bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pedotransfer functions to assess adsorbed phosphate using iron oxide content and magnetic susceptibility in an Oxisol
Authors: Camargo L. A. , Marques J. , Pereira G. T. , Alleoni L. R. F. , Bahia A. S. R. de S. , Teixeira D. De B.
Published: February 2016

Adsorbed phosphate in soils can be chemically extracted; however, this process is both time‐consuming and not cost‐effective if large numbers of samples have to be analysed. Indirect assessment of adsorbed phosphate by pedotransfer functions (PTFs) can help optimize fertilizer strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of adsorbed phosphate (Pads), iron oxides and magnetic susceptibility (MS) in oxisols and to calibrate PTFs to predict Pads. A total of 308 soil samples were collected from Hapludox and Eutrudox soils formed from sandstone in Brazil. The contents of clay (196–607 g/kg), iron oxides (40–165 g/kg), MS (1.2–29 × 10−6 m3/kg) and Pads (327–842 mg/kg) were in the range of typical values for these highly weathered soils. This study showed that the attributes studied were spatially dependent. Geomorphic surfaces enabled understanding of spatial variability and helped to develop a more efficient sampling scheme to calibrate PTFs. Moreover, the adsorbed phosphate in these oxisols could be predicted by a PTF using iron oxides and MS as predictors. The MS attribute enabled the most accurate prediction (concordance coefficient = 0.95, root‐mean‐square error = 46 mg/kg and relative improvement in root‐mean‐square error = −4.12) of spatial variability through PTF compared to other predictors.
A novel allele, HLA‐B*55:77, identified by sequence‐based typing in a Chinese individual
Authors: Qiang W. , Shen G. , Zhu Y.‐Y. , Zou J.
Published: February 2016

HLA‐B*55:77 differs from B*55:02:01:01 by a single nucleotide at position 164 in exon 2.
Transfusion of CMV‐unselected blood components may lead to inappropriate donor selection for patients subsequently undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplant
Authors: Morton S. , Danby R. , Rocha V. , Peniket A. , Murphy M. F.
Published: February 2016

Objectives

To establish whether passive transfer of cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG via transfusion results in ambiguous serostatus in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT).

Background

CMV infection causes significant morbidity following allogeneic SCT. Leucocyte‐reduced blood products from CMV‐seropositive donors carry minimal risk of CMV transmission, however, may result in passive transfer of CMV IgG, leading to unintentionally CMV‐mismatched recipient/donors with significant consequences.

Methods

We undertook a retrospective single‐centre analysis of CMV IgG results in patients transfused with CMV‐unselected (CMV‐U) leucocyte‐reduced components subsequently undergoing SCT.

Results

Of patients with >1CMV IgG measured, 8/29 (27·6%) had discordant results; all were transfused between negative and subsequent positive results and were thought to have passively acquired CMV IgG. One likely CMV naïve patient was recorded as CMV seropositive and underwent transplant with a seropositive donor, developing CMV infection which required treatment.

Conclusions

Passive transfer of CMV IgG is an unanticipated consequence of transfusion of CMV‐U products and has the potential to cause morbidity. Inaccurate recording of serostatus pre‐transplant has wider implications for data reporting on transplant outcomes. When transfusing CMV‐U components pre‐transfusion CMV IgG samples must be taken and transfusion history must be considered when interpreting results.
Overexpression of TLR‐2 and TLR‐4 mRNA in feline polymorphonuclear neutrophils exposed to Microsporum canis
Authors: Cambier Ludivine C. , Heinen Marie‐Pierre A.‐L. , Bagut Elena T. , Antoine Nadine A. , Mignon Bernard R.
Published: February 2016

Background

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), along with macrophages, are the first leukocytes recruited to the site of infection in dermatophytoses and are responsible for the in fine elimination of the fungus. It has been demonstrated that feline PMNs produce pro‐inflammatory cytokines after stimulation with Microsporum canis. The activation of these cells results from the recognition of specific PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns) from M. canis by PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) of PMNs. The C‐type lectin receptors (CLRs) and toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are the two main PRRs in phagocytic cells that recognize fungal components.

Hypothesis/Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of TLR‐2, TLR‐4 and dectin‐1 mRNA in feline PMNs exposed to different components from M. canis.

Methods

Feline PMNs were stimulated for 2 h or 4 h with either live arthroconidia, heat‐killed arthroconidia or secreted components from M. canis. The levels of TLR‐2, TLR‐4 and dectin‐1 mRNA were assessed by RT‐qPCR.

Results

Results showed an increase of TLR‐2 and TLR‐4 mRNA levels in feline PMNs stimulated with live and heat‐killed arthroconidia, but not in those stimulated with the secreted components from M. canis. No significant variation in dectin‐1 mRNA expression was observed in PMNs stimulated with the different fungal components.

Conclusions and clinical importance

The overexpression of TLR‐2 and TLR‐4 mRNAs in stimulated feline PMNs suggests that these receptors are involved in the host immune response through the recognition of M. canis PAMPs.
Manufacturing method affects mitochondrial DNA release and extracellular vesicle composition in stored red blood cells
Authors: Bakkour S. , Acker J. P. , Chafets D. M. , Inglis H. C. , Norris P. J. , Lee T.‐H. , Busch M. P.
Published: February 2016

Background and Objectives

Damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are found in transfusion products, but their potential impacts are not fully understood. We examined the influence of manufacturing method on levels of mitochondrial (mt) DNA and extracellular vesicle (EV) DAMPs in red cell concentrates (RCCs).

