bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can you repeat the question? Paradata as a lens to understand respondent experience answering cognitively demanding, sensitive questions
Authors: Bell Suzanne O. , Bishai David
Published: June 2021

Survey researchers hope that respondents will provide high-quality data, but evidence suggests that social desirability bias may be commonplace. Social desirability can lead to significant underreporting or overreporting of sensitive behaviors. With better understanding of the cognitive processes that respondents use to prepare and deliver their responses, survey designers could hope to minimize social desirability bias or at least detect settings that lessen its impact. The primary objective of this study was to use survey paradata to understand the psychology of responding to certain types of survey questions. More specifically, we sought to determine how emotional triggering can alter response latencies to cognitively demanding and sensitive survey questions on induced abortion, which is underreported. We hypothesize that having had a prior abortion might lengthen response times to an indirect question about abortion among respondents who have experienced this sensitive reproductive outcome as they hesitate in deciding whether and how to respond to the question. Data come from a representative survey of 6,035 reproductive age women in Rajasthan, India. We used list experiment question active screen time paradata in conjunction with responses from direct questions on abortion to assess our hypothesis. Our final model was a multivariate linear regression with random effects at the level of the interviewer, including adjustments for respondent, community, and interviewer characteristics to estimate within-respondent effects. Results suggest that women who reported an abortion on the direct abortion questions took 5.11 (95% CI 0.21, 10.00) seconds longer to respond to the list experiment treatment list compared to the control list in comparison to women who did not report an abortion on the direct abortion questions. This study demonstrates the additional insights gained when focusing on response latencies to cognitively demanding questions involved in the measurement of sensitive behaviors.
Trajectory tracking method based on the circulation of feasible path planning
Authors: Yu Yi , Han Peng
Published: June 2021

The control method is the central point of the unmanned vehicles. As the core system to guarantee the properties of self-decision and trajectory tracking of the unmanned vehicles, a new kind of trajectory tracking method based on the circulation of feasible path planning for the unmanned vehicles are proposed in this article which considered the dynamics and kinematics characteristics of vehicles. The multi-trace-points cooperative trajectory tracking control strategy on the basis of the circulation of feasible path generation method is proposed and the lateral controller is designed for trajectory tracking. The process of feasible path generation is conducted once the tracking error exceeded. A simulation platform of the trajectory tracking simulation of unmanned vehicles is built considering the mechanical properties of system elements and the mechanical characteristics. Finally, the proposed trajectory tracking method is verified. The tracking error would be reduced to make sure the vehicles move along the pre-set virtual track.
LncRNA TUG1/miR-29c-3p/SIRT1 axis regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated renal epithelial cells injury in diabetic nephropathy model in vitro
Authors: Wang Shaoqiang , Yi Pengfei , Wang Na , Song Min , Li Wenhui , Zheng Yingying
Published: June 2021

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulators in diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we investigated the potential role of lncRNA TUG1 in regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-mediated apoptosis in high glucose induced renal tubular epithelial cells. Human renal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2 was challenged with high glucose following transfection with lncRNA TUG1, miR-29c-3p mimics or inhibitor expression plasmid, either alone or in combination, for different experimental purposes. Potential binding effects between TUG1 and miR-29c-3p, as well as between miR-29c-3p and SIRT1 were verified. High glucose induced apoptosis and ERS in HK-2 cells, and significantly decreased TUG1 expression. Overexpressed TUG1 could prevent high glucose-induced apoptosis and alleviated ERS via negatively regulating miR-29c-3p. In contrast, miR-29c-3p increased HK-2 cells apoptosis and ERS upon high glucose-challenge. SIRT1 was a direct target gene of miR-29c-3p in HK-2 cells, which participated in the effects of miR-29c-3p on HK-2 cells. Mechanistically, TUG1 suppressed the expression of miR-29c-3p, thus counteracting its function in downregulating the level of SIRT1. TUG1 regulates miR-29c-3p/SIRT1 and subsequent ERS to relieve high glucose induced renal epithelial cells injury, and suggests a potential role for TUG1 as a promising diagnostic marker of diabetic nephropathy.
Targets for intervention to prevent substance use in young people exposed to childhood adversity: A systematic review
Authors: Grummitt Lucinda , Kelly Erin , Barrett Emma , Keyes Katherine , Newton Nicola
Published: June 2021

Background and aims

Childhood adversity is a strong, and concerningly prevalent, risk factor for the later development of substance misuse. Yet despite substantial accumulating evidence for causal mechanisms, there has been little attempt to synthesize the strength of the evidence. Importantly, these mechanisms may be amenable to intervention, providing targets for substance use prevention among those exposed to childhood adversity. The present review aimed to systematically identify mediating and moderating mechanisms operating between childhood adversity and substance use.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted. Electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science and CINAHL) were searched from 1998 to 2020 for modifiable mediators and moderators of the relationship between childhood adversity and substance use in people aged 10–24. Data was qualitatively synthesised, using a socio-ecological perspective to group mediators/moderators into individual, interpersonal, community, and public policy/cultural levels of behaviour.

