bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Followup Study of Asymptomatic Carriers ofPneumocystis jiroveciDuring Immunosuppressive Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: MORI SHUNSUKE , CHO ISAMU , SUGIMOTO MINEHARU
Published: June 2009

Objective.

To examine the preventive effects of prophylaxis againstPneumocystis jiroveci-induced pneumonia (PCP) in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who are colonized by this organism.

Methods.

We performed molecular testing by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) forP. jirovecion induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of 82 patients with RA. During primary prophylaxis, asymptomatic carriers of this organism were examined by high-resolution computed tomography and PCR every 2 weeks. RA patients who had developed PCP received PCR tests every week. Once negative results were obtained, PCR testing was scheduled at Months 1, 3, and 6, followed by reexaminations every 6 months.

Results.

We found 9 cases of asymptomatic carriage ofP. jiroveci.All the carriers had received low doses of methotrexate. Upon introduction of PCP prophylaxis, 5 cases tested negative for PCR within 1 month. Three carriers developed PCP before starting prophylaxis, but these tested negative for PCR after short periods (1–2 weeks) of PCP treatment. OnceP. jiroveciwas eradicated, all cases maintained negative PCR results during followup without prophylactic intervention, even after resuming immunosuppressive therapy. One patient refused PCP prophylaxis, but no PCP developed.

Conclusion.

RA patients with asymptomatic carriage ofP. jirovecibenefited from short-term prophylaxis against PCP. Positive PCR results appeared to be predictive of future development of PCP in RA patients. Identification ofP. jirovecicarriers will encourage prompt introduction of PCP prophylaxis when rheumatologists consider immunosuppressive therapy for RA.
Clinical and Genetic Features of Familial Mediterranean Fever in Japan
Authors: TSUCHIYA-SUZUKI AYAKO , YAZAKI MASAHIDE , NAKAMURA AKINORI , YAMAZAKI KAZUKO , AGEMATSU KAZUNAGA , MATSUDA MASAYUKI , IKEDA SHU-ICHI
Published: June 2009

Objective.

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is thought to be a rare disorder in Japan, and the clinical features of Japanese patients with FMF remain unclear. Our aim was to elucidate the clinical characteristics of FMF in Japanese patients.

Methods.

We analyzed clinical and genetic data of 80 patients based on the results of a nationwide questionnaire survey and review of the literature.

Results.

From clinical findings of 80 Japanese patients, high-grade fever was observed in 98.8%, chest attacks (pleuritis symptoms) in 61.2%, abdominal attacks (peritonitis symptoms) in 55.0%, and arthritis in 27.5%. Twenty-four percent of patients experienced their first attacks before 10 years of age, 40% in their teens, and 36% after age 20 years. Colchicine was effective in many patients at a relatively low dose (< 1.0 mg/day). AA amyloidosis was seen in only 1 patient. Common MEFV mutation patterns were E148Q/M694I (25.0%), M694I alone (17.5%), and L110P/E148Q/M694I (17.5%), and no patient carried the M694V mutation, the most common mutation in Mediterranean patients with FMF.

Conclusion.

A larger than expected number of patients with FMF exist in Japan, and the clinical presentation of Japanese FMF patients seems to be relatively milder than those of Mediterranean FMF patients. AA amyloidosis rarely occurs in Japanese patients, probably due to difference in patterns of the MEFV genotype between Japanese and Mediterranean patients.
Une entreprise de sélection : Google
Authors: Fridenson Patrick
Published: June 2009

Résumé La réussite de Google par rapport aux premiers entrants sur le marché des moteurs de recherche résulte de la spécialisation initiale dans la clientèle étudiante et universitaire, qui a fourni les bases d’une entreprise devenue grand public, donc commerciale, vivant de la publicité et cotée en bourse. La croissance spectaculaire repose sur une politique d’innovations répétées et d’économies de synergie qui débouche sur le lancement régulier de nouveaux produits. Après avoir présenté les controverses liées au projet Google Livres, l’article examine plusieurs hypothèses d’avenir.
La promotion de l'économie touristique, levier de la politique d'aménagement du territoire en France des années 1950 aux années 1980
Authors: Bouneau Christophe
Published: June 2009

Résumé L’économie touristique française et ses entreprises sont passées, des années 1950 aux années 1980, véritable âge d’or, de la marge au cœur de la société postindustrielle française. Grâce en particulier à l’augmentation des congés payés de deux semaines en 1936 à cinq semaines en 1981, le nombre de Français partant en vacances augmenta de deux millions en 1936-1939 à 32 millions en 1988. La France était ainsi clairement la première puissance touristique européenne. La Ve République développa une politique ambitieuse d’aménagement du territoire encadrée par la DATAR, les organismes mis en place en 1959-1963 et les deux missions interministérielles littorales créées pour le Languedoc-Roussillon et l’Aquitaine. Le tourisme social et populaire bénéficia ainsi d’une vive impulsion, avec l’essor des villages familiaux de vacances et du camping. Le secteur s’organisa progressivement comme un système d’acteurs en réseaux, où les entreprises adoptaient des stratégies très diversifiées, pour l’équipement des stations de montagne, celui des résidences secondaires ou la création de chaînes hôtelières adaptées aux classes moyennes.
Auteurs de violence conjugale : Sanction/éducation, deux points d'appui pour sortir de la violence
Authors: Séverac Nadège
Published: June 2009

