bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lovecraft, Satan, and Shadows
Authors: Davies Owen
Published: November 2023

While the battle over the Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses was being fought in Germany, and as the publications of Gamache and De Claremont spread across the Caribbean, a new genre of grimoire was brewing in the Anglo-Saxon world. The merging of fact and fiction had always been an integral aspect of the grimoire tradition, and in the twentieth century this was given a new twist with the genre of literary fantasy not only being influenced by the magical tradition but also inspiring the creation of new grimoires. They also reached a new audience, attracting the attention of counter-culture movements in the post-war West. As a consequence they became the basis for new, non-Christian religions whose appeal stretched far beyond the rarefied, middle-class esotericism of the Golden Dawn and its offshoots.
Emergent Realities with Causal Efficacy: Some Philosophical and Theological Applications
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

In this paper I attempt to extend the concepts necessary for understanding relationships between the various levels of organization, and so of description, that have developed in recent years from scientific analyses of complex physicochemical and biological systems to wider issues in philosophy and theology.
Adamgirk ‘ 3
Authors: Stone Michael E
Published: November 2023

Pleasing words and necessary histories concerning the first ones, Adam and Eve, spoken in their name,98 diverse and various mysteries concerning the serpent and the Devil and deceptions, pronounced in verse by Lord Aṙakfiel of Siwnik I wondered greatly at the Devil, Why was he so envious? He does not calm and cool down, But suffers pain and hurts.
Builders Change the World
Authors: Hansell Mike
Published: November 2023

‘Wombats Detected from Space’ is the title of a scientific paper published in 1980 in the journal Remote Sensing of Environment. The burrowing and associated soil disturbance, it goes on to explain, damages the surrounding vegetation to such an extent that, even with the satellite imaging available a quarter of a century ago, it could be detected and mapped from space. The southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) is a sturdy beast about 1m (3.3ft) long, weighing up to 30kg (66lb).
Introduction
Authors: Rowland Tracey
Published: November 2023

On 6 November I992, Joseph Ratzinger was appointed an associate member of the prestigious Académie franÇaise in the section for moral and political sciences. The Académie was founded by Armand-Jean Cardinal Richelieu in I635. Its members, known as les immortels, have included Victor Hugo, Louis Pasteur, and Voltaire. This honour from a completely secular institution in the capital of a country renowned for keeping God out of the public realm, at least since I789, is some indication of Ratzinger’s high standing in the world of European letters. As one of the most prolific theologians of his generation he has held positions at the University of Bonn (1959–1963), the University of Münster (1963–1966), the University of Tübingen (1966–1969), and the University of Regensburg (1969–1977). He speaks several modern languages (German, French, Spanish, Italian, English) and is quite at home with classical Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. He plays the piano and especially enjoys the music of Mozart and Beethoven. He shares this interest with his older brother Georg who has held the post of Kapellmeister of Regensburg Cathedral. Ratzinger was made a bishop and cardinal by Paul VI in 1977 and appointed Prefect for the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (the CDF) by John Paul II in 1981. This latter post is regarded by some as the second most significant within the Catholic Church after that of the papacy itself, or at least the most significant of the nine heads of Congregations. While holding these appointments Ratzinger continued to publish substantial academic works. His doctoral dissertation, defended in 1953, was entitled The People and the House of God in Augustine’s Doctrine of the Church; and his postdoctoral thesis, or Habilitationsschrift, offered an examination of St Bonaventure’s theology of history.
Gaudium et spes and the Importance of Christ
Authors: Rowland Tracey
Published: November 2023

At a conference in Cambridge in 1979 Karl Rahner drew an analogy between the Christian community before and after the Council of Jerusalem (traditionally dated to ad 49) and Catholicism before and after the Second Vatican Council. He used the language of a ‘decisive break’ to describe the two transitions, and went so far as to assert that the break experienced after the Council was of such a magnitude that the only possible comparison is with the transition from Jewish to Gentile Christianity at the Council of Jerusalem. He added that such transitions ‘happen for the most part and in the final analysis, unreXectively; they are not first planned out theologically and then put into effect.’ Likewise, some Catholic traditionalists have seen the pre- and post-Vatican II eras in this dualistic way— almost a pre- and post-lapsarian view propped up with various conspiracy theories and in extreme cases leading to schism.
Modernity and the Politics of the West
Authors: Rowland Tracey
Published: November 2023

In his homily at the Mass prior to his election Ratzinger rhetorically asked: ‘how many winds of doctrine have we known in recent decades, how many ideological currents, how many ways of thinking?’ He suggested that the western world was currently in the throes of a dictatorship of relativism that did not recognize anything as definitive and whose goal consists solely of the satisfaction of the desires of one’s own ego. However, while post-modern relativism is replacing the Ten Commandments in the area of private morality, in the area of public morality eighteenth-century ‘Enlightenment’ conceptions of freedom and truth continue to provide the foundation of the dominant political cultures of the West. Paradoxically, these theories are now being used to promote nineteenth-century romantic-movement visions of human dignity, which, at least implicitly, and sometimes quite explicitly, reject the eighteenth-century accounts of reason and morality. For this reason contemporary public life in the western world has been described as a three-cornered ‘civil war’ of hostile traditions.
Causes of psychopathology
Authors: Brüne Martin
Published: November 2023

