bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal transcriptome reveals that circadian clock is involved in the dynamic regulation of immune response to bacterial infection in Bombyx mori
Authors: Qiu Jian‐Feng , Cui Wen‐Zhao , Zhang Qiang , Dai Tai‐Ming , Liu Kai , Li Jiang‐Lan , Wang Yu‐Jun , Sima Yang‐Hu , Xu Shi‐Qing
Published: April 2022

The circadian clock plays a critical role in the regulation of host immune defense. However, the mechanistic basis for this regulation is largely unknown. Herein, the core clock gene cryptochrome1 (cry1) knockout line in Bombyx mori, an invertebrate animal model, was constructed to obtain the silkworm with dysfunctional molecular clock, and the dynamic regulation of the circadian clock on the immune responsiveness within 24 h of Staphylococcus aureus infection was analyzed. We found that deletion of cry1 decreased viability of silkworms and significantly reduced resistance of larvae to S. aureus. Time series RNA‐seq analysis identified thousands of rhythmically expressed genes, including immune response genes, in the larval immune tissue, fat bodies. Uninfected cry1 knockout silkworms exhibited expression patterns of rhythmically expressed genes similar to wild‐type (WT) silkworms infected with S. aureus. However, cry1 knockout silkworms exhibited a seriously weakened response to S. aureus infection. The immune response peaked at 6 and 24 h after infection, during which “transcription storms” occurred, and the expression levels of the immune response genes, PGRP and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), were significantly upregulated in WT. In contrast, cry1 knockout did not effectively activate Toll, Imd, or NF‐κB signaling pathways during the immune adjustment period from 12 to 18 h after infection, resulting in failure to initiate the immune responsiveness peak at 24 h after infection. This may be related to inhibited silkworm fat body energy metabolism. These results demonstrated the dynamic regulation of circadian clock on silkworm immune response to bacterial infection and provided important insights into host antimicrobial defense mechanisms.
Quantification of heavy metals and health risk assessment in Sichuan pickle
Authors: Ma Qian , Zhu Yuan‐ting , Li Yi‐dan , Zhang Zhou‐li , Huang Jing , Zuo Yong
Published: April 2022

Sichuan pickle is one of popular traditional fermented foods in China. However, the contamination of heavy metals in Sichuan pickle, particularly home‐made Sichuan pickle and aged pickle brine, is little known. Therefore, the content of trace (Cr, Cu, and Zn) and toxic elements (As, Pb, and Cd) in Sichuan industrial pickle (SIP), Sichuan home‐made pickle (SHP), and aged pickle brine collected from local markets and families in Sichuan province, respectively, was detected by inductively coupled plasma–tandem mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS/MS) and the health risk was assessed by target hazard quotients including target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ). Consequently, the mean concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, and Cd were 0.122, 0.540, 2.516, 0.023, 0.015, and 0.106 mg/kg in SIP and 0.071, 0.364, 2.698, 0.014, 0.015, and 0.289 mg/kg in SHP, respectively, lower than the maximum allowable concentrations set by Chinese regulations, except for Cr and Cd in few samples. Principal component analysis of the heavy metal content could obviously distinguish between SIP and SHP. The content of As, Pb, and Cd in leaf pickles was significantly higher than that in pickles fermented with other types of vegetables. A significant enrichment of heavy metals in aged pickle brine over 10 years was observed, but pickle jars had no significant effect on heavy metal content in aged pickle brine. The intake of heavy metals through daily consumption of SIP and SHP was at a safe level, whereas the TTHQ of leaf pickle was 1.006, indicating a potential health risk. In conclusion, this study provided fundamental data for food safety assurance of Sichuan pickle.

Practical Application

Sichuan pickle is one of popular traditional fermented foods in China. In the present study, we investigated the contamination of heavy metals in Sichuan pickles by detecting the content of Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb in Sichuan industrial pickle, Sichuan home‐made pickle, and aged pickle brine, and estimated the health risk to local residents. This study can provide a reference for the safety risk of Sichuan industrial and home‐made pickle in terms of heavy metal contamination, and enhance the food safety in the processing, production, and consumption of Sichuan pickle in local families and pickle industry.
Downregulation of circATXN7 represses non‐small cell lung cancer growth by releasing miR‐7‐5p
Authors: Li Dongliang , Fu Zejun , Dong Chaoqun , Song Yongming
Published: April 2022

Background

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) participate in the occurrence and progression of many cancers. CircRNA ataxin 7 (circATXN7) (circBase ID: hsa_circ_0066436) plays a promoting influence on gastric cancer progression. However, the biological role of circATXN7 in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is indistinct.

Methods

Levels of circATXN7, microRNA (miR)‐7‐5p, and profilin 2 (PFN2) mRNA were detected using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). Proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and invasion were analyzed using cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8), colony formation, 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU), flow cytometry, and transwell assays. Protein levels were analyzed using western blotting (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The relationship between circATXN7 or PFN2 and miR‐7‐5p was analyzed by dual‐luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. The biological function of circATXN7 was verified by xenograft assay.

