bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epistasis in Pearl Millet Forage Yields1
Authors: Burton Glenn W.
Published: July 2010

Epistasis in pearl millet, Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) Stapf and C. E. Hubb., forage yields was detected (by Bauman's method) in 16 of 33 two‐year tests involving the six possible sets from selected pearl millet inbreds 13, 18, 23, and 26. Parents, testers, and environment influenced the amount of epistasis observed. The three inbred tester combinations that gave significant positive deviations in one year and significant negative deviations in the other indicated the important role of environment in the expression of epistasis. In another 2‐year forage production test of the parents, F1's, and F2's of a nineinbred diallel, five F2 hybrids demonstrated the presence of epistasis when they deviated significantly from expected yields (P1 + P2 + 2F1/4.
Anatomical Phenomena in Seedlings of Sorghum Varieties Resistant to the Sorghum Shoot Fly (Atherigona varia soccata)1
Authors: Blum A.
Published: July 2010

Five varieties of sorghum resistant to the sorghum shoot fly were compared to a susceptible variety as to some anatomical characters which were expected to contribute towards the mechanical resistance of seedlings to penetration by the shoot fly larvae.

All resistant varieties (but not the susceptible one) were characterizcd by a distinct lignification and thickness of the walls of cells enclosing the vascular bundle sheaths within the central whorl of young leaves. The resistant varieties, as compared to the susceptible one, possessed a much greater density of silica bodies (dumbbell‐shaped, intercostal and silicified prickle hairs) in the abaxial epidermis at the base of the first, second, and third leaf sheaths. The density increased from the first to the third leaf sheath. No differences were found between varieties in the mean density of vascular bundles within the leaf sheath, the mean number of fibers per bundle, or the amount of leaf sheath surface cuticular wax per unit area.
Varietal Differences among Phosphor‐Deficient Oat Seedlings1
Authors: Nittler L. W.
Published: July 2010

Seedlings of ‘Russell’ oats watered with a nutrient solution lacking phosphorus developed red anthocyanin pigment in coleoptiles and lower leaf sheaths. ‘Garry,’ ‘Niagara,’ ‘Orbit,’ and ‘Tioga’ seedlings were entirely green. Two‐thirds of the ‘Rodney’ seedlings were classed as having slight red color. ‘Clintland’ seedlings had a moderate amount of red color, but had much less than Russel.
Limitations of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Activity for Estimating Viability in Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)1
Authors: James Edwin
Published: July 2010

Glutamica cid decarboxylase activity (GADA) in whole beans stored at 32.2 C and 85 to 90% relative humidity, and on the axes and cotyledons of viable and deteriorated seeds of five varieties of beans, was determined by a manometric method for measuring the evolution of CO2. GADA in some varieties remained at a high level in seeds which had lost viability. Correlation between GADA and germinations yielded coefficients ranging from +0.39 N.S. for ‘Tendercrop’ to +0.89** for ‘Taylor’. Determinations of GADA on the cotyledons and axes showed that the cotyledons contributed 87% of the activity in viable seeds and 91% in deteriorated seeds. The low correlation coefficients and the continuing high activity in the cotyledons limit the use of GADA in determining quality in the varieties used.
Varietal Stability of Finnish Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.), White Clover (T. repens L.) and Alsike Clover (T. hybridum L.) from Seed Produced in Israel1
Authors: Dovrat A. , Valle O. , Waldman Miriam
Published: July 2010

Seed of Finnish Tepa tetraploid red clover, diploid Tammisto white clover, diploid Tammisto and tetraploid Iso alsike clovers was multiplied for two generations in Israel. Changes in the varietal populations were evaluated concurrently in Finland (approx. 60°N) and in Israel (approx. 32°N).

The percentage of flowering plants in the original population was generally lower and the period of time over which individual plants started to flower was longer in Israel than in Finland. The first‐generation progeny of most varieties showed an increase in the number of early‐flowering plants compared to the original seed. This was most pronounced in Tammisto alsike clover in Israel. Seed harvested from the second year stand tended to be less affected than that harvested in the seedling year, depending on the time of harvest. The second‐generation progeny produced from the varieties showed also in many cases an increase in the number of early‐flowering plants. The shift was most pronounced in the first harvest year seed lots of Tepa red clover and Tammisto white clover. On the other hand, only a slight increase in early types was found in the second generation progenies of Tammisto and Iso alsike clovers. All Tammisto white clover seed lots overwintered similarly.

Conclusions drawn from the evaluation trials of identical seed lots in the area of seed growing (Israel) were fairly similar to those from the area of forage adaptation (Finland), except in diploid Tammisto alsike clover in which the shift to earliness was more pronounced in the evaluation in Israel than in Finland.
Genetic Studies in Spanish Clover, Desmodium sandwicense E. Mey. I. Inheritance of Flower Color, Stem Color, and Leaflet Markings1
Authors: Park Soon Jai , Rotar Peter P.
Published: July 2010

F2 populations of 47 crosses among 11 parental lines of Desmodium sandwicense bearing two major flower color classes, purple colored and near white flowers, were used to study the inheritance of flower color. The flower color was under monogenic control with a dominant colored gene, Ca, and a recessive white flowered gene, ca. Internode color ranging from dark red to green was under control of a different pair of genes, with a dominant gene for red, R, and a recessive gene for green stem, r. However. the two pairs of the genes were linked with an average recombination value of 34%. Silver markings on the midrib of the leaflet was controlled by a pair of genes with silver markings under a dominant gene, Ls, and a recessive non‐marking gene, Is.
Pollen Growth of Alfalfa In Vitro as Influenced by Grouping of Grains on the Medium and Greenhouse Versus Field Sources1
Authors: Miller M. K. , Schonhorst M. H.
Published: July 2010

