bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eros and Mysticism
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

‘Eros and mysticism’ suggests a contrast with ‘logos and dogma’, but there is scarcely apparent in early Christian interpretation of the Song of Songs. Although apparently a nuptial epithalamion the Song of Songs is very rarely interpreted as such, but regarded as celebrating the love between Christ and the Church, or between Christ and the soul—is this paralleling the Jewish Rabbinic tradition. Two interpreters are discussed: Origen and Gregory of Nyssa. Origen places the Song in two contexts: as the third of the Wisdom books, and as the highest of Biblical songs—in either case the most intense form of human love for God. Both draw on Plato’s account of love in the Symposium, as a purifying ascent leading to ultimate Beauty. For Origen this is a process of growing illumination, while for Gregory the closer the soul comes to the ultimate, the deeper the darkness it experiences.
The Theology of the Philokalia
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

The Philokalia is a historic anthology (which is what philokalia means) of Byzantine ascetic and mystical texts from the fourth to the fifteenth centuries; it represents a culmination of a long process of selection and preservation of such texts. To talk of the ‘theology’ of the Philokalia is to use the term in the sense used in that ascetic tradition—not speculation, but participation in God attained through prayer involving assimilation to God, deification. The essay illustrates what it involved by discussing a brief text of fourteen chapters, ascribed to Patriarch Kallistos I. Western understanding of the terms used can be misleading: ‘practical’ is not opposed to ‘theoretical’ but its preparation; nor is the ‘heart’ opposed to the ‘intellect’ but where the intellect becomes itself. And, before all else, the Philokalia is concerned to help one on the way, rather than disclose the mystery to which the way leads.
Fiunt, Non Nascuntur Christiani
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

For Tertullian it was obvious: one became a Christian, not born a Christian. In his day, and throughout the age of persecution, Christians were baptized adult converts: they formed a voluntary association. Yet Christians were never satisfied with that: witness the idea of Christians as a ‘third race’. With the peace of the Church, the situation changed: people were eager to become Christians, and had their children baptized, perhaps initially as a precaution, given the high rate of infant mortality, then as a rite de passage. Nevertheless, despite the liturgical imagination of the fourth-century Church, baptism remained a rite for adults, for the bishops were anxious to preserve the pattern of the Church inherited from the age of persecution. Increasingly, however, Christians were baptized as infants, and the Church rapidly became a natural community. The ideals were preserved, partly among the ascetics, and partly in the cult of the martyrs.
Introduction
Authors: Galpin Timothy
Published: August 2023

Strategy is an ancient pursuit with its roots in military strategy. Through the centuries, in the business environment, strategy has evolved through various eras from the “invisible hand,” through “management science,” to “strategic planning.” Today the concept of “strategy” is still evolving, shifting from an economic view to a value-creation view. Moreover, we have all heard the terms strategic planning, strategic management, and strategic thinking. However, depending upon whom you ask, these terms often mean different things to different people. Consequently, this chapter introduces the concepts, historical development, and definitions of strategy. Topics include the evolution of business strategy, the overlaps and differences between strategic planning, strategic management, and strategic thinking, deliberate and emergent strategy, traditional versus dynamic strategy, inductive versus deductive strategy, intuition as part of the strategy process, functional strategies, and key reasons organizations change strategy.
Building Strategically Valuable Resources
Authors: Galpin Timothy
Published: August 2023

Both internal and external factors matter to a company’s strategic decisions and subsequent performance. The resource-based view (RBV) proposes that management should look inside the firm to find sources of competitive advantage. According to RBV theory, internal resources are given the major role in helping companies achieve higher organizational performance. Thus, this chapter examines the approaches, tools, best practices, and potential pitfalls of the “internal analysis” element of the strategy process, including defining organizational resources, differentiating between resources and competencies, exploring transient versus sustainable competitive advantage, conducting value chain and VRIO (valuable, rare, inimitable, organizational) analyses, and identifying, developing, and managing strategically valuable resources.
Selecting High-Impact Strategies
Authors: Galpin Timothy
Published: August 2023

In any strategy process (whether dynamic or traditional), analytical data (both formal and intuitive) informs the potential strategies management identify and the strategic choices they make. While drawing upon external and internal analytical data, developing an array of potential strategies is also a creative exercise. Moving from external and internal analyses to making strategic choices combines data analysis, creativity, industry knowledge, and experience. Consequently, this chapter presents the approaches, tools, best practices, and potential pitfalls of identifying and choosing potential strategies, and how to apply a strategic priorities map to select high-impact strategies for the organization to pursue by identifying each potential strategy’s projected impact, level of effort and/or investment required, and potential risk.
The Best Strategy Is the One You Can Implement
Authors: Galpin Timothy
Published: August 2023

