bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategic stability
Authors: Johnson James
Published: March 2023

How might AI affect the risk of nuclear war? This chapter provides a systematic assessment of the potential stabilizing and, especially, destabilizing effects of AI-enabled capabilities employment against nuclear-armed adversaries. It considers the ways military AI might exacerbate tension between nuclear-armed powers (especially the US and China), thereby compromising stability. A significant gap exists between the expectations and fears of policymakers and global defense communities about it, and its actual military capabilities, particularly in the nuclear sphere. The misconceptions that exist today are largely caused by the hyperbolic depictions of AI in popular culture and science fiction. Misrepresentations of the potential opportunities and risks in the military sphere (or “military AI”) can diminish transparency, mutual understanding, and trust, and obscure constructive and crucial debate on these topics. A key challenge will be, therefore, balancing a trade-off between harnessing the qualitative operational and tactical benefits of AI, while managing the risks posed to “strategic stability” and nuclear security—or the “AI-nuclear dilemma.” This chapter demystifies the hype surrounding AI in the context of nuclear weapons.
Changing Medicine, Changing Society
Authors: Sanders David , De Ceukelaire Wim , Hutton Barbara
Published: March 2023

This chapter asks, what are some alternatives to the medical model? To answer this challenge, the examples of China and Cuba in the twentieth century are given, where victorious popular struggles resulted in a change of economic and political systems, enabling underdevelopment to be successfully tackled and great improvements in people’s health to be made. Significant changes and sometimes reversals few decades for these two countries are discussed. State-led community health worker programmes in Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Iran and India are examined as more recent examples of alternative approaches to health care and promotion. Finally, the chapter describes the global movement for the right to health, the People’s Health Movement, which grew out of these alternative models.
The Role of Human Factors in Tax Compliance and Countering Tax Crimes
Authors: Turksen U , Kreissl R , Blumenschein E T
Published: March 2023

This chapter looks at tax crimes from a broader social science perspective complementing the insights gained from legal and doctrinal analysis of tax law in the books. Introducing the difference between law in the books and law in action can produce a better understanding of the role of law in the fight against tax crime. We use the umbrella term human factors to address a wide range of psychological, social, societal, cultural, political, and economic drivers, structures, and mechanisms that affect and are affected by (tax) laws. In this chapter, we draw on the findings of the PROTAX project and analyse several topics related to tax crimes to demonstrate the practical and conceptual use value of an approach to law that looks at human factors and human agency as an integral element. We address problems of tax compliance, tax law enforcement, and tax law policy processes. Reviewing the current state of research in relevant fields, this analysis also reveals gaps in research and raises critical questions regarding the limitation of current frameworks in the investigation of tax crimes. Looking forwards, we hope that our research helps to inspire future efforts to improve empirical and theoretical analysis of tax crimes and contributes to better strategies against these crimes.
Cultural Icons and Reasons of Culture
Authors: Dorsey Dale
Published: March 2023

At first glance it seems plausible to hold that cultural icons, landmarks, and other items of cultural significance should be protected in the context of war, even at the cost of some human life. But this presents a puzzle: what could explain the normative significance of icons? In this chapter, I critique three forms of reductivism, viz., that cultural icons matter for welfarist, aesthetic, or historical reasons. I argue that icons of cultural significance matter because they matter to the people whose culture it is; proper moral consideration of cultural denizens at least permits prioritizing cultural icons (at least to some degree) in theaters of war.
Responding to Cultural Wrongs in Palestine and Israel
Authors: Tadros Victor
Published: March 2023

This chapter is focused on the historic Palestinian town of Lydda, which was more recently renamed Lod. It explores the cultural value that the town had prior to the Palestinians being driven out in 1948, drawing on the distinction between living and embedded culture and iconic and dead culture. It then investigates the obligations owed in the light of that culture by those who came to occupy the town after 1948—especially Moroccan Jews. It argues that they had obligations to respect that culture, but that the proper way to do this was to engage with Palestinians in the development of the town.
When Damage Becomes Memorial
Authors: Korsmeyer Carolyn
Published: March 2023

Wars, both those won and those lost, are often commemorated with monuments and memorials. These take different forms and make use of various symbolic devices to convey their meanings, such as representation, inscription, style, and cultural references. In addition to these deliberately designed to commemorate, there is another type of memorial, one that displays the damage caused by war, such as Hiroshima’s Genbaku Dome or the preserved remains of Coventry Cathedral. These memorials possess an additional symbolic feature, what Nelson Goodman calls “exemplification,” since they embody the very acts that brought about their injured state. This chapter explores the power of artifacts that exemplify damage in structures that still stand, and of memorials that exemplify the absence of those that were destroyed.
Introduction
Authors: Smuts R. Malcolm
Published: March 2023

