bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les congés payés en France avant le Front Populaire : l'exemple des ouvriers parisiens de 1919 à 1935
Authors: Sirot Stéphane
Published: July 2010

Paid vacation in France before the Popular Front. The example of the workers in Paris, 1919 to 1935.

Before the june 1936, vote that gave salaried workers two weeks of paid vacation, only a minority benefited from this right. Within the world of the workers, it was above all those with a status in private industry who had this rarely granted advantage. In Paris, the demand for paid vacations predated the Popular Front. It had appeared as early as 1919 in the workers' strikes before reaching a peak at the end of the 1920s. While it's true that it was not a major claim of the workers, it was nevertheless one conquest of the Popular Front that was already part of Paris's strikes in the preceding years.
L'industrie automobile française d'une crise à l'autre
Authors: Loubet Jean-Louis
Published: July 2010

French automobile industry from one crisis to another, Jean-Louis Loubet.

The car industry has gone through the deepest changes in its history in the last 20 years. The crisis from the oil shock in 1973 brought about the concentration of this sector in one fell swoop. This transformation had begun during the 1930s crisis, but at that time only the disappearance of small manufacturers had been speeded up. While the collapse of the automobile industry can be explained by a series of reasons whose effects are interlaced with the end of growth, its most visible consequences can be seen in the reductions of the work force. The present crisis is no longer just limited to taking into account the economic necessities of the various social partners. It forces manufacturers, unlike what happened in the 1930s, to pay constant attention to a more and more irregular and unpredictable market. Nevertheless, regardless of the period, the crises point out that the car industry only finds success in its ability to adapt to new conditions.
Pourquoi la France a-t-elle occupé la Ruhr ?
Authors: Jeannesson Stanislas
Published: July 2010

Why did France occupy the Ruhr?, Stanislas Jeanneson.

The Poincare government wanted to give the 1923 Ruhr occupation a pacifist, temporary and limited vision. But next to the hidden long-term economic objectives, there were also political and strategic objectives. The occupation was supposed to serve not only to take guarantees for reparations, but also to create a protectorat to assure, beyond the withdrawal of the troops scheduled for 1935, French security. Some occupation officials even wanted to assure a cultural and civilizing presence on the Rhine after a century of Prussian domination. The occupation of the Ruhr was therefore essentially political. The real aim was to improve the Treaty of Versailles by force in order to correct its imbalances : the supply of French steel industry in German coke and security on the Rhine. Its failure was due to the way in which decisions were taken, in closed committee, without any consistency between the various decision-making groups.
Jean Monnet. La mesure d'une influence
Authors: Bossuat Gérard
Published: July 2010

Jean Monnet and his influence, Gérard Bossuat.

For Monnet, decision-making put into play his intimate conviction of working toward bringing peoples together, his art of pedagogical synthesis and setting the stage which enabled him to convince, his team spirit, and his understanding of the right timing of political fights and acceptable compromise. Monnet took advantage of his French, European and American networks made up of top level business men and politicians whom he advised and media people whom he used to spread his ideas. His real influence can be measured by his ability to transform international and European relations. From the rearming of wartime France to the Plan, from the Victory program to the Schuman plan, from the CECA to working with the Kennedy administration, there were many successes although there were also some darker moments : Monnet was more of an organizer than a democrat; his choice of targeted conflicts sometimes led him to underestimate the general political situation; his determination to remain on the sidelines weakened his impact on public opinion until he published his Mémoires.
Tel quel et ses volte-face politiques (1968-1978)
Authors: Hourmant François
Published: July 2010

Tel Quel and its political U-turns, (1968-1978), François Hourmant.

From 1968-1978, Tel Quel spanned the ideological spectrum. From the FCP to China, from America to dissidence and the CIEL, the telquelian parable, rich in turn-abouts, shows a propensity to react - but late - to the major and gratifying issues in the French political-intellectual lands-cape. Understanding this itinerary supposes coming across a plurality of factors : esthetic principle and shared values (revolution, writing, avant-garde), provocation and a desire for intellectual recognition, and literary prestige. It is in this tension, between an avowed and claimed position, and fights for power, vague ambitions and tactical choices or even premeditated strategies, that the curious political alchemy of a journal whose constrated history is closely linked to that of its director, Philippe Sollers, can be seen.
Camps de la mort, camps de concentration et camps d'internement dans la mémoire collective britannique
Authors: Cesarani David
Published: July 2010

Death camps, concentration camps and internment camps in British collective memory, David Cesarani.

In studying cases of arbitrary detentions and massive detention that occurred in Great Britain during the first and second world wars, David Cesarani shows that several times the British government was led to twisting rules of law on which it was supposed to be founding its legitimacy as well as its prestige. The ignorance of these facts since 1945 has reassured the British conscience concerning the death camps.
Une entreprise concentrationnaire SS. La société des terres et pierres allemandes (1938-1945)
Authors: Fabréguet Michel
Published: July 2010

An SS concentrationary enterprise. The Society of German Land and Stones (1938-1945), Michel Fabréguet.

