bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disturbance and Plant Succession in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of the American Southwest
Authors: Abella Scott R.
Published: March 2010

Disturbances such as fire, land clearing, and road building remove vegetation and can have major influences on public health through effects on air quality, aesthetics, recreational opportunities, natural resource availability, and economics. Plant recovery and succession following disturbance are poorly understood in arid lands relative to more temperate regions. This study quantitatively reviewed vegetation reestablishment following a variety of disturbances in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of southwestern North America. A total of 47 studies met inclusion criteria for the review. The time estimated by 29 individual studies for full reestablishment of total perennial plant cover was 76 years. Although long, this time was shorter than an estimated 215 years (among 31 individual studies) required for the recovery of species composition typical of undisturbed areas, assuming that recovery remains linear following the longest time since disturbance measurement made by the studies.
Generating a Generation of Proteasome Inhibitors: From Microbial Fermentation to Total Synthesis of Salinosporamide A (Marizomib) and Other Salinosporamides
Authors: Potts Barbara C. , Lam Kin S.
Published: March 2010

The salinosporamides are potent proteasome inhibitors among which the parent marine-derived natural product salinosporamide A (marizomib; NPI-0052; 1) is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers. Methods to generate this class of compounds include fermentation and natural products chemistry, precursor-directed biosynthesis, mutasynthesis, semi-synthesis, and total synthesis. The end products range from biochemical tools for probing mechanism of action to clinical trials materials; in turn, the considerable efforts to produce the target molecules have expanded the technologies used to generate them. Here, the full complement of methods is reviewed, reflecting remarkable contributions from scientists of various disciplines over a period of 7 years since the first publication of the structure of 1.
Impact of Marine Drugs on Cytoskeleton-Mediated Reproductive Events
Authors: Silvestre Francesco , Tosti Elisabetta
Published: March 2010

Marine organisms represent an important source of novel bioactive compounds, often showing unique modes of action. Such drugs may be useful tools to study complex processes such as reproduction; which is characterized by many crucial steps that start at gamete maturation and activation and virtually end at the first developmental stages. During these processes cytoskeletal elements such as microfilaments and microtubules play a key-role. In this review we describe: (i) the involvement of such structures in both cellular and in vitro processes; (ii) the toxins that target the cytoskeletal elements and dynamics; (iii) the main steps of reproduction and the marine drugs that interfere with these cytoskeleton-mediated processes. We show that marine drugs, acting on microfilaments and microtubules, exert a wide range of impacts on reproductive events including sperm maturation and motility, oocyte maturation, fertilization, and early embryo development.
Assessment of Antioxidant Capacity and Cytotoxicity of Selected Malaysian Plants
Authors: Ling Lai Teng , Radhakrishnan Ammu Kutty , Subramaniam Thavamanithevi , Cheng Hwee Ming , Palanisamy Uma D.
Published: March 2010

Thirteen Malaysian plants; Artocarpus champeden, Azadirachta indica, Fragaria x ananassa, Garcinia mangostana, Lawsonia inermis, Mangifera indica, Nephelium lappaceum, Nephelium mutobile, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Psidium guajava and Syzygium aqueum, selected for their use in traditional medicine, were subjected to a variety of assays. Antioxidant capability, total phenolic content, elemental composition, as well as it cytotoxity to several cell lines of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts from different parts of these selected Malaysian plants were determined. In general, the ethanolic extracts were better free radical scavengers than the aqueous extracts and some of the tested extracts were even more potent than a commercial grape seed preparation. Similar results were seen in the lipid peroxidation inhibition studies. Our findings also showed a strong correlation of antioxidant activity with the total phenolic content. These extracts when tested for its heavy metals content, were found to be below permissible value for nutraceutical application. In addition, most of the extracts were found not cytotoxic to 3T3 and 4T1 cells at concentrations as high as 100 μg/mL. We conclude that although traditionally these plants are used in the aqueous form, its commercial preparation could be achieved using ethanol since a high total phenolic content and antioxidant activity is associated with this method of preparation.
Lambda Interferons: New Cytokines with Old Functions
Authors: Hamming Ole J. , Gad Hans Henrik , Paludan Søren , Hartmann Rune
Published: March 2010

Interferon lambda (IFN-λ) is a member of the class II cytokine family, and like the other members of this family, they are small helical proteins. Since their discovery significant efforts have been made to determine their role in innate and adaptive immunity. Their strong antiviral activity, both in vitro and in vivo, has firmly established their interferon status. However, in contrast to type I interferon, only a very limited subset of cells/tissues responds to interferon lambda. In addition to inducing an antiviral state in responsive cells, recent data suggest that IFN-l plays a role in shaping the adaptive immune response. However, the data is not in complete agreement regarding the effect of IFN-λ on the adaptive immune system. Recently IFN-l has entered clinical trials against hepatitis C Virus and IFN-l is a promising future therapeutic, against different viruses replicating in responsive tissues, like that of the airway epithelia. In this review we describe the knowledge acquired during the past six years about the structure and function of interferon lambda.
Vertical Guidance Performance Analysis of the L1-L5 Dual-Frequency GPS/WAAS User Avionics Sensor
Authors: Jan Shau-Shiun
Published: March 2010

