bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discussing Dilemmas
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: December 2022

Existing discussions of moral dilemmas tend to presuppose accepting the questioner’s construal of the situation as having only two possible options for the agent, and that once the ‘morally right’ decision has been determined, that the agent has done something morally good. Both of these assumptions are corrupting, and virtue ethicists can give a more sophisticated account of ‘right action’ in moral dilemmas by showing how virtuous agents will try to find other courses of action than those proposed by others, will try to better the situation afterwards (only saying that the action is ‘right’ if conjoined with some other action), and will only call characteristically vicious actions ‘right’ with qualification. This article also features a number of instructive anecdotes from Elizabeth Anscombe on this topic.
Applying Virtue Ethics to Our Treatment of the Other Animals
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: December 2022

Applying a virtue ethical approach to our treatment of the other animals first requires appreciating why we should dismiss an approach in terms of their moral status. Virtue ethics approaches to vegetarianism and medical experiments on them are not ‘human-centred’. The virtues in question do not privilege the human point of view, as the prescriptions of compassion and the virtuous avoidance of cruelty straightforwardly apply to the non-human animals as well (and virtue ethicists can draw easily from utilitarian arguments in this respect). However, virtue ethical approaches have to recognize that the actions they guide us to do may be individually too small, relative to acceptance of the practices, to merit much, if any, praise.
Science, Secrecy, and the Smithsonian
Authors: Regis Ed
Published: December 2022

During the 1960s, the Smithsonian Institution undertook a large-scale biological survey of a group of uninhabited tropical islands in the Pacific; however, the survey was initiated, funded, and overseen by the US Biological Laboratories at Fort Detrick, Maryland—home of the American biological warfare program. It was one of the largest and most sweeping biological survey programs ever conducted, a seven-year enterprise during which Smithsonian personnel banded 1.8 million birds; captured live specimens and took blood samples; and cataloged the avian, mammalian, reptile, and plant life of forty-eight Pacific islands. But the twist was that in contracting to perform the survey, the Smithsonian became a literal subcontractor to a secret biological warfare project , and allied itself with secrecy-shrouded government agencies such as Dugway Proving Ground and the Deseret Test Center. Critics charged the Smithsonian with having entered into a Faustian bargain that made the institution complicit in the sordid business of biological warfare, a form of combat that, if ever put into practice against human populations, could cause mass disease, suffering, and death. The Smithsonian had no proper role in any such activities, said critics, and should never have undertaken the survey. The book tells the story of the survey program, its origins in the military’s Project 112, places it in its historical context, describes the biological warfare tests that followed, and evaluates the critical objections to the Smithsonian’s participation in the Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program (POBSP), also known as the Pacific Project.
Recruitment
Authors: Regis Ed
Published: December 2022

The chapter describes the process by which the needed scientists were hired, given security clearances, and were vaccinated against unspecified diseases. Hiring proved to be difficult, as college professors were telling their students not to enroll in the project because it was being undertaken at the behest of the army. But gradually, by word of mouth, the leader of the project, Philip Humphrey, managed to recruit about fifty men (no women) who would become the field team members who would go from island to island making counts of its birds, banding birds to determine their migration patterns, and so on. The chapter also introduces four field team members whose careers in the Pacific Project are followed in the reset of the narrative: Binion Amerson (entomologist), Roger Clapp (ornithologist), Larry Huber (herpetologist), and Fred Sibley (ornithologist).
The “Secret” Emerges
Authors: Regis Ed
Published: December 2022

The chapter describes the chronology of events following the story of the POBSP program breaking in the news; it also evaluates the scientific value of the program, and describes Richard Nixon’s termination of the United States biological weapons project. The news first emerged in 1969 in a scientific journal, but soon appeared on the front page of the New York Times, the Washington Post, and the NBC First Tuesday investigative journalism show hosted by Sander Vanocur and Tom Petit. The NBC program implied that the Smithsonian was being used as a “cover” for biological warfare research. The Smithsonian denied all charges, but it was the journal Science that in February 1969 did an effective rebuttal of the claim that the Smithsonian was knowingly providing the Army with a cover story. The chapter also discusses some of the Smithsonian’s earlier work for the US military. Finally, in a major surprise move, at the very end of the POBSP, in November 1969, President Richard Nixon canceled the entire US biological warfare program.
The Bible in History
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: December 2022

