bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Completeness and accuracy of data in spine registries: an independent audit-based study
Authors: Meyer Bernhard , Shiban Ehab , Albers Lucia E. , Krieg Sandro M.
Published: March 2020

Purpose

Clinical registries are used for quality management and clinical research. Due to the importance and implications of both aims, completeness and high quality of data are of paramount importance. However, this remains uncertain, as none of these registries have implemented independent monitoring. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy and completeness of registry data o the example of the German Spine Society (DWG) registry.

Methods

In a prospective study, audits by a board-certified neurosurgeon were conducted at certified spine centers with mandatory registry input, a setting comparable to most existing registries worldwide. A 2-week period was analyzed, and any discrepancy between patients’ charts and the registry entry was evaluated. A median of 31 items per patient was evaluated including completeness and accuracy of data.

Results

Out of 17 centers willing to participate, 4 were still lacking any data entries. Even in the remaining 13 centers eligible for audits, 28.50% (95%-CI = [22.46–34.55]) of entries were finalized only after the audits were announced. Only 82.55% (95%-CI = [79.12–85.98]) of surgeries were documented, and on average 14.95% (95%-CI = [10.93–19.00]) of entries were not accurate with a wide variation (range; 6.21–27.44%) between centers. Aspects for improvement of the situation were identified.

Conclusion

Due to the high inaccuracy, the high number of centers lacking mandatory entries at all and the number of false entries, these data alert us to advocate unannounced audits and further measures to improve the situation. Data should not be used for the time being, since wrong conclusion will be drawn.

Graphic abstract

These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
Local stress distribution in composites for pulled-out fibers with axially varying bonding
Authors: Andrianov Igor V. , Danishevskyy Vladyslav V. , Topol Heiko
Published: March 2020

We present a study on the local stress distribution in a composite for a single-fiber pulled-out model. We consider an interphase between a fiber of finite length and the matrix, and we take into account varying bonding conditions in the axial direction between the fiber and the interphase and between the interphase and the matrix. Bonding is modeled by a modification of the classical spring-layer model, in which the quality of bonding between two constituents is quantified by a proportionality constant that describes the ratio of the displacements to the acting shear stresses in an interface. The problem is studied for linear elastic and for viscoelastic problems by the means of the elastic–viscoelastic correspondence principle. In numerical examples, we illustrate the development of the normal stresses in the constituents and of the interfacial shear stresses for different bonding conditions as well as for viscoelastic creep in the matrix.
Prevalence of Sjögren’s syndrome associated with rheumatoid arthritis in the USA: an observational study from the Corrona registry
Authors: Harrold Leslie R. , Shan Ying , Rebello Sabrina , Kramer Neil , Connolly Sean E. , Alemao Evo , Kelly Sheila , Kremer Joel M. , Rosenstein Elliot D.
Published: March 2020

The objectives of this analysis were to assess the prevalence of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to compare baseline characteristics of patients with RA with and without SS. Adult patients with RA from a large observational US registry (Corrona RA), with ≥ 1 visit for assessment of SS status between 22 April 2010 and 28 February 2018, were considered. Patients with RA with versus without SS were compared. SS status was determined from a yes/no variable and reported at enrollment into the Corrona RA registry and follow-up visits. Outcomes were unadjusted prevalence of SS in patients with RA, prevalence of SS by RA disease duration, and baseline characteristics in patients with RA by SS status. Of 24,528 eligible patients, 7870 (32.1%) had a diagnosis of RA and SS. The unadjusted overall rate for SS prevalence in patients with RA was 0.30 (95% confidence interval 0.29, 0.31). SS prevalence increased with increasing RA duration. Patients with RA with versus without SS were more likely to be older, female, and seropositive; had a longer RA duration; higher disease activity; and a higher incidence of comorbidities (hypertension, cardiovascular disease, malignancies, and serious infections), erosive disease, and subcutaneous nodules at index date. Patients with RA and SS had a higher disease burden than those with RA only. The prevalence of SS increased as duration of RA increased. RA with SS was associated with seropositivity, more severe RA, extra-articular manifestations, and comorbidities.Key Points• The overall prevalence of SS among patients with RA was 30%.• The prevalence of SS increased with increasing RA disease duration.• Identifying specific clinical characteristics of patients with RA with SS, such as a greater incidence of extra-articular manifestations and comorbidities, may help clinicians to better characterize this patient population.
Ignaz Semmelweis: a victim of harassment?
Authors: Schreiner Sonja
Published: March 2020