This paper investigates the potential vertical guidance performance of global positioning system (GPS)/wide area augmentation system (WAAS) user avionics sensor when the modernized GPS and Galileo are available. This paper will first investigate the airborne receiver code noise and multipath (CNMP) confidence (σair). The σair will be the dominant factor in the availability analysis of an L1-L5 dual-frequency GPS/WAAS user avionics sensor. This paper uses the MATLAB Algorithm Availability Simulation Tool (MAAST) to determine the required values for the σair, so that an L1-L5 dual-frequency GPS/WAAS user avionics sensor can meet the vertical guidance requirements of APproach with Vertical guidance (APV) II and CATegory (CAT) I over conterminous United States (CONUS). A modified MAAST that includes the Galileo satellite constellation is used to determine under what user configurations WAAS could be an APV II system or a CAT I system over CONUS. Furthermore, this paper examines the combinations of possible improvements in signal models and the addition of Galileo to determine if GPS/WAAS user avionics sensor could achieve 10 m Vertical Alert Limit (VAL) within the service volume. Finally, this paper presents the future vertical guidance performance of GPS user avionics sensor for the United States’ WAAS, Japanese MTSAT-based satellite augmentation system (MSAS) and European geostationary navigation overlay service (EGNOS).
Sensing and Tactile Artificial Muscles from Reactive Materials
Authors: Conzuelo Laura Valero , Arias-Pardilla Joaquín , Cauich-Rodríguez Juan V. , Smit Mascha Afra , Otero Toribio Fernández
Published: March 2010

Films of conducting polymers can be oxidized and reduced in a reversible way. Any intermediate oxidation state determines an electrochemical equilibrium. Chemical or physical variables acting on the film may modify the equilibrium potential, so that the film acts as a sensor of the variable. The working potential of polypyrrole/DBSA (Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid) films, oxidized or reduced under constant currents, changes as a function of the working conditions: electrolyte concentration, temperature or mechanical stress. During oxidation, the reactive material is a sensor of the ambient, the consumed electrical energy being the sensing magnitude. Devices based on any of the electrochemical properties of conducting polymers must act simultaneously as sensors of the working conditions. Artificial muscles, as electrochemical actuators constituted by reactive materials, respond to the ambient conditions during actuation. In this way, they can be used as actuators, sensing the surrounding conditions during actuation. Actuating and sensing signals are simultaneously included by the same two connecting wires.
Concise methods for the synthesis of chiral polyoxazolines and their application in asymmetric hydrosilylation
Authors: Li Wei Jie , Xu Zun Le , Qiu Sheng Xiang
Published: March 2010

Seven polyoxazoline ligands were synthesized in high yield in a one-pot reaction by heating polycarboxylic acids or their esters and chiral β-amino alcohols under reflux with concomitant removal of water or the alcohol produced in the reaction. The method is much simpler and more efficient in comparison to those methods reported in the literature.

The compounds were used as chiral ligands in the rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation of aromatic ketones, and the effects of the linkers and the substituents present on the oxazoline rings on the yield and enantioselectivity investigated. Compound 2 was identified as the best ligand of this family for the hydrosilylation of aromatic ketones.
CCR5 Antagonists: Host-Targeted Antiviral Agents for the Treatment of HIV Infection, 4 Years on
Authors: Westby Mike , Ryst Elna van der
Published: March 2010

The chemokine coreceptor 5 (CCR5) antagonists are antiretroviral agents with an extracellular, host-targeted mechanism of action against HIV. Maraviroc, the first-in-class CCR5 antagonist, received regulatory approval in 2007, becoming the first oral antiretroviral from a new class in more than 10 years. Other compounds in this class are in various stages of clinical development. In 2005, we reviewed the limited clinical data then available on CCR5 antagonists. In this follow-up review, we revisit the field and assess the clinical and virological data that have emerged in the 4 years since, with particular reference to maraviroc for which the most comprehensive data currently exist.
Dorzolamide as an Effective Topical Therapy for Glaucoma in a Case of Nanophthalmos
Authors: Nunes Cristiane Magno , McNeill Maria Palatucci , Tong Melissa G. , Kuntz Navarro Julia B. V. , Spaeth George L.
Published: March 2010

To report a case of nanophthalmos in which the intraocular pressure (IOP) off medication was 45 mm Hg and on dorzolamide hydrochloride once daily was 15 mm Hg for many years. No other medication affected the IOP. A chart review of a patient with nanophthalmos and glaucoma. A case of angle closure glaucoma in a nanophthalmic eye which had an unusually great and prolonged reduction of IOP secondary to the use of dorzolamide once daily, was reported.
Amniotic Membrane Transplantation for Repair of Leaking Glaucoma Filtering Blebs with Scleral Perforation
Authors: Okada Hiromi , Tawara Akihiko , Kubota Toshiaki , Nagumo Haruka
Published: March 2010

Leaking glaucoma filtering blebs with scleral perforation were successfully repaired in two patients using amniotic membrane transplantation. The amniotic membrane was placed into the subconjunctival space to cover the perforated scleral area. The edge of the limbal conjunctiva was sutured to the peripheral cornea with conjunctival advancement over the amniotic membrane. The bleb leaks were successfully closed. In addition, good and functioning filtration was maintained during a follow-up period of 12 months in both cases. Amniotic membrane transplantation may be effective for the surgical management of high risk of leaking glaucoma blebs with scleral perforation.
Intracameral Perfluoropropane (C
3
F
8
) Gas in the Repair of Extensive Descemet's Membrane Detachment During Phacoemulsification Surgery
Authors: Akin Tugrul , Ayata Ali , Aykan Umit , Bilge Ahmet Hamdi
Published: March 2010