This book examines the symbiotic relationship between Scripture and the social and cultural contexts shaping its interpretation throughout Western history. Biblical texts have not only shaped the times, but the times have also exerted an enormous impact on shaping the interpretation of texts. The book traces how specific biblical texts—verses, chapters, and portions of books—have at various times emerged to be the inspiration of movements that have changed the course of history. Each chapter is shaped roughly like an hourglass; that is, chapters examine the history of a text on either side of a particular episode in which the text undergoes an innovative interpretation. This critical juncture—the neck of the hourglass—becomes the primary focus of attention in each chapter. Criteria for the selection of texts include their significance in the history of Christianity, the diversity of traditions and texts, and the interpretive strategies and varied themes that demonstrate a cross section of exegetical and hermeneutical approaches. The book consists of ten chapters: Anthony’s call to the desert after hearing words of Matthew 19:21; the biblical rationale for the papacy found in Matthew 16:18; Bernard of Clairvaux’s Sermons on the Song of Songs; the transformative influence of Romans 1:16–17 on Martin Luther; the Anabaptist nonviolent ethic in following Jesus’ teaching in the Sermon on the Mount; the exodus motif in African American history; the texts that gave rise to modern Pentecostalism; the decisive text of Galatians 3:28 in support of women’s ministry; the “Great Commission” text (Matthew 28:18–20) of missionary motivation in the modern period; and biblical texts that encompass the divisive and ongoing controversy of male homosexuality.
“Filled with the Holy Spirit”
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: December 2022

This chapter focuses on the origins of American Pentecostalism, giving special attention to its early twentieth-century historical and theological roots and its biblical basis in the Book of Acts. Following definitions and descriptions of Pentecostal phenomena, the chapter examines the hermeneutics upon which Pentecostals base their interpretation of the baptism of the Spirit. The discussion shifts to Pentecostalism’s theological antecedents (Wesley’s perfectionism and the second blessing, the “higher life movement,” premillennialism, and the faith healing movement), and then to Pentecostalism’s historical beginnings at Charles F. Parham’s Bible school in Topeka, Kansas, and the explosive results at the Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles. The chapter concludes with a brief examination of the Charismatic Renewal Movement.
Bad Birds
Authors: Suval John
Published: December 2022

The lands of the West were manifestly not the exclusive domain of white Americans but rather the homelands of myriad Indian peoples and beacons of opportunity for African Americans, Mexicans, and others. Yet, as Democrats extended a loving hand to white settlers, they and their frontier constituents closed ranks to force out non-white people wishing to retain or claim territory of their own. Even Native Americans who practiced yeoman farming felt Uncle Sam’s relentless squeeze, revealing that Jacksonians’ professed love for western farmers ran only skin deep. But white supremacy faced pushback at every turn, from the militant resistance of the Seminoles and Sacs, to the political savvy of the Cherokees, to the resilience and creativity of Free Frank and Lucy McWorter and Leopold Pokagon and his band of Potawatomis, whose persistence delivered the rebuke that no amount of repression could overthrow the reality and enduring power of a multiracial West.
A Squatter’s-Eye View of Bleeding Kansas
Authors: Suval John
Published: December 2022

In Kansas in the mid-1850s, competing squatter bands became on-the-ground proxies for antagonistic forces in the national showdown over slavery. Stephen A. Douglas and his allies seeded the field of battle with the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and opened the territories to white settlers under the principle of popular sovereignty before Indian titles had been cleared or lands surveyed. Squatters filled the resulting vacuum. Doing what they had always done, they organized squatter associations to secure their members’ claims, lending a degree of order to the otherwise chaotic process of settling a new country. But in Bleeding Kansas, national slavery agitation created a pressure-cooker environment that made the politics on the ground uniquely volatile. It was not long before the claim clubs became instruments for waging battles over slavery, contributing to the upheavals that shook the territory and the nation.
The Ordeal of the Squatter King
Authors: Suval John
Published: December 2022

In 1860, the divided Democrats fielded two candidates for president—John C. Breckinridge, southern planters’ standard-bearer, and Stephen A. Douglas, the favorite of many “plain republicans” in the North and West. Douglas struggled to shed his association with squatters, but the “Squatter King” label stuck as both the Breckinridge faction and Lincoln’s Republicans lampooned him for his unfaltering adherence to popular sovereignty, showing how disruptive the squatter trope had become to the party that had given it life and capitalized on it for so long. The implosion of the Jacksonian political order appeared complete in June 1860 when lame-duck president James Buchanan vetoed the Homestead Act, a policy that in former times would have represented the crowning achievement of Squatter Democracy but instead loomed as a sword of Damocles. Squatters’ symbolic presence in American political culture faded following Douglas’s defeat and death in 1861.
Flow
Authors: Bricca Jacob
Published: December 2022

Chapter 5 details how documentaries use various techniques to build seamless experiences for the audience, turning materials that are from wildly different sources and contexts into a single coherent flow. Sound is used to join together disparate shots and imply continuity within scenes. Scenes are stitched together with pivot clips, which act as subtle redirections of the audience’s attention. Pauses are used in order to emphasize the pivots and to strengthen the emotion of particular moments. An alternate approach is to emphasize the discontinuity between scenes by building stark contrasts and juxtapositions so that the connection between scenes is accomplished with subtext rather than more overtly. In these cases, other points of connection usually exist, such as the formal qualities of the shots or broader thematic threads.
Archival Material
Authors: Bricca Jacob
Published: December 2022