The concentrationary System was also an economic enterprise marked by the exploitation of deported labor. This obvious fact can be understood from the Society of German Land and Stones. Catastrophically managed in the beginning, it became profitable little by little for the industrial empire that the SS as well as private firms built up.
Un siècle d'enseignement musical à l'école primaire
Authors: Alten Michèle
Published: July 2010

A Century of Music Education in Primary School, Michèle Alten.

At a time when arts education for young people is listed as a national priority, this retrospective reminder shows that primary school, since Jules Ferry, has wavered between a rather unsinging citizen tradition except for the laborious learning of a few patriotic verses and a more melodious cultural tradition whose necessity never convinced the teachers. Only the Popular Front and the Vichy regime manifested a particular interest in school music. Theoretically obligatory but usually out of reach, a source of conflicts between musicians and pedagogues, here is the uninspired history of a discipline that doesn't sound good, of an education with troubling accents.
Itinéraire d'un propagandiste : Gustave Hervé, de l'antipatriotisme au pétainisme (1871-1944)
Authors: Heuré Gilles
Published: July 2010

A Propagandist's Path: Gustave Hervé from anti-patriotism to Pétainism (1871-1944) Gilles Heure.

Gustave Hervé was a lycée professor won over to socialism. He had an active carreer as a militant socialist committed to antimilitarist and antipatriotic combat. His stands led him to imprisonment several times and made him Jean Jaurès' uncomfortable adversary in the beginnings of the SFIO. The disappointment in the workers' movement apathy, the membership in the holy Union, then the antibolshevism are the steps of shift to the right that led him between the two world wars to reinvest his propagandist talents in authoritarian national socialism and to become an admirer of Mussolini. He illustrates the ideological paths that crossed the Third Republic ; his itinerary is that of a polemicist who remained until the end a prisoner of the extremes in which he wrapped himself up.
Le monument aux martyrs d'Oradour-sur-Glane par Fenosa
Authors: Tillier Bertrand
Published: July 2010

The Monument to the Martyrs of Oradour-sur-Glane by Fenosa, Bertrand Tillier.

In 1944 while he was in Limousin, the Catalan sculptor Apel les Fenosa (1899-1988) - a republican refugee living in France since 1939 - received the commission for a monument to commemorate the destruction of the village of Oradour-sur-Glane. Exhibited in the Salon of Extra-in-dependents (des Surindépendants) in 1945, the work was generally favorably received by the critics at the same time that it was virulently refused by the Limoges religious anthorities who denonced its failure to commemorate the massacre and saw in it an insuit to the memory of the victims. Entered as part of the Paris National Museum of Modem Art collections in 1947 under the aegis of Jean Cassou, the monument was not installed in Limoges until 1981. This article attempts to analyze the various motivations that led to its eviction in the multiple post-war strata in which history, art, politics and the stakes of memory are all intertwined.
Enquête sur une émission légendaire de la télévision française : les cinq dernières minutes (1958-1973)
Authors: Favre Muriel
Published: July 2010

Enquiry on a French Legendary Television Program: Les Cinq Dernières Minutes (The hast Five Minutes) (1958-1973), Muriel Favre.

In the 1960s, television viewers were wild about the investigations carried out by Inspector Bourrel and his assistant Dupuy in Les Cinq Dernières Minutes. A minute examination of this program shows how television functioned at the beginning and provides additional proof that the interest of police series is as an indicator of the cultural and mental state of a society.
À la recherche des majorités invisibles, un parcours espagnol du second 20e siècle
Authors: Vilanova Mercedes
Published: July 2010

Looking for Invisible Majorities, a Spanish Itinerary of the Second Half of the 20th Century, Mercedes Vilanova.

In explaining his research - from the study of the elections during the Spanish Second Republic to that of the phenomenon of illiteracy, the author illustrates the caracteristics of Spanish contempory historiography in the second half of the 20th century, marked by the consequences of the civil war. Election abstentionism, considered for a long time as a tacit agreement with anarchist movement theses, has, from this point of view, to be reconsidered in the light of illiteracy and of a relative autonomy of the Spanish masses towards the passwords of parties and trade unions.
Le populisme et la science politique du mirage conceptuel aux vrais problèmes
Authors: Taguieff Pierre-André
Published: July 2010

Populism and political science. From conceptual mirage to the real problems, Pierre-andré Taguieff.

Populism, a word-suitcase, is an un-tried concept, a bastard outgrowth of an undecided "people". It can be reduced neither to a particular political régime nor to fixed ideological contents. From Russian populists of last century to today's omniprésent "telepopulists", political science has tried to delimit its devastating manifestations. Pierre-André Taguieff has drawn up the typology of this defensive system for fictional communities. Canovan, Gellner, Laclau, Weffort and others have been summoned to zero in on this rebellious entity.
Typologie des populismes en Europe (19e-20e siècles)
Authors: Pombeni Paolo
Published: July 2010

Typologies of populisms, Paolo Pombeni.

By basing his analysis on constitutional texts and on the turning points of political life in the major European Countries, Paolo Pombeni puts the question of European populisms at the heart of modem representative regimes and political democracies. Populism is less a marginal case of European policy than one aspect, an inherent given of the democratic process.
Populismus, populistisch : la version allemande
Authors: Ayçoberry Pierre
Published: July 2010

Populismus, populstisch: the German variable, Pierre Ayçoberry.

