bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Near-minimax polynomial approximations and partitioning of intervals
Authors: Fraser W. , Hart J. F.
Published: July 2002

A method of near-minimax polynomial approximation is described. As a by-product, this method provides a formula for an estimate of the maximum error associated with a given degree of approximation. Using this formula, a partitioning algorithm is obtained for dividing a basic interval into sub-intervals for which approximations of equal degree give equal maximum error.
A generalized user interface for applications programs
Authors: Bass Leonard J. , Bunker Ralph E.
Published: July 2002

A general method for using disk files (instead of a more conventional parameter-passing mechanism) to transfer control information from a user interface to a set of related applications programs is described. This technique effectively moves much of the user interface, including command decoding and limited parameter checking, from the applications programs to a table-driven executive.
Detection of three-dimensional patterns of atoms in chemical structures
Authors: Lesk Arthur M.
Published: July 2002

An algorithm for detecting occurrences of a three-dimensional pattern of objects within a larger structure is presented. The search technique presented uses the geometric structure of the pattern to define characteristics demanded of candidates for matching. This is useful in cases where the properties of each atom, considered individually, do not adequately limit the number of sets of possible matchings.

Several applications of this technique in the field of chemistry are: (1) in pharmacology: searching for a common constellation of atoms in molecules possessing similar biological activities; (2) in X-ray crystallography: fitting a structure or a structural fragment to a set of peaks in the electron-density distribution of a Fourier map; (3) in chemical documentation: retrieving from a file the structures containing specified substructures.
Notes on recursion elimination
Authors: Bird R. S.
Published: July 2002

Various methods of recursion elimination are applied to the schematic recursive procedure:

proc
S
(
x
);
px
then
N
(
x
);
S
(ƒ
x
);
S
(
gx
);
M
(
x
) fi. Procedures with this general form arise in connection with tree traversal and sorting algorithms. Each method of recursion removal involves the use of one or more stacks, and the solutions are compared on the basis of their running time.
An experimental evaluation of data type conventions
Authors: Gannon J. D.
Published: July 2002

The language in which programs are written can have a substantial effect on the reliability of the resulting programs. This paper discusses an experiment that compares the programming reliability of subjects using a statically typed language and a “typeless” language. Analysis of the number of errors and the number of runs containing errors shows that, at least in one environment, the use of a statically typed language can increase programming reliability. Detailed analysis of the errors made by the subjects in programming solutions to reasonably small problems shows that the subjects had difficulty manipulating the representation of data.
Cobol under control
Authors: Ledgard Henry F. , Cave William C.
Published: July 2002

A sample set of Cobol programming standards is offered. These standards constrain code to be developed in a “structured” form for both data and control structures. They do not require syntax beyond the existing Cobol language and in fact utilize a typical limited subset of the 1974 ANS Cobol standard. These standards have proved extremely valuable in practice and have reduced the cost and time to produce and maintain large software systems that have been deployed in live multiple customer environments.
Algorithm 422: minimal spanning tree [H]
Authors: Whitney V. Kevin M.
Published: July 2002

This algorithm generates a spanning tree of minimal total edge length for an undirected graph specified by an array of inter-node edge lengths using a technique suggested by Dijkstra [1]. Execution time is proportional to the square of the number of nodes of the graph; a minimal spanning tree for a graph of 50 nodes is generated in 0.1 seconds on an IBM System 360/67. Previous algorithms [2, 3, 4, 5] require an amount of computation which depends on the graph topology and edge lengths and are best suited to graphs with few edges.
On the optimization of performance of time-sharing systems by simulation
Authors: Blatny J. , Clark S. R. , Rourke T. A.
Published: July 2002

A simulation model of a time-sharing system with a finite noncontiguous store and an infinite auxiliary store is used to study the variation of system parameters such as store size, number of jobs allowed to execute simultaneously, job-scheduling algorithm, etc. The effects of these variations on a measure of system performance is used to ascertain which of the parameters controllable by the job-scheduling algorithm, including the scheduling itself, require optimization, and which of the parameters not normally controllable by the scheduling algorithm have a marked effect on system performance. System performance is based upon the mean cost of delay to all jobs processed.

It is shown that significant improvements in the measure of system performance can be obtained by using variable time-slice techniques and by selecting the optimum round-robin cycle time. It appears that these features would benefit from optimization whereas other parameters controllable by the scheduling algorithm affect system performance in a predictable manner and would not benefit from optimization.

