bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of various solution techniques in dispatching coupled electricity‐heat system with independent thermal energy storage
Authors: Liu Bin , Meng Ke , Dong Zhao Yang
Published: August 2019

Notable benefit can be brought by combined operation of coupled electricity‐heat system (CEHS) and be enhanced by introducing independent thermal energy storage (ITES). With prevalent constant‐flow variable temperature (CF‐VT) control strategy of heat network, explicitly formulating CEHS with ITES leads to mixed‐integer non‐convex programming. Although the problem can be reformulated as a mixed integer second‐order cone programming (MISOCP) problem and solved by commercial solvers, improving the computation efficiency still needs more effort. Here, several alternative solution techniques, based on either reformulation or approximation methods, are studied and compared with the original MISOCP formulation. The computation efficiencies as well as on the solution accuracies of various solution techniques or a combination of them are investigated and analysed based on two constructed systems. Simulation results reveal that appropriately selecting formulations of electric and heat networks can effectively improve the performance of solving the original problem.
K ‐coverage based receiver placement optimisation in passive radar network
Authors: Xie Rui , Wan Xianrong , Luo Kai , Yi Jianxin , Jiang Tao
Published: August 2019

In passive radar network (PRN), the receiver placement optimisation which has the ability to improve the coverage performance attracts much attention recently. In this study, the K ‐coverage performance is considered since the pre‐condition of deghosting in a radar network is that the target has to be covered by bistatic pairs. Thus, a K ‐coverage‐based receiver placement optimisation is formulated, in which a weighted M ‐centre model and the required radar cross section (RCS) for target detection are involved. Moreover, in order to solve this high dimensional optimisation problem, an iterative method which is based on K ‐order Voronoi algorithm and neighbourood search is proposed. Finally, the proposed method shows its effectiveness in solving the K ‐coverage optimisation problem of PRN via simulations. Specially, the probability of K ‐coverage is up to 99.8% with the optimal placement.
A broadband horizontally polarised omnidirectional antenna with stable radiation patterns
Authors: Lei Zhou , Mantang Cui , Yangyi Lu
Published: August 2019

A broadband horizontally polarised omnidirectional antenna (HPOA) with stable radiation patterns is proposed. The antenna is composed of two orthogonal broadband HPOA units fed by a wideband power divider. Each HPOA consists of four modified Vivaldi antennas fed by a 1‐to‐4‐way wideband power divider. The four Vivaldi antennas are etched on a circular substrate. The proposed antenna is simulated and discussed. Simulation results demonstrate that the designed antenna obtains a bandwidth of 88.9% from 2.5 to 6.5 GHz with reflection coefficients less than −10 dB, and the antenna gains are higher than 2 dBi in the whole frequency band. The antenna shows omnidirectional radiation feature with ripples less than 4.8 dB in the horizontal plane. The proposed antenna is suitable for 4G‐LTE and 5G communication systems.
First demonstration of airborne multi‐channel InSAR processing based on measured data
Authors: Hui Yu , Wenying Wang , Wanming Lei , Ming Hao , Chengcai Yang
Published: August 2019

Azimuth multi‐channel interferometric SAR (AMC‐InSAR) mode integrates the azimuth multichannel high‐resolution wide swath (HRWS) imaging technique and high‐precision InSAR digital elevation model (DEM) generation technique. More equivalent phase centres are obtained through the azimuth single‐input and multiple‐output technique, which would provide more azimuth samples. Hence, the reliable and accurate DEM measurement of more wide‐swath terrain profile would be obtained. Here, the performance of this AMC‐InSAR mode is evaluated theoretically. A new processing method based on measured data for this mode is provided and the results of measured data‐processing validate the analysed results and the new method.
Simultaneous spatiotemporal bias and state estimation for asynchronous multi‐sensor system
Authors: Bu Shizhe , Zhou Chang , Zhou Gongjian
Published: August 2019

Elimination of spatiotemporal bias of asynchronous multiple sensors is the foundation of accurate multi‐sensor data fusion. In this article, a sequential processing simultaneous spatiotemporal bias and state estimation algorithm for asynchronous multi‐sensor system is proposed. The spatiotemporal bias is combined with target state to obtain an augmented state vector, and the augmented state model is formulated. For asynchronous multi‐sensor with known but different sampling periods, a sequential processing method is proposed to handle the multiple measurements. The relationship of sensor measurements, target state and spatiotemporal bias is analysed, and the corresponding measurement model is formulated. A novel algorithm, in which the unscented Kalman filter is used to handle the nonlinearity between the augmented measurement and state vectors, is proposed to jointly estimate the spatiotemporal bias and target state. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Differences in the solar cycle variability of simple and complex active regions during 1996–2018
Authors: Nikbakhsh S. , Tanskanen E. I. , Käpylä M. J. , Hackman T.
Published: August 2019

Aims. Our aim is to examine the solar cycle variability of magnetically simple and complex active region.

Methods. We studied simple (α and β) and complex (βγ and βγδ) active regions based on the Mount Wilson magnetic classification by applying our newly developed daily approach. We analyzed the daily number of the simple active regions (SARs) and compared that to the abundance of the complex active regions (CARs) over the entire solar cycle 23 and cycle 24 until December 2018.

