bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
X-ray diffraction reveals the intrinsic difference in the physical properties of membrane and soluble proteins
Authors: Robert Xavier , Kassis-Sahyoun Josiane , Ceres Nicoletta , Martin Juliette , Sawaya Michael R. , Read Randy J. , Gouet Patrice , Falson Pierre , Chaptal Vincent
Published: November 2017

Membrane proteins are distinguished from soluble proteins by their insertion into biological membranes. This insertion is achieved via a noticeable arrangement of hydrophobic amino acids that are exposed at the surface of the protein, and renders the interaction with the aliphatic tails of lipids more energetically favorable. This important difference between these two categories of proteins is the source of the need for a specific handling of membrane proteins, which transpired in the creation of new tools for their recombinant expression, purification and even crystallization. Following this line, we show here that crystals of membrane proteins display systematically higher diffraction anisotropy than those of soluble proteins. This phenomenon dramatically hampers structure solution and refinement, and has a strong impact on the quality of electron-density maps. A farther search for origins of this phenomenon showed that the type of crystallization, and thus the crystal packing, has no impact on anisotropy, nor does the nature or function of the membrane protein. Membrane proteins fully embedded within the membrane display equal anisotropy compared to the ones with extra membranous domains or fusions with soluble proteins. Overall, these results overturn common beliefs and call for a specific handling of their diffraction data.
Preparation and thermal properties of mineral-supported polyethylene glycol as form-stable composite phase change materials (CPCMs) used in asphalt pavements
Authors: Jin Jiao , Lin Feipeng , Liu Ruohua , Xiao Ting , Zheng Jianlong , Qian Guoping , Liu Hongfu , Wen Pihua
Published: November 2017

Three kinds of mineral-supported polyethylene glycol (PEG) as form-stable composite phase change materials (CPCMs) were prepared to choose the most suitable CPCMs in asphalt pavements for the problems of asphalt pavements rutting diseases and urban heat islands. The microstructure and chemical structure of CPCMs were characterized by SEM, FT-IR and XRD. Thermal properties of the CPCMs were determined by TG and DSC. The maximum PEG absorption of diatomite (DI), expanded perlite (EP) and expanded vermiculite (EVM) could reach 72%, 67% and 73.6%, respectively. The melting temperatures and latent heat of CPCMs are in the range of 52–55 °C and 100–115 J/g, respectively. The results show that PEG/EP has the best thermal and chemical stability after 100 times of heating-cooling process. Moreover, crystallization fraction results show that PEG/EP has slightly higher latent heats than that of PEG/DI and PEG/EVM. Temperature-adjusting asphalt mixture was prepared by substituting the fine aggregates with PEG/EP CPCMs. The upper surface maximum temperature difference of temperature-adjusting asphalt mixture reaches about 7.0 °C in laboratory, and the surface peak temperature reduces up to 4.3 °C in the field experiment during a typical summer day, indicating a great potential application for regulating pavement temperature field and alleviating the urban heat islands.
Endoscope-assisted resection of nonneoplastic space-occupying lesion in oral and maxillofacial areas
Authors: Li Yanan , Xue Runqi , Lai Qingguo , Xu Bingbing , Yuan Kuifeng , Tang Xiaopeng , Ci Jiangbo , Sun Shaolong , Zhang Zhichao
Published: November 2017

Endoscope-assisted oral and maxillofacial surgeries have been applied to the resection of tumors with minimal invasion and good cosmetic outcomes. However, with regard to endoscope-assisted resection of nonneoplastic space-occupying lesion (NSOL) in oral and maxillofacial areas which differ from tumors in treatment, there are no systematic reports. Therefore the advantages and limitations of the endoscopy-assisted approach (EAA) in resection of NSOL remain unclear. In this novel study we describe endoscope technique for resection of NSOL in face and submandibular areas and compare the feasibility and effectiveness of EAA with external approach (EA). Eleven patients underwent EAA and 20 patients underwent EA procedures. The perioperative and postoperative outcomes of the patients were evaluated. The resection of NSOL with EAA was completed successfully with a shorter hospitalization duration, less bleeding, a smaller incison and better satisfaction with appearance than with the EA procedure (P < 0.01). Our study showed that endoscope-assisted resection of NSOL is technically safe, feasible and practicable. Good cosmetic results with minimal invasion can be achieved with this new technique and therefore this may be a promising new standard procedure in oral and maxillofacial areas.
In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities and mechanism of heteropolytungstates against Candida species
Authors: Li Han , Gong Hongwei , Qi Yanfei , Li Juan , Ji Xufeng , Sun Jiaheng , Tian Rui , Bao Hao , Song Xiangfu , Chen Qiang , Liu Guoliang
Published: November 2017

The antifungal activities of heteropolytungstates, α-1,2,3-K6H[SiW9V3O40] (SiW-3), K13[Ce(SiW11O39)2]·17H2O (SiW-5), K13[Eu(SiW11O39)2]·25H2O (SiW-10), K6PV3W9O40 (PW-6), α-K4PVW11O40 (PW-8), were screened in 29 Candida albicans, 8 Candida glabrata, 3 Candida krusei, 2 Candida parapsilosis, 1 Candida tropicalis, and 1 Cryptococcus neoformans strains using the CLSI M27-A3 method. SiW-5 had the highest efficacy with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of <0.2–10.2 μM in vitro. The antifungal mechanism, acute toxicity and in vivo antifungal activity of SiW-5 were then evaluated in C. albicans. The results showed that SiW-5 damaged the fungal cell membrane, reduce the ergosterol content and its main mode of action was through inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. Real-time PCR showed that ERG1, ERG7, ERG11 and ERG28 were all significantly upregulated by SiW-5. An acute toxicity study showed the 50% lethal dose (LD50) of SiW-5 for ICR mice was 1651.5 mg/kg. And in vivo antifungal studies demonstrated that SiW-5 reduced both the morbidity and fungal burden of mice infected with C. albicans. This study demonstrates that SiW-5 is a potential antifungal candidate against the Candida species.
Remote tactile sensing system integrated with magnetic synapse
Authors: Oh Sunjong , Jung Youngdo , Kim Seonggi , Kim SungJoon , Hu Xinghao , Lim Hyuneui , Kim CheolGi
Published: November 2017

