bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fusarium Species Causing Dry Rot of Carrot in Central Argentina
Authors: Favaro María Alejandra , Maumary Roxana Lorena , Lutz Alejandra , Soressi Marcelo Carlos , Del Valle Eleodoro , Fernandez Laura Noemí
Published: September 2024

Carrot (Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus) cultivation is important in Argentina, with the Garay department in Santa Fe province being a key production area. In recent years, dry rot symptoms have afflicted various carrot cultivars, resulting in substantial field losses and postharvest discards. Several soilborne pathogens, including Fusarium species, have been implicated in similar carrot diseases globally. This study aimed to identify the specific causal agent responsible for dry rot in carrots in central Argentina to enable targeted disease management strategies. Samples of symptomatic carrots were collected from fields in the Garay department. Fungal isolates were obtained from the infected tissue and subjected to morphological and molecular analyses. Pathogenicity tests were conducted to confirm the ability of the isolates to cause disease symptoms in carrots. Based on morphological and molecular identification, isolates were identified as Fusarium nirenbergiae, Fusarium triseptatum and Fusarium solani. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that the three Fusarium species were capable of causing dry rot symptoms in carrots. This study represents the first report of Fusarium nirenbergiae, Fusarium triseptatum and Fusarium solani causing dry rot in carrots in Argentina.
Effects of Dietary Intake of Marine Ingredients on the Circulating Total Cholesterol Concentration in Domestic Dogs: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Helland Olivia Bysheim , Andreassen Linnea Vikane , Fischer Anne Sofie , Gudbrandsen Oddrun Anita
Published: September 2024

A high circulating total cholesterol (TC) concentration increases the risk for atherosclerosis in the domestic dog. Intake of marine foods is associated with a lowering effect on circulating TC concentration in humans and rodents, but the reported effects of marine ingredients on the TC concentration in domestic dogs has not yet been reviewed. The main aim was to investigate the effects of consuming marine ingredients on the TC concentration in domestic dogs. A systematic literature search was performed using the databases PubMed, Web of Science and Embase, structured around the population (domestic dogs), intervention (source and type of marine ingredients, dose, duration), comparator (control diet) and the primary outcome (circulating TC). Articles were assessed for risk of bias using the SYRCLE's tool. A meta‐analysis was conducted in Review Manager v. 5.4.1 (the Cochrane Collaboration), comprising 12 articles with 243 dogs. Consumption of marine oils resulted in a significantly lower circulating TC concentration relative to comparator groups (mean difference −0.70 mmol/L, 95% CI (−1.21, −0.18), p = 0.008), with high statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 78%). The risk of bias is unclear since few of the entries in the SYRCLE's tool were addressed. We did not identify any studies using marine proteins or marine organisms other that fish. To conclude, intake of marine oils results in a lower TC concentration in dogs, thus reducing an important risk factor for atherosclerosis in canines. This study was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ as CRD42023396943.
Local powers of least‐squares‐based test for panel fractional Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process
Authors: Tanaka Katsuto , Xiao Weilin , Yu Jun
Published: September 2024

In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the field of identifying financial asset price bubbles, particularly through the development of time‐series unit‐root tests featuring fractionally integrated errors and panel unit‐root tests. This study introduces an innovative approach for assessing the sign of the persistence parameter () within a panel fractional Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck process, based on the least squares estimator of . This method incorporates three distinct test statistics based on the Hurst parameter (), which can take values in the range of , be equal to , or fall within the interval of . The null hypothesis corresponds to . Based on a panel of continuous records of observations, the null asymptotic distributions are obtained when the time span () is fixed and the number of cross sections () goes to infinity. The power function of the tests is obtained under the local alternative where is close to zero in the order of . This alternative covers the departure from the unit root hypothesis from the explosive side, enabling the calculation of lower power in bubble tests. The hypothesis testing problem and the local power function are also considered when a panel of discrete‐sampled observations is available under a sequential limit, that is, the sampling interval shrinks to zero followed by the goes to infinity.
Activity pattern of Tityus serrulatus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in an urban area in the state of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Brites‐Neto José , Willmer Julian Nicholas Garcia , Delciellos Ana Cláudia
Published: September 2024

Tityus serrulatus Lutz & Mello (Scorpiones: Buthidae) is a scorpion endemic to Brazil adapted to synanthropic life, colonising and proliferating in the most populous urban areas in the country. Here, we evaluated its activity pattern in an urban cemetery in the municipality of Americana, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Additionally, we tested the effects of species reproduction and climatic seasons on the activity pattern. The Saudade Municipal Cemetery was sampled between 17:00 and 22:00 h during 455 nights from April 2006 to December 2013. The circular mean and the peak of activity were quantified for the total number of specimens, and for specimens with and without broods. Activity patterns were inferred using a rosette diagram. Circular analysis of variance was used to investigate if activity patterns changed across climatic seasons (wet and dry seasons). A total of 25,969 records (467 specimens with broods) were obtained in the field. The circular mean varied between 19:44 and 19:48 h, and the peak of activity occurred between 18:00 and 20:00 h for all groups. Peaks of activity differed from that recorded under laboratory conditions (between 21:00 and 23:00 h). Activity patterns did not differ for specimens with broods, suggesting that the reproductive condition does not alter the species activity pattern. The activity pattern differed between wet and dry seasons for all specimens and specimens without broods, but differences were small and probably biologically irrelevant, probably because the species tolerates a wide variation in abiotic conditions. Deepening the knowledge of the behaviour activity of T. serrulatus can have practical applications for health surveillance agencies, aiming to increase the effectiveness of scorpion control in urban areas.
Strategic public value(s) governance: A systematic literature review and framework for analysis
Authors: Thabit Sara , Sancino Alessandro , Mora Luca
Published: September 2024