Results

After screening against eligibility criteria, 50 studies were included in the current review. The mediators at the individual level of behaviour showing the largest and most consistent effect sizes included externalising behaviour, anger, coping motives for substance use, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Among individual-level moderators, religiosity, future orientation and depressive symptoms all attenuated the relationship between childhood adversity and substance use. At the interpersonal level, peer relationships and mother-child relationships mediated the effect of adversity on substance use. Moderators included family cohesion and relationship quality. Community factors were less commonly studied, though school mobility and educational achievement mediated 14% and 28% of the total effect of childhood adversity on substance use respectively. No mediators or moderators were identified for public policy/culture.

Conclusions

A substantial proportion of the relationship between childhood adversity and substance use in youth is mediated through individual, interpersonal and community factors. Coupled with the knowledge that existing, evidence-based programs effectively address many of the identified mediators and moderators, this review advances knowledge on optimal targets to prevent substance misuse among those exposed to childhood adversity.
Association between well-being and compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures by healthcare professionals: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Shah Shimoni Urvish , Xiu Ling Loo Evelyn , En Chua Chun , Sen Kew Guan , Demutska Alla , Quek Sabrina , Wong Scott , Lau Hui Xing , Low En Xian Sarah , Loh Tze Liang , Lung Ooi Shien , Hung Emily C. W. , Rahman M. Masudur , Ghoshal Uday C. , Wong Sunny H. , Cheung Cynthia K. Y. , Syam Ari F. , Tan Niandi , Xiao Yinglian , Liu Jin-Song , Lu Fang , Chen Chien-Lin , Lee Yeong Yeh , Maralit Ruter M. , Kim Yong-Sung , Oshima Tadayuki , Miwa Hiroto , Siah Kewin Tien Ho , Pang Junxiong
Published: June 2021

Importance

Knowledge and attitude influence compliance and individuals’ practices. The risk and protective factors associated with high compliance to these preventive measures are critical to enhancing pandemic preparedness.

Objective

This survey aims to assess differences in mental health, knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of preventive measures for COVID-19 amongst healthcare professionals (HCP) and non-healthcare professionals.

Design

Multi-national cross-sectional study was carried out using electronic surveys between May-June 2020.

Setting

Multi-national survey was distributed across 36 countries through social media, word-of-mouth, and electronic mail.

Participants

Participants ≥21 years working in healthcare and non-healthcare related professions.

Main outcome

Risk factors determining the difference in KAP towards personal hygiene and social distancing measures during COVID-19 amongst HCP and non-HCP.

Results

HCP were significantly more knowledgeable on personal hygiene (AdjOR 1.45, 95% CI -1.14 to 1.83) and social distancing (AdjOR 1.31, 95% CI -1.06 to 1.61) compared to non-HCP. They were more likely to have a positive attitude towards personal hygiene and 1.5 times more willing to participate in the contact tracing app. There was high compliance towards personal hygiene and social distancing measures amongst HCP. HCP with high compliance were 1.8 times more likely to flourish and more likely to have a high sense of emotional (AdjOR 1.94, 95% CI (1.44 to 2.61), social (AdjOR 2.07, 95% CI -1.55 to 2.78), and psychological (AdjOR 2.13, 95% CI (1.59–2.85) well-being.

Conclusion and relevance

While healthcare professionals were more knowledgeable, had more positive attitudes, their higher sense of total well-being was seen to be more critical to enhance compliance. Therefore, focusing on the well-being of the general population would help to enhance their compliance towards the preventive measures for COVID-19.
Steganographic Methods Resistant to JPEG Compression
Authors: Kurkina M.V. , Ponomarev I.V. , Strokin D.I.
Published: June 2021

The active development of computer systems and information technologies implies an increase in the importance of ensuring the protection and security of information during its transfer or storage. Today, the fulfillment of the necessary data confidentiality requirements tends to the direction of cryptography and steganography. The choice of the applied method of encoding information directly depends on the goals of the user, as well as the available software. The main requirement for the message encoding process is the availability of acceptable computational complexity of the implementation.

The article discusses methods of ensuring data confidentiality employing digital steganography, using BMP images as container files, and carrying out their subsequent compression to the JPEG format without losing hidden information. Mathematical methods of constructing a stegosystem for encoding ASCII are studied — a message, each character of which is encoded with exactly one byte. As a result, a computer program was created based on the Microsoft Visual Studio 2017 programming environment and the C# programming language (.NET Framework). The stereotype, in this case, is a sequence of steps between image pixels, into which information is embedded. In this case, the algorithm allows you to memorize not the entire sequence of steps (that is, not the entire keystroke), but only the first five characters of the key or half of the key.
Algorithm for Numerical Calculations of Robotic Group Movement During Transport Mission
Authors: Meshcheryakov R.V. , Salomatin A.A. , Senchuk D.V.
Published: June 2021

