bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptation to developmental diet influences the response to selection on age at reproduction in the fruit fly
Authors: May Christina M. , van den Heuvel Joost , Doroszuk Agnieszka , Hoedjes Katja M. , Flatt Thomas , Zwaan Bas J.
Published: February 2019

Experimental evolution (EE) is a powerful tool for addressing how environmental factors influence life‐history evolution. While in nature different selection pressures experienced across the lifespan shape life histories, EE studies typically apply selection pressures one at a time. Here, we assess the consequences of adaptation to three different developmental diets in combination with classical selection for early or late reproduction in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We find that the response to each selection pressure is similar to that observed when they are applied independently, but the overall magnitude of the response depends on the selection regime experienced in the other life stage. For example, adaptation to increased age at reproduction increased lifespan across all diets; however, the extent of the increase was dependent on the dietary selection regime. Similarly, adaptation to a lower calorie developmental diet led to faster development and decreased adult weight, but the magnitude of the response was dependent on the age‐at‐reproduction selection regime. Given that multiple selection pressures are prevalent in nature, our findings suggest that trade‐offs should be considered not only among traits within an organism, but also among adaptive responses to different—sometimes conflicting—selection pressures, including across life stages.
Life history, distribution and molecular phylogenetics of the Upward‐Mouth Spikefish Atrophacanthus japonicus (Teleostei: Tetraodontiformes: Triacanthodidae)
Authors: Bemis Katherine E. , Tyler James C. , Arcila Dahiana
Published: February 2019

Ninety‐six juvenile specimens (37–54 mm standard length; LS) of the rarely collected Upward‐Mouth Spikefish Atrophacanthus japonicus (Triacanthodidae) were obtained from the stomachs of three Yellowfin Tuna Thunnus albacares collected off Guam in the Mariana Islands in the central Pacific Ocean. These specimens extend the range of A. japonicus eastward into Oceania. We review the systematic characters of the monotypic genus Atrophacanthus and present colour photographs of freshly collected specimens. The diet of the juvenile specimens of A. japonicus consisted of thecosome pteropods and foraminiferans. We present a range map of A. japonicus based on all known specimens and show that specimen size is related to whether specimens were collected in the pelagic zone or on the bottom. Our results support that, compared to all other Triacanthodidae, A. japonicus has an unusually extended pelagic larval and juvenile period, up to 54 mm LS, before settling to the bottom as adults. Lastly, we provide a multilocus phylogeny addressing the phylogenetic placement of Atrophacanthus based on eight of 11 triacanthodid genera and six genetic markers. Our results reveal that Atrophacanthus is the sister group of Macrorhamphosodes and they provide new insights about the evolutionary history of the family.
Molecular characterization and interactome analysis of aerolysin (aer) gene from fish pathogen Aeromonas veronii: The pathogenicity inferred from sequence divergence and linked to histidine kinase (cheA)
Authors: Foysal Md Javed , Momtaz Farhana , Ali Md Hazrat , Siddik Muhammad A. B. , Chaklader Md Reaz , Rahman Md Mahbubur , Prodhan Md Shamsul Haque , Cole Anthony
Published: February 2019

Aerolysin (aer) is one of the most important and abundant virulence factors in the infection of fish by Aeromonas veronii. A comprehensive study on the molecular characterization and pathogenicity of the aer gene from 34 A. veronii isolates from diseased carp and catfish was carried out and its interactome was analysed to observe the functional correlations between aer and other proteins within the A. veronii network. The PCR‐based amplification of aer from the 34 isolates of A. veronii showed more aer‐positive isolates from catfish with a high pathogenic potential in the in vivo challenge test than the carp fish. The analysis of aer gene sequence from challenged fish revealed significant sequence divergence according to the types and geographical distribution of the fish. The networking analysis of aer from the model A. veronii B565 revealed histidine kinase (cheA) as the most functional interacting partner. The study of the interaction between aer from the experimental A. veronii and cheA demonstrated that the A chain of cheA plays a more important role than the corresponding B chain during contact, and a linker sequence of 15 residues controlled the entire interaction process. Therefore, cheA could be an excellent drug target for controlling A. veronii infection of fish.
Development of enrobed fish products: Improvement of functionality of coated materials by added aquatic polymers
Authors: Hauzoukim  , Martin Xavier K.A. , Kannuchamy Nagalakshmi , Balange Amjad , Gudipati Venkateshwarlu
Published: February 2019

The study was aimed at evaluating three polymer hydrocolloids from aquatic sources in batter composition for developing enrobed fish fingers with less oil uptake and improved coating properties. Alginate, chitosan, and fish gelatin were incorporated at 1% (wt/wt) level in batter mix and coating parameters such as coating pickup, adhesion degree, frying loss, and cooked yield were studied. Proximate composition, chemical quality parameters, and oil absorption/oil reduction due to hydrocolloids were studied, and the results indicated that chitosan‐treated fish fingers are found to have better coating functions, biochemical quality with lower total volatile basic nitrogen value (6.02 mg/100 g), peroxide value (0.05 meq O2/kg), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (0.15 MDA/kg fat) than alginate and gelatin treated samples. The results indicated that lowest fat uptake (3.73%), lowest hardness value, and highest fat reduction were observed in fish finger coated with chitosan containing batter. Among the three aquatic polymers evaluated, chitosan was found to be more effective in oil reduction and physicochemical quality improvement as compared to alginate and fish gelatin.

