bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XVIII. Asrın Sonunda Beytülmakdis’teki Osmanlı Vakıfları
Authors: GÜLER Mustafa
Published: July 2018

Osmanlı Devleti Yavuz
Sultan Selim döneminde Beytülmakdis’i ilhak ettikten sonra, diğer örneklerinde
olduğu gibi Kadim İslam vakıflarını ibka ve tescil ederek sağlam bir şekilde
devamlarını sağlamıştır. Buna ilave olarak yeni ihtiyaç duyulan hususiyle hayır
eserlerinin devam ve işletilmesi için zengin vakıflar kurmuş ve bunların devamı
için gerekli idari ve iktisadi tedbirleri titizlikle almıştır. İki yaygın alan
dışında Osmanlı vakıflarının tahsis sahalarından biri de tamamen
Beytülmakdis’te hususiyle de Kutsal mekânlarda vazife yapanlarla ihtiyaç içinde
olanlara tahsis ettiği vakıflardır.  Üç
farklı sistematikte incelenebilecek bu vakıflar büyük oranda Osmanlı döneminin
tamamında varlıklarını muhafaza etmişler ve fiilî varlıklarını Birinci Dünya
Savaşının sonuna, belgesel varlıklarını ise günümüze kadar muhafaza
etmişlerdir. Bu çalışmada öncelikli olarak döneme ait ülkemizdeki arşiv
kayıtları ile Beytülmakdis Şeriye Sicilleri kullanılarak XVIII. asrın son
çeyreği itibariyle vakıfların ekonomik hareketliliği, ahali ve şehre sağladığı
katkılar ile vakıflar için İstanbul merkezli yapılan düzenleme ve tayinler ile
Şehirde mukim olanlara Surre yoluyla dağıtılan vakıf tahsisleri ele
alınacaktır.
بريطانيا وتهويد مدينة بيت المقدس حتى عام 1948
Authors: ABBASİ Nitham
Published: July 2018

شكلت مدينة بيت المقدس محور اهتمام سياسات الدول العظمى
وعلى رأسها بريطانيا حتى قبل قيام الدولة الصهيونية على أرض بيت المقدس عام 1948. كان لبريطانيا
دور محوري وقيادي في تحالفها مع المشروع الاستيطاني الصهيوني لأرض بيت المقدس–
ودرّتها مدينتها المقدسة، انطلاقا من أفكار ومفاهيم ثقافية وروحية وسياسية. خلال القرن التاسع عشر، حيث
ارتدت القوى الاستعمارية الأوربية أقنعة دينية وأخلاقية/ ثقافية لتحقيق مجمل
توجهاتها السياسية للسيطرة على بيت المقدس، اندفعت بريطانيا لتتحالف مع حركة
الاستعمار الاستيطاني اليهودي، وذلك انطلاقا من مبادئ وأفكار كانت راسخة في وجدانهم
الانجليكاني (البروتستانتي)، الذي عرف بـ: "الصهيونية المسيحية".  وقد تم تجسيد هذا التحالف على أرض الواقع قبيل
نهاية الحرب العالمية الأولى بمنح بريطانيا وعد بلفور المشهور عام 1917، والقاضي
بإقامة وطن قومي لليهود في بيت المقدس.

بناء على ما تقدم، ستعرض هذه الدراسة بإيجاز لموقع بيت
المقدس في التراث الثقافي البريطاني (الصهيونية المسيحية)، وتناقش تهويد مدينة بيت
المقدس أثناء فترة احتلال بريطانيا لبيت المقدس (1918–1948) بمباركة دولية، وكيف تبلور
ذلك في سياسة الاحتلال البريطاني لها على أرض الواقع.
Being a Responsible Violent Girl?
Authors: Rosqvist Hanna Bertilsdotter , Arnell Linda
Published: July 2018

In this article, we explore how young women in Sweden negotiate their gendered subject positions in relation to psychiatric diagnoses, particularly Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and the meanings of their own violent acts. The data consists of transcripts of face-to-face interviews with young women who have experienced using aggressive and violent acts. Given that the analysis is informed by ideas developed in discursive psychology, we identified the centrality of the concepts of responsibility and self-management. In this study responsibility is connected to gendered notions of passivity and activity. What we call the ordinary girl is neither too active nor too passive, and the extraordinary girl is either too active or too passive in the managing of herself. Similar to those of a troublesome past, the narratives of ADHD enable the understanding of an intelligible violent self, and therefore make female externalized violence what we describe as narrative-able.
Interrogating the Intersections of Girls and Sex
Authors: Retallack Hanna
Published: July 2018

Peggy Orenstein. 2016. Girls & Sex: Navigating the Complicated New Landscape.
New York: Harper Collins. 320 pp. $26.99. ISBN 978-0-0622-0972-6 (hardback);
ISBN 978-0-0622-0973-3
INDEL Length and Haplotypes in the β-Synuclein Gene: A Key to Differentiate Dementia with Lewy Bodies?1
Authors: Gámez-Valero Ana , Canet-Pons Julia , Urbizu Aintzane , Anillo Ana , Santos Cristina , Ariza Aurelio , Beyer Katrin
Published: July 2018

