bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ancient Unconscious
Authors: Lev Kenaan Vered
Published: July 2019

Commonly understood as a modern conceptual invention rather than the discovery of a psychic reality, the notion of the unconscious is often criticized by traditional classicists as an anachronistic lens, one that ineluctably subjects ancient experience to modern patterns of thought. The book challenges this ambivalent theoretical disposition toward the psychoanalytic concept by offering an interpretation of the unconscious, explaining why this concept is in fact inseparable from, and crucial for, the study of the ancient text and more generally for the methodology of classical philology. The book thus examines the complicated, often conflicted, relationship between classical studies and psychoanalytic theory. The Ancient Unconscious considers the debate over whether the ancients had an unconscious as an invitation to rethink the relationship between antiquity and modernity. While antiquity does not provide organic provenance for modernity, it is nevertheless the case that despite the cultural and historical distance, the two epochs are firmly connected. The book investigates the meaning of the textual ties created by arbitrary, spontaneous, and unintentional contacts between the past and its future. Understanding the meaning of textuality through contact between times, historical moments that have no priority under the law of chronology, goes hand in hand with the book’s interpretation of the unconscious. Associations and connections between the past and its future—including the present—belong to the sphere of the unconscious. This latter is primarily employed here in order to study the inherent, often hidden links that bind modernity to classical antiquity, modern to ancient experiences.
The ancient unconscious?
Authors: Lev Kenaan Vered
Published: July 2019

A split is identified in modern European self-consciousness between an embrace of its formative influences in the ancient world and a historicist guarding of modern boundaries. When philology takes a conservative role, it criticizes boundary-breaking Freudian investigation; anachronism is seen as unsound and unscientific. But cultural constructions belonging to each era, relying also on unconscious processes of formation and transmission, are shown to be transgressive of historical periods. Philology is shown then in a sense to be unjustifiably reifying the differences between different times and places, and to be disallowing perception of the mutual dependence of humanity in modern and ancient times.
Genetics and genomics of speciation
Authors: Sætre Glenn-Peter , Ravinet Mark
Published: July 2019

The diversity of life on Earth is something that has long fascinated biologists. When we inspect all this variation, two striking patterns emerge. First, organisms appear as if they have almost been “designed” to live the way they do. However, as explained in chapters 4 and 5, the theory of natural selection accounts for this apparent design. The second striking pattern is that variation appears to be non-randomly distributed. That is, it is clustered into groups of individuals that resemble each other and that are recognizably different from other such clusters; species, in other words. To what extent are species biologically meaningful entities in evolution? How do new species originate? What genetic changes occur when one species diverges into two? How is genomic data changing our understanding of speciation? These are among the many questions this chapter addresses. The chapter starts by discussing what constitutes a species.
Reconstructing the past
Authors: Sætre Glenn-Peter , Ravinet Mark
Published: July 2019

How can genetics and genomics be used to understand the evolutionary history of organisms? This chapter focuses on such methods. First, the field of phylogenetics is introduced, as a way to visualize and quantify the evolutionary relationships among species. The chapter outlines how we go from aligning DNA sequence data to building gene trees and we argue that “tree-thinking” is fundamentally important for understanding evolution. The chapter also goes beyond phylogenetic trees to focus on phylogeography, i.e. the understanding of evolutionary relationships in a spatial context. More recently, the explosion of genomic data from ancient and modern human populations has made this an extremely exciting field which is transforming our understanding of our own evolutionary history. Before that, though, the chapter reviews how modern phylogenetics has arisen from historical efforts to classify life on Earth.
The Complexity of the Subject in a Change
Authors: Morison Benjamin
Published: July 2019

This chapter discusses Aristotle’s account of the role matter, form, and privation play in a change. It claims that Aristotle identifies a new item in the ontology, the hypokeimenon (subject) of a change, crucial for understanding the nature of change. This subject is a metaphysically complex item, the combination of some matter and a privation. Aristotle’s first, and best, example of such a metaphysically complex item is a seed, whose nature, fully specified, would be matter and privation. Such items are the ones in the world which are apt for engaging in change. Their complexity makes change intelligible, since they have a component that persists (matter) and a component that doesn’t (the privation). The interpretation offered differs from the more usual one by identifying the hypokeimenon with a complex item (e.g. a seed) rather than matter alone. This chapter explores the benefits and costs of the two interpretations.
February
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

Chapter 8 provides a detailed analysis of the long weather record at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford for February. Averages and extremes of temperature, precipitation and sunshine are presented, with coverage relevant to the month or season including the incidence of snowfall, thunderstorms, gales and the like, illustrated by contemporary accounts and photography. Each chapter ends with a complete time series of the mean temperature, total precipitation and total sunshine for the month or season from the entire record, updated to 2018.
Autumn
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

