bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
220kV输电线路交叉跨越及带电跨越施工技术
Authors: 李 国栋
Published: October 2019

随着经济的快速发展,社会各领域对电力的需求逐渐增加,促使输变电工程进入一个新的阶段。虽然大部分地区都在提高输电网络的完善程度,但输电线路的交叉跨越问题仍然普遍存在。在此基础上,加强输电线路的施工效果,提高技术水平,保证电力系统有序稳定运行具有重要意义。
水利工程堤防防渗施工技术研究
Authors: 王 千里
Published: October 2019

水利工程是我国基础建设工作中昀关键的组成环节,直接影响着群众的生产生活。近年来,由于我国基础设施建设工作的全面深入,水利工程项目数量也有了进一步增加,这也意味着对水利工程堤防防渗施工技术的研究更为全面。在研究中发现,虽然我国水利工程整体质量明显提升,但是受到传统工作理念和方式的影响较为深远,很多企业和工作人员并没有意识到防渗施工技术的重要性。为此,本文就将对水利工程提防防渗施工技术问题展开详细研究,希望通过相关技术的提出,实现水利工程质量的稳定发展。
论水利工程建设财务管理中的内部会计控制
Authors: 卢 远锋
Published: October 2019

在近些年当中,我国的经济建设得到了快速的发展,国家对于基础设施的建设与完善也越来越重视,这在一定程度上推动了水利建设事业的发展,但由于建筑市场竞争日益激烈,建设企业想要确保自身发展的稳定性,必须要在水利工程建设期间严格落实财务管理工作,在确保工程质量的同时,有效减少工程的成本投入,使企业的经济效益得到相应的保证,而财务管理工作的质量往往会受到内部会计控制效果的影响。因此,本文针对水利工程建设财务管理当中的内部会计控制进行讨论,了解水利工程当前的内部会计控制情况,并对强化该项工作的具体措施进行探讨和描述。
电力配电网供电可靠性问题探讨
Authors: 陈 建磊
Published: October 2019

电力是生活、生产中不可缺少的能源,且随着电能使用量的增加,配电网供电的安全性也受到了人们的重视。配电网作为电力系统中较为重要的组成部分,供电可靠性不仅关系到整体供电质量,同时也关系着企业的正常生产及人们的日常生活。不过目前配电网供电系统仍存在一定的不足,本文就对配电网供电可靠性的问题及对策进行分析,以供借鉴。
如何提高农田灌溉水有效利用系数
Authors: 胡 桂萍
Published: October 2019

农田灌溉水有效利用系数是衡量国民经济增长速率与增长空间的重要参考指标,同时也是调整水资源管理战略的重要参考依据。通过计算农田灌溉水的有效利用系数,有助于全面评价宏观政策、水资源管理模式与节水灌溉措施。基于此,本文围绕如何提高农田灌溉水有效利用系数展开探究。
基层水利防汛现状及完善策略
Authors: 王 建凤
Published: October 2019

水利工程是社会经济持续增长,以及人民生活稳定的基础保障,面对现代社会飞快发展带来的挑战,基层水利工程设施所起到的作用越来越突出。在基层水利工程相关工作中,为了保证水利工程长远稳定发展,做好水利防汛工作显得尤为关键,有助于为农业发展和人民生命财产安全提供保障。本文就基层水利防汛工作进行探究,立足于防汛现状,提出合理有效的完善对策,推动水利工程建设和发展。
浅析基层水政监察工作必须落实的问题
Authors: 凌 冰
Published: October 2019

水政监察执法的目的是优化水资源分配,减轻水体环境污染,维系生态系统平衡,以满足经济建设与生态文明建设的基本需求。本文主要论述了水政监察执法的重要意义,分析了水政监察队伍建设环节存在的各类问题,并提出了加强基层水政监察工作落实效果的可行性策略,旨在推动水利事业的良性发展。
广南县农村饮水保证率不达标解决方案探讨
Authors: 农 加兴
Published: October 2019

本文就广南县2019年6至7月开展的农村饮水安全保障普查所暴露的农村饮水保证率普遍偏低的问题进行了分析,重点阐述了农村饮水不达标的现状、原因及其特点,从而提出了农村饮水管理措施和提高保证率的方法,为下一步完善农村饮水设施、提高农村饮水保证率提供了科学方法和建议。
火电厂全排放综合治理分析
Authors: 李 原
Published: October 2019

众所周知,近些年来我国的雾霾城市数量极速增加,而昀主要的原因就是大气中二氧化硫、粒子状污染物、氟化物等污染物增多。本文根据燃煤煤质特点和排放情况,对各种污染物提出了针对火电厂生产过程中出现的烟尘、硫化物、氮氧化物、重金属汞、灰、渣、石膏、二氧化碳、废水、废热的排放等污染物的不同治理措施和综合利用的方法,以实现火电厂的可持续发展。
小型农田水利工程建设管理及后续管护
Authors: 朱 怀军
Published: October 2019

随着我国经济的不断发展,我国农业也在不断进步。农田水利基础设备管理是能够保证我国农业发展的重要基础,这很大程度上决定农业的产量。农田水利工程的发展直接决定着农村产业发展方向,对于农民经济收益有着很大影响。所以,需要保证农田水利工程的建设质量,并且能够在建设后进行定期的管护,这样才能够让农田水利工程的效益,从而提升农民的经济水平。本文主要先说明小型农田水利工程建设管理和后续管护中存在的问题,然后根据问题提出相应策略。
建筑给排水施工中节水节能技术的应用探究
Authors: 傅 德强
Published: October 2019

建筑行业在国平经济持续增长中占据重要地位,面对现代社会飞快发展带来的挑战,建筑工程的能耗总量和环境污染情况也加严峻,如何节能降耗,打造环境友好型建筑,对于新时期的建筑工程建设提出了新的要求。给排水工程作为建筑工程重要组成部分,直接关乎到建筑的正常给水和排水功能的使用,但是由于以往的施工技术陈旧,导致能耗问题较为严峻,通过节水节能技术的应用,可以有效改善这一问题,提升建筑给排水施工质量。本文就建筑给排水施工中节水节能技术应用进行探究,把握技术要点,明确其意义所在,推动建筑给排水施工活动顺利展开。
刍议机电工程电气施工的注意事项
Authors: 解 晓飞
Published: October 2019