Résumé Cette contribution, à partir d’un matériau d’un an d’écoute d’auteurs de violence conjugale astreints à participer à un groupe de parole, montre leur expérience du traitement social et judiciaire de la violence conjugale. Il en ressort que les sanctions exercées, même en l’absence d’emprisonnement, s’avèrent marquantes et le rapport à la violence de ces hommes partiellement remanié. Les entendre au moment de leur arrivée dans le groupe permet aussi de constater que sans le travail de resocialisation qui y est effectué, la portée éducative des sanctions ne peut pas suffire à transformer un système de valeurs et de perception qui fait que la violence reste malgré tout la seule réponse possible.
L'enfant exposé à la violence conjugale : quelles difficultés et quels besoins d'aide ?
Authors: Fortin Andrée
Published: June 2009

Résumé L’article rappelle l’impact négatif de l’exposition de l’enfant à la violence conjugale et montre que les explications pour en rendre compte contribuent à identifier les besoins d’aide pour l’enfant. Le soutien à apporter ne peut se limiter aux difficultés d’adaptation de l’enfant, vues comme conséquences directes de la violence. L’action doit prendre en compte les compétences de l’enfant, le point de vue de l’enfant sur la violence, la diffusion des frontières dans la famille, la qualité de la relation mère-enfant et surtout refléter la nécessité de soutenir la mère si on veut aider l’enfant.
Les enseignants de demain : perspective anglo-saxonne sur la restructuration des vies professionnelles et des connaissances des enseignants du primaire
Authors: Goodson Ivor , Norrie Caroline
Published: June 2009

Résumé Cet article dresse un état des lieux de la profession enseignante dans le primaire en Angleterre. À partir de récits, il analyse la façon dont l’enseignement primaire est restructuré et les effets de cette politique sur les enseignants ainsi que sur leurs identités et culture professionnelles. Les données utilisées sont le fruit d’un projet de recherche financé par l’Union européenne. Les discours politiques nationaux ont été juxtaposés aux récits de vie professionnelle de chaque enseignant. L’analyse souligne la façon dont la profession enseignante dans le primaire a été reconfigurée et est passée d’un statut traditionnel à un statut contesté pour former aujourd’hui un corps recadré. Nous montrons en quoi les enseignants de demain seront différents des générations précédentes et ce qui, en Angleterre, a amené cette évolution.
Al-Jazeera, phénomène ou leurre ?
Authors: Kajja Kamal
Published: June 2009

Le lancement par l’émir du Qatar, à partir de novembre 1996, de la chaîne d’information en continu Al-Jazeera a été un vrai bouleversement dans l’espace médiatique arabe, caractérisé par la censure exercée par les régimes en place. Al-Jazeera constitue l’une des chaînes de télévision les plus controversées dans le monde arabe, voire ailleurs. Sa ligne éditoriale et la qualité de ses programmes, diffusés sur un ton de liberté, ont révolutionné la scène médiatique et le débat public dans le monde arabe, ce qui a irrité plusieurs gouvernements arabes voire même les États-Unis et l’Europe. Sa capacité à fédérer les masses arabes derrière elle et à régénérer un panarabisme trans -national a poussé les régimes arabes, plus particulièrement l’Arabie saoudite, mais également l’administration américaine et le gouvernement britannique à lancer leurs propres chaînes d’information destinées au monde arabe. Cette initiative rentre dans le cadre d’une stratégie visant à contrer l’influence considérable d’Al-Jazeera, qui est devenue la chaîne la plus regardée dans le monde arabe, plus particulièrement au lendemain des événements du 11 septembre 2001, et qui concurrence dorénavant les grandes chaînes internationales d’infor -mation telles que CNN et la BBC sur leur propre terrain.
Une approche triadique du marketing des destinations
Authors: Maunier Cécile
Published: June 2009

Résumé Les recherches en tourisme s’intéressent davantage à des produits spécifiques qu’aux destinations. Le tourisme joue pourtant un rôle important dans la prospérité de nombreux pays et économies insulaires. Une étude des techniques utilisées dans le cadre du marketing des destinations s’avère alors intéressante compte tenu des diverses parties en présence et des différentes composantes du macro-produit « destination ». L’intégration de travaux relatifs au marketing touristique, au marketing territorial et au marketing politique est dans ce cadre préférable pour tenir compte de ces spécificités.
Un modèle d'analyse collective en situation : la “war room”
Authors: Bulinge Franck
Published: June 2009

Résumé L’évolution des enjeux stratégiques liés à l’information et à la connaissance implique une évolution des modèles disponibles dans le domaine du renseignement et de l’intelligence économique. Face à la complexité des situations, l’individu ne peut plus résoudre seul les problématiques décisionnelles. Le modèle du “mythique décideur” ne correspond plus à la réalité et peut s’avérer nuisible vis-à-vis des institutions et des entreprises. Nous poursuivons notre exploration du modèle d’intelligence économique centrée projet, dont nous pensons qu’il est une piste intéressante pour la mise en œuvre d’une intelligence collective susceptible de booster les performances des organisations. Cet article propose notamment d’étudier le modèle de la “war room” comme cadre opérationnel et pédagogique.
Les manifestations de la fidélité du spectateur dans le spectacle vivant : quand on aime, on ne discute pas !
Authors: Auriacombe Brigitte , Chalamon Isabelle , Le Loarne-Lemaire Séverine
Published: June 2009

Résumé Cet article traite des manifestations de la fidélité dans le spectacle vivant. Une recherche menée au théâtre de la Croix Rousse de Lyon montre que, contrairement aux travaux antérieurement menés sur ce thème, l’abonnement n’est pas nécessairement une preuve de fidélité. En outre, elle ne fait pas apparaître de spécificité du comportement du consommateur de spectacles vivants, concernant les manifestations de sa fidélité.
Encadrer, une promenade de santé ?
Authors: Desmarais Céline
Published: June 2009

