bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finding relevant free-text radiology reports at scale with IBM Watson Content Analytics: a feasibility study in the UK NHS
Authors: Piotrkowicz Alicja , Johnson Owen , Hall Geoff
Published: November 2019

Background

Significant amounts of health data are stored as free-text within clinical reports, letters, discharge summaries and notes. Busy clinicians have limited time to read such large amounts of free-text and are at risk of information overload and consequently missing information vital to patient care. Automatically identifying relevant information at the point of care has the potential to reduce these risks but represents a considerable research challenge. One software solution that has been proposed in industry is the IBM Watson analytics suite which includes rule-based analytics capable of processing large document collections at scale.

Results

In this paper we present an overview of IBM Watson Content Analytics and a feasibility study using Content Analytics with a large-scale corpus of clinical free-text reports within a UK National Health Service (NHS) context. We created dictionaries and rules for identifying positive incidence of hydronephrosis and brain metastasis from 5.6 m radiology reports and were able to achieve 94% precision, 95% recall and 89% precision, 94% recall respectively on a sample of manually annotated reports. With minor changes for US English we applied the same rule set to an open access corpus of 0.5 m radiology reports from a US hospital and achieved 93% precision, 94% recall and 84% precision, 88% recall respectively.

Conclusions

We were able to implement IBM Watson within a UK NHS context and demonstrate effective results that could provide clinicians with an automatic safety net which highlights clinically important information within free-text documents. Our results suggest that currently available technologies such as IBM Watson Content Analytics already have the potential to address information overload and improve clinical safety and that solutions developed in one hospital and country may be transportable to different hospitals and countries. Our study was limited to exploring technical aspects of the feasibility of one industry solution and we recognise that healthcare text analytics research is a fast-moving field. That said, we believe our study suggests that text analytics is sufficiently advanced to be implemented within industry solutions that can improve clinical safety.
Why technology adoption succeeds or fails: an exploration from the perspective of intra-organizational legitimacy
Authors: Ren Min
Published: November 2019

This paper constructs an intra-organizational legitimacy analysis framework to reveal the conditional mechanisms of technology adoption at the organization level. A retrospective look on a 9-year application process of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) in a Chinese state-owned enterprise shows how the application effects of an adopted technology fluctuate with changes to intra-organizational legitimacy, which itself is composed of performance legitimacy, task legitimacy, and value legitimacy. This research indicates that gaining sufficient legitimacy is one necessity for the success of technology adoption in organizations. Basically, performance legitimacy determines how far technologies can be transferred into the corporate sector. When a new technology adoption starts with performance uncertainty, task legitimacy ensures organizational resource investments that serve to initiate and accelerate technology adoption. Value legitimacy, on the other hand, ensures informal resource input, which preserves the technology during crises for future possible reuse and advances the application when used.
Tongue involvement in embouchure dystonia: new piloting results using real-time MRI of trumpet players
Authors: Hellwig Soenke J. , Iltis Peter W. , Joseph Arun A. , Voit Dirk , Frahm Jens , Schoonderwaldt Erwin , Altenmüller Eckart
Published: November 2019

Background

The embouchure of trumpet players is of utmost importance for tone production and quality of playing. It requires skilled coordination of lips, facial muscles, tongue, oral cavity, larynx and breathing and has to be maintained by steady practice. In rare cases, embouchure dystonia (EmD), a highly task specific movement disorder, may cause deterioration of sound quality and reduced control of tongue and lip movements. In order to better understand the pathophysiology of this movement disorder, we use real-time MRI to analyse differences in tongue movements between healthy trumpet players and professional players with embouchure dystonia.

Methods

Real-time MRI videos (with sound recording) were acquired at 55 frames per second, while 10 healthy subjects and 4 patients with EmD performed a defined set of exercises on an MRI-compatible trumpet inside a 3 Tesla MRI system. To allow for a comparison of tongue movements between players, temporal changes of MRI signal intensities were analysed along 7 standardized positions of the tongue using a customised MATLAB toolkit. Detailed results of movements within the oral cavity during performance of an ascending slurred 11-note harmonic series are presented.

Results

Playing trumpet in the higher register requires a very precise and stable narrowing of the free oral cavity. For this purpose the anterior section of the tongue is used as a valve in order to speed up airflow in a controlled manner. Conversely, the posterior part of the tongue is much less involved in the regulation of air speed. The results further demonstrate that healthy trumpet players control movements of the tongue rather precisely and stable during a sustained tone, whereas trumpet players with EmD exhibit much higher variability in tongue movements.

Conclusion

Control of the anterior tongue in trumpet playing emerges as a critical feature for regulating air speed and, ultimately, achieving a high-quality performance. In EmD the observation of less coordinated tongue movements suggests the presence of compensatory patterns in an attempt to regulate (or correct) pitch. Increased variability of the anterior tongue could be an objective sign of dystonia that has to be examined in further studies and extended to other brass instruments and may be also a potential target for therapy options.
Medication adherence and glycemic control among diabetes patients in developing countries
Authors: Basu Saurav
Published: November 2019

The potential interconnectedness of medication adherence, glycemic control, and clinical inertia in resource-constrained settings of the developing world needs further evaluation.
The CLEAR (Considering Leading Experts’ Antithrombotic Regimes around peripheral angioplasty) survey: an international perspective on antiplatelet and anticoagulant practice for peripheral arterial endovascular intervention
Authors:   CLEAR survey collaborators, Wong Kitty H. F. , Bosanquet Dave C. , Ambler Graeme K. , Qureshi Mahim I. , Hinchliffe Robert J. , Twine Christopher P.
Published: November 2019

Background

Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy are commonly used before, during and after peripheral arterial endovascular intervention. This survey aimed to establish antiplatelet and anticoagulant choice for peripheral arterial endovascular intervention in contemporary clinical practice.

