bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanodiamond Coating in Energy and Engineering Fields: Synthesis Methods, Characteristics, and Applications
Authors: Zhao Ningkang , Song Meiqi , Zhang Xifang , Xu Wei , Liu Xiaojing
Published: May 2024

Nanodiamonds are metastable allotropes of carbon. Based on their high hardness, chemical inertness, high thermal conductivity, and wide bandgap, nanodiamonds are widely used in energy and engineering applications in the form of coatings, such as mechanical processing, nuclear engineering, semiconductors, etc., particularly focusing on the reinforcement in mechanical performance, corrosion resistance, heat transfer, and electrical behavior. In mechanical performance, nanodiamond coatings can elevate hardness and wear resistance, improve the efficiency of mechanical components, and concomitantly reduce friction, diminish maintenance costs, particularly under high‐load conditions. Concerning chemical inertness and corrosion resistance, nanodiamond coatings are gradually becoming the preferred manufacturing material or surface modification material for equipment in harsh environments. As for heat transfer, the extremely high coefficient of thermal conductivity of nanodiamond coatings makes them one of the main surface modification materials for heat exchange equipment. The increase of nucleation sites results in excellent performance of nanodiamond coatings during the boiling heat transfer stage. Additionally, concerning electrical properties, nanodiamond coatings elevate the efficiency of solar cells and fuel cells, and great performance in electrochemical and electrocatalytic is found. This article will briefly describe the application and mechanism analysis of nanodiamonds in the above‐mentioned fields.
Manipulating 2D Membrane Interlayer Channels with Accelerated Mass‐Transfer Behavior to Boost Solar Desalination
Authors: Du Yuping , Zhang He , Zou Lie , Li Xiaoke , Lv Xingbin , Ye Jiahui , Deng Kuan , Tian Wen , Ji Junyi
Published: May 2024

The scarcity of fresh water necessitates sustainable and efficient water desalination strategies. Solar‐driven steam generation (SSG), which employs solar energy for water evaporation, has emerged as a promising approach. Graphene oxide (GO)‐based membranes possess advantages like capillary action and Marangoni effect, but their stacking defects and dead zones of flexible flakes hinders efficient water transportation, thus the evaporation rate lag behind unobstructed‐porous 3D evaporators. Therefore, fundamental mass‐transfer approach for optimizing SSG evaporators offers new horizons. Herein, a universal multi‐force‐fields‐based method is presented to regularize membrane channels, which can mechanically eliminate inherent interlayer stackings and defects. Both characterization and simulation demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach across different scales and explain the intrinsic mechanism of mass‐transfer enhancement. When combined with a structurally optimized substrate, the 4Laponite@GO‐1 achieves evaporation rate of 2.782 kg m−2 h−1 with 94.48% evaporation efficiency, which is comparable with most 3D evaporators. Moreover, the optimized membrane exhibits excellent cycling stability (10 days) and tolerance to extreme conditions (pH 1–14, salinity 1%–15%), verifies the robust structural stability of regularized channels. This optimization strategy provides simple but efficient way to enhance the SSG performance of GO‐based membranes, facilitating their extensive application in sustainable water purification technologies.
Enzymatic Reaction Enhanced Diffusion Accelerates Cargo Transport through Micro/Nano‐Channels
Authors: Wang Liying , Jin Dongdong , Peng Yixin , Khan Mohd Yasir , Zhao Dongfang , Xu Chengyan , Chen Wenjun , Wang Wei , Ma Xing
Published: May 2024

Energy conversion and transfer of enzyme‐catalyzed reactions at molecular level are an interesting and challenging scientific topic that helps understanding biological processes in nature. In this study, it is demonstrated that enzyme‐catalyzed reactions can enhance diffusion of surrounding molecules and thus accelerate cargo transport within 1D micro/nanochannels. Specifically, urease is immobilized on the inner walls of silica micro/nano‐tubes to construct bio‐catalytically active micro/nanochannels. The catalytic reaction inside the channels drives a variety of cargoes, including small dye molecules, polymers, and rigid nanoparticles (e.g., quantum dots, QDs), to pass through these micro/nanochannels much faster than they will by free diffusion. The enhanced diffusion of molecular species inside the channels is validated by direct observation of the Brownian motion of tracer particles, and further confirmed by significantly enhanced Raman intensity of reporter molecules. Finite element and Brownian dynamics simulations provide a theoretical understanding of these experimental observations. Furthermore, the effect of the channels’ size on the diffusion enhancement is examined. The acceleration effect of the cargo transport through these enzymatically active micro/nanochannels can be turned on or off via chemical activators or inhibitors. This study provides valuable insights on the design of biomimetic channels capable of controlled and efficient transmembrane transport.
Light‐Responsive Nanoantennas Integrated into Nanoscale Metal–Organic Frameworks for Photothermal Drug Delivery
Authors: Cedrún‐Morales Manuela , Ceballos Manuel , Soprano Enrica , Zampini Giulia , Polo Ester , Pelaz Beatriz , del Pino Pablo
Published: May 2024

