bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1. Laws of Solution. Part II
Authors: Durham W.
Published: June 2016

From the note in my former paper on the above subject it is easy to deduce the following formula, which expresses the relations between the heats of chemical combination and the heats of solution:
4. The Direct Measurement of the Peltier Effect
Authors: Campbell Albert
Published: June 2016

The researches described in this paper had for their object the direct measurement of the Peltier effect, with a view to verify the hypotheses regarding it and the laws deduced from these. Hitherto it has been a pure assumption that the Peltier effect vanishes at the neutral point. As this important assumption forms part of the basis of the received theory of thermoelectricity, to prove it was one of the main objects of these experiments.
17. The Theory of Determinants in the Historical Order of its Development
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

Now it is at once manifest that the successive developments here obtained of the determinant [xyzt] are letter by letter identical with the successive “lignes” obtained by Bézout from the unreal product xyzt; but that instead of having one arbitrary step succeeding another, as in the application of Bezout's rule, there is here a fluent reasonableness characterising the whole process.* As for the peculiarities requiring elucidation in the series of special examples above referred to, they are seen, when looked at in this light, to be but matters of course.
7. Researches on Micro-Organisms, including ideas of a new Method for their Destruction in certain cases of Contagious Diseases. Part II
Authors: Griffiths A. B.
Published: June 2016

In the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. xiv. [No. 123], pp. 97–106, there is a paper of mine under the above title. I wish in the present memoir to communicate to your distinguished Society further details relative to these investigations. The principle of these researches is to find some germicidal agent capable of destroying the microbes of disease, which have been proved to reside in the blood, and are the causes (directly or indirectly) of certain contagious diseases. At the same time, an aqueous solution of such an agent, while destroying the microbes of disease, must have very little or no detrimental action upon the blood. Having found such a substance, the rationale is to inject (hypodermically) a solution of the microbe-destroyer directly into the blood. By so doing, the destruction of the pathogenic organisms in situ would be the result.
8. On the Colour of the Skin of Men and Animals in India
Authors: Wallace Robert
Published: June 2016

Indian cattle have, with few exceptions, jet black skins. The hair is frequently white, grey, brown, or black, but only in rare cases are the skins white. The animals having white skins are weakly, if not unhealthy, are liable to blister with the sun, and contract after a time a form of leprosy.
6. On the Compressibility of Water and of Different Solutions of Common Salt
Authors: Tait
Published: June 2016

Within the limits of the experiments, which were for t from 0° C. to 15° C, and forp from 1 to 3 tons-weight per square inch, it was found that the average compressibility of water per atmosphere may be fairly represented by

a formula which, while very convenient for application in the hydrostatic equations, extends to the whole range of temperature and pressure ordinarily occurring in nature.
4. On a Simplified Proof of Maxwell's Theorem
Authors: Burnside
Published: June 2016

In the course of verifying some of the mathematical work in the third instalment of Professor Tait's paper on the Kinetic Theory, the following simplification of his proof of Maxwell's theorem occurred to me.
5. On the Thermoelectric Properties of Iron
Authors: Tait
Published: June 2016

For some time Signor Battelli has been engaged, with remarkable success, in measuring directly the amount of the ‘Thomson effect’ in various metals.

With the exception of iron, the common metals have given him results coinciding as closely as could be expected with those I found in 1872 by an indirect method. Among other particularly satisfactory things, he has directly verified the first of the two changes of sign of the Thomson effect in nickel. And I think it will be allowed that what I introduced long ago as a mere working hypothesis,–that the Thomson effect is directly proportional to the absolute temperature,–if it was not completely established as a fact by my own experiments, has been made absolutely certain by the recent work of Campbell and of Battelli.
5. On a Monochromatic Rainbow
Authors: Aitken John
Published: June 2016

A monochromatic rainbow looks like a contradiction in terms. As a rainbow of this kind was, however, seen lately, its occurrence seems worth putting on record. On the afternoon of Christmas day I went for a walk in the direction of the high ground to the south of Falkirk. Shortly after starting I observed in the east what appeared to be a peculiar pillar-like cloud, lit up with the light of the setting sun. What specially attracted my attention was that the streak of illumination was vertical, and not the usual horizontal band-form we are accustomed to. I looked in the direction of the sun to see if I could trace any peculiar opening in the clouds through which the light passed, but failed to do so.
7. Reflex Spinal Scratching Movements in some Vertebrates
Authors: Haycraft John Berry
Published: June 2016

Many, who have kept dogs, are aware that if the skin covering the side of the body be scratched, a dog will move the leg of that side as if itself to scratch the part touched. This fact is known to the physiologist, and a, so-called, scratching centre, to which the sensory impulses are carried, and from which motor impulses to the muscles pass, has been shown to exist in the spinal cord.
1. Preliminary Note on the Duration of Impact
Authors: Tait
Published: June 2016