Methods

Pilot-tested questionnaire distributed via collaborative research networks.

Results

One hundred and sixty-two complete responses were collected from responders in 22 countries, predominantly the UK (48%) and the rest of the European Union (44%). Antiplatelet monotherapy was the most common choice pre-procedurally (62%). In the UK, there was no difference between dual and single antiplatelet therapy use post procedure (50% vs. 37%p = 0.107). However, a significant majority of EU respondents used dual therapy (68% vs. 20%p < 0.001). There was variation in choice of antiplatelet therapy by the device used and the anatomical location of the intervention artery. The majority (82%) of respondents believed there was insufficient evidence to guide antithrombotic therapy after peripheral endovascular intervention and most (92%) would support a randomised trial.

Conclusions

There is widespread variation in the use of antiplatelet therapy, especially post peripheral arterial endovascular intervention. Clinicians would support the development of a randomised trial comparing dual antiplatelet therapy with monotherapy.
Sparse-view tomography via displacement function interpolation
Authors: Zeng Gengsheng L.
Published: November 2019

Sparse-view tomography has many applications such as in low-dose computed tomography (CT). Using under-sampled data, a perfect image is not expected. The goal of this paper is to obtain a tomographic image that is better than the naïve filtered backprojection (FBP) reconstruction that uses linear interpolation to complete the measurements. This paper proposes a method to estimate the un-measured projections by displacement function interpolation. Displacement function estimation is a non-linear procedure and the linear interpolation is performed on the displacement function (instead of, on the sinogram itself). As a result, the estimated measurements are not the linear transformation of the measured data. The proposed method is compared with the linear interpolation methods, and the proposed method shows superior performance.
A novel interplay between GEFs orchestrates Cdc42 activity during cell polarity and cytokinesis in fission yeast
Authors: Hercyk Brian S. , Rich-Robinson Julie , Mitoubsi Ahmad S. , Harrell Marcus A. , Das Maitreyi E.
Published: November 2019

Cdc42, a conserved regulator of cell polarity, is activated by two GEFs, Gef1 and Scd1, in fission yeast. Why the cell needs two GEFs is unclear, given that they are partially redundant and activate the same GTPase. Using the GEF localization pattern during cytokinesis as a paradigm, we report a novel interplay between Gef1 and Scd1 that spatially modulates Cdc42. We find that Gef1 promotes Scd1 localization to the division site during cytokinesis through recruitment of the scaffold protein Scd2, via a Cdc42 feedforward pathway. Similarly, during interphase Gef1 promotes Scd1 recruitment at the new end to enable the transition from monopolar to bipolar growth. Reciprocally, Scd1 restricts Gef1 localization to prevent ectopic Cdc42 activation during cytokinesis to promote cell separation, and to maintain cell shape during interphase. Our findings reveal an elegant regulatory pattern in which Gef1 primes Cdc42 activation at new sites to initiate Scd1-dependent polarized growth, while Scd1 restricts Gef1 to sites of polarization. We propose that crosstalk between GEFs is a conserved mechanism that orchestrates Cdc42 activation during complex cellular processes.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
High-density lipoprotein or cyclodextrin extraction of cholesterol from aggregated LDL reduces foam cell formation
Authors: Singh Rajesh K. , Lund Frederik W. , Haka Abigail S. , Maxfield Frederick R.
Published: November 2019

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) deposition, aggregation and retention in the endothelial sub-intima are critical initiating events during atherosclerosis. Macrophages digest aggregated LDL (agLDL) through a process called exophagy. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an atheroprotective role, but studies attempting to exploit it therapeutically have been unsuccessful, highlighting gaps in our current understanding of HDL function. Here, we characterized the role of HDL during exophagy of agLDL. We find that atherosclerotic plaque macrophages contact agLDL and form an extracellular digestive compartment similar to that observed in vitro. During macrophage catabolism of agLDL in vitro, levels of free cholesterol in the agLDL are increased. HDL can extract free cholesterol directly from this agLDL and inhibit macrophage foam cell formation. Cholesterol-balanced hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin similarly reduced macrophage cholesterol uptake and foam cell formation. Finally, we show that HDL can directly extract free cholesterol, but not cholesterol esters, from agLDL in the absence of cells. Together, these results suggest that the actions of HDL can directly extract free cholesterol from agLDL during catabolism, and provide a new context in which to view the complex relationship between HDL and atherosclerosis.
Methane emissions in triple rice cropping: patterns and a method for reduction
Authors: Oda Masato , Nguyen Huu Chiem
Published: November 2019

