bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small-Scale Environmental Drivers of Plant Community Structure and Diversity in Neotropical Montane Cloud Forests Harboring Threatened Magnolia dealbata in Southern Mexico
Authors: Domínguez-Yescas Reyna , Vázquez-García José Antonio , Muñiz-Castro Miguel Ángel , Hernández-Vera Gerardo , Salcedo-Pérez Eduardo , Rodríguez-Pérez Ciro , Gallardo-Yobal Sergio Ignacio
Published: November 2020

Gradient analysis was used to determine factors driving small-scale variation of cloud forest communities harboring Magnolia dealbata, a threatened species and bioculturally relevant tree for the Chinantecan, Mazatecan, Nahuan, and Zapotecan ethnicities in southern Mexico. Particularly, we aimed to: (a) determine factors explaining major community gradients at different heterogeneity scales along a small-scale elevational gradient, (b) test the Decreasing and the Continuum hypotheses along elevation, and (c) classify vegetation to assist in identifying conservation priorities. We used a stratified random sampling scheme for 21 woody stands along a small-scale (352 m) elevational transect. Four main data matrices were used (presence-absence, density, basal area, and guild data). Through Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS), Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA), and distance-based Redundancy Analysis (db-RDA), we found that major community variation was explained by soil pH, displaying an outstanding vegetation discontinuity, separating the species-rich relic Oreomunnea-Ticodendron-stands from stands with higher importance values for M. dealbata. The high species richness observed was explained by a combination of the windward effect of dry-seasonal maximum cloud condensation gain and habitat differentiation-specialization, a phenomenon that may also explain the mid-peak hypothesis and ensure the survival of relic species. Sampling-truncation and conservation status also played a role in this. Our results do not support the Decreasing and Continuum hypotheses along elevation.
Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 Serological Testing in Patients with Multiple Myeloma and Other Hematologic Malignancies on Monoclonal Antibody Therapies
Authors: Mahimainathan Lenin , Narasimhan Madhusudhanan , Corchado Rolando , Patel Hetalkumari , Kansagra Ankit , Devaraj Sridevi , Geethakumari Praveen Ramakrishnan , Muthukumar Alagarraju
Published: November 2020

Background: Patients with hematological malignancies (HM), including multiple myeloma (MM), frequently suffer from immune deficiency-associated infectious complications because of both the disease and the treatment. Alarming results from China and the UK confirm the vulnerability of HM patients to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection-driven coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Given that the immunoassay interference from the endogenous monoclonal immunoglobulin (M paraprotein) and treatment antibodies continually challenges the MM management, it is critical to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 serology tests for suspected interference/cross-reactivity. Methods: We compared the degree of interference in three SARS-CoV-2 serology assay platforms in HM patients with and without COVID-19 and on various therapeutic monoclonal antibody (t-mAb) treatments. Further, we confirmed the cross-reactivity in pooled samples from normal and COVID-19 + samples spiked with respective antibodies in vitro. Results: None of the 93 HM patient samples with or without t-MAbs showed cross-reactivity on any of the three serology platforms tested. Conclusions: The tested three serologic assays for SARS-CoV-2 are specific and do not have cross-reactivity with M-components or t-MAbs indicating that they can be used safely in oncology practice and in research exploring the immunologic response to COVID-19 in patients with HM.
Reforestation and Sustainable Management of Pinus merkusii Forest Plantation in Indonesia: A Review
Authors: Imanuddin Rinaldi , Hidayat Asep , Rachmat Henti Hendalastuti , Turjaman Maman , Pratiwi  , Nurfatriani Fitri , Indrajaya Yonky , Susilowati Arida
Published: November 2020

Pinus merkusii Jungh et de Vriese, known as Tusam or Sumatran pine, is the only pine that grows naturally in the south of the Equator with its natural distribution found in Indonesia, the Philippines, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The Sumatran pine is an economically and ecologically important species in Indonesia that covers three native strains, Aceh, Kerinci, and Tapanuli. The resin tapping of the pine has been practiced for hundreds of years while its timber has long been commercially used for various purposes. Although the pine is known as highland species, its adaptability on a wide spectrum environment makes it suitable for various restoration and rehabilitation purposes both in lowland and highland sites. Its high commercial values have also made the species be massively planted in pine plantations outside their natural distribution in Sumatera (i.e., in Java and Sulawesi island). This paper will review the current condition of Sumatran pine and its potential as a restoration and rehabilitation species and delivering its natural and artificial distribution map in Indonesia. In addition, the paper will also show the genetic variability of the species, determine the current innovative practices in silvicultural aspect both at nursery and plantation scales, describe tree improvement program, including its role in agroforestry practices, pine product both timber and non-timber, and its potential resources in relation with climate change mitigation management.
An Assessment of the Spatial Variability of Tropical Swamp Forest along a 300 km Long Transect in the Usumacinta River Basin, Mexico
Authors: Martínez-Camilo Rubén , Gallardo-Cruz José Alberto , Solórzano Jonathan V. , Peralta-Carreta Candelario , Jiménez-López Derio Antonio , Castillo-Acosta Ofelia , Sánchez-González Miguelina , Meave Jorge A.
Published: November 2020

