bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fast Li Ion Dynamics in the Solid Electrolyte Li7P3S11 as Probed by 6,7Li NMR Spin‐Lattice Relaxation
Authors: Wohlmuth Dominik , Epp Viktor , Wilkening Martin
Published: July 2015

The development of safe and long‐lasting all‐solid‐state batteries with high energy density requires a thorough characterization of ion dynamics in solid electrolytes. Commonly, conductivity spectroscopy is used to study ion transport; much less frequently, however, atomic‐scale methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are employed. Here, we studied long‐range as well as short‐range Li ion dynamics in the glass‐ceramic Li7P3S11. Li+ diffusivity was probed by using a combination of different NMR techniques; the results are compared with those obtained from electrical conductivity measurements. Our NMR relaxometry data clearly reveal a very high Li+ diffusivity, which is reflected in a so‐called diffusion‐induced 6Li NMR spin‐lattice relaxation peak showing up at temperatures as low as 313 K. At this temperature, the mean residence time between two successful Li jumps is in the order of 3×108 s−1, which corresponds to a Li+ ion conductivity in the order of 10−4 to 10−3 S cm−1. Such a value is in perfect agreement with expectations for the crystalline but metastable glass ceramic Li7P3S11. In contrast to conductivity measurements, NMR analysis reveals a range of activation energies with values ranging from 0.17 to 0.26 eV, characterizing Li diffusivity in the bulk. In our case, through‐going Li ion transport, when probed by using macroscopic conductivity spectroscopy, however, seems to be influenced by blocking grain boundaries including, for example, amorphous regions surrounding the Li7P3S11 crystallites. As a result of this, long‐range ion transport as seen by impedance spectroscopy is governed by an activation energy of approximately 0.38 eV. The findings emphasize how surface and grain boundary effects can drastically affect long‐range ionic conduction. If we are to succeed in solid‐state battery technology, such effects have to be brought under control by, for example, sophisticated densification or through the preparation of samples that are free of any amorphous regions that block fast ion transport.
Accuracy of Irradiance Forecasts Using JMA Numerical Weather Prediction Data at Numerous Points Corresponding to a High Degree of PV Penetration
Authors: Nagoya Hiroyuki , Saji Kensuke , Aoki Isao , Tanikawa Ryoichi , Komami Shintaro , Ogimoto Kazuhiko , Iwafune Yumiko
Published: July 2015

To assure power system stability when variable photovoltaic (PV) power generation is deployed on a large scale, accurate irradiance forecasting will be important in the near future. A substantial amount of PVs will be generating power at numerous locations in the power service area, and it will be necessary to predict the total PV output for supply/demand balancing control. Therefore, irradiance forecasting accuracy should be verified using the total irradiance at numbers of sites equivalent to areas with large‐scale PV deployment. This paper reports an investigation of the accuracy of an approach to area total irradiance prediction based on regional numerical weather prediction data from the Japan Meteorological Agency. The forecast area total irradiance is compared to the assumed total area irradiance for numbers of sites equivalent to large‐scale PV deployment.
Magnetization Mechanism of Si‐Gradient Steel Sheet Manufactured by CVD Siliconizing Process
Authors: Hiratani Tatsuhiko , Namikawa Misao , Ninomiya Hironori , Oda Yoshihiko , Toda Hiroaki
Published: July 2015

Si‐gradient steel sheet, which has a silicon concentration gradient in the sheet thickness direction, manufactured by the chemical vapor deposition siliconizing process, possesses unique magnetic properties. In this paper, the magnetization behaviors of single crystals of Si‐gradient steel sheet are investigated in the <100> and <110> directions, comparing with Si‐homogeneous steel sheet, in order to clarify the magnetization mechanism. The internal stress of Si‐gradient steel sheet was evaluated. The induced magnetic anisotropy which arising according to the magnetoelastic effect is considered to play an important role in the magnetization process of Si‐gradient steel sheet. The reduction of eddy current loss can be explained by the effect of the magnetic flux concentration at the sheet surface resulting from the internal stress.
The dynamic nature of assimilation and accommodation procedures in the brains of Chinese–English and English–Chinese bilinguals
Authors: Sun Yafeng , Peng Danling , Ding Guosheng , Qi Ting , Desroches Amy S. , Liu Li
Published: July 2015