The Mekong Delta paddies are known as hotspots of methane emission, but these emissions are not well studied. We analyzed methane emission patterns based on monitoring data from typical triple rice cropping paddies collected over 5 years. We found that the total emissions in a crop season doubled in the second crop, tripled in the third crop, and reset after the annual natural flood of the Mekong River. The emission peaks occurred around 0 to 3 weeks after starting irrigation, then gradually decreased. This suggests that methane was generated by the soil organic matter, because the small rice plants provide little carbon for methanogenesis. In general, the main source of emitted methane is rice-derived carbon by current-season photosynthates and the emission peaks at the rice heading stage. However, the contribution of the rice-derived carbon is negligible in the hotspot paddies while total emission is high. The increase in emission levels from the first to the third crop can be explained by the accumulation of rice residue from the preceding crops, especially rice straw incorporated into the soil. The reset of emission levels after annual flood means that the rice straw is decomposed without methanogenesis in water with dissolved oxygen. Thus, the annual emission pattern shows that decomposing rice straw in paddy surface-water is an effective method to reduce methane emissions.
Pedagogical activity and basics of geography teaching of academician Arkadiy Zhukovsky (1922 - 2014)
Authors: Rudenko Valeriy , Vintoniak Alla
Published: November 2019

Arkady Zhukovsky is known almost all over the world for his encyclopedic experience, social and political activities, scientific works in the field of history, religion, geography, etc. Along with this an important place in the sphere of his interests and vocations was given to pedagogical activity. An important task for himself, the scientist put systematic work on the organization of Ukrainian school abroad.The purpose of this exploration is to shed light on the fundamental achievements of the scientist in the field of teaching geography and to make them available to a wide range of readers.During the study, we used techniques such as search and information gathering, analysis, synthesis of submissions received, explanation and classification when writing articles.This study examines the approaches and techniques Arcadiy Zhukovsky geography teaching in a foreign country, it focuses on the study of geography Ukraine, but this valuable information can easily be projected onto any other geographic unit and used today in teaching practice. Academician Arkadiy Zhukovsky as a talented scientist, experienced and responsible teacher, a conscious citizen has highlighted important pedagogical values and advice in his publications raised serious questions about the teaching of geography and proposed it solutions.  When working with students, the scientist proposes to focus on the following points: analysis of available textbooks for teachers and students; use of comparative characteristics of geographical features of countries; provide the students with materials describing the terrain and landscapes of the countries; pay attention to different levels of students' knowledge.Undoubtedly, this information will be useful and interesting both for teachers, teachers, scientists, as well as for those who are interested in the life of a famous scientist, academician Arkadiy Zhukovsky.
Links between mental and heart health
Authors: Mendes Aysha
Published: November 2019

Aysha Mendes, Editor, British Journal of Cardiac Nursing, discusses the effects of cardiac events and conditions on mental health
The state of NHS care in England
Authors: Tingle John
Published: November 2019

John Tingle, Lecturer in Law, Birmingham Law School, University of Birmingham, discusses the Care Quality Commission's annual assessment of health care and social care in England
Taking the measure of safety culture
Authors: Foster Sam
Published: November 2019

Sam Foster, Chief Nurse, Oxford University Hospitals, considers the importance of a ‘safety culture’ in the NHS, and how organisations might go about benchmarking their own
White line disease
Authors: Chapman Stella
Published: November 2019

Stella Chapman MRCVS discusses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment
Management of Equine Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Bowen Mark
Published: November 2019

Mark Bowen BVetMed MMedSci PhD DipACVIM DipECEIM DipECVSMR PFHEA FRCVS discusses this increasingly common and pressing equine welfare challenge
Understanding and promoting healthy gut bacteria
Authors: Patience Sara
Published: November 2019

Sara Patience explains what nurses need to know about the latest research on the microbiome
Assessing and managing anaphylaxis in primary care
Authors: Perry Margaret
Published: November 2019

Margaret Perry explains what nurses need to know about these serious allergic reactions
Mycoplasma bovis in New Zealand: where have we been and where are we going?
Authors: Laven Richard
Published: November 2019

The identification of Mycoplasma bovis in a dairy herd on the South Island of New Zealand in June 2017 has had huge implications for cattle and cattle farmers in that country. This review looks at the history of M. bovis in New Zealand before the outbreak was identified and at the eradication programme that is the first in the world to try and eradicate the disease
Cattle Review
Authors: Barrett David C
Published: November 2019

Introduction:

The first edition of Cattle Review, then called Cattle News was written by me in January 1999, meaning that this edition at the end of 2019 marks 21 continuous years! At times progress in veterinary medicine seems to be slow, however, here we consider important papers on the effectiveness of the badger cull in the control of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), the transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) among dairy calves, and how we might better communicate with farmers to encourage them to take up veterinary advice.
Tissue-specific Fixation Methods Are Required for Optimal In Situ Visualization of Hyaluronan in the Ovary, Kidney, and Liver
Authors: Rowley Jennifer E. , Rubenstein Gillian E. , Manuel Sharrόn L. , Johnson Natalie L. , Surgnier Jordan , Kapitsinou Pinelopi P. , Duncan Francesca E. , Pritchard Michele T.
Published: November 2019

