bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping complexity/Human knowledge as a complex adaptive system
Authors: Thomas John , Zaytseva Anna
Published: June 2016

Cartography is the art of map‐making that integrates science, technology, and visual aesthetics for the purpose of rendering the domain of interest, navigable. The science could aid the cartographer if it were to inform about the underlying process. Thus, Mendeleev's periodic table was informed by insights about the atomic mass periodicity. Likewise, Harvey's work on the circulatory system map was informed by his theoretical insights on Galen's errors. Mapping of human knowledge dates back at least to Porphyry who laid out the first tree‐of‐knowledge. Modern knowledge‐cartographers use a wide array of scientometric techniques capable of rendering appealing visuals of massive scientific corpuses. But what has perhaps been lacking is a sound theoretical basis for rendering legible the adaptive dynamics of knowledge creation and accumulation. Proposed is a theoretical framework, knowledge as a complex adaptive system (CAS) patterned on Holland's work on CAS, as well as the view that knowledge is a hierarchically heterarchic dynamical system. As a first leg in the conjoining experimental phase, we extract terms from approximately 1400 complexity science papers published at the Santa Fe Institute, deduce the topic distribution using Latent Dirichlet Allocation, capture the underlying dynamics, and show how to navigate the corpus visually. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 207–234, 2016
Second Harmonic Generation of Self‐Focused Cosh‐Gaussian Laser Beam in Thermal Quantum Plasma by Excitation of an Electron Plasma Wave
Authors: Gupta N. , Singh A.
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a scheme for second harmonic generation (SHG) of an intense Cosh‐Gaussian (ChG) laser beam in thermal quantum plasmas. Moment theory approach in W.K.B approximation has been adopted in deriving the differential equation governing the propagation characteristics of the laser beam with distance of propagation. The effect of relativistic increase in electron mass on propagation dynamics of laser beam has been incorporated. Due to relativistic nonlinearity in the dielectric properties of the plasma, the laser beam gets self‐focused and produces density gradients in the transverse direction. The generated density gradients excite electron plasma wave (EPW) at pump frequency that interacts with the incident laser beam to produce its second harmonics. Numerical simulations have been carried out to investigate the effects of laser parameters on selffocusing of the laser beam and hence on the conversion efficiency of its second harmonics. Simulation results predict that within a specific range of decentered parameter the ChG laser beams show smaller divergence as they propagate and, thus, lead to enhanced conversion efficiency of second harmonics. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determination of blood cell subtype concentrations from frozen whole blood samples using TruCount beads
Authors: Langenskiöld Cecilia , Mellgren Karin , Abrahamsson Jonas , Bemark Mats
Published: June 2016

Background

In many studies it would be advantageous if blood samples could be collected and analyzed using flow cytometry at a later stage. Ideally, sample collection should involve little hands‐on time, allow for long‐term storage, and minimally influence the samples.

Methods

Here we establish a flow cytometry antibody panel that can be used to determine granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocyte subset concentrations in fresh and frozen whole blood using TruCount technology.

Results

The panel can be used on fresh whole‐blood samples as well as whole‐blood samples that have been frozen after mixing with 10% DMSO. Concentrations in frozen and fresh sample is highly correlated both when frozen within 4 h and the day after collection (r ≥ 0.98), and the estimated concentration in frozen samples was between 91 and 94% of that in fresh samples for all cell types.

Conclusion

Using this method whole‐blood samples can be frozen using a simple preparation method, and stored long‐term before accurate determination of cell concentration. This allows for standardized analysis of the samples at a reference laboratory in multi‐center studies. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Invading a mutualistic network: to be or not to be similar
Authors: Minoarivelo Henintsoa Onivola , Hui Cang
Published: June 2016

Biological invasion remains a major threat to biodiversity in general and a disruptor to mutualistic interactions in particular. While a number of empirical studies have directly explored the role of invasion in mutualistic pollination networks, a clear picture is yet to emerge and a theoretical model for comprehension still lacking. Here, using an eco‐evolutionary model of bipartite mutualistic networks with trait‐mediated interactions, we explore invader trait, propagule pressure, and network features of recipient community that contribute importantly to the success and impact of an invasion. High level of invasiveness is observed when invader trait differs from those of the community average, and level of interaction generalization equals to that of the community average. Moreover, multiple introductions of invaders with declining propagules enhance invasiveness. Surprisingly, the most successful invader is not always the one having the biggest impact on the recipient community. The network structure of recipient community, such as nestedness and modularity, is not a primary indicator of its invasibility; rather, the invasibility is best correlated with measurements of network stability such as robustness, resilience, and disruptiveness (a measure of evolutionary instability). Our model encompasses more general scenarios than previously studied in predicting invasion success and impact in mutualistic networks, and our results highlight the need for coupling eco‐evolutionary processes to resolve the invasion dilemma.
MZ B cells migrate in a T‐bet dependent manner and might contribute to the remission of collagen‐induced arthritis by the secretion of IL‐10
Authors: Huber Krisztina , Sármay Gabriella , Kövesdi Dorottya
Published: June 2016