Chapter 23 provides a detailed analysis of the long weather record at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford for autumn. Averages and extremes of temperature, precipitation and sunshine are presented, with coverage relevant to the month or season including the incidence of snowfall, thunderstorms, gales and the like, illustrated by contemporary accounts and photography. Each chapter ends with a complete time series of the mean temperature, total precipitation and total sunshine for the month or season from the entire record, updated to 2018.
Climate change in Oxford
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

An increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other related changes in the climate system. Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer than any preceding decade since 1850. Given the very long climate records for the Radcliffe Observatory, one should expect to observe other aspects of climate change in addition to recent human-induced global warming; some of these changes will relate to global drivers such as the ‘greenhouse effect’, while others will reflect regional or local changes such as urbanisation or changing levels of air pollution. Following the same format as previous chapters, the chapter includes information on temperature-related indices such as the incidence of frost and the length and intensity of the growing season, on precipitation, including data on the occurrence of droughts and floods, and on sunshine. There is some reference to the hydrology of the River Thames, both high and low river flow, and coverage of evaporation losses.
Ontology and Intelligibility
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: July 2019

Four examples plausibly overstep the limits of intelligibility: Newtonian absolute space and time, certain conceptions of possibilia, quiddities, and Cartesian egos. This chapter argues that the materials of the earlier part of the book allow us to explain what the overstepping consists in. For any genuine concept, there is an account of the relation in which a thinker must stand to an entity in order to be thinking of it in that way. In all these four problematic cases, for reasons of principle, there is no account of the relation to the subject matter that would be required to be thinking of the elements of the problematic ontology. This excess dimension diagnosis contrasts with epistemic and verificationist accounts. The diagnosis is compared with Dasgupta’s, which appeals to inexpressible ignorance. It is argued that both the excess dimension diagnosis and inexpressible ignorance trace back to the explanatory emptiness of the problematic ontologies.
Whitman, Melville, Crane, and the Labors of American Poetry
Authors: Riley Peter
Published: July 2019

This book confronts an enduring investment in the poetic vocation. It seeks to challenge a dominant cultural logic that frames contingent labor as a sacrifice that frustrates the righteous progress towards realizing that seemingly purest of callings: Poet. Incorporating the often overlooked or excluded workaday ephemera of three canonical U.S. Romantic poets—Walt Whitman, Herman Melville, and Hart Crane—it offers new archival insights that call for a re-examination of celebrated literary careers and questions their status as affirmatory icons of vocation. The poetry of Whitman the real estate dealer, Melville the customs inspector, and Crane the copywriter, does not constitute the formal inscription of a discrete poetic labor struggling against quotidian work towards the fulfilment of an exceptional individual career. Instead, the distracted forms of their poetry are always already intermingled with a variety of apparently lesser labors. Ousting poetic production from any sanctuary of privileged repose or transcendent focus, this book refigures the work of the poet as a living sensuous activity that transgresses labor’s conventional divisions and hierarchies. It consequently recasts the poet as a figure who unfastens and reimagines the “right of passage” vocational logic that does so much to reproduce the current political and economic paradigm.
Collective effects in quantum systems
Authors: Giamarchi Thierry
Published: July 2019

The goal of the course was to introduce the methods allowing to treat quantum systems of interacting particles and discuss the resulting physics. Unfortunately time constraints prevent the author from writing a fully redacted version of the course. These notes just provide some links or references where the reader can find the material presented in the course.
Faith and Science in Russian Religious Thought
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa
Published: July 2019

The book brings forth a comprehensive presentation of one of the most interesting of contemporary issues, namely an analysis of the relation between science and faith in Russian religious thought. It is a synthetic approach on the development of the problem throughout the whole history of Russian thought, starting from the medieval period and arriving in contemporary times. The key topic is considered the relationship between science and religion in the eighteenth century, the so-called academic philosophy of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the thought of Peter Chaadaev, the Slavophiles, and in the most influential literature figures, such as Fedor Dostoevsky and Lev Tolstoy. The book also analyzes two channels of the formation of philosophy in the context of the relationship between theology and science in Russia. The first is connected with the attempt to rationalize the truths of faith and is exemplified by Vladimir Soloviev and Nikolai Lossky; the second, the apophatic tradition, is presented by Fr. Pavel Florensky and Semen Frank. The book then describes the relation to scientific knowledge in the thought of Lev Shestov, Nikolai Berdyaev, Sergius Bulgakov, and Alexei Losev as well as the original project of Russian Cosmism (in the examples of Nikolai Fedorov, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, and Vladimir Vernadsky). Finally, the book presents the current state of the discussion on this topic by paying attention to the Neopatristic synthesis (Fr. Georges Florovsky and his followers) and offers a brief comparative analysis of the relationship between science and religion from the Western and Russian perspectives.
Recreational Fishing
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hilborn Ulrike
Published: July 2019

