bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Trichomonas vaginalis with sociodemographic factors and other STDs among female inmates in Lisbon
Authors: Garcia A. , Exposto F. , Prieto E. , Lopes M. , Duarte A. , Correia da Silva R.
Published: August 2004

A study on STDs was conducted among 211 female inmates in a prison in Lisbon, Portugal, in order to establish possible associations between Trichomonas vaginalis infection, sociodemographic factors and other STDs. T. vaginalis was found in 31.2% of the women, from whom only 65.1% presented symptoms. It was more frequently isolated in the 20–40 year age group. On univariate analysis there was an association, although not statistically significant, between the existence of T. vaginalis, multiple sexual partners, drug addiction and no condom use. A statistically significant association was found between trichomoniasis, prostitution and other STDs. These were found in 87% of all women. T. vaginalis was detected alone in 23.8% (15/63) of all women with trichomoniasis, while 76.2% (48/63) of them had multiple infections with trichomonas and other STDs. A statistically significant association was present between trichomoniasis and Mycoplasma hominis and infection with Treponema pallidum. This study showed that the prevalence of T. vaginalis is as high as that of multiple infections with other STDs. Therefore, our findings seem to confirm that trichomoniasis serves as a marker for other STDs. Screening for STDs should then be offered to Portuguese inmates, or, at least, these women should be screened for T. vaginalis, as a marker for the other STDs.
HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: the Malaga Study
Authors: Santos Jesús , Palacios Rosario , Gutierrez Mónica , Grana Mariela , de la Torre Javier , Salgado Fernando , Nuño Enrique , Márquez Manuel
Published: August 2004

We analyse the characteristics of patients diagnosed with HIV infection in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era in the southeast of Spain. Data were collected on 470 HIV patients diagnosed between January 1997 and December 2002. The number of cases fell over recent years and HIV transmission was sexual in 70.5%. The mean CD4 lymphocyte count was 302.1 × 106/L and the mean viral load 4.70 log10. Diagnosis of HIV coincided with an AIDS-defining opportunistic illness in 30.6% of patients and a late diagnosis (CD4 < 200 × 106/L) was made in 48.3% of patients. A late diagnosis was related to male gender (OR 2.50; 95% CI 1.20–5.12; P < 0.001) and AIDS case (OR 18.80; 95% CI 10.50–33.80; P < 0.00001). These results suggest that there has been a progressive reduction in new cases of HIV-infected patients, with the main route of transmission being sexual and that the diagnosis was late in almost half the patients.
HIV partner notification: a 2002 Victorian audit
Authors: Tomnay J.E. , Hatch B.A. , Pitts M.K. , Carter T.R. , Fairley C.K.
Published: August 2004

This audit was carried out in August 2003 and examined HIV notification data in Victoria. We aimed to determine the proportion of partners reported as being traced from newly diagnosed HIV individuals, the type of contact tracing used and identify the number of HIV cases newly diagnosed from contact tracing. We compared men who have sex with men (MSM) with all other newly diagnosed HIV individuals in Victoria (non-MSM). Of the 215 newly diagnosed HIV-positive individuals, 49% ( n = 105) could potentially carry out contact tracing. There was a difference between MSM and non-MSM in the proportion of contactable partners (44% vs 63% respectively, P = 0.017). MSM less commonly used provider referral than non-MSM (12% vs 53% respectively, P < 0.001) but more commonly used patient referral (41% MSM vs 9% non-MSM, P = 0.001). Of the 13 individuals found to be HIV-positive through contact tracing, nine (69%) were non-MSM.
Understanding access to genitourinary medicine services
Authors: Griffiths V. , Ahmed-Jushuf I. , Cassell J.A.
Published: August 2004

In this study we describe waiting times in genitourinary medicine clinics (England, Wales, Northern Ireland), describe patterns of clinic attendance over time, and explore the association between waiting times and attendance patterns. A postal survey of clinicians in October 2002 explored waiting times and appointment policy. Clinic attendance data were linked to survey responses, and attendance trends described in relation to national sexually transmitted infection (STI) data. Waiting times were reported, and associations between attendance patterns and appointment policy explored. Mean waiting times were 11.2 days for males and 12.5 days for females. An association between longer waiting time and new males' non-attendance rates was shown. From 1996 to 2002 there was no overall increase in attendances in English clinics, while the proportion of all patients who were new or had a new problem increased from 0.37 to 0.44, and the ratio of new STI diagnoses to new attenders increased from 0.2 to 0.31. Major acute STIs diagnosed in England increased from 114,380 to 185,247 cases.
Sexual behaviour among young men in Sweden and the impact of pornography
Authors: Tydén Tanja , Rogala Christina
Published: August 2004

