bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Bio‐Based Methacrylic Acid by Decarboxylation of Itaconic Acid and Citric Acid Catalyzed by Solid Transition‐Metal Catalysts
Authors: Le Nôtre Jérôme , Witte‐van Dijk Susan C. M. , van Haveren Jacco , Scott Elinor L. , Sanders Johan P. M.
Published: July 2014

Methacrylic acid, an important monomer for the plastics industry, was obtained in high selectivity (up to 84 %) by the decarboxylation of itaconic acid using heterogeneous catalysts based on Pd, Pt and Ru. The reaction takes place in water at 200–250 °C without any external added pressure, conditions significantly milder than those described previously for the same conversion with better yield and selectivity. A comprehensive study of the reaction parameters has been performed, and the isolation of methacrylic acid was achieved in 50 % yield. The decarboxylation procedure is also applicable to citric acid, a more widely available bio‐based feedstock, and leads to the production of methacrylic acid in one pot in 41 % selectivity. Aconitic acid, the intermediate compound in the pathway from citric acid to itaconic acid was also used successfully as a substrate.
Aerobic Oxidation of Alkylaromatics using a Lipophilic N‐Hydroxyphthalimide: Overcoming the Industrial Limit of Catalyst Solubility
Authors: Petroselli Manuel , Franchi Paola , Lucarini Marco , Punta Carlo , Melone Lucio
Published: July 2014

4,4′‐(4,4′‐Isopropylidenediphenoxy)bis(N‐hydroxyphthalimide), which is a new lipophilic analogue of N‐hydroxyphthalimide, can act as an effective catalyst in the aerobic oxidation of alkylaromatics under reduced amounts of polar cosolvent. The catalyst was selected on the basis of an in‐depth study of the influence that substituents on the aromatic ring of N‐hydroxyphthalimide exert on determining the NOH bond dissociation energy (BDE). BDE values for a range of model molecules are calculated by DFT and measured by EPR spectroscopy. The new catalyst can be successfully employed in the aerobic oxidation of cumene, ethylbenzene, and cyclohexylbenzene, affording, in all cases, good conversions and high selectivity for the corresponding hydroperoxide. The effect of solvent, catalyst, and temperature has also been investigated.
Laccase‐Mediator System for Alcohol Oxidation to Carbonyls or Carboxylic Acids: Toward a Sustainable Synthesis of Profens
Authors: Galletti Paola , Pori Matteo , Funiciello Federica , Soldati Roberto , Ballardini Alberto , Giacomini Daria
Published: July 2014

By combining two green and efficient catalysts, such as the commercially available enzyme laccase from Trametes versicolor and the stable free radical 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxyl (TEMPO), the oxidation in water of some primary alcohols to the corresponding carboxylic acids or aldehydes and of selected secondary alcohols to ketones can be accomplished. The range of applicability of bio‐oxidation is widened by applying the optimized protocol to the oxidation of enantiomerically pure 2‐arylpropanols (profenols) into the corresponding 2‐arylpropionic acids (profens), in high yields and with complete retention of configuration.
Selective Conversion of Cellulose in Corncob Residue to Levulinic Acid in an Aluminum Trichloride–Sodium Chloride System
Authors: Li Jianmei , Jiang Zhicheng , Hu Libin , Hu Changwei
Published: July 2014

Increased energy consumption and environmental concerns have driven efforts to produce chemicals from renewable biomass with high selectivity. Here, the selective conversion of cellulose in corncob residue, a process waste from the production of xylose, to levulinic acid was carried out using AlCl3 as catalyst and NaCl as promoter by a hydrothermal method at relatively low temperature. A levulinic acid yield of 46.8 mol % was obtained, and the total selectivity to levulinic acid with formic acid was beyond 90 %. NaCl selectively promoted the dissolution of cellulose from corncob residue, and significantly improved the yield and selectivity to levulinic acid by inhibiting lactic acid formation in the subsequent dehydration process. Owing to the salt effect of NaCl, the obtained levulinic acid could be efficiently extracted to tetrahydrofuran from aqueous solution. The aqueous solution with AlCl3 and NaCl could be recycled 4 times. Because of the limited conversion of lignin, this process allows for the production of levulinic acid with high selectivity directly from corncob residue in a simple separation process.
Efficient Synthesis of Isothiochromene Derivatives by Pd‐Catalyzed Hydrothiolation Reaction
Authors: Feng Jie , Lv Meifang , Lu Guoping , Cai Chun
Published: July 2014

An efficient method for the preparation of isothiochromene derivatives through the palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular hydrothiolation reaction of halides and thiourea is reported. Two carbon–sulfur bonds are formed in this one‐pot palladium‐catalyzed cascade reaction. This new protocol is free from foul‐smelling thiols and operates under mild conditions to give isothiochromene derivatives in excellent yields and with excellent 6‐endo‐dig selectivity.
A Novel Chemoselective Cleavage of (tert‐Butyl)(dimethyl)silyl (TBS) Ethers Catalyzed by Ce(SO4)2⋅4 H2O
Authors: González‐Calderón Davir , González‐González Carlos A. , Fuentes‐Benítez Aydeé , Cuevas‐Yáñez Erick , Corona‐Becerril David , González‐Romero Carlos
Published: July 2014

