bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An efficient high‐throughput flow cytometric method for estimating DNA ploidy level in plants
Authors: Cousin A. , Heel K. , Cowling W. A. , Nelson M. N.
Published: October 2009

We present an efficient high‐throughput flow cytometric method that builds on previously published methods and permits rapid ploidy discrimination in plants. By using Brassica napus L. microspore‐derived plants as an example, we describe how 192 leaf tissue samples may be processed and analyzed comfortably by one operator in 6 h from tissue sampling to ploidy determination. The technique involves placing young leaf samples in two 96‐well racks, using a bead‐beating procedure to release nuclei into a lysis solution, filtering the samples on 96‐well filter plates, staining with propidium iodide, and then rapidly estimating DNA ploidy using a plate loader on a BD FACSCanto II flow cytometer. Throughout the sample preparation process, multichannel pipetting allows faster and less error‐prone sample handling. In two 96‐well plates of samples, the histogram peaks of DNA content from flow cytometry were wellresolved in 189 of 192 samples tested (98.4%), with CV values ranging from 2.98% to 6.20% with an average CV of 4.35% (SD = 0.68%). This new method is usefulin doubled haploid plant breeding programs where early discrimination of haploid and doubled haploid (i.e., diploid) plantlets can confer significantly improved operational efficiencies. We discuss how this method could be further refined including adapting the method to robotic sample processing. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Embryogenesis and ossification ofEmydura subglobosa(Testudines, Pleurodira, Chelidae) and patterns of turtle development
Authors: Werneburg Ingmar , Hugi Jasmina , Müller Johannes , Sánchez‐Villagra Marcelo R.
Published: October 2009

Using the Standard Event System (SES) to study patterns of vertebrate development, we describe a series of 17 embryos of the pleurodire turtleEmydura subglobosa. Based on a sequence heterochrony analysis including 23 tetrapod taxa, we identified autapomorphic developmental shifts that characterise Testudines, Cryptodira, and Pleurodira. The main results are that Testudines are characterised by an autapomorphic late neck development, whereas pleurodires and cryptodires show a different developmental timing of the mandibular process. Additionally, we described the ossification pattern ofE. subglobosaand compared the data to those of five other turtles. Pleurodires show the epiplastron to ossify before or simultaneously with maxilla and dentary. In contrast, cryptodires show a later ossification of this bone. Because evolutionary developmental studies on turtles have previously focused only on “model organisms” that all belong to Cryptodira, we underline the necessity to include a pleurodire taxon for a more comprehensive, phylogenetically more informative approach. Developmental Dynamics 238:2770–2786, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eating‐disordered behavior in Australian and Singaporean women: A comparative study
Authors: Mond Jonathan M. , Chen Anna , Kumar Rajeev
Published: October 2009

Objective and Method

We used the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐Q) to compare the specific eating disorder psychopathology of young adult women in Australia (n = 339) and Singapore (n = 164). All participants completed a brief questionnaire that included the EDE‐Q, basic socio‐demographic information, and self‐reported height and weight.

Results

Overall levels of eating disorder psychopathology, as measured by the EDE‐Q global score, were very similar. There were also no differences between groups on the EDE‐Q subscales. However, analysis at the item level indicated that Singaporean women were more fearful of losing control over their eating, more fearful of gaining weight or becoming fat, and more anxious at the prospect of regularly weighing themselves, than Australian women. Singaporean women were also more likely to report binge eating and laxative misuse, whereas excessive exercise was more common among Australian women. The findings were unaltered when between‐group differences in body weight were statistically controlled.

Discussion

The findings provide further evidence that levels of eating disorder psychopathology in some Asian countries may be as high as, if not higher than, those of Western nations. Potentially important differences between different cultural groups may be obscured when the assessment of eating disorder psychopathology is confined to summary‐type measures. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43:717–723
Drastic Solid‐State Fluorescence Enhancement Behaviour of Phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazole‐Type Fluorescent Hosts upon Inclusion of Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Ooyama Yousuke , Uwada Kazuki , Kumaoka Hironori , Yoshida Katsuhira
Published: October 2009

The crystals of phenanthro[9,10‐d]imidazole‐type fluorescent host 1 exhibit drastic fluorescence enhancement behaviour with a redshift in the emission maximum upon enclathration of various carboxylic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid. The optical changes are greatly dependent on the identity of the enclathrated carboxylic acids. The fluorescent clathrate compounds are formed not only by cocrystallization from carboxylic acid solutions but also by solid (fluorescent host)–gas (carboxylic acid vapour) contact. Furthermore, when the acetic acid inclusion crystals are exposed to propionic acid vapour, acetic acid is gradually replaced by propionic acid. The guest exchange of the inclusion crystals was accompanied with colour and fluorescent intensity changes. The X‐ray structural analyses of the guest‐free and carboxylic acid inclusion compounds demonstrated that the destructions of the π–π interactions, and the intermolecular hydrogen bonds binding fluorophores were induced by the enclathrated carboxylic acid molecules. Moreover, the imidazole ring of the host is protonated by the enclathrated carboxylic acid proton. On the basis of the spectroscopic data and the crystal structures, the effects of the enclathrated carboxylic acid on the solid‐state photophysical properties of the clathrate compounds are discussed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Effect of O6‐chloroethylguanine DNA lesions on the kinetics and mechanism of micronucleus induction in vivo
Authors: Morales‐Ramírez P. , Vallarino‐Kelly T. , Cruz‐Vallejo V.L.
Published: October 2009

