bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new approach in stem cell research—Exosomes: Their mechanism of action via cellular pathways
Authors: Derkus Burak , Emregul Kaan C. , Emregul Emel
Published: February 2017

Exosomes are nano‐sized vesicles surrounded by a lipid membrane, which tend to be secreted toward extra‐cellular environments. Despite being defined as vesicles involved in excretion of molecular wastes by Rose Johnstone in the 1970s, further studies revealed them to be effective in various biological processes such as cancer development, regulation of the immune system, intercellular communication, stem cell biology, and tissue/organ regeneration. Although many studies dealing with the role of exosomes in stem cell differentiation and the use of exosomes isolated from stem cells for the treatment of several diseases have been published, the involved mechanisms remain largely unknown. Further understanding of these mechanisms, which include the involved cellular pathways, may improve the use of exosomes in diagnostic and treatment methods, especially for those involving stem cells. Here, we describe some recent data describing the action mechanism of stem cell‐derived exosomes focusing on the implicated cellular pathways, hoping to provide novel information that will be useful for cell biology scientists working in this field.
Risk stratification of periprocedural myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention: Analysis based on the SCAI definition
Authors: Zhang Dong , Li Yiping , Yin Dong , He Yuan , Chen Changzhe , Song Chenxi , Yan Ruohua , Zhu Chen'gang , Xu Bo , Dou Kefei
Published: February 2017

Objectives

To investigate the predictors of and generate a risk prediction method for periprocedural myocardial infarction (PMI) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using the new PMI definition proposed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI).

Background

The SCAI‐defined PMI was found to be associated with worse prognosis than the PMI diagnosed by other definitions. However, few large‐sample studies have attempted to predict the risk of SCAI‐defined PMI.

Methods

A total of 3,371 patients (3,516 selective PCIs) were included in this single‐center retrospective analysis. The diagnostic criteria for PMI were set according to the SCAI definition. All clinical characteristics, coronary angiography findings and PCI procedural factors were collected. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of PMI. To evaluate the risk of PMI, a multivariable risk score (PMI score) was constructed with incremental weights attributed to each component variable according to their estimated coefficients.

Results

PMI occurred in 108 (3.1%) of all patients. Age, multivessel treatment, at least one bifurcation treatment and total treated lesion length were independent predictors of SCAI‐defined PMI. PMI scores ranged from 0 to 20. The C‐statistic of PMI score was 0.71 (95% confidence interval: 0.66–0.76). PMI rates increased significantly from 1.96% in the non‐high‐risk group (PMI score < 10) to 6.26% in the high‐risk group (PMI score ≥ 10) (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Age, multivessel treatment, at least one bifurcation treatment, and total treated lesion length are predictive of PMI. The PMI score could help identify patients at high risk of PMI after PCI. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Birth of Nickel Phosphide Catalysts: Monitoring Phosphorus Insertion into Nickel
Authors: Carenco Sophie , Liu Zhi , Salmeron Miquel
Published: February 2017

Tri‐n‐octylphosphine (TOP) is used widely as a phosphorating agent to yield metal phosphide nanocatalysts, which are receiving intense attention because of their high performance in both electrochemical and hydrotreatment catalytic processes, such as the hydrogen evolution reaction and the hydrodesulfurization reaction. We used in situ ambient‐pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate the formation of nickel phosphide on the surface of a nickel foil at temperatures close to those employed to form nickel phosphide nanoparticles in the colloidal route. We showed that the onset of phosphorus insertion into nickel occurs at as low as 150 °C, which is much lower than that reported previously (>210 °C). Moreover, the formation of sp2 carbon was observed on the surface as the consequence of TOP alkyl chain decomposition. These findings provide new insights into the surface chemistry of metal phosphide nanoparticles, which are increasingly employed in several fields of catalysis. Our results demonstrate that even below 150 °C, significant phosphorus and carbon incorporation can occur during metal nanoparticle syntheses if TOP is employed as the stabilizing agent.
Role of Caesium in Higher Alcohol Synthesis over Modified Copper–Cobalt Nanocomposites under Mild Conditions
Authors: Das Subhasis , Sengupta Manideepa , Bordoloi Ankur
Published: February 2017

Cu–Co nanocomposites with and without Cs promoter on a modified lanthanum–alumina support were prepared by the combination of two unique synthesis methods. The synthesized materials were exclusively characterized by means of XRD, BET surface area determination, H2 temperature‐programmed reduction, CO2 temperature‐programmed desorption, N2O frontal chromatography, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high‐resolution TEM, and elemental mapping techniques, and its catalytic properties were thoroughly investigated for the selective synthesis of higher alcohols in the CO hydrogenation reaction by using a H2/CO ratio of 1, a temperature range of 180–300 °C and a pressure variation of 15–60 bar. Cs incorporation and a Cu/Co ratio of three was found to be a very efficient combination to obtain alcohol selectivities up to 55 %. This was explained by the fact that Cs increases the surface area of Cu particles by migrating Cu towards the surface layer and strengthens the surface interaction of Cu and Co. The further increase in higher alcohols selectivity then results from the limited formation of methane and carbon dioxide.
Preparation of 3D Reduced Graphene Oxide/MnO2 Nanocomposites through a Vacuum‐Impregnation Method and Their Electrochemical Capacitive Behavior
Authors: Zhong Jie , Yi Fenyun , Gao Aimei , Shu Dong , Huang Yulan , Li Zhibo , Zhu Weilie , He Chun , Meng Tao , Zhao Shixu
Published: February 2017