Pollen germination and tube growth of alfalfa (Medicage sativa L.) were studied on a sucrose‐agar medium. Pollen tube length of clones grown in the greenhouse was significantly greater than that of the same clones grown in the field. Pollen germination was not significantly affected. Clumping of pollen grains on the medium had no effect on pollen tube length. Self‐fertility (seed‐set percentage per self‐pollinated flower) and pods per plant per week were positively correlated with pollen tube length. Pollen germination percentage was independent of pollen‐tube length, self‐fertility, and numbers of racemes, flowers, pods, and seeds produced.
Tester Performance Level in Topcrosses of Smooth Bromegrass, Bromus inermis Leyss.1
Authors: Voigt P. W.
Published: July 2010

‘Manchar’ and ‘Sac’ smooth bromegrass, Bromus inermis Leyss., were topcrossed to 96 selected clones. These cultivars were used as male parents because of their different performance levels. Manchar and Sac topcross progenies were evaluated in separate row trials for emergence vigor, spring vigor, forage yield, disease reaction, spread, leafiness, height, lodging, regrowth vigor, and fertility. Correlations between the trials for these characters ranged from .38** to .77** and indicated that in most cases the two testers ranked the clones in much the same way. The low performing tester gave significantly better discrimination for lodging only. The results do not support the hypothesis that in smooth bromegrass testers with a high frequency of desirable genes are necessarily ineffective because of the masking effects of dominance.
Water‐soluble Factors in Melilotus Leaves Which Influence Feeding by the Sweetclover Weevil1
Authors: Akeson W. R. , Haskins F. A. , Gorz H. J. , Manglitz G. R.
Published: July 2010

One factor which stimulates feeding and two factors which deter feeding by the adult sweetclover weevil have been separated by preparative paper chromatography of hot water extracts of Melilotus leaves. The factors were detected with a bioassay which measures feeding by adult weevils on sweetclover root disks impregnated with the extract or fraction being tested. A feeding stimulant (Stimulant A) and a feeding deterrent (Deterrent A) were found in both the resistant species, M. infesta, and a susceptible species, M. officinalis, in approximately equal amounts. A second feeding deterrent (Deterrent B) was found only in extracts from M. infesta. All available evidence suggests that Deterrent B is the factor primarily responsible for the resistance of M. infesta to the sweeetclover weevil.
Effect of Plant Spacing Within a Row on the Competitive Ability of Soybean Genotypes
Authors: Lin C. S. , Torrie J. H.
Published: July 2010

Intra‐row intergenotypic competition among two sets of three soybeans (Glycine max L. Merrill) genotypes were compared in pure stands and in mixtures using 10‐, 20‐, 41‐, and 81‐cm spacings between plants. Differences among genotypes for plant height and maturity were considerably greater in set I than in set 2. Competition effects were less for set I under the unfavorable enviromnent of 1964 and greater under the more favorable environment of 1965, while the reverse occurred for set 2. In both years, competition effects in set 1 were mostly additive. In set 2, competition effects were non‐additive in 1964, a decrease in yield, height, number of branches, nodes and pods per plant occurring in mixtures as compared with pure stands. In 1965, competition effects were additive for most characters except seed weight and seeds per pod, where the non‐additive effects were positive and negative, respectively. The magnitude of competition effects at different spacings was somewhat erratic. In general, competition effect increased as the distance between plants decreased in set 2. In set 1, competition effect increased as plant spacing increased from 5 to 20 cm in 1964 and from 5 to l0 cm in 1965; thereafter it decreased. At the 81 cm spacing no competition effect occurred for yield.
Inheritance in the Oat Strain C.I. 3034 of Adult Plant Resistance to Race C 10 of Stem Rust1
Authors: McKenzie R. I. H. , Martens J. W.
Published: July 2010

Genetic studies show that ‘C.I. 3034’ has a major incompletely recessive gene, pg‐ll, for adult plant resistance to race C 10 (6AF) of oat stem rust. Gene pg‐H confers a moderate level of resistance that may be enhanced by one or more modifying genes. The presence of the seedling resistance gene Pg‐1 in C.I. 3034 is confirmed. There is no close linkage of pg‐11 with the seedling resistance genes Pg‐2, Pg‐3 and Pg‐4.