The results already obtained were got by means of a roughly made apparatus designed for the purpose of testing the method used, so that only a single instance, to show their general character, need now be given. When a wooden block of 10 lbs. mass fell through a height of 18¼14 inches on a rounded lump of gutta-percha, the time of impact was found to be somewhere about 0.001 sec, and the coefficient of restitution was 0.26.
3. Contact-Phenomena of some Scottish Olivine-Diabases
Authors: Stecher Ernst , Geikie Archibald
Published: June 2016

In the second and third numbers of the ninth volume of Tschermdk's Mineralogische und petrographische Mittheilungen, I published the results of an examination of some “dolerites” from the Carboniferous basin of the Firth of Forth, the material for which I obtained through the kindness of Prof. Archibald Geikie. It is true most of the “dolerites” are already well known through the valuable writings of Professor A. Geikie and Mr Allport, but a special study of the modifications of the rock in the different parts of any one volcanic mass has not yet been the subject of any paper. Having elicited many facts of petrological interest, I purpose giving in this communication a short account of my investigations.
2. Notes on the Use of Mercuric Salts in Solution as Antiseptic Surgical Lotions
Authors: Woodhead G. Sims
Published: June 2016

Koch, in his article on Disinfection and Antiseptics in the Mittheilungen aus dem K. Gesundheitsamte, vol. i., 1881, p. 264 (abstracted by Dr Whitelegge in the publications of the Kew Sydenham Society, vol. for 1886, “Microparasites in Disease”), gives the result of an elaborate series of experiments with mercuric chloride, and comes to the conclusion that a single application of a very dilute solution (1 to 1000, or even 1 to 5000) is sufficient to destroy the most resistant organism in a few minutes. He further states that, “with longer exposure, it only begins to be unreliable when diluted beyond 1 to 20,000.”
1. On the Secretion of Lime by Animals
Authors: Irvine Robert , Woodhead G. Sims
Published: June 2016

The enormous amount and peculiar character of the deposits of carbonate of lime, found in all parts of the globe, give the question of the formation of these deposits a peculiar interest, consisting, as these deposits do, of fossilised remains of lime-secreting animals, and bearing witness in themselves as to their origin. It is beyond question that the great mass of carbonate of lime found in the later geological epochs has, primarily, been absorbed by the marine fauna and flora from the ocean, and secreted by them in the form of coral, shells, or calcareous plants. From this may be realised the important function which lime salts play in respect to the economy of marine life.
4. Preliminary Note on a Method by means of which the Alkalinity of the Blood may quantitatively be Determined
Authors: Haycraft John Berry , Williamson R. T.
Published: June 2016

It is a matter of some difficulty even to demonstrate that the blood is an alkaline fluid. The reason is that its red colour masks the reaction. The plasma itself is, however, practically colourless, and by allowing it to mingle with red litmus solution, after its corpuscles have been strained away, a blue tint may be observed. This was effected by Liebreich, who moistened dry neutral plates of plaster of Paris with litmus solution.
7. On a Fungoïd Disease in the Roots of Cucumis sativa
Authors: Griffiths A. B.
Published: June 2016

A considerable amount of work has been performed in investigating the nature of the nodular outgrowths upon the roots of various plants. One of the earliest observations in this direction was by Naegeli in 1842, who found that the swellings upon the roots of Iris were caused by a parasitic fungus.
3. The Metamorphosis of British Euphausiidse
Authors: Brook George , Hoyle W. E.
Published: June 2016

Dana, in his Report on the Crustacea of the North Atlantic Exploring Expedition, described a number of genera founded on larvae of various Crustacea. Of these genera Calyptopis, Furcilia and Cyrtopia were shown by Claus in 1863 to represent three stages in the development of the Euphausiidas. Metschnikoff, in 1869, described a still earlier stage under the name of Metanauplius; and in 1871 the same investigator was enabled to show that the young Euphausiidse are hatched as true Nauplii, having a rounded body and three pairs of swimming appendages.
5. On Invertebrate Blood removed from the Vessels, and entirely surrounded by Oil
Authors: Haycraft John Berry , Carlier E. W.
Published: June 2016

A grant was made by the British Medical Association, on the recommendation of the Scientific Grants Committee of the Association, towards the expenses of a research, a part of which appears in this communication.
5. Is the Law of Talbot true for very rapidly Intermittent Light?
Authors: Stewart George N.
Published: June 2016

The law which is sometimes associated with the name of Talbot is generally stated thus:—Once complete fusion has been reached, no alteration in the intensity of the resultant impression produced by a series of flashes takes place, however short the time during which each flash acts may be, provided that the number of flashes in a given time and the length of each stimulation be always kept inversely proportional. Complete fusion of stimuli here is analogous to complete tetanus of muscle. And, as in the latter case, it has been discussed as to where the upper limit of frequency lies, or whether there be an upper limit, so in the former case are like questions in place. With the various answers which have been given in regard to muscle tetanus we are not here concerned; except that it may be noticed that the later investigators, where they have at all admitted the probability of a limit, have had a tendency to shorten the time between each stimulus which they regarded as the minimum.
7. Arrested Twin Development
Authors: Brown Macdonald
Published: June 2016

One of the most interesting departments of embryology is that which treats of twin development, and the many forms of abnormality or monstrosity produced by the arrest or modification of its process.