Recreational Fishing. Recreational fisheries involve far more people than commercial fisheries do in most of the developed countries, and their economic value is often estimated to be larger than that of commercial fisheries. The main objective of most recreational fisheries is the opportunity to fish rather than the number or value of fish caught, and very different management methods are appropriate. Ideally, the total fishing effort should be maximized rather than reduced, to keep costs down as for commercial fisheries. Access to recreational fishing differs greatly around the world and ranges from effectively privatizing fishing opportunity to allowing anyone wishing to fish to do so.
Mixed-Species Fishing and Bycatch
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hilborn Ulrike
Published: July 2019

Mixed-Species Fisheries and Bycatch. Most forms of fishing catch a range of species, both desired catch and nontarget species including birds, mammals, and turtles. Reducing or avoiding bycatch can be achieved by modifying fishing gear and how it is deployed, as well as where fishing is allowed. With appropriate incentives, fishing fleets have been able to greatly reduce bycatch. Any mixed catch of target species poses special problems because different species have different life histories that require different harvest rates. Choosing place and time to fish, as well as gear modifications, can mitigate, but, in general, there will be a trade-off between overexploiting low-productivity species and underexploiting productive species.
Ecosystem-Based Management and Marine Protected Areas
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hilborn Ulrike
Published: July 2019

Ecosystem-Based Management and Marine Protected Areas. Ecosystem-based management (EBM) can be seen as a comprehensive strategy that includes the concern about the sustainable yield of fish alongside the ecosystem impacts of fishing and the impacts of fisheries management on human communities. While preventing overfishing goes a long way toward reaching its objective, protecting sensitive habitats from damaging fishing gear and reducing or eliminating bycatch of birds, mammals, and turtles must be given their due importance. Consideration should also be given to the trophic knock-on effects of fishing for one species that may cause other species less or more abundant. Marine protected areas are still considered the magic key to EBM, but their impact on total fish abundance has rarely been evaluated.
The Future of Fisheries
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hilborn Ulrike
Published: July 2019

The Future of Fisheries. The much-ballyhooed imminent collapse of the world’s fish stocks is simply not borne out by the available data. In much of the world, fish stocks are increasing. We foresee continued fish production wherever there is effective fisheries management, but an uncertain future where there is none, and it is there that establishing effective fisheries management is the most pressing issue. Individual countries and their management agencies will increasingly be challenged to decide between economic efficiency and maintaining traditional fishing communities and practices. As long as the management systems stay in place and the marine ecosystems remain productive, the fish they produce can be sustainably harvested and contribute to food security.
Poland's Constitutional Breakdown
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech
Published: July 2019

After its double victory in the 2015 presidential and parliamentary elections in Poland, the populist Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS)) party began to dismantle all major checks and balances characteristic of the separation of powers in a democratic state. Poland’s Constitutional Tribunal, its regular courts including the Supreme Court, its National Council of the Judiciary, as well as its electoral commissions, civil service, and public media have all been subordinated to the executive and are single-handedly controlled by the party’s leader. In the process, political rights such as the freedom of assembly have been radically restricted, and the party has captured the entire state apparatus. The speed and depth of anti-democratic changes took many observers by surprise, as Poland had been widely regarded as an example of a successful ‘transitional democracy’ in the quarter century preceding 2015. This book attempts to answer three major questions triggered by Poland’s anti-constitutional breakdown: What exactly has happened? Why has it happened? What are the prospects of returning to liberal democracy? Answers to these questions are formulated against the backdrop of current worldwide trends towards populism, authoritarianism, and what is sometimes called ‘illiberal democracy’. However, as this book argues, the Polish variant of ‘illiberal democracy’ is an oxymoron. By undermining the separation of powers, the ruling party concentrates all power in one hand, thus rendering any democratic accountability illusory. There is, however, no inevitability in anti-democratic trends: this book considers a number of possible remedies and sources of hope, including intervention by the European Union.
Dismantling Checks and Balances (II): Judges and Prosecutors
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech
Published: July 2019