In mice, marginal zone (MZ) B cells are found principally in the MZ of the spleen and characterized as CD23‐negative cells, primarily express polyreactive BCRs, high levels of complement receptor‐2 and TLRs. Collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) is a commonly used animal model of human rheumatoid arthritis, considered as a Th1‐mediated disease. Although the importance of MZ B cells in the initiation of CIA is well established, their role in remission is unexplored. Besides, playing a central role in Th1 cell development, T‐box transcription factor (T‐bet) has important functions in B cells. T‐bet is regulated by IFN‐γ and through the BCR and TLR9, the signals that have an impact on regulatory IL‐10 production. In this work, we aimed to analyze the contribution of T‐bet to the function of IL‐10‐positive MZ B cells. We demonstrate that during the remission phase of CIA, MZ B cells express an elevated level of T‐bet and confirm the existence of IL‐10/T‐bet coexpressing cells. Moreover, we show that T‐bet‐expressing MZ B cells migrate toward CXCR3 ligand and secrete IL‐10 by inflammatory stimuli. Our data suggest that T‐bet might contribute to the remission of CIA by facilitating the regulatory potential of IL‐10‐positive MZ B cells.
A Domino Ring‐Closure Followed by Retro‐Diels–Alder Reaction for the Preparation of Pyrimido[2,1‐a]isoindole Enantiomers
Authors: Fekete Beáta , Palkó Márta , Mándity István , Haukka Matti , Fülöp Ferenc
Published: June 2016

A simple method was developed to prepare pyrimido[2,1‐a]isoindole derivatives by using di‐endo‐ and di‐exo‐ethyl 3‐aminobicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐ene‐2‐carboxylate enantiomers as chiral sources. The method is based on a domino ring‐closure reaction of norbornene 2‐aminohydroxamic acid followed by microwave‐induced retro‐Diels–Alder reaction. In the case of enantiomeric starting substances, the chirality is transferred from norbornene derivatives to pyrimido[2,1‐a]isoindoles. The configurations of the synthesized compounds were determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy [based on 2D NOE cross‐peaks and3JH,Hcoupling constants] and X‐ray crystallography.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Vinylic C–H Functionalization of Enol Carbamates with Maleimides
Authors: Sharma Satyasheel , Han Sang Hoon , Jo Hyeim , Han Sangil , Mishra Neeraj Kumar , Choi Miji , Jeong Taejoo , Park Jihye , Kim In Su
Published: June 2016

The rhodium(III)‐catalyzed direct C–H functionalization of enol carbamates with a range of maleimides is described. With the assistance of the carbamoyl directing group, this reaction provides biologically relevant succinimide compounds by proceeding through a C–Rh addition and subsequent protonation pathway.
Analysis of influence factors on municipal solid waste generation based on the multivariable adjustment
Authors: Chu Zhujie , Wu Yunga , Zhou An , Huang Wei‐Chiao
Published: June 2016

With the rapid development of economy and urbanization, municipal solid waste (MSW) generation has also increased dramatically. MSW poses great threat to the ecological environment and the survival of humankind, and forms a bottleneck restricting the healthy and sustainable development of an economy. Research on the influence factors of MSW could provide useful information for formulation of pollution control policies. This article develops a multiple regression model to assess the impact of these influencing factors. We find that MSW generations are strongly and positively related to urban population, GDP, the quantity of solid waste transport vehicles, collection area of solid waste, and the per capita disposable income of urban residents. However, we find that MSW generations have strong and negative correlations with the inflation rate and the solid waste treatment rate. Finally, based on the empirical findings, we put forward policy recommendations to help government agencies to design measures that can effectively address the increasing trend of waste generation. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1629–1633, 2016
Climatological diurnal variability in sea surface temperature characterized from drifting buoy data
Authors: Morak‐Bozzo S. , Merchant C. J. , Kent E. C. , Berry D. I. , Carella G.
Published: June 2016

Drifting buoy sea‐surface temperature (SST) records have been used to characterize the diurnal variability of ocean temperature at a depth of order 20 cm. We use measurements covering the period 1986–2012 from the International Comprehensive Ocean‐Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) version 2.5, which is a collection of marine surface observations that includes individual SST records from drifting buoys. Appropriately transformed, this dataset is well suited for estimation of the diurnal cycle, since many drifting buoys have high temporal coverage (many reports per day), and are globally distributed. For each drifter for each day, we compute the local‐time daily SST variation relative to the local‐time daily mean SST. Climatological estimates of subdaily SST variability are found by averaging across various strata of the data: in 10° latitudinal bands as well as globally; and stratified with respect to season, wind speed and cloud cover. A parameterization of the diurnal variability is fitted as a function of the variables used to stratify the data, and the coefficients for this fit are also provided with the data. Results are consistent with expectations based on the previous work: the diurnal temperature cycle peaks in early afternoon (circa 2 pm local time); there is an increase in amplitude and a decrease in seasonality towards the equator. Generally, the ocean at this depth cools on windy days and warms on calm days, so that a component of subdaily variability is the SST tendency on slower timescales. By not ‘closing’ the diurnal cycle when stratified by environmental conditions, this dataset differs from previously published diurnal‐cycle parameterizations. This thorough characterization of the SST diurnal cycle will assist in interpreting SST observations made at different local times of day for climatological purposes, and in testing and constraining models of the diurnal‐cycle and air‐sea interaction at high temporal resolution.
Active acute leukaemia: should transplant be offered to all patients?
Authors: Avni Batia , Shapira Michael Y. , Resnick Igor B. , Stepensky Polina , Or Reuven , Grisariu Sigal
Published: June 2016

