bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Low Power Glasses at Close Distances on Visual Performance
Authors: Vidal-López Joaquín , Javaloyes-Moreno Beatriz , Benlloch-Fornés Josefa
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this study was to reveal if the use of low power ophthalmic glasses (diopter values within the ± 1.00D range) in ophthalmic care may be beneficial for the treatment of low refractive vision disorders. 40 university students (10 men, 30 women), who used low power glasses at close distances (for reading on paper or on a computer screen: 40–60 centimeters approximately), voluntarily took part in this study. Ages of the participants ranged from 20 to 43 years ( M = 24.9, SD = 4.4). Mean spherical refractive error was −0.38 diopters ( SD = 0.49; range = −1.00-0.88). A yes/no Signal Detection procedure was used to assess whether the participants' visual sensitivity ( d') or criterion of response ( c) changed when they used the optical correction. There were no changes in visual sensitivity index, but significant changes in criterion of response were observed when the students used their optical correction. Changes in the criterion of response suggested the presence of a placebo effect.
Body Image among Men Who Practice Body Building: Comparison by Age, Economic Status, and City Size
Authors: Silva Diego A. S. , da Silva Rafael C. , Gonçalves Eliane C. A.
Published: October 2015

Identifying the factors that influence the body image of body builders is important for understanding this construct. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between body image and age, socioeconomic status, and place of residence of body builders from two cities in Brazil. A cross-sectional study of 301 body builders with an average age of 25.2 yr. ( SD = 3.5) was carried out. The Muscle Silhouette Measure scale was used, in which the discrepancy between current and desired silhouette was examined. Older body builders showed greater discrepancy between current and desired silhouette, reflecting their desire for a more muscular body.
Interpretation and Perception of Two Different Kumite Fighting Intensities through an Integrated Approach Training in International Level Karatekas: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Invernizzi Pietro Luigi , Longo Stefano , Bizzi Marica , Benedini Stefano , Merati Giampiero , Bosio Andrea
Published: October 2015

“Small sided games,” used effectively in many team sports as a form of training, can be mimicked in combat sports by fighting at different subjective intensities, based on adjectives proposed by coaches. This approach could aim at improving aerobic performance by using specific techniques. Nevertheless, an adequate perception of intensity is crucial. The aim of the study was to verify the ability of karatekas to interpret and perceive two different intensities during this integrated approach. Ten international level karatekas ( M age=18 yr., SD = 3, range = 16–25) were asked to fight four matches (2 min. each) either at low or highest intensity. Physiological (heart rate, blood lactate) and perceptual (perceived effort) responses were different between intensities. However, physiological responses at low intensity were higher than expected and did not match effort perception. This could be attributable to the presence of an opponent, which probably raised the level of effort through a competitive component. At the highest intensity, physiological responses were similar to official competitions and other specific training protocols, whereas perceptual responses were higher than values found in literature.
Pentaethylenehexamine-C60 for Temperature Consistent Carbon Capture
Authors: Fabiano Thales , Soares Vanessa , Andreoli Enrico
Published: October 2015

Fullerene C60 is directly added to and reacted with plain pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA) to give PEHA-functionalized C60 powders. The CO2 capture performance of PEHA-C60 appears to be consistent across a range of temperatures wider than that of polyethyleneimine (PEI)-modified C60, whose high CO2 capture performance drops rapidly with decreasing temperature. At about 30 °C, the CO2 capture capacity of PEHA-C60 is six times higher, 65 mg CO2/g sorbent, than that of PEI-C60, 10 mg/g. In contrast to PEI, PEHA reacts with C60 to form products of greater porosity and smaller particles size that allow for a faster contact between CO2 and amine functions. This in turns translates into a lower energy requirement for CO2 sorption and desorption.
The Effect of Electric Load Profiles on the Performance of Off-Grid Residential Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
Authors: Treado Stephen
Published: October 2015

This paper investigates the energy performance of off-grid residential hybrid renewable electric power systems, particularly the effect of electric load profiles on the ability to harvest available solar energy and avoid the consumption of auxiliary energy in the form of propane. The concepts are illustrated by an analysis of the energy performance of electric and propane-fired refrigerators. Off-grid electric power systems frequently incorporate a renewable source, such as wind or solar photovoltaic (PV), with a back-up power provided by a propane fueled motor/generator. Among other design decisions, residential consumers face the choice of employing an electric refrigerator with a conventional vapor compression refrigeration system, or a fuel-fired refrigerator operating as an absorption refrigeration system. One interesting question is whether it is more advantageous from an energy perspective to use electricity to run the refrigerator, which might be provided by some combination of the PV and propane motor/generator, thereby taking advantage of the relatively higher electric refrigerator Coefficient of Performance (COP) and free solar energy but having to accept a low electrical conversion efficiency of the motor/generator, or use thermal energy from the combustion of propane to produce the refrigeration effect via an absorption system, albeit with a much lower COP. The analysis is complicated by the fact that most off-grid renewable electrical power systems utilize a battery bank to provide electrical power when it is not available from the wind turbine or PV system, so the state of charge of the battery bank will have a noticeable impact on what energy source is available at any moment in time. Daily electric load profiles combined with variable solar energy input determine the state of charge of the battery bank, with the degree of synchronization between the two being a critical factor in determining performance. The annual energy usage and fuel input depend strongly on the ability to make use of the renewable sources in real time to avoid battery bank conversion losses and dumping of excess electrical power, as well as to have sufficient battery storage capacity to minimize the need for operation of the motor/generator to meet electric loads which occur during periods when the renewable energy is not available.
Indoor Thermal Environment of Temporary Mobile Energy Shelter Houses (MeSHs) in South Korea
Authors: Kim Jeong-Gook , Lee Junghun , Ahn Byung-Lip , Shin Hwayeon , Yoo Seunghwan , Jang Cheol-Yong , Song Doosam , Kim Jonghun
Published: October 2015