The provision of valuable ecosystem services by tropical swamp forests (mainly carbon sequestration and storage in biomass and soil) explains their ecological importance. Current efforts toward the conservation of these ecosystems, however, face strong limitations as their spatial variation is largely unknown, particularly in regions where they occur over large areas. Here, we analyze the α-diversity (i.e., effective number of species or true diversity) and community structure variability of three tropical swamp forest communities distributed along an approximately 300 km long portion of the Usumacinta River Basin, southern Mexico. We sampled eighty-three 625-m2 plots to characterize the diversity and structural attributes of the woody plant communities. We recorded 2302 individuals belonging to 60 species and 25 families. Both α-diversity and structural attributes differed significantly among the three communities. The most inland community stood out for having the highest α-diversity for three true diversity values. Interestingly, the mangrove Rhizophora mangle L. was one of the dominant species, both in the swamp forest located closest to the coast and in the community farthest away from the sea. Basal area and density of individuals also had their maxima in the most inland swamp forest. The diversity and structural differences observed among the examined swamp forests seem to be related to contrasting environmental conditions, such as water salinity, distance to the coastline, and the hydrological dynamics of the Usumacinta River. We emphasize the urgency to conserve R. mangle populations in the swamp forest located farthest away from the coast due to its unusual habitat association, which appears to be a relictual condition.
Risk Assessment of Potential Food Chain Threats from Edible Wild Mushrooms Collected in Forest Ecosystems with Heavy Metal Pollution in Upper Silesia, Poland
Authors: Pająk Marek , Gąsiorek Michał , Jasik Michał , Halecki Wiktor , Otremba Krzysztof , Pietrzykowski Marcin
Published: November 2020

In this study, the contents of selected heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ni) and macroelements (C, N, K, P, S, Mg, Na, and Ca) were measured in wild mushrooms growing in a heavily polluted forest ecosystem in the northeastern part of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region. The research was conducted on 10 species of mushrooms belonging to three families: Boletaceae, Russulaceae, and Suillaceae. Using a spatial autoregressive model, the study showed a strong relationship between heavy metal concentrations (especially Zn, Pb, and Cd) and the distance from a source of industrial pollution (a zinc smelter, Huta Miasteczko Śląskie). The concentrations of potentially toxic metals (Pb and Cd) in mushrooms significantly exceeded food-acceptable standards. The bioconcentration factor (BCF), calculated as the ratio between the concentration in mushroom tissues and in forest soils overall, reached the highest values for cadmium (Cd). The highest accumulation capacity for Cd was noted for Imleria badia (BCF = 9.18), which was also the most abundant mushroom species in the study plots. In general, the established threshold values for Pb and Cd concentrations in consumer mushrooms and food products were exceeded up to almost 30-fold in the studied area. We conclude that the potential risk to human health of the toxic elements that enter the food chain through the harvesting and consumption of wild mushrooms from this region is significant.
Multiple Factors Influence Seasonal and Interannual Litterfall Production in a Tropical Dry Forest in Mexico
Authors: Morffi-Mestre Hernán , Ángeles-Pérez Gregorio , Powers Jennifer S. , Andrade José Luis , Huechacona Ruiz Astrid Helena , May-Pat Filogonio , Chi-May Francisco , Dupuy Juan Manuel
Published: November 2020

Litterfall production plays a fundamental role in the dynamics and function of tropical forest ecosystems, as it supplies 70–80% of nutrients entering the soil. This process varies annually and seasonally, depending on multiple environmental factors. However, few studies spanning several years have addressed the combined effect of climate variables, successional age, topography, and vegetation structure in tropical dry forests. In this study, we evaluated monthly, seasonal, and annual litterfall production over a five-year period in semideciduous dry forests of different successional ages growing on contrasting topographic conditions (sloping or flat terrain) in Yucatan, Mexico. Its relationship with climate and vegetation structural variables were also analyzed using multiple linear regression and generalized linear models. Litterfall was measured monthly in 12 litterfall traps of 0.5 m2 in three sampling clusters (sets of four 400 m2 sampling plots) established in forests of five successional age classes, 3–5, 10–17, 18–25, 60–79, and >80 years (in the latter two classes either on slopping or on flat terrain), for a total of 15 sampling clusters and 180 litterfall traps. Litterfall production varied between years (negatively correlated with precipitation), seasons (positively correlated with wind speed and maximum temperature), and months (negatively correlated with relative humidity) and was higher in flat than in sloping sites. Litterfall production also increased with successional age until 18–25 years after abandonment, when it attained values similar to those of mature forests. It was positively correlated with the aboveground biomass of deciduous species but negatively correlated with the basal area of evergreen species. Our results show a rapid recovery of litterfall production with successional age of these forests, which may increase with climate changes such as less precipitation, higher temperatures, and higher incidence of hurricanes.
Unlocking Survival Mechanisms for Metal and Oxidative Stress in the Extremely Acidophilic, Halotolerant Acidihalobacter Genus
Authors: Khaleque Himel Nahreen , Fathollazadeh Homayoun , González Carolina , Shafique Raihan , Kaksonen Anna H. , Holmes David S. , Watkin Elizabeth L.J.
Published: November 2020