The purpose was to investigate the sexual behaviour among young men ( n = 300), visiting a genitourinary clinic in Sweden, focusing on the impact of pornography. Almost all, 98% ( n = 292) claimed to be heterosexual. The mean age at first intercourse was 16 years and on that occasion 64% ( n = 187) used some kind of contraceptive, mainly condom. All, 99% ( n = 296) had consumed pornography and 53% ( n = 157) felt that pornography impacted their sexual behaviour; they got inspired. About half ( n = 161) had had anal intercourse. Of these, 70% ( n = 113) had had it more than once and 84% ( n = 133) could imagine doing it again. Only 17% ( n = 28) always used a condom in this situation. One out of four ( n = 70) had had at least one sexually transmitted disease. The low use of condoms when heterosexual men have anal sex might have serious consequences for a spread of sexually transmitted diseases.
Determinants of HIV antibody testing among selected groups of Chinese residents in Hong Kong
Authors: Abdullah Abu Saleh M. , Hedley Anthony J , Fielding Richard , Ebrahim Shahul H.
Published: August 2004

HIV testing is promoted to the public as a tool for HIV prevention in many countries. However, the patterns and determinants of HIV antibody testing among the Chinese people are unknown. To describe the prevalence and determinants of HIV antibody testing amongst the Hong Kong Chinese a cross-sectional anonymous survey was carried out among 1027 subjects from different population groups (airport travellers, business sector workers, service sector workers, university staff, and STD clinic attendees). Subjects were categorized into either 'STD population' (respondents from STD clinics) versus 'all others' (respondents from other settings) groups. Forty-five percent of the respondents reported ever having had a test for HIV antibody. 'STD population' group members were almost three times more likely to have had an HIV test than were 'all others' group members (77% vs 20%). After adjustments, 'STD population' group members who reported having tested for HIV were more often aged 45 years or older, alcohol drinkers, with high self-efficacy scores, and inconsistent condom users; members in the 'all others' group, more often had had sex with strangers, drank alcohol, and favoured having multiple sex partners. Awareness among the public about the risk behaviours for HIV should be enhanced and efforts should be made to reduce high-risk behaviours among those tested by emphasizing the importance of maintaining safer sex behaviour and having follow-up tests during post-test counselling.
Improving uptake of HIV testing in patients with a confirmed STI
Authors: Day S. , Lakhani D. , Hankins M. , Rodgers C.A.
Published: August 2004

Up to 70% of GU clinic attendees with a sexually transmitted infection (STI) and undiagnosed HIV, remain HIV undiagnosed after their visit. STIs have been shown to facilitate HIV transmission. Therefore, patients with an STI should test for HIV. Our objective was to compare the uptake of HIV testing in GU clinic attendees with an STI (study group) with those receiving a negative GU screen (control group). This re-audit was performed after introduction of the following clinic changes: nurse-performed asymptomatic GU screening; 'opt-out' HIV testing policy; discontinuing routine pre-HIV test counselling; access to HIV results by post. The uptake of HIV testing overall, and in the study and control groups respectively was 53% ( n = 573), 41% ( n = 285) and 65%, showing significant improvement compared to the first audit in 1999 (18%, 14% and 33% respectively) ( P < 0.01). The clinic interventions increased HIV testing rates which were in keeping with National Sexual Health strategy targets.
Is Smoking As Deadly As You Think? A Research Methods Perspective
Authors: Tansey Richard , White Michael , Collins James
Published: August 2004

During the recent tobacco wars between the US cigarette industry and antismoking groups, estimates of the public health dangers attributable to domestic cigarette consumption played a pivotal role in persuading government officials and consumers to support regulatory restrictions. Antismoking persons generally argue that cigarettes are high in risk and low in benefits and may support this stereotype by pointing to the US surgeon general's (1989) estimate of attributable risk that over 400,000 American adults die annually from smoking-related diseases. However, most people are unaware of the statistical calculations behind these estimates. The Doll-Peto population-attributable-risk (PAR) results dominated Business Week's (1982) coverage of the tobacco wars.
Singlet oxygen-mediated damage to cellular DNA determined by the comet assay associated with DNA repair enzymes
Authors: Ravanat J.-L. , Sauvaigo S. , Caillat S. , Martinez G. R. , Medeiros M. H. G. , Mascio P. Di , Favier A. , Cadet J.
Published: August 2004

The damage profile produced by the reaction of singlet molecular oxygen with cellular DNA was determined using the comet assay associated with DNA repair enzymes. Singlet oxygen was produced intracellularly by thermal decomposition of a watersoluble endoperoxide of a naphthalene derivative which is able to penetrate through the membrane into mammalian cells. We found that the DNA modifications produced by singlet oxygen were almost exclusively oxidised purines recognised by the formamidopyrimidine DNA N-glycosylase. In contrast, significant amounts of direct strand breaks and alkalilabile sites or oxidised pyrimidines, detectable by the bacterial endonuclease III, were not produced.
Identification of sialic acids on Leishmania donovani amastigotes
Authors: Chava A. K. , Chatterjee M. , Gerwig G. J. , Kamerling J. P. , Mandal C.
Published: August 2004