Hyaluronan (HA) is a ubiquitous component of the extracellular matrix. The spatial-temporal localization of HA can be visualized in situ using biotinylated HA binding proteins (HABPs). This assay is sensitive to fixation conditions, and there are currently no best practices for HA detection. Thus, the goal of this study was to optimize fixation conditions for visualizing HA in the ovary, kidney, and liver through analysis of six commonly used fixatives for HA detection: Bouin’s Solution, Carnoy’s Solution, Ethanol-Formalin-Glacial Acetic Acid (EFG), Histochoice, Modified Davidson’s Solution, and 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin. Organs were harvested from CB6F1 mice and fixed with one of the identified fixatives. Fixed organs were sectioned, and the HABP assay was performed on sections in parallel. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was also performed to visualize tissue architecture. HABP signal localization and intensity varied between fixatives. EFG and Carnoy’s Solution best preserved the HA signal intensity in the ovary and liver, showing HA localization in various sub-organ structures. In the kidney, only Modified Davidson’s Solution was less than optimal. Our findings demonstrate that fixation can alter the ability to detect HA in tissue macro- and microstructures, as well as localization in a tissue-specific manner, in situ.
Disabling the avant-garde: Listening to Berberian and Lucier
Authors: Iverson Jennifer
Published: November 2019

Avant-garde electronic music purports to be abstract rather than representational. We are supposed to care only about sound qua sound, but what if the body is fundamentally audible in the musical work? Furthermore, what if the audible body is disabled? This essay pursues several close listenings of the avant-garde electronic works Visage (1961) and I Am Sitting in a Room (1969). Both pieces feature stuttering voices that are highly mediated by technology. Sounding out disabilities from traumatic to mundane, the works promote an aural staring encounter, asking listeners to grapple with the discomfort that they may hear.
From Craic to Communitas: Furthering disability activism through traditional Irish song
Authors: Carrico Alexandria
Published: November 2019

This piece offers an ethnographic account of work undertaken to bridge neurotypical and neurodivergent communities in Limerick, Ireland, through music-making workshops. By harnessing a common musical heritage in traditional Irish folk music, specifically its participatory dynamics, and its emphasis on story-telling, dialogue and inclusion, participants were able to musicalize their identities in ways that resonated with the integrative spirit of neurodiversity, against the logics of neurotypical, able-bodied assimilation.
Violencia y cruce de propagandas: La metáfora de la víctima Las fotografías de la Rebelión Cristera
Authors: Romo Mellid Marisol
Published: November 2019

Las fotografías de la Rebelión Cristera en México fueron una parte fundamental del conflicto, entre otras razones, porque los dos bandos utilizaron las mismas imágenes como propaganda. Así, los cristeros las instrumentalizaron para denunciar la violencia que se ejercía contra ellos y consolidar la imagen del mártir. Mientras que el gobierno de Calles realizó y publicó fotografías de las ejecuciones de cristeros, para imponer el exterminio como castigo a los alzados. El cruce de propagandas provocó que las víctimas de ambos bandos se configuraran, desde las fotografías, como metáforas de su propia aniquilación y expresión de la perversidad del otro.PALABRAS CLAVE: Rebelión Cristera; fotografía y propaganda; México; fotografía y guerra; violencia.
Televisión de proximidad o televisión local? El impacto de la proximidad cultural en los estudios de televisión en la era digital
Authors: Martori Aida
Published: November 2019

El término televisión local ha sido tradicionalmente utilizado para hacer referencia a los prestadores que informan sobre lo que sucede en un municipio o ciudad. Sin embargo, este artículo pretende abrir un diálogo acerca del término televisión de proximidad que, en base a las teorías de proximidad cultural, se considera un concepto más amplio y preciso para referirse a un fenómeno cada vez más heterogéneo. Así, permite aludir a una realidad diversa de prestadores que van desde medios hiperlocales, que puede abarcar desde televisiones de un barrio de una ciudad, hasta televisiones supramunicipales o incluso regionales.PALABRAS CLAVE: Televisión de proximidad; televisión local; proximidad cultural, representación; identidad local.
Nuevos perfiles profesionales para el mercado periodístico
Authors: García-Caballero Sara
Published: November 2019

Las tecnologías digitales han transformado el ecosistema mediático y, por ende, el periodismo ha sufrido una reconversión profunda que demanda nuevos perfiles periodísticos con nuevas competencias y habilidades. La obra se centra en las figuras profesionales que cobrarán más protagonismo en un futuro, estableciendo como una de las conclusiones que, dentro de los planes de estudio, se debe combinar el conocimiento de los elementos básicos del periodismo con la capacitación tecnológica del actual modelo computacional.
Publicizing the Peer Reviewer: Legitimacy and Quality of Scientific Publication.
Authors: Serpa Sandro , Carlos Miguel Ferreira
Published: November 2019

Serpa, Sandro, & Ferreira, Carlos Miguel. Twelfth International Conference on Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Theme: 2017 Special Focus: Cross-Cultural and Global Research as Interdisciplinary Practice, em International Conference Center, Hiroshima, Japan (27 July, 26-28 July, 2017)
The Memory in the Celebration of Organizational Identity
Authors: Serpa Sandro
Published: November 2019

Legitimacy is essential for the perpetuation of an organization.This legitimization process can be achieved through the building of an organizational identity as expression of a collective destiny.
Low-Value Levels: Ammonia Testing Does Not Improve the Outcomes of Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy
Authors: Tapper Elliot B. , Rahimi Robert S.
Published: November 2019

Hepatic encephalopathy is a clinical diagnosis. However, many clinicians measure ammonia levels in hospitalized patients presenting with hepatic encephalopathy. In this editorial, we review the results of an important study by Haj and Rockey. The authors examined the management decisions effected affected by and outcomes associated with (i) ordering an ammonia level and (ii) knowing the ammonia level. They found that ammonia level determination did not impact affect clinical decision-making or patient outcomes. These persuasive data demonstrate the limited clinical utility of ammonia levels and highlight the need for testing stewardship to dissuade unnecessary use through educational efforts and decision supports.
ACOUSTIC EMISSION BEHAVIOUR OF OVER-REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
Authors: Bardakov V. V. , Sagaydak A. I. , Elizarov S. V.
Published: November 2019

