bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure and swelling of polymer-clay composites
Authors: Iminova R.S. , Zhumagalieva Sh.N. , Beisebekov M.K. , Abilov Zh.A. , Mun G.A.
Published: April 2016

Composition gels on the basis of bentonite clay of Manrak deposit (East-Kazakhstan region) and nonionogenic polymers - poly-2-hydroxyethyl-acrylate and polyacrylamide were synthesized by radical intercalative polymerization in situ with various content o f cross-linking agent N,N-methylene-bisacrylamide and with time of intercalation about 8 hours. The morphological structure, the nature of interaction of components and the swelling ability of composition gels were studied by scanner electron microscopy, equilibrium swelling and IR- spectroscopy methods. By studying of morphological structure it was determined, that the polymer-clay composition gels, synthesized by intercalative polymerization, are most homogenous and interconsistency in case of “acrylamide-clay” composition in contrast with “2-hydroxyethylacrylate-clay” composition. For “acrylamide-clay” gels the swelling degree of gels was stated to decrease with the increase in the content of cross-linking agent and ionic strength, but “2-hydroxyethylacrylate -clay” compositions have the extremely character of swelling, where maximum degree of swelling account for gel with content of cross-linking agent 1*10-2М. Interaction of composition components was realized on account of hydrogen bonds with formation of chemically cross-linked complex polymer-clay. Decrease of swelling degree of compositions in physiological solution points to acquisition of polyelectrolyte nature of composition gels on account of combination of nonionogenic macromolecules of polymers with negatively charged particles of bentonite clay. For intercalated samples of polymer-clay compositions, the degree of swelling at all degrees of cross-linking is between those for pure polymers and pure clay, that in turn, agrees with the conclusion on the great composition homogeneity of samples with preliminary intercalation. As of results of holding investigation fit is safe to say, that obtained polymer-clay composition gels are potential sorbents and prolongated carriers of medicine
Evaluation of Synthetic Conditions for H3PO4 Chemically Activated Rice Husk and Preparation of Honeycomb Monoliths
Authors: Jandosov J.M. , Shikina N.V , Bijsenbayev M.A. , Shamalov M.E. , Ismagilov Z.R. , Mansurov Z.A.
Published: April 2016

Activated carbons in this work were prepared from rice husk by phosphoric acid activation followed by alkaline desilication. Pseudo-random selection of 16 rice husk samples was subjected to carbonization at the following conditions: 0.5 to 2 h of activation time, 300-600 oС and Н3РО4/precursor (wt/wt) impregnation ratio of 0.5 to 2. Concentration of NaOH desilication solution varied from 0.5 to 2M. It was found that out of the four factors impregnation ratio is clearly the strongest and at the impregnation ratio of 2 for 1 h at 500 °C N2 BET-surface area reaches 1690 m2/g (SBET(Ar) = 2492 m2/g) while pore volume becomes 1.95 cm3/g. Elemental analysis showed highest carbon content for this sample (87.96%). All samples have insignificant amount of Si and traces of metals, but considerable amount of phosphorus. Blocks of honeycomb structure prepared from Ca-montmorillonite and desilicated carbonized rice husk (impregnation ratio is 1.5, 1 h at 600 oC) have BET-surface area obtained by thermal desorption of argon up to 856 m2/g.
Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Association of DNA-Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Ko Weon Bae , Lee Young Min , Hong Sung Kyu , Choi Sung Sook , Lee Sang Jin
Published: April 2016

This study examined the synthesis of gold nanoparticles using a non-ionic surfactant, polysorbate 80, and KAuCl4 in water. The gold nanoparticles, which were well dispersed in water, were analyzed by UV-vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the SRY(sex-determining region Y) gene of the Bos taurus specific primer was designed, and this primer solution was mixed with the aqueous gold nanoparticles solution. The binding ability of DNA and gold nanoparticles was identified by polyacryllamide gel electrophoresis. The products of DNA linked with gold nanoparticles were also characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and TEM.
Online Tar Analysis with Laser Mass-Spectrometry for Biomass Gasifiers
Authors: Neubauer York , Behrendt Frank
Published: April 2016

The further development of gasification technology for biomass for various sizes of gasifiers and differrent end uses needs detailed information about the product gas com-position. This is especially the case for unwanted by-products like tar. An online analysis system is applied making use of a combination of gas chromatogra-phy (GC) and laser mass spectrometry (LAMS). A conventional tabletop gas chromatograph/ion-trap  mass-spectrometer (GC/MS) system (Varian Saturn) was equipped with an additional laser ionization (LI) system. Its applicattion reduces fragmentation of analyte molecules and allows for short analysis times even in complex hydroocarbon matrices. The application of GC/LAMS for tar analysis in biomass gasification provides results in much shorter time compared with other tar analysis methods. The analysis system is set up for carrying out fundamental research on gasification processes mainly at laboratory sites. Its flexible design offers the possibilities of using electron impact (EI) as well as laser ionization in mass spectrometry, being able to perform hot-gas online and liquid offline analyses with the option of gas chroma-tographic separation. It was made mobile to perform field measurements on larger, technical-scale gasifiers as well.
Sol-derived Hydroxyapatite Ddip-coating of a Porous Ti6Al4V Powder Compact
Authors: Altındiş Mustafa , Güden Mustafa , Ni Chaoying
Published: April 2016