The paper considers an algorithm for searching for the time of residential roof inspection using an unmanned aerial system, which incorporates unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) of a multicopter type with a thermal imaging device as a transporting load. Algorithms and their implementation for the problem are considered. The problem of multicopter group movement with restrictions on load, range, roof height and other characteristics is solved. An original algorithm for the system functioning is proposed and justified. The advantage of the algorithm is a quick solution search, visibility and the ability to be verified by the user. There are some disadvantages, such as the resulting solution being suboptimal, the memory complexity growing exponentially, and the UAV charging time being out of consideration (in the absence of a replacement battery). The algorithm is implemented in the MatLab environment, and the example of calculations is presented, the computational experiment is conducted. In further research, it is planned to introduce a larger number of restrictions and conditions and also to test the dynamic change in logistics routes for UAV failures.
The influence of Eurosceptic parties on the EU policies of member states
Authors:   , Hargitai Tibor
Published: June 2021

The aim of this research was to understand whether and how Eurosceptic parties might influence the EU policies of member states. It took the Netherlands and Hungary as case studies, focusing on the influence of Eurosceptic parties on the migration of those member states. For the Netherlands, the hard Eurosceptic PVV and soft Eurosceptic SGP were analyses in the period when the PVV was a parliamentary supporter of the VVD-CDA government (2010-2012). For Hungary, Jobbik’s influence on the EU policies of the Fidesz-KDNP government was analysis over the period 2015-2020. For the analysis, causal mechanisms were developed (using process tracing) from three literatures, namely: the contagion effect, coalition bargaining and parliamentary oversight. The results are summarised in the table below. The main points are that the PVV in the Netherlands, as parliamentary supporter, had a disproportionate influence on the government, since it threatened with withdrawing its support, thereby letting the government fall. The PVV did not have ministerial responsibilities (accountability), but was part of the weekly ministerial meetings. In the case of Hungary, the government, with its overwhelming majority, was able to take ownership of the issues that Jobbik proposed. Nevertheless, Jobbik’s more restrictive proposals are likely to have shifted the Fidesz government towards a more restrictive migration policy. Firstly, this research focuses on an urgent, and so far unanswered, question of what the influence is of Eurosceptic parties on the EU policies of member states. Secondly, in order to research this question, three literatures were used, namely: the coalition effect, coalition bargaining and parliamentary oversight. (Theoretical integration of these literatures to focus the research question.) Thirdly, this dissertation analyses Euroscepticism in Hungary and the Netherlands in detail and compares the policy implications on these two systems with each other. As a result, the conditions of Eurosceptic parties in policy are put into perspective, and the generalisability of the findings is touched upon.
Für eine neue hermeneutische Theologie
Authors: Tétaz Jean-Marc , Leiner Martin
Published: June 2021

Article and theses basically describe the program of a New Hermeneutical Theology. The article explains how the New Hermeneutical Theology relates to the classical Hermeneutical Theology of Ernst Fuchs, Gerhard Ebeling and Eberhard Jüngel, and to actual theological programs in Germany, such as Ingolf Dalferth, Christian Danz, and Folkart Wittekind. New Hermeneutical Theology‘s main systematic proposition is to work on the ground of linguistic and philosophical understandings of language and to consider language as a level where a fruitful dialogue between theology, Humanities and Social Sciences can take place. Paul Ricoeur is a main source of inspiration for the New Hermeneutical Theology. Already since the 1960ies, Ricoeur elaborated a hermeneutic grounded in a theory of language. This led to critical and constructive discussions with Hermeneutical Theologians. The theses show some of the systematical coherences of the New Hermeneutical Theology and its impact on different areas of Dogmatic and Ethics.
The relationship of bone mineral density with the of the intima-media thickness in premenopausal women
Authors: Dudinskaya Ekaterina N. , Tkacheva Olga N. , Matchekhina Lubov V. , Eruslanova Kseniia A. , Kovalev Igor A. , Shkolnikova Maria A. , Leontjeva Irina V.
Published: June 2021

Background: Osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are among the most common causes of morbidity, disability and death worldwide. In recent years, more and more data have been accumulating on the presence of an age-independent relationship and general pathogenetic mechanisms of a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) and the development of CVD. It has been shown that a decrease in BMD is an important independent predictor of the risk of atherosclerosis of the great arteries and is associated with increased calcification of the aorta and other vessels. The strongest relationship between these parameters was observed in the study of the female population, in connection with which we selected a group of middle-aged women for analysis.

Objective: to investigate the association between bone mineral density and carotid intima-media thickness in middle-aged women.

Results: 35 women were included in the study. The mean age was 44,74±4,32 years. We found the following changes in arterial wall characteristics: atherosclerosis — 21,9% women, increased carotid intima thickness — 15,7% women. Low bone mineral density for chronological age (Z-criteria -2,0 and less) was found in 7 patients at the age of 35±2,7 years. We discovered a negative correlation between the markers of subclinical atherosclerosis and bone mass: Ccarotid intimamedia thickness negatively correlated with bone mineral density in hip (p<0,05), and presence of atherosclerosis plaques was associated with lower bone mineral density in the proximal part of hip (p<0,05).

