bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias: Current and Future Treatments
Authors: Cohen Anna S. , Matharu Manjit S. , Goadsby Peter J.
Published: July 2008

The trigeminal autonomic cephalgias include cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, and short‐lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT). The evidence for the current treatment options for each of these syndromes is considered, including oxygen, sumatriptan, and verapamil in cluster headache, indomethacin in paroxysmal hemicrania, and intravenous lidocaine and lamotrigine in SUNCT. Some treatments such as topiramate have an effect in all of these, as well as in migraine and other pain syndromes. The involvement of the hypothalamus in functional imaging studies implies that this may be a substrate for targeting treatment options in the future.
The Hypothalamic Orexinergic System: Pain and Primary Headaches
Authors: Holland Philip , Goadsby Peter J.
Published: July 2008

The primary headaches are a group of distinct individually characterized attack forms, which although varying in presentation, share some common anatomical basis responsible for the pain component of the attack. The hypothalamus is known to modulate a multitude of functions and has been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of a variety of primary headaches including cluster headache and chronic migraine. It seems likely that it may be involved in other primary headache disorders due to their episodic nature and may underlie many of their diverse symptoms. We discuss the hypothalamic involvement in the modulation of trigeminovascular processing and examine the involvement of the hypothalamic orexinergic system as a key regulator of this function.
Investment, subsidies, and pro‐poor growth in rural India
Authors: Fan Shenggen , Gulati Ashok , Thorat Sukhadeo
Published: July 2008

This article reviews the trends in government subsidies and investments in and for Indian agriculture; develops a conceptual framework and a model to assess the impact of various subsidies and investments on agricultural growth and poverty reduction; and presents reform options with regard to re‐prioritizing government spending. Subsidies in credit, fertilizer, and irrigation have been crucial for small farmers to adopt new technologies particularly during the initial stage of the green revolution in the late 1960s and 1970s. But it is now investments in agricultural research, education, and rural roads that are the three most effective public spending items in promoting agricultural growth and reducing poverty.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Evaluation of Semen Detection in Vaginal Secretions: Comparison of Four Methods
Authors: Culhane Jennifer Flatow , Nyirjesy Paul , McCollum Kelly , Casabellata Giorgia , Di Santolo Manuela , Cauci Sabina
Published: July 2008

Problem  To determine the best method to detect semen in human vaginal secretions.

Method of study  Vaginal secretions from 302 pregnant women at mean 11.8 weeks’ gestation were analyzed. Semen detection was assessed with: (i) measurement of total prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), (ii) acid phosphatase activity, (iii) microscopic measurement of spermatozoa on Gram stain, and (iv) self‐reported sexual intercourse in the past 2 days. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each technique in comparison with PSA levels.

Results  A total of 119 (39.4%) women had a detectable PSA. Compared with measurable PSA, the sensitivity and specificity for other methods were: acid phosphatase (26.9%, 98.4%), Gram stain (36.1%, 98.4%), and self‐report of intercourse in the past 48 hr (41.9%, 88.8%).

Conclusion  Compared with PSA levels, commonly used assays for recent semen exposure are inaccurate. This inaccuracy may affect the results of studies, which measure vaginal immune factors like cytokines or retrieve DNA from vaginal specimens.
Nitric Oxide‐Releasing Compounds Inhibit the Production of Interleukin‐2, ‐4 and ‐10 in Activated Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Korhonen Riku , Kosonen Outi , Hämäläinen Mari , Moilanen Eeva
Published: July 2008

Abstract: In the present study, we investigated the effects of nitric oxide donors, GEA 3162 (1,2,3,4‐oxatriazolium,5‐amino‐3(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐chloride), GEA 3175 (1,2,3,4‐oxatriazolium,3‐(3‐chloro‐2‐methylphenyl)‐5‐[[(4‐methylphenyl) sulfonyl]amino]‐, hydroxide inner salt) and S‐nitroso‐N‐acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), on the production of Th1 [interleukin (IL)‐2] and Th2 (IL‐4 and IL‐10) type cytokines in activated human lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were stimulated with concanavalin A or a combination of thapsigargin and phorbol myristate acetate in the absence or in the presence of nitric oxide donors. Concanavalin A induced expression of IL‐2 mRNA and production of IL‐2, and the combination of thapsigargin and phorbol myristate acetate induced expression of IL‐4 and IL‐10 mRNAs and production of IL‐4 and IL‐10. These effects were inhibited by the nitric oxide donors in a dose‐dependent manner, GEA 3162 and GEA 3175 being more potent than SNAP on a molar basis. The results show that nitric oxide donors have immunomodulatory properties in both Th1‐ and Th2‐derived responses.
Phytoceuticals: Mighty but ignored weapons against Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: LEE Sun‐Young , SHIN Yong Woon , HAHM Ki‐Baik
Published: July 2008

