bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Domains of the Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Af Protein Unraveled by Tryptic Digestion of Alanine Mutants
Authors: Quan Yudong , Ferré Juan
Published: May 2019

Vip3 proteins are increasingly used in insect control in transgenic crops. To shed light on the structure of these proteins, we used the approach of trypsin fragmentation of mutants altering the conformation of the Vip3Af protein. From an alanine scanning on Vip3Af, we selected mutants with an altered proteolytic pattern. Based on the protease digestion patterns, their effect on oligomer formation, and theoretical cleavage sites, we generated a map of the Vip3Af protein with five domains, which match some of the domains proposed independently by two in silico models. Domain I ranges from aa12-198, domain II from aa199-313, domain III from aa314-526, domain IV from aa527-668 and domain V from aa669-788. The effect of some of the mutations on the ability to form a tetrameric molecule revealed that domains I-III are required for tetramerization, while domain V is not. The involvement of domain IV in the tetramer formation is not clear. Some mutations distributed from near the end of domain I up to the end of domain II affect the stability of the first three domains of the protein and negatively impact oligomerization upon trypsin treatment. Because of the high sequence similarity among Vip3 proteins, we propose that our domain map can be extended to many other members of the Vip3 family of proteins.
Factors Affecting Nonmarket Fruit and Vegetable Receiving: Analyses of Two Cross-Sectional Surveys in Gunma, Japan
Authors: Machida Daisuke , Yoshida Tohru
Published: May 2019

In this communication, we clarified the factors affecting the nonmarket fruit and vegetable (FV) receiving frequency. For Survey 1, we conducted a cross-sectional survey using a self-administered questionnaire for men aged 50—74 in city (A) in Gunma, Japan. Participants were asked questions regarding FV receiving frequency, FV gardening, social cohesion (4 to 20 points), and basic characteristics. For Survey 2, a similar survey was conducted for residents aged 20—74 in three areas in city (B) in Gunma, but we added more variables. For analysis, ordinal logistic regression models were used. In the survey 1, 243 participants were used for analysis. As a result, FV receiving frequency was positively associated with non-gardeners, and social cohesion. In Survey 2, 791 participants were used for analyses. For Survey 2, vegetable receiving frequency was positively associated with rural and suburban area, family structure, employment status, and non-farmers. The relationship between receiving frequency and social cohesion was similar to that found in Survey 1. In conclusion, in areas where FV cultivation flourished, it appears easy to obtain FV through the social networks of receiving, even for those who are not cultivating themselves.
Cost Uncertainties in Energy System Optimisation Models: A Quadratic Programming Approach for Avoiding Penny Switching Effects
Authors: Lopion Peter , Markewitz Peter , Stolten Detlef , Robinius Martin
Published: May 2019

Designing the future energy supply in accordance with ambitious climate change mitigation goals is a challenging issue. Common tools for planning and calculating future investments in renewable and sustainable technologies are often linear energy system models based on cost optimisation. However, input data and the underlying assumptions of future developments are subject to uncertainties that negatively affect the robustness of results. This paper introduces a quadratic programming approach to modifying linear, bottom-up energy system optimisation models in order to take cost uncertainties into account. This is accomplished by implementing specific investment costs as a function of the installed capacity of each technology. In contrast to established approaches like stochastic programming or Monte Carlo Simulation, the computation time of the quadratic programming approach is only slightly higher than that of linear programming. The model’s outcomes were found to show a wider range as well as a more robust allocation of the considered technologies than the linear model equivalent.
Approximation of Fixed Points for Suzuki's Generalized Non-Expansive Mappings
Authors: Ali Javid , Ali Faeem , Kumar Puneet
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we study a three step iterative scheme to approximate fixed points of Suzuki's generalized non-expansive mappings. We establish some weak and strong convergence results for such mappings in uniformly convex Banach spaces. Further, we show numerically that iterative scheme (1.8) converges faster than some other known iterations for Suzuki's generalized non-expansive mappings. To support our claim, we give an illustrative example and approximate fixed points of such mappings using Matlab program. Our results are new and generalize several relevant results in the literature.
The Boole Polynomials Associated with the p-adic Gamma Function
Authors: Duran Ugur , Acikgoz Mehmet
Published: May 2019

The main aim of this paper is to set some correlations between Boole polynomials and p-adic gamma function in conjunction with p-adic Euler contant. We develop diverse formulas for p-adic gamma function by means of their Mahler expansion and fermionic p-adic integral on ℤ_{p}. Also, we acquire two fermionic p-adic integrals of p-adic gamma function in terms of Boole numbers and polynomials. We then provide fermionic p-adic integral of the derivative of p-adic gamma function and a representation for the p-adic Euler constant by means of the Boole polynomials. Furthermore, we investigate an explicit representation for the aforesaid constant covering Stirling numbers of the first kind.
Does Giant Cell Glioblastoma Have a Better Prognosis in Comparison to Glioblastoma Multiform? A Secondary Analysis of the SEER Database from 1985–2014
Authors: Bin Abdulrahman Amro K. , Bukhari Yousef R. , Faqihi Abdulaziz M. , Bin Abdulrahman Khalid A. , Ruiz Juan Gabriel
Published: May 2019

