bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies of a Myxovirus Isolated from Human Blood
Authors: Isacson Peter , McCollum Robert W. , Hsiung G. D.
Published: January 2023

When DA virus was allowed to absorb to erythrocytes and spontaneously elute from them, the erythrocytes were altered so that they became agglutinable by sera from animals immunized against the DA virus. When erythrocytes were treated with RDE in a fashion designed to mimic the action of the DA virus enzyme, the erythrocytes became agglutinable by sera from animals immunized against the DA virus. The agglutinin of DA virus-treated erythrocytes (anti-CSA) and the agglutinin of RDE-treated erythrocytes (RDE agglutinin) were shown to be separate factors by cross absorption with DA virus and RDE-treated erythrocytes and by differences in response in chimpanzees after immunization with killed DA virus and intravenous inoculation of autologous erythrocytes treated in vitro with RDE. On the basis of the data presented it is suggested that the anti-CSA arose as an antibody to the DA virus and the RDE agglutinin arose as an antibody response to host cells modified in vivo by the action of DA viral enzyme.
Studies of a Myxovirus Isolated from Human Blood
Authors: Isacson Peter , McCollum Robert W. , Hsiung G. D.
Published: January 2023

Serologic responses to the DA virus were investigated in cases of human viral hepatitis from two sources; an epidemic of infectious hepatitis occurring among U. S. Naval personnel stationed in the Naples area, and human volunteer recipients of known infectious hepatitis virus, strain Akiba. Antibodies to the DA virus as measured by hemagglutination-inhibition or neutralization of infectivity were more common in jaundiced cases from the Naples epidemic than from comparable controls, and 4-fold or greater rises in hemagglutination-inhibition titers were found in serial sera from 9 of 26 cases. No changes in titer using these tests were found in serial sera from Akiba recipients. Sera from jaundiced cases from the Naples epidemic and sera from Akiba recipients were shown to possess the ability to agglutinate chick erythrocytes treated with the DA virus (anti-CSA). In sera from the Naples epidemic, the anti-CSA was found to most closely resemble an antibody against DA viral antigen which had been deposited on the treated erythrocytes. The anti-CSA in Akiba recipient sera was found to most closely resemble an antibody against erythrocytes which had been antigenically modified by the action of RDE from either bacterial or viral sources.
Aspects of the Immune Hemolytic Reaction
Authors: Amiraian K. , Plescia O. J. , Cavallo G. , Heidelberger M.
Published: January 2023

Sheep serum contains inhibitors that prevent the lysis of sensitized sheep red cells by guinea pig, pig or human C′, but do not interfere with the sensitization of the cells by rabbit antibody. The presence of a relatively large proportion of sheep serum during the formation of EAC′1,4,2 by guinea pig C′ results in slight loss of C′1 and C′2 activities on these cells and no detectable change in C′4 activity. The inhibitors affect primarily the C′3 step. Sheep serum, however, lyses sensitized human erythrocytes, and human serum inhibits the lysis of type A human erythrocytes by sheep C′. These results suggest a reason why a given C′ may be less active in lysing sensitized homologous red blood cells.
Electrophoretic Analysis of Serum and Ascitic Fluid Proteins from Immunized and Nonimmunized Mice
Authors: Jordan R. T. , Banovitz J. , Trapani I. L. , Campbell Dan H.
Published: January 2023

The electrophoretic distribution and properties of ascitic fluid, induced by a modified Freund's adjuvant-antigen mixture, have been compared to isologous serum of a highly inbred line of AKR mice. Serum contains a prealbumin component not detected in ascitic fluid. The relative concentration of α2- and β-globulins was greater in the serum and ascitic fluid of immunized animals than in the serum of normal mice, whereas γ-globulin remained relatively unchanged. Anti-BSA precipitins have been demonstrated in the serum and ascitic fluid of immunized mice and have the electrophoretic properties of a β2-globulin.
Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly-α-Amino Acids). II
Authors: Maurer Paul H.
Published: January 2023

Employing adjuvant techniques of immunization in rabbits, sufficient antibody can be produced against synthetic copolymers of glutamic acid and lysine so that precipitin reactions can be observed. When the copolymer was injected intramuscularly in a saline vehicle no detectable antibody was produced in man. Based on this fact the possible future utility of these macromolecules as plasma expanders has been mentioned. The antibody response in rabbits was shown to be heterogeneous and to vary among rabbits injected with the same antigen. Although the copolymers were produced by the same synthetic procedures, their heterogeneity has been demonstrated by immunochemical techniques. It has been suggested that the antigenicity of copolymers without tyrosine may be dependent upon the presence of some areas of rigidity and a certain amount of randomness in the amino acid sequences.
Further Studies on the Role of the Bursa of Fabricius in Antibody Production
Authors: Mueller August P. , Wolfe Harold R. , Meyer Roland K. , Aspinall Richard L.
Published: January 2023

Removal of the bursa of Fabricius at 1 day of age effectively prevents a large percentage of the animals from producing precipitins to bovine serum albumin (BSA) when inoculations are made to 20 weeks of age. Bursectomy at 10 days is less effective. Two steroid hormones, 19-nortestosterone and 17-ethyl-19-nortestosterone, administered on the 12th or 13th day of incubation, cause a 5- to 20-fold reduction in bursal weight. Correspondingly, precipitin production against BSA is grossly impaired. Spleen, thymus and body weights were not consistently affected.
Studies on the Production of B1 Coxsackie Virus by Hela Cells
Authors: Boring William D. , Levy Richard S.
Published: January 2023

Studies on the influence of pH, temperature, and the composition of the medium on the production of B1 Coxsackie virus by HeLa cells are reported.