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection causes peptic ulcer disease, mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas and gastric adenocarcinomas, for which the pathogenesis of chronic gastric inflammation prevails and provides the pathogenic basis. Since the role of H. pylori infection is promoting carcinogenesis rather than acting as a direct carcinogen, as several publications show, eradication alone cannot be the right answer for preventing H. pylori‐associated gastric cancer. Therefore, a non‐antimicrobial approach has been suggested to attain microbe‐associated cancer prevention through controlling H. pylori‐related chronic inflammatory processes and mediators responsible for carcinogenesis. Phytoceutical is a term for plant products that are active on biological systems. Phytoceuticals such as Korean red ginseng, green tea, red wine, flavonoids, broccoli sprouts, garlic, probiotics and flavonoids are known to inhibit H. pylori colonization, decrease gastric inflammation by inhibiting cytokine and chemokine release, and repress precancerous changes by inhibiting nuclear factor‐kappa B DNA binding, inducing profuse levels of apoptosis and inhibiting mutagenesis. Even though further unsolved issues are awaited before phytoceuticals are accepted as a standard treatment for H. pylori infection, phytoceuticals can be a mighty weapon for either suppressing or modulating the disease‐associated footprints of H. pylori infection.
Neutrophil chemokines GCP‐2 and GRO‐α in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: ALZOGHAIBI Mohammed A , AL‐MOFLEH Ibramim A , AL‐JEBREEN Abdulrhman M
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE:  To measure the serum levels of neutrophils chemokine granulocyte chemotactic protein‐2 (GCP‐2) and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and compare them with serum levels of growth‐related oncogene (GRO‐α).

METHODS:  Forty‐two patients with inflammatory bowel disease (24 CD and 18 UC) and 38 matched healthy subjects were recruited. Their serum GCP‐2, IL‐8 and GRO‐α were measured by a specific enzyme immunoassay kit.

RESULTS:  The serum levels of GCP‐2 were significantly higher in the CD than the UC patients but lower than in the healthy subjects. The GCP‐2 in the UC patients were significantly lower than in the healthy subjects. The GRO‐α levels were significantly higher in the IBD patients than in the healthy subjects. The IL‐8 levels were under the detectable limit in both the IBD and the healthy subjects.

CONCLUSION:  In this group of patients, GCP‐2 did not participate in the inflammatory response in IBD. GRO‐α could be an important factor that enhances the inflammatory state in IBD.
MRCP vs ERCP in the evaluation of biliary pathologies: Review of current literature
Authors: HEKIMOGLU Koray , USTUNDAG Yucel , DUSAK Abdurrahim , ERDEM Zuhal , KARADEMIR Bulent , AYDEMIR Selim , GUNDOGDU Sadi
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE:  Recently developed magnetic resonance (MR) techniques permit fast and correct imaging of the entire biliary tree with a high spatial resolution. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic potential of one of these new MR sequences in magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) procedure and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with review of current literatures.

METHODS:  A total of 295 patients were enrolled in this study prospectively. Of these, 11 were excluded from the study due to inadequate MRCP image quality and 15 more were excluded due to unsuccessful cannulation during ERCP. Thus, finally 269 patients (124 men and 145 women with a mean age of 57 years; range: 23–92 years) were included. The MRCP procedure was performed before the ERCP in all cases. All MRCP studies were performed with recently developed new MR technique using a heavily T2‐weighted turbo spin echo (TSE) sequence. This TSE sequence is currently one of the most widely used multiplanar 3‐D MR technique, having a high spatial resolution and fast imaging capacity.

RESULTS:  The study participants were classified into four main groups; normal into group I, stone disease into group II, tumor into group III and others into group IV. Group I consisted of 228 patients who had a normal pancreaticobiliary tree on both the MRCP and ERCP examinations. In group II there were 18 patients, for whom the MRCP had a 88.9% sensitivity and a 100% specificity for diagnosing biliary stone disease. Its positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy rates were 100%, 99.2% and 99.2%, respectively. The MRCP had a 100% sensitivity and a 100% specificity for 20 patients in group III. It also had 100% PPV, 100% NPV, and 100% total accuracy rates in this group. In three patients in group IV, the MRCP had a 100% sensitivity and specificity, respectively. Its PPV, NPV and accuracy were 100%, 100% and 100%, respectively.

CONCLUSION:  MRCP is used with increasing frequency as a non‐invasive alternative to ERCP and the diagnostic results of MRCP with a heavily T2‐weighted TSE MR sequence and ERCP are comparable with high accuracy in various hepatobiliary pathologies.
Synapses on NG2‐expressing progenitors in the brain: multiple functions?
Authors: Gallo Vittorio , Mangin Jean‐Marie , Kukley Maria , Dietrich Dirk
Published: July 2008

Progenitor cells expressing the proteoglycan NG2 represent approximately 5% of the total cells in the adult brain, and are found both in grey and white matter regions where they give rise to oligodendrocytes. The finding that these cells receive synaptic contacts from excitatory and inhibitory neurons has not only raised major interest in the possible roles of these synapses, but also stimulated further research on the developmental and cellular functions of NG2‐expressing (NG2+) progenitors themselves in the context of neural circuit physiology. Here we review recent findings on the functional properties of the synapses on NG2+ cells in grey and white matter regions of the brain. In this review article we make an attempt to integrate current knowledge on the cellular and developmental properties of NG2+ progenitors with the functional attributes of their synapses, in order to understand the physiological relevance of neuron–NG2+ progenitor signal transmission. We propose that, although NG2+ progenitors receive synaptic contact in all brain regions where they are found, their synapses might have different developmental and functional roles, probably reflecting the distinct functions of NG2+ progenitors in the brain.
PARAMETRIZATION FOR BALANCED MULTIFILTER BANKS
Authors: LI BAOBIN , PENG LIZHONG
Published: July 2008