The aim of this work was to determine the kinetics of micronucleus production because of an increase in O6‐chloroethyl guanine (O6‐ChlEt‐G) DNA lesions in murine bone marrow cells in vivo. We increased the frequency of O6‐ChlEt‐G lesions by pretreatment with an inhibitor of O6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), O6‐benzylguanine (O6BG), and subsequent treatment with bis‐chloroethylnitrosourea (BCNU). The kinetics of micronucleated‐polychromatic erythrocyte (MN‐PCE) induction was established by scoring the frequency of MN‐PCEs per 2000 PCEs in peripheral blood at 8‐hr intervals from immediately prior to treatment to 72‐hr post‐treatment. We examined groups of five mice treated with (i) dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), (ii) O6BG in DMSO, (iii) BCNU, or (iv) O6BG in DMSO plus BCNU. The data indicate that O6BG pretreatment causes: (i) ían increase in MN‐PCEs induced by BCNU, (ii) a delay in the time of maximal MN‐PCE induction produced by the different BCNU doses, and (iii) an increase in cytotoxicity. These data confirm that O6‐ChlEt‐G is a lesion involved in DNA break induction and in the subsequent production of micronuclei, and also that these lesions seem to be stoichiometrically reduced by MGMT. These data also show that induction of MN‐PCEs by BCNU is delayed by pretreatment with O6BG for more than 6 hr, perhaps due to the time required for repair of crosslinks derived from O6‐ChlEt‐G and/or for DNA duplication, which is required for adduct transformation into crosslinks. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Authenticity assessment of natural fruit flavour compounds in foods and beverages by auto‐HS–SPME stereoselective GC–MS
Authors: Ravid Uzi , Elkabetz Meital , Zamir Cheni , Cohen Keren , Larkov Olga , Aly Radi
Published: October 2009

The authenticity of fruit flavours in foods and beverages is of great importance for the producers of jams, ice creams, soft drinks, yogurt, etc. Regulations regarding the authenticity of flavours in foods and beverages will help consumers choose the foods best suitable for them. In order to enhance this goal, we have used headspace–solid phase microextraction stereoselective gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS–SPME stereoselective GC–MS) to determine the enantiomeric ratios of chiral flavour and fragrance indicators present in the raw materials and in the products. γ‐Decalactone in peach, nectarine, strawberry, passion fruit and apricot, as well as (E)‐α‐ionone in raspberry and linalool and linalyl acetate in bergamot, were used as indicators in stereoselective analysis of commercial foods and beverages. In the fresh fruit aromas only one enantiomer was predominant or enantiomerically pure. In many commercial fruit products we detected racemic mixtures of the above‐mentioned chiral flavour compounds. The results suggest that HS–SPME stereoselective GC–MS could be a useful tool for differentiating natural flavour compounds from synthetic ingredients in quality control of foods and beverages. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supramolecular Synthesis of Solid‐State Tapes Through Molecular Facial Self‐Recognition
Authors: Borzsonyi Gabor , Oderinde Martins S. , Beingessner Rachel L. , Deng Bo‐Liang , Yamazaki Takeshi , McDonald Robert , Kovalenko Andriy , Fenniri Hicham
Published: October 2009

Four heterocyclic compounds are presented which exhibit specific self‐recognition of identical Donor–Acceptor (D–A) H‐bonding arrays, resulting in solid‐state tapes with the same, but anti‐parallel functional‐group distribution on opposite sides. A detailed X‐ray‐crystallographic analysis of these supramolecular structures is described.
Taxane Diterpenoids from Taiwanese Yew Taxus sumatrana
Authors: Chuang Chuan‐Fu , Abd El‐Razek Mohamed H. , Kuo Yuh‐Chi , Chien Ching‐Te , Chou Chang‐Hung , Shen Ya‐Ching
Published: October 2009

Thirty seven taxanes were characterized from the leaves and twigs of Taiwanese yew (Taxus sumatrana, Taxaceae). Four of these metabolites are new and designated as sumataxins A–D (1–4). Compound 1 possesses an 11(15→1),11(10→9)‐di‐abeo‐taxane skeleton with an unusual spiro‐connected 2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolane ring at C(4), whereas compound 2 has a rare β‐OH orientation at C(13) of taxane diterpene ester. In addition, sumataxin C (3) is formulated as an 11(15→1)‐abeo‐taxane with a 4,5‐acetonide ring skeleton. Compound 4 is the first metabolite with a 4,20‐epoxy‐taxane structure. The structures of all the taxanes were established by spectroscopic methods. All compounds were evaluated for anti‐HSV‐1 and PBMC activities. Compound 9 exhibited significant enhancement of cell proliferation on peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Cultured human keratinocytes for optical transmission measurement
Authors: Schaaf David , Eurell Thomas , Johnson Thomas
Published: October 2009

