bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supramolecular Chemical Sensors Based on Pyrene Monomer–Excimer Dual Luminescence
Authors: Karuppannan Sekar , Chambron Jean‐Claude
Published: January 2011

The past ten years have seen a spectacular development of chemical sensors based on the monomer–excimer dual luminescence of aromatic systems, such as pyrene. Either in the form of integrated or multicomponent molecular devices these chemosensors have been attracting a high interest above all because of their unique ratiometric properties. This review will focus on the latter systems, which can be classified into two classes: Firstly, the assembly of receptor–effector conjugates is triggerred by the analyte of interest. As a result, the sensor shows monomer to excimer fluorescence switching upon substrate binding. Secondly, the supramolecular assembly that constitutes the sensor is perturbed by interaction with the analyte. This induces a conformational change or the exchange of a component of the system, which is the cause of the luminescence switch effect.
Flow‐injection chemiluminescent determination of estrogen benzoate using the tris(1,10‐phenanthroline) ruthenium(II)–permanganate system
Authors: Ma Yan , Cao Wei , Qiao Shuang , Liu Wenwen , Yang Jinghe
Published: January 2011

Chemiluminescence (CL) detection for the determination of estrogen benzoate, using the reaction of tris(1,10–phenanthroline)ruthenium(II)–Na2SO3–permanganate, is described. This method is based on the CL reaction of estrogen benzoate (EB) with acidic potassium permanganate and tris(1,10–phenanthroline)ruthenium(II). The CL intensity is greatly enhanced when Na2SO3 is added. After optimization of the different experimental parameters, a calibration graph for estrogen benzoate is linear in the range 0.05–10 µg/mL. The 3 s limit of detection is 0.024 µg/mL and the relative standard deviation was 1.3% for 1.0 µg/mL estrogen benzoate (n = 11). This proposed method was successfully applied to commercial injection samples and emulsion cosmetics. The mechanism of CL reaction was also studied. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emotion regulation consumption: When feeling better is the aim
Authors: Kemp Elyria , Kopp Steven W.
Published: January 2011

This research explored how individuals regulate their emotions by consuming products of a hedonic nature. We introduce a new construct to the consumer research literature, emotion regulation consumption (ERC), which involves the consumption or purchase of a good or service for the purposes of alleviating, repairing, or managing an emotion in the short term. Specifically, ERC processes were examined for four discrete emotions – sadness, amusement, contentment, and fear/anxiety. Additionally, this research demonstrates how an individual's ability to use internal cognitive control processes, or “emotion regulation strategies,” to manage emotions may differentially moderate the effects of emotions on hedonic consumption. Important theoretical and managerial implications are offered:

Anytime that I am bummed, I order in the unhealthiest foods I can think of. I definitely use food as a crutch. I call it eating my feelings. (female, 23).

Whenever I feel great, the first thing I want to do is play golf. It does not matter if I go play a full round somewhere or just get in some practice at the driving range…I just want to hit some golf balls. (male, 24).1

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Religiosity and consumer behavior of older adults: A study of subcultural influences in Malaysia
Authors: Moschis George P. , Ong Fon Sim
Published: January 2011

Although differences in consumption patterns across countries are often inferred to be the result of different cultural values and religious orientations, they raise issues of validity because of the many country‐specific factors that may affect behavior. Furthermore, the effects of religiosity are confounded with those of variables that are associated with religiosity such as age. This paper examines the effects of religiosity on well‐being and changes in consumer preferences of 645 adults age 50 and older living in different regions of Malaysia who were surveyed via personal interviews. The results confirm the positive effects of religiosity on well‐being but show differences across the three main ethnic subcultures of Malaysia (Malays, Indians, and Chinese), and they provide little support for the hypotheses that the consistency of consumer brand and store preferences is influenced by religious values. It is suggested that the relationship between religiosity and consumer behaviors warrants additional research, focusing also on variables that relate to religiosity, method of analysis, and on mechanisms that link religiosity to consumer behaviors.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Baicalein Inhibits Formation of α‐Synuclein Oligomers within Living Cells and Prevents Aβ Peptide Fibrillation and Oligomerisation
Authors: Lu Jia‐Hong , Ardah Mustafa Taleb , Durairajan Siva Sundara Kumar , Liu Liang‐Feng , Xie Li‐Xia , Fong Wang‐Fun David , Hasan Mohamed Y. , Huang Jian‐Dong , El‐Agnaf Omar M. A. , Li Min
Published: January 2011