Nanoscale metal–organic frameworks (NMOFs) exhibit unique properties for drug delivery, including ultrahigh storage capabilities, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and sustained release of encapsulated cargo. However, due to their localized electronic states, MOFs are nonresponsive to external stimuli such as light or magnetic fields. This study investigates the integration of light‐responsive nanoantennas into NMOFs to enhance their application as smart drug delivery nanosystems. By integrating gold bipyramid nanoantennas within ZIF‐8 and NU‐1000 NMOFs, core@shell nanosystems are created with photothermal capabilities. Utilizing cresyl violet as a model drug, the loading and release dynamics of these nanosystems are analyzed, demonstrating controlled drug release under near‐infrared (NIR) light stimulation. Photothermal release studies conducted in living cells reveal the potential of these nanocomposites for spatiotemporal targeted, light‐activated drug delivery. Further evaluation of the NU‐1000 nanocomposite loaded with chemotherapeutics—doxorubicin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin—in both 2D and 3D cell cultures shows the nanosystem effectiveness in cell internalization and therapeutic NIR activation. The findings demonstrate that the incorporation of stimuli‐responsive elements into NMOFs offers a promising approach for developing advanced drug delivery platforms.
Enhanced Nanoparticle Sensing in a Highly Viscous Nanopore
Authors: Kawaguchi Taiga , Tsutsui Makusu , Murayama Sanae , Leong Iat Wai , Yokota Kazumichi , Komoto Yuki , Taniguchi Masateru
Published: May 2024

Slowing down translocation dynamics is a crucial challenge in nanopore sensing of small molecules and particles. Here, it is reported on nanoparticle motion‐mediated local viscosity enhancement of water‐organic mixtures in a nanofluidic channel that enables slow translocation speed, enhanced capture efficiency, and improved signal‐to‐noise ratio by transmembrane voltage control. It is found that higher detection rates of nanoparticles under larger electrophoretic voltage in the highly viscous solvents. Meanwhile, the strongly pulled particles distort the liquid in the pore at high shear rates over 103 s−1 which leads to a counterintuitive phenomenon of slower translocation speed under higher voltage via the induced dilatant viscosity behavior. This mechanism is demonstrated as feasible with a variety of organic molecules, including glycerol, xanthan gum, and polyethylene glycol. The present findings can be useful in resistive pulse analyses of nanoscale objects such as viruses and proteins by allowing a simple and effective way for translocation slowdown, improved detection throughput, and enhanced signal‐to‐noise ratio.
Engineering the Spatial Distribution of Amphiphilic Molecule within Complex Coacervate Microdroplet via Modulating Charge Strength of Polyelectrolytes
Authors: Yin Chengying , Yu Xinran , Chen Chong , Jin Xiaofen , Tian Liangfei
Published: May 2024

The investigation of the interplay between complex coacervate microdroplets and amphiphilic molecules offers valuable insights into the processes of prebiotic compartmentalization on the early Earth and presents a promising avenue for future advancements in biotechnology. Herein, the interaction between complex coacervate microdroplets and amphiphilic molecule (decanoic acid) is systematically investigated by varying charge strengths of negatively charged polyelectrolytes (DNA and PAA) and positively charged polyelectrolytes (PDDA and DEAE‐Dextran). It is found that the interaction between amphiphilic molecule and complex coacervate microdroplets depended on the delicate balance between the interaction between decanoic acid and polyelectrolyte and the interaction between two polyelectrolytes. The different spatial distribution of amphiphilic molecule can result in differences in the internal microenvironment, which can further alter the uptake or exclusion of small molecules and biomolecules with different charges and polarities and functional biological process.
Sustainable edge computing: Challenges and future directions
Authors: Arroba Patricia , Buyya Rajkumar , Cárdenas Román , Risco‐Martín José L. , Moya José M.
Published: May 2024

The advent of edge computing holds immense promise for advancing the digitization of society, ushering in critical applications that elevate the overall quality of life. Yet, the practical implementation of the edge paradigm proves more challenging than anticipated, encountering disruptions primarily due to the constraints of applying conventional cloud‐based strategies at the network's periphery. Increasingly influenced by sustainability commitments, industry regulations currently view edge computing as a potential threat, primarily due to the energy inefficiency of solutions situated in close proximity to data generation sources and the rising density of computing. This paper presents a proactive strategy to transform the perceived threat into an opportunity, steering the sustainable evolution of future edge infrastructures to make them both environmentally and economically competitive for accelerated adoption. The vision outlined addresses key challenges associated with edge deployment and operation, emphasizing energy efficiency, fault‐tolerant automation, and collaborative orchestration. The proposed approach integrates two‐phase immersion cooling, formal modeling, machine learning, and federated management to effectively harness heterogeneity, propelling the sustainability of edge computing. To substantiate the efficacy of this approach, the paper details initial efforts towards establishing the sustainability of an edge infrastructure designed for an Advanced Driver Assistance Systems application.
A biocompatible O‐carboxymethyl chitosan/acrylic acid copolymer over magnetic graphene oxide used for determination of catechins in urine prior to ion monitoring‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Golmohammadi Golnaz , Sereshti Hassan , Samadi Soheila , Rashidi Nodeh Hamid
Published: May 2024

