bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AGN black hole mass estimates using polarization in broad emission lines
Authors: Savić D. , Goosmann R. , Popović L. Č. , Marin F. , Afanasiev V. L.
Published: January 2018

Context.The innermost regions in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) have not yet been spatially resolved, but spectropolarimetry can provide insight into their hidden physics and geometry. From spectropolarimetric observations in broad emission lines and assuming equatorial scattering as a dominant polarization mechanism, it is possible to estimate the mass of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) residing at the center of AGNs.

Aims.We explore the possibilities and limits, and put constraints on the method for determining SMBH masses using polarization in broad emission lines by providing more in-depth theoretical modeling.

Methods.We used the Monte Carlo radiative transfer codeSTOKESto explore polarization properties of Type-1 AGNs. We modeled equatorial scattering using flared-disk geometry for a set of different SMBH masses assuming Thomson scattering. In addition to the Keplerian motion, which is assumed to be dominant in the broad-line region (BLR), we also considered cases of additional radial inflows and vertical outflows.

Results.We modeled the profiles of polarization plane position angleφ, degree of polarization, and total unpolarized lines for different BLR geometries and different SMBH masses. Our model confirms that the method can be widely used for Type-1 AGNs when viewing inclinations are between 25° and 45°. We show that the distance between the BLR and scattering region (SR) has a significant impact on the mass estimates and the best mass estimates are when the SR is situated at a distance 1.5–2.5 times larger than the outer BLR radius.

Conclusions.Our models show that if Keplerian motion can be traced through the polarized line profile, then the direct estimation of the mass of the SMBH can be performed. When radial inflows or vertical outflows are present in the BLR, this method can still be applied if velocities of the inflow/outflow are less than 500 km s−1. We also find that models for NGC 4051, NGC 4151, 3C 273, and PG0844+349 are in good agreement with observations.
The cost of controlling strongly degenerate parabolic equations
Authors: Cannarsa P. , Martinez P. , Vancostenoble J.
Published: January 2018

We consider the typical one-dimensional strongly degenerate parabolic operator Pu = ut − (xαux)x with 0 < x < ℓ and α ∈ (0, 2), controlled either by a boundary control acting at x = ℓ, or by a locally distributed control. Our main goal is to study the dependence of the so-called controllability cost needed to drive an initial condition to rest with respect to the degeneracy parameter α. We prove that the control cost blows up with an explicit exponential rate, as eC/((2−α)2T), when α → 2− and/or T → 0+. Our analysis builds on earlier results and methods (based on functional analysis and complex analysis techniques) developed by several authors such as Fattorini-Russel, Seidman, Güichal, Tenenbaum-Tucsnak and Lissy for the classical heat equation. In particular, we use the moment method and related constructions of suitable biorthogonal families, as well as new fine properties of the Bessel functions Jν of large order ν (obtained by ordinary differential equations techniques).
Carbonylative Synthesis of Thiochromenones via Palladium-Catalyzed tert-Butyl Isocyanide Insertion
Authors: Zhu Yong-Ming , Zhang Fang-Ling , Chen Zhen-Bang , Liu Kui , Yuan Qing , Jiang Qing
Published: January 2018

A flexible and efficient carbonylative synthesis of thiochromenones from the commercially available materials by utilizing tert-butyl isocyanide as carbonyl source has been developed. This methodology efficiently constructs thiochromenones in moderate to excellent yields with the advantages of wide range of substrates and being applicable to library synthesis.
Dysarthria following Stroke
Authors: Brown Katherine , Spencer Kristie
Published: January 2018

Dysarthria is a common consequence of stroke and can have a detrimental influence on communication and quality of life. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) play an important role in the evaluation and rehabilitation of stroke survivors who present with dysarthria. An understanding of the physiologic reason behind the altered speech characteristics, such as weakness or incoordination, can facilitate differential diagnosis, guide evaluation strategies, and influence treatment approaches. An initial comprehensive speech evaluation is comprised of examination of the speech mechanism, screening of speech subsystems, perceptual assessment, and intelligibility measurement. Management strategies focus on optimizing communication through compensatory strategies as well as providing physiologic support. The SLP is also responsible for educating family and staff regarding strategies that can facilitate communication.
Contributions of Neuroimaging to Understanding Language Deficits in Acute Stroke
Authors: Breining Bonnie , Sebastian Rajani
Published: January 2018

Advances in structural and functional imaging techniques have provided new insights into our understanding of brain and language relationships. In this article, we review the various structural and functional imaging methods currently used to study language deficits in acute stroke. We also discuss the advantages and the limitations of each imaging modality and the applications of each modality in the clinical and research settings in the study of language deficits.
Implementing a Standardized Assessment Battery for Aphasia in Acute Care
Authors: Kasparian Laura , Kaminski Olga , Schliep Megan , Koymen Semra , Vallila-Rohter Sofia
Published: January 2018