The challenges of measuring optical properties of human tissues include the thickness of the sample, homogenization, or crystallization from freezing of the tissue. This investigation demonstrates a method to avoid these problems by growing optically thin samples of human keratinocytes as a substitute for ex vivo epidermis samples. Several methods of growth were investigated. Resulting samples were measured on a spectrophotometer for transmission between 300 nm and 2600 nm. The efficacy of the cell growth was confirmed with histological examination of several cultured keratinocyte samples. Limitations were the requirement to measure samples immediately after removal from the incubation environment, and the absence of the irregular structures of normal skin such as hair and glands. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tuning in to kids: an emotion‐focused parenting program—initial findings from a community trial
Authors: Havighurst Sophie S. , Wilson Katherine R. , Harley Ann E. , Prior Margot R.
Published: October 2009

This study evaluated a new group parenting program, Tuning in to Kids, which taught emotion coaching skills to parents of preschool children. In a randomized control trial, 218 primary caregiver parents of children aged 4.0–5.11 years completed questionnaires assessing parent emotion socialization (emotion coaching vs. emotion dismissing), parent emotional competence, parent wellbeing and child behavior. Assessment occurred at preintervention and 10 weeks later. Parents randomized to the intervention condition (n=107) attended a 6‐session parenting program. Results showed parents in the intervention condition reported significant increases in emotion coaching and significant reductions in emotion dismissing with their children. Child behavior was also reported to improve. Of those with clinical levels of behavior difficulties, more than half were no longer at clinical level postprogram. These findings suggest that an emotion‐focused parenting intervention may assist parents to learn emotion‐coaching skills that have been linked to improved child behavior. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do osmoregulators have lower capacity of muscle water regulation than osmoconformers? A study on decapod crustaceans
Authors: Foster Clarice , Amado Enelise M. , Souza Marta M. , Freire Carolina A.
Published: October 2009

Decapod crustaceans occupy various aquatic habitats. In freshwater they are osmoregulators, while marine species are typically osmoconformers. Freshwater crustaceans are derived from marine ancestors. The hypothesis tested here was that osmoregulators, which can rely on salt transport by interface epithelia to prevent extracellular disturbance, would have a lower capacity of tissue water regulation when compared with osmoconformers. Four species of decapod crustaceans (the marine osmoconformer crab Hepatus pudibundus, and three osmoregulators of different habitats) have been exposed in vivo to a salinity challenge, for up to 24 hr. Osmoregulators were: the estuarine shrimp Palaemon pandaliformis, the diadromous freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium acanthurus, and the hololimnetic red crab Dilocarcinus pagei. H. pudibundus displayed hemolymph dilution already after 0.5 hr in 25‰, reaching ∼30% reduction in osmolality, but its muscle degree of hydration did not increase. To make the different in vivo salinity challenges directly comparable, the ratio between the maximum change in muscle hydration with respect to the control value measured for the species and the maximum change in hemolymph osmolality was calculated (×1,000): H. pudibundus (25‰, 8.1% kg H2O/mOsm×103)>P. pandaliformis (2‰, 9.2)>M. acanthurus (30‰, 12.6)>P. pandaliformis (35‰, 16.7)>D. pagei (7‰, 60.4). Muscle slices submitted in vitro to a 30% osmotic challenge confirmed in vivo results. Thus, the estuarine/freshwater osmoregulators displayed a lower capacity to hold muscle tissue water than the marine osmoconformer, despite undergoing narrower variations in hemolymph osmolality. J. Exp. Zool. 313A:80–94, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NZ‐flows in strong products of graphs
Authors: Imrich Wilfried , Peterin Iztok , Špacapan Simon , Zhang Cun‐Quan
Published: October 2009

We prove that the strong product G1⊠ G2 of G1 and G2 is ℤ3‐flow contractible if and only if G1⊠ G2 is not T⊠ K2, where T is a tree (we call T⊠ K2 a K4‐tree). It follows that G1⊠ G2 admits an NZ 3 ‐flow unless G1⊠ G2 is a K4 ‐tree. We also give a constructive proof that yields a polynomial algorithm whose output is an NZ 3‐flow if G1⊠ G2 is not a K4 ‐tree, and an NZ 4‐flow otherwise. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 64: 267–276, 2010
Food hypersensitivity allergy or malabsorption
Authors: Waickman Francis J.
Published: October 2009

The terms milk allergy, milk sensitivity, and milk intolerance are used in the medical literature with different meanings. Milk allergy and lactase deficiency to which they are usually referring can be specifically differentiated and diagnosed. A modification of the Rinkel oral test meal can be used to separate these two entities for medical diagnostic accuracy and understanding.
Combined approach surgery for removal of glomus jugulare tumors
Authors: Gardner Gale , Cocke Edwin W. , Robertson James T. , Trumbull Merlin L. , Palmer Robert E.
Published: October 2009

The ideal surgical treatment for glomus jugulare tumors is total removal. Efforts have been made periodically to accomplish this since shortly after this tumor was first identified in the early 1940's. This paper describes a method of removal using a combined approach through the neck and temporal bone, preceded by a course of preoperative irradiation therapy. The early results that have been obtained using this procedure in 10 patients are reported.
Tumor immunology and immunotherapy
Authors: Herberman Ronald B.
Published: October 2009

Tumor cells contain a variety of antigens, including tumor associated antigens. The tumor associated antigens can be clinically useful as marker's for detection of cancer and some may also mediate host resistance against tumor growth. Much emphasis has been placed on the detection of circulating tumor associated markers, with radioimmunoassays for carci‐noembryonic antigen (CEA) being extensively utilized.

