bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical study of the lower third molars eruption level influence on incidence of acute infection
Authors: Matijevic Stevo , Marjanovic Marjan
Published: February 2006

The aim of this paper was estimate if there was correlation between clinically and radiographically evaluated eruption level of the lower third molar and incidence and severity of the acute infection, respectively. Methods and material: The study was conducted in 100 male examinees, age range from 18 to 25 years old, with clinical and radiographic diagnosis of partially erupted or non erupted third molars. Results: Total number of examinees with clinically registered partially erupted lower third molars was 75, of which 62 (82.6%) manifested infection. Non erupted third molars were in 25 examinees of which 11 (44%) had signs of infection. Partial eruption stage of the third molar was the most common cause of the light infection form (68.8%). Infective complications in over 60% of examinees were related to higher levels of teeth eruption. Higher eruption positions of lower third molars were causing light infections in 56.1%, and in 31.5% - severe forms of infection. Most frequently, lower third molar was related to occurrence and severity of the infection when positioned in occlusal plane level. Conclusion: Partially erupted lower third molar, when positioned in occlusal plane level, is the high risk tooth for an infection to occur.
Apical leakage of root canal system obturation materials
Authors: Mitic Aleksandar , Mitic Nadica , Tosic Goran
Published: February 2006

Hermetical obturation on dentine-cement junction is one of the conditions for success in endodontic treatment. The aim of this paper was to evaluate apical obturation of three different root canal obturation materials. Methods consisted of in vitro semiquantitatively measured penetration of colored solutions. Total number of 55 single-canal teeth was used and obturation test materials were AH-plus, Ketac-Endo and Endomethasone. Linear color penetration was evaluated following illumination of teeth in 2% sol. Metylsalicilate. Results obtained have shown better adhesion between sealer and root canal walls, i.e. better apical obturation when AH-plus (0.25mm) and Ketac-Endo (0.52mm) were used and highest rate of apical leakage when Endomethasone was used (2.35mm). None of the tested obturation materials have sealed apical portion completely.
Influence of different types of partial dentures on dental plaque accumulation
Authors: Puskar Tatjana , Markovic Dubravka , Blazic Larisa , Jefic Bojana
Published: February 2006

The aim of the paper was to assess influence of different types of partial dentures on dental plaque accumulation. The study was conducted in three experimental and one control group with 30 examinees each. In the first experimental group were patients with partial acrylic dentures, in the second were patients with overdentures and in the third group were the patients with metal skeletal dentures. Dental plaque on the remaining teeth was measured by Silness-Loe modified method. Dental plaque scores were obtained at a time when dentures were given to patients and after 6 and 12 months of wearing, respectively. The plaque index of all teeth after 12 months of wearing dentures was relatively low in all three examined groups which resulted from previous education and motivation of examinees for oral hygiene maintenance. However, the highest risk of oral diseases caused by dental plaque is in patients with partial acrylic dentures, then in patients with overdentures, and best preventive effect was achieved in patients with metal skeletal dentures.
Periodontal disease in smokers
Authors: Cerovic Olivera , Bundalo Vera
Published: February 2006

Tobacco contains about 4000 different toxic substances from which almost 40 are proven to be cancerogenic. Nicotine, toxic alkaloid, is the most active substance in tobacco causing major number of harmful consequences for human organism as a whole, and for periodontal tissues as well. The aim of the paper was to show harmful effects of smoking on periodontal disease development, and to point out the problems caused by smoking during and after the periodontal treatment. Periodontal disease occurs in smokers more frequently as opposed to non-smokers. Typically, smokers have lower level of gingival inflammation, more excessive and accelerated loss of alveolar bone and epithelial insertion, deeper periodontal pockets and numerous gingival recessions. Along with that, smokers are carrying a decreased immune response that is expressed through various defense mechanisms. Smoking has negative impact on the outcome of conservative and surgical periodontal therapy. Effects of smoking on periodontal therapy success rate are requiring administration of antiseptic solutions and antibiotics throughout the treatment course. Every periodontologist must influence patients to stop smoking and thus act preventively on occurrence and progress of periodontal disease.
Smear layer removal with citric acid solution
Authors: Petrovic Violeta , Zivkovic Slavoljub
Published: February 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy in smear layer removal of 17% EDTA and 10% citric acid, using SEM. Material and method: Twenty human, extracted teeth with a single root canal were examined. Whilst instrumentation with step-back technique and manual K files, root canals were irrigated with 2 ml of 2.5% NaOCl, between each file size. After instrumentatio n, specimens were divided into two groups. The first group was irrigated with a final flush of 17% EDTA, during one minute, and the second group was irrigated with a 10% citric acid. Results: Irrigation with 17% EDTA and 10% citric acid removed smear layer from the root canals walls. There was not statistically significant differences (p>0.05) in cleaning ability between EDTA and citric acid groups.
Maxillary ameloblastoma: Report of three cases
Authors: Sapundziev Petar , Ilieva Neli
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this report was to analyse surgical methods for treatment of maxillary ameloblastoma and present three cases from our clinical practice in the postoperative period from 1,5 to 3,5 years. We present three patients with maxillary ameloblastoma with different etiology - two male patients and one female child. The location of ameloblastoma next to the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity indicates long-term and asymptomatic growth and comprises difficulties in clinical and X - ray examination. Ameloblastomas in posterior maxilla are very aggressive, more rapidly penetrate adjacent tissues and treatment must be radical. Subtotal resection of maxilla was carried out in all three patients, because this surgical method successfully eradicates tumor and minimizes the possibility for recurrences.
A model for curriculum development and student evaluation
Authors: Sefer Jasmina
Published: February 2006

