bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guanosine‐5′‐triphosphate regulates the interaction between MciZ and FtsZ
Authors: Ray Shashikant , Kumar Ashutosh , Panda Dulal
Published: June 2021

MciZ, a 40 amino acid peptide, is known to express during bacterial sporulation in Bacillus subtilis cells. MciZ has been shown to inhibit the assembly of FtsZ and guanosine‐5′‐triphosphate (GTP) has been shown to reduce the effect of MciZ‐induced inhibition of FtsZ assembly. In this study, we showed that MciZ directly interacts with FtsZ in vitro with a dissociation constant of 0.3 ± 0.1 μM. Using several complementary techniques, we provide evidence suggesting that GTP inhibits the binding of FtsZ to MciZ. Interestingly, GTP inhibited the binding of MciZ to FtsZ more strongly than GDP. The overexpression of MciZ in heterologous E. coli cells perturbed the Z‐ring formation, inhibited bacterial cell division and caused elongation of E. coli cells. Subsequently, we found that N‐terminal 19 residue peptide (M19I) of MciZ interacted with FtsZ in vitro and inhibited FtsZ polymerization. M19I reduced the GTPase activity of FtsZ. Based on these results; we suggest that GTP plays an important role in interaction of MciZ to FtsZ and that M19I may be considered as an initial lead towards designing a peptide inhibitor of FtsZ assembly that acts by inhibiting GTP binding to FtsZ.
Using Carboxyfluorescein Succinimidyl Ester (CFSE) to Measure the Effects of Sulforaphane on Cell Division in a Human Leukemia Cell Line.
Authors: Lehner Kristen , Feliciano Oscar , O'Donnell Robert W.
Published: June 2021

Sulforaphane (SFN), an organic isoscyanate found in broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables, has been shown to be an important chemopreventitive agent with chemotherapeutic potential. In preliminary experiments we have shown that SFN is cytotoxic to a variety of tumor cell lines including HL‐60, a cell line derived from a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. In order to investigate the mechanism how SFN effects HL‐60 cells, we used CFDA‐SE, a non‐permeable fluorescent molecule, to measure the number of doublings in a population of HL‐60 cells grown in SFN for 96 hours. Once inside the membrane, cellular esterase cleaves off the acetate groups creating Carboxyfluorescein Succinimidyl Ester (CFSE). With each cell division the amount of CFSE is cut in half, which can be observed via flow cytometry. Preliminary experiments compared the effect of different serum concentration with sulforaphane's effect on cell division. Both low serum concentrations and SFN concentrations in the range of 0.1316 mM to 0.2632 mM could inhibit cell division; whereas, SFN concentrations greater than 0.2632 mM caused both growth inhibition and cell death. Cells grown in SFN at a concentration of 0.3948 mM showed 40% survival and fewer divisions. Future research will investigate the mechanism of this growth inhibition and the role of apoptosis induction in the observed toxicity of SFN.
Role of PLD and PA in alcohol (EtOH)‐mediated mTOR signaling in C2C12 myocytes
Authors: Hong‐Brown Ly Quang , Brown C. Randell , Navaratnarajah Maithili , Lang Charles H
Published: June 2021

Previously, we reported that EtOH decreases muscle protein synthesis, with this being mediated by reduced mTORC1 and increased mTORC2 activities. In contrast to EtOH, phospholipase D (PLD) and phosphatidic acid (PA) positively regulate mTORC1 signaling, whereas their role in mTORC2 function is less defined. Here, we examine the role that PLD and PA play in EtOH‐mediated mTOR signaling in C2C12 myocytes. EtOH (100 mM) increased levels of PA and PLD activity in myocytes. This was associated with increased mTORC2 activity, as indicated by elevated Akt (S473) phosphorylation. Suppression of PLD function with an inhibitor blocked the EtOH‐induced increase in Akt phosphorylation, but it decreased mTORC1 activity, as evidenced by decreased phosphorylation of S6K1 (T389). Mechanistically, PLD inhibition affected the composition of mTORC2 and mTORC1. It also affected the interaction of these complexes with the negative regulatory cytosolic protein 14–3‐3. Addition of PA (30 μM) to myocytes decreased mTORC2 activity, but it increased mTORC1 activity. PA also reduced phosphorylation of AMPK and the AMPK target TSC2, thereby allowing for increased Rheb, RagA and RagC interactions with mTOR. Collectively, our results show that PA stimulates mTORC1 function, whereas it suppresses activation of mTORC2. In the presence of EtOH, however, PLD activity is an essential mediator of mTORC2 stimulation. (Grant AA11290)
RGS6 deficiency promotes anxiolytic and antidepressant behavior through potentiation of 5‐HT1AR signaling
Authors: Stewart Adele , Maity Biswanath , Wunsch Amanda M , Wemmie John A , Fisher Rory A
Published: June 2021

