bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ambipolar organic field-effect transistor using gate insulator hysteresis
Authors: Mizuno Eriko , Taniguchi Masateru , Kawai Tomoji
Published: March 2005

An organic field-effect transistor based on a copper-phthalocyanine and cyanoethylpullulan gate insulator showed ambipolar operation using gate insulator hysteresis, which appeared at less than 1mHz. The gate insulator possesses spontaneous polarization of 1.6μC∕cm2 and a coercive electric field of 50kV∕cm. After poling in an effort to obtain a large amount of accumulated charge, the field-effect mobilities of the hole and electron were 4.1×10−3 and 3.5×10−6cm2∕Vs, respectively. The on∕off ratio at VSG=±10V was 6×104 for the p type and 70 for the n type.
Time application of superphosphate and the yield of pasture on an acid soil.
Authors: McLachlan KD
Published: March 2005

Superphosphate was applied in summer (December) or in autumn (March) to an existing mixed pasture of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and phalaris (Phalaris tuberosa L.), growing on apodsolic soil of p H 5.8. Time of application effects were recorded at the lowest level of applied phosphate. The main effect was on the botanical composition of the pasture. The summer application favoured clover, the autumn one grass. This effect is explained as a change in the relative ability of the species to compete for superphosphate. These results suggest how time and rate of application of superphosphate may be used to manage pasture composition. In the first year, when clover growth was encouraged, the earlier application also increased the total yield of pasture. In the second and third years, changes in the yield of grass were offset by changes ill the yield of clover and the effect of time of application on total pasture yield was not significant.
Seasonal fluctuations in wool growth in south Western Australia.
Authors: Stewart AM , Moir RJ , Schinckel PG
Published: March 2005

The growth rate of wool was measured at monthly intervals for a period of two years in four groups totalling forty Merino sheep, maintained under typical farm conditions in a Mediterranean climatic environment. Marked seasonal fluctuation in wool growth was found in all sheep. The highest level of clean wool production, 85 attained in the spring months, was nearly three times that of the lowest level, which occurred in the autumn. The rate of wool growth fluctuated independently of body weight. Wool growth fell steep4 while bob weight was maintained; wool growth subsequently rose sharply while body weight increased relatively slowly. The factors responsible for the observed fluctuation in the rate of wool growth are discussed and the conclusion reached that lack of useful energy and protein, in the summer and autumn grazing is probably the principal cause of the decline in rate of wool growth in these months.
Variation in body-weight gains of beef steers following hormone administration,.
Authors: Lamond DR
Published: March 2005

Three-year-old Hereford steers on winter pasture were implanted with 30 mg or 60 mg hexoestrol or two dosage levels of a paste formulation containing long-acting testosterone, progesterone, and oestradiol. In the 11- week experimental period all treated groups made significantly greater gains than controls (average gain, 0.93 Ib. a day), but in addition, variation in response differed between treatments. The importance of this aspect of hormonally-induced growth of cattle is discussed.
Resistance of seedlings of Nicotiana species to Peronospora tabacina Adam
Authors: Hill AV , Mandryk M
Published: March 2005

Seedlings of Nicotiana species of Australian and American origin were tested for resistance to an Australian strain of P. tabacina. American species were less resistant than Australian species and differences in 12 results of similar tests in both countries could have been due to differences in the pathogen or in the seed lines tested. The data suggest that the pathogen would have difficult in surviving on the highly resistant Australian species of Nicotiana in their natural arid habitat. Field observations have shown that survival occurs on the introduced susceptible species N. tabacum and N. glauca.
Response of native pasture to nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer at Katherine, N.T
Authors: Norman MJT
Published: March 2005

A factorial combination of three levels of nitrogen and three levels of phosphate fertilizer was imposed on native pasture at Katherine over three years from 1956 to 1959. The pasture was composed largely of Sorghum plumosum and Themeda australis. A marked interaction between fertilizers in total dry matter yield was recorded; significant yield increases were obtained only in the presence of both nutrients. Sorghum showed independent responses to nitrogen and phosphate. Themeda was favoured only by a balanced nutrient supply, and with nitrogen in the absence of applied phosphate or vice versa its yield was reduced. The mean nitrogen content of the pasture increased substantially only when nitrogen was applied without phosphate. Response in total nitrogen yield to applied nitrogen and phosphate was independent ; where both nutrients were applied the response was mainly in dg matter yield with little change in nitrogen content, and when only one nutrient was applied the reverse held. Mean phosphorus content increased with increasing level of applied phosphate and decreasing level of applied nitrogen ; the changes were largely independent between fertilizers. Total phosphorus yield increased with increasing level of applied phosphate but was little affected by the level of applied nitrogen. Recovery of nitrogen fertilizer was extremely low, ranging from 5-6 per cent in the absence of applied phosphate to 8-9 per cent at the highest level of phosphate. The practical and ecological implications of the results are discussed.
The effect of herbicides and burning treatments in killing serrated tussock (Nassella trichotoma (Nees) Hack.)
Authors: Campbell MH , Annand AM
Published: March 2005

