bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controversial Games
Authors: van Mal-Maeder Danielle
Published: September 2020

This chapter takes a closer look at the multiplicity of voices in the Controversiae and Suasoriae, which often clash in opinion, style, and tone. It demonstrates how these voices centre around recurrent themes ranging from imitation and the immortality of literature to sociocultural connections such as the link between the decadence of Imperial Rome and certain styles of declamation, as well as the relationship between eloquence and political power. These motifs are explored against the backdrop of multiple levels of discourse: Seneca’s comments addressed to his sons, the speeches of the declaimers which Seneca frames as ‘fictitious’, and the witty phrases and bons mots which they allegedly delivered in reality. By outlining the orality shared by these discourse levels, moreover, this chapter demonstrates how they collectively mimic declamatory practice and thus contribute to Seneca’s didactic goals.
China from the Ruins of Athens and Rome
Authors: Murray Chris
Published: September 2020

Fascinated and often baffled by China, Anglophone writers turned to classics for answers. In poetry, essays, and travel narratives, ancient Greece and Rome lent interpretative paradigms and narrative shape to Britain’s information on the Middle Kingdom. While memoirists of the diplomatic missions in 1793 and 1816 used classical ideas to introduce Chinese concepts, Roman history held ominous precedents for Sino–British relations according to Edward Gibbon and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. John Keats illuminated how peculiar such contemporary processes of Orientalist knowledge-formation were. In Britain, popular opinion on Chinese culture wavered during the nineteenth century, as Charles Lamb and Joanna Baillie demonstrated in ekphrastic responses to chinoiserie. A former reverence for China yielded gradually to hostility, and the classical inheritance informed a national identity-crisis over whether Britain’s treatment of China was civilized or barbaric. Amidst this uncertainty, the melancholy conclusion to Virgil’s Aeneid became the master-text for the controversy over British conduct at the Summer Palace in 1860. Yet if Rome was to be the model for the British Empire, Tennyson, Sara Coleridge, and Thomas de Quincey found closer analogues for the Opium Wars in Greek tragedy and Homeric epic. Meanwhile, Sinology advanced considerably during the Victorian age, with translations of Laozi and Zhuangzi placed in dialogue with the classical tradition. Classics changed too, with not only canonical figures invoked in discussions of China, but current interests such as Philostratus and Porphyry. Britain broadened its horizons by interrogating the cultural past anew as it turned to Asia: Anglophone readers were cosmopolitans in time as well as space, aggregating knowledge of Periclean Athens, imperial Rome, and many other polities in their encounters with Qing Dynasty China.
A Classical Cathay and a Real China
Authors: Murray Chris
Published: September 2020

Classical imagery and allusion in narratives of the 1793 Macartney Embassy to China demonstrate the importance of classical reception in Anglophone engagements with Chinese culture. Concepts from ancient Greece and Rome helped to interpret what was foreign or, as critics of the Macartney Embassy noted, denoted utter incomprehension. Classics offered a lens through which Westerners viewed China, although definitions of what was classical or Chinese were in perpetual flux. Anglophone readers derived their ideas of China primarily from translations of Jesuit scholarship mixed with the Orientalist generalizations of Arabian Nights. This chapter considers the state of British Sinology in the late eighteenth century (which relied primarily on Jean-Baptiste du Halde’s General History of China), the disastrous outcome of the Macartney Embassy, the inadequacy of conceptualizing China according to European models, and recent attempts to theorize Sino-British cultural exchange in light of Edward W. Said’s work.
Harvesting at the Community Level
Authors: Fogarty Michael J. , Collie Jeremy S.
Published: September 2020

Most fisheries are not directed at individual species alone. Rather, in many instances, species within a community are caught together and are also part of competitive networks and food webs. Species that are caught together are subject to technical interactions. Species that compete or are connected through predator–prey interactions (or other types of interactions) are subject to biological interactions. Ignoring either of these forms of interaction in management can lead to unintended consequences. Technical solutions can help to avoid some species while targeting others, but a comprehensive solution requires creating the right economic incentives and some incidental catch is still inevitable. Accounting for trophic interactions means that biological reference points depend on the abundance of other taxa. Single-species approaches are invalid in a multispecies or community context where biological interactions are important. Technical interactions can make it impossible to achieve target exploitation rates even if biological interactions are relatively unimportant.
The Relative Quiet of KZ Memorialization
Authors: Whatmore-Thomson Helen J.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 5 examines the period of quiescence in KZ memory which prevailed from the mid 1960s through the 1970s across all three locations. It outlines how practices of remembrance became more routine, with anniversary years providing pops of spectacle and grandeur. It evaluates the locals’ roles and contributions to these standard rites and rituals, which were often national (or otherwise regional) in significance. Amidst the quiet, it examines occasions when locals at Vught and, for the first time, at Neuengamme evidenced a heightened involvement in commemoration. The chapter reviews growing public sensitivities to camp history by the end of the 1970s through the resurgence of an épuration counter-memory at Natzweiler, and the effects of the Holocaust miniseries, which was shown in all locations. The chapter closes with a reminder of the ongoing pragmatic reuses of the camp sites for alternative purposes at Vught and Neuengamme, and the means these provided to constrain and detract from memories of the Nazi camps.
Pragmatics of humor
Authors: Attardo Salvatore
Published: September 2020