Conclusion: The findings about negative association between bone mineral density of hip with preclinical markers of atherosclerosis allow us to make a conclusion about their interaction.
MINERAÇÃO E RELEVO ANTROPOGÊNICO, O EXEMPLO DA EXTRAÇÃO DE ESTEATITO EM SANTA RITA, OURO PRETO, MINAS GERAIS
Authors: Machado Henrique Amorim , Henriques Renata Jordan , De Souza Ronaldo Ferreira
Published: June 2021

As formas de relevo são modeladas por diversos fatores ambientais, sendo o agente humano um importante elemento que também modela e altera a paisagem. A mineração é uma das principais atividades antrópicas responsáveis por afetar a fisiologia do relevo e suas formas. Este trabalho objetivou investigar as influências humanas na gênese de feições de relevo a partir da atividade de uma cava de extração de esteatito situada no distrito de Santa Rita, município de Ouro Preto, MG. Para isso foi realizado levantamento aerofotogramétrico com uso de sistemas de aeronaves remotamente pilotadas - RPAS, sendo geradas as bases de altimetria, curvas de nível equidistantes de 1m, ortofotomosaico e cálculo de volume de materiais. Como resultado foi possível identificar formas de relevo fortemente relacionadas às atividades antrópicas, capazes de alterar o regime de fluxos sedimentares e hidrológicos, e a amplitude altimétrica da área. O trabalho evidenciou como o agente humano é um importante fator a ser considerado, sobretudo, na fisiologia da paisagem em escalas cada vez mais localizadas, que somadas podem reverberar regionalmente. Para tanto, o uso de bases cartográficas em escala adequada é uma das principais ferramentas para os avanços nas discussões acerca de formas e processos atuantes em relevos antropogênicos.
GEOGRAFIA NO ESPAÇO VIRTUAL E PANDEMIA: PROCESSOS INCLUSIVOS E EXCLUDENTES NA FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES NO TOCANTINS
Authors: Queiroz Antônia Márcia Duarte
Published: June 2021

O objetivo desse trabalho foi identificar as iniciativas da educação ofertadas pelo curso de Geografia e as atividades oferecidas pela universidade Federal do Tocantins – UFT, durante o período de pandemia Covi-19 no Brasil. Entendermos a situação dos estudantes, a estrutura de funcionamento desse curso e a Universidade na formação de professores, a luz das discussões e a utilização do Ensino Híbrido e Ensino Remoto, em virtude do isolamento social em todo o país. A metodologia qualitativa partiu de análise teórica, de resultados de questionário e das ações de ensino, pesquisa e extensão on-line, realizadas pelo curso de Geografia e pela universidade, disponíveis na página oficial da UFT. Foram levantadas reflexões a partir da articulação do curso de Geografia, com a instituição e a interlocução professor/estudante no espaço virtual. A especificidade desse confronto mostrou formas de inclusão e exclusão pelas TICs, de diversas maneiras, tais como social, afetiva e de conhecimento. Por um lado, na formação de professores, nesse contexto regional, a modalidade de educação on-line, privilegia poucos estudantes, aqueles que possuem acesso as redes das TICs. Por outro lado, exclui muitos estudantes que não possuem acesso aos instrumentos midiáticos nesse momento de pandemia e,durante toda a sua formação acadêmica.
SUSTENTABILIDADE DOS MEIOS DE VIDA E VULNERABILIDADE SOCIOAMBIENTAL: ESTUDOS COMPARTILHADOS ENTRE BRASIL E CUBA
Authors: Pimentel Márcia Aparecida da Silva , Szlafsztein Claudio Fabian , Montero Ofelia Pérez , Batista Celene Milanés
Published: June 2021