Résumé Cet article analyse les conditions de travail des encadrants des pays de l’Europe des quinze, en s’appuyant sur les résultats de la troisième enquête européenne sur les conditions de travail, réalisée simultanément dans chacun des pays de la communauté européenne en mars 2000 par la fondation européenne pour l’amélioration des conditions de vie et de travail. Il montre que bien que considérés comme des privilégiés et affichant une satisfaction plutôt supérieure à celle des non encadrants, les encadrants subissent un certain nombre de nuisances professionnelles dont l’impact est non négligeable. Les nouveaux modèles productifs contribuent, partout en Europe, à tendre encore plus cette situation.
Conditions de travail et nouvelles pathologies : des contingences sectorielles et personnelles
Authors: Abord de Chatillon Emmanuel , Bachelard Olivier , Moscarola Jean
Published: June 2009

Résumé Il existe aujourd’hui une importante diversité existant entre les salariés du point de vue de leurs conditions de travail. Ce n’est pas le travail qui est pénible en lui-même, mais plutôt certaines conditions de son exercice. L’analyse des données de la Fondation Européenne pour l’Amélioration des Conditions de Vie et de Travail de Dublin 1 , permet de mettre en évidence une réelle diversité des conditions de travail en Europe. Dans cet article, nous décrirons plus particulièrement la situation des diversités statutaires, dont on sait notamment en France, quelles sont associés à des résultats sécurité qui manifestent des conditions de travail dégradées. Nous montrerons alors qu’il existe une réelle variété des conditions de travail en France comme en Europe qui débouche sur autant de souffrances au travail et de pathologies associées. Ainsi, après avoir identifié ce que recouvre aujourd’hui le concept de conditions de travail, nous expliciterons ce que représente la pénibilité dans ce contexte avant de mettre en évidence les diversités de cette pénibilité. Ces éléments permettront de dresser un cadre d’action pour les gestionnaires des conditions de travail.
La gestion des talents : émergence d'un nouveau modèle de management ?
Authors: Mirallès Pierre
Published: June 2009

Résumé La communication propose un concept du talent utilisable en gestion des ressources humaines et, sur cette base, construit un modèle de management qui s’oppose et dépasse le modèle de la compétence. Le talent est défini comme « excellence + différence » et vu comme une idiosyncrasie. Manager les talents implique de mettre en œuvre un ensemble cohérent de pratiques de gestion typiques, telles que le scouting (détection/sélection), le casting (composition d’équipe), le coaching (accompagnement/conditionnement) et le cocooning (protection/rétention). L’émergence dans les organisations du management des talents exprime l’immersion d’une partie de leurs activités dans le monde de l’hypercompétition.
Equité intergénérationnelle et préoccupations environnementales. Réflexions autour de l'actualisation
Authors: Ferrari Sylvie , Mery Jacques
Published: June 2009

Résumé L’objet de l’article est d’explorer les articulations possibles entre la dimension temporelle des phénomènes économiques et celle des phénomènes naturels en retenant pour cadre d’analyse les pollutions globales (productions jointes des filières énergétiques) et locales (production jointe de déchets) dont les effets affectent à la fois les générations présentes et futures. Le procédé de l’actualisation constitue une première voie même s’il se heurte à quelques difficultés dès que des principes éthiques entrent en scène. Par ailleurs, la prise en compte des interdépendances entre l’économie et l’environnement implique de recourir à un temps de nature irréversible. Enfin, la dimension éthique, dimension essentielle du développement durable, est introduite avec le principe Responsabilité de Jonas. L’impératif de la prudence associé à la nature irréversible du temps de la biosphère conduit à réviser le rôle de l’actualisation dans les décisions économiques.
Le manager intermédiaire ou la GRH mise en scène
Authors: Dietrich Anne
Published: June 2009

Résumé L’article analyse les transformations du management intermédiaire et souligne l’intérêt des notions de position et de proximité pour appréhender ses figures et rendre compte à la fois de leur unité, de leur diversité et de leur champ d’action possible. Il montre ensuite comment la GRH s’approprie ces figures pour se mettre en scène au sein d’un système de management dont elle vise à renforcer la cohérence.
Un modèle organisationnel en « confiance-coopération »
Authors: Pesqueux Yvon
Published: June 2009

Résumé Le projet de ce texte est de dresser les contours d’un modèle relationnel de l’organisation à partir de la dualité « confiance – coopération », modèle organisationnel qui mettra l’accent sur l’importance des relations mutuelles, de coopération, d’association mais aussi de ses limites. La convocation de la notion est en effet effectuée le plus souvent dans la perspective idéologique d’un volontarisme managérial venant ignorer le conflit au nom de la confiance qui se doit alors d’être gérée.
La sécurité intérieure à l'épreuve de l'élargissement de l'Union européenne
Authors: de Lobkowicz Wenceslas
Published: June 2009

Les enjeux de la sécurité intérieure étaient particulièrement élevés dans l’Europe relativement homogène d’avant les élargissements « à l’Est ». Ils ont été accrus lorsque, en deux fois, le nombre d’États membres est passé à vingt-sept. Pour surmonter les nombreuses difficultés, l’article montre comment il a fallu sortir de la logique d’affrontement de bloc contre bloc qui avait longtemps divisé l’Europe. Il s’est agi d’abord de définir les objectifs prioritaires en la matière. Ensuite, il a fallu donner aux nouveaux États membres les moyens de les atteindre, que ces moyens soient financiers ou juridiques.
Vraie Méthode et interprétation de l'Écriture chez Spinoza
Authors: Klajnman Adrien
Published: June 2009