This chapter addresses some aspects of the cognitive pragmatics of humor. Humor involves a violation of Grice’s principle of cooperation. Humor is not a flout of the principle of cooperation, at least at the time of processing. Other topics addressed include the necessity for an implicit aspect to humor (essentially, the text cannot reveal the incongruity until the punch line), the Least Disruption Principle, i.e., the idea that the violations of cooperation for humor have to be kept as small as possible, and irony, which is closely related to flouting but includes a residual violation which makes it humorous. Finally, the chapter addresses the intentionality of humor: either the speaker, or the hearer of a humorous exchange (or both of them) have to be intentionally interpreting the exchange as humorous for it to be perceived as such.
Discourse analysis: humor in conversation II
Authors: Attardo Salvatore
Published: September 2020

The second part of the discussion of humor in conversation focuses on the functions of humor in conversation and thus has more of a discourse analysis (DA) focus. The work of major DA scholars in humor is examined. Conversational humor is examined in several settings, including conversations among friends, medical encounters, and the workplace. Work in corpus-based DA is also discussed. Several issues in DA of humor are addressed, including how do speakers negotiate the humorous intention, how they identify humor, how humor turns may be sustained (last several turns) and finally cases in which humor fails.
Humor in literature
Authors: Attardo Salvatore
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers applications of the linguistics of humor to literary texts. It considers in particular applications of the Semantic-Script Theory of Humor (SSTH) and the General theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH), under two approaches: the expansionist approach, which applies the SSTH as is to larger texts, and the revisionist approach, which introduces a set of other tools for the analysis of longer texts, among which is the distinction between punch lines and jab lines. Other approaches are also considered including narratological, stylistic, and register humor.
Humor in the classroom
Authors: Attardo Salvatore
Published: September 2020

The chapter considers research on the effectiveness of humor to improve classroom performance. Humor is found to improve the perception of the teaching experience but not the actual performance of the students (learning, retention). Classroom discourse analysis is also examined, in particular the amount and distribution of humor in lectures and classroom activities.
Street Literature
Authors: Fox Adam
Published: September 2020

Chapter 5 explores the way in which cheap print was sold on the streets in early modern Scotland, and particularly in Edinburgh. It examines the world of outdoor commerce in general, before detailing the ways in which broadsides, pamphlets, and newspapers were vended in public places. It focuses on the ‘paper criers’ and ‘running stationers’ who plied their trade in the markets and thoroughfares. The coffeehouses of Edinburgh, Glasgow, and other burghs are identified and described, and the ways in which print circulated in them are recovered. The chapter illustrates the public and communal nature of much cheap print and suggests that this characteristic helps to explain why so little of it has survived.
Ballads and Songs
Authors: Fox Adam
Published: September 2020

Chapter 8 deals with the broadside ballads and printed songs issued in Scotland between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries. It traces both the import of English texts and the production of domestic presses. The manner in which lyrics and tunes from south of the border influenced the development of single-sheet songs in Scotland is assessed. At the same time an independent repertoire of Scottish ballads in print is recovered and analysed. The discussion illustrates the ways in which political events and social change in early modern Scotland are reflected in the texts of these cheap and popular publications.
Autumn 1652
Authors: Parrott David
Published: September 2020

