bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testicular cytology in azoospermia
Authors: Verma Anand Kumar , Basu Debdatta , Jayaram Gita
Published: February 2007

Two hundred‐seventy‐five azoospermic mates were subjected to fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytologic study of testis with the aim of determining the cause of azoospermia; 534 aspirates from these patients were classified as follows: normal spermatogenesis (162), hypospermatogenesis (mild, moderate, or severe, 226), absence of spermatogenesis (130), maturation arrest (36), Sertoli‐cell‐only syndrome (14), and Leydig‐cell hyperplasia (3). The morphology of cells was excellent in the cytologic preparations and various spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells were easily recognized. Leydig cells were uncommonly seen, except in cases of Leydig‐cell hyperplasia. Degenerative changes, possibly due to obstruction, were seen in 104 cases. The procedure was well tolerated by the patients. We conclude that FNA cytology is a useful investigative modality in the evaluation of azoospermic males.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma: A morphologic and immunocytochemical study of 15 cases
Authors: Auger Manon , Katz Ruth L. , Sella Avishay , Ordóñez Nelson G. , Lawrence David D. , Ro Jae Y.
Published: February 2007

Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma (SRCC), which accounts for 5% of all renal cell carcinomas (RCC), has a worse prognosis than conventional nonsarcomatoid RCC. making accurate diagnosis important. This study reports on the morphologic and immunocytochemical features of 15 cases of SRCC (9 primary tumors and 6 metastases) diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy. All but three cases showed a dimorphic cell population consisting of varying proportions of a high‐grade epithelial component, either clear or granular‐cell type and a spindle cell (sarcomatoid) component, of either fibrosarcomatous, malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), or unclassified types. The sarcomatoid component in the biphasic and monophasic tumors stained positively for cytokeratin in 12 of 14 (85%) cases, for vimentin in 10 of 11 (91 %) cases, and for muscle‐specific action in 4 of 11 (36%) cases. Of note, the three cases that demonstrated a purely sarcomatoid morphology stained positively for cytokeratin. Unlike in studies performed on surgically resected specimens, neither the proportion of the sarcomatoid component nor the presence of necrosis had prognostic significance, the discrepancy most likely being related to the sampling. We conclude that SRCC, both primary and metastatic, can be accurately diagnosed by FNA when cytologic features are evaluated in conjunction with immunocytochemical findings.
Crystalloids in a cystic lesion of parotid salivary gland: Diagnosis by fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Jayaram Gita , Khurana Nita , Basu Sabita
Published: February 2007

Crystalline structures measuring < 800 pm in length, were found in smears of a fine‐needle aspirate of a cystic lesion in a parotid salivary gland. Numerous neutrophil leukocytes were also present, intimately mixed with the crystalloids. The lesion was re‐aspirated and the cyst completely evacuated, with no recurrence after a 6‐month follow up.
Sialadenosis of the parotid gland: Report of four cases diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Ascoli Valeria , Albedi Fiorella Malchiodi , De Blasiis Rosa , Nardi Francesco
Published: February 2007

Four patients presented with a history of recurrent bilateral swellings of parotid glands. Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) specimens showed highly cellular smears containing clusters of enlarged acini and numerous naked nuclei. A diagnosis consistent with sialadenosis was made considering the distinct morphologic appearance: micrometric measurements in all cases, in addition to histology and electron microscopy in two cases confirmed this hypothesis. A review of clinical histories revealed hormonal, nutritional and neurogenic disorders, which are known to be associated with sialadenosis. In the work‐up of salivary gland swellings, it is important to recognize cytologicaliy this underestimated entity, which does not necessarily require surgical treatment.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of breast masses in pregnant and lactating women and its impact on management
Authors: Gupta Raj K. , McHutchison Andrew G. R. , Dowle Carl S , Simpson John S.
Published: February 2007

We reviewed our experience with 9.726 cases of fine‐needle aspiration cytology of the breast that were done from January 1983 to February 1992. During our review, we found that 214 aspirates had been submitted from pregnant and lactating women for the investigation of breast mass(es). Despite a variable clinical presentation and spectrum of cytologic findings, we considered the application of aspiration cytology in these women as useful as in the nonpregnant‐nonlactating women for management decision. A team approach between the clinician and cytopathologist was always maintained; with this approach, the false‐positive or ‐negative diagnoses were reduced to almost nil. In all cases in which the cytodiagnosis of carcinoma of breast was made, the findings corresponded with subsequent cell blocks from the aspirate and tissue examination. Benign lesions were diagnosed cytogically with minimal difficulty, and all aspirates that were less than optimal for cytodiagnosis were repeated to minimize the chance of missing an abnormality. All the benign lesions were followed throughout pregnancy, postpartum, and thereafter; if the mass persisted, the aspiration was repeated. With this protocol of follow‐up, the need for a customary liberal surgical biopsy was reduced to a minimum.
Diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of fine‐needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of clinically primary bone lesions
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Armstrong Kevin , Zaleski Sue , Eckardt Jeffrey
Published: February 2007

