bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
S3C6410-Based CDMA Short Message Communication System on WINCE6.0 Platform
Authors: Fu Lin Lin , Zhang Jie , Cheng Shu Ying
Published: September 2011

As a convenient, fast, reliable and economic value-added service, CDMA Short Message Service (SMS) becomes more and more popular in our daily work and lives. In this paper, the software package for sending and receiving short messages is realized, and it has simple interfaces and perfect functions. Based on WINCE 6.0, the USB port of Samsung S3C6410 is used as a virtual serial to realize the transmission of AT commands, and a specific realization of the processes and debugging results are given. The actual test results show that the software package can work stably. It can be used in the devices that support the WINCE 6.0.
A New Digital Watermarking Algorithm Based on DWT-DCT-RLC
Authors: He Wen Juan , Liu Jing , Hu Yuan Yi , Wang Jing Yi
Published: September 2011

The paper presents an imperceptible and robust digital watermarking algorithm using a combination of the DWT-DCT , which improves the robustness via using new embedding strategy. Apply 4-level DWT to the host image. Then, DCT transform of each directional middle frequencies DWT subband is computed; A binary watermarked logo is coded by Run-Length Code(RLC);The watermark bits are embedded in the coefficients of the DCT block based on the energy of each corresponding to coefficient in the highest level selected using the value of RLC. Performance evaluation show that the proposed scheme is invisible and robust against common image manipulations like JPEG compression, noise adding, sharpening, filtering.
Identity-Based Multi-Signcryption with Public Verifiability
Authors: Yu Xiu Ying , He Da Ke
Published: September 2011

Multi-signcryption can meet the requirement of message signcryption with muti-participant. Since the existing identity-based multi-signcryption scheme cannot offer the function of public verifiability, based on identity and bilinear pairing on the Elliptic Curve, a new scheme with public verifiability is proposed. In the scheme, with the steps which is comparatively independent to the signcryption process, it can provide the public verification of each signcryption in need. Therefore, our scheme efficiently achieves the cryptographic functions of multi-signcryption.
Multimedia Quality Integration Using Piecewise Function
Authors: Wan Shu Ai , Yang Kai Fang , Zhou Hai Yong
Published: September 2011

In this paper the important issue of multimedia quality evaluation is concerned, given the unimodal quality of audio and video. Firstly, the quality integration model recommended in G.1070 is evaluated using experimental results. Theoretical analyses aide empirical observations suggest that the constant coefficients used in the G.1070 model should actually be piecewise adjusted for different levels of audio and visual quality. Then a piecewise function is proposed to perform multimedia quality integration under different levels of the audio and visual quality. Performance gain observed from experimental results substantiates the effectiveness of the proposed model.
LEC-AODV Routing Protocol Based on Load and Energy Classification
Authors: Zhang Deng Yin , Chen Zhao Guo
Published: September 2011

Now widely used AODV routing protocol does not take into account the node’s load size and energy level. During the route discovery process, AODV routing protocol often has the blindness and makes it easy to bring about network congestion and consume some node’s energy excessively. To solve this problem, this paper presents a new LEC-AODV routing protocol based on load and energy classification, which makes a different response according to the node’s load size and energy level. Simulation results show that the protocol does not significantly increase the complexity of traditional AODV routing algorithm when packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and network lifetime and other indicators have improved in varying degrees. At the same time it can bypass the nodes with heavy load and low energy, thereby achieve a certain degree of flow and energy balance and successfully solve the QoS problem in tactical MANETs.
A blended learning Grade 12 intervention using DVD technology to enhance the teaching and learning of mathematics
Authors: Padayachee Pragashni , Boshoff Hennie , Olivier Werner , Harding Ansie
Published: September 2011

This article describes the experiences and mathematics performance of Grade 12 learners selected to participate in a mathematics intervention project using digital video disk (DVD) technology within a blended learning context. Blended learning in the context of this study is defined as employing a variety of appropriate methods of delivery to enhance the teaching and learning process. DVD technology was used as an ingredient in this blended learning approach, since it is easily available and accessible to the majority of learners and the schools they attend. The study reported on here forms part of a larger study using action research methodology. This article reports on a single stage of the action research: implementing a change to improve the situation and observing the consequences of this action. Mathematics Incubator School Project (ISP) learners completed questionnaires with open-ended questions which pertained to their experiences of the blended learning approach. The observations of the facilitators were also recorded. A single school was used as a case study and the mathematics performance of learners who participated in the ISP was compared with that of those who did not. The findings suggest that use of DVD technology in this blended learning approach impacted on mathematics learning and enhanced the mathematics performance of learners.
Stereoselective Reduction of α-Keto Ester and α-Keto Amide with Marine Actinomycetes, Salinispora strains, as Novel Biocatalysts
Authors: Ishihara Kohji , Nagai Hirokazu , Takahashi Kazunari , Nishiyama Mariko , Nakajima Nobuyoshi
Published: August 2011

