bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transient cortical blindness at delivery-an unusual case report on posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
Authors: Bhat Mamta , Acharya Santanu
Published: November 2021

Background:

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is an unusual clinical entity seen associated with blood pressure (BP) fluctuations presenting with acute neurological symptoms. This is an unusual case of PRES due to severe preeclampsia, with clinical presentation of cortical blindness and hypertension, with absence of headache or seizures.

Case Presentation:

A primigravida, with no significant medical history, presented with significant proteinuria and worsening generalized itching and normotensive at 37 weeks 6 days of gestation. Due to elevated urate and raised urine protein induction of labor was planned. Ten minutes after vaginal delivery, patient reported sudden loss of vision with only being able to perceive light. She developed hypertension, hyperreflexia, and clonus. Aggressive management for severe pre-eclampsia was initiated. Her vision started improving as soon as her BP started normalizing. Imaging revealed the possibility of PRES with a superimposed focus of acute ischemia. She was discharged on antihypertensives and followed up by renal physicians. Within 2 months she recovered very well.

Conclusion:

This is an unusual case of PRES due to severe pre-eclampsia, with clinical presentation of only cortical blindness with absence of headache or seizures. Prompt recognition and aggressive management of severe pre-eclampsia resulted in resolution of symptoms.
Juvenile breast hypertrophy: report of two cases presenting with massive asymmetrical breast enlargement and palpable breast masses
Authors: Shahzad Rafia , Anjum Tooba , Shahid Abu Bakar
Published: November 2021

Background:

Juvenile breast hypertrophy is a rare benign condition leading to rapid and massive enlargement of one or both breasts in young girls during peri-pubertal period. Patients encounter physical and psycho-social problems. Therefore, the condition warrants early appropriate management. Breast imaging studies (ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging) are particularly important in order to exclude tumors and occult pathologies. First line treatment modality is reduction mammoplasty that significantly improves quality of life with lesser chances of recurrence.

Case Presentation:

We report two post-menarchal girls with juvenile breast hypertrophy who presented as different clinical cases facing psychological and social embarrassment. Breast ultrasound showed right breast mass in both patients that were biopsied. The lesions turned out to be fibroadenomas on histopathological correlation. Patients were then referred to plastic surgery and endocrinology department.

Conclusion:

Juvenile breast hypertrophy is definitely a disturbing cosmetic problem. Early investigations and appropriate management will surely leave a positive impact on the quality of life.
Uma avaliação do PRONAF sob a ótica dos produtores rurais beneficiados no assentamento Santa Apolônia em mirante do Paranapanema-SP
Authors: Wiezzel André Junior Silva , De Oliveira Sandra Cristina , Lourenzani Ana Elisa Bressan Smith
Published: November 2021

Atualmente, os produtores rurais assentados têm acesso, em certa medida, a um conjunto de instrumentos da política pública, dentre eles o Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF). Este, foi criado em 1996 com o objetivo de fomentar o desenvolvimento sustentável e melhorar o nível de produção, de renda e de empregos dos agricultores familiares. Avaliar o efeito do programa é importante para direcionamentos futuros. Nesse cenário, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo geral avaliar o PRONAF sob a ótica dos produtores rurais beneficiados pelo programa no assentamento Santa Apolônia em Mirante do Paranapanema-SP. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento (survey) e utilizado um formulário como instrumento de coleta, contendo perguntas estruturadas, visando identificar e mensurar a referida avaliação. Por intermédio da estatística descritiva, foram sintetizadas as informações socioeconômicas e financeiras dos produtores rurais, bem como as avaliações sobre os processos de implantação, produto da implantação e resultado do PRONAF. E, por meio de um modelo de regressão logística, descreveu-se especificamente a chance de um produtor rural estar satisfeito com o resultado do PRONAF como uma função da avaliação geral dos processos de implantação e do produto da implantação do programa. Os resultados apontam que há satisfação com o PRONAF, contudo, os baixos preços dos produtos agropecuários, a restrição ao crédito e a falta de maior aproximação à assistência técnica têm desestimulado os produtores. Além disso, a chance de um produtor desse assentamento estar satisfeito com o resultado do programa aumenta aproximadamente duas vezes, quanto maior for a sua satisfação com o produto da implantação, não sendo significativa a etapa de implantação.
Personal and Perceived Depression Stigma in Individuals Affected by Depression and Relatives: Results of a Survey among Attendees of a German Depression Congress
Authors:   Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Germany, I Heinz , R Mergl ,   nstitute of Psychology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Germany, K Allgaier A ,   nstitute of Psychology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Germany, U Hegerl ,   Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany, C Rummel-Kluge ,   Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Germany
Published: November 2021