(tert‐Butyl)(dimethyl)silyl (tBuMe2Si; TBS) phenyl/alkyl ethers were efficiently cleaved to the corresponding parent hydroxy compounds in good yields using catalytic amounts of Ce(SO4)2⋅4 H2O by microwave‐assisted or conventional heating in MeOH. Intramolecular and competitive experiments demonstrated the chemoselective deprotection of TBS ethers in the presence of triisopropylsilyl (iPr3Si; TIPS) and (tert‐butyl)(diphenyl)silyl (tBuPh2Si; TBDPS) ethers.
Determination of human muscle protein fractional synthesis rate: an evaluation of different mass spectrometry techniques and considerations for tracer choice
Authors: Bornø Andreas , Hulston Carl J. , van Hall Gerrit
Published: July 2014

In the present study, different MS methods for the determination of human muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) using [ring‐13C6]phenylalanine as a tracer were evaluated. Because the turnover rate of human skeletal muscle is slow, only minute quantities of the stable isotopically labeled amino acid will be incorporated within the few hours of a typical laboratory experiment. GC combustion isotope ratio MS (GC‐C‐IRMS) has thus far been considered the ‘gold’ standard for the precise measurements of these low enrichment levels. However, advances in liquid chromatography‐tandem MS (LC‐MS/MS) and GC‐tandem MS (GC‐MS/MS) have made these techniques an option for human muscle FSR measurements. Human muscle biopsies were freeze dried, cleaned, and hydrolyzed, and the amino acids derivatized using either N‐acetyl‐n‐propyl, phenylisothiocyanate, or N‐methyl‐N‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) for GC‐C‐IRMS, LC‐MS/MS, and GC‐MS/MS analysis, respectively. A second derivative, heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA), was also used for GC‐MS/MS analysis as an alternative for MTBSTFA. The machine reproducibility or the coefficients of variation for delta tracer‐tracee‐ratio measurements (delta tracer‐tracee‐ratio values around 0.0002) were 2.6%, 4.1%, and 10.9% for GC‐C‐IRMS, LC‐MS/MS, and GC‐MS/MS (MTBSTFA), respectively. FSR determined with LC‐MS/MS compared well with GC‐C‐IRMS and so did the GC‐MS/MS when using the HFBA derivative (linear fit Y = 1.08 ± 0.10, X + 0.0049 ± 0.0061, r = 0.89 ± 0.01, P < 0.0001). In conclusion, (1) IRMS still offers the most precise measurement of human muscle FSR, (2) LC‐MS/MS comes quite close and is a good alternative when tissue quantities are too small for GC‐C‐IRMS, and (3) If GC‐MS/MS is to be used, then the HFBA derivative should be used instead of MTBSTFA, which gave unacceptably high variability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrazide and hydrazine reagents as reactive matrices for MALDI‐MS to detect gaseous aldehydes
Authors: Shigeri Yasushi , Ikeda Shinya , Yasuda Akikazu , Ando Masanori , Sato Hiroaki , Kinumi Tomoya
Published: July 2014

The reagents 19 hydrazide and 14 hydrazine were examined to function as reactive matrices for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) to detect gaseous aldehydes. Among them, two hydrazide (2‐hydroxybenzohydrazide and 3‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthoic acid hydrazide) and two hydrazine reagents [2‐hydrazinoquinoline and 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)] were found to react efficiently with carbonyl groups of gaseous aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde); these are the main factors for sick building syndrome and operate as reactive matrices for MALDI‐MS. Results from accurate mass measurements by JMS‐S3000 Spiral‐TOF suggested that protonated ion peaks corresponding to [M + H]+ from the resulting derivatives were observed in all cases with the gaseous aldehydes in an incubation, time‐dependent manner. The two hydrazide and two hydrazine reagents all possessed absorbances at 337 nm (wavelength of MALDI nitrogen laser), with, significant electrical conductivity of the matrix crystal and functional groups, such as hydroxy group and amino group, being important for desorption/ionization efficiency in MALDI‐MS. To our knowledge, this is the first report that gaseous molecules could be derivatized and detected directly in a single step by MALDI‐MS using novel reactive matrices that were derivatizing agents with the ability to enhance desorption/ionization efficiency. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why less is more when generating tryptic peptides in bottom‐up proteomics
Authors: Hildonen Siri , Halvorsen Trine Grønhaug , Reubsaet Léon
Published: July 2014