To clarify the potential ability of marine actinomycetes as biocatalysts, the stereoselective reduction of α-keto esters and α-keto amide using Salinispora arenicola and Salinispora tropica was tested. The reduction of ethyl pyruvate and ethyl 2-oxobutanoate by S. tropica gave corresponding alcohol with high conversion ratio and in high e.e. (96% e.e. ( S) and 99% e.e. ( S), respectively). In the presence of l-glutamate as an additive, the reduction of ethyl pyruvate by S. tropica afforded the corresponding ( S)-ethyl lactate with >99% e.e. Furthermore, 2-chlorobenzoylformamide was reduced by S. tropica to the corresponding ( R)-2-chloromandelamide with high conversion ratio and excellent enantioselectivity (>99% e.e.). Thus, it was found that marine actinomycetes, Salinispora strains, had high ability for the stereoselective reduction of carbonyl compounds as useful biocatalysts.
Liraglutide in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Global Perspective on Safety, Efficacy and Patient Preference
Authors: Yabe Daisuke , Seino Yutaka
Published: September 2011

Incretin-based therapies have been gaining much attention recently as a new class of therapeutics for type 2 diabetes worldwide. Among them, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide has been rapidly increasing its global usage. Once daily injection of liraglutide significantly ameliorates glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes by enhancing insulin secretion and suppressing glucagon secretion glucose-dependently. Liraglutide delays gastric emptying and suppresses food intakes, both of which contribute to glucose lowering and weight reduction. Efficacy and safety of liraglutide in management of type 2 diabetes have been well documented in several key clinical trials such as series of phase 3 Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes (LEAD) trials, and the liraglutide-versus-sitagliptin trial. Recent two trials dealing with monotherapy and sulfonylurea combination therapy on Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes furthermore indicate liraglutide's effectiveness in non-obese diabetes. In this review, we summarize results from such clinical trials, and discuss efficacy and safety of liraglutide in management of type 2 diabetes in various countries, along with a pitfall of liraglutide usage in real clinical setting.
Optimal Roughening of Convex Bodies
Authors: Plakhov Alexander
Published: August 2011

A body moves in a rare fied medium composed of point particles at rest. The particles make elastic reflections when colliding with the body surface and do not interact with each other. We consider a generalization of Newton’s minimal resistance problem: given two bounded convex bodiesC1andC2ℝ3such that C1⊂ c2⊂ and, minimize the resistance in the class of connected bodiesBsuch thatC1⊂ B ⊂C1. We prove that the infimum of resistance is zero; that is, there exist ”almost perfectly streamlined” bodies.
The Genuine Omega-regular Unitary Dual of the Metaplectic Group
Authors: Pantano Alessandra , Paul Annegret , Salamanca-Riba Susana A.
Published: August 2011

We classify all genuine unitary representations of the metaplectic group whose infinitesimal character is real and at least as regular as that of the oscillator representation. In a previous paper we exhibited a certain family of representations satisfying these conditions, obtained by cohomological induction from the tensor product of a one-dimensional representation and an oscillator representation. Our main theorem asserts that this family exhausts the genuine omega-regular unitary dual of the metaplectic group.
Turbulent spectra and spectral kinks in the transition range from MHD to kinetic Alfvén turbulence
Authors: Voitenko Y. , De Keyser J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. A weakly dispersive range (WDR) of kinetic Alfvén turbulence is identified and investigated for the first time in the context of the MHD/kinetic turbulence transition. We find perpendicular wavenumber spectra ∝ k⊥−3 and ∝ k⊥−4 formed in WDR by strong and weak turbulence of kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs), respectively. These steep WDR spectra connect shallower spectra in the MHD and strongly dispersive KAW ranges, which results in a specific double-kink (2-k) pattern often seen in observed turbulent spectra. The first kink occurs where MHD turbulence transforms into weakly dispersive KAW turbulence; the second one is between weakly and strongly dispersive KAW ranges. Our analysis suggests that partial turbulence dissipation due to amplitude-dependent non-adiabatic ion heating may occur in the vicinity of the first spectral kink. The threshold-like nature of this process results in a conditional selective dissipation that affects only the largest over-threshold amplitudes and that decreases the intermittency in the range below the first spectral kink. Several recent counter-intuitive observational findings can be explained by the coupling between such a selective dissipation and the nonlinear interaction among weakly dispersive KAWs.
Minimally invasive anterior orbitotomy biopsy: Finger's aspiration cutter technique (FACT)
Authors: Finger Paul T.
Published: September 2011

Purpose

To evaluate aspiration cutter–assisted small-incision anterior orbitotomy.

Methods

Three patients with orbital adnexal tumors underwent orbital biopsy through a 3-mm incision in the eyelid skin (n=2) or conjunctival fornix (n=1). Standard aspiration cutters were introduced into anterior and posterior orbital tumors utilizing a bimanual technique. Multiple passes were made into the tumor. Fresh specimens were analyzed for adequacy prior to the end of surgery. Cytopathology, histopathology, and immunohistochemical analysis were performed.

Results

Aspiration cutter technique biopsies were diagnostic in 2 of 3 cases. Diagnoses were orbital lymphoma, metastatic endometrial adenocarcinoma, and metastatic prostate cancer. The 20-G aspiration cutter yielded the most tissue. No sutures were required for the small incisions.

