bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rate Correlation Research Situation of Ordinary Concrete about Strain-Rate within the Scope of the Earthquake
Authors: Zhou Hong Yu , Yang Cong Kun , Ci Jun Chang , Chen Yi Bo
Published: November 2016

Combined with the research of dynamic mechanical properties of concrete under earthquake action by lots of scholars home and abroad, research status of rate-dependent test within the scope of the Earthquake strain rate (10-4/s~10-1/s) on common concrete materials is reviewed, including the dynamic uniaxial compressive properties, dynamic uniaxial tensile properties, as well as multi-axis dynamic performance. The influence of the Earthquake strain rate on concrete strength, energy absorption capability and deformation capacity such as the elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, peak strain, and ultimate strain are discussed intensively. Results show that the tensile strength, compressive strength and energy absorption capability of concrete increase with the increase of strain rate, while the results of the various parameters of the deformation ability are not consistent, the reason is that different test results caused by different test conditions. In this paper, the reference for the further study on rate-dependent of concrete in the future is provided.
Investigation on Discrepancy of Dynamic Responses between Two Constitutive Models of Aluminum Alloy BRBs in Structures
Authors: Liu Qiang , Luo Xiao Qun
Published: November 2016

In the study, the employment of central aluminum alloy buckling restrained braces were attempted for damage control of a single-deck steel frame. Smart metal of A5083-H111 aluminum alloy was chosen to use as the core material of aluminum alloy buckling restrained braces. The discrepancy of structural dynamic responses between two constitutive models of aluminum alloy buckling restrained braces was studied. Two different cross section areas of aluminum alloy buckling restrained braces were adopted for comparative study. Displacement, reaction, stress, strain of critical area and plastic energy dissipation were investigated under one strong ground motion. Suggestions for further academic research and engineering application were given.
Life-Cycle Low-Carbon Neighborhood: A Genetic Perspective in China
Authors: Zhao Guo Chao , Wang Xiao Ming , Li Xiao Kang
Published: November 2016

In the end of the 19th century, the concept of greenhouse effect has drawn greater attention and scientists begin to consider climate change as a potentially serious problem. The World Economic Forum’s Global Risks Report 2016 has considered the failure of climate change mitigation and adaptation as the greatest potential risk of 2016. To cope with climate change, scholars agree that low carbon is the inevitable choice of global development and urban neighborhood, as the basic functional unit of a city, is the basic space to achieve low carbon. Along with rapid economic growth, carbon emissions in China have being increasing which accompanied with another urban problem: the recession in old city, so we put neighborhood low-carbon renewal as an effective way to promoting sustainability. Along with the rapid development of life sciences, scholars have shown great interest in cross-over study with it while gene theory plays a crucial role and has been obtained significant results over the years. In this paper, we comprehensively analyzed the achievement in cross-over study between building sciences and life sciences and introduced gene theory into the research of neighborhood low-carbon to provide the government a new theoretical tool.
Villagers’ Cognition and Willingness of Participating in Beautiful Rural Construction Planning in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Collaborative Development Background: A Case Study of Kangbao County
Authors: Qi Lei , Guo Jing
Published: November 2016

This study focused on beautiful rural construction planning around Beijing-Tianjin area in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Collaborative Development background, and selected two villages of Kangbao county as the research object. Based on surveys and interviews, this study mainly investigated and analyzed various factors, as following: villagers’ understanding level and understanding channels of beautiful rural construction planning, villagers’ cognition of the power of government in planning, villagers’ willingness expression of participating the planning, villagers’ cognition on contents and stages of planning, and villagers’ degree of satisfaction on implementation of planning. From the analysis, the main characters of villagers’ cognition and willingness of participating in beautiful rural construction planning were clear. In a conclusion, some policy recommendations are brought out for establishing organizations, unblocking channels, training villagers’ capacity, and perfecting participant process etc., which provided a scientific evidence for choosing participant ways and organization forms, and establishing participation mechanism.
Numerical Simulation Analysis of Cold Air Distribution System
Authors: Sun Cheng Cai , Zhou Bo , Lv Jie
Published: November 2016

This paper based on an actual project as an example, researching the application of cold air distribution system by using the numerical simulation method. By using Fluent software to establish a three-dimensional physical model, simplificate the physical model, establish proper tuyere model, choose the appropriate turbulence model, select the appropriate boundary conditions. Then simulate indoor airflow organization, get the distribution of temperature field, velocity field in the working area, and evaluate the comfort in the working area. Though the research, this paper provides the appropriate air distribution which is the upper supply air and on opposite side bottom exhaust air. This paper though the numerical simulation concludes that adopts the appropriate air distribution could meet the requirements of indoor thermal comfort.
Low-Noise Asphalt Pavements in Urban Areas
Authors: Kozak Petr , Dasek Ondrej , Matuszkova Radka , Radimsky Michal
Published: November 2016

