bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Britain and Economic Warfare in German Naval Thinking in the Era of the Great War
Authors: Seligmann Matthew S.
Published: May 2021

Under the leadership of Alfred von Tirpitz, the German navy concentrated on building a battle fleet based in the North Sea rather than cruisers designed for operations in distant waters. This has led many historians to assume that commerce warfare (Handelskrieg) played no real part in German preparations for war against Britain before 1914. This chapter disputes this analysis. It shows that Germany’s naval planners in the Admiralstab believed that by converting merchant ships into auxiliary cruisers and using them to attack British commerce on the high seas the German navy would be able to cause considerable damage to British shipping and so force the Royal Navy to divert forces from the main theatre of war to distant oceans. It goes on to examine the reality of this plan during the First World War.
Listening to Lyric and Noise
Authors: Skoulding Zoë
Published: May 2021

Listening has been changed by the advent of recording technology. This changes contemporary poetry's relationship to the lyric tradition and offers new ways of imagining sound. Jean-Luc Nancy and Michel Serres have challenged the primacy of the visual, leading to a renewed focus on the role of the senses, particularly listening and touch, in creating new forms of knowledge. New materialist approaches show how an emphasis on listening might reveal poetry's entanglement in matter. This monograph draws on what poems have to say about listening, but it also makes the case for listening to poems within continuities and communities of listening that extend beyond the human.
Introduction
Authors: Kennedy Sue , Thomas Jane
Published: May 2021

British Women’s Writing 1930-1960: Between the Waves offers new insights into writing by women in the middle third of the twentieth century. The neologism ‘interfeminism’ facilitates the reassessment of fictional and non-fictional writing previously overshadowed by the cultural and social monoliths of modernism, postmodernism and first and second wave feminism. Often critically overlooked or out of print, these writers reveal a literary-historical and contemporary feminist significance that has only recently been recognised. While it is assumed that the authors discussed here largely identified and were recognised as women, many were engaged in actively challenging or consciously constructing the social norms that facilitated this recognition through their depiction of the domestic and public space. Close readings underpinned by a range of theoretical concepts and archival research map uncharted cultural space and reveal the dynamism and innovation of a period of assumed literary and political quiescence.
Supporting and Resisting the Myth of the Blitz
Authors: Serraf Lola
Published: May 2021

Heavily mythologized at the time, the London Blitz is still memorialized in ways that sustain a sense of national pride. The concept was initiated by Angus Calder in The People’s War (1969) which succeeded in bolstering what it attempted to debunk. Lola Serraf uses Susan Ertz’s Anger in the Sky (1943) to reconsider the ‘Myth of the Blitz’, showing how the novel explores conflicting intellectual arguments for, and justifications of, war and airs differing perspectives on British pressure for active American military involvement. Serraf rejects the categorization of Ertz’s novel as propaganda by foregrounding opposing discourses through the conflicting voices of her characters. Calder’s revision of his ideas The Myth of the Blitz, almost half a century after Ertz’s description of the devastating effects of the Blitz on London and on outlying rural English life, helped to deconstruct the image of a wholly patriotic country united in adversity.
Southern Irish Loyalism from Home Rule Crisis to Republic: An Introduction
Authors: Hughes Brian , Morrissey Conor
Published: May 2021

This chapter-length introduction provides a chronological, historiographical, and thematic framework for the volume. It begins by setting out the book’s remit, outlining its understanding of loyalism, and broadly defining the individuals and groups under consideration. The introduction then provides an overview of the history and historiography of southern Irish loyalism in three sections. The first covers the period from the third Home Rule bill in 1912 to the 1918 general election while the second takes in the Irish War of Independence (1919–21) and Irish Civil War (1922–23). This is followed by a final section on southern loyalists and loyalism after southern Irish independence, from the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922 to the exit from the commonwealth and declaration of a republic in 1949.
Protestant Population Decline in Southern Ireland, 1911–1926
Authors: Wood Donald
Published: May 2021

The sharp fall in the Protestant population of southern Ireland during the intercensal period 1911–26 has become something of a hot topic in Irish history circles with causes being proposed that range from ‘widespread driving out’ to long-term infertility. This paper discusses the differing reasons for Protestant decline put forward by academics and looks at the evidence for and against the various theses. Census reports for the 1871–1911 period are used to question theories of comparatively high long-term Protestant natural decline. Detailed analysis of information from the 1911 census, now available online, and 1926 census reports is used to cast new light on the nature of 1911–26 Protestant decline. The primary conclusion is that exceptionally high levels of emigration of civilian Protestants was the primary cause of decline.
‘It was the done thing’: Southern Irish Protestants and the Second World War
Authors: Quinn Joseph
Published: May 2021

