bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure and dynamics of low Reynolds number turbulent pipe flow
Authors: Duggleby Andrew , Ball Kenneth S , Schwaenen Markus
Published: November 2008

Using large-scale numerical calculations, we explore the proper orthogonal decomposition of low Reynolds number turbulent pipe flow, using both the translational invariant (Fourier) method and the method of snapshots. Each method has benefits and drawbacks, making the ‘best’ choice dependent on the purpose of the analysis. Owing to its construction, the Fourier method includes all the flow fields that are translational invariants of the simulated flow fields. Thus, the Fourier method converges to an estimate of the dimension of the chaotic attractor in less total simulation time than the method of snapshots. The converse is that for a given simulation, the method of snapshots yields a basis set that is more optimal because it does not include all of the translational invariants that were not a part of the simulation. Using the Fourier method yields smooth structures with definable subclasses based upon Fourier wavenumber pairs, and results in a new dynamical systems insight into turbulent pipe flow. These subclasses include a set of modes that propagate with a nearly constant phase speed, act together as a wave packet and transfer energy from streamwise rolls. It is these interactions that are responsible for bursting events and Reynolds stress generation. These structures and dynamics are similar to those found in turbulent channel flow. A comparison of structures and dynamics in turbulent pipe and channel flows is reported to emphasize the similarities and differences.
Behaviourally mediated crypsis in two nocturnal moths with contrasting appearance
Authors: Webster Richard J , Callahan Alison , Godin Jean-Guy J , Sherratt Thomas N
Published: November 2008

The natural resting orientations of several species of nocturnal moth on tree trunks were recorded over a three-month period in eastern Ontario, Canada. Moths from certain genera exhibited resting orientation distributions that differed significantly from random, whereas others did not. In particular,
Catocala
spp. collectively tended to orient vertically, whereas subfamily Larentiinae representatives showed a variety of orientations that did not differ significantly from random. To understand why different moth species adopted different orientations, we presented human subjects with a computer-based detection task of finding and ‘attacking’
Catocala cerogama
and
Euphyia intermediata
target images at different orientations when superimposed on images of sugar maple (
Acer saccharum
) trees. For both
C. cerogama
and
E. intermediata
, orientation had a significant effect on survivorship, although the effect was more pronounced in
C. cerogama
. When the tree background images were flipped horizontally the optimal orientation changed accordingly, indicating that the detection rates were dependent on the interaction between certain directional appearance features of the moth and its background. Collectively, our results suggest that the contrasting wing patterns of the moths are involved in background matching, and that the moths are able to improve their crypsis through appropriate behavioural orientation.
Revisiting Abbott Thayer: non-scientific reflections about camouflage in art, war and zoology
Authors: Behrens Roy R
Published: November 2008

This paper reviews the achievements of Abbott Handerson Thayer (1849–1921), an American painter and naturalist whose pioneering writings on animal camouflage addressed shared concerns among artists, zoologists and military tacticians. It discusses his beliefs about camouflage (both natural and military) in the context of his training as an artist, with particular emphasis on three of his major ideas: countershading, ruptive (or disruptive) coloration and background picturing.
Assessment of the diets of cod Gadus morhua and whiting Merlangius merlangus juveniles in a frontal region close to the Norwegian Trench: co‐existence or competition?
Authors: Shaw M. , Diekmann R. , Van DerKooij J. , Milligan S. , Bromley P. , Righton D.
Published: November 2008

Over 200 pelagic juvenile cod Gadus morhua and whiting Merlangius merlangus were sampled in spring 2001 at stations inside and outside a frontal region close to the Norwegian Trench, and their stomach contents analysed in the context of zooplankton samples taken at the same time and same locations. Merlangius merlangus juveniles appeared to feed on a diverse zooplankton community, whereas G. morhua juveniles appeared to preferentially select Pseudocalanus elongatus, even though these prey items were not the dominant component of the prey community. The results suggest that during the pelagic juvenile stage, M. merlangus and G. morhua are direct competitors for zooplanktonic prey. In addition, because M. merlangus are more opportunistic, they may be more tolerant to changes in the species composition of the prey community, and therefore out‐compete G. morhua juveniles at times of low preferred prey abundance or under changing environmental conditions.
Otolith microstructure analysis with OTC validation confirms age overestimation in Atlantic thread herring Opisthonema oglinum from north‐eastern Brazil
Authors: Lessa R. , Duarte‐Neto P. , Morize E. , Maciel R.
Published: November 2008

The daily periodicity of micro‐increments in the otoliths of Atlantic thread herring Opisthonema oglinum was demonstrated from juveniles injected with oxytetracycline and reared for up to 62 days. Micro‐increments ranged from 26 to 358 in the overall sample. Von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF) using micro‐increment counts were: L∞= 337 mm fork length (LF) (s.e. = 31 mm); K = 1·2 (s.e. = 0·2) and t0= 0·04 years (s.e. = 0·01 years). The otolith‐based growth was corroborated using the LF frequency analysis. Observed lengths of increments were considered unsuitable for VBGF derivation, as no increase in size was obtained from them. Furthermore, the high percentage of unreadable otoliths suggests that increment analysis is unreliable for age estimation. Most growth occurs within the first year, differing from previous longevity estimates of 4–8 years. In contrast with published information, O. oglinum is a fast‐growing and short‐lived species.
Parental stress‐coping styles affect the behaviour of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at early developmental stages
Authors: Höglund E. , Gjøen H.‐M. , Pottinger T. G. , ØVerli Ø
Published: November 2008