Ignaz Semmelweis’ (1818–1865) discovery of the endemic causes offebris puerperalisis a striking example of the role of pathology in medicine. Transdisciplinarity encounters Semmelweis’ biography, which is neither linear nor totally focused on medicine. He completed thephilosophicum(artisterium), studying theseptem artes liberales(1835–1837) in Pest, comprising humanities and natural science. After moving to Vienna, he began to study law, but turned to medicine as early as 1838. In 1844, he graduated with a botanical doctoral thesis composed in Neo-Latin, showing linguistic and stylistic talent and a broad knowledge of gynecology and obstetrics. The style and topoi demonstrate the interchangeability of what he learnt during hispropaedeuticum. Nowadays, hardly anyone is familiar with this booklet, for two main reasons: the language choice and the life-saving impact of the physician’sopus magnumon the reasons for puerperal fever (Die Aetiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers). In later life, he became convinced that he had no talent as a (scientific) author—a fatal error that led him to become a victim of what we now call “publish or perish.” Semmelweis had felt rejected for years. This negative feeling was the reason for his decision not to publish his great book for 14 years. When it finally went to the printer in 1861, the scientific community did not accept it. This experience caused psychosomatic symptoms owing to his long-standing and deeply felt disappointment. Bad conscience tortured him. This permanent stress destroyed his health: in 1865, his relatives (including his wife) and friends took him from Budapest to Vienna. He thought he was going to spend some time relaxing, but in fact was led into a newly built asylum for the mentally ill, theNiederösterreichische Landesirrenanstalt. When he realized what was happening, he tried to escape. Badly abused, he died from sepsis caused by open wounds and a dirty straightjacket 2 weeks later. This article will show Semmelweis to be a multilingual author of scientific literature and (open) letters; it will present him as a researcher who became a victim of harassment and what is referred to as the “Semmelweis reflex” (“Semmelweis effect”); and it will focus on his afterlife in (children’s) literature, drama, and film.
Choice and prohibition in non-monotonic contexts
Authors: Gotzner Nicole , Romoli Jacopo , Santorio Paolo
Published: March 2020

Disjunctions in the scope of possibility modals give rise to a conjunctive inference, generally referred to as ‘free choice.’ For example,Emma can take Spanish or Calculussuggests that Emma can take Spanish and can take Calculus. This inference is not valid on standard semantics for modals in combination with a Boolean semantics for disjunction. Hence free choice has sparked a whole industry of theories in philosophy of language and semantics. This paper investigates free choice in sentences involving a non-monotonic modified numeral, under which we embed a possibility modal scoping over disjunction. One example isExactly one student can(not) take Spanish or Calculus. As we point out, the presence (or absence) of certain readings of these sentences is a key test for a prominent approach, which analyzes free choice as a kind of scalar implicature. We report on two experiments investigating the readings of such sentences, using an inferential task. Our results are challenging for the implicature approach. We sketch two possible solutions within this approach, either adopting a different recent implicature algorithm, or exploring a different meaning for modified numerals withexactly. Both of them suffer from a variety of problems. We then discuss a third solution, which exploits a recent account of free choice based on homogeneity. This approach can account for our results, in combination with plausible assumptions about homogeneity projection, though it too has open issues with related cases. Regardless of which solution is chosen, non-monotonic contexts turn out to be an important test case for theories of free choice, implicature, and modified numerals.
AtDRO1 is nuclear localized in root tips under native conditions and impacts auxin localization
Authors: Waite Jessica M. , Collum Tamara D. , Dardick Chris
Published: March 2020

DEEPER ROOTING 1 (DRO1) contributes to the downward gravitropic growth trajectory of roots upstream of lateral auxin transport in monocots and dicots. Loss of DRO1 function leads to horizontally oriented lateral roots and altered gravitropic set point angle, while loss of all three DRO family members results in upward, vertical root growth. Here, we attempt to dissect the roles of AtDRO1 by analyzing expression, protein localization, auxin gradient formation, and auxin responsiveness in the atdro1 mutant. Current evidence suggests AtDRO1 is predominantly a membrane-localized protein. Here we show that VENUS-tagged AtDRO1 driven by the native AtDRO1 promoter complemented an atdro1 Arabidopsis mutant and the protein was localized in root tips and detectable in nuclei. atdro1 primary and lateral roots showed impairment in establishing an auxin gradient upon gravistimulation as visualized with DII-VENUS, a sensor for auxin signaling and proxy for relative auxin distribution. Additionally, PIN3 domain localization was not significantly altered upon gravistimulation in atdro1 primary and lateral roots. RNA-sequencing revealed differential expression of known root development-related genes in atdro1 mutants. atdro1 lateral roots were able to respond to exogenous auxin and AtDRO1 gene expression levels in root tips were unaffected by the addition of auxin. Collectively, the data suggest that nuclear localization may be important for AtDRO1 function and suggests a more nuanced role for DRO1 in regulating auxin-mediated changes in lateral branch angle.