Background: Depression stigma is a clinically relevant factor negatively affecting the help-seeking process and depression care. Relatives of individuals suffering from depression play an important role in service utilization and in depression treatment, but little is known about their depression stigma compared to the stigma of individuals affected. Aims: We investigated whether individuals with depression, relatives and individuals being both - affected and relative - differ in depression stigma. Methods: Paper-pencil questionnaire data of 216 study participants from a German depression congress in 2017 were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis tests to investigate subgroup differences and Mann-Whitney-U tests for post-hoc comparisons. Ordinal logistic generalized regression models with the dependent variables being the stigma sum scores and the independent variables “group”, “gender” and “age” were computed. Results: Participants being a relative of an individual with depression, being affected by depression or being both - relative and affected - reported comparable personal and perceived depression stigma. There was a statistical trend for group differences in personal stigma in the total sample, due to significantly lower personal stigma in male participants being affected by depression compared to male participants having a family member affected. Conclusions: Relatives of individuals with depression appear to have similar stigmatizing attitudes as affected individuals themselves. Potential differences in personal stigma in male relatives compared to male patients require further research, since they have implications for anti-stigma activities as well as for depression care.
Unlocking the hydrolytic mechanism of GH92 α-1,2-mannosidases: computation inspires using C-glycosides as Michaelis complex mimics
Authors: Alonso-Gil Santiago , Parkan Kamil , Kaminský Jakub , Pohl Radek , Miyazaki Takatsugu
Published: November 2021

The conformational changes in a sugar moiety along the hydrolytic pathway are key to understand the mechanism of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and to design new inhibitors. The two predominant itineraries for mannosidases go via OS2  B2,5  1S5 and 3S  3H4  1C4. For the CAZy family 92, the conformational itinerary was unknown. Published complexes of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron GH92 catalyst with a S-glycoside and mannoimidazole indicate a 4C1  4H5/1S5  1S5 mechanism. However, as observed with the GH125 family, S-glycosides may not act always as good mimics of GH’s natural substrate. Here we present a cooperative study between computations and experiments where our results predict the E5  B2,5/1S5  1S5 pathway for GH92 enzymes. Furthermore, we demonstrate the Michaelis complex mimicry of a new kind of C-disaccharides, whose biochemical applicability was still a chimera.
Mekanisme Resolusi Konflik di ASEAN: ASEAN Sebagai Fasilitator Konflik
Authors: Indrawan Jerry
Published: November 2021

Peran ASEAN selama berdirinya cukup mampu membuat negara-negara di kawasan ini survive dari ganasnya polarisasi selama perang dingin yang lalu. Namun, di tengah-tengah damainya kawasan ini, konflik minor antar-negara di ASEAN, maupun antar-negara ASEAN dengan negara-negara lain di wilayah tetangganya kerap terjadi. Konflik antara Vietnam dengan Kamboja, Kamboja dengan Thailand, Indonesia dengan Malaysia, termasuk konflik dalam negeri Myanmar terkait masalah Rohingya adalah beberapa konflik yang terjadi di kawasan tenggara benua Asia ini. ASEAN tidak tinggal diam menyikapi beberapa permasalahan diantara negara-negara anggotanya ini. Tercatat, paling tidak ASEAN memiliki enam dokumen penting yang mengatur tentang mekanisme manajemen konflik, mulai dari Piagam ASEAN sampai Cetak Biru Komunitas Politik dan Keamanan ASEAN. Atas dasar itulah, penulis merasa penting untuk membahas salah satu dari dokumen tersebut, yaitu Traktat Persahabatan dan Kerjasama, sebagai mekanisme resolusi konflik di ASEAN. Pembahasan ini termasuk melakukan analisa terhadap kemungkinan ASEAN bertindak melalui mekanisme Majelis Tinggi atau mekanisme fasilitator konflik, dalam upaya resolusi konflik antara sesama negara anggota ASEAN.
The Hydrological Viability of Te Harakiki Wetland, Waikanae
Authors:   , Law Rebecca Anne
Published: November 2021

Wetlands are unique natural resources that play an important role in the hydrological cycle. There is a dynamic link between wetland hydrology and inputs from both surface and groundwater resources. Shallow groundwater abstraction near the Te Harakiki wetland at Waikanae has the potential to impact on the wetland' hydrosystem. To assess the likelihood of this occurring, a detailed analysis of recent changes, the hydrological regime, and the water balance of the Te Harakiki Wetland system was undertaken. The hydrological regime of the wetland system was assessed by various monitoring sites established around Te Harakiki to measure rainfall, soil moisture, surface and groundwater levels. Analysis of (decadal) historical aerial photographs allowed changes in spatial extent of the open water habitat (lagoon) and the urban area of Waikanae Beach. Comparisons were made between wetland extent, population increase and urban area expansion. These data, together with a simple water balance, and historical climatic records, were used to explain the drastic decrease in wetland extent. Climatic factors and goundwater are the major driving forces behind the wetland's hydrologic regime. The surface water outflow from the system is greater than the surface water inflow, but this may be affected by the tides. The surface and groundwater systems in the area are closely linked. They have similar responses to rainfall events. Groundwater abstraction in the area appears to have minimal impact on the water level within the wetland. The exact nature and extent of abstraction around the wetland is unknown. The reduction in flood pulsing as a result of channel modification, and the fragmentation of the area for the construction of the oxidation ponds are the likely explanation. The current restoration efforts in regard to controlling pest species and excluding stock from the wetland have halted the decline in wetland area. The future of the Te Harakiki wetland system is now more positive.
Lighting Up: the Social History of Smoking in New Zealand c.1920-1962
Authors:   , Johnston Susie
Published: November 2021