The presence of Neu5Ac on promastigotes of Leishmania donovani, the causative organism of Indian visceral leishmaniasis, has been reported recently. Here we report the occurrence of Neu5Ac as a major component on amastigotes, as well as Neu5Gc, Neu5,9Ac2 and Neu9Ac5Gc as indicated by fluorimetric high performance liquid chromatography and gas liquid chromatography/electron impact mass spectrometry. Furthermore, binding studies with Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA), and various Siglecs, showed the presence of both (alpha2-6) and (alpha2-3)linked sialic acids; their binding was reduced after sialidase pretreatment. Western blotting of amastigote membrane glycoproteins with SNA demonstrated the presence of two sialoglycoconjugates of Mr values of 164 000 and 150 000. Similarly, binding of MAA demonstrated the presence of five distinct sialoglycans corresponding to molecular masses of 188, 162, 136, 137 and 124 kDa. Achatinin-H, a lectin that preferentially identifies 9-Oacetylated sialic acid (alpha2-6)linked to GalNAc, demonstrated the occurrence of two 9-Oacetylated sialoglycans with Mr 158 000 and 150 000, and was corroborated by flow cytometry; this binding was abolished by recombinant 9-Oacetylesterase pretreatment. Our results indicate that Neu5Ac w(alpha2-6) and (alpha2-3)linked, as well as Neu5Gc and their 9-Oacetyl derivatives, constitute components of the amastigote cell surface of L. donovani.
In vitro folding and characterization of the p53 DNA binding domain
Authors: Klein C. , Hesse F. , Dehner A. , Engh R. A. , Schwaiger M. , Hansen S.
Published: August 2004

The transcription factor p53 acts as major tumor suppressor
and is inactivated by mutation in more than 50%
of all human tumors. We have established an efficient
procedure for the in vitro folding and purification of the
p53 DNA binding domain (p53DBD) using a modified factorial
matrix approach that supplies large amounts of
homogeneous (isotope-labeled) p53DBD for application
in biochemical, crystallographic and NMR spectroscopic
studies. We further show with biophysical methods that
in vitro folded p53DBD is fully functional and that its conformation
is identical to that obtained from the soluble
fraction.
A recombinant cell bioassay for measurement of overall estrogenic activity of serum: preliminary results in women with breast cancer
Authors: Séronie-Vivien Sophie , Dalenc Florence , Balaguer Patrick , Nicolas Jean-Claude , Roché Henri , Faye Jean-Charles
Published: August 2004

The estrogenic status of patients with breast cancer may influence the prognosis and the response to treatment and is currently assessed by immunological measurement of serum estradiol. This does not account for estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activity related to growth factors able to activate the estrogen receptor, to anti-estrogenic drugs or to exogenous supply of estrogen-like compounds. We developed a recombinant bioassay based on a mammary cell line expressing luciferase in an estrogen receptor-dependent way. In a human serum matrix the MELN system was able to detect the transcriptional activity of estradiol, growth factors (epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin at insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)-like concentrations), xeno-estrogens (diethylstilbestrol, phytoestrogens) and tamoxifen in a dose-dependent manner. The intra- and inter-assay variations were <6% and ≤15%, respectively, whatever the estradiol concentration; the functional sensitivity was <10 pmol/l equivalents of estradiol. We assessed the overall estrogenic activity of serum (OEAS) in 16 healthy women and in 24 women with advanced breast cancer. The correlation between OEAS and serum log
Small angle scattering in the Porod region from hydrated paper sheets at varying humidities
Authors: Garvey Christopher J. , Parker Ian H. , Knott Robert B. , Simon George P.
Published: August 2004

The microscopic changes in the structure of paper at different equilibrium moisture contents were examined using the novel technique of contrast variation small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Contrast variation, by appropriate selection of the H2O:D2O ratio, was used to simplify the scattering from hydrated paper to a two-phase approximation. The two phases were paper polymers (cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses) and a phase consisting of water and voids. The two-phase approximation is justified by consideration of the chemistry and density of each of the polymer species belonging to paper, and by matching the scattering length density of the sorbed moisture to air. The neutron intensity at the higher scattering angles examined was successfully fitted using the Porod law, which is applicable to scattering from a two-phase system at the high scattering angle limit. This limit is related to the specific surface area between the two phases. The limiting scattered intensity of neutrons was found to increase with increasing moisture content for a range of paper materials. It is concluded that the sorption of water increased the limiting intensity because water disrupted polymer-polymer bonding. The Porod law also predicts the slope of the intensity/scattering angle curve at the high scattering angle limit.
Consumption Dynamics of the Adult Piscivorous Fish Community in Spirit Lake, Iowa
Authors: Liao Hongsheng , Pierce Clay L. , Larscheid Joe G.
Published: August 2004

