bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children's Knowledge About Medicines
Authors: ALMARSDÓTTIR ANNA B. , ZIMMER CATHERINE
Published: March 2007

A model explaining children's knowledge about medicines and the perceived benefit of medicines was constructed and estimated. The children's health belief model, cognitive development and social cognitive development theories, combined with previous multimethod study results form the basis of the path analytic model analyzed. Children, aged 7 and 10 years, and their primary caregivers were interviewed during 1992 and 1993. Recruiting was done at summer camps in Chapel Hill, North Carolina and environs, resulting in a convenience sample of 101 children, all white and middle class. Oridnary least squares regression was carried out in steps for the two model equations. Knowledge of medicines was most adequately explained, having age, educational environment and the degree of internal locus of control as significant positive predictors. The only significant predictor of the perceived benefit of medicines was the negative effect of the internal locus of control, supporting results from former studies. Children's retention of drug advertising had no significant effects in the model. The results from this moderately sized study suggest promising directions for further development of explanations of why children believe in the benefit of medicines.
Murray Bookchin's Theory of Social Ecology
Authors: Best Steven
Published: March 2007

Murray Bookchin `s theory of social ecology is perhaps the most comprehensive and powerful ecological philosophy yet developed. It involves a complex, detailed, interdisciplinary framework that has been developed during the course of Bookchin's career and demands keen learning from the reader The payoff is well worth it, however for Bookchin provides important tools for thinking about the relation between society and nature and how the human antagonism with the natural world might be resolved. Focusing on Bookchin `s 1991 work, The Ecology of Freedom, the author lays out the philosophical and historical underpinnings of social ecology and its analysis of hierarchy.
Constitutional Design and Citizen Electoral Control
Authors: Powell G. Bingham
Published: March 2007

Empirical theories of electoral and legislative politics can be used to build propositions about the consequences of constitutional designs for citizen electroal control. This article reports preliminary tests of such propositions. Constitutional arrangements in 16 democracies are compared to the degree of clarity of responsibility, opportunity for party choice, decisiveness of elections and effective representation in policy-making, before and after elections. Previous work had suggested that different models of citizen control require different combinations of these characteristics. The preliminary analysis shows constitutional designs that emphasized majoritarian election laws and government dominance in the legislature generally succeeded in creating conditions for the Government Accountability and, to a lesser degree, Government Mandate models of citizen control, but did poorly in creating conditions for the Representative Delegate model. The consensual constitutional designs were generally successful only in creating conditions for the Representative Delegate model. However, much additional work remains.
Inheritance Before Choice in Public policy
Authors: Rose Richard
Published: March 2007

When a group of politicians enters office, there is no choice: the inherited commitments of past government must be accepted as givens. The legacy that they inherit is carried forward by institutional commitments grounded in laws, organizations and budgets that are more important than the preferences of individuals. This paper first explains why this is so. The extent to which public policies are durable, that is, persisting from one administration or one decade to another, is tested in the second section, using public expenditure data for hundreds of programmes of British government over a period of 40 years since the end of the Second World War. The third section tests whether the introduction or termination of programmes tends to reflect party differences, changes in the economic climate, or differences between social programmes integral to the individual life-cycle as against those responding to market conditions. The conclusion shows how changes can occur as the unforeseeable consequences of programme commitments entered into in the distant past, and carried forward by political inertia. The result of this legacy is change without choice.
Hegelian Garbage Cans
Authors: Bruun Finn
Published: March 2007

During recent years institutionalism has become a major theme in political theory. A radical version of institutional impact is offered by March and Olsen who attack behaviouralism as well as public choice. This paper first argues that their basic tenets correspond to Hegelian reasoning and second, claims that they fall prey to the very same critique which has been launched against Hegel from an empirical as well as a normative point of view.
Representation and Institutional Stability
Authors: Ainsworth Scott H.
Published: March 2007

In a developing legislature, two types of stability are crucial for maintaining institutional viability. The first type of stability identifies legislative proposals that are invulnerable to majority rule voting cycles. The research addressing the implications of majority rule voting cycles has been rich and sustained, allowing scholars to address committee structures of institutionalized legislatures and norms. However, many formal theories of modern legislatures are not readily applicable to less structurally developed legislatures. In this paper, a simple majority rule game is used to illustrate two types of legislative stability: majority rule stability and stability against various obstructionary tactics including outright secession. For a developing legislature to become institutionalized, both types of stability are necessary.
Adaptive Models and Electoral Instability
Authors: de Marchi Scott
Published: March 2007