This work examined behavioural responses in yolk‐sac rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss larvae originating from strains selected for high (HR) or low (LR) plasma cortisol response to a standardized stressor. The results showed that yolk‐sac larvae originating from the HR strain were more sensitive to environmental stressors, in that they showed a shorter reaction time to low oxygen levels. Previous studies on adult and juvenile individuals from these strains demonstrated a number of correlated physiological and behavioural differences. In yolk‐sac larvae, growth and development depended mainly on internal factors, which suggest that at least some aspects of stress‐coping styles are inherent to the individual, before factors such as social experience or variable access to food resources could modify behavioural strategy.
The thermohaline expressway: the Southern Ocean as a centre of origin for deep‐sea octopuses
Authors: Strugnell Jan M. , Rogers Alex D. , Prodöhl Paulo A. , Collins Martin A. , Allcock A. Louise
Published: November 2008

Understanding how environmental forcing has generated and maintained large‐scale patterns of biodiversity is a key goal of evolutionary research and critical to predicting the impacts of global climate change. We suggest that the initiation of the global thermohaline circulation provided a mechanism for the radiation of Southern Ocean fauna into the deep sea. We test this hypothesis using a relaxed phylogenetic approach to coestimate phylogeny and divergence times for a lineage of octopuses with Antarctic and deep‐sea representatives. We show that the deep‐sea lineage had their evolutionary origins in Antarctica, and estimate that this lineage diverged around 33 million years ago (Ma) and subsequently radiated at 15 Ma. Both of these dates are critical in development of the thermohaline circulation and we suggest that this has acted as an evolutionary driver enabling the Southern Ocean to become a centre of origin for deep‐sea fauna. This is the first unequivocal molecular evidence that deep‐sea fauna from other ocean basins originated from Southern Ocean taxa and this is the first evidence to be dated. © The Willi Hennig Society 2008.
Randomised double‐blinded comparison of phenylephrine vs ephedrine for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for non‐elective Caesarean section*
Authors: Ngan Kee W. D. , Khaw K. S. , Lau T. K. , Ng F. F. , Chui K. , Ng K. L.
Published: November 2008

In a randomised, double‐blinded study, we compared boluses of phenylephrine 100 μg with ephedrine 10 mg for treating hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg) in 204 patients having non‐elective Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Umbilical arterial (UA) and venous (UV) pH and base excess were similar between groups. In the ephedrine group, UA lactate concentration was higher (median 2.6 [interquartile range 2.3–3.3] vs 2.4 [1.9–3.0] mmol.l−1, p = 0.002) and UV lactate concentration was higher (2.5 [2.2–3.2] vs 2.3 [1.9–2.8] mmol.l−1, p = 0.016) and more patients had nausea or vomiting (12.7% vs 3.9%, p = 0.02). Clinical neonatal outcome was similar. Of the protocol‐compliant patients (n = 148), UA Po2 and UV Po2 were lower in the phenylephrine group although oxygen content was similar. We conclude that phenylephrine and ephedrine are both suitable vasopressors for use in non‐elective Caesarean sections.
Comparison of the Glidescope®, the McGrath®, the Airtraq® and the Macintosh laryngoscopes in simulated difficult airways*
Authors: Savoldelli G. L. , Schiffer E. , Abegg C. , Baeriswyl V. , Clergue F. , Waeber J. L.
Published: November 2008

Several indirect laryngoscopes have recently been developed, but relatively few have been formally compared. In this study we evaluated the efficacy and the usability of the Macintosh, the Glidescope®, the McGrath® and the Airtraq® laryngoscopes. Sixty anaesthesia providers (20 staff, 20 residents, and 20 nurses) were enrolled into this study. The volunteers intubated the trachea of a Laerdal SimMan® manikin in three simulated difficult airway scenarios. In all scenarios, indirect laryngoscopes provided better laryngeal exposure than the Macintosh blade and appeared to produce less dental trauma. In the most difficult scenario (tongue oedema), the Macintosh blade was associated with a high rate of failure and prolonged intubation times whereas indirect laryngoscopes improved intubation time and rarely failed. Indirect laryngoscopes were judged easier to use than the Macintosh. Differences existed between indirect devices. The Airtraq® consistently provided the most rapid intubation. Laryngeal grade views were superior with the Airtraq® and McGrath® than with the Glidescope®.
Can state or response entropy be used as a measure of sleep depth?
Authors: Mahon P. , Greene B. R. , Lynch E. M. , McNamara B. , Shorten G. D.
Published: November 2008