Current requirements for the reduction of the noise pollution in inhabited areas are constantly increasing. Acoustic wearing courses represent the real measures how to directly mitigate sources of road traffic noise created by a tire/road contact. Directly reduced noise emissions created by a tire/road contact don't need further mitigation by expensive noise barriers. Noise emissions on two different types of wearing courses of asphalt mixtures (Asphalt concrete for very thin layers and Low-noise stone mastic asphalt) were measured using the specialized device operating on the basis of CPX (Close Proximity method) and compared with the standard mixture of Asphalt concrete. Differences were between 1 dB and 5 dB depending on the wearing course and the vehicle speed. The efficiency of the low-noise asphalt pavements was also compared with the initial costs of the pavements. The economical evaluation confirmed that the initial costs of the acoustic wearing courses are higher than the costs of the standard asphalt concrete mixture. However the noise reduction by 1 dB using the asphalt concrete for very thin layers increases the costs just by 350 USD (considering the same length and width of the road segment), which makes acoustic wearing courses the economically efficient noise reducing measure.
Numerical Analysis of Smoke Confinement by Means of Air Curtains in High-Rise Buildings
Authors: Zhang Xiao Tao , Tan Chong , Lu Yu Shi
Published: November 2016

As an effective approach to confine fire-induced smoke transportation, the application of air curtains is introduced in high-rise buildings during fire. A series of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out for a full scale corridor in high-rise building, in which different factors such as air curtain discharge velocity (ACDV), human evacuation and pressure difference are considered. The results show that with the ACDV increasing, the smoke flowing resistance of air curtain is greater. The factor of evacuation cause significant impact on the efficiency of air curtain. Compared with the pressure difference caused by wind effect, the fire effect would lead to higher critical pressure difference and discharge coefficient.
Experimental Study of Typical Graded Asphalt Mixture about Dynamic Stability at High Temperature
Authors: Chen Zhen Fu , Wu Dan , Tao Qiu Wang , Gan Yuan Chu
Published: November 2016

The high temperature stability of AC-16, AC-13, AC-20 under specimen thickness of 5cm and 6cm is studied through indoor asphalt mixture high rutting test, Through comparison and analysis about experimental data, it is found that the stability of AC-16, AC-13, AC-20 asphalt mixture at high- temperature decreases in turn. It is shown that thickness changes did not affect the change trend of the high temperature stability under gradation change, and the stability of AC-16 at high-temperature is the best, the AC-13 is second and the AC-20 is less.
Study on the Influence of High Speed Rail on Urban Accessibility in Henan Province
Authors: Zhang Kai Guang , Ba Ming Ting , Meng Hong Ling
Published: November 2016

Based on the traffic network in Henan province, the accessibility index is designed by using the population weighted average of inverse of time distance to evaluate the influence of the high-speed railway system on the city accessibilities, and the perfection degree of highway traffic system in the region. The results show that by the early 2016, the accessibility indexes generated by the highway traffic system have the characteristics of normal distribution with relatively obvious differences between cities and relatively unbalanced distribution pattern. The construction of high-speed railway has largely improved the city accessibility levels along the railway lines, makes overall provincial accessibility increasing more than 33.51 percent, and shortens the distance between the accessibility center and population distribution center. However, there is still long distance between them, as the southeast and southwest part in the province with very poor accessibility levels, which should be improved by further perfecting the highway traffic system in these areas in order to maintain a balanced regional economic development.
Stability Evolution with Basal Erosion Increase in Cliffs on the Coast of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Authors: Ferreira da Silva Breno Marques , de Freitas Neto Osvaldo , Santos Olavo Francisco , Barbosa Nathália Marinho , de França Fagner Alexandre Nunes , de Araújo Eduardo Eiler  Batista
Published: November 2016

The coastline is constantly in undergoing change, in terms of its position (retreat) and form. The retreat of coastal cliffs is a physical, dynamic and complex process that is controlled mainly by the geology of the area, strength properties of materials, marine conditions and climatic aspects of the region. This process is directly related to basal erosion, which is basically the mechanical destruction and/or removal of soil particles from the toe of coastal cliffs, caused mainly by wave action. Basal cliff erosion decreases the stability of the slope and may trigger mass movements and coast retreats. The coastal area of Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil) consists predominantly of sandy beaches and cliffs of Barreiras Formation. In this area, the human occupation has been increasing; therefore, it potentiates the probability of occurrence of mass movement. The objective of this study is to analyze the direct influence of basal erosion on stability of typical cliffs of the district of Tibau do Sul / Rio Grande do Norte - Brazil. The results showed that tensions are generated above the basal erosion as notch extension increases.
Study of Environmental Performance of Taiwan’s Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Huang Miao Ling , Kuo Tsai Chi , Lin Chiu Hsiang Joe , Lo Yu Yen
Published: November 2016

Resource restrictions and carbon restrictions are posing a challenge to corporate sustainable development. Therefore, enterprises will be able to become more competitive by enhancing their research and development of green technology as well as environmental performance. Taiwan is a high-tech island featuring the highly-intensive manufacturing, and Taiwan’s manufacturing industry is actively developing the green management. This study proposed the environmental performance indicators integrating five aspects: green product design, green product recycling, green manufacturing management, environmental protection and environmental management. A total of 239 valid questionnaires, collected from various manufacturing industries, were the research subjects to investigate their environmental performance. The study found respondents performed the best in environmental protection while the worst in green product recycling, and especially got the lowest score in the “Using biodegradable materials” indicator. The environmental performances of research subjects were positively correlated to their enterprise scales. However, the environmental performances of various industry categories showed no significant differences between with each other. The overall environmental performances of the enterprises that implemented ISO 14001 and 14064 certifications were significantly higher than those without certifications. These results indicate that the environmental management system could improve the environmental performance in manufacturing industry.
Material Composition of Technogenic Ores in Tails of Zhezkazgan Enrichment Factory (Central Kazakhstan)
Authors: Baibatsha Adilkhan , Dyussembayeva Kulyash , Bekbotayeva Alma
Published: November 2016

