bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy During Early Stroke Rehabilitation
Authors: Boake Corwin , Noser Elizabeth A. , Ro Tony , Baraniuk Sarah , Gaber Mary , Johnson Ruth , Salmeron Eva T. , Tran Thao M. , Lai Jenny M. , Taub Edward , Moye Lemuel A. , Grotta James C. , Levin Harvey S.
Published: December 2006

Background. Limited data are available about the effectiveness of early rehabilitation after stroke.

Objective. This is the 1st randomized controlled trial of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) in subacute stroke to investigate neurophysiologic mechanisms and long-term outcome.

Methods. Within 2 weeks after stroke, 23 patients with upper extremity (UE) weakness were randomized to 2 weeks of CIMT or traditional therapy at an equal frequency of up to 3 h/day. Motor function of the affected UE was blindly assessed before treatment, after treatment, and 3 months after stroke. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measured the cortical area evoking movement of the affected hand.

Results. Long-term improvement in motor function of the affected UE did not differ significantly between patients who received CIMT versus intensive traditional therapy. All outcome comparisons showed trends favoring CIMT over intensive traditional therapy, but none was statistically significant except for improvements in the Fugl-Meyer (FM) UE motor scale immediately following treatment and in reported quality of hand function at 3 months. Improvement in UE motor function on the FM was associated with a greater number of sites on the affected cerebral hemisphere where responses of the affected hand were evoked by TMS.

Conclusions. Future trials of CIMT during early stroke rehabilitation need greater statistical power, more inclusive eligibility criteria, and improved experimental control over treatment intensity. The relationship between changes in motor function and in evoked motor responses suggests that motor recovery during the 1st 3 months after stroke is associated with increased motor excitability of the affected cerebral hemisphere.
Altered Brain Activation During Cognitive Control in Patients With Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Scheibel Randall S. , Newsome Mary R. , Steinberg Joel L. , Pearson Deborah A. , Rauch Ronald A. , Mao Hui , Troyanskaya Maya , Sharma Rajkumar G. , Levin Harvey S.
Published: December 2006

Background. Persistent deficits in cognitive control have been documented following traumatic brain injury (TBI) but are inconsistently related to the presence and location of focal lesions.

Objective. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine brain activation during a cognitive control task in patients with moderate to severe TBI or orthopedic injury (OI).

Methods. Fourteen TBI patients and 10 OI patients underwent fMRI at 3 months postinjury using a stimulus-response compatibility task in which response accuracy and reaction time were measured. Performance between the groups was equated by individually adjusting the amount of training. Groups did not differ in age, gender, or education.

Results. Brain activation during stimulus-response incompatibility was greater in TBI patients than in OI patients within the cingulate, medial frontal, middle frontal, and superior frontal gyri. However, the positive regression of activation with response accuracy during stimulus-response incompatibility indicated a stronger relationship for OI patients than the TBI group within the anterior cingulate gyrus, medial frontal, and parietal regions, as well as deep brain structures (eg, brainstem). The number of focal lesions within either the whole brain or within prefrontal areas was not related to brain activation, but there was a relationship between activation and TBI severity.

Conclusions. These findings suggest that neural networks mediating cognitive control are altered after moderate to severe TBI, possibly as a result of diffuse axonal injury, and that the typical relationship of brain activation to performance is disrupted.
Two unusual minerals in a nigerian soil: (I) fibrous kaolin; (II) bastnaesite
Authors: Hughes J. C. , Brown G.
Published: December 2006

A kaolin mineral in the form of long fibres, similar to the fibrous kaolin from Brazil (de Souza Santoset al., 1965), was found in the <2 μm fraction of an Ekiti series soil formed on biotite gneiss at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. The fibres, up to 6 µm long, appear tubular in electron micrographs. Scanning electron micrographs show that the mineral is formed by direct weathering of ort oclase and, perhaps, biotite.

Bastnaesite occurs in the < 2 µm fraction of the same weathering gneiss but not in the coarser fractions or the overlying soil. It was identified by indexing the X-ray powder pattern of a concentrate obtained by treating the clay with HF. The unit cell thus found as hexagonal witha= 7·056 andc= 9·730 Å, and was confirmed by electron diffraction from selected grains. Evidence of chemical composition was obtained by XRF and IR spectrometry. Bastnaesite can be mistaken for gibbsite because their strongest reflections have nearly the same spacing,d= 4·85 Å, when unheated oriented specimens are used. The occurrence of bastnaesite indicates that it is formed when the rock weathers, but is unstable in the soil.
Luetheite, Cu2Al2(AsO4)2(OH)4·H2O, a new mineral from Arizona, compared with chenevixite
Authors: Williams S. A.
Published: December 2006

Luetheite was found at a small prospect in Santa Cruz County, Arizona, as crystals in vugs in rhyolite porphyry. A few specimens were found on the dump, none seen in place. Occurs in silicified porphyry (quartzsericite-alunite) with chenevixite and hematite. Crystals indian blue inclining to greenish, H = 3, Dmeas = 4·28.