The period 1920-1962 saw a significant increase in tobacco consumption in New Zealand. This period was one in which there was an expansion of the tobacco industry, tobacco consumers and smoking as a part of modern society. Smoking became an increasingly popular, prevalent and sociable habit, emerging as an integral part of twentieth-century life. Through this period smoking was uncontroversial and was often considered healthy. In 1962 London's Royal College of Physicians (RCP) released the findings of their report Smoking and health, culminating over a decade of health research. In 1964 the United States Surgeon General's report Smoking and health produced similar findings. The reports proved conclusive links between smoking and lung cancer as well as other negative health effects of the use of tobacco. Though the reports were clear, their reception by New Zealanders did not lead to an immediate reduction in smoking -  rates remained high until the mid-1970s and declined thereafter. By 1990 the rate of tobacco consumption per adult head of population had returned to 1920 levels. This thesis examines the rise in tobacco consumption from the 1920s to the release of the RCP's report in 1962. Prior to the inclusion of a smoking question in the New Zealand Census of Populations and Dwellings in 1976, no survey data was collected showing any systematic evidence as to who was smoking in New Zealand. The overall historical pattern discovered in this study fits within an international historiography while at the same time revealing some distinctive features of a pattern of consumption and local expression of smoking culture in New Zealand. This study draws on advertising, ephemera, photographs and other visual sources in order to describe the upward trend in tobacco consumption. The study reveals that industry and government efforts to develop and protect a domestic tobacco industry were major contributors to the rise in availability and affordability of smoking over this period, despite an ongoing negotiation over tobacco's status as a luxury or essential item. The commercial impetus of the tobacco industry, expressed through widespread and targeted advertising, was the major driver through this period, propelling the temporal, spatial and gendered expansion of smoking throughout New Zealand society. This study examines, in particular, the ways that advertisers promoted the many and varied promises or functions of smoking in the smoking spaces and activities of leisure, work and war. Alongside the rising prevalence and popularity of smoking, knowledge of the health or other risks around smoking were contradictory and limited and as such there was a marked absence of anti-smoking rhetoric through the period 1920-1962. Rather, prompted by the constant and pervasive images and messages in advertising, New Zealanders expressed their 'right' to smoke across time and space.
The Monetary Nexus
Authors:   , Zanetti Giovanni Norton
Published: November 2021

Recent debate on monetary theory has probed increasingly into its fundamental conceptualisations, and some far-reaching proposals for reform have emerged. This study is an attempt to contribute towards such a reform. It begins with an appraisal of the theory in order to evaluate its status as an empirical theory, and finds that the ideas of money as a nexus between producer and user, of economic processes as occurring through time, and of the absence of general equilibrating tendencies, need substantial reformulation if the processes of a modern pecuniary economy are to be adequately represented. The study devotes its major effort to structuring these ideas into a form capable of sustaining the required theoretical development while maintaining contact with the world of experience.
The Development of African History as a Discipline in the English-Speaking World: a Study of Academic Infrastructure
Authors:   , Watterson Craig
Published: November 2021

This thesis examines the infrastructure behind the academic discipline of African History. By looking at government reports, a selection of reflective essays and memoirs written by key historians, and the key precolonial sources that have driven select studies, my thesis explains how African History emerged in British and U.S. universities. Key factors include the English colonisation of Sierra Leone in 1787, the affiliation of Fourah Bay College with the University of Durham in 1876, and the creation of universities in 1948 in Nigeria, Sudan, Uganda and Ghana. In Britain, the importance of African territories resulted in a series of influential reports that shifted missionary controlled education on the African continent to colonial government control. After 1945 a series of pivotal government reports established the impetus and funding for the academic institutionalisation of African History in the United Kingdom. The influence of an English academic recognition of African History provided a transnational current of ideas that flowed between Africa and the United Kingdom, and from there to the United States. With the advent of the Cold War the United States recognised the importance of developing Area Studies programmes, including African Studies, and during the 1960s and 1970s became world leaders in the field. Crucial to this development was the role of pioneering historians who travelled to Africa to teach and research, and who then returned to train a new generation of Africanists. Africanist scholars, recognising the importance of African agency, expanded the shape of the discipline through investigation of oral sources and reexamination of extant pre1800 European written records. 'Charter historians' established university programmes that would produce scholars with the necessary skills required to sustain the new discipline. The infrastructure that undergirded and positioned African History in the mainstream of academia is analysed indepth, and is, as such, the central theme of this thesis.
Rigorous Bounds on Transmission, Reflection, and Bogoliubov Coefficients
Authors:   , Boonserm Petarpa
Published: November 2021