Targeting serotonin availability with SSRIs remains the most widely used treatment for major depression. However, the limited efficacy, delayed onset of action, and side effects of these drugs limit their clinical utility. Studies in mice expressing an RGS‐insensitive mutant (G148S) of Gαi2 implicated endogenous RGS proteins as key negative regulators of 5‐HT1A receptors, whose activation is believed to underlie the beneficial effects of SSRIs, but failed to identify the specific RGS protein(s) involved. We show here that RGS6−/− mice exhibit spontaneous anxiolytic and antidepressant behavior in multiple tests, a phenotype identical to mice expressing RGS‐insensitive Gαi2 and reversible by 5‐HT1AR blockade. The effects of the SSRI fluvoxamine and 5‐HT1A agonist 8‐OH‐DPAT were also potentiated in RGS6+/− mice. Though increased phosphorylation of GSK3β in both cortex and hippocampus was observed in Gαi2 (G148S) knock‐ins, no difference in GSK3β, AKT, or MAPK activity was observed in RGS6−/− mice despite robust expression of RGS6 in these tissues. This later result suggests that the behavioral phenotype in these two mouse strains likely occurs through a distinct 5‐HT1A‐dependent signaling cascade. Nevertheless, our results indicate that RGS6 inhibition may represent a viable means to treat mood disorders or enhance the efficacy of serotoninergic agents through selective potentiation of 5‐HT1A signaling.
Investigating the role of neuronal AKAP220 signaling complexes in cytoskeletal regulation during neurite outgrowth
Authors: Lee Whiting Jennifer , Tunquist Brian , Scott John D.
Published: June 2021

Proper development and connectivity in the mammalian neocortex requires strict regulation of signaling, especially signals that impact cytoskeletal remodeling. A‐kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) are a diverse family of multivalent scaffolds that organize the signal cascades required for such precise cellular events. AKAP220 is widely expressed and anchors protein kinase A (PKA), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). This complex is also linked to the actin and microtubule networks through interactions with the IQGAP family of proteins. Knockdown of AKAP220 results in deficient cell migration and membrane outgrowth due to altered cytoskeletal dynamics. Although AKAP220 is expressed in brain, little is currently known about its neuronal function. We observe that knockdown of AKAP220 in Neuro‐2A cells increases average primary neurite length. Additionally, staining of mouse neurons in vitro reveals enrichment of AKAP220 in growth cones. Together, these results suggest this complex may regulate cytoskeletal events during neurite formation. To probe how each enzyme in the AKAP220 complex may regulate this process, specific enzyme binding regions have been mapped and deleted for use in future experiments. Additionally, we have developed AKAP220 conditional knockout mice to elucidate the biological significance of this complex during in vivo neocortical formation.

Funding: NIH Pharmacological Sciences Training Grant: GM07750
Lysophosphatidic acid‐stimulated p130Cas phosphorylation and invasive migration of ovarian cancer cells involves a Gαi2‐dependent signaling mechanism
Authors: Ward Jeremy , Dhanasekaran Danny
Published: June 2021

Ovarian cancer is the most deadly gynecological cancer, with previous studies implicating lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in the progression of approximately 90% of all ovarian cancers. LPA potently stimulates the tyrosine‐phosphorylation of p130Cas, a scaffolding protein, which, upon phosphorylation, recruits an array of signaling molecules to promote tumor cell migration. Our work presented here identifies Gαi2 as the major G protein involved in tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas in a panel of ovarian cancer cells consisting of HeyA8, SKOV3, and OVCA429. Our results suggest that the stimulation of p130Cas phosphorylation is dependent on the Src family of kinases. Our results also indicate the G□ □‐family of G proteins, which have also been implicated in LPA‐mediated migration, appeared to inhibit tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas. Using p130Cas siRNA, we demonstrate that p130Cas is a necessary downstream component of LPA‐Gαi2‐induced migration and collagen‐1 invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Our results also indicate that the LPA receptors 1 and/or 3 are involved in the phosphorylation of p130Cas and invasive migration of ovarian cancer cells. Considering the fact that LPA stimulates oncogenic migration through the coordination of multiple downstream signaling pathways, our current study identifies a unique role for Gαi2 in mediating LPA‐mediated invasive migration of ovarian cancer cells.

This research was supported by grants CA116984–06 and CA123233–05 from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Higher Health Services Utilization and lower antiretroviral treatment (ART)‐Adherence in Food Insecure HIV‐Infected Adults in Miami, FL
Authors: Farsad Mahsa , Campa Adriana , Martinez Sabrina Sales , Li Yinghui , Williams Shawn , Barr Shakira , Stewart Tiffanie , Ramamoorthy Venkataraghavan , Greer Pedro , Gracia Deborah , Baum Marianna K
Published: June 2021

Objective

To examine the relation of food insecurity to health care utilization and ART adherence in HIV+ adults.

Methods

After consenting 281 HIV+ adults, questionnaires on demographics, food security, and ART adherence were completed. Linear regression models were performed.

Results

Participants were 66% male, and 83% were on ART. In this cohort, 19% were hospitalized ≥once and 16% had ≤1Emergency Room (ER) visit in the last 6 months. Of the participants, 12% did not have enough food to eat frequently, 32% lack money to buy food and 34 % did not eat balanced meals in the past year. Food insecure participants had significantly higher frequency of ER visits (β=0.102, SE=0.029, p=0.0007) and hospitalization (β=0.081, SE=0.035, p= 0.02) controlling for age and gender, and significantly lower ART‐adherence (β= 0.138, SE=0.069, p=0.0468) controlling for age and baseline HIV viral load.

Conclusion

Food insecurity is associated with increased health care utilization, and lack of adherence with ART non‐adherence. Factors causing food insecurity should be addressed in HIV treatment programs to improve adherence and reduced the utilization of emergency and hospitalization health‐care system.

