bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mikromorphologische Untersuchungen an den Odontoblasten des Schafs in verschiedenen Entwicklungs‐ bzw. Reifestadien
Authors: Geiger G. , Hild A.
Published: June 2007

Micromorphological Investigations of the Odontoblasts of the Sheep in various developmental and maturational Stages

The fine tissue structure of ovine odontoblasts was studied in various developmental and maturational stages. Odontoblasts differentiate from the peripherally‐located mesenchymal cells of the dental papilla. On the basis of cytological parameters, it was possible to divide the odontoblasts into the following groups: pre‐odontoblasts, juvenile (light) odontoblasts and mature (dark) odontoblasts. The three maturational stages of odontoblasts exhibit substantial differences with respect to their form and to the number and arrangement of their cytoplasmatic organelles. Structural differences in the three cell types appear to be closely correlated to the level of cellular activity.
Lichtmikroskopische Untersuchungen über das Glaukom der Katze
Authors: Rapp E. , Walde I.
Published: June 2007

Lightmicroscopical investigations of glaucoma in the cat

In the paper presented, the histological findings in four cats with glaucoma are reported by means of HE‐stained paraffin embedded sections. To each case a clinical anamnesis is given. The authors describe primary glaucomas as well as secondary glaucomas of different aetiology. A dysplastic pectinate ligament can be identified for the first time in a cat. Clinical and histological findings are discussed and compared to the findings in dogs.
Development and Variation of the Lateral Vertebral Foramen of the Atlas in Dogs
Authors: Richards M. W. , Watson A. G.
Published: June 2007

Postnatal development and variation of the bony cranial border of the lateral vertebral foramen (LVF) of the atlas was studied in % dogs. Developmental ossification was investigated in 8 known‐aged Miniature Schnauzer pups, after each atlas was prepared either as an alizarin‐red stained clearing or as a dried cleaned bone. Variation was investigated in 63 atlases from mature dogs and by study of radiographs from 25 mature dogs of various breeds. The soft tissue structures passing through the LVF and attaching to its cranial border were dissected in an additional 2 embalmed and 2 fresh cadavers. In 2‐week‐old pups, the LVF was represented by a notch in the cranial margin of the bony arch of the atlas, with a cartilage bar completing the foramen cranially. Between 6 and 16 weeks the bar forming the cranial bony border of the LVF ossified in its preexisting cartilage anlage. In mature dogs, the LVF was present in the craniolateral aspect of the arch of the atlas and was recognized on lateral radiographs. The vertebral artery and vein, and first cervical nerve passed through the LVF and the atlantooccipital joint capsule and dorsal membrane attached to the cranial border of the LVF. In one dog the cranial border of the LVF of the atlas was incompletely ossified bilaterally. This developmental variant was compared with variations in man and other mammals, and with proatlas neural arch derivatives.
Sur les Terminaisons Nerveuses Sensitives du Clitoris chez la Truie (Sus scrofa domesticus)
Authors: Corona M. , Scala G. , Budetta G. C. , Crasto A.
Published: June 2007

On the Sensory Nerve‐Endings in the Porcine Clitoris

Neural receptors of the porcine clitoris were examined using light and electron microscopy. Perfusion with ink allowed study of the unique vascular arrangement associated with the genital corpuscles. Sensory nerve‐endings were generally rounded and formed a morphologically and structurally characteristic unit. They were composed of a network of primarily non‐myelinated nerve fibers and flat cells.

Between these structures, isolated small blood vessels were embedded amongst collagen fibers and amorphous material. An external capsule of variable thickness always surrounded the structures.

A complex arrangement of vessels in the center of the capsule was formed by a subpapillary mesh. The same arrangement was seen in the morphologically comparable penil genital corpuscles of the same species.

Based on the particular arrangement of blood vessels and nerve fibers in the genital corpuscles, some authors postulate the presence of a neuro‐vascular glomerulus.
Zum Bau der Milchdrüse des Rindes während der Trockenstehperiode unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Involutionsprozesse
Authors: Michel G. , Heinz M.
Published: June 2007

Morphology of the bovine mammary gland during the nonlactating period

Lightmicroscopical and histochemical investigations were performed on biopsies, which were obtained from the mammary glands of healthy pregnant cows during different stages of the nonlactating period. The results demonstrate characteristic morphological changes in the different phases of the nonlactating period. They can be interpretated as involution and regeneration processes, which occur in the alveoli and interalveolar tissue of the bovine mammary gland during the nonlactating period.
Arterial Segmentation in the Spleen of the Sheep
Authors: Ocal M. K. , Takci I.
Published: June 2007

Forty six corrosion casts of sheep splenic artery and its intrasplenic tree were studied. Forty spleens (86.96%) showed two segments, 2 spleens (4.35%) revealed three segments and 4 spleens (8.69 %) did not demonstrate arterial segmentation.
Estudio Histoquímico e Immunohistoquímico del Tejido Linfoide Porcino: Ganglio Linfático, Bazo y Timo
Authors: Ramis A. , Ramos J. , Fondevila D. , Pumarola M. , Ferrer L.
Published: June 2007

Immunohistological and Enzyme Histochemical Study of Lymphoid Pig Tissue: Lymph Node, Spleen, and Thymus