Conclusions

Sutureless, aspiration cutter biopsy offered benefits commonly associated with fine needle aspiration biopsy, controlled aspiration, and enclosed mechanical cutting.
Factors Associated with Recurrence Within 2 Years After Curative Surgery for Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Chiang Cheng‐Yu , Huang Kuo‐Hung , Fang Wen‐Liang , Wu Chew‐Wun , Chen Jen‐Hao , Lo Su‐Shin , Hsieh Mao‐Chih , Shen King‐Han , Li Anna Fen‐Yau , Niu Dau‐Ming , Chiou Shih‐Hwa
Published: August 2011

Background

Despite curative surgery for gastric cancer, many patients die of recurrent cancer. Few studies have investigated the time to recurrence after curative resection for gastric cancer.

Methods

Data were collected prospectively between December 1987 and December 2006. A total of 1,549 patients underwent curative resection of adenocarcinoma of the stomach at Taipei Veterans General Hospital. Among them, 419 patients had recurrence; they were divided into early recurrence (<2 years) and late recurrence (≥2 years). The clinicopathological characteristics, survival time after recurrence, and recurrence patterns were compared between the two groups.

Results

Multivariate analysis showed that stage III gastric cancer patients with early recurrence had larger tumors and more lymph node metastasis than patients with late recurrence, while no difference between early and late recurrence was observed in stage I and II patients. Early recurrence was associated with more distant metastasis than was late recurrence. Patients with advanced TNM stage tended to die within 2 years after recurrence.

Conclusions

Gastric cancer patients with larger tumors and more lymph node metastasis tended to have early recurrence, especially stage III patients. Advanced TNM stage was associated with early cancer death after recurrence.
The prognosis after curative resection of gallbladder cancer with hilar invasion is similar to that of hilar cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Nasu Yuya , Tanaka Eiichi , Hirano Satoshi , Tsuchikawa Takahiro , Kato Kentaro , Matsumoto Joe , Shichinohe Toshiaki , Kondo Satoshi
Published: August 2011

Background/purpose

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) often invades the hepatic hilum and even small tumors can cause obstructive jaundice. Operative intervention for GBC with obstructive jaundice is sometimes not recommended because it is associated with a poor prognosis. However, the extended procedure is recommended for patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC). We therefore compared the postoperative survival of patients with GBC invading the hepatic hilum with that with HC.

Methods

Between 1998 and 2008, 27 patients with GBC invasion of the hepatic hilum (hGBC) and 124 with HC underwent surgical resection with curative intent in the Department of Surgical Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine. This study included patients with GBC without peritoneal dissemination and liver or para‐aortic lymph node metastasis. Extended right hemihepatectomy and extrahepatic bile duct resection comprise the treatment of choice for GBC with hilar invasion (hGBC). We aimed to achieve R0 outcomes by aggressive vascular resection and/or concomitant resection of directly invaded organs around the GBC along with extended right hemihepatectomy.

Results

We analyzed 27 patients with hGBC (age 58–83 years; median 71 years; male:female 13:14) and 124 with HC (age 45–80 years; median 69 years; male:female 94:30). The 3‐ and 5‐year survival rates of 43 and 24% for hGBC and 58 and 38% for HC, respectively, did not differ significantly (p = 0.14). Preoperative obstructive jaundice was a complication in 22 (81%) and 95 (77%) patients with hGBC and HC, respectively. The 5‐year survival rates were 40 and 36%, respectively, which did not differ significantly (p = 0.61). The 5‐year survival rates after extended right hemihepatectomy to resect the tumor with curative intent were 34 and 34% for hGBC and HC, which did not differ significantly (p = 0.14).

Conclusions

The prognosis after curative resection of GBC with hilar invasion is similar to that of HC in selected patients. Aggressive surgery for advanced GBC with hilar invasion might increase survival rates.
A comparison of islet autotransplantation with allotransplantation and factors elevating acute portal pressure in clinical islet transplantation
Authors: Kawahara Toshiyasu , Kin Tatsuya , Shapiro A.M. James
Published: August 2011

Background

Acute portal pressure rise is occasionally observed during intraportal islet infusion, especially in islet autotransplantation (IAT) where tissue purification is rarely applied. In this paper we investigate factors associated with acute portal pressure rise, a known risk factor for portal vein thrombosis.

Methods

Retrospective data was collected on 15 islet autotransplant and 122 allogeneic islet transplant subjects. Non‐purified pancreatic cells were transplanted in islet autotransplants, and purified islet cells were transplanted in allogeneic transplants. Portal pressure was documented throughout the islet infusion.

Results

The total numbers of transplanted islets were significantly smaller in autotransplants than allografts, although the packed cell volume in autotransplants was larger. Autoislet infusion, with a larger packed cell volume, caused higher transient portal venous pressures than allogeneic islet transplant. Univariate analysis and multivariate linear regression revealed that packed cell volume and the number of transplanted cells were significant risk factors for acute portal pressure rise in both autotransplants and allogeneic transplants.

Conclusions

Non‐purified IAT has a higher risk for acute portal pressure rise than allogeneic islet transplantation, and the rise is associated with the packed cell volume and the number of transplanted cells. Minimization of packed cell volume and cautious monitoring of portal pressure are important to avoid potential complications of portal hypertension.
Long-term result after femoral head substitution in postinfectious aplasia of the femoral head
Authors: Tedeus Matthias , Heimkes Bernhard
Published: August 2011

Purpose

This case report presents a new and unique surgical greater trochanter split procedure for reconstructing a hip joint after an infantile hip sepsis with consequent aplasia of the femoral head.