Practical applications

This study highlights the screening and evaluation of three biological macromolecules of aquatic origins such as alginate, chitosan, and gelatin for the development of battered and breaded fish finger with better functional qualities including minimum oil absorption and improved shelf‐life. The outcome of this work can be used to extend the development of functional fishery products, and it can be utilized to extend the market potential of alginate and chitosan and promote the battered and breaded product consumption with more health benefits.
Intraluminal therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Liou Tai‐Cherng , Liao Po‐Hao , Lin Yu‐Chun , Chu Cheng‐Hsin , Shih Shou‐Chuan
Published: February 2019

Background and Aim

Several strategies have been proposed to increase the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori. However, the widespread increasing resistance rates to current multiple‐dose oral antibiotic therapies call for alternative therapeutic approaches. We aim to develop a novel intraluminal therapy for H. pylori infection (ILTHPI).

Methods

From April 2017 to December 2017, 100 H. pylori‐infected treatment‐naïve patients with upper abdominal pain or discomfort underwent endoscopic examinations and concomitant ILTHPI, which comprised the control of intragastric pH, the irrigation of gastric mucosal surface with a mucolytic agent, and the application of single‐dose medicaments containing antibiotic powders. The safety profiles while conducting ILTHPI and adverse events after ILTHPI were evaluated. The success of eradication was assessed based on the result of the 13C‐urea breath test 6 weeks after ILTHPI. In addition, a patient with successful ILTHPI was reconfirmed by a negative H. pylori stool antigen test four to 6 months after ILTHPI to exclude short‐term recurrence.

Results

All the 100 enrolled patients completed the ILTHPI with good safety profiles and mild adverse events (6%). Five patients dropped out, and 51 of 95 patients (53.7%) achieved successful eradication immediately after endoscopic examinations. All 51 patients revealed negative stool H. pylori antigen tests four to 6 months after successful ILTHPI. No short‐term recurrence was observed.

Conclusions

We have developed a novel therapeutic approach. With the ILTHPI, H. pylori can be eradicated immediately by administrating a single‐dose regimen while conducting an endoscopic examination.

Clinical Trials Number

NCT03124420
Peri‐implantitis risk factors: A prospective evaluation
Authors: Mazel Anthony , Belkacemi Souad , Tavitian Patrick , Stéphan Grégory , Tardivo Delphine , Catherine Jean Hugues , Aboudharam Gérard
Published: February 2019

Aim

The aim of the present study was to create a tool to evaluate the risk of peri‐implantitis according its severity.

Methods

After ethics committee approval, 43 patients provided signed consent and were included prospectively. Forty‐five observations were recorded. The following criteria were recorded: number of implant faces showing bleeding and/or suppuration, pocket depth on at least two faces of the implant, bone loss as a function of the length of the implant evaluated on X‐rays, number of implant faces with bacterial plaque, the parameters required for determination of excess cement (screwed or sealed prosthesis, burying of sealed prostheses), periodontal status, glycemia, and annual consumption of tobacco. Each of these parameters was plotted on a chart using Microsoft Excel.

Results

Seventeen of 45 (37.8%) cases were identified as having high peri‐implantitis risk, two of 45 (4.4%) had low risk, and 11 of 45 (24.4%) had moderate risk; 33.3% patients did not have peri‐implantitis and were considered at very low risk.

Conclusion

The observed results applied to the evaluation model are an effective diagnostic tool in assessing the risk of peri‐implantitis. The tool takes into account parameters, which have not been taken into account until now. The information is automatically processed and allows early management of peri‐implantitis.
Hospital readmissions among older people with intellectual disability in comparison with the general population
Authors: Axmon A. , Björkman M. , Ahlström G.
Published: February 2019

Background

Older people with intellectual disability have high multimorbidity and poor physical and mental health compared with the general population. Consequently, they have a greater need for health care. Hospital readmissions may be an indicator of the quality of health care. However, so far, only a few studies have investigated this outcome in populations of people with intellectual disability. None has focused on older people.

Method

We identified a cohort of people with intellectual disability aged 55+ years and alive at the end of 2012 (n = 7936). Moreover, we established a reference cohort from the general population, one‐to‐one matched by sex and year of birth. Data on hospital visits during the period 2002–2012 were collected from the Swedish National Patient Register. Readmissions were defined as unplanned visits with the same diagnosis occurring within 30 days of discharge and with no planned visit for the same diagnosis during this time.

Results

Compared with the general population, people with intellectual disability had increased risk of readmissions for diseases of the nervous system [relative risk (RR) 2.62], respiratory system (RR 1.48), digestive system (RR 1.40) and musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (RR 2.10). Within these diagnostic groups, increased risks were found for arthropathies (RR 3.73), disorders of gallbladder, biliary tract and pancreas (RR 1.78), other diseases of intestines (RR 1.30), and other forms of heart disease (RR 1.23). Decreased risk of readmissions was found for mental and behavioural disorders (RR 0.78) and diseases of the circulatory system (RR 0.64).