Optimal treatment of primary bone sarcomas requires minimal disturbance of the tumor prior to preoperative radiation and chemotherapy. Currently, carefully planned incisional or cutting needle biopsies are the favored methods for procurement of specimens. Recently, fine‐needle aspiration has gained favor as the initial diagnostic procedure at some centers. We investigated the diagnostic accuracy and the effects of errors in diagnosis and of complications on the patient's course in a series of 101 patients presenting with lesions clinically believed to have arisen in bone. We found that 29% of aspirates were insufficient for the diagnosis; 41% of aspirates yielded a correct diagnosis that had a significant favorable impact on the patient's course, while 20% of aspirates gave a correct diagnosis that did not significantly influence therapy. In 7% of cases, the aspirates were associated with an incorrect diagnosis that negatively influenced therapy, and in an additional 3% of cases an incorrect diagnosis was obtained that had no impact on patient outcome. No complications were encountered in this series of patients.
Intranuclear inclusions in pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland: A case report
Authors: Murty D. Anuradha , Sodhani Pushpa
Published: February 2007

On reviewing extensive literature on intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions, one finds that the entity is almost synonymous with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. But over the years, normal tissue aspirates as well as aspirates from many benign and malignant tumors have revealed the presence of these vacuoles. As more and more aspirations of cervical region are being done, it is becoming evident that intranuclear vacuoles are of decreasing specificity for papillary carcinoma of thyroid. This case is probably the first case report of intranuclear vacuoles from a pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland and is being reported here for this unusual finding.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of primary large‐cell lymphoma of the mediastinum: Cytomorphologic Findings With Potential Pitfalls in Diagnosis
Authors: Silverman Jan F. , Raab Stephen S. , Park H. Kim , Katz Ruth L.
Published: February 2007

We report the fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytomorphologic features of six cases of primary mediastinal large‐cell lymphoma with sclerosis. The series consisted of three men and three women with a median age of 36 yr. All the patients presented with a large anterior or superior mediastinal mass with no evidence of peripheral lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly. Two of the cases showed typical findings of lymphoma, characterized by hypercellular specimens with numerous individually scattered markedly atypical lymphoid cells present, demonstrating nuclear irregularity with the presence of nucleoli and surrounding scant to slight amount of cytoplasm. Numerous lymphoglandular bodies were seen in the background. Both cases were correctly diagnosed as representing non‐Hodgkin's large‐cell lymphomas. Two other cases had slight cellularity with the presence of a few scattered atypical lymphoid cells. Although a definite diagnosis was not rendered in either case, the possibility of malignant lymphoma was considered. Two other cases consisted predominantly of microtissue fragments with some associated scattered individual atypical cells. Within the microtissue fragments, the cells were distorted with a tendency to elongate and spindle in a prominent fibrous matrix. Our experience demonstrates that FNA cytology of primary mediastinal diffuse large cell lymphoma with sclerosis can be challenging, with a potential for a false‐negative diagnosis due to limited cellularity secondary to the sclerosis or a misdiagnosis as a spindle cell neoplasm due to distortion of these cells by the fibrous matrix. To the best of our knowledge, we believe this is the first FNA series of primary mediastinal diffuse large cell lymphoma with sclerosis.
Ameloblastoma of the mandible: Diagnosis by fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Radhika S. , Nijhawan R. , Das A. , Dey P.
Published: February 2007

The fine needle aspiration cytologic findings of 3 cases of histologically proven ameloblastoma of the mandible are described. Tightly packed clusters of basaloid epithelial cells with palisading are a characteristic feature, Squamous differentiation was noted in all cases but was marked in one case seen as larger cells with central nucleus and abundant cytoplasm showing keratohyaline granules and whorls. A careful examination of the centrifuged sediment is important when fluid is aspirated as it may reveal a few characteristic clusters enabling a cytodiagnosis when supplemented by radiologic findings.
Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn
Authors: Walker William P. , Smith Richard J. H. , Cohen Michael B.
Published: February 2007

This report provides the first description of the fine‐needle aspiration biopsy findings in a case of subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn. While initial interpretation of the aspirate smears was suspicious for a neoplastic process, subsequent incisional biopsy confirmed the benign nature of the lesion. Review of the cytologic material revealed rare, negatively stained, needle‐shaped crystals within histiocytes and multinucleate giant cells. In the appropriate clinical setting, and given a mixture of lymphocytes, histiocytes, and multinucleate giant cells in the aspirate smears, we believe the finding of negatively stained needle‐shaped crystals can strongly suggest the diagnosis of subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn.
Fine‐needle aspiration diagnosis of intra‐thoracic and intra‐abdominal lesions: Review of experience in the pediatric age group
Authors: Das Dilip K. , Pant Chandra S. , Rath Bimbadhar , Parkash Suraj , James Thankamma , Sodhani Pushpa
Published: February 2007

