bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Ice-Resistant Coatings Characteristics to the Energy Efficiency of Ice-Going Ships
Authors: Veselov V.A. , Kitaev M.V. , Pastukhov P.O. , Surov O.E.
Published: November 2021

The main purpose of ice-resistant coatings designed for icebreakers and ice navigation ships is the ability to protect of the ship’s hull in the most severe operating conditions. The special coatings certified by the Classification Societies for ice abrasion can provide this protection. These coatings allow to reduce the required thickness of the ship’s hull and reduce the construction weight of the ships. On the other hand, these coatings must have a low friction coefficient, which reduce the frictional resistance of the hull on ice and fuel consumption, increase the service life of the ship and power plant, reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere and affect to the operational and economic efficiency of the ship. In this paper, we present the results of experimental tests of friction coefficient on ice for various types of ice-resistant coatings and analysis the influence of ice-resistant coatings characteristics to the energy efficiency of ice-going ships.
Diffusion Model of Various Modifications of an Innovative Product
Authors: Moskalev Aleksander , Tsygankov Nikita
Published: November 2021

Digitalization entails the application of digital technologies to a wide range of existing tasks and enables solution of new tasks. This article is based on data sets on current sales volumes of innovative products to forecast their future sales. The first stage is applying the innovation diffusion in the F. Bass model to calculate the diffusion coefficients of different modifications of Sony’s PlayStation. To estimate factors which influence innovation and related results within firms, the company IMPRINTA producing 3D printers was surveyed. It is shown that taking into account technical parameters, a cascade diffusion model of product innovation is the best for describing the process of product realization. The information obtained from the diffusion analysis of two 3D printer models can be used to improve the efficiency of key business processes, including production, procurement, marketing and advertising. The use of the diffusion model made it possible to generate three different scenarios for the release and promotion of a new modification of one of the 3D printer models depending on the selected niche, the time of market launch and the intensity of the marketing and advertising campaign. Each scenario enables adjusting the cost and technical parameters of the future modification.
Functional State of Workers Data Analysis in the Labor Process
Authors: Faustov Sergey Andreevich , Salkutsan Vladimir Ivanovich , Chumakov Nikolay Aleksandrovich
Published: November 2021

It is shown that the state of working people, determined using the WAM technique, (well-being, activity, mood) has statistically significant correlation with the results of instrumental measurements in terms of changes in the physiological state of the same workers. It is proposed to use the WAM test as an independent method for determining the functional state of workers. The purpose of this work was to determine the ratio of the functional state of workers according to the instrumental assessment, on the one hand, and self-assessment of their state, on the other.
Calculation Method for Hydraulic Shock in a Pipeline Considering Cavitation Phenomena in Openfoam Software Package
Authors: Ivanov E. A. , Klyuyev A. S. , Zharkovskii A. A. , Borshchev I. O.
Published: November 2021

Hydraulic shock that occurs in pipeline systems can cause accidents and destroy pipelines, valves and equipment. If the pressure fluctuates due to a hydraulic shock, the pressure in the rarefaction phase may drop below the pressure of saturated vapours, resulting in a cavitation. This phenomenon is accompanied by an additional increase in the amplitude of pressure fluctuation, which leads to additional loads occurring in the hydraulic system. The aim of the paper is to provide the method for calculation of the hydraulic shock with the help of OpenFOAM soft-ware complex, which considers the cavitation formation.
Numerical Simulation of Multiphase Flow Structures in Openfoam Software Package
Authors: Ivanov E. A. , Klyuyev A. S. , Zharkovskii A. A. , Borshchev I. O.
Published: November 2021

Numerical simulation of various structures of multiphase flow in the pipe was performed using the OpenFOAM software package. A visual comparison of multiphase flow design structures for separated stratified-wave, plug and annular flow modes with experimental data is presented. For multiphase flow modelling the solver compressibleInterFoam was used. From the results of numerical modelling, it follows that the OpenFOAM software package allows correct prediction of multiphase flow modes in the pipe depending on Reynolds numbers for gas and liquid phases of the flow.
Rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale et syndrome d’apnées obstructives du sommeil : l’apport de la santé connectée
Authors: Amat Philippe , O’Connor-Reina Carlos , Plaza Guillermo
Published: November 2021

La rééducation myofonctionnelle orofaciale (RMOF) a été montrée efficace dans le traitement multidisciplinaire des syndromes d’apnées obstructives du sommeil (SAOS) de l’enfant, de l’adolescent et de l’adulte et elle est prescrite à plusieurs étapes de ces prises en charge. La santé connectée fait appel à l’utilisation de messages électroniques, à une surveillance à distance, à des plateformes de télémédecine du sommeil et à des applications de santé mobile. Les objets connectés aident au diagnostic du SAOS, ils permettent la télésurveillance des patients traités par pression positive continue et facilitent la prise en charge des comorbidités liées au SAOS. La première application conçue pour réaliser une RMOF chez des patients souffrant de SAOS, nommée Airway Gym®, a été conçue par O’Connor-Reina et al. en 2017. Elle permet au patient d’interagir directement avec le smartphone sans avoir besoin d’un autre appareil et elle vise à améliorer la tonicité des différents muscles impliqués dans la pathogenèse du SAOS. Un essai clinique randomisé a évalué les effets de l’application Airway Gym® chez des patients atteints de SAOS sévère, et montré des améliorations significatives de l’IAH, du score de l’échelle de somnolence d’Epworth, de la saturation minimale en O2, du score maximal de la langue IOPI et du score maximal des lèvres IOPI.
Prüfungsthema: Auf- und Abbauprozesse
Authors: Schmid Eva C.
Published: November 2021

