bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paleoenvironmental Evolution and Organic Matter Enrichment Genesis of the Late Turonian Black Shale in the Southern Songliao Basin, NE China
Authors: BAI Jing , XU Xingyou , LIU Weibin , ZHAO Wenzhi , JIANG Hang
Published: October 2024

The Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation black shales, deposited in the late Turonian (LTB shales), are the main source rocks of the Songliao Basin. The origins of organic matter enrichment of the shales is a contentious subject fuelling many ongoing debates. This study investigates the genesis of the organic matter‐rich shale by using molecular geochemistry. The LTB shales can be divided into three sections. The Section I shales were deposited in saline, stratified and anoxic water conditions, which are related to seawater incursion events. At least three episodic and periodic seawater incursion events were recognized during Section I shale deposition. The Section II shales deposited in brackish to fresh and deep lake‐level conditions with high primary productivity, which are related to lake‐level transgression. The Section III shales were deposited under fresh and slightly oxidized water conditions, which are related to lake‐level regression. Two organic matter enrichment models for the LTB shales are identified, that is, the seawater incursion model and the maximum lake‐level transgression sedimentation model, which act on different shale sections, both playing significant roles in the enrichment of organic matter.
Robust Timing Constraints for Granitic Magmatism and Hydrothermal Mineralization in the Tieshanlong W‐Sn Ore Field, Eastern Nanling Range, South China
Authors: LI Wei , TANG Juxing , GUO Na , LANG Xinghai , SONG Shiwei , WU Zhongru , PENG Linlin , FANG Xiang , CHEN Binfeng , LIAN Dunmei , LU Jie
Published: October 2024

The Tieshanlong ore field is an important part of the Nanling Range, which is famous worldwide for its W‐Sn mineralization. Notably, the mineralization age of the Tieshanlong ore field is not well constrained, and our field investigation reveals that granitic emplacement occurred at different stages. However, previous studies have not distinguished these multiple stages of magmatism. The Tieshanlong granite complex is closely related to the Huangsha quartz vein‐type W‐Sn deposit and Tongling skarn‐type Cu‐W‐Sn deposit in this field. Through field investigations and isotopic age analyses, this work studies the relationship between multistage magmatic activity and mineralization in the Tieshanlong ore field. LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U‐Pb isotope analyses revealed that the first‐ and second‐staged granites formed at 154.2 ± 0.6 Ma (MSDW = 1.4) and 151.2 ± 0.4 Ma (MSDW = 1.5), with zircon εHf(t) values ranging from ‐13.1 to ‐10.5 and from ‐14.7 to ‐11.1, respectively. These data suggest that the Tieshanlong granite complex was derived from the partial melting of ancient crustal material. LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb dating of wolframite and cassiterite reveals that W‐Sn mineralization occurred at 160–150 Ma, which agrees well with the U‐Pb dating results of the second‐staged granite within analytical errors. The magmatic activity in this ore field can be divided into three stages: 175–154 Ma, 154–150 Ma and 150–145 Ma. The quartz vein‐ and skarn‐type W‐Sn mineralization is closely related to second‐staged fine‐grained two‐mica granite, and formed earlier than skarn‐type Cu‐ mineralization. This study establishes a metallogenic model for the Tieshanlong ore field, and this model has important practical significance for identifying concealed W‐Sn(‐Cu) deposits around other granitic complexes in the Nanling Range.
GeoNER: Geological Named Entity Recognition with Enriched Domain Pre‐Training Model and Adversarial Training
Authors: MA Kai , HU Xinxin , TIAN Miao , TAN Yongjian , ZHENG Shuai , TAO Liufeng , QIU Qinjun
Published: October 2024

As important geological data, a geological report contains rich expert and geological knowledge, but the challenge facing current research into geological knowledge extraction and mining is how to render accurate understanding of geological reports guided by domain knowledge. While generic named entity recognition models/tools can be utilized for the processing of geoscience reports/documents, their effectiveness is hampered by a dearth of domain‐specific knowledge, which in turn leads to a pronounced decline in recognition accuracy. This study summarizes six types of typical geological entities, with reference to the ontological system of geological domains and builds a high quality corpus for the task of geological named entity recognition (GNER). In addition, GeoWoBERT‐advBGP (Geological Word‐base BERT‐adversarial training Bi‐directional Long Short‐Term Memory Global Pointer) is proposed to address the issues of ambiguity, diversity and nested entities for the geological entities. The model first uses the fine‐tuned word granularity‐based pre‐training model GeoWoBERT (Geological Word‐base BERT) and combines the text features that are extracted using the BiLSTM (Bi‐directional Long Short‐Term Memory), followed by an adversarial training algorithm to improve the robustness of the model and enhance its resistance to interference, the decoding finally being performed using a global association pointer algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed model for the constructed dataset achieves high performance and is capable of mining the rich geological information.
Extending phylogenetic regression models for comparing within‐species patterns across the tree of life
Authors: Adams Dean C. , Collyer Michael L.
Published: October 2024

Evolutionary biologists characterize macroevolutionary trends of phenotypic change across the tree of life using phylogenetic comparative methods. However, within‐species variation can complicate such investigations. For this reason, procedures for incorporating nonstructured (random) intraspecific variation have been developed.