Acordos celebrados entre instituições de ensino e fomento à pesquisa entre Brasil e Cuba têm aproximado pesquisadores para debater assuntos relacionados à capacitação de comunidades ao enfrentamento de mudanças ambientais, com destaque àquelas relacionadas aos eventos meteorológicos extremos.  Este artigo apresenta uma discussão sobre sustentabilidade dos meios de vida e sugere estratégias para reduzir a vulnerabilidade socioambiental em duas comunidades, uma localizada na Região Norte do Brasil e a outra, na porção Sul-Oriental de Cuba, com base em indicadores qualitativos. Realizou-se revisão bibliográfica e documental, bem como observações nas áreas de estudo.  Aplicou-se a Matriz Fortaleza, Oportunidades, Fraquezas e Ameaças (SWOT, em inglês), para obter informações de base local, as quais, após agrupadas nas dimensões do Capital, permitiram a construção de sete indicadores, que revelaram baixa sustentabilidade das comunidades pesquisadas. Com base nos resultados, ressalta-se a importância da ampliação de projetos interinstitucionais e a implementação de políticas públicas eficientes ao fortalecimento dessas comunidades.
Profesionalitas Dan Penilaian Kinerja Guru PAI: Studi Pada Guru SMP Di Kabupaten Magelang
Authors: Arif Deny Rachman
Published: June 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa adanya pengaruh profesionalitas guru Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) bersertifikasi dan motivasi mengajar terhadap hasil Penilaian Kinerja Guru (PKG). Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah guru Pendidikan Agama Islam bersertifikasi tingkat Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) di Kabupaten Magelang, yang berjumlah 52 orang. Teknik pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner. Metode analisis yang digunakan regresi linier ganda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: pertama, Guru PAI sertifikasi yang masuk dalam kategori hasil PKG sangat baik berjumlah 52 guru (100%). Kedua, terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan profesionalitas GPAI sertifikasi dan motivasi mengajar terhadap hasil PKG, sumbangan relative (SR) masing-masing variabel bebas yaitu, profesionalitas GPAI sertifikasi menyumbang 61,3% dan motivasi mengajar menyumbang sebesar 38,7%. Sumbangan efektif (SE) masing-masing variabel bebas yaitu, profesionalitas GPAI sertifikasi menyumbang 38,6% dan motivasi mengajar menyumbang sebesar 24,4%. Besarnya sumbangan efektif (SE) dari kedua variabel bebas terhadap variabel terikat adalah sebesar 63% sedangkan 37% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti pada penelitian ini.[This study aims to analyze the effect of the professionalism of certified Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers and teaching motivation on the results of the Teacher Performance Assessment (PKG). The population of this study were teachers of Islamic Religious Education certified at the Junior High School (SMP) level in Magelang Regency, totaling 52 people. Data collection techniques using a questionnaire. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression. The results of this study indicate that: first, the certified PAI teachers who fall into the category of very good PKG results are 52 teachers (100%). Second, there is a positive and significant effect of GPAI certification professionalism and teaching motivation on PKG results, the relative contribution (SR) of each independent variable, namely, GPAI certification professionalism contributed 61.3% and teaching motivation contributed 38.7%. The effective contribution (SE) of each independent variable, namely, GPAI certification professionalism contributed 38.6% and teaching motivation contributed 24.4%. The effective contribution (SE) of the two independent variables to the dependent variable is 63%, while 37% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study.]
Community Based Tourism and Strengthening of Ecopreneurship for the Development of Ecotourism in Jember
Authors: SETYANTI Sri Wahyu Lelly Hana , YULISETIARINI Diah , PARAMU Hadi
Published: June 2021

Tourism is one of Indonesia's attractions and provides a very large contribution to state revenue. Jember Regency has the potential for ecotourism ocean tourism with 7 beautiful beaches ready to be developed. The purpose of this study is to explain how the concept of sustainable tourism through a Community-Based Tourism approach and how to strengthening ecopreneurship to support sustainable ecotourism. Quantitative research methods provide results that community based tourism and ecopreneurship are able to encourage an increase in sustainable ecotourism by prioritizing the potential for ocean tourism and encouraging community capacity development.
Community-Based Ecotourism and Its Impact on the Social and Economic Conditions: A Case Study in Blekok, Situbondo Regency, Indonesia
Authors: ARSAD Sulastri , DARYANTO Afif Olivian , SARI Luthfiana Aprilianita , SAPUTRA Dhira Kurniawan , PRATIWI Fika Dewi
Published: June 2021

This study aims to analyse the impact of the implementation of community-based ecotourism on the social and economic conditions of the people of Kampung Blekok. Primary data were obtained from 79 respondents who were selected by purposive sampling. The research method used a descriptive quantitative method. The data used were the characteristics of the people of Kampung Blekok, data on the social and economic conditions of the people of Kampung Blekok before and after the inauguration of the Kampung Blekok Ecotourism. The results show that the group of low and high income showed the decrease of percentage (11.39 and 8.87%, respectively), otherwise the middle and very high-income group presented an increase percentage (8.85 and 11.39%, consecutively). It means people who gained low and high income are reduced and middle and very high-income group are increased. It can conclude that ecotourism activities could affect the social economic of people in kampung Blekok.
Cultural and Identity Values of the Rugova Region in Function to Develop Tourism in Kosovo
Authors: LAJÇI Dardan , KUQI Bekë , KARJAGDIU Lirak
Published: June 2021

Natural and socio-cultural heritage for the tourism development of a country or different countries of the world is a prerequisite for sustainable development. Monuments of nature and culture are part of the identity of a nation and important factors of its economic and social development. Monuments of nature and culture, handicrafts, cooking, etc., can be opportunities as an object of construction of tourist projects. Rugova region is known for a series of rich characteristics such as: Wild trees, forests, lakes, rich fauna and flora, mountain tourism, water resources, cultural values, especially in the category of Epic, folklore, toponyms, traditional Rugova man's clothing, woman and girl, white scarf as a special feature of the elderly inhabitants of the area, etc., which indicate a place that still produces traditional values. There is also a tradition of food, a tradition of towers, special architectural construction that enables the development and use of natural resources. The production and processing of medicinal plants also enables a contribution to mountain tourism.