Funded by NIAAA
Functional limitation and chronic diseases are associated with food insecurity among U.S. adults
Authors: Venci Brittany Jeanne , Park Sohyun , Lee Seung‐Yeon
Published: June 2021

We examined associations of functional limitation and chronic disease with food insecurity using the 2011 National Health Interview Survey for 30,010 adults (≥18 y). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted OR and 95% CI for having functional limitation due to any health problems and chronic disease with or without food insecurity after adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Food security scale was used to define food secure (score 0–2), low food secure (3–5), and very low food secure (6–10). About 87% were food secure, yet 13% were food insecure. Odds of having functional limitation was higher in low food secure adults (OR=1.87, 95% CI=1.63, 2.14) and very low food secure adults (OR=2.19, 95% CI=1.91, 2.52) than food secure adults. Those with low food security had higher odds for stroke (OR=1.51, 95% CI=1.12, 2.04), arthritis (OR=1.42, 95% CI=1.21, 1.68), and diabetes (OR=1.26, 95% CI=1.06, 1.51); those with very low food security had higher odds for CHD (OR=1.75, 95% CI=1.37, 2.24), arthritis (OR=1.74, 95% CI=1.49, 2.04), hypertension (OR=1.42, 95% CI=1.22, 1.65) and heart attack (OR=1.40, 95% CI=1.08, 1.81) than food secure adults. Findings indicate food insecurity is associated with functional limitation and chronic disease, while directionality is unknown. Interventions may need to include reducing food insecurity to reduce chronic diseases and functional limitation.

Grant Funding Source: none
Associations between wealth and weight status in Filipinos from birth to early adulthood
Authors: Tzioumis Emma , Adair Linda S
Published: June 2021

Wealth predicts BMI and is especially relevant in the context of the nutrition transition in low‐and middle‐income countries.

Sex‐stratified, longitudinal, random effects models were used to estimate how wealth (represented by factor scores of household assets) relates to BMI at birth, 2, 8.5, 11.5, 15.6, 18.7, and 21.5y in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (n=1925). We performed a factor analysis on assets reported in 2005 using a varimax orthogonal rotation. Three factors with eigenvalues >;1.5 were retained: F1 represents urban assets (e.g. car, appliances); F2 modernization (TV, videogames); F3 rural assets (animals, land). The 2005 factor structure was used to score prior years.

In males, higher F1 and F2 scores were associated with significantly higher BMI (β=0.16, p<0.001; β=0.044, p<0.001, respectively). A higher F3 score was associated with lower BMI (β= −0.08, p<0.001). In females, higher F1 and F2 scores were associated with lower BMI (β= −0.034, p=0.018; β= −0.018, p=0.023, respectively). However, in cross‐sectional analyses higher F1 score was associated with higher BMI at 8.5 and 11.5y (p<0.01). F3 scores were unrelated to BMI.

These sex differences in how wealth relates to BMI suggest that as wealth increases, females may be more susceptible to Western body image messages and exhibit an inverse relationship of wealth and BMI starting around menarche.

Funding Source: Pfizer Nutrition

Grant Funding Source: Pfizer Nutrition
Fluid consumption by Mexican women during pregnancy and first semester of lactation
Authors: Martinez Homero
Published: June 2021

Current recommendations about fluid intake in Mexico are 2.3 L/day during pregnancy and 2.7 L/day during the first semester of lactation. The objective of the present study was to describe fluid consumption in a sample of Mexican women during pregnancy and lactation.

We carried out an observational study with adult women between 18–45 years of age living in urban areas in Mexico City. They were asked to register their total fluid intake during a 7‐day consecutive period, using a previously validated fluid intake diary.

A total of 153 pregnant and 155 lactating women were interviewed. On average, they drank 2.62 L/day and 2.75 L/day, respectively. 41% of pregnant women drank less than the recommended 2.3 L/day and 54% of lactating women drank less that the recommended 2.7 L/day. Plain water contributed to 33% of total fluid intake, while sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) contributed to 38% of total fluid intake. Up to 50% of pregnant and lactating women had more than 1 L/day of SSB, which contributed, in the former, to 632 kcal/day (25% of recommended dietary intake) and in the latter, to more than 700 kcal/day (32% of recommended dietary intake).

The high rates of overweight and obesity found in Mexican population, particularly among women, should alert to the high consumption of SSB during pregnancy and lactation, as it has been shown that an excessive intake of these beverages may increase the risk of obesity, diabetes mellitus and other chronic disorders.
A 50:50 blend of insoluble and soluble fibers added to enteral formula increases fermentation and prevents decline in gut bacteria
Authors: Koecher Katie , Thomas William , Slavin Joanne
Published: June 2021

Fermentation of fiber in the gut increases bacterial mass and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Patients receiving fiber‐free enteral nutrition frequently suffer from abnormal bowel function and may benefit from the addition of fiber. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of fiber‐free enteral formula (FF), a fiber blend‐fortified formula (FB; 15g/L: fructooligosaccharides, inulin, acacia gum, outer pea fiber) and habitual diet on the gut bacteria population and fermentation metabolites in 20 healthy subjects. Formula was exclusively consumed by subjects for 2 weeks in a randomized, crossover, double‐blind design, with a 4 week washout. Stool samples were collected to measure pH, SCFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate) and total bacteria. Mean fecal pH for both formulas was 7.5; higher than habitual diet pH 6.5 (p<0.0001). Mean total SCFA during FB was significantly higher than FF (43.5 vs. 39.7 umol/ml fecal water; p=0.029), and both formulas yielded lower SCFA than habitual diet (80.9 umol/ml; both p<0.0001). Total fecal bacteria did not differ between FF and FB (11.28 and 11.38 log10 cells/g feces, respectively; p=0.4865). Compared to habitual diet (11.58 log10 cells/g feces), FF had fewer bacteria (p=0.0045), while FB was not different (p=0.0570). Adding fiber to enteral formula positively affects gut fermentation by increasing SCFA production and attenuating decreases in bacteria.