The paper outlines theoretical foundations for investigations to be conducted in our education, based on USA (DISCOVERY) and Yugoslav (CREATIVITY) previous projects that dealt with developing, investigating and evaluating (a) abilities of creative problem solving within seven types of intelligence after the Gardner model and (b) curriculum that provides and encourages the development of those abilities. Divergent thinking and creativity in all spheres of intellectual behavior in teaching are encouraged by introducing open-type questions, play, exploring activities and multimedia integrative-interdisciplinary thematic approach to problem solving. Multiple intelligence and a dimensional model of problem solving present theoretical foundations for curriculum development and a new qualitative approach to process evaluation of student's various abilities. Investigations should make provisions for comparing the results obtained in various cultures and for integrating best solutions into a common whole. Comparing the results of cultures and testing theoretical models and instruments for the evaluation of students are the outcomes essential to the science of pedagogy. Curriculum development oriented to problem and divergent thinking in different areas, intellectual functioning, and enrichment of the choice of instruments for multiple process evaluation of students can also significantly contribute to the current reform of Yugoslav school, development of student abilities and teacher education and in-service training.
An extended day program
Authors: Sevkusic-Mandic Slavica , Maksic Slavica
Published: February 2006

The paper presents the results of a pilot project evaluation, carried out as an action investigation whose aim was to provide a better quality extended day for primary school students. The project included the training of teachers involved in extended day program, designing of special activities performed by teachers with children once a week as well as changes and equipping of premises where children stay. The aims of the program were conception and performance of activities in a less formal way than during regular instructional days, linking of learning at school and acquired knowledge to everyday experiences, and work on contents contributing to the development of child's interests and creativity. The program was accomplished in a Belgrade primary school during the 2001/2002 academic year, comprising students of 1st and 2nd grades (N=77). The effects of the program were monitored throughout the academic year (observation and teachers' reports on accomplished workshops) and at the end of the academic year (teachers and students' opinions of the program, academic achievement and creativity of students attending the extended day program compared with students not attending it). Findings about positive effects of the program on students' broadening of interests and willingness to express themselves creatively, indicate unequivocally that there is a need for developing special extended day programs. The extended day program is an opportunity for school to exert greater educational influence that has yet to be tapped.
Problems and possibilities of using telephone technology in education
Authors: Danilovic Mirceta
Published: February 2006

The paper explores the possibilities of using telephone technology in educational process. It is emphasized how valuable audio-teleconference and tutorial teaching are by means of telephone technology but skepticism is also expressed concerning the possibilities of using this type of technology in our educational system. The causes for such skepticism are mostly to be found in our economic conditions, inadequacy of material sources and technical problems i.e. underdeveloped telephone networks. Telephone technology is not suitable for work with a whole class. It is primarily intended for one-to-one teaching, in the USA most often called 'tutorship'. Accordingly, 'telephone tutorship' is the most widespread form of telephone application in the teaching process. When it is being accomplished, a student (user) has only to have a telephone at home or that public phone network is operating and he/she can communicate with his/her 'tutor', (teacher). 'A tutor' can be at home and communicate with his/her students or at a local learning center wherefrom he/she can communicate with a student. Students can also be at their local learning center or at home.
Edouard Claparede's 'school made to measure',
Authors: Kocic Ljubomir
Published: February 2006

In Europe, over the past hundred years or so a range of 'new schools' has appeared, that is movements for school and teaching reforms as a counter-attitude towards traditional school. Those were efforts to make school much closer to students, more respectful for students' needs and interests, their abilities. Of the many attempts to create a new school Claparede's plead for 'school made to measure' stands out. The present paper deals with this idea of his. First, consideration is given to Claparede's view of abilities and his interpretation of individual differences in abilities, and then his arguments in favor of needs for school to pay attention to those differences i.e. to conform its work to child's nature to take into account his abilities. Attention is called in particular to the solutions offered by Claparede, to proposed changes, so that differences in abilities are respected and 'school made to measure' can be arrived at. The following possibilities are considered: (a) parallel classes (grouping of students according to their abilities - separate classes for more capable students and separate classes for those less capable); (b) moveable classes (a student attends instruction in one school subject together with students from one class and in another subject with students from the other class) (c) parallel departments (classical, general, technical etc. a student can choose, depending on his abilities); and (d) a system of choice, a system of options (provisions are made for a student to choose for himself among classes i.e. courses).
Effects of the family-school cooperation on student social behavior and academic achievement
Authors: Milosevic Nikoleta
Published: February 2006

