bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
СФЕРИ І ФУНКЦІЇ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ЛІКАРІВ В АВСТРІЇ
Authors: Мельничук І. М.
Published: June 2015

Розглянуто сфери та об’єкти професійної діяльності австрійських лікарів. Охарактеризовано функції діяльності лікарів
в Австрії, що виокремлюються залежно від характеру їх праці. Виділено етапи становлення професійної групи лікарів
Австрії. Висвітлено основні критерії, що характеризують професійну групу лікарів. Проаналізовано характеристики
професійної групи лікарів і чинники, що впливають на її розвиток і зміни у ній. Конкретизовані види діяльності і
професійні завдання, у яких мають бути компетентними та обізнаними випускники австрійських вищих медичних
навчальних закладів.
НОВІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ВИВЧЕННЯ МОРФОФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИХ ДИСЦИПЛІН У ВИЩИХ НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ЗАКЛАДАХ І-ІІ РІВНІВ АКРЕДИТАЦІЇ ЯК ПІДГОТОВКА ДО ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ КРЕДИТНО-МОДУЛЬНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ОСВІТИ НА ВІДПОВІДНИХ КАФЕДРАХ ВИЩИХ НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ЗАКЛАДІВ ІІІ-ІV РІВНІВ АКР
Authors: Педанов Ю. Ф. , Гоженко А. І.
Published: June 2015

У статті висвітлено особливості створення навчальних планів для підготовки з дисциплін “Анатомія і фізіологія
людини” та “Патологія ” у ВНЗ І-ІІ та ІІІ-ІV рівнів акредитації.
ФОРМУВАННЯ ЗНАНЬ, УМІНЬ І ПРАКТИЧНИХ НАВИЧОК З КАРДІОЛОГІЇ ПРИ ПІДГОТОВЦІ ЛІКАРІВ-ІНТЕРНІВ З ФАХУ “ВНУТРІШНІ ХВОРОБИ”
Authors: Потяженко М. М. , Люлька Н. О. , Соколюк Н. Л. , Гаєвський С. О.
Published: June 2015

У статті наведені сучасні педагогічні підходи, що забезпечують ефективне засвоєння матеріалу з кардіології на після-
дипломному етапі підготовки лікарів-терапевтів. Основна увага приділяється етапності навчання, формуванню прак-
тичних навичок та використанню технічних засобів навчання. Ці навчальні технології забезпечують ефективну та
якісну підготовку лікаря-фахівця та можуть бути використані в інтернатурі з фаху “Внутрішні хвороби”.
ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ВИКЛАДАННЯ ПАЛІАТИВНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ НА ЕТАПІ ПІДГОТОВКИ МАГІСТРІВ МЕДСЕСТРИНСТВА
Authors: Рега Н. І.
Published: June 2015

Предмет “Паліативна медицина” охоплює засвоєння комплексу медичних, соціальних, психологічних та духовних
заходів, спрямованих на поліпшення якості життя пацієнтів, які мають невиліковну хворобу та обмежений прогноз
життя, а також членів їхніх сімей. Головні завдання паліативної допомоги – позбавлення від болю, усунення або зменшен-
ня розладів життєдіяльності та інших тяжких проявів хвороби, а також догляд, психологічна, соціальна та духовна
допомога пацієнту та його рідним.
ДОСВІД ВИКЛАДАННЯ ОФТАЛЬМОЛОГІЇ АНГЛОМОВНИМ СТУДЕНТАМ ЗА КРЕДИТНО-МОДУЛЬНОЮ СИСТЕМОЮ НАВЧАННЯ
Authors: Табалюк Т. А.
Published: June 2015

У статті наведено досвід вивчення офтальмології англійською мовою іноземними студентами ТДМУ за кредитно-
модульною системою. Описано основні навчальні методики, у т. ч. і з використанням програмних засобів.
ДИСТАНЦІЙНА ДОДИПЛОМНА МЕДИЧНА ОСВІТА: МІФ ЧИ РЕАЛЬНІСТЬ? ЗАВДАННЯ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ
Authors: Хомазюк Т. А. , Гриценко В. І. , Люлька Ю. П.
Published: June 2015

Стаття присвячена питанням актуальності впровадження дистанційної додипломної освіти у сфері медицини. Протя-
гом останніх десятиліть у медичній освіті стрімко розвиваються комп’ютерні технології, які можуть мати практичне
значення не тільки в аудиторній роботі зі студентами, але насамперед у позааудиторній самостійній підготовці. Дано
визначення терміну дистанційної освіти, перелічено можливі засоби дистанційної освіти щодо клінічних дисциплін.
Наведені приклади дистанційної освіти в Німеччині, США, проаналізовано позитивні аспекти даної форми навчання.
Доведено, що дистанційна форма не поступається та суттєво доповнює і оптимізує традиційну форму навчання.
СУЧАСНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ФОРМУВАННЯ ТА РОЗВИТКУ ЗНАНЬ ЧЕРЕЗ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ НОВІТНІХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ
Authors: Андрієвський І. Ю.
Published: June 2015

