bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of customer orientation in improving services in public administration
Authors: Ludwiczak Anna
Published: July 2014

The article presents the problem of improvement in public administration offices in one of the most important current principles of quality management - customer orientation in the context of the functioning of these units in quality management systems compliant with the requirements of BS EN ISO 9001:2009. The results of the author’s research in the use of this orientation in selected government offices are presented. The article explores the deficiencies that occur in the offices surveyed in this respect and presents examples of possible methods and tools for the study of the needs, requirements and expectations of customers and techniques for the measurement of their satisfaction that may be used in public administration
The economic value building creation in the group purchasing and sales organizations
Authors: Roszkowska-Hołysz Dorota
Published: July 2014

Participation in buying and sales groups of independent companies gives the opportunity to win rent in different areas of their business. The article lists the described areas. Based on the literature, an attempt was made to name the individual rents.
Budget of the EU and Common Agricultural Policy for 2014-2020 in the light of the polish interests
Authors: Czyżewski Andrzej , Stępień Sebastian
Published: July 2014

The objective of the paper is to present the results of negotiations on the EU budget for 2014-2020, with particular emphasis on the Common Agricultural Policy. Authors indicate the steps for establishing the budget, from the proposal of the European Commission presented in 2011, ending with the draft of UE budget agreed at the meeting of the European Council on February 2013 and the meeting of the AGRIFISH on March 2013 and then approved by the political agreement of the European Commission, European Parliament and European Council on June 2013. In this context, there will be an assessment of the new budget from the point of view of Polish economy and agriculture.
1 Corinthians 14:26-40 in the Theological Rhetoric of the Admonition Controversy
Authors: Graves Daniel F.
Published: July 2014

This paper discusses competing notions of the concept of ‘order’ in the Admonition Controversy with respect to the interpretation of the decorum of 1 Corinthians 14:26-30, a text principally concerned with order in worship. As the controversy ensued the understanding of ‘order’ broadened to include church discipline and polity, both Puritan and Conformist alike constructed their polemic with a rhetorical appeal to the Pauline text in question-interpretations at odds with each other. Furthermore, both sides understood their interpretation as standing faithfully in the tradition of Calvin. This paper follows the appeals to 1 Corinthians 14:26-40 by Advanced Protestants and Conformists from its use in the treatise ‘Of Ceremonies’ found in the Book of Common Prayer, through the Admonition to the Parliament, the responses of John Whitgift and Thomas Cartwright, and finally Richard Hooker’s Preface to the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie.
Late Holocene Changes in Vegetation of the Mrągowo Lakeland (Ne Poland) as Registered in the Pollen Record From Lake Salęt
Authors: Szal Marta , Kupryjanowicz Mirosława , Wyczółkowski Mariusz
Published: July 2014

Pollen analysis of sediments from the upper part of bottom deposits from Lake Salęt allowed reconstruction of main stages of the Late Holocene vegetation transformation in the Mrągowo Lake District (from ca. 3600 cal. years BC) and to correlate some of these changes with immigration and economic activity of local human groups. Significant spreading of secondary semi-natural birch forest, development of horn beam forest and increasing importance of anthropogenic open communities were the most characteristic features of vegetation evolution. A definite break down of elm took place between 2900 and 2500 cal. years BC, slightly after increased contribution of birch in wood lands. Disappearance of hazel around 1200 cal. years BC, accompanied by expansion of horn beam has been observed and should be linked with activity of the Ząbie-Szestno type culture and the Lusatian culture tribes during the Bronze Age, but not with a climate change. Considerable intensification of settlement processes recorded in the younger part of the Subatlantic chronozone was one of the important reasons that were responsible for quick changes in forest structure. Strong and continued deforestation started as early as the end of the 10thcentury AD and was substantially intensified in the first half of the 13thcentury.
Unique Reactivity of Fluorinated Molecules with Transition Metals
Authors: Catalán Silvia , Munoz Sócrates B. , Fustero Santos
Published: July 2014

Organofluorine and organometallic chemistry by themselves constitute two potent areas in organic synthesis. Thus, the combination of both offers many chemical possibilities and represents a powerful tool for the design and development of new synthetic methodologies leading to diverse
molecular structures in an efficient manner. Given the importance of the selective introduction of fluorine atoms into organic molecules and the effectiveness of transition metals in C–C and C–heteroatom bond formation, this review represents an interesting read for this aim.
First Isolation of Enantiopure Perfluoroalkylated Sulfilimines and Sulfoximines
Authors: Le Thanh-Nghi , Kolodziej Emilie , Diter Patrick , Pégot Bruce , Bournaud Chloée , Toffano Martial , Guilot Régis , Vo-Thanh Giang , Magnier Emmanuel
Published: July 2014

Mono-, di- and trifluoromethyl sulfilimines and sulfoximines have been isolated for the first time in enantiopure form by separation of the racemate by supercritical fluid chromatography. The electrophilic trifluoromethylating Shibata reagent has been prepared as a single enantiomer.
Life Sciences HES-SO Valais/Wallis: Applied Research for Innovators
Authors: Heinzelmann Elsbeth
Published: July 2014