Total reserves in tails in enrichment factories account for about 1.0 billion tons, and they contain copper, lead, zinc and precious metals. Therefore such tailings can be considered a major technological company and a reliable source of raw materials to build of processing company. We have studied the conditions of distribution and storage of tailings from enrichment plants. Microscopic description of the tailings material gave the following data. Chalcopyrite prevalent among the copper minerals covellite is most common in the second place, rare chalcocite, bornite, sphalerite, pyrite, arsenopyrite. The grain size of the sulfides is generally 0.01-0.03 mm. The sulfides are mainly quartz or fused to it. Rarely observed aggregates are covellite-bornite, chalcopyrite-covellite and chalcopyrite-bornite. However, not all sulphides ore sufficiently disclosed, most of them are located within grains the surrounding rocks. If disclosed ore minerals associated with grains of rocks less than 100 microns, they can be readily available for leaching. To increase the fullness of extraction of metals from sulfide located inside rock grains larger than 150-200 microns, additional measures for their opening.
Peculiarities of Dyes Removing from Water with Diatomite
Authors: Tazhibayeva Sagdat , Lakhbayeva Zhansaya , Musabekov Kuanyshbek , Nogai Konstantin
Published: November 2016

The peculiarities of removing methylene blue from water have been investigeted. It is established, that in the purification of water from methylene blue using diatomite, together with adsorption coagulation processes can occur. This consists in heterocoagulation of positively charged dye associates with negatively charged particles of diatomite. At low concentrations dye ions can be removed from solution by adsorption on the clay surface. Adsorption of methylene blue ions can be based on the ion exchange between silanol groups of the clay surface and dye cations. At high concentrations cleaning of water occurs due to mutual coagulation of the positively charged particles of dye and the negatively charged particles of diatomite. In this conditions dye molecules similar molecules of surfactants form associates containing tens or hundreds molecules. The highest degree of dye ions extraction from water is observed at contact time 6 hours and at medium pH ≥ 4. In acidic medium (pH <4) degree of dye removing from water decreases due to protonisation of clay’s silanol groups to SiOH2
Analysis Study on Axial Force in Bolted Connection under Fatigue Load
Authors: Park Kwan Sik , So Jae Hyuk , Oh Keun Yeong , Lee Kang Min
Published: November 2016

High-strength bolted connection is widely used for steel structure construction. Because high-strength bolted connection has simple constructability and structural qualification. Especially friction type with high-strength bolted connection has high stiffness and fatigue strength. At this time, initial clamping force is one of main factor to affect the strength and deformation behavior of connection. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate reduction of initial clamping force in high-strength bolted connection under fatigue load. And the parameter of this study is the size of the bolt and 3 types of initial clamping force. The analysis is used the finite element analysis program ANSYS Workbench.
Preparation and Application of a Potassium-Substituted Calcium Phosphate Sheet as a Dental Material for Treating Dentin Hypersensitivity
Authors: Kato Nobuhiro , Hatoko Yuka , Yamamoto Ei , Furuzono Tsutomu , Hontsu Shigeki
Published: November 2016

Potassium-substituted calcium phosphate free standing sheet for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity was prepared and evaluated. The appropriate annealing condition for the target of pulsed laser deposition to prepare the potassium-substituted amorphous calcium phosphate (PS-ACP) sheet was investigated. The target annealed at 1000 °C was used to deposit the PS-ACP sheet. The annealing condition for the potassium-substituted hydroxyapatite (PS-HAp) sheet was evaluated by XRD and EDX. The potassium release rate from PS-ACP sheet in PBS, evaluated by ICP-MS, was 2.5 times larger than that of PS-HAp sheet. The robustness of the PS-ACP sheet was proved by the brushing test of the PS-ACP sheet affixed on a bovine dentin. The dentin tubules on the dentin surface was occluded by the PS-ACP sheet and which confirmed by SEM observations.
Mechanical Strength Improvement of Apatite Cement Using Hydroxyapatite/Collagen Nanocomposite
Authors: Cahyanto Arief , Tsuru Kanji , Ishikawa Kunio , Kikuchi Masanori
Published: November 2016