The spatial model of voting is a benchmark in theories purporting to explain political behavior. Underlying the spatial model is the assumption that both voters and candidates possess complete information. Despite the fact that much of the survey literature fails to confirm this assumption, few formal theorists have modeled electorates where the voters and candidates lack full information. In large part, spatial theory's failure to illuminate problems of this kind stems from its reliance upon an unrealistic model of human cognition: substantive rationality. This paper returns to Downs' original statement of the importance of information costs in voter decision-making, and extends Down's analysis to include the constraints faced by candidates. In this paper, complexity theory provides the framework to construct computational experiments that explore the use of information by political actors. As in real elections, voters have a finite amount of attention they dedicate to political issues, and candidates possess a fixed budget with which to poll the electorate. The inclusion of the costs of acquiring information for both voters and candidates results in a broader set of electoral outcomes that challenge current formal results.
Anthropology and the sciences humaines: the voice of Levi-Strauss
Authors: Johnson Christopher
Published: March 2007

The programme Lévi-Strauss set for anthropology in the postwar years places his discipline at the centre of the human sciences in France. As a structural anthropology it aspires to the theoretical rigour of science, but it is also regarded by many as a new humanism with a wider con ception of humanity. In marked contrast to the dramatized subject of existentialism, the subject of this science - like the individual Lévi- Strauss - is an effaced and self-effacing one. Despite this general elision of individual voice, there emerges in Tristes tropiques a 'totemic' self constructed on the premise of a 'neolithic' affinity with the traditional societies studied by the ethnologist. The neolithic metaphor not only allows Lévi-Strauss to explain the profound necessity of his vocation, it also forms part of a complex of concepts and values basic to his thought. To this extent the metaphor is an overdetermined one, objec tively unacceptable but subjectively necessary for the construction of a coherent mythology of the ethnographic vocation. It is both a trans lation of the individual voice of Lévi-Strauss and part of a more general paradigm of the prehistoric utopia.
The poor don't squat: the case of Thika, Kenya
Authors: Andreasen Jorgen
Published: March 2007

The poor don't squat: the case of Thika, Kenya emphasizes the importance of rental housing within a small East African urban centre. It describes the different housing submarkets and how these have changed over the last 20 years. It also shows the inapplicability of most common 'international' housing solutions within a social and economic context such as Thika, where many inhabitants retain strong links with their rural home and have no interest in owning a home in Thika.
Urban environmental degradation in Tanzania
Authors: Yhdego Michael
Published: March 2007

Urban environmental degradation in Tanzania describes the environmental problems evident in the urban areas of Tanzania, especially its former capital and largest city, Dar es Salaam. It describes the very rapid growth in urban population and industrialization and how, in the absence of effective government action, this has resulted in poor quality housing, inadequate infrastructure and industrial pollution.
New approaches for aid agencies; FUPROVI's community based shelter programme
Authors: Sevilla Manuel
Published: March 2007

New approaches for aid agencies; FUPROVI's community based shelter programme describes the work of a Costa Rican NGO which has pioneered new ways to work with low-income households in mobilizing resources for building or improving housing, working in participatory ways and achieving high levels of cost recovery. It also discusses what this programme implies for development assistance in other parts of Latin America.
Forced eviction as an increment of demographic manipulation
Authors: Schechla Joseph
Published: March 2007

Forced eviction as an increment of demographic manipulation considers the long- established policy of forced evictions carried out by the state of Israel against the Palestinians under its jurisdiction or control and the sheer scale in terms of the number of Palestinian Arabs who have been dispossessed of their homes and lands within the Israeli state. The paper describes the origins of the policy on forced evictions, how it was incorporated into Israeli law and the measures Palestinian Arabs have taken to oppose the evictions and the wider discrimination of which these are part.
Fighting violence against women: the experience of the Lihok-Pilipina Foundation in Cebu
Authors: Banaynal-Fernandez Tessie
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the work of the Lihok-Pilihpina Foundation, based in Cebu City (Philippines) to address the needs and priorities of women from low-income households. This includes credit programmes for rural and urban women, a women's education programme, support for water and environment initiatives, and community organizatior programmes. But Lihok-Pilipina also had to develop a response to the issues of domestic violence and sexual abuse, as the scope and magnitude of these problems became evident through working with women. The text also describes the development of a women's support and crisis centre and the ways in which it seeks to support abused women and children and to promote the prevention of domestic violence whilst working with a large network of other organizations.
Jaspers, Kurt Schneider and the Heidelberg school of psychiatry
Authors: Janzarik Werner , Viviani R. , Berrios G.E.
Published: March 2007

The psychiatric tradition of Heidelberg goes back to Kraepelin. Its psychopathological orientation was established by Jaspers and developed by K. Schneider. The relationship between these two men is explored through an analysis of their correspondence, which lasted for more than fifty years.
Hypnosis, false memory and multiple personality: a trinity of affinity
Authors: Rieber Robert W.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a discussion of the relationship between hypnosis, false memory, and multiple personality. Since Morton Prince's classic case of multiple personality (Prince 1906), only two other cases rival Prince's original work (Thigpen and Cleckley 1957, Schreiber 1973) in popularity.