Results. We show that CARs evolve differently over the solar cycle from SARs. The time evolution of SARs and CARs on different hemispheres also shows differences, even though on average their latitudinal distributions are shown to be similar. The time evolution of SARs closely follows that of the sunspot number, and their maximum abundance was observed to occur during the early maximum phase, while that of the CARs was seen roughly two years later. We furthermore found that the peak of CARs was reached before the latitudinal width of the activity band starts to decease.

Conclusion. Our results suggest that the active region formation process is a competition between the large-scale dynamo (LSD) and the small-scale dynamo (SSD) near the surface, the former varying cyclically and the latter being independent of the solar cycle. During solar maximum, LSD is dominant, giving a preference to SARs, while during the declining phase the relative role of SSD increases. Therefore, a preference for CARs is seen due to the influence of the SSD on the emerging flux.
Radial drift and concurrent ablation of boulder-sized objects
Authors: Burn Remo , Marboeuf Ulysse , Alibert Yann , Benz Willy
Published: August 2019

Context.The composition of a protoplanetary disk at a given location does not only depend on temperature and pressure but also on the time dependent transport of matter, such as radial drift of solid bodies, which could release water and other volatile species before disintegration or accretion onto a larger body with potentially considerable implications for the composition of planets.

Aims.We performed a parameter study focused on the water depletion of different sized bodies able to cross the water snowline by gas-induced radial drift.

Methods.Either the analytical Hertz–Knudsen–Langmuir sublimation formula assuming equilibrium temperature within the body or a more involved, numerical model for the internal thermal evolution was coupled with anα-disk model. Different properties of the disk and the embedded body were explored.

Results.Bodies with radii up to 100 m drift faster toward the central star than the water snowline, and can therefore cross it. The region that can be reached before complete disintegration – and is therefore polluted with H2O ice – extends to 10% closer to the star than the snowline location. The extent of this polluted region could be multiple times larger in the presence of a dust mantle, which is, however, unlikely to form due to frequent collisions with objects smaller than a centimeter.

Conclusions.Given a significant abundance of meter-sized boulders in protoplanetary disks, the transport of water by radial drift of these bodies toward regions closer to the star than the snowline is not negligible and this flux of volatiles can be estimated for a given distribution of solid body sizes and compositions. A simple expression for surface sublimation is applicable for a homogeneous body consisting of only dust and water ice without a dust mantle.
Spatially resolved X-ray study of supernova remnants that host magnetars: Implication of their fossil field origin
Authors: Zhou Ping , Vink Jacco , Safi-Harb Samar , Miceli Marco
Published: August 2019

Magnetars are regarded as the most magnetized neutron stars in the Universe. Aiming to unveil what kinds of stars and supernovae can create magnetars, we have performed a state-of-the-art spatially resolved spectroscopic X-ray study of the supernova remnants (SNRs) Kes 73, RCW 103, and N49, which host magnetars 1E 1841−045, 1E 161348−5055, and SGR 0526−66, respectively. The three SNRs are O- and Ne-enhanced and are evolving in the interstellar medium with densities of > 1 − 2 cm−3. The metal composition and dense environment indicate that the progenitor stars are not very massive. The progenitor masses of the three magnetars are constrained to be < 20 M⊙(11–15 M⊙for Kes 73, ≲13 M⊙for RCW 103, and ∼13 − 17 M⊙for N49). Our study suggests that magnetars are not necessarily made from very massive stars, but originate from stars that span a large mass range. The explosion energies of the three SNRs range from 1050erg to ∼2 × 1051erg, further refuting that the SNRs are energized by rapidly rotating (millisecond) pulsars. We report that RCW 103 is produced by a weak supernova explosion with significant fallback, as such an explosion explains the low explosion energy (∼1050erg), small observed metal masses (MO ∼ 4 × 10−2 M⊙andMNe ∼ 6 × 10−3 M⊙), and sub-solar abundances of heavier elements such as Si and S. Our study supports the fossil field origin as an important channel to produce magnetars, given the normal mass range (MZAMS <  20 M⊙) of the progenitor stars, the low-to-normal explosion energy of the SNRs, and the fact that the fraction of SNRs hosting magnetars is consistent with the magnetic OB stars with high fields.
Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy (OPAT) with Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter in Patients with Periprosthetic Joint Infection
Authors: Baecker Hinnerk , Gessmann Jan , Hanusrichter Yannik , Zahn Peter Konrad , Schildhauer Thomas A. , Frieler Sven
Published: August 2019

Background A key factor in the successful treatment of periprosthetic joint infection is the consistent antimicrobial therapy. Depending on the pathogen antimicrobial susceptibility, intravenous (i. v.) antibiotics may not be switched to oral medication at patient discharge, without risking a treatment failure. The implementation of an outpatient i. v. therapy using peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) allows for early discharge with continuation of adequate antimicrobial therapy.

Methods We prospectively evaluated the systematic use of PICC in 11 patients with periprosthetic joint infection. Inclusion criterion was the detection of a pathogen that cannot be optimally treated with oral antibiotics according to the current treatment concept (Trampuz et al.).

Results A total of 12 PICCs in 11 patients were analysed. An error or mechanical nerve irritation was not observed. The occurrence of a catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) was not recorded. None of our patients had PICC-associated infections, thrombophlebitis or thrombosis. One patient stopped therapy due to a lack of compliance. Ten patients successfully completed their treatment. At a mean follow-up of 29 months, successful infection eradication as measured by the Delphi criteria was achieved in 100%.

