bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal Suturing Technique and Number of Sutures for Surgical Implantation of Acoustic Transmitters in Juvenile Salmonids
Authors: Deters Katherine A. , Brown Richard S. , Boyd James W. , Eppard M. Brad , Seaburg Adam G.
Published: December 2011

The size reduction of acoustic transmitters has led to a reduction in the length of the incision needed to implant a transmitter. Smaller suture knot profiles and fewer sutures may be adequate for closing an incision used to surgically implant an acoustic transmitter. As a result, faster surgery times and reduced tissue trauma could lead to increased survival and decreased infection for implanted fish. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of five suturing techniques on mortality, tag and suture retention, incision openness, ulceration, and redness in juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha implanted with acoustic transmitters. Suturing was performed by three surgeons, and study fish were held at two water temperatures (12°C and 17°C). Mortality was low and tag retention was high for all treatments on all examination days (7, 14, 21, and 28 d postsurgery). Because there was variation by surgeon in suture retention among treatments, further analyses included only the one surgeon who received feedback training in all suturing techniques. Incision openness and tissue redness did not differ among treatments. The only difference observed among treatments was in tissue ulceration. Incisions closed with a horizontal mattress pattern had more ulcerations than did other treatments among fish held for 28 d at 17°C. Results from this study suggest that one simple interrupted 1 × 1 × 1 × 1 suture is adequate for closing incisions on fish under most circumstances. However, in dynamic environments, two simple interrupted 1 × 1 × 1 × 1 sutures should provide adequate incision closure. Reducing bias in survival and behavior tagging studies is important when making comparisons with the migrating salmon population. Therefore, by minimizing the effects of tagging on juvenile salmon (reduced tissue trauma and reduced surgery time) researchers can more accurately estimate survival and behavior.
Accounting for Tag Loss and Its Uncertainty in a Mark–Recapture Study with a Mixture of Single and Double Tags
Authors: Hyun Saang‐Yoon , Reynolds Joel H. , Galbreath Peter F.
Published: December 2011

Unless accounted for in the estimation, tag loss will cause mark–recapture methods to overestimate the true abundance of a closed population and to underestimate the associated uncertainty. Current methods of accounting for tag loss require all marked individuals to be double‐tagged. We present a new model that fully accounts for tag loss and allows for the use of a mixture of single‐ and double‐tagged individuals, thus simplifying implementation in the field. Treating abundance, tag loss rate, and capture probabilities as free parameters, we estimated those parameters and their uncertainty by using maximum likelihood. Whereas existing methods assume that a double‐tagged animal does not lose both tags, the new model allows the animal to lose both tags. The new model's performance was assessed and compared with that of other estimators (modified Petersen and Seber–Felton) via simulation. As expected, estimates from the new model were less biased and more precise than estimates from the other models. The model was used to estimate the abundance of the kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka population in the Metolius River, Oregon, during 2007. Abundance was estimated at 102,970 fish (), tag loss rate was estimated at 0.27 (), the capture probability for the first sample (tagging) was 0.03 (), and the capture probability for the second sample (recovery) was 0.11 (). The new model uses all of the information from single‐ and double‐tag data, provides unbiased abundance estimates in the presence of tag loss for a closed population, and has less‐stringent field requirements that make it easier to employ than other methods.
RAG-induced DNA double-strand breaks signal through Pim2 to promote pre–B cell survival and limit proliferation
Authors: Bednarski Jeffrey J. , Nickless Andrew , Bhattacharya Deepta , Amin Rupesh H. , Schlissel Mark S. , Sleckman Barry P.
Published: December 2011

Interleukin 7 (IL-7) promotes pre–B cell survival and proliferation by activating the Pim1 and Akt kinases. These signals must be attenuated to induce G1 cell cycle arrest and expression of the RAG endonuclease, which are both required for IgL chain gene rearrangement. As lost IL-7 signals would limit pre–B cell survival, how cells survive during IgL chain gene rearrangement remains unclear. We show that RAG-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated during IgL chain gene assembly paradoxically promote pre–B cell survival. This occurs through the ATM-dependent induction of Pim2 kinase expression. Similar to Pim1, Pim2 phosphorylates BAD, which antagonizes the pro-apoptotic function of BAX. However, unlike IL-7 induction of Pim1, RAG DSB-mediated induction of Pim2 does not drive proliferation. Rather, Pim2 has antiproliferative functions that prevent the transit of pre–B cells harboring RAG DSBs from G1 into S phase, where these DNA breaks could be aberrantly repaired. Thus, signals from IL-7 and RAG DSBs activate distinct Pim kinase family members that have context-dependent activities in regulating pre–B cell proliferation and survival.
𝐾-theory of cones of smooth varieties
Authors: Cortiñas G. , Haesemeyer C. , Walker M. , Weibel C.
Published: December 2011

Let

R
R

be the homogeneous coordinate ring of a smooth projective variety

X
X

over a field

k
k

of characteristic 0. We calculate the

K
K

-theory of

R
R

in terms of the geometry of the projective embedding of

X
X

. In particular, if

X
X

is a curve, then we calculate

K
0

(
R
)

K_0(R)

and

K
1

(
R
)

K_1(R)

, and prove that

K

−
1

(
R
)
=
⨁

H
1

(
C
,

O

(
n
)
)