Methods

One patient underwent the new trochanter split osteotomy for postinfectious aplasia of the femoral head at the age of 4 years. A follow-up of 17 years is presented.

Surgical technique

The remaining proximal femur is sagittally split and the medial part is shifted into the acetabulum, preserving the lateral part of the greater trochanter. The osteotomy is fixed by an osseous wedge and K-wires. In contrast to the techniques known so far, it does not harm the vastogluteal muscle sling, thus, significantly reducing abductor lurch. Furthermore, through placing juvenile growth cartilage from the greater trochanter area into the acetabulum, there is, by far, more potential for the regeneration of a femoral head than by the procedures known so far.

Conclusion

The presented surgical technique is able to improve the biomechanics of a hip joint with postinfectious aplasia of the femoral head. The growth of a new femoral head and the development of a well-shaped acetabulum is enabled. A clinical outcome with a stable joint and very good clinical function can be achieved.
Blood cell salvage during cesarean delivery
Authors: Sullivan Justine V. , Crouch Maria E. , Stocken Gary , Lindow Stephen W.
Published: August 2011

Objective

To review the use of blood cell salvage performed during cesarean delivery.

Methods

A retrospective review of the case notes of 107 patients who underwent blood cell salvage during cesarean delivery. A total of 102 women at high risk of hemorrhage were prepared preoperatively for cell salvage. A second group of 5 patients had cell salvage initiated intraoperatively owing to unexpected severe hemorrhage.

Results

Of the 107 patients, 36 (33.6%) were re‐infused with salvaged blood. There were no reported incidents of amniotic embolization or hemolytic disease. Of the 31 patients for whom cell salvage was prepared preoperatively, only 6 patients required transfusion of banked blood. In elective procedures, patients were re‐infused with salvaged blood averaging 28% of the volume of blood lost, without complications.

Conclusion

Cell salvage was acceptable, beneficial, and without adverse events in both high‐risk elective cesareans and emergency cesareans for unexpected hemorrhaging. The skills refined during use of cell salvage in elective cesareans were crucial for successful implementation during emergency situations.
HPV genotyping in neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix in northern Thailand
Authors: Siriaunkgul Sumalee , Utaipat Utaiwan , Settakorn Jongkolnee , Sukpan Kornkanok , Srisomboon Jatupol , Khunamornpong Surapan
Published: August 2011

Objective

To determine the distribution of HPV genotypes in cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma (NECA) in northern Thailand, and evaluate the correlation between HPV genotype and clinicopathologic features.

Methods

Samples from 111 women treated for cervical NECA at Chiang Mai University Hospital between 1992 and 2009 were tested for HPV genotype. Samples were formaldehyde‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded, and tested via nested PCR and dot blot hybridization.

Results

Ninety‐seven of the 111 samples were adequate for DNA analysis. HPV DNA was detected in 93 samples, of which 76 (81.7%) were single, 14 (15.1%) were multiple, and 3 (3.2%) were untyped infections. HPV18 was the most common subtype (70 cases, 75.3%), followed by HPV16 (28 cases, 30.1%). Other genotypes included HPV58 (3.2%), HPV52 (2.1%), and HPV33 (1.1%). Collectively, HPV16 and/or HPV18 were found in 83 cases (89.3%). Women with HPV18 infection were significantly younger (42.0 years) than those with non‐HPV18 infections (54.1 years) (P = 0.003). Associated adenocarcinoma in situ was more frequently seen among women with HPV18 infection (P = 0.034).

Conclusions

HPV18 infection was predominant in cervical NECA. Variations in HPV genotype may be related to the clinicopathologic features and pathogenetic pathways of NECA. Vaccination against HPV16 and HPV18 might provide protection against cervical NECA in almost 90% of cases.
Identification of MLL partner genes in 27 patients with acute leukemia from a single cytogenetic laboratory
Authors: De Braekeleer Etienne , Meyer Claus , Douet-Guilbert Nathalie , Basinko Audrey , Le Bris Marie-Josée , Morel Frédéric , Berthou Christian , Marschalek Rolf , Férec Claude , De Braekeleer Marc
Published: August 2011

Chromosomal rearrangements involving the MLL gene have been associated with many different types of hematological malignancies. Fluorescent in situ hybridization with a panel of probes coupled with long distance inverse‐PCR was used to identify chromosomal rearrangements involving the MLL gene. Between 1995 and 2010, 27 patients with an acute leukemia were found to have a fusion gene involving MLL. All seven ALL patients with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia were characterized by the MLL/AFF1 fusion gene resulting from a translocation (5 patients) or an insertion (2 patients). In the 19 AML patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia, 31.6% of all characterized MLL fusion genes were MLL/MLLT3, 21.1% MLL/ELL, 10.5% MLL/MLLT6 and 10.5% MLL/EPS15. Two patients had rare or undescribed fusion genes, MLL/KIAA0284 and MLL/FLNA. Seven patients (26%) had a complex chromosomal rearrangement (three‐way translocations, insertions, deletions) involving the MLL gene. Splicing fusion genes were found in three patients, leading to a MLL/EPS15 fusion in two and a MLL/ELL fusion in a third patient. This study showed that fusion involving the MLL gene can be generated through various chromosomal rearrangements such as translocations, insertions and deletions, some being complex or cryptic. A systematic approach should be used in all cases of acute leukemia starting with FISH analyses using a commercially available MLL split signal probe. Then, the analysis has to be completed, if necessary, by further molecular cytogenetic and genomic PCR methods.
Interactions between two deformable droplets in tandem subjected to impulsive acceleration by surrounding flows
Authors: Quan Shaoping , Lou Jing , Stone Howard A.
Published: August 2011