The question why psychopathology exists can be approached from various, mutually complementary, scientific angles. The traditional one is restricted to the proximate causation of disorders (see also Chapter 1) such as genetic susceptibility (inherited risks), adverse experiences in early childhood (compare Chapter 3), other psychologically traumatizing events that may occur at any time during an individual’s lifetime, overt brain injuries, or senescence. There is nothing fundamentally wrong with this approach. Knowledge about the different possible causes of psychopathology has greatly increased over the last two decades, primarily due to advances in psychiatric genetics, brain imaging technology, and improved understanding of the relationship between adverse early childhood experiences and the development of psychopathology later in life. However, a modern conceptual framework useful for both clinical psychiatry and experimental neuroscience has to tackle additional, to date unresolved, problems. One relates to the fact that subspecialties within psychiatry tend to drift apart and to lead separate lives with limited mutual exchange.
Personality Disorders
Authors: Brüne Martin
Published: November 2023

There are many theories about how personality develops, including quite divergent approaches from different ‘schools’. In general, personality can be referred to as a construct to describe cognitive, emotional, and behavioural traits that are peculiar to a particular person. These traits are assumed to be relatively stable and enduring rather than changing over time. Current conceptualizations of personality traits favour the distinction of five major dimensions according to which a personality can be described. These are termed ‘extraversion’, ‘neuroticism’, ‘agreeableness’, ‘conscientiousness’, and ‘openness’. ‘Temperament’and ‘character’ are also widely used to describe aspects of personality. The term ‘temperament’ largely refers to the biological dimension of personality, whereas ‘character’ is more related to environmental influences, above all, the socialization process during the formative years (infancy, childhood, and adolescence). Commonly used labels are ‘novelty seeking’, ‘harm avoidance’, ‘reward dependence’ and ‘persistence’ to describe temperament, and ‘self-directedness’, ‘cooperation’ and ‘self-transcendence’ as the main character dimensions.
Suicidal and Self-Injurious Behaviour
Authors: Brüne Martin
Published: November 2023

Suicidal behaviour is defined as a conscious, intentional act that aims at terminating one’s life. Attempted suicide is common in patients with psychiatric disorders, and may also occur in individuals with physical health problems. Suicide, even when completed, is not without meaning. Suicidal ideation is often triggered by feelings of hopelessness or social isolation. Individuals who commit suicide have usually indicated their wish to die either directly or indirectly prior to the suicide attempt. Persons who undertake suicide attempts usually go through the stages of contemplating suicidal ideas as a possibility to terminate intense suffering, which is followed by a period of ambivalence and narrowing of perceived alternative options before a final decision is made. Suicide attempts with terminal intent can be classified as desperate or impulsive. In a minority of cases, suicide is altruistically motivated, and such behaviour may not necessarily be associated with psychopathology.
Comparing the Incommensurable: Another Look at Convergent Realism
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F
Published: November 2023

In Kant’s era, there was only one physical theory— Newton’s. Physics was regarded as historically closed. A fundamental fact which epistemologists of science have had to learn to contend with in the (post-Einsteinian) twentieth century is that physical science— and in particular physics, which I shall take as my paradigm— is essentially historically open. Theories succeed one another, and there are compelling reasons to suppose that they will inevitably continue to do so.
Wilfrid Sellars’ Philosophy of Mind
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F
Published: November 2023

Nowhere within philosophy is it more difficult to draw lines of demarcation than in an attempt to isolate the philosophy of mind as a coherent subregion of the total philosophical terrain. The philosophy of mind grades off smoothly into questions of epistemology (the structure of sensory awareness and perceptual cognition), of ontology (the nature and multiplicity of substances), of the theory of action, of the philosophy of language and representation, of moral and social and political philosophy, and nowadays even into questions centered in the philosophy of science, in the theory of theories.
Forging Legacy: The Pact between Empire and Historiography in Ancient China
Authors: Mittag Achim
Published: November 2023

Throughout pre-modern China there has been a close interconnection between ‘empire’ and ‘historiography’, meaning that one could not do without the other and vice versa. What is meant here by ‘empire’ was more than a political and social order, or, if political and social, was always part of a larger cosmic order commonly expressed by the idea of All-under-Heaven (dianoia). Toward one side, as concerns the often noted state-centeredness of Chinese historiography, the interconnection between ‘empire’ and ‘historiography’ is rather evident; one only needs to make reference to the Twenty-Five Dynastic Histories (Ershiwushi) as the spine of traditional Chinese historiography, the greater part of which was compiled under the auspices of the Bureau of Historiography (shiguan) set up in ad 629. And earlier ‘standard histories’ (zhengshi) as well were either officially commissioned, compiled by stateemployed historians, or written by historians who, in one way or the other, were part of or dependent on the imperial state.
Text and Image Mapping the Roman World
Authors: Clarke Katherine
Published: November 2023