A thousand-fold reduction in virus titers were found in medium adjusted to pH 6.6. The effect of the low pH was reversible by changing the pH of the medium at 6 hr from pH 6.6 to pH 7.4. The low pH had no demonstrable effect on the adsorption or stability of the virus.

Growth curves of B1 Coxsackie virus at various temperatures are reported. Suppression of virus multiplication occurred above and below 36°C with complete suppression occurring at 40°C and 25°C. At these temperatures virus was not released into the medium and the intracellular virus could be ascribed to that adsorbed during the 1-hr period of infection at 36°C.

The effect of composition of the medium was studied. Undialyzed calf serum at 2% concentration supported levels of virus equal to those obtained in Eagle's basal medium. Production of virus by depleted cells was found to require either glucose or glutamine. Glutamine was effective at the concentration routinely employed, whereas, an increase in the concentration of glucose was necessary for the stimulation of maximal levels of virus. The absence of glutamine from the otherwise complete medium reduced the levels of virus to those obtained in a balanced salt solution.
Analysis of Immune Precipitates by Serum-Agar Diffusion
Authors: Gengozian Nazareth , Makinodan Takashi , Carter Rachel R.
Published: January 2023

Anti-BSA sera obtained from chicken, guinea fowl, turkey, pheasant, duck, rabbit, rat, mouse, and guinea pig were tested for their capacity to induce coprecipitation of other serum proteins when reacted in vitro with the BSA antigen. The immune BSA-anti-BSA precipitates were analyzed by solubilizing the precipitates with excess antigen and reacting the soluble complexes against the species-specific anti-whole serum antiserum in Ouchterlony serum-agar diffusion plates. The tests have shown that, in addition to the antibody γ-globulin protein, the soluble antigen-antibody complexes of all species of anti-serum, excepting guinea fowl and rabbit, contained a coprecipitating serum protein. These results and their possible biologic significance are discussed.
Localization in Human Kidney of Antibodies Formed in Sheep against Human Placenta
Authors: Steblay Raymond William
Published: January 2023

Sheep anti-HGBM and anti-human placenta antibodies when applied in vitro localize in identical manner in the basement membranes of glomeruli, tubules, capsules, intertubular capillaries and certain extracellular sites in the media and adventitia of arteries. Both antisera have similar distribution patterns of localization when applied to human placenta. Cellular structures are not stained. Both placenta and HGBM are capable of greatly decreasing or eliminating the apple-green fluorescence when used for adsorption of the fluorescent-conjugates before staining. The above observations are consistent with the conclusion that a similar or identical antigen (or a group of antigens) is present in the placenta and HGBM and other connective tissue structures of the kidney. The sheep injected with HGBM and Freund's adjuvant in this experiment developed an acute proliferative glomerulonephritis. An interesting incidental observation was that autofluorescent internal and external elastic laminas were never seen in placental blood vessels observed even though some were of considerable size.
Immunological and Chemical Studies on an Oral Veillonella Endotoxin
Authors: Mergenhagen Stephan E. , Zipkin Isadore , Varah Eileen
Published: January 2023

Chemical analysis of nucleic acid-free endotoxin isolated by the phenol-water method from an oral species of Veillonella disclosed a high content of lipid (60%) with carbohydrates consisting of glucosamine and galactosamine. Three unknown thiobarbituric acid reactive components, resembling sialic acid, were found in hydrolyzed endotoxin which gave a negative direct Ehrlich's and Bial's orcinol test. One appeared to be either neutral and/or cationic and two appeared to be anionic.

The lipopolysaccharide endotoxin proved to be a poor antigen in rabbits but reacted as a hapten in precipitin and hemagglutination tests with antiserum produced by immunization with viable Veillonella cells. Endotoxins from other oral species of Gram-negative bacteria failed to block the hemagglutination reaction in the same manner as homologous endotoxin. Absorption experiments indicate that the endotoxin moiety of Veillonella is responsible for the specific agglutinative properties of the organism.
Kinetic Studies on the Incidence of Cells Appearing to form Two Antibodies
Authors: Nossal G. J. V. , Mäkelä O.
Published: January 2023

The question of whether any cell can simultaneously form two or more antibodies has been reinvestigated with better and more complete techniques of antibody assay than previously described. Rats were given injections of flagellin from one or two strains of Salmonella containing significant amounts of both H and O antigens. The dose used at each injection varied from 0.002 µg to 6 mg. Injections were given once a week with 4-week rests after 4 injections, or once a month. The duration of immunization was 1 month to 18 months. Most rats started their immunization course in adult life, but some on the day of birth. Antibody released into the microdrop surrounding each single cell was detected by H immobilization, O agglutination, and the chaining phenomenon. Antibody attached to the surface of the cell was detected by H or O adherence. Of 3628 single cells tested, 41 appeared to be doubly active; but only two of these were shown to actually release two antibodies simultaneously, the majority of the others releasing one antibody and having a second reactivity present on the surface. Thus the incidence of “true double producers” was less than 0.01%. No experimental variation of antigen dose or immunization schedule seemed to affect this proportion.