Resistance to race C 10 conferred by pg‐11 appears to be closely associated with a yellow‐green plant color. Whether the association is due to linkage or to pleiotrophy is unknown.
Uredospore Storage in Breeding for Crown Rust Resistant Annual Ryegrass1
Authors: Bennett Hugh W.
Published: July 2010

Green leaves of annual ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam., with active pustules of crown rust, Puccinia coronata Cda., uredospores were stored from May to July in a refrigerator at 5 to 10 C. They yielded sufficient inoculum for artificial epiphytotics. The technique reduced the time needed for reproducing the disease, and it succeeded in developing 'Magnolia' annual ryegrass, highly resistant to crown rust.
Expression of Known Maturity Genes of Sorghum in Temperature and Tropical Environments1
Authors: Miller F. R. , Quinby J. R. , Cruzado H. J.
Published: July 2010

In Texas, in the long days of summer (14.5 hr), combinations of dominant and recessive alleles at the four maturity gene loci in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cause a spread in flowering from 40 to 100 days. In Puerto Rico in the short days of the winter (ll hr), the spread in flowering is 42 to 64 days. The maturity genotypes studied indicate that sorghums flower at about the same time in short days, but not in long days; and that flowering in long days can be explained in terms of a few genes. The maturity responses of sorghum in the tropics, under conditions described herein, are due to short days and not quantitative inheritance.
Isocitric Dehydrogenase and Isocitric Lyase in Heterotic and Nonheterotic Maize (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Roos Eric E. , Sarkissian Igor V.
Published: July 2010

Heterotic and nonheterotic maize (Zea Mays L.) hybrids and their inbred parents were studied during eariy postgermination to learn a physiological aspect of the phenomenon of heterosis. The enzymes isocltric dehydrogenase (Ls‐isocitrate:NADP oxidoreductase ldecarboxylating] EC 1.1.1.42) and isocitric lyase (Ls‐isocitrate glyoxylate‐lyase EC 4.1.3.1.) from scutellar tissue were assayed spectrophotometrically. When each hybrid was compared with its parents, none showed superior isocitric dehydrogenase activity during the period 2 to 6days following water imbibition. With respect to isocitric lyase activity, a definite heterotic response was observed in those hybrids classified as heterofic; nonheterotic hybrids failed to show heterosis for this enzyme. Lyase activity, first detectable 24 to 48 hours after imbibition, increased rapidly until day 5 and then declined. Differences in lyase activity appeared to be quantitative.
Carbon Dioxide Exchange in Compact and Semi‐Open Sorghum Inflorescences1
Authors: Eastin Jerry D. , Sullivan C. Y.
Published: July 2010

Carbon dioxide exchange rates were monitored in light and dark in compact and semi‐open heads of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Developmental stages ranged frmn bloom to hard dough in the grain. Highest CO2 uptake in both head types occurred at the bloom stage when net uptake rates for semi‐open and compact type heads were 3.9 and 1.2 mg CO2 g dry wt‐1 hr‐1, respectively. Beginning at the ,milk stage, a net CO2 evolution on the order of 1 to 1.4 mg g dry wt‐1 hr‐1 occurred in compact heads in the light. The semi‐open head type continued a small net CO2 uptake in the light through the milk and soft dough stages. Both head types evolved CO2 at hard dough stage. Dark respiration was similar in both head types and decreased from about 4 to 1 mg CO2 g dry wt‐1 hr‐1 from bloom to hard dough.
Effects of Temperature on the Elongation of Seedling Roots of Some Grasses and Legume1
Authors: Cohen Y. , Tadmor N. H.
Published: July 2010

Rate of root elongation of small seeded range plants Agropyron desertorum (Fish, ex Link) Schult.; Agropyron elongatum (Hort.) P.B.; Medicago polymorpha L.; Medicago truncatula Gaertn.; Oryzopsis holciformis (M.B.) Hack, and Phalaris tuberosa L. was slow (0.5–2 cm/day) as compared to the large seeded Avena sterilis L. and Vicia dasycarpa Ten., wheat and barley (2–7 cm/day). all species the rate of root elongation increased two‐ to three‐fold over the 10–20C temperature range. Over this range the rate increased faster in the upper soil layer (2–12 cm depth) than in the deeper layer (12–22 cm). Between 20–25C changes in the rate of root elongation varied with species and depth. The optimal temperature for root elongation near the soil surface (2–12 cm depth) was generally higher than in the 12–22 cm depth. Root‐elongation was positively correlated to seed weight.
Water‐Use Efficiency and Its Association with Several Characteristics Blue Panicgrass (Panicum antidotale Retz.) Clones1
Authors: Dobrenz A. K. , Wright L. Neal , Massengale M. A. , Kneebone W. R.
Published: July 2010

Water‐use efficiency and its relationship to physiological and morphological characteristics was investigated using blue panicgrass (Panicum antidotale Retz.). Four clones which had been characterized previously as being seedling drouth tolerant and four as being seedling drouth susceptible were subjected to three levels of soil‐moisture stress. A program‐controlled environment was used to simulate climatic conditions of the arid southwestern U.S. Clones differed significantly in water‐use efficiency. As soil‐moisture stress increased water‐use efficiency and dry matter production decreased. Dry weight, fresh weight, and total protein were significantly associated with water‐use efficiency. The clones most efficient in water use had more vascular bundles in the leaves when compared with the least efficient clones. The amino acids (micromoles/mg) lysine, histidine, arginine, glycine, and alanine were significantly associated with water‐use efficiency. A non‐significant association was found between seedling drouth tolerance and water‐use efficiency for the clones studied. Additional clones are being studied to elucidate further the relationships between these characteristics.
Quantitative Gene Action in Tetraploid Alfalfa1
Authors: Yazdi‐Samadi Bahman , Stanford E. H.
Published: July 2010

Two different populations of tetraploid alfalfa, Medicago spp., were studied to determine the action of genes controlling three quantitative traits: plant height, dry weigh, and number of stems per plant. One population consisted of clones from four alfalfa varieties and their self, single, three‐way, and double‐cross hybrid progenies. The same mating system was used for a second population using clones from four species of alfalfa, all belonging to the M. sativa‐M, falcata complex.