It seems particularly appropriate that a cross-cultural, international, intercontinental collaboration should take as part of its theme the Roman Empire, which itself spanned so many diverse peoples and all the known continents. It is precisely this phenomenon of vast, unprecedented spatial extent, and how it could be conceptualized, imagined, and depicted that forms the subject of my paper. We all know how vague our mental geographies of lands unknown are; we have some sense of the shape of the continents, we have some sense of where the countries within them lie and perhaps, for our own country and those parts of the world which we visit regularly or in which we have a scholarly interest, Ancient Greece for example, a more detailed picture of the location of key cities, mountain ranges, and rivers. But having lived in the relatively small island of Britain all my life I still have difficulty in trying to locate all the English counties—Herefordshire and Hertfordshire, for example, with similar names, regularly confuse themselves on my mental map, perhaps because they hold no particular for me. Conversely, I could draw from memory an extraordinarily detailed map of the villages and footpaths of the Chiltern Hills near to my home, and mark on it the location of herds of wild deer, or rare birds of prey, or where one can find woods full of spring or I could mark on a map historical features such as the crucial bridge over the River Thames at the local town of Wallingford, by which William the Conqueror made his tortuous way to London after his victory at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
New Tendencies, Religious and Philosophical, in the Chinese World of the Third through Sixth Centuries
Authors: Jansen Thomas
Published: November 2023

The fall of the unified empire of the Han (206/202 bc–ad 220) was one of the most momentous events in Chinese history. Its origins go back to the first half of the second century ad, while its repercussions were being felt during the entire Six Dynasties period (220–589) and even beyond. If I had to choose just three events to highlight the main themes and images influential in the intellectual and religious developments in the centuries after the breakdown of the imperial order, I would suggest the following dates: The first is ad 190, the year the Han capital Luoyang was devastated by the warlord Dong Zhuo (d. 192), an event that included the complete destruction of the Han imperial library and archives. The History of the Later Han Dynasty (Hou-Han shu) relates that the books and documents of these two institutions were torn apart and scattered; the silken scrolls were cut up and used as bags or canopies when the emperor was forcibly moved to Chang’an. What had been saved was either lost enroute or destroyed during the ensuing in Chang’an.
Social brains, simple minds: does social complexity really require cognitive complexity?
Authors: Barrett Louise , Henzi Peter , Rendall Drew
Published: November 2023

The social brain hypothesis is a well-accepted and well-supported evolutionary theory of enlarged brain size in the non-human primates. Nevertheless, it tends to emphasize an anthropocentric view of social life and cognition. This often leads to confusion between ultimate and proximate mechanisms, and an over-reliance on a Cartesian, narratively structured view of the mind and social life, which in turn lead to views of social complexity that are congenial to our views of our-selves, rather than necessarily representative of primate social worlds. In this paper, we argue for greater attention to embodied and distributed theories of cognition, which get us away from current fixations on ‘theory of mind’ and other high-level anthropocentric constructions, and allow for the generation of testable hypotheses that combine neurobiology, psychology and behaviour in a mutually reinforcing manner.
The evolution of animal ‘cultures’ and social intelligence
Authors: Whiten Andrew , Schaik Carel P van
Published: November 2023

Decades-long field research has flowered into integrative studies that, together with experimental evidence for the requisite social learning capacities, have indicated a reliance on multiple traditions (‘cultures’) in a small number of species. It is increasingly evident that there is great variation in manifestations of social learning, tradition and culture among species, offering much scope for evolutionary analysis. Social learning has been identified in a range of vertebrate and invertebrate species, yet sustained traditions appear rarer, and the multiple traditions we call cultures are rarer still. Here, we examine relationships between this variation and both social intelligence— sophisticated information processing adapted to the social domain—and encephalization.
Did farming arise from a misapplication of social intelligence?
Authors: Mithen Steven
Published: November 2023

The origins of farming is the defining event of human history—the one turning point that has resulted in modern humans having a quite different type of lifestyle and cognition to all other animals and past types of humans. With the economic basis provided by farming, human individuals and societies have developed types of material culture that greatly augment powers of memory and computation, extending the human mental capacity far beyond that which the brain alone can provide. Archaeologists have long debated and discussed why people began living in settled communities and became dependent on cultivated plants and animals, which soon evolved into domesticated forms. One of the most intriguing explanations was proposed more than 20 years ago not by an archaeologist but by a psychologist: Nicholas Humphrey suggested that farming arose from the ‘misapplication of social intelligence’.
Social intelligence, human intelligence and niche construction
Authors: Sterelny Kim
Published: November 2023