At present, CEA does not appear to be promising for initial detection of cancer, but may find an important place in the determination of prognosis and early detection of recurrent disease. Many cancer patients have depressed immunologic competence, yet they frequently have cell‐mediated immunity against tumor associated antigens. Several different immuno‐therapeutic strategies have been developed, to either augment the immunologic responsiveness of the patient or to specifically increase the immune reactivity against tumor associated transplantation antigens.
Localization of collagenase in human middle ear cholesteatoma
Authors: Abramson Maxwell , Huang Cheng‐Chun
Published: October 2009

The process of connective tissue breakdown in chronic otitis media is described in the context of recent advances in our understanding of collagen degradation and bone resorption. The significance of the initial step in collagen breakdown, brought about by the action of a specific collagen dissolving enzyme is emphasized in terms of recent studies in other chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by connective tissue breakdown.

Bone resorption, a characteristic feature of chronic otitis media, requires the breakdown of collagen, which comprises over 90 percent of bone protein. Evidence in support of collagenase in bone resorption from adjacent tissue (in this case, inflammatory connective tissue) would require identification of the enzyme in cells involved in the inflammatory process adjacent to the resorbing bone.

Collagenase was found localized in frozen sections of canal wall skin, middle ear granulation and in cholesteatoma by a specific binding of the enzyme with an antiserum produced against purified human skin collagenase. The antigen antibody complex was labelled with f luorescein. Collagenase appeared in the subepithelial connective tissue of cholesteatoma, granulation tissue from the middle ear and the dermis of canal skin; but was not seen in the keratin layer, epithelium or the epidermal appendages. The enzyme appeared within certain fibroblasts, macrophages and endo‐thelial cells of capillary buds. Collagenase enhanced by chronic inflammation attacks the intact collagen molecule, making it susceptible to further digestion by other proteases that are also products of inflammation. This process brings about resorption of connective tissue and bone.
Seventy‐six cases of presumed sudden hearing loss occurring in 1973: Prognosis and incidence
Authors: Byl Frederick M.
Published: October 2009

A sudden hearing loss (SHL) research clinic to which 30 members of an ENT Society refer patients, accumulates information about incidence, prognosis, recovery patterns, and treatment of SHL. The diagnostic protocol includes laboratory, audiometric, and radiologic studies; patients are followed for a minimum of 10 months. Among 76 patients seen in 1973, the diagnosis of idiopathic SHL was retained in 52; more specific diagnoses were established in 24. The incidence of SHL in the general population is estimated at 10.7 cases per 100,000.

Although the therapeutic protocol was individualized, all patients with idiopathic SHL were advised to restrict dietary sodium, to discontinue use of stimulants, and were given instructions regarding activity. Twenty‐six patients received prednisone. Results indicate that prednisone may have a beneficial effect when administered before the 10th day of SHL. Increasing age, hypertension, diabetes, and severe vertigo were found to be poor prognostic indicators. Outcome was significantly better in patients seen early in the course of their illness than in those seen later. Possible etiologic factors include vascular dysfunction and inflammatory response. Further studies of controlled series are needed to establish standards for diagnosis of SHL and its recovery pattern.
Acoustic and perceptual comparison of chronic and incipient spastic dysphonia
Authors: Wolfe Virginia I. , Ratusnik David L. , Feldman Howard
Published: October 2009

Vocal symptoms of patients with chronic and incipient spastic dysphonia were compared on a number of acoustic and perceptual parameters. Patients with incipient spastic dysphonia displayed less severe strain‐strangle phonation, effort, rhythm, and stress. Harshness was the only perceptual parameter on which incipient spastic dysphonics were rated higher than chronic spastic dysphonics. Changes in the acoustic measures of laryngealization, harmonic change, mean vowel duration, and duration ratio between stressed and unstressed vowels accompanied changes in listeners' perception of strain‐strangle phonation and effort. The variation in acoustic characteristics such as laryngealization and harmonic change as well as normal phonation indicated that both groups were characterized by a variety of phonatory modes.
Hypopharyngeal diverticulum and the cricopharyngeus muscle: A posterior surgical approach
Authors: Levine Howard L. , Wood Benjamin G. , Tucker Harvey M.
Published: October 2009

Hypopharyngeal diverticulum and dysphagia due to cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction are a continuing challenge to the head and neck surgeon. The ability to completely transect the cricopharyngeus muscle is generally agreed to be the key to successful relief of symptoms, and—to an even greater extent—to prevention of recurrence. In the past, the most significant complications arising from such surgery have been recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and recurrent diverticulum or cricopharyngeus spasm. Both of these problems have been prevented by a modified surgical approach which takes advantage of the relatively bloodless retropharyngeal space. The logic of this posterior approach to the cricopharyngeus, from an anatomic standpoint, coupled with the good visualization and relatively bloodless field when approaching the muscle, suggests that it might be a suitable substitute for the more common lateral approach if continued long‐term experience in larger number of cases does not lead to significant complications.
Lip transposition in patients with facial paralysis
Authors: Miglets Andrew W.
Published: October 2009