Conclusions

The increased risk for readmissions related to diseases of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems has a clear relation to the prevalence of comorbidities in these areas. People with intellectual disability often also have inborn limitations and damages in these systems which with time lead to complications and risk for diseases, which can be difficult to discover. The increased risk for readmissions for disease of the respiratory system, together with the already known increased prevalence of such diagnoses and their occurrence as a cause for death, warrants further investigations and considerations of potential preventive measures. The pattern of readmissions among older people with intellectual disability cannot be explained solely by a higher prevalence of disorders in this group. Our finding of increased risks for readmissions for diseases in the digestive system could be interpreted as communication problems, which sometimes result in too rapid discharges and their consequential early readmissions.
Nominal GDP Targeting and the Taylor Rule on an Even Playing Field
Authors: BECKWORTH DAVID , HENDRICKSON JOSHUA R.
Published: February 2019

Some economists advocate nominal GDP targeting as an alternative to the Taylor Rule. These arguments are largely based on the idea that nominal GDP targeting would require less knowledge on the part of policymakers than a traditional Taylor Rule. In particular, a nominal GDP targeting rule would not require real‐time knowledge of the output gap. We examine the importance of this claim by amending a standard New Keynesian model to assume that the central bank has imperfect information about the output gap and therefore must forecast the output gap based on previous information. Forecast errors by the central bank can then potentially induce unanticipated changes in the short‐term nominal interest rate, distinct from a standard monetary policy shock. We show that forecast errors of the output gap by the Federal Reserve can account for up to 13% of the fluctuations in the output gap. In addition, our simulations imply that a nominal GDP targeting rule would produce lower volatility in both inflation and the output gap in comparison with the Taylor Rule under imperfect information.
P–T evolution and episodic zircon growth in barroisite eclogites of the Lanterman Range, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica
Authors: Kim Taehwan , Kim Yoonsup , Cho Moonsup , Lee Jong Ik
Published: February 2019

Prograde P–T–t paths of eclogites are often ambiguous owing to high variance of mineral assemblages, large uncertainty in isotopic age determinations and/or variable degree of retrograde equilibration. We investigated these issues using the barroisite eclogites from the Lanterman Range, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, which are relatively uncommon but free of retrogression. These eclogites revealed three stages of prograde metamorphism, defining two distinctive P–T trajectories, M1–2 and M3. Inclusion minerals in garnet porphyroblasts suggest that initial prograde assemblages (M1) consist of garnet+omphacite+barroisite/Mg‐pargasite+epidote+phengite+paragonite+rutile/titanite+quartz, and subsequent M2 assemblages of garnet+omphacite+barroisite+phengite+rutile±quartz. The inclusion‐rich inner part of garnet porphyroblasts preserves a bell‐shaped Mn profile of the M1, whereas the inclusion‐poor outer part (M2) is typified by the outward decrease in Ca/Mg and XFe (=Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg)) values. A pseudosection modelling employing fractionated bulk‐rock composition suggests that the eclogites have initially evolved from ~15 to 20 kbar and 520–570°C (M1) to ~22–25 kbar and 630–650°C (M2). The latter is in accordance with P–T conditions estimated from two independent geothermobarometers: the garnet–clinopyroxene–phengite (~25 ± 3 kbar and 660 ± 100°C) and Zr‐in‐rutile (~650–700°C at 22–27 kbar). The second segment (M3A–B) of prograde P–T path is recorded in the grossular‐rich overgrowth rim of garnet. Apart from disequilibrium growth of the M3A garnet, ubiquitous overgrowth of the M3B garnet permits us to estimate the P–T conditions at ~26 ± 3 kbar and 720 ± 80°C. The cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging of zircon grains separated from a barroisite eclogite revealed three distinct zones with bright rim, dark mantle and moderately dark core. Eclogitic phases such as garnet, omphacite, epidote and rutile are present as fine‐grained inclusions in the mantle and rim of zircon, in contrast to their absence in the core. The sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe U–Pb dating on metamorphic mantle domains and neoblasts yielded a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 515 ± 4 Ma (tσ), representing the time of the M2 stage. On the other hand, overgrowth rims as well as bright‐CL neoblasts of zircon were dated at 498 ± 11 Ma (tσ), corresponding to the M3. Average burial rates estimated from the M2 and M3 ages are too low (<2 mm/year) for cold subduction regime (~5–10°C/km), suggesting that an exhumation stage intervened between two prograde segments of P–T path. Thus, the P–T–t evolution of barroisite eclogites is typified by two discrete episodes with an c. 15 Ma gap during the middle Cambrian subduction of the Antarctic Ross Orogeny.
Kazuhiro Ikenaka (1952–2018)
Authors: Wanaka Akio , Lawrence Andrew J. , Yoneda Yukio , Zalc Bernard , Stadlin Alfreda , Pasquini Juana Maria , Beart Philip M.
Published: February 2019

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Efficacy of mesotherapy with tranexamic acid and ascorbic acid with and without glutathione in treatment of melasma: A split face comparative trial
Authors: Iraji Fariba , Nasimi Mojtaba , Asilian Ali , Faghihi Gita , Mozafarpoor Samaneh , Hafezi Hossein
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Melasma is a prevalent annoying skin hyperpigmentation disorder that commonly involves reproductive‐aged females. Variety of treatments with controversial results has been recommended. The aim of the current study was to evaluate combination therapy of tranexamic acid (TA) and vitamin C with and without glutathione with mesotherapy technique for treatment of melasma.

