bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mineralocorticoid receptor activation restores medial perforant path LTP in diabetic rats
Authors: Stranahan Alexis M. , Arumugam Thiruma V. , Lee Kim , Mattson Mark P.
Published: March 2010

In the hippocampus, glucocorticoids bind to two types of receptors: the mineralocorticoid receptor, which binds corticosterone with high affinity and is tonically occupied; and the glucocorticoid receptor, which is occupied during stress and at certain phases in the circadian cycle. Diabetes mellitus increases levels of glucocorticoids in both humans and animal models. To explore the contributions of hippocampal corticosteroid receptors to the diabetes‐induced suppression of neuroplasticity, we manipulated these receptors in hippocampal slices from streptozocin‐diabetic rats, a model of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. STZ‐diabetes reduced long‐term potentiation (LTP) at medial perforant path synapses in the dentate gyrus, and induced a bias in favor of long‐term depression following intermediate stimulation frequencies. Bath application of the mineralocorticoid receptor agonist aldosterone restored LTP in slices from diabetic animals. These results suggest additional mechanisms for diabetes‐induced functional alterations and support a restorative role for dentate gyrus mineralocorticoid receptors. Synapse 64:528–532, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Continuous dopaminergic stimulation by pramipexole is effective to treat early morning akinesia in animal models of Parkinson's disease: A pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic study using in vivo microdialysis in rats
Authors: Ferger Boris , Buck Kerstin , Shimasaki Makoto , Koros Eliza , Voehringer Patrizia , Buerger Erich
Published: March 2010

Short‐acting dopamine (DA) agonists are usually administered several times a day resulting in fluctuating plasma and brain levels. DA agonists providing continuous dopaminergic stimulation may achieve higher therapeutic benefit for example by alleviating nocturnal disturbances as well as early morning akinesia. In the present study continuous release (CR) of pramipexole (PPX) was maintained by subcutaneous implantation of Alzet® minipumps, whereas subcutaneous PPX injections were used to mimic PPX immediate release (IR) in male Wistar rats. In the catalepsy bar test, PPX‐CR (1 mg/kg/day) reversed the haloperidol‐induced motor impairment in the morning and over the whole observation period of 12h. In contrast, PPX‐IR (tid 1 mg/kg, pre‐treatment the day before) was not effective in the morning but catalepsy was reduced for 6 h after PPX‐IR (1 mg/kg) injection. In the reserpine model, early morning akinesia indicated by the first motor activity measurement in the morning was significantly reversed by PPX‐CR (2 mg/kg/day). Again, PPX‐IR (tid 0.3 mg/kg, pre‐treatment the day before) was not able to antagonise early morning akinesia. These results are in agreement with in vivo microdialysis measurements showing a continuous decrease of extracellular DA levels and a continuous PPX exposure in the PPX‐CR (1 mg/kg/day) group. In contrast, PPX‐IR (0.3 mg/kg) produced a transient decrease of extracellular DA levels over 6 h and showed maximum PPX levels 2 h after dosing which decreased over the following 6–8 h. The present study demonstrates that PPX‐CR may offer a higher therapeutic benefit than PPX‐IR on early morning akinesia and confirms earlier reports that PPX‐IR reverses motor impairment for several hours. Synapse 64:533–541, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification and evaluation of [11C]GSK931145 as a novel ligand for imaging the type 1 glycine transporter with positron emission tomography
Authors: Passchier J. , Gentile G. , Porter R. , Herdon H. , Salinas C. , Jakobsen S. , Audrain H. , Laruelle M. , Gunn R.N.
Published: March 2010

The type‐1 glycine transporter (GlyT1) is an important target for the development of new medications for schizophrenia. A specific and selective positron emission tomography (PET) GlyT1 ligand would facilitate drug development studies to determine whether a drug reaches this target and help establish suitable doses for clinical trials. This article describes the evaluation of three candidate GlyT1 PET radioligands (GSK931145, GSK565710, and GSK991022) selected from a library of compounds based on favorable physicochemical and pharmacological properties. Each candidate was successfully labeled using [11C]methyl iodide or [11C]methyl triflate and administered to a pig pre‐ and postadministration with a pharmacological dose of a GlyT1 inhibitor to determine their suitability as PET ligands in the porcine brain in vivo. All three candidate ligands were analyzed quantitatively with compartment analyses employing a plasma input function. [11C]GSK931145 showed good brain penetration and a heterogeneous distribution in agreement with reported GlyT1 localization. Following pretreatment with GSK565710, uptake of [11C]GSK931145 was reduced to homogeneous levels. Although [11C]GSK565710 also showed good brain penetration and a heterogeneous distribution, the apparent level of specific binding was reduced compared to [11C]GSK931145. In contrast, [11C]GSK991022 showed a much lower brain penetration and resultant signal following pretreatment with GSK565710. Based on these findings [11C]GSK931145 was identified as the most promising ligand for imaging GlyT1 in the porcine brain, possessing good brain penetration, specific signal, and reversible kinetics. [11C]GSK931145 is now being progressed into higher species. Synapse 64:542–549, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genotoxicity of tetracycline as an emerging pollutant on root meristem cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Xie Xiujie , Zhou Qixing , Bao Qiuhua , He Zhangchun , Bao Yanyu
Published: March 2010

