bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strain Dependent Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Carbon Black and Clay Filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber Vulcanizates
Authors: Varughese Susy , Tripathy D.K. , De S.K.
Published: March 2007

Dynamic mechanical properties of carbon black and clay filled epoxidised natural rubber have been studied over a wide range of temperature and varying dynamic strain conditions. Low temperature studies indicated the absence of an adsorbed layer of elastomer around the clay particles for the various loadings studied. Low strain properties under room temperature condi tions were found to be dependent on the transient aggregate structure existing in the case of carbon black filled vulcanizates whereas for clay, except the hydrodynamic effect, no other profound effect could be observed under the low loading conditions studied. From the physical property studies also it may be concluded that there is no profound reinforcing mechanism operating in the case of clay and ENR.
Dynamic Vulcanization of Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomer/Nitrile Rubber Alloys
Authors: Cai F. , Isayev A.I.
Published: March 2007

New thermoplastic elastomers, copolyester (CPET)/nitrile rubber (NBR) alloys, were developed by using various dynamic vulcanization tech niques, such as internal mixing, open mill mixing, and twin screw extrusion, or their combinations. The effects of the various manufacturing techniques on rheological and mechanical properties were compared. The study showed that the dynamic vulcanization method by a twin screw extruder is most suitable for the manufacture of CPET/NBR elastomeric alloys.
Computer-Aided Design of High Performance Polymers
Authors: Vaidyanathan Ragavan , El-Halwagi Mahmoud
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this work is to develop a systematic procedure for the design of polymer molecules so as to satisfy a set of specified desired proper ties. An optimization-based approach is developed to synthesize the polymer from a set of chemical groups. The synthesis task is formulated as a mixed- integer nonlinear program which seeks to generate candidate polymers that realize the desired properties along with the constraints on structural feasibil ity and end-use considerations. Group-contribution methods are employed to correlate the performance criteria with the chemical structure of the monomer molecules. New structural feasibility constraints are introduced to ensure the soundness of the designed polymer. An illustrative example is given to demon strate the applicability of the proposed procedure.
Psychodynamic Speculations on Derogatory Names for Blacks
Authors: Kloss Robert J.
Published: March 2007

The phenomenon of linguistic racism is explored through the application of the psychoanalytic theory of Joel Kovel's White Racism: A Psychohistory and the data of such analytic explorers as Kubie, Pinderhughes, Hamilton, and Grier and Cobbs. The psychodynamics of racism are related to the psychosexual development of the child and particularly to that phase encom passing toilet training with its conflicts, fears, and fan tasies. It is demonstrated that these psychological phenomena are corroborated by the sociolinguistic phenomenon of racial labeling. That is, each of the seventy-odd derogatory names for Blacks—e.g., nigger, boogie, etc.—embodies one or more of the three un conscious fantasies that Kovel believes Whites project: Blacks are bestial, sexual, and fecal. The three large groups are subdivided on the basis of allied characteristics, and each is then linked to the underly ing psychodynamic. The result is a further illumination of the phenomenon of racial labeling and of the power of the unconscious to determine human behavior.
Dominance in the Family
Authors: Willie Charles V.
Published: March 2007

By examining data that are controlled for race and social class, this analysis not only refutes categorically the myth of the Black matriarchy but indicates that the equalitarian pattern of decision making appears to be the norm for American households, and that the cultural lag, if any, is found not among Blacks but among middle- class White households that now are struggling toward the equalitarian goal.
In the Best Interest of the Child
Authors: DARROUGH WILLIAM D.
Published: March 2007

Although students of the juvenile court have called attention to the complexity and importance of the decision-making activities of its personnel, few studies have examined the complex organizational and micropolitical processes involved in making placements, one of the juvenile courts' most consequential dispositions. This article offers a single case analysis of a probation officer's efforts to negotiate the out-of-home placement of a delinquent youth with that youth's parents. The article analyzes the strategies and practices used successfully by this probation officer during one critical encounter to negotiate the parents' agreement to this course of action. These strategies and practices depended in large part on the probation officer's ability to detail specific ways in which out-of-home placement would serve the “best interest of the child.”
The Genesis and Narrative Thrust of the Paraenesis in the Sermon On the Mount
Authors: Draper Jonathan A.
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the narrative 'gap' in Jesus' delivery of the Sermon on the Mount as an authoritative block of teaching to his disciples, namely that only four disciples have been called and named up to this point in the narrative: Peter, Andrew, James and John. The Twelve are named only in Mt. 10.1-4. The narrative privileging of these four over the Twelve creates a tension within the world of the text. The crowd functions narratively as the recipients of the teaching through the four and is specifically designated as including a mixed group of Jews and Gentiles. This narrative is reflected in the formal concentric structure of the Sermon arranged around the central text, 'Seek righteousness and his kingdom first'. This reflects the tension over the role of Torah in the initiation of Gentiles to Matthew's community.
Judas Game: the Biology of Combat in the Gospel of John
Authors: Eslinger Lyle
Published: March 2007