The paper presents the results of the conducted experimental studies on three-point bend testing of over-reinforced concrete beams with incremental cyclic load, up to destruction, using the acoustic emission method. In total 3 RC beams differ from each other in reinforcement type, concrete composition and ultimate load were tested. Special attention is paid to the investigation of the relationship between destructive processes occurring during the testing of reinforced concrete beams and the evolution of acoustic emission data registered during the test. The analysis described in the article makes it possible, on the basis of acoustic emission data, recorded during the tests, to distinguish the stages corresponding to the different technical state of over-reinforced concrete structures.
COMPARISON OF MODEL AND EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FIELD BETWEEN SPHERIC POLE PIECES AT FARADAY BALANCE
Authors: Sandulyak A. A. , Sandulyak A. V. , Tkachenko R. Yu. , Sandulyak D. A. , Polismakova M. N. , Kiselev D. O. A
Published: November 2019

Experimental coordinate characteristics of magnetic field induction and its gradient are obtained between pole pieces of Faraday balance electromagnetic system. Pole pieces have spheric form that is preferable by possibility of obtaining area with a stable gradient as a working area for specimen’s positioning. Alternative characteristics which are obtained by modeling at the program COMSOL Multiphysics are shown using the same values of supply current and distance between pole pieces as at the experiment. It is shown that together with qualitative commonality of model and experimental characteristics difference of its data at the working area are up to 11 % (by induction), 24 % (by gradient), hereby testify about probable error of conclusive result which is up to 35 %, and up to 5 % by coordinate of gradient extremum. Questions about determining correction factor are discussed (normalizing factor for model characteristic); at its proved value equals 0,86 (e.g. at starting exclude of 14 % «systematic» error, probably obtained at the case of using results after modeling) a differences of mentioned data are up to 4, 5, 5% accordingly.
METHODS OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION ESTIMATION OF NANO-CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL AND ENGINEERING MATERIALS OF THE OBJECTS
Authors: Nosov V. V. , Grigoriev E. V.
Published: November 2019

The acoustic emission method is the most promising metrological basis for non-destructive testing of strength. The necessity of solving problems of acoustic emission prediction of fracture and the ambiguity of the connection of the results of acoustic emission tests makes the problem of modeling strength heterogeneity relevant; it suggests a transition to a more complex level of research. The complexity of predicting the behavior of heterogeneous materials necessitates modeling and determining the parameters of the fracture process at the nano-defining operational level and the need to interpret the Kaiser effect revealing the strength heterogeneity as a phenomenon of a decrease in the activity of elastic radiation upon application of repetitive loads on the object under control. Heterogeneity modeling requires determining of its type, criterion and approach to estimation. The type of heterogeneity depends on the solved problem and has to be associated with the property that determines the function of real objects. Also, the criterion should be informative and the method of its evaluation should be non-destructive. Examples of modeling the temporal dependences of the AE parameters under conditions of strength heterogeneity are given, the analysis is carried out and the Kaiser effect is estimated from the point of view of a multilevel model of the dependences of the temporal parameters of acoustic emission.
Онлайн-фандрайзинг в российских НКО: масштабы и влияющие факторы
Authors: Корнеева Ирина Евгеньевна , Брюхно Александра Сергеевна
Published: November 2019

В статье дается характеристика уровня развития онлайн-фандрайзинга в российских НКО, а также выявляется и проверяется значимость факторов, способствующих и препятствующих его использованию. Под онлайн-фандрайзингом понимается деятельность, направленная на привлечение ресурсов для реализации некоммерческих проектов и программ некоммерческих организаций через интернет. Авторы описывают основные тенденции онлайн-фандрайзинга за рубежом и в России и обобщают эмпирически исследования детерминант использования онлайн-фандрайзинга в НКО. На основе данных всероссийского обследования НКО, проведенного в 2018 г. в 30 субъектах РФ (N = 1000), с помощью бинарной логистической регрессии тестируются гипотезы о влиянии выделенных факторов на применение онлайн-технологий для сбора средств в российских НКО. Выявляется преобладающая роль факторов, характеризующих взаимодействие НКО с внешней средой по сравнению с традиционными преимуществами, такими как большое число сотрудников организации и сильная ресурсная база.

Благодарность. Статья подготовлена по результатам работы по проекту «Мониторинг состояния гражданского общества» в рамках Программы фундаментальных исследований НИУ ВШЭ.
Влияние силового подавления протеста на обсуждение протестной акции в социальных сетях
Authors: Ахременко Андрей Сергеевич , Филиппов Илья Борисович
Published: November 2019