На основі аналізу літературних джерел та досвіду автора висвітлено місце новітніх технологій (інформаційно-технічних та інтерактивних освітніх) у системі сучасної вищої медичної освіти, розкрито нові підходи їх застосування у навчальному процесі щодо формування та розвитку знань.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ СЕСТРИНСЬКОЇ ПРАКТИКИ АНГЛОМОВНИХ СТУДЕНТІВ В УМОВАХ КРЕДИТНО-МОДУЛЬНОЇ СИСТЕМИ
Authors: Ільченко С. І. , Коренюк О. С. , Ярошевська Т. В.
Published: June 2015

У статті розглянуто основні проблеми викладання дисципліни “Сестринська практика” англомовним студентам запринципами кредитно-модульної системи. Наведено досвід проведення виробничої сестринської практики з педіатрії віноземних студентів ІІІ курсу. Висвітлені можливі шляхи оптимізації аудиторної підготовки та самостійної роботи студентів в умовах лікарні. Особлива увага приділена методикам, які поліпшують адаптацію студентів у клініці та підвищують рівень опанування практичними навичками під час виробничої практики.
ЕТИКА І ДЕОНТОЛОГІЯ В НАВЧАЛЬНОМУ ПРОЦЕСІ СТУДЕНТА-МЕДИКА
Authors: Корнага С. І. , Денефіль О. В. , Мандзій З. П.
Published: June 2015

Стаття присвячена питанням етики та деонтології в процесі навчання в медичному вузі. Особлива увага звертається на питання спілкування пацієнта і майбутнього лікаря, удосконалення його професійної майстерності, оскільки в руки медиків віддається найдорожче – життя і здоров’я людини.
РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ МІЖДИСЦИПЛІНАРНОЇ ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ ПРИ ВИВЧЕННІ ХІМІЧНИХ ДИСЦИПЛІН СТУДЕНТАМИ ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧНОГО ФАКУЛЬТЕТУ
Authors: Михалків М. М. , Демид А. Є. , Чубка М. Б. , Івануса І. Б.
Published: June 2015

У статті описані міжпредметні зв’язки при вивченні хімічних дисциплін (неорганічної, органічної, аналітичної, біологічної, фізико-колоїдної, фармацевтичної, токсикологічної хімії) студентами фармацевтичного факультету Тернопільського державного медичного університету імені І. Я. Горбачевського.
РЕЦЕНЗІЯ НА ПІДРУЧНИК “ХІРУРГІЯ” АВТОРСЬКОГО КОЛЕКТИВУ ЗА РЕДАКЦІЄЮ ЧЛ.-КОР. НАМН УКРАЇНИ, Д-РА МЕД. НАУК, ПРОФ. Л. Я. КОВАЛЬЧУКА
Authors: - -
Published: June 2015

Відсутня
Relief and Recurrence of Congestion During and After Hospitalization for Acute Heart Failure
Authors: Lala Anuradha , McNulty Steven E. , Mentz Robert J. , Dunlay Shannon M. , Vader Justin M. , AbouEzzeddine Omar F. , DeVore Adam D. , Khazanie Prateeti , Redfield Margaret M. , Goldsmith Steven R. , Bart Bradley A. , Anstrom Kevin J. , Felker G. Michael , Hernandez Adrian F. , Stevenson Lynne W.
Published: June 2015

Background—

Congestion is the most frequent cause for hospitalization in acute decompensated heart failure. Although decongestion is a major goal of acute therapy, it is unclear how the clinical components of congestion (eg, peripheral edema, orthopnea) contribute to outcomes after discharge or how well decongestion is maintained.

Methods and Results—

A post hoc analysis was performed of 496 patients enrolled in the Diuretic Optimization Strategy Evaluation in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (DOSE-AHF) and Cardiorenal Rescue Study in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (CARRESS-HF) trials during hospitalization with acute decompensated heart failure and clinical congestion. A simple orthodema congestion score was generated based on symptoms of orthopnea (≥2 pillows=2 points, <2 pillows=0 points) and peripheral edema (trace=0 points, moderate=1 point, severe=2 points) at baseline, discharge, and 60-day follow-up. Orthodema scores were classified as absent (score of 0), low-grade (score of 1–2), and high-grade (score of 3–4), and the association with death, rehospitalization, or unscheduled medical visits through 60 days was assessed. At baseline, 65% of patients had high-grade orthodema and 35% had low-grade orthodema. At discharge, 52% patients were free from orthodema at discharge (score=0) and these patients had lower 60-day rates of death, rehospitalization, or unscheduled visits (50%) compared with those with low-grade or high-grade orthodema (52% and 68%, respectively;
P
=0.038). Of the patients without orthodema at discharge, 27% relapsed to low-grade orthodema and 38% to high-grade orthodema at 60-day follow-up.