During the Second World War, members of the southern Protestant community occupied a curious position in neutral Ireland. The majority, including former unionists, were openly sympathetic to the Allied cause and many actively supported Britain's war effort, but there was also a broad consensus that the policy of neutrality had been the correct course for the Irish state. This duality, incomprehensible to British contemporaries bitterly critical towards Irish neutrality, was also, until quite recently, not fully appreciated by the wider Irish public. This chapter assesses the attitudes of the southern Irish Protestant community during the war by exploring mail censorship reports and excerpts from well-known Irish Protestant publications. It examines attempts by a lobby group, composed of Irish ex-British officers living in Britain, many of them former unionists, to defend the integrity of the neutral Irish state to the British government, while simultaneously denouncing the Northern Ireland government for their antagonism towards Dublin. Lastly, it explores the contribution that was rendered to the British war effort by members of the younger generation through service in Britain’s armed forces. It does so by analysing the motives of young Irish Protestants who enlisted in the British forces, a study which, although verifying a very defined affiliation with Britain and a strong family tradition of military service in British uniform, highlights the approval of many Irish Protestant ex-service personnel for the policy of Irish neutrality.
Adaptive Coexistence? Lord Farnham (1879–1957) and Southern Loyalism in Pre- and Post-Independence Ireland
Authors: Cherry Jonathan
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces the career and experiences of Arthur Kenlis Maxwell, 11th Baron Farnham (1879-1957) of county Cavan as a southern loyalist in pre and post-independent Ireland. Up to 1920 he was a prominent representative of southern unionism and his impassioned speeches during the debate on the Government of Ireland bill convey the sense of abandonment and betrayal felt by many southern loyalists. In April 1922 he and his family left Farnham House for England. Unlike many of his peers who made similar journeys, Farnham returned to his ancestral home in 1926 and enjoyed a relatively peaceful and easy transition back into life there. The latter part of the chapter illustrates Farnham’s personal experience of adaptive coexistence and the complexity of southern unionist identities and loyalties in this ‘new’ Ireland. Personal connections made prior to his departure, his interest in agricultural improvement and promotion of various sports in Cavan had meant that he had cultivated a wide and diverse range of friends and networks which he could tap into on return. Although he never formally entered politics in the Irish Free State, Farnham remained an important leadership figure within the Protestant community in Cavan and further afield and symbolically maintained displays of his loyalism attending both the 1937 and 1953 coronations in London.
Afterword: Layers of Loyalty
Authors: Hughes Brian , Morrissey Conor
Published: May 2021

This short afterword by the editors seeks to highlight some of the key themes and issues raised by the contributors to the volume, particularly those concerning the nature of Irish loyalism. It also suggests some additional areas for future research on southern Irish loyalism, including Catholic loyalism in the Irish Free State and the potential for comparative and transnational approaches.
The Boulevards Lose their Theaters
Authors: Foss Colin
Published: May 2021

During the Siege of Paris, Parisian theaters had to escape their reputation as places of leisure for the elites of Europe and re-imagine their purpose within a city at war and in the throes of political tumult. When the Siege began, a municipal decree closed all theaters within the capital. Their re-opening was predicated on an orientation towards civic life, a repertoire that more closely reflected the revolutionary spirit of the Siege, and a willingness to open their doors to popular and populist gatherings that had previously been the purview of political clubs. This chapter relates the conflict between institutional independence and a changing public opinion, focusing on Édouard Thierry, the director of the Comédie-Française, in his attempt to sell the Parisian public on the idea that his institution was a place of populist discourse, not just a distraction in times of war. To do so, he had to argue that French theatrical patrimony was the best defense against the enemy. In other words, he argued that going to the theater was patriotic.
To Make the Past Public
Authors: Foss Colin
Published: May 2021

This chapter deals with the kind of revolution France was undergoing during the Siege, and particularly how the book publishing industry—which created more lasting, less ephemeral literature than other sites of production—conceptualized this revolutionary moment. Publishers tended to look towards the past, rather than the future, to find their way out of the political instability of the Siege. Incarnated in the revival of the eighteenth-century libelle, the fixation on the perceived crimes of previous governments created an artificial revolution in print, one in which future change seemed unnecessary. This was a decidedly anti-revolutionary politics that attempted to build complacency rather than incite action. To make a break with the past, to turn public opinion against the politics of the Second Empire that had just fallen, Parisian publishers turned to the etymological definition of publication: to make matters public. The Siege saw the publication of hundreds of books that claimed to expose secrets and shed light on lies. The accusatory publications of the Siege exposed the crimes, both real and imagined, of the Second Empire.
Conclusion: Local and Translocal: Lessons from Hong Kong
Authors: Wu Helena Y.W.
Published: May 2021