The validity of the experimental methods used and the possible theoretical basis for the observed results are discussed.
Studies on Homologous Disease
Authors: Jutila John W. , Weiser Russell S.
Published: January 2023

Runt disease was produced in newborn mice of certain inbred strains and their hybrids by the intraperitoneal injection of various organ and tissue preparations rich in viable lymphoid cells. The incidence of runting among mice of various inbred strain donor-recipient combinations was found to differ markedly and was highest in mice of those combinations differing at the H-2 locus. Among mice of combinations compatible at the H-2 locus but differing at other loci, runting could be produced only by immunization of the donors prior to cell transfer. In certain donor-recipient combinations of inbred strains and their hybrids the incidence of runting produced in the hybrid was inversely proportional to the degree of “foreignness” of the hybrid for the donor's cells. In certain strain combinations, the susceptibility of hybrid mice to runting with the cells of one parent was greater than with the cells of the other parent. Induction of immunological tolerance in newborn mice of parent strains with the cells of their respective hybrids markedly increased their susceptibility to subsequent runting with spleen cells of the homologous parent. Contrariwise, the spleen cells of such “tolerant” donors had a lowered capacity to produce runt disease in hybrid mice or mice of the homologous parent strain. When immune peritoneal cells from C57BL/K mice, which had recently rejected Sarcoma I ascites tumor, were injected into 5-day-old A/Jax mice, they produced an acute form of homologous disease terminating in death within 5 days. Immune spleen cells from the same animals produced a more chronic form of the disease, terminating in death in 3 to 5 weeks. Whereas immune spleen cells from A/Jax mice produced a “chronic” form of homologous disease in adult (C57BL/K × A/Jax) hybrid mice, immune spleen cells from C57BL/K mice failed to produce homologous disease in the adult hybrid. A mild form of runt disease was produced in newborn male mice of the C57BL/K and A/Jax strains with immune spleen cells obtained from isologous adult female mice that had recently rejected skin grafts from male mice of the same strain. Attempts to serially transfer runt disease in newborn A/Jax and (C57BL/K × A/Jax) hybrid mice with large doses of spleen cells were not successful beyond the first or second passage. The significance of the results is discussed.
A Simplified Immunofluorescent Plaque Method
Authors: Spendlove Rex S. , Lennette Edwin H.
Published: January 2023

A technique is described for growing cover slip cultures of cells infected with vaccinia virus in contact with an agar medium. After viral plaques form, the agar is softened by gentle heat. This permits removal of the cover slips without disruption of the cell sheets. The plaques are demonstrable by fluorescent antibody staining, and by hemadsorption. Plaque purification of the virus can be effected by isolating virus from the agar beneath cover slips containing single plaques. The potential applications of this technique are discussed.
Retention of Antigen in Neonatal and Older Chicks
Authors: Hirata Arthur A. , Garvey Justine S. , Campbell Dan H.
Published: January 2023

The retention of S35-labeled bovine serum albumin in organs of neonatal and older chicks was compared.

The injection of equivalent amounts of S35-BSA (56 mg/kg body wt) resulted in a significantly higher uptake by the spleen of neonatal than of older chicks. The injection into neonatal chicks of a tolerance-eliciting dose of the antigen (1008 mg/kg body wt) resulted in a proportionally higher uptake by spleen.

Antigen incorporated in the livers of neonatal and older chicks disappeared at similar rates, whereas rates of disappearance from the spleen differed for the two groups indicating that the antigen retained in the spleen may be different qualitatively in neonatal chicks than in older chicks.
Evidence for the Absence of Anaphylactogenic Host Protein in Highly Purified PR8 Influenza Virus
Authors: Kroeger Arthur V.
Published: January 2023

The anaphylactogenic properties of crude sedimented and highly purified PR8 influenza virus suspensions were investigated by the Schultz-Dale reaction with excised uterine muscle from sensitized guinea pigs. It was shown that the specificity of the in vitro anaphylactic reaction with crude sedimented virus is related to the host protein present in the virus suspensions and not to the specific viral antigen.

When PR8 influenza virus was concentrated from infected chorioallantoic fluid by one cycle of ultracentrifugation or by one cycle of adsorption and elution from chicken erythrocytes, the presence of host protein could readily be detected by Schultz-Dale reactions with uterine muscle taken from guinea pigs previously sensitized with normal chorioallantoic membrane antigen, but, when the first cycle eluates were further purified by a second cycle of adsorption and elution from guinea pig erythrocytes, host material could be detected in only trace amounts in two separate virus suspensions. Finally, sedimentation of the second cycle eluates in the ultracentrifuge yielded two preparations which contained no detectable amount of host protein.