The research method was used to use all existing literature on cultural heritage and tourism development in the mountainous region of Rugova. Various studies and publications of local and foreign archaeologists, sociologists and scholars on cultural heritage and mountain tourism have been used.
A política de contratação de professores temporários na rede municipal de ensino de Cametá (Pará, Brasil, 2013-2020)
Authors: Feldman Ariel , Costa Daihana Maria dos Santos
Published: June 2021

Objetiva-se analisar a política de contratação de professores temporários na rede municipal de ensino de Cametá durante as duas últimas gestões municipais (2013–2020). O foco central da pesquisa é a investigação das interfaces entre disputa pelo poder político local (municipal) e a gestão educacional. Trata-se de um estudo de caso em abordagem qualitativa, tendo como procedimentos de coleta de dados análise documental, entrevistas, observação participante e aplicação de questionário fechado (survey). Nosso referencial teórico pautou-se em pressupostos da antropologia da política, tendo o conceito clientelismo como categoria analítica central, bem como ancorou-se em literatura que privilegia estudos realizados a partir do município. Os resultados indicam que a prática de contratação de professores temporários em Cametá incide majoritariamente em escolas da zona rural, sendo pautada em relações de natureza clientelista envolvendo diversos atores, sobretudo vereadores, professores temporários e diretores de escola.  Ademais, observou-se a precarização do trabalho docente dos temporários, com atrasos salariais recorrenetes e meses trabalhados sem receber, sendo a atuação do ministério público insuficiente diante de um cenário de inobservância do arcabouço legal que regula o magistério.
Setting the Budget for Targeted Research Projects
Authors: De Chiara Alessandro , Iossa Elisabetta
Published: June 2021

We consider a funding competition for targeted projects. Potential participants have stochastic opportunity costs, and do not know the number of competitors. The funding agency sets a budget cap indicating the maximum funding that participants may request. We show that raising the budget cap helps to attract more participants but causes an increase in the requested funds. A higher budget cap is optimal when the preferences of researchers and the funding agency are more congruent, competition is lower, targeted projects have larger social value, the cost of public funds is smaller, or bidding preparation costs are lower.
The Impact of Brexit on the EU Development Policy: Selected Political Issues
Authors: Szynol Monika
Published: June 2021

The European Union (EU) is the most generous donor of international development cooperation—it transfers more than a half of the world’s Official Development Assistance (ODA). In fact, the EU development policy is depending on three major contributors: France, Germany and the United Kingdom (UK), which are also among the top countries making the largest transfers to development cooperation. However, special attention should be paid to the UK, belonging to the avant-garde of international development cooperation. The United Kingdom is not only a part of the EU assistance wallet but also an important partner in shaping the development policy. This article attempts to answer the main research question: what impact will Brexit have on the EU development policy? The analysis covers the political plane, and the following elements will be taken into consideration: the impact of the UK’s withdrawal from the organisation on shaping the EU development policy (its geographical and thematic concentration), and the ability to fulfil development commitments, which were undertaken by the Member States and the organisation. Consequently, Brexit may lead to reshaping the EU partnership with the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP), as well as undermine the EU’s ability to meet its obligations in the development area.
Dysfunctionality from the Sovereignty Conflict in the ATAD GAAR
Authors: Künnapas Kaido
Published: June 2021

Deriving from the internal structure of Article 6 of the EU Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive, the abuse of tax law is overcome in two stages—elimination and requalification. While the elimination stage (addressinghow not to tax) is harmonized by the EU for the purpose of fighting against aggressive tax planning, the requalification stage (addressinghow to tax then) remains under the sovereignty of Member States. Applying such a two-level mechanism becomes problematic if there is a mismatch between these two stages so that the harmonized GAAR requires elimination of an arrangement, but the domestic law does not provide an alternative basis for taxation of it. This raises a question of whether Article 6 of the ATAD requires the Member States to impose new taxable objects regardless of the literal interpretation of Article 6(3) which recognizes the full sovereignty of Member States to decide what to tax. By applying interpretation methods used by the CJEU in its case-law—i.e., literal, contextual, teleological and comparative—the author argues that the answer to this question is “no”. This is supported by all the interpretations under the above method, while the dysfunctionality of these two stages could be overcome by treating the economic reality test as an objective test regardless of the notion of “commercial reasons” used in Article 6(2).
Apartment ownership in a Condominium under Georgian Law
Authors: Zarandia Tamar , Tatanashvili Tamar
Published: June 2021

The ancient history of the concept of condominium and the particular attitude towards the right of ownership of an apartment has attracted worldwide recognition for this type of property. The concept of condominium is based on three components: (1) individual ownership of an apartment; (2) joint possession of common property of a plot of land and parts of a building; and (3) membership in an owners’ association. An apartment in a condominium is an exception to the principle of superficies solo cedit in property law. In this case, the rights of ownership of owners of apartments in a condominium—the rights of ownership of a number of persons—are accumulated with regard to a plot of land. This article analyses, on the one hand, the peculiarities of apartment ownership in condominiums, Georgian legislation—which is the result of the reception of German civil law, and, on the other hand, the court practice developed on these issues in Georgian law.
Precontractual Agreements in Selected Legal Systems
Authors: Sławicki Piotr
Published: June 2021