After transforming the Constitutional Tribunal (CT) into an active ally of the government, the Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS)) party in Poland embarked upon the comprehensive subjection of the entire judicial system to the executive, and in particular to the president of the Republic and the minister of justice/prosecutor general (MJ/PG). This chapter discusses how, for this purpose, the National Council of Judiciary (Krajowa Rada Sądownictwa (KRS)) was packed with the party faithful thanks to a changed system for selecting members of the KRS (they are now directly elected by Parliament, rather than by judges). It also deals with how the effect of the new law on the Supreme Court was a brand new court composition with a pro-PiS majority: this was created by combining early retirement for incumbent judges and increasing the number of seats on the Court. The chief justice’s constitutionally guaranteed term of office has been extinguished. It also looks at another statute, on the common courts, that has strengthened the power of the MJ to control court presidents, and hold judges accountable for their verdicts through a new disciplinary procedure. Finally, the chapter looks at how the prosecutorial system (prokuratura) was merged with that of the MJ, with the MJ becoming the ex officio PG, producing a deeply politicized system of public prosecution.
Europe to the Rescue
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech
Published: July 2019

The Council of Europe (CoE) and the European Union (EU) possess significant legal instruments to affect and reverse anti-democratic changes in Poland, and some of these instruments have already been used, with varying degrees of success. The chapter opens with the CoE’s, and in particular the Venice Commission and the European Court of Human Rights’ contributions to policing Polish assaults on the rule of law. It then turns to the EU, and reflects upon the question as to whether the EU—with its assortment of different measures of ‘naming and shaming’ (Art. 7.1 Treaty on European Union (TEU)), sanctions (Arts 7.2 and 7.3 TEU), and legal infringement actions, as well as its newly crafted ‘rule of law framework’ (also known as the pre-Article 7 procedure)—has been so far, and can be in the near future, effective in cabining and reversing anti-democratic trends in one of its largest member states. The conclusion is affirmative: the EU has an important, even if limited, role to play in assisting Polish defenders of the rule of law and democracy.
Transoceanic America
Authors: Burnham Michelle
Published: July 2019

Transoceanic America offers a new approach to American literature by emphasizing the material and conceptual interconnectedness of the Atlantic and Pacific worlds. These oceans were tied together economically, textually, and politically, through such genres as maritime travel writing, mathematical and navigational schoolbooks, and the relatively new genre of the novel. Especially during the age of revolutions in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, long-distance transoceanic travel required calculating and managing risk in the interest of profit. The result was the emergence of a newly suspenseful form of narrative that came to characterize capitalist investment, political revolution, and novelistic plot. The calculus of risk that drove this expectationist narrative also concealed violence against vulnerable bodies on ships and shorelines around the world. A transoceanic American literary and cultural history requires new non-linear narratives to tell the story of this global context and to recognize its often forgotten textual archive.
Edmund Burke and the British Empire in the West Indies
Authors: Marshall P. J.
Published: July 2019

In the later eighteenth century the West Indian sugar islands were a source of conspicuous wealth for some individuals and an important addition to the resources of Great Britain. They were generally reckoned to be the most valuable of Britain’s imperial possessions, a view which Burke fully endorsed. This book examines his long involvement with the West Indies, at a personal level through the ambitions of his brother and some of his closest friends, as a politician and what contemporaries called ‘a man of business’ in the management of a great national asset and in trying to win the support of powerful West Indian interests for his political connection. He became a participant in debates about the ethics of enslavement and the slave trade. Burke deplored both slavery and the trade, but he recognized that the plantation economy of the West Indies depended on them and that therefore they played a crucial role in Britain’s immensely valuable Atlantic commerce. The policies that he advocated for the further development of the West Indian and African trades inevitably involved more enslaved Africans in the British Empire and on occasions he was drawn into implicitly endorsing the slave trade. Except for a few years from 1788 to 1791, Burke was not prepared to countenance immediate abolition of the trade, but he did devise a comprehensive plan for reforming both it and the institution of slavery, that in the very long term would make both redundant.
Bayesian Inference
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Mickey Ruth M.
Published: July 2019

Chapter 4 introduces the concept of Bayesian inference. The chapter discusses the scientific method, and illustrates how Bayes’ Theorem can be used for scientific inference. Bayesian inference is the use of Bayes’ Theorem to draw conclusions about a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive alternative hypotheses by linking prior knowledge about each hypothesis with new data. The result is updated probabilities for each hypothesis of interest. By the end of this chapter, the reader will understand the concepts of induction and deduction, prior probability of a hypothesis, likelihood of the observed data, and posterior probability of a hypothesis, given the data.
The Author Problem: Bayesian Inference with Two Hypotheses
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Mickey Ruth M.
Published: July 2019

The “Author Problem” provides a concrete example of Bayesian inference. This chapter draws on work by Frederick Mosteller and David Wallace, who used Bayesian inference to assign authorship for unsigned Federalist Papers. The Federalist Papers were a collection of papers known to be written during the American Revolution. However, some papers were unsigned by the author, resulting in disputed authorship. The chapter provides a very basic Bayesian analysis of the unsigned “Paper 54,” which was written by Alexander Hamilton or James Madison. The example illustrates the principles of Bayesian inference for two competing hypotheses, including the concepts of alternative hypothesis, prior probability distribution, posterior probability distribution, prior probability of a hypothesis, likelihood of the observed data, and posterior probability of a hypothesis.
The White House Problem: The Beta-Binomial Conjugate
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Mickey Ruth M.
Published: July 2019