Methods and Materials

This is a randomized clinical trial study conducted on 30 patients referred to Dermatology Clinics. Patients were examined under wood lamp in order of melasma type (epidermal, dermal, or mixed) determination. Then, patients underwent melasma therapy using Cocktail A (TA 4 mg/mL; vitamin C 3% and glutathione 2%) on their right half of the face and Cocktail B (TA 4 mg/mL and vitamin C 3%) on their left half of the face, with mesotherapy technique. This procedure was done for six times with 2‐week intervals. Patients' modified Melasma Area and Severity Scoring (mMASI) was assessed at initiation and end of the study.

Results

According to mMASI score changes 12 weeks after intervention, both cocktails had significant efficacy in reduction of mMASI score in each side. Mean of mMASI in left side had decrease of 1.82 ± 0.88 (P‐value < 0.001) and in right side had decrease of 3.046 ± 1.25 (P‐value < 0.001) from base line. Comparison between two groups 12 weeks after treatment showed significantly more reduction (1.28 ± 0.64) of mMASI score with cocktail A than B (P‐value < 0.001). Erythema, edema, and ecchymosis was not significantly different among two cocktails (P‐value > 0.05).

Conclusion

Use of combination mesotherapy in treatment of melasma was accompanied with appropriate outcomes regardless of type of agents but treatment with glutathione containing cocktail A presented superior results compared with cocktail of TA and vitamin C but not glutathione.
Mentoring, Bullying, and Educational Outcomes Among US School‐Aged Children 6‐17 Years
Authors: Azuine Romuladus E. , Singh Gopal K.
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

Ensuring the optimum development of all children and their attainment of age‐appropriate educational outcomes is of great interest to public health researchers and professionals. Bullying and mentoring have opposite effects on child development and educational attainment. Mentoring exerts protective effects on youths against risky behaviors; however, the protective effects of community‐oriented natural or informal mentoring on educational outcomes and bullying are largely underexplored. We examine associations between mentoring, bullying, and educational outcomes among US school‐aged children 6‐17 years.

METHODS

We analyzed the 2011‐2012 National Survey of Children's Health (N = 65,593) to estimate prevalence and odds of repeating a grade in school, lower school engagement, and bullying perpetration according to mentoring receipt and sociodemographic characteristics.

RESULTS

Overall, 5.4% of US school‐aged children without a mentor perpetrated bullying against other children; 11.4% repeated more than one grade in school; and 23.0% had low school engagement. Children without mentors had 2.1 and 1.3 times higher adjusted odds, respectively, of bullying other children and low school engagement than those with mentors. Proportion of children who bullied others or repeated grades was higher among minority children.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings indicate that mentoring may be a pathway for providing programs that prevent bullying and improve educational outcomes among school‐aged children.
Melatonin pharmacokinetics and dose extrapolation after enteral infusion in neonates subjected to hypothermia
Authors: Balduini Walter , Weiss Michael D. , Carloni Silvia , Rocchi Marco , Sura Livia , Rossignol Candace , Longini Mariangela , Bazzini Francesco , Perrone Serafina , Ott Deborah , Wadhawan Rajan , Buonocore Giuseppe
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Neonates with hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) undergoing hypothermia may benefit from adjunctive therapy with melatonin. However, melatonin safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and dosage in this sensitive population are still unknown.

Methods and results

This study assessed the PK and safety of melatonin enteral administration to neonates with HIE undergoing hypothermia. Melatonin was infused at 0.5 mg/kg in five neonates with HIE undergoing hypothermia. Infusion started 1 hour after the neonates reached the target temperature of 33.5°C. Blood samples were collected before and at selective times after melatonin infusion. Abdominal complications or clinically significant changes in patients’ vital signs were not found during or after melatonin. The peak plasma concentration reached 0.25 µg/mL. The area under the curve in 24 hours was 4.35 µg/mL*h.

Discussion

Melatonin half‐life and clearance were prolonged, and the distribution volume decreased compared to adults. In silico simulation estimated that the steady state can be reached after four infusions. Hypothermia does not affect melatonin PK. In humans high blood concentrations with lower doses can be achieved compared to animal experimentation, although intravenous administration is advised in the neonate population. Our study is a preparatory step for future clinical studies aimed at assessing melatonin efficacy in HIE.
Subjectivity in debate: Some reconstructed philosophical premises to advance its discussion in psychology
Authors: Gonzalez Rey Fernando
Published: February 2019