Crystals monoclinic 2/m and tabular on a {100}, also a plane of distinct cleavage; other forms are {110}, {140}, {011}. Space group perhaps P21/m with a = 14·743Å, b = 5·093, c = 5·598, β = 101° 49′; strongest lines are 3·498Å (10), 310, 111; 7·208 (7), 200; 2·507 (5), 120, 510. Feebly pleochroic in pale blue in thin section, γ = β > α. Indices are α = 1·752, β = 1·773, γ = 1·796; 2Vγ = 88° (calc.); dispersion is moderate ν > ρ. α ∥ [010], γ: [001] 10° in obtuse β. Duplicate chemical analyses averaged CuO 28·9%, Al2O3 18·4%, As2O5 40·5%, H2O 9·3% giving 2[Cu2Al2 (AsO4)2(OH)4·H2O].

Named for R. D. Luethe, geologist for Phelps Dodge Corporation. Chenevixite from Las Animas, Sonora, analysed to give Cu2Fe2(AsO4)2(OH)4·H2O. Powder data are close to luetheite, and the cell is monoclinic 2/m, probably P21/m, with a = 15·006A, b = 5·189, c = 5·724, β = 102°15. The measured specific gravity is 4·38, Dcale. = 4·59. Crystals tabular on a {100} with a habit very similar to luetheite. Indices are α = 1·92 , β = 1·96, γ = 2·04, 2Vγcale. = 75°; α ∥ [100], γ nearly ∥ [001].
Willemite from the Ilímaussaq alkaline Intrusion
Authors: Metcalf-Johansen John
Published: December 2006

During the summer of 1967 willcmite was found for the first time in the Ilímaussaq alkaline intrusion, South Greenland. The willemite occurs in an albitite together with aegirine/acmite, albite, analcime, arfvedsonite, apatite, chkalovite, hemimorphite, microcline, monazite, natrolite, naujakasite, neptunite, sphalerite, and polylithionite. Analytical, optical, and X-ray data were obtained from the willemite. Willemite from a calcite vein at Franklin Furnace, New Jersey, and from a quartz vein at Mussartût, South Greenland, were also examined.

One of the willemite crystals from Ilimaussaq was a trilling on <100>. This is the first time willemite has been found as a trilling.
Francolite in a concretion from argillaceous sediments in the Westphalian of Yorkshire
Authors: Pearson Mike J.
Published: December 2006

Synopsis

A phosphate-rich carbonate nodule from carboniferous mudstones has been studied by wet chemistry, X-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe. Partial heavy-liquid separation has enabled characterization of the phosphate phase as francolite (carbonate fluorapatite) with a composition Ca10(PO4)5·59(CO3)1·00((OH)1·49F2·10). Diffractometer data for this mineral is presented and cell dimensions are calculated as a = 9·349 Å, c = 6·887 Å. with c/a = 0·737. The problem of the structural positioning of carbon in francolite is discussed.

The francolite is seen in thin section as a structureless groundmass enclosing siderite spheru-lites. Electron microprobe X-ray distribution photographs for P, Al, Si, Mg, and Fe show the relationship of these two phases to quartz, pyrite, and at least two clay minerals. One of the latter is intimately mixed with francolite.

Possible origins of phosphatic nodules are discussed. Textural evidence in the present case strongly suggests that the francolite is concretionary and formed during early diagenesis possibly by replacement of earlier calcite. Phosphate was probably derived from protein degradation, which also maintained the alkaline pH necessary for francolite formation.
The pentlandite group (Fe,Ni,Co)9S8: New data and an appraisal of structure-composition relationships
Authors: Riley John F.
Published: December 2006

Analyses are presented for an iron-rich pentlandite associated with native copper and troilite from New Zealand and three cobalt-bearing pentlandites from Australia. Examination of 141 published analyses indicates that pentlandites, regardless of their Co content, can be classified on the basis of cell size, Fe content, Fe:Ni ratio, and the sulphide assemblage in which they occur. The cobaltian varieties show two separate trends.
The crystal structure of killalaite
Authors: Taylor H. F. W.
Published: December 2006

The crystal structure of killalaite has been approximately determined, using a crystal from the original locality. The ionic constitution is Ca3+x (H1–2xSi2O7) (OH), with x ≈ 0·2 for the crystal studied. Crystal data are: monoclinic pseudo cell with a 6·807, b 15·459, c 6·811 Å, β 97·76°, space group P21/m, Z = 4, Dx-ray = 2·94 gcm-3. Additional, very weak reflections indicate a B-centred monoclinic true cell with doubled a and c. The structure was determined using only the pseudo cell reflections, and includes one fractionally occupied Ca site; the larger true cell possibly arises from ordering of Ca atoms in these sites, together with associated small shifts of other atoms. There are weak indications that the degree of occupancy of this site may be variable. The X-ray powder pattern has been indexed and a calculated pattern is also given. A synthetic compound called ‘Phase F’ by Aitken and Taylor (1960) appears identical with or closely similar to killalaite.
Ruizite, a new silicate mineral from Christmas, Arizona
Authors: Williams S. A. , Duggan M.
Published: December 2006