Conclusions—

Increased severity of congestion by a simple orthodema assessment is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Despite intent to relieve congestion, current therapy often fails to relieve orthodema during hospitalization or to prevent recurrence after discharge.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifiers: NCT00608491, NCT00577135.
Finding the Rhythm of Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Sallam Karim , Li Yingxin , Sager Philip T. , Houser Steven R. , Wu Joseph C.
Published: June 2015

Sudden cardiac death is a common cause of death in patients with structural heart disease, genetic mutations, or acquired disorders affecting cardiac ion channels. A wide range of platforms exist to model and study disorders associated with sudden cardiac death. Human clinical studies are cumbersome and are thwarted by the extent of investigation that can be performed on human subjects. Animal models are limited by their degree of homology to human cardiac electrophysiology, including ion channel expression. Most commonly used cellular models are cellular transfection models, which are able to mimic the expression of a single-ion channel offering incomplete insight into changes of the action potential profile. Induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes resemble, but are not identical, adult human cardiomyocytes and provide a new platform for studying arrhythmic disorders leading to sudden cardiac death. A variety of platforms exist to phenotype cellular models, including conventional and automated patch clamp, multielectrode array, and computational modeling. Induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes have been used to study long QT syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and other hereditary cardiac disorders. Although induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes are distinct from adult cardiomyocytes, they provide a robust platform to advance the science and clinical care of sudden cardiac death.
The Spectrum of Epidemiology Underlying Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Hayashi Meiso , Shimizu Wataru , Albert Christine M.
Published: June 2015

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) from cardiac arrest is a major international public health problem accounting for an estimated 15%–20% of all deaths. Although resuscitation rates are generally improving throughout the world, the majority of individuals who experience a sudden cardiac arrest will not survive. SCD most often develops in older adults with acquired structural heart disease, but it also rarely occurs in the young, where it is more commonly because of inherited disorders. Coronary heart disease is known to be the most common pathology underlying SCD, followed by cardiomyopathies, inherited arrhythmia syndromes, and valvular heart disease. During the past 3 decades, declines in SCD rates have not been as steep as for other causes of coronary heart disease deaths, and there is a growing fraction of SCDs not due to coronary heart disease and ventricular arrhythmias, particularly among certain subsets of the population. The growing heterogeneity of the pathologies and mechanisms underlying SCD present major challenges for SCD prevention, which are magnified further by a frequent lack of recognition of the underlying cardiac condition before death. Multifaceted preventative approaches, which address risk factors in seemingly low-risk and known high-risk populations, will be required to decrease the burden of SCD. In this Compendium, we review the wide-ranging spectrum of epidemiology underlying SCD within both the general population and in high-risk subsets with established cardiac disease placing an emphasis on recent global trends, remaining uncertainties, and potential targeted preventive strategies.
Transferability of Training Benefits Differs across Neural Events: Evidence from ERPs
Authors: Garner Kelly G. , Matthews Natasha , Remington Roger W. , Dux Paul E.
Published: June 2015

Humans can show striking capacity limitations in sensorimotor processing. Fortunately, these limitations can be attenuated with training. However, less fortunately, training benefits often remain limited to trained tasks. Recent behavioral observations suggest that the extent to which training transfers may depend on the specific stage of information processing that is being executed. Training benefits for a task that taps the consolidation of sensory information (sensory encoding) transfer to new stimulus–response mappings, whereas benefits for selecting an appropriate action (decision-making/response selection) remain specific to the trained mappings. Therefore, training may have dissociable influences on the neural events underlying subsequent sensorimotor processing stages. Here, we used EEG to investigate this possibility. In a pretraining baseline session, participants completed two four-alternative-choice response time tasks, presented both as a single task and as part of a dual task (with another task). The training group completed a further 3,000 training trials on one of the four-alternative-choice tasks. Hence, one task became trained, whereas the other remained untrained. At test, a negative-going component that is sensitive to sensory-encoding demands (N2) showed increased amplitudes and reduced latencies for trained and untrained mappings relative to a no-train control group. In contrast, the onset of the stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potential, a component that reflects the activation of motor plans, was reduced only for tasks that employed trained stimulus–response mappings, relative to untrained stimulus–response mappings and controls. Collectively, these results show that training benefits are dissociable for the brain events that reflect distinct sensorimotor processing stages.
A Model of Emergent Category-specific Activation in the Posterior Fusiform Gyrus of Sighted and Congenitally Blind Populations
Authors: Chen Lang , Rogers Timothy T.
Published: June 2015

Theories about the neural bases of semantic knowledge tend between two poles, one proposing that distinct brain regions are innately dedicated to different conceptual domains and the other suggesting that all concepts are encoded within a single network. Category-sensitive functional activations in the fusiform cortex of the congenitally blind have been taken to support the former view but also raise several puzzles. We use neural network models to assess a hypothesis that spans the two poles: The interesting functional activation patterns reflect the base connectivity of a domain-general semantic network. Both similarities and differences between sighted and congenitally blind groups can emerge through learning in a neural network, but only in architectures adopting real anatomical constraints. Surprisingly, the same constraints suggest a novel account of a quite different phenomenon: the dyspraxia observed in patients with semantic impairments from anterior temporal pathology. From this work, we suggest that the cortical semantic network is wired not to encode knowledge of distinct conceptual domains but to promote learning about both conceptual and affordance structure in the environment.
Medial Prefrontal Cortex: Adding Value to Imagined Scenarios
Authors: Lin Wen-Jing , Horner Aidan J. , Bisby James A. , Burgess Neil
Published: June 2015