This paper illustrates startling new material regarding the third most famous of multiple personality cases, that of Sybil. Tape recordings recently discovered document the fraudulent construction of multiple personality. The importance of the role of hypnosis is discussed in this presentation. The author of this paper knew the author of Sybil, Flora Schreiber, through many years before her death, and therefore is able to present first-hand information about the author and her work.

'... to suggest during a trance the appearance of a secondary personage with a certain temperament and that secondary personage will usually give itself a name. One has therefore to be on one's guard in this matter against confounding naturally double persons and persons who are simply temporarily endowed with the belief that they must play the part of being double.'

Prince, 1890 (William James comments upon Morton Prince's paper)

'After all', as Miss Beauchamp used to say, referring to her different dissociated personalities, B1, B3, and B4 - the saint, the devil and the woman, 'they are all myself.' And perhaps after all, Miss Beauchamp was not so very much unlike the rest of us.

Morton Prince, 28 April 1915 (Rieber 1997)
Negotiating Negotiation: The Collaborative Production of Resolution in Small Claims Mediation Hearings
Authors: GARCIA ANGELA CORA
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to analyze how participants in mediation hearings get ideas for resolution of the dispute on the table for negotiation and bargaining. The data used are 15 small claims mediation hearings which were videotaped, transcribed and analyzed using the conversation analytic method. While the tasks involved in producing suggestions for solution are tied to institutional role (mediators make proposals and solicit position reports from disputants; disputants produce position reports) the mediators and disputants collaboratively produce ideas for resolution, and use several techniques to control production of ideas and their placement. Mediators orient to the institutional requirements of neutrality and disputant empowerment as they engage in these tasks, but have ways of resisting these constraints. Disputants, in turn, can resist mediator's attempts to infringe upon their autonomy.
The Linguistic Pragmatics of Terrorist Acts
Authors: Wilson John
Published: March 2007

This paper applies the principles of linguistic pragmatics to a selected example of political debate. Specific pragmatic constructs are located and described (conversational implicature/presupposition), with evidence for their theoretical validity provided. This description serves as an input into a consideration of the existence, nature, order and rhetorical impact of these constructs within the selected political debate, providing a contribution to both pragmatic theory and the analysis of political rhetoric.
Standing Up and Speaking Out: African American Women's Narrative Legacy
Authors: Etter-Lewis Gwendolyn
Published: March 2007

Based on extensive excerpts from texts that are a part of a larger study of elderly African American women's oral narratives, the following paper examines the manner in which African American women speak out about and suppress accounts of racism and sexism in their professional and private lives. The narratives suggest that the very act of telling their own life stories represents a break with `tradition' and is indeed a form of speaking out. Putting into words their philosophies, experiences and feelings means that the fictional culture and history that has victimized African Americans ultimately will be reconstructed. The research for this paper was made possible by a grant from the Ford Foundation.
Metaphor in Political Discourse: The Case of the `Common European House'
Authors: Chilton Paul , Ilyin Mikhail
Published: March 2007

The metaphor of the `common European house' appeared in political discourse in several European languages in the late 1980s. Political discourse, usually treated in a domestic single-language perspective, is here examined in a trans-national and trans-linguistic one. A model of such political discourse as a kind of `conversation' is proposed, as well as a framework for the analysis of metaphor that combines a cognitive and a discourse approach. Using this framework, sample texts from Russian, German and French sources are analysed in order to obtain an understanding of how the metaphor passed between linguistic and political cultures.
Marking Solidarity Across the Trinidad Speech Community: The Use of an Ting in Medical Counselling to Break Down Power Differentials
Authors: Youssef Valerie
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the distribution and functions of Trinidad Creole (TC) set-marking tag an ting in a series of medical counselling sessions in Trinidad. It is the first examination of a discourse feature within Caribbean sociolinguistic complexes, where there has previously been an emphasis on the study of phonological and morphosyntactic variation. In an ting's double representation of solidarity, first as a Creole marker and second as a discourse feature entailing implicit shared knowledge, it is selected above more precise semantic labels generally in contexts where patient or counsellor is attempting to break down the power differential conferred by their professional situation, or, in particular instances, to avoid embarrassment or admission of ignorance. Contexts where the power differential is breached are further defined by conversational modes which fall outside those most expected of these counselling interactions.
Linguistic Forms of Consultative Management Discourse
Authors: Yeung Lorrita N.T.
Published: March 2007