The introduction first examines the vocabulary used to describe polities in the early modern period, especially concepts of commonwealths and states. The latter term was increasingly used in discourse about practical political problems that demanded serious responses. Contemporaries regarded states as complex systems of both hard and soft power that formed and evolved through a three-way interaction between sovereigns, the societies they ruled, and challenging historical circumstances that threatened the state by foreign aggression or internal upheavals. By the late sixteenth century, the states of England, Scotland, and Ireland had all become Protestant; but all three states were challenged by sharpening religious conflicts that possessed both domestic and international dimensions. This pattern of religious competition and strife provoked complex responses, involving both top-down efforts to impose stronger royal control and voluntary initiatives by private individuals that affected relations among the three kingdoms and neighboring parts of Europe, as well as the internal history of each of them.
Entrepreneurial Violence and the Protestant State
Authors: Smuts R. Malcolm
Published: March 2023

Although officially at peace, the Elizabethan state tried to defend its security by encouraging the voluntary enlistment of Englishmen in foreign Protestant armies, as well as through privateering and military campaigns in Ireland. This chapter examines cultural values and ideas that contributed to voluntarist forms of warfare, along with practical conditions of military service on both land and sea. It argues that chivalric values and rituals interacted with forms of humanist and Protestant culture to justify entrepreneurial violence, giving rise to a theoretical literature on military tactics and discipline. But the precepts of that literature, especially a strong emphasis on discipline and order, were in tension with difficult conditions of military service that often threatened to undermine cohesion and morale. A culture of voluntary warlike enterprise nevertheless survived and flourished with respect not only to land warfare but also maritime commerce raiding and exploration. The last part of the chapter describes the expansion and evolution of English oceanic initiatives from the 1570s to the war with Spain in the late 1580s.
Principle 5: Natural Meaning
Authors: Calnan Richard
Published: March 2023

Chapter 5 explains the basic principle of interpretation that the words of the statute are nearly always given their ordinary meaning in context, taking account of the purpose of the statute. This is the case even if the result appears to be surprising. The chapter discusses the role of context, purpose and mischief in the interpretation process and considers how statutes should be interpreted both contextually and purposively. It also discusses the value of the canons of construction.
Intercreditor Equity Rules Applicable to Debt Instruments Governed by International Law
Authors: Iversen Astrid
Published: March 2023

Loan agreements between states, as well as those between a state and an international finance institution that is a subject under international law, can be entered into by the parties in their capacity as subjects of public international law. Such loan agreements can therefore be governed by international law. Chapter 3 discusses intercreditor equity rules in international law that are applicable to creditors who are subjects of international law and who hold debt instruments governed by international law. In particular, it discusses the so-called equality rule, secured creditors, and whether there are any customary rules in international law providing certain creditors, such as the International Monetary Fund, with a preferred status. The chapter concludes that there is no rule in customary international law providing particular creditors or particular classes of creditors with preferred status and hence no basis to support a priority claim based on custom. It does, however, show that several international finance institutions often are treated as de facto preferred creditors. Preferential treatment of creditors is also sought through voluntary agreements.
State Responsibility for ʻModern Slaveryʼ in Human Rights Law
Authors: Jovanovic Marija
Published: March 2023

The book analyses the role and responsibility of states for addressing ‘modern slavery’—a diverse set of practices usually perpetrated by non-state actors—against the backdrop of international human rights law. In doing so it explores the dynamic and cross-pollination between criminal law and human rights law, revealing the differences in the ways these legal domains work to secure justice for victims. The book considers the ‘absolute’ nature of the prohibition of ‘modern slavery’ in human rights law, the range of practices covered by this umbrella term, and their mutual relationships, positive obligations of states established by international human rights tribunals owed to individuals subject to ‘modern slavery’, and standards for assessing state responsibility in these situations. By engaging with the concept of exploitation in human rights law, which glues together diverse practices of ‘modern slavery’ into a coherent concept, the book elucidates the theoretical foundations of this fundamental human right and explains why human trafficking has an independent place within it. In addition to providing a comprehensive account and critique of the existing human rights jurisprudence, the book offers a roadmap for the future development of law on this subject, emphasising the limits of human rights law as a tool for addressing ‘modern slavery’.
Introduction
Authors: Jovanovic Marija
Published: March 2023

The notions of ‘modern slavery’ and state responsibility for suppressing it have been both overused and underexplained in the public discourse and academic scholarship. Its legal nature remains contested. Why is a practice committed predominantly by private individuals considered a human rights violation—a concept that implies state wrongdoing—and not merely a crime, although a very serious one? The book answers this question by painting a more nuanced view of the complex phenomenon of ‘modern slavery’ which includes a range of exploitative practices. It emphasises its hybrid nature as both a crime and a human rights violation, with different implications resulting from its operationalisation in these different legal contexts. The book therefore offers a comprehensive account of the right not to be trafficked and the human rights prohibition of ‘modern slavery’ overall, which includes the analysis of its scope and the rules for assessing states’ responsibility in human rights law. The introduction presents a case for introducing a right not to be trafficked within the ‘absolute’ human rights prohibition of slavery, servitude, and forced labour, explains how the same definition applies in different legal domains, and outlines the structure and scope of the book.
On the Legal Nature of Human Trafficking
Authors: Jovanovic Marija
Published: March 2023