At Spirit Lake, one of Iowa's most important fisheries, walleye Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) is one of the most popular species with anglers. Despite a century of walleye stocking and management in Spirit Lake, walleye growth rate, size structure, and angler harvest continue to decline. Our purpose was to determine the magnitude and dynamics of walleye population consumption relative to those of other piscivorous species in Spirit Lake, which would allow managers to judge the feasibility of increasing the abundance, growth rate, and size structure of the walleye population. We quantified food consumption by the adult piscivorous fish community in Spirit Lake over a 3-year period. Data on population dynamics, diet, energy density, and water temperature from 1995 to 1997 were used in bioenergetics models to estimate total consumption by walleye, yellow perch Perca flavescens, smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus, and northern pike Esox lucius. Estimated annual consumption by the piscivorous community varied roughly fourfold, ranging from 154,752 kg in 1995 to 662,776 kg in 1997. Walleyes dominated total consumption, accounting for 68, 73, and 90% (1995–1997, respectively) of total food consumption. Walleyes were also the dominant consumers of fish, accounting for 76, 86, and 97% of piscivorous consumption; yellow perch followed, accounting for 16% of piscivorous consumption in 1995 and 12% in 1996. Yellow perch were the predominant fish prey species in all 3 years, accounting for 68, 52, and 36% of the total prey consumed. Natural reproduction is weak, so high walleye densities are maintained by intensive stocking. Walleye stocking drives piscivorous consumption in Spirit Lake, and yearly variation in the cannibalism of stocked walleye fry may be an important determinant of walleye year-class strength and angler success. Reducing walleye stocking intensity, varying stocking intensity from year to year, and attempting to match stocking intensity with the abundance of prey species other than walleye may improve the walleye fishery in Spirit Lake.
An Alternative Approach to Detection of Length-Related Biases in Standard Weight Equations
Authors: Gerow Kenneth G. , Hubert Wayne A. , Anderson-Sprecher Richard C.
Published: August 2004

We propose a new method for assessing length-related biases in standard weight (Ws) equations computed by the regression-line−percentile method. We evaluated the performance of the new method relative to two previous methods for assessing length-related biases using 15 data sets from which Ws equations have been computed. The new method detected potentially serious length-related biases in 10 Ws equations, whereas one of the previously used methods failed to detect any biologically significant biases and the other method detected biases in only one equation. The new method can detect curvilinear relationships between Ws and length, so it provides insight that is not available from previous methods.
Evaluation of Three Gears for Sampling Spawning Populations of Rainbow Trout in a Large Alaskan River
Authors: Schwanke Craig J. , Hubert Wayne A.
Published: August 2004

Alternatives to electrofishing are needed for sampling sexually mature rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss during the spawning season in large Alaskan rivers. We compared hook and line, beach seining, and actively fished gill nets as sampling tools. Beach seining and active gill netting yielded similar catch rates, length frequencies, and sex ratios of sexually mature fish. Hook-and-line sampling was less effective, with a lower catch rate and selectivity for immature fish and sexually mature females. We conclude that both beach seining and active gill netting can serve as alternatives to electrofishing for sampling sexually mature rainbow trout stocks during the spawning season in large rivers with stable spring flows and spawning areas with few snags.
Changes in the Distribution and Density of Pink, Chum, and Chinook Salmon Spawning in the Upper Skagit River in Response to Flow Management Measures
Authors: Connor Edward J. , Pflug David E.
Published: August 2004

We analyzed the abundance and spatial distribution of spawning pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, chum salmon O. keta, and Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha in a 27-mi section of the upper Skagit River, Washington, regulated by the Skagit Hydroelectric Project. Densities of spawning salmon were compared among three contiguous reaches of the upper Skagit River before and after the implementation of flow management measures in 1981. The measures were intended to minimize redd dewatering during the spawning and incubation periods and fry stranding during the emergence and outmigration periods. Field monitoring confirmed that increasing the minimum incubation flows created improvements in redd protection levels. Greater protection of fry from stranding was achieved by substantially reducing the annual number of downramping events and by reducing downramping during daytime, when fry are most vulnerable to stranding. Spawner abundance of all three species progressively increased in an upstream direction following implementation of flow measures; increases were greatest in the reach immediately below the hydroelectric project. The upstream shift in spawner abundance was highly significant based on factorial analyses of variance. The greatest increases in spawner abundance for Chinook salmon and chum salmon were observed during even years, when pink salmon did not spawn. Mean spawner abundance in the upstream-most study reach increased from 311 to 1,169 carcasses/mi (odd years) for pink salmon, from 6 to 115 fish/mi (odd years) or 58 to 462 fish/mi (even years) for chum salmon, and from 48 to 49 redds/mi (odd years) or 59 to 65 redds/ mi (even years) for Chinook salmon. The total number of pink salmon and chum salmon spawners significantly increased within the study area after 1981. These increases were substantially greater than those observed concurrently in other areas of the Skagit River basin and in other northern Puget Sound rivers. The average number of Chinook salmon spawners remained unchanged in the study area after 1981, while substantially declining in other unregulated Skagit River subbasins and most Puget Sound rivers. The study area now possesses the greatest percentage of pink, chum, and Chinook salmon spawners within the Skagit River basin. The Skagit River presently supports the largest run of native Chinook salmon in the Puget Sound region and the largest runs of pink and chum salmon in the coterminous United States.
The Relationships among In-Channel Sediment Storage, Pool Depth, and Summer Survival of Juvenile Salmonids in Oregon Coast Range Streams
Authors: May Christine L. , Lee Danny C.
Published: August 2004