Temporary housing must be developed to support the long-term residence needs of disaster victims. The present study assesses a temporary housing unit, the so-called Mobile Energy Shelter House (MeSH), incorporating the “Korean Dwelling Insulation Standard” in order to reduce energy usage for cooling and heating. To assess energy performance, the characteristics of the indoor thermal environment were measured during the winter and summer seasons. In summer, at maximum insolation, the outdoor temperature was 37.6 °C and the indoor temperature of the MeSH ranged from 18 to 24 °C when the cooling system was not used. Conversely, during winter, the average outdoor temperature was −11.3 °C and the indoor temperature ranged from 16.09 to 20.63 °C when a temperature-controlled floor-heating was installed. Furthermore, the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) was adopted to determine whether the ISO 7730 comfort criterion (i.e., PMV range from −0.5 to +0.5) was achieved. Based on the calculations presented here, PMV in summer ranged from −1.21 to +1.07 and that in winter ranged from −0.08 to −0.85, suggesting that the thermal environment is not always comfortable for occupants in either summer or winter. Nevertheless, the ISO comfort criterion can be achieved through varying air velocity in summer and changing clothing characteristics in winter. A comparison between yearly energy demand of existing characteristic temporary housing (Shelter House) and the MeSH modules used in this study was performed. The simulation results show a 60% difference in energy demand between MeSH and existing temporary housing shelter houses.
Evaluating the Use of Tree Shelters for Direct Seeding of Castanea on a Surface Mine in Appalachia
Authors: Barton Christopher , Miller Jarrod , Sena Kenton , Angel Patrick , French Michael
Published: October 2015

American chestnut (Castanea dentata), once a primary constituent of the eastern hardwood forest ecosystem, was nearly extirpated from the forest canopy by the accidental introduction of chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica). An intensive breeding program has sought to breed blight resistance from Chinese chestnut into American chestnuts, while maintaining as much of the desirable American chestnut phenotypes as possible. Previous studies suggest that these blight resistant American chestnuts, termed “restoration chestnuts”, are capable of thriving on reclaimed surface mines. We direct seeded pure Chinese, pure American, and three backcross lines into brown sandstone minesoil on a mine site in Pike County, KY. To investigate the effects of tree sheltering on survival and growth, we installed tree shelters on half the plots, and left the rest of the plots unsheltered. Results indicated that shelters were highly effective at reducing initial mortality. In addition, while pure Chinese chestnut survival was highest, the three backcross lines have also survived well on this site. Our study demonstrates that American, Chinese, and backcrossed chestnuts can survive through five growing seasons on reclaimed surface mines with the use of tree shelters.
Duplication Detection When Evolving Feature Models of Software Product Lines
Authors: Khtira Amal , Benlarabi Anissa , Asri Bouchra
Published: October 2015

After the derivation of specific applications from a software product line, the applications keep evolving with respect to new customer’s requirements. In general, evolutions in most industrial projects are expressed using natural language, because it is the easiest and the most flexible way for customers to express their needs. However, the use of this means of communication has shown its limits in detecting defects, such as inconsistency and duplication, when evolving the existing models of the software product line. The aim of this paper is to transform the natural language specifications of new evolutions into a more formal representation using natural language processing. Then, an algorithm is proposed to automatically detect duplication between these specifications and the existing product line feature models. In order to instantiate the proposed solution, a tool is developed to automatize the two operations.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: From Diagnosis to Therapy
Authors: Falzarano Maria , Scotton Chiara , Passarelli Chiara , Ferlini Alessandra
Published: October 2015