Dans le Traité de la réforme de l’entendement, le jeune Spinoza réconcilie sans les confondre les deux principales composantes de la vera Methodus et, dans une certaine mesure, unifie Méthode réflexive et Philosophie. Or, ces deux démarches apportent un éclairage sur la Méthode d’interprétation de l’Écriture conçue au chapitre VII du Traité théologico-politique. En effet, il existe une cohérence trop négligée dans les études spinozistes entre la vera Methodus et ce qu’est devenue la Philosophie ultérieure de Spinoza lorsqu’il formule les règles de l’interprétation de l’Écriture. Cette cohérence s’exprime sur deux plans. Primo, l’interprétation spinozienne des Lettres sacrées implique dans un autre registre l’histoire de l’entendement fondée par le jeune Spinoza sur la connaissance réflexive de l’idée vraie donnée et l’expérimentation. Secundo, l’impossibilité d’une « science vraie » de l’Écriture et l'emploi d'outils intellectuels innés placent le Traité théologico-politique et le Traité de la réforme de l’entendement dans un horizon commun : celui d’un usage spécifique de l’entendement et d’une alternative à la connaissance causale déployée dans l’Éthique.
Stimulating Student Interest in Nursing Research: A Program Pairing Students with Practicing Clinician Researchers
Authors: Kennel Susan , Burns Suzanne , Horn Heather
Published: June 2009

Teaching nursing research to baccalaureate nursing (BSN) students can be challenging for nurse educators. The content of research courses often is dry and seemingly irrelevant to BSN students who are focused on more concrete tasks, such as passing clinical and academic courses. Through our search for creative ways to bring energy, excitement, passion, purpose, and reality to students' views of nursing research, we designed a program in which hospital nurses involved in clinical research projects mentored students in the clinical environment. Students were asked to perform literature reviews, collect and analyze data, and help with poster presentations. Student evaluations at the end of the program were positive, and analysis of pretest and posttest scores indicated student interest in nursing research increased significantly (
p
= 0.00).
Preceptors Matter: An Evolving Framework
Authors: Paton Brenda , Thompson-Isherwood Roxie , Thirsk Lorraine
Published: June 2009

Preceptors teach students within complex, unpredictable, and often chaotic environments. The teaching expertise that preceptors acquire as they guide, facilitate, and evaluate student learning often is overlooked by both academia and service. The purpose of this triangulated research was to create a profile of nurse preceptors and reveal teaching expertise through the interpretation of preceptors' everyday experiences and challenges. The findings of this research are brought forward through the three main understandings of discovering, learning, and engaging. Dissemination occurred through the development of a collaborative Centralized Preceptorship Education Project that included three health regions, seven academic institutions, and professional regulating bodies, as well as the development of a preceptor educational framework, entitled Preceptors Matter. Our intent throughout the research and dissemination process was to legitimize the preceptor role by revealing expertise, connecting conversations, and offering opportunities for extension.
Composition, Structure and Dynamics of Arthropod Communities in a Rice Agro-Ecosystem
Authors: Bambaradeniya CNB , Edirisinghe JP
Published: June 2009

The study on terrestrial arthropod communities in rice agro-ecosystems was conducted in Bathalagoda, Sri Lanka. A total of 342 arthropod species was documented comprising 282 species of insects in 90 families and 17 orders and 60 species of arachnids in 14 families. Eight taxa new to Sri Lanka are reported. Majority of the insects documented were hymenopterans, dominated by bees and ants. Based on feeding habits, majority of the arthropods recorded were predators (149 species), dominated by spiders. However, in the rice field proper, abundance of phytophagous rice pests was higher than that of predators. Density fluctuations of predators and parasitoids were positively correlated. Species richness and diversity of terrestrial arthropods increased gradually with crop age, but declined following application of pesticides. Species diversity (H') of terrestrial arthropods during vegetative, reproductive and grain ripening stages and the fallow period were significantly different. Diversity of terrestrial arthropods in the field proper positively correlated with crop age and height of the rice plant, and in field bunds with the weed cover. Findings indicate that a stable relationship could be maintained between rice insect pests and their arthropod natural enemies through minimal biocide applications and manipulation of weed cover in the rice agroecosystem. Key Words: Rice fields, arthropods, diversity, species richness, pests, natural enemies doi: 10.4038/cjsbs.v37i1.494 Cey. J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.) 37 (1): 23-48, 2008
Salinity Implications of Wastewater Irrigation in the Musi River Catchment in India
Authors: McCartney Matthew , Scott Christopher , Ensink Jeroen , Jiang BinBin , Biggs Trent
Published: June 2009

As a consequence of increasing urbanization and shortage of good quality water, wastewater irrigation is a growing phenomenon in many arid and semi-arid countries. A common characteristic of wastewater is high salinity, with cities typically adding 200 - 500 mg l-1 of total dissolved solids compared to the source water supplied to the city. Wastewater from the city of Hyderabad in southern India is discharged to the Musi river. Downstream of the city this water, supplemented with groundwater and runoff captured in small reservoirs, is an important source for irrigation. Comparisons between upstream and downstream monitoring sites, over a distance of 39.7 km, revealed changes in the salinity of the river water. A simple mass-balance model was developed to simulate the observed differences. Results indicate that 94% of the salt load originates in the city. Downstream salinity increased by about 9%. In fields irrigated with wastewater, soil salinity increased with time with salt retention of approximately 34 kg ha-1 y-1. This represents approximately 0.1% of the total salt load applied to the land. In many places the soils have salinity in excess of recommended tolerance levels for rice, once the principal crop, but which is now increasingly being converted to fodder grass. doi: 10.4038/cjsbs.v37i1.495 Cey. J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.) 37 (1): 49-59, 2008
Intraspecific Variation in Morphology and Sexual Dimorphism in Puntius singhala (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Authors: Gunawickrama KB Suneetha
Published: June 2009