Results

CircATXN7 and PFN2 were highly expressed in NSCLC, whereas miR‐7‐5p expression had the opposite trend. CircATXN7 overexpression constrained apoptosis and promoted proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition of NSCLC cells, but circATXN7 silencing played the opposing influence and repressed xenograft tumor growth in vivo. CircATXN7 served as a miR‐7‐5p sponge, and circATXN7 regulated malignant behaviors of NSCLC cells through sponging miR‐7‐5p. PFN2 acted as a miR‐7‐5p target. PFN2 silencing overturned the promoting effect of miR‐7‐5p inhibitor on NSCLC cell malignancy, while PFN2 overexpression reversed the inhibitory impact of miR‐7‐5p mimic on NSCLC cell malignancy.

Conclusion

CircATXN7 accelerated the malignancy of NSCLC cells through adsorbing miR‐7‐5p and upregulating PFN2, offering evidence to support circATXN7 as a target for NSCLC treatment.
The Effect of Changes in Income Shifting on Affiliate Managers' Internal Reporting Decisions*†
Authors: Klassen Kenneth J. , Valle Ruiz Cinthia
Published: April 2022

This study examines the interplay between tax and internal reporting incentives among affiliates of multinational corporations (MNCs). MNCs face limited information flows that may prevent affiliates' performance metrics to be responsive immediately to changes in the firm's tax planning. Using granular data of affiliates belonging to MNCs from 21 European countries, our study provides new empirical evidence of affiliate internal reporting responses induced by changing tax plans. When high‐tax‐rate countries tighten income shifting rules, we first document that income shifting is reduced and low‐tax‐rate affiliates have less income. Second, we predict and document that managers of these low‐tax‐rate affiliates offset this decrease in profits by managing upwards a key performance metric: affiliate earnings. Our results are consistent with firms not quickly adjusting the affiliate managers' incentives in the face of changing tax planning strategies, and affiliates managing reported earnings to offset the effect of changes in the tax planning of the firm. Cross‐sectional analyses provide further evidence consistent with the theory underlying the main tests. The results support the policy of tightening income shifting rules when the objective is to reduce income shifting, and firms' central management would benefit from considering the implications of changing tax plans on the assessment of local managers.
Selection of sampling sites for biodiversity inventory: Effects of environmental and geographical considerations
Authors: Nuñez‐Penichet Claudia , Cobos Marlon E. , Soberón Jorge , Gueta Tomer , Barve Narayani , Barve Vijay , Navarro‐Sigüenza Adolfo G. , Peterson A. Townsend
Published: April 2022

Biodiversity inventory is among the major challenges for conservation biology in the face of global change. Species exist in two spaces that are linked in the so‐called Hutchinsonian Duality: distributions in geographical space and ecological niches in environmental space. We explore implications of using distinct methods to select locations for biodiversity inventories, based on this idea of two‐space distributions.

We combined empirical and statistical methods to facilitate selecting localities for biodiversity inventory based on either or both of geographical and environmental considerations. These approaches were applied to select sites for inventory in four example countries. For one of our examples, we tested how effective distinct methods were in sampling biodiversity.

Random and geographically uniform selections are generally biased towards the most common environments in the regions; selections aiming for uniform sampling of environments are concentrated spatially in areas of high heterogeneity in geographical context. Considering disparate geographical distributions of environments helped to cover geographical areas more broadly when selections were environmentally uniform. Generally, sets of sites selected considering environmental conditions perform better in sampling known biodiversity in regions of interest.

Our results underline the benefits of considering environmental and geographical conditions when selecting sites on the effectiveness of resulting inventories. Our tools, implemented in the r package biosurvey, will help researchers to design biodiversity survey systems taking into account the Hutchinsonian Duality and the crucial considerations that it suggests.
Automated call detection for acoustic surveys with structured calls of varying length
Authors: Wang Yuheng , Ye Juan , Borchers David L.
Published: April 2022

When recorders are used to survey acoustically conspicuous species, identification calls of the target species in recordings is essential for estimating density and abundance. We investigate how well deep neural networks identify vocalisations consisting ofphrasesof varying lengths, each containing a variable number ofsyllables. We use recordings of Hainan gibbonNomascus hainanusvocalisations to develop and test the methods.

We propose two methods for exploiting the two‐level structure of such data. The first combines convolutional neural network (CNN) models with a hidden Markov model (HMM) and the second uses a convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN). Both models learn acoustic features of syllables via a CNN and temporal correlations of syllables into phrases either via an HMM or recurrent network. We compare their performance to commonly used CNNs LeNet and VGGNet, and support vector machine (SVM). We also propose a dynamic programming method to evaluate how well phrases are predicted. This is useful for evaluating performance when vocalisations are labelled by phrases, not syllables.

Our methods perform substantially better than the commonly used methods when applied to the gibbon acoustic recordings. The CRNN has anF‐score of 90% on phrase prediction, which is 18% higher than the best of the SVM or LeNet and VGGNet methods. HMM post‐processing raised theF‐score of these last three methods to as much as 87%. The number of phrases is overestimated by CNNs and SVM, leading to error rates between 49% and 54%. With HMM, these error rates can be reduced to 0.4% at the lowest. Similarly, the error rate of CRNN's prediction is no more than 0.5%.

