bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recovery of microbially mediated processes in soil augmented with a pentachlorophenol-mineralizing bacterium
Authors: Colores Gregory M. , Schmidt Steven K.
Published: July 2005

Specific physiological groups can be used to evaluate the recovery of soil microbial communities following disturbance. In this study, soil was contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) to assess the resiliency of microorganisms responsible for carbon and nitrogen cycling. Methane fluxes were monitored in soil microcosms to evaluate the effects of contamination and augmentation on microbial populations involved in carbon cycling. The addition of a PCP-mineralizing bacterium, Sphingomonas chlorophenolica strain RA2, enhanced the recovery of methane-oxidizing capacity relative to uninoculated treatments when soil was contaminated with low concentrations of PCP (10 and 50 μg/g soil, ppm). At the highest level of PCP contamination tested (300 ppm), there was no recovery of methane-oxidizing capacity whether or not the PCP-mineralizing bacterium was added to soil. The nitrogencycling capacity of contaminated and augmented soil was tested by measuring nitrification potentials. The addition of PCP resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in nitrification rates. After three months of incubation, all augmented soils had nitrification rates equivalent to the uncontaminated control, and the uninoculated soils contaminated with 100 and 300 ppm PCP still were impaired in their nitrification potentials. These results indicate that biological removal of a contaminant has the potential to restore microbially mediated processes to levels observed prior to contamination.
Construction of a reactive surface barrier to reduce fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene emissions
Authors: Zheng Wei , Papiernik Sharon K. , Guo Mingxin , Dungan Robert S. , Yates Scott R.
Published: July 2005

Halogenated fumigants have been used extensively in production agriculture to control soilborne pests. These types of pesticides are highly volatile and are prone to affect air quality and imperil public health. In the present study, a chemical tarp approach, termed a reactive surface barrier (RSB), was developed to reduce the emission of fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) from the soil surface. The agrochemicals thiourea and allylthiourea were tested as active reagents for the construction of a RSB, where these soil amendments react with 1,3-D to form nonvolatile isothiuronium ions at the soil surface and, thereby, impede fumigant emission into the atmosphere. The feasibility of the method largely depends on the reactivity of 1,3-D and the RSB agrochemicals in soil as well as on the mobility, persistence, and toxicity of the transformation products. Therefore, the reaction kinetics and transformation mechanism of 1,3-D by thiourea and allylthiourea were studied comprehensively in aqueous solution and soil. A catalytic process occurring at the surface of soil colloids facilitated the reaction between 1,3-D and thiourea in amended soils. The rate of 1,3-D transformation in thiourea-amended soil increased with decreasing soil moisture or increasing thiourea amendment level. In a field trial, a thiourea RSB reduced cumulative 1,3-D emissions by more than 80% relative to that in bare soil surface. The present results clearly indicate that this chemical remediation technology has great potential to control the emissions of volatile halogenated organic contaminants and to mitigate atmospheric pollution.
Absorption of p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene and dieldrin in largemouth bass from a 60-d slow-release pellet and detection using a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method for blood plasma
Authors: Muller Jennifer K. , Sepúlveda María S. , Borgert Christopher J. , Gross Timothy S.
Published: July 2005

This work describes the uptake of two organochlorine pesticides from slow-release pellets by largemouth bass and the utility of a blood plasma enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for exposure verification. We measured blood and tissue levels by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and by a novel ELISA method, and present a critical comparison of the results.
Insecticide drift deposition on noncrop plant surfaces and its impact on two beneficial nontarget arthropods, aphidius colemani viereck (hymenoptera, braconidae) and coccinella septempunctata L. (coleoptera, coccinellidae)
Authors: Langhof Maren , Gathmann Achim , Poehling Hans-Michael
Published: July 2005

Drift of the pyrethroid insecticide λ-cyhalothrin into field margins bordering wheat and its effect on nontarget arthropods was investigated under field conditions. Insecticide deposition on leaf surfaces of broad beans exposed within field margins at 1-, 2-, and 3-m distance from the field edge and directly within the crop was quantified using a fluorescent tracer. The toxicity of leaf deposits to the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and to larvae of the ladybird Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was estimated. Mean corrected mortalities of A. colemani were <50% (1 m) and <30% (2 and 3 m), and mortalities of C. septempunctata larvae were ≤80% (1 m), ≤67% (2 m), and ≤52% (3 m) 12 and 24 h postexposure to drift deposits. High positive correlation coefficients proved the relationship between leaf deposits and mortalities of test organisms. The connection of drift deposit measurement and exposure bioassay provides a promising approach to determining effects of insecticide drift on nontarget arthropods. However, due to the patchiness of drift deposition on noncrop plant surfaces, risks to nontarget arthropods at defined distances from the sprayed crop are not highly predictable.
Molecular simulation of a model of dissolved organic matter
Authors: Sutton Rebecca , Sposito Garrison , Diallo Mamadou S. , Schulten Hans-Rolf
Published: July 2005