Chapter 8 investigates the use of archival documents in documentaries, interrogating how they are visually manipulated to deliver an artificial sense of authenticity and how they are used to quickly and superficially place an event in historical context. The markers of age (scratches, etc.) that many archival documents contain can be used by a documentary to make a particular section feel “authentic,” even though this is arguably artificial since there is no neutral way to present archival material. (Removing scratches is just as easily accomplished as adding them, and any telecine transfer will have to choose parameters for how the image should be represented.) It is not uncommon to accentuate an image’s seeming “archival” value, for instance, by including the sprocket holes on the side of the film frame even though this is actually a postproduction effect rather than a product of the transfer process. Newspaper articles have routinely had their context manipulated throughout the history of documentary in order to make them more easily digested by audience members; multiple examples from the series Tiger King: Murder, Mayhem, and Madness show that such manipulation is even more sophisticated today. Documentaries will often use the clichéd moments from a historical archive in order to quickly evoke an era and bring it into the narrative.
Conclusion
Authors: Bricca Jacob
Published: December 2022

The conclusion provides a critical analysis of current trends in documentary practice, arguing that contemporary documentary films and television shows are mixing and matching forms and styles at will and creating hybrids that challenge some of the categorization and analysis provided in the book thus far. Documentary film language is a living form, making it difficult to give a timeless or definitive account of its workings. It has been through many stylistic revolutions and counterrevolutions. Among the conventions that have undergone rapid recent evolutions are the direct-to-camera interview, which is much more common than it used to be and thus no longer holds the same confessional feeling that it used to; the increasingly prevalent references within the film to the act of filming itself, such as when the subject steps into frame for an interview at the beginning of the film; and the blurring of the lines between fact and fiction via reenactment segments that do not announce themselves as reenactments. These trends mark a moment when it is becoming harder to identify the source of the images and sounds in a documentary; this is exacerbated by the instant streaming environment, which collapses the boundaries between different types of films and makes it harder to distinguish what institutional norms pertain. However, despite these confusions, documentary analysis is more necessary than ever to dissect the complex flows of information in a documentary.
Red Jacket,
Authors: Winters John C.
Published: December 2022

Red Jacket was an orator, advocate of Seneca sovereignty, and chief who relentlessly pursued peace with the United States. His riveting speaking ability began to reshape how New Yorkers saw the Haudenosaunee in relation to America’s burgeoning national identity. He spent his life intentionally reminding the United States of his peoples’ empire and their historic control over the region, and essential to that end was the medal he received as a gift from George Washington in 1792. His political activism transformed the medal from a symbol of settler colonialism into an enduring icon of Haudenosaunee sovereignty and identity. As the balance of power between the Six Nations and the United States in the region changed by 1812, Red Jacket’s reputation did as well. He continued to present himself as a symbol of Haudenosaunee imperial sovereignty and power, but the public saw a conquered representative of a fallen Iroquois empire.
Democratic Minimalism in Theory and Practice
Authors: Hamid Shadi
Published: December 2022

Chapter 2 outlines the author’s theory of “democratic minimalism” at greater length, with a focus on how the democratic idea has been conceptualized—and reconceptualized—according to time and place.
Democratic Dilemmas
Authors: Hamid Shadi
Published: December 2022

In Chapter 4, the book considers the largely forgotten democratic openings in Egypt, Jordan, and Algeria in the late 1980s and explores why they were closed. This is also where the author lays out the potentially controversial argument that Israel’s role in the region—and the American desire to forge Arab-Israeli peace—undermines prospects for Arab democracy.
Culture versus Interests
Authors: Hamid Shadi
Published: December 2022

Chapter 6 considers various explanations for American discomfort with religious-inspired movements in the Middle East. Is it about culture or interests or some combination of the two? How one answers this question affects how one views the tradeoffs involved.
On Power
Authors: Hamid Shadi
Published: December 2022

In this final chapter, the book concludes by asking whether a more just and democratic Middle East is possible without American power. For all its faults, is American power still necessary? After all, if the arc of history bends towards justice, then presumably someone needs to do the bending.
The Emergence of the War Welfare Field from Peace to War
Authors: Hsia Ke-Chin
Published: December 2022

The chapter follows the evolution of the legal and institutional infrastructure for war victim welfare from 1875 to 1918. It analyzes prewar legislation that represented the Imperial Austrian state’s slow reconceptualization of its obligations to soldiers—citizens in arms—and their dependents. The outbreak of the war in 1914 exposed the severe inadequacy of the existing infrastructure. Various organizational and legal responses were improvised and constituted the wartime “system” of welfare provision for called-up soldiers’ dependents and disabled soldiers. Non-state or semi-state actors played an essential role in keeping the “official” care and welfare provision functioning and reframed the state-civil society in the process. Recognizing the need for fundamental reform in this regard, some military leaders dreamt of setting up warrior homestead colonies as the best form of long-term welfare provision. They wanted to use war victims as vanguard-settlers to create loyal and depoliticized communities in “troublesome” regions.
Conclusion
Authors: Hsia Ke-Chin
Published: December 2022