Intraspecific morphological variation and differentiation among six populations of the endemic freshwater fish Puntius singhala (Cyprinidae) were investigated. There is significant sexual dimorphism in three morphometric characters (pectoral-fin length, caudal-peduncle length, and length of dorsal-fin base), where males have slightly longer measures than females, indicating adaptive significance related to dispersal. Significant heterogeneity and differentiation was found only among some of the populations studied (Wilk's λ for males = 0.079 and for females = 0.129) indicating limited geographic variation, as suggested by relatively large overlap in canonical scores among most of the samples. No significant correlation between the pair-wise differences and inter-locality geographic distances was found, thus isolation-by-distance was not a plausible explanation for the observed variation. The present results show that P. singhala is not phenotypically homogenous. The absence of differences between population samples that experience highly limited present-day interchange may be partly explained by colonization history. Key words: Geographic variation, morphometry, multivariate analysis, population differentiation doi: 10.4038/cjsbs.v37i2.504 Cey. J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.) 37 (2): 167-175, 2008
Living Yeast Cells as a Controllable Biosynthesizer for Fluorescent Quantum Dots
Authors: Cui Ran , Liu Hui‐Hui , Xie Hai‐Yan , Zhang Zhi‐Ling , Yang Yi‐Ran , Pang Dai‐Wen , Xie Zhi‐Xiong , Chen Bei‐Bei , Hu Bin , Shen Ping
Published: June 2009

There are currently some problems in the field of chemical synthesis, such as environmental impact, energy loss, and safety, that need to be tackled urgently. An interdisciplinary approach, based on different backgrounds, may succeed in solving these problems. Organisms can be chosen as potential platforms for materials fabrication, since biosystems are natural and highly efficient. Here, an example of how to solve some of these chemical problems through biology, namely, through a novel biological strategy of coupling intracellular irrelated biochemical reactions for controllable synthesis of multicolor CdSe quantum dots (QDs) using living yeast cells as a biosynthesizer, is demonstrated. The unique fluorescence properties of CdSe QDs can be utilized to directly and visually judge the biosynthesis phase to fully demonstrate this strategy. By such a method, CdSe QDs, emitting at a variety of single fluorescence wavelengths, can be intracellularly, controllably synthesized at just 30°C instead of at 300°C with combustible, explosive, and toxic organic reagents. This green biosynthetic route is a novel strategy of coupling, with biochemical reactions taking place irrelatedly, both in time and space. It involves a remarkable decrease in reaction temperature, from around 300 °C to 30 °C and excellent color controllability of CdSe photoluminescence. It is well known that to control the size of nanocrystals is a mojor challenge in the biosynthesis of high‐quality nanomaterials. The present work demonstrates clearly that biological systems can be creatively utilized to realize controllable unnatural biosynthesis that normally does not exist, offering new insights for sustainable chemistry.
Molecular‐Level Dispersion of Graphene into Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Effective Reinforcement of their Nanocomposites
Authors: Liang Jiajie , Huang Yi , Zhang Long , Wang Yan , Ma Yanfeng , Guo Tianyin , Chen Yongsheng
Published: June 2009

Despite great recent progress with carbon nanotubes and other nanoscale fillers, the development of strong, durable, and cost‐efficient multifunctional nanocomposite materials has yet to be achieved. The challenges are to achieve molecule‐level dispersion and maximum interfacial interaction between the nanofiller and the matrix at low loading. Here, the preparation of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanocomposites with graphene oxide (GO) using a simple water solution processing method is reported. Efficient load transfer is found between the nanofiller graphene and matrix PVA and the mechanical properties of the graphene‐based nanocomposite with molecule‐level dispersion are significantly improved. A 76% increase in tensile strength and a 62% improvement of Young's modulus are achieved by addition of only 0.7 wt% of GO. The experimentally determined Young's modulus is in excellent agreement with theoretical simulation.
Somatic mosaicism for Duchenne dystrophy: Evidence for genetic normalization mitigating muscle symptoms
Authors: Kesari Akanchha , Neel Robert , Wagoner Lynne , Harmon Brennan , Spurney Christopher , Hoffman Eric P.
Published: June 2009

We describe a young adult male presenting with cardiac failure necessitating cardiac transplantation 7 months after presentation. Skeletal muscle biopsy showed mosaic immunostaining for dystrophin. DNA studies showed somatic mosaicism for a nonsense mutation in the dystrophin gene (Arg2905X). The frequency of normal versus mutant genes were determined in blood/DNA (50:50), muscle/DNA (80:20) and muscle/mRNA (90:10). These data are consistent with genetic normalization processes that may biochemically rescue skeletal muscle in male somatic mosaic patients mitigating muscle symptoms (gradual loss of dystrophin‐negative skeletal muscle tissue replaced by dystrophin‐positive stem cells). To our knowledge, this is only the second reported case of a clinically ascertained patient showing somatic mosaicism for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We hypothesize that many somatic mosaic males for DMD exist, yet they are not detected clinically due to genetic normalization. Somatic mosaicism for DMD should be considered in acute heart failure with dilated cardiomyopathy, as genetic normalization in heart is unlikely to occur. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Life history and locomotion in Cebus capucinus and Alouatta palliata
Authors: Bezanson Michelle
Published: June 2009