Likewise, evolutionary biologists seek to understand microevolutionary patterns of phenotypic variation within species, such as sex‐specific differences or allometric trends. Additionally, there is a desire to compare such within‐species patterns across taxa, but current analytical approaches cannot be used to interrogate within‐species patterns while simultaneously accounting for phylogenetic non‐independence. Consequently, deciphering how intraspecific trends evolve remains a challenge.

Here we introduce an extended phylogenetic generalized least squares (E‐PGLS) procedure which facilitates comparisons of within‐species patterns across species while simultaneously accounting for phylogenetic non‐independence.

Our method uses an expanded phylogenetic covariance matrix, a hierarchical linear model, and permutation methods to obtain empirical sampling distributions and effect sizes for model effects that can evaluate differences in intraspecific trends across species for both univariate and multivariate data, while conditioning them on the phylogeny.

The method has appropriate statistical properties for both balanced and imbalanced data. Additionally, the procedure obtains evolutionary covariance estimates that reflect those from existing approaches for nonstructured intraspecific variation. Importantly, E‐PGLS can detect differences in structured (i.e. microevolutionary) intraspecific patterns across species when such trends are present. Thus, E‐PGLS extends the reach of phylogenetic comparative methods into the intraspecific comparative realm, by providing the ability to compare within‐species trends across species while simultaneously accounting for shared evolutionary history.
Heat exposure promotes sarcopenia via gut microbiota‐derived metabolites
Authors: Guo Yi‐Fan , Liu Zhe‐Yu , Zhou Min , Kuang Wei‐Hong , Liu Ya , Huang Yan , Yin Ping , Xia Zhu‐Ying
Published: October 2024

The unprecedented rise in global ambient temperatures in the last decade has significantly impacted human health, yet how heat exposure affects the development of sarcopenia remains enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that chronic heat exposure induces skeletal muscle volume loss, leading to muscle strength and functional decline in mice. The microbiota composition of heat‐exposed mice was analyzed using 16S ribosomal DNA analysis. Liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC–MS) was used to explore the effects of heat exposure on the blood metabolome and to further analyze the correlation between blood metabolism and gut microbiota. Transplantation of microbiota from heat‐exposed mice to germ‐free mice was sufficient to increase adverse effects on skeletal muscle function in the host. Mechanistically, using an untargeted metabolomics strategy, we reveal that altered gut microbiota due to high temperatures is associated with elevated serum levels of homocitrulline. Homocitrulline causes mitochondrial dysfunction in myocytes by exacerbating ferroptosis levels. And Nrf2 activator (Oltipraz) supplementation alleviates muscle atrophy and dysfunction induced by heat exposure. Our findings reveal the detrimental effects of heat exposure on muscle function and provide new strategies for treating sarcopenia.
Prenatal alcohol exposure and health at midlife: Self‐reported health outcomes in two cohorts
Authors: Coles C. D. , Shapiro Z. R. , Kable J. A. , Stoner S. A. , Ritfeld G. J. , Grant T. M.
Published: October 2024

Background

The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis (DOHaD) suggests prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) should have implications for adult physical and mental health. Since the health profile of older adults with PAE and diagnoses of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is unknown, the current study evaluates self‐reported health problems of midlife adults with and without a history of PAE to describe these outcomes.

Methods

Participants (N = 357) recruited from longitudinal cohorts in Atlanta, GA and Seattle, WA completed a health survey assessing a range of physical conditions. Initial analysis compared the frequency of conditions between alcohol‐exposed and nonexposed groups. To identify patterns within groups, 10 problem areas were subjected to latent class analysis (LCA). Finally, the direct effect of PAE on health outcomes was evaluated using multilevel modeling, controlling for effects of other factors.

Results

Compared with unexposed controls, individuals with PAE reported significantly higher frequencies of problems with hearing, dentition, heart, cancer, gastritis, kidney stones, bladder, diabetes, thyroid, skin, and seizures. LCA found that controls yielded two classes, with 45% reporting sleep and vision problems and 55% reporting sleep, vision, cardiovascular, endocrine, immune, and dental problems. The PAE group yielded three classes, with 13% endorsing few health problems, 43% reporting sleep, vision, immune, and dental problems, and 43% reporting sleep, vision, cardiovascular, urinary, endocrine, skin, immune, dental, and gastrointestinal problems. With multivariate analysis, controlling for other influences, PAE was associated directly with hearing, urinary, dental, and gastrointestinal problems. A similar pattern was found for alcohol‐exposed individuals who did and did not meet criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

Discussion

Patients affected by alcohol may report greater frequency and range of health adversity. That PAE was only uniquely associated with a limited set of problems suggests that many health outcomes in midlife result from an initial vulnerability potentiated by postnatal stress resulting from other associated factors.
Diet and isotopic niche variation of mammals associated with road zones in Uruguay
Authors: Serrón Lacassie Agustina , Valenzuela Luciano O. , Bergamino Leandro
Published: October 2024

