bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presence of Pomphorhynchus laevis in Salamandra salamandra
Authors: Veith M. , Erpelding G.
Published: June 2009

Infection of Salamandra salamandra larvae (Amphibia: Urodela) with the fish acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis was detected in a fish-free mountain brook. Gammarus fossarum was found to be the intermediate host. The parasites were probably inadvertently introduced through fish breeding practices. Evidence was obtained that Pomphorhynchus laevis persists, at least for several months, in postmetamorphic fire salamanders.
The diagnostic value of haematuria and proteinuria in Schistosoma haematobium infection in southern Nigeria
Authors: Nwaorgu O. C. , Anigbo E. U.
Published: June 2009

Haematuria and proteinuria as detected by chemical reagent strips correlated moderately (r=0·7) with prevalence and intensity of infection with Schistosoma haematobium in an area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Differences attributable to age and sex were also reflected in a similar pattern, all peaks occurring in the 5–14 year age group. The differences observed with varying levels of intensity and haematuria at both 10 and 50 erythrocytes/μl (p<0·001) and proteinuria at 0·3 g/dl (p<0·01) were statistically significant. At a proteinuria level of 1 g/dl, the observed differences were however not statistically significant (p>0·5). The percentage of specimens from children (1–14 years) positive for S. haematobium eggs and with at least traces of haematuria and proteinuria (63·4% and 95%, respectively) was higher than in adults (33·3% and 80·2%, respectively). All individuals with more than 50 eggs/10 ml of urine were correctly identified using both indices either separately or in combination. For egg counts of less than 50 egg/10 ml of urine, false diagnosis occurred in only 5% of all specimens examined. The sensitivity and specificity of haematuria and proteinuria at trace quantities was very high, hut haematuria had a higher predictive value for a positive test (PvPt) and was considered the overall better indicator. A combination of both indices did not significantly increase the PvPt. When trace haematuria and moderate proteinuria were combined, both the sensitivity, specificity and PvPt were all above 90%, giving the best overall values in all the combinations made.
The effects of crowding on adults of Philophthalmus nocturnus grown in domestic chicks
Authors: Swarnakumari V. G. M. , Madhavi R.
Published: June 2009

The effects of crowding on growth, reproduction, rate of recovery and site of infection of Philophthalmus nocturnus were investigated by infecting various groups of day-old chicks with 25, 50,75, or 100 excysted metacercariae and examining them at 10 or 25 days post-infection. Considerable reduction in the body length and the size of the gonads was noticed in flukes grown under crowded conditions. Crowding also caused some change in the habitat of flukes, but had no effect on their rate of recovery. Very few flukes reached the ovigerous stage under overcrowded conditions and none reached the embryonated larval stage.
Immunodiagnosis of human trichinellosis using excretory-secretory (ES) antigen
Authors: Mahannop Pakpimol , Chaicumpa Wanpen , Setasuban Prasert , Morakote Nimit , Tapchaisri Pramuan
Published: June 2009

Infective first stage larvae ofTrichinella spiraliswere recovered from muscles of laboratory infected mice by digesting the muscles with 1% HC1–1% pepsin and collecting the larvae by modified Baerman's method. The larvae were cultivated in a serum-free medium for 18 h. The ES antigen obtained from the culture medium was used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting IgG antibodies toT. spiralisin serum samples collected from three groups of individuals. The individuals of the first group were parasitologically confirmed trichinellosis patients, while those of group 2 were patients with other helminthiasis and group 3 were healthy, parasite-free individuals. The specificity of the assay was 100%. The sensitivity of the test was also 100% when performed on sera of group I collected at days 57 and 120 after infection. Sera collected earlier (day 23) and those collected 700 days after infection had negligible reactivity. Thus IgG-ELISA using ES antigen of the L1was useful not only for diagnosis but also in evaluation of cure. Western blot analysis revealed that specific antigens ofT. spiraliswere 94, 67, 63, and 39 kilodalton components.
In vitro excystment of the metacercaria of Cryptocotyle concavum from the common goby Pomatoschistus microps
Authors: El-Mayas H. , Kearn G.C.
Published: June 2009

The metacercaria of the heterophyid digenean Cryptocotyle concavum (Creplin, 1825) Lühe 1899, as seen by light and transmission electron microscopy, from the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps) is enclosed within a rigid cyst wall composed of four layers of parasite origin surrounded by a host-derived capsule. The encysted parasite contains anterior glands with secretion-filled ducts opening at the anterior extremity of the ‘head’. Excystment in vitro occurred most readily at 40–42°C on treatment with alkaline bile salts following pretreatment with acid pepsin. After 1 min in pepsin, the metacercaria became intermittently active, periods of rotation lasting 1–3 sec alternating with quiescent periods of 20–40 sec. Metacercariae excysted, some in less than 1 min, after transfer to bile salts. The metacercaria emerged through a hole, which appeared in the cyst wall at the site of application of the ‘head’ of the parasite. Some of the anterior gland ducts of excysted metacercariae were empty, indicating that their secretions are involved in penetrating the cyst wall. Following pretreatment in acid pepsin, no excystment occurred in EBSS (Earle's balanced salt solution) ranging in pH from 2.0 to 4.0, but above pH 4.0, excystment increased, reaching a maximum between pH 7.5 and 8.5. Pepsin and bile salts were not essential for excystment and metacercariae emerged, although less readily, in alkaline EBSS with or without acid EBSS pretreatment. Some emerged in distilled water with no pretreatment. Although no excystment occurred in acid pepsin or in EBSS at pH 2.0 and already-excysted metacercariae were rapidly killed by acid (pH 2.0), acid pepsin pretreatment enhanced excystment in alkaline bile salts.
Trichinellainfections in arctic foxes from Greenland: studies and reflections on predilection sites of muscle larvae
Authors: Kapel C.M.O. , Henriksen S.A. , Berg T.B. , Nansen P.
Published: June 2009

