bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in seasonal mean maximum air temperature in Romania and their connection with large‐scale circulation
Authors: Tomozeiu Rodica , Busuioc Aristita , Stefan Sabina
Published: August 2002

This paper investigates the temporal and spatial variability of the seasonal mean of maximum air temperature in Romania and its links with the large–scale atmospheric circulation. The Romanian data sets are represented by time series at 14 stations. The large‐scale parameters are represented by the observed sea‐level pressure (SLP) and geopotential height at 500 hPa (Z500). The period analysed was 1922–98 for winter and 1960–98 for all seasons. Before analysis, the original temperature data were tested to detect for inhomogeneity using the standard normal homogeneity test. Empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) were used to analyse the spatial and temporal variability of the local and large‐scale parameters and to eliminate noise from the original data set. The time series associated with the first EOF pattern of the SLP and mean maximum temperature in Romania were analysed from trend and shifts point of view using the Pettitt and Mann–Kendall tests respectively. The covariance map computed using the Z500 and the seasonal mean of maximum temperature in Romania were used as additional methods to identify the large‐scale circulation patterns influencing the local variability.

Significant increasing trends were found for winter and summer mean maximum temperature in Romania, with upward shifts around 1947 and 1985 respectively. During autumn, a decreasing trend with a downward shift around 1969 was detected. These changes seem to be real, since they are connected to similar changes in the large‐scale circulation. So, the intensification of the southwesterly circulation over Europe since 1933 overlapped with the enhancement of westerly circulation after the 1940s could be the reason for the change in winter mean maximum temperature. The slight weakening of the southwesterly circulation during autumn could be one of the reasons for the decrease in the regime of the mean maximum temperature for autumn seasons. Additionally, the covariance map technique reveals the influence of the North Atlantic oscillation in winter, East Atlantic Jet in summer and Scandinavian (or Euroasia‐1) circulation pattern in autumn upon mean maximum air temperature. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Simulated turbulent fluxes over land from general circulation models and reanalyses compared with observations
Authors: Sheppard R. , Wild M.
Published: August 2002

Turbulent fluxes over land in three general circulation models (GCMs) and the three reanalyses are compared with long‐term measurements. Observations were obtained from a variety of sources, including GEBA, Cabauw, The Netherlands, and two newly analysed sites. The intercomparison reveals a wide range of values between the models. The latent heat flux in two of the models shows good agreement with observations. These models benefit from accurately simulated radiative fluxes. The other models tend to overestimate the latent heat flux as long as there is sufficient soil moisture available. This overestimation is caused by a variety of reasons, including: a too intense zonal flow from the ocean to the interior of the continent, which produces an excessive moist advection, thereby increasing precipitation and evaporation; and a high insolation and soil moisture, producing excessive latent heat flux in summer. Where soil moisture is limited too early, an excessive decrease in latent heat flux is apparent towards the end of summer. The sensible heat flux in the models varies when compared with the observations due to the following possibilities: in models that exhibit an excessive summer drying, too much available energy will be partitioned into the sensible heat flux at the end of summer, since there is no water available for evaporation; in models where radiation is overestimated, the excessive available energy will lead to an overestimated sensible heat flux. Despite the continuous assimilation of observations from the global observing system in the reanalyses, the range of uncertainties is not reduced when compared with the GCMs. Thus, although the reanalysis project was developed to aid the validation of GCMs, it appears to be difficult to accomplish this in the case of the turbulent fluxes. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
The spatial and temporal variability of the surface mass balance in Antarctica: results from a regional atmospheric climate model
Authors: van Lipzig Nicole P. M. , Meijgaard Erik van , Oerlemans Johannes
Published: August 2002

A 14 year integration with a regional atmospheric model (RACMO) is used to obtain detailed information on the Antarctic surface mass balance and to understand the mechanisms that are responsible for the spatial and temporal distribution of the surface mass balance. The model (Δx = 55 km) uses the parameterizations of the physical processes from the ECHAM4 general circulation model and is driven from the lateral boundaries by the 15 year re‐analyses of the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts (ERA‐15). Sea surface temperature and sea ice extent are prescribed from observations.