The understanding of the resource use and partitioning of medium and large terrestrial mammals in anthropogenic environments such as road areas is crucial for comprehending ecosystem dynamics and reveals how species coexist and adapt to environmental changes. The aim of this work was to characterize trophic aspects of medium and large terrestrial mammals, including the quantification of resource use, variation in isotopic trophic niche breadth and overlap among sympatric species within a road zone influence in Uruguay. To this end, stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) were examined in hair samples collected from 57 individuals from road‐killed animals including 9 medium and large mammals species, as well as potential resources. The isotopic results reflected a community that contains four trophic levels, with Galictis cuja as a predator while the species Dasypus hybridus and Subulo gouazoubira were in the primary consumer levels. Furthermore, the results showed varying degrees of isotopic trophic niche breadth, suggesting different feeding strategies and degrees of dietary specialization. Additionally, a high degree of overlap in resource use was observed among these sympatric species with the exception of Galictis cuja, suggesting that spatial and temporal differentiation in resource use could help to explain the coexistence patterns. Diet composition estimated using Bayesian stable isotope mixing models revealed that in most species, the basal food source was represented by a combination of natural grasslands of types C3 and C4. This trophic behaviour with the incorporation of diverse and variable food items helps to explain the occurrence of these species within this complex environment.
Economic implications of a phased‐in EV mandate in Canada
Authors: McKitrick Ross
Published: October 2024

Canada plans to phase out internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) sales in favour of electric vehicles (EVs) by 2035 as part of its climate policy. Herein I examine the economic implications of a phased‐in electric vehicle mandate. I show using partial equilibrium analysis that when both types of cars are available, auto companies will overproduce electric vehicles and earn scarcity rents on internal combustion engine vehicles that partially offset the revenue loss on electric vehicles. I then present a numerical general equilibrium model of the Canadian economy to assess the overall macroeconomic consequences of the policy. The results depend critically on the assumed pace at which electric vehicles achieve cost parity with internal combustion engine vehicles on a quality‐adjusted basis. An electric vehicle mandate will have manageable economic consequences if technology improves so rapidly that the mandate is unnecessary. If the mandate outpaces achievement of cost parity the economic consequences can be severe and would likely cause the auto manufacturing sector to shut down. The cost per tonne of emission reductions are at least 10 times the Canadian carbon tax rate while the mandate is binding. The analysis provides insight into why automakers have been willing hitherto to develop and sell electric vehicles even though they currently lose money on them.
Preschoolers use probabilistic evidence to flexibly change or maintain expectations on an active search task
Authors: Hilton Brooke C. , Sabbagh Mark A.
Published: October 2024

This study investigated 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds' (N = 64, 37 girls, 62.5% White, data collected between 2021‐2022) ability to use probabilistic information gleaned through active search to appropriately change or maintain expectations. In an online fishing game, children first learned that one of two ponds was good for catching fish. During a subsequent testing phase, children searched the ponds for fish. Half saw outcomes that were probabilistically consistent with training, and the other half saw outcomes that were probabilistically inconsistent. Children in the Inconsistent condition adapted their search strategies, showing evidence of changing their expectations. Those in the Consistent condition maintained their initial search strategy. Trial‐by‐trial analyses suggested that children used a combination of heuristic and information integration strategies to guide their search behavior.
Probiotics by Modulating Gut–Brain Axis Together With Brivaracetam Mitigate Seizure Progression, Behavioral Incongruities, and Prevented Neurodegeneration in Pentylenetetrazole‐Kindled Mice
Authors: Shakoor Muhammad Usman , Tareen Fashwa Khan , Rehman Zohabia , Saghir Khaled Ahmed , Ashraf Waseem , Anjum Syed Muhammad Muneeb , Ahmad Tanveer , Alqahtani Faleh , Imran Imran
Published: October 2024

Background

The microbiota–gut–brain axis (MGBA) is a central nexus that integrates higher cognitive and emotional centers of the central nervous system (CNS) within the intricate functioning of the intestine. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysbiosis in the taxonomic diversity of gut flora plays a salient role in the progression of epilepsy and comorbid secondary complications.

Methods

In the current study, we investigated the impact of long‐term oral bacteriotherapy (probiotics; 10 mL/kg; 109 colony‐forming unit/ml) as an adjunctive treatment intervention with brivaracetam (BRV; 10 mg/kg) over 21 days on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced augmented epileptic response and associated electrographical and behavioral perturbations in mice. Moreover, we also unveiled antioxidant capacity and histopathologic changes in treated versus non‐treated animals.

Results

Results revealed combination increases seizure threshold and prevented high ictal spiking. Additionally, it alleviated PTZ‐induced neuropsychiatric disturbances such as anxiety and depressive‐like phenotype along with cognitive deficits. Furthermore, dual therapy prompted physiological oxidant/antioxidant balance as evidenced by increased activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and catalase) and reduced levels of oxidative stressor (MDA). This therapeutic intervention with commensal species suppressed network‐driven neuroinflammation and preserved normal cytoarchitecture with intact morphology in the pyramidal layers of cornu ammonis (CA1 and CA3).

