bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An exploration of using large language models to integrate farmer behaviour into an agricultural systems model of the Peruvian Andes
Authors: Singarayer Joy , Bailey Richard , McGuire Patrick , Araujo- Ferreira Francisco , Branch Nicholas , Gonzalez Fernando , Santos Shupingahua Diana , Walsh Douglas , Herrera Alexander , Wade Andrew , Rodda Harvey , Timana Martin , Lane Kevin
Published: March 2024

The implications of climate change on agro-pastoral farming systems in the Peruvian Andes are not fully understood. There is already a significant impact on agricultural productivity from current climate variability and extreme weather in the region. This is exacerbated by chronic poverty in many rural areas and the need for improved government-led strategic planning. Tools to assist with policy planning for climate change adaptations that achieve environmental and social resilience are vital, and these require collaboration with rural communities to incorporate the complexities of behavioural responses to climate change, market dynamics, and policy shifts in agricultural and water management. In this study we further develop a recent agricultural systems model (the TELLUS model; Pilditch et al., in review). The model is an agent-based simulation focussed on the behaviour of interacting populations of individual farming agents. TELLUS offers the opportunity to analyse the impact of interventions/policies in light of key scenarios and conditions of interest, with potential to uncover unforeseen emergent behaviours within farming systems (e.g., tipping points, amplifiers, system adaptations) and potential unintended consequences of scenarios and policies (e.g., increasing in equalities; increased system fragility). A difficulty in applying such models to specific case studies is in choosing valid parameter values, especially for model behaviour associated with human behaviour and decision-making.Our work over recent years includes extensive fieldwork in the Cordillera Negra and Cordillera Blanca, involving interviews and workshops with farming communities, and collaboration with regional NGOs. These interactions have been instrumental in understanding local challenges and priorities. The challenge in terms of modelling this system is turning information gained from qualitative methods (e.g. interviews) into parameter values for the model. Our novel approach is to assess the extent to which modern AI systems, specifically, Large Language Models (LLMs) can help perform this task.  We leverage the reasoning abilities of LLMs to directly estimate relevant model parameters from automated interview transcription/translations. We will discuss the extent to which this integration has aided the creation of a TELLUS model tuned specifically to the Peruvian Andes context. Our approach will hopefully serve as a novel tool, combining empirical research, community involvement, and advanced computational modelling, to explore future climate scenarios and the potential effects of policy interventions.
Impact of helicity on mixing in heterogeneous porous media
Authors: Feroukas Konstantinos , Dentz Marco , Hidalgo Juan , Lester Daniel
Published: March 2024

Mixing is the process that homogenizes initially segregated miscible constituents, increases the volume occupied by a solute, and decreases concentration peaks. It is important for the assessment of contamination levels and biogeochemical reactions in groundwater and soils. Mixing processes are governed by the interplay of fluid advection, molecular diffusion and local-scale dispersion at Darcy scale. Here we study the mechanisms of mixing in three-dimensional Darcy scale porous media with different heterogeneity structure. We analyze the role of medium and flow topology on the mixing and dispersion behavior. To this end, we perform Darcy-scale numerical simulations of incompressible flow and transport in heterogeneous three-dimensional porous media. Hydraulic conductivity is represented as a multi-Gaussian random field with lognormal marginal distribution. We consider isotropic and anisotropic correlation structures and scalar and tensorial conductivity. Flow is solved using a finite volume two-point method and transport using a Lagrangian approach. The flow topology is quantified by the helicity of the velocity field. We consider a planar injection of particles. Dispersion is quantified by the longitudinal and transverse dispersion coefficient, which are determined by the evolution along time of the position’s variance in the respective direction divide by two. It is also quantified by the breakthrough curves, which measure the distribution of arrival times at a given position from the initial one. Mixing is quantified by the ability of the flow to stretch and elongate a fluid strip which enhances diffusion through the creation and sustaining of concentration gradients. Results show that for a helical flow, a finite transverse dispersion coefficient is observed at long times and that the elongation of elemental strips follow an exponential stretching  (for large logK variances). On the contrary, on non-helical flows, transverse dispersion tends asymptotically to zero and the stretching rate is algebraic. The longitudinal dispersion coefficient seems unaffected by the helicity of the flow. These results shed light on the relation between medium structure and flow topology on mixing, making an important step towards the control, upscaling and large scale representation of mixing in porous media. 
FEM model of surface deformation pattern and a first application on real data at Campi Flegrei caldera
Authors: Romano Pierdomenico , De Martino Prospero , Di Lieto Bellina , Mangiacapra Annarita , Petrillo Zaccaria , Sangianantoni Agata
Published: March 2024