In this work, three‐dimensional (3D) porous reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is prepared by means of a microwave‐hydrothermal method, and then MnO2 is introduced in situ and anchored into the pores of the 3D‐rGO through a novel vacuum‐impregnation method to obtain the 3D‐rGO/MnO2 nanocomposite. SEM images show the honeycomb structure of the 3D‐rGO/MnO2, and MnO2 is tightly anchored on the surface and into the pores of 3D‐rGO. 3D‐rGO/MnO2 nanocomposite electrodes display excellent electrochemical capacitive behavior, owing to the synergetic effect between the porous 3D‐rGO with high conductivity and MnO2 with high theoretical capacitance. The 3D‐rGO/MnO2‐5 sample, with an optimum MnO2 content of (53.1%), gives the highest specific capacitance (278.5 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) and good rate capability. This sample also has remarkable cycling stability (93.5% capacitance retention after 10000 cycles). The 3D‐rGO/MnO2 nanocomposite could be considered as a potential candidate for supercapacitor electrode materials.
Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of High‐Voltage Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Synthesized by using Different Manganese Sources
Authors: Liu Yang , Lu Zhongpei , Deng Chenfang , Xu Wei , Hu Tao , Yan Bo , Yang Gang
Published: February 2017

The crystal structure and electrochemical performance of the 4.7 V cathode LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) are quite dependent on the amount of Mn3+ and ordering of Ni/Mn in the octahedral sites. This work attempts to study LNMO synthesized by using different manganese sources, in which the valence states of manganese are +2, +2/+3, +3 and +4. A small amount of Mn3+ existing in the spinel crystal structures of the obtained LNMO can dramatically affect the material's conductivity and electrochemical performance. Among the four studied samples, LNMO‐1 (with MnCO3 as the manganese source) delivers the highest specific capacity of 138 mAh g−1, higher than LNMO‐2 (Mn3O4 as the manganese source), LNMO‐3 (Mn2O3 as the manganese source), and LNMO‐4 (MnO2 as the manganese source). After 100 cycles at 0.2 C, LNMO‐1 still delivers the highest discharge capacity of 129 mAh g−1. This work provides an insight into the phenomenon of how manganese sources influence the lithium diffusion ability and crystal structure stability of LNMO as a cathode material for highly reversible lithium storage.
Assessment of Cooperativity in Ternary Peptide‐Cucurbit[8]uril Complexes
Authors: Cavatorta Emanuela , Jonkheijm Pascal , Huskens Jurriaan
Published: February 2017

Evaluating cooperativity for cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8])‐mediated ternary complexation is required for understanding and advancing designs of such ternary self‐assembled systems. A key issue is to dissect the contributions of the binding steps of the first and second guest molecules to the overall ternary complex formation energy. This is addressed by performing concentration‐dependent titrations between CB[8] and guests by means of concentration‐dependent calorimetric and 1H‐NMR titrations. The sensitivity of the fitting of the cumulative heat of complexation of the calorimetric titrations is evaluated in terms of fitting error and enthalpy–entropy compensation and, together with the NMR spectroscopic analysis of the separate species, non‐cooperative binding is conceived to be the most probable binding scenario. The binding behavior of CB[8] homoternary complexes is similar to CB[8] heteroternary complexes, with an enthalpy‐driven tight fit of the guests in the CB[8] cavity overcoming the entropic penalty. Also for these types of complexes, a non‐cooperative binding is the most probable.
Silver‐Mediated Base Pairs in DNA Incorporating Purines, 7‐Deazapurines, and 8‐Aza‐7‐deazapurines: Impact of Reduced Nucleobase Binding Sites and an Altered Glycosylation Position
Authors: Zhao Hang , Leonard Peter , Guo Xiurong , Yang Haozhe , Seela Frank
Published: February 2017

Formation of silver‐mediated DNA was studied with oligonucleotides incorporating 8‐aza‐7‐deazapurine, 7‐deazapurine, and purine nucleosides. The investigation was performed on non‐self‐complementary duplexes with one or two modifications and self‐complementary duplexes with an alternating dA–dT motif. Homo base pairs as well as base pair mismatches of dA analogues with dC and Watson–Crick pairs with dT were studied by stoichiometric silver ion titration and Tm measurements. N8‐Glycosylated 8‐aza‐7‐deazaadenine forms silver‐ion‐mediated base pairs capturing two silver ions (low silver content) whereas regularly glycosylated 8‐aza‐7‐deazapurine, 7‐deazapurine (c7Ad), and dA do not form comparable structures. Stable silver‐mediated “dA–dC” base pair mismatches were detected for all nucleosides. Two silver ions per base pair are bound by 8‐aza‐7‐deazapurine whereas c7Ad binds only one silver ion. The situation is different when the equivalents of silver ions were increased to the number of total base pairs. Surprisingly, in 12‐mer duplexes as well as in related 25‐mer duplexes every base pair consumed one silver ion.
Development of Polar Order by Liquid‐Crystal Self‐Assembly of Weakly Bent Molecules
Authors: Alaasar Mohamed , Prehm Marko , Poppe Silvio , Tschierske Carsten
Published: February 2017