Conclusion

Our study provides supporting evidence for the use of probiotics as adjunctive therapy with anti‐seizure medications to modulate epileptogenic processes and related multimorbidities, particularly in individuals with drug‐resistant seizures.
Impact of drought and development on the effectiveness of beehive fences as elephant deterrents over 9 years in Kenya
Authors: King Lucy E. , Tiller Lydia , Mwambingu Emmanuel , Serem Esther , Nzumu Hesron , Mugo Gloria , Raja Naiya , Brennan Ewan , Kisiang'ani Wanjala Derick , Ndombi Victor , Leneuyia Kennedy , Williams Harry , Lala Fredrick , Pope Frank , Douglas‐Hamilton Iain
Published: October 2024

Human–elephant conflict is growing in Africa as human populations and development increases, creating disturbance to elephant habitats. Beehive fences have been trialed as a coexistence tool with some success but all studies have looked at small sample sizes over a short time period. Our study analyses the behavior of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) that approached a network of beehive fence protected farms in two conflict villages over 9 years next to Tsavo East National Park. We compare differences in elephant raids and beehive occupation rates annually, during a drought, and during peak crop production seasons. Out of 3999 elephants approaching our study farms 1007 elephants broke the beehive fence and entered the protected farm areas (25.18%). This was significantly less than the 2649 encounters where elephants remained either outside the farm boundary or broke into the control farms (66.24%). A further 343 elephants entered the farm by walking through a gap at the end of a fence (8.56%). The annual beehive fence break‐through rates averaged 23.96% (±SE 3.15) resulting in a mean of 76.04% elephants deterred from beehive fences protected farm plots. Over six peak crop growing seasons the beehive fences kept between 78.3% and 86.3% of elephants out of the farms and crops. The beehive fences produced one ton of honey sold for $2250; however, a drought caused a 75% reduction in hive occupation rates and honey production for 3 years after negatively impacting honey profits and the effectiveness of the fences. Beehive fences are very effective at reducing up to 86.3% of elephant crop‐raids during peak crop seasons after good rainfall, but any increase in elephant habitat disturbance or the frequency and duration of droughts could reduce their effectiveness as a successful coexistence tool.
Magnetic Resonance Myocardial Imaging in Patients With Implantable Cardiac Devices: Challenges, Techniques, and Clinical Applications
Authors: Gut Pauline , Cochet Hubert , Stuber Matthias , Bustin Aurélien
Published: October 2024

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with cardiac implants, such as pacemakers and defibrillators, has gained importance in recent years with the development of modern cardiac implantable electronic devices. The increasing clinical need to perform MRI examinations in patients with cardiac implants has driven the development of new advanced MRI sequences to mitigate image artifacts associated with cardiac implants. More specifically, advances in imaging techniques, such as wideband late gadolinium enhancement imaging, wideband T1 mapping, and wideband perfusion, have been designed to improve image quality and examinations in patients with cardiac implants, enabling a comprehensive and more reliable diagnosis, which was previously unattainable in these patients. This review article explores recent developments and applications of wideband techniques in the field of cardiovascular MRI, offering insights into their transformative potential. Clinical applications of wideband cardiovascular MRI are highlighted, particularly in assessing myocardial viability, guiding ventricular tachycardia ablation, and characterizing myocardial tissue.
Differential modulations of theta and beta oscillations by audiovisual congruency in letter‐speech sound integration
Authors: Yan Dongyang , Seki Ayumi
Published: October 2024

The integration of visual letters and speech sounds is a crucial part of learning to read. Previous studies investigating this integration have revealed a modulation by audiovisual (AV) congruency, commonly known as the congruency effect. To investigate the cortical oscillations of the congruency effects across different oscillatory frequency bands, we conducted a Japanese priming task in which a visual letter was followed by a speech sound. We analyzed the power and phase properties of oscillatory activities in the theta and beta bands between congruent and incongruent letter‐speech sound (L‐SS) pairs. Our results revealed stronger theta‐band (5–7 Hz) power in the congruent condition and cross‐modal phase resetting within the auditory cortex, accompanied by enhanced inter‐trial phase coherence (ITPC) in the auditory‐related areas in response to the congruent condition. The observed congruency effect of theta‐band power may reflect increased neural activities in the left auditory region during L‐SS integration. Additionally, theta ITPC findings suggest that visual letters amplify neuronal responses to the following corresponding auditory stimulus, which may reflect the differential cross‐modal influences in the primary auditory cortex. In contrast, decreased beta‐band (20–35 Hz) oscillatory power was observed in the right centroparietal regions for the congruent condition. The reduced beta power seems to be unrelated to the processing of AV integration, but may be interpreted as the brain response to predicting auditory sounds during language processing. Our data provide valuable insights by indicating that oscillations in different frequency bands contribute to the disparate aspects of L‐SS integration.
Retrospective evaluation of the impact of atropine administration on incidence of post‐operative colic in healthy, isoflurane‐anaesthetised horses
Authors: Varner Kelley M. , Curtiss Alexandra L. , Hogan Patricia M. , Love Kim , Dodam John R.
Published: October 2024

Background

In anaesthetised horses, bradycardia secondary to high vagal tone can reduce cardiac output and blood pressure. The use of anticholinergics in horses is limited due to concerns about ileus and abdominal discomfort. This retrospective study sought to determine the prevalence of post‐operative abdominal discomfort in healthy horses that received atropine under isoflurane anaesthesia.