Ruizite is a new mineral found in the mesogene calc-silicate assemblage at the Christmas mine, Gila County, Arizona. Occurs with kinoite, apophyllite, smectite, and junitoite. Colour is orange inclining to brown with pale streak, H = 5, Sp. Gr. meas. = 2·9. Crystals monoclinic 2/m, elongate on [010]; a = 11·95 Å, b = 6·17, c = 9·03, β = 91° 22½′. Probable space group P21/c with Z = 4 giving Dcalc = 2·997. Strongest lines are 11·951 Å(10), 4·190 (7), 3·116 (6), 5·092 (5), 3·644 (4), 2·951 (4), 2·591 (4), 2·132 (4). Indices are α = 1·663, β = 1·715 ‖ [010], γ = 1·734, 44° to [001] in obtuse β; 2Vα = 60·2°; inclined dispersion p > v strong. Twinned on {100}. Analysis by wet methods gave CaO = 20·57%, Mn2O3 = 23·42, SiO2 = 39·14, H2O = 16·0 leading to or CaMn3+ (SiO3)2(OH). 2H2O.

Named for its discoverer, Joe Ana Ruiz of Mammoth, Arizona
The Mayo Belwa meteorite: a new enstatite achondrite fall
Authors: Graham A. L. , Easton A. J. , Hutchison R.
Published: December 2006

Mayo Belwa, a highly shocked enstatite achondrite, fell during the evening of 3 August 1974 in the Adamawa District, NE. Nigeria (8° 58' N., 12° 05' E.). The stone weighed 4·85 kg and was deposited in the Geological Survey of Nigeria and loaned for study to the British Museum (Natural History). It is composed principally of enstatite (0·02 FeO%), with some olivine (Fo100), diopside, feldspar (An9 Ab88 Or3), and minor Fe-Ni metal and the sulphides oldhamite, daubréelite, ferroan alabandine, and troilite. The kamacite contains between 0·15% and 1·2% Si and the troilite contains 1·1% Ti. The meteorite possesses vuggy cavities, which contain fluor-amphibole needles projecting from their walls, suggesting the presence at some time of a volatile-rich phase. The titanium-rich troilite, the nearly ironfree enstatite and the Mg/Si ratio are typical of the E-achondrites.
The level of BMP4 signaling is critical for the regulation of distinct T-box gene expression domains and growth along the dorso-ventral axis of the optic cup
Authors: Behesti Hourinaz , Holt James KL , Sowden Jane C
Published: December 2006

Background

Polarised gene expression is thought to lead to the graded distribution of signaling molecules providing a patterning mechanism across the embryonic eye. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) is expressed in the dorsal optic vesicle as it transforms into the optic cup. Bmp4 deletions in human and mouse result in failure of eye development, but little attempt has been made to investigate mammalian targets of BMP4 signaling. In chick, retroviral gene overexpression studies indicate that Bmp4 activates the dorsally expressed Tbx5 gene, which represses ventrally expressed cVax. It is not known whether the Tbx5 related genes, Tbx2 and Tbx3, are BMP4 targets in the mammalian retina and whether BMP4 acts at a distance from its site of expression. Although it is established that Drosophila Dpp (homologue of vertebrate Bmp4) acts as a morphogen, there is little evidence that BMP4 gradients are interpreted to create domains of BMP4 target gene expression in the mouse.

Results

Our data show that the level of BMP4 signaling is critical for the regulation of distinct Tbx2, Tbx3, Tbx5 and Vax2 gene expression domains along the dorso-ventral axis of the mouse optic cup. BMP4 signaling gradients were manipulated in whole mouse embryo cultures during optic cup development, by implantation of beads soaked in BMP4, or the BMP antagonist Noggin, to provide a local signaling source. Tbx2, Tbx3 and Tbx5, showed a differential response to alterations in the level of BMP4 along the entire dorso-ventral axis of the optic cup, suggesting that BMP4 acts across a distance. Increased levels of BMP4 caused expansion of Tbx2 and Tbx3, but not Tbx5, into the ventral retina and repression of the ventral marker Vax2. Conversely, Noggin abolished Tbx5 expression but only shifted Tbx2 expression dorsally. Increased levels of BMP4 signaling caused decreased proliferation, reduced retinal volume and altered the shape of the optic cup.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest the existence of a dorsal-high, ventral-low BMP4 signaling gradient across which distinct domains of Tbx2, Tbx3, Tbx5 and Vax2 transcription factor gene expression are set up. Furthermore we show that the correct level of BMP4 signaling is critical for normal growth of the mammalian embryonic eye.
All-trans Retinoic Acid Induces in Vitro Angiogenesis via Retinoic Acid Receptor: Possible Involvement of Paracrine Effects of Endogenous Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Signaling
Authors: Saito Akiko , Sugawara Akira , Uruno Akira , Kudo Masataka , Kagechika Hiroyuki , Sato Yasufumi , Owada Yuji , Kondo Hisatake , Sato Mayumi , Kurabayashi Masahiko , Imaizumi Masue , Tsuchiya Shigeru , Ito Sadayoshi
Published: December 2006

