bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Imported Frozen Fish Scomber scombrus Species Sold in Nigeria: A Case Study in Zaria Metropolis
Authors: Abubakar Abdullahi , Uzairu Adamu , Ekwumemgbo Patricia Adamma , Okunola Oluwole Joshua
Published: January 2015

This study assesses the likely health risks to human contamination of heavy metals from fish consumption. The analysis of the idea of fish destination and status (fishing area) for heavy metals was determined by the assessment of its risk limits (daily intake of metal and health risk index). Variations in the accumulation of heavy metals concentrations were between various tissues/organs (skin, muscle, gills, liver, intestine, kidneys, brain, and bones) across the batches of two fishing origins. Post hoc (Duncan) multicomparison shows that there are significant differences (P<0.05) across batches. The concentrations of heavy metals analyzed, in the investigated tissues of Scomber scombrus, showed higher levels of heavy metals accumulations in the order: Fe>Hg>Pb>Cd>Ni and were above the recommended safety limits outlined by FAO/WHO. However, the consumer’s health risk with the consumption of fish muscles tissues shows that there are greater tendencies for cadmium, lead, and mercury exposure. Also consumption of Scomber scombrus species above the recommended daily intake (stated in this study) might lead to ingestion of heavy metals at unacceptable concentrations.
Impact of Viral Activators and Epigenetic Regulators on HIV-1 LTRs Containing Naturally Occurring Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Authors: Shah Sonia , Pirrone Vanessa , Alexaki Aikaterini , Nonnemacher Michael R. , Wigdahl Brian
Published: January 2015

Following human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integration into host cell DNA, the viral promoter can become transcriptionally silent in the absence of appropriate signals and factors. HIV-1 gene expression is dependent on regulatory elements contained within the long terminal repeat (LTR) that drive the synthesis of viral RNAs and proteins through interaction with multiple host and viral factors. Previous studies identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) site I and Sp site III (3T, C-to-T change at position 3, and 5T, C-to-T change at position 5 of the binding site, respectively, when compared to the consensus B sequence) that are low affinity binding sites and correlate with more advanced stages of HIV-1 disease. Stably transfected cell lines containing the wild type, 3T, 5T, and 3T5T LTRs were developed utilizing bone marrow progenitor, T, and monocytic cell lines to explore the LTR phenotypes associated with these genotypic changes from an integrated chromatin-based microenvironment. Results suggest that in nonexpressing cell clones LTR-driven gene expression occurs in a SNP-specific manner in response to LTR activation or treatment with trichostatin A treatment, indicating a possible cell type and SNP-specific mechanism behind the epigenetic control of LTR activation.
Fukui Function Analysis and Optical, Electronic, and Vibrational Properties of Tetrahydrofuran and Its Derivatives: A Complete Quantum Chemical Study
Authors: Dwivedi Apoorva , Baboo Vikas , Bajpai Abhishek
Published: January 2015

The spectroscopic, optical, and electronic properties of tetrahydrofuran and its derivatives were investigated by FTIR techniques. We have done a comparative study of tetrahydrofuran and its derivatives with B3LYP with 6-311 G (d, p) as the basis set. Here we have done a relative study of their structures, vibrational assignments, and thermal, electronic, and optical properties of ttetrahydrofuran and its derivatives. We have plotted frontier orbital HOMO-LUMO surfaces and molecular electrostatic potential surfaces to explain the reactive nature of tetrahydrofuran and its derivatives.
A Rare Stapes Abnormality
Authors: Kanona Hala , Virk Jagdeep Singh , Kumar Gaurav , Chawda Sanjiv , Khalil Sherif
Published: January 2015

The aim of this study is to increase awareness of rare presentations, diagnostic difficulties alongside management of conductive hearing loss and ossicular abnormalities. We report the case of a 13-year-old female reporting progressive left-sided hearing loss and high resolution computed tomography was initially reported as normal. Exploratory tympanotomy revealed an absent stapedius tendon and lack of connection between the stapes superstructure and footplate. The footplate was fixed. Stapedotomy and stapes prosthesis insertion resulted in closure of the air-bone gap by 50 dB. A review of world literature was performed using MedLine. Middle ear ossicular discontinuity can result in significant conductive hearing loss. This can be managed effectively with surgery to help restore hearing. However, some patients may not be suitable or decline surgical intervention and can be managed safely conservatively.
Efficacy and Safety of Miltefosine in Treatment of Post‐Kala‐Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis
Authors: Sundar Shyam , Singh Anup , Chakravarty Jaya , Rai Madhukar
Published: January 2015

Background. Long regimens for the treatment of post‐kala‐azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) result in noncompliance. A safe, effective, and acceptable regimen for the treatment of PKDL is still to be developed. Miltefosine has been found to be effective in the treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). Hence, its efficacy was tested in patients of PKDL. Methods. In this exploratory study, 33 patients with PKDL aged 10 years and above were administered miltefosine (50 mg for those weighing <25 kg or 100 mg in divided doses for those ≥25 kg and 2.5 mg per kg for children) for 12 weeks and followed up for one year to find out the efficacy. Results. Out of 33 patients, 3 patients withdrew consent. Treatment was stopped due to adverse effect in 1 patient. 28 (96.6%) got cured with complete disappearance of lesion while 1 patient (3.4%) failed treatment by protocol analysis. Conclusion. Miltefosine was found to be effective and safe in the treatment of PKDL.
An Existence Theorem for Fractional q‐Difference Inclusions with Nonlocal Substrip Type Boundary Conditions
Authors: Alsaedi Ahmed , Ntouyas Sotiris K. , Ahmad Bashir
Published: January 2015

