bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desertion
Authors: McLauchlin Théodore
Published: May 2021

This book examines the personal and political factors behind soldiers' choices to stay in their unit or abandon their cause. The book explores what might spur widespread desertion in a given group, how some armed groups manage to keep their soldiers fighting over long periods, and how committed soldiers are to their causes and their comrades. To answer these questions, the book focuses on combatants in military units during the Spanish Civil War. The book pushes against the preconception that individual soldiers' motivations are either personal or political, either selfish or ideological. Instead, it draws together the personal and the political, showing how soldiers come to trust each other — or not. In doing so, it demonstrates how the armed groups that hold together and survive are those that foster interpersonal connections, allowing soldiers the opportunity to prove their commitment to the fight. It argues that trust keeps soldiers in the fray, mistrust pushes them to leave, and political beliefs and military practices shape both. The book brings the reader into the world of soldiers and rigorously tests the factors underlying desertion. It asks, honestly and without judgment, what would you do in an army in a civil war? Would you stand and fight? Would you try to run away? And what if you found yourself fighting for a cause you no longer believe in or never did in the first place?
Trust, Mistrust, and Desertion in Civil Wars
Authors: McLauchlin Théodore
Published: May 2021

This chapter mentions Viet Cong (VC) companies in South Vietnam that developed serious morale and motivation problems, which pose a major risk of desertion and defection. It investigates where trust and cooperation will come from if soldiers look for their chance to desert and put up a false front of enthusiasm and conviction. It also proposes a crucial way of keeping soldiers fighting through a norm of cooperation in a military unit, emphasizing a social rule saying that each will fight if others do. The chapter discusses whether an armed group can rely simply on the threat of punishment to keep combatants fighting, even if trust is not in the cards. It describes deeply mistrustful armed groups that use factional memberships or stereotypes to assess soldiers' loyalties, showing coercion as arbitrary persecution.
Coercion and Soldiers’ Decisions
Authors: McLauchlin Théodore
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts a critical instance of coercion in Spain, covering the execution for disloyalty of over a thousand members of the regular officer corps on the Republican side. It discusses the war that started with a failed coup attempt on July 18, 1936, which split the officer corps and cast a shroud of suspicion on the officers who remained on the Republican side. It also emphasizes how deep fear drove the executions of many of the officers in uncontrolled and local violence. The chapter shows how violence provoked many defections, particularly in those units where the violence seemed to be driven by the stereotype of traitorous officers. It explores the Cuerpo de Ejército de Santander to determine the impact of an influx of conscripts.
The Nationalist Army, 1936–39
Authors: McLauchlin Théodore
Published: May 2021

This chapter refers to Ramón Salas Larrazábal, who estimates a ratio of five Republican deserters for every Nationalist deserter. It examines the frequency of Republican analyses of desertion, requests for information about deserters, and punishments issued for desertion compared with the lack of punishment on the Nationalist side. It also includes the lack of factional competition, equivalence within the Nationalist army, and intense mistrust of army officers on the Republican side as key differences in the effectiveness of coercive control. The chapter underlines and seeks to explain the significant variation among different Nationalist forces. It discusses the conscript forces and volunteer forces with low recruiting standards that experienced problems of desertion similar to those of their Republican enemies.
The Crumbling of Armies in Contemporary Syria
Authors: McLauchlin Théodore
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about the Syrian Civil War that has been ongoing since 2011, comparing the regime's Syrian Arab Army, the Free Syrian Army umbrella, Jabhat al-Nusra, Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), and the Kurdish People's and Women's Protection Units. It discusses how the forces of the Syrian Civil War was able to maintain their cohesion like their counterparts in Spain's militias that grew out of long-standing armed networks and maintained tight standards for recruitment. It also uses the Syrian case to demonstrate the ambiguous effects of threats of punishment to keep soldiers fighting. The chapter argues that problems of fighting desertion while fighting a civil war are neither particularly new nor particularly old. It reframes an important debate about why soldiers keep on fighting against the odds.
Reworking Japan
Authors: Gagné Nana Okura
Published: May 2021

