bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trafficking Tantangan Bagi Indonesia
Authors: Khayati Enny Zuhni
Published: April 2019

Human trafficking is currently a global issue. The reasons for conducting human trafficking include the low level of society knowledge and of skill abilities, the poverty, the limited available jobs, the high level of jobless people, and the weakness of law protection. The victims of human trafficking are mostly children (people under 18 year old) and women from poor families. They have to forcibly leave their safe hometown to work in dangerous working places. Most of them have been sexually exploited and trafficked for domestic work and receive unreasonable small payment. Their boss horribly treated them inhumanly. Trafficking is done by agents or sponsors: they work with worker recruiters/intermediaries particularly in villages. There have been a lot of efforts from governmental and non government institution to eliminate the human trafficking. But, the question is whether Indonesia has prioritized education and programs for the improvement of life skill in order to develop the quality of human resources to be able to eventually prevent human trafficking in Indonesia.
Wali Nikah dan Persetujuan Perempuan: Antara Tuntutan dan Kenyataan
Authors: Nasution Khoiruddin
Published: April 2019

Although it is revealed in a patrilinealArab community, Islam is substantially introducinga model of bilateral community which perceives men and woman in an egalitarian position. The purpose of Islam to build an egalitarian, bilateral is explicitly stated in a number of Qur'anic verses and prophetic traditions (hadits). With regard to the issue of wali in a marriage contract, there are Qur'anic verses and hadits which indicate that adult, intelligent women might marry off themselves without a male wali. This view is in conformity with that applauded by the Hanafis who argue that adult women, just like adult men, might marry off themselves. Such interpretation, in the opinion of the writer, is the one to serve the purpose of Islam in developing an egalitarian community.
Peran Perempuan Dalam Pengembangan Kehidupan Berbasis Teknologi
Authors: Syafii Syafii
Published: April 2019

Indonesia has reached a stepping stone in increasing equality and justice in education for both male and female citizens. That can be proven by the ratio of participation in education and literacy rates of men and women. Women's involvements in non-agricultural sector, participation of women in politics and the large number of women who are actively participating in progressing technology are true and concrete indicators. This article tries to observe how far the part and participation of women in the struggle to increase and develop technology. This is very meaningful because practically all of humanity is touched by technology, however crude it may be. If man were to live without technology in this age, it would be like a car with no wheels. Its means that technology has been a vital part of our lives, even if it may seem ghastly, scary, and can even trap and kill of the rights of women. But orderly technology has helped the participation of women in the public space; and with technology, many domestic jobs that have always been done by women can also be done by men.
Menuju Etika Pendidikan Kesetaraan: Membendung Bias Gender, Mencari Perspektif Humanis
Authors: Fawaid Achmad
Published: April 2019

Since last decades gender issue has been a debatable issue in Indonesia, particularly in the field of education. Men generally have access to all stages or levels of education, while women are mostly left behind. Gender equality has been declared nowadays. Women, however, are still discriminated in the field of education. This article offers some important alternatives to solve the problem of gender inequality in education. One of important strategies to deal with the problem is developing an inclusive educational system. This model of education includes six steps: first, revising the language and content of text books which have gender bias; second, encouraging female students to express their cultural differences; third, giving opportunity to female students to be able to access to and participate in all programs and departments in every educational stages, especially the programs that generally are dominated by male students, by developing a new student recruitment system that considers gender balance; fourth, integrating gender equality paradigm in every subject matter and increasing the gender awareness of both teachers and students; fifth, developing extra programs periodically and giving the women an opportunity to be the leader of the program; sixth, making gender balance between the number of male and female teachers and giving them same access and participation in the process of decision making. The strategy, nevertheless, is not enough merely by transforming the educational system and program. The paradigm, more over, has also to be changed. Thus, the writer proposes what so~call humanity educational paradigm; the educational system which not only rejects gender inequality, but also makes an effort to eliminate all kinds of humanity based,discrimination and exploitation. The strategy focuses primarily on the empowerment of students. It includes three important parts: power-to, power-with, and power within. By employing this strategy, education will become the most effective medium to eradicate all gender inequality problems and, at the same time, create equality for both women and men in education.
Revivalisme Islam Versus Keadilan Gender
Authors: Triantini Zusiana Elly
Published: April 2019

Gender as a subject itself has been around for quite some time in Indonesia, as has the fight for it by government and non-government organizations. Why is it then, that many victimized women still find themselves devoid of rights? Many contemporary views have cast the topic of gender equality as a virus to Indonesian women, especially Muslim women. So why does the fight for gender equality seem stagnant? It seems that for Indonesia, such a cause is mired in by many obstacles. The great wall of patriarchic culture and such defaming claims by 'Islamic' revivalist movements such as HTI, MMI or KPPSI have long lives indeed. Helped along by the comfortable armchair position of men, firmly entrenched in society and backed up by a headstrong dogmatic position on religious interpretation. Sadly, many women still nod to such a position, accepting it as one of the facts of life. Such phenomenon has driven the writer to realize that the struggle for gender equality is far from over. And that a mapping out and elaboration on the extent of challenges facing it would be most beneficial to those fighting for it. In hopes that it would help them in designing proper strategies to more effectively campaign for equality.
El papel de las entidades de crédito en España durante los últimos cincuenta años
Authors: Moral Bello Cecilio del
Published: April 2019