The first part of the conclusion provides an overview of the emergence and developments of Austrian war victim welfare from the introduction of universal military service in 1868 to the mid-1920s, and looks at their long-term relevance for the post-1945 welfare legislation and programs. The second part of the conclusion discusses why the immediate post-1918 reform dynamics in welfare politics petered out after 1921. Participatory legislation and democratic institution-building led to two unintended consequences: the routinization and bureaucratization of welfare politics, and the fragmentation of the war victim movement. Adding the changed political constellations and the new government priorities of fiscal discipline, the momentum of grassroots war victim movement could not be sustained. Organized war victims turned to milieu-based political parties as their advocates and lost their relative political autonomy. But their precedent of welfare state-expansion and interest group-based stabilization would be repeated after 1945.
The Plague and the Present Moment
Authors: Kellman Steven G.
Published: December 2022

Renewed popularity of Camus’s 1947 novel speaks to a troubled moment seventy-three years later when pestilence and oppression still plague us. The fictional afflictions of Oran share much with the ravages of Covid-19, but there are also differences between a bacterial epidemic confined to one city and a viral pandemic infecting the entire world. The range of reactions to incurable disease that Dr. Bernard Rieux records—denial, hedonistic abandon, opportunism, altruism, and despair—anticipates coping strategies for a lethal virus in 2020, when newspapers, email, websites, social media, radio, and television shaped the experience of solitude amid communal suffering in novel ways. Whereas Camus’s novel lacks any sense of participatory democracy, the 2020 pandemic occurred against the backdrop of rancorous electoral politics and widespread reaction against racial injustice. Both Camus’s novel and the Covid-19 pandemic raise pointed ethical questions about how to behave in a time of plague.
Grief and Human Connection in The Plague
Authors: Higgins Kathleen
Published: December 2022

The Plague offers a picture of various characters responding to bubonic plague in their city. The psychological reactions the novel presents, such as disruption of an ordinary sense of time and feelings of exhaustion and apathy, correspond to common symptoms of grief. Those impacted by the presence of the plague are indeed grieving. The community is pervaded by a vague and diffuse anticipatory grief which characterizes contemporary reactions to the current pandemic. Such grief engenders a sense of isolation that adds to the general misery. Camus urges overcoming that isolation by finding ways to join with others in fighting suffering in the world. The steps characters take to join others in fighting the plague grow out of their personal experiences of grieving. Recovering from personal loss and acting collectively need not be seen as alternative efforts but as an effective means of coping with grief.
Modern Death, Decent Death, and Heroic Solidarity in The Plague
Authors: Weiser Peg Brand
Published: December 2022

Not everyone faces “modern” death equally, whether in Oran or today’s world. In this chapter, I argue that the “difficulty” in Oran of “modern death” as described by Camus is still with us today in that Americans neither faced death together in any form of solidarity under the Trump administration nor faced death individually in any traditional “decent” manner (as proposed by the character Tarrou), that is, comforted by family or friends. One reason is overwhelming fear of death—what neuroscientists call “existential anxiety”—that can motivate human behavior toward either selfishness or an ethics of care. As a result of lived experiences of the pandemic, a sense of “heroic solidarity” has perhaps been finally achieved that moves us from despair to hope, confirming Camus’s faith in humanity.
The Eleventh Plague
Authors: Brown Jeremy
Published: December 2022

The Eleventh Plague is a sweeping new history of the Jews, told through their encounter with plagues and pandemics. This work begins with the Hebrew Bible, showing how it contains many more plagues than the ten that were rained down on Egypt. Readers are then guided through the Talmudic discussions that address pandemics, and points to the key differences between Jewish and Christian attitudes toward care of the sick during the Middle Ages. Jews were double victims of the Black Death, first from the pandemic itself, and then from the anti-Jewish riots that followed, but were often portrayed as having a lower mortality, a claim that turns out to be entirely fictional. This work then takes us through the waves of smallpox and cholera that plagued the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, detailing for the first time how Jewish communities were affected by these outbreaks. It describes how Jewish immigrants were often and unfairly associated with diseases and explains why there is nothing very Jewish about the Jewish anti-vaxxer movement. The book details the many Jewish responses to COVID-19 and concludes by noting that pandemics were always part of the ordinary flow of Jewish life. The Eleventh Plague will leave the reader with a fresh understanding of Jewish history and an appreciation of how the dramatic way that pandemics have shaped Jews and Judaism.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Jeremy
Published: December 2022