The influence of channel aggradation on water availability and salmonid survival was investigated during the summer dry season in two Oregon Coast Range streams. Deep pools and a deformable streambed of coarse gravel were present in highly aggraded stream reaches. However, these thick, highly porous alluvial deposits caused surface flow to become intermittent, which stranded fish in drying channels. In gravel-bed reaches with thinner alluvial deposits, pool depth was limited by the underlying bedrock, but pools were sustained by hyporheic flow throughout the summer dry season. In these moderately aggraded reaches, pool depth and area decreased throughout the summer, resulting in severe crowding of fish trapped in pools formed over small patches of exposed bedrock and isolated by dry, gravel-bed riffles. Bedrock-dominated stream reaches had slightly smaller pools but were most likely to contain continuous surface flow throughout the summer dry season; these reaches exhibited the smallest decreases in pool depth and area. Repeated snorkel surveys indicated that fish abundance in pools decreased by 59% during the summer, significantly higher losses occurring in gravel-bed pools. Streambed substrate and partitioning of surface and subsurface flow may also have important implications for fish energetics due to differences in water temperature and food availability.
Use of Remote-Site Incubators to Produce Arctic Grayling Fry of Wild Parentage
Authors: Kaeding Lynn R. , Boltz Glenn D.
Published: August 2004

Remote-site incubators (RSIs) adjacent to five streams were evaluated as part of a program to reestablish spawning stocks of Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus in Upper Red Rock Lake in southwest Montana. From 2000 to 2002, wild adult Arctic grayling were caught from the only study stream that currently supports natural spawning. Adults were artificially spawned, and the fertilized eggs were immediately placed into 12 RSIs in 2000, 8 in 2001, and 10 in 2002. Apart from daily removal of dead eggs and dead fry, no prophylaxis was administered. Median numbers of accumulated degree-days (and calendar days) to first observation of eye-up, hatch, and swim-up were 106.1 (10.5), 139.2 (14.0), and 169.2 (17.5), respectively. Mean (±95% confidence interval) percent emergence was greater in 2000 (73.4 ± 15.1%) than in 2001 and 2002 (pooled mean, 26.5 ± 11.9%). Mean percent emergence at a warm (∼13°C) site (East Elk Springs Creek; 69.8 ± 22.0%) was higher than the pooled mean for the other four sites (35.3 ± 15.0%). In 2002, Arctic grayling were observed spawning in the main-stem Elk Springs Creek downstream from two RSI sites on tributaries; the species was last reported in this creek in the late 1960s. We believe that the fish observed spawning in 2002 emerged from the RSIs during 2000. Remote-site incubators are useful, cost-effective tools that could help reestablish Arctic grayling spawning stocks.
Anglers' Probabilities of Catching Record-Size Fish
Authors: Wilde Gene R. , Pope Kevin L.
Published: August 2004

Most state fishery management agencies publish lists of the largest (e.g., 10, 25, and 50) specimens of each species captured by anglers. We fitted normal distributions for smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu and striped bass Morone saxatilis and a mixture of two normal distributions of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides to the length of time that individual fish had been present on lists of the largest 50 specimens of each species caught by Texas anglers using rod and reel. In any given year, there is only a probability (p) of 0.102 that a largemouth bass large enough to make the record-weight list will be captured. There is a smaller probability that a record-weight smallmouth bass (p = 0.032) or striped bass (p = 0.021) will be captured in a given year. We suggest that record-weight lists with long turnover times (implying low probabilities that anglers will catch record-weight fish) may discourage interest and participation in angling, and we propose modifications to current record lists.
Use of Traditional Ecological Knowledge to Reduce Striped Bass Bycatch in the Currituck Sound White Perch Gill-Net Fishery
Authors: Blake Price A. , Rulifson Roger A.
Published: August 2004

The gill-net fishery for white perch Morone americana in upper Currituck Sound, North Carolina, currently is regulated by season, mesh-size, and net tending restrictions primarily intended for reducing the bycatch of striped bass Morone saxatilis. The fall fishery (September– December) cannot use small-mesh nets, and fishers must tend nets at all times within a distance of 91.4 m. The spring fishery (January–April) also has small-mesh restrictions, but fishers can leave nets unattended. Commercial fishers are concerned about these restrictions. We examined these concerns by designing a study in which randomly deployed gill nets were paired with nets set at sites chosen by a commercial fisher based on traditional ecological knowledge of the region. The commercial fisher reduced bycatch of striped bass while maintaining catches of white perch. Marketable quality (i.e., average size) of white perch was not significantly different between random sets and commercially designated sets. Most of the total catch (95%) and a majority of striped bass (64%) were caught alive. The number of live captures was inversely correlated with water temperature and positively correlated with oxygen content. Management recommendations include initiation of similar gill-net studies both within Currituck Sound and statewide for comparison of results, development of a fisher questionnaire to ascertain experience level, and establishment of observer coverage to confirm the results presented here.
Oxytetracycline Marking of Newly Hatched Walleye Fry
Authors: Logsdon Dale E. , Pittman Bruce J. , Barnard Gary C.
Published: August 2004

Newly hatched walleye Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) fry were treated by immersion in a solution of 700 mg of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC)/L for 6 h to determine whether walleye fry could be marked at a younger age than previously described in the literature. The resulting marks varied in intensity but were observed on 100% of the fry inspected from groups that were treated at ages less than 24 h posthatch as well as those that were treated at ages less than 3 h posthatch. No false marks were observed on untreated controls in any of the treatment periods, and pond studies indicated no significant differences (P > 0.05) in either survival or growth between OTC-treated fry and untreated controls. The results of this study demonstrate that walleye fry can be successfully marked immediately after hatching and that the entire annual production of walleye fry at a hatchery can be marked without additional fry-holding facilities or significant disruption of routine hatchery operations.
Relative Activity of Brook Trout and Walleyes in Response to Flow in a Regulated River
Authors: Murchie Karen J. , Smokorowski Karen E.
Published: August 2004