Grant Funding Source: Nestle Health Science S.A.
Infant Feeding Practices and Challenges: A Pilot‐Study in Lebanon
Authors: Hwalla Nahla , Naja Farah , Fossian Talar , Zebian Dina , Nasreddine Lara
Published: June 2021

The improvement of infant feeding practices has been reported as an effective preventive strategy for reducing the burden of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs). While high rates of NCDs are reported from Lebanon, little is known on child feeding practices in the country. This paper is based on a pilot‐study investigating feeding practices and nutritional status among 0–2 years old children, in one of the main rural areas of Lebanon (Beqaa). Subjects (n=150) were recruited from selected villages by cluster random sampling. Data on feeding practices, anthropometric measurements and 24‐hour dietary recalls were collected. Stunting, underweight and wasting were identified in 16.8, 9.1 and 4.1% of children, respectively; overweight and obesity were documented in 11.5 and 2.7%, respectively. Less than 10% of infants were exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months, with 52.6% being introduced to complementary foods at less than 4 months of age. Approximately, 45% of subjects did not meet the WHO indicators for Minimum Dietary Diversity and Minimal Acceptable Diet. Inadequate nutrient intakes were noted, particularly for iron, calcium, vitamin D and folate. Findings highlight the need for nationwide investigations of feeding practices and child nutritional status in Lebanon. Evidence‐based interventions can then be spearheaded to enhance early childhood nutrition, thus potentially reducing the burden of NCDs.
Food as a reward and weight status in children with autism
Authors: Bandini Linda , Curtin Carol , Anderson Sarah , Philips Sarah , Must Aviva
Published: June 2021

Obesity is a public health concern for typically developing (TD) children and children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Food is often used as a behavior management tool for children with ASD, yet whether this practice impacts their weight status is unknown. We assessed use of food as a reward by parental responses to our Meals In Our Household questionnaire in a cross‐sectional study of 53 children with ASD and 58 TD children aged 3–11 y. Six items query the frequency with which parents use food to reward or modify their child's behavior; 1 item asks about use of food as a reward at school. We calculated BMI z‐scores from measured height and weight. As expected, use of food rewards was more common among children with ASD than TD children, overall and by item. For example, 15 (28%) parents of children with ASD responded often or very often to the item “I give my child food to reward him/her for good behavior,” compared to no parents of TD children. Use of food as a reward was not associated with sex‐specific BMI‐for‐age z‐score among TD children. Some evidence of an association with BMI z‐score was observed among children with ASD; one item, “my child expects to be given a favorite food for a reward,” was significantly associated with BMI z‐score in children with ASD (p<0.02). Among children with ASD, use of food to reward behavior is common; our findings suggest this practice may increase their obesity risk. [HD048989 HD004147 DK046200].
Using focus groups to inform an intervention to promote adoption of the DGA among African American children in the Lower Mississippi Delta
Authors: McGee Bernestine B. , Richardson Valerie , Johnson Glenda , Johnson Crystal
Published: June 2021

Childhood obesity is a major public health concern and the associated risks for chronic diseases. There is a need to identify effective strategies to enhance adherence to the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) and the CDC Physical Activity guidelines to prevent childhood obesity, especially for African American children. Intervening early may reduce the consequences of obesity and promote adoption of healthy behaviors before development of obesogenic lifestyle behaviors. Focus group results guided the planning of a culturally‐specific intervention to accompany a parental childhood obesity prevention intervention for eight to 13 year old children. Six children focus group sessions were conducted in two Louisiana parishes. Questions were designed to identify children's perceptions of factors influencing eating and physical activity behavior and recommendations for planning a healthy eating and physical activity program. Focus groups discussions were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed to identify recurring trends and patterns among focus groups. Major themes that emerged included cultural influences on food habits and physical activity, body size perceptions, and curriculum content recommendations. Focus group discussion results were used to culturally tailor the intervention to promote adoption of the DGA.

Grant Funding Source: USDA/ARS project #58–6251‐8–041
Medical student initiative of monitoring USDA nutritional guidelines adherence with novel application of digital photography in elementary school meals
Authors: Monlezun Dominique , Rodman Adam , Telsey Ben , Leong Benjamin , Abu‐Shamat Layla , Kay Danielle , Green Deanna , Sarris Leah , Harlan Timothy
Published: June 2021

The rising childhood obesity epidemic exacerbates the challenge of no broadly accepted evidenced‐based monitoring and implementation methods for USDA guidelines regulating elementary school meals (Guthrie 2012). The traditional techniques of obtrusive physical measurements of consumed food and visual estimation (Comstock 1980) flawed by intra‐observer variability are not promising. Tulane University School of Medicine responded to this challenge through its Center for Culinary Medicine. Medical student teams investigated the novel application of digital photography (Williamson 2003) for monitoring USDA guideline adherence at three elementary schools. Compared to visual estimation checklists, digital photography of consumed food showed statistically different results for consumed vegetable and fruit servings. Unlike visual estimation, this latter method accounted for serving variability and allowed calculation of students’ consumed calories, fat, sodium, and vitamins. Further validation of this protocol can produce more accurate monitoring of USDA school nutritional guidelines and improved assessment of targeted nutritional educational interventions for students. Research support: Tulane University Center for Culinary Medicine