By employing a nonlinear alternative for contractive maps, we investigate the existence of solutions for a boundary value problem of fractional q‐difference inclusions with nonlocal substrip type boundary conditions. The main result is illustrated with the aid of an example.
Application of Synthetic Storm Technique for Diurnal and Seasonal Variation of Slant Path Ka-Band Rain Attenuation Time Series over a Subtropical Location in South Africa
Authors: Ojo J. S. , Owolawi P. A.
Published: January 2015

As technology advances and more demands are on satellite services, rain-induced attenuation still creates one of the most damaging effects of the atmosphere on the quality of radio communication signals, especially those operating above 10 GHz. System designers therefore require statistical information on rain-induced attenuation over the coverage area in order to determine the appropriate transmitter and receiver characteristics to be adopted. This paper presents results on the time-varying rain characterization and diurnal variation of slant path rain attenuation in the Ka-band frequency simulated with synthetic storm techniques over a subtropical location in South Africa using 10-year rain rate time-series data. The analysis is based on the CDF of one-minute rain rate; time-series seasonal variation of rain rate observed over four time intervals: 00:00–06:00, 06:00–12:00, 12:00–18:00, and 18:00–24:00; diurnal fades margin; and diurnal variation of rain attenuation. Comparison was also made between the synthesized values and measured attenuation data. The predicted statistics are in good agreement with those obtained from the propagation beacon measurement in the area. The overall results will be needed for an acceptable planning that can effectively reduce the fade margin to a very low value for an optimum data communication over this area.
Aberrant Hypermethylation of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Promoter Upstream Sequence in Rats with Experimental Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Wang Peng , Shen Cheng , Diao Lei , Yang Zhiyin , Fan Fan , Wang Cong , Liu Xiangwei , Sun Xiaolei , Dong Zhen , Zhu Hong , Ma Xin , Cao Quan , Zhao Xiaona , Ma Duan , Zou Yunzeng , Hu Kai , Sun Aijun , Ge Junbo
Published: January 2015

Background. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) plays a crucial role in myocardial protection against ischemia. Downregulation of ALDH2 was evidenced after myocardial infarction and the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. DNA methylation can regulate gene transcription in epigenetic level. We thus hypothesized that DNA methylation may affect ALDH2 expression in myocardial infarction (MI).Methods. MI was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats. MI border zone tissues were harvested at 1st week, 2nd week, and 3rd week after MI. Bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) was performed to detect the methylation levels of ALDH2 core promoter. Sequenom MassARRAY platform (MassARRAY) was used to examine the methylation levels of ALDH2 promoter upstream sequence. ALDH2 protein and mRNA expression were assayed by Western blot and real-time PCR, respectively.Results. Compared with Sham group, ALDH2 protein and mRNA expression of MI groups was significantly downregulated. Compared with Sham group, DNA methylation level of CpG sites in ALDH2 promoter upstream sequence was significantly higher in MI groups in a time-dependent manner (CpG1, CpG2, and CpG7,P<0.01). DNA methylation did not affect ALDH2 core promoter sequence during the progress of MI. No significant difference was detected in DNA methylation level of ALDH2 promoter upstream sequence among MI groups.Conclusion. Aberrant hypermethylation of CpG sites in ALDH2 promoter upstream sequence is associated with myocardial ischemia injury and may partly result in ALDH2 downregulation after MI.
Does More Education Always Lead to Better Health? Evidence from Rural Malaysia
Authors: Leeves Gareth , Soyiri Ireneous
Published: January 2015

Background. Education is usually associated with improvement in health; there is evidence that this may not be the case if education is not fully utilised at work. This study examines the relationship between education level, occupation, and health outcomes of individuals in rural Malaysia.Results. The study finds that the incidence of chronic diseases and high blood pressure are higher for tertiary educated individuals in agriculture and construction occupations. This brings these individuals into more frequent contact with the health system. These occupations are marked with generally lower levels of education and contain fewer individuals with higher levels of education.Conclusions. Education is not always associated with better health outcomes. In certain occupations, greater education seems related to increased chronic disease and contact with the health system, which is the case for workers in agriculture in rural Malaysia. Agriculture is the largest sector of employment in rural Malaysia but with relatively few educated individuals. For the maintenance and sustainability of productivity in this key rural industry, health monitoring and job enrichment policies should be encouraged by government agencies to be part of the agenda for employers in these sectors.
AITSO: A Tool for Spatial Optimization Based on Artificial Immune Systems
Authors: Zhao Xiang , Liu Yaolin , Liu Dianfeng , Ma Xiaoya
Published: January 2015

