bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF THE CROSSLINK STRUCTURE ON THE ACTIVATION ENERGY CALCULATED UNDER THERMO-OXIDATIVE CONDITIONS
Authors: Pazur Richard J. , Mengistu T.
Published: April 2017

A series of six carbon black reinforced brominated poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) (BIIR) compounds has been developed varying only in cure system type: sulfur, sulfur donor, zinc oxide, peroxide, phenolic resin, and ionic. Compounds were aged from room temperature up to 115 °C, and hardness, mechanical properties, and network chain density were measured. Non-Arrhenius behavior was observed due to data curvature from 70 to 85 °C. The oxidation process was adequately described by assigning low (23–85 °C) and high (85–115 °C) temperature regimes. Heterogeneous aging due to diffusion limited oxygen (DLO) occurred for heat aging above 85 °C, and all measured responses except tensile strength were strongly affected, causing lower activation energies. The activation energy for the high temperature oxidation process is in the range of 107 to 133 kJ/mol in the following ascending order: zinc oxide, ionic, sulfur donor, sulfur, peroxide, and resin. The midpoint of the high temperature activation energies is of the same order as the BIIR and poly(isobutylene) elastomers. The low temperature activation energy is in the range of 55–60 kJ/mol and is likely due to a combination of oxidative chain scission (crosslink density loss) and crosslinking recombination (network building) reactions. Apart from the crosslink structure stability, the presence of unsaturation along the polymer chain after vulcanization affects the high temperature activation energy.
Memórias em movimento: fotografia e engajamento, a trajetória de Claudia Ferreira 1980-2014
Authors: Maria Mauad Ana
Published: April 2017

O artigo aborda a trajetória de fotojornalistas engajados na reconstrução da democracia dos anos 1980 até os anos 2000, momento em que se afirma a prática fotográfica independente no Brasil. Em destaque, a obra fotográfica de Claudia Ferreira, responsável por um dos mais completos acervos fotográficos sobre os movimentos sociais e as manifestações
políticas protagonizados por mulheres nas décadas de 1980, 1990 e 2000.

Palavras-chave: Fotografia. Movimentos sociais. Mulheres.
Optimal governance of patient safety: A qualitative study on barriers to and facilitators for effective internal audit
Authors: Gelderen Saskia C. van , Hesselink Gijs , Westert Gert P. , Robben Paul B. , Boeijen Wilma , Zegers Marieke , Wollersheim Hub
Published: April 2017

Objective: While internal audits are widely used, insight into the essential components of the internal audit to govern patient safety is limited. The aim of this study is to explore factors that hinder and stimulate internal audits as an effective patient safety governance tool for hospital boards.Methods: A qualitative interview study in six Dutch hospitals. Interviews (n = 43) were held with auditees, quality officers, boards of directors and boards of supervisors. Data were collected and analysed using Grounded Theory.Results: Barriers and facilitators were classified into 14 categories from which four themes emerged: (1) board positioning of audits, (2) organisation and content of audits, (3) competences and composition of audit team, and (4) cultural factors and attitudes towards auditing.Conclusions: We found two themes consisting of factors related to the audit itself (organisation and content of audits, and competences and composition of audit team) and two themes consisting of contextual factors (board positioning of audits, and cultural factors and attitudes towards auditing). These may contribute to support for auditing and to the generation of reliable audit results, which subsequently could result in effective audits for governance of patient safety. Hospital boards and executives can optimise the patient safety auditing system in their hospitals by increasing active leadership engagement, by promoting audits as an opportunity for staff to learn from safety problems (rather than a mandatory examination instrument) and by providing vital resources for a smooth audit process, such as a medical specialist in the audit team.
Cross-sectional online survey of nursing graduates’ academic difficulties and related factors
Authors: Oyama Yumiko , Maeda Rumi
Published: April 2017

Objective: The aim was to explore the ratio of and differences in academic difficulties experienced by nursing graduates with associate or diploma degrees and baccalaureate degrees and the factors related to these difficulties.Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional online survey was conducted with graduate students in the master’s program in nursing from 144 graduate schools throughout Japan. Data were collected from November 2014 to December 2014. Of 1,366 potential respondents, 304 completed the survey (22.3%) and the data of 268 respondents who met the criterion were included in analysis. Experience of academic difficulties was regressed onto characteristics of respondents, such as nursing degree, Self-Directed Learning Readiness (SDLR) score, and having experience in academic activities.Results: Of the respondents, 227 (84.7%) reported they have always or frequently experienced academic difficulties. However, there was no difference in the extent of academic difficulties experienced by respondents with the different nursing degrees. Not having experience in academic activities (odds ratio [OR] = 2.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-4.25) and reporting SDLR score less than 150 points (OR = 2.40; 95% CI, 1.18-4.83) were significantly associated with academic difficulties in the graduate school.Conclusions: Most respondents experienced academic difficulties. To promote effective education in the graduate school, pre-educational programs conducted by universities where students can gain experience in academic activities may be effective in reducing academic difficulties experienced by them. Simultaneously, examining how to inculcate an autonomous learning attitude is necessary for both nursing graduate students and graduate schools.
Can detection of Braf p.V600E mutation be improved? Comparison of allele specific multiplex sequencing to present tests
Authors: Vinayagamoorthy Thuraiayah , Zhang David , Ye Fei , Vinayagamoorthy Dilanthi , Hodkinson Roger
Published: April 2017