Review of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) smears from 121 pediatric patients with intra‐thoracic and intra‐abdominal lesions revealed 42 (34.7%) cases of neoplasms, 35 (28.9%) cases of tuberculosis, 12 (9,9%) cases of non‐tuberculous inflammations, 4 (3.3%) cases of benign cystic lesions, and 28 (23.1%) inadequate/inconclusive cases. The age of the patients ranged from 20 days to 18 yr. Ultrasound and/or CT study done in 105 cases localized the lesions in following common sites: lungs (19 cases), mediastinum (22 cases), liver (14 cases), intestines (11 cases), and lymph nodes (17 cases). The neoplastic lesions consisted of 39 malignant, one suspicious, and two benign neoplasms. Among the neoplasms, the small round cell tumors were the most frequent (27 cases), followed by germ cell tumors (eight cases) and miscellaneous neoplasms (seven cases). The common small round cell tumors were non‐Hodgkins lymphoma (eight cases), hepatoblastoma (seven cases), neuroblastoma (five cases), and nephroblastoma (three cases). A combined clinical, imaging, and FNA cytology approach was found to be useful in arriving at a tissue diagnosis.
Preliminary evaluation of cyto‐rich: An improved automated cytology preparation
Authors: Geyer James W. , Hancock Frank , Carrico Charles , Kirkpatrick Marilyn , Linder James
Published: February 2007

A new cervical cytology monolayer preparation system called Cyto‐Rich was evaluated. Using samples from 557 patients, Cyto‐Rich monolayers were compared to matched conventional smears. After conventional smears were prepared and spray fixed, residual exfoliated cells were transferred to preservative fluid. The cell suspensions were gently disaggregated and the epithelial component enriched with gradient centrifugal sedimentation. The batched samples were then placed on the Cyto‐Rich work station where slides are automatically prepared and stained. The results demonstrate that Cyto‐Rich prepared monolayers are vastly superior to the conventional smears for cell presentation. While the study showed 99% overall concordance, Cyto‐Rich improved the detection of low‐grade cervical intraepithelial lesions.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of idiopathic pancreatic islet cell adenosis
Authors: Gala Indira , Atkinson Barbara F. , Nicosia Roberto F. , Hermann George A.
Published: February 2007

A 68‐yr‐old woman was hospitalized because of abdominal pain, an enlarged pancreatic head by CT, and a questionable 4‐cm mass in the liver. Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of the pancreatic head disclosed a highly cellular specimen consisting of clusters of cytologically bland, monotonous, small nuclei and variable but generally sparse cytoplasm. Because of the differentiated monomorphic character of the cell clusters, the postaspiration differential cytopathologic diagnosis included islet cell tumor, acinic cell tumor, carcinoid. lymphoma, and well differentiated ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreaticoduodenectomy and hepatic biopsy yielded a grossly normal pancreas and a cirrhotic liver. Histologic examination of the pancreas revealed a spotty but extensive spectrum of islet changes ranging from normal to bland hyperplasia, nesidioblastosis, microadenosis, and neuroendocrine microadenomas, all appearing in a light and electron microscopic context of an otherwise normal pancreas. This case highlights the differential diagnostic ambiguities presented by a continuum of pancreatic islet cell proliferations, especially among patients in whom there are no known predisposing factors for such diffuse preneoplastic or neoplastic changes.
Fine‐needle aspiration of intra‐abdominal desmoplastic small cell tumor
Authors: Caraway Nancy P. , Fanning Christina V. , Amato Robert J. , Ordóñez Nelson G. , Katz Ruth L.
Published: February 2007

The cytologic features of four cases of histologically confirmed intra‐abdominal desmoplastic small cell tumor (DSCT) that occurred in males between 18‐27 yr of age are presented. Smears showed small cells with scant cytoplasm which were primarily arranged in loosely cohesive clusters. Nuclei were oval to round with evenly distributed, finely granular chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli. As is typical of DSCT, the cells strongly expressed keratin and desmin in all cases. In the one case studied by electron microscopy, it was demonstrated that the cells were joined by small junctions and contained paranuclear aggregates of intermediate filaments. The absence of the characteristic desmoplastic stroma in DSCT aspirates and the nonspecific cytologic features of this small round‐cell tumor (SRCT) made cytologic interpretation difficult. Cytopathologists should be aware of this entity so that DSCT is included in the differential diagnosis of SRCTs that occur in intra‐abdominal sites. A panel of markers that includes keratin and desmin should be used to assist in the identification of DSCT.
Preoperative cytodiagnosis of primitive carcinoid tumor of the wirsung duct: A case report with immunocytochemical study
Authors: dei Tos Angelo P. , Laurino Licia , de Boni Michele , Doglioni Claudio
Published: February 2007

A case of primitive carcinoid tumor of the Wirsung duct detected by fiberoptic guided brushing cytology is reported. The authors describe the main cytomorphologic characteristics and underline the role of immunocytochemistry in helping to reach a reliable preoperative diagnosis.
Incidence and distribution of opportunistic lung infections in aids patients related to intravenous drug use: A study of bronchoalveolar lavage cytology by the diff‐quik stain
Authors: Kyriazis Andreas P. , Kyriazis Aikaterini A.
Published: February 2007

The present study was undertaken in order to determine the incidence and distribution of opportunistic lung infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome related to intravenous drug use. One hundred ninety seven patients of both sexes were investigated. Based on bronchoalveolar lavage cytology, a total of 156 (79%) patients were found to harbor opportunistic lung infections by the Diff‐Quik staining procedure. Seventy‐nine percent of the males and 80% of the females were positive. Pneumocystis carinii was the most common of the opportunistic infections accounting for 83% of the positive cases. Cryptococcus. Candida sp., and Aspergillus sp. were also identified in a small number of patients. Cytomegalovirus was not detected in any of the cases under study. There were no sex‐related differences in the distribution of the various infectious agents, males and females being equally affected.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of silicone granulomas in the augmented breast
Authors: Dodd Leslie G. , Sneige Nour , Reece Gregory P. , Fornage Bruno
Published: February 2007