Studies were carried out to determine the predilection sites ofTrichinella nativamuscle larvae in arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) caught in Greenland. The highest number of larvae per gram of tissue was found in the muscles of the eyes and the legs. With regard to predilection sites no significant differences were demonstrated either between age groups or between foxes with high and low total parasite burdens. Predilection sites were comparable with those recorded earlier in experimentally infected caged foxes and in other carnivorous species. Hypotheses on predilection sites ofTrichinellamuscle larvae are discussed.
The effect of temperature on infection, development and reproduction of heterorhabditids
Authors: Mason J.M. , Hominick W.M.
Published: June 2009

The effect of temperature on infection, development and reproduction of five Heterorhabditis isolates was examined in Galleria mellonella larvae. Infectivity was examined at six temperatures (5,10, 15,20,25 and 30°C). The proportion of Galleria infected remained relatively constant, only dropping at extremes of the temperature range tested. However, the mean number of nematodes per host produced a different trend, with each isolate displaying optimal infectivity at 25°C. The temperature range over which the juveniles could infect differed between the isolates. This is thought to be related to the geographic origins of the species. Development and reproduction occurred over a slightly narrower temperature range than that allowing infection to occur. Differences between the isolates at which development and reproduction occurred were noted. There were also differences in the mean number of juveniles produced per cadaver following either infection in sand (10 nematodes/larva) or the injection of one juvenile per larva, suggesting that reproduction is tightly regulated by density-dependent constraints.
Histological and histochemical studies on the paraoesophageal glands in cercariae and metacercariae of Echinostoma revolutum and E. trivolvis
Authors: Humphries J.E. , Fried B.
Published: June 2009

Histological and histochemical studies were made on the excysted metacercariae and cercariae of Echinostoma revolutum and E. trivolvis. The paraoesophageal glands of the cercariae of both echinostome species stained positively with the intravital dyes, neutral red and nile blue sulphate. The paraoesophageal glands of excysted metacercariae of E. revolutum did not display positive staining with the intravital dyes. Some excysted metacercariae of E. trivolvis displayed positive staining of the paraoesophageal glands, while others displayed either a negative reaction or reduced staining. The lack of staining with intravital dyes, of paraoesophageal glands of excysted metacercariae of E. revolutum, suggests that the glands play a role in either the final stages of encystment, or in excystation in E. revolutum.
The ecology ofDiplostomum phoxiniinfections in two minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) populations in Scotland
Authors: Barber I. , Crompton D.W.T.
Published: June 2009

Data are presented on the infection dynamics of the brain-dwelling metacercariae ofDiplostomum phoxini(Digenea: Trematoda) parasitizing European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) populations in a lowland river (River Endrick) and a highland loch (Loch Maragan) in central Scotland. Prevalence of the parasite approached 100% in all samples taken from both populations over a 12-month period, and within each population the intensity of infection increased with increasing host fork length. However, the two relationships differed, and size-matched minnows from the Endrick exhibited significantly higher intensities than those from Loch Maragan, suggesting that metacercarial acquisition occurred at different rates in the two populations. Data regarding seasonal trends in the acquisition ofD. phoxiniindicated that fish in both populations become infected with the parasites mainly during the spring and summer, with negligible infection occurring during winter months. Analysis of size-matched fish from individual samples revealed apparent differences in the distribution ofD. phoxiniwithin the two host populations. WhereasD. phoxinimetacercariae appeared to be overdispersed amongst length-matched fish from Loch Maragan samples, the parasite was distributed normally amongst fish from the Endrick. Possible reasons for the observed differences in the infection characteristics ofD. phoxiniin the two minnow populations are discussed, with reference to the parasite's transmission dynamics and local environmental conditions.
Host Reactions in Young Birds to Naturally Occurring Superinfestations with Porrocaecum ensicaudatum
Authors: Baer Jean G.
Published: June 2009

The young of all nest dwelling birds are fed continuously by their parents. It is the latter therefore who choose the food which is mostly composed of that which the adult birds feed on. Under these circumstances it is therefore not surprising that fledglings when still in the nest are found to harbour helminths of which the larval forms were contained in the food.
On a Phylogenetic Classification of the Family Trichostrongylidae Leiper of Marsupials, Insectivores and Edentates
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M. , Myers Betty J.
Published: June 2009

Leiper in 1908, created the sub-family Trichostrongylinae in his new family Metastrongylidae, for those small intestinal bursate nematodes without a buccal capsule. It included the genera Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus, Nematodirus, Cooperia and Ostertagia. In 1912, he raised the status of this sub-family to family rank as Trichostrongylidae Leiper, 1912. All the original genera in this family have a double ovarian system in the female; Heligmosomum described by Railliet and Henry in 1909, has a single ovary and in 1914, Travassos created a new sub-family Heligmosominae for this and related species.
A British Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne artiellia n.sp.
Authors: Franklin Mary T.
Published: June 2009