Evidence for interallelic and/or intra‐allelic interactions was obtained by comparing parental clones with their progenies and by comparing observed and theoretical means of the hybrids. In the first population, hybrids were taller and heavier and had more stems than their parents, indicating multiple allelic and/or epistatic interactions. Also, the majority of observed means of hybrids were larger than their theoretical means, indicating favorable interactions of genes. In the second population, observed means were larger than theoretical means in only half of the crosses. We believe this was due to unfavorable interactions of genes brought into the smaller hybrids by parents of very diverse origin.

Theoretically, in an autotetraploid system, double crosses provide the maximum opportunity for obtaining favorable intra‐allelic and inter‐allelic interactions. In most instances in this study, the double‐cross hybrids outperformed other hybrids and parent clones in weight per plant.
Miniature Plots for Cereal Testing1
Authors: Jensen N. F. , Robson D. S.
Published: July 2010

A miniature plot for cereal testing that provides approximately the same competitive pressures of population dynamics found in rod rows has been devised and tested. The linear hill plot is 30.5 cm long. Approximately 2.4 replicates are needed to give precision equal to one replicate of a single rod row. Linear hill plots should have particular value in situations where seed, land or operating costs are limiting, for example, as supplementary tests or for hybrid wheat (Triticum aestivum) and early testing.
Criteria of Field Establishment Capability in Indiangrass, Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash1
Authors: Barnett F. L. , Vanderlip R. L.
Published: July 2010

Spikelets harvested in three successive years from 21 polycross progenies of indiangrass, Sorghastrum nutans (L.) ‘Nash,’ were evaluated for germination, greenhouse seedling emergences, eed set, caryopsis weight, and ability to establish plants in the field. Field establishment was more consistently associated with spikelet germination prior to dormancy‐reducing treatment than with any other trait. Mean greenhouse seedling emergence from 51mm provided the best approximation of mean field establishment, but as an indicator of relative progeny establishment capability, greenhouse emergence was less satisfactory than spikelet germination. Variation in spikelet germination prior to dormancy‐reducing treatment satisfactorily accounted for significant progeny differences in establishment within each of the three harvests. When data from all harvests were combined, however, differences in establishment among progenies could be satisfactorily explained only by variation in both spikelet germination and caryopsis weight. A possible effect of seeding date upon the relationship between caryopsis dormancy and field establishment was noted. Importance of seed processing in studies of the relationship between field establishment and seed traits was emphasized.
Internode Length in Normal and Brachytic‐2 Maize Inbreds and Single Crosses1
Authors: Scott Gene E. , Campbell C. M.
Published: July 2010

Internode lengths of brachytic‐2 (dwarf) inbreds of corn, Zea mays L., were shorter than their normal counterparts. The number of internodes was also less.

The normal ✕ dwarf (N ✕ D) single crosses were approximately 10% shorter than the normal ✕ normal (N ✕ N) crosses both below and above the ear. The dwarf ✕ dwarf (D ✕ D) crosses were only 55 and 71% as tall as the N ✕ N crosses below and above the ear, respectively. Nearly all internodes were affected by the brachytic‐2 gene.

Total plant height of dwarf single crosses was reduced by delayed planting, but the number of internodes was increased. Internode number increased more below than above the ear. All internodes, except the lowest two internodes, were reduced in length by the delay in planting date.
General, Specific, Maternal, and Reciprocal Effects on Seed Set in a Diallel Cross Among Eleven Clones from Buffalo Alfalfa1
Authors: Rice J. S. , Gray Elmer
Published: July 2010

A diallel cross including reciprocals was performed on 11 random clones of Buffalo alfalfa to investigate seed set differences. Seeds/pod, seeds/flower, and percentages of flowers forming pods were measured for each cross and reciprocal. A diallel analysis was performed for each of these characters. Significant general, specific, and maternal effects were detected for each character. Significant reciprocal effects were detected for seeds/flower and percentages of flowers forming pods. Specific effects made the largest contribution to variance for seeds/pod and seeds/flower. General effects were the largest contributor to the variance for percentages of flowers forming pods. The combination of effects found in this study could be used more efficiently with hybrid than with synthetic varieties.
Seed Production Characteristics and Photoperiodic Responses in Buffelgrass, Cencbrus ciliaris L.1
Authors: Evers Gerald W. , Holt E. C. , Bashaw E. C.
Published: July 2010

The effect of a 10‐, 12‐, and 14‐hr photoperiod on the seed production characteristics of eight apomictic buffelgrass lines was studied. Inflorescences were produced earlier and in larger numbers under a 12‐hr photoperiod than under a 10‐ or 14‐hr photoperiod. Also, seed per inflorescence, and spikelets and seed per involucre were greater under the 12‐hr photoperiod. The 14‐hr photoperiod resulted in the latest and least inflorescence production but was the most favorable for production of involucres per inflorescence and inflorescence length. The eight buffelgrass lines varied in their response to the three photoperiods for inflorescence numbers and characteristics. The possibility of developing hybrids for seed production under photoperiods up to 14‐hr is indicated.
A Diallel Analysis of Several Fiber Property Traits in Upland Cotton (Gossypium birsutum L.) II1
Authors: Verhalen Laval M. , Murray Jay C.
Published: July 2010

Diallel analyses of upper 2.5% span length, micronaire, 1/8‐inch gauge stelometer, and 0‐inch gauge stelometer were conducted on 10 selected varieties of upland cotton, Gossyplum hirsutum L., the 45 possible F1 crosses among them, and their 45 F2 progenies using the procedure of Jinks and Hayman. A partial failure of the basic assumptions of the analysis was noted for each trait though the stelo meter measurements more nearly fulfilled the assumptions than did length or micronaire.