Increasing attention has been paid to antibiotic contamination as an increasingly serious environmental issue. Tetracycline has been widely used for decades in human and veterinary medicines, with incremental residues in the environment and adverse influences on living organisms. In the present study, the genetic toxicity of tetracycline was investigated using a bioassay method with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root‐meristem cells at a concentration range of 0.25–300 mg L−1 and exposure times of 24, 48, and 72 h. The results indicated that tetracycline at lower concentrations (0.25–1 mg L−1) stimulated cell mitotic division, whereas at 50–300 mg L−1 concentration caused a concentration‐related decrease in mitotic index (MI). The lower tetracycline concentrations induced a slight increase in the frequency of micronucleus (MN), chromosomal aberration (CA), and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in wheat root tips. However, there were significant increases in these indices at higher concentrations in concentration‐ and time‐dependent manners, including the frequencies of MN (25–200 mg L−1), CA (10–200 mg L−1), and SCE (5–200 mg L−1), respectively. The inducement of MN, CA, and SCE decreased at 250 and 300 mg L−1 due to acute cell toxicity for all tested times. Comparatively, SCE was the most sensitive, followed by CA, with MN the least sensitive to the genotoxicity of tetracycline in wheat. These results imply that tetracycline may be genotoxic to plant cells, and exposure to tetracycline may pose a genotoxic risk to living organisms. The results also suggest that the wheat bioassay was efficient, simple, and reproducible in monitoring the genotoxicity of tetracycline in the environment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.
The apoptotic effect of oral administration of microcystin‐RR on mice liver
Authors: Huang Pu , Zheng Qun , Xu Li‐Hong
Published: March 2010

Microcystin produced by cyanobacteria in diverse water systems is a potent hepatotoxin that has been documented to induce hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury. There are more than eighty reported microcystins. The present work aimed at investigating the apoptotic effect of MC‐RR (a common member of microcystin family), and its related mechanism. MC‐RR was administered orally to ICR mice for 7 days with different dosages. Apoptotic cell death in liver was detected by TUNEL assay, and the expression levels of Bcl‐2, Bax and p53, GRP 78 and CHOP which have been reported to be related to apoptosis and ER stress were determined via western‐blot. The activity of PP2A was measured using the serine‐threonine phosphatase assay system and PP2A A subunit expression at both transcription and protein levels was measured by RT‐PCR and western blot, respectively. A significant difference was observed on the number of TUNEL positive liver cells between the control and MC‐RR‐treated groups. The expression levels of Bcl‐2, Bax, p53, and GRP 78 in MC‐RR‐treated groups were altered significantly compared to the control, but no obvious alteration was found in CHOP expression. The PP2A activity and A subunit expression did not manifest any obvious change at both transcription and protein levels. The results indicated that oral exposure to MC‐RR can cause apoptosis as well as moderate ER stress in mice liver. The mitochondrial pathway via Bcl‐2 family members may contribute to the apoptosis. However, PP2A may not be involved in the regulation of apoptotic process under the current conditions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2010.
Effects of diazinon on antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation in the liver of Cyprinus carpio (L.)
Authors: Oruc Elif
Published: March 2010

Diazinon is a widely used organophosphorus pesticide in agriculture and environmental health, hence its adverse effects on nontarget animals, especially on fish is to be determined. The present study therefore aimed at detecting the biochemical changes caused by diazinon. To accomplish this aim, we studied the effects of sublethal concentrations (0.0036, 0.018, and 0.036 ppb) of diazinon on acetylcholine esterase activity, antioxidant enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation in the liver of Cyprinus carpio on days 5, 15, and 30 after the exposure. The results revealed that the antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase were induced by diazinon exposure. In addition, the highest catalytic activity of glutathione S‐transferase (GST) was obtained with 1‐chloro‐2, 4‐dinitrobenzene (CDNB). GST activity toward 1,2‐dichloro‐4‐nitrobenzene (DCNB) was also observed in the liver, yet it was relatively low as opposed to the other substrates tested. On the other hand, hepatic malondialdehyde level did not show any significant alteration except after the exposure on day 15. The exposure of low concentrations of diazinon to C. carpio can induce oxidative stress in liver; yet restoring susceptibility and adapting to oxidative stress are likely to occur when low level of oxidative stress is administered. Furthermore, no significant change was observed in hepatic lipid peroxidation after diazinon treatment indicating that liver tissue resisted to oxidative stress by enhancing their antioxidant mechanisms. The level of lipid peroxidation was assumed to be associated with the concentrations of diazinon and experimentation periods. The induction of glutathione S‐transferase and antioxidant enzyme activities were also assumed to have resulted from the defense against the toxicity of diazinon. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.
Local replacement for route recovery on a collaborative mobilead hocnetwork
Authors: Lin Jenn‐Wei , Chen Yi‐Ting
Published: March 2010