A natural retinoid all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) regulates a variety of important cellular functions via retinoic acid receptor (RAR). ATRA has therapeutically been used against various malignancies including acute promyelocytic leukemia. Recently ATRA has also been recognized to be beneficial against atherosclerotic vascular disorders. However, its effects on angiogenesis remain controversial. We therefore examined ATRA effects on in vitro angiogenesis in terms of capillary-like tube formation using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)/normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) coculture. ATRA as well as RAR agonist Am80 significantly induced capillary-like tube formation. The ATRA-induced tube formation was inhibited by coincubation with RAR antagonist LE540/LE135. HUVEC proliferation, but not its migration, was also induced by ATRA. The ATRA-induced tube formation was completely abolished by coincubation with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) neutralizing antibody or with VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2 (KDR) neutralizing antibody, but not VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) neutralizing antibody. ATRA and Am80 induced VEGF secretion in the coculture as well as VEGF secretion/mRNA expression in NHDFs. Transcription activity of human VEGF gene promoter in NHDFs was stimulated by ATRA, which was augmented by RAR overexpression. ATRA also induced VDGFR-2/KDR mRNA expression in HUVECs. Moreover, ATRA-induced secretion of hepatocyte growth factor as well as angiopoietin-2 in the coculture. Taken together, ATRA may have induced angiogenesis via RAR mainly by stimulation of HUVEC proliferation and enhancement of endogenous VEGF signaling and in part by induction of hepatocyte growth factor and angiopoietin-2 production. Retinoids may therefore be potential candidates for therapeutic angiogenesis against ischemic vascular disorders.
Finite element analysis of media used in the centrifugal force assisted abrasive flow machining process
Authors: Walia R S , Shan H S , Kumar P K
Published: December 2006

Abrasive flow machining (AFM) is a non-conventional finishing process that provides a high level of surface finish and close tolerances with an economically acceptable rate of surface generation for a wide range of industrial components. AFM deburrs and polishes by forcing an abrasive laden media (elastic/viscoelastic polymer) across the workpiece surface. Abrasion occurs only where the media flow is restricted; other areas remain unaffected. One serious limitation of AFM processes is a low material removal rate. An effort has been made towards the performance improvement of this process by applying centrifugal force on the abrasive media using a rotating rod introduced in the workpiece passage. This variant of AFM, called centrifugal force assisted abrasive flow machining (CFAAFM), has been developed. This paper presents finite element modelling (FEM) of a polymer-based non-Newtonian viscoelastic fluid used in the CFAAFM process and the same is used to evaluate the resultant pressure, velocity, and radial stresses during a working cycle. All FEM analyses were performed using a commercial finite element package ANSYS. The results are compared with the data available in the literature, and close agreement has been found between the two.
A symbolic system for the language-independent classification of welding defects
Authors: Tsoukalas V D
Published: December 2006

The objective of this paper is to establish a symbolic modelling and coding system for welding defects, which, in conjunction with a severity scaling system, will help alleviate the communication problem within the industry, as well as contributing to better defects identification. This system will facilitate the quick and accurate diagnosis and the correct assessment of welding defects using simple symbols as well as placing them appropriately on the drawings.
Role of polymers in the provision of cost-effective, corrosion-resistant, high-pressure pipework with complex geometry
Authors: Collie G J , Black I , Kotsikos G
Published: December 2006

Equipment destined for use in oil exploration and production must withstand high pressures and temperatures and the corrosive nature of the produced fluids. Currently, pipework destined for this harsh environment is manufactured from duplex or superduplex steels or, in the most challenging cases, from carbon steel overlain with a layer of nickel alloy. These materials are expensive and not always readily available. A recent paper [1] considered several alternative means of conferring corrosion resistance on high-pressure pipework featuring complex three-dimensional geometry. The study covered both metallic and polymer solutions. The principal conclusion of this study was that there might be opportunities for adopting some form of polymer liner as a cost-effective alternative to metallic liners. The present paper takes a detailed look at the polymer solutions currently available, makes a critical appraisal of the viability, both technical and commercial, of the alternatives, and concludes by suggesting a test programme that would qualify any polymer solution successfully completing it.
Integration of measurement planning with aggregate product modelling for spacecraft design and assembly
Authors: Maropoulos P G , Zhang D , Rolt S , Chapman P , Rogers B C
Published: December 2006

Dimensional management captures key tolerancing attributes of a product at the design stage and manages dimensional variation during subsequent manufacture and assembly stages in a coordinated fashion. An essential part of dimensional management is the full integration of the measurement activity into the production process. This paper describes the use of aggregate product modelling (APM) as a vehicle for integrating dimensional management into complex product design and assembly. The motivation for this is to improve process flow and reduce process integration risk at major assembly levels. Based on the analysis of an aerospace assembly application, the link between the measurement strategy and the final measurement uncertainty of the finished product has been demonstrated clearly. Error propagation models were developed to quantify the contribution of different error sources to the overall uncertainty of a specific assembly process. The analysis could be applied to the whole design, assembly, and measurement process in a closed loop fashion, clearly illustrating the use of dimensional management in practice.
Effect of workpiece curvature on cutting forces and surface error in peripheral milling
Authors: Rao V S , Rao P V M
Published: December 2006