Immunohistological (S‐100, cIg) and enzyme histochemical (ANAE/ANBE, β‐glu, ATPase, AcP) investigations were carried out to identify lymphocyte and reticular cell subpopulations“in situ”, in pig lymphoid tissue (lymph node, spleen, and thymus) of a 6 months old group, and a 6–9 days old one. By means of immunohistological techniques, in the 6 month old pigs we could detect S‐100 protein (PAP), chiefly in T‐areas lymphocytes, but we also found some S‐100 positive lymphocytes in spleen follicles. Also S‐100 protein were detected at Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDC) in lymph node and spleen; and Reticular Fibroblastic Cells (RFC) only in the first one. Finally, S‐100 were noted in Hassall corpuscles (thymus), nervous fibres, and endothelial cells too. Using PAP (IgG, IgM) and IPI (IgA) techniques we could detect lymphocyte cytoplasmatic surface immunoglobulins (clg) in lymphocytes, lymphoblastoid and plasmocitoid cells in nearly all tissue compartments. By means of histochemical techniques we could identify T‐area lymphocytes ANAE/ANBE and β‐glu positives (cytoplasmatic spots) and B‐area lymphocytes ATPase positive; macrophages, and polimor‐phonuclear eosinophiles PHNE being ANAE/ANBE and β‐glu positives (diffuse cytoplasmic stain); and Hassall corpuscles ANAE/ANBE and AcP positives. Concerning to reticular cells, we found FDC and RFC in lymphoid follicles, and Interdigitating Reticular Cells (IDC) in lymphoid diffuse tissue, with enzyme activity (all the enzymes studied) in nearly all the cases. In piglets, the immunohistological and histochemical pattern was nearly the same.
Estudio Histoquímico de las Fibras Musculares de Algunos Teleósteos Marinos y de Agua Dulce
Authors: Zarzosa G. Ramirez , Gil F. , Moreno F. , Vazquez J. Ma. , Latorre R.
Published: June 2007

Histochemical Investigation of Muscle Fibres in certain Salt‐ and Freshwater Teleosts.

Histochemical and morphological studies of skeletal muscle of some fresh and salt water fish is presented. Distribution of three muscle types, red, intermediate and white, is discussed.
Dorsal Nerve Root Origins of the Cutaneous Nerves of the Feline Pelvic Limb
Authors: Bailey C. S. , Kitchell R. L. , Guinan M.J. , Sharp J.W.
Published: June 2007

The dorsal root origins of cutaneous nerves supplying the feline pelvic limb were determined electrophysiologically in 11 cats. Cutaneous nerves were surgically exposed and the presence or absence of an evoked potential in response to stimulation of individual dorsal roots was noted. The dorsal cutaneous branches of L3–L5 and S3, and the lateral cutaneous branch of L3 each arose solely from their parent spinal nerves. The L7, SI, and S2 dorsal cutaneous branches had multiple dorsal root origins. The lateral cutaneous femoral nerve originated from L3–L6 dorsal roots in 4 patterns of origin, and the saphenous nerve originated from L4–L6 dorsal roots in 2 patterns of origin. The lateral and caudal cutaneous sural nerves originated from L6–SI roots in 2 and 3 patterns, respectively. The lateral and medial plantar nerves arose from L6–S2 roots in 4 and 2 patterns, respectively. The superficial and deep peroneal nerves originated from L6–SI roots in 2 and 3 patterns, respectively. The caudal cutaneous femoral nerve or its branches arose from L7–S3 in 8 origin patterns. The dorsal nerve of the penis and the superficial perineal nerve arose from L.7–S3 and SI –S3 roots, respectively, each in 4 patterns. A subtle correlation between plexus type and dorsal root origins of the cutaneous nerves was noted.
The Humeroscapular Bone of the Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) and other Raptors
Authors: Smith B.J. , Smith S. A.
Published: June 2007

A small, separate, bony density dorsal to the shoulder joint is radiographically visible in several species of large hawks and owls. Gross dissection and histological examination show the bone to lie on the deep surface of the major deltoid muscle in intimate association with the dorsal coracohumeral ligament of the shoulder joint. The tendon of the supracoracoideus muscle passes immediately cranial to the humeroscapular bone. Two ligaments distinct from the shoulder joint capsule attach the humeroscapular bone to the proximal humerus: one passes to the proximal edge of the pectoral crest of the humerus, and the other passes to the ventral tubercle of the humerus. The bone was described as die humeroscapular bone in reference to a similar fibrocartilaginous structure possessed by some birds. The humeroscapular bone is present in the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), the screech owl (Otus asio), the barred owl (Strix varia), the red‐tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicencis), the Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii), and the sharp‐shinned hawk (Accipiter striatus). The bone is absent in the barn owl (Tyto alba), the osprey (Pandion haliaetus), the golden eagle (Aquila chysaetos), and the turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), though some of these species possessed a similar fibrocartilaginous structure. Whether the humeroscapular structure develops as bone or cartilage in a given species may be related to other morphological features of the wing, and/or to characteristics of the predatory behavior of the species. Clinicians and anatomists dealing with birds of prey must be aware of the presence of the humeroscapular bone to avoid misinterpreting it as a fracture fragment.
The Apical Ligaments of the Penis of the Goat and Sheep
Authors: Rumph Paul F. , Garrett Phillip D.
Published: June 2007