This paper presents an efficient route recovery approach for a collaborative mobilead hocnetwork (MANET). In the collaborative MANET, the movement of a node can be controlled by other nodes. Based on the property of the controllable movement, each active node (each node on a route) can be protected by its neighboring nodes. When the movement of an active node causes a link breakage on a route, its neighboring nodes compete with each other to move to the original location of the moving active node. Using the movements of neighboring nodes, the proposed approach can achieve route recovery without pre‐establishing or dynamically finding backup routes. The proposed approach also has much less recovery overhead than previous approaches because of the local recovery. Finally, we perform extensive simulations to compare the proposed approach with previous approaches. The simulation results show that the proposed approach has better recovery performance under dense and sparse MANET architectures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study on the influence of transmission errors on WLAN IEEE 802.11 MAC performance
Authors: Lopez‐Aguilera Elena , Casademont Jordi , Villegas Eduard Garcia
Published: March 2010

Since the advent of the first IEEE 802.11 standard for WLANs, several papers have been presented that evaluate the IEEE 802.11 DCF access method. In realistic WLAN environments frame errors usually occur due to non‐ideal channel conditions; in this way, papers including adverse transmission conditions in the evaluation have been published later in the literature. In this paper, we review existent analytical models that include the influence of transmission errors in IEEE 802.11 DCF performance. We modify current models and provide a more accurate analysis, thus allowing the evaluation in single rate and multi‐rate scenarios with stations subject to different link error conditions. Moreover, this paper exposes the unfairness problem that arises in IEEE 802.11 DCF networks with stations subject to different transmission conditions through analytical and simulation results. Stations are not able to distinguish collisions from failed transmissions due to link errors; both result in a missing ACK and, consequently, the transmitting stations apply the exponential backoff algorithm. This fact leads to a lower performance for stations in worse transmission conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An infrastructure for detecting and punishing malicious hosts using mobile agent watermarking
Authors: Esparza Oscar , Muñoz Jose L. , Tomàs‐Buliart Joan , Soriano Miguel
Published: March 2010

Mobile agents are software entities consisting of code, data, and state that can migrate autonomously from host to host executing their code. In such scenario there are some security issues that must be considered. In particular, this paper deals with the protection of mobile agents against manipulation attacks performed by the host, which is one of the main security issues to solve in mobile agent systems. This paper introduces an infrastructure for mobile agent watermarking (MAW). MAW is a lightweight approach that can efficiently detect manipulation attacks performed by potentially malicious hosts that might seek to subvert the normal agent operation. MAW is the first proposal in the literature that adapts software watermarks to verify the execution integrity of an agent. The second contribution of this paper is a technique to punish a malicious host that performed a manipulation attack by using a trusted third party (TTP) called host revocation authority (HoRA). A proof‐of‐concept has also been developed and we present some performance evaluation results that demonstrate the usability of the proposed mechanisms. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective capacity of a correlated Rayleigh fading channel
Authors: Wang Qing , Wu Dapeng , Fan Pingyi
Published: March 2010

The next generation wireless networks call for quality of service (QoS) support. The effective capacity (EC) proposed by Wu and Negi provides a powerful tool for the design of QoS provisioning mechanisms. In their previous work, Wu and Negi derived a formula for effective capacity of a Rayleigh fading channel with arbitrary Doppler spectrum. However, their paper did not provide simulation results to verify the accuracy of the EC formula derived in their paper. This is due to difficulty in simulating a Rayleigh fading channel with a Doppler spectrum of continuous frequency, required by the EC formula. To address this difficulty, we develop a verification methodology based on a new discrete‐frequency EC formula; different from the EC formula developed by Wu and Negi, our new discrete‐frequency EC formula can be used in practice. Through simulation, we verify that the EC formula developed by Wu and Negi is accurate. Furthermore, to facilitate the application of the EC theory to the design of practical QoS provisioning mechanisms in wireless networks, we propose a spectral‐estimation‐based algorithm to estimate the EC function, given channel measurements; we also analyze the effect of spectral estimation error on the accuracy of EC estimation. Simulation results show that our proposed spectral‐estimation‐based EC estimation algorithm is accurate, indicating the excellent practicality of our algorithm. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bacon, Diderot et l'ordre encyclopédique
Authors: Malherbe Michel
Published: March 2010

Diderot a emprunté l’ordre du Système figuré de l’Encyclopédie au De augmentis de Bacon. Sans vouloir établir le catalogue des similitudes et des différences entre les deux classifications, on essaie de saisir dans la référence affichée des Encyclopédistes à Bacon l’apport de ce dernier, quant à l’esprit même de l’entreprise des Lumières. Les Encyclopédistes se sont rapportés à Bacon, parce que celui-ci leur fournissait et la possibilité de légitimer le projet encyclopédique et le moyen de mesurer le progrès des connaissances dont l’Encyclopédie est le signe et, enfin, le principe même de l’arbre encyclopédique. On termine en analysant rapidement le sens de l’inversion opérée par Diderot dans la tripartition fondamentale des facultés humaines.
D'Alembert et la chaîne des science
Authors: de Gandt François
Published: March 2010

D’Alembert a plusieurs fois exprimé sa conviction qu’une chaîne unissait tous les êtres naturels. C’est un thème métaphysique traditionnel, qui revient à la mode vers 1750, et qui manifeste l’influence de Leibniz. S’agit-il d’une chaîne des êtres ou des sdences? D’Alembert s’inspire de Descartes dans la description de l’ordre du savoir.
Genèse de la classification des sciences d'Auguste Comte
Authors: Petit Annie
Published: March 2010