近年来,社会经济水平的增长速度不断加快,为建筑项目发展提供了极大动力。其中,机电工程的信息性、科技性以及系统性等多种特征也逐渐突显出来,因其在建筑项目中占据重要地位,所以科学化管控能够有效提高项目施工效果,不断提高建筑工程项目的整体质量。加之人们对于城市建筑项目提出了全新要求,更应强调关于机电安装工程项目的管理作用,尽量保证电气施工与国家、行业固定标准相适应。基于此,文章将机电工程作为主要研究对象,重点阐述其电气施工的注意事项,以供参考。
Estrategias para salir de la modernidad, la necesidad de un giro epistemológico y educativo para superar la crisis
Authors: Avilés Salvador Mauro Rodrigo
Published: October 2019

La crisis de la modernidad ha conllevado una crisis de la educación. Responder a esta crisis, de ninguna manera, puede ser una respuesta única o uniforme. Cada contexto debe responder a las demandas de los cambios requeridos. América Latina evidencia formas particulares de ser y hacer en educación. Sus características, asumidas como occidentales, responden a un proceso de mestizaje y cambio cultural. El ethos barroco, categoría cuñada por Bolívar Echeverría, es un intento de aproximación para comprender estos nuevos escenarios. Si se concibe a la educación como la herramienta clave para una transformación social, no se puede desconocer su papel en la propuesta de nuevos modelos civilizatorios. Un aporte común para la superación de la mencionada crisis lo constituye la reflexión sobre el símbolo, en especial, sobre su presencia en el arte y en la religión, hilos conductores de la historia humana y ejes que pueden proponer nuevos elementos para una humanización del futuro.
KAJIAN KEMURNIAN DAN PENGARUH NISBAH PEREAKSI, pH AWAL REAKSI DAN SUHU REAKSI TERHADAP NILAI CMC & HLB NATRIUM LIGNOSULFONAT
Authors: Eric Wirtanto  , Michael Lim  , Zuhrina Masyithah
Published: October 2019

Sodium lignosulphonate (SLS) is a product of isolated lignin sulphonation process using NaHSO3 as sulphonation agent.The research begins with isolated lignin from palm shell amd continued with sulphonation with mass ratio of palm shell lignin – NaHSO3(b/b) of 1:0.2, 1:0.3, and 1:0.5 and initial pH of 6, 7, and 8  at temperature 85 oC and 95 oC. The purity of SLS made in this studies was 66,782 %. The CMC value of this SLS ranged from 0,014 – 0,052; while the lowering of surface tension of water ranged from 53,63 – 59,83 dyne/cm.  The HLB value ranged from 3,805 – 4,278; means that this surfactant classified as lipophilic. The resulted SLS was dark brown, and water soluble.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN ALKANOLAMIDA TURUNAN MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT TERHADAP SIFAT-SIFAT UJI TARIK VULKANISAT KARET ALAM BERPENGISI SILIKA
Authors: Darwis Syarifuddin Hutapea  , Harry Laksana Tampubolon  , Indra Surya
Published: October 2019

By using semi-efficient sulfur accelerated vulcanization sistem, an investigation about function of the alkanolamide as additive material on silica filled natural  rubber was carried out. Alkanolamide was made by reacted between refined bleaching deodorized palm stearin with diethanolamine. Alkanolamide was added  to the natural rubber compound silica filled, which is resulted vulcanizate natural  rubber filled compound and occurring increasing of tensile strength, modulusand crosslinkdensity  up to 5 phr. If was added  more 5 phr, so  reduction of the tensile strength modulus and crosslink density.
PRODUKSI BIODIESEL DARI LEMAK SAPI DENGAN PROSES TRANSESTERIFIKASI DENGAN KATALIS BASA NaOH
Authors: Ranggita Dwi Nindya Affandi  , Toni Rizki Aruan  , Taslim  , Iriany
Published: October 2019

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel commonly produced from vegetable oil or animal fat with methanol through transesterification. Beef tallow was used as a raw material of transesterification to make biodiesel, because the price of beef tallow was driven down by the market and to reduce the pollution to the surrounding. In this research variable observed were reaction temperature, reaction time and amount of catalyst. Transesterification was carried out in a three necked spherical Pyrex vessel equipped with reflux condenser, stirrer and thermometer. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to use beef tallow as low cost sustainable potential feedstock for biodiesel production by single step transesterification process. Under optimal condition, the maximum yield of 95,67 % beef tallow methyl ester was obtained by using 6 : 1 molar ratio of beef tallow to methanol at 50 oC for a reaction time 30 minutes in the presence of 0,8 wt% of NaOH catalyst. The biodiesel properties were comparable to Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The results of this work showed that the use of beef tallow is suitable for feedstock of biodiesel production with low cost.
EKSTRAKSI KEMIRI DENGAN METODE SOXHLET DAN KARAKTERISASI MINYAK KEMIRI
Authors: Ariestya Arlene
Published: October 2019

Candlenut is originally from Hawaii. This plant is then spread all over the countries, including Indonesia, and firstly grow in Maluku. Candlenut becomes domestic and foreign commodities in Indonesia. This plant is known well because the seed is often used as the cooking ingredient. The seed of candlenut contains a large amount of oil, which is 50-60% from the mass of the seed. Candlenut oil is used as hair fertilizer, paint materials, and varnish material. With further research, candlenut oil is expected to be applied in wider scope. The aim of this research is to extract the candlenut oil from its seed maximally with Soxhlet extraction method. The benefit of this research is to give inputs and information about the suitable solvent that influence the oil extraction from candlenut seed, which can increase the use of candlenut as natural resource and support the other industries. The method of this research consists of early treatment of candlenut seed, Soxhlet extraction with acetone, ethanol, and n-hexane as solvent, then continued with the analysis of the oil. The conclusion of this research are the solvent which produce the highest yield in oil extraction of candlenut seed is n-hexane, with the yield value is 74,57% from the mass of the seed. However, the best quality of the candlenut oil is obtained from extraction with ethanol as the solvent, with the acid value is 8,27 gram KOH/gram oil.
PENGARUH KATALIS NaOH PADA PROSES ISOLASI LIGNIN DARI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT
Authors: Masdayani Rambe  , Andi Nata  , Netti Herlina
Published: October 2019