Features not normally under the control of the scheduling algorithm can also have a marked effect on the measure of performance; in particular, supervisor overheads, the size of the store, and the speed of the CPU.

A comparison is made between the results of the simulation model and two analytical equations for quantum-oriented nonpreemptive time-sharing systems. The comparison is found to be very favorable.
Application of game tree searching techniques to sequential pattern recognition
Authors: Slagle James R. , Lee Richard C. T.
Published: July 2002

A sequential pattern recognition (SPR) procedure does not test all the features of a pattern at once. Instead, it selects a feature to be tested. After receiving the result of that test, the procedure either classifies the unknown pattern or selects another feature to be tested, etc. Medical diagnosis is an example of SPR. In this paper the authors suggest that SPR be viewed as a one-person game played against nature (chance). Virtually all the powerful techniques developed for searching two-person, strictly competitive game trees can easily be incorporated either directly or by analogy into SPR procedures. In particular, one can incorporate the “miniaverage backing-up procedure” and the “gamma procedure,” which are the analogues of the “minimax backing-up procedure” and the “alpha-beta procedure,” respectively. Some computer simulated experiments in character recognition are presented. The results indicate that the approach is promising.
Standards: Proposed USA Standard: Data code for calendar date for machine-to-machine data interchange
Authors: Lohse E.
Published: July 2002

This proposed USA Standard presents a standard data code for a calendar date for use in the interchange if data from machine-to-machine among data systems.
Data directed input-output in FORTRAN
Authors: Hassitt A.
Published: July 2002

A statement which is similar to the NAMELIST statement of FORTRAN IV has been incorporated in the FORTRAN 63 compiler. The FORTRAN 63 implementation allows a greater flexibility and simplicity than the FORTRAN IV feature. The Hollerith names, the location, the made and the dimensions of a variable can be discovered by means of standard FORTRAN statements. Methods of using this information are illustrated in relation to general purpose data directed input and output routines; some other uses such as matrix manipulation are discussed.
An inexpensive braille terminal device
Authors: Anderson Gary B. , Rogers David W.
Published: July 2002

The active use of time-shared facilities for blind programmers requires a braille terminal system. Details are given for the construction of a brailler from a model 33 teletype by modifying the print head and increasing the resiliency of the platen. A description of the programming needed to drive the brailler is presented.
The use of FORTRAN in subroutines with COBOL main programs
Authors: Shavell Zalman A.
Published: July 2002

By using the proper COBOL coding techniques and accounting for differences in storage allocation and library routines between the two languages, it is possible to write FORTRAN IV subroutines that may be called from COBOL main programs. Such a technique enables the programmer to take advantage of the most useful properties of each language while minimizing their respective disadvantages.
The ALCOR Illinois 7090/7094 post mortem dump
Authors: Bayer R. , Gries D. , Paul M. , Wiehle H. R.
Published: July 2002

A dump technique for programs written in ALGOL 60 is described. This technique provides an intelligible analysis of an unsuccessful computation process in terms of the original source program.
Operating Systems: A statistical model for console behavior in multiuser computers
Authors: Denning Peter J.
Published: July 2002

The ability of a computer system to communicate with the outside world efficiently is as important as its ability to perform computations efficiently. It is quite difficult to characterize a particular user, but rather easy to characterize the entire user community. Based on the properties of this community we have postulated a hypothetical “virtual console.” No claim is made that a virtual console behaves like any actual console, but the entire collection of virtual consoles models the collection of actual consoles. Using the model we answer questions like: How many processes are suspended waiting for console input? What is the maximum rate at which a process can execute? What bounds can be set on overall buffer requirements? Answers to these and similar questions are needed in certain aspects of operating system design.
Automata, formal languages abstract switching, and computability in a Ph.D. computer science program
Authors: McNaughton Robert
Published: July 2002

A number of courses are listed in the area described as automata, formal languages, abstract switching, and computability, that might be available to a Ph.D. student in computer science. A brief catalog description of each course is supplied and the role of each of the courses in the graduate program is discussed.
Correspondences of 8-bit and Hollerith codes for computer environments—a USASI tutorial
Authors: Lohse E.
Published: July 2002

The correspondence tables in the document reflect USASCII standard code assignments as well as other codes. Comments that refer to the assignments of characters or character sets in columns 8 through 15 of Table 1 as a basis for standardization are solicited.
Remark on further generalization of ALGOL
Authors: Garwick Jan V.
Published: July 2002