Comte présente souvent sa classification des sciences fort dogmatiquement. Nous étudions ici sa genèse à partir des oeuvres de jeunesse. Un double mouvement est analysé: d’une part, la présentation d’« états» successifs des connaissances est peu à peu promue en « loi »; d’autre part, dans ses énoncés de l’ordre des sciences positives, Comte, multipliant et affinant ses critères, finit par établir ce qu’il appelle son «échelle encyclopédique» et sa «hiérarchie des sciences». Nous montrons comment Comte fait se correspondre les opérateurs de distribution – théorie/pratique, général/particulier, fondamental/appliqué, abstrait/concret – et comment il les articule hiérarchiquement. Les enjeux de la classification comtienne sont aussi précisés: toujours liée au souci d’établir un plan d’éducation scientifique, elle l’est aussi à des visées socio-politiques générales car une bonne éducation scientifique est pour Comte la condition d’une régénération sociale.
Les rapports entre sciences et techniques dans l'organisation du savoir. Milieu XVIIIe-milieu XIXe siècle
Authors: Picon Antoine
Published: March 2010

La question des rapports entre sciences et techniques commence à se poser de manière nouvelle à partir de la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle. En même temps que se précisent des possibilités inédites d’application des sciences aux techniques, les élites éclairées, encyclopédistes, ingénieurs, Idéologues, réfléchissent à la place que doivent occuper les savoirs techniques au sein de l’organisation générale des connaissances. La réflexion s’approfondit au cours des premières décennies du XIXe siècle. Certains caressent le projet d’une science des techniques, d’une « technologie », qui permettrait d’ordonner la masse des savoirs et des savoir-faire. D’autres se contentent de grouper les techniques en fonction de leurs applications. Ce qui se fait jour en définitive au travers de ces différentes tentatives, c’est le statut moderne d’une technique omniprésente en même temps qu’elle échappe à toute mise en ordre globale.
La chimie: un statut toujours problématique dans la classification du savoir
Authors: Bensaude-Vincent Bernadette
Published: March 2010

La chimie conquiert le statut de science académique au cours du siècle des Lumières et jouit d’un très grand prestige intellectuel et social au XIXe siècle. Cette promotion se répercute-t-elle dans les classifications du savoir? En comparant deux textes consacrés à la philosophie de la chimie dans des ouvrages à vocation encyclopédique – l’article « Chymie » de l’Encyclopédie de Diderot rédigé en 1753 par G.-F. Venel et les leçons sur la chimie dans le Cours de philosophie positive d’Auguste Comte, rédigées en 1835 – cet article tente de montrer qu’en dépit de son prestige croissant, la chimie conserve un statut problématique dans la classification du savoir. Cette science qui sera souvent érigée en modèle de positivité joue cependant un rôle très mineur dans l’élaboration du positivisme comtien.
Classification des sciences et classification des plantes chez Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle
Authors: Drouin Jean-Marc
Published: March 2010

Dans la Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, dont la première édition date de 1813, Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle se propose d’expliquer et de fonder rationnellement la méthode naturelle de classification des plantes. Pour cela, il est amené à comparer les différentes méthodes existantes. Par ailleurs, dans l’introduction, il propose une classification générale des sciences. Dans les deux cas, on retrouve un même souci de justifier le statut scientifique de la botanique.
Naissance de la biologie et redistribution des savoir
Authors: Rey Roselyne
Published: March 2010

Le champ de l’histoire naturelle, longtemps descriptif et classificatoire, connaît tout au long du xmf siècle, un ensemble de transformations dues au développement croissant d’un point de vue physiologique sur les êtres vivants. Si, dans un premier temps, les disciplines traditionnelles (botanique, zoologie) voient des aspects particuliers se développer en leur sein (physique végétale, anatomie et physiologie comparées), la question se pose peu à peu de l’émergence d’une sdence du vivant, dépassant le clivage traditionnel des trois règnes, consciente de l’unité que représente le monde vivant par opposition au monde inorganique. L’apparition presque simultanée en Europe du terme biologie (Roze, Treviranus, Lamarck) ou de son substitut zoonomie (E. Darwin) ne constitue cependant qu’une naissance avortée, qui perturbe les classifications antérieures, sans aboutir immédiatement à la reconnaissance de la biologie comme discipline. L’objet de cet article est d’analyser les conditions conceptuelles qui permettent cette naissance, d’examiner les processus de redistribution des savoirs qu’elle entraîne et d’étudier les redéfinitions et les redécoupages qui s’opèrent dans les catégories utilisées dans les institutions académiques, les périodiques ou les dictionnaires.
Metabolic Markers Obtained by Microdialysis can Detect Secondary Intestinal Ischemia: An Experimental Study of Ischemia in Porcine Intestinal Segments
Authors: Birke‐Sorensen Hanne , Andersen Niels Trolle
Published: March 2010

Background

The free intestinal flap has become a recognized part of the surgical armamentarium for the reconstruction of the cervical esophagus and in the treatment of severe short bowel syndrome. However, the intestinal flap is difficult to monitor postoperatively and is susceptible to ischemia. Entire avoidance of neglected ischemia and false alarms require a monitoring system with sensitivity and specificity of 100%. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of microdialysis (MD) as a monitoring method for detecting ischemia in intestinal transplants.