Coded electromyogram telemetry transmitters were used to examine the effects of varying flows on the relative activity of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and walleye Sander vitreus in a regulated river. The relative activity levels of two brook trout and two walleyes were continuously monitored for a minimum of 24 h, and measurements were compared with river flow values logged at nearby gauging stations. Generally, fish relative activity levels mimicked patterns of flow change, peaks in activity level corresponding to peaks in flow. Mean relative activity was generally greatest at extreme high (≥25-m3/s) and low (<15-m3/s) flows. High flows may have elicited hyperactivity (increased activity) as fish sought suitable refugia, increased activity to hold position in the water column, or increased feeding activity on increased levels of drifting invertebrates. Hyperactivity at low flows may have been caused by relocation due to habitat loss or ease of movement at lower flow regimes. Physiological telemetry provides researchers with a method of quantifying the immediate effects of flow changes on fish. Increasing our knowledge of the effects of river regulation on fish is essential to the development of more effective management strategies that balance ecology and economics.
The Effectiveness of Riparian Restoration for Improving Instream Fish Habitat in Four Hardwood-Dominated California Streams
Authors: Opperman Jeff J. , Merenlender Adina M.
Published: August 2004

Recent reviews of salmonid habitat restoration programs have recommended that managers emphasize strategies that restore natural habitat-forming processes, such as restoring riparian vegetation, over placement of instream structures. In addition to the direct benefits of shading and providing a source for large woody debris (LWD), riparian restoration is often implemented to improve channel morphology for purposes of restoring fish habitat. However, multiple studies provide equivocal evidence that restored vegetation can lead to improved channel form within a period of years to decades. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of riparian restoration for improving channel morphology and fish habitat in four hardwood-dominated streams in Mendocino County, California. These streams support populations of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and contain reaches with riparian corridors that were restored through exclusionary fencing implemented 10–20 years earlier. We compared channel morphology, LWD, and late-summer water temperature between the restored exclosure reaches and geomorphically similar control reaches within the same properties. Channels within exclosures were significantly narrower and had greater heterogeneity in long profile elevation than control reaches. Frequencies of LWD and debris jams were considerably greater in exclosure reaches than control reaches and were comparable to values from similar streams with mature forests. Late-summer water temperature in exclosures was within the acceptable range for steelhead, whereas water temperature in control reaches was warmer and potentially detrimental to steelhead. Riparian restoration in exclosures has resulted in quantitatively improved habitat characteristics and qualitatively different channel morphologies as compared with control reaches. The ability of vegetation to improve channel morphology in this region is probably due to frequent overbank flooding and high sediment loads. Through a comparative analysis of the cost and performance of exclusionary fencing versus those of instream structures, we propose that riparian restoration can produce instream salmonid habitat benefits that are more comprehensive, sustainable, and cost-effective than the benefits generated by instream structures.
Factors Related to Mortality of Black Bass Caught during Small Club Tournaments in Connecticut
Authors: Edwards Gordon P. , Neumann Robert M. , Jacobs Robert P. , O'Donnell Eileen B.
Published: August 2004

Factors related to the initial and delayed mortality of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and smallmouth bass M. dolomieu were determined at small club tournaments held at two Connecticut lakes during April–October of 2001–2002. Organizational characteristics of tournaments, environmental conditions, and initial mortality data were collected from 58 tournaments at Mansfield Hollow Reservoir and 41 tournaments at Gardner Lake. Delayed mortality at 72 h was also determined for 29 tournaments at Mansfield Hollow Reservoir and 25 tournaments at Gardner Lake. In total, 3,290 largemouth bass and 1,035 smallmouth bass were observed for initial mortality; 1,784 largemouth bass and 647 smallmouth bass were observed for 72-h delayed mortality. Initial and delayed mortality rates were 2.2% and 1.0% for largemouth bass and 4.8% and 2.8% for smallmouth bass. Logistic regression indicated that initial mortality was significantly greater (P < 0.0001) for smallmouth bass than for largemouth bass, and that initial mortality was positively related to water temperature (P < 0.0001), total handling time (P < 0.0001), and fishing-day length (P = 0.0357). Delayed mortality was positively related to water temperature (P < 0.0001), and there was a significant species × lake interaction (P = 0.0152). Initial mortality began to increase sharply at water temperatures greater than 25°C. Delayed mortality showed differential responses to water temperature depending on the species and lake. Our results suggest that tournament-associated mortality may be reduced by limiting tournament activity during the hottest months and by increasing the efficiency of weigh-in procedures at small club tournaments.
Backstepping‐based cascade control scheme for batch distillation columns
Authors: Monroy‐Loperena Rosendo , Alvarez‐Ramirez Jose
Published: August 2004