When the first cleft of the ovum is incomplete at some part, and two organisms arise from its halves, arrested twin development in its widest sense occurs, and a form of double monstrosity results. That the condition is due to imperfect cleavage, and not to a fusion of two ova, is shown by the fact that the sex of the twins is invariably the same, and, as Ahlfeld has pointed out, that they are always united at identical parts. The individuals are rarely of equal size and perfection of structure, although there are several instances on record where such was the case; more commonly one of the organisms has its growth arrested at an early period of life, and clings as a parasite to the fully developed autosite. In such cases the parasite varies in size and form, existing sometimes as an almost complete organism, possessing not only external parts, but internal organs; at other times, it is represented by a limb or part of such, only (as in the case described by Handyside). This arrested development of the second organism (parasitism) is undoubtedly due to an incomplete blood supply passing to the second fœtus, a condition brought about either by placental changes, or changes within the body of the monster itself, at a very early period of intrauterine life.
On Improvements in the Apparatus for Counting the Dust Particles in the Atmosphere
Authors: Aitken John
Published: June 2016

In a previous communication I described the apparatus first used for counting the dust particles in the atmosphere. That apparatus was constructed of such materials as could be easily obtained ready made, and was fitted together in such a way that any one acquainted with laboratory work could easily repeat the experiments. Though that apparatus is satisfactory enough for preliminary work, and gives fairly good results, yet it is evidently not suited for regular everyday use; and, besides that, there are certain defects in it which can be avoided in apparatus specially constructed.
On the Air's Resistance to an Oscillating Body (its Influence on Time-Keepers)
Authors: Sang Edward
Published: June 2016

The influence of the air on the going of time-keepers has naturally been the subject of much discussion, particularly in reference to time-keepers used by astronomers. On pendulums the air acts in two ways :—by its buoyancy it lessens the downward tendency of the parts, and so lengthens the time of the oscillation; and it opposes resistance to the motion. On the chronometer balance, the latter action alone is felt; to this action we shall confine our remarks.
On the Identity of Hofmann's “Dibenzyl-Phosphine” with Oxide of Tribenzyl-Phosphine, and on some other Points connected with the Phosphorised Derivations of Benzyl
Authors: Letts  , Blake R. F.
Published: June 2016

In his well-known researches on the phosphines, Hofmann has shown (or believes that he has shown) that when an alkyl iodide (or other haloid derivative) is heated with phosphonium iodide and oxide of zinc, primary and secondary phosphines alone result; whereas, when an alcohol is heated with iodide of phosphonium, tertiary and quaternary phosphines are formed exclusively. Thus the two reactions are complementary to each other. Among the series to which he extended his investigations was that of benzyl, and in a paper published in the Berichte of the Berlin Chemical Society he describes the preparation of mono- and dibenzyl-phosphine, and gives their properties. Dibenzyl-phosphine he isolated as a crystalline substance perfectly tasteless and odourless, insoluble in ether, but soluble in alcohol. Its melting-point he found to be 205° C.
The Theory of Determinants in the Historical Order of its Development
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

In Reiss we have an author who starts to his subject as if it were entirely new, the only preceding mathematician whom he mentions being Lagrange. Like Cauchy he opens by explaining a mode of forming functions more general than those of which he afterwards treats, the essence of it being that an expression involving several of the n.v quantities,

is taken, and each exponent (“exposant”) changed successively with all the other exponents, α, β, …, or each base changed with all the other bases, a, b,.… Only a line or two, however, is given to this, the special class known to us as determinants being taken up at once.
Notice of Fundamental Tables in Trigonometry and Astronomy, arranged according to the Decimal Division of the Quadrant
Authors: Sang E.
Published: June 2016

In January of 1878, there was laid on the Society's table the Canon of Sines to each fifth minute of the decimal division of the quadrant, computed to thirty-three for thirty places; along with a detailed record of every step in the process. During the years 1880–81, this work was continued for each single minute, but only to eighteen- for fifteen places, and the record thereof to fifteen places is now submitted. When the rejected figures were from 497 to 503 a mark of interrogation is recorded, and it is believed that not a single error exists in the work. The arrangement of the sines with their first and second differences in position enables us instantly to detect an error.
Electrification of Air by Flame
Authors: Thomson William
Published: June 2016

In continuation of experiments on the electricity of air within doors, which I made twenty-seven years ago, and which are described in §§ 296–300 of my Electrostatics and Magnetism, a series of observations was commenced under my instructions at the end of April last, within the Natural Philosophy Class Room and Laboratory, the Bute Hall, the University Tower, and other places inside and outside the buildings of Glasgow University, by Mr Magnus Maclean, official assistant to the Professor of Natural Philosophy, and Mr Goto of Tokio, Japan, for the purpose of endeavouring to find a relation between the electrification of air within a building and the atmospheric potential in its neighbourhood outside; and of finding causes which produced or changed the electrification of any given mass of air.
Theoretical Description of a New “Azimuth Diagram.”
Authors: Weir Patrick
Published: June 2016

About thirteen years ago, when officer of a vessel trading from London to Australia, and in the daily practice of verifying the error of the compass by azimuth's declination, the idea first occurred to me of projecting the sun's path on the plane of the horizon; and during the voyage I succeeded in solving the problem, and constructed a diagram which I used daily while at sea for several years, until I gave up long voyages, and had no further occasion to trouble about azimuths.
Strophanthus hispidus –continued: Pharmacological Action
Authors: Fraser Thomas R.
Published: June 2016

(Abstract.)