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (TKKS) is one of the solid waste generated by the palm oil industry that contain lot of fibers. Based from its chemical composition, TKKS has the potential to be used as a source of chemicals that lignin. Lignin can be used commercially as binders, adhesives, fillers, surfactants, polymer products, dispersants and other chemicals. This study used fiber powder TKKS cleared of extractive substances to extract them using benzene: 96% ethanol (2:1, v / v) for 6 hours. Fiber powder is then cooked with a variety of cooking 1,2,3 hours with the addition of NaOH variation of 10%, 15%, and 20% to obtain the black liquor, black liquor and dilution variations during lignin isolation. The results showed that the optimum yield of lignin obtained is 16.42% with 84.21% purity lignin in cooking 2 hour treatment with the addition of 20% NaOH and diluting the black liquor 1:2. The test results showed FT-IR has wavelengths lignin constituent functional groups in according with the standard lignin.
PENGARUH WAKTU POLIMERISASI PADA PROSES PEMBUATAN POLIESTER DARI ASAM LEMAK SAWIT DISTILAT (ALSD)
Authors: Ahmad Rozi Tanjung  , Ida Ayuningrum  , Renita Manurung
Published: October 2019

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) can be used as raw material for synthesis polyester. The aim of this research is to synthesis of polyester and to determine the effect of reaction time on  polymerization methyl ester PFAD. The esterification stage was done at temperature 70oC, reactiontime 120 minute, reactant ratio 1:8 (PFAD:methanol), concentration of catalyst (H2SO4) 1% (w/w) PFAD;polymerization stage was done at temperature 126-132°C, concentration ofcatalyst (BF3-diethyl etherate) 9.2 % (w/w), variation of polymerization reaction time3, 4, and 5 hours; and polyesterification stage was done at temperature 175-200 oC,reactant ratios (w/w) 1:1 (polymerized ME : ethylene glycol), reaction time 4 hours and all ofstage was stirred at 150 rpm. The results showed, in the esterification stage wasobtained methyl ester with iodine value 77.29 g I2/100 g, viscosity 6.90 cP,density 859.91 kg/m3 and analysis byusing GC-MS showed that the purity of methyl ester was 82.23% andmolecular weight 267.97 g/mol. Decreasing in iodine value from 77.294 I2 g/100 g to 63.45-61.14 gI2/100 g indicated that the polymerization process had takenplace. In polyesterification stage wasobtained gel polyester, viscous, dark brown colored solid at room temperature with acid value from13.13 to 21.65 mg KOH/g, viscosity from 14.3 to 19.1 P, and molecular weight 995.03 to 1,522.07g/mol which is more suitable for application of modified polyester. Analysis by using GC showed that the purity of polyester is equal to 65.49%.
PEMANFAATAN KITOSAN DARI CANGKANG RAJUNGAN (Portonus sanginolentus L.) SEBAGAI PENGAWET IKAN KEMBUNG (Rastrelliger sp) DAN IKAN LELE (Clarias Batrachus)
Authors: Rika Silvia  , Sari Wahyu Waryani  , Farida Hanum
Published: October 2019

The use of appropriate anti-microbial compounds can extend the shelf life of a product as well as ensure the safety of the product. That requires a material that is naturally anti-microbial so as not harmful to health. The use of chitosan to inhibit microbial activity on mackerel (Rastrelliger sp) and catfish (Clarias batrachus) to test it's effectiveness. In this research chitosan that used as an anti-microbial extracted from the shells of crabs (Portunus sanginolentus L.). Chitin and chitosan that were successfully extracted were characterized it's results includes moisture content testing, ash content, and degrees of deacetylation. Characterized chitosan, were used as an anti-microbial mackerel (Rastrelliger sp) and catfish (Clarias batrachus). Chitosan was dissolved in 1% acetic acid with varying concentrations of chitosan as 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%. The storage time of fish: 0 hours, 10 hours, 15 hours, 20 hours, and 25 hours. The results of research chitosan form as granules / powder, 5% moisture content, ash content  2% and the degree of deacetylation which amounted to 61,08%. Chitosan solution test results on fish showed that fish preservation by soaking with chitosan addition of 1.5% was the best variable and could extend the shelf life of fish  more than 5 hours while fish preservation by spraying gave the best variable with addition of chitosan 2.5% and could extend the shelf life of fish less than 5 hours.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN RESORSINOL PADA PEMBUATAN PEREKAT LIKUIDA SABUT KELAPA
Authors: Mutiara Istiqomah  , Netti Herlina
Published: October 2019

Liquid adhesive coconut coir is the result of a reaction between lignin powder material used with aromatic compounds at high temperatures in order to obtain a solution that can be used as an adhesive. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of liquid adhesive of coconut coir (LACC) qualities  and determine the effect of resorcinol in the manufacture of adhesives LACC. The study was conducted in three phases: the first stage of coir manufacturing particles, which at this stage coir made into particles of 100 mesh, adhesive manufacturing second stage LACC which at this stage there are two stages of the liquefaction reaction coir and polymerization, and the third stage addition of resorcinol LACC into the adhesive. The variables used in this study is the addition of variable rate resorcinol at 10, 20, 30% by weight. Variables - variables that were analyzed pH, viscosity, spesific gravity, solid content, formaldehyde-free rate and compound analysis using FT-IR adhesive LACC to conditions without the addition of resorcinol and with the addition of 30% resorcinol. The results showed that the addition of resorcinol LACC influence on the resulting adhesive, which has a liquid form, the pH ranged from 12.6 to 10.6, 43,867- 131.712 cps viscosity, specific gravity of 1.252 to 1.258, solid content 46.67 to 80%, from 1.952 to 1.051% formaldehyde content. FT-IR results showed similarity LACC adhesive force phenol formaldehyde resin, namely the presence of the OH group, C = H of the aromatic ring, of methylene CH, CO from ether and fenolic compound.
PENGHILANGAN TINTA PADA KERTAS THERMAL BEKAS : PENGARUH KONSISTENSI DAN KONSENTRASI PENDISPERSI FLOTASI
Authors: Sulastri Dewanti  , Elisabet Aprilyanti  , Taslim
Published: October 2019