This chapter presents a historical evolution of the notion of human trafficking in international law. The analysis reveals the concept’s unequivocal grounding in transnational criminal law and explains how human rights law emerged as a competing legal framework to address this phenomenon only recently. The chapter considers competing narratives on the relationship between human trafficking and human rights law before proceeding to outline its hybrid legal nature and explain the value of framing it as a human rights issue. The discussion considers how establishing state responsibility under human rights law is qualitatively different from establishing criminal law responsibility of an individual perpetrator, yet it shows that both legal frameworks draw on the same definition of the phenomenon.
The Notion of Exploitation: Theoretical Foundations of the Human Rights Prohibition of ‘Modern Slavery’
Authors: Jovanovic Marija
Published: March 2023

The chapter offers a comprehensive analysis of the concept of exploitation in human rights law. The notion of exploitation is central for the understanding of ‘modern slavery’, but has never been defined in international law and has been neglected in the human rights scholarship. Drawing on the international legal instruments and jurisprudence, and the literature on moral philosophy, the chapter distils and explains the necessary and sufficient conditions for a practice to qualify as exploitation of a sufficient gravity thus engaging the human rights prohibition of ‘modern slavery’. These conditions distinguish exploitation from other wrongs, and connect the diverse practices of ‘modern slavery’ into a coherent concept. This discussion provides a critical contribution to an understanding of the theoretical foundations of the prohibition of slavery and the right not to be trafficked.
Human Rights Obligations of States to Address ‘Modern Slavery’
Authors: Jovanovic Marija
Published: March 2023

The chapter sheds light on the potential of human rights law to provide effective protection to victims of ‘modern slavery’. Grounded in the case law of international tribunals, the chapter conducts a comprehensive analysis of positive obligations arising out of the prohibition of ‘modern slavery’. By analysing general and specific obligations imposed by the human rights prohibition of ‘modern slavery’, as well as the methods for establishing when such obligations have been breached or fulfilled, the chapter outlines the scope of state responsibility to address ‘modern slavery’ and explores the remedies owed to victims. This analysis complements the rich commentary on states’ positive obligations in cases concerning the right to life and the prohibition of torture and other degrading treatment, highlighting in particular the situations where these rights are threatened by actions of private individuals—a distinction often overlooked in both human rights jurisprudence and academic work.
The Role of Specialised Anti-trafficking Instruments in Shaping Human Rights Obligations of States to Address ‘Modern Slavery’
Authors: Jovanovic Marija
Published: March 2023

The chapter evaluates specialised anti-trafficking instruments and their potential to inform the interpretation of obligations arising out of the human rights prohibition of ‘modern slavery’. It explores the range of obligations enshrined in these instruments and emphasises the importance of a distinction between human rights of victims of ‘modern slavery’ and correlative state obligations, on one hand, and duties that stem from other international law domains and do not confer any justiciable rights on victims, on the other. Drawing on such a ‘key distinction’ between victim protection measures and victims’ human rights, which are not interchangeable, the chapter explains how the specialised anti-trafficking instruments can inform human rights law while maintaining the normative distinction between these different domains of international law.
Provocative, but Wrong
Authors: Smith Gary
Published: March 2023

Fame, fortune, and funding await those who publish memorable research. Unfortunately, the lure of these rewards leads many to p-hack their way to semi-plausible, provocative results that will be reported widely. The achievements of scientists created the reward system; the scientific demand for rigor created the requirement of statistical significance; and the scientific journals that disseminate research results created the means for announcing eye-catching findings. However, even the best journals now publish rubbish that makes some question the sanity of scientists and the value of scientific research.
Anthologizing Shakespeare, 1593-1603
Authors: Tregear Ted
Published: March 2023