Discourse analysis of over 20 meetings in three banks in Hong Kong indicates that consultative management talk is a type on the continuum of participative decision-making, as conceptualized in participative typologies in management literature. Nevertheless, it is a type of discourse which has the tendency of developing into full-blown decision-sharing and not stopping short where it should on the cline of relative influence and control between superior and subordinates, as suggested by the conventional models. The discourse corpus also shows how the managers perform a delicate balancing act of opening themselves up to subordinates' influence on the one hand and keeping the decision-making process under their control on the other hand during consultation. Subtle but different language forms are used. While the discourse shows features attributable to Chinese management styles, it also reveals distinctive characteristics which mark off consultative discourse as a genre on its own.
Hard-Nosed Psychologists
Authors: Mills John A.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses some of the issues involved in writing a historiography of histories of psychological thought, using as an example the development of my own thinking while writing a history of behaviorism. Taking the approaches of narrative historians as a starting point, I ask if such approaches can be applied to the writing of psychology's history, concluding that narrative approaches are congruent only with the analysis of particular episodes in psychology's history, while the narrative mode itself entails grave conceptual difficulties. Histories of schools of psychological thought require the methods of historians of ideas. Following Hayden White, I maintain that the writing of large-scale intellectual history demands a prior act of imaginative structuring, so that any attempts to deal with the crucial notions of causation or agency must be mediated via an understanding of the structure of that act.
On the Failure of Operationism
Authors: Grace Randolph C.
Published: March 2007

Operationism was proposed as the methodology for a behavioristic psychology in the 1930s, based on ideas from Bridgman's 1927 book, The Logic of Modern Physics. That the practice of operational definitions still persists in psychology has been strongly criticized. The major claim, first made in the 1940s and echoed recently, has been that psychologists misunderstood Bridgman by using operational definitions to produce or elicit new concepts or phenomena rather than to measure existing ones. However, the distinction between measuring and producing phenomena cannot be maintained in physics, and operational definitions to produce phenomena are useful in the early stages of scientific inquiry. In fact, where psychologists of the 1930s (e.g. Stevens, E.C. Tolman, Hull) failed to heed Bridgman was in their uncritical use of mechanistic explanations, and, especially, in their belief that unobservable constructs were adequately defined on the basis of a single set of operations. This latter error was corrected in the 1950s with the adoption of a `convergent operationism', which provided the methodological basis for the new cognitive psychology as well as the foundational treatment of reliability and validity in psychometrics. Thus, it is incorrect to assume that the failure of operationism, as practiced in the 1930s, is symptomatic of a deeper failure of positivism as a philosophical orientation for psychology. A convergent operationism provides the only means of making potentially valid inferences about unobservable phenomena from empirical data, and will continue to be employed by psychologists as long as it is useful to do so.
The Tragedy of Operationalism
Authors: Bickhard Mark H.
Published: March 2007

Operational definitions were a neo-Machian development that connected with the positivism of logical positivism. Logical positivism failed, with the failure of operational definitions being just one of multiple and multifarious failures of logical positivism more broadly. Operationalism, however, has continued to seduce psychology more than half a century after it was repudiated by philosophers of science, including the very logical positivists who had first taken it seriously. It carries with it a presupposed metaphysics that is false in virtually all of its particulars, and thereby distorts and obscures genuine issues concerning the nature of theory and of science. It makes it particularly difficult for psychologists, under the thrall of this dogma, to free themselves from these false presuppositions, and to think about, create and critique genuine scientific theory and process. That is the tragedy of operationalism.
Three Endorsements and a Question
Authors: Kimble Gregory A.
Published: March 2007

As Lise and Michael Wallach (2001) demonstrate, much social psychological research is gratuitous because, so often, experiments in that discipline merely confirm a set of unfalsifiable presuppositions. In spite of that major flaw, however, social psychological research may make important contributions, by revealing the effectiveness of manipulations that may be either stronger or weaker than common sense suggests, by helping us understand real-life phenomena, and by showing how desired ends may be achieved by practical means. My only quibble with the paper concerns the Wallachs' ideas about the status and functioning of psychological concepts. If they assume, as they sometimes seem to, that concepts are identities with independent existence apart from observation, I take exception. Social psychological phenomena should be treated as expressions of more general principles of a very general psychology that begins with empirical evidence.
Representationism, Realism and the Redundancy of `Mentalese'
Authors: Maze J. R.
Published: March 2007