Key message

DEEPER ROOTING 1 (DRO1) when expressed from its native promoter is predominately localized in Arabidopsis root tips, detectable in nuclei, and impacts auxin gradient formation.
Joint models with multiple longitudinal outcomes and a time-to-event outcome: a corrected two-stage approach
Authors: Mauff Katya , Steyerberg Ewout , Kardys Isabella , Boersma Eric , Rizopoulos Dimitris
Published: March 2020

Joint models for longitudinal and survival data have gained a lot of attention in recent years, with the development of myriad extensions to the basic model, including those which allow for multivariate longitudinal data, competing risks and recurrent events. Several software packages are now also available for their implementation. Although mathematically straightforward, the inclusion of multiple longitudinal outcomes in the joint model remains computationally difficult due to the large number of random effects required, which hampers the practical application of this extension. We present a novel approach that enables the fitting of such models with more realistic computational times. The idea behind the approach is to split the estimation of the joint model in two steps: estimating a multivariate mixed model for the longitudinal outcomes and then using the output from this model to fit the survival submodel. So-called two-stage approaches have previously been proposed and shown to be biased. Our approach differs from the standard version, in that we additionally propose the application of a correction factor, adjusting the estimates obtained such that they more closely resemble those we would expect to find with the multivariate joint model. This correction is based on importance sampling ideas. Simulation studies show that this corrected two-stage approach works satisfactorily, eliminating the bias while maintaining substantial improvement in computational time, even in more difficult settings.
Industrial Gear Oils: Influence of Bulk Oil Temperature and Contact Pressure on Tribological Performance and Subsurface Changes
Authors: Adebogun Aduragbemi , Hudson Robert , Matthews Allan , Withers Philip J.
Published: March 2020

This study was designed to investigate the influence of oil temperature and contact pressure on the tribological performance of three industrial gear oils but also on the corresponding changes taking place beneath the metal surfaces in contact. The result shows that increase in the oil temperature and contact pressure increases surface–additive interaction, promoting the formation of low-friction tribofilms. Subsurface characterisation of the worn surfaces shows that higher oil temperature and contact pressure promotes surface hardening of spheroidised AISI 52100 steel, degradation of the near-surface (< 0.8 µm) microstructural integrity and corresponds to an increase in wear. This study clearly shows that the gear oil formulations and the tribofilms they form uniquely influence the extent of subsurface deformation and wear.
An artificial Wicksell–Keynes economy integrating short-run business cycle and long-term cumulative trend
Authors: Takahashi Ichiro , Okada Isamu
Published: March 2020

Economists have investigated how price–wage rigidity influences macroeconomic stability. A widely accepted view asserts that increased rigidity destabilizes an economy by requiring a larger quantity adjustment. In contrast, theOld Keynesian viewregards nominal rigidity as a stabilizing factor, because it reduces fluctuations in income and thus aggregate demand. To examine whether price–wage stickiness is stabilizing or destabilizing, we build an agent-based Wicksell–Keynes macroeconomic model, which is completely closed and absolutely free from any external shocks, including policy interventions. In the model, firms setting prices and wages make both employment and investment decisions under demand constraints, while a fractional-reserve banking sector sets the interest rate and provides the firms with investment funds. As investment involves a gestation period, it is conducive to overproduction, thereby causing alternateseller’sandbuyer’smarkets. In the baseline simulation, a stable economy emerges with short-run business cycles and long-run fluctuations. One unique feature of the economy is its remarkable resilience: When afflicted by persistent deflation, it often manages to reverse the deflationary spiral and get back on a growth track, ultimately achieving full or nearly full employment. The virtual experiments demonstrate that prices and wages must both be moderately rigid to ensure long-run stability. The key stabilizing mechanism is a recurring demand-sufficient economy, in which firms are allowed to increase employment while simultaneously cutting real wages.
Stain capacity of three fungi on two fast-growing wood
Authors: Song Taize , Cheng Fangchao , Sun Jianping
Published: March 2020

We investigated the stain of fast-growing wood (Cunninghamia lanceolate, CL; Paulownia, PT) inoculated with three fungi (Arthrinium phaeospermum, AP; Vibrio anguillarum, VA; Aspergillacea, AS) to explore the new wood dyeing ways and the better combination of wood and fungi for dyeing. Only AP could dye on CL and PT. Especially for CL, its percentage of internal spalting, percentage of external spalting and dyeing depth were the highest (48%, 15% and 5.06 mm, respectively). Surprisingly, the bigger weight loss occurs on PT. The results showed that the dyeing effect of AP dyeing CL was the best, and the wood color change was obviously (Orange to dark red). AP could produce more pigments than the other two fungi (VA; AS), CL was more suitable for fungus staining than PT, indicating that AP could offered a new potential market and a chance for areas to earning higher income for CL. This research paves the way for improving color change was obviously (Orange to dark red). AP could produce more pigments than the other two fungi (VA; AS), CL was more suitable for fungus staining than PT, indicating that AP could offer a new potential market and a chance for areas to earn higher income for CL.
Erratum: De impact van genetisch onderzoek: een familiegeschiedenis
Authors: Ligtenberg Deborah M.
Published: March 2020

Abusievelijk zijn in het artikel ‘De impact van genetisch onderzoek: een familiegeschiedenis’ van Deborah M. Ligtenberg fouten geslopen in de stamboom. De juiste stamboom treft u in dit erratum aan (fig. 1).
A High-Capacity Ammonium Vanadate Cathode for Zinc-Ion Battery
Authors: Li Qifei , Rui Xianhong , Chen Dong , Feng Yuezhan , Xiao Ni , Gan Liyong , Zhang Qi , Yu Yan , Huang Shaoming
Published: March 2020