Anthologizing Shakespeare, 1593–1603 is a reading of Shakespeare’s first decade in print, from Venus and Adonis to Hamlet, through the Elizabethan anthologies that featured his work. Between 1599 and 1601, five anthologies included writing by Shakespeare, whether whole lyric poems or shorter commonplace extracts. This book reveals the critical importance of Shakespeare’s ‘anthology period’, for him, and for literary culture more broadly. It reconstructs the fierce literary squabbles that period witnessed, where questions of authorship and style were fought out in print and onstage. It also explores the culture of commonplacing from which these anthologies emerged, to argue that the thought of being anthologized exerted a longer and deeper influence on Shakespeare’s writing. Shakespeare was writing for readers, which means he was writing for anthologizing readers: readers who would extract choice passages and copied them out in their notebooks. He appealed to the reading habits of his contemporaries, inviting and frustrating them, and using them to open up the innermost concerns of his poems and plays. Taking the Elizabethan anthologies as its cue, this book presents readings of some formative works in Shakespeare’s career: Venus and Adonis, Lucrece, Love’s Labour’s Lost, Richard II, Hamlet, ‘Let the bird of lowdest lay’, and the Sonnets. Each of them uses anthologizing to open up different questions: questions of classical literature and the schoolrooms in which it was taught; of rhetoric, aesthetics, and commonplacing’s unintended consequences; and of the afterlife that he and his writings might win—at least in parts.
Shakespeare’s Anthology Period
Authors: Tregear Ted
Published: March 2023

This chapter offers an introduction to Shakespeare’s anthology period, the years between 1599 and 1601 when his work was published in five poetic anthologies. It focuses on three in particular—Bel-vedére, Englands Parnassus, and Englands Helicon—which belong among the commonplace collections known as the ‘Wits’ series. It elucidates some internal tensions in these volumes: between new and old, authorship and commonplace, profit and pleasure. Through a reading of Erasmus, it shows how the practice of commonplacing they exemplify could reveal an unexpected aesthetic attention. And by charting the backlash they provoked, it situates them within a wider critical moment at the end of the 1590s, centred on the Poets’ War of the London stage. The chapter ends with a reading of Shakespeare’s poem on the Phoenix and Turtle, ‘Let the bird of lowdest lay’, which first appeared in Loves Martyr, and which reflects on the anthology’s formal dilemmas.
‘Vntutord lines’
Authors: Tregear Ted
Published: March 2023

Continuing the previous chapter’s reading of Shakespeare’s poetry, this chapter reads Lucrece in light of the anthologies in which it was featured. Lucrece is preoccupied with the prospect of being anthologized—quoted, read, and misread—just as Lucrece is terrified by her own afterlife as a rhetorical and pedagogical example. This chapter reads those parallel concerns together, showing how Lucrece offers a critique of humanist education, and the political order attached to it, by way of the women it tended to exclude. But it also shows how Shakespeare used the extractable commonplaces of his poem to suggest new ways of sympathizing with Lucrece, not only in the ekphrases that traffic between subjects and their objectification but also in the commonplaces that stage the efforts of trying, and failing, to understand her anguish.
Love and Lyric in Love’s Labour’s Lost
Authors: Tregear Ted
Published: March 2023

This chapter turns from Shakespeare’s poems to his plays, to read Love’s Labour’s Lost by way of the lyrics extracted from it by two anthologies, The Passionate Pilgrim and Englands Helicon. In taking the poems of Shakespeare’s feckless noblemen out of context, both anthologies are responding to the composite nature of early modern plays. But both also raise questions about how far these poems ever truly belonged to their speakers, how far they revealed their true feelings, and how far they were conventional and transferable expressions of love. The question is central to Shakespeare’s investigation of love and lyric in print. After considering evidence for the increase in dramatic extracting in the 1590s, and assessing the play’s wry take on the decade’s sonnet craze, this chapter draws on writers from Sidney to Freud to chart the implications of lyric’s extraction and publication for Love’s Labour’s Lost.
Descartes's Method
Authors: Dika Tarek R.
Published: March 2023

Descartes’s Method: The Formation of the Subject of Science provides a systematic interpretation of Descartes’s method in Rules for the Direction of the Mind and related texts. The book reconstructs Descartes’s method in its entirety and concretely demonstrates both the efficacy of the method in the sciences as well as the unity of the method from Rules for the Direction of the Mind (1620s) to Principles of Philosophy (1644). The principal thesis of the book is that Descartes’s method is a problem-solving cognitive disposition (or habitus) that can be actualized in a variety of well-defined ways, depending always on the nature of problem. The book divides into five parts and eleven chapters. Parts I–II (Chapters 1–4) develop an interpretation of the historical and conceptual foundations of Descartes’s method (its operations and acquisition), while the remainder of the book (Parts III–V, which include Chapters 5–11) demonstrates the fruits of the method in solutions to problems in the sciences (above all, mathematics and optics).
Sovereignty Across Generations
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro
Published: March 2023