The topic of subjectivity has been treated peripherally by philosophy. It has appeared in philosophy not as a specific human phenomenon, but attached to other concepts without specifying its ontological definition, such as intersubjectivity, the place of the Other in the emergence of the self, consciousness and so forth. This paper reconstructs some of the overlooked moments and ideas of several classical philosophers, such as Marx, Dewey, Merleau Ponty, Cassirer and Foucault, in order to identify in their works important antecedents to advance a different concept of subjectivity. The concepts and questions which are raised by those philosophers and which are revived in this paper have remained overlooked both by philosophy and psychology because of the lack of any representation of subjectivity capable of making them more visible. The ontological monopoly of language and discourse in explaining all human phenomena, taken together with the critique of theoretical systems and of epistemology, has found in social constructionism its strongest expression in psychology. The value of theoretical systems in generating intelligibility about complex and configurational phenomena is recovered, along with the need to develop new epistemologies capable of generating intelligibility on such systems. Finally, I argue that a new theoretical and epistemological avenue is opened up for the development of psychological thought.
The influence of ‘topic and resource’ on some aspects of social theorising
Authors: Dennis Alex
Published: February 2019

Developments in sociological theory since the 1960s have been responses to disciplinary problems rather than changes in fashion. The problem of topic and resource—where sociology has to use everyday understandings and practices as study resources even though they are legitimate topics of enquiry—has been an important and sometimes neglected spur to many of these developments. The turn to discourse, conversation analysis and the rise of Bourdieu's reflexivity are all attempts to address the problem, but each is shown to be unsatisfactory in different ways. In summary, they seek to address the issue as requiring either a principled methodological or a principled theoretical solution, and neither approach is capable of comprehensively addressing the matter. It is argued that these ‘solutions’ depend, in turn, on one of two particular construals of what the ‘problem’ consists in, neither of which is necessary or coherent. Each, it is argued, depends on a philosophical trick: making language out to need formal improvement (the Bertrand Russell trick) or introducing inappropriate scepticism to everyday life (the René Descartes trick). It is suggested that treating topic and resource not as a problem but as something which opens up new areas of investigation successfully deflates the issue and avoids unnecessary theoretical and methodological contortions.
The future of genetic engineering to provide essential dietary nutrients and improve growth performance in aquaculture: Advantages and challenges
Authors: Osmond Angelisa T.Y. , Colombo Stefanie M.
Published: February 2019

Advancements in gene technology in recent years have been driving the aquaculture industry forward. Improvements in growth performance, feed efficiency, and omega‐3 content are goals of the industry that could capitalize on applications of genetic engineering. One of the major challenges in the industry is to reduce the use of fish meal and oil, to improve the environmental and economic sustainability of aquaculture. The recent development of genetically engineered feed ingredients is one potential solution to the looming problem of fish meal and oil dependency. Furthermore, the development of transgenic fish has potential to improve production efficiency and other future desirable characteristics that relate to feed utilization and product quality. New gene technologies are beginning to revolutionize how we produce our food, and in aquaculture, will ultimately reduce pressure on wild fish stocks, help to preserve natural aquatic ecosystems, and improve nutritional profiles of farmed fish for human consumption. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current applications of genetic engineering technology to improve aquaculture through nutrition, including the development and use of transgenic feed ingredients, transgenic fish, and ultimately their impacts on nutrition, product quality, and consumers.
Join to Prosper? An Empirical Analysis of EU Membership and Economic Growth
Authors: Andersen Thomas Barnebeck , Barslund Mikkel , Vanhuysse Pieter
Published: February 2019

We explore whether EU membership has led to faster economic growth. Using different estimation strategies, different time periods, different country samples, and different datasets, we are unable to demonstrate the presence of a membership growth premium. This may reflect that GDP data are too noisy and/or causal identification too complicated, in which case we should remain agnostic about the EU's growth impact. Alternatively, it may reflect that EU membership simply has no effect on economic growth. Either way, these findings urge strong caution about one of EU membership's key alleged benefits: greater economic prosperity.
Pluractionality and distributive numerals
Authors: Kuhn Jeremy
Published: February 2019

Cross‐linguistically, morphological marking on verbs and nouns can indicate that a plurality of events or individuals is distributed with respect to another plurality. In the verbal domain, these have been calledpluractionals; in the nominal domain, they have been calleddistributive numeralsordependent indefinites. This paper discusses recent semantic approaches to the cross‐domain parallels between the two phenomena. After establishing some formal and typological background, we introduce a number of recent compositional challenges that have been introduced by these patterns.
The Violation of God in the Body of the World: A Rahnerian Response to Trauma
Authors: Kidd Erin
Published: February 2019

The reality of trauma raises serious questions about the adequacy of Christian accounts of the subject, grace, and God. In this essay I argue that Karl Rahner’s theological anthropology provides helpful language for responding to trauma within Christian communities. Attention to the often‐ignored category of the “body” in Rahner’s work reveals a number of resources for thinking about and responding to human tragedy. Reading Rahner’s theology of freedom in light of his work on the body highlights Rahner’s own attention to the way freedom is threatened. It therefore provides an understanding of the human person and Christian community that can assist churches in preventing abuse and supporting survivors.
Can urinary histoplasma antigen test improve the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in a tuberculosis endemic region?
Authors: Bansal Nitin , Sethuraman Nandini , Gopalakrishnan Ram , Ramasubramanian Venkatasubramanian , Kumar D Suresh , Nambi P Senthur , Chakrabarti Arunaloke
Published: February 2019

Background

Many patients with histoplasmosis are treated with anti‐tubercular therapy (ATT) in tuberculosis endemic regions as diagnosis of histoplasmosis requires invasive sampling. We sought to study the utility of urinary Histoplasma antigen detection test.