Materials and Methods

Eighty‐seven RCCs were prepared using nine different methods (6–15 units/method), including three apheresis, five whole blood (WB)‐derived leucoreduced (LR) and one WB‐derived non‐LR method. On storage days 5 and 42, levels of mtDNA (by PCR) and number and cell of origin of EVs (by flow cytometry) were assessed in RCC supernatants.

Results

There was a 100‐fold difference in mtDNA levels among methods, with highest levels in non‐LR, followed by MCS+ and Trima apheresis RCCs. There was a 10‐fold difference in EV levels among methods. RBC‐derived CD235a+ EVs were found in fresh RCCs and increased in most during storage. Platelet‐derived CD41a+ EVs were highest in non‐LR and Trima RCCs and did not change during storage. WBC‐derived EVs were low in most RCCs; CD14+ EVs increased in several RCCs during storage.

Conclusion

DAMPs in RCCs vary by manufacturing method. MtDNA and EV could be informative quality markers that may be relevant to RCC immunomodulatory potential.
PREVALENCE OF ANATOMICAL VARIATION OF THE SIXTH CERVICAL VERTEBRA AND ASSOCIATION WITH VERTEBRAL CANAL STENOSIS AND ARTICULAR PROCESS OSTEOARTHRITIS IN THE HORSE
Authors: DeRouen Anthony , Spriet Mathieu , Aleman Monica
Published: February 2016

The sixth cervical vertebra (C6) has unique morphology due to a ventral extension from the transverse process known as the ventral lamina. Little information was found regarding the prevalence and clinical relevance of morphologic variations. Aims of this observational, retrospective study were to characterize C6 morphologic variations in a large sample of horses. Cervical radiographic studies of 100 horses were retrieved. Data recorded were signalment, clinical history, morphology of the C6 ventral lamina, presence of articular process osteoarthritis, and presence of static vertebral canal stenosis. Morphologic variations were found in C6 vertebrae for 24/100 horses, with symmetric absence of the ventral lamina in nine horses and asymmetric absence in 15. Anomalous C6 vertebrae were more common in Warmbloods, with 19/55 Warmbloods in the population being affected (P= 0.006). No association was found with sex. There was no significant difference in the mean of the intravertebral sagittal ratios between horses with normal or anomalous C6 vertebrae; however there was a significantly greater proportion of horses with anomalous C6 vertebrae that had an intravertebral sagittal ratio of less than 0.5 at C6 (P= 0.047). There was no association between the morphology of C6 and articular process osteoarthritis. Anomalous C6 vertebrae in our population were associated with a higher likelihood of cervical pain (P= 0.013). Authors propose that morphologic variations in the C6 ventral laminae could be linked to other developmental abnormalities such as vertebral canal stenosis, might affect regional biomechanics and should therefore be considered clinically relevant in horses. Future, controlled prospective studies are needed to test this theory.
First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes—Chapter 4: pre‐clinical efficacy and complication data required to justify a clinical trial
Authors: Cooper David K.C. , Bottino Rita , Gianello Pierre , Graham Melanie , Hawthorne Wayne J. , Kirk Allan D. , Korsgren Olle , Park Chung‐Gyu , Weber Collin
Published: February 2016

In 2009, the International Xenotransplantation Association (IXA) published a consensus document that provided guidelines and “recommendations” (not regulations) for those contemplating clinical trials of porcine islet transplantation. These guidelines included the IXA's opinion on what constituted “rigorous pre‐clinical studies using the most relevant animal models” and were based on “non‐human primate testing.” We now report our discussion following a careful review of the 2009 guidelines as they relate to pre‐clinical testing. In summary, we do not believe there is a need to greatly modify the conclusions and recommendations of the original consensus document. Pre‐clinical studies should be sufficiently rigorous to provide optimism that a clinical trial is likely to be safe and has a realistic chance of success, but need not be so demanding that success might only be achieved by very prolonged experimentation, as this would not be in the interests of patients whose quality of life might benefit immensely from a successful islet xenotransplant. We believe these guidelines will be of benefit to both investigators planning a clinical trial and to institutions and regulatory authorities considering a proposal for a clinical trial. In addition, we suggest consideration should be given to establishing an IXA Clinical Trial Advisory Committee that would be available to advise (but not regulate) researchers considering initiating a clinical trial of xenotransplantation.
Perverse, Hodge and motivic realizations of étale motives
Authors: Ivorra Florian
Published: February 2016

Let$k=\mathbb{C}$be the field of complex numbers. In this article we construct Hodge realization functors defined on the triangulated categories of étale motives with rational coefficients. Our construction extends to every smooth quasi-projective$k$-scheme, the construction done by Nori over a field, and relies on the original version of the basic lemma proved by Beĭlinson. As in the case considered by Nori, the realization functor factors through the bounded derived category of a perverse version of the Abelian category of Nori motives.
Timing paradox of stepping and falls in ageing: not so quick and quick(er) on the trigger
Authors: Rogers Mark W. , Mille Marie‐Laure
Published: February 2016