Campi Flegrei Caldera is an active volcano located westward of Naples, Italy. Despite its volcanic activity spanning over 39,000 years, the area is densely populated and poses a significant threat to the inhabitants due to ongoing seismicity, ground uplift, and hydrothermal activity resulting from increased pressure due to fluid injections and thermal variations at depth. These factors highlight the potential for a major volcanic eruption. Being able to model the processes that lead to ground deformation could be of vital importance in predicting an imminent eruption and enabling the evacuation of the resident population in the area.
Such models are being schematized and analyzed using specific Finite Element Method (FEM) software capable of solving complex mathematical problems involving partial differential equations. In this manuscript, we utilized COMSOL Multiphysics, configured with the structural mechanics module, to examine how deep changes in pressure and temperature influence the observed surface deformation field within the Campi Flegrei caldera. To simulate these deep changes, we employed the Tough software, an open-source numerical simulation program designed for multi-dimensional fluid and heat flows of multiphase and multicomponent fluid mixtures in porous and fractured media. The output of Tough served as an input for the COMSOL model, representing the source at depth. By using the structural mechanics module, we were able to assess the accuracy of the proposed model in comparison to analytical solutions. Furthermore, we were able to model the geometry of the deep source in more detail and verify that the surface deformation pattern aligned with the measurements obtained from sensors. By leveraging COMSOL Multiphysics, therefore, we have constructed a mathematical model that accurately captures the intricate interplay of fluid injections, thermal variations, and rock mechanics, enabling us to simulate volcanic crustal deformations with remarkable fidelity: the surface deformations obtained through simulation aligns with those observed through GPS/GNSS, strain and tilt time series recorded by the Osservatorio Vesuviano monitoring networks.
Valuable information are embedded in the data used in the current work, which could be used not only for scientific purposes but also from civil protection for monitoring reasons. Such a variety of possible usage needs the setting of principles and legal arrangements to be implemented in order to ensure that data will be properly and ethically managed and in turn can be used and accessed from the scientific community.
Managed aquifer recharge to ensure sustainable groundwater abstraction under extreme drought conditions
Authors: Riedel Thomas , Ridavits Tibor
Published: March 2024

Public water suppliers face challenges due to climate change that are increasingly difficult to predict. Although climate models predict slightly increasing or at least constant groundwater recharge rates across most regions of Germany in the long-term future (until 2100), extreme weather events can cause both significant natural and technical supply fluctuations. These, together with peak demand in times of drought, can lead to serious water supply shortages.In this project, water supply companies and research institutions cooperate to develop adaptation strategies and management models for future drinking water supplies. One goal is to develop and evaluate new operating concepts and possible adaptation strategies for water production from bank filtrate. Using detailed groundwater models, the effects of flood and low flow scenarios on bank filtration are examined.In a second step, a concept for sustainable groundwater enrichment for bank filtration was developed based on the spatial and resource use analysis. Simulations of groundwater flow were used to evaluate how managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can help to simultaneously ensure sustainable groundwater withdrawals for public water supply as well as agriculture, while at the same achieving nature conservation and flood protection. We conclude, MAR can be used to reduce potential conflicts between different human water demands and ecological conservation by stabilizing land-based groundwater levels.
JUICE flybys at Europa: context for MAJIS observations
Authors: D'Aversa Emiliano , Ligier Nicolas , Poulet François , Langevin Yves , Carter John , Piccioni Giuseppe
Published: March 2024

We report here about the currently foreseen scientific activity of the MAJIS instrument during the two planned JUICE flybys of Europa in 2032. MAJIS [1] (Moon and Jupiter Imaging Spectrometer) is a two-channel imaging spectrometer onboard JUICE, covering the spectral range 0.5-5.55 μm, splitted in a VISNIR channel (0.5-2.36 μm,
A physically-based estimation of the length parameter in river bifurcation models
Authors: Redolfi Marco
Published: March 2024

The morphological trajectory of river bifurcations is commonly investigated through one-dimensional models. In this approach, the two-dimensional topographic effects exerted by the bifurcation are simply accounted for by a nodal point relation, which quantifies the amount of sediment that is transported towards each downstream branch. The most widely-adopted nodal point relation is based on considering two computational cells located just upstream the bifurcation node, which laterally exchange water and sediments. The results of this approach strongly depend on a dimensionless parameter that represents the ratio between the bifurcation cell length and the main channel width, whose value needs to be empirically estimated. An interesting possibility is the calibration of this parameter on the basis of the analysis of existing  two-dimensional linear models, which directly solve the momentum and mass conservation equations. Following this idea, I demonstrate that a full consistency between the one-dimensional approach and the two-dimensional models can be directly achieved by adopting different scaling for the bifurcation cell length, which results in a theoretically-defined and constant dimensionless cell length parameter. Comparison with experimental observations reveals that this physically-based scaling yields more accurate predictions of bifurcation stability and discharge asymmetry. This constitutes  a starting point for incorporating other factors that are typically observed in natural settings, such as flow variability and non-trivial plainform configuration. In conclusion, this work provides a physically-based method for parameterizing one-dimensional bifurcation models, easily incorporable in existing models of braided networks, channel deltas or individual channel loops.
Arctic Ocean simulations in two high-resolution coupled climate models
Authors: Guo Chuncheng , Bentsen Mats , Nummelin Aleksi , Ilicak Mehmet , Gupta Alok , Klocker Andreas
Published: March 2024

