bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional monoclonal antibody acts as a biased agonist by inducing internalization of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7
Authors: Ullmer C , Zoffmann S , Bohrmann B , Matile H , Lindemann L , Flor PJ , Malherbe P
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The mGlu7 receptors are strategically located at the site of vesicle fusion where they modulate the release of the main excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Consequently, they are implicated in the underlying pathophysiology of CNS diseases such as epilepsy and stress‐related psychiatric disorders. Here, we characterized a selective, potent and functional anti‐mGlu7 monoclonal antibody, MAB1/28, that triggers receptor internalization.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH MAB1/28's activity was investigated using Western blot and direct immunofluorescence on live cells, in vitro pharmacology by functional cAMP and [35S]‐GTPγ binding assays, the kinetics of IgG‐induced internalization by image analysis, and the activation of the ERK1/2 by elisa.

KEY RESULTS mGlu7/mGlu6 chimeric studies located the MAB1/28 binding site at the extracellular amino‐terminus of mGlu7. MAB1/28 potently antagonized both orthosteric and allosteric agonist‐induced inhibition of cAMP accumulation. The potency of the antagonistic actions was similar to the potency in triggering receptor internalization. The internalization mechanism occurred via a pertussis toxin‐insensitive pathway and did not require Gαi protein activation. MAB1/28 activated ERK1/2 with potency similar to that for receptor internalization. The requirement of a bivalent receptor binding mode for receptor internalizations suggests that MAB1/28 modulates mGlu7 dimers.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We obtained evidence for an allosteric‐biased agonist activity triggered by MAB1/28, which activates a novel IgG‐mediated GPCR internalization pathway that is not utilized by small molecule, orthosteric or allosteric agonists. Thus, MAB1/28 provides an invaluable biological tool for probing mGlu7 function and selective activation of its intracellular trafficking.
Rising Food Prices and Household Welfare: Evidence from Brazil in 2008
Authors: Ferreira Francisco H. G. , Fruttero Anna , Leite Phillippe G. , Lucchetti Leonardo R.
Published: July 2012

Food price inflation in Brazil in the 12 months to June 2008 was 18%, whereas overall inflation was 7%. Using spatially disaggregated monthly data on consumer prices and two different household surveys, we estimate the welfare consequences of these food price increases, and their distribution across households. Because Brazil is a large food producer, with a predominantly wage‐earning agricultural labour force, our estimates include general equilibrium effects on market and transfer incomes, as well as the standard estimates of changes in consumer surplus. Although the expenditure (or consumer surplus) effects were large, negative and markedly regressive everywhere, estimates of the market‐income effect were positive and progressive, particularly in rural areas. Because of this effect on the rural poor, and of the partial protection afforded by increases in two large social assistance benefits, the overall impact of higher food prices in Brazil was U‐shaped, with middle‐income groups suffering larger proportional losses than the very poor. Nevertheless, as Brazil is 80% urban, higher food prices still led to a greater incidence and depth of poverty at the national level.
Helicobacter pylori Eradication with Ecabet Sodium, Omeprazole, Amoxicillin, and Clarithromycin Versus Bismuth, Omeprazole, Amoxicillin, and Clarithromycin Quadruple Therapy: A Randomized, Open‐Label, Phase IV Trial
Authors: Liang Jie , Li Jun , Han Ying , Xia Jielai , Yang Yunsheng , Li Wen , Zhang Shutian , Wu Yongdong , Yuan Yaozong , Li Zhaoshen , Du Yiqi , Chen Minhu , Chen Baili , Jiang Bo , Bai Yang , Wen Qinsheng , Wu Kaichun , Fan Daiming
Published: July 2012

Background

Helicobacter pylori infection is a substantial public health problem and plays etiological role in the pathogenesis of many gastroduodenal disorders. The addition of ecabet sodium is proven to improve the efficacy of the standard triple therapy. Our aim was to assess the efficacy and safety of ecabet sodium–containing quadruple therapy versus 10‐day bismuth‐containing quadruple therapy for H. pylori eradication.

Materials and Methods

We did a randomized, open‐label, phase IV trial in four cities (eight sites) in China, comparing the efficacy and safety of 10‐days ecabet sodium–containing versus bismuth‐containing quadruple therapy in adults with H. pylori infection. Eligible patients were randomly assigned treatment and monitored H. pylori eradication by negative [13C]/[14C] urea breath test 28 days after the treatment as the primary outcome. Symptoms improvement and side effects were the secondary outcome.

Results

A total of 311 H. pylori‐positive subjects were enrolled: 155 were assigned ecabet sodium quadruple therapy and 156 bismuth quadruple therapy. The eradication rates with ecabet sodium–containing and bismuth‐containing quadruple regimens were 68.4% (106/155) and 68.0% (106/156) p = .9339 intention‐to‐treat (ITT) and 75.4% (104/138) and 77.0% (104/135) p = .7453 per‐protocol (PP), respectively. The eradication rates for the ecabet sodium quadruple regimen differed significantly between cities (e.g., 81.2% ITT and 89.6% PP in Shanghai and 50% ITT and 53.5% PP in Xi'an). The symptom improvements and safety profiles were also similar for both treatments.