Physiological and degenerative changes affecting human standing balance are major contributors to falls with ageing. During imbalance, stepping is a powerful protective action for preserving balance that may be voluntarily initiated in recognition of a balance threat, or be induced by an externally imposed mechanical or sensory perturbation. Paradoxically, with ageing and falls, initiation slowing of voluntary stepping is observed together with perturbation‐induced steps that are triggered as fast as or faster than for younger adults. While age‐associated changes in sensorimotor conduction, central neuronal processing and cognitive functions are linked to delayed voluntary stepping, alterations in the coupling of posture and locomotion may also prolong step triggering. It is less clear, however, how these factors may explain the accelerated triggering of induced stepping. We present a conceptual model that addresses this issue. For voluntary stepping, a disruption in the normal coupling between posture and locomotion may underlie step‐triggering delays through suppression of the locomotion network based on an estimation of the evolving mechanical state conditions for stability. During induced stepping, accelerated step initiation may represent an event‐triggering process whereby stepping is released according to the occurrence of a perturbation rather than to the specific sensorimotor information reflecting the evolving instability. In this case, errors in the parametric control of induced stepping and its effectiveness in stabilizing balance would be likely to occur. We further suggest that there is a residual adaptive capacity with ageing that could be exploited to improve paradoxical triggering and other changes in protective stepping to impact fall risk.

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Bassoon and piccolo regulate ubiquitination and link presynaptic molecular dynamics with activity‐regulated gene expression
Authors: Ivanova Daniela , Dirks Anika , Fejtova Anna
Published: February 2016

Release of neurotransmitter is executed by complex multiprotein machinery, which is assembled around the presynaptic cytomatrix at the active zone. One well‐established function of this proteinaceous scaffold is the spatial organization of synaptic vesicle cluster, the protein complexes that execute membrane fusion and compensatory endocytosis, and the transmembrane molecules important for alignment of pre‐ and postsynaptic structures. The presynaptic cytomatrix proteins function also in processes other than the formation of a static frame for assembly of the release apparatus and synaptic vesicle cycling. They actively contribute to the regulation of multiple steps in this process and are themselves an important subject of regulation during neuronal plasticity. We are only beginning to understand the mechanisms and signalling pathways controlling these regulations. They are mainly dependent on posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation and small‐molecules conjugation, such as ubiquitination. Ubiquitination of presynaptic proteins might lead to their degradation by proteasomes, but evidence is growing that this modification also affects their function independently of their degradation. Signalling from presynapse to nucleus, which works on a much slower time scale and more globally, emerged as an important mechanism for persistent usage‐dependent and homeostatic neuronal plasticity. Recently, two new functions for the largest presynaptic scaffolding proteins bassoon and piccolo emerged. They were implied (1) in the regulation of specific protein ubiquitination and proteasome‐mediated proteolysis that potentially contributes to short‐term plasticity at the presynapse and (2) in the coupling of activity‐induced molecular rearrangements at the presynapse with reprogramming of expression of neuronal activity‐regulated genes.

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Steady-State Radiolysis of Supercritical Water: Model Predictions and Validation
Authors: Subramanian V. , Joseph J. M. , Subramanian H. , Noël J. J. , Guzonas D. A. , Wren J. C.
Published: February 2016

Chemical kinetic models are being developed for the γ-radiolysis of subcritical and supercritical water (SCW) to estimate the concentrations of radiolytically produced oxidants. Many of the physical properties of water change sharply at the critical point. These properties control the chemical stability and transport behavior of the ions and radicals generated by the radiolysis of SCW. The effects of changes in the solvent properties of water on primary radiolytic processes and the subsequent aqueous reaction kinetics can be quite complicated and are not yet well understood. The approach used in this paper was to adapt an existing liquid water radiolysis model (LRM) that has already been validated for lower temperatures and a water vapor radiolysis model (VRM) validated for higher temperatures, but for lower pressures, to calculate radiolysis product speciation under conditions approaching the supercritical state. The results were then extrapolated to the supercritical regime by doing critical analysis of the input parameters. This exercise found that the vapor-like and liquid-like models make similar predictions under some conditions. This paper presents and discusses the LRM and VRM predictions for the concentrations of molecular radiolysis products, H2, O2, and H2O2 at two different irradiation times, 1 s and 1 hr, as a function of temperature ranging from 25°C to 400°C. The model simulation results are then compared with the concentrations of H2, O2, and H2O2 measured as a function of γ-irradiation time at 250°C. Model predictions on the effect of H2 addition on the radiolysis product concentrations at 400°C are presented and compared with the experimental results from the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant (NPP).
Reliability and Validity of a Novel Approach to Measure Hip Rotation
Authors: Aefsky Brett , Fleet Niles , Myers Heather , Butler Robert J.
Published: February 2016

Context:

Currently, hip-rotation range of motion (ROM) is clinically measured in an open kinetic chain in either seated or prone position using passive or active ROM. However, during activities of daily living and during sports participation the hip must be able to rotate in a loaded position, and there is no standard measurement for this.

Objective:

To determine if a novel method for measuring hip rotation in weight bearing will result in good to very good reliability as demonstrated by an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of >.80 and to investigate if weight-bearing hip measurements will result in significantly reduced hip ROM compared with non-weight-bearing methods.

Design:

Repeated measures.

Setting:

Outpatient sports physical therapy clinic.

Participants:

20 healthy participants (10 men, 10 women) recruited for hip-rotation measurements.

