bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zinc oxide nanoparticles provide an adjuvant effect to ovalbumin via a Th2 response in Balb/c mice
Authors: Roy Ruchi , Kumar Sandeep , Verma Alok K. , Sharma Akanksha , Chaudhari Bhushan P. , Tripathi Anurag , Das Mukul , Dwivedi Premendra D.
Published: November 2013

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) have been used in dietary supplements and may cause an immunomodulatory effect. The present study investigated the effect of ZNPs on antigen-specific immune responses in mice sensitized with the T-cell-dependent antigen ovalbumin (OVA). BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally administered ZNPs (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 3mg) once, in combination with OVA, and the serum antibodies, splenocyte reactivity and activation of antigen-presenting cells were examined. The serum levels of OVA-specific IgG1 and IgE were found significantly enhanced by treatment with ZNPs over control. An increased level of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17 and decreased level of IL-10 and TNF-α in splenocytes administered with ZNPs were observed in comparison with control. The ZNPs and OVA-stimulated T lymphocytes showed enhanced proliferation compared with control. Macrophages and B cells showed high expression of MHC class II, whereas higher expression of CD11b in macrophages of the ZNPs and ZNPs/OVA treated groups was observed. The lungs and spleen had increased eosinophils and mast cell numbers. Also, myeloperoxidase activity in lungs was found to be increased by 2.5-fold in the case of ZNPs and 3.75-fold increase in ZNPs/OVA, whereas in intestine, there was significant increase in both the groups. Increased expression of the genes for GATA-3, SOCS-3, TLR-4, IL-13 and IL-5 in the intestine was observed. Collectively, these data indicate that systemic exposure to a single administration of ZNPs could enhance subsequent antigen-specific immune reactions, including the serum production of antigen-specific antibodies, and the functionality of T cells.
Autoantibody and Human Leukocyte Antigen Profiles in Children With Autoimmune Liver Disease and Their First‐Degree Relatives
Authors: Wang Pengyun , Su Haibin , Underhill James , Blackmore Laura J. , Longhi Maria Serena , Grammatikopoulos Tassos , Okokon Elizabeth Veronica , Davies Edward T. , Vergani Diego , Mieli‐Vergani Giorgina , Ma Yun
Published: November 2013

Objective:

Familial clustering of juvenile autoimmune liver disease (AILD), including autoimmune hepatitis and autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC), is rare, despite a high prevalence of autoimmune disorders in AILD families.

Methods:

To investigate this discrepancy, we measured autoantibodies diagnostic for AILD, anti‐nuclear, anti‐smooth muscle, anti‐liver kidney microsomal type 1, anti‐liver cytosol type 1, and anti‐soluble liver antigen antibodies, and human leukocyte antigen profiles in 31 patients and 65 of their first‐degree relatives (FDR). The autoantibody profile was compared with that of 42 healthy subjects (HS).

Results:

Autoantibodies were detected in 71% (22/31) patients. Anti‐nuclear antibody or anti‐smooth muscle antibody were present in 4/65 FDR (6.2%). HS were negative for all autoantibodies. The frequencies of homozygous HLA DRB1*0301 (DR3) genes and haplotype A1‐B8‐DR3 were higher in the patients (25% and 43%) than in FDR (9% and 27%) and HS (0% and 16%). The frequencies of disease‐protective genes DR4 and/or DR15 were lower in the patients (25%) than in FDR (42%) and HS (42%). Only 1 family contained 2 patients with AILD, 1 with ASC and 1 with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Both patients possessed A1‐B8‐DR3 genes, the ASC being homozygous and the primary sclerosing cholangitis heterozygous. Six FDR had nonhepatic autoimmune disorders, none being autoantibody positive.

Conclusions:

Homozygosity for DR3 plays a major role in the predisposition to juvenile AILD. Diagnostic autoantibodies for AILD are rare among patients' FDR and not linked to clinical manifestation of AILD.
Insight into the HIV-1 Vif SOCS-box–ElonginBC interaction
Authors: Lu Zhisheng , Bergeron Julien R. C. , Atkinson R. Andrew , Schaller Torsten , Veselkov Dennis A. , Oregioni Alain , Yang Yi , Matthews Stephen J. , Malim Michael H. , Sanderson Mark R.
Published: November 2013

The HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (Vif) neutralizes cell-encoded antiviral APOBEC3 proteins by recruiting a cellular ElonginB (EloB)/ElonginC (EloC)/Cullin5-containing ubiquitin ligase complex, resulting in APOBEC3 ubiquitination and proteolysis. The suppressors-of-cytokine-signalling-like domain (SOCS-box) of HIV-1 Vif is essential for E3 ligase engagement, and contains a BC box as well as an unusual proline-rich motif. Here, we report the NMR solution structure of the Vif SOCS–ElonginBC (EloBC) complex. In contrast to SOCS-boxes described in other proteins, the HIV-1 Vif SOCS-box contains only one α-helical domain followed by a β-sheet fold. The SOCS-box of Vif binds primarily to EloC by hydrophobic interactions. The functionally essential proline-rich motif mediates a direct but weak interaction with residues 101–104 of EloB, inducing a conformational change from an unstructured state to a structured state. The structure of the complex and biophysical studies provide detailed insight into the function of Vif's proline-rich motif and reveal novel dynamic information on the Vif–EloBC interaction.
Pathology caused by persistent murine norovirus infection
Authors: Shortland Amita , Chettle James , Archer Joy , Wood Kathryn , Bailey Dalan , Goodfellow Ian , Blacklaws Barbara A. , Heeney Jonathan L.
Published: November 2013