The dynamics of two deformable drops placed in tandem and subjected to a sudden acceleration by a gaseous flow is investigated. A finite-volume scheme coupled with the method of moving mesh interface tracking is employed. The unsteady interactions between the droplet pair are studied by varying the minimum initial separation distance (${d}_{0} $) from $0. 6{r}_{0} $ to $10{r}_{0} $ with ${r}_{0} $ being the radius of the initial spherical droplets. The influence of the interactions on the droplet dynamics is examined by comparing with the case of a single isolated droplet at three initial Weber numbers ${\mathit{We}}_{s, 0} $ of 40, 4 and 0.4. The computations show that for small initial separation distances the dynamics of the downstream droplet is significantly affected by the presence of the upstream droplet. A mushroom shape is formed by the droplet pair at the two largest Weber numbers, while the two drops experience small deformation and shape oscillations at ${\mathit{We}}_{s, 0} = 0. 4$. The drag coefficient of the downstream droplet is dramatically reduced, especially for the two largest Weber numbers with smaller initial separation distances due to the sheltering effects, while the drag force of the upstream drop is slightly decreased. For the cases with smaller ${d}_{0} $, a thin film is formed between the two drops at the later stages, and this leads to a sudden increase in the drag of the trailing drop, but a sharp reduction in the drag of the leading drop.
SMALL ESSENTIAL SPECTRAL RADIUS PERTURBATIONS OF OPERATORS WITH TOPOLOGICAL UNIFORM DESCENT
Authors: ZENG QINGPING , ZHONG HUAIJIE , WU ZHENYING
Published: August 2011

In this paper we consider small essential spectral radius perturbations of operators with topological uniform descent—small essential spectral radius perturbations which cover compact, quasinilpotent and Riesz perturbations.
Economic Growth in the Middle East, 1950–1972
Authors: Barlow Robin
Published: August 2011

The year 1973 was clearly a turning point in the recent economic history of the Middle East. On October 1 of that year, the price of Arabian Light, a representative type of Middle Eastern crude oil, stood at $3.01 per barrel. On October 16, following the outbreak of the Arab-Israeli war, the price rose to $5.12. By January 1, 1974, the price had reached $11.65, as OPEC further exploited its opportunities for cartel profits. In consequence, there was an international transfer of purchasing power—from oil importers to oil exporters—unprecedented in its scale and suddenness. The Middle East has been the major beneficiary of this transfer. Other Middle Eastern countries benefited indirectly, as the oil states expanded their demand both for imported commodities and for immigrant labor, and stepped up their programs of financial assistance to less favored parts of the region. So 1973 saw the start of an acceleration of Middle Eastern growth that was both rapic and widely diffused.
Characteristics of DNase activities in excretory/secretory products of infective larvae ofHaemonchus contortus
Authors: Yun S.H. , Seo M.G. , Jung B.Y. , Kim T.H. , Kwon O.D. , Jeong K.S. , Rhee M.H. , Lee Y.J. , Park S.J. , Kwon Y.S. , Kwak D.
Published: August 2011

While multiple DNase activities occur in the excretory/secretory products (ESPs) of the adultHaemonchus contortus, the DNase activities in ESPs of the infective larvae (L3) have not been studied. Thus, the DNase activities in ESPs ofH. contortusL3 were investigated and compared to those of adults for developmental stage-specific analysis. The DNase activities had relative molecular masses (Mrs) of 34 and 36 kDa upon zymographic analysis at pH 5.0 and 7.0 when the larvae were incubated for over 48 h. The 34 and 36 kDa DNases of L3 ESPs were also detected in adult ESPs with similar characteristics. However, the 37 and 38.5 kDa DNases of the adult ESPs were not detected in the L3 ESPs. Since the 37 and 38.5 kDa DNase activities were mainly detected in adult ESPs, these activities appear to be specific to the adult stage whereas the other ESP DNase activities appear to be expressed during multiple stages of the parasite's life cycle. While the difference in DNase activities of L3 and adults remains obscure, the role of DNase in larval development should be further clarified and the identification of stage-specific developmental markers will lead to the discovery of specific factors that stimulate larval development.
Spatial analyses of bottlenose dolphin–fisheries interactions reveal human avoidance off a productive lagoon in the western Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Morteo Eduardo , Rocha-Olivares Axayácatl , Arceo-Briseño Patricia , Abarca-Arenas Luis G.
Published: August 2011