The penile apical ligaments of 13 goats and 8 sheep were dissected and described. Unlike the single apical ligament of the bull penis, both goats and sheep had one ligament on each side of the apex of the penis with no apparent connection over the dorsal surface. These lateral apical ligaments consisted of substantial connective tissue fibers that arose from the outer layers of the tunica albuginea and varied from 6.0 to 10.0 cm in length. The left apical ligament was longer and thicker than the right. The left apical ligament of the sheep penis was divided into a dorsal and a ventral branch. Both the goat and sheep possessed flattened perivenous ligaments that originated from the apical fascia and extended caudally along each side of the dorsal vein of the penis.
Ependyma of the Goat
Authors: RAJTOVÁ VlERA
Published: June 2007

Ependyma of the Goat. Part IV. Ependymal lining of the median eminence in goats under physiological and experimental conditions. The sexual differentiation of the ME ependymal lining surface structure has been proved in goats. Suitable hormonal preparations applied to females during anestrus induced on the median eminence the same picture as that during estrus. Only after gonadectomy in both the females and males there were dense macrophages‐like SEC on the ME protruding from the deeper layers of the eminence. Their potential function is discussed.
Immunocytochemical Study of the Ultimobranchial Tubule in Wistar Rats
Authors: Conde E. , Moreno A. M. , Martin‐Lacave I. , Galera A. Fernandez y H.
Published: June 2007

A systematic immunohistochemical study of the ultimobranchial tubule (UBT) has been carried out in 45 Wistar rats of different ages (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60 and 120 days). The existence of calcitonin immunoreactive cells in the UBT wall has been demonstrated in a 5‐days old rat. In addition, immunohistochemical studies for thyroglobulin revealed positive staining in follicular cells connected to the UBT and, occasionally, in isolated cells lying within solid clusters from the UBT. These last results together with the continued and repeated existence of numerous mitosis and PAS (+) microfollicles, apparently rising from the UBT, support the hypothesis that the ultimobranchial body (UBB) may contribute partially to the formation of a part of the follicular component.
Studies on the Parietal Region of the Cervid Skull
Authors: Kierdorf U. , Kierdorf H.
Published: June 2007

In the roe deer skull symmetrically arranged ossa interparietals were found to develop from paired centers of ossification. Obliteration of the sutura interinterparietalis mostly started already late in prenatal life, whereas closure of the interparietal and the interparietoparietal sutures as a rule commenced around the second week post partum. A certain degree of variability with respect to the timing of sutural closure was observed. No synostosis occurred between the os parietale resp. os interparietale and the os supraoccipitale, so that even in old animals the sutura parieto‐ resp. interparietooccipitalis was always present.
Altersentwicklung der langen Röhrenknochen bei Weißen Neuseeländer Fleischkaninchen und Chinchilla‐Bastard‐Versuchskaninchen
Authors: Hörner Karin , Drescher Birgit
Published: June 2007

The Age Dependent Development of the Long Bones Diaphyses by New Zealand Rabbits and Chinchilla‐Bastard‐Experimental‐Rabbits

The age dependent development of the long bones' diaphyses (humerus, os femoris and os tibiofibulare) was examined macroscopically, morphometrically and histologically using 15 White NewZealand Rabbits (TO) and 15 Chinchilla‐Bastard‐Experimental‐Rabbits (Chbb) in 5 different age groups.

The main growth of bone occurs in the first three months of life. The remodelling from juvenile to adult bone began in the period from the 4 th – 12 th week. The different bones show various characteristic remodelling zones for each localization.

Until the 12 th week the resorption of juvenile bundled bone predominates. Afterwards an increasing bone formation by osteonal bone can be observed.

The bone growth is terminated between the 17 th and 33 rd week. The os tibiofibulare in both breeds represents the major part of the compact bone area on the whole cross‐section area.

Principally the bone‐remodelling process proceeds equally in both breeds. Breed dependent differences in the adult bone are seen in the construction of the circumferential lamellae. These are formed considerably more irregularly by the Chbb‐rabbits than by the WN‐rabbits.
Eine lectinhistochemische Untersuchung der Epidermis von Haut und Huf des Pferdes*
Authors: Hashimoto Yoshiharu , Reese Sven , Bragulla HermannBragulla , Budras Klaus‐D.
Published: June 2007

Lectin‐histochemical study of the equine epidermis of skin and hoof

Carbohydrate moieties of cell membranes in the epidermis of equine skin and hoof were investigated using lectin‐histochemistry. The loss of desmosomes during keratinization leads to a reduced lectin affinity. Lectin binding capacity of the intercellular matrix in the stratum corneum of the epidermis is weak compared to that of the intercellular kitt of the hoof. Qualitative differences in lectin binding of the intercellular kitt of different hoof segments correlate with the quality of the horn in the respective areas.
Zur bildlichen Darstellung der gemeinsamen Sehnenscheide des M. flexor hallucis longus und des M, tibialis caudalis beim Pferd
Authors: Mettenleiter Eberhard , Meier Hans‐Peter , Ueltschi Gottlieb , Waibl Helmut
Published: June 2007

Examination of the common tendon sheath of the M. flexor hallucis longus and the M. tibialis caudalis by ultrasound in the horse

The possibilities for imaging soft tissue structures, especially fluid‐filled cavities such as articulations, bursae or tendon sheaths, have been improved markedly by sonography in recent years.

Ultrasonic examinations were performed on the common tendon sheath of the musculus flexor hallucis longus and the musculus tibialis caudalis, from the medioplantar aspect of the tarsus, in 12 sound adult draft‐ and warmblood horses, and in 5 animals with a distended common sheath.