CRNNs are better at identifying phrases of varying lengths composed of a varying number of syllables than simpler CNN or SVM models. We find a CRNN model to be best at this task, with a CNN combined with an HMM performing almost as well. We recommend that these kinds of models are used for species whose vocalisations are structured into phrases of varying lengths.
Fire effects on riparian vegetation recovery and nutrient fluxes in Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Marques Nubia , Miranda Fabio , Gomes Leticia , Lenti Felipe , Costa Lucas , Bustamante Mercedes
Published: April 2022

Fire can change gallery forest vegetation structure, thereby altering nutrient fluxes between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In Brazilian savannas, which are fire‐prone ecosystems, the fire regime is changing due to human activities such as converting native vegetation to farmland and urban areas. Uncontrolled wildfires in these savannas can reach gallery forests, which are more sensitive to fire impacts, leading to concerns about the effects of fire on gallery forest vegetation structure and freshwater ecosystems. We analysed the relationships between fire severity (the degree to which the fire has changed an area), percentage of burned area, variation in precipitation with gallery forest and savanna vegetation structure recovery and input of nutrients (NH4, , and ) to streams for 16 months after a fire event in five watersheds associated with small streams. One year after the fire, vegetation recovery (NDVI) was lower in gallery forest areas than in savanna woodlands, despite the more severe fires in savannas. The short‐term effects of fire on gallery forest vegetation included increased nitrate concentrations in streams, which were also influenced by increased precipitation and the extent of the burned area. The nutrient inputs into the stream stabilized within 1 year. However, gallery forest vegetation did not fully recover at that time and may continue to alter the functioning of the aquatic ecosystem. Together, these results demonstrate the need for an integrated fire management plan that considers both gallery forests and the surrounding savannas in the landscape to address consequences to aquatic ecosystems.
Substance use disorder in the anaesthetist
Authors: Misra U. , Gilvarry E. , Marshall J. , Hall R. , McLure H. , Mayall R. , El‐Ghazali S. , Redfern N. , McGrady E. , Gerada C.
Published: April 2022

Anaesthetists have a higher incidence of substance use disorder when compared with other doctors. This might be due to the ease of access to intravenous opioids, propofol, midazolam, inhalational agents and other anaesthetic drugs. Alcohol use disorder continues to be the most common problem. Unfortunately, the first sign that something is amiss might be the anaesthetist's death from an accidental or deliberate overdose. While there are few accurate data, suicide is presumed to be the cause of death in approximately 6–10% of all anaesthetists. If we are to prevent this, substance use disorder must be recognised early, we should ensure the anaesthetist is supported by their department and hospital management and that the anaesthetist engages fully with treatment. Over 75% of anaesthetists return to full practice if they co‐operate fully with the required treatment and supervision.
Liver herniation mimicking a thoracic tumor with restoration of the liver surface structure on closure of the hernia orifice under thoracoscopic surgery
Authors: Ikeda Takeshi , Sumiya Ryusuke , Sugimura Aya , Hirai Hoshie , Nagasaka Satoshi
Published: April 2022

Non‐congenital, non‐traumatic spontaneous diaphragmatic liver hernia in adults is extremely rare and sometimes misdiagnosed as a thoracic tumor. Almost all previous reports with a definitive diagnosis reported preservation; thus, differential diagnosis is extremely important for planning optimal management of such clinical conditions. An abnormal shadow in the right lower lung field was detected on chest radiography in a 61‐year‐old woman. Further imaging study revealed a 33‐mm diameter mass adjacent to the right diaphragm. Thoracoscopic surgery was performed as diagnostic treatment. We found a pale hemispherical herniated liver on the central tendon of the diaphragm. After repositioning the herniated liver, the orifice was closed with a non‐absorbable suture, and the surface of the liver returned to being a perfectly smooth surface. With this result, we believe that repair of diaphragmatic liver hernia through a minimally invasive procedure has great benefits for patients.
How do I diagnose Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young in my patients?
Authors: Colclough Kevin , Patel Kashyap
Published: April 2022

Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) is a monogenic form of diabetes diagnosed in young individuals that lack the typical features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The genetic subtype of MODY determines the most effective treatment and this is the driver for MODY genetic testing in diabetes populations. Despite the obvious clinical and health economic benefits, MODY is significantly underdiagnosed with the majority of patients being inappropriately managed as having type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Low detection rates result from the difficulty in identifying patients with a likely diagnosis of MODY from the high background population of young onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes, compounded by the lack of MODY awareness and education in diabetes care physicians. MODY diagnosis can be improved through (1) access to education and training, (2) the use of sensitive and specific selection criteria based on accurate prediction models and biomarkers to identify patients for testing, (3) the development and mainstream implementation of simple criteria‐based selection pathways applicable across a range of healthcare settings and ethnicities to select the most appropriate patients for genetic testing and (4) the correct use of next generation sequencing technology to provide accurate and comprehensive testing of all known MODY and monogenic diabetes genes. The creation and public sharing of educational materials, clinical and scientific best practice guidelines and genetic variants will help identify the missing patients so they can benefit from the more effective clinical care that a genetic diagnosis brings.
A core outcome set for clinical studies of adhesive small bowel obstruction
Authors:   Tripartite Gastrointestinal Recovery SBO Group
Published: April 2022

Aim

Adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) is a common surgical emergency condition. Research in the field is plentiful; however, inconsistency in outcome reporting makes comparisons challenging. The aim of this study was to define a core outcome set (COS) for studies of ASBO.