Proteolytic digestion is a time consuming and critical step in bottom‐up proteomic analysis. The most widely used protease, trypsin, has high specificity and generates peptides that are considered to be ideally suited for bottom‐up LC‐MS technology. By exploiting key factors affecting enzymatic activity we obtained a simple, straightforward, and rapid in‐solution digest protocol that performed better than the conventional overnight digestion method in terms of amino acid coverage of proteins, number of peptides generated, and peptide ion abundances. Prolonged digestion time, such as overnight digestion, leads to decline in protein amino acid coverage and loss of tryptic peptides. This was found to be caused by complete digestion by trypsin leading to an increased number of small peptides that are not LC‐MS detectable. Slow‐rate nontryptic digestion of peptides is a contributing factor for loss of peptide ion intensities during extended digestion time. Our work demonstrates that for both qualitative and quantitative bottom‐up proteomic studies it is beneficial to prevent trypsin digestion to go to completion by reducing treatment time from the conventional several hours to a few minutes cleavage time.
On the severe convective storm of 29 October 2013 in the Balearic Islands: observational and numerical study
Authors: Romero R. , Ramis C. , Homar V.
Published: July 2014

On 29 October 2013, a severe squall line developed to the west of the Balearic Islands (Spain) ahead of an advancing cold front and then crossed the archipelago. We first provide an observational characterization of the event based on surface reports, remote sensing products, radiosoundings and synoptic information. We also achieve, by means of numerical experiments, new insights into the kinematic and thermodynamic factors that governed the genesis and evolution of the linear convective system. Radar and satellite images confirm the fast movement and linear shape of the system, with an indication of a possible transition into a bow‐echo structure during its later stages. The synoptic setting at mid‐upper tropospheric levels was dominated by a cold trough extended over western Europe, associated with a jet stream located downstream. Convection evolved under the right entrance region of the jet and initiated under the crucial influence of a surface low that developed over the Mediterranean Sea ahead of the cold front. The low not only cooperated with the upper‐level dynamical forcing to erode a capping inversion initially present over the Balearics and moisten the atmospheric column above, but also shaped and enhanced a convergence line along which the first convective cells grew and self‐aggregated. This scenario is confirmed by numerical simulations of the case, which also emphasize the important role of regional topography in the production of the aforementioned maritime convergence through the mesoscale modulation of the low‐level flow. Additional simulations show that (i) the destabilization of the low‐level air mass necessary for triggering and feeding an organized convective system on 29 October 2013 was attributable to prior evaporation from the Mediterranean and (ii) sea‐surface temperatures appear to be critical for a successful fine‐grid numerical forecast of the mode, degree of severity, timing and track of the convective precipitation system.
Cross‐sectional high‐resolution microscopy of thin pretreatment layers on hot dip galvanized steel
Authors: Saarimaa Ville , Manni Jere , Kauppinen Esko , Markkula Antti , Juhanoja Jyrki , Skrifvars Bengt‐Johan
Published: July 2014

Hexavalent chromium containing pretreatments and primers for coil coating are soon to be entirely prohibited, which sets new demands for Cr‐free alternatives. Most of the presently used Cr‐free pretreatment layers operate predominantly via barrier formation and adhesion promotion mechanisms and lack the self‐healing effect typical for Cr6+‐pretreatments. This sets new demands also for the formation and monitoring of these layers. The barrier thickness and chemical composition of Cr‐free pretreatment layers on hot dip galvanized steel were studied using cross sections from broad ion beam (BIB) sample preparation and ultramicrotome cutting. BIB milling provided finely polished cross sections of pretreated samples. Film thicknesses of 20–50 nm were accurately determined for Cr‐free pretreatments containing 4–10 mg Ti/m2 using BIB milling and scanning electron microscopy imaging. Scanning transmission electron microscopy, integrated with aberration correctors and X‐ray energy dispersive spectrometry, of an ultramicrotome cut pretreated and painted samples provided detailed chemical information. Metal complexes were detected close to the pretreatment/zinc interface, while the polymeric part of the pretreatment layer prevailed closer to paint. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Total Synthesis of Bioactive Natural Products: A Personal Record
Authors: Zhang Yun , Gong Jianxian , Yang Zhen
Published: July 2014

In this account, we have highlighted our most recent works towards the total synthesis of bioactive natural products, which have resulted in the development of several novel synthetic methods. Inspired and guided by strategies based on diversity‐oriented synthesis, we have successfully applied the novel synthetic methodologies developed in our lab to the total synthesis of a diverse collection of structurally challenging targets. We have also documented the evolution of these synthetic strategies. The total syntheses described in this account have been organized from the perspective of different molecules whilst still alluding to the parallel synthetic strategies involved.
Synthesis of Natural Products Containing Cyclohexane Units Utilizing the Ferrier Carbocyclization Reaction
Authors: Chida Noritaka , Sato Takaaki
Published: July 2014

The Ferrier carbocyclization reaction is one of the most powerful transformations of carbohydrates. This reaction provides enantiomerically pure cyclohexanone derivatives from aldohexoses, and is particularly useful in the chiral pool synthesis of cyclohexane‐containing natural products from carbohydrates. We have investigated the synthesis of natural products utilizing the Ferrier carbocyclization reaction. This account provides a brief overview of the Ferrier carbocyclization and its application to natural product synthesis. The utility and versatility of the Ferrier carbocyclization reaction are showcased with the syntheses of hygromycin A, lycoricidine, actinobolin, galanthamine, and morphine starting from carbohydrates.
ACE for all – a molecular perspective
Authors: Harrison Charlotte , Acharya K. Ravi
Published: July 2014