Lewy body diseases (LBD) include Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and together with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) they show an important neuropathological and clinical overlap. The human alpha- and beta-synuclein genes (SNCA and SNCB) are key factors for the development of Lewy body diseases. Here, we aimed to analyze the genotype distribution of potentially functional SNPs in SNCA and SNCB, perform haplotype analysis for SNCB, and to identify functional insertion and deletion (INDEL) variations within the regulatory region of SNCB which might be responsible for the drastically diminished beta-synuclein levels reported for pure DLB. Thus, we genotyped brain samples from AD, DLB, PD, and healthy controls for two SNCA and four SNCB SNPs. We also analyzed INDEL variations upstream of SNCB, determined SNCB expression levels, and correlated INDEL lengths with expression levels. Applying Fisher’s exact, chi-square, ANOVA tests, and the ΔΔCt method, we found disease-specific genotype distribution of SNCA and SNCB SNPs. Additionally, we identified three INDEL variations upstream of SNCB and showed that the INDEL allele lengths were associated with SNCB expression levels. INDEL alleles associated with low SNCB expression were accumulated in pure DLB. Finally, one major and four minor DLB specific SNCB haplotypes were identified with Haploview and Arlequin. In summary, our study showed that different SNCA and SNCB genotypes are associated with the development of either PD or DLB, and that the frequencies of genotypes associated with low SNCB expression are elevated in DLB.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Are Associated with Amyloid-β42 Burden in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Rocha Natalia P. , Toledo Andre , Corgosinho Laiane T.S. , de Souza Leonardo C. , Guimarães Henrique C. , Resende Elisa P.F. , Braz Nayara F.T. , Gomes Karina B. , Simoes e Silva Ana C. , Caramelli Paulo , Teixeira Antonio L.
Published: July 2018

This study was designed to determine whether the levels of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components are associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of Angiotensin (Ang) II, Ang-(1-7), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2, Amyloid-β (Aβ)40, Aβ42, total tau (hTau), and phospho-tau (pTau) were measured in 18 patients with AD and 10 controls. Patients with AD presented decreased levels of ACE when compared with controls. We found a significant positive correlation between ACE and Aβ42 levels among patients. Our results strengthen the hypothesis that ACE is associated with Aβ pathology in AD.
Impacts for Children Living with Genetic Muscle Disorders and their Parents – Findings from a Population-Based Study
Authors: Jones Kelly M. , O’Grady Gina , Rodrigues Miriam J. , Ranta Anna , Roxburgh Richard H. , Love Donald R. , Theadom Alice ,   on behalf of the MD-PREV study group
Published: July 2018

Background:

Genetic muscle disorders, including muscular dystrophies, congenital myopathies, and ion channel muscle diseases can be associated with significant disability.

Objective:

This study aimed to explore child and parent perspectives of the impact of living with a genetic muscle disorder.

Methods:

Eighty-three children (<16 years) with a clinical or molecular diagnosis were identified as part of a national prevalence study. Parents’ experiences and needs were assessed using a study-specific questionnaire. Additional outcome measures included parent and child self-report versions of the Behavior Assessment System for Children and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Parents also completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Activlim.

Results:

Sixty-four percent of families had a combined annual household income below $60,000 NZD ($43,650 USD), being less than the national median income of $73,000 NZD ($53,112 USD). Parents reported needing more support than they were currently receiving (40%), particularly with household chores (23%) and transportation (17%). Few parents (13%) or children (4%) reported significant child behavioral difficulties. Risks of impaired quality of life were high (parent proxy 71%, child report 70%), and associated with co-morbid health conditions ( p = 0.008), functional status ( p = 0.001), wheelchair use ( p = 0.001) and mechanical ventilation ( p = 0.01).

Conclusions:

Findings are relevant to those involved in the care and support of children, and their families, who are impacted by genetic muscle disorders. Targeted guidelines are required to inform the provision of services, alongside promotion of existing community services to improve access to financial support, and assistance with day-to-day functioning. Future research should examine intervention and treatment options aimed at maximising affected children’s quality of life.
An Extended Targeted Copy Number Variation Detection Array Including 187 Genes for the Diagnostics of Neuromuscular Disorders
Authors: Sagath Lydia , Lehtokari Vilma-Lotta , Välipakka Salla , Udd Bjarne , Wallgren-Pettersson Carina , Pelin Katarina , Kiiski Kirsi
Published: July 2018

Background:

Our previous array, the Comparative Genomic Hybridisation design (CGH-array) for nemaline myopathy (NM), named the NM-CGH array, revealed pathogenic copy number variation (CNV) in the genes for nebulin ( NEB) and tropomyosin 3 ( TPM3), as well as recurrent CNVs in the segmental duplication (SD), i.e. triplicate, region of NEB (TRI, exons 82–89, 90–97, 98–105). In the light of this knowledge, we have designed and validated an extended CGH array, which includes a selection of 187 genes known to cause neuromuscular disorders (NMDs).

Objective:

Our aim was to develop a reliable method for CNV detection in genes related to neuromuscular disorders for routine mutation detection and analysis, as a much-needed complement to sequencing methods.

Methods:

We have developed a novel custom-made 4×180 k CGH array for the diagnostics of NMDs. It includes the same tiled ultra-high density coverage of the 12 known or putative NM genes as our 8×60 k NM-CGH-array but also comprises a selection of 175 additional genes associated with NMDs, including titin ( TTN), at a high to very high coverage. The genes were divided into three coverage groups according to known and potential pathogenicity in neuromuscular disorders.