A logarithmic sprayer was used over a ten-month period to apply the herbicides 2,2-DPA and TCA, to serrated tussock (Nassella trichotoma (Nees) Hack.), burnt before spraying, burnt after spraying, and unburnt. Winter application of low rates of herbicides, followed by spring burning, appeared to give better kills than autumn burning followed by winter spraying. Spraying after autumn burning appeared to give better kills than spraying unburnt tussock, but only where the burning took place a short time before spraying. Unburnt tussock appeared to be most successfully killed by applying herbicides in the summer months. 2,2- DPA was approximately five times as efficient in killing serrated tussock as TCA. The minimum rates of herbicides necessary to kill serrated tussock at various times of the year and under different burning treatments were established.
Dressing percentages of Brahman and Africander cross and of British breed steers
Authors: Hewetson RW
Published: March 2005

Dressing percentages of Brahman cross steers have been compared on two occasions with Africander cross and British breed steers of approximately 1000 lb live weight. Brahman cross steers dressed 2 to 4 per cent higher than Africander cross and British breed steers.Differences in dressing percentage result from differences in weights of digestive tracts with contents, the Brahman cross steers having lighter digestive tracts with contents than the other steers of the same live weight. Possible implications arising from a lighter digestive tract are discussed.
The location of tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco seed
Authors: Taylor RH
Published: March 2005

Carryover of TMV has been shown to occur in seed harvested from infected tobacco plants. Both the testa and one or more of the inner seed tissues may be infected It has bean postulated that the endosperm and not the embryo carries TMV, but this could not be proved experimental. Immersing the seed in a 10 per cent tri-sodium phosphate solution for one hour did not appear to decrease the virus content of the seed, although inactivation of the virus in the seed occurred with time. The trash that occurs in an uncleaned tobacco seed sample may carry TMV , but seedlings raised from such a sample were not contaminated with virus and did not become infected during transplanting. Seed transmission could not be demonstrated. These findings are related to previous work, on the carryover and location of TMV in tomato seed.
Bruce's sport — a mutant of the sultana
Authors: Antcliff AJ , Webster WJ
Published: March 2005

A description is given of a mutant of the sultana, at present called Bruce's sport, which could satisfy the market Demand for a small, bright sultana, since it produces smaller berries which darken less on drying. It is less vigorous. but observations over three years have shown that with suitable pruning it will yield as w ell as the normal sultana, while at the same time producing sufficient renewal canes each season.
Soyabeans for sub-tropical Queensland
Authors: Byth DE , Waite RB
Published: March 2005

Over two hundred soyabean varieties have been introduced and tested in south-east Queensland since 1954. The varieties obtained from low to medium latitudes with a short-day flowering response and tolerance to tropical conditions, are the most promising in this environment. Several varieties introduced from Africa have out yielded the commercial variety, Nanda, and are suitable for commercial production in south-east Queensland. These include Hernon 49, Mamloxi and Avoyelles. Plant density increases 4 to 10 plants per square foot resulted in yield success. A large environmental interaction was shown to exist for the protein and oil contents of the seed
Nitrogen fixation and transfer by some tropical and temperate pasture legumes in sand culture
Authors: Henzell EF
Published: March 2005

Nitrogen fixation by four tropical pasture legumes-Indigofera spicata Forsk., Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) D.C., Lotononis bainesii Bak., and Stylosanthes bojeri Vogel-and by lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.), was measured in sand culturere in the glasshouse. During a two year period lucerne and white clover fixed significantly more nitrogen than any of the tropical species. Indigofera spicata fixed as much nitrogen as lucerne during the first year, but was only half as productive as lucerne during the second year. Lotononis bainesii added as much nitrogen as Indigofera spicata, while smaller amounts were fixed by Desmodium uncinatum and Stylosanthes bojeri. It is likely that nitrogen fixation by Lotononis bainesii, Desmodium uncinatum, and Stylosanthes bojeri was restricted by strains of Rhizobium that were not fully effective. Paspalum commersonii Lam. was grown in association with four of the legumes. White clover was the most efficient nitrogen donor in the first year and Desmodium uncinatum was superior to the other legumes during the second year. The proportion of nitrogen transferred to the grass over two years was only 0.6 to 1.7 per cent of total fixation. Some possible reasons for this result are discussed.
The effect of burning and cultivating residual wheat stubble on the yield of oats and associated plants
Authors: McKeown NR , McCulloch RN
Published: March 2005

The effects of stubble burning, and of different methods of tillage, on the yield of oat grain were measured for one gem, and the effects of burning, tillage, and ammonium sulphate on the yields of oaten by and associated volunteer plants for three years. Both stubble burning and the addition of one cwt an acre of ammonium sulphate increased total oat yields on all cultural treatments. Early planting with no cultivation gave significantly higher yields of oaten hay than did late planting with cultivation. Burning reduced the yield of Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud) in all four years of the experiment and of barrel medic (Medicago tribuloides Desr.) and burr medic (Medicago denticulata Willd.) in one of them. Yields of most of the weeds present were not reduced by burning. It is concluded that burning can be advantageous when the stubble is not required for erosion control.
A thin walled tube for core sampling of soils
Authors: Stace HCT , Palm AW
Published: March 2005