Mechanoreceptors in a fingertip convert external tactile stimulations into electrical signals, which are transmitted by the nervous system through synaptic transmitters and then perceived by the brain with high accuracy and reliability. Inspired by the human synapse system, this paper reports a robust tactile sensing system consisting of a remote touch tip and a magnetic synapse. External pressure on the remote touch tip is transferred in the form of air pressure to the magnetic synapse, where its variation is converted into electrical signals. The developed system has high sensitivity and a wide dynamic range. The remote sensing system demonstrated tactile capabilities over wide pressure range with a minimum detectable pressure of 6 Pa. In addition, it could measure tactile stimulation up to 1,000 Hz without distortion and hysteresis, owing to the separation of the touching and sensing parts. The excellent performance of the system in terms of surface texture discrimination, heartbeat measurement from the human wrist, and satisfactory detection quality in water indicates that it has considerable potential for various mechanosensory applications in different environments.
Peretinoin, an acyclic retinoid, inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis by suppressing sphingosine kinase 1 expression in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Funaki Masaya , Kitabayashi Juria , Shimakami Tetsuro , Nagata Naoto , Sakai Yuriko , Takegoshi Kai , Okada Hikari , Murai Kazuhisa , Shirasaki Takayoshi , Oyama Takeru , Yamashita Taro , Ota Tsuguhito , Takuwa Yoh , Honda Masao , Kaneko Shuichi
Published: November 2017

Sphingosine-1-phospate is a potent bioactive lipid metabolite that regulates cancer progression. Because sphingosine kinase 1 and sphingosine kinase 2 (SPHK 1/2) are both essential for sphingosine-1-phospate production, they could be a therapeutic target in various cancers. Peretinoin, an acyclic retinoid, inhibits post-therapeutic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma via unclear mechanisms. In this study, we assessed effects of peretinoin on SPHK expression and liver cancer development in vitro and in vivo. We examined effects of peretinoin on expression, enzymatic and promoter activity of SPHK1 in a human hepatoma cell line, Huh-7. We also investigated effects of SPHK1 on hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine using SPHK1 knockout mice. Peretinoin treatment of Huh-7 cells reduced mRNA levels, protein expression and enzymatic activity of SPHK1. Peretinoin reduced SPHK1 promoter activity; this effect of peretinoin was blocked by overexpression of Sp1, a transcription factor. Deletion of all Sp1 binding sites within the SPHK1 promoter region abolished SPHK1 promoter activity, suggesting that peretinoin reduced mRNA levels of SPHK1 via Sp1. Additionally, diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatoma was fewer and less frequent in SPHK1 knockout compared to wild-type mice. Our data showed crucial roles of SPHK1 in hepatocarcinogenesis and suggests that peretinoin prevents hepatocarcinogenesis by suppressing mRNA levels of SPHK1.
The choice of cryopreservation method affects immune compatibility of human cardiovascular matrices
Authors: Schneider Maria , Stamm Christof , Brockbank Kelvin G. M. , Stock Ulrich A. , Seifert Martina
Published: November 2017

Conventional frozen cryopreservation (CFC) is currently the gold standard for cardiovascular allograft preservation. However, inflammation and structural deterioration limit transplant durability. Ice-free cryopreservation (IFC) already demonstrated matrix structure preservation combined with attenuated immune responses. In this study, we aim to explore the mechanisms of this diminished immunogenicity in vitro. First, we characterized factors released by human aortic tissue after CFC and IFC. Secondly, we analyzed co-cultures with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, purified monocytes, T cells and monocyte-derived macrophages to examine functional immune effects triggered by the tissue or released cues. IFC tissue exhibited significantly lower metabolic activity and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines than CFC tissue, but surprisingly, more active transforming growth factor β. Due to reduced cytokine release by IFC tissue, less monocyte and T cell migration was detected in a chemotaxis system. Moreover, only cues from CFC tissue but not from IFC tissue amplified αCD3 triggered T cell proliferation. In a specifically designed macrophage-tissue assay, we could show that macrophages did not upregulate M1 polarization markers (CD80 or HLA-DR) on either tissue type. In conclusion, IFC selectively modulates tissue characteristics and thereby attenuates immune cell attraction and activation. Therefore, IFC treatment creates improved opportunities for cardiovascular graft preservation.
A Universal 3D Voxel Descriptor for Solid-State Material Informatics with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Kajita Seiji , Ohba Nobuko , Jinnouchi Ryosuke , Asahi Ryoji
Published: November 2017