Representationism as a theory of knowledge cannot avoid collapsing into solipsism, cannot distinguish between true and false beliefs without contradicting its own basic premise and cannot give any objective ground for inference. Fodor's postulated `mentalese' is shown to suffer these defects; further, its nativism cannot bridge the supposed gap between sensory particulars and cognitive universals. His arguments for its necessity for natural language learning are problematic. Direct realism avoids these unnecessary difficulties by postulating a native perceptual ability to identify kinds of complex object, and finds the grounds of inference in the perceived structure of the world. Cognitive science can have useful applications if freed of representationism.
Was Wundt a `Nazi'?
Authors: Brock Adrian
Published: March 2007

This article examines the widespread view that the Volkerpsychologie of Lazarus, Steinthal and Wundt was in some way related to the racial psychology of the Nazis. This was suggested in Gordon Allport's `Historical Background of Modern Social Psychology'. I discuss Allport's essay in order to show that this is nothing more than an ugly rumor. Volkerpsychologie was a cultural psychology. It was heavily criticized by racial psychologists and was used by Franz Boas in order to undermine their theories. I conclude by examining the source of Allport's `mistake'.
Finding a Home for a Psychology of Volition
Authors: Ansoff Rick
Published: March 2007

The distinction proposed by Davidson (1963, 1980, 1987) between causes and reasons in the explanation of action is examined in the context of traditional positions on the issue of determinism and the will, and in light of causation theories advanced by Aristotle and Hume. It is suggested that explanations of volition limited to efficient causation and variance-partitioning approaches in empirical research are deficient, and that psychology should explicitly incorporate established philosophical positions on the will into emerging theories of volition.
Farewell to TOM: Ben Bradley's Revolutionary Poetics and the Fuzzy World of Development
Authors: Valsiner Jaan
Published: March 2007

Bradley's (1993) analysis of `theories of mind' contains the beginning of a serious reconstruction of psychology from a developmental point of view. Nevertheless, such reconstruction efforts may become hostages to social rhetorics themselves, and some possible lines of theoretical construction that may avoid such danger are pointed out (e.g. systematically developmental perspective, explication of the research processes).
Reference Points for Critical Theoretical Work in Psychology
Authors: Parker Ian
Published: March 2007

Jost and Hardin's (1996) defence of Wittgenstein fails to address the ways in which that writer's texts function in different discursive contexts to warrant essentialist and relativist positions. The strategy of assembling bits of text from Wittgenstein and Marx to illustrate similarities of perspective is unconvincing, for it neglects the mobilization of theoretical arguments in the context of institutionally situated language-games or forms of life. There are deep problems with Wittgenstein's work as the underpinning for a critical position in psychology, as I argued in my paper (Parker, 1996), but we can still, paradoxically, understand why that may be so by taking seriously some of the insights in Wittgenstein's own writing.
From Dysappearance to Hyperappearance: Sliding Boundaries of Illness and Bodies
Authors: Frank Arthur W.
Published: March 2007

Ten recent empirical studies of the body are reviewed with particular reference to illness. Discussion is organized around the relations of body to world, body to self, social mediations of embodiment and physical reshapings of the body. Particular attention is given to recent work of Kathy Davis on elective cosmetic surgery, Emily Martin on the immune system, Kay Toombs on the phenomenology of chronic illness, and Iris Marion Young on women's embodiment.
Statistical Significance and Replicability
Authors: Sohn David
Published: March 2007

Commentators agree with me that statistical significance does not betoken replicability, but not for the reasons I give. Chow (1998) defends the use of significance tests by arguing that they are useful for assessing the role of chance in findings. I dispute this by pointing out that the Type II error rate may be as high as 1 - ct. Falk (1998) defends Bayesian inference, which was impugned by me. She also makes a case for the use of replications for the purpose of testing hypotheses. I complain that the supporters of Bayesian inference have not explained adequately what its purpose or role in science is, and for this reason it is an impediment to understanding in this area. I also dispute Falk's view of the role of replications in that I would require a successful replication to be one that produces an effect that is clearly discernible, meaning the effect is consistently noticeable with the aid of nothing more than descriptive statistics.
Discursive Acts
Authors: Morgan Mandy
Published: March 2007