Given the advantages of being abundant in resources, environmental benign and highly safe, rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) enter the global spotlight for their potential utilization in large-scale energy storage. Despite their preliminary success, zinc-ion storage that is able to deliver capacity > 400 mAh g−1 remains a great challenge. Here, we demonstrate the viability of NH4V4O10 (NVO) as high-capacity cathode that breaks through the bottleneck of ZIBs in limited capacity. The first-principles calculations reveal that layered NVO is a good host to provide fast Zn2+ ions diffusion channel along its [010] direction in the interlayer space. On the other hand, to further enhance Zn2+ ion intercalation kinetics and long-term cycling stability, a three-dimensional (3D) flower-like architecture that is self-assembled by NVO nanobelts (3D-NVO) is rationally designed and fabricated through a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. As a result, such 3D-NVO cathode possesses high capacity (485 mAh g−1) and superior long-term cycling performance (3000 times) at 10 A g−1 (~ 50 s to full discharge/charge). Additionally, based on the excellent 3D-NVO cathode, a quasi-solid-state ZIB with capacity of 378 mAh g−1 is developed.
The Guarantee of Perpetual Peace
Authors: Ertl Wolfgang
Published: March 2020

This Element addresses three questions about Kant's guarantee thesis by examining the 'first addendum' of his Philosophical Sketch: how the guarantor powers interrelate, how there can be a guarantee without undermining freedom and why there is a guarantee in the first place. Kant's conception of an interplay of human and divine rational agency encompassing nature is crucial: on moral grounds, we are warranted to believe the 'world author' knew that if he were to bring about the world, the 'supreme' good would come about too. Perpetual peace is the condition that enables the supreme good to be realized in history.
A Future for Federal Regulatory Budgeting?
Authors: Graham John D.
Published: March 2020

For decades, a strong case has been made for comprehensive reform of the U.S. federal government’s regulatory processes (for early contributions, see Weidenbaum & DeFina, 1978; Lave, 1981; Breyer, 1982; Harrison & Portney, 1983; Litan & Nordhaus, 1983; Viscusi, 1992; Breyer, 1993; Sunstein, 1996; Graham, 1996, 1997). Establishment of centralized Office of Management and Budget (OMB) oversight through the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) was an important achievement, but Congress has not yet passed comprehensive regulatory reform legislation.
A nationwide assessment of perceptions of research-intense academic careers among predoctoral MD and MD-PhD trainees
Authors: Kwan Jennifer M. , Toubat Omar , Harrison Andrew M. , Riddle Megan , Wu Brian , Kim Hajwa , Basta David W. , Adami Alexander J. , Daye Dania
Published: March 2020

Introduction:

While previous studies have described career outcomes of physician-scientist trainees after graduation, trainee perceptions of research-intensive career pathways remain unclear. This study sought to identify the perceived interests, factors, and challenges associated with academic and research careers among predoctoral MD trainees, MD trainees with research-intense (>50%) career intentions (MD-RI), and MD-PhD trainees.

Methods:

A 70-question survey was administered to 16,418 trainees at 32 academic medical centers from September 2012 to December 2014. MD vs. MD-RI (>50% research intentions) vs. MD-PhD trainee responses were compared by chi-square tests. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify variables associated with academic and research career intentions.

Results:

There were 4433 respondents (27% response rate), including 2625 MD (64%), 653 MD-RI (15%), and 856 MD-PhD (21%) trainees. MD-PhDs were most interested in pursuing academia (85.8%), followed by MD-RIs (57.3%) and MDs (31.2%). Translational research was the primary career intention for MD-PhD trainees (42.9%). Clinical duties were the primary career intention for MD-RIs (51.9%) and MDs (84.2%). While 39.8% of MD-PhD respondents identified opportunities for research as the most important career selection factor, only 12.9% of MD-RI and 0.5% of MD respondents shared this perspective. Interest in basic research, translational research, clinical research, education, and the ability to identify a mentor were each independently associated with academic career intentions by multivariate regression.

Conclusions:

Predoctoral MD, MD-RI, and MD-PhD trainees are unique cohorts with different perceptions and interests toward academic and research careers. Understanding these differences may help to guide efforts to mentor the next generation of physician-scientists.
Use of and patient-reported complications related to midline catheters and peripherally inserted central catheters
Authors: Lescinskas Erica H. , Trautner Barbara W. , Saint Sanjay , Colozzi John , Evertsz Katherine , Chopra Vineet , Krein Sarah L.
Published: March 2020

We conducted a prospective observational study of indications for use and patient experiences with midline catheters (n = 50) compared to peripherally inserted central catheters (n = 63). The primary indication for patients with midline catheters was difficult venous access. Patients with midline catheters reported fewer complications than patients with peripherally inserted central catheters.
“Nonaligned Citizens”: Ethnic Power-Sharing and Nonethnic Identities in Bosnia Herzegovina. The Case of Sarajevo
Authors: Piacentini Arianna
Published: March 2020