Methods

The long list of outcomes was identified through systematic review, and focus groups across different geographical regions. A modified Delphi consensus exercise of three rounds was undertaken with stakeholder groups (patients and clinicians). Items were rated on a 9‐point Likert scale. Items exceeding 70% rating at 7–9 were passed to the consensus meeting. New item proposals were invited in round 1. Individualised feedback on prior voting compared to other participants was provided. An international consensus meeting was convened to ratify the final COS.

Results

In round 1, 56 items were rated by 118 respondents. A total of 18 items reached consensus, and respondents proposed an additional 10 items. Round 2 was completed by 90 respondents, and nine items achieved consensus. In round 3, 80 surveys were completed; one item achieved consensus, and five borderline items were identified. The final COS included 26 outcomes, mapped to the following domains: Interventions, need for stoma, septic complications, return of gut function, patient reported outcomes, and recurrence of obstruction, as well as mortality, failure to rescue, and time to resolution.

Conclusion

This COS should be used in future studies in the treatment of adhesive SBO. Further studies to define a core measurement set are needed to identify the optimum tools to measure each outcome.
Discovery of preventive drugs for cisplatin‐induced acute kidney injury using big data analysis
Authors: Kanda Masaya , Goda Mitsuhiro , Maegawa Akiko , Yoshioka Toshihiko , Yoshida Ami , Miyata Koji , Aizawa Fuka , Niimura Takahiro , Hamano Hirofumi , Okada Naoto , Sakurada Takumi , Chuma Masayuki , Yagi Kenta , Izawa‐Ishizawa Yuki , Yanagawa Hiroaki , Zamami Yoshito , Ishizawa Keisuke
Published: April 2022

Cisplatin is effective against many types of carcinoma. However, a high rate of renal damage is a clinical problem. Thus, there is a need to establish a method to prevent it. Although various compounds have been reported to be effective against cisplatin‐induced renal injury, there are no examples of their clinical application. Therefore, we attempted to search for prophylactic agents with a high potential for clinical application. We used Cascade Eye to identify genes that are altered during cisplatin‐induced renal injury, Library of Integrated Network‐based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) to identify drugs that inhibit changes in gene expression, and a large database of spontaneous adverse drug reaction reports to identify drugs that could prevent cisplatin‐induced kidney injury in clinical practice. In total, 10 candidate drugs were identified. Using the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), we identified drugs that reduce cisplatin‐induced kidney injury. Fenofibrate was selected as a candidate drug to prevent cisplatin‐induced kidney injury based on the FAERS analysis. A model was used to evaluate the efficacy of fenofibrate against cisplatin‐induced renal injury. Studies using HK2 cells and mouse models showed that fenofibrate significantly inhibited cisplatin‐induced renal injury but did not inhibit the antitumor effect of cisplatin. Fenofibrate is a candidate prophylactic drug with high clinical applicability for cisplatin‐induced renal injury. Analysis of data from multiple big databases will improve the search for novel prophylactic drugs with high clinical applicability. For the practical application of these findings, evaluation in prospective controlled trials is necessary.
Cholesterol crystals and their implications in pleural effusion fluids
Authors: AbdullGaffar Badr , Ameen Ali
Published: April 2022

The presence of cholesterol crystals is an important cytological finding in pleural effusions. They are not restricted to rheumatoid arthritis and tuberculosis but may occur in subacute effusions due to other causes, including COVID‐19 pneumonia and pneumothorax.
Pretracheal ectopic thymoma: A diagnostic challenge in endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration cytology
Authors: George Elinor , Khan Rubia , Powari Manish , Dorey Nichole
Published: April 2022

Ectopic thymomas (ETs) are rare thymic neoplasms that arise from atypical anatomical sites and present a diagnostic challenge for clinicians as they can be mistaken for other pathological entities on fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology.
Prospektive Kohortenstudie von InspECT zur Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit der Elektrochemotherapie bei Hauttumoren und Metastasen in Abhängigkeit von Ulzeration
Authors: Claussen Carla Sophie , Moir Graeme , Bechara Falk G. , Orlando Antonio , Matteucci Paolo , Mowatt David , Clover Anthony James P. , Mascherini Matteo , Gehl Julie , Muir Tobian , Sersa Gregor , Groselj Ales , Odili Joy , Giorgione Roberto , Campana Luca Giovanni , Bertino Giulia , Curatolo Pietro , Banerjee Shramana , Kis Erika , Quaglino Pietro , Pritchard‐Jones Rowan , De Terlizzi Francesca , Grischke Eva‐Maria , Kunte Christian
Published: April 2022

Hintergrund

Elektrochemotherapie (ECT) ist eine wirksame lokale Behandlung von Hauttumoren. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Wirksamkeit der ECT bei ulzerierten gegenüber nichtulzerierten Tumoren zu vergleichen und den Effekt auf tumorassoziierte Symptome zu untersuchen.

