bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukaemia in first remission – methodologies in relation to their clinical situation
Authors: Hokland Peter , Ommen Hans Beier , Nyvold Charlotte Guldborg , Roug Anne Stidsholt
Published: June 2012

The concept of minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukaemia has been steadily developed pre‐clinically, with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) leading the way with highly validated assays for patient‐based risk stratification at post‐treatment time points, which are being integrated in clinical trials both at evaluation of first complete remission (CR1) and after attaining CR1. Moreover, multicolour flow cytometry (MFC) has been increasingly employed in identifying leukaemia‐associated immunophenotypes (LAIPs) with significant progress being made in standardization. In translating these widely varying methodologies to parameters useful for individualized patient decision‐making, one of the obstacles has been that the assays entail varying sensitivities dependent on a number of variables. For qPCR, sensitivity depends on target type (i.e. fusion transcript, mutated gene or even overexpressed gene) and – in the case of overexpressed genes – on expression in healthy haematopoiesis. For MFC, sensitivity is likewise largely a function on whether the same phenotype is seen in normal immature cells and, in addition, antigen drift/shift with LAIPs changing at relapse is a well‐known problem. In considering which sensitivity to opt for, a further variable is the situation of patient, most importantly the level of cytoreduction intended. Here we will attempt to give an overview of these pertinent questions intended for the practicing haematologist, focusing on where the field is heading at the clinical level.
A new analytical approach to landscape genetic modelling: least‐cost transect analysis and linear mixed models
Authors: VAN STRIEN MAARTEN J. , KELLER DANIELA , HOLDEREGGER ROLF
Published: June 2012

Landscape genetics aims to assess the effect of the landscape on intraspecific genetic structure. To quantify interdeme landscape structure, landscape genetics primarily uses landscape resistance surfaces (RSs) and least‐cost paths or straight‐line transects. However, both approaches have drawbacks. Parameterization of RSs is a subjective process, and least‐cost paths represent a single migration route. A transect‐based approach might oversimplify migration patterns by assuming rectilinear migration. To overcome these limitations, we combined these two methods in a new landscape genetic approach: least‐cost transect analysis (LCTA). Habitat‐matrix RSs were used to create least‐cost paths, which were subsequently buffered to form transects in which the abundance of several landscape elements was quantified. To maintain objectivity, this analysis was repeated so that each landscape element was in turn regarded as migration habitat. The relationship between explanatory variables and genetic distances was then assessed following a mixed modelling approach to account for the nonindependence of values in distance matrices. Subsequently, the best fitting model was selected using the statistic. We applied LCTA and the mixed modelling approach to an empirical genetic dataset on the endangered damselfly, Coenagrion mercuriale. We compared the results to those obtained from traditional least‐cost, effective and resistance distance analysis. We showed that LCTA is an objective approach that identifies both the most probable migration habitat and landscape elements that either inhibit or facilitate gene flow. Although we believe the statistical approach to be an improvement for the analysis of distance matrices in landscape genetics, more stringent testing is needed.
Control of Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity island excision
Authors: Mir‐Sanchis Ignacio , Martínez‐Rubio Roser , Martí Miguel , Chen John , Lasa Íñigo , Novick Richard P. , Tormo‐Más María Ángeles , Penadés José R.
Published: June 2012

Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity islands (SaPIs) are a group of related 15–17 kb mobile genetic elements that commonly carry genes for superantigen toxins and other virulence factors. The key feature of their mobility is the induction of SaPI excision and replication by certain phages and their efficient encapsidation into specific small‐headed phage‐like infectious particles. Previous work demonstrated that chromosomal integration depends on the SaPI‐encoded recombinase, Int. However, although involved in the process, Int alone was not sufficient to mediate efficient SaPI excision from chromosomal sites, and we expected that SaPI excision would involve an Xis function, which could be encoded by a helper phage or by the SaPI, itself. Here we report that the latter is the case. In vivo recombination assays with plasmids in Escherichia coli demonstrate that SaPI‐coded Xis is absolutely required for recombination between the SaPI attL and attR sites, and that both sites, as well as their flanking SaPI sequences, are required for SaPI excision. Mutational analysis reveals that Xis is essential for efficient horizontal SaPI transfer to a recipient strain. Finally, we show that the master regulator of the SaPI life cycle, Stl, blocks expression of int and xis by binding to inverted repeats present in the promoter region, thus controlling SaPI excision.
Killing two birds with one stone: an ABC transporter regulates gene expression through sequestration of a transcriptional regulator at the membrane
Authors: Görke Boris
Published: June 2012

Transcriptional regulators are controlled through various, mostly well‐understood, principles. In the study of Richet et al., published in this issue of Molecular Microbiology, fluorescence microscopy was used to uncover an unorthodox mechanism that relies on the dynamic shuttling of a gene regulator between the membrane and the chromosome. When not occupied with transport, the maltose‐specific ABC transporter sequesters and thereby inactivates its cognate transcriptional regulator MalT. Upon maltose transport, MalT is released from the membrane and activates the maltose utilization and transport genes. This mechanism prevents induction of MalT by endogenously produced maltotriose, which is the inducer. Thus, the maltose uptake system is a trigger transporter with a bi‐functional role in transport and regulation.
Effect of Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation on Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ramakrishnan Usha , Grant Frederick Kobina , Goldenberg Tamar , Bui Vinh , Imdad Aamer , Bhutta Zulfiqar Ahmed
Published: June 2012