Cooperation between a family and school makes provisions for solving problems students face in their interpersonal relations and academic achievement. We are singling out a view of the effects of a micro-system on child's development, which states that immediate interrelations in a micro-system - a family - can effect interrelations in another micro-system -peer groups - or can effect academic achievement. The majority of authors agree that modes and spheres of influences that family exerts are numerous and diverse and that they depend on characteristics of a broader social and cultural community where a child is growing up as well as on parents' abilities and preparations. How successful the family-school cooperation will be is largely determined by teacher's personality and the way he/she is communicating with parents. A joint planning and implementation of decisions reached, identical norms of behavior, commonly adopted goals are a prerequisite for a child's normal development. It is pointed out that school should plan and organize its activities (courses, seminars, forums lectures, discussions), so as to popularize knowledge of pedagogy and psychology among parents as well as teacher training in communication competence.
Problems of discipline in primary and secondary school: Teachers' opinions
Authors: Savovic Branka
Published: February 2006

Investigations carried out in late 2001 in primary and secondary schools of Belgrade, Novi Sad and Nis comprised students, teachers and associates. The aim of investigations was to get insight into the state-of-the-arts problems and needs of our primary and secondary schools. The paper is a part of investigations, related to the results obtained for students' opinions of their interrelations with teachers as well as opinions of teachers themselves. The sample comprised 727 students of 4th grade of secondary vocational and high schools, 562 students of 8th grade of primary schools 168 secondary school and 107 primary school teachers. We investigated their interrelationships and within this framework the level of potential or current aggressive behavior. The majority of teachers (51%) estimated student-teacher relationships mediocre - neither good nor bad. The most frequent problem in students' behavior is, according to the teachers instruction disturbance. One-quarter of teachers find that students offend them, ridicule them, or mock at them in front of others, and 5 per cent complain of physical injury intimidation on the part of students. When a problem comes up, 18 per cent of teachers talk with a student, and nearly 10 per cent of teachers give lower grades in their subject, so as to punish a student for undisciplined behaviors. In teachers' opinion, society, school the least, is to be blamed for the situation.
Early Stage of Diffusional Formation of Carbide Coatings on Steels
Authors: Młynarczak A.
Published: February 2006

Despite much research on different aspects of the formation of diffusion carbide coatings (DCC) there is still no complex description of the early stage of the formation of chromium, vanadium and titanium carbides. However, the knowledge of this stage of diffusional processes enables the control the useful coating properties. This paper presents new insights for better understanding of the mechanism of the early stage of V, Ti, Cr DCC growth on a steel matrix.
Thermal Oxidation Study on Lead‐free Solders of Sn‐Ag‐Cu and Sn‐Ag‐Cu‐Ge
Authors: Wan Cho S. , Han K. , Yi Y. , Kang S. J. , Yoo K.‐H. , Jeong K. , Whang C.‐N.
Published: February 2006

At present, the electronic packaging industry is actively searching for lead‐free (Pb‐free) solders due to environmental concerns over Pb‐containing solders. For a successful transition to Pb‐free manufacturing in electronics assembly, it is critical to understand the behavior of Pb‐free solders. We report the surface oxidation mechanism of Pb‐free solder in this paper. This mechanism has been investigated after using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Multi‐Criteria Material Selection of Monolithic and Multi‐Materials in Engineering Design
Authors: Sirisalee P. , Ashby M. F. , Parks G. T. , John Clarkson P.
Published: February 2006

Multi‐materials are combinations of monolithic materials in a chosen configuration and scale. They can help populate the material property space and fill areas monolithic materials cannot reach. This paper presents a novel approach to compare the performance of monolithic materials and multi‐materials in multi‐criteria design problems, with the results being visualised through exchange constant charts. In this paper, a particular type of multi‐materials, sandwich panels, is selected to demonstrate the approach.
Machining Sequence to Manufacture a γ‐TiAl‐Conrod for Application in Combustion Engines
Authors: Weinert K. , Bergmann S. , Kempmann C.
Published: February 2006

An appropriate fabrication route as well as the testing of γ‐TiAl‐conrods deployed in a high spinning petrol‐operated engine is discussed in this paper. The advantage of deploying γ‐TiAl as a conrod consists in the reduction of oscillating masses together with a minimization of engine vibrations. In addition the crank drive improves, resulting in weight and fuel savings and an improved acceleration capability.
Material and Micromachining Aspects of Manufacturing Micromolds for Replication Techniques
Authors: Gietzelt T. , Eichhorn L. , Schubert K.
Published: February 2006