This book examines how the past several decades of neoliberal economic restructuring and reforms in Japan have reshaped the nation's corporate ideologies, gender ideologies, and subjectivities of individual employees. With Japan's remarkable economic growth since the 1950s, the lifestyles and life courses of “salarymen” came to embody the “New Middle Class” family ideal. As this book demonstrates, however, the nearly three decades of economic stagnation since the bursting of the economic bubble in the early 1990s has tarnished this positive image of salarymen. In a sweeping appraisal of recent history, the book shows how economic restructuring has reshaped Japanese corporations, workers, and ideals, as well as how Japanese companies and employees have responded to such changes. The book explores Japan's fraught and problematic transition from the postwar ideology of “companyism” to the emergent ideology of neoliberalism and the subsequent large-scale economic restructuring. By juxtaposing Japan's economic history with case studies and life stories, the book goes beyond the abstract to explore the human dimension of the neoliberal reforms that have impacted the nation's corporate governance, socioeconomic class, workers' ideals, and gender relations. Reworking Japan, with its first-hand analysis of how the supposedly hegemonic neoliberal regime does not completely transform existing cultural frames and social relations, will shake up preconceived ideas about Japanese men in general and salarymen in particular.
Historicizing Japanese Workers and Japanese Capitalism
Authors: Gagné Nana Okura
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins with a brief historicization of salarymen from the late 1800s to the early 1990s. It focuses on the formation of the socioeconomic category of the New Middle Class and the cultural production of the new middle-class orientation within Japan's economic and industrial structure. It also traces the historical trajectory through which the modern configuration of welfare, work, and family emerged in prewar Japan and then took new shape in postwar Japan through the fractious struggle of workers and management. The chapter examines how the particular construction of the new middle class as a lived experience has been articulated through the socioeconomic category of the new middle class. It situates the contemporary discourse of neoliberal economic reforms within the historical development of Japanese corporate governance and Japanese capitalism.
Conclusion
Authors: Gagné Nana Okura
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews the different meanings of the new middle class, which describe the historical and cultural configurations of postwar Japan and universalized notions of socioeconomic class used in social science. It reflects on the configurations, relations, and operationalizations of the slippage between discursive and ideological characteristics of “middleness” that have been elided under the term the new middle class in postwar Japan. It also offers new insights on the understanding of dominant ideology and dominant groups, including anthropological theorizations of power, ideology, and subjectivity in late capitalism. The chapter emphasizes on the issues of individual self-cultivation and concerns of families in practice in the midst of socioeconomic change. It explains how salarymen or any other social actors represent both the nexus and product of ongoing self-cultivation and socialization in the changing global economy.
The Novel in the Age of the Comparative World Picture
Authors: Johnson Rebecca C.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses Jules Verne's works. The thematization of the world, what literary scholars currently call “worlding,” was precisely the work that Jules Verne's novels performed. As Verne himself described the fifty-four novels that constitute his Voyages Extraordinaires, their very task was “to portray the entire earth, the entire world, under the form of the novel,” using what his publisher, Pierre-Jules Hetzel, described as the “knowledge... amassed by modern science.” Translations of Verne's fiction made the world available to their readers as a single discursive unit, during a decade in which the material conditions of globality were not only economic and physical precarity but increased government involvement in bodily and family autonomy and movement, as well as direct colonial rule. Verne based his narrative on newspaper accounts of transportation innovations, updating each new edition as new information and routes became available. Arabic translations of Verne's novels are not simply a result of the globalization of the novel but are ambivalent participants in that process. These Arabic versions helped establish his fiction as a worldwide phenomenon. By his death in 1905, Verne's novels had been published in at least thirty-six languages, including five Middle Eastern ones.
Introduction
Authors: Frost Dennis J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on discourses and practices surrounding five international sporting events held in Japan for athletes with disabilities. It reviews Japan's 1964 Paralympics, the FESPIC Games, the Ōita International Wheelchair Marathon, the 1998 Nagano Winter Paralympics, and the 2020 Summer Games. It also demonstrates how sports events for athletes with disabilities and representations of their athletes have challenged some of the stigmas associated with disability while reinforcing, or even generating, others. The chapter talks about organizers in 1964 who linked the Paralympics to efforts to promote changes in rehabilitation techniques in Japan. It looks at the efforts to use the Games to promote changes in approaches to disability that were equally apparent in the lead-up to Tokyo's second Paralympics.
Indonesians and Their Arab World
Authors: Lücking Mirjam
Published: May 2021