The Institute of Life Technologies at the HES-SO Valais/Wallis in Sion focuses on the areas of peptide and protein technologies, life and bioresource technologies, food and natural products and diagnostic systems. With this network of complementary areas of expertise, the institute
can offer industrial partners a broad spectrum of integrated solutions.
Generational Gaps and Paradoxes Regarding Electricity Consumption and Saving
Authors: Schmidt Luísa , Horta Ana , Correia Augusta , Fonseca Susana
Published: July 2014

In a time of economic crisis the need to adopt energy conservation practices comes to the fore. It is helpful to evaluate the role of young people as both consumers and potential agents of change bridging the gap between school and family to encourage lower household energy consumption. Based on two surveys of parents and students of a secondary school in Lisbon, plus in-depth interviews with parents, this article analyzes the complexity of this challenge, highlighting adults' perceptions of their children's contribution to energy saving. Results show that parents see young people as major energy consumers. Young people's engagement with electronic equipment as essential components of their lifestyles and their belief in technology as a solution to energy problems thwart them from being promoters of energy saving. In this context of scarcity, parents try to protect their children's well-being and opportunities in life by accepting their children's unrestricted energy use.
The potential effects of percolating snowmelt on palynological records from firn and glacier ice
Authors: Ewing Michael E. , Reese Carl A. , Nolan Matthew A.
Published: July 2014

The effects of meltwater percolation on pollen in snow, firn and glacial ice are not fully understood and currently hamper the use of pollen in ice-core studies of paleoclimate. Several studies have suggested that, due to grain size, pollen is not mobilized by meltwater transport. However, these findings contradict many ice-core pollen studies that show pollen concentrations in snow and firn are much higher than concentrations found in the ice layers they eventually form. This study addresses one aspect of this question by investigating whether meltwater percolation can effectively transport pollen within a snowpack. We used nine Styrofoam coolers filled by natural snow accumulation. The coolers were tested in three groups of three replicates each to simulate different glacier snowpack conditions, and spiked at the surface with a known amount of Lycopodium marker spores. The snow was melted to two-thirds the original volume, sampled stratigraphically and tested for spore concentrations. Meltwater effluent was also collected and examined. Results show substantial vertical and horizontal spore transport during the experiment. Peak spore concentrations were found in the bottommost snow layer or in the meltwater effluent in eight of nine coolers, indicating that the majority of surface spores were transported through the snowpack via meltwater percolation and/or runoff.
Les transports et l'organisation de l'espace autour des grandes villes françaises
Authors: Andan Odile
Published: July 2014

Abstract. - Having distinguished three basic variables (population distribution, urban network, bussing organization) the A. discovers seven factors that allow him to classify thirty five french towns. The main three factors are urban encroachment, structure and ability of the transportation system.
Pyrene-modified PNAs: Stacking interactions and selective excimer emission in PNA2DNA triplexes
Authors: Manicardi Alex , Guidi Lucia , Ghidini Alice , Corradini Roberto
Published: July 2014

Pyrene derivatives can be incorporated into nucleic acid analogs in order to obtain switchable probes or supramolecular architectures. In this paper, peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) containing 1 to 3 1-pyreneacetic acid units (PNA1–6) with a sequence with prevalence of pyrimidine bases, complementary to cystic fibrosis W1282X point mutation were synthesized. These compounds showed sequence-selective switch-on of pyrene excimer emission in the presence of target DNA, due to PNA2DNA triplex formation, with stability depending on the number and positioning of the pyrene units along the chain. An increase in triplex stability and a very high mismatch-selectivity, derived from combined stacking and base-pairing interactions, were found for PNA2, bearing two distant pyrene units.
INTEGRATION OF THE ICAO TRAINING INSTITUTE INTO THE INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION NETWORK
Authors: Kulyk Mykola , Suslova Galyna
Published: July 2014

Training plays a crucial role in ensuring the development and implementation of international Standards and Recommended Practices in aviation activities. Considering the existing policies and practices, the experts agreed on seven principles that the pan-European training policy should follow: promoting training, developing competency- based training, establishing an aviation culture, fostering mutual recognition, anticipating needs, supporting competition in training, ensuring quality of training and establishing a partnership with non-ECAC States. The ICAO Training Institute (National Aviation University, Kiev, Ukraine) fully meets the membership criteria of the European ECAC Network of Training Organisations and is accepted as a member of the network. The key activities include negotiations on cooperation, quality improvement and experience exchange, coordination of training programmes, development of new training programmes and training materials and creation of the pool of non-mandatory training courses.
Reliability of Clinical Symptoms in Diagnosing Temporomandibular Joint Arthritis in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Koos Bernd , Twilt Marinka , Kyank Ullrike , Fischer-Brandies Helge , Gassling Volker , Tzaribachev Nikolay
Published: July 2014

Objective.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthritis, commonly considered oligoarthritic/asymptomatic, occurs frequently in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), and gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (Gd-MRI) has proved to be a sensitive diagnostic tool in this context. We compared the reliability of clinical examinations to Gd-MRI results in diagnosing the condition.