Methods

Case records of patients with a diagnosis of histoplasmosis prior to (Period A) and after (Period B) introduction of urinary Histoplasma antigen detection test were analysed in this single centre retrospective study.

Results

Thirty‐seven patients (18 in Period A, and 19 patients in Period B) were studied. There was nearly a threefold increase in diagnoses (from 0.39 cases to 1.18 cases per month) after the introduction of antigen test. Nine patients (24.3%) were immunocompromised (6 had HIV infection and 3 were on steroids), and 28 (75.6%) were immunocompetent. Empirical ATT had been given to 10 patients prior to histoplasmosis diagnosis. Invasive tissue sampling was required in only two patients in Period B to confirm the diagnosis. Immunocompromised patients were younger, were more likely to have skin and mucosal findings, anaemia and leucopenia as compared to immune‐competent patients.

Conclusion

This study emphasises that histoplasmosis cases may be missed and patients may receive ATT unnecessarily. Histoplasma antigen increased the diagnostic yield by almost threefold in our study.
Nation‐building policies in the Balkans: an Ottoman or a manufactured legacy?
Authors: Mylonas Harris
Published: February 2019

Are post‐Ottoman nation‐building policies in the Balkans a legacy of the millet system? Some contend that the discriminatory nation‐building policies along religious lines employed by Balkan nations ruling elites are a legacy of the Ottoman era millet system (administration by religious affiliation); others argue that the Ottoman legacy is palpable in the millet‐like features preserved in the minority rights protection system resulting from World War I, and yet other scholars see the millet system as a critical antecedent. Studying closely the policies towards non‐core groups in the post‐Ottoman Balkans, one finds that the ‘Ottoman legacy’ is much more differentiated than is commonly assumed and that effects vary widely from place to place. Moreover, I argue that the persistence of certain features from one period to another may be an actual legacy in some cases, but there is also a possibility that we are dealing with a manufactured legacy, where elites choose to intervene and perpetuate an institution or a particular feature of it. I empirically demonstrate this distinction in a crucial case using archival sources.
Anti‐ganglionic acetylcholine receptor antibody causes prolonged megacolon in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Sugawara Masashiro , Obara Koji , Nakanishi Shinichi , Higuchi Osamu , Nakane Shunya
Published: February 2019

A 54‐year‐old man who was diagnosed as having thoracic cord precedence type amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) received mandatory ventilation under tracheostomy 2.5 years after disease onset. Though mechanical ventilation increased the patient's gastrointestinal gas, oral ingestion was possible. Colon gas became conspicuous during the treatment, an enema was needed every day, and nutrition via enteron became difficult. Pupil abnormality, orthostatic hypotension, and abnormal sweating were not observed. After anti‐ganglionic acetylcholine receptor antibody, status was determined to be positive, steroid pulse therapy was performed, and it decreased gastrointestinal gas significantly; however, the patient died of a repeated fungal infection. Pain and deterioration of the nutritional condition caused by meteorism made the activity of daily living and quality of life of this ALS patient decrease remarkably. Over three percent of ALS patients are reported to have anti‐ganglionic acetylcholine receptor antibodies. We should consider autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy in ALS patients.
On the Substitution of Identicals in Counterfactual Reasoning*
Authors: Kocurek Alexander W.
Published: February 2019

It is widely held that counterfactuals, unlike attitude ascriptions, preserve the referential transparency of their constituents, i.e., that counterfactuals validate the substitution of identicals when their constituents do. The only putative counterexamples in the literature come from counterpossibles, i.e., counterfactuals with impossible antecedents. Advocates of counterpossibilism, i.e., the view that counterpossibles are not all vacuous, argue that counterpossibles can generate referential opacity. But in order to explain why most substitution inferences into counterfactuals seem valid, counterpossibilists also often maintain that counterfactuals with possible antecedents are transparency‐preserving. I argue that if counterpossibles can generate opacity, then so can ordinary counterfactuals with possible antecedents. Utilizing an analogy between counterfactuals and attitude ascriptions, I provide a counterpossibilist‐friendly explanation for the apparent validity of substitution inferences into counterfactuals. I conclude by suggesting that the debate over counterpossibles is closely tied to questions concerning the extent to which counterfactuals are more like attitude ascriptions and epistemic operators than previously recognized.
Characterization of the grapevine Shaker K+ channel VvK3.1 supports its function in massive potassium fluxes necessary for berry potassium loading and pulvinus‐actuated leaf movements
Authors: Nieves‐Cordones Manuel , Andrianteranagna Mamy , Cuéllar Teresa , Chérel Isabelle , Gibrat Rémy , Boeglin Martin , Moreau Bertrand , Paris Nadine , Verdeil Jean‐Luc , Zimmermann SabineDagmar , Gaillard Isabelle
Published: February 2019

In grapevine, climate changes lead to increased berry potassium (K+) contents that result in must with low acidity. Consequently, wines are becoming ‘flat’ to the taste, with poor organoleptic properties and low potential aging, resulting in significant economic loss. Precise investigation into the molecular determinants controlling berry K+ accumulation during its development are only now emerging.

