bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Economic Impacts of Aging in Canada: Macroeconomic Indicators and Policy Implications
Authors: Foot David K.
Published: November 2010

The declining rate of population growth and the consequent aging of the Canadian population is not a new phenomenon. However, current data and population projections suggest that the rate of aging will increase over the remainder of this century and beyond. From a macroeconomic viewpoint this implies a substantial decline in the growth of the labour force and, hence, the growth potential of the Canadian economy. However, this potential is also influenced by saving (and hence capital accumulation) and productivity performance. In these cases the impacts of population aging are relatively under-researched and reflect the resolution of conflicting forces. From a public policy viewpoint the pressures on government spending from demographic sources are at an historical minimum in the early 1980s, and hence this period offers a unique opportunity to develop the policies to effect the necessary transfer of public resources from programmes oriented towards the young to those oriented towards the senior members of Canadian society.
Fidélité de la traduction française de trois instruments d'évaluation des aidants naturels de malades déments
Authors: Hébert Réjean , Bravo Gina , Girouard Diane
Published: November 2010

Caregivers of demented patients are under significant stress along with physical, psychological or social problems. Standardized and validated instruments are required for measuring consequences of caregiving or efficacy of support interventions. Reliability of French translation of these instruments has to be verified in order to confirm their psychometric properties. The goal of the present study is to assess reliability of the French translation of three instruments designed for evaluation of caregivers of demented patients. The Zarit's Burden Interview (BI) is a 22-items scale measuring the subjective burden of the caregiver. The Revised Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist (RMBPC), a 53 item scale, measures frequency of memory and behaviour problems of demented patients and the caregiver's reaction to these problems, which is another mean of burden assessment. The Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Test (ADKT) assesses knowledge of caregivers about demented diseases and resources available using 20 multiple choice questions. A reliability study was conducted on a sample of 40 caregivers. The caregivers were questioned twice, the second time after one (N = 26) or eight (N = 14) weeks. The BI internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) yielded a coefficient of 0.85 and test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient) was 0.89. The RMBPC's Cronbach Alpha was 0.93 for frequency and 0.94 for reaction. Intra-class correlation coefficients were 0.77 (frequency) and 0.90 (reaction) for RMBPC and 0.71 for ADKT.
Canadian Social Welfare System Goals Seen in an American Frame of Reference - T.R. Marmor, J.L. Mashaw, P.L. Harvey. America's Misunderstood Welfare State. New York: Basic Books, 1990.
Authors: Birch Stephen
Published: November 2010

Dans l'ouvrage intitulé « America's Misunderstood Welfare State, » Marmor et ses collègues fournissent une évaluation objective des réalisations et des échecs des programmes de sécurité sociale aux États-Unis. Un cadre de recherche a été élaboré et utilisé afin de mieux comprendre la raison pour laquelle la pertinence de ces programmes ne correspond pas vraiment à la réalité. Les auteurs conviennent que la sécurité sociale ressemble à un « amalgame de programmes » qui diffire dans ces buts et ses moyens, mais que cette situation reflète fidèlement les besoins de la population en général, besoins qui portent principalement sur ce que les auteurs nomment un mécanisme d'assurance-possibilité qui a pour but de permettre aux personnes d'être financièrement indépendantes et d'offrir un filet de sécurité « résiduel » aux personnes qui ont laissé passer cette occasion. La diminution de la pauvrété n'a jamais constitué l'objectif sous-jacent de l'État Providence. Par conséquent, la persistence d'un taux de pauvreté important n'est pas une conséquence de l'échec des programmes actuels, mais plutôt une évidence d'un manque de volonté de la part de la population ainsi que de la capacité des programmes législatifs à atteindre cet objectif. Le cadre de la recherce offre une vision éclairée ert efficace concernant les politiques sociales et constitue un ouvrage pratique pour l'analyse des débats actuels au Canada entourant l'avenir des programmes sociaux et des questions entourant l'universalité des programmes.
Outcome Measures for Use with Home Care Clients
Authors: Morris John N. , Carpenter Iain , Berg Katherine , Jones Richard N.
Published: November 2010

Avant les années 1990, la plupart des recherches portant sur l'évaluation des résultats des programmes de soins à domicile, notamment sur les efforts pour retarder le placement, maintenir le fonctionnement et assurer l'autonomie des aîné(e)s, ne reposaient pas sur des fondements théoriques. Les résultats attendus des programmes étaient rarement mentionnés. L'élaboration de nouvelles politiques exige maintenant une évaluation complète des besoins et une agrégation des données recueillies. Depuis qu'un nombre croissant de patients quittent l'hôpital avec des problèmes cliniques complexes et que les objectifs de réhabilitation deviennent plus étendus, on assiste à une explosion des services de soins à domicile. Les modèles de soins sociaux, bien que toujours en cours, ne constituent désormais qu'une mince part du marché des soins offerts à domicile. Dans cet environnement en mutation, la pertinence des programmes de soins dans les établissements ou des autres soins dispensés suite à une maladie grave soulève de nouvelles interrogations. On s'interroge également sur les déplacements des clients entre les diverses installations de soins suite à des maladies graves. Cet article décrit un ensemble de mesures fonctionnelles, comportementales et sociales proposées en lien avec l'évaluation des effets des programmes de soins faisant suite à une longue maladie. L'instrument normalisé de collecte de données utilisé est le Resident Assessment Instrument for Home Care (RAI-HC). L'article présente un résumé des mesures proposées et témoigne de la validité de groupes identifiés à partir d'un échantillon national des clients de soins à domicile. Les données soulignent les différentes caractéristiques des clients entre les organismes et attestent que le RAI-HC permet de recueillir des données fiables et valides pour décrire les populations et évaluer l'efficacité des programmes.
Le veuvage chez les hommes et les femmes âgés, une étude exploratoire des significations et des stratégies adaptatives
Authors: Ducharme Francine , Corin Ellen
Published: November 2010