In diesem HPA-Prüfungstrainer beschäftigen sich alle Fragen mit Auf- und Abbauprozessen.
Was wissen Sie über … Aufbau?
Authors: Schmid Eva C.
Published: November 2021

In dieser Ausgabe beschäftigen sich alle Wissensquiz-Fragen mit Aufbau.
Aufbautherapie: unscharf, individuell, bewährt
Authors: Kämper Harald
Published: November 2021

Aufbautherapien arbeiten vor allem mit homöopathischen, spagyrischen, phytotherapeutischen, mikrobiotischen und mikronährstoffzentrierten Mitteln. Während strukturelle, stoffliche Pathologien – zum Beispiel im Bereich Herz, Leber, Nerven, Knochen oder Abwehr – meist eine gezielte Nährstoffsubstitution erfordern, sprechen energetische Dysbalancen sehr gut auf nichtstoffliche Methoden an. Eine individuelle, ganzheitliche, sorgfältige und geschickt kombinierte Therapie kann in der Praxis hervorragende Ergebnisse vorweisen.
Akupunktur bei Rhinitis allergica
Authors: Anders Eric , Hauswald Bettina
Published: November 2021

Eine allergische Rhinitis betrifft fast ⅓ der Menschen – mit
steigender Tendenz. Antihistaminika und lokale Steroidtherapien haben oft
Nebenwirkungen und wirken primär symptomatisch. Akupunktur gewinnt als
alternative und unterstützende Therapie zunehmend an Bedeutung. Studien
belegen, dass Akupunktur bei allergischer Rhinitis die Lebensqualität
steigern, Symptome lindern und den Medikamenteneinsatz verringern kann. Wir
beschreiben einen Fall, bei dem die Akupunkturbehandlung eines
10-Jährigen bei erfolgloser subkutaner Hyposensibilisierung gegen
Frühblüher und Gräser erfolgreich war.
Ultra-thin interfacial domain wall less than 1 nm based on TbxCo100−x/Cu/[Co/Pt]2 heterostructures for multi-level magnetic pillar memory
Authors: Ranjbar Sina , Sumi Satoshi , Tanabe Kenji , Awano Hiroyuki
Published: November 2021

We propose a new pillar type of multi-level memory with TbxCo100−x/Cu/[Co/Pt]2 heterostructures to achieve high storage density and controllable domain wall position in-memory applications. The structure consists of amorphous ferrimagnetic Tb–Co alloy films and ferromagnetic Co/Pt multilayers separated by less than one monolayer of Cu. Here, we observe that the interfacial domain wall energy density can be controlled by changing the interlayer thickness of Cu and Tb–Co composition. We also observe two competing mechanisms, one leading to an increase and the other to a decrease, corresponding to the effect of Tb content on saturation magnetization and coercivity of heterostructures. Theoretical and experimental results show that by tuning the Tb–Co composition, we were able to decrease domain wall (DW) width and precisely control the DW position of the multilayer structure. The interfacial domain wall width is significantly decreased to less than 1 nm compared to other reports. Moreover, controlling the DW position and width offers a novel multi-level magnetic memory with high performance compared to conventional memory applications.
Safeguarding our sacred islands: Traditional Owner-led Sea Country governance, planning and management in Australia
Authors: Bock Ellie , Hudson Lorna , Isaac Janella , Vernes Tanya , Muir Bob , Whap Terrence , Dulfer-Hyams Melanie , Mclean Melinda , Fell David
Published: November 2021

This timely collation of case studies, written by and with Traditional Owners of diverse Australian offshore islands, offers direct insights into benefits arising from strategic and participatory action planning for biocultural island conservation and monitoring. We pay respect to the Old People and Elders whose dedicated care of their island homelands means we today can still experience their cultural and natural diversity. We extend greetings to our Pacifika neighbours, and to carers of islands around Earth. Our paper scopes socio-economic benefits arising from planning for islands, for Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders, and more generally. Global, national, state and local co-investments support place-specific planning for some islands by Traditional Owners as a starting point toward shared governance and caring for Country. Case studies describe Country planning for Mayala Country in Australia’s northwest, Woppaburra experiences within the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area and integrated biocultural health monitoring arising from remote island Indigenous Protected Area planning in Torres Strait. New institutional initiatives are also seeking to create solid foundations for more substantive island research collaborations. Across Australia, novel relationships grounded in culturally assured, holistically integrated approaches to island governance and caring for Country involving Traditional Owners and island resource users/managers are creating equity in livelihoods and stronger wellbeing. Australia’s innovative Sea Country collaborations, with priorities initiated and led by island Traditional Owners, carry real value for sustained island conservation and provide positive inspirations for global humanity in the accelerating Anthropocene.
Hierarchical Ni3S2 nanorod@nanosheet arrays on Ni foam for high-performance supercapacitor
Authors: Sun Haibin , Liang Shuangshuang , Xu Zijun , Zheng Wenrui , Liu Xiaoyu , Zhang Chao , Gao Shasha , Ji Zhichao , Liu Shenghong , Xie Wenhe
Published: November 2021