This article offers evidence‐based understanding of public value creation in multi‐actor collaborations by presenting the results of a systematic literature review of empirical studies published within the public administration field. Specifically, it focuses on two primary research questions: How do multi‐actor collaborations generate public value(s)? What types of public value(s) are created by these collaborative endeavors? Our results shed light on 12 strategic governance components for enacting public value(s) governance (PVsG) in multi‐actor collaborations, including six key public values to be considered for discerning and assessing processes of public value generation. We contribute to theory and practice by providing a unifying framework to PVsG which updates the public value strategic triangle combining Moore's managerial action‐focused approach with Bozeman's policy or societally oriented public values approach.
Hamstring Muscle‐Tendon Geometric Adaptations to Resistance Training Using the Hip Extension and Nordic Hamstring Exercises
Authors: Lazarczuk Stephanie L. , Collings Tyler J. , Hams Andrea H. , Timmins Ryan G. , Shield Anthony J. , Barrett Rod S. , Bourne Matthew N.
Published: September 2024

Targeted resistance training stimulates hamstring muscle hypertrophy, but its effect on tendon‐aponeurosis geometry is unknown. This study examined changes in hamstring muscle, free tendon, and aponeurosis geometry following a 10 week Nordic or hip extension exercise intervention. Thirty recreationally active males were randomly allocated (n = 10 per group) to a Nordic, hip extension, or control group. Magnetic resonance imaging of both thighs was acquired pre‐ and post‐intervention. Changes in free tendon and aponeurosis volume for each hamstring muscle, biceps femoris long head (BFlh) aponeurosis interface area and muscle volume‐to‐interface area ratio were compared between groups. Regional changes in muscle CSA were examined via statistical parametric mapping. The change in semimembranosus free tendon volume was greater for the Nordic than control group (mean difference = 0.06 cm3, 95% CI = 0.02–0.11 cm3). No significant between‐group differences existed for other hamstring free tendons or aponeuroses. There were no between‐group differences in change in BFlh interface area. Change in BFlh muscle volume‐to‐interface area ratio was greater in the hip extension than Nordic (mean difference = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.007–0.19, p = 0.03) and control (mean difference = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.03–0.22, p = 0.009) groups. Change in muscle CSA following training was greatest in the mid‐portion of semitendinosus for both intervention groups, and the mid‐portion of BFlh for the hip extension group. There was limited evidence for tendon‐aponeurosis hypertrophy after 10 weeks of training with the Nordic or hip extension exercises. For the BFlh, neither intervention altered the interface area although hip extension training stimulated an increase in the muscle volume‐to‐interface area ratio, which may have implications for localized tissue strains. Alternative muscle‐tendon loading strategies appear necessary to stimulate hamstring tendon adaptations.
When market leads innovation: The interplay of internationalisation, innovation and productivity among Swedish wood manufacturing SMEs
Authors: Hosseini Mojtaba , Brege Staffan , Nord Tomas
Published: September 2024

We examine the effects of innovation, productivity and export on small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Swedish wood manufacturing sector. Previous studies have produced mixed results on these topics, which may be due to methodological limitations, contextual differences and inadequate operationalisation of key variables. To address these gaps, we adopt a more specific and rigorous approach, focusing on product innovation and using sophisticated statistical methods to account for endogeneity and other confounding factors. We use a longitudinal dataset to analyse how SMEs select into export markets and learn from exporting, as well as how other factors influence their export performance. We find that innovation and export have a nonlinear relationship, which depends on the level of interaction between SMEs and their international customers, and the degree of fit between their innovative products and the export market. In particular, when SMEs have high international customer engagement, they are more likely to innovate in ways that enhance their export potential. Regarding productivity, we find that self‐selection is more advantageous for SMEs, while learning‐by‐exporting is more consistent in controlling for unobserved factors.
Time‐periodic solutions to heated ferrofluid flow models
Authors: Hamdache Kamel , Hamroun Djamila , Jaffal‐Mourtada Basma
Published: September 2024

In this work, we prove the existence of time‐periodic solutions to a model describing a ferrofluid flow heated from below. Navier–Stokes equations satisfied by the fluid velocity are coupled to the temperature equation and the magnetostatic equation satisfied by the magnetic potential. The magnetization is assumed to be parallel to the magnetic field and is given by a nonlinear magnetization law generalizing the Langevin law. The proof is based on a semi‐Galerkin approximation and regularization methods together with the fixed point method.
Peripheral chemoreflex restrains skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise in participants with treated hypertension
Authors: Sayegh Ana Luiza C. , Plunkett Michael J. , Babbage Thalia , Dawes Mathew , Paton Julian F.R. , Fisher James P.
Published: September 2024