Methods:

Three trials of both internal and external rotation were measured in sitting, prone, and weight bearing. Two therapists independently measured each participant on the same day. The participants returned the following day to repeat the same measurements with the same 2 therapists.

Main Outcome Measures:

Degrees of hip internal and external rotation measured in prone, sitting, and loaded positions.

Results:

In general, the measurement of hip ROM across the different conditions was reliable. The intrarater reliability was .67–.95, while interrater reliability was .59–.96. Interrater reliability was improved when values were averaged across the measures (.75–.97). ICCs for active loaded ROM were .67–.81, while interrater ICCs were .53–.87. In general, prone hip ROM was greater than supine and supine was greater than loaded.

Conclusions:

Loaded hip rotation can be measured in a clinical setting with moderate to good reliability. The rotation ROM of a loaded hip can be significantly decreased compared with unloaded motion.
Effectiveness of Stretching on Posterior Shoulder Tightness and Glenohumeral Internal-Rotation Deficit: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Mine Koya , Nakayama Takashi , Milanese Steve , Grimmer Karen
Published: February 2016

Context:

Posterior shoulder tightness (PST) and glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit (GIRD) can contribute to shoulder pain suffered by athletes engaged in overhead sporting activities. Stretching is a common intervention to resolve PST and GIRD, but it has weak evidence of effectiveness to date.

Objective:

This systematic review aimed to collect and synthesize effectiveness data from English- and Japanese-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating stretching interventions for PST and GIRD.

Evidence Acquisition:

7 English databases and 3 Japanese databases were searched from inception until December 5, 2015. Only English- and Japanese-language RCTs were considered. Risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Data were synthesized qualitatively.

Evidence Synthesis:

Eight English-language and 2 Japanese-language papers of low to high quality were included. There was moderate evidence for positive immediate and short-term effects of cross-body stretch on PST and GIRD in asymptomatic young subjects. Moderate evidence was found to suggest that active sleeper stretch might not be more effective than no intervention to improve PST and GIRD in the short term.

Conclusions:

Cross-body stretch can be effective to improve PST and GIRD in asymptomatic young subjects immediately or in the short term. Further study with methodological rigor is necessary to investigate the long-term effectiveness of stretching interventions on PST and GIRD in symptomatic patients.
A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Rehabilitation Efficacy in Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Wright Cynthia J. , Linens Shelley W. , Cain Mary S.
Published: February 2016

Context:

There is minimal patient-oriented evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions targeted to reduce symptoms associated with chronic ankle instability (CAI). In addition, clinicians aiming to prioritize care by implementing only the most effective components of a rehabilitative program have very little evidence on comparative efficacy.

Objective:

To assess the comparative efficacy of 2 common ankle rehabilitation techniques (wobble-board [WB] balance training and ankle strengthening using resistance tubing [RT]) using patient-oriented outcomes.

Design:

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Patients:

40 patients with CAI randomized into 2 treatment groups: RT and WB. CAI inclusion criteria included a history of an ankle sprain, recurrent “giving way,” and a Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) score ≤25.

Interventions:

Participants completed 5 clinician-oriented tests (foot-lift test, time-in-balance, Star Excursion Balance Test, figure-of-8 hop, and side-hop) and 5 patient-oriented questionnaires (CAIT, Foot and Ankle Ability Measure [FAAM], Activities of Daily Living [ADL] and FAAM Sport scale, Short-Form 36 [SF-36], and Global Rating of Function [GRF]). After baseline testing, participants completed 12 sessions over 4 wk of graduated WB or RT exercise, then repeated baseline tests.

Main Outcome Measures:

For each patient- and clinician-oriented test, separate 2 × 2 RMANOVAs analyzed differences between groups over time (alpha set at P = .05).

Results:

There was a significant interaction between group and time for the FAAM-ADL (P = .04). Specifically, the WB group improved postintervention (P < .001) whereas the RT group remained the same (P = .29). There were no other significant interactions or significant differences between groups (all P > .05). There were significant improvements postintervention for the CAIT, FAAM-Sport, GRF, SF-36, and all 5 clinician-oriented tests (all P < .001).

Conclusions:

A single-exercise 4-wk intervention can improve patient- and clinician-oriented outcomes in individuals with CAI. Limited evidence indicates that WB training was more effective than RT.

Level of Evidence:

Therapy, level 1b.
Methane emissions from the 2015 Aliso Canyon blowout in Los Angeles, CA
Authors: Conley S. , Franco G. , Faloona I. , Blake D. R. , Peischl J. , Ryerson T. B.
Published: February 2016

The magnitude of a major methane leak

The Aliso Canyon underground gas storage facility outside Los Angeles, CA, houses enormous natural gas reserves. One well at the site experienced a blowout in late October 2015 and began leaking gas until it was sealed in February 2016. Over the course of 13 flights in the region, Conley
et al.
sampled the air column and determined daily release rates of methane (a powerful greenhouse gas) and ethane throughout the leak. The methane release rates were nearly double that of the entire Los Angeles region combined. Thus, single vulnerabilities can have major implications for state and federal climate policy.