We successfully designed and prepared hierarchical Ni3S2 nanorod@nanosheet arrays on three-dimensional Ni foam via facile hydrothermal sulfuration. We conducted a series of time- and temperature-dependent experiments to determine the Ostwald ripening process of hierarchical Ni3S2 nanorod@nanosheet arrays. The rationally hierarchical architecture creates an excellent supercapacitor electrode for Ni3S2 nanorod@nanosheet arrays. The areal capacitance of this array reaches 5.5 F cm−2 at 2 mA cm−2, which is much higher than that of Ni3S2 nanosheet arrays (1.5 F cm−2). The corresponding asymmetric supercapacitor exhibits a wide potential window of 1.6 V and energy density up to 1.0 Wh cm−2 when the proposed array is utilized as the positive electrode with activated carbon as the negative electrode. This electrochemical performance enhancement is attributable to the hierarchical structure and synergistic cooperation of macroporous Ni foam and well-aligned Ni3S2 nanorod@nanosheet arrays. Our results represent a promising approach to the preparation of hierarchical nanorod@nanosheet arrays as high-performing electrochemical capacitors.
Phase evolution of all-inorganic perovskite nanowires during its growth from quantum dots
Authors: M A Gokul , Rahman Atikur
Published: November 2021

All-inorganic lead-halide perovskites have emerged as an exciting material owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties and high stability over hybrid organometallic perovskites. Nanowires of these materials, in particular, have shown great promise for optoelectronic applications due to their high optical absorption coefficient and low defect state density. However, the synthesis of the most promising alpha-Cesium lead iodide (α-CsPbI3) nanowires is challenging as it is metastable and spontaneously converts to a non-perovskite δ-phase. The hot-injection method is one of the most facile, well-controlled, and commonly used approaches for synthesizing CsPbX3 nanostructures. But the exact mechanism of growing these nanowires in this technique is not clear. Here, we show that the hot-injection method produces photoactive phases of quantum dots (QDs) and nanowires of CsPbBr3, and QDs of CsPbI3, but CsPbI3 nanowires are grown in their non-perovskite δ-phase. Monitoring the nanowire growth during the hot-injection technique and through detailed characterization, we establish that CsPbI3 nanowires are formed in the non-perovskite phase from the beginning rather than transforming after its growth from perovskite to a non-perovskite phase. We have discussed a possible mechanism of how non-perovskite nanowires of CsPbI3 grow at the expense of photoactive perovskite QDs. Our findings will help to synthesize nanostructures of all-inorganic perovskites with desired phases, which is essential for successful technological applications.
Characteristics of hemolysins from pathogenic bacteria in tropical aquaculture: an in-silico study
Authors: Syahidah Dewi
Published: November 2021

Some species of known pathogenic bacteria isolates in tropical aquaculture produces hemolysin. Hemolysin can be identified based on its ability to break down red blood cells in vitro. Some hemolysin is a pore-shaped poison that can damage cell membranes and kill host cells. The character of the 13 sequences of hemolysin protein in several pathogenic bacterial isolates in tropical aquaculture was analysed using the NCBI protein bioinformatics database. The phylogenetic tree was generated, and the analysis was conducted using the base character method (Maximum Parsimony) of Mega 6.06 software. The result showed that there are two big family of hemolysin from the known pathogenic bacteria. The closest characteristics of protein sequences were hemolysin of Streptococcus agalacticae and of S. iniae.
Effect of water salinity on survival and osmotic level of larval (Zoea Stage) of mud crabs Scylla tranquebarica
Authors: Herlinah  , Sulaeman  , Gunarto  , Parenrengi A , Rosmiati
Published: November 2021

Mud crab of the genus Scylla are considered one of the most sought-after seafood today. This crab species has high quality and delicious aging growth rate and encourage expansion in the aquaculture sector especially in Southeast Asian Countries. However, salinity changes will cause changes in organisms osmotic pressure, and every aquatic biota has an optimal salinity range for survival. The study focuses on evaluating the effect of water salinity on the survival and osmotic levels of the purple mud crab, larvae ofScylla tranquebaricaat the zoea stage. The LC50 assessment was performed in 10 different level of water salinity (0; 5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 30; 35, 40, and 50 ppt). Each treatment involved 20 ind./L of newly hatched crabs and being observed for 24 h in 10 different water salinity using 1 L volume glass container. The number of crab’s mortality were taken for each salinity regime. Larval behavior monitored during experiment. Meanwhile, the measurement of osmotic level was carried out at the salinity of 25, 30, and 35 ppt. The result shows that mud crab larvae exhibit any tolerance on the low salinity ranged from 0-10 ppt and the salinity of > 40 ppt. On the other hand, mud crab larvae were still able to survive at the salinity ranged from 20-40 ppt for more than 24 hours. The trend of the osmotic level of mud crab to survive is by hypo osmotic to iso osmotic.
The content of heavy metals in the water of Lake Gusinoe (Western Transbaikalia) and its tributaries
Authors: Bazarzhapov Tc Zh , Shiretorova V G , Radnaeva L D , Suocheng Dong , Zehong Li , Tulokhonov A K
Published: November 2021