The data presented in this investigation appear to be irreconcilable with the hypothesis that normal anaphylactogenic host protein is incorporated on the surface of the PR8 influenza virus elementary body during replication in the chorioallantois of the embryonated egg.
Inhibition with Simple Sugars of Hemagglutination of Red Cells Modified with Salmonella Antigens
Authors: Truszczynski Marian , Baker Edgar E.
Published: January 2023

Oligosaccharides will inhibit hemagglutination of erythrocytes modified with antigenic extracts of salmonellas. The method described can be used to determine a possible relationship of a sugar to the structure of an antigen. The relation of certain sugar to the antigens of various salmonella serotypes was discussed.
Studies on the Bacteriophage Neutralizing Activity of Serums
Authors: Muschel Louis H. , Toussaint Andre J.
Published: January 2023

Immunization of rabbits with T2 phage results in the early development of neutralizing Ab which, except for its elevated titer, is indistinguishable from the Ab present prior to immunization and designated as normal Ab. Subsequently, Ab is formed which occurs in an additional Cohn fraction and, in contrast to the C′ dependence of normal or early immune Ab, is C′ independent. Moreover, the addition of C′ to phage neutralizing Ab is without effect upon the reactivation of neutralized phage. Finally, both normal and immune sera neutralize phage in accord with the percentage law.
Studies on the Immunologic Unresponsiveness during the Secondary Disease Period of Lethally Irradiated Mice Protected by Homologous Bone Marrow
Authors: Thompson John S. , Simmons Eric L. , Hofstra Diana
Published: January 2023

The survival of lethally x-irradiated mice protected by isologous or homologous bone marrow therapy was studied. To eliminate the mortality due to primary disease the arbitrary period beginning 21 days after irradiation was chosen and survival was followed for an additional 90 days.

It was observed that those groups of mice “saved” by homologous bone marrow consistently fared less well than those protected by isologous marrow. The i.v. administration of 10 × 106 isologous lymphocytes, spleen cells, or immune lymphocytes had no influence on this rate of mortality.

Further, it was found that the immunologic unresponsiveness of mice protected by homologous marrow extended to heterologous rat red cells.

Activated isologous spleen cells or lymphocytes from preimmunized mice conferred adoptive immunity to rat erythrocytes when transferred to lethally irradiated mice “saved” by isologous or homologous marrow. These data indicate that if donor-grafted cells still persist 21 to 28 days after irradiation of the host, they do not effectively destroy the transferred isologous tissues.

The studies of other investigators were reviewed in light of these results and it is concluded that the mechanism of immunologic unresponsiveness of irradiated animals protected by foreign cells is not the same as “immunologic tolerance.” Since the data do not indicate a graft vs. host reaction, and cannot be interpreted exclusively as a host vs. graft reaction, an alternate hypothesis that a host vs. host reaction may be operative at times is suggested.
Studies of Induction of Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Rats and Guinea Pigs without the Use of Mycobacteria
Authors: Paterson Philip Y. , Bell Jennifer
Published: January 2023

Allergic encephalomyelitis (AE) may be induced in rats by sensitization to either homologous or heterologous (guinea pig) spinal cord plus incomplete adjuvant, lacking killed mycobacteria. The disease induced in this manner is comparable in all respects to that induced conventionally with spinal cord plus complete adjuvant, containing mycobacteria. Rats occasionally develop AE following a single injection of the heterologous spinal cord alone.

In contrast to rats, mycobacteria are important for induction of AE in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs sensitized to heterologous (rat) spinal cord plus incomplete adjuvant only occasionally exhibit clinical signs and/or lesions of the disease. None of the animals sensitized to homologous spinal cord plus incomplete adjuvant developed AE.

Implications of these observations with respect to pathogenesis of AE are discussed.
Formation of Antibody to Haptens
Authors: Gold Eugene F. , Benedict Albert A.
Published: January 2023

Intensive immunization of chickens and rabbits with unconjugated PABA produced no antibody response as measured by the passive hemagglutination reaction. Antibody to PABA was produced in response to a series of injections of BGG-p-azobenzoate in rabbits, and to a single injection in chickens. Anti-PABA and anti-BGG primary and secondary antibody responses were partially characterized. In chickens a single injection of BGG-p-azobenzoate induced anti-PABA antibody within 72 hr. The peak for both anti-PABA and anti-BGG occurred after 5 to 7 days. Following peak titers, anti-BGG titers decreased rapidly, but anti-PABA titers persisted for 70 days. The persistence of antihapten antibody was discussed.

Following primary immunization with BGG-p-azobenzoate, anamnestic responses were produced in rabbits and chickens with free PABA. Secondary responses to BGG and to homologous protein-hapten were also reported.
Vibriocidal Antibody Inhibition (VAI) Analysis: A Technique for the Identification of the Predominant Vibriocidal Antibodies in Serum and for the Detection and Identification of Vibrio Cholerae Antigens
Authors: Finkelstein Richard A.
Published: January 2023

The activity of vibriocidal antibody can be specifically inhibited by minute amounts of endotoxins from Vibrio cholerae. This observation has been applied in the development of a procedure called the Vibriocidal antibody inhibition test (VAIT) which can be adapted to serve as a sensitive assay for the detection, identification and quantification of V. cholerae antigens and, by Vibriocidal antibody inhibition (VAI) Analysis, for the identification of the predominant vibriocidal antibodies in human and rabbit sera. Acute phase sera from cholera patients were found to contain antigen-like inhibitory activity for the vibriocidal reaction. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Antibody Production and Transfer to Egg Yolk in Chickens
Authors: Patterson Roy , Youngner Julius S. , Weigle William O. , Dixon Frank J.
Published: January 2023