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is consistently implicated in the network supporting autobiographical memory. Whereas more posterior regions in this network have been related to specific processes, such as the generation of visuospatial imagery or the association of items and contexts, the functional contribution of the mPFC remains unclear. However, the involvement of mPFC in estimation of value during decision-making suggests that it might play a similar role in memory. We investigated whether mPFC activity reflects the subjective value of elements in imagined scenarios. Participants in an MRI scanner imagined scenarios comprising a spatial context, a physiological state of need (e.g., thirst), and two items that could be congruent (e.g., drink) or incongruent (e.g., food) with the state of need. Memory for the scenarios was tested outside the scanner. Our manipulation of subjective value by imagined need was verified by increased subjective ratings of value for congruent items and improved subsequent memory for them. Consistent with our hypothesis, fMRI signal in mPFC reflected the modulation of an item's subjective value by the imagined physiological state, suggesting the mPFC selectively tracked subjective value within our imagination paradigm. Further analyses showed uncorrected effects in non-mPFC regions, including increased activity in the insula when imagining states of need, the caudate nucleus when imagining congruent items, and the anterior hippocampus/amygdala when imagining subsequently remembered items. We therefore provide evidence that the mPFC plays a role in constructing the subjective value of the components of imagined scenarios and thus potentially in reconstructing the value of components of autobiographical recollection.
Frontoparietal and Cingulo-opercular Networks Play Dissociable Roles in Control of Working Memory
Authors: Wallis George , Stokes Mark , Cousijn Helena , Woolrich Mark , Nobre Anna Christina
Published: June 2015

We used magnetoencephalography to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical activity during top–down control of working memory (WM). fMRI studies have previously implicated both the frontoparietal and cingulo-opercular networks in control over WM, but their respective contributions are unclear. In our task, spatial cues indicating the relevant item in a WM array occurred either before the memory array or during the maintenance period, providing a direct comparison between prospective and retrospective control of WM. We found that in both cases a frontoparietal network activated following the cue, but following retrocues this activation was transient and was succeeded by a cingulo-opercular network activation. We also characterized the time course of top–down modulation of alpha activity in visual/parietal cortex. This modulation was transient following retrocues, occurring in parallel with the frontoparietal network activation. We suggest that the frontoparietal network is responsible for top–down modulation of activity in sensory cortex during both preparatory attention and orienting within memory. In contrast, the cingulo-opercular network plays a more downstream role in cognitive control, perhaps associated with output gating of memory.
Twittering the Gospel
Authors: Pearson Clive
Published: June 2015

The Australian federal election of 2013 provides the context for a consideration of whether or not a public theology must reconsider its interdisciplinary nature. The electoral campaign itself is made up of a series of notable public issues and competing personalities. This election is marked by the rise of social media and its challenge to the mainstream media. It is a public territory marked by moments of serious policy discussion interspersed with the trivia often found on Facebook and Twitter. The new media is fast-paced, often impressionistic. The standard default position of the church during an electoral campaign is to produce leaflets and manifestoes. They may be posted on an agency website but are they nimble enough for this changing public sphere?
Bad Analogy
Authors: McAuliffe Padraig
Published: June 2015

The International Criminal Court (‘icc’) lacks the capacity to pursue accountability for all but a handful of alleged perpetrators. Scholars and policy-makers have argued that the natural response to this state of affairs is for the icc to reconstruct, enhance or develop both the ability and the willingness of the national legal system to effectively account for international crimes that lie beyond the reach of the Court, and assume the success of the ad hoc Tribunals’ Rule 11bis process (adopted as a result of their Completion Strategies) in transferring responsibility to the states concerned offers a model for so doing. However, this first comprehensive comparison of the two processes demonstrates that the institutional imperatives of Rule 11bis process ensured it would have a more beneficial impact on the domestic justice sector than the icc, whose imperatives rely far less on the domestic assumption of the responsibility to prosecute. This article traces how the ad hoc tribunals’ institutional Completion Strategy promotes different incentives to those of the icc’s institutional continuation strategy. While the latter has undermined domestic prosecutions by seeking co-operative relationships with self-referring states under burden-sharing (and indeed congratulates itself on such collaboration), the former has been more successful in catalysing domestic trials by adopting a more competitive, transactional approach to jurisdiction that was modified over time in accordance with the emerging institutional capacities of the states in question.
Synchrony and Emotion
Authors: Droit-Volet Sylvie , Provasi Joëlle
Published: June 2015

To anticipate other people’s behavioral intentions and respond to them at the right moment is crucial for efficient social interaction. In the present study, we thus investigated how adults synchronize with emotional facial expressions. The participants had to synchronize their taps with a rhythmical sequence of faces and then continue tapping at the same rhythm without faces. Three inter-stimulus intervals (500, 700, and 900 ms) and six different facial expressions (disgust, neutrality, sadness, joy, anger, and fear) were tested. In the synchronization phase, no difference was observed between the different facial expressions, suggesting that the participants tap in synchrony with external rhythms in the presence of stimuli whatever their emotional characteristics. However, in the continuation phase, an emotion effect emerged, with the individual rhythms being faster for the facial expressions of fear and, to a lesser extent, anger than for the other facial expressions. The motor rhythms were also longer and more variable for the disgusted faces. These findings suggest that the internal clock mechanism underlying the timing of rhythms is accelerated in response to the high-arousal emotions of fear and anger.
Modelling Microtiming Beat Variations with Pulse-Coupled Oscillators
Authors: Mcguiness Andy
Published: June 2015