Nonstationary dynamics, finite‐time operation, large thermodynamical uncertainty and delayed composition measurements make the control of batch distillation processes a challenging and interesting problem. In this paper, a cascade control design to regulate the overhead composition of a batch distillation column is presented. The controller is designed within the framework of robust nonlinear control with modeling error compensation techniques in conjunction with a backstepping approach. The result is a cascade controller with a master loop that, driven by the composition regulation error, produces a time‐varying set point for the temperature in a certain tray; and with a secondary controller that manipulates the internal reflux ratio to track the time‐varying set point determined by the master composition loop. How to extend the controller design to have multiple slave temperature controllers, to improve the regulation of the overhead composition in a batch distillation column, is also presented. The proposed control approach is illustrated by numerical simulations on a full dynamical model. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2113–2129, 2004
Characterization of triacylglycerols from overwintering prepupae of the alfalfa pollinator Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Authors: Buckner James S. , Kemp William P. , Bosch Jordi
Published: August 2004

Alfalfa leafcutting bees, Megachile rotundata (F.), overwinter as prepupae. The internal lipids were extracted from prepupae that had been wintered at 4°C for 7 months. Megachile rotundata prepupae possessed copious quantities of internal lipids (20% of the fresh weight) that were extracted with CHCl3/methanol (2:1). Transmission electron microscopy revealed that lipids were stored within very large intracellular vacuoles. Separation by silica chromatography revealed that 88% of the internal lipids were triacylglycerols. Ester derivatives of fatty acids from triacylglycerol components were analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and 15 fatty acid constituents were identified. The majority (76%) of the triacylglycerol fatty acids were unsaturated fatty acids. The major triacylglycerol fatty acid constituent (30%) was the C16 monounsaturated fatty acid, palmitoleic acid (16:1, hexadec‐9‐enoic acid), with substantial amounts of linolenic acid (18:3, octadec‐9,12,15‐trienoic acid, 15%), palmitic acid (16:0, hexadecanoic acid, 14%) and oleic acid (18:1, octadec‐9‐enoic acid, 13%). Palmitoleic acid as the major fatty acid of an insect is an unusual occurrence as well as the presence of the 16‐carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids, 16:2 and 16:3. The major intact triacylglycerol components were separated and identified by high performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. A complex mixture of approximately 40 triacylglycerol components were identified and major components included palmitoyl palmitoleoyl oleoyl glycerol, palmitoyl palmitoleoyl palmitoleoyl glycerol, myristoyl palmitoleoyl palmitoleoyl glycerol, myristoleoyl palmitoyl palmitoleoyl glycerol, and palmitoyl palmitoleoyl linolenoyl glycerol. The function of these internal lipids and their relevance to winter survival and post‐wintering development of M. rotundata is discussed. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 57:1–14, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular cloning and bacterial expression of pheromone binding protein in the antennae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)
Authors: Wang Gui Rong , Wu Kong Ming , Guo Yu Yuan
Published: August 2004

A cDNA clone coding for pheromone binding protein was isolated from the antennae of Helicoverpa armigera by RT‐PCR and (5′/3′)‐RACE technique. The full‐length of H. armigera pheromone binding protein (HarmPBP) was 952 bp, possessing 162 amino acid residues including a signal peptide of 20 amino acids. Its predicted molecular weight and isoelectric point were 18.26 kDa and 5.23, respectively. This deduced amino acid sequence shared some common structural features with odorant‐binding proteins from several moth species, including the six conserved cysteine motif, a typical characteristic of insect's odorant‐binding proteins. Northern blot showed that HarmPBP is specifically expressed in the antennae of Helicoverpa armigera and more abundantly expressed in male than female. During the antennal development, HarmPBP is first expressed about 4 days prior to adult eclosion and rises to a plateau 2 days prior to adult eclosion. In order to obtain sufficient PBP for further determining its biochemical and physiological properties, a bacterical expression vector of PBP was constructed and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant PBP was shown to cross‐react with an anti‐PBP antiserum from Antheraea polyphemus. Polyclonal antibodies against HarmPBP were used to mark the distribution of the protein in olfactory sensilla. Very strong labeling was observed in the sensillum lymph of the hair lumen and of the sensillum‐lymph cavity. In the male, HarmPBP is expressed in sensilla trichodea and not in sensilla basiconica, while in the female, it is expressed both in sensilla basiconica and sensilla trichodea. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 57:15–27, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Catalytic activity and expression of two flavin‐containing monooxygenases from Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Scharf Michael E. , Scharf Dancia W. , Bennett Gary W. , Pittendrigh Barry R.
Published: August 2004