Roots of oats grown on sandy loam in Norfolk were observed by E. B. Brown of the National Agricultural Advisory Service, Cambridge, to have small galls associated with proliferation of the lateral roots. Close examination showed the presence of female Meloidogyne in the galls. The nematodes differed in some respects from the generally-known species and specimens were sent to the author for study.
Heterodera rostochiensis Population Density in Relation to Potato Growth
Authors: Peters B. G.
Published: June 2009

By exposing potato plants in pots to a graded series of inocula of cysts of Heterodera rostochiensis, effects on the plant host have been investigated in terms of growth of shoots and tubers. High inocula reduce both criteria severely, but it appears that longer shoots and a larger weight of larger tubers are produced by plants exposed to a very low inoculum than by uninfested controls.

Effects on final eelworm population show that multiplication is highest at the lowest inocula but that the net highest population results from a moderate inoculum. Thus, the kind of inoculum which would stimulate crop yields, would also lead to a large eelworm population: highest potato yields were associated with an eelworm multiplication factor of about ten-fold.
Studies on the Helminth Fauna of Japan Part 57. Nematodes of Fishes, III
Authors: Yamaguti Satyu
Published: June 2009

It is my greatest pleasure and honour to contribute a part of the series of my studies on the helminth fauna of Japan in honour of Professor R. T. Leiper, one of the most distinguished helminthologists in the world. The material on which the present paper is based was collected at the Tamano Marine Laboratory of Okayama University on the Inland Sea of Japan except for a new species of Raphidascaroides which was taken by Mr. T. Yamamoto at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University, on the Pacific coast of Wakayama Prefecture. Acknowledgments are due to the staff of the Tamano Marine Laboratory and also to Mr. Yamamoto for their generous supply of the material.
The Anatomy of Monodontus trigonocephalus (Rud.) of Sheep.
Authors: Cameron T. W. M.
Published: June 2009

Since Looss described in detail the anatomy and histology of the type species of the family Ancylostomida no attempt has been made to study comparatively any of the other genera of this group.

From its economic importance as a little-known, though frequent, parasite of ruminants and its scientific importance as type species of the second sub-family of the AncylostomidcB, Monodontus trigonocephalus has been selected for description.
Stages in the Direct Development of Hymenolepis longior Baylis
Authors: Scott H. H.
Published: June 2009

Towards the end of 1923 the results of some feeding experiments of mice with gravid segments of Hymenolepis fraterna Stiles and Hymenolepis longior Baylis were described (Jl. Helminthology, Vol. 1, pp. 195–196). Intravillous cysticercoids were seen in animals killed on the fourth day after feeding and ova were passed by infected mice after an interval of 19 days.

The suggestion having been put forward that this did not prove direct development and that the results could be explained by the mice shedding their villi containing cysticercoids, contaminating their food and re-ingesting them, further experiments were undertaken in order to note the progress of development from day to day, and also to find out whether ingested cysticercoids survive and produce adult cestodes.
OnCulicoidesas a Vector ofOnchocerca gibsoni(Cleland & Johnston, 1910)
Authors: Buckley J. J. C.
Published: June 2009

The problem of the vector ofOnchoccrca gibsoniwas investigated in Kuala Lumpur, F.M.S., where the parasite is endemic and a high percentage of cattle is infected.

For reasons which are outlined, the experimental work was confined to species ofCulicoidesandLasioheleaof which 18, possibly more, species were found on cattle, some of them being found to bite cattle in very large numbers daily.

The distribution of the microfilariae of 0.gibsoniin the skin of live cattle was found to be very irregular, even within small areas of skin. In transverse sections of skin the microfilariae appear to have a maximum concentration just under the epidermis at a depth of ·05 to ·2 mm.

0·52% of 1,523Culicoides pungens, which were dissected soon after an infective blood meal, were found to have picked up the microfilariae. 0·96% of 1,670 of this species, dissected some days after an infective blood meal, were found to have developing or mature filarial larvae in the thorax or head. 0·35% of 3,734 of this species, were found to be naturally infected with filarial larvae in the thorax or head. The difference between the experimental infection rate and the natural infection rate is shown statistically to be significant and it is concluded thatC. pungensis an intermediate host ofO. gibsoni.

Culicoides oxystoma,C. shorttiandC. orientaliswere also dissected in large numbers and were found to pick up the microfilariae ofO. gibsoni; in each of these species the experimental infection rate exceeded the natural infection rate, but the difference in none of these is significant. It is concluded however, from the results obtained and from the morphological similarity of the mature larvae found in these species with that inC. pungens, that these species are also intermediate hosts ofO. gibsoni.