Pandemics have been a surprising driver of Jewish creativity, and several important works were their direct result. The great Polish Rabbi Moshe Isserles (1530–1572), known by his acronym as Rema, is famous as the author of a gloss on the Shulhan Arukh, the defining code of Jewish law. Less well known is the fact that as a young man, he had fled from a plague in Krakow. While in exile he wrote his very first book “in order to remove the sadness and dejection” that he felt. In the early nineteenth century, Yisroel of Shklov published his Pe’at Hashulhan in thanks for having survived an outbreak of bubonic plague in Palestine, an outbreak that claimed the lives of his wife, four children, a son-in-law, and his two parents. Jews often used a pandemic to push them to greater intellectual or religious productivity.
Five Golden Swellings
Authors: Brown Jeremy
Published: December 2022

Any discussion of Jews, Judaism, and pandemics must begin with the Bible. The Ten Plagues inflicted on the Egyptians are well known, but the Bible describes several other pandemics, including one that afflicted the Philistines after they captured the Ark of the Covenant. Based on its features as described in the Book of Samuel together with recent archaeological and scientific discoveries, this chapter identifies that outbreak as bubonic plague and explains why “five golden swellings” were pathognomonic for this deadly pandemic disease. This chapter ends with a discussion of the nineteenth-century satirical Hebrew work, the Leprosy Haggadah. While playfully adapting the Haggadah used on the night of Passover, it reveals how biblical descriptions of leprosy and plagues were interwoven with the reality of contemporary pandemic diseases in Europe.
The Angel of Death Walks in the Middle of the Road
Authors: Brown Jeremy
Published: December 2022

Epidemics and infectious diseases were an everyday feature of talmudic life. Within a family, the death of children was almost expected. This chapter analyzes several passages that reveal the level of medical knowledge during the talmudic era and contrasts the approach of rabbis in the Middle Ages toward fleeing a pandemic with that of the preacher Martin Luther. One of the most feared of all pandemics was a disease called askara in the Talmud, which has been identified as diphtheria. It was one of the drivers of an infant mortality rate that approached 30%, and a lost Jewish custom was to fast every Wednesday in an effort to stave off the disease. The Jewish fight against diphtheria was modernized by the physician Abraham Jacobi (1830–1919), who immigrated to New York and dedicated his professional life to eliminating diphtheria. Today, Jacobi Hospital in the Bronx is named in his honor.
Our Father Our King, Save Us from This Plague
Authors: Brown Jeremy
Published: December 2022

Repentance, prayer, and charity are the three fundamental Jewish responses to threats of any kind, and several communities wrote novel prayers when facing pandemics. This chapter examines and contrasts the pandemic prayers recited in London in 1860, in Budapest in 1892, and in Jerusalem in 1897. Some of these prayers, found in the Library of Congress, have not been previously described, like the lavishly illustrated work in Hebrew and Italian printed on the occasion of the recovery from smallpox of the Empress Maria Theresa in 1768. These prayers reveal much about the Jews who composed and compiled them. This chapter also examines pandemic theology and how, from the Talmud to contemporary times, Jewish thought has grappled with the death of innocents in a pandemic.
The Jews Have Been Burned by Due Legal Process
Authors: Brown Jeremy
Published: December 2022

During and after the wave of bubonic plague called the Black Death, Jews were doubly attacked, once by the bacteria, and then a second time by violence that in some cases killed more. In this respect, the Jews’ experience of the Black Death was utterly different from that of their Gentile neighbours, who often blamed the Jews for the misery of those dreadful years. This chapter describes new research into the history of these anti-Jewish riots and focuses in detail on the claim that they were triggered because Jews died in lesser numbers. Eyewitness accounts of the Black Death are described, together with early and contemporary Jewish histories, showing that this claim was a fiction and whose origins can be found in both rabbinic texts and anti-Jewish polemics. The claim of Jewish pandemic exceptionalism is a myth.
The FDI-Led Growth Models of the East-Central and South-Eastern European Periphery
Authors: Ban Cornel , AdĂscĂliȚei DragoȘ
Published: December 2022

The East-Central European countries that joined the EU in the 2000s consolidated a dependent export-led growth model. By focusing on three distinct time periods (2000–2008, 2008–2012, and 2012–2019), we show that this model has both systemic and national roots. Growing international competition from Asia in the beginning of 2000s has forced firms in Western economies to seek alternative sources of competitiveness that involved a mix of wage moderation at home and expansion toward the East. The internationalization of Western firms met capital hungry Eastern governments, which were all too happy to use FDI to restore the competitiveness of their outdated SOEs. Backed by a social bloc that involved domestic and foreign capital as well as workers in the tradable sectors, the export-led growth model took off and generated growth rates well above those in core countries. The 2000s also saw an increase in debt-fueled consumption, which partially compensated for modest wage growth in the region. The 2008 crisis provided an opportunity to put an end to hybridization and to reinforce the export-led component of growth through short-term austerity measures and deeper labor market reforms. These changes consolidated the export-led model that remained in place even amid political reconfigurations that, at least rhetorically, aimed to fight the economic dependency of the region on FDI.
The Political-Economic Foundations of Export-Led Growth: An Analysis of the German Case
Authors: Baccaro Lucio , Höpner Martin
Published: December 2022