Investigation of the transformation of substances in the basin of the Selenga River, the main tributary of Lake Baikal, due to anthropogenic impact under conditions of global climate change, is especially important for Lake Baikal which is a World Natural Heritage Site and the main source of fresh drinking water not only in the region, but also in the world. One of the key research objects in the Selenga River basin, which is subject to significant anthropogenic impact, is the ecosystem of Lake Gusinoe. This study presents the results of analysis of the physical and chemical parameters of the water mass of Gusinoe Lake basin. for the period from 2017 to 2020. Thus, the results on hydrochemical indicators for a long-term period of research of the lake show changes in the chemical composition of water and the concentration of main ions. In 2020, the content of almost all metals was higher than in 2017-2020, which may be due to the rise in the level of Lake Gusinoe and groundwater that began in 2019 and continued in 2020, as a result of rain floods that caused flooding of the coastal territories and the entry of pollutants into watercourses and the lake.
Information and computational technologies for research of natural recovery of vegetation cover
Authors: Ozaryan Y A , Kozhevnikova T V , Manzhula I S
Published: November 2021

The processes of natural recovery of biota in the area disturbed by mining enterprises of the Khabarovsk region have been investigated. The specifics of the formation of secondary phytocenoses on man-made tumors have been revealed. Cluster analysis methods are used as an instrument to identify the key parameters that affect the state of vegetation during natural recovery.
Euryale ferox Salisb. and Nuphar japonica DC. (Nymphaeaceae) micromorphology study from the Amur region
Authors: Ju Tsyrenova D
Published: November 2021

The article presents the results of a micromorphological study of two species of nymphaeans, Euryale ferox Salisb. and Nuphar japonica DC, fam. Nymphaeaceae Salisb. Detailed descriptions of the leaf blade and petiole are given. The main histological and topographic complexes and their proportions, and the histochemical features have been determined.
Reshapeable, rehealable and recyclable sensor fabricated by direct ink writing of conductive composites based on covalent adaptable network polymers
Authors: He Xu , Lin Yuchen , Ding Yuchen , Abdullah Arif M , Lei Zepeng , Han Yubo , Shi Xiaojuan , Zhang Wei , Yu Kai
Published: November 2021

Covalent adaptable network (CAN) polymers doped with conductive nanoparticles are an ideal candidate to create reshapeable, rehealable, and fully recyclable electronics. On the other hand, 3D printing as a deterministic manufacturing method has a significant potential to fabricate electronics with low cost and high design freedom. In this paper, we incorporate a conductive composite consisting of polyimine CAN and multi-wall carbon nanotubes into direct-ink-writing 3D printing to create polymeric sensors with outstanding reshaping, repairing, and recycling capabilities. The developed printable ink exhibits good printability, conductivity, and recyclability. The conductivity of printed polyimine composites is investigated at different temperatures and deformation strain levels. Their shape-reforming and Joule heating-induced interfacial welding effects are demonstrated and characterized. Finally, a temperature sensor is 3D printed with defined patterns of conductive pathways, which can be easily mounted onto 3D surfaces, repaired after damage, and recycled using solvents. The sensing capability of printed sensors is maintained after the repairing and recycling. Overall, the 3D printed reshapeable, rehealable, and recyclable sensors possess complex geometry and extend service life, which assist in the development of polymer-based electronics toward broad and sustainable applications.
Improving delirium screening and recognition in UK hospitals: results of a multi-centre quality improvement project
Authors:   Geriatric Medicine Research Collaborative
Published: November 2021

Background

delirium is an acute severe neuropsychiatric condition associated with adverse outcomes, particularly in older adults. However, it is frequently under-recognised.

Methods

this multi-centre quality improvement project utilised a collaborative approach to implementation of changes at sites, with the aim to improve delirium screening, recognition and documentation on discharge summaries. Resources, including delirium guidelines and presentations, were shared between sites, and broad details of local interventions were collected. Three timepoints of data collection (14 March 2018, 14 September 2018 and 13 March 2019) were conducted to assess screening, recognition and documentation of delirium in unscheduled admissions of adults aged ≥65 years old. The impact of local interventions and site-specific factors was assessed using logistic regression analysis, adjusting for patient factors.

Results

a total of 3,013 patients (mean age 80.2, 53.8% females) were recruited across the three timepoints. Screening for delirium was associated with increased odds of recognition (aOR 4.75, CI 2.98–7.56; P < 0.001); this was not affected by grade/profession of screener. Rates of screening, recognition and discharge documentation improved across the three timepoints of data collection. The presence of a local delirium specialist team was associated with increased rates of screening for delirium (aOR 1.75, CI 1.41–2.18; P < 0.001), and the presence of a geriatric medicine team embedded into the admissions unit was associated with increased recognition rates (aOR 1.78, CI 1.09–2.92; P = 0.022).