Probably Anglo-Saxon originally, the term Populismus appeared in German vocabulary in the early 1980s. But its genesis becomes clearer through the semantic evolution of the concept of Volk in the political vocabulary starting at the end of the Bismarckian era. Because of the crisis fueled by the rapid changes of German society, the term became weighted with a nationalist, anti-Semitic and anti-capitalist meaning. The First World War definitively promoted the people to the rank of "Supreme Being" and the term volkisch (racist) was fed on the crisis brought on by the defeat. If Nazism is first of all presented as a form of populism, its racist and artistocratic content could only lead to a betrayal of the people with which it claimed to identify. Rejected by a majority in both post-war Germanies, the populist theme and its racist connotations persisted, however, in far-right movements, and the CDU fed on its right the Bavarian populism of Franz Josef Strauss and the CSU. At the other end of the political fan, the "New social movements" that came out of 1968 carried an original populism in its desire to reconcile the Enlightenment and political romanticism, before the collapse of East German gave birth, with the PDS, to a left populism fed by the frustrations due to reunification.
Du populisme à gauche : les cas français et italien
Authors: Lazar Marc
Published: July 2010

Populism on the left: the French and Italian cases, Marc Lazar.

In France like in Italy, the left repeatedly is tempted by protestation and identity-type populisms. For Marc Lazar, it's more a question of observing a syndrome than a coherent doctrine: idealized representation of a united, just, good, all-powerful but exploited people; defiance towards representative institutions; demands for direct democracy; designation of a charismatic leader, of the dominating enemy and his plots - the corrupt elites. Finally, we're told, the left resists populism because of its acceptance of a traditional democratic framework, old structures and an ideological framework that is stronger than makeshift populisms. Nevertheless, traces of populism can be found in the discourse and behavior of Communist parties especially, in far-left groups but also in the socialists, especially in the periods of broad alliances when it's necessary, to gather "the people". This left-wing populism extends a revolutionary reading of Jacobinism that is distrustful of institutionalised representations by aspiring to the exclusion of all the "privileged".
Jalons pour une histoire du «non-engagement»
Authors: Prochasson Christophe
Published: July 2010

Markers for a History of «Non-Engagement», Christophe Prochasson.

Is non-engagement the exact opposite of engagement ? Is it even a useful word for the historian ? Taking the examples of experts and intellectuals since the time of the Dreyfus affair, Christophe Prochasson wonders. Professional, moral and political justifications for this abstention that has had a had press for a long time can be distinguished within a wide range of behavior patterns.
Les États-Unis et le Mexique. Une alliance orageuse
Authors: Vagnoux Isabelle
Published: July 2010

The United States and Mexico: a stormy alliance, Isabelle Vagnoux.

Ever since the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848 and the ensuing Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the relationships between Mexico and the United States have been marked by constant tensions, anti-American feelings, racist prejudices and conflicts of all kinds. Yet, geographically close though psychologically distant neighbors, the two countries have become increasingly interdependent over the years. With the implementation of NAFTA in 1994, this interdependence has reached a climax. As was made clear by the peso crisis of December 1994, Washington cannot remain indifferent to Mexico's woes, and in turn, Mexico is regularly affected by US decisions. This study focuses on the main issues that have kept dividing and at the same time uniting the two countries since 1945, i.e. economic relations, immigration, drug trafficking and foreign policy.
Citroën et l'innovation (1915-1996)
Authors: Loubet Jean-Louis
Published: July 2010

Citroën and Innovation (1915-1996), Jean-Louis Loubet.

From its inception, Citroën made industrial innovation one of the centerpie- ces of its strategy. Its beginnings were marked by the introduction and then the development of OST (scientific organization of work) and Ford factory-inspired techniques in car manufacturing in France. The 1930s crisis, which hit the company very hard, led to a deep questioning of those techniques and to the possibility of creating a less rigid productive system better adapted to a tight market. And while Reconstruction scrambled the cards by making Ford techniques the one and only way for car manufacturing. Citroën continued, during the years of growth and even more with the crisis of the 1980s, to look for an alternative.
De la solidarité française au parti du faisceau français : un exemple de radicalisation politique
Authors: Lahousse Gilles
Published: July 2010

From Solidarité Française to the Faisceau français: an Example of Political Radicalization, Gilles Lahousse.

From 1933 to 1939 Solidarité Française, founded by François Coty, went through deep changes. Anchored in the beginning to the national tradition of referenda, it radicalized its discourse and methods to the extreme so that it was no more than a tiny group close to fascism at the dawn of the Second World War. The political takeover by Jean-Renaud at François Coty's death, the competition with other leagues, and the hardening of the international situation explain this radicalization which made Solidarité Française a characteristic example of the political crisis of the 1930s.
Jérôme Carcopino, du triomphe à la roche Tarpéienne
Authors: Corcy-Debray Stéphanie
Published: July 2010

Jérôme Carcopino, from Triumph to the Tarpeian Rock, Stéphanie Corcy-Debray.