This chapter introduces the beta-binomial conjugate. There are special cases where a Bayesian prior probability distribution for an unknown parameter of interest can be quickly updated to a posterior distribution of the same form as the prior. In the “White House Problem,” a beta distribution is used to set the priors for all hypotheses of p, the probability that a famous person can get into the White House without an invitation. Binomial data are then collected, and provide the number of times a famous person gained entry out of a fixed number of attempts. The prior distribution is updated to a posterior distribution (also a beta distribution) in light of this new information. In short, a beta prior distribution for the unknown parameter + binomial data → beta posterior distribution for the unknown parameter, p. The beta distribution is said to be “conjugate to” the binomial distribution.
The Shark Attack Problem: The Gamma-Poisson Conjugate
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Mickey Ruth M.
Published: July 2019

This chapter introduces the gamma-Poisson conjugate. Many Bayesian analyses consider alternative parameter values as hypotheses. The prior distribution for an unknown parameter can be represented by a continuous probability density function when the number of hypotheses is infinite. There are special cases where a Bayesian prior probability distribution for an unknown parameter of interest can be quickly updated to a posterior distribution of the same form as the prior. In the “Shark Attack Problem,” a gamma distribution is used as the prior distribution of λ, the mean number of shark attacks in a given year. Poisson data are then collected to determine the number of attacks in a given year. The prior distribution is updated to the posterior distribution in light of this new information. In short, a gamma prior distribution + Poisson data → gamma posterior distribution. The gamma distribution is said to be “conjugate to” the Poisson distribution.
The White House Problem Revisited: MCMC with the Metropolis–Hastings Algorithm
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Mickey Ruth M.
Published: July 2019

The “White House Problem” of Chapter 10 is revisited in this chapter. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is used to build the posterior distribution of the unknown parameter p, the probability that a famous person could gain access to the White House without invitation. The chapter highlights the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm in MCMC analysis, describing the process step by step. The posterior distribution generated in Chapter 10 using the beta-binomial conjugate is compared with the MCMC posterior distribution to show how successful the MCMC method can be. By the end of this chapter, the reader will have a firm understanding of the following concepts: Monte Carlo, Markov chain, Metropolis–Hastings algorithm, Metropolis–Hastings random walk, and Metropolis–Hastings independence sampler.
The Maple Syrup Problem Revisited: MCMC with Gibbs Sampling
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Mickey Ruth M.
Published: July 2019

This chapter introduces Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) with Gibbs sampling, revisiting the “Maple Syrup Problem” of Chapter 12, where the goal was to estimate the two parameters of a normal distribution, μ and σ. Chapter 12 used the normal-normal conjugate to derive the posterior distribution for the unknown parameter μ; the parameter σ was assumed to be known. This chapter uses MCMC with Gibbs sampling to estimate the joint posterior distribution of both μ and σ. Gibbs sampling is a special case of the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm. The chapter describes MCMC with Gibbs sampling step by step, which requires (1) computing the posterior distribution of a given parameter, conditional on the value of the other parameter, and (2) drawing a sample from the posterior distribution. In this chapter, Gibbs sampling makes use of the conjugate solutions to decompose the joint posterior distribution into full conditional distributions for each parameter.
Proportionality Balancing and Constitutional Governance
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec , Mathews Jud
Published: July 2019

This book focuses on the law and politics of rights protection in democracies, and in human rights regimes in Europe, the Americas, and Africa. After introducing the basic features of modern constitutions, with their emphasis on rights and judicial review, the authors present a theory of proportionality that explains why constitutional judges embraced it. Proportionality analysis is a highly intrusive mode of judicial supervision: it permits state officials to limit rights, but only when necessary to achieve a sufficiently important public interest. Since the 1950s, virtually every powerful domestic and international court has adopted proportionality as the central method for protecting rights. In doing so, judges positioned themselves to review all important legislative and administrative decisions, and to invalidate them as unconstitutional when they fail the proportionality test. The result has been a massive—and global—transformation of law and politics. The book explicates the concepts of “trusteeship,” the “system of constitutional justice,” the “effectiveness” of rights adjudication, and the “zone of proportionality.” A wide range of case studies analyze: how proportionality has spread, and variation in how it is deployed; the extent to which the U.S. Supreme Court has evolved and resisted similar doctrines; the role of proportionality in building ongoing “constitutional dialogues” with the other branches of government; and the importance of the principle to the courts of regional human rights regimes. While there is variance in the intensity of proportionality-based dialogues, such interactions are today at the heart of governance in the modern constitutional state and beyond.
Constitutions, Rights, and Judicial Power
Authors: Sweet Alec Stone , Mathews Jud
Published: July 2019