L'objectif principal de cette étude exploratoire était de mettre au point, à partir d'un devis qualitatif inspiré de la méthode ethnographique, une approche de recherche facilitant la compréhension de l'expérience du veuvage et le choix des stratégies adaptatives utilisées suite à la perte du conjoint chez les hommes et les femmes âgés. Des entrevues de type ethnographique ont été réalisées au domicile d'informateurs-clés a l'aide d'un guide semi-dirigé élaboré à partir d'un cadre conceptuel inspiré d'un modèle de gestion du stress. Les entrevues ont été enregistrées, le verbatim retranscrit, et les données ont été codées par deux juges indépendants à partir du cadre conceptuel de l'étude ainsi que des nouvelles catégories générées au moment de l'analyse. Les resultats montrent que la signification du veuvage et le choix des stratégies adaptatives sont influencés par des facteurs personnels reliés à la trajectoire de vie, à la centralité du conjoint et à une perception d'auto-efficacité; des facteurs contextuels tels les standards normatifs et les valeurs culturelles qualifient de fagon différentielle le veuvage des hommes et des femmes. Parmi les stratégies adaptatives utilisées, le recours au soutien social paraît tributaire de caractéristiques qualitatives telles la réciprocité et la fiabilité des sources d'aide. L'approche développée dans le cadre de ce projet permet une meilleure compréhension des facteurs contextuels qui expliquent la variabilité des réactions que développent, sur le plan de la santé mentale, les personnes âgées confrontées à la perte de leur conjoint ainsi qu'à d'autres stresseurs de leur vie quotidienne.
Bridging Contested Terrain: Chaos or Prelude to a Theory
Authors: Hendricks Jon
Published: November 2010

Les structures explicatives en gérontologie sociale semblent souvent représenter des variations d'un thème. Quel que soit le sous-type, la linéarité, l'ordinalité, et l'universalité sont présumées. Cette discussion met en valeur un autre modèle, une exploration de l'utilité d'une nouvelle logique transformative liée à la théorie du chaos et à des perspectives connexes. Comme métaphore, la théorie du chaos permet aux gérontologues de s'interroger sur tout changement contextualisé et sur les dimensions non-linéaires du processus de vieillissement.
Financial Compensation or Home Help Services: Examining Differences among Program Recipients
Authors: Keefe Janice M. , Fancey Pamela
Published: November 2010

L'octroi d'une compensation financière aux membres de la famille qui assurent des soins à des parents âgés a fait l'objet de fréquents débats au Canada, mais n'a été implanté qu'en de très rares occasions. L'une de ces exceptions est le Nova Scotia Home Life Support Program, qui accorde une compensation financière aux personnes qui doivent s'occuper d'un parent âgé. La présente étude explore les différences entre les soignants qui bénéficient de services officiels, soit une compensation financière ou des services de soutien à domicile. Les soignants rémunérés sont dans la plupart des cas des jeunes femmes qui habitent hors des zones urbaines et qui résident avec la personne qui reçoit les soins. Comparativement aux soignants qui reçoivent des services d'aide à domicile, les soignants rémunérés signalent une atténuation de leurs inquiétudes de nature économique, mais sont engagés plus à fond dans les soins prodigués et ont une charge plus élevée quant au temps consacré aux soins. Avant d'implanter des programmes de compensation financière pour les soignants, il faudra done procéder à des études portant expressément sur l'impact de ces programmes sur les soignants.
La performance des automobilistes âgés dans les situations de conduite difficile
Authors: Lefrançois Richard , D'Amours Monia
Published: November 2010

This case study examines the exposure risk of Quebec drivers aged 68 and over in five different difficult driving situations. 307 cases were identified based on driving performance (three or more accidents or traffic violations over a 3-year period) and paired on a 2:1 basis according to age, sex and area (urban/rural) with a random-selected control group (clean driving record). The response rate to this mail survey was 60 per cent. Assumptions were validated using the logistic regression method. Results show that as drivers get older, they gradually give up driving in risky situations; regardless of age, the number of drivers who stop driving in difficult conditions is proportionally higher in the control group. On the other hand, vulnerability would seem to increase with the exposure level. The analysis also shows that rural drivers are more vulnerable than urban drivers, regardless of exposure factors. Finally, the perception of health would seem to have little impact on the elderly drivers' performance.
Reasons Why Canadian Seniors Volunteer
Authors: Chappell Neena L. , Prince Michael J.
Published: November 2010