Fiber length and strength appeared to be governed by a weighted overall degree of dominance that was partial in nature. The degree of dominance for micronaire appeared to be in the overdominance range.

Based on the relative size of their heritability estimates, mass selection should be an effective breeding method for improving fiber length and strength in this material though it should be slightly more effective for strength than for length. Pedigrees, sib tests, and/or progeny tests may be necessary to improve micronaire.

The reliability of diallel estimates made on F1 populations from one year to the next at the same location was studied. Comparisons between F1 and F3 estimates were also made. Specific similarities and differences are discussed in the body of this paper.
Varietal Effects in Soybean Photosynthesis and Photorespiration1
Authors: Curtis P. E. , Ogren W. L. , Hageman R. H.
Published: July 2010

The rate of photosynthesis for seedlings of 36 varieties of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] ranged from 12 mg CO2 assimilated dm−2 hr−1 in ‘Patterson’ to 24 mg CO2 dm−2 hr−1 in ‘Richland’ at saturating light intensity, determined to be 43 kilolux. Comparing the photosynthetic rate and average seed yield of several varieties indicates that varietal yield differences are not caused by differences in photosynthetic rate, although in some instances yield can be related to total photosynthate production. The photosynthetic rate of ‘Wayne’ seedlings was identical when grown in vermiculite, in sterilized soil, or in soils of medium and high productivity.

The photosynthetic rates in air are 5 to 6 mg CO2 dm−2 hr−1 less than the rates obtained in a low oxygen atmosphere. Calculations based on photosynthetic rates and compensation points indicate that slightly more than onehalf of the decrease in photosynthesis in air is due to photorespiration, and that the remainder is due to an oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis. The compensation point at 43 kilolux was approximately 40 ppm CO2 for all varieties tested. Analysis of leaf extracts for glycolate oxidase activity indicated no correlation with photorespiratory activities, suggesting that although this enzyme may be required for photorespiration, it is not the limiting factor.
Genotype by Environment Interactions in Cotton — Their Nature and Related Environmental Variables1
Authors: Abou‐El‐Fittouh H. A. , Rawlings J. O. , Miller P. A.
Published: July 2010

The performance of four varieties of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in 101 environments was used in (1) variance analyses to estimate the components of variance among genotypes, genotype by environment interactions, and experimental error, and (2) multiple regression analyses to relate the environment and the interaction effects to several environmental variables characterizing part of the environmental complex. The analyses were performed on lint yield per hectare, boll size, lint percent, seed index, and five fiber traits. The results of the analyses of variance showed that the interaction components were important for yield, but relatively less important for the other traits studied. In the multiple regression analyses, the independent variables were temperature, elevation, and subjective evaluations of moisture availability, disease condition, insect condition, and soil fertility level. These variables were jointly relatable to a proportion of the interaction sum of squares ranging from .245 for fiber fineness to .382 for fiber length. Of the environmental variables studied, temperature had the highest association with interaction.
Effect of Stigma Mutilation on Oat Seed Set1
Authors: McDaniel M. E. , Hathcock B. R. , McDonald D. J.
Published: July 2010

The effect of deliberate stigma mutilation on seed set of oats (Arena spp.) was investigated. Portions of one or both stigma branches were removed in the three mutilation treatments used in both self‐pollination and approach‐cross experiments. Minor stigma damage had little effect, while more severe damage caused significant reductions in seed set under the conditions of high humidity and moderate temperatures prevailing during these studies. Even in the most severe treatment, in which an entire stigma branch was removed, the seed set on approach crosses averaged 58.7% for 228 mutilated florets, which would be considered “good” by most oat breeders.

These results indicate that minor accidental damage to stigmas during emasculation probably has little effect on the success obtained under conditions favorable for hybridization. Other factors such as temperature and humidity undoubtedly are more important.
Damage to Alfalfa by the Alfalfa Weevil (Hypera Postica Gyllenhal) as Related to Infestation by Henbit (Lamium Amplexicaule L.1
Authors: Waldrep T. W. , Chamblee D. S. , Daniel Dorsey , Cope W. A. , Busbice T. H.
Published: July 2010

A relationship between herbicide effectiveness in weed control and spring feeding damage by alfalfa weevil larvae was observed in field studies in which herbicides were being evaluated for use in establishing certain forage legumes. In general, alfalfa plots with 50% or more ground cover by henbit showed 75 % or more terminal damage by the alfalfa weevil larvae. Much less damage was noted on plots containing few or no weeds.
Effect of Genotype on the Photosynthetic Rate of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)1
Authors: Dreger R. H. , Brun W. A. , Cooper R. L.
Published: July 2010