This chapter provides an overview of contemporary, rights-based constitutionalism, and develops an approach to comparative research on systems of constitutional justice. The vast majority of modern constitutions establish such systems, which comprise an entrenched charter of rights, and a constitutional or supreme court whose mission is to defend the supremacy of the constitution more generally. Rights provisions comprise criteria of legal validity: any act of public authority that does not conform to the charter is unconstitutional. The central role of the court is to ensure that public officials do not violate the charter of rights, most importantly, through the enforcement of the proportionality principle. The judges are, in effect, “trustees” of the values placed in trust by those who have enacted the constitution: the sovereign People. Part I defines basic concepts—including that of “the constitution,” “constitutionalism,” and “governance”—and examines the process through which the rights-based constitution became the global standard. Part II addresses two crucial questions: why would the founders of new constitutions choose (i) to enshrine constitutional rights as “higher law,” and (ii) to delegate broad enforcement powers to a trustee court, whose important rulings on rights are difficult or virtually impossible to overturn? It then defines the concept of systemic effectiveness, and considers the conditions that are necessary for a charter of rights to become effective as an instrument of governance. Part III explores three pathways to transformative constitutional change—adjudication, constitutional amendment, and legislation—and discusses the importance of trusteeship to each.
Desiring under the Proper Guise
Authors: Milona Michael , Schroeder Mark
Published: July 2019

According to the thesis of the guise of the normative, all desires are associated with normative appearances or judgments. But guise of the normative theories differ sharply over the content of the normative representation, with the two main versions being the guise of reasons and the guise of the good. Chapter 6 defends the comparative thesis that the guise of reasons thesis is more promising than the guise of the good. The central idea is that observations from the theory of content determination can be used in order to constrain possible theories of the representational contents associated with desire. The authors argue that the initially most promising versions of the guise of the good fail to meet these constraints, and then explain the steep challenge confronting any who wish to craft a new guise of the good theory which meets the constraints while also preserving the initial motivations for adopting any guise of the normative theory at all. But a simple version of the guise of reasons not only avoids the troubles besetting the guise of the good but proceeds immediately from a deep diagnosis of the source of its difficulties.
We Can Have Our Buck and Pass It, Too
Authors: King Zoë Johnson
Published: July 2019

Chapter 8 argues against the view that the moral rightness of an act is not a reason to perform it, and our reasons are instead the features that make the act right. Philosophers typically defend this view by noting that it seems redundant to take rightness to be an additional reason, once it has been acknowledged that the right-making features are already reasons. The author shows that this argument dramatically overgeneralizes, ruling out all cases in which two or more reasons are arranged in relationships of metaphysical constitution. She then proposes an alternative way of thinking about these metaphysical hierarchies: Rather than assuming that at most one of the facts in each hierarchy is the “real” reason, bearing all the normative weight, it should be accepted that these facts can all be genuine reasons, whose normative weight is shared in virtue of the metaphysical relationships between them. Some tests are offered that can be used to determine which facts occur in metaphysical hierarchies with shared weight, and it is argued that the fact that an act is morally right passes the tests. The author then explains what she takes to be some kernels of truth underlying the redundancy argument, arguing that these phenomena are pragmatic, not metaphysical.
Inclusive Dualism
Authors: Nattrass Nicoli , Seekings Jeremy
Published: July 2019

W. Arthur Lewis, the founding father of development economics, saw developing economies as dualist, that is, characterised by differences in earnings and productivity between and within economic sectors. His famous model of development, in which ‘surplus’ (unemployed and underemployed) labour was drawn out of subsistence activities and into manufacturing, was reflected in the subsequent East Asian development trajectory in which labour was drawn into low-wage, labour-intensive manufacturing, including in clothing production, before shifting into higher-wage work once the supply of surplus labour had dried up. This development strategy has become unfashionable, the concern being that in a globalized world, labour-intensive industry promises little more than an impoverishing ‘race to the bottom’. A strong strand in contemporary development discourse favours the promotion of decent work irrespective of whether surplus labour exists or not. We argue that ‘better work’ policies to ensure health and safety, minimum wages and worker representation are important. Decent work fundamentalism—that is, the promotion of higher wages and labour productivity at the cost of lower-wage job destruction—is a utopian vision with dystopic consequences for countries with high open unemployment, including most of Southern Africa. We show, using the South African clothing industry as a case study, that decent work fundamentalism ignores the benefits of dualism (the co-existence of high- and low-wage firms), resulting in the unnecessary destruction of labour-intensive jobs and the bifurcation of society into highly-paid, high-productivity insiders and unemployed outsiders. The South African case has broader relevance because of the growth in surplus labour—including in its extreme form, open unemployment—across a growing number of African countries. Inclusive dualism, as a development strategy, takes the trade-off between wages and employment seriously, prioritizes labour-intensive job creation and facilitates increased productivity where appropriate, so that jobs are created, not destroyed.
Introduction
Authors: Nattrass Nicoli , Seekings Jeremy
Published: July 2019