Science
, this issue p.
1317
Rare complication of a common obesity procedure
Authors: Ereifej Lisa K , Crowell Richard , Schade David
Published: February 2016

Laparoscopic gastric banding has been widely used to treat obesity. Aspiration pneumonia has not been reported as a complication of bariatric surgery. We present a patient who had bariatric surgery and presented with aspiration pneumonia. A 64-year-old woman with a medical history of obesity and laparoscopic gastric banding presented to urgent care with 1 month of dry, continuous cough. A chest CT scan demonstrated a large opacity in the left upper lobe peripherally containing an air bronchogram, and the oesophagus was significantly enlarged and fluid filled. The patient was diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia. She received antibiotics and the gastric band was deflated. A repeat CT scan showed resolution of the pneumonia. To our knowledge, aspiration pneumonia is an unreported complication of gastric banding. Not recognising this complication may cause delay in the correct diagnosis and leads to invasive procedures with increased morbidity.
Effects of biphasic, basal-bolus or basal insulin analogue treatments on carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the randomised Copenhagen Insulin and Metformin Therapy (CIMT) trial
Authors: Lundby-Christensen Louise , Vaag Allan , Tarnow Lise , Almdal Thomas P , Lund Søren S , Wetterslev Jørn , Gluud Christian , Boesgaard Trine W , Wiinberg Niels , Perrild Hans , Krarup Thure , Snorgaard Ole , Gade-Rasmussen Birthe , Thorsteinsson Birger , Røder Michael , Mathiesen Elisabeth R , Jensen Tonny , Vestergaard Henrik , Hedetoft Christoffer , Breum Leif , Duun Elsebeth , Sneppen Simone B , Pedersen Oluf , Hemmingsen Bianca , Carstensen Bendix , Madsbad Sten
Published: February 2016

Objective

To assess the effect of 3 insulin analogue regimens on change in carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Design and setting

Investigator-initiated, randomised, placebo-controlled trial with a 2×3 factorial design, conducted at 8 hospitals in Denmark.

Participants and interventions

Participants with type 2 diabetes (glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)≥7.5% (≥58 mmol/mol), body mass index >25 kg/m2) were, in addition to metformin versus placebo, randomised to 18 months open-label biphasic insulin aspart 1–3 times daily (n=137) versus insulin aspart 3 times daily in combination with insulin detemir once daily (n=138) versus insulin detemir alone once daily (n=137), aiming at HbA1c≤7.0% (≤53 mmol/mol).

Outcomes

Primary outcome was change in mean carotid IMT (a marker of subclinical cardiovascular disease). HbA1c, insulin dose, weight, and hypoglycaemic and serious adverse events were other prespecified outcomes.

Results

Carotid IMT change did not differ between groups (biphasic −0.009 mm (95% CI −0.022 to 0.004), aspart+detemir 0.000 mm (95% CI −0.013 to 0.013), detemir −0.012 mm (95% CI −0.025 to 0.000)). HbA1cwas more reduced with biphasic (−1.0% (95% CI −1.2 to −0.8)) compared with the aspart+detemir (−0.4% (95% CI −0.6 to −0.3)) and detemir (−0.3% (95% CI −0.4 to −0.1)) groups (p<0.001). Weight gain was higher in the biphasic (3.3 kg (95% CI 2.7 to 4.0) and aspart+detemir (3.2 kg (95% CI 2.6 to 3.9)) compared with the detemir group (1.9 kg (95% CI 1.3 to 2.6)). Insulin dose was higher with detemir (1.6 IU/kg/day (95% CI 1.4 to 1.8)) compared with biphasic (1.0 IU/kg/day (95% CI 0.9 to 1.1)) and aspart+detemir (1.1 IU/kg/day (95% CI 1.0 to 1.3)) (p<0.001). Number of participants with severe hypoglycaemia and serious adverse events did not differ.

Conclusions

Carotid IMT change did not differ between 3 insulin regimens despite differences in HbA1c, weight gain and insulin doses. The trial only reached 46% of planned sample size and lack of power may therefore have affected our results.

Trial registration number

NCT00657943.
Cohort for Tuberculosis Research by the Indo-US Medical Partnership (CTRIUMPH): protocol for a multicentric prospective observational study
Authors: Gupte Akshay , Padmapriyadarsini Chandrasekaran , Mave Vidya , Kadam Dileep , Suryavanshi Nishi , Shivakumar Shri Vijay Bala Yogendra , Kohli Rewa , Gupte Nikhil , Thiruvengadam Kannan , Kagal Anju , Meshram Sushant , Bharadwaj Renu , Khadse Sandhya , Ramachandran Geetha , Hanna Luke Elizabeth , Pradhan Neeta , Gomathy N S , DeLuca Andrea , Gupta Amita , Swaminathan Soumya
Published: February 2016

Introduction

Tuberculosis disease (TB) remains an important global health threat. An evidence-based response, tailored to local disease epidemiology in high-burden countries, is key to controlling the global TB epidemic. Reliable surrogate biomarkers that predict key active disease and latent TB infection outcomes are vital to advancing clinical research necessary to ‘End TB’. Well executed longitudinal studies strengthening local research capacity for addressing TB research priorities and advancing biomarker discovery are urgently needed.