The parametrization for two kinds of multifilter banks generating balanced multiwavelets is presented in this paper. In case (I), both lowpass and highpass filters are flipping filters. Filters in case (II) have different lengths, and both lowpass and highpass filters are symmetric (antisymmetric). Based on these parametric expressions, some balanced multiwavelets and analysis-ready multiwavelets (armlets) are constructed. Moreover, the application of these multiwavelets constructed in image processing is also studied.
MULTIMODAL COMMUNICATION FROM MULTIMODAL THINKING — TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED MODEL OF SPEECH AND GESTURE PRODUCTION
Authors: KOPP STEFAN , BERGMANN KIRSTEN , WACHSMUTH IPKE
Published: July 2008

A computational model for the automatic production of combined speech and iconic gesture is presented. The generation of multimodal behavior is grounded in processes of multimodal thinking, in which a propositional representation interacts and interfaces with an imagistic representation of visuo-spatial imagery. An integrated architecture for this is described, in which the planning of content and the planning of form across both modalities proceed in an interactive manner. Results from an empirical study are reported that inform the on-the-spot formation of gestures.
Differences in cardiac microcirculatory wave patterns between the proximal left mainstem and proximal right coronary artery
Authors: Hadjiloizou Nearchos , Davies Justin E. , Malik Iqbal S. , Aguado-Sierra Jazmin , Willson Keith , Foale Rodney A. , Parker Kim H. , Hughes Alun D. , Francis Darrel P. , Mayet Jamil
Published: July 2008

Despite having almost identical origins and similar perfusion pressures, the flow-velocity waveforms in the left and right coronary arteries are strikingly different. We hypothesized that pressure differences originating from the distal (microcirculatory) bed would account for the differences in the flow-velocity waveform. We used wave intensity analysis to separate and quantify proximal- and distal-originating pressures to study the differences in velocity waveforms. In 20 subjects with unobstructed coronary arteries, sensor-tipped intra-arterial wires were used to measure simultaneous pressure and Doppler velocity in the proximal left main stem (LMS) and proximal right coronary artery (RCA). Proximal- and distal-originating waves were separated using wave intensity analysis, and differences in waves were examined in relation to structural and anatomic differences between the two arteries. Diastolic flow velocity was lower in the RCA than in the LMS (35.1 ± 21.4 vs. 56.4 ± 32.5 cm/s, P < 0.002), and, consequently, the diastolic-to-systolic ratio of peak flow velocity in the RCA was significantly less than in the LMS (1.00 ± 0.32 vs. 1.79 ± 0.48, P < 0.001). This was due to a lower distal-originating suction wave (8.2 ± 6.6 × 103 vs. 16.0 ± 12.2 × 103 W·m−2·s−1, P < 0.01). The suction wave in the LMS correlated positively with left ventricular pressure ( r = 0.6, P < 0.01) and in the RCA with estimated right ventricular systolic pressure ( r = 0.7, P = 0.05) but not with the respective diameter in these arteries. In contrast to the LMS, where coronary flow velocity was predominantly diastolic, in the proximal RCA coronary flow velocity was similar in systole and diastole. This difference was due to a smaller distal-originating suction wave in the RCA, which can be explained by differences in elastance and pressure generated between right and left ventricles.
Immunofluorescence-Microscopic Localization of Collagen Type IV and VI, Laminin and Nidogen in the Livers of Cullithrix jacchus during Pre- and Postnatal Development
Authors: Xu Daqun , Schröter-Kermani Ch. , Hinz N. , Merker H.J.
Published: July 2008

The distribution of collagen type IV and VI, laminin and nidogen was investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy in the livers of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) at various stages of development, i.e. on days 93, 111, 116 and 134 of gestation 1 day postpartum and at the mature stage. Large amounts of collagen type IV could in all cases be demonstrated in the sinus wall and in all basal laminae outside the lobule. After the application of antibodies against collagen type VI the sinus wall showed a weak fluorescence reaction at the early stages and a strong binding towards the end of gestation which persisted up to the adult stage. In the periportal field it was mainly localized at the border between lobule and connective tissue. Laminin also increased gradually but could be demonstrated only until birth. In contrast, nidogen was present during the total prenatal and postnatal period. Therefore, collagen type IV and VI were not very suitable for the demonstration of an increase in matrix components under pathological conditions, because they occur already in large amounts in normal livers. However, the occurrence of laminin that was missing in the adult liver must be interpreted as pathological indication. The different occurrence of laminin and nidogen showed that these two substances were expressed and regulated independently of each other.
Branches of the Left Pulmonary Artery Vascularizing the Left Upper Pulmonary Lobe
Authors: Maciejewski Ryszard , Kutnik Barbara
Published: July 2008

The studies were carried out on 100 left lungs taken from dead human bodies of both sexes whose age varied from 16 to 80 years. The pulmonary artery and the bronchus were injected with a 65% solution of duracryl and then digested in sulfuric acid. The specimens obtained were examined to determine the number and dimensions of the branches of the left pulmonary artery penetrating into the upper lobe of the left lung as well as the places at which they branch off from this artery. It was found that in most cases 4 branches ramified from the left pulmonary artery. Their length was 30 mm at the most and their diameter 12 mm. In about 50% of the cases the branches which penetrated into the lobe were the apicoanterior trunk, the lingular branch and 1 or 2 subsegmental branches, in about 25% of the cases almost all segmental branches penetrated into the lobe separately. In about 20% of the cases the apicoposterior trunk and independent segmental or subsegmental branches were present. Only in about 5% of the cases did the branches under consideration include the apicoposteroanterior trunk and the remaining segmental and subsegmental branches.
Development of the Innervation Pattern in the Upper Limb of Staged Human Embryos
Authors: Shinohara Haruo , Naora Hiroyuki , Hashimoto Ryuju , Hatta Toshihisa , Tanaka Osamu
Published: July 2008