Micromolds made of brass and two sorts of maraging steels were micromachined for the replication of micro gearwheels by micro powder injection molding. Different milling strategies are compared. Machining parameters are given and discussed taking into account problems especially relevant for micro machining. Finally, the surface roughness and burr formation of micromolds made of maraging steel before and after electropolishing are compared.
A Very Simple Synthesis of Chloroalkenes and Chlorodienes by Selective Suzuki Couplings of 1,1‐ and 1,2‐Dichloroethylene
Authors: Barluenga José , Moriel Patricia , Aznar Fernando , Valdés Carlos
Published: February 2006

Chloroalkenes, important building blocks for cross‐coupling reactions, are prepared in one step by the Suzuki reaction of 1,1‐dichloroethylene and 1,2‐dichloroethylene with alkenyl‐ and arylboronic acids. Under the proper reaction conditions, it is possible to obtain the monocoupling reaction to provide the corresponding chloroalkenes with good yields. This method represents an excellent route for the preparation of chloroalkenes and chlorodienes from commercially available starting materials.
Highly Enantioselective Copper‐Phosphoramidite‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Dialkylzinc Reagents to Acyclic α,β‐Unsaturated Imides
Authors: Pineschi Mauro , Del Moro Federica , Di Bussolo Valeria , Macchia Franco
Published: February 2006

A new and practical way to introduce an alkyl fragment in the β‐position of aliphatic carboxylic acid derivatives with high enantioselectivities by the use of a commercially available chiral ligand is reported. N‐Acylpyrrolidinones, as simple derivatives of an α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acid, were found to be the substrates of choice featuring good reactivity and high enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee).
A Chemoselective Hydrogenation of the Olefinic Bond of α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds in Aqueous Medium under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Sharma Anuj , Kumar Vinod , Sinha Arun K.
Published: February 2006

A microwave‐assisted mild and ecofriendly catalytic transfer hydrogenation process was developed to reduce various α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds into the corresponding saturated carbonyl compounds in the presence of silica‐supported palladium chloride as catalyst and a combination of MeOH/HCOOH/H2O (1 : 2 : 3) as hydrogen source within 22–55 minutes in moderate to excellent yields with 100% chemoselectivity.
An Efficient Approach to Chiral Ferrocene‐Based Secondary Alcohols via Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ferrocenyl Ketones
Authors: Lam Wing‐Sze , Kok Stanton H. L. , Au‐Yeung Terry T.‐L. , Wu Jing , Cheung Hong‐Yee , Lam Fuk‐Loi , Yeung Chi‐Hung , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: February 2006

P‐Phos‐ruthenium‐DPEN precatalysts have been found to be efficient for the asymmetric hydrogenation of various ferrocenyl ketones. The use of (R)‐xylyl‐P‐PhosRuCl2(R,R)‐DPEN generated chiral ferrocenylethanol in 99.3% e.e. with >99% conversion in a 150‐g scale.
Water gas shift activity of noble metals supported on ceria‐zirconia oxides
Authors: Radhakrishnan Rakesh , Willigan R. R. , Dardas Z. , Vanderspurt T. H.
Published: February 2006

Fuel processing systems that are used in conjunction with polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells require high activity water gas shift (WGS) catalysts that remove carbon monoxide, a poison for membranes in the fuel cell stacks. WGS activity of various noble metals supported on cubic, nanocrystalline, high surface area, large pore ceria‐zirconia was measured at a space velocity of 312,000 hr−1, under two feed gas compositions that simulated the high temperature shift (HTS) and the low temperature shift (LTS) conditions found in a typical fuel processing system. The (HTS) feed composition was 4.9% CO, 10.5% CO2, 33% H2O, 30.3% H2; and the low temperature gas composition (LTS) was 1.5% CO, 5% CO2, 45% H2O, 25% H2, with the balance of the stream being N2 in both cases. The activity trend under both feed gases over a broad range of temperatures (200°C‐320°C) was Pt > Rh > Ru ∼ Pd > Ir > Au. This trend did not agree with those previously reported in literature or with CO uptake data for these samples. We hypothesize that this reflects the dominance of different reaction mechanisms under different gas compositions and temperatures. The discrepancy in the activities observed in this study and those reported in literature might also be attributed to differences in the synthesis techniques of the oxide supports and metal loading. Our study also found that the turnover rate (TOR) for the Pt catalyst was maximized in the range between 1‐2 wt% loading under both HTS and LTS conditions. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Distribution and density of Callimico goeldii in the Department of Pando, Bolivia
Authors: Porter Leila M.
Published: February 2006

