bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differentially Relating Factors of Locus of Control to a Behavioral Criterion
Authors: Woodburn Lawrence T. , Bekker L. Demoyne
Published: September 2011

A recent factor analysis of scores on the Rotter I-E scale suggests that rather than being unidimensional, the scale is composed of two factors. The first factor consists of items dealing with the issue of personal control, while the second factor is based on items dealing with the issue of political efficacy. The present study attempted to associate differentially the two factors with criterion variables by using a correlational design and an experimental intervention design. Results from the correlational analysis support the hypothesis that the I-E scale is not homogeneous, while results from the intervention part of the study were equivocal. Difficulties encountered in attempting to alter a person's locus of control were discussed.
Attitudes toward others and Components of Internal-External Locus of Control
Authors: Levenson Hanna , Mahler Irwin
Published: September 2011

In Study I, 42 undergraduates responded to the Machiavellianism scale and to Levenson's Internal, Powerful Others, and Chance scales. Results indicated that, for females, increases in Machiavellianism were correlated with feelings of personal inadequacy, while for males, the willingness to manipulate others was related to perceptions of a world ruled by chance. In Study II, 75 undergraduates completed the locus of control scales and two scales to measure philosophies of human nature. As hypothesized, the more subjects felt they were controlled by powerful others, the more they perceived people as untrustworthy and the less they saw them as altruistic. Results are interpreted as further demonstrating the usefulness of a multidimensional measure of locus of control.
Rewards, Costs, and Sex Differences in Helping Behavior
Authors: Wilson David W. , Kahn Arnold
Published: September 2011

20 males and 20 females were given the opportunity to volunteer their time to help a graduate student in a research project entailing either high or low rewards and high or low costs. Rewards and costs significantly affected females' helping as predicted by exchange theory but had no effect on males' helping. Whether males or females are more helpful depended on the sex-characteristics of the task and can be understood in terms of differential perception of rewards and costs by males and females.
Suppression of Headbanging on the Ward
Authors: McFarlain Robert A. , Andy O. J. , Scott Robert W. , Wheatley Mary Lane
Published: September 2011

Effects of leg shock and a conditioned aversive stimulus (a loud, verbal “No”) on the self-injurious responses of a profoundly retarded patient were assessed. The “No” and shock produced a significant decrement in self-injurious responding. The procedure was then modified for use in the regular ward environment. The staff delivered the loud, verbal “No” contingent on each self-injurious response they observed, and occasional leg shocks. The procedure afforded clinically significant control of the patient's self-injurious behavior, but it was not possible to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of the procedure.
Field-Independence and Self-Actualization
Authors: Doyle James A.
Published: September 2011

150 subjects were administered Witkin's Rod-and-frame Test (Series 3) and Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory. The results indicated 9 of 12 scales correlated significantly with the field-independent perceptual style. rs were of small magnitude. Difficulties inherent in this type of research are discussed.
A Tactical Pacification Game for Leadership Development
Authors: Mudgett William C. , Hunsaker Phillip L. , Wynne Bayard E.
Published: September 2011

The structure of the Tactical Pacification Game is described and applications for evaluating and developing leadership competence are explained. Relevant research paradigms and specially developed measurement instruments are presented as they relate to the study of leadership and decision making. Examples of current and future applications of the simulation are presented.
‘Switching’ and ‘Staying’: Alternative Strategies in Simple Concept-Identification Situations
Authors: Harpur John G. E.
Published: September 2011

Two-dimensional, binary-valued stimuli were presented to 64 Ss in a simple concept-identification task to determine the effect of negative reinforcement on Ss' hypothesis-testing. Whereas the patterns of responding of Ss as a group indicated linguistic syntax appeared profoundly to affect performance, closer inspection indicated that subgroups of Ss were responding to other characteristics in the stimulus display and the language patterns observed ignored individual strategies and thus were an artifact of grouping the data.
Effects of Modeling on Children's Performance of a Pencil Maze
Authors: Bauer Greg P. , Rowe Thomas C. , Russo Rosanne
Published: September 2011

School children in Grades 1, 3, 5, 9, and 12 were introduced to a novel learning task, a pencil maze, and given two models to observe. The exact sequence of responses the female model used was not observable, only the model's speed through the maze. Observing the speed of the model significantly affected speed of the S. There were no significant interactions between speed and grade, sex, or trials.
Food-Deprivation-Induced Polydipsia in Two Species of Kangaroo Rats
Authors: Weele Dennis A. Vander , Schiffer Kim , Esparza Dan L.
Published: September 2011

Dipodomys panamintinus ( n = 7) and merriami ( n = 2), two species of kangaroo rats, were tested for drinking under total food deprivation. Both species showed polydipsia (elevated drinking) when food deprived for five days and more than tripled their average daily water intake, when food deprived, as opposed to drinking when food was ad lib. It is advanced that species which subsist on little free water respond mainly to decreased extracellular volume as a thirst cue. Since decreased vascular volume occurs during food deprivation, these species overdrink.
Age-Related Determinants of Stress-Induced Weight Change in Mice
Authors: Essman Walter B. , Kimmelstiel Fred , Sporer Barry
Published: September 2011