Microorganisms used for the biohydrometallurgical extraction of metals from minerals must be able to survive high levels of metal and oxidative stress found in bioleaching environments. The Acidihalobacter genus consists of four species of halotolerant, iron–sulfur-oxidizing acidophiles that are unique in their ability to tolerate chloride and acid stress while simultaneously bioleaching minerals. This paper uses bioinformatic tools to predict the genes and mechanisms used by Acidihalobacter members in their defense against a wide range of metals and oxidative stress. Analysis revealed the presence of multiple conserved mechanisms of metal tolerance. Ac. yilgarnensis F5T, the only member of this genus that oxidizes the mineral chalcopyrite, contained a 39.9 Kb gene cluster consisting of 40 genes encoding mobile elements and an array of proteins with direct functions in copper resistance. The analysis also revealed multiple strategies that the Acidihalobacter members can use to tolerate high levels of oxidative stress. Three of the Acidihalobacter genomes were found to contain genes encoding catalases, which are not common to acidophilic microorganisms. Of particular interest was a rubrerythrin genomic cluster containing genes that have a polyphyletic origin of stress-related functions.
Exploring Community Psychosocial Stress Related to Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Contamination: Lessons Learned from a Qualitative Study
Authors: Calloway Eric E. , Chiappone Alethea L. , Schmitt Harrison J. , Sullivan Daniel , Gerhardstein Ben , Tucker Pamela G. , Rayman Jamie , Yaroch Amy L.
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this study was to qualitatively explore the per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure experience and associated stressors, to inform public health efforts to support psychosocial health and resilience in affected communities. Semi-structured interviews (n = 9) were conducted from July–September 2019 with community members and state public health department representatives from areas with PFAS-contaminated drinking water. Thematic analysis was completed and themes were described and summarized. Reported stressors included health concerns and uncertainty, institutional delegitimization and associated distrust, and financial burdens. Interviewees provided several strategies to reduce stress and promote stress coping capacity and resilience, including showing empathy and validating the normalcy of experiencing stress; building trust through visible action and sustained community engagement; providing information and actionable guidance; discussing stress carefully; fostering stress coping capacity and resilience with opportunities to build social capital and restore agency; and building capacity among government agencies and health care providers to address psychosocial stress. While communities affected by PFAS contamination will face unavoidable stressors, positive interactions with government responders and health care providers may help reduce negative stress. More research on how best to integrate community psychosocial health and stress coping and resilience concepts into the public health response to environmental contamination could be helpful in addressing these stressors.
Glucocorticoids in Freshwaters: Degradation by Solar Light and Environmental Toxicity of the Photoproducts
Authors: Cantalupi Alice , Maraschi Federica , Pretali Luca , Albini Angelo , Nicolis Stefania , Ferri Elida Nora , Profumo Antonella , Speltini Andrea , Sturini Michela
Published: November 2020

The photodegradation process of seven glucocorticoids (GCs), cortisone (CORT), hydrocortisone (HCORT), betamethasone (BETA), dexamethasone (DEXA), prednisone (PRED), prednisolone (PREDLO) and triamcinolone (TRIAM) was studied in tap and river water at a concentration close to the environmental ones. All drugs underwent sunlight degradation according to a pseudo-first-order decay. The kinetic constants ranged from 0.00082 min−1 for CORT to 0.024 min−1 for PRED and PREDLO. The photo-generated products were identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The main steps of the degradation pathways were the oxidative cleavage of the chain 17 for CORT, HCORT and the rearrangement of the cyclohexadiene moiety for the other GCs. The acute and chronic toxicity of GCs and of their photoproducts was assessed by the V. fischeri and P.subcapitata inhibition assays. The bioassays revealed no significant differences in toxicity between the parent compounds and their photoproducts, but the two organisms showed different responses. All samples produced a moderate acute toxic effect on V. fisheri and no one in the chronic tests. On the contrary, evident hormesis or eutrophic effect was produced on the algae, especially for long-term contact.
Postmenopausal Breast Cancer in Women, Clinical and Epidemiological Factors Related to the Molecular Subtype: A Retrospective Cohort Study in a Single Institution for 13 Years. Follow-Up Data
Authors: Oprean Cristina Marinela , Negru Serban Mircea , Popovici Dorel Ionel , Saftescu Sorin , Han Robert-Alexandru , Dragomir Gabriel-Mugurel , Hoinoiu Teodora , Dema Alis
Published: November 2020