Abnormal protein aggregation in the brain is linked to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies revealed that the oligomeric form of aggregates is most likely the toxic species, and thus could be a good therapeutic target. To screen for potent inhibitors that can inhibit both oligomerisation and fibrillation of α‐synuclein (α‐syn), we systematically compared the antioligomeric and antifibrillar activities of eight compounds that were extracted from Chinese herbal medicines through three platforms that can monitor the formation of α‐syn fibrils and oligomers in cell‐free or cellular systems. Our results revealed that baicalein, a flavonoid extracted from the Chinese herbal medicine Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (“huang qin” in Chinese), is a potent inhibitor of α‐syn oligomerisation both in cell‐free and cellular systems, and is also an effective inhibitor of α‐syn fibrillation in cell‐free systems. We further tested the protective effect of baicalein against α‐syn‐oligomer‐induced toxicity in neuronal cells. Our data showed that baicalein inhibited the formation of α‐syn oligomers in SH‐SY5Y and Hela cells, and protected SH‐SY5Y cells from α‐syn‐oligomer‐induced toxicity. We also explored the effect of baicalein on amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) aggregation and toxicity. We found that baicalein can also inhibit Aβ fibrillation and oligomerisation, disaggregate pre‐formed Aβ amyloid fibrils and prevent Aβ fibril‐induced toxicity in PC12 cells. Our study indicates that baicalein is a good inhibitor of amyloid protein aggregation and toxicity. Given the role of these processes in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD and PD, our results suggest that baicalein has potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of these devastating disorders.
Metabolon Catalysts: An Efficient Model for Multi‐enzyme Cascades at Electrode Surfaces
Authors: Moehlenbrock Michael J. , Toby Timothy K. , Pelster Lindsey N. , Minteer Shelley D.
Published: January 2011

The existence of interactions between sequential enzymes of metabolic pathways has been explored extensively throughout the field of biochemistry. These closely coupled pathways, termed metabolons, have been demonstrated to induce substrate channeling that results in increased efficiency by enhancing local substrate concentrations, protecting liable intermediates, and limiting distance between enzyme active sites. This phenomenon may have direct implication in the advancement of multi‐enzyme enzymatic biofuel cells through the use of super‐complex formations as bioanode catalysts. This will result in an efficient means of a more complete oxidation of a fuel, while optimizing the flux of the system through the recreation of a phenomenon that is conserved throughout biology.
Mirror Helices and Helicity Switch at Surfaces Based on Chiral Triangular‐Shape Oligo(phenylene ethynylenes)
Authors: Aparicio Fátima , García Fátima , Fernández Gustavo , Matesanz Emilio , Sánchez Luis
Published: January 2011

The self‐assembly of triangular‐shaped oligo(phenylene ethynylenes) (OPEs), peripherally decorated with chiral and linear paraffinic chains, is investigated in bulk, onto surfaces and in solution. Whilst the X‐ray diffraction data for the chiral studied systems display a broad reflection centered at 2θ ∼20° (λ=CuKα), the higher crystallinity of OPE 3, endowed with three linear decyl chains, results in a diffractrogram with a number of well‐resolved reflections that can be accurately indexed as a columnar packing arranged in 2D oblique cells. Compounds (S)‐1 a and (R)‐1 b—endowed with (S)‐ and (R)‐3,7‐dimethyloctyloxy chains—transfer their chirality to the supramolecular structures formed upon their self‐assembly, and give rise to helical nanostructures of opposite handedness. A helicity switch is noticeable for the case of chiral (S)‐2 decorated with (S)‐2‐methylnonyloxy chains which forms right‐handed helices despite it possesses the same stereoconfiguration for their stereogenic carbons as (S)‐1 a that self‐assembles into left‐handed helices. The stability and the mechanism of the supramolecular polymerization in solution have been investigated by UV/Vis experiments in methylcyclohexane. These studies demonstrate that the larger the distance between the stereogenic carbon and the aromatic framework is, the more stable the aggregate is. Additionally, the self‐assembly mechanism is conditioned by the peripheral substituents: whereas compounds (S)‐1 a and (R)‐1 b self‐assemble in a cooperative manner with a low degree of cooperativity, the aggregation of (S)‐2 and 3 is well described by an isodesmic model. Therefore, the interaction between the chiral coil chains conditions the handedness of the helical pitch, the stability of the supramolecular structure and the supramolecular polymerization mechanism of the studied OPEs.
Adsorption and Diffusion – Basis for Molecular Understanding of Permeation through Molecular Sieve Membranes
Authors: Chmelik Christian , Voß Hartwig , Bux Helge , Caro Jürgen
Published: January 2011

In three case studies, (i) 1‐butene/i‐butene separation on a ZSM‐5 membrane, (ii) carbon dioxide/methane, and (iii) ethene/ethane separations on a zeolitic imidazolate framework 8 (ZIF‐8) type metal organic framework (MOF) membrane, it is demonstrated that the membrane selectivity for the separation of a gas mixtures can be well described and even predicted by the interplay of mixture adsorption and mixture diffusion according to the simple relation membrane selectivity = adsorption selectivity × diffusion selectivity. The mixed gas adsorption and diffusion data which are necessary for the above calculation can be derived cost and time effective by sorption uptake/desorption studies on giant single crystals with IR microscopy (IRM) detection.
Direct Electron Transfer of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin at the Bare Glassy Carbon Electrode in an Aqueous BMI.BF4 Ionic‐Liquid Mixture
Authors: Loget Gabriel , Chevance Soizic , Poriel Cyril , Simonneaux Gérard , Lagrost Corinne , Rault‐Berthelot Joëlle
Published: January 2011