Angiotensin‐I converting enzyme (ACE, EC 3.4.15.1) is a zinc dependent dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase with an essential role in mammalian blood pressure regulation as part of the renin‐angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). As such, it has long been targeted in the treatment of hypertension through the use of ACE inhibitors. Although ACE has been studied since the 1950s, only recently have the full range of functions of this enzyme begun to truly be appreciated. ACE homologues have been found in a host of other organisms, and are now known to be conserved in insects. Insect ACE homologues typically share over 30 % amino acid sequence identity with human ACE. Given that insects lack a mammalian type circulatory system, they must have crucial roles in other physiological processes. The first ACE crystal structures were reported during the last decade and have enabled these enzymes to be studied from an entirely different perspective. Here we review many of these key developments and the implications that they have had on our understanding of the diverse functions of these enzymes. Specifically, we consider how structural information is being used in the design of a new generation of ACE inhibitors with increased specificity, and how the structures of ACE homologues are related to their functions. The Anopheles gambiae genome is predicted to code for ten ACE homologues, more than any genome studied so far. We have modelled the active sites of some of these as yet uncharacterised enzymes to try and infer more about their potential roles at the molecular level.
Animal Homosexuality
Authors: Poiani Aldo
Published: July 2014

Homosexuality is an evolutionary paradox in search for a resolution, not a medical condition in search for a cure. Homosexual behavior is common among social animals, and mainly expressed within the context of a bisexual sexual orientation. Exclusive homosexuality is less common, but not unique to humans. Poiani and Dixson invite the reader to embark on a journey through the evolutionary, biological, psychological and sociological aspects of homosexuality, seeking an understanding of both the proximate and evolutionary causes of homosexual behavior and orientation in humans, other mammals and birds. The authors also provide a synthesis of what we know about homosexuality into a biosocial model that links recent advances in reproductive skew theory and various selection mechanisms to produce a comprehensive framework that will be useful for anyone teaching or planning future research in this field.
Data Management for Multimedia Retrieval
Authors: Candan K. Selçuk , Sapino Maria Luisa
Published: July 2014

Multimedia data require specialised management techniques because the representations of colour, time, semantic concepts, and other underlying information can be drastically different from one another. This textbook on multimedia data management techniques gives a unified perspective on retrieval efficiency and effectiveness. It provides a comprehensive treatment, from basic to advanced concepts, that will be useful to readers of different levels, from advanced undergraduate and graduate students to researchers and to professionals. After introducing models for multimedia data (images, video, audio, text, and web) and for their features, such as colour, texture, shape, and time, the book presents data structures and algorithms that help store, index, cluster, classify, and access common data representations. The authors also introduce techniques, such as relevance feedback and collaborative filtering, for bridging the 'semantic gap' and present the applications of these to emerging topics, including web and social networking.
Medical Entomology for Students
Authors: Service Mike
Published: July 2014

Arthropod vectors of human infections, such as malaria, filariasis, West Nile virus, Lyme disease and typhus, are a continuing threat to human health. Medical Entomology for Students provides basic information on the recognition, biology, ecology, and medical importance of the arthropods that affect human health. The fourth edition of this popular textbook is completely updated, and now incorporates the latest strategies for controlling insects, ticks and mites. Extensive illustrations, with new colour photographs of some of the most important vectors and pests, will assist readers in recognizing arthropods such as mosquitoes, flies, and myiasis causing larvae. With a clear presentation and concise style, this text is specifically aimed at students of medical entomology, tropical medicine, parasitology, and pest control. It will also be essential reading for physicians, nurses, health officials, and community health workers
General Interests of Host States in International Investment Law
Authors: Acconci Pia , Valenti Mara , De Luca Anna
Published: July 2014

Signatory States have the right to take action in order to maintain their financial stability, stimulate economic development or further their non-economic interests (such as health, the environment and food security). However, such measures can potentially conflict with the rights of foreign investors. Regulators and policy makers must take States' international commitments toward foreign investors into account when making decisions. They must also avoid resorting to protectionism in drafting new treaties. With this tension in mind, this book offers a balanced reappraisal of bilateral treaties and regional agreements on foreign investments. The sensitive issues are examined in the light of the case law of arbitral investment tribunals and other international courts, and the analysis highlights how cross-fertilisation between trade and investment can assist in resolving conflicts.
George Eliot and Money
Authors: Coleman Dermot
Published: July 2014

Unlike other Victorian novelists George Eliot rarely incorporated stock market speculation and fraud into her plots, but meditations on money, finance and economics, in relation both to individual ethics and to wider social implications, infuse her novels. This volume examines Eliot's understanding of money and economics, its bearing on her moral and political thought, and the ways in which she incorporated that thought into her novels. It offers a detailed account of Eliot's intellectual engagements with political economy, utilitarianism, and the new liberalism of the 1870s, and also her practical dealings with money through her management of household and business finances and, in later years, her considerable investments in stocks and shares. In a wider context, it presents a detailed study of the ethics of economics in nineteenth-century England, tracing the often uncomfortable relationship between morality and economic utility experienced by intellectuals of the period.
Shakespeare and the American Nation
Authors: Sturgess Kim C.
Published: July 2014

