bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of typhoon on particulate organic carbon flux in the southern East China Sea
Authors: Hung C.-C. , Gong G.-C. , Chou W.-C. , Chung C. -C. , Lee M.-A. , Chang Y. , Chen H.-Y. , Huang S.-J. , Yang Y. , Yang W.-R. , Chung W.-C. , Li S.-L. , Laws E.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Severe tropical storms play an important role in triggering phytoplankton blooms, but the extent to which such storms influence biogenic carbon flux from the euphotic zone is unclear. In 2008, typhoon Fengwong provided a unique opportunity to study the in situ biological responses including phytoplankton blooms and particulate organic carbon fluxes associated with a severe storm in the southern East China Sea (SECS). After passage of the typhoon, the sea surface temperature (SST) in the SECS was markedly cooler (∼25 to 26 °C) than before typhoon passage (∼28 to 29 °C). The POC flux 5 days after passage of the typhoon was 265 ± 14 mg C m−2 d−1, which was ∼1.7-fold that (140–180 mg C m−2 d−1) recorded during a period (June–August, 2007) when no typhoons occurred. A somewhat smaller but nevertheless significant increase in POC flux (224–225 mg C m−2 d−1) was detected following typhoon Sinlaku which occurred approximately 1 month after typhoon Fengwong, indicating that typhoon events can increase biogenic carbon flux efficiency in the SECS. Remarkably, phytoplankton uptake accounted for only about 5% of the nitrate injected into the euphotic zone by typhoon Fengwong. It is likely that phytoplankton population growth was constrained by a combination of light limitation and grazing pressure. Modeled estimates of new/export production were remarkably consistent with the average of new and export production following typhoon Fengwong. The same model suggested that during non-typhoon conditions approximately half of the export of organic carbon occurs via convective mixing of dissolved organic carbon, a conclusion consistent with earlier work at comparable latitudes in the open ocean.
Quantifying the impact of climate change on water resources at the basin scale on five continents – a unified approach
Authors: Todd M. C. , Taylor R. G. , Osborne T. , Kingston D. , Arnell N. W. , Gosling S. N.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. This paper presents an overview of the methods and results of an assessment of climate change impacts on catchment scale water resources, conducted under the QUEST-GSI (Global Scale Impacts) programme. The project method involved running simulations of catchment-scale hydrology using a unified set of past and future climate scenarios, to enable a consistent analysis of the climate impacts around the globe. The results from individual basins are presented in other papers in 2010. Overall, the studies indicate that in most basins the models project substantial changes to river flow, beyond that observed in the historical record, but that in many cases there is considerable uncertainty in the magnitude and sign of the projected changes. The implications of this for adaptation activities are discussed.
As políticas públicas de saúde – SUS - como referência para o processo ensino-aprendizagem do enfermeiro
Authors: Lucchese Roselma , Vera Ivânia , Pereira Wilza Rocha
Published: October 2010

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i3.11144Diante do desafio posto para as Instituições de Ensino Superior em saúde para formar profissionais competentes para atuar no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) o objetivo deste artigo foi discutir o SUS como referência no processo de formação do enfermeiro, articulando com as Diretrizes Curriculares em Enfermagem (DCN/ENF).  Utilizamos como referência recentes estudos que apontam para as potencialidades e fragilidades dos cursos de graduação neste processo de construção e aproximação.  A articulação dos setores de educação com o da saúde é essencial para o alcance das mudanças na gestão e nas práticas de saúde. A partir de reais experiências e, em meio a desafios e entraves na prática educacional e da saúde, levantamos avaliações e posicionamentos que re-orientam os caminhos/instrumentos a serem pensados e utilizados na superação do distanciamento da formação do enfermeiro com a sua prática na SUS. Concluímos que tanto educadores, gestores e profissionais estão desafiados diante da necessidade do saber inovador das práticas pedagógicas articuladas com as diretrizes do SUS, que historicamente apresentam fatos assincrônicos; da diversidade de cenários de prática e da avaliação e recondução contínua da formação. Descritores: Pessoal de Saúde; Educação em Enfermagem; Políticas Públicas de Saúde; Programas de Graduação em Enfermagem.
A prática do enfermeiro na Estratégia Saúde da Família: o caso do município de Vitória/ES
Authors: Silva Vanezia Gonçalves , Motta Maria Catarina Salvador , Zeitoune Regina Célia Gollner
Published: October 2010

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i3.5278A Estratégia Saúde da Família tem ganhado notoriedade no plano nacional, contudo alguns entraves denotam ser um campo pérvio a pertinentes estudos e discussões, neste tocante o estudo teve como objetivo: caracterizar a prática do enfermeiro na Estratégia Saúde da Família de Vitória, Espírito Santo.  Estudo de Caso foi o caminho metodológico escolhido, baseado em evidências quantitativas, sendo os dados tratados a partir de distribuição de frequência simples, com aplicação de questionário nos meses de agosto a novembro de 2006. Participaram como sujeitos voluntários desta pesquisa 34 enfermeiros, que compunham as equipes da Saúde da Família, após a anuência do estudo e que este atende a Resolução 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Os resultados demonstraram que a prática do enfermeiro é direcionada de acordo com ações pré-estabelecidas pelo Ministério da Saúde e Secretaria Municipal de Saúde. Os dados evidenciam que os enfermeiros desempenham todas as ações minimamente preconizadas, todavia esta atuação parece não estar obtendo o suficiente impacto no que tange a prevenção de doenças e promoção da saúde, pois estão majoritariamente empenhadas nas ações curativas e administrativas. Limitações de cunho, organizacionais, estruturais e conceituais, foram citadas como principais fatores impeditivos para o desenvolvimento ideal das práticas de enfermagem. Descritores: Saúde Pública; Enfermagem em Saúde Pública; Programa Saúde da Família.
Identificação de espécies de Candida em saliva de profissionais da saúde
Authors: Ataídes Fábio Silvestre , Abrão Fernando Yano , Costa Carolina Rodrigues , Silva Maria do Rosario Rodrigues , Pimenta Fabiana Cristina , Palos Marinésia Aparecida Prado , Souza Lúcia Kioko Hasimoto
Published: October 2010