In this article, the implementation of a standardized assessment battery for the evaluation of language in an acute care setting is described. Following an institutional shift to adopt electronic medical records, researchers and clinicians worked together to develop a technology-assisted evaluation of aphasia that would be used to assess all patients admitted to our facility with stroke. The project goal was to devise a clinical process to improve aphasia diagnosis and evaluation while remaining feasible within constraints imposed by the acute care setting and the electronic medical record. Utilizing frameworks from implementation science, the four key phases were: (1) initial considerations of the host setting, (2) creation of a structure for implementation, (3) maintenance of this structure once implementation began, and (4) improvement for future applications. A pilot implementation demonstrated that establishing and executing a minimum standardized assessment for aphasia in acute care is feasible. Retrospective medical record review of 50 aphasia evaluations in the setting of first incidence of left hemisphere stroke affecting the middle cerebral artery (25 preimplementation and 25 postimplementation) revealed that information content of medical notes was more consistent and complete postimplementation than preimplementation. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
Degree of Response to Homeopathic Potencies Correlates with Dipole Moment Size in Molecular Detectors: Implications for Understanding the Fundamental Nature of Serially Diluted and Succussed Solutions
Authors: Cartwright Steven
Published: January 2018

Background The use of solvatochromic dyes to investigate homeopathic potencies holds out the promise of understanding the nature of serially succussed and diluted solutions at a fundamental physicochemical level. Recent studies have shown that a range of different dyes interact with potencies and, moreover, the nature of the interaction is beginning to allow certain specific characteristics of potencies to be delineated.

Aims and Methods The study reported in this article takes previous investigations further and aims to understand more about the nature of the interaction between potencies and solvatochromic dyes. To this end, the UV-visible spectra of a wide range of potential detectors of potencies have been examined using methodologies previously described.

Results Results presented demonstrate that solvatochromic dyes are a sub-group of a larger class of compounds capable of demonstrating interactions with potencies. In particular, amino acids containing an aromatic bridge also show marked optical changes in the presence of potencies. Several specific features of molecular detectors can now be shown to be necessary for significant interactions with homeopathic potencies. These include systems with a large dipole moment, electron delocalisation, polarizability and molecular rigidity.

Conclusions Analysis of the optical changes occurring on interaction with potencies suggests that in all cases potencies increase the polarity of molecular detectors to a degree that correlates with the size of the compound's permanent or ground dipole moment. These results can be explained by inferring that potencies themselves have polarity. Possible candidates for the identity of potencies, based on these and previously reported results, are discussed.
Histological Changes in the Rat Femoral Artery Following the Use of the Empty-and-Refill Test
Authors: Naides Alexandra , Noland Roberto , Lu Jiajie , Akelina Yelena , Marboe Charles , Strauch Robert
Published: January 2018

Background This study examines the effects of the empty-and-refill patency test on rat femoral arteries in the longer postoperative time period.

Methods A simple arterial anastomosis was performed bilaterally on 20 rats. The empty-and-refill test was performed unilaterally in all rats, leaving the contralateral artery as an internal control. Rats were divided into two cohorts of 10 rats and survived for 48 hours and 2 weeks. Vessel patency was assessed prior to closing and immediately prior to sacrifice. The femoral arteries were harvested bilaterally and hematoxylin and eosin stains were performed. The femoral artery distal to the anastomosis in the region of the empty-and-refill test was histologically evaluated.

Results All vessels were patent at the time of sacrifice. There was no statistical difference in the numeric scoring between the experimental and control vessels in the 48-hour cohort. Almost all vessels harvested at 48 hours showed endothelial cell loss distal to the anastomosis regardless of whether they underwent the empty-and-refill test. The only statistically significant difference in the 2-week cohort was an increase in adventitial smooth muscle proliferation in the experimental group. There were no other statistically significant results between the experimental and control groups at 2 weeks. An overall comparison of both cohorts revealed a statistically significant increase in endothelial cell number and intimal proliferation by 2 weeks postsurgery.

Conclusion The empty-and-refill test does not compromise rat femoral artery anastomotic patency, nor does it produce histological damage either 48 hours or 2 weeks postsurgery.
Nierenbeteiligung bei Kollagenosen
Authors: Weiner Stefan
Published: January 2018

Renal involvement is common and heterogenous in connective tissue diseases and has a main influence on prognosis and mortality. In systemic lupus erythematosus proliferative glomerulonephritis is the most common manifestation, while in primary Sjogren’s syndrome interstitial nephritis with tubular dysfunction is the predominant pathological feature. In systemic sclerosis the most serious renal manifestation is scleroderma renal crisis characterized by abrupt onset of hypertension and acute kidney injury associated with an increase in plasma renin activity. Risk factors for scleroderma renal crisis are diffuse cutaneous involvement, treatment with corticosteroids > 15 mg prednisolone/day and treatment with calcineurin inhibitors.

Regular measurement of urine sediment, proteinuria-to-urine creatinine ratio, tubular proteinuria, measurement of plasma creatinine, and office as well as home blood pressure monitoring are strongly recommended. Diagnostic kidney biopsy is essential in differentiating the different types of lupus nephritis and renal involvement in sjogren’s syndrome.

The optimal treatment of lupus nephritis varies with the classification of the morphological findings present on renal biopsy. The treatment of interstitial nephritis in sjogren’s syndrome consists of immunosuppression e. g. corticosteroids. Renal tubular acidosis should be corrected by sodium alkali and potassium alkali. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors play a major role in the treatment of scleroderma renal crisis, they should be continued also in patients progressing to end-stage renal disease.
Granulierende Proktosigmoiditis durch Antibiotika-assoziierte Pseudomonaden-Infektion
Authors: Kapp Philipp , Meier Wolfgang , Reinehr Roland
Published: January 2018

Anamnese Einige Wochen nach Antibiotikatherapie wird ein älterer Patient mit ausgeprägter Beeinträchtigung durch anhaltende Diarrhö eingeliefert.