Since facial reanimation is not always possible in patients with facial paralysis, one must have alternate methods of reconstruction available. Satisfactory static reconstruction of the face may be accomplished with the use of a brow lift, tarsorrhaphy, and correction of the paralyzed mouth. Transposition of the corner of the mouth utilizing the Z‐plasty technique has proven to be an effective method to correct the drooling and garbled speech associated with facial paralysis. When combined with a brow lift and tarsorrhaphy, symmetry of the facial appearance while at rest has also been obtained.
Panel discussion: Glomus jugulare tumors of the temporal bone. Patterns of invasion in the temporal bone
Authors: Spector Gershon J. , Sobol Steven , Thawley Stanley E. , Maisel Robert H. , Ogura Joseph H.
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this paper is to enumerate and define the exact patterns of glomus jugulare tumor invasion in the temporal bone. Special attention will be focused on those pathways which lead to central nervous system (CNS) invasion.
Ménière's disease as a form of cranial polyganglionitis
Authors: Adour Kedar K. , Byl Frederick M. , Hilsinger Raymond L. , Wilcox Robert D.
Published: October 2009

Although endolymphatic hydrops is generally considered to be the most prominent factor in the etiology and pathology of Ménière's disease, we have concluded that this condition more probably represents a polyganglionitis caused by the herpes simplex virus with secondary hydrops changes. The wide range of symptoms occurring in the Ménière's disease complex is illustrated in seven selected cases which support this conclusion. Vestibular nerve section can stabilize hearing and relieve episodic vertigo by removing the locus of viral infection and precluding recurrent activation.
Clinical status of evoked response audiometry
Authors: Vivion Michael C.
Published: October 2009

In the past decade there has been a widespread renewal of interest in the clinical utilization of electroencephalic responses evoked by auditory stimulation. In particular, there has been considerable research conducted on the brain stem response, the frequency following response, and the middle latency response. An overview discussion of some of the latest findings from recent and ongoing investigations is presented. Discussion is centered initially on current ideas, findings, and controversies regarding the origins or site of generation of these responses.

Clinical application of the responses is discussed from two perspectives, audiologic applications and neurologic applications. Essential parameters for evoking, recording and analyzing clinically these responses are summarized. Some of the problems resulting from a lack of standardized clinical testing protocols are also mentioned. Key findings from recent clinical studies of some investigators are cited. Also recent data concerning the developmental aspects of the responses on clinical testing are included.

Finally, some directions for future research on these responses are discussed. One of the latest techniques for recording and analyzing the responses and its implications for site of lesion neurologic testing are described.
Radiotherapy of early glottic cancer
Authors: Harwood Andrew R. , Hawkins Nigel V. , Keane Thomas , Cummings Bernard , Beale Frank A. , Rider Walter D. , Bryce Douglas P.
Published: October 2009

Patients (383) with stage Tis, Tla and Tlb NoMo glottic cancer are reviewed. Radiotherapy cured 93% of Tis patients and 86% of Tla and Tlb cases. Of all recurrences, 63% were cured. No patient with stage Tis died as a result of tumor and only 5% of stage Tla and Tlb died from tumor. Involvement of the anterior commissure or both vocal cords did not influence control rates by radiotherapy. Mobility of the vocal cord and size of radiotherapy field were significant factors influencing control by radiotherapy. Late recurrences and/or second primaries in the larynx following radiotherapy are rare. Second primaries in the respiratory tract (especially lung) are common and are as important a cause of death as laryngeal cancer in Tl cases.

It is concluded that moderate dose radiotherapy with surgery for salvage is a highly effective method of management for early glottic cancer.
Tonsillar metastasis from carcinoma of the breast with ultrastructural and steroid receptor analyses
Authors: Barton Thomas K. , Kesterson Gregg H. D. , Wellman David , Mccarty Kenneth S.
Published: October 2009

An unusual site of metastasis for mammary carcinoma is presented with an examination of the tumor's histologic and ultrastructural features, as well as its estrogen and progesterone receptor protein content. The importance of careful examination of the tonsillar area is emphasized in this patient in whom the tonsillar metastasis represented the initial indication of breast tumor recurrence. Estrogen and progesterone receptor analyses are utilized both as an aid in identifying the origin of the metastatic tumor focus as well as an aid in selecting therapy.
Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the parotid gland
Authors: Ferlito Alfio , Polidoro Franco , Recher Gianfranco
Published: October 2009

A case of solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the parotid gland occurring in a 47‐year‐old male patient is reported. Clinical examination failed to reveal evidence of this neoplasm elsewhere in the body. Problems connected with the clinical, pathological and therapeutic aspects of the neoplasm with particular regard to the rare parotid location are taken into consideration. Furthermore, stress is laid on the fact that patients with extra‐medullary plasmacytoma should be thoroughly followed‐up as multiple myeloma may occur even decades later in life. This is the fourth case of extramedullary plasmacytoma located in salivary glands to be reported in the world literature.
Premedication for outpatient adenoidectomy: Comparison between ketamine and pethidine
Authors: Ryhänen Pauli , Kangas Tuula , Rantakylä Sirkka
Published: October 2009

A comparison of intramuscular ketamine and pethidine as premedicants was carried out in a series of 32 children under two years of age who were given thiopentone‐N2O‐O2‐, succinyl choline anesthesia for elective outpatient adenoidectomy. Fourteen (87.5%) of the 16 children premedicated with ketamine (3 mg./kg.) were calm or asleep when brought into the operating room as compared to 4 (25.0%) of the 16 children (p <0.001) premedicated with pethidine (1 mg/kg.). Immediate recovery was similar in the groups premedicated with ketamine and pethidine. These two small groups of children did not differ significantly in their emotional state during recovery room observation, nor during the 48 postoperative hours at home, either.