We tested the hypothesis that in human hypertension, an increased tonicity/sensitivity of the peripheral chemoreflex causes a sympathetically mediated restraint of nutritive blood flow to the exercising muscles. Fourteen patients with treated hypertension (age 69 ± 11 years, 136 ± 12/80 ± 11 mmHg; mean ± SD) were studied under conditions of intravenous 0.9% saline (control) and low‐dose dopamine (2 µg kg−1 min−1) to inhibit the peripheral chemoreflex, at baseline, during isocapnic hypoxic rebreathing and during rhythmic handgrip exercise (3 min, 50% maximum voluntary contraction). At baseline, dopamine did not change mean blood pressure (95 ± 10 vs. 98 ± 10 mmHg, P = 0.155) but increased brachial artery blood flow (59 ± 20 vs. 48 ± 16 ml min−1, P = 0.030) and vascular conductance (0.565 ± 0.246 vs. 0.483 ± 0.160 ml min−1 mmHg−1; P = 0.039). Dopamine attenuated the increase in mean blood pressure (∆3 ± 4 vs. ∆8 ± 6 mmHg, P = 0.007) to isocapnic hypoxic rebreathing and reduced peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity by 28 ± 37% (P = 0.044). Rhythmic handgrip exercise induced increases in brachial artery blood flow and vascular conductance (both P < 0.05 vs. rest after 45 s) that were greater with dopamine than saline (e.g. Δ76 ± 54 vs. Δ60 ± 43 ml min−1 and Δ0.730 ± 0.440 vs. Δ0.570 ± 0.424 ml min−1 mmHg−1, respectively, at 60 s; main effect of condition both P < 0.0001). Our results indicate that the peripheral chemoreflex is tonically active at rest and restrains the blood flow and vascular conductance increases to exercise in treated human hypertension.

image

Key points

It was hypothesised that in human hypertension, an increased tonicity/sensitivity of the peripheral chemoreflex causes a sympathetically mediated restraint of nutritive blood flow to the exercising muscles.

Treated patients with hypertension (n = 14) were studied under conditions of intravenous 0.9% saline (control) and low‐dose dopamine (2 µg kg−1 min−1) to inhibit the peripheral chemoreflex.

Low‐dose dopamine reduced resting ventilation and peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity, and while mean blood pressure was unchanged, brachial artery blood flow and vascular conductance were increased.

Low‐dose dopamine augmented the brachial artery blood flow and vascular conductance responses to rhythmic handgrip.

These findings indicate that the peripheral chemoreflex is tonically active at rest and restrains the blood flow, and vascular conductance increases to exercise in treated human hypertension.
Numerical Study of Low Engine Order Excitations Due to Manufacturing Variability Part I: Characterization of the Geometric Scatter and Its Effect on Forced Response
Authors: Escobar Óscar Pérez , Timón Vicente , Gallardo Juan Manuel
Published: September 2024

The geometric scatter in the surfaces of blades and vanes due to manufacturing variability has an impact on the dynamics (structural mistuning) that has been widely studied, but also on the aerodynamics. This geometric variability changes the fluid field, generating disturbances not directly related to the airfoil count. This work focuses on the aerodynamic forcing generated by this manufacturing variability on the adjacent rows. In this paper, deviations from the nominal geometry are obtained from a set of scanned parts. The average manufactured geometry is computed through the point-by-point deviations between the scanned parts and the nominal geometry. Then, principal component analysis (PCA) is applied to the deviations from the average geometry to find a way to describe them in a compact and simple manner. The cold geometries are reconstructed using the mean geometry and the geometric modes; afterwards, a cold-to-hot process is applied to obtain the hot geometry, and finally the resulting aerodynamics are obtained using an in-house computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver. The loss of the spatial periodicity of the flow due to the geometric variations generates an aerodynamic forcing with a wave number different from the airfoil count. The described method is applied to a representative row constituted by packets of vanes, and two forced response cases are generated. In the first one, the average packet geometry is used to analyze the aerodynamic forcing associated with the geometric variation of the airfoils inside the vane packet. The second one is a conceptual study carried out under some simplified assumptions in order to relate the geometric variability to random low engine order (LEO) disturbances, using the geometric modes obtained from the PCA analysis. In both cases, the induced vibrations on the adjacent rotor row are comparable to the excitation due to the nominal blade-passing.
Twenty years of microplastic pollution research—what have we learned?
Authors: Thompson Richard C. , Courtene-Jones Winnie , Boucher Julien , Pahl Sabine , Raubenheimer Karen , Koelmans Albert A.
Published: September 2024