Conclusions

Neither 10‐day Ecabet sodium–containing quadruple therapy or 10‐day bismuth‐containing quadruple therapy can be recommended as empiric therapy in cities with high antibiotic resistance rate of China.
The Diagnostic Utility of Cardiac Biomarkers in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Wang Angela Yee‐Moon , Wai‐Kei Lam Christopher
Published: July 2012

Mortality in dialysis patients remains high due to excessive cardiovascular disease burden from coronary artery disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, and heart failure. Thus, cardiovascular risk stratification is an important aspect in managing dialysis patients; it may enable early identification of high‐risk patients to optimize therapeutic interventions that may ultimately lower their cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In particular, serum cardiac biomarkers that are readily measured, inexpensive, reproducible with high sensitivity and specificity, may have potential for cardiovascular risk prediction and stratification. Cardiac troponin represents a highly sensitive and specific marker of myocardial damage and is a current gold standard test for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction in the general population. On the other hand, natriuretic peptides, released from the heart secondary to increased left ventricular wall stress, have emerged as a diagnostic marker for heart failure in the general population. These two biomarkers reflect unique pathology of the myocardium and are powerful prognostic markers in the dialysis population. This article reviews the diagnostic potentials of these two cardiac biomarkers and their clinical application in the dialysis population.
False “Highlighting” with Wood’s Lamp
Authors: Silverberg Jonathan I. , Silverberg Nanette B.
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Wood's lamp evaluation is used to diagnose pigmentary disorders. For example, vitiligio typically demonstrates lesional enhancement under Wood's lamp evaluation. Numerous false positive enhancing lesions can be noted in the skin. We describe a 5‐year‐old Hispanic boy who had painted his face with highlighter, producing enhancing lesions under Wood's lamp. Physicians who use Wood's lamp should be aware that the appearance of markers and highlighter can mimic that of true clinical illnesses.
Neonatal Spiradenoma
Authors: Tiradogonzalez Mariantonieta , Beierle Elizabeth , Hammers Yuki , Andea Aleodor , Mroczek Elizabeth
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  We present an unusual case of congenital spiradenoma in a 4‐week‐old neonate. The appearance of this tumor can be confused with undifferentiated small‐cell skin tumors or other adnexal skin neoplasims. A clinical and morphologic correlation including an immunohistochemistry panel is necessary to determine a final diagnosis.
Pyruvate Effects on Red Blood Cells During In Vitro Cardiopulmonary Bypass With Dogs’ Blood
Authors: Gou DaMing , Tan HongJing , Cai HuiJun , Zhou FangQiang
Published: July 2012

To investigate the effects of pyruvate (Pyr) on adenosine triphosphate (ATP), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and nitric oxide (NO) in red blood cells (RBCs) during the cardiopulmonary bypass procedure (CPB), blood, 500 mL, was collected from each of 10 healthy dogs (weight 12–18 kg). The blood was divided into two parts (250 mL each) and randomly assigned into the control group (Group C, n = 10) or the Pyr group (Group P, n = 10). The blood was commingled with an equal volume of 0.9% NaCl and pyruvated isotonic solution (Pyr 50 mM) in the extracorporeal circuit in the two groups, respectively. The CPB procedure was fixed at 120 min, and the transferring flow was 4 L/min. Contents of ATP in RBCs, eNOS activities, and NO productions in plasma were measured before CPB and during CPB at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min in both groups. The ATP level, eNOS activity, and NO production were not different prior to CPB between the two groups. A decline of ATP levels was shown in both groups but remained significantly higher in Group P than in Group C at the same time points during in vitro CPB (P < 0.01). Values of eNOS and NO were significantly increased in Group C but markedly reduced in Group P during CPB, compared with pre‐CPB (P < 0.01). The CPB procedure significantly damaged dogs’ RBCs in the ATP level, eNOS activity, and NO production, in vitro, but Pyr effectively protected RBCs in these functions during CPB. Pyr would be clinically protective for RBCs during CPB.
Fully Automatable, Reproducible, Noninvasive Simple Plethysmographic Optimization: Proof of Concept and Potential for Implantability
Authors: KYRIACOU ANDREAS , PABARI PUNAM A. , WHINNETT ZACHARY I. , ARRI SATPAL , WILLSON KEITH , BARUAH RESHAM , STEGEMANN BERTHOLD , MAYET JAMIL , KANAGARATNAM PRAPA , HUGHES ALUN D. , FRANCIS DARREL P.
Published: July 2012

Background:

Hemodynamic optimization of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) can be achieved reproducibly and—with bulky, nonimplantable equipment—noninvasively. We explored whether a simple photoplethysmogram signal might be used instead.

Method:

Twenty patients (age 65 ± 12) with CRT underwent automatic atrioventricular (AV) delay optimization, using a multiple‐transitions protocol, at two atrially paced heart rates: just above sinus rate (“slow ApVp,” 77 ± 11 beats per minute [bpm]) and 100 bpm (“fast ApVp”). We then retested to assess short‐term reproducibility.