Every cohort of voters may dream of being ‘the people’, under the sway of serial visions of sovereignty; or it may understand itself more modestly, as co-author of a constitutional project in a cross-generational sequence rooted in the past and extending into the future. This book articulates a theory of democratic sovereignty and constituent power grounded in John Rawls’s political liberalism. His political philosophy and implicit constitutional theory offer an unsurpassed normative, yet non-foundationalist, account of the justness and legitimacy of political and legal orders. Neither exegetic nor abstractly analytic, this book assumes that ‘political liberalism’ is broader than in Rawls’s Political Liberalism of 1993. In answering the question ‘How is it possible for there to exist over time a just and stable society of free and equal citizens, who remain profoundly divided by reasonable religious, philosophical, and moral doctrines?’, the paradigm implicit in Political Liberalism enables us to address facets of that question that the context of the time induced Rawls to sideline. In response to populist threats to democracy, still latent in the early 1990s, this book focuses on a hitherto neglected phrase within Rawls’s question: ‘over time’. That inconspicuous phrase signals the urgency of clarifying the proper relation of ‘the people’, as transgenerational author of the constitution, to its pro-tempore living segment in its capacity as electorate (a constituted power among other constituted powers) and as co-author of the constitution. An elucidation of that relation brings ‘constituent power’ into the picture and unfolds in seven steps that form the conceptual backbone of this book.
Populism and Political Liberalism
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro
Published: March 2023

This chapter addresses the populist challenge from the angle of political liberalism. Defining features of populism are argued to be: (i) the conflation of ‘the people’ qua democratic sovereign with ‘the electorate’ (and with the ethnic nation, in right-wing populism); (ii) the attribution of full constituent power to the electorate as embodiment of ‘the people’; and (iii) the rejection of pluralism and the fostering of presumptively justified intolerance. Cutting across left-wing and right-wing populism, these features draw traction from non-populist but deep-seated cultural motifs, which like tributaries accrue to the flow of the populist stream. The conflation of the living citizens with the transgenerational ‘people’, and the attribution of full constituent power to them, undergird the serial views of democratic sovereignty of Rousseau, Sieyès, and Jefferson, also found in the tradition of ‘political constitutionalism’ (Waldron, Bellamy). Presumptively justified intolerance is suggested to receive impulse from a trend called ‘democracy of authorization’ by Rosanvallon, ‘government by emergency’ by Ackerman, and endorsed by authoritative advocates of a post-Madisonian republic in which an ‘unbound’ executive, better positioned for dealing with all sorts of emergencies, is accountable directly to the electorate. Finally, this chapter introduces the agenda set by the populist challenge for updating the paradigm of political liberalism. Can the binary of constituent and constituted power exhaust the basic forms of power? If not, then Rawls’s ‘five principles of constitutionalism’ need to be supplemented with a reflection on a lower-level constituent or ‘amending’ power, and its relation to the constituted powers and to the entire transgenerational people. Likewise, Rawls’s case for the structural entrenchment of constitutional essentials should be revisited, especially concerning the assumption that the Supreme Court ought to be vested with the prerogative to review duly approved amendments.
Political Liberalism and ‘the People’
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro
Published: March 2023

Chapter 4, ‘Political Liberalism and “the People” ’, aims at filling a lacuna of modern and contemporary political theory, including political liberalism, concerning the nature of the democratic sovereign prior to and at the moment of constituting a polity. After critically engaging Lindahl’s ‘paradox of constituent power’ in Section 1, the Chapter then introduces a ‘political conception of the people’ as possessed of the capacities (reflective of the rational and the reasonable) to act politically and to adopt constitutive rules. Insufficient for solving ‘Rousseau’s riddle’ (how can a people constitute itself through choosing a form of government without already being a people and through which prior act does a population become a people?), the political conception of the people is then supplemented by the distinction of ethnos and demos. In the light of that distinction, the paradoxical aspect of Rousseau’s riddle is eliminated: a people qua ethnos constitutes itself qua demos by specifying an up-to-then generic commitment to make joint commitments. Self-constitution being a textbook exercise of constituent power, hardly ever witnessed, Section 3 distinguishes and reconstructs four typical manifestations of the agency of the people: regime change, secession, the merging of an ethnos into a larger demos, and amending the constitution.
Representing ‘the People’ by Interpreting the Constitution
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro
Published: March 2023

Chapter 6, ‘Representing the People by Interpreting the Constitution’, builds on the assumption that the transgenerational people is represented by a supreme or constitutional court through the practice of adjudicating cases by interpreting higher law authored by the people itself. If the court ‘acts for’ the people in pronouncing judgments about the constitution, then to assess the quality of its representing amounts to assessing the soundness of its interpretive practice. This assessment can be carried out in relation to three questions: (i) how, drawing of the work of Frank Michelman and Jack Balkin, can different understandings of the court’s mandate be assessed? (ii) how does the execution of that mandate enrich or detract from the quality of the democratic process? (iii) how can the soundness of the court’s judgment over the contested matters be assessed? In addressing this third point, the paradigm of political liberalism is found to be most relevant. It offers a non-foundationalist two-fold standard of the ‘reasonable’ and the ‘most reasonable’, an equally non-foundationalist distinction of legitimate interpretation and undue judicial transformation of the constitution, and a benchmark for assessing the lack of occlusive influence of the judicial pronouncement on the democratic process. What separates judicial review from judicial supremacy is the amplitude of the institutional leeway not just theoretically, but actually available to the living segment of the people to oppose the court’s judgment and use its amending power to change the relevant constitutional provisions.
Amending Power
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro
Published: March 2023

