bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small Intestinal Volvulus in 115 Horses: 1988–2000
Authors: Stephen Jennifer O. , Corley Kevin T.T. , Johnston Janet K. , Pfeiffer Dirk
Published: July 2004

Objective—To evaluate the historical data, signalment, clinical signs, results of laboratory analyses, treatment, and outcome of horses with small intestinal (SI) volvulus.

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Sample Population—One hundred and fifteen client‐owned horses, aged 1 month to 21 years.

Methods—Clinical signs, laboratory data, surgical or necropsy findings, and outcome for horses with SI volvulus were obtained from medical records, identified by computer search and manual review.

Results—There was no statistical difference in signalment between cases and the hospital population. Seventy‐four percent of horses were ≥3 years. There were considerable variations in clinical signs on admission; high heart rate and signs of severe pain were not consistent features. Examination per rectum identified distended small intestine in only 69% of horses. One hundred horses had surgery, and small intestine resection was performed in 25. Eighty‐four horses were recovered from surgery, and 67 horses survived to hospital discharge (80% of horses recovered from surgery, 58% of 115 horses). Forty‐eight percent that were ultimately discharged had a post‐operative complication and these horses had a longer average stay than horses with no complication (11 days versus 8.9 days).

Conclusions—We identified 115 horses with primary SI volvulus over a 12‐year period. We found that the population of horses with this lesion was older than has previously been reported and that the prognosis for post‐operative survival to hospital discharge is good (80%). Post‐operative complications were common, and affected approximately half the horses that were ultimately discharged from the hospital.

Clinical Relevance—This information may aid diagnosis and prognosis and guide decision making for horses with this condition.
Suboccipital Craniectomy, Dorsal Laminectomy of C1, Durotomy and Dural Graft Placement as a Treatment for Syringohydromyelia with Cerebellar Tonsil Herniation in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Authors: Vermeersch Katie , Van Ham Luc , Caemaert Jacques , Tshamala Mulenda , Taeymans Olivier , Bhatti Sofie , Polis Ingeborgh
Published: July 2004

Objective— To evaluate retrospectively the efficacy of the suboccipital craniectomy and dorsal laminectomy of C1 with durotomy and placement of a dural graft for treatment of syringohydromyelia (SHM) because of cerebellar tonsil herniation in Cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCS). This technique is used with great success in human medicine.

Study Design— Four CKCS diagnosed by Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of SHM because of cerebellar tonsil herniation and not responsive to medical therapy underwent a suboccipital craniectomy and dorsal laminectomy of C1 (2 dogs) and of C1 and partial C2 (2 dogs) with durotomy and placement of a dural graft. Three dogs were evaluated neurologically 24 hours, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively and evaluations were compared with preoperative neurological examination. Repeat MRI took place 3 months postoperatively.

Results—

Neurological examinations showed neither improvement nor progression of clinical signs 3 months postoperatively. MRI showed no regression of syrinx size 3 months postoperatively.

Conclusion— Improvement was not seen. Given the progressive nature of the disorder, evaluation over a longer period of time is necessary to detect if progression has stopped. Some modification to the surgical technique is needed to accomplish the same results as in human medicine. A study of a larger population is needed to attain more reliable information.

Clinical Relevance— Suboccipital craniectomy and dorsal laminectomy of C1 with durotomy and placement of a dural graft is a feasible technique in CKCS, but needs some modification to accomplish the same results as in human medicine.
Influence of Limb Positioning and Measurement Method on the Magnitude of the Tibial Plateau Angle
Authors: Reif Ullrich , Dejardin Loic M. , Probst Curtis W. , DeCamp Charlie E. , Flo Gretchen L. , Johnson Allen L.
Published: July 2004

Objective— To evaluate the effect of limb positioning and measurement technique on the magnitude of the radiographically determined tibial plateau angle (R‐TPA).

Study Design— In vitro study, R‐TPA was determined by 6 blinded observers and image measurement software.

Animals— Five canine cadaver hind limbs.

Methods— The legs were positioned on a custom‐made positioning device simulating a radiographic tabletop technique in lateral recumbency. True lateral positioning was defined by superimposition of femoral and tibial condyles on the radiographic projection. Radiographs were taken while the specimens were relocated in a proximal, distal, caudal, and cranial direction with respect to the radiographic beam. For each specimen, 25 different radiographic views were obtained and 6 blinded observers determined the radiographic TPA using 2 different methods. The conventional method used precise anatomic landmarks to determine the tibial plateau. To simulate osteoarthritic changes complicating identification of these landmarks, the tangential method estimated the tibial plateau as the tangent to the central portion of the tibial plateau. After periarticular soft tissue dissection the anatomic tibial plateau angle (A‐TPA) was determined. The A‐TPA and the R‐TPA were compared.

Results— The R‐TPA significantly decreased as limb position with respect to the X‐ray beam changed from cranial proximal to caudal distal. The maximal mean radiographic R‐TPA difference was 3.6° with the first and 5.7° with the second method. Regardless of the method used there was no significant difference between A‐TPA and R‐TPA in the true lateral position. In the peripheral positions, however, significant differences between anatomic and radiographic TPA were seen.

Conclusions— Limb positioning influenced the radiographic appearance of the tibial plateau and the magnitude of the measured TPA. Cranial and proximal positioning of the limb relative to the X‐ray beam leads to overestimation whereas caudal and distal positioning leads to underestimation of the TPA.