This study focused on the characteristics of postmenopausal breast cancer in the population of southeastern Europe. This retrospective study explored the clinical, epidemiological, and molecular characteristics of women with postmenopausal breast cancer. Material and methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed on 721 postmenopausal breast cancer patients selected from the database of our institution. The data collected consisted of age, living environment, location of the breast tumor, stage of the disease, and molecular sub-type. Patient characteristics were collected based on a systematic chart audit from medical records. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and Pearson analysis. Results: The most frequent age range for breast cancer diagnosis was 51 to 70 years old. Most of the patients (80.7%) came from an urban environment. The vast majority of patients were initially diagnosed in stage II (40.3%) and III (30.3%). The most frequent molecular sub-types were luminal B (39%) and luminal A (35.4%). Almost half of the breast tumors were located in the upper outer quadrant (48.8%). Conclusions: The results of this study describe the profile of patients in southeastern Europe within our institution diagnosed with postmenopausal breast cancer. In our study, patients were first diagnosed with more advanced stages of breast cancer compared with other European countries.
The Incidence of Pediatric and Adolescent Concussion in Action Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Feletti Francesco , Bonato Matteo
Published: November 2020

Background: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis of the incidence of concussion risk in youth athletes involved in action sports (AS). Methods: A search of PubMed and Web of Science (from January 1980 to August 2020). Titles, abstracts, and full text were screened according to predefined inclusion criteria to find relevant studies. Moreover, the methodological quality of the studies selected was assessed. Results: Nineteen of 1.619 studies were included in the systematic review and 14 in the meta-analysis. Motocross, sailing and snowboarding presented the highest incidence rates per 1000 athlete exposure at 39.22, 3.73 and 2.77 respectively, whereas alpine skiing had the lowest incidence rates resulting in 0.30. Overall risk of concussion was estimated at 0.33 (CI: 0.22, 0.45). Regarding the methodological quality, we have to report that 26.3% of the studies reported the definition of concussion while 36.8% presented age and gender-specific incidence rates. The mechanism of injury and follow up were reported only in one study. Conclusions: There are significant differences in the rates of incident youth concussion across AS. Despite some limitations, the data from this research can serve as the current sport-specific baseline risk of concussion among youth athletes who practice action sports.
Role of Bioactive Peptide Sequences in the Potential Impact of Dairy Protein Intake on Metabolic Health
Authors: Tulipano Giovanni
Published: November 2020

For years, there has been an increasing move towards elucidating the complexities of how food can interplay with the signalling networks underlying energy homeostasis and glycaemic control. Dairy foods can be regarded as the greatest source of proteins and peptides with various health benefits and are a well-recognized source of bioactive compounds. A number of dairy protein-derived peptide sequences with the ability to modulate functions related to the control of food intake, body weight gain and glucose homeostasis have been isolated and characterized. Their being active in vivo may be questionable mainly due to expected low bioavailability after ingestion, and hence their real contribution to the metabolic impact of dairy protein intake needs to be discussed. Some reports suggest that the differential effects of dairy proteins—in particular whey proteins—on mechanisms underlying energy balance and glucose-homeostasis may be attributed to their unique amino acid composition and hence the release of free amino acid mixtures enriched in essential amino acids (i.e., branched-chain-amino acids) upon digestion. Actually, the research reports reviewed in this article suggest that, among a number of dairy protein-derived peptides isolated and characterized as bioactive compounds in vitro, some peptides can be active in vivo post-oral administration through a local action in the gut, or, alternatively, a systemic action on specific molecular targets after entering the systemic circulation. Moreover, these studies highlight the importance of the enteroendocrine system in the cross talk between food proteins and the neuroendocrine network regulating energy balance.
Electron Attachment Studies with the Potential Radiosensitizer 2-Nitrofuran
Authors: Saqib Muhammad , Arthur-Baidoo Eugene , Ončák Milan , Denifl Stephan
Published: November 2020

Nitrofurans belong to the class of drugs typically used as antibiotics or antimicrobials. The defining structural component is a furan ring with a nitro group attached. In the present investigation, electron attachment to 2-nitrofuran (C4H3NO3), which is considered as a potential radiosensitizer candidate for application in radiotherapy, has been studied in a crossed electron–molecular beams experiment. The present results indicate that low-energy electrons with kinetic energies of about 0–12 eV effectively decompose the molecule. In total, twelve fragment anions were detected within the detection limit of the apparatus, as well as the parent anion of 2-nitrofuran. One major resonance region of ≈0–5 eV is observed in which the most abundant anions NO2−, C4H3O−, and C4H3NO3− are detected. The experimental results are supported by ab initio calculations of electronic states in the resulting anion, thermochemical thresholds, connectivity between electronic states of the anion, and reactivity analysis in the hot ground state.
Behaviour of Human Oral Epithelial Cells Grown on Invisalign® SmartTrack® Material
Authors: Nemec Michael , Bartholomaeus Hans Magnus , H. Bertl Michael , Behm Christian , Ali Shokoohi-Tabrizi Hassan , Jonke Erwin , Andrukhov Oleh , Rausch-Fan Xiaohui
Published: November 2020

