bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deterioration of protein fraction by Maillard reaction in dietetic milks
Authors: EVANGELISTI FILIPPO , CALCAGNO CLAUDIO , NARDI SIMONETTA , ZUNIN PAOLA
Published: July 2002

The development of the Maillard reaction in pasteurized, UHT and in-bottle sterilized dietetic milks was studied. In these products damage caused by heat
treatments could increase as a result either of the addition of various ingredients or
of manufacturing processes that alter their content of reducing carbohydrates.
Protein damage was evaluated by measuring furosine by reversed-phase ion-paired
HPLC. The levels of furosine detected made it possible to assess the amounts of
biologically unavailable lysine. In all milks analysed blocked lysine values were
<340–350 mg/g total lysine, the level at which lysine becomes the limiting amino
acid in milk. Pasteurized dietetic milks had levels of blocked lysine similar to that in
ordinary pasteurized cows' milk. In some UHT and in-bottle sterilized dietetic milks
their different composition resulted in an increase in the blocked lysine content. In
some in-bottle sterilized milks, protein damage greatly reduces the beneficial effects
of milk as a dietary supplement. Lactose-free milks, which are more susceptible to
protein deterioration because of their higher content of reducing carbohydrates, were
also analysed after storage at 20°C and at [les ]4°C. At the end of their recommended
storage times, they contained limited amounts of blocked lysine only if they had been
stored at [les ]4°C.
The German Democratic Republic
and the State Churches, 1958–1989
Authors: BESIER GERHARD
Published: July 2002

The role of Protestantism in the German Democratic Republic (the
GDR) has been strongly disputed since the ‘turn’ and reunification
of 1989/90. Many of the disagreements derive from
different interpretations of the relationship between State, Church and
Society in the GDR. This paper first describes the state institutions
which formulated and executed church policies for the Communist Party
of the GDR (the SED), and then surveys relations between Church and
State, offering an explanation for actions and motivations on both sides.
The thesis advanced is that the decisive phase of the transformation of a
‘bourgeois’ Church into a ‘Church within socialism’ took place between
1958 and 1978, and that the preceding and subsequent periods merely had
the character of ‘past history’ and ‘epilogue’.

A variety of institutions influenced Church–State policies in the GDR.
First, at government level, there was until 1957 a department for
ecclesiastical affairs controlled by the deputy prime minister ; after that
date, there was an official secretary for church affairs, answerable to the
chairman of the government (Ministerrat). At party level in the SED, there
was a working group for church affairs which was part of the secretariat
of the SED's central committee, answerable to the first secretary or the
secretary-general of the central committee. The central committee office
included a member with specific responsibility for church affairs, generally
the second in line after the party chairman. In the Ministry for State
Security (MfS), those involved were the head of the so-called ‘main
department for social superstructure’, together with a representative of
the minister or the minister himself, and the heads of administration in
individual ‘Lands’ or districts.
Miscible rectilinear displacements with gravity override. Part 1. Homogeneous porous medium
Authors: RUITH MICHAEL , MEIBURG ECKART
Published: July 2002

Rectilinear homogeneous miscible displacements with gravity override are analysed
by means of direct numerical simulations on the basis of the vorticity–streamfunction
formulation of the governing equations. The vorticity-based point of view offers the
advantage of clearly attributing the dominant flow characteristics to the effects of viscosity contrast, density difference, impermeable boundary conditions, or interactions
among the above. Basic considerations regarding the vorticity field show that in an
integral sense the coupling between viscosity and gravity vorticity is predominantly
one way in nature, in that the gravity vorticity can amplify the viscous vorticity, but
not vice versa. In particular, the vorticity point of view provides an explanation for
the formation of the gravity tongue in terms of a focusing mechanism, which results
from the combined action of the unfavourable viscosity gradient and the potential
flow field generated by the interaction of the gravitational vorticity with the horizontal boundaries. This potential velocity field locally enhances the uniform global
displacement velocity near the upper boundary, and thereby amplifies the viscous
fingering instability along this section of the interface. In some parameter ranges, the
gravity tongue exhibits interesting interactions with the viscous fingers next to it, such
as pinching and partial merging. The influence of the Péclet number, the viscosity and
density contrasts, and the aspect ratio on the dynamic evolution of the displacement
is investigated quantitatively.
A theoretical model for the shock stand-off
distance in frozen and equilibrium flows
Authors: OLIVIER H.
Published: July 2002

In the literature it was recently reported that for hypersonic reactive flow the shock
stand-off distance depends not only on a reaction rate parameter, but also on the
density ratio between shock and body. This is confirmed in this paper by a theoretical
approach which is based on the governing conservation equations. Reasonable simplifications
are introduced which for the frozen and equilibrium case allow an analytical
solution for the stand-off distance on spheres. The solution method is restricted to
this area since only the stand-off distance at the stagnation point is of interest. The
excellent agreement achieved for the frozen or non-reactive case with well-known solutions
gives evidence for the correctness of the solution method. For the equilibrium
case the solution obtained shows the same behaviour as a recent study which agrees
with experimental results and numerical simulations.
On the finite-amplitude steady convection in rotating mushy layers
Authors: GUBA PETER
Published: July 2002