Bosnia Herzegovina is a consociational democracy grounded on three ethnic constituencies. The postwar implementation of power-sharing mechanisms ended to favor ethnocracy and ethnopolitics, eventually compromising an inclusive democracy untied from ethnonational issues. This contribution explores the positive potential held by political parties and ordinary citizens “nonaligned” with the ethnopolitical scaffolding—therefore and consequently not explicitly included in the power-sharing system—because they hold and promote “alternative,” civic, and nonethnic forms of identification. Drawing upon interviews performed in Sarajevo, this article argues that citizens’ political disappointment and dissatisfaction are among the reasons contributing to the existence of a small, yet potentially critical, mass of citizens able to help adjusting an ethnically exclusive model of democracy.
Residual Balancing: A Method of Constructing Weights for Marginal Structural Models
Authors: Zhou Xiang , Wodtke Geoffrey T.
Published: March 2020

When making causal inferences, post-treatment confounders complicate analyses of time-varying treatment effects. Conditioning on these variables naively to estimate marginal effects may inappropriately block causal pathways and may induce spurious associations between treatment and the outcome, leading to bias. To avoid such bias, researchers often use marginal structural models (MSMs) with inverse probability weighting (IPW). However, IPW requires models for the conditional distributions of treatment and is highly sensitive to their misspecification. Moreover, IPW is relatively inefficient, susceptible to finite-sample bias, and difficult to use with continuous treatments. We introduce an alternative method of constructing weights for MSMs, which we call “residual balancing”. In contrast to IPW, it requires modeling the conditional means of the post-treatment confounders rather than the conditional distributions of treatment, and it is therefore easier to use with continuous treatments. Numeric simulations suggest that residual balancing is both more efficient and more robust to model misspecification than IPW and its variants in a variety of scenarios. We illustrate the method by estimating (a) the cumulative effect of negative advertising on election outcomes and (b) the controlled direct effect of shared democracy on public support for war. Open-source software is available for implementing the proposed method.
Flexible Fatherlands: “Patriotism” among Polish-speaking German Citizens during World War I
Authors: Bjork James
Published: March 2020

This article examines the experiences of Polish-speaking subjects of the German Empire during World War I. Fighting for wartime empires tended to be retrospectively defined as involuntary service to a “foreign” cause. But the author of this article argues that it was very difficult to distinguish ostensibly passive “compliance” from ostensibly active “patriotism.” The apparent tensions between a German imperial agenda and Polish nationalism also proved to be highly navigable in practice, with German war aims often seen as not only reconcilable with but even conducive to the Polish national cause. Drawing on a recent wave of relevant historiography in English, German, and Polish, and incorporating further analysis of individual testimonies, the article explores the various ways in which “non-German” contributors to the German war effort tried to make sense of their awkward wartime biographies.
Youth Space Education and the Future of the GDR
Authors: Anderson Colleen
Published: March 2020

Historians of East Germany often see the state as future-looking, but questions remain about the kinds of futures that East Germans expected. Youth space education provides one example of how East Germans thought about the future. Across the country, spaceflight formed an important part of youth education through books, theJugendweihe, and places like cosmonaut clubs. Although these activities show how East German adults taught children about space travel, they also illuminate expectations for the future of spaceflight and the future of East Germany's children. In a state that continually proclaimed the imminent future of everyday spaceflight, East German adults, even party members, adopted a particular vision of the future. They taught children that the ideas of space travel would be important for their lives on Earth, while simultaneously questioning the state's optimistic vision for everyday spaceflight.
DISJUNCTIONS AND NATURAL PHILOSOPHY IN MARCUS AURELIUS
Authors: Harriman Benjamin
Published: March 2020

In hisMeditations, Marcus Aurelius repeatedly presents a disjunction between two conceptions of the natural world. Either the universe is ruled by providence or there are atoms. At 4.3, we find perhaps its most succinct statement: ἀνανεωσάμενος τὸ διεζευγμένον τό⋅ ἤτοι πρόνοια ἢ ἄτομοι (recall the disjunction: either providence or atoms). The formulation of the disjunction differs; at 7.32, being composed of atoms is contrasted with a stronger sort of unity (ἕνωσις) that may survive death. In 10.6 and 11.18 Marcus simply offers φύσις (nature, construed in the Stoic manner as providentialist and causally efficacious) in opposition. On the surface, the contrast between the theory of atomism and the acceptance of providence seems to not warrant the term ‘disjunction’; it seems possible to accept both atomism and a causally determined providential universe. Yet, it is agreed on all sides, in the recent literature, that the relevant contrast for Marcus is not between the atomist and the non-atomist views of the constitution of the natural world as such but between two entailments that follow from the atomist Epicurean and the non-atomist Stoic advocacy of these positions. The contrast is between the providential ordering of the Stoic universe and the chaotic chance-ridden Epicurean model.
PALESTINIAN DOCTORS UNDER THE BRITISH MANDATE: THE FORMATION OF A PROFESSION
Authors: Kozma Liat , Furas Yoni
Published: March 2020