En el presente artículo se lleva a cabo una aproximación a la evolución de las entidades de crédito en España. Estas instituciones han desempeñado y lo siguen haciendo en la actualidad un papel relevante y definitivo en la financiación de la economía española. Su transformación a lo largo del periodo objeto de estudio permite observar cómo ha sido necesario e imprescindible la acomodación de los bancos a los avatares legislativos, acontecimientos económicos y sociales y con ello a diferentes modelos de negocio. En la actualidad se abre un abanico de posibilidades sobre la estrategia que deben adoptar estas entidades para superar el necesario cambio que las permita mantener su papel en la economía española.
La inclusión de los pequeños productores agrícolas en el desarrollo económico colombiano
Authors: Szegedy-Maszák Ildikó , Attilio Ferrari Cesar
Published: April 2019

El desarrollo rural colombiano es el tema del capítulo 1 del acuerdo de paz entre el Gobierno colombiano y las FARC. Los negociadores del acuerdo, aunque desde diferentes perspectivas, reconocieron la necesidad urgente de promover el desarrollo rural colombiano para superar su tradicional atraso y manejar así, de mejor manera, los conflictos económicos y sociales en las zonas rurales. Al respecto, el Gobierno de presidente Santos ha venido desarrollando Colombia Siembra, la política pública integral para mejorar la producción agrícola. No obstante, Colombia Siembra no cumpliría con las expectativas. Más aún, falta la implementación de varias de las políticas públicas requeridas para lograr ese desarrollo rural y la inclusión de los pequeños productores rurales.
Uptake of Optional Activities Leads to Improved Performance in a Biomedical Sciences Class
Authors: Verkade Heather , Lim Saw Hoon
Published: April 2019

Students value optional (non-assessed) learning activities as they can use them to achieve their intended grade. Such additional activities can also be useful to cater for different levels of background knowledge and therefore to equalise the students’ opportunity to succeed. This study examines the implementation of two optional activities, one online and one paper-based. The activities complemented the lectures and practical (laboratory) classes and were designed to give students additional practice with the key concepts. It was predominantly the most ambitious students who engaged with the activities. Those students who engaged with the activities achieved a higher mark relative to their mark in a comparable prerequisite class. The students strongly preferred the paper activities, and although they would like both online and paper options to be available, they would not be willing to pay a small fee for the online activity.
Pathways to political (dis-)engagement: motivations behind social media use and the role of incidental and intentional exposure modes in adolescents’ political engagement
Authors: Heiss Raffael , Knoll Johannes , Matthes Jörg
Published: April 2019

Based on the Social Media Political Participation Model (SMPPM), this study investigates the relationship between four key motivations behind the use of Social Network Sites (SNS) and political engagement among adolescents. We collected our data in a paper-pencil survey with 15- to 20-year-old adolescents (N=294), a highly underexplored group, which is most active on social media. We theorize that adolescents’ user motivations are related to political engagement via two modes of exposure: The intentional mode, which is related to active information seeking, and the incidental mode, in which adolescents run into politics only by accident. We found that political information and self-expression motivations were positively related to political engagement via the intentional mode. By contrast, entertainment motivations were negatively related to offline, but not to online engagement via the incidental mode.
Gender role portrayals in television advertisements: Do channel characteristics matter?
Authors: Karsay Kathrin , Matthes Jörg , Fröhlich Valerie
Published: April 2019

In the present study we investigated the role of channel characteristics with regard to gender role portrayals in television advertisements. Drawing on cultivation theory and social cognitive theory, we investigated six key variables in this line of research. We sampled a total of N = 1022 advertisements from four Austrian television channels: a public service channel, a commercial channel, and one commercial special interest channel for men and for women, respectively. Our results replicate well-known stereotypic gender role portrayals prevalent in television advertisements. The public service channel and the private channel did not differentiate from each other with regards to gender stereotyping. We found that a channel with a female target group aired advertisements containing the same or even amplified stereotypes compared to a male channel. The potential negative effects of stereotypic gender role portrayals in television advertisements are discussed.
“古、方、普、外”——论全球华语研究的四个视角
Authors: 晓梅 王
Published: April 2019

进入二十一世纪，汉语研究的视角开始由以普通话为核心转向全球华语。这个转变反映了 “中国在语言规划方面也开始采用全球的视野”，将现代汉语在各地的标准变体囊括在 “全球华语” 研究范围之内。与此同时，全球华语研究的理论探讨也急需提上日程。本文将通过马来西亚华语研究的成果，来论证全球华语研究（无论是词汇研究、语音研究，还是语法研究）都应该充分考虑 “古、方、普、外” 四个视角，以解释各地华语特征的结构特点与形成原因。其中，“古” 指的是古代汉语，即马来西亚华语所受到的古汉语影响；“方” 指的是闽、粤、客等南方方言，即马来西亚华语所受到的闽、粤等方言的影响；“普” 指的是普通话，即马来西亚华语与普通话的异同；“外” 指的是英语、马来语、淡米尔语等语言，即马来西亚华语所受到的非汉语（当地语言）的影响。本文尝试从这四个视角来一一分析它们对马来西亚华语的影响，并建构研究全球华语的 “古、方、普、外” 的理论视角。
Maximum Hydrogen Production Rate Optimization for Tubular Steam Methane Reforming Reactor
Authors: Li Penglei , Chen Lingen , Xia Shaojun , Zhang Lei
Published: April 2019