Clinical Relevance— True lateral positioning of the tibia defined by superimposition of the femoral and tibial condyles should be used for accurate TPA determination before tibial plateau leveling osteotomy.
Quantification of Staphylococcus aureus Adhesion to Equine Bone Surfaces Passivated with Plasmalyte™ and Hyperimmune Plasma
Authors: Bauer Sandra M. , Santschi Elizabeth M. , Fialkowski James , Clayton Murray K. , Proctor Richard A.
Published: July 2004

Objective— To quantify the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to 4 equine bone surfaces passivated in a balanced polyionic solution (Plasmalyte™) or hyperimmune equine plasma (Polymune plasma™).

Study Design— In vitro comparative study.

Sample Population— Third metacarpal bone (MC3) surface explants from 9 equine cadavers.

Methods— Approximately 1 cm2 sections of periosteum were removed from MC3 and stapled to sterile stainless steel screens. Three bone surface explants were cut using a surgical saw to present 1 cm2 surfaces of subperiosteal bone, cut cortical bone, or endosteum. Duplicate explants of each surface were immersed for 1 hour in Plasmalyte™ or hyperimmune equine plasma. Each explant was then placed in a well of a 6‐well sterile tissue culture plate with the surface of interest exposed. Each surface was inoculated with approximately 100 colony‐forming units of S. aureus in 10 μL of Mueller Hinton broth and incubated for 6 hours at 37°C. After gentle rinsing to remove non‐adherent bacteria, samples were sonicated for 5 minutes at 60 kHz to loosen adhered bacteria. The number of adherent bacteria was determined by serial dilutions and incubation of the sonicate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on samples identically treated from an additional horse to confirm bacterial removal by sonication from all surfaces and support quantitative culture results.

Results— Less S. aureus adhered to periosteum than to cortical bone, cut cortical bone, and endosteal surfaces, which were all similar. Exposure of all surfaces to hyperimmune plasma reduced S. aureus adherence compared with Plasmalyte™ exposure; SEM supported these conclusions.

Conclusion— Less bacteria adhere to periosteum than other bone surfaces. Hyperimmune plasma reduces bacterial adhesion to all bone tissue surfaces.

Clinical Relevance— Understanding the factors that affect bacterial adhesion to bone will facilitate development of improved intraoperative lavage solutions to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with postoperative infection.
Parainguinal Laparocystotomy for Urolith Removal in Geldings
Authors: Beard Warren
Published: July 2004

Objective—To describe parainguinal laparocystotomy for urolith removal and to report outcome.

Study Design—Prospective clinical study.

Animals—Ten geldings with uroliths.

Methods—Signalment, number, size, type of uroliths, surgical technique, and complications were recorded. Long‐term follow‐up was obtained by telephone interviews with the client and/or examination by the referring veterinarian.

Results—Cystic calculi, 3–9 cm in diameter, were removed by parainguinal laparocystotomy. Mean surgical time was 59 minutes (range, 40–100 minutes). With this approach, ligation of the pudendal or superficial epigastric vessels was not needed. Serous incisional drainage resolved without treatment in 3 horses and 2 horses developed moderate‐to‐severe incisional swelling. On long‐term follow‐up (mean, 52 months; range, 11–82 months) for 9 horses, owners reported no recurrence of clinical signs associated with cystic calculi.

Conclusions—Parainguinal laparotomy represents a satisfactory alternative approach to the apex of the bladder for urolith removal.

Clinical Relevance—Parainguinal laparocystotomy avoids the pudendal and superficial epigastric blood vessels that are encountered when performing median or paramedian laparocystotomy in geldings. This approach minimizes dead space by avoiding the reflection of the prepuce in paramedian or median approaches.
Arthroscopic Removal of Axial Osteochondral Fragments of the Proximoplantar Aspect of the Proximal Phalanx Using Electrocautery Probes in 23 Standardbred Racehorses
Authors: Simon Olivier , Laverty Sheila , Bouré Ludovic , Marcoux Marcel , O. Szöke Mihaly
Published: July 2004

Objectives—To describe the outcome after arthroscopic electrosurgical excision of axial osteochondral (OC) fragments of the proximal plantar aspect of the 1st phalanx (P1) in horses.

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Population—Twenty‐three Standardbred racehorses.

Methods—Medical records of Standardbred racehorses that had arthroscopic dissection of axial OC fragments of the proximal plantar aspect of P1 with electrocautery probes were reviewed. Horses were positioned in dorsal recumbency; a 1.5% glycine solution was used to maintain joint distension. The arthroscope portal was in the proximal plantar joint pouch and OC fragments were approached using either an ipsilateral or a contralateral triangulation technique. Dissection of the fibrous attachments was performed using loop and hook electrocautery probes. Follow‐up was obtained by telephone questionnaire of owners or trainers and examination of race summary records.

Results—Thirty‐three axial OC fragments were removed from 28 metatarsophalangeal joints (left, 14; right, 14). No major operative or postoperative complications occurred. Seven of 8 (79%) of horses that raced before surgery raced after surgery. Thirty‐six percent (n=4) of horses that had not raced before surgery raced after surgery.

Conclusion—Intra‐articular electrosurgery is a safe, easy alternative to conventional excision of axial OC fragments of the proximal plantar aspect of P1.