The model is evaluated with in situ measurements of surface pressure, 2 m temperature, and surface mass balance. Generally, good agreement is found between model output and measurements, although in the interior of the ice sheet the temperatures are slightly too high in summer. The 14 year mean surface mass balance averaged over the grounded Antarctic ice 〈B〉 is 156 mm water equivalent per year. A statistical relation between precipitation and topographical parameters is derived from model output. Half of the spatial variance in precipitation can be explained by a relation between precipitation and distance to the coast. Locally, the direction of the atmospheric flow is important; in Ellsworth Land and Wilkes Land the surface mass balance is larger than expected on the basis of topography alone, because of flow directed inland. The year‐to‐year variability in 〈B〉 is similar to the value found in ERA‐15 (standard deviation of annual mean values is 6 to 7% of the 14 year mean) and is determined by the atmospheric circulation and not by variations in temperature or humidity. In the interior of the ice sheet, seasonality of precipitation is mainly determined by temperature, but, near the coast, the dynamics of the flow are important. For example, in Dronning Maud Land the precipitation is highest in autumn, when the upslope component of the wind vector at 500 hPa is largest. Year‐to‐year variations in seasonality of precipitation are large and might affect proxies for meteorological variables in ice cores. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Who says change can be managed? Positions, perspectives and problematics
Authors: Palmer Ian , Dunford Richard
Published: August 2002

We pick up a current challenge in the change management literature — whether change can be managed. The answer to this question depends upon the underlying image one has of both managing and change.

We develop a model based upon two images of managing (management as controlling; management as shaping) and three images of change outcomes (intended, partially intended and unintended).

From this we identify six views on managing change: directing, navigating, caretaking, coaching, interpreting and nurturing.

We outline different theories associated with each of these views.

Theorists and practitioners hold differing images of what ‘managing change’ actually means — which leads them to talk past each other when attempting to engage in dialogue around how change can be managed.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘But does it work?’ Perceptions of the impact of management consulting
Authors: Wright Christopher , Kitay Jim
Published: August 2002

The performance and legitimacy of management consultants have come under increasing criticism within the business press, while academic literature has emphasized the often intangible nature of consulting services.

Based on extensive interview data, we find that consultants and clients commonly rely on subjective assessments of consulting impact and ‘impression management’.

A countervailing ‘high‐impact’ rhetoric is discerned among large consulting firms which stresses the measurable, bottom‐line results of consulting interventions.

We interpret this discourse as a legitimation strategy aimed at countering the growing critique of consulting. However, we note that this strategy has served to heighten client expectations and that consultants continue to face the dilemma of successfully managing client perceptions of consulting success.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison between reconstituted and fresh skim milk chemical and electrochemical acidifications
Authors: Bazinet Laurent , Ippersiel Denis , Gendron Christine , Tétreault Claudia , René‐Paradis Josée , Beaudry Jocelyne , Britten Michel , Mahdavi Behzad , Amiot Jean , Lamarche François
Published: August 2002

The aim of this study was to compare the electrochemical and chemical acidification of reconstituted and fresh skim milk in terms of electrodialytic parameters, precipitation kinetics, chemical composition and physicochemical and functional properties of isolates produced by bipolar membrane electro acidification (BMEA). The electrodialytic parameters were not influenced by the type of milk when both milks were compared at a similar protein and salt content. The difference in precipitation kinetics observed between the two milks, whatever the acidification procedure, can be explained mainly by a difference in salt content. Isolates produced by BMEA showed similar physicochemical and functional properties (except for foaming capacity) to isolates produced chemically. The main factor affecting the composition and the physicochemical and functional properties was the pre‐treatment of milk prior to acidification: it had a higher impact on the functional properties than the acidification treatment itself.

Copyright © 2002 Crown in the right of Canada. Published for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Non‐Arrhenius and non‐WLF kinetics in food systems
Authors: Peleg Micha , Engel Robert , Gonzalez‐Martinez Consuelo , Corradini Maria G
Published: August 2002

The classic Arrhenius and WLF equations are commonly used to describe rate–temperature relations in food and biological systems. However, they are not unique models and, because of their mathematical structure, give equal weight to rate deviations at the low‐ and high‐temperature regions. This makes them particularly useful for systems where what happens at low temperatures is of interest, as in spoilage of foods during storage, or where the effect is indeed exponential over a large temperature range, as in the case of viscosity. There are systems, however, whose activity is only noticeable above a certain temperature level. A notable example is microbial inactivation, for which these two classical models must be inadequate simply because cells and spores are not destroyed at ambient temperature. For such systems a model that identifies the temperature level at which the rate becomes significant is required. Such an alternative model is Y = ln{1 + exp[c(T − T
c)]}
m, where Y is the rate parameter in question (eg a reaction rate constant), Tc is the marker of the temperature range where the changes accelerate, and c and m are constants. (When m = 1, Y at T ≫ Tc is linear. When m ≠ 1, m is a measure of the curvature of Y at T ≫ Tc.) This model has at least a comparable fit to published rate–temperature relationships of browning and microbial inactivation as well as viscosity–temperature data previously described by the Arrhenius or WLF equation. This alternative log logistic model is not based on the assumption that there is a universal analogy between totally unrelated systems and simple chemical reactions, which is explicitly assumed when the Arrhenius equation is used, and it has no special reference temperature, as in the WLF equation, whose physical significance is not always clear. It is solely based on the actual behaviour of the examined system and not on any preconceived kinetics.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Morphological, thermal, rheological and noodle‐making properties of potato and corn starch
Authors: Singh Narpinder , Singh Jaspreet , Singh Sodhi Navdeep
Published: August 2002