Subclinical infection of murine norovirus (MNV) was detected in a mixed breeding group of WT and Stat1
−/− mice with no outward evidence of morbidity or mortality. Investigations revealed the presence of an attenuated MNV variant that did not cause cytopathic effects in RAW264.7 cells or death in Stat1
−/− mice. Histopathological analysis of tissues from WT, heterozygous and Stat1
−/− mice revealed a surprising spectrum of lesions. An infectious molecular clone was derived directly from faeces (MNV-O7) and the sequence analysis confirmed it was a member of norovirus genogroup V. Experimental infection with MNV-O7 induced a subclinical infection with no weight loss in Stat1
−/− or WT mice, and recapitulated the clinical and pathological picture of the naturally infected colony. Unexpectedly, by day 54 post-infection, 50 % of Stat1
−/− mice had cleared MNV-O7. In contrast, all WT mice remained infected persistently. Most significantly, this was associated with liver lesions in all the subclinically infected WT mice. These data confirmed that long-term persistence in WT mice is established with specific variants of MNV and that despite a subclinical presentation, active foci of acute inflammation persist within the liver. The data also showed that STAT1-dependent responses are not required to protect mice from lethal infection with all strains of MNV.
Co nanocrystals in amorphous multilayers – a structure study
Authors: Bernstorff Sigrid , Holý Václav , Endres Jan , Valeš Václav , Sobota Jaroslav , Siketić Zdravko , Bogdanović-Radović Iva , Buljan Maja , Dražić Goran
Published: November 2013

The structure of magnetron-sputtered Co/SiO2multilayers has been investigated using grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and ion scattering techniques. A theoretical description of diffuse X-ray scattering from three-dimensional self-assembled ensembles of nanoparticles is also presented. The data revealed that Co-rich nanoparticles self-organize in a three-dimensional lattice and a dependence of the lattice parameters as well as the mean particle size on the nominal layer thickness was observed. Originally amorphous Co-rich layers crystallize readily during deposition, creating both pure Co and Co oxide particles. The results presented are important for controlled production and reliable characterization of metallic nanoparticles in solid amorphous matrices, aiming to obtain a well ordered monodisperse ensemble of nanoparticles.
A compact high-resolution X-ray powder diffractometer
Authors: Fewster Paul F. , Trout David R. D.
Published: November 2013

A new powder diffractometer operating in transmission mode is described. It can work as a rapid very compact instrument or as a high-resolution instrument, and the sample preparation is simplified. The incident beam optics create pure CuKα1radiation, giving rise to peak widths of ∼0.1° in 2θ in compact form with a sample-to-detector minimum radius of 55 mm, reducing to peak widths of <0.05° in high-resolution mode by increasing the detector radius to 240 mm. The resolution of the diffractometer is shown to be governed by a complex mixture of angular divergence, sample size, diffraction effects and the dimensions of the detector pixels. The data can be collected instantaneously, which combined with trivial sample preparation and no sample alignment, makes it a suitable method for very rapid phase identification. As the detector is moved further from the sample, the angular step from the pixel dimension is reduced and the resolution improves significantly for very detailed studies, including structure determination and analysis of the microstructure. The advantage of this geometry is that the resolution of the diffractometer can be calculated precisely and the instrumental artefacts can be analysed easily without a sample present. The performance is demonstrated with LaB6and paracetamol, and a critical appraisal of the uncertainties in the measurements is presented. The instantaneous data collection offers possibilities in dynamic experiments.
Characterization of salt interferences in second-harmonic generation detection of protein crystals
Authors: Closser R. G. , Gualtieri E. J. , Newman J. A. , Simpson G. J.
Published: November 2013

Studies were undertaken to assess the merits and limitations of second-harmonic generation (SHG) for the selective detection of protein and polypeptide crystal formation, focusing on the potential for false positives from SHG-active salts present in crystallization media. The SHG activities of salts commonly used in protein crystallization were measured and quantitatively compared with reference samples. Out of 19 salts investigated, six produced significant background SHG and 15 of the 96 wells of a sparse-matrix screen produced SHG upon solvent evaporation. SHG-active salts include phosphates, hydrated sulfates, formates and tartrates, while chlorides, acetates and anhydrous sulfates resulted in no detectable SHG activity. The identified SHG-active salts produced a range of signal intensities spanning nearly three orders of magnitude. However, even the weakest SHG-active salt produced signals that were several orders of magnitude greater than those produced by typical protein crystals. In general, SHG-active salts were identifiable through characteristically strong SHG and negligible two-photon-excited ultraviolet fluorescence (TPE-UVF). Exceptions included trials containing either potassium dihydrogen phosphate or ammonium formate, which produced particularly strong SHG, but with residual weak TPE-UVF signals that could potentially complicate discrimination in crystallization experiments using these precipitants.
Doing Something ‘Worthwhile’: Intersubjectivity and Morality in Gap Year Narratives
Authors: Snee Helene
Published: November 2013