The concluding chapter interrogates the troubling notion of hybridity, which was believed to be the core constituency of Hong Kong culture and identity in the pre-1997 era, but its actual practice and application has been subjected to questions in the postmillennial time. In view of the diversified and sometimes contradicting experiences and emotions that have been accumulated since the colonial era and have been continuously produced in post-handover Hong Kong, the chapter brings forth the potentialities of local relations by further problematizing the triangular articulation of the global, the local and the national in the context of Hong Kong and beyond. After all, how local relations are constellated embodies the continuous acts of deterritorialization and reterritorialization, not necessarily in terms of political control but through the cultural and social relations formed between things, places and bodies within the city.
Conclusion
Authors: Oldfield J. R.
Published: May 2021

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Introduction
Authors: Lane Jeremy F.
Published: May 2021

The Introduction opens with evidence of the extent to which questions of employment, precarious and flexible labour have come to dominate the French political, cultural, and intellectual agenda since, broadly, the beginning of the new century. It then argues that this is itself evidence of the extent to which the shift to post-Fordist forms of accumulation is posing a fundamental challenge to established notions of French national identity and republican citizenship as these were institutionalised in the postwar compromise. A summary of the book’s content follows which clarifies how it seeks to probe more deeply into the precise nature of these phenomena and the diverse ways in which French filmmakers and authors have sought to represent them.
Femmes Fortes
Authors: Lane Jeremy F.
Published: May 2021

Today French women are more likely to be in salaried employment than their male counterparts, albeit being overrepresented in low-paid, part-time jobs. This chapter argues that one of the most striking cultural manifestations of these shifts in the relationship between sex and employment has been the emergence of the highly ambiguous figure of the femme forte, the strong working woman. Recent novels and films by Éric Reinhardt, Laurent Quintreau, Philippe Vasset, Alain Corneau, Natalie Kuperman, and Marie-Castille Mention-Schaar offer examples of one iteration of the femme forte – the calculating, manipulative, ruthless senior female executive whose pursuit of her career goals requires she abjure all her maternal instincts to become a particular kind of femme fatale, an updated version of Lady Macbeth or the Marquise de Meurteuil. The films, novels, and reportage of Medhi Charef, Florence Aubenas, François Bon, and Robert Guédiguian, meanwhile, offer a different, apparently more flattering iteration of the femme forte – the middle-aged working class woman who, in the face of the loss of stable male industrial employment, bravely struggles to keep family and community together, personifying an embattled tradition of working class struggle. The chapter analyses the ideological implications of these contrasting representations of the femme forte.
Introduction
Authors: De Bruyn Frans
Published: May 2021

This chapter gives an introductory overview of the book, with biographical information about Pieter Langendijk, his literary career, and the times in which he lived. It explores the influence of French neo-classical dramatic theory in the Netherlands (the comedy of manners and the theatrical unities of time, place, and action) and the example of the French playwright Molière.
Harlequin Stock-Jobber
Authors: De Bruyn Frans
Published: May 2021

This chapter is an introduction to Harlequin Stock Jobber, intended to supplement the introductory discussion provided by Meijer in 1892 with an updated consideration of the play’s continuing historical and cultural value. Harlequin Stock Jobber remains an eminently performable play-text with wonderfully funny moments and comic business. Its continuing appeal is partly owing to the durability of the comic types that populate the world of the commedia dell’arte, the rich comic theatrical tradition that informs the play. At the same time, this comic farce has importance for us as a historical document that bears witness to a key formative moment in the history of modern capitalism. De Bruyn shows how the play invites examination as one constituent in a dense network of bubble texts (especially those collected in the 1720 Dutch satirical folio Het Groote Tafereel der Dwaasheid [The Great Mirror of Folly])—an array of visual, verbal, and even aural documents that offer access to a bygone mentalité. The play testifies to the ways in which people in 1720 perceived, conceptualized, and came to understand a series of seemingly unprecedented economic events that unfolded very rapidly and appeared to be transforming people’s lives in hitherto unheard-of ways and at apparently unheard-of speed.
Going Postal
Authors: Waters Sarah
Published: May 2021

Chapter three examines work suicides at La Poste, situating these in the context of a restructuring strategy that sought to transform the company from a public service entity, underpinned by a notion of the general interest, to a commercial entity, driven by product sales. Whereas earlier reforms had modified external working methods and practices, the new phase of restructuring sought to transform workers themselves, targeting their ways of being, seeing and thinking. I draw on Michel Foucault’s conception of disciplinary surveillance to examine the management methods that were imposed across the company following its liberalisation. Whilst the company was freed of regulatory controls and administrative constraints, the individual employee was subject to intensified surveillance of everyday working activity. The chapter examines a corpus of suicide letters in which postal workers explain the causes and motivations of their self-killing. Many employees experienced restructuring as a cultural assault that undermined the values, meanings and ideals by which they had defined themselves and their place in the world. The case of La Poste shows that when company strategy transcends external working activity and targets the intimate, subjective and vulnerable resources of the person, this can have deleterious consequences for lived experiences of work.
Conclusion
Authors: Waters Sarah
Published: May 2021