Summary In this prospective observational study we examined the potential of the spectral entropy measures ‘state’ and ‘response’ entropy (Entropy™ monitor), as measures of sleep depth in 12 healthy adult subjects. Both median state and response entropy values varied significantly with sleep stage (p = 0.017 and p = 0.014 respectively; ANOVA). Median state or response entropy did not decrease significantly during the transition from awake to stage I sleep (p > 0.017). State entropy values decreased significantly between sleep stages I and II (p < 0.001). Both state and response entropy values were significantly less (40 and 45 arbitrary units respectively) in stage III (slow wave sleep) vs stage II sleep (p = 0.008). We conclude that state and response entropy values, when expressed as a function of time, may be a useful means of quantifying aspects of sleep.
Mitochondrial DNA D‐loop sequences suggest a Southeast Asian and Indian origin of Zimbabwean village chickens
Authors: Muchadeyi F. C. , Eding H. , Simianer H. , Wollny C. B. A. , Groeneveld E. , Weigend S.
Published: November 2008

This study sought to assess mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity and phylogeographic structure of chickens from five agro‐ecological zones of Zimbabwe. Furthermore, chickens from Zimbabwe were compared with populations from other geographical regions (Malawi, Sudan and Germany) and other management systems (broiler and layer purebred lines). Finally, haplotypes of these animals were aligned to chicken sequences, taken from GenBank, that reflected populations of presumed centres of domestication. A 455‐bp fragment of the mtDNA D‐loop region was sequenced in 283 chickens of 14 populations. Thirty‐two variable sites that defined 34 haplotypes were observed. In Zimbabwean chickens, diversity within ecotypes accounted for 96.8% of the variation, indicating little differentiation between ecotypes. The 34 haplotypes clustered into three clades that corresponded to (i) Zimbabwean and Malawian chickens, (ii) broiler and layer purebred lines and Northwest European chickens, and (iii) a mixture of chickens from Zimbabwe, Sudan, Northwest Europe and the purebred lines. Diversity among clades explained more than 80% of the total variation. Results indicated the existence of two distinct maternal lineages evenly distributed among the five Zimbabwean chicken ecotypes. For one of these lineages, chickens from Zimbabwe and Malawi shared major haplotypes with chicken populations that have a Southeast Asian background. The second maternal lineage, probably from the Indian subcontinent, was common to the five Zimbabwean chicken ecotypes, Sudanese and Northwest European chickens as well as purebred broiler and layer chicken lines. A third maternal lineage excluded Zimbabwean and other African chickens and clustered with haplotypes presumably originating from South China.
Mapping of quantitative trait loci for clinical–chemical traits in swine
Authors: Reiner G. , Clemens N. , Fischer R. , Köhler F. , Berge T. , Hepp S. , Willems H.
Published: November 2008

Clinical–chemical traits are diagnostic parameters essential for characterization of health and disease in veterinary practice. The traits show significant variability and are under genetic control, but little is known about the fundamental genetic architecture of this variability, especially in swine. We have identified QTL for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate (LAC), bilirubin (BIL), creatinine (CRE) and ionized sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca++) from the serum of 139 F2 pigs from a Meishan/Pietrain family before and after challenge with Sarcocystis miescheriana, a protozoan parasite of muscle. After infection, the pigs passed through three stages representing acute disease, subclinical disease and chronic disease. Forty‐two QTL influencing clinical–chemical traits during these different stages were identified on 15 chromosomes. Eleven of the QTL were significant on a genome‐wide level; 31 QTL were chromosome‐wide significant. QTL showed specific health/disease patterns with respect to the baseline values of the traits as well as the values obtained through the different stages of disease. QTL influencing different traits at different times were found primarily on chromosomes 1, 3, 7 and 14. The most prominent QTL for the investigated clinical–chemical traits mapped to SSC3 and 7. Baseline traits of ALP, LAC, BIL, Ca++ and K+ were influenced by QTL regions on SSC3, 6, 7, 8 and 13. Single QTL explained up to 21.7% of F2 phenotypic variance. Our analysis confirms that variation of clinical–chemical traits is associated with multiple chromosomal regions.
Remission induction therapy containing rituximab markedly improved the outcome of untreated mature B cell lymphoma
Authors: Nagai Hirokazu , Yano Takahiro , Watanabe Tomoyuki , Uike Naokuni , Okamura Seiichi , Hanada Shuichi , Kawano Fumio , Sunami Kazutaka , Inoue Nobumasa , Sawamura Morio , Nishiura Tetsuo , Hotta Tomomitsu , Horibe Keizo
Published: November 2008

Many controlled clinical trials have proven that rituximab improves the clinical outcome of patients with mature B cell lymphoma. This study was conducted to assess the contribution of rituximab in the actual clinical practice. Patients with newly diagnosed mature B cell lymphoma treated at 20 National Hospital Organization hospitals from January 2000 to December 2004 were consecutively registered. Rituximab was approved in September 2002 for indolent B cell lymphoma and in September 2003 for aggressive B cell lymphoma in Japan. The patients were divided into two groups depending on whether they received induction therapy containing rituximab. The endpoint was to evaluate the rituximab benefit based on 2‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) and 2‐year overall survival (OS). A total 1126 patients received chemotherapies. Of these, 762 were diagnosed as diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and 215 as follicular lymphoma (FL). PFS and OS were markedly improved in the rituximab group compared with the non‐rituximab group in patients with DLBCL (both P < 0·001) and in patients with FL (P < 0·001 and P = 0·003 respectively). Rituximab, when used for remission induction therapy, significantly improved the clinical outcome of the mature B cell lymphoma patient in actual clinical practice.
The danger within: endogenous danger signals, atopy and asthma
Authors: Willart M. A. M. , Lambrecht B. N.
Published: November 2008