Conclusion Although the number of patients included in the study was small, our short-term results suggest a good applicability of PICCs in the outpatient i. v. antimicrobial therapy for treatment of periprosthetic joint infection. Catheter-associated complications could not be observed in our collective. The successful infection control in all cases despite proven difficult-to-treat infection is promising.
„Ach, was Sie nicht sagen“
Authors: Hertlein Margit
Published: August 2019

Menschen sind verschieden – zum Glück. Was dem einen Spaß macht, empfindet der
andere als gähnend langweilig - und trotzdem arbeiten sie mitunter im selben
Beruf. Mehr über menschliche Unterschiede und wie Sie diese gezielt im Team
einsetzen können.
Tumor Response Criteria in Oncoimaging: RECIST Criteria and beyond—Part 2
Authors: Baheti Akshay D. , Rastogi Ashita , Natarajan Aravintho , Patra Anurima , Tirumani Sree Harsha
Published: August 2019

The rapid recent advances in oncology have made the dream of precision oncology a reality, with targeted therapy available for various tumors depending on the molecular genotype. This has led to the corresponding development of personalized radiology as well, with various tumor response criteria used to characterize disease response/progression depending on chemotherapy used. In these two review articles, we review the various tumor response criteria widely applied in both research and clinical settings. These include the classic size-based criteria such as RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors) 1.1 and the WHO (World Health Organization) criteria, as also various other criteria such as Choi and modified Choi criteria for tumors treated by targeted therapy, EASL (European Association for the Study of the Liver) and modified RECIST (mRECIST) criteria for hepatocellular carcinomas, immune-related response criteria (irRC) and immune RECIST (iRECIST) for patients on immunotherapy. Other clinically important criteria such as PERCIST (PET Response Criteria In Solid Tumors) for positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT), and the MD Anderson criteria for evaluating bone metastases are also highlighted.
A Wide Comparison of Techniques for Repair of PAPVCs: One Institution's 20-Year Experience
Authors: Jaschinski Christoph , Cussigh Christiane , Fonseca Elizabeth , Bruckner Tom , Karck Matthias , Loukanov Tsvetomir
Published: August 2019

Background Different methods for surgical correction of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) exist. We evaluated the outcomes of four techniques regarding morbidity and mortality.

Methods A total of 116 patients underwent PAPVC repair in our institution over a period of 20 years. Single-patch technique (n = 82 [71%], mean age: 18.59 ± 20.49 years), double-patch technique (n = 13 [11%], mean age: 43.18 ± 25.14 years), Warden's technique (n = 7 [6%], mean age: 10.04 ± 10.47 years), and direct implantation of anomalous pulmonary veins (n = 14 [12%], mean age: 14.42 ± 18.58 years) were examined.

Results Out of the 116 patients, one patient (0.9%) developed pulmonary hypertension after discharge and three patients (2.6%) with normal right cardiac function showed right ventricular failure. In total, a pacemaker was inserted in seven cases (6%). Three patients (2.6%) presented with persistent nonsinus rhythm during follow-up. This complication was most frequently seen in the double-patch group being significantly increased compared with the other groups (p = 0.035). One patient presented with a mild stenosis of the superior vena cava. There were two early, nonsurgery-related deaths and no late mortality.

Conclusion Operative therapy of PAPVC has low postoperative morbidity and mortality. Therefore, surgical repair of this cardiac anomaly is a safe and reproducible treatment independent of the applied method. The surgical technique must be selected based on the anatomy and possible accompanying congenital heart defects. Special care should be taken when using the double-patch technique because of significant more frequent nonsinus rhythm events postoperatively.
Resistance switching characteristics and mechanisms of MXene/SiO2 structure-based memristor
Authors: Lian Xiaojuan , Shen Xinyi , Zhang Miaocheng , Xu Jianguang , Gao Fei , Wan Xiang , Hu Ertao , Guo Yufeng , Zhao Jun , Tong Yi
Published: August 2019

Silicon dioxide memristors possess multiple resistance states and can be used as a key component of memory devices and neuromorphic systems. However, their conductive mechanisms are incompletely understood, and their resistance switching (RS) variability is a major challenge for commercialization of memristors. In this work, by combining the desirable properties of silicon dioxide with those of a two-dimensional MXene material (Ti3C2), a memristor based on an MXene/SiO2 structure is fabricated. The Cu/MXene/SiO2/W memristive devices exhibit excellent switching performance compared with traditional Cu/SiO2/W devices under the same conditions. Furthermore, the role of the MXene/SiO2 structure in the SiO2-based memristors is revealed by the physical characterization of the MXene and first-principles calculation of the MXene/SiO2 structure. The results indicate that the conductive filaments (CFs) are more likely to grow along the locations of MXene nanostructures, which reduces the randomness of CFs in the Cu/MXene/SiO2/W memristors and further improves the device performance. Meanwhile, the MXene/SiO2 structure appears to greatly reduce the mobility of Cu ions in the entire RS region, as well as improve the performance of the SiO2-based memristors while maintaining the operating voltages low.
On fusion rules and intertwining operators for the Weyl vertex algebra
Authors: Adamović Dražen , Pedić Veronika
Published: August 2019