Grant Funding Source: Tulane University Center for Culinary Medicine
Perceptions and use of nutrition labeling information
Authors: Juan WenYen , Zhang Yuanting , Kantor Mark , Ali Mir
Published: June 2021

FDA requires that most food packages bear a Nutrition Facts label (NFL) that includes nutrition information based on the label serving size (SS). Food labels also must display a list of ingredients (ING). In addition, FDA approves health claims (HC) on labels if a pre‐market review of evidence supports the claim. We examined consumers¡ use and perceptions of the NFL, SS, ING and HC information, particularly regarding purchasing decisions. Weighted data for participants (age¡Ý16 yr, n=10,632) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES 2005–2006 and 2007–2008) and data for participants in a 2011 FDA Nutrition Facts Label Experimental Study (NFLES, age¡Ý18 yr, n=9,493) were analyzed using SAS 9.3. When purchasing foods, participants reported being more likely to use NFL and ING information than SS and HC information, with the NFL used most frequently. Females were more likely than males to use any type of labeling information. Half of the NHANES sample and over half of the NFLES sample incorrectly thought that SS was a recommended amount of food that should be eaten. Label information was used most often in purchasing decisions for breakfast items, followed by breads, snacks, and salad dressings. Our data suggest that consumers have fundamental misconceptions about SS and therefore further NFL educational efforts are warranted.
Health behaviors index for cardiovascular disease prevention among young Brazilian college students
Authors: Bousquet‐Santos Kelb , Santos Dalton , Silva Andressa , Bastos Priscila , Oliveira Gleici , Martins Islane
Published: June 2021

The aim of the study was to evaluate behaviors related to cardiovascular disease among young Brazilian college students. Ideal health behaviors index, proposed by American Heart Association, includes (1) body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2; (2) not current smoker; (3) physical activity at goal (150 min/wk moderate or 75 min/wk vigorous or combination); (4) 4–5 diet goals met (recommended consumption of fruits and vegetables, fish, sodium, sweets/sugar‐sweetened beverages and whole grains). Weight, height and blood pressure (after 10 minutes of rest) were measured. Subjects answered a food questionnaire and the short version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire under supervision. Healthy young college students (n=260; 195 female; 19±2 years‐old; 60.7±12.0 kg; systolic blood pressure: 111±11 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure: 71±10 mmHg) were evaluated. Ideal BMI (<25 kg/m2) was found in 81.5% of volunteers; 14.6% were classified as overweight and 3.8% obese. Only four volunteers were smokers. Physical activity goal was achieved by 25.8%. Diet results showed that only 2.3% achieved the five goals. Less adherence was found for fish consumption (at least twice/week) and sweets (≤450 kcal/week); p<0.05. When considering the ideal health behavior, i.e. reaching the four components goals, only 3.5% students achieved. Behaviors related to risk of cardiovascular disease begin in early life. Continuous evaluation is critical to increase the prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health in middle aged and older adults.

Supported by Finatec and DPP/UnB.
Factors associated with physical inactivity among women in Santos, Brazil
Authors: Trude Angela Bizzotto , Mui Yeeli , Giltensohn Joel , Martins Paula Andrea
Published: June 2021

Sedentary living is a well‐known public health issue. However, few studies have evaluated the factors correlated with physical inactivity (PI) in a developing country setting. We examined the relationship between individual variables, socioeconomic status (SES), and environmental perceptions – distance to a place that enables physical activity ‐ with PI behavior among young women in Santos, Brazil. Using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), we measured PI behavior, which was defined as fewer than 150 minutes/week spent in moderate or vigorous physical activities. We also collected data on leisure‐time physical activity (LTPA), transportation, and environmental perceptions through home‐based interviews (n=538). Only 20.6% practiced LTPA. Walking was the most common form of LTPA (9.1%), followed by gym exercise (7.9%). Adjusting for education in the logistic regression models, PI was correlated with women over 30 years, walking as a LTPA, driving as a means of transportation, and feeling secure enough to ride a bicycle in the neighborhood (OR 0.58, 95% CI (0.38–0.89); OR 0.23, 95% CI (0.09–0.55); OR 1.80, 95% CI (1.17–2.75); OR 1.57, 95% CI (1.05– 2.35), respectively). These findings are important to better understand PI behavior in women and to promote a multilevel systematic approach for intervention strategies in developing countries.