Clinical Relevance—Arthroscopic excision using electrocautery probes is a valid alternate method for removal of axial OC fragments of the proximal plantar aspect of P1. In addition, the dorsal recumbency position facilitates removal of several fragments and multiple joint surgery.
Partial Esophagectomy with Single Layer Closure for Treatment of Esophageal Sarcomas in 6 Dogs
Authors: Ranen Eyal , Shamir Merav H. , Shahar Ron , Johnston Dudley E.
Published: July 2004

Objective— To report partial esophagectomy (PE) as a treatment for esophageal sarcoma in dogs.

Study Design— Retrospective study (2000–2002).

Animals— Six dogs with caudal thoracic esophageal tumors.

Methods— Medical records of 6 dogs that had surgical removal of esophageal tumors were reviewed. Signalment, medical history, physical examination results, complete blood count, surgical procedure, tumor classification, postoperative treatment, and complications were retrieved.

Results— Esophageal masses were approached by thoracotomy and esophagotomy on the side opposite the mass, removed with 1 cm margins by full thickness excision, and the defects closed with a single layer of interrupted sutures. All dogs recovered rapidly without major complications. Tumors were fibrosarcoma (3 dogs), undifferentiated sarcoma (1), and osteosarcoma (2). Five dogs were administered doxorubicin chemotherapy after surgery. Good quality of life was observed postoperatively in 5 dogs until deterioration necessitated euthanasia; survival ranged from 2–16 months. The remaining dog was alive, 20 months after surgery.

Conclusions— Partial esophagectomy and closure using 1 suture layer, was an effective, simple, and safe technique for removal of sarcomas of the distal thoracic esophagus.

Clinical Relevance— Removal of esophageal masses by partial esophagectomy can be used reliably as a method of esophageal surgery.
No Shortcuts to the “End of History”
Authors: Gardels Nathan
Published: July 2004

Pondering all the failed revolutions throughout the Third World over the last 50 years, the literary journalist Ryszard Kapuscinsci once offered this summary the lesson of the 20th century: There are no short cuts in history. Using force to try to accelerate social progress and political change before its time will fail.
Microvolt T‐Wave Alternans as Predictor of Electrophysiological Testing Results in Professional Competitive Athletes
Authors: Furlanello Francesco , Galanti Giorgio , Manetti Paolo , Capalbo Andrea , Pucci Nicola , Michelucci Antonio , Marangoni Daniele , Terrasi Francesco , Pettinati Giacinto , Cappato Riccardo
Published: July 2004

Background: Several studies have confirmed the equivalence of the microvolt T‐wave alternans (mTWA) and the electrophysiology (EPS) tests in cardiac disease. No data are available in populations of competitive athletes with arrhythmias that might jeopardize the pursuit of their professional career.

Methods: We prospectively studied 100 trained competitive athletes, including elite types (72/100), (mean age ± standard deviation: 26.1 ± 4.5 years). Forty‐eight of them were wholly normal (Group A, mean age: 24.5 ± 8.5 years) and 52 of them had severe arrhythmias (Group B, mean age: 28.2 ± 11.5 years) and were symptomatic in 85% of cases for prolonged palpitations and syncope, but lacked any overt structural heart disease at standardized cardiological screening.

All athletes were evaluated with the microvolt T‐wave alternans exercise–stress test, using the Heart Wave System with Microvolt Sensors. Group B underwent EPS to evaluate inducibility to sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) during programmed electrical stimulation.

Results: In Group A, the mTWA outcome was determinate in 45 subjects (94%) and indeterminate in 3 (6%). No symptomatic event was reported in a follow‐up of 36.1 months. In Group B, the mTWA test was positive in 7 symptomatic subjects (15%), indeterminate in 3 (7%), and negative for the remaining 42 subjects (76%). Forty‐one of 42 negative mTWA subjects were also negative in the EPS test, without any syncope or sustained VT during 25.3 months of follow‐up. In the positive mTWA test subjects, 5 (72%) were positive for inducibility of rapid sustained monomorphic VT in EPS, 1 was positive for severe sustained atrial tachyarrhythmias, and 1 refused EPS. We were able to pronounce a correct diagnosis of lymphocytic myocarditis for only 1 mTWA and EPS‐positive subject. For the other 4 positive patients with arrhythmogenic micropathology, severe arrhythmic events were revealed in the follow‐up and aggressive hybrid treatment was necessary.

Conclusion: Microvolt‐TWA study seems to be a useful, noninvasive, and feasible tool for evaluating arrhythmic risk in the athletic population. The mTWA test showed a high negative predictive value, using both EPS and the follow‐up observation for severe arrhythmic cardiac events as an endpoint. The positive predictive value was present in a limited number of cases that were, however, subjects with a high risk of sudden arrhythmic death.
Sildenafil Citrate Does Not Alter Ventricular Repolarization Properties: Novel Evidence from Dynamic QT Analysis
Authors: Kaya Dayimi , Guler Cem , Esen Ali Metin , Barutcu Irfan , Dincel Cetin
Published: July 2004

Background: Sildenafil citrate may have direct cardiac electrophysiological effects, and is possibly responsible for some cardiac events. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of sildenafil citrate on QT dynamicity properties with a new QT analysis program showing even small changes in ventricular repolarization.