Gap years are often put forward as an opportunity to engage in individualized, reflexive, identity work. In contrast to this position, I draw upon a qualitative analysis of young people's travel blogs to highlight the tendency for gap year narratives to stick to standard scripts. Four key narratives frame gap years, which centre on making the most of time to do something worthwhile. I explore issues of intersubjectivity in the representation of gap year experiences, in terms of tacit consensus, moral boundary-drawing and reflexivity prompted by dialogue. Considering intersubjectivity in such accounts can add to our understanding of critical reflection in self-development strategies without resorting to the voluntarism of a reflexive model of identity. It also provides a critique of the individualized responsibility placed on young people to make the right choices.
A New Wollstonecraft: The Reception of the Vindication of the Rights of Woman and of The Wrongs of Woman in Revolutionary France
Authors: BOUR ISABELLE
Published: November 2013

This article examines five previously unknown French reviews of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and of The Wrongs of Woman, by Mary Wollstonecraft, published in the 1790s. It contrasts the French and the English reception after discussing Wollstonecraft's life in Paris, which helps understand the way her works were assessed. It also looks at the French appraisal of some of Wollstonecraft's contemporaries, especially Ann Radcliffe and Charlotte Smith, to bring out the specificity of the reception of Wollstonecraft's works.
Flow cytometric identification of 76 patients with biclonal disease among 5523 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B‐CLL) and its genetic characterization
Authors: Kern Wolfgang , Bacher Ulrike , Schnittger Susanne , Dicker Frank , Alpermann Tamara , Haferlach Torsten , Haferlach Claudia
Published: November 2013

Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) identifies rare cases of biclonal disease in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). By MFC, we identified 76 patients with biclonal disease in a cohort of 5523 CLL patients (1·4%). Fluorescence in situ hybridization and chromosome banding analysis revealed five and six cases, respectively, with two different cytogenetic aberrations due to clonal evolution. Two different B‐cell receptor rearrangements and IGHV subtypes were more frequent in biclonal than in monoclonal CLL by MFC (37·1% vs. 2·7%; P < 0·001). Patients with biclonal CLL by MFC showed a trend to a shorter time to treatment than monoclonal CLL (P = 0·080).
International migration, transfer of norms and home country fertility
Authors: Beine Michel , Docquier Frédéric , Schiff Maurice
Published: November 2013

This paper examines the relationship between international migration and source country fertility. The impact of international migration on source country fertility may have a number of causes, including a transfer of destination countries' fertility norms. We provide a rigorous test of the diffusion of fertility norms using highly detailed original data on migration. Our results provide evidence of a significant transfer of destination countries' fertility norms from migrants to their country of origin: a 1% decrease (increase) in the fertility norm to which migrants are exposed reduces (raises) home country fertility by about 0.3%. JEL classification: J13, J61, O11
Development of a satisfaction scale for young people attending youth mental health services
Authors: Simmons Magenta B. , Parker Alexandra G. , Hetrick Sarah E. , Telford Nic , Bailey Alan , Rickwood Debra
Published: November 2013

Aims

This study aimed to develop a comprehensive measurement tool for assessing client satisfaction at a youth mental health service.

Methods

We developed a scale based on existing scale items and by generating new items, before undertaking revisions and item reduction in consultation with an expert panel composed of researchers, clinicians and consumer representatives. This draft scale was then pilot tested in seven enhanced primary care youth mental health services across Australia.

Results

A total of 215 respondents completed the scale. Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.953) demonstrated excellent internal consistency, and exploratory factor analysis suggested that the scale measures a global construct of satisfaction.

Conclusions

Through a rigorous and participatory process involving key experts, service providers and service users, this study has resulted in the development of a scale that can appropriately measure the level of user satisfaction with youth‐friendly early intervention services.
Migrant background and ethnic minority status as predictors for duration of untreated psychosis
Authors: Nerhus Mari , Berg Akiah Ottesen , Haram Marit , Kvitland Levi Røstad , Andreassen Ole Andreas , Melle Ingrid
Published: November 2013

Aim

The aim of the study was to explore if patients with migration and/or ethnic minority background have longer duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) than patients from the reference population, and in case to what extent this was best explained by ethnic minority status or migration background, including age at migration.

Methods

Four hundred sixty‐two first‐episode patients were included. The Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Axis I Disorders was used for diagnostic purposes. Patients were interviewed about migration history and ethnicity using structured questionnaires.

Results

Being part of an ethnic minority group had a trend‐level significance, and migration after the age of 6 had a statistically significant association with prolonged DUP.

Conclusions

Age at migration has a moderate, but statistically significant effect on DUP. The findings indicate migrating after school start is associated with a longer DUP in immigrant populations.
Expression of sarcoplasmic‐endoplasmic reticulum Ca‐ATPase isoforms in masticatory muscles
Authors: Sánchez Gabriel A. , Trinks Pablo W. , Richard Susana B. , Di Croce Daniel E. , Takara Delia
Published: November 2013