This study concentrates on a relatively simple model of a mushy layer originally
proposed by Amberg & Homsy (1993) and later studied in further detail by Anderson
& Worster (1995). We extend this model to the case in which the system is in a state
of uniform rotation about the vertical. Of particular interest is to determine how the
rotation of the system controls the bifurcating convection with both the oblique-roll
planform and the planform of hexagonal symmetry. We find that two-dimensional
oblique rolls can be either subcritically or supercritically bifurcating, depending on
a pair of parameters (K1/CS, [Tscr ]),
where K1 measures how the permeability linearly
varies with the local solid fraction, CS relates the compositional difference between the
liquid and solid phases to the variation of composition throughout the mushy layer,
and the Taylor number [Tscr ] gives a measure of the local Coriolis acceleration relative to
the viscous dissipation in a porous medium. The three-dimensional convection with
hexagonal symmetry is found to be transcritical. Furthermore, distorted hexagons
with upflow at the centres can be either subcritical or supercritical, depending on the
value of the Taylor number [Tscr ].
Evolution of Burgers' turbulence in the presence of
external forces
Authors: SAICHEV A. I. , WOYCZYNSKI W. A.
Published: July 2002

Statistical properties of multidimensional Burgers'
turbulence evolving in the presence of a force field with random
potential, which is delta-correlated in time and smooth in space, are
studied in the inviscid limit and at the physical level of
rigorousness. The solution algorithm reduces to finding multistream
fields describing the motion of an auxiliary gas of interacting
particles in a force field. Consequently, the statistical description
of forced Burgers' turbulence is obtained by finding the largest
possible value of the least action for the auxiliary gas. The
exponential growth of the number of streams is found to be a
necessary condition for the existence of stationary
regimes.
Velocity distribution function for a dilute granular material in shear flow
Authors: KUMARAN V.
Published: July 2002

The velocity distribution function for the steady shear flow of disks
(in two dimensions) and spheres (in three dimensions) in a channel is
determined in the limit where
the frequency of particle–wall collisions is large compared to
particle–particle collisions. An asymptotic analysis is
used in the small parameter ε, which is naL in two
dimensions and n2L in three dimensions, where
n is the number density of particles
(per unit area in two dimensions and per unit volume in three dimensions),
L is the
separation of the walls of the channel and a is the particle diameter.
The particle–wall
collisions are inelastic, and are described by simple relations which
involve coefficients
of restitution et and en
in the tangential and normal directions, and both elastic and
inelastic binary collisions between particles are considered. In the
absence of binary
collisions between particles, it is found that the particle velocities
converge to two constant values
(ux, uy)
=(±V, 0) after repeated collisions with the wall, where
ux and uy
are the velocities tangential and normal to the wall,
V=(1−et)
Vw/(1+et), and
Vw and −Vw are
the tangential velocities of the walls of the channel. The effect of binary
collisions is included using a self-consistent calculation, and the distribution
function is determined using the condition that the net collisional flux of
particles at
any point in velocity space is zero at steady state. Certain approximations are made
regarding the velocities of particles undergoing binary collisions in order to obtain
analytical results for the distribution function, and these approximations
are justified
analytically by showing that the error incurred decreases proportional to
ε1/2 in the limit ε→0. A numerical calculation
of the mean square of the difference between the
exact flux and the approximate flux confirms that the error decreases proportional
to ε1/2 in the limit ε→0. The moments of the
velocity distribution function are evaluated, and it is found that
〈u2x〉→V2,
〈u2y〉
∼V2ε and − 〈uxuy〉 ∼ V2εlog(ε−1) in the limit
ε→0. It is found that the distribution function and the scaling
laws for the
velocity moments are similar for both two- and three-dimensional systems.
An experimental investigation of meniscus roll coating
Authors: GASKELL P. H. , INNES G. E. , SAVAGE M. D.
Published: July 2002

A two-roll apparatus is used to explore experimentally
the detailed fluid mechanics of
meniscus roll coating in which inlets are starved and flow
rates are small. Both forward
and reverse modes of operation (with contra- and co-rotating
rolls) are investigated
using optical sectioning combined with dye injection and
particle imaging techniques.
That part of parameter space where meniscus coating occurs
is identified by varying
the roll separation and roll speeds and hence flow
rate and capillary number.

Key features of the flow structures identified in
the forward mode include two large
eddies (each with saddle point, separatrix and sub-eddies),
a primary fluid transfer
jet and the existence of two critical flow rates
associated with the switching-on of
a second fluid transfer jet and the switching-off of the
primary transfer jet followed
by a change in the flow structure. In the reverse mode, the
key features are a single
large eddy consisting of two sub-eddies, a saddle point
and separatrix, a primary
fluid transfer jet and once again two critical flow rates.
These correspond to (i) the
switching-on of a secondary transfer jet and (ii) the
disappearance of a saddle point
at the nip resulting in the merger of the primary and
secondary transfer jets.

Measurements of film thickness and meniscus location made
over a range of speed
ratios and capillary numbers are compared with theoretical
predictions. A plate–roll
apparatus is used to confirm the presence, for very small
flow rates, of a sub-ambient,
almost linear, pressure profile across the bead. Investigated
also is the transition from
inlet-starved to fully flooded roll coating as flow
rate is increased and the changes in
flow structure and pressure profile are observed.
On large-amplitude pulsating fountains
Authors: CLANET CHRISTOPHE
Published: July 2002

We study the behaviour of an upward vertical water jet of density,
ρ, and surface
tension, σ, injected through a tube of diameter, D, with
a momentum-averaged
velocity, V. These fountains are shown to exhibit large-amplitude
oscillations in the
range 0.1[les ]D/a[les ]1.6, and
20[les ]V2/(gD)[les ]400, where g

is the acceleration due to gravity and a is the capillary length,

a≡(2σ/(ρg))1/2.
The characteristic frequency of
the oscillations, f, and their limits of existence are studied
experimentally. A model
is developed, leading to the expression for the frequency:

formula here

This expression is shown to be in good agreement with existing data
and with
new measurements, conducted over a wide range of Bond
(Bo≡D/a) and Froude
(Fr≡V2/gD) numbers. The

stability of the model is considered and the limits of the
oscillatory regime are related to the hydrodynamic properties of the flow.
Stagnation–saddle points and flow patterns in
Stokes flow between contra-rotating cylinders
Authors: GASKELL P. H. , SAVAGE M. D. , THOMPSON H. M.
Published: July 2002

The steady flow is considered of a Newtonian fluid, of
viscosity μ, between contra-rotating cylinders with peripheral speeds

U1 and U2. The two-dimensional
velocity
field is determined correct to
O(H0/2R)1/2, where

2H0 is the minimum separation of
the cylinders and R an ‘averaged’ cylinder radius.

For flooded/moderately starved
inlets there are two stagnation–saddle points, located symmetrically
about the nip, and
separated by quasi-unidirectional flow. These stagnation–saddle points
are shown to
divide the gap in the ratio U1[ratio ]U2
and arise at
[mid ]X[mid ]=A where the semi-gap thickness
is H(A) and the streamwise pressure gradient is given
by
dP/dX
=μ(U1+U2)/H2(A).

Several additional results then follow.

(i) The effect of non-dimensional flow rate,
λ: A2=2RH0(3λ−1)

and so the stagnation–saddle points are absent for λ<1/3,
coincident for
λ=1/3 and separated for λ>1/3.

(ii) The effect of speed ratio,
S=U1/U2:
stagnation–saddle points are located
on the boundary of recirculating flow and are coincident with its leading
edge only
for symmetric flows (S=1). The effect of unequal cylinder speeds
is to introduce a
displacement that increases to a maximum of
O(RH0)1/2 as S→0.

Five distinct flow patterns are identified between the nip and the downstream

meniscus. Three are asymmetric flows with a transfer jet conveying fluid
across the
recirculation region and arising due to unequal cylinder speeds, unequal
cylinder radii,
gravity or a combination of these. Two others exhibit no transfer jet and
correspond
to symmetric (S=1) or asymmetric (S≠1)
flow with two asymmetric effects in
balance. Film splitting at the downstream stagnation–saddle point
produces uniform
films, attached to the cylinders, of thickness H1
and H2, where

formula here

provided the flux in the transfer jet is assumed to be negligible.

(iii) The effect of capillary number, Ca: as Ca
is increased the downstream meniscus
advances towards the nip and the stagnation–saddle point either attaches
itself to the
meniscus or disappears via a saddle–node annihilation according to
the flow topology.

Theoretical predictions are supported by experimental data and finite
element
computations.
On the displacement of three-dimensional fluid
droplets from solid surfaces in
low-Reynolds-number shear flows
Authors: DIMITRAKOPOULOS P. , HIGDON J. J. L.
Published: July 2002

The yield conditions for the displacement of three-dimensional
fluid droplets from
solid boundaries are studied through a series of numerical computations.
The study
considers low-Reynolds-number shear flows over plane boundaries and includes
interfacial
forces with constant surface tension. A comprehensive study is conducted,

covering a wide range of viscosity ratio γ, capillary number Ca
and advancing and
receding contact angles, θA and θR.

This study seeks the optimal shape of the contact
line which yields the maximum flow rate (or Ca) for which a droplet
can adhere to
the surface. The critical shear rates are presented as functions
Ca(γ, θA, Δθ) where

Δθ=θA−θR
is the
contact angle hysteresis. The solution of the optimization problem
provides an upper bound for the yield condition for droplets on solid surfaces.

Additional constraints based on experimental observations are considered,
and their
effect on the yield condition is determined. The numerical solutions are
based on the
spectral boundary element method, incorporating a novel implementation
of Newton's
method for the determination of equilibrium free surfaces and an optimization

algorithm which is combined with the Newton iteration to solve the nonlinear
optimization
problem. The numerical results are compared with asymptotic theories
(Dussan 1987) based on the lubrication approximation. While good agreement
is
found in the joint asymptotic limits Δθ[Lt ]θA[Lt ]1,

the useful range of the lubrication
models proves to be extremely limited. The critical shear rate is found
to be sensitive
to viscosity ratio with qualitatively different results for viscous and
inviscid droplets.
Some aerodynamic aspects of coin-like cylinders
Authors: ZDRAVKOVICH M. M. , FLAHERTY A. J. , PAHLE M. G. , SKELHORNE I. A.
Published: July 2002

The aspect ratio of short coin-like cylinders is defined as
L/D, where L is the length
and D is the diameter of the cylinder. Force and pressure measurements
are extended
down to L/D=0.025. The force measurements indicate

an unexpected increase in drag
coefficient with decreasing aspect ratio. The basic equation used to define
the drag
coefficient is inapplicable for very low aspect ratio and the projected
area should be
replaced by the side area. Surface flow visualization tests in a wind tunnel
reveal the
variation in both shape and size of separation bubbles, which form on the
flat sides of
the model. A crescent-shaped area is observed between the primary and secondary

separation, followed by an unsteady re-attachment region. A strong hysteresis
effect is
observed in the development of the separation bubbles. The separation bubbles
can be
suppressed by rounding the sharp edges of the model, with considerable
reduction in
the drag coefficient. Finally, a flow topology is suggested consisting
of two horseshoe
vortices attached onto the flat sides and detached in a streamwise direction,
thus
forming two counter-rotating vortex pairs.
Three-dimensional destabilization of
Stuart vortices: the influence of rotation
and ellipticity
Authors: POTYLITSIN P. G. , PELTIER W. R.
Published: July 2002

We investigate the influence of the ellipticity of a columnar vortex in a rotating
environment on its linear stability to three-dimensional perturbations. As a model of
the basic-state vorticity distribution, we employ the Stuart steady-state solution of
the Euler equations. In the presence of background rotation, an anticyclonic vortex
column is shown to be strongly destabilized to three-dimensional perturbations when
background rotation is weak, while rapid rotation strongly stabilizes both anticyclonic
and cyclonic columns, as might be expected on the basis of the Taylor–Proudman
theorem. We demonstrate that there exist three distinct forms of three-dimensional
instability to which strong anticyclonic vortices are subject. One form consists of a
Coriolis force modified form of the ‘elliptical’ instability, which is dominant for vortex
columns whose cross-sections are strongly elliptical. This mode was recently discussed
by Potylitsin & Peltier (1998) and Leblanc & Cambon (1998). The second form of
instability may be understood to constitute a three-dimensional inertial (centrifugal)
mode, which becomes the dominant mechanism of instability as the ellipticity of the
vortex column decreases. Also evident in the Stuart model of the vorticity distribution
is a third ‘hyperbolic’ mode of instability that is focused on the stagnation point that
exists between adjacent vortex cores. Although this short-wavelength cross-stream
mode is much less important in the spectrum of the Stuart model than it is in the
case of a true homogeneous mixing layer, it nevertheless does exist even though its
presence has remained undetected in most previous analyses of the stability of the
Stuart solution.
Secondary instability of crossflow vortices and
swept-wing boundary-layer transition
Authors: MALIK MUJEEB R. , LI FEI , CHOUDHARI MEELAN M. , CHANG CHAU-LYAN
Published: July 2002

Crossflow instability of a three-dimensional boundary layer is a common cause of
transition in swept-wing flows. The boundary-layer flow modified by the presence of
finite-amplitude crossflow modes is susceptible to high-frequency secondary instabilities,
which are believed to harbinger the onset of transition. The role of secondary
instability in transition prediction is theoretically examined for the recent swept-wing
experimental data by Reibert et al. (1996). Exploiting the experimental observation
that the underlying three-dimensional boundary layer is convectively unstable, non-linear parabolized stability equations are used to compute a new basic state for the
secondary instability analysis based on a two-dimensional eigenvalue approach. The
predicted evolution of stationary crossflow vortices is in close agreement with the
experimental data. The suppression of naturally dominant crossflow modes by artificial
roughness distribution at a subcritical spacing is also confirmed. The analysis reveals
a number of secondary instability modes belonging to two basic families which, in
some sense, are akin to the ‘horseshoe’ and ‘sinuous’
modes of the Görtler vortex problem. The frequency range of the
secondary instability is consistent with that
measured in earlier experiments by Kohama et al. (1991), as
is the overall growth of the
secondary instability mode prior to the onset of transition (e.g. Kohama et al. 1996).
Results indicate that the N-factor correlation based on secondary instability growth
rates may yield a more robust criterion for transition onset prediction in comparison
with an absolute amplitude criterion that is based on primary instability alone.
A simple hydrodynamic model for transition boiling
Authors: JOO SANG W. , DAVIS STEPHEN H. , BANKOFF S. GEORGE
Published: July 2002

A vertical column of an inviscid fluid, heated uniformly from below through a
horizontal rigid bottom, is studied, with focus on the dynamics of the vapour/liquid
interface near the three-phase (contact) line. The interfacial motion is induced by the
competing effects of liquid feeding from above and evaporative mass loss through the
interface. A linearized solution is obtained that describes the location of the contact
line. The solution is used to study the transition processes to and from film boiling,
where part of the liquid, lying on top of a vapour layer, can spontaneously be drawn
downward and touch the heated bottom. Recession or advancement of the contact
line then determines whether the film boiling is sustained or broken. It is seen that the
correct contact-line dynamics cannot be predicted solely from a global mass balance
in the liquid column.
The flow induced by a rotationally oscillating
and translating circular cylinder
Authors: DENNIS S. C. R. , NGUYEN P. , KOCABIYIK SERPIL
Published: July 2002

The temporal development of two-dimensional viscous incompressible flow induced
by an impulsively started circular cylinder which performs time-dependent rotational
oscillations about its axis and translates at right angles to this axis is investigated.
The investigation is based on the solutions of the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations.
A series expansion for small times is developed. The Navier–Stokes equations are
also integrated by a spectral–finite difference method for moderate values of time
for both moderate and high Reynolds numbers. The numerical method is checked
with the results of the analytical solution. The effects of the Reynolds number and
of the forcing Strouhal number S on the laminar asymmetric flow structure in the
near-wake region are studied. The lift and drag coefficients are also extracted from
numerical results. An interesting phenomenon has been observed both in the flow
patterns and in the behaviour of drag coefficients for S = π/2 at Reynolds number
R = 500 and is discussed. For comparison purposes the start-up flow is determined
numerically at a low Reynolds number and is found to be in good agreement with
previous experimental predictions.
Nonlinear equilibrium solutions for the channel
flow of fluid with temperature-dependent viscosity
Authors: WALL D. P. , NAGATA M.
Published: July 2002

The nonlinear stability of the channel flow of fluid with temperature-dependent
viscosity is considered for the case of vanishing Péclet number for two viscosity
models, μ(T), which vary monotonically with temperature, T. In each case the basic
state is found to lose stability from the linear critical point in a subcritical Hopf
bifurcation. We find two-dimensional nonlinear time-periodic flows that arise from
these bifurcations. The disturbance to the basic flow has wavy streamlines meandering
between a sequence of triangular-shaped vortices, with this pattern skewing towards
the channel wall which the basic flow skews towards. For each of these secondary
flows we identify a nonlinear critical Reynolds number (based on half-channel width
and viscosity at one of the fixed wall temperatures) which represents the minimum
Reynolds number at which a secondary flow may exist. In contrast to the results
for the linear critical Reynolds number, the precise form of μ(T) is not found to be
qualitatively important in determining the stability of the thermal flow relative to the
isothermal flow. For the viscosity models considered here, we find that the secondary
flow is destabilized relative to the corresponding isothermal flow when μ(T) decreases
and vice versa. However, if we remove the bulk effect of the non-uniform change in
viscosity by introducing a Reynolds number based on average viscosity, it is found
that the form of μ(T) is important in determining whether the thermal secondary flow
is stabilized or destabilized relative to the corresponding isothermal flow. We also
consider the linear stability of the secondary flows and find that the most unstable
modes are either superharmonic or subharmonic. All secondary disturbance modes
are ultimately damped as the Floquet parameter in the spanwise direction increases,
and the last mode to be damped is always a phase-locked subharmonic mode. None
of the secondary flows is found to be stable to all secondary disturbance modes.
Possible bifurcation points for tertiary flows are also identified.
Battle for Survival: Porfirian Views of the International Marketplace
Authors: WEINER RICHARD
Published: July 2002

This article examines the ideas of Mexican elites about the international
market during the porfiriato (1876–1910), an age marked by imperialism and
monopoly capitalism. It focuses specifically on their thoughts about foreign
trade, investment and workers. They viewed the international economy as a
Darwinian battle for survival, but were not isolationists. In keeping with
opinions articulated by US imperialists, they maintained that foreign blood,
money and goods were essential to Mexico's economic progress. But they also
feared that foreign economic penetration would undermine sovereignty. To
resolve this dilemma, they championed state regulation of foreign economic
interests. Thus, rather than extol the virtues of laissez-faire, members of the
Porfirian intelligentsia were ambivalent internationalists.
Growth, Inequality and Poverty in
Selected Caribbean and Latin American
Countries, with Emphasis on Guyana
Authors: GAFAR JOHN
Published: July 2002

The statistical evidence surveyed suggests that as an indicator
of
development the Human Development Index is directly related to the level
of per
capita income; that inequality is countercyclical; and that economic growth
is
poverty reducing. In the case of Guyana the data suggest that nearly 43
per cent
of the population were below the poverty line (approximately US$1 per day
per
person); that poverty is predominantly rural; that most of the poor seek

employment in agriculture or in the informal (self employed) sector; and
that
there is a direct relationship between the level of education, health and
poverty.
On the orbital motion limited theory for a small body at floating potential
in a Maxwellian plasma
Authors: ALLEN J. E. , ANNARATONE B. M. , de ANGELIS U.
Published: July 2002

The condition for the validity of the orbital motion limited (OML)
theory is reviewed, with reference to the calculation of the floating potential
attained by a spherical body immersed in a plasma. It is shown that the OML
theory is never satisfied in Maxwellian plasmas, even in the case of very small
bodies, i.e. those with radii much smaller than the plasma Debye length. The
case considered is that where the ion temperature is less than or equal to the
electron temperature. The results are relevant to the theory of dusty plasmas,
where the OML theory has been much employed.
Benthic Boundary Layer fauna from the Seine Estuary (eastern English Channel, France): spatial distribution and seasonal changes
Authors: Mouny Pascal , Dauvin Jean-Claude , Zouhiri Souaad
Published: July 2002

One hundred and three suprabenthic hauls in the Seine Estuary were taken on a marine to fresh water gradient with a modified Macer-GIROQ sledge during 1996 to collect Benthic Boundary Layer fauna. Two main species assemblages were identified along the salinity gradient: (1) a marine assemblage located in the downstream part of the estuary dominated by amphipods and mysids such as Schistomysis spp. and Gastrosaccus spp.; (2) an estuarine assemblage essentially dominated by the mysid Neomysis integer, recorded along the salinity gradient with maximal abundance observed between 15–10 psu. The decapod Palaemon longirostris and the goby Pomatoschistus microps were located in the upstream part of the estuary where they presented maximal abundances. Some species used the estuary during juvenile development such as the mysid Mesopodopsis slabberi (Van Beneden, 1861) and decapod Crangon crangon. Although the morphological characteristics of the Seine Estuary (weak estuarine area and important dredging) are different than other major European estuaries such as Gironde, Westerschelde and Ems, the longitudinal distribution of the demersal community presented similar patterns in all sites. Nevertheless, monthly sampling permitted to determine the seasonal location and abundance changes of the demersal assemblages in the Seine estuary. Marine assemblages presented maximal densities during summer and autumn while estuarine species were most abundant during spring and summer. Longitudinal changes of main demersal species during an annual cycle showed an increase of spatial distribution along the salinity gradient for marine and neritic species during spring and summer with a penetration of species in the estuary. The abundances of both assemblages were very high (annual mean >5000 ind 100 m−3) whereas the biomass of the estuarine assemblage was very important (annual mean ≅38 g ash-free dry weight 100 m−3).
Habitat partitioning by two wood-boring invertebrates in a mangrove system in tropical Australia
Authors: Si Aung , Alexander C.G. , Bellwood O.
Published: July 2002

Driftwood was collected from Stuart Creek, North Queensland, to examine the relationship between the wood-boring isopod, Sphaeroma terebrans (Isopoda: Sphaeromatidae), and the wood-boring mollusc, Bankiaaustralis (Bivalvia: Teredinidae). Broadly non-overlapping distributions in individual pieces of driftwood were found for S. terebrans and molluscan wood-borers at the study site.
Factors affecting prey handling in lesser octopus (Eledone cirrhosa) feeding on crabs (Carcinus maenas)
Authors: Grisley M.S. , Boyle P.R. , Pierce G.J. , Key L.N.
Published: July 2002

Octopuses (Eledone cirrhosa) feeding on crabs (Carcinus maenus) may penetrate the crab by a carapace borehole or puncture of the eye. In ad libitum feeding trials (632 crabs eaten), 31% of the predated crabs had a punctured eye, 57% had a borehole in the dorsal carapace. Eye puncture and boring occurred together in 6% of cases but 18% were neither punctured nor bored.

Feeding trials in which size of prey and size of octopus were controlled showed that the incidence of boreholes was greatest (>70%) in small crabs (<50 mm carapace width). Incidence of eye puncture (10% in small crabs) rose to 25% in crabs of over 50 mm carapace width and to over 40% in the largest crabs used (65–80 mm carapace width).

Large octopuses used eye puncture less frequently than small octopuses. Increasing the proportion of small crabs in the diet increased the subsequent incidence of carapace boring at all crab sizes. The results are discussed in relation to differences in prey handling efficiency at different prey sizes.
Some implications of plant size in monotypic and polytypic populations of Fucus spiralis
Authors: Scott G.W. , Shaw J.H. , Hull S.L. , Pickaert C. , Burlak A.M.
Published: July 2002

Plant size and aspects of the reproductive potential of monotypic and polytypic populations of Fucus spiralis and Fucus spiralis forma nanus were compared. The two formae were distinct, but the differences between them were less pronounced where they co-occurred, suggesting the possibility of a level of inter-forma gene flow. Fucus spiralis f. nanus plants pay a potential reproductive cost in that they produce smaller eggs than F. spiralis, but the two formae appear to have similar levels of total reproductive output (eggs per unit of receptacle tissue).
On the occurrence of juvenile lobster Homarus gammarus in intertidal habitat
Authors: Linnane Adrian , Ball Brendan , Munday Brian , Mercer John P.
Published: July 2002

The early benthic phase (EBP) European lobster Homarus gammarus, and the habitat to which it recruits, remains largely undiscovered. Following reports that juvenile lobsters were being located within an intertidal lobster fishery in Johnshaven, Scotland, a three day census was undertaken. The shore consisted of a wave cut platform with a red sandstone/cobble conglomerate substratum. Three juvenile lobsters of 28, 32 and 45 mm carapace length (CL) were located in a crevice type habitat. It is hypothesized that in some areas of coastline, intertidal crevices act as a peripheral habitat for juvenile lobsters.
Tension Within the Church: British Missionaries in Wuhan, 1913–28
Authors: Chang Ning J.
Published: July 2002

The foreign missionary was always a prominent source of Sino-foreign friction. The appearance of Protestant missionaries in China's interior, and their intrusion into Chinese society in the latter half of the nineteenth century, caused strong resistance from the Chinese and many outbreaks of xenophobia. After the Boxer Uprising of 1900, however, this resistance and these outbreaks greatly declined. And the foreign missionary in the second and third decades of the twentieth century had to face new problems: namely, tension between the foreign and Chinese members within the church. In the late 1910s the missionaries found that their well-educated Chinese colleagues demanded equal treatment. Between 1925 and 1928 the missionaries and their Chinese members were involved in a severe conflict between ‘foreign’ Christianity and ‘Chinese’ nationalism, and this created even greater tension. How the missionaries responded to these problems, and how they influenced Christianity in China, deserve further analysis.
Typologie und Typos: Analyse eines schwierigen Verhältnisses
Authors: OSTMEYER KARL-HEINRICH
Published: July 2002

Hinter dem scheinbar widersprüchlichen Gebrauch des Terminus τυποσ kann ein einheitliches Grundverständnis nachgewiesen werden. Kein Mensch (oder Gegenstand) ist an sich Typos, sondern er wird situationsbezogen dann als Typos bezeichnet, wenn durch ihn oder in ihm etwas unmittelbar sichtbar wird. Weil τυποσ die Relation zwischen Typisierendem und Typisiertem benennt, bedarf es keines Gegenbegriffes. Das erklärt, warum αντιτυποσ nicht als Pendant zu τυποσ verwendet wird. Ein besonderes ‘hermeneutisches Verständnis’ des Begriffes begegnet nicht.

Aus der nicht wertenden Auffassung von τυποσ ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit einer Revision des traditionellen Verständnisses der Typologie als hermeneutischer Figur.
THE FIRST RIDER: A RESPONSE TO MICHAEL BACHMANN
Authors: POIRIER JOHN C.
Published: July 2002

In a recent article in this journal, Michael Bachmann argued several points concerning Rev 6.1–8. I list both the important points he argues, as well as one of his major presuppositions, since I will respond to both: (1) the first horseman is to be understood in a positive sense, ‘als Hypostasierung des Erscheinens Gottes’; (2) he is strongly identified with Christ in Rev 19; and (3) the remaining horsemen are manifestly negative figures. The first point is correct, but I have reservations about the other two. Since the third point is actually not a thesis that Bachmann tries to win, but rather one that he presupposes in arguing the first two points, I am in the strange position of sometimes showing that Bachmann reaches a partially correct position ([1], not [2]) by a manifestly incorrect argument (i.e. separating the first horseman from the other three).
The public health importance of hookworm disease
Authors: CROMPTON D.W.T.
Published: July 2002

The public health significance of hookworm disease is briefly reviewed. The latest evidence confirms that blood loss caused by the worms' feeding activity in the gut is a contributing factor in the development of poor iron status leading to iron-deficiency anaemia. The World Health Organization has identified adolescent girls and women of child-bearing age as high-risk groups regarding the impact of hookworm disease. The merits of treating pregnant women with anthelminthic drugs after the first trimester are discussed.
A role for microtubules in Plasmodium falciparum merozoite
invasion
Authors: BEJON P. A. , BANNISTER L. H. , FOWLER R. E. , FOOKES R. E. , WEBB S. E. , WRIGHT A. , MITCHELL G. H.
Published: July 2002

Colchicine, a drug which poisons the polymerization of microtubules,
was assayed for effects on the invasion of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites into red cells in order to investigate if merozoite microtubules
have a function in invasion. Culture conditions and concentrations of colchicine
were established where the maturation and rupture of schizonts was unaffected
by the drug. This was judged first by light microscopy, including morphology
and counts of nuclear particle numbers, then by ultrastructural studies
which excluded deranged organellogenesis as a cause of merozoite failure,
and finally by diachronic cultures in which both recruitment and loss of
schizonts could be counted. Specific invasion inhibition was seen when
10 μM–1 mM colchicine was present. Red cells
pre-incubated in colchicine and then washed showed no reduction in their
extent of invasion, and neither red cell lysis, sphering nor blebbing were
apparent. We conclude that intact microtubules are necessary for successful
merozoite function.
Protective immunity to the blood-feeding nematode

Haemonchus contortus induced by vaccination with parasite

low molecular weight antigens
Authors: SCHALLIG H. D. F. H. , VAN LEEUWEN M. A. W.
Published: July 2002

Partially purified low molecular weight antigens obtained by

gel filtration of whole worm homogenates or total adult

excretory–secretory (ES) products were tested in a vaccination

experiment to determine their ability to induce protective

immunity against Haemonchus contortus in sheep. Sheep were challenged

with 20000 infective 3rd-stage larvae. One animal

in the low molecular weight vaccinated group showed no protection

against H. contortus, whereas the 4 other sheep in this

group showed a mean reduction of 99·9% in faecal egg counts

and of 97·6% in abomasal worm burden compared to the

non-vaccinated controls and the adjuvant controls. The ES-vaccinated

sheep showed a 32·2% reduction in parasite egg

production and a 63·7% reduction in abomasal worm counts.

Analysis of the humoral immune responses revealed no

significant differences in antibody recognition of putative protective

antigens between the protected and non-protected

vaccinated animals. However, a marked lower lymphocyte proliferation

response was found in non-protected sheep.
Molecular characterization of antigen 24, a specific

immunodominant antigen family from Leishmania infantum
Authors: COUVREUR B. , JACQUET D. , BOLLEN A. , LE RAY D.
Published: July 2002

Leishmania infantum immunoelectrophoretic antigen 24 (AG
24), a

visceral leishmaniasis associated immunodominant

antigen, has been characterized with a monospecific antiserum by combining

SDS–PAGE, immunoblotting, metabolic

labelling, radio-immunoprecipitation and in vitro poly A+

mRNA translation. AG 24 appeared to correspond to a multi-antigen family
of

6–9 members ranging from 20 to 31 kDa and proteinic by nature with

no post-translational modifications.