The chapter provides a reconstruction of the emergence of export-led growth in Germany. Between 1991 and 2019, exports were the most important growth driver, brought about by real undervaluation in the context of an inflexible (since 1999: fixed) exchange rate regime. Real undervaluation is the result of a bargaining regime oriented toward wage moderation, conservative monetary and fiscal policies, strict credit regulation that discourages household debt, and shrinking domestic credit only partially compensated by cross-border banking outflows. The export-oriented growth model emerged after the unification shock and further radicalized in the six distress years after the introduction of the euro due to painful processes of cost reduction, wage restraint, liberalization, and domestic demand compression. Due to its export surpluses, Germany managed to escape the international trend of de-industrialization. The German growth model is fragile because it depends on conditions that are not directly controllable by domestic policymakers.
Welfare States and Growth Models
Authors: Lynch Julia , Watson Sara
Published: December 2022

This chapter asks how the welfare state shapes the politics of growth models (GMs). We take as our starting point classic arguments about the accumulation and legitimation problems that beset capitalist democracies and that welfare states may—though need not—help resolve. Analyzing instances of welfare reform in four countries since the 1990s, each of which represent a distinct type of GM, we interrogate how elites may use social policy in the pursuit of growth and political acquiescence. Our analysis suggests that although reforms in particular policy areas are sometimes aimed at promoting economic accumulation, just as often they operate as strategies of political legitimation. We elaborate conceptually five possible pathways through which social policy might encourage the political legitimation of GMs, theorize which types of legitimation strategies are likely to function in which GMs, and conclude with reflections on the politics of legitimation in an era of mass politics.
Introduction
Authors: Ketokivi Mikko , Mahoney Joseph T.
Published: December 2022

This introductory chapter describes the aims and the scope of the book and provides an overview of the individual chapters. An important part of establishing the scope of the book is to explicate both what the book is and what it is not about. To this end, this chapter introduces five foundational premises on which the book rests: (1) approaching organization as a process of deliberate design decisions; (2) approaching governance decisions by defining the main problem; (3) focusing on organizational viability through collaborative value creation; (4) approaching stakeholdership through reciprocity and risk; and (5) focusing on private ordering. In addition to the five foundational premises, this chapter highlights the importance of developing an understanding of sustainable (as opposed to myopic) efficiency: eliminating the excess, not the essential; nurturing cooperation, not jeopardizing it; seeking mutual value creation, not selfish value capture.
The Efficiency Lens
Authors: Ketokivi Mikko , Mahoney Joseph T.
Published: December 2022

This chapter introduces the Efficiency Lens, the central analytical tool and framework applied throughout the book. The Efficiency Lens consists of three central elements (management, oversight, and risk), their interrelationships, and their dynamics. Of particular relevance is the degree to which the three are separated from one another in the organization. The Efficiency Lens is generally applicable in all organizations no matter at what stage they are in their lifecycles. In particular, the Efficiency Lens provides the designer with a framework to be applied in thinking of how to organize efficiently. It also paves the way toward a nuanced definition of governance, and how informed governance choices can contribute to efficient organization.
The Expanding Organization
Authors: Ketokivi Mikko , Mahoney Joseph T.
Published: December 2022

As organizations expand, their governance changes in fundamental ways. These changes are driven by the growth dynamic and the separation dynamic. The former refers to the expanding scale of management, oversight, and risk. However, the more consequential changes have to do with the fact that as the organization expands, management, oversight, and risk start to separate from one another. This chapter focuses on the challenges and the dilemmas the separation dynamic creates for the designer. The separation dynamic tends to make the organization more vulnerable, which is pertinent in situations in which the organization becomes the target of a takeover attempt. In this chapter, we also discuss the measures the designer can take to protect its stakeholder relationships.
The Institutionalized Organization
Authors: Ketokivi Mikko , Mahoney Joseph T.
Published: December 2022

As organizations mature, their designs and governance structures become institutionalized and their modification becomes challenging. Institutionalization of governance structures in particular and organizations in general confers many advantages, such as stability and predictability, which should be acknowledged. However, this chapter focuses on the “dark side” of institutionalization, that is, the challenges that the taken-for-grantedness of governance structures presents to the designer. Specifically, when governance structures institutionalize, designers may forgo a continuing, relentless comparison of alternatives to maintain efficiency in governance decisions. Moreover, persistence of governance structures is a potential cause for concern especially in intraorganizational relationships and transactions. This chapter complements chapter 3 by a closer examination of the trade-offs and potential efficiency distortions associated with internal transactions.
Eugenics and Persons with Disabilities
Authors: O’Brien Gerald
Published: December 2022