Фокус работы связан с реакцией в социальных сетях на репрессии против протестующих со стороны правоохранительных органов. Будучи практически неисследованной, данная тема рассматривается нами на пересечении двух крупных направлений изучения протестной политики: во-первых, взаимосвязи между репрессиями и протестной активностью и, во-вторых, роли социальных сетей в динамике протеста. Опираясь на анализ существующих теорий, мы предположили, что обсуждение подавленной акции будет более широким и привлечет больше внимания пользователей, чем обсуждение акции, прошедшей мирно. Кроме того, полагаем, что насильственный характер подавления акции протеста будет выводить ее обсуждение за пределы круга политических единомышленников. Для проверки сформулированных гипотез мы обратились к двум протестным акциям, которые имели место с разницей менее чем в неделю и характеризовались пересекающимся составом организаторов, но проходили по принципиально различающимся сценариям. Первая акция, «митинг в защиту интернета» / «митинг против блокировки Telegram» произошла 30 апреля 2018 г. Вторая протестная акция, «Он нам не царь», была приурочена к инаугурации В. Путина на четвертый срок и прошла 5 мая 2018 г. Для исследования были собраны все публично доступные сообщения (оригинальные посты, репосты, комментарии) из социальной сети «ВКонтакте» за период с 29 апреля по 2 мая и с 4 мая по 7 мая 2018 г., содержавшие слово «митинг» в любой форме. Данные были исследованы методами сетевого анализа и описательной статистики. Показано, что акция, подавленная полицией, вызвала более широкое обсуждение в социальных сетях и за счет большего резонанса в комментариях, и за счет более продолжительного и широкого обсуждения в оригинальных постах. Равное число авторов, обсуждавших обе акции, сгенерировало большее число постов про акцию, подавленную полицией. Посты, посвященные обсуждению этой акции, имели большую вероятность вызвать «затратную» реакцию пользователей. Обсуждение акции, подавленной полицией, оказалось более централизованным, а коммуникации вокруг нее — более плотными. Эти результаты подтверждают сформулированные гипотезы. Применение насилия со стороны сил правопорядка способствует как расширению числа активно вовлеченных пользователей, так и углублению взаимодействия между ними и улучшению «качества» их участия.

Благодарность. Исследование проведено при поддержке РФФИ, проект 18-011-01134 «Динамика развития политической нестабильности: построение теоретической модели и ее эмпирическое тестирование».
Интернет-дискуссия как форма электронного участия: российская специфика
Authors: Мисников Юрий Георгиевич , Филатова Ольга Георгиевна
Published: November 2019

Авторский подход, изложенный в статье, предлагает теоретически и технологически обоснованные способы дискурс-анализа повседневных дискуссий граждан в интернете для понимания степени их делиберативности и увязки результатов дискуссий с существующим политическим процессом. В качестве теоретической основы используется теория коммуникативной этики Юргена Хабермаса в рамках его модели делиберативной демократии, т.е. демократии, основанной на нормативной и морально-этической необходимости обсуждения различных точек зрения в публичном пространстве современного общества для их последующего сближения. Для тестирования предлагаемого авторами методологического подхода использовались интернет-дискуссии по вопросам уничтожения антисанкционных продуктов и повышения пенсионного возраста в России. Был проведен дискурс-анализ более пяти тысяч постов, сделанных участниками дискуссии на интернет-форумах в разных российских городах. Кодировался ряд важных параметров интернет-дискуссий с точки зрения их делиберативности. Согласно результатам исследования, анализ текущих интернет-дискуссий как делиберативных практик дает возможность выявить важные нюансы, касающиеся интерпретации значимых событий, которые трудно получить с помощью традиционных социологических методик исследования общественных настроений или с применением таких автоматизированных методов исследования, как анализ тональности высказываний вне прямой связи с их морально-этическим обоснованием. Эмпирические данные, полученные в результате дискурс-анализа, послужили основой для проведения эксперимента по использованию алгоритмов глубинного машинного обучения реккурентной нейросети, с тем чтобы обучить ее предсказывать позиции участников дискуссий на основании их высказываний. Эксперимент выявил возможности, условия и ограничения применения технологий искусственного интеллекта для более глубокого понимания результатов общественных дискуссий.

Благодарность. Работа выполнена при поддержке РНФ, проект №18-18-00360 «Электронное участие как фактор динамики политического процесса и процесса принятия государственных решений». Авторы благодарят студентов Даниила Волковского (СПбГУ) и Петра Бегена (Университет ИТМО) за участие в эмпирических исследованиях, которые представлены в данной статье.
Резонансные события и непопулярные политические решения: специфика репрезентации в пространстве рунета
Authors: Белоконев Сергей Юрьевич , Титов Виктор Валериевич , Усманова Заира Романовна
Published: November 2019

Исследовательская проблема состоит в необходимости выявления и анализа когнитивных компонентов и эмоциональной специфики трансформации интернет-дискурса, складывающегося вокруг негативных резонансных событий и политических решений разного генезиса. В рамках данной статьи в фокусе внимания находятся два события 2019 г. различной природы: катастрофа самолета «Сухой Суперджет» в Шереметьеве и так называемый закон об оскорблении власти. Теоретико-методологические основания исследования выстроены посредством синтеза современного коммуникативного подхода к осмыслению специфики интернет-пространства, политико-психологических теорий и ивент-анализа. Сочетание указанных методов позволило выявить эмоциональные, когнитивные и динамические особенности репрезентации двух изучаемых событий в пространстве социальных медиа рунета.