Analyzing and planning strategy is an important component of company success. However, any experienced executive understands, and has likely learned the hard way, that the full potential value of even the most well-designed strategy is only achieved through effective implementation. Thus, strategists must always remember that the best strategy is the one you can implement. No matter how brilliant or elegant a strategy is, it is worthless until effectively implemented. To minimize the likelihood of mismanagement, companies need a repeatable process that provides an integrated and actionable approach to effective strategy execution. Therefore, in this chapter a pragmatic five-step strategy implementation model is presented consisting of: establishing an “implementation infrastructure,” applying “agile implementation management,” developing detailed implementation action plans, aligning organizational culture with strategy, and building momentum and continually adjusting.
Managing Strategic Transformation
Authors: Galpin Timothy
Published: August 2023

The discipline of “change management,” regarded as a set of activities that realigns organizations so they can effectively address the economic, technological, and other forces transforming their marketplaces, presents significant challenges to a firm’s leadership during the strategy execution process. Major strategic initiatives visibly and dramatically transform the configurations and environment of a company. “Big Change” is an apt term to describe what often happens during strategy execution. Indeed, technological, operational, and organizational changes introduced by implementing new strategies now come far more quickly and are more significant than those to which most organizations are accustomed. Therefore, management need to apply the proven concepts and tools of effective organizational transformation management presented in this chapter.
Nonmarket Strategy
Authors: Galpin Timothy
Published: August 2023

Nonmarket strategy is a term applied to the aspects of business strategy that address relationships that do not unfold within commercial markets but still affect the company’s ability to reach its strategic goals. A company’s nonmarket environment is composed of various entities including regulators, governments, citizens, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), activists, and the media. The nonmarket environment has grown in complexity and importance, including, for example, intellectual property, health and safety, emissions and fuel standards, trade policy, consumer protection, competition policy, and diversity and inclusion. Consequently, “regulatory risk” and “reputational risk” have been ranked as top strategic risks by executives. Hence, this chapter presents the best practices, key pitfalls, tools, and templates for developing and implementing a firm’s nonmarket strategy, including a nonmarket issues lifecycle and a three-step nonmarket strategy decision process.
How Corporate Parents Add Strategic Value
Authors: Galpin Timothy
Published: August 2023

There is often confusion between “business strategy” and “corporate strategy.” The fundamental differences between business and corporate strategy are in the level of organizational focus and in the primary questions management must answer. Business strategy resides at the business unit level and requires business unit-level management to answer the question “How do we compete?” Meanwhile, corporate strategy resides at the multi-business unit level and answers two key questions. First, corporate-level management must decide “Which businesses should we be in?” Once the decision has been made to diversify, management must then determine “How will the corporate office manage the array of businesses?” Therefore, this chapter presents the best practices for analyzing and selecting markets and industries in which a firm should operate to fill the “growth gap,” and how a corporate office can best add value by choosing a focused “corporate parenting” approach to manage their portfolio businesses.
Pursuing Alliances, Joint Ventures, Mergers, and Acquisitions
Authors: Galpin Timothy
Published: August 2023

Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) are ubiquitous terms that include a spectrum of arrangements including non-equity alliances and partnerships, equity alliances, joint ventures, and M&As, each with increasing ownership. As ownership increases, control increases, but so does risk. If done well, M&As, in their various forms, can create value. However, ample evidence demonstrates that M&As create significant post-deal performance issues for acquiring, “buy-side” firms. While M&As are a multi-staged and cross-disciplinary process, too often corporate leaders approach them as a financial exercise to facilitate their growth strategy. This increases the likelihood that confounding implementation problems will arise in the subsequent post-transaction stages. Hence, this chapter presents an integrated and actionable deal flow model depicting an end-to-end view of the M&A process, including the steps management can take to build M&As as a core competency in their organization.
Shareholder Activism and Restructuring
Authors: Galpin Timothy
Published: August 2023

When it comes to activists influencing the management agendas of companies, there are generally two types. “Social activists” are primarily concerned with influencing a firm’s ESG (environmental, social, and governance) agenda, whereas “financial activists” principally focus on creating greater returns to a firm’s shareholders. This chapter addresses the approaches and impacts of financial activists and offers a process for management to effectively address shareholder activism should a financial activist take a stake in their company. Topics covered include the growth and impact of activism across the globe, pros and cons of activist investors, company factors that attract financial activists, activist investor aims and tactics, and a shareholder activism decision tree to assist public company leaders in developing an effective response to shareholder activism.
A Disabled Apostle
Authors: Soon Isaac T.
Published: August 2023