As an individual matures from birth to adulthood, many factors may influence the positional repertoire. The biological and behavioral changes that accompany a growing individual are expected to influence foraging strategy, social status and interaction, diet, predator avoidance strategies, and ultimately positional behavior as a behavioral link between anatomy and the environment. In this work, positional behavior is considered as an important feature of life history in juvenile and adult white‐faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) and mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) inhabiting the same tropical forest in Costa Rica. During growth and development ontogenetic changes in body size, limb proportions, and motor skills are likely to influence locomotion and posture through the arboreal canopy. I collected data on positional behavior, activity, branch size, branch angle, and crown location during a 12‐month period at Estación Biológica La Suerte in northeastern Costa Rica. Life history timing and differences in rates of growth did not predictably influence the development of adultlike positional behaviors in Cebus and Alouatta. Young Cebus resembled the adult pattern of positional behavior by 6 months of age while howlers exhibited significant differences in several positional behavior categories through 24 months of age. The positional repertoire of both species revealed similarities in the types of modes used during feed/forage and travel in juveniles and adults. Data presented here suggest that the environment exerts different pressures on growing Cebus and Alouatta that may relate to diet, energy expenditure, foraging skill, and/or social learning. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009 © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Migration to the Medieval Middle East with the Crusades
Authors: Mitchell Piers D. , Millard Andrew R.
Published: June 2009

During the 12th and 13th centuries thousands of people moved from Europe to the Middle East to fight, undertake pilgrimage, or settle and make a new life. The aim of this research is to investigate two populations from the Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem, by determining who was born in Europe and who came from the Middle East. Oxygen and strontium stable isotope analyses were conducted on the enamel of teeth from skeletal remains excavated from Crusader contexts. Twenty individuals from the coastal city of Caesarea (10 high status and 10 low status), and two local Near Eastern Christian farmers from the village of Parvum Gerinum (Tel Jezreel) were analyzed as a control sample. Results were compared with known geographic values for oxygen and strontium isotopes. The population of the city of Caesarea appears to have been dominated by European‐born individuals (probably 19/20, but at least 13/20), with few locals. This was surprising as a much higher proportion of locals were expected. Both controls from the farming village of Parvum Gerinum had spent their childhood in the area of the village, which matches our understanding of limited mobility among poor Medieval farmers. This is the first time that stable isotope analysis has been applied to the study of the migration of peoples between Medieval Europe and the Middle East at the time of the crusades. In view of these findings, we must now rethink past estimations of population social structure in Levantine coastal Medieval cities during the Crusader period. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial DNA variability among eight Tikúna villages: Evidence for an intratribal genetic heterogeneity pattern
Authors: Mendes‐Junior Celso Teixeira , Simões Aguinaldo Luiz
Published: June 2009

To study the genetic structure of the Tikúna tribe, four major Native American mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) founder haplogroups were analyzed in 187 Amerindians from eight Tikúna villages located in the Brazilian Amazon. The central position of these villages in the continent makes them relevant for attempts to reconstruct population movements in South America. In this geographic region, there is particular concern regarding the genetic structure of the Tikúna tribe, formerly designated “enigmatic” due to its remarkable degree of intratribal homogeneity and the scarcity of private protein variants. In spite of its large population size and geographic distribution, the Tikúna tribe presents marked genetic and linguistic isolation. All individuals presented indigenous mtDNA haplogroups. An intratribal genetic heterogeneity pattern characterized by two highly homogeneous Tikúna groups that differ considerably from each other was observed. Such a finding was unexpected, since the Tikúna tribe is characterized by a social system that favors intratribal exogamy and patrilocality that would lead to a higher female migration rate and homogenization of the mtDNA gene pool. Demographic explosions and religious events, which significantly changed the sizes and compositions of many Tikúna villages, may be reflected in the genetic results presented here. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Earliest complete hominin fifth metatarsal—Implications for the evolution of the lateral column of the foot
Authors: Zipfel Bernhard , DeSilva Jeremy M. , Kidd Robert S.
Published: June 2009

StW 114/115, from Sterkfontein, South Africa, is the earliest complete hominin fifth metatarsal. Comparisons of StW 114/115 to modern humans, extant apes, and partial hominin metatarsals AL 333‐13, AL 333‐78, SKX 33380, OH 8, and KNM‐ER 803f reveal a similar morphology in all six fossils consistent with habitual bipedality. Although StW 114/115 possesses some primitive characters, the proximal articular morphology and internal torsion of the head are very human‐like, suggesting a stable lateral column and the likely presence of lateral longitudinal and transverse tarsal arches. We conclude that, at least in the lateral component of the foot of the StW 114/115 individual, the biomechanical pattern is very similar to that of modern humans. This, however, may not have been the case in the medial column of the foot, as a mosaic pattern of hominin foot evolution and function has been suggested. The results of this study may support the hypothesis of an increased calcaneo‐cuboid stability having been an early evolutionary event in the history of terrestrial bipedalism. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Familial resemblance in digit ratio (2D:4D)
Authors: Voracek Martin , Dressler Stefan G.
Published: June 2009