We studied 12 aspirates from 10 patients who underwent diagnostic fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of an augmented or reconstructed breast. Six patients were augmented with silicone gel‐filled implants and four patients had silicone liquid injections. FNAC indications included a painful or suspicious mass. Excisional biopsy was performed in six cases after FNAC. The findings of eight cases included modestly cellular smears composed of loosely cohesive histiocytes containing vacuoles of various sizes. Multinucleated foreign body giant cells, fragments of dense, amorphous fibrous tissue, and fibroblast nuclei stripped of cytoplasm were also present Two patients showed a mixture of inflammatory cells characteristic of intramammary lymph nodes or lymphoid aggregates. We conclude that silicone granulomas of the breast show a characteristic set of findings on FNAC which enable a cytopathologist to render a specific diagnosis given an appropriate history of breast augmentation. Diagn Cytopathol 1993;9:498‐502. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of a method for cryogenic storage of cytological specimens
Authors: Shield P. W. , Halford J. A. , Goulden R.
Published: February 2007

A technique for long‐term storage of cytological specimens at — 70°C was evaluated with a range of nongynaecological cytology specimens. The effects of frozen storage on the cellularity, morphology, ultrastructure, and reactivity to cytochemical and immunochemical stains were investigated. These parameters were compared in preparations made from specimens processed conventionally and after frozen storage.

No significant deterioration in the quality of subsequent preparations was apparent after storage. The method is technically simple and has proven successful for storing a range of specimens, including serous effusions, urine samples, and fine‐needle aspirates. This technique allows storage of material until initial microscopic evaluation is complete. If required, the relevant adjuvant procedure, such as cell blocking, may then be carried out using the stored material. Wastage of cytological material on unnecessary preparations is minimised, and material may be stored over years for research or confirmation procedures.
Intraoperative cytology in breast cancer diagnosis: Comparison between cytologic and frozen section techniques
Authors: De Rosa G. , Boschi R. , Boscaino A. , Petrella G. , Vetrani A. , Palombini L. , Pettinato G.
Published: February 2007

The diagnostic accuracy of frozen section (FS) examination and intraoperative cytology (IOC) has been compared in two different series of breast biopsies in which only one of the two methods has been used. The intraoperative results have been compared with the final histological diagnoses. Five‐hundred‐ten cases have been investigated by using FS only, and 407 by means of IOC. The two series were comparable because they included the same pathologies; moreover we have subdivided each series into four groups of pathologies to better evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of two methods.

The total diagnostic accuracy of FS has been 93.13% vs. 95.‐33% of IOC The value of diagnostic accuracy of FS and IOC in the four sub‐groups substantially overlapped; there was only a little difference in the group of “various lesions” in which the diagnostic accuracy of IOC was higher. No false positive has been observed in IOC. FS have produced one false positive (0.19%), whereas false negatives have amounted to 1.77% for IOC and to 1.72% for FS. Deferred diagnoses have been 2.95% in IOC and 4.90% in FS examination. For both methods according to Galen and Gambino the following values have been calculated: sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, and predictive value. By comparing the data, the value of the cytological examination in the intraoperative diagnoses results is evident mainly when the latter is coupled with the gross observation.

Causes of diagnostic errors clearly overlap both in IOC and in FS: (1) lesions with a fibroadenomatous appearance can involve an overdiagnosis or an underdiagnosis; (2) low‐grade lesions like tubular carcinomas or in situ lobular carcinomas can be interpreted as benign; (3) the differential diagnosis of intraductal lesions may be very difficult, and a conservative approach is the best choice; and (4) infiltrating lobular carcinoma may be neglected both in FS and IOC.

The few disadvantages of the cytologic method are offset by its low cost, the wider sampling, the possibility of sparing tissue for further investigations (such as steroid receptors, cellular kinetic, electron microscopy, and other biological studies) proved more useful in prognostic evaluation of breast cancer.
Cytodiagnosis of pseudomyxoma peritonei in cases suspected of ovarian tumours
Authors: Gupta Raj K. , Naran Sarla
Published: February 2007

The cytologic features in four cases of pseudomyxoma peritonei are described in ascitic fluid specimens which were received from female patients suspected of ovarian masses. The findings in the fluid included cells of mesothelial origin and spindle‐shaped fibroblasts with a significant amount of background mucin. This was confirmed by mucicarmine and Alcian blue stains. A cytologic diagnosis of pseudomyxoma peritonei was possible in all four cases. The above findings were further substantiated since mucinous ovarian neoplasms were found in all the cases.
Medulloblastoma metastatic to breast, diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Baliga Mithra , Holmquist Nelson D. , Espinoza Carmen G.
Published: February 2007

The extracranial spread of a primary intracranial tumor is an infrequent occurrence. The most common metastatic sites in order of frequency are bone, lymph nodes, and soft tissue. Analysis of the literature uncovered only two case reports of medulloblastoma that had metastasized to the breast. Both of these cases were diagnosed by open surgical biopsies. We present a case of medullo‐blastoma metastatic to the breast which was diagnosed by fineneedle aspiration biopsy. This diagnosis was subsequently confirmed by a tru‐cut surgical biopsy and was further supported by immunohistochemical studies. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration diagnosis of a vulvar papillary hidradenoma: A case report
Authors: Rollins Susan D.
Published: February 2007