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked inherited neuromuscular disorder due to mutations in the dystrophin gene. It is characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting due to the absence of dystrophin protein that causes degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle. The molecular diagnostic of DMD involves a deletions/duplications analysis performed by quantitative technique such as microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH), Multiple Ligation Probe Assay MLPA. Since traditional methods for detection of point mutations and other sequence variants require high cost and are time consuming, especially for a large gene like dystrophin, the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has become a useful tool available for clinical diagnosis. The dystrophin gene is large and finely regulated in terms of tissue expression, and RNA processing and editing includes a variety of fine tuned processes. At present, there are no effective treatments and the steroids are the only fully approved drugs used in DMD therapy able to slow disease progression. In the last years, an increasing variety of strategies have been studied as a possible therapeutic approach aimed to restore dystrophin production and to preserve muscle mass, ameliorating the DMD phenotype. RNA is the most studied target for the development of clinical strategies and Antisense Oligonucleotides (AONs) are the most used molecules for RNA modulation. The identification of delivery system to enhance the efficacy and to reduce the toxicity of AON is the main purpose in this area and nanomaterials are a very promising model as DNA/RNA molecules vectors. Dystrophinopathies therefore represent a pivotal field of investigation, which has opened novel avenues in molecular biology, medical genetics and novel therapeutic options.
Synthesis of Some Novel Heterocyclic and Schiff Base Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Azab Mohamed , Rizk Sameh , Amr Abd
Published: October 2015

Treatment of 2,3-diaryloxirane-2,3-dicarbonitriles 1a–c with different nitrogen nucleophiles, e.g., hydrazine, methyl hydrazine, phenyl hydrazine, hydroxylamine, thiosemicarbazide, and/or 2-amino-5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole, afforded pyrazole, isoxazole, pyrrolotriazine, imidazolothiadiazole derivatives 2–5, respectively. Reacting pyrazoles 2a–c with aromatic aldehydes and/or methyl glycinate produced Schiff’s bases 7a–d and pyrazolo[3,4-b]-pyrazinone derivative 8, respectively. Treating 7 with ammonium acetate and/or hydrazine hydrate, furnished the imidazolopyrazole and pyrazolotriazine derivatives 9 and 10, respectively. Reaction of 8 with chloroacetic acid and/or diethyl malonate gave tricyclic compound 11 and triketone 12, respectively. On the other hand, compound 1 was reacted with active methylene precursors, e.g., acetylacetone and/or cyclopentanone producing adducts 14a,b which upon fusion with ammonium acetate furnished the 3-pyridone derivatives 15a,b, respectively. Some of newly synthesized compounds were screened for activity against bacterial and fungal strains and most of the newly synthesized compounds showed high antimicrobial activities. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated using IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectroscopy.
Ring Opening Reactions through C-O Bond Cleavage Uniquely Adding Chemical Functionality to Boron Subphthalocyanine
Authors: Bonnier Catherine , Bender Timothy
Published: October 2015

We are reporting the unexpected reaction between bromo-boron subphthalocyanine (Br-BsubPc) and THF, 1,4-dioxane or γ-butyrolactone that results in the ring opening of the solvent and its addition into the BsubPc moiety. Under heating, the endocyclic C-O bond of the solvent is cleaved and the corresponding bromoalkoxy-BsubPc derivative is obtained. These novel alkoxy-BsubPc derivatives have remaining alkyl-bromides suitable for further functionalization. The alkoxy-BsubPcs maintain the characteristic strongly absorption in visible spectrum and their fluorescence quantum yields.
A Generally Applicable Computer Algorithm Based on the Group Additivity Method for the Calculation of Seven Molecular Descriptors: Heat of Combustion, LogPO/W, LogS, Refractivity, Polarizability, Toxicity and LogBB of Organic Compounds; Scope and Limits of Applicability
Authors: Naef Rudolf
Published: October 2015

A generally applicable computer algorithm for the calculation of the seven molecular descriptors heat of combustion, logPoctanol/water, logS (water solubility), molar refractivity, molecular polarizability, aqueous toxicity (protozoan growth inhibition) and logBB (log (cblood/cbrain)) is presented. The method, an extendable form of the group-additivity method, is based on the complete break-down of the molecules into their constituting atoms and their immediate neighbourhood. The contribution of the resulting atom groups to the descriptor values is calculated using the Gauss-Seidel fitting method, based on experimental data gathered from literature. The plausibility of the method was tested for each descriptor by means of a k-fold cross-validation procedure demonstrating good to excellent predictive power for the former six descriptors and low reliability of logBB predictions. The goodness of fit (Q2) and the standard deviation of the 10-fold cross-validation calculation was >0.9999 and 25.2 kJ/mol, respectively, (based on N = 1965 test compounds) for the heat of combustion, 0.9451 and 0.51 (N = 2640) for logP, 0.8838 and 0.74 (N = 1419) for logS, 0.9987 and 0.74 (N = 4045) for the molar refractivity, 0.9897 and 0.77 (N = 308) for the molecular polarizability, 0.8404 and 0.42 (N = 810) for the toxicity and 0.4709 and 0.53 (N = 383) for logBB. The latter descriptor revealing a very low Q2 for the test molecules (R2 was 0.7068 and standard deviation 0.38 for N = 413 training molecules) is included as an example to show the limits of the group-additivity method. An eighth molecular descriptor, the heat of formation, was indirectly calculated from the heat of combustion data and correlated with published experimental heat of formation data with a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.9974 (N = 2031).
Design of a Humidity Sensor Tag for Passive Wireless Applications
Authors: Wu Xiang , Deng Fangming , Hao Yong , Fu Zhihui , Zhang Lihua
Published: October 2015