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i3.6472As espécies de Candida são de ocorrência comum na cavidade bucal sendo que estas leveduras estão presentes em cerca de 50% de indivíduos saudáveis, podendo este porcentual variar dependendo da população estudada. Os processos infecciosos causados por Candida variam de quadros clínicos benignos, a quadros graves e fatais como as infecções invasivas e disseminadas. Neste estudo foi avaliada a colonização de leveduras do gênero Candida em 312 amostras de saliva de profissionais do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás, na cidade de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil, durante o período de julho a dezembro de 2007. As espécies de Candida isoladas da saliva foram identificadas através da produção de tubo germinativo e de clamidoconídios, assimilação de carboidratos e cultivo em meio CHROMagar® Candida. Os profissionais estudados mostraram colonização por leveduras do gênero Candida em 61,9% das amostras analisadas, sendo isolados C. albicans (58,5%), C. parapsilosis (24,4%), C. krusei (8,3%) e C. famata (3,6%). A divulgação destes resultados pode servir como um auxílio para a prevenção e controle de candidíase bucal nos trabalhadores da área de saúde que vivem em contato constante com indivíduos altamente suscetíveis a infecções.Descritores: Cândida; Saliva; Pessoal de saúde.
Cobertura vacinal e fatores relacionados à vacinação dos adolescentes residentes na área norte de Teresina/PI
Authors: Araújo Telma Maria Evangelista de , Sá Laís Carvalho de , Silva Andréia Alves de Sena , Costa Jéssica Pereira
Published: October 2010

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i3.6934Atualmente, os adolescentes fazem parte dos grupos prioritários ao Programa Nacional de Imunização em virtude da elevada susceptibilidade a algumas doenças evitáveis por imunizantes e especialmente pela sua baixa cobertura vacinal necessária ao controle das doenças imunopreveníveis. A presente pesquisa objetivou verificar a cobertura vacinal dos adolescentes residentes na área norte de Teresina. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado por meio de inquérito domiciliar, com amostragem por conglomerado. Os dados foram coletados no período de setembro a novembro de 2008, por meio de entrevistas, com 178 adolescentes residentes na área pesquisada. Os resultados foram processados com a utilização do software Epi-Info versão 6.04b. A análise foi feita por meio de estatísticas descritivas como freqüências absolutas e percentuais. Constatou-se que a maioria é do sexo feminino (63%) com 17 a 19 anos de idade (57,3%), 9 a 11 anos de estudo (62%) e renda familiar dois salários mínimos (61%). Aproximadamente 50% desconheciam o cartão e as vacinas destinadas ao adolescente. As coberturas vacinais apresentaram-se baixas, especialmente contra o tétano (2,5%). Conclui-se que a escola e os profissionais de saúde possuem papel preponderante na sensibilização dos adolescentes para o cuidado com a sua saúde. Descritores: Adolescente; Enfermagem; Epidemiologia; Imunização.
Qualidade de vida nos pacientes oncológicos: revisão integrativa da literatura latino-americana
Authors: Zandonai Alexandra Paola , Cardozo Fernanda Mara Coelho , Nieto Isabo Nayru Gonzales , Sawada Namie Okino
Published: October 2010

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i3.6957O constructo subjetivo e multidimensional Qualidade de Vida (QV) consolida-se entre os estudiosos na década de 90. Identificar, mensurar e avaliar os domínios afetados pela doença tem sido a proposta de diversos estudos com delineamentos qualitativos e quantitativos. Os objetivos foram caracterizar a produção científica latinoamericana sobre QV em pacientes oncológicos adultos; identificar aspectos relacionados à QV nesta população; identificar os instrumentos utilizados para avaliar a QV. Uma das estratégias metodológicas para realizar a prática baseada em evidências é a revisão integrativa. A amostra resultou em 25 artigos, nos quais havia uma alta concentração de estudos na subcategoria QV nos diferentes tipos de câncer de cabeça e pescoço (32%), que nos faz refletir sobre os inúmeros efeitos colaterais e secundários do tratamento, como as mutilações, alterações funcionais e estéticas que interferem nas atividades de vida diária dos pacientes. Verificamos uma prevalência na aplicação do instrumento EORTC QLQ-C30 sendo que este explora sintomas específicos do câncer. Considera-se que tais estudos não apresentaram fortes evidências para aplicação clínica. Correspondendo a prática baseada em evidências, concluímos a importância no desenvolvimento de estudos com intervenções efetivas para subsidiar a prática de enfermagem e garantir uma assistência qualificada e consequentemente melhorar QV aos pacientes oncológicos. Descritores: Neoplasias; Qualidade de vida; Enfermagem Oncológica.
Desafios à sistematização da assistência de enfermagem em cuidados paliativos oncológicos: uma perspectiva da complexidade
Authors: Silva Marcelle Miranda da , Moreira Marléa Chagas
Published: October 2010