The combination of tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP; Ca4(PO4)2O) and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA; CaHPO4) which are known as one system of apatite cements already used in the medical and dental application. In spite of several advantages of apatite cements, such as self-setting ability and biocompatibility, their mechanical strengths are still low. The aim of this study is to improve the mechanical strength of the TTCP-DCPA apatite cement using the hydroxyapatite/collagen nanocomposite (HAp/Col). The apatite cement powder was prepared using an equimolar TTCP and DCPA with addition of 10% and 20% of the HAp/Col. That without the HAp/Col was used as a control group. Each group was mixed with 1 mol/L Na1.8H1.2PO4 aqueous solution at powder/liquid ratio of 0.5 and hardened at 37°C and 100 % of relative humidity for 24 hours. A setting time of the cement was evaluated using Vicat needle according to ISO 1566 for dental zinc phosphate cements. Morphology of the cements set were observed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and crystalline phases were identified by the powder X-Ray diffractometry (XRD). The mechanical strength of the cement set was evaluated by the diametral tensile strength (DTS). The setting times of cements were the shortest for the cement with HAp/Col and the longest for the control. XRD patterns of the cement at 24 hours after mixing revealed that all cements changed into apatite from the mixture of TTCP and DCPA. The DTSs of cements were the highest for the cement with 20% HAp/Col and the lowest for the control with significant differences between the cement with 20 % HAp/Col and respective other two cements. The scanning electron micrographs of the surface and fracture surface of the cements suggested that the cement with HAp/Col showed denser structure in comparison to the control and the HAp/Col fibers and/or sheets covered the fracture surface. The HAp/Col would act as reinforcement fibers as well as an adhesive of apatite granules formed by the reaction between TTCP and DCPA. The setting time and mechanical strength of apatite cement was statistically significant improved by adding 20% HAp/Col.
Bioactivity Treatments for Zirconium and Ti-6Al-4V Alloy by the Function of Apatite Nuclei
Authors: Kidokoro Yasutaka , Yabutsuka Takeshi , Takai Shigeomi , Yao Takeshi
Published: November 2016

Micropores were formed on the surfaces of Zirconium (Zr) and Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates by soaking in sulfuric acid. In order to provide bioactivity to these metals, Apatite Nuclei (AN) were precipitated in the pores. By soaking in SBF, it was observed that the whole surfaces of Zr and Ti-6Al-4V alloy with the AN treatment were covered with the bone-like apatite within 1 day. The formed apatite layer showed high adhesive strength by a mechanical interlocking effect.
Apatite Coatings from Ostrich Eggshell and its Bioactivity Assessment
Authors: Blazutti Marçal Rubens Lincoln Santana , Muniz Ferreira Jose Ricardo , Louro Luis Henrique Leme , Costa Andrea Machado , Navarro da Rocha Daniel , de Campos José Brant , Prado da Silva Marcelo Henrique
Published: November 2016

In this work a two-step thermochemical deposition of calcium phosphate from ostrich eggshell on titanium surface was performed. After the deposition, the coatings were immersed into 0,1M KOH solution in order to favoring HA precipitation. The coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscope with field emission gun (FEG-SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Bioactivity assessment was performed in cell culture media, McCoy 5A medium, for 14 days. XRD patterns showed brushite/monetite as the phases present at first deposition step; in the second deposition step XRD patterns indicated HA phase peaks on titanium surface. After 14 days on McCoy 5A medium, brushite/monetite coatings revealed bone-like apatite precipitation, showing bioactivity; hydroxyapatite coatings showed a surface modification but no significant bone-like apatite precipitation, thus lower bioactivity. The use of ostrich eggshells as an alternative source to obtain bioactive calcium phosphate coatings showed to be effective.
Thermoresponsive Drug Release from Polymer Coated Nano Iron Oxide Embedded on Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Yokogawa Yoshiyuki , Yokomizo T. , Shishido Atsumasa , Varma H.K.
Published: November 2016

Hyperthermia is a promising cancer therapy due to its minimally-invasive procedure, and the cancer therapeutic efficacy can be improved by magnetic hyperthermia combined with pharamacotherapy. Iron oxide (IO) nanoparticle is a popular medium for hyperthermia treatment, and hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely used for bone filling and augmentation. IO nanoparticle embedded on hydroxyapatite (HAIO) was synthesized through co-precipitation method, and chitosan or poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM) were coated on the HAIO with calcium alginate to form the spheres (Chitosan coated HAIO and PNIPAAM coated HAIO). HAIO, Chitosan coated HAIO and PNIPAAM coated HAIO were used as carriers of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), one of the drugs for cancer chemical therapy, and the 5-FU release behavior in PBS solution was investigate at ambient and elevated temperatures. The amount of the released 5-FU from the HAIO, Chitosan coated HAIO and PNIPAAM coated HAIO are almost the same at ambient temperature. But at elevated temperature, that from Chitosan coated HAIO was reduced while that from the PNIPAAM coated HAIO was increased.
Slip Casting Used as a Forming Technique for Hydroxyapatite Processing
Authors: Blazutti Marçal Rubens Lincoln Santana , Navarro da Rocha Daniel , Prado da Silva Marcelo Henrique
Published: November 2016

Ceramic materials have particular properties when compared to other classes of materials, exhibiting poor ductility as an example. Slip casting is a widely used ceramic forming technique, and already established in the literature and in the ceramic industry. This study aims to present slip casting as a processing route for producing hydroxyapatite (HA) struts, and show the thermal phase stability. The ceramic suspension was produced and stabilized with hydroxyapatite powder, deionized water and polyethylene glycol 400. The slip was poured into gypsum mold. The green bodies were heat treated at 900 and 1100°C. Hydroxyapatite was the only phase present in all samples, before and after heat treatments. Density measurements showed that the densification was higher for the ceramic bodies sintered at 1100°C, when compared to the ones calcined at 900°C.
Fabrication of Chitosan-Nano Hydroxyapatite Scaffold for Dental Tissue Engineering
Authors: Shahnavazi Maryam , Ketabi Mohamad Ali , Fekrazad Reza , Moztarzadeh F. , Sadeghi Ali , Tondnevis Farbod , Raz Majid , Abolhasani M.M. , Rezaei-Tavirani M.
Published: November 2016