Strophanthus extract and Strophanthin are substances of great pharmacological activity, as, by subcutaneous administration, Strophanthin produces death in average-sized frogs with a dose of . of a grain, and in rabbits weighing about 3 lbs. with a dose of of a grain. The kind of action is the same with both substances, and therefore Strophanthin may properly be regarded as the active principle of Strophanthus hispidus.
Report on Atmospheric Circulation, based on the Observations made on Board H.M.S. “Challenger” 1873–76
Authors: Buchan Alexander
Published: June 2016

(Abstract.)

In these papers the meteorological observations taken during the voyage of the “Challenger ” are discussed; and, from data collected from all parts of the world, fifty-two maps have been prepared, showing for each month of the year the distribution of temperature and pressure over the globe and the prevailing winds. Part I. deals with the diurnal, and Part II. with the seasonal phenomena of meteorology.
The Volcanic Eruption at Bandaisan
Authors: Smith C. Michie
Published: June 2016

The principal phenomena connected with the great volcanic eruption at Bandaisan, in Japan, have been described by Professor S. Sekiya and Mr Y. Kikuchi in their “official report, but certain features, especially with reference to the effects of erosion on the ejected materials, seem worthy of more detailed description.
The Absorption Spectra of Certain Vegetable Colouring Matters
Authors: Smith C. Michie
Published: June 2016

For the substances dealt with in this paper I have been indebted at various times, to the kindness of Mr David Hooper, Quinologist to the Madras Government. The observations have been made with several instruments, but have all been reduced to the scale of the direct vision spectroscope of the Chemical Laboratory of the Edinburgh University, kindly placed at my disposal for the most important part of the work. The illumination used with this instrument is a 10-candle power incandescent lamp; with the other instruments sun-light was used. I have thought it better for practical purposes to draw the spectra to the natural scale of the instrument than to reduce them to a scale of wave-lengths, but data are supplied for finding the wave-length corresponding to any part of the spectrum. To represent the varying shades of an absorption spectrum is extremely difficult, and the results usually obtained are, at best, far from satisfactory. The method I have employed is to draw the spectra on a large scale, shading the various parts by aid of a light curve, and then reduce this drawing to the required size by photography. The result, though not all that could be desired, is fairly satisfactory.
On a Mechanism for the Constitution of Ether
Authors: Thomson William
Published: June 2016

In a communication to the Royal Society of Edinburgh of 4th March 1889, I stated the problem of constructing a jointed model under gyrostatic domination, to fulfil the condition of having no rigidity against irrotational deformations, and of resisting rotation, or rotational deformation, with quasi-elastic forcive in simple proportion to rotation. I gave a solution, illustrated by a model, for the case of points all in one plane; but I did not then see any very simple three-dimensional solution. After many unavailing efforts I have recently found the following.
On the Nature of a Voluntary Muscular Movement
Authors: Haycraft John Berry
Published: June 2016

(Abstract)

Histologists have long ago demonstrated that a muscle is not a simple histological unit, and that it consists of innumerable muscle fibres associated together in fasciculi, each muscle fibre being brought into individual relationship with the central nervous system by its own fibre. Physiologists have been too apt to overlook this fact, and have regarded a muscle as a simple indivisible physiological unit. When a muscle or its nerve are stimulated by an instantaneous electrical shock all the fibres contract together, for they are all stimulated in the same way, and at the same time. This is not the case, according to the investigations of the author, when the muscle contracts reflexly or voluntarily, and especially during any prolonged contraction. The individual fibres are then never completely co-ordinated together, and vary constantly in their “pull.” They are like a body of men pulling on a rope where perfect and prolonged co-ordination is impossible. The proof of this is obtained by the use of very delicate levers attached to different parts (fasciculi) of the same muscle. Two levers attached in this way to a muscle always give slightly different curves, evidence of individuality being very apparent. Experiments were conducted both upon the human masseter muscle and upon the gastrocnemius of a frog, and in each case the curves obtained by the two levers corresponding in the main always differed in detail.
A Geometrical Method, dependent on the Principle of Translation
Authors: Maver David
Published: June 2016