A comparison between the morphological, thermal, rheological and noodle‐making properties of corn starch and potato starches separated from five different potato cultivars was made. The granule size and shape of all starches differed significantly. Potato starch granules were comparatively larger than corn starch granules, while the transition temperatures were found to be higher for corn starch. Consistency coefficients and flow behaviour indices measured by back extrusion were higher for potato starches than for corn starch. Stickiness of cooked starch pastes was observed to depend upon their consistency coefficient. The gels made from all potato starches showed higher gel strength than those from corn starch. The gel strength of starches from both corn and potato increased during refrigerated storage. The amylose content, swelling power, solubility and light transmittance values of potato starches were significantly higher than those of corn starch. Noodles made from potato starches had higher cooked weight and cooking loss than corn starch noodles. Texture profile analysis revealed that potato starch noodles also had higher hardness and cohesiveness than corn starch noodles. Hardness of cooked noodles from all starches increased and cohesiveness decreased during storage. Noodles made from starches of higher viscosity exhibited higher hardness and cohesiveness. Textural differences among cooked starch noodles appeared to be associated with morphological, thermal and rheological properties of corn starch and potato starches.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of methods of differentiating between fresh and frozen–thawed fish or fillets
Authors: Duflos Guillaume , Le Fur Bruno , Mulak Veronique , Becel Philippe , Malle Pierre
Published: August 2002

Freezing is an efficient way of storing fish. Objectively though, it is very hard to determine whether a fish has been previously frozen. Following an appraisal of various methods, we selected a physical determination (torrymeter), a physiological examination (eye lens) and three enzymatic assays (α‐glucosidase, β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase and β‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase) and applied them to three species: plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), whiting (Merlangus merlangus) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus). We also compared the results obtained following slow and rapid freezing and investigated how spoilage affects the torrymeter measurements and α‐glucosidase assay values. For whole fish the physical method using the torrymeter is a reliable indicator. For fish fillets we recommend the enzymatic method using the α‐glucosidase assay, which should be accompanied by measurement of the freshness to avoid confusing a frozen–thawed fish and a fish in an advanced stage of spoilage. The values noted for fresh and thawed whiting and plaice indicated cut‐off values of 0.15 for whiting and 0.5 for plaice, above which it can be asserted that the sample had been frozen.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Molecular approaches for the detection of truffle species in processed food products
Authors: Amicucci Antonella , Guidi Chiara , Zambonelli Alessandra , Potenza Lucia , Stocchi Vilberto
Published: August 2002

Molecular identification techniques were applied in order to analyse food products containing fragments of someTuberspecies. Samples of fungal DNA were processed by analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using truffle species‐specific primers, multiplex PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, sequencing of the ITS region and specific oligonucleotide probe hybridisation were used. The results obtained demonstrate the applicability of these molecular strategies to the identification of truffles, even when their morphological characteristics are difficult to interpret owing to the drastic treatments utilised in food preparation or the use of unripe fruit bodies (lacking spores). Furthermore, testing was also possible starting from very small amounts of sample and degraded DNA. The methods described have important applications in both the production and sale of such food products, in order to avoid fraud and reveal the possible presence of other fungal species.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of folate losses in soybean during the preparation of tempeh and soymilk
Authors: Arcot Jayashree , Wong Stephanie , Shrestha Ashok K
Published: August 2002

The changes in undeconjugated and total folate content of soybean during various stages of tempeh and soymilk preparation were studied. Total folate was extracted by the tri‐enzyme technique. The ratio of total folate to undeconjugated folate was compared in all samples. Raw soybeans used for tempeh and soymilk preparation contained 4.04 and 4.50 mg total folate kg−1 respectively. Soaking and boiling soybean caused a significant loss of folate during tempeh and soymilk preparation. Leaching was identified as the major cause of folate loss, as soaking and cooking waters were found to contain a large amount of folate. Rhizopus fermentation of boiled soybean caused an increase of 68 and 100% in undeconjugated and total folate contents respectively. Frying reduced the folate content of tempeh significantly. Milling of boiled soybean in soymilk preparation significantly reduced the undeconjugated folate content of blanched soybean but increased the total folate. UHT treatment of soymilk caused a loss of 9 and 14% of undeconjugated and total folates respectively. The total folate content of deep‐fried tempeh and soymilk was 2.35 and 2.76 mg kg−1 respectively. Analysed values are expressed on a dry weight basis.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Fermentation characteristics of polysaccharide fractions extracted from the cell walls of maize endosperm
Authors: van Laar Harmen , Tamminga Seerp , Williams Barbara A , Verstegen Martin W A , Schols H A
Published: August 2002