Organic ferroelectrics are of growing importance for multifunctional materials. Here we provide an understanding of the distinct stages of the development of sterically induced polar order in liquid‐crystalline (LC) soft matter. Three series of weakly bent molecules derived from 4‐cyanoresorcinol as the bent core unit with laterally fluorinated azobenzene wings have been synthesized, and the effects of the position of fluorine substitution, alkyl‐chain length, and temperature on the LC self‐assembly and polar order were studied. In the LC phases a paraelectric–ferroelectric transition took place as the size of the polar domains gradually increased, thereby crossing a permittivity maximum, similar to inorganic solid‐state ferroelectrics. An increase in polar coherence length simultaneously led to a transition from synpolar to antipolar domain correlation in the high‐permittivity paraelectric range. Associated with the emergence of polar order was the development of a tilted organization of the molecules and a growing coherence of tilt. This led to a transition from non‐tilted via tilt‐randomized uniaxial to long‐range‐tilted biaxial smectic phases, and to surface‐stabilized symmetry breaking with the formation of chiral conglomerates and field‐induced tilt. Moreover, there is a remarkably strong effect of the position of fluorination; polar order is favored by peripheral core substitution and is suppressed by inside‐directed fluorination.
Near‐Infrared Light and pH Dual‐Responsive Targeted Drug Carrier Based on Core‐Crosslinked Polyaniline Nanoparticles for Intracellular Delivery of Cisplatin
Authors: You Chaoqun , Wu Hongshuai , Wang Minxing , Zhang Yawen , Wang Jingwen , Luo Yanghui , Zhai Lihai , Sun Baiwang , Zhang Xiangyang , Zhu Jin
Published: February 2017

Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles have received growing interest as one of the most promising agents for drug delivery. In the present work, functional and core‐crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) with poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PEG5k‐PCL10k) block copolymer and lecithin as biodegradable polymer doped with polyaniline was used to assemble nanoparticles which were prepared for targeted delivery and controlled release of cisplatin. The morphology of the polyaniline nanoparticles was determined by dynamic light scattering and the prepared nanoparticles showed a size of 83(±1) nm and a uniform spherical shape. For targeting to HER2 receptors, Herceptin was applied to guide the nanoparticles to breast cancer cells. Studies on cellular uptake and drug release of the nanocarriers showed that the prepared nanoparticles were efficiently taken up by breast cancer cells and the drug was released efficiently under acidic conditions when exposed to a near‐infrared laser (808 nm, 1.54 W) for 5 min. Our research highlights the great potential of near‐infrared light and pH dual‐responsive release by core‐crosslinked nanoparticles in nanobiomedicine.
Potassium Tantalate K6Ta10.8O30 with Tungsten Bronze Structure and Its Photocatalytic Property
Authors: Wang Junting , Xiao Chun , Wu Xiaoyong , Zhang Gaoke
Published: February 2017

With the tunable and flexible physicochemical properties, tantalate photocatalysts with tungsten bronze structure are worth being studied. In this work, we successfully synthesized a novel potassium tantalate K6Ta10.8O30 with tungsten bronze structure using a facile solid‐state reaction route. The effects of calcination time on the phase composition, morphology and crystallinity of the obtained samples were studied by XRD and SEM analyses. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of the samples was evaluated by the degradation of ARG dye under UV light irradiation. The results indicated that the K6Ta10.8O30 showed high photocatalytic activity for degradation of ARG and the photocatalytic degradation of ARG followed the first order kinetics. Furthermore, the possible photocatalytic mechanism of the K6Ta10.8O30 photocatalyst was proposed based on tungsten bronze structure feature and the scavengers experimental results. This study would give a new insight into tantalate photocatalysts.
Robust Ti‐ and Zr‐Based Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Photocatalysis
Authors: Sun Dengrong , Li Zhaohui
Published: February 2017

Photocatalysis represents a promising pathway for the direct conversion of solar energy to valuable chemical energy. Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), which are constructed from metal/metal clusters interconnected with organic ligands, have recently emerged as a promising candidate in this field. Among various MOFs, Ti‐ and Zr‐based MOFs have gained intensive interest in photocatalysis due to their relation to the commonly used photocatalyst (TiO2) and high stability. In this review, we summarized the recent applications of Ti‐ and Zr‐based MOFs in solar fuel production, including water reduction and oxidation, CO2 reduction and organics syntheses. Strategies to improve the MOF‐based photocatalysis via improving their light absorption and facilitate the charge separation were also demonstrated. Finally, opportunities and challenges facing the MOFs‐based photocatalysis, especially the Ti‐ and Zr containing MOFs were addressed.
Synthesis of Mesoporous (Ga1−xZnx)(N1−xOx) Using Layered Double Hydroxides as Precursors for Enhanced Visible‐Light Driven H2 Production
Authors: Li Xuedong , Zhang Qinghong , Wang Hongzhi , Li Yaogang
Published: February 2017

Mesoporous (Ga1−xZnx)(N1−xOx) hexagonal nanoplates were prepared by nitridation of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) containing Zn2+ and Ga3+ ions with different [Zn]/[Ga] ratios. Their specific surface areas ranged from 21.25 to 50.95 m2/g were much higher than those previously reported. The (Ga1−xZnx)(N1−xOx) showed broad visible light absorption and reduced band gaps with increasing Zn content. When [Zn]/[Ga] = 2, the (Ga1−xZnx)(N1−xOx) absorbed strongly the light of wavelength less than 525 nm and showed the highest visible light driven H2 production efficiency. After totally repeated runs for 30 h, the H2‐production activity of (Ga1−xZnx)(N1−xOx) did not fall off, indicating its good photochemical stability and photocatalytic activity for long time. Herein, the results provide new insights into (Ga1−xZnx)(N1−xOx) as high performance photocatalyst and their potential application in visible‐light driven water splitting H2 production.
The clinical utility of normal findings on noninvasive cardiac assessment in the prediction of atrial fibrillation
Authors: Venkatesh Sanjay , O'Neal Wesley T. , Broughton Stephen T. , Shah Amit J. , Soliman Elsayed Z.
Published: February 2017

Background

The absence of abnormalities on noninvasive cardiac assessment possibly confers a reduced risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) despite the presence of traditional risk factors.