A survey of the distribution and density of Callimico goeldii was conducted at five sites across northwestern Bolivia, in the Department of Pando. C. goeldii was found at two sites north of the Manuripi River, with high densities at one site located along the Acre River. Estimates of habitat availability at these sites suggest that C. goeldii reaches high densities in areas with low human density and well established and extensive bamboo forests. These results, when reviewed with those of prior studies, indicate that the patchy distribution of C. goeldii in Pando is a result of both riverine barriers and the availability of bamboo habitat. Am. J. Primatol. 68:235–243, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Titelbild: Asymmetric Intramolecular Crossed‐Benzoin Reactions by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis (Angew. Chem. 9/2006)
Authors: Enders Dieter , Niemeier Oliver , Balensiefer Tim
Published: February 2006

Enantioselektive intramolekulare gekreuzte Benzoinreaktionen gelingen mithilfe chiraler N‐heterocyclischer Carbenkatalysatoren. Der im Titelbild gezeigte tetracyclische chirale Carbenkatalysator vermittelt die Reaktion unter Entstehung nur eines Enantiomers der α‐hydroxysubstituierten Tetralone. D. Enders und Mitarbeiter schildern den Aufbau der quartären Stereozentren in dieser organokatalytischen Reaktion in der Zuschrift auf S. 1491 ff.
Cover Picture: Asymmetric Intramolecular Crossed‐Benzoin Reactions by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 9/2006)
Authors: Enders Dieter , Niemeier Oliver , Balensiefer Tim
Published: February 2006

Enantioselective intramolecular crossed‐benzoin reactions can be effected by using chiral N‐heterocyclic carbene catalysts. The tetracyclic chiral carbene catalyst shown in the cover picture enables the reaction to proceed with formation of only one enantiomer of the α‐hydroxy‐substituted tetralones. D. Enders and co‐workers disclose the development of the quaternary stereocenters in the organocatalytic reaction in their Communication on page 1463 ff.
Remarkable similarity in body mass of a secondary hyperparasitoid Lysibia nana and its primary parasitoid host Cotesia glomerata emerging from cocoons of comparable size
Authors: Harvey Jeffrey A. , Vet Louise E.M. , Witjes Leontien M.A. , Bezemer T. Martijn
Published: February 2006

Lysibia nana is a solitary, secondary idiobiont hyperparasitoid that attacks newly cocooned pre‐pupae and pupae of several closely related gregarious endoparasitoids in the genus Cotesia, including C. glomerata. Prior to oviposition, the female wasp injects paralysing venom into the host, thus preventing further development. Here, host fate, emerging hyperparasitoid mass, and egg‐to‐adult development time was compared in hosts parasitized at different ages over 24‐h intervals. Cocoons of C. glomerata were parasitized by L. nana at 12, 36, 60, 84, and 108 h post‐egression from the secondary host, Pieris brassicae. Hyperparasitoid survival exceeded 80% in hosts parasitized within the first 60 h after pupation, but dropped thereafter, with no hyperparasitoids emerging in hosts aged 108 h. The mass of hyperparasitoids was positively correlated with the mass of the host cocoon, and this relationship remained consistent in hosts up to 60 h old. Within each host age cohort, the mass of male and female wasps was not significantly different. Development time in L. nana was uniform in hosts up to 60 h old, but increased significantly in 84‐h‐old hosts, and male wasps completed their development earlier than female wasps. Regulation of host growth varied with the age of the host at parasitism, with the early growth of older hosts reduced much more dramatically than young hosts. Unlike most parasitoids, pupal hyperparasitoids do not make cocoons but instead pupate within the already prepared cocoon of the host parasitoid. Consequently, for a given mass of cocoon, newly emerged L. nana adults were remarkably similar in size with male and female adults of C. glomerata. This reveals that L. nana is extremely efficient at exploiting its primary parasitoid host. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 61:170–183, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microplitis demolitor bracovirus inhibits phagocytosis by hemocytes from Pseudoplusia includens
Authors: Strand Michael R. , Beck Markus H. , Lavine Mark D. , Clark Kevin D.
Published: February 2006