Catechins, as powerful flavonoids with antioxidant properties, are crucial for the preservation of the human body against free radicals and for promoting overall health. Research has shown that the presence of catechins in urine is linked to a reduced risk of gastric and esophageal cancer. This study introduces an innovative approach using a novel nano‐composite material, composed of magnetic graphene oxide coated with a biocompatible O‐carboxymethyl chitosan/acrylic acid copolymer, for extracting catechins from human urine. The extracted catechins were then analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry‐selected ion monitoring analysis. Under the optimum conditions, the analytical figures of merit for catechin and epicatechin were linear dynamic range: 0.5–1000 ng/mL, R2 of 0.9991; limit of detection equal to 0.1 ng/mL; relative standard deviation: 4.1 and 3.1 (C = 50 ng/mL, n = 3); and relative recovery was 94%, respectively. The application of this method holds significant promise for advancing clinical and toxicological studies, as well as establishing potential associations between tea consumption and disease prevention.
Mass spectrometry and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy profiles of red and pink Rhododendron flower petals establish them as rich sources of bioactive secondary metabolites
Authors: Shagun Shagun , Lingwan Maneesh , Masakapalli Shyam Kumar
Published: May 2024

Rhododendron petals are considered high‐value owing to their commercial utility, national/state flower status in certain countries, and bioactive potential from recent studies. Profiling and quantitative analysis of the bioactive metabolites would evaluate if they can be natural sources. This study is focused on the comprehensive profiling of secondary metabolites in the hot aqueous petal extracts of Red and Pink Rhododendron flowers (Rhododendron arboreum and Rhododendron campanulatum) using separation and fragmentation patterns from mass spectrometry (MS) (gas chromatography‐MS and liquid chromatography‐tandem MS) and chemical shifts from proton‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The complementary analytical platforms highlighted the petals to be rich in promising bioactive molecules such as quinic acid, chlorogenic acid (caffeoyl quinic acid), protocatechuic acid, coumaroyl quinic acids, catechin, epigallocatechin, and shikimic acid. The analysis also reflected the activity of shikimic acid, phenolic acid, and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways in Rhododendron flowers. These metabolites are well reported for their bioactive potential as anti‐oxidative, anti‐viral, anti‐cancerous, anti‐diabetic, anti‐inflammatory, etc. While the quantitative and multivariate analysis showed variations in the levels of phenolic acids and flavonoids, it is established that red and pink Rhododendron flower petals are a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals of interest to the phytochemical Industry.
Pharmacokinetics of cyproheptadine hydrochloride in mice and beagle dogs, tissue distribution, and excretion properties of cyproheptadine hydrochloride in mice
Authors: Liu Ting , Cui Chunying , Zhou Jielin
Published: May 2024

Cyproheptadine hydrochloride (CYP) is a typical antihistamine with antiserotonergic, blocking H1 receptor, anticholine, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐allergic effects. To investigate the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and excretion, the liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method was established and validated the CYP concentrations in the plasma of beagle dogs and the biological matrix of mice. CYP was quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and widely distributed to various tissues. The area under the curve (AUC)0–t and peak concentration of CYP were increased with the dose after administration. At the equal dose, the bioavailability of intramuscular injection in mice and beagle dogs was 81.1% and 79.1%. The tissue distribution experiments suggested that CYP would not accumulate for a long time in vivo. CYP levels in tissues peaked after 15 min of injection, and the drug concentrations in the kidney and lung were higher than those in other tissues. For excretion, the cumulative urinary excretion of CYP within 156 h after intramuscular injection in mice accounted for (1.2 ± 0.1)% of the total administration dose. The feces excretion of the drug prototype was below the lower limit of quantitation. High sensitivity and strong specificity are observed based on the established method of LC‐MS/MS, which was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and excretion studies of CYP.
A validated high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of irinotecan and two major metabolites in rat plasma: Application for the pharmacokinetics study
Authors: Liangzhu Jiang , Nan Gu , Yuzhi Peng , Yuxin Liao , Limin Zhou , Yongbing Sun
Published: May 2024

A high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for the determination of irinotecan, 7‐ethyl‐10‐hydroxycamptothecin (SN38), and SN38 glucuronide (SN38G) in rat plasma in the present study. The analytes were separated on a C18 column and a triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry equipped with an electrospray ionization source was applied for detection. Irinotecan, SN38 and SN38G could be well retained in the C18 column after optimization of mobile phase. A simple protein precipitation was used to pretreat the plasma. The extraction recovery was above 90% and the matrix effect could be negligible. The method was linear over the concentration ranges of 3.46–3458.8 ng/mL for irinotecan, 2.53–2530.0 ng/mL for SN38 and 2.5–2500.0 ng/mL for SN38G. The precision and accuracy was within the acceptable limits. The simple and convenient method was validated and successfully applied to support the pharmacokinetic study and elucidate the mechanism of irinotecan‐induced diarrhea after irinotecan was intravenously injected to the Sprague‐Dawley rats.
Development and validation of graphics‐based digital twin framework for UAV‐aided post‐earthquake inspection of high‐rise buildings
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Wu Yongjingbang , Wang Shuo , Narazaki Yasutaka , Liu Hai , Spencer Billie F.
Published: May 2024