Twenty years after the first publication that used the term microplastic, we review current understanding, refine definitions, and consider future prospects. Microplastics arise from multiple sources, including tires, textiles, cosmetics, paint, and the fragmentation of larger items. They are widely distributed throughout the natural environment, with evidence of harm at multiple levels of biological organization. They are pervasive in food and drink and have been detected throughout the human body, with emerging evidence of negative effects. Environmental contamination could double by 2040, and wide-scale harm has been predicted. Public concern is increasing, and diverse measures to address microplastic pollution are being considered in international negotiations. Clear evidence on the efficacy of potential solutions is now needed to address the issue and to minimize the risks of unintended consequences.
Pushing the boundaries of gravitational wave detection
Authors: Aso Yoichi
Published: September 2024

Broadband reduction of quantum noise should accelerate discovery
In Other Journals
Authors: Ash Caroline , Walia Ankit , Simonti Corinne , Grocholski Brent , Wible Brad , Stajic Jelena , Kelly Priscilla N.
Published: September 2024

Editors’ selections from the current scientific literature
Pediatrics academy faces pushback on GMO advice
Authors: Wadman Meredith
Published: September 2024

“Fearmongering” guidelines ignore wealth of scientific evidence, critics say
Evaluation of the STANDARD M10 MDR-TB and MTB/NTM assays for the detection of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, rifampicin and isoniazid resistance, and nontuberculous mycobacteria in a low-incidence setting
Authors: Luukinen Bruno , Aittoniemi Janne , Miikkulainen-Lahti Terhi , Mentula Silja , Pätäri-Sampo Anu
Published: September 2024

Rapid detection is crucial for tuberculosis (TB) control. GeneXpert (Cepheid) is a widely used PCR system, known for its simplicity, random access, and point-of-care compatibility. SD BIOSENSOR recently introduced a similar system, STANDARD M10, including a
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(MTB) and rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid resistance (herein, MDR-TB) assay and an MTB/nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) assay. We evaluated these assays for the potential to replace the established Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay in a low-TB incidence setting. We analyzed 160 clinical respiratory samples (45 MTB-positive and 35 NTM-positive) and further 24 drug-resistant MTB, 30 mycobacterial species (2 MTB, 28 NTM), and 37 non-mycobacterial isolates. Compared with culture, clinical sensitivities and specificities for MTB detection were 88.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 76.1–95.6%) and 97.4% (CI = 92.3–99.4%) with Xpert Ultra, 88.9% (95% CI = 76.1–95.6%) and 98.3% (CI = 93.5–99.9%) with M10 MDR-TB, and 84.4% (CI = 70.9–94.4%) and 98.3% (CI = 93.5–99.9%) with M10 MTB/NTM, respectively. For NTM detection, M10 MTB/NTM showed sensitivity and specificity of 65.7% (CI = 49.1–79.2%) and 96.8% (CI = 91.8–99.0%). Compared with phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST), sensitivity and specificity for detecting RIF resistance were 100% (CI = 77.3–100%) and 95.6% (CI = 84.4–99.6%) with Xpert Ultra, and 100% (CI = 74.9–100%) and 95.5% (CI = 84.0–99.6%) with M10 MDR-TB. M10 MDR-TB showed 92.3% sensitivity (CI = 74.7–99.0%) and 100% specificity (CI = 87.3–100%) for detecting isoniazid resistance. All discrepancies in DST by PCR were concordant with whole-genome sequencing. While M10 MDR-TB demonstrated great potential as an alternative to Xpert Ultra, M10 MTB/NTM had limitations in NTM screening. Additionally, the M10 sputum pretreatment did not inactivate MTB efficiently, which should be considered in process risk assessment.

IMPORTANCE

The molecular diagnostic STANDARD M10 system is highly analogous to the widely established GeneXpert system, which significantly increases the relevance of this evaluation study in the field of rapid detection of
M. tuberculosis
. To our knowledge, this is the first clinical evaluation describing the performance of the STANDARD M10 MDR-TB and MTB/NTM assays, including an extensive analytical specificity panel (inclusivity and exclusivity) for the detection of
M. tuberculosis
, drug resistance, and nontuberculous mycobacteria.
Acclimation Strategies for the Black Sea Diatom Algae Ditylum brightwellii to High Intensity of Light
Authors: Stelmakh L. V. , Alatartseva O. S.
Published: September 2024

In cells of a culture of the large diatom Ditylum brightwellii (T. West) Grunow acclimated to faint light (17 μmol photons/(m2 s)), numerous chloroplasts are evenly distributed throughout the cell cytoplasm. After 10 min of exposure of algae to extremely high illumination (1100 μmol photons/(m2 s)), their aggregates gradually form in the center of the cell, and their formation continues until the end of the 2-h exposure period. At light intensities of 510–935 µmol photons/(m2 s) during short-term photoacclimation, the aggregation of chloroplasts is recorded for 20–60 min, after which their reverse movement and uniform distribution in the cytoplasm are revealed by the end of the second hour. Under conditions of a longer culture stay at a light intensity of 1100 μmol photons/(m2 s), the algae retains viability for only 6 h. Long-term photoacclimation of this species, which stops by the end of the second day, is detected when the light becomes half as weak. This is manifested in an increase in cell volume and in the C/Chl a ratio, in the increased aggregation of chloroplasts in the center of the cell, and in a decrease in a number of fluorescent parameters of the efficiency of photosystem II and of culture viability.
Association between social engagement frequency and depression among the older people in China: evidence from the 2011–2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study
Authors: Li Jining , Zhang Xingna , Barr Benjamin
Published: September 2024

Background

Depression in older people is a major concern in China. Despite being known as a protective factor, it is unclear the extent to which social engagement mitigates depression or mediates socioeconomic mental health inequalities among Chinese older people.