A series of atomistic simulations was performed to assess the ability of the Schulten dissolved organic matter (DOM) molecule, a well-established model humic molecule, to reproduce the physical and chemical behavior of natural humic substances. The unhydrated DOM molecule had a bulk density value appropriate to humic matter, but its Hildebrand solubility parameter was lower than the range of current experimental estimates. Under hydrated conditions, the DOM molecule went through conformational adjustments that resulted in disruption of intramolecular hydrogen bonds (H-bonds), although few water molecules penetrated the organic interior. The radius of gyration of the hydrated DOM molecule was similar to those measured for aquatic humic substances. To simulate humic materials under aqueous conditions with varying pH levels, carboxyl groups were deprotonated, and hydrated Na+ or Ca2+ were added to balance the resulting negative charge. Because of intrusion of the cation hydrates, the model metalhumic structures were more porous, had greater solvent-accessible surface areas, and formed more H-bonds with water than the protonated, hydrated DOM molecule. Relative to Na+, Ca2+ was both more strongly bound to carboxylate groups and more fully hydrated. This difference was attributed to the higher charge of the divalent cation. The Ca-DOM hydrate, however, featured fewer H-bonds than the Na-DOM hydrate, perhaps because of the reduced orientational freedom of organic moieties and water molecules imposed by Ca2+. The present work is, to our knowledge, the first rigorous computational exploration regarding the behavior of a model humic molecule under a range of physical conditions typical of soil and water systems.
Role of IGFBPs in the morphogenesis of lingual papillae
Authors: Suzuki Yuko
Published: July 2005

The expression of insulin‐like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) during the morphogenesis of lingual papillae of mice was examined by in situ hybridization. Among seven mouse IGFBPs, IGFBP‐1, ‐6, and ‐7 mRNAs were not expressed in the tongue tissue. At E12, though no papillae have formed yet, IGFBP‐2, ‐4, and ‐5 were expressed in the entire tongue epithelium. At E14, fungiform papillae appeared in the anterior region and circumvallate papillae were distinguished in the posterior region. Strong expression of IGFBP‐5 was observed in the apical region of both fungiform and circumvallate papillae. At this stage, the epithelial elevation of filiform papillae was not clear; but IGFBP‐5 was expressed in the apex. At E15, foliate papillae were distinguished and IGFBP‐5 was expressed in the dorsal epithelium of ridges. In filiform papillae, IGFBP‐3 was expressed in the core of the connective tissue. At E17, the expression of IGFBP‐5 disappeared from the apical region of fungiform, filiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae, whereas that of IGFBP‐2 remained. This finding suggests that IGFBP‐5 and ‐2 function to cause evagination of the epithelium into a raised structure. In the epithelium of trenches of foliate and circumvallate papillae, strong expression of IGFBP‐4 was observed at E15 and E17. As previously suggested from a study on postnatal mice (Suzuki et al. J Comp Neurol 2005;482:74–84), IGFBP‐4 acts in the epithelial invagination to form the trenches, grooves, or furrows of lingual papillae during development. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A conclusive methodology for rating OCR performance
Authors: Brener Nathan E. , Iyengar S.S. , Pianykh O.S.
Published: July 2005

One of the most challenging topics in the automatic document rating process is the development of a rating scheme for the image quality of documents. As part of the Department of Energy (DOE) document declassification program, we have developed a generalized rating system to predict the optical character recognition (OCR) accuracy level that is achieved when processing a document. The need for such a system emerged from the declassification of degraded, typewriter‐era documents, which is currently a time‐consuming manual process. This article presents the statistical analysis of the most influential document quality features affecting OCR accuracy, develops consistent predictive models for four currently used OCR engines, and studies the applicability of different OCR products to the DOE document declassification process. This study is expected to lead to an efficient and completely automated document declassification system.
A conceptual framework and open research questions for chat‐based reference service
Authors: Pomerantz Jeffrey
Published: July 2005

This article seeks to shift the literature on chat‐based reference services beyond the current spate of case studies and discussions of emerging standards and best practices in providing chat‐based reference, to a higher level of discussion on the creation and discussion of theoretical frameworks to unite these standards and practices. The article explores the various steps in the process of providing synchronous, chat‐based reference, as well as issues involved in providing such service at each step. The purpose of this exploration is twofold: First, this article presents some open research questions at each step in the process of providing chat‐based reference service. Second, the entire process of providing chat‐based reference is viewed as a whole, and a model of the provision of chat‐based reference service is developed at a high level of abstraction. It is hoped that this model may serve as a conceptual framework for future discussions of and development of applications for chat‐based reference.
Incidental framing effects and associative processes: a study of attribute frames in broadcast news stories
Authors: Schneider Sandra L. , Burke Monica D. , Solomonson Andrew L. , Laurion Suzanne K.
Published: July 2005

Most studies of the effects of framing decision alternatives either positively or negatively have focused on planned, intentional evaluations of those alternatives. To better understand these effects, we broadened the range of investigation to focus on the kinds of incidental evaluations that often occur in real‐world contexts. Participants listened to one of four variations of a campus radio news broadcast, ostensibly to provide input for future programming. The stories in each broadcast included the same basic facts, but those facts were carefully phrased to create two positively and two negatively framed stories per broadcast. Based on an associative processing account, we hypothesized that valence‐consistent framing effects would occur even though participants did not expect to evaluate the content of the stories. Results supported this hypothesis, with mixed evidence that the effects may generalize to related university experiences. We conclude that framing effects are likely to result from automatic valence‐encoding processes coupled with inferential processes that help make sense of the larger context within which the description of an alternative is embedded. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bryozoen kontrollieren ihre Biofilme: “Gepflegte” Mikrogärten auf belebter Oberfläche
Authors: Gerdes Gisela , Kahle Jens , Wieking Gunther , Liebezeit Gerd , Scholz Joachim
Published: July 2005

Sessile Meerestiere stellen “belebte” marine Substrate dar, auf denen Biofilme ausgebildet sein können.