The probability of achieving long term remission for patients with refractory acute leukaemia is very low. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is offered to these patients in order to improve their dismal outcome. We retrospectively analyzed 361 acute leukaemia patients, who underwent allogeneic SCT in the Hadassah's bone marrow transplantation department between the years 2005 and 2012 and identified 84 patients with active leukaemia at transplantation. Median age was 34 years. Sixty four patients were diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), 18 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and two with biphenotypic leukaemia. The majority of patients were diagnosed with de‐novo AML and transplanted at relapse. In the surviving patients, median follow up was 15 months. One year OS was 20%. At time of last follow up, 13 patients were alive (15.5%): ten patients with AML and two patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. In the univariate analysis, factors associated with significantly better overall survival were as follows: matched unrelated donor (p = 0.006), matched donor (p = 0.014) and occurrence of acute graft‐versus‐host disease (aGVHD) (p = 0.019). Karnofsky performance score at SCT and occurrence of cGVHD were found to be borderline significant. Only matched unrelated donor and aGVHD were found to affect overall survival significantly in the multivariate analysis. Other than performance score at SCT, none of the pretransplant patients' characteristics were found to influence survival. In conclusion, as none of the pretransplant characteristics were found to influence the ability to select the patients that will benefit from HSC transplantation, this work supports offering HSCT to all active leukaemia eligible patients with reasonable performance status. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vegetation response to rainfall seasonality and interannual variability in tropical dry forests
Authors: Souza Rodolfo , Feng Xue , Antonino Antonio , Montenegro Suzana , Souza Eduardo , Porporato Amilcare
Published: June 2016

Projected changes in rainfall seasonality and interannual variability are expected to have severe impacts on arid and semi‐arid tropical vegetation, which is characterized by a fine‐tuned adaptation to extreme rainfall seasonality. To study the response of these ecosystems and the related changes in hydrological processes to changes in the amount and seasonality of rainfall, we focused on the caatinga biome, the typical seasonally dry forest in semi‐arid Northeast Brazil. We selected four sites across a gradient of rainfall amount and seasonality and analysed daily rainfall and biweekly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data for hydrological years 2000 to 2014. Rainfall seasonal and interannual statistics were characterized by recently proposed metrics describing duration, timing and intensity of the wet season and compared to similar metrics of NDVI time series. The results show that the caatinga tends to have a more stable response with longer and less variable growing seasons (3.1 ± 0.1 months) compared to the duration wet seasons (2.0 ± 0.5 months). The ecosystem ability to buffer the interannual variability of rainfall is also evidenced by the stability in the timing of the growing season compared to the wet season, which results in variable delays (ranging from 0 to 2 months) between the peak of the rainfall season and the production of leaves by the ecosystem. The analyses show that the shape and size of the related hysteresis loops in the rainfall–NDVI relations are linked to the buffering effects of soil moisture and plant growth dynamics. Finally, model projections of vegetation response to different rainfall scenarios reveal the existence of a maximum in ecosystem productivity at intermediate levels of rainfall seasonality, suggesting a possible trade‐off in the effects of intensity (i.e. amount) and duration of the wet season on vegetation growth and related soil moisture dynamics and transpiration rates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palliative resection of the primary tumor is associated with improved overall survival in incurable stage IV colorectal cancer: A nationwide population‐based propensity‐score adjusted study in the Netherlands
Authors: 't Lam‐Boer Jorine , Van der Geest Lydia G. , Verhoef Cees , Elferink Marloes E. , Koopman Miriam , de Wilt Johannes H.
Published: June 2016

As the value of palliative primary tumor resection in stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) is still under debate, the purpose of this population‐based study was to investigate if palliative primary tumor resection as the initial treatment after diagnosis was associated with improved overall survival. All patients with stage IV colorectal adenocarcinoma (2008–2011) were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry, and patients undergoing treatment with curative intent (i.e., metastasectomy, radiofrequency ablation and/or hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy), or best supportive care were excluded. After propensity score matching, a multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was performed to determine the association between treatment strategy and mortality. From a total group of 10,371 patients with stage IV CRC, 2,746 patients (26%) underwent an elective palliative resection of the primary tumor, whether or not followed by systemic therapy, and 3,345 patients (32%) were initially treated with palliative systemic therapy. After propensity score matching, median overall survival in these groups was 17.2 months (95% CI 16.3–18.1) and 11.5 months (95% CI 11.0–12.0), respectively. In Cox regression analysis, primary tumor resection was significantly associated with improved overall survival (hazard ratio of death = 0.44 [95% CI 0.35–0.55], p < 0.001). This large population‐based study shows an overall survival benefit for patients with incurable stage IV CRC who underwent primary tumor resection as the initial treatment after diagnosis, compared to patients who started systemic therapy with the primary tumor in situ. This result is an argument in favor of resection of the primary tumor, even when patients have little to no symptoms.
BRAF‐V600 mutational status affects recurrence patterns of melanoma brain metastasis
Authors: Maxwell Russell , Garzon‐Muvdi Tomas , Lipson Evan J. , Sharfman William H. , Bettegowda Chetan , Redmond Kristin J. , Kleinberg Lawrence R. , Ye Xiaobu , Lim Michael
Published: June 2016