Results:

The array detected known and putative CNVs in all three gene coverage groups, including the repetitive regions of NEB and TTN.

Conclusions:

The targeted neuromuscular disorder 4×180 k array-CGH (NMD-CGH-array v1.0) design allows CNV detection for a broader spectrum of neuromuscular disorders at a high resolution.
Use of different non-chemical methods for the management of adult Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in stored chickpea
Authors: Mahdi SHA , Hasan M , Mahfuz I , Khalequzzaman M
Published: July 2018

The efficiency of physical factors (dry heat, low temperature and UV-radiation), leaf powders of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), Bichuti (Flacourtia indica Merr.) and Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) and two insecticides (Salvo and Amithrin plus) was evaluated against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). For dry heat treatment, the calculated LD50 values for C. maculatus were 56.92, 54.26, 52.27, 50.76, 49.09, 50.55 and 29.59°C after 50, 60, 70, and 80 minutes, 24, 36, 48 h of treatment respectively, and the LD50 values were 58.61 and 5.18°C at 1 and 2 h for low temperature treatment respectively. LT50 values of the treatment of UV-radiation were 48.63, 29.89, 17.54, 11.11, 5.93 and 1.35 °C for the exposure period of 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 48 h respectively. The calculated LD50 values of leaf powder were 3.38, 3.15, 2.88, 2.45 and 2.40 mg cm-2 for A. indica, 3.91, 3.80, 3.55, 3.30, and 3.08 for F. indica, 12.11, 4.35, 1.86, 1.49, and 1.36 for P. hysterophorus after 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h of treatment respectively. The calculated LD50 values were 0.64, 0.33, 0.23, 0.04 and 0.008 mg cm-2 for Salvo and 0.35, 0.23, 0.09, 0.08 and 0.01 mg cm-2 for Amithrin plus at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h respectively. The order of effectiveness of physical factors was dry heat >low temperature >UV-radiation. On the other hand, the order of toxicity of plant powders was F. indica >A. indica >P. hysterophorus. In case of insecticides it was Amithrin plus >Salvo. The findings suggest that physical factors and plant leaf powders can be used in integration with other bio rational approaches.J. bio-sci. 23: 57-65, 2015
Microbial, physicochemical and sensory characteristics analysis of selected alcoholic beverages of from Bangladesh, India and Nepal
Authors: Ahmad I , Ahmed S , Yadav B , Sah PP , Ara R , Alam MJ , Zzaman W
Published: July 2018

Alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol. Beer is the most widely used alcoholic beverage in the world. To analyze the microbial, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of selected alcoholic beverages, several selected alcoholic beverages (power, strong, crown, hunter, power horse, god father, thunder, bag piper, commando and star gold) of Bangladesh, India and Nepal were used in this study for their analysis. Microbial analysis, physiochemical analysis, and sensory analysis were performed by using standard methods. The results of microbial analysis showed that the standard plate counts of alcoholic beverages were less than 300 colonies. The fungi were present in Nepal and Bangladesh sample but not in Indian samples. In all samples, the presence of coliform was about 0.03/ ml to 2.4/ ml. In nutrient agar, creamy smooth colony was found in most of the Nepal and Bangladesh beverages but not in Indian beverages. Hunter contained the highest pH (4.6) whereas power and bag piper showed the lowest pH values (3.3), strong contained maximum total solid (19.2%) but bag piper had only 2% total solid, big piper contained the highest amount of alcohol (18.25%) although power contained only 3.15% alcohol. Sensory evaluation of all the samples was quite acceptable as an alcoholic beverage. Among the alcoholic beverages it might be concluded that Nepal beverages are the best product in respect of sensory evaluation, but considering microbial analysis Indian beverages are the best.J. bio-sci. 23: 67-75, 2015
Ultrastructural Characteristics of Neuronal Death and White Matter Injury in Mouse Brain Tissues After Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Coexistence of Ferroptosis, Autophagy, and Necrosis
Authors: Li Qian , Weiland Abigail , Chen Xuemei , Lan Xi , Han Xiaoning , Durham Frederick , Liu Xi , Wan Jieru , Ziai Wendy C. , Hanley Daniel F. , Wang Jian
Published: July 2018

Although intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating disease worldwide, the pathologic changes in ultrastructure during the acute and chronic phases of ICH are poorly described. In this study, transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the ultrastructure of ICH-induced pathology. ICH was induced in mice by an intrastriatal injection of collagenase. Pathologic changes were observed in the acute (3 days), subacute (6 days), and chronic (28 days) phases. Compared with sham animals, we observed various types of cell death in the injured striatum during the acute phase of ICH, including necrosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy. Different degrees of axon degeneration in the striatum were seen in the acute phase, and axonal demyelination was observed in the ipsilateral striatum and corpus callosum at late time points. In addition, phagocytes, resident microglia, and infiltrating monocyte-macrophages were present around red blood cells and degenerating neurons and were observed to engulf red blood cells and other debris. Many synapses appeared abnormal or were lost. This systematic analysis of the pathologic changes in ultrastructure after ICH in mice provides information that will be valuable for future ICH pathology studies.
Chronic kidney disease and cause-specific hospitalisation: a matched cohort study using primary and secondary care patient data
Authors: Iwagami Masao , Caplin Ben , Smeeth Liam , Tomlinson Laurie A , Nitsch Dorothea
Published: July 2018

Background

Although chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with various outcomes, the burden of each condition for hospital admission is unknown.