Untersuchungen Unter der Exsikkose hat sich eine Niereninsuffizienz verschlechtert, der Patient ist immobilisiert und geschwächt. In der Rekto-Sigmoidoskopie stellt sich eine granulierende Proktosigmoiditis mit membranösen Exsudationen und Granulationen dar.

Diagnose Durch die Stuhlkulturen wurde der Nachweis von Pseudomonas aeruginosa möglich.

Therapie und Verlauf Unter Infusionen besserte sich die Nierenfunktion rasch. Eine orale Antibiose mit Ciprofloxacin wurde mit Erfolg durchgeführt.

Folgerung Ältere Menschen sind durch ihre Multimorbidität anfällig für Dysenterie nach Antibiotikaeinsatz, wobei nicht nur Clostridien eine Rolle spielen, sondern auch seltener auftretende Keime wie Pseudomonaden. Im Rahmen ausgeprägter Diarrhö kann im hohen Alter rasch ein prärenales Nierenversagen entstehen.
Psychologische Versorgung einer besonders vulnerablen Flüchtlingsgruppe
Authors: Hillebrecht Jennifer , Helmes Almut , Bengel Jürgen
Published: January 2018

Nach dem Shingal-Genozid im August 2014 im Nordirak wurde das humanitäre Aufnahmeprogramm Sonderkontingent Baden-Württemberg „Schutzbedürftiger Frauen und Kinder aus dem Nordirak“ beschlossen und 1100 Personen, überwiegend Eziden, in verschiedenen Kommunen in Deutschland untergebracht. Die Zielgruppe ist eine besonders vulnerable Personengruppe mit einem hohen Risiko für die Entwicklung von Traumafolgestörungen. Wir stellen das Versorgungskonzept für 205 ezidische Frauen und Kinder in Freiburg vor. Es wurde ein Stepped-Care-Ansatz für die psychologische Versorgung entwickelt, um die Betroffenen in den Alltag und in die Gesundheitsversorgung in Deutschland zu integrieren. Im Zentrum stehen die bedarfsabhängig aufsuchende psychologisch-psychotherapeutische Versorgung und die inter- und multidisziplinäre Kooperation der beteiligten Dienste.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis Activity in Alcohol-Dependent Patients During Treatment with High-Dose Baclofen
Authors: Geisel Olga , Schlemm Ludwig , Hellweg Rainer , Wiedemann Klaus , Müller Christian
Published: January 2018

Aims Activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis has been reported to be affected in alcohol use disorder (AUD). It has been suggested that pharmacological relapse prevention in AUD might exert its effects partly by modulation of HPA axis activity. Here, we assessed the effects of high-dose treatment with baclofen on HPA axis activity in alcohol-dependent patients within a 24-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial (BACLAD study).

Methods Plasma levels of copeptin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol were measured at 3 timepoints in alcohol-dependent patients during the study. Corresponding plasma levels in healthy controls were assessed once.

Results ACTH blood levels were significantly higher in the group of alcohol-dependent patients compared to controls. In patients receiving individually titrated high-dose baclofen, plasma cortisol levels decreased significantly, whereas no significant alterations were found in the placebo group.

Conclusions Our study underlines again the role of HPA axis alterations in AUD. Furthermore, a decrease in hormonal stress levels during treatment with high-dose baclofen might contribute to the relapse preventive effects of this compound.
Langerhanszell-Histiozytose unter dem Bild einer Folliculitis decalvans und Intertrigo
Authors: Nasifoglu S. , Welzel J.
Published: January 2018

Die Langerhanszell-Histiozytose ist eine seltene Erkrankung unklarer Ätiologie, die durch eine Proliferation histiozytärer Zellen in verschiedenen Geweben gekennzeichnet ist. Vor wenigen Jahren wurde entdeckt, dass ein Großteil der LCH-Zellen eine BRAF-Mutation aufweist. Eine neoplastische Genese ist demnach denkbar. Da mehrere Organe durch die proliferierende Zellen betroffen sein können, sind die Beschwerden der Langerhanszell-Histiozytose vielgestaltig. Das am häufigsten betroffene Organ bei der erwachsenen Langerhanszell-Histiozytose ist die Lunge, gefolgt von den Knochen. In ⅓ der Fälle ist die Haut betroffen, sodass dem Dermatologen bei der Diagnosefindung eine ausgesprochen wichtige Rolle zukommt. Wegweisende Befunde sind die Trias erosive, ekzemartige Hautveränderungen am Kapillitium sowie in den Intertrigines in Kombination mit einem Diabetes insipidus. Die Diagnose wird letztlich histologisch gestellt. Typisch sind dichte Infiltrate, bestehend aus großen Zellen mit bohnenförmigem Zellkern, die immunhistochemisch durch Nachweis von CD1a-Antigen auf der Zelloberfläche charakterisiert sind.

Therapeutisch werden neben topischen Steroiden, PUVA, systemischen Immunsuppressiva auch teilweise Polychemotherapien sowie chirurgische und auch strahlentherapeutische Maßnahmen angewandt. Aufgrund der neuesten Erkenntnisse der bestehenden BRAF-Mutation wird derzeit auch der Einsatz von BRAF-Inhibitoren diskutiert.