A new core-sampler for sails is described-A thin-walled steel tube is driven into the soil by a sliding weight arrangement. The tube with its enclosed core is extracted with a hydraulic jack. For a sampling programme of either a large number of holes or very deep ones an electric hammer is very suitable for driving the tubes. Modifications enable the tubes to be used in saturated sands and wet sticky clays.
A comparison of sheep breeds for lamb production on the south western slopes of New South Wales
Authors: Pattie WA , Donnelly FB
Published: March 2005

A comparison of the lamb producing ability of a number of breed crosses has been made over a four year period at Cowra, New South Wales. The breeds examined were Corriedale, Border Leicester x Merino, and Romney Marsh x Merino ewes mated to Dorset Horn and Southdown rams. Total live weight of finished lamb produced per 100 ewes mated was taken as the index of lamb producing ability. Dorset Horn rams produced approximately 24 per cent more finished lamb than did Southdown rams. The fertility of the two breeds was similar but Dorset Horn cross lambs were heavier at birth, grew faster and finished at a much greater weight in a given time. Border Leicester x Merino ewes produced 30 and 34 per cent more lamb than did Romney x Merino and Corriedale ewes respectively. There was no significant difference in total weight of lamb produced between the two latter types. Corriedale ewes were as fertile as the Border Leicester x Merino ewes but a greater proportion of their lambs failed to reach the finished weight. Lambs from Border Leicester x Merino ewes were heavier at birth and grew faster than lambs from the other two groups. There were no significant differences in wool production between any of the three ewe breeds. It is concluded that, of the breeds studied, a combination of Dorset Horn rams and Border Leicester x Merino ewes would give the greatest returns to lamb producers on the central-western slopes of New South Wales.
Herbicides for the selective control of barley grass in irrigated clover pastures
Authors: Squires VR
Published: March 2005

Three herbicides, 2,2- DPA (2,2-dichloropropzonzc acid), diquat dibromide (9, l0-dihydro-8a, 10a-dizonia phenanthrene dibromide) and paraqmt di (methyl sulphate) (1,l-dimethl-4,4,-bipryridylium di (methyl sulphate) ) were tested with a view to controlling barley grass (Hordeum leporinum Link) in clover pastures. The tolerance of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.) to sodium 2,2-DPA was determined. 2,2-DPA caused severe damage to subterranean clover (resulting in the loss of one season's production) and slight damage to white clover at a rate which controlled the grass-2 lb an acre acid equivalents. Diquat dibromide applied at 2 lb an acre (active cation) in mid winter gave complete control of barley grass in a subterranean clover pasture. Springfields of clover on treated plots were double those of the unseated control. Paraquat di (methyl sulphate) gave satisfactory control of barley, grass at 0.5 lb an acre, as an early post emergence spray, with no increase in subterranean clover yields, At the 1 lb an acre rate barley grass control was complete.
Flours for air classification - the proportion of large starch granules in wheat
Authors: Moss HJ
Published: March 2005

Differences in the proportion of large starch granules in different wheats are reported. These are related to the weather during the period of starch initiation. Varietal differences are also revealed.
Field and glasshouse trials on the control of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) in Victoria
Authors: O'Brien TP , Robinson BD , Smith LW
Published: March 2005

Many herbicides have been tested against bracken (Pteridium aquilinum var. esculentum (Forst.) Kuhn.) growing in the glasshouse and in the field. Many of the systemic herbicides, and in particular MCPA, 4-CPA, 2,4,5-T, and amitrole, were very effective at rates between 2 and 10 lb an acre when sprayed on glasshouse-grown material. However, neither the compounds mentioned above nor any other compound yet tested was able to give a significant and permanent reduction when applied to bracken growing in the field. Various formulations of 4-CPA and amitrole, alone and in combination, gave highly significant reductions in fronds (as much as 80-90 per cent) for as long as six months after treatment, but by the end of twelve months, all treatments were indistinguishable from the controls. It is concluded that none of the systemic herbicides tested to date will eradicate field bracken with one treatment, and, although repeated sprayings would undoubtedly kill the plant, it is unlikely that such treatments would be economically sound.
The effect of time of planting on yield attributes of varieties of safflower
Authors: Beech DF , Norman MJT
Published: March 2005

At Kimberley Research Station in the 1961 d y season, two varieties of safflower, Gila and 4(1), were sown at monthly intervals in May, June, July and August. The crops were grown under irrigation with adequate fertilizer. There was no significant interaction in seed or oil yield between varieties and dates of planting. Seed and oil yield were significantly reduced in plantings made after June 5 (mean of varieties). Gila outyielded 4(1) in seed and oil yield by 32 and 44 per cent respectively (mean of plantings). There appeared to be two major factors contributing to the decline in final yield of plantings made after June : a reduction in vegetative vigour and a shortening of the reproductive phase. These changes were associated with increasing temperatures and day length.
The use of sod sown vetch (Vicia sativa) as a supplement by dairy cows on the far north coast of New South Wales
Authors: Holder JM , Swain FG , Colmam RL
Published: March 2005