Material informatics (MI) is a promising approach to liberate us from the time-consuming Edisonian (trial and error) process for material discoveries, driven by machine-learning algorithms. Several descriptors, which are encoded material features to feed computers, were proposed in the last few decades. Especially to solid systems, however, their insufficient representations of three dimensionality of field quantities such as electron distributions and local potentials have critically hindered broad and practical successes of the solid-state MI. We develop a simple, generic 3D voxel descriptor that compacts any field quantities, in such a suitable way to implement convolutional neural networks (CNNs). We examine the 3D voxel descriptor encoded from the electron distribution by a regression test with 680 oxides data. The present scheme outperforms other existing descriptors in the prediction of Hartree energies that are significantly relevant to the long-wavelength distribution of the valence electrons. The results indicate that this scheme can forecast any functionals of field quantities just by learning sufficient amount of data, if there is an explicit correlation between the target properties and field quantities. This 3D descriptor opens a way to import prominent CNNs-based algorithms of supervised, semi-supervised and reinforcement learnings into the solid-state MI.
Correction: A study of separation selectivity using embedded ester-bonded stationary phases for liquid chromatography
Authors: Bocian Szymon , Krzemińska Katarzyna , Buszewski Bogusław
Published: November 2017

Correction for ‘A study of separation selectivity using embedded ester-bonded stationary phases for liquid chromatography’ by Szymon Bocian et al., Analyst, 2016, 141, 4340–4348.
Ultrafast charge-conversional nanocarrier for tumor-acidity-activated targeted drug elivery
Authors: Liu Jing , Iqbal Shoaib , Du Xiao-Jiao , Yuan Youyong , Yang Xianzhu , Li Hong-Jun , Wang Jun
Published: November 2017

Nanocarriers with tumor-acidity-activated charge-conversional ability are of particular interest for targeted drug delivery in the field of precision nanomedicine.
Bright NUV mechanofluorescence from a terpyridine-based pure organic crystal
Authors: Sun Qikun , Tang Liangliang , Zhang Zhenzhen , Zhang Kai , Xie Zongliang , Chi Zhenguo , Zhang Haichang , Yang Wenjun
Published: November 2017

Bright NUV mechanofluorescence from a terpyridine-based pure organic crystal with non-centrosymmetric packing and a piezoelectric space group.
Construction of a composite photocatalyst with significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance through combination of homo-junction with hetero-junction
Authors: Guo Yan , Wang Peifang , Qian Jin , Hou Jun , Ao Yanhui , Wang Chao
Published: November 2017

BiOCl modified twinned BiPO4 exhibited significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity because of the synergistic effect of homo-junction and hetero-junction.
Fluorescence quotient of excitation–emission matrices as a potential indicator of organic matter behavior in membrane bioreactors
Authors: Xiao Kang , Liang Shuai , Xiao Aihua , Lei Ting , Tan Jihua , Wang Xiaomao , Huang Xia
Published: November 2017

FQ highlights the difference between two EEMs of DOM from different units or under different conditions in a wastewater treatment process and may usefully reflect DOM behavior and fate.
The feasibility of char and bio-oil production from pyrolysis of pit latrine sludge
Authors: Bond Tom , Tse Queenie , Chambon Clementine L. , Fennell Paul , Fowler Geoff D. , Krueger Benedict C. , Templeton Michael R.
Published: November 2017

Energy recovery from bio-oil was feasible when pit latrine sludge with a water content of ≤∼55% was the feedstock.
MyD88 in antigen-presenting cells is not required for CD4+ T-cell responses during peptide nanofiber vaccination
Authors: Si Youhui , Wen Yi , Chen Jianjun , Pompano Rebecca R. , Han Huifang , Collier Joel H. , Chong Anita S.
Published: November 2017

Self-assembled peptide nanofiber vaccines trigger redundant MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent signaling pathways in APCs and T cells.
Recent development of lipoxygenase inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents
Authors: Hu Chaoyu , Ma Shutao
Published: November 2017

This review summarizes recent developments of LOX inhibitors. It also contains an introduction to their structures, biological activity, structure–activity relationships and molecular docking studies.
Three in situ-synthesized novel inorganic–organic hybrid materials based on metal (M = Bi, Pb) iodide and organoamine using one-pot reactions: structures, band gaps and optoelectronic properties
Authors: Yan Zhi Shuo , Long Ji Ying , Gong Yun , Hua Lin Jian
Published: November 2017

The title compounds with different band structures and photocurrent responses possess good water-proof properties due to the hydrophobic aromatic groups.
Fully recoverable rigid shape memory foam based on copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) using a salt leaching technique
Authors: Alzahrani Abeer A. , Saed Mohand , Yakacki Christopher M. , Song Han Byul , Sowan Nancy , Walston Joshua J. , Shah Parag K. , McBride Matthew K. , Stansbury Jeffrey W. , Bowman Christopher N.
Published: November 2017

This study is to investigate the shape memory attributes of tough and stiff foams based on the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) polymerization.
Synthesis of withasomnine and pyrazole derivatives via intramolecular dehydrogenative cyclization, as well as biological evaluation of withasomnine-based scaffolds
Authors: Xia Tingting , Hu Zhenyi , Ji Wenzhi , Zhang Shujie , Shi Hui , Liu Chenguang , Pang Bo , Liu Guijian , Liao Xuebin
Published: November 2017

Synthesis of a withasomnine-inspired library which shows anticancer reactivities and COX-2 inhibition via an intramolecular dehydrogenative cyclization process.
One-step synthesis and upconversion luminescence properties of hierarchical In2O3:Yb3+,Er3+ nanorod flowers
Authors: Wang Yinhua , Zhu Yongsheng , Xu Xiumei , Huang Jinshu , Lu Zhiwen , Qiu Dongfang
Published: November 2017

