bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compound Brake Control for Improved Ride Comfort for Dual-rotor In-wheel Motor Electric Vehicles
Authors: leng Fei , He Ren
Published: April 2023

Aiming at the problem of braking shock caused by the inconsistent response time of the inner motor (IM), the outer motor (OM) and the hydraulic brake when the regenerative braking mode of dual-rotor in-wheel motor (DRIWM) is switched, this paper proposes a U-shaped transition coordinated control strategy for the DRIWM. Ensure that the total braking torque can be smoothly transitioned when any one or more of the hydraulic braking torque, the braking torque of the IM and the braking torque of the OM enter/exit braking. The dynamic model of electric vehicle (EV) with DRIWMs is established, the division of braking mode is based on the principle of optimal DRIWM system efficiency, and the U-shaped transition coordinated controller of DRIWM is designed. Finally, two cases of switching the IM single braking mode to hydraulic braking mode and OM and hydraulic coordinated braking mode switching to compound braking mode are taken as examples to verify. The results show that, compared with the braking mode switching process without transition coordinated control, the U-shaped transition coordinated control strategy of the DRIWM proposed in this paper can make the DRIWM complete switching within 0.25s on the basis of the optimal system efficiency, which reduces the impact to 2 m/s3 and ensures a smooth transition of the total braking torque when switching.
Rotor Optimization to Reduce Electric Motor Noise
Authors: He Song , Zhang Peng , Muir Michael , Koch Benjamin
Published: April 2023

Electric motor is among the main sources of noise and vibration for electrified propulsion systems. This paper focuses on the electric motor rotor NVH optimization, which is identified as a key enabler to reduce the motor whine, and balances other performance such as motor torque and efficiency. First, conventional rotor NVH design technologies such as rotor skew and asymmetric rotor pole-to-pole design are discussed, along with their associated tradeoff including reduced motor torque and additional sideband orders. Next, a special notch feature is proposed on the rotor surface with one notch per pole at every q-axis. A DOE study leads to the optimal notch design which significantly reduces the dominant motor torque ripple order by up to 20 dB, with minimum impact to motor torque or loss. Further design studies are then performed to explore additional d-axis notches which are symmetrically located within the top layer magnet opening angles. Up to 6 dB reduction is achieved at the most dominant motor winding order, with small trade-off for motor peak torque. Lastly, a prototype baseline rotor design without notch and a rotor with optimized NVH notch are built and tested in a motor fixture and an electric drive unit. Measured vibration and sound power data confirm that rotor notch achieves up to 20 dB reduction, and the optimal design is successfully implemented in the electric motors for General Motors Ultium electric drive units.
Design Evolution of Vehicle Dynamics and Controls from Mechanization, Electrification to Autonomy
Authors: Singh Sanjay , Mansour Iyad
Published: April 2023

Optimal Vehicle Dynamics is one of the key metrics that all Vehicle Manufacturers strive to achieve. The metrics vary from customer to customer and vehicle to vehicle. The vehicle dynamics represent the DNA of the car and the manufacturer. The challenge with the current state of pre-autonomy always is to achieve the state of vehicle dynamics that delivers stability/safety yet the responsiveness needed. In addition, there are always tradeoffs between ride/NVH and handling, where vehicle manufacturers end up sacrificing one for the other. The paper establishes the baseline of electrification advantages to address the past vehicle dynamics challenges and then discusses how the traditional vehicle dynamics design and metrics will evolve as the vehicle architecture migrates from mechanization/electrification to level 4/5 Autonomy. Customer preferences and demands will change with Autonomy.
Generic X-Domain Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment
Authors: Schrade Simon , Nowak Xi , Verhagen Armin , Schramm Dieter
Published: April 2023

X-Domain describes the merging of different domains (i.e., braking, steering, propulsion, suspension) into single functionalities. One example in this context is torque-vectoring. Different goals can be pursued by applying X-Domain features. On the one hand, savings in fuel consumption and an improved vehicle driving performance can be potentially accomplished. On the other hand, safety can be improved by taking over a failed or degraded functionality of one domain by other domains. The safety-aspect from the viewpoint of requirements is highlighted within this contribution.

Every automotive system being developed and influencing the vehicle safety must fulfill certain safety objectives. These are top-level safety requirements (ISO 26262-1) specifying functionalities to avoid unreasonable risk. Every safety objective is associated with an Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) derived from a Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA).