Neben anderen Bryozoenarten ist auch das Blättermoostierchen Flustra foliacea ein Beispiel dafür, dass die Wirte die Bedingungen für ihren Biofilmaufwuchs kontrollieren. Drei Indizien sprechen dafür, dass die Zooide von F. foliacea dem Bewuchs nicht passiv ausgesetzt sind, sondern Einfluss auf die Art und Üppigkeit des Biofilms nehmen: 1. Die Biofilme der Kolonien aus Freiland und Hälterung unterscheiden sich nicht grundlegend voneinander, obwohl die abiotische Umwelt nicht völlig identisch ist. 2. Der Biofilmbewuchs ist je nach räumlicher Sensibilität der Zooide zonal geringer oder stärker. 3. Ungehemmtes Wachstum, obwohl für Biofilme typisch, findet nicht statt, die REM‐Analyse vermittelt eher den Eindruck “durch Pflege gestalteter Mikrogärten”.
A [3]Rotaxane with Three Stable States That Responds to Multiple‐Inputs and Displays Dual Fluorescence Addresses
Authors: Qu Da‐Hui , Wang Qiao‐Chun , Ma Xiang , Tian He
Published: July 2005

A [3]rotaxane molecular shuttle containing two α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) macrocycles, an azobenzene unit, a stilbene unit, and two different fluorescent naphthalimide units has been investigated. The azobenzene unit and the stilbene unit can be E/Z‐photoisomerized separately by light excited at different wavelengths. Irradiation at 380 nm resulted in the photoisomerization of the azobenzene unit, leading to the formation of one stable state of the [3]rotaxane (Z1‐NNAS‐2CD); irradiation at 313 nm resulted in the photoisomerization of the stilbene unit, leading to the formation of another stable state of the [3]rotaxane (Z2‐NNAS‐2CD). The reversible conversion of the Z1 and Z2 isomers back to the E isomer by irradiation at 450 nm and 280 nm, respectively, is accompanied by recovery of the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the [3]rotaxane. The E isomer and the two Z isomers have been characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and by two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The light stimuli can induce shuttling motions of the two α‐CD macrocycles on the molecular thread; concomitantly, the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the [3]rotaxane change in a regular way. When the α‐CD macrocycle stays close to the fluorescent moiety, the fluorescence of the moiety become stronger due to the rigidity of the α‐CD ring. As the photoisomerization processes are fully reversible, the photo‐induced shuttling motions of the α‐CD rings can be repeated, accompanied by dual reversible fluorescence signal outputs. The potential application of such light‐induced mechanical motions at the molecular level could provide some insight into the workings of a molecular machine with entirely optical signals, and could provide a cheap, convenient interface for communication between micro‐ and macroworlds.
Preparation and Characterization of Inclusion Complexes of β‐Cyclodextrin with Ionic Liquid
Authors: Gao Yan‐An , Li Zhong‐Hao , Du Ji‐Min , Han Bu‐Xing , Li Gan‐Zuo , Hou Wan‐Guo , Shen Dong , Zheng Li‐Qiang , Zhang Gao‐Yong
Published: July 2005

The solubilities of β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD), ionic liquid (IL) 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (bmimPF6), and their mixture in water were determined, and the conductivity of these aqueous solutions was measured. It was demonstrated that β‐CD and bmimPF6 could enhance the solubility of each other, and the solubility curves of each were linear with gradients of about 1. The conductivity decreased remarkably with increasing β‐CD concentration, and a discernible break in the conductivity curve could be observed when β‐CD and bmimPF6 were equimolar in the solution. The solubility and conductivity results indicated that inclusion complexes (ICs) of 1:1 stoichiometry were formed. The inclusion compounds were further characterized by using powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, 13C CP/MAS (cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning) NMR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the ICs were a fine crystalline powder. The host–guest system exhibited a channel‐type structure and each glucose unit of β‐CD was in a similar environment. The decomposition temperature of the ICs was lower than that of bmimPF6 and β‐CD individually.
Iodine Monochloride–Amine Complexes: An Experimental and Computational Approach to New Chiral Electrophiles
Authors: Haas Jürgen , Bissmire Stewart , Wirth Thomas
Published: July 2005