Familial resemblance in the second‐to‐fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), a proxy for prenatal androgen action, was studied in 1,260 individuals from 235 Austrian families. In agreement with findings from twin studies of 2D:4D, heritability estimates based on parent–child and full‐sib dyad similarity indicated substantial genetic contributions to trait expression (57% for right hand, 48% for left hand 2D:4D). Because twin studies have found nonadditive genetic as well as shared environmental effects on 2D:4D to be negligible or nil, these family‐based estimates in all likelihood reflect the narrow‐sense (additive genetic) heritability of the trait. Directional (right‐minus‐left) asymmetry in 2D:4D was only weakly heritable (6%). The pattern of same‐sex and different‐sex parent–child and full‐sib correlations yielded no evidence for X‐linked inheritance. This is surprising, considering evidence for associations of male 2D:4D with sensitivity to testosterone (functional variants of the X‐linked androgen receptor gene). 2D:4D was particularly strongly heritable through male lines (father–son and brother–brother correlations), thus raising the possibility that Y‐linked genes (such as the sex‐determining region SRY) might influence 2D:4D expression. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Double Layer of Au(100)/Ionic Liquid Interface and Its Stability in Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquids
Authors: Su Yu‐Zhuan , Fu Yong‐Chun , Yan Jia‐Wei , Chen Zhao‐Bin , Mao Bing‐Wei
Published: June 2009

Oberflächlich betrachtet: Die differenzielle Kapazität von Au(100) in der ionischen Flüssigkeit [BMI]BF4 (BMI=1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) als Funktion des elektrostatischen Potentials nimmt einen glockenförmigen Verlauf (siehe Bild). Die Adsorption von BMI+ geht von einem ungeordneten in einen geordneten Prozess über und hängt von der Struktur der Oberfläche ab. Die geordnete Adsorption zu einer micellartigen Struktur stabilisiert die darunter befindliche Au‐Oberfläche.

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Probing the Inner Space of Resorcinarene Molecular Capsules with Nitroxide Guests
Authors: Mileo Elisabetta , Yi Song , Bhattacharya Papri , Kaifer Angel E.
Published: June 2009

In Quarantäne: Nitroxid‐Spinsonden werden in Dichlormethanlösung in hexameren Resorcinaren‐Kapseln eingeschlossen (siehe Bild). Beim Einschluss von zwei kationischen und einer neutralen Sonde nimmt die Taumelgeschwindigkeit deutlich ab. Mit zunehmendem Molekülvolumen der Sonde spiegelt ihre Taumelgeschwindigkeit die Gesamttaumelgeschwindigkeit des supramolekularen Assoziats wider.

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The Benzyne Aza‐Claisen Reaction
Authors: Cant Alastair A. , Bertrand Guillaume H. V. , Henderson Jaclyn L. , Roberts Lee , Greaney Michael F.
Published: June 2009

Ein Arin und ein tertiäres Allylamin liefern durch eine Aza‐Claisen‐Umlagerung o‐Allylanilinprodukte. Das Arin bietet sowohl die π‐Komponente für die Umlagerung als auch die Quaternisierung, die die Aktivierungsenergie der sigmatropen Verschiebung senkt. Die Reaktion wurde zur Synthese benzanellierter cyclischer Amine mit mittlerer Ringgröße genutzt (siehe Schema).

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Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Isomerization of Primary Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Mantilli Luca , Gérard David , Torche Sonya , Besnard Céline , Mazet Clément
Published: June 2009

Unter sehr milden Reaktionsbedingungen vermitteln Iridiumhydridkatalysatoren die Isomerisierung primärer Allylalkohole. Die besten Katalysatoren, darunter (R)‐1, liefern die gewünschten chiralen Aldehyde mit ausgezeichneten Enantioselektivitäten und in guten Ausbeuten. Auf der Grundlage von ersten Untersuchungen wurde ein mechanistisches Modell entwickelt.

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Double Layer of Au(100)/Ionic Liquid Interface and Its Stability in Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquids
Authors: Su Yu‐Zhuan , Fu Yong‐Chun , Yan Jia‐Wei , Chen Zhao‐Bin , Mao Bing‐Wei
Published: June 2009

Ring any bells? The differential capacitance curve of Au(100) in neat [BMI]BF4 (BMI=1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) ionic liquid has a bell‐shaped feature (see picture). The adsorption of BMI+ shows a disorder–order transition and depends on the structure of the surface. Ordered adsorption in a micelle‐like structure stabilizes the underlying Au surface.

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Activation of Hydrogen by Palladium(0): Formation of the Mononuclear Dihydride Complextrans‐[Pd(H)2(IPr)(PCy3)]
Authors: Fantasia Serena , Egbert Jonathan D. , Jurčík Václav , Cazin Catherine S. J. , Jacobsen Heiko , Cavallo Luigi , Heinekey D. Michael , Nolan Steven P.
Published: June 2009

An even split: In sharp contrast with the general behavior of Pd0complexes, [Pd(IPr)(PCy3)] is able to activate the HH bond. The resultingtrans‐[Pd(H)2(IPr)(PCy3)] is the first isolated mononuclear dihydride palladium compound. Its formation is supported by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, density functional calculations, and X‐ray diffraction studies. The stability and reactivity of this new species are examined.

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The Benzyne Aza‐Claisen Reaction
Authors: Cant Alastair A. , Bertrand Guillaume H. V. , Henderson Jaclyn L. , Roberts Lee , Greaney Michael F.
Published: June 2009

Adding an aryne to a tertiary allylamine affords o‐allylaniline products of an aza‐Claisen rearrangement. The aryne simultaneously provides the π component for the rearrangement and the quaternization event that lowers the activation energy for the sigmatropic shift. The reaction was applied to the synthesis of medium‐ring benzannulated amines (see scheme).