The primary and secondary antibody responses of hens to bovine serum albumin (BSA) trace labeled with I131 and the rate of elimination of this antigen in control and immunized birds have been investigated. By determination of the antibody response of hens and the half-life of homologous γ-globulin, estimates were made of the rates of antibody production in hens. The efficiency of transfer of antibody to egg yolks was studied using both injected I131 trace-labeled homologous serum globulin and actively formed antibody against a heterologous serum protein and a viral antigen. The time relationships between appearance of serum antibody and its transfer to yolk have been established as well as the relation of this phenomenon to the early stages of embryologic development.
The Effect of Congenital Passive Immunity Levels on the Response of Chicks to Newcastle Disease Vaccination
Authors: Richey Dale J. , Schmittle S. C.
Published: January 2023

Individual vaccination of 1-day-old chicks with a single application of the B1 strain of New-castle disease virus resulted in a serologic response inversely related to the quantity of congenital passive antibodies. A serologic “level of significance” titer for the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) or neutralization indices (NI) tests could be correlated with the resistance to challenge only in chicks with the least amount of congenital immunity during the 8-week test period. A transitory infection of 1-day-old chicks possessing increasing amounts of congenital immunity was evident in that HI and NI antibodies of the control chicks decreased more rapidly than those of the vaccinated birds. The susceptibility to challenge at weekly intervals postvaccination was proportional to the degree of congenital Newcastle disease immunity in 1-day-old chicks. Cumulative challenge mortality during the 7 to 8 weeks period was 0%, 10% and 27% among groups of vaccinated birds having increasing amounts of congenital antibodies.
Formation of Incomplete Influenza Virus in Ascites Tumor Cells
Authors: Low Iolanda E. , Eaton Monroe D. , Uretsky Susan B.
Published: January 2023

The formation of noninfectious, cell-associated viral hemagglutinins in Krebs 2 ascites tumor cells inoculated with large amounts of influenza virus, PR8 strain, was accompanied by high titered complement-fixing soluble antigen. This antigen appeared 1 to 2 hr before the hemagglutinin, was less affected by adverse conditions, and could be found in cells with a dilute input of virus which was insufficient for hemagglutinin formation.

Comparison to other influenza systems in deembryonated eggs and HeLa cells revealed no significant quantitative differences in the production of the intracellular hemagglutinin and S antigen, irrespective of whether complete or incomplete virus was being formed.

The formation of hemagglutinin could be preferentially inhibited by dilution of the virus input, by 0.1% glutamine, by low concentration (0.005 to 0.01%) of (NH4)2HPO4, or by a 15-min delay in addition of higher concentrations of ammonium salts.

Proflavine had no effect in this system.
Homograft Reaction in Mouse Radiation Chimeras
Authors: Doria Gino
Published: January 2023

Homologous bone marrow chimeras were tested by a direct method for a graft-anti-host immune reaction. This type of reaction was detectable at 7 days and maximal at 15 days after irradiation and bone marrow treatment. A possible relation between homograft reaction and lymphatic damage in the secondary disease was discussed.
On the Mechanism of Immunologic Self Recognition
Authors: Triplett Edward L.
Published: January 2023

Experiments have been performed which indicate that the ability of the immune system to recognize self is an acquired property gained by contacting antigenic determinants of self tissues at some time during development. The experiments consisted first of removing the buccal component of the pituitary gland at a stage in development before the gland had differentiated (begun to produce adult type proteins) but after the gland had been determined (possessed the ability to self-differentiate) and then growing the organism and the gland apart from one another until the organism was immunologically mature and the gland was differentiated. The gland and organism were then brought together as graft and host. In a significant percentage of cases the animal rejected its own hypophysis. Control experiments excluded the possibility that the antigenicity of the graft had changed or that the animals had lost the ability to accept autografts.
Isolation and Properties of an Allergen from Dwarf Ragweed Pollen
Authors: Callaghan O. H. , Goldfarb A. R.
Published: January 2023

A highly active allergenic protein has been obtained by fractionation of dwarf ragweed pollen extracts.

The material isolated gives a strong line on the Ouchterlony test. It gives skin reactions at concentrations of 2 × 10-6 to 2 × 10-7 µg N/ml. It is also active on the nasal membrane. The protein contains sulfhydryl groups whose state of oxidation-reduction appears to alter its electrophoretic mobility and gel diffusion behavior.

A cruder preparation has an S25 value of 3.76 × 10-13. Chemical analyses are given, including qualitative amino acid composition. The appearance of a second allergen in the preparation is discussed in the light of possible changes in the protein structure.
Studies on the Hemagglutination of Coe (Coxsackie A21) Virus
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Fox Virginia L. , Lennette Edwin H.
Published: January 2023

Hemagglutinin could be demonstrated in HeLa cell cultures infected with all 16 of the Coe virus strains examined, including the prototype Coe strain and the prototype Coxsackie A21 strain, but certain preparations required treatment with the fluorocarbon, Genetron 113, to “unmask” the hemagglutinin. Two viral strains carried for 20 or more passages in HeLa cell cultures showed no diminution in ability to produce hemagglutinin in this cell type.