Direct and remarkably fast electron transfers between a bare glassy carbon electrode and heme proteins (hemoglobin or myoglobin) are obtained by using an aqueous 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMI.BF4) ionic‐liquid mixture as electrolyte. The ionic liquid is observed to play a key role in the achievement of the electron transfer. The experimental data show that the proteins are not strongly adsorbed onto the electrode surface while giving rise to sharp and well‐defined redox responses. Such a finding contrasts with most of the reported works found in literature and—beyond the fundamental aspect—it may be of interest in applications where adsorption is critical. Moreover, the electrocatalytic activity of the proteins toward the reduction of oxygen and nitrite in the aqueous BMI.BF4 mixture is evidenced, showing the potential of this simple approach for bioelectroanalytical devices.
Interconversion between Formic Acid and H2/CO2 using Rhodium and Ruthenium Catalysts for CO2 Fixation and H2 Storage
Authors: Himeda Yuichiro , Miyazawa Satoru , Hirose Takuji
Published: January 2011

The interconversion between formic acid and H2/CO2 using half‐sandwich rhodium and ruthenium catalysts with 4,4’‐dihydroxy‐2,2’‐bipyridine (DHBP) was investigated. The influence of substituents of the bipyridine ligand was studied. Chemical shifts of protons in bipyridine linearly correlated with Hammett substituent constants. In the hydrogenation of CO2/bicarbonate to formate under basic conditions, significant activations of the catalysts were caused by the electronic effect of oxyanions generated by deprotonation of the hydroxyl group. Initial turnover frequencies of the ruthenium‐ and rhodium‐DHBP complexes increased 65‐ and 8‐fold, respectively, compared to the corresponding unsubstituted bipyridine complexes. In the decomposition of formic acid under acidic conditions, activity enhancement by the electronic effect of the hydroxyl group was observed for the ruthenium catalyst. The rhodium‐DHBP catalyst showed high activity without CO contamination in a relatively wide pH range. Pressurized H2 can be obtained using an autoclave reactor. The highest turnover frequency and number were obtained at 80 °C. The catalytic system provides valuable insight into the use of CO2 as a H2 storage material by combining CO2 hydrogenation with formic acid decomposition.
Selective Oxidation of Glycerol by Using a Hydrotalcite‐Supported Platinum Catalyst under Atmospheric Oxygen Pressure in Water
Authors: Tsuji Akihiro , Rao Kasanneni Tirumala Venkateswara , Nishimura Shun , Takagaki Atsushi , Ebitani Kohki
Published: January 2011

A hydrotalcite‐supported platinum (Pt/HT) catalyst was found to be a highly active and selective heterogeneous catalyst for glycerol oxidation in pure water under atmospheric oxygen pressure in a high glycerol/metal molar ratio up to 3125. High selectivity toward glyceric acid (78 %) was obtained even at room temperature under air atmosphere. The Pt/HT catalyst selectively oxidized the primary hydroxyl group of 1,2‐propandiol to give the corresponding carboxylic acid (lactic acid) as well as glycerol. The activity of the catalyst was greatly influenced by the Mg/Al ratio of hydrotalcite. Glycerol conversion increased with increasing the Mg/Al ratio of hydrotalcite (from trace to 56 %). X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements indicated that the catalytic oxidation activity was proportional to the metallic platinum concentration, and more than 35 % of metallic platinum was necessary for this reaction. TEM measurements and titration analysis by using benzoic acid suggested that the solid basicity of hydrotalcite plays important roles in the precise control of platinum size and metal concentration as well as the initial promotion of alcohol oxidation.
The Water Oxidation Bottleneck in Artificial Photosynthesis: How Can We Get Through It? An Alternative Route Involving a Two‐Electron Process
Authors: Inoue Haruo , Shimada Tetsuya , Kou Youki , Nabetani Yu , Masui Dai , Takagi Shinsuke , Tachibana Hiroshi
Published: January 2011

The state‐of‐the‐art of research on artificial photosynthesis is briefly reviewed. Insights into how Nature takes electrons from water, the photon‐flux density of sunlight, the time scale for the arrival of the next photon (electron–hole) at the oxygen‐evolving complex, how Nature solves the photon‐flux‐density problem, and how we can get through the bottleneck of water oxidation are discussed. An alternate route for a two‐electron process induced by one‐photon excitation is postulated for getting through the bottleneck of water oxidation.
A novel ICI self‐cancellation scheme for OFDM systems
Authors: Tseng Shu‐Ming , Huang Yu‐Shun
Published: January 2011

We propose a novel intercarrier interference (ICI) self‐cancellation scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The symmetric scheme is the best among all ICI self‐cancellation scheme in the literature. Its coefficient pair is (1, − 1), and the loading subcarriers are the kth and N−k − 1th subcarriers, where N is the number of subcarriers. We propose to modify the symmetric scheme and change the coefficient pair from (1, − 1) to (1, −µ) where µis between 0 and 1. The proposed modified symmetric scheme has better carrier‐to‐interference‐ratio (CIR) than all previous ICI self‐cancellation schemes by at least 1.7 dB when the normalized frequency offset is 0.5. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural signatures of face–voice synchrony in 5‐month‐old human infants
Authors: Hyde Daniel C. , Jones Blake L. , Flom Ross , Porter Chris L.
Published: January 2011