Brain metastasis is common and carries a poor prognosis in melanoma. A single institution, retrospective cohort of 225 melanoma patients was analyzed to determine if BRAF‐V600 mutational status was associated with brain metastasis. Eighty‐three of the 225 patients (37%) had BRAF‐V600 mutations. At initial diagnosis, BRAF‐V600 mutations were associated with younger age (p ≤ 0.001), higher proportion of females (p = 0.0037), higher AJCC stage (p = 0.030), regional lymph node involvement (p = 0.047), and family history of cancer (p = 0.044). Compared to BRAF‐WT, BRAF‐V600 patients had an increased risk of brain metastasis in multivariate analysis (OR = 2.24; 95% CL = 1.10–4.58; p = 0.027). However, BRAF‐V600 patients treated with a selective BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) had a similar risk of brain metastasis compared to BRAF‐WT patients (OR = 1.00; 95% CL = 0.37–2.65; p = 0.98). Moreover, treatment with BRAFi significantly prolonged the time from initial diagnosis to brain metastasis diagnosis (HR = 0.30; 95% CL = 0.11–0.79; p = 0.015). Compared to other tissues, the brain was the most frequent site of metastasis in BRAF‐V600 patients without BRAFi (42%
7%). The frequency of brain metastasis was lower in BRAF‐WT and BRAF‐V600 patients with BRAFi (25%
4% and 25%
8%, respectively). The proportion of patients with brain metastasis as the only site was 40%, 60%, and 0% in the BRAF‐WT, BRAF‐V600 without BRAFi, and BRAF‐V600 with BRAFi groups, respectively. This study provides evidence on the clinical importance of BRAF‐V600 mutations and BRAF inhibition in the progression to melanoma brain metastasis.
Pan‐HER—An antibody mixture targeting EGFR, HER2 and HER3 abrogates preformed and ligand‐induced EGFR homo‐ and heterodimers
Authors: Ellebæk Sofie , Brix Susanne , Grandal Michael , Lantto Johan , Horak Ivan D. , Kragh Michael , Poulsen Thomas Tuxen
Published: June 2016

The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)‐family is involved in development of many epithelial cancers. Therefore, HER‐family members constitute important targets for anti‐cancer therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A limitation to the success of single HER‐targeting mAbs is development of acquired resistance through mechanisms such as alterted receptor dimerization patterns and dependencies. Pan‐HER is a mixture of six mAbs simultaneously targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HER2 and HER3 with two mAbs against each receptor. Pan‐HER has previously demonstrated broader efficacy than targeting single or dual receptor combinations also in resistant settings. In light of this broad efficacy, we decided to investigate the effect of Pan‐HER compared with single HER‐targeting with single and dual mAbs on HER‐family cross‐talk and dimerization focusing on EGFR. The effect of Pan‐HER on cell proliferation and HER‐family receptor degradation was superior to treatment with single mAbs targeting either single receptor, and similar to targeting a single receptor with two non‐overlapping antibodies. Furthermore, changes in EGFR‐dimerization patterns after treatment with Pan‐HER were investigated by in situ proximity ligation assay and co‐immunoprecipitation, demonstrating that Pan‐HER and the EGFR‐targeting mAb mixture efficiently down‐regulate basal EGFR homo‐ and heterodimerization in two tested cell lines, whereas single mAbs had limited effects. Pan‐HER and the EGFR‐targeting mAb mixture also blocked EGF‐binding and thereby ligand‐induced changes in EGFR‐dimerization levels. These results suggest that Pan‐HER reduces the cellular capability to switch HER‐dependency and dimerization pattern in response to treatment and thus hold promise for future clinical development of Pan‐HER in resistant settings.
In vitro assessment of the biological response of Ti6Al4V implants coated with hydroxyapatite microdomains
Authors: Clavell R. Salvador , de Llano J. J. Martín , Carda C. , Ribelles J. L. Gómez , Vallés‐Lluch A.
Published: June 2016

Dental implantology is still an expanding field of scientific study because of the number of people that receive dental therapies throughout their lives worldwide. Recovery times associated to dental surgery are still long and demand strategies to improve integration of metallic devices with hard tissues. In this work, an in vitro ceramic coating is proposed to improve and accelerate osseointegration of titanium surfaces conceived to be used as dental implants or hip or knee prosthesis, shaped either as dishes or screws. Such coating consists of hydroxyapatite microdomains on the implant surfaces obtained in vitro by immersion of titanium alloy samples (Ti6Al4V) in a simulated body fluid. This titanium alloy is highly used in implant dentistry and trauma surgery, among other fields. Once the immersion times under physiological conditions yielding to different ceramic topographies on this alloy were set, the acellular coating time of major interest so as to optimize its biological development was determined. For this purpose, dental pulp mesenchymal cells were cultured on titanium coated surfaces with different hydroxyapatite outline, and cell adhesion, proliferation and morphology were followed through histological techniques and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that 4 days of acellular hydroxyapatite coating led to a significant cell adhesion on the titanium alloys at an early stage (6 h). Cells tended although to detach from the surface of the coating over time, but those adhered on domains of intricated topography or hydroxyapatite cauliflowers proliferated on them, leading to isolated large cell clusters. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2723–2729, 2016.
Change points in predictors–predictand relationships within the scope of statistical downscaling
Authors: Hertig Elke , Merkenschlager Christian , Jacobeit Jucundus
Published: June 2016

A statistical downscaling approach allowing for change points in the relationships between atmospheric predictors and local precipitation is introduced. Change point analysis within generalized linear models, and change points in the predictor characteristics were used to develop a change point statistical downscaling approach. The approach is illustrated for station‐based winter precipitation in the Mediterranean area.