The framework of assimilation and accommodation has been proposed to explain the brain mechanisms supporting second language reading acquisition (Perfetti et al. [2007]: Bilingual Lang Cogn 10:131). Assimilation refers to using the procedures of the native language network in the acquisition of a new writing system, whereas accommodation refers to using second language procedures for reading the newly acquired writing system. We investigated assimilation and accommodation patterns in the brains of bilingual individuals by recruiting a group of Chinese–English bilinguals and a group of English–Chinese bilinguals to perform lexical decision tasks in both English and Chinese. The key question was whether the assimilation/accommodation procedures supporting second language reading in the brains of Chinese–English and English–Chinese bilinguals were dynamic, i.e., modulated by proficiency in the second language and perceptual features of the second language's script. Perceptual features of the scripts were manipulated through orthographic degradation by inserting spaces between the radicals of a Chinese character or between the syllables of an English word. This manipulation disrupts the visual configuration of the orthography but does not change its more fundamental design principles. We found that for English–Chinese bilinguals, higher proficiency was associated with greater accommodation, suggesting that the accommodation procedure in a bilingual individual's brain is modulated by second language proficiency. Most interestingly, we found that the assimilation/accommodation effects vanished or diminished when orthographically degraded scripts were processed by both Chinese–English and English–Chinese bilinguals, suggesting that the assimilation/accommodation procedures in a bilingual individual's brain are modulated by perceptual features of orthography. This work therefore offers a new, dynamic perspective for our understanding of the assimilation/accommodation framework for second language acquisition. Hum Brain Mapp 36:4144–4157, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dopamine D1/D5 receptor signaling regulates synaptic cooperation and competition in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons via sustained ERK1/2 activation
Authors: Shivarama Shetty Mahesh , Gopinadhan Suma , Sajikumar Sreedharan
Published: July 2015

Synaptic cooperation and competition are important components of synaptic plasticity that tune synapses for the formation of associative long‐term plasticity, a cellular correlate of associative long‐term memory. We have recently reported that coincidental activation of weak synapses within the vicinity of potentiated synapses will alter the cooperative state of synapses to a competitive state thus leading to the slow decay of long‐term plasticity, but the molecular mechanism underlying this is still unknown. Here, using acute hippocampal slices of rats, we have examined how increasing extracellular dopamine concentrations interact and/or affect electrically induced long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the neighboring synapses. We demonstrate that D1/D5‐receptor‐mediated potentiation at the CA1 Schaffer collateral synapses differentially regulates synaptic co‐operation and competition. Further investigating the molecular players involved, we reveal an important role for extracellular signal‐regulated kinases‐1 and 2 (ERK1/2) as signal integrators and dose‐sensors. Interestingly, a sustained activation of ERK1/2 pathway seems to be involved in the differential regulation of synaptic associativity. The concentration‐dependent effects of the modulatory transmitter, as demonstrated for dopaminergic signaling in the present study, might offer additional computational power by fine tuning synaptic associativity processes for establishing long‐term associative memory in neural networks. © 2015 The Authors Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Promoting Good Psychiatric Management for Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Links Paul S. , Ross James , Gunderson John G.
Published: July 2015

General psychiatric management for patients with borderline personality disorder was devised to be an outpatient intervention that could be readily learned and easily delivered by independent community mental health professionals. To disseminate the approach, Drs. Gunderson and Links developed the Handbook of Good Psychiatric Management for Borderline Personality Disorder (Gunderson & Links, ) that presented the basics of the approach, videos to illustrate the appropriate clinical skills, and case examples to practice adherence to the approach. Unfortunately, the inclusion of “psychiatric” in the treatment's name may discourage psychologists and other mental health professionals from using this therapy. In this article, we review the basic principles and approaches related to general psychiatric management. With a case example, we illustrate how psychologists can use all the general psychiatric management principles for their patients with BPD, except medications and, as a result, provide and deliver this approach effectively.
Assessment of pharmacokinetic drug‐drug interaction between pradigastat and atazanavir or probenecid
Authors: Mendonza Anisha , Hanna Imad , Meyers Dan , Koo Phillip , Neelakantham Srikanth , Zhu Bing , Majumdar Tapan , Rebello Sam , Sunkara Gangadhar , Chen Jin
Published: July 2015

Pradigastat, a novel diacylglycerol acyltransferase‐1 inhibitor, has activity in common metabolic diseases associated with abnormal accumulation of triglycerides. In vitro studies suggest that glucuronidation is the predominant metabolism pathway for elimination of pradigastat in humans and confirmed the role of uridine 5'‐diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes, UGT1A1, ‐1A3, and ‐2B7. The in vitro studies using atazanavir as a selective inhibitor of UGT1A1 and ‐1A3 indicated that these enzymes contribute ∼55% toward the overall glucuronidation pathway. Therefore, a clinical study was conducted to assess the potential for drug interaction between pradigastat and probenecid (purported general UGT inhibitor) or atazanavir (selective UGT1A1, ‐1A3 inhibitor). The study included 2 parallel cohorts, each with 3 sequential treatment periods and 22 healthy subjects per cohort. The 90%CI of the geometric mean ratios for Cmax,ss and AUCτ,ss of pradigastat were within 0.80–1.25 when administered in combination with probenecid. However, the Cmax,ss and AUCτ,ss of pradigastat decreased by 31% (90%CI: 0.62–0.78) and 26% (0.67–0.82), respectively, when administered in combination with atazanavir. This magnitude of decrease in pradigastat steady‐state exposure is not considered clinically relevant. Pradigastat was well tolerated by all subjects, either alone or in combination with atazanavir or probenecid.
Long‐term glycemic control with hepatic insulin gene therapy in streptozotocin‐diabetic mice
Authors: Thulé Peter M. , Campbell Adam G. , Jia Dingwu , Lin Yulin , You Shou , Paveglio Sara , Olson Darin E. , Kozlowski Miroslaw
Published: July 2015

Background

Insulin self‐administration is burdensome and can produce dangerous hypoglycemia. Insulin gene therapy may improve and simplify the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In rats, metabolically responsive hepatic insulin gene therapy (HIGT) delivered by adenovirus normalizes random blood sugars but with a limited duration. To prolong glycemic control, we delivered a metabolically regulated insulin transgene by adeno‐associated virus (AAV).