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i3.7274Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, que objetivou analisar os fatores intervenientes no processo de implantação da sistematização da assistência de enfermagem (SAE) referidos por enfermeiros que atuam na unidade de internação de um hospital especializado em cuidados paliativos na oncologia, localizado no município do Rio de Janeiro - Brasil. O estudo foi realizado no ano de 2008 e participaram oito enfermeiras. A técnica de coleta de dados utilizada foi o grupo focal, e os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo, sob a perspectiva da complexidade. A SAE pode ser entendida como uma das grandes buscas dos enfermeiros em prol da qualificação e humanização do cuidado. Para as enfermeiras, além do déficit de recursos humanos e de conhecimento relacionado à temática, no contexto de atuação, as múltiplas e complexas dimensões de cuidado do cliente e da família conferem maior complexidade ao processo de implantação da SAE, indicando que a mesma precisa ser estruturada a partir de referenciais dinâmicos e flexíveis, capazes de integrar os saberes disciplinares no reconhecimento do ser humano como ser complexo. Dessa forma, a SAE apresenta-se como um desafio, o que indica a necessidade de novas investigações para o aprimoramento contínuo da prática de enfermagem. Descritores: Enfermagem Oncológica; Planejamento de Assistência ao Paciente; Cuidados Paliativos.
O cuidado à mulher que vivencia a menopausa sob a perspectiva da desmedicalização
Authors: Kantoviski Andréia Lara Lopatko , Vargens Octavio Muniz da Costa
Published: October 2010

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i3.7589A menopausa é uma fase da vida da mulher a que está associado vários tabus e sobre a qual permanece uma visão negativa e depreciativa, construída com base nas ideias da medicalização da sociedade e da atenção à saúde. O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir a menopausa sob a perspectiva da desmedicalização. Nesse contexto, a medicalização pelo uso de terapia de reposição hormonal é utilizada como uma possível solução para as mudanças fisiológicas que ocorrem durante a menopausa, gerando na mulher a expectativa de permanecer sempre jovem e bela. Este estudo aborda a terapia de reposição hormonal a partir de sua relação com a medicalização do corpo e do cuidado; resgata o fisiológico e natural das transformações inerentes ao período e que são marcantes no corpo e na vida das mulheres; apresenta o cuidado desmedicalizado como estratégia para melhorar a qualidade de vida de mulheres que vivenciam a menopausa. Assim, entende-se que cabe aos profissionais que lidam com esse grupo específico o papel de desmistificar essa fase da vida e possibilitar informações de modo a favorecer o empoderamento das mulheres e desenvolver os cuidados sob a perspectiva da desmedicalização. Descritores: Enfermagem; Menopausa; Saúde da Mulher.
A mudança nas práticas em saúde mental e a desinstitucionalização: uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Guedes Ariane Da Cruz , Kantorski Luciane Prado , Pereira Patrícia Mirapalheta , Clasen Bianca Neme , Lange Celmira , Muniz Rosani Manfrin
Published: October 2010

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i3.8198A desinstitucionalização foi a principal alternativa para a desconstrução das práticas manicomiais, visando o cuidado em liberdade. Este artigo objetiva apresentar uma revisão integrativa de literatura realizada a fim de identificar e analisar a produção científica do processo de desinstitucionalização no foco da atenção psicossocial, no período de 2004 a junho de 2010. A metodologia utilizada foi uma revisão integrativa de literatura utilizando os descritores: saúde mental, serviços de saúde mental e desinstitucionalização. Foi realizada a busca nas bases de dados SciELO, LILACS e PubMed. Foram encontradas dez publicações que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, nove escritas em português e uma em inglês, sendo todos artigos publicados em periódicos. Através da leitura na íntegra dos artigos desta revisão, por similaridade de conteúdos, agruparam-se estes em duas temáticas, a saber: O histórico da reforma psiquiátrica no processo de desinstitucionalização e As práticas do cuidado em saúde mental no âmbito psicossocial. Durante a análise dos artigos, pode-se visualizar de maneira ampla o que vem ocorrendo nos serviços de saúde mental, no interior do processo da reforma psiquiátrica, bem como retomar o seu histórico e realizar algumas reflexões que fazem crítica às ações dos profissionais comprometidos com os ideais do cuidar em liberdade. Descritores: Saúde mental; Serviços de saúde mental; Desinstitucionalização.
Single Molecule Sequencing with a HeliScope Genetic Analysis System
Authors: Thompson John F. , Steinmann Kathleen E.
Published: October 2010

Helicos™ Single Molecule Sequencing (SMS) provides a unique view of genome biology through direct sequencing of cellular nucleic acids in an unbiased manner, providing both accurate quantitation and sequence information. Sample preparation does not require ligation or PCR amplification, avoiding the GC‐content and size biases observed in other technologies. DNA is simply sheared, tailed with poly(A), and hybridized to a flow cell surface containing oligo(dT) for sequencing‐by‐synthesis of billions of molecules in parallel. This process also requires far less material than other technologies. Gene expression measurements can be done using first‐strand cDNA‐based methods (RNA‐Seq) or using a novel approach that allows direct hybridization and sequencing of cellular RNA for the most direct quantitation possible. In this unit, principles and methods for using the Helicos® Genetic Analysis System are discussed. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 92:7.10.1‐7.10.14. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genome‐Wide Location Analysis by Pull Down of In Vivo Biotinylated Transcription Factors
Authors: He Aibin , Pu William T.
Published: October 2010