Traditional post‐earthquake inspection of civil infrastructure is conducted manually, taking a considerable amount of time and often putting inspectors in harm's way. This problem is exacerbated in modern cities, where millions of people can be left homeless until their residences are deemed safe to reinhabit. Image collection enabled by commercial unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) combined with computer vision‐based techniques has provided an alternative with high potential for rapid post‐earthquake inspection. However, the extracted images of the damage alone are inadequate to evaluate the system‐level safety condition of a structure. The quality of the visual information also heavily relies on the effectiveness of the UAV inspection scheme which is susceptible to environmental uncertainties. To this end, a graphics‐based digital twin (GBDT) framework is developed for UAV‐aided post‐earthquake inspection of high‐rise buildings and validated using a high‐rise building in Guangzhou, China. The GBDT is comprised of a finite element (FE) model and a photorealistic computer graphics (CG) model, with the latter being informed by the former, jointly providing as a comprehensive virtual representation of the structure so that every step of the post‐earthquake inspection procedure can be planned and evaluated virtually. First, to avoid the cumbersome nature of constructing the graphical representation of the numerous components in high‐rise buildings, the CG model in the GBDT is created by automatically importing structural components from the FE model and adding nonstructural components according to the dimensions of the as‐built structure. This fast modeling process as well as the accuracy of the virtual presentation are validated by point cloud comparisons between the CG model and the as‐built structure. Subsequently, the GBDT is used to showcase the evaluation of UAV flight schemes for post‐earthquake inspection of high‐rise buildings. To shorten flight time and place more emphasis on potential damage, FE analysis is conducted to determine the earthquake‐induced damage locations. Consistent damage hotspots are then marked on the CG model, along with restrictions from the real environment such as obstacles, weak satellite signal, wind speed, and lighting conditions considered in the synthetic environment. Finally, applying the synthetic environment as the testbed, three UAV‐aided inspection schemes are implemented virtually and the best UAV flight scheme is determined for the assumed field inspection. This example demonstrates the flexibility of the GBDT in representing the real‐world structure and environmental conditions and its efficacy in assisting decision making for rapid and effective structural inspection in the aftermath of an earthquake.
Classification of Selaginellaceae and responses to “Rebuttal to ‘(2943) Proposal to conserve Selaginella, nom. cons., (Selaginellaceae) with a conserved type’: An unwarranted and disruptive idea”
Authors: Zhou Xin‐Mao , Zhang Li‐Bing
Published: May 2024

The proposal by Wan & al. intended to maintain maximal nomenclatural stability by proposing to conserve Selaginella (Selaginellaceae) with a conserved type, regardless of how and when Selaginella is to be split into several or more genera, as has already been done in some recent studies. Valdespino & al. do not seem to have understood the nomenclatural benefit of the Wan & al. proposal and mix up this proposal with the classification by Zhou & Zhang. In addition, their rebuttal paper appears to contain a number of issues. We respectably urge the Nomenclature Committee and the botanical community to reject their rebuttal and make a decision that will benefit long‐term nomenclatural stability in Selaginellaceae.
Speed Sensorless Control System of Five‐Phase Induction Motor Based on Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control and Adaptive Full‐Order Observer
Authors: Luo Xiangyu , Zhao Jinghong , Xiong Yiyong , Zeng Rongtao
Published: May 2024

As the simplest type of multi‐phase induction motor, the five‐phase induction motor is suitable for applications that require high power and reliability due to its advantages such as low noise, low torque ripple, and strong load capacity. To address the problem that the speed encoder is easily affected by external environmental interference, a speed sensorless vector control strategy combining linear active disturbance rejection control and adaptive full‐order observer is proposed. Compared with the traditional speed sensorless vector control strategy, this paper's proposed method designs three first‐order linear active disturbance rejection controllers instead of traditional proportional‐integral controllers for speed control. Experimental results show that the proposed strategy exhibits stronger anti‐interference ability under load disturbance, improving the overall robustness of the speed sensorless control system. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
New Theoretical and Practical Horizons in Data‐driven Learning: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Casal J. Elliott , Kessler Matt
Published: May 2024

This paper introduces readers to the TESOL Quarterly special topic issue: Assessing the effectiveness of corpus‐based approaches to English language teaching. The authors open by briefly defining and outlining data‐driven learning (DDL) research on second language (English) teaching. This is followed by an extended discussion of four themes, which pertain to recent developments and future directions in DDL. These themes include: (1) selecting corpora for corpus‐based language teaching; (2) pushing the boundaries of DDL; (3) preparing language educators for corpus‐based language teaching; and (4) reflecting on theory and methods. Throughout the piece, readers are also introduced to those contributions within the special issue, which include a diverse range of pieces that focus on aspects of theory, research, and pedagogy.
Picein alleviates oxidative stress and promotes bone regeneration in osteoporotic bone defect by inhibiting ferroptosis via Nrf2/HO‐1/GPX4 pathway
Authors: Huang Lei , Wang Jiayi , Yu Jieqin , Bian Mengxuan , Xiang Xingdong , Han Guanjie , Chen Weisin , Wang Ning , Ge Jun , Lu Shunyi , Zhang Jian
Published: May 2024