Conclusion

delirium screening is associated with improved recognition. Interventions that strive to improve screening within a culture of delirium awareness are encouraged.
Roundtable Discussion: Making Sense of Current Liposuction Technologies
Authors: Cook Jonathan , Pozner Jason N , Turer David M , DiBernardo Barry E , Bharti Gaurav , Kortesis Bill , Duncan Diane I
Published: November 2021

Suction-assisted lipectomy (or “liposuction”) is a fundamental technique for all plastic surgeons, and like many procedures in aesthetic surgery, its applications are continuing to evolve. With the rapid introduction of new technologies, many plastic surgeons are left with questions about how these new devices work, what results to expect, and how to best apply these technologies in their practice. We recognized that there is a need for unbiased recommendations to guide surgeons on how to approach current liposuction devices (as well as their adjuncts) and how to use them effectively for their patients. Using available literature and personal experience, we answer the most common questions that we hear from our plastic surgery colleagues.
Social work, Max Weber and ethical irrationality
Authors: Morley Louise
Published: November 2021

The tension between organisational demands and the substantive aspects of social work practice can pose a significant challenge for social workers because their professional positioning places them in the middle of what appear to be conflicting and irreconcilable demands, especially in contexts where organisational accountability seems to dominate practice. Although the implications of this tension have been discussed within the social work literature, the specific characteristics have not received much attention. This article explores this tension by drawing on Max Weber’s concept of ‘ethical irrationality’. Ethical irrationality refers to the historical and cultural conditions that have made way for the tension between formal and substantive rationality and how these qualities have the potential to shape and even distort ethical conduct. In an ethically irrational world, ethical conduct involves risk and uncertainty and, for ethical agents, this often means resorting to using risky means to achieve ethical ends. This issue is particularly relevant for social workers in statutory contexts where professional ethics require practitioners to engage with and challenge organisational norms and procedures. A conceptual tool aimed to assist practitioners in managing this tension is developed.
Influence of gonadal steroids on cortical surface area in infancy
Authors: Alex Ann Mary , Ruvio Tom , Xia Kai , Jha Shaili C , Girault Jessica B , Wang Li , Li Gang , Shen Dinggang , Cornea Emil , Styner Martin A , Gilmore John H , Knickmeyer Rebecca C
Published: November 2021

Sex differences in the human brain emerge as early as mid-gestation and have been linked to sex hormones, particularly testosterone. Here, we analyzed the influence of markers of early sex hormone exposure (polygenic risk score (PRS) for testosterone, salivary testosterone, number of CAG repeats, digit ratios, and PRS for estradiol) on the growth pattern of cortical surface area in a longitudinal cohort of 722 infants. We found PRS for testosterone and right-hand digit ratio to be significantly associated with surface area, but only in females. PRS for testosterone at the most stringent P value threshold was positively associated with surface area development over time. Higher right-hand digit ratio, which is indicative of low prenatal testosterone levels, was negatively related to surface area in females. The current work suggests that variation in testosterone levels during both the prenatal and postnatal period may contribute to cortical surface area development in female infants.
Imbalance in functional and structural connectivity underlying goal-directed and habitual learning systems in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Xu Chuanyong , Hou Gangqiang , He Tingxin , Ruan Zhongqiang , Chen Jierong , Wei Zhen , Seger Carol A , Chen Qi , Peng Ziwen
Published: November 2021

An imbalance between the goal-directed and habitual learning systems has been proposed to underlie compulsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In addition, the overall balance between these systems may be influenced by stress hormones. We examined the multimodal networks underlying these dual learning systems. Both functional and structural measures indicated reduced connectivity within the goal-directed subnetwork (FC: P = 0.042; SC–FN: P = 0.014) and reduced connectivity between the goal-directed and habitual subnetworks (FC: P = 0.014; SC–FA: P = 0.052), but no differences within the habitual subnetwork in patients with OCD compared with controls. Path modeling indicated that anatomical connectivity in the goal-directed subnetwork influenced compulsive symptoms (R2 = 0.41), whereas functional connectivity within the habit subnetwork and between goal-directed and habitual subnetworks influenced obsessive symptoms (R2 = 0.63). In addition, the relationship between anatomical connectivity in the goal-directed subnetwork and compulsion was moderated by the stress hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), such that at low levels of ACTH greater connectivity resulted in lower compulsion, but at high levels of ACTH this relationship was reversed. These results provide new insights into the neural correlates of the imbalance between dual learning systems, and their relationship with symptom dimensions in patients with OCD. It may further support the reconceptualization of OCD as “compulsive–obsessive disorder,” with a greater focus on the transdiagnostic dimension of compulsivity.
Syphilis Testing and Diagnosis Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Engaged in Care at 4 US Clinical Sites, 2014-2018
Authors: Menza Timothy W , Berry Stephen A , Dombrowski Julie , Cachay Edward , Dionne-Odom Jodie , Christopoulos Katerina , Crane Heidi M , Kitahata Mari M , Mayer Kenneth H
Published: November 2021

Background

Despite rising rates of syphilis among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PWH) in the United States, there is no optimal syphilis screening frequency or prioritization.

Methods

We reviewed records of all PWH in care between 1 January 2014 and 16 November 2018 from 4 sites in the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems Cohort (CNICS; N = 8455). We calculated rates of syphilis testing and incident syphilis and used Cox proportional hazards models modified for recurrent events to examine demographic and clinical predictors of testing and diagnosis.