This paper presents a wireless humidity sensor tag for low-cost and low-power applications. The proposed humidity sensor tag, based on radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, was fabricated in a standard 0.18 μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. The top metal layer was deposited to form the interdigitated electrodes, which were then filled with polyimide as the humidity sensing layer. A two-stage rectifier adopts a dynamic bias-voltage generator to boost the effective gate-source voltage of the switches in differential-drive architecture, resulting in a flat power conversion efficiency curve. The capacitive sensor interface, based on phase-locked loop (PLL) theory, employs a simple architecture and can work with 0.5 V supply voltage. The measurement results show that humidity sensor tag achieves excellent linearity, hysteresis and stability performance. The total power-dissipation of the sensor tag is 2.5 μW, resulting in a maximum operating distance of 23 m under 4 W of radiation power of the RFID reader.
Underwater Acoustic Matched Field Imaging Based on Compressed Sensing
Authors: Yan Huichen , Xu Jia , Long Teng , Zhang Xudong
Published: October 2015

Matched field processing (MFP) is an effective method for underwater target imaging and localizing, but its performance is not guaranteed due to the nonuniqueness and instability problems caused by the underdetermined essence of MFP. By exploiting the sparsity of the targets in an imaging area, this paper proposes a compressive sensing MFP (CS-MFP) model from wave propagation theory by using randomly deployed sensors. In addition, the model’s recovery performance is investigated by exploring the lower bounds of the coherence parameter of the CS dictionary. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the robustness of CS-MFP with respect to the displacement of the sensors. Subsequently, a coherence-excluding coherence optimized orthogonal matching pursuit (CCOOMP) algorithm is proposed to overcome the high coherent dictionary problem in special cases. Finally, some numerical experiments are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed CS-MFP method.
Temporal and Spatial Variability of Droughts in Southwest China from 1961 to 2012
Authors: Huang Yaohuan , Xu Chen , Yang Haijun , Wang Jianhua , Jiang Dong , Zhao Chuanpeng
Published: October 2015

Southwest China (SC) has suffered a series of super extreme droughts in the last decade. This study analyzed the temporal and spatial variations of drought in SC from 1961 to 2012. Based on precipitation anomaly index (PAI) that was derived from 1 km gridded precipitation data, three time scales (month, year and decade) for the drought frequency (DF) and drought area were applied to estimate the spatio-temporal structure of droughts. A time-series analysis showed that winter droughts and spring droughts occurred frequently for almost half of the year from November to March. Summer droughts occasionally occurred in severe drought decades: the 1960s, 1980s and 2000s. During the period of observation, the percent of drought area in SC increased from the 1960s (<5%) to the 2000s (>25%). A total of 57% of the area was affected by drought in 2011, when the area experienced its most severe drought both in terms of area and severity. The spatial analysis, which benefitted from the gridded data, detailed that all of SC is at drought risk except for the central Sichuan Basin. The area at high risk for severe and extreme droughts was localized in the mountains of the junction of Sichuan and Yunnan. The temporal and spatial variability can be prerequisites for drought resistance planning and drought risk management of SC.
Is the Web Marketing Mix Sustainable in China? The Mediation Effect of Dynamic Trust
Authors: Choi Yongrok , Jin Jingwen
Published: October 2015

Trust plays an important role between companies and customers in the online shopping environment because of the anonymous transaction environment and the advantage of virtual property. The most rapidly developing trend in Chinese e-business may come from Guanxi, a Chinese term for social trust. In this study, we define Guanxi as the dynamic trust process in the social decisions or activities of the Chinese. With increasing global attention on the outstanding development of Chinese e-business, it would be worthwhile to analyze the dynamic trust process of social e-commerce customers in close combination with the social network. The statistical results obtained using structural equation modeling (SEM) show the importance of trust in a social e-commerce context. The direct positive relationship between the components of the web marketing mix and purchase intention is partially mediated by initial trust and ongoing trust, while initial trust only partially affects purchase intention through ongoing trust.
The Role of mPOS System in Process Change and Strategy Change: A Situated Change Perspective
Authors: Lin Yao , Ha Nhu-Hang , Lin Kuo-Sung
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this study is to revisit the relationship among information technology (IT), Process, and Strategy. We focus on the impact of mobile Point of Sales (mPOS) on changing of operational processes in the restaurant industry. This study investigates the changing of IT strategy and service strategy. The research model was developed based on the literature (strategic alignment model and situated change perspective) and inputs from the restaurant industry and IT experts. The data of this study are collected from observation and face-to-face interviews with both business and IT personnel from 10 restaurants in Taiwan. The findings of this study provide a comprehensive view about the ways processes change once restaurants implements mPOS. We also figure out the impact of this change on IT strategy and service strategy. This study’s results shed new light on IT implementation. Researchers need to look at IT in different ways and suggest suitable solutions for practitioners.
Comprehensive characterization and understanding of micro-fuel cells operating at high methanol concentrations
Authors: Gago Aldo S , Esquivel Juan-Pablo , Sabaté Neus , Santander Joaquín , Alonso-Vante Nicolas
Published: October 2015

