bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Materials for Marine Applications
Authors: Alia Bruno L. , Wheatcroft Michael F.
Published: January 2021

This paper traces the evolution of ABS hull steels resulting from Important technological developments, service-related problems, and special applications that have led to the diversification of shipbuilding materials. The American Bureau of Shipping has "Rules" and "Guides" for building and classing a wide variety of marine structures. Material applications for such vessels as ultra-large crude carriers (supertankers), offshore drilling units, and liquefied gas carriers are discussed. Because of the Bureau's international activities, specification formulation must take into account adaptability, availability, and cost, in addition to primary technical considerations.
Heavy-Load Moving Systems
Authors: Chambers H. B.
Published: January 2021

Over the years, a number of unique load-moving systems have been developed in response to needs in heavy fabrication programs. The systems are designed principally to improve construction techniques in a new or expanding fabrication facility. All systems are focused on low capital investment, making them particularly adaptable to short-term projects and projects planned in relatively nonindustrialized areas. This paper describes three mechanical heavy-load-moving methods and explains how they are applied to modernize the methods of constructing ships and offshore structures. In today's business climate, "to modernize" means to minimize capital investment in a new construction facility and, also, to minimize the ongoing labor costs. It further means to provide maximum flexibility to the facility for future building programs, which cannot clearly be anticipated in the rapidly changing global market for ships and offshore oil structures.
The Impact of Seakeeping on Ship Operations
Authors: Hoffman Dan
Published: January 2021

A general philosophy of seakeeping is outlined, and a review of the various steps used in seakeeping analysis is given. Operational aspects of seakeeping are discussed as a complementary step to design, considering shipboard guidance as well as shore-based routing. For shipboard use a variety of currently available charts for guidance in heavy weather is first illustrated, indicating the need for a more effective system. The use of monitoring and recording instrumentation as a navigational aid is then described, as well as its use for specific guidance in heavy weather. Actual ship data as recorded and processed by a Heavy Weather Damage Avoidance System currently in use are illustrated. Possible integration of such a system with shore-based routing is evaluated, and a cost/benefit analysis illustrates the economics of the system. Conclusions based on the performance of the system are rather optimistic.
Uses of Very High Pressure Water-jet Cleaning in Marine Maintenance
Authors: Taylor Sidney A. , Judson R. S.
Published: January 2021

High pressure water-jet cleaning, using pressure up to 10,000 psi, has proven to be a very versatile, efficient, and less costly method of performing many types of marine maintenance. This paper covers three aspects of this cleaning method. A review is made of the basic equipment required and the commercial configurations that are available. Frequently used applications are briefly discussed along with their efficiency and potential cost savings. Finally, the relevant antipollution standards and their effect on cleaning techniques are evaluated.
A Cruising Boat
Authors: Curtze Charles A.
Published: January 2021

The paper discusses the tradeoffs and payoffs of designing and building big ship capability into a small cruising sailing yacht. A Norwegian rescue ship hull form, large three-bladed controllable-pitch propeller, nickel-cadmium batteries, shaft-driven generator, above average horsepower, a high degree of watertight integrity, modest self-salvage capability, tugboat handling under power, low helmsman energy drain under all conditions, circumferential safety and grab rail, balanced rudder, diesel oil-fired range, and hot-water central heating are all discussed as they combine to fill the author's requirements for seaworthiness, seakeeping ability, safety, maintainability, self-sufficiency, and comfort at sea.
The Marindus 17/17-Type Multipurpose Cargo Liner
Authors: Turcke Peter , Boucher R. M. , Lavallee M. , Waters M. J.
Published: January 2021

The paper briefly traces the background and design requirements which led to the present design of the Marindus 17/17 series of multipurpose cargo vessels. It discusses some of the structural features which were incorporated to give maximum cargo space and ease of cargo handling and describes principal items of outfit, machinery, and electrical systems. The conclusion includes a technical evaluation by the owners, who are presently operating a fleet of six vessels of the series. Principal characteristics, capacities, a general arrangement, machinery layout, and other information of interest are given in the Appendix.
Hydrodynamic Trends for Preliminary Design of Fully Cavitating Hydrofoil Sections
Authors: Parkin Blaine R. , Davis Robert F. , Fernandez Joseph
Published: January 2021

