bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Diphenylhydantoin on Behavior Maintained by a Multiple Schedule of Food Reinforcement
Authors: Meunier Gary F. , Fischer Robert B. , Mulvaney Dallas
Published: September 2011

Two white Carneaux pigeons were trained to peck for mixed grain according to a multiple fixed-ratio 50, variable-interval 30-sec schedule of reinforcement. After the rate of responding stabilized, the pigeons were given weekly doses of diphenylhydantoin or an equal volume vehicle Diphenylhydantoin produced a lengthening of the pre-ratio pause and general disintegration of responding during the FR component and a decreased rate of responding in the VI component.
Levenson's Locus of Control Scale: An Alternative Scaling Format
Authors: Stanley R. O. , Hyman G. J. , Sharp C. S.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of forced-choice response format with the usual Likert-type scale for the 1974 Levenson Locus of Control Scale indicates the alternative Yes/No format is sufficiently similar to be considered. This alternative is significantly correlated ( r = .55 to .77) with the original, for all subscales ( ns = 117 men, 66 women, 17 to 21 yr. old).
Equivalence of Forms L and M of the PPVT-R for Use with Anglo-American and Mexican-American Learning Disabled Students
Authors: Argulewicz Ed N. , Kush Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

The equivalence of Forms L and M of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised were examined for 57 learning disabled students. Nonsignificant differences between mean scores on the two forms were found for 33 Anglo-American and 24 Mexican-American students. However, correlation of the two groups' scores indicated only moderate relationships, suggesting a moderate amount of variability might be expected when both forms are used with the same student.
Psychometric Properties of the Central Life Interest Inventory
Authors: Dalton Dan R. , Todor William D.
Published: September 2011

Recent work has questioned the psychometric properties of the Central Life Interest Inventory. This study of 173 subjects ranging from office clerks to corporate vice presidents demonstrated acceptable coefficients of stability for that instrument under a variety of assumptions and methods. An admonition to reassess conceptual and empirical work relying on this instrument may have been premature.
Gender, Grade Point Average, and Test Anxiety
Authors: Best John B. , Stanford Cherie A.
Published: September 2011

The present study assessed the effect of gender on test anxiety and grade point average (GPA) among 40 college students. Subjects reported their GPAs and responded to a test-anxiety questionnaire. Analysis of covariance indicated that gender did not affect GPA after an adjustment was made for differences in test anxiety. However, gender produced a significant effect on test anxiety following an adjustment for GPA differences, with women reporting significantly more test anxiety than men. The results were discussed in terms of anxiety's motivating capabilities.
Attitudes of Senegalese Students toward Love
Authors: Vandewiele Michel , Philbrick Joseph L.
Published: September 2011

A classical approach opposes Western conceptions of love and African conceptions, without always giving fair treatment to either group. This study compared love attitudes among American, Ugandan, and Senegalese subjects. Though African, the Ugandan and Senegalese subjects show significant differences that indigenous characteristics only can account for even though on the whole their love style contrasts with the Western one. Senegalese subjects offer an interesting combination of various attitudes about love.
Episodic Components of Concept Representation Indicated in Concept Acquisition
Authors: Nahinsky Irwin D. , Morgan M. Sheila
Published: September 2011

Subjects were given concept-learning tasks in a series of three experiments, with stimuli containing descriptions of persons along four dimensions. A series of test trials, with stimuli including those presented earlier as well as new stimuli, followed the learning task. Subjects in all three experiments classified old concept exemplars more rapidly than new exemplars on test trials. This result held despite the fact that new exemplars were equal to old exemplars in terms of problem-relevant information and judged similarity to old exemplars (as derived in Exp. 4). In Exp. 1 pictorial exemplars of person-descriptions, which contained all problem-relevant information, were presented. Old stimuli were matched with new stimuli on these descriptions and differed from them only on pictorial exemplars. In Exp. 2 the same type of stimulus was used, but new exemplars varied on degree of person-description overlap with old exemplars. Degree of overlap varied positively with classification speed for new exemplars. Exp. 3 repeated Exp. 2, but with elimination of pictorial exemplars, and the influence of overlap on classification speed disappeared. In Exp. 4 subjects made paired comparisons of the stimuli used in the first three experiments; results verified that the stimuli were represented mainly as additive combinations of the four person-descriptive dimensions. It was concluded that concepts learned in the first three experiments were represented largely by exemplars associated with acquisition independently of dimension values.
An Examination of College GPA, Composite Act Scores, IQs, and Gender in Relation to Loneliness of College Students
Authors: Booth Richard
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship for 57 college students of levels of loneliness with several cognitive-academic measures. Gender differences were found in loneliness, composite ACT scores, and a measure of intelligence. Hypotheses relative to cognitive-academic measures were not supported statistically. Some trends in the data are discussed.
Impact of Attrition in a Sample in a Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Drug Use
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Cohen Patricia , Gordon Ann Scovell
Published: September 2011