This paper is about the evolution of hominin intelligence. I agree with defenders of the social intelligence hypothesis in thinking that externalist models of hominin intelligence are not plausible: such models cannot explain the unique cognition and cooperation explosion in our lineage, for changes in the external environment (e.g. increasing environmental unpredictability) affect many lineages. Both the social intelligence hypothesis and the social intelligence–ecological complexity hybrid I outline here are niche construction models. Hominin evolution is hominin response to selective environments that earlier hominins have made. In contrast to social intelligence models, I argue that hominins have both created and responded to a unique foraging mode; a mode that is both social in itself and which has further effects on hominin social environments.
On the lack of evidence that non-human animals possess anything remotely resembling a ‘theory of mind’
Authors: Penn Derek C , Povinelli Daniel J
Published: November 2023

After decades of effort by some of our brightest human and non-human minds, there is still little consensus on whether or not non-human animals understand anything about the unobservable mental states of other animals or even what it would mean for a non-verbal animal to understand the concept of a ‘mental state’. In the present paper, we confront four related and contentious questions head-on: (i) What exactly would it mean for a non-verbal organism to have an ‘understanding’ or a ‘representation’ of another animal’s mental state? (ii) What should (and should not) count as compelling empirical evidence that a non-verbal cognitive agent has a system for understanding or forming representations about mental states in a functionally adaptive manner?
Some Literature and Its Genres
Authors: Dalley Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Different kinds of ancient literature have been described by modern scholars as epics, letters, building inscriptions, chronicles. Such categories are helpful in giving a focus for questions of authorship and educational training, of audience and the context of reception. For example, the scribe who writes simple administrative lists for the palace may have a different training from that of the scholar who composes manuals of divination or the rubric for rituals in a temple; and foreign guests who are entertained at court banquets with epics or the rude and witty stories of the court jester do not read divination manuals or temple rituals. Nevertheless the genres are not hermetically sealed units.
Alice Barnham in the Rebuilt World
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen
Published: November 2023

Were this a conventional biography of Alice Barnham, a study of her material world would detail the landmarks of London as she surely knew them: Whitehall in the west and the Tower in the east, symbolic of court culture and royal power; St Paul ’s Cathedral, dominant on the central skyline even without the steeple lost in 1561; the Thames, crossed by the busy water traffic that Francis Barnham routinely joined in making his way to St Thomas ’s Hospital in Southwark; Cheapside, periodically transformed by the passage of the city ’s ceremonial processions; the great gates in the old walls, some opening to fields spread with drying linens; the meat market at Smithfield, where Alice may have seen John Bradford martyred; the parish churches of St Mildred Poultry and St Clement Eastcheap, with their records of her family ’s life passages; the Royal Exchange, for the construction of which Francis lobbied and to which he contributed five pounds; Newgate and the compters, objects of Alice ’s charity; and Guildhall, site of such municipal occasions as the feast which celebrated the Barnhams as Master and Mistress Sheriff.
The Barnhams ’ Business Secrets
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen
Published: November 2023

Francis Barnham participated in uncounted controversies of personality, politics, and property. Most he adjudicated in his public roles: churchwarden in the parish of St Mildred Poultry, member of the Drapers ’ Court of Assistants, governor of the Bridewell and St Thomas ’s Hospital, alderman of the City of London, and Sheriff. But, as seems to have been impossible to avoid in the Tudor and Stuart years, he also had extensive private experience of ‘variances ’, disputes, and allegations. There were the 1554 quarrel with William Beswicke over a jeweled pendant, a 1556 argument with former apprentice John Kydd, a 1560 complaint filed against clothworker Henry Broune, and the 1568 petition of Robert Collet about the ‘round compassed window ’ in St Clement ’s Lane. To none of these was as much jeopardy attached as a 1574 accusation that he had violated the Statute against Usury. As Alderman, Barnham was one of the Queen ’s agents for the governance of the city; he had been installed as Sheriff before others of her delegates for order in the country, the Barons of the Exchequer; now, he came before the Exchequer charged with malfeasance, and his private business practices were opened to public scrutiny.
Deri Vatives And Integrals
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

John Landen, an East Anglian surveyor and later a Fellow of the Royal Society, is now hardly remembered, but in the eighteenth century his efforts to base the fluxional calculus on purely algebraic principles were noted by both Lagrange and Lacroix. Landen’s first book, A discourse concerning the residual analysis, published in 1758, was just 44 pages long, but offered a method of differentiation that avoided (or so Landen thought) any recourse to the infinitely small and could be successfully applied to the usual range of problems solved by calculus: tangents to curves, and maxima and minima.
Complex Analysis
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