This paper investigates cutting forces and surface error due to cutting force-induced tool deflections in peripheral milling of curved geometries. In machining workpiece geometries, where curvature varies continuously along the tool path, both cutting force and surface error vary from point to point. This is different from the case of machining straight and circular geomtries where cutting forces and surface error are both invariant along the tool path. To study the effect of curvature, first force models for feed and normal cutting forces are derived from dynamometer measured forces. These force components are used to calculate tool deflection and resulting surface error. The results of this study show that both cutting forces and surface error are influenced strongly by workpiece curvature.
High-pressure cooling of face-grooving operations in Ti6Al4V
Authors: Sørby K , Tønnessen K
Published: December 2006

This paper presents results from an experimental study with high-pressure cooling on the rake face and on the flank face of the cutting tool. The technique was tested in face-grooving operations in Ti6Al4V, which are common and time-consuming turning operations in the aerospace industry. Grooving is a difficult operation because the cooling effect is low, owing to the geometry of the groove and also because of the chips that obstruct the coolant flow. The results show that 10–30 MPa high-pressure cooling on the rake face of the tool can increase tool life by 200–300 per cent as compared with conventional flood flushing. However, when high-pressure rake face cooling is applied, the workpiece surface may be adversely affected by the chip flow. Applying high-pressure coolant to the tool flank face increases tool life by 50–100 per cent relative to conventional flood flushing. No damage to the workpiece surface was observed. It can be concluded that a complete high-pressure cooling system should include options for both cooling methods.
Springback effect evaluation in three-dimensional stamping processes at the varying of blankholder force
Authors: D'Acquisto L , Fratini L
Published: December 2006

The quantitative evaluation of elastic springback in sheet metal stamping processes is still today a very interesting research topic, since this phenomenon causes a manufacturing shape defect. A measurement technique based on the shadow moiré method, already developed by the present authors, has been further upgraded and applied to evaluate the springback phenomenon in the deep drawing of square boxes, the basic three-dimensional stamping process. In particular this technique is able to determine the final lateral surface of the drawn parts, once extracted from the dies, and to compare such surface with the ideal one derived from the die's computer-aided design (CAD) geometry. Proper quantitative coefficients are introduced to describe the investigated shape defect. The proposed technique is applied to a deep drawing operation of aluminium and steel square boxes and the influence of the blankholder force level on the elastic springback is taken into account.
Experimental studies on drilling of aluminium (AA1050) under dry, minimum quantity of lubricant, and flood-lubricated conditions
Authors: Davim J P , Sreejith P S , Gomes R , Peixoto C
Published: December 2006

When considering the environmental issues in machining, the fundamental concern is the use of cutting fluids. Industry and research institutions are looking for ways to reduce the use of cutting fluids for ecological and economical reasons. The disposal of used cutting fluid poses problems to the environment. This has forced engineers to come up with modern ways of cooling technologies during machining.

This paper reports on the experimental investigations carried out under dry, minimum quantity of lubricant (MQL), and flood(fully)-lubricated conditions during drilling of aluminium (AA1050). The experiments were planned based on orthogonal arrays, made with prefixed cutting parameters ( f and Vc) and different lubricated conditions. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to check the validity of the proposed parameters and also their percentage contributions. The results of the tests show that with a proper selection of the range of cutting parameters, it is possible to obtain performances similar to flood-lubricated conditions by using MQL.
Influence of emulsifier content on cutting fluid properties
Authors: Rao D Nageswara , Srikant R R
Published: December 2006

The use of cutting fluids has been well recognized for centuries. To cater for the needs of state-of-the-art machining processes, several fluid formulations are available in the present-day market. Of the available fluids, water-soluble fluids occupy a role of prominence. Although the need for cutting fluids has been well emphasized and much explored, the role of the different ingredients of the fluid has not been much investigated. The present work is an attempt to study the role of emulsifier content on the properties of cutting fluid.
Development of a knowledge-based system for justification of world-class manufacturing systems
Authors: Sunnapwar V K , Kodali R
Published: December 2006

Since the introduction of the concept ‘world-class manufacturing (WCM)’, world-class manufacturing systems (WCMSs) have attracted the attention of industries all over the world. This is evident from the fact that, in recent years, quite a few industries claim they are of ‘world class’ and many other industries have embarked on their journey to attain ‘world-class’ status. The perceptible impact of WCMSs lies in attaining the far-reaching world-class standards, but there is a general challenge offered by WCM to the field of engineering economics, when it is necessary to justify adopting or implementing such new philosophies or systems. Typically, the traditional approaches do not account for the significant intangible benefits offered by systems such as WCM. The present work describes the development of a knowledge-based system for justification of WCMSs, to overcome the above-mentioned deficiency.
A phenomenology-based approach for modelling material thinning and formability in incremental forming of cylindrical parts
Authors: Filice L
Published: December 2006

Incremental forming processes can be regarded as a promising industrial alternative in future even if many aspects related with the process mechanics are not well explained. In this paper, a variant of the process is presented with the aim of manufacturing cylindrical cups using very simple equipment. This goal can be achieved only with an accurate process design; in fact, material thinning and breaking always constitute a relevant risk. In the present study, an analytical model to predict the thickness distribution in the produced part is proposed. In particular, the model is applied taking into account the most critical zone and determining a correlation between the desired geometry and a very common material formability index. In this way, a preliminary feasibility analysis can be carried out, reducing the process development time. The proposed model was verified by comparing the predicted data with the results of experimental activity.
Disassembly sequencing for maintenance: A survey
Authors: Kang Jun-Gyu , Xirouchakis P
Published: December 2006