Study design

A retrospective evaluation of 222 general anaesthesia events between January 2019 and December 2019 was undertaken.

Methods

One hundred and eleven horses that received atropine were identified, and 111 case match controls that did not receive atropine were also selected. Information gathered from the medical records included signalment, anaesthetic drugs, surgical procedures, duration of anaesthesia and surgery, dobutamine and atropine administration, and the occurrence of abdominal discomfort for 24 h after anaesthesia. After initial data analysis, a second cohort of records was assessed separately. The horses in this group were castrated under general anaesthesia (with or without atropine; n = 68). Logistic regression models and Fisher's exact tests were used to look for factors contributing to abdominal discomfort post‐anaesthesia. The significance level was set to 5% (p < 0.05).

Results

Atropine administration was not associated with the development of post‐anaesthetic abdominal discomfort (OR = 2.121, 95% CI [0.767, 5.869]; p = 0.2). Overall, 18/222 (8.1%) incidences of abdominal discomfort were identified. All incidents occurred in colts undergoing castration. In a separate analysis of only horses anaesthetised for castration, atropine was associated with developing abdominal discomfort (OR = 3.143, 95% CI [1.082, 9.132]; p = 0.04).

Discussion

Atropine was not associated with post‐operative abdominal discomfort except in colts undergoing castration. All episodes of discomfort were mild and resolved with minimal intervention. The potential impact of insufficient analgesia in horses undergoing castration is a confounding factor and requires prospective investigation.

Conclusion

Overall, atropine at a dose of 0.006 mg/kg IV appears to be a safe method to treat bradycardia in otherwise healthy horses anaesthetised for orthopaedic and upper airway procedures. Further work is required to determine if atropine is safe for colts undergoing castration.
Closing the Gaps in Fish Welfare: The Case for More Fundamental Work Into Physical Enrichment
Authors: Spence‐Jones Helen C. , Frommen Joachim G. , Jones Nick A. R.
Published: October 2024

Billions of fishes are kept in captivity for research and food production world‐wide, with a strong impetus for maintaining high welfare standards. Accordingly, the importance of empirical research into the welfare and husbandry of captive fishes is increasingly acknowledged in both science and aquaculture, alongside growing public and governmental interest. Physical enrichment can have an important influence on welfare in of captive fishes, but many questions remain. Here, we summarise the current state of research and outline knowledge gaps in the area of physical enrichment, which is a fundamental aspect to improving welfare of captive fishes. To explore the level of research interest this area across time we conducted a series of surveys, using the number of papers published per year as a metric. These surveys highlight that work on fish welfare, while representing a relatively low proportion of fish research overall, is increasing rapidly. For species that are of aquaculture importance or used commonly as laboratory subjects, we show a positive relationship between general research interest and number of welfare‐related papers. However, for many, particularly relatively less studied, species the proportion of papers on enrichment remains low, with a slower increase compared to welfare‐related papers in general. In terms of common metrics used to quantify fish welfare, there is a reliance on growth and behaviour, with scope for inclusion and combination of a more comprehensive range of reproducible measures. We finish by highlighting recent progress, promising areas for future research and suggestions for advances in this area.
Damage Proportion Analysis of the Combined High and Low Cycle Fatigue Based on the Continuum Damage Mechanics
Authors: Ding Xin , Huang Dawei , Guo Zixu , Shen Chunyan , Wang Peng , Zhu Min , Luan Xu
Published: October 2024

A combined high and low cycle fatigue (CCF) life prediction model, considering creep, low‐cycle fatigue (LCF), high‐cycle fatigue (HCF) at the maximum LCF nominal stress (HLCF) damages, and the interaction damage between LCF and HLCF, is proposed. The proportions for these four types of damage in total CCF damage are quantified. Compared with the existing CCF models, the CCF model proposed in this paper considers creep damage in CCF and has higher accuracy. The escalation in HCF stress amplitudes leads to reduced CCF life owing to the augmentation of HLCF and interaction damages. The increase in the cycle ratio of HCF to LCF, causing a reduction in CCF life is ascribed to elevated HLCF and creep damages. The calculated damage proportion results from the proposed model are consistent with the observations of the fracture characteristics using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), indicating the necessity of considering creep damage in CCF life prediction at high temperatures.
Stream bryophyte recovery after extreme flood disturbance takes several years
Authors: Virtanen Risto , Huttunen Kaisa‐Leena , Muotka Timo
Published: October 2024

The recovery rates and assembly processes of stream bryophyte communities after severe disturbances are not well known.

Breaking of an ice dam caused an extreme flood that completely removed bryophyte cover along several hundreds of metres of a boreal stream (Stream Uopajanpuro, Koillismaa, NE Finland). We monitored recolonization rates and successional processes of stream bryophytes in the disturbed stream section over 8 years.