Methods

We administered increasing doses of self‐complementary (SC), pseudotyped AAV8 expressing the (GlRE)3BP1‐2xfur insulin transgene to streptozotocin‐diabetic CD‐1 mice, and monitored blood sugar and body weight. We also compared responses to intraperitoneal glucose and chow withdrawal, assessed for viral genomes in liver by Southern blotting, and measured hepatic glycogen.

Results

Glucose lowering required the combination of SC genomes and AAV capsid pseudotyping. HIGT controlled glycemia in diabetic mice (DM) for > 1 year. However, glycemic responses were variable. Approximately 30% of mice succumbed to hypoglycemia, and approximately 30% of mice again became hyperglycemic. During an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, blood sugars declined to normal within 180 min in HIGT‐treated DM compared to 90 min in control mice. Hypoglycemia was common among HIGT‐treated mice during a 24‐h fast. However, HIGT mice lost less weight than either diabetic or nondiabetic controls as a result of increased water intake. HIGT treatment reduced the hepatic glycogen content of fed mice.

Conclusions

Our studies demonstrate the possibility for long‐term glycemic correction following AAV‐mediated HIGT in mice. However, the dose–response relationship is irregular, and metabolic responsiveness may be less than that observed in rats. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supermetallization of peptides and proteins during electrospray ionization
Authors: Kostyukevich Yury , Kononikhin Alexey , Popov Igor , Indeykina Maria , Kozin Sergey A. , Makarov Alexander A. , Nikolaev Eugene
Published: July 2015

The formation of metal‐peptide complexes during electrospray ionization (ESI) is a widely known phenomenon and is often considered to be undesirable. Such effect considerably limits the use of ESI mass spectrometry for the investigation of biologically relevant metal‐peptide compounds that are present in the solution and play critical roles in many bioprocesses such as progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In the article, it is demonstrated that under specific conditions such as high temperature of the desolvating capillary, an interesting effect, which can be called as ‘supermetallization’, occurs. Using a model peptide Αβ amyloid domain 1–16, it was observed that an increase in the temperature of the desolvating capillary results in multiple substitutions of hydrogen atoms by Zn atoms in this peptide. At high temperatures (T ~ 400 °C), up to 11 zinc atoms can be covalently bound to (1–16) Αβ. It was observed that supermetallization of (1–16) Αβ depends on the solvent composition and pH. Supermetallization was also demonstrated for proteins, such as ubiquitin and cytochrome C. That proves that the supermetallization is a general phenomenon for peptides and proteins. For the structural investigation of supermetallized complexes, electron‐capture dissociation (ECD) fragmentation was applied. The effect of hydrogen rearranging during ECD was observed. In addition, quantum chemical calculations were used to estimate the possible structures of different supermetallized complexes. These results allow a more deep understanding of the limitations of the use of ESI mass spectrometry for the investigation of biologically relevant metal‐peptide complexes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective repression of light harvesting complex 2 formation in Rhodobacter azotoformans by light under semiaerobic conditions
Authors: Yue Huiying , Zhao Chungui , Li Kai , Yang Suping
Published: July 2015

Photosystem formation in anaerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (APB) is repressed by oxygen but is de‐repressed when oxygen tension decreases. Under semiaerobic conditions, the synthesis of photopigments and pigment protein complexes in Rhodobacter (Rba.) sphaeroides are repressed by light. AppA, a blue‐light receptor, mediates this regulation. In the present study, it was showed that the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll, carotenoid, and pigment protein complexes in Rba. azotoformans 134K20 was significantly repressed by oxygen. Oxygen exposure also led to a conversion of spheroidene to spheroidenone. In semiaerobically growing cells, light irradiation resulted in a decrease in the formation of photosystem, and blue light was found to be the most effective light source. Blue light reduced the contents of bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid slightly, but had negligible effects on light harvesting complex (LH) 1 content, whereas the content of LH2 was significantly decreased indicating that blue light selectively repressed the synthesis of LH2 in semiaerobically growing 134K20. It was concluded that, similar to Rba. sphaeroides, a blue light receptor presented in strain 134K20 played important roles in its light‐dependent repression. A possible mechanism involved in controlling the differential inhibitory of blue light on the synthesis of photosystem was discussed.
Effect of changes in temperature scales on historical temperature data
Authors: Pavlasek P. , Merlone A. , Musacchio C. , Olsen Å. A. F. , Bergerud R. A. , Knazovicka L.
Published: July 2015