The object of this numerical study is to consider possible hydrodynamic trends for use in trade-off studies for the preliminary design of fully cavitating hydrofoil sections. Hydrodynamic data are obtained from inverse calculations which are based upon two-dimensional linearized cavity-flow theory. Supplementary data are also calculated from the direct problem of linearized cavity-flow theory in order to show off-design performance trends and to assess the effects of cavity-foil interference on the operating range of selected profiles. For the inverse calculations one specifies design values of the lift coefficient, cavitation number, and cavity thickness at the trailing edge, as well as the shape of the pressure distribution on the wetted surface of the hydrofoil section. In accordance with this specification, the ordinates of the profile wetted surface and upper-cavity contour are calculated, together with values of drag coefficient, moment coefficient, and attack angle at the design point. The paper summarizes the results of a parametric study of the effects of design cavitation number, lift coefficient, cavity thickness, and pressure distribution shape upon hydrofoil section performance and geometry. Three-dimensional wing effects, viscous drag, and the effects of structural design criteria are all outside the scope of the study. Results pertaining to steady two-dimensional cavity flows of an ideal incompressible fluid past a rigid hydrofoil section are presented.
Model Test Program for MV St. Clair
Authors: Fisher Peter A.
Published: January 2021

This paper provides a brief review of the model test program conducted by the Ship Hydrodynamics Laboratory of the University of Michigan on the MV St. Clair, Bay Shipbuilding Corporation, Hull 714. Due to some rather unique constraints imposed by Great Lakes operation, large bulk carriers have encountered unusual problems in the area of hydrodynamic design. Many of these areas of concern have been addressed through model studies. Specifically investigated were the effects on resistance, wake and flow patterns of various bow and stern variations. Results of those tests including self-propulsion of the final design are included herein..
Panel Discussion on the Education of Engineers for the Ocean Industry: Future Trends
Authors: Ogilvie T. Francis , Dyer I. , Payne C. N.
Published: January 2021

The traditional roles of the naval architect and marine engineer are expanding into the broad multidisciplinary field of ocean engineering. Education for this field—the problems, methods, and prospects—are explored in this paper, which comprises the points of view of three authorities in the field.
A Note on Inflation and Its Effect on Profitability
Authors: Benford Harry
Published: January 2021

In my star Alpha paper, "Of Dollar Signs and Ship Designs," I explained how to live with inflation when making design decisions. My principal point was (and still is) that inflation should have little effect on design decisions as long as the shipowner is free to raise his prices to offset his rising costs. As long as all costs and prices float upward on the same rising tide, then everything remains the same when measured in constant-value dollars.
Environmental Constraints on Drill Rig Configurations
Authors: Danforth Leon J.
Published: January 2021

Factors in determining an exploratory drilling vessel's efficient potential work capability for operations in the Eastern Seaboard coastal region are engineering oriented, predicated upon oceanographic and meteorological weather forecasting, seafloor composition, and order-of-magnitude vessel response amplitudes to sea conditions. Determined from vessel response information is the percentage of time exceedence for each motion when related to the drillfloor operational constraints of drilling, tripping, running casing, etc. The drillfloor activities are described as percentages of the total operation from which a cost-effective utilization factor is obtained or basically predicted vessel downtime. From an assigned utilization factor, the vessel's potential work capability is determined as a function of initial probable differences in capital costs and the comparative operational capabilities or limitations inherent in each vessel concept. The geometry of vessels reviewed covers a wide spectrum of twin-hull semisubmersibles, drillships, and bottom-supported multilegged self-elevating platforms.
A 1200-Ton Goliath Shipyard Crane
Authors: Graff Robert O. , Jewell P. Ross
Published: January 2021

In today's modern shipyard, an important tool is a crane of heavy lift capacity. A 1200-ton gantry crane, with a span of 119 m (390 ft) between the rails, was recently put into service at the Quincy Shipbuilding Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Quincy, Massachusetts. The paper describes some design aspects of the crane and the assembly and erection of this massive engineering structure.
Theoretical Prediction of Cavitation on Propellers
Authors: van Oossanen P.
Published: January 2021

One of the consequences of cavitation on marine propellers is the risk of damage to the propeller in the form of erosion and bent trailing edges. Other detrimental effects of cavitation are the large amplifications of vibration-exciting hull forces and the emitted noise. These problems associated with propeller cavitation have become matters of great concern. In this paper a method is described for the assessment of cavitation inception and for the calculation of the type and extent of cavitation on marine propellers. The adopted theory is suitable for application to nonuniform flows such as exist behind ships. Some primary effects associated with viscosity are also included, in particular the problem of Reynolds number scaling such as occurs when testing models in cavitation test facilities at speeds lower than at full scale. It is shown that the described theory leads to reasonable correlations with actual cavitation patterns for lightly and moderately loaded propellers. For heavily loaded propellers such as those of tankers and tugs, the calculated results are less satisfactory. The argument is made that this is due to the lack of knowledge regarding the change in the wake flow into the propeller due to the propeller load. For minimizing the occurrence of cavitation in subcavitating propeller design, long-standing experience in both the design and testing of propellers in cavitation test facilities is normally required. With the use of the described theory, however, it is possible, by systematically varying design parameters, to arrive at a successful design in a straightforward manner.
A 65 000-ton Prestressed Concrete Floating Facility for Offshore Storage of LPG
Authors: Anderson Arthur R.
Published: January 2021