Certain legal instruments have been developed in business transactions in order to facilitate the conclusion of an agreement under negotiation. The instruments of this kind are called precontractual agreements. They play an important role in shaping the legal situation of entities involved in the negotiation process. The basis for concluding precontractual agreements is the main principle of civil law, namely, the principle of freedom of contract. The most often mentioned precontractual agreements include a letter of intent and an agreement to negotiate. A letter of intent is a statement of intent to conclude an agreement in the future, although at a later stage of the letters exchange, they may also include statements of intent to continue negotiations. Legal doctrine has not developed a consistent categorization of letters of intent. Such attempts are limited to separating a number of terms, which intrinsically describe similar legal instruments. furthermore, an agreement to negotiate is a separate type of unnamed agreement, which aims to prepare the procedure of concluding the final contract through negotiation. It is a temporary contract related to a specific agreement which it concerns. An agreement to negotiate is a due diligence agreement. The infringement of provisions of an agreement to negotiate will result in contractual liability. The aim of the article is to answer the question whether, at the current stage of shaping legal relations, it is necessary to regulate precontractual agreements at the level of Eu legislation in order to harmonize them in the European union.
Artificial Intelligence and the GDPR: Inevitable Nemeses?
Authors: Kesa Aleksandr , Kerikmäe Tanel
Published: June 2021

The rapid development of computer technology over the past decades has brought about countless benefits across industries and social benefits as well—constant interpersonal connectivity is facilitated through numerous communication channels and social media outlets, energy-producing enterprises employ complex machinery management systems for increased efficiency, ease of access and safety, hedge funds make use of high-frequency trading algorithms to engage in trades happening at a fraction of a second, while medical professionals use predictive technologies to diagnose diseases and forecast viral outbreaks. Widespread adoption of technology necessitated the creation of regulatory frameworks that would ensure the safeguarding of rights and regulatory and judicial supervision over the exploitation of high technology. one such framework is the Gdpr, created due to the need for a comprehensive, contemporary legal regime governing the processing of personal data in a time when such data has become a commodity that is traded and sold in return for services or financial gain. However, in the authors’ view, the Gdpr suffers in terms of efficacy in the context of artificial intelligence-based technologies, and full compliance of data controllers and processors employing such technologies is unlikely to be achieved, particularly in regards to the right to information, the general principle of transparency and the right to erasure. The article provides an overview of these issues, including a discussion on the movement towards a regime of data ownership, and proposes legislative amendments as an effective method of mitigating these drawbacks.
Occurrence of mycotoxins in selected agricultural and commercial products available in eastern Poland
Authors: Kowalska Grażyna , Kowalski Radosław
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was the estimation of the content of 13 mycotoxins (diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenone X, aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone) in various products from the eastern part of Poland. The content of mycotoxins in the analysed samples was assayed using the extraction method combined with HPLC-MS/MS analysis. We found mycotoxins in 25 of the 92 samples tested (27%). Contamination with mycotoxins was noted most frequently in samples of cereals – 56% – and also in samples of flour and cocoa, in which a content of mycotoxins was noted in 24 and 16% of the samples, respectively. The most frequently identified were the following – deoxynivalenol detected in 18 samples (72%), zearalenone detected in eight samples (32%), toxin HT-2 detected in four samples (16%), ochratoxin A identified in three samples (12%), and toxin T-2 detected in one sample (4%). In one analysed sample of mixed flour and in one analysed sample of wheat and rye flour, the maximum allowable concentration was exceeded in the case of two identified mycotoxins – deoxynivalenol (2,250 μg/kg) and ochratoxin A (15.6 and 17.1 μg/kg).
Houses as Collateral and Household Debt Deleveraging in Korea
Authors: Song Joonhyuk , Ryu Doojin
Published: June 2021

As Korea’s household debt has increased rapidly since the mid-2000s, concerns that its economy’s hard-wired leveraging may negatively impact economic activity have grown. Calls are being made for policy actions to return the economy to its long-run trend. Housing preferences and monetary shocks can both trigger deleveraging, as most household debt is profoundly connected to the housing market, and debt growth increases sensitivity to interest rates. Constructing a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with heterogeneous households and the housing production sector, we simulate and analyze the macroeconomic effects of deleveraging. Because a lower loan-to-value (LTV) ceiling limits the size of household debt, the deleveraging effect caused by borrowers’ re-optimization is alleviated as the LTV ceiling decreases. When the housing price is included as an additional operating target in an otherwise standard monetary policy (MP) rule, economy-wide welfare increases when the MP is proactive to demand shocks and inactive to supply shocks. These findings suggest that deleveraging risk can be attenuated by adopting a lower LTV ceiling and maneuvering MP asymmetrically depending on the source of a shock.
Leichenzüge und Lachen. Humorräume und Lachkultur im antiken Rom
Authors: Meister Jan B.
Published: June 2021