K_{-1}(R)=\bigoplus H^1(C,\mathcal {O}(n))

. The formula for

K
0

(
R
)

K_0(R)

involves the Zariski cohomology of twisted Kähler differentials on the variety.
Midkine in Inflammation
Authors: Weckbach Ludwig T. , Muramatsu Takashi , Walzog Barbara
Published: December 2011

The 13 kDa heparin-binding growth factor midkine (MK) was originally identified as a molecule involved in the orchestration of embryonic development. Recent studies provided evidence for a new role of MK in acute and chronic inflammatory processes. Accordingly, several inflammatory diseases including nephritis, arthritis, atherosclerosis, colitis, and autoimmune encephalitis have been shown to be alleviated in the absence of MK in animal models. Reduced leukocyte recruitment to the sites of inflammation was found to be one important mechanism attenuating chronic inflammation when MK was absent. Furthermore, MK was found to modulate expression of proinflammatory cytokines and the expansion of regulatory T-cells. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of MK in different inflammatory disorders and summarize the knowledge of MK biology.
HETEROTOPIC GASTRIC MUCOSA WITH FOCAL INTESTINAL METAPLASIA AND SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM IN THE RECTUM
Authors: KIM HEE SUN , KIM JIE‐HYUN , YOON SUN OCH
Published: December 2011

Heterotopic gastric mucosa has been described in all levels of the gastrointestinal tract. However, gastric heterotopia of the rectum is a rare finding. It is usually reported along with polyp located in the rectum between 5 and 8 cm from the anal verge. The most common symptom is painless rectal bleeding, and non‐specific gastrointestinal symptoms may also be presented. We report an incidentally found case of a 46‐year‐old man without any gastrointestinal symptoms. The pathology showed gastric mucosa and squamous epithelium and focal intestinal metaplasia. This finding could be a clue as to the origins of the heterotopic gastric mucosa. Although there are no guidelines for treatment or the follow‐up period, regular endoscopic surveillance is necessary for gastric cancer screening.
Bilateral alterations in somatosensory cortical processing in hemiplegic cerebral palsy
Authors: NEVALAINEN PÄIVI , PIHKO ELINA , MÄENPÄÄ HELENA , VALANNE LEENA , NUMMENMAA LAURI , LAURONEN LEENA
Published: December 2011

Aim  In individuals with cerebral palsy (CP), cerebral insults during early development may induce profound reorganization of the motor representation. This study determined the extent of alterations in cortical somatosensory functions in adolescents with hemiplegic CP with subcortical brain lesions.

Method  We recorded somatosensory evoked magnetic fields in response to hand area stimulation from eight adolescents with hemiplegic CP (five females and three males; mean age 14y 6mo, SD 2y 3mo) and eight age‐ and sex‐matched healthy comparison adolescents (mean age 15y 4mo, SD 2y 4mo). All participants in the CP group had purely subcortical brain lesions in magnetic resonance images.

Results  The somatosensory representation of the affected limb was contralateral (i.e. ipsilesional), but detailed inspection of the evoked responses showed alterations bilaterally. In the primary somatosensory cortex, the representation areas of digits II and V were in both hemispheres closer to each other in participants with CP than in comparison participants [ANOVA main effect group F1,14=5.58; p=0.03]. In addition, the morphology of median nerve evoked fields was altered in the participants with CP.

Interpretation  In hemiplegic CP, modification of the somatosensory cortical network extends beyond what would be expected based on the unilateral symptoms and the anatomical lesion. Further understanding of the functional alterations in the sensorimotor networks may aid in developing more precisely designed rehabilitation strategies.
I. CHILDREN IN INSTITUTIONAL CARE: DELAYED DEVELOPMENT AND RESILIENCE
Authors: van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Palacios Jesús , Sonuga‐Barke Edmund J. S. , Gunnar Megan R. , Vorria Panayiota , McCall Robert B. , Le Mare Lucy , Bakermans‐Kranenburg Marian J. , Dobrova‐Krol Natasha A. , Juffer Femmie
Published: December 2011

Children exposed to institutional care often suffer from “structural neglect” which may include minimum physical resources, unfavorable and unstable staffing patterns, and socially emotionally inadequate caregiver‐child interactions. This chapter is devoted to the analysis of the ill effects of early institutional experiences on resident children's development. Delays in the important areas of physical, hormonal, cognitive, and emotional development are discussed. The evidence for and against the existence of a distinctive set of co‐occurring developmental problems in institutionalized children is weighed and found to not yet convincingly demonstrate a “postinstitutional syndrome.” Finally, shared and nonshared features of the institutional environment and specific genetic, temperamental, and physical characteristics of the individual child are examined that might make a crucial difference in whether early institutional rearing leaves irreversible scars.
Self‐Provision of Public Services: Its Evolution and Impact
Authors: Mizrahi Shlomo
Published: December 2011

This article establishes a framework for explaining the ways in which citizens, as clients of public services, attempt to deal with situations of combined market and government failures. Under certain conditions, citizens are driven to create self‐production mechanisms that often are extralegal or illegal. When faced with such social initiatives, politicians often support them, either passively or actively, by institutionalizing the new mechanisms. The article explains the evolution of the self‐provision model and its implications. The analysis includes a theoretical framework and a practical intervention scheme.
Major depression is associated with cardiac autonomic dysregulation
Authors: Chang Hsin-An , Chang Chuan-Chia , Chen Chih-Lun , Kuo Terry B. J. , Lu Ru-Band , Huang San-Yuan
Published: December 2011

Chang H-A, Chang C-C, Chen C-L, Kuo TBJ, Lu R-B, Huang S-Y. Major depression is associated with cardiac autonomic dysregulation.