The upper limb nerves of 8 human embryos (Carnegie stages 13–21) were studied by reconstruction. In stage 13, upper limb nerves (C5-T1) extended from the spinal cord. In stage 14, these nerves united to for·m the nascent brachial plexus. In stages 16 and 17, the median nerve, the radial nerve and the ulnar nerve entered into the hand plate. In stages 20 and 21 the upper limb nerves were observed in an orientation and arrangement similar to those in the adult.
L’orifice du tronc collecteur des veines cardiaques antérieures (vv. cardiacae anteriores) dans la veine cave inférieure
Authors: Pejković B. , Bogdanović D.
Published: July 2008

In 1 of 150 studied cases, we found the collection stem of anterior cardiac veins that emptied into the inferior vena cava. This collection stem had eight tributaries: two right atrial veins, five anterior cardiac veins and a right marginal vein. The caliber of the collection stem was increasing gradually from its beginning (2.8 mm) to its orifice (4.5 mm). The orifice of the collection stem was in the inferior vena cava, at a distance of 10 mm from its ostial valve and was itself provided with a semilunar valve.
Angioarchitecture of the Esophagogastric Veins in Portal Hypertension
Authors: Fujimura F. , de Carvalho Ferraz , Rodrigues, Jr. Junqueira
Published: July 2008

Based on our previous studies on the human normal venous angioarchitecture of the esophagogastric transition segment, we performed a similar analysis in 25 postmortem specimens obtained from subjects with a diagnosis of portal hypertension. The specimens were injected with India ink or barium sulfate and sectioned for histological examination. A ‘weak’ zone (point of lesser resistance) was described as being the most probable site of origin for the development of varicosities in the complex venous system of the esophagogastric junction. Such a system can be considered to be a physiological hemodynamic venous blockade mechanism interposed between the portal system and the systemic veins. The ‘weak’ zone is made up by the scarce submucous veins (shunt veins), by the submucous confluent and final confluent trunks, and by the true perforating veins of the tunica muscularis which compose a venous unity located about 3–5.5 cm above the Z (epithelioglandular) line.
Effects of Perinatal Alcohol Exposure and Dietary Calcium Supplements on Skeletal and Dental Growth in Rats
Authors: Riesenfeld A. , Siegel M.I. , Mooney M.P. , Seroky J.T. , Taylor A.B.
Published: July 2008

Osteoporosis, hypocalcemia and skeletal size reduction are all common correlates of perinatal alcohol exposure. The present study assesses the effects of dietary calcium supplements on reversing perinatal alcohol-induced osteopenia. One hundred and twenty-nine offspring from Fisher 344 rats received 14% v/v alcohol in tap water from conception to weaning or 3 months of age followed by dietary calcium supplements (230 mg/kg/day) to 6 months of age. Significant group effects (p < 0.001) were noted for all 12 dental and skeletal dimensions measured. Results suggest that calcium therapy following perinatal alcohol exposure may ameliorate alcohol-induced osteopenia in exposed offspring.
Ultrastructural Localization of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in the Normal and Osteochondrotic Joint Cartilage of Growing Pigs
Authors: Ekman S. , Rodriguez-Martinez H.
Published: July 2008

The present study aimed to describe the ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in articular-epiphyseal growth cartilage of the commercial pig and the minipig of wild hog ancestry, comparing areas with a normal endochondral ossification with those where the calcification of the matrix is insufficient, as in osteochondrotic cartilage. Intense AP activity was primarily present in the cytoplasm, the plasmalemmae the long cellular processes and the matrix vesicles budding off from proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes in those areas of cartilage where normal calcification appeared. In the osteochondrotic cartilage, the only detectable AP activity was restricted to a few morphologically viable hypertrophic cells in the surroundings of the lesion. The lack of AP activity could partially explain the insufficient calcification of the osteochondrotic cartilage.
The Infracalcaneal Os peroneum
Authors: Bloom R.A.
Published: July 2008

There is some confusion in the literature regarding the nature of the os peroneum. It has been claimed to be either a supranumerary os or a sesamoid in the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle. Its position in the foot is also a subject of dispute. Most authors state that it is related to the cuboid bone, and it has in the past been termed the ‘cuboidum secundarius’. Occasionally an ossicle is seen inferior to the distal calcaneus distal to the calcaneocuboid articulation. This may represent a developmental anomaly of position of the os peroneum or be the sequel of a rupture of the peroneus longus muscle.
Morphologic Changes of the Basal Lamina in the Small Intestine of Xenopus laevis during Metamorphosis
Authors: Murata E. , Merker H.J.
Published: July 2008