We report on the analysis of the performance of each electrode of an air-breathing passive micro-direct methanol fuel cell (µDMFC) during polarization, stabilization and discharge, with CH3OH (2–20 M). A reference electrode with a microcapillary was used for separately measuring the anode the cathode potential. Information about the open circuit potential (OCP), the voltage and the mass transport related phenomena are available. Using 2 M CH3OH, the anode showed mass transport problems. With 4 and 6 M CH3OH both electrodes experience this situation, whereas with 10 and 20 M CH3OH the issue is attributed to the cathode. The stabilization and fuel consumption time depends mainly on the cathode performance, which is very sensitive to fuel crossover. The exposure to 20 M CH3OH produced a loss in performance of more than 75% of the highest power density (16.3 mW·cm−2).
Liquid dissimilation as listener hypocorrection
Authors: Abrego-Collier Carissa
Published: October 2015

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Switch Reference in Old Japanese
Authors: Akiba Katsue
Published: October 2015

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The semantics of switch reference in kwtsaan
Authors: Slater Carol E.
Published: October 2015

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The causative as a reference switching mechanism in Western Pomo
Authors: Oswalt Robert L.
Published: October 2015

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Nasals and nasalization in Creek
Authors: Haas Mary R.
Published: October 2015

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The Three Degrees of Definiteness
Authors: Kyriakaki Maria
Published: October 2015

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Refining Stimulus Parameters in Assessing Infant Speech Perception Using Visual Reinforcement Infant Speech Discrimination: Sensation Level
Authors: Uhler Kristin M. , Baca Rosalinda , Dudas Emily , Fredrickson Tammy
Published: October 2015

Background:Speech perception measures have long been considered an integral piece of the audiological assessment battery. Currently, a prelinguistic, standardized measure of speech perception is missing in the clinical assessment battery for infants and young toddlers. Such a
measure would allow systematic assessment of speech perception abilities of infants as well as the potential to investigate the impact early identification of hearing loss and early fitting of amplification have on the auditory pathways.Purpose:To investigate the impact of sensation
level (SL) on the ability of infants with normal hearing (NH) to discriminate /a-i/ and /ba-da/ and to determine if performance on the two contrasts are significantly different in predicting the discrimination criterion.Research Design:The design was based on a survival analysis model
for event occurrence and a repeated measures logistic model for binary outcomes. The outcome for survival analysis was the minimum SL for criterion and the outcome for the logistic regression model was the presence/absence of achieving the criterion. Criterion achievement was designated when
an infant’s proportion correct score was >0.75 on the discrimination performance task.Study Sample:Twenty-two infants with NH sensitivity participated in this study. There were 9 males and 13 females, aged 6‐14 mo.Data Collection and Analysis:Testing took place
over two to three sessions. The first session consisted of a hearing test, threshold assessment of the two speech sounds (/a/ and /i/), and if time and attention allowed, visual reinforcement infant speech discrimination (VRISD). The second session consisted of VRISD assessment for the two
test contrasts (/a-i/ and /ba-da/). The presentation level started at 50 dBA. If the infant was unable to successfully achieve criterion (>0.75) at 50 dBA, the presentation level was increased to 70 dBA followed by 60 dBA. Data examination included an event analysis, which provided the
probability of criterion distribution across SL. The second stage of the analysis was a repeated measures logistic regression where SL and contrast were used to predict the likelihood of speech discrimination criterion.Results:Infants were able to reach criterion for the /a-i/ contrast
at statistically lower SLs when compared to /ba-da/. There were six infants who never reached criterion for /ba-da/ and one never reached criterion for /a-i/. The conditional probability of not reaching criterion by 70 dB SL was 0% for /a-i/ and 21% for /ba-da/. The predictive logistic regression
model showed that children were more likely to discriminate the /a-i/ even when controlling for SL.Conclusions:Nearly all normal-hearing infants can demonstrate discrimination criterion of a vowel contrast at 60 dB SL, while a level of ≥70 dB SL may be needed to allow all infants
to demonstrate discrimination criterion of a difficult consonant contrast.
Sharing of Intelligence Information in Terms of Process "Need to Share"
Authors: Havlík Martin
Published: October 2015