In this reply to Wetherell and Potter's (1998) reading of my article (Morgan, 1998) I construct their response as a turn-in-talk. This draws attention to my status as `second turn-taker' and allows me to acknowledge that alongside our continuing disagreement I am indebted to Wetherell and Potter's response for providing me with resources to draw my attention more closely to issues of rhetoric and dialogue.
Strikes and Collective Bargaining in the Nordic Countries
Authors: Stokke Torgeir Aarvaag , Thornqvist Christer
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the different strike profiles in the Nordic countries, with particular stress on the role of collective bargaining. First, it compares working days lost during the past couple of decades in a broad sample of European countries. Denmark, Norway and Sweden are identified as belonging to a `middle' group, while Finland is an outlier. Second, it analyses the number of strikes, which shows enormous differences between the Nordic countries. Possible methodological explanations are considered, but mostly rejected; instead, the causes are located in the historical development of collective bargaining, and in details concerning the peace obligation and local bargaining practices. The recent dramatic fall in working days lost in most other European countries is found also in Finland and Sweden, but not in Denmark and Norway. The research emphasizes factors such as unemployment, workplace reforms and local bargaining. The conclusions are also related to previous findings from the comparative analysis of industrial conflict.
Between Globalization and Capitalist Variety: Multinationals and the International Diffusion of Employment Relations
Authors: Ferner Anthony , Quintanilla Javier
Published: March 2007

This brief article introduces the principal issues arising from the attempts of globalizing multinationals to transfer employment practices between institutionally diverse national business systems. It summarizes the contribution of the other articles in this special issue to four specific questions relatively neglected in the existing literature. First, what is the impact on multinationals' employment practices of sub-national variation within national business systems? Second, how are employment relations affected by sectoral effects, and in particular by the complex interaction between global sectoral governance regimes and national institutional frameworks? Third, to what extent are the employment practices diffused by multinationals modified through interaction with the institutional characteristics of the host? Lastly, how is the behaviour of multinational companies (MNCs) itself contributing to evolution and change within national institutions of employment relations?
Industrial Relations at Regional Level in Europe: Strengths and Weaknesses of an Intermediate Level of Social Regulation
Authors: Regalia Ida
Published: March 2007

The industrial relations literature has traditionally focused on either the national or company levels. However, there are reasons to believe that the intermediate, regional level is becoming an increasingly significant arena for employment regulation. This article discusses this development on the basis of comparative research in `dynamic' regions in France, Germany, Italy and Spain. While there are important variations between the cases, a common finding is that regional industrial relations practices display the advantages of flexibility and adaptability but the weaknesses of poor coordination and discontinuity.
An Awkward Partner?
Authors: Blair Alasdair , Leopold John , Karsten Luchien
Published: March 2007

The dominance of member states in the field of social policy has been traditionally depicted as one of the main hurdles facing the development of a European social policy. Resistance by national government to the transfer of influence and control over social policy to the European level has been particularly true for Britain. Opposition to various initiatives, such as the Social Charter and Social Chapter has demonstrated this. It is in this context that this article examines Britain's implementation of the Working Time Directive, this being demonstrative of the distinction between member states and the EU in the social policy arena. In this sense, the Working Time Directive is significant not just because of the provisions it brings to British employees, but because it demonstrates the changing nature of the relationship between member states and the EU in the realm of social policy.
Hoping for the Best: The Future Time Perspective
Authors: Staats Sara , Romine Nanette , Atha Gay , Isham Jean
Published: March 2007

Empirical research on hope, expected effect and future time perspectives has employed a variety of different time frames. This research note contends that the effect of these time frames, frequently established by temporal instructions, merits further investigation. The present research compares four sets of time frame instructions with college students in the mid-west of the USA. Results indicate a significant increase of hope across the three specific time frames (with hope `in the next five years' being the greatest). While pessimism and hope for others did not vary with projected time, optimism and hope for self saw an increase through the specific time frames. Consequently, an asymmetry of `situational' versus `dispositional' self attribution for the past and future is proposed for this student population. We suggest that the self/other temporal distinction may be a fruitful area for cross cultural exploration.
Employing the Body: the Reproductive Body and Employment Exclusion
Authors: Thomson Michael
Published: March 2007

Articulacy of fingers, the language of the deaf and dumb, signing on the body body longing. Who taught you to write in blood on my back? Who taught you to use your hands as branding irons? You have scored your name into my shoulders, referenced me with your mark. The pads of your fingers have become printing blocks, you tap your message onto my skin, tap meaning into my body.... Written on the body is a secret code only visible in certain lights; the accumulation of a life time gather there. In places the palimpsest is so heavily worked that the letters feel like braille. I like to keep my body rolled up away from prying eyes. Never unfold too much, tell the whole story. I didn't know that Louise would have reading hands. She has translated me into her own book. (Winterson, 1993:89)
The Future of Law in a Global Economy
Authors: Appelbaum Richard P.
Published: March 2007