Objective: Altered cardiac autonomic function has been proposed in patients with major depression (MD), but the results are mixed. Therefore, analyses with larger sample sizes and better methodology are needed.

Methods: To examine whether cardiac autonomic dysfunction is associated with MD, 498 unmedicated patients with MD and 462 healthy volunteers, aged 18–65 years, were recruited for a case-control analysis. We used the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to assess depression severity. Cardiac autonomic function was evaluated by measuring heart rate variability (HRV) parameters. Frequency-domain indices of HRV were obtained.

Results: Patients with MD exhibited reduced cardiac vagal control compared to healthy volunteers, and depression severity was negatively correlated with cardiac vagal control. Stratified analyses by suicide ideation revealed more pronounced cardiac vagal withdrawal among MD patients with suicide ideation.

Conclusion: This study shows that MD is associated with cardiac autonomic dysregulation, highlighting the importance of assessing HRV in currently depressed patients, given the higher risk for cardiac complications in these individuals. Taking into account that suicidal depressed patients had more adverse patterns of HRV, one might consider the treatment to restore the autonomic function for the patient population having increased susceptibility to autonomic dysregulation.
The Immigrant Wage Gap in Germany: Are East Europeans Worse Off?
Authors: Lehmer Florian , Ludsteck Johannes
Published: December 2011

Using employment register data, this study compares the outcomes of male foreign workers from different East and West European countries who entered the German labor market between 1995 and 2000 with those of male German workers. Although the wage differentials are highest for Poles, results from Oaxaca/Blinder type decompositions show that the East Europeans are not generally worse off. Actually, we find considerable heterogeneity also within nationality groups. Quantile decompositions show that coefficients effects tend to be larger at the bottom of the wage distribution and, by that, give evidence for sticky floors.
Data Sets on International Migration
Authors: Henning Sabine , Hovy Bela
Published: December 2011

International migration figures prominently on the agenda of the United Nations. Solid migration data are crucial for supporting this global debate. This article describes the international migration data sets produced by the Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. The Population Division's Migration Section produces migrant stock estimates for the world's countries by sex and, more recently, by age. The Section also produces a database containing annual data on inflows, outflows, and net flows of international migrants by country of origin for major destination countries. The Section maintains the Global Migration Database, containing the world's most complete set of empirical statistics on the international migrant stock by country of birth, citizenship, sex, and age for more than 200 countries and territories for recent decades. The data and associated publications are available from the Migration Section's Web site at http://www.unmigration.org .
US. Data Sources on the Foreign Born and Immigration
Authors: Grieco Elizabeth M. , Rytina Nancy F.
Published: December 2011

Migration data can be divided into two broad types: “stock” or census and survey data and “flow” or administrative data. Both stock and flow data are valuable resources for analyzing the migration process. In the statistical system of the United States, the U.S. Census Bureau is the primary source for census and survey data on the foreign born. The Department of Homeland Security and the U.S. State Department provide several different administrative sources for studying immigration. The goal of this study is to review the best sources of government data available for analyzing (1) the size, distribution, and characteristics of the foreign-born population and their households and (2) the level of immigration into the United States, and the distribution and characteristics of immigrants by status.
Reverse‐mode NCX current in mouse airway smooth muscle: Na+ and voltage dependence, contributions to Ca2+ influx and contraction, and altered expression in a model of allergen‐induced hyperresponsiveness
Authors: Rahman M. , Inman M. , Kiss L. , Janssen L. J.
Published: December 2011

Aim:

We examined the electrophysiological properties of reverse‐mode Na+/Ca2+ exchange (NCX) in mouse airway smooth muscle (ASM), assessing its contributions to regulation of [Ca2+], and its expression in acute and chronic airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR).

Methods:

Membrane currents were studied in single murine ASM cells under voltage clamp at −60 mV using ramp depolarizing commands to +80 mV. Confocal fluorimetric and RT‐PCR techniques were used to monitor changes in cytosolic [Ca2+] and NCX expression, respectively.

Results:

With standard KCl‐containing electrode, 30 μm KB‐R7943 (an inhibitor of reverse‐mode NCX activity) exhibited variable effects on membrane current, indicating modulation of more than one conductance. KB‐R7943 activated outwardly rectifying current that was inhibited by 100 μm iberiotoxin (blocker of large‐conductance Ca2+‐dependent K+ channels), indicating a direct enhancing effect of KB‐R7943 on those K+ channels. After obviating K+ currents, we found that a current sensitive to 4‐4’‐diisothiocyanostilbene‐2,2’‐disulfonic acid (blocker of Ca2+‐dependent Cl‐ channels) was markedly increased by elevating [Na+] in the electrode solution to 13, 15.5 and 18 mm and suppressed by KB‐R7943, indicating Ca2+ influx via reverse‐mode NCX activity. With conditions preventing Ca2+ influx through voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels but promoting that through NCX, we found that introduction of Ca2+ led to marked but transient KB‐R7943‐sensitive elevation of [Ca2+]. Additionally, KB‐R7943 suppressed cholinergically evoked Ca2+ waves. Finally, NCX1 expression was not significantly changed in allergen‐induced AHR acute model but increased approx. 2.5‐fold in a chronic model.