The diagnostic precision of the sonographic examination of the tendon sheath is excellent and is superior to conventional radiography. A nuclear magnetic resonance tomogram of an isolated equine tarsus is presented for comparison method.
Original Papers
Authors: Lehmann Margot , Russe Imogen , Sinowatz Fred
Published: June 2007

Nachweis von Lektinbindungsstellen am Trophoblast des Rindes während der Frühgravidität*

Histotopographical distribution of lectin binding sites in trophoblasts of bovine embryos

In the present study we report on the histotopographical distribution of lectin binding sites in the trophoblasts of day 18 to day 40 bovine embryos, using the FITC‐labeled lectins BPA, Con A, DBA, GS I, GS II, MPA, PNA, SBA, UEA I and WGA. Lectin binding sites localized in giant binucleate cells differ from those localized in uninucleate cells, indicating changes in the biochemical structure of cell surfaces taking place during differentiation. In the trophoblast of the day 40 embryo, a distinct staining of uninucleate cells was seen after incubation with GS I, Con A and MPA, demonstrating N‐acetylgalactosamin (GS I), Mannose (Con A) and Galactose (MPA) moieties, whereas giant binucleate cells showed intense reactions after incubation with DBA and WGA, indicating presence of N‐acetylgalactosamin (DBA) and N‐acetylglucosamin (WGA). GS II (specific for N‐acetylglucosamin), SBA (specific for N‐acetylgalactosamin) and UEA I (specific for L‐Fucose) showed no affinity toward any of the examined tissues. We assume, that carbohydrate moieties in trophoblast cells play an important role in fetomaternal cell‐cell adhesion and cell migration during implantation and placentation period.
über lysosomale Strukturen im Darmepithel des Säugers während seiner prä‐ und postnatalen Entwicklung. Eine mikromorphologisch‐funktionelle Synopse*
Authors: Wille Karl‐Heinz
Published: June 2007

Lysosornes in the mammalian intestinal épithélium during pre‐ and postnatal development

The first lysosomes appear in the stratified embiyonic intestinal épithélium during its transition into the simple columnar form. This occurs concurrently with the initial villogenesis. Lysosornes situated basally in the épithélium are presumably the precursor of the first giant lysosornes in the lower small intestine of rodents. Immediately after establishment of the simple configuration a special form of secondary lysosornes can be observed, i. e. glycogenosomes, in the ephemerally existing huge glycogen containing areas.

During subsequent fetal intestinal development one observes two events in the epithelial cells, which are the same in principle but differ in one essential point, while they exhibit partially impressive structures. On the one hand there are autophagic degenerative lysosomal processes in the villous épithélium until birth, that lead to a surface without villi in the large intestine, where they occur particularly frequently. On the other hand giant lysosornes originate perinatally in the lower small intestine as well as in the caecum and colon ascendens, in which protein molecules, which were transported by a system of inframicrovillar membranes, are lysosomally degraded, which can be defined as a heterophagic event.
Zur Mikrovaskularisation des Penis vom Stier (Bos taurus)*
Authors: Amselgruber Werner , Sinowatz Fred
Published: June 2007

Microvascularisation of the bovine penis

The blood supply and the microvascularization of the bovine penis (Bos taurus) were demonstrated using the scanning electron microscope. The Corpus cavernosum penis of the bull consists of a surprisingly well‐developed mesh of small to intermediate vessels. The architecture of the cavernous body is largely determined by trabeculae of connective tissue, the extent of which varies between penis segments. The Corpus cavernosum is arranged primarily as a ring around the trabeculae of connective tissue.

Chambers of large bore are found in the central portions of the Corpus cavernosum penis, whereas a relatively fine vascular network predominates in the periphery. Vessels in the cavernous body of the urethra, on the other hand, show strictly parallel orientation to the urethra, which they surround like a sleeve. They also stand in close association with vessels in the outer layer of the Tunica albuginea. The vascular systems of the Corpus cavernosum penis and the Corpus spongiosum penis are not connected with one another.

The vascular architecture of the Glans penis is characterized by the inclusion of well‐developed vascular arcades at regular intervals. These course through a connective tissue matrix rich in glycoproteins and stretch to just under the skin of the penis, where they are intimately associated with a subpapillary network of arteries and veins. The venous legs of the vascular arcades are supplied by this network of veins.

The Glans penis of the bull is considered to represent a specialization of the penile integument.
Die segmentale Gliederung und Hornstruktur an der Kralle des Hundes*
Authors: Budras K.‐D. , Seidel M.
Published: June 2007

The Segments of the Dog Claw

This study classifies the segments of the dog claw and presents a new conception to define crown and wall segments that deviates from the common statements in literature. The perioplic segment extends along the internal surface of the claw fold (vallum). The crown segment lies in the unguicular groove, and there in a semicircular zone. In the crown segment there is development of horn tubuli, but these lose their tubular structure before they have reached the top of the claw. The wall segment, adjacent distally, comprises a dorsal ridge, and lateral surfaces proximally and distally which are all marked by superficial lamellar‐shaped surface configurations. The sole segment shows desquamate soft horn and is situated between the free margin of the wall segment palmar/plantar to the unguicular process.