In vertex algebra theory, fusion rules are described as the dimension of the vector space of intertwining operators between three irreducible modules. We describe fusion rules in the category of weight modules for the Weyl vertex algebra. This way, we confirm the conjecture on fusion rules based on the Verlinde formula. We explicitly construct intertwining operators appearing in the formula for fusion rules. We present a result which relates irreducible weight modules for the Weyl vertex algebra to the irreducible modules for the affine Lie superalgebra gl(1|1)^.
Global gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence driven by kinetic ballooning mode
Authors: Ishizawa A. , Imadera K. , Nakamura Y. , Kishimoto Y.
Published: August 2019

Nonlinear evolution of the kinetic ballooning mode (KBM) is investigated by extending the global toroidal gyrokinetic simulation code (GKNET) to an electromagnetic regime. It is found that the saturation process of KBM, which is unstable at high normalized pressure β, is significantly different from the ion temperature gradient (ITG) mode, which is unstable at low β. The KBMs get saturated by producing zonal flows and zonal magnetic fields. The production of zonal flow is weak in the initial saturation phase of KBM, which is in contrast to the ITG mode which produces strong zonal flows in the initial saturation phase. However, strong zonal flows are produced in the subsequent evolution of KBM, and a quasisteady state of KBM turbulence is established. In addition to the zonal flows, some low toroidal number modes, which are linearly stable against the KBM, dominate the KBM turbulence. The strong zonal magnetic field is also produced by the KBM. These zonal modes regulate the KBM turbulence.
Demonstration of mid-wavelength infrared nBn photodetectors based on type-II InAs/InAs1-xSbx superlattice grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Wu Donghai , Dehzangi Arash , Razeghi Manijeh
Published: August 2019

We report design, growth, and characterization of midwavelength infrared nBn photodetectors based on a type-II InAs/InAs1-xSbx superlattice on a GaSb substrate grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. An InAs/AlAs1-ySby/InAs/InAs1-xSbx superlattice design was used as the large bandgap electron barrier in the photodetectors. At 150 K, the photodetector exhibits a peak responsivity of 1.23 A/W, corresponding to a quantum efficiency of 41% at an applied bias voltage of −100 mV under front-side illumination, with a 50% cut-off wavelength of 4.6 μm. With an R × A of 356 Ω cm2 and a dark current density of 1.6 × 10−4 A/cm2 under an applied bias of −100 mV at 150 K, the photodetector exhibits a specific detectivity of 1.4 × 1011 cm Hz1/2/W.
Analysis of multiplication characteristics of coaxial waveguide loaded ceramic under external magnetic field
Authors: Yao Long , Wang Yong , Zhang Rui , Zhang Xue
Published: August 2019

In recent years, a lot of research work has been done on secondary electron multiplication studies in parallel plate structures. A nonuniform field may not only affect the results quantitatively but also lead to a new phenomenon. This paper presents a Monte Carlo model to investigate the multipactor discharge in a coaxial waveguide structure loaded ceramic window, which is applied to a high power coupler. In order to suppress secondary multiplication and improve the transmitting power of the high-power microwave window, the application of an external magnetic field is theoretically analyzed and simulated. A Monte Carlo algorithm is used to track the secondary electron position and study the multipactor scenario on the surface of a ceramic window in the coaxial line, including 3-D trajectory program and 3-D particle distribution program. It is demonstrated that an appropriate DC magnetic field can generate a compensating trajectory and collision, which suppresses the secondary electron avalanche effectively. The optimal value of the external magnetic field for avoiding the multipactor phenomenon is also discussed.
Photon helicity driven surface photocurrent in CuSe films
Authors: Mikheev Gennady M. , Kogai Vladimir Ya. , Mogileva Tatyana N. , Mikheev Konstantin G. , Saushin Aleksandr S. , Svirko Yuri P.
Published: August 2019

We report excitation of the spin-polarized currents in CuSe nanocrystalline films and demonstrate that the inversion of the excitation photon helicity reverses the direction of the photocurrent propagating perpendicular to the plane of incidence. By performing measurements of the photocurrent propagating both along and perpendicular to the plane of incidence, we show that the observed spin-polarized currents originate from the circular surface photogalvanic effect (C-SPGE). In contrast to the conventional circular photogalvanic effect, which is associated with spin–orbit interaction and can be observed in gyrotropic media, the C-SPGE originates from the scattering of the spin-polarized charge carriers on the surface. We demonstrate that in CuSe films, the C-SPGE gives rise to the photon helicity sensitive photoresponse, making this material attractive for optoelectronics and spintronics applications.
Relation between the state distinction power and disturbance in quantum measurements
Authors: Hamamura Ikko , Miyadera Takayuki
Published: August 2019

The measurement of an informative observable strongly disturbs a quantum state. We examine the so-called information-disturbance relation by introducing order relations based on the state distinction power of an observable and a variety of nondisturbed observables with respect to a channel and obtain qualitative and quantitative representations.
A first principles investigation on the mechanism of TiC act as heterogeneous nucleation substrate of Mg phase to refine grains in AZ91
Authors: Tan T. Y. , Li J. , Gao S. Y.
Published: August 2019