The chapter pursues two main narratives. It describes the near destruction of the royalist army commanded by Turenne, blockaded south of Paris by the combined forces of Condé, Lorraine, and allied Spanish troops. Turenne’s success in escaping this trap and freeing his army to disrupt Condé’s positions around Paris precipitated Condé’s October decision to move his forces eastwards to establish himself on the French frontiers. Meanwhile, the last and most extensive phase of negotiations for a settlement between Mazarin and Condé had been unfolding. The exceptionally generous concessions offered to Condé and his party during this phase were overwhelmingly driven by Mazarin’s concern that he would otherwise be consigned to permanent exile, blocked from re-entering France. The failure of the negotiations owed little to notions that Mazarin was playing a game of masterly duplicity, but reflected the outright rejection of Mazarin’s extensive concessions by the queen and many at court and government, who considered them an unacceptably high price for securing a settlement. One consequence was the missed opportunity to prevent Condé’s move into Spanish military service. The other was the erosion of Mazarin’s standing—he was still trapped on the frontiers when Louis XIV and the court moved back into Paris to receive the allegiance of the city and its institutions and to bring the civil war to an end. The price of the failure to secure a settlement was to be paid by both Condé and Mazarin throughout the 1650s.
The classification of the Korean language and its dialects
Authors: Ahn Kyou-Dong , Yeon Jaehoon
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents diagnostic criteria for the classification of the Korean dialects and describes the characteristics of seven Korean dialects: Hamgyŏng, P'yŏngan, the Central, Ch'ungch'ŏng, Chŏlla, Kyŏngsang, and Jeju dialects, by phonological, grammatical, and lexical features. There have been many attempts to provide criteria for marking off borderlines between the Korean dialects. Owing to the lack of well-defined and agreed-upon criteria, however, the division and characterization of the dialects have been presented differently depending on researchers’ interests and theoretical backgrounds. The primary goal of this chapter is to introduce essential criteria of the classifications that are frequently mentioned in the literature and to illustrate the unique features of each dialect of Korean. Furthermore, this chapter aims to propose a genealogical tree of the Korean dialects based on the features of each dialect that are discussed in this chapter.
The classification of the Tungusic languages
Authors: Whaley Lindsay J. , Oskolskaya Sofia
Published: September 2020

This chapter surveys previous attempts to classify the genetic relationships among the Tungusic languages. The set of sound correspondences that can be employed in this classification is examined and it is argued that, if one assumes binary branching for a cladistic classification, there are three plausible classifications that result from the application of the classical comparative method. Next, a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of basic vocabulary is undertaken to determine whether that analysis provides any further evidence for which of the three classifications is preferred. The conclusion is that it does and that one of the best classifications of Tungusic places Manchu, Xibe, and Jurchen in a Southern Branch together with Udihe and Nanai complexes, and the Even-Evenki complex in a Northern Branch. Though our analysis does not exclude the most common classification in which the Manchuric branch separated first from all other Tungusic languages.
A Bayesian approach to the classification of the Turkic languages
Authors: Savelyev Alexander
Published: September 2020

Despite more than 150 years of research, the internal structure of the Turkic language family remains a controversial issue. In this study, the Bayesian phylogenetic approach is employed in order to provide an independent verification of the contemporary views on Turkic linguistic history. The data underlying the study are Turkic basic vocabularies, which are resistant to replacement and likely to reflect the genealogical relationships among the Turkic languages. The method tested in the chapter is based on the strict clock model of evolution, which assumes that relevant changes occur at the same rate at every branch of the family. This study supports the widespread view that the binary split between Bulgharic and Common Turkic was the earliest split in the Turkic family. The model further replicates most of the conventional subgroups within the Common Turkic branch. Based on a Bayesian analysis, the time depth of Proto-Turkic is estimated to be around 2,119 years BP, which is in accordance with the traditional estimates of 2,000–2,500 years BP.
Khalkha Mongolian
Authors: Svantesson Jan-Olof
Published: September 2020

This chapter gives an introduction to the basic structures of Khalkha Mongolian, most of which are similar to those of Mongolian proper in general. Segmental phonology (vowels and consonants) and word structure are analyzed. Major changes from earlier stages of the language are described briefly, as is the writing system, based on the Cyrillic alphabet. Vowel harmony, based on pharyngeality (ATR) and rounding, has several interesting properties, including the opacity of high rounded vowels to rounding harmony. There is a rich derivational and inflectional morphology based on suffixes. Basic syntactic structures, including word order and case marking of arguments in simple and complex clauses, are described, as are the functions of different verb forms (finite verbs, converbs, and participles). The description emphasizes the central place of Mongolian proper in the typology of the Transeurasian languages.
Oirat and Kalmyk, the Western Mongolic languages
Authors: Birtalan Ágnes
Published: September 2020

Oirat and Kalmyk constitute the western branch of Mongolic languages. “Oirat” is a general signifier of dialects having common features, whose speakers live scattered in a vast territory of North Eurasia (Mongolia, China, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan). Kalmyk originates from Oirat, but became a separate language in a Turkic and Russian environment in Eastern Europe. As the groups of Oirat speakers live separately in different countries and differing language environments (Khalkha, Chinese, Uyghur, Kazakh, Tibetan, Russian, and Kyrgyz), the research of its dialects is crucial for the better understanding of such linguistic strategies as the survival and revival of “typical” Oirat features in an ethnic minority position. On the other hand, the processes of change under the influence of neighboring peoples and languages can be well observed and compared. The sources for the present article are predominantly the fieldwork results from the 20th and 21st centuries (including the author’s records) and travelers’ materials from the 17th–19th centuries.
Chuvash and the Bulgharic languages
Authors: Savelyev Alexander
Published: September 2020