In this study, 94 stations were considered. The change point analysis yielded 37 stations with robust change points in the predictors–precipitation relationships. An added value regarding statistical model performance of the change point approach compared to the use of statistical models without change points was observed for 15 out of the 37 stations. In the projections under enhanced greenhouse gas forcing the application of the change point approach for the 15 stations affects the downscaled precipitation amounts, with significant differences compared to the application of downscaling models without change points for about one third of these stations.

Under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenario conditions, mainly increases of winter precipitation are projected until the end of the 21st century for parts of the western and northern Mediterranean area, whereas the north‐eastern and eastern Mediterranean areas are affected by decreases.
Thin‐film transistor mobility limits considerations
Authors: Stewart Kevin A. , Wager John F.
Published: June 2016

The mobility limiting scattering mechanisms for amorphous semiconductors and polar polycrystalline semiconductors are studied in the context of developing new high‐performance thin‐film transistor (TFT) channel layer materials for large‐area electronics. A physics‐based model for carrier transport in an amorphous semiconductor is developed to estimate the mobility limits of amorphous semiconductor TFTs. The model involves band tail state trapping of a diffusive mobility. Simulation reveals a strong dependence on the band tail density of states. This consideration makes it difficult to realize a high‐performance p‐type oxide TFT. A polar crystalline semiconductor may offer a higher mobility but is fundamentally limited by polar optical phonon scattering. Any crystalline TFT channel layer for practical large‐area applications will not be a single crystal but polycrystalline, and therefore, grain size and grain boundary‐dependent scattering will further degrade the transport properties.
Surgical anatomy of the vascularized submental lymph node flap: Anatomic study of correlation of submental artery perforators and quantity of submental lymph node
Authors: Tzou Chieh Han , Meng Stefan , Ines Tinhofer , Reissig Lukas , Pichler Ursula , Steinbacher Johannes , Pona Igor , Roka‐Palkovits Julia , Rath Thomas , Weninger Wolfgang J. , Cheng Ming‐Huei
Published: June 2016

Background

Harvesting the submental flap for vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) presents a challenging procedure because of, the topographic variation of the submental artery (SA) and the marginal mandible nerve (MMN) and the limited pedicle length for a free tissue transfer. The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical anatomical landmarks and variations of the submental lymph node flap (SLNF).

Methods and Materials

The authors examined the characteristics and landmarks of 18 SLNF in nine fresh cadavers. The diameter, length, and caliber of the SA and its relation to bony anatomic landmarks were measured. In addition, the number of lymph nodes (LNN) was evaluated through dissection and ultrasound.

Results

Within the designated SLNF (10 × 5 cm2), the number of LNN was on average 3 ± 0.6, with an average size of 4.5 ± 1.8 mm × 2.9 ± 1.2 mm. Projection of the LNN on the mandible, measured from the gnathion (GT, median‐sagittal‐plane) toward the gonion (GN, mandibular angle), was at 63.4 ± 5.8 mm (e.g., 65%) of the mandible for the first lymph node (LN), and for the following LNN was at 50.4 ± 7.7 mm (e.g., 52%), 44.0 ± 8.6 mm (e.g., 45%), and 40.50  ±  2.1 mm (e.g., 42%). The MMN consistently crossed the mandible body and the facial artery (FA) from dorso‐caudal to ventro‐cranial at 72 ± 5.2 mm, e.g., 75% of the mandible's length. Here, the nerve always lay superficial to the FA and was on average 0.96 ± 0.14 mm in diameter. Submental artery was located on average at 64 mm (e.g., 66%) of the mandible, with an average diameter of 1.34 ± 0.2 mm.

Conclusion

The submental lymph node flap has a constant vascular supply by the submental artery. Lymph node count is on average three. Lymph nodes are close to the submental artery and its perforators. Marginal mandibular nerve lies superficial to the facial artery and crosses the artery at 75% of the mandible body length (gnathion to gonion = 100%). J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:54–59. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of early relaparotomy following living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Hara Takanobu , Soyama Akihiko , Hidaka Masaaki , Kitasato Amane , Ono Shinichiro , Natsuda Koji , Kugiyama Tota , Imamura Hajime , Okada Satomi , Baimakhanov Zhassulan , Kuroki Tamotsu , Eguchi Susumu
Published: June 2016