Lactonizations are important steps in many synthetic sequences. Substrate‐controlled reactions that use chiral auxiliaries or chiral alkenes have already been studied in depth. This study focuses on stereoselective reagent‐controlled iodolactonizations, by application of a new method that uses complexes of iodine monochloride and various donor molecules. (R)‐1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐1‐naphthylamine and other amines with similar structures were found to be efficient in the iodocyclization of 4‐aryl‐4‐pentenoic acids. Calculations were performed on complexes of (R)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐1‐naphthylamine with XCl (X=I, H) to identify possible reactive species in these iodocyclizations. Calculations were carried out at various levels of theory, including B3 LYP/6‐31+G (d,p) by using a modified SDD basis set for iodine.
Gold as Hydrogen. An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Structures and Bonding in Disilicon Gold Clusters Si2Aun‐ and Si2Aun (n = 2 and 4) and Comparisons to Si2H2 and Si2H4.
Authors: Li Xi , Kiran Boggavarapu , Wang Lai‐Sheng
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Manganese‐Doped GaP Nanowires.
Authors: Han Doo Suk , Bae Seung Yong , Seo Hee Won , Kang Young Joo , Park Jeunghee , Lee Gangho , Ahn Jae‐Pyoung , Kim Soonkyu , Chang Joonyeon
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Three New Ethanide Iodides of La: La5I9(C2), La6I10(C2) and La10I15(C2)2.
Authors: Mattausch Hansjuergen , Hoch Constantin , Simon Arndt
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Structure of a Second Polymorph of Strontium Germanium Nitride: β‐Sr2GeN2.
Authors: Park Dong Gon , Gal Zoltan A. , DiSalvo Francis J.
Published: July 2005

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Microwave‐Induced Combustion Synthesis of Li0.5Fe2.5O4 Powder and Their Characterization.
Authors: Fu Yen‐Pei , Lin Cheng‐Hsiung , Liu Chung‐Wen , Yao Yeong‐Der
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Ethyl 4‐Chloro‐3‐oxobutyrate in Solutions of Organic Salts with Recycling of the Catalyst Ru‐BINAP.
Authors: Starodubtseva E. V. , Vinogradov M. G. , Pavlov V. A. , Gorshkova L. S. , Ferapontov V. A.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
4,5‐Difluoro‐1,2‐dehydrobenzene: Generation and Cycloaddition Reactions.
Authors: Charushin Valery N. , Kotovskaya Svetlana K. , Romanova Svetlana A. , Chupakhin Oleg N. , Tomilov Yury V. , Nefedov Oleg M.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Zinc‐Mediated Carbon Radical Addition to Glyoxylic Imines in Aqueous Media for the Synthesis of α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Ueda Masafumi , Miyabe Hideto , Sugino Hisako , Naito Takeaki
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Imidazolium Ionic Liquid‐Grafted 2,2′‐Bipyridine — A Novel Ligand for the Recyclable Copper‐Catalyzed Selective Oxidation of Alcohols in Ionic Liquid [bmim][PF6].
Authors: Wu Xue‐E , Ma Li , Ding Meng‐Xian , Gao Lian‐Xun
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidation of Phenols with Chlorine Dioxide.
Authors: Ganiev I. M. , Ganieva E. S. , Kabal'nova N. N.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
HMDST as Useful Tool in Organic Synthesis: A Further Step in the Delivery of Sulfur Functionalities
Authors: Degl'Innocenti Alessandro , Capperucci Antonella , Nocentini Tiziano , Castagnoli Giulio , Malesci Irene , Cerreti Arianna
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Silicon Tetrachloride in Organic Synthesis: New Applications for the Vinylogous Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Acocella Maria R. , De Rosa Margherita , Massa Antonio , Palombi Laura , Villano Rosaria , Scettri Arrigo
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metathesis of Hex‐1‐ene ion Ionic Liquids Catalyzed by WCl6.
Authors: Vasnev A. V. , Greish A. A. , Kustov L. M.
Published: July 2005

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Chemoselective Deprotection of Allylic Amines Catalyzed by Grubbs′ Carbene.
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Alonso Jose M. , Luna Amparo
Published: July 2005

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The Synthesis and Applications of Asymmetric Phase‐Transfer Catalysts Derived from Isomannide and Isosorbide.
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Ramachandran Uma
Published: July 2005

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Polymer‐Supported Organotin Reagents for Regioselective Halogenation of Aromatic Amines.
Authors: Chretien Jean‐Mathieu , Zammattio Francoise , Le Grognec Erwan , Paris Michael , Cahingt Blanche , Montavon Gilles , Quintard Jean‐Paul
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient Catalyst System for Diaryl Ether Synthesis from Aryl Chloride.
Authors: Harkal Surendra , Kumar Kamal , Michalik Dirk , Zapf Alexander , Jackstell Ralf , Rataboul Franck , Riermeier Thomas , Monsees Axel , Beller Matthias
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantiomerically Pure α‐Substituted Cyanohydrins Derived from Benzaldehyde
Authors: Garcia Ruano Jose L. , Martin Castro Ana M. , Tato Francisco , Cardenas Diego J.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Tandem Carbanion Addition/Carbon—Carbon Bond Cleavage Yields Alkynyl Ketones.
Authors: Kamijo Shin , Dudley Gregory B.
Published: July 2005

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Synthetic Applications of π‐Electron‐Deficient Sulfones
Authors: Alonso Diego A. , Fuensanta Monica , Najera C. , Varea Montserrat
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidative Free‐Radical Cyclization of 2‐(Ethoxycarbonylmethyl)‐1,4‐naphthoquinone Derivatives.
Authors: Chen Hui‐Li , Lin Chien‐Yu , Cheng Yu‐Chih , Tsai An‐I , Chuang Che‐Ping
Published: July 2005