Patterns of microtiming variation at the beat level are known to be associated with music that evokes an experience of groove. The microtiming of Clyde Stubblefield’s drum break on James Brown’s track The Funky Drummer exhibits a pattern of variation in individual beat periods, but bar durations are unaffected. The aim of the study was to model the production of these two apparently paradoxical attributes. In the computational model presented here, microtiming variations at the beat level emerge together with uniform bar durations, due to the interaction of two oscillators via pulse coupling. The two coupled oscillators can be seen as abstractions of entrainment processes in the brain, and implications for a general model of musical entrainment are discussed.
Taxonomy of Atlantic Central African orchids 4. A new species of Tridactyle (Vandeae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae) from Gabon and Equatorial Guinea
Authors: D'haijère Tania , Leguil Sophie , Meerts Pierre , Stévart Tariq
Published: June 2015

Nine plants specimens of an apparently new Tridactyle species were collected in Gabon and Equatorial Guinea. They have an erect habit and a particular leaf shape which makes the species unique in the genus. The flowers and inflorescences share the general morphology of Tridactyle tridactylites, one of the most frequently collected species of Tridactyle in Central Africa. Four other Tridactyle taxa possess a 3 to 6 cm long inflorescence and a labellum with entire side lobes, and one species, Tridactyle stevartiana, has leaves of similar width and length. We here show that these new 9 specimens represent a new species, described as Tridactyle minutifolia. The diagnostic traits include linear thin leaves, and erect habit. Interestingly, many specimens of Tridactyle minutifolia lack spur; this phenomenon is sometimes found in orchids growing in an environment where their pollinators are absent. A table of the diagnostic characters of the six Continental African Tridactyle taxa considered here is included. A preliminary assessment of the conservation status of T. minutifolia, using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria is provided.
A new species of Striga section Polypleurae (Orobanchaceae) from southern Western Ghats of India
Authors: PRABHU KUMAR K. M. , OMALSREE M. , SABU M. , SUNOJKUMAR P. , THOMAS BINU , RAJENDRAN A. , SREENIVAS V. K.
Published: June 2015

A new species of Striga from Tamil Nadu parts of Western Ghats of India is described and illustrated as Striga kamalii sp. nov. The new species shows similarity with S. densiflora in having a densely hispid stem, linear leaves, bracts longer than calyx, and oblong fruit shorter than calyx lobes, but differs in the 10-ribbed calyx, the glandular hairs on calyx and corolla tube, and the obovate-rounded petals. A detailed description, with data on distribution and parasitism together with relevant taxonomic notes and colour photographs are provided.
A new record of the genus Calonema, with the new species Calonema gansuence from China
Authors: Bo Zhang , LI YU
Published: June 2015

The genus Calonema is recorded from China for the first time as the new species Calonema gansuence, described on the basis of material collected from Qilian Mountain, Gansu Province, China. This new species is characterized by its brick brown sporocarps, relatively thick peridium and spores (about 9–12 μm in diam.) marked with rows of warts. A description, scanning electron micrographs and a key to all of the species in the genus Calonema are provided herein. Holotype specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of the Mycological Institute of Jilin Agricultural University (HMJAU), Changchun, China.
Cerberus Unleashed
Authors: Pitcavage Mark
Published: June 2015

The concept of the “lone wolf” terrorist slowly emerged in recent decades, often drawing media attention as a “new” or “dangerous” threat. It has only been in the past several years that the concept has begun to receive serious attention from scholars and experts, and no consensus has yet emerged on exactly what a lone wolf terrorist actually is. It is commonly believed that extremist or terrorist movements promote the notion of lone wolf violence because of the difficulties authorities have in detecting or preventing such acts, which gives lone wolves the chance to strike again. Many extremists do promote this sort of decentralized activity, but, as the example of the white supremacist movement shows, there are just as many extremists who oppose the use or promotion of lone wolf violence. An analysis of several dozen incidents of apparent lone wolf violence from the past two decades in the United States, incidents in which suspected lone wolves actually succeeded in killing at least one person, reveals some patterns and similarities among lone wolf offenders. These include, among others, the typical status of the offender on the periphery of the movement which they support, the tendency to use simple and easily acquirable weapons such as firearms, and the fact that most lone wolf offenders never succeed in launching a second act of violence.
The intersection of race, class, and ethnicity in agrarian inequalities, identities, and the social resistance of peasants in Colombia
Authors: Melo Jairo Baquero
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this study is to add to our understanding of the effects of agrarian transformations on peasants’ identities and economic empowerment in a context of ethnically based expansion of land rights and agribusiness. By focusing on recently granted rural land rights and the expansion of palm oil plantations in Colombia, the effects of the intersection of race, class, and ethnicity on the inequalities, identities, and social resistance of peasants are examined. Other data were derived from qualitative research (interviews) to analyze the specific case of the lower Atrato region of Colombia, where Law 70 provided territorial rights to Afro-descendants. The results found that inequalities, identities, and social resistance are linked to agrarian transformations. The peasants conceptually conflated the social class and racial demands in their struggles before the enactment of multicultural policies; after multiculturalism, social class and race became intertwined with the concept of ethnicity, which facilitated resistance to primitive accumulation. The results suggest that multicultural policies produce challenges related to the identification of beneficiaries of land rights, although the divisive effects are offset by solidarity practices among racial groups.
Declining willingness to fight for one’s country
Authors: Inglehart Ronald F , Puranen Bi , Welzel Christian
Published: June 2015