25-day-old male mice showed a greater incidence of body weight loss and a late peak of plasma corticosterone elevation when exposed to tobacco smoke for 5 successive days, as compared with mice exposed to filtered smoke (gas phase) or air. 50-day-old mice had a greater incidence and magnitude of body weight loss and a late plasma corticosterone peak after 5 days of air exposure, but not with gas phase or nicotine + gas phase. Diencephalic serotonin, while higher among 25-day-old mice, did not differ as a function of the stress of confinement during exposure to the ventillatory stimulus or as a function of the different stimuli. The results suggest that weight loss and the time following stimulation at which plasma corticosterone is maximally elevated may serve as indices of stress and are consistent even when the stressor-susceptibility is age-related.
Sex Differences in a State Hospital Population of Alcoholics on Admission and Treatment Variables
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut , Noem Avis A.
Published: September 2011

Admissions (2077 males, 194 females) to an alcohol treatment unit of a state hospital over 3 yr. were compared by sex. Female alcoholics showed a significantly higher percentage than male alcoholics of first admissions (46% vs 36%), voluntary referral status (58% vs 48%), married status (55% vs 47%), younger age of 25 to 44 yr. (46% vs 33%), and high school education (68% vs 43%). The sex differences for treatment variables, such as completion of program, length of stay, and prognosis, were small. Significantly more females than males were referred to Community Mental Health Centers (17% vs 9%) and clergy (8% vs 4%), and less often referred to employers (9% vs 18%) and law enforcement agencies (0% vs 5%). The sex differences might reflect societal norms and circumstances.
Self-Report and Fantasy Correlates of Death Concern
Authors: Dickstein Louis S.
Published: September 2011

The Death Concern Scale (Dickstein, 1972) was administered to 185 college females and three groups of high ( n = 24), middle ( n = 25), and low ( n = 24) death-concern Ss were selected. These groups were administered the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale, the Pearson Novelty-experiencing Scale, the Mosher Forced-choice Guilt Inventory, and the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values. In addition, Ss took the TAT which was scored for death references, prospective span, retrospective span, themes of illicit sexuality, and themes of punishment. Death concern was positively related to internal sensation novelty-seeking, retrospective span, death references, and themes of illicit sexuality, and negatively related to the Theoretical value and social desirability. These results are interpreted as providing further support for the construct validity of the scale.
Mouse-Killing by Devibrissaed and Facially Anesthetized Rats
Authors: Thor Donald H. , Ghiselli William B.
Published: September 2011

18 mouse-killing Long Evans male rats were devibrissaed and facially anesthetized to determine relative importance of facial tactual sensation in detection, pursuit, and killing behavior. With vibrissae clipped plus local anesthesia of the vibrissal pads, all rats attacked and killed mice with efficiency comparable to pretest baseline measures. Results were interpreted as indicating a nonsignificant role of vibrissal sensation in maintenance of this rodent's predatory kill response. Although initial killing may be contingent upon multiple sensory cues, established killing is independent of intact perception of the target.
Clustering as Determined by Exposure Time and Spatial Arrangement of Objects
Authors: Stukuls Henry I.
Published: September 2011

The two studies extended the principles of clustering to nonverbal stimuli. College Ss were asked to learn and recall random objects under varied conditions of exposure time and spatial organization. Increments in exposure time produced increments in total recall and clustering. Also the spatial organization of stimuli facilitated total recall and the organizational process in memory. The greatest amount of recall and clustering occurred with objects from the left as opposed to the right side of the visual display and increased spatial organization of relatively random display produced increased amounts of clustering in free recall. These data for 72 students were interpreted in terms of the associationistic (Jenkins, 1952) and the mediational (Bousfield, 1953) views of clustering.
A Short Form of the California Psychological Inventory
Authors: Burger Gary K.
Published: September 2011

The number of items in the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) was reduced from 480 to 240 by selecting items representative of factors obtained by separate factor analyses of the 18 scales. Correlations of the short form with the standard scales, the factor structure of the short form, cross-validated regression equations to estimate standard scale scores, and test-retest reliability coefficients indicated that the short form was a reasonable alternative to the complete inventory in situations where time savings are required.
Effects of Frequency, Duration of Study Trial, and Total Duration of Exposure on Affective Judgments
Authors: Marcus Mary G. , Hakmiller Karl L.
Published: September 2011