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Catalytic Microcapsules Assembled from Enzyme–Nanoparticle Conjugates at Oil–Water Interfaces
Authors: Samanta Bappaditya , Yang Xiao‐Chao , Ofir Yuval , Park Myoung‐Hawn , Patra Debabrata , Agasti Sarit S. , Miranda Oscar R. , Mo Zhi‐Hong , Rotello Vincent M.
Published: June 2009

Involuntary association: Anionic β‐galactosidase enzymes associate with positively charged Au nanoparticles to produce reduced‐charge conjugates, which assemble at oil–water interfaces to result in stable microcapsules (see picture). The microcapsules were formed quickly and showed high enzymatic activity, which makes them promising materials for biotechnology applications.

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Cleaner Continuous Photo‐Oxidation Using Singlet Oxygen in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Bourne Richard A. , Han Xue , Poliakoff Martyn , George Michael W.
Published: June 2009

High pressure under the spotlight: A new milliliter‐scale reactor is developed for using supercritical CO2 to perform continuous photo‐oxidation reactions. Changing from a traditional microliter‐scale batch reaction to 8 hours of reaction using the new reactor gives a 3000‐fold scale‐up of the oxidation of α‐terpinene (see picture).

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Loading of Exponentially Grown LBL Films with Silver Nanoparticles and Their Application to Generalized SERS Detection
Authors: Abalde‐Cela Sara , Ho Szushen , Rodríguez‐González Benito , Correa‐Duarte Miguel A. , Álvarez‐Puebla Ramón A. , Liz‐Marzán Luis M. , Kotov Nicholas A.
Published: June 2009

Feature film: Thin films made by exponential layer‐by‐layer growth display high diffusivity and can be readily infiltrated with inorganic nanoparticles. They can sequestrate molecular systems from solution as a function of the composition of their layers, while providing intense surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals (see picture).

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Enantioselective Linchpin Catalysis by SOMO Catalysis: An Approach to the Asymmetric α‐Chlorination of Aldehydes and Terminal Epoxide Formation
Authors: Amatore Muriel , Beeson Teresa D. , Brown Sean P. , MacMillan David W. C.
Published: June 2009

Time for SOme MOre: For the first time SOMO (singly occupied molecular orbital) activation has been exploited to allow a new approach to the α‐chlorination of aldehydes. This transformation can be readily implemented as part of a linchpin catalysis approach to the enantioselective production of terminal epoxides.

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Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Isomerization of Primary Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Mantilli Luca , Gérard David , Torche Sonya , Besnard Céline , Mazet Clément
Published: June 2009

Nothing to sm(Ir)k at: Under appropriate reaction conditions, iridium hydride catalysts promote the isomerization of primary allylic alcohols. The best catalysts, like (R)‐1 (P green, O red, N blue, Ir yellow), deliver the desired chiral aldehydes with excellent enantioselectivity and good yields. Mechanistic hypotheses have been developed on the basis of preliminary investigations.

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Self‐Coupling of a 4‐H‐Butatrienylidene Tungsten Complex
Authors: Semenov Sergey N. , Blacque Olivier , Fox Thomas , Venkatesan Koushik , Berke Heinz
Published: June 2009

Tungsten tryst: A 4‐H‐butatrienylidene complex of tungsten was successfully isolated and structurally characterized. It undergoes a unique self‐coupling, which leads to a dimer (see picture; P pink, O red) with a cross‐conjugated π system and with electrochemically and magnetically active metal centers.

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Nano‐sized chalk‐protein deposits as filler of elastomers
Authors: Przepiórkowska Anita , Chrońska Karolina , Prochoń Miroslawa
Published: June 2009

One of the generally applied filler in rubber industry is commercial chalk—divided calcium carbonate. In aim to prevent from the agglomeration of calcium carbonate particles during mixing with rubber, calcium carbonate is modified. It rely on changing hydrophilic properties on hydrophobic properties acting surfactants as higher fatty acids, their salts, esters, higher aliphatic liquor, vegetable oils, or amine. The aim of present studies was to separate chalk and precipitating degraded proteins and fats about nano‐sized from two kind of environmentally noxious tannery effluents which came from processes of liming with degradation of hair structure. Obtained deposits were examined by FTIR spectroscopic, particles size measurements, zeta potential, microanalysis and then these deposits were used as fillers of rubber mixes such as NBR and XNBR. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Properties of alkoxysilane functionalized polycaprolactone/polydimethylsiloxane‐modified epoxy resin composites: Effect of curing temperature and compositions
Authors: Liu Pinggui , Song Jiangxuan , He Lihua , Liang Xingquan , Ding Heyan
Published: June 2009

A series of epoxy resin composites containing different contents of alkoxysilane functionalized polycaprolactone/polydimethylsiloxane (PCS‐2Si) were prepared after curing with polyamidoamine curing agent at different temperatures. The effects of PCS‐2Si content and curing temperature on morphologies, solvent resistance, and surface properties of the composites were studied. The scanning electron microscope results showed that increasing the PCS‐2Si content and curing temperature caused the changes of miscibility between epoxy and modifier, leading to different morphologies. Other data from solvent swelling and surface tension of composites cured at the same temperature illustrated that the modified epoxy resins with higher content of PCS‐2Si had less crosslinked networks, but lower surface tension. At the same time, the composites cured at higher curing temperature generally had more resistance to chemicals and higher surface tension due to the formation of highly crosslinked networks. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009