The properties of generating lines and surfaces often afford an easy and beautiful mode of demonstrating geometrical theorems which, if done by the ordinary method, would be long and tedious. As the subject, so far as the writer is aware, is new, a short paper upon it may not be unacceptable.
Synthesis by Means of Electrolysis.—Part IV. Synthesis of Suberic and n-Dicarbododecanic Acids
Authors: Brown Crum , Walker James
Published: June 2016

(Abstract)

Suberic Acid.—In continuation of our syntheses of dibasic acids by* means of electrolysis, we have prepared suberic acid from glutaric acid, and from the former again a new acid, which we term w-dicarbododecanic acid.
List of the Fossil Dipnoi and Ganoidei of Fife and the Lothians
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: June 2016

No district of Great Britain is so rich in genera and species of Carboniferous Dipnoi and Ganoidei as that of Fife and the Lothians, and in the frequency of entire specimens of these fishes it is only approached by North Staffordshire.

Another feature of the greatest geological interest is the abundance of fish remains in estuarine strata below the horizon of the Millstone grit, whereby a means of comparing the Ganoid fish faunæ of the Upper and Lower divisions of the Carboniferous formation is afforded.
On a Simple Pocket Dust-Counter
Authors: Aitken John
Published: June 2016

It is now a year and a half since I communicated to this Society a description of a portable form of apparatus for enabling us to count the number of particles of dust in the atmosphere. The working of that instrument in my hands has been most satisfactory, and though it has occasionally given trouble, yet it has not given more than might have been expected. Though that apparatus has worked quite pleasantly with me, and enabled a beginning to be made of an investigation into the amount, and the effects, of dust in our atmosphere, yet very few have as yet followed up this line of inquiry. This has probably been owing to there being something in the complicated nature of the apparatus which has deterred others from joining in the work. I therefore determined to see if a simpler, and at the same time a reliable, form of the apparatus could not be devised.
Barographic Record in the Vicinity of a Tornado
Authors: Anderson John
Published: June 2016

The fluctuation shown by the barographic record occurred immediately after 6 P.M., at the time of the passage of the tornado of Thursday, March 27, 1890, near Owensboro, Davies County, Kentucky. The distance of the barograph from the nearest point of the tornado can be approximated by the evidences of damage the tornado left, and did not exceed a mile and a quarter or a mile and a half. At this distance to the south-east of Owensboro there is a ridge 150 or 200 feet high, and a large brick house on top was unroofed and partially demolished. This is the first evidence of destruction in the vicinity of Owensboro, but previous to this the noise of the approaching tornado was plainly audible to persons on the streets of the town. Until reaching the ridge above mentioned, the tornado appears to have passed in the air, accompanied by a roaring sound, without doing any damage in its passage. From a point about twelve miles to the south-west a tornado passed over the latter city two hours later. The rate of progress of the cyclonic area of low pressure, as shown by the signal service map, was forty miles an hour. On the same day a parallel tornado passed about thirty miles to the south of Owensboro, near south Carrolton. There was none to the northwards.
On an Optical Proof of the Existence of Suspended Matter in Flames
Authors: Stokes G. G.
Published: June 2016

Dear Professor Tait,-—I write to put on paper an account of the observation I mentioned to you to-night, in case you should think it worth communicating to the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

In the course of last summer I was led, in connection with some questions about lighthouses, to pass a beam of sunlight, condensed by a lens, through the flame of a candle. I noticed that where the cone of rays cut the luminous envelope there were two patches of light brighter than the general flame, which were evidently due to sunlight scattered by matter in the envelope which was in a state of suspension.
Note on the Isothermals of Ethyl Oxide
Authors: Tait
Published: June 2016

The first three pressure-columns of the following little table were constructed from the elaborate data given by Drs Ramsay and Young in their important paper “On Evaporation and Dissociation,” Part IV. (Phil. Mag., May 1887). They give, in metres of mercury, the pressures required to confine one gramme of oxide of ethyl to various specified numbers of cubic centimetres, at temperatures near to that of the critical point.
Additional Observations on the Development and Life-Histories of the Marine Food-Fishes, and the Distribution of their Ova
Authors: M'Intosh. W. C.
Published: June 2016

Since the previous communication to the Society by the author and Professor Prince, not a few dubious points have been cleared up, and, by the courtesy of the Fishery Board for Scotland, further investigations on the general subject carried out at the St Andrews Marine Laboratory. Under the former head may be mentioned the large unknown pelagic egg, with a spacious privitelline space, termed Ovum of Pleuronectid B. This has been proved by Mr E. W. L. Holt to be the egg of the Long Rough Dab, so that the ambiguity which has existed since the Trawling Expeditions of 1884 is now at an end. The larval and early post-larval stages of the species have already been described and figured. A more detailed series of observations have also been made on the development of the Lemon Dab or Lemon “Sole,” as it is somewhat ambiguously termed, showing how readily ova can be transmitted long distances, and the larval and post-larval stages reared subsequently. Formerly, only the ovarian egg of Miiller's Topknot was described and figured; now the fertilized and free-floating egg and its development have been studied. Like the egg of the Turbot and Brill, this has an oil-globule. The larva is tinted of a deep gamboge-yellow on head, trunk, and upper part of yolk-sac, while the oil-globule is conspicuous at the posterior and lower part of the yolk by an environment of the same bright hue.
On the Effect of Longitudinal Magnetisation on the Interior Volume of Iron and Nickel Tubes
Authors: Knott Cargill G.
Published: June 2016