Osteoporosis (OP) can result in slower bone regeneration than the normal condition due to abnormal oxidative stress and high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a condition detrimental for bone formation, making the OP‐related bone healing a significant clinical challenge. As the osteogenic differentiation ability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is closely related to bone regeneration; currently, this study assessed the effects of Picein on BMSCs in vitro and bone regeneration in osteoporotic bone defect in vivo. Cell viability was determined by CCK‐8 assay. The production of (ROS), malonaldehyde, superoxide dismutase activities, and glutathione was evaluated by using commercially available kits, and a flow cytometry analysis was adopted to detect macrophage polarization. Osteogenic capacity of BMSCs was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, ALP staining, and Alizarin red S staining. The expression of osteogenic‐related proteins (OPN, Runx‐2, OCN) and osteogenic‐related genes (ALP, BMP‐4, COL‐1, and Osterix) were evaluated by Western blotting and real‐time PCR (RT‐PCR). In addition, proliferation, migration ability, and angiogenic capacity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were evaluated by EdU staining, scratch test, transwell assay, and tube formation assay, respectively. Angiogenic‐related genes (VEGF, vWF, CD31) were also evaluated by RT‐PCR. Results showed that Picein alleviated erastin‐induced oxidative stress, enhanced osteogenic differentiation capacity of BMSCs, angiogenesis of HUVECs, and protects cells against ferroptosis through Nrf2/HO‐1/GPX4 axis. Moreover, Picein regulate immune microenvironment by promoting the polarization of M2 macrophages in vitro. In addition, Picein also reduce the inflammation levels and promotes bone regeneration in osteoporotic bone defect in OP rat models in vivo. Altogether, these results suggested that Picein can promote bone regeneration and alleviate oxidative stress via Nrf2/HO‐1/GPX4 pathway, offering Picein as a novel antioxidant agent for treating osteoporotic bone defect.
Governing communal diversity as good governance
Authors: Koos Agnes K. , Keulman Kenneth
Published: May 2024

This study asks whether existing standards of good governance have incorporated ideals and measures to manage communal diversity. The context is an intellectual landscape in which the efficacy of heterogeneity policies has typically been compared through their impact on the likelihood of violent conflict. Alternate approaches would fine‐tune the outcome variable and/or enlist new independent variables. The Ethnic Power Relations project provided measures of the groups' co‐determination position (egip, excl) and measures of empowerment through self‐governing start to follow suit, such as improved indicators of territorial autonomies, decentralization, and language use rights. We also crafted a measure of functional autonomies, based on the ENTA Network's case‐study collection. With the exception of territorial autonomies, all existing measures of policies that accommodate the difference tend to improve the group's relationships with other groups and with the country as a whole. They also correlate well with the general good governance indicators.
Time‐resolved photoelectron spectroscopy via trajectory surface hopping
Authors: Chakraborty Pratip , Matsika Spiridoula
Published: May 2024

Time‐resolved photoelectron spectroscopy is a powerful pump‐probe technique which can probe nonadiabatic dynamics in molecules. Interpretation of the experimental signals however requires input from theoretical simulations. Advances in electronic structure theory, nonadiabatic dynamics, and theory to calculate the ionization yields, have enabled accurate simulation of time‐resolved photoelectron spectra leading to successful applications of the technique. We review the basic theory and steps involved in calculating time‐resolved photoelectron spectra, and highlight successful applications.

This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods

Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Spectroscopy
Iron oxide nanoparticles for treatment and diagnosis of chronic inflammatory diseases: A systematic review
Authors: Ansari Shaquib Rahman , Mahajan Jessica , Teleki Alexandra
Published: May 2024

Chronic inflammatory conditions are among the most prevalent diseases worldwide. Several debilitating diseases such as atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's are linked to chronic inflammation. These conditions often develop into complex and fatal conditions, making early detection and treatment of chronic inflammation crucial. Current diagnostic methods show high variability and do not account for disease heterogeneity and disease‐specific proinflammatory markers, often delaying the disease detection until later stages. Furthermore, existing treatment strategies, including high‐dose anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs, have significant side effects and an increased risk of infections. In recent years, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have shown tremendous biomedical potential. SPIONs can function as imaging modalities for magnetic resonance imaging, and as therapeutic agents due to their magnetic hyperthermia capability. Furthermore, the surface functionalization of SPIONs allows the detection of specific disease biomarkers and targeted drug delivery. This systematic review explores the utility of SPIONs against chronic inflammatory disorders, focusing on their dual role as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. We extracted studies indexed in the Web of Science database from the last 10 years (2013–2023), and applied systematic inclusion criteria. This resulted in a final selection of 38 articles, which were analyzed for nanoparticle characteristics, targeted diseases, in vivo and in vitro models used, and the efficacy of the therapeutic or diagnostic modalities. The results revealed that ultrasmall SPIONs are excellent for imaging arterial and neuronal inflammation. Furthermore, novel therapies using SPIONs loaded with chemotherapeutic drugs show promise in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
An elliptic integrable deformation of the Principal Chiral Model
Authors: Lacroix Sylvain , Wallberg Anders
Published: May 2024