Methods and analysis

The Cohort for Tuberculosis Research by the Indo-US Medical Partnership (CTRIUMPH) study conducted in Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College (BJGMC), Pune and National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, India, will establish and maintain three prospective cohorts: (1) an Active TB Cohort comprising 800 adults with pulmonary TB, 200 adults with extrapulmonary TB and 200 children with TB; (2) a Household Contact Cohort of 3200 adults and children at risk of developing active disease; and (3) a Control Cohort consisting of 300 adults and 200 children with no known exposure to TB. Relevant clinical, sociodemographic and psychosocial data will be collected and a strategic specimen repository established at multiple time points over 24 months of follow-up to measure host and microbial factors associated with (1) TB treatment outcomes; (2) progression from infection to active TB disease; and (3)Mycobacterium tuberculosistransmission among Indian adults and children. We anticipate CTRIUMPH to serve as a research platform necessary to characterise some relevant aspects of the TB epidemic in India, generate evidence to inform local and global TB control strategies and support novel TB biomarker discovery.

Ethics and dissemination

This study is approved by the Institutional Review Boards of NIRT, BJGMC and Johns Hopkins University, USA. Study results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and research conferences.

Funding

NIH/DBT Indo-US Vaccine Action Programme and the Indian Council of Medical Research.
Human factors in prehospital research: lessons from the PARAMEDIC trial
Authors: Pocock Helen , Deakin Charles D , Quinn Tom , Perkins Gavin D , Horton Jessica , Gates Simon
Published: February 2016

Background

There is an urgent need to develop prehospital research capability in order to improve the care of patients presenting to emergency medical services (EMS). The Prehospital Randomised Assessment of a Mechanical compression Device In Cardiac arrest trial, a pragmatic cluster randomised trial evaluating the LUCAS-2 device, represents the largest randomised controlled trial conducted by UK ambulance services to date. The aim of this study was to identify and analyse factors that may influence paramedic attitudes to, and participation in, clinical trials.

Methods

Personal and organisational experience from this trial was assessed by feedback from a workshop attended by collaborators from participating EMS and a survey of EMS personnel participating in the trial. A work systems model was used to explain the impact of five interwoven themes—person, organisation, tasks, tools & technology and environment—on trial conduct including gathering of high-quality data.

Results

The challenge of training a geographically diverse EMS workforce required development of multiple educational solutions. In order to operationalise the trial protocol, internal organisational relationships were perceived as essential. Staff perceptions of the normalisation of participation and ownership of the trial influenced protocol compliance rates. Undertaking research was considered less burdensome when additional tasks were minimised and more difficult when equipment was unavailable. The prehospital environment presents practical challenges for undertaking clinical trials, but our experience suggests these are not insurmountable and should not preclude conducting high-quality research in this setting.

Conclusions

Application of a human factors model to the implementation of a clinical trial protocol has improved understanding of the work system, which can inform the future conduct of clinical trials and foster a research culture within UK ambulance services.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN08233942.
The spectrum of histopathological changes encountered in pancreatectomy specimens after neoadjuvant chemoradiation, including subtle and less-well-recognised changes
Authors: Kalimuthu Sangeetha N , Serra Stefano , Dhani Neesha , Chetty Runjan
Published: February 2016

Preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemoradiation therapy/treatment (NCRT) is emerging as an important treatment modality in borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The constellation of histopathological changes secondary to chemoradiation is diverse and has been well documented, particularly in other gastrointestinal organs such as the oesophagus and colorectum. However, the histological changes specific to the pancreas have not been fully characterised and described. This review aims to provide a detailed catalogue of histological features associated with NCRT-treated PDAC and highlight any subtle, less-recognised changes.
Latitudinal trends in the responses of growth respiration and maintenance respiration to temperature in the beach pea, Lathyrus japonicus
Authors: Lechowicz M. J. , Hellens L. E. , Simon J.-P.
Published: February 2016

The response of dark respiration to temperature was measured for populations of Lathyrus japonicus collected from 39–56° N latitude. Carbon loss in dark respiration increases with latitude at all temperatures. This increased respiratory activity is attributable to concomitant increases in both the growth and maintenance components of total dark respiration. The possible adaptive significance of these respiratory responses is discussed.
Modification of the flower heads of Sonchus arvensis (family Compositae) by the gall former Tephritis dilacerata (order Diptera, family Tephritidae)
Authors: Shorthouse J. D.
Published: February 2016

Flower heads of Sonchus arvensis inhabited by Tephritis dilacerata become swollen and distorted forming a simple prosoplasmic gall. Larval feeding induces the bases of the involucral bracts to expand laterally causing the maturing flower head to become button shaped. The larvae consume tissues of developing florets and receptacle, and prevent the flower head from opening. Host damage by T. dilacerata and the use of gall formers in the biological control of weeds is discussed.
The genus Flaviporus Murrill (Polyporaceae)
Authors: Ginns J.
Published: February 2016

Flaviporus is characterized by lignicolous, relatively small and very thin basidiomes, small and broad spores, small pores, dimitic hyphal system, generatives with clamps and agglutinated hyphae. The species occur mostly in the tropics and southern hemisphere but F. brownei extends into Europe where it is restricted to glasshouses and mines. Seven new combinations are proposed: F. hydrophilus (Berk. & Curt.) Ginns, F. liebmanni (Fr.) Ginns, F. minutisporus (Reid et al.) Ginns, F. semisupiniformis (Murr.) Ginns, F. subundatus (Murr.) Ginns, F. vernicifluus (Berk.) Ginns, and Rigidoporus cartilagineus (Berk. & Br.) Ginns. A new variety is described: F. liebmanni var. subglobisporus Ginns.
Apatite fission-track evidence for regional exhumation in the subtropical Eocene, block faulting, and localized fluid flow in east-central Alaska
Authors: Dusel-Bacon Cynthia , Bacon Charles R. , O’Sullivan Paul B. , Day Warren C.
Published: February 2016