In allergic asthmatics, airway inflammation is triggered by specific (inhalation of allergen such as house dust mite allergen and pollen spores) or non‐specific triggers (such as air pollutants and viral infection). Most of these inhaled particles are immunologically inert. Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for priming and T helper‐2 differentiation of naïve T cells towards aeroallergens. Contamination of antigens with pattern‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is required to activate DCs to mount an immune response. Damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as uric acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), also contribute to the induction of inflammation by activation and recruitment of various inflammatory cells. Compelling evidence suggests that a tight collaboration between PAMPs and DAMPs is needed to start an immune response to allergens. Several studies have recently demonstrated an important role of endogenous danger signals at the inception and maintenance phase of allergic disease. Further research into this area should focus on the possible role of these factors in maintenance of chronic disease and induction of airway remodelling.
Integrated control of water hyacinth in Africa1
Authors: Hill M. P. , Coetzee J. A.
Published: November 2008

Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes was first recorded in Africa (Egypt and South Africa) in the late 1800s. Since this time it has invaded streams, rivers, natural lakes and impoundments throughout the continent. Large mats of water hyacinth severely degrade aquatic ecosystems and limit all aspects of water resource utilization, threatening food security and economic development in a number of countries. The severity of these infestations is invariably exacerbated by eutrophication. Control options include manual removal, mechanical control, application of herbicides and biological control. Biological control offers a long‐term solution and excellent results have been achieved in a number of tropical large freshwater bodies, most notably Lake Victoria. However, in the more temperate regions of the continent and where extensive eutrophication exists, biological control is integrated with other control options. The successful control of water hyacinth relies on establishing an acceptable threshold population level for the weed, adopting a management philosophy that includes a top‐down approach within the infested catchment, intelligent use of herbicide, mechanical and biological control and a commitment to the reduction in nitrate and phosphate inputs into the aquatic ecosystem.
Public awareness activities on Eichhornia crassipes in the Victoria Falls World Heritage Site, Livingstone, Zambia1
Authors: Nang’alelwa M.
Published: November 2008

Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are a major threat to biodiversity and national economies worldwide. Public awareness and support is critical for the success of any interventions aimed at controlling and managing such invasions. Various communication tools have been identified for the implementation of public awareness programs. Assessment of public perceptions, attitudes and knowledge levels should be an integral part of any public awareness activities. This paper reports the communication actions undertaken in the Victoria Falls World Heritage Site by the Removing Barriers to Invasive Plant Management in Africa (RBIPMA) project during the year 2007. Several awareness meetings with various stakeholders were conducted during the year. A number of posters, leaflets, brochures and newsletters have been produced. Production of radio and television documentaries is currently ongoing. A pre‐knowledge survey was conducted to determine the baseline status as regards knowledge and awareness levels on IAS in the project area. A post‐knowledge survey will be conducted at a subsequent stage to assess the effectiveness of the project interventions on public awareness and knowledge levels. Recommendations for future action are also presented.
Identification et distribution des virus responsables de mosaiques chez les cucurbitacées en Tunisie
Authors: Mnari‐Hattab M. , Jebari H. , Zouba A.
Published: November 2008

Les cucurbitacées sont économiquement importantes en Tunisie, elles sont sujettes à plusieurs maladies virales qui ont des effets néfastes sur les rendements et la valeur marchande de la production. Des symptômes de mosaïques sévères sur les feuilles ont été observés dans toutes les cultures de cucurbitacées de plein champ et sous abris. Des prospections (2000–2001, 2002–2003) ont été réalisées afin de tenter d’identifier les virus responsables de ces symptômes. Les échantillons symptomatiques ont été collectés dans les régions majeures de production des cucurbitacées et testés par DAS‐ELISA pour la présence des virus suivants: ZYMV, WMV, MWMV, PRSV‐W, ZYFV CMV, SqMV et MNSV.

Cette étude a confirmé la présence de six virus (WMV, CMV, PRSV‐W, ZYMV, ZYFV et SqMV) déjà décrits avec une évolution très remarquable de la fréquence du ZYMV dans toutes les régions prospectées et sur toutes les espèces testées. Le pourcentage d’infection a atteint les 34% durant les prospections (2002–2003). Par contre le MWMV s’est révélé absent au niveau de tous les échantillons testés.

Par ailleurs, nous avons mis en évidence pour la première fois la présence du MNSV dans plus de 9% des échantillons testés et ce sur melon de plein champ et sous abris, sur courge et sur pastèque. En outre, nous rapportons pour la première fois l’infection d’une cucurbitacée sauvage, Ecballium elaterium, par le CMV, PRSV‐W et WMV.