Infants' unitary perception of their multisensory world, including learning from people (faces and speech), hinges on temporal synchrony. Despite its importance, relatively little work has investigated the brain processes involved in infants' perception of temporal synchrony. In two experiments, we examined event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) to asynchronous and synchronous audio‐visual speech in infants. Both experiments showed the early auditory P2 was greater for the synchronously presented pairings and later attentional processing (Nc) was greater for asynchronous pairings. In addition, dynamic stimuli used in Experiment 2 produced a greater early visual response (N1) to the asynchronous condition and an enhanced memory‐related slow wave (PSW) later for the synchronous condition. These results suggest that, like adults, auditory–visual integration for young infants begins early during sensory processing rather than later during higher‐level cognitive processing. However, unlike adults, infants' brain responses may be biased towards synchrony. Furthermore, effects of attentional and memory processing confirm interpretations of behavioral looking patterns suggesting infants find synchrony more familiar. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:359–370, 2011.
Summary of ‘Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children’
Authors: Canadian Editorial Office Evidence‐Based Child Health
Published: January 2011

This is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Krul M, van der Wouden JC, van Suijlekom‐Smit LWA, Koes BW. Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD007759. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007759.pub2. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Summary of ‘Diclofenac for acute pain in children’
Authors: Canadian Editorial Office Evidence‐Based Child Health
Published: January 2011

This is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Standing JF, Savage I, Pritchard D, Waddington M. Diclofenac for acute pain in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD005538. DOI: 10.1002/14 651 858.CD005538.pub2. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Guanidine Ligands Featuring Biphenyl or Binaphthyl Backbones
Authors: Maronna Astrid , Bindewald Elvira , Kaifer Elisabeth , Wadepohl Hubert , Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: January 2011

In this paper we report on the synthesis and characterization of several new 2,2′‐bisguanidino‐1,1′‐biphenyl and ‐binaphthyl ligands as well as the electron donor 3,3′,4,4′‐tetrakis(tetramethylguanidino)‐1,1′‐biphenyl. Chiral bisguanidine ligands were prepared with binaphthyl backbones. The solid‐state structures were analysed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. UV/Vis and Raman spectra provided a qualitative insight into the rotational barriers in solution and in the solid state. Finally, late‐transition‐metal complexes of two of these ligands were prepared. These complexes prefer a κ1 rather than a κ2 coordination mode. The discussion of the experimental results is complemented by quantum chemical (DFT) calculations. Finally, we report on the first catalytic test reactions.
Metal Cation Induced Modulation of the Photophysical Properties of a Platinum(II) Complex Featuring a Dipicolylanilino–Acetylide Ligand
Authors: Lanoë Pierre‐Henri , Fillaut Jean‐Luc , Guerchais Véronique , Le Bozec Hubert , Williams J. A. Gareth
Published: January 2011

We report the synthesis of a new, luminescent, cyclometalated platinum complex 1 incorporating a bis(2‐picolyl)anilino (DPA) group. The complex has the form LPt–C≡C–C6H4–N(CH2py)2, where L is a CNN‐coordinating ligand based on phenylbipyridine. The ground‐state absorption and excited‐state luminescence of complex 1 are modulated by the binding of selected divalent metal ions (Zn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, and Pb2+) to the DPA unit; the extent of the observed changes are dependent upon the identity of the metal ion. In particular, binding of Zn2+ leads to a substantial enhancement in the emission intensity.
Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Spiropyrazolones
Authors: Alba Andrea‐Nekane R. , Zea Alex , Valero Guillem , Calbet Teresa , Font‐Bardía Merce , Mazzanti Andrea , Moyano Albert , Rios Ramon
Published: January 2011

The synthesis of spiro compounds through a Michael–Michael–aldol reaction is reported. The reaction affords spiropyrazolone derivatives in good yields, in almost diastereo‐ and enantiopure form, and is catalyzed by diphenylprolinol derivatives. The reaction showed strong nonlinear effects. Remarkably, when a catalyst with 70 %eeis used, the reaction still affords the final spiro compound in almost diastereo‐ and enantiopure form.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Jaspine B (Pachastrissamine) and Its C‐2 and/or C‐3 Epimers
Authors: Llaveria Josep , Díaz Yolanda , Matheu M. Isabel , Castillón Sergio
Published: January 2011

Jaspine B and its C‐2 and/or C3 epimers have been enantioselectively prepared from butadiene monoepoxide through a synthetic procedure consisting of allylic amination by palladium‐catalyzed dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation, cross metathesis, and stereoselective dihydroxylation as key steps.
Synthesis and Studies of Covalently Linked Porphyrin‐Expanded Heteroporphyrin Dyads
Authors: Rajeswara Rao M. , Ravikanth M.
Published: January 2011