Supplementation with multiple micronutrients (MM) during pregnancy may result in improved pregnancy and infant outcomes. We conducted meta‐analyses of randomised controlled trials that evaluated the effects of prenatal supplementation with MM (defined as containing at least five micronutrients and typically included iron or iron and folic acid). The outcomes of interest were low birthweight (<2500 g), birthweight, small‐for‐gestational age (SGA), gestational age, preterm birth (<37 weeks' gestation), stillbirth and neonatal death, maternal morbidity and mortality. We identified eligible studies through PubMed and EMBASE database searches. Meta‐analyses were performed by pooling results for outcomes that were reported from more than one trial and sub‐analyses were conducted to evaluate the effect of timing of intervention and amount of iron. We included published results from 16 trials in this review. Compared with control supplementation that was usually iron plus folic acid in most studies, MM supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of low birthweight [pooled risk ratio (RR) 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81, 0.91] and SGA (pooled RR 0.83 [95% CI 0.73, 0.95]) and an increase in mean birthweight (weighted mean difference (WMD) 52.6 g [95% CI 43.2 g, 62.0 g]). There was no significant difference in the overall risk of preterm birth, stillbirth, and maternal or neonatal mortality, but we found an increased risk of neonatal death for the MM group compared with iron–folate in the subgroup of five trials that began the intervention after the first trimester (RR 1.38 [95% CI 1.05, 1.81]). None of the studies evaluated maternal morbidity. Compared with iron plus folic acid supplementation alone, prenatal maternal supplementation with MM resulted in a reduction in the incidence of low birthweight and SGA but increased risk of neonatal death in the subgroup of studies that began the intervention after the first trimester.
Antihelminthics in Pregnancy and Maternal, Newborn and Child Health
Authors: Imhoff‐Kunsch Beth , Briggs Virginia
Published: June 2012

Soil‐transmitted helminths (STHs), primarily Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm, inflict a substantial morbidity burden on poor populations living in tropical and subtropical regions. Chronic STH infections can cause intestinal blood loss and nutrient loss and/or malabsorption, which can result in or exacerbate iron deficiency, anaemia and other nutritional deficiencies. More than 1 billion people are infected with at least one STH, and at least 44 million pregnant women are infected with hookworm alone. Pregnant women are especially vulnerable to the harmful consequences of these parasitic infections due to increased nutritional demands during pregnancy. We aimed to determine the effect of antihelminthics in pregnancy on maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH) outcomes. A systematic review was conducted using online databases, and relevant articles were hand searched. We included four observational studies in the general review and four randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in the meta‐analysis (total n = 3777 for the meta‐analysis). Antihelminthics in pregnancy had no overall benefit on maternal anaemia [risk ratio (RR) = 0.93 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.79, 1.10]], low birthweight (RR = 0.96 [95% CI 0.72, 1.29]) or perinatal mortality (RR = 0.98 [95% CI 0.58, 1.68]). The risk of very low birthweight was lower in the antihelminthics group (RR = 0.21 [95% CI 0.05, 0.83]); however, this estimate included data from only two trials (total n = 1936). In all four trials, antihelminthics in pregnancy significantly decreased the prevalence of STH infection. Three observational studies showed that antihelminthics in pregnancy improved maternal iron status, two studies reported beneficial effects on birthweight, and two studies found a beneficial effect on infant survival. Although few RCTs to date have failed to collectively demonstrate a clear beneficial impact of antihelminthics in pregnancy on maternal, newborn and child health outcomes, findings from observational studies suggest a potential benefit on maternal anaemia, birthweight and infant mortality. This meta‐analysis was limited by a dearth of evidence from RCTs, and further trials examining the effect of antihelminthics starting in the second trimester of pregnancy in poor, STH‐endemic regions with high rates of anaemia are needed.
Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Authors: Chaffee Benjamin W. , King Janet C.
Published: June 2012

Poor maternal zinc status has been associated with foetal loss, congenital malformations, intra‐uterine growth retardation, reduced birth weight, prolonged labour and preterm or post‐term deliveries. A meta‐analysis completed in 2007 showed that maternal zinc supplementation resulted in a small but significant reduction in preterm birth. The purposes of this analysis are to update that previous review and expand the scope of assessment to include maternal, infant and child health outcomes. Electronic searches were carried out to identify peer‐reviewed, randomised controlled trials where daily zinc supplementation was given for at least one trimester of pregnancy. The co‐authors applied the study selection criteria, assessed trial quality and abstracted data. A total of 20 independent intervention trials involving more than 11 000 births were identified. The 20 trials took place across five continents between 1977 and 2008. Most studies assessed the zinc effect against a background of other micronutrient supplements, but five were placebo‐controlled trials of zinc alone. The provided dose of supplemental zinc ranged from 5 to 50 mg/day. Only the risk of preterm birth reached statistical significance (summary relative risk 0.86 [95% confidence interval 0.75, 0.99]). There was no evidence that supplemental zinc affected any parameter of foetal growth (risk of low birth weight, birth weight, length at birth or head circumference at birth). Six of the 20 trials were graded as high quality. The evidence that maternal zinc supplementation lowers the risk of preterm birth was graded low; evidence for a positive effect on other foetal outcomes was graded as very low. The effect of zinc supplementation on preterm birth, if causal, might reflect a reduction in maternal infection, a primary cause of prematurity. While further study would be needed to explore this possibility in detail, the overall public health benefit of zinc supplementation in pregnancy appears limited.
Routine Iron/Folate Supplementation during Pregnancy: Effect on Maternal Anaemia and Birth Outcomes
Authors: Imdad Aamer , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: June 2012

Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency globally. Children and women of reproductive age are at a particular risk of iron deficiency. Anaemia during pregnancy is a specific risk factor for adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. The objective of this review was to assess the impact of routine iron supplementation on maternal anaemia and perinatal outcomes. A literature search was conducted for published randomised and quasi‐randomised trials on PubMed and the Cochrane Library. Only those studies were included in the review that assessed the preventive effect of iron supplementation during pregnancy. Data from selected studies were double abstracted in a standardised excel sheet. The studies were graded according to study design, limitations, intervention specifics and outcome effects. Meta‐analyses were conducted where data were available from more than one study for an outcome. After screening 5209 titles, 30 studies were selected for inclusion in this review. Daily iron supplementation resulted in 69% reduction in incidence of anaemia at term in the intervention group compared with control [relative risk (RR) 0.31 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22, 0.44]] and 66% reduction in iron deficiency anaemia at term (RR 0.44 [95% CI 0.28, 0.68]; random model) compared with no intervention/placebo. The quality grade for these outcomes was that of ‘moderate’ level. Routine daily iron supplementation during pregnancy resulted in a significant reduction of 20% in incidence of low birthweight in the intervention group compared with control (RR 0.80 [95% CI 0.71, 0.90]). Preventive iron supplementation during pregnancy has a significant benefit in reducing incidence of anaemia in mothers and low birthweight in neonates.
Allergy to deamidated gluten in patients tolerant to wheat: specific epitopes linked to deamidation
Authors: Denery‐Papini S. , Bodinier M. , Larré C. , Brossard C. , Pineau F. , Triballeau S. , Pietri M. , Battais F. , Mothes T. , Paty E. , Moneret‐Vautrin D.‐A.
Published: June 2012

Background

Gluten proteins can be modified by deamidation to enhance their solubility and technological applications. However, severe allergic reactions have been reported after the consumption of food products containing deamidated gluten (DG) in subjects tolerant to wheat. This work aimed to characterize allergen profiles for these patients in comparison with those of patients allergic to wheat and to identify IgE‐binding epitopes.

Methods

Sera were obtained from 15 patients allergic to DG and from nine patients allergic to wheat proteins (WP). IgE‐binding profiles were characterized both in ELISA and in a humanized rat basophilic leukaemia (RBL) cell model. Epitopes were mapped on γ‐ and ω2‐gliadin sequences by Pepscan, and effect of glutamine/glutamic acid substitutions was studied.

Results

Compared to the heterogeneous pattern of allergens detected by IgE from patients allergic to WP, responses of patients allergic to DG were homogeneous. In ELISA, all the sera displayed IgE binding to deamidated γ‐ and ω2‐gliadins and deamidated total gliadins, frequently with high concentrations. These modified proteins induced RBL degranulation with most of the sera from DG‐allergic patients. A consensus epitope was found on native γ‐ and ω2‐gliadins (QPQQPFPQ); it was repeated several times in their sequences. The substitution of two or three glutamines of this epitope into glutamic acid at positions Q3 or Q4 and Q8 (QPEEPFPE) increased its recognition the best.

Conclusion

Allergy to DG is a separate entity from wheat allergy. It can be evidenced by strong IgE binding to deamidated gliadins or peptides of the type QPEEPFPE.
RSV prevention and treatment in pediatric lung transplant patients: A survey of current practices among the International Pediatric Lung Transplant Collaborative
Authors: Danziger‐Isakov Lara A. , Arslan Defne , Sweet Stuart , Benden Christian , Goldfarb Samuel , Wong Jackson
Published: June 2012

Danziger‐Isakov LA, Arslan D, Sweet S, Benden C, Goldfarb S, Wong J. RSV prevention and treatment in pediatric lung transplant patients: A survey of current practices among the International Pediatric Lung Transplant Collaborative.