Methodik

20 Krebszentren desInternational Network for Sharing Practices on Electrochemotherapy(InspECT) sammelten prospektiv Daten. Die ECT wurde nach dem ESOPE‐Protokoll durchgeführt. Das Therapieansprechen wurde anhand der Entwicklung der Läsionsgröße bewertet. Zusätzlich wurden Schmerzen, Symptome, Leistungsstatus (ECOG‐Index) und Gesundheitszustand (EQ‐5D‐Fragebogen) untersucht.

Ergebnisse

716 Patienten mit ulzerierten (n = 302) und nichtulzerierten (n = 414) Hauttumoren und Metastasen wurden eingeschlossen (Mindest‐Nachsorge 45 Tage). Nicht‐ulzerierte Läsionen sprachen besser auf die ECT an als ulzerierte Läsionen (vollständiges Ansprechen: 65 % gegenüber 51 %, p = 0,0061). Nur 38 % (115/302) der Patienten mit ulzerierten Läsionen vor der ECT wiesen bei der letzten Nachuntersuchung ulzerierte Läsionen auf. Patienten mit ulzerierten Läsionen berichteten über stärkere Schmerzen und schwerere Symptome im Vergleich zu Patienten mit nichtulzerierten Läsionen, die sich nach der ECT signifikant und kontinuierlich besserten. Bei Patienten mit nichtulzerierten Läsionen hingegen nahmen die Schmerzen während der Behandlung vorübergehend zu. Es wurden keine schwerwiegenden Nebenwirkungen beobachtet.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die ECT ist eine sichere und wirksame lokale Behandlung von Hauttumoren. Während die ECT die Symptome insbesondere bei Patienten mit ulzerierten Läsionen verbessert, sollte auf Basis der Daten die Implementation eines perioperativen Schmerzmanagements besonders bei nichtulzerierten Läsionen während der ECT erwogen werden.
Use of advanced endoscopic technology for optical characterization of neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis: Systematic review
Authors: Maeda Yasuharu , Kudo Shin‐ei , Ogata Noriyuki , Kuroki Takanori , Takashina Yuki , Takishima Kazumi , Ogawa Yushi , Ichimasa Katsuro , Mori Yuichi , Kudo Toyoki , Hayashi Takemasa , Miyachi Hideyuki , Ishida Fumio , Nemoto Tetsuo , Ohtsuka Kazuo , Misawa Masashi
Published: April 2022

Objectives

Advances in endoscopic technology, including magnifying and image‐enhanced techniques, have been attracting increasing attention for the optical characterization of colorectal lesions. These techniques are being implemented into clinical practice as cost‐effective and real‐time approaches. Additionally, with the recent progress in endoscopic interventions, endoscopic resection is gaining acceptance as a treatment option in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Therefore, accurate preoperative characterization of lesions is now required. However, lesion characterization in patients with UC may be difficult because UC is often affected by inflammation, and it may be characterized by a distinct “bottom‐up” growth pattern, and even expert endoscopists have relatively little experience with such cases. In this systematic review, we assessed the current status and limitations of the use of optical characterization of lesions in patients with UC.

Methods

A literature search of online databases (MEDLINE via PubMed and CENTRAL via the Cochrane Library) was performed from 1 January 2000 to 30 November 2021.

Results

The database search initially identified 748 unique articles. Finally, 25 studies were included in the systematic review: 23 focused on differentiation of neoplasia from non‐neoplasia, one focused on differentiation of UC‐associated neoplasia from sporadic neoplasia, and one focused on differentiation of low‐grade dysplasia from high‐grade dysplasia and cancer.

Conclusions

Optical characterization of neoplasia in patients with UC, even using advanced endoscopic technology, is still challenging and several issues remain to be addressed. We believe that the information revealed in this review will encourage researchers to commit to the improvement of optical diagnostics for UC‐associated lesions.
A giant right atrial appendage aneurysm in an infant: A case report
Authors: Yue Jianming , Wang Qi , Liu Bin , Zhou Leng
Published: April 2022

Right atrial appendage aneurysms (RAAAs) are extremely rare in cardiac anomalies. According to the literature, a few dozen cases have been reported thus far, among which only four cases were infants or neonates. Here, we report an infant with a giant RAAA and severe symptoms. The RAAA was diagnosed by echocardiography and surgically resected under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The role of transesophageal echocardiography was very important during aneurysm resection surgery, which helped surgeons to plan surgical procedures during surgery and evaluate the surgical effect postoperatively.
Diet‐mediated immune response to parasitoid attacks on a caterpillar with a broad diet breadth
Authors: Vyas Dhaval K. , Murphy Shannon M.
Published: April 2022

Bottom‐up (plant) and top‐down (natural enemy) trophic factors can interact to have significant influence on the diet breadth of herbivores. For herbivorous insects that are victim to parasitoid attacks, diet composition can modulate insect immune responses against the parasitoid. However, immune responses are costly and insect herbivores experience a trade‐off between investment in immune defences and other physiological processes.