Mono‐functionalized core‐modified sapphyrin (with a N2S3 core) and smaragdyrin (with a N4O core) containing a meso‐iodophenyl functional group were synthesized by following a [3+2] condensation approach using appropriate precursors. The mono‐functionalized sapphyrin and smaragdyrin building blocks were used to synthesize the first examples of diphenyl ethyne bridged porphyrin–sapphyrin and porphyrin/ZnIIporphyrin–smaragdyrin dyads under mild Pd0‐coupling conditions. The dyads are freely soluble in common organic solvents and were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. Photophysical studies indicated the possibility of energy transfer from the porphyrin/ZnII porphyrin sub‐unit to the smaragdyrin sub‐unit in porphyrin/ZnIIporphyrin–smaragdyrin dyads. The potential of these dyads as fluorescent sensors for anions was explored. The studies indicated that the porphyrin–sapphyrin dyad cannot be used as fluorescent sensors, whereas the porphyrin–smaragdyrin dyad was suitable.
Room‐Temperature Nickel‐Catalysed Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions of Aryl Sulfonates/Halides with Arylboronic Acids
Authors: Fan Xin‐Heng , Yang Lian‐Ming
Published: January 2011

Room‐temperature Suzuki–Miyaura aryl–aryl cross‐coupling reactions have been achieved in high yields by using an easily accessible, air‐stable NiII–(σ‐aryl) complex as precatalyst without either the pretreatment of organometallic reagents or the presence of external reductants. The NiII complex, in conjunction with monophosphane ligands such as PCy3·HBF4 or PPh3, allowed the efficient cross‐coupling of aryl sulfonates (OTs, OMs) and/or halides (Cl, Br, I) with arylboronic acids at room temperature in toluene/water in the presence of K2CO3 as base.
Recent Developments in Pd‐Catalyzed Reactions of Diazo Compounds
Authors: Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: January 2011

Pd‐catalyzed reactions of diazo compounds result in unique transformations that are distinct from those of traditional processes catalyzed by RhII or CuI catalysts. Pd carbene migratory insertion was deemed to be the key step in a series of Pd‐catalyzed reactions of diazo compounds. The combination of this unique reaction and classic Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling provides new potential for the development of novel Pd‐catalyzed transformations, in particular for C=C double bond formation.
Staphylococcus aureus phenotype switching: an effective bacterial strategy to escape host immune response and establish a chronic infection
Authors: Tuchscherr Lorena , Medina Eva , Hussain Muzaffar , Völker Wolfgang , Heitmann Vanessa , Niemann Silke , Holzinger Dirk , Roth Johannes , Proctor Richard A. , Becker Karsten , Peters Georg , Löffler Bettina
Published: January 2011

Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause for serious, chronic and therapy‐refractive infections in spite of susceptibility to antibiotics in vitro. In chronic infections, altered bacterial phenotypes, such as small colony variants (SCVs), have been found. Yet, it is largely unclear whether the ability to interconvert from the wild‐type to the SCV phenotype is only a rare clinical and/or just laboratory phenomenon or is essential to sustain an infection. Here, we performed different long‐term in vitro and in vivo infection models with S. aureus and we show that viable bacteria can persist within host cells and/or tissues for several weeks. Persistence induced bacterial phenotypic diversity, including SCV phenotypes, accompanied by changes in virulence factor expression and auxotrophism. However, the recovered SCV phenotypes were highly dynamic and rapidly reverted to the fully virulent wild‐type form when leaving the intracellular location and infecting new cells. Our findings demonstrate that bacterial phenotype switching is an integral part of the infection process that enables the bacteria to hide inside host cells, which can be a reservoir for chronic and therapy‐refractive infections.

→ See accompanying Closeup by Christian Garzoni and William Kelley DOI 10.1002/emmm.201100123.
Using staggered grids with characteristic boundary conditions when solving compressible reactive Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Albin E. , D'Angelo Y. , Vervisch L.
Published: January 2011

A specific (hybrid) arrangement of variables is discussed to solve reactive compressible Navier–Stokes equations on staggered‐like grids with high‐order finite difference schemes. The objective is to improve the numerical flow solution at boundaries. Hybrid arrangement behaviour is compared with ‘pure’ colocated and staggered strategies. Classical Fourier analysis shows accuracy to be significantly improved in the hybrid case. One‐dimensional laminar flame test demonstrates increased robustness (in terms of mesh resolution), whereas computation of 1D exiting pressure wave propagation gives evidence that the method also improves accuracy in the prediction of non‐reflecting outflows, compared e.g. with the fully staggered scheme of (J. Comput. Phy. 2003). Multidimensional extension is illustrated through turbulent 2D planar and 3D expanding flames simulations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A discontinuous Galerkin scheme for the numerical solution of flow problems with discontinuities
Authors: Toulopoulos Ioannis , Makridakis Charalambos
Published: January 2011

In this paper, a new discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for the numerical solution of flow problems with discontinuities is presented. The method is based on the limitation in every cell of the difference between the extrema values and the mean value of the numerical solution. The algorithm and technical details for the implementation of the method are presented in one‐and two‐dimensional problems. Numerical experiments for classical test problems are solved on unstructured triangulations to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple and efficient synthesis of 5‐substituted 1‐H‐tetrazoles using metal‐modified clay catalysts
Authors: Chermahini Alireza Najafi , Teimouri Abbas , Moaddeli Ali
Published: January 2011