Results:

All 80 optimizations identified an optimum (correctly oriented parabola). At 100 bpm, the simple photoplethysmogram had wider scatter between repeat optimizations than did Finometer: standard deviation of difference (SDD) 22 ms versus 14 ms, respectively, P = 0.028. The simple photoplethysmogram improved in reproducibility when slope (instead of peak) of its signal was used for optimization, becoming as reproducible as Finometer (SDD 14 ms vs 14 ms, P = 0.50).
At slow heart rate, reproducibility of simple photoplethysmogram‐based optimization worsened from 14 to 22 ms (P = 0.028), and Finometer‐based optimization from 14 to 26 ms (P = 0.005).
Increasing the number of replicates averaged improved reproducibility. For example, SDD of simple photoplethysmogram optimization (using peak) fell from 62 ms with two replicates to 22 ms with eight replicates (P < 0.0001).

At 100 bpm, the eight‐replicate protocol takes ∼12 minutes.

Conclusions
: A 12‐minute protocol of simple photoplethysmographic AV optimization can be processed fully automatically. Blinded test‐retest reproducibility of the optimum AV is good and improves with more replicates. If benefits to some patients are not to be neutralized by harm to others, endpoint studies should first test check narrowness of “within‐patient error bars.” (PACE 2012; 35:948–960)
Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on the Global Myocardial Performance Beyond Obesity
Authors: Cho Kyoung Im , Kwon Jae Hwan , Kim Seong Man , Park Tae Jung , Lee Hyeon Gook , Kim Tae Ik
Published: July 2012

We aimed to assess the impact of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on the left ventricular (LV) function independent of obesity using the myocardial performance index (Tei index) and the global longitudinal LV strain (GLS) and its reversibility after surgery. Twenty‐five newly diagnosed OSA patients, normal weight (n = 15) and obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 25; n = 20) controls without OSA were enrolled and underwent transthoracic echocardiographic evaluation. The OSA and obese groups had a significantly comparable increased BMI and LV chamber dimension, prolonged isovolumic relaxation time, reduced early mitral filling velocity, and increased late mitral filling velocity and Tei index as compared to the normal weight group. However, GLS was significantly reduced only in the OSA group (–16.5 ± 1.9%) as compared to the normal weight group (–20.6 ± 2.0%, P < 0.001) and obese group (–19.1 ± 2.5%, P < 0.001). As a treatment, 13 of 25 patients underwent surgical modification, and the follow‐up echocardiogram revealed significantly improved Tei index and GLS as compared to baseline (0.37 ± 0.06 and –18.9 ± 3.3% vs. 0.42 ± 0.04 and –16.3 ± 2.4%, P = 0.006 and 0.031, respectively), which was comparable to the obese controls. A reduction in the apnea‐hypopnea index had a significant effect on the improvement in the GLS (r = 0.73, P < 0.001). LV systolic and diastolic function significantly deteriorated in the patients with OSA beyond obesity, and an improvement in the LV function was observed within 6 months after the surgical modification. GLS is considered to be one of the parameters that can be used in the early detection of LV systolic dysfunction in patients with OSA and a normal ejection fraction.
High Prevalence of Subclinical Atherosclerosis by Carotid Ultrasound among Mexican Americans: Discordance with 10‐Year Risk Assessment using the Framingham Risk Score
Authors: Laing Susan T. , Smulevitz Beverly , Vatcheva Kristina P. , Rentfro Anne R. , McPherson David D. , Fisher‐Hoch Susan P. , McCormick Joseph B.
Published: July 2012

Background: Framingham risk scores (FRS) were validated in a mostly Caucasian population. Evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis by carotid ultrasound may improve ascertainment of risk in nonwhite populations. This study aimed to evaluate carotid intima‐media thickness (cIMT) and carotid plaquing among Mexican Americans, and to correlate these markers with coronary risk factors and the FRS. Methods/Results: Participants (n = 141) were drawn from the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort. Carotid artery ultrasound was performed and cIMT measured. Carotid plaque was defined as areas of thickening >50% of the thickness of the surrounding walls. Mean age was 53.1 ± 11.7 years (73.8% female). Most were overweight or obese (88.7%) and more than half (53.2%) had the metabolic syndrome. One third (34.8%) had abnormal carotid ultrasound findings (either cIMT ≥75th percentile for gender and age or presence of plaque). Among those with abnormal carotid ultrasound, the majority were classified as being at low 10‐year risk for cardiovascular events. Carotid ultrasound reclassified nearly a third of the cohort as being at high risk. This discordance between 10‐year FRS and carotid ultrasound was noted whether risk was assessed for hard coronary events or global risk. Concordance between FRS and carotid ultrasound findings was best when long‐term (30‐year) risk was assessed and no subject with an abnormal carotid ultrasound was categorized as low risk by the 30‐year FRS algorithm. Conclusions: Integration of carotid ultrasound findings to coronary risk assessments and use of longer term prediction models may provide better risk assessment in this minority population, with earlier initiation of appropriate therapies.
An Incomplete Heart with Incomplete Lungs
Authors: Karabay Can Y. , Guler Ahmet , Aung Soe M. , Kalayci Arzu , Candan Ozkan , Guler Yeliz , Kirma Cevat
Published: July 2012

Congenital hypoplasia or agenesis of mitral valves is a very rare condition. It is sometimes seen together with other congenital anomalies. We present a demonstrative case of posterior mitral leaflet hypoplasia seen together with congenital lungs anomaly.
Does the Routine Echocardiographic Exam Have a Role in the Detection and Evaluation of Cholelithiasis and Gallbladder Wall Thickening?
Authors: Daly David D. , El‐Shurafa Haytham , Nanda Navin C. , Dumaswala Bhavin , Dumaswala Komal , Kumar Nilay , Mutluer Ferit Onur
Published: July 2012