Speculation around the health of Paul the apostle has been present since soon after his death. Recently scholars have understood Paul to be disabled but have been wary of isolating precisely what his disabilities may have been or whether they are important for understanding his writings. This book is the first full-length study of Paul the apostle and disability. Using insights from contemporary disability studies, Isaac Soon analyses features of Paul’s body in his ancient Mediterranean context to understand the ways in which his body was disabled. Focusing on three such ancient disabilities—demonization, circumcision, and short stature—this book draws on a rich variety of ancient evidence, from textual sources and epigraphy to ancient visual culture, to analyse ancient bodily ideals and the negative cultural effects such ‘deviant’ persons generated. The book also examines Paul’s use of his own disabilities in his letters and shows how disability is not subsidiary to his thought but a central aspect of it. This book also provides scholars with a new method for uncovering previously unrecognized disabilities in the ancient world. Last of all, it critiques the latent ableism in much New Testament scholarship, which assumes that the figures of the early Jesus movement were able-bodied.
Circumcision as Disability
Authors: Soon Isaac T.
Published: August 2023

This chapter analyses the way circumcision generated social stigma, exclusion, mockery, and violence in ancient Graeco-Roman and early Christian contexts, marking it as a disability. Ancient visual culture caricatures the bodies of those who bear circumcision to dehumanize and animalize. Jewish circumcision was mocked in social circles and equated with sexual deviance, so much so that Jews would use prosthetics to hide or remove the marks of their circumcision. In the few instances in the first century where Jews were sent out of cities, circumcision was one of the practices that contributed to their expulsion. Perhaps the greatest indicator of circumcision as a disability was the violence that it evoked, as demonstrated by the Seleucid persecution of Judaea in the second century where families and children were murdered for circumcising. Early Christians furthered hatred towards circumcision by imbuing it with theological significance, that it was a judgement of God or a mark of their sexual lasciviousness.
Short Stature as Disability
Authors: Soon Isaac T.
Published: August 2023

This chapter argues that short stature was a disability in the ancient world. Short stature, including dwarfism, did not fit the ancient ideal of moderate or average height. It was viewed by ancient medical writers and philosophers as a physical impairment, the result of underdevelopment or illness in utero. Short stature was often mocked, used as a means of dispelling the evil eye, associated with hypersexuality, and used as a feature of violent entertainment and gladiatorial spectacles. While short stature and dwarfism were not always viewed negatively, in ancient Egypt for example, by the Roman period, the pejorative use of dwarfism became prevalent in the Mediterranean world.
Decolonizing Posthuman Care
Authors: DeFalco Amelia
Published: August 2023

Chapter 4 continues the discussion of kinship on the margins initiated in Chapter 3 but complicates the critiques of humanism offered in Ishiguro and Atwood, asking how one can advocate for a radical decentering of the human via a horizontalizing of the ontological plane without trivializing or undermining the ongoing work of scholars and activists struggling to affirm the moral significance of minoritized lives. The chapter explores the racialization of disposability and the speculative rejoinder offered by Jesmyn Ward’s novel of Black posthuman care, Salvage the Bones. In declining to represent generic, hegemonic “humans,” the novel offers a vision of horizontalism in which diverse, discarded matter relates and feels and affects. Though the reader is told these relating bodies are discards, the vibrancy and care within and between them challenges conventions of ethical insignificance. Ward’s vision of posthuman vitality and care offers a significant challenge to periphery/center, inhuman/human binaries that persist even within critical theories of the posthuman.
Natural Rights, Legal Rights, Human Rights
Authors: Coyle Sean
Published: August 2023

Chapter VI begins with an analysis of right informed by Hohfeld’s schema, and briefly discusses the will and interest theories of right; it then criticizes Finnis for relying on human rights—i.e. positive law—rather than natural rights at a key part of his analysis; it then discusses natural right, human right, and legal right; and then relates discussion of right to the theory of core morality.
The Culmination of Natural Law
Authors: Coyle Sean
Published: August 2023

Chapter VII argues that although natural law theory stands on its own, it is logically completed by a theological theory of divine law and action; the majority of the chapter expounds a version of Aquinas’s ‘five ways’—proofs of God’s existence and suggests that the cosmological model of scientists stands in exactly as much need of faith as does a theological explanation
Unjust Law and Unjust Laws
Authors: Coyle Sean
Published: August 2023