Results

Participants contributed 29 568 person-years of follow-up. The rate of syphilis testing was 118 tests per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 117–119). The rate of incident syphilis was 4.7 cases per 100 person-years (95% CI: 4.5–5.0). Syphilis diagnosis rates were highest among younger cisgender men who have sex with men and transgender women, Hispanic individuals, people who inject drugs, and those with detectable HIV RNA, rectal infections, and hepatitis C.

Conclusions

We identified PWH who may benefit from more frequent syphilis testing and interventions for syphilis prevention.
Cardiovascular changes in young renal failure patients
Authors: Tøndel Camilla , Marti Hans-Peter
Published: November 2021

Progresses in medical care of severe kidney disease and congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract make it possible for a higher percentage of young renal failure patients to survive and enter adulthood. There is thus an increasing need to focus on the long-term effects of severely reduced kidney function early in life. Cardiovascular changes are known to contribute considerably in adulthood to the severe complications of renal failure. In young chronic kidney disease patients, there is limited knowledge of subclinical cardiovascular disease. In this issue of Clinical Kidney Journal, Lalayiannis et al. describe significant structural and functional cardiovascular changes in a young cohort of kidney failure patients with glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m2. Among the 100 patients between 5 and 30 years of age included in the study, 84 presented with signs of cardiovascular disease. There is a need for long-term follow-up data on cardiovascular consequences of renal failure early in life and evaluation of prophylactic and therapeutic measures that can ameliorate the overall prognosis for these patients. We look forward to planned future long-term data from this cohort as well as increased focus in general on cardiovascular changes in young renal failure patients.
Inter-sexual multimodal communication during mating in wild geladas: the leading role of females
Authors: Zanoli Anna , Gamba Marco , Lemasson Alban , Norscia Ivan , Palagi Elisabetta
Published: November 2021

Female primates can emit vocalizations associated with mating that can function as honest signals of fertility. Here, we investigated the role of mating calls and visual signals in female geladas (Theropithecus gelada). Because females have a central role in the gelada society and seem to solicit sexual interactions, we answered whether they emit vocalizations in conjunction with gazing to increase mating success probability. Before and during copulations, females can emit pre-copulation calls and copulation calls. For the first time, we identified a new female vocalization emitted at the final stage of copulations (end-copulation call), possibly marking the occurrence of ejaculation. We found that longer pre-copulation call sequences were followed by both prolonged copulations and the presence of end-copulation calls, thus suggesting that females use pre-copulation calls to ensure successful copula completion. Moreover, we found that different combinations of female vocal types and gazing had different effects on male vocal behavior and motivation to complete the copula. The analysis of the vocal and visual signals revealed a complex inter-sexual multimodal chattering with the leading role of females in the signal exchange. Such chattering, led by females, modulates male sexual arousal, thus increasing the probability of the copula success.
Creating a better journey of care for patients with heart valve disease
Authors: Sitges Marta , Borregaard Britt , De Paulis Ruggero , Nolan Paul , Woan Wil , Pearce Keith , Näumann Jens , Johnson Neil , Wait Suzanne
Published: November 2021

Heart valve disease has been described as ‘the next cardiac epidemic’, with prevalence expected to double by 2040 and triple by 2060 due to the ageing of the population. Yet until now, it has been characterized by scarce data, limited research, and low general awareness compared with other cardiovascular diseases. Effective treatment options exist for heart valve disease, and early detection and treatment can dramatically change disease progression, improve quality of life, and reduce mortality. Unfortunately, in too many patients, heart valve disease is undetected, undiagnosed, untreated, or treated too late, leading to avoidable deaths and costs, and significant compromises to people’s quality of life. These gaps in the patient pathway can be remedied through appropriate policy action, with a focus on: early detection and diagnosis; timely intervention; patient-centred follow-up care; patient engagement and empowerment; psychological support; and better data to guide practice. Ensuring all patients have access to appropriate diagnosis and care without delays is imperative as we look towards rebuilding stronger and more resilient health systems, and ‘build back better’ after the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic.
Effectiveness of Quality Incentive Payments in General Practice (EQuIP-GP) cluster randomized trial: impact on patient-reported experience
Authors: Bonney Andrew , Russell Grant , Radford Jan , Zwar Nicholas , Mullan Judy , Batterham Marijka , Mazza Danielle , Peterson Gregory , Eckermann Simon , Metusela Christine
Published: November 2021

Background

Relational continuity, ‘a therapeutic relationship between a patient and provider/s that spans health care events’, has been associated with improved patient outcomes.

Objectives

To evaluate whether an intervention incorporating patient enrolment and a funding model for higher-risk patients influenced patient-reported experience measures, particularly relational continuity.

Methods

Cluster-randomized controlled trial over 12 months (1 August 2018–31 July 2019). Participating patients within intervention practices were offered enrolment with a preferred general practitioner, a minimum of 3 longer appointments, and review within 7 days of hospital admission or emergency department attendance. Intervention practices received incentives for longer consultations (dependent on reducing unnecessary prescriptions and tests), early post-hospital follow-up, and hospitalization reductions. The primary outcome was patient-reported relational continuity, measured by the Primary Care Assessment Tool Short Form.