Incorporation of hydroxyapatite (HA) with organic polymer would be used in bone and dental tissue engineering. According to prior researches, because of its chemical similarity to natural bone and dental, this scaffold could improve bioactivity and bone bonding ability. In this research, nano-hydroxyapatite/ chitosan scaffolds were synthesized by two different methods to investigate the effect of different method on scaffold properties. Morphological properties of scaffold such as pore size and fibers diameter were investigated using SEM evaluation, and also bioactivity of scaffolds were measured in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results indicate that Chitosan/nano-Hydroxyapatite scaffold might be a suitable scaffold for tooth engineering while electrospinning techniques present more flexibility and controllable pore size than freeze-drying while with freeze-drying technique percentage of usage hydroxyapatite could be risen up to 40% and shown better macro-mechanical and physical properties.
Fabrication of Bioactive Fiber Reinforced Polyetheretherketone by the Function of Apatite Nuclei
Authors: Yabutsuka Takeshi , Fukushima Keito , Kidokoro Yasutaka , Matsunaga Takahiko , Takai Shigeomi , Yao Takeshi
Published: November 2016

We formed micropores on the surface of a carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFR-PEEK) and a glass fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone (GFR-PEEK) by immersing in sulfuric acid. In order to provide bioactivity to the CFR-PEEK and the GFR-PEEK, we treated the surfaces of the specimens with glow-discharge in oxygen gas atmosphere and precipitated apatite nuclei in the micropores. We evaluated apatite-forming ability of the specimens by using SBF and measured adhesive strength of formed apatite layer.
Mechanical and Physical Properties of Dentine-Glass Composites
Authors: Ozbek Burak , Kilic Osman , Gunduz Oguzhan , Ekren Nazmi , Gokce Hasan , Oktar Faik Nuzhet
Published: November 2016

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is one of the most widely used bioceramics to reconstruct most parts of the skeleton. HA biomaterials are nontoxic and biocompatible with bony tissues. It can be derived from natural sources like bovine bone and other original sources. Also it can be produced synthetically from reagent materials. Due to the fact that HA is not able to be used in biomedical applications cause of bear loadings. It has to be reinforced with materials such as whiskers, metallic oxides, glasses and others. In this study, sintering effects on physical and mechanical properties, such as density (gr/cm3), compression strength (MPa) and Vickers microhardness (HV) of the commercial inert glass (CIG) added human dentine HA (DHA) composite investigated. HA source material is dentine material which is obtained from extracted human teeth. After calcinations enamel and dentine parts were separated (850°C - 4 hours). DHA particles were ball milled and sieved through 100µm sieve. DHA is mixed with 5 and 10 % CIG. Then, this composite material is pressed with a steel mould and sintered in the temperature range of 1000°C to 1300°C with 100°C increments. After scanning electron microscope (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, both physical and mechanical characterization for DHA – CIG composites are completed by performing density, micro and macro-mechanical test procedures, i.e., HV and compression testing. Briefly, density measurements are conducted corresponding to the Archimedes principle. HV measurements are obtained under a 200g load. Compression test is performed at a rate of 2 mm/min. Here the densest structure was obtained as 2.48 gr/cm3 at 1300°C with 5 wt.% CIG addition. The HV values are increasing with temperature (1082 HV at 1300°C with 10 wt.% CIG addition). The toughest MPa value is 118MPa with 10%CIG addition, sintered at 1300°C. Inert glass addition to dentine HA sounds promising with increasing values of microhardness and compression properties. It can be described as a very hard and a strong biomaterial.
Microstructure Analysis of Zirconia-Alumina-Silica Particles Made from Indonesia Natural Sand Synthesized Using Spray Pyrolysis Method
Authors: Djustiana Nina , Febrida Renny , Panatarani Camellia , Imarundha Yuliafanny , Karlina Elin , Joni I Made
Published: November 2016

Zircon sand is one of Indonesian natural resource that is potential to be used as composite filler. Natural zircon sand can be found in several places in Indonesia, i.e. Riau Islands, Bangka-Belitung, and the Borneo. Zircon sand contains zirconia compound; while ZrO2 is the oxide crystal of zirconia compound. The mechanical and esthetical supremacy of zirconia is the reason why the usage of zirconia as nanocomposite filler mixed with alumina and silica increases. Spray pyrolysis method was used to synthesized natural zircon sand of Indonesia with temperature variety of 400°C, 500°C and 600°C. Spray pyrolysis decomposed zircon sand into powder in nano-sized. Microstructure analysis conducted were SEM, EDS, and XRD. SEM analysis showed that the morphology of particle was spherical, uniform, and regular with size of 100-500nm. EDS and XRD showed best results at the temperature of 400°C. Analysis result of EDS indicated that the largest atomic percentage was owned by sodium with ratio of Zr:Al:Si of 1:2:54 at temperature of 400°C. The XRD pattern of 400°C revealed that the crystal structure of zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4) was tetragonal, the structure of quartz (SiO2) was trigonal, and the structure of corundum aluminum oxide (Al2O3) was rhombohedral. Synthesis of zirconia-alumina-silica particles from natural zircon sand of Indonesia could be used as composite filler based on the characterization results.
Protein Adsorption Behavior of Hydroxyapatite during Hydrothermal Synthesis
Authors: Nagasaki Toshio , Nagata Fukue , Sakurai Makoto , Kato Katsuya
Published: November 2016