In Chapter XI, the distinction between unjust law and unjust laws introduces a complex discussion of when a person is bound in conscience to break a legal rule, and when they are bound to obey it. Aquinas mentions the subject in a few places, but does not come up with a complete theory of the subject: ought one to obey an unjust law in a legal system that is otherwise just? Ought one never to obey a law that requires one to perform an immoral or unjust act? This chapter offers a systematic theory which seeks to decide these and related questions; it ends with a discussion of German law in the period 1933–1945.
A nuclear North Korea
Authors: Howell Edward
Published: August 2023

Chapter 4 concerns the ‘second nuclear crisis’ from January 2002 to November 2009. It analyses how, during this time, North Korea’s weaponized nuclear ambitions would intensify owing to the collapse of the Agreed Framework, the arrival of the George W. Bush administration in the United States, and a resultant US retrenchment from multilateralism. Whilst North Korea would oscillate between delinquent and compliant behaviour during this period, its ultimate unwillingness to concede on its nuclear ambitions would further its delinquent actions. This chapter examines how, during the so-called ‘second nuclear crisis’, North Korea strategically deployed delinquent behaviour to fulfil two somewhat contradictory objectives: first, the normalization of relations with the United States and, second, the development of nuclear weapons. It highlights how, after North Korea self-declared its withdrawal from the Non-Proliferation Treaty in January 2003, it pursued nuclear development increasingly unabashedly, leading to its first nuclear test in October 2006. At the same time, the international community sought to induce North Korea into compliance with nuclear norms through offering concessions, most notably through the multilateral Six-Party Talks. Yet, these efforts failed, and North Korea would conduct its second nuclear test in May 2009.
Strategic patience meets strategic delinquency
Authors: Howell Edward
Published: August 2023

Chapter 5 focuses on North Korea’s nuclear behaviour during the Obama administration, between 2009 and 2016. This period offers a counter-case to the idea that delinquent behaviour with respect to the global nuclear order and international order will bring beneficial outcomes. This chapter underscores how, confronted with a conservative administration in South Korea, the Obama administration did not wish to be seen as rewarding North Korea’s delinquent behaviour, even if its own foreign policies diverged from the approach of the Bush administration. Yet, through the United States’ pursuit of an approach of ‘strategic patience’, North Korea’s delinquency, in fact, intensified, not least given how the rewards reaped by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) were minimal. As such, this chapter examines how North Korea’s heighted nuclear ambitions were a product of the transition of power to Kim Jong Un in 2011 and the DPRK’s disdain for the ‘strategic patience’ policy, coupled with a reaction by North Korea to the growing imposition of unilateral and multilateral sanctions. Despite the trade-offs between the costs and benefits of delinquent behaviour, North Korea was willing to accept the material costs and the lowering of its international status. It conducted four nuclear tests during the two terms of the Obama administration and, between 2012 and 2016, over seventy missile tests.
Conclusion
Authors: Howell Edward
Published: August 2023

The conclusion summarizes the main arguments and findings of this book. In so doing, it outlines how, since the end of the Cold War, North Korea has deployed a range of behaviour, defying and complying with the norms of the global nuclear order and wider post-war international order. It argues how, across the four time periods under investigation, the first nuclear crisis (1985–1994), the second nuclear crisis (2002–2009), the Obama administration (2009–2016), and the first three years of the Trump administration (2017–2019), North Korea’s actions have been part and parcel of a quest for greater international status embedded within a counter-hegemonic strategy against what it perceives to be a ‘hostile’ US-led international order. This concluding chapter highlights how, whilst North Korea has learnt from the costs and benefits obtained through its delinquent behaviour to inform its future actions, each temporal period represents a unique confluence of political and strategic conditions that contributed to the DPRK’s actions. This chapter then takes the book’s findings further, outlining areas for additional inquiry. It argues that North Korea’s strategic deployment of delinquency with respect to the global nuclear order can serve as a useful case study for the application of strategic delinquency framework to other ‘rogue’ nuclear states that oppose the global nuclear order’s normative and institutionalized strictures, such as, inter alia, Iran, Israel, and Pakistan.
The challenge of deciding upon reparations
Authors: Colonomos Ariel
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on another case which testifies to the importance of pricing lives as a constitutive of the political: reparations for historical injustices and reparations of war. Such situation is particularly challenging for the state and is particularly difficult when those victims of historical injustices or victims of war, such as in the case of slavery or during World War II, ask for compensation for the wrongdoings inflicted upon them or restitution for the property that had been stolen from them. The case of reparations is particularly difficult to solve when those crimes were committed centuries ago. Although, in the past, reparations strengthened the logic of the state by rewarding the winner of a military conflict, such repairing is no longer the case today. Since the 1990s, individuals have come to play an increasingly greater role in reparations claims. Non-state actors, such as communities and markets, play an important role in the weighing of human lives. Moreover, victors are also pushed to pay for reparations whereas in the past, the burden of reparations rested solely on the shoulders of the vanquished. Pricing lives pervades both political spheres, the international and the domestic.
The challenge of pricing pandemics
Authors: Colonomos Ariel
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the role of the state when it is confronted with a pandemic. It argues that the balancing of lives and interests is the main issue which the state has faced throughout the history of pandemics. It shows that this equilibrium is highly contextual: lives play today a more important role than they did in the past and states put more effort to contain the spread of contagious diseases—i.e. to save lives—even if the decisions to do so—e.g. lockdowns—are costly. However, paying with lives—i.e. accepting to lift lockdowns even if this decision will cause further infections and hence more deaths or herd immunity—remains a possibility. Paying for lives and paying with lives—pricing lives—is a dialectical process that the case of COVID amply illustrates. COVID has shown the importance of such balancing for the political, both at the domestic level and global level.
A political theory of hostage-taking
Authors: Colonomos Ariel
Published: August 2023