Cholelithiasis is a very common disease in the United States. Most cases remain asymptomatic but a fraction of these patients can develop serious complications such as cholecystitis which may lead to gallbladder perforation and gallbladder cancer which is much less common. Here, we present three cases of cholelithiasis where transthoracic echocardiography was performed routinely. In each case, echocardiography detected cholelithiasis which prompted three‐dimensional (3D) echocardiographic evaluation. Three‐dimensional echocardiography allowed for more comprehensive examination of the gallbladder shape, size, and wall thickening and the measurement and composition of the stones in three dimensions, measurement of stone volumes, and minimized shadowing produced by stone calcifications. These cases suggest that routine echocardiography has value in detecting gallstones and that 3D echocardiography has incremental value over two‐dimensional echocardiography due to pyramidal data sets which allow sequential slicing through the gallbladder and full gallbladder examination without a technologist who is trained in gallbladder imaging. These pyramidal data sets can be further viewed and cropped by a radiologist specialized in abdominal ultrasound.
Sustainability of interdisciplinary secondary prevention in patients with occupational hand eczema: a 5‐year follow‐up survey
Authors: Wilke Annika , Gediga Günther , Schlesinger Tanja , John Swen M. , Wulfhorst Britta
Published: July 2012

Background. Occupational hand eczema (OHE) is common in ‘wet work’ occupations. Thus, effective and sustainable prevention strategies are needed.

Objectives. To investigate the long‐term effectiveness (sustainability) of an interdisciplinary secondary prevention programme.

Methods. One hundred and thirty‐four patients with OHE consecutively participated in an outpatient skin protection seminar comprising dermatological and educational interventions. Data were obtained at baseline (T0) and at 9 months (T1) and 5 years (T2) after participation. A cohort of 84 patients was available for analysis of the outcomes ‘job continuation’, ‘skin condition’, ‘skin protection behaviour’, and ‘disease management'.

Results. At T2, 71.4% of patients remained in their occupation. The prevalence and severity of self‐reported OHE were significantly reduced as compared with T0 (p = 0.007, p = 0.002). Of the patients, 13.1% gave up work because of OHE at T2. The intervention was most successful in patients suffering from milder forms of OHE, and there was less success in patients with severe OHE. The results showed a significant reduction in the frequency of ‘hand washing’ (p = 0.003) but no measurable change in the use of skin care products (p = 1.000).

Conclusions. The intervention showed sustainable long‐term effects. Early detection and reporting of OHE in the initial stages of the disease is of utmost importance for the effectiveness of secondary prevention. In cases of severe OHE, inpatient programmes may be indicated.
Novel missense mutation in PAX9 gene associated with familial tooth agenesis
Authors: Boeira Junior B. R. , Echeverrigaray S.
Published: July 2012

PAX9 is a transcription factor deeply involved in the gene networks that regulate odontogenesis. To date, only a restricted number of mutations in this gene have been associated with non‐syndromic tooth agenesis. Six families segregating non‐syndromic oligodontia/hypodontia were screened for mutations in PAX9 gene. A novel missense mutation lying in the exon 2 close to the end of the paired domain in three families was identified. Heterozygous mutation C503G is expected to result in an alanine‐to‐glycine amino acid change in residue 168 (Ala168Gly), which is invariably conserved among several species. The alanine–glycine change might lead to protein structural alteration because of the unique flexibility properties of glycine. Three mutations in intron 2 were also detected. Variations IVS2–109G>C, IVS2–54A>G, and IVS2–41A>G were identified in both affected and unaffected members of the sample; however, these polymorphic variants may be involved in the phenotype as one proband showing all three intronic mutations in homozygosis was affected with the most severe oligodontia within the sample.
Pex5p Imports Folded Tetrameric Catalase by Interaction with Pex13p
Authors: Otera Hidenori , Fujiki Yukio
Published: July 2012

Human catalase forms a 240‐kDa tetrameric complex and degrades H2O2 in peroxisomes. Human catalase is targeted to peroxisomes by the interaction of its peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1)‐like KANL sequence with the cytosolic PTS1 receptor Pex5p. We show herein that human catalase tetramers are formed in the cytoplasm and that the expression of a PTS signal on each of the four subunits is not necessary for peroxisomal transport. We previously demonstrated that a Pex5p mutant defective in binding to Pex13p, designated Pex5p(Mut234), imports typical PTS1‐type proteins but not catalase. This impaired catalase import is not rescued by replacing its C‐terminal KANL sequence with a typical PTS1 sequence, SKL, indicating that the failure of catalase import in Mut234‐expressing cells is not due to its weak PTS1. In contrast, several enzymatically inactive and monomeric mutants of catalase are efficiently imported in Mut234‐expressing cells. Moreover, trimeric chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) harboring SKL is not imported in Pex5p(Mut234)‐expressing cells, but CAT‐SKL trimers are transported to peroxisomes in the wild‐type cells. These findings suggest that the Pex5p–Pex13p interaction likely plays a pivotal role in the peroxisomal import of folded and oligomeric proteins.
Urban grassland restoration: which plant traits make desired species successful colonizers?
Authors: Fischer Leonie K. , von der Lippe Moritz , Kowarik Ingo
Published: July 2012

Questions

Which plant traits characterize successful and failed target species in urban grassland restoration? Do traits of successful target species differ from those of resident species? How do plant traits relate to environmental constraints?

