Atkins R J
Published: March 2017

Sediments on the delta slope north of the Main Channel of the Fraser River are mainly sandy mud; sedimentation rates in this area are high due to northward transport of sediment from the river mouth. In contrast, little sediment is accumulating on the sandy
slope south of the Main Channel. Failures near the crest of the slope trigger turbidity currents and debris flows in sea valleys off active distributary-channel mouths. Broad unvegetated tidal flats at the western and southern fronts of the delta are covered mainly by sand. The unvegetated tidal
flats are bordered by a strip of intertidal marsh underlain by mud. The dyked, and now extensively urbanized delta plain is underlain by sand with a cap of several metres of silt. Domed peat bogs cover much of the eastern part of the delta plain. The two principal distributary channels of the
Fraser River have highly mobile beds floored by sand. The channels and the foreshore are dyked, thus the delta plain is no longer subject to flooding.
Quaternary stratigraphy and evolution of the Fraser delta
Authors: Clague J J , Luternauer J L , Monahan P A , Edwardson K A , Dallimore S R , Hunter J A
Published: March 2017

The Fraser River delta is underlain by thick Quaternary sediments and Tertiary sedimentary rocks separated by an unconformity with up to 800 m of relief. Pleistocene sediments consist mainly of sand and silt deposited in proglacial glaciomarine environments
during several glaciations. These glacial sediments are separated by nonglacial marine deposits or, more commonly, by unconformities. The Pleistocene sequence is overlain by sediments of the Holocene Fraser River delta across a surface with up to 300 m of relief. The delta deposits comprise
bottomset, foreset, and topset units. The bottomset unit consists mainly of clayey silt. Silty and sandy foreset deposits overlie the bottomset unit, and are unconformably overlain by 10 to 30 m of distributary- channel sands. The channel sands, which constitute the lower part of the topset unit,
grade upward into several metres of intertidal and floodplain silts, and peat. The delta started to form about 10 000 years ago, when the Fraser River advanced its floodplain beyond the Pleistocene uplands at New Westminster. About 6000 years ago, the locus of deposition shifted from southward into
Boundary Bay to westward into the Strait of Georgia proper.
Morphology, structure, and stratigraphy of the offshore Fraser delta and adjacent Strait of Georgia
Authors: Mosher D C , Hamilton T S
Published: March 2017

The stratigraphic sequence in the southern Strait of Georgia consists of 1) folded and faulted Tertiary and older sedimentary rocks, 2) Pleistocene glacial and interglacial deposits which form distinctive ridges within the strait and below the Fraser delta, 3)
glaciomarine sediments dating to the end of the last glaciation, and 4) modern Fraser delta sediments which drape underlying topography and are locally more than 300 m thick. Significant morphologic elements of the Fraser delta include an extensive delta plain, active distributary channels
constrained by dikes and jetties, a 200 km2 delta slope incised by channels, gullies, and sea valleys, an extensive prodelta, a large sedimentary failure on the southern portion of the modern delta, and an area of ridges and troughs in the centre of the Strait of Georgia that are either deformation
features or sedimentary bedforms. Natural delta processes have been altered significantly by human activity.
Groundwater flow beneath the Fraser River delta, British Columbia; a preliminary model
Authors: Ricketts B D
Published: March 2017

A three-dimensional numerical simulation of groundwater flow in the Fraser delta provides the basis for assessing some of the factors contributing to regional flow. For the purposes of modelling, the architecture of the delta and adjacent upland areas has been
subdivided into three primary stratigraphic units: the postglacial delta; Pleistocene glacial and interglacial deposits; and Tertiary bedrock. Each unit contains a complex array of aquifers and aquitards. The model boundaries approximate natural hydraulic boundaries. Shallow groundwater beneath the
Fraser delta is recharged by a combination of precipitation and topography-driven flow from the uplands. Simulated hydraulic gradients at the water table are shallow (0.1-0.25 m/km). The model indicates the possibility of groundwater flow to the delta front. This is supported by electrical
conductivity data which show mixing of seawater and freshwater as far west as the low- tide limit. Submarine seepage resulting from groundwater flow could raise pore-water pressures, thereby decreasing sediment shear strength and increasing the susceptibility of the delta front to
failure.
Preliminary report on mapping surficial geology of Trutch map area, northeastern British Columbia
Authors: Bednarski J
Published: March 2017

Field investigations have started on mapping the surficial geology of the Trutch map area, northeastern British Columbia, as part of the Central Forelands NATMAP Project. Glacial geomorphology and erratic dispersal shows that this area was extensively glaciated
by Cordilleran ice, originating from the mountains and foothills in the west, and by Laurentide ice from the east. In places, the western advance predates the last Laurentide advance that reached the mountain front. In other places, Laurentide and Cordilleran advances may have been synchronous.
During deglaciation, the retreating Laurentide Ice Sheet blocked drainage and extensive proglacial lakes formed on the plains and in the mountain valleys.
Various types of mass movements are common in the area because of steep slopes and a weak substrate. The surficial mapping program includes mapping these features to provide a database for risk assessment.
Conodont faunas and Upper Triassic stratigraphy, Trutch map area, northeastern British Columbia
Authors: Orchard M J
Published: March 2017

Archival Triassic conodont collections from Trutch map area (NTS 94 G) are documented as part of the Central Foreland NATMAP Project. Two Ladinian collections come from the Toad Formation but all others come from Upper Triassic Baldonnel and Pardonet formations.
The discrimination of Upper Triassic units is problematic in the eastern foothills where the character of the Pardonet Formation differs from that in its type area on Williston Lake. The base of the Pardonet Formation is a transgressive surface that generally approximates the Carnian-Norian
boundary. In central Trutch map area, the Pardonet Formation includes Lower to lower Middle Norian cliff-forming limestones that have been confused with both the Baldonnel and Bocock formations. These Pardonet Formation carbonates largely predate the informal unit P4 in the Sukunka region
subsurface, and are believed to have developed in relatively shallow water during a lowstand that preceded a Middle Norian transgression. Both Norian flooding events are marked by abundant Norigondolella.
Nechako NATMAP Project overview, central British Columbia, year four: part 2
Authors: Struik L C , MacIntyre D G
Published: March 2017