Studies of frequency and duration of exposure of stimuli, e.g., Chinese characters, Turkish words, faces, paintings, have traditionally been factorial, resulting in confounding among the parameters of frequency, duration of study trial, and total duration of exposure. This study attempted to separate the effects of these variables on affective ratings. 60 male and female introductory psychology students served as subjects. The stimuli were slides of female nudes. There were three comparison conditions, each of which was itself a within-subjects design in which two levels of two variables were established and repeated measures made for a given subject. Subjects viewed the slides and then rated them on attractiveness. Results indicate that, if total duration of exposure is held constant, no changes in judgments of attractiveness occur whereas, if total duration increases and duration of study trial or frequency increases concurrently, increases in ratings of attractiveness, or affect, will occur.
Crowding and Satisfaction in a Banking Environment, an Ethological Approach
Authors: Cimbalo Richard S. , Mousaw Patricia M.
Published: September 2011

86 customers were randomly selected for observation as they entered a bank. A number of behavioral and situational variables were recorded by the experimenter on a portable tape recorder. The only significant predictor of satisfaction was the number of customers in the bank. The more crowded the bank, the less satisfied was the customer. The results were explained in terms of the violation of personal space and/or the subject's perception of depersonalized service.
Comparison of Social Positions of School Children in India and the United States
Authors: Vacc Nicholas A. , Rajpal Puran Lal
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare the social positions of two groups of children in India and the United States, those identified as having behavioral disorders ( N = 21 American, 22 Indian) and those not so classified, i.e., normal ( N = 415 American, 329 Indian). The children ranged from 11 to 17 yr. of age; no attempt was made to investigate sex differences. Analysis of the sociometric data suggests the social positions of children in the two cultures are similar. The research is not definitive but suggests that common social forces may be operating in both cultures toward children with behavioral disorders.
Performance of Hospitalized Schizophrenics on Picture Vocabulary (Qt) and Verbal Vocabulary (Wais) Measures
Authors: Maloney Michael P. , De Young Robert , Majovsky Lawrence
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that schizophrenic Ss performed relatively better on a vocabulary task (Wechsler) demanding verbally expressed definitions than on a picture vocabulary measure (Quick Test). Results with 29 inpatient Ss supported this hypothesis. Implications of these results are discussed.
Protein Differences in the Lens Nucleus from the Desert Woodrat (Neotoma Lepida)
Authors: Ramos Franklin , Smith Albert C.
Published: September 2011

Extracts of eye lens nuclei from 24 desert woodrats ( Neotoma lepida) were subjected to electrophoresis. This process produced protein patterns simple and distinctive which fell into two groups, one with one band and the other with two. Intraspecific differences in proteins from the lens nuclei of mammals have not been reported before. Electrophoretic separation of nuclear lens proteins may be applied to study the biochemical-genetic basis of behavior.
Use of Written Material in Learning Self-Control of Premature Ejaculation
Authors: Lowe John C. , Mikulas William L.
Published: September 2011

10 males with premature ejaculation were able to improve significantly their ejaculatory control by following the instructions of a written program.
Personality Correlates of Helping Behavior
Authors: Smith Bernadette M. M. , Nelson L. D.
Published: September 2011

571 male members of volunteer groups and 699 nonvolunteers scored significantly differently on Cattell's 16 PF scale, volunteers being extroverted (out-going, happy-go-lucky, venturesome, and tenderminded), and scoring lower on shrewd, liberal, and self-sufficient.
Evaluation of a School Lunch Program
Authors: Acredolo Linda P. , Pick Herbert L.
Published: September 2011

In order to evaluate the relative merits of two commercial hot lunch programs, data were collected using a rating of consumption, a parental questionnaire, and a child's questionnaire. The data from the two schools participating in the programs were compared in the context of similar comparisons between two control schools which were matched with the experimental schools on the basis of size and socioeconomic level. Consumption ratings and data from the parental questionnaire supported one of the two programs. Consumption ratings and ratings of children's preferences correlated .87 ( p < .005).
Increasing Teachers' Positive Actions in the Classroom
Authors: Martin Felix
Published: September 2011

5 teachers were taught 10 categories of positive teacher actions. The training procedures included: (a) setting specific goals, (b) recording own behavior, (c) observation of model, and (d) use of feedback from classroom observations. Mean teachers' positive actions increased from 30% to 52%.
Personality Characteristics of Male Alcoholics
Authors: Tarter Ralph E.
Published: September 2011

48 alcoholics who were administered the California Psychological Inventory were distinguished from 24 normals on the Socialization and Self-control scales. Early- and late-onset drinkers were also differentiated on several measures, suggesting that the late-onset drinkers are acutely disturbed while the early-onset drinkers are less consistent and exhibit disorders relating to personality organization.
Insight into One's Own Teaching through Feedback from Students' Evaluations
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