Current HARA-approaches are conducted on a domain-specific basis only. Such procedures lead to safety goals only addressing the steering, the braking, or the propulsion system, respectively. This contribution presents a new methodology that meets the new requirements arising from the introduction of X-Domain features. First, the exposure of an X-Domain operation space considering speed, lateral and longitudinal acceleration and the friction coefficient of the street is derived from representational fleet-data. In a second step, a generic driving situation is derived to assess the severity of different malfunctions. This driving situation is applied to the operation space. Furthermore, the controllability is assumed conservatively as 3. Finally, the ASIL for the complete operation space that considers both longitudinal and lateral accelerations is determined by the superposition of exposure, severity, and controllability.
Challenges with the Introduction of X-By-Wire Technologies to Passenger Vehicles and Light Trucks in regards to Functional Safety, Cybersecurity and Availability
Authors: Scheibert Klaus , Kostarigka Artemis , Dannebaum Udo , Ambekar Abhijit , Cai Wenlin , Heidt Laurent
Published: April 2023

Classic vehicle production had limitations in bringing the driving commands to the actuators for vehicle motion (engine, steering and braking). Steering columns, hydraulic tubes or steel cables needed to be placed between the driver and actuator.

Change began with the introduction of e-gas systems. Mechanical cables were replaced by thin, electric signal wires. The technical solutions and legal standardizations for addressing the steering and braking systems, were not defined at this time.

Today, OEMs are starting E/E-Architecture transformations for manifold reasons and now have the chance to remove the long hydraulic tubes for braking and the solid metal columns used for steering.

X-by-wire is the way forward and allows for higher Autonomous Driving (AD) levels for automated driving vehicles. This offers new opportunities to design the vehicle in-cabin space.

This paper will start with the introduction of x-by-wire technologies. It will cover the three aspects of the transformation from line to wire; functional safety (fail operational), security, and availability.

It will also provide examples of two different implementation approaches, one from a classic OEM with a basic platform vehicle architecture and concept, and the other from the start-up company, REE Automotive, with their skateboard architecture and brand-new concept of REEcorner™ Vehicle Motion.
Application of a Mechanism-Based Short Crack Growth Model for the Fatigue Analysis of an Engine Cylinder Block Including Low-Frequency Thermal and High-Frequency Dynamic Loading
Authors: Hazime Radwan , Kobaissy Ali-Alhadi , Seifert Thomas , Zheng Qichao , Chang Cherng-Chi
Published: April 2023

Cast aluminum cylinder blocks are frequently used in gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines because of their light-weight advantage. However, the disadvantage of aluminum alloys is their relatively low strength and fatigue resistance which make aluminum blocks prone to fatigue cracking. Engine blocks must withstand a combination of low-cycle fatigue (LCF) thermal loads and high-cycle fatigue (HCF) combustion and dynamic loads. Reliable computational methods are needed that allow for accurate fatigue assessment of cylinder blocks under this combined loading. In several publications, the mechanism-based thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) damage model DTMF describing the growth of short fatigue cracks has been extended to include the effect of both LCF thermal loads and superimposed HCF loadings. This approach is applied to the finite life fatigue assessment of an aluminum cylinder block. The required material properties related to LCF are determined from uniaxial LCF tests. The additional material properties required for the assessment of superimposed HCF are obtained from the literature for similar materials. The predictions of the model agree well with engine dyno test results. Finally, some improvements to the current process are discussed.
Electric Vehicle Battery Safety and Compliance
Authors: Murray Kyle , Lele Sneha
Published: April 2023

Electric vehicles (EVs) and the development around them has been rapid in recent years. As the battery is the most essential component of an electric vehicle, a lot of research and analysis has been focused on ensuring safe and reliable performance of batteries. Considering the location, size, and operating conditions for EV batteries, they must be designed with an in-built safety infrastructure keeping in mind certain realistic scenarios such as fire exposure, mechanical vibration, collisions, over-charging, single cell failures, and others. In this paper, we discuss an overview of various EV battery failure mechanisms, present current safety and abuse testing methods and standards associated with such mechanisms and discuss the need for the development and implementation of additional testing standards to better characterize the safety performance of EV battery packs.
Combined Path Following and Vehicle Stability Control using Model Predictive Control
Authors: Lenssen Daan , Bertipaglia Alberto , Santafe Felipe , Shyrokau Barys
Published: April 2023

This paper presents an innovative combined control using Model Predictive Control (MPC) to enhance the stability of automated vehicles. It integrates path tracking and vehicle stability control into a single controller to satisfy both objectives. The stability enhancement is achieved by computing two expected yaw rates based on the steering wheel angle and on lateral acceleration into the MPC model. The vehicle's stability is determined by comparing the two reference yaw rates to the actual one. Thus, the MPC controller prioritises path tracking or vehicle stability by actively varying the cost function weights depending on the vehicle states. Using two industrial standard manoeuvres, i.e. moose test and double lane change, we demonstrate a significant improvement in path tracking and vehicle stability of the proposed MPC over eight benchmark controllers in the high-fidelity simulation environment. The numerous benchmark controllers use different path tracking and stability control methods to assess each performance benefit. They are split into two groups: the first one uses differential braking in the control output, while the second group can only provide an equal brake torque for the wheels in the same axle. Furthermore, the controller's robustness is evaluated by changing various parameters, e.g. initial vehicle speed, mass and road friction coefficient. The proposed controller keeps the vehicle stable at higher speeds even with varying conditions.
Electric Vehicle Smart Charging Considering Fluctuating Electrical Grid Pricing and Extreme Weather
Authors: Mickelson Sean , Steffen Thomas , Fly Ashley , Jiang Jingjing
Published: April 2023