'Judas Game' injects the modern conceptual framework of evolutionary theory and mythology into the discussion of biblical mythology (i.e., the literary reflections of evolving biblical worldviews). Both modern and biblical thought are contoured by a physical and biological pre-history of billions of years. Humans' psychological in heritance is as old and layered as any geological group in the Canadian Rockies. In the light of the last century's accumulating knowledge of this past, certain puzzles of biblical mythology can be clarified. The article takes the example of Judas in the Gospel of John. Judas's paradoxical, troubling role is a conglomerate of our evolved psychological inheritance, clearly visible in the ancient Near Eastern combat myth, and John's theology of providence, itself overlying deeper strata. The argument is based on close reading of literary parallels between John 11 and 12.
An Analysis of Jesus' Arguments Concerning the Plucking of Grain on the Sabbath
Authors: Cohn-Sherbok Rabbi D. M.
Published: March 2007

A number of scholars have recently asserted that Jesus used rabbinic arguments to defend his disciples for having plucked ears of grain on the Sabbath. On the basis of an analysis of the analogy of gezera shava and the inference of kal vechomer, it can be seen that though Jesus seems to have been familiar with rabbinic hermeneutics, the arguments he employs are invalid from a rabbinic point of view. This misuse of rabbinic reasoning should not surprise us since it bears out the truth of the Gospel in claiming that Jesus was not a skilled casuist in the style of the Pharisees and Sadducees, and helps explain why, when he argued with them, he provoked their indignation and hostility.
Style in the New Testament: the Need for Serious Reconsideration
Authors: Botha J. Eugene
Published: March 2007

It is argued that the emergence and development of modem stylistics and linguistics have so far not influenced or stimulated perceptions of New Testament stylistics to any significant extent. Perceptions regarding style as such have remained static for many decades and style is usually depicted only in terms of a listing of peculiarities of grammar, syntax, vocabulary and so on. A more comprehensive approach to the description of style is still, to a great extent, absent. This paper is an argument for a much more comprehensive description of style where recent developments in general stylistics, literary analyses, reception theory and so on are also accommodated. The problematic current situation regarding the study of the style and language of the New Testament is elucidated with a few short examples, and in addition to a brief definition of style in the light of modem developments, the suggestion is made that a paradigm in which an adequate description of style (in terms of modem stylistics) could be possible is perhaps speech act theory.
Silas in Thessalonica
Authors: Goulder Michael D.
Published: March 2007

In 1 Thessalonians Paul frequently reminds the Thessalonians that he discussed the points in the letter while he was with them during the brief mission. These are: the need to keep working, the Parousia in the near future, the desirability of marriage, and his own integrity. Parallels with 1 Corinthians and so forth suggest that all these points are related, via a counter-teaching that the kingdom of god had already begun. Hence converts gave up work and sex and were grief-stricken when a fellow- Christian died. A similar situation seems to underlie 2 Thessalonians, where false doctrines appear to have made ground—that the day of the Lord has come, and that one should cease working, with more reminders of what Paul said in his mission. So the false teaching probably comes from Silas—he was there, a Jerusalem man, he was treated rather coolly and he suddenly vanishes from the scene.
The Beloved Disciple as Ideal Author
Authors: Bauckham Richard
Published: March 2007

The portrayal of the beloved disciple in the Fourth Gospel does not support the common view that he represents the ideal disciple. Rather he is portrayed as the ideal author. His special intimacy with Jesus, his presence at key events in the story and his perception of their meaning qualify him to be the ideal witness to Jesus and therefore the ideal author of a Gospel. Whereas most of his appearances are as a character in the narrative, whose role in the narrative qualifies him to become its author, in 19.35 he appears as the author of the Gospel, addressing his readers. Since 21.21-23 would have made his identity clear to the first readers of the Gospel, his anonymity in the Gospel is not intended to conceal his identity, but is a literary device which serves to distinguish the author, as a character in the narrative, from other characters.
The Lord's Prayer
Authors: O'Neill J.C.
Published: March 2007

The Lord's Prayer in Matthew and the Didache is actually a collection of prayers of Jesus, each of which originally had a separate existence. The first prayer in the collection was taught to the disciples, and the rest were remembered from the short prayers Jesus appended to the set daily prayers observed by him and his disciples. The Lord's Prayer in Luke is a similar independent collection of these prayers, except that the first prayer, 'Father, let your Holy Spirit come and cleanse us', was originally given in response to a request, 'Lord, teach us to pray as John taught his disciples'. Each prayer is expounded in turn. The petition for bread has suffered corruption. The petition on forgiveness is two prayers wrongly combined. New evidence is produced to support Torrey's reading of the petition on temptation.
Exodus and the Intertextual Transformation of Tradition in Romans 8.14-30
Authors: Keesmaat Sylvia C.
Published: March 2007