Brain cancer is the tenth leading cause of death in the U.S. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal primary malignant central nervous system tumor in adults. The present study employed samples from 1985-2014 to discover the difference in prognosis among glioblastoma subtypes after the evolution of treatment modalities over the past few years. The current study aims to find the differences between Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and giant cell glioblastoma (GCG) in terms of prognosis among adults and elderly patients in the U.S. This study is a historical cohort type of study and is conducted on adults and elderly individuals with GBM or GCG from the years 1985-2014 in the U.S. Data were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) database. The study exposure was GBM or GCG and the outcome was mortality. The potential confounders were age, sex, race, ethnicity, year of diagnosis, primary site, and surgery. A chi-square test was used for categorical data. A univariate analysis was used for variables having a p-value < 0.05. Potential confounders were selected and evaluated using multivariate logistic regression models to calculate the odds ratio with stepwise selection. The study sample was 25,117. The incidences of GBM and GCG were not similar in relation to age group. Also, Spanish-Hispanic ethnicity was independently protective of GBM and GCG as compared to Non-Spanish-Hispanic ethnicity patients with GBM have a higher mortality rate than do GCG patients. The mortality rate was higher among patients diagnosed before 2010. In conclusion, GCG was not statistically significant in association to reduced mortality. Non-Spanish-Hispanics with GBM or GCG had a higher mortality rate than did Spanish-Hispanics. Factors such as being female, being age >59, and having a year of diagnosis before 2010 were independently associated with increased mortality.
CASH WAQF INVESTMENT AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION: CASE OF TABUNG MASJIDS IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Hasan Rashedul , Hassan M. Kabir , Rashid Mamunur
Published: May 2019

Recent investigations of the financial management practices of mosques in Indonesia have influenced this study, which investigates the ability of mosques in Malaysia to invest cash waqf for development activities. The impact of cash waqf investment is further extended to study the importance of such cash waqf donations toward poverty alleviation. 100 mosques in Melaka and Terengganu are selected for the purpose of conducting a survey using a self-developed questionnaire. Data collected from the survey are tested for their validity and reliability before conducting Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis using Smart PLS 3.0. This study finds that cash waqf donation plays a positive role in increasing the ability of the selected states to alleviate poverty. The negative relationship between cash waqf investment and donation raises the need for a rigorous analysis. A conceptual model integrating cash waqf investment, donation, and poverty alleviation is provided in this study, which is the first of its kind. The results provided by the study will allow regulators and mosque fund managers to understand the significance of cash waqf donations and the importance of effective cash waqf management. Efficient investment of cash waqf can ensure sustainable and perpetual income that will allow a mosque to play a vital role in improving the living standards of the Muslim Ummah. The findings of the study cannot be generalized for all states in Malaysia due to the limitation of purposive sampling.
ALTERNATIVE OF MONETARY POLICY INDICATOR: PANEL DATA ANALYSIS FROM ISLAMIC BANKS IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Ahmad Zuriyati , Ismail Abdul Ghafar
Published: May 2019

The monetary policy indicators such as monetary aggregates, interest rates andMonetary Condition Index (MCI) are the traditional monetary policy indicatorsused in order to obtain early indication of the impact of monetary policy. Theseindicators could function as appropriate monetary policy indicators that will provideinformation to the monetary policy makers. The development in Islamic financialsystem however creates a challenge to find a monetary policy indicator, which is inconformity with Islamic teaching. Therefore, this paper is aimed to examine the futuregrowth of nominal GDP as an alternative variable for monetary policy indicator inIslamic monetary system. The investigation will benefit from data of 17 Islamic banksin Malaysia which implement full fledge or Islamic windows scheme spanning from2005 to 2010. GMM system method is used to analyze the data in hope to validatethe appropriateness of the alternative monetary policy indicator. The result suggeststhat the future growth of nominal GDP is significant as monetary policy indicator andcould be applied by the central bank in implementing the monetary policy especiallyin the dual banking system.Keywords: Monetary Policy; Monetary Policy Indicators; Bank Financing.JEL Classification: E52; E58; C33; G21.
THE CREDIT SUPPLY CHANNEL OF MONETARY POLICY TRANSMISSION MECHANISM: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF ISLAMIC BANKS IN PAKISTAN VERSUS MALAYSIA
Authors: Shah Syed Muhammad Abdul Rehman
Published: May 2019