Aim

To quantify the association between CKD and cause-specific hospitalisation.

Design and setting

A matched cohort study in primary care using Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked to Hospital Episode Statistics in England.

Method

Patients with CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for ≥3 months) and a comparison group of patients without known CKD (matched for age, sex, GP, and calendar time) were identified, 2004–2014. Outcomes were hospitalisations with 10 common conditions as the primary admission diagnosis: heart failure; urinary tract infection; pneumonia; acute kidney injury (AKI); myocardial infarction; cerebral infarction; gastrointestinal bleeding; hip fracture; venous thromboembolism; and intracranial bleeding. A difference in the incidence rate of first hospitalisation for each condition was estimated between matched patients with and without CKD. Multivariable Cox regression was used to estimate a relative risk for each outcome.

Results

In a cohort of 242 349 pairs of patients, with and without CKD, the rate difference was largest for heart failure at 6.6/1000 person-years (9.7/1000 versus 3.1/1000 person-years in patients with and without CKD, respectively), followed by urinary tract infection at 5.2, pneumonia at 4.4, and AKI at 4.1/1000 person-years. The relative risk was highest for AKI with a fully adjusted hazard ratio of 4.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.47 to 5.38, followed by heart failure with 1.66, 95% CI = 1.59 to 1.75.

Conclusion

Hospitalisations for heart failure, infection, and AKI showed strong associations with CKD in absolute and(or) relative terms, suggesting targets for improved preventive care.
Differences between GP perception of delivered empathy and patient-perceived empathy: a cross-sectional study in primary care
Authors: Hermans Lianne , Olde Hartman Tim , Dielissen Patrick W
Published: July 2018

Background

Empathy has positive effects on a range of healthcare outcomes. It is therefore an important skill for a GP. However, the correlation between GP perception of delivered empathy and patient perception of GP empathic communication during consultations is still unclear.

Aim

To investigate the correlation between GP perception of delivered empathy and patient-perceived empathy.

Design and setting

Cross-sectional study in primary care in the Netherlands, between December 2016 and February 2017.

Method

GPs and their patients were asked to fill in an empathy questionnaire directly after a consultation. Patient perception of received empathy during the consultation was measured through the Dutch version of the Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE) questionnaire. GP perception of delivered empathy during the consultation was measured with an adapted version of the CARE questionnaire.

Results

The authors obtained questionnaires from 147 consultations by 34 different GPs in 16 primary care practices. A total of 143 consultations were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. Mean patient-perceived empathy score was significantly higher than mean GPs’ empathy score (42.1, range 20.0 to 50.0 and 31.6, range 24.0 to 41.0, respectively,P<0.0001). Furthermore, a low correlation (r= 0.06) was found between GP empathy score and patient-perceived empathy score.

Conclusion

GPs rate the delivered empathy during consultations consistently and significantly lower than their patients experience empathy during consultations. Moreover, GPs’ impressions of the empathy delivered during the consultation do not predict the actual amount of empathy perceived by their patients. Patients experience a great deal of empathy during their clinical encounter. GPs’ self-reports on empathy delivered gives an inaccurate reflection, and underestimates patient-perceived empathy.
Low-frequency Alfvén Waves Produced by Magnetic Reconnection in the Sun’s Magnetic Carpet
Authors: Cranmer Steven R.
Published: July 2018

The solar corona is a hot, dynamic, and highly magnetized plasma environment whose source of energy is not yet well understood. One leading contender for that energy source is the dissipation of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves or turbulent fluctuations. Many wave-heating models for the corona and the solar wind presume that these fluctuations originate at or below the Sun’s photosphere. However, this paper investigates the idea that magnetic reconnection may generate an additional source of MHD waves over a gradual range of heights in the low corona. A time-dependent Monte Carlo simulation of the mixed-polarity magnetic field is used to predict the properties of reconnection-driven coronal MHD waves. The total power in these waves is typically small in comparison to that of photosphere-driven waves, but their frequencies are much lower. Reconnection-driven waves begin to dominate the total power spectrum at periods longer than about 30 minutes. Thus, they may need to be taken into account in order to understand the low-frequency power-law spectra observed by both coronal spectropolarimetry and in situ particle/field instruments. These low-frequency Alfvén waves should carry more magnetic energy than kinetic energy, and thus they may produce less nonthermal Doppler broadening (in comparison to photosphere-driven high-frequency waves) in emission lines observed above the solar limb.
Galaxy–Galaxy Weak-lensing Measurements from SDSS. II. Host Halo Properties of Galaxy Groups
Authors: Luo Wentao , Yang Xiaohu , Lu Tianhuan , Shi Feng , Zhang Jun , Mo H. J. , Shu Chenggang , Fu Liping , Radovich Mario , Zhang Jiajun , Li Nan , Sunayama Tomomi , Wang Lei
Published: July 2018