Bei lokalisierten Formen der LCH ist die Prognose günstig. Der Ausgang der disseminierten Form ist abhängig vom Ausmaß des Organbefalls sowie vom Alter der Patienten. In seltenen Fällen wurden Entwicklungen zu akuten myeloischen Leukämien beobachtet. Aufgrund der Seltenheit der Erkrankungen hat sich bisher kein systematischer und interdisziplinärer Ansatz zur Diagnosestellung und Therapie ebenso wie kein langfristiges Nachsorgekonzept etabliert.
Computerbasierte Testung neurokognitiver Aspekte im Rahmen der audiologischen Diagnostik
Authors: Völter Christiane , Götze Lisa , Falkenstein Michael , Dazert Stefan , Thomas Jan Peter
Published: January 2018

Hintergrund Im Hinblick auf den demographischen Wandel der Gesellschaft gewinnen in der Hörrehabilitation neurokognitive Fähigkeiten
immer mehr an Bedeutung.

Fragestellung Ziel der Studie war es zu untersuchen, inwiefern eine neurokognitive Testung mittels PC-gestützter Aufgaben zur
Evaluation der unterschiedlichen Bereiche der Kognition auch für ältere Patienten mit und ohne Hörstörung geeignet ist und wie sich diese in
den klinischen Alltag des HNO-Arztes integrieren lässt.

Patientenbeschreibung 171 Patienten ≥ 50 Jahren mit und ohne eine beidseitige Hörbeeinträchtigung wurden eingeschlossen: n = 90 im
Alter zwischen 50 und 64 Jahren (57,0 ± 4,5) und 81 Ältere ab 65 (72,5 ± 5,4).

Methode Eine computerbasierte Testung mit rein visuellen Instruktionen beinhaltete neben der Aufmerksamkeit, der
Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit, dem Kurz- und Langzeitgedächtnis auch exekutive Funktionen. Zuvor erfolgte ein Probedurchgang unter Anleitung
einer geschulten Mitarbeiterin.

Ergebnisse Auch wenn die Testung unabhängig von Alter oder Hörstatus in allen Fällen eigenständig möglich war, benötigten
Hörgeschädigte 15 Minuten länger zur Durchführung und beurteilten diese als anstrengender als Hörgesunde (71 % versus 63 %). Patienten
mittleren Alters sahen die Durchführbarkeit für Menschen des höheren Lebensalters mit 30 % signifikant (p = 0,02) kritischer als die
betroffene Altersgruppe selbst (10 %).

Schlussfolgerung Eine umfassende kognitive Testung älterer Schwerhöriger mit computerbasierten Aufgaben lässt sich problemlos in den
klinischen HNO Alltag integrieren und könnte eine wertvolle Ergänzung der audiologischen Diagnostik im Hinblick auf eine bestmögliche
Hörrehabilitation darstellen.
Detection and Quantification of Cannabinoids in Extracts of Cannabis sativa Roots Using LC-MS/MS
Authors: Gul Waseem , Gul Shahbaz , Chandra Suman , Lata Hemant , Ibrahim Elsayed , ElSohly Mahmoud
Published: January 2018

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry single-laboratory validation was performed for the detection and quantification of the 10 major cannabinoids of cannabis, namely, (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabigerol, cannabichromene, tetrahydrocannabivarian, cannabinol, (−)-trans-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiolic acid, cannabigerolic acid, and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-A, in the root extract of Cannabis sativa. Acetonitrile : methanol (80 : 20, v/v) was used for extraction; d3-cannabidiol and d3- tetrahydrocannabinol were used as the internal standards. All 10 cannabinoids showed a good regression relationship with r
2 > 0.99. The validated method is simple, sensitive, and reproducible and is therefore suitable for the detection and quantification of these cannabinoids in extracts of cannabis roots. To our knowledge, this is the first report for the quantification of cannabinoids in cannabis roots.
Nonlinear statistical iterative reconstruction for propagation-based phase-contrast tomography
Authors: Hehn Lorenz , Morgan Kaye , Bidola Pidassa , Noichl Wolfgang , Gradl Regine , Dierolf Martin , Noël Peter B. , Pfeiffer Franz
Published: January 2018

Propagation-based phase-contrast tomography has become a valuable tool for visualization of three-dimensional biological samples, due to its high sensitivity and its potential in providing increased contrast between materials with similar absorption properties. We present a statistical iterative reconstruction algorithm for this imaging technique in the near-field regime. Under the assumption of a single material, the propagation of the x-ray wavefield—relying on the transport-of-intensity equation—is made an integral part of the tomographic reconstruction problem. With a statistical approach acting directly on the measured intensities, we find an unconstrained nonlinear optimization formulation whose solution yields the three-dimensional distribution of the sample. This formulation not only omits the intermediate step of retrieving the projected thicknesses but also takes the statistical properties of the measurements into account and incorporates prior knowledge about the sample in the form of regularization techniques. We show some advantages of this integrated approach compared to two-step approaches on data obtained using a commercially available x-ray micro-tomography system. In particular, we address one of the most considerable challenges of the imaging technique, namely, the artifacts arising from samples containing highly absorbing features. With the use of statistical weights in our noise model, we can account for these materials and recover features in the vicinity of the highly absorbing features that are lost in the conventional two-step approaches. In addition, the statistical modeling of our reconstruction approach will prove particularly beneficial in the ongoing transition of this imaging technique from synchrotron facilities to laboratory setups.
Generalized time-dependent Schrödinger equation in two dimensions under constraints
Authors: Sandev Trifce , Petreska Irina , Lenzi Ervin K.
Published: January 2018