A similar banding pattern was recognized by infection sera. AG 24 was

not found exposed on the cell surface.
Sequence and PCR–RFLP analysis of the internal
transcribed spacers of the rDNA repeat unit in isolates of
Cryptosporidium from different hosts
Authors: MORGAN U. M. , DEPLAZES P. , FORBES D. A. , SPANO F. , HERTZBERG H. , SARGENT K. D. , ELLIOT A. , THOMPSON R. C. A.
Published: July 2002

The Cryptosporidium ITS1, 5·8S and ITS2 rDNA regions
from a number of Cryptosporidium isolates from different hosts

and geographical areas were cloned and sequenced in order to investigate
the extent of sequence heterogeneity between
human and cattle-derived isolates from different geographical locations
and also between isolates of Cryptosporidium from
different hosts such as cats, pigs, mice and a koala. Calf-derived isolates
from different continents were virtually identical
as were human-derived isolates from the UK and Australia. Genetic differences
between Cryptosporidium isolates were
extensive and were in fact greater than the level of nucleotide divergence
between Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum
rDNA sequences. Based on the sequence information derived from this study,
PCR–RFLP of the ITS1 region was
undertaken in order to directly amplify and genotype Cryptosporidium
isolates from different hosts. This PCR–RFLP
approach can now be used for molecular epidemiology studies, circumventing
the need for costly sequencing and allowing
a wider range of genetically different isolates to be examined.
Molecular diagnosis of parasitic nematodes
Authors: McKEAND J. B.
Published: July 2002

There is an essential requirement for highly sensitive tools that will differentiate nematode parasites of animals and plants
to the species level. For studying host range, genetic variation, virulence and resistance, the availability of well defined
populations is vital. Many nematode species cannot be identified with certainty using traditional morphological or
morphometric techniques. This is particularly the case for the more accessible developmental stages that, depending on
the particular group concerned, live as eggs and larvae in the environment or as micro-filariae that circulate in the blood
or inhabit the skin. Morphological identification of these stages requires specialized expertise and is extremely time
consuming. Immunological assays have their place in nematode identification but they do not discriminate between current
and previous infections, an essential requirement in many epidemiological and prevalence studies. In addition to being
highly sensitive, DNA-based methods of detection define present over past infection and are not dependent on the parasite
stage. Many types of methodology are available for the detection and definition of nematode DNA. This paper reviews
these methods citing examples that have been used with success in the laboratory as well as the field.
EDITORIAL: Postpartum depression and child development
Authors: MURRAY LYNNE , COOPER PETER J.
Published: July 2002

Depression has a profound impact on parameters of
interpersonal behaviour (Lewinsohn et al. 1970; Libert &
Lewinsohn, 1973; Teasdale et al. 1980). Studies of healthy
mother–infant dyads have demonstrated that infants are highly
sensitive to their interpersonal environment (Murray, 1988). It is,
therefore, likely that postpartum depression, by virtue of its impact
on maternal interpersonal functioning, will disrupt normal infant
engagements with the mother and, as a consequence, impair infant
developmental progress. In recent years a considerable body of
research surrounding this question has accumulated.
CORRESPONDENCE
Authors: FARAGHER E. B. , COOPER C. L
Published: July 2002

To the Editor: A recent Editorial (McGee et al.
26, 441–447) posed the general question ‘Are life
events related to the onset of breast cancer?’, but then debated
whether or not life events are directly related to the
diagnosis of this condition. The distinction is small but vital. On
the basis of our own large study (Cooper & Faragher, 1993) we,
too, would be reluctant to infer a direct link ; however, we would
infer that the occurrence of a major stress event will increase the
risk of a breast cancer being detected in some women if other
important psychosocial factors are present also.
Impact of improved depression treatment in primary
care on daily functioning and disability
Authors: SIMON G. E. , KATON W. , RUTTER C. , VonKORFF M. , LIN E. , ROBINSON P. , BUSH T. , WALKER E. A. , LUDMAN E. , RUSSO J.
Published: July 2002

Background. Few data are available regarding the impact
of
improved depression treatment on daily functioning and disability.

Methods. In two studies of more intensive depression treatment

in primary care, patients initiating
antidepressant treatment were randomly assigned to either usual care or
to a collaborative
management programme including patient education, on-site mental health
treatment, adjustment
of antidepressant medication, behavioural activation and monitoring of
medication adherence.
Assessments at baseline as well as 4 and 7 months included
several measures of impairment, daily
functioning and disability[ratio ]self-rated overall health, number of
bodily pains, number of somatization
symptoms, changes in work due to health, reduction in leisure activities

due to health, number of
disability days and number of restricted activity days.

Results. Average data from the 4- and 7-month assessments in

both studies, intervention patients
reported fewer somatic symptoms (OR 0·68, 95% CI 0·46, 0·99)

and more favourable overall health
(OR 0·50, 95% CI 0·28, 0·91). While intervention patients

fared better on other measures of
functional impairment and disability, none of these differences
reached statistical significance.

Conclusions. More effective acute-phase depression treatment

reduced somatic distress and
improved self-rated overall health. The absence of a significant intervention

effect on other disability
measures may reflect the brief treatment and follow-up period and the
influence of other individual and environmental factors on disability.