Studying interactions between cetaceans and humans is fundamental to assess their ecological significance and the impact of human activities on marine wildlife. Delphinids have historically been associated with human maritime activities, and while evidence suggests that such interactions are becoming more frequent worldwide, these remain poorly studied. Areas of potential interaction and differences in dolphin affinity to interact with humans were used to test hypotheses about the spatial distribution and temporal variation in dolphin–fisheries interactions off the highly productive Alvarado lagoon, in the western Gulf of Mexico. Line-transect surveys yielded 928 dolphin, 980 vessel, and 320 fishing gear target records, the latter involving mostly the shrimp fishery. No temporal differences were found in daily relative abundance of dolphins ( = 8.1 h−1, SD = 9.7), vessels ( = 7.8 h−1, SD = 5.9) or fishing gear ( = 2.4 h−1, SD = 2.6) between two consecutive years. Non-random spatial distributions indicated higher target concentrations at the lagoon entrance; however, dolphins and fishers were found to evade each other, possibly to prevent competition; dolphins only interacted with gillnets (28.6% of vessels and 22.6% of fishing gear). We observed small areas of potentially intentional and random encounters outside the entrance of the lagoon and low or null potential for interactions elsewhere. Only 18.9% of dolphin schools (44.8% of the 172 photo-identified animals) interacted with fisheries mostly by chance. Resident individuals (N = 23) tended to avoid humans, likely in response to negative reinforcement caused by aggressions from fishers. Hence, the potential intentionality of a few individuals to interact with fisheries, show they bare higher risks while attempting to benefit from gillnetted prey. This research unveils the chronic and acute exposure of the dolphin community to artisanal fisheries within the area, having important reciprocal consequences on their distributions and activities.
SCUBA diver observations and placard tags to monitor grey reef sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, at Sha'ab Rumi, The Sudan: assessment and future directions
Authors: Hussey Nigel E. , Stroh Noémie , Klaus Rebecca , Chekchak Tarik , Kessel Steven T.
Published: August 2011

Establishing baseline data on the abundance of threatened shark species is critical for monitoring site- and region-specific population tends over time. This is of particular importance for monitoring sharks at remote locations or in regions where there are no reliable data on shark numbers, fishing effort and current population status. Through establishing a standardized recreational SCUBA diver observation programme, this study examined the number, size and sex-composition of grey reef sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, on a remote coral reef system off the Red Sea coast of Sudan. In addition, placard tags were attached to individual sharks to examine coarse scale residency and movement patterns and to determine the effectiveness of this technique. Over a 4.5 month period (December 2007–April 2008), a mean (±SE) of 5.9 ± 0.3 grey reef sharks were observed per diving day with peak numbers of sharks associated with temperatures of 26–26.9°C and strong currents. Estimated mean (±SE) total length of observed sharks was 1.9 ± 0.03 m identifying that most animals were mature. Female sharks were dominant on the site and pregnant females were recorded. Placard tagged sharks (N = 4) were observed by recreational SCUBA divers throughout the study period (23.1%, 20.0%, 16.9% and 3.1% of total observation diving days) indicating sporadic site attachment. The placard tags remained intact and were free of fouling for a total of 175 days. The numbers of grey reef sharks seen on this Red Sea coral complex suggest a healthy, relatively unexploited population. This study demonstrates that the recreational diver community, which forms a large pool of skilled volunteers, can generate baseline data on shark numbers at regularly dived sites and provide insights into the ecology of the observed species. Modification of placard tags, including attachment to the dorsal fin and time corrodible release systems may provide an inexpensive and accepted tool for monitoring individual shark residency and movement patterns. Engaging the recreational SCUBA diver community in a standardized scientific monitoring programme has the potential to monitor trends in shark populations over large spatial and temporal scales.
‘To Raise the Savage to a Higher Level’: The Westernization of Nagas and their Culture
Authors: THONG TEZENLO
Published: August 2011

Westernization is a pervasive modern phenomenon. Its impact is more pervasive and pernicious than many people are aware and/or willing to admit. The spread of the dominant Western culture has caused a gradual demise of many peripheral cultures. The incursion of Western agents into Naga soil, beginning with British military conquest and American missionary intrusion, has resulted in a significant influence and westernization of Nagas and their culture and worldview. Consequently, it is almost a cliché to assert that since colonial contact the long-evolved Naga traditional values are being replaced by Western values. Today, the literal colonization of Nagas by the imperial West has ended, but the process of westernization is continuing, thanks to the ongoing influence being exerted by modern media, technology and other trends of globalization. My objective in this paper is not to highlight the ‘form’ or ‘material’ aspect of the culture, such as clothing (although mimicry in this area is almost faultless among a large section of Nagas), rather, my goal is to discuss the current state of mindset and fundamental cultural structures of the Nagas that have resulted from the adjustments in the lives and minds of the people because of the imposition of westernization. In fact, it is more than merely a process of adjustment consequent upon conquest, it is an extensive overhauling of cultural institutions, values and practices. I will underscore the westernization of some basic social structures and the mindset of the people.
The Destruction of the English East India Company Factory on Condore Island, 1702–1705
Authors: TZE-KEN DANNY WONG
Published: August 2011