Methods

We conducted a survival analysis on 2891 respondents aged 55–77 without depression in 2011 from the Chinese Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study to estimate the relative risk of developing depression between 2011 and 2018 with different social engagement frequencies, having adjusted for age, sex, education, marriage, employment, household income, self-reported physical health and urban/rural residency. We then assessed the potential mediation effect of social engagement on the association between social class (measured by education) and depression.

Results

Respondents who engaged in social activities almost daily were 15% less likely to develop depression (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.98) than those who never. Respondents with secondary education and above were 20% less likely to develop depression (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.94) and 60% more likely to engage in social activities (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.48 to 1.74) than those with elementary education and below. After controlling social engagement frequencies, the effect of education on depression changed very little (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.96).

Conclusion

As an important modifiable protective factor, we however found no clear evidence of social engagement mediating between social class and depression. Future social policies should aim to improve well-being by promoting social engagement to prevent depression among Chinese older people.
Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV/AIDS care and management in Tanzania: challenges, adaptations and lessons learnt—a review
Authors: Mwanja Epafra Luka , Mshenga Mansour Maulid , Alexander Alex Philemon , Makuchilo Margareth Stewart , Kagya Kheri Mwijage , Otladisa Kololo Sidney
Published: September 2024

This review examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV/AIDS care and management in Tanzania, highlighting challenges, adaptations and lessons learnt. The pandemic has led to disruptions in service delivery, reduced access to testing and treatment, and increased stigma and discrimination. Adaptations and innovations, such as telemedicine (telehealth and virtual care), multimonth dispensing of antiretroviral therapy, decentralised drug distribution initiatives, have been implemented to mitigate the challenges faced in HIV/AIDS care and management. Integration of HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 services is crucial to ensure the continuity of care and management in the postpandemic by strengthening healthcare systems, improving supply chain management and enhancing community engagement.
Prevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with double burden of malnutrition among children under 5: a cross-sectional analysis of NFHS-4 data in India
Authors: Jasrotia Aakriti , Saxena Vartika , Bahurupi Yogesh , Walia Parteek , Chaudhary Vikash
Published: September 2024

Background

The double burden of malnutrition (DBM), characterised by the coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition, poses a significant public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. India, being one of these countries, faces a rising burden of malnutrition, with persistently high levels of stunting and a significant increase in overweight and obesity among children under 5 years old.

Aim

To estimate the prevalence of DBM and associated sociodemographic factors among children aged 0–5 years in India, using data from the National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4).

Materials and methods

A secondary data analysis of the NFHS-4 (2015–2016) a nationally representative cross-sectional data was conducted. The study population consisted of 57 951 children aged 0–5 years, and anthropometric data were extracted from the NFHS-4 India database. Child growth indicators, including stunting, overweight, obesity and DBM were analysed using internationally recognised WHO Child Growth Standards. Descriptive statistics, graphical representations and the χ2test of significance were employed to explore the relationships between DBM and various factors.

Results

The analysis of data from the NFHS-4 for India revealed that the prevalence of the DBM among children aged 0–5 years was 2.3% (95% CI 2.2% to 2.5%).

Conclusion

While the prevalence of DBM among children under 5 years of age in India is relatively low at 2.3%, the implications of this issue are far-reaching and enduring. Despite appearing modest, addressing DBM requires sustained attention and comprehensive strategies. Extensive research with larger samples is essential for understanding complex challenges.
Surgery for intestinal injuries in very preterm infants: a Norwegian population-based study with a new approach to disease classification
Authors: Hapnes Nina Clare , Stensvold Hans Jørgen , Bjørnland Kristin , Sæter Thorstein , Guthe Hans Jørgen Timm , Støen Ragnhild , Moltu Sissel Jennifer , Rønnestad Arild , Klingenberg Claus
Published: September 2024

Objective

To evaluate population-based data on very preterm infants (<32 weeks gestation) operated for intestinal injuries, focusing on necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and focal intestinal perforation (FIP).

Design

Nationwide, population-based registry cohort study.

Setting

All 21 neonatal units in Norway.

Participants

All very preterm infants born from 2014 through 2021 and admitted to a neonatal unit.

Main outcome measures

Incidence of surgery for subgroups of intestinal injuries, medical record data on laboratory-radiology results, anatomical location of affected bowel, length of resections, number of re-operations, morbidities of prematurity and/or death before discharge.