The aim of this study was to characterize the sarcoplasmic‐endoplasmic reticulum Ca‐ATPase (SERCA) isoforms in rabbit masticatory muscles compared with those in fast‐twitch muscle. It was hypothesized that combined expression of the SERCA isoforms in fast‐ and slow‐twitch muscles accounts for lower Ca‐ATPase activity. SERCA was isolated by differential centrifugation, the isoforms were determined by ELISA, and the activity of each isoform was measured using a colorimetric method. Activity was tested for significance by anova, and the distribution of isoforms was assessed using the chi‐square test (P < 0.05) and correlated to SERCA activity using Spearman's rank correlation. SERCA1 was predominant (90.5%) in fast‐twitch muscle, whereas a mixture of SERCA isoforms was found in masticatory muscles: 62–78% was SERCA2, 20–37% was SERCA1, and the SERCA3 content was negligible. Depressor muscles showed a significantly higher content (77.8%) of SERCA2, and elevator muscles showed a higher content (35.4%) of SERCA1. Elevator muscles showed higher expression of SERCA2a (58%), and depressor muscles showed higher expression of SERCA2b (20%). The SERCA1 content was mainly SERCA1a and significantly higher for elevator muscles (33%), whereas depressor muscles showed a higher content of SERCA1b (4%). The SERCA1 content of fast‐twitch muscle was mainly SERCA1a (88.5%). It is concluded that the mixture of different SERCA isoforms, along with a substantial content of SERCA2b, in masticatory muscles would support lower Ca‐ATPase activity and calcium transport.
Physically Based Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment Using Sensitivity Analysis Methods
Authors: Beaujean Jean , Lemieux Jean‐Michel , Dassargues Alain , Therrien René , Brouyère Serge
Published: November 2013

A general physically based method is presented to assess the vulnerability of groundwater to external pressures by numerical simulation of groundwater flow. The concept of groundwater vulnerability assessment considered here is based on the calculation of sensitivity coefficients for a user‐defined groundwater state for which we propose several physically based indicators. Two sensitivity analysis methods are presented: the sensitivity equation method and the adjoint operator method. We show how careful selection of a method can significantly minimize the computational effort. An illustration of the general methodology is presented for the Herten aquifer analog (Germany). This application to a simple, yet insightful, case demonstrates the potential use of this general and physically based vulnerability assessment method to complex aquifers.
Expression of insulin/insulin‐like signalling and TOR pathway genes in honey bee caste determination
Authors: Wheeler D. E. , Buck N. A. , Evans J. D.
Published: November 2013

The development of queen and worker castes in honey bees is induced by differential nutrition, with future queens and workers receiving diets that are qualitatively and quantitatively different. We monitored the gene expression of 14 genes for components of the insulin/insulin‐like signalling and TOR pathways in honey bee larvae from 40–88 h after hatching. We compared normally fed queen and normally fed worker larvae and found that three genes showed expression differences in 40‐h‐old larvae. Genes that show such early differences in expression may be part of the mechanism that transduces nutrition level into a hormone signal. We then compared changes in expression after shifts in diet with those in normally developing queens and workers. Following a shift to the worker diet, the expression of 9/14 genes was upregulated in comparison with queens. Following a shift to the queen diet, expression of only one gene changed. The honey bee responses may function together as a homeostatic mechanism buffering larvae from caste‐disrupting variation in nutrition. The different responses would be part of the canalization of both the queen and worker developmental pathways, and as such, a signature of advanced sociality.
Replication of avian influenza viruses in equine tracheal epithelium but not in horses
Authors: Chambers Thomas M. , Balasuriya Udeni B. R. , Reedy Stephanie E. , Tiwari Ashish
Published: November 2013

We evaluated a hypothesis that horses are susceptible to avian influenza viruses byin vitrotesting, using explanted equine tracheal epithelial cultures, andin vivotesting by aerosol inoculation of ponies. Results showed that several subtypes of avian influenza viruses detectably replicatedin vitro. Three viruses with highin vitroreplication competence were administered to ponies. None of the three demonstrably replicated or caused disease signs in ponies. While these results do not exhaustively test our hypothesis, they do highlight that the tracheal explant culture system is a poor predictor ofin vivoinfectivity.
Swine influenza virus vaccine serologic cross‐reactivity to contemporary US swine H3N2 and efficacy in pigs infected with an H3N2 similar to 2011–2012 H3N2v
Authors: Kitikoon Pravina , Gauger Phillip C. , Anderson Tavis K. , Culhane Marie R. , Swenson Sabrina , Loving Crystal L. , Perez Daniel R. , Vincent Amy L.
Published: November 2013

Background

Swine influenza A virus (IAV) reassortment with 2009 H1N1 pandemic (H1N1pdm09) virus has been documented, and new genotypes and subclusters of H3N2 have since expanded in the US swine population. An H3N2 variant (H3N2v) virus with the H1N1pdm09 matrix gene and the remaining genes of swine triple reassortant H3N2 caused outbreaks at agricultural fairs in 2011–2012.

Methods

To assess commercial swine IAV vaccines' efficacy against H3N2 viruses, including those similar to H3N2v, antisera to three vaccines were tested by hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) assay against contemporary H3N2. Vaccine 1, with high HI cross‐reactivity, was further investigated for efficacy against H3N2 virus infection in pigs with or without maternally derived antibodies (MDA). In addition, efficacy of a vaccine derived from whole inactivated virus (WIV) was compared with live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) against H3N2.

Results

Hemagglutinin inhibition cross‐reactivity demonstrated that contemporary swine H3N2 viruses have drifted from viruses in current swine IAV vaccines. The vaccine with the highest level of HI cross‐reactivity significantly protected pigs without MDA. However, the presence of MDA at vaccination blocked vaccine efficacy. The performance of WIV and LAIV was comparable in the absence of MDA.