Bien que le bénévolat prenne de plus en plus d'importance à mesure que les gouvernements resserrent les cordons de la bourse, il demeure un secteur dans lequel peu de recherches ont été effectuées. À partir des données de l'Enquéte sur le bénévolat, réalisé au Canada en 1987, les auteurs examinent le type et les motifs d'activité bénévole chez les aînés au Canada. Ils comparent également ces données avec les types d'activités bénévoles et les motifs donnés chez les jeunes adultes, et examinent les prédicteurs des différents types de motifs. Les données révèlent que les aînés sont moins portés à s'adonner au bénévolat par intérêt personnel, mais qu'ils le font davantage par sentiment d'obligation ou de conscience sociale que ce n'est le cas chez les jeunes adultes. Par ailleurs, les motifs d'engagement bénévole sont directement reliés au type d'activité bénévole pratiqué. Ceux qui pratiquent le bénévolat par sentiment d'obligation ou par conscience sociale, plutôt que par intérêt personnel (c.-à.-d. les aînés) sont davantage portés sur la fourniture de services. Les motifs d'action bénévole sont également liés à la satisfaction tirée de l'expérience.
Vieillir au Nouveau-Brunswick. Égalité, Revue acadienne d'Analyse Politique. 1989, 25: No. Spécial, pp. 163.
Authors: Tremblay Daniel
Published: November 2010

Égalité is an Acadian journal which specializes in political analysis. The theme of this particular issue is “Vieillir au Nouveau-Brunswick”. The publication contains seven research articles and a commentary on issues relating to aging. The authors touch on a variety of important topics such as demography, pensions, health, utilization of drugs, political behaviour, status of women, etc. All those interested in demographic aging and its impact on Canadian society would benefit greatly from reading this issue. Indeed, the facts compiled for these articles can, for the most part, be transposed to other provincial or regional contexts.
La recherche en gérontologie sociale au Québec: une originalité obscure ou une obscurité méritée?
Authors: Béland Françoise
Published: November 2010

Les bilans sur la recherche en gérontologie sociale au Québec sont déjà nombreux. Cette nécessité de revenir constamment sur soi est un indice de l'incertitude qui règne chez les chercheurs en gérontologie sociale au Québec. Quoique les activités de recherche aient été nombreuses au cours de ces dernières années et que la recherche en gérontologie sociale possède quelques-unes des caractéristiques d'une activité scientifique institutionnalisée, l'expérience des centres de recherche en gérontologie n'a pas toujours été des plus heureuses, les chercheurs n'ont pas de lieu de travail bien défini et les publications scientifiques sortent à peine du Québec. Pourtant, de nombreux travaux de recherche méritent une diffusion canadienne et internationale, tandis que cette exposition aux courants internationaux de recherche en gérontologie sociale profiterait en retour aux chercheurs du Québec. Par ailleurs, les travaux de recherche en gérontologie sociale se concentrent trop exclusivement dans le domaine de la psycho-sociologie, tandis que le rejet presqu'idéologique des méthodes quantitatives apparaît largement injustifié. Il est impérieux que la recherche en gérontologie sociale au Québec se diversifie, mais il est tout aussi important que des chercheurs se regroupent autour des thèmes de recherche et que ces groupes reçoivent un financement adéquat des organismes subventionnaires.
La recherche en sciences sociales en gérontologie au Québec: constater, comprendre ou expliquer?
Authors: Bernardin-Haldemann Verena
Published: November 2010

Le bilan proposé par François Béland identifie certaines caractéristiques-clefs de la recherche en sciences sociales en gérontologie au Québec; mais il témoigne d'un certain manque de familiarité avec le contenu de cette recherche. Il n'a pu faire l'histoire des idées en gérontologie au Québec, ni la situer dans son contexte social, politique, économique et culturel; ce qui serait pourtant nécessaire pour orienter l'avenir. Ce commentaire pose quelques jalons pour une telle démarche et suggère que l'essor de l'État-Providence et du nationalisme au Québec peut rendre compte des principales caractéristiques de la recherche telles que relevées par Béland.
Use of Restraints in Chronic Care Hospitals and Nursing Homes
Authors: Roberge Roger , Beauséjour René
Published: November 2010

A survey conducted amongst 2,3 72 patients of Quebec chronic care hospitals and nursing homes confirms a high rate of restraints usage. There are differences between those centres in their utilization rate and models employed. It seems that acute care hospitals are also using frequently those coercive methods for their patients aged 65 years and older. Restraints are currently used without any written prescription in the patient's chart.
S.M. Neysmith (Ed.). Critical Issues for Future Social Work Practice with Aging Persons. New York: Columbia Press, 1999.
Authors: Ingersoll-Dayton Berit
Published: November 2010

Critical Issues for Future Social Work Practice with Aging Persons enrichit largement notre compréhension de la façon dont les politiques et les programmes sociaux influent sur l'expérience des aîné(e)s et de leur famille. Cette version abrégée en huit chapitres présente d'abord un survol qui fournit un cadre de travail d'analyse de plusieurs questions sociales. Chacun des chapitres subséquents porte sur un aspect différent de la gérontologie (les soins, le veuvage, la santé) et chaque thème est abordé par le biais du féminisme postmoderne.