The 1970's have witnessed a revival of interest in reinforced concrete as a suitable material for marine structures. Low initial and maintenance costs, superior fire resistance, and the absence of problems associated with cyclic loading and fatigue are among the advantages of this material for hull construction. Against a background of early concrete vessels and recent experience with concrete offshore structures in the North Sea, the paper illustrates the design and construction of a concrete offshore facility for the storage of liquefied petroleum gas.
Effects of Masts on the Aerodynamics of Sail Sections
Authors: Milgram Jerome H.
Published: January 2021

The effects of the addition of masts of varying geometries to two different sail-like two-dimensional airfoil sections were determined by water tunnel tests. Thirteen different mast-sail combinations were tested with four of the sections retested at a different time to confirm repeatability of the data. The results were found to be best presented and best understood by means of graphs of drag coefficient versus lift coefficient for fixed values of d/c(mast diameter/sail chord). The additional drag caused by the addition of a mast was found to be substantial, especially as the ratio d/cbecame relatively large. Results were found to be insensitive to changes in Reynolds number of a factor of two for d/cless than 0.3 for round masts, and 0.2 for elliptical masts (d for an elliptical mast is taken as the diameter of a circle having the same cross-sectional area). Elliptical masts with d/c greater than 0.3 gave results which exhibited a sensitivity to Reynolds number and which, over a limited range of lift coefficients, gave an unexpectedly high value of the ratio of lift coefficient/drag coefficient.
Bayou Boat Building as Related to Modern Tug Design
Authors: Rook Gary
Published: January 2021

Of utmost importance to the nation's economy are the oil and gas reserves off our Atlantic and Pacific Coasts and in the Gulf of Mexico. In order to develop these reserves, it is necessary that a wide range of offshore support vessels be available. The small-boat yards of South Louisiana are the recognized leaders in the construction of these offshore support craft. This paper traces the evolution of these small-boat yards from the early days of offshore drilling to the present, bringing out many of the problems encountered along the way.
Alaskan King Crab Boat Casualties
Authors: Storch Richard Lee
Published: January 2021

A casualty review of the Alaskan king crab fleet is used to provide insight into the causes of the high loss rate experienced by these boats. The casualty data include a general overview and more detailed discussion of 13 specific cases. Based on the casualty analysis, recommendations are made concerning vessel arrangements, stability analysis and vessel operations.
Concepts Explored in the Gulfspan Ferry Design
Authors: Farrell Keith P.
Published: January 2021

This paper is a summary of the alternatives studied for the new large seagoing ferries required for the service between North Sydney, Nova Scotia and Port-Aux-Basques in Newfoundland. A seasonally varying load of passengers, cars and tractor-trailers was expected, justifying a large fast vessel. Studies were made to compare costs of a one-truck-deck/one-car-deck vessel with a two truck-deck vessel, of diesel and gas turbine propulsion, and of a split-stern hull versus a conventional-stern hull. Subsequently, further studies were carried out for a vessel with a smaller load, beam and speed. The effect of these new constraints is described. Special reference is made to the need for extra care in estimates of weights, centers and damaged stability, when the constraints sail close to the margins.
Prospects for Diesel Exhaust Energy Utilization Aboard Great Lakes Bulk Carriers
Authors: Woodward John B.
Published: January 2021

The rise of fuel prices above their traditional levels suggests that the thermal energy in diesel exhaust gas ("waste heat") should be used by the Great Lakes ships in a manner similar to established ocean practice. This paper discusses the important generalities in this use, the magnitude of the energy source from several Great Lakes propulsion engines, and then outlines two schemes for its application by a self-unloading ore carrier of contemporary design. Brief economic analyses show that one scheme is attractive enough to justify more detailed consideration of its use in future ships.
Predicting Overhaul Costs in Public Shipyards
Authors: Bryan Jon J.
Published: January 2021

Historical cost control data are reviewed on a nondimensional basis and a method is developed for fixed pricing large, high-risk overhauls in public shipyards. This method is then applied as a control measure to monitor the projection of end cost. Recommendations are given which could improve the Shipyard Management Information System (MIS) and the shipyard's ability to utilize information contained in this system. By using the fundamental concepts presented in this paper as an educational tool, funds administrators can further develop the cost prediction, analysis and control processes.
Application of Seakeeping Analysis
Authors: Hutchison Bruce L. , Bringloe J. Thomas
Published: January 2021

The paper gives a brief description of modern seakeeping analysis and discusses its application to problems encountered in engineering practice. The authors' experience with the computer program SCORES, for prediction, of ship motion responses, is reviewed, and examples of its application to typical problems are given. An appendix describes CARGO, a post-processing computer method developed to more fully utilize the motion response characteristics of the SCORES program.
Recent Studies of Struts and Foils for High-Speed Hydrofoils
Authors: Shen Young T. , Wermter Raymond
Published: January 2021