This book explores the ways that contemporary Indonesians understand their relationship to the Arab world. Despite being home to the largest Muslim population in the world, Indonesia exists on the periphery of an Islamic world centered around the Arabian Peninsula. The book approaches the problem of interpreting the current conservative turn in Indonesian Islam by considering the ways by which personal relationships, public discourse, and matters of religious self-understanding guide two groups of Indonesians who actually travel to the Arabian Peninsula — labor migrants and Mecca pilgrims — in becoming physically mobile and making their mobility meaningful. This concept, which the book calls “guided mobility,” reveals that changes in Indonesian Islamic traditions are grounded in domestic social constellations and calls claims of outward Arab influence in Indonesia into question. With three levels of comparison (urban and rural areas, Madura and Central Java, and migrants and pilgrims), this ethnographic case study foregrounds how different regional and socioeconomic contexts determine Indonesians' various engagements with the Arab world.
Conclusion
Authors: Lücking Mirjam
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at the evidence that determine the force of guidance in mobility that culminates the conditions under which sociocultural changes and religious orientations happen in the course of Indonesians' transnational mobility to the Arabian Peninsula. It reviews the aspects of guided mobility, the reciprocal demand–supply logic of guidance, the profitability of guiding, and the prospect of capitalizing on mobile experiences. It also determines the effects that migration and pilgrimage have on social change in Indonesia. The chapter complements studies that show how the conservative turn in Indonesia is highly complex, regionally diverse, and has underlying local social tensions. It speculates the functioning of features of mobility that are not perceived as restraints and enhance sociocultural continuity rather than change.
A Rags to Riches Story
Authors: Hillard Michael G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores why Maine became a paper industry hub or came to be known as the Detroit of paper. It describes American paper mills that were located close to cities in southern New England and the Atlantic, making Maine a remote outpost. It also recounts Maine's preeminence in paper production by 1900, when new economic tectonics would erode its special place in the making of paper. The chapter identifies forces that accounted for the rise of Maine as a leading paper making state. It highlights raw materials, technology, geography, and markets as the four dramatis personae that called forth a massive increase in paper production over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and steered much of the increase to new mills in Maine.
Madawaska Rebellion
Authors: Hillard Michael G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the workers at Fraser Paper Company that revolted against an English management regime that forced speed-up, retracted employment promises, and belittled both union leaders and shop-floor workers. It details how workers, their families, and community members fought back Fraser Paper, using civil disobedience that spiraled into a violent confrontation with mill leaders and state and local police. It also recounts how Fraser Paper was initially run by founders and their sons, along with a stable cadre of professional executives who joined the paper company beginning in 1932. The chapter refers to John “Pete” Heuer, who was the president and chief executive at Fraser Paper who introduced a harsh management approach and battled the mill's unions. It mentions the workers' militant response against Fraser Paper that was shaped through the norms of workplace contractualism and a remarkable local Francophone culture.
Fear and Loathing on the Low and High Roads
Authors: Hillard Michael G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter deals with the national and international competition that was eroding companies' pricing power and market shares by the mid-1980s. It talks about workers in a mature industrial state like Maine who were expected to see their paper industry jobs disappear as production moved overseas and work was automated at home and abroad. It also discusses how the national companies that owned Maine's mills made radical demands on workers and attacked traditional union contracts outright. The chapter cites that Boise Cascade and International Paper Company (IP) provoked strikes by making extreme, untenable demands on workers in their Rumford and Jay, Maine, mills in 1986 and 1987. It probes the union-busting campaigns conducted by Boise Cascade and IP that defined what economists call the low road, which clobbered workers in the quest to quickly raise profits.
The High Road Cometh
Authors: Hillard Michael G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter mentions Scott Paper's labor relations vice president John Nee, who initiated a new program of labor management cooperation in 1988 called Jointness. It describes Jointness as a far-reaching gamble on a high-road solution to Scott's decade-long underperformance. It also outlines labor relations best practices, such as the High Performance Work Systems (HPWS), that create win-win solutions with employees and other stakeholders, and join the ranks of companies seeking a progressive alternative to the painful low-road debacles. The chapter elaborates how full HPWS offered traditional factory workers a chance to overcome assembly line drudgery and expand employee voice. It reflects on the story of Scott Paper's sincere and far-reaching campaign to implement the high road, which illustrates the difficulties, messiness, and ill-fated prospects for an ambitious project.
Introduction
Authors: Neuschel Kristen B.
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of swords. If the sword was the most symbolically potent of all of a warrior's weapons, as most scholars of material culture and aristocratic life believe, and perhaps the most potent of all his belongings, one should pause to look at the change in the design and use of swords more closely. How could an object so important, with such symbolic valence — not to mention usefulness in combat — change in appearance and function so quickly? Historians of warfare have argued that the rise of gunpowder weapons was dramatic, in fact traumatic for elite warriors, but have not asked as much about the mutations of swords. A number of scholars have also studied the prescriptive literature about swordsmanship and dueling, which began to proliferate in the sixteenth century after the spread of print technology. Few, however, have examined material culture. The book presents evidence about swords in the possession of aristocrats and more humble fighters, as well as royalty, found in records generated by their households or from contemporary observers. It investigates the practical and symbolic uses of swords as weapons, as gifts, as markers of authority, and as talismans of identity.
Conclusion
Authors: Neuschel Kristen B.
Published: May 2021

This concluding chapter explains that if swords remained firmly and richly expressive of warrior identity, it was in part because they had already served as a vehicle for change and adaptation through time. Throughout, the material characteristics of the sword were always central to its significance. Thus, the construction of a sword meant it could convey immediate, personalized messages and yet have a longevity celebrated and recognized across generations. Swords did not mean just one thing, ever, but they were always good for thinking with, good for representing the timelessness of warrior identity and the security of one warrior's stature, and good for appealing to some imagined past for purposes of any present. But it is important to realize that swords became a focal point for warrior identity only gradually, over time. As it developed its power in elite culture, “memory” of earlier times when swords were larger than life grew also.
Introduction
Authors: Boyer Dominic , Marcus George E.
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces several notable ventures in collaborative anthropology and puts them in dialogue with one another as a way of capturing something of the diversity and energy surrounding collaborative experiments in anthropology. It refers to the recent surge of interest in creating new kinds of ethnographic and theoretical partnerships that have expanded the boundaries of anthropological practice in stimulating ways. It also investigates the range of partnerships and forms of collaborative engagement that explore new modes of ethnographic representation and build new kinds of research and information infrastructures. The chapter analyzes collaborative anthropology that seeks new kinds of public outreach and community engagement and pursues new conceptual interventions through collaborative analytic work.
A Collaborative Ethnography of Transnational Capitalism
Authors: Yanagisako Sylvia , Rofel Lisa
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains how China has become the most promising market for Italian fashion brands, which led to the development of a variety of forms of collaboration between Italian and Chinese firms and entrepreneurs. It discusses the collaborative ethnography of the transnational capitalism that was forged by the Italians and Chinese engaged in textile and garment production and distribution in China. It also talks about the co-authored monograph, Fabricating Transnational Capitalism: A Collaborative Ethnography of Italian–Chinese Global Fashion. The chapter explains how the Chinese and Italians engaged in transnational relations of production that reformulate their ideas and practices of capitalist enterprise, including investment and management strategies, labor, value, and inequality.
An Account of the Cultures of Energy Podcast as Collaboration—Offered in Podcast Form, of Course
Authors: Boyer Dominic , Howe Cymene
Published: May 2021