Abstract:  RSV infection can be severe after pediatric lung transplantation. Strategies to prevent and treat RSV in this population are underreported. To assess the current practices, we surveyed the members of the IPLTC regarding RSV prevention and treatment strategies. Twenty‐eight programs were surveyed; 18 (64.3%) responded at least partially. A median of 53 transplants (range, 8–355) occurred since inception. RSV testing occurs in asymptomatic (6/17) and symptomatic (17/17) patients. Diagnostic method is polymerase chain reaction at 13 sites and DFA at 8. Transplant candidates were received prophylaxis at 10 sites, with nine following national (5) or local (4) guidelines. All use palivizumab IM and/or IV. Recipients were received prophylaxis with palivizumab at eight centers (eight IM, one IV). Fourteen were treated for RSV (seven all patients; seven age‐related). Medications include inhaled (6), oral (4), or IV (4) ribavirin, plus IVIG (9), steroids (8), and IV (2) or IM (3) palivizumab. Prevention and treatment barriers include insurance/hospital concerns, such as institutional reluctance to use inhaled ribavirin. RSV prevention and treatment strategies are diverse at pediatric lung transplant programs. Many centers offer prophylaxis (9/17) and treatments (14/17), but strategies are not uniform.
The psychosocial challenges of solid organ transplant recipients during childhood
Authors: Annunziato Rachel A. , Jerson Bradley , Seidel Jordan , Glenwick David S.
Published: June 2012

Annunziato RA, Jerson B, Seidel J, Glenwick DS. The psychosocial challenges of solid organ transplant recipients during childhood.

Abstract:  A large proportion of pediatric solid organ transplant recipients are young children, yet dedicated studies on the challenges faced by these patients are sparse. The present article aims to provide a summary of key considerations for pediatric solid organ transplant teams, describing what challenges are more likely for younger patients and how they might identify and address these circumstances. Our findings suggest that the mental health of patients and caregivers, issues at school, neurocognitive difficulties, and self‐management are areas of particular relevance for children. We offer several recommendations that stem from these identified areas of concern. Dedicated focus on the well‐being of younger patients could in the long‐term stave off adverse events that are often associated with adolescence. In the short‐term, certainly intervening in any of these domains could lead to improved quality of life during childhood.
Long‐term follow‐up of children treated with daclizumab for steroid‐refractory gastrointestinal GvHD in a prospective study
Authors: Hamidieh Amir Ali , Hadjibabaie Molouk , Ghehi Maryam Taghizadeh , Jalili Mahdi , Hosseini Ashrafsadat , Pasha Farahnaz , Behfar Maryam , Ghavamzadeh Ardeshir
Published: June 2012

Hamidieh AA, Hadjibabaie M, Taghizadeh Ghehi M, Jalili M, Hosseini A, Pasha F, Behfar M, Ghavamzadeh A. Long‐term follow‐up of children treated with daclizumab for steroid‐refractory GI GvHD in a prospective study.

Abstract:  Daclizumab, a humanized MoAB to IL‐2Ra, has been found to be safe and effective in adults with refractory GvHD; however, data in children are limited. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the long‐term safety and efficacy of daclizumab in children with steroid‐refractory GI aGvHD. This study included 13 children who developed steroid‐refractory GI GvHD between 2007 and 2009. When first‐line treatment failed, daclizumab was given in a regimen of 1 mg/kg intravenously and then repeated on a 10‐ to 14‐day interval for maximum five doses if necessary. Daclizumab was well tolerated, but infections were common. Ten patients responded to daclizumab completely, one patient responded partially, and two patients failed to respond. With a median follow‐up of 630 days, 10 patients were alive and free of severe infections, but among them, four patients were suffering from cGvHD. Of the three remaining patients, one died because of bacterial meningitis, and the other two patients died because of severe refractory GI GvHD. This long‐term evaluation showed that daclizumab could be an effective and relatively safe treatment in most of the pediatric patients with severe steroid‐refractory GI GvHD.
Patient burden and patient preference: Comparing magnetic resonance enteroclysis, capsule endoscopy and balloon‐assisted enteroscopy
Authors: Wiarda Bart M , Stolk Mark , Heine Dimitri GN , Mensink Peter , Thieme Mai E , Kuipers Ernst J , Stoker Jaap
Published: June 2012

Background and Aim:  We aimed to prospectively determine patient burden and patient preference for magnetic resonance enteroclysis, capsule endoscopy and balloon‐assisted enteroscopy in patients with suspected or known Crohn's disease (CD) or occult gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB).

Methods:  Consecutive consenting patients with CD or OGIB underwent magnetic resonance enteroclysis, capsule endoscopy and balloon‐assisted enteroscopy. Capsule endoscopy was only performed if magnetic resonance enteroclysis showed no high‐grade small bowel stenosis. Patient preference and burden was evaluated by means of standardized questionnaires at five moments in time.

Results:  From January 2007 until March 2009, 76 patients were included (M/F 31/45; mean age 46.9 years; range 20.0–78.4 years): 38 patients with OGIB and 38 with suspected or known CD. Seventeen patients did not undergo capsule endoscopy because of high‐grade stenosis. Ninety‐five percent (344/363) of the questionnaires were suitable for evaluation. Capsule endoscopy was significantly favored over magnetic resonance enteroclysis and balloon‐assisted enteroscopy with respect to bowel preparation, swallowing of the capsule (compared to insertion of the tube/scope), burden of the entire examination, duration and accordance with the pre‐study information. Capsule endoscopy and magnetic resonance enteroclysis were significantly preferred over balloon‐assisted enteroscopy for clarity of explanation of the examination, and magnetic resonance enteroclysis was significantly preferred over balloon‐assisted enteroscopy for bowel preparation, painfulness and burden of the entire examination. Balloon‐assisted enteroscopy was significantly favored over magnetic resonance enteroclysis for insertion of the scope and procedure duration. Pre‐ and post‐study the order of preference was capsule endoscopy, magnetic resonance enteroclysis and balloon‐assisted enteroscopy.