Large model spread and biases exist in simulating the Arctic Ocean water mass and circulations from the latest CMIP6 coupled and ocean-sea ice-only simulations. This can be at least partly attributed to large uncertainties due to unresolved key processes in this region, and it is hoped that high resolution can - to a certain extent - come to the rescue.In this work, we first examined two high-resolution simulations by two CMIP6-class models: 1) a multi-centennial integration of CESM (CESM-HR; ocean resolution 1/10-deg), and 2) a 50-year integration of NorESM (NorESM-MX; ocean resolution 1/8-deg). The two models show clear signs of improvements in simulating the Arctic Ocean compared to their standard 1-deg resolution counterparts, but certain biases remain, such as the incorrect pathway of the Atlantic Water and the too-deep mixed layer depth in NorESM-MX.We then performed and analysed a similar NorESM-MX simulation, but this time with a newly developed hybrid vertical coordinate (z-density) in the ocean model (the default is isopycnal/density coordinate). ​​Experience from hybrid coordinate testing runs in standard 1-deg resolution shows e.g. much-improved water masses and sea ice extent in the Southern Ocean, mixed layer depths, and importantly more rapid equilibration to energy balance in coupled simulations. When applied in the high-resolution NorESM-MX configuration, the results with the new coordinate show a much-improved representation of the pathway of Atlantic water and the distribution of mixed layer depth in the Arctic Ocean. 
Long-range transatlantic dust transport: via hitchhiking to South America
Authors: Weber Jens , Barbosa Cybelli , Hrabe de Angelis Isabella , Yordanova Petya , Brill Sebastian , Maier Stefanie , Pöschl Ulrich , Pöhlker Christopher , Weber Bettina
Published: March 2024

Primary biological aerosols (bioaerosols) represent the predominant fraction of aerosols within the Amazon rainforest, a global biodiversity hotspot. Bioaerosols encompass a wide range of biological material. These can be single molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, metabolites, toxins and allergens, or as large as whole dispersal units such as pollen, fungal and cryptogamic spores. They also include whole living or dead microbial organisms such as viruses, bacteria, archaea, or fungi, and fragments or secretions from organism. These bioaerosols can serve as nuclei for ice crystals and cloud droplets and thereby influence the properties of clouds and precipitations patterns with implications for hydrological cycles and the climate. Moreover, the aerial transport of microorganisms contributes to global species spread, with the potential to affect animal, plant, and ecosystem health. Aerosolized soil particles (dust) can act as vehicles, enabling microorganisms to traverse extensive distances, such as the Atlantic Ocean. However, the identity and effects of microorganisms associated with long-range transported dust masses on the local bioaerosol community of the Amazon rainforest is still unknown.Here, we investigate the effect of dust, originating from the African continent and transported to the Amazon rainforest on the local microbial and fungal bioaerosol community of the Amazon rainforest. We collected total suspended particles at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) in Brazil before, during and after a dust event, at 42 m and 320 m height. The prokaryotic and fungal communities were analyzed using amplicon sequencing techniques. Our results revealed a distinct local fungal and procaryotic bioaerosol community under dust free conditions. However, dust occurrence did not majorly effect the fungal community structure, which showed an overall very uniform core microbiome, across time and height. In contrast, the prokaryotic community was strongly altered during the dust event, with members of the Bacillota strongly increasing. Also, the prokaryotic core microbiome was smaller compared to the fungal core microbiome and changed between heights. Our findings suggest that the Amazon rainforest air microbiome can be affected by long-range transported dust and the microbial communities transported within while the fungal air microbiome seems overall more stable. Suggesting the transcontinental exchange of dust between Africa and South America as a plausible pathway for the spread of prokaryotes.
Revealing Environmental Threats: Harmonizing Indigenous Narratives with Geomorphic Hazard Thematic Maps for Community Awareness
Authors: Lin Sheng-Chi , Shen Su-Min , Wang Sendo , Yua Mu-Ti , Lin Si-Chin , Chang Chih-Hsin
Published: March 2024