C. peregrinusandC. buckleyiare suspected but not proven intermediate hosts.C. anophelisand/orC. anophelisv. flavcscensandLasiohelea stimulanswere found to pick up the microfilariae but only partial development was found in them.C. sumatraeandC. raripalpisalso picked up the microfilariae but no development was found in them. The remaining species worked with were entirely negative. In view, however, of the very minute percentage of infection which occurs inCulicoidesspp. and the large numbers which must be dissected to obtain positive results, the negative results given by these less common species are not necessarily conclusive.
OnAcanthogyrusn.g. from the Intestine of the Indian FishLabeo rohita, with a Note on the Classification of the Acanthocephala
Authors: Thapar Gobind Singh
Published: June 2009

Of the various groups of Helminths, Acanthocephala has received the least attention from Helminthologists; so much so that even its classification is based on very arbitrary characters. This may partly be due to the general belief that infestation with these worms is very rare. The earlier accounts, such as that of Diesing (1851), which deals with a number of species from fishes, giving brief descriptions of their external morphology and a few generalised drawings, describe the various species under a single genus,Echinorhynchus.
Further Studies on the Identification of Heterodera Species by Larval Length. Estimation of the Length Parameters for Eight Species and Varieties.
Authors: Fenwick D.W. , Franklin M.T.
Published: June 2009

In their preliminary paper (Fenwick and Franklin, 1942) on the identification of the cyst-forming species of the nematode Heterodera by means of the length of the larvae, the present authors studied methods of preparing the larvae for measurement and of making the measurements, and considered the form of sample to be taken from a population of Heterodera larvae which would give the most reliable estimate of the mean length of the whole population. Those studies were made on the larvae of H. rostochiensis only, but the ultimate purpose was to obtain strictly comparable estimates of the mean lengths of the larvae of all the known species of Heterodera in order to find out whether larvae of the different species could be identified by their length.
On Treating and Preventing Gapeworm Disease
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: June 2009

Syngamus trachea is one of the more difficult parasitic worms to dislodge owing to its position in the trachea. Many contrivances such as twisted feathers and spirals of fine wire have been used for the mechanical removal of the worms. In the hands of experts, they may be reasonably effective, but much injury frequently follows their use by amateurs, and the damage is often severe enough to cause the death of the bird. Anthelmintics which may be administered in food and water are seldom excreted by the lungs or are excreted in such low concentration as to be ineffective. Garlic oil and salicylic acid have been used, but are only very slightly effective and cannot therefore be considered as satisfactory treatments. Many so-called gapeworm cures consist largely of substances which stimulate the respiratory musculature and induce a sudden explosive cough.
Investigations on the Emergence of Larvae from Cysts of the Potato-Root Eelworm Heterodera rostochiensis 2. The Form of the Hatching Curve
Authors: Fenwick D. W.
Published: June 2009

Experiments were conducted in which single cysts and batches of 100 cysts were exposed to the action of potato-root diffusate and the number of larvae liberated at the end of certain intervals of time recorded. Investigation showed that when the hatch at the end of each time interval was expressed as a probit of the total hatch, and plotted against the logarithm of that time, a close approximation to linearity resulted. Statistical analysis confirmed this agreement in the case of single cyst hatching, but disclosed a significant degree of asymmetry in the case of multiple hatching. It was decided that the degree of curvature resulting from this when plotted as a probit line was sufficiently small for it to be ignored.
Investigations on the Emergence of Larvae from Cysts of the Potato-Root Eelworm Heterodera rostochiensis. 3. Larval Emergence in soil under the influence of Potato-Root Diffusate
Authors: Fenwick D. W.
Published: June 2009

An experiment was set up to investigate the effect of root diffusates from different varieties of potatoes on natural infestations of cysts in three different soils. A series was included in which no root diffusate at all was used, to obtain an estimate of the degree of spontaneous hatching which occurred. In the absence of diffusate, about 50 per cent, of larvae emerged from the cysts, as compared with 84 per cent, in the case of soils treated with diffusates. Significant differences were detected in the degree of emergence under the action of the different diffusates, that from “Ulster Chieftain” having the greatest effect. Significant differences were also detected between the different soils, larval emergence being lowest in the greensand.
On Enterobius vermicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) and Some Related Species from Primates and Rodent.
Authors: Sandosham A. A.
Published: June 2009

The value of the hanging-drop technique as used by Professor Buckley for the examination of the different views of the tip of tail and head of small nematodes is stressed. The spicules of various species of Enterobius have been examined with polarized light and the significance of the basal portion of the spicules is discussed.

E. vermicularis is recorded for the first time from the Chimpanzee(Anthropopithecus troglodytes), the Lar Gibbon of Malaya (Hylobates lar) and the Silky or Lion Marmoset (Leontocebus rosalia) all of which had been in the London Zoological Gardens for varying periods.

The hitherto unķnown male of E. anthropopitheci is described and the female is redescribed.

A new species, E. buckleyi from the Orang Utan(Pongo pygmaeus) is described.

A new species, E. lerouxi from the Gorilla(Gorilla gorilla) is described. This is the first record of an Enterobius from this host.

E. bipapillatus is described and recorded for the first time from the Guenon Monkey(Cercopithecus aethiops) from S. Rhodesia.

A new species, E. brevicauda is described from the Chacma Baboon(Papio porcarius) from S. Rhodesia. This is the first record of an Enterobius from this host.

Negative findings for Enterobius are recorded from ten postmortem examinations and fourteen NIH swab examinations of Rhesus Monkeys(Macaca mulata).

A new species, E. interlabiata is described from the Feline Douroucouli(Aotus felinus) from S. America. This is the first record of an Enterobius from this host.