Two flavin‐containing monooxygenase genes occur in the Drosophila genome (named DmFMO‐1 and DmFMO‐2). Differences exist between these two FMOs in: (1) genomic DNA architecture and predicted post‐translational modifications; (2) recombinant protein solubility, activity, and absorbance spectra; and (3) subcellular distribution and developmental transcription/translation profiles in wildtype flies. Characteristic FAD absorbance spectra and strong catalytic competence in methimazole sulfoxidation were observed for recombinant DmFMO‐2. Alternatively, weak sulfoxidation was observed for DmFMO‐1, which correlated with reduced solubility in the recombinant system. Western blot analyses using specific antisera raised to each FMO showed the two FMOs to be immunologically distinct. In addition, Western blot analyses revealed FMO protein expression in both the microsomal and cytosolic sub‐cellular fractions. Interestingly, a larger form of DmFMO‐1 occurs in the cytosol that is most strongly expressed in the adult head. These findings suggest divergent physiological roles for DmFMO‐1 and DmFMO‐2. More specifically, it appears that DmFMO‐1 has a distinct developmental role, while DmFMO‐2 may have a general housekeeping function. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 57:28–39, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retrospective comparison of open versus laparoscopic pyloromyotomy
Authors: Hall N J , Ade-Ajayi N , Al-Roubaie J , Curry J , Kiely E M , Pierro A
Published: August 2004

Background

Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy is gaining popularity in the management of pyloric stenosis. However, there is no unequivocal evidence in favour of the laparoscopic over the open approach. This paper reports an experience with laparoscopic pyloromyotomy and an attempt to identify any benefit over the open procedure.

Methods

This was a retrospective review of all 87 pyloromyotomies performed at this institution for pyloric stenosis over the 39 months since the first laparoscopic pyloromyotomy was performed.

Results

Data for 39 infants who underwent laparoscopic pyloromyotomy were compared with those for 38 infants who underwent pyloromyotomy via a periumbilical incision. Patient demographics were similar between the two groups. The duration of operation was longer for laparoscopic pyloromyotomy than for the open procedure (median 50 versus 30 min; P = 0·001). There were no differences in recovery time, postoperative length of hospital stay, complication rates and postoperative analgesia requirements between the two groups.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy has been incorporated successfully into the authors' standard working practice. Complication rates recovery times were similar to those achievable with the open procedure. There was no clear benefit of one approach over the other.
Robot-assisted abdominal surgery
Authors: Gutt C N , Oniu T , Mehrabi A , Kashfi A , Schemmer P , Büchler M W
Published: August 2004

Background

Robotic assistance or telemanipulation is the latest technological advance in minimally invasive surgery. Its future implementation will depend on the advantages that it can provide over standard laparoscopy or open surgery.

Methods

All Medline-cited papers (from case reports to reviews) about telemanipulators used in visceral surgery were assessed. The data in each paper were analysed to enable an up-to-date review of robot-assisted abdominal surgery by the most advanced telemanipulator (da Vinci®).

Results

Most papers presented case series demonstrating the feasibility of robotic technology in performing a specific procedure. Comparative studies of robot-assisted surgery versus standard laparoscopic or open surgery were usually matched cohort studies. They generally showed an increased operating time for robot-assisted procedures but with similar rates of conversion, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and mortality in comparison to those of laparoscopic surgery. Consistent long-term follow-up data were missing and only one randomized clinical trial was conducted.

Conclusion

Robot-assisted surgery appears safe and feasible for certain standard surgical procedures. However, at its current level of development, it offers no clear, significant advantage over standard laparoscopic techniques.
Randomized clinical trial of continuous sutures or non-penetrating clips for radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Zeebregts C J , van den Dungen J J A M , van Det R J , Verhoeven E L G , Geelkerken R H , van Schilfgaarde R
Published: August 2004

Background

Despite several modifications to the original design, patency rates of radiocephalic arteriovenous fistulas have changed little since the first report in 1966. The use of non-penetrating clips for vascular anastomosis on the outcome of such fistulas was studied.

Methods

Between January 2000 and August 2003, 107 primary radiocephalic fistulas were constructed in 98 patients. The vascular anastomoses were performed at random with either sutures (n = 56) or clips (n = 51).

Results

Although there were trends for better primary and primary assisted patency of clipped fistulas, the differences were not statistically significant. The 6-month primary patency rate was 61 per cent with sutures and 69 per cent with clips (P = 0·393). The mean(s.d.) primary patency was 315(306) and 285(285) days for clipped and sutured fistulas respectively. With regard to secondary patency, clipped fistulas were better (P = 0·009). The mean(s.d.) secondary patency was 435(376) and 344(316) days for clipped and sutured fistulas, respectively. There were no significant differences in flow characteristics, number of revisions or other morbidity.

Conclusion

This randomized clinical trial provided further evidence that the use of vascular clips may improve the patency rate of radiocephalic arteriovenous fistulas for haemodialysis.
Inter‐category versus intra‐category fit: when social categories match social context
Authors: Wegener Ingo , Klauer Karl Christoph
Published: August 2004

The goal of the research reported in this article was to examine whether social categorization, commonly thought to be a function of accessibility and intra‐category fit, is also sensitive to changes in inter‐category fit. Intra‐category fit refers to the match between a target person's features and stored categorical knowledge, inter‐category fit to the extent to which category memberships and targets' features covary across perceived group members. In Experiments 1, 2, and 3, members of social categories of low, medium, and high accessibility, respectively, were shown in a group discussion. Inter‐category fit was manipulated in three steps. Category salience in memory increased as an additive function of accessibility and inter‐category fit. Experiment 4 replicated the effects of inter‐category fit while intra‐category fit and the information presented for individual discussants were held constant. The present studies are the first to demonstrate an effect of inter‐category fit on a relatively direct measure of spontaneous social categorization. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.