This paper surveys the disassembly sequencing problems in which used or end-of-life products are disassembled into basic parts and components, especially due to repair and maintenance. Disassembly theory is applied to complex products such as mechanical, electromechanical and electronic appliances. Here, the disassembly sequencing includes feasible disassembly sequence generation and sequence optimization. Also, product representation issues are included for feasible disassembly sequence generation. This paper covers a state-of-the-art review on assembly/disassembly planning that can be used for disassembly sequencing for maintenance and gives a broad view of disassembly planning for maintenance and a basis for disassembly related research.
Application of a passive robotic manipulator in exercise testing
Authors: Yang C , Caine M , Rothberg S J
Published: December 2006

A new exercise test machine has been developed that allows a variety of complex movement sequences to be performed at different resistance levels. The implementation, effectiveness, and performance of the machine in practical exercise is detailed. An experimental study completed by eight healthy male subjects found that physiological effects using the new machine were superior to that of traditional arm exercise. Results indicate that the new machine is a viable means for exercise test investigations of the upper body.
Narrowing the gap between continuous and intermittent manufacturing
Authors: Sharma S
Published: December 2006

Both continuous and intermittent manufacturing have a bearing on demand and production rate in any industry. An idle time exists in a cycle theoretically, as a result of intermittent production. An approach is discussed in this paper to minimize the idle time by reducing the production rate, in case it is flexible. Idle time in a cycle is a major characteristic feature for differentiation in continuous and intermittent manufacture. With the help of the discussed approach, the gap between two extreme types of manufacturing can be eliminated to a large extent.
Pulsed laser scalloping of decorative lace
Authors: Bamforth P E , Jackson M R , Williams K
Published: December 2006

Decorative lace is knitted in webs typically 3 metres wide containing many smaller lace ribbons. These lace ribbons must be separated from the main web before sale to the garment manufacturers and retail trade. The separation process for decorative lace is traditionally carried out using scissors or a guided knife cutting system. The development of a machine vision guided laser cutting system at Loughborough University in the 1990s demonstrated that an economical fully automatic cutting system could replace the slow and expensive traditional methods. Incorrect positioning of the continuous wave laser beam focused spot can cause melting and subsequent hardening to the lace edge, which can feel harsh on the skin of the garment wearer and is a quality issue in some market sectors. In order to address this quality issue a high-accuracy pulsed laser cutting solution has been investigated, resulting in a fully automatic, vision guided, pulsed laser cutting process for lace in the form of a low-speed demonstration system. The lace produced on the pulsed laser system has been shown to have a significant improvement in edge quality over lace produced using the continuous wave laser cutting process. The edge quality produced by the pulsed laser cutting process approaches that of traditional mechanically cut lace with the potential for vastly increased output with lower operational costs.
Modelling the cost of railway asset renewal projects using pairwise comparisons
Authors: Ling D J , Roy R , Shehab E , Jaiswal J , Stretch J
Published: December 2006

This research article presents the development process of a cost-estimating model for railway renewal projects at the early stage of a project life cycle. The model comprises four main stages: creating a project structure that composes the goal, project criteria, and alternatives; collecting the necessary data in the form of pairwise comparisons made by a domain expert; producing alternative weights using a geometric mean; finally, employing an algorithmic method using the produced alternative weights and the known cost of one alternative per criteria.

The practical implications of the developed model are its ability to estimate renewal project costs of railway assets when there is a lack of quantitative data and detailed project definition. The process provides a transparent and a structured way of formalizing subjective judgments, which produces a three-point estimate as the resulting output. The model is described and validated using a switch and crossing case study.
Critical speed and limit cycles in the empty Y25-freight wagon
Authors: Molatefi H , Hecht M , Kadivar M H
Published: December 2006

In this research, an empty freight wagon with Y25 bogies have been modelled. Non-linear creep forces with spin moment between wheel and rail have been used, and also all impacts and friction forces have been modelled. Non-linear equations of motion and kinematical constraints have been solved in time domain, and limit cycles, saddle nodes, and critical speeds have been shown. Both primary and secondary hunting can be seen in the responses of the wagons. The relation between frequency of oscillations and speed can be seen, also, there are chaotic oscillations. Results show that stiffness in impacts affects calculation time and limit cycles.
Calculation of resistance to motion of a high-speed train using acceleration measurements in irregular coasting conditions
Authors: Kim S-W , Kwon H-B , Kim Y-G , Park T-W
Published: December 2006

The resistance to motion of the Korean high-speed train has been calculated and evaluated using train speed measurements gathered from coasting tests in the speed range from 30 to 300 km/h under various track conditions. Several test runs of the Korean high-speed train, with consists of seven cars, have been performed on the Seoul-Busan high-speed line since August 2002. A modified method for regression and the normal regression method have been employed to calculate the running resistance of the train to eliminate the error due to the irregular test conditions of slope, train speed, and coasting distance, and the validity and robustness of the calculation methods have been discussed extensively in this paper. The initial estimation of resistance to motion for the Korean high-speed train based on the general resistance to motion equation for the Train à Grande Vittesse train has been compared with the results obtained from the coasting test measurements.