Cell walls were extracted from maize endosperm and separated into different polysaccharide fractions by sequential extraction with solutions of saturated Ba(OH)2, demineralised water and 1 and 4 M KOH. Solubilised polysaccharides were collected after each extraction. Residues were collected following the extractions with demineralised water and 1 and 4 M KOH. The original cell wall (CW) material, extracts and residues were analysed for their fermentation characteristics using an in vitro cumulative gas production technique. The rate of fermentation of the alkali‐treated residues was faster than that of the original CW material, except for the 4 M KOH residue, which had a similar rate of degradation to the original CW material. The polysaccharides solubilised from the cell wall (extracts) were all rapidly fermented, more rapidly than both CW and residues. A division of the gas production profile into two phases using curve fitting was in good agreement with a division of the cell wall fermentation into the fermentation of arabinoxylans and cellulose. Therefore the likelihood of preferential degradation of arabinoxylans from the maize cell wall was discussed. The volatile fatty acid production pattern was fairly well explained by the fermentation rate and composition of the substrates. It was concluded that breaking the interactions of polysaccharides in the maize cell wall by mild alkali extraction increases the fermentability of maize cell walls in the gastrointestinal tract of farm animals. Contrarily, more severe alkali extractions will reduce the fermentability of maize cell walls.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Polymerase chain reaction detection of bacterial ribosomal genes from fresh and stored animal feeds
Authors: Maciorowski Kenneth G , Pillai Suresh D , Ricke Steven C
Published: August 2002

Feed quality can be influenced by both the microbial population levels and types of organisms that become associated with the feed matrices during processing and storage. Evaluation of microbial quality of animal feeds is difficult, because feeds generally contain a diverse bacterial population that can fluctuate widely depending on a variety of factors. Microbial diversity may be investigated in animal feed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 16S rDNA primers. In this study a bacterial isolation step involving centrifugation was combined with several DNA extraction techniques, and PCR amplicons were visualised on electrophoresis gels. Seven different animal feeds and two commonly used feed ingredients, either fresh or stored for approximately 14 months at −20 °C, were chosen (18 feed sources in total) to represent a variety of different matrices, concentrations of macronutrients such as protein and fat, and particle sizes. DNA extraction involving polyethylene glycol 8000 appeared to be the most reliable protocol for the extraction of community DNA for PCR analysis of feeds. The majority of the feeds (14 out of 18 animal feeds and feed ingredients) examined in this study yielded at least one PCR‐positive replicate (1.1 kb band on gel), whereas no amplified products could be obtained from either of the other two DNA extraction protocols. Although some protocol refinement may be necessary for individual feeds, this approach has the potential to be a reliable method for monitoring microbial diversity changes in feeds and for rapid, simultaneous detection of a wide variety of micro‐organisms in animal feeds during processing and storage.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of temperature and plant density on sensory quality and volatile terpenoids of carrot (Daucus carota L.) root
Authors: Rosenfeld Hans J , Aaby Kjersti , Lea Per
Published: August 2002

Carrots were grown in controlled climate chambers at 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 °C and at two plant densities. Descriptive sensory analysis was performed and terpenes were assessed by means of a dynamic headspace technique. The highest score for sweet taste was obtained in carrots grown at the lowest temperature, while bitter taste, terpenes and sugars showed increasing values with increasing growth temperature. Plant density had little or no effect on sensory quality or terpenoid volatiles. Higher temperatures (18 and 21 °C) led to higher contents of terpenoid volatiles in carrots. A high positive correlation between terpenes (α‐terpinene, β‐myrcene, trans‐caryophyllene, farnesene, α‐humulene) and sensory variables (terpene flavour, green flavour, earthy flavour, bitter taste, aftertaste) was found: 83% of the variation in terpenes was able to predict 82% of the sensory variables by means of partial least squares regression (PLS2). It was concluded that these terpenes were responsible for bitter taste and thus suppressed the perception of sweet taste in carrots. Terpinolene decreased with increasing growth temperature and probably plays only a minor role in masking sweet taste in carrots.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of harvest time and storage on dietary fibre components in various cultivars of white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata)
Authors: Wennberg Mathias , Engqvist Gabriele , Nyman Margareta
Published: August 2002