Methods: Twenty‐four‐hour Holter electrocardiographic recordings were used to obtain the data in the predrug phase (1‐hour rest position before drug administration), and in the postdrug phase (1‐hour rest position, which began 60 minutes after 50 mg oral sildenafil citrate administration). With the special QT analysis program (Verda, Reynolds Medical Ltd., UK); mean values of RR, QT, QTo (corrected QT), J (the exponent of correction formula) and S (QT/RR plots slope) parameters together with QT variability indexes (QTVI) were calculated for study phases.

Results: Mean ± SEM values for RR and QT were higher in postdrug phase than in predrug phase (RR: 845 ± 42 ms vs 816 ± 46 ms, P < 0.05; QT: 371 ± 8 ms vs 361 ± 9 ms, P < 0.05). However, sildenafil did not induce any significant change in mean ± SEM values for QTo, J, and S in postdrug phase compared with predrug phase (408 ± 10 ms vs 406 ± 8 ms, 0.474 ± 0.030 vs 0.433 ± 0.025, 0221 ± 0.020 vs 0.198 ± 0.017, respectively; P > 0.05). QTVIs were also not different in each phase (predrug: −0.874 ± 0.071 vs postdrug: −0.997 ± 0.067, P = 0.109).

Conclusions: Fifty milligrams sildenafil does not affect QT dynamicity properties. The cardiac events associated with sildenafil could not be explained with ventricular arrhythmias.
Temporal Analysis of the Depolarization Wave of Healed Myocardial Infarction in Body Surface Potential Mapping
Authors: Vesterinen Paula , Hänninen Helena , Karvonen Milla , Lauerma Kirsi , Holmström Miia , Mäkijärvi Markku , Väänänen Heikki , Nenonen Jukka , Katila Toivo , Toivonen Lauri
Published: July 2004

Background: We studied the ability of different time segments of the depolarization wave recorded with body surface potential mapping (BSPM) to detect and localize myocardial infarction (MI).

Methods: BSPM was recorded in 24 patients with remote MI and in 24 healthy controls. Cine and contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used as a reference method. Patients were grouped according to anatomical location of their MI. The QRS complex was divided into six temporally equal segments, for which time integrals were calculated.

Results: The time segments of the QRS complex showed different MI detection capability depending on MI location. For anterior infarction the second segment of the QRS complex was the best in MI detection and the optimal area was on the right inferior quadrant of the thorax (time integral average −1.5 ± 1.8 mVms patients, 1.0 ± 1.6 mVms controls, P = 0.002). For lateral infarction the first segment of the QRS complex performed best and the optimal area for MI detection was the left fourth intercostal area (time integral average 1.8 ± 1.0 mVms patients, 0.7 ± 0.5 mVms controls, P = 0.024). For inferior and posterior MI the mid‐phases of the QRS complex were the best and the optimal area was the mid‐inferior area of the thorax (time integral average −6.2 ± 8.3 mVms patients, 3.3 ± 4.3 mVms controls, P = 0.002; −9.1 ± 6.1 mVms patients, 0.6 ± 7.1 mVms controls, P = 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions: Time segment analysis of the depolarization wave offers potential for improving the detection and localization of healed MI.
Social and health adjustment of bulimic women 7–9 years following therapy
Authors: Jäger B. , Liedtke R. , Lamprecht F. , Freyberger H.
Published: July 2004

Objective:  To examine the long‐term social adaptation and long‐term follow‐up of bulimic women after therapy.

Method:  Eighty women with bulimia nervosa were investigated 7–9 years after the beginning of either conflict‐oriented in‐patient therapy or systemic out‐patient therapy. Data was gathered through interviews and patient questionnaires.

Results:  At the time of follow‐up, 28.9% still had DSM‐III‐R bulimia, 10.1% suffered from subthreshold bulimia or anorexia (EDNOS), 61.2% did not suffer from any DSM‐III‐R eating disorder. Compared with statistics on the normal population, the social adaptation of the women was quite good with regard to work, household and living conditions. Some dimensions representing probable aetiological factors (i.e. restrictions of intake, feelings of ineffectiveness) showed a delayed reaction to therapy.

Conclusion:  Long‐term outcome of bulimia nervosa may be expected to be moderately good. During therapy, greater attention should be paid to characteristics of the disorder less responsive to treatment.
Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in animals by real‐time polymerase chain reaction
Authors: HULÍNSKÁ DAGMAR , LANGROVÁ KATEŘINA , PEJČOCH MILAN , PAVLÁSEK IVAN
Published: July 2004

The aim of this study was to detect Anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild and domesticated animals and to identify the phylogenetic relationships of different strains of this bacterium. We adapted six published conventional methods targeting 16S fragments for real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Initial screening of samples from 419 animals found 37 Anaplasma positives, later confirmed with several different primers and a TaqMan probe. We also performed DNA quantification and melting curve analysis. The nucleic acid of Anaplasma sp. was detected in a higher percentage of cases in members of the deer family, hares, bank voles and mice (12.5∼15%) than in foxes, boars, cows, and horses (around 4∼6%). We also performed blood analysis of cows, horses, mice, and ticks removed from animals, evaluating the presence of antibodies against granulocytic Anaplasma sp. Finally, we subjected 11 randomly selected PCR amplified products to direct sequencing and we constructed the corresponding phylogenetic tree with respect to the Ehrlichia equi sequence, homologous to the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent. Mutual identity of the sequencing ranged from 99% to 100%.
Antibody response to the patient's own Haemophilus influenzae isolate can support the aetiology in lower respiratory tract infections
Authors: STRÅLIN KRISTOFFER , HOLMBERG HANS , OLCÉN PER
Published: July 2004