The performance of a steam methane reforming (SMR) reactor is optimized by using the theory of finite time thermodynamics in this paper. The maximum hydrogen production rate (HPR) and the corresponding optimal exterior wall temperature (EWT) and the optimal pressure of the reaction mixture (PRM) profiles in the SMR reactor are obtained by using nonlinear programming method. In the optimization process, the fixed inlet mole flow rate of components, the thresholds of the state variables and the conservation equations are taken as the constraints. The performance of the optimal reactor is compared with that of the reference reactor with a linear EWT profile. The results show that the HPR of the optimal reactor increases by about 11.8 %. The optimal EWT profile is alike with the linear EWT profile. The HPR increases with the increase of the inlet temperature of reaction mixture and the decrease of the inlet PRM. The influence of the TRM on the HPR is smaller than that of the PRM. The results obtained herein are helpful to the optimal design of practical tubular reactors.
The Pagan Origin of Christmas According to ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s Tathbīt
Authors: Connelly Coleman
Published: April 2019

The Tathbīt dalāʾil al-nubuwwa of the chief qāḍī of Rayy ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Hamadhānī (d. 1024 or 1025) contains a lengthy digression asserting early Christianity’s gradual corruption by the pagan Romans. One of the Muʿtazilī theologian’s most striking claims regards the origin of Christmas, which he argues derives from a pagan holiday of the “Romans and Greeks” called the Nativity of Time. Previous scholarship has attempted to identify this holiday as a festival known from the ancient Graeco-Roman Mediterranean world. However, ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s construction of “Roman and Greek” paganism is highly indebted to Arabic reports on the Ṣābians of Ḥarrān, whom he mentions before and after his Christmas account. In turn, this article collects references in roughly contemporary Arabic sources to a pagan Aramaean holiday called variously the Festival of the Nativity or the Festival of the Nativity of Time. The article argues that ʿAbd al-Jabbār in fact refers to this holiday, having learned of it from a report on Ḥarrānian religion. To conclude, the article situates the Christmas account within ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s broader comparative religious project and briefly treats its influence upon Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328).
Remains of Ottoman buildings in the city of al-Ludd
Authors: Daʿadli Tawfiq
Published: April 2019

The location of the city of al-Ludd, between the lowlands and the coastal plain, made it an attractive settlement site through the ages. This location brought with it, on the one hand, a fertile catchment area and on the other, caravans looking for a safe inland route. The last settlement phase that resulted in the medieval town was extant until the mid-twentieth century, whence it was demolished leaving only a dozen buildings standing. Those remains are the starting point for this study in which we discuss topics such as shrines, sheikhs’ tombs, the soap industry and public bath, presented here as part of a preliminary survey that lays the ground for further discussion of the town’s urban dynamics.
Vortex index identification and unidirectional propagation in Kagome photonic crystals
Authors: Deng Wei-Min , Chen Xiao-Dong , Chen Wen-Jie , Zhao Fu-Li , Dong Jian-Wen
Published: April 2019

Vortex field in photonic metamaterials has been revealed in recent years, which provides an extra degree of freedom to control the behavior of electromagnetic waves, such as the unidirectional propagation in topological metamaterials and orbital angular momentum multiplexing in optical fibers. Achieving topologically protected unidirectionality needs an external source either with a vortex index of m = ±1 (i.e. 2πm phase winding around phase singularity) or with a spin index of ±1 (i.e. right- or left-handed circular polarization). However, it is still an open question on the relationship between higher-order (|m | > 1) vortex field and topological metamaterials. Here, we study the excitation of valley bulk states by a source with a higher-order vortex index in Kagome photonic crystals. The selection rule for the excitation of valley bulk states is derived and can be applied to predict the selective excitation of valley bulk states by a source with a higher-order vortex index. Interestingly, we find that the Fourier spectrum and the averaged Fourier spectrum of the Ez
component enable us to identify the vortex index of the source. Besides, it is shown that the unidirectional edge states can be excited by a source with a vortex index of 1 or 2 in a straight or 120° detour waveguide. Our work paves the way for the demonstration of the selection rule and may have potential applications in optical mode identification.
Effect of gamma irradiation on the physicochemical and rheological properties of enzyme-catalyzed tragacanth-based injectable hydrogels
Authors: Tavakol Moslem , Vasheghani-Farahani Ebrahim , Mohammadifar Mohammad Amin , Dehghan-Niri Maryam
Published: April 2019