This analysis of Rom. 8.14-30 argues that Paul was echoing specific texts from Israel's Scriptures as well as drawing on the intertextual space of Judaism in his discussion of God's action in Jesus Christ. By appealing specifically to the exodus tradition, Paul affirms God's faithfulness to Israel in these verses in a way that is consistent with his argument in Romans 9-11. In addition, he transforms the central Israelite motif of the exodus in such a way that it becomes the story of the whole people of God, the story of the whole of creation, and nothing less than the story of God's very self.
Partnership in Easter Faith: The Role of Mary Magdalene and Thomas in John 20
Authors: Lee Dorothy A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the narrative of John 20 and, in particular, the characterization of Mary Magdalene and Thomas. It argues that the two stories function in a literary partnership that encircles the giving of the Spirit. In parallel episodes, Mary Magdalene and Thomas engage in the struggle for understanding and come to Easter faith. Magdalene is not a weak, helpless woman moving blindly from one misapprehension to another, nor is Thomas a pessimistic character prone to existential doubt. Just as Magdalene is a witness to the resurrection and announces its meaning, so Thomas brings that faith to a climax and acts as a bridge for future believers. Their faith-struggle involves misunderstanding that is to be read in positive rather than negative terms. The implied reader identifies with the struggle and, through the centripetal force of the narrative, is drawn into the presence of the Spirit.
Paul Among Diaspora Jews: Anomaly or Apostate?
Authors: Barclay John M.G.
Published: March 2007

Since Paul spent most of his Christian life in the Diaspora, it makes sense to compare his mutation of the Jewish tradition with the socio-cultural stances of other Diaspora Jews. To this end, the concept of 'Hellenization' needs to be broken down, here into three categories: assimilation, acculturation and accommodation. After placing some other Diaspora Jews on each spectrum, Paul's theology and social practice are examined. He emerges as one quite highly assimilated, but comparatively low in acculturation and accommodation. Anomalously, he deracinates a culturally conserva tive form of Judaism for the sake of his largely Gentile churches. But is he also an apostate? The term is, in fact, not an objective category but a label which can be differentially applied by insiders. Thus, study of Paul's theology and self-descrip tions matter less in social terms than his treatment at the hands of his fellow Jews. Jewish hostility and synagogue beatings probably indicate that Paul was consistently repudiated as an 'apostate', despite his continuing loyalties to the Jewish people.
Palestinian Christianity and the Caligula Crisis. Part Ii. the Markan Eschatological Discourse
Authors: Taylor N.H.
Published: March 2007

In ordering that his statue be erected in the Temple in Jerusalem (39/40 CE) the emperor Caligula precipitated the first potentially cataclysmic events in Palestine since the inception of Christianity. The impact of this episode on the development of Christianity therefore requires treatment such as it has not hitherto received. The silence of Christian and non-Christian Jewish, as well as pagan, sources on the effect of the crisis on Palestinian Christianity require that our reconstruction depend on analogous situations and inference from what is known of the events and of the nature of primitive Christianity. In Part I Taylor argues that the crisis would have seemed the probable occasion of the fulfilment of Jesus' prophecy of the destruction of the Temple, which would be followed by his eschatological return and the estab lishment of God's kingdom. If the desecration of the Temple was the necessary pre cursor to this, the Christians would not have sought to impede it. Furthermore, the popular movements ranged against the Roman forces would have required leader ship whose activities challenged Christian professions about Jesus, and whose authority the Christians could not have acknowledged. The crisis would therefore have alienated the Christians within Palestinian Judaism, and exposed their beliefs to falsification. In Part II Taylor examines the eschatological discourse in Mark 13, and argues that it is substantially a Christian response to the Caligula crisis. The expecta tion of idolatrous desecration of the Temple before its destruction, and the experience of alienation and persecution, and of heightened eschatological anticipation, reflect the period when the Roman advance was awaited. The recognition that the end was not yet, with consequent separation of the profanation of the Temple from the eschato logical return of Christ, reflects the aftermath when the Palestinian Christians were adjusting to the delay in the parousia of Christ.
Infelicitous Oaths in the Gospel of Matthew
Authors: Brant Jo-Ann A.
Published: March 2007

This paper employs the analytic tools of speech-act theory in order to explore the complexity of the acts of swearing in Matthew's Gospel. With the assistance of the observations of J.L. Austin, John Searle, Wolfgang Iser and others, the paper examines how the utterance of the prohibition against swearing by Jesus at the beginning of the Gospel alters the rules of speech, how the subsequent narrative oaths are infelicitous, and how in the end, while oaths are counter to God's will, they cannot be used to counter God's will.
Challenged At the Boundaries: a Conservative Jesus in Mark's Tradition
Authors: Loader William
Published: March 2007