Further investigations of the epithelial and mesothelial basal lamina of the duodenum of Xenopus laevis during metamorphosis were performed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histochemical techniques using polyethyleneimine (PEI) to demonstrate anionic sites, as well as light- and transmission-electron-microscopic methods involving morphometric analysis. The basal lamina of the duodenal epithelial cells was smooth, and it was occasionally curved along the processes of the epithelial cells (stages 56–59). The basal lamina became thicker by folding, and the thickness of the folded basal lamina exceeded 1 µm (stages 60–62). Subsequently, the folded basal lamina disappeared gradually and became almost smooth again and consisted of only one layer (stages 63–66). After removing the epithelium by boric acid, SEM revealed that the small ridges of the basal lamina protruded like a mesh-work into the luminal side, and the luminal surface of the basal lamina became smooth at later stages of the metamorphic climax. The electron-dense granules of PEI-positive material were localized at both sides of the lamina densa at regular intervals (80–100 nm). The basal lamina of the mesothelial cells was almost smooth at stages 56–59 and started to show occasional slight folding. This folding became continuous and deeper (stages 60–62). The folded mesothelial basal lamina disappeared except for the cell-associated basal lamina and became smooth again at later stages of the metamorphic climax (stages 63–66). These morphologic changes of the basal lamina observed in the epithelium and mesothelium may be induced by common factors. We suggest that physical changes in the small intestine involving the shortening and narrowing should be a main factor to cause these changes in the basal lamina. Furthermore, morphometric analysis proposed that the basal lamina becomes more complex by adding newly synthesized basal lamina material, especially in the epithelium.
Utilization of Computerized Tomography for the Determination of the Volume of the Cranial Cavity of the Galgo Hound
Authors: Robina A. , Regodón S. , Guillen M.T. , Lignereux Y.
Published: July 2008

The volumetry of the cranial cavity of 30 galgo hounds (15 males and 15 females) has been studied by computerized axial scanning tomography and biostatistical methods. The serial tomodensitometric sections of heads were 5 mm thick and 5 mm distant, taken in sagittal and transverse planes. Results demonstrate a sexual differentiation, with a security of 99.99%. The discussion turns to zootechnical and osteoarcheological applications.
Neuropeptide-Y-Immunoreactive Chief Cells in the Carotid Body of Young Rats
Authors: Oomori Y. , Ishikawa K. , Satoh Y. , Matsuda M. , Ono K.
Published: July 2008

The immunolight- and electron-microscopic study revealed neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity in the chief cells and a few nerve fibers of the carotid body of young rats. NP Y-immunoreactive chief cells were often seen as a single cell or a group of a few chief cells in the carotid body of young rats. The immunoreaction deposits were mainly seen in the dense-cored vesicles and diffusely in the cytoplasm of the chief cells. These findings suggest that NPY may be stored in the core of granules of the chief cells of the carotid body in young rats.
Expression of Cholinesterase in the Schwann Cells of Peripheral Nerves during Development
Authors: Bogusch G.
Published: July 2008

In peripheral nerves of mouse embryos Schwann cells exhibit a high activity of unspecific cholinesterase. At first (day 12 of embryonic development) this enzyme occurs in the nuclear envelope and in the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, it is possible to differentiate between Schwann cells and fibroblasts which lack cholinesterase. Later on (day 16) the cholinesterase has shifted to the cell membrane of the Schwann cells. However, only that part of the plasmalemma which encircles single axons and the mesaxons exhibits an irregular deposition of the reaction end product. In newborns the first loops of the just formed myelin sheath are still stained. With maturation of the myelin sheath the enzyme activity disappears. The functional role of cholinesterase is unclear. Possible roles are discussed. The expression of cholinesterase in Schwann cells depends on the integrity of the axons. After a few hours the cultivation of amputated limbs results in a reduction of the enzyme activity. After 1 day in culture cholinesterase disappears totally.
Unusual Membrane-Bound Bodies in the Basal Lamina of the Uriniferous Tubules of the Camel Camelus dromedarius
Authors: Safer A.M. , Katchburian E.
Published: July 2008

Kidney samples of the camel Camelus dromedarius were aldehyde fixed and glycerol impregnated for ultrathin-section and freeze-fracture studies of the basal lamina. Results obtained show the presence of extracellular membrane-bound bodies within the thick basal lamina of the tubular portion of the nephron. The 10- to 500-nm bodies appear isolated and are found at various levels along the width of a highly structural lattice basal lamina. The bodies are observed either in small groups or as single structures which are invariably surrounded by a clear halo of the basal lamina. In ultrathin sections they appear limited by a typical unit-membrane structure, and their interior may appear empty or may exhibit material of variable electron opacity. Freeze-fracture replicas reveal the limiting membrane of the bodies which appear either as concave or convex structures. Intramembrane particles (IMPs) measuring between 5 and 15 nm are present in some of the bodies whilst others appear devoid of IMPs. The IMPs are present in both concave and convex surfaces and are usually aggregated into clumps. The region of the basal lamina which contains the membrane-bound bodies is usually granular except in the area immediately surrounding the bodies which corresponds to the clear halo observed in thin sections. Although these basal lamina membrane-bound bodies appear to be similar to matrix vesicles previously described in mineralizing tissues, it seems unlikely that they are involved in calcification. It is possible that the membrane-bound bodies and the highly configurated basal lamina may be related to ionic transport mechanisms which are associated with the high osmolarity of the camel urine.
Die CCL-Tensula im Skelettsystem als möglicher Teil eines hydrodynamisch wirkenden Faktors
Authors: Copf F. , Czarnetzki A. , Lierse W. , Gocht A.
Published: July 2008