Objective: This is an investigative study to evaluate a new companion diagnostic platform, allele specific multiplex sequencing(ASMS). Detection of Braf p.V600E from solid tumors is used as the test model with the following objectives: 1) whether ASMScan detect Braf p.V600E/K mutations from a variety of solid tumors, 2) whether ASMS can detect all Braf p.V600E from samplesthat were positive for Braf V600E by SNaPshot or Ion Torrent, and 3) whether ASMS can detect Braf p.V600E among samplesthat were reported negative by SNaPshot or Ion Torrent.Methods: ASMS is a novel modification (US Patent 6197510) of traditional Sanger sequencing, with Lower Limit of Detection(LLOD) of 20 GE (Genome Equivalent) and 0.001% sensitivity. We compared ASMS to clinical samples previously tested eitherby SNaPshot or Ion Torrent methods.Results: We analyzed 83 DNA extracts from FFPE samples (41 tested by SNaPshot and 42 tested by Ion Torrent). There was atotal of thirty-seven samples positive for Braf p.V600E (16 by Ion Torrent; 21 by SNaPshot), and all of these samples testedpositive by ASMS for Braf p.V600E. Out of the 46 negatives for Braf p.V600E (20 by SNaPshot; 26 by Ion Torrent samples),ASMS detected Braf p.V600E positive results in 10 of the SNaPshot and in 18 of the Ion Torrent negative samples. ASMS coulddetect both Braf p.V600E and the wild-type Braf p.V600 simultaneously with 40pg of FFPE DNA extracts.Conclusions: ASMS assay detected all Braf p.V600E positives from different types of solid tumors that previously tested positiveby SNaPshot or Ion Torrent. Further, ASMS was able to detect Braf p.V600E among samples that were reported negative bySNaPshot or Ion Torrent.
Rhetorical Interpretation of Abstracts in Sci-Tech Theses Based on Burke’s Identification Theory
Authors: Zhong Jihong
Published: April 2017

Abstract of a thesis is the brief and accurate representation of the thesis, with the important function of persuading readers to read on the thesis. So how the writer constructs the abstract and wins readers’ recognition is our main focus. On the basis of Burke’s Identification Theory, this paper analyzed 10 abstracts from Nature from content and form perspective respectively. The results show that identifications by sympathy, by antithesis and by inaccuracy are three main content identification strategies and conventional form is the main form identification strategy, which combine together to improve the objectivity and persuasion of abstracts.
Brainspotting Therapy: About a Bataclan Victim
Authors: Masson Joanic , Bernoussi Amal , Moukouta Charlemagne Simplice
Published: April 2017

Brainspotting psychotherapy (BSP), elaborated by Grand in 2003, aims at managing patients suffering from psycho-traumatic syndromes: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, emotional dysregulation, anxiety and/or depressive syndromes.This original approach combines features of hypnotherapy and EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) and is based on the concept of eye positions capable of soliciting the psychological assimilation processes of traumatic memories. We briefly present this therapeutic tool (framework, protocol, expected effects) and propose certain hypotheses which may explain its efficacy. For this, we draw on research into the practice of Mindfulness and the theory of mnesic malleability. Finally, the follow-up of a victim of the 2015 attack on the Bataclan in Paris supports the discussions developed here.
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Emissions of Newly Developed Rice Varieties
Authors: Taghavi Seied Mohsen , Mendoza Teodoro C. , Acero Jr Bart , Li Tao , Siddiq Sameer Ali , Yorobe Jr Jose , Li Zhikang , Ali Jauhar
Published: April 2017

Breeding of rice varieties with low carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emission is essential in reducing global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, we compared the gross CO2e emission of two newly developed green super rice (GSR) varieties with elite hybrids and nationally released farmer-cultivated varieties from production to post-production in the dry and wet seasons in Laguna, Philippines. The average gross CO2e emission was 17.9 tons CO2e ha-1 or 2.98 tons CO2e ton-1 rice (production 82%, post-production 18%). Contributing to this total were soil emissions at 72%, the use of chemicals at 5%, burning of rice straw at 3%, cooking at 12%, and transportation at 5%. The average social cost of carbon (SCC) per ton of rice was estimated at $119. Increasing grain yield per unit area with shorter growth duration decreased CO2e emission of rice per unit of weight. Cultivation of rice varieties GSR8 and GSR2 emitted 37.0% lower CO2e than the popular inbred varieties.
Morphometry and DNA barcoding reveal cryptic diversity in the genus Enteromius (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Congo basin, Africa
Authors: Van Ginneken Marjolein , Decru Eva , Verheyen Erik , Snoeks Jos
Published: April 2017