Building on Hobbes and the analogy that he makes between the power of parents, and notably the father over the lives of his children and the power of the state over the lives of its citizens, this chapter argues that paying with lives is the essential feature of a patriarchal political order. In a patriarchal setting, the state maintains its stronghold over the lives of its citizens. It is hard for the state to accept that its opponents decide over the lives of its own people. Therefore, this political vision encourages a non-compromising policy with hostage takers. Refusing to save one’s own citizens, if such is too detrimental for the interest of the state, also sends a ‘costly signal’; it is also a display of power that is presumed to have a powerful deterrent effect. Based on these premises, the chapter develops a political theory of the hostage that applies beyond the realm of kidnapping, for example in nuclear politics. The patriarchal state is also challenged by other actors that weigh lives according to their own measurement and standards. However, in the context of liberal democracies especially, the patriarchal order is a fragile one. It is difficult for a state to be patriarchal as it exposes itself to moral critique for its lack of empathy in the face of human suffering. The state has to balance patriarchalism with another mode of pricing lives, i.e. philanthropism, that is discussed in the following chapter.
Lest we forget the future
Authors: Colonomos Ariel
Published: August 2023

Given what the prevailing values are within liberal democracies, we need to think of a philanthropic type of power that values at their best the lives of human beings. It is also essential to find a proper equilibrium between the state, the community, and the market and the different types of measurement of the material equivalence to lives that these three spheres produce. This endeavour is all the more important considering that we are confronted with an important challenge when weighing lives, i.e. measuring the value of distant lives, both in time and in space. States are usually present-centred when comparing the weight of present lives to past or future lives. This chapter argues normatively in favour of the revaluation of future lives (against ‘future discounting’). Although it acknowledges the need to pay for lives that are endangered in the present such as in the case of hostage taking, it also shows the need to take into account future lives in other domains of security, while also applying the norm of ‘human security’, the rule of responsibility to protect (R2P) and the law of ‘jus ex bello’. The weight of past lives can also create sunk cost bias as in the case of the war-trap in which states are reluctant to stop fighting or disengage because of losses they have already suffered from.
Out of sight, out of mind?
Authors: Colonomos Ariel
Published: August 2023

Weighing at their best the value of human lives is important also in the context when lives that are distant are at stake. Unfortunately, there are numerous historical examples of states that have been indifferent to the suffering of people who were abroad or who were coming from afar and were culturally distant from the state’s own citizens. This chapter discusses the tragic case of the Jews during World War II and the attempts to rescue them by offering material counterparts. These are indecent prices; however, the victims and those that help them have no choice other than to try and compromise with criminals. Weighing the lives of the victims of genocides gives us further insight on matters related to migration. In order to value at their best the lives of those who, from afar, come closer to us, it is important to use complementary resources from the state, the market and the community. The chapter includes some concrete proposals in this direction.
Knowing who we are
Authors: Colonomos Ariel
Published: August 2023