The surface structure of Hydroxyapatite (HAp) particles during hydrothermal synthesis and their protein adsorption behavior was investigated. The HAp particles were prepared by mixing calcium acetate solution and diammonium hydrogen phosphate solution by hydrothermal synthesis. When the temperature of mixture were heated up to 120°C, 150°C and 180°C, the HAp particles were collected during hydrothermal synthesis. The adsorption properties of proteins onto HAp were studied using three types of proteins: bovine serum albumin (BSA), myoglobin (MGB) and lysozyme (LSZ). Surface analysis by BET revealed that their pore volumes were decreased by increasing synthesis temperature. The adsorbed amount of BSA and LSZ per unit milligrams showed no obvious difference in all of the HAp particles prepared with synthesis temperature. In contrast, the amount of MGB adsorbed onto HAp particles synthesized at 120°C, 150°, and 180°C shows the decreasing with an increasing synthesis temperature. This result suggests that the adsorbed amount of MGB was decreased by decreasing pore volume of HAp particles.
Study the Effect of Liquid Layer Level on the Formation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized by Liquid-Phase Pulsed Laser Ablation
Authors: Al-Nassar Suha I. , Mahmoud Adel K. , Hussein Furat I.
Published: November 2016

This work is focused on studying the effect of liquid layer level (height above a target material) on zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO and ZnO2) production using liquid-phase pulsed laser ablation (LP-PLA) technique. A plate of Zn metal inside different heights of an aqueous environment of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) with molarity (10-3 M) was irradiated with femtosecond pulses. The effect of liquid layer height on the optical properties and structure of ZnO was studied and characterized through UV-visible absorption test at three peaks at 213 nm, 216 nm and 218 nm for three liquid heights 4, 6 and 8 mm respectively. The obtained results of UV–visible spectra test show a blue shift accompanied with decreasing the liquid level above the target due to the increase in ablation rate and particles production. This blue shift indicates getting a smaller size of nanoparticles and the quantum confinement property of nanoparticles. Also the FTIR transmittance spectra of ZnO2 nanoparticles prepared in these states show a characteristic ZnO absorption at 435 cm−1 – 445 cm−1.
Detection of Polytetrafluoroethylene Coating Deposition in Carbon Composite Paper Surface PEMFC Using FTIR-ATR
Authors: Insiyanda Dita Rama , Destyorini Fredina , Indayaningsih Nanik
Published: November 2016

Spectroscopy Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) – Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) used to study the surface of polymeric materials on polymeric substrates using a sensitive technique for chemical profiling, study of reflection spectroscopy, and a non-invasive. In this study we will investigate of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) deposition in carbon composite paper without damaging its structure by FTIR-ATR. Carbon composite paper was prepared by mixing the carbon material from coconut fiber and polymer binder in xylen as solvent, casted on glass substrate, and then rolled to make a sheet. Coating process was done by dipped the carbon composite paper in the PTFE suspension with different content of 10 wt%, 20 wt% and 30 wt% for 30 minutes and dried at room temperature for one night and heated at 150°C for 30 minutes, and finally heated at 350°C for 30 minutes to melt the PTFE. All samples were analyzed by using FTIR-ATR and SEM-EDS. Deposition of PTFE with different content in carbon composite papers could be observed by FTIR-ATR. The peaks located at near 1205 cm-1 and 1154cm-1 with different intensity for each PTFE contents. FTIR-ATR could be used as a pre-detection method of PTFE deposition in carbon composite paper before using SEM-EDS, because FTIR-ATR would be reflected at the highly reflective surface.
High Performance Fabrics in Body Protective Systems
Authors: Gürgen Selim , Kuşhan Melih Cemal
Published: November 2016

High performance fabrics are preferable for armor systems due to their lightweight structure and flexibility. High performance fabrics are generally used in body armor design for personal protection. However, these fabrics are utilized to cover the living space in military vehicles such as helicopters and armored vehicles. Besides, pilot seats in combat helicopters are included in utilization area of high performance fabrics. On the other hand armor is defined as a defensive covering to protect body or something against attacking threats. Protection is provided by absorbing the kinetic energy of the attacking threats and stopping them before any damage occurs in the target. This paper offers an overview of high performance fabrics in armor systems.
Effect of Varying Root Gap on Butt Welding of 6 mm Thick AISI 1020 Plate by Autogenous TIG Welding Process
Authors: Kumar Kamlesh , Ahirwar Pankaj , Masanta Manoj
Published: November 2016