The value of the forage legume vetch (Vicia sativa L.) as a supplement to spring calving daily cows was determined over three years by comparing production of two matched herds, one of which received vetch during late winter and spring. The cows were graying year round on a summer growing, dominantly grass pasture. One group was wholly maintained on 24 acres of this pasture and the other on a similar 24 acres into part of which vetch was sod sown, with fertilizer, each autumn. Mean commercial butter production during the trial was 328 lb per cow per annum in the supplemented herd and 271 lb per COW in the control herd. During the period of vetch supplementation the difference in production between the herds was significant in two of three years, and in one year the significant increase was maintained through the whole lactation. The contribution of vetch in filing the periodic deficiencies of high quality feed, which can occur during the spring on the far north coast of N.S. W., is reviewed and the efficacy of the experimental technique discussed.
A new approach to the use of 2,4-D esters for the control of nut grass and other persistent weeds
Authors: Greenham CG , Robertson JA
Published: March 2005

In pots under glasshouse conditions with day temperature averaging 90�F, complete control of nut grass was obtained with the methyl ester of 2,4-D applied within the soil at 20 lb an acre. No deleterious residual effects were observed 20 weeks later.
Treatment of pastures with granular phorate to control the lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis) and the red legged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor)
Authors: Wallace MMH
Published: March 2005

Ten per cent phorate ('Thimet') granules were broadcast on to pastures to control the lucerne flea, Sminthurus viridis (L.) and the red-legged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor (Tuck.). A rate of one ounce of active ingredient an acre gave effective control of both pests, principally by fumigant action. Biscirus lapidarius Kramer, a useful bdellid mite preying upon the lucerne flea, was reduced in numbers by this treatment. Rain during or immediately after application inhibited the fumigant action. Changes in population density after treatment provided indirect evidence of the mechanisms of density regulation in these pests.
The area of eye muscle of beef cattle carcasses
Authors: Seebeck RM
Published: March 2005

Variations in the cross-sectional area of eye muscle of carcasses cut between the tenth and eleventh ribs were investigated, using 105 Hereford and 51 Angus steers aged 20 months. These cattle consisted of three groups, born in successive years. At constant carcass weight, statistically significant differences in eye muscle area were found between breeds and between years. Breed and year differences were also found in eye muscle area with width and depth of eye muscle constant, so that there are limitations to the estimation of eye muscle area from width and depth measurements. A nomograph is given for estimating eye muscle area from width and depth for Hereford and Angus cattle, when all animals are reared in the same year and environment. The use of eye muscle area as an indicator of weight of carcass muscle is discussed.
The efficiency of conversion of feed to wool in Merino flocks selected for and against fleece weight
Authors: Ahmed W , Dun RB , Winston RJ
Published: March 2005

The efficiency of conversion of feed to wool was measured in three jocks of Peppin Merino sheep, namely : Fleece Plus-Selected for nine years on high clean fleece weight ; Fleece Minus-Selected for nine years on low clean fleece weight ; Random-An unselected, control flock. Ten 18 month old ewes from each of these flocks were individually housed and fed ad lib on hammer-milled lucerne hay for 54 weeks. Highly significant differences between flocks were observed in feed intake, wool growth, and efficiency of conversion of feed to wool. The relative productive levels for the Fleece Plus, Random and Fleece Minus flocks were-for feed intake, 108 : 100 : 88-for clean fleece weight, 118 : 100 : 70-and for efficiency 109 : 100 : 79. The correlation between efficiency and daily feed intake was very highly significant and negative within each flock, (-0.918, -0.929 and -0.924, for Fleece Plus, Random and Fleece Minus flocks respectively), whereas the correlation between jocks was significantly positive, r = 0.997. The relative importance of the factors determining the 18 per cent increase in clean fleece weight of the Fleece Plus over the Random flock was : efficiency, 55 per cent and feed intake, 45 per cent-and comparing the Random to the Fleece Minus flock : efficiency, 60 per cent and feed intake, 40 per cent. Approximately half the difference in feed intake was independent of body weight.
Dry season protein and energy supplements for beef cattle on native pastures at Katherine, N.T
Authors: Norman MJT
Published: March 2005

Three experiments planned to gain information on the gross nutritive deficiencies of native pasture as a feed for beef cattle during the dry season were carried out at Katherine, N.T., between 1960 and 1962. Groups of local Shorthorn steers were grazed on native pasture from July to November and fed supplements of crushed sorghum grain and peanut meal at different levels of total digestible nutrients and digestible crude protein. The results suggest that up to the time of early storm rains, prior to the wet season proper, the dry standing native pasture is an adequate source of energy, which can be effectively utilized if cattle are given a small quantity of high-protein supplement. During the period of early rains, the pasture is not an adequate source of energy, and high-protein supplements do not prevent liveweight loss. High spring temperatures before the early rains did not appear to affect adversely the performance of supplemented cattle.
Nitrogen fertilizer responses of pasture grasses in south-eastern Queensland
Authors: Henzell EF
Published: March 2005