From the perspective of natural disaster prevention, larger-scale and higher-intensity geomorphic events often have longer recurrence intervals. The impact of these events on a region is frequently underestimated unless residents have experienced them firsthand. Consequently, the success of promoting self-reliant disaster-prepared communities by the government heavily relies on the experiences of the affected population. In this context, our study integrates government cartographic data and interprets the geomorphic evidence preserved in the landscape.We conducted in-depth interviews with elders from indigenous tribes, leveraging their rich storytelling tradition and local residents' experiences to collect observations of environmental changes, past disaster experiences, and ancestral stories. The spirit of storytelling is incorporated into the map user manual, emphasizing a place-based approach. Using the devastating impact of Typhoon Morakot in 2009 on the Tjalja'avus Tribe in southern Taiwan as a case study, we produced a geomorphological hazard thematic map of the tribe. This map utilized national environmental mapping imagery, including landslide records, large-scale landslide-prone areas, potential debris flow streams, and high-resolution digital elevation models created by unmanned aerial vehicles LiDAR.Through a combination of multi-temporal data visuals, we highlighted recent (within the last five years) highly active landslide locations, emphasizing dynamic geomorphic features. In the context of environmental awareness and risk communication between the government and local communities, we structured the map user manual to revolve around the narrative axis of visible terrain features in the tribal landscape and experiences or stories related to soil and rock disasters. This approach allows individuals to comprehend the geomorphic influences leading to disasters in their communities, facilitating collaboration between the government and community builders. Ultimately, our initiative aims to achieve environmental management and disaster prevention goals within indigenous communities.
Evaluating multi-task learning strategies for tropical cyclones itnensity forecasting from satellite images
Authors: Dauvilliers Clément , Charantonis Anastase , Monteleoni Claire
Published: March 2024

Skillfully forecasting the evolution of tropical cyclones (TC) is crucial forthe human populations in areas at risk, and an essential indicator of a storm’spotential impact is the Maximum Sustained Wind Speed, often referred to asthe cyclone’s intensity. Predicting the future intensity of ongoing storms istraditionally done using statistical-dynamical methods such as (D)SHIPS andLGEM, or as a byproduct of fully dynamical models such as the HWRF model.Previous works have shown that deep learning models based on convolutionalneural networks can achieve comparable performances using infrared and/orpassive microwave satellite imagery as input. Recently, multi-task models havehighlighted that jointly learning the future intensity and other indicators suchas the TC size with shared network weights can improve the performance in thecontext of intensity estimation. This ongoing work aims to evaluate which tasksand architectures can lead to the best improvement for intensity forecasting.
How the ESA Swarm mission can contribute to Space Weather and Space Climate 
Authors: Stromme Anja
Published: March 2024

The Near Earth Space Environment is a complex and interconnected system of systems, and the home of a multitude of physical processes all contributing to space weather and space climate effects, and hence collaboration across traditional boundaries is essential in order to progress in our understanding of and our capability to predict Space Weather.  The ESA Swarm Earth Explorer mission, launched 22. September 2013 has completed almost a solar cycle in orbit and is in its nature a true system science mission in its endeavor to unravel our planets invisible shield on a magnetic journey from the Earth’s core to the magnetosphere and nearly everything in-between.In this presentation we will highlight both the direct contributions the Swarm mission has had and continues to have for the space weather community through constantly evolving products and services, but also how it has acted as a catalyst to help utilize other data sources in order to enhance our understanding of space weather processes.
Near-source T-wave observations in the North Atlantic using Distributed Acoustic Sensing
Authors: Schlaphorst David , Loureiro Afonso , Matias Luis , Custódio Susana , Corela Carlos , Caldeira Rui
Published: March 2024

T phases are acoustic waves that propagate in the low velocity zone of the oceanic sound channel that acts as a waveguide, the SOFAR channel. They are generated by earthquakes through the conversion of seismic energy at the solid-liquid interface, but the exact processes involved are still under debate.Due to their low attenuation and slow propagation velocity, these arrivals are especially useful for the detection and characterisation of small earthquakes in marine basins, as they can improve the location of the event while their waveforms can yield information on source rupture.In October 2023, a Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) interrogator was installed on the GeoLab dark fibre in the Atlantic, starting at the Praia Formosa CLS, in Madeira Island, Portugal. The instrumentation of this cable is part of a project by ARDITI and the Oceanic Observatory of Madeira where oceanographic data recorded by buoys and autonomous vessels are combined with DAS data to obtain a global view of the underwater environment of Madeira Island in all its physical, chemical and biological aspects, including the characterisation of regional seismicity. This initiative is also linked to the SUBMERSE project, as the Madeira cable is a pilot site to establish continuous DAS monitoring along many more submarine fibre-optic cables.On October 27th, a near-source (
On the different contributions to the peculiar topography of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Negredo Ana M. , Fullea Javier , Ortega-Gelabert Olga , Clemente Carlos , Babault Julien
Published: March 2024