Conclusion:  Capsule endoscopy was preferred to magnetic resonance enteroclysis and balloon‐assisted enteroscopy; it also had the lowest burden. Magnetic resonance enteroclysis was preferred over balloon‐assisted enteroscopy for clarity of explanation of the examination, bowel preparation, painfulness and burden of the entire examination, and balloon‐assisted enteroscopy over magnetic resonance enteroclysis for scope insertion and study duration.
Accumulation of circulating advanced oxidation protein products is an independent risk factor for ischaemic heart disease in maintenance haemodialysis patients
Authors: ZHOU QIUGEN , WU SHENGJIE , JIANG JIANPING , TIAN JIANWEI , CHEN JIANGHUA , YU XUEQING , CHEN PINGYAN , MEI CHANGLIN , XIONG FEI , SHI WEI , ZHOU WEI , LIU XUSHENG , SUN SHIREN , XIE DI , LIU JUN , XU XIN , LIANG MIN , HOU FANFAN
Published: June 2012

Aim:  Whether the burden of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) accumulation, a marker of oxidative stress, is affected by dialysis modality remains unclear. We compared the serum levels of AOPP in patients on haemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and tested the hypothesis that an accumulation of AOPP was an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Methods:  This was a cross‐section study. A total of 2095 patients (1539 HD, 556 CAPD) were recruited from the nine largest dialysis centres in China. Persons in medical centres for disease screening were selected as controls. Patients maintained on HD were dialyzed twice or thrice weekly. CAPD patients used lactate‐buffered, glucose‐containing solutions. The patients' data were abstracted from the medical record. The serum levels of AOPP were determined by spectrophotometric detection.

Results:  The levels of AOPP were significantly elevated in both HD and CAPD patients compared to healthy controls. Accumulation of AOPP was more significant in HD compared to CAPD population. Meanwhile, AOPP accumulation was associated with the presence of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) only in HD, but not CAPD patients. A higher proportion of IHD was found in the HD population among those with higher levels of AOPP in each category of age and irrespective of the presence or absence of high triglyceride. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that accumulation of AOPP was an independent risk factor for IHD in HD population.

Conclusion:  Accumulation of AOPP was more significant in HD compared to CAPD patients. The level of AOPP was independently associated with IHD only in HD patients.
Heparanase expression and glycosaminoglycans profile in renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Batista Lucas Teixeira e Aguiar , Matos Leandro Luongo , Machado Leopoldo Ruiz , Suarez Eloah Rabello , Theodoro Thérèse Rachell , Martins João Roberto Maciel , Nader Helena Bonciani , Pompeo Antonio Carlos Lima , Pinhal Maria Aparecida da Silva
Published: June 2012

A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of renal cell carcinogenesis could contribute to a decrease in the mortality rate of this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the glycosaminoglycans profile and heparanase expression in renal cell carcinoma. The study included 24 patients submitted to nephrectomy with confirmed pathological diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. The majority of the samples (87.5%) were classified in the initial stage of renal cell carcinoma (clinical stages I and II). Heparanase messenger ribonucleic acid expression was evaluated by quantitative real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and sulfated glycosaminoglycans were identified and quantified by agarose gel electrophoresis of renal cell carcinoma samples or non‐neoplastic tissues obtained from the same patients (control group). The sulfated glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid were analyzed in urine samples of the patients before and after surgery. The data showed a significant statistical increase in chondroitin sulfate, and a decrease in heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate present in neoplastic tissues compared with non‐neoplastic tissues. Higher heparanase messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the neoplastic tissues was also shown, compared with the non‐neoplastic tissues. The urine glycosaminoglycans profile showed no significant difference between renal cell carcinoma and control samples. Extracellular matrix changes observed in the present study clarify that heparanase is possibly involved with heparan sulfate turnover, and that heparanase and the glycosaminoglycans can modulate initial events of renal cell carcinoma development.
Multiaxial fatigue behaviour of A356‐T6
Authors: ROY M. , NADOT Y. , MAIJER D. M. , BENOIT G.
Published: June 2012

Aluminum alloy A356‐T6 was subjected to fully reversed cyclic loading under tension, torsion and combined loading. Results indicate that endurance limits are governed by maximum principal stress. Fractography demonstrates long shear mode III propagation with multiple initiation sites under torsion. Under other loadings, fracture surfaces show unique initiation sites coincidental to defects and mode I crack propagation. Using the replica technique, it has been shown that the initiation life is negligible for fatigue lives close to 106 cycles for combined loading. The natural crack growth rate has also been shown to be comparable to long cracks in similar materials.
Latitudinal species diversity gradient of marine zooplankton for the last three million years
Authors: Yasuhara Moriaki , Hunt Gene , Dowsett Harry J. , Robinson Marci M. , Stoll Danielle K.
Published: June 2012