Recycling of wastepaper is a solution for paper industry to overcome the scarcity and the limited presence of the virgin pulp sources. Thermal paper is a highly engineered product coated with a thermal sensitive layer that reacts in the presence of heat to create the printed image. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of pulp consistency  and dispersant concentration on the removal of ink in the thermal paper. There are 3 steps in this research which are immersing, pulping and flotation. The results of this research were measured according to TAPPI and SNI to determine the brightness and tensile strength of the recycled paper, respectively. The excellent conditions were obtained at  pulp consistency of 0.8%, dispersant concentration of 1.5%, flotation temperature of 50 °C and flotation time of 40 minutes. In these conditions, the brightness was 72,17% and tensile strength was 3.7 kN/m.
PENGARUH KONSENTRASI PEREKAT TEPUNG TAPIOKA DAN PENAMBAHAN KAPUR DALAM PEMBUATAN BRIKET ARANG BERBAHAN BAKU PELEPAH AREN (Arenga pinnata)
Authors: Julham Prasetya Pane  , Erwin Junary  , Netti Herlina
Published: October 2019

The demand of renewable energy resources has been increasing. Briquette is one of the alternative energy resource which can be produced from utilization of biomass. This research aims to obtain a briquette from sugar palm frond, to obtain the effect of adhesive concentration of cassava starch and addition of lime on the quality of briquettes. This research used the batch method. Research variabels are the adhesive concentration of cassava starch in 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% (w/w) and the addition of lime in 0%, 1%, 3% and 5% (w/w) based on the weight of char powder. General materials are sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) frond, cassava starch and lime, and the general tools are furnace, briquette printer, oven, moisture analyzer, universal testing machine and bomb calorimeter. Briquetting process was started with sugar palm fronds preparation then they’re carbonized at 350 oC for 2 hours. Product of carbonization as a charcoal which is added by a cassava starch adhesive and lime then they’re printed or shaped and dried to be a briquette. Analysis used is the proximate analysis of the test parameters moisture content, ash content, volatile combustion matter content, carbon content, calorific value and compressive strength. The best briquette is with adhesive concentration in 0% and addition of lime in 5% with the calorific value 6502,379 cal/g, 45,56% fixed carbon, 6,44% moisture, 18,00% ash, 30,00% volatile combustion matter and 59,141 kg/cm2 compressive strength.
PENGARUH LIMBAH ABU PEMBAKARAN BIOMASSA KELAPA SAWIT TERHADAP SIFAT-SIFAT FISIKA DAN MEKANIK HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE
Authors: Fadhilla Asyri  , Kartini Noor Hafni  , A. Haris Simamora
Published: October 2019

This study aims was to determine the effect of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) composite as filler on the physical and mechanical properties of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) composites. The research methodology included preparation of raw materials, treatment POFA (hydration process of POFA), mixing using tumbler and then extruder, molding composite specimens, and testing. The variables used were weight ratio of HIPS with 140 mesh POFA at 95/5; 92.5/7.5; 90/10. The composites were tested by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), ash content, specific gravity, tensile strength, elongation at break, impact strength, hardness test, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results of FTIR characterization shows the formation of –OH bonding that was suspected as Si-OH or Si-hydrat. Results of physical and mechanical properties of the composites shows that increase of the filler composition in HIPS-POFA composites until the ratio of 90/10, increase the specific gravity to 7.2% of the original, tensile strength did not change significantly to 28.4 MPa, elongation at break decreased to 2.7%, impact strength decreased to 3.183 KJ/m2, and the hardness increased to 110.5, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) test show the transformation of POFA structure on treated POFA and intercalation between the matrix and POFA.
EKSTRAKSI MULTI TAHAP KURKUMIN DARI KUNYIT (Curcuma domestica Valet) MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT ETANOL
Authors: Rajian Sobri Rezki  , Dwimas Anggoro  , Siswarni MZ
Published: October 2019

Curcumin is a pigment in Curcuma domestica Valet, which has an orange-yellow crystal appearance, and commonly being used as a colouring agent. Extraction method which is used in extracting curcumin from Curcuma domestica Valet is one stage extraction. This research studied a multi stages extraction of curcumin from Curcuma domestica Valet. The purposes of this research is to find the best condition in extracting curcumin using multi stages extraction method, to increase the efficiency rate in curcumin extraction. This research used ethanol as a solvent, and effect from variables such as extraction time, solvent concentration, and number of extraction stages are observed. Extraction times are 60 minutes, 120 minutes, and 180 minutes. Variations of ethanol concentration are 50%, 70%, and 96%. Stage numbers of extraction are two stages extraction and three stages extraction. Extracts of curcumin are examined with qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. The best condition of multi stages curcumin extraction is determined based on yield and content of curcumin. The maximum yield obtained in this study was 12% with conditions 180 minutes extraction time, 96% ethanol concentration, and two stages extraction. The highest content of curcumin obtained is 16% with conditions 180 minutes extraction time, 96% ethanol concentration, and three stages extraction. Content means a fraction of yield. These results show that increase in extraction time, solvent concentration, and stage numbers of extraction  will increase the yield and content of curcumin extracted from Curcuma domestica Valet.
PEMBUATAN GLISEROL TRIBENZOAT DENGAN PROSES ESTERIFIKASI MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS H-ZEOLIT TERAKTIVASI OLEH ASAM KLORIDA DAN ASAM SULFAT
Authors: Mutiara Valentina M  , Ekelesia Martina  , Zuhrina Masyithah
Published: October 2019