Chuvash is the sole living representative of the Bulgharic branch, one of the two principal branches of the Turkic family. While extinct Bulgharic varieties are only limitedly accessible to linguists owing to the scarcity of written sources, Chuvash has attracted a lot of attention as the most divergent Turkic language, notable for both archaic features and innovations against the background of the Common Turkic branch. For a century, because of its salient features, Chuvash has played a key role in the Altaic and, further, Transeurasian debate. This chapter provides a historical overview and a grammar sketch of Chuvash as seen from both a genealogical and an areal perspective. As shown in the chapter, Chuvash exhibits numerous features that are typical of Transeurasian languages in general and Turkic in particular. At the same time, some other traits that can be found in modern Chuvash may have been adopted through contact with non-Transeurasian languages, most notably Uralic, such as Mari, and Indo-European, such as Russian.
Verbal categories in the Transeurasian languages
Authors: Malchukov Andrej , Czerwinski Patryk
Published: September 2020

The aims of this chapter are twofold. On the one hand, an analytic survey of the verbal categories across the Transeurasian language families, coached in general typological terms for better comparison. On the other hand, a selective discussion of the verbal domain, focusing on convergent developments across the individual families. Most of these similarities are clearly due to independent developments reflecting shared diachronic scenarios rooted in common typology, but some other are arguably due to areal influence. We examine in more detail two examples of such convergent developments, one pertaining to the development of adversative passives, and the other to the renewal of finite forms (and tense and mood categories) through nominalizations. The latter development, discussed in typological literature under the label of “insubordination,” “desubordination,” or “verbalization,” is shown to be an areal feature of Northeast Asian languages.
Transeurasian unity from a population-genetic perspective
Authors: Jeong Choongwon , Wang Chuan-Chao , Ning Chao
Published: September 2020

Contemporary Transeurasian-speaking populations reside in a wide geographic area encompassing the Eurasian steppe, Northeast China and the Russian Far East, as well as Korean peninsula and the Japanese archipelago. From population genetic studies of contemporary Transeurasian-speakers, it is well known that they are genetically heterogeneous, probably due to historical mixing with non-Transeurasian populations during their migration. Here, we provide an up-to-date overview of the genetic relationship among Transeurasian populations. Specifically, we focus on highlighting i) studies of contemporary populations explicitly taking into account the above stated recent admixture, and ii) paleogenomic studies of ancient genomes to directly recover prehistoric gene pools predating recent admixture events. These studies show an underlying shared genetic substratum among the Transeurasian populations, which is best represented by ancient populations from Northeast China and the Russian Far East, as well as present-day Tungusic-speaking populations.
Transeurasian unity from an archaeological perspective
Authors: Li Tao
Published: September 2020

Northeast Asia attracts researchers’ attention for its environmental, cultural, linguistic, and genetic diversity. Population migration and cultural contact both go back early in human history there. The Transeurasian (TEA) model hypothesizes about the relatedness among the Mongolic, Tungusic, Turkic, Koreanic, and Japonic languages; also, it sees farming as the driving force for the dispersal of the Proto-Transeurasian across Northeast Asia. This chapter reviews the finds of millets or rice from key archeological sites, as well as the perspectives on the beginning of millet or rice farming, in Northeast China, the Russian Far East, the Korean Peninsula, and the Japanese Archipelago. Then, focusing on evidence related to agriculture, some assumptions underlying the TEA model are examined. The conclusion is that the TEA model has both merits and weaknesses and that archeological evidence in different regions and periods supports the Transeurasian unity to varying degrees.
‘Very great are your words’
Authors: Baker-Brian Nicholas
Published: September 2020

This chapter evaluates the Manichaean Kephalaia-collections from the perspective of recent developments in the study of late-antique rhetoric, specifically the role and context of dialogue in ancient literature and philosophy. It pays close attention to the recently edited material from the Coptic text, The Chapters of the Wisdom of my Lord Mani, by analysing the engagements between Mani and a number of teachers associated with the court of the Sasanian monarch, Shapur I. The chapter highlights the importance of Mani’s dialogues with competitor figures from the Sasanian Empire to the development of the religious identity of Manichaeans in late-antique Persia and Egypt.
The Rhetoric of Heresiological Prefaces
Authors: Flower Richard
Published: September 2020

The genre of heresiology—catalogues of heretics and their supposed beliefs—flourished in late antiquity, especially from the late fourth century. This chapter forms part of a reappraisal of this underappreciated literary phenomenon by considering the rhetorical aspects of a number of heresiologies within the context of classical technical literature. Drawing on parallels from a range of ancient texts, especially medical and encyclopaedic writings, this chapter focuses on the prefaces of heresiologies by Epiphanius of Salamis, Filastrius of Brescia and Augustine of Hippo to illuminate how they employed recognized techniques for the construction of textual authority. Through such close analysis, it is possible to trace the development of heresiology as technē, with each author drawing on both established classical tropes and also the writings of their predecessors in the genre to create their own distinctive rhetoric that advertised the reliable orthodoxy and intellectual supremacy of both writer and text.
Christian Literary Identity and Rhetoric about Style
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: September 2020