Abstract

We introduce a new elliptic integrable σ-model in the form of a two-parameter deformation of the Principal Chiral Model on the group SLℝ(N), generalising a construction of Cherednik for N = 2 (up to reality conditions). We exhibit the Lax connection and $$ \mathcal{R} $$
R
-matrix of this theory, which depend meromorphically on a spectral parameter valued in the torus. Furthermore, we explain the origin of this model from an equivariant semi-holomorphic 4-dimensional Chern-Simons theory on the torus. This approach opens the way for the construction of a large class of elliptic integrable σ-models, with the deformed Principal Chiral Model as the simplest example.
Double-well instantons in finite volume
Authors: Ai Wen-Yuan , Alexandre Jean , Carosi Matthias , Garbrecht Björn , Pla Silvia
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Assuming a toroidal space with finite volume, we derive analytically the full one-loop vacuum energy for a scalar field tunnelling between two degenerate vacua, taking into account discrete momentum. The Casimir energy is computed for an arbitrary number of dimensions using the Abel-Plana formula, while the one-loop instanton functional determinant is evaluated using the Green’s functions for the fluctuation operators. The resulting energetic properties are non-trivial: both the Casimir effect and tunnelling contribute to the Null Energy Condition violation, arising from a non-extensive true vacuum energy. We discuss the relevance of this mechanism to induce a cosmic bounce, requiring no modified gravity or exotic matter.
Stability of the de-Sitter universe: one-loop nonlocal f (R) gravity
Authors: Feng Haiyuan , Liao Yi , Yang Rong-Jia
Published: May 2024

Abstract

With the method of the background field expansion, we investigate the one-loop quantization of the Euclidean nonlocal f (R) model in the de-Sitter universe. We obtain the ghost-free condition (GFC) based on the transformation from the Jordan frame to the Einstein frame and the classical stability condition (CSC) satisfied $${f}_{RR}^{\left(0\right)}-{\phi }_{0}{F}_{RR}^{\left(0\right)}<0$$. We present the on-shell and off-shell one-loop effective action and quantum stability condition (QSC) by utilizing the generalized zeta-function. We find that under the fulfillment of GFC, CSC and QSC are inconsistent.
Camrelizumab plus famitinib in previously chemo-immunotherapy treated patients with advanced NSCLC: results from an open-label multicenter phase 2 basket study
Authors: Ren Shengxiang , Xiong Anwen , Yu Jia , Wang Xicheng , Han Baohui , Pan Yueyin , Zhao Jun , Cheng Yufeng , Hu Sheng , Liu Tianshu , Li Yalun , Cheng Ying , Feng Jifeng , Yi Shanyong , Gu Shanzhi , Gao Shegan , Luo Yongzhong , Liu Ying , Liu Caigang , Duan Huijie , Wang Shuni , Yang Xinfeng , Fan Jia , Zhou Caicun
Published: May 2024

Background

The combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and antiangiogenic agents has been effective in treating multiple cancers. This was further explored in an open-label, multicenter phase 2 basket study (NCT04346381), which evaluated the antitumor activity and safety of camrelizumab (an anti-PD-1 antibody) plus famitinib (a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor) in patients with advanced solid tumors. We herein report the findings from the cohort of advanced NSCLC patients who progressed after treatment with platinum-doublet chemotherapy and immunotherapy.

Methods

Eligible patients were enrolled and treated with camrelizumab (200 mg once every 3 weeks via intravenous infusion) and oral famitinib (20 mg once daily). The primary endpoint was the objective response rate (ORR). Secondary endpoints included the disease control rate (DCR), duration of response (DoR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety.

Results

Forty patients were enrolled in this cohort, with a median follow-up duration of 11.5 months. Three patients (7.5%) achieved a partial response, and 29 patients (72.5%) achieved stable disease. The ORR and DCR with this combination regimen were 7.5% (95% CI, 1.6–20.4) and 80.0% (95% CI, 64.4–90.9), respectively. The median DoR was 12.1 months (95% CI, 10.3-not reached). The median PFS was 5.4 months (95% CI, 4.1–7.5), and the median OS was 12.1 months (95% CI, 9.1–16.7). The estimated 12-month OS rate was 51.5% (95% CI, 34.9–65.9). The most frequent grade 3 or higher treatment-related adverse events occurring in more than 5% of patients included hypertension (27.5%), palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (10%), decreased neutrophil count (10%), and proteinuria (7.5%).

Conclusion

Camrelizumab plus famitinib demonstrated favorable benefits in PFS and OS, along with manageable safety profiles, in patients with advanced NSCLC who progressed after platinum-doublet chemotherapy and immunotherapy. This finding warrants further exploration.
Cubitus varus deformity following paediatric supracondylar humeral fracture remodelling predominantly in the sagittal direction: A three-dimensional analysis of eighty-six cases
Authors: Miyake Tasuku , Miyamura Satoshi , Miki Ryo , Shiode Ryoya , Iwahashi Toru , Kazui Arisa , Yamamoto Natsuki , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Okada Seiji , Murase Tsuyoshi , Oka Kunihiro
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Three-dimensional (3D) capacity for remodelling in cubitus varus deformity (CVD) after paediatric supracondylar humeral fractures (PSHFs) remains unelucidated. This study investigated remodelling patterns after PSHFs by examining 3D deformity distribution over time after injury.