The lattice misfit of small Miller indices crystal faces between Mg and TiC is calculated based on Bramfitt two-dimensional lattice misfit theory. The electronic structure, adhesion energy and interfacial energy of Mg(001)/TiC(111) interface are investigated by first-principle calculation. The bond characteristics between interfacial atoms are analyzed by charge density difference and electron localization function. The calculation shows that the two-dimensional lattice misfit of Mg(001)/TiC(111) interface is 4.9%, which indicates TiC is suitable to act as an effective heterogenous nucleation substrate for Mg. The band structure and density of states calculations prove that the chemical bonds in Mg bulk structure are mainly metallic bonds, while that in TiC bulk structure are mixed bonds composed of polar covalent bonds and metallic ones. At the Mg-C interface, the electrons between Mg atoms and C atoms are shared to form covalent bonds, and the charge accumulation is obvious. The bonds in the Mg-Ti interface are metallic bonds, and the charge density between Mg atom and Ti atom is uniformly distributed. Compared with the Mg-Ti interface, the Mg-C interface has a larger adhesion energy (Wad = 6.96 J/m2) and a smaller interfacial energy (γ = 1.41 J/m2). Therefore, the crystallographic orientation most likely to produce a heterogeneous nucleation is Mg(001)//TiC(111), and the interface structure is optimally formed as the Mg-C type model.
A gullwing-structured piezoelectric rotational energy harvester for low frequency energy scavenging
Authors: Yang Bin , Yi Zhiran , Tang Gang , Liu Jingquan
Published: August 2019

A gullwing-structural piezoelectric energy harvester mainly consisting of two typical nonlinear buckled-bridges is proposed to effectively scavenge low-frequency rotational kinetic energy based on a gear mechanism induced interwell oscillation. A natural buckled piezoelectric unit and a flexible polymer substrate are used for the buckled-bridge. A thinned bulk lead zirconate titanate ceramic is employed for the piezoelectric layer in consideration of its excellent electromechanical factor. The presented harvester can generate a peak open-circuit voltage of 20 V at a rotational frequency of 7.8 Hz, which has a low dependence on the applied frequency. A 100 μF capacitor reaches a charging voltage of 14.7 V after 38 s and is saturated at 16.05 V for 122 s. Through the power management circuit, the harvester generates an output power of 0.4 mW and the effective power density of 6.54 μW mm−3 at the low rotational frequency. These results indicate that this strategy is promising for self-powered sensors, especially at changeable and low-frequency ambient, such as tire pressure monitoring.
Direct laser acceleration of electrons in the plasma bubble by tightly focused laser pulses
Authors: Wang Tianhong , Khudik Vladimir , Arefiev Alexey , Shvets Gennady
Published: August 2019

We present an analytical theory that reveals the importance of the longitudinal laser electric field in the course of the resonant acceleration of relativistic electrons by a tightly confined laser beam. It is shown that this laser field component always counteracts the transverse one and effectively decreases the final energy gain of electrons via the direct laser acceleration (DLA) mechanism. This effect is demonstrated by carrying out particle-in-cell simulations of the DLA of the electrons injected into the accelerating phase of the plasma wake. It is shown that the electron energy gain from the wakefield is substantially compensated by the quasiresonant energy loss to the longitudinal laser field component. The analytically obtained scalings and estimates are in good agreement with the results of the numerical simulations.
Study on the evolution of the electric exploding of stainless steel capillary with the carbon nanotubes inside
Authors: Jiang Tao , Cui Lulu , Hou Zhongyu
Published: August 2019

The observation of electric exploding of microtubular stainless-steel filled with a liquid mixture of high thermal conductive nanomaterials of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been reported. The plasma generation process was studied by high-speed laser schlieren imaging. Since the CNTs were found existing abundantly in the post-deposition-film, the exploded plasma is considered as a dusty plasma, and the maximum electron density during the rising phase of the explosion was estimated to be within 0.2–8.0 × 1017 cm−3. It is also found that the breakdown behavior exhibits a strong correlation with the heat capacity of the system. The exploding process is modeled by three stages, based on the classification of the two-dimensional phase change patterns of the schlieren image temporal sequences, resulting from the dusty plasma density distribution. Stage two is found to be characterized by symmetric self-organizing-like phenomena, which are also novel in the observation of exploding dusty plasmas.
Hydrodynamics of forward blood spattering caused by a bullet of general shape
Authors: Comiskey P. M. , Yarin A. L. , Attinger D.
Published: August 2019

A generalized model for the chaotic disintegration of a liquid due to an arbitrarily shaped projectile is proposed. In particular, the model uses percolation theory to predict the fragmentation process of blood, resulting in forward spatter to determine the number of droplets, as well as their sizes and initial velocities resulting from the flow field generated by a 7.62 × 39 mm and a 0.45 auto bullet. Blood viscoelasticity, which slows down the initial velocities of the droplets, is accounted for. The main physical mechanisms responsible for the chaotic disintegration of blood in the case of forward spattering are (i) the Rayleigh-Taylor instability associated with denser blood accelerating toward lighter air and (ii) a cascade of instability phenomena triggered by the original Rayleigh-Taylor instability because the Reynolds number is of the order of 107. Blood is viscoelastic, therefore, its disintegration into individual droplets results in ligament formation with strong uniaxial elongation, which is characterized by the extremely high values of the Deborah number leading to an almost purely elastic behavior and brittlelike fracture. The blood droplet spray then propagates in air, and deposition on the floor is calculated accounting for gravity and air drag forces, with the latter being diminished by the collective effect related to the droplet-droplet interaction. Also, the experimental data acquired in this work are presented and compared with the theoretical predictions. The agreement between the predictions and the data is satisfactory. The present fluid mechanical model holds great promise for forensic applications.
Nudged elastic band method for solid-solid transition under finite deformation
Authors: Ghasemi Arman , Xiao Penghao , Gao Wei
Published: August 2019