We retrospectively analyzed the causes, risk factors, and impact of early relaparotomy after adult‐to‐adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) on the posttransplant outcome. Adult recipients who underwent initial LDLT at our institution between August 1997 and August 2015 (n = 196) were included. Any patients who required early retransplantation were excluded. Early relaparotomy was defined as surgical treatment within 30 days after LDLT. Relaparotomy was performed 66 times in 52 recipients (a maximum of 4 times in 1 patient). The reasons for relaparotomy comprised postoperative bleeding (39.4%), vascular complications (27.3%), suspicion of abdominal sepsis or bile leakage (25.8%), and others (7.6%). A multivariate analysis revealed that previous upper abdominal surgery and prolonged operative time were independent risk factors for early relaparotomy. The overall survival rate in the relaparotomy group was worse than that in the nonrelaparotomy group (6 months, 67.3% versus 90.1%, P < 0.001; 1 year, 67.3% versus 88.6%, P < 0.001; and 5 years, 62.6% versus 70.6%, P = 0.06). The outcome of patients who underwent 2 or more relaparotomies was worse compared with patients who underwent only 1 relaparotomy. In a subgroup analysis according to the cause of initial relaparotomy, the survival rate of the postoperative bleeding group was comparable with the nonrelaparotomy group (P = 0.96). On the other hand, the survival rate of the vascular complication group was significantly worse than that of the nonrelaparotomy group (P = 0.001). Previous upper abdominal surgery is a risk factor for early relaparotomy after LDLT. A favorable longterm outcome is expected in patients who undergo early relaparotomy due to postoperative bleeding. Liver Transplantation 22 1519–1525 2016 AASLD.
Liver transplantation in Japan
Authors: Soyama Akihiko , Eguchi Susumu , Egawa Hiroto
Published: June 2016

As of December 31, 2014, 7937 liver transplants (7673 living donor transplants and 264 deceased donor liver transplantations [DDLTs; 261 from heart‐beating donors and 3 from non–heart‐beating donors]) have been performed in 67 institutions in Japan. The revised Organ Transplant Law in Japan came into effect in July 2010, which allows organ procurement from brain‐dead individuals, including children, with family consent if the patient had not previously refused organ donation. However, the number of deceased donor organ donations has not increased as anticipated. The rate of deceased organ donations per million population (pmp) has remained at less than 1. To maximize the viability of the limited numbers of donated organs, a system has been adopted that includes the partnership of well‐trained transplant consultant doctors and local doctors. For compensating for the decreased opportunity of on‐site training, an educational system regarding quality organ procurement for transplant surgeons has also been established. Furthermore, experts in the field of liver transplantation are currently discussing adoption of the Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score for allocation, promoting split‐liver transplantation, arranging in‐house coordinators, and improving the frequency of proposing the option to donate organs to the families. To overcome the shortage of donors during efforts to promote organ donation, living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has been developed in Japan. Continuous efforts to increase DDLT in addition to the successful experience of LDLT will increase the benefits of liver transplantation for more patients. Liver Transplantation 22 1401–1407 2016 AASLD.
Projected outcomes of 6‐month delay in exception points versus an equivalent Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score for hepatocellular carcinoma liver transplant candidates
Authors: Alver Sarah K. , Lorenz Douglas J. , Marvin Michael R. , Brock Guy N.
Published: June 2016

The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) recently implemented a 6‐month delay before granting exception points to liver transplantation candidates with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to address disparity in transplantation access between HCC and non‐HCC patients. An HCC‐specific scoring scheme, the Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease equivalent (MELDEQ), has also been developed. We compared projected dropout and transplant probabilities and posttransplant survival for HCC and non‐HCC patients under the 6‐month delay and the MELDEQ using UNOS data from October 1, 2009, to June 30, 2014, and multistate modeling. Overall (combined HCC and non‐HCC) wait‐list dropout was similar under both schemes and slightly improved (though not statistically significant) compared to actual data. Projected HCC wait‐list dropout was similar between the MELDEQ and 6‐month delay at 6 months but thereafter started to differ, with the 6‐month delay eventually favoring HCC patients (3‐year dropout 10.0% [9.0%‐11.0%] for HCC versus 14.1% [13.6%‐14.6%]) for non‐HCC) and the MELDEQ favoring non‐HCC patients (3‐year dropout 16.0% [13.2%‐18.8%] for HCC versus 12.3% [11.9%‐12.7%] for non‐HCC). Projected transplant probabilities for HCC patients were substantially lower under the MELDEQ compared to the 6‐month delay (26.6% versus 83.8% by 3 years, respectively). Projected HCC posttransplant survival under the 6‐month delay was similar to actual, but slightly worse under the MELDEQ (2‐year survival 82.9% [81.7%‐84.2%] versus actual of 85.5% [84.3%‐86.7%]). In conclusion, although the 6‐month delay improves equity in transplant and dropout between HCC and non‐HCC candidates, disparity between the 2 groups may still exist after 6 months of wait‐list time. Projections under the MELDEQ, however, appear to disadvantage HCC patients. Therefore, modification to the exception point progression or refinement of an HCC prioritization score may be warranted. Liver Transplantation 22 1343–1355 2016 AASLD.
Stability‐preserving model order reduction for time‐domain simulation of vibro‐acoustic FE models
Authors: van de Walle A. , Naets F. , Deckers E. , Desmet W.
Published: June 2016