We used a split‐brood laboratory experiment to explore how the diet of the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea), a species that eats over 400 plant species, affects larval growth and fitness and cellular immune response to attacks from a parasitic wasp. We reared larvae on four different plant diets (apple, alder, chokecherry, cottonwood) and then exposed them to an immune challenge from a parasitoid attack.

We found that diet influenced larval development as well as parameters indicative of immune response. Larvae reared on the plant that led to the poorest development also had the fewest granulocytes and the highest odds of containing a parasitoid larva. However, larval growth was not a predictor of immune response.

Overall, we show that the bottom‐up effect of diet variability has significant impacts on insect immune response such that larval fitness varies considerably when fed different dietary plant species. Broad diet ranges may offer herbivorous insects the opportunity to exploit a different set of resources depending on the severity of top‐down pressures. Here, we show that this variability in plant quality also has significant impacts on larval immune response.
The spectrum and frequency of histopathological diagnosis of oral diseases in Oslo: Implications to oral pathology syllabus
Authors: Sofizadeh Narmin , Bjerkehagen Bodil , Solheim Tore , Sapkota Dipak , Søland Tine M.
Published: April 2022

Introduction

To assure knowledge and skills in diagnostic work of oral diseases a continuously updated curriculum is essential. The first aim of the present study was to evaluate the spectrum and frequency of oral histopathological diagnoses signed out by oral pathologists at the Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Norway during a two‐year period. The second aim was to compare the spectrum of histopathological diagnoses with the content of the current syllabus in oral pathology at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo (UiO).

Materials and Methods

In this retrospective cross‐sectional study, all histological diagnosis signed out during 2015 and 2016 were included. All histopathological reports were analysed with regard to clinical information and histopathological diagnosis. The spectrum of histopathological diagnoses was compared to the diagnoses presented in lectures and courses for dental and dental hygienist students at UiO.

Results

Three thousand four hundred and two histopathological reports (47% males and 53% females) were included. The diagnoses were categorised into eight disease groups and the three most frequent disease groups were cysts, benign tumours/reactive lesions, and white, red, ulcerative and vesiculobullous lesions. The lateral periodontal cyst was more frequent than expected.

Conclusions

We conclude that a minor revision of the syllabus is needed, although the most frequent oral conditions presented in this study are well covered in the oral pathology teaching in Oslo. A more clinical related teaching approach should be considered by categorising oral diseases according to, for example location and age groups.
5‐HT2 receptor antagonism reduces human motoneuron output to antidromic activation but not to stimulation of corticospinal axons
Authors: Thorstensen Jacob R. , Taylor Janet L. , Kavanagh Justin J.
Published: April 2022

The intrinsic electrical properties of motoneurons strongly affect motoneuron excitability to fast‐acting excitatory ionotropic inputs. Serotonin (5‐HT) is a neurochemical that alters the intrinsic properties of motoneurons, whereby animal models and in vitro experiments indicate that 5‐HT increases motoneuron excitability by activating 5‐HT2 receptors on the somato‐dendritic compartment. In the current study, we examined how antagonism of the 5‐HT2 receptor affects motoneuron excitability in humans. We hypothesised that motoneuron excitability would be reduced. The 5‐HT2 antagonist cyproheptadine was administered to 10 healthy participants in a double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled, crossover trial. Electrical cervicomedullary stimulation was used to deliver a synchronised excitatory volley to motoneurons to elicit cervicomedullary motor evoked potentials (CMEPs) in the surface electromyography (EMG) signal of the resting biceps brachii. Likewise, electrical peripheral nerve stimulation was used to generate antidromic spikes in motoneurons and cause recurrent discharges, which were recorded with surface EMG as F‐waves in a resting hand muscle. Compared with placebo, we found that 5‐HT2 antagonism reduced the amplitude and persistence of F‐waves but did not affect CMEP amplitude. 5‐HT2 antagonism also reduced maximal contraction strength. The reduced recurrent discharge of motoneurons with 5‐HT2 antagonism suggests that 5‐HT2 receptors modulate the electrical properties of the initial segment or soma to promote excitability. Conversely, as cyproheptadine did not affect motoneuron excitability to brief synaptic input, but affected maximal contractions requiring sustained input, it seems likely that the 5‐HT2‐mediated amplification of synaptic input at motoneuron dendrites is functionally significant only when excitatory input activates persistent inward currents.
Genomic consequences of a century of inbreeding and isolation in the Danish wild boar population
Authors: Yıldız Beril , Megens Hendrik‐Jan , Hvilsom Christina , Bosse Mirte
Published: April 2022