Le livre présente plusieurs atouts et quelques faiblesses. Sa plus grande force repose sur son analyse critique de la politique sociale à l'égard des femmes vieillissantes. De plus, le texte illustre efficacement la façon dont l'analyse féministe qualitative permet de résoudre les problèmes de prestation de services aux personnes privées de leurs droits. Malheureusement, le volume passe presque sous silence les questions reliées aux hommes vieillissants et aux autres groupes semblables d'aîné(e)s privilégiés. De plus, on n'y trouve aucun chapitre de conclusion donnant une direction aux recherches à venir. On peut en fait recommander la lecture de ce livre à ceux qui s'intéressent à l'analyse des politiques et à la pratique clinique.
European-American Elderly. A Guide for Practice. Christopher L. Hayes, Richard A. Kalish, David Guttmann (Eds.). New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1986. 272 pages, $30.95 U.S.
Authors: Disman Milada
Published: November 2010

SUMMARY ABSTRACT

The book discusses the socio-cultural background of the Euro-American elderly; focuses on social institutions such as family, the ethnic neighbourhood and the church; addresses programs and services; identifies program models and describes some intervention strategies. The issues discussed appear to apply to the ethnic elderly from a range of ethnic groups in addition to the ones analyzed. Besides practitioners, this book should prove of interest to researchers, policy makers and gerontology students.
A Will and a Way, What the United States Can Learn from Canada about Caring for the Elderly. R.L. Kane and R.A. Kane, New York: Columbia University Press, 1985 ($35.00).
Authors: Chappell Neena L.
Published: November 2010

In A Will and a Way, Kane and Kane have once again demonstrated their ability to accumulate masses of data. This book offers a wealth of descriptive information on three long term care systems in Canada, as well as some of the features of these systems which may be appropriate for the United States (such as universal programs based on need, case management practices, panelling practices, and size of jurisdiction). Those interested in specific practical questions and/or figures on utilization will find this book a good resource. However, those interested in a broader discussion from a theoretically informed perspective or a good discussion of existing research in this area will be disappointed.
Stress, Coping, and Well-being in Anglo and Chinese Elderly
Authors: Wong Paul T.P. , Reker Gary T.
Published: November 2010

Stress, perceived well-being, and coping behaviours were studied comparing a sample of aging Chinese immigrants with Anglos. The Chinese sample found growing old a more stressful experience, reported lower psychological well-being, depended more heavily on external and palliative coping strategies, and felt less effective in coping as compared to the Anglo counterparts. The finding supported the double jeopardy hypothesis of ethnic minority aging.
Prospective Aging of the Population and Its Implications For the Labour Force and Government Expenditures
Authors: Denton Frank T. , Feaver Christine H. , Spencer Byron G.
Published: November 2010

Canada's demographic situation in the future will differ substantially from what we have known in the past. Unless there is an early return to high fertility the average age of both the population and the labour force will increase substantially, while the overall dependency ratio will be low by historical standards. Our analysis suggests that up to about 2010 population change will have less of an impact on the real (i.e., constant—price) level of aggregate government expenditures than on the size of the real gross national product However, we can anticipate compositional changes in government expenditures as a result of population change: very large increases in the real social security costs, lesser (but still large) increases in health costs, and a reduction in education costs. Finally, a relatively large portion of the aggregate expenditure increases will be at the federal government level.
Remarriage after Widowhood: A Marital History Study of Older Canadians
Authors: Wu Zheng
Published: November 2010

À l'aide des données historiques tirées de l'étude de Statistique Canada sur la famille et les amis de 1990, cette recherche étudie divers facteurs influençant la probabilité de remariage chez les homines et les femmes dont le premier mariage s'est terminé par un veuvage. Les résultats suggèrent qu'il existe d'importantes différences entre les deux sexes lorsqu'il s'agit de se remarier. Le taux de remariage chez les veufs est beaucoup plus élevé que chez les veuves. De plus, le taux de remariage varie selon les indicateurs du cycle de vie et la situation socioéconomique. L'auteur discute des conséquences de ces résultats.
Monitoring the Outcomes of Quality of Care in Nursing Homes Using Administrative Data
Authors: Shapiro Evelyn , Tate Robert B.
Published: November 2010

Les données administratives obtenues des cueillettes de routine et les modèles de risques proportionnels de Cox sont utilisés afin de comparer les résultats de soins prodigués tout en contrôlant les effets de l'âge, du sexe et du niveau de dépendance. L'étude révèle que la qualité globale des soins prodigués dans les centres d'accueil du Manitoba est bonne, mais que dans certaines régions et dans certains types de centres d'accueil, les résultats sont moins bons chez certains résidents que chez d'autres. Ces indicateurs de résultats ne doivent pas être considérés comme des signes spécifiques de soins de moindre qualité, mais comme des «déclics» suggérant le besoin d'un examen plus approfondi, la méthodologie et les résultats utilisés dans cette étude étant encore au stade expérimental. L'étude démontre également que des données secondaires fournissent un point de départ relativement peu coûteux pour l'évaluation des résultats obtenus à la suite des soins de santé prodigués en centres d'accueil.
Dan P. McAdams and Ed de St. Aubin. Generativity and Adult Development: How and Why We Care for the Next Generation. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1998.
Authors: Mori Monica
Published: November 2010