The origin and antiquity of the subdued topography of the Yukon–Tanana Upland (YTU), the physiographic province between the Denali and Tintina faults, are unresolved questions in the geologic history of interior Alaska and adjacent Yukon. We present apatite fission-track (AFT) results for 33 samples from the 2300 km2 western Fortymile district in the YTU in Alaska and propose an exhumation model that is consistent with preservation of volcanic rocks in valleys that requires base level stability of several drainages since latest Cretaceous–Paleocene time. AFT thermochronology indicates widespread cooling below ∼110 °C at ∼56–47 Ma (early Eocene) and ∼44–36 Ma (middle Eocene). Samples with ∼33–27, ∼19, and ∼10 Ma AFT ages, obtained near a major northeast-trending fault zone, apparently reflect hydrothermal fluid flow. Uplift and erosion following ∼107 Ma magmatism exposed plutonic rocks to different extents in various crustal blocks by latest Cretaceous time. We interpret the Eocene AFT ages to suggest that higher elevations were eroded during the Paleogene subtropical climate of the subarctic, while base level remained essentially stable. Tertiary basins outboard of the YTU contain sediment that may account for the required >2 km of removed overburden that was not carried to the sea by the ancestral Yukon River system. We consider a climate driven explanation for the Eocene AFT ages to be most consistent with geologic constraints in concert with block faulting related to translation on the Denali and Tintina faults resulting from oblique subduction along the southern margin of Alaska.
The Chemical Constituents and Bioactivities ofPsoralea corylifoliaLinn.: A Review
Authors: Zhang Xuenong , Zhao Wenwen , Wang Ying , Lu Jinjian , Chen Xiuping
Published: February 2016

Psoralea corylifolia Linn. (P. corylifolia) is an important medicinal plant with thousands of years of clinical application. It has been widely used in many traditional Chinese medicine formulas for the treatment of various diseases such as leucoderma and other skin diseases, cardiovascular diseases, nephritis, osteoporosis, and cancer. Phytochemical studies indicated that coumarins, flavonoids, and meroterpenes are the main components of P. corylifolia, and most of these components are present in the seeds or fruits. The extracts and active components of P. corylifolia demonstrated multiple biological activities, including estrogenic, antitumor, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, osteoblastic, and hepatoprotective activities. This paper systematically summarized literatures on the chemical constituents and biological activities of P. corylifolia, which provided useful information for the further research and development toward this potent medicinal plant.
Monitoring an effusive eruption at Piton de la Fournaise using radar and thermal infrared remote sensing data: insights into the October 2010 eruption and its lava flows
Authors: Bato M. G. , Froger J. L. , Harris A. J. L. , Villeneuve N.
Published: February 2016

Accurate and fast delivery of information about recent lava flows is important for near-real-time monitoring of eruptions. Here, we have characterized the October 2010 lava flow at Piton de la Fournaise using various InSAR datasets. We first produced a map of the area covered by the lava flow (i.e. Area
lava
=0.71–0.75 km
2
) using the coherence of two syn-eruptive interferograms. Then we analysed two post-eruptive InSAR datasets (i.e. monostatic and bistatic data). The monostatic database provided us simultaneously with the displacement rates, lava thickness, volume and volume flux. We found that the lava flow was subsiding and moving eastward at maximum rates of 13±0.3 and 4±0.2 cm a
−1
, respectively. Also, it had a mean thickness of
Z
mean
=5.85 m, Vol
DRE
=1.77±0.75×10
6
m
3
(1σ) and MOR=1.25±0.53 m
3
s
−1
. The bistatic database provided us only with the thickness and volume information (i.e.
Z
mean
=6.00 m, Vol
DRE
=1.83±0.65×10
6
m
3
and MOR=1.29±0.46 m
3
s
−1
). Finally, we used a thermal remote sensing technique to verify the InSAR-derived measurements. Results show that the monostatic and bistatic datasets were both well within the range for the DRE volume obtained from MODIS data (2.44–4.40×10
6
m
3
).

Supplementary material:

Tables A1 and A2 give satellite images used in this study. Table A3 gives the parameters used for the calculation of the effusion rates. The figures give the data processing of the post-eruptive radar images. These are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.2213563
Use of morphometric variables and self-organizing maps to identify clusters of alluvial fans and catchments in the north Peloponnese, Greece
Authors: Karymbalis Efthimios , Ferentinou Maria , Giles Philip T.
Published: February 2016

We applied a computational method to aid in clustering 41 alluvial fans along the southern coast of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. The morphology of the fans and their catchments was quantitatively expressed through 12 morphometric parameters estimated using geographical information system techniques and the relationships among the geomorphometric features of the fans and their catchments were examined. Self-organizing maps were used to investigate the clustering tendency of fans based on morphometric variables describing both the fans and their corresponding catchments. The results of unsupervised classification through the self-organizing maps method revealed correlations among the morphometric parameters and five groups of alluvial fans were identified. These groups had a clear physical explanation, showed a preferred geographical distribution and reflected the processes related to the development of the fans. The geographical distribution of the fan catchment groups was partially controlled by variations in the relative tectonic uplift rate, which was the main control on the accommodation space for the development and accretion of the fans. The smaller fans were located in the central part of the study area, where the uplift rates were higher, whereas larger fluvial-dominated fan deltas formed to the east and west of the central group, where the uplift rates were lower.
Hopes, fears, and software obfuscation
Authors: Barak Boaz
Published: February 2016