A sintered porous Ti6Al4V powder compact with a mean pore size of 63 μm and an average porosity of 37±1% was dip-coated at soaking times varying between 1- and 5-minute using a sol-derived calcium Hydrooxyapatite (HA) powder. The coated compacts were heat-treated at 840 oC. The coating thickness was found to increase with increasing soaking time, from 1.87 μm at 1-minute soaking to 9 μm at 5-minute soaking on the average. It was shown that at increasing soaking times, the originally open pores started to close, while at low soaking times the Ti6Al4V particles were partially coated. The coating layer was shown to be nanoporous and the depth of coating was observed to be relatively shallow: only few particles near the compact surface were HA-coated.
Creation of Coatings by Temperature-Controlled Polymer Deposition
Authors: Bulychev N. , Wurst F. , Kisterev E. , Schauer Th. , Eisenbach C.D.
Published: April 2016

In this paper, the results of the recent studies on application of lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phenomena of polymer solutions to the surface modification of flat and spherical substrates are reported. It was found that a controlled polymer deposition can be achieved upon prevailing of the LCST, a peculiar surface topology of polymer coating and particles those remarkably effective in stabilizing pigment dispersiions. Second, the finding is that the temperature induces polymer deposition as the coprecipitation of a finely dispersed component on the substrate surface. That goes along with the polymer deposition after exceeding of the LCST which in turn allows for the tailored surface modification of pigments in that particulate additiives can be incorporated into the surface modifying coating.
Characterization and Breakdown of South Gabal EL A’urf Polymineralized ore Material
Authors: El-Hazek M.N. , Amer T.E. , Issa R.M. , Abu El-Azm M.G. , Omar S.A. , El-Hady S.M.
Published: April 2016

The polymineralized ore material of south Gabal El-A’urf area hosts several economic minerals. These include tanteuxenite, monazite, bastanasite, anatase, as well as zircon. The corresponding interesting rare metals of these minerals include Nb, Ta, lanthanides (REE), Ti, and Zr. Different breakdown techniques have been investigated namely; agitation, pug and fusion. The latter technique is found to be preferred under the following conditions; potassium bisulphate ore/reagent weight ratio of 1/3 at 650 ºC for 3 h. The realized dissolution efficiencies for all metal values were as follows 98.0% and 99.3% for Nb and Ta respectively as well as complete  dissolution for lanthanides (REE) and 94% for Ti while Zr did not exceed 20% and concentrated in the residue left behind. This study of breakdown techniques aims to characterization of ore material of south Gabal El-A’urf area as well as preparing a proper leach liquor suitable for further recovery procedure and obtain pure remarket able products.
Acidizing Process in Acid Fracturing
Authors: Bekbauov B.E.
Published: April 2016

The theory and numerical implementation of acid-fracturing model that solves the 2D fracture geometry leakoff, acid transport and acid-rock reaction simultaneously will be presented. The mathematical model proovides a penetration distance for acid fracturing. Due to limitation of analytical solution, a finite-difference method was developed for modelling the fracture acidizing process. Example was solved for HCl reaction in limestone and dolomite fractures, and the results are presented in graphical form. The acid-transport model integrates a number of features which were not accounted for an earlier design models: comprehensive study of hydrodynamic process; acidizing controlled by mass transfer, rate of reaction, and leakoff. Coupling with reservoir forecasting models gives the ability to optimize the job.
Generation of Liquid Products from Natural Gas over Zeolite Catalysts
Authors: Vosmerikov A.V. , Vosmerikova L.N. , Echevsky G.V. , Korobitsyna L.L. , Kodenev Ye.G. , Velichkina L.M.
Published: April 2016

The main component of the natural gas is methane, whose molecules are characterized by a high chemical and thermal stability. It is impossible to perform the chemical transformation of natural gas into liquid organic compounds without applying highly active polyfunctional catalysts. Natural gas might be converted into liquid products in the presence of zeolite catalysts of pentasil family. Zeolite catalysts of ZSM-5 type were prepared to realize the process. They contained various amounts of Zn and Ga promoters introduced by ion exchange and impregnation. It has been shown that in the presence of small amounts of C2-C5 alkanes in the feedstock the methane is converted into aromatic hydrocarbons much more readily and in softer conditions than pure methane. At optimum process conditions reached is a high conversion of the natural gas into a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons. This mixture mainly consists of benzene and naphthalene and small amounts of their derivatives – toluene, C8 and C9+ alkylbenzenes, methyl- and dimethylnaphthalenes. An optimum composition of zeolite matrix and the amount of the modifier in the catalyst have been established.
Sorption of Richlokain on Polycarboxylic Acid Gels
Authors: Beysebekov Marat K. , Toktabaeva Assel K. , Abilov Zharylkasyn A.
Published: April 2016