Hypothesis

Normal findings on noninvasive cardiac assessment are associated with a lower risk of AF development.

Methods

We examined the clinical utility of normal findings on routine noninvasive cardiac assessment in 5331 participants (85% white; 57% women) from the Cardiovascular Health Study who were free of baseline AF. The combination of a normal electrocardiogram (ECG) + normal echocardiogram was assessed for the development of AF events. A normal ECG was defined as the absence of major or minor Minnesota code abnormalities. A normal echocardiogram was defined as the absence of contractile dysfunction, wall motion abnormalities, or abnormal left ventricular mass. Cox regression was used to compute the 10‐year risk of developing AF.

Results

During the 10‐year study period, a total of 951 (18%) AF events were detected. A normal ECG (multivariable hazard ratio [HR]: 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69‐0.92) and normal echocardiogram (multivariable HR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.65‐0.87) were associated with a reduced risk of AF in isolation. This association improved in those with normal ECG + normal echocardiogram (multivariable HR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.55‐0.79) compared with participants who had abnormal ECG + abnormal echocardiogram (referent).

Conclusions

Normal findings on routine noninvasive cardiac assessment identify persons in whom the risk of AF is low. Further studies are needed to explore the utility of this profile regarding the decision to implement certain risk factor modification strategies in older adults to reduce AF burden.
ST‐elevation acute myocardial infarction in pregnancy: 2016 update
Authors: Ismail Sahar , Wong Cynthia , Rajan Priya , Vidovich Mladen I.
Published: February 2017

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during pregnancy or the early postpartum period is rare, but can be devastating for both the mother and the fetus. There have been major advances in the diagnosis and treatment of acute coronary syndromes in the general population, but there is little consensus on the approach to diagnosis and treatment of pregnant women. This article reviews the literature relating to the pathophysiology of AMI in pregnant patients and the challenges in diagnosis and treatment of ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in this unique population. From a cardiologist, maternal–fetal medicine specialist, and anesthesiologist's perspective, we provide recommendations for the diagnosis and management of STEMI occurring during pregnancy.
Intracardiac echocardiography for verification for left atrial appendage thrombus presence detected by transesophageal echocardiography: the ActionICE II study
Authors: Baran Jakub , Zaborska Beata , Piotrowski Roman , Sikora‐Frąc Malgorzata , Pilichowska‐Paszkiet Ewa , Kułakowski Piotr
Published: February 2017

Background

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) remains the gold standard for exclusion of left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus in patients scheduled for direct electrical cardioversion (DEC) or atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. Recently, intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) of the pulmonary artery (PA) has been shown to provide excellent LAA images and to be useful in verification of equivocal TEE findings.

Hypothesis

ICE of the PA may have a role in detecting false‐positive TEE results.

Methods

Twenty‐one patients (12 male, age 65 ± 8 years, CHADS2VASC2 score [congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥ 75, age 65‐74, diabetes mellitus, stroke/TIA/thrombo‐embolism, vascular disease, sex female] = 2.2; HAS‐BLED score [hypertension, abnormal renal and liver function, stroke, bleeding, labile International Normalized Ratio, elderly, drugs or alcohol] = 1.1), in whom a thrombus in the LAA was detected during TEE before DEC or AF ablation, underwent ICE of the PA.

Results

On TEE, in 7 (33%) patients, the LAA thrombus was described as “solid” and in the remaining 14 (67%) as “soft.” Disagreement between the TEE and ICE (thrombus in TEE and no thrombus in ICE) was found in 9 (43%) patients. In the solid thrombus group, ICE confirmed thrombi existence in 6 and excluded thrombi in 1 patient. In the soft thrombus group, ICE confirmed thrombi in 6 patients and excluded thrombi in the remaining 8 patients. Of the demographic and clinical variables, only the longstanding persistent type of AF was significantly associated with the presence of an LAA thrombus detected both by TEE and ICE.

Conclusions

With TEE, a false positive of an LAA thrombus may be indicated, especially when a thrombus is described as soft rather than solid. Our study suggests that ICE may be a valuable option for verification of a TEE‐based diagnosis of a thrombus.
Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes/Polyethersulfone Blend Membranes for Removing Emerging Micropollutants
Authors: Wanda Elijah M. M. , Mamba Bhekie B. , Msagati Titus A. M.
Published: February 2017