Descemet's membrane detachment (DMD) is one of the rare complications seen during or after cataract surgery. It can cause permanent corneal decompensation if untreated or not reattached spontaneously. A patient with an extensive DMD (involving approximately upper two-thirds of the cornea) during uncomplicated phacoemulsification surgery is reported. After the aspiration of cortical remnants, Descemet's membrane was detached progressively from the clear corneal incision. Descemet's membrane was reattached at the end of the procedure using an air bubble injection. However, DMD was observed again the day after surgery. It was successfully treated with intracameral injection of 0.2 mL volume of 14% perfluoropropane (C
3
F
8
) gas with resultant immediate resolution of his corneal edema. It is believed that early surgical intervention (if possible intraoperatively) with intracameral injection of 14% isoexpansile mixture of C
3
F
8
is a safe and efficient treatment modality for DMD. Appropriate and prompt management may prevent the complications and visual loss.
Persistant Pupillary Membrane Surgery
Authors: Kiliç Adil , Çinal Adnan , Yasar Tekin , Demirok Ahmet
Published: March 2010

A 21-year-old woman presented with bilateral poor visual acuity due to the bilateral remnants of pupillary membrane in June 2007. The patient underwent excisional removal of pupillary membrane remnant in both the eyes, 1 week apart. Postoperatively, the pupillary area was completely free of any membrane remnant, no complication was observed. Visual acuities were 0.6 right eye and 0.4 left eye.
Diagnosis of Donor Graft Partial Dislocation Behind the Iris After DSAEK With Anterior Segment OCT
Authors: Kymionis George D. , Ide Takeshi , Donaldson Kendall , Yoo Sonia H.
Published: March 2010

A 65-year-old woman was referred with postoperative persistent corneal edema and interface fluid superiorly without dislocation of the donor button after Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK). Slit lamp examination revealed the presence of fluid in the interface between donor and recipient button at the superior part of the cornea but the diagnosis was uncertain clinically due to significant corneal clouding. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) examination revealed donor graft dislocation behind the iris at the superior part of the lenticule. This case report demonstrates that donor graft partial dislocation behind the iris after DSAEK could be a potential cause of DSAEK failure. AS-OCT is a useful and noninvasive instrument for detecting the post-DSAEK complication especially in patients in which diagnosis is difficult due to significant corneal clouding.
Very Large Bilateral Lesions Obscuring Diagnosis of Adult-Onset Foveomacular Vitelliform Dystrophy
Authors: Querques Giuseppe , Prascina Francesco , Bux Anna V. , Iaculli Cristiana , Noci Nicola Delle
Published: March 2010

Adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AFVD) is a clinically heterogeneous and pleomorphic disease originally described by Gass as bilateral with symmetrical, solitary, round or oval, slightly elevated, yellowish subretinal lesions, one third to one disc diameter in size, often with a central pigmented spot. A possible AFVD patient showing very large bilateral macular lesions was reported.
Corneal Imaging with Pentacam After Descemet's Membrane Perforation During Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
Authors: Rodríguez-Ares Mª Teresa , Touriño Rosario , López-Valladares Mª Jesús
Published: March 2010

The usefulness of Pentacam in the diagnosis and management of Descemet's membrane perforation during deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) was described and reported. A 59-year-old man with neurotrophic keratitis was operated on DALK procedure. The big-bubble technique was used without apparent complications. A double anterior chamber was observed on the first postoperative day. After days, sulphur hexafluoride (SF
6
) in isoexpansile concentration was successfully injected into the anterior chamber. The Pentacam (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) imaging was performed. Correlations between Pentacam findings and clinical signs were evaluated. Pentacam imaging is a useful technique to diagnose and document the progress of surgical complications after DALK.
Unilateral Decompression Retinopathy After Laser Iridotomy in a Patient With Bilateral Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Authors: Sanz Silvia , Carnota Pablo , Lillo Juan , Planas Núria , Arruga Jorge
Published: March 2010

Acute angle closure glaucoma is an ocular pathology characterized by a severe increase of intraocular pressure (IOP) that requires the realization of a peripheral Nd:YAG laser iridotomy as a treatment. Several complications have been described after a peripheral laser iridotomy such as hyphema, endothelial corneal damage, intraocular pressure spikes or cataract. Furthermore, retinal and subhyaloid haemorraghes have been observed after the treatment. This uncommon finding has been named decompression retinopathy. The case of an unilateral decompression retinopathy in a 67-year-old woman after the resolution of a bilateral episode of acute angle closure glaucoma was presented.
Scleral Graft and Muscle Transposition in the Treatment of Scleromalacia and Hypertropia Following Retinal Detachment Surgery
Authors: Urrets-Zavalía Enrique A. , Urrets-Zavalía Julio A. , Ale Omar A. , Torrealday Juan I.
Published: March 2010