Solid-state nudged elastic band (SSNEB) methods can be used for finding solid-solid transition paths when solids are subjected to external stress fields. However, previous SSNEB methods may lead to inaccurate barriers and deviated reaction paths for transitions under stress and finite deformation due to an inaccurate evaluation of the external work contributions in enthalpies. In this paper, a finite deformation nudged elastic band (FD-NEB) method is formulated for finding transition paths of solids under finite deformation. Applications of FD-NEB to a phase transition of silicon from the diamond phase to the β-tin phase under uniaxial compression are presented. The results are compared with those from the generalized solid-state nudged elastic band method.
Structure, function, and ion-binding properties of a K
+
channel stabilized in the 2,4-ion–bound configuration
Authors: Tilegenova Cholpon , Cortes D. Marien , Jahovic Nermina , Hardy Emily , Hariharan Parameswaran , Guan Lan , Cuello Luis G.
Published: August 2019

Here, we present the atomic resolution crystallographic structure, the function, and the ion-binding properties of the KcsA mutants, G77A and G77C, that stabilize the 2,4-ion–bound configuration (i.e., water, K
+
, water, K
+
-ion–bound configuration) of the K
+
channel’s selectivity filter. A full functional and thermodynamic characterization of the G77A mutant revealed wild-type–like ion selectivity and apparent K
+
-binding affinity, in addition to showing a lack of C-type inactivation gating and a marked reduction in its single-channel conductance. These structures validate, from a structural point of view, the notion that 2 isoenergetic ion-bound configurations coexist within a K
+
channel’s selectivity filter, which fully agrees with the water–K
+
-ion–coupled transport detected by streaming potential measurements.
The causal role of α-oscillations in feature binding
Authors: Zhang Yanyu , Zhang Yifei , Cai Peng , Luo Huan , Fang Fang
Published: August 2019

Significance

Integrating visual features into a coherent scene is a challenge for the visual system known as the binding problem. Brain oscillations in the γ-band have been suggested to be a neural substrate of feature binding. Using electroencephalogram, we showed that feature binding was closely associated with α-oscillations. Through the entrainment of α-oscillations by transcranial alternating current stimulation, selectively changing α-oscillations could shape feature binding. Our study demonstrates the causal role of α-oscillations in feature binding and reveals a function of α-oscillations in human cognition.
Repurposing dasatinib for diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Authors: Scuoppo Claudio , Wang Jiguang , Persaud Mirjana , Mittan Sandeep K. , Basso Katia , Pasqualucci Laura , Rabadan Raul , Inghirami Giorgio , Grandori Carla , Bosch Francesc , Dalla-Favera Riccardo
Published: August 2019

To repurpose compounds for diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), we screened a library of drugs and other targeted compounds approved by the US Food and Drug Administration on 9 cell lines and validated the results on a panel of 32 genetically characterized DLBCL cell lines. Dasatinib, a multikinase inhibitor, was effective against 50% of DLBCL cell lines, as well as against in vivo xenografts. Dasatinib was more broadly active than the Bruton kinase inhibitor ibrutinib and overcame ibrutinib resistance. Tumors exhibiting dasatinib resistance were commonly characterized by activation of the PI3K pathway and loss of PTEN expression as a specific biomarker. PI3K suppression by mTORC2 inhibition synergized with dasatinib and abolished resistance in vitro and in vivo. These results provide a proof of concept for the repurposing approach in DLBCL, and point to dasatinib as an attractive strategy for further clinical development in lymphomas.
Disentangling the role of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance on rising forest water-use efficiency
Authors: Guerrieri Rossella , Belmecheri Soumaya , Ollinger Scott V. , Asbjornsen Heidi , Jennings Katie , Xiao Jingfeng , Stocker Benjamin D. , Martin Mary , Hollinger David Y. , Bracho-Garrillo Rosvel , Clark Kenneth , Dore Sabina , Kolb Thomas , Munger J. William , Novick Kimberly , Richardson Andrew D.
Published: August 2019