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Authorship in Script and Print
Authors: Bergel Giles
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates the division of labour between writing-masters and engravers in their joint publications, aiming to uncover the mutual dependencies between the two trades. It describes the different processes that each trade brought to the collaboration, and explores the consequences of those differences for users of their productions. It explores how the marketplace for engraved script was rhetorically addressed in writing manuals while also asking how the reader (and potential copyist) was more pragmatically addressed in the scribal teaching models embodied by the works themselves. It touches on the history of style in handwriting, specifically, that of the ‘roundhand’, which was the dominant clerical hand of eighteenth-century England, and asks how far scribal practice can be retrieved from pedagogical engraved hands. Lastly, it maps out some future research questions into a curious format that, by design, complicates what is practical as well as ornamental in the written word
Khatibi and Performativity, ‘From where to speak?’
Authors: de Toro Alfonso
Published: May 2021

Focusing on the work, that is located at the productive and innovative interfaces between of the Epistemai of Islam and Christianity, of Orient and Occident, this article will describe Khabiti’s ‘performative’ thinking and praxis in relation to the actual theory and praxis of ‘belonging’, ‘hospitality’, and ‘identity’ that are always dependent on language, on one’s own chosen language, and which are inserted into the body and steered or driven by emotion. The concept of “cultural performance” and the idea of a “performative identity” or of a “performative diaspora” are at the centre of Khatibi’s thinking and writing and generate the reinvention of the Self and a radical individual and democratic system. Khatibi represents one of the best examples of this phenomenon, but located in a “cosmopolitanism” and “cosmo-humanism.” Living in Rabat he became at the same time a cosmopolitan and a great cosmo-humanist at the very moment at which he began to deal as well with Western and Oriental cultural systems. He began to navigate in and to travel through many diverse systems of thinking, of literature, of culture and sciences – his erudition, his privileged sensibility and intelligence made him a cosmopolitan and cosmo-humanist. It developed his way of placing himself in the world, and of reading and writing about the world. His life was a “worlding-life,” his literature a “worlding-literature” within the interface of deconstruction, as well as of the Occidental and Oriental logoi. This article will describe his cultural location and find his voice through a triple act of “translatio” on the base of the axis of a “double critique” and of the “pensée autre”. He becomes an “écrivain-voyageur infatigable”, a “voyageur cosmopolite”, “voyageur ou migrant professionnel” of diverse worlds. The article will also describe Khatibi’s ‘accent’, his polyphony of voices, his thought, working, and writing in the fissure.
Segalen and Khatibi
Authors: Forsdick Charles
Published: May 2021

Like the Martinican thinker and writer Edouard Glissant, Abdelkébir Khatibi engaged throughout his career with the work of Victor Segalen. This is evident in a variety of texts, ranging from a key reference to Segalen’s Polynesian cycle in La Mémoire tatouée to the significant reflection on the author underpinning Figures de l’étranger dans la littérature française. The chapter will consider the implicit, achronological dialogue between the two authors that emerges from Khatibi’s writing, ranging from the early exploration of decolonization and acculturation in these readings of Les Immémoriaux, to a reflection on the links between the Segalenian exote and Khatibi’s voyageur professionnel. I suggest that the genealogy of Khatibi’s deconstruction of dichotomies (Occident/Orient; authentic/inauthentic…) in a text such as Maghreb pluriel and the elaboration of his creative practice in a novel such as Amour bilingue can be usefully read in the context of works by Segalen, including the Essai sur l’exotisme and Stèles.Understanding Segalen as an interlocutor with Khatibi not only illuminates the Moroccan thinker’s own reflection on translation, transnationalism and the aesthetics of diversity, but also (and equally importantly) invites a rethinking of Segalen’s own early twentieth-century work in a postcolonial frame.
Maghrebian Shadow
Authors: Sawada Nao
Published: May 2021

Abdelkébir Khatibi, who was seduced by the land of the Rising Sun, left us a few texts on Japan and its culture such as Japanese Shadow and “Tanizaki Revisited” in which he refers, in particular, to the great Japanese writer Junichiro Tanizaki. These texts indeed present a dual interest: on the one hand, they allow us to discover unknown aspects of Abdelkébir Khatibi – his deep attraction for Japanese culture, not only for literature but also calligraphy and other fine arts – and, on the other hand, his subtle and brilliant reading of Tanizaki's text, which gives us another insight into Japanese culture. In these two texts, we can identify several elements that Khatibi discovers in Japan via Tanizaki: exoticism beyond the simple exotic, eroticism, and ‘exophony’. We therefore examine Khatibi's Japanese culture, as inflected through the lens of Junichiro Tanizaki, following three problematics: exoticism, the body and languages, and Eros/Thanatos. Far from separate, all these elements are intertwined for Tanizaki as well as for Khatibi. In other words, this is a phenomenon, as the Moroccan writer points out, of ‘intersemiotics’.
Reading Signs and Symbols with Abdelkébir Khatibi
Authors: Feriani Rim , Bolfek-Radovani Jasmina , Kelly Debra
Published: May 2021