Methods

In 12 pigs the entire small intestine was divided into three segments, each isolated on a vascular pedicle consisting of one artery and one vein. For metabolic monitoring of the intestinal segments, one CMA 63 MD catheter was placed in each segment in the mesentery just at the border of the intestinal wall. After 1 h of arterial ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion, the three intestinal segments in each pig were allocated to arterial ischemia, venous ischemia, or no ischemia. A total of 10 control segments, 10 segments with arterial ischemia, and nine segments with venous ischemia were provided for evaluation of metabolic changes.

Results

One hour of secondary ischemia induced considerable metabolic changes, with a decrease in the concentration of glucose (CGlucose) followed by an increase in the concentration of lactate (CLactate) as well as in the lactate:pyruvate (L/P) and lactate:glucose (L/G) ratios. The changes became even more pronounced after 1½ h when the L/P and L/G ratios had increased 9 and 30 times, respectively, in the ischemic segments and without overlap in values between the ischemic and the nonischemic segments. When using CGlucose < 0.2 mmol/l or L/G > 50 as cutoff levels for detection of ischemia, a sensitivity and a specificity of 100% could be achieved. An increase in CGlucose of more than 2 mmol/l, after the infusion of glucose, could be used as a challenge test to exclude ischemia.

Conclusions

A monitoring system based on the determination of the CGlucose and CLactate by using microdialysis can be used for positive differentiation between ischemic and nonischemic intestinal segments.
Management of the Retained Knife Blade
Authors: Sobnach Sanju , Nicol Andrew , Nathire Hassed , Kahn Delawir , Navsaria Pradeep
Published: March 2010

Background

The retained knife blade is an unusual and spectacular injury. The aim of this study was to review our experience with the management of such injuries.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of patients with retained knife blades treated at Groote Schuur Hospital Trauma Centre from January 1996 to December 2007 was undertaken.

Results

Thirty‐three patients with retained knife blades were identified. Site of wound entry was the thorax in 13 patients (40%), the neck and back in 7 patients (21%) each, upper and lower extremities in 4 (12%), and the face and abdomen in 1 patient (3%) each. Thirty patients (91%) were hemodynamically stable on admission; two (6%) presented with wound abscesses, and one patient (3%) with active bleeding required emergency surgery. All 33 blades were extracted after clinical and radiological assessment. Simple withdrawal of the blade was possible in 19 cases (58%) and the likelihood of post‐extraction bleeding was only 5%. Thirteen patients (40%) required an open surgical approach through dissection of the entry wound, laparotomy, or thoracotomy. Video‐assisted thoracoscopic removal was used in one case. Retained thoracic blades were significantly associated with postoperative sepsis (P = 0.0054). There were no deaths.

Conclusions

All impacted knife injuries require careful clinical and radiological assessment. Simple withdrawal can be performed safely in the emergency room provided potential life‐threatening vascular and solid organ injuries have been excluded. There should be a low threshold for investigating and treating patients with retained intrathoracic blades for postoperative sepsis.
A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitochondrial fatty acid β‐oxidation
Authors: Houten Sander Michel , Wanders Ronald J. A.
Published: March 2010

Over the years, the mitochondrial fatty acid β‐oxidation (FAO) pathway has been characterised at the biochemical level as well as the molecular biological level. FAO plays a pivotal role in energy homoeostasis, but it competes with glucose as the primary oxidative substrate. The mechanisms behind this so‐called glucose–fatty acid cycle operate at the hormonal, transcriptional and biochemical levels. Inherited defects for most of the FAO enzymes have been identified and characterised and are currently included in neonatal screening programmes. Symptoms range from hypoketotic hypoglycaemia to skeletal and cardiac myopathies. The pathophysiology of these diseases is still not completely understood, hampering optimal treatment. Studies of patients and mouse models will contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis and will ultimately lead to better treatment.
Fatty Acyl‐CoA Reductase and Wax Synthase from Euglena gracilis in the Biosynthesis of Medium‐Chain Wax Esters
Authors: Teerawanichpan Prapapan , Qiu Xiao
Published: March 2010

Euglena gracilis, a unicellular phytoflagellate, can accumulate a large amount of medium‐chain wax esters under anaerobic growth conditions. Here we report the identification and characterization of two genes involved in the biosynthesis of wax esters in E. gracilis. The first gene encodes a fatty acyl‐CoA reductase (EgFAR) involved in the conversion of fatty acyl‐CoAs to fatty alcohols and the second gene codes for a wax synthase (EgWS) catalyzing esterification of fatty acyl‐CoAs and fatty alcohols, yielding wax esters. When expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), EgFAR converted myristic acid (14:0) and palmitic acid (16:0) to their corresponding alcohols (14:0Alc and 16:0Alc) with myristic acid as the preferred substrate. EgWS utilized a broad range of fatty acyl‐CoAs and fatty alcohols as substrates with the preference towards myristic acid and palmitoleyl alcohol. The wax biosynthetic pathway was reconstituted by co‐expressing EgFAR and EgWS in yeast. When myristic acid was fed to the yeast, myristyl myristate (14:0–14:0), myristyl palmitoleate (14:0–16:1), myristyl palmitate (14:0–16:0) and palmityl myristate (16:0–14:0) were produced. These results indicate EgFAR and EgWS are likely the two enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of medium‐chain wax esters in E. gracilis.
The Beatles: Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Authors: Moore Allan F.
Published: March 2010

Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967) represents the highpoint of the recording career of the Beatles. This is the first detailed study to be made of this or any other such album, and it demonstrates how serious discussion of popular music can be undertaken without failing either the approach or the music. Dr Moore considers each song individually, tying his analysis to the recorded performance on disc, rather than the printed music. He focuses on the musical quality of the songs and the interpretations offered by a range of commentators. He also describes the context in which the album was written - both within the career of the group itself and within the development of popular music globally, both before and since.
The Art and Thought of Heraclitus
Authors: Heraclitus
Published: March 2010

Behind the superficial obscurity of what fragments we have of Heraclitus' thought, Professor Kahn claims that it is possible to detect a systematic view of human existence, a theory of language which sees ambiguity as a device for the expression of multiple meaning, and a vision of human life and death within the larger order of nature. The fragments are presented here in a readable order; translation and commentary aim to make accessible the power and originality of a systematic thinker and a great master of artistic prose. The commentary locates Heraclitus within the tradition of early Greek thought, but stresses the importance of his ideas for topical theories of language, literature and philosophy.
Africa and the World Trade Organization
Authors: Mshomba Richard E.
Published: March 2010

Mshomba provides a systematic study of Africa as it relates to the World Trade Organization. He examines the WTO's enforcement mechanism; the WTO's broadened mandate, illustrated by the Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights; agriculture in the Doha Round; issues relating to transparency in government procurement; and the endeavor to streamline assistance to developing countries through an 'Aid for Trade' initiative. The author integrates theory and practice, with a clear presentation of important economic concepts. He provides a rigorous analysis of key issues and proposals. He presents African countries as having an important role to play in the WTO, especially as they actively engage in bargaining through various coalitions. Mshomba acknowledges that WTO negotiations will always be complex and at times contentious due to wide economic and political differences between countries. He views the differences, however, as creating opportunities for a mutually beneficial exchange of goods, services and ideas.
Effects of decontaminated fish oil or a fish and vegetable oil blend on persistent organic pollutant and fatty acid compositions in diet and flesh of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Sprague Matthew , Bendiksen Eldar Å. , Dick James R. , Strachan Fiona , Pratoomyot Jarunan , Berntssen Marc H. G. , Tocher Douglas R. , Bell John Gordon
Published: March 2010

The health benefits of seafood are well documented and based on the unique supply ofn-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). Aquaculture now contributes about 50 % of food-grade seafood globally and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a rich source ofn-3 HUFA. However, salmon and other oily fish can accumulate lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POP), including dioxins (PCDD/F), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), derived largely from feed. In the present study, triplicate groups of salmon, of initial weight 0·78 kg, were fed one of three experimental diets for 11 weeks. The diets were coated with either a northern fish oil (FO) with a high POP content (cNFO), the same oil that had been decontaminated (deNFO) or a blend of southern fish oil, rapeseed and soyabean oils (SFO/RO/SO). Dietary PCDD/F+dioxin-like PCB (DL-PCB) concentrations were 17·36, 0·45 and 0·53 ng toxic equivalents (TEQ)/kg, respectively. After 11 weeks, the flesh concentrations in fish fed the cNFO, deNFO and SFO/RO/SO diets were 6·42, 0·34 and 0·41 ng TEQ/kg, respectively. There were no differences in flesh EPA and DHA between fish fed the cNFO or deNFO diets although EPA and DHA were reduced by 50 and 30 %, respectively, in fish fed the SFO/RO/SO diet. Thus, decontaminated FO can be used to produce salmon high inn-3 HUFA and low in POP. Salmon produced using deNFO would be of high nutritional value and very low in POP and would utilise valuable fish oils that would otherwise be destroyed due to their high pollutant concentrations.
Relative efficacy of casein or soya protein combined with palm or safflower-seed oil on hyperuricaemia in rats
Authors: Lo Hui-Chen , Wang Yao-Horng , Chiou Hue-Ying , Lai Shan-Hu , Yang Yu
Published: March 2010