One of the main challenges to adequately conserve the African fish fauna is to improve our so far unsatisfactory taxonomic knowledge of important portions of the ichthyofauna. In the present study, we attempted to unravel the taxonomic diversity of some species of Enteromius Cope, 1867, a problematic African fish genus, recently collected in the north-eastern part of the Congo basin. We used an integrative approach, combining DNA barcodes and morphological analyses. For one of the species complexes found, the E. miolepis/eutaenia species complex, we evaluated taxonomic diversity over a larger geographic scale within the Congo drainage system. Although initial literature-based species identifications allowed us to assign all examined specimens to four tentative species, DNA barcodes indicated the presence of 23 distinct mitochondrial lineages. The majority of these lineages appeared endemic to particular rivers, and in most rivers multiple lineages occur in sympatry. Subsequent exploratory morphometric analyses indicated that almost all these lineages are morphologically distinguishable and that they may therefore represent undescribed species. As only a part of the Congo basin and a subset of the species diversity within Enteromius were examined, it appears that the species richness of Enteromius in the Congo basin is severely underestimated.
Ativação elétrica da musculatura e potência de membros inferiores: uma comparação entre atletas velocistas das modalidades natação e atletismo
Authors: Knihs Débora Aparecida , Reis Luiz Francisco , Zimmermann Anke Cristine
Published: April 2017

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a diferença na ativação mioelétrica e potência de membros inferiores entre os atletas velocistas de natação e atletismo. A amostra foi composta por seis velocistas do sexo masculino de cada modalidade. Para a realização dos testes foi utilizado um tapete de contato e a eletromiografia. O pico de potência e a altura do salto se apresentaram menores nos atletas da natação. Quanto a ativação muscular, os corredores apresentaram ativação sigficativamente menor (p<0,05) apenas em um músculo. Concluiu-se que os corredores apresentaram valores mais altos de potência e houve diferença mínima na ativação muscular.
Representações infantis sobre brincar e aprender nas aulas de educação física escolar
Authors: Palma Míriam Stock , Azevedo Kelly Andara de
Published: April 2017

Este estudo teve por objetivo compreender as representações de crianças pré-escolares e escolares sobre a relação entre o brincar e o aprender nas aulas de Educação Física escolar. A partir da análise das entrevistas realizadas com 106 crianças, entre 5 e 12 anos de idade, de uma escola da rede pública de ensino em Porto Alegre, constatou-se que foram conferidos diferentes sentidos à relação entre as brincadeiras realizadas nessas aulas e a aprendizagem. Enquanto que, para muitas, ao brincarem, aprendem sobre as regras de convivência social, a motricidade e o mundo imaginário, para outras, não ocorrem aprendizagens em suas brincadeiras.
La gouvernance locale à l’épreuve de la mouvance territoriale : à propos de l’objet de la gouvernance locale
Authors: Divay Gérard , Belley Serge
Published: April 2017

Cet article veut jeter un nouvel éclairage sur la gouvernance locale, à partir d’un questionnement sur son objet, ce qu’elle est censée orienter. La gouvernance locale vise à façonner, de manière délibérée, interactive et holistique, l’évolution du milieu local. Mais cette gouvernance délibérée peut s’épuiser dans une errance volontariste si elle ne reconnaît pas la gouvernance immanente à la mouvance territoriale, celle qui anime le fonctionnement du milieu local comme sous-système adaptatif complexe et qui se manifeste à travers la multitude des décisions stratégiques de tous les acteurs (simples citoyens tout comme élites locales). Le renforcement de la capacité de la gouvernance délibérée à maximiser son emprise sur la gouvernance immanente suppose un cadre d’analyse adapté à la complexité locale. L’article en propose un, qui met en évidence l’influence de tous les acteurs sur les différentes dimensions du milieu local et leur dynamique, à travers divers registres d’action.
Inventaires des services de santé en français dans l’Ouest canadien : entre improvisation et gouvernance : 2000‐2010
Authors: Boily Frédéric , Gagné Learry
Published: April 2017

La difficulté pour les communautés francophones en situation minoritaire au Canada d’obtenir des services de santé dans leur langue est bien connue. Le problème est encore plus criant dans l’Ouest canadien, défavorisé par une faiblesse démographique et une grande dispersion de la population par rapport à l’Est (surtout l’Ontario et le Nouveau-Brunswick). Dans ce contexte, la mobilisation des francophones pour la défense de leurs intérêts est essentielle. Ce projet porte sur les relations entre les gouvernements provinciaux de l’Ouest, le gouvernement fédéral et les groupes francophones minoritaires en matière de politique de santé. Nous proposons de nous concentrer sur les provinces de la Colombie-Britannique, de l’Alberta et de la Saskatchewan pour la période récente allant de 2000 à 2010. L’analyse porte principalement sur les facteurs en politique publique qui ont permis à ces groupes de revendiquer un certain nombre de services de santé. Nous établissons une relation entre la participation active du fédéral durant cette période, la participation plutôt passive des provinces, et la préférence pour les projets de santé publique où le fédéral a pu jouer un rôle sans empiéter sur les pouvoirs provinciaux.
Citoyenneté, gouvernance et minorités ethnoculturelles et religieuses : un modèle d’intégration sous pression
Authors: Rocher François
Published: April 2017