Methods

Computed tomography (CT) data of 86 patients with CVD after PSHFs were analysed. The 3D deformity angles in the sagittal, coronal, and axial directions were assessed and correlated with the duration between the age at injury and CT evaluation. For the subgroup analysis, we performed the same correlation analysis in a younger (< 8 years old) and an older group (≥ 8 years old); we categorized the duration into early (< 2 years), middle (≥ 2 to < 5 years), and late periods (≥ 5 years) and compared the deformity angles of each direction among the three groups.

Results

Sagittal deformity showed a moderate correlation with the duration of deformity (r = -0.54; P < 0.001), while coronal and axial deformities showed a negligible correlation. Sagittal deformity showed moderate correlations with the duration in the younger group (r = -0.62; P < 0.001) and weak correlations in the older group (r = -0.37; P = 0.091). In the sagittal direction, the deformity angle in the early period was significantly larger than those in the mid and late periods (P < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences among the three groups in the coronal and axial directions.

Conclusion

Sagittal deformities in CVDs are capable of remodelling, especially in the early period and at a younger age, whereas coronal and axial deformities are less likely to undergo remodelling.
“Biodiversity Offsetting” in Uganda’s Protected Areas: A Pathway to Restoration of Forest Biodiversity?
Authors: Kigonya Ritah , Byakagaba Patrick , Ssenyonjo Edward , Nakakaawa Jjunju Charlotte
Published: May 2024

With limited national financing for conservation, there is an increasing interest in using biodiversity offset funds to strengthen protected area management. Offsetting measures can potentially be used in the restoration of degraded protected areas. However, there are concerns related to the uncertainty of restoration outcomes and time-lags before the expected benefits can be observed. Using a case of the Gangu Central Forest Reserve in central Uganda, we contribute empirical findings showing the potential and limitations of biodiversity offsetting by means of the restoration of a degraded forest reserve. We use forest cover change analysis and community surveys to determine forest changes after eight years of offset implementation, and forest inventories to analyse the current forest structure and composition to ascertain taxonomic diversity recovery. The results revealed that biodiversity offsetting led to a 21% increase in Tropical High Forest cover, and enhanced restoration of forest species composition and diversity. However, attaining permanence of the restoration benefits requires the regulation of community forest resource access and use. Strengthening forest management capacity to monitor the offset sites and compensating impacted communities for foregone forest resource benefits are crucial for the successful implementation of biodiversity offsets.
An anteromedial stabilization procedure has the most protective effect on the anterior cruciate ligament in tibial external rotation. A human knee model study
Authors: Blanke Fabian , Boljen Matthias , Oehler Nicola , Lutter Christoph , Tischer Thomas , Vogt Stephan
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction remains associated with the risk of re-rupture and persisting rotational instability. Additional extraarticular anterolateral stabilization procedures stabilize the tibial internal rotation and lead to lower ACL failure rate and improved knee stability. However, data for additional stabilization of tibial external rotation is lacking and the importance of an anteromedial stabilization procedure is less well evaluated. Aim of this study is to investigate the influence of an extraarticular anteromedial stabilization procedure for the stabilization of the tibial external rotation and protection of the ACL from these rotational forces.

Methods

Internal and external rotations of the tibia were applied to a finite element (FE) model with anatomical ACL, posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL) and intact medial and lateral meniscus. Five additional anatomic structures (Anteromedial stabilization/anteromedial ligament, AML, augmented superficial medial collateral ligament, sMCL, posterior oblique ligament, POL, anterolateral ligament, ALL, and popliteal tendon, PLT) were added to the FE model separately and then combined. The force histories within all structures were measured and determined for each case.

Results

The anteromedial stabilization or imaginary AML was the main secondary stabilizer of tibial external rotation (90% of overall ACL force reduction). The AML reduced the load on the ACL by 9% in tibial external rotation which could not be achieved by an augmented sMCL (-1%). The AML had no influence in tibial internal rotation (-1%). In the combined measurements with all additional structures (AML, ALL, PLT, POL) the load on the ACL was reduced by 10% in tibial external rotation.

Conclusion

This study showed that an additional anteromedial stabilization procedure secures the tibial external rotation and has the most protective effect on the ACL during these external rotational forces.
Optical biosensors for diagnosis of COVID-19: nanomaterial-enabled particle strategies for post pandemic era
Authors: Tekin Yusuf Samil , Kul Seyda Mihriban , Sagdic Osman , Rodthongkum Nadnudda , Geiss Brian , Ozer Tugba
Published: May 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic underlines the need for effective strategies for controlling virus spread and ensuring sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2. This review presents the potential of nanomaterial-enabled optical biosensors for rapid and low-cost detection of SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers, demonstrating a comprehensive analysis including colorimetric, fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and surface plasmon resonance detection methods. Nanomaterials including metal-based nanomaterials, metal–organic frame–based nanoparticles, nanorods, nanoporous materials, nanoshell materials, and magnetic nanoparticles employed in the production of optical biosensors are presented in detail. This review also discusses the detection principles, fabrication methods, nanomaterial synthesis, and their applications for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in four categories: antibody-based, antigen-based, nucleic acid–based, and aptamer-based biosensors. This critical review includes reports published in the literature between the years 2021 and 2024. In addition, the review offers critical insights into optical nanobiosensors for the diagnosis of COVID-19. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies with optical nanomaterial-enabled biosensors is proposed to improve the efficiency of optical diagnostic systems for future pandemic scenarios.