In this study, AISI 1020 plate of 6 mm thickness has been welded by autogenous TIG welding process maintaining different root gap (0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mm). The weld bead profile and the tensile strength of the welded joint has been analysed. From the experimental results it is revealed that, for increasing the root gap, weld depth penetration increases; whereas weld bead width and heat affected zone (HAZ) is almost uniform. However, at the similar condition, under-filling of the weld joint increases with the increase in root gap. For using 1 mm root gap, weld joint exhibit full depth of penetration and maximum tensile strength, along with higher under-filling.
Effect of Drilling Parameters on Hole Quality of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy in Dry Drilling
Authors: Waqar Saad , Asad Saad , Ahmad Shamraiz , Abbas Ch Asad , Elahi Hassan
Published: November 2016

In past few decades, a lot of research has been done in the field of machining to improve the quality of machined surface. Out of these machining operations, drilling is widely used in the areas of marine and aerospace for assembly requirements. Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V, owing to its vast applications, is regarded as an important material for these industries. Ti-6Al-4V is categorized as difficult to machine material. Based on above stated facts, an experimental study was conducted on the dry drilling of Ti-6Al-4V. The objective of this study was to establish the correlations between drilling parameters such as feed rate and spindle speed, and quality of machined surface which is evaluated in terms of drill hole diameter deviation, exit burr height and surface roughness.
Influence of Welding Process Parameters on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Aluminium Matrix Composite
Authors: Prabhu Subramanya , Shettigar Arun Kumar , Rao Karthik , Rao Shrikantha , Herbert Mervin
Published: November 2016

In this study, the effect of process parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded aluminium matrix composites (AMC) have been explored. The results indicated that the recrystallized grain size at the bottom of the weld region is smaller than that at the top region due to difference in the heat transfer at the weld region. The joint strength of AMCs depends on proper selection of process parameters like tool rotational speed and welding speed. If process parameter values are beyond the optimal value, the joint strength decreases due to formation of defects. Maximum tensile strength is obtained for rotational speed of 1000 rpm and welding speed of 80mm/min.
Optimisation of Weld Overlay Cladding Parameters Using Full-Factorial Design of Experiment
Authors: Chan Lydia , Shyha Islam , Dryer Dale , Hamilton John
Published: November 2016

Weld Overlay Cladding (WOC) shares the same scientific principals as conventional welding where there are multiple governing factors that control the process and outcome. The present work employs a Design of Experiment (DoE) approach to optimising process parameters for cladding a nickel superalloy onto low alloy steel with the aim to improve productivity and quality. The arc current, the clad metal heating current were identified as the key process variables for this stage of experimentation. A full-factorial 4-by-2 test was carried out to identify the optimal levels. Results showed that there is a mild positive trend between the height of individual strings of beads and both variables. However no relationship was established with the depth of penetration, nor with the height of single or double layer stacks. The optimal level of the variables was therefore chosen to be the one that has the highest productivity rate as there were no significant differences. Further experimentation has been planned and described in this paper.
Processing of Black Sand for the Recovery of Metal
Authors: Begum Noorzahan , Norsaffirah  , Khuzaima Nur , Bari Md. Fazlul , Rezan Shekh
Published: November 2016

Processing of Langkawi black sand for the recovery of metals had been carried out in this study. The samples were characterized after sieve analysis. Magnetic separator is used to separate between magnetic and non-magnetic portion of blank sand. XRF and FTIR were used to know the metal content in black sand. Before magnetic separation black sand contain about 43.2 wt% SiO2, Al2O3 with 21.1 wt% and Fe2O3 with 17.2 wt% and 12.0% TiO2.
Electrical Conductivity of BioBased Shape Memory Polyurethane Filled with CNT
Authors: Ali Ernie Suzana , Khiar Azwani Sofia Ahmad , Zubir Syazana Ahmad , Zulkeple Zul Afiq Zaim
Published: November 2016

Biobased shape memory polyurethane filled with carbon nanotubes (CNT) were prepared using two step polymerization process. The bio based shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) were composed of polycaprolactonediol, polyol based on palm oil, 4, 4’-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1, 4-butanediol. In this paper, CNTs has been used as fillers to introduce the electrical conductivity in the SMPU. The bio-based shape memory polyurethane shows electrical conductivity with addition of 7 wt% CNT.
Production of Cenospheres from Coal Fly Ash through Vertical Thermal Flame (VTF) Process
Authors: Soh Wei Ming , Tan Jully , Heng Jerry Y.Y. , Cheeseman Christopher
Published: November 2016

Coal fly ash is a complex mixture of anthropogenic materials produced during the combustion of pulverised coal in coal fired power plants. They pose environmental concerns that lead to air and water pollution. Effort has been done to reduce the production of coal fly ash or to extract potentially valuable products from coal fly ash, such as cenospheres. Cenospheres are light, low density, thin-walled hollow ceramic microsphere with unique properties. Conventional cenosphere production methods involve the separation of cenospheres from coal fly ash. Due to its small quantities in fly ash (1 % wt.), separation process results in low production of cenospheres. In this work, an attempt by applying a vertical thermal flame (VTF) process is done to produce cenospheres from coal fly ash. Particle size of coal fly ash 63 to 90 μm and 90 to 126 μm are selected to undergo the VTF process. Effect of size of precursor, number of passes through the thermal process, density, morphology and particles size of generated spheres are evaluated. The results show that different sizes of coal fly ash and number of passes through the VTF process affect the morphology of obtained spheres and the overall real density. Further optimization of the VTF process design in terms of heat source and the feeding mechanism are required to increase the transformation of coal fly ash to cenospheres.
Simply Electrospun Gelatin/Cellulose Acetate Nanofibers and their Physico-Chemical Characteristics
Authors: Kusumah Fuji Hernawati , Sriyanti Ida , Edikresnha Dhewa , Munir Muhammad Miftahul , Khairurrijal
Published: November 2016