Why do so many Americans celebrate Shakespeare, a long-dead English poet and playwright? By the nineteenth century newly independent America had chosen to reject the British monarchy and Parliament, class structure and traditions, yet their citizens still made William Shakespeare a naturalized American hero. Today the largest group of overseas visitors to Stratford-upon-Avon, the Royal Shakespeare Company and Bankside's Shakespeare's Globe Theatre come from America. Why? Is there more to Shakespeare's American popularity than just a love of men in doublet and hose speaking soliloquies? This book tells the story of America's relationship with Shakespeare. The story of how and why Shakespeare became a hero within American popular culture. Sturgess provides evidence of a comprehensive nineteenth-century appropriation of Shakespeare to the cause of the American Nation and shows that, as America entered the twentieth century a new world power, for many Americans Shakespeare had become as American as George Washington.
Let's Do Audit!
Authors: Weeks Andrew , Lightly Katie , Ononge Sam
Published: July 2014

This book is aimed at everyone who wants to improve the quality of the medical care they provide: nurses, doctors, managers, healthcare assistants, students, laboratory clinicians and so on. The book demonstrates how to examine the quality of the care you provide using simple steps: decide what you should be doing in any circumstance, examine whether or not you are doing it and then look for ways of improving your care until you are doing it correctly. The book contains six lessons, each designed to take around one hour, with exercises to complete. The lessons can be used by individuals or in a group setting. The book will be of interest to anyone working in healthcare practice who is keen to find a better way of working.
America's Dirty Wars
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: July 2014

This book examines the long, complex experience of American involvement in irregular warfare. It begins with the American Revolution in 1776 and chronicles big and small irregular wars for the next two and a half centuries. What is readily apparent in dirty wars is that failure is painfully tangible while success is often amorphous. Successfully fighting these wars often entails striking a critical balance between military victory and politics. America's status as a democracy only serves to make fighting - and, to a greater degree, winning - these irregular wars even harder. Rather than futilely insisting that Americans should not or cannot fight this kind of irregular war, Russell Crandall argues that we would be better served by considering how we can do so as cleanly and effectively as possible.
I Freed Myself
Authors: Williams David
Published: July 2014

For a century and a half, Abraham Lincoln's signing of the Emancipation Proclamation has been the dominant narrative of African American freedom in the Civil War era. However, David Williams suggests that this portrayal marginalizes the role that African American slaves played in freeing themselves. At the Civil War's outset, Lincoln made clear his intent was to save the Union rather than free slaves - despite his personal distaste for slavery, he claimed no authority to interfere with the institution. By the second year of the war, though, when the Union army was in desperate need of black support, former slaves who escaped to Union lines struck a bargain: they would fight for the Union only if they were granted their freedom. Williams importantly demonstrates that freedom was not simply the absence of slavery but rather a dynamic process enacted by self-emancipated African American refugees, which compelled Lincoln to modify his war aims and place black freedom at the center of his wartime policies.
Social Class and Educational Inequality
Authors: Siraj Iram , Mayo Aziza
Published: July 2014

Social class is often seen as an intractable barrier to success, yet a number of children from disadvantaged backgrounds still manage to show resilience and succeed against the odds. This book presents the findings from fifty Child and Family Case Studies (CFCS) conducted with 13-16 year olds. The authors look specifically at the roles that people and experiences - at home, in schools and in the wider community - have played in the learning life-courses of these children; how these factors have affected their achievement; and explanations and meanings given by respondents to the unique characteristics, experiences and events in their lives. Featuring the voices of real parents and children, and backed up by a decade of quantitative data, this is a compelling record that will help readers to understand the complex nature of social disadvantage and the interplay between risk and protective factors in homes and schools that can make for a transformational educational experience.
The Theft of History
Authors: Goody Jack
Published: July 2014

In The Theft of History Jack Goody builds on his own previous work to extend further his highly influential critique of what he sees as the pervasive Eurocentric or occidentalist biases of so much western historical writing and the consequent 'theft' by the West of the achievements of other cultures in the invention of (notably) democracy, capitalism, individualism and love. Goody, one of the world's most distinguished anthropologists, raises questions about theorists, historians and methodology and proposes a new comparative approach to cross-cultural analysis which allows for more scope in examining history than an East versus West style.
The Culture of Singapore English
Authors: Wong Jock O.
Published: July 2014

This book provides a fresh approach to Singapore English, by focusing on its cultural connotations. The author, a native Singaporean, explores a range of aspects of this rich variety of English - including address forms, cultural categories, particles and interjections – and links particular words to particular cultural norms. By using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach, which is free from technical terminology, he explains the relationship between meaning and culture with maximal clarity, and an added strength of this study lies in its use of authentic examples and pictures, which offer a fascinating glimpse of Singaporean life. Through comparisons with Anglo English, it also explores some difficulties associated with Standard English and cultural misunderstanding. Lending a unique local perspective and written with an incisiveness that makes it ideal for both academic and non-academic readers, this book will appeal to all those interested in Singapore English and its cultural values.
Finding Pathways
Authors: Weller Nicholas , Barnes Jeb
Published: July 2014