The transmission mechanism of monetary policy is explained through the relationshipsbetween a change in money supply and the level of real income. Monetary policytransmits to the real sector through several different channels. Such channels includethe interest rate channel, the exchange rate channel, the asset-pricing channel, the creditsupply channel, and the bank balance sheet channel. This paper empirically investigatesthe credit supply channel of monetary policy and explores the differential impact ofmonetary policy on credit supply of Islamic banks in Pakistan versus Malaysia. Therobust two-step System-Generalize Method of Moments (GMM) estimator is appliedon an unbalanced panel dataset over the period 2005-2016. While estimating the effectsof three alternative measures of monetary policy on banks’ credit supply, several bankspecificvariables are included in the specification as control variables. We providestrong evidence on the existence of credit supply channel in the baseline models forboth countries and differential impact of monetary policy through Islamic banks inPakistan versus Malaysia in the extended models. Our findings suggest that there isa vital need to consider the nature of Islamic banks while devising the instrumentsof an effective monetary policy in countries with dual banking system like Pakistan,Malaysia, Indonesia, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and others.
THE ROLE OF HALAL CERTIFICATION ON PURCHASE INTENTION TOWARDS FOOD PRODUCTS FROM MENA COUNTRIES: A SEM STUDY
Authors: Fanny Putera Perdana Firdaus , Jan Muhammad Tahir , Altunişik Remzi , Jaswir Irwandi , Kartika Betania
Published: May 2019

Kullu Halal (all Halal) is a concept that is highly applied in the Middle Eastern andNorth African (MENA) region as the majority of the population is Muslim. Manyproducts from non-Muslim countries are also exported to the MENA countries andsome of them are exposed to animal-based ingredients. Halal certification studies in theMENA region are found to be quite minimal to non-existent. The paper is designatedto analyze the effects of Halal certification towards the purchase intention of Muslimconsumers on food products from Muslim majority countries in the MENA countries.Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used as a platform to predict the consumers’intention to purchase the Halal certified products. A self-administered questionnairewas selected as a method and the respondents are the Muslim consumers living incertain areas of Klang Valley, Malaysia. Five hundred questionnaires were distributed,and 417 questionnaires were considered usable. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)was used as a method in this research. Attitude, Subjective Norm, and PerceivedBehavioral Control showed a strong correlation with Purchase Intention and the resultswere statistically significant at p < 0.05. Algeria was found to be the least trustworthycountry by the respondents, followed by Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Bahrain. The resultsindicate that the presence of Halal certification is important and will be profitable for thefood industry players in the MENA region. Despite being Muslim majority countries,it is important to ensure the presence of Halal certification in the products from MENAcountries, especially from those that received low scores in the country of origin study.
HALAL GOVERNANCE IN INDONESIA: THEORY, CURRENT PRACTICES, AND RELATED ISSUES
Authors: Hudaefi Fahmi Ali , Jaswir Irwandi
Published: May 2019

Considering Indonesia’s target to lead halal industry worldwide, the discussionupon the current practices of halal governance in the country is critical to get into acomprehensive insight. Several major drawbacks within the previous studies on thistopic is found along the followings. There has never been a study that has specificallydiscussed the term of halal governance substantively or comprehensively investigatedthe subject matters in Indonesia. Driven by this gap, we set out to review halalgovernance practices in Indonesia by employing a qualitative method of documentary.In doing so, the present paper firstly discusses the substantive materials upon linesof defense in halal governance that covers the four themes, which the present paperparticularly reviews as the current practices in Indonesia. From the present discussion,this paper offers the novelty on the explanation of lines of defense in halal governance,and that of the current practices in Indonesia along with the related issues presentlyassociated with it. In addition, this paper further delivers the applicable advises forthe improvement of the practices. This study is relevant for the stakeholders of halalindustry including the domestic government agencies, practitioners and academics.
DEVELOPING HALAL TRAVEL AND HALAL TOURISM TO PROMOTE ECONOMIC GROWTH: A CONFIRMATORY ANALYSIS
Authors: Devi Abrista , Firmansyah Iman
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors of various backgrounds in the literaturehaving to do with halal purchase intention of Muslim travellers on halal travel andtourism sector. It also aims to investigate which antecedents, among all, that have thedominant determinants toward the development of halal travel and tourism purchaseintention. A total of 255 respondents originating from several major cities of West Javawere involved in random sampling technique to measure their personal perceptionon the determinant factors of halal purchase intention. Data were collected throughstructured questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale. The questionnaire has beendivided into two main parts, the first part identifies the respondent identity, while thesecond part provide 6 main sub-part statements on halal awareness, personal societalperception, religious belief, halal marketing, halal travel & tourism, and infrastructure.Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) will be used to acquire the most critical to the leastcritical indicators in explaining purchase intention on halal travel and tourism industrysector. The paper concludes that most customers rely on halal marketing, making itthe dominant determinant factor. Meanwhile, the second dominant determinant ishalal travel and tourism. Then, the third determinant is halal awareness. Religiousbeliefs and personal societal perceptions are the last two priorities. This paper offers adetailed insight into various behaviors of customer’s purchase intention on halal traveland tourism sector as well as delivers a new model of purchase intention throughdetailed latent-variables. Finally, the relevant stakeholders, in particular government,should enhance the halal marketing on travel and tourism through various programsand activities, such as massive promotion, socialization, and literacy.
Archaeological Investigation at the Marshall Powder Mill (41HS17), Confederate States of America 1863-1865, Harrison County, Texas: 1994 Season
Authors: Speir Thomas E. , Jurney David H.
Published: May 2019