Location

In‐situ experimental sites on wastelands in shrinking residential areas in Berlin, Germany.

Methods

We established grassland restoration treatments and explored plant traits of successful and failed target species (plant height, specific leaf area, seed mass, seed shape, seed longevity index, CSR strategy type, plant life form). To shed light on mechanisms that shape restoration success, we also analysed the same traits of species originating from the soil seed bank and species immigrating from the surroundings. We compared both trait sets to those of resident species. With RLQ analyses we related the trait data to abundance data of species and to variables describing the environmental setting of the sites.

Results

In the third year after treatment, several plant traits differed between the successful or failed target species and the resident vegetation, e.g. successful target species tended to be as tall as resident species, whereas failed target species were smaller, suggesting insufficient competitive ability of the latter. Species that successfully recruited from the soil seed bank were taller than resident species. Small specific leaf area was important for the establishment success of target species. Trait composition of the species assemblage clearly related to the environmental setting: mean specific leaf area and the proportion of annuals increased and the proportion of C‐strategists decreased with increasing human‐mediated impacts on the restoration sites.

Conclusions

Our results reveal clear trait differences between successful and failed target species in grassland restoration on urban wasteland sites, demonstrating that high competitive ability is crucial for success in target species. Grassland species that are successfully integrated into urban wasteland vegetation may thus fill well‐defined vacant niches, while resembling the traits of the resident species in other ways. Our results may allow generalizations and transfer to similar urban settings, as the analysed trait states were assessed as relative values compared to resident species.
Compounded disturbances in sub‐alpine forests in western Colorado favour future dominance by quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)
Authors: Kulakowski Dominik , Matthews Carolyn , Jarvis Daniel , Veblen Thomas T.
Published: July 2012

Question

As the extent, magnitude and/or frequency of various forest disturbances are increasing due to climate change, it is becoming increasingly likely that forests may be affected by more than one type of disturbance in short succession. We studied how compounded disturbances and pre‐fire composition influence post‐fire tree regeneration. Specifically, do compounded disturbances reduce overall regeneration and favour initial dominance of species that regenerate vegetatively?

Location

Sub‐alpine forests in northwestern Colorado.

Methods

The study region was affected by a severe outbreak of Dendroctonus rufipennis in the 1940s, a severe wind storm in 1997 and severe fires in 2002. Permanent plots to monitor regeneration were established in 2003 and were re‐measured in 2004, 2005 and 2010. Plots were located in stands that varied in long‐term disturbance history (stands that originated following fires in 1879 or 1880 vs older stands), recent disturbance history (fire only; outbreak then fire; blowdown then fire) and pre‐fire forest dominance (Populus tremuloides, Pinus contorta, or Picea engelmannii–Abies lasiocarpa).

Results

Combined density of regeneration of all tree species was highest in stands dominated by P. tremuloides prior to the 2002 fires. In P. contorta stands that were affected only by the 2002 fires, regeneration density was higher in stands that were younger prior to the fire (those that originated in the 1880s), in which cone serotiny is more prevalent, than in older stands (those that originated >200 yr ago). However, the advantage of relatively young P. contorta stands to regenerate following fire was inhibited by compounded disturbances of wind and then fire. Similarly, following compounded disturbances the combined density of conifer seedlings of all species was lower than following only fire. In contrast, the density of P. tremuloides was not lower following compounded disturbances than following fire only, and was higher than that of other species.

Conclusions

Pre‐fire forest composition and disturbance history influence the abundance and composition of post‐fire regeneration. Compounded disturbances generally reduce the regeneration of conifers, which regenerate exclusively from seed, and appear to favour initial stand dominance by P. tremuloides, which regenerates both sexually and asexually. Such differential effects may thereby alter trajectories of post‐fire regeneration. As P. tremuloides are less susceptible than conifers to fires, bark beetle outbreaks and wind disturbances, increased dominance by P. tremuloides may contribute to a negative feedback that may diminish the probability and/or severity of future disturbances and thus increase overall forest ecosystem resiliency.
A Novel Method for Creating an Optimal Emergence Profile Adjacent to Dental Implants
Authors: BECKER WILLIAM , DOERR JOHN , BECKER BURTON E.
Published: July 2012

In order to establish an optimal esthetic implant result, creation of an optimal emergence profile is necessary. The purpose of this clinical report is to describe a new method for creating an emergence profile starting at the time of immediate implant placement. Clinical steps for creating the emergence profile are described from the time of implant placement to restoration.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Prefabricated abutments that can be modified and used as healing abutments or for provisional restorations offer clinicians the opportunity to create emergence profiles during the healing phase after immediate implant treatment. This procedure eliminates the need for creation of an arbitrary emergence profile in the dental laboratory and eliminates the need for a surgical procedure prior to impression making.
Ratzinger and Aquinas on the Dating of the Last Supper: In Defense of the Synoptic Chronology
Authors: Joy John P.
Published: July 2012