Diets that ameliorate the adverse effects of uric acid (UA) on renal damage deserve attention. The effects of casein or soya protein combined with palm or safflower-seed oil on various serum parameters and renal histology were investigated on hyperuricaemic rats. Male Wistar rats administered with oxonic acid and UA to induce hyperuricaemia were fed with casein or soya protein plus palm- or safflower-seed oil-supplemented diets. Normal rats and hyperuricaemic rats with or without allopurinol treatment (150 mg/l in drinking water) were fed with casein plus maize oil-supplemented diets. After 8 weeks, allopurinol treatment and soya protein plus safflower-seed oil-supplemented diet significantly decreased serum UA in hyperuricaemic rats (one-way ANOVA;P < 0·05). In addition, soya protein and casein attenuated hyperuricaemia-induced decreases in serum albumin and insulin, respectively (two-way ANOVA;P < 0·05). Safflower-seed oil significantly decreased serum TAG and UA, whereas palm oil significantly increased serum cholesterol, TAG, blood urea N and creatinine. However, soya protein significantly decreased renal NO and nitrotyrosine and palm oil significantly decreased renal nitrotyrosine, TNF-α and interferon-γ and increased renal transforming growth factor-β. Casein with safflower-seed oil significantly attenuated renal tubulointerstitial nephritis, crystals and fibrosis. Comparing caseinv.soya protein combined with palm or safflower-seed oil, the results support that casein with safflower-seed oil may be effective in attenuating hyperuricaemia-associated renal damage, while soya protein with safflower-seed oil may be beneficial in lowering serum UA and TAG.
Effect of diet, sex and age on fatty acid metabolism in broiler chickens:n-3 andn-6 PUFA
Authors: Poureslami R. , Raes K. , Turchini G. M. , Huyghebaert G. , De Smet S.
Published: March 2010

The PUFA metabolism in broiler chicken was studied through the whole body fatty acid balance method. Four dietary lipid sources (palm fat, Palm; soyabean oil, Soya; linseed oil, Lin; fish oil, Fish) were added at 3 % to a basal diet containing 5 % palm fat. Diets were fed to female and male birds from day 1 to either day 21 or day 42 of age. Birds fed the Lin diet showed a significantly higher 18 : 2n-6 accumulation compared with the other diets (85·2v.73·6 % of net intake), whereas diet did not affect 18 : 3n-3 accumulation (mean 63 % of net intake). Bioconversion of 18 : 2n-6 significantly decreased in the order Palm>Lin>Soya>Fish (4·7, 3·9, 3·4 and 1 % of net intake, respectively). The 18 : 3n-3 bioconversion on the Palm and Soya diets was similar and significantly higher than in broilers on the Lin diet (9·1v.5·8 % of net intake). The β-oxidation of 18 : 2n-6 was significantly lower on the Lin diet than on the other diets (10·8v.23·3 % of net intake), whereas β-oxidation of 18 : 3n-3 was significantly higher on the Fish diet than on the other diets (41·5v.27·3 % of net intake). Feeding fish oil suppressed apparent elongase and desaturase activity, whereas a higher dietary supply of 18 : 3n-3 and 18 : 2n-6 enhanced apparent elongation and desaturation activity on the PUFA involved in then-3 andn-6 pathway, respectively. Accumulation of 18 : 2n-6 and 18 : 3n-3 increased and β-oxidation decreased with age. Sex had a marginal effect on the PUFA metabolism.
The soyabean isoflavone genistein modulates endothelial cell behaviour
Authors: Sandoval Marisa J. , Cutini Pablo H. , Rauschemberger María Belén , Massheimer Virginia L.
Published: March 2010

The aim of the present study was to investigate the direct action of the phyto-oestrogen genistein (Gen) on vascular endothelial behaviour, either in the presence or absence of proinflammatory agents. In rat aortic endothelial cell (EC) cultures, 24 h of treatment with Gen significantly increased cell proliferation in a wide range of concentration (0·001–10 nm). This mitogenic action was prevented by the oestrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182780 or by the presence of the specific NO synthase inhibitorl-nitro-arginine methyl ester. When monocytes adhesion to EC was measured, Gen partially attenuated leucocyte adhesion not only under basal conditions, but also in the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The effect of the phyto-oestrogen on the expression of EC adhesion molecules was evaluated. Gen down-regulated the enhancement in mRNA levels of E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin elicited by the proinflammatory agent bacterial LPS. The regulation of EC programmed death induced by the isoflavone was also demonstrated. Incubation with 10 nmGen prevented DNA fragmentation induced by the apoptosis inductor H2O2. The results presented suggest that Gen would exert a protective effect on vascular endothelium, due to its regulatory action on endothelial proliferation, apoptosis and leucocyte adhesion, events that play a critical role in vascular diseases. The molecular mechanism displayed by the phyto-oestrogen involved the participation of the ER and the activation of the NO pathway.
Effect of vitamin D, calcium and multiple micronutrient supplementation on vitamin D and bone status in Bangladeshi premenopausal garment factory workers with hypovitaminosis D: a double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled 1-year intervention
Authors: Islam Md Zahirul , Shamim Abu Ahmed , Viljakainen Heli T. , Akhtaruzzaman Mohammad , Jehan Atia H. , Khan Habib Ullah , Al-Arif Ferdaus Ahmad , Lamberg-Allardt Christel
Published: March 2010