Chapter 7, ‘Amending Power: Vertical Reciprocity and Political Liberalism’ offers a political-liberal account of the nature, source, and limits of amending power—an account consistent with, purportedly ameliorative of, but not explicitly present in Political Liberalism. After introducing the concept of amending power and its twofold partaking of both constituted (insofar as it is exercised by officials and by the electorate) and constituent (insofar as it can amend the constitutive rules of the polity) power, its exercise is elucidated in relation to the questions: when is amending needed or to be avoided? what can be amended? who is to amend what? in which institutional venues is amending to occur? The second part of the chapter addresses the limits of amending power, by first identifying aspects of the constitution that are to be considered implicitly unamendable (independently of their being so qualified in specific constitutional provisions) and then reviewing different justifications that have been offered in support of their implicit unamendability. In this case, as anticipated, a new justification, premised on the notion of vertical reciprocity among free and equal generations of the same people, is introduced as an ameliorative addition to Rawls’s own explicit argument for the implicit entrenchment of the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. In closing, a ‘liberal principle of amending power’ is propounded and claimed to round out the reconstruction of the constitutional theory implicitly embedded in Political Liberalism.
The Italian Wars
Authors: Labanca Nicola
Published: March 2023

Italy’s role in World War II is often overlooked or misunderstood. This chapter explores the origins of Italian imperialism and the radicalization of Fascist foreign policy under Mussolini, realized through occupation of Ethiopia and Albania. Italy’s war from 1940 is explored from a new angle, arguing that Italian forces, though with weaknesses, managed to hold the British empire at bay in North Africa. The chapter goes on to explore Mussolini’s downfall, the problem of the armistice, and then the long war in Italy down to 1945 with German and Italian resistance to the Allies, and an Italian partisan war against Fascism.
Economies in Total War
Authors: Overy Richard
Published: March 2023

The chapter examines the different ways in which the warring powers mobilized their economic resources for waging war. Total war required economic and industrial commitment on an unprecedented scale. This was partly achieved by pre-war preparation and planning, based on the experience of World War I, partly on the massive transfer of resources from the civilian to the military economy, leaving civilians short of many supplies, most of which had to be rationed. A key factor in the balance between Allies and Axis was the ability of the United States and Britain, thanks to control of the seas, to share output with the Soviet Union, China and the British Empire. Lend-lease was an essential instrument of Allied victory, as was the successful mass-production of robust battlefield weapons.
The Culture of War
Authors: Welch David
Published: March 2023

World War II saw an outpouring of the arts directed at the war effort, partly because they were mobilized for propaganda campaigns, partly as an expression of the intensity and drama of the war itself. All states needed to keep the public enthusiastic for the war effort and this chapter argues that cultural mobilization in Britain, Germany, the Soviet Union and the United States played an important part in sustaining commitment and shaping the popular view of why the war was being fought. The war was expressed more clearly in ideological terms than World War I, and culture helped to communicate what that ideology amounted to.
Disputed Prophecies in Macbeth
Authors: Blank Daniel
Published: March 2023

When King James I visited Oxford in 1605, he was greeted with a short play entitled Tres Sibyllae. The play, written by a Fellow of St. John’s College named Matthew Gwinne, featured three students dressed as forest-dwelling sibyls who hailed the King as the descendent of Banquo, referencing an old prophecy about the Scottish line of kings. This chapter begins by exploring the connection between Tres Sibyllae and Shakespeare’s Macbeth, likely written and performed the following year. The chapter argues that Gwinne’s play illuminates the political stakes of Shakespeare’s play: while Tres Sibyllae triumphantly looks to the past, declaring James the fulfillment of the ancient prophesy, Macbeth looks ahead to an uncertain future. The chapter situates Gwinne’s play in the larger context of James’ royal visit, drawing a particular connection between Macbeth and academic disputation before coming to a discussion of the link between disputation and equivocation. Through a reading of Macbeth, the chapter ultimately suggests that the play critiques the emptiness and the extravagance of political ceremony, even as Shakespeare drew on material from the 1605 Oxford visit that exemplified it.
The Holy Land from the Mamluk Sultanate to the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Luz Nimrod
Published: March 2023