Results

A total of 774 patients, aged 18–65 years with a chronic illness or aged over 65 years, from 34 general practices in metropolitan, regional, and rural Australia across 3 states participated. Response rates for questionnaires were >90%. From a maximum of 4.0, mean baseline scores for relational continuity were 3.38 (SE 0.05) and 3.42 (SE 0.05) in control and intervention arms, respectively, with no significant between-group differences in changes pre-post trial. There were no significant changes in other patient-focussed measures.

Conclusion

Patient-reported relational continuity was high at baseline and not influenced by the intervention, signalling the need for caution with policies incorporating patient enrolment and financial incentives. Further research is required targeting at-risk patient groups with low baseline engagement with primary care.
Establishment of Host–Algal Endosymbioses: Genetic Response to Symbiont Versus Prey in a Sponge Host
Authors: Geraghty Sara , Koutsouveli Vasiliki , Hall Chelsea , Chang Lillian , Sacristan-Soriano Oriol , Hill Malcolm , Riesgo Ana , Hill April
Published: November 2021

The freshwater sponge Ephydatia muelleri and its Chlorella-like algal partner is an emerging model for studying animal: algal endosymbiosis. The sponge host is a tractable laboratory organism, and the symbiotic algae are easily cultured. We took advantage of these traits to interrogate questions about mechanisms that govern the establishment of durable intracellular partnerships between hosts and symbionts in facultative symbioses. We modified a classical experimental approach to discern the phagocytotic mechanisms that might be co-opted to permit persistent infections, and identified genes differentially expressed in sponges early in the establishment of endosymbiosis. We exposed algal-free E. muelleri to live native algal symbionts and potential food items (bacteria and native heat-killed algae), and performed RNA-Seq to compare patterns of gene expression among treatments. We found a relatively small but interesting suite of genes that are differentially expressed in the host exposed to live algal symbionts, and a larger number of genes triggered by host exposure to heat-killed algae. The upregulated genes in sponges exposed to live algal symbionts were mostly involved in endocytosis, ion transport, metabolic processes, vesicle-mediated transport, and oxidation–reduction. One of the host genes, an ATP-Binding Cassette transporter that is downregulated in response to live algal symbionts, was further evaluated for its possible role in the establishment of the symbiosis. We discuss the gene expression profiles associated with host responses to living algal cells in the context of conditions necessary for long-term residency within host cells by phototrophic symbionts as well as the genetic responses to sponge phagocytosis and immune-driven pathways.
Long-lived afterslip of the 2013Mw 6.1 Minab earthquake detected by Persistent Scatterer Interferometry along the Irer fault (western Makran-Zagros transition zone, Iran)
Authors: Plattner Christina , Parizzi Alessandro , Carena Sara , Rieger Stefanie M , Friedrich Anke M , Abolghasem Amir M , DeZan Francesco
Published: November 2021

The ratio of seismogenic to aseismic deformation along active faults is needed to estimate their seismogenic potential and hazards. Seismologic and geodetic methods routinely capture coseismic displacements, but data acquisition requirements to fully document post-seismic deformation are not well known. Our study documents afterslip between about 18 months and 4 years after a mid-size earthquake and, based on remote structural mapping, we document fault rupture segments not previously associated with that earthquake. Persistent scatterer interferometric analysis of Sentinel-1A aperture radar data acquired between October 2014 and December 2018 reveals prolonged post-seismic deformation following the 11 May 2013 Mw 6.1 Minab earthquake and its aftershocks. The surface deformation data yield a sharp contrast across both the main seismogenic fault (here named the Irer fault) and its northeastern splay, and it is compatible with left-lateral motion along both faults. The PSI data helped us to identify and map the splay fault in the satellite imagery. We could then measure the geological offset along both faults, finding maximum displacements of about 1 km (main fault) and 350 m (splay). Our modelling of the observed post-seismic surface deformation pattern shows that post-seismic deformation was accommodated by left-lateral afterslip, not viscoelastic relaxation. This result is consistent with previous propositions that Mw 6 earthquakes do not measurably excite deeply seated viscoelastic relaxation mechanisms. Our afterslip modelling yields a slip pattern from the surface to a depth of 6 km to maximum 16 km, in agreement with the depth of the coseismic slip-distribution, and a maximum displacement of ∼7 cm along the fault, but located ∼8 km to the east of the coseismic slip maximum. Moment release during the observed afterslip in our study is Mw 5.7, or 12% of the coseismic moment released by main shock and aftershocks together. Combined with previously published results for the early post-seismic period (first 2 months), we estimate the aseismic moment to be at least ∼37% of the total, implying a high ratio of aseismic to seismic moment release for the Irer fault. Our results show that observation time windows well beyond 5 years are needed to record afterslip following mid-sized earthquakes. Thus, progress in understanding the transition from post-seismic to interseismic fault behaviour critically depends on the availability of data provided by satellite missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-1A. Similarly, robust comparison of the post-seismic rates with long-term geological rates requires palaeoseismic study and dating of related morphotectonic features.
Heterogeneity analysis of the immune microenvironment in laryngeal carcinoma revealed potential prognostic biomarkers
Authors: Qian Zhipeng , Shang Desi , Fan Lin , Zhang Jiarui , Ji Linhao , Chen Kexin , Zhao Rui
Published: November 2021