In the present study, curve fits of the acceleration data using a second-order polynomial show that the low-speed region error is relatively high, however fixing the constant and low-order coefficients can generate more robust curve-fitting results. The actual resistance to motion of the Korean high-speed train is lower than the estimated value based on the resistance to motion equation for the Korea Train Express train, especially in the high-speed region.
Retracted: Modelling and control of an elastic ship-mounted crane using variable-gain model-based controller
Authors: Al-Sweiti Y , Soeffker D
Published: December 2006

RETRACTION: “Modelling and control of an elastic ship-mounted crane using variable-gain model-based controller”, Y Al-Sweiti and D Soeffker

At the request of the Editor, Professor Homer Rahnejat and the publishers, “Modelling and control of an elastic ship-mounted crane using variable-gain model-based controller”, published in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-Body Dynamics, 2006, vol. 220, 239--255, DOI: l10.1243/1464419JMBD58 has been retracted. This is due to duplicate publication of the same paper in the Journal of Vibration and Control.
Calculation of overloads induced by indexing errors in spur gearboxes using multi-degree-of-freedom dynamical simulation
Authors: Spitas C , Spitas V
Published: December 2006

Indexing errors are a cause of significant vibration and overloading in gearboxes and require much designer attention, especially in high-speed applications. Furthermore, the continuously varying elastic deflections of the meshing teeth contribute to vibration excitation and tooth profile corrections, which are usually employed to alleviate the ill effects of these errors and further complicate the modelling of the phenomenon. Current gear dynamical simulation models either do not consider indexing errors or do so in a simplified manner.

To address this problem, in this article, the exact geometry of tooth meshing is used as a starting point for a comprehensive dynamical modelling of gear systems, seamlessly incorporating the effect of pitch errors, tooth separation, degree-of-freedom coupling, and profile corrections. The resulting model is fundamentally non-linear. A single-stage spur gear reducer is then simulated dynamically using various scenarios of error distributions and profile corrections, and the overload factor is calculated. The results show that there are optimal corrections, which can reduce overload by a factor of nearly 35 per cent; however, with bigger corrections, the benefit diminishes. The sensitivity of different design solutions to manufacturing tolerances is investigated and definitive trends are recognized. Finally, a new design recommendation for profile correction is made on the basis of these findings.
The Amphichronic Program vs. Evolutionary Phonology
Authors: Kiparsky Paul
Published: December 2006

1. Synchronic and historical explanation

Evolutionary Phonology. Evolutionary Phonology seeks to derive typological generalizations from recurrent patterns of language change, themselves assumed to be rooted in perception, production, and acquisition. The goal is to eliminate UG by providing diachronic explanations for the cross-linguistic evidence that has been used to motivate it.
Replies to the comments by Gärtner, Plunze and Zimmermann, Portner, Potts, Reis, and Zaefferer
Authors: Truckenbrodt Hubert
Published: December 2006

I would like to thank all commentators for commenting on my work in thoughtful contributions to the issues that occupy us all. In thinking about the comments, my ideas about these issues have considerably progressed. It seems to me fitting that I should include these improvements in this volume as well. I outline them in brief form below, sometimes alternating with my more direct responses to the comments.
Evaluation of Open-Formula Grower Diets for Juvenile Walleyes
Authors: Summerfelt Robert C , Clayton Richard D
Published: December 2006

Two feeding trials (72 and 91 d) with replicated treatments were conducted to evaluate four experimental open-formula diets for juvenile walleyes Sander vitreus. The four diets were similar in crude protein (45.3–48.5%) and energy (1,149–1,175 J/g) but differed in the type of oil used (menhaden, flaxseed, soy, and commercial microalgae oil [CMP] with a high omega-3 fatty acid content). The fat content of the four diets ranged from 12.9% to 14.4%, compared with 16.8% for a commercially manufactured walleye grower diet (WG). A conditioning diet (10.3% fat) was fed all fish before the start of and during the first feeding trial. Six diets (WG, conditioning, menhaden, flaxseed, soy, and CMP) were fed in the first trial and the four experimental diets in the second feeding trial. Differences in final weight, relative growth, and specific growth rate among the treatments were not significant in either feeding trial. The similarity in growth in view of the differences in diet composition indicates that there is flexibility as to the choice of lipids with which to formulate diets for juvenile walleyes. The type of oil, however, had a major influence on total ingredient cost; soy oil was more economical than menhaden oil, but the formulation with CMP oil was twice as much as that with soy oil and 1.8 times as much as that with menhaden oil. This study validates prior reports that indicate highly specialized diet formulations are not required for juvenile walleyes.
Septic Tank Treatment of the Effluent from a Small-Scale Commercial Recycle Aquaculture System
Authors: Summerfelt Robert C , Penne Christopher R
Published: December 2006