Conclusion:

Reverse‐mode NCX activity leads to a physiologically relevant increase in [Ca2+] even under control conditions, and this may be exaggerated in allergen‐induced AHR and asthma.
Enantiornithine Birds in China
Authors: Xia WANG , Zihui ZHANG
Published: December 2011

A brief introduction to the morphology, flight, size, habits, diet, feathers and systematic paleontology of fossil enantiornithine birds known from the Mesozoic of China is provided. Enantiornithine birds were the dominant land birds of the Mesozoic (245–65 Myr). Although they show great morphological differences from modern birds, their diversification in many respects mimics that of the modern land bird radiation and the reasons for their extinction at the end‐Cretaceous remain a mystery.
Changes of Late Mesozoic Tectonic Regimes around the Ordos Basin (North China) and their Geodynamic Implications
Authors: Yueqiao ZHANG , Wei SHI , Shuwen DONG
Published: December 2011

A synthesis is given in this paper on late Mesozoic deformation pattern in the zones around the Ordos Basin based on lithostratigraphic and structural analyses. A relative chronology of the late Mesozoic tectonic stress evolution was established from the field analyses of fault kinematics and constrained by stratigraphic contact relationships. The results show alternation of tectonic compressional and extensional regimes. The Ordos Basin and its surroundings were in weak N‐S to NNE‐SSW extension during the Early to Middle Jurassic, which reactivated E‐W‐trending basement fractures. The tectonic regime changed to a multi‐directional compressional one during the Late Jurassic, which resulted in crustal shortening deformation along the marginal zones of the Ordos Basin. Then it changed to an extensional one during the Early Cretaceous, which rifted the western, northwestern and southeastern margins of the Ordos Basin. A NW‐SE compression occurred during the Late Cretaceous and caused the termination of sedimentation and uplift of the Ordos Basin. This phased evolution of the late Mesozoic tectonic stress regimes and associated deformation pattern around the Ordos Basin best records the changes in regional geodynamic settings in East Asia, from the Early to Middle Jurassic post‐orogenic extension following the Triassic collision between the North and South China Blocks, to the Late Jurassic multi‐directional compressions produced by synchronous convergence of the three plates (the Siberian Plate to the north, Paleo‐Pacific Plate to the east and Lhasa Block to the west) towards the East Asian continent. Early Cretaceous extension might be the response to collapse and lithospheric thinning of the North China Craton.
Deformation Stages and Ar‐Ar Age Data of the Wan‐Zhe‐Gan Tectonic Zone, Southeast China, and Their Tectonic Significance
Authors: Xinqi YU , De'en WANG , Dazhi JIANG , Laili JIANG , Xiang ZHOU , Chunlin LI
Published: December 2011

The major tectonic zone that passes through the border regions of the Anhui, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi Provinces in southeast China has been commonly referred to as the Wan‐Zhe‐Gan fault zone. Geologically, this zone consists of several regional fault belts of various ages and orientations. We have categorized the faults into four age groups based on field investigations. The Neoproterozoic faults are northeast striking. They start from the northeast Jiangxi Province and extend northeastward to Fuchuan in Anhui Province, the same location of the northeast Jiangxi‐Fuchuan ophiolite belt. The faults probably acted during the Neoproterozoic as a boundary fault zone of a plate or a block suture with mélange along the faults. The nearly east‐west‐ or east‐northeast‐striking faults are of Silurian ages (40Ar/39Ar age 429 Ma). This group includes the Qimen‐Shexian fault and the Jiangwang‐Jiekou ductile shear belt. They represent a major tectonic boundary in the basement because the two sides of the fault have clear dissimilarities. The third group of faults is north‐northeast striking, having formed since the early‐middle Triassic with 40Ar/39Ar ages of 230–254 Ma. They form a fault belt starting from Yiyang in northern Jiangxi and connect with the Wucheng as well as the Ningguo‐Jixi faults. This fault belt is a key fault‐magmatic belt controlling the formation of Jurassic‐Cretaceous red basins, ore distribution, magmatic activity, and mineralization. When it reactivated during the late Cretaceous, the belt behaved as a series of reverse faults from southeast to northwest and composed the fourth fault group. Therefore, classifying the Wan‐Zhe‐Gan fault zone into four fault groups will help in the analysis of the tectonic evolution of the eastern segment of the Jiangnan orogen since the Neoproterozoic era.
China's First Independent Cobalt Deposit and its Metallogenic Mechanism: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions and Isotopic Geochemistry
Authors: Chengyou FENG , Feng QI , Dequan ZHANG , Daxin LI , Hongquan SHE
Published: December 2011