The net photosynthetic rate of the terminal leaflets of the first five trifoliolate leaves of nine varieties of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) was sudied inf rared‐gas analysis. The variety ‘Hark’ was found to photosynthesize at a significantly higher rate than either ‘Chippewa 64’ or ‘ADO0.’ A large amount of variability was observed in plant to plant observations within the same variety. After an adjustment was made to remove this variability, significant differences were observed among the varieties tested.
Influence of Triticum timopheevi Cytoplasm on the Quality of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)1
Authors: Rooney L. W. , Gustafson C. B. , Porter K. B.
Published: July 2010

Grain from male sterile ‘Bison’ wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was lower in test weight and gave lower yields of flour with higher protein content than grain from fertile Bison. This probably was caused by lower seed set and yield of the sterile Bison. Mixing data on grain from male sterile and fertile Bison produced in 1966 and 1967 indicated that Triticum timopheevi Zhuk. cytoplasm did not markedly influence mixing characteristics. Mixing characteristics of flour from male sterile lines of Bison, ‘Sturdy,’ ‘Imp. Triumph,’ ‘Parker,’ and ‘Knox’ grown in 1968 were markedly impaired compared to those of flour from fertile lines. In another experiment, the mixing and baking characteristics of grain from sterile or partially fertile hybrids were equal to or better than the poor quality parent, but inferior to the better quality parent. Grain from hybrids of three wheat varieties, ‘Wichita,’ ‘Tascosa,’ and ‘Concho,’ was produced by crossing male sterile and fertile lines of each variety with a common restoring line, BA 130. Thus, for each variety two hybrids were produced where the only essential difference was that one contained T. timopheevi cytoplasm and the other did not. The test weight, seed set and yield, protein content, and mixing characteristics of the flour were essentially the same for both hybrids for each of the three varieties. The data from this experiment clearly indicated that T. timopheevi cytoplasm did not influence the quality.
Components of Test Weight in Soft Wheat1
Authors: Yamazaki W. T. , Briggle L. W.
Published: July 2010

Kernel density, a component of test weight, is not associated with variety when considering Eastern soft wheats Triticum aestivum L. em Thell. (aestivum group), but seems to be related to environment. Air spaces within the grain appear to be a major factor in determining kernel density.

Packing efficiency (the percent of bulk volume occupied by grain), the second component of test weight, is associated with variety. Grain shape and surface characteristics such as humping, dorsal or lateral depressions, and wrinkling, cause variations in void space ratio; hence they directly affect random packing efficiency.

These conclusions were based on results with normal, well‐filled grain; any appreciable shriveling of grain confounds varietal and environmental effects.
Effect of Female Parent, Pollen Development, and Pollen Germinability on Absence of Seed Set in Avena sativa♀ ✕ 6x‐Amphiploid♂; Pollinations1
Authors: Forsberg R. A. , Nishiyama I. , Wang S.
Published: July 2010

Plants in A7 – A11 lines of a 6x amphiploid of Avena abyssinica Hochst. ✕ A. strigosa Schreb. were used as pollen parents in two crossing experiments. Females were A. sativa L. cultivars or three unique amphiploid‐A. sativa backcross derivatives (D1, D2, D3). D1 had A. sativa cytoplasm while D2 and D3 had amphiploid cytoplasm. All crossing attempts were unsuccessful regardless of the female parent. This result led to an investigation of the development of pollen grains in the amphiploids and their germinability on A. sativa stigmas. The percentages of pollen grains filled with cytoplasm, among 18 panicles from 12 plants, ranged from 69.8 to 97.9. The average was 89.3 compared with 98.7% in A. sativa. The correlation between filled pollen grains and self‐fertility in the same panicle was not significant (r = .11). Only 31.0% of the grains had three normal nuclei (Class I) compared with 81.2% in A. sativa. The correlation between percentage of Class I pollen and self‐fertility in the same panicle was highly significant (r = .63). Most amphiploid pollen failed to germinate on A. sativa stigmas.
Selection for Baking Quality in Early Generations of a Lemhi ✕ Thatcher Wheat Cross1
Authors: McNeal F. H. , Berg M. A. , Watson C. A. , Koch E. J.
Published: July 2010

Populations from a ‘Lemhi’ ✕ ‘Thatcher’ wheat cross, Triticum aestivum L., planted in 1963 and 1965 were evaluated for various aspects of flour quality. The 1963 and 1965 data, together with those obtained in 1959, 1960 and 1961 were considered in evaluating the usefulness of early‐generation testing. For evaluation purposes, the 15 best quality lines from an F3 population grown in 1959 became Selected Population I, while 15 lines chosen at random from the same F3 population became the Unselected Population; a new Selected Population containing the 15 best quality lines from the Unselected Population was then obtained each succeeding year that the test was run.

In 1965, the best 15 lines from Selected Population I exceeded the best 15 lines from the Unselected Population on the farinograph by 1.0% for absorption, 123.0% for peak, 109.6% for stability, and 34.8% for valorimeter. An increase in wheat protein of 1.3% (8.9% more) of Selected Population I over the Unselected Population in 1965 was due to association with one or more of the farinograph characteristics.

Selection in F3 (Selected Population I) gave the highest average farinograph values, and for each generation that selection was delayed there was a reduction in these values. The data suggest that early generation selection for agronomic characteristics should be accompanied by selection for milling and baking quality to prevent loss of high quality lines.