Funded by: Sao Paulo State Foundation for Research Support. Process n 2009/01361–1.
Organochlorine insecticides potentiate adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes
Authors: Kim Jonggun , Park Yooheon , Yoon Kyong Sup , Clark John M , Park Yeonhwa
Published: June 2021

Use of organochlorine insecticides, such as 1,1,1,‐trichloro‐2,2‐ bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), have been banned in most developed countries due to their effects on wildlife populations and their persistence in the environment and foods. However, recently a potential link between exposures to organochlorine insecticides and development of obesity has been reported. Thus, we investigated the role of DDT and DDE (a metabolite of DDT and another organochlorine insecticide) on adipogenesis using 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Cells were treated with either DDT or DDE (0, 10 & 20 μM) for 6 days of differentiation and markers of adipogenesis were analyzed. DDT and DDE treatments significantly potentiated lipid accumulation and gene expressions of adipogenic factors, CAATT element binding protein‐α (C/EBP‐α), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ, and fatty acid synthase. In addition, leptin and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) mRNA expressions were increased by DDT and DDE. The results suggest that organochlorine insecticides, particularly DDT & DDE, induce adipogenesis via C/EBP‐α mediated pathway.
Effects of Age, Sex, Body Mass Index and APOE Genotype on Cardiovascular Biomarker Response to an n‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation
Authors: Thifault Elisabeth , Cormier Hubert , Bouchard‐Mercier Annie , Rudkowska Iwona , Lemieux Simone , Couture Patrick , Vohl Marie‐Claude
Published: June 2021

Objectives

To test whether age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype are associated with the metabolic response to an n‐3 PUFA supplementation.

Methods

210 subjects followed a 2‐wk run‐in period based on Canada's Food Guide, and underwent a 6‐wk 5g/d fish oil supplementation (1.9g of EPA + 1.1g of DHA). Biochemical markers such as plasma lipids, inflammatory markers, and glycemic parameters were measured.

Results

N‐3 PUFA supplementation was associated with a decrease of plasma triglyceride (TG) levels (p 0.0002) as well as with an increase of fasting glucose (FG) levels (p = 0.02). Age was associated with post‐intervention plasma total cholesterol (total‐C) (p = 0.01), low‐density‐lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) (p = 0.007), apolipoprotein B (Apo‐B) (p = 0.04) and insulin (p = 0.002) levels. Sex was associated with post‐intervention plasma high‐density‐lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) levels (p = 0.02). BMI was associated with plasma FG (p = 0.02) and insulin levels (p <0.0001) after the supplementation. APOE genotype was associated with FG (p = 0.001) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels (p = 0.03) after the supplementation.

Conclusion

Results suggest that age, sex, BMI, and the APOE genotype contribute to the inter‐individual variability observed in the metabolic response to an n‐3 PUFA supplementation. Funding: CIHR MOP‐229488
A targeted lipidomic analysis of renal oxylipins in kidney disease reveals differences in the effects of dietary flax compared to fish oil
Authors: Devassy Jessay Gopuran , Yamaguchi Tamio , Ibrahim Naser , Ravandi Amir , Aukema Harold M
Published: June 2021

Oxylipins are fatty acid metabolites (e.g. eicosanoids from arachidonic acid, AA) generated by cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LO) and cytochrome P450 (cP450) pathways. Since oxylipins have differing biologic effects, a targeted lipidomic analysis of oxylipins was performed using kidneys from normal and PCK rats with renal disease, in which disease was affected by dietary soy, flax and fish oil. Of 76 oxylipins scanned by LC/MS/MS, 59 were quantified. Heat map analyses showed that α‐linolenic acid (ALA) oxylipins were higher only with flax oil feeding, while linoleic acid oxylipins were lower to a similar extent with flax and fish oil compared to soy oil. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) oxylipins were higher only with fish oil, but both fish and flax oil resulted in higher eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) oxylipins, although the effect of fish oil was greater. While AA oxylipins were generally lower with both flax and fish oil compared to soy oil, the effect was greater for fish oil for COX and cP450 products, but similar for LO products. The differential effects of flax compared to fish oil on oxylipins may help explain their differential effects in health and disease.

Grant Funding Source:CIHR 230564
Effect of leucine supplementation on lean body mass during prolonged hypoxic exposure for 13‐day trek to Everest Base Camp: A double‐blind randomized study
Authors: Gershenoff Dana C , Wing‐Gaia Stacie L. , Drummond Micah J. , Gaia Paul F. , Askew E. Wayne
Published: June 2021

Trekkers exposed to prolonged hypobaric hypoxia commonly experience weight loss, especially loss of lean body mass (LBM). Evidence indicates that protein supplementation, specifically leucine, potentially attenuates loss of LBM in a catabolic state. This study investigated if leucine supplementation would prevent the loss of LBM during prolonged hypoxia. 18 trekkers (M=10 and F=8; age: 47.2 ± 11.5; range: 28–70y), completed a 13‐day trek in Nepal from Lukla to Everest Base Camp. The participants were exposed to altitudes of 2810–5364m (mean 4140m). Participants consumed a 7.0g leucine supplement or an isocaloric, isonitrogenous placebo twice daily prior to meals. Body composition, body weight, and circumferences of bicep, thigh, and calf were taken pre and post trek. The participants from both treatments experienced significant loss of LBM and weight loss after 13 days at altitudes above 2810m (P< 0.05). However, there was no difference in loss of LBM (leucine −1.2 ± 1.6%; placebo −2.1 ± 1.5%) or body weight (leucine −2.2 ± 1.5%; placebo −2.3 ± 2.0%) or circumferences between the groups. Overall, our results indicate that leucine did not significantly reduce LBM loss during 13 days of altitude‐induced hypoxia. This study was funded by Glanbia Nutritionals.
Effect of Magnolia/Phellodendron on Cortisol and Mood State in Moderately Stressed Subjects
Authors: Talbott Shawn , Talbott Julie , Pugh Michael
Published: June 2021

Magnolia (Magnolia officinalis) and Phellodendron (Phellodendron amurense) barks are medicinal plants commonly used as traditional remedies for reducing stress and anxiety. Modern supplements are intended to induce relaxation and reduce stress and stress‐related eating. Previous studies have shown the combination of Magnolia/Phellodendron (MP) to reduce both cortisol exposure and the perception of stress/anxiety, while improving weight loss in subjects with stress‐related eating.