How was Christian identity related to literary style? Ancient authors wanting to establish their discourse as morally serious would lay claim to plain (or sublime) speech, whilst depicting their rivals’ words as over-elaborate. Questions of style thus became associated with moral qualities, especially in philosophers’ ‘rhetoric about rhetoric’. Then Christians laid claim to the plainest of all styles: that (supposedly) of the gospel. This chapter argues that all such claims about style are rhetorical, because they are based on the slippery notion of the ‘appropriate’ and are not absolute but comparative. In fact, Christians used all three stylistic modes (‘plain’/‘slender’, ‘pleasant’, and ‘majestic’/‘sublime’) and identified them in the Bible. Their claims about their own and their opponents’ styles thus need to be read with an awareness of how they are being used rhetorically in attempts to establish claims about true Christian discourse and morally superior speakers.
Rilke
Authors: Louth Charlie
Published: September 2020

The life of Rilke’s work is in its words, and this book attends closely to the development of that life as it unfolds over Rilke’s career. What is a poem, and how does it act upon us when we read? This is a question of the greatest interest to Rilke, who addresses it in several poems and for whom the experience of reading affords an interaction with the world, a recalibration of our ways of attending to it, which set it apart from other kinds of experience. Rilke’s work is often approached in periods – he is the author of the Neue Gedichte, or of Malte, or of the Duino Elegies, or of the Sonette an Orpheus – as if the different phases of his work had little to do with one another, but in fact it is a concentrated and evolving exploration of the possibilities of poetic language, a working of the life of words into precise and exacting forms in dialogue with the texture of the world. This book traces that trajectory in a series of close readings that do not neglect the lesser-known, uncollected poems and the poems in French, as well as Rilke’s activity as a translator of Michelangelo, Shakespeare, Barrett Browning, Mallarmé and Valéry among many others. These encounters were part of Rilke’s engagement with the world, his way of extending the reach of his language to get it ever closer to the ungraspable movements, the risk and promise, of life itself.
Explaining Imagination
Authors: Langland-Hassan Peter
Published: September 2020

The project of explaining imagination is introduced and motivated. A distinction is drawn between two kinds of imagining: attitude imagining (A-imagining) and imagistic imagining (I-imagining). While both receive extended treatment in the book, the core project will be to explain A-imagining in more basic folk psychological terms. A-imagining, it will be argued, is simply the use of more basic folk psychological states such as beliefs, desires, judgments, and decisions. Some of these states have mental images as constituents and so qualify also as I-imaginings as well. The chapter’s second half explains why the most common arguments for imagination’s irreducibility to other folk psychological states are either question-begging or inconclusive. The chapter concludes by previewing a number of the reductive strategies for explaining imagination that later chapters develop in detail. In this way, the first chapter serves as a précis for the book as a whole.
Imagistic Imagining Part II
Authors: Langland-Hassan Peter
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that I-imaginings (viz., episodes of thought involving mental imagery) should be conceived of as hybrid states, involving both a mental image and a non-imagistic mental state of some kind. A proposal is then developed for how to understand the relationship between the image and non-imagistic element within I-imaginings, with images serving to predicate properties of an object determined by the non-imagistic element. Within the terms of this account, we can see how some I-imaginings are simply image-involving judgments (what I call JIGs), image-involving desires (DIGs), or image-involving decisions (DECs). Moreover, in some cases, these JIGs, DIGs, and DECs will also be cases of elaborated, rich, epistemically safe thought about the merely possible, fantastical or unreal—and so also constitute cases of A-imagining. In addition, some of these A-imaginings are what are colloquially known as “daydreams.” The chapter closes by responding to worries that the hybrid view proposed here requires an untenable mixture of cognitive representational formats.
Satires on Foreign Subjects
Authors: Hale Meredith McNeill
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines seven of De Hooghe’s eighteen satires on the events surrounding William III’s invasion of England and associated diplomatic and military campaigns. These satires, which were produced between the autumn of 1688 and summer of 1690, followed the events of the Glorious Revolution as they unfolded and represent not only key political-historical events but also the development of De Hooghe’s satirical strategies. William III is featured as the sober and valiant defender of Protestantism against the Catholic kings, James II and Louis XIV, who appear as a darkly comic duo, misguided adherents of a primitive religion committed only to their own aggrandizement. This discussion examines the iconography of the foreign satires, providing detailed interpretive analysis and translation of many of the texts into English for the first time. It will be demonstrated that De Hooghe responded almost immediately to the rapid unfolding of events that constituted the Glorious Revolution, highlighting the need to consider them in terms of the speed with which they were produced and their serial nature. It is often possible to determine the month in which a satire was made and, in certain cases, the timeframe can be narrowed to weeks. This dramatic imbrication in a particular historical moment is characteristic of political satire to this day.
Promoting equity through health services
Authors: Burström Bo
Published: September 2020