Here, we report functional characterization by electrophysiology of a new grapevine Shaker‐type K+ channel, VvK3.1. The analysis of VvK3.1 expression patterns was performed by qPCR and in situ hybridization.

We found that VvK3.1 belongs to the AKT2 channel phylogenetic branch and is a weakly rectifying channel, mediating both inward and outward K+ currents. We showed that VvK3.1 is highly expressed in the phloem and in a unique structure located at the two ends of the petiole, identified as a pulvinus.

From the onset of fruit ripening, all data support the role of the VvK3.1 channel in the massive K+ fluxes from the phloem cell cytosol to the berry apoplast during berry K+ loading. Moreover, the high amount of VvK3.1 transcripts detected in the pulvinus strongly suggests a role for this Shaker in the swelling and shrinking of motor cells involved in paraheliotropic leaf movements.
Establishment of Classification of Tibial Plateau Fracture Associated with Proximal Fibular Fracture
Authors: Zheng Zhan‐le , Yu Yi‐yang , Chang Heng‐rui , Liu Huan , Zhou Hui‐lin , Zhang Ying‐ze
Published: February 2019

Objective

The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the incidence of fibular fractures as an associated injury in tibial plateau fractures according to CT scan. We also attempt to introduce a new morphological sub‐classification on this associated injury and to analyze the correlation between this classification and tibial plateau fractures.

Methods

We selected cases with fibular fractures from all the tibial plateau fracture patients. The cases were further divided into 2 groups: unicondylar group and bicondylar group. On the basis of our new classification system of fibular fracture, all the included cases were divided into 5 subgroups.

Results

Finally, a total of 150 cases associated with fibular fractures in 502 tibial plateau fracture cases were identified from our institution database. The incidence of fibular head fracture in tibial plateau fractures was 29.88% (150/502). Seventy‐one cases (47.3%) were involved one condyle, and 79 cases (52.7%) involved both. It shows significant difference in the subgroup of avulsion fracture with horizontal fracture line (Type A) which is ratio of 16.9% in unicondylar group and 1.27% in bicondylar group.

Conclusion

A new classification of this associated injury describing the morphology of the fracture fragments may improve operative planning.
Diagnosis and management of drug‐induced anaphylaxis in children: An EAACI position paper
Authors: Atanaskovic‐Markovic Marina , Gomes Eva , Cernadas Josefina Rodrigues , du Toit George , Kidon Mona , Kuyucu Semanur , Mori Francesca , Ponvert Claude , Terreehorst Ingrid , Caubet Jean‐Christoph
Published: February 2019

Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) constitute a major and common public health problem, particularly in children. One of the most severe manifestations of DHR is anaphylaxis, which might be associated with a life‐threatening risk. During those past decades, anaphylaxis has received particularly a lot of attention and international consensus guidelines have been recently published. Whilst drug‐induced anaphylaxis is more commonly reported in adulthood, less is known about the role of drugs in pediatric anaphylaxis. Betalactam antibiotics and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are the most commonly involved drugs, probably related to high prescription rates. Diagnosis relies on the recognition of symptoms pattern and is based on complete allergic workup, particularly including skin tests and/or specific IgE. However, the real diagnostic value of those tests to diagnose immediate reactions in children remains not well defined for a significant number of the drugs. Generally, a drug provocation test is discussed to confirm or exclude an immediate‐onset drug‐induced hypersensitivity. Although avoidance of the incriminated drug (and related drug) is the rule, rapid desensitization is useful in selected subgroups of patients. There is a need for large, multicentric studies, to evaluate the real diagnostic value of the currently available skin tests. Moreover there is also a need to develop new diagnostic tests in the future to improve the management of these children.
Skin tests are important in children with β‐lactam hypersensitivity, but may be reduced in number
Authors: Diaferio Lucia , Chiriac Anca Mirela , Leoni Maria Chiara , Castagnoli Riccardo , Caimmi Silvia , Miniello Vito Leonardo , Demoly Pascal , Caimmi Davide
Published: February 2019

Background

There is no perfect agreement on how to perform an allergy workup in suspected beta‐lactam (BL)–allergic children, since skin test (ST)–induced pain is often a limitation. The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of reducing the number of ST in children when performing a complete allergy workup for BL hypersensitivity reactions.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of all patients referring to the Allergy Unit of the University Hospital of Montpellier (France) with positive responses in immediateand non–immediate‐reading ST to a BL over a 16‐year period was performed, to determine the positive predictive value (PPV) of ST. All pediatric patients with a suspected BL hypersensitivity were skin‐tested with the suspected drug only, during the following 54 months.

Results

A total of 319 patients reporting 328 BL reactions were included in the retrospective study. The PPV of ST for the reported drug was of 99.4%. Based on the results, the number of patients to include in the prospective study was estimated to be 101. In the prospective study, 229 children were included. We diagnosed a BL hypersensitivity in 12 children (5.2%): Diagnosis was reached in 6 (50.0%) through ST (delayed reading for all) and in 6 through drug provocation test (DPT).