S’appuyant sur la notion de citoyenneté substantive, cet article vise à mieux cerner les conditions d’inclusion et d’exclusion des minorités ethnoculturelles et religieuses au sein de l’État québécois. Il s’intéresse aussi aux modèles de gouvernance privilégiés par ceux‐ci et examine le rapport entre la participation civique et la gestion des affaires publiques afin de mieux comprendre le type de gouvernance privilégiée par l’État et l’incidence de ce choix sur le rapport qu’entretiennent les minorités face à l’État. Son originalité repose sur un angle d’approche qui demeure peu étudié, notamment le discours des minorités ethnoculturelles et religieuses face à l’État. Au Québec plusieurs moments critiques autour de la question des accommodements raisonnables se sont enchaînés, culminant en la création de la Commission Bouchard‐Taylor en 2007. Ce qui a débuté autour d’un débat portant sur une notion juridique somme toute relativement circonscrite a donné lieu à une interrogation collective sur les thèmes de l’intégration, de la citoyenneté et de la place réservée aux minorités ethnoculturelles et religieuses au Québec. Cette recherche analyse les positions exprimées par les leaders des minorités ethnoculturelles ou religieuses quant aux principes et modalités de participation à la vie publique et aux rapports qu’elles veulent entretenir avec l’État. Elle cherchera à montrer l’hétérogénéité des approches privilégiées et les défis que cela pose sur les différents modèles de gouvernance pouvant être adoptés.
University Governance: Empirical evidence from Tunisian Public Higher Education Establishments
Authors: Khefacha Islem , Belkacem Lotfi
Published: April 2017

This paper investigates the way decisions are taken in Tunisian public higher education establishments. We focus our review on the ubiquitous but not well understood concept of “university governance” Despite the presence of a large body of literature about governance in higher education, the lack of empirical research led us to think that it would be important to “perationalize” the concept of "university governance" in an empirical survey. To do this, we tried to identify the factors which may increase or decrease, in a significant way, the odds that the decision-making process relates to a precise domain (pedagogic, scientific, institutional management or academic personnel), and that this process follows the characteristics of four decision-making models in current use: collegial, political, bureaucratic or anarchical model.
Négociations dans les secteurs public et parapublic au Québec de 2002 à 2006 : retour critique sur un décret annoncé sur le tard
Authors: Perrier Yvan
Published: April 2017

La seizième ronde de négociations entre les salariés syndiqués des secteurs public et parapublic s’est déroulée sur une période de plus de 4 ans (soit de 2002 à 2006). Dans le cadre de notre article, nous entendons examiner si nous constatons un écart ou non entre le discours et l’action de la part des porte-parole du gouvernement du Québec lors de ces négociations.

Les trois points de référence autour desquels nous structurons notre étude sont : le respect des échéances pour la conclusion d’un règlement sur l’équité salariale; la conclusion d’un règlement négocié dans le cadre du renouvellement des conventions collectives; et finalement la durée dans le temps du règlement salarial.

Que mettent en jeu les constats qui se dégagent de notre analyse sur le plan du droit et de la science politique ?
Le nouveau management public comme prémisse aux transformations des systèmes de santé nationalisés : les cas du Québec et du Royaume-Uni
Authors: Bourque Mélanie
Published: April 2017

Les systèmes de santé font l’objet du débat politique depuis les années 1990. Ces débats, qui portent sur le vieillissement de la population, l’évolution technologique et les demandes accrues des usagers, ont amené la plupart des pays occidentaux à réformer leur système. Malgré les orientations différentes qu’ont pris les réformes, les transformations des systèmes de santé nationalisé, mandaté et entrepreneurial ont principalement visé la réduction des coûts. Cet article tente de montrer que l’application des principes du nouveau management public aux systèmes de santé du Québec et du Royaume-Uni s’est principalement faite dans le but de contourner les contraintes que sont : l’universalité, le financement public et l’unicité de gestion. Ces caractéristiques fondamentales des systèmes nationalisés ont conduit les décideurs à créer un « marché intérieur » qui vise la mise en concurrence des établissements de santé les uns par rapport aux autres en ayant pour objectif principal l’atteinte des résultats préalablement fixés. L’application du nouveau management public transforme les fondements des systèmes de santé du Québec et du Royaume-Uni, et par le fait même, remet en question leur catégorisation en tant que système nationalisé.
A Deductive Analysis of Public Private Partnerships for Health Technology
Authors: Montpetit Eric
Published: April 2017

In several countries, consulting firms, think thanks and even government agencies spend a considerable amount of energy trying to expand the scope of public private partnerships (PPPs). Initially confined to the construction and maintenance of public infrastructures, PPPs are currently discussed and experimented with in sectors as diverse as health care provision, crime reduction, immigrants’ integration and even the organization of elections. This paper discusses the way PPPs are likely to transform the adoption of novel medical technology in countries where health care is publicly funded. I believe, however, that several ideas presented here can be useful to consider in applying PPPs to all sectors of state intervention relying on expensive technologies. In the first section, I begin by presenting the economic understanding upon which PPPs rest. I then present the simple and uncontroversial assumption that, in democratic countries, PPPs are negotiated by politicians. Withholding the rationality assumption upon which economic theory rests, I argue that rational politicians are unlikely to prefer a PPP contract appealing to a private partner, unless politicians accept occasional renegotiation of given clauses of PPP contracts. Where this occurs, however, the alleged economic efficiency of PPPs is seriously undermined. In the second section, I present a series of reasons to contest economic theory’s treatment of health technology choices as economic choices. These reasons, I suggest, made significant contributions to health technology assessment and purchase reforms. The economic reasoning behind PPPs, I conclude, poses a serious threat to these reforms.
Boundary Dynamics in Natural Resource Management: The Ambiguity of Stakeholder Inclusion
Authors: Prins Sylvia , Craps Marc , Taillieu Tharsi
Published: April 2017