The Northeast Texas Archeological Society, in conjunction with the East Texas, Dallas, and Tarrant County archeological societies, reinstated archaeological investigations at the Marshall Powder Mill (41HS17) in 1994 following several years of delicate negotiations with the landowner about the value of preserving this archaeological site. The Marshall Powder Mill manufactured gunpowder, small arms and cannon, and refurbished weaponry, and was one of several arsenals that served the Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate States of America from 1863 to 1865. None have been thoroughly investigated archaeologically, however, thereby ignoring a major aspect of the Confederacy's war effort, and an important industrial enterprise.

Building foundations, earthworks, roads, and an artificial channel race remain essentially undisturbed within the Loop 390 corridor and the privately-owned portions of the site; the eastern one-third of the site has been destroyed by a modern lumber mill. Although the site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, there is no concerted plan for preservation of this Civil War military-industrial complex.

Little historical documentation exists as to the number and types of buildings, their locations, or the activities that were conducted at the Marshall Powder Mill. The single map in the National Archives was captured by Federal troops in 1864, and only indicates a few of the buildings and none of the earthworks. Apparently the Confederates were concerned with security, and the commander, Major George D. Alexander, destroyed or removed all records prior to Federal occupation of the site in 1865. Therefore, the archaeological remains speak the clearest about the Marshall Powder Mill's buildings and their functions, and may be the only sure means of reconstructing the layout and design of the arsenal, as well as ancillary fortifications, buildings, and structures around Marshall that date to the Civil War period.
The Archaeology of the Middle Caddoan Period in the Middle Red River Valley of Northeast Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

Middle Caddoan period sites (estimated to date from ca. A.D. 1100-1300/1350; in the Middle Red River Valley of Northeast Texas appear to have cultural affiliation with the Sanders phase/focus originally recognized by Krieger. Sanders phase components are distributed in the Middle Red, Kiamichi, and Upper Sabine River basins of Southeast Oklahoma and Northeast Texas. In the Middle Red River valley, key components include the A.C. Mackin (41LR36), Fasken (41RR14), Roitsch (41RR16; previously known as the Sam Kaufman site), Holdeman (41RR11), Sanders (41LR2), and Harling (41FNI) sites.

Middle Caddoan period settlements along the Middle Red River include dispersed farmsteads and hamlets with structures, middens, and cemeteries, as well as large communities such as the Roitsch and Holdeman sites with single and multiple mounds; substructure mounds; flat-topped platform mounds; and burial mounds. Sites include from one to as many as three mounds at the larger communities or villages. Burials in mound and non-mound contexts were typically in extended supine position, with large numbers of grave goods in association. At the Holdeman site, for example, Sanders phase burials contained an average of 6.5 grave goods, mainly ceramic vessels, per individual, with even more substantial grave good associations (shell conch dippers, gorgets, and beads, bone beads, projectile points, and ceramic vessels) from Class I and II burials at the Sanders site.
Archaeological Investigations at the Redwine Site (41SM193), Smith County, Texas
Authors: Walters Mark , Haskins Patti , Jurney David H. , Goldborer S. Eileen , Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The Redwine site (41SM193) is a probable Middle Caddoan habitation site located on an upland terrace (Figure I) on the headwaters of Auburn Creek, a small tributary of the Sabine River in central Smith County; the Angelina River drainage basin begins about 1.5 km to the south of the site. Auburn Creek is about 100 meters to the north of the site. The Sabine River lies approximately 24 km to the north. Soils on the Redwine site are Bowie fine sandy loam.

The site was discovered in the early 1960s by Sam Whlteside an avocational archaeologist who lived in the Tyler area. His work consisted of trenching, and he located and excavated several burials and a small house mound. In an attempt to relocate the site limited controlled excavations were undertaken in 1995 by the authors, under the direction of Dr. John Keller of Southern Archaeological Consultants, Inc. We hoped to gain enough information about the size, age, and integrity of the Redwine site to apply for legal designation and protection under the Antiquities Code of Texas. After confirming that the Redwine site contained important archaeological information, an application for State Archeological Landmark (SAL) designation was made in 1996, and in July 1996, the Redwine site was officially designated an SAL by the Texas Historical Commission, the first SAL in Smith County. This paper describes our findings, and discusses the artifacts and plant and animal remains recovered during the work. We also provide information on the 1960s excavations of a small house mound at the site, along with the grave goods recovered by Sam Whiteside from the four Redwine site burials.
Por Las Espaldas Se Nos Van Entrando Con Silencio: Fr. Hidalgo's Letter to the Viceroy
Authors: Wade Mariah F.
Published: May 2019