Les résultats ont montré aussi qu’un pourcentage d’échantillons montrant des symptômes de mosaïques n’a pas été expliqué par la présence de l’un ou l’autre des virus étudiés. Ceci pourrait s’expliquer par l’existence d’autres virus ou de facteurs abiotiques qui restent à identifier.
First record of Phytomyza gymnostoma Loew (Diptera: Agromyzidae) a leaf mining pest of leeks in Greece
Authors: Simoglou K. B. , Roditakis E. , Martinez M. , Roditakis N. E.
Published: November 2008

In autumn 2007, an allium leafminer, Phytomyza gymnostoma Loew (Diptera: Agromyzidae), was recorded for the first time in non‐commercial leek crops in the areas of Elassona and Katerini in Central Greece. Leek plants were severely damaged by the leafminer larvae infestation. Typical feeding symptoms were observed, caused by the mining behaviour of larvae within inner and outer leaves of leek plants, resulting in the formation of descending galleries. Pest control was performed locally using commercial insecticides with unknown efficacy mainly due to ignorance of the species biology.
Phytosanitary measures in the European Union: a call for more dynamic risk management allowing more focus on real pest risks Case study: Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) on ornamental Solanaceae in Europe
Authors: De Hoop M. B. , Verhoeven J. Th. J. , Roenhorst J. W.
Published: November 2008

After fifteen years of harmonisation of phytosanitary measures in the European Union, today's legislation has become increasingly stagnant, complex and detailed. The recent finding of Potato spindle tuber viroid in ornamental plants in the Netherlands and other Member States illustrates the struggle to take prompt emergency measures when specific knowledge is not available. It is proposed that the European Commission should take the initiative to organise the process of pest risk analysis from beginning to end. In addition, the Commission should have budgets at their disposal for instantaneous research to generate the required data and fill in knowledge gaps. Such policy enables evaluation of emergency measures and implementation of permanent requirements on the basis of scientific data within a short period, thereby creating a dynamic legislation that focuses on real pest risks.
Ex vivo antimicrobial activity of several bleaching agents used during the walking bleach technique
Authors: Oliveira D. P. , Gomes B. P. F. A. , Zaia A. A. , Souza‐Filho F. J. , Ferraz C. C. R.
Published: November 2008

Aim  To investigate ex vivo the antimicrobial activity of a paste of sodium perborate associated with various vehicles comparing it with 37% carbamide peroxide and 35% hydrogen peroxide.

Methodology  The antimicrobial activity of these agents was evaluated against three microorganisms: Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. One millilitre of each tested substance was placed on the bottom of wells of 24‐well cell culture plates. Six wells were used for each time period and group. Two millilitres of the microbial suspension was ultrasonically mixed for 10 s with the bleaching pastes and placed in contact with them for 10, 30, 45 s; 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30 min; and 1 and 2 h. After each period of time, 1 mL from each well was transferred to tubes containing 2 mL of freshly prepared brain heart infusion agar + neutralizers. Agar plates were inoculated in appropriate gaseous conditions. Data were analysed statistically by the Kruskal–Wallis test with the level of significance set at P < 0.05.

Results  In all groups containing chlorhexidine (groups 3, 5 and 7), the antimicrobial activity of the bleaching paste was significantly increased when compared with groups with other kinds of vehicle (groups 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8). For all tested groups, the most resistant microorganism was E. faecalis.

Conclusions  Chlorhexidine when used as a vehicle for sodium perborate enhanced its antimicrobial activity.
Dens invaginatus. Part 2: clinical, radiographic features and management options
Authors: Bishop K. , Alani A.
Published: November 2008

Aim  To describe the possible clinical and radiographic features of this developmental anomaly, review previous treatment recommendations and suggest management options based on the classification of the problem.

Summary  This paper describes the clinical and radiographic features related to the different types of dens invaginatus and highlights those features which may indicate the presence of a previously undetected invagination. Aids to clinical diagnosis are described together with a description of the possible radiographic features, which may suggest the presence of an invagination. Previous treatment suggestions are described and suggestions as to possible management options, based on current endodontic knowledge and the classification of the problems are described.

Key learning points • Thorough clinical and radiographic examination is required to diagnose and successfully treat minor to severe invaginations.

• Modern clinical techniques may facilitate the management of invaginations once considered untreatable.
Efficacy of rotary instruments with greater taper in preparing oval root canals
Authors: ElAyouti A. , Chu A. ‐L. , Kimionis I. , Klein C. , Weiger R. , Löst C.
Published: November 2008

Aim  To compare the preparation quality of two rotary systems and NiTi‐hand files in oval root canals, and to evaluate the effect of canal dimensions on the preparation.

Methodology  Ninety roots with oval root canals were selected. The middle third was cross sectioned at two levels and photographed. The maximum and minimum diameters of the root and canal were recorded. Teeth were distributed in three groups (n = 30) using stratified randomization, and prepared under simulated clinical conditions with Mtwo, ProTaper, or NiTi‐hand files. The pre‐ and post‐preparation photographs were traced and superimposed, the thickness of dentine removed was measured and the ratio of prepared canal outline was calculated. The impact of preparation system and canal dimensions on the quality of the preparation was evaluated using regression analysis.