This chapter considers the ways in which Khatibi’s practices of reading contribute to theories of meaning through his thinking on the deciphering of signs and symbols and of making sense of the world, and of the worlds of the text, in their multifaceted forms. It takes as its starting point what Khatibi terms, in his introductory essay ‘Le Cristal du Texte’ in La Bessure du Nom propre, ‘l’intersémiotique’, migrant signs which move between one sign system and another. Khatibi takes as his own project examples from semiotic systems found within Arabic and Islamic cultures, from both popular culture, such as the tattoo, to calligraphy and the language of the Koran, from the body to the text and beyond – including storytelling, mosaics, urban space, textiles. His readings reveal the intersemiotic and polysemic meanings created in the movements of these migrant signs between their sign systems. For Khatibi, this ‘infinity’ of the ‘text’ is linked also to a mobile and migrant identity refracted in the multifaceted surfaces of the crystal (hence the title of the essay – ‘Le Cristal du Texte’) rather than in one reflection as in a mirror. Moving from these concerns of Khatibi with which he develops his radical theory of the sign, of the word and of writing, the chapter goes on to propose new readings of a selection of other writers with a shared, but varied, relationship to their Islamic heritage. These are writers working with and through that heritage – and importantly, as for Khatibi, including the Sufi heritage – and whose writing is also resonant with Khatibi’s intersemiotic theoretical and cultural project concerned with the individual and the collective, the historical and the contemporary, the political, the social and the linguistic.
Non-lieux de mémoire
Authors: Brozgal Lia
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the intersection of spatial practices, the representation of urban space, and the way both of these interact with the visibility of October 17 and its inscriptions (or lack thereof) on the city. Beginning in the contemporary moment with a discussion of current polices and politics of the representation of October 17 in the Parisian memorialscape, the chapter then returns to October 1961 to explore the spatial politics of the demonstration and its representation, teasing out a cartographic impulse that connects up with both earlier colonial technologies of mapping and representation, and that emerges, later, as a trope in the anarchive (notably in documentary film). Finally, chapter 3 explores the ways the anarchive has represented October 17 and the space of Paris through revisionist cartography, pop- or counter-cultural subversive tactics such as graffiti, and rogue spatial practices.
The Seine’s Exceptional Bodies
Authors: Brozgal Lia
Published: May 2021

Chapter 4 analyzes the anarchive’s representations of the Seine River. The notion of the iconic Parisian river as a mass burial site remains one of the most gruesome aspects of the massacre. While not all of the dead on October 17 fell victim to the river, it is nonetheless true that the Seine has come to occupy significant symbolic territory in the realm of representation, to a degree that perhaps surpasses the representation of analogous “killing fields” or “technologies” of destruction in other episodes of state violence. The anarchive is replete with images of the Seine and of the experience of what Sidi Mohammed Barakat calls “exceptional bodies,” all of which participate in an implicit project of re-signifying the river. In exploring representations of the Seine in novels, documentary and fiction film, and visual art, this chapter makes visible a poetic and political discourse about the nature of the violence on October 17. It also explores how culture has dealt with the weighty implications of a state hiding evidence of its crimes in a site so geographically, affectively, and symbolically central. Alongside cultural productions, this chapter engages archival material from the files of the Parisian police and the history of the Seine.
Introduction
Authors: Ingelbien Raphaël , Galavan Susan
Published: May 2021

The introduction reviews various influential definitions of authority in political theory and sociology. It then tests their applicability to manifestations of authority in nineteenth-century Ireland, which bore a more complicated relationship to modernity than many of the societies where the nature or the very existence of authority is said to have shifted decisively in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It makes a case for the usefulness of a concept that has so far been less widely invoked in Irish historiography than related concepts like power and hegemony. Through an overview of the different chapters that make up the collection, it draws out themes that emerge across various contributions, relates them to the volume’s broader theoretical and historiographical frameworks, and suggests ways in which analyses of authority in nineteenth-century Ireland can prove relevant for discussions of more recent Irish history and of twenty-first transformations of authority in the wider world.
The O’Connellite Persuasion
Authors: Geoghegan Patrick
Published: May 2021

This essay explores how the political language of the nineteenth-century Irish political leader Daniel O’Connell did not present a consistent doctrine, or a finely articulated programme, but a persuasion. O’Connell’s political strategy was to present a broad judgement of political affairs informed by common sentiments and beliefs about what was happening in Ireland. In doing so, he developed his own political rhetoric and articulated a language that inspired the downtrodden Catholics to follow him and agitate for their civil rights. The language remained consistent even as the political strategies switched and changed, and rolled and adapted to suit changing political realities. By casting himself as the people’s tribune, O’Connell made himself the champion of the oppressed, but it also ensured that his legacy was hotly contested.
William Johnston, Populism and Authority in Ulster Protestant Politics
Authors: Parfitt Richard
Published: May 2021