This paper discusses a case study in the domain of water management and nature conservation from the perspective of boundary dynamics. Multiparty collaboration is proposed as an organizational strategy to manage natural resources. This approach acknowledges the multiple perspectives of stakeholders, the differences in interest and power, and it provides a strategy for change in a domain with a high potential for conflict (Buckles, 1999). The first part of the paper outlines the theoretical insights and frames that underpin the case analysis. Then it discusses boundary issues in a project set up to design a plan for a river valley to solve problems of flooding and deterioration of nature. With this in-depth case study in a complex organizational setting we aim to contribute to empirical research on the perceptions of boundaries in processes of organizing (Paulsen & Hernes, 2003).
La politique canadienne en matière de changements climatiques et l'influence nord-américaine
Authors: Macdonald Douglas , VanNijnatten Debora L.
Published: April 2017

Cet article porte sur l’influence du contexte nord-américain sur la politique canadienne relative aux changements climatiques à l’aide de trois indicateurs : les actions ou les déclarations qui expriment la volonté des gouvernements canadiens de mettre en oeuvre une coopération transfrontalière en matière de politique climatique, les actions ou les déclarations d’acteurs privés qui ont pour but de demander aux gouvernements du Canada d’harmoniser leurs politiques avec celles des États-Unis, et le degré de convergence des politiques des deux pays. Les auteurs en concluent qu’au Canada, le contexte nord-américain a considérablement influencé les politiques relatives aux changements climatiques aux échelons fédéral, provincial et intergouvernemental (fédéral-provincial), bien que cette influence se soit exercée d’une manière différente aux niveaux intergouvernemental et infranational et que des facteurs politiques, économiques et institutionnels intérieurs soient intervenus.
Policy as planned? The implementation of welfare-to-work programs in Manitoba and Ontario
Authors: Schaan Mark A.
Published: April 2017

New fiscal pressures, rising neo-conservatism, and a general desire to reinterpret social rights and responsibilities have led to the emergence of welfare-to-work policies in Canada and internationally. This paper seeks to understand welfare-to-work and, most importantly, its implementation. The paper begins with a look at the rich literature on the emergence of welfare-to-work, making an important distinction between “insertion” models and “workfare” models. In either format, welfare-to-work indicates a marked shift away from social rights towards an emphasis on personal obligation and responsibility. While the “new welfare” has received considerable attention, the implementation of such policies is a neglected area. This paper argues that studying implementation is crucial to the outcomes of policy reform : policy is, effectively, remade on the ground level. Understanding the importance of street-level bureaucracy, the paper questions whether the shift in welfare is replicated in implementation and how it varies across systems and models. Utilizing qualitative data from two months of non-participant observation and over 40 interviews with welfare-to-work participants and workers in Manitoba and Ontario, the paper argues that the interactions between workers and clients can greatly alter the focus and nature of significant pieces of welfare-to-work policies. The paper argues that discretion at the implementation level, mitigated by time, information and attitude, is crucial in understanding the impact of policy. It concludes by discussing the implications of the findings on the importance of discretion. The implications include positing a role for street-level bureaucrats in devising policy to ensure effective implementation and also questioning to what degree we can understand welfare reform in the past two decades without significant implementation data.
L’enfant dans les pays arabes: des juridictions internationales aux référents culturels
Authors: Chraïbi Sylvie
Published: April 2017

Dans cet article, nous nous interrogerons sur l’efficacité de la traduction vers l’arabe de la Convention internationale des droits de l’enfant. En effet, le texte introduit une terminologie de la protection de l’enfant qui met en évidence une rupture entre, d’une part, les idéaux édictés par les instances internationales et, d’autre part, les réalités sociales et culturelles du monde arabe. Il semble par conséquent d’une appropriation difficile, n’ayant d’ancrage ni dans la tradition lexicale ni dans le mode de représentation d’un certain ordre social. Nous rappellerons qu’à la fin du XIXe siècle, al-Tahtâwî avait déjà perçu, dans son célèbre traité d’éducation, qu’un projet d’implanter des concepts occidentaux dans un système culturel arabe devait s’inscrire dans une logique de continuité. Aussi s’est-il attaché à définir les transformations qu’il prônait en s’appuyant très souvent sur une terminologie ancienne, voire coranique. L’analyse d’articles récents extraits des médias arabes (Maroc et Égypte) sur la question du mariage forcé vient corroborer la position d’al-Tahtâwî: on voit en effet que la référence en matière de protection des mineurs sera davantage le cadre juridique local.
Les versions francophones de vulgarisation de la Convention internationale des droits de l’enfant
Authors: Desoutter Cécile
Published: April 2017