A three-year program was undertaken to determine the feasibility of developing a strut/foil system for highspeed operation of hydrofoil craft that would also perform satisfactorily at takeoff and moderate speeds. Following identification of possible risk areas and design problems, the major objectives and approaches were established. The evaluation included determination of representative hydrodynamic loads and a series of model tests in the areas of hydrodynamic efficiency, cavity stability, side force and ventilation envelop, and strut flutter. This paper provides highlights for the major portions of the study together with the most significant findings.
The Marine Diesel: Recent Design Developments
Authors: Smit Jan Arie
Published: January 2021

A survey of diesel engine development since the introduction of turbocharging, welded design, and heavy fuel illustrates the continuation of the design principles, describing component details. The engine range and application require some adaption to the demands of changing marine transport systems, in view of space, horsepower, and vibration. The effect of the diesel engine on the environment can be kept within today's accepted requirements with respect to emission and noise. Analysis of cost trends shows where the diesel engine with improved application design can improve overall transport efficiency. The introduction of a computerized engine diagnostic system shows the way to improve running efficiency, reduce maintenance costs, and prevent major damage after accidental breakdowns.
Alaskan Transportation: An Overview of Some Aspects of Transporting Alaskan Crude Oil
Authors: Factor Stanley , Grove Sandra J.
Published: January 2021

The first commercial oil well in Alaska was drilled in 1901, but it was in 1968 that Alaska was thrust into prominence as an oil producer with the discovery of the Prudhoe Bay field, the largest oil field ever found in the United States. This paper briefly explores the transportation-related aspects of the design, construction, and operation of the pipeline and support facilities. The pipeline terminates at Port Valdez on Prince William Sound. It is from here that the second leg of the journey to the energy-hungry lower 48 states begins. A thoroughly modern and unique marine transportation system is being utilized to transport approximately 1.2 million barrels (191 000 m3) per day of Alaskan crude oil to West and Gulf Coast refineries. The Valdez Terminal, the pipeline, the North Slope supply, and vessel particulars and operations are discussed; in addition, environmental and legal problems are outlined.
On the Design and Performance of Radical High-Speed Sailing Vehicles
Authors: Bradfield W. S.
Published: January 2021

A recently established international competition has encouraged straight-line yacht racing over very short courses in flat water with the strongest winds available. The object of this activity is to stimulate the quest for unrestricted sailing vehicle designs which will produce flat-out speed under relatively safe and controlled conditions, thereby pinning down and quantifying design factors governing high-speed yacht performance. This competition has produced a few surprises and some novel and ingenious designs—some successful. The object of the present paper is to discuss and compare some of the novel ideas which have developed into successful drag-racing yachts during the past five years. Performance predictions are compared with measured performance in outstanding cases.
Shaft Alignment Methods with Strain Gages and Load Cells
Authors: Grant Robert B.
Published: January 2021

The paper presents methods of aligning propulsion shafting using load cells for direct bearing reaction measurement and procedures for shafting alignment by measurement of shaft bending moments with strain gages. Additionally, a unique means of measuring reduction gear and stern tube bearing reactions is described.
A Preliminary Heat-Balance Computer Program Conforming to SNAME T&R Bulletin 3-11
Authors: Parsons Michael G. , LaGuardia Thomas L.
Published: January 2021

This paper presents a FORTRAN IV batch-type computer program for the heat-balance calculation of a nonreheat marine steam plant. The program is in conformance with the commercial practice standards presented in SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 3–11 "Marine Steam Power Plant Heat Balance Practices." The program treats the preliminary design heat-balance problem where feed heater outlet temperatures can be specified prior to the selection of specific heat exchanger characteristics. The system design includes a realistic auxiliary exhaust system utilizing auxiliary exhaust, bleed, augment, and unloading as available or necessary or both. The system must include a deaerating feed tank and may include up to two low-pressure feed heaters and up to three high-pressure feed heaters. The program is designed so that further extension and adaptation to special needs can be easily accomplished. Program design results in a minimization of input data and very efficient running times. A verification example is presented. User's Instructions, Programmer's Documentation, and a listing are included as Appendices.
On the Dynamics of Column-Stabilized Platforms Including Three-Dimensional Interaction Effects
Authors: Wybro Pieter G.
Published: January 2021