This essay takes up the question of the dating of the Last Supper and the apparent contradiction between the Gospel of John and the Synoptic Gospels with regard to the date of the Passover Feast in the year that Jesus died. Our point of departure is Joseph Ratzinger's consideration of the same problem in the second volume of his recent book Jesus of Nazareth, wherein he ultimately concedes the irreconcilability of the two accounts and concludes in favor of the historical accuracy of the Johannine rather the Synoptic chronology. The second part of this essay then takes up and re-proposes the solution to this apparent contradiction given by St Thomas Aquinas. The intervening centuries of ‘higher criticism’ notwithstanding, Aquinas's solution remains satisfactory inasmuch as it preserves the historical truth of all four Gospel accounts whole and entire, and does so with an historical plausibility and an elegant simplicity that is not forced to rely upon tenuous historical reconstructions. Moreover, there are strong arguments that can be drawn from the Gospel itself and from Jewish laws and customs pertaining to Passover which can be marshaled in favor of Aquinas's interpretation.
Aquinas on God's Relation to the World
Authors: McWhorter Matthew R.
Published: July 2012

Aquinas’ denial that God has a real relation with the world results in the difficulty of understanding how God creates, knows, wills, and loves the world without entering into a real relation with the world. Because of this perplexity, the contemporary philosopher William Lane Craig argues that Aquinas’ doctrine is ‘extraordinarily implausible.’ After reviewing Aquinas’ teaching in the Summa theologiae, I consider Craig's criticism and then attempt to defend Aquinas’ teaching. In this defense, I consider Aquinas’ teaching as heir to Aristotle, Lombard, and Augustine. I also look at Aquinas’ teaching in relation to his discussions of the divine immutability, knowledge, will, and love.
Reversal of the extreme coenzyme selectivity of Clostridium symbiosum glutamate dehydrogenase
Authors: Sharkey Michael A. , Gori Alessandro , Capone Marina , Engel Paul C.
Published: July 2012

Active‐site mutants of glutamate dehydrogenase from Clostridium symbiosum have been designed and constructed and the effects on coenzyme preference evaluated by detailed kinetic measurements. The triple mutant F238S/P262S/D263K shows complete reversal in coenzyme selectivity from NAD(H) to NADP(H) with retention of high levels of catalytic activity for the new coenzyme. For oxidized coenzymes, kcat/Km ratios of the wild‐type and triple mutant enzyme indicate a shift in preference of approximately 1.6 × 107‐fold, from ∼ 80 000‐fold in favour of NAD+ to ∼ 200‐fold in favour of NADP+. For reduced coenzymes the corresponding figure is 1.7 × 104‐fold, from ∼ 1000‐fold in favour of NADH to ∼ 17‐fold in favour of NADPH. A fourth mutation (N290G), previously identified as having a potential bearing on coenzyme specificity, did not engender any further shift in preference when incorporated into the triple mutant, despite having a significant effect when expressed as a single mutant.
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 acts upstream of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and utilizes nascent diglycerides and de novo synthesized fatty acids in HepG2 cells
Authors: Wurie Haja R. , Buckett Linda , Zammit Victor A.
Published: July 2012

The two diacylglycerol acyltransferases, DGAT1 and DGAT2, are known to have non‐redundant functions, in spite of catalysing the same reaction and being present in the same cell types. The basis for this distinctiveness, which is reflected in the very different phenotypes of Dgat1−/− and Dgat2−/− mice, has not been resolved. Using selective inhibitors of human DGAT1 and DGAT2 on HepG2 cells and gene silencing, we show that, although DGAT2 activity accounts for a modest fraction (< 20%) of overall cellular DGAT activity, inhibition of DGAT2 activity specifically inhibits (and is rate‐limiting for) the incorporation of de novo synthesized fatty acids and of glycerol into cellular and secreted triglyceride to a much greater extent than it affects the incorporation of exogenously added oleate. By contrast, inhibition of DGAT1 affects equally the incorporation of glycerol and exogenous (preformed) oleate into cellular and secreted triacylglycerol (TAG). These data indicate that DGAT2 acts upstream of DGAT1, largely determines the rate of de novo synthesis of triglyceride, and uses nascent diacylglycerol and de novo synthesized fatty acids as substrates. By contrast, the data suggest that DGAT1 functions in the re‐esterification of partial glycerides generated by intracellular lipolysis, using preformed (exogenous) fatty acids. Therefore, we describe distinct but synergistic roles of the two DGATs in an integrated pathway of TAG synthesis and secretion, with DGAT2 acting upstream of DGAT1.
Analysis of needs of patients with idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head: Using focus group interviews
Authors: Habara Minako , Kawabata Hidenobu , Sekine Rikaru , Maezawa Masaji , Majima Tokifumi
Published: July 2012

Aim: The current needs of patients with idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head were analyzed for the purpose of seeking effective support programs that would maintain and improve the quality of life of the patients.

Methods: A focus group interview method was used to collect data. Interviewees included eight patients. They were asked about their opinions and needs with respect to medicine, health care, and welfare.

Results: Overall, four needs were revealed as particularly significant: information needs, decision‐making in the absence of pre‐established treatment, psychological support, and sufficient medical healthcare institutions.