In order to understand the clinical importance of Haemophilus influenzae isolated from sputum samples, an indirect immunofluorescence (IF) assay was developed, using the patient's own isolate as the antigen. The method was tested on samples from six patients with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and H. influenzae isolated from blood (n=2), sputum (n=3) or both (n=1), and on two healthy adults with H. influenzae isolated from the nasopharynx. Between acute and convalescent sera, a four‐fold IgG antibody increase was achieved in five of six LRTI patients, including the three blood culture‐positive patients. One LRTI patient and the two asymptomatic carriers showed stable antibody levels against their own isolate. Although small, the study indicates that indirect IF can be a promising tool for determining whether a H. influenzae strain represents the probable cause of infection or just a strain colonising the airways. More extensive studies should be performed in order to establish the usefulness of the assay.
Study on the necessity for cross‐section imaging of the posterior mandible for treatment planning of standard cases in implant dentistry
Authors: Frei Christian , Buser Daniel , Dula Karl
Published: July 2004

Objective: To investigate whether cross‐section imaging influences the planning and therapy of standard implant cases in the posterior mandible.

Material and methods: In a prospective study conducted over 16 months, the planned treatment (standard implant therapy without bone augmentation procedures in the premolar and molar regions of the mandible) was compared with the postoperative result in 50 randomly selected patients. Clinical examinations and panoramic radiographs were performed pre‐ and postoperatively, whereas cross‐sectional tomography was performed only preoperatively.

Results: The vertical magnification factor in the panoramic radiographs was very constant pre‐ and postoperatively with 1 : 1.27 and in the spiral tomograms with 1 : 1.52. In 11 of 77 implant sites, the mandibular canal could not be evaluated in the spiral tomograms. The additional information from cross‐sectional spiral tomography did not influence the original planning in 74 of 77 (96.1%) implant sites. Based on the postoperative panoramic radiograph, the average distance from the tip of the implants to the mandibular canal was 3.04±2.06 mm. In two cases (2.6%), transient postoperative altered tactile sensation of the mental nerve was found.

Conclusion: The information from preoperative cross‐sectional spiral tomography has minor impact on treatment planning in standard implant cases in mandibular premolar and molar regions. The clinical examination provides sufficient information for selecting implant diameter and the panoramic radiograph provides sufficient information for implant length selection.
Biocompatibility of various collagen membranes in cultures of human PDL fibroblasts and human osteoblast‐like cells
Authors: Rothamel Daniel , Schwarz Frank , Sculean Anton , Herten Monika , Scherbaum Werner , Becker Jürgen
Published: July 2004

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of differently cross‐linked collagen membranes in cultures of human PDL fibroblasts and human osteoblast‐like cells. Four collagen membranes [BioGide® (BG), BioMend® (BM), Ossix® (OS) and TutoDent® (TD)] were tested. Cells plated on culture dishes (CD) served as positive controls. Six specimens of each membrane were incubated with (1) human PDL fibroblasts [2 × 104 cells] (n=24), and (2) human osteoblast‐like cells (SaOs‐2) [2 × 104 cells] (n=24) under standardized conditions. After 7 days, adherent cells were stained with hematoxylin and counted using a reflected light microscope and the cell density per square millimeter was calculated. Additionally, cell morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cell counts were presented as means and standard deviations (cells/mm2) and analyzed for statistical difference using the Wilcoxon test: (1) CD (434±76)>BG (64±19)=OS (61±8)>TD (44±4)>BM (12±5); (2) CD (453±92)>BG (94±46)=TD (84±49)>OS (41±23)>BM (0). SEM examination revealed that PDL fibroblasts adherent on BG, TD and OS appeared spindle‐shaped and flat, like cells on CD. SaOs‐2 osteoblasts adherent on CD were star shaped and flat, but mostly round in shape on BG, OS and TD. BM appeared to be incompatible with the attachment and proliferation of SaOs‐2 cells; however, a few PDL fibroblasts were found in a round shape. Within the limits of the present study, it was concluded that (i) BG, TD and OS promoted, and (ii) BM inhibited the attachment and proliferation of human PDL fibroblasts and human SaOs‐2 osteoblasts.
Influence of implant taper on the primary and secondary stability of osseointegrated titanium implants
Authors: O'Sullivan Dominic , Sennerby Lars , Meredith Neil
Published: July 2004

Objectives: The study presented was designed to analyse the mechanical performance and the primary and secondary stability characteristics of endosseous titanium implants with 1° (EXP1) and 2° (EXP2) of taper when compared with the standard Brånemark design (Nobel Biocare AB, Gothenburg, Sweden).

Materials and methods: One pair of 10 mm EXP1 and control implants were placed in the femoral condyles of six rabbits. Paired 6 mm EXP1 and control implants and 6 mm EXP2 and control implants were placed in the tibial metaphysis. The control implants used were 4 mm diameter standard Brånemark implants, the same length as the test implants. At placement, insertion torque (IT) and resonance frequency analysis (RFA) measurements were performed. Six weeks postoperatively when the animals were killed, RFA and removal torque (RT) measurements were made.