High tropical and low polar biodiversity is one of the most fundamental patterns characterising marine ecosystems, and the influence of temperature on such marine latitudinal diversity gradients is increasingly well documented. However, the temporal stability of quantitative relationships among diversity, latitude and temperature is largely unknown. Herein we document marine zooplankton species diversity patterns at four time slices [modern, Last Glacial Maximum (18 000 years ago), last interglacial (120 000 years ago), and Pliocene (~3.3–3.0 million years ago)] and show that, although the diversity‐latitude relationship has been dynamic, diversity‐temperature relationships are remarkably constant over the past three million years. These results suggest that species diversity is rapidly reorganised as species' ranges respond to temperature change on ecological time scales, and that the ecological impact of future human‐induced temperature change may be partly predictable from fossil and paleoclimatological records.
Anaerobic methane oxidation in metalliferous hydrothermal sediments: influence on carbon flux and decoupling from sulfate reduction
Authors: Wankel Scott D. , Adams Melissa M. , Johnston David T. , Hansel Colleen M. , Joye Samantha B. , Girguis Peter R.
Published: June 2012

The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is a globally significant sink that regulates methane flux from sediments into the oceans and atmosphere. Here we examine mesophilic to thermophilic AOM in hydrothermal sediments recovered from the Middle Valley vent field, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Using continuous‐flow sediment bioreactors and batch incubations, we characterized (i) the degree to which AOM contributes to net dissolved inorganic carbon flux, (ii) AOM and sulfate reduction (SR) rates as a function of temperature and (iii) the distribution and density of known anaerobic methanotrophs (ANMEs). In sediment bioreactors, inorganic carbon stable isotope mass balances results indicated that AOM accounted for between 16% and 86% of the inorganic carbon produced, underscoring the role of AOM in governing inorganic carbon flux from these sediments. At 90°C, AOM occurred in the absence of SR, demonstrating a striking decoupling of AOM from SR. An abundance of Fe(III)‐bearing minerals resembling mixed valent Fe oxides, such as green rust, suggests the potential for a coupling of AOM to Fe(III) reduction in these metalliferous sediments. While SR bacteria were only observed in cooler temperature sediments, ANMEs allied to ANME‐1 ribotypes, including a putative ANME‐1c group, were found across all temperature regimes and represented a substantial proportion of the archaeal community. In concert, these results extend and reshape our understanding of the nature of high temperature methane biogeochemistry, providing insight into the physiology and ecology of thermophilic anaerobic methanotrophy and suggesting that AOM may play a central role in regulating biological dissolved inorganic carbon fluxes to the deep ocean from the organic‐poor, metalliferous sediments of the global mid‐ocean ridge hydrothermal vent system.
Mass Migration and the Mass Society: Fordism, Immigration Policy and the Post‐war Long Boom in Canada and Australia, 1947–1970
Authors: WALSH JAMES
Published: June 2012

The immediate post‐war period was defined by shifts in capitalism's socioeconomic and institutional underpinnings. Commonly known as Fordism, until the early‐1970s models of standardized industrial mass‐production and robust state planning and intervention were relatively successful in maintaining secular growth in employment, productivity and demand as well as establishing the national economy and society as unified, governable fields. This paper considers how migration controls in Canada and Australia enhanced and extended such arrangements. In simultaneously boosting production and demand, diversifying and integrating industrial activities and assimilating European migrants into a mass consumer culture while excluding non‐Europeans perceived as disruptive of material and sociocultural homogeneity, such policies provided central vectors of economic and cultural nationalism that complemented other monopolistic and redistributive interventions.
The History of the Social Constructions of Dönmes (Converts)*
Authors: NEFES TÜRKAY S.
Published: June 2012

This paper investigates the history of social constructions, principally conspiracy theories, about a crypto‐Jewish group, the Dönmes, in Turkey. It considers the socio‐political reasons for the conspiracy theories and their significance by analysing their contents in different periods. The findings suggest that the fluid identity of Dönmes makes them stranger figures, in a sociological sense, creates public mistrust and encourages conspiratorial explanations. Moreover, the study shows that the conspiracy theories surrounding Dönmes are also fed by the ontological insecurities of Turkish politics, and that conspiracy theories tend to have appeal for alienated groups during major social transformations.
Linear Surface Reconstruction from Discrete Fundamental Forms on Triangle Meshes
Authors: Wang Y. , Liu B. , Tong Y.
Published: June 2012

We present a linear algorithm to reconstruct the vertex coordinates for a surface mesh given its edge lengths and dihedral angles, unique up to rotation and translation. A local integrability condition for the existence of an immersion of the mesh in 3D Euclidean space is provided, mirroring the fundamental theorem of surfaces in the continuous setting (i.e. Gauss's equation and the Mainardi–Codazzi equations) if we regard edge lengths as the discrete first fundamental form and dihedral angles as the discrete second fundamental form. The resulting sparse linear system to solve for the immersion is derived from the convex optimization of a quadratic energy based on a lift from the immersion in the 3D Euclidean space to the 6D rigid motion space. This discrete representation and linear reconstruction can benefit a wide range of geometry processing tasks such as surface deformation and shape analysis. A rotation‐invariant surface deformation through point and orientation constraints is demonstrated as well.
Information technology change, work complexity and service jobs: a contingent perspective
Authors: Marler Janet H. , Liang Xiaoya
Published: June 2012