In2O3:Yb3+,Er3+ nanorod flowers (NRFs) were prepared by a simple hydrothermal method, where sucrose was used as a ligand.
An untargeted metabolomics approach to determine component differences and variation in their in vivo distribution between Kuqin and Ziqin, two commercial specifications of Scutellaria Radix
Authors: Yang Zhi-Wei , Xu Feng , Liu Xin , Cao Yi , Tang Qi , Chen Qian-Yu , Shang Ming-Ying , Liu Guang-Xue , Wang Xuan , Cai Shao-Qing
Published: November 2017

Kuqin (KQ) and Ziqin (ZQ), derived from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, are two important commercial specifications of Scutellariae Radix (SR, termed Huang qin in Chinese).
Ammonia promoted barium sulfate catalyst for dehydration of lactic acid to acrylic acid
Authors: Li Xinli , Chen Zhi , Cao Ping , Pu Wenjie , Zou Weixin , Tang Congming , Dong Lin
Published: November 2017

Defects were formed in a BaSO4catalyst by controlling its synthesis and it offered excellent activity for the dehydration of lactic acid to acrylic acid.
Combining adhesive contact mechanics with a viscoelastic material model to probe local material properties by AFM
Authors: Ganser Christian , Czibula Caterina , Tscharnuter Daniel , Schöberl Thomas , Teichert Christian , Hirn Ulrich
Published: November 2017

We present an atomic force microscopy based method to study viscoelastic material properties at low indentation depths with non-negligible adhesion and surface roughness.
Boosting the capacity of all-organic paper supercapacitors using wood derivatives
Authors: Edberg Jesper , Inganäs Olle , Engquist Isak , Berggren Magnus
Published: November 2017

The performance of an all-organic paper supercapacitor based on nanocellulose and a conductive polymer was greatly enhanced by incorporating lignin.
Antifouling, fouling release and antimicrobial materials for surface modification of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes
Authors: Choudhury Rikarani R. , Gohil Jaydevsinh M. , Mohanty Smita , Nayak Sanjay K.
Published: November 2017

Membrane fouling, which arises from the nonspecific interaction between the membrane surface and foulants, significantly impedes the efficient application of membrane technology.
3D superhydrophobic reduced graphene oxide for activated NO2 sensing with enhanced immunity to humidity
Authors: Wu Jin , Li Zhong , Xie Xi , Tao Kai , Liu Chuan , Khor Khiam Aik , Miao Jianmin , Norford Leslie K.
Published: November 2017

3D SPS-synthesized, superhydrophobic and hierarchical reduced graphene oxide is exploited for high-performance NO2 detection with good immunity to humidity.
Temperature and ultrasound sensitive gatekeepers for the controlled release of chemotherapeutic drugs from mesoporous silica nanoparticles
Authors: Anirudhan T. S. , Nair Anoop S.
Published: November 2017

The copolymer chains were grafted onto the mesopores of silica nanoparticles and could act as stimuli responsive ‘smart’ gatekeepers. With the aid of a transdermal delivery route and ultrasound penetration, even malignant sites of internal organs can be set as targets.
Investigating the impact of conjugation pathway on the physical and electronic properties of benzobisoxazole-containing polymers
Authors: Intemann Jeremy J. , Hellerich Emily S. , Ewan Monique D. , Tlach Brian C. , Speetzen Erin D. , Shinar Ruth , Shinar Joseph , Jeffries-EL Malika
Published: November 2017

Benzobisoxazole polymers possessing a conjugation pathway directly through the central benzene ring possess reduced optical band gaps and more efficient electroluminescence in polymer light-emitting diodes.
Scheme based on buck‐converter with three‐phase H‐bridge combinations for high‐speed BLDC motors in aerospace applications
Authors: Feng Jian , Liu Kun , Wang Qing
Published: November 2017

High reliability and safety are critical in aerospace applications. This study introduces a novel high‐reliable inverter scheme based on buck‐converter with three‐phase H‐bridge combinations and a high‐accurate commutation instant shift correction method for high‐speed brushless direct current (BLDC) motors. First, the traditional three‐phase inverter and buck‐converter‐based BLDC motor drive system are analysed. Second, the zero‐crossing points of back‐electromotive force detection circuit are designed and the position detection error is analysed. Third, a speed measurement with enhanced detection frequency and accuracy is proposed. Then, a fast two‐stage commutation instant shift compensation method is designed based on the unique speed measurement method. High‐reliable and accurate commutations are achieved especially in the high‐speed steady state, which improves the speed control precision and decreases the motor driving loss. Finally, the control system design process is proposed and a fault‐tolerant‐control strategy is presented to enhance the reliability of the system. Experimental results illustrate the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed inverter scheme and the position sensorless control method.
Virtual inertia control of PV systems for dynamic performance and damping enhancement of DC microgrids with constant power loads
Authors: Hosseinipour Ali , Hojabri Hossein
Published: November 2017