It is suggested that ketamine administered intramuscularly is a suitable agent for outpatient premedication of small children because of its rapid action, excellent sedative and analgesic properties and low incidence of side‐effects.
Does intralaryngeal motor nerve sprouting occur following unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis?
Authors: Lewis William S. , Crumley Roger L. , Pitcock James K. , Blanks Robert H. I.
Published: October 2009

Reinnervation of paralyzed intralaryngeal muscles by axonal sprouting from adjacent intact muscles (the phenomenon of muscular neurotization) has been observed, but the source is uncertain. The potential for laryngeal reinnervation of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) from contralateral PCA motor nerve sprouting in a rabbit model was investigated. Unilateral PCA denervation was produced by vagotomy. The rabbits were examined for signs of PCA recovery for up to 6 months using fiberoptic endoscopy, electromyography (EMG), and histology. No return of vocal cord abduction, EMG activity, or any nerve sprouting across the midline from the intact PCA was found. We conclude that there is no significant spontaneous intralaryngeal muscular neurotization to the paralyzed PCA. The clinical ramifications of our data will be discussed.
The benefits of VII‐VII neuroanastomosis in acoustic tumor surgery
Authors: Luetje Charles M. , Whittaker C. Keith
Published: October 2009

Division of the seventh nerve during acoustic tumor removal cannot always be avoided. Direct VII‐VII neuroanastomosis is superior to any other neuroanastomosis for facial reanimation. Rerouting of the seventh nerve from the mastoid and neuroanastomosis can be accomplished primarily at the initial surgery. This study reviews 19 patients with a follow‐up of greater than 18 months who underwent the procedure at the time of tumor removal because of seventh nerve involvement by tumor, intentional sacrifice or, rarely, unintentional division. A House class IV result or better, without the twelfth nerve neurological deficit produced by a VTI‐XII neuroanastomosis, was achieved in 16 of 19 patients. Although the technique is not new, surgeons unprepared to manage this surgical complication at primary tumor removal should either learn the technique, work with an associate who can do so, or be prepared to call in someone else to do it.
The clinical differentiation between vocal cord paralysis and vocal cord fixation using electromyography
Authors: Rontal Eugene , Rontal Michael , Silverman Bruce , Kileny Paul R.
Published: October 2009

With newer techniques for laryngeal intervention, it becomes a practical necessity to understand whether an immobile cord is due to neurogenic dysfunction or cricoarytenoid fixation. An objective test for this differentiation is laryngeal electromyography, which can be done as an office procedure with a minimum of discomfort. Our experience in a clinical setting has shown laryngeal electromyography to be efficient in accurately assessing the neuromuscular status of the intrinsic laryngeal musculature.
A technique for displaying the entire nerve branching pattern of a whole muscle: Results in 10 canine posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
Authors: Drake William , Li Youzhu , Rothschild Michael A. , Wu Bei‐Lian , Biller Hugh F. , Sanders Ira
Published: October 2009

There is anatomical and histological evidence for three functionally distinct muscle bellies in the canine posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle. This study attempted to define the exact nerve branching pattern to each muscle belly in 10 dogs using a modification of Sihler's neural staining technique. The results are presented here as photographs and schematic nerve maps which illustrate the following points. 1. the final terminal branches within the PCA do correspond to the three bellies of the PCA; 2, the initial nerve branch to the PCA is usually composed of multiple fascicles which rearrange before their final branching to the three bellies; 3. there is tremendous variability of the nerve branching patterns including bilateral asymmetry within the same animal; 4. the terminal branching within each belly can be surprisingly complex and contain multiple anastomoses; 5. the fast‐ and slow‐twitch bellies of the PCA have different terminal branching patterns. These results support the functional subdivision of the canine PCA into three distinct neuromuscular compartments. This microanatomical technique appears useful for studying the basic neuromuscular organization of laryngeal muscles and their developmental and pathological changes.
Ear foreign‐body removal: A review of 98 consecutive cases
Authors: Bressler Kyle , Shelton Clough
Published: October 2009

Although patients with external auditory canal foreign bodies present frequently, there is scant literature on the topic other than case reports. A study of 98 consecutive patients referred over a 1‐year period to otolaryngologists at a large urban county hospital was undertaken. Fifty‐seven percent of these patients were over 12 years of age. A data form was completed by the otolaryngology resident removing the foreign body. Fifty‐three percent of the cases had undergone one or more previous attempts at removal prior to the otolaryngologist's attempt, usually by an emergency room physician. Method of removal included use of a microscope in only 6% of previous attempts, while otolaryngologists used a microscope in 91%. Canal wall lacerations were present in 48% of patients following previous attempts at removal by other health‐care professionals, but were found in only 4% of removals by an otolaryngologist. Recommendations include use of a microscope for removal and referral to an otolaryngologist if the foreign body is not readily removed by the primary‐care physician.
Middle ear disease in young children with sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Brookhouser Patrick E. , Worthington Don W. , Kelly William J.
Published: October 2009