Recent development of methods for genome‐wide identification of transcription factor binding sites by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) has led to novel insights into transcriptional regulation and greater understanding of the function of individual transcription factors. ChIP requires highly specific antibody against the transcriptional regulator of interest, and availability of suitable antibodies is a significant impediment to broader application of this approach. This limitation can be circumvented by tagging the transcriptional regulator of interest with a short bio epitope which is specifically biotinylated by the E. coli enzyme BirA. The biotinylated transcription factor can then be selectively pulled down on streptavidin beads under stringent conditions. This unit provides a detailed protocol for genome‐wide location analysis of in vivo biotinylated transcription factors by streptavidin pull‐down followed by high‐throughput sequencing (bioChIP‐seq). Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 92:21.20.1‐21.20.15. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prevalence of atherosclerotic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis
Authors: Mok Chi Chiu , Ko Gary Tin Choi , Ho Ling Yin , Yu Ka Lung , Chan Pak To , To Chi Hung
Published: October 2010

Objective

To evaluate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

Methods

Consecutive patients with RA, AS, or PsA who attended our outpatient arthritis clinics between July and November 2009 were recruited for a study of atherosclerotic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome, defined according to the 2009 joint statements using the Asian criteria for central obesity.

Results

Nine hundred thirty patients were studied (699 with RA, 122 with AS, and 109 with PsA; 70% women, mean ± SD age 51.1 ± 12.7 years). The mean ± SD disease duration for patients with RA, AS, and PsA was 5.3 ± 5.4, 6.0 ± 5.6, and 3.6 ± 3.1 years, respectively. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in PsA (38%) than RA (20%) or AS (11%; P < 0.001). The odds ratios (ORs) for the metabolic syndrome compared to age‐ and sex‐matched controls were 0.98 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.78–1.23, P = 0.88), 0.59 (95% CI 0.30–1.15, P = 0.12), and 2.68 (95% CI 1.60–4.50, P < 0.001), respectively, for RA, AS, and PsA. Patients with PsA had a significantly higher prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (30%; P < 0.001), low high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (33%; P < 0.001), high triglycerides level (21%; P = 0.008), central obesity (65%; P < 0.001), and high blood pressure (56%; P = 0.045). In a logistic regression model, the adjusted OR for the metabolic syndrome in PsA was 2.44 (95% CI 1.48–4.01, P < 0.001) relative to RA or AS. The adjusted ORs for central obesity, impaired fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL cholesterol were also significantly higher in PsA patients.

Conclusion

Patients with PsA, but not RA or AS, have a significantly higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome compared to the general population. Among the 3 diseases studied, PsA has the highest prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and is associated with the highest cardiovascular risk.
Macrophage activation and coronary atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Rho Young Hee , Solus Joseph , Raggi Paolo , Oeser Annette , Gebretsadik Tebeb , Shintani Ayumi , Stein C. Michael
Published: October 2010

Objective

Activation of macrophages may contribute to increased atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Neopterin, a pteridine derivative, is a novel marker of monocyte and macrophage activation that is associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk in the general population. We examined the hypothesis that macrophage activation is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis in SLE and RA.

Methods

We compared serum neopterin concentrations, adjusted for age, race, sex, and serum creatinine concentration, in patients with SLE (n = 148) or RA (n = 166) and control subjects (n = 177). In patients with SLE or RA, serum neopterin concentrations were then tested for association (adjusted for age, race, sex, serum creatinine, and medication use) with measures of disease activity or damage, inflammatory markers and mediators, and coronary artery calcium measured by electron beam computed tomography.

Results

Neopterin concentrations were significantly higher in patients with SLE (median 8.0, interquartile range [IQR] 6.5–9.8 nmoles/liter) and RA (median 6.7, IQR 5.3–8.9 nmoles/liter) than controls (median 5.7, IQR 4.8–7.1 nmoles/liter), and were higher in SLE patients than in RA patients (all P < 0.001). In SLE, neopterin was significantly correlated with higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR; P = 0.001), tumor necrosis factor α (P < 0.001), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (P = 0.005), and homocysteine concentrations (P = 0.01), but in RA, it was only associated with ESR (P = 0.01). Neopterin was not associated with coronary calcium in either SLE (P = 0.65) or RA (P = 0.21).

Conclusion

Macrophage activation, reflected by increased serum neopterin concentrations, was increased in both SLE and RA. Neopterin was more robustly associated with atherogenic mediators of inflammation and homocysteine in SLE than in RA, but was not associated with coronary atherosclerosis in either disease.
Predicting maximal strength of quadriceps from submaximal performance in individuals with knee joint osteoarthritis
Authors: McNair Peter J. , Colvin Matt , Reid Duncan
Published: October 2010

Objective

To compare the accuracy of 12 maximal strength (1‐repetition maximum [1‐RM]) equations for predicting quadriceps strength in people with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee joint.