Data on attrition in a sample of a longitudinal study indicated that adolescent participants differed significantly from dropouts on a number of important variables. Suggestions were made for dealing with the impact of attrition in longitudinal research.
Relationship between Moral Judgment and Empathy
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: September 2011

The study examined correlations between empathy and moral judgment. 342 school children aged 9 to 12 yr. were tested with two Kohlberg dilemmas and the Mehrabian and Epstein scale on emotional empathy. The results confirm the positive relation found in earlier studies. It is, however, possible that the higher levels of moral judgment were more closely related to the cognitive pole of empathy whereas convenrional morality would be closer to the affective pole of empathy.
Use of the MMPI with Multiple Personality Patients
Authors: Solomon Robert
Published: September 2011

The MMPI was administered to the primary personality of each of the 18 multiple personality patients who had been hospitalized on an adult inpatient psychiatric ward at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute over the 10-yr. period from January 1972 to January 1982. Three MMPI profiles were 4-8 codetypes, three profiles were 2-8/8-2 codetypes, three profiles were various other codetypes, and six of the profiles were invalid due to extremely high F scales. The remaining three patients refused to cooperate with the administration of the MMPI. This study helped clarify issues in using the MMPI in patients with dissociative disorders.
Early Intervention with Autistic Children: A Case Presentation with Pre-Program, Program and Follow-up Data
Authors: Groden Gerald , Dominque Dale , Chesnick Marie , Groden June , Baron Grace
Published: September 2011

Follow-up reports of children with autism have generally showed poor outcome. Much of the data used in these reports was derived from studies in which the children were treated at some point beyond infancy or in which the treatment was not behavioral. This article, which presents a case and describes a program, documents through pre- and post-intervention, as well as follow-up data, dramatic intellectual and behavioral/social changes in a child who, at age 2 yr., entered an early intervention program for autistic infants. The article is of significance in that it shows what might be accomplished with a child with these difficulties through early intervention.
Satiation: A New Source of Stylistic Response Variance in Psychometric Measurement
Authors: Thauberger Patrick C , Ruznisky Sonja A. , Cleland John F.
Published: September 2011

Structural convergences among two sets of measures of response styles were examined in two separate factor analytic studies. Three factors accounting for 61.7% of the total variance were extracted in the first study involving 11 psychometric measures and two factors accounting for 56.7% of the total variance in the second study of five measures. Emerging as a separate factor in both studies (accounting for 10.1 and 22.0% of the total variance and 8.4 and 36.5% of the common variance, respectively) was a factor labelled Satiation. This variance was attributed to differences in boredom/enthusiasm among individuals completing the psychometric questionnaires. This source of variance warrants attention in investigations involving questionnaires with numerous items, especially when the items are on a limited number of topics.
Factorial Structure of the UCLA Loneliness Scale
Authors: Austin Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

Research on the topic of loneliness has begun to attract scholarly attention. The study reported here examined the dimensions of loneliness tapped by the often used UCLA Loneliness Scale which has previously been reported as a global, unidimensional, measure of the phenomenon. Data from 493 college students were subjected to factor analysis which yielded three factors. These factors were labeled and explained in terms of loneliness regarding Intimate Others, Social Others, and a feeling of a lack of Belonging and Affiliation. Demographic and attribute data were compared for each of the three dimensions. Additional research replicating this study on non-student populations is required to determine the validity of the present results for the general population.
Construct Validation of the Self-Efficacy Scale
Authors: Sherer Mark , Adams Carol H.
Published: September 2011

Self-efficacy theory asserts that self-efficacy expectancies exert powerful influences on behavior and behavioral change. The Self-efficacy Scale was developed to assess generalized expectations of self-efficacy. Previous research provided preliminary evidence of the validity and reliability of the two subscales of the Self-efficacy Scale. The present study investigated several predicted conceptual relationships between the Self-efficacy subscales and other personality measures, i.e., MMPI, Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, and Bem Sex-role Inventory. Results supported the interpretation of the Self-efficacy Scale as a valid measure of expectation of personal ability to initiate and persist in behavior. Positive expectancies of self-efficacy were associated with enhanced personal adjustment.
Self-Disclosure and Physical Health: In Support of Curvilinearity
Authors: Blotcky Alan D. , Carscaddon David M. , Grandmaison Sarah L.
Published: September 2011

Present evidence suggests that an individual's willingness to self-disclose personal information to others may be related to his physical health status. For 62 undergraduate students, significant correlations were found between self-disclosure and measures of acute (—.39) and chronic (—.21) physical illness. These relationships seem to be more curvilinear than linear, supporting the idea that deviations from linearity may often go undetected in studies of self-disclosure.
Logical Concept Prerequisites to Political Development in Adolescence
Authors: Lonky Edward
Published: September 2011