Invisalign aligners have been widely used to correct malocclusions, but their effect on oral cells is poorly known. Previous research evaluated the impact of aligners’ eluates on various cells, but the cell behavior in direct contact with aligners is not yet studied. In the present study, we seeded oral epithelial cells (cell line Ca9-22) directly on Invisalign SmartTrack material. This material is composed of polyurethane and co-polyester and exhibit better mechanical characteristics compared to the predecessor. Cell morphology and behavior were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and an optical cell moves analyzer. The effect of aligners on cell proliferation/viability was assessed by cell-counting kit (CCK)-8 and 3,4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and live/dead staining. The expression of inflammatory markers and proteins involved in epithelial barrier function was measured by qPCR. Cells formed cluster-like structures on aligners. The proliferation/viability of cells growing on aligners was significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared to those growing on tissue culture plastic (TCP). Live/dead staining revealed a rare occurrence of dead cells on aligners. The gene expression level of all inflammatory markers in cells grown on aligners’ surfaces was significantly increased (p < 0.05) compared to cells grown on TCP after two days. Gene expression levels of the proteins involved in barrier function significantly increased (p < 0.05) on aligners’ surfaces after two and seven days of culture. Aligners’ material exhibits no cytotoxic effect on oral epithelial cells, but alters their behavior and the expression of proteins involved in the inflammatory response, and barrier function. The clinical relevance of these effects has still to be established.
Electrochemical Recovery and Behaviors of Rare Earth (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb) Ions on Ni Sheets
Authors: Joo Min Hee , Park So Jeong , Hong Sung Min , Rhee Choong Kyun , Sohn Youngku
Published: November 2020

The electrochemical behaviors of rare earth (RE) ions have extensively been studied because of their high potential applications to the reprocessing of used nuclear fuels and RE-containing materials. In the present study, we fully investigated the electrochemical behaviors of RE(III) (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb) ions over a Ni sheet electrode in 0.1 M NaClO4 electrolyte solution by cyclic voltammetry between +0.5 and −1.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Amperometry electrodeposition experiments were performed between −1.2 and −0.9 V to recover RE elements over the Ni sheet. The successfully RE-recovered Ni sheets were fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The newly reported recovery data for RE(III) ions over a metal electrode provide valuable information on the development of the treatment methods of RE elements.
Study of Structural and Optoelectronic Properties of Thin Films Made of a Few Layered WS2 Flakes
Authors: Łapińska Anna , Kuźniewicz Michał , Gertych Arkadiusz P. , Czerniak-Łosiewicz Karolina , Żerańska-Chudek Klaudia , Wróblewska Anna , Świniarski Michał , Dużyńska Anna , Judek Jarosław , Zdrojek Mariusz
Published: November 2020

We report a surfactant-free exfoliation method of WS2 flakes combined with a vacuum filtration method to fabricate thin (<50 nm) WS2 films, that can be transferred on any arbitrary substrate. Films are composed of thin (<4 nm) single flakes, forming a large size uniform film, verified by AFM and SEM. Using statistical phonons investigation, we demonstrate structural quality and uniformity of the film sample and we provide first-order temperature coefficient χ, which shows linear dependence over 300–450 K temperature range. Electrical measurements show film sheet resistance RS = 48 MΩ/Υ and also reveal two energy band gaps related to the intrinsic architecture of the thin film. Finally, we show that optical transmission/absorption is rich above the bandgap exhibiting several excitonic resonances, and nearly feature-less below the bandgap.
Fabrication of Screen Printing-Based AgNWs Flexible Transparent Conductive Film with High Stability
Authors: Yang Jianjun , Zeng Wei , Li Yaxin , Yi Zichuan , Zhou Guofu
Published: November 2020

Flexible transparent conductive thin films (TCFs) prepared from Silver nanowires (AgNWs) have attractive features of low cost, flexibility, and solution-processed, but the usual manufacturing methods could still be hard to be scaled up. In addition, large-scale/large-area fabrication process with industrialized potential is strongly needed. In this paper, the flexible TCFs with high stability are obtained via using screen printing method to print the AgNWs inks on a flexible and transparent substrate. The micro-structure of the AgNWs patterns is investigated by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Furthermore, the sheet resistance, light transmittance, and film thickness of the AgNWs patterns prepared under different conditions are characterized to explore the influence of different factors on its optical and electrical properties.
A Focus on Two Electrokinetics Issues
Authors: Dai Cheng , Sheng Ping
Published: November 2020