The sorption immobilization of richlokain on gels of polyacrylic acid (PAAG) or polymethacrylic acid (PMAAG) has been studied. By a number of methods – equilibrium swelling, potentiometry, IR-spectroscopy, and sorption it has been shown that binding of richlokain with these gels leads to the complex formation owing to the electrostatic interaction, which is stabilised by the hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds. Effect of an ionic force, reagent concentration, cross-link degree, hydrophobic nature of gels, and pH of solutions on the sorption process has been studied.
p-Xylylenediamine and Its New Polyimides
Authors: Zhubanov Bulat A. , Kravtsova Valentina D. , Zhubanov Kair A. , Abildin Tleutay S. , Bizhanova Nagima B.
Published: April 2016

p-Xylylenediamine was synthesized with high yield through a hydrogenization of dinitrile of terephthalic acid. The effect of catalyst and solvent on the yield of the product was studied. The hydrogenization was carried out on skeletal catalysts based on alloy of Reney nickel Ni:Al (1:1) in aliphatic alcohols (C1-C4) at 4.0 MPa and 60 oC. New alkanearomatic polyimides were synthesized by one-step polycondensation of p-xylylenediamine and dianhydride of tricyclodecentetracarboxylic acid in the presence of isonicotinic acid as a catalyst in nonpolar amide solvents at 110-120 oC. The films based on the synthesized polyalkanimides are stable with 70-80 MPa breaking strength and 30-40% elongation. The glass transition temperature of the polymers is within 265-280 oC temperature range, the temperature of decomposition is above 340 oC. The tangent of dielectic loss of the films at 1 kHz and 25 oC is 0.002-0.004, the dielectric permitivity is about 3.22-3.35.
Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α and Interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8 Impair In Vitro Migration and Induce Apoptosis of Gingival Fibroblasts and Epithelial Cells, Delaying Wound Healing
Authors: Basso Fernanda G. , Pansani Taisa N. , Turrioni Ana Paula S. , Soares Diana G. , de Souza Costa Carlos Alberto , Hebling Josimeri
Published: April 2016

Background: Multiple factors affect oral mucosal healing, such as the persistence of an inflammatory reaction. The present study evaluates effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8 on epithelial cells (ECs) and human gingival fibroblasts (GFs) in vitro.

Methods: GFs and ECs were seeded in 96‐well plates (1 × 104 cells/well) in plain culture medium (Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium [DMEM]) containing 1% antibiotic/antimycotic solution and 10% fetal bovine serum, and incubated for 24 hours. Both cell lines were exposed for 24 hours to the following cytokines: 1) TNF‐α (100 ng/mL); 2) IL‐1β (1 ng/mL); 3) IL‐6 (10 ng/mL); and 4) IL‐8 (10 ng/mL). All cytokines were diluted in serum‐free DMEM. Control cultures were exposed only to serum‐free DMEM. Effects of exposure to inflammatory cytokines were determined by means of: 1) apoptosis (anexin V); 2) cell migration (wound healing assay); 3) inflammatory cytokine synthesis (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay). Data were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests (α = 0.05).

Results: Increased apoptosis rates were noted when cells were exposed to inflammatory cytokines, except ECs exposed to IL‐1β. Cell migration was negatively affected by all inflammatory cytokines for both cell lines. ECs and GFs exposed to IL‐6 and IL‐8 significantly increased synthesis of TNF‐α and IL‐1β.

Conclusions: Demonstrated results indicate negative effects of tested inflammatory cytokines on ECs and GFs, inducing apoptosis and impairing cell migration. These results can justify delayed oral mucosa healing in the presence of inflammatory reaction.
Polymorphic Regions in Fc Gamma Receptor and Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Genes and Susceptibility to Chronic Periodontitis in a Cohort From South India
Authors: Lavu Vamsi , Venkatesan Vettriselvi , Bhaskar Lakkakula V.K.S , Priyanka Venugopal , Kumarasamy P. , Durairaj Paul Solomon Franklin , Rao Suresh Ranga
Published: April 2016

Background: Polymorphisms in the immunoglobulin G Fc receptor II (FcGR) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFA) genes are known to influence pathogenesis and severity of several inflammatory conditions. Association of FcGR and TNFA gene polymorphisms with chronic periodontitis (CP) susceptibility has been found to be diverse among different ethnic populations. Objectives of the present study are to determine association of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FcGR and TNF‐α genes with CP susceptibility in a cohort from South India.

Methods: Polymorphisms of: 1) FCGR2A 131His/Arg (rs1801274); 2) FCGR2B 232Ile/Thr (rs1050501); 3) TNFA ‐1031T/C (rs1799964); and 4) TNFA ‐863C/A (rs1800630) were analyzed among patients with healthy gingiva (n = 176) and patients with CP (n = 177). Genotyping was performed using allele‐specific real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay. Association between CP and SNPs was examined by multivariable logistic regression analysis with adjustment for: 1) age; 2) sex; and 3) oral hygiene index (OHI). Epistatic interaction between FcGR polymorphisms and interleukin 1B (IL1B) +3954C/T (rs1143634) was assessed using multifactorial dimensionality reduction analysis.

Results: Among four SNPs analyzed, only FCGR2A 131His/Arg showed significant association with CP in a dominant model (odds ratio: 1.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.028 to 2.530). This significance disappeared after correcting for multiple comparisons using Bonferroni analysis, or after adjusting for age, sex, and OHI. A significant redundant interaction between IL1B +3954 C/T and FCGR2A 131His/Arg was observed.