Conclusions

Swine IAV in the United States is complex and dynamic. Vaccination to minimize virus shedding can help limit transmission of virus among pigs and people. However, vaccines must be updated. A critical review of the use of WIV in sows is required in the context of the current IAV ecology and vaccine application in pigs with MDA.
Epidemiological and virological investigations of equine influenza outbreaks in Ireland (2010–2012)
Authors: Gildea Sarah , Fitzpatrick David A. , Cullinane Ann
Published: November 2013

Background

Outbreaks of equine influenza (EI) in endemic populations cause disruption and economic loss.

Objectives

To identify (i) factors involved in the spread of EI (ii) virus strains responsible for outbreaks (iii) single radial haemolysis (SRH) antibody levels correlating with protection against current virus strains (iv) evidence of vaccination breakdown.

Methods

RT‐PCR, virus isolation and SRH were carried out on nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples collected from horses, ponies and donkeys on affected premises. Data relating to 629 samples from 135 equidae were analysed.

Results and conclusions

Outbreaks were sporadic, self limiting and associated with the movement of horses. Vaccination status and age influenced clinical signs of disease while housing and fomites contributed to virus spread. Subclinical infection as defined as a horse which tested positive by one or more of the following; RT‐PCR, virus isolation and seroconversion in the absence of clinical signs, was identified in 9% of animals. Of the horses with up to date vaccination records 32% developed clinical signs. Vaccine breakdown occurred among horses vaccinated with all four commercially available vaccines. Analysis of HA1 sequence data generated for 26 viruses indicated that they all belonged to clade 2 of the Florida sublineage. Higher SRH antibody levels were required for both clinical and virological protection than reported in studies where vaccine strains were antigenically and genetically similar to those circulating in the field. The results of this study therefore support the OIE recommendations that vaccines be updated to include representatives of both clades of the Florida sublineage.
A Re‐evaluation of the Skin Test of Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihito
Published: November 2013

To increase the reliability of the skin test of herpes simplex virus, procedures in the preparation of soluble antigen from virus‐infected chorioallantoic membrane of hen eggs were standardized. The product was stored in a lyophilized state for less than three months before tests, and the antigen after reconstitution was used at a constant concentraion in terms of units of complement‐fixing antigen, i.e. 2 units per 0.1 ml. A total of 220 individuals, who were normal healthy persons or patients with non‐herpetic diseases, were tested with the antigen and simultaneously bled for the purpose of serological tests. A good correlation was found between the result of the skin test, which was determined by the size of erythema read 2 days following inoculation, and the titer of complement‐fixing antibody, with the exception of a minority of the persons whose skin reaction to the above antigen was obscured by appearance of nonspecific reaction. Neutralizing antibody titers also paralleled the results of the above two tests.
An Outbreak of Pharyngoconjunctival Fever due to Adenovirus Type 3
Authors: Kawana Rinji , Kaneko Masam , Matsumoto Ichiro , Yoshida Shinji , Kawashima Kiyoshi , Obara Keigo
Published: November 2013

An epidemic of pharyngoconjunctival fever due to adenovirus type 3 occurred among children in a primary school in Japan during summer months of 1964. The etiologic diagnosis of the epidemic was readily made by virus isolation and serologic tests on patients. Adenovirus type 3 was isolated in HeLa cell cultures from 55% of 52 patients, and serologic evidence for type 3 virus infection was obtained in 93% of 54 patients which were tested for complement‐fixing, neutralizing, and hemagglutination‐inhibiting antibodies. The HI test was found to be as useful in the serologic diagnosis of the serotype as the NT test. It is evident that for the routine use, the HI test is more advantageous than NT test as the latter is more laborious and time consuming. The fact that a strain recovered in this epidemic gave higher HI titers than the prototype strain, when used as the antigen in HI tests with sera of patients in this epidemic indicates the desirability of selecting an appropriate virus strain for preparation of the antigen for HI test in serological diagnosis of patients.
Infection of Cattle with Parainfluenza 3 Virus with Special Reference to Udder Infection
Authors: Kawakami Yoshimi , Kaji Takashi , Kume Tsuneo , Omuro Mamoru , Hiramune Takashi , Murase Nobuo , Matumoto Minoru
Published: November 2013

Thirty‐seven strains of parainfluenza 3 virus were isolated on bovine kidney cell cultures from Japanese cattle in herds suffering from acute respiratory illness. This finding, together with the clinical and epidemiologic observations and the results of a serologic survey, indicates that in Japan, as in the United States and other countries, this virus is one of the important causes of acute respiratory disease in cattle. A significant finding in the present study is that virus was recovered from milk as well as from nasal secretions. This finding suggests an important role for milk, along with nasal discharges, in disseminating the virus among cattle. In addition, the recovery of virus from milk presents a new problem concerning this infection in cattle, in particular, the potential role of this virus in the pathogenesis of mastitis.
Infection of Cattle with Parainfluenza 3 Virus with Special Reference to Udder Infection
Authors: Kawakami Yoshimi , Kaji Takashi , Omuro Mamoru , Maruyama Yasokazu , Hiramune Takashi , Murase Nobuo , Matumoto Minoru
Published: November 2013