Early identification of children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), coupled with the provision of appropriate conventional amplification constitute important elements of a (re)habilitative strategy. Often overlooked, however, is the problem posed by recurrent and chronic middle ear disease in the child with coexisting SNHL. This study focuses on 437 (237 boys and 200 girls) consecutive patients with bilateral SNHL, in the moderate range or poorer, who were diagnosed prior to age 5 years at Boys Town National Research Hospital. The mean threshold shift with effusion was 25.0 dB at 250 Hz, 28.5 dB at 500 Hz, 29.5 dB at 1000 Hz, 24.5 dB at 2000 Hz, and 27.5 dB at 4000 Hz. During a median follow‐up period of 3.21 years, 154 (35.2%) of these children required surgical placement of tympanostomy tubes because of the severity of middle ear disease and its impact on auditory acuity. Accurate determination of the degree and audiologic configuration of a SNHL may be seriously hindered by a coexisting middle ear effusion. If initial findings indicate the presence of a middle ear effusion, measures of auditory function must be repeated after the effusion has been resolved by medical and/or surgical intervention.
Facial nerve morbidity following parotid surgery for benign disease: The cleveland clinic foundation experience
Authors: Mehle Mark E. , Kraus Dennis H. , Wood Benjamin G. , Benninger Michael S. , Eliachar Isaac , Levine Howard L. , Tucker Harvey M. , Lavertu Pierre
Published: October 2009

Standard surgical management for benign tumors of the parotid gland requires either superficial, subtotal, or total parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve. Although this approach is effective in minimizing recurrence, the resultant facial nerve morbidity is seldom addressed.

Two hundred fifty‐six consecutive patients who underwent parotid surgery for benign neoplasia at this institution in the past 15 years are reviewed, with attention to postoperative facial nerve function. Immediate dysfunction was frequently encountered (46.1%), but permanent dysfunction was uncommon (3.9%). The incidence of long‐term dysfunction may be higher in revision cases and when an extended (total or subtotal) parotidectomy is performed.
Facial nerve monitoring in surgery for congenital auricular atresia
Authors: Meiteles Lawrence Z. , Linstrom Christopher J.
Published: October 2009

Surgery for congenital auricular atresia places the facial nerve at risk because of its potential aberrancy; iatrogenic facial paralysis is a well‐known potential risk.

Five cases of congenital auricular atresia are presented. All patients had intraoperative monitoring of the facial nerve. The facial nerve was found to be abnormally displaced, usually due to hypoplasia of the tympanic ring. Preoperative and postoperative facial nerve function was unchanged by surgery.

Facial nerve monitoring is an important adjunct in congenital ear surgery because it allows for early and precise identification of the nerve in the absence of normal surgical landmarks and provides for continuous monitoring of the nerve.
The changing clinical presentation of acoustic tumors in the MRI era
Authors: Selesnick Samuel H. , Jackler Robert K. , Pitts Lawrence W.
Published: October 2009

The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning in the diagnosis of acoustic neuroma (AN) has increased the relative incidence of smaller tumors and has impacted on the typical clinical presentation of AN patients. The charts of 126 patients treated at the University of California, San Francisco for newly diagnosed AN from 1986 to 1990 were reviewed. Twenty‐four percent of tumors fell into the smallest size category (<1 cm); this was a substantial improvement over earlier series. However, 16% of tumors remained undiagnosed until they achieved large size (>3 cm). The incidence of hearing loss, dysequilibrium, headache, facial numbness, and diplopia all increased with increasing tumor size, while the incidence of vertigo decreased. Diagnosticians should not overemphasize “typical” symptom complexes, as substantial variability in clinical manifestations exists. An improved awareness by clinicians of the variability of AN presentation will improve diagnostic efficiency and continue the trend toward earlier diagnosis of these lesions.
Merkel cell carcinoma: An aggressive skin neoplasm
Authors: Bielamowicz Steven , Smith Damon , Abemayor Elliot
Published: October 2009

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin neoplasm of neuroendocrine origin. To clarify those factors important in improving survival, we retrospectively reviewed the charts of all patients with Merkel cell carcinoma treated at two tertiary referral centers. Eighty percent of the patients with stage I disease were initially treated with local therapy alone, while all of the patients with stage II disease were treated with local and regional therapy. The overall survival rate for all patients was 64%. Regardless of stage, patients treated with local excision alone had a 52% 5‐year survival rate, while patients treated with local excision and lymph node dissection had an 87% survival rate. We conclude that the aggressive nature of this tumor warrants radical therapy.
Prediction of facial nerve function following acoustic neuroma resection using intraoperative facial nerve stimulation
Authors: Silverstein Herbert , Willcox Md Thomas O. , Rosenberg Seth I. , Seidman Michael D.
Published: October 2009