The Tuolugou cobalt deposit is the first independent large‐scale Co‐ and Au‐bearing deposit discovered in northwestern China. It is located in the eastern Kunlun orogenic belt in Qinghai Province, and occurs conformably in low‐grade metamorphic volcano‐sedimentary rock series with well‐developed Na‐rich hydrothermal sedimentary rocks and typical hydrothermal sedimentary ore fabrics. Fluid inclusions and isotopic geochemistry studies suggest that cobalt mineralizing fluid is dominated by NaCl‐H2O system, accompanied by NaCl‐CO2‐H2O‐N2 system responsible for gold mineralization. Massive, banded and disseminated pyrite ores have similar compositions of He and Ar isotopes from the mineralizing fluid, with 3He/4He range between 0.10 to 0.31Ra (averaging 0.21Ra), and 40Ar/36Ar between 302 and 569 (averaging 373), which reflects that Co mineralizing fluids derived dominantly from meteoric water deeply circulating. δ34S values of pyrite approaches to zero (δ34S ranging from –4.5‰ to +1.5‰, centering around ‐1.8‰ to ‐0.2‰), reflecting its deep source. Ore lead is characterized by distinctly high radiogenesis, with 206Pb/204Pb>19.279, 207Pb/204Pb>15.691 and 208Pb/204Pb>39.627, and its values show an increase trend from country rocks, regional Paleozoic volcanic rocks to ores. This may have suggested that high radiogentic ore Pb derived mainly from country rocks by leaching meteoric water‐dominated hydrothermal fluid during its circulation at depth. Cobalt occurs mainly in sulfide phase (such as pyrite), but cobalt enrichment, and presence and increasing contents of Co‐bearing minerals have a positive correlation with metamorphic degree. The Tuolugou deposit and other typical strata‐bound Co‐Cu‐Au deposits have striking similarities in the geological features and metallogenic pattern of primary cobalt All of them are syngenetic hydrothermal exhalative sedimentation in origin.
Geology and Geochemistry of the Yangtizishan‐Moshishan Metamorphosed Sedimentary Anatase Deposit in Zhenglan Qi, Inner Mongolia: Discovery of a New Genetic Type of Titanium Deposit
Authors: Yiming ZHAO , Daxin LI , Liangshi WU , Wenming CHEN , Chengyou FENG , Peihua WANG , Xuedong GAO
Published: December 2011

Anatase and its allomorphic mineral rutile have the most prominent economic significance among titanium mineral resources and constitute one of the badly needed mineral resources currently in China. The Yantizishan‐Moshishan anatase deposit was formerly referred to as an iron deposit Based on recent investigation and exploration the authors believe that it is actually a large metamorphosed sedimentary anatase‐dominated deposit belonging to a new genetic type. Ore bodies occur in stratoid and lenticular forms in Mesoproterozoic (1751 Ma) schist, metasandstone (metasiltstone), and amphibolite. Rich ores have perthitic structure comprising chiefly interbedded quartz perthite (with disseminated anatase and rutile) and anatase perthite. Ore minerals are mainly anatase and subordinately rutile and ilmenite (±hematite), while nonmetallic minerals are chiefly quartz with a certain amount of anthophyllite and biotite (±garnet). The grain sizes of anatase, rutile and ilmenite are 0.01–0.1 mm. Rich ores contain 3.14% to 15.46% TiO2, averaging 6.91%, while the low‐grade ores have TiO2 content about 1.2%to 2.97%, averaging 1.76%. The ores have relatively high TFe and V contents. Trace elements in anatase and rutile such as Nb and Cr were analyzed by the electron microprobe. According to their relatively low Nb and Cr contents, source anatase and rutile must have come from meta‐mafic rocks. Trace elements of the associated ilmenite show relatively high MnO and low MgO contents, just in contrast to those of ilmenite in V‐Ti‐magnetite ores of magmatic origin. The protoliths of amphibolite wall rocks should be basalt and picrite‐basalt. Pertochemical data suggest that the tectonic setting of these rocks belongs to an island arc or a transitional belt between the island arc and oceanic ridge. Silicon isotope study shows that δ30Si values of different anatase ores, quartzite, and schist in this deposit are 0.1‰ to ‐0.9‰, similar to those of marine hydrothermal exhalative sedimentary deposits. All of these geological and geochemical characteristics of the ore deposit suggest that the anatase ores and amphibolite are products of submarine basic volcanism. The ores had chemical precipitation features, but were later subjected to regional intermediate (or somewhat lower) grade metamorphism (1158 Ma). Rutile was formed mainly in the process of this metamorphism. The ore belt locally underwent hydrothermal modification during the emplacement of Late Yanshanian granite (118 Ma).
The Impact of Aqueous Medium on Gas Yields and Kinetic Behaviors of Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation during Organic Matter Thermal Degradation
Authors: Shuangfang LU , Min WANG , Haitao XUE , Jijun LI , Fangwen CHEN , Qingxia XU
Published: December 2011