Emerging micropollutants (EMPs) are ubiquitous in water systems and have become a worldwide issue of emerging environmental concern. This paper reports on the fabrication of nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes/polyethersulfone (N‐CNT/PES) blend membranes that have the potential to remove EMPs such as carbamazepine, galaxolide, caffeine, tonalide, technical 4‐nonylphenol, and bisphenol A from water. The target compounds were extracted and enriched by solid‐phase extraction and analyzed using comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography coupled‐to‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. The N‐CNT/PES blend membranes were synthesized using the modified phase‐inversion method and characterized for a variety of physicochemical properties. The permeation properties of the membranes were determined by computing rejection and pure water flux. The 0.01 wt% N‐CNT/PES blend membrane were observed to have highest surface area (94.3 ± 0.60 m2/g) and porosity (0.37 ± 0.03 cm3/g). The water flux of the membranes was enhanced by the addition of N‐CNTs to the pristine PES membranes. The contact angles for the N‐CNT/PES blend membranes gradually declined from 78.39° for the PES membrane to 62.7°, 58.9°, and 58.75° for the 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 wt% N‐CNT/PES blend membranes, respectively. The N‐CNT/PES blend membranes were highly proficient in removing the selected EMPs with the highest and lowest removal efficiencies being 99.20–99.92% (for galaxolide) and 84.61–87.21% (for caffeine), respectively. The results show the superior capability of the N‐CNT/PES blend membranes in removing EMPs from water.
Effects of induction docetaxel, platinum, and fluorouracil chemotherapy in patients with stage III or IVA/B nasopharyngeal cancer treated with concurrent chemoradiation therapy: Final results of 2 parallel phase 2 clinical trials
Authors: Kong Lin , Zhang Youwang , Hu Chaosu , Guo Ye , Lu Jiade J.
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

The effects of docetaxel, platinum, and fluorouracil (TPF) induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) on locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) are unclear. This study examined the long‐term outcomes of the addition of this regimen to CCRT for stage III and IVA/B NPC.

METHODS

Two parallel, single‐arm phase 2 trials were performed synchronously to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of TPF‐based induction chemotherapy in patients with stage III or IVA/B NPC. The induction chemotherapy, which preceded standard intensity‐modulated radiation therapy/platinum‐based chemoradiation, consisted of 3 cycles of docetaxel (75 mg/m2 on day 1), cisplatin (75 mg/m2 on day 1), and a continuous infusion of fluorouracil (500 mg/m2/d on days 1‐5) every 4 weeks. The primary endpoint for both trials was 5‐year overall survival (OS).

RESULTS

Between January 2007 and July 2010, 52 eligible patients with stage III NPC and 64 eligible patients with nonmetastatic stage IV NPC were accrued to the 2 trials. With a median follow‐up of 67 months, the 5‐year OS, progression‐free survival, distant metastasis–free survival, and local progression‐free survival (LPFS) rates were all improved in comparison with historical benchmarks for patients with stage III or IVA/IVB NPC. Multivariate analyses indicated that T and N classifications (T1/T2 vs T3/T4 and N3 vs N0‐N2) were the only significant prognosticators for OS. The number of induction chemotherapy cycles was the only significant prognostic factor for predicting LPFS.

CONCLUSIONS

TPF‐based induction chemotherapy appears to significantly improve outcomes in comparison with historical data when it is administered before CCRT for locoregionally advanced NPC. A phase 3 trial is currently being performed to confirm this benefit. Cancer 2017;123:2258–2267. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Impact of an alternative chromosome 17 probe and the 2013 American Society of Clinical Oncology and College of American Pathologists guidelines on fluorescence in situ hybridization for the determination of HER2 gene amplification in breast cancer
Authors: Donaldson Alana R. , Shetty Shashirekha , Wang Zhen , Rivera Christine L. , Portier Bryce P. , Budd G. Thomas , Downs‐Kelly Erinn , Lanigan Christopher P. , Calhoun Benjamin C.
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

The dual‐probe fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene amplification in breast cancer provides an HER2:CEP17 (centromere enumeration probe for chromosome 17) ratio. Copy number alteration (CNA) in CEP17 may skew this ratio. The authors analyzed the impact of the 2013 American Society of Oncology/College of American Pathologists (ASCO/CAP) guidelines and an alternative chromosome 17 probe on HER2 status in tumor specimens with CEP17 CNA.

METHODS

Specimens with CEP17 CNA (n = 310) were selected from 3048 tumor samples that were received from January 2013 to June 2015 for testing with the alternative chromosome 17 probe D17S122. Reclassification of HER2 status was assessed using the 2007 and 2013 ASCO/CAP guidelines.

RESULTS

The alternative chromosome 17 probe reclassified 82 of 310 (26.5%) and 87 of 310 (28.1%) tumors using the 2007 and 2013 guidelines, respectively. Of the 41 of 310 tumors (13.2%) that were reclassified from nonamplified to amplified according to 2007 guidelines, 28 of 41 (68.3%) had an average HER2 copy number ≥4.0 and <6.0. The 39 of 310 tumors (12.6%) that were reclassified from equivocal to amplified according to 2013 guidelines had a mean HER2 copy number between ≥4.0 and <6.0. Most of these patients had stage I, hormone receptor‐positive, lymph node‐negative tumors, which is an unusual clinicopathologic profile for HER2‐amplified tumors, and most received HER2‐targeted therapy in addition to endocrine therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Reflex testing with an alternative chromosome 17 probe using the 2013 ASCO/CAP guidelines reclassified 28.1% of tumor samples that had CEP17 CNA, converting nearly one‐half from equivocal to amplified. The benefit of HER2‐targeted therapy in this patient population requires further study. Cancer 2017;123:2230–2239. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Thyroid cytology—nuclear versus architectural atypia within the “Atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance” Bethesda category have significantly different rates of malignancy
Authors: Gan Tiffany Rui Xuan , Nga Min En , Lum Jeffrey Huey Yew , Wong Wendy Meihua , Tan Wee Boon , Parameswaran Rajeev , Ngiam Kee Yuan
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology is the most widely used classification system for the reporting of thyroid fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) specimens. However, the “atypical” category (“atypia of undetermined significance” [AUS] or “follicular lesion of undetermined significance” [FLUS]) continues to cause diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. The objectives of this study were to describe the differential malignancy rates of FNACs diagnosed as AUS/FLUS based on nuclear or architectural atypia and to assess the significance of demographic and ultrasonographic features in predicting malignancy in this category.