During the final years of Ottoman rule and the three decades of British rule, Palestine witnessed the emergence of a community of professionally trained Palestinian Arab doctors. This study traces the evolution of the medical profession in Palestine against the background of the shifting cultural and symbolic capital of an expanding urban middle class and the educational possibilities that enabled this development. Palestinian Arab doctors are examined through a number of interconnected prisms: their activity in social, political, and professional regional networks, their modus operandi under British colonial rule, their response to Zionism and its accompanying influx of immigrant Jewish doctors, and their ability to mobilize collectively under a shared national vision.
EMASCULATING HUMOR FROM ALGERIA'S DARK DECADE, 1991–2002
Authors: Perego Elizabeth M.
Published: March 2020

This paper explores shifting notions of Algerian masculinities during the Dark Decade (approximately 1991–2002) as articulated through humor. Both in the period leading up to and during conflict, Algerian cartoonists and joke tellers played with socially accepted norms concerning male behavior. In the armed struggle, however, comedy reflected how the terrifying and random violence that characterized the conflict may have disturbed local gender relations and definitions. The conflict prevented men from practicing masculinity in preestablished ways, most notably through the protection of self, family, and community. The present article contributes to the broader literature on gender during the armed struggle as well as in the Middle East and North Africa more widely, to argue that humor, a critically under-considered aspect of the cultural lives of Algerians and men across the region, provided civilians with space to navigate changes in gender issues brought about by the harrowing circumstances of the Dark Decade.
Symbiont composition of the basidiolichen Lichenomphalia meridionalis varies with altitude in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Gasulla Francisco , Barrasa José M. , Casano Leonardo M. , del Campo Eva M.
Published: March 2020

Basidiolichens are generally poorly researched because of the very small number of species and their restriction to special niches. Lichenomphalia basidiolichens grow in considerable quantities in arctic and alpine habitats but they are inadequately studied in these habitats in Mediterranean areas. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we identified the different symbionts of L. meridionalis, collected in localities in Spain at altitudes ranging from 533 to 2200 m above sea level. The present study provides the first molecular data available for L. meridionalis. We found that a microindel of six bp within the nrITS2 could help to discriminate L. meridionalis from other species of the genus. Molecular analyses revealed the existence of two different green algal strains, both belonging to Coccomyxa subellipsoidea, a species shared with other Lichenomphalia lichens. Notably, the two chlorobiont strains associated with L. meridionalis were differentially distributed according to altitude, and samples having one of the two strains consistently also included cyanobacteria.
Soil fungi enable the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in wild bovidae captive in a zoological park: a 4-year trial
Authors: Palomero A. M. , Cazapal-Monteiro C. F. , Valderrábano E. , Paz-Silva A. , Sánchez-Andrade R. , Arias M. S.
Published: March 2020

The control of gastrointestinal nematodes among ruminants maintained in zoological parks remains difficult due to infective stages develop in the soil. For the purpose to improve the possibilities of the control of gastrointestinal nematodes (genera Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Chabertia and Haemonchus) affecting wild captive bovidae ruminants belonging to the subfamilies Antilopinae, Caprinae, Bovinae and Reduncinae, commercial pelleted feed enriched with a blend of 104–105 spores of both filamentous fungi Mucor circinelloides + Duddingtonia flagrans per kg meal was provided for a period of 3.5 years. All animals were dewormed at the beginning of the trial and also when exceeding a cut-off point of 300 eggs per gram of feces (EPG). The anthelmintic efficacy ranged between 96 and 100%. The need for repeating the administration of parasiticide treatment disappeared at the 24th month of study in the Antilopinae individuals, and at the 8th month in the Caprinae, Bovinae and Reduncinae. No side-effects were observed on the skin or in the digestive, respiratory or reproductive system. It was concluded that this strategy provides a sustainable tool for preventing the contamination of paddocks where captive ruminants are maintained, decreasing the risk of infection by gastrointestinal nematodes and consequently the need of frequent deworming.
Education and Social Participation of Polish Youth
Authors: Szczurek-Boruta Alina
Published: March 2020

Based on two studies carried out in the school years 2003/2004 and 2016/2017, this article looks into what knowledge and research experience young Poles have concerning education and the social participation of Polish youngsters. Referring to Robert Havighurst’s concept of developmental tasks and Jerzy Modrzewski’s concept of social participation, the author of the current paper shows Polish youth to be deficient in knowledge of how to fulfil life’s tasks and participate in society, and of the duties of education in the field of shaping and activating social and public engagement. These deficiencies show that the Polish school system is dominated by education detached from practice and that learners are not prepared for undertaking adult social roles through active participation in public life. This lack results from a process of legitimizing, which ensures ‘the loyalty of the masses’ and perpetuates existing cultural patterns without co-participation in social or public life. The ensuing analysis provides educators with knowledge of the developmental needs of Polish youth, makes the numerous determinants of developmental tasks more transparent, and allows for specifying the results of socialization processes (including educational socialization).
Aesthetics, Interaction and Machine Improvisation
Authors: Frisk Henrik
Published: March 2020