The translation of historical documents is essential to the practices of archaeology and ethnohistory. The present translation presents the complete text of a letter written by Fray Francisco Hidalgo to the Viceroy of New Spain on November 4, 1716. This translation strives for accuracy and adds contextual information to enhance the value of the document. Fray Hidalgo's letter exemplifies how Spanish officials acquired information about the French and the various Native groups, and how they viewed their interrelationships, actions, and customs. It confirms that Fr. Hidalgo did write two letters to the French officials in Louisiana, includes important floral and faunal information, provides locations for the Apache and Pawnee, and states that Diego Ramon traveled to the Mississippi River and visited Mobile. The epistle provides information on the geo-political and economic paradigms of the time, and how they shaped Spanish policy.
Lake Sam Rayburn Archaeological Site Inventory and Monitoring Project
Authors: Hubbard Velicia
Published: May 2019

In January 1995, the East Texas Archeological Society (ETAS), the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE), the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), and the Texas Historical Commission (THC) agreed to cooperate in a partnership project to inventory and monitor archaeological sites along the Lake Sam Rayburn shoreline. A Letter of Intent (LOI-095-02) was formulated and signed, stating that:

the participants are mutually interested in fostering integrated problem solving among heritage resource managers regarding historic preservation issues, with special emphasis on training and information sharing. The Forest Service [and the COE] will gain additional information on the condition and location of archeological sites within its ownership along the shores of Sam Rayburn Reservoir. The participants will gain experience in recording and monitoring of site conditions, gain knowledge concerning the effects of shoreline erosion and looting of sites along the shores of Sam Rayburn Reservoir. Finally, the USFS and the COE will profit from the volunteer labor provided by members of ETAS.

This paper reports on inventory and monitoring project activities that took place on September 30, 1995, and October 7, 1995 along the northern end of Lake Sam Rayburn. Elaine P. Sherman was the Project Archeologist, and the work was conducted under ARPA permit no. DACW63-95-0656.
Caddo Ceramics from 41CV41A at Fort Hood, Coryell County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

Prehistoric Caddo ceramics made in Northeast Texas after ca. A.D. 900 were widely traded in Texas, and other parts of the Caddoan area, being found in some quantity on North central, East central, central, and inland Southeast Texas archeological sites. They were also traded with prehistoric peoples in the Midwest, the southeastern U.S., and the southern Plains. However, the ceramic evidence for prehistoric Caddoan trade and exchange with other Native Americans has not been systematically compiled and studied for the prehistoric and historic periods. Consequently, it is impossible to confidently discuss the scope, timing, or direction of trade/exchange between Caddoan groups and surrounding non-Caddoan communities, or explore changes in the nature of social and economic relationships between particular Caddo groups and with other prehistoric peoples.

Over the last several years, I have been attempting to systematically document archeological infonnation on the distribution and character of Caddoan ceramic sherds and vessels both within and outside what is considered the southern Caddoan archeological area. This documentation effort has included instrumental neutron activation analysis by the Missouri University Research Reactor, petrographic analyses, and studies of ceramic styles and pastes. Here, I discuss Caddo ceramics from 41CV4JA that were recently recovered in archeological investigations by Prewitt and Associates, Inc. at Fort Hood in Central Texas.
Archaeological Investigations and Oxidizable Carbon Ratio Dates from 41RK476, Rusk County, Texas
Authors: Walters Mark
Published: May 2019

Volunteer survey work on a section of Rabbit Creek in Rusk County, Texas, found a possible buried midden deposit at 41RK476. This ongoing survey, which has resulted in 10 new sites being recorded, was conducted with the assistance of Bryan Boyd, also a member of the Texas Archeological Society and the Texas Archeological Stewards Network. Also aiding with shovel tests were Bo Nelson, Patti Haskins, Tim Perttula, and Bobby Gonzalez. Of particular interest in selecting this area for archaeological survey was the presence of protohistoric Caddo and historic Cherokee Indian groups that have been reported on Rabbit Creek. The creek derives its name from Chief Rabbit, a Cherokee chief.

With the landowner's permission a 1 x 2 m test unit was placed at 41RK476 adjacent to a shovel test (ST 1) that indicated a possible midden deposit. This article reports the findings from this limited investigation, and includes a series of Oxidizable Carbon Ratio (OCR) dates financed by a grant from the Texas Archeological Society's Donor Fund.
Archaeological Investigations at the New Hope Site (41FK107) at Lake Bob Sandlin, Franklin County, Texas
Authors: Nelson Bo , Perttula Timothy K. , Schniebs LeeAnna
Published: May 2019

The New Hope site (41FK107) is a prehistoric site located on a toe slope landform overlooking the Big Cypress Creek valley, the latter now inundated by Lake Bob Sandlin. An old creek channel lies about 100m to the east. Previous investigations reported by Nelson and Perttula indicate that the New Hope site covers about 2.5 acres, and was occupied during Late Paleoindian, Middle-Late Archaic, Woodland, and post-A.D. 800 Caddo times.