A great challenge facing geocomputation and spatial analysis is spatial optimization, given that it involves various high-dimensional, nonlinear, and complicated relationships. Many efforts have been made with regard to this specific issue, and the strong ability of artificial immune system algorithms has been proven in previous studies. However, user-friendly professional software is still unavailable, which is a great impediment to the popularity of artificial immune systems. This paper describes a free, universal tool, named AITSO, which is capable of solving various optimization problems. It provides a series of standard application programming interfaces (APIs) which can (1) assist researchers in the development of their own problem-specific application plugins to solve practical problems and (2) allow the implementation of some advanced immune operators into the platform to improve the performance of an algorithm. As an integrated, flexible, and convenient tool, AITSO contributes to knowledge sharing and practical problem solving. It is therefore believed that it will advance the development and popularity of spatial optimization in geocomputation and spatial analysis.
Quantitative Analysis Linking Inner Hair Cell Voltage Changes and Postsynaptic Conductance Change: A Modelling Study
Authors: Prokopiou Andreas N. , Drakakis Emm. M.
Published: January 2015

This paper presents a computational model which estimates the postsynaptic conductance change of mammalian Type I afferent peripheral process when airborne acoustic waves impact on the tympanic membrane. A model of the human auditory periphery is used to estimate the inner hair cell potential change in response to airborne sound. A generic and tunable topology of the mammalian synaptic ribbon is generated and the voltage dependence of its substructures is used to calculate discrete and probabilistic neurotransmitter vesicle release. Results suggest an almost linear relationship between increasing sound level (in dB SPL) and the postsynaptic conductance for frequencies considered too high for neurons to phase lock with (i.e., a few kHz). Furthermore coordinated vesicle release is shown for up to 300–400 Hz and a mechanism of phase shifting the subharmonic content of a stimulating signal is suggested. Model outputs suggest that strong onset response and highly synchronised multivesicular release rely on compound fusion of ribbon tethered vesicles.
DT2008: A Promising New Genetic Resource for Improved Drought Tolerance in Soybean When Solely Dependent on Symbiotic N2Fixation
Authors: Sulieman Saad , Ha Chien Van , Nasr Esfahani Maryam , Watanabe Yasuko , Nishiyama Rie , Pham Chung Thi Bao , Nguyen Dong Van , Tran Lam-Son Phan
Published: January 2015

Water deficit is one of the major constraints for soybean production in Vietnam. The soybean breeding research efforts conducted at the Agriculture Genetics Institute (AGI) of Vietnam resulted in the development of promising soybean genotypes, suitable for the drought-stressed areas in Vietnam and other countries. Such a variety, namely, DT2008, was recommended by AGI and widely used throughout the country. The aim of this work was to assess the growth of shoots, roots, and nodules of DT2008 versus Williams 82 (W82) in response to drought and subsequent rehydration in symbiotic association as a means to provide genetic resources for genomic research. Better shoot, root, and nodule growth and development were observed in the cultivar DT2008 under sufficient, water deficit, and recovery conditions. Our results represent a good foundation for further comparison of DT2008 and W82 at molecular levels using high throughput omic technologies, which will provide huge amounts of data, enabling us to understand the genetic network involved in regulation of soybean responses to water deficit and increasing the chances of developing drought-tolerant cultivars.
Management of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations: From Diagnosis to Treatment
Authors: Mouchtouris Nikolaos , Chalouhi Nohra , Chitale Ameet , Starke Robert M. , Tjoumakaris Stavropoula I. , Rosenwasser Robert H. , Jabbour Pascal M.
Published: January 2015

Cerebral cavernous malformations are the most common vascular malformations and can be found in many locations in the brain. If left untreated, cavernomas may lead to intracerebral hemorrhage, seizures, focal neurological deficits, or headaches. As they are angiographically occult, their diagnosis relies on various MR imaging techniques, which detect different characteristics of the lesions as well as aiding in planning the surgical treatment. The clinical presentation and the location of the lesion are the most important factors involved in determining the optimal course of treatment of cavernomas. We concisely review the literature and discuss the advantages and limitations of each of the three available methods of treatment—microsurgical resection, stereotactic radiosurgery, and conservative management—depending on the lesion characteristics.
Computer-Aided Quantification of Interstitial Lung Disease from High Resolution Computed Tomography Images in Systemic Sclerosis: Correlation with Visual Reader-Based Score and Physiologic Tests
Authors: Salaffi Fausto , Carotti Marina , Bosello Silvia , Ciapetti Alessandro , Gutierrez Marwin , Bichisecchi Elisabetta , Giuseppetti Gianmarco , Ferraccioli Gianfranco
Published: January 2015

Objective.To evaluate the performance of a computerized-aided method (CaM) for quantification of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients with systemic sclerosis and to determine its correlation with the conventional visual reader-based score (CoVR) and the pulmonary function tests (PFTs).Methods.Seventy-nine patients were enrolled. All patients underwent chest high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scored by two radiologists adopting the CoVR. All HRCT images were then analysed by a CaM using a DICOM software. The relationships among the lung segmentation analysis, the readers, and the PFTs results were calculated using linear regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation. Receiver operating curve analysis was performed for determination of CaM extent threshold.Results.A strong correlation between CaM and CoVR was observed (P<0.0001). The CaM showed a significant negative correlation with forced vital capacity (FVC) (P<0.0001) and the single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lung (DLco) (P<0.0001). A CaM optimal extent threshold of 20% represented the best compromise between sensitivity (75.6%) and specificity (97.4%).Conclusions.CaM quantification of SSc-ILD can be useful in the assessment of extent of lung disease and may provide reliable tool in daily clinical practice and clinical trials.
Emergency Pneumonectomy: A Life-Saving Measure for Severe Recurrent Hemoptysis in Tuberculosis Cavitary Lesion
Authors: Patel Ravisagar , Singh Abhinav , Mathur Rajendra Mohan , Sisodiya Anula
Published: January 2015