Results

Abdominal surgery was performed in 124/4009 (3.1%) very preterm infants and in 97/1300 (7.5%) extremely preterm infants <28 weeks. The main intestinal injuries operated were NEC (85/124; 69%), FIP (26/124; 21%) and ‘other abdominal pathologies’ (13/124; 10%). NEC cases were divided in (i) acute NEC, extensive disease (n=18), (ii) non-extensive disease (n=53) and (iii) NEC with surgery >3 days after disease onset (n=14). High lactate values immediately prior to surgery was predominantly seen in acute NEC-extensive disease and associated with high mortality. Other laboratory values could not discriminate between acute NEC and FIP. Timing of surgery for acute NEC and FIP overlapped. Radiological absence of portal venous gas was typical in FIP. Most infants (62.5%) underwent a stoma formation at initial surgery. The overall survival rate was 67% for NEC and 77% for FIP.

Conclusion

NEC cases have different presentation and prognosis depending on the extent of bowel affected. Revised classifications for intestinal injuries in preterm infants may improve prognostication and better guide therapy.
Paternal exposure to antiseizure medications and offspring outcomes: a systematic review
Authors: Honybun Eliza , Rayner Genevieve , Malpas Charles B , O'Brien Terence J , Vajda Frank J , Perucca Piero , Perucca Emilio
Published: September 2024

Background

Concerns have recently been raised about risks to the fetus resulting from paternal exposure to antiseizure medications (ASMs). To address these concerns, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to assess neurodevelopmental and anatomical outcomes in offspring born to fathers taking ASMs at the time of conception.

Methods

Electronic searches of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Embase were conducted to identify human studies published in English that reported on outcomes, comprising neurodevelopmental disorders, major congenital malformations, small-for-gestational age or low birth weight, in offspring of fathers taking ASMs at conception. Quality analysis of included studies was undertaken using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A narrative synthesis was used to report study findings.

Results

Of 923 studies identified by the search and screened by title and abstract, 26 underwent full-text review and 10 met eligibility criteria. There was limited evidence available, but there appeared to be no clear evidence for an adverse impact of paternal ASM use on offspring outcomes. Few isolated adverse findings were not replicated by other investigations. Several methodological limitations prevented meta-analysis, including failure by most studies to report outcomes separately for each individual ASM, heterogeneity in measurement and outcome reporting, and small numbers of monotherapy exposures.

Conclusions

Although there were limited data available, this systematic review provides reassuring evidence that paternal exposure to ASMs at conception is unlikely to pose any major risk of adverse outcomes for the offspring. Further research is needed to examine the relationship between preconception ASM use in males and offspring outcomes at birth and postnatally.
Evaluation of a nature-based virtual reality intervention to support hospice caregivers: a pilot feasibility study
Authors: Lehto Rebecca H , Patano Arienne , Alanazi Mohammed , Bente Gary , Mason Andrew , Caldwell Grace , Goldstein Dawn , Wyatt Gwen
Published: September 2024

Objectives

Hospice family caregivers (CGs) may experience poor emotional health and diminished quality of life (QOL) secondary to stressors that accompany home-based end-of-life caregiving. Innovative flexible strategies are needed to support hospice CGs in their homes. Being outdoors in nature enhances well-being but is often not accessible to home-based CGs. The purpose was to evaluate the feasibility/acceptability, and preliminary emotional health and QOL outcomes of a 5-day nature-based virtual reality (VR) intervention.

Methods

A pre–post design was used. Hospice CGs engaged in self-selected 10 min nature experiences via VR headset over 5 days. Preintervention surveys included demographics and the PROMIS-29 QOL measure (physical/social function, anxiety/depressive symptoms, fatigue, sleep and pain). Postintervention surveys included acceptability/feasibility surveys, PROMIS-29 and a VR-related symptom checklist. Data analysis included descriptives and paired t-tests.

Results

15 CGs (mean 61.13±12.47 years; 12 females) completed the study. Findings demonstrated high acceptability (14.46±1.77; range 0–16); feasibility (13.93±2.43;range 0–16). Adverse VR symptoms were minimal. PROMIS-29 overall scores were significantly improved following the 5-day intervention (pre: 66.33±8.47; post: 61.07±7.83,p=0.01). Paired t-tests showed significant pre–post changes in anxiety (t=2.206, p<0.05) and favourable trends on other QOL dimensions.

Conclusions

Feasibility/acceptability and QOL data support further testing of VR nature immersive experiences in the home environment with larger more diverse representative samples.
Deep learning algorithms for addressing overfitting and biological realism in tree taper and volume predictions
Authors: Ercanlı İlker
Published: September 2024

This study addresses the challenges of overfitting and maintaining biological realism in deep learning algorithms (DLAs), for predicting individual tree taper using stem diameters outside bark (DOB) and total tree volume (TTV). To this end, DLAs were trained using two different approaches: a “hyperparameter-optimized DLA”, which customizes specific hyperparameters such as learning rate and momentum rate, and a “regularization-optimized DLA”, which incorporates optimization techniques like early stopping with root mean square error, L1 and L2 regularization, and dropout. Although obtaining the deterioration in predictive capabilities statistics from the taring dataset to the validation dataset by standard DLA with adaptive learning processes without customizing the hyperparameters and regularization parameters, the hyperparameter-optimized DLA with a momentum of 0.8, and a 7 # hidden layer for the TTV and regularization-optimized DLA with a dropout ratio of 0.000001, a 3 # hidden layer for the DOB demonstrated comparable predictive capabilities statistics across both training and validation datasets with generating biologically plausible predictions. Our results support that these hyperparameter-optimized and regularization-optimized DLAs, by improving the “black-box” nature of artificial intelligence, offer significant potential for enhanced interpretability and performance by improving the problem of overfitting and the violations biological realism in forest biometrics applications.
OSCILLATION AND DIMENSIONS OF HARMONIC FUNCTIONS ON THE SIERPIŃSKI GASKETS
Authors: LIANG ZHEN , RUAN HUO-JUN
Published: September 2024