In this paper I challenge the notion that an emerging global legal culture modeled on US legal practices will necessarily come to dominate global legal practices in the economic sphere. Rather, I argue that the ascendance of Asian economic power will have significant implications for the sorts of legal as well as business institutions that are likely to dominate in the next century. Specifically, I argue that Chinese busi ness culture, with its emphasis on informal relationships and flexible organization, has a strong affinity for the new forms of flexible production that characterize an important and growing portion of the world economy. Drawing on world-systems theory, research on Chinese business organization and culture, and my own field- work, I argue that the 'legal convergence' hypothesis may well be premature: that the rise of the East Asian economies, linked together through the Chinese business diaspora, may well herald not only the decline of North American and European global economic dominance, but along with it the hegemony of their associated legal forms
EU-NATO Cooperation in Crisis Management: No Turkish Delight for ESDP
Authors: MISSIROLI ANTONIO
Published: March 2007

The issue of how to organize and implement a European security and defence `identity' has been discussed at both the political and the academic level throughout the past decade. Initially, it was basically related only to NATO or, at best, to the NATO-WEU interface. As such, it did not make much progress, in spite of the commitments taken especially in Berlin (1996) and the limited decisions adopted in the WEU framework in 1997. Even at that time, the main bones of contention were the extent to which NATO `assets and capabilities' would be put at the disposal of `European-led' peace support operations and, as a consequence, the role and the rights of those European allies that were not full members of the WEU. With the onset of the ESDP and the de facto withering away of the WEU, the issue has become a bilateral one between the European Union and the Alliance. The controversial points have remained more or less the same, but the political and legal contexts have changed. Ever since, apparently, the main obstacle to an arrangement between the two organizations allowing the EU to have `assured access' to NATO planning capabilities has been Turkey's attitude. The article examines in detail all the problems involved, assessing the current state of affairs and drawing some conclusions for the future.
Dilemmas in Agricultural and Rural Development in Hungary: The EU Accession Partnership and the Sapard Programme
Authors: Baukó Tamás , Gurzó Imre
Published: March 2007

Hungarian agriculture experienced a particularly difficult period in the 1990s. In addition to problems related to changes in proprietorship, difficulties emerged in the field of production, foreign trade and the institutional system. The difficulties in agriculture also stimulated social tensions and further regional disparities to the disadvantage of agricultural areas. The transitional period has coincided with the EU accession negotiations and preparations for enlargement. After a brief discussion of the general situation and dilemmas in Hungarian agriculture, the paper seeks to summarize the difficulties of the agricultural sector in detail, as revealed during SAPARD (Special Accession Programme for Agriculture and Rural Development) programming at the micro-regional scale in two study areas.
An Evaluation of European Union Objective 2 Programmes in Industrial South Wales 1989-93
Authors: Huggins Robert
Published: March 2007

This article reports on an in-depth evaluation of European Union (EU) Objective 2 Structural Funding in Industrial South Wales (ISW). The central aim of the evaluation was to assess the main results obtained during the programming period 1989-93, as part of an analytical review of the main problems that ISW confronted during the programming experience. The major strategic objectives of the programme were tackled using six subprogrammes: industrial infrastructure; communications; business development; environment; tourism; research and development/vocational education and training facilities. Despite encountering numerous problems in the evaluation process, it was estimated that the programme created 2544 direct jobs, in addition to 7500 temporary construction jobs and the creation and upgrading of a range of physical infrastructure. Although there was an economic climate of recession during much of the programming period, the programme itself was seen to have positively and significantly contributed to the restructuring and diversification of the South Wales economy. It is suggested that the 'learning processes' associated with this programming period helped to 'push' funds in subsequent programming periods from projects concerned purely with physical assets to those involving human resource development. In conclusion, it is argued that following constitutional change in Wales, the opportunity exists within ISW to further converge EU, national, regional and local policies, producing further transparency and coherence in economic planning and regeneration strategies.
Psychologising Asia or Asianising Psychology: A New Prescription for Dr. Watson?
Authors: Turtle Alison M.
Published: March 2007

Discussion of the role of modern psychology in the developing world has prompted commentators from both east and west to urge the establishment of a branch of psychology devoted to the examination of fundamental theoretical issues. Such a discussion should both inform and be informed by an historical analysis of the spread of western psychology in Asian countries. The historiography of psychology, itself a rapidly expanding field in the west, would likewise benefit from an extension of its present scope to include the history of the relationship between the spread of psychology and colonialism, and that between traditional Asian and western (whether traditional or modern) psychological concepts, and from adopting the fresh perspective on the perennial questions of the basic truth structure in psychological science to which such an enlargement of scope will lead.
Tantra, an Ancient Postmodernist's Lure: Overcoming the Dichotomy of Self and Others
Authors: Sinha Yoganand
Published: March 2007