Analysis of responses from self- and class-evaluations on two occasions (midterm and end-of-term) on a 26-item evaluation form showed nonsignificant respondent and occasion effects but a significant interaction. Quick feedback of midterm evaluations followed by dialogue between instructor and class produced a significant increase in mean class-evaluations, but the instructor decreased his self-evaluations. Class means ( n = 31) for items correlated .93 on the two occasions and midterm self-evaluations correlated .60 and .65 with class-evaluations. Largest gains were made on items rated lowest at midterm.
Age Differences in Racial Self-Identity of Young Black Girls
Authors: Roberts Albert , Mosley Kathleen Y. , Chamberlain Maureen W.
Published: September 2011

The experimenters modified the Clark and Clark doll procedure to assess racial self-identity in young black girls. The two groups of black children (3- to 4-yr.-olds and 6- to 7-yr.-olds) were shown three dolls that differed in skin color and/or hair style. They were asked which doll looked like them, which doll was prettiest, and which doll was ugliest. Although the majority of both groups identified with the black dolls, the older children displayed a more accurate racial self-identity. The children differed significantly in their perception of the ugliest doll: the younger group selected the black doll wearing an afro while the older group selected the white doll. These results were discussed in terms of the role of greater experience with blacks and whites and a possible over-reaction to the “black is beautiful” feeling on the part of the older group.
A Step-System Treatment Milieu and Discharges from a Chronic Schizophrenic Ward
Authors: Bergman Ronald L.
Published: September 2011

Discharges from a chronic schizophrenic ward were compared before and after the implementation of a step-system treatment format. The subjects were 80 chronic schizophrenics equally divided by sex with a mean age of 47.1 yr. and a mean time in hospital of 19.8 yr. While the step-system format yielded no significant difference in the total number of discharges, a significantly ( p < .05) greater number of higher functioning patients were discharged while it was in effect
Discrimination of Dialect from Temporal Patterns of the Speech Signal
Authors: Wright Claudia R. , Motley Michael T. , Phelan Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether dialect discrimination could be made on the basis of temporal sequencing (or rhythm) of the speech signal, speech samples were collected from 90 Ss, identified as black, white, and Mexican-American. Samples were matched on basis of similarity of context. Similar samples were recorded, using a triad test format. Two racially similar and one different speaker, e.g., black, black and white, formed a triad. 24 ads were put together and recorded. An electronic logic system (Schmitt trigger design) generated a noise analogy (temporal pattern) for the speech signal 24 noise-analogy triads and 24 speaker triads were presented to groups of black, white, and Mexican-American listeners to determine whether ethnically identified listener groups could distinguish speakers' patterns. Our ethnically distinct Ss were unable to distinguish between dialects on the basis of temporal patterns alone. There was a tendency for all listeners to detect the Mexican-American speech at the chance level.
Short-Lived Facilitation of Aggressive Behavior by Violent Communications
Authors: Day Kenneth D.
Published: September 2011

50 male university students each participated in one of five film conditions. In all conditions subjects were provoked, exposed to communications, and then given an opportunity to retaliate against their tormentor. Subjects in Condition 1, the control, viewed 150 sec. of a neutral film as opposed to 150 sec. of a violent film viewed in Conditions 2 through 5. Retaliation was delayed in Conditions 3, 4, and 5 by appending 100, 200, or 300 sec., respectively, of the neutral film of the control to the violent film viewed in these conditions. Postcommunication aggression was significantly greater than the control in Conditions 3 and 4 only
Social-Evaluative Anxiety and Defensive Style
Authors: Ross James M. , Johnson Ray W.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate Millimet's 1970 hypothesis that high anxiety and avoidant defensiveness are inversely related bipolar variables reflecting a unitary dimension of personality. Related hypotheses were deduced in accordance with the available research evidence both consistent with and contrary to Millimet's theory. Subjects were 99 college students (52 men and 47 women). In support of Millimet, small negative relationships were found between social anxiety scales and the defense scales Principalization and Reversal and a small positive relationship was found between social anxiety scales and the defense scale Turning Against Self. However, contrary to expectations, a positive correlation obtained between social anxiety scales and the defense scale Projection for women.
Personality Traits Associated with Originality and Elaboration
Authors: Kaltsounis Bill
Published: September 2011

Using a multidimensional model of creativity, a study was made of the personality traits that differentiate subjects high on figural originality from those who are low and those high on figural elaboration from those who are low. 196 college undergraduates were administered Figural Form A of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and Something About Myself questionnaire. Using the upper and lower 27% for an item analysis, 11 items differentiated the high and low original thinkers and 17 items differentiated the high and low elaborators. The findings were interpreted as supporting the idea that somewhat different personality traits are associated with figural originality and elaboration.
Phenomenal Determination of Retroactive and Proactive Interference
Authors: Brosgole Leonard
Published: September 2011