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PdCl2‐Catalyzed Efficient Transformation of Propargylic Amines to (E)‐α‐Chloroalkylidene‐β‐lactams.
Authors: Ma Shengming , Wu Bin , Jiang Xuefeng
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Kishner′s Reduction of 2‐Furylhydrazone Gives 2‐Methylene‐2,3‐dihydrofuran, a Highly Reactive Ene in the Ene Reaction.
Authors: Miles William H. , Dethoff Elizabeth A. , Tuson Hannah H. , Ulas Goezde
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unusual Formation of Hydroperoxides in the Reactions of Substituted Spiro[pyrazolinecyclopropanes].
Authors: Kostyuchenko I. V. , Okonnishnikova G. P. , Shulishov E. V. , Tomilov Yu. V.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of New Stable Crystalline Zwitterionic Products from the Reactions of 1‐Methylimidazole, Acetylenic Esters and Strong Cyclic CH‐Acids.
Authors: Teimouri Mohammad Bagher , Bazhrang Reihane
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lewis Acid Promoted Kharasch‐Type Additions of 3‐Bromoacetyl‐2‐oxazolidinone to Cycloalkenes.
Authors: Kavrakova Ivanka K. , Mills Jeremy H.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Biocatalytic Asymmetric Reduction of 3‐Acetylisoxazoles.
Authors: Itoh Ken‐ichi , Sakamaki Hiroshi , Nakamura Kaoru , Horiuchi C. Akira
Published: July 2005

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A Facile, Simple and Convenient Method for the Synthesis of 14‐Alkyl or Aryl‐14‐H‐dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes Catalyzed by pTSA in Solution and Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Khosropour Ahmad Reza , Khodaei Mohammad Mehdi , Moghannian Hassan
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Reactivity of New Silylated Sulfur‐Containing Heterocycles Through Thionation of Bis(acylsilanes)
Authors: Nocentini Tiziano , Bouillon Jean‐Philippe , Capperucci Antonella , Portella Charles , Degl'Innocenti Alessandro
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Derivatives of 4‐Amino‐2‐trifluoromethylnicotinic Acid.
Authors: Vasil'ev L. S. , Surzhikov F. E. , Dorokhov V. A.
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of Dimethylbipyridines by the Reductive Coupling of 2‐Halomethylpyridines with Nickel Catalyst.
Authors: Rajalakshmanan E. , Alexander V.
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis and Benzodiazepine Receptor Affinity of Derivatives of the New Tricyclic Heteroaromatic System Pyrido[3′,2′:5,6]thiopyrano[4,3‐c]pyridazin‐3(2H,5H)‐one.
Authors: Primofiore Giampaolo , Da Settimo Federico , Marini Anna Maria , Simorini Francesca , La Motta Concettina , Taliani Sabrina , Laneri Sonia , Trincavelli Letizia , Martini Claudia
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Some Properties of Silanes and Siloxanes with 5,5,6,6,7,7,7‐Heptafluoro‐4,4‐bis(trifluoromethyl)heptyl Substituents.
Authors: Shamaev A. E. , Ignatenko A. V. , Krukovsky S. P.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Trigonal Tris(phosphine oxides).
Authors: Pisareva S. A. , Petrovskii P. V. , Lyssenko K. A. , Antipin M. Yu. , Nifant'ev E. E.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A General, Two‐Directional Approach to Aza‐C‐(1→1)‐Linked Disaccharide Mimetics.
Authors: Kennedy Andrew , Nelson Adam , Perry Alexis
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Study on Disulfur‐Backboned Nucleic Acid. Part 2. Efficient Synthesis of 3′,5′‐Dithiothymidine.
Authors: Wang Hua , Cheng Changmei , Zheng Hongchao , Liu Xiaohong , Fang Chang , Xu Shanshan , Zhao Yufen
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Arohynapene B.
Authors: Sugimura Hideyuki , Uchida Yuki
Published: July 2005

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Some Possibilities of Catalytic and Noncatalytic Utilization of Zeolites
Authors: Mravec D. , Hudec J. , Janotka I.
Published: July 2005

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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Principles for Electrochemical Gas Sensors Based on Solid Ionic Conductors
Authors: Tsagarakis Evangelos D. , Weppner Werner
Published: July 2005

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SnF2‐Based Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Sorokin N. I.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dialkyl‐ and Diarylmagnesiums
Authors: Zhang J.‐H. , Keh C. C. K. , Li C.‐J.
Published: July 2005

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Alkenyl Grignard Reagents
Authors: Yanagisawa A.
Published: July 2005

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Role of Toll‐Like Receptors in Photodynamic Therapy Elicited Host Response
Authors: Korbelik Mladen
Published: July 2005

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Fullerene—Porphyrin Constructs
Authors: Boyd Peter D. W. , Reed Christopher A.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Past, Present, and Future of Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas — The PMOs
Authors: Hatton Benjamin , Landskron Kai , Whitnall Wesley , Perovic Douglas , Ozin Geoffrey A.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Next Generation of Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors: Structural Clues to Ligand and Substrate Selectivity of Phosphodiesterases
Authors: Manallack David T. , Hughes Richard A. , Thompson Philip E.
Published: July 2005

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Trannulenes with “In‐Plane” Aromaticity: Candidates for Harvesting Light Energy
Authors: Burley Glenn A.
Published: July 2005

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New Synthetic Applications and Biological Activity of Diazenes
Authors: Polanc Slovenko
Published: July 2005

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Solubility of Amino Acids, Sugars, and Proteins
Authors: Macedo Eugenia Almeida
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Physical Organic Perspectives on Phospho Group Transfer from Phosphates and Phosphinates
Authors: Hengge A. C. , Onyido I.
Published: July 2005