We examine the contingent impact of implementing an enterprise‐wide information technology system (Enterprise Resource Planning) on perceptions of work complexity in clerical, technical and managerial service sector jobs. Using matched and control samples of employee survey data, we compare pre‐ and post‐intervention perceptions of work complexity and importance of analytical skills across three hierarchical job levels: clerical, technical and managerial. We find that employees in clerical jobs, at the lowest level in the hierarchy, experience a significant increase in work complexity and need for analytical skills, whereas those in technical and managerial service jobs do not. Implications for theory, management of technology and employment policy are discussed.
Greater Wage Inequality Reduces Average Hours of Work
Authors: Sila Urban
Published: June 2012

I argue that rising inequality in offered wages lowers average working hours. If labour supply is concave in wages, a decrease in the working hours of low‐paid workers is greater than an increase in working hours of high‐paid workers. Furthermore, due to low market opportunities, some low‐paid workers may leave the labour force. Using CPS‐MORG data for prime‐age men, I find evidence in support of this explanation. I establish empirically the concavity of the labour supply and find evidence that after controlling for the average wage, wage inequality has a negative effect on labour supply.
The Co‐movement Dynamics of European Frontier Stock Markets
Authors: Kiviaho Jarno , Nikkinen Jussi , Piljak Vanja , Rothovius Timo
Published: June 2012

We examine, through application of wavelet coherency, the co‐movement of European frontier stock markets with the USA and developed markets in Europe. We find that the strength of co‐movement varies considerably across the frontier markets, at different frequencies (time horizons), and over time. Co‐movement is relatively weaker for the frontier markets of Central and Southeastern Europe than in the Baltic region. Of the markets examined, Slovakia in particular shows low dependence, whereas Lithuania seems to be the most dependent market. Co‐movement is stronger at lower frequencies (longer horizons) and increases during the turbulent period of the global financial crisis of 2008/2009. We identify several macroeconomic factors related to variations in co‐movement at different time frequencies.
Cerebral small vessel disease in aging and Alzheimer's disease: a comparative study using MRI and SPECT
Authors: Makedonov I. , Black S. E. , MacIntosh B. J.
Published: June 2012

Background

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are associated with aging and are prevalent in various brain pathologies. The purpose of the current study was to characterize WMH perfusion in age‐matched elderly controls (ECs) and patients with Alzheimer's disease (ADs).

Methods

Fifty ECs (23 men) and 61 ADs (33 men) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 99mTc‐ECD single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and cognitive testing. Brain tissue type was classified on T1 weighted images, and WMH were identified on interleaved proton density/T2 weighted images. Co‐registered MR images were used to characterize SPECT perfusion patterns.

Results

WMH perfusion was lower than normal appearing white matter (NAWM) perfusion (P < 0.001) in both EC and AD groups. There was no WMH perfusion difference between groups when considering the mean perfusion from all WMH voxels (P > 0.43). However, locations that were likely to be considered WMH tended to have lower perfusion in ADs compared with ECs. Perfusion gradients along watershed white matter regions were significantly different between EC and AD groups (P < 0.05). A relationship was found between the volume of a WMH lesion and its mean perfusion (P < 0.001) in both ECs and ADs.

Conclusion

Global WMH were hypoperfused compared with NAWM to the same degree in EC and AD participants, which suggests a common WMH etiology between groups. However, white matter locations that were likely to contain WMH tended to be hypoperfused in ADs compared with healthy aging. This finding is suggestive of AD‐specific pathology that reduces the perfusion at anatomic locations susceptible to the formation of WMH through either the neurodegenerative process or AD‐related vasculopathy or both.
Efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis according to stroke subtypes: the Madrid Stroke Network data
Authors: Fuentes B. , Martínez‐Sánchez P. , de Leciñana M. Alonso , Egido J. , Reig‐Roselló G. , Díaz‐Otero F. , Sánchez V. , Simal P. , Ximenez‐Carrillo A. , García‐Pastor A. , Ruiz‐Ares G. , García‐García A. , Masjuan J. , Vivancos‐Mora J. , Gil‐Nuñez A. , Díez‐Tejedor E. ,   on behalf of the Madrid Stroke Network
Published: June 2012

Objectives

To identify possible differences in the early response to intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) or in stroke outcome at 3 months, based on stroke subtype in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (IS).

Methods

Multicentre stroke registry data were used, with prospective inclusion of consecutive patients with acute IVT‐treated IS in five acute stroke units. We compared clinical improvement (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, NIHSS) at 24 h and at day 7 as well as functional outcome at 3 months (Modified Rankin Scale, mRS) amongst the different stroke subtypes (ICD‐10).