Results  With regards to the ratio of prepared canal outline, no statistical significant difference was found between Mtwo (0.75 [95%CI: 0.69; 0.81]) and ProTaper (0.75 [95%CI: 0.69; 0.80]), but both systems performed significantly better than NiTi‐hand files (0.65 [95%CI: 0.60; 0.71]). In six root canals in Mtwo‐group (20%), and eight root canals in ProTaper‐group (27%), the minimal thickness of dentine‐wall after preparation was less than 0.5 mm. In contrast to the maximum diameter of the root canal, the minimum diameter influenced the quality of the preparation (P = 0.0006).

Conclusions  No instrumentation technique was able to circumferentially prepare the oval outline of root canals. Nevertheless, instruments with greater taper (ProTaper and Mtwo) were more efficient than NiTi‐ hand files, but this was, in some cases, at the expense of remaining dentine‐wall thickness.
The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in a group of children in a highly polluted urban region and a windfarm‐green energy island
Authors: KUSCU OZGUR ONDER , ÇAGLAR ESBER , ASLAN SEDA , DURMUSOGLU ERTAN , KARADEMIR AYKAN , SANDALLI NUKET
Published: November 2008

Backround.  Children's developing teeth may be sensitive to environmental pollutants such as polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. The term molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) was introduced to describe the clinical appearance of enamel hypomineralization of systemic origin affecting one or more permanent first molars (PFMs) that are associated frequently with affected incisors.

Aim.  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalance of MIH in children from the most industrialized and polluted region and the most green‐energy island of Turkey.

Design.  In September 2007, a retrospective study was initiated in two elementary schools: one, a group of children (N = 153) who fitted the criteria from Tavsancil, Kocaeli (N = 109) and the other from Bozcaada island, Canakkale (N = 44). The soil samples were collected from selected regions in order to determine the contamination levels in a heavily industrialized area and a non‐industrialized area.

Results.  Prevalance of MIH in children in Bozcaada island was 9.1%, while prevalance of MIH was 9.2% in Tavsancil. The PCDD/F levels in soil samples collected from Bozcaada and Tavsancil were determined as 1,12 and 8,4 I‐TEQ ng/kg dry soil, respectively (P < 0.001).

Conclusions.  In this preliminary study with a small study population, prevalence of MIH did not seem to be associated with the levels of PCDD/Fs in the environment.
Pain assessment in older people with dementia: literature review
Authors: McAuliffe Linda , Nay Rhonda , O’Donnell Megan , Fetherstonhaugh Deirdre
Published: November 2008

Title.  Pain assessment in older people with dementia: literature review.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a literature review conducted to identify barriers to successful pain assessment in older adults with dementia and possible strategies to overcome such barriers.

Background.  Pain is frequently undetected, misinterpreted, or inaccurately assessed in older adults with cognitive impairment. These people are often unable to articulate or convey how they feel and are often perceived as incapable of experiencing or recalling pain.

Data sources.  Searches were conducted of CINAHL, Medline and other databases for the period 1993–2007 using the search terms pain, dementia, assess*, barrier* and obstacle*.

Methods.  Studies were critically appraised by two independent reviewers. Data were extracted using instruments specifically developed for the review. Studies were categorized according to levels of evidence defined by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and Joanna Briggs Institute.

Results.  Perceived barriers to successful pain assessment in people with dementia included lack of recognition of pain, lack of sufficient education and/or training, misdiagnosis or late diagnosis, and non‐use of assessment tools. Barriers related to people with dementia included insufficient evidence, the possibility of a ‘no pain’ subset of people with dementia, type of pain, and stoical attitudes. Strategies proposed as means of overcoming these barriers included knowing the person, knowing by diversity/intuitive perception, education and training, and use of adequate tools.

Conclusion.  More extensive education and training about the relationship between pain and dementia are urgently needed, as is the development and implementation of an effective pain assessment tool specifically designed to detect and measure pain in older adults with all stages of dementia.
Inflammatory cells and immune microenvironment in malignant lymphoma
Authors: De Jong D. , Enblad G.
Published: November 2008

It has become clear that the biological and clinical behaviour of malignant lymphoma is not only determined by the properties of the tumour cells themselves but are also largely by the interaction of the tumour cells with their nonmalignant microenvironment. The composition and functional status of the tumour microenvironment is highly variable between different classes of malignant lymphoma and may provide both growth‐supportive and growth suppressive signals via components of the adaptive and innate immune response. In this review, the functional interactions and clinical consequences of these insights are discussed in indolent and aggressive B‐cell lymphomas and in classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
A step towards effect‐site target‐controlled infusion with propofol in dogs: a ke0 for propofol
Authors: BRÁS S. , BRESSAN N. , RIBEIRO L. , FERREIRA D. A. , ANTUNES L. , NUNES C. S.
Published: November 2008