This chapter covers the cultures of energy podcast as collaboration, which delves into the aspect of the listener experience that demonstrates how much expert knowledge and trade talk a person is willing to absorb and familiarize. It describes podcasts as listening to an entertaining serialized conversation and the ante is a willingness to learn something about the social world. It also emphasizes that the real pleasure of a podcast is imagining oneself as part of an interesting conversation among voices one likes wherein the content of the conversation can be anything. The chapter focuses on the Center for Energy and Environmental Research in the Human Sciences (CENHS) at Rice University, which does a podcast on energy or environment issues. It discusses the in-person connection as a compelling way of knowing the voice or the pen beyond the page, and beyond the text that one reads.
Introduction
Authors: Anno Mariko
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates flute performance as a space for exploring the relationship between tradition and innovation and traces the characteristics of the nohkan and its music. It examines the musical structure and nohkan melodic patterns of five traditional Noh plays. It also assesses the degree to which Issō School nohkan players maintain the continuity of their musical tradition in three contemporary Noh plays inspired by the twentieth-century Irish poet William Butler Yeats. The chapter reviews three contemporary works draw upon Yeats's At the Hawk's Well, which was influenced by Noh drama. The chapter argues that traditions of musical style and usage remain vastly influential in shaping contemporary Noh composition and performance practice, and that the freedom within fixed patterns can be understood through a firm foundation in Noh tradition.
The Nohkan’s Part in Atsumori as Planned, Prepared, and Performed
Authors: Anno Mariko
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents transcriptions of Issō Yukihiro's “theoretical” nohkan entrance and compares it with a specific shōdan from a live performance of Atsumori with Yukihiro on the nohkan. It demonstrates an individual interpretation of a Noh play, taking into account the different schools of instruments, singing styles, and written texts of chant books used by the main actors and chorus. It also illustrates the structure of Noh plays among the traditional plays in terms of overall organization of the dan and the shōdan. The chapter examines the flexibility in the nohkan melodic patterns that allows variations and individual interpretation within the prescribed structure. It considers a particular performance by Yukihiro that apply William P. Malm's three functions of the nohkan.
The Continuity of Tradition Today
Authors: Anno Mariko
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses the degree of continuity of the nohkan that is illustrated in three contemporary Noh play adaptations of William Butler Yeats's At the Hawk's Well by nohkan performers of the Issō School. It looks at interviews conducted with nohkan performers and a composer. It also highlights the nohkan's traditional role in contemporary and English-language Noh that allows variations and embellishments by performers, which demonstrate musical continuity in the context of experimentation. The chapter discusses a number of shinsaku Noh that have been successful and performed more frequently. It describes the performance of Yokomichi Mario's Taka no Izumi and Takahime, including the English-language Noh production of At the Hawk's Well by Theatre Nohgaku.
Performance analysis for similarity data fusion model for enabling time series indexing in internet of things applications
Authors: Younan Mina , Houssein Essam H. , Elhoseny Mohamed , Ali Abd El-mageid
Published: May 2021

The Internet of Things (IoT) has penetrating all things and objects around us giving them the ability to interact with the Internet, i.e., things become Smart Things (SThs). As a result, SThs produce massive real-time data (i.e., big IoT data). Smartness of IoT applications bases mainly on services such as automatic control, events handling, and decision making. Consumers of the IoT services are not only human users, but also SThs. Consequently, the potential of IoT applications relies on supporting services such as searching, retrieving, mining, analyzing, and sharing real-time data. For enhancing search service in the IoT, our previous work presents a promising solution, called Cluster Representative (ClRe), for indexing similar SThs in IoT applications. ClRe algorithms could reduce similar indexing by O(K − 1), where K is number of Time Series (TS) in a cluster. Multiple extensions for ClRe algorithms were presented in another work for enhancing accuracy of indexed data. In this theme, this paper studies performance analysis of ClRe algorithms, proposes two novel execution methods: (a) Linear execution (LE) and (b) Pair-merge execution (PME), and studies sorting impact on TS execution for enhancing similarity rate for some ClRe extensions. The proposed execution methods are evaluated with real examples and proved using Szeged-weather dataset on ClRe 3.0 and its extensions; where they produce representatives with higher similarities compared to the other extensions. Evaluation results indicate that PME could improve performance of ClRe 3.0 by = 20.5%, ClRe 3.1 by = 17.7%, and ClRe 3.2 by = 6.4% in average.
Osteology, relationships and functional morphology ofWeigeltisaurus jaekeli(Diapsida, Weigeltisauridae) based on a complete skeleton from the Upper Permian Kupferschiefer of Germany
Authors: Pritchard Adam C. , Sues Hans-Dieter , Scott Diane , Reisz Robert R.
Published: May 2021