Most writing on the eugenic movement in the United States concentrates on those labeled as “feeble-minded,” or “morons.” This chapter considers the impact of the movement in relation to those with disabilities in general, and why certain categories of those labeled as disabled were or were not viewed as proper targets of restrictive eugenic policies. Specific focus includes those thought to be insane, as well as persons with epilepsy and individuals with sensory disabilities (blind and deaf). The chapter highlights not only why those with a moron diagnosis were the principal targets of eugenicists, but also how this diagnosis was exploited by eugenicists to pull ancillary groups (e.g., those living in poverty, single women with children) into the sphere of eugenic control.
The Eugenic Movement and the Social Work Profession
Authors: O’Brien Gerald
Published: December 2022

This chapter provides an overview of the relationship between the early social work profession and the eugenic alarm period. While the general belief in the profession is that there likely was little connection between the two, the relationship was actually quite close, and during its formative years many in the profession considered eugenic policies to be a potentially important means of supporting its overall goal of improving society. The chapter considers how those in the emerging profession attempted to gain public support for its work, and the role of eugenics within the early identity of the profession. The chapter concludes with a more in-depth exploration of the use of eugenic practices, especially sterilization, to control public welfare expenditures.
The Role of the Social Model of Disability in the Bioethics Debate
Authors: O’Brien Gerald
Published: December 2022

This chapter considers the issues that have been discussed thus far from the perspective of the minority group model of disability. Many in the disability rights movement have questioned the desire to use prenatal or genetic testing to diminish the extent of disability within society. They note that this desire runs counter to our society’s stated intention to treat persons with disabilities without discrimination, and that it is driven by an overly pessimistic view of disability and its potential adverse impact on families. These issues are particularly difficult, or course, since there indeed are certain disability conditions (e.g., Tay–Sachs syndrome) that have an extraordinarily negative impact on individuals and families. The minority group model of disability will be considered in contrast to the medical model, from which the social work profession has traditionally operated.
The Arts of Institutional Life
Authors: Pilzer Joshua D.
Published: December 2022

This chapter presents a portrait of the everyday arts of living for several residents of the welfare center, setting aside the atomic legacy as most residents do in the everyday. It focuses on the struggle for autonomy of self and social life in the face of the institution, and the struggle for control of time in the face of aging and institutional time. The struggle against the sense of an eternal, unchanging present at the center is a struggle to maintain pasts and their memories and sociabilities; it is also an effort to remain in control of one’s own life, and to keep alive possibilities for the future. Exercise, walking, calligraphy, singing, internet browsing, games, hosting, and other activities are among the arts of daily life that contribute to these efforts.
Choral Repertoire
Authors: Shrock Dennis
Published: December 2022

Choral Repertoire is the definitive and comprehensive one-volume presentation of the most significant composers and compositions of choral music from the Western Hemisphere throughout recorded history. The book is designed for multiple uses—as a programming guide for practicing conductors, instructional resource for students and teachers of choral music, historic and stylistic reference for choral singers, and source of information about composers and compositions for choral enthusiasts—and as such, the book intends to further and make accessible important information relevant to the vast scope of choral music. Organized by era (Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, and Modern), Choral Repertoire covers general characteristics of each historical era, trends and styles unique to various countries, biographical sketches of more than six hundred composers, and performance annotations of more than five thousand individual works. Of the composers, there is substantive coverage of women and composers of color, and of the repertoire, there is inclusion of lesser-known works as well as those works that are considered standard.
The Classical Era
Authors: Shrock Dennis
Published: December 2022

The Classical era began in the second half of the eighteenth century as a reaction against the thick contrapuntal and ornamental textures of the Baroque, and it ended by the second decade of the nineteenth century when formal structures were replaced by freer forms. Traditionally, the dates used to mark the beginning and ending of the era are 1750 (the death of J. S. Bach) and 1820 (the relative emergence of new directions in the music of Berlioz and Beethoven). As with all eras, however, the dates are only convenient markers; styles began and ended over a period of time, and some genres adopted newer traits quickly while others held to older traditions. In general, the choral genres were conservative and slow to adopt new stylistic trends. Thus, while opera, ballet, and instrumental forms began to change styles in the 1730s and 1740s, masses, motets, and oratorios did not evolve into genres with new characteristics until the 1770s and even later.
Introduction
Authors: McMahon Darrin M.
Published: December 2022