This work proposes novel stability‐preserving model order reduction approaches for vibro‐acoustic finite element models. As most research in the past for these systems has focused on noise attenuation in the frequency‐domain, stability‐preserving properties were of low priority. However, as the interest for time‐domain auralization and (model based) active noise control increases, stability‐preserving model order reduction techniques are becoming indispensable. The original finite element models for vibro‐acoustic simulation are already well established but require too much computational load for these applications. This work therefore proposes two new global approaches for the generation of stable reduced‐order models. Based on proven conditions for stability preservation under one‐sided projection, a reformulation of the displacement‐fluid velocity potential (u − ϕ) formulation is proposed. In contrast to the regular formulation, the proposed approach leads to a new asymmetric structure for the system matrices which is proven to preserve stability under one‐sided projection. The second approach starts from a displacement‐pressure (u − p) description where the system level projection space is decoupled for the two domains, for which we also prove the preservation of stability. Two numerical validation cases are presented which demonstrate the inadequacy of straightforward model order reduction on typical vibro‐acoustic models for time‐domain simulation and compare the performance of the proposed approaches. Both proposed approaches effectively preserve the stability of the original system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating transcriptome and proteome profiling: Strategies and applications
Authors: Kumar Dhirendra , Bansal Gourja , Narang Ankita , Basak Trayambak , Abbas Tahseen , Dash Debasis
Published: June 2016

Discovering the gene expression signature associated with a cellular state is one of the basic quests in majority of biological studies. For most of the clinical and cellular manifestations, these molecular differences may be exhibited across multiple layers of gene regulation like genomic variations, gene expression, protein translation and post‐translational modifications. These system wide variations are dynamic in nature and their crosstalk is overwhelmingly complex, thus analyzing them separately may not be very informative. This necessitates the integrative analysis of such multiple layers of information to understand the interplay of the individual components of the biological system. Recent developments in high throughput RNA sequencing and mass spectrometric (MS) technologies to probe transcripts and proteins made these as preferred methods for understanding global gene regulation. Subsequently, improvements in “big‐data” analysis techniques enable novel conclusions to be drawn from integrative transcriptomic‐proteomic analysis. The unified analyses of both these data types have been rewarding for several biological objectives like improving genome annotation, predicting RNA‐protein quantities, deciphering gene regulations, discovering disease markers and drug targets. There are different ways in which transcriptomics and proteomics data can be integrated; each aiming for different research objectives. Here, we review various studies, approaches and computational tools targeted for integrative analysis of these two high‐throughput omics methods.
Intrinsic local destabilization of the C‐terminus predisposes integrin α1 I domain to a conformational switch induced by collagen binding
Authors: Nunes Ana Monica , Zhu Jie , Jezioro Jacqueline , Minetti Conceição A.S.A. , Remeta David P. , Farndale Richard W. , Hamaia Samir W. , Baum Jean
Published: June 2016

Integrin–collagen interactions play a critical role in a myriad of cellular functions that include immune response, and cell development and differentiation, yet their mechanism of binding is poorly understood. There is increasing evidence that conformational flexibility assumes a central role in the molecular mechanisms of protein–protein interactions and here we employ NMR hydrogen–deuterium exchange (HDX) experiments to explore the impact of slower timescale dynamic events. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying collagen‐induced conformational switches, we have undertaken a comparative study between the wild type integrin α1 I and a gain‐of‐function E317A mutant. NMR HDX results suggest a relationship between regions exhibiting a reduced local stability in the unbound I domain and those that undergo significant conformational changes upon binding. Specifically, the αC and α7 helices within the C‐terminus are at the center of such major perturbations and present reduced local stabilities in the unbound state relative to other structural elements. Complementary isothermal titration calorimetry experiments have been performed to derive complete thermodynamic binding profiles for association of the collagen‐like triple‐helical peptide with wild type α1 I and E317A mutant. The differential energetics observed for E317A are consistent with the HDX experiments and support a model in which intrinsically destabilized regions predispose conformational rearrangement in the integrin I domain. This study highlights the importance of exploring different timescales to delineate allosteric and binding events.
Mining from distributed and abstracted data
Authors: Zhang Xiaofeng , Cheung William K. , Ye Yunming
Published: June 2016

Discovering global knowledge from distributed data sources is challenging as there exist several practical concerns such as bandwidth limitation and data privacy. By appropriately abstracting distributed data, various global data mining tasks could still be implemented on the basis of local data abstractions. This article reviews existing techniques related to distributed data mining in abstraction‐based data mining. It then discusses open research challenges on mining tasks performed on distributed and abstracted data, describes how global data models (clustering and manifold discovery) could be learnt based on local data models, and points out future research directions. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2016, 6:167–176. doi: 10.1002/widm.1182

This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Computer Architectures for Data Mining

Technologies > Structure Discovery and Clustering

Technologies > Visualization
Improved ethyl caproate production of Chinese liquor yeast by overexpressing fatty acid synthesis genes with OPI1 deletion
Authors: Chen Yefu , Luo Weiwei , Gong Rui , Xue Xingxiang , Guan Xiangyu , Song Lulu , Guo Xuewu , Xiao Dongguang
Published: June 2016