The optimal pH for demonstration of Coe virus hemagglutinins was found to be in the range of 5.8 to 6.8.

The hemagglutinating capacity of Coe virus would appear to be largely associated with the infectious particle as absorption of hemagglutinating viral preparations with human group O cells removed considerable infectivity as well as hemagglutinin. Also, the development of HA activity in infected cell cultures closely paralleled the development of infectious virus.

Inhibitors of Coe virus hemagglutination were demonstrated in HeLa cell cultures infected with dilute viral inocula and also in uninfected cell culture fluids. Inhibitors present in uninfected culture fluids were nondialyzable and stable at 56°C for 30 min.
Biological Activities of Aggregated γ-Globulin
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Ishizaka Kimishige
Published: January 2023

Aggregated human γ-globulin (HGG), obtained by heating, agglutinated human and monkey erythrocytes and rabbit platelets, whereas aggregated bovine γ-globulin (BGG) had neither activity. Complement was essential for the hemagglutination and enhanced the agglutination of platelets. Insoluble fraction of the heat-aggregated HGG and bovine serum albumin (BSA)-rabbit anti-BSA precipitates were comparable, on a weight basis, with respect to the abilities to induce the agglutination reactions. Soluble fraction of the aggregated γ-globulin and soluble BSA-anti-BSA complexes had much less hemagglutinating capacities than the insoluble precipitates, and failed to agglutinate rabbit platelets. Divalent cations were required for the agglutination reactions by the aggregated HGG. The reactions were inhibited by phlorizin which suppress the utilization of C′3. Mechanisms involved in the agglutination reactions and in immune adherence were discussed.
The Immunologic Behavior of Baby Pigs
Authors: Segre Diego , Kaeberle Merlin L.
Published: January 2023

Colostrum-deprived pigs failed to produce antibody to diphtheria toxoid inoculated intraperitoneally at 3 weeks of age, and responded only slightly to tetanus toxoid administered in the same manner. The immunologic deficiency of colostrum-deprived pigs was overcome by the following procedures, listed in order of decreasing efficiency: a) by suckling of colostrum, b) by administration of diluted hyperimmune serum of swine and horse origin, c) of immune swine serum, d) and of normal serum from older, colostrum-deprived pigs. Removal of specific antibodies from the hyperimmune swine serum resulted in loss of the antibody-stimulating activity of the serum. The results are consistent with the natural selection hypothesis of antibody formation proposed by Jerne.
The Immunologic Behavior of Baby Pigs
Authors: Segre Diego , Kaeberle Merlin L.
Published: January 2023

Colostrum-deprived pigs formed tetanus, but not diphtheria antibodies following intraperitoneal inoculation of tetanus and diphtheria toxoids at birth. Colostrum-fed pigs formed diphtheria antibodies after intraperitoneal inoculation of the toxoid at birth, but their antibody response to tetanus toxoid was depressed. The interpretation of these results is discussed in the light of the assumption that a degree of transplacental transfer of maternal antibody took place and that antibodies against tetanus, but not against diphtheria are present in the sow's blood. γ-Globulin was found in the serum of newborn, colostrum-deprived pigs.
The Blood Groups of Mink
Authors: Saison Ruth
Published: January 2023

Six antisera to mink red blood cells have been produced by isoimmunization. These sera contain complete agglutinins which react by the direct agglutination method.

Six blood factors have been detected by the use of these sera. Two of these, E and F, appear to be alleles at a single locus, and two others, B and C, may be part of the same system. Twenty families used to test this hypothesis have given results compatible with these findings.

From this study six factors at three loci have been recognized, in addition to another factor, the A factor, which will be reported in a later paper.
Specificity of Allergic Reactions
Authors: Salvin S. B.
Published: January 2023

Guinea pigs sensitized with a protein conjugate, such as para-aminobenzoic acid coupled to hen egg albumin (PABA-HEA), develop delayed hypersensitivity directed to the protein moiety. During this early period, febrile reactions occur when the animals are challenged intraperitoneally with 5 mg of the carrier protein or the complete antigen. Challenge with the hapten (PABA) attached to a heterologous protein does not elicit any response. When, however, circulating antibody appears concomitantly with the delayed hypersensitivity, e.g., at 12 days, intraperitoneal challenge with the conjugate may elicit signs of delayed shock, although challenge with the protein induces fever. Challenge with hapten conjugated to heterologous protein elicits hypothermia and other signs typical of delayed shock. Antihistamines do not inhibit the reactions. Hydrocortisone does not affect the febrile response, but has a slight suppressive effect on the hypothermia. By analogy, tuberculin shock may be the systemic response of an animal with both delayed hypersensitivity and circulating antibody to an antigenic complex.
Iso-Hemagglutinins in Rabbits
Authors: Snyder Laurence H.
Published: January 2023

The attempt has been made by various investigators to throw light upon the problem of the inheritance of blood groups in man by studying their behavior in other animals, but the results obtained are conflicting. In man, simple Mendelian factors seem to be involved, although the correct interpretation of the data on record is by no means certain.1 In looking for blood groups in other mammals to form an experimental basis for a genetic study, no satisfactory groupings have been established. Some investigators have claimed to have found groupings, but most of those who have looked for them have found none.