Temperature has always been a central quantity in meteorology and plays a key role in weather forecast and climate determination. Long temperature series are a useful tool both as a direct indicator of global climatic trends and as input to climate models. However, ensuring the quality of the data records is challenging, with issues arising from the wide range of sensors used, how the sensors were calibrated, and how the data were recorded and written down. In particular, the very definition of the temperature scales has evolved. While the temperature scales have always been tied to phase transitions of substances such as the freezing and boiling points of water, the temperatures assigned to those phase transitions have been revised occasionally when new sensors and measuring techniques suggested discrepancies between the temperature scales and thermodynamic temperature. Invariably this has led to alterations in the reference scales of temperature that give rise to biases when compiling historic temperature records, an issue that appears to be neglected in the meteorological literature. The present work deals with this issue for 20th century data by proposing a mathematical model to allow the conversion from historical scales to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS‐90). This work also presents the implementation of this mathematical model into a software tool, which can convert large files of historical records to the ITS‐90. The correction equation is applied to example observations, and it is found that the correction becomes an issue in special cases involving aggregated temperature data. However, the corrections are significantly smaller than the global warming trend seen in the 20th century. The corrections applied have shown a level of change, which has not significantly affected the global warming trend.
Spatio‐temporal interpolation of sub‐daily (6 h) precipitation over Romania for the period 1975–2010
Authors: Dumitrescu Alexandru , Birsan Marius‐Victor , Manea Ancuta
Published: July 2015

A two‐step interpolation framework is proposed for the first time for computing sub‐daily (6 h) precipitation maps over Romania, over 36 years (1975–2010), using meteorological and ancillary data. In the first step, the monthly climatology maps were constructed. Here, the auxiliary predictors were quantified with the help of multivariate geostatistical model (Regression Kriging). In the second step – the interpolation of the 6‐h anomaly maps of precipitation – three methods were compared: Multiquadratic, Ordinary Kriging and 3d Kriging. Owing to the good results in interpolating precipitation anomalies (and to the fewer steps required for producing the maps), the Multiquadratic method was chosen to construct the 6‐h precipitation ratios maps for the period 1975–2010. By comparing the new gridded data set to similar sets of data, and by using precipitation data from five independent stations, it was proven that the proposed methodology was suitable for accurately estimating in space and time the 6‐h precipitation values. The final outcome of this work is a gridded precipitation data set, at a 6‐h time step, available in high spatial resolution (1 km × 1 km) together with the estimated accuracy.
A Comparison of DSM‐5 and DSM‐IV Diagnostic Criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Traumatized Refugees
Authors: Schnyder Ulrich , Müller Julia , Morina Naser , Schick Matthis , Bryant Richard A. , Nickerson Angela
Published: July 2015

The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence rate and factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) based on the diagnostic criteria of the fourth and fifth editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐IV; DSM‐5; American Psychiatric Association, 1994, 2013) in traumatized refugees. There were 134 adult treatment‐seeking, severely and multiply traumatized patients from various refugee backgrounds were assessed in their mother tongue using a computerized set of questionnaires consisting of a trauma list, the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale, and the new PTSD items that had been suggested by the DSM‐5 Task Force of the American Psychiatric Association. Using DSM‐IV, 60.4% of participants met diagnostic criteria for PTSD; using DSM‐5, only 49.3% fulfilled all criteria (p < .001). Confirmatory factor analysis of DSM‐IV and DSM‐5 items showed good and comparable model fits. Furthermore, classification functions in the DSM‐5 were satisfactory. The new Cluster D symptoms showed relatively high sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power, and negative predictive power. The DSM‐5 symptom structure appears to be applicable to traumatized refugees. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood may be especially useful for clinicians, not only to determine the extent to which an individual refugee is likely to meet criteria for PTSD, but also in providing targets for clinical intervention.
Dynamic NMR study of dinitrophenyl derivatives of seven‐membered cyclic ketals of pyridoxine
Authors: Rakhmatullin Ilfat Z. , Galiullina Leisan F. , Garipov Marsel' R. , Strel'nik Alexey D. , Shtyrlin Yurii G. , Klochkov Vladimir V.
Published: July 2015

Two pyridoxine derivatives containing a dinitrophenyl moiety were investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Conformational dynamics in solution were studied for each compound using dynamic NMR experiments. It was shown that both compounds studied are involved into two conformational exchange processes. The first process is a transformation of the seven‐membered cycle conformation between the enantiomeric P‐twist and M‐twist forms, and the second is a rotation of the dinitrophenyl fragment of the molecules around the C–O bond. Energy barriers of both conformational transitions were determined. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new NMR approach for structure determination of thermally unstable biflavanones and application to phytochemicals from Garcinia buchananii
Authors: Stark Timo D. , Lösch Sofie , Salger Mathias , Balemba Onesmo B. , Wakamatsu Junichiro , Frank Oliver , Hofmann Thomas
Published: July 2015