Background

Weigeltisauridae is a clade of small-bodied diapsids characterized by a horned cranial frill, slender trunk and limbs, and a patagium supported by elongated bony rods. Partial skeletons and fragments are definitively known only from upper Permian (Lopingian) rocks in England, Germany, Madagascar and Russia. Despite these discoveries, there have been few detailed descriptions of weigeltisaurid skeletons, and the homologies of many skeletal elements—especially the rods supporting the patagium—remain the subject of controversy.

Materials & Methods

Here, we provide a detailed description of a nearly complete skeleton ofWeigeltisaurus jaekelifrom the upper Permian (Lopingian: Wuchiapingian) Kupferschiefer of Lower Saxony, Germany. Briefly addressed by past authors, the skeleton preserves a nearly complete skull, postcranial axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, and patagial supports. Through comparisons with extant and fossil diapsids, we examine the hypotheses for the homologies of the patagial rods. To examine the phylogenetic position of Weigeltisauridae and characterize the morphology of the clade, we integrate the material and other weigeltisaurids into a parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis focused on Permo-Triassic non-saurian Diapsida and early Sauria (61 taxa, 339 characters).

Results

We recognize a number of intriguing anatomical features in the weigeltisaurid skeleton described here, including hollow horns on the post-temporal arch, lanceolate teeth in the posterior portion of the maxilla, the absence of a bony arch connecting the postorbital and squamosal bones, elongate and slender phalanges that resemble those of extant arboreal squamates, and patagial rods that are positioned superficial to the lateral one third of the gastral basket. Our phylogenetic study recovers a monophyletic Weigeltisauridae includingCoelurosauravus elivensis,Weigeltisaurus jaekeli, andRautianiaspp. The clade is recovered as the sister taxon to Drepanosauromorpha outside of Sauria (=Lepidosauria + Archosauria).

Conclusions

Our anatomical observations and phylogenetic analysis show variety of plesiomorphic diapsid characters and apomorphies of Weigeltisauridae in the specimen described here. We corroborate the hypothesis that the patagial ossifications are dermal bones unrelated to the axial skeleton. The gliding apparatus of weigeltisaurids was constructed from dermal elements unknown in other known gliding diapsids. SMNK-PAL 2882 and other weigeltisaurid specimens highlight the high morphological disparity of Paleozoic diapsids already prior to their radiation in the early Mesozoic.
Accessory cusp expression at the enamel-dentine junction of hominin mandibular molars
Authors: Davies Thomas W. , Alemseged Zeresenay , Gidna Agness , Hublin Jean-Jacques , Kimbel William H. , Kullmer Ottmar , Spoor Fred , Zanolli Clément , Skinner Matthew M.
Published: May 2021

Studies of hominin dental morphology frequently consider accessory cusps on the lower molars, in particular those on the distal margin of the tooth (C6 or distal accessory cusp) and the lingual margin of the tooth (C7 or lingual accessory cusp). They are often utilized in studies of hominin systematics, where their presence or absence is assessed at the outer enamel surface (OES). However, studies of the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) suggest these traits may be more variable in development, morphology and position than previously thought. Building on these studies, we outline a scoring procedure for the EDJ expression of these accessory cusps that considers the relationship between these accessory cusps and the surrounding primary cusps. We apply this scoring system to a sample of Plio-Pleistocene hominin mandibular molars of Paranthropus robustus, Paranthropus boisei, Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Homo sp., Homo habilis and Homo erectus from Africa and Asia (n = 132). We find that there are taxon-specific patterns in accessory cusp expression at the EDJ that are consistent with previous findings at the OES. For example, P. robustus M1s and M2s very often have a distal accessory cusp but no lingual accessory cusp, while H. habilis M1s and M2s show the opposite pattern. The EDJ also reveals a number of complicating factors; some apparent accessory cusps at the enamel surface are represented at the EDJ only by shouldering on the ridges associated with the main cusps, while other accessory cusps appear to have little or no EDJ expression at all. We also discuss the presence of double and triple accessory cusps, including the presence of a double lingual accessory cusp on the distal ridge of the metaconid in the type specimen of H. habilis (OH 7–M1) that is not clear at the OES due to occlusal wear. Overall, our observations, as well as our understanding of the developmental underpinnings of cusp patterning, suggest that we should be cautious in our comparisons of accessory cusps for taxonomic interpretations.
Efficacy of an improved method to screen semiochemicals of insect
Authors: Li Chongyang , Cao Jianmin , Wang Xiufang , Xu Pengjun , Wang Xinwei , Ren Guangwei
Published: May 2021