The fact that lines were obtained which exceeded both parents in selected quality traits suggests that vigorous selection in early generations of genetically diverse crosses may be productive in increasing flour quality of lines in breeding programs.
Selection for Glandless Seeded Cotton Plants1
Authors: McMichael Scott C.
Published: July 2010

I have presented methods helpful in identifying the glandless seeded character (gl2 gl2 gl3 gl3) in both the seedling and vegetative stages of the cotton plant, Gossypium hirsutum L. The stem (or hypocotyl) were found helpful in preliminary screening. The preliminary screening recovers both glandless genes in heterozygous or homozygous condition. The stipule was found to play a major role in identification of homozygous glandless seeded plants. Final proof of the homozygous genotype is based on a progeny test from self‐pollinatled seed.
Organic Reserves, Axillary Bud Activity, and Herbage Yields of Smooth Bromegrass as Influenced by Time of Cutting, Nitrogen Fertilization, and Shading1
Authors: Paulsen Gary M. , Smith Dale
Published: July 2010

Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) was sampled at eight stages of spring growth for percentages of total available carbohydrates (TAC) and total N in the storage organs, weight of storage organs, number of tillers per plant, and number and activity of tillers developed in vitro by basal axillary buds. Results were compared with regrowth produced 7 weeks after each spring harvest under treatments of N fertilizer, shading, and association with alfalfa.

Percentage TAC, weight of storage organs, and activity of the basal axillary buds generally increased as bromegrass advanced from young tillering to late maturity stages of growth. Percentage total N in storage organs was highest in young tillering plants, declined until the plants headed, and then increased. Tiller numbers per plant decreased from young tillering to headed growth stages and then remained constant. Number of active axillary buds on bromegrass declined until plants headed and then increased.

Percentage TAC, weight of storage organs, and number of tillers per plant at the time of the spring harvests had little association with the amount of regrowth produced after 7 weeks. Number of axillary buds and their activity were more closely associated with regrowth, and total N concentration in the storage organs and regrowth were positively correlated under all treatments.
Effect of Environment on Quality Characteristics of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Pollen
Authors: Lehman W. F. , Puri Y. P. , Garber M. J.
Published: July 2010

A study was designed to determine the variability of 12 quality measurements in pollen of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., through a 2‐year period and to determine correlation among these quality measurements and between pollen quality and weather. Pollen germination and tube growth at 0 and 20 g sucrose per 100 ml water, pollen grain size, and Fehling solution color index varied significantly with sampling date. Many of the correlation coefficients determined among germination, tube length, and pollen grain size were significant. Almost all coefficients between these characters and IKI and Fehling solution classes were near zero. Significant r values were found between 6 of the 12 pollen quality characters and most of the weather measurements. Day length was correlated with more quality characters than any of the other weather measurements.
Inheritance of Reaction of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench to Toxin Produced by Periconia circinata (Mang.) Sacc.1
Authors: Schertz K. F. , Tai Y. P.
Published: July 2010

The inheritance was determined for the reaction of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench to the toxin produced by the saprophyte, Periconia circinata (Mang.) Sacc. (1) A precise laboratory screening technique was developed whereby seedlings were subjected to the toxin devoid of the P. circinata organism. (2) The inheritance of the host‐pathogen reaction among established cultivars was confirmed to be controlled at a single locus. Susceptible seedlings (PcPc) died quickly, resistant seedlings (pcpc) grew normally, and heterozygotes (Pcpc) showed an intermediate response. (3) The mutation frequency from susceptibility to resistance (Pc→pc) was one per 7,876 gametes among 55,137 seedlings of ‘Colby,’ a susceptible cultivar.

Mutations at the controlling locus are sufficiently frequent to be of significance in a breeding program and the disease response is precise enough for critical genetic analyses.
Evaluation of Annual Species of Medicago as Sources of Alfalfa Weevil Resistance1
Authors: Barnes D. K. , Ratchliffe R. H.
Published: July 2010

Seventy‐nine entries representing 16 annual Medicago species were evaluated for resistance to the alfalfa weevil, using resistance to adult feeding, larval development, and ovipositicin tests. M. rugosa had resistance by all three selection criteria. M. minima, M. polymorpha, M. scutellata, and M. truncatula contained entries that were classified as resistant to two of the selection criteria. The ovipositioii resistance of some entries was apparently due either to lack of a stimulant to trigger oviposition or to a deterrent that limited oviposition.
Isolation of Self‐Fertile, Homomorphic Forms in Buckwheat, Fagopyrum sagittatum Gilib1
Authors: Marshall H. G.
Published: July 2010

Buckwheat is self‐incompatible because of a heteromorphic, sporophytic incompatibility system. A new flower form with a reduced style length was found, and self‐fertile, homomorphic lines were subsequently developed. Certain lines are especially adapted to selfpollination since the flowers have equal pistil and stamen height. A significant positive correlation occurred between parent and progeny self‐fertility during the S2 through S4 generations, and the relationship was linear. The S4 lines with the new flower form averaged 4.8 seeds per raceme compared to 0.9 for “thrum” and 1.3 for “pin” flower lines.
Phenotypic Recurrent Selection for Seedling Vigor in Side‐oats Grama, Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.1
Authors: Voigt P. W. , Brown H. W.
Published: July 2010

We evaluated three cycles of phenotypic recurrent selection for seedling vigor in Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. Seeds from each of the three cycles, from the base material, and from a drilled increase block of the base material were included in all trials. Bulk seed harvests in 1963 were used to drill field trials in 1964, 1965, and 1966. Bulk harvests in 1964 were used for additional trials in 1965 and 1966.