The following results in magnetic strains are, so far as I am aware, new. They supplement in an interesting way Joule's old result of no change of volume in an iron rod when it is magnetised. What is given here is only preliminary, and suggests many lines of research which I hope to be able to follow out later.
On the Extension of Brouncker's Method to the Comparison of several Magnitudes
Authors: Sang Edward
Published: June 2016

In the paper on this subject, printed in the twenty-sixth volume of the Society's Transactions, the general principles only of this extension were explained; since then the subject has lain aside. An accident has drawn attention to the use of this method for determining cube-roots, and particularly in regard to the duplication of the cube. The consideration of this matter has led to the observation of certain relations which deserve to be recorded.
Certain considerations regarding Algol Variation, with special reference to C.P.D.— 41°·4511
Authors: Roberts Alexander W.
Published: June 2016

There has recently been discovered at the Royal Observatory, Cape Town, an interesting star of the Algol type of variation, thus making in all ten such stars at present known in the southern sky.
A Continuant Resolvable into Rational Factors
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

(1) In a paper in the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, vol. xxxiii. p. 229, Professor Elliott has occasion to consider the equation

which, it is stated, presents difficulties when a direct algebraical solution is attempted, but is seen indirectly to be

according as p is odd or even.
The Theory of Jacobians in the Historical order of its Development up to 1841
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

It is not improbable that determinants in which the number of a row is distinguished by differentiation with respect to a definite variable, and in which the number of a column is distinguished by a particular function set for differentiation, may have appeared long before the time of Cauchy and Jacobi, the likelihood probably being the greater the fewer the number of functions and variables involved.
Functional Inertia, a Property of Protoplasm
Authors: Harris David Fraser
Published: June 2016

‘Dead’ matter has two forms of inertia—that of rest (mass), and that of motion (momentum) —and it seems to me that living matter possesses a property, not hitherto recognised as such, which might be called functional inertia, or metabolic inertia of protoplasm whether animal or vegetable. It is owing to the inertia of matter at rest that the heavy gate, swung even on almost frictionless hinges, cannot be instantaneously set in motion; and when it has been set swinging, it is owing to its inertia of motion (momentum) that it continues to swing for some time after we have ceased to push it. By functional inertia of protoplasm I mean the power or property of protoplasm to remain in the metabolic status quo ante; if resting—anabolising—to remain doing so, even after the reception of a stimulus tending to bring about the opposite metabolic state, this might be called anabolic inertia; if active—katabolising—to remain so even after the reception of a stimulus tending to induce anabolism, or after the cessation of the stimulus that elicited the activity—katabolic inertia or functional momentum. Functional inertia is the power or property which bioplasm has of maintaining its functional status quo for a longer or shorter time according to the function considered; it is that power of continuing to exhibit the particular phenomena it has been exhibiting even after the death of the organism of which it is a constituent.
On the Functional Inertia of Plant Protoplasm
Authors: Robertson R. A.
Published: June 2016

The response by a plant protoplast to an inducing or to an inhibitory stimulus is preceded by a period of non-responsiveness, and the withdrawal of the stimulus is succeeded by a period of continued response or inhibition as the case may be. During these intervals, the familiar latent period and period of after-effect, or temps de memoir of Massart, the protoplast manifests the property of functional inertia (Harris, Brit. Med. Assoc., 1900), and in the case of the inducing stimulus the two phases follow in the order of (1) the Anabolic and (2) the Katabolic, while in inhibition the order is reversed. This property is exhibited by the protoplasm of growing and of adult organs, as well as by that of isolated and excised organs; further, it varies in amount and appears under different aspects.
Does the Spectrum-place of the Sodium lines vary in different Azimuths?
Authors: Smyth C. Piazzi
Published: June 2016

The above question having been set before me by my friend Prof. P. G. Tait, and in such a guise that its practical solution, if amounting to anything sensible, might have astronomical applications, I set myself to examine it with the highest dispersion power in my possession, viz., a fine Rutherfurd Diffraction grating, of 17,296 lines to the inch, ruled over a surface 1·6 inch square; a telescope 52 inches long, with magnifying powers from 20 to 50; and a collimator 32 inches long, armed with a very substantial slit-apparatus by Mr Adam Hilger, and some other fittings.
Some Identities connected with Alternants and with Elliptic Functions
Authors: Metzler W. H.
Published: June 2016