Previous morphological studies on human bone have demonstrated that veil-like structures (‘tensulae’) occur in highly stressed regions i. e. the interface between cartilage and bone. In the present report we describe the distribution of tensulae within various types of human bone by means of scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Tensulae were predominately located within bone tissue adjacent to mineralized cartilage. The surface diameter of tensulae ranged from minimal 50 to maximal 400 µm. Occasionally, collagen fibers extended from the interface between cartilage and bone to tensulae. Frequently, the latter were attached to fat cells as well as bone marrow cells. An elemental analysis of tensula revealed high levels of calcium and phosphorus of equal concentrations. However, bone tissue contained higher levels of calcium compared to phosphorus. Additionally, a monoclonal antibody was generated by immunizing rats with bone marrow of mice. Within bone tissue this monoclonal antibody selectively stained membrane-like structures which were clearly identified as tensulae. From our investigations we conclude that the function of tensulae in bone may be to absorb stress in regions where large forces are applied.
Macrophages in Developing Mammalian Skeletal Muscle: Evidence for Muscle Fibre Death as a Normal Developmental Event
Authors: Abood E.A. , Jones M.M.
Published: July 2008

Macrophages in the diaphragm of fetal, growing and adult rats were investigated using electron microscopy. In addition, frozen sections of the diaphragm, muscles of the anterior abdominal wall and muscles of the calf were stained for acid phosphatase activity and examined with the light microscope. Macrophages were frequently observed in the muscles at 20 days of gestation and until the animals were 2 weeks old. They were less frequently found in the 4-week-old rats and very rarely found in the 8-week-old and adult rats. They were found in intimate contact with, sometimes apparently surrounding, certain muscle fibres which were very electron dense and considered to be degenerating. In addition, myofibrils were found as phagosomes within the macrophage cytoplasm. There was evidence to support the theory that macrophages develop from mesenchymal cells in embryonic tissue. Cells considered to be early macrophages and containing small lysosomes were found in the muscles at 16 and 18 days of gestation. In all other respects these cells resembled mesenchymal cells. It is proposed that cell death may be a normal developmental event in skeletal muscle, in which macrophages play an important role in the removal of the dead fibres.
Muscle Architecture and Intramuscular Distribution of Nerves in the Human Soleus Muscle
Authors: Sekiya S.
Published: July 2008

On the deep anterior surface of the human soleus muscle a bipenniform part is found, the portio anterior, which is innervated by the ramus anterior. This part and the innervation pattern are morphological characteristics peculiar to man. In six human soleus muscles plus three anomalies, the intramuscular distribution of the nerves supplying these muscles was macroscopically examined. In the normal soleus muscles, the R. anterior supplied not only the portio anterior but also the portio posterior through several anastomoses with twigs of the R. posterior. In the soleus without the portio anterior, the R. anterior entered the muscle at the anterior surface and joined directly with the branches of the R. posterior. In the soleus with two bipenniform parts, one bipenniform part was supplied by the R. anterior, and the other by the R. posterior. The cross-sectional area of the total nerves supplying the muscle was 0.72 ± 0.036 mm2 (n = 8). The areas of the R. posterior and the R. anterior were in inverse relation to each other. These findings suggest that the R. anterior became separated from the R. posterior. However, the endoperineurium fiber composition of the R. anterior appeared to consist of a few nerve fiber components different from those of the R. posterior.
Differential Patterns of Incorporation and Remodeling among Various Types of Bone Grafts
Authors: Li X.Q. , Stevenson S. , Klein L. , Davy D.T. , Shaffer J.W. , Goldberg V.M.
Published: July 2008

The early (3 months) and later (6 months) patterns of incorporation and bone formation have been evaluated fiistomorphometrically for different types of bone grafts; that is, vascularized and nonvascularized autografts with and without ciclosporin, and vascularized and nonvascularized dog leukocyte antigen (DLA)-mismatched allografts with and without ciclosporin. The vascularized bones were superior to the nonvascularized ones in healing and remodeling their grafted segments. In the autograft bones ciclosporin did not alter the incorporation process 3 months after transplantation but delayed and increased the remodeling activities in the long run (6 months). Nonvascularized allografts underwent vigorous resorption, and were markedly porotic. Ciclosporin administration significantly reduced resorption and enhanced remodeling in nonvascularized allografts. The remodeling of allografts was similar to that of autografts in the presence of ciclosporin, but stopped soon after the administration of ciclosporin ceased.
Orientation of Adhering Junctions between Bovine Pulmonary Fibroblasts
Authors: Sims D.E.
Published: July 2008

The ultrastructure and orientation of microfilament-attaching junctions between pulmonary fibroblasts (also known as myofibroblasts or contractile interstitial cells) of bovine lung septa were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Adhering junctions similar to the fascia adherens of the intercalated disc, but of a macular design, link microfilament bundles of adjacent fibroblasts. The bundles of microfilaments joined by junctions were usually aligned perpendicularly to the axis of the alveolar wall. Gap junctions were located in close proximity to the adhering junctions, presumably to co-ordinate the contraction of the cells. The data indicate that fibroblasts are able to form multicellular contractile units within healthy, mature lung parenchyma.
Microglial Cells in the Central Nervous System of the Rabbit and Rat: Cytochemical Identification Using Two Different Lectins
Authors: Boya J. , Carbonell A.L. , Calvo J.L. , Borregon A.
Published: July 2008