As lithium-ion electric vehicle (EV) batteries are sensitive to the conditions they are exposed to during charging and discharging, operational control has been an important research area. While an understanding of the effects current load and operation temperature has on the ageing stability of a battery has been established, associated control strategies are yet to be fully optimized. Most battery charging studies utilize controlled ambient temperatures and basic defined cycles, which may only apply to a small subset of real-world EV consumers. This leads to control strategies that do not consider electrical grid price fluctuation, user driving habits or local weather conditions.

This paper looks to propose improved smart charging strategies of EVs to reduce consumer costs while also increasing the battery longevity. To accomplish the primary objective, A model has been generated that simulates the standard charge cycle of a battery. To distinguish this model from others, it has inputs for the local weather and electrical grid pricing forecasts. By providing this information, the charging controller can determine when the best time to charge the battery will be to ensure the lowest pricing, while efficiently maintaining an appropriate battery temperature during the charge cycle. Timing of the charge can be crucial as the controller needs to establish whether letting the battery cool after driving, then heating to charge during cheaper hours is more cost effective than charging during peak hours directly after a drive cycle while the battery is still warm.

The methods used to accomplish the primary objective also help for the secondary objective by ensuring the correct battery operating temperature window during charging. During the storage phase of the vehicle, the controller can monitor the battery temperature and forecast to ensure an appropriate temperature. By controlling the temperature and charging cycles this way, battery ageing should be reduced due to the direct correlation between temperature and SEI growth.
Intersection Signal Control Based on Speed Guidance and Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Lu Gaohui , Zhan Zhenfei , Rehman Hamza , Chen Xiatong , He Xin
Published: April 2023

As a crucial part of the intelligent transportation system, traffic signal control will realize the boundary control of the traffic area, it will also lead to delays and excessive fuel consumption when the vehicle is driving at the intersection. To tackle this challenge, this research provides an optimized control framework based on reinforcement learning method and speed guidance strategy for the connected vehicle network. Prior to entering an intersection, vehicles are focused on in a specific speed guidance area, and important factors like uniform speed, acceleration, deceleration, and parking are optimized. Conclusion, derived from deep reinforcement learning algorithm, the summation of the length of the vehicle’s queue in front of the signal light and the sum of the number of brakes are used as the reward function, and the vehicle information at the intersection is collected in real time through the road detector on the road network. Finally, the proposed method is implemented through the SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility) simulation platform. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model by obtaining the space-time trajectory map of the vehicle before and after optimization, as well as the vehicle’s travel time and fuel consumption.
Fatigue Analysis of Automotive Components of Inhomogeneous Material under Variable-Amplitude Cyclic Loads
Authors: Yang Zane
Published: April 2023

Metal fatigue has been a topic interesting to engineers for long, because it has had a profound impact on making the design of virtually all products more reliable. As the research in this area evolved, the understanding of fatigue has been gained so tremendously that it has been become possible to conduct more and more complicated fatigue analysis or simulation without having to undergo lengthy fatigue tests for a product under design. In this work is a numerical model to predict the fatigue life of a power train component, whose metal material essentially behaves as being inhomogeneous due to a thin and hard surface layer on the top of the base material. As a typical case in the power train of automobiles, the clutch component is subject to the inertial load arising from an angular velocity as well as the torque loads, varying cyclically with time in a form other than what is called constant-amplitude. The strain or stress responses to the loads show that they depend not only on the loading history, but also on the status in the clutch engagement. As the loads have caused the component to exceed the yield somewhere in the metal structure, strain-life approaches are employed to compute the number of cycles to failure. A commonly-used linear damage cumulative summation, known as Miner’s Rule, is applied to assess the fatigue damage fraction. Through the results from the fatigue simulation, it will be demonstrated that the case-hardened surface has much less fatigue damage than the inner core. In other words, it is the core at the interface between the material zones that initiates a crack. Also, in the end of this paper, the effect of the depth of case-hardening on the fatigue life will be discussed.
Natural Fiber Base Composite Material Solution for Vibration Damping of ICE and Next-Generation Vehicle
Authors: Jawale Pradeep , Mache Ashok , Irabatti Vedant , Umate Akshay
Published: April 2023