Departing from the artistic research project Goodbye Intuition (GI) hosted by the Norwegian Academy of Music in Oslo, this article discusses the aesthetics of improvising with machines. Playing with a system such as the one described in this article, with limited intelligence and no real cognitive skills, will obviously reveal the weaknesses of the system, but it will also convey part of the preconditions and aesthetic frameworks that the human improviser brings to the table. If we want the autonomous system to have the same kind of freedom we commonly value in human players’ improvisational practice, are we prepared to accept that it may develop in a direction that departs from our original aesthetical ambitions? The analyses is based on some of the documented interplay between the musicians in a group in workshops and laboratories. The question of what constitutes an ethical relationship in this kind of improvisation is briefly discussed. The aspect of embodiment emerges as a central obstacle in the development of musical improvisation with machines.
Reclaiming and Preserving Traditional Music: Aesthetics, ethics and technology
Authors: D’Agostino Mirko Ettore
Published: March 2020

Music history is full of examples of composers drawing upon traditional repertoires for their works. Starting from the late nineteenth century in particular, many of them have looked at this specific sound material for several reasons: overcoming the limitations of tonal system, discovering different compositional strategies, finding new inspiration and aesthetics, evoking exoticism. Electronic music is no exception. Since the emergence of sound recording, sonic artists and electronic music composers have experimented with new technologies trying to integrate traditional elements in their works with different results and various purposes. In the present time, the preservation of these traditional elements could represent one of the most crucial goals. In a world characterised by a widespread globalisation, traditional music might be at risk of being neglected or even forgotten, as for local identities and cultures in general. As electronic music composers and sonic artists we should ask ourselves if it is possible to create a link between tradition and innovation, connecting these two apparently opposite realities. Can we safeguard at-risk traditions and at the same time re-present them through contemporary artistic practices and technologies? Is there a way to develop a form of expression that could reach a wide and diverse range of listeners, taking into account recent trends and studies in electronic music while preserving the main distinctive features of the traditional repertoires? The article attempts to answer the above-mentioned questions with the support of a case study: the personal research conducted into the use of traditional music from the southern Italian region of Campania in the scope of electronic music composition.
Bilingual referential choice in cognitively demanding situations
Authors: Contemori Carla , Ivanova Iva
Published: March 2020

Under the Interface Hypothesis, bilinguals’ non-nativelike referential choices may be influenced by the increased cognitive demands and less automatic processing of bilingual production. We test this hypothesis by comparing pronoun production in the L2 of nonbalanced Spanish–English bilinguals to that of English monolinguals in two cognitively challenging contexts. In Experiment 1, both monolinguals and bilinguals produced more explicit references when part of the information was unavailable to their addressee (privileged ground) than when all information was shared (common ground), evidencing audience design. In Experiment 2, verbal load led to more unspecified references than visual load and no load (an effect statistically indistinguishable between groups but numerically driven by the monolingual group). While bilinguals produced overall more pronouns than monolinguals in both experiments, there was no indication that bilinguals’ referential choice was disproportionally affected by increased cognitive demand, contrary to the predictions of the Interface Hypothesis.
Shifting threats and rhetoric: how Republican governors framed Medicaid expansion
Authors: Singer Phillip M. , Rozier Michael
Published: March 2020

The 2012 Supreme Court decision in National Federation of Independent Business v Sebelius gave states the option to adopt the Medicaid expansion as part of the Affordable Care Act. Many states, especially those under Republican control, have since grappled with their decision to implement the expansion. We conduct a comparative analysis of how Republican governors framed their stance on the Medicaid expansion. We analyze public statements on the Medicaid expansion published in two major in-state newspapers from all Republican governors from June 2012 through June 2018. In total we collected, coded and analyzed 3277 statements from 66 newspapers. Several key themes emerge from our analysis. While every Republican governor used oppositional framing as part of their rhetorical response to the Medicaid expansion, the policy had a destabilizing effect on the previously unified opposition to health reform. We find that Republican framing split after the results of the 2012 election and that overall Republican governors shifted towards more supportive framing prior to the 2016 presidential election. Republican governors transformed how they framed their stance towards Medicaid expansion after Donald Trump was elected in 2016, with both supportive and oppositional moral-based framing of expansion increasing. These findings inform how policymakers use rhetoric to support their stance on controversial policies in a hyper-partisan and polarized political environment.
Urban Systems: Mapping Interdependencies and Outcomes to Support Systems Thinking
Authors: Bedinger M. , Beevers L. , Walker G. H. , Visser‐Quinn A. , McClymont K.
Published: March 2020

This paper argues that urban systems issues are design problems on a grand scale and that various disciplines aiming to address them can have only a partial view of the problem. It is necessary to draw boundaries around the detailed analyses of specific issues, but a way to map the wider system, to contextualize and more deeply understand how they are interrelated, is still lacking. Four complexity obstacles related to reasoning about complex systems are in our way, and to our knowledge no existing approach navigates them effectively. We propose a tool called the Abstraction Hierarchy as a way to do just this, in order to frame complex issues on a large scale, in a way accessible to all disciplines. To demonstrate the power of this systems model, the Abstraction Hierarchy is applied to an urban area. Through its application we demonstrate its capability to navigate all four obstacles and investigate previously unexplored space in urban systems research.
Auroral Omega Bands are a Significant Cause of Large Geomagnetically Induced Currents
Authors: Apatenkov S. V. , Pilipenko V. A. , Gordeev E. I. , Viljanen A. , Juusola L. , Belakhovsky V. B. , Sakharov Ya. A. , Selivanov V. N.
Published: March 2020