A method utilizing the Green's function integral equation is developed for determining the load and response characteristics of platforms composed of vertical axisymmetric legs in both regular and irregular seaways. The method is developed in detail and special attention is given to the numerical surface element representation, the various symmetry relations that exist, and a novel method for error minimization of the radiation potentials. By several comparisons to known analytic or other numerical solutions found in the literature, the validity of the technique is established for both fixed and free, submerged or surface-piercing axisymmetric and systems of axisymmetric bodies. A numerical example of a three-leg platform for two variations of the leg spacing is shown. It is found that the interaction effect is very significant, especially at high frequency. This interaction is manifested by modification of both the amplitude and phase of the forces affecting each leg. The conclusions reached in this study are that: the hydrodynamic interaction effects must be considered in order to properly determine the design load and response characteristics of axisymmetric platforms; the variational refinement method can in many cases improve the estimates of the hydrodynamic coefficients; and the present method is efficient for platforms composed of multiple legs, but is less efficient than existing methods for single shapes.
Marine Traffic Engineering—A New Discipline
Authors: Price Robert I.
Published: January 2021

Faced with essential growth of ports and waterways, our practice in the United States has been for each of the various agencies concerned to focus upon its own area of interest. If an accident occurs, the tendency is to demand a change in ship design or practice when the configuration of the port, waterway, or pier may be in need of improvement. This paper calls for a coordinated approach through marine traffic engineering.
Small Boat Safety: The Alaskan King Crab Boat Experience
Authors: Storch Richard Lee
Published: January 2021

A two-year-long research project concerning vessel safety problems in the Alaska king crab fishery was recently completed. Preliminary results of the casualty analysis part of the study were presented in "Alaskan King Crab Boat Casualties," MARINE TECHNOLOGY, January, 1978. This paper presents the final results of the casualty analysis, and then applies those results to recommend safety-oriented design features. Although these recommendations were formulated to apply specifically to king crab boats, in many instances they may be applied to any of the related classes of small boats, commonly referred to as industrial vessels. Design recommendations are presented in the areas of vessel arrangements, subdivision, procedures for performing stability calculations, and the format for presenting stability information. Specific recommendations are made concerning deckhouse location, lazarette design, and crab tank size, including a rule-of-thumb free-surface limit. A sample stability information report form is also presented. Human factors are shown to be extremely important in king crab boat casualties. Design features that can reduce the incidence and severity of human error are discussed and procedures to increase communication between naval architects and fisherman are proposed.
Eigenvalue Analysis as an Approach to the Prediction of Global Vibration of Deckhouse Structures
Authors: Sandstrom Robert E. , Smith N. Pharr
Published: January 2021

There are several approaches to the prediction of global deckhouse vibration where the deckhouse natural frequencies lie close to the blade rate exciting frequencies. This paper discusses several approaches and recommends the eigenvalue analysis procedures as the most useful design tool for the early prediction of deckhouse vibration problems. Three eigenvalue analysis procedures are presented: the Hirowatari method—an empirical approach; the simplistic modeling method—a simple analytical approach; and the finite-element method—a more sophisticated analytical approach. The need for simplicity and accuracy is emphasized. Two example problems are included to demonstrate the merits of the eigenvalue analysis procedures.
New Approaches to the Design of Hopper Dredges
Authors: Fortino Ernest P.
Published: January 2021

Three new hopper dredges of different sizes and mission performance are currently under construction for the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. This paper describes the particular features of the dredges that constitute advances in the state of the art, and reviews the philosophy behind their design. In addition, the author demonstrates how this new dredge fleet, though smaller than earlier fleets, will improve the Corps' capability, for both civilian and military purposes, to maintain all U. S. coastal waterways as well as locations overseas that are of interest to the United States. Finally, damage stability requirements and noise abatement specifications are treated in separate appendices.
Practical Procedures for Technical and Economic Investigation of Ship Structural Details
Authors: Liu Donald , Bakker Abram
Published: January 2021

Local structural problems in ships are generally the result of stress concentrations in structural details. The intent of this paper is to show that costly repairs and lay-up time of a vessel can often be prevented, if these problem areas are recognized and investigated in the design stages. Such investigations can be performed for minimal labor and computer costs by using finite-element analysis techniques. Practical procedures for analyzing structural details are presented, including discussions of the results and the analysis costs expended. It is shown that the application of the finite-element analysis technique can be economically employed in the investigation of structural details.
A Case for a U.S. Flag Trailership Fleet
Authors: Donovan Leo J. , Scott Robed J.
Published: January 2021

This paper presents a summary of the findings and conclusions of three recent assignments conducted by Booz, Allen and Hamilton for the U. S. Maritime Administration (MarAd), the Tampa Port Authority and a U.S.-flag operator.3 Gibbs and Cox was subcontractor to Booz, Allen on the engagement with MarAd. The paper is organized into the following sections:the loss of traditional Latin American business to specialized foreign-flag trailership operators;the potential for a U.S.-flag short-sea service to Latin America;analysis of alternative vessel types; andfinancial feasibility.
Conversion of Tug/Barge to Offshore Platform Shuttle Tanker Service
Authors: Grossweiler Philip J.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes the design and construction aspects of the conversion of a 30 000-dwt tug/barge unit into the ocean-capable diesel tanker, Exxon Galveston. The conversion included structurally joining the two vessels, providing a new superstructure with all new hotel facilities, modifications to the main propulsion system, modifications to the cargo system, retrofit of a segregated ballast system, and outfitting the vessel to receive crude oil from an offshore storage vessel.
The Skaugran Class 42 400-DWT RO/RO's
Authors: Michel R. Keith
Published: January 2021