The synthesis of 5‐substituted 1‐H‐tetrazoles based on reaction of a series of aromatic nitriles with sodium azide was investigated. The reaction was catalyzed by modified montmorillonite K‐10 including Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ metal ions. The best results obtained by Mont‐K10‐Cu catalyst. The catalysts were reused several times without loss of their activity. The present procedure offers advantages such as a shorter reaction time, simple workup, recovery, and reusability of the catalyst. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:168–173, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20672
Solid–liquid phase alkylation of P=O–functionalized CH acidic compounds utilizing phase transfer catalysis and microwave irradiation
Authors: Keglevich György , Grün Alajos , Blastik Zsófia , Greiner István
Published: January 2011

Optimum conditions for the solid–liquid phase alkylation of methylenebis(diphenylphosphine oxide) (MBDPPO) and ethyl cyanomethylphosphonate (ECMP) were explored studying the role of phase transfer catalysis and microwave (MW) irradiation, as well as the effect of the cation of the alkali carbonate. It was found that the alkylation of MBDPPO may be best accomplished in acetonitrile, in the presence of a quaternary ammonium salt and Cs2CO3, while that of ECMP in the absence of catalyst and solvent using K2CO3. MW irradiation was beneficial in both cases. During the alkylation of ECMP, by‐products coming from the alcoholysis of the diethyl ester were also identified. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:174–179, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20673
Voice, silence, and diversity in 21st century organizations: Strategies for inclusion of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender employees
Authors: Bell Myrtle P. , Özbilgin Mustafa F. , Beauregard T. Alexandra , Sürgevil Olca
Published: January 2011

Employee voice has been largely examined as a universal concept in unionized and non‐unionized settings, with insufficient attention to diversity of workers (Rank, 2009). As invisible minorities, gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) employees provide a valuable focal point from which to examine employee voice mechanisms. Positing that GLBT employees are often silenced by what is perceived as “normal” in work organizations, this paper identifies some of the negative consequences of this silencing and proposes ways in which the voices of GLBT employees and other invisible minorities can be heard. With its relevance to policies and practices in other organizations, the “Don't ask; don't tell” policy of the U.S. military is used as a lens through which to analyze voice, silence, and GLBT employees in other organizations. Heterosexist environments can foster organizational climates of silence, where the feeling that speaking up is futile or dangerous is widespread among employees. Specific recommendations are provided for HR managers to facilitate the expression of voice for GLBT employees in today's increasingly diverse organizations. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Speaking up: A conceptual model of voice responses following the unfair treatment of others in non‐union settings
Authors: Goldberg Caren B. , Clark Mark A. , Henley Amy B.
Published: January 2011

Bridging the literature of procedural justice, social identification, and voice, we present a conceptual model of observers' voice responses to injustices perpetrated on coworkers. Based on social identity theory, we contend that similarity to the target of injustice influences observer identification with the target, as moderated by the observer's scope of justice, which then influences the observer's perceptions of injustice and decision to express voice. Additionally, we posit that the link between observers' perceptions of injustice and expressed voice is moderated by the observer's perceived opportunity to express voice. Finally, we propose that the decision to express voice individually or collectively depends on the justice climate along with the costs and benefits associated with each option. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The influence of perceived employee voice on organizational commitment: An exchange perspective
Authors: Farndale Elaine , Van Ruiten Joppe , Kelliher Clare , Hope‐Hailey Veronica
Published: January 2011

Using exchange theory, this study examines how perceptions of employee voice, the employee–line manager relationship, and trust in senior management are related to organizational commitment. It is hypothesized that the direct relationship between perceptions of opportunities for employee voice and organizational commitment is mediated by the longer‐term effects of the perceived employee–line manager relationship and trust in senior management. Multiple regression analysis of a sample of 2,291 employees in organizations undergoing significant change finds some support for this hypothesis, highlighting in particular the importance of trust in senior management as a partial mediator of the relationship between employee voice and organizational commitment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Employee voice and job satisfaction in Australia: The centrality of direct voice
Authors: Holland Peter , Pyman Amanda , Cooper Brian K. , Teicher Julian
Published: January 2011

This study examines the relationship between employee voice and job satisfaction using data from the 2007 Australian Workplace Representation Survey (AWRPS) of 1,022 employees. Drawing on human resource management and industrial relations literature, we test hypotheses concerning the relationship between direct and union voice arrangements and job satisfaction. This relationship represents a gap in the literature, which is important from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Controlling for a range of personal, job, and workplace characteristics, regression analyses suggest that although evidence of voice complementarity exists, direct voice appears to be the central voice arrangement underpinning employees' job satisfaction. The article concludes by highlighting the study's implications for management practice and identifies avenues for further research. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Testing alternate predictions for the performance consequences of middle managers' discretion
Authors: Caza Arran
Published: January 2011

Although discretion among employees at organizations' lower levels seems to be increasing, it is uncertain whether this is a desirable HRM policy. To understand this issue better, this study tests competing organization theory predictions about the performance consequences of middle managers' perceived discretion. Discretion is defined as the freedom of action or decision authority available in managing subordinates. Survey data from a multinational, European sample of research and development (R&D) units were used to assess the effect of managers' perceived discretion on unit performance. The results show that a combination of ecology theory and strategic choice theory best predicts the relationship between discretion and unit performance. Greater perceived managerial discretion was linked to increased unit performance in a relationship moderated by managerial experience and limited by unit size. These findings have implications for HRM theory and practice, particularly regarding policies related to empowerment and leadership development. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New times for employee voice?
Authors: Wilkinson Adrian , Fay Charles
Published: January 2011