Methods.

Patients with JIA (134 consecutive) underwent routine clinical and Gd-MRI examinations. The clinical items examined were clicking, tenderness (TMJ/adjacent muscles), and mouth-opening capacity. Blinded MRI reading focused on inflammation (synovitis/hypertrophy). After statistical power analysis, the clinical findings for 134 healthy controls were included. Contingency analysis was used to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and frequency of clinical symptoms (JIA/healthy controls); Cohen’s κ was used to establish the interrater reliability.

Results.

Statistically significant differences were observed between JIA and healthy control groups with regard to the concise screening items (power analysis > 0.95), whereas no differences in mouth-opening capacity were noted. In 80% of the patients with JIA, Gd-MRI revealed signs of TMJ arthritis, with positive correlations between concise screening items and Gd-MRI results. The average specificity was 0.81, but the sensitivity was low, at 0.42. Combining items led to a marked increase in the sensitivity (0.73). There was a high rate of both false-negative and false-positive results (corresponding to clinical underdiagnosis or overdiagnosis of TMJ arthritis).

Conclusion.

Despite a relatively high specificity, clinical examination alone does not seem sufficiently sensitive to adequately detect TMJ arthritis. Thus, a relatively high number of cases will be missed or overdiagnosed, potentially leading to undertreatment or overtreatment. Gd-MRI may support correct diagnosis, thereby helping to prevent undertreatment or overtreatment.
Voluntarily exposure to a single, high dose of probiotic Escherichia coli results in prolonged colonisation
Authors: Wassenaar T.M. , Beimfohr C. , Geske T. , Zimmermann K.
Published: July 2014

The ability of probiotic Escherichia coli to colonise the human gut was determined in a volunteer study following national (German) regulations. Five persons voluntarily took a single, high dose of Symbioflor®2, which contains 6 different probiotic E. coli genotypes, to assess tolerance of the product, after which presence of E. coli in their faeces was tested for a follow-up period of 30 weeks. Intake of the product did not result in severe side effect in any of the individuals, though mild side effects were observed. Stool analysis showed that the probiotic E. coli had colonised all five persons for a period of 10 to 30 weeks (mean: 18.7 weeks, median: 25.7 weeks). In two individuals there was evidence of competition between host E. coli and probiotic E. coli, while in two others total E. coli levels increased persistently with at least a factor of 10 as a result of the received dose. In one individual, who had lacked detectable levels of faecal E. coli at the start of the post-authorisation safety study, long-term colonisation was established, first by probiotic E. coli exclusively, which were later replaced by host E. coli strains. In four out of five individuals, total E. coli faecal counts were higher on average than at the start of the experiment, while in none total levels exceeded 5×107 cfu/g. When the specific genotypes of the 6 probiotic E. coli were analysed, it was found that one and the same common genotype was responsible for prolonged colonisation in all five individuals.
Implementation of a Continuing Education Model for Nurses in Bangladesh
Authors: Tyer-Viola Lynda A. , Timmreck Emily , Bhavani Ganga
Published: July 2014

An abundance of information is available to help nurses to provide evidence-based patient care. Professional nursing practice depends on the commitment of nurses to obtain new knowledge through continuing education. In many global settings, regulatory agencies oversee nurse registration and licensing. However, once they complete their formal nursing education, nurses often receive no further professional education. To ensure their continued competency, all nurses need to participate in continuing education and professional development. A partnership between a clinical agency and practicing nurses to implement an educational program allows nurses to obtain new nursing knowledge and apply it immediately in the clinical setting. This article discusses the need for continuing education for all practicing nurses and describes the implementation of a model for professional development of nurses in Bangladesh.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2013;44(10):470–476.
Patient Navigation in Oncology Nursing: An Innovative Blended Learning Model
Authors: Crawford Joanne , Brudnoy Liat , Soong Tracy , Graham Thomas
Published: July 2014

Nurses are ideally suited to assume professional patient navigation roles in cancer care. Continuing education and staff development are essential for nurses to implement their roles to the fullest potential. This article describes an innovative patient navigation course that was developed to meet the educational needs of nurses who work with patients who have been diagnosed with cancer or are undergoing evaluation for cancer. Adult learning principles and interactive teaching strategies facilitated learning that was relevant and applicable to all nurses. Of the 200 participants, 77.5% completed questionnaires before and after the course. The questionnaire administered after the course showed a statistically significant increase in average total confidence scores on knowledge and skills in the seven domains examined (p< .00 to .03). This change reflected improvements in overall confidence in key principles and role functions of patient navigation. The course provided an opportunity for nurses to enhance their individual practice in patient navigation in the following areas: meeting patient needs for emotional and supportive care; providing information and education; and facilitating coordination and continuity of care.