Conclusion: Study results suggest the variant form of the SNP in FCGR2A 131His/Arg, FCGR2B 232Ile/Thr, TNFA ‐1031T/C, and TNFA ‐863C/A are not associated with CP susceptibility in the selected cohort from South India.
La expatriación intelectual española
Authors: Maestre Alfonso Juan
Published: April 2016

La emigración intelectual española comenzó con anterioridad a la Guerra Civil. La República movió a la expatriación a numerosas familias conservadoras que se dirigieron a lugares como Portugal, Gran Bretaña y Argentina. También el resultado de la sublevación militar y el clima revolucionario que se originó, tuvieron como consecuencia, principalmente en Cataluña, un notable éxodo hacia Italia y Francia. La pérdida de la guerra por el bando republicano y el estallido de la II Guerra Mundial generaron un importante éxodo dirigido sobre todo a América (Norte o Sur). Gracias a esta acogida se pudo salvar una buena parte del pensamiento científico español. Incluso logró desarrollarse y en algunas partes de Hispanoamérica alcanzar un fructífero maridaje con los medios científico o intelectuales locales.
Dinámica del debate público sobre la inmigración
Authors: Gomariz Acuña Tomás Pedro
Published: April 2016

La inmigración ha sido, durante casi diez años, uno de los temas frecuentes en la opinión pública, unas veces provocada por la masiva llegada de personas a este país y por los motivos más diversos, otras por las disputas entre los distintos partidos del ámbito parlamentario español y, por último pero sin intención de agotar el tema, por la posición de muchos ciudadanos y ciudadanas que defendían, también, posturas encontradas ante este fenómeno recurrente en la historia de la humanidad. Lo que se pretende es presentar un marco teórico sobre el tema, plantear la dinámica en la que se desenvuelve la forma de entender esta realidad por los principales agentes cívicos y políticos de nuestra sociedad.
Del círculo a la flecha y de la flecha al boomerang. Las representaciones tardo-modernas en las esferas del trabajo y del consumo
Authors: Durán Vázquez José Francisco
Published: April 2016

El presente artículo pretende analizar las representaciones del tiempo hoy predominantes en las esferas del trabajo y del consumo. Desde nuestra perspectiva, estas representaciones hay que entenderlas en el contexto del postfordismo, al haber creado un escenario en el que la estabilidad y la seguridad de la época anterior ha devenido inestabilidad e incertidumbre, pero también dentro del proceso de modernización de las sociedades occidentales, que ha contribuido a que los individuos se desprendiesen gradualmente de sus anteriores lazos de pertenencia colectiva para hacerse cada vez más dependientes de la administración y del mercado, potenciando por este camino sus subjetividades. En este proceso el trabajo y el consumo han jugado un papel fundamental. En las condiciones de la modernidad tardía, cuando estos mercados son cada vez más inestables y cambiantes, y cuando los sujetos más dependientes son de los mismos, pero cuando se sienten también más independientes y autónomos con respecto a las instancia colectivas, emerge una noción del tiempo orientada hacia el presente, que se objetiva y legitima en relación con la condición de estos mercados, instaurando una temporalidad de urgencia y de cambio permanentemente, y que se subjetiva al vincularse con las oportunidades que tienen los sujetos de construir sus identidades de forma más autónoma y libre en un entorno tan abierto y tan móvil.
Fundamentos y claves para el futuro de de los servicios sociales y el trabajo social
Authors: Gutiérrez Resa Antonio
Published: April 2016

Los valores actualmente emergentes de los Servicios Sociales y el Trabajo Social tratan de compatibilizar el ámbito de los servicios públicos con aquellos que oferta el mercado. Ahora bien, sin la garantía del Estado que vele por la universalidad y por la proximidad a lo local, así como por la calidad de los Servicios Sociales y el Trabajo Social, es el mercado quien tratará de resolver la gestión de las necesidades humanas. En adelante, los fundamentos y claves de los Servicios Sociales y el Trabajo Social han de requerir, al menos, de la escucha y participación de los usuarios, así como de los contenidos relacionales.
Textos y glosas nº 2 y 3
Authors: Administración Revista Barataria
Published: April 2016

Reseñas Bibliográficas correspondientes al los números 2 y 3 de Barataria.

Para visualizar/descargar la reseña correspondiente diríjase al apartado texto completo (pdf).
Marruecos: los retos de una democracia naciente
Authors: Boundi Boundi Mohamed
Published: April 2016

El sistema político de Marruecos padece un enorme retraso en la aplicación de las reformas democráticas. Sin mayoría en el Parlamento, el actual gobierno de coalición es incapaz de asumir plenamente el poder ejecutivo. Como las elecciones legislativas de septiembre de 2007 no resolvieron esta incógnita, el islamista Partido de Justicia y Desarrollo sigue cobrando fuerza como alternativa de poder.
Las organizaciones, el poder y Michel Foucault
Authors: Carreón Guillén Javier , Campos y Covarrubias Guillermo
Published: April 2016

Max Weber establece que en las organizaciones coexisten el poder y la dominación; entendiendo el poder como la capacidad de disponer de ciertos recursos (económicos, la fuerza, el conocimiento, etcétera). Ahora bien, al operar en una organización -utilizando los recursos; esto es, el poder- y requerir que las órdenes sean obedecidas, es menester aplicar la dominación, ello mediante la racionalidad del cuadro administrativo. Este juicio le atribuye a la administración, como es de suponer, un papel muy reaccionario; sin embargo, Foucault mediante la microfísica del poder, vuelve a replantear el problema, relevando a la administración de cualquier sospecha de conservadurismo.
Cemaran Mikroba Escherichia coli dan Total Bakteri Koliform pada Air Minum Isi Ulang
Authors: Pakpahan Rolan Sudirman , Picauly Intje , Mahayasa I Nyoman W.
Published: April 2016