METHODS

A retrospective review was performed of all thyroid FNACs between 2008 and 2014 that were diagnosed as AUS/FLUS at a tertiary referral center in Singapore. Patient demographics, preoperative ultrasonographic features, and follow‐up data were collected and correlated with the final histopathologic diagnosis in resected cases.

RESULTS

In total, 309 thyroid nodules were diagnosed as AUS/FLUS, and 137 (44%) were surgically excised. Final histology yielded 37 (27%) malignancies. The malignancy rate for nodules that featured nuclear atypia was significantly higher at 36.8% than the rate for nodules that had only architectural atypia at 14.7% (P < .01). After up to 3 repeat FNACs, 67.1% of cases had a more definitive diagnosis. The only predictive sonographic finding for malignancy was irregular margins (P < .01).

CONCLUSIONS

The disparity between malignancy risks within the Bethesda “atypical” category suggests that cytologic (nuclear) atypia is significantly more predictive of malignancy than architectural atypia. This supports the substratification of patients according to risk and a corresponding management approach within this category. A sonographic finding of irregular margins is also predictive for malignancy. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:245–256. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Cytological, molecular, and clinical features of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features versus invasive forms of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Zhao Liena , Dias‐Santagata Dora , Sadow Peter M. , Faquin William C.
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

The noninvasive follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has an indolent clinical behavior in comparison with other PTCs, including the invasive follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (IFVPTC). Recently, the term noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features (NIFTP) was introduced to emphasize the low biological potential of these tumors. This study compares clinical, cytological, and molecular features of NIFTP and IFVPTC.

METHODS

The study consisted of 97 thyroid fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) cases with corresponding surgical pathology from the pathology archives of the Massachusetts General Hospital. The collected patient data included the following: age, sex, type of surgery, tumor size, and prior cytological diagnosis with The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. A molecular analysis using anchored multiplex polymerase chain reaction was performed for all cases. Each case was reviewed and subclassified histologically as NIFTP or IFVPTC. Cytology slides were scored semiquantitatively for nuclear atypia. The statistical analysis was performed with the nonparametric Mann‐Whitney test.

RESULTS

The 97‐case cohort consisted of 50 NIFTP cases and 47 IFVPTC cases, including 18 encapsulated IFVPTC cases and 29 nonencapsulated IFVPTC cases. Differences in the type of surgery (P = .0399), molecular features (P = .0141), cytological classification (P = .0266), and nuclear scores (P = .0141) between NIFTP and IFVPTC were observed. There was overlap in the cytological classification of NIFTP and IFVPTC; however, NIFTP was more often classified as atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance or follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm in comparison with both subsets of IFVPTC. NIFTP was primarily associated with mutations in RAS, whereas an equal number of IFVPTC cases were associated with BRAFV600E or with RAS mutations.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite differences in the cytological classification and molecular profiles between NIFTP and IFVPTC, the degree of overlap makes it unlikely that most cases of NIFTP and IFVPTC can be accurately distinguished with FNAB. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:323–331. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Dependence of Ion Transport on the Electronegativity of the Constituting Atoms in Ionic Crystals
Authors: Zhang Qian , Kaghazchi Payam
Published: February 2017

Ion transport in electrode and electrolyte materials is a key process in Li‐based batteries. In this work, we study the mechanism and activation energy of ion transport (
) in rock‐salt Li‐based LiX (X=Cl, Br, and I) materials. It is found that
at low external voltages, where Li–X Schottky pairs are the most favorable defect types, is about 0.42 times the Gibbs energy of formation of LiX compound (
). The value of 0.42 is the slope of the electronegativity of anions of binary Li‐based materials as a function of
. At high voltages, where the Fermi level is located very close to the valence band maximum (VBM), electrons can be excited from the VB to Li vacancy‐induced states close to the Fermi level. Under this condition, the formation of Li vacancies that are compensated by holes is energetically more favorable than that of Li–X Schottky pairs, and therefore, the activation energies are lower in the former case. The wide range of reported experimental values of activation energies lies between calculated values at low and high voltage regimes. This work motivates further studies on the relation between the activation energy for ionic conductivity in solid materials and the intrinsic ground‐state properties of their free atoms.
Mechanistic Insights into Ethylene Transformations on Ir(111) by Density Functional Calculations and Microkinetic Modeling
Authors: Shi Xue‐Rong , Kong Haijuan , Wang Shengguang , Wang Hui , Qin Zhangfeng , Wang Jianguo
Published: February 2017