Graphical Abstract
The cellular composition of chronic subdural hematoma
Authors: Jensen Thorbjørn Søren Rønn , Olsen Markus Harboe , Christoffersen Christina , Binderup Tina , Fugleholm Kåre
Published: May 2024

Introduction

The pathophysiology of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) remains to be fully understood. Basic knowledge of the composition and features of cells in the CSDH fluid may contribute to the understanding of the seemingly complex processes involved in CSDH formation and recurrence.

This study is the first to examine the composition of cells and of cellular features in both systemic blood and subdural fluid from CSDH patients. We hypothesized that the cellular composition and features in the hematoma fluid may be; 1) different from that in the systemic blood; 2) different between patients with and without recurrence; 3) and different between the first and second operation in patients with recurrent CSDH.

Methods

Systemic blood and subdural hematoma fluid were collected from CSDH patients with and without recurrent CSDH at the time of primary and secondary surgery. Analyses of cells and cellular features included total number of white blood cells, erythroblasts, reticulocytes, platelets, neutrophilocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, reticulocytes, immature granulocytes, mean corpuscular cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, hemoglobin and hematocrit.

Results

Of the 85 included patients, 20 patients were operated for a recurrent CSDH within 90 days follow-up. All cells found in the systemic blood were present in the CSDH fluid, but the composition was different (p < 0.0001). MCV was higher in the hematoma fluid from the primary operation of patients later developing a recurrent CSDH compared to patients not developing recurrence (p = 0.009). Also, the percentage distribution of inflammatory cells in hematoma fluid from patients with recurrent CSDH was different between the first and second operation (p = 0.0017).

Conclusion

This study is the first to investigate the cellular composition of CSDH fluid. Compared to systemic blood and to a reference distribution, an increased number of immune cells were present in the hematoma fluid, supporting an inflammatory component of the CSDH pathophysiology. MCV was higher in the subdural fluid at time of the first operation of CSDH patients later developing recurrence.

Clinical trial registration

The study was approved by the Scientific Ethical Committee of the Capital Region of Denmark (Journal no. H-20051073.
Association between periodontitis and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Li Yixin , Xiang Yonggang , Ren Haixia , Zhang Chao , Hu Ziqiu , Leng Weidong , Xia Lingyun
Published: May 2024

Objectives

Recent evidence suggested a link between periodontitis (PD) and dental caries, but the trends and nature of this association remained unclear. The overall aim of this study was to critically assess the correlation of two disorders.

Methods

A comprehensive search was conducted within the PUBMED and EMBASE databases including grey literatures up to July 5th, 2023. The Newcastle–Ottawa scale was used to qualitatively evaluate the risk of bias.

Results

Overall, 18 studies were included. In terms of caries risk in PD patients, the prevalence of caries was increased by PD (OR = 1.57, 95%CI:1.20–2.07), both in crown (OR = 1.03, 95%CI:1.01–1.05) and root caries (OR = 2.10, 95%CI:1.03–4.29). Odds of caries were also raised by PD severity (OR moderate = 1.38, 95%CI:1.15–1.66; OR severe = 2.14, 95%CI:1.74–2.64). Besides, patients with PD exhibited a higher mean number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) and decayed and filled root teeth (DFR) [weighted mean difference (WMD)DMFT = 0.87, 95%CI: -0.03–1.76; WMDDFR = 1.13, 95%CI: 0.48–1.78]. Likewise, patients with caries had an elevated risk of PD (OR = 1.79, 95%CI:1.36–2.35). However, Streptococcus mutans, one of the main pathogens of caries, was negatively correlated with several main pathogens of periodontitis.

Conclusions

This study indicated a positive correlation between dental caries and periodontitis clinically, while the two disease-associated pathogens were antagonistic.

Clinical relevance

Further research, including clinical cohort studies and mechanisms of pathogens interaction is needed on this link for better prevention and treatment of PD and caries. In addition, innovative prevention strategies need to be developed and incorporated in dental practices to prevent these two highly prevalent oral diseases.
Irr and equivalence of cash-flow streams, loans, and portfolios of bonds
Authors: Favero Gino , Piacitelli Gherardo
Published: May 2024

We show, through a Linear Algebra approach, that a general deterministic cash-flow stream admits a given Internal Rate of Return (irr, either constant or time-varying) if, and only if, it can be replicated by a suitable portfolio of bonds, each with yield to maturity equal to that same irr. Five particular replicating portfolios are examined, including and generalizing other representations known from the the literature, which allow for a unified, irr-based, interpretation of apparently diverse objects. Considering the amortization of a loan as a particular case, further equivalences are found and lead to some original consideration.