The Democratic Peace thesis suggests that the absence of war between major powers since 1945 is caused by the spread of democracy. The Capitalist Peace thesis emphasizes trade and the rise of knowledge economies as the forces driving peace. Complementing these interpretations, we present empirical evidence of a cultural change that is making peace more desirable to the publics of most societies around the world. Analyzing public opinion data covering 90% of the world’s population over three decades, we demonstrate that improving existential conditions elevate the life opportunities of growing population segments and lead them to become increasingly tolerant of diversity and place growing emphasis on self-realization. In recognition of life’s rising opportunities, people’s valuation of life changes profoundly: readiness to sacrifice one’s life gives way to an increasing insistence on living it, and living it the way one chooses. Hence, pro-choice values rise at the same time as willingness to sacrifice lives in war dwindles. Historical learning based on the specific experiences of given societies has also changed their publics’ willingness to fight in wars. This transformation of worldviews places interstate peace on an increasingly solid mass basis.
Do We “See” the Same Thing? An Experimental Look into the Black Box of Disorder Perception
Authors: Yang Sue-Ming , Pao Chih-Chao
Published: June 2015

Objectives:

We examine the process of disorder perception to test whether different people perceive social and physical phenomenon the same way.

Methods:

We use laboratory experimental methods to collect information from 361 respondents (120 police officers and 241 students). One hundred photos with various social and physical attributes were shown during the experiment to test how they affect individuals’ judgments. Specifically, we test the effects of physical signs and social traits such as the race and dress styles of social actors on disorder perception.

Results:

The presence of physical disorder, such as trash and graffiti, increases respondents’ ratings of disorderliness. Moreover, race and dress style had significant impacts on how respondents perceived social and physical environments.

Conclusions:

We challenge the perception invariant assumption behind the broken windows thesis. When only physical disorder is present, the consistency of ratings is high. When both social and physical cues are present, agreement among respondents drops to about 50 percent. Moreover, places with lower-class foreign groups are more likely to be viewed as disorderly. Thus, we caution the validity of broken windows-based policies. Future research needs to replicate the research in a more diverse society to verify the generalizability of the findings.
Phytonadione Content in Branded Intravenous Fat Emulsions
Authors: Forchielli Maria Luisa , Conti Matteo , Motta Roberto , Puggioli Cristina , Bersani Germana
Published: June 2015

Background: Intravenous fat emulsions (IVFE) with different fatty acid compositions contain vitamin E as a by‐product of vegetable and animal oil during the refining processes. Likewise, other lipid‐soluble vitamins may be present in IVFE. No data, however, exist about phytonadione (vitamin K1) concentration in IVFE information leaflets. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the phytonadione content in different IVFE. Materials and Methods: Analyses were carried out in triplicate on 6 branded IVFE as follows: 30% soybean oil (100%), 20% olive‐soybean oil (80%–20%), 20% soybean–medium‐chain triglycerides (MCT) coconut oil (50%–50%), 20% soybean‐olive‐MCT‐fish oil (30%‐25%‐30%‐15%), 20% soybean‐MCT‐fish oil (40%‐50%‐10%), and 10% pure fish oil (100%). Phytonadione was analyzed and quantified by a quali‐quantitative liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) method after its extraction from the IVFE by an isopropyl alcohol–hexane mixture, reverse phase–liquid chromatography, and specific multiple‐reaction monitoring for phytonadione and vitamin d3 (as internal standard). This method was validated through specificity, linearity, and accuracy. Results: Average vitamin K1 content was 500, 100, 90, 100, 95, and 70 µg/L in soybean oil, olive‐soybean oil, soybean‐MCT coconut oil, soybean‐olive‐MCT‐fish oil, soybean‐MCT‐fish oil, and pure fish oil intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs), respectively. The analytical LC‐MS method was extremely effective in terms of specificity, linearity (r = 0.99), and accuracy (coefficient of variation <5%). Conclusions: Phytonadione is present in IVFE, and its intake varies according to IVFE type and the volume administered. It can contribute to daily requirements and become clinically relevant when simultaneously infused with multivitamins during long‐term parenteral nutrition. LC‐MS seems adequate in assessing vitamin K1 intake in IVFE.
Hybrid ECMO for a patient in respiratory failure developing cardiac insufficiency
Authors: Youdle Jemma , Penn Sarah , Maunz Olaf , Simon Andre
Published: June 2015

A 45-year-old patient in lung failure treated with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) developed subsequent right heart failure and required cardiac support.

We present a method of upgrading a VV ECMO to a hybrid system for simultaneous support for respiratory and cardiac failure.
Olanzapine and risperidone plasma concentration therapeutic drug monitoring: A feasibility study
Authors: Law Suzanne , Gudbrandsen Maria , Magill Nicholas , Sweetman Isabel , Rose Diana , Landau Sabine , Flanagan Robert J , David Anthony S , Patel Maxine X
Published: June 2015

Background:

This study aimed to develop a clinically acceptable method of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for olanzapine and risperidone and to evaluate the feasibility of its implementation.