In the previous study, parainfluenza 3 virus was isolated not only from nasal secretions but also from the milk of naturally infected cows. In the present study it was confirmed that the virus isolated by us is similar in its pathogenicity for cattle as the bovine strains of this virus previously reported. In view of the fact that the virus was isolated from milk, the virus was inoculated directly into the udders of lactating cows. The infected cows showed the same respiratory symptoms as well as the symptoms of fever, malaise, anorexia, diarrhea and leukopenia as observed in cattle infected by other routes of inoculation. The affected udders developed swelling and induration, and milk from these glands showed coagulation, color change, and increased pH and cell count. The milk contained increased numbers of glandular epithelial cells, mature and young neutrophils and monocytes. Virus was excreted in large amounts in milk from the quarters inoculated with virus. However, many of the uninoculated quarters also excreted virus in milk, but in smaller amounts. Virus was recovered from blood and nasal discharges of infected cows. Antibodies were produced in the infected cows and were excreted in milk. These findings, together with the clinical observations and the results of virus isolation from milk in natural cases, indicate that, in natural infection of cows with this virus, udder infection occurs frequently, but seldom results in overt clinical mastitis. However, the role and significance of the virus in the pathogenesis of mastitis should be further investigated.
Occurrence of Acute Upper Respiratory Diseases among Children as a Result of Infection by Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Yazaki Shigeyoshi
Published: November 2013

One hundred and twenty‐one children showing symptoms of acute upper respiratory disease were bled during a period of nine months, from winter to summer, for detection of complement‐requiring neutralizing (CRN) antibody against herpes simplex virus. Six of the cases, all from children under the age of 13 years, were unequivocally related to herpetic infection as evidenced by the presence of anti‐herpes CRN antibody. During the same period, 144 other children who were normal healthy or suffering from unrelated non‐febrile diseases were tested as controls; anti‐herpes CRN antibody was not detected in any of them. Further, the age distribution of individuals with antibodies was compared between patients in the acute upper respiratory disease group and the control group. This analysis showed that approximately 5 to 7% of the acute upper respiratory diseases in the young children in this study would be attributed to herpetic infection.
Bovine Diarrhea Virus
Authors: Inaba Yuji , Tanaka Yoshio , Kumagai Tetuo , Omori Tuneyoshi , Ito Hiroshi , Matumoto Minora
Published: November 2013

Marked cytopathic changes were induced by challenge with Newcastle disease (ND) virus in bovine testicle or kidney cell cultures which were previously infected with non‐cytopathogenic strains of bovine diarrhea (BD) virus. No cytopathic changes were induced by ND virus in similar cells not infected with BD virus. The development of cytopathic effect was shown to be associated with enhancement of ND virus replication. This exalting effect of BD virus appears to be dependent on infectivity, since the effect was inhibited when infection of the cells with BD virus was blocked by specific antiserum. Various factors involved in the phenomenon were investigated and an in vitro method (END) for the assay of BD virus and its antibodies was developed. The use of this method eliminates the difficulties in recognizing non‐cytopathogenic strains of BD virus which hampered systematic investigations of the nature and behavior of BD virus as well as of the natural history and pathogenesis of the infection in cattle.
Immunochemical and Biochemical Studies of Fungi
Authors: Sakaguchi Osamu , Yokota Katushi , Suzuki Masuko
Published: November 2013

Polysaccharides were separated from mycelia and culture filtrates of the filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum, and purified by column chromatography on Sephadex G‐50, DEAE‐ and CM‐cellulose, successively. No nitrogen and phosphorus were detected in the polymer, and the sugar components were observed to be galactose and mannose. The polysaccharides were confirmed to be galactomannans which were easily hydrolyzed by weak acid, liberating galactofuranose and oligosugar in dialyzable fractions.
Electron Microscopic Observations of the Cells Infected with Varicella‐Zoster Virus
Authors: Tawara Jutaro , Ogiwara Hiroshi
Published: November 2013

The pathomorphological changes and the multiplication process of varicella‐zoster virus was studied in VERO cells infected with this virus isolated from the vesicle contents of varicella patient by Ogiwara and Nakamura [4]. The light microscopic observation of the virus infected VERO cell sheets showed at first the localized groups of cells which were round in shape and reflected the light strongly. These localized pathological changes gradually extended to the neighboring cells and finally such changes could be seen practically in the cells of the entire sheet. In the electron microscopic observation, the site where the pathological changes by varicella‐zoster virus infection observed at first in the cell was the inside of the nucleus. Namely, the core particles of 70–90 mμ in diameter were made in the nucleus. And these core particles passed through the inner nuclear membrane, and then these particles in the vesicle of the outer nuclear membrane moved into the cytoplasm. The capsids of virus particles measured 90–110 mμ in diameter were made on the outside of core in the cytoplasm, and the thick membrane of the electron dense substances measured 190–220 mμ in diameter enveloped the virus particles with capsids. This membrane is one part of the envelope of virus particle. The mature virus particles are released from the host cell through the cell wall to the outside of the cell.
Studies on the Antigenic Activities of Yeasts
Authors: Suzuki Shigeo , Sunayama Hiroyoshi
Published: November 2013