From the Sorbonne to Vichy, in passing by l'École française de Rome and the management of the École Normale Supérieure, Jérôme Carcopino's itinerary is that of an ambitious historian attracted by power. In February 1941, backed by a brilliant international career and a solid network beyond academia then at the height of its reputation, he was called to a national role. He brought to the Vichy regime the whole weight of his experience of the world of education and especially its renown. The ministry provided him with a national tribune and the possibility of implementing his elitist and sectarian educational conceptions. In April 1942, wounded and deposed, he left the public scene and underwent the supreme humiliation of being judged for national indignity at the Liberation.
Le conseil d'état et le régime de Vichy
Authors: Massot Jean
Published: July 2010

The Conseil d'État and the Vichy Régime, Jean Massot.

The history of the Conseil d'Etat in the period 1940 - 1944 has long been placed under the heading "Gaullist myth". The institution was supposed to have gone through this period remaining faithful to its traditions and preserving its republican principles to the best of its ability. While the analysis of the jurisprudence from his return to Paris in July, 1942 globally confirms this judgment by René Cassin himself in 1944, the opening of the archives, like the analysis of the role of some of its members, leads to a shading of this statement and the observation that like most French people, the Conseil, at least until 1942, put up very well with the new regime in spite of its exclusionary measures of which many of its members had already been its first victims. Was that its price for survival?
De l'affaire Philippe Bertrand à l'affaire Patrick Henry. Un fait-divers dans l'engrenage médiatique
Authors: Delporte Christian
Published: July 2010

A News Item in the Media Spiral: From the Philippe Bertrand to the Patrick Henry Affair, Christian Delporte.

From the media coverage of a news item - the 1976 assassination of a 7-year old boy following a demand for ransom - the role of the media in public opinion reaction can be analyzed. While the murderer's arrest was widely covered by the written press and radio and television maintaining a feverish climate pitting the partisans against the opponents of the death penalty, it is possible that the astonishing serenity around the trial and its outcome was due to a new media attitude. This affair poses the question of the weight and role of the media in the mental and legislative transformations of a country.
La philatélie allemande entre mémoire et amnésie (1949-1989)
Authors: Rousseau Frédéric
Published: July 2010

German Philately between Memory and Amnesia (1949-1989), Frédéric Rousseau.

Postage stamps, so sought after by philatelists, are neglected by historians. What a mistake. Because in a long-term analysis, stamps are the witness of memorialist policies of each issuing country. The study of West German stamps for the period from the creation of West Germany to the fall of the wall, unveils a deeply Christian and Western German identity. Moreover, the basic question of the relationship of the people with their past can be seen. Unlike its eastern neighbor who fostered a socialist and antifascist memory, West Germany, seeking normality, chose a less militant, more consensual memory, at the price of a few memory lapses and a big repression of the Nazi past.
Les métamorphoses du communisme italien depuis 1989
Authors: Marcou Lilly
Published: July 2010

The Metamorphoses of Italian Communism since 1989, Lilly Marcou.

In the world process of Communist party transformation following the collapse of the USSR, the Italian Communist Party occupies a special place. Its own history, especially since 1945, placed it at the forefront of a western communism that wanted to detach itself from the Soviet experience by forging its own path and its own model of society. The consequence of this long period from Togliatti to Berlinguer was the 1989 to 1991 transformation from a communist party into a respectable social-democratic party, member of the International Socialist and mainspring of the entry of Italy in the European unification process. Altough the majority of the old ICP took this turn, a minority created a new party, the PR. This party did not consider itself as a continuation of the old one but it stands for the birth of another communism, one that takes into account both the failure of the Leninist model and also of the reformist one. The future will tell which of these two parties, offspring of the International Communist matrix, took the right road.
Les «colonnes» de Buren, une crise politico-artistique
Authors: Cascaro David
Published: July 2010

Buren's "Columns". A Politico-Artistic Crisis, David Cascaro.

Illustrating the renewed public commission policy for historical monuments in 1985, Daniel Buren's work, Les deux plateaux, in the Palais Royal's court of honor, rapidly became the archetype of official art. Built in a space concentrating powerful institutions (Conseil d'État, (State Council) Ministry of Culture, Conseil Constitutionnel (Constitutional Council)), right in the middle of the legislative electoral campaign, the work roused passions fomented by the record of five years of socialism. Interrupted by a legal question, would the work begun by the Cultural Minister, Jack Lang, be continued after the arrivai of his successor, François Léotard?
Science et démocratie. Celestin Bouglé et la métaphysique de l'hérédité
Authors: Policar Alain
Published: July 2010

Science et démocratie : Célestin Bouglé et la métaphysique de l'hérédité, Alain Policar.