In this second paper in a series studying galaxy–galaxy lensing signals using Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 (SDSS DR7), we present our measurement and modeling of the lensing signals around groups of galaxies. We divide the groups into four halo mass bins and measure the signals around four different halo-center tracers: brightest central galaxies (BCGs), luminosity-weighted centers, number-weighted centers, and X-ray peak positions. For groups cross-identified in both X-ray and SDSS DR7, we further split the groups into low and high X-ray emission subsamples, both of which are assigned to two halo-center tracers, BCGs and X-ray peak positions. The galaxy–galaxy lensing signals show that BCGs, among the four candidates, are the best halo-center tracers. We model the lensing signals using a combination of four contributions: the off-center NFW host halo profile, subhalo contribution, stellar contribution, and projected two-halo term. We sample the posterior of five parameters, i.e., the halo mass, concentration, off-centering distance, subhalo mass, and fraction of subhalos, via a Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) package using the galaxy–galaxy lensing signals. After taking into account the sampling effects (e.g., Eddington bias), we found that the best-fit halo masses obtained from lensing signals are quite consistent with those obtained in the group catalog based on an abundance matching method, except in the lowest mass bin.
Making Education Collections Safe to Touch: Safety Assessments and Data Maintenance
Authors: Falquero Kelsey , Roberts Katherine , Nakano Jessica
Published: July 2018

Q?rius is an interactive learning venue at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) designed specifically for a teen audience. The space gives visitors a chance to interact with museum specimens, especially in the Collections Zone. The Q?rius collections are non-accessioned education collections, belonging to the Office of Education and Outreach (E&O). The collections include the Museum’s seven disciplines – Anthropology, Botany, Entomology, Invertebrate Zoology, Mineral Sciences, Paleobiology, and Vertebrate Zoology. Starting in 2013, collections staff began performing safety assessments on specimens before their rehousing and storage in the publicly accessible Collections Zone. Risks assessed include sharpness, ingestibility, radioactivity, and contaminants (such as arsenic, mercury, and lead, which were historically used in specimen preparation or for pest management). Specimen and object fragility was also assessed.

The goal of these assessments was to minimize risks to our visitors and to our collections. The safety assessments allow collections staff to make housing recommendations that would ensure the safety of NMNH’s visitors and the preservation of E&O’s collections in a publicly accessible storage space. This practice now extends to other pre-existing learning venues that contain publicly accessible portions of the E&O Collection, further minimizing risks. Staff have started adding the data gathered by these safety assessments to our collections management system, to protect the data from loss and to make the information easily accessible to staff. This poster relates to a second poster, Establishing Legal Title for Non-Accessioned Collections.
Global Plants: A Model of International Collaboration
Authors: Ryan Deirdre
Published: July 2018

Global Plants (http://plants.jstor.org) is a community-contributed database that features more than two million high resolution plant type specimen images and other foundational materials from the collections of more than 300 herbaria in 70 countries. Complementing the high resolution specimen images are extensive flora and other reference materials, collectors' correspondence and diaries, and tens of thousands of paintings, photographs, drawings, and other images.

Global Plants is the outcome of the African Plants Initiative (API), the Latin American Plants Initiative (LAPI) and the Global Plants Initiative (GPI) which was funded generously by The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation for over a decade. The vision of creating a digital library of type specimen images and related material available to students and researchers around the world has largely been realized. What has the impact been on herbaria? What is the status of digitization across the partner institutions such as NYBG? How can we continue to keep the network flourishing and ensure all partners can continue to contribute? How has/has the financial model worked to achieve the correct balance between accessibility and sustainability?

Looking to the future, we are interested in exploring how the foundation established by Global Plants can be built upon to explore future digital projects that both support and expand upon the existing field of researchers. Existing initiatives include “Global Plants in the Classroom: Botany 101” (http://botany101.jstor.org/), an open teaching resource that introduces botany and the plant sciences to a new audience, and “Livingstone’s Zambezi Expedition (beta)”, a project built with the JSTOR Labs team that explores a different approach to bringing together specimens and historic materials around a specific botanical expedition. Other initiatives in progress include a partnership with Dumbarton Oaks and a new digital collection from JSTOR called Plants & Society, both of which seek to create a space through which scholars from the sciences, social sciences, and humanities can come together in the study of plants and their relationships to humanity.
Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxin occurrence and prevention in food and feed in northern Africa – a review
Authors: Tantaoui-Elaraki A. , Riba A. , Oueslati S. , Zinedine A.
Published: July 2018

North African countries (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) are surrounded by water bodies, such as the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Their climate is characterised by high temperatures and high relative humidity in some areas, which are environmental conditions favourable to fast fungal growth and toxinogenesis. This paper reports information on the presence of toxigenic fungi, mycotoxins (especially aflatoxins and ochratoxin A) and emergingFusarium mycotoxins (enniatins, beauvericin and fusaproliferin) in some Northern African commodities that are largely consumed and were investigated thoroughly, especially raw cereals, bread, couscous, pasta, milk, spices, wine, beer, fruit juices, olives and olive oil, dried fruits and nuts, poultry feeds, etc. in the three North African countries. High contamination levels have been reported for some food samples from the three countries. Steps towards better prevention of mycotoxin production in feeds and decrease of intestinal absorption, by means of plant essential oils associated with clay, have been undertaken. Morocco presumably is the country where mycotoxin regulation is the most detailed in comparison with Algeria and Tunisia. Finally, the conclusion section offers some prospects and recommendations for actions by authorities and scientists during the monitoring of mycotoxins in the foods and feeds produced and/or commercialised in the three countries.
Las luces de un buen Ciudadano: el anuncio publicitario de un pintor español en el Buenos Aires virreinal
Authors: Dosio Patricia Andrea
Published: July 2018