DC bus voltage in islanded DC microgrids (MGs) is prone to power fluctuations of sources and loads. This is due to the lack of generational inertia, which is caused by high penetration of converter‐based renewable energy sources (RESs). With the growing penetration of RESs, especially photovoltaic arrays (PVAs), they are required to provide grid support services such as inertial response in a similar way to conventional synchronous generators. Here, a virtual inertia control (VIC) is proposed for PVAs to enhance the inertia of a hybrid PVA‐battery DC MG. The proposed VIC employs active power control of PVAs to provide virtual inertial response (VIR) without using any high‐power energy storage system such as supercapacitors. An adaptive virtual inertia gain is introduced to achieve dynamic power sharing between the PVAs that provide VIR. Impedance‐base stability analysis is utilised to study the impact of the virtual inertia gain on the system stability and to show the impact of the proposed VIC on improving the stability margin of the DC MG in the presence of destabilising constant power loads (CPLs). Finally, simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in dynamic performance and damping enhancement of the DC MG and reducing the high‐current stress on the battery.
Dynamic characteristic and interaction analysis of synchronous generator based on amplitude–phase motion equation
Authors: Huang Luhan , Yuan Xiaoming
Published: November 2017

With the increasing penetration of power electronic devices, the dynamic characteristics of devices and power system change. Thus, new models and analytical methods applied to stability analysis of power electronics dominated power system need to be put forward. This study takes synchronous generator as an example. The method of device modelling based on amplitude–phase motion equation is introduced, and the idea of interaction analysis based on concepts of self‐stabilising and en‐stabilising is proposed.
Control of grid‐connected converter based on model prediction control under unbalanced grid voltage
Authors: Niu Lifan , Xie Zhen , Yang Hui , Zhang Xing
Published: November 2017

Due to the asymmetry of load, the ageing of transmission line, the asymmetry of power grid voltage and so on, grid‐connected converter often appears grid voltage unbalance at the point of common coupling. Especially for some high‐power grid‐connected converter device, if the unbalanced conditions is ignored, it will produce non‐characteristic harmonics, three‐phase grid current unbalance and so on that will affect the stable operation of grid‐connected converter, even ruin it. Therefore, it is necessary to study the control of grid‐connected converter under unbalanced grid voltage. In view of the advantages of model predictive control in high‐power converter, the control of grid‐connected converter under unbalanced grid voltage based on finite control set model predictive control is studied. The goal is to control the three‐phase grid current balance and enhance the stability operation of the grid‐connected converter under unbalanced grid voltage. The grid‐connected converter is modelled in two‐phase stationary (αβ) coordinate system, and the model predictive control of grid‐connected converter is deduced under unbalanced grid voltage. Based on the theoretical analysis, the simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Zauberkraut für Diplomaten
Authors: Huber Ellen
Published: November 2017

Einst war Eisenkraut heilsame Zutat mittelalterlicher Wundtränke. Seine antientzündlichen, antibiotischen und beruhigenden Eigenschaften machen es bis heute zu einer interessanten Heilpflanze.
The nanopore mass spectrometer
Authors: Bush Joseph , Maulbetsch William , Lepoitevin Mathilde , Wiener Benjamin , Mihovilovic Skanata Mirna , Moon Wooyoung , Pruitt Cole , Stein Derek
Published: November 2017

We report the design of a mass spectrometer featuring an ion source that delivers ions directly into high vacuum from liquid inside a capillary with a sub-micrometer-diameter tip. The surface tension of water and formamide is sufficient to maintain a stable interface with high vacuum at the tip, and the gas load from the interface is negligible, even during electrospray. These conditions lifted the usual requirement of a differentially pumped system. The absence of a background gas also opened up the possibility of designing ion optics to collect and focus ions in order to achieve high overall transmission and detection efficiencies. We describe the operation and performance of the instrument and present mass spectra from solutions of salt ions and DNA bases in formamide and salt ions in water. The spectra show singly charged solute ions clustered with a small number of solvent molecules.
Micro-view-cell for phase behaviour and in situ Raman analysis of heterogeneously catalysed CO2 hydrogenation
Authors: Reymond Helena , Rudolf von Rohr Philipp
Published: November 2017

The operando study of CO2 hydrogenation is fundamental for a more rational optimisation of heterogeneous catalyst and reactor designs. To further complement the established efficiency of microreactors in reaction screening and bridge the operating and optical gaps, a micro-view-cell is presented for Raman microscopy at extreme conditions with minimum flow interference for genuine reaction analysis. Based on a flat sapphire window unit sealed in a plug flow-type enclosure holding the sample, the cell features unique 14 mm working distance and 0.36 numerical aperture and resists 400 °C and 500 bars. The use of the cell as an in situ tool for fast process monitoring and surface catalyst characterisation is demonstrated with phase behaviour and chemical analysis of the methanol synthesis over a commercial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst.
High SNR single measurements of trace gas phase spectra at THz frequencies
Authors: Graber Benjamin , Kim Christopher , Wu Dong Ho
Published: November 2017

Fast detection and identification of trace gases in ambient conditions demand a high signal-to-ratio (SNR) and superior resolution from a single measurement. We performed time-domain terahertz (THz) spectroscopy on gas (or vapor) phase samples of carbon monoxide, methanol, water, and acetonitrile at concentrations less than 10 ppm and demonstrated 50–60 dB SNR on a single measurement. Using data measured at different sample concentrations and terahertz probe beam powers, we investigated the interplay between the SNR, the probe beam power, the sample concentration, and the electric dipole moment of molecules, for which we extended an absorbance theory to THz frequencies. When comparing our data with references and a theoretical model, we found some discrepancy in certain spectral line intensities, suggesting that certain rotational resonance quantum state may have higher populations or transition probabilities than our model predicts at atmospheric conditions. We could achieve the above results largely due to our high power THz source capable of generating up to 3 mW, an order of magnitude greater than those available commercially.
Effect of conducting core on the dynamics of a compound drop in an AC electric field
Authors: Soni Purushottam , Dixit Divya , Juvekar Vinay A.
Published: November 2017