In A treatise of algebra Wallis proposed no fewer than ten geometric representations of complex numbers. In the first of them he suggested that the construction of the geometric mean of two positive numbers, which gives rise to a sine (see 1.2.2), could be replaced by a similar construction for the mean of a positive and a negative number, giving rise to a tangent. An alternative construction (see below) led him to observe that representations of imaginary numbers must move away from the real line and out into the plane.
The Uses of Orthodoxy and Jacobean Erudition: Thomas James and the Bodleian Library
Authors: Nelles1 Paul
Published: November 2023

What was the Bodleian library for when it opened its doors in 1602? This question has gone more or less unasked: a university library explains itself. Scholarship on the Bodleian has long focused on the internal history of the library and the personality of its founder, Sir Thomas Bodley. It is only very recently that serious attention has been given to the immediate constituency for the library at Oxford and the wider complex of books, libraries, and scholarship of which the Bodleian was part. Regardless of Bodley’s own motives in founding the library – personal, intellectual, religious – as an institution the Bodleian had a life, as well as a librarian, of its own. How did the library function within the sphere of its community of users? What was its status as a public library both at Oxford and nationally? And what was its position within the spider’s web of religious, political and cultural motivations which entangled early Stuart rule? In considering many such questions, we may have recourse to the Bodleian’s wonderful embarrassment in the form of its first librarian, Thomas James. A scholar and rabid anti-papist, James frequently occupies an awkward position in treatments of the library. Though James was Bodley’s chosen librarian, modern discomfort with his extreme antiCatholicism – he eagerly chased down Jesuits in the Oxfordshire countryside – has allowed him to be gently excused from many accounts of the library’s history. Considered unbecoming of the worthy intentions of the library’s founder, James’s stridently polemical outlook fits poorly with modern ideas of the disinterested nature of a university library. Few, however, have looked beyond the bombast to consider the nature and purpose of James’s scholarship. The scholarly work James carried out as Bodley’s librarian affords a rare glimpse of the interaction of libraries, manuscripts, printed books, and the readers who used them.
Image and Representation in the Pottery of Magna Graecia*
Authors: Lissarrague François
Published: November 2023

Oliver Taplin’s recent book Pots and Plays has revisited in masterly fashion the vase painting of Magna Graecia as it is related to the tragic theatre. It has moved the debate on from the entrenched positions of two scholarly camps in radical opposition. On one side the ‘philodramatists’, who see a strong link between pottery and theatrical representation –– an approach from classical philologists’ attempt to reconstruct lost tragedies with the aid of images, and reaching its climax in the already outdated collection of Trendall and Webster, with the significant title Illustrations of Greek Drama. On the other side the iconocentrics who deny any relationship between these two types of representation, and preserve the universe of potters and painters as a world apart. In this debate, it is as well not to confuse Attic production with that of the workshops of Magna Graecia; to be sure there are initial continuities between Attic and Lucanian pottery, for example, and people have sometimes confused the Niobid and Pisticci Painters, but the traditions diverge very quickly, and the Apulian and Campanian repertoires do not exactly follow those of Athens.
Can the Odyssey Ever be Tragic? Historical Perspectives on the Theatrical Realization of Greek Epic
Authors: Hall Edith
Published: November 2023

In one of the modern senses of the term, the most ‘tragic’ reading to which the Odyssey has ever been subjected was that of Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer. It formed a central thesis of their collaborative Dialektik der Aufklärung (The Dialectic of Enlightenment), first published in North America in the dark days of 1944. They saw the world as increasingly irrational, and sought to activate every resource made available through philosophical reasoning, but simultaneously identified the deadly role played by reason in the creation of humankind’s problems, at least in the form of means-end calculations and the specious objectivity of ideologically motivated science. When they mapped out the genealogy of the dark underbelly of Western rationality, it was the voyage of Odysseus which they selected for their allegorical case study, thus tracing the destructive potential of reason to the Odyssey, one of the earliest charter texts of Western identity and culture. They argued that this ‘Odyssean’rationality inevitably represses singularity and difference, symbolized by (amongst other things) the mistreatment of the Cyclops. Reason offers humans unhoped-for success in dominating nature through scientific and intellectual advancements, but inevitably leads to the domination of some men by others, and of most women by most men. The Frankfurt School, then, in identifying the Odyssey as the founding text of imperialism, capitalism, and fascism, certainly allocated it an incomparably tragic role within cultural history.
Urne-Buriall, Cultural Difference, and the Question of Jewish Readmission
Authors: Guibbory Achsah
Published: November 2023

A remarkable generosity of spirit pervades Browne’s survey of the burial customs in Urne-Buriall (1658). A tendency towards inclusivity and a preference for ‘flexible’ definitions (or to put it a different way, his reluctance to draw firm boundaries) characterize much of his writing. We see these qualities in the opening sections of Religio Medici (1643), and even in the skeptical Pseudodoxia Epidemica (1646), which seeks to determine ‘vulgar errors’ in popular beliefs but is often inconclusive.
Variation in Complementation to Impersonal verba declarandiin Greek Papyri from the Roman and Byzantine Periods
Authors: James Patrick
Published: November 2023