Social scientists have identified a need to move beyond the analysis of correlation among variables to the study of causal mechanisms that link them. Nicholas Weller and Jeb Barnes propose that a solution lies in 'pathway analysis', the use of case studies to explore the causal links between related variables. This book focuses on how the small-N component of multi-method research can meaningfully contribute and add value to the study of causal mechanisms. The authors present both an extended rationale for the unique role that case studies can play in causal mechanism research, and a detailed view of the types of knowledge that case studies should try to generate and how to leverage existing large-N data to guide the case selection process. The authors explain how to use their approach both to select cases and to provide context on previously studied cases.
Gynaecological and Obstetric Pathology for the MRCOG and Beyond
Authors: Wells Michael , Buckley Hilary , Fox Harold
Published: July 2014

This book is an essential guide to the complexities of gynaecological and obstetric histopathology. Fully updated for the second edition and illustrated with colour photographs throughout, it provides a comprehensive overview of the field for practising clinicians and Part 2 MRCOG examination candidates. Conveniently organised around the relevant anatomical structures, the book covers issues such as immunohistochemistry (particularly of tumours), the manner of taking biopsies and new pathological entities which have been recognised since the original edition. The book is primarily designed to provide a comprehensive summary for candidates preparing for the Part 2 MRCOG examination, and as such covers the RCOG curriculum for pathology. It is also a valuable guide for all healthcare professionals working in the field who need a synopsis of obstetric and gynaecological pathology.
Urogynaecology for the MRCOG and Beyond
Authors: Price Natalia , Jackson Simon
Published: July 2014

While the upper renal tract remains the sole preserve of the urologist, gynaecologists have traditionally been involved in the assessment and treatment of female lower urinary tract infection disorders. Childbirth is a major causal factor in urogynaecology, and women often present with a combination of menstrual, genital, urinary and colorectal symptoms which require a holistic approach. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the assessment and treatment of a range of urogynaecological problems: urinary incontinence; lower urinary tract symptoms; overactive bladder; recurrent urinary tract infection; haematuria; painful bladder syndrome and interstitial cystitis; pregnancy and the renal tract; ageing and urogenital symptoms; fistulae and urinary tract injuries; pelvic organ prolapse; colorectal disorders; obstetric anal sphincter injuries. It has been comprehensively updated to reflect current clinical practice and new research since publication of the original edition.
Language Death
Authors: Crystal David
Published: July 2014

The rapid endangerment and death of many minority languages across the world is a matter of widespread concern, not only among linguists and anthropologists but among all concerned with issues of cultural identity in an increasingly globalized culture. By some counts, only 600 of the 6,000 or so languages in the world are 'safe' from the threat of extinction. A leading commentator and popular writer on language issues, David Crystal asks the fundamental question, 'Why is language death so important?', reviews the reasons for the current crisis, and investigates what is being done to reduce its impact. This 2002 book contains not only intelligent argument, but moving descriptions of the decline and demise of particular languages, and practical advice for anyone interested in pursuing the subject further.
Pecca Fortiter for the Sake of Morality?Making Sense of Wrong in Hegel’s System of Right
Authors: Englert Alexander T.
Published: July 2014

The goal of this paper is to clarify the role ‘wrong’ plays in Hegel’s system of right, as both a form of freedom and the transition to morality. Two approaches will be examined to explore wrong in practical philosophical terms: First, one could take the transition to bedescriptivein nature. The transition describes wrong as a realized fact of the human condition that one inherits from the outset. Second, one could see it asprescriptive. Actual wrongdoing would be essential for the subject’s progression tobecoming moral. Though both are most likely the case, emphasis is given to the latter since it represents the actualization of potential. Furthermore, it will be suggested that wrong plays a similar role as that which alienation does in thePhenomenology of Spirit; both bridge the will as abstract personality with the moral point of view.
Parfit the Perfectionist
Authors: Scruton Roger
Published: July 2014

I summarize and criticize Derek Parfit's impressive attempt to reconcile the Kantian and the Consequentialist approaches to moral thinking, and argue that his ‘cognitive non-naturalism’ fails to do justice to the roots of moral sentiment in personal relations. I outline the destructive effect of ‘trolley problems’ on ethical reasoning, and mount a case for seeing moral reasoning as a consequence of ‘reactive’ attitudes, arising from the attempt to reach a rational consensus in the things that we praise and blame.
Children with specific language impairment and their contribution to the study of language development
Authors: LEONARD LAURENCE B.
Published: July 2014