The new conception of homologization of dog claw distinguishes between main and secondary criteria. The main criterion is the epidermal and dermal configuration. Secondary criteria are the typical horn products (for example perioplic horn) and dimension, shape and topography of segments. The sterile/fertile‐bed theory, which was believed to be the determining factor for the classification of the dog claw, is neither the proper method to define the individual segments nor to judge the rate of ramification.
Ultraestructura de las Células Luteínicas en la Hembra Bovina
Authors: Iglesias M.J. Garcia , Rodriguez J. M. Martinez , Moraly A. M. Bravo , Diez A. Escudero
Published: June 2007

Ultrastructure of Luteal Cells from the Female Cattle

An ultrastructural study to the corpus luteum (CL) from 263 non pregnant females catties slaughtered in slaughter‐houses of León (Spain) was done. The luteal cells are classified in five types, noted with roman numbers. We made a comparison between these cells and the cells described in the literature. We believe that luteal cells have a development from type I to V, the first type is the principal inside the developing CL. The types II and III are in the mature CL, and the two last types are in the degenerating CL. It will be the same cell in different stages of development. We did not find characteristical structures to differentiate luteal cells originating from the granulosa or the theca.
Influence of Adrenalectomy on the Developing Rat Thymus During Peri‐Weaning Period
Authors: Inomata T. , Hyodo T. , Sakita K. , Ninomiya H. , Showji Y. , Hashimoto Y. , Murakata S.
Published: June 2007

Adrenalectomy of 17‐, 18‐ and 19‐day‐old male and female rats did not cause any changes in the weight of thymus 4 days later. Adrenalectomy on day 20 of age induced a significant hypertrophy of the thymus 4 days later. These results indicate that on day 20 of age, just before weaning, the thymus is under some inhibitory regulation by the adrenal gland.
Actin in Stratified Squamous Keratinized Epithelium*
Authors: Kressin M. , Koob B.
Published: June 2007

Actin filament distribution patterns were revealed in a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium using phalloidin‐fluorescent and immunogold labeling techniques applied on bovine luminal pilar as a model tissue. In non‐keratinized cell types, actin concentrates on the microfilament‐rich cellular cortex as well as on cytoplasmic processes and protrusions. In cornified cells labeling is distributed diffusely over the amorphous cytoplasm. A constant feature in all cell types is plasmalem‐mal labeling. Desmosomes exhibit deposition on their plasmalemmal leaflets, the dense central stratum and plaques. Desmosomal as well as cytoplasmic keratinfilament bundles also label for actin, the latter often in a cross‐banded manner. These cellular distribution patterns of actin filaments are discussed with respect to the singificance of the microfilaments in the process of cell shape determination, stratification, and cell adhesion.
Liver Histology of Reindeer Calves during the Winter Season
Authors: Soveri T.
Published: June 2007

Seventeen reindeer calves were divided into three groups and liver biopsies were taken during the winter. Group 1 consisted of 6 animals allowed to graze freely under natural conditions, those in groups 2 (n = 5) and 3 (n = 6) were kept in pens and fed with lichens, the diet being designed to achieve a slight (group 2) or moderate (group 3) weight loss. Weight losses from November to April averaged 14.9%, 13.2% and 24.8% in the three groups respectively. The relative volumes of the different structures in the liver were determined by light microscopic morphometry. The mean size of the hepatocytes was slightly greater in March than in January in groups 1 and 2, and slightly smaller in group 3 (no statistical differences) and then decreased markedly. These changes could also be seen in the sinusoidal lumina. The decrease in the size of the hepatocytes may reflect a shortage of amino acids in the cells or it may be hormone‐mediated. Unlike the situation in cows, there was no fatty accumulation in the hepatocytes. This may be a species adaptation to an annual period of starvation.
Corazón Cerdo: Sistema Papilo‐Tendino‐Valvular del Ventriculo Derecho
Authors: Alvarez L. , Saucedo R. , Aranega Antonia , Y Consolación Melguizo , Velez Celia , Aránega Amelia E.
Published: June 2007

The right ventricle was studied in 75 anatomically normal swine hearts. Nine parameters in the papillo‐tendino valvular system and three corresponding to the tricuspid orifice, pulmonary orifice and length of the inflow tract were measured. Correlations were established between the parameters and heart weight in grams, between the different parameters themselves, and between heart weight and body weight. The results were compared with similar data from human hearts, and were considered of use to researchers planning to use the swine heart as an experimental model to study congenital or induced heart diseases, or as a reference for the clinical interpretation of spontaneous cardiac, anomalies in swine.
Adrenal Renin is Localized in Lysosomal Granules
Authors: Kon Y. , Hashimoto Y. , Sugimura M. , Murakami K.
Published: June 2007

Both renin and cathepsin B were co‐localized in identical granules of adrenocortical cells. At day 16 of gestation, many renin‐containing granules were observed and gold particles showed homogeneous intragranular distribution; whereas, those for cathepsin B was distributed heterogene‐ously. At day 18 of gestation, renin immunoreactivity was decreased or undetectable, whereas cathepsin B was still demonstrated at the same level as on day 16 of gestation.
Radiographic Study of Postnatal Development of the Tarsus in West African Dwarf Goats
Authors: Mgasa M. N. , Arnbjerg J.
Published: June 2007