This thesis describes the development of some basic mathematical tools of wide relevance to mathematical physics. Transmission and reflection coefficients are associated with quantum tunneling phenomena, while Bogoliubov coefficients are associated with the mathematically related problem of excitations of a parametric oscillator. While many approximation techniques for these quantities are known, very little is known about rigorous upper and lower bounds. In this thesis four separate problems relating to rigorous bounds on transmission, reflection and Bogoliubov coefficients are considered, divided into four separate themes: Bounding the Bogoliubov coefficients; Bounding the greybody factors for Schwarzschild black holes; Transformation probabilities and the Miller-Good transformation; Analytic bounds on transmission probabilities.
Chaucer's Solar Pageant: an Astrological Reading of the Canterbury Tales
Authors:   , Carpenter Garth astrologer
Published: November 2021

This thesis proposes a correlation between the twenty-four Canterbury Tales and an external ordered system, namely the twelve signs of the zodiac, from which one might infer Chaucer's intended ordering of the Tales. While it is generally acknowledged that the Tales contain much astrological material, the radical suggestion here is that Chaucer wrote them as a means of fulfilling his intention, expressed in A Treatise on the Astrolabe, to write a fifth part of that Treatise, in which be would explain to his ten-year old son, Lewys, the principles of astrology. The zodiac comprises twelve signs expressed as six binary oppositions throughout nature. In creating the Canterbury Tales, the thesis claims, Chaucer employed in each Tale two of those binary oppositions, a quadratic structure, to express the interplay of tensions between its main characters. The zodiacal signs symbolise parts of the human body which serve as metaphors of human characteristics according to an astrological medical melothesia that was commonplace in medieval times. The melothesia thus acts as a code, enabling Chaucer to covertly communicate sophisticated astrological knowledge whilst presenting it simplistically to political and royal court contemporaries who would have formed the bulk of his readership. Chaucer makes two rounds of the zodiac, starting with the  Knight's Tale aligned with Aries (the head) replete with pagan astrological practices, completing the sequence with the Parson's Tale, aligned with Pisces (the feet), in which the pilgrims are exhorted to save their souls by repentance. The consistency with which the Tales in sequence give an emphasis to characteristics believed in the Middle Ages to be representative of the zodiacal sequence of signs is claimed to provide substantive evidence in support of one particular ordering of the Tales.
Characterisation of a Novel Nitrogen-Fixing, Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Producing Bacterium, Novosphingobium Nitrogenifigens Y88T
Authors:   , Smit Anne-Marie
Published: November 2021

The novel sphingomonad Novosphingobium nitrogenifigens Y88T (Y88T) is an obligate aerobe able to grow in nutrient-imbalanced environments where nitrogen is naturally limiting, but carbon is found in abundance. Due to its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and produce the bioplastic polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), Y88T is well-suited for growth in a nitrogenlimited but carbon-enriched environment. Because of these metabolic abilities, Y88T is of interest as a model organism for PHA production unconstrained by nitrogen-limiting conditions. Growth profiles and PHA production profiles were determined for Y88T under conditions of carbon enrichment, nitrogen sufficiency and depletion to investigate carbon and nitrogen utilisation as well as PHA production in this organism. Also, since the nitrogenase enzyme required for nitrogen fixation is oxygen labile, the effect of DO concentration and the relationship between aerobic metabolism and the nitrogen-fixing and PHA-producing abilities of Y88T was investigated. This study demonstrated: that glucose is the preferred growth substrate for Y88T; that no direct relationship exists between nitrogen fixation and PHB accumulation in Y88T; that Y88T can reliably produce in excess of 80 % of its dry weight as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a type of PHA, from glucose under nitrogenlimiting conditions. Proteomic signatures were determined for the various physiological responses of Y88T to growth, nitrogen utilisation, PHB production and exposure to different levels of DO. More than 250 unique proteins, including the core nitrogen-fixation, PHB-synthetic and glycolytic proteins were identified. Y88T apparently converts glucose to PHB via three interrelated glucose catabolic pathways and proteins likely involved in these pathways were identified. This study revealed that, regardless of growth conditions and despite decreased abundance of the Y88T nitrogenase enzyme, growth and PHB synthesis were not inhibited at DOhigh concentrations. Proteomic characterisation of the Y88T phasin, a PHA granule-associated protein, iii identified an amino-terminal, low complexity alanine and proline rich segment found only in other sphingomonads. The expression level of the Y88T phasin correlated well with PHB yields, suggesting the use of this protein as a biomarker to optimise PHB yield in a production environment. Y88T has the potential to be a useful production strain in pure culture, utilising its natural and robust propensity to metabolise glucose to preferentially produce PHB. Targets for biotechnological improvement and the potential for application of Y88T to biofuel production are discussed.
Exploring the Internationalisation of Chinese Privately-owned Enterprises (POEs)
Authors:   , Lin Churu
Published: November 2021