Ocular motility disfunction and eye wall defects are possible complications of retinal detachment (RD) surgery that may interfere with an acceptable functional result. The case of a 41-year-old man that developed scleromalacia and hypertropia after an RD surgery is presented. A cadaveric scleral graft (CSG) was used for the treatment of scleromalacia. Because of absence of the anterior aspect of the inferior rectus muscle, an anterior transposition of the ipsilateral inferior oblique muscle (ATIIO) for the correction of hypertropia was performed in the same surgical procedure. After a follow-up of 22 months, a good evolution of CSG was observed, as well as orthotropia with the exception for extreme inferior gazes. CSG and ATIIO proved to be an effective initial treatment for scleromalacia and hypertropia secondary to RD surgery.
Accidental Laser Injury to the Eye
Authors: Kandari Jamal Al , Raizada Seemant , Razzak Ahmed Abdul
Published: March 2010

The unprotected human eye is extremely sensitive to laser radiation and can be permanently damaged from direct or reflected beams. Two cases of retinal injury by laser exposure outside hospital setting are reported. Two patients presented in retina clinic in Al-Bahar eye center in Kuwait with complaints of decrease in vision following exposure to unknown light. Case 1 was exposed to a laser used in military warfare and Case 2 exposed to laser pointer. Routine slit lamp examination and fundus examination of the patient was done along with fundus fluorescien angiography (FFA) and Optical coherence tomography (OCT). Patients were followed up in out patient department for 6 months. Patient with military laser exposure had severe permanent vision loss and persisted even after 6 months. Patient exposed to laser pointer beam had transient visual loss, which improved to 20/25 at 7 months follow-up. Laser retinal damage should be suspected in any patient with visual complaints after obvious exposure to unknown strong light. The treatment for laser retinal injuries is extremely limited and hence prevention is essential.
Replacement of the Lens and Its Capsule that Dislocated to the Anterior Chamber by the Posterior Iris Claw Lens
Authors: Baykara Mehmet , Yalçinbayir Özgür , Özçetin Hikmet
Published: March 2010

In a case with retinitis pigmentosa, the intraocular lens that dislocated to the anterior chamber 20 tears after the cataract surgery has been removed via scleral tunnel incision. Then, the iris claw lens was placed behind the iris again by the scleral tunnel. This case was reported as an example for both its existing and rehabilitation method.
Reversible Severe Reaction to Imiquimod During Treatment of Eyelid Nodular Basal Cell Carcinomas
Authors: Huerva Valentín , Sánchez M. Carmen
Published: March 2010

Two patients affected by eyelid nodular basal cell carcinomas (BCC) were treated topically with 5% imiquimod. The first case experienced pain, extensive erythema and crusting, retractile medial ectropion and conjuctival mucous secretions during the second week of treatment. These effects improved progressively until the sixth week. Complete clearance of the BCC was also observed. The second case presented during the third week of treatment with pain and a wide crust similar to a third-degree burn. Two months later, complete clearance of the BCC was observed. The total absence of scars in the eyelid skin and absence of cicatricial ectropion were remarkable. Severe reactions may occur during treatment with topical imiquimod for nodular BCC of the eyelids. However, excellent cosmetic results remain after cessation of treatment.
Melkersson–Rosenthal Syndrome Presenting as Chronic Eyelid Swelling
Authors: Kondratiev Svetlana , Heher Katrinka , Baker Brad J. , Laver Nora V.
Published: March 2010

Melkersson–Rosenthal Syndrome (MRS) is a rare disorder characterized by orofacial edema, facial palsy, and fissured tongue. A 64-year-old man presented with a fissured tongue and persistent chronic right upper eyelid edema of 15 years duration. The diagnostic biopsy revealed non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation adjacent to blood and lymphatic vessels. Characteristic granulomas with focal occlusion of dilated lymphatic channels were present. Special stains for fungi, acid-fast microorganisms and bacteria were negative. Ptosis due to a mechanical effect of the persistent eyelid edema required surgical treatment including debulking and advancement of the levator muscle. At 6 months after surgery the patient showed symmetrical eyelid position without edema. The case demonstrates an uncommon presentation of Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome with prominent upper eyelid edema and lingua plicata, which was initially misdiagnosed. The clinical findings coupled with the characteristic granulomatous lymphangitis present in the biopsy are crucial for a definite diagnosis.
Corneal Myxoma
Authors: Lang Tee U. , Williams Joseph M. , Laver Nora V.
Published: March 2010

A 56-year-old woman referred to the ophthalmic service for evaluation of a lesion on her right cornea. There was no history of trauma or infection to the eye and there was no history of previous eye surgery or topical medications to the eye. Ophthalmic examination revealed a raised lesion with gelatinous appearance present at the nasal corneal limbus. Histologically, the corneal stroma was replaced by a myxoid matrix with scattered elongated spindle cells with no atypia consistent with corneal myxoma. Due to the rarity of the disease, our case highlights the importance of recognizing this entity. The treatment of choice is local excision.
Endoscopy-Assisted Removal of Nonmagnetic Metallic Foreign Body in Anterior Chamber Angle
Authors: Xiao-Qiang Liu , Tian-Lin Xiao , Zhen-Quan Zhao , MD Wu Wen-Can , Qin-Mei Wang , MD Qu Jia , Ai-Wu Fang
Published: March 2010