Part two of this two-part project overview summarizes magnetic and gravity studies; geochemical sampling of till, lodgepole pine bark, and earth gas; industrial mineral studies and site examinations; and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications and
studies. For all activities, 16 university students assisted 25 government and university researchers this field season. New geoscience contributions include1) characterization of the geophysical and geochemical signatures of Endako Batholith and its deformation, 2) finding high background mercury
in till and lodgepole pine bark north of Ootsa Lake in map NTS 93 F/03) digital terrain imaging of central British Columbia, 4) digital maps and data sets, and 5) generalized thematic geology of the Fort Fraser map area.
Metallogeny and geology of the Half Way Hills area, central Churchill Province, Northwest Territories (Nunavut)
Authors: Kerswill J A , Kjarsgaard B A , Bretzlaff R , Jenner G A , Samaras C
Published: March 2017

The Half Way Hills supracrustal domain contains a complex `assemblage' including extensive pillowed tholeiitic basalt, minor komatiitic basalt, minor felsic volcanic rocks as well as greywacke, quartzite, conglomerate, and extensive pyritic iron-formation. Two
distinct volcanic belts have been tentatively identified.
The northern volcanic belt contains a diverse metal endowment hosted largely by deformed quartz-carbonate veins variably enriched in gold, silver, and base metals. Gold, polymetallic, and Cu-Pb-Zn occurrences are spatially associated with elliptical granitoid plutons, typically possess high Ag/Au
ratios, and locally contain anomalous concentrations of one or more of Mo, W, Bi, Sb, and As. Anomalous concentrations of gold have also been identified in carbonate-bearing iron-formation and in extensive carbonate-rich alteration zones in ultramafic- mafic rocks.
Evidence to date suggests that significant metals were concentrated by synvolcanic processes, possibly linked to intrusion of the granitoid plutons.
A relative ice-flow chronology for the Keewatin Sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, Northwest Territories (Kivalliq region, Nunavut)
Authors: McMartin I , Henderson P J
Published: March 2017

Systematic, ice-flow-indicator mapping in the Kivalliq region, Northwest Territories (Nunavut), suggests the following sequence of ice movements within the Keewatin Sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet: 1) to the southwest, from a centre of ice flow located
northeast of the study area, 2) to the south, from an undetermined position, 3) to the east-southeast, and 4) to the southeast, from a divide located northwest of the Keewatin Ice Divide. Ice flow from the Keewatin Ice Divide ranged from eastward to southward and observations suggest that the divide
axis may lie slightly further to the northwest than originally thought. An old northward flow was also recognized around Yathkyed Lake, indicating that an ancestral ice divide existed southeast of the lake, prior to the southward flow. The ice-flow record reflects shifting ice-flow centres and the
migration of an ice divide within the Laurentide Ice Sheet in Keewatin.
Recent advances in the geology and structure of the Confederation Lake region, northwestern Ontario
Authors: Rogers N , van staal C R , McNicoll V
Published: March 2017

The Uchi-Confederation greenstone belt consists of three distinct lithotectonic assemblages (Balmer, Woman, and Confederation) spanning at least 240 million years (2975- 2735 Ma). At least two phases of deformation have affected the entire stratigraphic sequence.
None of the assemblage boundaries are marked by high-strain zones, and no evidence for accretionary structures has been identified. Where assemblage boundaries are tectonic, the shear zones are narrow, sinistral, late syn- to post-D2 structures with relatively minor motion. Uranium-lead dates of
2832 Ma for gabbro dykes demonstrate that the Woman assemblage was fed through the Balmer assemblage (2975 Ma). Hence, the Balmer-Woman assemblage boundary is a disconformity. The Woman-Confederation assemblage boundary partially occurs along the Rowe Lake shear zone. However, field evidence
suggests that the original boundary is a disconformity marked by a sedimentary rock package. These relationships suggest that the assemblage concept needs critical reassessment within the Uchi Subprovince.
A practical image analysis technique for estimating the weight of abraded mineral fractions used in U-Pb dating
Authors: Matthews W , Davis W J
Published: March 2017

A simple method for estimating the weight of abraded zircon grains from a digital photomicrograph is presented. It requires less than five minutes, uses image analysis software to determine the lengths of the two principal axes of a zircon grain from a digital
image, and, combined with user-specified morphological characteristics, calculates the weight using an empirically derived factor. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated using ten abraded zircon fractions of varied morphologies and sizes. Model weight calculations for nine of the ten samples
are within ±10 per cent of the weights measured by an electronic microbalance. The method can be used for single grains or individual grains in a multigrain fraction. This method is unlikely to eliminate entirely the need to weigh zircon samples, but it will help reduce or eliminate grain
loss between the selection and microchemistry stages for many analyses.
Rapid extraction of Sr and Pb by ion-specific chromatography for thermal ionization mass spectrometry analysis
Authors: Thériault R J , Davis W J
Published: March 2017

A laboratory procedure is described for the removal and purification of Sr and Pb using Sr-Resin , for the purpose of thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Column preparation and elution can be accomplished within six hours, increasing efficiency in terms of time
and reagent use relative to other established methods. The procedure is particularly useful for isotopic studies of organic-rich samples, as the extracted Sr and Pb yield quality analyses by thermal ionization mass spectrometry, with no evidence of elemental or organic
interferences.