We investigate a generalized two-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation on a comb with a memory kernel. A Dirac delta term is introduced in the Schrödinger equation so that the quantum motion along the x-direction is constrained at y = 0. The wave function is analyzed by using Green’s function approach for several forms of the memory kernel, which are of particular interest. Closed form solutions for the cases of Dirac delta and power-law memory kernels in terms of Fox H-function, as well as for a distributed order memory kernel, are obtained. Further, a nonlocal term is also introduced and investigated analytically. It is shown that the solution for such a case can be represented in terms of infinite series in Fox H-functions. Green’s functions for each of the considered cases are analyzed and plotted for the most representative ones. Anomalous diffusion signatures are evident from the presence of the power-law tails. The normalized Green’s functions obtained in this work are of broader interest, as they are an important ingredient for further calculations and analyses of some interesting effects in the transport properties in low-dimensional heterogeneous media.
Formation of He4+ via electron impact of helium droplets
Authors: Fine Jordan , Verma Deepak , Jones Curtis F. , Wittig Curt , Vilesov Andrey F.
Published: January 2018

Electron impact ionization of superfluid helium droplets containing several thousand atoms produces a broad distribution of Hen+ ions that peaks at n = 2 and decreases monotonically toward larger n. In larger droplets (say 105 or more atoms), however, the He4+ signal intensity is anomalously large. We have studied the mechanism for the formation of He4+ ions in large helium droplets by varying the duration of the electron impact excitation pulse. Droplets of different average sizes were generated using the expansion of helium at 20 bars and 9-20 K through a pulsed valve nozzle. The resulting ions were analyzed by time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (TOFMS) and quadrupole mass spectroscopy (QMS). The intensity distributions obtained with the TOFMS technique initially showed much smaller He4+ signals than those obtained using QMS. However, we discovered that the intensity anomaly is associated with the duration of the electron bombardment pulse in the TOFMS instrument. Measurements with different electron bombardment pulse durations enabled us to discern a characteristic time of ∼10 μs for enhanced He4+ production in large droplets under our experimental conditions. A qualitative model is presented in which metastables interact on droplet surfaces, yielding two He2+ cores that share a Rydberg electron while minimizing repulsion between the cores. This is the He4+(4A2) state suggested by Knowles and Murrell.
Lowering of the complexity of quantum chemistry methods by choice of representation
Authors: Mardirossian Narbe , McClain James D. , Chan Garnet Kin-Lic
Published: January 2018

The complexity of the standard hierarchy of quantum chemistry methods is not invariant to the choice of representation. This work explores how the scaling of common quantum chemistry methods can be reduced using real-space, momentum-space, and time-dependent intermediate representations without introducing approximations. We find the scalings of exact Gaussian basis Hartree–Fock theory, second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory, and coupled cluster theory (specifically, linearized coupled cluster doubles and the distinguishable cluster approximation with doubles) to be O(N3), O(N3), and O(N5), respectively, where N denotes the system size. These scalings are not asymptotic and hold over all ranges of N.
Particle-based membrane model for mesoscopic simulation of cellular dynamics
Authors: Sadeghi Mohsen , Weikl Thomas R. , Noé Frank
Published: January 2018

We present a simple and computationally efficient coarse-grained and solvent-free model for simulating lipid bilayer membranes. In order to be used in concert with particle-based reaction-diffusion simulations, the model is purely based on interacting and reacting particles, each representing a coarse patch of a lipid monolayer. Particle interactions include nearest-neighbor bond-stretching and angle-bending and are parameterized so as to reproduce the local membrane mechanics given by the Helfrich energy density over a range of relevant curvatures. In-plane fluidity is implemented with Monte Carlo bond-flipping moves. The physical accuracy of the model is verified by five tests: (i) Power spectrum analysis of equilibrium thermal undulations is used to verify that the particle-based representation correctly captures the dynamics predicted by the continuum model of fluid membranes. (ii) It is verified that the input bending stiffness, against which the potential parameters are optimized, is accurately recovered. (iii) Isothermal area compressibility modulus of the membrane is calculated and is shown to be tunable to reproduce available values for different lipid bilayers, independent of the bending rigidity. (iv) Simulation of two-dimensional shear flow under a gravity force is employed to measure the effective in-plane viscosity of the membrane model and show the possibility of modeling membranes with specified viscosities. (v) Interaction of the bilayer membrane with a spherical nanoparticle is modeled as a test case for large membrane deformations and budding involved in cellular processes such as endocytosis. The results are shown to coincide well with the predicted behavior of continuum models, and the membrane model successfully mimics the expected budding behavior. We expect our model to be of high practical usability for ultra coarse-grained molecular dynamics or particle-based reaction-diffusion simulations of biological systems.
Mode-switching and nonlinear effects in supersonic jet noise
Authors: Chen Zhe , Wu Jiu-Hui , Ren A.-Dan , Chen Xin
Published: January 2018