Esterification is one method that is often used in converting glycerol. Glycerol tribenzoate is a derivative product of glycerol which used as a plasticizer for polymer industry, food additives, water repellent material on printer ink, and many more. This research aims to study the making of glycerol tribenzoate through esterification process by using natural zeolit catalyst which is activated with hydrochloric acid, in order to obtain the optimum catalyst % weight (w/w glycerol), and also to see the potential of recycling the zeolit. Zeolit is activated by  4M for 6 hours, and then calcined in the furnace at 500 oC for 5 hours. Then continued to esterification process, glycerol 90% reacted with benzoic acid which dissolved in metanol, with mole ratio of benzoic acid and glycerol at 3,5:1, reaction temperature at 65 oC, and the stirrer speed of 200 rpm, the catalyst % weight  is varied at 5 %, 6%, 7%, and 8%, and catalyst recycling is performed 3 times. FTIR characterization result a close match, shows that the product is glycerol tribenzoate. The highest yield of zeolite which activated by HCl is obtained at 6% catalyst % weight i.e 68,992%, while zeolite that activated by H2SO4 is obtained at 8% catalyst % weight i.e 69,678%,  H- zeolit catalyst is still feasible to use up to 3 times recycling, with percent of yield reduction for each recycle is ≤ 8%.
PENGARUH KONSENTRASI RAGI DAN WAKTU FERMENTASI PADA PEMBUATAN BIOETANOL DARI BIJI CEMPEDAK (Artocarpus champeden spreng)
Authors: Irvan  , Ayu Wandira Putri  , Sri Ulina Surbakti  , Bambang Trisakti
Published: October 2019

Needs fuel as a source of energy every day is increasing, while the energy reserves of petroleum (fossil) dwindling, therefore, to meet the needs of the fuel it is necessary to develop alternative fuels that are renewable and home environment (renewable ). Etonal Bioethanol is made from plants containing starch, sugar and other plant cellulose. Where in this study using jackfruit seeds that contain high enough carbohydrates as raw materials. This research aims to make bioethanol from cempedak seeds with various concentrations of yeast and fermentation time. The main process is hydrolysis; fermentation using yeast Saccharomyces Cereviciae; and purification by distillation and condensation. Variables used are changes in the concentration of yeast 3%, 6%, 9% and 2 days, 3 days, 4 days fermentation period. From the analysis of the research results obtained bioethanol yield per amount of raw materials is the best starting 12,5 ml/kg with a density of 0.962 g/ml and the calorific value sebasar 181.925 kcal/kg, which is the variation of the concentration of  9% and 3 days of fermentation period.
ISOLASI PROTEIN SELAMA PROSES PENGAMBILAN KITIN DARI KULIT UDANG
Authors: Kherliyanda Febriani  , Fitri Hariani Nurza  , Iriany
Published: October 2019

Shrimp is one of the Indonesia fishery commodities with high economic value. The production of shrimp shells is usually 40-45% from crude shrimp. Shrimp shell contain protein, chitin, minerals and carotenoids. It is very potential to be used as materials for isolation of protein.This experiment is to determine factors that effect protein recovery and optimize deproteination processconditions to produce high yield of protein. The design of experiment used response surface methodology. It is 2 steps consist of deproteination and protein extraction process using shrimp shells and KOH solution in comparison 1:10 (w/v). The concentration of KOH are1,3 M; 2 M; 3 M; 4 M; 4,7 M. The reaction temperatures are37 oC; 40 oC; 45 oC; 50 oC; 53 oCand the reaction times are 40 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 140 minutes. Reaction temperature is the main factor influence protein recovery process. The highest protein yield obtained is 64,5826 % with protein content is 86,24% using KOH solution 2,98 M, reaction temperature 45,76 ºC and reaction time 90,51 minute. Economic potential by protein recovery during isolation of chitin from shrimp shells is profitable.
PENGARUH WAKTU FERMENTASI TERHADAP VOLUME GAS BIO DAN PENYISIHAN COD DENGAN METODE PERLAKUANAWAL MENGGUNAKAN KALIUMHIDROKSIDA(KOH) PADA ECENG GONDOK (Eichhornia crassipes)
Authors: Setiaty Pandia  , Amin Trisnawati
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of alkali pre-treatment methods on the quality and quantity of biogas. The study was doneby fermentation process the water hyacinth with KOH in a concentration of 6,7 M; 4 M;3 M; and 2,95 (M) with water in ratio hyacinth: water 70:30; 50:50; 30:70 and 100:0 (v/v) mixed with cow dung starter in an anaerobic digester batch system of 2,5 L capacity.  In this study the highest biogas production at KOH concentration  4 M was in ratio of 50:50 (v/v)with yield biogas volume  449 mL and 86,52% of COD revomal, 92,42% of TSS removal. The lowest biogas production at KOH concentration 6,7 M was in ratio of 70:30 (v/v) with yield biogas volume 132 mL and 86,55% of COD removal and 88,65%of TSS removal.
PENGARUH AERASI PADA FERMENTASI PADAT TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT OLEH Aspergillus niger TERHADAP PRODUKSI GULA SEDERHANA
Authors: Himmatun Wisda  , Wahyudi Budi Sediawan  , Sarto
Published: October 2019

The effects of aeration on production of simple sugars by Aspergillus niger were investigated using oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) by solid state fermentation using Aspergillus niger. Simple sugars can further be  fermented to produce bioethanol. OPEFB is renewable cellulosic biomass and largely available in Indonesia. Before being fermented, OPEFB needs to be pretreated. It was done by NaOH 1% solution at 150 ºC for 2 hours. The concentrations simple sugars produced by hydrolysis were analyzed by Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS). It turned out that the highest concentration of sugars was to be 9,102 g/L, and it was obtained on the 3rd day of fermentation. Some parts of the sugars produced were consumed by Aspergillus niger itself for growth and maintenance. The experiment showed that aeration increased the simple sugars concentration. Modelling of reaction kinetic assumed to hydrolisis process and simple sugar consumed. Simply modelling can describe in quantitative fermentation of OPEFB. Moreover, get parameters value at equation of reaction kinetic.
PEMBUATAN BIOBRIKET DARI PELEPAH DAN CANGKANG KELAPA SAWIT: PENGARUH VARIASI KOMPOSISI BAHAN BAKU DAN WAKTU KARBONISASI TERHADAP KUALITAS BRIKET
Authors: Iriany  , Cindy Carnella  , Cici Novita Sari
Published: October 2019