Vibration control plays a critical role in conventional as well as next-generation vehicles. Construction of the vehicle, road conditions, and driving patterns are the major sources of the vibrations that cause discomfort to the passengers in the vehicle. Composite material is being looked at as an alternative material in the automotive sector due to its higher specific strength and good damping properties. In this research, the test specimen of steel plate used in automotive has been considered. The damping vibration test has been carried out on the test specimen by using the FFT analyzer to evaluate the natural frequency and damping. Thereafter, the hybrid composite material is developed with the natural fibers as reinforcement with steel plate to reduce the vibrations. The test specimens with different layers of damping materials have been prepared for this research. Jute, hemp, banana, and flax are used for the preparation of different composite materials. This research has been further extended to vehicle-level applications like tyre, which is a common source of vibration in vehicle. Significant vibration reduction has been achieved by using natural fiber base composite materials and with different layers.
Formability Analysis of Aluminum-Aluminum and AA5182/Polypropylene/AA5182 Laminates
Authors: Kella Caroline Karishma , Mallick Pankaj
Published: April 2023

Owing to their weight saving potential and improved flexural stiffness, metal-polymer-metal sandwich laminates are finding increasing applications in recent years. Increased use of such laminates for automotive body panels and structures requires not only a better understanding of their mechanical behavior, but also their formability characteristics. This study focuses on the formability of a metal–polymer-metal sandwich laminate that consists of AA5182 aluminum alloy as the outer skin layers and polypropylene (PP) as the inner core. The forming limit curves of Al/PP/Al sandwich laminates are determined using finite element simulations of Nakazima test specimens. The numerical model is validated by comparing the simulated results with published experimental results. Strain paths for different specimen widths are recorded. The variation of the forming limit curves with different thickness combinations of the outer skins and inner layer is determined to understand the effect of skin-to-core thickness ratio on the formability. Additionally, a comparison of the sandwich laminates with single aluminum sheets and aluminum-aluminum laminates of equivalent thickness is made to understand the advantage of the presence of the polymer core on the limit strains. Investigations are also made on layered aluminum laminates with varying friction between the two sheets to gain insight on the advantage of the presence of bonding between the layers in Al/Al laminates.
Scale-Resolved and Time-Averaged Simulations of the Flow over a NASCAR Cup Series Racecar
Authors: Misar Adit Sunil , Uddin Mesbah , Pandaleon Ted , Wilson Josh
Published: April 2023

In spite of growing popularity of scale resolved transient simulations, like the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES), among the mainstream automotive OEMs for the aerodynamic optimization of the production vehicles, Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations is still the most widely used Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach in motorsports. This is partially due to the usage-limitations imposed by the sanctioning bodies like, the FIA and NASCAR, restricting not only the hours of wind tunnel operation but also limiting the amount of CFD compute resource. This, coupled with speed requirements for aerodynamic development prevent the widespread use of scale-resolved modeling, such as Large Eddy Simulation (LES) or Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) methodologies that require an order of magnitude more computational resources. However, a number of investigations on the efficacy of turbulence modeling approaches using the Ahmed body and DrivAer showed that the hybrid turbulence modeling increases the accuracy of the numerical predictions of force coefficients and general flow field. However, such studies involving a NASCAR Cup racecar geometry is yet to be seen. This paper, thus, presents an investigation of the effectiveness of the Shear Stress Transport (SST) k-ω based Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) model for the prediction of the flow-fields around a Gen-6 NASCAR racecar. The IDDES simulations were validated against moving-ground, open-jet wind tunnel (Windshear) data using two ride-heights and two crosswind angles. The primary objectives of this study are, firstly to develop a framework for SST k-ω based IDDES simulation, and secondly, compare and contrast flow field predictions by the RANS and IDDES approaches. Additionally, a spectral analysis of all force and moment coefficients is presented to aid in the analyses presented in this study.
Modeling and Simulation Analysis of Electric Vehicle Battery Cooling System
Authors: Deng Bin , Yin Zhi , Shangguan Wen-Bin , Zhou Fu-Peng , Zheng Quanxin
Published: April 2023

A battery cooling system model of electric vehicle was established. The system model consists of a battery pack, a pump, a radiator, and a fan. A cooling plate was used to cool the battery pack, and the coolant flow rate in the cooling plate was controlled by the pump. The heat in the battery cooling system was released into the ambient air through the radiator. A finite element analysis model of the cooling plate was established to calculate the pressure drop of the cooling plate. A coupled dynamics model of the battery pack-radiator cooling system was established to simulate the temperature of the battery pack during charging and discharging. Tests were carried out to obtain the pressure drop of the cooling plate and the temperature of the battery pack under different working conditions. The simulation results and test results were compared and analyzed, and the accuracy of the models were verified. The effects of coolant flow rate and radiator wind speed on the liquid cooling process of the battery pack were analyzed.
Load Simulation of the Impact Road under Durability and Misuse Conditions
Authors: Zhou Shuai , Yu Huili , Zhu Caichao , Liu Huaiju
Published: April 2023

Road load data is an essential input to evaluate vehicle durability and strength performances. Typically, load case of pothole impact constitutes the major part in the development of structural durability. Meanwhile, misuse conditions like driving over a curb are also indispensable scenarios to complement impact strength of vehicle structures.