The strongest event of geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) detected by the North‐West Russian GIC network occurred during the main phase of the magnetic storm on 28 and 29 June 2013. Extremely high value, 120 A, was recorded in the 330 kV transformers on Kola Peninsula in the 04–07 magnetic local time (MLT) sector. The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft took a sequence of ultraviolet (UV) auroral images in the southern hemisphere and observed multiple omega bands. The ionospheric equivalent electric currents based on the International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects (IMAGE) magnetometer network reveal a sequence of current vortex pairs moving eastward with the speed of 0.5–2.5 km/s that fits to the electrodynamics scheme of omega bands. Although the temporal variations of the associated current system are slow, the omega bands can be responsible for strong magnetic variations and GIC due to fast propagations of currents in the azimuthal direction.
Under‐Ice Phytoplankton Blooms in the Central Arctic Ocean: Insights From the First Biogeochemical IAOOS Platform Drift in 2017
Authors: Boles Elisabeth , Provost Christine , Garçon Véronique , Bertosio Cécilia , Athanase Marylou , Koenig Zoé , Sennéchael Nathalie
Published: March 2020

In April 2017, the first Ice Atmosphere Arctic Ocean Observing System (IAOOS) platform equipped with biogeochemical sensors was deployed near the North Pole. Over the next 8 months it meandered southward with the ice, collecting measurements in the upper 250 m of Amundsen Basin, the Gakkel Ridge, Nansen Basin, and Fram Strait. Two distinct periods of primary production were encountered. The first bloom developed in the mixed layer in Amundsen Basin in May, reaching maximum chlorophyll a concentrations on the order of ~ 0.5 mg m−3 by the end of June. This bloom occurred earlier in the year than any other recorded bloom in Amundsen Basin, despite very limited under‐ice light due to a thick layer of snow. The second bloom, encountered in Nansen Basin in August, was significantly larger (mean profile maximum chlorophyll a was 1.45 mg m−3). Examinations of the optical community index and colored dissolved organic matter concentrations suggest that the spring bloom consisted of small phytoplankton which may have been mixotrophic, while the summer bloom contained a greater diversity of planktonic size classes. The data set demonstrates the heterogeneity of Arctic under‐ice primary production, and is a valuable resource for validating coupled Earth System models.
Numerical Simulation of Stepping and Branching Processes in Negative Lightning Leaders
Authors: Syssoev A. A. , Iudin D. I. , Bulatov A. A. , Rakov V. A.
Published: March 2020

A numerical model with physical timing and grid spacing of 3 m is applied to studying the progression (including stepping and branching) of negative lightning stepped leader. The asymmetry between positive and negative streamers is taken into account via using polarity‐dependent initiation and propagation field thresholds. The stepped nature of negative leader is confirmed to be caused by this asymmetry. The step formation process of the negative leader is modeled to begin with the appearance of space stems inside and in the immediate vicinity of its streamer zone (corona streamer burst completing the preceding step). Some of those space stems evolve into space leaders, which can connect to the primary leader channel, thereby facilitating its extension. Model‐predicted morphology and dynamics of negative leaders are in good agreement with the recent recordings of lightning stepped and dart‐stepped leaders obtained using high‐speed video cameras, and their electrical parameters are in line with the current knowledge on negative lightning leaders.
Efficient Nighttime Biogenic SOA Formation in a Polluted Residual Layer
Authors: Zaveri Rahul A. , Shilling John E. , Fast Jerome D. , Springston Stephen R.
Published: March 2020

Organic nitrates formed from nighttime reaction between anthropogenic nitrate radicals (NO3) and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are an important but highly uncertain source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Here we report on the enhanced nighttime biogenic SOA formation observed in a polluted residual layer over Sacramento, California, the morning of 15 June 2010 during the Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES). Trajectory analysis showed that the residual layer air, containing isoprene and trace amounts of monoterpenes left over after nighttime oxidation, was influenced by the San Francisco Bay Area emissions the previous evening. The residual layer aerosol was also enriched in nitrate, with about 64% of it estimated to be in the form of organic nitrates. The nitrate:organic mass ratio of the SOA was about 0.47 ± 0.044, which corresponds to the range typically found in isoprene mononitrates. Assuming the SOA was composed of organic mononitrates, its nominal molecular weight was estimated at 186 ± 11 g mol−1, consistent with the highly functionalized isoprene hydroxynitrates that have been observed in the particle phase in the southeast United States. Overall, our findings show that the efficiency of nighttime biogenic SOA formation, expressed as the change in organic aerosol mass relative to carbon monoxide (∆OA/∆CO), equals ~100 μg m−3 ppmv and is comparable to the range previously estimated for enhanced daytime SOA formation from mixed anthropogenic and biogenic emissions during CARES. Assuming the SOA was formed from isoprene oxidation by NO3, we estimated mass yields of up to 0.55, consistent with previous field estimates.