Cet article analyse une annonce publiée en 1801 dans le journal Telégrafo Mercantil à propos de l'inauguration d'une école de peinture par l'artiste d'origine espagnole Joseph de Salas. Ce texte, sous forme de réclame, qui n’a guère retenu l’attention de l'historiographie spécifique, témoigne de la lecture des réformistes espagnols, et notamment de Campomanes, ainsi que de la diffusion de concepts artistiques dans la capitale de la Vice-royauté du Río de la Plata.
Rossi’s Kitāb al-Sinna: A Seventeenth-Century Note of Tribal Law in Yemen
Authors: Dresch Paul
Published: July 2018

Several texts on customary, non‑Islamic law have been collected by researchers working in Yemen. Few are accessible, and fewer still have been published. They represent a tradition, or set of traditions, associated particularly with tribal areas of Yemen, that is of some antiquity. It is important to make the material more widely available as a resource not only for those interested in the country’s history but for those concerned with the relation between learned and colloquial forms of law. The present article offers an annotated translation of one such text, collected by Ettore Rossi in the 1930s. The text itself, which was copied for Rossi, is dated 1059/1649, and purports to come from Khawlān al‑Ṭiyyāl.
Las experiencias escolares como marco interpretativo de las desigualdades socio-educativas en la educación secundaria : Una aproximación teórica
Authors: Santana-Armas Francisco , Noda-Rodríguez María del Mar , Pérez-Sánchez Carmen Nieves
Published: July 2018

Si hay una temática que preocupa especialmente a la Sociología de la Educación, esta es la relación entre la desigualdad social y los desiguales resultados educativos. Indagamos, inicialmente, sobre las visiones que analizan los déficits culturales del alumnado ; la naturaleza del sistema educativo que corresponde con una cultura de clase media y la asociación entre origen social y rendimento educativo. Posteriormente, consideramos que, para explicar los mecanismos de legitimación o cambio social, y el papel que juega en ello la educación – y de manera especial en la educación secundaria –, es preciso no sólo tener en cuenta las desigualdades socio-económicas del alumnado sino también sus experiencias escolares, construidas en su trayectoria y espacio escolar. La configuración analítica desde estas premisas nos ayuda a contextualizar las experiencias escolares como un todo complejo, a veces contradictorio, pero nos permite estudiar mejor los desiguales resultados educativos. En este sentido, constatamos que la “experiencia escolar” podría ser un concepto-puente que aglutina las interacciones entre las culturas sociales representadas por la diversidad socio-cultural del alumnado y la cultura escolar.
Corporate governance practices’ influence on customer loyalty in Nigerian retail banks
Authors: Obioha Olubunmi O. , Garg Ajay K.
Published: July 2018

Orientation: Customer loyalty is crucial in the retail banking sector, given the increasing competition within the industry and from emerging non-traditional players.Research purpose: This study sought to establish the influence of corporate governance practices on customer loyalty in Nigerian retail banks.Motivation for the study: Conducting a study of this nature highlights how corporate governance practices contribute to customer loyalty in the retail banking sector of Nigeria as a developing country in Africa.Research design, approach and method: Premised on relationship marketing and stakeholder theoretical orientations, the study used a sample of 424 bank customers scientifically selected from eight commercial banks identified within Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. A six-construct survey instrument was used to collect relevant data. Partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) version 3 was utilised to ascertain the interaction between customer loyalty and corporate governance practices domains.Main findings: The result of the PLS-SEM model established that all corporate governance practices had a positive effect on customer loyalty at a very significant level (p < 0.01), except transparency and disclosure, which had an inverse relationship and effect on customer loyalty, though at a non-significant level (β = -0.005, p = 0.93). Presence of competent bank management had the highest positive influence on customer loyalty.Practical/managerial implications: The findings of this study will be useful for bank management and role players in the financial and other service sectors on the importance of good corporate governance and specific attributes of the identified corporate governance that are critical for business success.Contribution/value-add: This study was able to identify corporate governance practices from customers’ perspective, which is a departure from the traditional shareholder perspective in business studies. It has advanced the relatively known terrain in corporate governance and business literature by opening up new debates on the relevance of corporate leadership beyond the confines of the boardroom.
The global value chain dimension of foreign direct investment flows in the agro-industrial sector of South Africa, 2003–2014
Authors: Bezuidenhout Henri , Grater Sonja , Kleynhans Ewert P.J.
Published: July 2018