Во-первых, выявлено, что эмоциональный компонент восприятия обоих событий довлел над когнитивным и динамическим. При этом наиболее широкое массовое распространение получили две негативные эмоции: раздражение (в первом случае) и страх (в случае с катастрофой «Суперджета»). Во-вторых, установлено, что когнитивный и динамический ракурсы репрезентации этих резонансных событий в рунете развивались в схожем направлении фрагментации и индукции. Первая тенденция проявлялась в росте локальных сетевых дискуссий и «виртуальных» конфликтов по поводу причин и последствий происходящего. Тенденция индукции выражалась посредством перехода от обсуждения нюансов произошедшего к генерализованным негативным установкам. В-третьих, подтвердилась гипотеза, что информационный фон, складывающийся в рунете вокруг резонансных событий и непопулярных политических решений, имеет выраженный негативный и депрессивный характер. В-четвертых, повышенная эмоциональность восприятия, фрагментация и индукция, запаздывающая рационализация «шоковых» тем при одновременном падении интереса к ним и стремление к негативизации непосредственно связаны со спецификой коммуникативной среды рунета.
Экологический активизм в цифровой среде как инструмент влияния на государственные решения
Authors: Каминская Татьяна Леонидовна , Помигуев Илья Александрович , Назарова Наталья Александровна
Published: November 2019

Рассмотрены ведущие коммуникативные стратегии экологических организаций и отдельных экологических активистов, используемые в цифровых медиаформатах, а также результаты данной коммуникационной активности. Проанализирован контент общественно-политических федеральных СМИ различной политической направленности (имеющие в цифровой среде более 100 тысяч читателей) и постоянно обновляемые цифровые каналы информации экологической направленности (сайты организаций, аккаунты в социальных сетях), имеющие более тысячи подписчиков. Анализ показал: в России сформировался экологический медиадискурс, экологические организации и движения стали заметной силой, влияющей на формирование общественного мнения. Выделены три тематические доминанты: «мусорная» проблема, обращение людей с животными и причинение человеком вреда окружающей среде.

Проанализирована результативность работы экологов в законодательном поле и статистика законодательной деятельности парламента в отрасли "Природные ресурсы и охрана окружающей природной среды»", начиная с 2000 г. Рассмотрены наиболее яркие случаи работы экологических активистов с конкретными законодательными инициативами: законопроекты “Об ответственном обращении с животными и о внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации», “О запрете контроля качества парфюмерно-косметической продукции и ее ингредиентов на животных”, О проведении эксперимента по квотированию выбросов загрязняющих веществ и внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации в части снижения загрязнения атмосферного воздуха”, а также инициативы в области обращения с твердыми коммунальными отходами (т.н. «мусорная» проблема).

Благодарность. Статья подготовлена по результатам исследований, выполненных за счет бюджетных средств по государственному заданию Финуниверситету.
Strukturwandel und Produktionsarbeit im urbanen Raum
Authors: Gärtner Stefan
Published: November 2019

Viele Städte sind im Zuge der Industrialisierung gewachsen und wurden durch Arbeitsnachfrage zu Zuzugsorten und Orten der Integration. Nicht nur aufgrund von Marktkräften (Produktion hat eine vergleichsweise geringe Flächenrendite) und der stadtplanerischen Funktionstrennung, sondern auch durch eine fortschreitende Tertiarisierung und eine damit einhergehende stadt- und regionalpolitische Förderung der Dienstleistungsentwicklung ist der Produktionssektor in größeren Städten und in altindustriellen Agglomerationen stark zurückgegangen. Jedoch stellen neue städtebauliche Leitbilder, altindustrielle Flächenbrachen und emissionsarme Produktionstechniken Potenziale dar, um neue Produktionsarbeitsplätze im städtischen Raum zu generieren und bestehende Betriebe zu erhalten. In diesem Artikel wird diskutiert, ob die sogenannte urbane Produktion einen Beitrag leisten kann, strukturell geschwächte Städte zu stärken und die Forderung der Leipzig-Charta nach der nutzungsgemischten Stadt zu ermöglichen.
Seaweed resources of the Baltic Sea, Kattegat and German and Danish North Sea coasts
Authors: Weinberger Florian , Paalme Tiina , Wikström Sofia A.
Published: November 2019

Due to low salinity and lack of hard substrata, the Baltic Sea and Kattegat area and German and Danish North Sea coasts are characterized by a relatively low diversity of seaweeds. At the same time the areas are severely eutrophicated, which has caused extensive shifts in macroalgal communities toward opportunistic species. Unattached seaweed communities dominated byFurcellaria lumbricalis, which have been a resource for hydrocolloid production since the 1940s, have been severely reduced due to eutrophication and unsustainable harvesting and are nowadays only exploited commercially in Estonia. On the other hand, the biomass of opportunistic seaweeds of various red, green and brown algal genera has increased. They cause ecological problems, are a nuisance on many tourist beaches and constitute at the same time a potential bioresource that is so far only exploited to a limited extent for production of energy and fertilizer. Commercial seaweed cultivation is largely focused onSaccharina latissimaand still very limited, but is currently being expanded as a compensation measure for sea-based fish aquaculture. Also land-based seaweed cultivation is primarily employed for recycling of nutrients in tank animal aquaculture, but in most cases so far only on an experimental scale.
Mesoporous carbon and microporous zeolite supported Ru catalysts for selective levulinic acid hydrogenation into γ-valerolactone
Authors: Simakova I.L. , Demidova Yu.S. , Simonov M.N. , Niphadkar P.S. , Bokade V.V. , Devi N. , Dhepe P.L. , Murzin D.Yu.
Published: November 2019