Conclusion

ST with BL should therefore be performed as a screening test, before DPT, and testing only the suspected drug may be sufficient when dealing with children.
Pediatric non‐Hodgkin lymphoma: Characteristics, stratification, and treatment at a single institute in Thailand
Authors: Choeyprasert Worawut , Anurathapan Usanarat , Pakakasama Samart , Sirachainan Nongnuch , Songdej Duantida , Lertthammakiat Surapong , Hongeng Suradej
Published: February 2019

Background

In the modern era of chemotherapy, the outcome of pediatric non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) continues to improve internationally. Limited data such as information on epidemiology and survival, however, are available in Asian countries.

Methods

Children (≤15 years old) diagnosed with histologically proven NHL from 1998 to 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

In total, 114 patients were enrolled; they were predominantly male (65.8%) and had advanced disease (stage III, IV; 71.9%). Of these, 22.8% had Burkitt lymphoma, 20.2% had diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, 21.1% had lymphoblastic lymphoma, 20.2% had large cell lymphoma, and 15.8% had peripheral T‐cell lymphoma. Twenty‐nine patients died, especially of uncontrolled disease (62.1%) and infection (20.7%). During a median follow up of 78.4 months, Kaplan–Meier 5 year event‐free and overall survival rates were 71.5% ± 4.3% and 74.8% ± 4.1%, respectively, regardless of subtype. B symptoms (i.e. systemic symptoms of fever, night sweats, and weight loss that can be associated with both Hodgkin's lymphoma and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma) and advanced disease had a significant negative impact on 5 year survival. No other prognostic factor was found, but survival tended to have a negative correlation with age.

Conclusions

Pediatric NHL is aggressive, with a high prevalence of peripheral T‐cell lymphoma. The present treatment stratification seems to be effective compared with that used in developed countries.
“Inverted” positioning of renal allograft during kidney transplantation in children and adolescents: A single‐institution comparative analysis
Authors: Ramesh Smruthi , Taylor Katherine , Koyle Martin A. , Lorenzo Armando J.
Published: February 2019

Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice in children with end‐stage renal failure. Limitations in patient anatomy or a short donor renal vein may necessitate intraoperative inversion of the kidney. There is little evidence to support the use of this surgical technique, and no evidence in the pediatric population. This study identifies the perioperative and post‐operative outcomes of inverted renal transplants in pediatric patients. We reviewed all patients having a renal transplant between January 2012 and December 2016 and collected short‐ and long‐term outcomes of patients who received an inverted allograft. Early graft function was defined as the time to reach creatinine nadir. During this time, our hospital performed 81 transplants, and 50 (62%) were from deceased donors, including the 6 (12%) patients who received inverted renal grafts. Half (3/6) were female, 5/6 (83%) were dialysis‐dependent, and the median age at surgery was 13 years (range 9‐16 years). There was no significant difference in mean creatinine nadir values (P = 0.518) and the time to creatinine nadir mean values (P = 0.190) between the upright and inverted renal transplant groups. There were also no significant differences in rates of post‐operative complications between the upright and inverted allograft recipients. Inversion of renal allografts in pediatric patients is a viable surgical technique to compensate for shortcomings in patient anatomy or in special cases of renal transplantation involving a short donor renal vein. Future research should focus on outcomes of a larger group of pediatric inverted renal transplant patients.
Comparison of 10‐year graft failure rates after induction with basiliximab or anti‐thymocyte globulin in pediatric heart transplant recipients—The influence of race
Authors: Carlo Waldemar F. , Bryant Roosevelt , Zafar Farhan
Published: February 2019

Background/Objective

The impact of induction therapy in pediatric heart transplantation has been uncertain. Given the risk of poor outcomes in black pediatric heart transplant recipients, we evaluated the effect on graft survival of ATG and BAS induction in black and non‐black pediatric recipients.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of pediatric candidates (aged ≤18 years) who underwent heart transplantation from 2000 to 2016 identified from the UNOS database. Primary outcome was 10‐year graft survival.

Results

This study included 654 patients receiving BAS, 2385 patients receiving ATG, and 2425 receiving no induction. Ten‐year survival was similar for the following groups: non‐black BAS (57%), non‐black ATG (66%), and black ATG (51%). The black BAS group had a 10‐year graft survival of 39% which was inferior on pairwise comparison to the other groups (all P values < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, ATG was associated with decreased risk of graft failure when compared to no induction (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.76‐0.97, P = 0.011) and had an association approaching statistical significance when compared to BAS induction (0.84, 0.7‐1.01, P = 0.069). This association was seen in black recipients in whom ATG was strongly associated with decreased risk of graft failure when compared to either no induction (0.65, 0.5‐0.83, P = 0.001) or BAS (0.64, 0.46‐0.89, P = 0.008) but was not seen in non‐black recipients.

Conclusions

Black pediatric heart transplant recipients who received ATG induction had an improved long‐term graft survival compared to those who received BAS induction or no induction.