Target‐controlled infusion (TCI) anesthesia using target effect‐site concentration rather than plasma concentration provides less drug consumption, safer anesthesia, less undesired side effects and improved animal welfare. The aim of this study was to calculate the constant that converts propofol plasma into effect‐site concentration (ke0) in dogs, and to implement it in a TCI system and compare it with the effect on the central nervous system (CNS). All dogs were subjected to general anesthesia using propofol. Fourteen dogs were used as the pilot group to calculate ke0, using the tpeak method. Fourteen dogs were used as the test group to test and validate the model. Rugloop ii® software was used to drive the propofol syringe pump and to collect data from S/5 Datex monitor and cerebral state monitor. The calculated ke0 was incorporated in an existing pharmacokinetic model (Beths Model). The relationship between propofol effect site concentrations and anesthetic planes, and propofol plasma and effect‐site concentrations was compared using Pearson’s correlation analysis. Average tpeak was 3.1 min resulting in a ke0 of 0.7230 min−1. The test group showed a positive correlation between anesthetic planes and propofol effect‐site concentration (R = 0.69; P < 0.0001). This study proposes a ke0 for propofol with results that demonstrated a good adequacy for the pharmacokinetic model and the measured effect. The use of this ke0 will allow an easier propofol titration according to the anesthetic depth, which may lead to a reduction in propofol consumption and less undesired side effects usually associated to high propofol concentrations in dogs.
SurR: a transcriptional activator and repressor controlling hydrogen and elemental sulphur metabolism in Pyrococcus furiosus
Authors: Lipscomb Gina L. , Keese Annette M. , Cowart Darin M. , Schut Gerrit J. , Thomm Michael , Adams Michael W. W. , Scott Robert A.
Published: November 2008

This work describes the identification and characterization of SurR, Pyrococcus furiosus sulphur (S0) response regulator. SurR was captured from cell extract using promoter DNA of a hydrogenase operon that is downregulated in the primary response of P. furiosus to S0, as revealed by DNA microarray experiments. SurR was validated as a sequence‐specific DNA binding protein, and characterization of the SurR DNA binding motif GTTn3AAC led to the identification of several target genes that contain an extended motif in their promoters. A number of these were validated to contain upstream SurR binding sites. These SurR targets strongly correspond with open reading frames and operons both up‐ and downregulated in the primary response to S0. In vitro transcription revealed that SurR is an activator for its own gene as well as for two hydrogenase operons whose expression is downregulated during the primary S0 response; it is also a repressor for two genes upregulated during the primary S0 response, one of which encodes the primary S0‐reducing enzyme NAD(P)H sulphur reductase. Herein we give evidence for the role of SurR in both mediating the primary response to S0 and controlling hydrogen production in P. furiosus.
Identification of a novel HLA‐DRB allele, HLA‐DRB1*1461
Authors: Wang Z. , Shan X. , Zhang Z.
Published: November 2008

We describe the identification of a new DRB1*14 allele, DRB1*1461, found in a Chinese individual. The novel allele has been identified in routine polymerase chain reaction‐sequence‐specific oligonucleotide and sequence‐based typing. The nucleotide sequence of DRB1*1461 is identical to DRB1*1404 except for a single substitution in codon 16 (TAT→CAT), leading to a change from Tyr to His.
Development and clinical evaluation of a microarray for HLA‐A and ‐DRB1 genotyping
Authors: Lee K.‐R. , Park E. , Moon S. H. , Kim J.‐M. , Kwon O.‐J. , Kim M. H. , Sohn Y.‐H. , Ko S.‐Y. , Oh H.‐B.
Published: November 2008

Microarray technology makes high‐throughput genotyping possible by permitting the simultaneous analysis of large sets of genes on a small reaction slide. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci showing high polymorphisms are suitable targets for microarray. In this study, we developed a microarray kit with newly designed oligonucleotide probes for the genotyping of HLA‐A and ‐DRB1. In total, 42 probes were designed to hybridize to polymorphic sites for HLA‐A and 36 for HLA‐DRB1. Asymmetric polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using four primers was performed to amplify exon 2 of HLA‐DRB1, whereas symmetric PCR was performed to amplify both exons 2 and 3 of HLA‐A. Evaluation of performance using samples from 138 Koreans disclosed consistent microarray results with all sequence‐based typing at the low‐resolution level. Despite the occurrence of ambiguities in 35 HLA‐A (25.4%) and 5 HLA‐DRB1 (3.6%) cases, correct genotypes were assigned with high certainty by referring to allele distribution in Koreans. These data clearly indicate that our newly developed microarray kit is optimal in determining correct genotypes at the low‐resolution level in Koreans.
The evolution of sex‐determining mechanisms: lessons from temperature‐sensitive mutations in sex determination genes in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: CHANDLER C. H. , PHILLIPS P. C. , JANZEN F. J.
Published: November 2008