Hemoptysis constitutes a common and urgent medical problem. Swift and effective management is of crucial importance, especially in severe, life-threatening cases. Because of bronchial artery or a branch of pulmonary artery erosion due to cavitary infiltration, bronchiectasis, fungus ball, broncholithiasis, or destroyed lung, the bleeding can lead to highly compromised gas exchange or sometimes can be a life-threatening situation. Chest computerized tomography and bronchoscopy remain the methods of choice for lateralization of the disease. Some patients can be treated successfully with endobronchial interventions. Bronchial artery embolization can be rewarding in some patients but the recurrence rate is higher in tuberculosis than other etiologies of hemoptysis. Surgical resection of the lung, mainly lobectomy, remains a life-saving procedure but it should be performed very selectively to avoid higher postoperative morbidity and mortality.
Clinical Comparison of QUANTA Flash dsDNA Chemiluminescent Immunoassay with Four Current Assays for the Detection of Anti-dsDNA Autoantibodies
Authors: Infantino Maria , Meacci Francesca , Bentow Chelsea , Martis Peter , Benucci Maurizio , Afeltra Antonella , Rigon Amelia , Atzeni Fabiola , Sarzi-Puttini Piercarlo , Manfredi Mariangela , Mahler Michael
Published: January 2015

Introduction. The objective of the present study was to compare QUANTA Flash dsDNA, a chemiluminescent immunoassay (CIA) on the BIO-FLASH, a rapid-response chemiluminescent analyzer, to three other anti-dsDNA antibody assays and to Crithidia luciliae indirect immunofluorescence test (CLIFT). Methods. In the first part of the study, 161 samples, 61 from patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 100 from a disease control group, were tested by QUANTA Flash dsDNA CIA, QUANTA Lite dsDNA SC ELISA, BioPlex 2200 multiplex flow immunoassay (MFI), ImmuLisa dsDNA ELISA, and NOVA Lite CLIFT. A second cohort of 69 SLE patients was then tested by QUANTA Flash dsDNA and CLIFT to expand the study. Results. The overall qualitative agreements varied between 77.0% (NOVA Lite CLIFT versus QUANTA Lite) and 89.4% (ImmuLisa versus NOVA Lite CLIFT). The clinical sensitivities for the anti-dsDNA antibody tests varied from 8.2% (NOVA Lite CLIFT) to 54.1% (QUANTA Lite), while the clinical specificities varied from 88.0% (BioPlex 2200) to 100.0% (NOVA Lite CLIFT). Good correlation was found between QUANTA Flash dsDNA and NOVA Lite CLIFT. Conclusion. Significant variations among dsDNA methods were observed. QUANTA Flash dsDNA provides a good combination of sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of SLE and good agreement to CLIFT.
Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome due to a Vertebral Hemangioma and Postpartum Osteoporosis following Treatment
Authors: Elmadag Mehmet , Güzel Yunus , Uzer Gokcer , Tuncay İbrahim
Published: January 2015

In pregnancy, advanced vertebral hemangiomas may be seen, and these require treatment. The case reported here is of a 35-year-old female in the 32nd week of pregnancy who was admitted to the orthopaedics clinic with a history of backache and difficulty walking. A burst fracture of L1 associated with a vertebral hemangioma was identified with an L3 compression fracture secondary to osteoporosis. The local kyphosis angle between T12 and L2 was 27°. Kyphotic deformity was corrected and postoperatively, the measured T12–L2 local kyphotic angle was 9°. Twelve hours postoperatively, oral nutrition was allowed, but she developed nausea and vomiting and twenty-four hours postoperatively, an electrolyte imbalance developed. Postoperatively, the patient was diagnosed with superior mesenteric artery syndrome. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of superior mesenteric artery syndrome, which occurred following the correction of a kyphotic deformity that had developed secondary to an advanced hemangioma in pregnancy.
Fixed Point Theorems for Hybrid Mappings
Authors: Samreen Maria , Kamran Tayyab , Karapinar Erdal
Published: January 2015

We obtain some fixed point theorems for two pairs of hybrid mappings using hybrid tangential property and quadratic type contractive condition. Our results generalize some results by Babu and Alemayehu and those contained therein. In the sequel, we introduce a new notion to generalize occasionally weak compatibility. Moreover, two concrete examples are established to illuminate the generality of our results.
Pyrosequencing Reveals Fungal Communities in the Rhizosphere of Xinjiang Jujube
Authors: Liu Peng , Wang Xiao-Hui , Li Jian-Gui , Qin Wei , Xiao Cheng-Ze , Zhao Xu , Jiang Hong-Xia , Sui Jun-Kang , Sa Rong-Bo , Wang Wei-Yan , Liu Xun-Li
Published: January 2015