Erickson a défini le souci de pérennité comme un défi psychosocial de milieu de la vie et concernant la survie de la génération suivante. Depuis les quinze dernières années, on s'est de nouveau intéressé à ce concept et son examen a retenu l'attention de plusieurs disciplines. McAdams et de St. Aubin regroupent des chercheurs imminents, des théoriciens et des praticiens en psychologie, en counselling, en sociologie, en histoire, en philosophie et en arts qui viennent élargir notre compréhension du souci de pérennité. Les auteurs de ce livre présentent des idées créatrices et des recherches innovatrices sur les aspects théoriques et appliqués du contexte social et historique dans lequel se développe la question. Ce livre intéressera les chercheurs, les théoriciens et les étudiants qui s'intéressent au développement de la durée de vie, à la psychologie de la personnalité, à la psychologie sociale, à la sociologie et à l'anthropologie. Il intéressera également les praticiens, notamment les psychologues cliniques, les conseillers en pastorale, les travailleurs sociaux et les éducateurs.
THE INTELLIGIBILITY OF EXTRALEGAL STATE ACTION:A General Lesson for Debates on Public Emergencies and Legality
Authors: Tanguay-Renaud François
Published: November 2010

Some legal theorists deny that states can conceivably act extralegally in the sense of acting contrary to domestic law. This position finds its most robust articulation in the writings of Hans Kelsen and has more recently been taken up by David Dyzenhaus in the context of his work on emergencies and legality. This paper seeks to demystify their arguments and ultimately contend that we can intelligibly speak of the state as a legal wrongdoer or a legally unauthorized actor.
The Politics of International Regime Complexity
Authors: Alter Karen J. , Meunier Sophie
Published: November 2010

The increasing density of international regimes has contributed to the proliferation of overlap across agreements, conflicts among international obligations, and confusion regarding what international and bilateral obligations cover an issue. This symposium examines the consequences of this “international regime complexity” for subsequent politics. What analytical insights can be gained by thinking about any single agreement as being embedded in a larger web of international rules and regimes? Karen Alter and Sophie Meunier's introductory essay defines international regime complexity and identifies the mechanisms through which it may influence the politics of international cooperation. Short contributions analyze how international regime complexity affects politics in specific issue areas: trade (Christina Davis), linkages between human rights and trade (Emilie Hafner-Burton), intellectual property (Laurence Helfer), security politics (Stephanie Hofmann), refugee politics (Alexander Betts), and election monitoring (Judith Kelley). Daniel Drezner concludes by arguing that international regime complexity may well benefit the powerful more than others.
Barriers to the adoption of management-intensive grazing among dairy farmers in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Winsten J.R. , Richardson A. , Kerchner C.D. , Lichau A. , Hyman J.M.
Published: November 2010

This paper uses recent survey results from almost 1000 dairy producers in northeastern US to analyze farmers’ perceptions of barriers to the adoption of rotational grazing [management-intensive grazing (MIG)] as a means for feeding their dairy herds. The survey found that approximately 13% of dairy producers in the region were using MIG during the 2006 growing season. Approximately 40% of farmers surveyed were using a confinement feeding operation where the milking herd does not graze at all and close to 47% were using a traditional system that involved some pasture forage for the milking herd. Regardless of the popular sentiment that increased information and technical assistance is needed in the field, producers more frequently report a series of other barriers as being greater obstacles to the adoption of MIG. Farmers using confinement feeding tended to see each of the barriers presented as being more significant obstacles than did other farmers. Farmers with higher debt ratios and higher milk production per cow were more likely to view the financially related barriers (decreased milk production per cow, cash flow and farm profits) as significant obstacles.
Cloud‐aerosol interactions for boundary layer stratocumulus in the Lagrangian Cloud Model
Authors: Andrejczuk M. , Grabowski W. W. , Reisner J. , Gadian A.
Published: November 2010

Lagrangian Cloud Model (LCM) is a mixed Eulerian/Lagrangian approach to atmospheric large eddy simulation (LES), with two‐way coupling between Eulerian dynamics and thermodynamics and Lagrangian microphysics. Since Lagrangian representation of microphysics does not suffer from numerical diffusion in the radius space and solves full droplet growth equations, it may be considered an alternative for the bin approach. This paper documents the development of LCM to include collision/coalescence processes. The proposed algorithm maps Lagrangian parcels collision/coalescence events on the specified two‐dimensional grid, with the first dimension spanning aerosol radius and the second dimension spanning the cloud droplet radius. The proposed approach is capable of representation of aerosol activation, deactivation, transport inside the droplets, and processing by clouds and in the future may be used to investigate details of these processes. As an illustration, LCM with collision/coalescence is used to investigate effects of aerosols on cloud microphysics and dynamics for a marine stratocumulus cloud. Two extreme cases are considered that represent low and high aerosol concentrations. It is shown that the aerosol type significantly affects cloud microphysics as well as cloud dynamics. In agreement with previous studies, a larger entrainment rate is simulated for the high aerosol concentration. For the low aerosol concentration, intense collision/coalescence and drizzle modify the aerosol size distribution, reducing the concentration in the dry radius range of 0.02 to 0.2 μm and increasing the concentration for dry radii larger than 0.3 μm.
Accuracy of estimated genomic breeding values for wool and meat traits in a multi-breed sheep population
Authors: Daetwyler H. D. , Hickey J. M. , Henshall J. M. , Dominik S. , Gredler B. , van der Werf J. H. J. , Hayes B. J.
Published: November 2010