AbstrakJumlah layanan air minum melalui depot air minum di Kota Kupangmeningkat dengan rata-rata 1,44 setiap tahun sejak 2010, sementara tidakterdapat jaminan kualitas air minum isi ulang memenuhi syarat setiap saat. Hasil pemeriksaan sampel air minum isi ulang di Kota Kupang tahun 2013 menunjukkan 37,5% tercemar mikroba. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis cemaran mikroba dan mengetahui determinan cemaran Escherichia coli (E. coli) dan total koliform pada air minum isi ulang. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi potong lintang periode Januari Maret 2015. Populasi penelitian berjumlah 51 depot air minum yang ditentukan menggunakan teknik total sampling. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat, analisis bivariat menggunakan uji regresi logistik sederhana, dan analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik berganda. Hasil penelitian terhadap 51 depot air minum menunjukkan air minum telah tercemar mikroba sebanyak 26 depot air minum (51%), tercemar E. coli 33,33%, dan tercemar total koliform 51%. Deteminan cemaran mikroba dengan uji bivariat adalah pengetahuan (nilai p = 0,01), sikap operator (nilai p = 0,05). Sedangkan determinan cemaran mikroba uji multivariat adalah pengetahuan operator (nilai p = 0,026), kebersihan operator (nilai p = 0,05) dan sanitasi depot air minum (nilai p = 0,044). Variabel yang paling dominan memengaruhi cemaran mikroba adalah pengetahuan, kebersihan operator, dan sanitasi depot air minum.AbstractAmount of drinking water services through drinking water depots in KupangCity is increasing in avarage of 1.44 every year since 2010, meanwhilethere is no guarantee that refill drinking water quality meets any requirement every time. Results of refill drinking water sample in Kupang City in 2013 showed the water was 37.5% contaminated by microbes. This study aimed to analyze microbial contamination and determine determinants of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and total Coliform on refill drinking water. This study used cross sectional design on January - March 2015. The population was 51 depots determined using total sampling technique. Data analysis was conducted in univariate, bivariate using simple logistic regression test and multivariate using multiple logistic regression test. Results showed drinking water contaminated by microbes worth 26 depots (51%), by E. coli 33.33% and by total Coliform 51%. Microbial contamination determinants using bivariate were knowledge (p value = 0.01) and behavior of operator (p value = 0.05). Meanwhile, microbial contamination determinants conducting multivariate were knowledge (p value = 0.026), hygiene of operator (p value = 0.05) and depot sanitation (p value = 0.044). Most dominating variables influencing microbial contamination are knowledge, operator’s hygiene and depot sanitation.
Profil Rujukan Kasus Nonspesifik pada Fasilitas Kesehatan Tingkat Primer
Authors: Nazriati Elda , Husnedi Nuzelly
Published: April 2016

AbstrakSalah satu indikator kualitas fasilitas kesehatan tingkat primer (FKTP)adalah rendahnya rujukan nonspesialistik. Rujukan nonspesialistik adalahrujukan dari 144 penyakit yang seharusnya dapat diatur di FKTP.Kenyataannya, masih banyak kasus nonspesialistik yang dirujuk ke fasilitas kesehatan sekunder. Penelitian deskriptif dengan metode campuran kuantitatif dan kualitatif ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola dan penyebab kasus penyakit nonspesialistik yang dirujuk ke fasilitas kesehatan tingkat sekunder di Kota Pekanbaru. Gambaran kasus penyakit nonspesialistik dikumpulkan dari data Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan Kota Pekanbaru periode Desember 2014 - April 2015, sedangkan faktor penyebab rujukan diperoleh dari focus group discussion yang diikuti oleh 40 dokter berdasarkan jenis FKTP. Penelitian ini menampilkan 20 kasus nonspesialistik yang paling sering dirujuk, di antaranya hipertensi esensial, miopia ringan, dan diabetes melitus. Penyebab rujukan kasus penyakit nonspesialistik antara lain kesalahan kode serta terbatasnya fasilitas, sumber daya manusia, manajemen pelayanan, dan kompetensi dokter. Semua faktor keterbatasan tersebut perlu diantisipasi agar upaya rujukan dapat diminimalisir.AbstractOne of primary healthcare facility quality indicators is the low non-specialistreferral. Non-specialist referral is referral of 144 diseases that should bearranged in primary healthcare facilities. In fact, there are many non-specialist cases referred to secondary health care facilities. This descriptive study using quantitative and qualitative method aimed to determine patterns and causes of non-specialist diseases referred to secondary primary health care in Pekanbaru City. Depiction of non-specialist disease cases was collected from data of the state health insurance scheme in Pekanbaru City on December 2014 - April 2015 period, meanwhile causes of referral were obtained from focus group discussion participated by 40 doctors based on types of primary healthcare facilities. This study showed 20 non-specialist cases oftenly referred including essential hypertension, mild myopia and diabetes mellitus. Causes of non-specialist disease referrals were code error as well as limited facilities, human resource, service management and competence of doctors. Such limitations need to be anticipated in order to minimalize act of referrals.
Augmented Lagrangian Method for Maximizing Expectation and Minimizing Risk for Optimal Well-Control Problems With Nonlinear Constraints
Authors: Liu Xin , Reynolds Albert C.
Published: April 2016