Simultaneous acquisition of two serial lists produced retroactive and proactive interference, so long as the lists were organized as one preceding the other. Such an organization was accomplished in a variety of circumstances, as in the case of placing one above the other with an item of a different color separating the lists. In this instance, the lists were clearly organized into top and bottom, with the top half coming before the bottom. Recall for the two tasks was assessed 10 min. and 24 hr. after original learning. The recall of the list perceived as coming last was significantly superior after a 10-min. delay (retroactive interference) but deteriorated with time so that the two equalized after 24 hr. (proactive interference). The fact that retroactive and proactive interference were produced in the absence of a temporal separation between original and interpolated learning indicates that these phenomena are probably the product of a dynamic interaction in memory rather than extinction occurring at the point of interpolation.
Managerial Role-Job Attitude Relationships: Comparison of Two Multiscale Measures of Satisfaction
Authors: Waters L. K. , Roach Darrell
Published: September 2011

Two operationally different approaches to measuring job satisfaction were used to discriminate among groups of higher-level line managers, lower-level line managers, and managerial-level technical/specialty personnel. Using the need deficiency measure of satisfaction, no linear combinations of subscores significantly discriminated among the groups. When the Job Descriptive Index was used to measure satisfaction, two discriminant functions separated lower-level line managers from the other two groups and the technical/specialty personnel from line managers. The importance of using multiple measures of satisfaction and of using multivariate analytic procedures was pointed out.
Social-Cohort Effect on Three Masculinity-Femininity Instruments and Self-Report
Authors: Saarni Carolyn I.
Published: September 2011

The effect of female social-cohort groups on sex-typed behavioral preferences and conceptions of role stereotypes was studied by means of multivariate analyses. Subjects' self-reports of femininity were obtained, and May's projective technique, the Sex-role Stereotype scale, and Gough's Psychological Femininity scale were administered to a total of 105 females, ranging in age from 19 to 49 yr., who were distributed across the following groups: nursing trainees, introductory psychology students, skilled workers, and active feminists. Cohort membership was a significant factor; feminists differed from the other female groups in the direction of greater masculinity on 3 of 4 test variables and showed greater differentiation in their self-report of femininity ( p < .01). Low to moderate correlations were obtained among the test scores, age, and educational level. The problems inherent in sex-role assessment appear related to an interaction between gender-identity and cohort-influenced behavioral preferences.
Negative Practice and Desensitization of Anxiety about Examinations
Authors: O'Brien Richard M.
Published: September 2011

30 test-anxious subjects were assigned to two treatment groups for 6 weekly sessions. One group experienced standard group-desensitization of test anxiety while the other group was instructed in negative practice of anxiety responses and satiation of anxiety-producing stimuli. There were no significant differences between the two treatment groups and a control group ( N = 15) in grades for the semester preceding treatment. Both treatment groups had significantly higher grades than the control group following treatment. Given negative practice, one group obtained significantly higher grades than the desensitized group. Both treatment groups reported a significant decrease in test anxiety but no such difference was reported by a second control group. It is suggested that both negative practice and desensitization might be effective intervention strategies for test anxiety.
Subjective Objectivity: Therapists' Affection and Successful Psychotherapy
Authors: Martin Paul J. , Sterne Arthur L.
Published: September 2011

A recent review of research on the outcome of psychotherapy led to the conclusion that patients who are better liked by therapists show greater improvement in treatment. Although a closer analysis of the relevant studies suggested that the findings were contradictory and inconclusive, a pattern was discernible: it appeared that liked patients tended to improve more than less-liked patients only when therapists' ratings of improvement were used but not when objective measures of outcome were employed. This study tested that pattern. Therapists' affection for patients was tested for association with improvements as rated by therapists and as reflected in objective test and interview measures. The results showed a significant link between therapists' affection and ratings of patients' improvement, but no significant relationship between therapists' affection and independent outcome data. Thus the pattern was confirmed. The analyses also yielded no significant relationship between therapists' outcome ratings and improvement measured by test data. It is suggested that therapists guard against extraneous influence in judgments of outcome and that objective outcome measures be used in conjunction with therapists' ratings.
Selling and the Salesman: Prediction of Success and Personality Change
Authors: Turnbull Allen A.
Published: September 2011

By administering a personality inventory and attitude questionnaire to 201 college-student salesmen prior to and after a selling experience, an attempt was made to (1) measure the predictive value of several personality and attitudinal variables in regard to sales success and (2) assess any personality changes after a short selling period. None of the main predictor variables (Extraversion, Self-esteem, and Machiavellianism) correlated significantly with the two criteria of sales success. Combining the variables via a discriminant function analysis did not result in significant discrimination of sales success among salesmen. However, at the end of the selling period, all salesmen showed a significant increase on the extraversion ( p < .005) and self-esteem scales ( p < .005). Several possible explanations for these results were discussed.
State and Trait Correlates of Sleep Stages
Authors: Webb Wilse B. , Bonnet Michael H. , White Royce M.
Published: September 2011