William Johnston of Ballykilbeg occupies an authoritative place in Ulster Protestant memory. A prominent campaigner and later an MP, Johnston is credited by politicians and historians alike with almost single-handedly bringing about the repeal of the Party Processions Act, which heavily restricted the right to hold public parades in Ulster in 1872. This chapter reconsiders that interpretation using Johnston’s personal papers, parliamentary records and those of Orange Order lodges, as well as contemporary newspapers. By reassessing the level of political authority Johnston was able to wield, and in particular the effectiveness with which he did so, it is possible to argue that there were several hitherto unacknowledged limitations to his position and achievements. Instead, Johnston’s campaign was in many ways characterised by caution and luck, with authority vested primarily in ideas and symbols. That his reputation has not only survived but prospered is indicative of the continued political controversy surrounding Orange marches.
The surgeon’s secrets
Authors: Marín Yarí Pérez
Published: May 2021

Chapter 1 explores the Secretos de Chirurgia (1567), a text written by Pedro Arias de Benavides, a Spanish surgeon who travelled throughout the Caribbean, Mexico and Central America in the mid-sixteenth century. Part surgical manual, part medieval book of secrets, part voyage diary, the Secretos weaves together medical and anatomical information alongside the author's own extended personal journey. My analysis situates the text in the scientific context of the time, highlighting Benavides’s innovative use of medical illustrations, several of which are printed life-size and transform the work into a surgical instrument in and of itself. By comparing marginalia present in surviving copies of the book, I offer a roadmap into the range of possible period responses on the part of early modern readers. Sold in Europe as well as in the Americas, the text’s frequent humorous anecdotes betrayed a growing unease at the marginal status assigned to members of overseas communities by European authorities, anticipating future strategies of resistance to colonial rule, and calling into question the extent to which the peninsular/criollo divide is a useful distinction when examining materials written in colonial Mexico during its foundational period.
Poetic forms containing rampant money
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins with the South Sea Bubble and the Financial Revolution by bringing to light an anonymous Jacobite Pindaric ode written in response to the consequences of this emblematic boom and bust. Other poems or passages on the Bubble by Anne Finch, Gay, Swift and Pope are drawn upon in an exploration of how poetic form may attempt to manage and counteract the rise of stocks and shares, notes of exchange and paper currency. The repeatedly evoked contrast between metallic coin, especially gold, and these fiduciary symbols of value is identified in such poems as Pope’s ‘Of the Use of Riches’ and then followed into the Romantic period in poems by Keats, Shelley and Byron. This distinction is found to influence Shelley’s ‘Defence of Poetry’ through the association between precious metals and poetic value in the essay by Thomas Love Peacock to which it responds.
Beginnings: Oxford and Cambridge Poetry in the Early 1950s
Authors: Wootten William
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the student poets of Oxford and Cambridge in the 1950s who rose to prominence in the early 1960s. The works of these student poets, among them A. Alvarez, Alan Brownjohn, Jenny Joseph, J. E. M. [Edward] Lucie-Smith, George Macbeth, and Anthony Thwaite, were published in Oxford Poetry, the most significant poetry publishing venture in Oxford or Cambridge in the 1950s. Oxford Poetry was established in 1952 by Michael Shanks, then President of the Oxford University Poetry Society, who linked up with the painter and printer Oscar Mellor. The pamphlets the press turned out were slim — five or six poems — but they were well produced, and they were keenly read, as was Oxford Poetry.
Introduction
Authors: Gerber Jane S.
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter explores the experience of the Sephardim, one of the two major branches of the Jewish people, in several major centres of urban civilization. It seeks to understand who they are and how their visit in certain cities left its impression upon them and distinguished them from other parts of the Jewish people. The chapter also recognizes that being 'Sephardi' means to be related in some fashion to Spain. Yet most bearers of that designation today never had any contact with Spain, nor did many of their ancestors. It examines seven cities through which to explore the shaping of Sephardi identity. The chapter also includes the descendants of Jews who lived in the Iberian peninsula before the expulsion from Spain in 1492 and of Jews who received the refugees from Iberia afterwards.
The Search for Redemption in Safed 1500–1600
Authors: Gerber Jane S.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how the two separate branches of the Sephardim formed as the Jews were driven out of their homes to drift from one Mediterranean port to the next. In this resettlement and reshuffling, a large and heterogeneous diaspora of Ladino- and Arabic-speaking Jews emerged throughout the eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. As the Iberian Jews wended their way eastward, they tended to be introspective and melancholy. The chapter discusses the messianic doctrine in Judaism, the Jewish concept of a suffering redeemer, and the outbursts of messianic enthusiasm, as Jews lost patience with their misery and sought to accelerate the difficult process of redemption. While the messianic doctrine that promised an ultimate redemption of the Jews was always present in Jewish thought, it was ordinarily contained. Its power lay in its vagueness, fortifying them to weather current crises with future hope. Ultimately, the chapter provides a careful analysis of Jewish mysticism and Jewish messianism. It analyzes new dimensions of mystical significance that Safed provided to Sephardi history.
Conclusion
Authors: Gerber Jane S.
Published: May 2021