The Skaugran and her sistership, the Skaubord, are 42 500-dwt's roll-on/roll-off vessels specially designed for the carriage of forest products from the West Coast of Canada to Japan and for a return cargo of cars. The 200 000-ft2 of hoistable car decks, a jumbo stern ramp, and expansive cargo holds are among the many unusual features of these vessels. This paper discusses the development of the vessels from the initial design phase with an emphasis on cargo stowage and handling.
Problems in Marine Riser Design
Authors: Bernitsas Michael M.
Published: January 2021

Major problems associated with the design of marine risers are identified. Two of these problems, namely, the mathematical modeling of the riser's dynamic behavior and the prediction of the hydrodynamic forces exerted on the riser, are studied. The first problem is studied with the aid of a set of consistent equations describing three-dimensional, nonlinear, large deflections of a tubular beam under tension, and distributed internal and external variable static pressure loads. The analysis of the second problem is based on the Morison formula and experiments. Particular emphasis is given to the identification of flows which cannot be modeled by the Morison equation. For this purpose, experiments have been conducted at the MIT Towing Tank, and the forces exerted on a harmonically oscillating circular cylinder, in any direction θ with respect to uniform current, have been measured. For the specific values of Reynolds number, reduced velocity, and Keulegan-Carpenter number chosen, significant changes of the hydrodynamic force with angle θ were observed. In addition, force components unpredictable by the Morison equation were measured.
A Calculator-Based Preliminary Ship Design Procedure
Authors: Lyon Tim
Published: January 2021

The use of computers in naval architecture has increased greatly over the past few years and their usefulness is now being more fully exploited. However, some small firms and individual naval architects do not have access to a computer, due to the high cost, and until recently have had to use more traditional methods. The developments in hand-held, programmable calculators mean that these machines can now execute quite complex programs and yet are within the financial range of the individual. In this paper, a ship design procedure is introduced which utilizes the capabilities of the Texas Instruments TI-59 calculator and PC-100 printer, but is general enough to be implemented on other calculators and computers. The procedure was developed to aid the designer in selecting the principal dimensions for a new design. Thus for a quite small investment the naval architect has gained many of the advantages of the computer, and the programs provide a powerful tool in design work. The procedure has been developed for use with generalcargo ships and bulk carriers, numerically the most common types of ship, but could easily be extended to other ship types, such as oil tankers, cargo liners, and containerships.
Effects of Supertanker House Proportions on Stack Exhaust Plume
Authors: Conachey Robert M. , Kidwell Michael J.
Published: January 2021

A freeboard model of a supertanker was tested to determine relationships between house proportions and the occurrence of deck contamination from stack exhaust. The model was placed upside down in the Webb Institute water flow channel; dye was ejected from the stack to simulate smoke exhaust. Equations relating house and stack proportions are derived from Figs. 13, Fig. 14, and Fig. 15.
A Steam Engineer’s First Impressions of a Diesel Propulsion Plant
Authors: Hirschkowitz Moses W.
Published: January 2021

The author, an experienced marine steam engineer, offers his personal opinions on motor ship engine room operation and maintenance. His observations, or "first impressions," are derived from recent sea duty aboard three different diesel-propelled ships, two sailing under foreign flags, and the third a U.S.-flag vessel.
OTEC-1 Mooring
Authors: Ramsden Harold D. , Watts William A.
Published: January 2021

Implementation of the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC-1) Early Ocean Test Program presented the engineering community with some unique challenges. One of the challenges was to provide a mooring system to keep the ship on station at least nine months per year for five years. The resulting design proved to be the most economical. It also became the world's deepest large-capacity single-point moor. This paper discusses the background, requirements and design details of the OTEC-1 Platform mooring system.
Analysis of Performance of Small Ejectors
Authors: Rein Charles R.
Published: January 2021

A way to predict the performance of small ejectors is explained. The method requires some experimental data but is valid regardless of the value of the discharge coefficient of the nozzle. A sample problem is presented.
Helicopter Extractable Cold Weather Life Raft—A Design and Development History
Authors: Hindlin Harry O. , Cirer Frank
Published: January 2021