Dans la réfutation de toute conceptualisation fondée sur la race et, au-delà, dans le refus de l'utilisation du modèle biologique en sociologie, Célestin Bouglé occupe une place essentielle. La science, montre-t-il, n'a pas vocation à guider nos principes moraux. L'idée de l'égalité des hommes ne concerne pas la façon dont la nature les a faits mais celle dont la société doit les traiter.
Le « drame des Harkis » : mémoire ou histoire ?
Authors: Ageron Charles-Robert
Published: July 2010

Reprenant le dossier des dernières années de la question harkie pendant la guerre d'Algérie et dans l'immédiat après-guerre, C.-R. Ageron tente de démêler les positions des différents acteurs du « drame » : pouvoir politique et militaire français, autorités et populations algériennes ainsi que les harkis eux-mêmes et l'ANP. Il met en avant les violences dont ces anciens supplétifs de l'armée française furent victimes entre 1962 et 1963 et l'indifférence, voire la complaisance, des autorités algériennes à l'égard des responsables de ces représailles. L'attitude des hommes politiques français, âpre-ment critiquée par certaines fractions de l'opinion à l'époque, ne fut pas exempte d'ambiguïtés. Tandis que la controverse sur le nombre de harkis exécutés commençait à enfler, le sort des anciens supplétifs devint un sujet de discussions entre la France et l'Algérie et, à partir de l'été 1962, le gouvernement français tenta d'obtenir des assurances. En vain. L'armée encore présente sur le territoire algérien s'efforça alors de protéger ses anciens soldats et leurs familles sans toujours parvenir à les rapatrier. C'est en 1970 seulement que la question diplomatique fut réglée laissant ouverte une guerre des mémoires que l'historien a voulu, ici, apaiser.
L'épuration et ses représentations en Languedoc et Roussillon (1944-1945)
Authors: Boyer Patricia
Published: July 2010

De Nîmes à Perpignan, l'épuration a suivi une courbe d'allure assez « nationale ». On y observe les mêmes phénomènes que dans d'autres régions : femmes tondues, enfermement des suspects par précaution, exécutions sommaires, intervention des pouvoirs publics. La chronologie rappelle le rôle décisif du temps de guerre, jusqu'en mai 1945, dans l'explication des violences inutiles et des excès condamnables. P. Boyer avance des chiffres nouveaux, mais, en mêlant la réalité et les représentations, dit surtout la part de défoulement collectif qu'exprimaient les épurateurs et explique combien leur action, sous l'œil de l'opinion, a signalé la terrible violence intestine qui persistait dans la France libérée.
Les églises évangéliques et l'état est-allemand (1961-1989)
Authors: Batel Loïc
Published: July 2010

Les Églises évangéliques en RDA ont été échaudées depuis 1954 par l'avancée de l'athéisme socialiste. Elles ont su sortir du rôle d'ennemi intérieur que leur assignait l'État est-allemand pendant la guerre froide et sont même devenues une « Église du futur », bien enracinée dans la société civile et soucieuse de discussion. Mais elles n'ont été que des actrices par défaut et des spectatrices en 1989, à la chute du mur de Berlin. Il n'y a donc pas eu de « révolution protestante » ruinant le communiste est-allemand, et l'avenir de l'évangélisme dans l'Allemagne réunifiée paraît rien moins qu'évident.
Les juifs de France. Modernité et identité
Authors: Cohen Martine
Published: July 2010

Quelles sont les conditions de possibilité des affirmations identitaires juives contemporaines ? Pourquoi celles-ci peuvent-elles déstabiliser le modèle confessionnel qui a caractérisé le mode d'insertion des Juifs en France jusqu'aux années 1970 ? Une analyse historique comparative montre l'importance de deux facteurs de transformations internes du judaïsme français : le facteur démographique (fortes migrations des années d'avant guerre et celles des années 1950-1960) et le type de judaïsme vécu, caractérisé dans les deux cas par ses traits d'évidence, d'immédiateté et par sa dimension collective. Mais ces conditions, nécessaires, ne sont pas suffisantes. L'analyse comparative des contextes globaux, celui de l'avant-guerre et celui des années 1970 à nos jours, montre que les enjeux ont évolué de manière décisive : si l'émanci pation est un objectif à consolider ou à atteindre dans la première période, c'est l'identité qui, ensuite, pose problème. Les réponses à ces enjeux n'en sont pas moins plurielles dans chaque cas.
L'histoire du droit. Ghetto ou nouvelle frontière ?
Authors: Guettard Hervé
Published: July 2010

The History of Law : Ghetto or New Frontier ?

The history of juridical phenomena should not just be limited to the history of law and institutions as it is traditionally taught in the law faculties. Present in the moral standards, political ideas, mentalities, economy, international relations and rich in historical intrigues, law deserues the development of new work and should arouse the curiosity of many historians.
Nationalité et citoyenneté en Allemagne aujourd'hui
Authors: Kastoryano Riva
Published: July 2010

Nationality and Citizenship in Germany Today, Riva Kastoryano.

In 1999, Germany broke with its conception of nationality as the right based on place of birth, recognized since 1913, and even with its conception of the nation going back to Herder and Fichte. This event, as significant for it as for Europe, is put into historicalperspective. It shows Germany as a country of immigration, a multicultural society in which participation could lead to citizenship, a nation and a state in which new citizens upset legacies and representations and in which double nationality is not a panacea. The strength of immigration, Turkish above all, bas forced the country to negotiate its own identity differently and to seek a democracy beyond the one set up in 1949.
La prison en procès. Les mutins de Nancy (1972)
Authors: Artières Philippe
Published: July 2010

Prisons on Trial. The Mutineers of Nancy (1972), Philippe Artières.