This research examined the nature of cognitive stages of political reasoning by adolescents and young adults. It is a further test of the cognitive model of political development. College sophomores received individually administered tasks of formal operations, a group-administered test of formal operations, and the Political Judgment Interview, a semi-structured interview of five dilemmas which focus on questions relating to the jus: distribution of political resources. Analysis supported a necessary but not sufficient relationship between logical concept and political reasoning. Taken with other research findings, the present results provide evidence for a domain of reasoning which is not totally encompassed by reasoning in either the logical or moral domain.
Effects of Heat and Noise on Helping Behavior
Authors: Bell Paul A. , Doyle Douglas P.
Published: September 2011

48 male and 48 female undergraduates were given an opportunity to aid a confederate both before and after exposure to ambient temperatures of either 73°F (23°C) or 95°F (35°C), and noise levels of 55 dB(A), 95 dB(A) without perceived control, or 95 dB(A) with perceived control. Although heat produced discomfort and led to negative evaluations of the environment and although noise generally increased arousal, neither heat nor noise influenced any measures of helping behavior. Results are discussed in terms of feelings of perceived control imparted by the informed consent procedures and in terms of internal versus external attributions of responsibility for negative feelings.
The Acute Schizophrenic Break: A Phenomenological Description
Authors: Kodman Frank
Published: September 2011

Among the varieties of psychopathological experience, the acute psychotic break should be described. This presentation notes the lack of description in the literature of the events which lead to and culminate in a psychotic episode. A phenomenological account is offered. The description of the pre-psychotic and psychotic break presented here has some resemblance to a dream state. Nightmares and the psychotic break also have similar qualities. Through systematic interviews 23 adult, male schizophrenic patients described their first psychotic break. If over 50% of the sample commented on a symptom, it was included in the interpretation.
Career Orientations of Type a Individuals
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the career anchors of Type A managers. 122 male and female managers in the early stages of their careers completed the Jenkins Activity Survey, a widely-used paper-and-pencil measure of Type A behavior, and a newly created measure of career anchors or orientations. Two Jenkins scales (Type A, Hard Driving) were positively related to Managerial, Identity-Status, Variety, and Creativity career anchors. The Type A scale was negatively related to the Technical-Functional career anchor. However, significant differences between men and women were found. Among women, higher scores on the Jenkins' scales were always positively correlated with a wide variety of career anchors. Among men, higher scores were always positively related to the Managerial career anchor but negatively related to other career anchors.
Verbal Operant Conditioning, Extinction Trials and Types of Awareness Statement
Authors: O'Donnell Patrick J. , Kennedy Brian , Gill Peter Mc
Published: September 2011

This paper investigated the hypothesis that the rate of reported awareness in verbal operant conditioning is influenced by the interpolation of extinction trials. It also examined a neglected group in the literature, the subjects who report awareness but who do not condition. This group can be as much as 40% of the aware subjects. It is suggested that the most feasible explanation for this group is that they bring different subjective interpretations to the experiment. The kind of awareness statements they offer should differ from aware conditioning subjects. Both hypotheses, the effect of extinction trials and the differing awareness statements of conditioners and non-conditioners, were confirmed. The latter finding is consistent with an unexpected result of the experiment, namely, the differential effect of extinction trials on conditioners and non-conditioners.
Social Stigma of Pregnancy: Further Evidence
Authors: Davis Leslie L. , Lennon Sharron J.
Published: September 2011

As expected fewer shoppers among 40 men and 40 women invaded the personal space of a female dyad when one member of the dyad appeared to be pregnant and when the members of the dyad were conversing.
Disparities in Grading Practice, Some Resulting Inequities, and a Proposed New Index of Academic Achievement
Authors: Duke J. D.
Published: September 2011

Part I presents six years of grading disparities found at one university. Reliable grading differences were found at all levels examined (college, discipline, and instructor). Part II focuses upon three studies which show how these disparities translate into inequitable GPA and honor status. GPAs are compared with GCAs (grade centile averages), the latter a relative measure of achievement used in these studies. The first study examines the different grading experiences encountered by 19 students who graduated with the highest over-all GPAs at the end of one term. The second study found 8 students who earned honor level semester GPAs for statistically unexceptional work, compared to their classmates. The third study monitored 7 semesters of overgrading of groups of students who happened to enroll in the same set of courses. Part III presents a long discussion of grading. Findings from the target university Appalachian State University in North Carolina are related to findings by Goldman at the University of California at Riverside and to those by Prather at Georgia State University in Atlanta. Many generalizations are reviewed, and grading practice is related to Helson's adaptation level phenomenon and to Stouffer's concept of relative deprivation. The antigrading view that traditional grading should be abandoned is considered and rejected. Part IV presents the writer's suggested reforms to increase the validity of grading. GCAs based upon performance in selected courses are proposed to determine honor and rank status, while simplified traditional grading is suggested to determine discipline status and whether or not course credits will be earned. Also considered are means to reform various administrative rules which affect grading, e.g., pass/fail, repeat, transfer, and readmission rules. Envisioned for the future would be a more valid index of academic achievement and higher correlations between the new index and other measures of aptitude and/or achievement.
Comparability of Sex-Role Measures
Authors: Herron William G. , Goodman Cary K. , Herron Mary Jane
Published: September 2011