Fungi are important soil components as both decomposers and plant symbionts and play a major role in ecological and biogeochemical processes. However, little is known about the richness and structure of fungal communities. DNA sequencing technologies allow for the direct estimation of microbial community diversity, avoiding culture-based biases. We therefore used 454 pyrosequencing to investigate the fungal communities in the rhizosphere of Xinjiang jujube. We obtained no less than 40,488 internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA reads, the number of each sample was 6943, 6647, 6584, 6550, 6860, and 6904, and we used bioinformatics and multivariate statistics to analyze the results. The index of diversity showed greater richness in the rhizosphere fungal community of a 3-year-old jujube than in that of an 8-year-old jujube. Most operational taxonomic units belonged to Ascomycota, and taxonomic analyses identified Hypocreales as the dominant fungal order. Our results demonstrated that the fungal orders are present in different proportions in different sampling areas. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed a significant correlation between soil properties and the abundance of fungal phyla. Our results indicated lower fungal diversity in the rhizosphere of Xinjiang jujube than that reported in other studies, and we hope our findings provide a reference for future research.
A New Classification of Cochleovestibular Malformations and Implications for Predicting Speech Perception Ability after Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Jeong Sung-Wook , Kim Lee-Suk
Published: January 2015

Objectives: The aims of this study were to introduce a new classification of cochleovestibular malformation (CVM) and to investigate how well this classification can predict speech perception ability after cochlear implantation in children with CVM. Methods: Fifty-nine children with CVM who had used a cochlear implant for more than 3 years were included. CVM was classified into 4 subtypes based on the morphology of the cochlea and the modiolus on temporal bone computed tomography (TBCT): normal cochlea and normal modiolus (type A, n = 16), malformed cochlea and partial modiolus (type B, n = 31), malformed cochlea and no modiolus (type C, n = 6), and no cochlea and no modiolus (type D, n = 6). Speech perception test scores were compared between the subtypes of CVM using analysis of covariance with post hoc Bonferroni test. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to identify the significant predictors of the speech perception test scores. Results: The speech perception test scores after implantation were significantly better in children with CVM type A or type B than in children with CVM type C or type D. The test scores did not differ significantly between the implanted children with CVM type A or type B and those without CVM. In univariate regression analysis, the type of CVM was a significant predictor of the speech perception test scores in implanted children with CVM. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the age at cochlear implantation, cochlear nerve size and preimplantation speech perception test scores were significant predictors of the postimplantation speech perception test scores. The chance of cochlear nerve deficiency increased progressively from CVM type A to type D. Conclusion: The new classification of CVM based on the morphology of the cochlea and the modiolus is simple and easy to use, and correlated well with postimplantation speech perception ability and cochlear nerve status. This simple classification of CVM using TBCT with cochlear nerve assessment by magnetic resonance imaging is helpful in the preoperative evaluation of children with CVM.
Long-Term Efficacy, Safety and Drug Survival of Ustekinumab in a Spanish Cohort of Patients with Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis
Authors: Puig Lluís , Ruiz-Salas Veronica
Published: January 2015

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of ustekinumab in clinical practice and the influence of several variables on response rates as well as on drug survival. Methods: Retrospectively collected efficacy and safety data of a cohort of 67 consecutive patients treated with ustekinumab for moderate to severe psoriasis for at least 28 weeks and a maximum of 3 years. Drug survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test. Results: PASI75 response rates were numerically higher in patients treated with 45 mg and patients naïve to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-blocking agents, at all time points. Drug survival was not significantly affected by any variable. Conclusion: Male sex, weight >100 kg, obesity, and previous failure of one or more TNF inhibitors were associated with a diminished response to treatment. Obesity or previous exposure to anti-TNF agents was not associated with a diminished drug survival in this Spanish cohort.
Aortic Arch Calcification Predicts Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Komatsu Mizuki , Okazaki Masayuki , Tsuchiya Ken , Kawaguchi Hiroshi , Nitta Kosaku
Published: January 2015

Background/Aim: Vascular calcification is associated with cardiovascular risk in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Previous reports have shown that simple assessment of aortic arch calcification (AoAC) using plain radiography is associated with cardiovascular mortality in the general population. We conducted a prospective study to investigate factors associated with the presence at baseline and progression of AoAC in MHD patients and examined its prognostic value in a short-term outcome. Methods: We prospectively evaluated chest X-rays in 301 asymptomatic MHD patients. The extent of AoAC was divided into three Grades (0, 1, 2+3). Demographic data including age, gender, dialysis vintage, co-morbidity and biochemical data were assessed and the patients were then followed for 3 years. Results: AoAC was observed in 126 patients (41.9%) as Grade 0, in 112 patients (37.2%) as Grade 1, and in 63 patients (20.9%) as Grade 2 and 3 at baseline. An increase in the severity of calcification was associated with older male patients who had lower serum albumin levels. During the follow-up period of 3 years, multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that high-grade calcification was associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Patients with AoAC were associated with a worse outcome in survival analysis and the grade of AAC also influenced their survival. Moreover, all-cause death rates were significantly higher in the progression groups than in the non-progression groups. Conclusions: The presence and progression of AoAC assessed by chest X-ray were independently associated with mortality in MHD patients. Regular follow-up by chest X-ray could be a simple and useful method to stratify mortality risk in MHD patients.
Dialysis Dose and Risk Factors for Death Among ESRD Patients Treated with Twice-Weekly Hemodialysis: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Panaput Thanachai , Thinkhamrop Bandit , Domrongkitchaiporn Somnuek , Sirivongs Dhavee , Praderm Laksamon , Anukulanantachai Jirasak , Kanokkantapong Chavasak , Tungkasereerak Pakorn , Pongskul Cholatip , Anutrakulchai Sirirat , Keobounma Thathsalang , Narenpitak Surapong , Intarawongchot Pisith , Suwattanasin Ammrit , Tatiyanupanwong Sajja , Niwattayakul Kannika
Published: January 2015