Methods

Eighteen subjects with OA of the knee joint attended a rehabilitation gymnasium on 3 occasions: 1) a familiarization session, 2) a session where the 1‐RM of the quadriceps was established using a weights machine for an open‐chain knee extension exercise and a leg press exercise, and 3) a session where the subjects performed with a load at which they could lift for approximately 10 repetitions only. The data were used in 12 prediction equations to calculate 1‐RM strength and compared to the actual 1‐RM data. Data were examined using Bland and Altman graphs and statistics, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and typical error values between the actual 1‐RM and the respective 1‐RM prediction equation data. Difference scores (predicted 1‐RM − actual 1‐RM) across the injured and control legs were also compared.

Results

For the knee extension exercise, the Brown, Brzycki, Epley, Lander, Mayhew et al, Poliquin, and Wathen prediction equations demonstrated the greatest levels of predictive accuracy. All of the ICCs were high (range 0.96–0.99), and typical errors were between 3% and 4%. For the knee press exercise, the Adams, Berger, Kemmler et al, and O'Conner et al equations demonstrated the greatest levels of predictive accuracy. All of the ICCs were high (range 0.95–0.98), and the typical errors ranged from 5.9–6.3%.

Conclusion

This study provided evidence supporting the use of prediction equations to assess maximal strength in individuals with a knee joint with OA.
Porous Platinum Nanotubes for Oxygen Reduction and Methanol Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Alia Shaun M. , Zhang Gang , Kisailus David , Li Dongsheng , Gu Shuang , Jensen Kurt , Yan Yushan
Published: October 2010

Porous platinum nanotubes (PtNTs) with a all thickness of 5 nm, an outer diameter of 60 nm, and a length of 5–20 μm are synthesized by galvanic displacement with silver nanowires, which are formed by the ethylene glycol reduction of silver nitrate. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and durability experiments are conducted for PtNTs, Pt nanoparticles supported on carbon (Pt/C), and bulk polycrystalline Pt (BP‐Pt) electrocatalysts to evaluate their catalytic properties for use as cathode catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. PtNTs demonstrate improved mass and specific activity for ORR and durability to Pt/C. Following durability testing, PtNTs exhibit specific ORR activity approaching that of BP‐Pt. Catalyst activity for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) is characterized through cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques to evaluate the materials for use as anode catalysts in direct methanol fuel cells. The PtNTs show improved specific activity for MOR and chronoamperometry characteristics over Pt/C and BP‐Pt catalysts.
Axial Compression of Hierarchically Structured Carbon Nanotube Fiber Embedded in Epoxy
Authors: Gao Yun , Li Jinzhu , Liu Luqi , Ma Wenjun , Zhou Weiya , Xie Sishen , Zhang Zhong
Published: October 2010

High mechanical performances of macroscopic‐scale fibers hierarchically constructed with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are attracting great interest in the materials community owing to their merits of light weight and multiple functionalities. However, from the viewpoint of structural design, many fundamental issues, for example, modulus, strength, and deformation mechanisms of such CNT fibers are not yet well understood. In this Full Paper, the axial compression of hierarchical CNT fibers embedded in epoxy is investigated with the assistance of in situ Raman spectroscopy. Experimental results reveal that the conspicuous stiffening and strengthening effects of embedded CNT fibers are dominated by the constituent CNTs within the fiber, and have not yet been observed for conventional carbon fibers. Moreover, hierarchically structured CNT fibers exhibit notable flexibility without permanent deformation and failure under large‐strain compression.
Nafion–Carbon Nanocomposite Membranes Prepared Using Hydrothermal Carbonization for Proton‐Exchange‐Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Chai Zhanli , Wang Cheng , Zhang Hongjie , Doherty Cara M. , Ladewig Bradley P. , Hill Anita J. , Wang Huanting
Published: October 2010

Nafion–carbon (NC) composite membranes were prepared by hydrothermal treatment of Nafion membrane impregnated with glucose solution. The carbon loading of the NC membrane was tuned by controlling the hydrothermal carbonization time. X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy were used to characterize plain Nafion and NC composite membranes. Nafion–carbon composite membranes exhibited better proton conductivity and reduced methanol permeability than those of the plain Nafion membrane. A single cell prepared with the NC composite membrane with a carbon loading of 3.6 wt% exhibited the highest cell performance. Compared with the cell performance of plain Nafion membrane, the maximum power density of the new cell improved by 31.7% for an H2/O2 fuel cell at room temperature, and by 44.0% for a direct methanol fuel cell at 60 °C.
Mapping Rift Valley fever and malaria risk over West Africa using climatic indicators
Authors: Caminade C. , Ndione J. A. , Kebe C. M. F. , Jones A. E. , Danuor S. , Tay S. , Tourre Y. M. , Lacaux J‐P. , Vignolles C. , Duchemin J. B. , Jeanne I. , Morse A. P.
Published: October 2010

The aim of this study is to highlight the recent progress in mapping vector‐borne diseases in West Africa using modelling and field experiments. Based on climatic indicators, methods have been developed to map Rift Valley fever (RVF) and malaria risk. Modelling results corroborate that northern Senegal and southern Mauritania appear to be critical areas for RVF outbreaks and that the malaria epidemic fringe is located at the northern edge of the Sahel. Future projections highlight that the malaria risk decreases over northern Sahel. This is related to a southward shift of the potential epidemic belt in autumn. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Risk of birth defects increased in multiple births
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Hui , Qiu Li‐Qian , Huang Jiang‐Ping
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND

Previous studies inconsistently suggest that there may be an association between birth defects and multiple births.