Demographic events such as series of bottlenecks impact the genetic variation and adaptive potential of populations. European megafauna, such as wild boars (Sus scrofa), have experienced severe climatic and size fluctuations that have shaped their genetic variation. Habitat fragmentation and human‐mediated translocations have further contributed to the complex demographic history of European wild boar. Danish wild boars represent an extreme case of a small and isolated population founded by four wild boars from Germany. Here, we explore the genetic composition of the Danish wild boar population in Klelund. We genotyped all 21 Danish wild boars that were recently transferred from the source population in Lille Vildmose into the Klelund Plantation to establish a novel wild boar population. We compared the Danish wild boars with high‐density single‐nucleotide polymorphism genotypes from a comprehensive reference set of 1263 wild and domesticated pigs, including 11 individuals from Ulm, one of two presumed founder locations in Germany. Our findings support the European wild background of the Danish population, and no traces of gene flow with wild or domesticated pigs were found. The narrow genetic origin of the Danish wild boars is illustrated by extremely long and frequent runs of homozygous stretches in their genomes, indicative of recent inbreeding. This study provides the first insights into one of the most inbred wild boar populations globally established a century ago from a narrow base of only four founders.
Building a classroom discourse community in university Spanish courses: What high‐achieving language teachers do
Authors: Borden Rebecca
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this mixed‐methods study was to uncover how high‐achieving university Spanish instructors engage in the core practice of building a classroom discourse community at a doctoral‐level university in the southwestern United States. The second goal of this study was to determine whether student performance on reading and writing assessments was impacted by a focus on oral communication. Findings indicated that high‐achieving university Spanish instructors employed the use of personalized contexts for interaction and purposefully conceptualized planning and enacting of communicative tasks, although specific approaches in creating a classroom discourse community varied by the instructor. Despite the focus on oral communication in the participants' classes, student performance in courses taught by high‐achieving instructors was significantly higher in reading and writing assessments than the performance of students in courses taught by other instructors in the same course and language program. Findings support the notion that high‐leverage teaching practices have a palpable, practical impact on student learning.
Ecological and social strategies for managing fisheries using the Resist‐Accept‐Direct (RAD) framework
Authors: Lynch Abigail J. , Rahel Frank J. , Limpinsel Doug , Sethi Suresh A. , Engman Augustin C. , Lawrence David J. , Mills Katherine E. , Morrison Wendy , Peterson Jay O. , Porath Mark T.
Published: April 2022

Fisheries management is a complex task made even more challenging by rapid and unprecedented socioecological transformations associated with climate change. The Resist‐Accept‐Direct (RAD) framework can be a useful tool to support fisheries management in facing the high uncertainty and variability associated with aquatic ecosystem transformations. Here, RAD strategies are presented to address ecological goals for aquatic ecosystems and social goals for fisheries. These strategies are mapped on a controllability matrix which explores the ability to guide a system's behaviour towards a desired state based on ecological responsiveness and societal receptivity to change. Understanding and improving the controllability of aquatic systems and fisheries can help managers to maintain the broadest suite of available RAD management strategies.
From alchemy to modern mineralogy: dating mineral collections via chemical notation
Authors: Cooke J. C. , Jeffery A. J.
Published: April 2022

Mineral specimens found in historical collections often include specimen labels, which may provide vital information on the nature, chemistry and origin of the material. However, the evolution of chemical notation, particularly during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, led to a wide range of ways in which a given sample could be adequately documented, many of which may still be found in collections in the present day. Prior to the advent of modern mineralogy, samples were labelled using a complex and sometimes baffling language of alchemical symbols with little meaning to modern scientists. The efforts of notable chemists and mineralogists, such as Torbern Bergman, Antoine Lavoisier, John Dalton and Jöns Jacob Berzelius, began to reform and unify chemical nomenclature, providing a number of new terms, symbols and approaches to the description of materials. With the advent of atomic theory in the nineteenth century, new classification schemes based on quantitatively describing the atomic arrangement and composition of minerals were proposed, representing a significant step towards modern mineralogy. Understanding the development of chemical notation over time not only facilitates the identification of mineral specimens but may also provide clues as to the date that the sample was documented, and potentially even the location.
Pathophysiology and management of bleeding and thrombosis in patients with liver disease
Authors: van den Boom Bente P. , Lisman Ton
Published: April 2022

Patients with liver disease often develop complex changes in their haemostatic system. Frequently observed changes include thrombocytopaenia and altered plasma levels of most of the proteins involved in haemostasis. Although liver disease was historically classified as a haemostasis‐related bleeding disorder, it has now been well established that the antihaemostatic changes that promote bleeding are compensated for by prohaemostatic changes. Conventional coagulation tests however do not accurately reflect these prohaemostatic changes, resulting in an underestimation of haemostatic potential. Novel coagulation tests, such as viscoelastic tests (VETs) and thrombin generation assays (TGAs) better reflect the net result of the haemostatic changes in patients with liver disease, and demonstrate a new, “rebalanced” haemostatic status. Although rebalanced, this haemostatic status is more fragile than in patients without liver disease. Patients with liver disease are therefore not only at risk of bleeding but also at risk of thrombosis. Notably, however, many haemostatic complications in liver disease are not related to the haemostatic failure. It is, therefore, crucial to identify the cause of the bleed or thrombotic complication in order to provide adequate treatment. In this paper, we will elaborate on the haemostatic changes that occur in liver disease, reflect on laboratory and clinical studies over the last few years, and explore the pathophysiologies of bleeding and thrombosis in this specific patient group.
Understanding vaccine‐induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT)
Authors: Dix Caroline , McFadyen James , Huang Angela , Chunilal Sanjeev , Chen Vivien , Tran Huyen
Published: April 2022