Due to little outdoor activity and low dietary intake of vitamin D (VD), Bangladeshi low-income women are at risk for osteoporosis at an early age. The present study assessed the effect of VD, Ca and multiple micronutrient supplementation on VD and bone status in Bangladeshi young female garment factory workers. This placebo-controlled 1-year intervention randomly assigned 200 apparently healthy subjects (aged 16–36 years) to four groups: VD group, daily 10 μg VD; VD and Ca (VD-Ca) group, daily 10 μg VD+600 mg Ca; multiple micronutrient and Ca (MMN-Ca) group, 10 μg VD and other micronutrients+600 mg Ca; a placebo group. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25OHD), intact parathyroid hormone (S-iPTH), Ca, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase were measured. Bone mineral density and bone mineral content were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. All measurements were made at baseline and at 12 months. Significantly (P < 0·001) higher S-25OHD concentrations were observed in the supplemented groups than in the placebo group after the intervention. Supplementation had an effect (P < 0·001) on S-iPTH in the VD-Ca and MMN-Ca groups compared with the placebo group. Bone mineral augmentation increased at the femur in the supplemented groups. Supplementation with VD-Ca should be recommended as a strategic option to reduce the risk of osteomalacia and osteoporosis in these subjects. MMN-Ca may have analogous positive health implications with additional non-skeletal benefits.
What's in a Name? Graffiti on Funerary Pottery
Authors: Biddulph Edward
Published: March 2010

Fascicules 7 and 8 of Roman Inscription of Britain II, dealing with samian and coarse pottery respectively, contain some 60 examples of graffiti associated with funerary contexts. Most graffiti are personal names and traditionally these were thought to record the names of the deceased. Analysis has revealed, however, that the names are more likely to be those of mourners or gift-givers. This is suggested by case-endings (graffiti that indicate possession are relatively few), the presence of multiple names in single graves, and the observation that many names were inscribed on ancillary vessels, rather than cinerary urns.
Reminiscence and mental health: a review of recent progress in theory, research and interventions
Authors: WESTERHOF GERBEN J. , BOHLMEIJER ERNST , WEBSTER JEFFREY DEAN
Published: March 2010

This article explores recent progress in theory, research and practical applications of reminiscence. It first describes the evidence for reminiscence as a naturally occurring process, and discusses the different functions of reminiscence and their relationships with mental health and lifespan processes. Three basic types of reminiscence that relate to mental health are specified: conversations about autobiographical memories and the use of personal recollections to teach and inform others have social functions; positive functions for the self include the integration of memories into identity, recollections of past problem-solving behaviours, and the use of memories to prepare for one's own death; negative functions for the self are the use of past memories to reduce boredom, to revive bitterness, or to maintain intimacy with deceased persons. It is proposed that in interventions the three types are addressed differently: simple reminiscence stimulates social reminiscence and bonding and promotes positive feelings; life review uses the positive functions to enhance personal wellbeing; and life-review therapy seeks to reduce the negative uses and thereby alleviate symptoms of mental illness. Studies of the effectiveness of interventions have provided some evidence that interventions are effective in relation to their goals. The review closes with recommended directions for future reminiscence research.
Beowulf off the map
Authors: Hiatt Alfred
Published: March 2010

This essay uses maps that have illustrated Beowulf since Klaeber's edition as a starting point for an exploration of spatial representation in the poem. It is argued that modern maps do not offer particularly useful tools for understanding the poem, and that ‘chorography’, that is, the description of regional space, may be a more accurate term for analysis of Beowulf than ‘geography’. The poem presents a topography intimately connected to the interrelations of different peoples, and the frequent movement between past, present and future times. The final section of the article considers the postmedieval reception of spatial reference in Beowulf, disputes the presence of an Anglo-Saxon ‘migration myth’ in the poem, and raises some implications for genre that result from spatial analysis.
“He Creditted More the Printed Booke”: Common Lawyers' Receptivity to Print, c.1550–1640
Authors: Williams Ian
Published: March 2010

The printing press was recognized by early modern commentators, just as it has been by historians, as an important invention that had profound effects on the arts and sciences. Legal historians have not missed the potentially transformative effects of printing—not only might lawyers found heterodox arguments upon the precise words of printed texts, rather than relying upon the “common learning,” but the absence of texts from the “common learning” in the printed canon meant legal historians themselves labored for many years under a misapprehension as to the nature of medieval English law. However, little work has been undertaken on the precise impact of printing upon the English legal profession, particularly in the shorter term. Common lawyers, particularly in the sixteenth century, were a group who increasingly relied upon, and cited, textual material as the foundation of their arguments on all points of law. Over the course of the sixteenth century, lawyers came increasingly to rely upon prior cases, and particularly prior judged cases, as the basis of legal arguments and of the correctness of those arguments. Advocates and judges were all faced with a large, and still growing, body of manuscript material, and a sizeable collection of printed works. Attitudes towards printed material is an important topic for historians of early modern law for suggesting which sources of legal ideas were given more prominence in the period.
Financial market liquidity, returns and market growth: evidence from Bolsa and Börse, 1902–1925
Authors: Moore Lyndon
Published: March 2010

The article is based on a unique data set of securities traded on the Madrid Bolsa and the Zurich Börse between 1902 and 1925. We examine the pricing of liquidity and demonstrate that the liquidity level of securities was an important determinant of cross-sectional returns. Factors that are usually found important in contemporary markets, such as securities' sensitivity to market-wide liquidity shocks and market movements, turn out to have been irrelevant in the early twentieth century. In addition, the illiquidity of the Madrid market appears to have modestly slowed capital raising there. Our results suggest that market liquidity was an important determinant of the growth and development of financial markets.