Seven goats of the West African dwarf breeds, three females and four males, from the same farm were studied by serial radiography from the first week of life and at 3, 6, 9, 16, 23, 28, 37 and 46 weeks of age. The radiological appearance of the developing tarsus as Avaluated from radiographs is described. During the first week postnatally, eight loci were observed to be partially ossified. The talus, tarsi centrale (Tc), first (T1), second (T2), third (T3) and fourth (T4) tarsal bones had each a single loci. The calcaneus bone had two loci, one for the tuber calcanei and another for the calcaneus himself. Fusion of the locus for T2 and T3 was evident in radiographs taken at three weeks. The fused T2 + T3 also appeared fused with die Tc in one of the goats at 23 weeks. The Tc and T4 were observed to fuse in only three of the goats at 23 weeks while in others the bones remained separate throughout the study period. In those goats where the Tc and T4 tarsal bones were not fused, the three tarsal joints were linked by a radiolucent line between these bones. While in the goat where Tc and T2 + T3 bone fusion has occurred the distal intertarsal joint was blocked and the proximal intertarsal was communicating with the tarso metatarsal joint between the separate Tc and T4. The tarsus of the goat is variable and differs from that of sheep and cattle.
Sur L'innervation de la Syrinx Chez le Canard (Anas platyrhinchos)
Authors: Scala G. , Corona M. , Pelagalli G. V. , Girolamo P. de
Published: June 2007

The Innervation of the Syrinx in the Duck (Anas platyrhinchos)

The innervation of the Syrinx was studied in 15 female Peking Ducks of 10 to 12 months old by using L. M. and E. M. In this organ a nervous plexiform net is present located in the connective below the epithelium along the membrana tympaniformis medialis. This net‐work is made of the nervous trunks which repeatedly anastomise among themselves and display during their course acapsulate ganglions. However, no specialized contact device were encountered at the periphery.
Loads on Muscles, Tendons and Bones in the Hind Extremities of Sheep – A Theoretical study*
Authors: Hutzschenreuter P. O. , Sekler E. , Faust G.
Published: June 2007

Muscle forces and bending moments were calculated with a two‐dimensional non‐linear force and moment analysis (according to the Finite Element Method) during the foot‐lowering phase, stance phase and stem phase in the hind legs of sheep. During the foot‐lowering phase, the largest production of force is detectable in the m. biceps femoris and the highest bending moment in the proximal third of the metatarsal bone. The lowest influence of force resulted during the stance phase. During the stance phase, high forces are detectable only in the patellar ligament and middle‐high forces in the m. flexor digitalis profundus. In contrast, bending forces are almost equal in strength in the metatarsus and tibia. The strongest forces are detectable in the m. quadriceps femoris and extreme demands of the patellar ligament as well as of the flexors in the proximal ankle joint during the stem phase.

In order to determine the internal loads to which the sheep's hind extremities are subjected during the foot lowering, stance, and stem phases, a two‐dimensional, non‐linear analysis of forces and moments was performed using the finite‐element method (FE). That muscles and tendons are capable of transmitting tensile forces only was taken into consideration in a non‐linear, three‐dimensional solution algorithm. The functional efficiency of this approach to a solution was illustrated, using a two‐dimensional example, without limiting its generality. The minimum solution obtained was discussed and verified on the basis of actual conditions in the metatarsus of the sheep. Three phases of internal loads in sheep's hind extremities were analysed: in the foot lowering phase the mainly axial forces occurred in the biceps femoris muscle (367 and 818 N, Fig. 7 a), the mainly axial forces in the distal femur (‐1926 N, Fig. 7 b) and the mainly bending moments in the metatarsus (22 N, Fig. 7 b). In the stance phase, a favorable distribution of force occurred (Figs. 8 a; 8 b). In the stem phase, a development of force in the quadriceps femoris (467 N, 937 N, 1236 N) and an extreme loading of patellar ligament (4046 N) nearly equal to the high axial forces of ‐4133 N in the proximal tibia were seen. For the initial position for a powerful propulsion of the sheep, the stem phase is a realistic suggestion.
Globule Leukocytes and bovine Parasitic Bronchitis
Authors: Akpavie S. O. , Pirie H. M.
Published: June 2007

Globule leucocytes (GL) occur in the respiratory tract of cattle from foetuses to adult animals. Large numbers of this cell have been found in the lungs of cows both in normal lung and in the lungs of cows from various outbreaks of respiratory diseases, but the significance was not known.

In the rat and in cattle, the occurrence of GL in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts has been associated with parasitic infections.

The relationship between the respiratory tract GL and Dictyocaulus viviparus infections in cattle was studied in three groups of parasite free calves experimentally infected with D. viviparus.

Group 1 animals received single challenge infections. Group 2 had three subgroups (2a, 2b, 2c) which were either vaccinated and challenged (2a), given a single challenge (2b) or used as vaccinated controls (2c). Group 3 with four subroups (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d) were either used as environmental controls (3a), vaccinated and repeatedly challenged (3b), given normal larvae of D. viviparus and repeatedly challenged (3 c) or as a trickled group 3 d.