METHODS

Data were obtained from Zhejiang Hospital‐Based Birth Defects Surveillance System during 2007 to 2009. There was a total of 545,018 pregnancies, including 537,593 singleton pregnancies, and 7425 multiple pregnancies (14,606 twins and 366 triplets). Odds ratio (OR)and confidence interval (CI) for birth defects were calculated for the singletons and multiple births.

RESULTS

The rate of birth defects in multiple births was 444.16 per 10,000 births versus 266.97 per 10,000 births in singletons (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.57–1.84). A significant risk of birth defects was observed in 9 of 23 categories in multiple births. Both the multiple births and singletons with birth defects exhibited a similar proportion of single malformation, male children, and the mother living in a city. The multiple births with birth defects were delivered earlier (t = 7.90, p < 0.001) at a lower birth weight (t = 17.53, p < 0.001) compared to singletons with birth defects. The proportion of an antenatal diagnosis was higher in singletons compared with multiple births (p < 0.001). The multiple births with birth defects had a higher proportion of live birth and early neonatal death (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

An increased risk of birth defects in multiple births compared with singletons was confirmed. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal polymorphisms in folic acid metabolic genes are associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate in the Brazilian population
Authors: Bufalino Andreia , Ribeiro Paranaíba Lívia Máris , Nascimento de Aquino Sibele , Martelli‐Júnior Hercílio , Oliveira Swerts Mario Sergio , Coletta Ricardo D.
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND

Polymorphisms in genes that are involved in folic acid metabolism may be important maternal risk factors for the birth of a child with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate (NSCL/P). The aim of this study was to determine the involvement of polymorphic variants in four genes (MTHFR,
MTHFD1,
MTR, and SLC19A1) that encode proteins related to folic acid metabolism in the women with susceptibility for having a child with NSCL/P.

METHODS

DNA samples from 106 mothers of children with NSCL/P (case group) and from 184 mothers of healthy children (control group) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction associated with restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP).

RESULTS

One of 29 polymorphisms was associated with significantly increased maternal risk for NSCL/P. Mothers exhibiting the A variant allele (GA genotype) of the MTHFR rs2274976 polymorphism demonstrated a ∼6 times increased risk for having a child with NSCL/P compared to G allele carriers (OR, 5.76; 95% CI, 3.32–9.99, p = 0.000001). Among mothers who did not use vitamins, the OR of NSCL/P was increased to 8.34 (95% CI, 3.75–18.55, p = 0.000001) in the presence of the GA genotype of the MTHFR rs2274976 polymorphism compared to those with the GG genotype. Gene‐gene interaction analysis showed that the combination of MTHFR rs2274976, MTHFD1 rs2236225, and SLC19A1 rs1051266 was the best model for prediction of maternal risk for NSCL/P.

CONCLUSION

The findings of the present study suggested that genetic variants of folic acid metabolic genes may modulate maternal susceptibility for having an offspring with NSCL/P. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variable morphology of the suprascapular notch: An investigation and quantitative measurements in Chinese population
Authors: Wang Hua‐Jun , Chen Chao , Wu Li‐Ping , Pan Chang‐Qing , Zhang Wen‐Jun , Li Yi‐Kai
Published: October 2010

Although several morphological variations and classification of the suprascapular notch (SSN) were reported in western populations, little attention has been paid to this anatomic issue in the Chinese population. In this research of SSN morphology in Chinese people, 295 specimens of intact dry Chinese adult scapulas were investigated and measured thoroughly and systematically. Morphological features of SSN variations were observed by visual inspection, and correlation parameters of variability and classification were measured in digital images with image processing software and bones with a vernier caliper, respectively. The incidence of different subtypes of SSN classification and comparative analysis of correlation parameters were calculated. It was interesting that a new variable morphology of SSN with a double suprascapular foramen had been found. We found the most prevalent groups were Type II (an incisura that was longer in its transverse diameter) and Type III (an incisura that was longer in its vertical diameter) which accounted for 58.16 and 28.23%, respectively. The circumference and area of Type II and Type III was larger than those of Type IV. The thickness of 1 mm below the lowest point of the SSN ranges from 0.55 to 3.00 mm. Eight cases with a narrow groove on the lowest point of SSN and four cases with bony canals formed by the ossified superior transverse scapular ligament were found. Further, the distance between the SSN and bony landmarks were varied. For AD (the distance between the lowest point of the SSN and the supraglenoid tubercle), Type I was largest, followed by the Type II, Type III, and Type IV. For AE (the distance between the lowest point of the SSN and the base of the spinoglenoid notch), Type IV was the shortest and there was no statistical difference between other types. This study reveals that SSN variations are common in Chinese population. This anatomic information is important in the management of entrapment neuropathy or interventional procedure of the SSN. Clin. Anat. 24:47–55, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CourseEditor: A course planning tool compatible with IMS‐LD
Authors: Cuevas Patricia López , Muñoz‐Merino Pedro J. , Fernandez‐Panadero Carmen , Kloos Carlos Delgado
Published: October 2010