In the present study, gamma irradiation was applied to promote the mechanical properties of enzyme- mediated in situ forming hydrogels prepared with tyramine-functionalized gum tragacanth (TA-GT). For this purpose, after gamma irradiation of powder or hydrocolloid solution of gum tragacanth (GT), the physiochemical and rheological properties of GT solution, and resultant hydrogel was investigated. In situ forming hydrogels were prepared via horseradish peroxidase catalyzed coupling reaction of TA-GT in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Gamma irradiation led to a decrease in GT molecular weight and solution viscosity. Also, the solubility of GT improved and the separation of water soluble/swellable part of gum samples became easier, using gamma irradiation. In addition, by gamma irradiation of GT powder at doses of 5–15 kGy, a polymeric solution with higher concentration could be prepared that resulted in the promotion of hydrogels storage modulus. Further increase of irradiation dose did not improve storage modulus due to the extra decrease of gum molecular weight.
Biochemical engineering in China
Authors: Ding Mingzhu , Chen Biqiang , Ji Xiaojun , Zhou Jingwen , Wang Huiyuan , Tian Xiwei , Feng Xudong , Yue Hua , Zhou Yongjin , Wang Hailong , Wu Jianping , Yang Pengpeng , Jiang Yu , Mao Xuming , Xiao Gang , Zhong Cheng , Xiao Wenhai , Li Bingzhi , Qin Lei , Cheng Jingsheng , Yao Mingdong , Wang Ying , Liu Hong , Zhang Lin , Yu Linling , Chen Tao , Dong Xiaoyan , Jia Xiaoqiang , Zhang Songping , Liu Yanfeng , Chen Yong , Chen Kequan , Wu Jinglan , Zhu Chenjie , Zhuang Wei , Xu Sheng , Jiao Pengfei , Zhang Lei , Song Hao , Yang Sheng , Xiong Yan , Li Yongquan , Zhang Youming , Zhuang Yingping , Su Haijia , Fu Weiping , Huang Yingming , Li Chun , Zhao Zongbao K. , Sun Yan , Chen Guo-Qiang , Zhao Xueming , Huang He , Zheng Yuguo , Yang Lirong , Su Zhiguo , Ma Guanghui , Ying Hanjie , Chen Jian , Tan Tianwei , Yuan Yingjin
Published: April 2019

Chinese biochemical engineering is committed to supporting the chemical and food industries, to advance science and technology frontiers, and to meet major demands of Chinese society and national economic development. This paper reviews the development of biochemical engineering, strategic deployment of these technologies by the government, industrial demand, research progress, and breakthroughs in key technologies in China. Furthermore, the outlook for future developments in biochemical engineering in China is also discussed.
Bildung und Mobilitätsprozeß – Eine Anwendung der Pfadanalyse
Authors: Müller Walter
Published: April 2019

In den meisten Mobilitätsstudien wird gezeigt, daß der berufliche Status des Sohnes vom beruflichen Status des Vaters abhängt. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht Prozesse, in denen sich die „Statusvererbung“ vollzieht. Dabei wird BLAU/DUNCANS (1967) pfadanalytisches Modell des Mobilitätsprozesses auf deutsche Daten angewendet und erweitert. Mit besonderer Aufmerksamkeit wird der Einfluß von Ausbildung auf die berufliche Karriere verfolgt. Eines der Hauptergebnisse ist die These, daß berufsbezogene Ausbildungsgänge während des Berufslebens ein wichtiger Faktor zur Egalisierung ungleicher Startbedingungen sind und weniger durch selektive Einflüsse der sozialen Herkunft bestimmt sind als der Erfolg von Kindern und Jugendlichen auf dem „Ersten Bildungsweg“.
A new framework to measure entrepreneurial ecosystems at the regional level
Authors: Sternberg Rolf , Bloh Johannes von , Coduras Alicia
Published: April 2019

The term ‘entrepreneurial eco-system’ (EES) currently belongs to the most popular ones in economic geography – and in the practice of start-up support policies in many countries, too. Due to its exclusively positive connotations the usage of this term creates unrealistic hopes among entrepreneurship support practitioners. Scholars may be reminded to previous supposed panaceas of regional economic policies like clusters, ‘creative class’ members or high-tech industries. As for these predecessors as well, the concept is “fuzzy” (Markusen 1999), the available empirics are “scanty” (ibid.) and its perception among policymakers is oversimplified, exclusively positive and partially naïve. To a degree, this is a consequence of an extremely unclear definition of what is meant by an EES. The undertheorization of the EES discourse, as observed by some scholars, is not due to a lack of conceptual approaches per se, but due to a lack of convincing, theoretically strong approaches. In fact, the majority of the EES publications is conceptual or even theoretical, usually without any serious empirical underpinning. From our perspective the latter has one important consequence: EES theory is weak because there is a lack of representative, comprehensive and sophisticated empirical studies, indicators and methods to measure EES. This paper provides a unique attempt to measure EES at the sub-national level of regions, that is, from our perspective, the most appropriate spatial level to identify and measure (and theorize) EES as the regional entrepreneurship literature provides striking evidence in favor of entrepreneurship as being primarily a regional (or local) event. Our paper contributes to the current EES debate by arguing that a robust empirical measurement of various EES at the sub-national level may help to improve the quality of EES theory. We propose to start with Erik Stam’s interpretation of an EES based upon ten “conditions” for whom we develop specific variables for application in concrete data collection exercises in different regions. We develop an overall EES index as well as subnational indices for each of the ten conditions. We also propose a method to care for the various weighting problems to be solved. Our attempt has been successfully pretested in Germany and Spain and has meanwhile entered a more ambitious pilot phase in 2018. One of this paper’s aims is to get feedback from scholars studying EES regarding our proposed method.
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Production from Natural Gas by a Methanotroph Native Bacterium in a Bubble Column Bioreactor
Authors: Kosravi-Darani Kianoush , Yazdian Fatemeh , Babapour Fatemeh , Amirsadeghi A. R.
Published: April 2019

Reducing the total cost of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) production as an attractive

substitute for conventional petrochemical plastics still remains an unsolved problem.