In military assaults on hostile shores made jointly by troop-carrying helicopters and landing craft, some vehicles will be damaged by enemy fire, forcing their surviving personnel into the sea. These combat survivors, suddenly exposed to cold water, will in minutes be subject to rapid muscular immobilization followed by immediate death from immersion hypothermia. Conventional methods and equipment for search and rescue are inadequate in providing a rapidly deployed, thermally protected, flotation platform effective enough to keep multiple numbers of survivors alive until rescued. This inability to rapidly rescue multiple numbers of disaster victims is present on land as well. High-rise building fires and inaccessible areas such as mountains pose a challenge to rapid rescue methods utilizing aircraft. The authors of this paper examine the present methods and equipment utilized in aircraft search and rescue. By creating scenarios of various possible events, methods are suggested to improve techniques by using a helicopter-extractable cold weather life raft (HECWLR). The HECWLR was designed, prototypes constructed, and successfully tested. The HECWLR potentially provides the means of rapidly rescuing disaster survivors in multiple numbers on both sea and on land.
U.S. Coast Guard Wind-Class Replacement Icebreaker
Authors: Chatterton Howard A. , Simpson William M.
Published: January 2021

The general requirements for a Wind-Class replacement icebreaker are presented. The design of a vessel to these requirements is presented together with a discussion of the icebreaker synthesis model which was used to identify the design problem solution. The chief characteristics and some of the features of the design are presented.
Design and Selection of Shipboard Microcomputer Systems
Authors: Stockdale Stanley C.
Published: January 2021

The computer industry term "microcomputer" typically refers to a small machine capable of serving one user at a time and costing only a few thousand dollars. The advanced technology of these machines coupled with skillful programming can give crew members tremendous flexibility and accuracy in fulfilling operational requirements. This paper reviews the physical characteristics of today's microcomputers and gives specific details on three representational systems presently in use on board. A philosophy for designing effective and well-received interactive programs is developed. Finally, an ideal development procedure, from inception to installation of a successful shipboard system, is outlined. A simple glossary of computer terms is also included.
Hopper Dredges and Certain Aspects of Their Design
Authors: Martin John P. , Mauriello Louis J.
Published: January 2021

In recent years there has been a resurgence of hopper dredge construction and consequently a renewed interest in the design of such vessels. Principal physical and operational characteristics of this type of dredging plant are described briefly. Certain aspects of their design are discussed with particular reference to proposed regulatory requirements, various features of new hopper dredges recently constructed or presently under construction both for the Government and private dredging contractors, and other current developments.
Model Testing in Multidirectional Waves
Authors: Biewer F. N. , Dillingham J. T.
Published: January 2021

Capabilities for generating waves in model basins have advanced from unidirectional regular waves to unidirectional random waves and recently in several facilities to multidirectional regular and random waves. The history of this development is reviewed briefly. The motivation for conducting model tests in multidirectional waves is discussed along with some sample applications. The principle for generating multidirectional waves is outlined and the facilities for performing this function at Offshore Technology Corporation are described.
The Offshore Supply Vessel
Authors: Patton L. M.
Published: January 2021

This paper discusses the development of the offshore supply vessel used in the offshore oil industry. Laws, regulation and inspections of the vessels as applied by the Coast Guard are outlined. Manning, use of the vessels, and basic vessel design are also considered. The paper concludes with description of the Memorandum of Understanding between the Coast Guard and the American Bureau of Shipping and how this is applied to the offshore supply vessel inspection.
Building a New Cable Ship
Authors: Uberti George A.
Published: January 2021

Early in 1984, the first ship designed from the keel up as a U.S. Navy cableship will be placed in service. The USNS Zeus will join the small fleet of converted and modernized cableships, allowing one of the old ones—over 30 years old—to be retired. The 513-ft Zeus is designed for accurate station-keeping and track-keeping. It can lay cable over the bow and over the stern, and is able to tow a sea plow for burying cable as it is laid.
Arctic Offshore Engineering—An Overview
Authors: Noble Peter G.
Published: January 2021

The paper examines the state of the art of offshore drilling operations in the ice-infested Beaufort Sea region of the Canadian Arctic. As exploration and drilling proceed farther and farther from the shoreline into deeper and more hostile waters, new concepts are evolving in Arctic engineering technology to permit the economical recovery of vast resources of oil and gas over an extended season. Several of these innovations, including a deep-hulled drillship designed to protect the marine riser and reduce ice forces, artificial islands of the caisson type, and the use of massive icebreaking dredges, are described and illustrated.
Systems Approach to Offshore Construction Project Planning and Scheduling
Authors: Chen Henry , Rawstron Phil
Published: January 2021

Methods of simulating offshore construction project activities and associated weather-related downtime are reviewed. Specific attention is given to the use of network modeling techniques to determine probable durations and risk levels for complex marine projects such as the installation of the first guyed tower production platform, and offshore mating of HIDECK, a barge-mounted integrated oil production facility with a preinstalled platform. Monte Carlo simulation techniques are used to select random variables. The environmental data derived from a spectral ocean wave model are used, while full account is taken of hydrodynamic response of the offshore systems in order to establish the limiting sea states for performing specific construction operations. Environmental data sources for such simulations are reviewed. Various methods used to determine limiting sea states are compared. The results of statistical analysis of offshore construction operations, such as module lifting, pipelaying, and saturation diving, are presented to give insight into the limitations on vessel motions during offshore construction. In summary, this paper provides a review of methodologies and data used in performing operability analyses, in order to assist engineers in assessing duration and risk for offshore construction projects.
Current Design and Applications of Marine Evaporators
Authors: Rose Charles D.
Published: January 2021