The paper employs STFT (Short Time Fourier Transform) to extract and analyze the noise components of a supersonic jet through four rectangular nozzles with different AR (Aspect Ratio) since it can capture and represent the evolution of screech and its harmonics more directly. The results indicate that the screech of jet noise becomes pure and the fundamental frequency increases as the AR is reduced, and the more noticeable dominant interval moves towards lower pressure regions. Various oscillation modes of the shock cells results in the different fundamental frequencies of screech in free jet noise. The results also suggest more complicated components of screech and harmonics in the jet through an AR=2 nozzle. In addition, no multi-frequency relation is found between the fundamental frequency and the harmonics, and a relatively long switching duration of oscillation modes is observed that may cause more complicated interactions between Mach waves, screech, harmonics, and shock cells. The AR1 nozzle is recommended in engineering applications, however, small scale resonance may be initiated due to its high screech frequency and result in structural damage. STFT is the better method in applications for fast identification of the signal components of jet noise.
Controlled and localized delivery of c-myc AS-ODN to cells by 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxylsilane modified SBA-15 mesoporous silica
Authors: Zhang Juan , Chen Minmin , Zhao Xiqiu , Zhang Min , Mao Jinxiang , Cao Xichuan , Zhang Zhuoqi
Published: January 2018

SBA-15 mesoporous silicate was synthesized and functionalized with 3-aminopropyl organic groups through a post-synthesis method. The materials were characterized consecutively by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption/desorption analysis and solid-state magic-angle spinning 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR). Human c-myc anti-sense oligodeoxyneucleotide (AS-ODN) was selected as a model molecule to be loaded onto the surface of bare and functionalized SBA-15 via different loading conditions. It has been found that the amount of AS-ODN incorporated into the porous matrix is strongly dependent on the surface properties, pH of the loading solvent and AS-ODN concentration. The release behaviour of AS-ODN from modified SBA-15 materials was also investigated and depended on conditions chosen. Cellular uptake of the eluted AS-ODN into Hela cells was observed by fluorescent microscopy. The materials showed excellent cytocompatibility. The AS-ODN keeps full transfection and expression activities indicating its structural integrity. The functionalized SBA-15 is an excellent prospect as a biomedical material candidate for the future.
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) based biomicrofluidics systems for trace protein analysis
Authors: Lee Chun-Wei , Tseng Fan-Gang
Published: January 2018

In recent years, Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) has been widely applied to many different areas, including chemical analysis, biomolecule detection, bioagent diagnostics, DNA sequence, and environmental monitor, due to its capabilities of unlabeled fingerprint identification, high sensitivity, and rapid detection. In biomicrofluidic systems, it is also very powerful to integrate SERS based devices with specified micro-fluid flow fields to further focusing/enhancing/multiplexing SERS signals through molecule registration, concentration/accumulation, and allocation. In this review, after a brief introduction of the mechanism of SERS detection on proteins, we will first focus on the effectiveness of different nanostructures for SERS enhancement and light-to-heat conversion in trace protein analysis. Various protein molecule accumulation schemes by either (bio-)chemical or physical ways, such as immuno, electrochemical, Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and magnetic, will then be reviewed for further SERS signal amplification. The analytical and repeatability/stability issues of SERS detection on proteins will also be brought up for possible solutions. Then, the comparison about various ways employing microfluidic systems to register, concentrate, and enhance the signals of SERS and reduce the background noise by active or passive means to manipulate SERS nanostructures and protein molecules will be elaborated. Finally, we will carry on the discussion on the challenges and opportunities by introducing SERS into biomicrofluidic systems and their potential solutions.
Research Update: Hard carbon with closed pores from pectin-free apple pomace
waste for Na-ion batteries
Authors: Dou Xinwei , Geng Chenxi , Buchholz Daniel , Passerini Stefano
Published: January 2018

Herein, we report a hard carbon derived from industrial bio-waste, i.e., pectin-free apple pomace. The structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties of the hard carbon are reported. The impact of the bio-waste on the closed porosity is discussed, providing valuable insights into the sodium storage mechanism in hard carbons. Most importantly, the hard carbon delivers good electrochemical performance, high specific capacities of 285 mAh g−1, and a very good capacity retention of 96% after 230 cycles at 0.1 C.
Physico-chemical induced modification of seed germination and early development in artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) using low energy plasma technology
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Iman , Mohsenimehr Soad , Hadian Javad , Ghorbanpour Mansour , Shokri Babak
Published: January 2018

In this study, low pressure non-thermal radiofrequency nitrogen plasma at very low power has been used to treat the artichoke seeds on the powered cathode for the first time. The influence of treatment time on the surface physical properties, germination rate, seedling growth, and enzyme activity of the seeds has been investigated. Results showed that plasma treatment considerably improved the germination rate and seedling growth. The root length grew by 28.5% and 50% and root dry weight increased by 13% and 53%, respectively, for 10 and 15 min of treatment. The same trend has been found for the shoot growth parameters although the greater stimulatory efficacy on root has been obtained. The nitrogen plasma treatment substantially made the seeds' surface hydrophilic which leads to 36.9% improvement in seed's water uptake at 15 min of treatment. Our study showed the activity of peroxidase and catalase enzymes slightly increased after the plasma treatment.
Dispersion and growth characteristics in a circular waveguide loaded with alternate metal and dielectric discs
Authors: Ashrafi A. , Hasanbeigi A. , Mehdian H.
Published: January 2018