Humor ist ein historisch schwieriges Thema: Über was gelacht wird und in welchen Situationen, ist historisch variabel. Vielfach geht Humor mit Normtransgressionen einher, die nur deshalb nicht als anstößig wahrgenommen werden, weil in der konkreten Situation Humor erwartbar und toleriert ist – man kann hier von sozial konstruierten ‚Humorräumen‘ sprechen. Diepompa funebrisim republikanischen und kaiserzeitlichen Rom bildete einen solchen ‚Humorraum‘. Von der Forschung bisher kaum beachtet, finden sich hier zahlreiche karnevaleske Elemente, die einen Leichenzug zu einem durch die Stadt ziehenden Humorraum machten. Das Lachen konnte dabei nebst einer möglichen apotropäischen Funktion den ‚liminalen‘ Charakter des Rituals unterstreichen, vor allem aber diente es dazu, das Potential für Spannungen, die bei der Inszenierung aristokratischen Prestiges im an sich egalitären Raum derres publicaauftreten konnten, aufzufangen. Doch gerade dadurch wurde der potentiell subversive und unkontrollierbare Charakter derpompa funebrisin das Ritual selbst eingebunden und machte Leichenzüge zu einem Kristallisationspunkt potentieller Transgressionen. Dass Spott und Lachen die Leichen angesehener Aristokraten begleiteten, wirft dabei nicht nur ein neues Licht auf das an sich gut erforschte Phänomen aristokratischer Leichenfeiern im öffentlichen Raum, sondern zeigt auch die Fremdheit antiker Lachkultur.
Laughing in the Face of Death: a Survey of Unconventional Hellenistic and Greek-Roman Funerary Verse-Inscriptions
Authors: Wypustek Andrzej
Published: June 2021

Starting from late Classical-early Hellenistic age a series of witty, lighthearted and irreverent funerary verse-inscriptions aiming to produce some effect of amusement or laughter appeared on a number of monuments, reaching their apogee during Greek-Roman era. Most of them originated in Asia Minor and Rome. Some earliest examples were related to widespread hedonistic exhortations on tombs. Their later ramifications, consisting of ironical or playful expressions, amusing puns and instances of black humour, were written in a more satirical vein, except with inscriptions dedicated for animals that were rife with sentimental motifs. Remarkably diverse as they were, such verse-inscriptions cannot be defined in terms of a distinctly separate, continuous tradition, but they shared some common features. Lacking – for the most part – conventional and formulaic elements, they struck us as heavily individualised, which sets them apart from the mainstream tradition of funerary poetry. This in turn might shed some light on social standing or/and mentality of individuals who opted for such expressive ways of remembering the dead.
Salmakis and the Priests of Halikarnassos
Authors: McInerney Jeremy
Published: June 2021

Earlier studies of the “Pride of Halikarnassos” have emphasized its role situating Halikarnassos in the changing geopolitical landscape of the second century. In these interpretations Rome looms large. The inscription, however, is also an example of a Local Discourse Environment, in which different versions of Halikarnassian myth and history, some Greek, others Karian, are used to assert the competing traditions of the different groups who inhabited Halikarnassos. Comparison with other inscriptions from Halikarnassos underscores the continued existence of local groups, defined by ethnicity, familial affiliation, even neighbourhood, each vying with the other for preeminence. The “Pride of Halikarnassos” offers a vision of the reconciliation of local rivalries through shared narratives.
Semitismus und Antisemitismus. Über aktives und passives Othering
Authors: Koerrenz Ralf
Published: June 2021

In Anknüpfung an die Theorie des „Othering“ wird der Versuch unternommen, die Logik des Antisemitismus mit einem Verständnis der Andersheit des „Semitischen“ zu kontrastieren. Dabei werden zunächst die Unterschiede zwischen einer Begründungslogik und einer Funktionslogik erläutert. Anhand zweier Beispiele (Nirenberg, Salzborn) wird gezeigt, wie unterschiedlich Deutungen des Antisemitismus in Geschichte kontextualisiert werden können. Darauf aufbauend wird die Unterscheidung von passivem und aktivem Othering entwickelt. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird dann nach den Bedingungen der Möglichkeit von Konturen des „Semitischen“ gefragt.
Die Wahrheit beginnt mit zwei. Die Bibel als Ausgangspunkt einer antisemitismuskritischen außerschulischen Bildungsarbeit der Kirchen
Authors: Hecke Marie , Staffa Christian
Published: June 2021

Antisemitismuskritische Bildungsarbeit der Kirche wird angesichts des gegenwärtig sehr viel offener zu Tage tretenden Antisemitismus zwar oft gefordert, aber selten wird diese Forderung auch theoretisch und/oder praktisch eingelöst. Die Bibel und ihre Hermeneutik spielen für die Etablierung einer antisemitismuskritischen außerschulischen Bildungsarbeit, so die These des vorliegenden Aufsatzes, eine zentrale Rolle: Der Aufsatz beleuchtet den grundlegenden Zusammenhang von Antisemitismus und christlichem Selbst- und Schriftverständnis. Dabei arbeitet er die Gefahr einer eher üblichen „Hermeneutik der Projektion“ heraus und stellt dieser eine „Hermeneutik der Ambivalenz“ als Gelingensbedingung für eine antisemitismuskritische Bildungsarbeit entgegen. Diese Hermeneutik muss zunächst in der Aus-, Fort- und Weiterbildung von Multiplikatorinnen und Multiplikatoren kirchlicher Bildungsarbeit etabliert werden, damit antisemitismuskritische außerschulische Bildungsarbeit gelingen kann.