In 1907, Hektoen reported that he was unable to find isoagglutinins in the serum of rabbits, guinea-pigs, dogs, horses, and cattle. He used in each instance the serum and corpuscles of 10 to 20 animals.

In 1911, Ottenberg and Friedman presented evidence to show that blood groups exist in rabbits and steers.
Tuberculin Hypersensitiveness Without Infection in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Petroff S. A.
Published: January 2023

Until a very short time ago it was generally accepted that typical tuberculin hypersensitiveness in guinea pigs, as elicited by skin reactions, could not be produced without the presence of living tubercle bacilli in the body of the animal. This had been the conclusion of practically all workers who had seriously studied the subject, and, indeed, was the experience of one of the writers in a study of tuberculin hypersusceptibilities and anaphylaxis published in 1921 (1). It seemed at that time as though one of the most important factors in the elucidation of the biological changes which take place in the infected animal would be a more precise knowledge of the conditions which determined tuberculin hypersensitiveness. The task we set ourselves, therefore, was an attempt to simulate, with dead tubercle bacilli or their products, conditions analogous to those produced in the guinea pig in the course of infection with living bacilli.
A Quantitative Analysis of Hemagglutination and Hemolysis
Authors: Isaacs Raphael
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The agglutination of red blood cells of man or dog with agglutinating serum on a hemacytometer slide permits fairly accurate quantitative studies of hemagglutination and hemolysis. Under the conditions of the experiments, the maximum agglutination of the red blood cells of dogs with agglutinating serum is reached in two to four hours, in man in about twenty-four hours at 18° to 20°C. In preparations with too few corpuscles in proportion to the serum, hemolysis is well under way before the maximum agglutination is reached, unless the temperature is very low. The same was true when too many corpuscles were present. This is at least one factor in the occurrence of “inhibition zones.” The higher the temperature, the more rapid the agglutination, and the more rapid hemolysis. The secondary separation of cells at the higher temperatures accounts for the impression of greater agglutination at lower temperatures. There is very little difference in the rate of agglutination when the corpuscles are suspended in saline-citrate solution or in serum. The latter delays hemolysis somewhat. There is practically no difference in the rate and completeness of agglutination if the corpuscle suspension is acid or alkaline. Hemolysis is more rapid in the former. With an acid serum the rate of agglutination was slightly slower than with the alkaline serum, but the maximum agglutination is the same. The processes of defibrination or of washing corpuscles until they are serum-free changes the composition of the red blood cells so that a greater proportion of cells do not agglutinate. Crenation delays agglutination, but the maximum amount is the same as in control preparations. The red cells which are most resistant to the serum hemolysis are those containing nuclei, reticulum, stippling or intracellular refractive granules (including Heintz bodies, Howell-Jolly bodies and others). Cup-shaped red blood corpuscles in the preparations studied are formed by the hemolysis of one of two red cells in apposition.
Inflammatory Reaction of the Immune Animal to Antigen (Arthus Phenomenon) and Its Relation to Antibodies
Authors: Opie Eugene L.
Published: January 2023

When horse serum is injected into the subcutaneous tissue of a rabbit it is absorbed within a few hours with no evident inflammatory reaction but if the injection is repeated at intervals of several days the animal reacts with acute inflammation at the site of injection. This phenomenon was first noted by Arthus (1) and has been designated by his name. After the fourth subcutaneous injection the skin about the injection becomes red and there is a soft edematous infiltration which disappears after two or three days. After the fifth injection infiltration is firmer and persists five or six days. After the sixth injection severe injury to the edematous subcutaneous tissue is evident and a solid white mass resembling pus is formed. In most instances after the seventh injection the skin undergoes necrosis. The gangrenous area separates slowly from the surrounding tissue and cicatrization occurs after several weeks.
Immunity in Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Authors: Connor Charles L.
Published: January 2023

The behavior of the virus in the tick and in laboratory animals is contrasted. The fact that there are so few organisms in the blood may be the reason why the virus in this situation is not amenable to attenuation. It has been shown that in tick tissues and in the tissues of guines-pigs the virus ame be attenuated by drying in the cold, and that after keeping for from five to thirty days at a below zero temperature, the tissue is no longer virulent but will produce immunity.

Several methods of using combinations of virus and immune serum have been tried. The most effcetive seems to be where virus is given in rather large dose and allowed to grow for twenty-four hours when a dose of serum is given to stop the infection. Another method which is successful under limited conditions is teh giving of large doses of mixtures of virus and serum. It is shown that an immunity may be achieved which equals that following an attack of the disease. The same mixtures heated to 60° for twenty minutes have been ineffective.
The Toxicity of Human Blood Plasma Obtained in Various Diseases
Authors: Levinson Samuel A.
Published: January 2023

In a recent report of the subject on the toxicity of human blood plasma for guinea-pigs we (1) discussed the question of the relative toxicity of fetal and maternal blood plasmas. In association with these studies the question of the toxicity of blood before, during, and after menstruation was also considered. It was believed at that time that when the blood plasmas from these conditions were injected into a guinea-pig which has not been previously sensitized to a foreign protein that death resulting would be due to an intravascular coagulation. This we have discussed under the question of coagulation toxicity.