5 current sex-role measures (the Bem Sex-role Inventory, the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, the Personality Research Form Andro Scale, the Masculinity and Femininity scales of the Adjective Checklist, and a set of socially undesirable sex-related characteristics) were compared for three samples. The scales have often been used interchangeably in the past, as they describe sex-role style in similar conceptual and psychometric terms. Yet some doubt had been raised recently as to the comparability of four of the scales for a college sample. The present study confirmed the limited comparability of the five scales in all samples tested (60 college students, 60 married adults, 60 psychiatric patients). The present analysis indicated that with current item content and classification procedure the measures cannot be used interchangeably.
Factor Structure of a Clients' Satisfaction Scale with Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Distefano M. K. , Pryer Margaret W. , Baker Betty F.
Published: September 2011

A principal-components factor analysis of the responses of 119 psychiatric inpatients to a 28-item clients satisfaction questionnaire yielded two interpretable factors that accounted for 52% of the total variance. The first factor concerned general satisfaction with the treatment and staff and the second factor focused on satisfaction with the activities and environment. The results of other factor studies were reported, and the methodological influences on the dimensionality of satisfaction were discussed.
Some Factors Influencing Selection and Naming of Pets
Authors: Harris Mary B.
Published: September 2011

Three studies were conducted of factors influencing the selection and naming of pets: a questionnaire survey of pet owners, an experimental study manipulating characteristics of a stimulus person and asking for recommendations for a pet and its name, and an archival study of a veterinarian's records. The subjects owned a variety of pets chosen for a number of reasons, especially love and companionship. Two classification systems did not show a relationship of pet names to characteristics of the pets or their owners, except that subjects' desire for original pet names was reflected in the names of their dogs. However, some characteristics of the owners were related to characteristics of the chosen pets. Females and persons preferring indoor activities owned smaller breeds of dogs. Male pets, dogs, and larger breeds were recommended more often for a male. Dogs, particularly large breeds, were recommended less often for an indoor person; larger breeds were suggested for someone living in a house.
Perceived Professional Discrimination against the EdD Psychologist
Authors: Houston Lawrence N.
Published: September 2011

Informal observations have hinted at a persistent tendency for both academic and professional hiring authorities to discriminate against individuals who hold the EdD rather than the PhD. The present investigation used a mail questionnaire to evaluate the extent of professional prejudice experienced by EdDs in psychology and found that of 69 usable returns out of 158, 39% had experienced discrimination associated with their degrees. There was a significant difference in fathers' occupations for those who had and had not experienced discrimination, but the two groups showed no differences on sex, age, or salary; and there were no distinctions on the basis of undergraduate major or the proportion who earned their doctorates from universities having highly rated psychology departments. Types of discrimination are described, a suggested explanation of the status difference is offered and a recommendation is made for further research and more discussion of this matter.
Infants' Vocal Interaction with Mother and Stranger in Two Cultures
Authors: Drivas Antonia , Roe Kiki Vlachouli , Roe Arnold
Published: September 2011

To explore whether similarities in mother-infant vocal interactional patterns exist across different cultures, 13 American and 19 Greek 3-mo.-old male infants were observed while interacting vocally for 3 min. with their mothers and with a stranger. Both American and Greek adults spoke to the infants for about half of the allotted 3-min. interval. Similarly, both Greek and American 3-mo.-olds spent about the same amount of time responding vocally to the mother and significantly less time responding vocally to the stranger.
Perceptions of Sex Roles: Is There Any Consistency?
Authors: Buckley Patrick G. , Hundleby John D.
Published: September 2011