The effect of harvest time and storage on dietary fibre content and composition was investigated in six cultivars of white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata). Three cultivars were of early maturity type (SW Nordpol, Rolly and Balbro) and three of late maturity type (Predikant, Hanna and Lion). The average total dietary fibre (TDF) content was 241 g kg−1 dry matter (DM) (CV = 13), of which approximately 25% was soluble (CV = 15). The main dietary fibre components were glucose (37%), uronic acid (32%), arabinose (12%) and galactose (8%) residues. Early cultivars generally had a lower TDF content than late maturity types, due to a lower amount of both insoluble (arabinose, galactose and glucose) and soluble (arabinose) polymers. An early cultivar, Rolly, had the highest solubility, 33%, versus 25 ± 4% for the other cultivars. The early cultivar SW Nordpol had a similar TDF content and proportion of soluble dietary fibre (SDF) to the late cultivar Hanna, but the dietary fibre composition was different, with the early cultivar having a lower proportion of arabinose residues. Storage for 6 weeks had minor effects on the dietary fibre. After further storage of the late maturity cultivars, there was an increase in insoluble dietary fibre (IDF) (glucose and uronic acid residues) and a decrease in SDF (arabinose and galactose residues). As a consequence the solubility of TDF decreased from 29 to 19% on average. Harvesting before physiological maturity was reached resulted in a somewhat lower content of TDF and IDF for two cultivars (Predikant and Hanna), while SDF was more or less unaffected for all cultivars. Long‐term storage had fewer effects on cabbage harvested prior to maturity than when harvested at the right physiological maturity. It is concluded that the observed differences between cultivars and after long term storage are of such magnitude that they may affect nutritional properties of the dietary fibre.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of various levels of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A and combinations thereof on protein and energy utilisation in broilers
Authors: Verma J , Swain B K , Johri T S
Published: August 2002

Studies were conducted to evaluate protein and energy utilisation in broilers fed diets containing various levels of aflatoxin (AF; 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg kg−1) and ochratoxin A (OA; 0, 1, 2 and 4 mg kg−1) either singly or in different combinations. Total protein efficiency (TPE) was reduced by 50.97, 76.52 and 132.75% at 2 mg kg−1 AF and 2 and 4 mg kg−1 OA respectively. Co‐toxicity at two levels, 1 mg kg−1 AF + 2 mg kg−1 OA and 2 mg kg−1 AF + 4 mg kg−1 OA, resulted in significant reductions of 78.58 and 127.43% respectively in TPE. AF at all three levels and OA at 2 and 4 mg kg−1 caused significant decreases in net protein utilisation (NPU). Co‐toxicity at all three levels led to significantly lower NPU. The reduction in NPU ranged from 18.68% at 0.5 mg kg−1 AF to 75.12% at 2 mg kg−1 AF + 4 mg kg−1 OA. Significant reductions in metabolisable energy (ME) content were recorded at 1 and 2 mg kg−1 AF and all three levels of OA. ME content was reduced drastically when both toxins were fed simultaneously. It is suggested that both AF and OA adversely affect energy and protein utilisation in broilers, and this effect is exacerbated when both toxins are fed simultaneously.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Visitors' perceptions of authenticity at cultural attractions in Hainan, China
Authors: Xie Philip Feifan , Wall Geoffrey
Published: August 2002

The island of Hainan is a peripheral province of China with a rapidly expanding tourism industry. In addition to its tropical climate and sea–sun–sand–sex attractions, Hainan possesses substantial ethnic minorities who have become involved in the tourism industry, particularly through the development of folk villages. These folk villages are purpose‐built tourism attractions, akin to small theme parks, in which the theme is ethnicity and in which aspects of local culture are shared with visitors for a price. This paper examines and compares the characteristics and experiences of visitors, mainly of Chinese mainland origin, to three such villages. Emphasis is placed upon the extent to which they are satisfied with their experiences and believe them to be authentic. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
No attraction in strategic thinking: perceptions on current and future skills needs for visitor attraction managers
Authors: Watson Sandra , McCracken Martin
Published: August 2002

This paper presents the findings from an exploratory study into managerial skill requirements in the Scottish visitor attraction sector. It provides an insight into the range, diversity and perceived importance of current and future skills. The main findings highlight a focus on operation skills, with ‘soft’ people skills also seen as being important in the future. However, less emphasis was given to strategic skills, either now or in the future. Given the intensely competitive environment for visitor attractions, this finding is rather concerning as strategic thinking has been presented in the literature and by tourism experts as essential to maintain commercial viability. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Space, sanctity and service; the English Cathedral as heterotopia
Authors: Shackley Myra
Published: August 2002

The 43 Anglican Diocesan cathedrals in England attract in excess of 30 million tourist visitors per year, but also function as museums, centres for pilgrimage and foci for the performing arts. This paper examines the complex nature of the experience offered by cathedrals to their visitors, which often generates difficulties associated with sites that may be viewed as interfaces between the sacred and the profane. It also identifies the problems presented by the requirement to earn revenue from visitors (especially by charging admission) when still offering facilities for worship, prayer or meditation. The model adopted is Foucault's concept of sacred space as heterotopia (a ritual space that exists out of time). It is argued that difficulties over admissions charges are not simply straightforward reluctance to pay up, but intrinsically related to the nature of the spiritual experience expected and received by visitors to cathedrals, whether consciously or not. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heritage attractions and tourism development in Asia: a comparative study of Hong Kong and Singapore
Authors: Henderson Joan C.
Published: August 2002