In the first two summers after the disturbance, the disturbed section remained largely unvegetated. The initial recovery of the bryophyte community resulted mainly from colonization of vegetative moss fragments of the dominant, perennial species present in the undisturbed upstream section, whereas typical early successional colonist species remained scarce.

The recovery of total cover, richness and community composition of stream bryophytes took 5–6 years after the disturbance event, even though bryophyte vegetation supplying fragments was located in the immediate vicinity upstream of the disturbance site.

Bryophyte species showed differences in the colonization–recovery rates. Mean spatial segregation among species showed no trend during recovery, whereas several species pairs showed both segregation and aggregation trends.

Our results indicate that extreme flooding can have devastating effects on bryophyte cover, and the recovery of bryophytes is slow compared to other stream organisms, with full recovery taking up to several years. This recovery time estimate may only apply if there is an immediate upstream source of vegetative propagules from undisturbed populations. Where such populations are absent, recovery of bryophyte communities can take decades.
The effect of using a local skin cooling device on arteriovenous fistula cannulation pain and comfort level of patients on hemodialysis: A single‐blind randomized controlled study
Authors: Demırağ Hatice , Kulakaç Nurşen
Published: October 2024

Introduction

The study aimed to investigate the impact of the using local skin cooling on arteriovenous fistula cannulation pain and the comfort levels of hemodialysis patients.

Methods

The single‐blind randomized controlled trial was formed with 50 patients between June 20, 2023, and July 31, 2023, in the hemodialysis units of two state hospitals in Turkey. Patients were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n = 25) or the control group (n = 25) using the block randomization method. This data were collected through the use of the CoolSense device, the “Patient Information Form,” the “Verbal Category Scale,” and the “General Comfort Scale.” Patients in the experimental group received the local skin cooling for five seconds during arteriovenous fistula cannulation, while the control group followed the standard hospital protocol. The study was registered on Clinical Trials (NCT06144801).

Findings

The study revealed that the application of the local skin cooling during arteriovenous fistula cannulation significantly reduced pain and increased patients’ comfort levels, demonstrating an anesthetic effect (p < 0.001). Furthermore, it was observed that as pain levels decreased, patient comfort levels increased (p < 0.001).

Discussion

It is concluded that the using lokal skin cooling is an effective tool for reducing pain and enhancing comfort during arteriovenous fistula cannulation in hemodialysis patients.
A Qualitative Exploration of Peer Supporters' Experiences of Undertaking a Co‐Produced Mental Health and Emotional Well‐Being Training Programme
Authors: Kane Laura , Walker Lauren , Eberhardt Judith , Portman Robert M. , Proctor Emma‐Lily , Poulter Hannah , O'Neill Catherine
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Peer supporters play a crucial role in mental health and support services, but their own mental health and emotional well‐being are often neglected by themselves, and, frequently, their organisations. Here, we report findings from a qualitative interview study of peer supporters who completed a co‐produced emotional well‐being training programme.

Method

Ten semi‐structured interviews with peer supporters working in the North East of England were conducted to explore their experiences of the training programme.

Results

Thematic analysis of the data produced three overarching themes. In Theme 1, ‘Increasing psychological preparedness and identifying self‐care and coping strategies’, we found that peer supporters improved their knowledge of how to manage sensitive topics such as aggression and suicide and felt more confident in their peer support roles resultantly. In Theme 2, ‘It's good to know you're not alone’, peer supporters discussed their experience of loneliness in their roles, and as a consequence realised their own need for peer support to help maintain their well‐being. Theme 3, ‘Toward the future: next steps’, encapsulated peer supporters' willingness to continue their role development and to create a peer support network to continue to obtain mutual support.

Conclusion

Our findings emphasise the perceived emotional well‐being benefits of a co‐produced peer supporter training programme. Participants highlighted the need for co‐produced training programmes that are (1) emotion‐focussed, (2) provide access to other peer supporters and (3) provide future avenues for a peer supporter network of mutual support and professional development activities and training opportunities.

Patient or Public Contribution

Individuals with lived experience of mental ill health and peer support were consulted in the development of interview questions and provided feedback on the finalised themes to ensure the analysis and interpretations were congruent with their experiences.
Intertwined precariousness and precarity: Disentangling a phenomenon that characterises Spanish youth
Authors: Maestripieri Lara , Lanau Alba , Soler‐i‐Martí Roger , Acebillo‐Baqué Míriam
Published: October 2024

The growth of non‐standard employment has emerged as a crucial factor that contributes to delays and difficulties in young people's transitions to adulthood. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of multidimensional measures of precariousness. This paper aims to investigate the phenomenon of precariousness holistically, using an original database of respondents in Spain from 20 to 34 years of age. Using a mixed‐methods approach, we explore young people's understandings of precariousness and examine its key determinants and consequences. The findings illustrate the multidimensional nature of feelings of precariousness, with economic insecurity and work conditions being core elements. Our results point to precarity stemming from a combination of inextricably intertwined objective and subjective components, as well as work and economic dimensions.
The impact of neuroinflammation on neuronal integrity
Authors: Tastan Bora , Heneka Michael T.
Published: October 2024