The aim of this research was the screening of PHB-producing microorganisms and selection of the best suitable medium for microbial growth and PHB production from methane. A new isolated methanotroph for PHB production from natural gas was studied in different media. After selection of the suitable medium, the effect of five process variables (content of nitrogen source, disodium hydrogen phosphate, methane to air ratio, seed age, and pH) on PHB production was investigated in a bubble column bioreactor. Also, hydrodynamic and mass transfer factors (flow regime, mixing time, gas hold up, and kLa) were considered. At optimum operating conditions and engineering parameters in a bubble column, PHB content in the dried biomass reached 25 % w/w. The results showed that pH is the most important variable in the selected conditions.
Regulators of the RAS-ERK pathway as therapeutic targets in thyroid cancer
Authors: Zaballos Miguel A , Acuña-Ruiz Adrián , Morante Marta , Crespo Piero , Santisteban Pilar
Published: April 2019

Thyroid cancer is mostly an ERK-driven carcinoma, as up to 70% of thyroid carcinomas are caused by mutations that activate the RAS/ERK mitogenic signaling pathway. The incidence of thyroid cancer has been steadily increasing for the last four decades; yet, there is still no effective treatment for advanced thyroid carcinomas. Current research efforts are focused on impairing ERK signaling with small-molecule inhibitors, mainly at the level of BRAF and MEK. However, despite initial promising results in animal models, the clinical success of these inhibitors has been limited by the emergence of tumor resistance and relapse. The RAS/ERK pathway is an extremely complex signaling cascade with multiple points of control, offering many potential therapeutic targets: from the modulatory proteins regulating the activation state of RAS proteins to the scaffolding proteins of the pathway that provide spatial specificity to the signals, and finally, the negative feedbacks and phosphatases responsible for inactivating the pathway. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the biology of RAS/ERK regulators in human cancer highlighting relevant information on thyroid cancer and future areas of research.
Surgical Treatment of Rare Giant Inferoposterior Left Ventricular Aneurysm: A Case Report
Authors: Turkyilmaz Saygin , Kavala Ali Aycan , Turkyilmaz Gulsum , Kuserli Yusuf
Published: April 2019

We present the case of a 63-year-old male with post-myocardial infarction causing a giant left ventricular aneurysm and describe the surgical treatment via Dor Procedure.
Primary Left Atrial Angiosarcoma Presenting as Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Jaksic Jurinjak Sandra , Vincelj Josip , Rudez Igor , Lisicic Ante , Jurin Ivana , Manojlovic Spomenka , Udovicic Mario , Starcevic Boris
Published: April 2019

Primary cardiac neoplasms are extremely rare and often overlooked as differential diagnosis. Angiosarcomas are the most common primary malignant neoplasms of the heart often with nonspecific symptoms. We present a 43-year-old woman admitted to our hospital with chest pain and inferoposterolateral myocardial infarction. Coronary angiography indicated the distal occlusion of the left circumflex artery. Transthoracic and transoesophagic echocardiography revealed a mass in the left atrium with probable myocardial infiltration and vascularisation. The mass in the left atrium was removed by surgical resection, and histopathology confirmed angiosarcoma. We emphasize the pivotal role of transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography in evaluating even rare differential diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome as cardiac neoplasms.
La fundamental convergencia teórica entre el pensamiento económico de la escuela monetarista de Chicago y el de los sociólogos constructivistas moderados: Agente individual, organizaciones e instituciones
Authors: Hernández Chuliá Sagar
Published: April 2019

La presente investigación pretende demostrar la fundamental convergencia teórica existente entre las aportaciones procedentes de los economistas de la escuela monetarista de Chicago y las de los sociólogos constructivistas moderados, para ciertas esferas concretas de sus análisis. Con tal propósito, se agrupan estas contribuciones en torno a tres categorías: agente individual, organizaciones e instituciones. En este sentido, se concluye con que su modelo formal maximizador de agente presenta una racionalidad limitada, opera en entornos de información imperfecta, imputa costes a su proceso de toma de decisiones y desarrolla expectativas racionales. Además, en relación con las organizaciones, estos autores examinan la relación entre formas de propiedad y gestión en las empresas, comprenden estas como mecanismos de reducción de la incertidumbre, consideran la división del trabajo como un principio fundamental de su funcionamiento y estudian el comportamiento de oligopolios, Estado y sindicatos en el mercado. Finalmente, comprenden las instituciones como fenómenos generales, naturales y potencialmente conflictivos.
Relatos de una tradición. Sobre los artefactos sonoros de las cuadrillas de San Martín (una investigación transdisciplinar)
Authors: Herrera Muete Diana Marcela , Holguín Tovar Pilar Jovanna
Published: April 2019

En este artículo se presenta una síntesis de los conceptos y metodología empleada en una investigación que tuvo como objeto de estudio los instrumentos musicales y artefactos sonoros utilizados en las cuadrillas de San Martín. El objetivo de este artículo es describir parte del proceso con el propósito de revelar la fundamentación desde marcos teórico- metodológicos interdisciplinares y difundir los hallazgos de esta expresión sociocultural. Al abordar la organología musical como herramienta de descripción y sistematización para la clasificación de instrumentos sonoros se observó la necesidad de estudiar marcos y herramientas metodológicas de otros campos de conocimiento. Entre ellos se encontraron la historia oral, la arqueomusicología y la fotografía. La metodología es de corte descriptivo y se presenta en tres etapas: la fundamentación teórica, la observación simple, la recopilación de memorias y material fotográfico; y finalmente, la presentación de los resultados obtenidos a través de la investigación.
La movilidad académica internacional: experiencias de los estudiantes de Villavicencio, Colombia y Coatzacoalcos, México
Authors: Otero Gómez María Cristina , Giraldo Pérez Wilson , Sánchez Leyva José Luis
Published: April 2019