The results are reported of field experiments with nitrogen-fertilized pasture grasses at Samford and D'Aguilar in south-eastern Queensland. The main findings were :- 1. Nitrogen applied as urea or ammonium sulphate increased the annual yield of dry matter under mowing from 1,000- 5,000 lb up to 10,000-20,000 lb an acre, and rates of fertilizer in excess of 400 lb of elemental nitrogen an acre a year were required ,for maximum grass yields during favourable seasons. 2. Ammonium sulphate, applied at rates up to 400 lb N/acre/year, had relatively little effect on the percentage of nitrogen in Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth.), Paspalum dilatatum Poir., and P. commersonii Lam., cut three times a year. Rates of urea above those required for maximum growth markedly increased the percentage nitrogen content of a Sorghum almum Parodi-blue couch (Digitaria didactyla Willd.) mixture. 3. In an experiment with Rhodes grass, P. dilatatum and P. commersonii, nitrogen recovery rose with increasing rates of ammonium sulphate. At 70 lb N/acre/year the average nitrogen recovery by Rhodes grass was 10 per cent; at 400 lb N/acre/year it was 47 per cent. 4. The residual effects of ammonium sulphate, measured on Rhodes grass during the growing season following two years of fertilization, were very small indeed. 5. Use of nitrogen fertilizers sometimes caused marked changes in the botanical composition of the sward.
Control of barnyard grass in rice in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area using 3,4,dichloropropinionanilide
Authors: Boerema EB
Published: March 2005

Barnyard grass (Echinochloa spp.) is an extremely effective competitor with rice. In two experiments at the Yanco Agricultural Research Station, rice severely infested with barnyard grass produced approximately' 50 per cent less tillers per sq. ft. 90 days after sowing, approximately 50 per cent less panicles at harvest, and 33-55 per cent less yield than rice treated with 3,4-dichloropropionanilide ( DPA ) to control barnyard grass. In untreated plots, barnyard grass absorbed over 60 per cent of the total nitrogen taken up from the s oil by both the weed and rice during the first 90 days of growth. DPA applied at a rate of 4 lb an acre gave excellent control of barnyard grass. In the first experiment, when the grass was in the 1-3 leaf stage, application two or ,four days before irrigation resulted in much less weed surviving than when applied three hours before irrigation. This irrigation was followed by permanent flooding six day later. In the second experiment the grass was in the 4-7 leaf stage. There was no significant difference in kill of weeds between DPA applied at different times and rates. Survival of weeds in all treated plots in both experiments was significantly less than in the untreated plots. Treatment with DPA increased the yield significantly in all cases. Although the amount of grass surviving 90 days after sowing varied somewhat with different times of DPA application, the total yield, number of panicles per sq. ft., and panicle weight of rice, for any of these treatments were not significantly different.
An evaluation of the herbicidal properties of two new chemicals - prometryne and ametryne
Authors: Weiss PW , Hall BJ
Published: March 2005

The results of trials carried oat in various parts of New South Wales using two triazine herbicides, prometryne and ametryne, are reported. These chemicals have been tested in field, vegetable, and horticultural crops, and in pastures. Tests on specific weeds and soil residues were included. Selectivity differed between crops, chemicals, and times of application.
Bruising of apples in a range of export containers
Authors: O'Loughlin JB
Published: March 2005

A study was made of the bruising of apples in fvie types of export containers. The method of comparison was to evaluate fruit injury after each container had been subjected to a series of standard drops from fixed heights. Under the conditions of the trial the cell pack carton afforded most protection to the fruit. This carton was significantly better than the tray pack (whether in carton or case) which in turn war significantly better than the Australian dump case and the standard apple case.
Paspalum plicatulum Michx. - two useful varieties for pastures in regions of summer rainfall
Authors: Bryan WW , Shaw NH
Published: March 2005

Paspalum plicatulum is a tufted perennial grass adapted to regions of summer rainfall. It is drought tolerant but damaged by frost. Under favourable conditions it is capable of high yields of dry matter (up to 11 tons an acre a year). It is persistent under grazing, tolerant of a range of management systems, and liveweight gains in cattle of 200 lb an acre a year have been recorded. It produces useful yields when the nitrogen supply is relatively low and is capable of combining well with legumes. Two varieties have been released in Queensland for farm trial. They differ little in performance but are distinct in habit and may fill different ecological niches.
The effect of rate of stocking with sheep on the botanical composition of an annual pasture in southern Victoria
Authors: Sharkey MJ , Davis IF , Kenney PA
Published: March 2005

The botanical composition of an annual unirrigated pasture at Werribee, twenty miles west of Melbourne, Victoria, grazed at one, three, and six sheep to an acre was greatly influenced by level of stocking. The areas grazed at one sheep to an acre became dominated by Wimmera ryegrass and had large reserves of grass and subterranean clover seeds in the soil. In those grazed at six sheep to an acre the original Wimmera ryegrass and subterranean clover had virtually disappeared at the end of three years, and there were few grass and clover seeds in the soil. Some change in botanical composition occurred from year to year in the areas grazed at three sheep to an acre but it was not progressive and the pasture at the end of the observations was similar to that at the beginning. The reserves of grass and clover seed, although lower in these plots than in those grazed at one sheep to an acre, were considerably above the level of those grazed at six sheep to an acre. It is concluded that at their present level of productivity these pastures will not carry six sheep to the acre continuously, but they may carry more than three sheep to the acre.
Superficial scald in Granny Smith apples in cell packed cartons
Authors: Raphael TD , O'Loughlin JB
Published: March 2005