Neuroinflammation, characterized by a complex interplay among innate and adaptive immune responses within the central nervous system (CNS), is crucial in responding to infections, injuries, and disease pathologies. However, the dysregulation of the neuroinflammatory response could significantly affect neurons in terms of function and structure, leading to profound health implications. Although tremendous progress has been made in understanding the relationship between neuroinflammatory processes and alterations in neuronal integrity, the specific implications concerning both structure and function have not been extensively covered, with the exception of perspectives on glial activation and neurodegeneration. Thus, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted interactions among neurons and key inflammatory players, exploring mechanisms through which inflammation influences neuronal functionality and structural integrity in the CNS. Further, it will discuss how these inflammatory mechanisms lead to impairment in neuronal functions and architecture and highlight the consequences caused by dysregulated neuronal functions, such as cognitive dysfunction and mood disorders. By integrating insights from recent research findings, this review will enhance our understanding of the neuroinflammatory landscape and set the stage for future interventions that could transform current approaches to preserve neuronal integrity and function in CNS‐related inflammatory conditions.
Evaluation of the Interdisciplinary Care Home‐bAsed Reablement Program (I‐CHARP) for People Living With Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Care Homes
Authors: Jeon Yun‐Hee , Hobbs Anthony , Nelson Karn , Fethney Judith , Comans Tracy , Conway Jane , Mowszowski Loren , Hill Keith , Wesson Jacqueline , Hewitt Jennifer , Watson Karen , Togher Leanne , Allman‐Farinelli Margaret , O'Connor Claire , Quinn John , Petrie Glenys , O'Leary Fiona , MacAndrew Margaret , Beattie Elizabeth , Stears Marc , Hilmer Sarah , Sykes David , Liddell Anne , Little Sophia
Published: October 2024

Background

Major knowledge and practice gaps exist in aged care home services to support independence of older people with dementia. This research evaluates an adaptation of a community‐based rehabilitation model for care homes, namely Interdisciplinary Care Home‐bAsed Reablement Program (I‐CHARP), by examining whether (and, if so, how) I‐CHARP produces its intended effects and how this programme can be practicably implemented, sustained and scaled up across care homes in Australia.

Methods

I‐CHARP is a 4‐month bio‐behavioural‐environmental rehabilitation model of care, integrated in care home services, supported through the deployment of an implementation strategy, the Research Enabled Aged Care Homes (REACH) network. It consists of (1) 8–12 full individual sessions and additional eight brief follow‐ups per resident, tailored to the resident's needs, delivered primarily by a team of an occupational therapist, registered nurse and other allied health staff; (2) environmental modifications/assistive devices up to the value of $400 per resident; and (3) engagement of intervention care home staff, managers and regular visitors. An overarching evaluation approach is participatory action research using a cluster quasi‐experimental design and mixed methods. It involves testing of the implementation strategy (REACH network and other approaches) while observing/gathering information on the intervention (I‐CHARP) and related outcomes in three cycles. Participants include residents (aged ≥ 60 years with early stages of dementia) and care staff from 16 care homes. Care quality indicators, health care costs, field notes and semi‐structured interviews/focus groups with intervention site staff, regular visitors and managers will provide further insights into I‐CHARP processes and implementation issues.

Discussion

In the final phase of the project, an Agile Implementation Playbook will be developed for the delivery of reablement care that can be used in routine practice across care homes in Australia. The study findings will also inform future policy development and strategic directions for dementia care in care homes.

Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry, ACTRN12623000885695 Registered 16 August 2023, https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=386088.

Protocol version: 1.0 dated 20 July 2023
Syntax in animal communication: its study in songbirds and other taxa
Authors: Wolverton Heather , Anderson Rindy C.
Published: October 2024

Many building blocks of human language can be found within the vocal communication systems of other species, most notably songbirds. One of the most prominent of these building blocks is syntax. While studies of syntax are abundant, a lack of consensus on the definition of syntax in non‐human animal communication studies has led to much debate. Consistent and deliberate use of terminology is needed to facilitate understanding across disciplines. In addition, new terminology may better describe syntactic structure found in vocal signals that are devoid of semantic associations, such as birdsong. Here, we propose two terms to describe the types of syntax commonly found in birdsong: sequential syntax and dialectical syntax. Sequential syntax can be defined as the rules that govern the patterns of sound without regard to semantic meaning. Dialectic syntax can be defined as sequential syntax that is distinct among different populations or groups with behavioral significance for those groups. Taken together, these two terms can describe the type of syntax seen in ornamental signals, such as birdsong.
Effects of E2 on the IDO1‐mediated metabolic KYN pathway in OVX female mice
Authors: Jiang Xi , Yu Xuefeng , Hu Shuran , Dai Huidan , Zhang Hanqin , Hang Yuyang , Xie Xupei , Yang Yubo , Wu Fan
Published: October 2024