Dynamics of 0.1M NaCl/castor oil/silicone oil compound drop in an alternating electric field of frequency 1 Hz was investigated experimentally in a parallel plate electrode cell. A novel yet simple method was used for producing the compound drop with different ratios of the core radius to shell radius. Deformation dynamics under both transient and cyclical steady states were recorded using high-speed imaging. We observed that with an increase in the radius ratio, deformation of the shell increases and that of the core decreases. The temporal deformation of the core always leads that of the shell. The phase lead between the core and the shell is independent of electric field strength and salt concentration in the core but strongly depends on the viscosity of the medium and radius ratio. At a small radius ratio, the breakup of the core is similar to the disintegration of the isolated drop in an infinite fluid; whereas the core attends a diamond-like shape at a high radius ratio before ejecting the small droplets from the tips.
Digital electric field induced switching of plasmonic nanorods using an electro-optic fluid fiber
Authors: Etcheverry Sebastián , Araujo Leonardo F. , Carvalho Isabel C. S. , Margulis Walter , Fontana Jake
Published: November 2017

We demonstrate the digital electric field induced switching of plasmonic nanorods between “1” and “0” orthogonal aligned states using an electro-optic fluid fiber component. We show by digitally switching the nanorods that thermal rotational diffusion of the nanorods can be circumvented, demonstrating an approach to achieve submicrosecond switching times. We also show, from an initial unaligned state, that the nanorods can be aligned into the applied electric field direction in 110 ns. The high-speed digital switching of plasmonic nanorods integrated into an all-fiber optical component may provide opportunities for remote sensing and signaling applications.
A scalable pressure sensor based on an electrothermally and electrostatically operated resonator
Authors: Hajjaj A. Z. , Alcheikh N. , Hafiz M. A. A. , Ilyas S. , Younis M. I.
Published: November 2017

We present a pressure sensor based on the convective cooling of the air surrounding an electrothermally heated resonant bridge. Unlike conventional pressure sensors that rely on diaphragm deformation in response to pressure, the sensor does not require diaphragms of the large surface area, and hence is scalable and can be realized even at the nanoscale. The concept is demonstrated using both straight and arch microbeam resonators driven and sensed electrostatically. The change in the surrounding pressure is shown to be accurately tracked by monitoring the change in the resonance frequency of the structure. The sensitivity of the sensor, which is controllable by the applied electrothermal load, is shown near 57 811 ppm/mbar for a pressure range from 1 to 10 Torr. We show that a straight beam operated near the buckling threshold leads to the maximum sensitivity of the device. The experimental data and simulation results, based on a multi-physics finite element model, demonstrate the feasibility and simplicity of the pressure sensor.
Multiple-trapping model of dielectric relaxation of the ice Ih
Authors: Khamzin A. A. , Nigmatullin R. R.
Published: November 2017

A microscopic theory of dielectric relaxation of the hexagonal ice (Ih) is proposed based on the multiple-trapping model. The theory explains the distinctive peculiarities of the relaxation time temperature behavior and the peak broadening parameter in a wide temperature range from the unified positions.
Femtosecond laser fabrication of robust underwater superoleophobic and anti-oil surface on sapphire
Authors: Chu Dongkai , Yin Kai , Dong Xinran , Luo Zhi , Duan Ji-An
Published: November 2017

Due to the presence of unique micro/nanostructures on the surface, fish’s scale exhibits underwater superoleophobicity and keeps clean even in oil-polluted water. Inspired from this, we propose a facile method for the fabrication of underwater superoleophobic and anti-oil sapphire surface with line-patterned nanostructures by femtosecond laser. The as-prepared surface shows great superoleophobicity that the oil contact angles can reach up to 153° for 1, 2-dichloroethane droplets in water and low oil-adhesion. At the same time, the relationship between the microgrooves’ period and surface wettability is studied, and the results indicate that the underwater superoleophobicity and low oil-adhesion can be achieved using a wide range of processing parameters. Meanwhile, the obtained surface is demonstrated to exhibit excellent stability. Moreover, the self-cleaning anti-oil ability of the as-prepared surface is conducted, and the potential mechanism of which is discussed. This technique has potential applications for the fabrication of underwater oil repelling devices and microfluidics.
Ergogenic effects of precooling with cold water immersion and ice ingestion: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Choo Hui C. , Nosaka Kazunori , Peiffer Jeremiah J. , Ihsan Mohammed , Abbiss Chris R.
Published: November 2017