This review article intends to communicate the new understanding and viewpoints on two fundamental electrokinetics topics that have only become available recently. The first is on the holistic approach to the Poisson–Boltzmann equation that can account for the effects arising from the interaction between the mobile ions in the Debye layer and the surface charge. The second is on the physical picture of the inner electro-hydrodynamic flow field of an electrophoretic particle and its drag coefficient. For the first issue, the traditional Poisson–Boltzmann equation focuses only on the mobile ions in the Debye layer; effects such as charge regulation and the isoelectronic point arising from the interaction between the mobile ions in the Debye layer and the surface charge are left to supplemental measures. However, a holistic treatment is entirely possible in which the whole electrical double layer—the Debye layer and the surface charge—is treated consistently from the beginning. While the derived form of the Poisson–Boltzmann equation remains unchanged, the zeta potential boundary condition becomes a calculated quantity that can reflect the various effects due to the interaction between the surface charges and the mobile ions in the liquid. The second issue, regarding the drag coefficient of a spherical electrophoretic particle, has existed ever since the breakthrough by Smoluchowski a century ago that linked the zeta potential of the particle to its mobility. Due to the highly nonlinear mathematics involved in the electro-hydrodynamics inside the Debye layer, there has been a lack of an exact solution for the electrophoretic flow field. Recent numerical simulation results show that the flow field comprises an inner region and an outer region, separated by a rather sharp interface. As the inner flow field is carried along by the particle, the measured drag is that at the inner/outer interface rather than at the solid/liquid interface. This identification and its associated physical picture of the inner flow field resolves a long-standing puzzle regarding the electrophoretic drag coefficient.
Insights into the Structure and Energy of DNA Nanoassemblies
Authors: Jaekel Andreas , Lill Pascal , Whitelam Stephen , Saccà Barbara
Published: November 2020

Since the pioneering work of Ned Seeman in the early 1980s, the use of the DNA molecule as a construction material experienced a rapid growth and led to the establishment of a new field of science, nowadays called structural DNA nanotechnology. Here, the self-recognition properties of DNA are employed to build micrometer-large molecular objects with nanometer-sized features, thus bridging the nano- to the microscopic world in a programmable fashion. Distinct design strategies and experimental procedures have been developed over the years, enabling the realization of extremely sophisticated structures with a level of control that approaches that of natural macromolecular assemblies. Nevertheless, our understanding of the building process, i.e., what defines the route that goes from the initial mixture of DNA strands to the final intertwined superstructure, is, in some cases, still limited. In this review, we describe the main structural and energetic features of DNA nanoconstructs, from the simple Holliday junction to more complicated DNA architectures, and present the theoretical frameworks that have been formulated until now to explain their self-assembly. Deeper insights into the underlying principles of DNA self-assembly may certainly help us to overcome current experimental challenges and foster the development of original strategies inspired to dissipative and evolutive assembly processes occurring in nature.
High Concentrations of Aspartame Induce Pro-Angiogenic Effects in Ovo and Cytotoxic Effects in HT-29 Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Maghiari Anca Laura , Coricovac Dorina , Pinzaru Iulia Andreea , Macașoi Ioana Gabriela , Marcovici Iasmina , Simu Sebastian , Navolan Dan , Dehelean Cristina
Published: November 2020

Aspartame (ASP), an artificial sweetener abundantly consumed in recent years in an array of dietary products, has raised some concerns in terms of toxicity, and it was even suggested a link with the risk of carcinogenesis (colorectal cancer), though the present scientific data are rather inconclusive. This study aims at investigating the potential role of aspartame in colorectal cancer by suggesting two experimental approaches: (i) an in vitro cytotoxicity screening in HT-29 human colorectal carcinoma cells based on cell viability (Alamar blue assay), cell morphology and cell migration (scratch assay) assessment and (ii) an in ovo evaluation in terms of angiogenic and irritant potential by means of the chorioallantoic membrane method (CAM). The in vitro results showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect, with a significant decrease of viable cells at the highest concentrations tested (15, 30 and 50 mM) and morphological cellular changes. In ovo, aspartame (15 and 30 mM) proved to have a pro-angiogenic effect and a weak irritant potential at the vascular level. These data suggest new directions of research regarding aspartame’s role in colorectal cancer.
Fighting Sarcopenia in Ageing European Adults: The Importance of the Amount and Source of Dietary Proteins
Authors: Montiel-Rojas Diego , Nilsson Andreas , Santoro Aurelia , Bazzocchi Alberto , de Groot Lisette C. P. G. M. , Feskens Edith J. M. , Berendsen Agnes A. M. , Madej Dawid , Kaluza Joanna , Pietruszka Barbara , Jennings Amy , Fairweather-Tait Susan , Battista Giuseppe , Capri Miriam , Franceschi Claudio , Kadi Fawzi
Published: November 2020

While an adequate protein intake is important for the maintenance of muscle mass during ageing, the amount and source of protein necessary for optimal prevention of sarcopenia remains to be determined. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of the amount and source of dietary proteins on sarcopenia risk in a cohort of 65–79-year-old European adults within the frame of the NU-AGE study. A total of 986 participants were included in the analysis. Skeletal muscle index (SMI), assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and handgrip strength (HG) were employed to create a continuous sex-specific sarcopenia risk score (SRS). Total amount together with animal- and plant-derived sources of proteins were obtained from a 7-day food record. Differences in SRS were analysed across groups of total protein intake (<0.8 g/body weight (BW); 0.8–<1.0 g/BW; 1.0–<1.2 g/BW; and ≥1.2 g/BW). The association between SRS and the different sources of protein was assessed using isocaloric substitution models adjusted by demographic, medical, and lifestyle factors. A significant linear dose-response relationship was observed, with a lower SRS linked to higher protein intakes. Based on the isocaloric substitution modelling, a reduced SRS was observed when increasing plant protein to the detriment of animal protein, while holding total protein intake constant. Further, this result remained significant after stratifying the analysis by adherence to different levels of protein intake. Our findings suggest that older adults may benefit from increasing protein intakes above current recommendations. Besides total amount, protein source should be considered when promoting health dietary habits in older adults for the prevention of sarcopenia.
Effect of Acute Caffeine Intake on the Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Collado-Mateo Daniel , Lavín-Pérez Ana Myriam , Merellano-Navarro Eugenio , Coso Juan Del
Published: November 2020