In view of the criticism of Kreis (1932) the type and paratype material of E. atelis, E. lagothricis and E. duplicidens and some more recent collection of E. lagothricis have been re-examined and the findings of Cameron (1929) and Buckley (1981) confirmed.
On a New Caryophyllaeid Cestode, Adenoscolex oreini gen. et sp. nov. from Fresh-water Fish in Kashmir, and a Note on some Related Genera
Authors: Fotedar D. N.
Published: June 2009

1. A new Caryophyllaeid cestode Adenoscolex oreini n.g., n.sp., from fresh-water fish, Oreinus sinuatus, is described.

2. Genus Bothrioscolex Szidat, 1937 is regarded as a synonym of the genus Khawia Hsü, 1935. The existing species of Khawia are listed and are briefly described.
A Redescription of the NematodeParaspidodera sellsiMorgan, 1927 and its Removal to a New Genus, Morgascaridia
Authors: Inglis William G.
Published: June 2009

A new genusMorgascaridiais proposed forParaspidodera sellsiMorgan, 1927, which is redescribed.

The systematic position of the new genus, and of the genusSchneidernema, is discussed and it is suggested that both should be referred to the family Ascaridiidae.

The systematic position of the family Ascaridiidae is considered and it is believed to show greatest resemblances to the families placed by Chabaud in the superfamily Ascaridoidea, and is accordingly referred to that superfamily.
On an Infection of a Human Eye with Philophthaltnus sp. in Ceylon
Authors: Dissanaike A. S. , Bilimoria D. P.
Published: June 2009

A human case of Philophthahmis infection in the eye is reported from Ceylon. Reasons are given for not attempting a specific diagnosis.

This is the second record of this genvs from man, and is also the first trematode to be observed from man in Ceylon.

We are grateful to Professor V. Sivalingam for facilities to identify and report on the parasite, and to Professor J. J. C. Buckley for his suggestions. The photomicrograph was kindly prepared by Mr. R. Surendranatham of the Medical Research institute, Colombo.
Recovery ofRhadinaphelenchus cocophilus(Cobb, 1919) Goodey, 1960 from Coconut Tissues
Authors: Fenwick D. W.
Published: June 2009

Early literature on Red Ring disease of coconuts, caused by the nematodeRhadinaphelenchus cocophilus(Cobb, 1919) Goodey, 19C0, has been reviewed by the writer (Fenwick 1957). Little information is available however on the techniques used, and investigation has shown that the extraction of these nematodes from different types of coconut tissue presents problems which are not dealt with in Goodey's (1957) review of nematological technique. It is felt that the techniques developed by the writer for this worm might be of interest to other workers who are concerned with the extraction of very slender active nematodes from hard plant tissues.
Observations on the Course of Red Ring Disease of Coconuts Caused by the Nematode Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus (Cobb, 1919) Goodey, 1960 in Naturally Infected Trees
Authors: Fenwick D. W. , Maharaj S.
Published: June 2009

In another publication (Fenwick, 19G3) data are presented on the distribution of infection in coconut trees infected with the nematode Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus (Cobb, 1919) Goodey, I960. The data favour the hypothesis that the disease can start either in the root system and proceed by upward extension to the stem and thence to the petioles, or alternatively in the upper parts of the tree and proceed by downward extension through the stem to the roots, but this conclusion is arrived at by inference from the condition of trees at one given time. There is no information available on the condition of the trees at any previous time nor on what would have been their condition if allowed to stand. The writers therefore decided to make observations on a number of infected trees at weekly intervals in order to learn more about the course of the disease. To this end, trees were selected in which it was considered that the disease was in an early stage and observe its spread to other parts of the tree.
On Probstmayria reptiliae n. sp., from Homopus femoralis and Some Notes on the Genus Probstmayria
Authors: Fitzsimmons W. M.
Published: June 2009

This worm was very abundant in the rectum of a tortoise, Homopus femoralis, from the Bloemfontein area, Orange Free State, South Africa. It was found together with several other oxyurids the description of which will form the subject of a later paper. Although the Probstmayria far exceeded the other oxyurids in number, male specimens of this genus were extremely rare for only one male was found after a prolonged search during the course of which many hundreds of females were encountered. In order that no specimens should be lost the entire alimentary canal together with its contents was submerged in hot 70% alcohol after scraping the mucosa.
Studies on Larval Trematodes Infecting the Freshwater Molluscs of Llangorse Lake, South Wales Part I. The Xiphidio—and Microcercous Cercariae
Authors: Probert Allan J.
Published: June 2009

During a three year survey of the larval trematodes of Llangorse Lake, South Wales, twenty-one species of cercariae have been encountered. The Xiphidio- and Microcercous cercariae are considered in this paper. Three new species of Xiphidiocercariae are described in detail and a fourth cercaria from this group is recorded from Britain for the first time. The further development of one of these cercariae has been considered. A new species of Microcercous cercariae is also described in detail.
On a New Trematode, Astiotrema sudanensis, sp. nov., from a Freshwater Turtle in the Sudan
Authors: Khalil L. F.
Published: June 2009

Seven specimens of this new species were collected from the intestine of a freshwater turtle, Trionyx triungnis (═T. nilotica) in the Sudan.