Grammars and studies of Koine Greek1 have shown that the impersonal constructions with Hult's study of fifth-century literary and Christian texts concluded that the distribution of personal and impersonal constructions was a reflection of a difference of register.4 The personal construction was retained in the more literary styles as a distinguishing feature. However, the impersonal constructions, as the unmarked of the two options, predominated in those texts which were written in a more colloquial style.
Romanes eunt domus!Linguistic Aspects of the Sub-Literary Latin in Pompeian Wall Inscriptions*
Authors: Kruschwitz Peter
Published: November 2023

The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in ad 79 caused sudden and painful death, the destruction of some 10,000 people living in the Campanian settlements of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabiae, and Oplontis. Poisonous gases, stones dropping from the sky, and fire all of a sudden withdrew the basis for human life and existence in this area, causing panic, flight, and desperation. Yet those people ‘s gruesome death has ironically afforded us a unique opportunity to learn something about the civic life and the material culture of Roman antiquity from an almost lifelike photographic image 1. And indeed the excavations of the Vesuvian cities brought to light many fascinating things. Not least among them is a corpus of more During the ‘Buried Linguistic Treasure ‘ conference (Christ Church, Oxford, 2006) I received numerous very helpful suggestions on a version of this treatment, for which I am grateful. I should especially like to thank Jim Adams and Hilla Hallaaho for their comments on earlier versions, and John Lee and Trevor Evans for correcting the English. For all remaining inconsistencies and errors my resistance to better advice is to blame.
Crates
Authors: Costa C D N
Published: November 2023

You must know how distressed I was to learn that Diogenes had been captured by pirates, and I would still be feeling the same way if one of the prisoners had not been ransomed and come to Athens. But as it is, this man on his arrival relieved me by his account of how Diogenes ’bore the disaster easily, so much so that once, when the pirates were neglecting us, he said to them, "Here, you, what are you up to? If you were tak­ing pigs to market, you would look after them so they would fetch you a better price when sold; but you are ignoring us, though you intend to sell us too like pigs. 2.
Chion
Authors: Costa C D N
Published: November 2023

I am very grateful to the winds for delaying me and forcing me to stay awhile at Byzantium, though at first being in a hurry I was angry with them. In fact it was worth staying even longer there for the opportunity it gave of seeing Xenophon, the pupil of Socrates. This Xenophon is one of the Greeks who served as an ally of Cyrus in the expedition against Artaxerxes. At first he simply served under one of the generals, doing nothing of special note beyond a soldier’s duty, though personally esteemed by Cyrus. But after Cyrus was killed in the first battle and the Greek generals were beheaded in violation of the truce, he was chosen as general: his bravery as well as his intelligence seemed to make him the most likely to secure deliverance for the Greeks. Nor did he disappoint their hopes, but he brought his little band safely through the heart of enemy territory, though every day he had to encamp close to the king’s commanders.
The Medical Woman between Folk Tradition and Philosophy
Authors: Flemming Rebecca
Published: November 2023

It is a varied assortment of texts which come under scrutiny in this chapter; none the less, the features they share make their juxtaposition productive. The literary works of members of the Roman aristocracy rub shoulders with those of Greek freed men, favoured court physicians, and an ex-soldier, as well as those claiming to be written by kings or dictated by gods. Each was composed at a particular point within a wider pattern of complex cultural interactions. None the less, almost all these texts were written primarily for the same audience, the edu cated elite of the Roman empire as it was concentrated in its capital, though some of their authors do so from inside that elite and others from a more or less distant outside. All were also attempting to organize and present forms of medical knowledge, drawing for the main part on the traditions of Hellenistic iatrike again, either from somewhere within those traditions themselves, or somewhere outside them. Woman is caught up in this exchange, is part of these projects, in a number of different ways.
Sects and the Medical Woman
Authors: Flemming Rebecca
Published: November 2023

The original hairesis, that of the empirikoi, and the more recent, but just as committed hairesis of the methodikoi, remained robustly intact in the early Roman empire. Empiricist medical writing, however, is only fragmentarily preserved in the works of others, and only one substantial methodist treatise is extant. Instead, the largest group of texts surviving from this period locate themselves firmly in the rationalist tradition, but generically rather than specifically, and implicitly rather than explicitly.1 The distinct and divergent theoretical lineages-such as the Herophilean or Erasistratean schools-onto which rationalism was foisted by their rivals, seem to have dissolved into a much broader and looser familial grouping, still reluctant to embrace the label logikoi for themselves, though happy to apply it to their antecedents. Living lines of orthodoxy have been replaced by a common canon of ancient authorities. A shared theoretical framework has been assembled, or perhaps arrived at by process of accretion and assimilation, from all these sources, and some others. The internal aetiological singularity of the pathology of, for example, Herophilus or Erasistratus, has been superseded by a multifactorial analysis. Doctrinal irreconcilability has become difference of emphasis.
Women, Power, and Knowledge in the World of Galen ‘s Works
Authors: Flemming Rebecca
Published: November 2023