A number of previous investigations have been designed to determine the effect of acute caffeine intake on the rate of fat oxidation during exercise. However, these investigations have shown contradictory results due to the differences in the exercise protocols used or the co-ingestion of caffeine with other substances. Hence, to date, there is no consensus about the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during exercise. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review followed by a meta-analysis to establish the effect of acute intake of caffeine (ranging from 2 to 7 mg/kg of body mass) on the rate of fat oxidation during exercise. A total of 19 studies published between 1978 and 2020 were included, all of which employed crossover experimental designs in which the ingestion of caffeine was compared to a placebo. Studies were selected if the exercise intensity was consistent in the caffeine and placebo trials and if these were preceded by a fasting protocol. A subsequent meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD). The meta-analysis revealed that caffeine significantly (p = 0.008) increased the fat oxidation rate (SMD = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.19 to 1.27). This increment was consistent with a significant (p = 0.04) reduction of the respiratory exchange ratio (SMD = −0.33; 95% CI = −0.65 to −0.01) and a significant (p = 0.049) increase in the oxygen uptake (SMD = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.44). The results also showed that there was a dose–response effect of caffeine on the fat oxidation rate, indicating that more than 3.0 mg/kg is necessary to obtain a statistically significant effect of this stimulant on fat oxidation during exercise. Additionally, the ability of caffeine to enhance fat oxidation during exercise was higher in sedentary or untrained individuals than in trained and recreational athletes. In conclusion, pre-exercise intake of a moderate dose of caffeine may effectively increase fat utilization during aerobic exercise of submaximal intensity performed after a fasting period. However, the fitness level of the participant may modulate the magnitude of the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during exercise.
Obesity and Other Nutrition Related Abnormalities in Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Participants
Authors: Ebrahim Zarina , Moosa M. Rafique , Blaauw Renée
Published: November 2020

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing in sub-Saharan Africa. Undernutrition has been prevalent amongst end stage CKD patients, with limited data on the prevalence of obesity. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional status of CKD patients using various methods sensitive to over and under-nutrition. Stage 3 to 5 CKD patients (glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) attending a pre-dialysis clinic in Cape Town, were enrolled. Exclusion criteria included infectious and autoimmune conditions. Sociodemographic, clinical and biochemical data were collected, and anthropometric measurements were performed. Dietary intake was measured with a quantified food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 was used for statistical analysis. Seventy participants, with mean age of 41.8 ± 11.8 years, 52.9% females and 47.1% males were enrolled. Participants enrolled mainly had stage 5 kidney failure. Thirty percent were overweight (21) and 25 (36%) were obese, 22 (60%) of females were overweight and obese, while 13 (39.4%) of males were predominantly normal weight. Abdominal obesity was found in 42 (60%) of participants, mainly in females. Undernutrition prevalence was low at 3%. Dietary assessment showed a high sugar and protein intake. There was a high prevalence of overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity in CKD stage 35 patients, with unhealthy dietary intake and other nutritional abnormalities.
POCU1b, the n-Butanol Soluble Fraction of Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix, Attenuates Obesity, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver, and Insulin Resistance via Inhibitions of Pancreatic Lipase, cAMP-Dependent PDE Activity, AMPK Activation, and SOCS-3 Suppression
Authors: Kim Junghyun , Kim Chan-Sik , Jo Kyuhyung , Lee Ik Soo , Kim Joo-Hwan , Kim Jin Sook
Published: November 2020

This study investigated the effects of the n-BuOH soluble fraction of Polygoni Cuspidati 80% ethanol extract (POCU1b) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), and insulin resistance (IR) to find a safe and more effective agent. HPLC profiling of POCU1b identified seven marker compounds. POCU1b increased glycerol release, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level, and inhibited phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. Seven weeks of POCU1b treatment decreased body weight gain, weight and adipocyte size in fat tissues, serum lipids, and triglyceride and lipid droplets in the livers of HFD-fed rats. POCU1b improved blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, and impaired insulin secretion in the pancreas. Further, POCU1b ameliorated adiponectin, leptin, IL-6 and TNF-α levels, increased AMPK and p-ACC expression, activated CPT-1 activity, and suppressed FAS mRNA, SOCS-3 protein expression, and NF-κB DNA-binding activity. When compared with the Xenical®-treated group, a positive group, the action of POCU1b on body weight was more effective than that of Xenical. POCU1b did not show side effects, such as oily spotting and loss of appetite. These results suggest that POCU1b possesses therapeutic or preventive potential for obesity, NAFL and IR via inhibitions of pancreatic lipase and cAMP-dependent PDE activity, AMPK activation, and SOCS-3 suppression, without oily spotting and loss of appetite.
CDK4/6 and MAPK—Crosstalk as Opportunity for Cancer Treatment
Authors: Scheiblecker Lisa , Kollmann Karoline , Sexl Veronika
Published: November 2020