These are lanceolate worms which gradually taper to rounded ends, with a length of 2⋅5–2⋅9 mm. and a width of 0⋅6–0⋅9 mm. The cuticle is invested with scales, dense in the anterior half of the worm, but becoming more and more sparse towards the caudal end. The oral sucker is large, measuring 0⋅23–0⋅27 mm. in diameter and is about one and a half times the diameter of the ventral sucker which measures 0⋅14–0⋅17 mm. in diameter. Both suckers lie in the anterior half of the body. The mouth is subterminal and leads to a pharynx which is stout, 0⋅7–0⋅8 mm. by 0⋅11–0⋅12 mm., and leads to a long oesophagus of 0⋅25–0⋅32 mm. in length. The caeca terminate at the posterior border of the posterior testis or slightly anterior to it.
A New Cestode, Anomotaenia prinopsia sp.nov. from the Straight Crested Helmet Shrike, Prinops plumata, in Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Mettrick D. F.
Published: June 2009

Eleven cestode specimens were collected from the intestine of Prinops plumata which was brought into the Department for examination. They appear to be a new species for which the name Anomotaenia prinopsia is given.
On Proteocephalus sandoni n. sp. from the Sudan
Authors: Lynsdale J. A.
Published: June 2009

The material for this species consists of a slide of two worms from the intestine of Heterotis niloticus from the Sudan. The strobilae measure 4·8 cm., and 8 cm. in length. The early segments are longer than broad, but the mature segments are broader than long, measuring 900–960µ broad by 400µ long, and are 175 and 274 in number. The superficial segmentation of alternate segments is weak, and the individual segments are distinguished by the repetition of the genitalia. The genital pores are irregularly alternate and are situated at the middle of the lateral margin of the segments.
On a New Genus, Sandonella, for Proteocephalus sandoni Lynsdale, 1960, (Proteocephalidae) and the Erection of a New Subfamily, Sandonellinae
Authors: Khalil L. F.
Published: June 2009

1. A new genus Sandondla is erected for the cestode Proteocephalus sandoni Lynsdale, 1960, on the basis of the position of the vitellaria in two compact bands posterior to the ovarian lobes, and Sandondla sandoni n.comb. is made the genotype.

2. A new subfamily Sandonellinae is added to the existing 8 subfamilies of the family Proteocephalidae and a key of the 9 subfamilies is given.
Survival and Developmental Aberrations in Schistosoma mansoni following the Administration of Stilbestrol to the Hosts
Authors: Robinson, JR. Edwin J.
Published: June 2009

Schistosoma mansoni developing in mouse hosts subjected to frequent, heavy doses of stilbestrol show five effects: their normal survival rate is much reduced; the parasites for the most part remain in the liver past the time at which they normally migrate to mesenteric veins; both sexes develop to sexual maturity more slowly, if at all; a high proportion of the males have accessory gonadal tissue which probably is mainly ovarian; and the male worms average less than two-thirds as long as controls.
On a Reconstruction of the Genus Camallanus Railliet and Henry, 1915
Authors: Liang-Sheng Yeh
Published: June 2009

The family Camallanidae is examined and two new subfamilies Procamallaninae and Camallaninae are erected for retaining the existing and new genera; the former subfamily for worms with a continuous buccal capsule and the latter for worms with a bivalve buccal capsule. The genus Camallanus s.l. is examined in detail and a revised definition given. Camallanus s.l. is divided into Camallanus s.s., Zeylanema Yeh, 1960, Piscilania gen. nov., and Serpinema gen. nov.
Filaroides cebuellae sp. n. (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) from the Lung of a Pygmy Marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea (Spix, 1823)
Authors: Liu Si-Kwang
Published: June 2009

A new species, Filaroides cebuellae sp.n., is described from the lung of a pygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea. F. cebuellae is the first lungworm of the genus to be recorded from this host.
On a Remarkable New Nematode,Lappetascaris lutjanigen. et sp. nov. (Anisakidae: Ascaridoidea) from Marine Fishes of Karachi and an Account ofThynnascaris inquies(Linton, 1901) n.comb. andGoezia intermedian.sp.
Authors: Rasheed Suraiya
Published: June 2009

1. Three exceedingly interesting parasites of the super-family Ascaridoidea have been discussed in this paper. A new genus Lappetascaris is described from two different kinds of fish and a new subfamily has been established to include this genus. The latter is based on its peculiar head structures and the cuticle.

2.Thynnascaris inquies(Linton, 1901) n.comb, is reported for the first time since its original description, from the type host of a new locality.

3.Goezia intermedian.sp. is described and a comparative study of the related species has been carried out.
On Cyrnea (Procyrnea) chabaudi n.sp. from a Fish, Parastrotnateus sp. in Pakistan: the First Record of a Habronematid Parasite in a Piscine Host
Authors: Rasheed Suraiya
Published: June 2009

For the first time a Habronematid parasite (subfamily Habronematinae) has been recorded from a fish host. The parasite has been assigned to a new species of Cyrnea (Procyrnea).
Additional Notes on the Family Philometridae Baylis and Daubney, 1926
Authors: Rasheed Suraiya
Published: June 2009

The genus Philometra was revised by the writer in 1963 and in continuation of these studies a few more new hosts have been recorded for this genus. The genus Philometroides Yamaguti, 1935 has been reported for the first time from the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent and a new species has been added to it.
Two Unusual Cases of Cysticercosis in Man in Rhodesia
Authors: Goldsmid J. M.
Published: June 2009

The paper summarises the cases of cysticercosis on record at the Central Histology Laboratory, Salisbury, and describes two unusual cases of cysticercosis recently found.
Susceptibility of Some Planorbid Snails to Infection with Schistosoma rodhaini from Kenya
Authors: Saoud M. F. A.
Published: June 2009

1. Biomphalaria p. nairobiensis, B. p. ruppelli and B. s. tanganyicensis have been found to be moderately susceptible to S. rodhaini from Kenya. A. glabratus from Puerto Rico is partially susceptible to the parasite. However, B. s. sudanica, B. dlexandrina, A. glabratus (Puerto Rico, albino strain) are refractory to infection with the same parasite from Kenya.