Although GL were found in infected calves, it was not possible to demonstrate a clear cut correlation between their presence or density and the method of exposure.
Aportaciones a la Topografía Craneoencefálica de la Cabra
Authors: Puerta R. C. , Monterde J. G. , Diz A. , Carmona J. M.
Published: June 2007

Radiographic projection of a median section of the brain and skull in goat

This study, based on three goats, provides a radiographic projection of a median section of the brain and the skull. The method allows a topographic correlation of brain structures with the skull and surrounding osseous structures. A standard skull position, with the basic horizontal plane passing through the external acoustic meatus, and parallel to the floor of the skull, results in a method of localizing brain structures in specific transverse planes. This stereotaxic method allows investigators to account for variability in topography between animals in the localization of brain structures through external morphology.
Gross Anatomy of the Canine Portal Vein
Authors: Kalt D.J. , Stump J. E.
Published: June 2007

The gross anatomy of the portal vein of 21 dogs was studied by venous portography, corrosion casting, and gross dissection. The portal vein in all specimens originated by confluence of the cranial and caudal mesenteric veins. Its large tributaries were the splenic and gastroduodenal veins, which entered the portal vein between its origin and the hepatic porta. At the hepatic porta, the portal vein divided into a short right branch and a larger left branch. The right branch ramified in the caudate process of the caudate lobe and in the right lateral lobe of the liver. The left branch was essentially the continuation of the portal vein from which successive branches passed to each of the remaining lobes of the liver and the papillary process of the caudate lobe.
Intramuscular Distribution of Fibre Types in the Gluteus Medius of the Horse: A Histochemical Analysis
Authors: Rivero J. L. Loapez , Diz A. M. , Monterde J. G. , Agüera E.
Published: June 2007

The results from a recent study by Bruce and Schurg (1990) indicate that the gluteus medius (Gm) of the horse is a complex muscle subdivided by an internal tendinous sheet into two regions (dorsal and ventral) which may subserve different functions. In the present study, both regions were found to contain a similar proportion of histochemically‐determined muscle fibre types. Fibre type composition did not generally vary over the length of the muscle at the same relative depth. In contrast, there was a significant tendency for the percentage of type I fibres to increase gradually in accordance with depth. These histochemical results do not suggest that the two regions of the Gm assume distinct functional roles; they do, however, indicate that at a given relative depth the muscle fibre type distribution is relatively uniform over the length of the muscle. Nevertheless, care should be exercised in sampling and interpreting data obtained from limited biopsy of equine Gm, due to the substantial histochemical variation of fibre type compositon as a function of sampling depth.
Sur la Microvascularisation des Plexus Choroïdes des Ventricules Latéraux chez la Chèvre (Capra hircus)
Authors: Scala G. , Mirabella N. , Paino G. , Pelagalli G. V.
Published: June 2007

The goat choroid plexus angioarchitecture of the lateral ventricles was studied under the SEM using the method of “microvascular corrosion casts”. The whole plexus is semilunar shaped and directed in an antero‐posterior, latero‐median fashion. In the plexus the lateral extremity is larger than the median one. All the components of the vascular bed (arteries, venes and capillaries) of the choroid plexus have interesting morpho‐structural features. In particular, the capillaries are more developed than the other components and they are variously located on both sides of the plexus. The capillary network has a various organization in different zones of each side of the plexus.
Heterogeneity of Pericyte Populations in Equine Skeletal Muscle and Dermal Microvessels: A Quantitative Study
Authors: Sims D. , Horne M. M. , Creighan M. , Donald A.
Published: June 2007

The objective of this ultrastructural investigation was to determine if populations of pericytes in equine dermal and skeletal muscle capillaries increase in a head‐to‐foot direction, as has been reported in human skeletal muscles. Samples of equine microvessels were obtained from the longis‐simus dorsi skeletal muscle 150 cm. from the ground, from the dermis above this muscle, from the extensor carpi radiali muscle at 55 cm. from the ground, from the dermis adjacent to that muscle, and from dermis 15 cm. from the ground, just above the hoof wall. Tissues were processed for transmission electron miscroscopy. Electron micrographs were analyzed with a digitizing tablet and computer, to determine the ratios of endothelial cell outer circumference and pericyte inner lengths. Pericytes were separated into two classes; those closest to the endothelial cells were defined as covering capillaries. Those separated from endothelial cells by another layer of pericytes were termed enveloping pericytes. There was much greater coverage and envelopment of dermal capillaries (85 % and 135 %) than skeletal muscle capillaries (27 % and 31 %). Regression analysis of the pericyte coverage and envelopment of dermal capillaries revealed a significant increase in pericytes toward the ground. Similarly, the two skeletal muscle tissues differed significantly in their pericyte coverage and envelopment (25/27 % at 150 cm., 31/35 % at 55 cm.). The data indicate that, as in humans, capillary pericytes are not homogeneously distributed within the same tissues, but are more numerous closer to the ground. Differences in pericyte populations could affect studies of microvessel function.
Two‐Headed, Two‐Necked Conjoined Twin Calf with Arnold‐Chiari Malformation in a Japanese Shorthorn Calf
Authors: Madarame H. , Takai S. , Ito N.
Published: June 2007

A dicephalic Arnold‐Chiari malformation (ACM) case revealed asymmetrical cranial bone abnormalities: the right cranium had the typical findings associated with bovine monocephalic ACM cases, whereas the left cranium had malformation that has not yet been described in previous bovine ACM cases. The only common finding in each cranium was a relative smallness of the cranium as the encasement of the brain.
Retinal Photoreceptor Fine Structure in the Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias)
Authors: Braekevelt C. R.
Published: June 2007