Background

A combination of gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is typically used to screen active compounds that play a role in the regulation of insect behavior. This method uses two kinds of gas chromatography (GC) equipment and needs to compare compounds between the two chromatograms, and it is tedious and costly. To improve detection efficiency, as well as reduce costs and the rate of missed detection, we designed a system connecting gas chromatography (GC), electroantennography (EAG), and mass spectrometry (MS), with MS used instead of the flame ionization detector (FID) as the GC-EAD detector. To verify the feasibility of the improved method, we compare two methods—GC-EAG-MS and GC-EAD—through a series of experiments. Some researchers made similar improvements, but these were not compared with GC-EAD, and their method needed to be improved in the synchronization and split ratio. Our method has been optimized and improved in these aspects.

Methods

Helicoverpa armigera was the test organism; the improved method and conventional method were used to detect known and unknown compounds, as well as screen out active compounds that could generate responses in H. armigera antennae.

Results

Screening known single compounds using the two methods, the active compound benzaldehyde was detected in all seven concentrations of solution. By using the two methods, the five same active compounds of Helicoverpa armigera were detected in high concentration solution of the mixed compounds (100 mg L−1, 50 mg L−1); the four same active compounds were detected at 20 mg L−1 concentration; two identical same compounds were detected in low concentration solution (concentrations of 10 mg L−1 and below). By using the two methods, six identical active compounds of Helicoverpa armigera were detected in unknown compounds.

Conclusion

The improved method was consistent with the conventional method in terms of accuracy and sensitivity. However, compared with the traditional methods, Gas chromatography-electroantennographic-mass spectrometry (GC-EAG-MS) saved the cost of GC and FID equipment, thereby greatly lowering the experimental cost. In the experiment, GC-EAG-MS combined the two experimental operations of screening active substances by GC-EAD and identifying active substances by GC-MS into one, which not only reduced the experimental steps, but also avoided the false positive caused by the comparison of the two chromatograms, and it greatly reduced the difficulty level of the overall experimental analysis. GC-EAG-MS is more convenient, efficient, economical, and practical, and could confidently replace traditional methods. With further optimization, it could be widely applied in the study of plant and insect chemical ecology.
Testing the affective events theory: The mediating role of affect and the moderating role of mindfulness
Authors: Junça‐Silva Ana , Pombeira Catarina , Caetano António
Published: May 2021

This study aims to expand the knowledge on the affective events theory by: (1) testing the mediating role of affect in the relationship between micro‐daily events and well‐being, (2) and analyzing the moderating role of mindfulness in this mediated relationship. To achieve these goals, we collected data with 393 working adults. The results showed that: (1) affect mediates the relationship between micro‐daily events and well‐being; (2) mindfulness moderates the mediated relationship between micro‐daily events and well‐being via affect, that is, higher levels of mindfulness are positively related to well‐being in particular when the levels of positive affect are higher. These results show the importance of providing conditions for the occurrence of daily uplifts at work as these seem to lead to increases in employees' well‐being. Promoting mindfulness at work also seems relevant for workers' mental health and well‐being, for example, through complementary training or daily practices.
Hydrothermal “Disproportionation” of Biomass into Oriented Carbon Microsphere Anode and 3D Porous Carbon Cathode for Potassium Ion Hybrid Capacitor
Authors: Qian Yong , Li Yang , Pan Zhen , Tian Jie , Lin Ning , Qian Yitai
Published: May 2021

The comprehensive utilization of biomass to obtain energy‐storage carbonaceous materials with special microstructures is of great significance. Herein, a universal method is proposed to fabricate oriented carbon microspheres (OCMSs) and 3D porous carbon (3DPC) block at the same time via high‐temperature hydrothermal “disproportionation” of biomass including but not limited to basswood, pinus sylvestris, red walnut, beech, bamboo, and sorghum straw. Through nuclear magnetic resonance, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, as well as various morphologic and structural characterizations, it is demonstrated that OCMS with (002) orientation originates from the carbonization of organic matters produced by the successive decomposition of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin during the high‐temperature hydrothermal process, while the 3DPC blocks exhibit abundant sp3 defects and micropores with a surface area of 855.12 m2 g−1 due to the constant loss of organic components from basswood blocks. As a result, the OCMS anode exhibits a high capacity of 201.1 mA h g−1 at 2000 mA g−1 after 2000 cycles, 3DPC cathode delivers a capacity of 95.7 mA h g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 after 5000 cycles. Remarkably, the as‐assembled OCMS//3DPC potassium ion hybrid capacitor exhibits an energy of 140.7 Wh kg−1 at 643.8 W kg−1, with a long cycle life over 8500 cycles.
Temperature‐Responsive Self‐Assembly of Single Polyoxometalates Clusters Driven by Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Liu Qingda , Yu Hongde , Zhang Qinghua , Wang Dong , Wang Xun
Published: May 2021