What does it mean to be secure?
Synchronization-Core-Based Discovery of Processes with Decomposable Cyclic Dependencies
Authors: Lu Faming , Zeng Qingtian , Duan Hua
Published: February 2016

Traditional process discovery techniques mine process models based upon event traces giving little consideration to workflow relevant data recorded in event logs. The neglect of such information usually leads to incorrect discovered models, especially when activities have decomposable cyclic dependencies. To address this problem, the recorded workflow relevant data and decision tree learning technique are utilized to classify cases into case clusters. Each case cluster contains causality and concurrency activity dependencies only. Then, a set of activity ordering relations are derived based on case clusters. And a synchronization-core-based process model is discovered from the ordering relations and composite cases. Finally, the discovered model is transformed to a BPMN model. The proposed approach is validated with a medical treatment process and an open event log. Meanwhile, a prototype system is presented.
Adaptive architecture
Authors: Schnädelbach Holger
Published: February 2016

Interaction design is increasingly about embedding interactive technologies in our built environment; architecture is increasingly about the use of interactive technologies to reimagine and dynamically repurpose our built environment. This forum focuses on this intersection of interaction and architecture. ---
Mikael Wiberg, Editor
Demo hour
Authors: Agrawal Harshit , Umapathi Udayan , Kovacs Robert , Frohnhofen Johannes , Chen Hsiang-Ting , Mueller Stefanie , Baudisch Patrick , Rubens Calvin , Braley Sean , Gomes Antonio , Goc Daniel , Zhang Xujing , Carrascal Juan Pablo , Vertegaal Roel , Huang Yu-Hsuan , Yu Tzu-Chieh , Tsai Pei-Hsuan , Wang Yu-Xiang , Yang Wan-ling , Chang Hao-Yu , Chiu Yu-Kai , Yu-Ju Tsai , Ouhyoung Ming , Sato Munehiko , Puri Rohan S. , Olwal Alex , Chandra Deepak , Poupyrev Ivan , Raskar Ramesh
Published: February 2016

The ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) is the premier forum for innovations in human-computer interfaces. This year, we curated more than 40 demonstrations, aimed to allow conference attendees to look, touch, and witness new and inspiring technologies live. Here, we selected four projects that showcase the very best in the community.

Chris Harrison and Nicolai Marquardt, UIST 2015 Demo Committee Chairs
Learning to name objects
Authors: Ordonez Vicente , Liu Wei , Deng Jia , Choi Yejin , Berg Alexander C. , Berg Tamara L.
Published: February 2016

We have seen remarkable recent progress in computational visual recognition, producing systems that can classify objects into thousands of different categories with increasing accuracy. However, one question that has received relatively less attention is "what labels should recognition systems output?" This paper looks at the problem of predicting category labels that mimic how human observers would name objects. This goal is related to the concept of entry-level categories first introduced by psychologists in the 1970s and 1980s. We extend these seminal ideas to study human naming at large scale and to learn computational models for predicting entry-level categories. Practical applications of this work include improving human-focused computer vision applications such as automatically generating a natural language description for an image or text-based image search.
The value of casting
Authors: Lehikoinen Jaakko , Vihavainen Sami , Tuominen Ville , Sarfas Andy
Published: February 2016

An approach for creating successful services and solutions in a complex industrial context.
The future of HCI education
Authors: Churchill Elizabeth F. , Bowser Anne , Preece Jennifer
Published: February 2016

HCI education reflects the continual evolution of HCI, embracing the changing landscapes of technology, infrastructure, and technology use. This forum aims to provide a platform for HCI educators, practitioners, researchers, and students to share their perspectives, reflections, and experiences related to HCI education. ---
Sukeshini Grandhi, Editor
Design ideal
Authors: Bagalkot Naveen L. , Sokoler Tomas
Published: February 2016

This forum highlights conversations at the intersection of design methods and social studies of technology. By highlighting a diversity of perspectives on design interventions and programs, we aim to forge new connections between HCI design and communication, science and technology studies, and media studies scholarship. ---
Daniela Rosner, Editor
On the Efficiency of Sampling and Countermeasures to Critical-Infrastructure-Targeted Malware Campaigns
Authors: Grottke Michael , Avritzer Alberto , Menasché Daniel S. , de Aguiar Leandro P. , Altman Eitan
Published: February 2016

Ensuring system survivability in the wake of advanced persistent threats is a big challenge that the security community is facing to ensure critical infrastructure protection. In this paper, we define metrics and models for the assessment of coordinated massive malware campaigns targeting critical infrastructure sectors. First, we develop an analytical model that allows us to capture the effect of neighborhood on different metrics (e.g., infection probability and contagion probability). Then, we assess the impact of putting operational but possibly infected nodes into quarantine. Finally, we study the implications of scanning nodes for early detection of malware (e.g., worms), accounting for false positives and false negatives. Evaluating our methodology using an hierarchical topology typical of factory automation networks, we find that malware infections can be effectively contained by using quarantine and appropriate rates of scanning for soft impacts.