The last section of this chapter marks the end of one form of Jewish life and the beginning of another for the Jews of the Iberian peninsula. Like all other Jews, Sephardim collectively mourned the loss of Zion; as Sephardim, they also collectively mourned the loss of Spain. The chapter discusses the deportation of the Jews from their ancient homeland and how they produced the first diaspora in history, although the term was not applied to Jewish settlements outside the Land of Israel until Hellenistic time. Jewish life unfolded between exile and return. Some Jewish diasporas were ephemeral, others more enduring. Some diasporas were exceptionally creative, others merely derivative. Ultimately, the chapter illustrates how the Jewish communities tended to relate to each other through shared memories and common traditions and laws, regardless of the cultural level.
Two Notes on the Commentary on the Torah of R. Yehudah he-Ḥasid
Authors: Soloveitchik Haym
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses R. Yehudah he-Ḥasid's Commentary on the Torah (1976). R. Yehudah claimed that several verses were written after the time of Moses. R. Moshe Feinstein, the leading halakhic decisor (posek) of the time, had apparently been shown an advance copy of choice sections of the book and declared the statement of non-Mosaic authorship to be heretical. As it was inconceivable that R. Yehudah he-Ḥasid was a heretic, the work was clearly a forgery, or certain passages had been cunningly inserted into his blameless composition to better infiltrate the bastions of the faithful. That the composition is that of R. Yehudah he-Ḥasid there can be little question; there are too many citations from this commentary, specifically attributed to him, in medieval writings to leave room for doubt. Yet it is equally true that the work does attribute several verses of the Pentateuch to later writers.
Printing and the History of Halakhah
Authors: Soloveitchik Haym
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses the impact of the printing, in the eighteenth century, of the ḥiddushim of Bet Midrasho shel ha-Ramban. First, it opened anew the halakhic discussion. With the infusion of thousands of doctrines of Ramban, Rashba, and Ritva, and the hosts of new positions registered in the Shitah Mekubbetset, rabbinical scholars were now required to reopen closed issues and weigh the established rulings against the claims of the new doctrines that were streaming into the system. They had to scour the Talmud to see whether there were passages that supported some of the new doctrines and to assess whether the new views of Ramban's school contained juridical insights that set past rulings at naught. Second, printing introduced a new level of halakhic thinking into the legal discourse. The solutions advanced by the Bet Midrasho shel ha-Ramban are more suasive than those of the Tosafists.
Introduction: Pedagogy, Feeling, and the Study of Modernism
Authors: Hagen Benjamin D.
Published: May 2021

This introduction presents the primary argument of The Sensuous Pedagogies of Virginia Woolf and D.H. Lawrence: namely, that Woolf and Lawrence worry a lot about teaching and learning and that they do so in languages of feeling, affect, or intensity. The introduction also surveys modernist studies scholarship that addresses pedagogy and education, elaborates the term “sensuous pedagogies,” details the influence of Gilles Deleuze and Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick on the methods and concerns of the author’s study, previews the respective significance of solitude and relationality to Woolf and Lawrence’s pedagogies, glosses the critical conversations in Woolf and Lawrence studies that the author hopes to join, and clarifies the role of the sixteen “assignments” he plots across the book.
Failing Students
Authors: Hagen Benjamin D.
Published: May 2021

This chapter develops an extensive reading of Lawrence’s first novel, The White Peacock (1911), in the context of his early career as an elementary schoolteacher. Though the novel itself does not take place in a school, the author reads the relationships among its main characters as literary expressions of three pedagogical problems, which Sedgwick’s meditation on “cats and pedagogy” helps frame: the mobility and asymmetry of teacher–student positions; the complicity of anti-pedagogical resistance in the intensification of pedagogical attachments and needs; and the pedagogical static that can result, for students, from the competing demands of multiple teachers. Undergirding these relational problems is a patterned, thematic link in the novel between misogyny and the failure of relationships, lives, and lessons.
Training Tastes
Authors: Hagen Benjamin D.
Published: May 2021

This chapter turns to both volumes of Woolf’s Common Reader series (1925, 1932) to develop an account of them as exemplary pedagogical projects that model private taste-training. Challenging a critical consensus that emphasizes values of conversation and community in the study of Woolf’s essays, this chapter argues that her (common) reading pedagogy privileges solitude and privacy as groundworks for the free and idiosyncratic development of readerly taste. Elaborating Woolf’s practices and theories of reading, the chapter surveys the wide variety of approaches her criticism takes to fiction, poetry, and life-writing. It concludes with an assessment of her repeated references in the Common Reader essays to death, ruin, and the question of what remains when writers die and centuries pass. When read within the context of the solitude and freedom of her reading pedagogy, this preoccupation with human remains motivates a mode of ethical and critical acknowledgement attentive to traces of the dead’s life and labor.
Nanción’s Cancións
Authors: Marcus Jane
Published: May 2021