Previous activity‐guided phytochemical studies on Garcinia buchananii stem bark, which is traditionally used in Africa to treat various gastrointestinal and metabolic illnesses, revealed xanthones, polyisoprenylated benzophenones, flavanone‐C‐glycosides, biflavonoids, and/or biflavanones as bioactive key molecules. Unequivocal structure elucidation of biflavonoids and biflavanones by means of NMR spectroscopy is often complicated by the hindered rotation of the monomers around the C‐C axis (atropisomerism), resulting in a high spectral complexity. In order to facilitate an unrestricted rotation, NMR spectra are usually recorded at elevated temperatures, commonly over 80 °C, which effects in a single set of resonance signals. However, under these conditions, one of the target compounds of this investigation, (2R,3S,2″R,3″R)‐manniflavanone (1), undergoes degradation. Therefore, we demonstrated in the present study that the 1,1‐ADEQUATE could be successfully used as a powerful alternative approach to confirm the C‐C connectivities in 1, avoiding detrimental conditions. However, a moderate increase in temperature up to 50 °C was sufficient to deliver sharp signals in the proton NMR experiment of (2R,3S,2″R,3″R)‐isomanniflavanone (2) and (2″R,3″R)‐preussianone (3). In addition, two new compounds could be isolated, namely (2R,3S,2″R,3″R)‐GB‐2 7″‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (4) and (2R,3S,2″R,3″R)‐manniflavanone‐7″‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (5), and whose structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis including 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectrometry methods. The absolute configurations were determined by a combination of NMR and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy. The aforementioned compounds exhibited high anti‐oxidative capacity in the H2O2 scavenging, hydrophilic Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (H‐TEAC) and hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (H‐ORAC) assays. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inflow‐vascular space occupancy (iVASO) reproducibility in the hippocampus and cortex at different blood water nulling times
Authors: Rane Swati , Talati Pratik , Donahue Manus J. , Heckers Stephan
Published: July 2015

Purpose

Inflow‐vascular space occupancy (iVASO) measures arterial cerebral blood volume (aCBV) using accurate blood water nulling (inversion time [TI]) when arterial blood reaches the capillary, i.e., at the arterial arrival time. This work assessed the reproducibility of iVASO measurements in the hippocampus and cortex at multiple TIs.

Methods

The iVASO approach was implemented at multiple TIs in 10 healthy volunteers at 3 Tesla. aCBV values were measured at each TI in the left and right hippocampus, and the cortex. Reproducibility of aCBV measurements within scans (same day) and across sessions (different days) was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results

Overall hippocampal aCBV was significantly higher than cortical aCBV, likely due to higher gray matter volume. Hippocampal ICC values were high at short TIs (≤914 ms; intrascan values = 0.80–0.96, interscan values = 0.61–0.91). Cortically, high ICC values were observed at intermediate TIs of 914 (intra: 0.93, inter: 0.87) and 1034 ms (intra: 0.96, inter: 0.86). The ICC values were comparable to established contrast‐based CBV measures.

Conclusion

iVASO measurements are reproducible within and across sessions. TIs for iVASO measurements should be chosen carefully, taking into account heterogeneous arterial arrival times in different brain regions. Magn Reson Med 75:2379–2387, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First Introduction and Early Exploitation of the Persian Fallow Deer on Cyprus (8000–6000 cal. bc)
Authors: Vigne J.‐D. , Daujat J. , Monchot H.
Published: July 2015

The Persian fallow deer (Dama dama mesopotamica) is currently a threatened species. However, it played an important role in many Late Glacial and Early Holocene human societies in the Near and Middle East. This is especially true of the island of Cyprus, where it was introduced at the beginning of the Neolithic and held a predominant place in human subsistence throughout Cypriot prehistory until the Bronze Age. The earliest levels of the extensive Cypriot Pre‐Pottery Neolithic B site of Shillourokambos, occupied between 8400 and 7000 cal. bc, provided 3036 identified remains of this deer. It was possible to measure or determine the age‐at‐death for 1361 and 1444 remains, respectively. Analyses allow for discussions on when the fallow deer was introduced to the island of Cyprus, its origin and how populations were managed. These studies also lead to the reconstruction of acquisition and butchery techniques, as well as culinary practices, and the morphological evolution of males and females throughout time. The Persian fallow deer was introduced to Cyprus later than suids, dogs, cats, goats and cattle, and at nearly the same time as sheep, towards ca 8000 cal. bc. Despite the absence of any skeletal changes, this introduction may reflect an attempt to domesticate the fallow deer on the nearby continental mainland. However, after being introduced to the island, deer appear to have been released into the wild and hunted. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of organosoluble and light‐colored cardo polyimides via aromatic nucleophilic substitution polymerization
Authors: Liu Jiangtao , Chen Guofei , Mushtaq Nafeesa , Fang Xingzhong
Published: July 2015