The Caddo occupation was the principal occupation of the site. Nelson and Perttula noted at least 20-30 grave-sized looter holes there, and there have been reports that prehistoric burials have eroded out along the Lake Bob Sandlin shoreline. Two vessels in a private collection from the site are small bowls (5.2-5.5 em in height and 12.3-14.4 em orifice diameters) with tab tails on opposing sides of the vessel lip. One of the vessels has five horizontal engraved lines on the rim, and the other is plain.
The Structure and Growth of a Titus Phase Community Cemetery in Titus County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

TheW-S site (41TI741) is a large post-A.D. 1600 Titus phase cemetery on Swauano Creek in the Big Cypress Creek basin. The site was dug in the late 1970s by Ralph Nicholas and associates, and there are available notes and maps on his excavations on file at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin. Here I employ these notes and maps to examine the structure and growth of this particular Caddo community cemetery.
Sites in Northern Louisiana with Major Collections of Historic Caddo and Other Native American Pottery
Authors: Girard Jeffery S.
Published: May 2019

Archaeological sites in northern Louisiana that date to the 18th and 19th centuries which have yielded significant amounts of Native American pottery are plotted on the accompanying map, and briefly summarized below. A common feature of ceramic collections from these sites is the prevalence of shell temper, a trait that is rare prior to the late 17th century in the region. The earliest contexts probably date from the late 17th to the early 18th centuries and include utilitarian types that were common during the Late Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1500-1700). By the middle 18th century, these types apparently were no longer used as shown by their absence at Los Adaes and sites along Cane River. Many traditional Caddo vessel forms (such as bottles and carinated bowls) appear to have dropped out of use during the late 18th century. Several early 19th century sites that relate to occupants of the ethnically-mixed Bayou Pierre community north of Natchitoches contain Native American shell-tempered pottery, but represented vessel forms are similar to the "Colonoware" that is widespread in the eastern U.S. A small number of engraved and incised sherds have been recovered at these sites, but it is possible that they are from earlier Caddo occupations. Groups that originated east of the Mississippi Valley moved into northern Louisiana during the late 18th century, and new types such as Zimmerman Black, Chickashae Red, Chickashae Combed, and Chattahoochee Roughened appear in the archaeological record. Native American pottery disappears from the archaeological record in the region by 1830.
Trends and Varieties in Late Caddo and Historic Caddo Fine Ware Pottery Types in the Upper Neches River Basin
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

One of the goals of recent archaeological research investigations in the upper Neches River valley in East Texas is to better understand the temporal and stylistic character of the post-A.D. 1400/1450 Frankston and Allen phase Caddo ceramic assemblages found in this area. From this will hopefully arise a better understanding of the settlement history of Caddo peoples living here.

This research has involved a detailed examination of 278 vessels from burials on seven sites in the collections at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL), 31 vessels from burials at 41AN38, and a review of other vessel data (n=321 vessels) from several other sites and diverse collections, both at TARL, in private collections, and in archaeological excavations. In total, I have compiled a data base of 630 vessels from 35 different sites in Anderson, Cherokee, Henderson, and Smith counties, Texas.
Caddo Ceramics from the D'Ortolan Site (41NA299)
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

The D'Ortolan site (41NA299) is a late 1790s to 1830s ranch established by Bernard D'Ortolan on Bayou Loco, a tributary to the Angelina River, in Nacogdoches County, Texas. The ranch was known as Rancho San Bemando del Loco. Tom Middlebrook, Texas Archeological Steward, located and identified the rancho in 2003.

During the course of archaeological investigations conducted at the site over the next few years, a small sample of aboriginal Caddo ceramic sherds were found on the rancho in contexts indicating that Caddo ceramic vessels were in use during the rancho occupation. These vessels had to have been obtained by the D' Ortolan ranch through purchase or trade from one of the Caddo groups living in the Angelina River valley after the 1790s. The sherds from the D'Ortolan site, along with those from 2007 excavations by Tom Middlebrook in the Plaza Principal in Nacogdoches, must represent some of the latest aboriginal Caddo ceramic wares currently known in East Texas.
Caddo Sherds from the Hudnall-Pirtle Site (41RK4) in the Buddy Jones Collection at the Gregg County Historical Museum
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

Buddy Calvin Jones, a resident of Longview, Texas, conducted excavations in 1958 and 1959 of an unknown extent at the Hudnall-Pirtle site (41RK4), a well-known and significant Early Caddo (ca. A.D. 900-1200) multiple mound center on a Sabine River alluvial terrace in Rusk County, Texas. The site is now owned by The Archaeological Conservancy as a Caddo archaeological preserve. Caddo sherds from the site are in the Jones collection curated at the Gregg County Historical Museum, and recently I had an opportunity to examine this collection. This paper puts the findings of that examination on record.
Prehistoric Ceramics from the Browning Site (41SM195A)
Authors: Walters Mark
Published: May 2019

Archaeological work at the Browning site (4JSM195A) in eastern Smith County, Texas, has shown that it is a stratified site with two very distinct occupations: an early nineteenth century assemblage of artifacts in the upper zone overlying a buried prehistoric occupation. This occupation appears to be confined to the Woodland time period (ca. 500 B.C. to A.D. 800) with little evidence of any earlier or later prehistoric activity. The Woodland period in East Texas is a time of important cultural changes, "the most obvious (and most important?) of which is pottery-making and the bow and arrow."