Estimated breeding values for the selection of more profitable sheep for the sheep meat and wool industries are currently based on pedigree and phenotypic records. With the advent of a medium-density DNA marker array, which genotypes ~50 000 ovine single nucleotide polymorphisms, a third source of information has become available. The aim of this paper was to determine whether this genomic information can be used to predict estimated breeding values for wool and meat traits. The effects of all single nucleotide polymorphism markers in a multi-breed sheep reference population of 7180 individuals with phenotypic records were estimated to derive prediction equations for genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for greasy fleece weight, fibre diameter, staple strength, breech wrinkle score, weight at ultrasound scanning, scanned eye muscle depth and scanned fat depth. Five hundred and forty industry sires with very accurate Australian sheep breeding values were used as a validation population and the accuracies of GEBV were assessed according to correlations between GEBV and Australian sheep breeding values . The accuracies of GEBV ranged from 0.15 to 0.79 for wool traits in Merino sheep and from –0.07 to 0.57 for meat traits in all breeds studied. Merino industry sires tended to have more accurate GEBV than terminal and maternal breeds because the reference population consisted mainly of Merino haplotypes. The lower accuracy for terminal and maternal breeds suggests that the density of genetic markers used was not high enough for accurate across-breed prediction of marker effects. Our results indicate that an increase in the size of the reference population will increase the accuracy of GEBV.
A targeted selective treatment approach for effective and sustainable sheep worm management: investigations in Western Australia
Authors: Besier R. B. , Love R. A. , Lyon J. , van Burgel A. J.
Published: November 2010

The effectiveness of a targeted selective treatment (TST) approach to the management of sheep worms in adult Merino ewes was compared with a normal worm control program on three properties in south-western Western Australia. For a TST strategy, a proportion of a flock is left undrenched when flock treatments are administered. This establishes a population of worms in refugia, isolated from the effects of anthelmintics, which dilutes the population of worms that survive drenching and, hence, minimises the development of anthelmintic resistance. The main worm genera present in this trial were Teladorsagia and Trichostrongylus. For the TST approach, an initial flock worm egg count was used to determine the proportion of the flock to be drenched at any time, and treatments were then given to that proportion of the flock, with treated individuals identified as those in the poorest body condition. Over a period of 10–12 months, the TST groups on the three properties received 60%, 53% and 73% of the number of drenches administered to the normal treatment groups, in which all sheep were drenched. No clinical signs of parasitism or adverse effects on reproductive indices occurred in the TST groups. Although bodyweight gain and wool weight were ~2 kg and 0.3 kg, respectively, lower in two of the TST groups than in the normal treatment groups, the differences were not significant, and body condition scores of the TST groups were consistently greater than optimal production recommendations. The TST concept has potential as an easily implemented approach to sustainable drench management and would reduce the cost and labour associated with worm control. However, further studies are required to develop decision indices for various environments to ensure a balance between worm control efficiency and sheep production.
A single lysine in the N-terminal region of store-operated channels is critical for STIM1-mediated gating
Authors: Lis Annette , Zierler Susanna , Peinelt Christine , Fleig Andrea , Penner Reinhold
Published: November 2010

Store-operated Ca2+ entry is controlled by the interaction of stromal interaction molecules (STIMs) acting as endoplasmic reticulum ER Ca2+ sensors with calcium release–activated calcium (CRAC) channels (CRACM1/2/3 or Orai1/2/3) in the plasma membrane. Here, we report structural requirements of STIM1-mediated activation of CRACM1 and CRACM3 using truncations, point mutations, and CRACM1/CRACM3 chimeras. In accordance with previous studies, truncating the N-terminal region of CRACM1 or CRACM3 revealed a 20–amino acid stretch close to the plasma membrane important for channel gating. Exchanging the N-terminal region of CRACM3 with that of CRACM1 (CRACM3-N(M1)) results in accelerated kinetics and enhanced current amplitudes. Conversely, transplanting the N-terminal region of CRACM3 into CRACM1 (CRACM1-N(M3)) leads to severely reduced store-operated currents. Highly conserved amino acids (K85 in CRACM1 and K60 in CRACM3) in the N-terminal region close to the first transmembrane domain are crucial for STIM1-dependent gating of CRAC channels. Single-point mutations of this residue (K85E and K60E) eliminate store-operated currents induced by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and reduce store-independent gating by 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate. However, short fragments of these mutant channels are still able to communicate with the CRAC-activating domain of STIM1. Collectively, these findings identify a single amino acid in the N terminus of CRAC channels as a critical element for store-operated gating of CRAC channels.
Position and motions of the S4 helix during opening of the Shaker potassium channel
Authors: Phillips L. Revell , Swartz Kenton J.
Published: November 2010