Pricing lives gives us a better picture of who we are and stands as a challenge for liberal democracies. As this value attribution is contingent, there is room for manoeuvre. The concluding chapter emphasizes five main points and raises one question that remains open for discussion. First, we need to rethink and revalue the role of the philanthropic state. It is also extremely important to limit the role of patriarchalism and ensure that paying with lives (to serve state interests) should be as scarce as possible. Second, the state, the community and the market have complimentary roles, each of them has to contribute as much as it can to the valuing of human lives. Third, we need to reduce the non-commensurability gap. Fourth, our political cultures are relatively flexible and we need to orient them in the direction of a more humane and renewed philanthropism. Fifth, we need to revalue the lives of those who make sacrifices to save the lives of others, as a means to contribute to the revaluing of life itself. The chapter ends with a question and proposal. Some individuals might be stateless, have no community to support them, and have no access to the market. For those who have no safety net, at the global level, liberal democratic states have to think about the possibility of a ‘world insurance’ that would value the lives of the individuals that are cut from any material support and whose lives, otherwise, dramatically, would be valueless.
Introduction
Authors: Rich Kelly M.
Published: August 2023

The Introduction articulates the need for a new literary history of Britain’s Second World War based on Britain’s transition from a warfare to a welfare state. It begins by revisiting the discourse of reconstruction, showing how its concepts of social welfare prove capacious and flexible, extending beyond a narrow political or economic definition to embrace new forms of collectivity and care. It then considers how domestic space became a privileged site for reimagining sociality, as if reorganizing individuals’ private lives would result in a more coherent society. Given these parameters, the introduction turns to the novel as the form best-suited for investigating welfare. Through its engagement with the built environment and institutionalized domesticity, the novel creates quasi-administrated home spaces that preserve and challenge midcentury welfarist ideals. The Introduction concludes by reflecting on the peculiar temporality of postwar reconstruction and its ramifications for literary periodization, which requires a long view of the postwar fiction that looks backward to literary modernism as well as forwards to the contemporary moment.
A Room of One’s Own?
Authors: Rich Kelly M.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 1, “A Room of One’s Own? Postwar Modernism and the Reconstructive Imagination,” begins amidst the ruins of the British Home Front, where the modernist ethos of “only connect” finds itself at odds with new ideas of collective justice raised by postwar reconstruction and the welfare state. As an inheritor of literary modernism, Elizabeth Bowen offers unique insight into the fate of the novel at midcentury and its task of registering social change. This chapter reads Bowen’s The Heat of the Day (1949) as a work that collapses the relationships afforded by modernist treatments of interpersonal intimacy, while also testing the potential of domestic space to catalyze new modes of sociality. Yet, this is also where Bowen’s novel meets its limit, as its horrified gaze into the working-class home produces a proto-sociological condemnation often found in the literatures of reconstruction. The chapter then closes with a consideration of Humphrey Jennings’ documentary film A Diary for Timothy (1945).
Unhomely Empire
Authors: Rich Kelly M.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 3 turns to Windrush literary production as a testing-ground where wartime visions of reconstruction met postwar social realities, manifesting in the unevenly felt experiences of making Britain home for colonial subjects turned citizen. In doing so, it addresses another challenge to Britain’s plans for social welfare: midcentury decolonization movements and mass immigration to the UK. It begins by bringing the study of the postwar in relation to the postcolonial, arguing that the rise of Britain’s welfare state cannot be read without reference to its history as a global superpower. It then tracks the dream of communal domesticity that saturates the work of Samuel Selvon, including Sunday basement meetings in The Lonely Londoners (1956) and collective home ownership in The Housing Lark (1965). It ends by considering how the Windrush generation continues to inform contemporary literary production in works such as Andrea Levy’s Small Island (2004) and Zadie Smith’s NW (2012).
Institutional Life
Authors: Rich Kelly M.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 6 treats Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go (2005) as a counterfactual allegory of postwar Britain, an exercise in contemporary nostalgia, and the most extreme literary test of reconstruction. Expanding welfare’s parameters to include a national cloning program, the novel challenges the reader to contend not only with the clones’ statistical structures of feeling, but also with the ways institutional space shapes their aggregate individualism: a cold vision of the welfare state’s endgame and the risks of a reconstructive ethos. Yet even in this instrumentalized world, the novel cannot abandon the spatial fantasies of care so characteristic of Britain’s postwar imagination. Indeed, unlike Ishiguro’s other works, whose epiphanies are motivated by historical consciousness-raising, this sense of history is not available to clone protagonist Kathy. Instead, her epiphany is mediated through her relationship with her environment—what the chapter calls “infrastructural interiority”—demonstrating the long reach of postwar reconstruction and its felt legacies.
Coda
Authors: Rich Kelly M.
Published: August 2023