This paper presents a methodology of establishing Multi-body Dynamics (MBD) full vehicle model in Adams/Car to acquire the road load data for use in durability and strength analysis. Furthermore, load level between durability and misuse conditions of the same Impact road was also investigated to explore the impact due to different driving maneuvers.

Curved Regular Grid (CRG) road model established by the help of Mobile Road Scanning (MRS) system, Flexible Ring Tire (FTire) model verified by a virtual tire test rig, dynamic deflection-force bump stop model acquired by the drop test rig and Craig-Bampton flexible vehicle body model transformed from simplified FEA entity were integrated in Adams/Car to fulfill the road load simulation task. In order to check the accuracy, a real Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA) test was carried out by a SUV equipped with Six-axes Wheel Force Transducer (WFT) and certain acceleration sensors.

In both durability and misuse conditions, the simulation results are in good agreement with measured data, thus showing a good acceptance of the method. Compared to durability condition, most load levels are increased in misuse condition, but the ratio of increase is different. Wheel center longitudinal force shows a 5.4 times increase while the vertical has not even achieve 2 times. Vertical acceleration of wheel center shows a dramatic 4 times increase, but the amount of body comes to a more aggressive of 7.6 times.
Ground Impact Analysis of the Battery Pack Based on the Whole Vehicle Model
Authors: Zhang Rongrong , Duan Yuexing , Zhang Fengli , Liao Yangyang
Published: April 2023

The battery pack is usually mounted at the bottom of electric vehicles and the clearance between the battery pack and the ground is usually small, which makes the battery pack easily contact the uneven road and hard obstacles on the ground. The hard obstacles on the ground can hit and penetrate into the battery pack and the battery pack may cause fire accidents or failures due to the ground impact. To analyze the ground impact process of the battery pack from the view of the whole vehicle level, the coupling model of multi-rigid bodies and finite element model is built for the whole vehicle. Then the ground impact experiments with a production car are made and the simulation results and experiment results are compared. The result shows that the simulation results match well with the experiment results and the coupling model of the whole vehicle model is demonstrated. Finally, the impact processes of the whole vehicle in the ground impact condition are analyzed based on the demonstrated model, and the ground impact process of the battery pack is analyzed from the view of the whole vehicle level. The analysis of the impact process can guide the design of protective structures of the battery pack.
Optimal Damping Matching of Semi-Active Air Suspension Based on Vehicle Comfort and Handling
Authors: Zhu Qingxiao , Chen Zixuan , Yu Dong , Lao Zhenhai , Zhang Yunqing
Published: April 2023

Many vehicles have been equipped with air springs as elastic elements to get better performance in comfort, but absorbers may not work in an optimal state due to the variation of suspension stiffness. While the function of semi-active suspension is to enable the absorber damping to be adjusted according to different road roughness levels and to coordinate between comfort and handling. To solve the problem of matching the damping coefficient of variable stiffness suspensions represented by air springs, this paper proposed a method for calculating the optimal damping ratio of a semi-active suspension system in real-time with sprung mass acceleration and dynamic tire load to establish the objective function and suspension dynamic deflection as the constraint to reflect the unification of comfort and handling. The effectiveness of the proposed damping calculated method is validated by comparing it with classical methods including passive suspension and shy-hook control on straight roads with different road roughness.
Study on the Torque Distribution of Wheel-Track Hybrid Drive Vehicles during Pass Shoreline
Authors: Li Dengbo , Liu Hua , Zhang Kaidi , Zhang Yunqing
Published: April 2023

To study the torque distribution of track and tire in the wheel-track hybrid drive vehicle driving along the shoreline, an analysis model of wheel-track hybrid drive vehicle was established by using multi-body dynamics (MBD), discrete element (DEM), and shoreline pavement construction methods. The vehicle speed, acceleration, torque, vertical load, sinkage, slip, and other indicators when the vehicle passes the shoal at different wheel speed of rotation are analyzed. The relationships between wheel speed of rotation and slip, sinkage and slip, and vertical load and driving moment were studied, and the laws that the sinkage of tires and tracks is positively related to their slippage and the driving moment of wheels and tracks is positively related to their vertical load were obtained. The results show that: (1) The wheel-track hybrid vehicle can pass the specific shoal with subsidence of 330mm~350mm, and the ideal speed is about 5km/h~6km/h, which can be used to improve the shoal passing capacity of heavy trucks. (2) When the vertical load of the track is 25%~35%, the driving torque is close to the proportion of the tire, but the discontinuity of track movement leads to the fluctuation of driving torque more than that of the tire.
Assessing Driver Distraction: Enhancements of the ISO 26022 Lane Change Task to Make its Difficulty Adjustable
Authors: Zheng Hongxiao , Hu Fengyuan , Green Paul
Published: April 2023

The Lane Change Task (LCT) provides a simple, scorable simulation of driving, and serves as a primary task in studies of driver distraction. It is widely accepted, but somewhat limited in functionality, a problem this project partially overcomes.