J Contin Educ Nurs2013;44(10):461–469.
Concept Mapping in a Critical Care Orientation Program: A Pilot Study to Develop Critical Thinking and Decision-Making Skills in Novice Nurses
Authors: Wahl Stacy E. , Thompson Anita M.
Published: July 2014

Background:

Newly graduated registered nurses who were hired into a critical care intensive care unit showed a lack of critical thinking skills to inform their clinical decision-making abilities.

Methods:

This study evaluated the effectiveness of concept mapping as a teaching tool to improve critical thinking and clinical decision-making skills in novice nurses. A self-evaluation tool was administered before and after the learning intervention.

Results:

The 25-item tool measured five key indicators of the development of critical thinking skills: problem recognition, clinical decision-making, prioritization, clinical implementation, and reflection. Statistically significant improvements were seen in 10 items encompassing all five indicators.

Conclusion:

Concept maps are an effective tool for educators to use in assisting novice nurses to develop their critical thinking and clinical decision-making skills.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2013;44(10):455–460.
Imagen, estética y producción de sentido del Frente de Liberación Homosexual (1967-1976)
Authors: Simonetto Patricio
Published: July 2014

Este trabajo busca aportar a la reconstrucción histórica del Frente de Liberación Homosexual (FLH) por medio del análisis de fotografías e imágenes producidas por dicha organización. La constitución de la normativa heterosexual implica una codificación histórica específica, en la que la constitución de imágenes participa activamente en el sostenimiento de los status de género y modelos prototípicos de vida. El FLH se propuso disputar estas construcciones como parte constituyente de su práctica política. En su tarea de “concientización” procuró deslindar una serie de connotaciones negativas asociadas al significante “homosexual” como, así también, cuestionar el régimen de producción social y simbólico heterosexual. Dentro de las distintas tácticas de acción y prácticas discursivas, la creación estética por vía de la ilustración fue parte constituyente de su proyecto editorial. Este artículo tiene por objeto tomar las imágenes seleccionadas como un corpus original desde el cual entender las lógicas y prácticas políticas y culturales de dicha organización, sus estrategias discursivas como, así también, la constitución de su identidad público-política.
De la política de la lengua a la lengua de la política. Cartas guaraníes en la transición de la colonia a la era independiente
Authors: Couchonnal Ana , Wilde Guillermo
Published: July 2014

Este artículo presenta un corpus de documentos guaraníes del ámbito de las reducciones jesuíticas del Paraguay, en su mayoría escritos por líderes indígenas. Los documentos cubren el período 1768-1831, es decir, desde la fecha de la expulsión de los jesuitas hasta la disolución de la mayor parte de las reduccionesdurante la revolución. Los documentos transcritos en sus versiones guaraní y española remiten a un período fundamental de transición, permitiendo analizar el rol de los indígenas en el proceso revolucionario y las transformaciones de su lengua (su escritura) y los discursos políticos que utilizaban.
Actor-Network Theory (ANT) Based Visualisation of Socio-Technical Facets of RFID Technology Translation
Authors: Unnithan Chandana , Tatnall Arthur
Published: July 2014

In the early 2000s, Information Systems researchers in Australia had begun to emphasise socio-technical approaches in innovation adoption of technologies. The ‘essentialist' approaches to adoption (for example, Innovation Diffusion or TAM), suggest an essence is largely responsible for rate of adoption (Tatnall, 2011) or a new technology introduced may spark innovation. The socio-technical factors in implementing an innovation are largely flouted by researchers and hospitals. Innovation Translation is an approach that purports that any innovation needs to be customised and translated in to context before it can be adopted. Equally, Actor-Network Theory (ANT) is an approach that embraces the differences in technical and human factors and socio-professional aspects in a non-deterministic manner. The research reported in this paper is an attempt to combined the two approaches in an effective manner, to visualise the socio-technical factors in RFID technology adoption in an Australian hospital. This research investigation demonstrates RFID technology translation in an Australian hospital using a case approach (Yin, 2009). Data was collected using a process of focus groups and interviews, analysed with document analysis and concept mapping techniques. The data was then reconstructed in a ‘movie script' format, with Acts and Scenes funnelled to ANT informed abstraction at the end of each Act. The information visualisation at the end of each Act using ANT informed Lens reveal the re-negotiation and improvement of network relationships between the people (factors) involved including nurses, patient care orderlies, management staff and non-human participants such as equipment and technology. The paper augments the current gaps in literature regarding socio-technical approaches in technology adoption within Australian healthcare context, which is transitioning from non-integrated nearly technophobic hospitals in the last decade to a tech-savvy integrated era. More importantly, the ANT visualisation addresses one of the criticisms of ANT i.e. its insufficiency to explain relationship formations between participants and over changes of events in relationship networks (Greenhalgh & Stones, 2010).
Design Principles in Health Information Technology
Authors: Al-Fedaghi Sabah
Published: July 2014

Electronic health record (EHR) systems are said to be the cornerstone of a modernized health service. They improve health care, allow for integrated information, and help prevent lost and duplicated records as well as occurrence of administrative errors. Studies have consistently shown, however, that introducing EHR systems is a complex task, with difficulties stemming from technical designs that fit poorly with the details of clinical work practices. Given the evolving role of EHRs and the importance of information design, the need exists for further exploration of EHRs with the purpose of advancing innovations in health IT with the potential for significant positive effects on clinical practice. This paper focuses on a subfield of EHR studies that is working to establish a foundation for applying information design principles to implementation of health information technology in primary care settings. Without loss of generality, the paper examines a specific attempt that includes documenting patterns of clinician information use and developing “use cases” and tools for evaluating EHR implementation. The paper proposes an alternative approach based on a new flow-based specification methodology. It is shown that the method can be applied uniformly at the conceptual requirements level and simultaneously at the user interface level. The new method seems to be a viable technique for expressing situations arising in clinical work practices.
Online Advertising Intermediary
Authors: Hanafizadeh Payam , Behboudi Mehdi , Hasanabad Hamideh Mokhtari
Published: July 2014

Applying bleeding edge courses of action in advertising is always a case on the table of decision makers. In online case, lack of a practice to place right advertisement in a right time for the right user has been counted as biggest challenage. On the other hand, “ad clutter”, the key criticism on online advertising; is about to put online advertisement's benefits away and annoying users more than before. Accordingly, this article aims at scrutinizing this critical problem by incorporating one of the next generation technologies, Lead Generation. This study introduces an e-business framework in advertisement intermediating in the form of a framework so that lets advertisers advertise in customized way. In this approach, the authors focused on displaying a personalized ad for each user by which marketers could redirect their visiting prospects into becoming their own consumers. At the end, the managerial implications are reported.
COST OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION IN INDIA
Authors: Sharma Sanjeev Kumar , Choudhary Dharma , Gupta Nitin , Dhamija Mayank , Khandelwal Vipin , Kharya Gaurav , Handoo Anil , Setia Rasika , Arora Arpita
Published: July 2014

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the definite cure for many hematological diseases. With the increasing indications for HSCT and its relatively low cost in Indian subcontinent, an increasing number of patients are opting for this procedure. We retrospectively analyzed the cost of one hundred sixty two HSCTs done at our center in the last three years. The median cost of autologous transplant was INR 7,52,294 (USD, $ 12,500) (range INR 6,19,850-14,17,212) and the median cost of allogenic transplant was INR 10,74,881 ($18,000) (range INR 6,49,944-23,82,227). The cost of HSCT is cheaper here compared to that in developed countries and success rates are nearly equivalent. The major factors contributing to the cost are related to the complications post-transplant mainly infections and graft versus host disease, which are also the reasons for the increased stay in the hospital.
On the Convergence of Successive Approximations for a Fractional Differential Equation in Banach Spaces
Authors: Dutkiewicz Aldona
Published: July 2014

In this paper we present a convergence result for the successive approximations for a nonlinear fractional differential equation of Caputo type in Banach spaces. Also an example is given to illustrate our result.
Approximation by Polyhedral $G$ Chains in Banach Spaces
Authors: De Pauw Thierry
Published: July 2014

In a Banach space with the metric approximation property, each compactly supported rectifiable

G

chain whose boundary is rectifiable as well, is approximatable in the flat norm by a polyhedral