Papillary hidradenoma of the vulva, also know as hidradenoma papilliferum, is an uncommon lesion which occurs in post‐pubertal women. Review of the literature yielded no fine‐needle aspiration reports of the cytologic features of vulvar papillary hidradenoma. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytologic evaluation of tumors of the orbit and ocular adnexa: An analysis of 84 cases studied by the “squash technique”
Authors: Font Ramon L. , Laucirica Rodolfo , Ramzy Ibrahim
Published: February 2007

The cytologic features of 84 ophthalmic lesions were evaluated using the squash technique at the time of frozen section. Of the 84 lesions, 55 were located in the orbit, 17 in the lacrimal gland, and 12 in the ocular adnexa. Lymphoid lesions comprised most of the cases (n=47). In this group, 34 cases were malignant lymphomas and 13 were lymphoid hyperplasias. Inflammatory/granulomatous lesions and mesenchymal tumors comprised eight cases each. Epithelial neoplasms of the soft tissues of the orbit, lacrimal gland and eyelid constituted 12 cases, of which eight were malignant and four were benign. A total of nine cases were due to neurogenic tumors, neuroendocrine neoplasms, and melanocytic tumors.

The squash technique provides a means to evaluate the architectural and cytologic details of ophthalmic lesions, without the intrinsic problem of frozen section artifact. We believe that the squash technique is a simple, quick, and useful method for the diagnosis of orbital/adnexal lesions. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ductal adenoma of the breast: The cytological features of six cases
Authors: Jensen Marianne Lidang , Johansen Preben , Noer Hanne , Sørensen Inge Marie
Published: February 2007

Ductal adenoma of the breast may simulate malignancy by both clinical, histological, and cytological examination. Fine‐needle aspirations from breast lesions are now daily routine and preoperative recognition of this benign lesion is desirable. This study describes the cytologic features of six additional cases of ductal adenoma. The smears from all the lesions were highly cellular with epithelial cells in sheets. Numerous large fragments of purple stroma in tight connection with epithelial cells often making finger‐like hyaline structures or globules between cells were seen. Naked oval nuclei in the background were observed in all cases indicating benignancy.

We find the cytologic picture in fine‐needle aspirations from ductal adenomas sufficiently characteristic for preoperative diagnosis. The differential diagnoses toward other benign and malignant conditions are discussed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chondroid syringoma diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration: A case report
Authors: Gottschalk‐Sabag Shoshana , Glick Tzipporah
Published: February 2007

We describe a case of an 82‐yr‐old woman presenting with a thyroid nodule and axillary mass thought to be a metastasis. Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) revealed the axillary nodule to be a chondroid syringoma. We report here the cytologic features of chondroid syringoma and recommend the use of FNA in the evaluation of cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions in general. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficacy of the cytobrush method in aged patients
Authors: Koike Noboru , Kasamatsu Takahiro
Published: February 2007

To evaluate the efficacy of the Cytobrush method in aged patients, a comparative study between the Cytobrush smears and cotton swab smears from the uterine cervix was performed. Consecutive 319 cotton swab smears of the endocervix were attempted on aged patients (60‐98 yr, average 77.5 yr) from 1987 to 1988 (A group). Subsequently 391 endocervical smears were attempted by the Cytobrush on aged patients (60‐100 yr, average 76.9 yr) from 1988 to 1990 (B group). The Cytobrush method was more effective in the following two points: (1) The rate of insert‐impossible case in B group (7.2%) was lower than A group (12.5%). (2) The rate of case containing endocervical columnar cells increased in B group (64.7%) compared with A group (47.7%). In contrast, benign epithelial fragments (BFs) were observed in 6.8% of A, in 28.4% of B group. In smears positive for squamous cancer, malignant epithelial fragments (MFs) were noted in 24.5% of A, and 55.1% of B group. Consequently, the differential diagnosis of MFs from BFs is of more importance on the Cytobrush smears of aged patients. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Jack fruit lectin‐specific glycoconjugate expression during the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A study on exfoliated cells
Authors: Pillai K. Raveendran , Remani P. , Kannan S. , Mathew Aleyamma , Sujathan K. , Vijayakumar T. , Nair M. Krishnan
Published: February 2007

The expression of glycoconjugates specific to Jack fruit lectin (JFL) was studied in the exfoliated squamous cells of different grades of intraepithelial and invasive neoplasia of the uterine cervix. It was observed that while normal cells showed almost negative binding, the lectin binding percentage of squamous cells signficantly increased with increasing atypia of the epithelium. Correlation analysis between different groups revealed that mild lectin binding in cells had a negative correlation and intense binding had a positive correlation with various stages of tumor progression. These results indicate that the number of cells with aberrant expression of glycoconjugates increases as neoplastic transformation advances. The percentage of labeled and unlabeled cells also shows a continuous transition from low to severe grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive carcinomas. The present study therefore shows that JFL may be used as a probe for further elaboration of detection and grading of precancerous and cancerous lesions of the uterine cervix. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metastatic adamantinoma diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of the lung
Authors: Perez‐Ordonez Bayardo , Bedard Yvan C.
Published: February 2007