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of 17β‐estradiol (E2)‐mediated oestrogen receptor (ER) in modulating the depressive‐like behaviours of ovariectomy (OVX) mice and the associated mechanisms. E2 was administrated in OVX mice. The behaviour and physiological changes of OVX mice including immobility time in tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST), levels of serum E2, inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress factors, indoleamine2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and the neurotransmitters mediated by IDO1 activation were then recorded. Cell injury models established by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or H2O2 stimulation in HT22 and BV2 cells were employed to further explore the mechanisms of E2's function. E2 treatment improved OVX‐induced increase of immobility time in FST and TST. Meanwhile, E2 ameliorated the changes of inflammatory factors (NF‐κB, TNF‐α and IL‐6), IDO1, IDO1‐mediated TRP/KYN pathway and oxidative stress factors (iNOS, MDA, GSH and SOD) in the hippocampus of OVX mice. Interestingly, ERβ inhibitor abolished E2's inhibitory effects on the inflammation and IDO1‐mediated TRP/KYN pathway; ERβ inhibitor also abolished E2's anti‐oxidative stress effect. In cell experiments, ERβ small interfering RNA (siRNA) pretreatment reversed E2's anti‐inflammatory effect on LPS‐treated HT22 and BV2 cells and E2's inhibitory effect on IDO1 expression in LPS‐treated BV2 cells. ERβ siRNA pretreatment also reversed E2's anti‐oxidation effect on H2O2‐treated HT22 cells. E2 exert the antidepressant function in OVX mice via ERβ‐modulated suppression of NF‐κB‐mediated inflammatory pathway, oxidative stress factors and IDO1‐mediated TRP/KYN pathway in the hippocampus.
Comment on: Measuring frailty in clinical practice: Overcoming challenges with implementation
Authors: Van Grootven Bastiaan
Published: October 2024

See the related reply by Damjanac and Lynch
Effects of Thioglycolate Compounds in an Emerging Technique in the World of Cosmetics—Brow Lamination
Authors: Ghanem Laura , Chagoury Stephani , Issa Andrea , Khoury Kaline Maya , Karam Kelly Katherine , Makhlouf Milissa
Published: October 2024

Background

The side effects of two related chemicals, ammonium thioglycolate (ATG) and thioglycolic acid (TGA) have been widely highlighted in the world of cosmetics. These thioglycolate compounds are considered essential ingredients in a new technique known as brow lamination. This technique is widely used nowadays, with the aim of changing the eyebrow shape.

Aims

To our knowledge, this is the first study to address the possible side effects of brow lamination.

Results

The hydrophilic characteristic of ATG and TGA reflects their transdermal absorption through the intracellular and transappendageal pathways. These compounds can affect the skin through allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), characterized by skin irritation, dryness, and erythema. Moreover, these thioglycolates can alter several mechanical and chemical reactions in the eyebrows' hair, therefore affecting their shape, structure, and pigmentation. In addition, these chemicals contained in brow lamination can exert systemic manifestations, at the level of the reproductive, ocular, respiratory, and endocrine systems.

Conclusion

More studies should be elaborated to shed light on the possible side effects of this trend. Additionally, further regulations should be taken into consideration to ensure the concentration and the measures applied are convenient to minimize these side effects.
Effects of Cognitive Flexibility, Prosocial and Problem Behaviours, Parenting Style and Social Support on Social Adaptation Among Children With Leukaemia: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach
Authors: Mengjia Wang , Jinjin Lei , Jinglan Ji , Dan Li , Nan Qin , Ruixing Zhang
Published: October 2024

Background

Leukaemia children often encounter various social adaptation issues stemming from changes in their living environment. Identifying and optimising the factors associated with social adaptation is crucial in improving social adaptation in children with leukaemia.

Objectives

To investigate social adaptation in children with leukaemia and to clarify the impact pathway of cognitive flexibility, problem behaviour, prosocial behaviour, parenting style and social support on social adaptation.

Methods

Using a convenience sampling method, 264 leukaemia children completed a cross‐sectional survey. Data were collected using the Social Adaptation Assessment Scale for Children with Leukaemia, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Cognitive Flexibility Scale, Short‐Egna Minnenav Barndoms Uppfostran and Multi‐Dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Structural equation modelling was used to test the influencing factors of social adaptation.

Results

Social support directly influenced social adaptation (β = 0.19, p < 0.01) and indirectly influenced social adaptation through prosocial behaviour (β = 0.06, p < 0.01) and problem behaviour (β = 0.18, p < 0.01). Prosocial behaviour (β = 0.17, p < 0.01) and problem behaviour (β = −0.61, p < 0.01) directly influenced social adaptation. Negative parenting directly influenced social adaptation (β = 0.12, p < 0.01) and indirectly influenced social adaptation (β = −0.23, p < 0.01) through problem behaviour.

Conclusion

Our finding indicated that there are prominent social adjustment problems in the recovery process of children with leukaemia. These findings suggest that targeted education is needed to enhance social adaptation among children with leukaemia.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

The final model should serve as a framework to guide intervention research targeting social support and negative parenting to improve the social adaptation of children with leukaemia. During the recovery process, nurses need to regularly follow up on the children's social adaptation and encourage them to participate in social activities to increase social support while providing family guidance based on improving parenting styles.

Patient or Public Contribution

The subjects of this study were children with leukaemia aged 8–18 years. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.