Conclusion: These four needs are useful for the foundation of future support systems, whose main concerns will be: counseling support for patients with idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head, currently adopted institutions, and resources that may be required in the future.
Differentiating malignant colorectal tumor patients from benign colorectal tumor patients by assaying morning urinary arylsulfatase activity
Authors: NIU Rungui , JING Hua , CHEN Zhao , XU Junpu , DAI Jie , YAN Zhao
Published: July 2012

Aim:  For several decades urinary arylsulfatase (ARS) activity has been reported to be elevated in many cancers. It has been shown that urinary ARS activity may serve as a marker of tumor progression and therapy surveillance. This study was designed to evaluate the clinical application of detection of urinary ARS activity.

Methods:  We used a modified precipitation method to separate ARS from urine samples. This method was easy to use and applicable for a high throughput assay. We tested and analyzed the morning urinary ARS activity in 300 normal controls, 97 patients with benign tumors and 119 with malignant colorectal tumor.

Results:  Compared to normal male and female controls, morning urinary ARS activity was significantly higher in malignant colorectal tumor patients. Moreover, morning urinary ARS activity had a relatively high efficacy in distinguishing patients with malignant colorectal tumors from those with benign colorectal tumors. The area under the curve in the receiver operator characteristics curve analysis was 0.89 (95% CI, 0.83–0.95) and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.79–0.94) in male and female colorectal patients, respectively.

Conclusion:  These data suggest the potential application of morning urinary ARS activity to conventional clinical use.
The Interplay between Advertising Disclosures and Financial Knowledge in Mutual Fund Investment Decisions
Authors: LEE TAEJUN (DAVID) , YUN TAI WOONG , HALEY ERIC
Published: July 2012

This study examines the relationship between financial disclosures and investors' financial knowledge on investor decision making within the context of mutual fund advertising. Experimental results suggest that mutual fund ads with financial disclosures are more likely to generate higher levels of recall and positive thoughts regarding advertised information for the mutual fund, more favorable attitudes toward the mutual fund, and greater investment intention. Results also suggest that the impact of advertising disclosure on the outcomes of financial behavior (e.g., recall, cognitive response, attitude toward mutual fund, and investment intention) can be moderated by the level of an investor's financial knowledge. Investors with low financial knowledge were likely to systematically process advertising claims and generate more attribute‐related thoughts regarding the advertised mutual fund when exposed to advertising disclosures while advertising disclosures had an insignificant effect on attribute‐related thoughts among investors with high financial knowledge.
Assessment, management, and prevention of childhood temper tantrums
Authors: Daniels Elizabeth , Mandleco Barbara , Luthy Karlen E.
Published: July 2012

Purpose: To provide an overview of normal and abnormal temper tantrum behavior as well as give recommendations nurse practitioners (NPs) can use in counseling families.

Data sources: Articles were identified from the following databases: CINAHL, Health Source: Nursing/Academic edition, Medline, Social Work Abstracts, Social Science Abstracts, Psych INFO, Psychology and Behavioral Science Collection. Textbook references were also identified using Stat!Ref.

Conclusions: Temper tantrums are one of the most common behavior problems in children. Although most children will have tantrums, with NPs’ support and guidance in primary care encounters, most children will not require further intervention.

Implications for practice: NPs caring for children will need to identify normal and abnormal tantrum behavior as well as rule out other causes of tantrums in order to help parents handle the tantrum behavior.

To obtain CE credit for this activity, go to http://www.aanp.org and click on the CE Center. Locate the listing for this article and complete the post‐test. Follow the instructions to print your CE certificate.
Syntheses and In Vitro Anticancer Properties of Novel Radiosensitizers
Authors: Ates‐Alagoz Zeynep , Coleman Natalia , Martin Marlena , Wan Aaron , Adejare Adeboye
Published: July 2012

Series of 4‐(ethylsulfonyl)‐1‐halogen‐2‐nitrobenzene (3a–e) and 1‐(4‐halogen‐3‐nitrophenyl) propan‐1‐one (5a–d) analogs designed as novel radiosensitizers using bromonitropropiophenone and bromonitrobenzonitrile as lead compounds were synthesized. The anticancer activities of the compounds were evaluated in vitro using human prostate cancer (DU‐145) and breast cancer (MCF‐7) cell lines and the MTT assay. From the series, six compounds (3b–e, 5b–c) exhibited potent growth inhibitory effects against both cell lines. The most active, compound 3d, is an iodosulfone and is significantly more potent than the lead compound 5c at 10 μm. Compounds were then compared with doxorubicin, a clinically used anticancer compound for breast and prostate cancers. Our most active compound 3d is more effective than doxorubicin at the dose level of 10 μm at 3 days after radiation, cell viabilities of 18%, 13% compared to 87%, 94% against MCF‐7, and 15%, 20% compared to 60%, 75% against DU‐145 without and with radiation, respectively. At 10 μm, compound 5c had no effects as compared to control, whereas compound 3d reduced DU‐145 cell viability to 16% and that of MCF‐7 cells to 9% even at 5 days after radiation. These results are very encouraging. Future studies include testing the compounds in vivo with and without radiation.
Effect of intratesticular lidocaine on isoflurane requirements in dogs undergoing routine castration
Authors: McMillan M. W. , Seymour C. J. , Brearley J. C.
Published: July 2012

Objectives

To evaluate the isoflurane sparing effect of intratesticular lidocaine administration in dogs undergoing castration.