Microglial cells were selectively demonstrated in the central nervous system of adult rabbits and rats using lectin histochemistry. Biotinylated Ricinus communis agglutinin-120 (RCA-1) and biotinylated Griffonia simplicifolia B4 isolectin (GSA I-B4) were used as histochemical markers on sections of Bouin-fixed paraffin-embedded cerebrum and cerebellum. Results were quite similar using both lectins and both species. GSA I-B4 resulted in a better staining in the rat, while RCA-1 labelling was superior in the rabbit. Neither neurons nor glial cells other than microgha were stained with our technique. Lectin histochemistry applied for the detection of microglial cells appears to be of sufficient selectivity and may be considered as an important tool in the morphological and neurobiological study of these cells.
Protein-Secretory Patterns of Normal and Abnormal Human Placentas with Special Reference to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Authors: Fukui Y. , Ueda H. , Hamasaki K. , Fujimoto S.
Published: July 2008

[35S]Methionine-labeled protein-secretory patterns resolved by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in abnormal hydatidiform-mole placentas were compared with those in normal full-term placentas with special reference to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) by means of immunoblotting and immunoelectron-microscopic techniques. Although basic protein-secretory patterns of both placentas were similar to each other, four poly-peptide spots appeared and one spot disappeared in the hydatidiformmole samples. Among four newly synthesized and secreted spots, three were immunoreacted with anti-hCG serum by an immunoblotting experiment. Ultrastructural localization of hCG showed that the labeling intensity of anti-hCG serum in hydatidiform-mole placentas was much heavier than that in full-terms ones. Particularly, the Golgi apparatus, middle-sized granules and large bodies were highly immunoreactive. The present study reveals that hydatidiform-mole placentas have different protein-secretory functions especially in hCG synthesis and secretion from those of normal pregnancy.
Branches of the Left Pulmonary Artery Supplying the Basal Segments of the Lung
Authors: Maciejewski R.
Published: July 2008

The studies were carried out on 100 left lungs taken from dead human bodies of both sexes whose age varied from 16 to 80 years. The pulmonary artery and the bronchus were injected with a 65% solution of duracryl and then digested in sulfuric acid. The specimens obtained were then examined to determine the number and dimensions of the branches of the basal portion of the left pulmonary artery penetrating into the basal segments of the left lower pulmonary lobe. Their length was 60 mm at the most, and their diameter 9.8 mm. Three types of ramification of the basal portion of the left pulmonary artery were distinguished on the basis of the trunks, segmental and subsegmental branches present. In 70% of the cases the branches penetrating into the basal segments showed tree-like type, in 3% of the cases showed bushy-like type, and in 27% of the cases middle type.
sInfluence of Muscle Shortening on the Geometry of Gastrocnemius Medialis Muscle of the Rat
Authors: Zuurbier C.J. , Huijing P.A.
Published: July 2008

For static and dynamic conditions muscle geometry of the musculus gastrocnemius medialis of the rat was compared at different muscle lengths. The dynamic conditions differed with respect to isokinetic shortening velocity (25 50 and 75 mm/s) of the muscle-tendon complex and in constancy of force (isotonic) and velocity (isokinetic) during shortening. Muscle geometry was characterized by fibre length and angle as well as aponeurosis length and angle. At high isokinetic shortening velocities (50 and 75 mm/s) small differences in geometry were found with respect to isometric conditions: aponeurosis lengths differed maximally by -2%, fibre length only showed a significant increase (+3.2%) at the highest shortening velocity. The isotonic condition only yielded significant differences of fibre angle (–4.5%) in comparison with isometric conditions. No significant differences of muscle geometry were found when comparing isotonic with isokinetic conditions of similar shortening velocity. The small differences of geometry between isometric and dynamic conditions are presumably due to the lower muscle force in the dynamic condition and the elastic behaviour of the aponeurosis. It is concluded that, unless very high velocities of shortening are used, the relationship between muscle geometry and muscle length in the isometric condition may be used to describe muscle geometry in the dynamic condition.
Electron-Microscopic Studies on the Maturation of Secretory Cells in the Mouse Harderian Gland
Authors: Shirama K. , Hokano M.
Published: July 2008

The porphyrins in the Harderian glands of mice are first detectable at 7–8 days of age in both sexes. Thereafter, the levels show a marked rise during the closed-eye period, reaching a peak around the time of eyelid disjunction and then decrease gradually until day 25. At onset of puberty, the level rises again and exhibits a sexual dimorphism. The development of the Harderian gland was examined by light and electron microscopy in the mouse. Although two types of secretory cells, designated as type A and type B, comprise the glandular epithelium in fully developed glands, the time of neonatal appearance is different between the two. Type A cells first appear on the 5th day of age while type B cells appear around the 7th day corresponding to the time at which porphyrins are first detected. Results of the investigations suggest that the porphyrins in the Harderian gland of mice may be synthesized mainly by type B cells.
Lymphatic Vessels in the Healthy Human Dental Pulp
Authors: Marchetti C. , Poggi P. , Calligaro A. , Casasco A.
Published: July 2008