Briquette was a product of the compaction process of biomass residue used as fuel and it is formed using binder. Briquette from biomass has a high heating value. The quality of briquettes influenced by raw material composition and the time of carbonization. The carbonization process in the manufacture of briquettes could improve heating value and reduce smoke produced from burning briquette. This research is aim to study the effect of variations in the composition of raw materials and carbonization time on the heating value and the characteristics of the resulting briquettes. The materials used are palm fronds, palm shells, starch, used oil, H2SO4 and Tri Ethyl Amine (TEA). The ratios of palm frond and palm shell charcoal in this research is 1: 2, 1: 4, 1: 6 and 1: 8 with variation of carbonization time 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes and 120 minutes. The research began with the carbonization process of the raw materials. Then charcoal product of carbonization was pressed using an binder starch and used oil as much as 20% based on the weight of raw materials at the ratio of 1: 1. The best quality from this research is obtained at the ratio palm fronds and oil palm shell 1: 8 with carbonization time of 120 minutes, heating value 15107,138 cal/g, moisture content 6%, ash content of 5,185%, volatile matter 39,226%, fixed carbon 70,955%, density 0,442 g/cm3, burning rate 0,273 g/min, and compressive strength 0,046 N / mm2. The result shows the briquettes produced had a strong structure, it was not easily broken and it was not moldy when stored.
PENGARUH PERLAKUAN LEACHING TERHADAP SIFAT MEKANIK FILM LATEKS KARET ALAM BERPENGISI SELULOSA MIKROKRISTAL DARI AMPAS TEBU
Authors: Rismadhani Elita  , Rojiyatul Ikhwani Lubis  , Hamidah Harahap
Published: October 2019

Leaching process is one of many factors to raise up the mechanical properties of latex products. Studies on the effect of leaching on film natural rubber latex with the filler microcrystalline cellulose from bagasse with alkanolamide using different temperatures and times vulcanization has been done to produce the better mechanical properties such as strenght tensile and elongation at break. Filming of natural rubber latex is done by coagulants dyeing techniques. The study started with the process of pre-vulcanised natural rubber latex at 70 °C with a loading filler by 0 phr, 5 phr, 10 phr and 15 phr and followed by a vulcanization process at a temperature of 100 °C and 150 °C for 10 minutes and 20 minutes. The film result will be have leaching treatment using a solution of water and ammonia 1%. Test results of tensile strength of natural rubber latex film howed that the tensile strength of natural rubber latex film with microcrystalline cellulose as filler and alkanolamides after leaching less than the tensile strength of natural rubber lateks film before leaching
Learnings and Motivations Related to Social Service and Volunteer Work in a Community Attention Program of Technological Literacy
Authors: Lizeth Armenta-Zazueta , Celia Yaneth Quiroz-Campas
Published: October 2019

This article aims to explore the learnings and motivations of university students who participated in the realization of their social service and voluntarily, as instructors of technological literacy with a community group. The study involved 55 students from various disciplines, and was done through qualitative and quantitative tools. Through frequency measurement and analysis of participants responses, it was found that the main motivation to participate in the technology literacy program is related to desire to help people, along with a sense of personal satisfaction, in addition to the opportunities for coexistence that the program provides. Among the learnings, they highlighted with greater indexes, awareness of the needs of other people, teamwork, the role of the instructor and the management of diverse groups. It is concluded that it is important to continue these types of programs that promote the relationship of students with the community, considering the type of motivation that leads to this type of work. In addition to standardizing the work methodology, to expand its coverage.
ЗАЛЕЖНІСТЬ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ КОМПРЕСІЙНОЇ ПІНИ ВІД РОБОЧИХ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ПРОЦЕСУ ГЕНЕРУВАННЯ ПІНИ
Authors: Kodryk A , Nikulin O , Titienko O , Kurtov A , Shakhov S
Published: October 2019

Для системи пожежогасіння компресійною піною наведено результати дослідження залежності властивостей компресійної піни, а саме: стійкості, кратності, адгезії, витрат піноутворювача та води, тривалості гасіння від робочих параметрів процесу генерування піни, таких як тип та концентрація піноутворювача, робочий тиск у системі генерування піни.Наведено результати випробування з визначення тривалості гасіння компресійною піною низької кратності модельного вогнища пожежі 55 В і показника вогнегасної здатності за класом пожежі. У разі гасіння компресійною піною низької кратності та їх порівняння з відповідними показниками ефективності повітряно-механічної піни середньої кратності, одержаної з використанням ежекційних стволів-генераторів піни.
Implementing Blended Learning Toward Students’ Self Efficacy in Writing Class: Students and Teachers’ Voice
Authors: Hamidah Jamila , Said Ishak , . Ratnawati
Published: October 2019

This article reports on students' and teachers’ perceptions and of their self-efficacy on implementing blended learning in writing class. Self-efficacy has been defined as the belief we have in our own abilities, specifically our ability to meet the challenges and complete a task successfully (Akhtar, 2008).This research employed a survey study by means of questionnaire and interview. Fifty one of the third year students of English Department Galuh University were employed as participants. The result of this research showed that students’ self-efficacy improved after learning in writing classes on implementing blended learning, the students felt confident, enjoy the class, and then the students felt more motivated when learning. Furthermore, most of the students stated that self-efficacy was necessary, because it affected not only on implementing blended learning in writing class but also in the other courses. Each student has different self-efficacy, high and low self-efficacy that is able to influence how their learning achievement. it is recommended to further research that self-efficacy measurements must be far better and more accurate from various aspects. Thus the results would be certainly more relevant and detailed.
Corrective Feedback on Pronunciation Errors: Teacher’s Perception and EFL High School Students’ Self-Reflection
Authors: Agustuna Neng Eva , Herlina Rina , Faridah Didih
Published: October 2019

This research investigates EFL high school students’ self reflection of teacher’s corrective feedback on pronunciation errors. The methodology of this research was qualitative which used case study as a research design. The data were collected from classroom observation, semi-structured interview of one English teacher, and questionnaire of twenty five students at eleventh grade. The findings revealed that the students’ self reflection could be seen when the teacher providing the corrective feedback. The students could be aware that they often do the errors in pronouncing English because of the difficulties of using English. However, the teacher’s feedback was directed the students to learn about how to pronounce English properly. The researchers conclude that by using self-reflection, the students would be aware of their strength and weakness. Furthemore, it supports self motivated, self-awareness, self-observation, self-analysis, and self-evaluation of the students in pronouncing English. Finally, the researchers suggest that self-reflection can integrate into the other aspects such as writing, reading, and listening. Thus, the students can get the valuable learning process.
ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-ДОВІДКОВА СИСТЕМА РІДКІСНИХ ТА ЗНИКАЮЧИХ ВИДІВ ТВАРИН ЯК ЗАСІБ ФОРМУВАННЯ ЦИФРОВОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ ЕКОЛОГІВ
Authors: Sherman Mychailo I. , Samchynska Yaroslava B.
Published: October 2019