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Biogenic Amines in Food
Authors: Karovicova J. , Kohajdova Z.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
PISEMA Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Ramamoorthy A. , Wei Yufeng , Lee Dong‐Kuk
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A metaanalysis of 18F‐2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography in the staging and restaging of patients with lymphoma
Authors: Isasi Carmen R. , Lu Ping , Blaufox M. Donald
Published: July 2005

BACKGROUND

In recent years, the use of positron emission tomography (PET) has become widespread for the staging and follow‐up of several malignancies. In the current study, the authors conducted a metaanalysis of the published literature to evaluate the diagnostic performance of 18F‐2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐D‐glucose PET (FDG‐PET) in the staging of patients with lymphoma.

METHODS

The authors conducted a systematic MEDLINE search of articles published between January 1995 and June 2004. Studies that evaluated FDG‐PET with a dedicated camera and that reported sufficient data to permit the calculation of sensitivity and specificity were included in the analysis. Two reviewers independently reviewed the eligibility of the studies and abstracted data (sample population; characteristics of FDG‐PET; and the number of true‐positive results, true‐negative results, false‐positive results, and false‐negative results). The authors estimated the pooled sensitivity, false‐positive rate, and maximum joint sensitivity and specificity.

RESULTS

Twenty studies were eligible for the metaanalysis. Fourteen studies included patient‐based data, comprising a sample size of 854 subjects, and 7 studies included lesion‐based data, totaling 3658 lesions. Among those studies with patient‐based data, the median sensitivity was 90.3% and the median specificity was 91.1%. The pooled sensitivity was 90.9% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 88.0–93.4) and the pooled false‐positive rate was 10.3% (95% CI, 7.4–13.8). The maximum joint sensitivity and specificity was 87.8% (95% CI, 85.0–90.7). The pooled sensitivity and false‐positive rate appeared to be higher in patients with Hodgkin disease compared with those with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study indicate that FDG‐PET is a valuable tool for the staging and restaging of patients with lymphoma; showing a high positivity and specifity. Clinicians may consider adding FDG‐PET to the staging workup of patients with lymphoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
A phase I study and pharmacologic evaluation of irinotecan and carboplatin for patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma who previously received platinum‐containing chemotherapy
Authors: Yonemori Kan , Katsumata Noriyuki , Yamamoto Noboru , Kasamatsu Takahiro , Yamada Takuro , Tsunematsu Ryuichiro , Fujiwara Yasuhiro
Published: July 2005

BACKGROUND

The objectives of the current study were to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of irinotecan and carboplatin in combination, to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of the combination in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma who previously received platinum‐containing chemotherapy, and to examine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of both drugs by using the Chatelut formula.

METHODS

Patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma who previously received platinum‐containing chemotherapy were treated with a combination of irinotecan and carboplatin. Carboplatin was administered as a 60‐minute intravenous infusion on Day 1 and was followed by irinotecan, which was administered as a 90‐minute intravenous infusion on Days 1, 8, and 15. Six dose levels of irinotecan (in mg/m2)/carboplatin (mg · mL/min) were planned: 50 mg/m2/4 mg · mL/minute, 60 mg/m2/4 mg · mL/minute, 50 mg/m2/5 mg · mL/minute, 60 mg/m2/5 mg · mL/minute, 50 mg/m2/6 mg · mL/minute, and 60 mg/m2/6 mg · mL/minute. The carboplatin dosage was calculated by using the Chatelut formula. Treatment was repeated at 28‐day intervals.

RESULTS

In total, 19 patients in cohorts of 3 to 5 patients received irinotecan and carboplatin at 5 dose levels. The dose‐limiting toxicities were Grade 4 neutropenia and Grade 4 thrombocytopenia. The MTD of the irinotecan/carboplatin combination was 60 mg/m2/5 · mg mL/minute. Partial responses were observed at higher dose levels. Pharmacologic studies demonstrated that administration of the dosage estimated with the Chatelut formula instead of the Chatelut formula with adjustment for serum creatinine resulted in a slightly excessive dose of carboplatin.

CONCLUSIONS

The recommended dose for the Phase II study was irinotecan 60 mg/m2 on Days 1, 8, and 15 with carboplatin 5 mg/mL · minute on Day 1 repeated every 4 weeks. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Targeted therapy with a cytotoxic somatostatin analog, AN‐238, inhibits growth of human experimental endometrial carcinomas expressing multidrug resistance protein MDR‐1
Authors: Engel Jorg B. , Schally Andrew V. , Halmos Gabor , Baker Ben , Nagy Attila , Keller Gunhild
Published: July 2005

BACKGROUND

Chemoresistance mediated by membrane transporters such as multidrug resistance (MDR‐1) glycoprotein remains a challenge in the chemotherapy treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma. Targeted chemotherapy might overcome this resistance. The cytotoxic somatostatin (SST) analog, AN‐238, consists of a superactive derivative of doxorubicin (DOX), 2‐pyrrolino‐DOX (AN‐201), linked to the SST analog carrier, RC‐121. This conjugate binds strongly to SST receptor subtypes (sst) 2a (sst2a) and 5 (sst5) and can be targeted to tumors that express these receptors.