The tradition preserved in Mk 7.24-31 reflects an understanding of Jesus which portrays him as beginning from a conservative stance in relation to issues of Law relating to boundaries. Other traditions preserved in Mark also appear to reflect a similar conservatism. Many acknowledge that Mk 1.39-45 reflects Torah faithful ness in the way it portrays Jesus' instruction that the leper present himself to the priests. The anger of Jesus in this pericope has baffled exegetes. The paper examines the possibility that Mark's tradition was assuming a conservative response on the part of Jesus to the leper's approach. Boundary issues are also present in Mk 5.1-20 and 21-43. The passages considered appear to preserve traces of conservativism which may reflect Jesus' background, although in each case he moves beyond its norms.
Divine Injustice?: Matthew's Narrative Strategy and the Slaughter of the Innocents (Matthew 2.13-23)
Authors: Erickson Richard J.
Published: March 2007

The remarkable parallel between Mt. 2.13-15 and 2.19-23 focuses attention, oddly, on the story of the Slaughter of the Innocents and its formula-quotation from Jer. 31.15, Rachel's cry of despair. Allusions to the birth of Moses, his flight—or withdrawal—from Egypt to Midian, and his later return to represent his people before Pharaoh, suggest that the evangelist is addressing the issue of God's injustice in saving the life of the infant Jesus while letting the babes of Bethlehem die because of him. This is confirmed by the narrative-strategic 'dialogue' between Rachel's voice (2.18) and the voices of the Baptist (3.3), announcing the Lord's return, and of God from heaven (3.17), revealing Jesus as his son, who returns to die in full identity with the people he once deserted.
Word-Processing in the Ancient World: the Social Production and Performance of Q
Authors: Downing F. Gerald
Published: March 2007

Discussions of the Gospels tend to ignore the pragmatics of contemporary composition. Oral performance is sometimes acknowledged, even though too clear a distinction is often drawn between oral and written communication. Here evidence for oral social composition in and for oral social performance will be adduced. If, then, as our main example, the Q community was as important in the oral formation of the collection as this oral social composition model suggests, the arbitrarily imposed 'strata' of much recent discussion seem very implausible. Then if there were 'wisdom' and 'apocalyptic' and/or 'deuteronomic' strands, they could anyway have lain happily intertwined from the start (as indicated, incidentally, by Paul in Romans), demanding no complex explanation in terms of successive radical revisions.
The 'Attraction of Women' in/To Early Judaism and Christianity: Gender and the Politics of Conversion
Authors: Lieu Judith M.
Published: March 2007

It has become a scholarly truism that women in particular were attracted to early Christianity, and, according to some, to Judaism. In the former case this has been attributed to the status Christianity offered women and has been much used in debates about the status of women in the contemporary church. This paper seeks to show that the sources frequently cited in support cannot be read as 'objective, his torical' evidence. Epigraphic records, particularly important for Judaism, function in the political context of honour and advertised status, while literary sources equally serve a political end of using women to characterize the nature of religion within society. Any analysis of the attraction of women to, and their role within these movements must move beyond the passive model of 'meeting needs' to a firmer recognition of the dynamic involvement of all participants, men and women, in the construction of religious traditions.
Tyranny, Boundary and Might: Colonial Mimicry in Mark's Gospel
Authors: Benny Liew Tat-siong
Published: March 2007

Reading the Gospel of Mark with a 'diasporic consciousness' that refuses to ideal ize anything, I question many liberational readings that present Mark in purely positive terms. Rather than dismissing the anti-colonial elements within the Gospel, I proceed to probe Mark for traces of 'colonial mimicry'. I argue in this essay that Mark reinscribes colonial domination by attributing absolute authority to Jesus, pre serving the 'insider-outsider binarism and understanding authority as power. Despite Mark's declaration of an apocalypse, it embraces recurring themes of 'empire' like tyranny, boundary and might.
Consuming a Colonial Cultural Bomb
Authors: Dube Musa W.
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates how native languages were used by colonizers to subordi nate the colonized. The paper uses an example from the Setswana language of Botswana to investigate the colonial translations of the Bible and compilation of the first dictionaries and to show how they were informed by their time. It focuses on the translation of Badimo (Ancestral Spirits) and other related words to show how the Setswana language was employed for imperial ends in colonial times. The paper also examines how the subsequent versions of the Setswana Bible and dictionaries reflect the growing spirit of decolonization as colonized subjects became involved in writing their own languages. Given that colonial translations remained in circulation beyond the period of colonization, this paper also documents how native readers developed strategies of resistance by reading the Bible as a divining text to get in touch with Badimo, thereby subverting the colonial translations that equated the latter with evil powers.
Agreement between mothers and other female adults on infants' communicative behaviours
Authors: Elias Gordon , Meadows Denis
Published: March 2007