The topography of the Iberian Meseta located between the Pyrenees-Cantabrian Mountains and the Betics Chain is moderately high (660 m on average) compared to the high plateaus on Earth (> 1 km) albeit higher than the topography of the surrounding western European plate. The Iberian Meseta encompasses Cenozoic sedimentary basins, active or inactive Alpine mountain ranges, and low-relief erosional surfaces represented by plateaus with elevations between 600 and 1400 m asl. It is commonly accepted that ~600-700 m surface uplift occurred during the Cenozoic, but the underlaying processes and the precise timing of the onset of the plateau growth are strongly debated. The main objective of the present study is to find out to what extent the topography of the Iberian Meseta has a crustal, lithospheric or a sublithospheric origin. We used the results of a recent modelling based on the joint inversion of both the crustal and lithospheric mantle structure. It encompasses an integrated geophysical-lithological multi-data modelling. The inversion is framed within an integrated geophysical-petrological setting where mantle seismic velocities and densities are computed as a function of temperature and composition whereas crustal density, shear and compressional wave velocities are lithologically linked based on empirical relationships from global petrophysical databases.We computed the relative contribution to topography of crustal and lithospheric mantle thickness variations and density structure. The topography of the Alpine mountain belts in Iberia is largely associated with thickened crust. We find that the elevated topography in the NW Iberian Meseta (elevation > 700 m) is mostly related to the lithospheric mantle thinning. This is in agreement with Inversion of topographic data, landform dates, and erosion rates suggesting a late Cenozoic mantle-related surface uplift of several hundreds of meters in NW Iberia (EGU24-11613) and in the central Iberia (EGU24-16382). Similarly, a thin and warm lithospheric mantle is responsible for the positive elevation of the onshore Mediterranean margins. A negatively buoyant lithospheric mantle causes >1 km subsidence in the Gibraltar Arc and western Pyrenees.  We solved the Stokes flow to evaluate the contribution of temperature-related buoyancy forces at asthenospheric depths. These forces cause a long wavelength topographic response located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula reaching a maximum value of only 100-150 m, which is much lower than the values reported in previous works assuming an isostatic balance.
Bias-adjusting for underestimated large-scale European warming in regional climate model simulations and implications for future extremes
Authors: Börsig Stefanie , Schumacher Dominik L. , Hauser Mathias , Fischer Erich , Seneviratne Sonia I.
Published: March 2024

Our warming climate enhances both the frequency and intensity of weather extremes. To enable adequate mitigation and adaptation decision-making and planning,  accurate long-term climate projections across scales are essential. Europe has warmed faster than any other World Meteorological Organization region in the last decades, yet a vast majority of RCM simulations does not capture the strong observed temperature rise. This discrepancy is in part related to the widespread use of constant aerosol representations in RCMs, and emerges most clearly during summer, i.e. the period of strong insolation. Thereby it also affects (changes in) heat extremes even more strongly than the mean warming. This warming mismatch is, crucially, not restricted to the past but also affects climate projections. Several European national climate services of several European countries still rely on these simulations and solutions are required.Here, we present a novel method to adjust the large-scale warming in RCM simulations based on a reference such as observations or other model simulations. In particular, we re-assemble RCM simulations to match the long-term annual mean temperature evolution over Western Europe in state-of-the-art GCMs, which show less (or no) underestimation of the observed summer warming than the RCMs. We demonstrate that our approach preserves the high-resolution information provided by the RCMs, but ensures consistency with respect to both historic as well as projected large-scale warming. It employs existing regional climate information without the use of interpolation methods, and, as the re-assembling is performed based solely on yearly average temperatures, ensures consistency among different climate variables. We show how correcting European warming affects projections of both the mean state as well as weather extremes at the national level, and illustrate results for Switzerland, a small country characterized by complex orography. 
TITRE: ARARAS (Algorithm for Radar Altimetry Retracking on speculAr waveformS), application over the Mana river for long-term multimission Time Series
Authors: Boussaroque Malik , Niño Fernando , Paris Adrien , Calmant Stéphane
Published: March 2024

In the context of climate change, it is imperative to have a global understanding of water resources and their use. Long-term water level time series play an essential role in analyzing long-term trends, detecting inter-annual variations, understanding seasonal cycles and estimating long-term hydrological changes. Unfortunately, long time series from in situ stations are seldom available at the global scale, and particularly in remote areas such as tropical forests. Altimetry is emerging as an effective alternative.We have developed an innovative processing method to optimize the use of historical altimetry missions in low-resolution mode (LRM) and generate extended time series. This retracker uses a physical model to search for sinc-squared patterns in echoes. Adapted to the specific features of each altimeter, it enables the processing of clipped waveforms, a common phenomenon for narrow rivers. This is particularly relevant for Poseidon altimeters, where conventional retracking methods, such as Offset Center of Gravity (OCOG), struggle to produce accurate results with such clipped echoes.Applying this retracker, we generated time series of water levels along the Mana River in French Guiana, using data from the Jason family missions. These results illustrate the influence exerted on the water cycle by the construction of a run-of-river hydroelectric power plant near Saut Maman Valentin. Keywords – Altimetry, Jason, Topex/Poseidon, Low Resolution Mode Altimetry, Inland Water Altimetry, River
RoSES: The Role of the Southern Ocean in the Earth System
Authors: Ford Elaina , Hall Romy
Published: March 2024

The Southern Ocean is a key component in the Earths global carbon cycle and associated climate dynamics, as a primary hotspot for the oceanic sink of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2). However, our understanding of the vital processes in this area was limited. In recognition of this critical knowledge gap, the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) invested £7 million in a pioneering research programme spanning five years, under the Role of the Southern Ocean in the Earth System (RoSES) programme. The overarching objective of this ambitious endeavour was twofold: to substantially reduce uncertainty in 21st-century global climate change projections and to lay a robust scientific foundation to guide international climate policy.The strength of the RoSES programme is built on the synergies between five distinct but interwoven projects:-SONATA focussed on the Southern Ocean's biological and physical processes, and the relationship between oceanic currents and marine life that ultimately influences carbon sequestration.
SARDINE assessed the Southern Ocean's role in regulating global nutrient cycles, a key aspect with impacts on carbon dynamics and, consequently, climate patterns.
PICCOLO focussed on phytoplankton and their role as carbon consumers, examining how these tiny organisms contribute to the Southern Ocean's carbon sink.
CUSTARD investigated the Southern Ocean's role in atmospheric CO2 uptake, further enriching the understanding of this vast region's carbon dynamics.
CELOS focussed on the Southern Ocean's contribution to the global ocean overturning circulation, a critical component in the Earth's climate system.
Each of these projects focussed on different element within the Southern Ocean domain, collectively seeking to uncover its carbon dynamics and unravel the complexities associated with anthropogenic CO2.This poster will provide an overview of the delivery and management of the RoSES programme and will signpost to the outputs and dissemination activities of those associated with the programme here at EGU2024.
Earthworm populations and their drivers in agroecosystems across Europe: land use, soil properties, climatic factors
Authors: Mittmannsgruber Marion , Peres Guénola , Murugan Rajasekaran , Zaller Johann
Published: March 2024

Earthworms are a crucial part of soil biodiversity and indicate soil health, as they constitute the majority of soil macrofauna affecting various soil functions and ecosystem services. Among the most important drivers of the size and diversity of earthworm populations is land use, especially agriculture. It is widely known that agricultural activities such as tillage, fertilization or the use of agrochemicals directly and indirectly affect earthworms. However, it is rarely investigated to what extent soil properties and climatic factors interact with the influence of agricultural activities. To study this, we analysed datasets of earthworm surveys across 35 European countries covering various agricultural sectors, various soil types and climatic regions including mediterranean, oceanic, and continental climates, across several altitudinal ranges. Investigations were performed within the project MINOTAUR within the European Joint Programme Soil. Data on earthworm abundance and biodiversity in agroecosystems was collated from public sources containing FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability) data such as GBIF, Edaphobase, datadryad, or zenodo, including many historical and non-English studies to prevent a publication bias. Moreover, long-term ecological research sites were sampled for earthworms as part of the project. The greatest challenge in collating earthworm data was to find meta-data regarding agricultural activities, soil properties and climatic data of the study sites. Moreover, data quality varied considerably, often lacking standard vocabulary, consistent species nomenclature, and details on sampling designs. Thus, preliminary outcomes of our analysis are (i) the need for data harmonization in biodiversity monitoring, (ii) the inclusion of a minimal set of meta-data regarding soil properties, land use intensity, and sampling methodology in order to be able to examine the drivers of earthworm populations in agricultural systems. After a tedious data harmonization process we will analyse our data using structural equation models, to determine which factors had the biggest impacts on earthworm abundance and biodiversity. Using this information, we can better understand earthworm population developments, and promote strategies to foster soil protection and earthworm biodiversity on a European scale.
Analyzing Tree Degradation in the Haouz Plain through Remote Sensing: Assessing the Impact of Drought and Spatial Extent
Authors: Ablila Youness , Amazirh Abdelhakim , Khabba Saïd , Bouras El Houssaine , Kharrou Mohamed hakim , Er-Raki Salah , Chehbouni Abdelghani
Published: March 2024