In this report a 31-year-old man who underwent successful endoscopy-assisted removal of foreign body in anterior chamber angle after a failed conventional surgery through limbal incisions was performed. The patient presented to our hospital complaining of redness and decreased vision in his left eye secondary to ocular trauma. One day prior the patient was hammering metal when the injury occurred. Upon examination, gonioscopy, orbital computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) revealed a foreign body in the inferior anterior chamber angle of his left eye. To remove the foreign body by a routine microscopic surgery through limbal incisions was failed. Five days after the first surgery, gonioscopy revealed peripheral anterior synechia in the inferior angle and UBM examination showed that the foreign body was embedded in the angle structures. With the assistance of endoscopy, the foreign body was removed through the existing limbal incision with forceps.
Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Patients with Degenerative Retinoschisis and Symptomatic Retinal Detachment
Authors: Negrao Silvana , Gaitan Jaime R. , Flynn Harry W. , Smiddy William E.
Published: March 2010

This article describes the optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings in 4 patients with degenerative retinoschisis and symptomatic retinal detachment. All patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy, fluid gas exchange, and endolaser treatment. The OCT appearance of retinoschisis and visual outcomes were variable. OCT appears to be useful in understanding the anatomy and extent of the retinoschisis, especially in cases associated with retinal detachment.
Recurrent Corneal Erosion Syndrome: A Study of 364 Episodes
Authors: Reeves Sherman W. , Kang Paul C. , Zlogar Daniel F. , Gupta Preeya K. , Stinnett Sandra , Afshari Natalie A.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of the study was to investigate the management of recurrent corneal erosion syndrome (RES). A retrospective case series design was employed in which all RES cases presenting to the Duke University Eye Center from 1995 to 2002 were included. In total, 364 episodes of RES occurred in 261 patients during the study period. Of this 61% of patients were female (
P
< .001), average age was 46.0 years, and etiologies included trauma (51.3%), anterior basement membrane dystrophy (29.1%), other etiologies (10.3%) and unknown (9.2%). Treatments included conservative therapy (83.2%), anterior stromal puncture (ASP)(12.6%) and phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK)(4.1%). Recurrence by treatment was 31.0% for conservative therapy, 23.9% for ASP and 26.7% for PTK. Subjects treated with ASP and PTK had failed prior treatment efforts. Conclusions include that RES was commonly associated with trauma and the female gender, and that one-third of conservatively treated episodes and one-quarter of surgically treated episodes (ASP or PTK) recurred.
Endoscopic Vitrectomy for Severe Posttraumatic Endophthamitis with Visualization Constraints
Authors: Shen Lijun , Zheng Bin , Zhao Zhenquan , Chen Yan
Published: March 2010

For the following two cases with severe traumatic endophthamitis, a standard three-port pars plana vitrectomy was unavailable due to poor visualization of the anterior ocular segment. Endoscopic vitrectomy was elected to treat severe endophthalmitis successfully. Endoscopic vitrectomy for severe traumatic endophthalmitis is not only feasible and effective but also has the greatest degree of decrease in damaging eyeball integrity. Hence it is favorable to the restoration of ocular function and shape.
Evolution and Management of a Post-Uveitis Macular Hole
Authors: Shukla Dhananjay , Dhawan Anuradha
Published: March 2010

The case of a 44-year-old woman who was under treatment for bilateral recurrent anterior uveitis with chronic cystoid macular edema for two and a half years. She presented with an acute visual decline in her left eye, and was found to have a lamellar macular hole in the right eye and a full-thickness macular hole in the left eye. She underwent vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peeling and perfluoropropane (C
3
F
8
) gas tamponade with simultaneous cataract extraction in the left eye. Her best-corrected visual acuity improved from 4/60 to 6/36 postoperatively, with closure of macular hole. Four months following vitrectomy, she developed cystoid macular edema in the operated eye, with a drop in vision to 6/60. An intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide resulted in recovery of visual acuity 6/24, which was maintained till the last follow-up.
Optical Coherence Tomography Findings of the Acute Exudative Polymorphous Vitelliform Maculopathy
Authors: Brasil Oswaldo Ferreira Moura , Vianna Raul Nunes Galvarro , Moraes Remo Turchetti
Published: March 2010

The optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings of a 26-year-old HIV-positive male with acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy were described. His with best-corrected visual acuity at the presentation of the disease was 20/25 in the right eye and 20/30 in the left eye. Fundus examination showed bilateral yellowish subretinal lesions arranged in a honeycombed pattern throughout the posterior pole in both eyes. OCT scans on the topography of these lesions showed well-defined hyporeflective spaces that occasionally merged, limited superiorly by the retinal pigment epithelium and inferiorly by a hypereflective tissue that could correspond to Bruch's membrane. Sub-sensory fluid was found in both maculas.
Imaging of Dalen–Fuchs Nodules in a Likely Case of Sympathetic Ophthalmia by Fluorescein Angiography and OCT
Authors: Correnti Anthony J. , Read Russell W. , Kimble James A. , Morris Robert
Published: March 2010

Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) is a well-known but rare autoimmune disease in which the sympathizing eye suffers granulomatous panuveitis after trauma to the fellow eye. An unusual case of SO occurring 32 years after trauma to the fellow eye, and 1 year after unsuccessful vitrectomy/scleral buckle repair of an acute retinal detachment in the inciting eye was presented. An optical coherence tomography imagery of Dalen–Fuchs nodules, not previously reported, and rare angiographic imaging of SO in its acute phase was demonstrated.
Hemorrhagic Macular Infarction After Intravitreal Bevacizumab for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Furino Claudio , Boscia Francesco , Cardascia Nicola , Alessio Giovanni , Sborgia Carlo
Published: March 2010