Results: At placement, significantly higher IT was needed to insert the EXP implants compared with the controls. RFA values were significantly higher for EXP1 implants placed in the tibia but not in the femur. In pooling data from the femur and tibia there was a significant difference. The EXP2 implants failed to insert fully and demonstrated a lower RFA value than may have been expected due to the exposed threads, although this difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions: The results from the present study showed that 1° of taper results in a better primary stability compared with the standard Brånemark design. There was no evidence that the tapered design caused negative bone tissue reactions. All the implants gained in stability during the healing period.
Rapidly progressive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma with initial clinical presentation mimicking seronegative Wegener's granulomatosis
Authors: Cohen Yossi , Amir Gail , Schibi Ginette , Amariglio Ninette , Polliack Aaron
Published: July 2004

Abstract:  Here we present a 40‐yr‐old male patient with an aggressive B‐cell lymphoma, who presented 2 yr earlier with polyarthritis, and was responsive to steroids and oral methotrexate. Thereafter he developed skin and lung lesions which on biopsy consisted of mixed ‘inflammatory’ infiltrates with granulomatous vasculitis. A diagnosis of seronegative Wegener's granulomatosis was made and the patient received a combination of prednisone and cyclophosphamide with clinical improvement and clearance of the radiological lesions in the lungs. The patient was now completely asymptomatic for 1 yr, but then generalized lymphadenopathy appeared, which was shown by histopathology to be large B‐cell lymphoma, also involving the bone marrow. Despite intensive chemotherapy, his disease could not be controlled because of primary chemoresistance, which was perhaps in some way related to exposure to the suboptimal doses of chemotherapy given during the ‘inflammatory’ period before the diagnosis of lymphoma was established. This case illustrates the occasional difficulty in distinguishing between extranodal lymphoproliferative diseases and autoimmune disorders especially when clonality cannot be proved. It also shows the possible risk of ‘masking’ a true lymphoma by treating non‐malignant diseases with immunosuppressive agents, which may eventually contribute to the development of chemoresistant lymphoma.
Macrophages in spleen and liver direct the migration pattern of rat neutrophils during inflammation
Authors: Knudsen E. , Benestad H. B. , Seierstad T. , Iversen P. O.
Published: July 2004

Abstract: Objective: The exact fate of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes (PMN; neutrophils) after their mobilization from the bone marrow is not known. It is believed that they, after a relatively short lifespan (1–3 d), become apoptotic and phagocytosed by macrophages. We have recently shown that transfused neutrophils sequestrate not only in lungs, liver and spleen, but also to a large extent in the bone marrow, possibly because of uptake by macrophages. Hence, we studied if inactivation of macrophages would alter the pattern of neutrophil migration.Methods: We used transfused congenic or syngeneic neutrophils in rats with or without sterile peritonitis, induced by a casein preparation (Bacto‐Tryptone). To perturb macrophage function, we either killed them with liposome‐encapsulated clodronate or overloaded them with inert phagocytosable particles. Transfused neutrophils were tracked with flow cytometric or radiometric methods.Results: Not more than a small portion of the neutrophils migrated to the inflamed peritoneal cavity under any circumstance. Their ecotaxis to liver and spleen was reduced in rats with liver and spleen macrophages either congested with polystyrene particles or depleted by clodronate. The bone marrow uptake and blood retention of transfused neutrophils were increased in macrophage‐depleted rats 18 h after transfusion. In rats depleted of liver macrophages only, the sequestration in the liver was reduced, without detectably changed uptake in bone marrow and spleen.Conclusion: Macrophages are instrumental to the neutrophil migration stream in the organism, and their function in this regard is robust and not easily decreased by inert phagocytosable particles or a killing agent.
Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia following chlorambucil treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Kalambokis Georgios , Stefanou Dimitrios , Arkoumani Evdokia , Tsianos Epameinondas
Published: July 2004

Abstract:  A 70‐yr‐old man developed cough, chest pain, hemoptysis and a pulmonary infiltrate shortly after initiation of treatment with chlorambucil for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Chlorambucil was discontinued and an open lung procedure was performed with complete excision of the pulmonary lesion. The biopsy specimens showed histological alteration consistent with the diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP). There was no evidence of other known causes usually associated with BOOP. The patient recovered completely after surgery. This report suggests that BOOP must be considered in the differential diagnosis of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary infiltrates in patients treated with chlorambucil.
White monkey syndrome in infant baboons (Papio species)
Authors: Frost P.A. , Hubbard G.B. , Dammann M.J. , Snider C.L. , Moore C.M. , Hodara V.L. , Giavedoni L.D. , Rohwer R. , Mahaney M.C. , Butler T.M. , Cummins L.B. , McDonald T.J. , Nathanielsz P.W. , Schlabritz‐Loutsevitch N.E.
Published: July 2004

Abstract:  Over 23 months, zinc toxicosis was diagnosed in 35 baboons aged 5–12 months in one galvanized metal and concrete cage complex with conditions that led to excessive exposure to environmental zinc. Clinical signs included reduced pigmentation of hair, skin, and mucous membranes (whiteness), alopecia, dehydration, emaciation, cachexia, dermatitis, diarrhea and, in six cases, severe gangrenous dermatitis of extremities. The syndrome was characterized by pancytopenia, elevated zinc and low copper serum concentrations, low vitamin D and bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase levels, and atypical myelomonocytic proliferation of bone marrow. This syndrome emphasizes the importance of proper husbandry and cage design and indicates the potential of infant baboons as a model to study the effects of excessive zinc on development. This is the first report describing the epidemiologic and clinical presentation of zinc toxicosis in infant baboons in captivity.
Infected immature teeth treated with surgical endodontic treatment and root‐reinforcing technique with glass ionomer cement
Authors: Duprez Jean‐Pierre , Bouvier Dominique , Bittar Elias
Published: July 2004