Results

In total, 1479 patients were included; 178 (12%) had large vessel disease (LVD) with carotid stenosis ≥ 50%, 175 (11.8%) had other LVD, 638 (43%) had cardioembolism, 60 (4.1%) had lacunar infarction, 72 (4.9%) were patients with IS of other/unusual cause and 356 (24.1%) had unknown/multiple causes. Patients with lacunar infarction had lower stroke severity (median NIHSS 6) whilst cardioembolic IS was the most severe (median NIHSS 14) (P < 0.001). No differences in NIHSS improvement were found at 24 h. LVD patients with carotid stenosis (odds ratio 0.544; 95% CI 0.383–0.772; P = 0.001) were less likely to improve at day 7 after adjustment for age, gender, vascular risk factors and stroke severity. However, adjusted multivariate analysis showed no influence of stroke subtype on stroke outcome (mRS) at 3 months. Age, systolic blood pressure on admission and stroke severity were independently associated with mRS > 2 at 3 months.

Conclusion

Although LVD patients with arterial stenosis ≥ 50% improve less than the other aetiologies at day 7, stroke aetiological subtype does not determine differences in IS outcome at 3 months after IVT.
Impaired health‐related quality of life predicts progression of disability in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Benito‐León J. , Mitchell A. J. , Rivera‐Navarro J. , Morales‐González J. M.
Published: June 2012

Background and purpose

To determine the value of health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in predicting progression of disability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) over a period of 2 years.

Methods

Patients with MS were recruited in 13 outpatient clinics in Madrid, Spain. Baseline HRQOL was quantified using the Functional Assessment of MS (FAMS) and disability with Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status (EDSS). A clinical meaningful deterioration of disability was defined as an increased of ≥1 point in baseline EDSS scores of ≤5.5 and an increase of ≥0.5 point in baseline EDSS scores of ≥6.0. We dichotomized the change in disability according to clinical meaningful deterioration (dependent variable) and performed a logistic regression analysis with the tertiles of the FAMS scores (the upper tertile [high HRQOL] was the reference) as independent variable, adjusting by socio‐demographic and clinical variables.

Results

Out of 371 enrolled patients, 61 patients with MS dropped out during the 2‐year follow‐up. Of the remaining 310, 94 (30.3%) had clinical meaningful deterioration of disability. The odds of clinical meaningful deterioration of disability were higher as HRQOL decreased with a significant dose‐dependent effect. Adjusted odds ratios were 2.61 [95% confidence interval (CI) 95% = 1.12–6.09], [middle tertile vs. upper tertile (reference)]; and 3.27 (95% CI = 1.31–8.18), (lower tertile vs. upper tertile).

Conclusions

The identification of those patients with MS with poor HRQOL may be important in assessing the risk of future disability progression. Clearly, impaired HRQOL should be one of the primary concerns amongst clinicians who provide treatment to patients affected by MS.
Understanding influences on teenage food choices in a Durban High School with a view to improving praxis
Authors: Kroone Déirdre , Alant Busisiwe
Published: June 2012

Diets in post‐apartheid South Africa have changed from low‐fat, high‐fibre traditional food to a high‐fat, low‐fibre diet characterized by the habitual intake of ‘junk’ food. This type of food is rich in refined carbohydrates and sugars, which cause a rapid rise in blood sugar levels, associated with the development of diabetes. As a result, diabetes is on the increase in South Africa.

If a further increase in diabetes in South Africa is to be prevented, it is vital that teachers of Consumer Studies engage teenage consumers in making food choices that will control blood sugar levels. However, today's teenagers are exposed to the advertising tactics of food and beverage companies, the sole aim of which is to increase sales and maximize profits. In the face of these external influences, how can teachers encourage teenagers to make healthy food choices?

The aim of this study was to highlight the influence of development on the contemporary food choices of South African teenagers. The research is underpinned by a complex theoretical framework that is presented as an interconnected trilogy. A methodology of participatory action research was used in this empirical study on teenage food choices in a peri‐urban high school in Durban. The main objective was to develop a better understanding of how development impacts on teenage food choices in South Africa. This knowledge could be used by Consumer Studies teachers to engage teenagers in making food choices that will reduce the risk of developing diabetes later in life.
Investigating consumer knowledge of global warming based on Rogers' knowledge stage of the innovation decision process
Authors: Dos Santos Maria A.O.
Published: June 2012

Consumers' aggregate contribution to global warming is significant when their demand for goods and services and their own personal consumption behaviours are taken into account. The purpose of this study was to determine consumers' knowledge of global warming issues. Primary data was collected using a specially designed questionnaire that incorporated statements relating to the knowledge stage of Rogers' innovation decision process. The results revealed that consumers were aware that human activities contributed to this phenomenon and gaps existed in their knowledge about its causes and consequences. Demographic comparisons based on gender, age, population group and education revealed that different global warming knowledge needs of consumers could probably be distinguished by population group although further research in this area is needed. If the emission of greenhouse gases is to be reduced, consumers need to be knowledgeable about global warming causes and consequences in order to adopt the innovation and participate in mitigation measures. Relevant gaps in consumers' global warming knowledge needs to be addressed by relevant stakeholders in their communications to the relevant target market.