Robust waterflooding optimization commonly refers to the problem of estimating well controls (wellbore pressures or rates at specified control steps) that maximize the expectation of net-present-value (NPV) of the life-cycle production over an ensemble of given reservoir models. Unfortunately, if the reservoir is operated under the “optimal” well controls obtained, the variance in NPV may be large; more importantly, if the smallest NPV obtained is close to the one that would be obtained for the true reservoir, the development of the reservoir might not be commercially viable. Liu and Reynolds (2015b) suggested that one way to manage risk was to consider the problem in which the dual objectives were to maximize the expected value of NPV and to minimize the risk in which the risk was defined as the minimum NPV from an ensemble of models spanning the uncertainty in reservoir description. However, the algorithms presented in Liu and Reynolds (2015b) considered only bound constraints. Here, we develop algorithms to generate points on the Pareto front when nonlinear state (output) constraints are present. The Pareto front is generated either by a constrained weighted-sum (WS) method or a constrained normal-boundary-intersection (NBI) method. In this paper, we extend the augmented Lagrangian approach given in Liu and Reynolds (2015b) for biobjective optimization with bound constraints to biobjective optimization problems in which nonlinear state constraints are present. We provide a detailed derivation of how to incorporate nonlinear constraints for multiobjective optimization problems (MOOPs) and illustrate, by means of example, that the methodology is viable for biobjective optimization with nonlinear constraints.
Dental and Chronological Ages as Determinants of Peak Growth Period and Its Relationship with Dental Calcification Stages
Authors: Litsas George , Lucchese Alessandra
Published: April 2016

Purpose:

To investigate the relationship between dental, chronological, and cervical vertebral maturation growth in the peak growth period, as well as to study the association between the dental calcification phases and the skeletal maturity stages during the same growth period.

Methods:

Subjects were selected from orthodontic pre-treatment cohorts consisting of 420 subjects where 255 were identified and enrolled into the study, comprising 145 girls and 110 boys. The lateral cephalometric and panoramic radiographs were examined from the archives of the Department of Orthodontics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Dental age was assessed according to the method of Demirjian, and skeletal maturation according to the Cervical Vertebral Maturation Method. Statistical elaboration included Spearman Brown formula, descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and regression analysis, paired samples t-test, and Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient.

Results:

Chronological and dental age showed a high correlation for both gender(r =0.741 for boys, r = 0.770 for girls, p<0.001). The strongest correlation was for the CVM Stage IV for both males (r=0.554) and females (r=0.68). The lowest correlation was for the CVM Stage III in males (r=0.433, p<0.001) and for the CVM Stage II in females (r=0.393, p>0.001). The t-test revealed statistically significant differences between these variables (p<0.001) during the peak period. A statistically significant correlation (p<0.001) between tooth calcification and CVM stages was determined. The second molars showed the highest correlation with CVM stages (CVMS) (r= 0.65 for boys, r = 0.72 for girls).

Conclusion:

Dental age was more advanced than chronological for both boys and girls for all CVMS. During the peak period these differences were more pronounced. Moreover, all correlations between skeletal and dental stages were statistically significant. The second molars showed the highest correlation whereas the canines showed the lowest correlation for both gender.
Trusting America: Undine Spragg’s Revolutionary Break inThe Custom of the Country
Authors: Grant David
Published: April 2016

This article claims that Undine Spragg’s ascent in Wharton’s The Custom of the Country represents a victory over the traditional American faith in historical continuity as a model for personal progress. In Undine’s recovered memory, oratory suffers a comic debunking that frees Undine to untie the bonds of generational rededication.
Adolescent Hypertension: A Challenge for the Future
Authors: Danasekaran Raja , Mani Geetha , Annadurai Kalaivani
Published: April 2016

Hypertension emerges from a complex interplay of genetic, environmental and behavioral factors. Hypertension in the young which is mostly undiagnosed is increasing in prevalence, with much of the increase being fuelled by the increase in obesity among them. Apart from obesity, factors that have an influence on hypertension are hereditary effects, stress, race and diet. It is well established that blood pressure during childhood and adolescence is a predictor of adult blood pressure, which in turn increases mortality from Cardiovascular, Cerebro vascular and other complications, clearly underscores the importance of identification and treatment of hypertension among them.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(1) 2016 p.5-9
Factors Influencing Choice of Specialty by medical residents in Ahvaz, Iran
Authors: Shakurnia Abdolhussein , Mozaffari Alireza , Ghadiri Ata
Published: April 2016

Background: It is important to understand factors that influence choice of specialty among medical residents.Aim and objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine factors that influence residents decision for choice of specialty. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012-2013 and comprised 473 medical residents in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran. A self-administered questionnaire was prepared after extensive literature review, piloted and distributed to all medical residents from different hospitals at the school of medicine.Results: 418 of 473 questionnaires were returned (response rate: 88.4%). The most important reasons for the choice of specialty were personal development and to provide better service with mean 4.31 of 5.0 and Personal Interests with mean 4.16, followed by Helping peoples and health promotion, Income and social Prestige and Easiness and being comfortable with mean values; 3.96, 3.59 and 2.44, respectively. We observed a difference in attitudes of men and women in term of the easiness and comfortability of specialty course. The mean values this factor was higher in women than in men (2.61 vs. 2.25, p=0.01). The findings revealed personal development and to provide better services, personal interests, helping people and health promotion are major motivating factors for the selecting a specialty.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(1) 2016 p.111-117
Parent-based self-medication in Pakistani children: a qualitative cross-sectional survey
Authors: Solangi Muhammad Aslam , Ali Muhammad , Mushtaq Daniyal , Zaid Muhammad , Riaz Muhammad , Nasir Ali
Published: April 2016