The research examined how the sexes are perceived in a number of different situations. A questionnaire was used to obtain the perceptions of 16 situations, each containing a male or female, by 209 subjects (114 females, 95 males). Subjects described their perceptions in each situation on 40 word pairs. All effects were significant in a repeated-measures multivariate analysis of covariance of the data. The correlations of the 40 word pairs contained 6 oblique, principal axis factors: Thoughtful, Egotistical, Beauty, Confidence, Easy Going, and Bad. The results show the sexes to be perceived inconsistently in the different situations. Such findings contrast with previous sex-role stereotypes and support an interactional viewpoint.
Career Development in Four Professions: An Empirical Study
Authors: Anderson Don S. , Western John S. , Stacey Barrie G. , Williams Trevor H.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes the career development to 1978 of four samples of people who entered Australian universities in 1965 or 1967. The study reported is based upon data obtained by means of a mail questionnaire survey from 1,490 respondents. The data were obtained from former students of engineering, law, medicine and teaching, and were analysed using standard techniques. Information is presented concerning the qualifications and professional status of the members of the four samples, their jobs and job changes, and influences on their job choices. The career progression of the four samples varied considerably. Significant numbers did not graduate in their chosen fields. However, the results suggest a great deal of occupational/professional stability founded upon original career plans.
National Personality Characteristics: Comparison of Canadian, American and British Samples
Authors: Skinner Nicholas F. , Peters Patricia L.
Published: September 2011

On Eysenck's Personality Inventory 441 Canadians scored more extraverted than 347 British and 1003 American subjects as well as higher on Neuroticism. Women were emotionally more labile.
Self-Reinforcement, Locus of Reward and Task Maintenance, and Alcoholism
Authors: Rozensky Ronald H. , Honor Laurie Feldman
Published: September 2011

Groups of 44 hospitalized alcoholics and 31 psychiatric patients were compared with 40 nonclinical controls on their self-reinforcement behaviors. The groups did not differ on self-reward but the psychiatric group self-punished more than the other two groups, while the alcoholics tended to self-punish the least. On a second task, 30 alcoholic subjects were assigned to either one of two reward conditions, self- or externally (other-) administered reward for task maintenance. Those alcoholics receiving rewards from others did significantly better on the task than those rewarding themselves. Results are discussed in light of the externality hypotheses of alcoholism.
Survey of Services Provided by United Cerebral Palsy Agencies and the Effects of P.L. 94–142 on Pre-School Handicapped Children
Authors: Varela Judith T. , Lazarus Philip J.
Published: September 2011

All 238 United Cerebral Palsy agencies in the United States were surveyed to determine the current status of programs offered to 0- to 5-yr.-old handicapped children. The 33-item survey had three major purposes: (a) to compare services offered by agencies, (b) to identify current and alternate methods of funding for pre-school handicapped children, and (c) to determine the major effects of P.L. 94–142 on pre-school handicapped and cerebral palsied children in public schools. The results of this survey are summarized.
Effects of Causal and Noncausal Sequences of Information on Subjective Prediction
Authors: Matthews Leroy , Sanders Warren
Published: September 2011

44 subjects were presented win/loss records representing either different football teams (causally linked data) or persons betting on coin tosses (noncausally linked data) and were asked to predict how likely the next game or toss would be a win. The data (sequences of wins and losses) were arranged in a temporal order of occurrence. The major findings were that causal data were integrated across temporal positions more than noncausal data, and predictions from causal data were directly related to previous wins whereas predictions from noncausal data were inversely related to previous wins. These findings suggest that subjects make qualitatively different assumptions about the representativeness of causal and noncausal data and profoundly different predictions occur as a result of these assumptions.
Psychotherapy: Developing a Treatment Paradigm
Authors: Brooker Alan E. , Becnel Harry P. , Mareth Thomas R.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes some key difficulties facing psychotherapists at present. A therapeutic paradigm is developed based on a number of sources and methodologies. Major features of the paradigm are patients' participation, flexibility, and the use of different specialists as necessary.
Self-Appraisal as a Function of Recollected Parental Appraisal
Authors: Beatty Michael J. , Plax Timothy G. , Payne Steven K.
Published: September 2011

Reflective appraisal theory is based on the assumption that a person's view of self is largely determined by what that person thinks significant others think about him. Since parents have been identified as important significant others, the relationship between self-appraisal and recollections of parental appraisals was examined. Self-appraisals appeared to be at least partially a function of recollected parental appraisals.
Motivational Techniques for Individual and Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Curtis John M.
Published: September 2011

A number of techniques are mentioned which may be utilized to improve patients' motivation during psychotherapy. Since patients' over-all motivation seems decisive in eventual therapeutic outcome and since inadequate motivation combined with resistance factors might exacerbate patients' ultimate prognoses, if not continuation in treatment, supporting patients' motivation to do the therapeutic work should prove beneficial in all phases of therapy. More careful attention to such techniques might lessen premature termination.
Trustworthiness of Attitudinal and Behavioral Expressions: A Replication
Authors: Jackson Thomas T. , Guydish J. , Mindrup Margaret
Published: September 2011

The 1973 work of Allen indicates that individuals are more likely to trust predictions of attitude based on behavioral information than predictions of behavior based an attitudinal information. The present study is a design replication of the 1973 work and results of the original study are fully supported.
Performance Assessment and Personalities of Teachers and Students
Authors: Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