Children with specific language impairment (SLI) are distinguishable from typically developing children primarily in the pace and course of their language development. For this reason, they are appropriate candidates for inclusion in any theory of language acquisition. In this paper, the areas of overlap between children with SLI and those developing in typical fashion are discussed, along with how the joint study of these two populations can enhance our understanding of the language development process. In particular, evidence from children with SLI can provide important information concerning the role of language typology in language development, the optimal ages for acquiring particular linguistic details, the robustness of the bilingual advantage for children, the role of input in children's acquisition of grammatical details, the unintended influence of processing demands during language assessment, the contributions of treatment designs to the study of typically developing children, and the study of individual differences in language development.
Empirical support for problem–solution coevolution in a parametric design environment
Authors: Yu Rongrong , Gu Ning , Ostwald Michael , Gero John S.
Published: July 2014

This paper describes the results of a protocol study exploring problem–solution coevolution in a parametric design environment (PDE). The study involved eight participants who completed a defined architectural design task using Rhino and Grasshopper software: a typical PDE. The method of protocol analysis was employed to study the cognitive behaviors that occurred while these designers were working in the PDE. By analyzing the way in which the designers shifted between “problem” and “solution” spaces in the PDE, characteristics of the coevolutionary design process are identified and discussed. Results of this research include two potentially significant observations. First, the coevolution process occurs frequently within the design knowledge level (i.e., when using Rhino) and within the rule algorithm level (i.e., when using Grasshopper) of the parametric design process. Second, the designers’ coevolution process was focused on the design knowledge level at the beginning of the design session, while they focused more on the rule algorithm level toward the end of the design session. These results support an improved understanding of the design process that occurs in PDEs.
Response to Howard and Walters
Authors: Bellin Eva
Published: July 2014

Surprise is an intrinsic fact of political life and its elimination, especially with regard to extraordinary moments of protest and revolution, is a vain endeavor. Prediction and explanation are fundamentally different enterprises. While scholars may be well-positioned to trace, retrospectively, the motivation, networks, leadership, and other contextual factors that fueled the events of 2011 and 1989, such analysis will never bestow the sort of predictive power that will eliminate the surprise of mass uprisings. Verstehen-esque studies of mobilization, while crucially enlightening, have limited capacity to augment our powers of foresight due to the fundamental gulf between agency and intention as well as the causal disconnect between precedent and prediction.
Dielectric material selection of microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication applications using Ashby's approach
Authors: Choudhary Priyanka , Kumar Rajneesh , Gupta Navneet
Published: July 2014

In this paper, material selection has been done for dielectric substrate material in microstrip patch antenna (MPA) for three distinct classes of wireless communication applications using Ashby's approach. This material selection procedure is based on the creation and evaluation of Ashby's chart of different material indices. These material indices in turn affect the device performance indices, which decide the best possible dielectric material to be used as substrate for MPAs. In this work, quality factor, relative permittivity, and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency are chosen as material indices of MPA's dielectric substrate to get relevant performances. Ashby's selection chart shows that 0.75MgAl2O4–0.25TiO2material for millimeter waves applications, Ca[(L1/3Nb2/3)0.85Ti0.15]O3−δfor mobile base station applications, and (Ba0.95Ca0.05)O–Sm2O3–4.5TiO2ceramic for mobile phone miniaturization applications are the promising materials that allows best overall performance in MPAs for wireless communication.
Frustrated Lewis pair-mediated C–O or C–H bond activation of ethers
Authors: Holthausen Michael H. , Mahdi Tayseer , Schlepphorst Christoph , Hounjet Lindsay J. , Weigand Jan J. , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: July 2014

Protocols for the FLP-mediated transformation of ethers are presented.
Imaging, photophysical properties and DFT calculations of manganese blue (barium manganate(vi) sulphate) – a modern pigment
Authors: Accorsi Gianluca , Verri Giovanni , Acocella Angela , Zerbetto Francesco , Lerario Giovanni , Gigli Giuseppe , Saunders David , Billinge Rachel
Published: July 2014

Photophysical properties, DFT calculations and imaging studies of manganese blue as analytical tools to record the spatial distribution of the pigment in works of art.
Adaptive behavior of a redox-active gallium carbenoid in complexes with molybdenum
Authors: Fedushkin Igor L. , Sokolov Vladimir G. , Piskunov Alexander V. , Makarov Valentine M. , Baranov Eugeny V. , Abakumov Gleb A.
Published: July 2014

A gallium–nitrogen heterocycle derived from 1,2-bis(imino)acenaphthene may serve either as a neutral or an anionic two-electron donor depending on the electronic state of the transition metal.
Simultaneous 1H and 13C NMR enantiodifferentiation from highly-resolved pure shift HSQC spectra
Authors: Pérez-Trujillo Míriam , Castañar Laura , Monteagudo Eva , Kuhn Lars T. , Nolis Pau , Virgili Albert , Williamson R. Thomas , Parella Teodor
Published: July 2014

NMR enantiodifferentiation studies are greatly improved by the simultaneous determination of accurate 1H and 13C chemical shift differences, even smaller than the NMR resonance line width, obtained from the analysis of highly resolved cross-peaks in spectral aliased pure shift (SAPS) HSQC spectra.
Electrodeposition of thick palladium coatings from a palladium(ii)-containing ionic liquid
Authors: Schaltin Stijn , Brooks Neil R. , Sniekers Jeroen , Van Meervelt Luc , Binnemans Koen , Fransaer Jan
Published: July 2014