In the Lane Change Task, subjects drive along a road with 3 lanes in the same direction. Periodically, signs appear, indicating in which of the 3 lanes the subject should drive, which changes from sign to sign. The software is plug-and-play for a current Windows computer with a Logitech steering/pedal assembly, even though the software was written 18 years ago. For each timestamp in a trial, the software records the steering wheel angle, speed, and x and y coordinates of the subject.

A limitation of the LCT is that few characteristics of this useful software can be readily modified as only the executable code is available (on the ISO 26022 website), not the source code. Therefore, a combination of vJoy, FreePIE, and Python scripts was used to add alterable levels of noise to the steering and accelerator pedal signals, simulating variable crosswinds and headwinds/tailwinds, thereby allowing task difficulty to be adjustable. These modifications made the LCT software much more useful for human factors research and evaluations.

In addition, to support future applications, baseline mean lateral deviation data from the intended path from several example studies are provided as well as data on the effects of age and various vehicle-related (e.g., navigation system use) and abstract reference tasks (e.g., Sternberg memory task).
A Novel Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with High Strength Soft Magnetic Composite Powders as Stator-Rotor Material for Electric Vehicle Application
Authors: B Vidhya , Shroff Roopesh , Sabnis Avdhut
Published: April 2023

This paper presents the design of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous motor (IPMSM) using Soft Magnetic Composite (SMC) material for Electric Vehicle (EV) applications. In EV, the electric motor is characterized by high power density, high torque, low weight and cost efficient. The high torque, high power to weight ratio and high mechanical strength Synchronous Motor along with the SMC structures will make it suitable candidate for such an EV application. With this focus the new SMC material Somaloy 3P is proposed as a motor core material. The SMC material is made up of iron powder particle coated with an electrically insulated layer which gives a unique 3D flux property. This material provides low eddy current losses because of high material resistance. The benefits of Somaloy 3P material for design of electric motor are compact, high performance, weight reduction and cost efficient. The impacts of Soft magnetic composite in IPMSM have been investigated through Electromagnetic Finite Element Analysis (FEA) static and dynamic characterization with purpose of reducing the iron loss and weight and cost of the motor. Electromagnetic field study is carried out to characterize and compare key advantages of Somaloy 3P material with the conventional silicon steel material. This research may provide guidance for the future prototype.
Visualisation of Roof Bar Noise Sources through the Use of Acoustic Beamforming and Computational Aeroacoustics
Authors: Smith Oliver , Oettle Nicholas
Published: April 2023

The reduction in wind noise is increasingly important to vehicle designers as overall vehicle refinement increases. Customers often fit accessories such as roof bars to vehicles, with the aerodynamic interaction of these components generating aeroacoustic noise sources. These are often tonal in nature and of particular annoyance to occupants. Sensors for automated driving fitted to future vehicles may also have a similar detrimental effect on vehicle refinement. Therefore, careful design of such components is important to minimise dissatisfaction. This paper presents the combined application of acoustic beamforming in a full-scale aeroacoustic wind tunnel and the use of a Lattice Boltzmann Method CFD code to characterise the aeroacoustic performance of a roof bar design when fitted to a production vehicle. The use of large microphone arrays within a wind tunnel allows the visualisation of noise sources generated by the flow over a vehicle, with correlation techniques utilised to identify those sources most relevant to occupants. The use of a validated CFD code allows further visualisation of the noise sources virtually, with additional benefits when used in advance of prototype parts being available. A series-production vehicle and roof bar paring were assessed, before deliberately inducing several aeroacoustic error states that may occur during roof bar development. These were analysed using visualisation techniques in both wind tunnel and CFD simulation. A range of aeroacoustic sources were identified, including tonal sources due to vortex shedding and acoustic resonance, as well as broadband sources from the interaction of the roof bars and mountings with flow structures formed over the vehicle. The paper concludes by highlighting key considerations when designing low-noise roof bars.
Influence of Roof Sensor System on Aerodynamics and Aero-Noise of Intelligent Vehicle
Authors: Li Zhuoming , Li Qiliang , Shao Yu , Yang Yanruiqi
Published: April 2023