Gelatin in fibers form can be used for tissue engineering, wound dressing, or drug carrier. However, it is easily damaged if exposed to water. Thus, it was blended with cellulose acetate. Acetic acid was used as a solvent because it is less toxic. The mass ratios of gelatin to cellulose acetate of 10:0, 8:2, and 6:4 were as precursor solutions. Simple electrospinning was employed to produce gelatin/cellulose acetate fibers. From SEM images, it was shown that the average diameters of gelatin/cellulose acetate fibers from the precursor solutions of 10:0, 8:2, and 6:4 were 534, 649, and 765 nm, respectively. The addition of cellulose acetate increased the viscosity of gelatin/cellulose acetate solution. Moreover, gelatin mass reduction caused a decrease in conductivity of gelatin/cellulose acetate solution. Therefore, increasing in the viscosity or reducing in the conductivity of the precursor solution increased the average diameter of the gelatin/cellulose acetate fibers. The analysis of FTIR spectra showed that the structural changes of gelatin and cellulose acetate occurred after being transformed into gelatin/cellulose acetate nanofibers.
May Christians request medically assisted suicide and euthanasia?
Authors: De Villiers D. Etienne
Published: November 2016

The article deals with the question: ‘Is it morally acceptable for terminally ill Christians to voluntarily request medically assisted suicide or euthanasia?’ After a brief discussion of relevant changes in the moral landscape over the last century, two influential, but opposite views on the normative basis for the Christian ethical assessment of medically assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia are critically discussed. The inadequacy of both the view that the biblical message entails an absolute prohibition against these two practices, and the view that Christians have to decide on them on the basis of their own autonomy, is argued. An effort is made to demonstrate that although the biblical message does not entail an absolute prohibition it does have normative ethical implications for deciding on medically assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia. Certain Christian beliefs encourage terminally ill Christians to live a morally responsible life until their death and cultivate a moral prejudice against taking the life of any human being. This moral prejudice can, however, in exceptional cases be outweighed by moral considerations in favour of medically assisted suicide or voluntary euthanasia.
People living in poverty and their relationship to local church communities: An exploratory qualitative study in Mechelen, Belgium
Authors: Dillen Annemie , Van Hoof Elke
Published: November 2016

Much literature on church and poverty issues takes the church as the actor and people living in poverty as the acted upon, those who have to receive care or who will benefit from the church’s diaconal action. Not much is known about experiences of the church and the religion of people living in poverty themselves. The aim of this article is threefold: (1) To learn more about possible difficulties, also possibilities, for participation of people living in poverty in Catholic parishes in Flanders; (2) To give a voice to people living in poverty, to help them to express their ‘ordinary theology’ (Astley 2002) and to make their experiences visible to a broader ecclesial audience; (3) To discuss the ecclesial experiences of people living in poverty and people who know their experiences quite well, in light of church documents.This article presents the results of an exploratory qualitative study in Mechelen, a medium-tolarge city in Flanders, Belgium. We present the results of semi-structured interviews with 20 participants – 7 caregivers and 13 people living in poverty.We found both pragmatic difficulties and more religious difficulties for participation in parishes, named by people living in poverty, as well as by (voluntary and professional) caregivers. Pragmatic difficulties are, for example, mobility or time (in relation to working hours on Saturday/Sunday). More religious-related difficulties concern the doubts about God in relation to their own suffering, aspects of the moral teachings of the church (e.g. about homosexuality) and questions about the Eucharist itself, experienced in a non-satisfactory way. More positive experiences concern the silence or rest people experience in the church or the experience of a community. We discuss findings relating to experiences of ‘inclusion’ of people living in poverty within church communities and more private religious practices, named by people living in poverty.In a next step, we compare these results with other empirical research. Finally, we discuss what it can mean to be a ‘church of the poor’ and what ‘friendship with the poor’ might be and how this concept can be evaluated.
IDO2: A Pathogenic Mediator of Inflammatory Autoimmunity
Authors: Merlo Lauren M.F. , Mandik-Nayak Laura
Published: November 2016

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), a homolog of the better-studied tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme IDO1, is an immunomodulatory molecule with potential effects on various diseases including cancer and autoimmunity. Here, we review what is known about the direct connections between IDO2 and immune function, particularly in relationship to autoimmune inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. Accumulating evidence indicates that IDO2 acts as a pro-inflammatory mediator of autoimmunity, with a functional phenotype distinct from IDO1. IDO2 is expressed in antigen-presenting cells, including B cells and dendritic cells, but affects inflammatory responses in the autoimmune context specifically by acting in B cells to modulate T cell help in multiple model systems. Given that expression of IDO2 can lead to exacerbation of inflammatory responses, IDO2 should be considered a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune disorders.