Background: A large percent of the population in developing countries is comprised of children. Drug utilization patterns in children is of great concern universally and has gained a lot of attention.Objectives: The aim of this study was to test the Pakistani parents knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) towards self-medicating their children.Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed and the data collection was carried out in several government and private hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. Non probability convenient random sampling method was employed to select the participants.Results: In our study, 45 (44.55%) parents were university graduates. The most frequent medicines used were Panadol (paracetamol) 84 (83%). The most common self-treated symptom was cough & cold 73 (72.27%). In case of self-treatment failure most of the parents in the present study tend to consult general practitioners in private clinics 62 (61%), while 31 (31%) of them seek advice from child specialists in hospitals. Doctors were the first favourite source for 92 (91.0%) of parents. The most common reasons were the expensive consultation fees and long waiting time in the clinics. A large portion of parents disagreed that health care workers attitudes were bad, or that information relayed to them was insufficient. Another important finding was 52 (51.4%) of parents were convinced that they can diagnose their childs illnesses by the symptoms.Conclusions: The study uncovered that parents knowledge was lacking, and their parental self-medication practice demonstrated to be unseemly. Based on the results of our study, we conclude that there is a critical need of appropriate interventions to tackle this issue.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(1) 2016 p.33-38
Nursing students' clinical performance and professional self-concept
Authors: Poorgholami Farzad , Ramezanli Somayeh , Kargar Jahromi Marzieh , Badiyepeymaie Jahromi Zohreh
Published: April 2016

Objective: Nursing professional self-concept is nurses' internalized values and beliefs and the manner they affect their thoughts and behavior. The questions of how nursing students see themselves and what qualities interest them are of great importance. The present study aims to determine the correlation between clinical performance and nursing students professional self-concept. Materials and Method: The present cross-sectional-analytical study was conducted on 86 nursing students at Jahrom universities of medical sciences. The study data were collected using a questionnaire which consisted of 6-Dimension Scale of Nurse Performance (6-DSNP) and Nurse Self-Concept Questionnaire (NSCQ). The data analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The nursing students clinical performance and professional self-concept scores were 2.94±1.45 and 5.46±1.11. Pearson correlation coefficient revealed a significant correlation between the students clinical performance and professional self-concept. Total 6-DSNP score were significantly related to two of the dimensions of NSCQ: Nursing care and communication (p<0.05). There was a relationship between academic year and professional self-concept total score (p=0.01, r= 0.26). Conclusion: The results of the study show that clinical performance and professional self-concept are related. These findings can be helpful to teachers, authorities at nursing colleges, and nursing managers. Applying techniques that will enhance students' professional self-concept are essential to improving their clinical performance.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(1) 2016 p.57-61
Shariah Compliant Hospital; From Concept to Reality: A Malaysian Experience
Authors: Shariff Shaharom Md , Abdul Rahman Abdul Rashid
Published: April 2016

Abstract not availableBangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(1) 2016 p.1-4
Colonic adenocarcinoma with coexisting tuberculosis: an unusual presentation
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Ismail , Das Narayan Chandra , Bhattacharjee Pradip , Ahamad M Shahab Uddin , Rahman Zillur
Published: April 2016

Tuberculosis affecting the colon is an uncommon extra-pulmonary form of the disease, and its association with malignancy is highly unusual. A 66-year man presented with lower gastrointestinal bleeding altered bowel habit and significant weight loss. On examination, he had ulcer infiltrative growth in the descending colon, with friable mucosa, bleeds easily on touch. With the diagnosis of carcinoma of the descending colon, he underwent left hemicolectomy. The histopathological examination revealed carcinoma colon with coexisting tuberculosis. The aetiological association between the tuberculosis and colon cancer is a matter of debate. However, the treating surgeon should be aware of this association, to avoid confusion and delay in the management.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(1) 2016 p.131-134
A Case Report of Haemolytic Disease of Foetus and Newborn due to Anti-E Antibody in a Primigravida Patient
Authors: Yousuf Rabeya , Yusof Nurasyikin , Loong Tang Yee , Aziz Suria Abdul , Fun Leong Chooi
Published: April 2016

Anti-E antibody is one of the frequently encountered alloantibody of the Rh blood group system; however, it is seldom implicated in haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDFN). This case report describes a mild HDFN due to anti-E antibody in a full term baby-girl born to a primigravida patient. The baby developed jaundice on the first day of life. Blood group of both mother and the baby was B positive and Rh phenotype was CDe/CDe (R1R1) and CDe/cDE (R1R2) respectively. Anti-E and anti-c was identified in the mother while babys blood showed weak positive Direct Antiglobulin Test with anti-E identified from the babys serum. The baby was started on phototherapy and was discharged well on day-6. Although this was a mild HDFN, we would like to highlight the importance of antenatal screening for pregnant mothers. The antibody screening for Rh-positive mothers is not a routine practice in many centers in Malaysia due to cost-benefit constraints. However, we would like to suggest to include the antenatal red cell antibody screening test for all pregnant mothers at least during the 1st antenatal booking to enable early detection of alloantibody which may cause HDFN, thus enable close monitoring of foetus and initiate early management as needed.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(1) 2016 p.139-141
Short-Circuit Calculation in Distribution Networks with Distributed Induction Generators
Authors: Zhou Niancheng , Ye Fan , Wang Qianggang , Lou Xiaoxuan , Zhang Yuxiang
Published: April 2016