This review evaluated the effects of precooling via cold water immersion (CWI) and ingestion of ice slurry/slushy or crushed ice (ICE) on endurance performance measures (e.g. time‐to‐exhaustion and time trials) and psychophysiological parameters (core [Tcore] and skin [Tskin] temperatures, whole body sweat [WBS] response, heart rate [HR], thermal sensation [TS], and perceived exertion [RPE]). Twenty‐two studies were included in the meta‐analysis based on the following criteria: (i) cooling was performed before exercise with ICE or CWI; (ii) exercise longer than 6 min was performed in ambient temperature ≥26°C; and (iii) crossover study design with a non‐cooling passive control condition. CWI improved performance measures (weighted average effect size in Hedges’ g [95% confidence interval] + 0.53 [0.28; 0.77]) and resulted in greater increase (ΔEX) in Tskin (+4.15 [3.1; 5.21]) during exercise, while lower peak Tcore (−0.93 [−1.18; −0.67]), WBS (−0.74 [−1.18; −0.3]), and TS (−0.5 [−0.8; −0.19]) were observed without concomitant changes in ΔEX‐Tcore (+0.19 [−0.22; 0.6]), peak Tskin (−0.67 [−1.52; 0.18]), peak HR (−0.14 [−0.38; 0.11]), and RPE (−0.14 [−0.39; 0.12]). ICE had no clear effect on performance measures (+0.2 [−0.07; 0.46]) but resulted in greater ΔEX‐Tcore (+1.02 [0.59; 1.45]) and ΔEX‐Tskin (+0.34 [0.02; 0.67]) without concomitant changes in peak Tcore (−0.1 [−0.48; 0.28]), peak Tskin (+0.1 [−0.22; 0.41]), peak HR (+0.08 [−0.19; 0.35]), WBS (−0.12 [−0.42; 0.18]), TS (−0.2 [−0.49; 0.1]), and RPE (−0.01 [−0.33; 0.31]). From both ergogenic and thermoregulatory perspectives, CWI may be more effective than ICE as a precooling treatment prior to exercise in the heat.
Reframing the payments for ecosystem services framework in a coupled human and natural systems context: strengthening the integration between ecological and human dimensions
Authors: Lewison Rebecca L. , An Li , Chen Xiaodong
Published: November 2017

Introduction:
As challenges to biodiversity mount, land-use policies have been implemented to balance human needs and the integrity of ecological systems. One such program, Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES), incentivizes resource users to protect ecosystem services and has been implemented around the world to reduce soil erosion, create or improve wildlife habitats, and improve water quality and other environmental goals. The PES policy, at its core, is a concept that aims to capture the reciprocal relationships between human systems and ecological function and process. As such, PES epistemologically embodies a coupled human and natural systems approach.

Outcomes:
Yet, despite this conceptual alignment, the on-the-ground implementation or evaluation of PES typically does not adopt this coupled approach and PES programs have little integration between socioeconomic, sociocultural, human demographic, and ecological elements. To advance the evolution of PES, we consider what and how socioeconomic and ecological factors have been incorporated into PES program implementation and evaluation. We also present a conceptual model to articulate how PES research can capture the reciprocal relationships among socioeconomics, demography, and ecology and discuss the quantitative modeling approaches that can support this conceptual development, i.e., structural equation and agent-based modeling, and latent trajectory models.

Conclusions:
By strengthening the conceptual framework for PES within a coupled human and natural systems approach and identifyinganalytical approaches that can be used to quantify and characterize these complex cross-disciplinary relationships, we aim to support the evolution and advancement of PES, in service of more meaningful and positive outcomes for human well-being and ecological sustainability.
Simulating land-use change and its effect on biodiversity conservation in a watershed in northwest China
Authors: Liang Youjia , Liu Lijun
Published: November 2017

Introduction:
Land-use management strategies play a major role in biodiversity change. In many parts of the world, local governments are under increasing pressure to regulate human activity to mitigate negative impacts on ecosystems.

Outcomes/other:
This study aimed to analyze the effects of different land-use patterns on biodiversity change across a typical artificial desert watershed. We first analyzed land-cover change based on past and future management scenarios in a watershed spanning Gaotai, Linze, and Ganzhou counties in northwest China. We then analyzed the effect of different land-use patterns on biodiversity change in the watershed. We found that the crucial land-cover changes are likely to occur in the wetland reserves and areas established for the Grain for Green Project around the oases, and such changes could affect biodiversity throughout the entire watershed landscape.

Discussion:
The use of spatial analysis to illustrate explicit changes in ecosystems is useful in fostering biodiversity awareness and the need for decision-making at different scales.

Conclusion:
Thus, these findings indicate that land-use management strategies for the middle and southeast parts of the watershed are particularly important for future management of biodiversity and the integrated ecosystem services of the entire watershed landscape.
The impacts of suspended mariculture on coastal zones in China and the scope for Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture
Authors: Wartenberg Reece , Feng Limin , Wu Jia Jun , Mak Yim Ling , Chan Leo L. , Telfer Trevor C. , Lam Paul K. S.
Published: November 2017

Introduction
: China is responsible for more than 60% of global aquaculture production. As the frontiers of food production have expanded, the cultivation of marine organisms in coastal zones and the open ocean has grown rapidly. The dominant mariculture industry in China is suspended mariculture, which uses net cages, ropes, or other structures suspended in the water column to cultivate aquatic organisms. This systematic, quantitative review provides a clear and comprehensive account of research that has investigated the adverse impacts of suspended mariculture in China and reviews research that has applied Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) systems for mitigating impacts. This work builds on 218 peer reviewed papers that have been published in English-language journals.

Outcomes
: Eighteen impacts were identified, including chemical, ecological, physical, and socioeconomic impacts. Eighteen measures for improving suspended mariculture were recommended consisting of government department, farm management, and ecological engineering measures. IMTA was the most frequently recommended measure. The capabilities of IMTA for bioremediation and increased farm production were the most frequently studied advantages. Seven other benefits have been explored but remain understudied. The current challenges facing the expansion of commercial IMTA include limited use of new technology, limited skills development, decreasing production of low trophic-level species, biogeographic and temporal barriers, and negative system feedbacks.