The main goal of this article is to depict the issue of intelligence information sharing within the so called principle "need to share" and highlight the differences of this current trend, which was to replace the "need to know" principle. The first chapter in reference to current global threats depicts the extent of the present national and international interrest in the intelligence field which is followed by the issue of "need to share" principle. The aim of the following chapter is briefly analyse the sfaring of intelligence information within NATO and the EU. This chapter also includes the possible sharing of SIGINT information obtained by national tactical element embedded in Task force during current day operations. The final part evaluates the intelligence information sharing and outlines certain prediction of future development in this field.
Prognostics Design for Structural Health Management
Authors: Chiachío J. , Chiachío M. , Sankararaman S. , Saxena A. , Goebel K.
Published: October 2015

The chapter describes the application of prognostic techniques to the domain of structural health and demonstrates the efficacy of the methods using fatigue data from a graphite-epoxy composite coupon. Prognostics denotes the in-situ assessment of the health of a component and the repeated estimation of remaining life, conditional on anticipated future usage. The methods shown here use a physics-based modeling approach whereby the behavior of the damaged components is encapsulated via mathematical equations that describe the characteristics of the components as it experiences increasing degrees of degradation. Mathematical rigorous techniques are used to extrapolate the remaining life to a failure threshold. Additionally, mathematical tools are used to calculate the uncertainty associated with making predictions. The information stemming from the predictions can be used in an operational context for go/no go decisions, quantify risk of ability to complete a (set of) mission or operation, and when to schedule maintenance.
Batch Fluctuations in Short Cycle Stretch Forming of Tinplate can Bodies
Authors: Schneider Matthias , Liewald Mathias
Published: October 2015

Short cycle stretch forming (SCS) is an innovative stretch forming technology, developed by the Institute for Metal Forming Technology (IFU) at the University of Stuttgart. The SCS technology combines plane pre-stretching and deep drawing operations within the same stroke of the press ram. The sheet metal thickness is reduced, and the denting resistance as well as the yield stress are increased due to hardening effects.In this study, the SCS technology is applied to rotational-symmetric bodies. A process simulation of an SCS cupping process was carried out for producing tinplate cans. Based on these results, a tool was produced. First results showed that the metal thickness of cups for two-piece drawn and ironed (D&I) steel can bottoms can be reduced. With this technological goal, it is possible to save the material cost in series production.This paper analyses how batch fluctuations affect the thinning of cup bottoms in SCS cupping. Therefore, preliminary experiments have been conducted, using their results to improve the previously used FE process model. With the aid of this model, an FEA-based parametric study on the variation of material properties is conducted. To examine batch fluctuations, tensile tests have been taken into account, and initial material parameters for simulation, such as friction coefficient, initial blank thickness, Lankford parameter and hardening behaviour, have been varied.The results of this paper show that SCS cupping offers a promising potential for material savings and demonstrate the main effects of batch fluctuations.
Evaluation of Modular Roll-Setup to Roll Grooves into Steel Sheets
Authors: Senge Stefan , Hirt Gerhard
Published: October 2015

Hybrid structures made of aluminium and steel are used in an increasing amount to produce lightweight optimised parts, e.g. for the automotive industry. One option to produce these optimised components is a combination of a steel sheet with a reinforcing aluminium rib structure by high pressure die casting. Achieving a reliable junction between the different materials during the short casting time is a major challenge in creating these hybrid components. Improving this junction is the topic of an ongoing research study in which a form closure connection is enabled by structuring the steel surface prior to the casting process. In order to meet the demands of the later application, the surface structure has to ensure the filling during the casting as well as a stable form closure connection. Thus, deep groove structures with a perpendicular wall angel straight to the casting direction were identified, since a deeper structure increases the clamping area and a perpendicular wall angle improves the form closure connection. However, the production of this structure in a large scale and a short time becomes difficult using conventional structuring processes. In this work the capability of an adapted rolling process which consists of stacked discs with varying thickness and diameter was studied in order to manufacture these grooves. Several experiments were performed to determine the influence of the height reduction and rolling force on the resulting structure. First results obtained with the presented experiments show the good predictability of the resulting size of the structure depending on the thickness reduction and the rolling force normalised to one millimetre structured width.
Development and Experimental Verification of a New Roller-Coining Setup to Texture Flat and Curved Surfaces
Authors: Szurdak Adam , Hirt Gerhard
Published: October 2015

Micro lubrication pockets decrease the frictional losses and improve the wear resistance of lubricated machine elements. Depending on the application, the pocket dimension and the area density (ratio of the projected pocket area to the non-textured area) must be optimized. Otherwise, the lubrication pockets might increase friction and wear. Besides the determination of the optimized texture, the production process needs to manufacture the pockets with high reproducibility and accuracy, since each deviation of the texture might reduce the improvement of the tribological properties. The goal of this work is to develop a new forming setup capable of decreasing the influence of deviations in the material, of the tool or due to a process inaccuracy ́s. Therefore, a roller-coining process based on a pneumatic system was developed to keep the forming force and thus the pocket dimension constant. This setup was as well used to texture the roller, since the manufacturing of a prominent micro texture on a curved surface with high tolerances is a difficult task for other texturing methods. The experimental verification of the setup showed that by using the pneumatic setup the standard deviation of the pocket depth was reduced by an average factor of 1.9.
Influencing the Gradient of Material Properties by Gradation Extrusion
Authors: Bergmann Markus , Sterzing Andreas , Landgrebe Dirk
Published: October 2015