The antigenic mannan of Candida albicans was degraded by acid‐hydrolysis and the resultant oligosaecharides were fractionated by a carbon‐Celite and a subsequent cellulose‐powder chromatography to yield four oligosaecharides, pentaose, hexaose, heptaose and octaose, which involved 2,6‐di‐0‐ and 6‐0‐substituted mannopyranosyl residues as the common. feature. These oligosaccharides showed lower precipitation‐inhibition activity than that of the hexaose of acetolysate, the strongest inhibitor among the oligosaccharides described in the preceding study. The order of inhibitory powers of oligosaccharides was as follows: hexaose of acetolysate>heptaose>pentaosez=octaose>hexaose. The μmoles requiring for 50%‐inhibition were 0.025, 0.15, 0.20, 0.20 and 0.50 respectively. The results clearly indicate that the determinant groups of the mannan of C. albicans employed this study are the hexaose moieties which constitute the branching parts of polysaccharide.
Bovine Epizootic Fever
Authors: Inaba Yuji , Tanaka Yoshio , Sato Kunihiko , Ito Hiroshi , Omori Tuneyoshi , Matumoto Minoru
Published: November 2013

The Yamaguchi strain exhibited a rapid loss of pathogenicity for calves upon serial passage in suckling hamsters, suckling mice and hamster kidney BHK21‐WI2 cells. Calves developed clinical symptoms after intravenous inoculation with the virus up to the fourth passage in suckling hamsters, the third passage in suckling mice, and the seventh or eighth passage in cell cultures, while the virus further passaged did not induce any clinical illness. Almost at the same time the virus lost the ability to produce antibody and resistance to challenge with virulent virus. The attenuated virus only stimulated production of antibody and immunity to virulent virus after repeated inoculations. These findings provide additional evidence for the similarity of bovine epizootic fever to bovine ephemeral fever.
Formation of Transferable Drug Resistance Factor by Recombination between Resistance Determinants and Transfer Factors
Authors: Kameda Mitsuo , Harada Kenji , Suzuki Mitsue , Mitsuhashi Susumu
Published: November 2013

Nontransferable drug resistance was acquired by conjugal transmissibility when mixed cultivation was applied to many isolates of the Enterobacteriaceae. The genetic element able to confer transmissibility on nontransferable drug resistance, was henceforth termed the transfer (T) factor. Genetic studies showed that there are three mechanisms involved in the acquisition of transferability of otherwise nontransferable drug resistance; (1) transfer of the drug resistance determinant on chromosome along with the transfer of host chromosome by T factor, (2) transfer of the nontransferable R factor by complementation with T factor, (3) formation of recombinant between the T factor and the drug resistance (r) determinant. The recombinant Tr factor was transferred as a single unit by the conjugal process, and was capable of conferring drug resistance. It was transduced jointly with bacteriophage P1 as a single unit in Escherichia coli.
Chemical Composition of the Cell Walls of Clostridium botulinum Type A
Authors: Takumi Kenji , Kawata Tomio
Published: November 2013

Cell walls were isolated by sonic disruption of log‐phase cells of Clostridium botulinum type A strain 190L and purified by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) followed by digestion with proteases. Electron microscopy revealed that the cell walls thus obtained were free of both cytoplasmic membrane and cytoplasmic fragments. The purified cell wall contained 8.7% total nitrogen, 15.0% total hexosamines, 22.4% reducing groups, 8.3% carbohydrate, and 3.1% glucose. The content of total phosphorus was very low (0.02%), and therefore it was expected that teichoic acid might be absent in the cell wall. The wall peptidoglycan contained glutamic acid, alanine, diaminopimelic acid, glucosamine and muramic acid in the molar ratios of 1.00:1.85:0:85:1.06:0.67. A low amount of galactosamine was also present, but no other amino acids were found in significant quantities. The SDS‐treated cell walls were not attacked by lysozyme, but after extraction with hot formamide they were completely dissolved by the enzyme and released reducing groups. The lysozyme digest was separated into two constituents, the saccharide moiety and the peptide moiety on Sephadex G‐50.
Relationship between Mycobacterium and Nocardia
Authors: Tsukamura Michio
Published: November 2013

Numerical classification was carried out using a “hypothetical mean organism” and 11 species of the genus Mycobacterium and 6 species of the genus Nocardia. Statistical survey of the results indicated the presence of three taxonomic groups, the slowly growing mycobacteria, the rapidly growing mycobacteria and nocardiae. The present author had previously divided the genus Mycobacterium into two subgenera, Mycobacterium and Mycomycobacterium, which corresponded approximately to slowly growing mycobacteria and rapidly growing mycobacteria, respectively. In the numerical classification, these two subgenera behaved as if they were two genera. It was suggested thus that these two subgenera of genus Mycobacterium should be transferred to two genera. Beside morphological characters, three biochemical characters were shown to be useful for differentiating between rapidly growing mycobacteria and nocardiae: (1) A two‐week arylsulfatase activity; (2) Acid formation from mannose; (3) Utilization for growth of trimethylene diamine as a simultaneous nitrogen and carbon source.
Some Characters of Viruses Reconstituted with Components from Different Tobacco Mosaic Virus Strains
Authors: Goto Takao , Taniguchi Takeshi
Published: November 2013