Conclusion
: Despite challenges, implementing commercial IMTA is a promising measure for reducing the impacts of suspended mariculture because it presents a range of secondary benefits that can improve the overall sustainability of aquaculture in the coastal zone.
Twenty-first century climate change and submerged aquatic vegetation in a temperate estuary: the case of Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Arnold Thomas M. , Zimmerman Richard C. , Engelhardt Katharina A. M. , Stevenson J. Court
Published: November 2017

Introduction:
The Chesapeake Bay was once renowned for expansive meadows of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). However, only 10% of the original meadows survive.  Future restoration efforts will be complicated by accelerating climate change, including physiological stressors such as a predicted mean temperature increase of 2–6°C and a 50–160% increase in CO
2
concentrations.

Outcomes:
 As the Chesapeake Bay begins to exhibit characteristics of a subtropical estuary, summer heat waves will become more frequent and severe. Warming alone would eventually eliminate eelgrass (
Zostera marina)
from the region. It will favor native heat-tolerant species such as widgeon grass (
Ruppia maritima
) while facilitating colonization by non-native seagrasses (e.g.,
Halodule
spp.). Intensifying human activity will also fuel coastal zone acidification and the resulting high CO
2
/low pH conditions may benefit SAV
via
a

“CO
2
fertilization effect.”

Discussion:
 Acidification is known to offset the effects of thermal stress and may have similar effects in estuaries, assuming water clarity is sufficient to support CO
2
-stimulated photosynthesis and plants are not overgrown by epiphytes. However, coastal zone acidification is variable, driven mostly by local biological processes that may or may not always counterbalance the effects of regional warming. This precarious equipoise between two forces – thermal stress and acidification – will be critically important because it may ultimately determine the fate of cool-water plants such as
Zostera marina
in the Chesapeake Bay.

Conclusion:
 The combined impacts of warming, coastal zone acidification, water clarity, and overgrowth of competing algae will determine the fate of SAV communities in rapidly changing temperate estuaries.
Indigenous knowledge as data for modern fishery management: a case study of Dungeness crab in Pacific Canada
Authors: Ban Natalie C , Eckert Lauren , McGreer Madeleine , Frid Alejandro
Published: November 2017

Introduction:
Fisheries management is often data-limited, and conducted at spatial scales that are too large to address the needs of Indigenous peoples, whose cultures depend upon the local availability of marine resources.

Outcomes:
We combined Indigenous ecological knowledge with simulation modelling to inform modern fishery management. Semi-structured interviews with Indigenous fishers in coastal British Columbia, Canada, uncovered severe declines in the abundance and catches of Dungeness crab (
Cancer magister
) since the 1990s. We modelled the current probability of “successful“ crab harvesting trips—as defined by expectations from past catches by Indigenous fishers—using fishery-independent data from nine sites. These probabilities were very low (<20%) for all sites except one.

Discussion:
Our study highlights that local depletions, which Indigenous fishers attribute to commercial and recreational fisheries, have been widespread and undetected by federal managers who manage Dungeness crab at regional scales without fishery-independent data. Further, local depletions impacted the ability of Indigenous fishers to access traditional foods.

Conclusion:
Integrating Indigenous knowledge with scientific research is crucial to inform locally-relevant fisheries management and conservation.
Distribution patterns of plant communities and their associations with environmental soil factors on the eastern shore of Lake Taihu, China
Authors: Li Wei , Cui Lijuan , Sun Baodi , Zhao Xinsheng , Gao Changjun , Zhang Yan , Zhang Manyin , Pan Xu , Lei Yinru , Ma Wu
Published: November 2017

Introduction:
Plant communities and soil factors might interact with each other in different temporal and spatial scales, which can influence the patterns and processes of the wetland ecosystem. To get a better understanding of the distribution of plants in wetlands and analyze their associations with environmental soil factors, the structure and types of plant communities in the eastern shore area of Lake Taihu were analyzed by two-way indicator species analysis and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) ordination. The spatial distribution patterns of vegetation and the main factors affecting the distributions were investigated.
Outcomes:
Sixty-six sampling sites were selected to obtain vegetation species and soil environmental factor data. Results showed that 22 species from the 66 sites could be divided into seven communities: I:
Arundo donax
; II:
A. donax + Phragmites australis
; III:
Zizania latifolia
+
Typha orientalis
; IV:
P. australis + Alternanthera philoxeroides + Polygonum hydropiper
; V:
P. australis
; VI:
P. australis + Humulus scandens
; and VII:
Erigeron acer + Ipomoea batatas + Rumex acetosa
. Plant species and soil factors in the CCA analysis showed that
I. batatas
,
E. acer, Chenopodium album, Polygonum lapathifolium
, and
Acalypha australis
were mainly affected by pH, whereas
Echinochloa crus-galli
,
Setaria viridis
, and
H. scandens
were mainly affected by soil total phosphorus.
Mentha canadensis
and
A. donax
were mainly affected by soil conductivity,
A. philoxeroides
was mainly affected by soil organic matter and,
Z. latifolia, Metaplexis japonica
and
P. hydropiper
were mainly affected by available phosphorus.
Conclusion:
These results indicated that different plants adapted to different soil environmental factors and provided basic information on the diversity of Lake Taihu wetland vegetation.
Prc1E and Kif4A control microtubule organization within and between large Xenopus egg asters
Authors: Nguyen P. A. , Field C. M. , Mitchison T. J.
Published: November 2017

Prc1E and Kif4A prune out anti-parallel microtubules in the huge asters that position cleavage furrows in Xenopus eggs. Within asters, this promotes radial order in the face of the randomizing effect of nucleation away from centrosomes. At boundaries between asters, it blocks growth of a microtubule from one aster into its neighbor.