In this review, which also serves as an introduction to this special section, we briefly discuss the growing interest in employee voice and how and why interest in this topic has emerged over the last few years. “Employee voice” has been used to summarize several different approaches to employee relations, and numerous other terms have been used interchangeably with “employee voice.” In this introduction, we discuss the different approaches to voice, and, relying on the literature of HRM, political science, industrial relations, and organizational behavior, we develop a specific conceptualization of voice useful to scholars and HRM professionals. We discuss the direction of research in this area and summarize the papers in this issue. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nitrogen release from a 15N‐labeled compost in a sorghum growth experiment
Authors: Barbanti Lorenzo , Grigatti Marco , Ciavatta Claudio
Published: January 2011

In the near future, composted bio‐solids are expected to play a major role in agriculture. In order to evaluate their contribution to plant growth and nutrition, a mixed sorghum–poultry manure compost was prepared using 15N‐labeled materials. Four treatments were compared in a pot trial: fertilized with compost vs. unfertilized, both of them combined with (cultivated) and without (bare) plants of fibre sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench.). Soil mineral nitrogen (N‐min), plant growth, and N uptake were monitored over a whole growing season (167 d after fertilizer treatment; DAT). Apparent soil mineralization (ASM) and apparent recovery fraction of nitrogen by the plant (ARF) were assessed, as well as the 15N recovery fraction by the plant (15NRF). Compost enhanced sorghum biomass at mid growth (+ 200% of dry weight compared to the unfertilized). However, the difference between the control and the fertilized plants progressively decreased towards the end of the season (+ 70%). Fertilized and unfertilized plants followed different growth patterns over time, although of the same sigmoid type. Conversely, N concentration in plant tissues followed a common dilution curve, indicating that fertilized sorghum efficiently used the supplied N, avoiding luxury consumption. Apparent soil mineralization approximately reached 45% of compost total N in pots without plants. Apparent recovery fraction attained 100% at about two third of the growing season (DAT 111), then declined to about 50% because of root and leaf decline. Compared to it, 15NRF only reached ≈ 20% at mid growth (DAT 83), then declined to 12%. Despite the large difference in absolute values, ARF and 15NRF exhibited a significant correlation, indicating a common trend in time. In contrast to 15NRF, the amount of nutrient derived from fertilizer (Ndff) taken up by the plant decreased over the growth season, proving that compost contributed more to plant nutrition in the early (Ndff ≈ 50%) than in the late growing season (Ndff ≈ 25%). The large difference between ARF and 15NRF suggests that sorghum exerted a strong nutrient demand on the soil and on the fertilizer. Both 15NRF and ARF are considered valuable traits: the former better describes fertilizer behavior and actual supply of N, while the latter outlines the overall effect of fertilizer application on crop nutrition.
Conflicts of interest in research on antipsychotic treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder, temper dysregulation disorder, and attenuated psychotic symptoms syndrome: Exploring the unholy alliance between big pharma and psychiatry
Authors: Robbins Brent Dean , Higgins Meghan , Fisher Maureen , Over Katie
Published: January 2011

We acknowledge those individuals who assisted us in our investigation by providing consultation and feedback on key issues of concern. Thank you in particular to Richard Bargdill, Victor Barbetti, Lisa Cosgrove, Daniel Burston, and Sharna Olfman.
Simultaneous analysis of hydrochlorothiazide, triamterene and reserpine in rat plasma by high performance liquid chromatography and tandem solid‐phase extraction
Authors: Li Hang , He Junting , Liu Qin , Huo Zhaohui , Liang Si , Liang Yong
Published: January 2011

A tandem solid‐phase extraction method (SPE) of connecting two different cartridges (C18 and MCX) in series was developed as the extraction procedure in this article, which provided better extraction yields (>86%) for all analytes and more appropriate sample purification from endogenous interference materials compared with a single cartridge. Analyte separation was achieved on a C18 reversed‐phase column at the wavelength of 265 nm by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The method was validated in terms of extraction yield, precision and accuracy. These assays gave mean accuracy values higher than 89% with RSD values that were always less than 3.8%. The method has been successfully applied to plasma samples from rats after oral administration of target compounds.
Technological change and innovation behaviour in high level education: An international comparison between Italian and Portuguese samples
Authors: Capece Guendalina , Campisi Domenico
Published: January 2011

The purpose of the research reported in this paper was to study the acceptability of e‐learning instruments either as substitutes for or a complement to traditional face‐to‐face education for people with a humanistic background. We conducted an international comparison between students (attending humanistic studies) in two different European countries: Italy and Portugal. The comparison allowed us to focus on similarities and differences in on‐line educational programs and in two different settings and allowed for appropriate statistical analysis.

Starting from data and observations, we propose an acceptance model of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and a measurement framework. In particular, the study includes both reliability and construct validity measures.