We assessed salivary cortisol exposure and psychological mood state in 56 subjects (35 men and 21 women) screened for moderate stress and supplemented with a standardized/patented MP combination (ReloraTM, Next Pharmaceuticals) or Placebo for 4 weeks.

Salivary cortisol exposure was significantly (p<0.05) reduced by −18% in the Relora group. Significant (p<0.05) mood state improvements were found in the Relora group for Overall Stress (−11%), Global Mood State (+11%), Vigor (+18%), Anger (−34%), Fatigue (−31%), and Confusion (−27%). These results indicate that daily supplementation with a combination of Magnolia and Phellodendron (Relora) reduces cortisol exposure and perceived stress, while improving a variety of mood state parameters, suggesting an effective natural approach to the detrimental health effects of chronic stress.

This study was funded by Next Pharmaceuticals and conducted by SupplementWatch
Fortifying whole wheat flour with folic acid does not change the prevalence of folate inadequacy nor the percentage of Canadians with intakes above the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
Authors: Chan Yen‐Ming , MacFarlane Amanda , O'Connor Deborah L
Published: June 2021

While folic acid fortification of white wheat flour in Canada has reduced neural tube defects, whole wheat flour does not fall under the current mandate. Our aim was to estimate the impact of adding folic acid to whole wheat flour on the folate intake distribution of Canadians. Twenty‐four hour dietary recalls and supplement intake data collected in the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey 2.2 (n=35,107) were used for the analysis. The amount of folic acid added to whole wheat flour‐containing foods was set to be equivalent to the amount of folic acid in comparable white wheat flour products. SIDE (Software for Intake Distribution Estimation) was used to model distributions of folate intake and to estimate the prevalence of folate inadequacy (POFI) using the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) cut‐point method and the proportion of the population with folic acid intakes >; UL. After folic acid addition to whole wheat foods, the POFI and intakes above the UL did not change among non‐supplement users (95% CIs overlap). Likewise, the POFI and percentages of intakes above the UL did not change after whole wheat flour fortification in supplement users (95% CIs overlap). Mean folate intake increased (432±3 to 454±3 μg DFE, p<0.0001) when whole wheat foods were fortified. In conclusion, adding folic acid to whole wheat flour will not likely change the POFI or proportion of folic acid intakes >; UL among Canadians. YC funded by NSERC‐CGS.

Grant Funding Source: NSERC
Dietary Vitamin B6 intake modulates colonic inflammation in the IL10−/− model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Selhub Jacob , Byun Alexander , Liu Zhenhua , Mason Joel B , Broson Roderick T , Crott Jimmy W
Published: June 2021

Pyridoxal‐5‐phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6, serves as a cofactor for over 140 distinct biochemical reactions. Although severe vitamin B6 deficiency is rare, mild inadequacy (plasma PLP < 20 nmol/L) is observed in 19–27% of the US population, depending on age and sex. Plasma PLP concentrations are inversely related to markers of systemic inflammation such as CRP. Furthermore, plasma PLP is depleted in those with inflammatory conditions and, in the case of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), more so in those with active versus quiescent disease. Restricting B6 intake has been shown to attenuate IBD pathology in mice; however the effects of supplementation are unclear. Thus, we tested the effect of mild inadequacy and moderate supplementation of vitamin B6 on the severity of colonic inflammation in the IL10−/− mouse model of IBD. We observed a bell‐shaped relationship between histologic inflammation and expression of inflammatory mediators (TNFalpha, IL‐6, IFN‐gamma, COX‐2, iNOS), whereby both low and high plasma PLP was associated with a suppression of inflammation. These results raise the possibility that vitamin B6 supplementation might be used to complement existing therapies for the treatment of IBD. Studies to reproduce these results and uncover mechanisms are underway.
Consuming 12 eggs per week for 1 year does not alter serum lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol, or C‐reactive protein in older adults
Authors: Wilson Thomas A. , Aljohi Hasan , Kotyla Elizabeth , Nelson Mindy Dopler
Published: June 2021

Recent studies suggest that eating 1 or more eggs daily may increase an individual's blood total and LDL cholesterol levels thus increasing their risk of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of consuming 12 eggs per week for 1 year on blood lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein (apo) A‐1 and B, lipoprotein a (Lpa), and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels, compared to people consuming no eggs of 1 year. Forty‐Five older adults (≥ 60 years of age) diagnosed with early age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) were placed into either the intervention (27) or control (18) group based on their willingness to consume eggs. On average, the Intervention group had slightly higher, but not significantly, serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL‐C), triglycerides (TG), HDL cholesterol (HDL‐C), apo A‐1, and CRP levels compared to the Control group after the 12 months. Also, the Intervention group had slightly lower, but not significantly, serum Lpa levels and apo A‐1:apo B ratio compared to the Control group after the 12 months. Serum apo B levels were unchanged in both groups after the 12 months. Also within the Intervention group serum TC, LDL‐C, TG, and HDL‐C levels were slightly higher after 12 months of consuming 12 eggs per week; while within the Control serum TC, LDL‐C, and TG levels were slightly lower after 12 months of consuming no eggs compared to baseline but this was also not statistically significant. This study suggests that the consumption of 12 eggs per week for 1 year has no effect on serum lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol, apo A‐1, apo B, Lpa or CRP levels in older adults diagnosed with early AMD. The Egg Nutrition Center of the American Egg Board supported this research.
Effect of vitamin‐D on ROS, ICAM‐1 and monocyte adhesion in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with high glucose and acetoacetate
Authors: Kanikarla‐Marie Preeti , Jain Sushil K.
Published: June 2021