Orientation: African countries offer many investment opportunities and also urgently need global investment finance. Along the value chains of the agro-industrial sector there are many global challenges for African countries to attract foreign direct investment. This article investigates the investment flows in agro-industries and products to and from South Africa.Research purpose: This study evaluates the nature and dimensions of the agro-industrial sector that receive investment inflows in South Africa, as well as investigating South African investment patterns into Africa.Motivation for the study: Of particular interest is the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) flows, their integration into global value chains and sustainable investment options.Research design, approach and method: Qualitative data and visual techniques using available data for the period 2003–2014 disambiguate the linkages in FDI patterns with regard to regions, industries and specific companies. Flows between regions and the specific companies are identified and studied.Main findings: The results indicate that the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands are the largest investors in South Africa, with a strong focus on agricultural input production and subsequent agro-processing industries. South African investment into Africa follows a similar, albeit narrower and more focused, pattern. The study concludes that foreign multinational enterprises are actively involved in global value chain expansion and South African firms are following suit.Practical/managerial implications: The lack of FDI in actual agricultural crop production in Africa offers future investment opportunities.Contribution/value-add: This study creates a better understanding of how FDI in agriculture is linked to the development of regional value chains in the Southern African region. The methodology applies a novel approach to an important field of study, of which little knowledge exists, and may contribute to the creation of wealth in the countries of the region and the welfare of its population.
Accuracy, Ease of Use, Safety, and Acceptability of a 23-μL Conical Cup Blood Transfer Device for Use with Rapid Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Incardona Sandra , Kyabayinze Daniel J. , Bell David , Ndawula Bbale , Kanyago Marvis C. , Mwancha-Kwasa Magoma C. , González Iveth J.
Published: July 2018

Devices to safely transfer fixed amounts of finger prick blood to rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) pose a significant challenge, especially in non-laboratory settings. Following the success of an “inverted cup device” for transfer of 5 μL blood, a prototype with a conical cup shape was developed for transfer of 20 μL blood, the amount needed for human immunodeficiency virus or human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) RDTs. This study determined the volume of blood transferred by this new blood transfer device (BTD) and compared its ease of use, safety, and acceptability with that of a plastic pipette when used by health workers (HWs) for HAT RDTs in northwestern Uganda. After a half-day training, 48 HWs had used the two BTDs with at least 10 patients. The conical cup BTD effectively transferred a mean of 22.76 μL of blood (standard deviation 3.31 μL). A significantly higher proportion of HWs were able to collect the full amount of blood using the conical cup BTD, as compared with the pipette (92.4% versus 74.2%, P < 0.001). In HW questionnaires, the conical cup BTD scored higher than the pipette in various aspects of ease of use and safety. In addition, HWs preferred the conical cup BTD (79%), indicating that it was easy to handle, made work faster, and increased their confidence in front of the patient. These findings suggest that the design of the conical cup BTD may be adapted for RDTs requiring 20 μL of blood to facilitate safe and accurate blood transfer.
Characterizing Pediatric Tuberculosis with and without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection in Harare, Zimbabwe
Authors: Earley Michelle , Chirenda Joconiah , Highet Alexandra , Mujuru Hilda A. , Yang Zhenhua
Published: July 2018

Pediatric tuberculosis (TB) represents a major barrier to reducing global TB mortality, especially in countries confronting dual TB and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemics. Our study aimed to characterize pediatric TB epidemiology in the high-burden setting of Harare, Zimbabwe, both to fill the current knowledge gap around the epidemiology of pediatric TB and to indicate areas for future research and interventions. We analyzed de-identified data of 1,051 pediatric TB cases (0–14 years) found among a total of 11,607 TB cases reported in Harare, Zimbabwe, during 2011–2012. We performed Pearson’s χ2 test and multivariate logistic regression analysis to characterize pediatric TB and to assess predictors of HIV coinfection. Pediatric TB cases accounted for 9.1% of all TB cases reported during 2011–2012. Approximately 50% of pediatric TB cases were children younger than 5 years. Almost 60% of the under-5 age group were male, whereas almost 60% of the 10–14 age group were female. The overall HIV coinfection rate was 58.3%. Odds for HIV coinfection was higher for the 5–9 age group (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.97–3.94), the 10–14 group (AOR: 3.57, 95% CI: 2.52–5.11), retreatment cases (AOR: 6.17, 95% CI: 2.13, 26.16), and pulmonary TB cases (AOR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.52, 3.75). In conclusion, our study generated evidence that pediatric TB, compounded by HIV coinfection, significantly impacts children in high-burden settings. The findings of our study indicate a critical need for targeted interventions.
Case Report: Delayed Diagnosis of Congenital Malaria by Plasmodium vivax in a Newborn of an Eritrean Woman with Varicella Infection
Authors: Gebremeskel Tekle Saba , Corpolongo Angela , D’Abramo Alessandra , Giancola Maria Letizia , Iannetta Marco , Scorzolini Laura , Marcozzi Paola , Buffone Elsa , Liuzzi Giuseppina , Nicastri Emanuele
Published: July 2018

Congenital malaria (CM) is uncommon in both malaria-endemic and non-endemic countries. It may be caused by any Plasmodium spp., although Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the more frequent etiologic agents. We report a case of delayed diagnosis of CM by P. vivax in a newborn of an Eritrean primigravida. The mother developed pregnancy-related immunodepression and varicella-zoster viral infection 9 days before natural delivery; therefore, the child was admitted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to administer specific varicella-zoster immunoglobulin prophylaxis and for clinical monitoring. During the NICU stay, the newborn presented a febrile syndrome with vomiting, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. A P. vivax severe malaria diagnosis was made by detecting trophozoites in the thick and thin blood smears. The infant was successfully treated with intravenous artesunate and clindamycin. Our experience suggests that malaria diagnostic tests need to be included in routine blood analyses in newborns with febrile syndrome from mothers with an epidemiologic link to malaria-endemic areas.
Case Report: First Report of Autochthonous Human Cutaneous Myiasis Caused by Hypoderma lineatum in Europe
Authors: Rappelli Paola , Varcasia Antonio , Vargiu Arnoldo , Scala Antonio
Published: July 2018