Mixed reconstitution was performed using the components of tobacco mosaic virus‐ordinary strain (TMV‐OM) and bean strain (TMV‐B) under conditions of 0.1 m pH 7.3 sodium pyrophosphate at 30 C for 6–24 hr. The recoveries of the reconstituted viruses, TMV‐OM‐RNA+TMV‐B‐protein and TMV‐OM‐protein+TMV‐B‐RNA, were 1.5–26.6% and both the viruses were infectious. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of these 2 reconstituted viruses showed 2 peaks, both of which were infectious. The bottom peak sedimented near the position of the standard TMV, and its ratio of O.D.260mμ/O.D.280mμ was 1.22–1.29. The particles in this peak had the same length as that of the standard TMV. The top peak had the ratio of 1.28–1.41, and the length of particles in this peak were shorter than the standard TMV. The pattern of ECTEOLA‐cellulose column chromatography of the reconstituted virus was similar to that of standard TMV. Further, it was confirmed that the biological characters of the reconstituted particles were the same as those of the RNA‐donor TMV.
Chemotherapeutic Evaluation of Rifampicin to Experimental Bacillary Dysentery in Cynomolgus Monkeys
Authors: Osada Yasuaki , Nakajo Masayuki , Inaba Miyoshi , Une Tsutomu , Ogawa Hidemasa , Oshima Yasuo , Takasaka Masao , Honjo Shigeo , Imaizumi Kiyoshi
Published: November 2013

Chemotherapeutic effect of rifampicin (RFP) and kanamycin (KM) to bacillary dysentery was evaluated using cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected withShigella flexneri2a. Monkeys manifested typical symptoms of the disease after rectal administration of the bacilli. They were orally treated one or two days after challenge with a daily dose of 200 mg of RFP or KM per animal for five consecutive days. These monkeys were investigated clinically, bacteriologically and histopathologically. A more rapid improvement of the stools from a bloody mucous to a normal with disappearance of the bacilli in stools was observed in RFP treatment as compared with KM treatment. Reappearance of bacilli in the stools was observed from six to eight days after the last administration with KM. A more significant inhibitory effect with RFP was observed in penetration and multiplication of the bacilli within host epithelial cells than with KM. A greater part of the animals treated with KM revealed, as seen in non‐treated controls, catarrhalic colitis associated with penetration and multiplication of the bacilli in epithelial cells or in the lamina propria. However, no histological changes were observed in cases treated with RFP with the exception of one case with microfoci in the ileocecal valve.
A Taxonomic Study of Mycobacterium intracellulare Isolated from Swine
Authors: Tsukamura Michio , Nemoto Hisashi
Published: November 2013

Twenty‐five strains of mycobacteria, every strain taken from a different animal, were isolated from tuberculosis‐like lesions of the submandibular lymph node or the mesenteric lymph node of swine. Fifteen strains were identified as Mycobacterium intracellulare, four strains as Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, three strains as Mycobacterium fortuitum, one as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one as a chromogenic M. intracellulare, and one as an unidentified Group IV. Two strains (T‐128 and T‐167) were initially identified as M. intracellulare, as these were slow‐growing nonphotochromogens, did not reduce nitrate, two week‐arylsulfatase‐positive, did not hydrolyze Tween 80, and ethambutol‐resistant. They, however, showed urease, nicotinamidase and pyrazinamidase activities and differed from other M. intracellulare strains in several other characteristics. Majority of the porcine isolates of M. intracellulare were serotypes “Davis” and “IV.” On the other hand, majority of the M. intracellulare strains isolated from patients in this country were serotypes “Arnold” and “Yandle.” Findings suggest that swine infected with M. intracellulare probably are not the main source of M. intracellulare strains that infect humans. Characteristics of a rapid‐growing mycobacterial strain, which was pathogenic for swine, were described. This organism was differentiated from known pathogens of rapid‐growing mycobacteria, M. fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei.
Temperature‐Dependent Cellular Regulation in Induction of Cellular Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis by Bovine Adenovirus Type 3
Authors: Nakajima Katsuhisa , Hamada Kokichi
Published: November 2013

Induction of cellular deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by infection with bovine adenovirus type 3 was examined in 7 clones of a mouse cell line. Cellular DNA synthesis was induced by infection both at 37C and at 41C in 5 clones. In the other 2 clones, however, cellular DNA synthesis was induced only at 41C and not at 37C. In a clone non‐inducible at 37C, the incubation at 41C prior to infection resulted in induction of cellular DNA synthesis at 37C. The preincubation effect was not inhibited by cycloheximide during the incubation at 41C. In an other clone non‐inducible at 37C, the preincubation effect was not observed. The existence of a temperature‐dependent cellular factor(s) regulating the induction of cellular DNA synthesis was suggested.
A Taxonomic Study of Strains Received as “Mycobacterium” rhodochrous
Authors: Tsukamura Michio
Published: November 2013

A taxonomic study was carried out on 20 strains received as “Mycobacterium” rhodochrous. These strains were exceedingly similar to the strains of the genus Gordona recently proposed by the present author. Out of the 20 strains studied, 10 strains, including two strains previously named Rhodococcus rhodochrous, formed one cluster and were considered to belong to a species of the genus Gordona. The species has been named Gordona rhodochroa (Zopf; Overbeck; Gordon et Mihm) Tsukamura comb. nov. Two strains were considered to belong to the species Gordona rubra. One of the two had initially been named Mycobacterium rubropertinctum. It was considered from the facts that the specific epithet for the species should be “rubropertinta” and the name Gordona rubra be changed to Gordona rubropertincta. The other strains seemed to belong to some other species. In conclusion, the species “Mycobacterium” rhodochrous appears to be divided into several species of the genus Gordona.