Depuis sa signature en 1989, et au fur et à mesure de sa ratification par 193 pays, la Convention internationale des droits de l’enfant (CIDE) a donné lieu, dans de nombreux pays, à des versions de vulgarisation visant des publics de différents âges, langues ou cultures. L’étude prend en considération 15 versions de vulgarisation en français, produites dans des pays francophones ou par des organisations internationales. L’objectif est de mettre au jour, d’une part, en quoi elles se distinguent de la version officielle, d’autre part, dans quelle mesure chacune d’elles est influencée par la culture du pays/continent dans lequel elle est produite.
La Convention en Italie: fanciullo ou l’enfant en question
Authors: Reggiani Licia , De Santis Cristiana
Published: April 2017

La Convention internationale des droits de l’enfant a été ratifiée en Italie en 1991 sous le nom de Convenzione dei diritti del fanciullo: le texte italien dépend strictement du texte français et relève d’une volonté de continuité avec les documents précédents (Déclaration de Genève de 1924; Déclaration des droits de l’enfant de 1959) dont la version italienne désignait l’enfant fanciullo. Dans cet article, la réflexion porte sur le statut du texte, les enjeux de la traduction italienne et de choix terminologiques ainsi que sur le contexte social et culturel dans lequel ces choix s’inscrivent (notamment les relations parents/enfants et la vision de l’enfance qui en découle, entre protection et liberté).
Changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate over time in South African HIV‐1‐infected patients receiving tenofovir: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: De Waal Reneé , Cohen Karen , Fox Matthew P , Stinson Kathryn , Maartens Gary , Boulle Andrew , Igumbor Ehimario U , Davies Mary‐Ann
Published: April 2017

Introduction: Tenofovir has been associated with decline in kidney function, but in patients with low baseline kidney function, improvements over time have been reported. Additionally, the magnitude and trajectory of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) changes may differ according to how eGFR is calculated. We described changes in eGFR over time, and the incidence of, and risk factors for, kidney toxicity, in a South African cohort.

Methods: We included antiretroviral‐naïve patients ≥16 years old who started tenofovir‐containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) between 2002 and 2013. We calculated eGFR using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD‐EPI), and Cockcroft‐Gault equations. We described changes in eGFR from ART initiation using linear mixed effects regression. We described the incidence of eGFR <30 mL/min on treatment, and identified associations with low eGFR using Cox regression.

Results: We included 15156 patients with median age of 35.4 years (IQR 29.9–42.0), median CD4 cell count of 168 cells/µL (IQR 83–243), and median eGFR (MDRD) of 98.6 mL/min (IQR 84.4–115.6). Median duration of follow up on tenofovir was 12.9 months (IQR 5.1–23.3).

Amongst those with a baseline and subsequent eGFR  available, mean eGFR change from baseline at 12 months was −4.4 mL/min (95% CI −4.9 to −4.0), −2.3 (−2.5 to −2.1), and 0.6 (0.04 to 1.2) in those with baseline eGFR ≥90 mL/min; and 11.9 mL/min (11.0 to 12.7), 14.6 (13.5 to 15.7), and 11.0 (10.3 to 11.7) in those with baseline eGFR <90 mL/min, according to the MDRD, CKD‐EPI (n = 11 112), and Cockcroft‐Gault (n = 9 283) equations, respectively.

Overall, 292 (1.9%) patients developed eGFR <30 mL/min. Significant associations with low eGFR included older age, baseline eGFR <60 mL/min, CD4 count <200 cells/µL, body weight <60 kg, and concomitant protease inhibitor use.

Conclusions: Patients on tenofovir with baseline eGFR ≥90 mL/min experienced small but significant declines in eGFR over time when eGFR was estimated using the MDRD or CKD‐EPI equations. However, eGFR increased in patients with eGFR <90 mL/min, regardless of which estimating equation was used. Decreases to below 30 mL/min were uncommon. In settings with limited access to laboratory testing, monitoring guidelines should consider focusing on higher risk patients.
Factors associated with sex work involvement among transgender women in Jamaica: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Logie Carmen H , Wang Ying , Lacombe‐Duncan Ashley , Jones Nicolette , Ahmed Uzma , Levermore Kandasi , Neil Ava , Ellis Tyrone , Bryan Nicolette , Marshall Annecka , Newman Peter A
Published: April 2017

Introduction: Transgender women are disproportionately impacted by HIV. Transgender women involved in sex work may experience exacerbated violence, social exclusion, and HIV vulnerabilities, in comparison with non‐sex work‐involved transgender women. Scant research has investigated sex work among transgender women in the Caribbean, including Jamaica, where transgender women report pervasive violence. The study objective was to examine factors associated with sex work involvement among transgender women in Jamaica.

Methods: In 2015, we implemented a cross‐sectional survey using modified peer‐driven recruitment with transgender women in Kingston and Ocho Rios, Jamaica, in collaboration with a local community‐based AIDS service organization. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with paid sex and transactional sex. Exchanging oral, anal or vaginal sex for money only was categorized as paid sex. Exchanging sex for survival needs (food, accommodation, transportation), drugs or alcohol, or for money along with survival needs and/or drugs/alcohol, was categorized as transactional sex.