Multiple lines of evidence suggest that plant water-use efficiency (WUE)—the ratio of carbon assimilation to water loss—has increased in recent decades. Although rising atmospheric CO
2
has been proposed as the principal cause, the underlying physiological mechanisms are still being debated, and implications for the global water cycle remain uncertain. Here, we addressed this gap using 30-y tree ring records of carbon and oxygen isotope measurements and basal area increment from 12 species in 8 North American mature temperate forests. Our goal was to separate the contributions of enhanced photosynthesis and reduced stomatal conductance to WUE trends and to assess consistency between multiple commonly used methods for estimating WUE. Our results show that tree ring-derived estimates of increases in WUE are consistent with estimates from atmospheric measurements and predictions based on an optimal balancing of carbon gains and water costs, but are lower than those based on ecosystem-scale flux observations. Although both physiological mechanisms contributed to rising WUE, enhanced photosynthesis was widespread, while reductions in stomatal conductance were modest and restricted to species that experienced moisture limitations. This finding challenges the hypothesis that rising WUE in forests is primarily the result of widespread, CO
2
-induced reductions in stomatal conductance.
Application of millisecond time-resolved solid state NMR to the kinetics and mechanism of melittin self-assembly
Authors: Jeon Jaekyun , Thurber Kent R. , Ghirlando Rodolfo , Yau Wai-Ming , Tycko Robert
Published: August 2019

Significance

Many biological processes involve major changes in the structures and assembly states of proteins and other biopolymers. This paper describes an approach to characterizing such processes with millisecond time resolution, based on rapid mixing to prepare an initial structural state, rapid freezing to trap intermediate states, and low-temperature solid-state NMR (enhanced by dynamic nuclear polarization) to probe the structure at successive time points. Results of experiments on melittin, a peptide from bee venom, show that melittin adopts a helical conformation and forms antiparallel dimers on the same timescale (6 to 9 ms). Full structural order within melittin tetramers develops more slowly (roughly 60 ms).
The role of task repetition and learner self-assessment in technology-mediated task performance
Authors: Kartchava Eva , Nassaji Hossein
Published: August 2019

This study examines the impact of task repetition on second language learners’ task performance and the mediating role of teacher feedback and learner self-assessment on oral performance. The study was conducted in a university-based English for Academic Purposes (EAP) program, where, as part of a course, intermediate proficiency learners (n = 52) were tasked with preparing and delivering a technology-mediated oral presentation (i.e., task) on a topic of their choice. First, they presented the task to the whole-class, reflected on their performance in terms of language and format quality, and received teacher’s feedback. Four weeks later, they produced a second recording and reflected on it again. A comparison group (n = 26) also delivered a presentation before a class but did it once, without reflection or teacher feedback. Both groups used technology to prepare, deliver, and document their presentations. The recordings were rated on six rubric-determined traits by the teacher and an independent rater, and the scores were compared between groups. To determine the effects of self-assessment, coupled with teacher feedback, on task repetition, learners’ written reflections and teacher’s comments were analyzed using discourse coding techniques. The results revealed benefits for task repetition and self-assessment during the performance of the same task for the experimental group, confirming the importance of task repetition in EAP contexts and the need for continuous and teacher-supported learner self-assessment in learner task performance and outcome.
Posting, Texting, and Related Social Risk Behavior While High
Authors: Palamar Joseph J. , Le Austin , Acosta Patricia
Published: August 2019

Background: Posting on social media can have lasting consequences in one's social life and career. Research has not yet focused on social media or more modern forms of communication as social risk factors for individuals high on drugs. This study aims to examine prevalence and correlates of engaging in social media posting and related behavior while high.

Methods: We examined data from 872 adults (39.8% female) who were surveyed entering electronic dance music (EDM) parties in New York City and reported lifetime illegal drug use. Participants were asked whether they were ever high on a drug while (1) posting on social media, (2) calling or texting someone, and (3) being in a photo. Those answering affirmatively were also asked whether they later regretted the behavior. We examined demographic and drug-related correlates of these behaviors.

Results: Of the participants, 34.3% posted on social media while high (with 21.4% regretting it), 55.9% had texted or called someone while high (with 30.5% regretting it), and 47.6% had been in a photo while high (with 32.7% regretting it). Females and young adults (ages 18–24) were at high risk for posting on social media while high and at higher risk for engaging in more of these behaviors. Past-month marijuana users in particular were at increased risk for engaging in each of these behaviors.

Conclusion: Engaging in these behaviors while high on drugs appears to be prevalent, and prevention and harm reduction efforts should seek to prevent or reduce likelihood of social harm that can result from such situations.
Randomized controlled trial of a water-soluble formulation of lutein in humans
Authors: Kobayashi Junya , Tominaga Etsuko , Ozeki Makoto , Okubo Tsutomu , Nakagawa Kiyotaka , Miyazawa Teruo
Published: August 2019

Lutein is poorly absorbed owing to their high hydrophobicity and crystallinity. This double-blind crossover trial involved eight healthy males who were administrated capsules containing either a lutein water-soluble formulation or a lutein oil suspension for 8 days. In the formulation group, plasma and erythrocytes lutein concentrations and baseline-corrected AUC were two-fold higher than those in the oil suspension group.
WQ-3810 exerts high inhibitory effect on quinolone-resistant DNA gyrase of Salmonella Typhimurium
Authors: Koide Kentaro , Kongsoi Siriporn , Nakajima Chie , Suzuki Yasuhiko
Published: August 2019