For the successful adoption of Computer Based Learning (CBL), it is necessary to provide teachers with user‐friendly authoring tools that guide them in the process of planning a course. It is important that the documents generated by these tools are compliant with CBL standards to ensure that the instructional designs made by the teachers remain valid regardless of the Learning Management System (LMS) used to deliver the course. IMS‐Learning Design (IMS‐LD) is one of the most accepted specifications by the educational community for modeling of learning processes. There are some authoring‐tools that allow export learning designs in IMS‐LD but they are not course‐planning oriented. In addition, a big challenge is how to improve the user interfaces of these tools in order to be easier to use for regular teachers. This paper presents CourseEditor, a course planning authoring tool that allows a teacher to describe the complete planning of a course (objectives, contents, methodology, and evaluation) and export the results in an IMS‐LD compatible format. The paper provides a novel modeling of course planning that takes into account ideas from different instructional theories. CourseEditor combines power and flexibility, with the simplicity of an interface that can be used by teachers with no technical background. The paper illustrates the use of the tool creating a course on Telematic Services in the context of a Telecommunications Engineering degree. In addition, the relationships of course planning and IMS‐LD are presented, showing which information of course planning can be represented in IMS‐LD and which not. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 421–431, 2013
Is interpersonal and institutional e‐trustworthiness equally important in consumer e‐trust development? Implications for consumers' e‐trust building behaviours
Authors: Pennanen Kyösti
Published: October 2010

Trust is a widely studied phenomenon across numerous disciplines. E‐trust researchers have conducted a vast number of studies, but despite extensive interest in the issue, there are only few studies that concentrate on how consumers build e‐trust. Furthermore, consumer e‐trust is seen to be a function of both interpersonal and institutional e‐trustworthiness, but only limited number of attempts have been conducted to study the relative importance of interpersonal and institutional e‐trustworthiness in consumer e‐trust development process. The present article seeks to improve this situation by studying how consumers' perceived interpersonal and institutional e‐trustworthiness influence their intention to build e‐trust. The results of the study suggest that consumers build e‐trust actively, and the development of e‐trust is not only based on trustees' behaviour. Moreover, the results indicate that interpersonal e‐trustworthiness is more important than institutional e‐trustworthiness in consumers' e‐trust building.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling Vinyl Acetate and n‐Butyl Acrylate Emulsion Copolymerization Process
Authors: Leonardo M. F. , Oliveira E. D. , Giudici R.
Published: October 2010

This work presents a mathematical model for the vinyl acetate and n‐butyl acrylate emulsion copolymerization process in batch reactors. The model is able to explain the effects of simultaneous changes in emulsifier concentration, initiator concentration, monomer‐to‐water ratio, and monomer feed composition on monomer conversion, copolymer composition and, to lesser extent, average particle size evolution histories. The main features of the system, such as the increase in the rate of polymerization as temperature, emulsifier, and initiator concentrations increase are correctly represented by the model. The model accounts for the basic features of the process and may be useful for practical applications, despite its simplicity and a reduced number of adjustable parameters.
Strategies and Technologies to Increase the Efficiency of Raw Material Use
Authors: Jörissen J. , Schippl J. , Weinberger N.
Published: October 2010

Der effiziente Umgang mit knappen natürlichen Rohstoffen ist ein wichtiger Baustein für eine nachhaltige Weltwirtschaft. Er kann dazu beitragen, die Reichweite der Rohstoffreserven im Interesse künftiger Generationen zu verlängern, das Versorgungsrisiko zu mindern, die Kosten der Produktion zu senken und die Umwelt zu entlasten. Ausgewählte Ergebnisse des Projekts Roadmap Umwelttechnologien 2020 werden dargestellt, die das Resultat eines komplexen Prozesses der Erfassung, Aggregation und Auswertung von Expertenwissen sind. Der Beitrag zeigt Strategien und Technologien zur Erhöhung der Rohstoffproduktivität auf, identifiziert Hemmnisse, die einem erfolgreichen Einsatz solcher Technologien entgegenstehen, gibt Hinweise auf den aktuellen Forschungs‐ und Förderbedarf und erörtert die Stellung Deutschlands im internationalen Vergleich. Abschließend werden Handlungsoptionen für die künftige Forschungsförderung auf dem Gebiet rohstoffeffizienter Technologien diskutiert.
Status and Perspective of Biomass Gasification
Authors: Beining R. , Adelt M. , Vogel A.
Published: October 2010

Biogene Festbrennstoffe liefern weltweit einen Beitrag von ca. 40 000 – 60 000 PJth a–1 zur Wärmebereitstellung und ca. 600 – 1000 PJel a–1 zur Strombereitstellung [1]. Die Nutzung erfolgt derzeit fast ausschließlich mittels Verbrennung. Die Vergasung von Biomasse verspricht eine höhere Energieeffizienz als die Verbrennung, weist jedoch noch eine geringe kommerzielle Bedeutung auf. Es werden Perspektiven, Stand der Verfahrenstechnik und technisch‐ökonomische Herausforderungen der Biomassevergasung dargestellt. Anhand des Vergleichs der Energieeffizienz verschiedener verbrennungs‐ und vergasungsbasierter Prozesse wird verdeutlicht, dass die Vergasung einen hocheffizienten Konversionsschritt zur Strom‐ Wärme‐ und Kraftstoffbereitstellung darstellen kann. Trotz der bestehenden ökonomischen Herausforderungen ist aufgrund der hohen erzielbaren Energieeffizienz und Flexibilität der energiesystemischen Einbindung von einer zunehmenden Bedeutung der Biomassevergasung auszugehen.
Small cell carcinoma of the cervix in liquid‐based Pap test: Utilization of split‐sample immunocytochemical and molecular analysis
Authors: Giorgadze T. , Kanhere R. , Pang C. , Ganote C. , Miller L. E. , Tabaczka P. , Brown E. , Husain M.
Published: October 2010