The excitation of the TM01 mode due to the interaction of a relativistic electron beam with guided wave in a circular waveguide loaded with alternate metal and dielectric discs is studied. The wave equation describing the excited field is solved to obtain the dispersion relation and growth rate. The resulted growth rate is analyzed numerically over a wide range of system parameters. It is found that the growth rate, bandwidth, and the wave number corresponding to the peak growth could be controlled by the dielectric permittivity, thickness and beam parameters.
Newton’s second law and the multiplication of distributions
Authors: Sarrico C. O. R. , Paiva A.
Published: January 2018

Newton’s second law is applied to study the motion of a particle subjected to a time dependent impulsive force containing a Dirac delta distribution. Within this setting, we prove that this problem can be rigorously solved neither by limit processes nor by using the theory of distributions (limited to the classical Schwartz products). However, using a distributional multiplication, not defined by a limit process, a rigorous solution emerges.
A virus-targeted plant receptor-like kinase promotes cell-to-cell spread of RNAi
Authors: Rosas-Diaz Tabata , Zhang Dan , Fan Pengfei , Wang Liping , Ding Xue , Jiang Yuli , Jimenez-Gongora Tamara , Medina-Puche Laura , Zhao Xinyan , Feng Zhengyan , Zhang Guiping , Liu Xiaokun , Bejarano Eduardo R. , Tan Li , Zhang Heng , Zhu Jian-Kang , Xing Weiman , Faulkner Christine , Nagawa Shingo , Lozano-Duran Rosa
Published: January 2018

Significance

In plants, RNA interference (RNAi) is the main antiviral defense mechanism. RNAi moves cell-to-cell through cytoplasmic channels called plasmodesmata, spreading ahead of the viral infection to immunize tissues before arrival of the virus. How this movement is regulated has been elusive. Here, we identify a plant protein, BAM1, localized at plasmodesmata and promoting RNAi spread; both BAM1 and its closest homolog, BAM2, are required for this process. In agreement with their role in promoting RNAi movement, we found that BAM1 and BAM2 are targeted by a viral effector, which acts as a suppressor of RNAi spread. Our work offers insight into the regulation of cell-to-cell spread of RNAi and provides another example of the arms race between pathogens and hosts.
Influences: Growing up in Yale Physiology
Authors: Aldrich Richard W.
Published: January 2018

Aldrich recounts the unique influence that the Yale Physiology Department had on his early career.
Developing Shared Appraisals of Diabetes Risk Through Family Health History Feedback: The Case of Mexican-Heritage Families
Authors: Lin Jielu , Marcum Christopher S , Wilkinson Anna V , Koehly Laura M
Published: January 2018

Background

Collecting complete and accurate family health history is critical to preventing type 2 diabetes.

Purpose

We seek to identify the optimal risk feedback approach that facilitates risk communication between parents and their adult children and helps them develop shared appraisals of family history of type 2 diabetes.

Methods

In a sample of parent-adult child dyads from 125 Mexican-heritage families residing in Houston, Texas, we examine change in parent-child dyadic (dis)agreement with respect to their shared family health history from baseline to 10 months after receipt of risk feedback generated by Family Healthware. A 2 × 2 factorial design is applied to test how the recipient (one parent or all family members) and the content (risk assessment with or without behavioral recommendations) of the feedback affect (dis)agreement through interpersonal ties, particularly dyadic risk communication.

Results

Providing risk assessment without behavioral recommendations to the parent, but not the adult child, shifts the dyads toward agreement (relative risk ratio [RRR]= 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.18–2.67]), by activating reciprocal risk communication between parents and children (RRR =2.70, 95% CI [1.81–4.03]). Dyads with close interpersonal ties are more likely to shift toward agreement (RRR = 3.09, 95% CI [1.89–5.07]).

Conclusion

Programs aimed at improving family health history knowledge and accuracy of reports should tailor risk feedback strategically for better intervention effect and leverage a network approach in disease prevention among at-risk minority and/or immigrant populations.

Trial Registration Number

NCT00469339.
A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized, Contralateral Study of Tissue Liquefaction Liposuction vs Suction-Assisted Liposuction
Authors: Hunstad Joseph P , Godek Christopher P , Van Natta Bruce W , Kortesis Bill G , Bharti Gaurav , Crantford John C , Daniels Mark A , Andrew Mark S
Published: January 2018

Background

Tissue liquefaction liposuction (TLL) deploys a novel energy source utilizing a stream of warmed, low-pressurized, and pulsed saline to extract fat tissue.

Objectives

Compare TLL to suction-assisted liposuction (SAL) to determine which device is more efficient for surgeons and provides better recovery for patients.

Methods

Thirty-one adult female patients were followed prospectively in a contralateral study design comparing differences in bruising, swelling, tenderness, and incision appearance ratings between TLL and SAL procedures. Surgical efficiency and appearance of the lipoaspirate were also compared.

Results

All 31 patients successfully completed the study. For TLL and SAL procedures, the average volumes of infusion (1.242 vs 1.276 L) and aspirated supernatant fat (704 vs 649 mL) were statistically similar. TLL median fat extraction rate was faster than SAL (35.6 vs 25 mL/min; P < 0.0001), and stroke rate was reduced in TLL vs SAL procedures (48 vs 120 strokes/min; P < 0.0001), and both were statistically significant. The mean total scores for bruising, swelling, treatment site tenderness, and incision appearance were lower, indicating improved patient recovery on the TLL side.