In this introduction to our book, Inclusive Dualism, we revisit W. Arthur Lewis’s famous model of development with surplus labour. Lewis emphasized the benefits of dualism, by which he meant economic differentiation and the coexistence of sectors (and of firms within sectors) characterized by different levels of productivity and wages. He proposed an expansion of relatively low-wage, labour-intensive jobs that would raise productivity by drawing ‘surplus’ labour out of subsistence activities. When such surplus labour dried up, wages would rise. In contrast to Lewis, post-2000 advocates of decent work fundamentalism promote wage increases as an instrument to increase labour productivity irrespective of labour market conditions. In the presence of surplus labour, this can have dystopic consequences, as the South African case shows. In South Africa, with its very high unemployment rates, strategies to promote relatively high-wage, high-productivity jobs came at the cost of labour-intensive development and even job destruction, thereby exacerbating poverty and inequality.
Pretext
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

The Moon is no longer the “in” thing. We see it as often as the Sun and give it little thought—we’ve become indifferent. However, the Moon does reflect more than just sunlight. The nomenclature of lunar craters holds up a mirror to an important aspect of human history. Of the 1586 lunar craters that have been named honoring philosophers and scientists, only 28 honor a woman. These 28 women of the Moon present us with an opportunity to meditate about this gap, but perhaps more significantly, they offer us an opportunity to talk about their lives, mostly unknown today. The women of the moon tell us stories of love, sorrow, and courage, of remarkable scientific achievements realized through perseverance, and of tragedies triggered by circumstances.
Understanding the Moon
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter provides background material to put the Moon in context and to understand how craters came to be formed, as part of the formation of the solar system. It presents a brief history of the solar system and the first observations of the Moon, and how they affected its portrayal in art and literature. The measurement of its distance and the misunderstood “dark side” are also described.
Women of the Moon
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

For each of the “Women of the Moon”, a biography and the reason for receiving the honor are described. The women included are Hypatia of Alexandria, Catherine of Alexandria, Nicole-Reine de la Briere Lepaute, Caroline Lucretia Herschel, Mary Fairfax Greig Somerville, Anne Sheepshanks, Catherine Wolfe Bruce, Maria Mitchell, Agnes Mary Clerke, Sofia Vasílyevna Kovalévskaya, Annie Scott Dill Russell Maunder, Williamina Paton Fleming, Annie Jump Cannon, Antonia Caetana de Paiva Pereira Maury, Henrietta Swan Leavitt, Mary Adela Blagg, Mary Proctor, Marie Skłodowska-Curie, Lise Meitner, Amalie Emmy Noether, Louise Freeland Jenkins, Priscilla Fairfield Bok, Gerty Theresa Radnitz Cori, and the astronauts/cosmonauts Judith Arlene Resnik, Sharon Christa McAuliffe, Kalpana Chawla, Laurel Blair Salton Clark, and Valentina Vladímirovna Nikolayeva Tereshkova.
Anne Sheepshanks (1789–1876)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter tells the few things that are known about the life of Anne Sheepshanks, a patron of nineteenth-century science.
Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter talks about the astronomer Annie Cannon, author of the stellar classification that is used nowadays.
Antonia Caetana de Paiva Pereira Maury (1866–1952)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

The chapter tells the life of the astronomer Antonia Maury and the difficulties she had to overcome in order for her scientific opinion to be recognized.
Lise Meitner (1878–1968)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter describes the figure of Lise Meitner, famous Austrian physicist and co-discoverer of the nuclear fusion of uranium, who had to flee her country during the Second World War because she was of Jewish religion.
Priscilla Fairfield Bok (1896–1975)
Authors: Altschuler Daniel R. , Ballesteros Fernando J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on the work and life of the marriage formed by Priscilla Fairfield Bok and her husband, Bart Bok, both astronomers.
Introduction to the orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Rolls Edmund T.
Published: July 2019

The orbitofrontal cortex has for long been implicated in emotion, though it is only relatively recently that there has been a firm scientific foundation for understanding how it functions, which is the central theme of this book. The different parts of the orbitofrontal cortex are described. Because of the major developments in the evolution of the orbitofrontal cortex in primates including humans, most of the book focusses on the functioning of the orbitofrontal cortex in primates including humans. However, the rodent orbitofrontal cortex is described in Chapter 8.
The rodent orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Rolls Edmund T.
Published: July 2019