The provision of healthcare should be in relation to the need of care, but this is not always the case, as examples given in this chapter illustrate. The impact on equity in the utilization of care of need-based resource allocation versus recent market-oriented choice reforms and changes in reimbursement systems in primary care in Sweden are discussed. Examples are given of alternative ways of providing services in primary care in disadvantaged areas. Further, the chapter describes an applied example of the concept of proportionate universalism in child healthcare services, where extra postnatal home visits are provided in a disadvantaged area of Stockholm. Finally, the emerging needs of integrated care in an ageing population are contrasted against current health policy reform, which emphasizes freedom of choice of providers, and discussed.
By Way of Introduction Back to the Future?
Authors: Matzner Sebastian
Published: September 2020

This chapter offers a succinct account of metalepsis in its modern (re-)conceptualization, largely following Genette, both to set the scene for the subsequent chapters and to interrogate the state of modern theorization from a classical perspective. While Genette’s intervention has arguably given the concept a more cohesive outlook than it ever had in its long (if now largely obliterated) history, might current debates have something to gain from revisiting earlier theorizations of metalepsis avant Genette? Rather than seeking to reconstruct a genealogy of the concept’s transformation from ancient rhetoric to contemporary criticism, this chapter offers a critical reappraisal of current thinking on narratological metalepsis by way of bringing back into the debate the voices of classical rhetoricians, critics, and grammarians who dealt with metalepsis in its earlier incarnations. The chapter examines how the logics, mechanics, structural principles, and effects attributed to metalepsis by scholars in antiquity and today compare. In particular, it asks what conceptual relationship exists between the trope ‘metalepsis’ (often discussed as a variant of metonymy), the narratological concept of metalepsis (which shares with metonymy a story of structuralist reinvention), and notions of metalepsis as literary allusion; and proposes that thinking of metalepsis in all three cases in terms of either a trope or a figure can not only help to safeguard the concept’s critical acumen, but also renders visible how theorizing metalepsis from a rigorously transhistorical perspective requires a built-in account of the variabilities that arise under the conditions of changing literary and cultural-historical contexts.
Close Encounters
Authors: Fulkerson Laurel
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the metaleptic incursions of deities into various spheres of narrative and acts of narration, focusing on two cases in Latin love elegy. It first sketches some of the key dynamics of divine epiphany in Greco-Roman poetry from Homer on, differentiating epiphanies in which the divinity inspires the poet from those in which characters receive prophetic information. In Latin love elegy, these categories can overlap, since the elegist is both the hero of his own story and simultaneously the omniscient extradiegetic narrator. So in [Tibullus] 3.4, Apollo appears to the poet Lygdamus, but, instead of acting as the god of poetic inspiration, simply informs Lygdamus of the infidelity of his puella Neaera, tells the story of his own love affair with Admetus, and offers advice about love. This epiphany is compared with its primary intertext, the visit of Amor to the exiled poet in Ovid, Ex Ponto 3.3. The chapter argues that elegy, as a genre in which author and narrator usually share a name but fulfil multiple narrative functions, is especially liable to a strong form of metalepsis; and that these two poems in particular use metaleptic divine epiphany to elide the differences between gods and poets, revisit the Augustan-era obsession with who has the authority to say what to whom, and thereby show how the forces of elegy destabilize hierarchies beyond those of gender and class. The chapter suggests in conclusion that both poems may owe something to the lost work of their predecessor Gallus.
Metalepsis, Grief, and Narrative in Aeneid 2
Authors: Lovatt Helen
Published: September 2020

This chapter investigates the emotional function of metalepsis by considering the case of Virgil, Aeneid 2, a book which combines intense emotion with great narrative complexity. Analysing multiple metaleptic features in the book, it offers a model for reading emotional intensity in terms of immersion and alienation, and concludes that metalepsis may paradoxically both alienate readers and intensify their emotional engagement. The chapter begins by exploring the layered first-person narratives produced by Aeneas and Sinon, both of whom use their grief to establish authority and create a positive reception. It argues that the constant interplay between the levels of the external narrator and these two internal ones creates dissonances for readers, but ultimately intensifies the emotional response of the various levels of audience, both internal (Dido) and external. The chapter then demonstrates that moments of narrative transition are often characterized both by emotional intensity and by lack of narrative realism, opening up the potential for metalepsis by means such as anachronism and simile. A study of the deaths of Polites and Priam shows how puns, intertextual references, and connections to the contemporary world of author and audience can all serve to enhance immediacy even when one might expect them to create distance. Finally, the chapter asks in what sense one can really say with Genette that Virgil ‘has Dido die’, making the case that the death of Dido, too, is a metaleptic moment with paradoxical emotional effects.
Landscape and Subjectivity in the Work of Patrick Keiller, W.G. Sebald, and Iain Sinclair
Authors: Anderson David
Published: September 2020