In the wake of the post-1968 struggles, common law prisoners started mobilizing as of 1971. The Nancy mutiny in January 1972 was repressed, but it brought about mobilization inside and outside French prisons. The author analyzes this from the records of the Prison Information Group (GIP) but also from those of the press and various investigations. The GIP, in which famous intellectuals actively participated, had a big role in showing prison reality clearly in what was the first big prison trial.
L'Afrique et la modernité des sciences sociales
Authors: Bernault Florence
Published: July 2010

L'Afrique et la modernité des sciences sociales, Florence Bernault.

Contrairement à un stéréotype durable, l'histoire africaine n'est pas le domaine réservé de quelques chercheurs ultra-spécialisés. Les acquis récents des africanistes sur l'histoire de la bio-médecine, de l'eugénisme, de la formation des classes, des ethnies ou de l'État moderne, interrogent l'histoire contemporaine générale et plaident pour une meilleure circulation des savoirs entre chercheurs et aires de recherche.
Histoire, citoyenneté et démocratie
Authors: Schnapper Dominique
Published: July 2010

Histoire, citoyenneté et démocratie, Dominique Schnapper.

Que devient l'enseignement de l'histoire au temps de la construction de l'Europe ? Comment, aujourd'hui, transmettre les valeurs communes qui permettent de cimenter les sociétés démocratiques ? Dans les nations historiques, dominées par leur projet politique, l'enseignement de l'his- toire contribuait à transmettre les valeurs nationales. Aujourd'hui, il importe qu'elle contribue à transmettre, par la connaissance du passé et la réflexion, moins les valeurs nationales que les valeurs civiques, les valeurs de la citoyenneté. C'est un enseignement réflexif et critique - et non plus normatif - qu'il faut inventer, qui transmette le sens des valeurs civiques universelles et, en même temps, la légitimité de l'attachement de chaque peuple à son passé et à sa culture ; le sens des valeurs civiques universelles et, en même temps, la connaissance et le respect des autres pays et des autres cultures. Un enseignement qui n'ignore pas ce que fut le passé, sa grandeur et ses crimes, mais donne les moyens de le dépasser.
Le visage de l'histoire. L'armée des ombres et la figuration de la résistance au cinéma
Authors: Guigueno Vincent
Published: July 2010

Le visage de l'histoire. L'Armée des ombres et la figuration de la Résistance au cinéma, Vincent Guigueno.

Film inspiré du récit de Joseph Kessel, L'Armée des ombres ne constitue pas un film sur la Résistance, mais présente une réflexion sur les termes de sa figuration. Melville n'était sans doute pas mal placé pour proposer cette réflexion, comme cinéaste, bien sûr, mais comme résistant également - encore que son itinéraire, durant les années sombres, soit difficile à retracer. Le film, à sa sortie, fut mal reçu, en raison notamment d'une approche jugée gaulliste. Le décalage temporel nous montre pourtant que cette œuvre reste rebelle à toute classification. Tout en étant largement fidèle au récit de Kessel, elle élimine toute référence au politique, choisit de présenter la Résistance dans la variété de ses membres - qu'unit toutefois la mort qui les attend. Elle se caractérise surtout par une sobriété proche de l'épure qui évite, notamment, de transfigurer les résistants en héros. Melville, au demeurant, préfère filmer les hommes dans la délibération plutôt que dans l'action - une approche qui tranche avec les partis pris retenus par Claude Berri dans Lucie Aubrac. Les acteurs - connus - n'en sont pas moins devenus, aux yeux des spectateurs, l'incarnation symbolique mais vivante des résistants qui forgèrent l'armée des ombres.
Strategies to Improve Recruitment into Rheumatology: Results of the Workforce in Rheumatology Issues Study (WRIST)
Authors: ZBOROVSKI STEPHEN , ROHEKAR GINA , ROHEKAR SHERRY
Published: July 2010

Objective.

By 2026, there will be a 64% shortfall of rheumatologists in Canada. A doubling of current rheumatology trainees is likely needed to match future needs; however, there are currently no evidence-based recommendations for how this can be achieved. The Workforce in Rheumatology Issues Study (WRIST) was designed to determine factors influencing the choice of rheumatology as a career.

Methods.

An online survey was created and invitations to participate were sent to University of Western Ontario (UWO) medical students, UWO internal medicine (IM) residents, Canadian rheumatology fellows, and Canadian rheumatologists. Surveys sent to each group of respondents were identical except for questions related to demographics and past training. Participants rated factors that influenced their choice of residency and scored factors related to the attractiveness of rheumatology and to recruitment strategies. Statistical significance was determined using chi-squared and factor analysis.

Results.

The survey went out to 1014 individuals, and 491 surveys were completed (48.4%). Responses indicated the importance of exposure through rotations and role models in considering rheumatology. Significant (p < 0.002) differences between groups were evident regarding what makes rheumatology attractive and effective recruitment strategies, most interestingly with rheumatologists and trainees expressing opposite views on the latter.

Conclusion.