Internationalisation has long been a focus of research among international business scholars. However, there is little knowledge about Chinese firms' internationalisation processes. This study is based on the premise that Chinese firms may have different international behaviours, compared to Western firms, given China's distinctive institutional and cultural environments. To test this argument, this thesis examines Chinese firms' internationalisation rationales, approaches and influential factors. It focuses on small and medium-sized privately-owned enterprises (POEs) that are actively engaged in international operations. Interviews were conducted with decision makers of six POEs from four industries, including the telecommunications networks, electronics, meters, and textiles. These firms were located in Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang provinces. The data collected were analysed using within-case and cross-case analysis approaches. Findings were then compared to extant literature, including the Uppsala's internationalisation process model (U-model) and the theory associated with international new ventures (INVs). The findings presented here indicate that the Chinese POEs' internationalisation behaviours are not particularly different from their Western counterparts. Even though neither the U-model nor the INVs framework alone could fully capture the complexities of the Chinese POEs' internationalisation processes, both demonstrate their applicability in different ways. The study develops 15 propositions that should enable researchers to develop a better understanding of Chinese POEs' internationalisation processes. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for theory development and future research, as well as managerial implications. This case study contributes to a wider theoretical understanding of Chinese POEs' internationalisation behaviours.
Coping with Job Loss Between 50 and 65: Applying a Positive Ageing Framework
Authors:   , Brown Joanne Margaret
Published: November 2021

The aim of the research was to explore predictors of positive ageing in a sample of 50 to 65 year old New Zealand displaced workers. The main focus of the research was to ascertain the mechanisms used by individuals to age positively when faced with situations characterized by limited control. Of the 174 respondents, 103 were male, 7l female. Of this sample, 8l individuals (47 males, 34 females) also took part in an interview evaluating cognitive aspects of wisdom. The survey contained a mixture of standardized measures (ABS and CES-D and a Life Satisfaction Scale as measures of wellbeing; OPS-JL and the Coping Humour Scale for measurement of coping) in addition to a number of closed and open-ended questions. Areas evaluated in the research were divided into three parts: opportunities (non-work and work based activities, roles, social resources, humour, wisdom and generativity), coping (using the newly developed 'Optimization in Primary and Secondary Control Job Loss Scale' (OPS-JL)) and constraints (job-related strain and other life transitions), and it was predicted that bidirectional links would be found between these three areas. Evidence for lack of control over re-employment in this age group and gender differences in coping with job loss (as a function of differences in central identity, coping, work history and socialization) were also predicted. Results found evidence for systematic differences between the sexes, in particular - males appeared to have more complex coping hierarchies. Substantial evidence was found for lack of situational control over re-employment and bi-directional links between opportunities, coping and constraints were demonstrated, indicating a holistic approach to evaluating positive ageing is warranted. Among outcomes unique to the thesis were a correlation between wisdom and the impact of life transitions, the moderating role of wisdom between coping and wellbeing, and the necessity to distinguish flexible goal adjustment into two forms: horizontal goal adjustments (HGA) (i.e. different jobs but similar rewards) and downward goal adjustments (DGA) (i.e. different jobs with lower rewards). DGA's were generally associated with lower levels of wellbeing for males, with outcomes contingent on factors such as whether HGA's were used first, levels of job related strain and current work status. It was concluded that older workers use many resources to aid positive ageing, but society must work to remove age-related blocks if this is to be achieved at an optimal level.
Lithospheric Shortening and Ductile Deformation in a Back-Arc Setting: South Wanganui Basin, New Zealand
Authors:   , Ewig Erik
Published: November 2021

South Wanganui Basin (SWB), New Zealand, is located behind the southern end of the Hikurangi subduction system. One of the most marked geophysical characteristics of the basin is the -150 mGal Bouguer/isostatic gravity anomaly. Sediment fill can only partly explain this anomaly. 3-D gravity models show that the gravity anomaly associated with the basin is generally consistent with a downwarp model of the entire crust. However, the downwarp of the Moho has to be 3-4 times larger than the downwarp of the sediment-basement interface to fit the observed gravity anomaly. Hence a model of lithospheric shortening where ductile thickening of the crust increases with depth is proposed. Finite element modelling demonstrates that the crust, in order to produce the ductile downwarp, is best modelled with at least two distinct different layers. The model requires the top 15-20 km of the crust to behave purely elastic and the lower part (10 km thick) to be viscoelastic with a viscosity of 10[to the power of 21 pascal-seconds]. The existence of this ductile lower continental crust can be explained due to fluids released from the subducting slab accumulating in the lower crust. This is supported by receiver function analysis results. These results propose a 10+/-2 km thick low S-wave velocity layer in the lower crust. The vertical loading necessary to create the basin is high (up to 200MPa) and is difficult to explain by slab pull forces transmitted via a strongly coupled subduction interface alone. An additional driving mechanism proposed is a thickened mantle lithosphere inducing normal forces on the base of the crust. However, the exact origin of the basin remains a puzzling aspect. Receiver function analysis shows that the crust of the subducting Pacific plate underneath the mainland in the lower North Island is abnormally thick ([approximates]10 km) for oceanic crust. This matches with results from the 3-D gravity modelling. Further features discovered with the receiver function analysis are an up to 6 km thick low-velocity layer on top of the slab, which is interpreted as a zone of crushed crustal material with subducted sediments. Furthermore, a deep Moho (39.5+/-1.5 km) is proposed underneath the northern tip of theMarlborough sounds. Shallow seismic and gravity investigations of the southeastern corner of the SWB reveal a complex faulting regime with high-angle normal and reverse faults as well as a component of strike slip. The overall style of faulting in the SWB changes from the west to the east. There are the low-angle thrust faults of the Taranaki Fault zone in the west, the high-angle mostly reverse faults in the eastern part of the basin and the strike slip faults, with a component of vertical movement, at the eastern boundary within the Tararua Ranges.
Segmenting Visitors to Battlefield Sites: International Visitors to the Former DMZ in Vietnam
Authors:   , Le Diem Trinh Thi
Published: November 2021

Vietnam is an emerging tourist destination with rapid development in the tourism industry over the last decade. Well-known for the Vietnam War, it is expected that battlefield sites are among the country's main attractions for international tourists. However, to date, there has been no research examining visitors to battlefield sites in Vietnam. This study aims to contribute to filling this perceived gap by examining the visitors to the former Vietnamese De-militarised Zone (DMZ). Its objectives are: (1) to identify tourist motivations for visiting the DMZ, (2) to segment the DMZ visitors based on motivations, and (3) to determine the importance of battlefield sites in tourists' decision to travel to Vietnam. International visitors to the Vinh Moc Tunnels, a site often included in the DMZ tour, were chosen as a study sample. Data in this study was collected in an intercept self-completed questionnaire survey, which resulted in a sample of 481 respondents. Statistical analysis of the data was supplemented by content analysis of qualitative findings where appropriate. The findings show that respondents visited the DMZ for a variety of motivations. Five motivations were generated from the factor analysis of 22 quantitative motivational items namely: Personal involvement, Interest in war related sites and exhibitions, Education and exploration, Location and convenience, and Novelty seeking. These delineated motivations were supported and extended by respondents'  self-expressed motivations. Based on these motivations, three groups of visitors to the DMZ were identified using cluster analysis: the Battlefield Tourism Enthusiast, the Opportunist, and the Passive Tourist. These three visitors segments differed significantly in terms of socio-demographic characteristics, trip related characteristics, and especially travel decision-making. The Enthusiasts had the highest interest in visiting battlefield sites in Vietnam. The Opportunists tended to visit sites based on location and convenience, and the Passive Tourists indicated relatively low rankings for all reasons for visiting battlefield sites. This study also found that battlefield sites only played a small role in tourists' decision to visit Vietnam and that most tourists visited Vietnam for its culture, landscape and history. Several implications and recommendations arise from this study, including the need for continuing research on motivations for battlefield tourism in other countries. In addition, it is suggested that the educative function should be emphasised in developing battlefield sites as tourist attractions.
Polysemy: A Second Language Pedagogical Concern
Authors:   , Parent Kevin
Published: November 2021