A series of cardo polyimides (PIs) containing large‐volume cardo groups were prepared via aromatic nucleophilic substitution polymerization of bisphenols and bis(fluorophthalimide)s. This series of cardo PIs show excellent solubility in a variety of organic solvents. The glass transition temperatures (Tgs) of these PIs are recorded from 217°C to 293°C, the 5% weight loss temperatures (T5%) reach up to 495–536°C in air and 487–531°C in nitrogen, respectively. Flexible films, which could be cast from the polymer solutions, exhibit good mechanical properties with tensile strengths of 118–127 MPa, elongations at break of 10.6–15.4% and tensile moduli of 2.3–2.8 GPa. Their films with cut‐off wavelengths from 342 to 423 nm are essentially colorless, and the transmittance of these cardo polyimide films is over 80% between 450 and 800 nm. It is noted that cardo PIs possess better solubility, higher glass transition temperature, and better optical transparency than linear PIs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of fibrous patterned architectures with controlled deposition and multidirectional alignment
Authors: Rasel Sheikh , Rizvi Ghaus
Published: July 2015

In recent years, the ability to produce nanofibrous patterned architectures by electrospinning has exposed a wide range of potential applications in biomedical and industrial fields. Directional alignment, controlled deposition, and density variation into the patterns are desirable for many applications such as tissue engineering scaffolds and micro/nano‐electronic devices. In this study, we introduce a versatile method for fabrication of various kinds of nanofibrous deposition patterns with the help of microprocessor based control system for switching collector electrodes. By controlling the concurrent activation time of two adjacent electrodes, we demonstrated that amount of fibers going into the pattern can be adjusted and alignment in electrospun fibers can be obtained. We also revealed that the deposition density of electrospun fibers in different areas of patterned architectures can be varied. This advanced technique can have a significant impact in enhancing the technology of electrospinning and can help develop new applications in health sciences and industrial sectors. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel four‐step approach for systematic identification of naphthoquinones in Juglans cathayensis dode using various scan functions of liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry along with data mining strategies
Authors: Gan Yuan , Zhang Yang , Li Aiqian , Song Chengwu , Chen Chang , Xu Yong , Ruan Hanli , Jiang Hongliang
Published: July 2015

Introduction

Systematic analyses of naphthoquinones in Juglans cathayensis have not yet been reported. It is very challenging to identify naphthoquinones with various structural diversities, especially those at trace levels.

Objective

To develop an efficient analytical approach for systematic discovery and identification of naphthoquinones in Juglans cathayensis.

Methodology

A novel four‐step approach was evaluated by utilizing various scan functions of liquid chromatography‐triple quadrupole‐linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC‐QTRAP‐MS/MS) and liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF‐MS/MS) along with data mining strategies. First, MS/MS fragmentation behaviors of naphthoquinones were investigated. Second, multiple ion monitoring triggered enhanced product ion scan (MIM‐EPI) with specified ions was conducted to identify targeted naphthoquinones. Third, other scan functions of QTRAP‐MS/MS and data mining strategies were explored to identify untargeted naphthoquinones. Fourth, structural rationalization and confirmation of naphthoquinones were performed using QTOF‐MS/MS via its accurate mass measurement and MS/MS fragmentation functions.

Results

Optimal scan methods and data mining strategies using QTRAP‐MS/MS were obtained for identification of targeted and untargeted naphthoquinones. Consequently, 48 naphthoquinones including 24 novel ones were identified or tentatively identified from Juglans cathayensis.

Conclusion

A novel four‐step approach for efficient discovery and identification of naphthoquinones was developed by exploring various scan functions of current LC‐MS/MS technologies and data mining strategies, providing an example for systematic characterization of certain classes of phytochemicals, especially trace analytes in complex samples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of the extended parallel process model in promoting colorectal cancer screening
Authors: Birmingham Wendy C. , Hung Man , Boonyasiriwat Watcharaporn , Kohlmann Wendy , Walters Scott T. , Burt Randall W. , Stroup Antoinette M. , Edwards Sandie L. , Schwartz Marc D. , Lowery Jan T. , Hill Deirdre A. , Wiggins Charles L. , Higginbotham John C. , Tang Philip , Hon Shirley D. , Franklin Jeremy D. , Vernon Sally , Kinney Anita Y.
Published: July 2015

Objective

Relatives of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients are at increased risk for the disease, yet screening rates still remain low. Guided by the Extended Parallel Process Model, we examined the impact of a personalized, remote risk communication intervention on behavioral intention and colonoscopy uptake in relatives of CRC patients, assessing the original additive model and an alternative model in which each theoretical construct contributes uniquely.

Methods

We collected intention‐to‐screen and medical record‐verified colonoscopy information on 218 individuals who received the personalized intervention.