G

chain of nearly the same normal Hausdorff mass.
Comparison of Eulerian and Lagrangian moisture source diagnostics – the flood event in eastern Europe in May 2010
Authors: Winschall A. , Pfahl S. , Sodemann H. , Wernli H.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Moisture convergence from different sources is an important prerequisite for a heavy-precipitation event. The contributions from different source regions can, however, hardly be quantified from observations, and their assessment based on model results is complex. Two conceptually different numerical methods are widely used for the quantification of moisture sources: Lagrangian approaches based on the analysis of humidity variations along backward trajectories and Eulerian methods based on the implementation of moisture tracers into a numerical model. In this study the moisture sources for a high-impact, heavy-precipitation event that affected eastern Europe in May 2010 are studied with both Eulerian and Lagrangian moisture source diagnostics. The precipitation event was connected to a cyclone that developed over northern Africa, moved over the Mediterranean towards eastern Europe and induced transport of moist air towards the Carpathian Mountains. Heavy precipitation and major flooding occurred in Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia between 16 and 18 May 2010. The Lagrangian and Eulerian diagnostics consistently indicate a wide spatial and temporal range of moisture sources contributing to the event. The source with the largest share is local evapotranspiration from the European land surface, followed by moisture from the North Atlantic. Further contributions come from tropical western Africa (10–20° N) and the Mediterranean Sea. Contrary to what could be expected, the Mediterranean contribution of about 10% is relatively small. A detailed analysis of exemplary trajectories corroborates the general consistency of the two approaches, and underlines their complementarity. The Lagrangian method allows for mapping out moisture source regions with computational efficiency, whereas the more elaborate Eulerian model requires predefined moisture sources, but includes also processes such as precipitation, evaporation and turbulent mixing. However, in the Eulerian model, uncertainty concerning the relative importance of remote versus local moisture sources arises from different options to parameterise moisture tagging at the surface. Ultimately a more sophisticated parameterisation scheme will be required to reduce this uncertainty.
Using cloud ice flux to parametrise large-scale lightning
Authors: Finney D. L. , Doherty R. M. , Wild O. , Huntrieser H. , Pumphrey H. C. , Blyth A. M.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Lightning is an important natural source of nitrogen oxide especially in the middle and upper troposphere. Hence, it is essential to represent lightning in chemistry transport and coupled chemistry-climate models. Using ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis data we compare the lightning flash density distributions produced using several existing lightning parametrisations, as well as a new parametrisation developed on the basis of upward cloud ice flux at 440 hPa. The use of ice flux forms a link to the non-inductive charging mechanism of thunderstorms. Spatial and temporal distributions of lightning flash density are compared to tropical and subtropical observations for 2007–2011 from the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite. The well-used lightning flash parametrisation based on cloud-top height has large biases but the derived annual total flash density has a better spatial correlation with the LIS observations than other existing parametrisations. A comparison of flash density simulated by the different schemes shows that the cloud-top height parametrisation has many more instances of moderate flash densities and fewer low and high extremes compared to the other parametrisations. Other studies in the literature have shown that this feature of the cloud-top height parametrisation is in contrast to lightning observations over certain regions. Our new ice flux parametrisation shows a clear improvement over all the existing parametrisations with lower root mean square errors and better spatial correlations with the observations for distributions of annual total, and seasonal and interannual variations. The greatest improvement with the new parametrisation is a more realistic representation of the zonal distribution with a better balance between tropical and subtropical lightning flash estimates. The new parametrisation is appropriate for testing in chemistry transport and chemistry-climate models that use a lightning parametrisation.
Can a bog drained for forestry be a stronger carbon sink than a natural bog forest?
Authors: Hommeltenberg J. , Schmid H. P. , Drösler M. , Werle P.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. This study compares the CO2 exchange of a natural bog forest, and of a bog drained for forestry in the pre-Alpine region of southern Germany. The sites are separated by only 10 km, they share the same soil formation history and are exposed to the same climate and weather conditions. In contrast, they differ in land use history: at the Schechenfilz site a natural bog-pine forest (Pinus mugo ssp. rotundata) grows on an undisturbed, about 5 m thick peat layer; at Mooseurach a planted spruce forest (Picea abies) grows on drained and degraded peat (3.4 m). The net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) at both sites has been investigated for 2 years (July 2010–June 2012), using the eddy covariance technique. Our results indicate that the drained, forested bog at Mooseurach is a much stronger carbon dioxide sink (−130 ± 31 and −300 ± 66 g C m−2 a−1 in the first and second year, respectively) than the natural bog forest at Schechenfilz (−53 ± 28 and −73 ± 38 g C m−2 a−1). The strong net CO2 uptake can be explained by the high gross primary productivity of the 44-year old spruces that over-compensates the two-times stronger ecosystem respiration at the drained site. The larger productivity of the spruces can be clearly attributed to the larger plant area index (PAI) of the spruce site. However, even though current flux measurements indicate strong CO2 uptake of the drained spruce forest, the site is a strong net CO2 source when the whole life-cycle since forest planting is considered. It is important to access this result in terms of the long-term biome balance. To do so, we used historical data to estimate the difference between carbon fixation by the spruces and the carbon loss from the peat due to drainage since forest planting. This rough estimate indicates a strong carbon release of +134 t C ha−1 within the last 44 years. Thus, the spruces would need to grow for another 100 years at about the current rate, to compensate the potential peat loss of the former years. In contrast, the natural bog-pine ecosystem has likely been a small but stable carbon sink for decades, which our results suggest is very robust regarding short-term changes of environmental factors.
Effects of experimental nitrogen deposition on peatland carbon pools and fluxes: a modeling analysis
Authors: Wu Y. , Blodau C. , Moore T. R. , Bubier J. L. , Juutinen S. , Larmola T.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) pollution of peatlands alters their carbon (C) balances, yet long-term effects and controls are poorly understood. We applied the model PEATBOG to analyze impacts of long-term nitrogen (N) fertilization on C cycling in an ombrotrophic bog. Simulations of summer gross ecosystem production (GEP), ecosystem respiration (ER) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) were evaluated against 8 years of observations and extrapolated for 80 years to identify potential effects of N fertilization and factors influencing model behavior. The model successfully simulated moss decline and raised GEP, ER and NEE on fertilized plots. GEP was systematically overestimated in the model compared to the field data due to high tolerance of Sphagnum to N deposition in the model. Model performance regarding the 8 year response of GEP and NEE to N was improved by introducing an N content threshold shifting the response of photosynthesis capacity to N content in shrubs and graminoids from positive to negative at high N contents. Such changes also eliminated the competitive advantages of vascular species and led to resilience of mosses in the long-term. Regardless of the large changes of C fluxes over the short-term, the simulated GEP, ER and NEE after 80 years depended on whether a graminoid- or shrub-dominated system evolved. When the peatland remained shrub-Sphagnum dominated, it shifted to a C source after only 10 years of fertilization at 6.4 g N m−2 yr−1, whereas this was not the case when it became graminoid-dominated. The modeling results thus highlight the importance of ecosystem adaptation and reaction of plant functional types to N deposition, when predicting the future C balance of N-polluted cool temperate bogs.
Argo data assimilation into HYCOM with an EnOI method in the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Mignac D. , Tanajura C. A. S. , Santana A. N. , Lima L. N. , Xie J.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. An ocean data assimilation system to assimilate Argo temperature (T) and salinity (S) profiles into HYCOM was constructed, implemented and evaluated for the first time in the Atlantic Ocean (78° S to 50° N and 98° W to 20° E). The system is based on the Ensemble Optimal Interpolation (EnOI) algorithm proposed by Xie and Zhu (2010), especially made to deal with the hybrid nature of HYCOM vertical coordinate system with multiple steps. The Argo T/S profiles were projected to the model vertical space to create pseudo-observed layer thicknesses (Δ pobs) which correspond to the model target densities. The first step was to assimilate Δ pobs considering the sub-state vector composed by the model layer thickness (Δ p) and the baroclinic velocity components. After that, T and S were assimilated separately. At last, T was diagnosed below the mixed layer to preserve the density of the model isopycnal layers. Five experiments were performed from 1 January 2010 until 31 December 2012: a control run without assimilation, and four assimilation runs considering different vertical localizations of T, S and Δ p. The assimilation experiments were able to significantly improve the thermohaline structure produced by the control run. They reduced the RMSD of T (S) calculated with respect to Argo independent data in 34.11% (43.56%) in comparison to the control run. In some regions, such as the west North Atlantic, substantial corrections in the 20 °C isotherm depth and the upper ocean heat content towards climatological states were achieved. The runs with vertical localization of Δ p showed positive impacts in the correction of the thermohaline structure and reduced the RMSD of T (S) from 0.993 °C (0.149 psu) to 0.905 °C (0.138 psu) for the whole domain with respect to the other assimilation runs.
Future accreted terranes: a compilation of island arcs, oceanic plateaus, submarine ridges, seamounts, and continental fragments
Authors: Tetreault J. L. , Buiter S. J. H.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Allochthonous accreted terranes are exotic geologic units that originated from anomalous crustal regions on a subducting oceanic plate and were transferred to the overriding plate during subduction by accretionary processes. The geographical regions that eventually become accreted allochthonous terranes include island arcs, oceanic plateaus, submarine ridges, seamounts, continental fragments, and microcontinents. These future allochthonous terranes (FATs) contribute to continental crustal growth, subduction dynamics, and crustal recycling in the mantle. We present a review of modern FATs and their accreted counterparts based on available geological, seismic, and gravity studies and discuss their crustal structure, geological origin, and bulk crustal density. Island arcs have an average crustal thickness of 26 km, average bulk crustal density of 2.79 g cm−3, and have 3 distinct crustal units overlying a crust-mantle transition zone. Oceanic plateaus and submarine ridges have an average crustal thickness of 21 km and average bulk crustal density of 2.84 g cm−3. Continental fragments presently on the ocean floor have an average crustal thickness of 25 km and bulk crustal density of 2.81 g cm−3. Accreted allochthonous terranes can be compared to these crustal compilations to better understand which units of crust are accreted or subducted. In general, most accreted terranes are thin crustal units sheared off of FATs and added onto the accretionary prism, with thicknesses on the order of hundreds of meters to a few kilometers. In addition many island arcs, oceanic plateaus, and submarine ridges were sheared off in the subduction interface and underplated onto the overlying continent. And other times we find evidence of collision leaving behind accreted terranes 25 to 40 km thick. We posit that rheologically weak crustal layers or shear zones that were formed when the FATs were produced can be activated as detachments during subduction, allowing parts of the FAT crust to accrete and others to accrete. In many modern FATs on the ocean floor, a sub-crustal layer of high seismic velocities, interpreted as ultramafic material, could serve as a detachment or delaminate during subduction.
What glaciers are telling us about Earth's changing climate
Authors: Tangborn W. , Mosteller M.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. A glacier monitoring system has been developed to systematically observe and document changes in the size and extent of a representative selection of the world's 160 000 mountain glaciers (entitled the PTAAGMB Project). Its purpose is to assess the impact of climate change on human societies by applying an established relationship between glacier ablation and global temperatures. Two sub-systems were developed to accomplish this goal: (1) a mass balance model that produces daily and annual glacier balances using routine meteorological observations, (2) a program that uses Google Maps to display satellite images of glaciers and the graphical results produced by the glacier balance model. The recently developed PTAA glacier balance model is described and applied to eight glaciers to produce detailed mass balance reports. Comparing annual balances produced by the model to traditional manual measurements for 50–60 years yields R2 values of 0.50–0.60. The model also reveals an unusual but statistically significant relationship between the average ablation of Wrangell Range glaciers and global temperatures that have been derived from temperature data at 7000 stations in the Northern Hemisphere. This glacier ablation/global temperature relationship provides the means to use worldwide ablation results to anticipate problems caused by climate change.
HR as a Strategic Partner: A Critical Review
Authors: Khan Danish Maqsood
Published: July 2014

In this article author has critically reviewed how HR departments today are becoming into Strategic Partners in the organization. Overall strategic role of HR in this article review, examines specific strategic activities that HR leaders can engage in choosing strategy options, designing the organization structure to support strategy, and evaluating merger and acquisition opportunities. It is discussed how certain HR skills, activities and organization design elements offers unique opportunities for enhanced contributions in specific strategy areas for them to be an effective Strategic Partner.
Training Effectiveness from Guanxi Perspective in Mentoring System
Authors: Tsai Cheng-Hua , Tsai Ching-Hui, , Tsai Ching-Yi,
Published: July 2014

This research is seeking to discuss how Guanxi influence training effectiveness between mentor and mentee. Two steps methods were used, first steps, from mentee to mentor using questionnaire, there are 150 questionnaire sent out 87 come back, sent to the hotel and hospitality department students. Second steps, focus group interviews were conducted with 5 informants in semi-structured, in-depth format and lasted approximately 120 minutes. From mentor to mentee using focus group interview, there are 5 different chef de cuisine. They have the classes with these students and also the students were by group went to the restaurant for practical training. The result shows Guanxi influence trainees’ reaction to training, it changes in job-related behavior and performance that result from training.
The Performance Appraisal System: An Examination in The City School of Bahawalpur in Terms of Employee Perceptions
Authors: Imran Muhammad , Shafique Huzaifah , Maqbool Nadeem
Published: July 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to check the effectiveness of the performance appraisal system in private school.Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected by survey questionnaire from a random sample of 44teaching staff in City school Bahawalpur branch.Finding: The results are in first section, checking the status of performance appraisal system, overall 44 respondent which are employees all of them agreed with performance appraisal system status, in other words they perceived that performance system works effectively. In second section checking the impact of performance appraisal system on employees, I conclude that 28 employees affected by performance appraisal system.Practical implications: The finding useful for management who are reviewing the operational effectiveness of performance management within own schools, as well as for organizations that are considering the introduction of performance management into their school system.Originality/Value: This paper might be of particular value to national or private school management that wish to consider how to evaluate the effectiveness of various options before introducing a system of performance appraisal system.
Factors Affecting Employee Satisfaction in the Private Organizations of Bahawalpur Pakistan
Authors: Awan Muhammad Ahsan , Rizwan Muhammad , Razzaq Junaid Bin , Ali Usman
Published: July 2014

Research was conducted to analyze the effect of empowerment, rewards, training & development and working conditions on employee satisfaction and also the impact of top level management on all these variables. The aim of this study was to find out the degree of satisfaction level of employees and the behavior of top level management in suffocated conditions in the developing city of Islamic Republic Pakistan. For this purpose 200 questionnaires were distributed from which 160 were got back and 151 were selected to examine and analysis. It was found after analysis that only rewards has positive significant effect on worker, rest of the variables showed insignificant effect on employee satisfaction. The top level management had the positive significant effect on rewards, training & development and empowerment.
A Study of the Factors Determining Motivational Level of Employees Working in Public Sector of Bahawalpur (Punjab, Pakistan)
Authors: Rafique Atif , Tayyab Muhammad Sadam Bin , Kamran Muhammad , Ahmed Nawab M.
Published: July 2014

This study empirically examines the relationship between rewards, job satisfaction, Perceived training effectiveness, knowledge transfer and organizational commitment and employee’s motivation in the Public sector of Bahawalpur (Punjab, Pakistan).Our sample was public sector data was collected by using self-designed questionnaires. The sample size was 170 so 170 questionnaires were distributed and only 149 received. Analysis was done with the help of correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Between (0.01 to 0.05) level of significance was checked. The result concludes that there is a significant positive relationship between intrinsic rewards and the employee’s motivation and also there is significant positive relationship between extrinsic reward and employee’s motivation. Job Satisfaction also has significant positive relationship with employee’s motivation. But on the other hand PTE (Perceived Training Effectiveness) have insignificant and negative relationship with Employee’s motivation. Employee’s motivation has significant positive relationship with knowledge transfer and also with Organizational Commitment.