The braconid wasp Microplitis demolitor carries Microplitis demolitor bracovirus (MdBV) and parasitizes the larval stage of several noctuid moths. A key function of MdBV in parasitism is suppression of the host's cellular immune response. Prior studies in the host Pseudoplusia includens indicated that MdBV blocks encapsulation by preventing two types of hemocytes, plasmatocytes and granulocytes, from adhering to foreign targets. The other main immune response mediated by insect hemocytes is phagocytosis. The goal of this study was to determine which hemocyte types were phagocytic in P. includens and to assess whether MdBV infection affects this defense response. Using the bacterium Escherichia coli and inert polystyrene beads as targets, our results indicated that the professional phagocyte in P. includens is granulocytes. The phagocytic responses of granulocytes were very similar to those of High Five cells that prior studies have suggested are a granulocyte‐like cell line. MdBV infection dose‐dependently disrupted phagocytosis in both cell types by inhibiting adhesion of targets to the cell surface. The MdBV glc1.8 gene encodes a cell surface glycoprotein that had previously been implicated in disruption of adhesion and encapsulation responses by immune cells. Knockdown of glc1.8 expression by RNA interference (RNAi) during the current study rescued the ability of MdBV‐infected High Five cells to phagocytize targets. Collectively, these results indicate that glc1.8 is a key virulence determinant in disruption of both adhesion and phagocytosis by insect immune cells. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 61:134–145, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The few virus‐like genes of Cotesia congregata bracovirus
Authors: Drezen J‐M. , Bézier A. , Lesobre J. , Huguet E. , Cattolico L. , Periquet G. , Dupuy C.
Published: February 2006

The origin of the symbiotic association between parasitoid wasps and bracoviruses is still unknown. From phylogenetic analyses, bracovirus‐associated wasp species constitute a monophyletic group, the microgastroid complex. Thus all wasp–bracovirus associations could have originated from the integration of an ancestral virus in the genome of the ancestor of the microgastroids. In an effort to identify a set of virus genes that would give clues on the nature of the ancestral virus, we have recently performed the complete sequencing of the genome of CcBV, the bracovirus of the wasp Cotesia congregata. We describe here the putative proteins encoded by CcBV genome having significant similarities with sequences from known viruses and mobile elements. The analysis of CcBV gene content does not lend support to the hypothesis that bracoviruses originated from a baculovirus. Moreover, no consistent homology was found between CcBV genes and any set of genes constituting the core genome of a known free‐living virus. We discuss the significance of the scarce homology found between proteins from CcBV and other viruses or mobile elements. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 61:110–122, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Venom proteins from polydnavirus‐producing endoparasitoids: Their role in host‐parasite interactions
Authors: Asgari Sassan
Published: February 2006

Endoparasitoid wasps have evolved various mechanisms to ensure successful development of their progeny, including co‐injection of a cocktail of maternal secretions into the host hemocoel, including venom, calyx fluid, and polydnaviruses. The components of each type of secretion may influence host physiology and development independently or in a synergistic fashion. For example, venom fluid consists of several peptides and proteins that promote expression of polydnavirus genes in addition to other activities, such as inhibition of prophenoloxidase activation, inhibition of hemocytes spreading and aggregation, and inhibition of development. This review provides a brief overview of advances and prospects in the study of venom proteins from polydnavirus‐producing endoparasitoid wasps with a special emphasis on the role of C. rubecula venom proteins in host–parasitoid interactions. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 61:146–156, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An empirical model of the sympatric coexistence of two strains of the endoparasitoid wasp Venturia canescens
Authors: Roberts Harry L.S. , Keller Michael , Schmidt Otto
Published: February 2006

Recent research has demonstrated that a laboratory culture of the asexual solitary endoparasitoid wasp Venturia canescens Grav. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) contains two genetically and phenotypically distinct lines, coexisting on their host the flour moth Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The basis to the coexistence of the two lines appears to be differences in their reproductive success under single parasitism and superparasitism. Furthermore, examination of field‐derived wasps from several locations has shown that the phenotypes displayed by the laboratory colonies also co‐occur in field populations. Historically, the impossibility of showing that two species do not occupy separate niches has precluded any demonstration of sympatric coexistence in the field. Here we present the results of an iterative model that uses a range of experimental life history data to predict the stable composition of a mixed population of two lines displaying the laboratory phenotypes under different rates of superparasitism. The model predicts that sympatric coexistence of the two lines is possible when the overall rate of superparasitism is between 4 and 12% or greater. These values are within the rates reported for other solitary endoparasitoid wasp species in the field, and so demonstrate that the sympatric coexistence under natural conditions of two species that display the phenotypes observed in the laboratory lines is, in principle, possible. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 61:184–194, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolutionary origin of Venturia canescens virus‐like particles
Authors: Reineke Annette , Asgari Sassan , Schmidt Otto
Published: February 2006

Insect host‐parasitoid interactions provide fascinating examples of evolutionary adaptations in which the parasitoid employs a variety of measures and countermeasures to overcome the immune responses of its host. Maternal factors introduced by the female wasps during egg deposition play an important role in interfering with cellular and humoral components of the host's immune defence. Some of these components actively suppress host immune components and some are believed to confer protection for the developing endoparasitoid by rather passive means. The Venturia canescens/Ephestia kuehniella parasitoid‐host system is unique among other systems in that the cellular defence capacity of the host remains virtually intact after parasitization. This system raises some important questions that are discussed in this mini‐review: If immune protection of the egg and the emerging larva is achieved by surface properties comprising glycoproteins and virus‐like particles (VLPs) produced by the female wasp, why is the prophenoloxidase activating cascade blocked in parasitized caterpillars? Another question is the evolutionary origin of these particles, given that the functional role and structural features of V. canescens VLP proteins are more related to cellular proteins than to viruses. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 61:123–133, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein tyrosine phosphatases of Toxoneuron nigriceps bracovirus as potential disrupters of host prothoracic gland function
Authors: Falabella Patrizia , Caccialupi Pasqua , Varricchio Paola , Malva Carla , Pennacchio Francesco
Published: February 2006