This chapter covers Nancy Cunard’s experiences as a war reporter during the Spanish Civil War. Marcus argues that Cunard and her leftist comrades “produced an international and multiracial cross-class culture of protest against fascism in journalism” throughout the thirties. The chapter also restores their efforts in poetry, theatre, poster art, film, radio, collage, and pamphlets in an effort to correct a history of radicalism that has been “so systematically erased or buried” that this “work of recovery has of necessity become oppositional to an established nationalist and elitist (male) canon.”
End Notes: An Afterword
Authors: Marcus Jane
Published: May 2021

The Afterword reflects on the editor’s personal and professional relationship with her mentor and friend, the author of Nancy Cunard: Perfect Stranger, Jane Marcus. Meeting in 2001 over discussions about Hope Mirrlees’s little known poem, Paris: 1919, published in 1920 by Virginia Woolf, Marcus pointed to the use of End Notes in the poem, a modernist signature usually attributed to T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land. Mills uses Marcus’s suggestion about the generative nature of paratexts, raising more questions and leading to further avenues of inquiry, to the generative nature of their intellectual conversations, and to the afterlife of one’s research and scholarship, in general.
The Lady Composer in Demand
Authors: Brister Wanda , Rosenblatt Jay
Published: May 2021

The next phase of Dring’s career finds her contributing musical numbers to the intimate revues produced by Laurier Lister on London’s West End. Her lyricist for many of these songs is Charlotte Mitchell, and her work appeared side-by-side with the revue numbers of Michael Flanders and Donald Swann. Additional information on these revues is found in The Lord Chamberlain’s collection in the British Library. A representative example of these songs is “Snowman,” which is discussed in detail. Other songs appeared in Seán Rafferty’s Child’s Play, produced at the Players’ Theatre, and numerous other compositions are documented, including the soundtrack for six episodes of the cartoon series, Little Laura. Dring also began to appear more frequently as a performer, in particular with The Kensington-Gores, a trio she formed with Margaret Rubel and Alan Rowlands. During the latter part of this period, Dring published many piano pieces, suitable for various grade levels, from beginner to concert pianist. One of the most popular of these collections is Colour Suite, which receives an extended discussion.
Introduction
Authors: Adkins Peter , Ryan Derek
Published: May 2021

Beginning with a discussion of Virginia Woolf’s response to the 1918 armistice and her fictional reimagining of it in her novel The Years, this introduction sets out the importance of questions of peace and Europe to Woolf’s practices as a writer. Situating Woolf within broader literary responses to questions of war and peace, including those who supported war, such as H.G. Wells, and her involvement with the pacifism of the Bloomsbury Group, we explore Woolf’s legacy as a writer whose aesthetical innovations and theoretical interventions aimed to bring new ideas of peaceful co-existence into being. Surveying the critical legacy of Woolf as a theorist of war and of violence, we suggest that the recent turn to “weak theory” within modernist studies can benefit from Woolf’s literary pacifism and her willingness to embrace “the subjunctive, the speculative, and the counterfactual”.
“Peace as awakeness to the precariousness of the other”
Authors: Högberg Elsa
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, Högberg traces a specific form of non-violent ethics across Woolf’s interwar and WWII writings, considering its political potential and limits. Focusing on Emmanuel Levinas’s idea of ‘The face as the extreme precariousness of the other. Peace as awakeness to the precariousness of the other’(Levinas, ‘Peace and Proximity’, 1984) alongside Judith Butler’s attempts to politicise his ethics of precariousness, this chapter shows how Woolf foregrounds vulnerability as an ethical injunction against violence. Arguing that Woolf’s work prompts a still unresolved question as to whether a pacifist ethics can be politically productive, Högberg reads Woolf’s pacifism as rooted in a concept of peace as proximity: the proximity of the ethical encounter, which prompts awakeness to the other’s vulnerability. The chapter ranges from Woolf’s Levinasian elevation, in Three Guineas, of a primary responsibility to Antigone’s Law of love, peace and proximity over the laws of the sovereign state to her literary articulations of an alternatively Levinasian and Butlerian ethics of peace and precariousness in Jacob’s Room, The Waves and Between the Acts. Voiced through poetic tropes of naked defencelessness and extra-linguistic, primal cries, Woolf’s pacifist ethics floods the boundaries defining Europe in a relocation of its ‘Greek’ origins, and in defiance against its political constructions of the other’s precarious face as a threat, which continue to justify the scandalous closing of European borders to ‘millions of bodies’ made vulnerable by war.