The incidence of superficial scald in Tasmanian Granny Smith apples packed in cell cartons, in which the fruit and, or, the cells were subjected to various treatments, was compared with that of fruit wrapped in oil impregnated paper and packed in the standard apple case. Scald was shown to be quite common in Tasmanian Granny Smith apples after a six month period of cool storage. The incidence of scald in fruit packed naked in cell packs was comparable with the level in oil wrapped fruit in the standard case. Better control of scald was obtained by treating cell pack cartons with ethoxyquin, oil, or diphenylamine, with the latter providing the best control.
The seed of Medicago species (burr clover) as a supplement to a low protein roughage diet for Merino sheep
Authors: Franklin MC , McInnes P , Briggs PK
Published: March 2005

Seeds of the annual species of Medicago were shown to be a valuable supplement for Merino sheep fed on a basal diet of low-protein cereal straw.The number of survivors, the change in body weight, and the quantity of roughage eaten by sheep given a supplement of Medicago seed, were similar to the results obtained with sheep given an equal quantity of linseed meal.
Yield responses by sultanas to applications of zinc and superphosphate
Authors: Alexander DMcE , Woodham RC
Published: March 2005

Zinc foliage sprays increased the yield of dried fruit of sultana vines on two light-textured alkaline soils in the Mildura area. Neither vineyard exhibited zinc deficiency symptoms. Yield increases with zinc application were mainly due to better setting. The increase occurred in the season of application. Depressed yields with superphosphate were obtained in three years out of seven, after 19 years of heavy annual dressings on one of these sites. The application of zinc to canes during the dormant season offset this decrease but had no effect on vines not receiving superphosphate. Seasonal variations in the responses to zinc treatment are discussed.
Ammonia fumigation for reducing green mould wastage in oranges during ethylene degreening
Authors: Leggo D , Seberry JA
Published: March 2005

The addition of ammonia to experimental cabinets reduced the development of green mould (Penicillium digitatum) wastage in oranges during ethylene degreening. The treatment consisted of introducing ammonia at a concentration of 6000 p.p.m. (v/v) three times every 24 hours throughout the three or four day degreening period. Ammonia gave excellent control of green mould wastage in wound inoculated oranges in preliminary laboratory tests. In an extensive experiment with Valencia oranges, surface inoculated with spores of P. digitatum, ammonia reduced green mould wastage when fruit was degreened at chamber loads of 25 and 50 per cent. These loads would represent the limits likely to be encountered commercially. The ammonia treatment did not cause rind damage to treated fruit. The evaporation of concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution is a practical and convenient method of adding ammonia to the degreening chamber.
The effect of time of planting and nitrogen fertilizer on yield attributes of Brassica oilseed crops in the Ord River Valley
Authors: Beech DF , Norman MJT
Published: March 2005

At Kimberley Research Station in the 1962 dry season, two varieties of Brassica ca.mpe.rtris and one of B. juncea were sown under irrigation at four dates from May 1 to July 2 with six nitrogen fertilizer treatments. Seed yield was reduced with later date of sowing. There was a small linear response to nitrogen fertilizer up to 80 lb an acre nitrogen. Applying half the nitrogen at sowing and half at budding showed no advantage over applying all the nitrogen at sowing. Oil content was also reduced with later date of sowing. Nitrogen fertilizer at the highest level reduced oil content slightly. Although seed and oil yield were highest at the first sowing, dry matter and nitrogen yield of tops were highest at the second sowing. The fall in seed and oil yield with later date of sowing appeared to be associated more with rising temperature during the seed maturation period than with general vegetative performance.
The influence of grazing on the botanical composition of an irrigated pasture at Lawes, south-east Queensland
Authors: Kleinschmidt FH
Published: March 2005

An irrigated mixed pasture of short rotation ryegrass (Lolium multiflorium x L. perenne) Phalaris tuberosa L. and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) was grazed at six- and eight-weekly intervals and at six-weekly intervals with two summer grazings omitted. Yields of the components were measured for three years. Short rotation ryegrass contributed very little to yield after its first flush of growth following sowing. At the end of the three years, short rotation ryegrass in the six-weekly grazing treatment was contributing six per cent of the total yield, two per cent in the eight-weekly treatment, and one per cent in the rested treatment. Resting for eighteen weeks in summer favoured the development of Phalaris and hence reduced clover dominance. At the end of three years, Phalaris was contributing forty-four per cent of the total yield in the rested treatment and twenty-three and thirty-seven per cent in the six-weekly and eight-weekly grazing treatments.
The winter treatment of grapevines with zinc and its interaction with time of pruning
Authors: Coombe BG
Published: March 2005