The genomic sequence of the bracovirus associated with the wasp Toxoneuron nigriceps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) (TnBV), an endophagous parasitoid of the tobacco budworm larvae, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), contains a large gene family coding for protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Here we report the characterization of cDNAs for two of the viral PTPs isolated by screening a cDNA library from haemocytes of parasitized host larvae. The two encoded proteins show 70% amino acid identity and are expressed in the fat body of parasitized hosts. In addition, one was expressed in inactivated prothoracic glands (PTGs), 24 h after parasitoid oviposition. The rapid block of ecdysteroidogenesis does not appear to be due to inhibition of general protein synthesis, as indirectly indicated by the unaltered S6 kinase activity in the cytosolic extracts of basal PTGs from parasitized host larvae. Rather, TnBV PTP over‐expression in inactivated host PTGs suggests that gland function may be affected by the disruption of the phosphorylation balance of key proteins regulating points upstream from the ribosomal S6 phosphorylation in the PTTH signaling cascade. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 61:157–169, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between PM10 mass concentration and wind direction in London
Authors: Sanchez‐Reyna Gabriela , Wang Kuo‐Ying , Gallardo J. C. , Shallcross Dudley E.
Published: February 2006

A statistical association was found between PM10 concentration and wind direction in London and Rochester. Results indicate that PM10 levels were 10.4 µg/m3 (30.7%) above the average when air came from the ESE sector. The possible impact on particle loading due to changes in wind direction is discussed. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Realistic, real‐time rendering of ocean waves
Authors: Hu Yaohua , Velho Luiz , Tong Xin , Guo Baining , Shum Harry
Published: February 2006

In computer games and other real‐time graphics applications, the ocean surface is typically modelled as a texture or bump‐mapped plane with simple lighting effects. This paper describes a system for realistically rendering the water surface in real time. Our system can render calm ocean waves with sophisticated lighting effects at 100 fps on a 680 MHz Pentium III with a GeForce 3 graphics card. The wave geometry is represented view‐dependently as a dynamic displacement map with surface detail described by a dynamic bump map. The illumination model includes reflection, refraction and Fresnel effects, which are critical for producing the look and feel of water. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consumers behaving badly: deviation or innovation? Power struggles on the web
Authors: Denegri‐Knott Janice
Published: February 2006

This paper sets out to conceptually explore emerging communication patterns online and apparently deviant behaviours they can sustain within the scope of consumer‐producer relationships as power struggles. In addition it seeks to advance a conceptualisation of the balancing of power between consumers and producers on the web through contesting discourses labelling deviance. Theories in computer‐mediated‐communications (CMC) and cyber‐cultural studies are first covered to describe why consumers might engage in apparently deviant behaviour. Following this, definitions of power are provided and the work of Foucault is borrowed in order to evaluate how strategies of power can be based on deviant behaviour online. This paper concludes that given the yet to be normalised nature of the Internet, the current balance of power between producers and consumers could be determined by the establishment of a discourse outlining what is the norm and what is deviant. Implications for producers and consumers are discussed.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The antecedents of consumer loyalty in retail banking
Authors: Lewis Barbara R , Soureli Magdalini
Published: February 2006

This paper is focused on a study designed to investigate loyalty in retail banking. The research findings suggest that loyalty is the outcome of a cognitive rather than an affective process. The main antecedents of bank loyalty were found to be perceived value, service quality, service attributes, satisfaction, image and trust: constructs that are inter‐related and form a network of loyalty antecedents.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Participating in the culture of cancer: a demilitarized approach to treatment
Authors: Flemons Douglas G. , Shulimson Judith A.
Published: February 2006

This case study describes the use of hypnosis with an anthropologist diagnosed with breast cancer. The therapist utilized the client's sense of identity as a qualitative researcher, as well as her knowledge of and respect for indigenous cultures, to help her actively engage in her chemotherapy treatment and to help her better tolerate the side‐effects of the medication. He also used hypnosis to attempt to improve the functioning of her immune system, employing, at her request, an alternative approach to standard military‐based images. Considering immunity to be a cognitive process, the therapist designed metaphors that focused on improving the immune system's ability to perceive, learn, and achieve balance. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Adorning the clenched fist
Authors: Stanton Harry E.
Published: February 2006