Situating Keiller, Sebald, and Sinclair as the three leading voices in ‘English psychogeography’, this book examines what, apart from a shared interest in English landscape and townscape, connects their work; it discovers this in the cultivation of a certain ‘affective’ mode or sensibility especially attuned to the cultural anxieties of the twentieth century’s closing decades. As it goes on, the book explores motifs including ‘essayism’, the reconciliation of creativity with ‘market forces’, and the foregrounding of an often agonised or melancholic subjectivity. It wonders whether the work it looks at can, collectively, be seen to constitute a ‘critical theory of contemporary space’. In the process, it suggests that Keiller, Sebald, and Sinclair represent a highly significant moment in English culture’s engagement with landscape, environment, and itself. There are six chapters in all, with two devoted to each subject: one to their early years and less well-known work; and another to their more famous later contributions, including important works such as Patrick Keiller’s London (1994), W.G. Sebald’s The Rings of Saturn (1995), and Iain Sinclair’s Lights Out for the Territory (1997). The book’s analyses are fuelled by archival and topographical research carried out in London and Germany and are responsive to various interdisciplinary contexts, including the tradition of the ‘English Journey’, the set of ideas associated with the ‘spatial turn’, critical theory, the so-called ‘heritage debate’ in Britain, and more recent theorization of the ‘anthropocene’. In all, the book suggests the various ways that a dialectical relationship between dwelling and displacement has been exploited as a means to attempt subjective reorientation within the axiomatically disorientating conditions of contemporary modernity.
A Vagrant Sensibility
Authors: Anderson David
Published: September 2020

The second chapter, ‘A Vagrant Sensibility: Patrick Keiller’s Robinson Films’, casts new light on Keiller’s later work, partly by considering it in relation to the idea of ‘left-wing melancholy’ and Svetlana Boym’s writing on nostalgia. If, as Raymond Williams wrote, ‘there is usually principle in exile, there is always only relaxation in vagrancy’, then this chapter shows how the vagrant wanderings of ‘Robinson’ through London and England are able to both ‘luxuriate’ and to produce a potent critique of capital, landscape, and culture. Beginning by reading the Robinson of London (1994) as an urbanist swayed not so much by the ebb and flow of the Baudelairean crowd as by the blips and dips of the free-market economy, it then examines the ‘English Journey’ of Robinson in Space before enquiring into Keiller’s own critique in Robinson in Ruins (2010) of Heideggerian dwelling as the process of ‘entering in simple oneness into things’.
W.G. Sebald’s Early Writing
Authors: Anderson David
Published: September 2020

Chapter 3, ‘W.G. Sebald’s Early Writing: “A European at the End of European Civilization”’, begins by reading the long poem After Nature (1988) as one version of what Markus Zisselsberger has called Sebald’s ‘original journey’ from the Allgaü region of southern Germany to Manchester in the 1960s. It discusses and critiques his depiction of the city in that poem as well as ‘Max Ferber’ (the final story of 1996’s The Emigrants) and his early poem ‘Bleston. A Mancunian Cantical’ (1967). Reading these works, and their representation of Manchester, in light of Susan Sontag’s comments on Sebald as ‘a European at the end of European civilization’, the chapter shows how Sebald’s work combines fictional and factual histories to produce a rich texturology of place. At the same time, tracing Sebald’s work with the damaged histories of Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany, it stages his work in the context of Theodor Adorno’s famous comment on the ‘barbarism’ of writing poetry after Auschwitz.
An English Pilgrim
Authors: Anderson David
Published: September 2020

If, as Salman Rushdie has written (in an essay on Günter Grass), ‘the migrant is, perhaps, the central or defining figure of the twentieth century’, then Chapter 4, ‘An English Pilgrim:?Sebald’s The Rings of Saturn and Austerlitz’, explores how Sebald depicts spaces scored by both his own migration to England and that of the Jewish refugees he encounters there. Placing Sebald’s work into dialogue with itself (polemical texts like On the Natural History of Destruction) and with regional history texts like Ronald Blythe’s Akenfield (1969), this chapter examines how Sebald’s East Anglia becomes an exemplary setting for his saturnine account of the ‘natural history of destruction’ as well as his problematic depiction of ‘heritage’ spaces in The Rings of Saturn (1995). It goes on to show how Austerlitz (2001) frames its depictions of England within a network of other locations including Brussels, Prague, Paris, Marienbad (Czech Republic), and North Wales, cultivating a thickened sense of space and place by way of the profound and moving friendship that it recounts between Sebald’s narrator and the fictional Jacques Austerlitz.
Theorizing Socialist Constitutional Change
Authors: Bui Ngoc Son
Published: September 2020