In order to recognize the impact of aqueous medium on gas yields and the kinetic behaviors of hydrogen isotope fractionation during organic matter thermal degradation, the gold tube apparatus was used to conduct thermal simulation experiments by mixing the nC18 with the water of different properties and proportions. The yields of natural gas components, the relation among hydrogen isotope composition of each component and the experimental temperatures vs. heating rates have been obtained, and the results indicate that under the higher temperature conditions, the hydrous experiment has obvious impact on gas yields, such as when more water is added, higher amounts of hydrocarbon gas and H2 are yielded, and the existence of water obviously prolongs the temperature interval with the existence of heavy hydrocarbon gas. It also shows that the hydrogen isotope of hydrocarbon gas generated by the hydrous experiment is obviously lighter than that generated by the anhydrous experiment, and with the increasing amount of added water, the δD value of hydrocarbon gas gradually decreases. Compared with gas yields, the variation of δ5D value is more sensitive to aqueous medium in the thermal simulation experiment. However, compared with the amount of the added water, the aqueous medium property has smaller impact on the gas yields, which still shows the inherit effect on hydrogen isotope composition of aqueous medium. Through the model simulation and the isotope fractionation behavior analysis, it is validated that the hydrogen isotope fractionation process can be well described by the chemical kinetic model. The difference of reaction fraction of normal methane and D‐containing methane is large, corresponding to the same activation energy. The content of normal methane is obviously higher in the part with lower activation energy, while the content of D‐containing methane is higher in the part with higher activation energy. Therefore, it will result in larger hydrogen isotope fractionation amplitude, and the δD values will be more sensitive to the variation of maturity. Meanwhile, the average activation energy of methane generation from nC18 in the hydrous experiment is higher than that in the anhydrous experiment, and the greater amount of added water, the larger the average activation energy of methane generation reaction. This has laid foundation for its exploratory application in the study of gas reservoir forming history and the gas‐source correlation, which indicates the research and application prospects in this orientation.
The Characteristics and Causes of Land Subsidence in Tanggu Based on the GPS Survey System and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Fengshan MA , Aihua WEI , Zhantao HAN , Haijun ZHAO , Jie GUO
Published: December 2011

Land subsidence is a severe hazard threatening Tanggu, a flat lowland area, and evidences of land subsidence can be seen throughout the city. A new reasonable GPS network was set up in this area from 2008 to 2010. The monitoring data show that land subsidence was serious and two main subsidence cones were obviously formed in the region. One emerged at Hujiayuan, with the maximum rate reaching 60 mm/a, and the influence region enlarged prominently from 2005 to 2010. The other one occurred at Kaifaqu, which became obvious only after 2005, and it showed a decreasing tendency with time. To analyze the causes of ground settlement, a correlation between groundwater withdrawal and land subsidence was firstly made. The results confirmed that over‐exploitation of groundwater was the major cause for the severe settlement in Hujiayuan. Meanwhile, the subsidence of Kaifaqu was also related to groundwater withdrawal before 2005. However, the relationship became unconspicuous after 2005. To find the cause of this abnormity, a three‐dimensional finite element numerical model, coupled with groundwater flow and subsidence, was built The simulation results indicate that the subsidence induced by high‐rise buildings is serious, but the affected range is limited and it also shows a decreasing trend with time, corresponding to the subsidence characteristics at Kaifaqu. Therefore, more attention should be paid to this hazard induced by engineering construction besides groundwater withdrawal, as more high‐rise buildings are under construction in Tanggu.
Human Health Risk Assessment Model of Organic Pollution in Groundwater: Shijiazhuang Industrial Zone
Authors: Mei YANG , Yuhong FEI , Yiwen JU , Huaqi LI
Published: December 2011

In this study, a risk‐based management model is developed and applied to an industrial zone. The models proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Han Bing have been improved by adding a residual ratio of volatile organic compounds (VOC) after boiling and deleting the related parameters in half‐life. Using this improved model, an integrated process was used to assess human health risk level in the study area. Compared with water quality analysis, the results highlight the importance of applying an integrated approach for decision making on risk levels and water protection. The results of this study demonstrated that: (1) Compared with these permissible level standards in China (GB 3838–2002) and National Primary Drinking Water Regulations of the United States, the residents' daily life had not been affected by the groundwater in this area (except for relative bad water quality of HB3–4 and HB3–6); (2) The typical detected organic contaminants of all groundwater samples were chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethene, and the pollution sources were mainly industrial sources by preliminary investigations; (3) As for groundwater, the non‐carcinogenic risk values of all samples do not exceed the permissible level of 1.0 and the carcinogenic risk values are relatively lower than the permissible level of 1.00E‐06 to 1.00E‐04; (4) Drinking water pathway of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene mainly contribute to increasing the health risk of residents' in study areas; (5) In terms of non‐carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk, the health risk order for drinking water pathway and dermal contact pathway was: drinking water pathway > dermal contact pathway.
Interface properties of (In,Ga)As/GaAs quantum wells grown by solid-phase epitaxy
Authors: Luna E. , Hey R. , Trampert A.
Published: December 2011

(In,Ga)As/GaAs quantum wells (QWs) are successfully fabricated via a thermally induced structural transition from deposited amorphous material to epitaxial films, also known as solid-phase epitaxy (SPE). Although exact processes occurring during the epilayer formation are unknown, it is shown that the method allows the fabrication of high quality QWs with abrupt and symmetric composition profiles. As discussed here, the analysis of the chemical interface (composition profile) of the SPE-grown QWs, and its comparison with the element profiles of similar heterostructures grown by conventional molecular beam epitaxy (C-MBE) provides further insight into the SPE processes. In particular, we find that regardless of the fabrication method (SPE vs C-MBE), the smooth variation of the element concentration with the position across the interface is remarkably well described by a sigmoidal function. Such functional dependence is determined by fundamental processes occurring during the growth; thus suggesting that the basic mechanisms of interface formation are similar in SPE and C-MBE. Finally, the effect of self- and post-growth thermal annealing on SPE QWs is also discussed.
Atomic layer deposition for electrochemical energy generation and storage systems
Authors: Peng Qing , Lewis Jay S. , Hoertz Paul G. , Glass Jeffrey T. , Parsons Gregory N.
Published: December 2011