For many years, Stein's (1963) clenched fist technique has been a valuable therapeutic tool. By combining it with the Neuro‐Linguistic Programming approaches of installing belief and rapid trance, it can be made even more powerful. Case studies illustrating how this combined method might be used include that of a public servant having difficulties with promotion interviews, a real estate saleswoman suffering from lack of confidence, and a minister of religion struggling with loss of faith. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnosis as a conversation: ‘believed‐in imaginings’ revisited
Authors: Sarbin Theodore R.
Published: February 2006

The experiences of hypnosis subjects are known only through the accounts they render during or after the hypnosis session. The accounts of their counterexpectational conduct are communicated through spoken and body language. For this reason, it is useful to regard the hypnosis interaction as a conversation. It follows that the conversation can be studied with the tools of discourse analysis. I provide three examples of discourse analysis all of which are consistent with the claim that accounts of counterexpectational conduct are ‘believed‐in imaginings’. I offer a psychological and semiotic analysis of those human actions that are identified as imaginings and believings. The reasons for believing in one's imaginings are best uncovered through examining the subject's self‐narrative. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
A short experiential scale of hypnosis
Authors: Page Roger A. , Handley George W.
Published: February 2006

The present paper attempts to establish a short experiential index of hypnosis that: (l) can be used to predict hypnotic susceptibility while minimizing the possible production of negative expectations that might be generated by the failure of difficult items in full standardized scales, and (2) can be used as a screening device to investigate other experiential indices like depth reports or absorption. Study 1 revealed that retrospective realness ratings of two Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A) items, arm rigidity and eye catalepsy, correlated most highly with full HGSHS:A scores (R = 0.62 when presented in the full 12‐item scale). Study 2 indicated that the predictive power of these items was reduced somewhat when they were administered as a stand‐alone scale (R = 0.54). Results suggest a scale combining these two items would provide a quick and convenient quantitative index predictive of susceptibility that could be employed in both clinical and experimental settings. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Contextual influences on the relationship between absorption and hypnotic ability
Authors: Oakman Jonathan M. , Woody Erik Z. , Bowers Kenneth S.
Published: February 2006

Council, Kirsch, and Hafner (1986) have argued that the relationship between absorption and hypnotic ability might depend on the context in which the measures are administered. We employed a sample of 88 university students and replicated the context effect, finding both a significant difference in the correlation between a measure of absorption and hypnotic ability across contexts and a change in the regression slope across contexts when absorption is used as a predictor of hypnotic ability. No context effects were found for a measure of dissociative experiences which was included as a control. These results are somewhat difficult to reconcile with the expectancy theory described by Council, Kirsch and Hafner (1986). An alternative explanation in terms of S's interpretations of absorption items is discussed. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Autogenic training: a self‐hypnosis technique to achieve physiological change in a stress management programme
Authors: Houghton David M.
Published: February 2006

Autogenic therapy was taught to a group of teachers attending a stress management course as a means to their achieving physiological change in the form of reduced pulse rates. Autogenic exercises enabled all the teachers to reduce their pulse rates with significant consistency during a 14‐week period (P < 0.0001). There were no differences between females and males in the magnitude of changed pulse rates. The teachers' successes in using autogenic therapy were not influenced by behaviour characteristics such as A‐type behaviours, speed and impatience, job involvement or hard driving as revealed by the Jenkins Activity Survey or by behaviours identified by a schedule that measured self‐perceptions of life‐management skills. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Simulation, surreptitious observation and the modification of hypnotizability: two tests of the compliance hypothesis
Authors: Spanos Nicholas P. , Burgess Cheryl A. , Wallace‐Capretta Suzanne , Ouaida Nadina , Streich Thomas , Cross Patricia
Published: February 2006

In Experiment 1, two groups of subjects low in hypnotizability were administered the full Carleton Skills Training Package (CSTP) to enhance hypnotizability and two groups were given a partial version of the CSTP, which eliminates information aimed at teaching an active interpretation of suggestions. Half the subjects given the full CSTP and half given the partial CSTP were instructed to fake their way through the training and later hypnotizability post‐tests. Simulators in both the full and partial group exhibited equivalently high post‐test scores, but non‐simulators given the full CSTP attained higher post‐test scores than non‐simulators given the partial CSTP. These findings suggest that the partial and full CSTP contain equivalent compliance demands and that differences between these procedures in enhancing hypnotizability stems from the interpretational skills taught by the full CSTP. In Experiment 2, hypnotic post‐test responding was surreptitiously observed when subjects believed that they were alone. Simulators instructed to fake their way through the CSTP and the post‐test stopped responding when they believed they were alone. CSTP non‐simulators and subjects who attained high hypnotizability without training exhibited high levels of post‐test responding while alone. Together the findings of the two experiments indicate that compliance cannot account adequately for the hypnotizability enhancements induced by skill training. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis