bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fall And Rise Of Specialty Psychiatry
Authors: Callahan Christopher M , Berrios German E
Published: November 2023

The goal of this chapter is not to give a detailed history of psychiatry or psychopharmacology. Those histories are well recorded. Rather, we briefly review the developments in psychiatry over the past half-century as they pertain to rein- venting depression in primary care, societal views of psychiatry and mental illness, and psychiatry’s shift in focus from severe mental illness in asylums to milder forms in primary care. We also describe the development of the first effective drugs for mental illness, both to draw parallels with the discoveries outlined in the previous chapter and to show how these drugs emboldened psychiatry to expand its reach into primary care.
The Birth Of The Current Treatment Paradigm
Authors: Callahan Christopher M , Berrios German E
Published: November 2023

The current treatment paradigm for depression in primary care has existed for only about a decade, and developing it involved many researchers and a great deal of funding. It was invented through research in psychiatry and stimulated by an ever-growing awareness of the public health effects of depression. In this chapter, we describe the four pillars of the new model: (1) new diagnostic criteria for emotional disorders, (2) new measures of severity, (3) a disease-specific biomedical framework, and (4) a better understanding of the clinical epidemiology of emotional disorders in primary care. We emphasize that the model is relatively new, based on the best available evidence, understood as incomplete, and expected to change.
The Breath
Authors: Campos Frank Gabriel
Published: November 2023

There are more misconceptions about the breath than any single aspect of brass technique. Wrong ideas can easily have a detrimental impact on performance, and misinformation about breathing is still passed from teacher to student as it was a century ago. Because much of this is generally accepted as correct advice, it may come as a shock that the single most destructive notion about breath con-trol is the belief that we must tighten specific muscles in order to support the air column.
Body Use
Authors: Campos Frank Gabriel
Published: November 2023

One of the daily tasks that all serious performing artists face is the grad-ual winnowing away of parasitic tension. The process of overcoming habits of inefficient body use takes dedication and hard work. Although there are individuals whose form is correct from the start, for most of us, refining our skill is a lifelong process.
Election Eve, 1800
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

During the languid summer Adams had managed his little farm, a few indifferent acres that splayed out from the house, where grains were grown and four or five dairy cows and weary horses pastured. On occasion he worked alongside the hired hands, and he enjoyed daily hikes of three or four miles, but he spent most of each day in his dark study, where he read and reflected. Adams devoted as much time as was necessary to the presidency, reading every report sent to Quincy, but, truth be told, there was not much to do that summer and fall, as Congress was not in session and the members of his cabinet were in the capital tending to their respective departments.
“To Recover Self-Government”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

The United States and France, allies since 1778, verged on a collision as Adams’ inauguration approached. Caught in a desperate war and convinced that the Jay Treaty signified a rapprochement with Great Britain, France announced in 1796 that it would not tolerate trade between the United States and Great Britain. Washington responded to the challenge by sending Charles Cotesworth Pinckney to Paris to seek an accommodation. Three days after he took office, President Adams learned not only that the Directory, the French government, had refused to accept Pinckney but that French depredations against American commerce were occurring on the high seas. President Adams had a full-blown crisis on his hands. He quickly summoned his cabinet to discuss the appropriate response.
“The Creed of Our Political Faith”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

It is a rare occasion when the president of the United States becomes invisible, but John Adams virtually disappeared after mid-December, when the National Intelligencer broke the news of his defeat. With eighty days remaining in his term, and power slipping from his hands, Adams was shunned by many within his party. The remainder of his vanishing act was his own doing, as he sequestered himself within the President’s House. Immobilized by what he called the “shower of ennui” that accompanied his shattering loss, and racked with grief over his late son and guilt over his own behavior toward him, Adams had almost lost interest in the presidency. He wished to see only those who were truly close to him, and he confided to nearly all with whom he spoke that he was desperately eager to leave for home. He took a daily walk along Penn-sylvania Avenue, if the weather permitted, and he and Abigail worshiped on Sunday mornings at the Anglican services in the House of Representatives chamber. Otherwise he remained out of sight, counting the days, as he put it, until he became “a farmer. John of Stony field and nothing more (I hope nothing less) for the rest of my life.” Above all, he said, he looked forward to escaping “all intrigues, and . . . all the great and little [political] passions that agitate the world.”
Integrating Health Promotion and Mental Health
Authors: Vandiver Vikki L
Published: November 2023

Mental health systems are in a crucial transition period, thanks to the increasing prominence of health promotion therapy and a corresponding shift toward emphasizing wellness and empowerment, holistic and family-friendly design, and empirically supported treatment. Such changes demand adjustments to mental health education, and re-education, to maintain a common ground. The first book of its kind, Integrating Health Promotion and Mental Health presents a seamless framework for approaching contemporary mental health problems.
Using Health Promotion Principles To Guide Clinical and Community-Based Mental Health Assessments
Authors: Vandiver Vikki L
Published: November 2023

This chapter continues to focus on the notion that health promotion principles are a guiding influence in mental health practice. Just as in policy development (Chapter 5), health promotion principles may be used as a means of influencing and directing mental health assessments. This chapter is intended to provide an in-depth review of various mental health assessment models/strategies derived from health promotion principles, with the understanding that these principles are the foundation of mental health assessment. Our chapter begins with a review of various definitions of assessment and discusses its various features—from evidence-based to culturally sensitive. Next, six health promotion principles (first introduced in Chapter 5) and their characteristics are matched to corresponding mental health assessment models and strategies. These include goal assessment using stages of change/motivational interviewing, health beliefs, substance abuse, bio psychosocial-cultural, asset-based, and community health assessment. Each of these models/strategies is accompanied by case examples. The chapter concludes with a summary of a focus group discussion held by consumers and family members who responded to the question: What kinds of information should mental health practitioners ask for during the assessment or intake portion of your first visit to the clinic?
Health Promotion Strategies For The Mental Health Needs of Children and Families
Authors: Vandiver Vikki L
Published: November 2023

Children and family mental health has become an increasingly important focus for providers and community leaders who represent community mental health, health, and social service agencies. Part of this interest is related to the maturing of health promotion perspectives in the field of adolescent mental health (Pederson et al., 1994) as well as an awareness of the importance of developing health promoting attitudes during adolescence. Additionally, research is moving away from a focus on the study of single problems (e.g., truancy) and toward examining clusters of problem behaviors (e.g., poverty, parenting needs). Despite this movement, knowledge is still needed about what constitutes a mental health condition for children, how to assess change in this condition, and approaches for helping children, families, and communities move beyond the diagnosis. One such approach is through the application of empirically supported health promotion strategies.
Models for Embryonic Respiration
Authors: Seymour Roger S , White Craig R
Published: November 2023

Modeling has been an important tool in physiology throughout its history. In respiration physiology, for example, almost a century ago, August Krogh modeled diffusion of oxygen from a capillary (Krogh 1919b). More recently, the models of Peter Scheid and Johannes Piiper set paradigms for comparative respiration in vertebrates (Scheid 1987). The present contribution attempts to demonstrate some of the roles that modeling plays in comparative developmental physiology, particularly in embryonic respiration. It discusses the types of models, presents the hierarchical levels of modeling, evaluates the applicability and limitations of each, and rationalizes different approaches of previous studies. It also breaks new ground by considering the dependence of embryonic respiration on oxygen partial pressure and by applying finite element analysis to complex geometries of oxygen delivery.
Physiology, Development, Genetics, and the Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity: Studies with Butterfly Eyespots
Authors: Brakefield Paul M
Published: November 2023

Changes in genes and in developmental pathways generate the phenotypic variation that is sorted by natural selection in adaptive evolution. Thus, developmental processes translate genotypes into phenotypes and no one would doubt that development is central to evolution. The efforts of “evo-devo” proponents who are attempting to integrate evolutionary and developmental biology have gained great impetus with the expanding understanding of the mechanisms of development (Brakefield et al. 2003). However, developmental mechanisms do not account for the whole internal, generative process of translating genotypes into (adult) phenotypes; physiology plays a major role as well [figure 4.1(a)]. Physiological mechanisms are of course also crucial to understanding the maintenance of and reproductive activities of the adult phenotype once development has run its course.
The Physiological Basis for Metabolic Scaling in Animals: A Developing Perspective
Authors: Herbing Ione Hunt Von
Published: November 2023

Few values in this world are as important as universal physical constants: gravity, the strong and weak nuclear forces, and electromagnetism. These values are so specific for the existence of life that if they were even a little different, the whole universe would have collapsed before life could have begun (Miller 2000). For over 200 years biologists have searched for a universal biological constant. The metabolic-mass scaling exponent of 0.75 has been nominated as a good candidate as it applies to organisms from microscopic bacteria to whales, a change of at least 21 orders of magnitude. If 0.75 does prove to be invariant across many orders of animal size, why is its invariance so important? What difference would discovering a universal constant make to our understanding of the relationship between metabolism and size in organisms? More importantly, would knowledge of a universal biological constant reveal fundamentally new principles or mechanisms for the control of patterns in the functional organization of organisms? Would this universal biological constant hold across all stages of development? Thousands of studies on hundreds of taxa, ranging over an enormous range in mass, have derived metabolic scaling relationships from adult organisms (specifically large mammals) (White and Seymour 2005) and adult fishes. Adult organisms undergo little or no developmental change in structure or in physiology. In fish, most structural and physiological development takes place at embryonic and larval stages. In these early life history stages, cellular, tissue, and whole-organ systems undergo dramatic transformations from simple, isolated metabolic units to highly complex, integrated functional systems.
Complexity Change during Physiological Development
Authors: Burggren Warren W
Published: November 2023

At the supramolecular level, at least, most animals start out “relatively simply”—a haploid egg is fertilized by a haploid sperm, resulting in a single diploid cell. While the rich heritage of that animal’s lineage is contained within this cell’s genetic template, the fertilized cell itself is simple in structure. From these humble beginnings arise the enormously complex adult forms containing several hundreds of cells of numerous types in some metazoans (e.g., C. elegans) to the hundreds of trillions of cells in large endothermic vertebrates. More impressive than sheer proliferation of cell number during development, however, is the increase in organismal complexity that occurs as the fertilized cell repeatedly divides to form differentiated cell types that move on to form tissues, then organs, and finally organ systems. Indeed, the combined wonders and travails of this developmental journey would seem to be reflected in the recurring theme for book titles on the subject—From Gene to Animal (De Pomerai 1985), From Egg to Embryo (Slack 1991), and From Conception to Birth (Tsiaras and Werth 2002). As is evident from the proliferation of not only scholarly works, but also coffee table and even children’s literature, there is clear and longstanding interest in the developmental journey of animals— where it starts, where it finishes, and the steps in between—as well as an appreciation for the increases in complexity that occur along this journey.
Primitive Emotions
Authors: Deigh John
Published: November 2023

Two facts about emotions stand out among the many that a theory of the subject ought to cover. The first is that emotions are intentional states in the sense that they are directed at something. Hope, for example, is a state of mind directed at a future condition or event. One hopes for sunny weather on the day of the picnic or calm seas on the day of the regatta. In this respect, hope is unlike giddiness or drowsiness, states of mind that can occur undi-rected at anything.
Emotions and Values
Authors: Deigh John
Published: November 2023

The film is a two-hour-long commentary on alienation in European society as it existed roughly twenty years after World War II, and the bleak scenery as well as the vacancy and despair of the main characters conveys disconsolation and discomfort about a world everywhere dominated by heavy industry and its pollutant effluence. The film opens with long shots of a massive, pipelined industrial plant, whose turbines are producing a deafening roar and whose smokestacks fill the air with filthy gas. Later, the director shifts to shots of country sides blotted by power poles and shorefronts made gunky by chemical waste.
Promises under Fire
Authors: Deigh John
Published: November 2023

In the chapter’s introduction, Scanlon acknowledges the attractiveness of accounts like Hume’s and Rawls’s, on which the existence of social conven-tions that constitute the practice of promising is essential to generating the obligation to keep a promise. Although he once accepted these accounts, Scanlon no longer thinks they provide the best explanation of the wrong that one does when one wrongfully breaks a promise.
Moral Agency and Criminal Insanity
Authors: Deigh John
Published: November 2023

Horrifying crimes often seem incomprehensible. Their monstrous charac-ter and gruesome consequences freeze our thoughts, leaving us at a loss to explain how a human being could act with such wanton or heartless vio-lence. Stunned at the horror of such action, we may begin to form the idea of a malign will bent on causing death and destruction and then invest this idea with the intense fear and revulsion that the horror excites. Thus, from a powerful mix of feelings, an idea of an evil will can take hold of our imagina-tion and suggest an explanation of what otherwise seems inexplicable.
Liberalism and Freedom
Authors: Deigh John
Published: November 2023

One can only marvel at how much of modern political philosophy Rousseau crystallized in these twelve words. It is the birth right of every human being to be free, and it is the task of political philosophy to find an arrangement of the institutions and practices of political society that will secure that right for each of its members. A society that falls short of this ideal is an unjust society. It denies some of its members this right. It keeps them in chains.
Introduction
Authors: Feldman Martha
Published: November 2023

When the twelfth-century courtier and churchman Walter Map exclaimed on the baffling nature of the court, he drew attention to a clutch of problems: “ ‘What the court is, God knows, I know not,’ it is so ‘changeable and various.’ “1 The same condition that exasperated Map endured into early modern Europe, from the macrocosmic variations in a court’s residence and personnel to the microcosmic mutability of the courtier’s own selfhood. The efficacy of courtiership depended on the courtier’s versatility in serving whoever his prince happened to be with whatever manner of courtesy, skill, and style was needed, whether in warfare, arts, letters, speech, or manners.
On Locating the Courtesan in Italian Lyric: Distance and the Madrigal Texts of Costanzo Festa
Authors: Flosi Justin
Published: November 2023

In The Gay Science, Friedrich Nietzsche writes, “The magic and most powerful effect of women is, in philosophical language, action at a distance, actio in distans; but this requires first of all and above all—distance.”1 Jacques Derrida’s reading of Nietzsche underscores this effect: “A woman seduces from a distance. In fact, distance is the very element of her power. Yet one must beware to keep one’s own distance from her beguiling song of enchantment.”2 Derrida stresses action at a distance as intimately and essentially musical, a sympathetic vibration, a song. On this view a singing courtesan is doubly desirable, and openly courts desire, especially in the courtly urban salons of Renaissance Italy, where an amorous aesthetic so totally dominated by the Petrarchan poetics of loss relegated woman to an institutionalized absence. There, the paradox of action at a distance is personified in the form of the courtesan’s voice. In the context of a poetics that denied them utterance, courtesans managed to modify conventional models and engage in meaningful lyric expression. In this essay I explore the problem of voice and address in a single large corpus of madrigals from the 1520s and 1530s set to music by Costanzo Festa (1485–1540), an early master of the Italian madrigal, in a project I call “locating the courtesan.” The courtesan appears in Festa’s madrigal texts as addressee and speaker, and possibly even as author (three anonymous texts are written in the female voice). My study considers a more generalized musical representation of the courtesan’s voice than De Rycke’s (chap. 5), and rather than focusing on what she might have sung interrogates musical and poetic constructions both of and by her.
Defaming the Courtesan: Satire and Invective in Sixteenth-Century Italy
Authors: Quaintance Courtney
Published: November 2023

In Pietro Aretino’s fictitious Dialogo set in sixteenth-century Rome, Nanna, a veteran courtesan, cautions her young daughter regarding the inherent dangers in taking a literary man as a lover: “If there is a scholar present, approach him with a cheerful face, showing that you esteem him even more than the lord of the house . . . Why, all you need is for one of these types to write a book against you, and for the whole city to be gossiping about those dreadful things that men know how to say about women!” Nanna’s concerns would not have been unfounded, since in sixteenth-century Italy, satiric poems, invectives, and dialogues on the vices of courtesans abounded.
Introduction
Authors: Blakeman Edward
Published: November 2023

Amazingly, it arrived. Someone in the Paris postal service was able to supply the precise address — 8 avenue Gourgaud — and scribble it on the envelope. Fame indeed! By that date, the day after his fifty-second birthday, Paul Taffanel was a renowned public figure: not only professor of flute at the Paris Conservatoire but also chief conductor of both the Opéra and the Société des concerts du Conservatoire. As both flutist and conductor he had recently taken part in the golden jubilee concert of his great friend Camille Saint-Saëns. In particular, he had played the piece that for so many years he had made his own: Saint-Saëns’s lyrical Romance for flute.
Early Life
Authors: Blakeman Edward
Published: November 2023

Legend has it that all the branches of the Taffanel family stem from seven brothers who lived in the Midi region of France in the eighteenth century. Certainly the family can be traced back three generations before Paul Taffanel to a brother and sister, Antoine and Anne.1 Antoine Taffanel, who came from Port-de-Peine in the Lot, had a son Bernard who married Anne’s daughter (his first cousin) Magdeleine Nadouze on 12 February 1797. They had at least three children: a daughter, Joanni, and two sons, Emile and Simon-Jules. Magdeleine died sometime before 1839, but Bernard lived on for another ten years, so Paul Taffanel as a very young boy may have had some recollections of his paternal grandfather.
The Conservatoire and After
Authors: Blakeman Edward
Published: November 2023

The Paris Conservatoire as Saint-Saëns remembered it from his student days in the late 1840s was essentially the same when Taffanel arrived a decade or so later. Its foundation dated from 1795, in the aftermath of the French Revolution, when it had the joint aims of training singers for the Paris Opéra and military musicians for the army. The general scope had widened considerably by 1860, but the fundamental distinction between military and civil students still remained, although they were not segregated. The Conservatoire on its original site at the intersection of the faubourg Poissonnière and the rue Bergère in the ninth arrondissement was chiefly noted for the superb acoustics of its concert hall — the venue for the annual examinations and the home of the orchestra of the Société des concerts du Conservatoire.
New Beginnings
Authors: Blakeman Edward
Published: November 2023

For the sake of eﬀect and a good story, both Rolland and Saint-Saëns exaggerated the prewar musical situation in France. However, the political upheaval of 1870 – 71 undoubtedly engendered a new musical nationalism and seriousness of artistic purpose in the emerging Third Republic. On 25 February 1871, in the immediate aftermath of the Siege of Paris, Saint-Saëns, Romain Bussine, and a few other like-minded musicians founded the Société nationale de musique. Its motto, Ars gallica, proclaimed the intention to foster the composition and performance of French symphonic and chamber music.
Composing for the Flute
Authors: Blakeman Edward
Published: November 2023

An excursion to the provincial town of Béthune, near Calais, with several musician colleagues to play for the local Philharmonic Society in May 1874 brought the young Vincent d’Indy (he was twenty-three) once again into contact with Taffanel. This time, instead of just hearing him play, d’Indy accompanied Taffanel on the piano. He wrote a long and lively letter about the whole experience to his half sister, Marie, amused by the Mignon fantaisie and scandalized to discover that the audience went wild after it, whereas they had received the serious items on the program by Mozart and Weber with only polite enthusiasm: “Oh audience!” The letter also provides a rare description of Taffanel at his most relaxed and playful.
Learning as an Adaptive Response to Predation
Authors: Brown Grant E , Chivers Douglas P
Published: November 2023

An individual’s response to local predation risk is shaped by the conflicting demands of predator avoidance and the benefits associated with a suite of fitness-related behaviors, such as foraging, mating, and territorial defense. In this chapter, we argue that this form of threat-sensitive trade-off can be optimized by prey that rely on learning as an adaptive response to predation, rather than fixed (i.e., innate) avoidance of all potential predation threats. A reliance on learning to recognize predation threats allows individuals increased flexibility to deal with variable predation pressures throughout their lives. In this review, we describe recent work examining (a) the selection for learning as an adaptive response, (b) mechanisms leading to the learned recognition of novel predators, (c) the enhancement of learning in intra- and interspecific groups, and (d) biological and ecological constraints that can inhibit the acquisition of information. Throughout this chapter we highlight a number of outstanding questions that need consideration from ecologists.
Predator-Prey Space Use as an Emergent Outcome of a Behavioral Response Race
Authors: Sih Andrew
Published: November 2023

Key to the interaction of predator and prey is their use of space (patch use, habitat use). The pattern of spatial overlap between predators and prey affects their encounter rates, predation rates, and, ultimately, predator-prey population and community dynamics. Hundreds of studies have shown that prey tend to avoid areas with more predators. Prey and predators would, then, be negatively associated. Conversely, numerous studies taking a predator perspective have shown that predators tend to prefer areas with more prey-a positive spatial association. These responses clearly conflict. Interestingly, a recent review found that surprisingly few theoretical or empirical studies have examined how the interplay between predator and prey behavioral responses to each other determines patterns of predator-prey spatial overlap (Lima 2002). Instead, theoretical and experimental studies on predator prey behaviors typically hold one side fixed (e.g., using caged predators or immobile prey), in order to focus on the behavior of the other. In nature, in many systems, both predators and prey are mobile and have the potential to engage in a behavioral response race. If prey win the race, the outcome is a negative spatial association between the two, whereas, if predators win, the result is a positive spatial association. The goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of factors that might influence the outcome of this race.
On the Inexistence of Specifiers and the Nature of Heads
Authors: Starke Michal
Published: November 2023

This chapter argues that there is no such thing as a “specifier.” What we mistook for specifiers are heads (in the sense that they provide the “label” for the merger they enter into). Put differently, there is no such thing as second merge in any theoretically relevant sense: every instance of merge has the properties of first merge.
Introduction
Authors: Gregg Gary S
Published: November 2023

Since I began writing this book, the escalation of Israeli-Palestinian strife, the attack on the World Trade Center, and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have put the Middle East even more prominently onto the center stage of world history. Samuel Huntington has ominously predicted that the twenty-first century would see a “clash of civilizations” pitting Islam against the West, and Samuel Barber described globalization as culminating in a struggle of “Jihad versus McWorld.” I hope this book might help put the daily headlines in a broader perspective, by describing psychological dimensions of traditional ways of life in Middle Eastern and North African societies, and of the impact of “modernization” and “underdevelopment.” It will not offer psychological explanations for the region’s economic and political problems, or for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. But it will consider what Arab social scientists have been writing about the inner consequences of economic stagnation and political despotism, and about Middle Easterners’ current attempts to “become modern” while conserving what they see as their authentic traditions.
Late Childhood
Authors: Gregg Gary S
Published: November 2023

Late childhood appears to be crucial for shaping the sentiments, motives, and social personae related to the honor-modesty system and to Islam—the second level of personality organization in the model I have adopted. During this period most children come to see and sense themselves as embedded in worlds animated by honor and Islam. They master a set of cultural etiquettes and moral imperatives associated with them, which come to be automatically experienced as a kind of second nature. Ethnographic studies suggest that the honor-related etiquettes shape sentiments and motives of deference, hospitality, assertive dependence, “‘ar” (a gesture imploring aid), intimidation, and mediation, and that religion-related practices develop sentiments and motives of purity-pollution, “baraka” (divine blessedness), awe/fear of God, divine mercy/compassion, and “fitna” (chaos, disorder). Mastering these etiquettes so that they become second nature signals that a child has developed “‘aql,” which means both “reason” and “social maturity.
Early Adulthood and Identity
Authors: Gregg Gary S
Published: November 2023

Ethnographies of traditional MENA milieus suggest that a relatively clear-cut framework for identity was provided by two key contrasts—of gender (male versus female) and religion (Muslim versus non-Muslim)—that were woven through language, the etiquettes of daily life, ritual celebrations, and the cosmology of invisible beings. Age also appears to have provided salient contrasts, and in many areas, so did the contrasts between nomadic, village, and urban styles of life described by Ibn Khaldun. But if these core contrasts assigned what G. H. Mead termed a “Me” self in late childhood and early adolescence, identities based on them remained to be achieved. By late adolescence and early adulthood, the “I” increasingly responded, both by investing selected features of these contrasts with individuating personal meanings, and by improvising upon them in innovative ways. Distinctive acts of honor, modesty, and fertility (or of dishonor, immodesty, and troubled fertility), as well as poetic self-presentations and personalized forms of piety, confirm and individualize identities in early adulthood—and continue to do so throughout adulthood. Even in the most traditional communities, multiple cultural discourses (of honor-and-modesty, of piety, of sentimental poetry) appear to have facilitated the fashioning of multiple identities.
Neuroimaging and Rehabilitation
Authors: Levin Harvey S , Scheibel Randall S
Published: November 2023

Neuroimaging studies are relevant to traumatic brain injury (TBI) rehabilitation because they can address issues such as reorganization of function, including changes associated with interventions such as training techniques. The results of neuroimaging can also be useful in evaluating the efficacy of an intervention in addition to elucidating the mechanism of action. For the purposes of this chapter, neuroimaging studies pertinent to rehabilitation of patients with TBI can be broadly divided between anatomic or structural imaging and functional brain imaging. Although the literature on structural brain imaging of TBI has been reviewed by Bigler (1999, 2001), it is presented briefly here. The sections on functional brain imaging are organized according to studies addressing cerebral hypometabolism and executive function after TBI, changes in distributed activation associated with cognitive performance, and studies reporting changes in the allocation of neural resources in relation to task demands following mild TBI. Although methodologic issues in functional imaging are discussed, a review focused on this topic is available (Hillary et al., 2002).
The Epistolary Ambush of Monte Libretti How Nobles Met the Challenge of the Papacy in the Early Eighteenth Century
Authors: Castiglione Caroline
Published: November 2023

The Papal Congregation of the Buon Governo presented the greatest new institutional challenge to the Barberini governing of the stato of Monte Libretti. The noble family’s old institutional rival, the village communes, remained by turns adversarial and compliant in the eighteenth century, with conﬂict dominating over deference as the century progressed. But the Buon Governo was a rival at the level of society where the Barberini thought they rightfully belonged as rulers of their fiefs, and this shaped how the noble family responded to its competition. The Buon Governo, charged with overseeing communal affairs, was over one hundred years old when Pope Clement XI (ruled 1700– 1721), in the first decade of the eighteenth century, extended its authority in the countryside to the greatest extent it had hitherto achieved. He called special congregations to consider taxation on baronial lands and to extend the control of the papacy into the administration of baronial communes. He put the decisions of these congregations into action through the activities of the Buon Governo. The Congregation’s purpose in the baronial communes was simple— to tax the wealth of the barons and to promote better accounting practices in the villages that would generate more revenue for Rome and prevent embezzlement of communal resources at the local level.
Armistice and Aftermath
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

By the first of November 1918, the end was near. On November 6, Berlin dispatched envoys to carry an armistice proposal to Supreme Allied Commander Marshal Ferdinand Foch. Waiting in his railway carriage in the forest at Compiegne, Foch guided the Germans by wire less to the designated frontier crossing-point. As they approached the French lines on November 7, he ordered his guns in that sector to stand silent, so that the truce party might safely pass. Somehow, a war-zone correspondent from United Press mistook the momentary stand-down in that single sector for a general cease fire.
“By Hammer and Hand”: Artisans in the Mercantile City
Authors: Wilentz Sean
Published: November 2023

In February 1815, a sloop arrived in New York harbor with first news of the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. Almost immediately, a spontaneous festival erupted, and for over a week, New Yorkers rejoiced at the expected return of commerce after four years of diplomatic wrangling and nearly three years of war. None were more jubilant than the city’s artisans. At closing time, masters, journeymen, and apprentices filled their shops with their finest wares and snake-danced tipsy through the streets, their paths lit by shimmering transparencies, of eagles and dollars spilling from a cornucopia, of brawny arms lifting mallets, above the legends “Peace, The Mechanic’s Friend” and “By Hammer And Hand All Arts Do Stand.” At dawn, they wobbled back to the shops, only to begin another round of patriotic toasting. An exultant artisan rhymester named Werckmeister caught the mood well with a pun: “Work is over, Peace is master I Friend ship ties her knot now faster.”
Metropolitan Industrialization
Authors: Wilentz Sean
Published: November 2023

Between 1825 and 1850, New York became the most productive manufacturing city in the United States-the metropolitan center of a manufacturing complex that reached as far south as Delaware and that by the late 1840s was probably the fastest-growing large industrial area in the world.1 These extraordinary developments utterly changed the city’s crafts, but in ways very different from those evoked by the usual images of early industrial growth. Huge firms absorbed thousands of craft workers-but did not eradicate the city’s small producers. New, highly sophisticated steam-powered machines thundered in the factory districts-but most of New York’s largest manufacturers intensified the division of labor already underway rather than invest in labor-saving machinery. Although a few, rapidly growing trades dominated the city’s manufacturing economy, hundreds more remained, leaving New York with a manufacturing sector of almost baffiing diversity. Then, as now, Americans looked elsewhere to interpret the coming industrial era. Nevertheless, at midcentury the most productive manufacturing center in the nation was neither a mechanized contrivance like Lowell nor a single-trade boomtown like Lynn, but a metropolitan labyrinth of factories and tiny artisan establishments, central workrooms and outworkers’ cellars, luxury firms and sweatwork strapping shops.
Entrepreneurs and Radicals
Authors: Wilentz Sean
Published: November 2023

Gradually but decisively, the artisan republic disintegrated in the late 1820s. Rapid inflation punctuated by brief sharp depressions in 1825-26 and 1829 disrupted commerce and broke artisan businesses (Figure 1 ) belying the brimming confidence that had arrived with the Erie Canal. Journeymen quieted their union activities after 1825, but a few strikes broke out, the most important of them led by laborers, semiskilled workers, and women. In politics, the unraveling of the “one-party” factionalism of the Era of Good Feelings and the rise of the Jacksonian Democrats anticipated the collapse of the old mechanics’ interest. With these events, the ideological divisions within the trades became more complex, more profound, and more charged. New ideas and reformulations of old ones filtered through the shops. Two main lines of argument developed, one tending toward defenses of capitalist entrepreneurship, the other advancing one of several radical critiques of the emerging order. Advocates of each position proffered different explanations for the problems besetting the trades. All claimed to be championing the artisan republic.
The Rise and Fall of the Working Men
Authors: Wilentz Sean
Published: November 2023

1829 was an extraordinary year. It began with New York’s economy locked in depression and with the city’s politicians contemplating the coming to power of Andrew Jackson. By December, a radical popular movement led by a committee composed primarily of journeymen mechanics-had emerged as a political force. For a season, the normal conventions of party politics were suspended and artisan voters pondered, not the usual rhetoric of the bone and sinew, but some of the most radical political proposals of the age of revolution. Ultimately, the movement was doomed, and its demise only reinforced the strength of the Tammany Democrats and the emerging Whig opposition. Even so, the brief history of the Working Men was a decisive episode, a moment of conflict that helped popularize and politicize radical ideas and that foreshadowed the class conflicts of the 1830s.
Introduction
Authors: Fulcher Jane F
Published: November 2023

Ever since Julien Benda’s impassioned indictment of apostate intellectuals in La trahison des deres (1927), there has largely been consensus on the intellectual’s true “charge.” Edward Said, for example, concurs with Benda that the intellectual attempts to be “the conscience of mankind,” implacably and courageously up-holding “eternal standards of truth and justice.” Inherent in this conception is the intellectual’s oblivion to both professional and material advantage: acting as moral adjudicator, the intellectual speaks out publicly, and regardless of the consequences. Perpetually vigilant, he or she intrepidly exposes half-truths, received ideas, faulty logic, or empty rhetoric-integrally including that dispensed by “power.”

These associations, of course, developed originally in the period of the Dreyfus affair, which Benda himself experienced, and which helped to solidify the social rubric “intellectual.” For by the later 1890s, amid efforts to establish the innocence of a Jewish army officer accused of treason, the essential characteristics of the then derisively labeled “intellectuals” emerged.
The “Defense” of French Culture in the Thirties
Authors: Fulcher Jane F
Published: November 2023

It was not without relief and relish that members of Les Six and the Ecole d’Arcueil embraced the scarce official commissions for the Universal Exposition of 1937, in Paris. Perhaps most compelling for these “modernist” composers in this extravaganza of the now leftist government was the class of fetes, on which the ruling coalition, the Popular Front, lavished its resources. The politically ambidextrous Jacques Rouche, still entrenched at the Opera, and aptly placed in charge of the fetes, had no problem in adapting to this government, and again proving his mastery of the politics of spectacle.
Society
Authors: Benn Charles
Published: November 2023

Although Tang China cannot be called feudal, at least in the sense that Europe of the same time was, it was a highly stratified, hierarchical society. The state regulated everything-the allocation of resources; access to education and political office; tax obligations and exemptions; legal accountability and punishment; and more-on the basis of an individual’s status. Sumptuary laws dictated the quantity, quality, size, and adornment of clothes, transportation, homes, and other facets of life. The notion of equality, so cherished in modern times, did not exist in the Tang.
Travel and, Transportation
Authors: Benn Charles
Published: November 2023

In the late seventh or early eighth century a county magistrate stopped at a prefecture in south eastern China during a journey. The governor of the district, who entertained the magistrate daily with sumptuous feasts, offered to purchase two of his maidservants, but the magistrate refused to sell them. After the magistrate’s party departed, the governor sent a band of brigands to pursue them. The bandits stole everything and slew everyone, returning only with the magistrate’s wife and daughter. The wife begged to be taken in as a slave, but the governor rejected her plea and had her strangled.
life Cycle
Authors: Benn Charles
Published: November 2023