Vaccine‐induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a rare, but serious, syndrome characterised by thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, a markedly raised D‐dimer and the presence of anti‐platelet factor‐4 (PF4) antibodies following COVID‐19 adenovirus vector vaccination. VITT occurs at a rate of approximately 2 per 100 000 first‐dose vaccinations and appears exceedingly rare following second doses. Our current understanding of VITT pathogenesis is based on the observations that patients with VITT have antibodies that bind to PF4 and have the ability to form immune complexes that induce potent platelet activation. However, the precise mechanisms that lead to pathogenic VITT antibody development remain a source of active investigation. Thrombosis in VITT can manifest in any vascular bed and affect multiple sites simultaneously. While there is a predilection for splanchnic and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, VITT also commonly presents with deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Pillars of management include anticoagulation with a non‐heparin anticoagulant, intravenous immunoglobulin and ‘rescue’ therapies, such as plasma exchange for severe cases. VITT can be associated with a high mortality rate and significant morbidity, but awareness and optimal therapy have significantly improved outcomes in Australia. A number of questions remain unanswered, including why VITT is so rare, reasons for the predilection for thrombosis in unusual sites, how long pathological antibodies persist, and the optimal duration of anticoagulation. This review will provide an overview of the presentation, diagnostic workup and management strategies for patients with VITT.
Validating nature relatedness scale in the Philippines: Social responsibility as a cultural driver on why nature relatedness promotes green purchase intention
Authors: Aruta John Jamir Benzon R. , Pakingan Karmia A.
Published: April 2022

Despite the global nature of environmental problems, research on environmental psychology has been mainly based on Western countries, and very limited studies looked into environmental psychological constructs and processes through a non‐Western cultural lens. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the short‐form Nature Relatedness Scale (NR‐6) and investigated culturally relevant mechanisms that facilitate the positive influence of nature relatedness on green purchase intentions among Filipinos. Two studies were conducted to attain these objectives. Study 1 (N = 504) validated the NR‐6. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded a stable unidimensional factor structure of NR‐6 with good data‐model fit and strong factor loadings. Study 2 (N = 366) tested a moderated mediation model indicating the mediating role of social responsibility on nature relatedness and green purchase intention relationship across the different levels of interdependent self‐construal. Results indicated that social responsibility mediated the positive impact of nature relatedness on the intention to buy green products among Filipinos. More importantly, results showed a significant moderating role of interdependent self‐construal such that the indirect effect of social responsibility was stronger among Filipinos with higher levels of self‐construal than those with lower levels. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
A meta‐analysis showing the effect of surgical site wound infections and associated risk factors in neonatal surgeries
Authors: Abdelgawad Mohamed A. , Parambi Della G.T. , Ghoneim Mohammed M. , Alotaibi Nasser Hadal , Alzarea Abdulaziz Ibrahim , Alanazi Abdullah S. , Hassan Ahmed , Tony Sara M. , Abdelrahim Mohamed EA
Published: April 2022

A meta‐analysis was performed to assess the effect of surgical site wound infections and risk factors in neonates undergoing surgery. A systematic literature search up to January 2022 incorporated 17 trials involving 645 neonates who underwent surgery at the beginning of the trial; 198 of them had surgical site wound infections, and 447 were control for neonates. The statistical tools like the dichotomous or continuous method used within a random or fixed‐influence model to establish the odds ratio (OR) and mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to evaluate the risk factors and influence of surgical site wound infections in neonates undergoing surgery. Surgical site wound infections had significantly higher mortality with OR value 2.03 at 95% CI 1.40–2.95 with P‐value <0.001, the longer length of hospital stay (MD, 31.88; 95% CI, 18.17–45.59, P < 0.001), and lower birthweight of neonates (MD, −0.30; 95% CI, −0.53 to −0.07, P = 0.01) compared with neonates with no surgical site wound infections undergoing surgery. However, no remarkable change was observed with surgical site wound infections in the gestational age at birth of neonates (MD, −0.70; 95% CI, −1.46 to 0.05, P = 0.07), and the preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.57–2.87, P = 0.55) compared with no surgical site wound infections for neonates undergoing surgery. Surgical site wound infections had significantly higher mortality, a longer length of hospital stay, and lower birthweight of neonates. However, they had no statistically significant difference in the gestational age at birth of neonates and the preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis compared with no surgical site wound infections for neonates undergoing surgery. Furthermore, evidence is needed to confirm the outcomes.