Method:

A non-randomised study of inpatients from five Mental Health Trusts was conducted, with a clinical interview at the time of TDM and a subsequent 6-week follow-up review of clinical notes. The TDM intervention comprised: (a) a venous blood sample taken 12 hours post-dose, 7–10 days after drug initiation, and (b) rapid results feedback, with interpretation algorithm guidance.

Results:

Thirty-two participants provided samples (19 prescribed olanzapine, 13 risperidone). Twenty-six participants remained on the target drug at study end, with seven experiencing a dose change, for whom only four of the TDM results were confirmed as having been checked. Mean dose increased for olanzapine (0.9 mg/day, range 0–10) and decreased for risperidone (-0.3 mg/day, range -4–3).

Conclusion:

TDM can be implemented as part of routine clinical practice for both drugs. However, the lack of robust supporting evidence for or against antipsychotic TDM has probably led to a lack of enthusiasm for and interest in the results. Nevertheless, the advent of less invasive measures and the targeting of patients who might be more likely to benefit may facilitate uptake.
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation and cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cooper Ruth E , Tye Charlotte , Kuntsi Jonna , Vassos Evangelos , Asherson Philip
Published: June 2015

Background:

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 PUFAs) are promoted as cognitive enhancers with consumption recommended in the general population and those with neurocognitive deficits such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, evidence from randomised placebo-controlled trials is inconclusive.

Aims:

This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation on cognition in healthy populations and those with ADHD and related disorders (RDs).

Methods:

Databases were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in adults and school-aged children (who were healthy and typically developing (TD) or had ADHD or a related-neurodevelopmental disorder (ADHD+RD) which assessed the effects of n-3 PUFA on cognition.

Results:

In the 24 included studies n-3 PUFA supplementation, in the whole sample and the TD and ADHD+RD subgroup, did not show improvements in any of the cognitive performance measures. In those with low n-3 PUFA status, supplementation improved short-term memory.

Conclusions:

There is marginal evidence that n-3 PUFA supplementation effects cognition in those who are n-3 PUFA deficient. However, there is no evidence of an effect in the general population or those with neurodevelopmental disorders. This has important implications given the widespread advertisement and consumption of n-3 PUFA; claims of cognitive benefit should be narrowed.
Platonism
Authors: Bang Peter Fibiger
Published: June 2015

This paper explores the reception of Gellner’s historical sociology among students of pre-modern societies and the Greco-Roman world in particular and asks how his thought is still relevant to the field. This involves discussion of recent trends in world history as well as new comparative work on ancient state and elite formation. A main contention of the paper is that Gellner’s sociological reading of Plato and his politics may be one of the most interesting modern interpretations of the ancient Greek thinker on offer and one which can serve as a fruitful framework for the comparative study of complex, pre-industrial societies.
Where does group solidarity come from? Gellner and Ibn Khaldun revisited
Authors: Malešević Siniša
Published: June 2015

Gellner relied extensively on the work of Ibn Khaldun to understand both the dynamics of social order in North Africa and Islam’s alleged resistance to secularization. However, what the two scholars also shared is their focus on the social origins and functions of group solidarity. For Ibn Khaldun the concept of asabiyyah was central in understanding the strength of long-term group loyalties. In his view, asabiyyah was a fundamental and elementary cohesive bond of human societies which originated in nomadic tribal structures and retained significance in the early formation of complex states and empires. For Gellner, the shape and character of group solidarity is heavily dependent on the economic foundations of a particular social order: foragers require small group bonds for mere survival, the agrarian universe stratifies solidarity and utilizes cultural bonds to differentiate between the ruling aristocrats and the plough-tied serfs, whereas the industrial world generates solidarity from incessant economic growth and state-induced, cross-class, national identifications. Thus, for Gellner, solidarity remains the central force that keeps social orders together. This paper provides a critical analysis of the Khaldunian and Gellnerian models of group solidarity and offers an alternative interpretation that places the social impact of micro-solidarity in the long-term development of ideological and coercive forms of social organization.
Salesforce Control System, Performance Measures and the Business Cycle
Authors: Madhani Pankaj M.
Published: June 2015

Salesforce compensation cost is the major cost of sales organizations and is influenced by sales organizations’ internal as well as external environments. Salesforce control system as an antecedent of compensation can significantly influence salesforce behavior and has significant effects on salesperson performance, sales organization effectiveness and compensation system used by the sales organizations. The “business cycle” is a key variable of external environment influencing performance of sales organizations. Salesforce control systems are different in an environment of strong turbulence from those in an environment of little turbulence. Failure to match the right control system with the sales organization’s internal as well as external environment’s unique context may lead to organizational decline in the long run. This research focuses in this direction and identifies optimal salesforce control system according to different phases of the business cycle.
Possible Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim-Induced Pancreatitis in a Complicated Adolescent Patient Posttraumatic Injury
Authors: Dickey Susan E. , Mabry William A. , Hamilton Leslie A.
Published: June 2015

Introduction:

Multiple medications have been associated with pancreatitis, however, data in the pediatric population are scarce secondary to the nonspecific presentation and infrequent diagnosis. The aim of this report is to characterize drug-induced pancreatitis in an adolescent patient.