The lymphatic vessels of the dental pulp have been studied in non-carious teeth of young people. A network of lymphatic vessels drains the pulpal tissue. The lymphatic capillaries are characterized by a thin wall with an irregular profile. Cellular projections rise from the endothelial cells. Micropinocytotic vesicles and intercellular adjoining structures are the main mechanisms for the lymph formation. Multivesicular structures, Weibel-Palade bodies and paracrystalline inclusions have been observed.
Ultrastructural Study on the Retinal Pigment Epithelium of Human Embryos, with Special Reference to Quantitative Study on the Development of Melanin Granules
Authors: Oguni M. , Tanaka O. , Shinohara H. , Yoshioka T. , Setogawa T.
Published: July 2008

The development of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was studied ultrastructurally, using 13 externally normal human embryos, Carnegie stages ranging from 13 to 23 (4–8 week of gestation). Melanosomes in the peripheral and posterior RPE were classified according to Fitzpatrick et al. The melanosome of phase I is formed from the Golgi complex and parcelled off into small vesicles. The vesicle enlarges and elongates to form an oval organelle with membranous structures in it (phase II melanosome). Subsequently, melanin deposits on the membranous structures of the melanosomes (phase III melanosomes) and the completion of this process produces a uniformly electron-dense granule without discernible internal structures (phase IV melanosome). Melanosomes of phases III and IV appeared in the RPE at stage 15. As the embryonic stage advanced, the ratio of phase II melanosomes decreased and that of phase IV melanosomes increased. The number of phase III melanosomes reached a peak in the peripheral and posterior RPE at stages 15 and 18, respectively. After stage 17, the increase in melanosomes and intracellular organelles was more prominent in the posterior than in the peripheral RPE. During stages 13 and 15 gap j unctions were present not only in the apical but also basal plasma membranes of the RPE. At stage 20, gap junctions in the basal plasma membrane disappeared except for the transitional areas from the RPE to the neural retina (NR). In addition, gap junctions were observed between NR and RPE only in the peripheral region at stage 20. The morphological and quantitative differences in the peripheral and posterior RPE in the embryonic period are discussed.
Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis of Calcium and Phosphorus Distribution in Developing Hamster Tooth Germs in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Stratmann U. , Barckhaus R.H. , Lyaruu D.M. , Wöltgens J.H.M. , Wessling G. , Baumeister A.
Published: July 2008

The aim of the present study was to investigate the spatial distribution of Ca and P in dentin and enamel of developing first (M1) and second (M2) maxillary hamster molars (age: 3–5 days) in comparison with cultured molars. For culturing the germs were dissected from 3-day-old hamsters and incubated for 1 and 2 days, respectively, in a modified BGJb medium. Electron probe X-ray measurements were carried out on 3 regions extending in a vertical axis from cusp tip over cusp middle to cusp base next to the cervical loop region. Neither the in vivo nor the in vitro group was statistically different in the Ca and P concentration in the regions of dentin. In both groups the measurements in enamel showed a gradient with an increase in Ca and P from enamel surface towards dentin-enamel junction and a gradient with an increase from cusp base towards cusp tip. Direct comparison of the in vivo group with the in vitro group did not demonstrate a statistical difference between the mineral content of the 4-day-old germs and the 1-day culture germs, respectively the 5-day-old germs and the 2-day culture germs. The results indicate a high correspondence between the mineralization process of in vitro and in vivo tooth germ development.
Course of the Arteria vertebralis in Its Segment VI from the Origin to Its Entry into the Foramen processus transversi
Authors: Tschabitscher M. , Fuss F.K. , Matula Ch. , Klimpel S.
Published: July 2008

The segment VI of the arteria vertebralis (pathway from its origin from the a. subclavia to the entry into the respective foramen processus transversi) has a special significance in vascular surgery. Contrary to indications in the literature, we found 47.15% of the specimens to have a contorted course in this segment. The tortuosities carried by the respective vessels were found to be horizontal in 42.5% in a sagittal direction in 30% and in the frontal plane in 27% of the cases. However, no significant difference was found between vessels carrying a tortuosity and those without, regarding the average lengths of the arteries concerned in the segment VI.
Ultrastructural Studies on the Effects of Hypergravity Environment on the Parathyroid Glands in Golden Hamsters of Different Ages
Authors: Shoumura S. , Emura S. , Utsumi M. , Chen H. , Yamahira T. , Hayakawa D. , Arakawa M. , Isono H.
Published: July 2008

The ultrastructure of the parathyroid glands of infantile, young, adult and senile golden hamsters subjected to a hypergravity environment was studied. In the parathyroid glands of 5-, 10- and 20-day-old, and 1- and 3-month-old golden hamsters exposed to a hypergravity environment, the Golgi complexes were significantly increased, and in 5-, 10- and 20-day-old, and 1- and 8-month-old animals exposed to a hypergravity environment, the cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum appeared to be increased as compared to those of each control group. In addition, in centrifuged animals numerous prosecretory granules were observed in the Golgi areas, and many secretory granules were located in the peripheral cytoplasm. The ultrastructure of the parathyroid glands of 14-month-old centrifuged animals resembled that of 14-month-old control animals. These results suggest that the secretory activity of the parathyroid gland may be stimulated in infantile, young and adult golden hamsters subjected to a hypergravity environment and may not be stimulated in senile animals subjected to a hypergravity environment.