Este artículo presenta los resultados empíricos de un proyecto de extensión que tuvo como objetivo identificar y analizar las percepciones de 16 estudiantes de la Universidad de los Llanos de Colombia y de la Universidad Veracruzana de México acerca de su experiencia como participantes en un proceso de movilidad académica internacional. A partir de información recabada por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas, se pudo establecer que el aspecto que tuvo mayor significado en su experiencia fue el contacto con otra cultura, y a nivel personal los jóvenes destacan la autonomía, la capacidad de adaptación y el trabajo en equipo.
Políticas de habitabilidad en calle en Bogotá, Colombia ¿hacia el desarrollo humano integral?
Authors: Zamudio Rocha Luisa Fernanda
Published: April 2019

La habitabilidad en calle en Bogotá es un fenómeno social histórico. Al respecto se han planteado políticas basadas en el reconocimiento de los habitantes de calle como sujetos de derecho, sin embargo, a pesar de ese desarrollo normativo, este grupo poblacional ha sido víctima de violencias tanto por la sociedad civil como por el Estado. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la manera en que las políticas dirigidas a los habitantes de calle contribuyen a su desarrollo humano integral o transgreden su vida. La base teórica es la evolución del concepto de desarrollo humano integral. A través de un enfoque metodológico cualitativo se encontró como resultado que las políticas han contribuido al desarrollo humano integral únicamente de los habitantes de calle de los Centros de Atención, al mismo tiempo que se ejerce violencia contra las personas que han escogido la calle como proyecto de vida
El impacto de la publicidad con equidad de género en la decisión de compra de los millennials
Authors: Cervantes-Guzmán Jovanna Nathalie , Vargas-Hernández José G. , Vázquez-Ávila Guillermo
Published: April 2019

Este artículo se propone analizar el impacto de la publicidad con equidad de género en la decisión de compra de los millennials bajo el supuesto de que la publicidad con mensajes positivos en la equidad de género logra un mayor efecto que aquella que es sexualizada.También se analizan los principales motivos por los cuales las empresas siguen manejando lenguajes de esta índole, además de que se enfatiza sobre la importancia de utilizar este tipo de lenguajes y las consecuencias que podría tener el no hacerlo. Se estudian del mismo modo las generaciones y se explican por qué el segmento determinado para su estudio es el mejor para poder captar y aceptar este tipo de información.
A small-flowered natural Odontoglossum hybrid (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae) from Ecuador
Authors: Dalström Stig , Higgins Wesley E.
Published: April 2019

A new small-flowered natural Odontoglossum hybrid from northwestern Ecuador is described and illustrated with a line drawing and a photograph. The novelty is compared with its sympatric parent species, Odontoglossum armatum and O. mirandum. The flower of the new natural hybrid has shorter erect lateral lip-lobes compared to those for O. mirandum, but distinctly longer erect lateral lip-lobes compared to those for O. armatum, which are basically lacking altogether. The taxonomic status of the variable O. mirandum is briefly discussed.

Key words: Ecuador, new hybrid, Odontoglossum, Orchidaceae, Oncidiinae
Room Temperature CW Operation of GaN-based Blue Laser Diodes by GaInN/GaN optical guiding layers
Authors: Koike Masayoshi , Yamasaki Shiro , Tezen Yuta , Nagai Seiji , Iwayama Sho , Kojima Akira
Published: April 2019

GaN-based short wavelength laser diodes are the most promising key device for a digital versatile disk. We have been improving the important points of the laser diodes in terms of optical guiding layers, mirror facets. The continuous wave laser irradiation at room temperature could be achieved successfully by reducing the threshold current to 60 mA (4 kA/cm2). We have tried to apply the multi low temperature buffer layers to the laser diodes for the first time to reduce the crystal defects.
Dislocation Mechanisms in the GaN Lateral Overgrowth by Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy
Authors: Kuan T. S. , Inoki C. K. , Hsu Y. , Harris D. L. , Zhang R. , Gu S. , Kuech T. F.
Published: April 2019

We have carried out a series of lateral epitaxial overgrowths (LEO) of GaN through thin oxide windows by the hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) technique at different growth temperatures. High lateral growth rate at 1100°C allows coalescing of neighboring islands into a continuous and flat film, while the lower lateral growth rate at 1050°C produces triangular-shaped ridges over the growth windows. In either case, threading dislocations bend into laterally grown regions to relax the shear stress developed in the film during growth. In regions close to the mask edge, where the shear stress is highest, dislocations interact and multiply into arrays of edge dislocations lying parallel to the growth window. This multiplication and pileup of dislocations cause a large-angle tilting of the laterally grown regions. The tilt angle is high (∼8 degrees) when the growth is at 1050°C and becomes smaller (3-5 degrees) at 1100°C. At the coalescence of growth facets, a tilt-type grain boundary is formed. During the high-temperature lateral growth, the tensile stress in the GaN seed layer and the thermal stress from the mask layer both contribute to a high shear stress at the growth facets. Finite element stress simulations suggest that this shear stress may be sufficient to cause the observed excessive dislocation activities and tilting of LEO regions at high growth temperatures.
The Nature and Impact of ZnO Buffer Layers on the Initial Stages of the Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy of GAN
Authors: Gu Shulin , Zhang Rong , Sun Jingxi , Zhang Ling , Kuech T. F.
Published: April 2019