Intravitreal bevacizumab for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion may induce resolution of macular edema. However, the possibility of a rebound macular edema thicker than at the initial presentation after intravitreal bevacizumab injections has been reported. A case of dramatic deterioration of central retinal vein condition with hemorrhagic macular infarction 3 weeks after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab is presented.
Limbal Stem Cell Transplantation for Limbal Dermoid
Authors: Hong Samin , Kim Eun-Ji , Seong Gong Je , Seo Kyoung Yul
Published: March 2010

Limbal dermoids are benign peripheral corneal neoplasms, which cause cosmetic problems and visual impairment. Deep dermoids may require corneal and scleral dissections such as a lamellar or even a penetrating keratoscleroplasty. In these 2 cases, the authors used an autologous limbal stem cell transplantation and achieved good results.
Complications of Cicatricial Ectropion Repair with Pre-auricular Wolfe Graft
Authors: Ghosh Yajati K. , Rashid Mohammed , Ahluwalia Harpreet S.
Published: March 2010

An 85-year-old lady presented with a severe cicatricial ectropion several months after a fall. The abnormality was corrected with a procedure that involved the use of a retroauricular skin graft. This provided resolution of her ocular symptoms. Several months later, she had noted significant hair growth on the graft, but elected for this to be managed conservatively. Careful harvesting of the graft from the non-hairy area between the ear and the hairline is essential to prevent unwanted transplantation of terminal hairs. Surgical success is also dependent on the final aesthetic outcome.
Nasal Retinoschisis Associated with Glaucoma
Authors: Hubschman Jean-Pierre , Reddy Shantan , Kaines Andrew , Law Simon
Published: March 2010

The authors describe a case of nasal and macular retinoschisis in a patient with open angle glaucoma. A 75 year-old female with optic nerve head damage secondary to chronic open angle glaucoma developed macular schisis and a separate area of retinoschisis nasal to her optic disk. There were no other identifiable causes for her retinoschisis. Glaucoma related structural defects offer a plausible explanation for multiple cavities of retinoschisis in favor of multiple occult congenital pits of the optic nerve head.
MRI-induced Migration of Retained Metallic Foreign Body in the Eye
Authors: Kiliç Adil , Avcu Serhat , Tekïn Serek , Gül Adem , Çïnal Adnan , Yasar Tekin
Published: March 2010

A 50-year-old man presented to the outpatient clinic because of a sudden pain in his left eye just after lumbal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was started. Bio-microscopic examination of the left eye revealed the inferior anterior chamber angle including a foreign body and the superior anterior chamber angle including the iris portion, into which the foreign body had been stuck prior to the MRI examination. His history revealed an accidental penetrating eye trauma of the shotgun pellet of 28 years ago. The foreign body was easily removed using a forceps intraoperatively. The foreign body was defined as a metallic foreign body postoperatively.
Localized Serous Retinal Detachment of Macula as a Marker of Malignant Hypertension
Authors: Shukla Dhananjay , Ramchandani Bharat , Vignesh T. P. , Rajendran Anand , Neelakantan Nithya
Published: March 2010

The association between serous retinal detachment of macula (SRD) in hypertensive retinopathy (HTR) and malignant hypertension has been reported. This cross-sectional study included 14 consecutive patients on treatment for hypertension, who were referred for ophthalmic evaluation and were found to have macular SRD, documented by optical coherence tomography. All underwent systemic evaluation for hypertensive status and to rule out other associated/similar diseases such as diabetes, coagulopathies, lupus etc. The mean age of the patients was 44.35 ± 15.5 years; the mean best-corrected visual acuity was 6/12. All had grade 3–4 HTR; 10 patients had bilaterally symmetrical retinopathy (grade 3 or 4); 4 had asymmetric fundus changes. Systemically, every patient was found to have malignant hypertension. The mean systolic and diastolic pressures were 208.57 ± 32.78 and 117.86 ± 14.2 mm Hg, respectively. SRD predicted malignant hypertension more consistently than papilledema (
P
= .0132). The presence of macular SRD in a hypertensive patient may serve as an indicator of malignant hypertension.
Time Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Familial Vitreous Amyloidosis Associated Transthyretin Met30 Mutation
Authors: Chinchurreta-Capote Ana , Latkany Paul , Lorenzo Monica , Katz Adam , Garcia Julian P. S.
Published: March 2010

Vitreous amyloidosis is characterized by progressive loss of vision from amyloid accumulation of deposits on the retina and in the vitreous. Time domain optical coherence tomography (TD-OCT) was used in a case of familial transthyretin vitreous amyloidosis Met30 mutation to image the anterior vitreous deposits, which showed high reflectivity of very different from vitreous found in unaffected individuals. TD-OCT may be a useful adjunctive test to diagnose vitreous amyloidosis when masquerade syndromes are suspected. There may be more easeful imaging in TD-OCT of vitreous abnormalities than with spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT). Further study should be performed comparing TD versus SD-OCT in families with vitreous amyloidosis and TD vitreous amyloidosis versus TD in other intermediate uveitis.
Pupillary Block Glaucoma Secondary to Phacodonesis in Pseudoexfoliation
Authors: Desai Manishi A. , Moon Christina S. , Bretana Maria E. , Ehlies Fiona , Winnick Marc , Lee Richard K.
Published: March 2010