Methods

Thirty dogs received a standardised anaesthetic regimen including systemic analgesia with intramuscular buprenorphine at a dose of 0·02 mg/kg and intravenous carprofen at a dose of 4 mg/kg. Dogs were randomly assigned to a lidocaine group receiving 1 mg/kg lidocaine into each testis or a control group receiving no lidocaine. Baseline physiological parameters were measured after 10 minutes at an end‐tidal isoflurane concentration of 1·3%. End‐tidal isoflurane concentration was altered throughout surgery to maintain these parameters within 10% of baseline and recorded at five time points. T0 was baseline, T1 was the start of surgery, T2 to T3 were clamping of the testicular pedicles and T4 was skin closure. End‐tidal isoflurane concentrations were compared using analysis of variance and Bonferroni tests.

Results

Fifteen healthy dogs were included in each study group. End‐tidal isoflurane concentration was significantly lower in the lidocaine group compared to the control group at T2 (P<0·01), T3 (P<0·01) and T4 (P<0·01).

Clinical Significance

Intratesticular lidocaine reduces isoflurane requirements in dogs undergoing castration.
Haematological, blood gas and acid–base values in the Galgo Español (Spanish greyhound)
Authors: Mesa‐Sanchez I. , Zaldivar‐Lopez S. , Couto C. G. , Gamito‐Gomez A. , Granados‐Machuca M. M. , Lopez‐Villalba I. , Galan‐Rodriguez A.
Published: July 2012

Objectives

Haematologic profiles, electrolyte concentrations, blood gas values and acid–base balance have been studied and reported in healthy greyhounds; however, there is only one study published on blood gas values in Galgos Españoles. Because of their purported common origins with greyhounds (same group and class), it was hypothesised that Galgos Españoles also have differences in haematologic values, electrolyte concentrations, blood gas values and acid–base balance compared to other non‐sporting breeds.

Methods

Venous blood samples from 30 Galgos Españoles and 20 dogs from different breeds were collected, and complete blood counts, electrolyte concentrations, blood gas values and acid–base balance were measured.

Results

From the 24 parameters analysed, 5 had statistically significant differences (P<0·05). Galgos Españoles had higher haematocrit (P<0·001), haemoglobin concentration (P=0·003), erythrocyte count (P=0·016) andpH(P=0·03), and lower platelet count (P=0·005), than those in other‐breed dogs.

Clinical Significance

These results confirm that significant haematologic differences exist in Galgos Españoles when compared with other dogs, although these differences are not as striking as in greyhounds. Practitioners need to be aware of these breed‐specific differences in order to make accurate diagnoses in Galgos Españoles.
Occurrence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococci in surgically treated dogs and the environment in a Swedish animal hospital
Authors: Bergström A. , Gustafsson C. , Leander M. , Fredriksson M. , Grönlund U. , Trowald‐Wigh G.
Published: July 2012

Objectives

To investigate whether hospitalised dogs treated surgically may become culture positive for methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Methods

Surgically treated dogs (n=45) were sampled for methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus on admission, before and after surgery and at the time of removal of surgical stitches. The hospital environment (n=57), including healthy dogs in the veterinary hospital environment (n=34), were sampled for methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Genetic variations among methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified through detection of restriction fragment polymorphisms.

Results

No dogs developed a wound infection due to methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. However, there was a significant increase in the number of dogs carrying methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius after hospitalisation compared to admission (P<0·001). No methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from dogs, but was present in the environment. Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates were recovered from environmental surfaces and hospitalised animals, but not from healthy dogs. Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates representing nine different restriction endonuclease digestion patterns were found, with two of these occurring in both the environment and on dogs.

Clinical Significance

Dogs may contract methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in association with surgery and hospitalisation. Resistant bacteria may be transmitted between dogs, staff and the environment. Dogs colonised with methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius may be a source for hospital‐ and community‐acquired infections.
Effect of intraurethral administration of atracurium besylate in male cats with urethral plugs
Authors: Galluzzi F. , De Rensis F. , Menozzi A. , Spattini G.
Published: July 2012

Objective

To evaluate the effect of intraurethral administration of atracurium besylate for urinary obstruction resulting from urethral plugs in male cats.

Methods

Forty‐five male cats were divided into the treatment group (n=25), in which 4mLatracurium besylate solution (0·5 mg/mL) was injected into the urethral lumen, and the control group (n=20), treated with saline. All cats were then submitted to retrograde flushing until the removal of the occlusion was obtained.

Results

The percentage of cats in which the plug was removed at the first attempt was significantly (P<0·05) higher in the treatment group (64%) than in the control group (15%). Moreover, the mean (±SD) time required for the removal of the urethral obstruction was significantly shorter in the treatment group than in the control group (21·1 ±16·2 seconds versus 235·2 ±132·4 seconds; P<0·001).

Clinical Significance

The results of this study indicate that in adult male cats with urethral plugs, urethral administration of atracurium besylate increases the proportion of animals in which the obstruction is removed at the first attempt and reduces the time required to remove the urethral plugs.