As is well known, the usual form of the Addition-Theorem for Elliptic Functions of several arguments expresses these functions as the quotient of two determinants. When two or more arguments become equal, both numerator and denominator of this quotient vanish, and in seeking to remove the common vanishing factor, Cayley, in his paper “Note sur l'addition des fonctions elliptiques,” in connection with the cases of three and four arguments, brought to light some identities connecting certain alternants. Cayley gave these identities without proof, saying, “Je n'ai pas encore trouvé la loi générale de ces équations.”
Experimental Observations on Leucolysis
Authors: Goodall Alexander , Ewart Edward
Published: June 2016

In examining stained blood films we have frequently observed necrobiotic changes in the white cells. These changes have been referred to by different authors. Cabot (1) writes, “frequently in leukæmia and occasionally in other conditions one sees leucocytes apparently moribund. That they are not always artifacts is shown by the fact that in normal blood they do not appear when treated by the same technique, that reveals them in the blood and hardened clot of leukæmic cases, as well as by the fact that Botkin and others have produced similar appearances by keeping the leucocytes a few days in an aseptic state.”
Application of Miller's Trisector to the Quinquesection of any Angle
Authors: Miller James N.
Published: June 2016

The diagram outlines the Trisector as in the position in which the angle B A L, which may be any angle of less than 225°, is by its aid divided into five equal angles.

That instrument was described to this Society in a communication submitted to them on the 4th of November last. It consists of two pieces, A I F D and BHG. Those pieces are conjoined, as the blades of a pair of scissors are, by a small cylindrical pin inserted in a small cylindrical hole at C in each of them, which it fits, and round which they may turn.
Thallic Sulphates and Double Sulphates
Authors: Marshall Hugh
Published: June 2016

In a note on “the hydrolysis of thallic sulphate” which I communicated to the Society some time ago, I commented on theconflicting nature of the statements, made by various investigators, as to the exact composition and nature of thallic sulphate. As the subject appeared of some interest, I subsequently commenced an investigation of the salt and of the double salts derived from it. The results so far obtained are in some respects rather striking, but the investigation is not yet completed, and my reason for now publishing a general statement of these results is, that apparently others besides myself are working in the same field. A paper has just been published by James Locke, in which the author describes a caesium thallic sulphate which he obtained while endeavouring to prepare cæsium thallic alum. No alum could be obtained, the most hydrated salt corresponding to the formula CsTl(SO4)2, 3H2O.
On Causes which determine the Formation of Amorphous Sulphur
Authors: Smith Alexander
Published: June 2016

While the investigation of the freezing-point of sulphur, described in these Proceedings (vol. xxiv. p. 299), was in progress, some experiments on the maximum quantities of amorphous sulphur, formed at various temperatures from 130° to 448°, were being made. The results showed remarkable irregularities. It was also found that the addition of foreign bodies, which are for the most part without chemical action on sulphur, greatly magnified these disturbances, and led to the discovery of their source. The following is a condensed statement of the principal facts.
The Electric Conductivities and Relative Densities of certain Samples of Sea-Water
Authors: Manley J. J.
Published: June 2016

Several years ago, Dr Veley and myself were engaged in making a prolonged series of measurements of the electric conductivities of nitric acid solutions of various strengths. During the course of the work we were repeatedly impressed by the fact that a very slight variation in the strength of a solution produced a very marked change in the value of the electric resistance, as measured in a somewhat high resistance cell.
The Generating Functions of Certain Special Determinants
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

(1) From a general theorem, known since 1855, and perhaps earlier, regarding the reciprocal of the series

it follows that

where β0 = 1 and
Suggestion as to the Cause of the Earth's Internal Heat
Authors: Romanes George
Published: June 2016

During the discussions that have arisen as to the internal heat of the earth, the writer has never seen any reason given for supposing that there was a time when the earth was a highly heated fluid mass, and he believes that view to have originated by analogy from the case of the sun; and no other cause of the heat seems to be generally assumed than the collisions of the parts that came together to form the earth's mass. He has expected to find some one maintaining that gradual gravitational compression of the mass was the main source of the earth's internal heat, but till recently he has never tried to find out if it could possibly be a sufficient cause. It has always seemed to him that the formation of the earth's mass must have been accomplished under circumstances so different from the case of the sun that an analogy could scarcely be drawn between the two cases; indeed, it is obvious that the amount of heat produced by the formation of planets from nebulae will depend principally on their masses, and will be in a, higher ratio than that of the masses.
Note on Resistance Change accompanying Transverse Magnetization in Nickel Wire
Authors: Knott C. G. , Ross Peter
Published: June 2016

The following result, which forms a part of a prolonged investigation into the relations existing among the quantities, magnetization, resistance, and temperature of the magnetic metals, seems sufficiently novel to merit a short note. The results for longitudinal magnetization were communicated to the Society on May 4, 1903; and a somewhat similar form of apparatus was set up in order to study the effect of high temperatures upon the connection between transverse magnetization and resistance in nickel wire. The smallness of the effect of resistance in nickel due to a transverse magnetic field, as compared with the effect of a longitudinal field, rendered all attempts to measure it with this form of apparatus quite nugatory. We were compelled to fall back upon the method employed by Kelvin, Goldhammer, and others, and use the air-gap of a fairly powerful electromagnet as the field.
The Bull Trout of the Tay and of Tweed
Authors: Calderwood W. L.
Published: June 2016