Results

Structural equation modeling showed poor main model fit (root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.109; standardized root mean residual (SRMR) = 0.134; comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.797; Akaike information criterion (AIC) = 11,601; Bayesian information criterion (BIC) = 11,884). However, the alternative model (RMSEA = 0.070; SRMR = 0.105; CFI = 0.918; AIC = 11,186; BIC = 11,498) showed good fit. Cancer susceptibility (B = 0.319, p < 0.001) and colonoscopy self‐efficacy (B = 0.364, p < 0.001) perceptions predicted intention to screen, which was significantly associated with colonoscopy uptake (B = 0.539, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our findings provide support of the utility of Extended Parallel Process Model for designing effective interventions to motivate CRC screening in persons at increased risk when individual elements of the model are considered. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pleistocene Pingo in the Central Part of the East European Plain
Authors: Makkaveyev A. N. , Bronguleev V. Vad. , Karavaev V. A.
Published: July 2015

Several rimmed depressions of different size, filled with lakes or bogs, occur within the glaciofluvial lowlands of the Moscow region, in the central part of the East European Plain. One such depression, at Krasnoye lake, has a diameter of 300 m and a maximal depth of 9 m. The rim is 2– 5 m high. The sedimentary deposits of the rim, observed in several pits, consist mostly of sand with inclusions of loamy sand, loam and clay. They have a lumpy structure with weak and irregular layering and are underlain by fluvial sand of the third terrace of the Moscow River with clear horizontal bedding. The rim deposits are interpreted to be of a slope type and probably formed due to slumping and washout from the slopes of a large pingo which existed here in the cold epoch of the Upper Pleistocene. The rims surrounding some other depressions in the Moscow region, however, have quite different structures, which suggests that their genesis may be different. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nano‐adhesion and friction of multi‐asperity contact: a molecular dynamics simulation study
Authors: Si Lina , Wang Xiaoli , Xie Guoxin , Sun Na
Published: July 2015

In our study, the contact and sliding processes between a flat plate and a substrate with multiple asperities are studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and how the number of asperities and asperity height influence the adhesion force and friction force are investigated thoroughly. The normal force versus the separation distance curve during contact processes is analyzed completely and from which the van der Waals (vdW) force (FvdW) and the adhesion force (Fadh) are obtained and compared with the Katainen model. The adhesion force and the friction force increase linearly as the increase of the number of asperities (i.e. real contact area) with same asperity height. With the identical number of asperities, the adhesion force and the friction force decrease with the increase of the asperity height at first. However the reductions of the adhesion force and the friction force become less obvious, when the asperity height is larger than a critical value (20 Å for our simulation parameters). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Thermodynamics Model for the Emergence of a Stripe‐like Binary SAM on a Nanoparticle Surface
Authors: Ge Xinwei , Ke Pu Chun , Davis Thomas P. , Ding Feng
Published: July 2015

It has been under debate if a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) with two immiscible ligands of different chain lengths and/or bulkiness can form a stripe‐like pattern on a nanoparticle (NP) surface. The entropic gain upon such pattern formation due to difference in chain lengths and/or bulkiness has been proposed as the driving force in literature. Using atomistic discrete molecular dynamics simulations it is shown that stripe‐like pattern could indeed emerge, but only for a subset of binary SAM systems. In addition to entropic contributions, the formation of a striped pattern also strongly depends upon interligand interactions governed by the physicochemical properties of the ligand constituents. Due to the interplay between entropy and enthalpy, a binary SAM system can be categorized into three different types depending on whether and under what condition a striped pattern can emerge. The results help clarify the ongoing debate and our proposed principle can aid in the engineering of novel binary SAMs on a NP surface.
The Ebola Disinfection Booth: Evaluation of an Enclosed Ultraviolet Light Booth for Disinfection of Contaminated Personal Protective Equipment Prior to Removal
Authors: Tomas Myreen E. , Cadnum Jennifer L. , Jencson Annette , Donskey Curtis J.
Published: July 2015

A portable booth designed to disinfect full-body coverage protective equipment before removal using ultraviolet-C radiation resulted in at least 3 log reductions in bacteriophage MS2 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus within 3 minutes. The booth could be useful for disinfection of contaminated protective equipment before removal during care of Ebola patients.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36(10):1226–1228
Religion, anti-slavery, and identity: Irish Presbyterians, the United States, and transatlantic evangelicalism, c.1820–1914
Authors: Holmes A. R.
Published: July 2015

Scholars have devoted much attention to the causes and consequences of Presbyterian emigration from Ulster to the thirteen colonies before 1776. This article moves beyond the eighteenth century to examine the continued religious links between Presbyterians in Ireland and the United States in the nineteenth century. It begins with an examination of the influence of evangelicalism on both sides of the Atlantic and how this promoted unity in denominational identity, missionary activity to convert Catholics, and revivalist religion during the first half of the century. Though Irish Presbyterians had great affection for their American co-religionists, they were not uncritical, and significant tensions did develop over slavery. The article then examines the religious character of Scotch-Irish or Ulster-Scots identity in the late nineteenth century, which was articulated in response to the alleged demoralising influence of large-scale Irish immigration during and after the Famine of the 1840s, the so-called Romanisation of Catholicism, and the threat of Home Rule in Ireland. The importance of identity politics should not obscure religious developments, and the article ends with a consideration of the origins and character of fundamentalism, perhaps one of the most important cultural connections between Protestants in Northern Ireland and the United States in the twentieth century.
Valla-Style Determinism and the Intellectual Background of Luther's De servo arbitrio
Authors: Kraal Anders
Published: July 2015