The paper compares the principal Asian city destinations of Hong Kong and Singapore with specific reference to heritage attractions and their contribution to tourism development, revealing contrasts and similarities that offer an insight into more general practices and processes. Authorities are actively pursuing tourism marketing and development initiatives incorporating the promotion of selected forms of heritage in order to stimulate visitor arrivals, but also employing heritage to define and articulate national and cultural identity. Heritage is thus shown to have a political and socio‐cultural significance in addition to its economic value as a generator of revenue, foreign exchange and employment. These functions help to explain the higher priority allocated to it in strategic planning and its increasing use to attract visitors throughout much of Asia. Contexts may be very different, yet approaches correspond, as demonstrated by the circumstances of Hong Kong and Singapore. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tourism business knowledge of World Heritage sites: a New Zealand case study
Authors: Hall C. Michael , Piggin Rachel
Published: August 2002

The article reports on a survey of tourism businesses at the Southwest New Zealand and Tongariro National Park World Heritage properties in New Zealand. Despite the international and domestic tourism significance of the properties the survey identified substantial gaps in business knowledge of World Heritage and associated values. Such a situation has implications not only for tourism business education and management in World Heritage areas but also further consideration of the role that World Heritage listing may actually play in attracting visitors as opposed to the intrinsic characteristics of the property. Copyright
© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of salesperson skill, motivation, and training on the practice of customer‐oriented selling
Authors: Pettijohn Charles E. , Pettijohn Linda S. , Taylor A. J.
Published: August 2002

Why is customer‐oriented selling not practiced widely? The purpose of this research was to identify the relationships between factors that may be related to the practice of customer‐oriented selling: Salesperson job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and skills. A survey of 109 retail salespeople provided insights into the relationships between these variables. The findings focused on the importance of the relationships existing between salesperson skills, training, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and salesperson customer orientation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do money‐earning time and money‐exchanging route matter?
Authors: Li Shu
Published: August 2002

This article explores whether the route via which the money form is changed (i.e., money–cash–money versus money–token–money) and the timing at which the money is earned (i.e., before performance versus after performance) play a role in influencing people's willingness to part with money. Two studies, with 125 and 253 subjects, respectively, showed that the route indeed had an effect on the spendability of the dollar in hand and that the timing of earning did affect the proclivity to spend the earned money. These results add to a growing body of evidence for the possible violation of the fundamental economic assumption of fungibility. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
About embedded eigenvalues for a spectral problem arising in the study of elastic surface waves in a topographical waveguide
Authors: Sini Mourad
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we are interested with the spectral study of an operator given by an elastic topographical waveguide, a deformed half‐space, of which the cross‐section is a local perturbation of a homogeneous half‐plane. We look for guided waves propagating more rapidly than Rayleigh waves (which mathematically would correspond to embedded eigenvalues) and prove that there are no guided waves propagating more rapidly than S‐waves. Thanks to the boundary of the deformed half‐plane and some reduced equations, these eventual eigenmodes must locally vanish. Adapting to our case a unique continuation principle for the elasticity system, we conclude that these eigenmodes vanish everywhere. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The scattering theory of C. Wilcox in elasticity
Authors: Mabrouk Mongi , Helali Zouheir
Published: August 2002

We extend the abstract time‐dependent scattering theory of C.H. Wilcox to the case of elastic waves. Most of the results are proved with the minimal assumption that the obstacle satisfies the energy local compactness condition (ELC). This holds especially for the existence and unitarity of the wave operators. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the domain dependence of solutions to the compressible Navier–Stokes equations of a barotropic fluid
Authors: Feireisl Eduard , Novotný Antonín , Petzeltová Hana
Published: August 2002

We prove a general compactness result for the solution set of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations with respect to the variation of the underlying spatial domain. Among various corollaries, we then prove a general existence theorem for the system in question with no restrictions on smoothness of the spatial domain. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mapping properties of the radiosity operator along an edge
Authors: Hansen Olaf
Published: August 2002

In this article we study the radiosity operator along an edge between two adjacent half‐planes. First we show that the radiosity operator is invertible in a whole scale of anisotropic Sobolev spaces. In the absence of any shadows we are able to derive regularity properties of the solution, which depend only on the angle between the half‐planes, the reflectivity coefficients and the right‐hand side. This work can be considered as a supplement to the article of Rathsfeld (Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 1999; 22: 217–241). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards the automatic analysis of 1H NMR spectra: Part 3. Confirmation of postulated chemical structure
Authors: Griffiths Lee , Bright Jonathan D.
Published: August 2002