The morphology of the retinal photoreceptors of the great blue heron (Ardea herodias) has been investigated by light and electron microscopy. They consist of rods, single cones and double (unequal) cones present in a ratio of about 2:1:1 respectively. The rods are slender elongated cells with outer segments that reach to the retinal epithelial (RPE) cells and are surrounded by pigment‐rich apical processes of the RPE cells in the light‐adapted state. The rod inner segment displays an ellipsoid of mitochondria, an hyperboloid of glycogen, much rough ER, numerous polysomes, Golgi zones and autophagic vacuoles. The rod nucleus is located deep in the outer nuclear layer and the rod synaptic pedicle displays both invaginated and superficial synaptic sites. Single cones display a slightly tapered outer segment, a large electron lucent oil droplet and an ellipsoid of mitochondria in the apex of the inner segment. Double cones consist of a long thin chief member which shows an electron dense oil droplet and a shorter, stouter accessory cone with no oil droplet but a paraboloid of glycogen below the ellipsoid. As in the single cone, polysomes, RER and Golgi zones are present in the myoid region of both members of the double cone. All photoreceptor types have a connecting cilium joining inner and outer segments. Near the external limiting membrane, the chief and accessory cones show intercellular junctions. All cone photoreceptors are relatively small in diameter and hence tightly packed. While rods are felt to undergo retinomotor movements, cones are felt to move minimally or not at all. Both single and double cones display several invaginated (ribbon) synapses as well as numerous superficial (conventional) synaptic sites.
Enzyme‐Histochemical Profiles of Fiber Types in Mature Canine Appendicular Muscles
Authors: Rivero J. L. L. , Diz A. , Toledo M. , Aguera E.
Published: June 2007

The histochemical characteristics of skeletal muscle were assessed using a range of samples from 7 appendicular muscles taken from adult mixed‐breed dogs (1.5 to 3 years of age). Two slow‐twitch fiber subtypes (IA and IB) and three II subtypes (IIA, IIB and IIC) were identified according to myofibrillar myosin adenosine triphosphatase reaction after acid and alkaline preincubation. Type IIB fibers were not found in all muscles, and were only biologically significant in m. semiten‐dinosus. The metabolic potential of these fibers is fairly similar to that of IIA fibers, but significantly different to that of IIB fibers in other mammals, suggesting that they may be designed to play a different functional role during locomotion. All canine muscle fibers have moderate to high oxidative capacity, which may be related to the extraordinary athletic capability of the species.
Some Aspects of Macroscopic Studies of the Placentation in the Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Ghazi S. R. , Oryan A. , Pourmirzaei H.
Published: June 2007

The paper presents some salient aspects of a study on the placentation of camel at gross, light and electron microscopic levels. The study involved factors analysis on five pregnant uteri from camel slaughter house in Yazd, Iran.

The experimental observations confirmed that unlike other animals, in camel, the fetus only developed in the left horn of the uterus. Based on the distribution type of the chorionic villi, in camel, similar to horse, the placenta was found to be in diffused form. At light microscopic level, the results revealed six layers between the fetal and maternal blood. From this it inferred that camel's placenta was also of epitheliochorial form.

The detailed examination further showed that similar to cow and sheep umbilical cord in camel was also limited to the amniotic sac but it contained two arteries, two veins and one urachus. Little amount of elastic fibers were also observed in the histological and electron microscopical sections. At the electron microscopic level, both binucleated and mononucleated cells in trophoblastic layer were confirmed.
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Fine Structure in the American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
Authors: Braekevelt C. R.
Published: June 2007

The fine structure of the retinal epithelial (RPE) region has been investigated by light and electron microscopy in the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos). In this species the RPE consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells which display numerous deep basal (scleral) infoldings and plentiful apical (vitreai) microvillar processes which surround photoreceptor inner and outer segments. The RPE cells are joined laterally by a series of tight junctions (VERHOEFF'S membrane) located in the mid to basal region. Within the epithelial cells, smooth endoplasmic reticulum is very abundant while rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is scarce. Mitochondria of various shapes are abundant basally while polysomes are plentiful and widespread. In the light‐adapted state RPE nuclei are large and vesicular and basally located while the melanosomes of these cells are predominantly located with the apical processes indicating photomechanical movements. Myeloid bodies are large and numerous and often have ribosomes on their outer surface. Bruch's membrane (complexus basalis) is typical of avian species in that it is pentalaminate and the lamina densa is displaced near the cho‐riocapillaris. The endothelium of the choriocapillaris is thin facing Bruch's membrane but is only moderately fenestrated. Some of these fenestrations display a double‐layered diaphragm while the majority show the more typical single‐layered diaphragm noted in most species.
The Macroscopic Vascular Anatomy of the Equine Ethmoidal Area
Authors: Bell B. T. L. , Baker G. J. , Abbott L. C. , Foreman J. H. , Kneller S. K.
Published: June 2007

The vascular anatomy of the ethmoidal area in six normal horses and two normal ponies was studied using vascularcorrosion casts. The major arterial supply to the ethmoidal area sterns from an intracranial source. The internal and external ethmoidal arteries anastomose on the rostral intracranial surface of the cribriform plate to form the arterial ethmoidal rete which arborizes and passes through the perforations of the cribriform plate to supply the ethmoid labyrinth. A minor arterial supply to the ventral portion of the ethmoid labyrinth sterns from a small caudal nasal branch of the sphenopalatine artery. Multiple parallel venules drain the ethmoid labyrinth rostrally to its apex then join the venous drainage from the surrounding sinuses.
Ultrastructural Characteristics of the Testicular Capillaries in the Dog (Canis familiaris, L.)
Authors: Duarte H. E. , Oliveira C. de , Orsi A. M. , Vicentim C. A.
Published: June 2007

The main ultrastructural and cytophysiological characteristics observed on the testicular capillaries in the dog concern exocytosis and endocytosis processes, probably related to fluid and solute transport through the cells.