METHODS

The presence of sst2a and sst5 was determined in 3 human endometrial carcinoma cell lines (HEC‐1A, RL‐95‐2, and AN3CA). Nude mice bearing xenografts of these cancers were treated with AN‐238 and its radical, AN‐201. The antitumor effects and toxicity were compared. The authors studied the effects of AN‐238 and AN‐201 on the expression levels of MDR‐1, multidrug resistance related protein (MRP‐1), and breast carcinoma resistance protein (BCRP) by real‐time polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

The authors demonstrated the presence of mRNA and receptor protein for sst2a and sst5 on HEC‐1A, RL‐95‐2, and AN3CA tumors. AN‐238 significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the growth of these tumors, whereas AN‐201 had no effect. Blockade of SST receptors nullified the effects of AN‐238. In all 3 endometrial carcinoma lines, AN‐238 caused a weaker induction of MDR‐1 than AN‐201. No major induction of MRP‐1 and BCRP occurred after treatment with AN‐238 or AN‐201.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeted chemotherapy with the cytotoxic SST analog, AN‐238, inhibited powerfully the growth of endometrial carcinoma, which express SST receptors, regardless of their expression level of MDR‐1. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Strategies for decreasing the pour point and cloud point of palm oil products
Authors: Ming Teoh C. , Ramli Nazaruddin , Lye Ooi T. , Said Mamot , Kasim Zalifah
Published: July 2005

The objectives of this research were to improve the low‐temperature performance of palm oil products, with emphasis on non‐food uses, and to find some additives (synthesized or commercially available) suitable to reduce the pour point and cloud point values of palm oil products. The samples studied in this research include palm olein (PO), super olein (SO), palm oil methyl esters (POME), palm kernel oil methyl esters (PKOME), a blend of POME and PO at a 2:1 ratio (POMEPO), a blend of POME and SO at a 2:1 ratio (POMESO), a blend of PKOME and PO at a 2:1 ratio (PKOMEPO) and a blend of PKOME and SO at a 2:1 ratio (PKOMESO). Among the additives studied in this research were Tween‐80, dihydroxy fatty acid (DHFA), acrylated polyester pre‐polymer, palm‐based polyol (PP), a blend of DHFA and PP at a 1:1 ratio (DHFAPP), an additive synthesized using DHFA and ethyl hexanol (DHFAEH), and castor oil ricinoleate. All the additives used showed satisfactory results, with more significant reductions of pour point and cloud point values observed for POME, PKOME, POMEPO, POMESO and PKOMESO samples. The biggest reduction of the pour point value in this research was about 7.5 °C (by addition of 1.0% DHFA to POMEPO), while the biggest reduction of the cloud point value was about 10.5 °C (by addition of 1.0% DHFA + 1.0% PP to POME). The significant reductions in pour point and cloud point values of POME, PKOME, POMEPO, POMESO and PKOMESO by the additives used indicate that the additives might be able to improve the low‐temperature properties of palm oil products, for instance biodiesel.
Poly(ethylene oxide) facilitates the characterization of an affinity between strongly basic proteins with DNA by affinity capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Tran Nguyet Thuy , Taverna Myriam , Miccoli Laurent , Angulo Jaime F.
Published: July 2005

In order to study kin17 protein‐DNA affinity, we have developed a fast and reproducible capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis of a strongly basic protein: kin17 protein, using a nonpermanent coating based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) to avoid adsorption of kin17. The coating procedure was optimized to provide a residual and stable electroosmotic flow (EOF = 5 × 10−5 cm2/V × s), exhibiting RSD of 0.3% and excellent long‐term stability. Good intraday and interday reproducibility of kin17 migration times (0.8 and 0.3% relative standard deviation (RSD), respectively) enabled us to consider that the recovery percentage obtained for kin17 protein was satisfactory (79%). The potential of this PEO‐based coating procedure was evaluated for affinity CE method in order to study the affinity of kin17 protein for two single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) models: polydeoxyadenylic acid and polydeoxycytidilic acid (pdA and pdC). Binding constants (1.5×107 ± 17% and 1.7×107 + 25%M−1) were evaluated assuming a 1:1 affinity between kin17 and pdA or pdC, respectively.
Detection of single‐base mutation by affinity capillary electrophoresis using a DNA‐polyacrylamide conjugate
Authors: Sato Kae , Inoue Akira , Hosokawa Kazuo , Maeda Mizuo
Published: July 2005

We have developed an affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) method for detection of gene point mutations using a DNA‐polyacrylamide conjugate as a pseudostationary affinity phase. In this study, the target DNA was prepared by mixing two PCR products: the wild type of K‐ras gene and its codon 12 point mutant. The ligand DNA was designed to be complementary to codons 11 and 12 of the wild type. The target DNA was denatured by the addition of formamide and by heating at 95°C for 5 min, and then electrophoretically separated by difference in affinity to the pseudoimmobilized ligand DNA. The method successfully separated a mixture of the wild‐type DNA and each of six codon 12 point mutants by the same ligand DNA. The limit of mutation detection was determined by mixing the wild‐type DNA with decreasing concentrations of the mutant DNA. The lowest level of detection was 10% mutant DNA in a background of the wild type. The practicability of this method has been confirmed using a colorectal carcinoma cell line. This study is the first demonstration of detection of gene point mutation in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products using ACE, and opens up a new possibility of CE‐based gene diagnosis.
A simple and affordable method for high‐throughput DNA extraction from animal tissues for polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Yue Gen Hua , Orban Laszlo
Published: July 2005