At the core of Galen ‘s literary project, as with those of the other medical authors of this period, is the public articulation of the authoritative version of the art of medicine, this authority deriving from the ideal constitution, and conjunction, of both the art and its author/practitioner. For Galen the best constitution of the art is a relatively straightforward, and essentially teleological, matter. However, the body of knowledge he considers requisite to that telos is vast and elaborately regulated, both epistemologically and methodologically.
Strabo and Space
Authors: Clarke Katherine
Published: November 2023

My third and final example of the all-encompassing ethnographical, geographical, historical works written in the late Hellenistic period in response to Roman imperialism is the Geography of Strabo. Since I shall not turn to the Geography as a complete project until chapter VI, a very brief introduction of Strabo and his writings may be helpful at this stage. I hope that it will become apparent that any attempt to give a neat biography of Strabo and a summary of his projects is open to debate and qualification, but I shall nevertheless offer some contextualization and give a framework of the Geography, which has survived almost intact. Strabo came from Amaseia, a Greek city in Pontus, and lived probably from the 6os BC to the 20s AD. Belonging to a family which had enjoyed close connections with the Mithridatic dynasty, Strabo also, like Polybius and Posidonius, had access to the Roman élite, and accompanied Aelius Gallus on his Egyptian expedition of the mid-2os BC. He was thus caught between, or was rather a participant in, two worlds, the Greek and the Roman, and I shall argue that this complex identity is reflected in the geographical and historical conceptions which guide his description of the world.
Strabo’s Universalism: Geography, History, Rewriting the Roman World
Authors: Clarke Katherine
Published: November 2023

In the two preceding chapters I considered Strabo’s use of time and space as two separate matrices. However, as I discussed in chapter I, such divisions and even the very notions of absolute entities of time and space are contentious, and both chapters IV and V exemplify this point. Strabo’s concepts and applications of time and space added up to a single work in which the world was described, as it existed, against both matrices simultaneously. In this chapter I wish to reunite them and to examine Strabo’s notion of γ ϵ ω γ ρ α ϕ í α (geography) as a phenomenon that confounds the categories of geography and history, and of time and space. I argue also that Strabo’s geographical project was a fitting product of his specific location in time and space. Firstly, however, I begin the reunion by showing how Strabo’s text reveals the mutually influential nature of geographical and historical processes; the progress of time affects space, and the space of the world influences the course of history.
Stealing Apollo’s Lyre: Muses and Poetic αθλa in Apollonius’ Argonautica 3
Authors: Spentzou Efrossini
Published: November 2023

Following more closely the Muses’ descent from Helicon, as discussed and assumed in a preliminary way in the Introductory chapter, this essay addresses Medea as a human muse-figure working her way through Book 3 of the Argonautica. It thus joins those other contributions to this volume which also have human muses as their subject-matter,1 in a common attempt to shed light on the complex ways inspiration and creativity can work, once they cease to be expertly administered by divine purveyors and are left in the hands of wandering and erring mortals. In this sense, my approach takes a distinctively different direc tion from the one taken in a recent article on Medea as a muse figure by Dolores O’Higgins, even though it has found the insight into Medea’s ‘potential dangerousness’ that the latter offers very suggestive. In her essay, O’Higgins also sees Medea, this time in Pindar’s Pythian 4, as a muse surrogate but her focus is different.
The Muse Unruly and Dead: Acanthis in Propertius 4.5
Authors: Janan Micaela
Published: November 2023

The readings contained in this volume represent a collective effort to listen ‘against the grain’ for the voice of the alternative, much-doubted Muse that murmurs quietly, though persistently, in ancient literature. Encouraged by this collective ambition, I, too, interest myself in resis tant readings of the Muse’s representation—the places where she waxes larger than mere “handmaid” to the male poet’s work, and becomes his dissentient alter ego. The Augustan elegist Propertius introduces just such an irregular Muse in his fourth book of poems when he brings on-stage in Elegy 4. 5 an old bawd named Acanthis; she counsels his mistress Cynthia to provide against a decrepit old age, and to maximize her youthful economic gain, by strategically cultivating rivalries among wealthy admirers.1
Lex and Iussio: The Feriale Campanum and Christianity in the Theodosian Age
Authors: Trout Dennis E
Published: November 2023

In the late summer or autumn of the year 384, the Urban Prefect Q. Aurelius Symmachus forwarded from Rome to Milan a relatio requesting the restoration of the Altar of Victory to the senate-house and the renewal of imperial subsidies for Rome’s priestly colleges. Although the position of the emperor Valentinian II (375-92) was insecure-his elder brother, Gratian (367-83), had been killed at Lyon the year before and the usurper Magnus Maximus (383-8) now controlled Gaul and Spain-Milan’s forceful bishop, Ambrose, persuaded Valentinian to deny the prefect’s request.1 Three years later, in the summer of 387, Maximus led his army from Gaul into northern Italy and Valentinian’s court took refuge with the emperor Theodosius I (379-95) in the east. The following summer, Theodosius himself marched west, defeated Maximus, and reinstated Valentinian. Theodosius then stayed on in Italy for three years, not returning east until mid-391.
Welcoming a New Child
Authors: Rawson Beryl
Published: November 2023