Conclusions

TLL and SAL techniques produced comparable volume of fat aspirate. TLL demonstrated a 42% faster fat extraction rate and a 68% reduction in arm movements needed to complete the procedure compared to SAL, both of these differences are statistically significant. The TLL side was noted to have reduced bruising and swelling and improved incision site appearance with less tenderness compared to the SAL side.

Level of Evidence: 2
Concomitant Regulation by a LacI-Type Transcriptional Repressor XylR on Genes Involved in Xylan and Xylose Metabolism and the Type III Secretion System in Rice Pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: Ikawa Yumi , Ohnishi Sayaka , Shoji Akiko , Furutani Ayako , Tsuge Seiji
Published: January 2018

The hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) genes of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice, encode components of the type III secretion system and are essential for virulence. Expression of hrp genes is regulated by two key hrp regulators, HrpG and HrpX; HrpG regulates hrpX and hrpA, and HrpX regulates the other hrp genes on hrpB-hrpF operons. We previously reported the sugar-dependent quantitative regulation of HrpX; the regulator highly accumulates in the presence of xylose, followed by high hrp gene expression. Here, we found that, in a mutant lacking the LacI-type transcriptional regulator XylR, HrpX accumulation and hrp gene expression were high even in the medium without xylose, reaching the similar levels present in the wild type incubated in the xylose-containing medium. XylR also negatively regulated one of two xylose isomerase genes (xylA2 but not xylA1) by binding to the motif sequence in the upstream region of the gene. Xylose isomerase is an essential enzyme in xylose metabolism and interconverts between xylose and xylulose. Our results suggest that, in the presence of xylose, inactivation of XylR leads to greater xylan and xylose utilization and, simultaneously, to higher accumulation of HrpX, followed by higher hrp gene expression in the bacterium.
Hormetic Effects of Flusilazole Preconditioning on Mycelial Growth and Virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Authors: Lu Xiaoming , He Shun , Ma Hongju , Li Jianhong , Zhu Fuxing
Published: January 2018

Hormetic effects of fungicides are highly relevant to fungicide applications and management of plant-pathogenic fungi. Preconditioning (i.e., early exposure to relatively low doses of a toxicant) is a special form of hormesis, and fungicide preconditioning of phytopathogenic fungi is inevitable in the field. The present study showed that spraying the demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide flusilazole at 0.1 µg/ml had stimulatory effects on the virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum inoculated at 1 and 24 h after spraying. Flusilazole sprayed at 10 µg/ml showed inhibitory effects on the virulence of S. sclerotiorum inoculated during the first 3 days after spraying. Inoculations on the 5th, 7th, and 10th day after spraying did not show any significant inhibitory or stimulatory effects on the virulence. After growing for 2 days on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with flusilazole at a dose range from 0.0005 to 0.25 µg/ml as preconditioning treatments, mycelia were transferred onto PDA without fungicide and subsequent mycelial growth was slower than the nonpreconditioned control. However, after the preconditioned colonies were transferred onto PDA supplemented with flusilazole at 0.2 µg/ml, percent stimulations of mycelia growth compared with the control had a parabolic shape across the preconditioning flusilazole concentration range. Similarly, the mycelial growth of the preconditioned mycelial plugs on PDA amended with other DMI fungicides (prochloraz or tebuconazole) also showed a typical hormetic response, whereas mycelial growth on PDA amended with carbendazim or dimethachlone was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Preconditioning S. sclerotiorum with flusilazole on rapeseed plants elicited virulence stimulations in a dose-dependent manner similar to those on mycelial growth on PDA. After disease lesions developed on rapeseed leaves sprayed with flusilazole as the preconditioning treatment were inoculated onto rapeseed plants, virulence was inhibited on leaves without fungicide or sprayed with carbendazim or dimethachlone compared with the nonpreconditioned control, whereas virulence was stimulated on leaves sprayed with flusilazole, prochloraz, or tebuconazole, and the maximum percent stimulation was 10.2%. These results will advance our understanding of hormetic effects of fungicides and of preconditioning hormesis in particular.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Authors: Romisher Rachael , Hill Deanna , Cong Xiaomei
Published: January 2018

Background:

As opioid abuse increases in the United States, the rate of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) rises dramatically. Caring for infants with NAS and their families is a significant challenge to neonatal nurses.

Purpose:

The purpose of this survey study was to explore attitudes and practice trends among nurses caring for infants with NAS. The study also aimed to identify any gaps in knowledge about NAS.

Method:

An anonymous, cross-sectional survey study was conducted using a researcher-developed questionnaire. The survey questionnaire included 20 Likert-scale questions regarding nurses' attitudes, knowledge, and practice in care of infants with NAS, 1 case study with 3 questions, and 2 open-ended questions. Nurses, including advanced practice nurses and nurse leaders, were invited to participate at a regional neonatal nursing conference in the New England area.

Results:

A total of 54 participants responded, the majority being white, female, non-Hispanic, and bachelor's prepared. Many nurses shared concerns regarding the setting in which infants with NAS are cared for. Nurses expressed varying attitudes regarding interacting with the mothers but generally wanted to build a partnership with them. Nurses also reported a lack of standardized and consistent practice in care for infants with NAS. Three major themes were identified from open-ended questions, including environmental issues, relationship with the mother, and inconsistency in care.

Implications for Practice:

Further research is needed for nurses providing care to infants with NAS. Specific education programs are needed for nurses who are caring for infants with NAS.

Implications for Research:

Further research is needed regarding the effects of NAS on nurses and other healthcare providers.