Adults' ability to provide consistent, contingent and appropriate responses to what they consider to be salient infant communi cative behaviours may provide a means by which infants become aware of functional relationships between their behaviours and those of their partners. The studies reported below investigated whether there was consistency between mothers and other female adults on what they identified as communicatively salient behaviours in infants aged 6, 9 and 12 months. For each comparison of a mother's coding with that of another female adult, a randomiz ation procedure produced a distribution of 1000 'chance' levels of agreement for comparison with the observed agreement value. Of a total of 56 comparisons across the two studies, only four failed to show significant levels of agreement between mothers and other female adults. The results indicate that certain infant behaviours are perceived as communicatively salient, not only by caregivers but also by adults unfamiliar with the children.
Do toddlers have label preferences? A possible explanation for word refusals
Authors: Blewitt Pamela , Golinkoff Roberta Michnick , Alioto Anthony
Published: March 2007

Two studies focus on whether 2-year-olds (and adults) have consistent preferences for one type of label for objects, using a simple verbal judgement task. Participants compared basic level labels to superordinates in Study 1, and to subordinates in Study 2. Though all labels were familiar, children and adults chose the basic level label as 'best' in comparison to superordinates. For children, subordinates competed with basic labels only when referents were not highly typical of basic categories. For adults, subordinates were preferred as often as basic labels with typical items, and were more preferred with less typical items. These studies demonstrate that toddlers can be effectively tested for label preferences. They also suggest a simple explanation for what we call the refusal effect, when toddlers refuse a perfectly acceptable and familiar label for an object in favour of another label for that object. Toddlers may understand that two familiar labels are applicable, but they prefer one over the other. Future work must address the extent to which 2-year-olds' refusals are consistent with their independently assessed label preferences.
Children's pragmatic judgements of direct and indirect requests
Authors: Garton Alison F. , Pratt Chris
Published: March 2007

Twelve request forms were rated along the three dimensions of polite ness, effectiveness and likelihood of use by 216 8- to 12-year-old primary school children. There were positive correlations between the three dimensions regardless of the age of the addressee to whom the request was directed. There was no developmental trend in the ratings, although ratings tended to be higher for politeness and likelihood of use than for effectiveness. A number of request items were rated differentially according to the dimensions. The findings are discussed in relation to how children rate and evaluate politeness in different request forms.
Functional constraints of the acquisition of the passive: toward a model of the competence to perform
Authors: Marchman Virginia A. , Bates Elizabeth , Burkardt Antionette , Good Amy B.
Published: March 2007

Although passive constructions occur infrequently in the linguistic environment (Brown 1973), English speaking children productively use well-formed passives in their early speech (Bowerman 1983). Further, children have been shown to be sensitive to the relationship between discourse focus and the passive, in that they produce passives far more often when a non-actor is the focus of the discourse (Turner & Rommetveit 1967), and are more likely to accurately interpret passive sentences when attention has been oriented to the object of an action (Strohner & Nelson 1974). However, children are much more likely to produce a passive with prototypically transitive action verbs, and are much less likely to do so when the object argument is a location or goal (Maratsos et al. 1985; Pinker et al. 1987). In two experiments, children (3 to 11 years) and adults described intransitive, prototypically transitive, and non-prototypically transitive scenes presented in an animated film in response to a probe about one or several of the characters (e.g., 'tell me about the UNDERGOER'). The results suggest that young children do appear to have knowledge of the passive; however, the overall frequency of passive usage increased across development. In addition, passives were used more frequently when describing prototypically transitive scenes, compared with those including non-prototypical arguments (e.g., datives and locatives).
A developmental approach to language acquisition: two case studies
Authors: Bamberg M. , Budwig N. , Kaplan B.
Published: March 2007

The aim of this article is to revitalize and extend functionalist approaches to language use and language acquisition by utilizing a theory which focuses on general issues of human development. The emphasis here is to show how such developmental considerations enable one to reconstruct a growing child's own efforts to acquire and use a language in increasing accord with cultural demands as to a telos of language development. Two case studies are presented. The first one deals with early phases of language use, in which we analyse subtle ontogenetic changes in the organization and reorganization of personal pronouns referring to the Self. In the second case study, we focus on language modifications during later ontogenesis, analysing the changing functions involving the nominal-pronominal contrast and the contrast between particular tense-aspect markings. It is argued that the ontogenetic changes in both sub-domains are illuminated by exploiting in their analyses Werner & Kaplan's Orthogenetic Principle, in which development is defined in terms of increasing differentiation and hierarchic integration in human functioning. In a final section, we distinguish our Developmental Approach to language acquisition and language use from other functionalist approaches.
The development of past marking in a bilingual child and the punctual-nonpunctual distinction
Authors: Krasinski Emily
Published: March 2007