Gaozu, the founder of the Tang, was an extraordinary man in more ways than one. He had a purple birthmark shaped like a dragon, a sure sign of a future emperor, below his left armpit. He was also a superb archer and used his skills to win his wife. The woman’s father was so impressed with her that he decided he could not marry her to just anyone. She should have a worthy man for a husband. So he had two peacocks painted on the leaves of his gate and gave suitors two chances to shoot them.
Death and the Afterlife
Authors: Benn Charles
Published: November 2023

Since the Chinese believed that breath, qi, was the vital energy on which life depended, they took the cessation of breathing as evidence that death had occurred. A family member, friend, or outsider leaned over and placed his face close to the mouth of the unconscious person in order to determine if there was any movement of air coming from the lips. If there was not, he or she assumed that the person had expired, and made funeral arrangements. There was a certain danger in using that method. In some cases the breathing was too slight to detect. In 801 an official awoke after lying in his coffin for thirty days.
Pre-Adoption Counseling And Evaluation Of The Referral
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

The decision to adopt is often followed by a call to the pediatrician. Pediatric advice and suggestions are eagerly sought by most families interested in international adoption. Adoption-friendly practices offer pre-adoption visits as an opportunity for prospective parents to discuss concerns and questions. Once an individual child is offered to the family for consideration (known as the “referral” in adoption parlance), the pediatrician may become very involved in counseling the family about health risks. This chapter offers general guidelines for the pediatrician or family physician who offers pre-adoption counselling and reviews referrals for prospective adoptive families. dressed throughout this book. If a pediatrician does not feel qualified to address all of these topics; referral to social workers, adoption agencies, or mental health professionals may be necessary. Some of the more common questions, however, could be posed for biologic parenthood as well.
Understanding French Verse
Authors: Hunter David
Published: November 2023

Advice to young singers often follows the standard line of the great French singer Claire Croiza: “Study the poem away from the music, so that you know what the words really mean.” But Croiza’s advice is notoriously difficult to follow when performing French mélodies. Just how do you approach a French poem? In the lyric poetry on which the mélodie is based, meaning is conveyed not just through the words but also through the poem’s formal structure. Understanding French Verse: A Guide for Singers explains this formal structure and sets out the basics of French versification, using examples drawn from a wide range of well-known song settings. Its chapters examine French meters, stanzaic forms, sonnets, rondels and other fixed forms, rhyme and sound patterning, and free verse poems. Written in a clear and concise way, it explains the Alexandrine, how to distinguish different meters by counting syllables, and how to identify stresses in French verse. The book also illustrates how rhyme works and the ways in which a French sonnet differs from its counterpart in English. And it demonstrates how the understanding of verse techniques enhances the interpretation and enjoyment of the mélodie. The book also offers valuable resources, including a brief history of French versification, detailed analysis of several poems, a glossary of technical terms, and suggestions for further reading. While other books help singers with French diction, or offer translations of French texts, no other book helps a singer understand the meaning behind what they are singing. Understanding French Verse is an essential tool for singers, accompanists, and other musicians who want to understand more about the French texts with which they are working. It also provides a useful basic introduction to students of French poetry.
Common French Meters
Authors: Hunter David
Published: November 2023

We Have Seen That syllable count matters in French verse—indeed, it is the feature that distinguishes different meters. In the first part of this chapter, I look at common meters in more detail. In each case, I summarize the meter’s history and structure, as well as the interpretative issues it raises. The second part of the chapter examines mixed meters and the “vers impair” (meters with odd numbers of syllables).
Sonnets, Rondels, and Other Fixed Forms
Authors: Hunter David
Published: November 2023

FRENCH POETS, like their English counterparts, have a range of traditional verse templates or “fixed forms” upon which they can draw. Students of the mélodie will inevitably come across settings based on them.
Reading, Revelation, and Rebellion: The Textual Communities Of Gabriel, Denmark Vesey, and Nat Turner
Authors: Sidbury James
Published: November 2023

One Sunday late in the summer of 1800, a group of slaves gathered at a spring near their Richmond, Virginia, Baptist Church to discuss a planned rebellion. A conspirator named Ben Woolfolk had second thoughts about the pending insurrection and warned that he “had heard that in the days of old, when the Israelites were in Servitude to King Pharoah [sic], they were taken from him by the Power of God,—and were carried away by Moses—God had blessed them with an Angel to go with him, But that I could see nothing of that kind in these days.”
“What Happened in This Place?”: In Search of the Female Slave in the Nat Turner Slave Insurrection
Authors: Davis Mary Kemp
Published: November 2023

As she [Mrs. Barrow] fled[,] a negro girl, named Lucy, seized her with the determination of holding her for the rebels, but “Aunt” Easter came to the aid of her mistress and fled with her to the woods.