We report two cases of metastatic adamantinoma to the lung diagnosed by FNAB. The cytologic appearance of the smears of each case was homogenous, containing small round and spindle cells with indistinct cytoplasm. The nuclei had delicate nuclear membranes, with finely dispersed chromatin and occasional micronucleoli. No pleomorphism was noted. Immunocytochemistry exhibited positive staining for keratin and vimentin. EM examination revealed numerous tonofilaments and well formed desmosomes. The cytologic diagnosis of metastatic adamantinoma can be made with the knowledge of a previous history of adamantinoma of bone, the comparison of the metastatic tumor with the original bone tumor, and the awareness of the long latency of the metastases. Immunocytochemistry and EM are needed to substantiate the diagnosis. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration of pancreatic extramedullary plasmacytoma: Possible confusion with islet cell tumor
Authors: Dodd Leslie G. , Evans Douglas B. , Symmans Fraser , Katz Ruth L.
Published: February 2007

We report two cases of extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) of the pancreas, diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA). Plasmacytoma of the pancreas is a rare neoplasm with only 12 cases recorded in the literature. Because of its scarcity and the cytomorphologic similarity between plasma cells and endocrine cells, EMP of the pancreas may be confused with neuroendocrine (islet cell) tumors of the pancreas. Immunohistochemical staining for light chain and/or neuroendocrine markers will prevent diagnostic error when interpreting plasmacytoid neoplasms of any site susceptible to endocrine tumors, including the pancreas. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of cystic ovarian lesions
Authors: Wojcik Eva M. , Selvaggi Suzanne M.
Published: February 2007

A 4‐year study (January 1986 through December 1990) was performed to evaluate the cytomorphologic features of cystic ovarian lesions. Fluid from 103 cases was obtained either during surgical removal of the ovary (48 cases; mean age 50 years) or by fine needle aspiration (55 cases; mean age 32 years). Of the 48 cystic lesions with histologic correlation, 30 (62.5%) were neoplastic and 18 (37.5%) were non‐neoplastic. Ten (18%) of the 55 aspirates were unsatisfactory. The remaining 45 cases (82%) were benign, predominantly non‐neoplastic entities which included follicle, corpora luteal, and endometriotic cysts. Neoplastic cystic lesions included serous, mucinous, and Brenner tumors, germ cell neoplasms, a sex cord‐stromal tumor, and an undifferentiated carcinoma. Follicle and corpora luteal cysts were composed of loose cell clusters of granulosa cells and/or luteinized granulosa cells. Endometriotic cysts contained hemosiderin‐laden macro‐phages and endometrial cells. Serous and mucinous cystadenomas were composed of cohesive sheets and/or papillary clusters of epithelial cells. A cystic Brenner tumor showed sheets of cells with grooved nuclei, and a benign cystic teratoma contained mature squamous cells admixed with vacuolated cells of presumed sebaceous origin. Although the distinction between benign and malignant entities posed few diagnostic difficulties, borderline tumors could not be distinguished from well‐differentiated cystadenocarcinomas. The results of this study indicate that the majority of cystic ovarian lesions can be diagnosed accurately on cytology. Cytologic evaluation of non‐neoplastic ovarian cysts is important for women who want to retain their fertility and in the clinical management of women with neoplastic lesions. Diagn Cytopathol 1994; 11:9–14. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Ki‐67 antigen, estrogen receptor protein, and tumor suppressor p53 gene in cytologic samples of breast cancer: An immunochemical study with clinical, pathobiological, and histologic correlations
Authors: Pelosi Giuseppe , Bresaola Enrica , Rodella Stefania , Manfrin Erminia , Piubello Quirino , Schiavon Ivana , Lannucci Antonio
Published: February 2007

Sixty‐six unselected breast cancers were analyzed in cytologic smears and histologic sections for the expression of Ki‐67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). estrogen receptor protein (ERP), and p53 protein using a standard immunochemical method. The results, expressed as both positive cases and labelling index (LI), were compared with clinical and pathobiological variables. Ki‐67 and PCNA immunostaining was seen in all cases, whereas ERP was detectable in 46/63 cases and p53 protein in 20/66 cases. The expression of these markers was generally lower in cytology than in histology, though the differences were not statistically significant. PCNA‐LI and Ki‐67‐LI were closely correlated (P < 0.001), the mean PCNA:Ki‐67 ratio being 0.92 ± 0.57. Occasional discrepancies, however, were found. PCNA and Ki‐67 expression was associated with an increase in histologic grade and a decrease in ERP content of tumors, whereas p53 was statistically associated with no clinical or pathobiological variables. The data suggest that proliferative activity and oncogene overexpression may be reliably evaluated in breast cancer by FNA cytology, though PCNA is not a suitable indicator for cell proliferation. The results do not resolve the issue as to whether immunostaining for p53 protein constitutes a dedifferentiation product of the tumor, or is a fundamental aspect of the malignant progression. Survival studies in a larger series of tumors are thus needed to elucidate this point. Diagn Cytopathol 1994; 11:131–140. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration: A case report with clinical, cytological, and immunophenotypic features
Authors: Basu Debdatta , Kumar Surinder , Shome Durjoy K. , Chauhan Susheela
Published: February 2007