This study examined a child's simultaneous acquisition of pastmarking in English and Spanish, and looked for evidence supporting Bickerton's punctual-nonpunctual hypothesis. It was found that punctual verbs were those that first exhibited past forms. However, early verbs were usually invariant in both form and function. The child was not marking a punctual-nonpunctual distinction in Spanish as he did not control corresponding past and nonpast forms. Although the English data in isolation would point to the child's marking a punctual-nonpunctual distinction, the same explanation is proposed for both languages: the past forms that emerged first were those most frequent in the input. The categories of punctual vs. nonpunctual were relevant insofar as the great majority of past events first commented on were punctual/resultative events.
Cognitive representations of predicates and the use of past tenses in French: a developmental approach
Authors: Bonnotte Isabelle , Fayol Michel
Published: March 2007

Two experiments examine how French 10-year-old children and adults relate past tenses to the semantic properties of predicate types in writing. Experiment 1 involved two tasks: graphically coding two predicate dimensions (durativity and resultativity), a task designed to assess cognitive representations of these predicates; and selecting past tenses in sentences which included previously evaluated verbs. Results show that (a) 10-year-olds and adults have comparable representations of durativity, but different ones for resultativity, (b) the adults associate process charac teristics and past tenses, but 10-year-olds do not. In Experiment 2, subjects only had to code graphically two dimensions of the predicates (durativity and resultativity) in sentences where the verb could take five forms: infinitive, one imperfective past tense (imperfect, 'imparfait'), and three perfective past tenses (perfect 'passé composé', or its 'historic' form 'passé simple', and pluperfect 'plus-que-parfait'). Results show that 10-year-old children have not yet learned the 'adult' functions of verbal forms. The results of these two experiments are discussed in relation to current models of human cognition.
Children's comprehension of polysemous estimation words and phrases
Authors: Forrester Michael A. , Pike Christopher D.
Published: March 2007

Linguistic aspects of mathematics education are often cited as problematic for young children acquiring mathematical skills. This study examined the relationship between the comprehension of words and phrases used when estimating (e.g., roughly, between, guess) and children's estimation abilities. Sixty-four children between six and eleven years (6-7, 8-9, 10-11) completed an estimation word comprehension test before undertaking a range of estimating tasks in mathematical and non- mathematical contexts. The results indicated that children in the middle and upper age groups find estimation words easier to understand when accompanied with number or measurement expressions. Comprehension of specific estimation words varied considerably and was significantly associated with only two of 24 estimation tasks. These findings highlight the need for caution when interpreting the relationship between language comprehension and mathematical ability and are discussed with respect to broader issues surrounding polysemic and homonymic comprehension.
The development of sentence comprehension in Italian: a reaction time study
Authors: Devescovi Antonella , D'Amico Simonetta , Gentille Paola
Published: March 2007

We investigate developmental changes in the nature and timing of sentence interpretation in Italian, focusing on the contributions of morphological, syntactic and semantic information to the assignment of agent-object roles. College students and children between 5 and 10 years of age were asked to decide 'who did the action?' in response to auditory sentences reflecting orthogonal combinations of subject-verb-agreement, word order and noun animacy. Analyses of both agent choice and reaction time provide support for the cue validity and cue strength predictions of the Competition Model, an interactive-activation theory of language processing and development. They also provide new information about reorganization and consolidation of sentence processing strategies in Italian children, including protracted changes from 5 years of age to adulthood in the use of subject-verb agreement, and a plateau in reaction times from 7 to 10 years of age, the period in which children make the transition from a primary reliance on animacy to the overwhelming reliance on morphological cues that characterizes sentence processing in Italian adults.
Early lexical acquisition: the role of cross-situational learning
Authors: Akhtar Nameera , Montague Lisa
Published: March 2007

Several theorists have proposed that children may learn the meaning of a new word by paying attention to the element that remains constant across multiple uses of that word. The current study presents a direct test of this hypothesis. Two-, three- and four-year-olds (N = 24 in each group) were presented with novel objects that differed systematically in shape and texture. Children were shown one target object and were told 'This is a modi one'. In the Shape condition, two objects that matched the target object in shape (and differed in texture) were also labelled 'modi ones'. In the Texture condition, the two objects matched the target in texture (and differed in shape). Subsequent tests indicated that, in extending the novel adjective to other exemplars, children in all age groups attended to the consistent element across naming contexts. Implications for theories of lexical acquisition are discussed.
Psychology and the Problem Child
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: March 2007

Most teachers will agree that some children are easy to teach, are bright, attentive, present no problems of behaviour, do well in examinations, and are a joy to have in the class. They will also agree, probably, that there are a number of problem children, i.e. children who are dull, who misbehave, who suffer from examination anxiety, who play truant, who suffer from school phobias, who indulge in antisocial or even criminal activities. Can psychology help the teacher in any way to foresee, avoid, or at least reduce the impact of these problems?
Legislation and the Practice of School Psychology and Mental Health Services in Taiwan
Authors: Miao Emily
Published: March 2007

The author gives a complete and highly informative account of the develop ment of school psychology and mental health services in her country, which could be of great value to other nations instituting or about to embark upon similar programmes.
Promoting Early Teacher Identification of Children with Learning Problems
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Novak Harry S. , Bonaventura Elisa
Published: March 2007

The Rhode Island Pupil Identification Scale (RIPIS) is a pupil observation scale used by classroom teachers for the early identification of young children with learning problems. The rationale underlying its design and development are discussed as are its psychometric properties and factorial structure. Refe rence is made to a number of foreign language forms and cross-cultural re search currently underway designed for its adoption to and adoption in a variety of cultures internationally. Proposals are suggested as to how classroom teachers and school specialists, especially school psychologists, may success fully combine their efforts in identifying children with learning problems.
Test Validity and the School Psychologist
Authors: Hegarty Seamus
Published: March 2007

psychological and educational tests are a significant part of the school psychologist's professional equipment. There is considerable debate as to whether they should be or - more usefully - the extent to which they should be. School psychologists have by and large moved away from the excessive attachment to formal tests that was once so common. There is indeed a swing in the opposite direction - toward abandoning formal tests. That is another question however and not the one for here. This article assumes some commit ment to test use and looks at how the school psychologist can improve tests. In particular, it analyses the contribution to test validity that the practitioner can make and suggests that the making of such contributions can be an integral part of good professional practice.
School Psychology in a Rural Frontier
Authors: Bischoff Herbert G. W. , Schakel Jacqueline A.
Published: March 2007

The international significance of this article is summed up by the authors in the concluding remarks: "Perhaps the experiences of school psychology within this changing frontier - Alaska - are not unlike the stories being written in other nations evolving their own educational practices".
Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of Diabetic Eye Disease: An Overview and Demonstration Project
Authors: Maliszewski Maureen , Dennis Carolyn , Coyd Kimberly
Published: March 2007

The Diabetic Eye Care Program at the Lexington-Fayette County Health Department screened 2 70 clients for glaucoma, visual acuity, cataracts, and diabetic retinopathy. Of these, 120 were referred to ophthalmologists for follow-up examination, care and, if appropriate, treatment. The program offered evaluation, referral, follow-up, and individual and group education. Our experience suggests that many people will follow eye care advice if given it, although diabetic eye disease remains a problem. Reaching the at-risk population, offering a mechanism for detecting diabetic eye disease, and providing supportive education are essential in combatting this problem.
Acute Complications Associated With the Use of Insulin Infusion Pumps
Authors: Mecklenburg Robert S.
Published: March 2007

Because insulin pump therapy is capable ofproviding insulin both at a slow continuous basal rate and in boluses, it more closely approximates physiologic insulin secretion than is possible with other methods of insulin adminis tration. However, several short comings are specifically related to the way insulin is delivered by pumps. These include increased risk of diabetic ketoacidosis and increased likelihood of infection at injection sites. The risk of hypoglycemic coma is apparently no greater with pump therapy than with conventional injections. Health professionals using pump therapy need a good working knowledge of the technical details as well as of the risks and benefits, and must be prepared to provide comprehensive training to their patients, particularly in the practice of frequent self- monitoring of blood glucose levels.
The Art and Science of Successful Teaching
Authors: Istre Susanm.
Published: March 2007

Many health care professionals don't teach because they were never taught how to organize and present teaching material. To do this effectively requires knowledge of how to assess learner needs, develop a teaching plan, conduct a class, and evaluate both learner progress and program effec tiveness. Equally as important are the interpersonal skills, attitudes, and techniques used by the teacher to capture student interest and facilitate learning. This paper describes both the art and science of teaching effectiveness to help the health care provider who was not born a good teacher to become one.
Evaluation of Two Approaches to Educating Elementary Schoolteachers About Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Gesteland Harriett M. , Sims Sharon , Lindsay Rob N.
Published: March 2007

Two approaches to better educate elementary schoolteachers about children with diabetes were tested. One group of teachers was given a program consisting of a video, pamphlets, and a question- and-answer session. The second group was informed that these materials were available to them in the media center. A 22-point questionnaire was used before intervention and 8 to 10 weeks later. Although both groups showed significant improvement compared with the control group, the improvement was slight and not felt to be clinically satis factory. We conclude that mass education of elementary school teachers is ineffective and that other approaches need to be developed.
The Health Belief Model: Evaluation of a Diabetes Scale
Authors: Hurley Ann C.
Published: March 2007