The conclusion addresses our contemporary moment, a time when discussions around the need for welfare have intensified due to the combination of atrophied welfare services, the global refugee crisis, and the Home Office’s introduction of “hostile environment” policies. Instead of studying representations of housing and quasi-administrated domestic life, this section considers a structure often hidden from view: the Immigration Removal Centre, used to hold and remove those seeking entry to Britain. Analyzing representations of IRCs in the work of Abdulrazak Gurnah, Caryl Phillips, and Ali Smith, the conclusion brings human rights concerns to bear on domestic welfare, connecting these structures of inhospitality to postwar dreams of social life.
History
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran
Published: August 2023

The history of relations between Indigenous peoples and miners provides a critical context to contemporary interactions between them. In many cases, that history is characterized by violence and the dispossession and marginalization of Indigenous peoples by miners, assisted by the state. This chapter illustrates the historical experience of Indigenous peoples with mining, using examples spreading across two centuries, from gold rushes in Australia and the United States, to copper mining in Indonesia, diamond mining in the former Soviet Union and bauxite mining in Australia in the years after the Second World War. Yet Indigenous people also engaged with mining and worked as miners, an aspect of history which will be highlighted using recent research revealing the key role of Aboriginal miners, women and men, in gold rushes in New Zealand and Australia.
Forces for Change
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran
Published: August 2023

Growing international recognition of Indigenous rights since the 1950s constitutes a key part of the context within which Indigenous peoples interact with the mining industry. This chapter discusses the content and relevance of general human rights declarations and treaties, and the growing body of international law and legal practice focusing specifically on Indigenous peoples, including the International Labour Organization’s Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The chapter highlights the role of international Indigenous activism in bringing about this growing recognition, and examines the relevance of international treaties and declarations for state policies in the domestic sphere. The chapter also discusses initiatives by the United Nations, international financial institutions, and peak mining industry bodies to achieve greater recognition of Indigenous rights by corporations, private investors, and lenders.
The Mining Industry
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran
Published: August 2023

This chapter briefly describes the mine life cycle, from prospecting, to intensive exploration, to development and production, and to mine decommissioning and closure. It highlights the environmental, social, and economic impacts associated with each stage of the cycle, then focuses on the structure of the contemporary global industry. Thousands of companies are involved in the early stages of the mine life cycle, because relatively little capital is required to fund exploration and because access to markets is not needed at this stage. In contrast, the development and operational phases are highly concentrated, reflecting the fact that capital costs are very high and that access to global mineral markets is essential. In many sectors, just a handful of companies dominate the market. Industry responses to Indigenous peoples can vary considerably given the range of company types involved in exploration and mining, and the degree to which companies embrace corporate social responsibility policies. However, all are ultimately driven by the imperative to locate and profitably extract minerals.
The State, Indigenous Peoples, and Mining
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran
Published: August 2023

This chapter reviews the extensive literature which theorizes the role of the state, classifying theories according to: (1) the degree of autonomy the state is deemed to have to act independently of societal interests; (2) the identity of the societal interests it responds to, if it lacks autonomy, or the identity of the societal interests it decides to benefit or privilege, if it does have autonomy. It considers the implications of various theories for the state’s role in framing relations between Indigenous peoples and mining, concluding that in any contest between the two, most theories predict that states will strongly favour mining. The chapter then discusses the role of Indigenous people as participants within state institutions; reviews state organizational arrangements for dealing with Indigenous peoples and with mining; and summarizes the range of policies adopted by states towards their Indigenous peoples historically and in the contemporary context.
Indigenous Engagement
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran
Published: August 2023

A fundamental change that has occurred in recent decades involves the negotiation of agreements involving Indigenous peoples, companies, and in some cases the state, governing the terms under which mining will occur on Indigenous lands. Agreements are now negotiated for virtually all major projects on Indigenous lands in settler states (Australia, Canada, the United States), and they are increasingly prevalent in the Global South. This chapter reviews major issues raised by negotiated agreements, including the role of the state and its legal regimes; inequities in bargaining power and how Indigenous groups seek to overcome these; the content of agreements; and their enforceability and implementation. It includes a focus on the role of women in negotiations, a role that does not always involve a high public profile but nevertheless is often critical.
Indigenous Opposition
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran
Published: August 2023

Many Indigenous peoples oppose mining on their ancestral lands, either because they perceive an irreconcilable difference between mining and their cultural and social survival, or because the perceived balance of costs and benefits from mining is weighed against them. Indigenous women in particular have often opposed mining because of concerns about its impact on culture, land, and livelihoods. In this context, engagement with industry and the state often takes the form of protest and resistance. This chapter examines and assesses the strategies used by Indigenous opponents of mining to stop it or to change the conditions under which it will occur, drawing on cases from Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Canada. The chapter illustrates the dynamic and unpredictable nature of resistance and of company and state responses to it, especially where it involves violence, which can spiral out of control in ways not originally intended by any of those involved.
Indigenous Rights and Mining in the Philippines
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran
Published: August 2023