Clean renewable energy sources (e.g., solar, wind, and hydro) offers the most promising solution to energy and environmental sustainability. On the other hand, owing to the spatial and temporal variations of renewable energy sources, and transportation and mobility needs, high density energy storage and efficient energy distribution to points of use is also critical. Moreover, it is challenging to scale up those processes in a cost-effective way. Electrochemical processes, including photoelectrochemical devices, batteries, fuel cells, super capacitors, and others, have shown promise for addressing many of the abovementioned challenges. Materials with designer properties, especially the interfacial properties, play critical role for the performance of those devices. Atomic layer deposition is capable of precise engineering material properties on atomic scale. In this review, we focus on the current state of knowledge of the applications, perspective and challenges of atomic layer deposition process on the electrochemical energy generation and storage devices and processes.
About the International System of Units (SI) Part III. SI Table
Authors: Aubrecht Gordon J. , French Anthony P. , Iona Mario
Published: December 2011

Before discussing more details of SI, we will summarize the essentials in a few tables that can serve as ready references. If a unit isn't listed in Tables I–IV, it is not part of SI or specifically allowed for use with SI. The units and symbols that are sufficient for most everyday applications are given in bold.
The Monty Hall Problem as a Class Activity Using Clickers
Authors: Irons Stephen H.
Published: December 2011

Demonstrating probabilistic outcomes using real-time data is especially well-suited to larger lecture classes where one can generate large data sets easily. The difficulty comes in quickly collecting, analyzing, and displaying the information. With the advent of wireless polling technology (clickers), this difficulty is removed. In this paper we describe an activity developed in one of our physics classes to test one of the classic cases of probability in popular culture, The Monty Hall Problem. Using clickers, a paper handout, and stickers, one can easily probe the class opinion on the outcome and then vividly and definitively test it. At the end of the activity, the students have confronted through direct experience the often counterintuitive nature of probability.
Teaching Galileo? Get to Know Riccioli! What a Forgotten Italian Astronomer Can Teach Students About How Science Works
Authors: Graney Christopher M.
Published: December 2011

What can physics students learn about science from those scientists who got the answers wrong? Your students probably have encountered little science history. What they have encountered probably has portrayed scientists as “The People with the Right Answers.” But those who got the wrong answers can teach students that in science, answers are often elusive—not found in the back of a book or discovered in a bold stroke of genius.
Diurnal Astronomy: Using Sticks and Threads to Find Our Latitude on Earth
Authors: Camino Néstor , Gangui Alejandro
Published: December 2011

It is well known that the length and orientation of a shadow cast by a vertical gnomon depends on the time of the day and on the season of the year. But it also depends on the latitude of the site of observation. During the equinoxes, the temporal sequence of the shadows cast by each of the points that form any object follows a straight line from west to east. A simple construction using sticks and threads can be used to materialize the plane of the celestial equators local projection, giving us a way to calculate our astronomical latitude during daytime with high precision.
Helping Students to Think Like Scientists in Socratic Dialogue-Inducing Labs
Authors: Hake Richard
Published: December 2011

Socratic dialogue-inducing (SDI) labs1,2 are based on Arnold Arons' half-century of ethnographic research, listening carefully to students' responses to probing Socratic questions on physics, science, and ways of thinking, and culminating in his landmark Teaching Introductory Physics.3 They utilize “interactive engagement” methods4 and are designed, in part, to help students think like scientists, e.g., to: (1) appreciate the need for operational definitions; (2) use and interpret pictorial, graphical, vectorial, mathematical, and written representations; and (3) consider dimensions, thought experiments, and limiting conditions. After giving some SDI lab examples from those categories, I conclude that the SDI lab attempts to help students think like scientists have been relatively successful.
The Numbers Speak: Physics First Supports Math Performance
Authors: Glasser Howard M.
Published: December 2011

More schools in the United States have begun teaching physics to ninth-graders, but there continues to be limited evidence that such a change benefits students.1–2 Many arguments in favor of Physics First and the inverted sequence of physics-chemistry-biology3–6 are based more on the intellectual logic of the sequence than on measured outcomes. Paul Lulai raised a similar concern in the November 2005 edition of The Physics Teacher, calling for “non-anecdotal evidence” that such a curricular change leads to various outcomes including “improved scores on standardized tests” and “improved mathematics understanding and achievement.”2 This paper describes a study of a Physics First program at one school that suggests that this change to freshman physics positively impacted students' mathematical performance on standardized tests.
VAULT PROTEIN-TEMPLATED ASSEMBLIES OF NANOPARTICLES
Authors: QI XIAOYING , HUANG XIAO , LI HAI , WANG YUSONG , XIA YUN , NATARAJAN MEENUBHARATHI , WEI JUN , VENKATRAMAN SUBBU S. , ZHANG HUA
Published: December 2011