Trees characterized by persistent foliage, like olive trees, serve as indispensable assets in arid and semi-arid regions, exemplified by the Haouz plain in central Morocco. The decline in water resources for irrigation, attributed to climate change and excessive underground water extraction, has led to significant degradation of tree orchards in recent years. Employing remote sensing data, we conducted a spatial analysis of tree degradation from 2013 to 2022 using the supervised classification method. Subsequently, a drying speed index (DS) was computed based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from Landsat-8 data, specifically focusing on the identified trees. This DS was then correlated with the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPIn) to elucidate the connection between tree degradation and drought, as indicated by precipitation deficit. The findings reveal a discernible declining trend in trees, with an average decrease in NDVI by 0.02 between 2019 and 2022 compared to the reference period (2013-2019). This decline has impacted an extensive area of 37,550 hectares. Furthermore, the outcomes derived from the analysis of SPI profiles depict a prolonged period of dryness, particularly extreme drought in the past four years, characterized by SPI values consistently below -2. Notably, a high correlation coefficient (R) of -0.87 and -0.88 was observed between DS and SPI9 and SPI12 respectively, emphasizing the strong linkage between drying speed and the duration and intensity of drought. These findings emphasize the reliability of NDVI as an effective tool for precise classification of tree land cover. Additionally, they underscore the significant influence of drought on the degradation of trees in the Haouz plain.
Ice-rafted feldspar grains in recent shelf sediments of West Antarctica: provenance pathways via lead isotope compositions
Authors: Arney Thomas , Hillenbrand Claus-Dieter , Milton J. Andy , Siddoway Christine , Foster Gavin , Wilson Paul , Wellner Julia S. , Bohaty Steven M.
Published: March 2024

Knowledge of the past dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheets is essential for better understanding their present and future stability and, importantly, the resulting effects on global mean sea level rise in a warming world. The petrology and geochemistry of iceberg-rafted debris (IRD; >150 μm) produced by these ice sheets can provide vital information about past ice sheet extent, but the characteristics of geological sources are poorly constrained in ice-covered Antarctica. Lead isotope ratios (controlled by protolith age) in West Antarctic basement and derived sedimentary rocks (mostly
Inferring the storage of aquifer systems from InSAR measurements via flow and geomechanical modelling
Authors: Li Yueting , Caylak Baris , Elçi Alper , Ören Hakan , Zoccarato Claudia , Batkan Elif Aysu , Teatini Pietro , Meisina Claudia
Published: March 2024

In hydrogeological science, it is widely acknowledged that the response of an aquifer to groundwater pumping is predominantly influenced by two key parameters characterizing the aquifer system: saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks and the oedometric bulk compressibility cm. The response must be viewed in terms of changes of pore water pressure p and the deformation of the pore volume which traduces in a movement of the land surface. In a confined aquifer system subjected to groundwater pumping, the variation in groundwater pressure is linearly dependent on Ks, while the deformation of the pore volume is linearly dependent on cm. However, cm also impacts p, particularly the speed of pressure variation over time, as aquifer specific storage Ss is also dependent on cm. The dependency p - cm can be considered “weaker” than that p - Ks.  The RESERVOIR Project, funded by the EU-PRIMA Programme, aims to characterize aquifer properties, with a focus on Ss, by optimizing the use of the available measurements. Pressure measurements from piezometers provide fundamental information to quantify Ks through the groundwater flow equation. Additionally, displacement measurements of the land surface provided by InSAR can be optimally used in equilibrium equations to constrain cm (and consequently Ss). This objective is achieved through a novel procedure utilizing a 3D groundwater flow simulator (MODFLOW) and a 3D geomechanical simulator (GEPS3D) in an iterative one way coupled approach. Spatial variations of Ss and Ks are mathematically described as stationary Gaussian random fields. The procedure is applied to characterize the properties of the alluvial aquifer system in the eastern portion of the Gediz River basin, Turkey. In this region, groundwater withdrawal for irrigation has led to a general decline in pore water pressure and land subsidence of up to 10 cm/year over the past decade. The convergence of the procedure was achieved after four iterations, highlighting the presence of considerable heterogeneity in the distribution of parameters. This heterogeneity cannot be effectively constrained without the aid of satellite-based earth observation measurements.
Anthropogenic Water Withdrawals Impact Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Fluxes on Local and Continental Scales 
Authors: Flint Elizabeth , Ascott Matthew , Gooddy Daren , Stahl Mason , Surridge Ben
Published: March 2024