Designing material characteristics by grain refinement using Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) is an attractive way to create outstanding material properties. This paper presents a unique method which combines SPD and impact extrusion. The extrusion die is designed to create additional material deformation to a defined depth, resulting in a gradient from ultra-fine grained to coarse grained microstructure. Due to the large gradient the method is called gradation extrusion. The paper presents a new analytical calculation method and a numerical evaluation of the strain, showing the relationship between tool design and achievable effects and provides initial experimental results.
Process to Increase the Output of Z-Folded Separators for the Manufacturing of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Schröder Robert , Glodde Arne , Aydemir Muhammed , Bach Gordon
Published: October 2015

The electrification of drives is an enormous challenge as well as an opportunity for the automobile industry and its suppliers to provide competitive and affordable technologies to participate within this change. The high costs of battery systems, the range limitations of electric vehicles and the insufficient charging network are three of the main reasons, this change is still troublesome in its realization. To realize a cost-efficient production of battery systems, a high degree of automation and an increased production throughput is necessary. This paper focuses on the pouch cell with its high energy density and presents a solution, of how to significantly increase the production throughput in the z-folding of separators. The approach pursued is the assessment of shifting from discrete pick-and-place operations to a continuous process flow, enabling a cost-efficient production of electrode-separator compounds and ultimately lithium-ion batteries.
Blanking of Unidirectional Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics
Authors: Shirobokov Anton , Kerchnawe Sophie , Terhorst Michael , Mattfeld Patrick , Klocke Fritz
Published: October 2015

Fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) are being increasingly used for advanced applications where an appropriate mechanical performance should be achieved at minimum weight. A substantial increase of the FRP usage is expected across various industries e.g. in automotive sector in the nearest future. This leads to the mass manufacturing of FRP components. Reduction of manufacturing costs of FRP components is regarded as the main enabler for the usage of this material in mass production. Although FRP components are manufactured near-net-shape, they often have to be pierced or trimmed in one of the last manufacturing steps. With rising production numbers blanking is a potentially more cost efficient technology for trimming and piercing of FRP components compared to the conventionally performed abrasive water jet cutting or machining. The mechanisms of FRP separation in blanking have not yet been researched. In particular, the influence of the fibre orientation relative to the cutting line on the cutting force is not known. In the scope of this work an experimental study of blanking of a unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced plastic with a thermoset resin at different fibre orientations to the cutting line was performed. It was shown that the cutting force decreases from the perpendicular to the parallel fibre orientation to the cutting line. A possible mechanical explanation of this dependency was formulated.
Influence of Tool Specification and Machining Parameters on the Wear Behaviour at Generating Gear Grinding
Authors: Ophey Matthias , Löpenhaus Christoph , Klocke Fritz
Published: October 2015

One research objective for generating gear grinding is to increase economic efficiency and productivity of the process. At the same time gear quality must be equal or higher. In addition to machining parameters, tool specification has a significant influence on process productivity, workpiece quality and the wear of the tool itself. Due to the variety of tool specifications process users have the problem of selecting the best fitting tool for their demands. Therefore, it is necessary to know how interactions of tool specification and machining parameters influence tool wear and workpiece quality. But basic experimental studies, which take different tool specifications into account, are missing today.This paper focuses on the influence of different tool specifications and machining parameters on the tool wear for generating gear grinding. With analogy trials the influence of different specifications and machining parameters on tool wear and the process is mapped. The results are analyzed, discussed and summarized in a model. Furthermore, the applicability of the findings based on analogy trials to generating gear grinding is validated.
Component Distortion due to a Broaching Process
Authors: Bejnoud Farboud , Zanger Frederik , Schulze Volker
Published: October 2015

In order to obtain a better understanding of the effects of an internal broaching operation on the resulting component geometry, investigations were carried out. The investigations were carried out on sliding sleeves made of case hardening steel SAE 5115 (German grade 16MnCrS5). The cutting speed was varied. The results indicate that the arrangement of teeth on the scope of the tool has a significant influence on the resulting component geometry. Furthermore the results show that also the cutting speed has a significant influence on the resulting component geometry, in particular due to the resulting process temperatures.
Electrolytes for Sustainable Laser-Chemical Machining of Titanium, Stellite 21 and Tool Steel X110CrMoV8-2
Authors: Hauser Olga , Mehrafsun Salar , Vollertsen Frank
Published: October 2015