Monocyte adhesion to the endothelium plays a central role in the progression of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Epidemiological studies report a relationship between vitamin‐D (VD) deficiency and increased risk of CVD in diabetic patients. This study examines whether or not VD supplementation is beneficial in preventing endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. HUVECs were treated with 1, 25‐(OH)2‐D3 (0–50nM) for 24h, and later exposed to the ketone body acetoacetate (AA; 0, 2, 4, 8mM) or high glucose (HG, 25mM) for 24h. There was an increase in ROS, ICAM‐1 expression, and monocyte adhesion in HUVECs treated with AA or HG. VD (50nM) supplementation lowered ROS (41%, p<0.05), ICAM‐1 (73%, p=0.05) and p‐NFêB (50%, p<0.05) expression, and IL‐8 (16%, p=0.05) and MCP‐1 (41.2%, p<0.001) secretion in HUVECs treated with AA. VD significantly inhibited (37.5%, p=0.05) monocyte adhesion to HUVECs exposed to AA. VD had a similar beneficial effect on HUVECs treated with HG. Apocyanin (NADPH oxidase inhibitor), reduced ROS in HG or AA treated HUVECs. The role of VD in inhibiting NADPH oxidases and ROS is under investigation. This study provides the biochemical mechanism through which VD supplementation can lower ROS, ICAM‐1 expression, monocyte adhesion to the endothelium, and thereby the risk of CVD in diabetes.

Grant Funding Source: NIDDK and Office of Dietary Supplements
L. reuteri NCIMB 30242: The Sunshine Probiotic ?
Authors: Jones Mitchell L. , Martoni Christopher J. , Prakash Satya
Published: June 2021

Background/Objectives

Low serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) – active Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 capsules have been shown to lower cholesterol and reduce sterol absorption; however their effect on fat soluble vitamins are unknown and the main objective of this study.

Hypothesis

The research hypothesis is that L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 capsules would not significantly alter serum fat soluble vitamins in a randomized controlled trial.

Methods

127 subjects were randomized to consume L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 or placebo capsules over a 9‐week intervention period.

Results

Oral supplementation of L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 capsules did not result in reduced serum vitamins A, E and â‐carotene and unexpectedly increased 25(OH)D. Despite no differences in dietary intake (P>;0.05), subjects consuming L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 showed increased serum 25(OH)D over the intervention period by 14.9 nmol/l or 25.5%, which was a significant mean change relative to placebo of 17.1 nmol/l (P=0.005) or 22.4% respectively (P=0.011). Changes in 25(OH)D were negatively correlated with hs‐CRP (r = −0.208, P=0.023).

Conclusions

To our knowledge this is the first report of increased serum 25(OH)D with oral probiotic supplementation. L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 should be considered for improving vitamin D status in individuals with CVD.
Sweet potato skin provides health benefits in Caenorhabditis elegans model
Authors: Gao Chenfei , King Michael , Finley John , Greenway Frank , Keenan Michael , Enright Frederic , Martin Roy , Johnson William , Zheng Jolene
Published: June 2021

We apply the Caenorhabditis elegans(C. elegans) model to assess functional foods and agricultural by products that potentially increase satiety, regulate food intake and improve insulin sensitivity. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is one of the most important food crops in the world offering fiber, carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, iron, and calcium. The sweet potato skin (SPS) a by‐product of processing is rich in anti‐oxidant phenolic compounds, fibers and other nutrients. We evaluated the effect of SPS on intestinal fat deposition (IFD), lifespan, and mRNA expression of ckr‐1, gcy‐8, cpt‐1, and cpt‐2 in the C. elegans model. Animals were fed with SPS (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 3%) or SPS plus 2% glucose. Pharyngeal pumping rate (PPR), a surrogate marker of lifespan, was monitored periodically. At the end of the study, Nile red, a fluorescent lipid staining dye, was applied to the worms. Fluorescent microscopy of Nile red was used as a qualitative measure of the IFD. The SPS sustained PPR in wild type C. elegans (N2), sir‐2.1(ok434)IV or daf‐16(mgDf50)I null mutants. In the presence of 2% glucose, the PPR was elevated in sir‐2.1(ok434)IV or daf‐16(mgDf50)I. The IFD was reduced in wild type C. elegans (N2), but increased in sir‐2.1(ok434)IV by SPS treatments. These data suggested that SPS reduces IFD and sustain lifespan in C. elegans model. The use of the SPS as a food ingredient has potential to help control weight in humans. The neuronal control of the fat deposition requires further clarification. The nematode strains used in this work were provided by the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (University of Minnesota, MN), which is funded by the NIH National Center for Research Resources (NCRR). Support: LSU AgCenter, LA BoR (LEQSF(2010–13)‐RD‐B‐02), and ConAgra Foods® Inc., ConAgra Mills™.