To date there has been little research effort investigating the implications of switching from the traditional educational frameworks towards innovative on‐line ones in an international comparative context. Our results show that students with a humanistic background may not be prepared to fully use technical tools as instruments of education. Therefore ICT instruments must be introduced in humanistic faculties via a stepwise approach which allows a gradual but definitive assimilation of the innovative technological learning instruments.

The outcomes of our study have been directly applied on a real case: the Master Program in Human Resource Management (HRM) in the University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’ where an e‐learning platform has been implemented as a complementary to the traditional approaches to education. Furthermore our model is currently under investigation in large industrial companies with the aim of measuring and improving the e‐learning education in the field of production and distribution of energy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcaruncular electrocoagulation of anterior ethmoidal artery for the treatment of severe epistaxis
Authors: Morera Eduardo , Artigas Christian , Trobat Francisca , Ferrén Luis , Tomás Manuel
Published: January 2011

Objective:

The irrigation of the upper third of the nasal fossa is supplied by the anterior ethmoidal artery. We describe a surgical technique to deal with epistaxis due to anterior ethmoidal artery bleeding.

Patients and Methods:

From January 2006 to March 2010 transcaruncular coagulation of the anterior ethmoidal artery was done on nine patients with epistaxis of the upper third of the nasal fossa.

Results:

The procedure was successful on all cases. No bleeding relapse, major complications, or nasal or orbital sequelae were present in any of the patients.

Discussion/Conclusions:

Transcaruncular electrocoagulation of the anterior ethmoidal artery is a safe and effective technique to deal with upper third nasal fossa bleeding. Laryngoscope, 2011
Sensorineural hearing loss in sickle cell disease—A prospective study from Oman
Authors: Okbi Muhammed Hesham Al , Alkindi Salam , Al Abri Rashid K. , Mathew John , Nagwa Afarida A. , Pathare Anil V.
Published: January 2011

Background:

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by intermittent episodes of vascular occlusion and end‐organ damage. Neurologic symptoms are frequent and auditory involvement is not unexpected.

Aim:

To study the prevalence and pattern of hearing loss in Omani patients with SCD.

Methods:

We conducted a prospective case control study on SCD patients attending the outpatient department. Age and sex matched normal volunteer blood donor controls were recruited after an informed consent and Medical Ethics Committee approval. Pure tone audiometry was performed in all cases studied.

Results:

Forty‐six SCD patients (15 males, 32.6%) aged 16–45 years with a mean age of 26 years ± 6.9 and 29 controls (10 males, 34.4%) aged 16–39 years with a mean age of 25.24 ± 8.2 were enrolled in this study. The average hearing thresholds of SCD patients were consistently higher than controls in all frequencies tested in both ears. Of the 92 ears tested in SCD patients, 29.34% had SNHL. Ten patients had bilateral SNHL; whereas 3 and 4 cases had SNHL in left and right ears, respectively. All the control subjects had hearing thresholds within normal limits.

Summary/Conclusions:

The study reveals a significant incidence of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in SCD patients (36.95%), although the patients were clinically asymptomatic. The hearing loss was worse in the right ears and had a female preponderance. Also, the hearing loss was more severe at the higher frequencies, 2,000–8,000 Hz in SCD patients. HbS, HbF, or low hemoglobin levels did not discriminate SCD patients with SNHL, and the role of hemoglobin F in the cochlea is still not clear. Regular audiometric assessment should therefore be recommended in SCD patients routinely. Laryngoscope, 2011
Causes of permanent childhood hearing impairment
Authors: Korver Anna M.H. , Admiraal Ronald J.C. , Kant Sarina G. , Dekker Friedo W. , Wever Capi C. , Kunst Henricus P.M. , Frijns Johan H.M. , Oudesluys ‐Murphy Anne Marie ,   on behalf of the DECIBEL‐collaborative study group
Published: January 2011

Introduction:

The causes of Permanent Childhood Hearing Impairment (PCHI) are often quoted as being hereditary in 50%, acquired in 25%, and unknown in 25% of cases. Interest in the causes of PCHI has grown recently due to increasing diagnostic possibilities. We investigated the evidence for the reported distribution of these causes.

Methods:

Population‐based study and a systematic review. Inclusion criteria for population‐based study: children born between 2003 and 2005, resident in The Netherlands at birth, known at an Audiology Center with PCHI at the age of 3–5 years. The causes of PCHI were determined prospectively by detection of congenital cytomegalovirus on dried blood spots and/or genetic diagnostic investigations in addition to reviewing data from medical records. A systematic review was carried out using three terms (hearing loss, infant, and etiology) and limited to articles published between January 1997 and July 2009. Main outcome measures were: the (weighted) proportions of the various causes of PCHI following diagnostic investigations.

Results:

In the study‐population (n = 185) a hereditary cause was found in 38.9%, acquired cause in 29.7%, miscellaneous cause in 7.1%, and the cause remained unknown in 24.3%. The systematic review of the literature (n = 9 articles) resulted in a weighted mean of 30.4% hereditary, 19.2% acquired, and 48.3% unknown causes of PCHI.

Discussion:

The systematic review and the results of the population‐based study provided little support for the generally accepted distribution of causes of PCHI. Laryngoscope, 2011