The four voltage sensors in voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels activate upon membrane depolarization and open the pore. The location and motion of the voltage-sensing S4 helix during the early activation steps and the final opening transition are unresolved. We studied Zn2+ bridges between two introduced His residues in Shaker Kv channels: one in the R1 position at the outer end of the S4 helix (R362H), and another in the S5 helix of the pore domain (A419H or F416H). Zn2+ bridges readily form between R362H and A419H in open channels after the S4 helix has undergone its final motion. In contrast, a distinct bridge forms between R362H and F416H after early S4 activation, but before the final S4 motion. Both bridges form rapidly, providing constraints on the average position of S4 relative to the pore. These results demonstrate that the outer ends of S4 and S5 remain in close proximity during the final opening transition, with the S4 helix translating a significant distance normal to the membrane plane.
Genetics and genomics of human ageing
Authors: Wheeler Heather E. , Kim Stuart K.
Published: November 2010

Ageing in humans is typified by the decline of physiological functions in various organs and tissues leading to an increased probability of death. Some individuals delay, escape or survive much of this age-related decline and live past age 100. Studies comparing centenarians to average-aged individuals have found polymorphisms in genes that are associated with long life, including
APOE
and
FOXOA3
, which have been replicated many times. However, the associations found in humans account for small percentages of the variance in lifespan and many other gene associations have not been replicated in additional populations. Therefore, ageing is probably a highly polygenic trait. In humans, it is important to also consider differences in age-related decline that occur within and among tissues. Longitudinal data of age-related traits can be used in association studies to test for polymorphisms that predict how an individual will change over time. Transcriptional and genetic association studies of different tissues have revealed common and unique pathways involved in human ageing. Genomic convergence is a method that combines multiple types of functional genomic information such as transcriptional profiling, expression quantitative trait mapping and gene association. The genomic convergence approach has been used to implicate the gene
MMP20
in human kidney ageing. New human genetics technologies are continually in development and may lead to additional breakthroughs in human ageing in the near future.
The first long-lived mutants: discovery of the insulin/IGF-1 pathway for ageing
Authors: Kenyon Cynthia
Published: November 2010

Inhibiting insulin/IGF-1 signalling extends lifespan and delays age-related disease in species throughout the animal kingdom. This life-extension pathway, the first to be defined, was discovered through genetic studies in the small roundwormCaenorhabditis elegans. This discovery is described here.
Immune reconstitution in children following chemotherapy for haematological malignancies: a long‐term follow‐up
Authors: van Tilburg Cornelis M. , van Gent Rogier , Bierings Marc B. , Otto Sigrid A. , Sanders Elisabeth A. M. , Nibbelke Elisabeth E. , Gaiser Jacobus F. , Janssens‐Korpela Pirkko L. , Wolfs Tom F. W. , Bloem Andries C. , Borghans José A. M. , Tesselaar Kiki
Published: November 2010

Modern intensive chemotherapy for childhood haematological malignancies has led to high cure rates, but has detrimental effects on the immune system. There is little knowledge concerning long‐term recovery of the adaptive immune system. Here we studied the long‐term reconstitution of the adaptive immune system in 31 children treated for haematological malignancies between July 2000 and October 2006. We performed detailed phenotypical and functional analyses of the various B and T cell subpopulations until 5 years after chemotherapy. We show that recovery of newly‐developed transitional B cells and naive B and T cells occurred rapidly, within months, whereas recovery of the different memory B and T cell subpopulations was slower and incomplete, even after 5 years post‐chemotherapy. The speed of B and T cell recovery was age‐independent, despite a significant contribution of the thymus to T cell recovery. Plasmablast B cell levels remained above normal and immunoglobulin levels normalised within 1 week. Functional T cell responses were normal, even within the first year post‐chemotherapy. This study shows that after intensive chemotherapy for haematological malignancies in children, numbers of several memory B and T cell subpopulations were decreased on the long term, while functional T cell responses were not compromised.
Competitive canalization of PIN‐dependent auxin flow from axillary buds controls pea bud outgrowth
Authors: Balla Jozef , Kalousek Petr , Reinöhl Vilém , Friml Jiří , Procházka Stanislav
Published: November 2010

Shoot branching is one of the major determinants of plant architecture. Polar auxin transport in stems is necessary for the control of bud outgrowth by a dominant apex. Here, we show that following decapitation in pea (Pisum sativum L.), the axillary buds establish directional auxin export by subcellular polarization of PIN auxin transporters. Apical auxin application on the decapitated stem prevents this PIN polarization and canalization of laterally applied auxin. These results support a model in which the apical and lateral auxin sources compete for primary channels of auxin transport in the stem to control the outgrowth of axillary buds.
Dermatophytic pseudomycetomas in four cats
Authors: Chang Shih‐Chieh , Liao Jiunn‐Wang , Shyu Ching‐Lin , Hsu Wei‐Li , Wong Min‐Liang
Published: November 2010