A method is proposed which automatically compares experimental and predicted 1H chemical shifts, integrals and scalar couplings and allows the structure on which the predictions are based to be confirmed or refuted. The method is comparatively insensitive to the variable presence of labile protons but is sensitive to the reliability of chemical shift prediction. Nonetheless, even with current commercially available 1H chemical shift prediction, amongst a set of unrelated compounds the structure can be confirmed with 99% confidence. Where the compounds are closely related, the confidence decreases to approximately 60%, or 88% when labile protons are excluded. If closely related pairs are nominated explicitly, a specific criterion can be set for each pair, allowing every pair to be differentiated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aluminium‐27 NMR investigation of the influence of cation type on aluminosilicate solutions
Authors: Azizi Naser , Harris Robin K. , Samadi‐Maybodi Abdolraouf
Published: August 2002

The effects of tetraalkylammonium (TAA) and alkali metal cations on the equilibrium distribution of aluminosilicate oligomers in aqueous alkaline aluminosilicate solutions were investigated using 27Al NMR spectra and their evolution with time. The results indicate that there are no differences in the initial equilibria involving solutions containing both TAA and alkali metal cations on the one hand and those containing alkali metal cations only. However, re‐equilibration of the aluminosilicate species for TAA/Na aluminosilicates is slow (usually not detectable on the time‐scale of the experiments), whereas when purely alkali metal cations are used, the spectra alter over a period of ∼1 h, such that resolution is degraded substantially. In the latter case, it is suggested that the anions aggregate into larger systems, although the solutions are still clear. 29Si NMR evidence for slow equilibration of silicate and aluminosilicate solutions at higher concentrations is also discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐dimensional TOCSY 1H NMR experiments on adducts of amino acid esters with cobalt(III) tetramethylchiroporphyrin. Prospects for the analysis of amino acid mixtures
Authors: Claeys‐Bruno Magalie , Bardet Michel , Marchon Jean‐Claude
Published: August 2002

Cobalt(III) tetramethylchiroporphyrin, CoCl(TMCP), is a useful chiral shift reagent for structure attribution, absolute configuration assignment and enantiomeric excess determination of amino acid methyl esters by 1H NMR spectroscopy. However, it has two axial sites available for amine coordination, a structural feature which generates n(n + 1)/2 diastereomeric species and n2 distinct spin systems from a mixture of n amino ester enantiomers, making the analysis of complex amino acid samples exceedingly difficult by classical 1‐D or 2‐D NMR methods when n > 3. The 1‐D TOCSY experiment is shown to be a powerful tool for the selective excitation and detection of every single component of a mixture of four amino acid methyl esters bound to CoCl(TMCP): those of(S)‐Leu, (S)‐Asp, (R)‐Asp and (S)‐Glu, for example. The potential utility of this methodology for the determination of amino acid enantiomers in carbonaceous meteorites or other extraterrestrial samples is suggested. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A [Pd (η3‐PhCHCHCHPh)(phosphino‐oxazoline)]+ complex with almost identical P‐ and N‐trans influences. 13C chemical shifts and allylic alkylation chemistry
Authors: Dotta Pascal , Anil Kumar P. G. , Pregosin Paul S.
Published: August 2002

The Pd‐catalysed enantioselective allylic alkylation of a 1,3‐diphenylallyl substrate using a bulky phosphinooxazoline auxiliary leads to a relatively small enantiomeric excess of 66%. The ca 30% loss, relative to related P,N‐auxiliaries, is rationalized by (a) the presence of additional isomers, (b) a dynamic equilibrium between two of these as shown by exchange spectroscopy and (c) the identification of one exchanging diastereomer in which there is almost no difference between the two terminal allyl 13C chemical shifts, i.e. these P‐ and N‐donors reveal an almost identical trans influence. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR study of E/Z isomerism in N‐alkoxybenzoimidic acid derivatives
Authors: Schraml Jan , Blechta Vratislav , Karban Jindřich , Mindl Jaromir
Published: August 2002

Well defined E/Z isomers of N‐methoxy‐p‐nitrobenzimidoyl chloride, N‐methoxybenzimidoyl chloride, methyl N‐methylbenzohydroximate and ethyl N‐hydroxybenzimidate were prepared in order to provide model data for studies of benzhydroximic acid derivatives and related compounds. NMR parameters [1H, 13C and 15N chemical shifts and 1J(13C, 13C) coupling constants] were determined. The results show that stereochemically most significant are the values of 1J(13C, 13C) couplings between aromatic Cipso and CN carbons and that the relationship, |Jcis| > |Jtrans|, known for this coupling from oximes, is not affected by electronegative substituents at the CN carbon atom, but the values are. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of pH on the rotational conformations of 1,3‐diamino‐2‐hydroxypropane
Authors: Cheng Jim M. , Heller Jessica P. , Petterson Krag A. , Roberts John D.
Published: August 2002