Field experiments on dormant Sultana vines showed that yields were increased by applying zinc sulphate solutions immediately after pruning. Treatment by the swabbing of pruning cuts gave similar results to a cover spray. Increasing the concentration of zinc sulphate (up to the maximum tested-35 per cent) increased yield and no bud injury was seen. A delay of a day or more between pruning and treatment drastically reduced its effectiveness. Shorter intervals were tested but the results fluctuated ; a possible reason for this is discussed. The movement of zinc along Sultana canes was gauged by analysis of sections of cane cut up at varying times after swabbing the pruned end. In one year zinc moved at least 20 inches within two days, whereas, in another, it moved only 10 inches after one month. The yield of Grenache vines was increased when pruning was delayed from early winter until late winter and early spring. Zinc treatment increased yields in vines pruned in June, July, and August, but depressed yields when applied to vines pruned in September.
Some effects of the composition of the storage atmosphere on the behaviour of apples stored in polyethylene film bags
Authors: Scott KJ , Hall EG , Roberts EA , Wills RB
Published: March 2005

Experiments were carried out during a period of five years with Jonathan, Delicious, and Granny Smith apples, stored at 32�F in polyethylene film bags. After storage for five to seven months best retention of ground colour, least weight loss, and least wastage from superficial scald and low-temperature breakdown were obtained in bags in which the levels of oxygen were low (minimum 3.6 per cent), or in those in which the levels of carbon dioxide were high (maximum 6.7 per cent). Low-temperature breakdown was decreased markedly when calcium chloride was placed inside the bags to reduce the humidity. The use of calcium hydroxide to absorb carbon dioxide did not reduce the disorder.
An effect of formulation on the incidence of DDT residues in milk
Authors: Gilbert WR
Published: March 2005

Two groups of three cows were dipped in two different formulations of 0.5 per cent DDT over ten fortnightly dipping rounds to investigate the effect of formulation on the level of DDT residues in milk. Milk samples were taken just before and three days after each dipping and assessed for DDT content. DDT was found to be excreted at a higher rate in the butterfat after dipping in a supercooled melt formulation than after dipping in a wettable powder. This may be due to increased deposition of DDT on animal hair (as reported by others) and/or to the effect of a solubilizing agent present.
Chemical weed control in the Ord River Valley. 3. Cotton
Authors: van Rijn PJ
Published: March 2005

Between 1960 and 1963, four preliminary experiments on herbicides for cotton were carried out at Kimberley Research Station. Diuron, applied pre-emergence at rates of 1/2-1 lb an acre active ingredient (a. i.), and dicryl, applied seven to ten days after emergence at rates of 3-6 lb an acre a. i., gave satisfactory weed control. Diuron, because of its longer residual action (six weeks in early wet season, two months or more in late wet and early dry season) is preferred, and is recommended as the standard herbicidal treatment for Ord River cotton crops.
Seasonal changes in the nitrogen content of three warm-climate pasture grasses
Authors: Henzell EF , Oxenham DJ
Published: March 2005

The nitrogen content of three pasture grasses was measured under irrigation at Samford, south-east Queensland, during the period February-September 1962. The grasses were Paspalum plicatulum, Sefaria sphacelata, and Chloris gayana. Two nitrogen treatments were used-nil, and a high rate. The high rate comprised frequent nitrogen fertilizer dressings in amounts chosen to match the shape of the plant growth curve. Addition of nitrogen fertilizer caused a marked increase in the nitrogen content of all parts of the plant and maintained a higher nitrogen content in mature grass samples. Flowering had relatively less effect on the nitrogen content of the grasses than nitrogen supply. Frost had very little effect on the nitrogen content of these grasses. It is suggested that warm-climate pasture grasses generally are subjected to a greater degree of nitrogen deficiency than their temperate counterparts, and that this accounts, at least in part, for their comparatively low nitrogen content. In the nil nitrogen treatment, Setaria sphacelata and Chloris gayana consistently exhibited a higher nitrogen content than Paspalum plicatulum. The differences were greatest in the leaf blades and least in the stems. The relative influences of nitrogen supply and stage of development on the nitrogen content of pasture grasses are discussed.
Some observations on the influence of nitrogen fertilizer applied at seeding on the nitrogen content of the wheat grain
Authors: Russell JS
Published: March 2005

The effect of nitrogen fertilizer applied at seeding on the nitrogen content of wheat grain was studied in 63 experiments during the six seasons 1956-1961. The overall effect of fertilizer was to increase grain nitrogen percentage, but there were situations where no change and even decreases in grain nitrogen percentage were found. The magnitude of the changes due to nitrogen fertilizer was small in relation to change brought about by climatic factors. Both the change in nitrogen content and nitrogen yield from applied fertilizer showed a relation to the nitrogen content of grain from unfertilized plants. Significant differences between varieties were found for nitrogen yield response but not for nitrogen content response.
Losses during storage of low moisture silage
Authors: Greenhill WL , Brady CJ
Published: March 2005

Laboratory scale investigations have been made of the fermentative and other changes Which occur during the ensiling of heavily wilted lucerne and ryegrass in air-tight containers. Dry matter losses were small but increased with increasing moisture content and ensiling period. Lactic acid production was restricted and little, if any, was produced during four months' storage at the lower moisture content levels. In the ryegrass silage, the breakdown of protein, and the formation of ammonia were no greater than in good quality silage of normal moisture content.
Seasonal production in lines of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) at Canberra, A.C.T
Authors: Broue P
Published: March 2005