In this paper, we estimate the oscillation of harmonic functions on the [Formula: see text]-dimensional Sierpiński gasket [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the classical Sierpiński gasket. By using this result, we prove that both the box dimension and the Hausdorff dimension of graphs of harmonic functions on [Formula: see text] are [Formula: see text].
Deterministic Record-and-Replay
Authors: Alvaro Peter , Quinn Andrew
Published: September 2024

This column describes three recent research advances related to deterministic record-and-replay, with the goal of showing both classical use cases and emerging use cases. A growing number of systems use a weaker form of deterministic record-and-replay. Essentially, these systems exploit the determinism that exists across many program executions but intentionally allow some nondeterminism for performance reasons. This trend is exemplified in GPUReplay in particular, but also in systems such as ShortCut and Dora.
Causal representation learning through higher-level information extraction
Authors: Silva Francisco , P. Oliveira Hélder , Pereira Tania
Published: September 2024

The large gap between the generalization level of state-of-the-art machine learning and human learning systems calls for the development of artificial intelligence (AI) models that are truly inspired by human cognition. In tasks related to image analysis, searching for pixel-level regularities has reached a power of information extraction still far from what humans capture with image-based observations. This leads to poor generalization when even small shifts occur at the level of the observations. We explore a perspective on this problem that is directed to learning the generative process with causality-related foundations, using models capable of combining symbolic manipulation, probabilistic reasoning, and pattern recognition abilities. We briefly review and explore connections of research from machine learning, cognitive science, and related fields of human behavior to support our perspective for the direction to more robust and human-like artificial learning systems.
Evolving Paradigms in Automated Program Repair: Taxonomy, Challenges, and Opportunities
Authors: Huang Kai , Xu Zhengzi , Yang Su , Sun Hongyu , Li Xuejun , Yan Zheng , Zhang Yuqing
Published: September 2024

With the rapid development and large-scale popularity of program software, modern society increasingly relies on software systems. However, the problems exposed by software have also come to the fore. The software bug has become an important factor troubling developers. In this context, Automated Program Repair (APR) techniques have emerged, aiming to automatically fix software bug problems and reduce manual debugging work. In particular, benefiting from the advances in deep learning, numerous learning-based APR techniques have emerged in recent years, which also bring new opportunities for APR research. To give researchers a quick overview of APR techniques’ complete development and future opportunities, we review the evolution of APR techniques and discuss in depth the latest advances in APR research. In this article, the development of APR techniques is introduced in terms of four different patch generation schemes: search-based, constraint-based, template-based, and learning-based. Moreover, we propose a uniform set of criteria to review and compare each APR tool and then discuss the current state of APR development. Finally, we analyze current challenges and future directions, especially highlighting the critical opportunities that large language models bring to APR research.
Argument-based Cooperative Decision-Making for Autonomous Vehicles
Authors: Gandolfo Matías Emiliano , Buron Brarda Martín , Tamargo Luciano Hector , Garcia Alejandro Javier
Published: September 2024

In this article, we focus on multi-agent multi-criteria decision problems in dynamic environments where autonomous vehicles need to cooperate to make decisions. When a group of agents faces these problems, each agent may have a different preference about which criteria are more relevant. Hence, agents’ preference rules will be used to generate arguments that represent all the agents’ points of view. Our approach performs an argumentation-based analysis to entail the best alternatives and explains how it arrives at its conclusions. We provide various scenarios to show how our proposal behaves in different situations. We formally show some results about how our current proposal behaves in dynamic environments regarding the computation of the solution of the problem.
Structure, Composition and Electrochemical Properties of Disordered Rock-Salt LiCoO2 Thin Films Prepared by Ion Beam Assisted Deposition
Authors: Kawayama Iwao , Ohta Kazuki , Kitta Mitsunori , Kataoka Riki , Doi Toshiya
Published: September 2024

Ion beam assisted deposition is a method used to deposit thin films while irradiating the growing film with an ion beam. This technique is known to be effective in crystallization and orientation control at low temperatures. In this study, LiCoO2 (LCO) thin films were prepared at temperatures below 100 °C using ion beam assisted pulsed laser deposition. The structure, composition, and electrochemical properties of these films were characterized. The results indicated that LCO thin films with a disordered rock salt structure and triaxial orientation were successfully grown on polycrystalline aluminum and quartz glass substrates using ion beam assisted deposition. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficient of Li ions and the charge/discharge capacity were significantly improved compared to LCO thin films with a disordered rock salt structure prepared without the ion beam assisted process.
Analysis of Corrosion Potential of Zn, Ni, and Zn-Ni Alloy Using Ab Initio Calculations Supported by Experimental Thermodynamics Data
Authors: Asif Mohammad , Anwar Shams , Khan Faisal , Hawboldt Kelly
Published: September 2024