Results: Among 137 transgender women (mean age: 24.0 [SD: 4.5]), two‐thirds reported living in the Kingston area. Overall, 25.2% reported being HIV‐positive. Approximately half (n = 71; 51.82%) reported any sex work involvement, this included sex in exchange for: money (n = 64; 47.06%); survival needs (n = 27; 19.85%); and drugs/alcohol (n = 6; 4.41%). In multivariable analyses, paid sex and transactional sex were both associated with: intrapersonal (depression), interpersonal (lower social support, forced sex, childhood sexual abuse, intimate partner violence, multiple partners/polyamory), and structural (transgender stigma, unemployment) factors. Participants reporting transactional sex also reported increased odds of incarceration perceived to be due to transgender identity, forced sex, homelessness, and lower resilience, in comparison with participants reporting no sex work involvement.

Conclusions: Findings reveal high HIV infection rates among transgender women in Jamaica. Sex work‐involved participants experience social and structural drivers of HIV, including violence, stigma, and unemployment. Transgender women involved in transactional sex also experience high rates of incarceration, forced sex and homelessness in comparison with non‐sex workers. Taken together, these findings suggest that social ecological factors elevate HIV exposure among sex work‐involved transgender women in Jamaica. Findings can inform interventions to advance human rights and HIV prevention and care cascades with transgender women in Jamaica.
Effect of pretreatments and processing conditions on anti-nutritional factors in climbing bean flours
Authors: Mugabo Emmanuel , Ohene Afoakwa Emmanuel , Annor George , RWUBATSE Bernard
Published: April 2017

It is difficult for many Rwandans to utilize climbing bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) mainly because of longer cooking time (2 hours) and the high consumption of basic fuel. Climbing beans also contain anti-nutritional factors such tannins, phytates, trypsin inhibitors and phytohemagglutinins that limit nutrient absorption. One way to solve this problem is to utilize the flour of climbing beans made from different treatments and processing methods. In this study, climbing beans were pre-treated by soaking them in water for 24 hours, soaking in 2% sodium bicarbonate solution and steam blanching for 10 minutes. After that, pre-treated climbing beans were processed into flours by processing methods such as roasting, cooking and germination where anti-nutritional factors were reduced. The pretreatments did not significantly (p>0.05) affect phytates in climbing bean flours but processing conditions significantly (p<0.05) reduced it. Pretreatments and processing conditions significantly (p<0.05) reduced tannin content. The pretreatments followed by different processing conditions significantly (p<0.05) decreased trypsin inhibitors content. The great significant decrease in phytohemagglutinins content was observed in pretreatment followed by different processing methods. All pretreatments and processing conditions effectively decreased anti-nutritional factors at low level. However, pretreatments or untreated followed by germination and roasting were found to be the most and the least effective respectively. Making flour from germinated climbing bean seeds is a good option for sustainable food processing as it reduces anti-nutritional factors. It is an inexpensive method in terms of time, energy and fuel for Rwandan households, restaurants and industries where climbing bean seeds are integral part of daily meal.
Vacuum-assisted microwave drying characteristics of green bell pepper
Authors: Kumar Vivek , L. Shrivastava Shanker
Published: April 2017

Chopped green bell pepper pieces were blanched (95 °C, 5 min) and chemically pretreated (1% potassium metabisulphite solution, 25 min at room temperature) before drying in hot air dryer (HAD) at various temperature ranges (60 – 80 °C). Three vacuum levels (200, 400, 600 mm Hg) and microwave power levels (100, 200, 300 W) were also used to dry green bell pepper samples in a vacuum-assisted microwave (VAM) (2.45 GHz, 0.8 kW) dryer. VAM drying methods offered a maximum reduction by four to five times in drying time as compared to that in HAD. The logarithmic model was found to have the best fit based on high R2 and small values of reduced χ 2 and RMSE. VAM method has higher values for effective moisture diffusivity (Deff ) and lower values for activation energy (Ea), in comparison to the HAD method.
Constitutive activation of kappa opioid receptors at ventral tegmental area inhibitory synapses following acute stress
Authors: Polter Abigail M , Barcomb Kelsey , Chen Rudy W , Dingess Paige M , Graziane Nicholas M , Brown Travis E , Kauer Julie A
Published: April 2017

Stressful experiences potently activate kappa opioid receptors (κORs). κORs in the ventral tegmental area regulate multiple aspects of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic cell function. Here we show that at GABAergic synapses on rat VTA dopamine neurons, a single exposure to a brief cold-water swim stress induces prolonged activation of κORs. This is mediated by activation of the receptor during the stressor followed by a persistent, ligand-independent constitutive activation of the κOR itself. This lasting change in function is not seen at κORs at neighboring excitatory synapses, suggesting distinct time courses and mechanisms of regulation of different subsets of κORs. We also provide evidence that constitutive activity of κORs governs the prolonged reinstatement to cocaine-seeking observed after cold water swim stress. Together, our studies indicate that stress-induced constitutive activation is a novel mechanism of κOR regulation that plays a critical role in reinstatement of drug seeking.
Visfatin and Gestational, Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Literature
Authors: EL Ekpe , Ayodele Omotoso
Published: April 2017