Background/Aims: We aimed to define the dosing and risk factors for death in patients undergoing twice-weekly hemodialysis. Methods: A prospective multi-center cohort study was conducted with one-year observation. Patients treated with twice- or thrice-weekly hemodialysis were identified. Death and first admission were the outcomes. spKt/V was a factor of interest. Results: We enrolled 504 twice-weekly and 169 thrice-weekly hemodialysis patients. The mean weekly values of spKt/V in the two groups were 3.4 and 5.1. The one-year survival rate and times to hospitalization were similar in both groups. The hazard ratios for death in higher spKt/V quartile was not associated with lower mortality, p = 0.70. The four significant predictors for death were serum albumin, HR = 2.6, current smoking, HR = 19.3, age, HR = 1.1, and the Index of Coexistent Disease [ICED], HR = 1.9. Conclusion: The effect of spKt/V on short-term mortality was not obvious in twice-weekly dialysis patients. Attention should be paid to patients who smoke, have hypoalbuminemia, are elderly, or have a high ICED.
The Diagnostic Utility of 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT Imaging: A Retrospective Case Series from a Tertiary Referral Early-Onset Cognitive Disorders Clinic
Authors: Swan Amanda , Waddell Briony , Holloway Guy , Bak Thomas , Colville Shuna , Khan Zubair , Pal Suvankar
Published: January 2015

Background/Aims: Patients with early-onset dementia (EOD) often present atypically, making an accurate diagnosis difficult. Single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) provides an indirect measure of cerebral metabolic activity and can help to differentiate between dementia subtypes. This study aims to investigate the clinical utility of SPECT imaging in the diagnosis of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Methods: All patients attending a tertiary referral clinic specialising in EOD between April 2012 and October 2013 were included in the study. Statistical analysis of SPECT patterns with clinical diagnoses, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination version 3 scores, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) atrophy was undertaken. Results: The results demonstrated a highly significant association between SPECT hypoperfusion patterns and clinical diagnoses. SPECT changes were demonstrated more frequently than MRI atrophy. Conclusions: The results suggest that SPECT imaging may be a useful adjunct to clinical evaluation and a more sensitive biomarker than standard structural imaging.
Rapamycin Attenuates Aldosterone-Induced Tubulointerstitial Inflammation and Fibrosis
Authors: Wang Bin , Ding Wei , Zhang Minmin , Li Hongmei , Gu Yong
Published: January 2015

Background/Aim: Aldosterone (Aldo), a mediator of kidney fibrosis, is implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney diseases (CKD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the regulatory role of rapamycin (Rap) in Aldo-induced tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Methods: Uninephrectomized, Sprague-Dawley rats were given 1% NaCl (salt) to drink and were randomized to receive treatment for 28 days as follows: vehicle infusion (control), 0.75 μg/h Aldo subcutaneous infusion, or Aldo infusion plus 1 mg/kg/day of Rap by intraperitoneal injection. The effect of Rap on Aldo-induced fibrosis and renal inflammation was investigated using Masson's technique, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. The effects of Rap on the Aldo-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and on TNF-α mRNA expression and secretion in cultured HK-2 cells were investigated by immunofluorescent staining, western blot, qRT-PCR and ELISA. Results: An in vivo study indicated that signaling by the mammalian target of Rap (mTOR) was activated in rats in the Aldo group compared to controls, as indicated by up-regulated expression of p-mTOR and p-S6K. In addition, the inflammatory response increased, as evidenced by increases in inflammatory markers (MCP-1, ICAM-1, F4/80), and the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), as indicated by increased collagen I and fibronectin expression and pro-fibrogenic gene (PAI-1 and TGF-β1) expression. These changes were attenuated by Rap treatment. An in vitro study showed that Rap significantly suppressed the Aldo-induced EMT process and TNF-α mRNA expression and secretion in cultured HK-2 cells. Conclusions: Rap can ameliorate tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis by blocking mTOR signaling. Tubular cells may be a major cell type involved in this physiologic process.
Cerebral Small Vessel Disease and Renal Function: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Makin Stephen D.J. , Cook F.A.B. , Dennis Martin S. , Wardlaw Joanna M.
Published: January 2015