The purpose of this study is to investigate the corrosion properties of

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and

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alloy using density functional theory (DFT). DFT can assist in predicting the thermodynamic properties of challenging compounds such as metals, alloys, and transition metal oxides. In the present work, DFT is used to predict

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,

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,

and

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n

-

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alloy phase diagram. The Hubbard correction (U) and dispersion correction (D) are used to minimize the inherent error associated with the DFT. We studied the crystal structure, electronic structures, and thermodynamic energies of

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and

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compounds using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) density functional employing Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE). We have developed the corresponding Pourbaix diagram of

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,

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and their alloy to compare the performance of density functional theory with the experimental observations. The corrosion behavior of various alloys including

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2

,

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,
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3

are compared and discussed. This can be useful for predicting the corrosion-resistant properties of these alloys.
Growth, Characterizations of Aspartame-ASP Crystals for Mechano, Spectral, Photonic, Opto-Electronic and Sensor Applications
Authors: R. Jamuna , V. Swarnalatha , M. Meena , K. SenthilKannan
Published: September 2024

The organic crystal has prevalent outcome and Aspartame-ASP crystal which is in anhydrate form is of 160–200 times sweeter than the sucrose and the single crystalline X-ray diffraction (XRD) data for ASP are a, b, c in Å as 19.4077, 4.9604, 15.6547, and alpha and gamma as 90°, beta as 94.877° and system is monoclinic, the space group is P21. The XRD reveals the monoclinic arrangement of the ASP crystal, the UV effect with Tauc’s plot for lower frequency cut off at 295 nm and band gap as 4.203 eV, morphology by scanning electron microscopy study in μm scaling, Vicker’s proviso by hardness profile, basic functional groups by Fourier transform infrared and basic examinations, excitation—emission by PhotoLuminescence-PL peak at 513 nm, electronic sort of ASP filters in 4.3275 microns, electric depiction by dielectric study and mechano use by hardness profile of ASP are studied and reported. Hardness coefficient by Vicker’s intended for ASP with n as 2.91. The NLO-SHG is of 1.76 times KDP with phase matched effect of ASP is reported. Also, the room-temperature sensor study of ASP is measured and compliance by red light-emitting diode source.
Effects of Heat Treatment on Anodic Porous Alumina Membranes for Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Kotani Masahiro , Yanagishita Takashi
Published: September 2024

Desorption ionization using through-hole alumina membrane (DIUTHAME) method is a mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) method that uses an anodic porous alumina membrane (APAM) with an array of submicron-sized through-holes as a surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) substrate. The DIUTHAME method is particularly promising for MSI because it does not generate interfering peaks in the low-molecular-weight region. However, the SALDI effect cannot be obtained if the nanostructures of the substrate are destroyed owing to laser irradiation before sample vaporization. APAMs that maintain their structures after irradiation with a high-intensity laser must be fabricated to realize highly sensitive measurements. In this study, we investigated the role of heat treatment suppressing the laser irradiation induced fracture of APAMs. We found that heat treatment at higher temperatures more effectively suppressed APAM fracture associated with laser irradiation. This result was attributed to the reduction of anion-derived impurities in APAMs upon heat treatment. The resulting heat-treated APAM is expected to serve as a substrate for highly sensitive and robust MSI.
Navigating Complex Process and Design Challenges in Hybrid Bonding for Advanced Semiconductor Integration: A Comprehensive Analysis
Authors: Dubey Vikas , Wünsch Dirk , Gottfried Knut , Helke Christian , Hasse Micha , Reuter Danny , Wiemer Maik , Schulz Stefan E.
Published: September 2024

In advanced electronic systems, achieving top-tier interconnect interfaces with fine-pitch integration is of paramount importance. Among interconnect options, hybrid bonding is the choice of technology given its exceptional capacity for accommodating a high input/output (I/O) count, which facilitates high-density memory integration, increased power delivery, and enhanced signal speed. One key technique for ensuring utmost quality in hybrid bonding involves embedding Cu interconnects within the dielectric layer. Equally pivotal is surface planarization, accomplished through chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), which combines a two-step procedure, commencing with copper bulk CMP and culminating in barrier CMP. The latter step is particularly critical, yielding the indispensable surface finish required for a successful hybrid bonding process. Several crucial surface properties significantly influence overall bond yield, including a copper recess (“dishing”) in the vias, erosion and roughness of the dielectric layer, and surface topography changes from high-density to low-density copper vias. To optimize these parameters, a comprehensive understanding of the interconnect layer’s design is essential. Here, we delve into the ramifications of via scaling, ranging from 5 to 1 μm, on dishing and roll-off, and the effects of copper via density variation, spanning from 16% to 13%, on topography. Furthermore, we explore how incorporation of dummy vias impacts the final surface finish, potentially leading to improved bond yield.