The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the clinical characteristics and treatment of four cats with dermatophytic pseudomycetoma. Four Persian cats, one female and three males, with age ranging from 1.4 to 5 years, were diagnosed with dermatophytic pseudomycetoma by histological examination and fungal culture. Wood’s lamp examination revealed positive fluorescence of hairs in all four cats. Characteristic skin lesions consisted of multifocal, raised, firm and nodular to dome‐shaped lesions varying in size from 1 to 8 cm in diameter, with ulcers or fistulas in some of the lesions. One cat was treated and cured with 3 months of oral itraconazole; lesions completely regressed, and at the time of writing there has been no recurrence. One cat was treated with surgical excision alone, and recurrence of lesions occurred after a disease‐free interval of 15 months. Two cats were treated with surgical excision and systemic itraconazole therapy. Itraconazole therapy was started 1–2 months before surgery and continued for 3 months after surgery. Surgical margins were wide in both cats, and underlying adipose tissue and/or deeper fascia was removed. One cat relapsed, but had a disease‐free interval of 18 months. The other cat has been disease free for 32 months. This case series suggests that aggressive, wide surgical excision and concurrent oral itraconazole are highly beneficial in treating dermatophytic pseudomycetoma in cats.
Antioxidant gene–enzyme responses in Medicago truncatula genotypes with different degree of sensitivity to salinity
Authors: Mhadhbi Haythem , Fotopoulos Vasileios , Mylona Photini V. , Jebara Moez , Elarbi Aouani Mohamed , Polidoros Alexios N.
Published: November 2010

Antioxidant responses and nodule function of Medicago truncatula genotypes differing in salt tolerance were studied. Salinity effects on nodules were analysed on key nitrogen fixation proteins such as nitrogenase and leghaemoglobin as well as estimating lipid peroxidation levels, and were found more dramatic in the salt‐sensitive genotype. Antioxidant enzyme assays for catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) and guaiacol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) were analysed in nodules, roots and leaves treated with increasing concentrations of NaCl for 24 and 48 h. Symbiosis tolerance level, depending essentially on plant genotype, was closely correlated with differences of enzyme activities, which increased in response to salt stress in nodules (except CAT) and roots, whereas a complex pattern was observed in leaves. Gene expression responses were generally correlated with enzymatic activities in 24‐h treated roots in all genotypes. This correlation was lost after 48 h of treatment for the sensitive and the reference genotypes, but it remained positively significant for the tolerant one that manifested a high induction for all tested genes after 48 h of treatment. Indeed, tolerance behaviour could be related to the induction of antioxidant genes in plant roots, leading to more efficient enzyme stimulation and protection. High induction of CAT gene was also distinct in roots of the tolerant genotype and merits further consideration. Thus, part of the salinity tolerance in M. truncatula is related to induction and sustained expression of highly regulated antioxidant mechanisms.
Pseudomyxoma peritonei originating from colorectal cancer during pregnancy
Authors: Koyama Shinsuke , Tomimatsu Takuji , Sawada Kenjiro , Kanagawa Takeshi , Tsutsui Tateki , Kimura Tadashi
Published: November 2010

Pseudomyxoma peritonei is an extremely rare condition characterized by the presence of gelatinous ascites and disseminated intra‐peritoneal mucinous tumors. To our knowledge, there have been only two case reports of pseudomyxoma peritonei during pregnancy in 2009, both of which originated from the appendix. We present the first case of pseudomyxoma peritonei originating from colorectal cancer during pregnancy. Prenatal ultrasound examination of a 34‐year‐old, asymptomatic woman revealed characteristic features of pseudomyxoma peritonei at 24 weeks gestation. At laparotomy, both ovaries were involved with copious amounts of mucinous tumors and fluid, an advanced colorectal cancer had invaded the peritoneal cavity and multiple disseminated tumors were noted around the intraperitoneal cavity. All clinicians practicing obstetrics and gynecology must consider the possibility of a malignant neoplasm presenting in a pregnant woman and should recognize the highly characteristic features of pseudomyxoma peritonei to enable detection of this rare condition incidentally during routine screening ultrasound examinations.
Expression of Concern: Combined metformin and clomiphene citrate versus laparoscopic ovarian diathermy for ovulation induction in clomiphene‐resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Abu Hashim Hatem , El Lakany Naser , Sherief Lotfy
Published: November 2010

Aim:  To compare the effect of combined metformin and clomiphene citrate (CC) with laparoscopic ovarian diathermy (LOD) meant for ovulation induction in CC‐resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Methods:  Two‐hundred and eighty‐two anovulatory women with CC‐resistant PCOS were selected in this randomized controlled trial. Patients (n = 138) received combined metformin–CC for up to six cycles or underwent LOD (n = 144) with six months follow up. The outcome measures were: ovulation rate, midcycle endometrial thickness, pregnancy and miscarriage rates.

Results:  Ovulation occurred in 386/576 cycles (67%) in the combined metformin–CC group and 381/558 cycles (68.2%) in LOD group without a significant difference between the groups. Resumption of regular menstruation was similar in both groups. A significant increase in midcycle endometrial thickness was observed in the combined metformin–CC group (9.2 ± 1.2 mm vs 7.6 ± 1.1 mm) (P < 0.05). The pregnancy rate was similar in both groups (15.4% vs 17%), and there were no statistically significant differences regarding the miscarriage rate between both groups. Four twin pregnancies occurred in the metformin–CC group. No ovarian hyperstimulation occurred in either group.

Conclusions:  Combined metformin–CC and LOD are equally effective for inducing ovulation and achieving pregnancy in CC‐resistant PCOS patients.