The effect of pH on the rotational conformations of 1,3‐diamino‐2‐hydroxypropane in aqueous solution was investigated by proton NMR. Both the observed chemical shifts and coupling constants were used to calculate experimental pKa values. The observed couplings were correlated with the expected couplings for the various possible staggered conformations to try to determine the pattern of conformations for the diamine and its conjugate acids. The best fits suggested a modest preference for the gauche–gauche conformation, especially at low pH, where the diprotonated hydroxydiamine predominates. In methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide and trichloromethane solutions, it was only possible to evaluate the conformational equilibria of the diamine. Slow proton exchange, which caused uncertainties in both chemical shifts and couplings for the monoprotonated and unprotonated diamine, nullified efforts to determine whether or not hydrogen bonding was important for these species in less polar solvents. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A unified approach to the implicit integration of standard, non‐standard and viscous plasticity models
Authors: de Borst René , Heeres Otto M.
Published: August 2002

It is shown how modern concepts to integrate the elasto‐plastic rate equations of standard plasticity via an implicit algorithm can be generalized to plasticity without an explicitly defined yield surface and to overstress‐type models of viscoplasticity, where the stress point can be located outside the loading surface. For completeness, a tangent operator is derived that is consistent with the update algorithm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 2‐D constitutive model for cyclic interface behaviour
Authors: Mortara Giuseppe , Boulon Marc , Ghionna Vito Nicola
Published: August 2002

The paper concerns a 2‐D constitutive model for interface behaviour between sand and solid inclusions under cyclic loading. The model is based on the experimental results obtained from laboratory direct shear interface tests conducted under both constant normal load (CNL) and constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions. The model is formulated in terms of interface stresses and relative velocities and has been derived by extending an elastoplastic isotropic model previously formulated for monotonic loading to stress reversal paths. Such extension consists in adding to the isotropic hardening mechanism a kinematic rotational one defined by an inner conical surface rotating around the origin of the stress space. This allows one to store the memory of the previous stress and relative displacement history giving to the model the capability to analyse the interface behaviour under cyclic loading. After a brief description of the criteria governing the monotonic model, the paper describes in detail the features of the kinematic hardening. Finally, the predictions of the model are compared with the experimental results obtained from CNL and CNS interface tests. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a constitutive model for clays and sands: Part I – sand behaviour
Authors: Pestana Juan M. , Whittle Andrew J. , Salvati Lynn A.
Published: August 2002

This paper evaluates the performance of a generalized effective stress soil model for predicting the rate independent behaviour of freshly deposited sands, while a companion paper describes model capabilities for clays and silts. Most material parameters can be obtained from standard laboratory data, including hydrostatic or one‐dimensional compression, drained and undrained triaxial shear testing. A compilation of data on compression behaviour allows for estimation of compression parameters when this type of data is not available. Extensive comparisons of model predictions with measured data from undrained triaxial shear tests shows that the model gives excellent predictions of the transition from dilative to contractive shear response as the confining pressure and/or the initial formation void ratio increases. A parametric study of drained response shows that the model describes realistically the variation of peak friction angle and dilation rate as a function of confining pressure and density when compared with an empirical correlation valid for many sands. The proposed formulation predicts a unique critical state locus for both drained and undrained triaxial testing which is non‐linear over the entire range of stresses and is in excellent agreement with recent experimental data. Overall, the model provides excellent predictions of the stress–strain–strength relationships over a wide range of confining pressures and formation densities. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of 13C‐filtered 1H NMR to evaluate drug action on gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis simultaneously in isolated rat hepatocytes
Authors: Hansen Svend Høime , McCormack James G.
Published: August 2002

The effects of two inhibitors of hepatic glucose production, AICAR (5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide riboside) and metformin, whose precise mechanisms of action are a matter of some controversy, have been investigated in isolated rat hepatocytes by application of a novel NMR‐based method whereby effects on metabolic flow from the two glucose‐producing pathways, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, and also lactate production, can be studied simultaneously. Hepatocytes were pre‐incubated for 24 h with 15 mM 1‐13C‐glucose to load the cells with labeled glycogen, which under subsequent glycogenolytic conditions would yield predominantly 1‐13C glucose and 3‐13C‐lactate, followed (after washing) by incubation in media with 2‐13C‐glycerol, which under subsequent gluconeogenic conditions would yield 2,5‐13C‐glucose, or if metabolized to lactate, 2‐13C‐lactate. Glucose production was then stimulated by glucagon for 3 h in the absence or presence of the inhibitors and then incubation media were analyzed by 13C‐HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum coherence)‐filtered 1H NMR spectra. The results show that metformin only inhibits glucose production by inhibition of gluconeogenesis, but also that it increases lactate production from both glycogenolysis and from glycerol, whereas, and contrary to expectations, AICAR inhibits glucose production by inhibiting both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, and also increases lactate production from glycerol. The data show that application of this methodology can be used to answer important questions about drug action on hepatic metabolism that are not readily accessible by alternative means. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.