2. The present results together with those of some previous investigators suggest the existence of geographical strains of S. rodhaini.
On the Infra-specific Variations of the Male Sexual Glands ofSchistosoma mansoni
Authors: Saoud M. F. A.
Published: June 2009

The number of testes characteristic for males ofSchistosoma mansonihas been described by various authors. Manson-Bahr & Fairley (1920) studying material from Egypt, reported that the males had 8 testes. Price (1929), Faust (1930), Neveu-Lemaire (1936) and Berghe (1939) reported that the number of testes varied from 8–9. Da Silva (1908), Lutz (1919) and Pinto & Almeida (1948) working on Brazilian material, gave the number of testes as 7, about 8 and C-9 respectively. Leiper (1918) studying material from Egypt reported that the number of testes varied from 7–9.
A New Species of Leptosomatum (Nematoda) from the Arabian Sea
Authors: Timm R. W.
Published: June 2009

A collection of large marine nematodes made by the Zoological Survey of Pakistan in 1959 from the Arabian Sea at Karachi revealed the presence of a new species of the genus Leptosomatum, Family Leptosomatidae. Eight females, eighteen males, and several juveniles were obtained. The species is named Leptosomatum ranjhai in honour of Dr. A. R. Ranjha, Director of the Zoological Survey of Pakistan. The following description is based on eight females and ten males. All measurements were made on specimens after clearing in lactophenol. The means for the various measurements are given in brackets.
The Species of Trichuris in the Domestic Cat
Authors: Clarkson M. J. , Owen L. N.
Published: June 2009

A species of Trichuris is described from domestic cats in the Bahama Islands, and identified as T. campanula. Previous descriptions of the two species of Trichuris in the domestic cat are summarised, and it is concluded that both are valid species.
Helminth Parasites of the Gunner,Tautogolabrus adspersus(Walbaum) in Newfoundland
Authors: Sekhar S. Chandra , Threlfall William
Published: June 2009

808 cunners,Tautogolabrus adspersus(Walbaum) were obtained from eight sampling stations around the Newfoundland coast, during the periods August-September, 19G7 and July-October, 1908. The fish were examined for metazoan parasites using conventional parasitological techniques. 22 species of parasites (10 trematode; 5 cestode; 6 nematode; 1 acanthocephalan) were recovered. This number excludes metacercariae ofCryptocotyle lingua(Creplin, 1825). 19 are new host records. Details of infections with the various species are given, each species being discussed and/or described individually. No leeches were found on this host despite the fact that it lives in. close proximity to other fish species that are heavily infested and an experiment performed to determine if leeches would move from one host species to another gave negative results.
A Review of the GenusOxyspiruraDrasche in Stossich, 1897 (Nematoda: Thelaziidae) with Descriptions of Fourteen New Species
Authors: Jairapuri Durdana S. , Siddiqi Ather H.
Published: June 2009

During the last two decades a number of species have been described in the already large genusOxyspiruraDrasche in Stossich, 1897. Twenty four new species have been described from India alone ; 2 by Singh (1948), 9 by Ali (1960), 4 by Rasheed (1960), 8 by Sultana (1964) and one by Siddiqi and M. S. Jairajpuri (1964). Recently, Oliveira Rodrigues (1962, '63) added 5 species from Brazil and Barus (1963, '65) 2 species, one from U.S.S.R. and the other from Czechoslovakia.

A survey of avian nematodes of Uttar Pradesh in India and Shagunu, Northern Nigeria yielded a number of worms from the orbital cavities of different birds. They represent 14 unidentified species ofOxyspiruraand are here described as new.

All measurements are in millimetres unless otherwise stated.
Studies of Immunity to Fasciola hepatica: Acquired immunity in cattle, sheep and rabbits following natural infection and vaccine procedures
Authors: Ross J. G.
Published: June 2009

Investigations of acquired immunity to Fasciola hepatica in calves, sheep and rabbits are described. With injections of extracts of imma- ture parasites retarded growth of the challenge infection was observed between the 6th and 7th week. Following a previous experience of a natural infection or viable fluke implants, retardation and reduced take of the challenge infection were observed. Considerable individual variation was present and the level of significance between treatment and control groups was low.
A New Species of the Genus Strongylus Müller, 1780 from the Black Rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis L. and a Note on the Other Species Occurring in Kenya
Authors: Round M. C.
Published: June 2009

Strongylus (Dicerocola) tremletti sp.nov. is described from the black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis L. from Kenya.

The affinities of S. (D.) tremletti sp.nov. with the other species of the genus Strongylus Müller, 1780 are discussed and the subgenus Dicerocola subgen.nov. is erected to contain it.