36 Ss completed a series of trait personality scales and two state scales immediately prior to sleeping in a sleep laboratory. Fewer significant correlations than would be expected by chance were found between scores on the state/trait measures and the stages of sleep as defined by the EEG.
Note on Application of the Semantic Differential to the Electoral Process
Authors: Wildman Robert W. , Wildman Robert W.
Published: September 2011

A question emerging from a review of the application of the semantic differential to the electoral process concerns whether a candidate's image is stimulus- or perceiver-determined, does a candidate have an image agreed upon by both his supporters and opponents or is a candidate viewed in one way by his supporters and in an entirely different way by others? The answer to this question should depend on the particular scales employed. The present study isolated a pool of stimulus-determined and a pool of perceiver-determined items. When applied to the 1972 Presidential Election, on the stimulus-determined scales both McGovern and Nixon supporters agreed on the characteristics of the two candidates but disagreed on which characteristics an “Ideal” President should possess. On the perceiver-determined scales, on the other hand, there was agreement on an “Ideal” President but disagreement about which candidate had these traits.
Sense of Competence and Individual Managerial Performance
Authors: Morse John J.
Published: September 2011

This study relates an individual's sense of competence to his actual performance in managerial settings. The sense of competence is the set of psychological feelings of confidence an individual has about his abilities to master his external environment. The sense of competence of 123 managers was measured 6 mo. prior to the collection of three separate, independently obtained measures of individual managerial performance. There was a significant ( p < .001) and positive relation between sense of competence and all three performance measures.
College Students' Attitudes toward World Food Crisis
Authors: Buys Christian J. , Nartker Susan
Published: September 2011

Attitudes of 72 college students toward the world-wide shortage of food and food reserves were determined by a sample survey. Although most students perceived the food crisis as nonthreatening on a personal and national level, they felt the rest of the world was in imminent danger. Seniors, in contrast to freshmen, reported being more personally threatened by the crisis and more skeptical about the availability of a solution. Population control was viewed by the majority of these students as the best available means of ameliorating the crisis.
Internal-External Control, Achievement Orientation and Physical Attractiveness of College Students
Authors: Cash Thomas F. , Begley Phyllis J.
Published: September 2011

The validity of the stereotype by which physically attractive persons are attributed greater internal control and greater success orientation than unattractive persons was studied among college students. For 32 male and 32 female college undergraduates, while attractiveness was unrelated to achievement orientation, attractive individuals were in fact more internal in their locus of control.
Field Dependence—Independence, Internal-External Locus of Control, and Implementation of Family-Planning Goals
Authors: Seeley Odile Frank
Published: September 2011

Success at implementing family-planning goals was studied in relation to internal-external locus of control of reinforcement and embedded-figures scores among 71 women. The embedded-figures scores were related to success at implementing goals, while internal-external locus was not. It is suggested that face validity and component of attitude measured are important factors in the difference in results obtained on the two conceptually related measures.
Modality and Prior Habituation as Critical Factors in Development of Rapid Discriminated Conditioned Suppression in Rats
Authors: Corwin James V. , Slaughter John S.
Published: September 2011

Removing the bar in an appetitive lever-press task, the effects of number of CS-US pairings (1, 2, or 4), modality of the CS (2 tones vs light and tone) and prior CS habituation trials on the development of discriminated conditioned suppression were evaluated. Two or 4 CS-US pairings produced virtually a perfect discrimination with complete suppression to CS and little suppression to CS−. In addition there was a significant interaction of modality × shock, indicating that going from CS+ to CS− had far less effect when the stimuli were in the same modality (T-T) than when modality changed (L-T). The effect of habituation training on suppression while not significant was in the expected direction, attenuating suppression to both CS+ and CS−.
The Course of Love: A Cross-Sectional Design
Authors: Cimbalo Richard S. , Faling Virginia , Mousaw Patricia
Published: September 2011

The perceived importance of sex and security, estimates of loving and liking, and the physical proximity for 32 couples married 0 to 15 yr. were analyzed. Results indicated that, as the duration of marriage increased, the importance of sex increased while security decreased and love scores decreased. The results were attributed to personality shifts for husbands or wives and/or the possibility that marriage may satisfy the security needs but not the love and sexual needs of these couples. Cross-validation is needed.
Attitudes toward Women, Sex-Role-Stereotyping and Locus of Control
Authors: Minnigerode Fred A.
Published: September 2011

Profeminist attitudes of 61 undergraduate women, but not of 43 men, were associated with greater internal locus of control. Sex-role-stereotyped individuals scored more external than those not sex-role-stereotyped.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Canadian Self-Esteem Inventory for Children
Authors: Battle James
Published: September 2011

198 boys and girls enrolled in Grades 3 through 6 participated in a test-retest reliability study of the Canadian Self-esteem Inventory for Children. The average test-retest correlations for boys and girls were .84 and .82 respectively.
Verbal Conditioning without Awareness Using a Highly Discriminable, Monetary Reinforcer
Authors: Koffer Kenneth B. , Coulson Grant , Hammond Leslie
Published: September 2011