The authors present a clinical case of unilateral narrow angle glaucoma in the setting of pseudoexofoliation (PXF) and review the relevant literature and treatment of pseudoexfoliaton-related angle closure. They describe a case of pupillary block with secondary angle closure resulting from anterior subluxation of the lens arising secondary to zonular weakness related to PXF. This mechanism is demonstrated with slit lamp exam and anterior segment ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). This case helps to document and better characterize the occurrence of narrow angles and angle closure glaucoma arising in PXF, an entity that is not well documented in the literature. The case also illustrates the need for periodic gonioscopy and examination of anterior chamber depth to evaluate for prophylactic peripheral laser iridotomy to prevent angle closure glaucoma in patients with PXF.
Photodynamic Therapy with Verteporfin for Corneal Neovascularisation
Authors: Hall Reece C. , Barrett Graham D. , Barry Chris J. , Constable Ian J.
Published: March 2010

Corneal neovascularization can be a difficult problem to treat. The authors describe a patient with lipid keratopathy secondary to corneal neovascularization treated with photodynamic therapy. Six months following treatment the neovascularization has not returned and the lipid keratopathy has not increased in size. No significant side effects from the treatment occurred. Photodynamic therapy with Verteporfin was a useful treatment modality in this case of corneal neovascularization with associated lipid keratopathy.
Accidental Intra-Arterial Antecubital Injection of Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green Dyes
Authors: Issa Peter Charbel , Kruse Kathrin , Holz Frank G.
Published: March 2010

Indocyanine green (ICG) and fluorescein dyes were inadvertently injected into an antecubital artery during angiography. Apart from a slightly longer arm to retina time, ICG angiography was uneventful. In contrast, intra-arterial injection of fluorescein resulted in a dramatic yellowish discoloration of the arm distal to the injection site that was combined with stinging pain. Fluorescence of both dyes in the forearm could be recorded using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. The angiographic retinal image quality appeared normal. After about 5 hours, the skin discoloration had disappeared and there were no late complications.
Terson's Syndrome Managed with 25-Gauge Vitrectomy
Authors: Joondeph Brian C. , Nguyen Hoang , Politzer Thomas , Weintraub Alan
Published: March 2010

Terson's Syndrome represents vitreous hemorrhage due to intracranial hemorrhage. A series of 18 adult eyes with Terson's Syndrome, due to either traumatic brain injury or ruptured aneurysm, successfully managed with 25-gauge vitrectomy was reported. All patients had improved vision, although some had limitation due to effects of surgery or the underlying pathology.
RetCam II Fluorescein Angiography to Guide Treatment and Diagnosis of Coats Disease
Authors: Koozekanani Dara D. , Connor Thomas B. , Wirostko William J.
Published: March 2010

Coats disease is a well-described clinical condition featuring peripheral leakage from telangiectatic vasculature, resulting in exudative retinal detachments and exudative deposits. It often affects pediatric patients, requiring examinations and treatments to be performed under anesthesia. It can be difficult to distinguish from retinoblastoma. The RetCam II is a wide-field fundus imaging system that can also obtain intraoperative fluorescein angiography. The case of a 5-year-old girl diagnosed with Coats disease is presented. She presented with an exudative detachment, a submacular nodule, and peripheral telangiectasis. An examination under anesthesia, including angiography, was performed. The angiograph revealed characteristic aneurysms as well as extensive areas of telangiectasis and ischemia not readily visible on examination. The angiogram allowed more diagnostic certainty and guided a more complete treatment than otherwise possible. We propose that fluorescein angiography with the RetCam II system can be a useful tool when examining and treating pediatric patients with Coats disease.
Hemorrhagic Retinoschisis in Shaken Baby Syndrome Imaged with Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Koozekanani Dara D. , Weinberg David V. , Dubis Adam M. , Beringer Joseph , Carroll Joseph
Published: March 2010

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) images from an infant victim of shaken baby syndrome who presented with vitreous hemorrhage in the left eye and bilateral, large hemorrhages over both maculae. Both RetCam and SD-OCT images were obtained, demonstrating the position of the blood beneath the internal limiting membrane of the right macula. Image registration software was used to register the photographic images with the surface projection images obtained by the SD-OCT. In the left eye, the vitreous hemorrhage was removed with vitrectomy, and the retinoschisis cavity incised to allow drainage.
Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography Findings of Acute Hydrops in a Patient With Keratoconus
Authors: Kucumen Raciha Beril , Yenerel Nursal Melda , Gorgun Ebru , Dinc Umut Asli
Published: March 2010