This chapter theorizes socialist constitutional change, using a holistic approach, which integrates conceptualist, functionalist, causalist, and institutional accounts. Conceptually, it adopts a non-binary approach to constitution and constitutional change, seeking to accentuate and situate the formal constitution and formal constitutional change within the broader constitutional order. Functionally, socialist constitutional change can be characterized as progressive constitutional change. Epistemologically rooted in Marxist progressivism, the function of constitutional change in socialist countries is to facilitate the active role of the party-state in improving living conditions of local residents. This progressive constitutional change is driven by a range of top-down and bottom-up factors: leadership change; the party’s changing policy for social and economic development; constitutional and economic globalization; and social demands and social economic transition. The legal form for constitutional change is varied, including: implicit replacement through amendment, explicit replacement through amendment, ordinary replacement, and ordinary amendment. The chapter concludes by categorizing five variations of the socialist models of progressive constitutional change: universal, integration, reservation, exceptional, and personal.
Socialist Constitutional Identity
Authors: Bui Ngoc Son
Published: September 2020

This chapter demonstrates that the socialist constitutional identity includes five core elements, namely instrumentalism, vanguardism, “democratic centralism,” statist rights, and statist economy, which are antithetical to liberal constitutionalism. These are the fundamental, aspirational constitutional principles and ideas characterizing all socialist constitutions, including the five current constitutions in China, Vietnam, Laos, North Korea, and Cuba.
The Reservation Model
Authors: Bui Ngoc Son
Published: September 2020

In a national referendum on February 24, 2019, Cubans overwhelmingly ratified a new constitution after an extensive process of public constitutional debates and consultation. This chapter focuses on the process and substances of the 2019 constitution-making. It demonstrates that the 2019 Constitution introduces progressive change to improve the socialist constitutional system and material wellbeing of the living conditions of the local people. Compared with the four other socialist countries this book considers, Cuba is characterized by the reservation model of socialist constitutional change. Constitutional change reserves unique features of Cuban Caribbean Marxism: the revolutionary commitment to communism and the praxis of “socialist democracy” in the form of mass rallies, consultations, and referenda. The adherence to Cuban Caribbean Marxism informs and legitimatizes the process and substances of constitutional change in this country.
On stress *
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains the difference between syllables with primary stress and syllables which receive secondary or tertiary stress. These notions are relevant because words may consist of many syllables, thereby in principle each offering an equal number of candidates for primary stress. In uninflected words primary stress can fall on any syllable; per word there is a fixed syllable bearing stress, but as soon as inflectional elements kick in, this may change. Many inflectional suffixes attract stress and this gives the general impression that the stress position shifts with every addition, but on the other hand, some word stems with non-final stress retain their primary stress position when inflected. This chapter ends by pointing out that for some words the meaning depends on the stress position.
Functions of the noun phrase
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

Roughly speaking, only four syntactic roles can be distinguished for a noun phrase: subject, object, adverbial phrase, and predicate in a verbal sentence the predicate is a verb, in a nominal sentence it is a noun phrase, and in an existential sentence it is either var or yok. In a verbal sentence one or more objects may occur, depending on the type of verb, transitive or intransitive. Other sentence types do not allow for objects, but all types must have a subject, while one or more adverbial phrases are optional. All this forms the main topic of this top of that, it is explained how noun phrases are applied in genitive-possessive constructions.
On negation
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

This chapter is intended as a mere announcement that there are three types of negation in Turkish. Each of these types has its own specific domain. First, to a verbal stem various (verbal) suffixes can be attached. Verbal negation goes by suffixation, and if a verb is to be negated, the negating suffix is added directly to the verb stem. Secondly, nominal sentences all make use of the negation particle değil ‘not’. The third type of negation occurs in existential expressions: the notion ‘there is’ is expressed by var and its negational counterpart is yok ‘there is not’. Furthermore, to a limited extent intrinsic negation is expressed in adverbial phrases by olmadan ‘without’ or by a noun expanded by the privative suffix –sIz ‘without’. Also the particle ne … ne ‘neither … nor’ has a negative meaning.
Necessity and hypothesis
Authors: van Schaaik Gerjan
Published: September 2020

The reason why this chapter on necessity and hypothesis comes directly after the chapters on tense is found in the fact that each of these notions is expressed by a verbal suffix which is morphotactically equivalent to those for tense. Besides a verbal suffix denoting necessity, there are many other verbal constructions, too, for the expression of subjective and objective modality. And on the other hand, necessity and related notions such as obligation, as well as compulsion, can also be expressed by adjectival predicates and quite a lot of space is reserved for the discussion of all the ins and outs of such analytic devices. In the second part of this chapter a suffix is discussed that forms the irrealis, by means of which actions or events are represented each as an assumption, supposition, or hypothesis.