A case study of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma in a 40‐yr‐old Indian male is presented. Prominent clinical features consisted of large skin tumours, lymphidenopathy, and a rapidly progressive course of development. Aspiration smears from tumours, lymph nodes, and bone marrow showed pleomorphic Sezary cells and lymphoid blasts. The neoplastic cells stained positively with anti‐HLA DR, CD1, and CD2 antibodies and showed lack of T‐cell subset antigens CD4 and CD8. Numerous proliferating cells were identified with 56% of bone marrow cells and 57% of cells in the dermis staining positively with Ki‐67 and PC10 antibodies, respectively. This case is reported in view of its uncommon features. Diagn Cytopathol 1994;11:174–177. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Markers for metastatic adenocarcinoma in serous effusion specimens
Authors: Shield P. W. , Callan J. J. , Devine P. L.
Published: February 2007

A variety of stains have been proposed as useful adjuncts to the morphologic diagnosis of serous effusion specimens. This study evaluates the sensitivity and specificity of nine stains for the detection of metastatic adenocarcinoma in effusions.

Mucin cytochemistry with the Periodic acid‐Schiff reaction after diastase digestion (PASd) and the mucicarmine method, as well as immunochemical staining for five glycoprotein antigens, was undertaken on 153 effusion specimens with histological and/ or clinically confirmed diagnoses. Immunochemical stains included three antibodies to CEA (Dako polyclonal, 4E7 and A5 B7) and antibodies to HEA (Ber‐EP4), TAG 72 (B 72.3), CD15 (LeuMl) and Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) were evaluated.

The sensitivity of the stains for adenocarcinoma (102 cases) was: PASd 37%; mucicarmine 24%; polyclonal anti‐CEA 69%; 4E7 52%; A5B7 21%; EMA 91%; B72.3 44%; Ber‐EP4 32%; LeuMl 24%. With the exception of EMA, none of the stains reacted with any cases of benign mesothelial cells (11 cases), reactive mesothelial cells (34 cases), or with six cases of mesothelioma. However, EMA staining was present in two cases (6%) of reactive mesothelial cells and all cases of mesothelioma. The optimal combination of stains for use in a panel was polyclonal anti‐CEA/B72.3/PASd. Combined results from these three stains yielded a sensitivity of 83% for adenocarcinoma with no false positive results. It is concluded that special staining may provide valuable information to assist in the classification of difficult effusion cases. Diagn Cytopathol 1994;ll:237–245. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma in liver diagnosis by aspiration cytology
Authors: Gomez‐Fernandez Carmen , Kraemer H. John , Ganjei Parvin
Published: February 2007

A case of metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) to the liver of a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) Type IIb was suggested by percutaneous fine‐needle aspiration cytology and confirmed by histology and immunohistochemistry. The cytologic presentation of this unusual thyroid cancer in liver has not been previously reported. We report such a case and discuss its differential diagnosis from other metastatic tumors of the liver. Diagn Cytopathol 1994; 11:277–280. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrasonically guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of portal vein thrombosis: A cytomorphological study of 14 patients
Authors: Adeyanju Moses O. , Dodd Gerald D. , Madariaga Juan R. , Dekker Andrew
Published: February 2007

Portal vein tumor thrombosis is an important and consistent prognostic indicator in hepatocellular carcinoma. We reviewed 14 cases of ultrasonically guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the portal vein. All the patients had clinical evidence of portal vein thrombosis (PVT). Twelve of these patients had a preliminary diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma while the remaining two, initially, had a clinical diagnosis of end‐stage liver disease. The mean age of the patients was 60 years. An average of 1.7 passes per case was made. No clinical complications were encountered. The cytomorphologic features of the aspirated materials were reviewed. Twelve of the 14 cases (85.7%) were judged neoplastic or thought to have probable neoplastic involvement of the portal vein while two were clearly benign. The cell block was found to be the most useful in diagnosis. We conclude that FNAB of the portal vein is a feasible method in evaluating PVT, especially in patients already known to have hepatocellular carcinoma. Diagn Cytopathol 1994; 11:281–285. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of hepatic leiomyosarcoma
Authors: Smith Michael B. , Silverman Jan F. , Raab Stephen S. , Towell Brian D. , Geisinger Kim R.
Published: February 2007

Hepatic leiomyosarcoma is a rare malignancy to involve the liver, occurring as a primary liver sarcoma in patients without an underlying medical disorder, as a metastatic malignancy, and with increasing incidence, as a primary tumor in AIDS patients. A series of hepatic leiomyosarcomas diagnosed by FNA biopsy, including the first reported case in an adult AIDS patient, were reviewed with respect to cytomorphologic features. The series consisted of five men and two women ranging from 24 to 72 years of age. One case was a primary hepatic lesion in a 24‐yr‐old man with AIDS and six were metastatic from a number of sites (stomach, small bowel, retroperitoneum, vena cava, and seminal vesicle). Two cytologic patterns were identified. Aspirates of spindle‐cell leiomyosarcomas (six cases) generally produced hypocellular smears composed primarily of small irregular clusters of cells with blunt‐ended, uniform, overlapping nuclei. The differential diagnosis included benign reactive processes and other benign and malignant spindle‐cell neoplasms. The aspirate of an epithelioid leiomyosarcoma (one case) revealed a second pattern characterized by highly cellular smears with many single polygonal cells having eccentric, malignant nuclei and a characteristic clear quality to the cytoplasm in Papanicolaou‐stained material. This epithelial appearance generated a differential diagnosis that included hepatocellular carcinoma, metastatic carcinoma, and melanoma. Careful integration of clinical information, cytomorphologic features, and ancillary studies will allow specific FNA diagnosis of hepatic leiomyosarcoma in most cases. Diagn Cytopathol 1994;11:321–327. © 1994 wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lacrimal gland lymphoma: A cytomorphologic and immunophenotypic study
Authors: Brian Jeffrey P. , Cartwright David , Atwater Susan K. , Char Devron H. , Miller Theodore R.
Published: February 2007