Background: The small vessel disease (SVD) that appears in the brain may be part of a multisystem disorder affecting other vascular beds such as the kidney and retina. Because renal failure is associated with both stroke and white matter hyperintensities we hypothesised that small vessel (lacunar) stroke would be more strongly associated with renal failure than cortical stroke. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to establish first if lacunar stroke was associated with the renal function, and second, if cerebral small vessel disease seen on the MRI of patients without stroke was more common in patients with renal failure. Methods: We searched Medline and EMBASE for studies in adults with cerebral SVD (lacunar stroke or white matter hyper intensities (WMH) on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)), in which renal function was assessed (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or proteinuria). We extracted data on SVD diagnosis, renal function, demographics and comorbidities. We performed two meta-analyses: first, we calculated the odds of renal impairment in lacunar (small vessel) ischaemic stroke compared to other ischaemic stroke subtypes (non-small vessel disease); and second, we calculated the odds of renal impairment in non-stroke individuals with WMH on MRI compared to individuals without WMH. We then performed a sensitivity analysis by excluding studies with certain characteristics and repeating the meta-analysis calculation. Results: After screening 11,001 potentially suitable titles, we included 37 papers reporting 32 studies of 20,379 subjects: 15 of stroke patients and 17 of SVD features in non-stroke patients. To diagnose lacunar stroke, 13/15 of the studies used risk factor-based classification (none used diffusion-weighted MRI). 394/1,119 (35%) of patients with lacunar stroke had renal impairment compared with 1,443/4,217 (34%) of patients with non-lacunar stroke, OR 0.88, (95% CI 0.6-1.30). In individuals without stroke the presence of SVD was associated with an increased risk of renal impairment (whether proteinuria or reduced eGFR) OR 2.33 (95% CI 1.80-3.01), when compared to those without SVD. After adjustment for age and hypertension, 15/21 studies still reported a significant association between renal impairment and SVD. Conclusion: We found no specific association between renal impairment and lacunar stroke, but we did find that in individuals who had not had a stroke, having more SVD features on imaging was associated with a worse renal function, which remained significant after controlling for hypertension. However, this finding does not exclude a powerful co-associate effect of age or vascular risk factor exposure. Future research should subtype lacunar stroke sensitively and control for major risk factors.
Risk Factors Assessed in Adolescence and the Later Risk of Stroke in Men: A 33-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Högström Gabriel , Nordström Anna , Eriksson Marie , Nordström Peter
Published: January 2015

Background: Stroke is a common cause of death, and a leading contributor to long-term disability. The cost associated with the disease is great. Several modifiable risk factors for stroke have been found in older cohorts; however, no study to date has investigated the effects of these risk factors from late adolescence. Methods: The study cohort comprised 811,579 Swedish men (mean age, 18 years) that participated in the mandatory military conscription service in Sweden between 1969 and 1986. Some risk factors for stroke, such as body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and cognitive function, were assessed at conscription. Aerobic fitness was also assessed at conscription, using a braked ergometer cycle test. Other risk factors for stroke, including stroke in subjects' parents, and socioeconomic factors including highest achieved level of education and annual income 15 years after conscription, were collected through national register linkage using the personal identification number. Stroke diagnosis among the study participants was tracked in the National Hospital Discharge Patient Register. Results: During a median follow-up period of 33 years 6,180 ischemic strokes and 2,104 hemorrhagic strokes were diagnosed in the cohort at a mean age of 47.9 years. Strong independent risk factors (all p <1.0 × 10−6) for ischemic stroke included low aerobic fitness (hazard ratio [HR], 0.84 per standard deviation [SD] increase), high BMI (HR, 1.15 per SD increase), diabetes (HR, 2.85), alcohol intoxication (HR, 1.93), low annual income (HR, 0.85 per SD decrease), and stroke in the mother (HR, 1.31). Similar risk factors were found for hemorrhagic stroke including low aerobic fitness (HR, 0.82 per SD increase), high BMI (HR, 1.18 per SD increase) alcohol intoxication (HR, 2.92), diabetes (HR, 2.06), and low annual income (HR, 0.75). The population attributable risks associated with all evaluated risk factors were 69% for ischemic stroke and 88% for hemorrhagic stroke (p < 0.001 for both). Conclusions: In the present study we have shown that several known risk factors for stroke are present already in late adolescence, and that they are independent of each other. The strongest risk factors were low physical fitness, high BMI, diabetes, low annual income and a maternal history of stroke. Several of the aforementioned risk factors are potentially modifiable.
Stem Cell Terminology and ‘Synthetic' Embryos: A New Debate on Totipotency, Omnipotency, and Pluripotency and How It Relates to Recent Experimental Data
Authors: Denker Hans-Werner
Published: January 2015

The rapid progress in the stem cell field, in particular in cell reprogramming, combined with certain recent observations from experimental embryology, has ignited a new discussion on stem cell terminology. The current use of terms describing stem cell potentiality is inconsistent and can be confusing, in particular the widely used term pluripotency and its distiction from totipotency. For cells possessing a complete differentiation potential (but lacking an autonomous embryo-structuring capacity) the term omnipotency (or, as recently proposed, plenipotency) has been coined. The present commentary takes up this discussion and confronts it with recent reports on ‘engineering' viable fish embryos or gastrulating human germ disc models using ‘pluripotent'/omnipotent cells, as well as on symmetry breaking in aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells. It is concluded that we should start contemplating not only the terminology but also, even more urgently, the ethical implications of the perspective of constructing embryonic anlagen in humans.
Annotated Checklist of Chinese Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). Part I. Haplopoda, Ctenopoda, Onychopoda and Anomopoda (families Daphniidae, Moinidae, Bosminidae, Ilyocryptidae)
Authors: XIANG XIAN-FEN , JI GAO-HUA , CHEN SHOU-ZHONG , YU GONG-LIANG , XU LEI , HAN BO-PING , KOTOV ALEXEY A. , DUMONT HENRI J.
Published: January 2015