Abstract –  The authors propose surgical endodontic treatment of immature teeth characterized by necrosis and infection, especially after failure of apexification or in the presence of older, fibrous, and extensive lesion. A glass ionomer cement, autopolymerizable and condensable, is used as retro‐filling material and as a reinforcement material for the canal walls. The variety of different cases presented here show that this rapid technique is reliable and reproducible.
Nigerian dentists' knowledge and attitudes towards mouthguard protection
Authors: Onyeaso C. O. , Arowojolu M. O. , Okoje V. N.
Published: July 2004

Abstract –  The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitudes of Nigerian dentists towards mouthguard protection. A pre‐tested 15‐item, one‐page questionnaire was distributed to 185 dentists practising in different parts of the country with government hospitals or private establishments, by ‘hand‐delivery’ system. Filled and returned forms were 170 (response rate of 92%). The period of the survey was between April and August 2003. Dental graduates from the different dental schools in the country responded to this survey. About 49% of the respondents indicated having only classroom lectures on mouthguards during their undergraduate trainings, 11% said they had some laboratory sessions in addition while no form of education on mouthguards was received by 40%. About 82% had never recommended mouthguard protection for athletic patients, and the major reason was no formal training in the subject. Only 58.5% were familiar with the different types of mouthguards, 75.9% would not be able to supervise or fabricate mouthguards and 50.6% would prefer custom‐made mouthguard for their athletic patients. About 84% felt the current training on mouthguards in Nigerian dental schools is inadequate. Over 98% agreed that mouthguard usage in contact sports should be encouraged with the involvement of the dentists. The knowledge and attitudes of the respondents towards mouthguard protection did not vary significantly across years of postqualification from dental schools as well as the professional status of the dentists (P > 0.05). Although Nigerian dentists support mouthguard protection in contact sports and want to be involved in the provision of mouthguards for athletes, their knowledge of the protective device is inadequate. There is need for attention to be given to this subject in the undergraduate curricula of our dental schools.
Healing of 400 intra‐alveolar root fractures. 2. Effect of treatment factors such as treatment delay, repositioning, splinting type and period and antibiotics
Authors: Andreasen J. O. , Andreasen F. M. , Mejàre I. , Cvek M.
Published: July 2004

Abstract –  This is the second part of a retrospective study of 400 root‐fractured permanent incisors. In this article, the effect of various treatment procedures is analyzed. Treatment delay, i.e. treatment later than 24 h after injury, did not change the root fracture healing pattern, healing with hard tissue between fragments (HH1), interposition of bone and/or periodontal ligament (PDL) or pulp necrosis (NEC). When initial displacement did not exceed 1 mm, optimal repositioning appeared to significantly enhance both the likelihood of pulpal healing and hard tissue repair (HH1). Significant differences in healing were found among the different splinting techniques. The lowest frequency of healing was found with cap splints and the highest with fiberglass or Kevlar® splints. The latter splinting procedure showed almost the same healing result as non‐splinting. Comparison between non‐splinting and splinting for non‐displaced teeth was found to reveal no benefit from splinting. With respect to root fractures with displacement, too few cases were available for analysis. No beneficial effect of splinting periods greater than 4 weeks could be demonstrated. The administration of antibiotics had the paradoxical effect of promoting both HH1 and NEC. No explanation could be found. It was concluded that, optimal repositioning seems to favor healing. Furthermore, the chosen splinting method appears to be related to healing of root fractures, with a preference to pulp healing and healing fusion of fragments to a certain flexibility of the splint and possibly also non‐traumatogenic splint application. Splinting for more than 4 weeks was not found to influence the healing pattern. A certain treatment delay (a few days) appears not to result in inferior healing. The role of antibiotics upon fracture healing is questionable.
Healing of 400 intra‐alveolar root fractures. 1. Effect of pre‐injury and injury factors such as sex, age, stage of root development, fracture type, location of fracture and severity of dislocation
Authors: Andreasen J. O. , Andreasen F. M. , Mejàre I. , Cvek M.
Published: July 2004