This thesis is an examination of polysemy and its effects on second language learners, revealing it as a greater concern than it is normally accorded in pedagogical research. Arguing against a reliance on the dictionary to determine the number of senses a given word has, it begins with a thorough exploration of the concept, both from diachronic and synchronic perspectives, by contrasting it with the related concepts of homonymy and monosemy. A monosemic stance is argued for, which does not deny the existence of polysemy but argues for a framework in which contextual variations of a word are not considered discrete meanings. The British National Corpus is consulted for data demonstrating that instances of a word that may appear as discrete units of meanings actually form a single, unified usage. With monosemy redistributed to account for more than it normally does, and with polysemy relegated solely to semantics (factoring out syntax, pragmatics, etc.), polysemy becomes a considerably less sloppy concept, revealing that, at a top-down level, there are essentially only two varieties. The first of these is 'lexical metaphor,' in which there is a clear literalmetaphoric divide between uses, and the second is 'vicariant polysemy' in which senses are discrete but not synchronically explainable by metaphor. Using Hoey's notion of lexical priming, the factored-out elements of syntax, collocation, etc. are returned to, but strictly as effects of the semantic process of sense generation that should not be mistaken for the cause, though they frequently are. The second part of this thesis moves from the theoretical to the applied, reviewing the sparse literature on the subject. Techniques for raising awareness of the issue among students are discussed as are dictionary skills relevant to polysemy and homonymy. Attention is then turned toward homonymy, examining the problem it poses to word lists and providing the beginning of a solution by revealing which words on the General Service List are homonymic and giving the relative frequency of each meaning. A technique to assist learners in acquiring additional meanings of homonyms is examined, as is a technique for guessing new or novel meanings of polysemes in context.
A Case Study: How Young Children and Teachers Use an Interactive Whiteboard in a New Zealand Kindergarten Setting for Visual Art Learning Experiences
Authors:   , Terreni Lisa
Published: November 2021

This case study examines how an interactive whiteboard (IWB) was used in a New Zealand kindergarten to support young children's visual art learning experiences. A qualitative approach was used to investigate the use of the IWB. Data were collected through participant observation, analysis of teachers' narrative assessments of children, and focus group interviews with teachers and parents. A socio-cultural perspective on visual art education for young children provided a framework for analysing and interpreting the data. The findings of the research indicated that when an IWB is integrated into a kindergarten visual art programme it can be a useful tool for motivating and assisting children with visual art learning experiences. The affordances of the IWB allow for some new art experiences to occur that are different from that of traditional art mediums. It was observed, however, that creative art ideas developed with an IWB can be translated into traditional art mediums and vice versa. Problems and issues were also identified in the study, in particular the need for appropriate professional development for teachers to help them maximise the potential of the IWB for early childhood teaching. Areas for further research are discussed, and some recommendations are made for best practice with an IWB for supporting children's visual art learning experiences.
The Recent Carbonate Sediments of Palmyra Atoll, Northern Line Islands, Central Pacific Ocean
Authors:   , Clark Oscar
Published: November 2021

Palmyra Atoll is an isolated carbonate reef system located approximately 1600 km south of Hawaii in the northern Line Islands, central Pacific Ocean. Sediment samples from the lagoons and tidal zones were analyzed for grainsize and composition, and the results used to compile detailed maps and interpret the environments and lithofacies present. A distinct grainsize distribution was observed forming concentric bands ranging from coarse gravel rubble on the outer reef through to finer material in the interior of the atoll in the deep lagoons, where peloidal muds prevail. Five lithologic facies have been identified and typical sediments are poorly sorted and near-symmetrical in their grainsize distribution. On average, sediments are medium sand. A distinct chlorozoan assemblage was observed with coral and calcareous red algal fragments forming half of the sediment, with varying amounts of molluscs, Halimeda and foraminifera being the lesser major constituents. Lagoonal and tidal sediments showed little variation in composition between locations and lacked clear compositional zonation, characteristic of other larger atolls of the Pacific. Palmyra Atoll is unique in that it has had little human intervention for the last sixty years and as a result uninhibited natural processes are occurring. It is also unique in that it displays relatively deep for its size (<55 m), steep-sided compartmentalized lagoons that have abundant fine material (upward of 70% silt or finer), a feature not commonly observed at other Pacific atolls. This fine material has been identified as a peloidal mud and its mode and rate of deposition may be partly controlled by the abundant zooplankton in the lagoons. Recent sediments of Palmyra Atoll are almost entirely carbonate, originating from reef organisms inhabiting the atoll. The only other material is small amounts of siliceous sponge skeletons.
In Situ Analysis of the Mu-Opioid Receptor Splice Variants in Adult Rat Brain
Authors:   , Price Kylie M
Published: November 2021

The original intention of this study was to exploit the specificity of circularisable ligation probes (CLiPs) in a unique approach of in situ genotyping the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) splice variants. CLiPs were designed to target a PCR generated MOR-1 template in vivo. The ligation results were consistent with circularised CLiPs, however due to the inherent limitations of this method the more conventional technique of fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) was substituted for CLiPs to analyse to distribution of MOR splice variants in rat brain. Utilising FISH, the aim was to produce RNA probes (riboprobes) approximately the same size as the target specific region of CLiPs (~60-70 nt) to analyse the distribution patterns of MOR splice variants in rat brain. Five short (70-222 nt) riboprobes were generated to exons 1, 3, 4 and 9, and the 5' UTR + exon 1 of the Rattus norvegicus MOR gene (Oprm) to be utilised in FISH. The exon 1, 4 and 5' UTR + exon 1 riboprobes were shown to localise to MOR mRNA in brain structures previously reported to express MORs. These riboprobes also localised to mRNA within the Purkinje cells of the adult rat cerebellum, where it is generally accepted that only DOR is expressed in the rat cerebellum. MOR mRNA was visualised in many structures in the rat brain, including the dendate gyrus, inferior olive and spinal trigeminal nucleus. Riboprobes generated to the 5' UTR + exon 1 and exon 4 showed differential distribution patterns, the functional significance of this discovery is unknown, however these results implicate a role for FISH in tracking the distribution patterns of untranslated and translated mRNA. The use of novel new short riboprobes represents a technically difficult yet feasible technique for mapping MOR mRNA distribution in adult rat brain.
Haere Mai Me Tuhituhi He Pukapuka: Muri Iho Ka Whawhai Ai Tatou: Reading Te Rangikaheke
Authors:   , Loader Arini May
Published: November 2021