Recommendations are made in 2 broad categories: greater exposure and greater information. As medical students and IM residents progress through their training, their interest in rheumatology lessens, thus it is important to begin recruitment initiatives as early as possible in the training process.
A Prospective Study of Periodontal Disease and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: ARKEMA ELIZABETH V. , KARLSON ELIZABETH W. , COSTENBADER KAREN H.
Published: July 2010

Objective.

To test for an association between periodontal disease (PD) and incident rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a large prospective cohort.

Methods.

We conducted a prospective analysis of history of periodontal surgery, tooth loss, and risk of RA among 81,132 women in the Nurses’ Health Study prospective cohort. Periodontal surgery and tooth loss were used as proxies for history of PD. There were 292 incident RA cases diagnosed from 1992 to 2004. Information on periodontal surgery and tooth loss in the past 2 years was collected by questionnaire in 1992. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess relationships between periodontal surgery, tooth loss, and risk of RA adjusting for age, smoking, number of natural teeth, body mass index, parity, breastfeeding, postmenopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, father’s occupation, and alcohol intake.

Results.

Compared with those who reported no history of periodontal surgery or tooth loss, women with periodontal surgery or tooth loss did not have a significantly elevated risk of RA in multivariable-adjusted models (RR 1.24, 95% CI 0.83, 1.83; and RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.47, 2.95, respectively). In analyses stratified by ever and never-smokers, ever-smokers with periodontal surgery had an increased risk that was also nonsignificant. Those with severe PD (both history of periodontal surgery and tooth loss) did not have a significant increased risk.

Conclusion.

In this large cohort of American women, there was no evidence of an increased risk of later-onset RA among those with a history of periodontal surgery and/or tooth loss.
Association of a Functional Polymorphism in the Matrix Metalloproteinase-12 Promoter Region with Systemic Sclerosis in an Italian Population
Authors: MANETTI MIRKO , IBBA-MANNESCHI LIDIA , FATINI CINZIA , GUIDUCCI SERENA , CUOMO GIOVANNA , BONINO CLAUDIA , BAZZICHI LAURA , LIAKOULI VASILIKI , GIACOMELLI ROBERTO , ABBATE ROSANNA , BOMBARDIERI STEFANO , MONTECUCCO CARLOMAURIZIO , VALENTINI GABRIELE , MATUCCI-CERINIC MARCO
Published: July 2010

Objective.

To investigate the possible implication of the matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) gene in the genetic predisposition to systemic sclerosis (SSc) susceptibility and clinical phenotype.

Methods.

The MMP-12 rs2276109 A/G functional polymorphism was selected as a genetic marker and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay in 513 unrelated subjects of Italian white ancestry: 250 patients with SSc [146 limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc), 104 diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc)] and 263 healthy individuals.

Results.

A significant difference was observed in MMP-12 rs2276109 genotype distribution between patients with SSc and controls (p = 0.0003), and between lcSSc and dcSSc (p = 0.003). The A allele frequency was significantly higher in patients with SSc than in controls (p = 0.0002), and higher in dcSSc than in lcSSc (p = 0.003). After adjustment for age and sex, the homozygosity for the A allele significantly influenced the predisposition to SSc and to dcSSc (OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.61–3.71, p < 0.0001; OR 4.69, 95% CI 2.36–9.33, p < 0.0001, respectively). A trend toward an association between the AA genotype and lcSSc was observed (p = 0.06). The homozygosity for the A allele was also significantly and independently associated with antitopoisomerase I antibody positivity (OR 6.39, 95% CI 2.18–18.76, p = 0.001) and interstitial lung disease (OR 2.94, 95% CI 1.25–6.95, p = 0.01).

Conclusion.

The MMP-12 rs2276109 gene polymorphism may contribute to susceptibility to SSc, and in particular to dcSSc and pulmonary fibrosis.
APTIMA assay on SurePath liquid-based cervical samples compared to endocervical swab samples facilitated by a real time database
Authors: Khader Samer N. , Schlesinger Kathie , Grossman Josh , Henry Richard I. , Suhrland Mark , Fox Amy S.
Published: July 2010

Background:

Liquid-based cytology (LBC) cervical samples are increasingly being used to test for pathogens, including: HPV, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) using nucleic acid amplification tests. Several reports have shown the accuracy of such testing on ThinPrep (TP) LBC samples. Fewer studies have evaluated SurePath (SP) LBC samples, which utilize a different specimen preservative. This study was undertaken to assess the performance of the Aptima Combo 2 Assay (AC2) for CT and GC on SP versus endocervical swab samples in our laboratory.

Materials and Methods:

The live pathology database of Montefiore Medical Center was searched for patients with AC2 endocervical swab specimens and SP Paps taken the same day. SP samples from CT-and/or GC-positive endocervical swab patients and randomly selected negative patients were studied. In each case, 1.5 ml of the residual SP vial sample, which was in SP preservative and stored at room temperature, was transferred within seven days of collection to APTIMA specimen transfer tubes without any sample or patient identifiers. Blind testing with the AC2 assay was performed on the Tigris DTS System (Gen-probe, San Diego, CA). Finalized SP results were compared with the previously reported endocervical swab results for the entire group and separately for patients 25 years and younger and patients over 25 years.