Стаття розкриває основні аспекти створення інформаційно-довідкової системи навчального призначення «Little Zoo», орієнтованої на вирішення завдань комп’ютерно-інформаційної підготовки майбутніх екологів в умовах сучасної вищої освіти. На основі проведеного аналізу аналогічних веб-ресурсів сформульовано основні та додаткові вимоги до інформаційно-довідкового ресурсу про рідкісні та зникаючі види тварин, які враховують недоліки існуючих інформаційних ресурсів. Розглянуто основні етапи процесу розробки інформаційно-довідкової системи «Little Zoo». Реалізацію проекту було здійснено за допомогою мови програмування Python, фреймворка Django, графічного редактора Adobe Photoshop. Завдяки даному ресурсу користувачі зможуть провести пошук рідкісного виду тварини за однією або декількома характеристиками. У системі також передбачено можливості засвоєння студентами навчальних матеріалів шляхом сортування статей про тварин у потрібному порядку. Наведено структуру бази даних MySQL, на основі якої було розроблено інформаційно-довідкову систему, а також опис полів її основних таблиць. Представлено діаграму прецендентів щодо ролей, характерних для інформаційно-довідкової системи «Little Zoo» (адміністратор, зареєстрований користувач, незареєстрований користувач), діаграму кооперацій по додаванню статті в базу даних інформаційно-довідкової системи, діаграму послідовностей у системі, діаграму станів пошуку. Представлений опис функціоналу інформаційно-довідкової системи, який дозволяє зареєстрованим користувачам додавати власні статті, розширювати базу даних ресурсу. Застосування розробленої системи «Little Zoo» у Херсонському державному університеті при викладанні дисциплін «Інформатика та системологія», «Інформаційні технології та технічні засоби корекційного навчання» спрямовано на формування професійної компетентності студентів спеціальностей 101 «Екологія», 014 «Середня освіта (Біологія)», 016 «Спеціальна освіта» не тільки через розгляд системи теоретичних положень, методики та технології роботи з певними апаратними і програмними засобами, але насамперед через практичне використання ІТ-інструментів у професійній діяльності на рівні сучасних та перспективних вимог.
СЛОВО І СЛАЙД У ЛЕКЦІЇ: ПРОБЛЕМА СИНЕРГЕТИЧНОГО ЕФЕКТУ
Authors: Klochek Hryhorii D. , Baraniuk Oleksandr F.
Published: October 2019

У статті розглядається проблема синергетичного ефекту, що породжується завдяки успішній взаємодії на лекційних заняттях риторичного вміння лектора з доцільно застосованими мультимедійними проекційними засобами навчання. У зв’язку з тим, що візуальні засоби навчання набувають усе більшого поширення, проблема такої взаємодії слова і слайду, яка б сприяла навчальній ефективності лекції, набуває не лише гострої актуальності, а й перетворюються у важливу проблему дидактики вищої школи. Традиційна лекція перестає бути головним джерелом і способом трансляції знань в умовах сучасного інформаційного суспільства. Зростає обсяг і роль самостійної роботи студента, здатного ефективно використовувати потужні інформаційні потоки. Лекція, як форма навчання, набуває іншої функціональності, потребуючи нових способів подачі навчального матеріалу. Лектору слід ретельно відбирати теми для лекцій, зосереджуючись на найбільш сутнісних моментах навчальної дисципліни, пошуку адекватних і ефективних способів подачі матеріалу. Сучасна лекція може формувати потрібні концепції як засобами слова, так і візуальними засобами (слайдами), між ними виникає певна конкуренція – змагання за увагу слухача. Таким чином постає проблема мультитаскінгу, коли увага слухача розпорошується, деконцентрується. Важливою стає узгоджена режисура слова і слайду в лекції для досягнення синергетичного ефекту. В статті розглядаються методичні принципи, дотримання яких забезпечує взаємоузгоджену взаємодію лекторського слова й візуального компоненту. Серед головних методичних принципів – визначення сутнісних для навчальної дисципліни змістових тем і проблем, які висвітлюються в лекції, дотримування «принципу ощадності в освіті» (Ортега-і-Гассет), змістовність та естетична якість слайдів, застосування сторітелінгових прийомів, уникнення мультитаскингу як основної найбільш поширеної загрози, що знижує навчальну ефективність лекції.
РЕСУРСНО-ОРІЄНТОВАНЕ НАВЧАННЯ СТУДЕНТІВ В УМОВАХ ЗДОРОВ’ЯЗБЕРЕЖУВАЛЬНОГО ОСВІТНЬОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА
Authors: Gryniova Maryna V. , Kononets Nataliia V. , Dyachenko-Bohun Maryna M. , Rybalko Lina M.
Published: October 2019

У статті розкрито сутність і зміст ресурсно-орієнтованого навчання в закладах вищої освіти. Ресурсно-орієнтоване навчання в умовах здоров’язбережувального освітнього середовища описано як цілісний динамічний процес організації і стимулювання самостійної пізнавальної діяльності студентів в оволодінні навичками активного перетворення інформаційного середовища на засадах концепції здоров’язбереження, яка передбачає оптимальне використання тріадою "студент-викладач-бібліотекар" консолідованих кадрових, матеріально-технічних, навчально-методичних, фінансових та інформаційних ресурсів. Науково обґрунтовано необхідність дотримання умов здоров’язбереження при проєктуванні ресурсно-орієнтованого навчання студентів у вищій школі. Подано модель ресурсно-орієнтованого навчання студентів у закладах вищої освіти в аспекті здоров’язбереження як схему візуалізації процесу ресурсно-орієнтованого навчання. Схарактеризовано блоки моделі та дидактичні умови реалізації ресурсно-орієнтованого навчання студентів у закладах вищої освіти в умовах здоров’язбережувального навчального середовища: застосування комплексу форм, методів та засобів ресурсно-орієнтованого навчання; організацію процесу навчання професійно орієнтованих дисциплін в тріаді "студент-викладач-бібліотекар" з використанням педагогічних технологій ресурсно-орієнтованого навчання; орієнтацію на розвиток інформаційно-освітнього середовища закладів вищої освіти шляхом активізації розробки електронних ресурсів; введення інформаційно-технологічного компоненту при викладанні професійно орієнтованих дисциплін; здоров’язбережувальну спрямованість процесу навчання та консолідацію здоров’язбережувальних технологій. Описано дослідницький освітній проєкт «Ресурсно-орієнтоване навчання у вищій школі», який проходить упровадження у вітчизняних закладах вищої освіти та доводить свою ефективність і доцільність у застосуванні.
A MODEL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS TRAINING IN THE INFORMATION-EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Gurevych Roman S. , Rogulska Oksana O. , Tarasova Olha V. , Magdiuk Olha V.
Published: October 2019