Smart materials that can respond to external stimuli are typically prepared through the coating of specific responsive ligands. Herein, for the first time, thermally reconfigurable single polyoxometalate (POM) cluster assemblies without temperature‐responsive surfactants are reported. Based on transmission electron microscopy observation, POM clusters are obtained to arrange into a 2D single cluster superlattice at 25 °C, and transform themselves into a single cluster nanowire below 0 °C, which is caused by the switching of hydrogen bond linkage between clusters. Contributed by the specific coordinative state, the POM assembly exhibits excellent catalytic activity and stability toward olefin epoxidation at room temperature, demonstrating the application potentials of the nanostructures based on single clusters.
3D Electrodes for Bioelectronics
Authors: Cho Yo Han , Park Young‐Geun , Kim Sumin , Park Jang‐Ung
Published: May 2021

In recent studies related to bioelectronics, significant efforts have been made to form 3D electrodes to increase the effective surface area or to optimize the transfer of signals at tissue–electrode interfaces. Although bioelectronic devices with 2D and flat electrode structures have been used extensively for monitoring biological signals, these 2D planar electrodes have made it difficult to form biocompatible and uniform interfaces with nonplanar and soft biological systems (at the cellular or tissue levels). Especially, recent biomedical applications have been expanding rapidly toward 3D organoids and the deep tissues of living animals, and 3D bioelectrodes are getting significant attention because they can reach the deep regions of various 3D tissues. An overview of recent studies on 3D bioelectronic devices, such as the use of electrical stimulations and the recording of neural signals from biological subjects, is presented. Subsequently, the recent developments in materials and fabrication processing to 3D micro‐ and nanostructures are introduced, followed by broad applications of these 3D bioelectronic devices at various in vitro and in vivo conditions.
Reflective Coloration from Structural Plasmonic to Disordered Polarizonic
Authors: Elbahri Mady , Homaeigohar Shahin , Assad Mhd Adel
Published: May 2021

The generation of pigment‐free colors by nanostructures and subwavelength patterns has evolved in the last decade and outperformed the conventional paints in terms of durability, recyclability, and environmental friendliness. The recent progress in the field of structural coloration, particularly reflective coloration, offering a full‐color gamut, has realized high‐resolution printing, not attainable by the pigment paints. Herein, an overview of the various systems able to offer reflective coloration for a variety of optical applications with static and dynamic responses is presented. Specifically, an emphasis is given to recent works of the article's authors on the cooperative action of the disordered particles and dipoles that can generate specular reflective colors. In addition, further developments of reflective color nanosystems are discussed. In the first section, an overview of the recent progress in the field of plasmonic reflective structural coloration is provided. The second part of the article deals with the authors’ latest findings with respect to polarizonic color generation and its implementation in various areas ranging from environmental detection and biosensing to colored solar perfect absorbers. The report is wrapped up with an outlook and summary.
Synergistic Photothermal and Chemical Therapy by Smart Dual‐Functional Graphdiyne Nanosheets for Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Li Tianzhong , Liu Yao , Bao Wenli , Luo Jingshan , Gao Lingfeng , Chen Xiaojia , Wang Shengpeng , Yu Jiangtian , Ge Yanqi , Zhang Bin , Xie Ni , Xie Zhongjian , Chen Tongkai , Zhang Han
Published: May 2021

Successful treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) is impeded by limited permeability of the blood brain barrier (BBB) which causes unsatisfactory drug accumulation in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present study, a novel 2D graphdiyne (GDY)‐based nanoplatform is utilized for the delivery of minocycline (MN), one drug candidate for PD treatment. These GDY nanosheets are prepared by sonication and exhibit excellent photothermal (PT) conversion ability (≈32%) without obvious toxicity in vitro. MN can be loaded onto GDY by π–π stacking (≈90%) and near infrared (NIR) irradiation is able to trigger the release of more than 30% of the payload. The BBB permeability of GDY is confirmed in both cellular and animal models. The behavioral defects of PD mice can be corrected after the PT and chemical synergistic treatment performed by GDY, with the dopaminergic neuron counting restored to normal level. Nanosheets‐mediated PT treatment exhibits comparable therapeutic effects to that of L‐DOPA, a commercialized PD drug. No obvious damage to major organs or circulation system is detected and physiological parameters remain stable during the behavioral study. This GDY‐based delivery system can serve as a promising platform for loading chemical drugs targeting neurodegenerative disorders.
Injectable Affinity and Remote Magnetothermal Effects of Bi‐Based Alloy for Long‐Term Bone Defect Repair and Analgesia
Authors: He Yuanyuan , Zhao Yu , Fan Linlin , Wang Xuelin , Duan Minghui , Wang Hongzhang , Zhu Xiyu , Liu Jing
Published: May 2021