The cytomorphology of lacrimal gland lymphoma has not been specifically described. Herein we present six cases of histologically proven lacrimal gland lymphoma which we analyzed using fine‐needle aspiration cytology, cell suspension immunophenotype analysis, and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement studies. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology revealed atypical populations of cells comprised of either monomorphic small round lymphocytes with or without plasmacytoid features (4 cases), a mixed population of small and large irregular lymphocytes (1 case), or a population of large irregular lymphocytes (1 case). the initial cytologic diagnosis was malignant lymphoma in all six cases. Cell suspension immunophenotype analysis demonstrated that the lesions were composed predominantly of B‐cells that expressed monotypic surface immunoglobulin. Three cases demonstrated an immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement. the atypical cytologic features and the abnormal immunophenotype were consistently predictive of malignant lymphoma. Given that these lesions are small and biopsy material is often limited, fine‐needle aspiration offers the advantage of providing tissue that is ideal for cytologic and cell suspension immunophenotype evaluation, obviating the need to provide surgical biopsy material for this purpose. We conclude that fine‐needle aspiration can identify malignant lymphoid lesions of the lacrimal gland and may serve as a valuable adjunct in the assessment of these lesions. Additional study is warranted to determine whether fine‐needle aspiration can reliably distinguish between benign and malignant lymphoid proliferations of the lacrimal gland. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth fraction in non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas and reactive lymphadenitis determined by ki‐67 monoclonal antibody in fine‐needle aspirates
Authors: Linder James , Skoog Lambert , Tani Edneia , Svedmyr Erik , Johansson Bo
Published: February 2007

The fraction of proliferation cells was analysed in fine needle aspirates from a series of 448 non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas and 199 reactive hyperplasias using an immunoperoxidase staining with monoclonal antibody Ki‐67. There was a good correlation between proliferation fraction and cytologic assignment to high and low grade lymphomas. Thus high grade lymphomas had a high median percentage of Ki‐67 positive cells with a figure of 82.1 for lymphoblastic, 60.0 for immunoblastic, and 59.7 for centroblastic lymphomas. For low grade lymphomas the figures were 17.1 and 11.1 percent for centroblastic/centrocytic and CLL/immunocytoma, respectively. the fraction of proliferation cells in reactive lymphadenitis varied between 1–50% with a median of 11.5%. Analysis of Ki‐67 positivity can accordingly not be used to differentiate benign from neoplastic proliferations. Within all lymphoma subgroups but lymphoblastic lymphoma, there was a marked variation in fraction of Ki‐67 positive cells, which resulted in a certain overlap between high and low grade lymphomas. the results show that cells procured through fine‐needle aspiration can be used to analyse the fraction of proliferating cells which contributes information about the growth rate of the individual tumours that can not be obtained through cytologic classification. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenomyoepithelioma of the breast: Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy and histologic findings
Authors: Niemann Theodore H. , Benda Jo Ann , Cohen Michael B.
Published: February 2007

Adenomyoepithelioma is an uncommon tumor of the breast which clinically presents as a discrete nodule and histologically is composed of lumenal spaces lined by a mixture of epithelial and myoepithelial cells. It has a spectrum of histologic appearances which are gradually gaining wider recognition. There are, however, only a few descriptions of the fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) findings in adenomyoepithelioma. We report the FNAB and histologic features of a mammary adenomyoepithelioma which contained a prominent epithelial component including a focus of marked epithelial atypia. This expands the spectrum of FNAB findings which have been reported in adenomyoepithelioma. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neonatal adenovirus infection: A case report with in situ hybridization confirmation of ascending intrauterine infection
Authors: Montone Kathleen T. , Furth Emma E. , Pietra Giuseppe G. , Gupta Prabodh K.
Published: February 2007

Adenovirus infection is a rare, but serious infection, during the neonatal period. the actual mode of infection at birth is currently unknown, however several mechanisms have been proposed. We describe a case of fatal neonatal adenovirus pneumonia in a 25‐wk gestational age infant. Adenovirus was confirmed by electron microscopy and by in situ hybridization. the maternal cervical/endocervical smear taken prior to the delivery contained epithelial cells with changes suggestive of adenovirus, which was confirmed by in situ hybridization on the smear. These findings suggest that ascending viral infection is a factor in the pathogenesis of neonatal adenovirus infection. the identification and reporting of adenovirus may be important during pregnancy in order to avoid delay in delivery of the fetus once membranes have ruptured. © 1995 Willey‐ Liss, Inc.