219 students in Grade 10 and 27 of their teachers at a suburban high school were divided at their respective medians into four groups on emotional stability and extraversion. Teachers' ratings of several general aspects of students' performance correlated highly with final grades; ratings reflected both students' and teachers' personalities.
Informativeness and Lexical Learning
Authors: Holdgrafer Gary , Sorensen Patricia
Published: September 2011

The relationship between informativeness and speed of lexical acquisition was explored with 4 preschool subjects. They were taught nonsense words under four conditions of change in word presentation. Speed of acquisition was greatest for 3 of 4 subjects in the condition of least change. Total correct responses were mixed across conditions for the 4 subjects. Limitations of the current procedures are discussed in light of the complexity of this issue and the need for additional research.
Relationship between Study Habits and Performance on an Intelligence Test with Limited and Unlimited Time
Authors: Davou Despina , McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of undergraduates, identified as high scorers ( n = 24) or low scorers ( n = 23) on the Study Habits section of the Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes, were administered alternate forms of the Wonderlic Personnel Test on two occasions, one with limited and one with unlimited time. Since high-scoring subjects performed better than low scorers on both timed forms but more so with limited time, and since they attempted more questions (limited) and were faster (unlimited), it was concluded that the superiority of students with high scores on study habits is based on both power and speed.
Altering Preferences for Leadership Style of Men and Women Undergraduate Residence Advisors through Leadership Training
Authors: Heft Marice , Deni Richard
Published: September 2011

12 men and 12 women Residence Advisors were administered the T-P Leadership Questionnaire on two separate occasions. Two groups were formed; one served as a control and the other received leadership training prior to administration of the posttest. It was expected that preferences for leadership style would become more people-oriented after leadership training. Effects of sex of subject and exposure to training (trained and untrained) on scores from the T-P Leadership Questionnaire were examined. Separate scores were obtained for concern for task and concern for people. Significant treatment effects were obtained for the people-orientation measure. Male Residence Advisors showed a significant increase on the “people dimension” after leadership training. Compared with women, men showed a greater increase in people orientation. There was a significant interaction of sex of subject and training condition.
Generalized Effects of a Highly Structured Time-on-Task Intervention
Authors: Bailey Donald B. , Bender William N. , Stuck Gary B. , Wyne Marvin D.
Published: September 2011

Peer ratings of the behaviors of 42 third and 73 sixth grade low-achieving children were examined to assess the extent co which effects of a highly structured time-on-task program generalized to the regular classroom. When compared with low-achieving peers who received supplementary remedial instruction in basic skills in a tutorial program, time-on-task students received significantly higher post-intervention peer ratings on task orientation. These results indicated that effects on task orientation generalized to the regular class, but effects on classroom misbehavior or social acceptance did not generalize. Implications for the availability of time-on-task in classrooms were discussed.
Personality in Assaultive and Non-Assaultive Juvenile Male Offenders
Authors: Berman Toby , Paisey Timothy
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the relationship between antisocial behavior and personality in 30 American juvenile males convicted of offenses including assault or confrontations with a victim, and 30 juvenile males convicted of offenses involving property without confrontation with a victim. Subjects, who were aged 14 to 17 yr. (mean 15 yr., 8 mo.) and held in detention pending sentencing, were administered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale. Juveniles convicted of assaultive offenses exhibited significantly higher psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism scores, and lower lie scores than those convicted of property offenses. Sensation-seeking scores were significantly lower for the non-assaultive group. Results support Eysenck's description of dimensions of offenders' behavior.
Teaching an Introductory Psychology Course in Traditional and in Nontraditional Settings
Authors: Fingeret Allan L.
Published: September 2011

This study compared performance of 169 students at an inner-city educational center setting and 200 at a traditional college setting in a college-level course in introductory psychology. Mean first examination and final grade percentages were nearly identical for students who completed the course in both settings; however, dropouts were more numerous in the nontraditional setting.
Correlates of Life Satisfaction of Aged Persons
Authors: Dillard John M. , Campbell N. Jo , Chisolm Grace B.
Published: September 2011

This investigation examined the relationship of life satisfaction with such characteristics as sex, age, health status, level of education, marital status, and income status. The participants were 281 aged men ( n = 82) and women ( n = 199) who lived in a large southwestern metropolitan area. Analysis showed that life satisfaction was significantly related to the aged participants' education level, income, and health status.
Death Anxiety, Purpose in Life and Duration of Service in Hospice Volunteers
Authors: Amenta Madalon M.
Published: September 2011