This opening chapter reconsiders Friedrich Nietzsche’s celebrated essay, “The Uses and Disadvantages of History for Life,” in order to consider history’s value for those living today. What is the value of history for life and the living? And how might history, historical scholarship, and historical reflection contribute to human flourishing? The introduction approaches those questions from a contemporary standpoint with the aim of introducing the essays of the volume, all of which take up these questions from different perspectives. The introduction concludes by providing capsule summaries of the main contents of each chapter.
The Power of a Well-Told History
Authors: Jasanoff Maya
Published: December 2022

“Story” is a constitutive part of the word “history,” but many academic historians writing in English over the last century have shied away from “storytelling” in their work. The result is a bifurcation between “popular” history, which tends to skew toward conventional interpretations and traditionally privileged actors, and “scholarly” history, which breaks new intellectual ground and recovers historically marginalized voices. This chapter explores the epistemological, theoretical, and ethical grounds for academic resistance to storytelling, but it demonstrates how narrative methods can advance contemporary intellectual objectives. It argues that academic historians should embrace the potential of narrative to stimulate emotional and imaginative responses in the reader, and that doing so is a matter of profound present-day and public significance.
The Historical Sublime
Authors: Edelstein Dan
Published: December 2022

Where Kant famously described how certain events, spectacles, or monuments could produce the aesthetic sense of the sublime, this chapter explores how historical inquiries and observation can create similar effects. Drawing on Goethe and Stendhal’s travel writing, as well as on comments by Machiavelli and Montaigne, the chapter shows how these authors described encounters with the distant past as both a vertiginous and soothing experience. Staring down the rabbit hole of history can make the observer feel insignificant; but at the same time, it puts the present into perspective and provides a counterweight to apocalyptic or nihilistic thinking.
Flourishing with Herodotus
Authors: Marchand Suzanne
Published: December 2022

At a time in which university officials, blog posters, and even most of those writing about “the crisis of the humanities” underline the “relevance” of what we teach and research, one wonders: what ever happened to curiosity for curiosity’s sake, to knowledge that actually isn’t useful to us, at least right now? Often the study of things distant from ourselves and not immediately applicable—What did the Romans eat for breakfast? Why were the boyars unable to resist Ivan IV? What inspired Balzac to write Lost Illusions?—are questions that engage us not because we can see their “relevance” to us, but because we are curious about how other people have lived and thought (or in the case of the boyars, died, having been sautéed in giant frying pans). We may try to make them so, and may succeed in making a better or worse case, but doesn’t that somehow diminish the beauty of just knowing something fascinating about another place, time, or culture?
On the Consolations of History
Authors: McMahon Darrin M.
Published: December 2022

People often grow more interested in history as they age, and engagement with history, this chapter suggests, provides some of the solace of religion. It helps to order time, identify meaning, cultivate belonging, inspire wonder, and perpetuate a kind of afterlife, or at least a sense that life endures beyond the grave. Moreover, it forces us to confront the dead (and so death), a practice, strangely, that can encourage human flourishing in its own right. This essay explores such connections, analyzing how contemplation of the past serves to promote human flourishing via a number of the same pathways as religion.
Outside In
Authors: Silber Norman I.
Published: December 2022

In the first volume of Outside In, Guido Calabresi describes his family’s dramatic departure from Italy in the shadow of World War II, his upbringing in New Haven, his growth as a student, and then his life as a scholar and teacher at Yale. Part One talks about arriving in America, penniless but with a great cultural inheritance—a deep awareness that there had been, spread throughout the family’s past and on both sides, for many generations—not just wealth, but social standing, a proud Italian-Jewish heritage, creativity, and intellectual accomplishment. His father, furthermore, had been an active antifascist, and both parents held liberal political and social views. This inheritance created a reservoir of confidence; an impetus for achievement; and, as a scholar, a source of insights and creative ideas about motivations, incentives, and the ways events and conditions influence choices. In Part Two, he reflects on his schooling, on the building of his career, and on the writing of pathbreaking articles and books that opened new fields—in law and economics, in Legal Theory, in Behavioral Economics—and which shattered previous assumptions about the place of statutes in the law. In the process, Guido reflects on his search to understand and make connections between law and fundamental human values.
Grasping an Education
Authors: Silber Norman I.
Published: December 2022

Identified as children with potential, Guido and his older brother Paolo were able to attend two of New Haven’s best private schools. Excelling at these schools led to Yale, where Paolo matriculated in 1947, and Guido two years later. Guido decided to focus his studies on economics, in a department which had been inaccurately accused of leaning to the Left but recently recruited new faculty who took essentially conservative, market-oriented approaches to economic policy. The faculty paid close attention to Guido, introducing him to neoclassical and emerging ways to think about such matters as the efficiency of markets, the role of government in the economy, and the importance of incentives in market and command economies. He graduated at the top of his college class and won a Rhodes scholarship, which he used to pursue a degree in Economics, Philosophy, and Politics at Magdalen College, Oxford.