This paper presents an improved current source equivalent model method to determine the short-circuit current of a distribution system with multiple fixed-speed and variable-speed induction generators (IGs). The correlation coefficients of flux components between stator and rotor under the unsymmetrical fault are analyzed using the positive and negative sequence steady-state equivalent circuits of an IG. The terminal voltage and current responses of fixed-speed and variable-speed IGs with and without the rotor slip changes under different penetration levels are compared to investigate the coupling relation between the short-circuit currents of IGs and the nodal voltages in the distribution network. Then the transient equivalent potential of an IG at the grid fault instant is derived. Sequence components of the short-circuit current in the network can be determined using the proposed technique. The correctness of the proposed method is verified using dynamic simulation.
Robust Optimization-Based Scheduling of Multi-Microgrids Considering Uncertainties
Authors: Hussain Akhtar , Bui Van-Hai , Kim Hak-Man
Published: April 2016

Scheduling of multi-microgrids (MMGs) is one of the important tasks in MMG operation and it faces new challenges as the integration of demand response (DR) programs and renewable generation (wind and solar) sources increases. In order to address these challenges, robust optimization (RO)-based scheduling has been proposed in this paper considering uncertainties in both renewable energy sources and forecasted electric loads. Initially, a cost minimization deterministic model has been formulated for the MMG system. Then, it has been transformed to a min-max robust counterpart and finally, a traceable robust counterpart has been formulated using linear duality theory and Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions. The developed model provides immunity against the worst-case realization within the provided uncertainty bounds. Budget of uncertainty has been used to develop a trade-off between the conservatism of solution and probability of unfeasible solution. The effect of uncertainty gaps on internal and external trading, operation cost, unit commitment of dispatchable generators, and state of charge (SOC) of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) have also been analyzed in both grid-connected and islanded modes. Simulations results have proved the robustness of proposed strategy.
A Simulation-Based Comparison of Covariate Adjustment Methods for the Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Chaussé Pierre , Liu Jin , Luta George
Published: April 2016

Covariate adjustment methods are frequently used when baseline covariate information is available for randomized controlled trials. Using a simulation study, we compared the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with three nonparametric covariate adjustment methods with respect to point and interval estimation for the difference between means. The three alternative methods were based on important members of the generalized empirical likelihood (GEL) family, specifically on the empirical likelihood (EL) method, the exponential tilting (ET) method, and the continuous updated estimator (CUE) method. Two criteria were considered for the comparison of the four statistical methods: the root mean squared error and the empirical coverage of the nominal 95% confidence intervals for the difference between means. Based on the results of the simulation study, for sensitivity analysis purposes, we recommend the use of ANCOVA (with robust standard errors when heteroscedasticity is present) together with the CUE-based covariate adjustment method.
Deficiency of Senescence Marker Protein 30 Exacerbates Cardiac Injury after Ischemia/Reperfusion
Authors: Kadowaki Shinpei , Shishido Tetsuro , Sasaki Toshiki , Sugai Takayuki , Narumi Taro , Honda Yuki , Otaki Yoichiro , Kinoshita Daisuke , Takahashi Tetsuya , Nishiyama Satoshi , Takahashi Hiroki , Arimoto Takanori , Miyamoto Takuya , Watanabe Tetsu , Ishigami Akihiko , Takeishi Yasuchika , Kubota Isao
Published: April 2016

Early myocardial reperfusion is an effective therapy but ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) causes lethal myocardial injury. The aging heart was reported to show greater cardiac damage after I/R injury than that observed in young hearts. Senescence marker protein 30 (SMP30), whose expression decreases with age, plays a role in reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, the impact of SMP30 on myocardial I/R injury remains to be determined. In this study, the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 30 min, followed by reperfusion in wild-type (WT) and SMP30 knockout (KO) mice. After I/R, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and the ratio of infarct area/area at risk were higher, left ventricular fractional shortening was lower, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was enhanced in SMP30 KO mice. Moreover, the previously increased phosphorylation of GSK-3β and Akt was lower in SMP30 KO mice than in WT mice. In cardiomyocytes, silencing of SMP30 expression attenuated Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation, and increased Bax to Bcl-2 ratio and cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide. These results suggested that SMP30 deficiency augments myocardial I/R injury through ROS generation and attenuation of Akt activation.
Transcriptional Regulation of Heart Development in Zebrafish
Authors: Lu Fei , Langenbacher Adam , Chen Jau-Nian
Published: April 2016

Cardiac transcription factors orchestrate the complex cellular and molecular events required to produce a functioning heart. Misregulation of the cardiac transcription program leads to embryonic developmental defects and is associated with human congenital heart diseases. Recent studies have expanded our understanding of the regulation of cardiac gene expression at an additional layer, involving the coordination of epigenetic and transcriptional regulators. In this review, we highlight and discuss discoveries made possible by the genetic and embryological tools available in the zebrafish model organism, with a focus on the novel functions of cardiac transcription factors and epigenetic and transcriptional regulatory proteins during cardiogenesis.