In a group of 42 screened, trained, and experienced hospice volunteers, the 18 who left the program between 4 and 11 mo. after starting (mean age 35 yr., 17 women, 1 man) and the 24 who worked a year or more (mean age, 45 yr., 22 women, 2 men), differed significantly on their scores on the Crumbaugh and Maholick Purpose in Life test and the Templer Death Anxiety Scale. The persisters scored higher on purpose in life and lower on death anxiety. These results should prove useful in the delineation of the characteristics of the good hospice worker as well as supplying a basis for developing more definitive selection procedures for hospice volunteers. Hospice programs are suggested as a source of cross-sectional samples of adults for gathering more data about these scales.
What Does it Take to Reduce Observer Bias?
Authors: Croxton Jack S. , Morrow Nancy
Published: September 2011

The strength of the observer bias in the attribution of attitudes is further demonstrated. Observers read an essay purportedly written by another student. Some were told that the writer freely chose the position taken in the essay, some were told that the writer was assigned the position taken, and some were told that the writer was required to write a counterattitudinal essay. Although perceived freedom for the essay writer was less and confidence in their judgements was less, observers still judged the writer's attitude to be congruent with the position taken in the essay even when told that the behavior was the opposite of the writer's true beliefs. The reasons for such an apparently illogical judgement are discussed.
Psychosocial Assessment on a Short-Stay Inpatient Psychiatric Unit
Authors: Erickson Richard C.
Published: September 2011

The Community Supports and Skills Checklist, used as a routine assessment device on a short-stay inpatient unit, is described and preliminary data reported. The checklist forms one basis for making a functional assessment of chronic psychiatric patients and for deciding on which cognitive-behavioral rehabilitation approaches to undertake.
Discrimination of Salivary Olfactants by Male Mesocricetus Auratus
Authors: Friedle Robert E. , Fischer Robert B.
Published: September 2011

Salivary secretions of rodents have been observed to play an important role during various developmental periods. The present study examined the nature of adult salivary olfactants in regard to behavioral interactions. The ability of 12 adult male hamsters to detect and respond differentially to salivary stimuli from dominant and submissive males and a diestrous female was assessed. Air-borne stimuli were injected into an open-field, free-choice arena. Male hamsters responded differentially to stimuli as a function of their relative dominant status. Dominants responded to the odors of other males, particularly dominants. Submissives showed no specific preference, though like the dominant animals discriminated conspecific saliva from a saline control. The specificity of responding by dominant versus submissive animals as well as the possible roles of saliva in rodent behavior is discussed.
Proactive Inhibition as a Result of Activation
Authors: Talasli Umur
Published: September 2011

A novel encoding hypothesis that explains proactive inhibition in the Brown-Peterson paradigm was developed and tested in three experiments. This hypothesis argues that initial recall on each trial activates a pool of associates and the encoding of the next trial occurs during such activation. The encoding is facilitated and leaves a weak long-term memory trace. Build-up and release of inhibition, as well as a number of other typical results, are parsimoniously accounted for by such a mechanism. In support of the hypothesis, Exps. 1 and 2 demonstrated significant accentuation of proactive inhibition with increased activation both in the presence and absence of inter-trial category relationship. Exp. 3 showed significant attenuation of proactive inhibition as activation decayed. Increase in latency of recall with increased activation was also noted.
Denial of Fear of Dying or of Death in Young and Elderly Populations
Authors: Westman Alida S. , Canter Francis M. , Boitos Theresa M.
Published: September 2011

255 college students and 71 elderly persons answered 12 items about either death or dying which pertained either to the general case and people in general, or to themselves. If it is assumed that expressing less fear when the item concerns oneself constitutes denial, evidence for denial was found only with fear of dying and only in the younger group. Further, experience with dying by itself did not account for the age difference; 116 nurses' aides in nursing homes also showed denial in their fear of dying.
Assertiveness as a Mediating Variable in Conformity to Confederates of High and Low Status
Authors: Williams John M.
Published: September 2011

40 men and 40 women, college students high and low in assertiveness, were exposed to an Asch-like conformity paradigm involving confederates of high and low status. The 40 highly assertive students conformed significantly less often than the 40 low in assertiveness to confederates of high and low status.
Associations among Alcoholism, Drug Abuse, and Antisocial Personality: A Review of Literature
Authors: Grande Thomas P. , Wolf Abraham W. , Schubert Daniel S. P. , Patterson Marian B. , Brocco Karen
Published: September 2011

Current practice through both diagnostic systems and clinical approaches tends to view alcoholism, drug abuse, and antisocial personality as completely distinct systems. In the course of research with other goals, the authors noted the apparent associations of each pair within this triad. As prior reviews of the literature on associations among these did not deal with implications of frequent association, this literature was re-evaluated with a more comprehensive assessment of the studies and reports bearing on these associations. After a broad search, studies were examined that reponed statistics indicating an association or none between one or more of the pairs of the triad. About 75% to 80% of the studies meeting the criteria showed positive associations between pairs. Also, a common etiological matrix may predispose one to behaviors diagnostic of each aspect of the triad: alcoholism, drug abuse, and antisocial personality. Although many studies contained methodological difficulties, the review suggests where diagnosis of one aspect is made, the other two should be suspected and the patient so evaluated.
Religious Affiliation and Manifest Hostility
Authors: Geist Charles R. , Daheim Cynthia M.
Published: September 2011