Ru supported on mesoporous carbon Sibunit and microporous zeolites (HZSM-5, SiO2/Al2O3 = 250; H-Beta, SiO2/Al2O3 = 30; H-Y, SiO2/Al2O3 = 5; H-USY, SiO2/Al2O3 = 30) synthesized by the sol-gel method (CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune India) were prepared by impregnation of the corresponding supports with RuCl3∙nH2O (0.1 M) followed by reduction in H2. Catalyst screening in levulinic acid (LA) (15 mL, 6.9 mmol) hydrogenation into g-valerolactone (GVL) with 1,4-dioxane (165°C, hydrogen pressure ca. 16 bar) as a solvent showed higher activity and selectivity to GVL of Ru/zeolites compared to carbon supported catalysts. Among Ru/zeolites LA conversion increased as follows Ru/HZSM-5 < Ru/H-Y < Ru/H-USY < Ru/H-Beta demonstrating a clear advantage of H-Beta preparation method. Optimization of the support microstructure and acidity opens a reliable way for selective catalytic LA hydrogenation to GVL. The catalysts were analyzed by TEM, XRD, H2-TPR and N2 physisorption to compare their physical chemical properties.
Das Bild des Teufels in Parömien aus dem slowakischen kulturellen Umfeld
Authors: Gábor Ľubomír
Published: November 2019

Das Ziel dieses Beitrags ist, ein komplexes Bild des Teufels im Korpus von Sprichwörtern aus dem slowakischen Kulturraum, der mehr als 14 000 Texteinheiten beträgt, zu präsentieren. Aus dem verfügbaren Textkorpus, der sich aus Sammlungen von Pavol Dobšinský und Adolf Peter Záturecký zusammensetzt, werden alle Motive exzerpiert, in denen der Teufel vorkommt. Die einzelnen Motive sind semantisch in Kategorien wie Aussehen, Ort und Zeitpunkt des Auftretens, Charaktereigenschaften und Funktionen sowie Schutzmöglichkeiten gegen seinen Einfluss eingegliedert. In dem Aufsatz werden einzelne Varianten mit der aktuellen parömiologischen Datenbank der slowakischen Sprache konfrontiert, wobei alle formalen oder semantischen Innovationen der zitierten Parömien ausgeführt werden.
An Ethnographic Discussion of Fairy Tales and Folktales from Southern Oman
Authors: Risse Marielle
Published: November 2019

Das Anliegen dieses Aufsatzes ist es, eine Sammlung von Märchen und populären Erzählungen aus dem südlichen Oman vorzustellen, um zu zeigen, dass viele der historischen materiellen und kulturellen Setzungen heute noch Bestand haben. Die Erzählungen wurden in den 1970er Jahren in Gibali (auch Jibbalo oder Shari genannt) aufgezeichnet; Gibali ist eine nicht-schriftliche, moderne südarabische Sprache (Rubin 2014). Die Analyse konzentriert sich nicht auf klassische Erzähltypen, sondern bezieht sich vielmehr auf die alltäglichen Lebenszusammenhänge, die sich in den Geschichten der Dhofari spiegeln. Die Aufzeichnungen wurden zum Zeitpunkt der Modernisierung der Region in den 1970er Jahren vorgenommen und enthalten viele traditionelle Elemente der Gibali-Kultur. Diese Aufzeichnungen werden mit anderen schriftlichen Quellen verglichen, um aufzuzeigen, dass die Übermittlung von moralischen Glaubensvorstellungen, z. B. von Schwüren, Djinns, in den Texten eine wichtige Rolle spielt. Die Autorin forscht seit über zehn Jahren über dhofarische und gibalische Kulturen.
Prevalence and personal predictors of risky sexual behaviour among in-school adolescents in the Ikenne Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Olaoye Titilayo , Agbede Catherine
Published: November 2019

Risky sexual behaviour increases the vulnerability of an adolescents to reproductive health problems like sexually transmitted infections (STIs), unintended pregnancy and abortion. This study therefore investigated the prevalence and personal predictors of risky sexual behaviour among in-school adolescents in the Ikenne Local Government Area, of Ogun State, Nigeria. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 716 participants for the study. A validated semi-structured questionnaire with a Cronbach’s alpha score of 0.78 was used to collect data. Frequency and logistic regression analysis were conducted to give statistical responses to the research question and hypotheses using SPSS version 23. The mean age of the participants was 15.2 ± 1.4 years and 57.3% of the respondents were female. Above a quarter (35.5%) of the respondents were in senior secondary one (SS1) in high school. More than half (53.1%) of the respondents had a good level of knowledge about risky sexual behaviour and 54% of the respondents had a fair perception of it. The respondents’ attitudes towards risky sexual behaviour was moderately high (61.2%). The respondents had moderately high (63.7%) self-esteem. The prevalence of risky sexual behaviour was 19.2%. The personal predictors of risky sexual behaviour are age [odds ratio (OR) = 3.21; p < 0.05); gender [OR = 1.86; confidence interval (CI): 1.26–2.69; p < 0.05]; perception (OR = 2.58; CI: 1.55–4.30; p < 0.05); attitude (OR = 4.58; CI: 1.61–13.05; p < 0.05); self-esteem (OR = 7.39; p < 0.05). In conclusion, the respondents’ risky sexual behaviours are predicted by age, gender, attitude, perception and self-esteem. The study therefore recommends that educational materials about the negative effects of the risky sexual behaviours should be included in the curriculum of secondary schools.