The particular bull trout with which I desire to deal in this paperare the important migratory fishes which are commonly referred to by this name in Scotland. I make no mention of more or less monstrous examples of the common brown trout, or even of those examples of S. fario which have assumed a semi-migratory habit, and have become much modified by reason of their life in the estuaries of our larger rivers.
Ocean Temperatures and Solar Radiation
Authors: Knott C. G.
Published: June 2016

Two years ago I communicated a short paper on Solar Radiation and Earth Temperatures (Proc, vol. xxiii., pp. 296–311). This paper had its origin in a critical discussion of certain results deduced by Dr Buchan from observations of Mediterranean temperatures which had been made by the staff of the Austrian warship Pola. The mathematical method by which I discussed the relation between the solar energy incident on the surface of earth or sea, and the corresponding fluctuations of temperature in the rock of the Calton Hill and the surface waters of the Mediterranean, has attracted some attention in America; and correspondence with Professor Cleveland Abbe has drawn my attention again to the subject. In this paper I propose to consider more carefully the significance of the observations made and published by the Austrians. These are contained in four quarto volumes, which Dr Buchan has kindly placed in my hands for the purposes of a thorough investigation from the point of view of solar radiation. Dr Buchan clearly saw that something might be made out of these; and the results he gave two and a half years ago before the Society indicated a penetration of solar heat every day to a depth of more than 100 feet. The results were based upon means of temperature at different depths grouped according to the time of day at which they were taken. As I showed in my former paper, the results so deduced indicated a daily penetration into the waters of the Mediterranean of an amount of heat greater than the sun could supply.
Note on the Standard of Relative Viscosity, and on “Negative Viscosity.”
Authors: Taylor W. W.
Published: June 2016

The absolute viscosity calculated from the formula

(where p = the pressure, t the time, r the radius, l the length of capillary, and v the volume of liquid), which connects the viscosity of a liquid with the rate of flow through a long capillary tube, is not often made use of, mainly on account of the difficulty of accurately determining some of the constants (r in particular).
The Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Chlorides, Bromides, and Iodides
Authors: Taylor W. W. , Ranken Clerk
Published: June 2016

1. We have determined the relative viscosity of aqueous solutions of KCl, KBr, KI, HCl, HBr at 0°, 15°, and 25° C.; and at concentrations of 1 mol., 2 mol., and 3 mol. per litre. Also the equivalent conductivity of the same solutions at 0° C.

2. The change of viscosity with change of temperature diminishes from Cl-Br-I.

3. The effect of concentration on the viscosity depends on the temperature: it may affect the viscosity in opposite directions at different temperatures.

4. There are considerable differences in viscosity of chloride, bromide, and iodide, and especially in the effect of changes in concentration and temperature.
Some Results in the Mathematical Theory of Seiches
Authors: Chrystal
Published: June 2016

I propose in this preliminary communication to lay before the Society some results of investigations in the theory of Seiches in a lake whose line of maximum depth is approximately straight, and whose depth, cross section, and surface breadth do not vary rapidly from point to point.

As the seiche disturbance is small compared with the length of the lake, I shall make the assumptions usual in the theory of long waves:—viz., that the squares of the displacements and of their derivatives are negligible.
Variations in the Crystallisation of Potassium Hydrogen Succinate due to the presence of other metallic compounds in the Solution
Authors: Cameron Alexander T.
Published: June 2016

In the summer of 1902, while working as a student in the Chemistry Department of Edinburgh University, I prepared a quantity of potassium chromoxalate (Gregory's salt) as an ordinary exercise, and this led me to attempt the preparation of a similar derivative of succinic acid, since such derivatives apparently had not been obtained.
On Astronomical Seeing
Authors: Halm J.
Published: June 2016

In the Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1902 Prof. Langley has published an important note on “Good Seeing,” in which he describes some experiments undertaken with the view of improving the definition of telescopic images, so far as it depends on the conditions of the air in the vicinity of the instrument. Up to now the belief has prevailed among astronomers that in order to obtain good definitions the air inside the telescope-tubes should be kept as much as possible not only at a uniform temperature but also in a state of perfect tranquillity. Langley, however, shows that this view is not quite correct, and that maintaining constant and uniform temperature inside the tube, while preventing circulation between the air inside and outside the instrument, is not sufficient to produce satisfactory telescopic images. Particularly, this method does not diminish the troublesome boiling which in solar observations proves so often to be a source of grave inconvenience to the observer. But he shows that if the air inside and near the telescope-tube is agitated by stirring, the definition becomes at once markedly better. The improvement has in all cases been so decided that the reality of this beneficial effect of stirring cannot well be doubted.
Continuants whose Main Diagonal is Univarial
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

In a recently written paper dealing with a continuant first considered by Cayley, it was pointed out that the function in question owed its complicated law of development to peculiarities of specialisation, there being a much more general continuant governed by a simpler law.