This chapter narrates a history of the Holy Land over a long stretch of time from 1260 to 1799. During this period two main political powers ruled the Holy Land: the Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire. These two very different political entities shared a common heritage and many characteristics as they were both of Asian-Turkic origin and relatively late comers to the world of Islam. The analysis begins with the Battle of Ayn Jalut between the Mamluks and the Mongols, after which the Holy Land became part of the embryonic Mamluk Sultanate. It would be under the rule of the Mamluk Sultanate for c.270 years. In 1517, following the eastern expansion of the Ottoman Empire under Selim I, the Holy Land (as part of Greater Syria) entered a new period. It would remain under the Ottomans’ rule nominally until 1917. However, in the course of these 400 years there were many times when the Holy Land was controlled by local governors who did not pay heed to instructions arriving from the sultan in Istanbul. In 1798–9 the region experienced the Napoleonic invasion which not only exposed the weaknesses of the Ottoman Empire but also marked an historical watershed in the history of the Middle East. This episode, during which the winds of modernization, Westernization, and growing European influence buffet the Holy Land, concludes this chapter.
From Napoleon to Allenby
Authors: Fisk Robert
Published: March 2023

The main topic of this chapter is the transformation of the Middle East, and of the Holy Land in particular, by the twin forces of colonialism and modernity. These forces were initially unleashed by Napoleon’s invasion of the region in 1798–9. Although he is best known for his conquest of Egypt, he also initiated a Syrian campaign, which was meant to culminate in his triumphal entry into Jerusalem, but his troops got no further than Acre, where they were forced to retreat. Yet the Europeans now had a foot in the door and momentous changes soon followed. The Ottoman Empire foundered under the weight of European inventions and interventions and the rise of Arab nationalism gave impetus to ideas of Arab statehood. The Holy Land became the focus of European pilgrimage, settlement and the of numerous Christian foundations, and, most portentously, it witnessed the birth of the Zionist movement and the idea of the creation of a Jewish state.
Business and Populism
Authors: Feldmann Magnus , Morgan Glenn
Published: March 2023

This chapter describes how right-wing populism creates a distinctive set of problems for business. Populism depends on a differentiation between the establishment elites and ‘the people’. The elites have become corrupt, self-serving, and distant from the concerns of the people. Populists promise to ‘drain the swamp’ and place themselves as authentic representatives of the people. In doing so they explicitly attack business for globalizing their production and removing employment from the country whilst at the same time encouraging immigration which impacts on jobs, public services, and issues of national and cultural identity. Populists attack key non-democratic institutions developed under neo-liberal governance as ways of keeping business power out of noisy politics, e.g. independent central banks, the use of experts and the creation of network governance, lobbying processes, and ‘revolving doors’ between business and government. They attack other powerful intermediary institutions such as the judiciary, the civil service, universities, and a free press as undermining the ‘will of the people’. For business, this involves major disruption in how they influenced policy making over the neo-liberal period. However, right wing populists remain committed to capitalism, low taxes, decreasing regulation and easy credit conditions. How then should business respond to these disruptions? We identify a range of responses based on firstly the specific form of populism in particular contexts and the degree to which it energizes its voters through economic or cultural discourses and processes, and secondly on the degree to which businesses engage in exit, voice, and loyalty strategies towards populist governments.
The Role of Imagination
Authors: Hartmann Martin
Published: March 2023

Many accounts of empathy mention the role of imagination but rarely discuss it at length. As the notion of imagination is central to this account of empathy and empathy gulfs, it is discussed in its various aspects. How are we to conceptualize imagination’s role in empathy? What exactly does it mean to conceive ourselves as feeling what the other feels? What does it mean to change situations, to switch perspectives, to put oneself into another’s shoes? The chapter distinguishes between visual and propositional forms of imagination. It is possible to visualize being in someone else’s shoes or to imagine that we are someone else without much visual involvement. The chapter discusses these questions and distinctions in applying them to cases presented by Adam Smith.
Empathy Gulfs
Authors: Hartmann Martin
Published: March 2023

This chapter introduces the notion of empathy gulfs. It claims that most models of empathy gulf suffer from conceptual shortcomings; many models also overlook the complexity involved in processes of empathy under conditions of high inequality. It will thus be necessary to discuss the phenomenon the chapter calls “empathy with the privileged”: that is, the tendency to assimilate one’s feelings to the feelings of one’s superior in highly unequal relations. Empathy can stabilize inequality just as much as other positive emotional stances have stabilized highly unequal relations. Furthermore, the privileged often establish structures that facilitate empathy among the privileged themselves. They do so mostly by applying legitimations of privilege that naturalize, justify, or deny difference. The phenomenon called “false similarity” is a powerful tool in these justificatory schemes and will be explained.
Masters, Servants, and Relational Proximities of Power
Authors: Hartmann Martin
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses the social nature of processes of comparison and sympathy in Hume and suggests that structures of power shape these processes. The phenomenon of sympathy with the rich is introduced and analyzed as a conservative force legitimating given inequalities. Sympathy, it is further claimed, is common in close relationships that manage to silence the comparative mode or seemingly render it irrelevant. These relationships include friendships or intimate relationships. Highly charged and intense presentations of emotional predicaments may also outweigh the comparative mode and induce processes of emotional mirroring. In general, structures of power create particular structures of imagination and thus also of sympathy and comparison. The notion of relational proximities of power is introduced and interpreted in the context of John Rawls’ account of envy in the Theory of Justice.
The Limits of Sympathy in Smith
Authors: Hartmann Martin
Published: March 2023