The English East India Company established a factory on the island of Condore, off the coast of southern Vietnam, in 1702 as part of its plan to maintain a settlement to direct shipping activities between trading ports in China and Southeast Asia and India. For three years, the settlement thrived and was an important part of the China trade network, especially as a stopping point for ships plying the China route. The island settlement also carried out trading activities with neighbouring ports along the Indochina coast and the Malay Archipelago. The setting up of the factory, however, coincided with the emergence of the new entity of southern Vietnam under the Nguyễn family who were expanding their power-base to the south. In the process, the Nguyễn had already subdued the Chams and were coming face-to-face with the Khmers when the English factory was established. This paper will trace the English venture on Condore Island and the reaction of the Nguyễn ruler towards this venture which culminated with the destruction of the factory in 1705. This paper will attempt to explore the following questions: the shifting importance of the islands in the Nguyễn's security and foreign relationsvis-à-visthe English factory, and will also investigate the circumstances that brought about the massacre and destruction of the English factory on Pulo Condore—a historical event that has not been properly explained thus far.
Grandmother, Mother and Daughter: Changing agency of Indian, middle-class women, 1908–2008
Authors: WALDROP ANNE
Published: August 2011

Covering one hundred years, this paper recounts the life stories of three generations of middle-class women of the New Delhi-based Kapoor family. By taking the methodological view that individuals born approximately at the same time, within the same class segment, and at the same cultural place will be shaped by the same historical structures so that their lives to some extent are synchronized into a gendered, generational experience, these three life stories are viewed as voices that reflect their respective generational class segments. In view of this, the paper uses the three life stories to discuss changes in women's agency within the urban, educated, upper middle-class. Agency is here understood as control over resources, and it is argued that in order to understand changes in women's agency, one should take into account the impact of both social, economic structures and cultural ideologies. When analysing the three life stories, the overall finding is that the granddaughter has had more control over her own life than her mother and grandmother. However, by acknowledging that cultural ideologies and social economic structures are not always synchronized, a nuanced and many-dimensional picture of twists and turns in these middle-class women's degree and type of agency over time emerges.
Economic reforms and growth in Franco's Spain,
Authors: Prados de la Escosura Leandro , Rosés Joan R. , Sanz-Villarroya Isabel
Published: August 2011

This paper is an attempt at assessing the economic impact of market-oriented reforms undertaken during General Franco's dictatorship, in particular the 1959 Stabilisation and Liberalisation Plan. Using an index of macroeconomic distortions, the relationship between economic policies and the growth record is examined. Although a gradual reduction in macroeconomic distortions was already in motion during the 1950s, the 1959 Plan opened the way to a new institutional design that favoured a free market allocation of resources and allowed Spain to accelerate growth and catch up with Western Europe. Without the 1950s reforms and, especially, the 1959 Plan,per capitaGDP would have been significantly lower in 1975.
Space and Actor Formation
Authors: FILMER ANDREW , ROSSMANITH KATE
Published: August 2011

The profound spatial turn experienced by the humanities and social sciences over recent decades has prompted a re-examination of how space and place inform our understandings of theatre and performance. In this article we investigate the ways in which the theatrical labour that occurs within rehearsal and backstage spaces involves not only the making of theatrical performance but also the making of theatrical performers. Drawing on fieldwork-based research, and exploring the concepts of orientational metaphor, tactical inhabitation and training zones, we argue that performers’ use and inhabitation of rehearsal and backstage spaces is a key means through which they are formed as professional artists.
Publications Dossier: Changing the Landscape of Irish Theatre Studies
Authors: SIHRA MELISSA
Published: August 2011

This dossier aims to report on recent developments and interventions that are changing the landscape of Irish theatre-studies scholarship, revealing the ways in which discourses of nationalism, sexuality, gender, class and the family are being renegotiated. Critical analysis of Irish theatre has, up until recently, focused upon the dramatic text in a legacy of work that has traditionally been valued for its ‘literary’ merit. Now, we can see how an interrogation of the process of canonicity and a focus on the conditions and potential of performance are being addressed by a new generation of scholarship. Such research serves to critique the narratives leading up to, and beyond, Irish independence, repositioning the relationship between the founders of the Irish Literary Revival at the turn of the twentieth century and cultural nationalism, as well as resituating the dramaturgical praxis of a central figure such as John Millington Synge. Contributors to this dossier also draw attention to the ways in which recent publications on Irish theatre take social transformations into account, and give a sense of the ever-shifting trajectories of theatre, performance and culture on the island.
Performance and Queer Praxes: Recent Paradigmatic Shifts
Authors: WALSH FINTAN
Published: August 2011

Performance studies and queer studies are two of the most significant paradigmatic shifts to energize the analysis of Irish theatre and performance in very recent times. The development of these critical approaches can be seen to respond to the growth of more experimental, performance-centred methods of making and interpreting practice, and the emergence of a wide range of identities within theatre and performance sites, and the Irish social and cultural landscape more generally.
Novel HPV-6 variants of human papillomavirus causing recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in southern Africa
Authors: COMBRINCK C. E. , SEEDAT R. Y. , RANDALL C. , ROODT Y. , BURT F. J.
Published: August 2011