The efficiency of a conventional domestic septic tank for primary treatment of the wastewater effluent from a small-scale commercial recycle aquaculture system (RAS) was evaluated. The aquaculture facility had five 39.2-m3 dual-drain culture tanks and a total system volume of 249.9 m3. The mean standing stock of fish during the study was 4,837 kg (25.6 kg/m3) consisting of 9.6% largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, 32.1% walleye Sander vitreus, 17.8% hybrid striped bass (white bass Morone chrysops × striped bass M. saxatilis), and 40.5% rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The entire RAS volume was exchanged with makeup water only once every 62 d. Inflow to the septic tank contained 25.3% total nitrogen (TN) and 55.1% total phosphorus (TP) added to the culture system as fish feed. Relative to inflow, outflow from the septic tank reduced biochemical oxygen demand by 5.1%, TN by 59.5%, TP by 35.3%, settleable solids by 92.6%, total dissolved solids by 9.6%, and total suspended solids by 69.8%. Septic tank effluent was discharged to a subsurface drain tile that passed below a row crop field to a pond; the pond did not discharge from the operator's property during the study (i.e., zero discharge). Of the nutrients fed, 9.6% of TN and 34.5% of TP were present in the septic tank effluent. Septic tank sludge was pumped out monthly and dewatered to 14.9% moisture by air-drying. It contained 3.6% TN and 2.6% TP (percent dry weight) and was test-marketed as a soil amendment for greenhouse use.
The Lectin Dolichos Biflorus Agglutinin Recognizes Glycan Epitopes on the Surface of Murine Embryonic Stem Cells: A New Tool for Characterizing Pluripotent Cells and Early Differentiation
Authors: Nash Rodney , Neves Lori , Faast Renate , Pierce Michael , Dalton Stephen
Published: December 2006

Cell surface markers are key tools that are frequently used to characterize and separate mixed cell populations. Existing cell surface markers used to define murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs) such as stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA1), Forssman antigen (FA), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and CD9 are limiting, however, because they do not unambiguously define the pluripotent state and are not reliable indicators of differentiation commitment. To identify glycan cell surface markers that would circumvent this problem, we used a panel of 18 lectins to identify epitopes specifically elevated on the surface of mESCs, which, during differentiation, decrease with kinetics that precede currently used markers such as CD9, SSEA1, FA, and AP. The anticipated outcome of this analysis was to identify glycans that have utility as reliable mESC markers and high-resolution readouts for early differentiation commitment. Here, we show that the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) recognizes α-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) cell surface epitopes on mESCs (CD9high SSEA1high APhigh DBAhigh). These glycan epitopes decline markedly in cells undergoing the first definable step of differentiation, the transition from mESCs to primitive ectoderm (CD9high SSEA1high APhigh DBAlow). Loss of GalNAc epitopes is, therefore, the earliest cell surface change that can be assigned to differentiating cells, and the only cell surface marker known to be tightly associated with the pluripotent state. The lectin DBA is, therefore, a useful tool to characterize mESC cultures by nondestructive approaches, an indicator of differentiation commitment, and a predictor of developmental potency.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
A review on bromate occurrence and removal strategies in water supply
Authors: Xie L. , Shang C.
Published: December 2006

The need of disinfecting potable water to eliminate potential health risks associated with waterborne pathogens, however inevitably resulting in leaving elevated toxicity in water by forming disinfection by-products (DBPs) is being considered as one of the primary threats to human well-being. Bromate is a carcinogenic DBP mainly formed during ozonation of bromide-containing water. The current maximum contaminant level (MCL) of bromate in the US national primary drinking water standard is set at 10 μg/L. With continuous improvements in analytical instrumentation and removal technologies, a lower MCL for bromate is expected in the future. Current researches on bromate control strategies involve minimizing bromate formation (like ammonia addition) or removing bromate after formation (like carbon adsorption), however have their own limitations. Seeking for alternative bromate control strategies that can be used alone (or in combine with others) is of great value and in urgent need when water quality standards are getting more stringent. This paper reviews the occurrence of bromate in water supply and evaluates the effectiveness of bromate removal technologies applied, to advance our understanding of bromate fate and degradation in water supply system for future study.
Enhancing bio-P removal by phosphate recovery from anaerobic supernatant
Authors: Hao X.-D. , Dai J. , van Loosdrecht M.C.M.
Published: December 2006

A previous modeling study predicted that phosphate removal and recovery could be combined in biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes, which would be beneficial for either improving bio-P removal effluent quality or lowering the influent COD/P ratio required for bio-P removal. To confirm the modeling prediction, an experiment with a traditional A2/O process was initiated. The experimental results were qualitatively in agreement with the modeling prediction. The minimal COD/P ratio required for the effluent standard (1 mg P/L) could be lowered from 35 to 25 with a stripping ratio of 20% at a phosphate recovery efficiency of 34%, which means a COD saving of 25–30% in bio-P removal. A practical experiment for phosphate recovery in a WWTP identified that HAP was a major form of precipitated compounds and that MAP was a minor form. Due to the higher contents of Ca2 +  and Mg2 +  in the influent to the WWTP (with groundwater mainly used for portable water), it was unnecessary to dose any extra chemicals for phosphate precipitation, and a pH value increased to ≥9 in the supernatant was all to be done.