Sexual reproduction is one of the most taxonomically conserved traits, yet sex‐determining mechanisms (SDMs) are quite diverse. For instance, there are numerous forms of environmental sex determination (ESD), in which an organism’s sex is determined not by genotype, but by environmental factors during development. Important questions remain regarding transitions between SDMs, in part because the organisms exhibiting unique mechanisms often make difficult study organisms. One potential solution is to utilize mutant strains in model organisms better suited to answering these questions. We have characterized two such strains of the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. These strains harbour temperature‐sensitive mutations in key sex‐determining genes. We show that they display a sex ratio reaction norm in response to rearing temperature similar to other organisms with ESD. Next, we show that these mutations also cause deleterious pleiotropic effects on overall fitness. Finally, we show that these mutations are fundamentally different at the genetic sequence level. These strains will be a useful complement to naturally occurring taxa with ESD in future research examining the molecular basis of and the selective forces driving evolutionary transitions between sex determination mechanisms.
A sex‐linked SCAR marker in Bryonia dioica (Cucurbitaceae), a dioecious species with XY sex‐determination and homomorphic sex chromosomes
Authors: OYAMA R. K. , VOLZ S. M. , RENNER S. S.
Published: November 2008

Genetic crosses between the dioecious Bryonia dioica (Cucurbitaceae) and the monoecious B. alba in 1903 provided the first clear evidence for Mendelian inheritance of dioecy and made B. dioica the first organism for which XY sex‐determination was experimentally proven. Applying molecular tools to this system, we developed a sex‐linked sequence‐characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker for B. dioica and sequenced it for individuals representing the full geographic range of the species from Scotland to North Africa. For comparison, we also sequenced this marker for representatives of the dioecious B. cretica, B. multiflora and B. syriaca, and monoecious B. alba. In no case did any individual, male or female, yield more than two haplotypes. In northern Europe, we found strong linkage between our marker and sex, with all Y‐sequences being identical to each other. In southern Europe, however, the linkage between our marker and sex was weak, with recombination detected within both the X‐ and the Y‐homologues. Population genetic analyses suggest that the SCAR marker experienced different evolutionary pressures in northern and southern Europe. These findings fit with phylogenetic evidence that the XY system in Bryonia is labile and suggest that the genus may be a good system in which to study the early steps of sex chromosome evolution.
What determines dewlap diversity in Anolis lizards? An among‐island comparison
Authors: VANHOOYDONCK B. , HERREL A. , MEYERS J. J. , IRSCHICK D. J.
Published: November 2008

Animal signalling systems are extremely diverse as they are under different, often conflicting, selective pressures. A classic textbook example of a diverse signal is the anoline dewlap. Both at the inter‐ and intraspecific levels, dewlap size, colour, shape and pattern vary extensively. Here, we attempt to elucidate the various factors explaining the diversity in dewlap size and pattern among seven Anolis sagrei populations from different islands in the Bahamas. The seven islands differ in the surface area, number and kind of predators, sexual size dimorphism and Anolis species composition. In addition, we investigate whether selective pressures acting on dewlap design differ between males and females. Whereas dewlap pattern appears to serve a role in species recognition in both sexes, our data suggest that relative dewlap size is under natural and/or sexual selection. We find evidence for the role of the dewlap as a pursuit‐deterrence signal in both males and females as relative dewlap size is larger on islands where A. sagrei occurs sympatrically with predatory Leiocephalus lizards. Additionally, in males relatively large dewlaps seem to be selected for in a sexual context, whereas in females natural selection, for instance by other predators than Leiocephalus lizards, appears to constrain relative dewlap size.
Mate choice for nonadditive genetic benefits and the maintenance of genetic diversity in song sparrows
Authors: NEFF B. D. , PITCHER T. E.
Published: November 2008

The lek paradox asserts that strong directional selection via female choice should deplete additive genetic variation in fitness and consequently any benefit to females expressing the preference. Recently, we have provided a novel resolution to the paradox by showing that nonadditive genetic effects such as overdominance can be inherited from parent to offspring, and populations with females that express a mating preference for outbred males maintain higher genetic variation than populations with females that mate randomly. Here, we test our dynamic model using empirical data previously published from a small island population of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). The model assumes that fitness and male trait expression display overdominance effects. The results demonstrate that female choice for outbred males mediated by directional selection on song repertoire size provides a heritable benefit to offspring through reduced inbreeding depression. Within the population, we estimate the heritability of the inbreeding coefficient to be 0.18 ± 0.08 (SD). Furthermore, we show that mate choice for outbred males increases fitness‐related genetic variation in the population by 12% and thereby reduces inbreeding depression by 1% per generation in typical years and upwards of 15% in severe years. Thus, mate choice may help to stave off population extinction in this and other small populations.
A change in competitive context reverses sexual selection on male size
Authors: KASUMOVIC M. M. , ANDRADE M. C. B.
Published: November 2008

In studies of sexual selection, larger size is often argued to increase male fitness, and relatively smaller males are explained by genetic and/or environmental variation. We demonstrate that a size–development life‐history trade‐off could underlie the maintenance of a broad, unimodal distribution of size in male redback spiders (Latrodectus hasselti). Larger males are superior in direct competition, but redback males mature rapidly at small size in the presence of females. In field enclosures, we simulated two competitive contexts favouring development of divergent male sizes. Relatively smaller males lost when competing directly, but had 10 times higher fitness than relatively larger males when given the temporal advantage of rapid development. Linear selection gradients confirmed the reversal of selection on size, showing that it is critical to consider life‐history decisions underlying the development of traits related to fitness.