Laser-chemical micro structuring offers a possibility to process particular metals nearly without any mechanical or thermal stress. The required electrolyte depends on the respective chemical composition of the specific metal. The presented results demonstrate the possibilities for laser-chemical machining of titanium, Stellite 21 and tool steel X110CrMoV82 for use in medical applications and micro tool manufacturing with respect to the engineering requirements. Furthermore, first results are shown depending on the identification of more environmentally friendly electrolytes to meet the everincreasing environmental and industrial standards.
Comparison of Conventional and Dry Electrical Discharge Machining
Authors: Schimmelpfennig Tassilo Maria , Perfilov Ivan , Streckenbach Jan , Uhlmann Eckart
Published: October 2015

For manufacturing of micro holes ElectricalDischarge Machining (EDM) can be used, which is well-established due toits thermal working principle that allows almost force free machining independent of the material’s mechanical properties. The importance of this production technology is increasing, especially for the machining of ceramic materials, which are required in many applications within the field of microtechnology. However, the production of precise micro holes with complex geometries and high aspect ratios is associated with a many challenges. Hightool electrode wear, low material removal rate and small gap widths are observed in the process. This paper presents an optimized dry EDM technology for the manufacturing of micro holes in Si3N4-TiNceramic. The experiments were carried out with different energy influencing process parameters for the spark discharge and flushing pressure, which were systematically evaluated by methods of statistical Design of Experiments. Subsequently dry EDM and conventional EDM micro drilling processes were compared and the differences between both processes were evaluated. The influences of liquid and gaseous dielectric are analyzed in terms of process stability and axis movements.
The Hybrid RTM Process Chain: Automated Insertion of Load Introducing Elements during Subpreform Assembling
Authors: Ballier Fabian , Schwennen Jan , Berkmann Julian , Fleischer Jürgen
Published: October 2015

Fiber reinforced plastics are increasingly employed in the automobile industry. The process chain of resin transfer molding offers one approach for realizing structural components made of fiber reinforced plastic in high quantities. In order to increase economic efficiency, automated solutions for the subpreform assembly are required. There is also the need for mechanically highly stressable and at the same time economical joining techniques for joining fiber reinforced plastics with metal. The following article shall provide an approach to meet both of these requirements.
Approach for Manufacturer Independent Automated Machine Tool Control Software Test
Authors: Kübler Karl , Neyrinck Adrian , Schlechtendahl Jan , Lechler Armin , Verl Alexander
Published: October 2015

The rising amount and complexity of machine tool control software forces developers andvendors to increase software quality assurance measures, especially system regression tests. Thesetests are mostly conducted manually at real machines and thus error-prone, expensive and timeconsuming.This paper discusses the state of the art in machine tool control software testing andproposes a new approach for the automated test of machine tool control software. Its outstandingfeature is a manufacturer-independent test environment that makes it possible to test control softwareon different control types with minimum overhead. The approach bases on a hardware-in-the-loopsimulation system and implies a concept for a uniform access to the multitude of communicationinterfaces of today’s controls. Furthermore, the paper shows the problems that make such a tooldifficult to define and gives a concept for implementation.
Cognitive Self-Optimization in Industrial Assembly
Authors: Permin Eike , Hoffmann Max , Bertelsmeier Felix , Haag Sebastian , Detert Tim , Schmitt Robert H.
Published: October 2015

Modern day production has to overcome a polylemma – the gaps between economies of scale and scope as well as between economies of plan and value. Due to shorter product lifecycles and a rising demand of customization, flexibility and adaptability of assembly processes will become key elements for a sustainable success of industrial production in high-wage countries. Self-optimization as presented in this paper has been identified as one major contributor to the enhancement of this flexibility and adaptability. After a short introduction of the historical background, the specifics of the application of self-optimization to assembly are discussed using its meta model. In the end, two application examples are presented to illustrate its industrial deployment.
Variance-Based Sensitivity Analysis for the Design of Thermal Systems
Authors: Regel Joachim , Wittstock Volker , Putz Matthias
Published: October 2015

The numerous different possibilities to influence the thermal behaviour of machine tools preclude a generally agreed upon evaluation that considers their effectivity and energetic-economic efficiency. This is caused by their different modes of action and non-linearity in their interrelations. A variance-based sensitivity analysis makes possible a comparison of different factors regarding their impact on changes in relevant characteristics. Its functionality is explained and exemplified by a simple thermal problem.
Modelling of Kinematics and Dynamics of the IPAnema 3 Cable Robot for Simulative Analysis
Authors: Tempel Philipp , Miermeister Philipp , Lechler Armin , Pott Andreas
Published: October 2015

This paper covers the kinematics and dynamics modelling of the mechatronic model for a 6 DOF cable-driven parallel robot and derives a real-time capable simulation model for such robots. The governing equations of motion for the platform are derived using Newton-Euler formalism, furthermore, the pulley kinematics of the winches and a linear spring-damper based cable model is introduced. Once the equations of motion are derived, closed-form force distribution is implemented and simulation results of the real-time capable model for the cable-driven parallel robot IPAnema3 are presented. Given the real-time capability, the presented model can be used for hardware-in-the-loop simulation or controller design, but also for case studies of highly dynamic or large-scale robots.