Quantifying inorganic carbon fluxes to and from fresh waters is essential as part of understanding ecosystem functioning, potable water quality, and the amount of carbon exported to both the atmosphere and the oceans. Despite this, evidence of how anthropogenic withdrawals of fresh water perturb both land-fresh water-ocean and fresh water-atmosphere carbon fluxes is limited. Using the United States (US) as an exemplar, here we quantify for the first time the impact that both fresh surface water and fresh groundwater withdrawals by major water use sectors can have on land-fresh water-ocean and fresh water-atmosphere inorganic carbon fluxes. Fresh surface water withdrawals across the US during 2015 resulted in an estimated median gross dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) retention flux of 8.5 (interquartile range: 6.5-11.3) Tg C yr-1, equivalent to 29% of the total export of DIC to the oceans from US rivers. The median gross retention flux due to fresh groundwater withdrawals was estimated to be 6.5 (interquartile range: 4.9-8.7) Tg C yr-1, over eight times the magnitude of the DIC flux to the oceans by subterranean groundwater discharging from the US. The median emission of CO2 from fresh waters to the atmosphere due to degassing of CO2 supersaturated groundwater following withdrawal was estimated to be 2.2 Tg CO2 yr-1 (interquartile range 1.2-4.3), 30% larger than previous estimates. Irrigation and public supply water use sectors contributed 70% and 19% of this total CO2 emission, respectively. County-level CO2 emissions from degassing groundwater following withdrawal exceeded the total county-level CO2 emissions from major emitting facilities across 1,391 counties, many of which were within Western and Midwestern states. This highlighted importance of freshwater withdrawals for DIC fluxes and CO2 emissions has implications for the accurate development of carbon budgets both across the United States, and for other regions around the world that are associated with significant freshwater withdrawals.
Leveraging surface observations and passive satellite retrievals of cloud properties: Applications to cloud type classification and cloud base height retrieval
Authors: Lenhardt Julien , Quaas Johannes , Sejdinovic Dino , Klocke Daniel
Published: March 2024

Clouds are key regulators of the Earth’s energy budget. Their microphysical and optical properties lead to vastly disparate radiative properties. Retrieving information about clouds is thus crucial to reduce uncerntainties in our estimation of climate change. In this study, we present a common approach to the retrieval of cloud type and cloud base height (CBH), two useful aspects to characterise clouds and their radiative effects.We leverage surface observations of these two cloud characterictics from the network made available by the UK Met Office, linked to satellite retrievals of relevant cloud properties from the MODIS instrument, namely cloud top height, cloud optical thickness and cloud water path. Our approach relies on a convolutional auto-encoder (AE) to project a data cube (dimension of 3 channels, 128 km, 128 km), comprised of the aforementioned cloud properties, to a latent space of lower dimensionality. The latter is then used as predictor for the cloud characteristics of interest.We demonstrate the skill of the developed method by applying it to CBH retrievals. We create a global dataset of retrieved CBH which exhibits accuracy and precision, in particular for low-level cloud bases, achieving a mean absolute error of 379 m and a standard deviation of the absolute error of 328 m. This is also compared to active satellite retrievals and other CBH retrieval methods. The second application focuses on cloud types, defined following the standards of the WMO. With our approach, we retrieve cloud type occurences at a global scale and are able to study their spatial and temporal patterns. We further use the developed method on km-scale global climate model outputs from the ICON model to help diagnostic cloud representation in this new generation of climate models. Lastly, the presented applications illustrate how fusing surface observations and satellite retrievals still constitutes a resourceful approach to study clouds and their properties.
Application of 3D Forward Modelling to Improve the Interpretation of Electrical Resistivity Tomography Results in Architectural Heritage Monuments
Authors: Pugacheva Polina , Allam Hussien
Published: March 2024

The application of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) for the investigation of architectural heritage has numerous limitations. In most cases, we are referring to historic stone buildings and monuments built from limestone, sandstone, or granite blocks, where many features may complicate the interpretation of electrical resistivity data. First of all, there is incomplete or missing information about principles of building construction and the materials used. Another challenge is the heterogeneity of the masonry as a material due to the presence of many joints between the stone blocks, which may be filled with cementitious materials or be completely or partially empty. For medium-scale studies with limited penetration depth, the presence of air in the joints between stone blocks may affect the electrical resistivity distribution and interfere with the detection of the archaeologically relevant anomalies associated, in particular, with the presence of air cavities. Systematic studies of the applicability of the Electrical Resistivity Tomography in such blocky structures are lacking. In this study, the effect caused by masonry geometry was assessed using numerical 3D modelling of the electrical resistivity distribution in a simplified blocky structure consisting of rows of masonry blocks by incorporating joints between them. The purpose is to study how the presence of air-filled joints affects the ability of the ERT method to detect voids in masonry structures depending on the position and size of these voids. The analysis of numerical models provides insights to facilitate the interpretation of ERT results in historical monuments and other structures constructed from stone blocks.