It was 27 years ago that flash evaporators were introduced for marine service and rapidly obsoleted other designs. The current design and applications for navy ships, merchant ships, and offshore drilling rigs are reviewed. Design and flow data are presented for various applications on such ships as the new mine-sweepers and Coast Guard cutters, Trident submarines, submarine tenders, drilling rigs, and aboard commercial ships, including tankers and cargo ships. A number of specific conditions are presented—associated with the ship's power plant and mission—that directly affect the optimum design evaporator plant and its heat source. The desirable and most practical extend of automation is reviewed, and advantages of standardization and higher-economy designs are presented. A review is made of the current state of the art of reverse osmosis desalination and its current and potential application for marine use. Descriptive photographs and flow diagrams of specific installations are included.
Barge Motion Predictions
Authors: McClure Alan C.
Published: January 2021

The author proposes a new method for predicting, in the near term, the motions of a barge in waves. The traditional ways of measuring the sea spectrum are briefly reviewed, and the new approach, in which the vessel itself is used as a wave gage, is described. A mathematical analysis of this unique procedure is included along with the results of several experiments.
Transportation of LNG from the Arctic by Commercial Submarine
Authors: Jacobsen L. , Lawrence K. , Hall K. , Canning P. , Gardner E.
Published: January 2021

The paper examines the feasibility of shipping liquefied natural gas (LNG) from the Arctic by submarine tanker. Among the advantages of an under-ice commercial transport system, the authors include the safe, reliable movement of LNG on a regular schedule unimpeded by surface weather conditions; the minimum environmental impact on the fragile Arctic ecology; and the economic superiority over alternative systems by the adaptation of a well-proven technology. Conceptual designs of two such mammoth submarines, both nuclear and nonnuclear powered, are illustrated.
CIDS: A Mobile Concrete Island Drilling System for Arctic Offshore Operations
Authors: Wetmore Sherman B. , Ramsden Harold D.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes a unique system that can provide an alternative to gravel islands as a means of supporting drilling operations in shallow Arctic waters. The Concrete Island Drilling System (CIDS) is composed of modular concrete "bricks" stacked one on top of the other which, in turn, support a barge-mounted drilling rig. Sequentially stacking these modules provides a great deal of flexibility in siting the modules in water depths of 18 to 52 ft. The modules incorporate an efficient concrete "honeycomb" structural system that offers inherent longitudinal, transverse and torsional strength. The superior strength of the CIDS, coupled with its massive ballasted weight, enables it to withstand the ice pressures prevalent in the landfast ice areas of the Arctic. Several key features of the CIDS make it a unique and economically advantageous exploratory drilling platform. Because it is modular, the CIDS reduces construction and transportation problems and allows the use of various configurations that can be modified to suit the water depth requirement. No dredging or gravel-hauling activity is associated with the CIDS since the gravity load is achieved by merely ballasting the modules with seawater. The entire system, with the drilling rig intact, can be relocated by pumping out the saltwater ballast and towing the CIDS to a new site. No rig demobilization or "under-dredging" of caisson fill is required. The use of concrete insures a long-lived structure that can be reused on many wells.
A Simplified Method for the Assessment of Propeller Roughness Penalties
Authors: Svensen Tor E. , Medhurst John S.
Published: January 2021

A procedure for calculating the changes in torque and thrust characteristics due to the presence of irregular surface roughness on the blades of a propeller is described. This procedure is based upon a well-established strip-theory method, modified to allow for the input of section drag increments due to roughness obtained separately from boundary-layer integration calculations. The method is sufficiently simple to be programmed on a desk-top computer of modest size. Results are presented for a typical four-bladed propeller in terms of power increment against a combined roughness height and texture parameter. Furthermore, these results have been related to roughness measurements on a set of commercially available roughness comparators to provide a simple tool for use by ship operators in making decisions on propeller maintenance. Comparison is made with measurements taken from three propellers in service. Economic calculations are provided to demonstrate that expenditure on the maintenance of a smooth propeller surface condition is money well spent.
The Seattle Harbor Craft: A Case Study of the Design Process
Authors: Gow Paul A. , Hagemann Edward C.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes steps in the design process of a high-speed fireboat for Seattle Harbor. The principal requirements that controlled the design concept are outlined along with a parametric study that was performed to identify the optimum hull size. The arrangements, structure, materials selection, and machinery are described as well as the boat's fire fighting/rescue mission and performance characteristics.