In an analysis of the subject under consideration it was believed that the intravascular coagulation which produced the shock and finally death of the animal was in relationship with the quantitative increase of fibrinogen in the plasma. When the fibrinogen content of the above mentioned cases was determined it was found that there was a quantitative increase of fibrinogen over normal.
Immunologic Paralysis Produced in Mice by Klebsiella Pneumoniae Type 2 Polysaccharide
Authors: Batshon Badi A. , Baer Harold , Shaffer Morris F.
Published: January 2023

Mice injected with varying amounts of Klebsiella pneumoniae type 2 polysaccharide were subsequently challenged with living homologous organisms after varying intervals of time. Of three preparations of polysaccharide, one was essentially nontoxic and nonimmunizing; the other two were approximately equal in antigenicity. In the groups of animals receiving 2.5 µg of these latter preparations, there was a greater proportion of survivors than in groups given 750 µg. Passively protective antibodies were detected within 5 days in the serum of mice given 2.5 µg, whereas in the serum of animals given 750 µg of polysaccharide such antibodies were not evident before 60 days—a time when the degree of active protection in comparable animals was waning.
Comparison of Bordetella Pertussis Cells and Freund's Adjuvant with Respect to Their Antibody Inducing and Anaphylactogenic Properties
Authors: Munoz J.
Published: January 2023

Susceptibility to fatal anaphylactic shock in mice was equally enhanced when one injection of 1 mg of egg albumin (Ea) was mixed with Freund's adjuvant or with 2 billion Bordetella pertussis cells. When the amount of Ea was reduced, Ea in Freund's adjuvant was more effective in sensitizing mice to fatal anaphylaxis than were B. pertussis cells. Only a few mice receiving 1 to 4 mg of Ea alone were sensitized to fatal anaphylaxis. Two injections of Ea without adjuvant, however, were capable of sensitizing mice to fatal anaphylaxis.

Mice which received Ea in Freund's adjuvant produced 10 to 100 times more antibody than those which received an equivalent amount of Ea mixed with B. pertussis. Even 40 days after a single injection of Ea in Freund's adjuvant the peak titer was not reached. Ea given alone stimulated only very low titers of antibody which appeard 30 to 40 days after injection of antigen.

As antigen dose was increased, antibody appeared earlier whether Ea was given with Freund's adjuvant or B pertussis. With low doses of Ea (0.001 mg), antibody was not detected until 30 to 40 days later.

No direct correlation between antibody titer of individual mice and their susceptibility to fatal anaphylaxis was observed. This was true whether antigen was given alone, with Freund's adjuvant, or with B. pertussis. In groups of mice in which fatal anaphylactic susceptibility was observed, antibodies to Ea were eventually detected. Thus, when the antibody mechanism had been properly stimulated, anaphylactic sensitivity was also present.

When Ea was administered with Freund's adjuvant, there appeared to be a decrease in anaphylactic sensitivity at the higher doses of Ea. At this time (30 to 40 days after sensitization) the antibody concentration was extremely high and the amount of Ea used in shocking dose may have not been adequate to produce fatal shock.

Zymosan was found to stimulate antibody production and anaphylactic sensitivity but to a lesser extent than B. pertussis or Freund's adjuvant.

The main mechanism by which B. pertussis increases susceptibility of mice to actively induced anaphylaxis is apparently by stimulation of the antibody response to the sensitizing antigen.
Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in the Guinea Pig and Its Relative Insusceptibility to an Antihistamine
Authors: Craig J. P. , Wilhelm D. L.
Published: January 2023

The antihistamine, triprolidine, was tested for its capacity to suppress the increased capillary permeability in active, direct passive and reversed passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. Whereas triprolidine caused a 500- to a 5000-fold suppression of the permeability response to intracutaneously injected histamine, it was never capable of suppressing the anaphylactic response more than 10-fold. In four out of eight experiments, the suppression of anaphylaxis was less than 2-fold, a difference shown to be within the range of experimental error.

Our findings fail to support the notion that histamine is an important mediator in cutaneous anaphylaxis. On the contrary, they indicate that histamine plays little or no role in the events leading to the increase in capillary permeability in cutaneous anaphylaxis, regardless of its presumed role in other manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity.

We have stressed the point that individual variation in the anaphylactic response must be taken into account in assessing the possible suppressive effect of an antagonist. To be considered significant, the degree of suppression must fall beyond the limits of this variability. In these experiments, the effects of inter-animal variation were minimized by comparing the means of responses in groups of animals. Furthermore, the degree of suppression of anaphylaxis was viewed in relation to the suppression of the response to histamine in the same animals. The relatively slight differences in the anaphylactic response between triprolidine-treated and control animals could have arisen from normal variation. The histamine response, however, was always suppressed to a degree far beyond the limits of natural variability. If histamine were an important mediator in the permeability response in cutaneous anaphylaxis, one might expect a potent antihistamine to suppress the anaphylactic response to a degree at least approaching the magnitude of the 500- to 5000-fold suppression of histamine.