This paper argues that the Renaissance philosopher Lorenzo Valla's De libero arbitrio (1439) appears to anticipate Luther's De servo arbitrio (1525) on several key issues. This thesis was defended in the 1940s by the well-known Renaissance scholar Charles Trinkaus, who expressed regret over the fact that modern interpreters of Valla's dialogue had “failed to see its connection with the Reformation.” As we shall see further on, however, Trinkaus's position does not seem to have had much impact on the subsequent literature.
Detecting Audience Costs in International Disputes
Authors: Kurizaki Shuhei , Whang Taehee
Published: July 2015

Selection effects in crisis bargaining make it difficult to directly measure audience costs because state leaders have an incentive to avoid incurring audience costs. We overcome this inferential problem of selection bias by using a structural statistical model. This approach allows us to estimate the size of audience costs, both incurred and not incurred, in international crises. We show that although audience costs exist for state leaders of various regime types, democratic leaders face larger audience costs than nondemocratic leaders do. Audience costs can be so large that war might be preferable to concessions, especially for leaders of highly democratic states. Audience costs also increase a state's bargaining leverage in crises because the target state is more likely to acquiesce if the challenge carries larger audience costs. We also find evidence that audience costs generate selection effects.
Isotopic niche of two coastal dolphins in a tropical marine area: specific and age class comparisons
Authors: Di Beneditto Ana Paula Madeira , Monteiro Leandro Rabello
Published: July 2015

Niche differentiation is the process by which species evolve different forms of resource use, and is used to explain the co-occurrence in a variety of habitats. The Bayesian framework of isotopic niche through quantitative niche metrics was applied to estimate and compare the niche breadth of two sympatric coastal dolphinsPontoporia blainvilleiandSotalia guianensisin a tropical marine area. The standard ellipse areas (SEAs) based on species were quite similar, but the SEAs based on age class showed that the matures’ niche space is larger than the immatures’ for both dolphins. A probabilistic comparison of SEAs indicated that specific differences are negligible compared with age class differences. Trophic level measures (δ15N range) indicated that the dolphins are comparable as top predators, and that immature specimens have a lower range of trophic levels than mature ones. In terms of variability of food sources (δ13C range),S. guianensisshowed a larger value thanP. blainvilleiand mature specimens had larger δ13C range than immatures for both species. In general,P. blainvilleiandS. guianensiswere similar in the niche metrics, with SEAs overlap of 52.1 and 39.7%. The immature specimens showed reduced isotopic niche overlap between species (<3%). In conclusion,Pontoporia blainvilleiandS. guianensisspecimens have similar isotopic niches, but pronounced differences between immature and mature specimens, both intraspecific and interspecific. Isotopic niche and quantitative metrics along with previous data on stomach contents provide a strong representation of species niche and their relationships.
Cognition does not affect perception: Evaluating the evidence for “top-down” effects
Authors: Firestone Chaz , Scholl Brian J.
Published: July 2015

What determines what we see? In contrast to the traditional “modular” understanding of perception, according to which visual processing is encapsulated from higher-level cognition, a tidal wave of recent research alleges that states such as beliefs, desires, emotions, motivations, intentions, and linguistic representations exert direct, top-down influences on what we see. There is a growing consensus that such effects are ubiquitous, and that the distinction between perception and cognition may itself be unsustainable. We argue otherwise: None of these hundreds of studies – either individually or collectively – provides compelling evidence for true top-down effects on perception, or “cognitive penetrability.” In particular, and despite their variety, we suggest that these studies all fall prey to only a handful of pitfalls. And whereas abstract theoretical challenges have failed to resolve this debate in the past, our presentation of these pitfalls is empirically anchored: In each case, we show not only how certain studies could be susceptible to the pitfall (in principle), but also how several alleged top-down effects actually are explained by the pitfall (in practice). Moreover, these pitfalls are perfectly general, with each applying to dozens of other top-down effects. We conclude by extracting the lessons provided by these pitfalls into a checklist that future work could use to convincingly demonstrate top-down effects on visual perception. The discovery of substantive top-down effects of cognition on perception would revolutionize our understanding of how the mind is organized; but without addressing these pitfalls, no such empirical report will license such exciting conclusions.
Effects of experience with L2 and music on rhythmic grouping by French listeners
Authors: BOLL-AVETISYAN NATALIE , BHATARA ANJALI , UNGER ANNIKA , NAZZI THIERRY , HÖHLE BARBARA
Published: July 2015

Rhythm perception is assumed to be guided by a domain-general auditory principle, the Iambic/Trochaic Law, stating that sounds varying in intensity are grouped as strong-weak, and sounds varying in duration are grouped as weak-strong. Recently, Bhatara et al. (2013) showed that rhythmic grouping is influenced by native language experience, French listeners having weaker grouping preferences than German listeners. This study explores whether L2 knowledge and musical experience also affect rhythmic grouping. In a grouping task, French late learners of German listened to sequences of coarticulated syllables varying in either intensity or duration. Data on their language and musical experience were obtained by a questionnaire. Mixed-effect model comparisons showed influences of musical experience as well as L2 input quality and quantity on grouping preferences. These results imply that adult French listeners’ sensitivity to rhythm can be enhanced through L2 and musical experience.