The nature and impact of ZnO buffer layers on the initial stages of the hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) of GaN have been studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL). During pre-growth heating, the surface ZnO layer was found to both desorb from ZnO-coated sapphire and react with the underlying sapphire surface forming a thin ZnAl2O4 alloy layer between ZnO and sapphire surface. This ZnO-derived surface promotes the initial nucleation of the GaN and markedly improves material surface morphology, quality and growth reproducibility.
Electrical Properties of Cubic InN And GaN Epitaxial Layers as a Function of Temperature
Authors: Fernandez J.R.L. , Chitta V.A. , Abramof E. , Ferreira da Silva A. , Leite J.R. , Tabata A. , As D.J. , Frey T. , Schikora D. , Lischka K.
Published: April 2019

Carrier concentration and mobility were measured for intrinsic cubic InN and GaN, and for Si-doped cubic GaN as a function of temperature. Metallic n-type conductivity was found for the InN, while background p-type conductivity was observed for the intrinsic GaN layer. Doping the cubic GaN with Si two regimes were observed. For low Si-doping concentrations, the samples remain p-type. Increasing the Si-doping level, the background acceptors are compensated and the samples became highly degenerated n-type. From the carrier concentration dependence on temperature, the activation energy of the donor and acceptor levels was determined. Attempts were made to determine the scattering mechanisms responsible for the behavior of the mobility as a function of temperature.
GaN Decomposition in Ammonia
Authors: Koleske D.D. , Wickenden A.E. , Henry R.L.
Published: April 2019

GaN decomposition is studied as a function of pressure and temperature in mixed NH3 and H2 flows more characteristic of the MOVPE growth environment. As NH3 is substituted for the 6 SLM H2 flow, the GaN decomposition rate at 1000 °C is reduced from 1×1016 cm−2 s−1 (i.e. 9 monolayers/s) in pure H2 to a minimum of 1×1014 cm−2 s−1 at an NH3 density of 1×1019 cm−3. Further increases of the NH3 density above 1×1019 cm−3 result in an increase in the GaN decomposition rate. The measured activation energy, EA, for GaN decomposition in mixed H2 and NH3 flows is less than the EA measured in vacuum and in N2 environments. As the growth pressure is increased under the same H2 and NH3 flow conditions, the decomposition rate increases and the growth rate decreases with the addition of trimethylgallium to the flow. The decomposition in mixed NH3 and H2 and in pure H2 flows behave similarly, suggesting that surface H plays a similar role in the decomposition and growth of GaN in NH3.
AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor Structure Design and Effects on Electrical Properties
Authors: Piner E.L. , Keogh D.M. , Flynn J.S. , Redwing J.M
Published: April 2019

We report on the effect of strain induced polarization fields in AlGaN/GaN heterostructures due to the incorporation of Si dopant ions in the lattice. By Si-doping (Al)GaN, a contraction of the wurtzite unit cell can occur leading to strain in doped AlGaN/GaN heterostructures such as high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). In a typical modulation doped AlGaN/GaN HEMT structure, the Si-doped AlGaN supply layer is separated from the two-dimensional electron gas channel by an undoped AlGaN spacer layer. This dopant-induced strain, which is tensile, can create an additional source of charge at the AlGaN:Si/AlGaN interface. The magnitude of this strain increases as the Si doping concentration increases and the AlN mole fraction in the AlGaN decreases. Consideration of this strain should be given in AlGaN/GaN HEMT structure design.
Negative Differential Conductivity in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs: Real Space Charge Transfer from 2D to 3D GaN States?
Authors: Deng J. , Gaska R. , Shur M. S. , Khan M. A. , Yang J. W.
Published: April 2019

We report on non-thermal negative differential conductivity (NDC) in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs grown on sapphire substrates by low-pressure MOCVD. The sheet electron density was on the order of few times 1012cm−2 and the Hall mobility was 1,000 cm2/V.s. The HEMTs had threshold voltage close to zero and could operate at high positive gate bias up to 3 to 3.5 Volts, with a very low gate leakage current. NDC was observed at the gate bias larger than 1.5V and at the drain biases between approximately 0.5Vg and Vg. We excluded the possibility of self-heating as the cause, since the NDC occurs at relatively small power levels where self-heating effects are negligible.

An explanation we provided for the NDC effect is the new mechanism of real space charge transfer from 2D to 3D GaN states, which leads to a decrease in the channel mobility at large 2D electron gas densities. The observed low leakage can be explained by an enhanced molar fraction of aluminum at the heterointerface that results in a larger conduction band discontinuity. Our model that accounts for the piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects is consistent with the observed NDC effect. The Hall mobility dependence on the gate bias and sheet carrier concentration [1] is consistent with the real space transfer mechanism.