The roof sensor system is an indispensable part of intelligent vehicles to observe the environment, however, it deteriorates the aerodynamic and noise performance of the vehicle. In this paper, large eddy simulation and the acoustic perturbation equation are combined to simulate the flow and sound fields of the intelligent vehicle. Firstly, test and simulation differences of aerodynamic drag and pressure coefficients on the roof and rear of the intelligent vehicle without roof sensor system are discussed. It is found that the difference in aerodynamic drag coefficient is 5.5%, and the pressure coefficients’ differences at 21 out of 24 measurement points are less than 0.05. On this basis, under the influence of the sensor system, the aerodynamic drag coefficient of the intelligent vehicle is increased by 23.4%. The incoming airflow hits the sensor system on the front, the flow separation occurs behind it and the streamlined car body is significantly disrupted, which are the main reasons of the extra pressure drag. The roof sensor system also greatly increases the local pressure fluctuation and near-field sound. When the whole vehicle is chosen as the noise source, compared with the original vehicle without the sensor system, the total pressure levels of the windshield and rear window are increased by 4.6dB and 10.0dB, and the total sound pressure levels are increased by 2.0dB and 1.8dB, respectively. The acoustic pressure levels on the windshield and rear window are increased in middle and high frequency bands. In addition, although the sensor system does not significantly increase the total static pressure levels of the side windows, it increases the total sound pressure levels of the front and rear side window, and the sound energy increases in low and middle frequency bands.
Challenges and Opportunities of Future Vehicle Diagnostics in Software-Defined Vehicles
Authors: Bickelhaupt Sandra , Hahn Michael , Nuding Nikolai , Morozov Andrey , Weyrich Michael
Published: April 2023

The automotive industry changes rapidly. New players, concepts, and technologies from the Information Technology (IT) domain enter the market and software receives a high priority. Inside the vehicle, the number of components, which consist mostly of software, are increasing and more and more software-based functions are offered. In addition, High Performance Computers (HPCs) are continuing to be integrated into vehicles. These aspects lead to several challenges with current vehicle diagnostics, but also enable new opportunities in that field. However, in the specific area of vehicle diagnostics, there exists only very limited literature that considers current challenges and new possibilities for future vehicle diagnostics. Some literature deals with the general automotive system design or shows results from about five years ago. The viewpoints of an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) are not included there. This paper presents results from an expert survey in order to identify what challenges and new opportunities are currently affecting vehicle diagnostics in the year 2022. The survey was conducted within the publicly-funded project Software-Defined Car (SofDCar), which is funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action. The survey shows the ongoing state of the vehicle diagnostics in the industry as well as needs and ideas from the perspective of diagnostics experts. In addition, the survey results are compared with respective statements from the academic, scientific area to decrease the gap between the industry and research communities. Therefore, aspects for possible future work in the field of vehicle diagnostics can be identified. Based on that, goals beyond the survey are to think about how a concept for HPC diagnostics could look like and how it might influences an approach for future vehicle diagnostics.
Intersection Traffic Safety Evaluation Using Potential Energy Filed Method
Authors: Wu Biao , Zhu Xichan , Ma Zhixiong , Zhou Xiaojun
Published: April 2023

The intersection is recognized as the most dangerous area because of the restricted road structures and indeterminate traffic regulations. Therefore, according to the Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), and Digital Twin data, we present a potential energy field method to establish the general characteristics of intersection traffic safety, evaluate the safety situation of intersection and assist intersection traffic participants in passing through the intersection safer and more efficient. The resulting potential energy field method is established by the contour line of traffic participants' potential energy, which is constructed as a superposition of disparate energies, such as boundary potential energy, body potential energy, and velocity potential energy. The intersection traffic safety is evaluated by the potential energy field characteristic of simultaneous intersection traffic participants. The correctness and effectiveness of the intersection potential energy field method are verified under virtual simulation of real intersection traffic data.
Peening Media, General Requirements
Authors:   AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Published: April 2023

This specification and its detail slash specifications cover the requirements for media to be used in controlled shot peening of metal parts.
Transport Airplane Fuel System Lightning Protection
Authors:   AE-2 Lightning Committee
Published: April 2023

This document is intended to be a user’s manual to AC 25.954-1 on acceptable means of compliance for applicants with regards to § 25.954 at Amendment 25-146 and to encourage a consistent approach to be applied across industry. This document is also intended to be a user’s manual to AMC 25.954 on acceptable means of compliance for applicants with regards to EASA CS 25.954 at Amendment 26. The FAA Advisory Circular (AC) and the EASA Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) documents appear to provide equivalent guidance, using identical wording in most sections.

Applicants should coordinate with their certifying authority to ensure that their proposed approach is acceptable, and the means of compliance and compliance data planned are sufficient for certification. It is recommended that the applicant verify that use of the guidance in this document is acceptable to their certifying authority. Further recommendations regarding coordination with the certification authority are provided throughout this ARP.

The section numbering and titles of this document have been structured to match the main section numbers in AC 25.954-1 to allow the user to easily find the supplemental guidance for each individual section relative to the corresponding section of the AC. One exception was necessary; SAE requires that Section 2 of ARP be “References,” whereas FAA uses Section 2 for “Applicability” (with respect to the AC itself). Guidance regarding “Applicability” of the FAA regulation and associated AC is located in 3.1.