We report a case of human cutaneous myiasis by Hypoderma lineatum, contracted by a farmer who never traveled outside Italy. Identification at species level has been performed by both morphological examination and sequencing of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. This is the first description of human hypodermosis by H. lineatum contracted in Europe.
Case Report: Corneal Coinfection with Fungus and Amoeba: Report of Two Patients and Literature Review
Authors: Joseph Joveeta , Chaurasia Sunita , Sharma Savitri
Published: July 2018

We report two cases of corneal coinfection with Acanthamoeba and Fusarium sp. along with the review of published literature. A 35-year-old woman and 65-year-old man presented to the institute with corneal ulcer refractory for treatment with topical antibiotics. Microbiological examination revealed the presence of Acanthamoeba cysts along with septate, hyaline fungal filaments. After emergency therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty (TPK) in both, the corneal tissue was sent for histopathologic examination, which confirmed the presence of Acanthamoeba and fungal coinfection. One patient had a recurrence of fungal infection after TPK. In subjects with a rapid progression of mycotic ulcer, coinfection with other microorganisms including Acanthamoeba should be suspected. The two cases presented here emphasize the importance of microbiology in making prompt diagnosis and appropriate management of these cases at an early stage.
Salmonella enterica serovars Panama and Arechavaleta: Risk Factors for Invasive Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Disease in Guadeloupe, French West Indies
Authors: Guyomard-Rabenirina Stephanie , Muanza Blandine , Bastian Sylvaine , Malpote Edith , Jestin Pauline , Guerin Meggie , Talarmin Antoine , Weill François-Xavier , Legrand Arnaud , Breurec Sebastien
Published: July 2018

A retrospective study was conducted to identify the risk factors associated with Salmonella enterica bacteremia in infants and children in Guadeloupe, French West Indies. The 171 patients with S. enterica infection seen between 2010 and 2014 included 155 (90.6%) with acute gastroenteritis, of whom 42 (27.1%) had concomitant bacteremia, and 16 (9.4%) with primary bacteremia. Most cases (97.7%) were in infants and children with no underlying health condition. Two subspecies were recovered: enterica (N = 161, 94.2%) and houtenae (N = 10, 5.8%). All but one (serovar Typhi) were non-typhoidal Salmonella. The most common serovars were Panama (N = 57, 33.3% of isolates) and Arechavaleta (N = 28, 16.4%). Univariate analysis showed a strong association only between age > 6 months and infection with the Panama or Arechavaleta serovar (P = 0.002). The rate of resistance to all classes of antibiotics during the study period was low (< 15%); however, the detection of one extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing S. enterica strain highlights the need for continued monitoring of antimicrobial drug susceptibility. Infection with Panama (P < 0.001) or Arechavaleta (P < 0.001) serovar was significantly associated with bacteremia in a multivariate analysis. These serovars are probably poorly adapted to humans or are more virulent. A delay between onset of symptoms and hospital admission > 5 days (P = 0.01), vomiting (P = 0.001), and increased respiratory rate (P = 0.001) contributed independently to bacteremia in the multivariate analysis. Thus, if non-typhoidal infection is suspected, blood should be cultured and antibiotic treatment initiated in all patients who meet these criteria.
Characterizing Resident Preferences for Faculty Involvement and Support in Disclosing Medical Errors to Patients
Authors: Singh Narendra , Wong Brian M. , Stroud Lynfa
Published: July 2018

Background 

Residents may be commonly involved with medical errors and need faculty support when disclosing these to patients.

Objective 

We characterized residents' preferences for faculty involvement and support during the error disclosure process.

Methods 

We surveyed residents from internal medicine, pediatrics, emergency medicine, general and orthopedic surgery, and obstetrics and gynecology residency programs at the University of Toronto in 2014–2015 about their preferences for faculty involvement across a variety of different error scenarios (ie, error type, severity, and proximity) and for elements of support they perceive to be most helpful during the disclosure process.

Results 

Over 90% of the 192 respondents (N = 538, response rate 36%) wanted direct involvement in the error disclosure process, irrespective of type or severity of the error. Residents were relatively comfortable disclosing prescription and communication errors without direct faculty involvement but preferred faculty involvement when disclosing diagnostic and management errors. When errors were severe, many residents still wanted to be involved but preferred having faculty lead the disclosure. Residents particularly wanted to participate in the process when they felt responsible for the error. Residents highly valued receiving faculty advice on how to manage consequences and how to prevent future errors in preparing for disclosure, as well as receiving postdisclosure feedback and personal support.

Conclusions 

Residents are willing participants in the error disclosure process and have specific preferences for faculty involvement and support. These findings can inform faculty development to ensure appropriate support and supervision for residents when disclosing errors to patients.