In reference to the topic of empathy gulfs, this chapter discusses the limits of sympathy in Smith’s A Theory of Moral Sentiments. The notion of Smithian sympathy gulfs is introduced. These gulfs indicate a mismatch of feelings but assume the gulf to be bridgeable. Smith is also aware of deeper differences that cannot be overcome. Some of these limits to sympathy prove Smith’s account to be more time-bound than often admitted by interpreters. The following limits to sympathy in Smith are mentioned: body-based feelings and desires, peculiar turns of the imagination and experienced-based know-how, negative feelings, joy and sorrow, distance, relationality, the division of labor, and self-preoccupation.
The Problem of Imputation
Authors: Hartmann Martin
Published: March 2023

The notion of imputation in sympathy is introduced and discussed. By imputation, the chapter refers to processes of wrongly or falsely attributing feelings (usually one’s own) to others without being aware of the wrongness or falsity. Thus, sympathetic processes are often carried forward by imputing certain feelings to others, feelings that do so respond to the real feelings experienced. Cases of pure imputation are distinguished from cases of hidden imputation. Kate Manne’s notion of himpathy in Down Girl is taken to be a recent instantiation of the phenomenon of imputed sympathy as certain feelings are attributed to men as men, in an attempt to uphold structures of power.
Drawing Systematic Lessons from Hume and Smith for an Account of Relational Inequality
Authors: Hartmann Martin
Published: March 2023

This chapter draws systematic lessons from the readings of Hume and Smith. Elizabeth Anderson’s concepts of relational equality and equal capabilities are critically discussed; furthermore, the distinction between absolute and relative levels of suffering is taken up in the context of recent social psychological studies. The chapter also discusses Pierre Rosanvallon’s treatment of equality and inequality in his The Society of Equals and proposes notions such as “relative status” and “reference group” as relevant to research on inequality. It is suggested that feelings of inequality are often of a comparative nature and cannot be conceptualized in non-comparative, absolute terms. Derek Parfit’s treatment of this question is criticized. Stressing absolute levels may serve to delegitimize potentially critical comparisons.
What’s Wrong with Empathy Gulfs?
Authors: Hartmann Martin
Published: March 2023

The chapter confronts the question why empathy gulfs might be considered problematic at all. Richard Sennett’s notion of superficial civility is discussed as it might suggest that empathy is not always necessary for social cohesion. In response, it is assumed that a common moral culture shapes many of our emotional responses to observed inequalities or differences. Rawls’ notion of the union of social unions is helpful in delineating the common normative frame that integrates liberal democracies. If the union that consists of several unions is democratic, it rests on a fundamental idea of political equality that should be shared not only in constitutional or principled terms but also in emotional terms. Recognition of oneself as member of a wider social union (and recognition of others as members of that union) rests on feelings that positively relate the union’s members to each other. On its wide conceptualization, empathy is the psychological mechanism that allows this relation to materialize effectively—if forces that pull the citizenry apart can be held in check.
The Denigration of Envy and the Inequality of Emotional Impact
Authors: Hartmann Martin
Published: March 2023

The chapter is based on an analysis of envy that is meant to corroborate points about comparison made in earlier chapters; envy is taken to be a relational feeling, comparative in nature, and widely disparaged. Envy, or so the chapter claims, is a typical empathy gulf feeling; it must be understood (and translated) as such. It rests on the ability to compare. Imagining another individual’s condition requires that one distinguishes one’s own position from the position of the other. At the same time, processes of comparison rest on perceived or presupposed similarities. It is difficult to compare utterly dissimilar objects because no common referent forms the basis of comparison. Part of the widespread moral disparagement of envy rests on the desire to disparage envy’s comparative element. The chapter offers a defense of envy as socially helpful indicator of illegitimate inequalities and takes up points made by John Rawls in his A Theory of Justice.
Introduction
Authors: Beard Lisa
Published: March 2023

The introduction presents the book’s primary claims about the centrality of identification to politics and theorizes identification as a political practice. It lays out the book’s focus on political appeals that pull on themes of intimacy and invoke a concept of boundness to advance visions of political relationships rooted in mutuality and shared freedom. The thinkers and actors centered in the four main chapters of the project stand within traditions of Black, Latinx, and queer and trans of color political thought and political action. Their interventions provide critical accounts of how power works in struggles to constitute a we, how commitments toward or away from racial justice politics are cultivated through battles over identification, and the dangers and possibilities that inhere in identificatory appeals. Finally, this chapter lays out the book’s approach to exploring political appeals and political confrontations as text.