Ethylidyne, ethane, and carbon monomer formations from ethylene over Ir(111) at different coverages are investigated using density functional theory methods. Two possible reaction mechanisms for ethylidyne formation are investigated. The calculations show that vinyl prefers the dehydrogenation to yield vinylidene (M2) over the hydrogenation to produce ethylidene (M1) kinetically and thermodynamically at 1/9 (1/3) ML. Ethylidyne formation could be a competitive side reaction of ethylene hydrogenation, however, the ethylidyne species does not directly participate in the ethylene hydrogenation mechanism. The mechanism for C monomer formation is also studied. Microkinetic modeling shows that the ethylene hydrogenation reactivity decreases in the sequence Ir(111)>Rh(111)>Pd(111)>Pt(111) under typical hydrogenation conditions. The catalytic activity of ethylene hydrogenation decreases with increased stability of ethylene adsorption and reaction barrier of the rate‐limiting step.
Lifetime fitness consequences of early‐life ecological hardship in a wild mammal population
Authors: Marshall Harry H. , Vitikainen Emma I. K. , Mwanguhya Francis , Businge Robert , Kyabulima Solomon , Hares Michelle C. , Inzani Emma , Kalema‐Zikusoka Gladys , Mwesige Kenneth , Nichols Hazel J. , Sanderson Jennifer L. , Thompson Faye J. , Cant Michael A.
Published: February 2017

Early‐life ecological conditions have major effects on survival and reproduction. Numerous studies in wild systems show fitness benefits of good quality early‐life ecological conditions (“silver‐spoon” effects). Recently, however, some studies have reported that poor‐quality early‐life ecological conditions are associated with later‐life fitness advantages and that the effect of early‐life conditions can be sex‐specific. Furthermore, few studies have investigated the effect of the variability of early‐life ecological conditions on later‐life fitness. Here, we test how the mean and variability of early‐life ecological conditions affect the longevity and reproduction of males and females using 14 years of data on wild banded mongooses (Mungos mungo). Males that experienced highly variable ecological conditions during development lived longer and had greater lifetime fitness, while those that experienced poor early‐life conditions lived longer but at a cost of reduced fertility. In females, there were no such effects. Our study suggests that exposure to more variable environments in early life can result in lifetime fitness benefits, whereas differences in the mean early‐life conditions experienced mediate a life‐history trade‐off between survival and reproduction. It also demonstrates how early‐life ecological conditions can produce different selection pressures on males and females.
Phylogenetics and biogeography of the two‐wing flyingfish (Exocoetidae: Exocoetus)
Authors: Lewallen Eric A. , Bohonak Andrew J. , Bonin Carolina A. , van Wijnen Andre J. , Pitman Robert L. , Lovejoy Nathan R.
Published: February 2017

Two‐wing flyingfish (Exocoetus spp.) are widely distributed, epipelagic, mid‐trophic organisms that feed on zooplankton and are preyed upon by numerous predators (e.g., tunas, dolphinfish, tropical seabirds), yet an understanding of their speciation and systematics is lacking. As a model of epipelagic fish speciation and to investigate mechanisms that increase biodiversity, we studied the phylogeny and biogeography of Exocoetus, a highly abundant holoepipelagic fish taxon of the tropical open ocean. Morphological and molecular data were used to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships, species boundaries, and biogeographic patterns of the five putative Exocoetus species. We show that the most widespread species (E. volitans) is sister to all other species, and we find no evidence for cryptic species in this taxon. Sister relationship between E. monocirrhus (Indo‐Pacific) and E. obtusirostris (Atlantic) indicates the Isthmus of Panama and/or Benguela Barrier may have played a role in their divergence via allopatric speciation. The sister species E. peruvianus and E. gibbosus are found in different regions of the Pacific Ocean; however, our molecular results do not show a clear distinction between these species, indicating recent divergence or ongoing gene flow. Overall, our phylogeny reveals that the most spatially restricted species are more recently derived, suggesting that allopatric barriers may drive speciation, but subsequent dispersal and range expansion may affect the distributions of species.
CD11b regulates the Treg/Th17 balance in murine arthritis via IL‐6
Authors: Stevanin Mathias , Busso Nathalie , Chobaz Véronique , Pigni Matteo , Ghassem‐Zadeh Sahar , Zhang Li , Acha‐Orbea Hans , Ehirchiou Driss
Published: February 2017

Th17 cells are often associated with autoimmunity and been shown to be increased in CD11b−/− mice. Here, we examined the role of CD11b in murine collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA). C57BL/6 and CD11b−/− resistant mice were immunized with type II collagen. CD11b−/− mice developed arthritis with early onset, high incidence, and sustained severity compared with C57BL/6 mice. We observed a marked leukocyte infiltration, and histological examinations of the arthritic paws from CD11b−/− mice revealed that the cartilage was destroyed in association with strong lymphocytic infiltration. The CD11b deficiency led to enhanced Th17‐cell differentiation. CD11b−/− dendritic cells (DCs) induced much stronger IL‐6 production and hence Th17‐cell differentiation than wild‐type DCs. Treatment of CD11b−/− mice after establishment of the Treg/Th17 balance with an anti‐IL‐6 receptor mAb significantly suppressed the induction of Th17 cells and reduced arthritis severity. Finally, the severe phenotype of arthritis in CD11b−/− mice was rescued by adoptive transfer of CD11b+ DCs. Taken together, our results indicate that the resistance to CIA in C57BL/6 mice is regulated by CD11b via suppression of IL‐6 production leading to reduced Th17‐cell differentiation. Therefore, CD11b may represent a susceptibility factor for autoimmunity and could be a target for future therapy.
NK‐cell receptors NKp46 and NCR1 control human metapneumovirus infection
Authors: Diab Mohammad , Glasner Ariella , Isaacson Batya , Bar‐On Yotam , Drori Yaron , Yamin Rachel , Duev‐Cohen Alexandra , Danziger Oded , Zamostiano Rachel , Mandelboim Michal , Jonjic Stipan , Bacharach Eran , Mandelboim Ofer
Published: February 2017