Seasonal yield was evaluated over a period of two years in 30 lines of cocksfoot, Dactylis glomerata L., and in Phalaris tuberosa L. (cultivar Australian Commercial), in small swards at Canberra, A.C.T. In the cocksfoot lines tested, there was a significant correlation between visual estimates of the amount of green summer herbage and autumn yields (r = 0.57***). There was also a significant correlation between earliness of culm elongation and winter yields (r = 0.80***). Lines of mid-season maturity had the highest spring yields. Spring yield was 35-65 per cent of total yield, these two measurements being highly correlated. For total yield no cocksfoot was superior to the two recently released cultivars Currie and Brignoles, which differed considerably from each other in seasonal yield.
The differential rate of seed development in Dwalganup and Geraldton varieties of subterranean clover
Authors: Tennant D
Published: March 2005

The development of seed in the Dwalganup and Geraldton varieties of subterranean clover was studied in both buried and unburied burrs. Geraldton required six to nine less days after anthesis than did Dwalganup for the production of viable seed. Viable seed was produced two to four days earlier in buried than in unburied burrs. The magnitude of the differences between these varieties is influenced by the environmental conditions prevailing during seed development.
Sorbed phosphate at standard supernatant concentration as an estimate of the phosphate needs of soils
Authors: Beckwith RS
Published: March 2005

Phosphate sorption capacity of soils has meaning only if the equilibrium supernatant solution concentration is specified. Measurements have been made, on a variety of Queensland soils, at an equilibrium concentration of 0.2 p.p.m. P ; reasons for this choice of cencentration are discussed. Phosphate sorption values measured in this way appear to parallel the phosphate needs of legumes growing on a number of the soils examined in the laboratory. The approach is put forward for testing by others on present and future phosphate rate trials. Present phosphate sorption measurements are interpreted as indicating (1) that even where native phosphate is inadequate, or has been depleted by cropping, heavy-textured grey and brown soils of the brigalow lands will only require small field applications of superphosphate. (This statement may not apply to soils containing free carbonate in the surface). (2) that phosphate requirements of krasnozems vary considerably but may exceed 1 ton of superphosphate an acre in some areas. Loss of the surface horizon by erosion, or mixing the subsoil With surface soil, could increase the phosphate requirement of some of these soils. (3) that the phosphate status of soils formed from phyllite in the Gympie district is intermediate between these extremes. Here also the subsoils must be expected to have larger phosphate requirements than the surface soils.
Internal browning of tomato fruit induced by a late infection of tobacco mosaic virus
Authors: Smith PR , Stubbs LL , Sutherland JL
Published: March 2005

Inoculation of field-grown tomato plants with a tomato strain of tobacco mosiac virus (TMV) when the first fruit commenced to ripen induced internal browning in 7.4 per cent of the 4049 fruit produced. Seventy-nine per cent of the plants produced some affected fruit. The production of affected fruit rose to a maximum 42 days after inoculation and declined rapidly to an insignificant level after 73 days. Internal browning did not develop on any of the 3987 fruit produced by the uninoculated control planting.
Determining the nutrient needs of vines : an aerial layering technique requiring few plants
Authors: Alexander DMcE , Woodham RC
Published: March 2005

Using single canes in situ as experimental plots a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer trial was applied to six sultana vines. Roots formed on the canes by aerial layering were enclosed in pots to which separate fertilizer treatments were applied during the following growing season. The effects of the fertilizer on fruit and shoot development on the distal side of the pot were observed. Results from this trial were compared with those from an adjacent conventional field trial in which yield increases were obtained with nitrogen. Advantages of the technique for screening fertilizer elements are discussed. It is suggested that similar techniques might be used with advantage on other horticultural plants.
The effect of different methods of attaching sultana canes to the trellis wire
Authors: May P
Published: March 2005

Omitting to twist sultana canes around the trellis wire during pruning did not reduce bud burst, per cent fruitful shoots, yield, or the number of canes available for next season's pruning. It is concluded that a less time-consuming method of attaching canes could be used without affecting yield.
Factors affecting the rate of milk flow in pipeline milking machines
Authors: Clarke DJ , Lascelles AK
Published: March 2005

A factorial experiment has been carried out to determine the effects of varying the level of vacuum, air admission, and reserve air on milking rate and the amount of strippings, in high pipeline, low pipeline, and large diameter low pipeline milking machines. The low pipeline and the large diameter low pipeline machines were found to milk 10.1 and 12.1 per cent faster, respectively, than the high pipeline machine. The large diameter low pipeline operating without air admission was 6.3-7.5 per cent faster than the low pipeline machine operating with and without air admission. Milking rate was 16.1 per cent faster at 15 than at 12 inches Hg vacuum and about 6 per cent faster at 17 and 5 cubic feet per minute (c.f.m.) reserve air than at no reserve air. The admission of air at the claw piece resulted in 9 per cent faster milking with the high pipeline and 9.5 per cent slower milking with the large diameter low pipeline machine. There was no difference in milking rate in the low pipeline machine with or without air admission. The fastest milking rate was observed with the large diameter low pipeline without air admission. However, this system probably has no real advantage over the low pipeline providing the diameter of milk pipe of the latter is sufficient to cope with high rates of milk flow.