During discussion of a variety of topics by 2 undergraduates a target response, 1 of 3 affirmatives, was reinforced by one of the discussants by delivery of a nickel. Although nickel delivery increased the frequency of the target response, neither of the 2 subjects could describe the reinforcement contingency until the end of the third session. It was concluded that operant conditioning without awareness occurred even when the response was reinforced by the highly discriminable event of delivery of a nickel.
Early Loss as a Possible “Sensitizer” to Later Loss in Attempted Suicides
Authors: Lester David , Beck Aaron T.
Published: September 2011

A sample of 246 attempted suicides was examined to see whether those attempting suicide after a recent loss had also experienced a loss early in life. It was found that, for the 137 females who had attempted suicide, the presence of recent loss as a precipitating factor was associated with the experience of loss of both parents before age 10.
Male Student Professionals: Their Attitudes toward Women, Sex, and Change
Authors: Dell Smith Alma , Kilpatrick Dean G. , Sutker Patricia B. , Marcotte David B.
Published: September 2011

The predominantly male professions of law and medicine have wielded a powerful influence on the definition of accepted roles and behavior for women in American society. It, therefore, seemed reasonable to examine attitudes toward women, permissible sexual expression, and adherence to tradition among male representatives of these professional groups. A sample of 135 medical and 62 law students responded to paper-and-pencil surveys of attitudes on these topics, and students classified as profeminist and traditional in ideological posture were compared on dogmatism and sexual attitude dimensions. Results showed student professionals to be significantly more profeminist than male undergraduates, and endorsement of a profeminist position, willingness to accept change, and tolerance of liberal sexual attitudes and behavior in others were positively correlated.
Emergency Helping and Religious Behavior
Authors: Annis Lawrence V.
Published: September 2011

Students enrolled in general psychology classes completed a questionnaire and 10 days later participated in an apparently unrelated study which was actually a “lady in distress” experiment. Analysis of the responses of 71 subjects who participated in both parts indicated no significant relationships between helping behavior and literal scriptural belief. No significant effects were observed between helping behavior and responses to the Study of Values Religious scale, or frequencies of prayer and church attendance. The results are discussed in terms of Allport's view of utilitarian as opposed to unifying religious belief and described as supporting Kohlberg's contention that moral behavior develops independent of religious belief.
Stereotypes of Males' and Females' Speech
Authors: Siegler David M. , Siegler Robert S.
Published: September 2011

Parallel designs were used to test the hypotheses that (a) strongly assertive forms would be attributed relatively more often to males and less assertive forms relatively more often to females, and (b) syntactic forms associated with males would be rated more intelligent and those associated with females less so. The results ( ns = 24) for 4 groups of undergraduates were consistent with each of these predictions, suggesting that recently reported “changes in attitudes” toward women may have been more a function of changes in the social desirability of expressing anti-feminist prejudices than of changes in the attitudes.
Development of Competitive Behaviors in Anglo-American and Mexican-American Children
Authors: Avellar Joseph , Kagan Spencer
Published: September 2011

Social behaviors of Anglo-American and Mexican-American boys and girls of 5 to 6 and 7 to 9 yr. were assessed using 6 two-person choice cards. Concern for absolute gains was an overriding motive for all children. In the absence of the possibility of absolute gains, significant cultural and age differences were observed: Anglo-American and older children more often chose to give their peers fewer rewards than did Mexican-American and younger children. The cultural differences increased with age. The observed cultural difference could not be attributed to economic level and contrary to the conclusions of previous research, was probably related to concern for relative gains, not rivalry.
Models of Pay Satisfaction: A Comparative Study
Authors: Shapiro H. Jack
Published: September 2011

Data from 133 industrial employees were used to assess the validity of five alternative models of pay satisfaction. The models differ systematically from each other in terms of their input data and the measuring process used to determine each model's estimate of pay satisfaction. The models were evaluated against the pay satisfaction sub-scale of the Job Descriptive Index. The social comparison-cost of living model yielded the best results followed by the three discrepancy models and finally by the objective pay distribution model. The findings suggest the three discrepancy models, although different conceptually and in the measurement process, are very similar in their ability to predict pay satisfaction. The objective pay distribution model, although exhibiting the lowest predictive power of all the models tested, may be able to provide a useful and readily available measure of pay satisfaction without resorting to employees' self-reporting.
A Didactic Device for Choosing the Proper Error Term in Analysis of Variance: The Zero-One-K Rule
Authors: Becker Gilbert
Published: September 2011