There is currently no information regarding the genetic diversity of HPV-6 variants circulating in South Africa. The aim of this study was to determine the HPV-6 variants affecting patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, to determine whether mutations correlate with disease severity and identify molecular determinants of virulence with prognostic relevance. HPV-6 variants were identified based on genome changes within the 712-991 bp region encompassing the non-coding region (URR) of the genome, with variations in length resulting from insertions and duplications, and the 453-bp gene encoding the E6 protein. Based on manual comparison of sequence data from the URR, the isolates were identified as HPV-6a and HPV-6vc variants. Three novel HPV-6 variants were identified: one based on a mutation in the E6 region; two based on changes in the URR including a unique substitution detected in three isolates and an insertion and 170-bp duplication in the URR genome in one patient, who had clinical features of severe disease.
Incidence of childhood pneumonia and serotype and sequence-type distribution inStreptococcus pneumoniaeisolates in Japan
Authors: TANAKA J. , ISHIWADA N. , WADA A. , CHANG B. , HISHIKI H. , KUROSAKI T. , KOHNO Y.
Published: August 2011

The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) is reported to decrease the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. To determine the annual incidence of CAP before the introduction of PCV7, we counted the number of children hospitalized with CAP between 2008 and 2009 in Chiba City, Japan. We investigated serotype and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) forStreptococcus pneumoniaeisolates in CAP cases. The annual incidence of hospitalized CAP in children aged <5 years was 17·6 episodes/1000 child-years. In 626 episodes,S. pneumoniaewas dominant in 14·7% and 0·8% of sputum and blood samples, respectively. The most common serotypes were 6B, 23F and 19F. The coverage rates of PCV7 were 66·7% and 80% in sputum samples and blood samples, respectively. MLST analysis revealed 37 sequence types. Furthermore, 54·1% of the sputum isolates and 40% of the blood isolate were related to international multidrug-resistant clones.
Outbreak ofNeisseria meningitidisC in workers at a large food-processing plant in Brazil: challenges of controlling disease spread to the larger community
Authors: ISER B. P. M. , LIMA H. C. A. V. , De MORAES C. , De ALMEIDA R. P. A. , WATANABE L. T. , ALVES S. L. A. , LEMOS A. P. S. , GORLA M. C. O. , GONÇALVES M. G. , DOS SANTOS D. A. , SOBEL J.
Published: August 2011

An outbreak of meningococcal disease (MD) with severe morbidity and mortality was investigated in midwestern Brazil in order to identify control measures. A MD case was defined as isolation ofNeisseria meningitidis, or detection of polysaccharide antigen in a sterile site, or presence of clinical purpura fulminans, or an epidemiological link with a laboratory-confirmed case-patient, between June and August 2008. In 8 out of 16 MD cases studied, serogroup C ST103 complex was identified. Five (31%) cases had neurological findings and five (31%) died. The attack rate was 12 cases/100 000 town residents and 60 cases/100 000 employees in a large local food-processing plant. We conducted a matched case-control study of eight primary laboratory-confirmed cases (1:4). Factors associated with illness in single variable analysis were work at the processing plant [matched odds ratio (mOR) 22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·3–207·7,P<0·01], and residing <1 year in Rio Verde (mOR 7, 95% CI 1·11–43·9,P<0·02). Mass vaccination (>10 000 plant employees) stopped propagation in the plant, but not in the larger community.
Analysis of overdispersed count data: application to the Human Papillomavirus Infection in Men (HIM) Study
Authors: LEE J.-H. , HAN G. , FULP W. J. , GIULIANO A. R.
Published: August 2011

The Poisson model can be applied to the count of events occurring within a specific time period. The main feature of the Poisson model is the assumption that the mean and variance of the count data are equal. However, this equal mean-variance relationship rarely occurs in observational data. In most cases, the observed variance is larger than the assumed variance, which is called overdispersion. Further, when the observed data involve excessive zero counts, the problem of overdispersion results in underestimating the variance of the estimated parameter, and thus produces a misleading conclusion. We illustrated the use of four models for overdispersed count data that may be attributed to excessive zeros. These are Poisson, negative binomial, zero-inflated Poisson and zero-inflated negative binomial models. The example data in this article deal with the number of incidents involving human papillomavirus infection. The four models resulted in differing statistical inferences. The Poisson model, which is widely used in epidemiology research, underestimated the standard errors and overstated the significance of some covariates.
Towards a New History of European Sport
Authors: Tomlinson Alan , Young Christopher
Published: August 2011

The European Commission has invested much symbolic capital in sport's potential contribution to European identity, recently stating ‘that sport has a role in forging identity and bringing people together’. Yet such claims must be strongly qualified. Whilst sport is conspicuously present in Europe as an everyday activity, it is elusively variegated in its social and cultural forms and impacts, and historically informed scholarship points to a more sophisticated approach to the understanding of the subject. At the same time, national histories – conceived largely within national frameworks – hold sway in the field of sports history. There is little truly comparative work and this lack allows the European Commission to put out its statements unchallenged. This article proposes a number of ways in which European sports history might be conceived comparatively. It outlines four different models of European sport (British, German, Soviet, Scandinavian), whilst highlighting the problems inherent in such modelling; argues for greater historical depth (e.g. the importance of Italy in the early modern period); warns against the dangers of presentism (e.g. highlighting the proximity of dance and gymnastics in earlier periods); challenges the hegemony of British sport; and champions the cause of a serious consideration of Eastern Europe.