The species of Strongylus in Kenya are noted and original drawings of S. (D.) asini Boulenger, 1920 are included.
Carbohydrate reserves and phosphatase activity in the mollusc-trematode relationship ofMytilus edulisL. andProctoeces maculatus(Looss, 1901) Odhner, 1911
Authors: Dennis Emmet A. , Sharp Marian , Douglass Rudd
Published: June 2009

Biochemical and histochemical techniques were employed to study tissue distribution, and concentrations of carbohydrate reserves and phosphatase activity in uninfected Mytilus edulis and specimens parasitized byProctoeces maculatus. Glycogen was stored in the mantle, hepatopancreas, labial palps and mesosomal Leydig cells of the mussel, and in the body parenchyma of post-miracidial stages of the trematode. The glycogen content of the mantle and hepatopancreas increased steadily from January to a maximum level in June and then declined sharply to a minimum level in December. No differences were observed in the annual glycogen cycle of infected and uninfected mussels. Starvation of mussels at a temperature conducive to high metabolic activity of the worms resulted in a rapid decline in the glycogen content of infected mussels by the first week of starvation. A stable glycogen concentration was maintained for 4 weeks by starved uninfected mussels. The distribution of acid phosphatase activity in the tissues ofM. edulisandP. maculatuswas greater than that of alkaline phosphatase activity, but increased alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in the haemolymph of mussels infected with adultP. maculatus.
A new record of the occurrence of Trichuris skrjabini Baskakov, 1924 in sheep in Britain
Authors: Hinks M. I. , Thomas R. J.
Published: June 2009

In a survey of large intestine material from sheep in North East England, Trichuris ovis and T. skrjabini were recovered. This is the first record of T. skrjabini in Western Europe. The two species can be separated on the length, shape and degree of eversion of the spicule in the male, and on the type of vulval expansion, nature of the vagina and straight portion of the ovary in the female. The relative dominance of T. ovis compared with T. skrjabini in Britain may be attributable to the faster rate of development of the pasture stages of the former species.
Studies onOnchocerca cervicalisRailliet and Henry 1910: 3. Morphological and taxonomic studies onOnchocerca cervicalisfrom British horses
Authors: Mellor Philip S.
Published: June 2009

Distinct morphological differences were found between microfilariae ofOnchocerca cervicalisin the uterus of the adult and those in the skin of the horse, suggesting that development occurs during migration from the adult worm to the skin.

Uterine microfilariae can be divided into two types which represent stages of development not embryonic male and female worms.

Skin microfilariae ofO. cervicaliswere readily distinguishable from those ofO. volvulusandO. gutturosa. Morphological comparisons between adult and larvalO. cervicaliscollected during this project with published descriptions ofO. reticulatashow that there is insufficient evidence for their specific separation.

The first two papers in this series have dealt with the prevalence ofOnchocerca cervicalisin British horses and with the pathology caused by the parasite to the definitive host. The present paper is concerned with the morphology and taxonomy of the parasite, particularly the microfilarial stage.
The spatial distribution ofDactylogyrus amphibothriumon the gills of ruffeGymnocephalus cernuaand its relation to the relative amounts of water passing over the parts of the gills
Authors: Wootten R.
Published: June 2009

The spatial distribution of the monogeneanDactylogyrus amphibothriumover the gill apparatus of the ruffeGymnocephalus cernuawas non-random, parasites being aggregated on certain areas of the gills. By plotting the distribution over the gills of the glochidia ofAnodonta cygnea, the relative amounts of water passing over the different parts of the gill apparatus was determined experimentally. The observed distribution of D.amphibothriumwas then compared with the distribution of the glochidia. The results obtained suggest that the site of attachment ofD. amphibothriumis influenced at least in part by the direction and force of the respiratory current over the gills. Most parasites select a site where they are not subjected to its full force.
Some observations on the redia, cercaria and metacercaria of Opisthodiscus nigrivasis (v. Mehlij, 1929) Odening, 1959 (Trematoda: Paramphistomidae)
Authors: Simon-Vicente F. , Martinez-Fernandez A. , Cordero Del Campillo M.
Published: June 2009

The redia, cercaria and metacercaria of Opisthodiscus nigrivasis from Ancylastrum fluviatilis are described. Observations were made on the behaviour of the cercaria and experimental infections with metacercariae have been carried out in laboratory-raised frogs of the species Rana ridibunda. Some features of the morphology of these juvenile stages and aspects of the behaviour of the cercaria are compared with those of others related species.

The best known biological cycles in the Diplodiscinae are those of Diplodiscus subclavatus (Pallas, 1970) Diesing, 1836, and Megalodiscus temperatus (Stafford, 1905) Hanvood, 1932. The first was described by Looss (1892), who showed that the molluscs Planorbis nitidus, Pl. vortex, Pl. rotundatus, Pl. spirorbis and Pl. contortus acted as intermediate hosts. More recently Milka (1970) found young forms of D. subclavatus in Pl. planorbis and gave a brief description of the redia and cercaria of this species.
Two new species of the nematode genus Spirura Blanchard, 1849 from bats in Tanzania
Authors: Khalil L. F.
Published: June 2009

Spirura hipposidcrosi n.sp. from the stomach of Hipposideros ruber resembles S. diplocyphos but differs in the head structure, the shape and size of the spicules, the position of the vulva and the presence of a tuft of spines in the male tail. Spirura nycterisi n.sp. from Nycteris thebaica and Hipposideros ruber resembles S. spinicaudata but differs in the presence of a membrane round the posterior half of the left spicule, the presence of a tuft of spines at the tip of the male tail, the position of the vulva and the size of the eggs. A key to the African species of Spirura is given.