Case Presentation:

A 16-year-old African-American female presented with a surgical site infection 8 weeks after a motor vehicle accident with multiple traumas. Two weeks prior to the admission, the patient was hospitalized for a urinary tract infection (UTI) and was initiated on sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (TMP/SMX) daily for UTI prophylaxis. On day 13, the patient was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis with an amylase level of 187 units/L (normal = 30-110) and a lipase level of 987 units/L (normal = 23-208). TMP/SMX was discontinued, and pancreatic enzyme levels decreased but did not reach normal. The patient was asymptomatic at discharge.

Discussion:

TMP/SMX was identified as the likely etiology of pancreatitis by the medical team. Evaluation with the Naranjo algorithm indicated a “possible” adverse drug reaction.

Conclusion:

Acute pancreatitis can have significant morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population but can go undiagnosed due to its lower incidence. Pediatric patients presenting with idiopathic abdominal pain should be evaluated for pancreatitis and drug therapy should be reviewed for potential causative agents.
Distributive politics, the electoral connection, and the antebellum US Congress: The case of military service pensions
Authors: Finocchiaro Charles J , Jenkins Jeffery A
Published: June 2015

We investigate the rise of federal military pensions in the antebellum US Congress to examine whether key aspects of the contemporary electoral connection were present in earlier historical eras. Overall, the political responses of members of Congress to pressures for military service pensions reveal that the quest for credit-claiming opportunities significantly shaped the adoption and evolution of this type of distributive legislation. Analyzing key legislative activity from 1818 to 1832, we find that members’ electoral interests gave rise to a particularistic and often inefficient system of benefits. Specifically, what began as a relatively simple program to provide for disabled Revolutionary War veterans grew into a broader entitlement-style program based on military service that legislators carefully cultivated in order to maximize their prospects for subsequent political advantage. Our analysis thus reveals that crucial features of the electoral connection were indeed present in the antebellum-era Congress, a finding that broadens our collective understanding of the early foundations of American political development.
Book Review: Sjostedt, Gunnar and Ariel Macaspac Penetrante (Eds), Climate Change Negotiations: A Guide to Resolving Disputes and Facilitating Multilateral Cooperation
Authors: Upadhyay Dinoj Kumar
Published: June 2015

Sjostedt, Gunnar and Ariel Macaspac Penetrante (Eds), Climate Change Negotiations: A Guide to Resolving Disputes and Facilitating Multilateral Cooperation (London: Routledge, 2013). Pp. 455, Price $170.
Elevated or Erased? A Content Analysis of the Portrayal of Men in Introduction to Social Work Textbooks
Authors: Giesler Mark A. , Beadlescomb Teresa
Published: June 2015

As conveyors of knowledge, beliefs, and skills of the profession, textbooks play an instrumental role in educating soon-to-be-practicing students. A content analysis of references to men and women in seven Introduction to Social Work textbooks was conducted to determine how male social work students might perceive the role of men in the profession. A manifest content analysis counted the number and types of social work provider and client references. A latent content analysis noted misrepresentations, oversimplifications, and omissions in the texts. Findings indicated that although men and women were represented equally in the texts, biases existed that marginalized the male social worker presence. Implications for social work educators and textbook authors are included.
Men Choosing Nursing
Authors: O’Connor Tom
Published: June 2015

In the nursing profession across the Western world, women outnumber men by a ratio of 10 to 1. The profession is often seen as being synonymous with being female and with femininity. This study aimed to illustrate the gendered aspects of career choice for men who choose to nurse and how a masculine identity can be negotiated within the profession. Using a qualitative interpretive approach, interviews were carried out with 18 male nurses. The findings indicate contradictions and difficulties for men in identifying with the profession and as men. Little encouragement is given to men to join the profession, and for men who have chosen to nurse, there is an attempt to distance themselves from traditional motivations for choosing nursing such as caring and vocationalism. This has implications for the recruitment and retention of men into the profession and also points to a need to examine the relationship of nursing to gendered concepts.
Work Postures When Assisting People at the Toilet
Authors: Hjalmarson Jenny , Lundberg Stefan
Published: June 2015

The aim of our study was to analyze home care workers’ movement patterns and back postures, relating them to risks while helping an ambulatory care recipient to and from the toilet in a homelike environment. We found that severe risks of unpredictable movements with exposed postures could explain many injuries. Because of high-risk injuries, we suggest decreasing the time when the care recipient stands and the home care worker helps with clothing and personal hygiene. We also suggest the development of support in front of the recipient to prevent her or him from falling forward.
Men in Mourning
Authors: Moran Lynette S.
Published: June 2015

This study evaluates the portrayal of sixteen recently widowed male characters in US mainstream film (2002–2011) through ethnographic content analysis. The depicted expectations for bereaved men in film largely fall in line with hegemonic norms. Characteristics of age, race, gender, and profession suggest a sustained preference for young, middle-class, and white depictions of characters. Young men were generally depicted as reserved with emotions and assertive. Films depicted older men as isolated, begrudgingly allowing family and acquaintances into their lives. Grief spurs men at any age into action-based plots of thrill and adventure though in reality widowers retain much of the same commonplace existence they had prior to a partner’s death. Understanding the gendered representation of grief can help to recognize the social construction of death and loss. These portrayals contribute to hegemonic norms of masculinity within mainstream media and to cultural understandings and expectations of grief, limiting the experience of bereavement to dichotomous genders.