Scales that make theoretical concepts of health beliefs opera tional must be shown to have acceptable levels of reliability and validity before they can be incor porated into teaching programs. This paper describes the process used to evaluate a Health Belief Model scale. A revised 11-item scale is proposed for use by diabetes educators. Content validity of the initial scale (76 items) and the shorter version was verified. Reliability estimates obtained by factor structure provided evidence of measurement accuracy for the proposed 11-item scale. Analyses of construct and criterion validity provided additional support to suggest the use of the HBM11 scale for clinical practice.
Renal and Retinal Complications in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: The Art of Changing the Outcome
Authors: Hoops Sandra.
Published: March 2007

Over the past decade much has been learned about the relationship between good glycemic control and the alter ation or prevention of long-term renal and retinal complications of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The challenge for diabetes health professionals is to translate knowledge into improved patient care. A model program, using a multidisciplinary team approach, is presented to show how the art of changing the outcome can be incorporated into each patient encounter through screening, education, and counseling.
Approach to Management
Authors: Guthrie Diana W , Guthrie Richard A.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a physio logic approach to diabetes management called pattern therapy and compares it with the sliding scale or "catch-up" type of management. Pattern therapy differs from the sliding scale approach in that it anticipates rather than reflects insulin needs, and it relies heavily on intensive patient education and intelligent self-management. Frequent blood glucose monitoring is also a key aspect of pattern therapy.
Exercise: Part I. Physiological Response to Exercise in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: MAYNARD TIMOTHY
Published: March 2007

Exercise is a valuable and effective tool for assisting with diabetes management. The benefits of exercise are significant. Metabolic responses to various workloads vary greatly and depend on many factors, including type of diabetes; time, dosage, and type of diabetes medication; time and content of last meal; fitness level; and intensity and duration of activity performed. Exercise-induced hypo- and hyperglycemia can occur in diabetes, and strategies to avoid this should be taught. Weight loss is a common goal in NIDDM, although often difficult to attain. Exercise plays a critical role in weight loss and should be considered part of the treatment plan when fat loss is a goal.
Measuring the Diabetes Knowledge of Nurses in Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Leggett-Frazier Nancy , Turner Monica S. , Vincent Paulinea.
Published: March 2007

A knowledge test was developed by a local diabetes educators' group to evaluate the diabetes knowledge base of 59 nurses currently employed in four long-term care facilities in eastern North Carolina. The test contained items in the following categories: monitoring, medication, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, illness care, diet, exercise, foot care, and patient/family education. The results of the diabetes knowledge test were analyzed according to overall test scores as well as scores in each of the selected categories. The overall scores ranged from 42% to 89%, with a group mean of 67% (passing=70% or higher). The scores in the individual categories ranged from 18.6% for monitoring and 23.8% for medications to 91.5% for patient/family education.
Psychometric Properties and Normative Data for the Parent Version of the Diabetes Independence Survey
Authors: Wysocki Tim , Meinhold Patricia M. , Taylor Alexandra , Hough Brenda S. , Barnard Martha U. , Clarke William L. , Bellando B. Jayne , Bourgeois Michael J.
Published: March 2007

The parent version of the Diabetes Independence Survey measures parents' perceptions of their Children's mastery of 38 diabetes self-care skills. The instrument was administered to 648 parents of 622 children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, ages 3 and 18 years, at seven different pediatric medical centers . Data Confirming the internal consistency, interrater reability, construct validity, and concurrent validity of the instrument are presented in this paper. Age-adjusted normative data for total scores on the instrument as well as item-by-item data on the ages at which mastery of each skill was reported by 25%, 50%. and 75% of parents also are discussed. The Diabetes Independence Survey can be used as a reliable, valid, and efficient research tool for assessing the growth and development of diabetes knowledge and skills among children and adolescents. and as a screening instrument and program evaluation tool for clinical purposes.
Quality of Life and-Social Environment as Reported by Chinese Immigrants With Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Rankin Sally H. , Galbraith Michael E. , Huang Peggy
Published: March 2007

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) has been associated with stressful events such as immigration. The purpose of this paper is to report a pilot study that tested translated and back-translated instruments to ascertain factors related to diabetes management in a group of Chinese immigrants with diabetes. The descriptive, cross- sectional design included a convenience sample of 30 Chinese immigrants who had been diagnosed with NIDDM for at least I year. Consenting participants completed paper- and-pencil questionnaires (Diabetes Family-Behavior Checklist II, Diabetes Quality of Life, and MDRTC Knowledge Test) that had been translated and back-translated into Chinese and returned them in stamped, self- addressed envelopes. Results indicated that most of the scale and subscale reliabilities were similar to those published previously. Study participants had received limited diabetes education, reported many problems managing diabetes, especially in terms of social and vocational issues, and reported dissatisfaction with their quality of life. Diabetes-related family supportive behaviors were rated positively indicating the importance of including family members in educational programs.