Small cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma of the uterine cervix (SMCC) is a rare, highly aggressive malignant neoplasm. Both conventional and liquid‐based cytology (LBC) cervical smears have low sensitivity in diagnosing SMCC, requiring immunocytochemical (ICH) confirmation. We present the first series of SMCC primarily diagnosed in cytology specimens, and ICH studies performed on the residual LBC specimens with subsequent confirmation of the diagnosis on surgical pathology specimens. Immunocytochemical stains for keratin, p16INK4, and neuroendocrine markers (synaptophysin, chromogranin, CD56) were performed on additional ThinPrep slides. HPV test used chromogenic in situ hybridization high risk HPV DNA probe. The Pap smears in all three specimens were highly cellular with a mixture of squamous cells and numerous well‐preserved single or small cohesive clusters of malignant epithelial cells. Tumor cells were small, monomorphic with minimal cytoplasm and high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. There was significant nuclear overlap, but no nuclear molding, or smudging of nuclear chromatin. The chromatin pattern was stippled. A background tumor diathesis was prominent. Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) were noted in one case, and markedly abnormal squamous cells were seen in another case. The main cytology differential diagnoses included high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and an endometrial adenocarcinoma. Immunocytochemical positivity for the neuroendocrine markers supported the diagnoses of SMCC in all three cases. The morphologic features of the concurrent surgical pathology specimens were typical of SMCC. The tissue diagnoses were also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Our study allows us to conclude that SMCC can be primarily diagnosed in LBC specimens using a panel of immunocytochemical stains. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The cell with a thousand faces: Detection of myoepithelial cells and their contributions in the cytological diagnosis of salivary gland tumors
Authors: Avcı Arzu , Günhan Ömer , Çakalaǧaoǧglu Fulya , Günal Armagan , Celasun Bülent
Published: October 2010

Myoepithelial cells are an important component of salivary gland tumors and are partly responsible from the diverse histology of them. In this study, we focus on the myoepithelial cell differentiation by using cytological morphology in a various types of salivary gland tumors especially with regard to their contribution to the diagnosis. The relation of myoepithelial cells with stromal matrix and the associated epithelial cells were evaluated. Cytologic slides of one hundred and forty one benign and twenty malignant salivary gland tumors were examined for identification of morphologically different myoepithelial cells such as; spindle‐stellate, polygonal‐epitheloid, plasmacytoid, basal and clear types. The best examples of myoepithelial cells were detected in pleomorphic adenomas, in some monomorphic adenomas and in the adenoid cystic carcinoma cases. Most of the pleomorphic adenomas were composed more than one type of myoepithelial cells and epitheloid‐spindle cell combination was frequent. Basal and clear cell types of myoepithelial cells closely resembled the epithelial cells and their identification was relatively difficult. Identification of myoepithelial cell types was easier when they were associated with stromal matrix material and stood as a secondary layer around tubule‐forming epithelial cells. Myoepithelial cell components of various salivary gland tumors may be quite different and identification of myoepithelial cell types may pose difficulties. A confident cytologic identification of myoepithelial cells may be critical part of diagnosing salivary gland tumors. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytologic findings and potential pitfalls in proliferative myositis and myositis ossificans diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology: Report of four cases and review of the literature
Authors: Klapsinou Eirini , Despoina Proestou , Dimitra Daskalopoulou
Published: October 2010

Proliferative myositis (PM) and myositis ossificans (MO) are two uncommon, benign pseudosarcomatous lesions of soft tissue. Despite their benign nature, they are often misdiagnosed for malignant soft tissue tumors because of their alarming clinical presentation. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a quick and simple method that can accurately diagnose such lesions, provided that the cytopathologist is adequately familiar with the cytomorphological features of these lesions as opposed to the features of sarcomas. In this report, we present three cases of PM and one case of MO diagnosed by FNAC. Their cytomorphological features are described, and related literature is reviewed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytomorphology of ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma displaying spindle cells mimicking a sarcomatous tumor: Report of a case
Authors: Vij Mukul , Dhir Bonnie , Verma Ritu , Agrawal Vinita , Agarwal Vikas , Jaiswal Sushila , Pandey Rakesh
Published: October 2010

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a lymphoma of T‐cell or null‐cell lineage characterized by molecular abnormalities involving anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene and expression of ALK protein and CD30. Cytologic diagnosis of this entity is often a challenge and diagnostic difficulties are encountered when cytomorphology deviates from the usual descriptions. The reports of FNAC diagnosis of ALCL are rather limited. Histology and immunohistochemistry are usually required to confirm the diagnosis. We discuss a case of ALCL suspected on cytology in which a differential diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma was also considered because of the presence of spindle‐shaped and strap cells. Histology and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of ALK+ ALCL with tumor cells displaying strong immunoreactivity for leucocyte common antigen, CD3, ALK‐1 and CD30. We emphasize that the cytological features which may help in distinguishing sarcomatoid ALCL from soft tissue sarcoma are the presence of “hallmark cells,” lymphoglandular bodies and admixed mature small lymphocytes. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.