The rodent appears to have only agranular orbitofrontal, and not most of the parts present in primates including humans. In addition, many of the pathways involved in reward processing, including the taste pathways, are differently organized in rodents, with less emphasis on processing to the object level before the orbitofrontal cortex, and then reward value representations especially in the orbitofrontal cortex. For these reasons, a separate chapter is devoted to the rodent orbitofrontal cortex.
Synthesis: the Roles of the Orbitofrontal Cortex
Authors: Rolls Edmund T.
Published: July 2019

A synthesis is provided of how the functions of the orbitofrontal cortex fit into the organization of the primate including human brain, in terms of its roles as the key brain area involved in processing rewards and punishers, and in learning about them. These roles make it the crucial brain system for emotion. Possible future directions in the development of our understanding of the orbitofrontal cortex in health and disease, including depression, are highlighted.
The Recordings of Andy Kirk and his Clouds of Joy
Authors: Burrows George
Published: July 2019

This is the first book-length study of the recordings of Andy Kirk and His Clouds of Joy. This all-black band found nationwide fame in the later 1930s and came to exemplify the Kansas City style of jazz through the records they made between 1929 and 1946. That body of work, however, serves to raise fundamental questions about the long-standing relationship between jazz music and the critical discourses about race that shaped it. This book considers how Kirk and his band appropriated musical styles in a way that was akin to the manipulation of masks in black forms of blackface performance: it signified race as much as it subverted racist conceptions of style. The band’s composer-pianist, Mary Lou Williams, and their singer Pha Terrell are reconceived within that context, and the band’s recordings are framed for their significance in understanding the way such black musicians influenced racial-musical negotiations over what and how they performed and recorded. The book brings together analytical tools from musicology with other perspectives that aim to show how intersecting discourses about race and musical styles are embedded in and expressed by the musical materials heard on the records. The difference between the band’s live and recorded performances establishes the place of audiences, especially dancing ones, in shaping jazz as a practice and conception, and it opens avenues for further investigation of the way practices of performance and recording have shaped understanding of what jazz music is and the racialized conceptions that underpin it.
Introduction
Authors: Vaid Divya
Published: July 2019

This chapter introduces the definitions, concepts, theoretical paradigms, and approaches to social mobility research. From the time that Pitrim Sorokin wrote the first treatise on social mobility in 1927, the area of mobility studies in sociology has grown substantially. This has led, at times, to heated debates on the most appropriate way to measure and capture mobility. This chapter compares and contrasts the two key approaches to the study of mobility, that is, the status attainment approach and the class mobility approach. It focusses on gender, caste, and locality for the study of social mobility patterns in India and also provides a review of previous studies. The chapter ends with a thematic outline of the book as well as a discussion on the methods employed.
How Mobile Is India?
Authors: Vaid Divya
Published: July 2019

Social mobility includes absoulte mobility, that is, raw numbers of people who move up, down, or remain stable; and relative mobility, that is, mobility controlling for structural change. This chapter draws out the importance of both types of mobility. Further, the intriguing pattern for women’s mobility, where women display more stability than men intergenerationally, contrary to research in most of the world, is deconstructed. While we observe an enduring trend, preceding ‘liberalization’, of the expansion of the higher salariat, and a retrenchment in agriculture leading to some amount of net upward mobility in absolute terms, we also observe low levels of social fluidity which provide an indicator of the unequal opportunity structures in Indian society.
Cutting Through
Authors: Vaid Divya
Published: July 2019

This chapter brings out the influence of caste on social class mobility and analyses in detail the association between caste and social class in India. While theories of social change posit a decline in the impact of caste on social mobility over time, this chapter questions whether we see evidence of this at the national level. More crucially has the association between caste and class declined? And, has the relative importance of caste on achieveing a specific occupation, and hence social mobility, also declined overtime? In light of debates on affirmative action, this chapter asks whether certain castes find it harder to take advantage of upward class mobility chances, and conversely whether some castes are cushioned from downward mobility chances.
Globalization, Intellectual Property Rights, and Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Sengupta Amit
Published: July 2019

The chapter examines the impact of globalization on access to affordable medicines in the context of the changing dynamics of the pharmaceutical sector in India, accompanied by major changes in the country’s Intellectual Property regime. With the initiation of neoliberal economic reforms, India formally embarked on a path of economic development that embraced rather than opposed global integration and harmonized laws. The chapter examines shifts in the domestic policy environment which eventually led to the Indian state beginning to question its earlier stance of defending lower standards of intellectual property protection.