Results:

SP specimens from 300 patients were tested. This included 181 swab CT-positive, 12 swab GC-positive, 7 CT and GC positive and 100 randomly selected swab CT and GC negative patients. Using the endocervical swab results as the patient’s infection status, AC2 assay of the SP samples showed: CT sensitivity 89.3%, CT specificity 100.0%; GC sensitivity and specificity 100.0%. CT sensitivity for patients 25 years or younger was 93.1%, versus 80.7% for patients over 25 years, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.02).

Conclusions:

Our results show that AC2 assay of 1.5 ml SP samples transferred to APTIMA specimen transfer medium within seven days is sufficiently sensitive and specific to be used to screen for CT and GC. CT sensitivity may be somewhat reduced in samples from patients over 25 years. SP specimens retained in the original SP fixative for longer time intervals also may have decreased sensitivity, due to deterioration of RNA, but this was not assessed in this study. The ability to tap the live pathology database is a valuable tool that can useful to conduct clinical studies without a costly prospective clinical trial.
Fine needle aspiration diagnosis of Rosai-Dorfman disease in an osteolytic lesion of bone
Authors: Li Shaoying , Yan Zhijie , Jhala Nirag , Jhala Darshana
Published: July 2010

Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML) or Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is an uncommon but well-defined benign self-limited clinicopathological entity. It mainly involves lymph nodes. Extranodal involvement is seen in up to 43% of cases, with the most common location in the head and neck region. Primary RDD occurring in the bone is rare with only twelve cases reported in the literature to date, all diagnosed on histology except one by fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. We report a case of RDD diagnosed by FNA cytology in a 28 year-old female presented as an osteolytic lesion of superior pubic ramus where the differential diagnosis included a sarcoma and lymphoma. Based on the cytologic findings, a diagnosis of a RDD was considered during the rapid FNA on site with no clinical history provided. The diagnosis of RDD was further confirmed by immunohistochemical stains and histology diagnosis. Our findings show that even in the absence of a clinical history, FNA is a less invasive and a very reliable tool for the diagnosis of SHML (RDD).
Improving runoff prediction through the assimilation of the ASCAT soil moisture product
Authors: Brocca L. , Melone F. , Moramarco T. , Wagner W. , Naeimi V. , Bartalis Z. , Hasenauer S.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The role and the importance of soil moisture for meteorological, agricultural and hydrological applications is widely known. Remote sensing offers the unique capability to monitor soil moisture over large areas (catchment scale) with, nowadays, a temporal resolution suitable for hydrological purposes. However, the accuracy of the remotely sensed soil moisture estimates has to be carefully checked. The validation of these estimates with in-situ measurements is not straightforward due the well-known problems related to the spatial mismatch and the measurement accuracy. The analysis of the effects deriving from assimilating remotely sensed soil moisture data into hydrological or meteorological models could represent a more valuable method to test their reliability. In particular, the assimilation of satellite-derived soil moisture estimates into rainfall-runoff models at different scales and over different regions represents an important scientific and operational issue. In this study, the soil wetness index (SWI) product derived from the Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT) sensor onboard of the Metop satellite was tested. The SWI was firstly compared with the soil moisture temporal pattern derived from a continuous rainfall-runoff model (MISDc) to assess its relationship with modeled data. Then, by using a simple data assimilation technique, the linearly rescaled SWI that matches the range of variability of modelled data (denoted as SWI*) was assimilated into MISDc and the model performance on flood estimation was analyzed. Moreover, three synthetic experiments considering errors on rainfall, model parameters and initial soil wetness conditions were carried out. These experiments allowed to further investigate the SWI potential when uncertain conditions take place. The most significant flood events, which occurred in the period 2000–2009 on five subcatchments of the Upper Tiber River in Central Italy, ranging in extension between 100 and 650 km2, were used as case studies. Results reveal that the SWI derived from the ASCAT sensor can be conveniently adopted to improve runoff prediction in the study area, mainly if the initial soil wetness conditions are unknown.
A simple metric to quantify seismicity clustering
Authors: Cho N. F. , Tiampo K. F. , Mckinnon S. D. , Vallejos J. A. , Klein W. , Dominguez R.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The Thirulamai-Mountain (TM) metric was first developed to study ergodicity in fluids and glasses (Thirumalai and Mountain, 1993) using the concept of effective ergodicity, where a large but finite time interval is considered. Tiampo et al. (2007) employed the TM metric to earthquake systems to search for effective ergodic periods, which are considered to be metastable equilibrium states that are disrupted by large events. The physical meaning of the TM metric for seismicity is addressed here in terms of the clustering of earthquakes in both time and space for different sets of data. It is shown that the TM metric is highly dependent not only on spatial/temporal seismicity clustering, but on the past seismic activity of the region and the time intervals considered as well, and that saturation occurs over time, resulting in a lower sensitivity to local clustering. These results confirm that the TM metric can be used to quantify seismicity clustering from both spatial and temporal perspectives, in which the disruption of effective ergodic periods are caused by the agglomeration of events.