Recombinant vault nanoparticles are used as stable nanoscale platforms for controlled self-assembly of various kinds of nanoparticles into the predefined multidimensional architectures. High-yield and uniform discoidal assemblies templated by vaults are constructed from gold nanospheres and quantum dots, while dimeric assemblies are formed from relatively-large gold nanocubes. The vault-templated approach appears to be mainly mediated by the surface and dimensional properties of nanoparticles while less affected by the chemical composition of nanoparticles, making it a universal strategy for fabrication of nanoassemblies with designed properties for potential applications.
VPR 5.0
Authors: Luu Jason , Kuon Ian , Jamieson Peter , Campbell Ted , Ye Andy , Fang Wei Mark , Kent Kenneth , Rose Jonathan
Published: December 2011

The VPR toolset has been widely used in FPGA architecture and CAD research, but has not evolved over the past decade. This article describes and illustrates the use of a new version of the toolset that includes four new features: first, it supports a broad range of
single-driver
routing architectures, which have superior architectural and electrical properties over the prior multidriver approach (and which is now employed in the majority of FPGAs sold). Second, it can now model, for placement and routing a heterogeneous selection of hard logic blocks. This is a key (but not final) step toward the incluion of blocks such as memory and multipliers. Third, we provide optimized
electrical
models for a wide range of architectures in different process technologies, including a range of area-delay trade-offs for each single architecture. Finally, to maintain robustness and support future development the release includes a set of regression tests for the software.

To illustrate the use of the new features, we explore several architectural issues: the FPGA area efficiency versus logic block granularity, the effect of single-driver routing, and a simple use of the heterogeneity to explore the impact of hard multipliers on wiring track count.
Scalable don't-care-based logic optimization and resynthesis
Authors: Mishchenko Alan , Brayton Robert , Jiang Jie-Hong R. , Jang Stephen
Published: December 2011

We describe an optimization method for combinational and sequential logic networks, with emphasis on scalability. The proposed resynthesis (a) is capable of substantial logic restructuring, (b) is customizable to solve a variety of optimization tasks, and (c) has reasonable runtime on industrial designs. The approach uses don't-cares computed for a window surrounding a node and can take into account external don't-cares (e.g., unreachable states). It uses a SAT solver for all aspects of Boolean manipulation: computing don't-cares for a node in the window, and deriving a new Boolean function of the node after resubstitution. Experimental results on 6-input LUT networks after a high effort synthesis show substantial reductions in area and delay. When applied to 20 large academic benchmarks, the LUT counts and logic levels are reduced by 45.0% and 12.2%, respectively. The longest runtime for synthesis and mapping is about two minutes. When applied to a set of 14 industrial benchmarks ranging up to 83K 6-LUTs, the LUT counts and logic levels are reduced by 11.8% and 16.5%, respectively. The longest runtime is about 30 minutes.
Spherical photogrammetry for cultural heritage—San Galgano Abbey and the Roman Theater, Sabratha
Authors: Pisa Cecilia , Zeppa Fabiana , Fangi Gabriele
Published: December 2011

In this article, we present the results of the photogrammetric surveys of two important monuments, the Roman Theatre in Sabratha, Libya, and San Galgano Abbey, in Italy. The surveys were performed with a new photogrammetric technique, Spherical Photogrammetry, developed by Gabriele Fangi [2007, 2008, 2009, 2010]. The method is based on so-called spherical panoramas. These are obtained by stitching together several pictures taken from the same point and covering 360°, which are then mapped in a plane with an equi-rectangular projection. This technique is normally used to produce QuickTime movies which have already proven to be very useful for the documentation of cultural heritage. One panorama can replace many normal photographic images. Ease, rapidity, low cost, and completeness of the documentation are the main advantages of this technique.

The Abbey of San Galgano is an important example of Gothic architecture in Italy. The church is empty and without its roof, which fell towards the end of the 18
th
century. The photogrammetric survey was done in November 2009. Thirty-four panoramas were taken outside, around the perimeter of the complex, and 22 were taken inside the church. The Roman theatre of Sabratha, built in the 2
nd
century AD, was rebuilt in the years between 1930-1940 at the command of the Italian governor of Libya, Italo Balbo, as a rememberance of the past Roman Empire. The project was handled by two Italian archaeologists Caputo [1953] and Guidi [1935]. The photogrammetric survey was done in August 2009 with 22 panoramas taken around and inside the monument. These two projects are limited in their scope, not covering the geometry of the entire monuments. The time and the available resources did not permit a complete survey. The purpose of the two projects was not to satisfy the needs of a client, but only to demonstrate the feasibility and the efficiency of the approach. In these two projects accuracy tests were not made, but in other projects accuracy was found to be on the order of 1/1000 the object distance, say one centimeter every ten meters of distance from the object [Fangi 2007a, 2007b, 2007c, 2009, 2010].
Gradual transition detection in historic film material—a systematic study
Authors: Seidl Markus , Zeppelzauer Matthias , Mitrović Dalibor , Breiteneder Christian
Published: December 2011

The segmentation of films and videos into shots requires the detection of gradual transitions such as dissolves and fades. There are two types of approaches: unified approaches, that is, one detector for all gradual transition types, and approaches that use specialized detectors for each gradual transition type. We present an overview on existing methods and extend an existing unified approach for the detection of gradual transitions in historic material. In an experimental study, we evaluate the proposed approach on complex and low-quality historic material as well as on contemporary material from the TRECVid evaluation. Additionally, we investigate different features, feature combinations, and fusion strategies. We observe that the historic material requires the use of texture features, in contrast to the contemporary material that, in most of the cases, requires the use of color and luminance features.