The Philippines is one of the few countries that has introduced comprehensive legislation which aims to recognize the rights of Indigenous peoples, including in their interaction with extractive industry. At the same time, its national government has used military force to supress Indigenous resistance to mining, and sought to undermine the role of the judiciary in enforcing legal recognition of Indigenous rights. This chapter uses two case studies to illustrate the efforts of Indigenous peoples to achieve control over mining in this complex and contradictory political environment. It traces the unsuccessful efforts of Subanon peoples to stop destruction of a sacred mountain by a Canadian mining company; and the success, to date, of B’laan peoples in halting development of one of Asia’s largest undeveloped copper orebodies, Tampakan, drawing on support from sympathetic state institutions and civil society.
Australia and Canada
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran
Published: August 2023

This chapter analyses recent relations between Indigenous peoples and the mining industry in Australia and Canada. Both countries are now characterized by an almost universal adoption of negotiated agreements as the primary mechanism for governing these relations. What shapes the content of these agreements in terms of permitting Indigenous peoples to share in the benefits of mining, and in allowing them to influence its impact on their traditional territories? And what effect do agreements, and the presence of mining activities more generally, have on the well-being of Indigenous communities in mining regions? A key finding is that there is wide diversity in the content of agreements and in outcomes from mining, with significant implications for Indigenous livelihoods and well-being. The wide range of outcomes evident in Australia and Canada affords a valuable opportunity to gain insights into the factors shaping the impacts of mining on Indigenous peoples and territories.
Analysis and Conclusion
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran
Published: August 2023

This chapter draws on the extensive analysis of issues, regions, and peoples in previous chapters to characterize relations between Indigenous peoples and mining in the contemporary world. It draws out common features of those relations based on patterns of behaviours and responses by Indigenous peoples seeking to protect their livelihoods, lands, and culture; multinational mining companies seeking to maximize profits; and states intent on promoting ‘development’. It also highlights the distinctive outcomes that emerge because of the agency of Indigenous peoples and the effect of particular historical patterns and state structures. It concludes by offering theoretical insights that help explain outcomes arising from Indigenous interactions with the mining industry, and provide a basis on which to indicate how more positive outcomes for Indigenous peoples could be achieved.
Senior Courts Act 1981
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the Senior Courts Act 1981. It starts with how the citation of the Act was altered in reference to the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 Schedule 11 from 1 October 2009 (SI 2009/1604). The provisions are primarily concerned with the transfer of judicial review applications to the Upper Tribunal. Thus, the application of the provision revolves around when an application is made to the High Court for judicial review or for permission to apply for judicial review. The chapter explains that the High Court must by order transfer the application to the Upper Tribunal if conditions are properly met.
Immigration Act 1988
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers the provisions found in the Immigration Act 1988. It explains the aim of the Act of regulating immigration into the United Kingdom and other correlating matters. In cases of polygamy, restriction on exercising the right of abode applies to any woman that has the right in the United Kingdom under section 2(1)(b) of the principal Act or has not been in the United Kingdom since her marriage. The chapter cites that the proof of the right of abode correlates with the amendment of the Immigration Act 1971 and the British Nationality Act 1981. It explains how the principal Act shall have effect with the amendments specified in the Schedule to this Act.
Crime (Sentences) Act 1997
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the provisions of the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997. It starts with the removal of prisoners liable to removal from the United Kingdom. The liability of removal primarily depends on whether a minimum term order has been made and life sentences. Moreover, section 259 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 provides the definition of ‘liable to removal from the United Kingdom’. The chapter then considers the re-entry into the United Kingdom of offenders removed from prison, explaining that subsection (2)(a) does not prevent the further removal of prisoners from the United Kingdom. It also details the powers of the Secretary of State to remove offenders from prison.
Human Rights Act 1998
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter elaborates on the provisions listed in the Human Rights Act 1998. It explains the correlation of the Act to the rights and freedoms guaranteed under the European Convention on Human Rights and the power of judges of the European Court of Human Rights. A court or tribunal determining a question which arose in connection with a Convention right must take into account any decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and the Committee of Ministers. Additionally, primary legislation and subordinate legislation must be read and given effect in a way compatible with the Convention's rights. The chapter mentions the right of the Crown to intervene in the declaration of incompatibility.