Despite the development of targeted therapies and novel inhibitors, cancer remains an undefeated disease. Resistance mechanisms arise quickly and alternative treatment options are urgently required, which may be partially met by drug combinations. Protein kinases as signaling switchboards are frequently deregulated in cancer and signify vulnerable nodes and potential therapeutic targets. We here focus on the cell cycle kinase CDK6 and on the MAPK pathway and on their interplay. We also provide an overview on clinical studies examining the effects of combinational treatments currently explored for several cancer types.
Induction of Jasmonoyl-Isoleucine (JA-Ile)-Dependent JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) Genes in NaCl-Treated Arabidopsis thaliana Roots Can Occur at Very Low JA-Ile Levels and in the Absence of the JA/JA-Ile Transporter JAT1/AtABCG16
Authors: Thurow Corinna , Krischke Markus , Mueller Martin J. , Gatz Christiane
Published: November 2020

The plant hormone jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) is an important regulator of plant growth and defense in response to various biotic and abiotic stress cues. Under our experimental conditions, JA-Ile levels increased approximately seven-fold in NaCl-treated Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Although these levels were around 1000-fold lower than in wounded leaves, genes of the JA-Ile signaling pathway were induced by a factor of 100 or more. Induction was severely compromised in plants lacking the JA-Ile receptor CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 or enzymes required for JA-Ile biosynthesis. To explain efficient gene expression at very low JA-Ile levels, we hypothesized that salt-induced expression of the JA/JA-Ile transporter JAT1/AtABCG16 would lead to increased nuclear levels of JA-Ile. However, mutant plants with different jat1 alleles were similar to wild-type ones with respect to salt-induced gene expression. The mechanism that allows COI1-dependent gene expression at very low JA-Ile levels remains to be elucidated.
Compressive Behaviour of Lattice Structures Manufactured by Polyjet Technologies
Authors: Lancea Camil , Campbell Ian , Chicos Lucia-Antoneta , Zaharia Sebastian-Marian
Published: November 2020

Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques can help to reduce the time and cost for manufacturing complex shaped parts. The main goal of this research was to determine the best strength structure of six different types of lattice cells, manufactured using the Poly Jet AM technology. In order to perform the tests, six samples with the same structure were created for each lattice type. For testing the samples in compression, an electromechanical test machine was used. finite element analysis (FEA) analysis was used in order to determine the area where the greatest stresses occured and to estimate the maximal compressive strength. The strongest structure was determined by obtaining the maximal compressive strength. This was calculated in two ways: as a ratio between the maximal supported force and the mass of the sample (N/g) and as a ratio between the maximal supported force and the critical section of the sample (MPa).
Dyeing the Springtime: The Art and Poetry of Fleeting Textile Colors in Medieval and Early Modern South Asia
Authors: Houghteling Sylvia
Published: November 2020

This paper explores the metaphorical and material significance of short-lived fabric dyes in medieval and early modern South Asian art, literature, and religious practice. It explores dyers’ manuals, paintings, textiles, and popular and devotional poetry to demonstrate how the existence of ephemeral dyes opened up possibilities for mutability that cannot be found within more stable, mineral pigments, set down on paper in painting. While the relationship between the image and the word in South Asian art is most often mutually enhancing, the relationship between words and color, and particularly between poetry and dye color, operates on a much more slippery basis. In the visual and literary arts of South Asia, dye colors offered textile artists and poets alike a palette of vibrant hues and a way to capture shifts in emotions and modes of devotion that retained a sense of impermanence. More broadly, these fragile, fleeting dye materials reaffirm the importance of tracing the local and regional histories even of objects, like textiles, that circulated globally.
Power of Suggestion? Leadership Signals, Politics, Religion, and Women’s Support for the Disadvantaged
Authors: Calfano Brian , Straka Alexis
Published: November 2020

We assess the role of social signals about the appropriateness of women in leadership roles in either the political or religious domain. The relevant literature leads to expectations of a relatively clear effect on women’s efficacy levels when encountering social suggestions that women’s skills are better used in other ways. However, less certain is whether encouraging women away from leadership in religious organizations impacts their sense of effect on political outcomes, including policies in support of disadvantaged outgroups. Utilizing a framing experiment embedded in a statewide public opinion poll, we find that social suggestion that women should stay away from religious leadership has statistically significant and negative effects on efficacy levels among our sample’s subset of evangelical women. At the same time, these anti-religious leadership signals move evangelical women away from supporting policy statements benefitting a disadvantaged outgroup. Given that it is the power of suggestion regarding religious, not political, leadership that leads to the effects among evangelical women, we offer additional paths for future research to explore on this wider topic.