The article addresses the expediency of creating and maintaining information-educational environment at higher educational institutions. The views of scholars on the definition of the “information- educational environment of higher educational institutions” are analyzed. The information-educational environment of Khmelnytskyi National University is described and the peculiarities of the future foreign language teachers training in the conditions of the information-educational environment of higher educational institutions are revealed. It is proved that the information-educational environment has considerable potential for improving the quality of education of the future foreign language teachers. It promotes students’ awareness of the specifics of their future professional activities, develops personal and professional qualities necessary for their future career; gives the possibility to construct individual educational paths and develop students’ creative abilities. A model of the future foreign language teachers training system in the conditions of the information- educational environment of higher educational institutions is theoretically grounded. The model contains the following blocks: target; theoretical and methodological; content and technological; control-productive. The target block of the model reveals the purpose of training and social requirements for a competitive future foreign language teacher. The target block generates other elements of the model necessary to achieve the expected result. The theoretical and methodological block includes the fundamentals of the concept of the future foreign language teachers training for professional activities; methodological approaches, didactic and specific principles. The content and technological block contains organizational and pedagogical conditions describing the main methods and forms of professional training, means and technologies for its implementation. The educational content of the model includes: compulsory and elective courses of the curriculum and practical training sessions aimed at the professional training of the future foreign language teachers. The other element of the model is the identification of stages of its implementation: theoretical and practical, correction and stabilization, reflexive and fixing. The control-productive block determines the formation of components that ensure the readiness of the future foreign language teachers for professional activity (motivational and axiological, cognitive and communicative, pragmatic and practical, functional and personal, evaluative and reflexive), criteria (motivational, educational, operational, personal, reflexive) and levels(low (reproductive), middle (productive) or high (professional).
Koyun ve Koyun Eti Fiyatlarının Ölçekleme Analizi ile Karşılaştırılması
Authors: KANDEMİR Çağrı , ADANACIOĞLU Hakan , TAŞKIN Turğay , KOŞUM Nedim
Published: October 2019

TÜİK istatistiki bölge sınıflandırması esas
alınarak 12 bölgenin canlı koyun ve koyun eti fiyatlarının birlikte değerlendirilerek
bölgelerin birbirlerine olan benzerlikleri ve farklılıkları ortaya koymaktır.
Canlı koyun (koyun ve koç) ve koyun eti (şişek ve kuzu) fiyatlarına göre
Türkiye’deki 12 istatistiki bölge çok boyutlu ölçekleme yöntemi ile
karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan fiyat verileri yetiştirici eline
geçen fiyatları kapsamakta olup, bu veriler TÜİK yayınlarından sağlanmıştır.
Yapılan çok boyutlu ölçekleme analizinin birinci boyutunda pozitif yükler
açısından en önemli ayrıştırıcı bölgeler İstanbul ve Orta Anadolu olarak
belirlenmiştir. İstanbul (VAR1), Orta Anadolu (VAR7), Batı Marmara (VAR2),
Ortadoğu Anadolu (VAR11), Kuzeydoğu Anadolu (VAR10) ve Doğu Karadeniz (VAR9)
bölgeleri genel eğilimden farklılık göstermektedir. Bu bölgeler genelde koyun sayısı
ile karkas et fiyatları arasındaki beklenen paralel ilişkinin gerçekleşmediği
yerlerdir. Canlı koyun ve karkas et fiyatları açısından Ege, Doğu Marmara, Batı
Anadolu, Akdeniz, Batı Karadeniz ve Güneydoğu Anadolu birbirine benzeyen
bölgeler olarak saptanmıştır. Ancak, genel eğilimden farklılık gösteren
İstanbul, Orta Anadolu ve Batı Marmara gibi bölgeler de bulunmaktadır. Koyun
sayısının yüksek olduğu bölgelerde karkas et fiyatlarının yüksekliği dikkati
çeken önemli noktalardan birisidir. Söz konusu bölgelerde dikkati çeken ikinci
önemli nokta ise canlı hayvan ve karkas et fiyatları açısından benzer
sıralamaya sahip olmamalarıdır. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye’de koyun eti üretimi ve
arzı ile ilgili sağlıklı verilere ulaşmada sorunlar bulunmaktadır. Karar alıcıların
sektörle ilgili politikaları yönlendirmesi için iyi işleyen bir veri tabanına
gerek duyulmaktadır.
The Shāhīn Affair and the Evolution ofuṣūl al-tafsīr
Authors: Saeed Sohaib
Published: October 2019

In 1997, the distinguished linguistics professor ʿAbd al-Ṣabūr Shāhīn of Cairo University published his re-reading of the story of creation, entitled Abī Ādam (‘My Father Adam’). Although the book created a storm of refutations, televised debates, and a blasphemy charge against the author, the Islamic Research Council of al-Azhar University concluded that the book was flawed but not blasphemous. This paper sheds light on Shāhīn's key strategies in arguing for an evolutionary reading of the Qur'an, in which Adam was the first full human (insān) endowed with divine spirit, but born on earth to hominid parents (bashar). Responses by two other linguist scholars, ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm Ibrāhīm al-Maṭʿanī of al-Azhar and Ḥamza b. Qublān al-Muzaynī of King Saud University, illustrate the contemporary underdevelopment of Qur'anic hermeneutics (uṣūl al-tafsīr) as a discipline. The paper draws attention to current scholarly developments in the Muslim world and the move from refutations to constructive accounts based on tradition.