The first palladium-containing Liquid Metal Salts (LMS) are presented and shown to be suitable electrolytes for the electrodeposition of palladium.
Adsorption of a dihydro-TTF derivative on Au(111) via a thiolate complex bonding to gold adatoms
Authors: Jethwa Siddharth J. , Grillo Federico , Früchtl Herbert A. , Simpson Grant J. , Treanor Michael-John , Schaub Renald , Francis Stephen M. , Richardson Neville V. , Aitken R. Alan
Published: July 2014

A dihydro-TTF derivative was adsorbed on Au(111) via four thiolate ligands, it is determined that relatively little charge transfer occurs between the molecule and the substrate.
Liquid–liquid phase transition in quasi-two-dimensional supercooled silicon
Authors: Zhang K. , Li H. , Jiang Y. Y.
Published: July 2014

Anomalies of the local structural order in quasi-two-dimensional liquid silicon upon cooling are investigated.
Spatially organized partial synchronization through the chimera mechanism in a network of electrochemical reactions
Authors: Wickramasinghe Mahesh , Kiss István Z.
Published: July 2014

Oscillatory Ni dissolution reaction in a nonlocally coupled network of reaction sites produces a chimera pattern.
Cation-size-controlled assembly of the Ni(Ac)2–1,4-H2NDC system: geminal dicationic ionothermal syntheses, crystal structures and magnetic properties
Authors: An Bing , Bai Yan , Wang Jun-Li , Dang Dong-Bin
Published: July 2014

Geminal dicationic ionic liquids with different alkyl spacer lengths regularly tune four MOF structures of two structure types in the Ni(Ac)2–1,4-H2NDC system, which in turn bring about different magnetic properties.
Role of spectator ions in influencing the properties of dopant-free ZnO nanocrystals
Authors: Ibrahim Dar M. , Arora Neha , Pratap Singh Nagendra , Sampath S. , Shivashankar Srinivasrao A.
Published: July 2014

The effect of defects on the functional properties of dopant-free ZnO nanocrystals has been established by recording their luminescence and magnetism.
Photoelectrochemical study on the electron transport and recombination kinetics in an urchin-like Zn/ZnO hierarchical nanostructure
Authors: Wang Fei , Chen Yiqing , Liu Chao , Ma Qilin , Zhao Tian , Wang Min
Published: July 2014

Charge transport and recombination kinetics in urchin-like Zn/ZnO is discussed based on a dynamic IMVS model correlating to its configuration.
Proton-conducting polymer electrolytes and their applications in solid supercapacitors: a review
Authors: Gao Han , Lian Keryn
Published: July 2014

Research on solid supercapacitors over the last few years has aimed to provide high performing and safely operating energy storage solutions for the fast growing application areas of consumer and micro-electronics, providing printable, flexible and wearable devices.
Management of Functional Aphonia and Related Severe Muscle Tension Disorders: A Practical Approach with Historical Underpinnings
Authors: Hancock Rebecca
Published: July 2014

Management of functional aphonia and severe muscle tension dysphonia requires a skilled and flexible treatment approach. Key components of management include accurate diagnosis, clinical probing, and targeting underlying physiological processes inherent in voice production. Diagnostic factors include laryngeal imaging, acoustic and aerodynamic testing (when appropriate), as well as perceptual and therapeutic potential assessment. This article explores historical management techniques in the context of modern approaches, demonstrating management approaches that focus on balancing respiration and phonation while decreasing overlying inappropriate muscle tension. Patient-focused treatment approaches are critical, as is considering the impact on quality of life, generalization, and interdisciplinary care. Limited data exist detailing efficacy; however, a multivariate and dynamic approach is key for successful management of this population.
Assessment of density functional theory based ΔSCF (self-consistent field) and linear response methods for longest wavelength excited states of extended π-conjugated molecular systems
Authors: Filatov Michael , Huix-Rotllant Miquel
Published: July 2014

Computational investigation of the longest wavelength excitations in a series of cyanines and linear n-acenes is undertaken with the use of standard spin-conserving linear response time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) as well as its spin-flip variant and a ΔSCF method based on the ensemble DFT. The spin-conserving linear response TD-DFT fails to accurately reproduce the lowest excitation energy in these π-conjugated systems by strongly overestimating the excitation energies of cyanines and underestimating the excitation energies of n-acenes. The spin-flip TD-DFT is capable of correcting the underestimation of excitation energies of n-acenes by bringing in the non-dynamic electron correlation into the ground state; however, it does not fully correct for the overestimation of the excitation energies of cyanines, for which the non-dynamic correlation does not seem to play a role. The ensemble DFT method employed in this work is capable of correcting for the effect of missing non-dynamic correlation in the ground state of n-acenes and for the deficient description of differential correlation effects between the ground and excited states of cyanines and yields the excitation energies of both types of extended π-conjugated systems with the accuracy matching high-level ab initio multireference calculations.