Laryngeal squamous cell cancer (LSCC) is the second most prevalent malignancy occurring in the head and neck with a high incidence and mortality rate. Immunotherapy has recently become an emerging treatment for cancer. It is therefore essential to explore the role of tumour immunity in laryngeal cancer. Our study first delineated and evaluated the comprehensive immune infiltration landscapes of the tumour microenvironment in LSCC. A hierarchical clustering method was applied to classify the LSCC samples into two groups (high- and low-infiltration groups). We found that individuals with low immune infiltration characteristics had significantly better survival than those in the high-infiltration group, possibly because of the elevated infiltration of immune suppressive cells, such as regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, in the high-infiltration group. Differentially expressed genes between two groups were involved in some immune-related terms, such as antigen processing and presentation. A univariate Cox analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis were performed to identify an immune gene-set-based prognostic signature (IBPS) to assess the risk of LSCC. The prognostic model comprising six IBPSs was successfully verified to be robust in different cohorts. The expression of the six IBPSs was detected by immunohistochemistry in 110 cases of LSCC. In addition, different inflammatory profiles and immune checkpoint landscape of LSCC were found between two groups. Hence, our model could serve as a candidate immunotherapeutic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for laryngeal cancer.
Quantifying the contribution of pathways of nosocomial acquisition of COVID-19 in English hospitals
Authors: Evans Stephanie , Stimson James , Pople Diane , Bhattacharya Alex , Hope Russell , White Peter J , Robotham Julie V
Published: November 2021

Background

Despite evidence of the nosocomial transmission of novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in hospitals worldwide, the contributions of the pathways of transmission are poorly quantified.

Methods

We analysed national records of hospital admissions and discharges, linked to data on SARS-CoV-2 testing, using an individual-based model that considers patient-to-patient, patient-to-healthcare worker (HCW), HCW-to-patient and HCW-to-HCW transmission.

Results

Between 1 March 2020 and 31 December 2020, SARS-CoV-2 infections that were classified as nosocomial were identified in 0.5% (0.34–0.74) of patients admitted to an acute National Health Service trust. We found that the most likely route of nosocomial transmission to patients was indirect transmission from other infected patients, e.g. through HCWs acting as vectors or contaminated fomites, followed by direct transmission between patients in the same bay. The risk of transmission to patients from HCWs over this time period is low, but can contribute significantly when the number of infected inpatients is low. Further, the risk of a HCW acquiring SARS-CoV-2 in hospital is approximately equal to that in the community, thereby doubling their overall risk of infection. The most likely route of transmission to HCWs is transmission from other infected HCWs.

Conclusions

Current control strategies have successfully reduced the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between patients and HCWs. In order to reduce the burden of nosocomial COVID-19 infections on health services, stricter measures should be enforced that would inhibit the spread of the virus between bays or wards in the hospital. There should also be a focus on inhibiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 between HCWs. The findings have important implications for infection-control procedures in hospitals.
Genomic Characterization of Group A Streptococci Causing Pharyngitis and Invasive Disease in Colorado, USA, June 2016– April 2017
Authors: Li Yuan , Dominguez Samuel , Nanduri Srinivas A , Rivers Joy , Mathis Saundra , Li Zhongya , McGee Lesley , Chochua Sopio , Metcalf Benjamin J , Van Beneden Chris A , Beall Bernard , Miller Lisa
Published: November 2021

Background

The genomic features and transmission link of circulating Group A Streptococcus (GAS) strains causing different disease types, such as pharyngitis and invasive disease, are not well understood.

Methods

We used whole-genome sequencing to characterize GAS isolates recovered from persons with pharyngitis and invasive disease in the Denver metropolitan area from June 2016 to April 2017.

Results

The GAS isolates were cultured from 236 invasive and 417 pharyngitis infections. Whole-genome sequencing identified 34 emm types. Compared with pharyngitis isolates, invasive isolates were more likely to carry the erm family genes (23% vs 7.4%, P<.001), which confer resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin (including inducible resistance), and covS gene inactivation (7% vs 0.5%, P<.001). Whole-genome sequencing identified 97 genomic clusters (433 isolates; 2–65 isolates per cluster) that consisted of genomically closely related isolates (median single-nucleotide polymorphism=3 [interquartile range, 1–4] within cluster). Thirty genomic clusters (200 isolates; 31% of all isolates) contained both pharyngitis and invasive isolates and were found in 11 emm types.

Conclusions

In the Denver metropolitan population, mixed disease types were commonly seen in clusters of closely related isolates, indicative of overlapping transmission networks. Antibiotic-resistance and covS inactivation was disproportionally associated with invasive disease.
BSAC Vanguard Report Series: The future of drug development
Authors: Piddock Laura J V
Published: November 2021

The discovery of antibiotics started a new era in medicine. However, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is now outpacing the development of new antimicrobials. New political and economic models are required to tackle the developing crisis. In this article I look at the challenges and how we can work to overcome them.