Abstract –  This retrospective study consisted of 400 root‐fractured, splinted or non‐splinted incisors in young individuals aged 7–17 years (mean = 11.5 ± 2.7 SD) who were treated in the period 1959–1995 at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Eastman Dental Institute, Stockholm. Four hundred of these root fractures were diagnosed at the time of injury; and 344 teeth were splinted with either cap‐splints, orthodontic appliances, bonded metal wires, proximal bonding with composite resin or bonding with a Kevlar® or glass fiber splint. In 56 teeth, no splinting was carried out for various reasons. In the present study, only pre‐injury and injury factors were analyzed. In a second study, treatment variables will be analyzed. The average observation period was 3.1 years ± 2.6 SD. The clinical and radiographic findings showed that 120 teeth out of 400 teeth (30%) had healed by hard tissue fusion of the fragments. Interposition of periodontal ligament (PDL) and bone between fragments was found in 22 teeth (5%), whereas interposition of PDL alone was found in 170 teeth (43%). Finally, non‐healing, with pulp necrosis and inflammatory changes between fragments, was seen in 88 teeth (22%). In a univariate and multivariate stratified analysis, a series of clinical factors were analyzed for their relation to the healing outcome with respect to pulp healing vs. pulp necrosis and type of healing (hard tissue vs. interposition of bone and/or PDL or pulp necrosis). Young age, immature root formation and positive pulp sensibility at the time of injury were found to be significantly and positively related to both pulpal healing and hard tissue repair of the fracture. The same applied to concussion or subluxation (i.e. no displacement) of the coronal fragment compared to extrusion or lateral luxation (i.e. displacement). Furthermore, no mobility vs. mobility of the coronal fragment. Healing was progressively worsened with increased millimeter diastasis between fragments. Sex was a significant factor, as girls showed more frequent hard tissue healing than boys. This relationship could possibly be explained by the fact that girls experienced trauma at an earlier age (i.e. with more immature root formation) and their traumas were of a less severe nature. Thus, the pre‐injury or injury factors which had the greatest influence upon healing (i.e. whether hard tissue fusion or pulp necrosis) were: age, stage of root development (i.e. the size of the pulpal lumen at the fracture site) and mobility of the coronal fragment, dislocation of the coronal fragment and diastasis between fragments (i.e. rupture or stretching of the pulp at the fracture site).
The contribution of three strong candidate schizophrenia susceptibility genes in demographically distinct populations
Authors: Hall D. , Gogos J. A. , Karayiorgou M.
Published: July 2004

Here we characterize and compare the contribution of three recently identified strong candidate schizophrenia susceptibility genes; G72, neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and dystrobrevin‐binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) in two independent datasets of patients with distinct genetic backgrounds. On the basis of corrected P‐values from single‐ and multilocus transmission distortion tests our analysis provides no support for a contribution of G72, NRG1 or DTNBP1 in the tested samples. When transmission of individual haplotypes was considered, a picture more consistent with the original studies emerged, where transmission distortions in the same direction as the original samples and involving the same core haplotypes were observed for G72 and NRG1. Interestingly, whereas the NRG1 gene analysis was dominated by the presence of over‐transmitted haplotypes, the G72 gene analysis was consistently dominated in both datasets by under‐transmissions. Negative transmissions involved a core haplotype complementary to the originally detected over‐transmitted haplotype, suggesting the presence of a protective variant within the G72 locus.
Comparison of Patient Questionnaires and Plasma Assays in Intentional Drug Overdoses
Authors: Matsika Marcelle‐Diane , Tournier Marie , Lagnaoui Rajaa , Pehourcq Fabienne , Molimard Mathieu , Bégaud Bernard , Verdoux Hélène , Moore Nicholas
Published: July 2004

Abstract: Our aim was to explore the agreement between clinically collected information on purported drug intake and plasma data in intentional drug overdose. We included all subjects with intentional drug overdose above 15 years of age consecutively admitted to the Emergency Department of the University Hospital during 4 months. Information about drugs used and sources of this information was collected and compared to presence of drug in plasma, concerning four drugs with high toxic potential (tricyclic antidepressants, meprobamate, paracetamol and ethanol). Sensitivity, specificity, predictive positive and negative values of all sources of information pooled were assessed for each drug. 413 intentional drug overdoses were included, 66% with more than one drug. According to clinical information, 8% took tricyclic antidepressants, 11% meprobamate, 9% paracetamol and 41% ethanol. Systematic plasma assays confirmed this in 59% of cases for tricyclic antidepressants, 76% for meprobamate and ethanol, and 77% for paracetamol. Plasma concentrations were considered toxic in 28% of cases for tricyclic antidepressants, 65% for meprobamate, 43% for ethanol and never for paracetamol. Tricyclic antidepressants and meprobamate were found unexpectedly in 3%, paracetamol in 7% and ethanol in 6%. Toxic concentrations were found only with meprobamate. The risk of erroneous, clinically collected information was greater by excess (25 to 40% false positives) than by lack (3 to 7% false negatives). Thus, the consequences of erroneous, clinically collected information were probably more excess cost for the institution than medical risk for the patients. However these results found at the population level may not be true at an individual level.
Human Skeletal Muscle Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity in the Presence of Some Alcohol Dehydrogenase Inhibitors
Authors: Dudka Jaroslaw , Burdan Franciszek , Korobowicz Agnieszka , Klepacz Robert , Korobowicz Elzbieta
Published: July 2004

Abstract: Methanol, ethylene glycol and other alcohol intoxications are complicated by severe acidosis which could be caused by formation of metabolic acids and additionally lactic acid production. An increasing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized (NADH/NAD) ratio during alcohol biotransformation is responsible for the induction of lactic acidosis. The main purpose of the present paper was to evaluate the effect of 4‐methylpyrazole, cimetidine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, ethanol and methanol on lactate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.27) activity and to discuss this issue. The activity of the enzyme was determined spectrophotometrically, in vitro using human enzyme skeletal muscle homogenates. 4‐Methylpyrazole, cimetidine and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt at concentrations 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 mM and 12.5, 25.0, 50.0 mM of ethanol and methanol were studied. Our results showed that cimetidine increased lactate dehydrogenase activity as compared to the control at all tested concentrations. Such activity was noted for 4‐methylpyrazole at 0.1 mM and higher concentration. By contrast, no significant effect on lactate dehydrogenase activity in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, methanol and ethanol was observed.