This NDC effect in GaN/AlGaN HEMTs may find applications in high-performance digital circuits at elevated temperatures.
Lattice Location of Deuterium in Plasma and Gas Charged Mg Doped GaN
Authors: Wampler W. R. , Barbour J. C. , Seager C. H. , Myers S. M. , Wright A. F. , Han J.
Published: April 2019

We have used ion channeling to examine the lattice configuration of deuterium in Mg doped GaN grown by MOCVD. The deuterium is introduced by exposure to gas phase or ECR plasmas. A density functional approach including lattice relaxation, was used to calculate total energies for various locations and charge states of hydrogen in the wurtzite Mg doped GaN lattice. Results of channeling measurements are compared with channeling simulations for hydrogen at lattice locations predicted by density functional theory.
New Materials-Theory-Based Model for Output Characteristics of AlGaN/GaN Heterostructure Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Albrecht J.D. , Ruden P.P. , Ancona M.G.
Published: April 2019

A new model is used to examine the DC output characteristics of AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field effect transistors. The model is based on the charge-control/gradual-channel approximation and takes into account the non-linear current vs. voltage characteristics of the ungated AlGaN/GaN heterostructure channel regions. The model also includes thermal effects associated with device self-heating. For the power dissipation levels considered for many applications, the thermal degradation of the carrier drift velocity is shown to cause a negative output conductance in saturation. The temperature is incorporated self-consistently into the model through the field and temperature dependent mobility obtained from Monte Carlo transport simulations for electron transport in GaN. Calculated results presented for the DC output characteristics of several AlGaN/GaN field effect transistors show a strong dependence on the thermal properties of the substrate material. The substrate materials considered in this work are sapphire, SiC, AlN, and GaN.
Emission Enhancement of GaN/AlGaN Single-Quantum-Wells Due to Screening of Piezoelectric Field
Authors: Kinoshita A. , Hirayama H. , Riblet P. , Ainoya M. , Hirata A. , Aoyagi Y.
Published: April 2019

Photoluminescence (PL) enhancement due to the screening of piezoelectric field induced by Si-doping is systematically studied in GaN/AlGaN quantum wells (QWs) fabricated by metal organic vapor-phase-epitaxy (MOVPE). The PL enhancement ratio of QWs for Si-doped directly into the wells was much larger than that for doped only into the barrier layers. This result shows that the crystal quality of the quantum well is not so damaged by heavy Si-doping, which is different from the cases of GaAs or InP material systems. The PL intensity enhancement ratio was especially large for thick wells. The typical value of the enhancement ratio was 30 times for a 5 nm-thick single QW. The optimum Si-doping concentration was approximately 4×1018 cm−3. From the well width dependence of the PL enhancement ratio and PL peak shift under high excitation conditions, we determined that the dominant effect inducing the PL enhancement is screening of piezoelectric field in the QWs. These results indicate that Si-doping is very effective for the application of GaN/AlGaN QWs to optical devices.
Wet Etching of Ion-implanted GaN Crystals by AZ-400K Photoresist
Authors: Carosella C.A. , Molnar B. , Schiestel S. , Sprague J.A.
Published: April 2019

The photoresist developer AZ-400K, commonly used to remove AlN encapsulant layers on GaN crystalline films, is found to also etch certain as-grown GaN films. Even as-grown GaN films, which can not be etched in AZ-400K, however can be etched if amorphized by ion implantation. Etch rates of as high as 450 Å/min. were observed. The etching proceeds linearly in GaN in the first few minutes to a depth corresponding to the depth of the amorphous region. Subsequently, the etching rate saturates. Annealing of the highly amorphized samples up to 1000°C for one minute in a N2/H2 gas mixture does not reduce the etch rate, but for lower doses we observed a reduction of the etch rate. Observations of etching depth under various ion-implanted conditions could be correlated with the number of displacements per atoms (dpa) required for amorphization.
Fabrication and Characterization of InGaN Nano-scale Dots for Blue and Green LED Applications
Authors: Kim K.S. , Hong C.-H. , Lee W.-H. , Kim C.S. , Cha O.H. , Yang G.M. , Suh E.-K. , Lim K.Y. , Lee H.J. , Cho H.K. , Lee J.Y. , Seo J.M.
Published: April 2019

Thin layers of InGaN were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and characterized with atomic force microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. InGaN deposited on GaN exhibits a Stranski-Krastanov growth mode, including 2D wetting layer and 3D self-assembled quantum dots. Besides, we observed that the formed InGaN nano-scale dots have a trapezoidal shape with a {1-102} facet with respect to (0002) surface. Visible spectral range from UV to green was easily obtained by changing InGaN quantum well thickness up to 2.3 nm.
Spectroscopy in Polarized and Piezoelectric AlGaInN Heterostructures
Authors: Wetzel C. , Takeuchi T. , Amano H. , Akasaki I.
Published: April 2019

Uniaxial wurtzite group-III nitride heterostructures are subject to large polarization effects with significant consequences for device physics in optoelectronic and transport device applications. A central aspect for the proper implementation is the experimental quantification of polarization charges and associated fields. In modulated reflection spectroscopy of thin films and heterostructures of AlGaInN we observe pronounced Franz-Keldysh oscillations that allow direct and accurate readings of the field strength induced by polarization dipoles at the heterointerfaces. In piezoelectric GaInN/GaN quantum wells this dipole is found to induce an asymmetry in barrier heights with a respective splitting of interband transitions. This splitting energy appears to reflect in the transitions of spontaneous and stimulated luminescence in the well. From these experiments the polarization dipole is identified as controllable type-II staggered band offset between adjacent barrier layers which can extend the flexibility in AlGaInN bandstructure design. The derived field values can serve as important input parameters in the further interpretation of the entire system.