Background: Adipose tissues produce adipocytokines and other various substances that have useful actions in the body. One of such adipocytokines is visfatin which has been linked to diabetes mellitus. Aim: This study aimed at investigating the existence of a probable correlation between plasma levels of visfatin and the various types of diabetes mellitus: type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed using the Internet search engines linked to academic databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar, Ebsco, Hinari, etc. Studies involving visfatin were thoroughly searched and the references of such articles were also searched for any probable relevant information. Results/Findings: There is no agreed finding regarding the correlation between visfatin and diabetes mellitus. While some authors believed that plasma visfatin levels are elevated in diabetes mellitus, others believed that the contrary might be true. Conclusion: Various studies conducted so far have contrasting opinions about the correlation between plasma visfatin levels and diabetes mellitus.
Physiological effects of five different marine natural organic matters (NOMs) and three different metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) on early life stages of the blue mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis)
Authors: Nogueira Lygia Sega , Bianchini Adalto , Smith Scott , Jorge Marianna Basso , Diamond Rachael L. , Wood Chris M.
Published: April 2017

Metals are present in aquatic environments as a result of natural and anthropogenic inputs, and may induce toxicity to organisms. One of the main factors that influence this toxicity in fresh water is natural organic matter (NOM) but all NOMs are not the same in this regard. In sea water, possible protection by marine NOMs is not well understood. Thus, our study isolated marine NOMs by solid-phase extraction from five different sites and characterized them by excitation-emission fluorescence analysis—one inshore (terrigenous origin), two offshore (autochthonous origin), and two intermediate in composition (indicative of a mixed origin). The physiological effects of these five NOMS alone (at 8 mg/L), of three metals alone (copper, lead and zinc at 6 µg Cu/L, 20 µg Pb/L, and 25 µg Zn/L respectively), and of each metal in combination with each NOM, were evaluated in 48-h exposures of mussel larvae. Endpoints were whole body Ca2++Mg2+-ATPase activity, carbonic anhydrase activity and lipid peroxidation. By themselves, NOMs increased lipid peroxidation, Ca2++Mg2+-ATPase, and/or carbonic anhydrase activities (significant in seven of 15 NOM-endpoint combinations), whereas metals by themselves did not affect the first two endpoints, but Cu and Pb increased carbonic anhydrase activities. In combination, the effects of NOMs predominated, with the metal exerting no additional effect in 33 out of 45 combinations. While NOM effects varied amongst different isolates, there was no clear pattern with respect to optical or chemical properties. When NOMs were treated as a single source by data averaging, NOM had no effect on Ca2++Mg2+-ATPase activity but markedly stimulated carbonic anhydrase activity and lipid peroxidation, and there were no additional effects of any metal. Our results indicate that marine NOMs may have direct effects on this model marine organism, as well as protective effects against metal toxicity, and the quality of marine NOMs may be an important factor in these actions.
Trypanosoma cruzi reservoir—triatomine vector co-occurrence networks reveal meta-community effects by synanthropic mammals on geographic dispersal
Authors: Ibarra-Cerdeña Carlos N. , Valiente-Banuet Leopoldo , Sánchez-Cordero Víctor , Stephens Christopher R. , Ramsey Janine M.
Published: April 2017

Contemporary patterns of land use and global climate change are modifying regional pools of parasite host species. The impact of host community changes on human disease risk, however, is difficult to assess due to a lack of information about zoonotic parasite host assemblages. We have used a recently developed method to infer parasite-host interactions for Chagas Disease (CD) from vector-host co-occurrence networks. Vector-host networks were constructed to analyze topological characteristics of the network and ecological traits of species’ nodes, which could provide information regarding parasite regional dispersal in Mexico. Twenty-eight triatomine species (vectors) and 396 mammal species (potential hosts) were included using a data-mining approach to develop models to infer most-likely interactions. The final network contained 1,576 links which were analyzed to calculate centrality, connectivity, and modularity. The model predicted links of independently registeredTrypanosoma cruzihosts, which correlated with the degree of parasite-vector co-occurrence. Wiring patterns differed according to node location, while edge density was greater in Neotropical as compared to Nearctic regions. Vectors with greatest public health importance (i.e., Triatoma dimidiata,T. barberi,T. pallidipennis,T. longipennis, etc), did not have stronger links with particular host species, although they had a greater frequency of significant links. In contrast, hosts classified as important based on network properties were synanthropic mammals. The latter were the most common parasite hosts and are likely bridge species between these communities, thereby integrating meta-community scenarios beneficial for long-range parasite dispersal. This was particularly true for rodents, >50% of species are synanthropic and more than 20% have been identified asT. cruzihosts. In addition to predicting potential host species using the co-occurrence networks, they reveal regions with greater expected parasite mobility. The Neotropical region, which includes the Mexican south and southeast, and the Transvolcanic belt, had greatest potential activeT. cruzidispersal, as well as greatest edge density. This information could be directly applied for stratification of transmission risk and to design and analyze human-infected vector contact intervention efficacy.