The main focus of the prehistoric occupation at the Browning site occurs in an organically enriched darker soil zone that is the result of either a continuous human occupation or frequent revisiting of this location, what Waters has described as archaeo-sediments resulting from human activity. This darker soil occupies the center of the landform and covers approximately 500m2 It contains charred wood, charred nut shell, lithic debris from stone tool manufacture/maintenance, and small amounts of burned and unburned animal bone. Other artifacts in this distinct soil zone include small dart points, mostly varieties of Gary; arrow points, mostly of the Friley and Steiner types; ground stone tools; and ceramics, primarily plain grog-tempered wares.

Early work at the site included the excavation of 6.546 m3 of archaeological deposits from 10 1 x 1 m test units plus 22 shovel tests, resulting in the recovery of numerous historic and prehistoric artifacts, including eight Woodland period sherds. To date, excavations at the Browning site have totaled 20.4 m3 of archaeological deposits from 41 1 x 1m test units. The total amount of sherds associated with the Woodland occupation now totals 40 pieces. Those sherds, which are described in some detail and compared with other known sites, are the focus of this article. These sherds are scattered evenly across the occupation area in low densities.
Reconstructing Ancient Foodways at the Jones Mill Site (3HS28), Hot Spring County, Arkansas
Authors: Trubitt Mary Beth D. , Parker Kathryn , Kelly Lucretia
Published: May 2019

Analyses of botanical and faunal samples and a new radiocarbon date provide a detailed picture of Indian foodways at the Jones Mill site on the Ouachita River in Arkansas. Hunting, plant processing, and fishing with nets is seen from Middle Archaic artifacts and features. Burned hickory nutshell found among clusters of fire-cracked rock shows the importance of nut masts as food between 6000-4300 B.C. By 1450 A.D., a more substantial community of people lived at Jones Mill. Refuse associated with traces of a Caddo period house provided direct evidence for the cultivation of maize and native Eastern Complex starchy seed crops and procurement of select wild plants and animals for food.
A Prehistoric Caddo Site on Black Fork Creek, Upper Neches River Basin, Smith County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Nelson Bo
Published: May 2019

During the course of recent archaeological survey investigations for a proposed waterline, a previously unrecorded prehistoric Caddo site Lakewood Gardens (41SM425)-was found near, but outside the right-of-way and construction casement of, the proposed waterline. This article provides summary details about the site, hopefully adding information to the sparse archaeological record of prehistoric Caddo sites along Black Fork Creek.

The site is situated on a natural upland rise (440 feet amsl) overlooking the Black Fork Creek floodplain less than 200 m to the north. Black Fork Creek is in the upper Neches River basin; the creek flows west into Prairie Creek, which enters the Neches River about 10 km to the west of the site. This area is in the Post Oak Savannah. Before the mid- to late 19th century, the swampy Black Fork Creek floodplain would have been covered with an oak-hickory forest, with more mesic hardwoods, including various oaks, maple, sweetgum, ash, and elm. The Post Oak Savanna vegetation would have been dominated by a variety of fire-tolerant oaks and hickory on upland landforms. The upland landforms in this part of Smith County area have Eocene-aged Queen Sparta, Tyler Greenstone Member, and Weches Formation interbedded deposits of sand and clays.
Archaeological Sites Along King Creek in Western Nacogdoches County, in East Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Walters Mark , Nelson Bo
Published: May 2019

The King Creek area of western Nacogdoches County in East Texas is known to be a locality where Historic Caddo sites (of the Allen phase, ca. A.D. 1650-1800) are abundant, or at least abundant relative to many other parts of East Texas. In addition to there being at least two branches of the late 17th-early 19th century El Camino Real de los Tejas that bisect the area on their way to crossings on the nearby Angelina River, three important Historic Caddo sites have been identified not far apart in the valley: J. T. King (41NAI5), David King (41NA32l), and Wes Wisener (41NA336); the David King and Wes Wisener sites lie a short distance south of the J. T. King site, on the west side of the King Creek valley. Tom Middlebrook suggests these sites, and other Historic Caddo sites yet to be identified in the valley, are part of an early 18th century Hainai Caddo village that had farmstead compounds dispersed across at least a 3-4 km stretch of the valley.