This thesis reads Te Rangikaheke's texts through the editorial, Te Arawa and biographic dimensions of the writer and the texts. Te Rangikaheke was a prolific nineteenth century writer who produced over 800 pages of manuscript material. 1 Although he has enjoyed a moderate amount of scholarly attention, this has tended to focus on attribution, cataloguing and tracing publication, transcription and translating, commentary on authenticity and literary quality and his account of history. Specifically, the first core chapter explores issues concerning the editing of Te Rangikaheke's manuscripts by Governor George Grey and the effects of Grey's editing decisions on the texts. This chapter explores the nature of the relationship between Grey and Te Rangikaheke, the effects of this relationship on Te Rangikaheke's texts, and what the dualities of Pakeha/Maori and Governor/Native might mean in terms of the texts. Responding to the calls of American Indian Literary Criticism for studies of Indigenous topics to engage deeply with the contexts of iwi and place, the second core chapter looks at Te Rangikaheke as an Arawa writer and explores issues around identity and articulating an Arawa literary history. Finally, a biography of Te Rangikaheke elaborated from previously known and new biographic details combined with a close reading of his name and three of Te Rangikaheke's letters. Ultimately, it is anticipated that this thesis will forge new pathways into in the study of Wiremu Maihi Te Rangikaheke and his writing, and that these new pathways will clear some much needed space in which a deeper analysis of Te Rangikaheke's writing can be articulated. Furthermore, beyond its focus on a single writer, this thesis extends the scholarship on nineteenth century Maori writing, Maori historical studies, and Maori intellectual history and in this way speaks to a contemporary Indigenous intellectual agenda.
The importance of Incorporating Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) into the Secondary Curriculum in Order to Minimise the Problems of Waste on South Tarawa
Authors:   , Moy Sina
Published: November 2021

Waste is an increasing problem in Small Island States (SIDs) such as Kiribati. In Kiribati the major concern is on the capital island, South Tarawa with more than 6,500 tons of solid waste generated each year. With only a tiny strip of land supporting a large population, it is no wonder it resulted as the highest population density compared to Tokyo. More than half of the Kiribati population lives on the capital, South Tarawa with an estimation of 150 people per/km^2 Education for Sustainable Development (ESD)/Environmental Education (EE) are taught through Social Studies, Science and other disciplinary subjects only in primary up to junior secondary school. The missing link of this ESD/EE can be found at the secondary level. The main aim of this research is to find out ways of incorporating ESD/EE at secondary level in order to help minimise waste issues that are present on urbanised South Tarawa. By formalising education for sustainable development/environmental education into the secondary school syllabus, it will help young citizens of Kiribati prepared as active members of society. As the Ministry of Education (NZ) states "nvironmental education provides a relevant context for identifying, exploring, and developing values and attitudes that can ensure students' active participation in maintaining and improving the quality of the local, national, and global environment."(Education for sustainability). This thesis argues that it is important to include Education for Sustainable Development into secondary school syllabus in order to help minimise the waste issues that have been experienced by the people living on South Tarawa.
Accident Compensation in Swiss and New Zealand Law: Some Selected Issues That Undermine the Purpose in Both Schemes
Authors:   , Wampfler Rohrer Yvonne
Published: November 2021

This dissertation analyses selected issues that undermine the coherence and the purposes of the Swiss and New Zealand accident compensation schemes. Unlike other European states the Swiss accident compensation provides cover for non-work related accidental injury, which makes it a useful subject of comparison with the New Zealand accident compensation scheme which provides a comprehensive, no fault compensation scheme for personal injury. In undertaking a largely comparative approach the paper argues that both schemes have drifted away considerably from the original underlying purpose to provide compensation for work incapacity and, on the other hand, to restore the claimant to a level of work capacity as soon as possible. This thesis is illustrated by examining the vulnerability of the schemes to political change, the arbitrary dichotomy between incapacity to work caused by accidental injury and incapacity caused by sickness, the definitions of an accident in both schemes and the assessment of evidence. The paper finds that both schemes should be amended and suggests alternative approaches for each issue.