The paper argues that within social sciences, efforts to represent the "other" are simultaneously efforts at understanding major social science problems and the representations of self within them. In this perspective psychoanalysis and tantric thought are compared. Tantra is seen as having an element of transcendence which, despite its similarities with Freudian thought, makes it unique to Indian cultural tradition. The essay tries to show how the tantric system of thought is also a profound critique of the classical Brabmanic worldview of India, and bow the tantric system is ancient and postmodern at the same time in its formulations and intentions.
Continuity and Change in Turkish Urban Family Life
Authors: Ataca Bilge , Sunar Diane
Published: March 2007

This study investigates continuity and change in child-rearing attitudes and intrafamily status of the woman in urban middle class Türkiye. A group of 75 women responded to questions about values attributed to children, preference for children's sex, and woman's status in relation to the husband. Findings indicate a decrease in the economic value and an increase in the psychological value of children, together with a decrease in boy preference and an increase in girl preference. Contrary to previous research, old age security is more often mentioned as a reason for preferring girls than for preferring boys. Compared to the past, women are more involved in decision-making in urban families. Equalitarian intrafamily relations, with increased shared decision- making, communication, and role sharing between spouses, are associated with lower levels of fertility.
Learning through Teaching the 'Sociology of Gender'
Authors: Chaudhuri Maitrayee
Published: March 2007

This paper reflects on the experience of teaching a course on women and society in a sociology department over a period of seven years. This is discussed from different angles—related to sociology and its disciplinary location; questions of women's studies and feminist politics; and the complex dimensions of pedagogy in particular. The diversity amongst students and the politics of the classroom repeatedly emerge as critical issues in the paper. The essay concludes with some theoretical reflections on the problems of relating experience with analysis by drawing on the ethnomethodology of Harold Garfinkel.
Practising Rakshabandhan: Brothers in Ranchi, Jharkhand
Authors: Sinha-Kerkhoff Kathinka
Published: March 2007

This article describes some of the aspects that growing up entails for young men in Ranchi, Jharkhand, who feel that they are more privileged than girls in many respects. Nevertheless, they experience extreme stress, confusion, anger or sadness as they cannot always cope with the expectation of having to restrict themselves to masculine scripts. At such moments, it is the brother's role that is preferred. The author argues that this explains the popularity of rakshabandhan among young men of various religious, class and caste backgrounds. The ethos of rakshabandhan not only em phasises the commitment of brothers to protect their sisters (real and fictive), but also requires sisters to serve and love them. Rakshabandhan also legitimates interaction between the sexes, and at times love between this kind of brothers and sisters, which is otherwise not sanctioned in a city like Ranchi.
The Global Crisis—A Crisis of Values and the Domination of the Weak by the Strong
Authors: Meer Fatima
Published: March 2007

This paper is a critique of the present mode of capitalist democracy from the ethico-moral viewpoint. The crisis of values is identified as the great bane of free market-led globalization. This trend has aggravated worldwide inequality, promoted terrorism and violence, created psychological anomie and triggered eco logical disasters. Only a few business interests in the wealthier economies are gaining at the expense of humankind. The moral dimension of the government's role has been undermined by such profit-making free market gospel. The author contends that more than beingjust secular, democracy is a pre-social moral force and, as such, is perceived more proximately in the religious temper of a non-industrial society than in a mass industrial society. In the latter democracy is almost a farce with the periodic ritual of public voting as its main act. The paper castigates the global economy and global media which cleverly mastermind our lives, and pleads for a change of values which will make humans self-conscious and will restore their autonomy.
Science and Politics in Latin America: The Old and the New Context in Argentina
Authors: Kreimer Pablo
Published: March 2007

The aim of this paper is to analyse the development of science policy in Argentina, from its emergence almost four decades ago to its challenges in the current context. In contrast to the functional kind of analysis that has been usual in Latin America for a long time, the attempt is to develop a theoretical framework based on the relation ships among the most significant actors (the state, the scientific community, the university, and the business sector), both in social and institutional development. The process of institutional transformation as well as the most relevant aspects of the national/international context are also taken into account. In the concluding section some of the substantive problems that will undoubtedly form part of the debate on science policy in Argentina and in Latin America in the years to come are discussed.
Legitimacy, Controversies and Translation in Public Statistics: The Experience of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
Authors: Schwartzman Simon
Published: March 2007

The paper concerns the daily activities of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE).1 It explores the way in which knowledge about different aspects of society is built at the frontier where different actors and institutions interact. Focus will be laid on how public statistics developed in the institutional context. How different interest groups with varying perspectives on the nature and character of statistical information and knowledge influenced the institute is also explored in the paper. Further, controversies about statistical knowledge, struggles for institutional legitimacy and, eventually, how some sort of consen sus is reached is discussed in the context of IBGE.