Approximately 199 cladoceran species, 5 marine and 194 freshwater and continental saltwater species, live in China. Of these, 89 species are discussed in this paper. They belong to the 4 cladoceran orders, 10 families and 23 genera. There are 2 species in Leptodoridae; 6 species in 4 genera and 3 families in order Onychopoda; 18 species in 7 genera and 2 families in order Ctenopoda; and 63 species in 11 genera and 4 families in non-Radopoda Anomopoda. Five species might be endemic of China and three of Asia. Many records are suspect at the species level, and numerous taxonomic problems remain to be settled.
New species of Grossander Slater, 1976 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Rhyparochromidae: Drymini) from the Oriental Region
Authors: KONDOROSY ELŐD , FÁBICS ANITA
Published: January 2015

The previously known distribution area of the genus Grossander Slater, 1976 (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Rhyparochromidae, Drymini) is broadened with the description of two new species: Grossander papuanus sp. nov. (New Guinea) and Grossander eylesi sp. nov. (Burma, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia). Grossander (Oculoander) subgen. nov. is created for these new taxa. Drawings of habitus and male genitalia are presented. Keys to the subgenera of Grossander, and to the species of the new subgenus are provided.
Reformed Eucharistic Theology and the Case for Real Presence
Authors: DeBie Linden J. , Littlejohn W. Bradford
Published: January 2015

In 1848, Charles Hodge’s blistering review of John Williamson Nevin’s The Mystical Presence launched a sharp debate about the history and meaning of Reformed eucharistic theology. This debate is of enduring interest not only because of Hodge’s enormous stature and influence, but because of the profound theological and historical questions it raised, which continue to inform Reformed discussion of these issues today. In this essay, we first explore the fundamental theological points of tension, showing that the two men sparred inconclusively over the meaning of “presence,” over the relationship of Christ’s benefits to his life, and over the uniqueness of the grace available in the Eucharist. Their difficulty in resolving these issues, we suggest, stems in part from the complexity and ambiguity of Calvin’s own thought on these questions, although Nevin comes closer than Hodge in representing the views of the great reformer. We then show how the two men, following two very different concepts of the relationship between doctrine and history, offer different narratives of the evolution and devolution of Reformed eucharistic theology, and of Calvin’s place in this process of development. Again we argue that both Hodge and Nevin were overly quick to simplify the very complex disputes over the 16th century, although Nevin is right to discern the enormous influence of Calvin’s own synthesis, and right as well, we suggest, to recommend it to the contemporary Reformed.
Perspectives on the Existence of a Particular Authoritative Book of Psalms in the Late Second Temple Period
Authors: Pajunen Mika S.
Published: January 2015

This study focuses on a statistical illusion created by the high number of so-called Psalms manuscripts that were found at Qumran. These manuscripts contain psalms that eventually ended up in the canonical book of Psalms, and they have frequently been used as solid evidence for the importance of the book of psalms during the Qumran period. This use of the manuscript evidence is highly problematic and the severe weaknesses in such claims is demonstrated in this article through the use of several different perspectives on the empirical material and its relation to other available evidence, such as the mt Psalter. First the article illustrates what the so-called Psalms manuscripts actually contain and how this material is different from the manuscripts preserving parts of, e.g., Deuteronomy or Isaiah. The second major perspective taken up here is the question of the existence of a specific authoritative book of psalms during the Qumran period. Through these perspectives it is shown that the manuscript statistics cannot be used as evidence for the influence of a particular book of psalms, and furthermore that there probably was no fixed authoritative book of psalms during this period.
The Literary Logic and Meaning of Isaiah 38
Authors: Goswell Greg
Published: January 2015

This article seeks to show that the final two verses of Isaiah 38 (vv. 21–22) are not out of place but purposely put in their present climactic position within the chapter. The failure to describe Hezekiah's healing means that the king's question of 38.22 is by no means redundant. As well, the removal or relocation of 38.21–22 would seriously disturb the literary structuring and plot relations of the chapter. The narrative of Isaiah 38 concerns more than just the survival of Hezekiah and the question of the continuation of the house of David. Hezekiah's malady is one that prevents participation in the festivities of the temple, and this king's chief concern is participation in the praise of God as King that is central to the cultus of the house of Yhwh.
A Femme Fatale of Whom ‘No One Spoke Ill’: Judith's Moral Muddle and Her Personification of Yahweh
Authors: Miller Geoffrey D.
Published: January 2015

Judith's behavior in the Assyrian camp has perplexed commentators for centuries. Even if the circumstances of war can justify the killing of an incursive enemy, Judith's deceit, seduction, and assassination of Holofernes are excessive. Previous scholars have tried to exculpate Judith in various ways, but none of these ways has proven satisfactory, nor have scholars appreciated the full extent of the problem. This article begins by highlighting all of Judith's unseemly actions, some of which have been overlooked by exegetes. After surveying and evaluating the main theories offered in defense of Judith's integrity, this article argues that Judith functions as a unique type of hero. Her role in the story is not exemplary but symbolic, reminding Israel of Yahweh's saving power even though he remains a Deus absconditus. Through her speech, her use of deceit and lethal force, and the type of praise she receives, Judith is depicted in the same manner as Israel's Divine Warrior, rescuing her people on the fortieth day of their distress. This characterization communicates an important message to the book's audience. God's providence has not waned but is paradoxically manifest by one of Israel's most marginalized members: a reclusive widow.