During yeast fermentation, ethyl esters play a key role in the development of the flavor profiles of Chinese liquor. Ethyl caproate, an ethyl ester eliciting apple-like flavor, is the characteristic flavor of strong aromatic liquor, which is the best selling liquor in China. In the traditional fermentation process, ethyl caproate is mainly produced at the later fermentation stage by aroma-producing yeast, bacteria, and mold in a mud pit instead of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at the expense of grains and fermentation time. To improve the production of ethyl caproate by Chinese liquor yeast (S. cerevisiae) with less food consumption and shorter fermentation time, we constructed three recombinant strains, namely, α5-ACC1ΔOPI1, α5-FAS1ΔOPI1, and α5-FAS2ΔOPI1 by overexpressing acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC1), fatty acid synthase 1 (FAS1), and fatty acid synthase 2 (FAS2) with OPI1 (an inositol/choline-mediated negative regulatory gene) deletion, respectively. In the liquid fermentation of corn hydrolysate, the contents of ethyl caproate produced by α5-ACC1ΔOPI1, α5-FAS1ΔOPI1, and α5-FAS2ΔOPI1 increased by 0.40-, 1.75-, and 0.31-fold, correspondingly, compared with the initial strain α5. The contents of other fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) (C8:0, C10:0, C12:0) also increased. In comparison, the content of FAEEs produced by α5-FAS1ΔOPI1 significantly improved. Meanwhile, the contents of acetyl-CoA and ethyl acetate were enhanced by α5-FAS1ΔOPI1. Overall, this study offers a promising platform for the development of pure yeast culture fermentation of Chinese strong aromatic liquor without the use of a mud pit.
Endophytic Streptomyces sp. AC35, a producer of bioactive isoflavone aglycones and antimycins
Authors: Ondrejíčková P , Šturdíková M , Hushegyi A , Švajdlenka E , Markošová K , Čertík M
Published: June 2016

In this research, a microbial endophytic strain obtained from the rhizosphere of the conifer Taxus baccata and designated as Streptomyces sp. AC35 (FJ001754.1 Streptomyces, GenBank) was investigated. High 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity suggests that this strain is closely related to S. odorifer. The major fatty acid profile of intracellular lipids was also carried out to further identify this strain. Atomic force microscopy and scanning acoustic microscopy were used to image our strain. Its major excreted substances were extracted, evaluated for antimicrobial activity, purified, and identified by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance as the bioactive isoflavone aglycones—daidzein, glycitein and genistein. Batch cultivation, performed under different pH conditions, revealed enhanced production of antimycin components when the pH was stable at 7.0. Antimycins were detected by HPLC and identified by UV–vis and LC–MS/MS combined with the multiple reaction monitoring. Our results demonstrate that Streptomyces sp. AC35 might be used as a potential source of effective, pharmaceutically active compounds.
Development of a New Graduate Perioperative Nursing Program at an Urban Pediatric Institution
Authors: Gorgone Pamela D. , Arsenault Loretta , Milliman‐Richard Yolanda J. , Lajoie Debra L.
Published: June 2016

In 2012, perioperative personnel from Boston Children's Hospital began the process of planning for perioperative staff member attrition and retirement by developing a new graduate perioperative nursing program geared toward our pediatric urban academic institution. We selected two cohorts of new graduate nurses to begin the program in 2013. To date, two cohorts of six graduate nurses have completed the program and have been hired. Our new perioperative nurse retention rate is 100%. All of these nurses are currently practicing in the main OR at our facility. In one year, we recovered the initial program costs, which included the expenses incurred by hiring 12 full‐time employees to replace more highly paid tenured RNs lost to attrition or retirement and training costs for new graduates. We believe the program has reduced overall long‐term staffing costs and has prevented disruption to services as a result of unexpected vacancies from retirements and resignations.
Anti‐parkinsonian effects of fluvoxamine maleate in maternally separated rats
Authors: Dallé Ernest , Daniels Willie M.U. , Mabandla Musa V.
Published: June 2016

Exposure to early life stress has been shown to result in anxiety‐like symptoms and exacerbates degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). First line treatment for anxiety disorders includes the use of Fluvoxamine maleate (FM). In this study, we investigated whether treating anxiety‐like symptoms with FM has an effect in alleviating the neurotoxic effects of 6‐OHDA in a parkinsonian rat model. Early maternal separation was used to create a rat model that depicts anxiety‐like symptoms. Maternally separated adult Sprague‐Dawley rats were treated with FM prior to and following lesion with 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA). The elevated plus‐maze (EPM) and the forelimb akinesia tests were used to evaluate anxiety‐like symptoms and motor impairment respectively. Blood plasma was used to measure corticosterone concentration, and striatal tissue was collected for dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5‐HT) analysis. Our results show that animals exposed to early life stress displayed increased anxiety‐like symptoms and elevated basal plasma corticosterone concentration which were attenuated by treatment with FM. A 6‐OHDA lesion effect was evidenced by impairment in the forelimb akinesia test as well as decreased DA and 5‐HT concentrations in the lesioned striatum. These effects were attenuated on DA neurons by FM treatment in the pre‐lesion treated as opposed to the post‐lesion treated rats. This study suggests that early treatment of anxiety‐like behavior decreases the vulnerability of DA neurons to neurotoxic insults later in life thus slowing down DA degeneration in PD.