Natural killer (NK) cells are capable of killing various pathogens upon stimulation of activating receptors. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus, which was discovered in 2001 and is responsible for acute respiratory tract infection in infants and children worldwide. HMPV infection is very common, infecting around 70% of all children under the age of five. Under immune suppressive conditions, HMPV infection can be fatal. Not much is known on how NK cells respond to HMPV. In this study, using reporter assays and NK‐cell cytotoxicity assays performed with human and mouse NK cells, we demonstrated that the NKp46‐activating receptor and its mouse orthologue Ncr1, both members of the natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) family, recognized an unknown ligand expressed by HMPV‐infected human cells. We demonstrated that MHC class I is upregulated and MICA is downregulated upon HMPV infection. We also characterized mouse NK‐cell phenotype in the blood and the lungs of HMPV‐infected mice and found that lung NK cells are more activated and expressing NKG2D, CD43, CD27, KLRG1, and CD69 compared to blood NK cells regardless of HMPV infection. Finally, we demonstrated, using Ncr1‐deficient mice, that NCR1 plays a critical role in controlling HMPV infection.
Structural, Electrochemical, and Photochemical Properties of Mono‐ and Digold(I) Complexes Containing Mesoionic Carbenes
Authors: Hettmanczyk Lara , Spall Steven J. P. , Klenk Sinja , van der Meer Margarethe , Hohloch Stephan , Weinstein Julia A. , Sarkar Biprajit
Published: February 2017

Triazolylidenes are a prominent class of mesoionic carbenes (MICs) that are currently widely used in organometallic chemistry. Usually the metal complexes of such ligands are used as homogeneous catalysts even though they have vast potential in other branches of chemistry. We present here three related gold(I) complexes with MIC ligands: a neutral mononuclear chlorido complex [AuCl(MIC)], a cationic mononuclear complex containing two MIC ligands [Au(MIC)2]BF4, and a dicationic digold(I) complex containing two di‐MIC ligands [Au2(κ1,κ1,µ‐di‐MIC)2](BF4)2. The complexes were characterized by 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The gold(I) centers are linearly coordinated through either one MIC‐C and chlorido donors or through two MIC‐C donors. The triazolylidenes display a delocalized bonding situation within the ring. Additionally, a short Au–Au distance of about 3 Å is observed for the digold(I) complex. All complexes display reduction steps in their cyclic voltammograms, and these are assigned to the reduction of the MIC ligands, as opposed to the generation of gold(0). The complexes emit at ca. 500 nm, with lifetimes of several microseconds in deoxygenated solutions; the emission intensity and lifetime are strongly decreased by the presence of oxygen, supporting the triplet origin of the emissive state. The present results display the utility of MIC ligands for generating electro‐ and photoactive molecules.
Supercritical CO2 extraction of linseed: Optimization by experimental design with regards to oil yield and composition
Authors: Rombaut Natacha , Savoire Raphaëlle , Van Hecke Elisabeth , Thomasset Brigitte
Published: February 2017

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of CO2 pressure, temperature, and CO2 flow rate on supercritical fluid extraction of linseed oil using neat CO2. Chosen methodology is based on central composite rotatable design, responses studied are extract yield, oil yield, water‐extract ratio, oil γ‐tocopherol content, oil polyphenols content, alpha linolenic acid proportion in oil, and oil acid value. Acid value, tocopherol content, and linolenic acid proportion are independent responses of studied factors. On other responses, only pressure and temperature have an influence. Based on response surface analysis and multiresponses optimization, optimal conditions for oil yield, and oil polyphenol content maximization and water‐extract minimization were determined (42.5 MPa, 120°C, 12.5 kg/h [125 g/g solvent:feed ratio]). Optimal conditions were tested and validated on three linseed varieties. A maximal oil yield of ≈60% was reached containing up to 100 mg FAE/kg oil.

Practical applications: Results of this study can be applied for developing a new linseed oil extraction process based on supercritical fluid extraction without co‐solvent addition. The optimized process permits an increased extraction of antioxidants. Extraction of antioxidants such as γ‐tocopherol or polyphenols could provide a protection of oil against oxidation. This protection is of great interest for sensitive oils such as the highly polyunsaturated linseed oil. Application to other oleaginous seeds is also possible.

Supercritical CO2 extraction of linseed oil is optimized through design of experiment with regards to oil yield and oil quality. Optimization enable to identify conditions (42.5 MPa, 120°C) that favors oil yield (≈60%) while enhancing oil polyphenols content (50–100 mg FAE/kg). Extraction performances are variety dependent.
CuBr2/TBHP‐Promoted Selective Dibromination and Bromohydroxylation of (Diphenylphosphoryl)allenes
Authors: Liu Tian , Sun Jing , Wang Qiang , Li Lei , Zhou Ming‐Dong
Published: February 2017

A cooperative CuBr2 and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) system allowed for the highly stereoselective dibromination and bromohydroxylation reactions of (diphenylphosphoryl)allenes under mild (room temperature) and operationally simple conditions. These reactions selectively proceeded through either a dibromination or bromohydroxylation process and are characterized by their broad substrate scope (22 examples), their step economy, and ability to be carried out on a gram scale. This method offers a useful protocol to access allyl bromides and alcohols. Moreover, synthetic applications of the dibromination products include a Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction and copper‐catalyzed cascade process, which could also afford various important derivatives.