A simplified method for selecting the proper error term in the construction of F ratios was introduced. Examples of applications of the method were given for designs representative of analysis of variance in research in psychology. Limitations of the method were discussed and corresponding complementary sources of information on proper error term selection were cited.
Effect of Punitive Dress on Classroom Behavior of Institutionalized Emotionally Disturbed Adolescents
Authors: Clements J. Eugene , Tracy D. B. , Platt John
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of an institutional policy of consequating running away behavior of emotionally disturbed adolescents by forcing them to wear a loose pajama-like two-piece garment (hospital whites) for three days following their return to a mental health center. Two important classroom behaviors were measured while 14 adolescents were in the learning center in hospital whites, showing that punitive dress had a measured detrimental effect on the adolescents' classroom behavior.
Analysis of the Individualistic, Competitive and Cooperative Motives in Non-Zero-Sum Games
Authors: Fox Shaul
Published: September 2011

According to Messick and McClintock (1968), differences in choice behavior of strategy games of the non-zero-sum type may be explained mainly by three motives: the individualistic, the competitive, and the cooperative. The researchers' operational definitions of the motives are based on the payoffs in the game matrices. This article critically examines Messick and Mc-Clintock's expositions and demonstrates that the payoff consideration cannot be the sole criterion for the identification of motivational goals. Disregarding the opponent's choice may lead to mistaken conclusions concerning the participant's motive as inferred from his decision. In the wake of this oversight, the proposal for measuring the three motives, stated in this article, is based on the following principles: (1) A pre-programmed plan for one participant in the game in order to standardize the situation the subjects face. (2) A large number of trials in order to ensure the subject's awareness of the opponent's fixed strategy. (3) The combination of 1 and 2 with appropriate payoff values enables the construction of the conflict situation confronting the subject.
Successive Acquisitions and Extinctions with Goldfish (Carassius Auratus) in a Swimway Situation
Authors: Wolach Allen H. , McHale Maureen A. , Van Berschot Sylvia , Fleming Rachel L.
Published: September 2011

Goldfish were trained in a successive acquisition and extinction shuttle-swimway situation. Groups of 12 fish experienced alternating days of acquisition and extinction, extinction following immediately after each daily acquisition session, and acquisition following immediately after each daily extinction session. None of the groups produced decreasing resistance to extinction across extinctions within eight successive acquisitions and extinctions. A group of fish given 16 successive acquisitions and extinctions with alternating days of acquisition and extinction learned to decrease swimming speeds after eight successive extinctions. However, these fish also decreased acquisition speeds across the last 8 successive acquisitions.
Indexing the Polarization of Social Groups in a Multi-Purpose Senior Center
Authors: Meredith Gerald M. , Amor Charles W.
Published: September 2011

Small-group interaction plays an important communication role in multi-purpose senior centers. Many aged members are actively participating in goal attainment and are also involved in serving the community through club activities. Guided by Hemphill's concept of polarization, the study explored the shared organizational goals of 9 clubs in a multi-ethnic senior center. The findings have implications for participants' greater involvement and accountability
Is There a Pessimistic Shift?
Authors: Schellenberg James A.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments are reported which were intended to replicate a group-induced shift toward greater pessimism in probability estimation and evaluate the extent to which it might be produced by procedural artifacts. In only one experiment was a statistically reliable shift toward pessimism obtained. In this experiment, item-by-item variation was eliminated as a significant factor in the shift. Results of the other two experiments were inconclusive, leaving doubt regarding the reliability and generality of the presumed shift toward pessimism.
Protest and Vocalizing Behavior of Cuddling and Noncuddling Infants to Different Textured Fabrics
Authors: Pack D. Glenn , Weisberg Paul
Published: September 2011

Infants ( M = 9 mo.), designated as “cuddlers” ( N = 13) and “noncuddlers” ( N = 7), responded differentially to fabrics located on a special floor that always contained three textures plus a fourth one, either a non-abrasive burlap or a coarse carpet material. Protests of the cuddlers were significantly higher than noncuddlers during exposure to the carpet. Cuddlers showed more positive vocalizing during exposure to the burlap than to the carpet Positive vocalizing of noncuddlers, however, was the same to the carpet and burlap fabrics.
Relationship between Incentive and Expectations of Success
Authors: Teevan Richard C. , Burdick Harvey , Stoddard Nancy
Published: September 2011

Some theorists have assumed that there is a negative relationship between the probability of success and the incentive of success. This paper presents arguments and some research which suggests that, depending upon conditions, the relationship may be either positive or negative. Possible effects of this finding upon the Atkinson model were discussed.
Dyadic Free Association
Authors: Silbergeld Sam , Manderscheid Ronald W.
Published: September 2011

Data are reported from a pilot study designed to compare a Free Association Test for married couples with the standard individual form. Results from one group of five couples indicate that presence of marital partner is likely to alter the pattern and increase the levels of anxiety and hostility expressed by a person, even though congruence between spouses is not enhanced. Couples' scores may provide the basis for profiles of different types of marital pairs. A more comprehensive evaluation of the dyadic technique seems desirable, particularly since it can be used to analyze a range of “associated” pair relationships.