The inhibitory effect of WQ-3810 on DNA gyrase was assayed to evaluate the potential of WQ-3810 as a candidate drug for the treatment of quinolone resistant Salmonella Typhymurium infection. The inhibitory effect of WQ-3810, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid was compared by accessing the drug concentration that halves the enzyme activity (IC50) of purified S. Typhimurium wildtype and mutant DNA gyrase with amino acid substitution at position 83 or/and 87 in subunit A (GyrA) causing quinolone resistance. As a result, WQ-3810 reduced the enzyme activity of both wildtype and mutant DNA gyrase at a lower concentration than ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. Remarkably, WQ-3810 showed a higher inhibitory effect on DNA gyrase with amino acid substitutions at position 87 than with that at position 83 in GyrA. This study revealed that WQ-3810 could be an effective therapeutic agent, especially against quinolone resistant Salmonella enterica having amino acid substitution at position 87.
Effects of typhoon Roke and Haitang on phytoplankton community structure in northeastern South China sea
Authors: Mao Yingjie , Sun Jun , Guo Congcong , Wei Yuqiu , Wang Xingzhou , Yang Shuang , Wu Chao
Published: August 2019

The influence of typhoon and Kuroshio intrusion process on the natural phytoplankton assemblages in the northeastern South China Sea (neSCS) was examined during a cruise in summer 2017. One hundred ninety-six seawater samples were collected and analyzed in the neSCS. In total, 299 species were identified belonging to 82 genera, mostly dominated by Bacillariophyta (159), followed by Dinophyta (132), Cyanophyta (4) and Chrysophyta (4). Among all, 
Thalassionema nitzschioides
, 
Thalassionema frauenfeldii
, 
Thalassiosira minima
, in Bacillariophyta, 
Prorocentrum lenticulatum
, 
Prorocentrum compressum
 in Dinophyta, and 
Trichodesmium thiebautii
, in the Cyanophyta were the most dominated species, respectively. Correlation analysis shows compared with other groups Bacillariophyta was mostly influenced by silicate, whereas, Dinophyta and Cyanophyta showed significant correlation with temperature, salinity, phosphate, and nitrate. After the typhoon, the higher abundance of Dinophyta was observed, whereas it was lower in case of Bacillariophyta and Cyanophyta, shows typhoon “Roke“ and ”Haitang” had a significant influence on the phytoplankton assemblages, which could be manifested by the variations of total phytoplankton abundance in the surface water of neSCS. Overall, our present study provides the latest in-depth information about how the environmental factors influencing the phytoplankton density and diversity in the neSCS during summer.
The central role of the tail in switching off 10S myosin II activity
Authors: Yang Shixin , Lee Kyoung Hwan , Woodhead John L. , Sato Osamu , Ikebe Mitsuo , Craig Roger
Published: August 2019

Myosin II is a motor protein with two heads and an extended tail that plays an essential role in cell motility. Its active form is a polymer (myosin filament) that pulls on actin to generate motion. Its inactive form is a monomer with a compact structure (10S sedimentation coefficient), in which the tail is folded and the two heads interact with each other, inhibiting activity. This conformation is thought to function in cells as an energy-conserving form of the molecule suitable for storage as well as transport to sites of filament assembly. The mechanism of inhibition of the compact molecule is not fully understood. We have performed a 3-D reconstruction of negatively stained 10S myosin from smooth muscle in the inhibited state using single-particle analysis. The reconstruction reveals multiple interactions between the tail and the two heads that appear to trap ATP hydrolysis products, block actin binding, hinder head phosphorylation, and prevent filament formation. Blocking these essential features of myosin function could explain the high degree of inhibition of the folded form of myosin thought to underlie its energy-conserving function in cells. The reconstruction also suggests a mechanism for unfolding when myosin is activated by phosphorylation.
Fluorescent thermal imaging of a non-insulated pancake coil wound from high temperature superconductor tape
Authors: Gyuráki R , Benkel T , Schreiner F , Sirois F , Grilli F
Published: August 2019

We have wound a 157-turn, non-insulated pancake coil with an outer diameter of 85 mm and we cooled it down to 77 K with a combination of conduction and gas cooling. Using high-speed fluorescent thermal imaging in combination with electrical measurements we have investigated the coil under load, including various ramping tests and over-current experiments. We have found that the coil does not heat up measurably when being ramped to below its critical current. Two over-current experiments are presented, where in one case the coil recovered by itself and in another case a thermal runaway occurred. We have recorded heating in the bulk of the windings due to local defects, however the coil remained cryostable even during some over-critical conditions and heated only to about 82–85 K at certain positions. A thermal runaway was observed at the center, where the highest magnetic field and a resistive joint create a natural defect. The maximum temperature, ∼100 K, was reached only in the few innermost windings around the coil former.
Properties of metal–insulator–metal waveguide loop reflector*
Authors: Long Hu , Zeng Xuan-Ke , Cai Yi , Lu Xiao-Wei , Chen Hong-Yi , Xu Shi-Xiang , Li Jing-Zhen
Published: August 2019

A new type and easy-to-fabricate metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguide reflector based on Sagnac loop is designed and investigated. The transfer matrix theoretical model for the transmission of electric fields in the reflector is established, and the properties of the reflector are studied and analyzed. The simulation results indicate that the reflectivity strongly depends on the coupling splitting ratio determined by the coupling length. Accordingly, different reflectivities can be realized by varying the coupling length. For an optimum coupling length of 750 nm, the 3-dB reflection bandwidth of the MIM waveguide reflector is as wide as

1.5

μ
m

at a wavelength of 1550 nm, and the peak reflectivity and isolation are 78% and 23 dB, respectively.