The section numbering and formatting of the EASA document, AMC 25.954, is different than the AC and this ARP (ED), because the AMC has fewer major sections than the AC, however, the subsection numbering is similar. Where generic reference in this ARP (ED) to the AC and AMC is provided, both document numbers are generally shown. Where specific sections of the AC are referred to, the AMC number and applicable section are omitted; however, it appears to the writers of this document that the regulatory guidance from both the FAA and EASA is equivalent.
Radca prawny a ustawa o ochronie osób zgłaszających naruszenia prawa
Authors: Wybrańczyk Daniela , Górecki Jacek
Published: April 2023

Attorney-at-law and the act on the protection of persons who report breaches of the law

The article presents the legal situation of an attorney-at-law against the background of the draft of the act on the protection of persons who report breaches of law with particular emphasis on the rules of professional ethics applicable to attorneys-at-law. The admissibility of an attorney-at-law as a whistleblower was settled. Amongst other issues, it was addressed whether an attorney-at-law can report on behalf of an employee (based on a power of attorney) a violation of the law committed by another attorney-at-law and whether they can also make such a report on their behalf.
Orzekanie nawiązki w prawie wykroczeń
Authors: Kluza Jan
Published: April 2023

Adjudication of the punitive damages in the law on petty offenses

The article presents the issues related to the institution of punitive damages operating under the Polish Code of Petty Offenses. Measures provided by the law on petty offenses, as a part of the broadly understood criminal law, should be interpreted in an analogous way in both of these codifications. However, as a result of changes to the Polish Penal Code introduced in 2015, there are clear differences between the punitive damages provided for in the Polish Code of Petty Offenses and the punitive damages adjudicated under the Polish Penal Code. In this respect, it is necessary to postulate that appropriate changes should be made by the legislator.
Influence of the rainfall and temperature oscillation on air quality in Kathmandu valley: The wavelet analysis
Authors: Gautam S. P. , Silwal A. , Baral B. , Subedi S. , Lamichhane N. , Chapagain N. P. , Adhikari B.
Published: April 2023

In this study, wavelet analysis and traditional cross-correlation analysis (TCA) have been employed to explore the temporal characteristics of the Air Quality Index (AQI) (PM2.5) and its relationships with meteorological factors, air temperature, and rainfall in the capital city of Nepal, Kathmandu, during 2017 - 2020. The temporal variation of monthly averaged (AQI) (PM2.5) revealed that the air quality was unhealthy in winter, improved in summer, and subsequently became unhealthy again in autumn and spring. We also noticed that the lowest AQI (PM2.5) was recorded in 2020, which is due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. By analyzing the time-frequency relationship of (AQI) (PM2.5) with air temperature and rainfall, using Cross Wavelet Transform (XWT), we observed the interannual, seasonal, and monthly common periodicity between them. The coherency of XWT is then tested by using Wavelet Transform Coherence (WTC), which showed a negative correlation of AQI (PM2.5) with rainfall and air temperature, while an anomaly was seen among AQI (PM2.5) and temperature as they were positively associated for a few months in 2017, 2018, and 2020. Moreover, the results of cross-correlation and multiresolution analysis (MRA) are consistent with wavelet analysis, indicating the driving effect of air temperature and rainfall on (AQI) (PM2.5).
Resenha do CORTINA, A. Aporofobia, a aversão ao pobre: um desafio para a democracia. São Paulo: Editora Contracorrente: 2020, 213 p.
Authors: Batista João Paulo Santos , Ribeiro Jocenilson
Published: April 2023

O presente trabalho trata-se de uma resenha sobre o livro Aporofobia, a aversão ao pobre: um desafio para a democracia (2020), de autoria da filosofa espanhola Adela Cortina. Com o intuito de discutir questões acerca da fobia social contra a população desfavorecida economicamente e o uso dos discursos de ódio contra o sujeito pauperizado e afetado por aspectos excludentes diante de uma sociedade que teoricamente deveria fornecer direitos igualitários, mas que na prática continua a fomentar um sistema de extrema desigualdade. A resenha se propõe a expor características da rejeição ou repulsa ao pobre e suas conexões com outros problemas de ordem social como a xenofobia, o racismo e a desigualdade econômica. Além disso, a filósofa reflete sobre hipóteses práticas que mudariam a percepção social sobre a humanidade enquanto um único grupo, discutindo soluções desde as que remetem ao campo educacional até as do campo cientifico e por fim o texto concerne ao leitor reflexões sobre o estado de pobreza.
Linguística Interacional
Authors: Nascimento Thiago Da Cunha , Barth-Weingarten Dagmar
Published: April 2023

O presente capítulo fornece um esboço da Linguística Interacional e sua relevância à Linguística Aplicada. Inclui-se nisso uma pesquisa acerca da emergência da Linguística Interacional, seus conceitos básicos e instrumentos metodológicos, perguntas de pesquisa e desafios futuros da  Linguística Interacional, bem como sua contribuição à Linguística Aplicada. O capítulo termina com uma bibliografia de trabalhos citados e referências relevantes.