In 2009, we had the opportunity to conduct archaeological survey investigations on private land on King Creek and one of its tributaries. The survey area is about l-1.5 km northeast of the J. T. King site. The principal focus of the survey work was to identify other Historic Caddo sites in the King Creek valley. Our interest in this property had first been piqued because the landowner had reported that a iron Spanish sword had been found on the property some years earlier; the landowner also mentioned that there were preserved segments of El Camino Real de los Tejas on the property. This article summarizes the findings from a first round of archaeological survey investigations
A Caddo Archeology Map
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

Archeologists use the term “Caddo” to refer to the many archaeological sites and abundant material remains that the ancestors of the modern Caddo peoples left behind over a large area of four different states, including eastern Texas, northwestern Louisiana, southwestern Arkansas, and eastern Oklahoma, traditionally centered on the Red River and its tributary streams. That record is marked by the remains of farmsteads, hamlets, villages, family and community cemeteries, and many small and large mound centers with public structures on and off mound platforms, plazas, and the burials of the social and political elite in and off mounds, as well as a rich material culture, especially their well-crafted ceramic wares. The peoples that lived in this area shared a common cultural heritage and native history that spanned more than a millennium.
Bibliography on Woodland and Caddo Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis and Petrographic Analysis Studies in East Texas, Northwest Louisiana, eastern Oklahoma, and Southwest Arkansas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Selden Robert Z.
Published: May 2019

Characterizing the chemical and mineralogical composition of ceramic vessels and sherds from Woodland and Caddo sites by means of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and petrographic analysis provides a unique opportunity to gather and investigate empirical evidence from ceramic vessels (and perhaps their contents?) on their trade and exchange at varying scales conducted by ancestral Caddo people with their neighbors, both near and far (i.e., other ancestral Caddo groups as well as non-Caddo communities). This evidence in turn can be used to explore changes in the nature of social and economic relationships between particular Caddo groups and other prehistoric populations. Identified compositional and paste differences that have been identified between the different wares made by Caddo groups (i.e., plain wares, utility wares, and fine wares) have also been employed to explore functional and technological differences in vessel function and form.
The Ranchos of Los Adaes: Spanish Geography and American Land Claims in Western Louisiana
Authors: Pleasant Darryl
Published: May 2019

Discovering the ranchos associated with the Presidio and Mission of Los Adaes has been a research goal for many years. Unfortunately research into the Spanish presence in Western Louisiana never revealed documentary evidence suggesting possible locations for the ranchos. Only generalized information was recovered in regards to a couple of the ranchos but definitely not solid data on their location. Recently it has come to our attention that perhaps our search had the wrong temporal parameters, we apparently should have been focused on the period after Los Adaes was closed. The research presented within the following pages has hopefully resolved this issue.
Additional New Radiocarbon Dates from East Texas Caddo Sites
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Selden Robert Z.
Published: May 2019

As a follow-up to the radiocarbon analyses reported by Perttula and Selden, in this article, we report on five new radiocarbon dates obtained from Caddo sites in East Texas. The radiocarbon samples are charred organic remains scraped off of one surface of whole vessels or sherds. These samples are from the Ware Acres site, the H. C. Slider site in Cherokee County, an unknown site in the upper Neches River basin in Smith County (9-SC), and an unknown Titus phase site (11-BCJ) in the Big Cypress Creek basin. All of the dates are calibrated using OxCal v4.1.7, with atmospheric data from Reimer.
Paleoindian to Middle Archaic Projectile Points from East Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2019

This article discusses and describes a number of distinctive Paleoindian to Middle Archaic projectile points from East Texas, centering on the middle Sabine River basin and the collecting areas roamed by Buddy Calvin Jones. It is likely that these points were collected in the 1950s and 1960s from the surface at a series of sites in the Sabine River valley.
Analysis of the Ceramic Sherds from Area C at the Ware Acres Site (41GG31), Gregg County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Selden Robert Z.
Published: May 2019

The Ware Acres site (410031) was discovered by Buddy Calvin Jones in 1951 on an alluvial terrace of Grace Creek, a southern-flowing tributary to the Sabine River in the southwestern part of the city of Longview, Texas. The site is best known for Jones' discovery and excavation of an eighteenth century Caddo burial with an abundance of European trade goods. However, Jones also investigated other parts of the site, which contained extensive Caddo habitation deposits, especially one area at the southern part of the site that had Late Caddo Titus phase midden deposits and remnants of house structures. A large assemblage of ceramic sherds were collected from this area, and although Jones indicated that "a complete analysis of them will be given in a later report," this was never done.

This article presents an analysis of these ceramic sherds, primarily to put the ceramic assemblage findings from this important East Texas site on record. The stylistic attributes and known ceramic types in the Ware Acres assemblage are also compared to the ceramic assemblage from the Pine Tree Mound site, as the Ware Acres site may be a component of the Pine Tree Mound Titus phase community found in the middle reaches of the Sabine River basin.
Documentation of Late Caddo Period Ceramic Vessels from Sites in the Lake Fork Creek Basin in Wood County, Texas
Authors: Perttula Timothy K. , Skiles Bob D.
Published: May 2019

In this article we document 18 ceramic vessels from three ancestral Caddo sites with cemeteries in the Lake Fork Creek basin in Wood County, Texas. Each site has a Late Caddo period Titus phase (ca. A.D. 1430-1680) component.