In this case report, the anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) findings of a 25-year-old patient with acute hydrops associated with keratoconus are described. The patient presented to our ophthalmology department in Turkey with decreased visual acuity, pain, and redness in the left eye. The symptoms, clinical presentation, and topographical findings of the right eye confirmed this condition to be acute corneal hydrops. The patient was closely observed with hyper-osmotic (NaCl 5%) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (ketorolac tromethamine 0.5%) topical treatment. At the initial examination and during follow-up, the evaluation of the anterior segment was performed using optical coherence tomography (Visante OCT; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA). By high-resolution AS-OCT, the changes in the stroma and Descemet's membrane during the healing process of acute hydrops were demonstrated.
Intravitreal Foscarnet Therapy for Acyclovir-Resistant Acute Retinal Necrosis After Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
Authors: Patel Payal , Ahmed Ednan , Subramanian Manju L.
Published: March 2010

The development of acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is not uncommon among individuals with a history of herpes simplex encephalitis, as the virus may be capable of transport via axonal cells to the neuroretina. Though it is known that ARN severely threatens vision, timely initiation of effective therapy can help save a patient's vision and retina. In this case report, clinical resistance to acyclovir was found. Subsequent treatment with intravitreal foscarnet resulted in immediate clinical improvement. This case suggests that patients with acute retinal necrosis can be considered for treatment with intravitreal foscarnet in the setting of systemic acyclovir resistance.
Fourier-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Welder's Maculopathy
Authors: Pilli Suman , Ogoti Muralidhar , Kalluri Vishwanath
Published: March 2010

Welder's maculopathy represents a form of photo-chemical damage to the retina and is characterized by involvement of the outer retinal layers. Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD OCT) imaging was performed in 5 eyes of 3 patients with clinical findings suggestive of welder's maculopathy in occupational welders. Clinical examination was characterised by a faceted foveal lesion and the FD OCT line scan images showed a distinct discontinuity of the photoreceptor inner and outer segment (IS/OS) junction. The external limiting membrane (ELM) and the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) layer remained intact at the site of IS/OS defect. FD OCT imaging offers a non-invasive way of evaluating the microstructural changes at the fovea in welder's maculopathy.
In-Vivo Visualization of Retinal Crystals in Bietti's Crystalline Dystrophy by Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Querques Giuseppe , Quijano Claudia , Bouzitou-Mfoumou Rislie , Soubrane Gisèle , Souied Eric H
Published: March 2010

In this study, an attempt is made to assess in-vivo, the location of retinal crystals in a 39-year-old woman with Bietti's crystalline dystrophy using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (Spectralis SD-OCT). In this patient, it was possible to show the exact correspondence between the retinal crystals, as visualized by infrared frame, and the tiny hyper-reflective SD-OCT lesions that appeared localized in all retinal layers, from the RPE to the retinal nerve fibre layer.
Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide Use in Diabetic Macular Edema: Illustrative Cases
Authors: Schwartz Stephen G. , Flynn Harry W. , Beer Paul
Published: March 2010

The role of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) for patients with diabetic macular edema is controversial. Three diabetic macular edema case studies are presented to illustrate short-term outcomes. The main outcome measures included visual acuity (VA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), macular thickening (in microns), and improvement in visual acuity. IVTA appears to have short-term efficacy in selected patients with diabetic macular edema, and it is a reasonable treatment option for patients with very poor presenting VA. A controlled prospective study to evaluate the emerging role of IVTA in combination with other treatment options for diabetic macular edema, especially among patients with poor VA at presentation, is underway through the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research network.
Three-Dimensional OCT Features of Perfluorocarbon Liquid Trapped Under the Fovea
Authors: Soheilian Masoud , Nourinia Ramin , Shoeibi Naser , Peyman Gholam A.
Published: March 2010

Two patients with perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) trapped under the fovea after vitreoretinal surgery for repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were reported. PFCL was used to flatten the retina intraoperatively. Postoperatively, a bubble of PFCL was trapped under the fovea and was removed surgically in both patients. Three-dimensional and orthogonal optical coherence tomography (OCT) features in both cases are reported. Three-dimensional OCT features in our two cases were retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) pigment disorganization, disruption of both external limiting membrane backreflection line and reflectivity of the photoreceptor inner and outer segment junction, and hyperreflectivity at the base of the PFCL bubble corresponding to the zone of interface of PFCL and damaged RPE. Trapped subfoveal PFCL should be removed surgically as soon as possible to prevent structural retinal damage. Spectral domain OCT is a useful tool to demonstrate subclinical structural damage of the neurosensory retina and RPE.
Microstructural Abnormalities Revealed by High Resolution Imaging Systems in Central Macular Arteriovenous Malformation
Authors: Telander David G. , Choi Stacey S. , Zawadzki Robert J. , Berger Neal , Keltner John L. , Werner John S.
Published: March 2010

Using high-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and adaptive optics (AO) imaging, photoreceptor damage in a patient with a central macular arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and otherwise unexplained progressive vision loss was demonstrated. This patient presented with a central scotoma, a macular AVM, and no evidence of macular edema, retinal hemorrhage, or subretinal fluid. Fluorescein angiography (FA) did not reveal leakage. Over 28 years, her vision progressively worsened from 20/25 to 20/400. Both time-domain OCT and FA did not reveal any significant retinal abnormality. However, high-resolution SD-OCT imaging revealed clear disorganization of the outer segments and focal photo-receptor disruption adjacent to the AVM. En face AO images further revealed loss of the photoreceptors in these regions. This case demonstrates the unique finding of progressive vision loss in a patient with a congenital retinal AVM, and how high-resolution imaging can detect structural changes of the retina in patients with otherwise unexplained vision loss.