PROCREATION of children was the explicit aim of Roman marriage (Gellius 4. 3. 2, 1. 6; Treggiari 1991: 3-13). This was a wife’s prime duty and her husband’s prime expectation of her. We have no direct evidence about what a woman expected of marriage, but the public expectation must have strongly coloured her private expectation. This did not, however, exclude sentiment. A proper marriage had to involve partners’ intention to regard each other as husband and wife, not as fleeting partners in a merely sexual or reproductive exercise. Even when partners were not eligible for a formal Roman marriage (matrimonium) they borrowed much of the language and symbolism of that institution; and family bonds, affection, and expectations are often attested for what might be called de facto unions (B. Rawson 1966, 1974).
Education
Authors: Rawson Beryl
Published: November 2023

‘EoucATION’ is here interpreted broadly. Details of the rhetorical education of upper-class adolescent boys are well known and they go some way to answering the question of how children were socialized and trained to fill a role in society, to deal with relationships, and to achieve intellectual and personal development. But they tell us little about younger children, girls, the lower classes, or slaves. We thus need to look also at schooling at all levels, formal and informal education in the home, apprenticeship, other forms of practical experience and role-modelling, and experience in the public sphere. We need too to understand something of the cultural milieu which provided the context for all this.
Introduction
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: November 2023

This is a book about the Greek literary culture of the period from the mid-first to the early third century of the common era (CE), the revival of Classicizing ideals that modern scholars often call the ‘Second Sophistic’ .1 It seeks to analyse the various associations between ‘Greek literature’ and ‘the Roman empire’. Although my title echoes that of Bowersock’s influential Greek sophists in the Roman empire, I have forgone any preposition marking the relationship between the two. Greek literature was not, in my view, ‘in’ or ‘under’ (i.e. contained by, subsumed by) Rome; nor, for that matter, was it ‘above’ or ‘beyond’. Rather, it is the dynamic and mutually productive (and at times destructive) relationship between the two phenomena that forms my central area of interest. ‘And’, which equivocates between conjunction (‘man and wife’) and disjunction (‘chalk and cheese’) seems the most appropriate marker of that complex reciprocity.
Education: Strategies of Self-Making
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter discussed the multiple ways in which mimetic literature can be used to construct or challenge cultural links with the past. In this chapter, I wish to broaden the focus, so as to encompass the litterateur him- or her- (but as a rule him-) self. That is to say, I wish to consider the question of what sort of individual identity accrues to the pepaideumenos, the ‘educated’ man (or woman). Several fine studies already exist dealing with the social implications of the practice of education in this period,and the aim of this chapter is neither to retread familiar ground nor to challenge the general picture that education provided a central means whereby young subjects were implicated into a system of hierarchical difference. Instead, I propose to deal with the intellectual responses to the identity-forming aspects of paideia among contemporary Greeks. As we shall see, there is a continuity of concerns between this chapter and the previous one: debates concerning power, cultural continuity, and social stability permeate discussions of the mimetic processes that lead to the formation of both literature and litterateur.
Soka Gakkai in Historical Perspective
Authors: Tamaru Noriyoshi
Published: November 2023

ALONG with the accelerated trends toward “globalization” the postwar years, many religious groups have developed extensive missionary activities in areas outside their home countries. Japanese religions are no exception to this, and the Soka Gakkai International (SGI) may be regarded as a typical example of a successful overseas mission conducted during the last few decades of the twentieth century. Formally established in 1975, it is now estimated to have branches in more than a hundred countries or areas, and counts a considerable number of non-Japanese members. Of the religious groups stemming from Japan, it is certainly among the very few to have acquired a multinational character.
Introduction
Authors: Luraghi Nino
Published: November 2023

BEFORE leaving the reader to find her or his own way through the essays which compose this book, it might be useful to explain in a few lines how and why they came into being. The workshop they originate from was conceived as an attempt to improve our understanding of early Greek historiography from a specific view point, that of its background in Greek culture and society. Oswyn Murray’s seminal work on the relationship of Herodotus and oral tradition, reprinted here, was the starting-point for the definition of the set of questions which were initially posed to the participants in the workshop. In fact, Murray’s interpretation of the Histories as a work based on oral tradition, rather than simply composed using oral sources, suggests new questions about the nature of such a work and about its embeddedness in the culture and society of its times. At the same time, it asks for further reflections on the role of the past and on the function of knowledge about the past in fifth-century Greece. The present collection of essays seeks to explore the perspectives opened by such an approach.