Methods of monitoring the facial nerve during posterior fossa surgery continue to evolve. In an effort to predict acute and final facial nerve function following acoustic neuroma resection, the lowest current applied to the facial nerve at the brainstem necessary to elicit facial muscle response was measured using strain gauge and electromyographic facial nerve monitors. A retrospective analysis of 121 patients who had undergone acoustic neuroma surgery was performed. Sixty‐five patients had intraoperative facial nerve monitoring and 44 had sufficient data for inclusion in this study. The acute and final facial nerve functions, according to the House‐Brackmann classification, were assessed with regard to intraoperative stimulation‐current thresholds. Nineteen of 20 patients who required 0.10 mA or less to elicit a facial muscle response had a House‐Brackmann grade I facial nerve outcome. The upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of stimulation threshold for patients with a final grade I facial nerve function is 0.17 mA. All of the patients in this study, with stimulation thresholds ranging up to 0.84 mA, had a final grade III or better result. A poor outcome in our series, a final grade III facial nerve function, is best predicted by a poor acute result, specifically an acute grade VIA facial nerve function. We suggest that it is possible to predict the facial nerve function based on intraoperative threshold testing.
Bioresorbable screws for facial bone reconstruction: A pilot study in rabbits
Authors: Kellman Robert M. , Huckins Sean C. , King Jennifer , Humphrey David , Marentette Lawrence , Osborn David C.
Published: October 2009

Rigid fixation using plates and screws is an accepted mode of repair for facial fractures and osteotomies. To avoid potential complications associated with metal implants, bioresorbable implants are being developed. A study was performed to assess the strength over time of three bioresorbable polymeric screws for facial bone reconstruction. Screws of each polymer type and a titanium control were implanted in the periorbital bones of eight rabbits. Rabbits were euthanized at various time intervals. Pull‐out testing and histological analysis were performed. Results showed varying degrees of resorption and screw pull‐out strength dependent on time and polymer type, and no change in the control. This study demonstrates that bioresorbable screws can be used in bone, although the optimal choices for human implantation are yet to be determined.
Temporal bone imaging for cochlear implantation
Authors: Seidman David A. , Chute Patricia M. , Parisier Simon
Published: October 2009

Computerized tomography (CT) imaging of the inner ear structures is helpful when evaluating a patient for cochlear implantation. The accuracy of CT scan imaging in determining the presence of cochlear ossification was assessed. A retrospective study of 104 implant patient charts, operative reports, and CT scans was performed. The CT scan was in agreement with the operative findings in 78% of patients included in the study. Twenty‐two percent were found to have ossification at surgery which was not detected radiographically. One patient with extensive otospongiosis and an obstructed cochlea on CT scan had a patent cochlea demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which was corroborated at surgery. In 32 children with postmeningitic hearing loss, the CT scan had only a 53% accuracy in assessing cochlear ossification. Since 69% of these patients were found to have some degree of cochlear ossification, otologists should expect to encounter some degree of bony obstruction within the basal turn of the cochlea even when the CT scan is normal. Nevertheless, cochlear implantation can successfully be performed in these cases.
Treatment of aphthous ulcers in AIDS patients
Authors: Friedman Michael , Brenski Taylor A. Lisa
Published: October 2009

From 1987 to 1992, 240 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients with oral, laryngeal, and pharyngeal ulcers were evaluated. In 180 patients, ulcers resolved in less than 2 weeks without treatment. Of the 60 patients whose ulcers persisted for more than 2 weeks, 24 were culture positive for herpes simplex virus, Cryptococcus organisms, cytomegalovirus, or Mycobacterium organisms and were treated accordingly. The remaining 36 patients were diagnosed as having major aphthous ulcers. The usual sites for these ulcers were the floor of the mouth, tonsillar fossa, and epiglottis. The most common symptoms were pain and weight loss. The patients were treated with intralesional injection with triamcinolone acetonide and examined weekly. Ulcers were reinjected biweekly as needed. Response to treatment was evaluated by pain relief, ulcer healing, and weight gain. All patients reported pain relief within 2 days of initial injection. Most had marked reduction in ulcer size and subsequent weight gain, and many experienced total resolution of symptoms and complete healing.
Analysis of intrabolus forces in patients with zenker's diverticulum
Authors: Mcconnel Fred M.S. , Hood Dozier , Jackson Keith , O'Connorn Aine
Published: October 2009

This report presents 10 patients with Zenker's diverticulum who were evaluated with simultaneous solid‐state manometry and fluoroscopy. With this method, intrabolus forces are determined. Each patient had abnormal intrabolus forces regardless of the size of the diverticulum and cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction. In the literature, there has been conflicting manometry results when studying Zenker's diverticulum. The use of analysis of intrabolus forces increases the sensitivity of manometric evaluation. This study establishes pressure abnormality in the pharyngoesophageal segment of patients with Zenker's diverticulum. The pathogenesis of Zenker's is presented based on these findings.
Reduction of streptomycin‐induced acute and chronic toxicities
Authors: Doretto M. C. , Marseillan R. F. , Pinto‐Gonçalves R. , Oliveira J. A. A. , Corrado A. P.
Published: October 2009

The acute and chronic toxicities of streptomycin sulfate (SS) and of the streptomycin hydrochloride‐calcium chloride complex (SCC) were compared. The LD50 determined in mice was significantly higher for SCC than for SS. Chronic toxicity was evaluated by recording the nystagmus induced by damped torsion pendulum in rabbits. SS and SCC treatments (200 mg/kg intramuscularly of absolute streptomycin base) decreased the duration, the maximal frequency, and the total number of beats of nystagmus. However, SCC‐induced changes were significantly lower than SS‐induced ones. The extent of the lesion in the crista ampullaris was evaluated by light and electron microscopy and was correlated with the electrophysiological findings. Because the authors also demonstrated that there are no differences in the antibacterial effects of these salts, SCC may have a place in long‐term streptomycin treatment.