To determine the relationship among hostility, guilt, and religion, 167 subjects from introductory psychology courses were given the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory and a questionnaire establishing religious affiliation. Analysis indicated that Catholics expressed more verbal hostility than Protestants. Moreover, Catholic men were more resentful than Catholic women and exhibited greater indirect hostility and suspicion than Protestant men.
Attributional Reversal: Kelley's Cube, Consistency, and Repeated Measures
Authors: Fishbein Michael , Schwartz Steven
Published: September 2011

Treating attributional consistency as repeated measures, attributional reversals were produced when subjects were given a second opportunity to attribute to behavior whose duration exceeded appropriate time limits. Results are discussed in terms of the observer's expectancy of the actor's behavior and an extension of Kelley's (1967) analysis-of-variance formulation of attribution is offered.
On Attitude Change: Issue-Involvement and Demand Characteristics
Authors: Schul Ahuva , Knapp John R.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation examined the effects of level of involvement, demand characteristics (via a bogus pipeline procedure) and a persuasive communication on attitude change toward the issue of comprehensive exams for graduating seniors. 107 student participants were randomly assigned to one of eight (2 × 2 × 2) experimental conditions and attitudes were assessed prior to the experimental manipulation and afterwards. Over-all, participants who received a persuasive communication were more agreeable toward the issue than those who received no communication; however, the participants who were highly involved and tested under a bogus pipeline showed minimal change. The same conclusion was reached from an analysis of change scores between attitudes pre- and post-manipulation. The results suggested that demand characteristics may exert a more powerful influence on change in attitude than the level of involvement in the issue.
Jungian Typology of Prospective Psychodramatists: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Analysis of Applicants for Psychodrama Training
Authors: Buchanan Dale Richard , Bandy Carole
Published: September 2011

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator scores of 10 selected and 27 nonselected applicants to a year-long psychodrama training program were compared. As expected, self-selection was readily apparent in the applicants as 84% were intuitive rather than sensing types. 37 applicants as a group were more likely to be extraverted than introverted but equal numbers of extraverts and introverts were accepted to the program. As compared to Jacoby's scale of innovative versus conservative types, all 10 selected applicants were innovative. That spontaneity and creativity are regarded as essential to psychodrama is suggested by both the preponderance of innovative types among the applicants and the systematic exclusion of all the conservative types. The most prevalent type among trainees is extraverted, intuitive, feeling and perceiving. Further studies should be conducted to ascertain the predominant types of professional psychodramatists.
Locus of Control and Career Decidedness: Some Methodological Notes
Authors: Cellini James V. , Kantorowski Laura A.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation supports the idea that for 113 men and 177 women locus of control as measured by Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale is significantly related to career decidedness as measured by the Career Decision Scale of Osipow, Carney, Winer, Yanico, and Koschir. This relationship exists whether Rotter's normative data or new normative data are used.
Leadership Profiles as Determined by the 16 PF Scores of Honors College Students
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , Chauvin Jane C. , Trant Timothy J.
Published: September 2011

79 students enrolled in an Honors College curriculum were administered the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire to determine their leadership potential scores. Significant differences were found between individuals who actually held leadership positions and those who did not. Other studies using larger samples need to be undertaken to replicate this study.
Anxiety, Depression, and Hostility in Rural Women
Authors: Hertsgaard Doris , Light Harriett
Published: September 2011

760 randomly selected women residing on farms in a mid-western srate were administered the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List to explore factors affecting their depression, anxiety, and hostility scores. Anxiety scores were significantly correlated with hostility scores and with depression scores, as were hostility scores with depression scores. Factors that appeared to affect depression scores were presence and age of children in the home, church attendance, religious affiliation, involvement in decision making, contact with friends, and husbands' educational level. Anxiety scores appeared to be affected by presence and age of children, subjects' age, church attendance, religious affiliation, decision making and husbands' education. Hostility appeared to be affected by presence and age of children, subjects' age, decision making, contact with friends, and husbands' educational level.
Correlation of Moral Development with use of Birth Control and Pregnancy among Teenage Girls
Authors: Jurs Jan
Published: September 2011

Persons who are responsible for designing programs for teenage girls would be assisted by a relevant theory of moral development and decision making. A study of 75 teenage girls indicated no statistically significant differences in moral development when comparing pregnant and never pregnant girls, responsible and non-responsible birth control users, and those who chose to abort and those who continued the pregnancy. Significant differences in moral development were found between those who had taken a sex education course and those who had not.