Relative to the base material the third cycle established more (35%) and taller (24%) seedlings over the five trials. Number and height of seedlings were closely correlated, r = .80. However, a path coefficient analysis indicated that in one trial seedling height was much more important than seedling number in determining first‐year forage yields. Differences in stand usually had little effect on forage yield. However, any increase in ability to produce a stand is desirable because it reduces the possibility of stand failure.

Seed from the Syn‐1 of the base material produced results intermediate between the base material and the advanced cycles. This apparent natural selection emphasizes the importance of seeded as opposed to transplanted plots.
Influence of Developmental Stage of Melilotus infesta Leaves on Resistance to Feeding by the Sweetclover Weevil1
Authors: Akeson W. R. , Beland G. L. , Haskins F. A. , Gorz H. J.
Published: July 2010

Leaves of 6‐ to 8‐week old Melilotus infesta plants contained progressively higher levels of nitrate as the leaves developed from the tightly pinched to the fully expanded stage. In weevil feeding tests on water extracts of these leaves a close relationship was found between actual feeding and the feeding predicted on the basis of nitrate content. At a given level of nitrate, extracts of young M. infesta leaves were less attractive to the weevil than were extracts of young M. officinalis leaves. Leaves of mature M. infesta plants contained very little nitrate, but water extracts of such leaves remained unattractive to the weevil in feeding tests. These extracts were lower in Stimulant A activity and higher in Deterrent A activity than extracts of mature M. officinalis leaves. Swectclover weevil resistance is influenced by the balance between Stimulant A, Deterrent A, and Deterrent B (nitrate), and the relative contributions of the different factors vary with stage of development of the leaves and the plant. Nitrate appears to be the predominant water‐soluble factor in young leaves, and Deterrent A and Stimulant A assume increased importance in leaves from mature plants.
Oviposition Preference by the Sorghum Shoot Fly (Atherigona varia soccata) in Progenies of Susceptible ✕ Resistant Sorghum Crosses1
Authors: Blum A.
Published: July 2010

Eight crosses were made between two shoot fly (Atherigona varia soccata)‐susceptible and four resistant sorghum (Sorghum sp.) lines. Parental lines and F2 were planted on three dates, corresponding to three distinct levels of shoot fly infestations. F1 was planted only on the third date (highest infestation). The maximum number of deposited eggs was recorded for each plant in each entry and date.

It was found that the size of the shoot fly population had a most pronounced effect on both absolute and relative rates of oviposition in various sorghum genotypes. Data on the F2 indicated that resistance (nonpreference) was partially dominant when evaluated under low shoot fly population. When evaluated under high population, susceptibility (preference) appeared be dominant. It was indicated that selection of nonpreferred genotypes should be established under extreme infestation as measured by. an average of at least 13‐15 deposited eggs per plant in susceptible lines.
Specific and Non‐specific Index Selection in Soybeans, Glycine max L. (Merrill)1
Authors: Byth D. E. , Caldwell B. E. , Weber C. R.
Published: July 2010

General, average, and specific index selection were evaluated for yield advance in two populations over three environments. In all environments, predicted genetic advance was greatest for the specific index from each population, but specific indices were generally less efficient for actual yield advance over environments than were yield truncation and the general index. Relationships among traits were reasonably comparable for closely related crosses, and for early generation and later generation material from these crosses. Average relationships among traits for non‐related soybean populations had utility in selection of specific breeding populations of Midwest soybeans.

The use of high performance environments resulted in maximum predictions of genetic advance, but actual yield advance evaluated over environments was essentially equal for all environments tested. Actual advance evaluated over environments may be the only accurate criterion for comparison of selection procedures in the presence of substantial genotype ✕ environmental interactions.
Use of Self‐fertility in the Improvement of Bromus inermis and Phleum pratense1
Authors: Drolsom P. N. , Nielsen E. L.
Published: July 2010

Experimental populations of Bromus inermis Leyss. and of Phleum pratense L. have been formed either with nearly self‐sterile plants or with plants possessing modest levels of self‐fertility. Both groups within a species originated from the same population and were submitted to the same selection pressures for agronomic features and disease resistance. Experimental synthetics based upon plants with a modest level of self‐fertility have indicated some superiority in disease resistance and a possible yield advantage over combinations of self‐sterile plants. Seedset data after mutual‐ and open‐pollination suggest that self‐fertile plants form more seed than self‐sterile plants.
Photosynthetic Efficiencies and Photorespiration in Calvin Cycle and C4‐Dicarboxylic Acid Plants1
Authors: Bull T. A.
Published: July 2010

The efficiency of photosynthetic utilization of light in Calvin cycle plants was lower than that found in plants with the C4‐dicarboxylic acid path of CO2 fixation when measured in air. Inhibition of photorespiration by O2 depletion indicated that potential photosynthetic efficiencies of both groups were similar. The ability of C4 plants to utilize higher light intensities than Calvin cycle plants was associated with a greater affinity for CO2 at the carboxylation site.

Photorespiration was detected in a leaf attached to an 18 month old sugarcane plant. The leaf was significantly less efficient than similar leaves from a young plant and displayed a greater resistance to CO2 transport. An explanation is advanced in terms of end‐product feedback from assimilate stored in the stalk.