As alternatives, metallic/nonmetallic bone graft materials play significant roles in bone defect surgery to treat external trauma or bone disease. However, to date, there are rather limited long‐term implantable materials owning to in situ molding incapability of metallics and poor mechanical property of nonmetallics. Here, Bi‐based low melting point alloy, with unique properties of injectability, solid‐liquid phase transition, mechanical capability, and biocompatibility, present obvious long‐lasting bone affinity as the excellent artificial bone‐substitute. It is particularly necessary to point out that the targeted injected Bi alloy remains in its original position for up to 210 days without moving, as well as, displays good osseointegration ability to resolve repeated revision trauma caused by losing bone repair material. Additionally, with outstanding electrical and thermal conductivity, an unconventional way using Bi alloy to realize very beneficial hyperthermia analgesia via non‐invasive wireless energy delivery is first proposed, which avoids adverse effects on bone remodeling inflicted by traditional drugs. The significantly decreased expression of pain sensitizing factor, such as, interleukin‐6, neuropeptide substance, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 reveals the potential mechanism of hyperthermia analgesia. The present findings suggest the combination therapy of Bi alloy in bone repair and analgesia, which owns far‐reaching clinical application value.
Neural Functional Connectivity Reconstruction with Second‐Order Memristor Network
Authors: Wu Yuting , Moon John , Zhu Xiaojian , Lu Wei D.
Published: May 2021

The advances of neural recording techniques have fostered rapid growth of the number of simultaneously recorded neurons, opening up new possibilities to investigate the interactions and dynamics inside neural circuitry. The high recording channel counts, however, pose significant challenges for data analysis because the required time and computational resources grow superlinearly with the data volume. Herein, the feasibility of real‐time reconstruction of neural functional connectivity using a second‐order memristor network is analyzed. Spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity, natively implemented by the internal dynamics of the memristor device, leads to the successful discovery of temporal correlations between pre‐ and postsynaptic spikes of the simulated neural circuits in an unsupervised fashion. The proposed system demonstrates high classification accuracy under a wide range of parameter settings considering indirect connections, synaptic weights, transmission delays, connection density, and so on, and enables the capturing of dynamic connectivity evolutions. The influence of device nonideal factors on detection accuracy is systematically evaluated, and the system shows robustness to initial weight randomness, and cycle‐to‐cycle and device‐to‐device variations. The proposed method allows direct mapping of neural connectivity onto the artificial memristor network and can lead to efficient front‐end data analysis of high‐density neural recording systems and potentially directly coupled bioartificial networks.
Synthesis of (Enantioenriched) Dibenzyl Thioethers and Disulfides via SN2 Nucleophilic Substitution of Quaternary Ammonium Salts
Authors: Tang Qinqin , Li Fuhai , Chen Hongyi , Yin Xianjie , Tang Yan , Zeng Qingle
Published: May 2021

A synthetic protocol of dibenzyl thioethers and dibenzyl disulfides via SN2 nucleophilic substitution of quaternary ammonium salts and sodium sulfide nonahydrate and disodium disulfide under mild condition is described. In particular, if quaternary ammonium salts synthesized from enantiomerically enriched amines are adopted, highly enantioenriched dibenzyl thioethers (92–95% ee) with reverse configurations to their enantioenriched quaternary ammonium salts are obtained.
Isolierung von 1,4‐Diarsinin‐1,4‐diid‐ und 1,4‐Diarsinin‐Derivaten
Authors: Rottschäfer Dennis , Glodde Timo , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Andrada Diego M. , Ghadwal Rajendra S.
Published: May 2021

Das 1,4‐Diarsinin‐1,4‐diid [(ADCPh)As]2 (5) (ADCPh={C(DippN)}2CPh, Dipp=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) mit einem planaren C4As2‐Ring, der an zwei 1,3‐Imidazol‐Ringen anelliert ist, wurde als roter, kristalliner Feststoff isoliert. Verbindung 5, die formal einen 8π‐Elektronen‐C4As2‐Ring enthält, ist antiaromatisch und geht eine 2e‐Oxidation mit AgOTf ein, die zum aromatischen 6π‐Elektronen‐System [(ADCPh)As]2(OTf)2 (6) führt.
A Family of Superhelicenes: Easily Tunable, Chiral Nanographenes by Merging Helicity with Planar π Systems
Authors: Reger David , Haines Philipp , Amsharov Konstantin Y. , Schmidt Julia A. , Ullrich Tobias , Bönisch Simon , Hampel Frank , Görling Andreas , Nelson Jenny , Jelfs Kim E. , Guldi Dirk M. , Jux Norbert
Published: May 2021

We designed a straightforward synthetic route towards a full‐fledged family of π‐extended helicenes: superhelicenes. They have two hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronenes (HBCs) in common that are connected via a central five‐membered ring. By means of structurally altering this 5‐membered ring, we realized a versatile library of molecular building blocks. Not only the superhelicene structure, but also their features are tuned with ease. In‐depth physico‐chemical characterizations served as a proof of concept thereof. The superhelicene enantiomers were separated, their circular dichroism was measured in preliminary studies and concluded with an enantiomeric assignment. Our work was rounded‐off by crystal structure analyses. Mixed stacks of M‐ and P‐isomers led to twisted molecular wires. Using such stacks, charge‐carrier mobilities were calculated, giving reason to expect outstanding hole transporting properties.