We have developed a very simple and inexpensive method for high‐throughput DNA extraction from animal tissues. The procedure contains three steps (digestion, heating, and centrifugation) and it is compatible with the 96‐well plate format commonly used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications. The duration for processing a plate is about 1.5 h; therefore, one researcher can isolate DNA from up to 1000 samples during a single workday. A small piece of tissue (ca. 10–20 mg) yields enough template for at least 50–70 PCR amplifications, as demonstrated by using the processed samples as templates successfully for long distance PCR, multiplex PCR, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay. The application of our method is expected to facilitate studies that require high‐throughput DNA isolation for PCR amplification, such as genotyping by microsatellites for mapping and genetic diversity studies, as well as mutant screening in zebrafish.
Dye‐free protein molecular weight markers
Authors: Chang Microsugar , Hsu Hsue‐Yin , Lee Han‐Jung
Published: July 2005

Protein molecular weight markers are widely used in sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and Western blotting. Here, we describe novel protein molecular weight markers in which a prestaining procedure is no longer needed. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is stable and resistant to denaturing agents/conditions. Various histidine‐tagged GFP fusion proteins were overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified by metal affinity chromatography. The minimal amount of each protein marker needed for analysis in SDS‐PAGE and Western blot under visible light was 62.5 and 125 ng, respectively. Under ultraviolet (UV) ray, the minimal amount of each protein marker needed for analysis in SDS‐PAGE and Western blot was half of those amounts used under visible light, respectively. Collectively, the accuracy, sensitivity, ease, economy, and flexibility of our strategy may reinforce the application of GFP in molecular biology.
Isoelectric focusing in serial immobilized pH gradient gels to improve protein separation in proteomic analysis
Authors: Poznanovic Slobodan , Schwall Gerhard , Zengerling Helmut , Cahill Michael A.
Published: July 2005

We previously demonstrated the separation of proteins by isoelectric focusing (IEF) over pH 4–8 immobilized pH gradients (IPGs) over 54 cm (Poland et al., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 1271). Here we show that similar results can be conveniently achieved using commercially available IPGs of appropriate pH ranges positioned end‐on‐end in series during electrophoresis, which we term ‘daisy chain IEF’. Proteins efficiently electrophorese from one IPG to another during IEF by traversing buffer‐filled porous bridges between the serial IPGs. A variety of materials can function as bridges, including paper, polyacrylamide gels or even IPGs. The quality of two‐dimensional (2‐D) protein patterns is not apparently worse than that generated by conventional IEF using the same individual IPGs. A major advantage of this method is that sample is consumed efficiently, without the requirement for preliminary steps, such as chamber IEF. This advantage is pronounced when working with extremely limited sources of samples, such as with clinical biopsies or cellular subfractions. The present study was limited by the commercial availability of suitable pH gradients. Proteomics analyses could be further improved if commercial vendors would manufacture IPGs with suitable pH ranges to achieve high resolution (∼100 cm) IEF separation of proteins in one electrophoretic step over the pH range 2–12.
Separation of DNA fragments for fast diagnosis by microchip electrophoresis using programmed field strength gradient
Authors: Kang Seong Ho , Park Mira , Cho Keunchang
Published: July 2005

We evaluated a novel strategy for fast diagnosis by microchip electrophoresis (ME), using programmed field strength gradients (PFSG) in a conventional glass double‐T microfluidic chip. The ME‐PFSG allows for the ultrafast separation and enhanced resolving power for target DNA fragments. These results are based on electric field strength gradients (FSG) that use an ME separation step in a sieving gel matrix poly‐(ethylene oxide). The gradient can develop staircase or programmed shapes FSG over the time. The PFSG method could be easily used to increase separation efficiency and resolution in ME separation of specific size DNA fragments. Compared to ME that uses a conventional and constantly applied electric field (isoelectrostatic) method, the ME‐PFSG achieved about 15‐fold faster analysis time during the separation of 100 bp DNA ladder. The ME‐PFSG was also applied to the fast analysis of the PCR products, 591 and 1191 bp DNA fragments from the 18S rRNA of Babesia gibsoni and Babesia caballi.
Estimate of input energy for elasto‐plastic SDOF systems during earthquakes based on discrete wavelet coefficients
Authors: Iyama Jun
Published: July 2005

The response of an elasto‐plastic single degree of freedom (SDOF) system to ground motion is estimated based on wavelet coefficients calculated by discrete wavelet transform. Wavelet coefficients represent both the time and frequency characteristics of input ground motion, and thus can be considered to be directly related to the dynamic response of a non‐linear system. This relationship between the energy input into an elastic SDOF system and wavelet coefficients is derived based on the assumption that wavelets deliver energy to the structure instantaneously and the quantity of energy is constant regardless of yielding. These assumptions are shown to be valid when the natural period of the system is in the predominant period range of the wavelet, the most common scenario for real structures, through dynamic response analysis of a single wavelet. The wavelet‐based estimation of elastic and plastic energy transferred by earthquake ground motion is thus shown to be in good agreement with the dynamic response analysis when the natural period is in the predominant range of the input. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.