The generalized ALGOL described by Nilalus Wirth [1] is in my opinion a major step forward toward the “next” programming language. In this remark I intend to introduce further generalizations which will make the language still more useful.
Dynamic format specifications
Authors: Ranelletti John E.
Published: July 2002

The use and implementation of two new FORTRAN format conversions are discussed. These format types give the FORTRAN programmer control of input/output specifications at execution time.
Note on generalization in experimental algorithmics
Authors: Ramakrishnan Naren , Valdés-Pérez Raúl E.
Published: July 2002

A recurring theme in mathematical software evaluation is the generalization of rankings of algorithms on test problems to build knowledge-based recommender systems for algorithm selection. A key issue is to
profile
algorithms in terms of the qualitative characteristics of benchmark problems. In this methodological note, we adapt a novel all-pairs algorithm for the profiling task; given performance rankings for
m
algorithms on
n
problem instances, each described with
p
features, identify a (minimal) subset of
p
that is useful for assessing the selective superiority of an algorithm over another, for all pairs of
m
algorithms. We show how techniques presented in the mathematical software literature are inadequate for such profiling purposes. In conclusion, we also address various statistical issues underlying the effective application of this technique.
Optimizing bit-time computer simulation
Authors: Katz Jesse H.
Published: July 2002

A major component of a bit-time computer simulation program is the Boolean compiler. The compiler accepts the Boolean functions representing the simulated computer's digital circuits, and generates corresponding sets of machine instructions which are subsequently executed on the “host” computer. Techniques are discussed for increasing the sophistication of the Boolean compiler so as to optimize bit-time computer simulation. The techniques are applicable to any general-purpose computer.
A framework to support teaching in distributed systems
Authors: Burger C. , Rothermel K.
Published: July 2002

Computer networks and distribute systems are characterized by highly dynamic, concurrent, and complex processes. Thus, training in this area requires great effort from both teachers and learners. Teachers are disatisfied with available methods for presentation, explanation, and exercises, and they are looking for better methods to support learners.

We have developed and architecture called Highly interactive simulation of algorithms and Protocols (HiSAP), consisting of a framework to build simulations and generate applets from formally specified algorithms or protocols. By modifying this specification and observing the resulting behavior, teaching and learning in a constructive manner is enabled. The framework is open to plug-in tools to show various aspects of HiSAP's behavior.

We present the results of some experiments with HiSAP at three different lectures for graduate students of distributed systems and computer networks.
I/O reference behavior of production database workloads and the TPC benchmarks—an analysis at the logical level
Authors: Hsu Windsor W. , Smith Alan Jay , Young Honesty C.
Published: July 2002

As improvements in processor performance continue to far outpace improvements in storage performance, I/O is increasingly the bottleneck in computer systems, especially in large database systems that manage huge amoungs of data. The key to achieving good I/O performance is to thoroughly understand its characteristics. In this article we present a comprehensive analysis of the logical I/O reference behavior of the peak productiondatabase workloads from ten of the world's largest corporations. In particular, we focus on how these workloads respond to different techniques for caching, prefetching, and write buffering. Our findings include several broadly applicable rules of thumb that describe how effective the various I/O optimization techniques are for the production workloads. For instance, our results indicate that the buffer pool miss ratio tends to be related to the ratio of buffer pool size to data size by an inverse square root rule. A similar fourth root rule relates the write miss ratio and the ration of buffer pool size to data size.

In addition, we characterize the reference characteristics of workloads similar to the Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC) benchmarks C (TPC-C) and D(TPC-D), which are
de facto
standard performance measures for online transaction processing (OLTP) systems and decision support systems (DSS), respectively. Since benchmarks such as TPC-C and TPC-D can only be used effectively if their strengths and limitations are understood, a major focus of our analysis is to identify aspects of the benchmarks that stress the system differently than the production workloads. We discover that for the most part, the reference behavior of TPC-C and TPC-D fall within the range of behavior exhibited by the production workloads. However, there are some noteworthy exceptions that affect well-known I/O optimization techniques such as caching (LRU is further from the optimal for TPC-C, while there is little sharing of pages between transactions for TPC-D), prefetching (TPC-C exhibits no significant sequentiality), and write buffering (write buffering is lees effective for the TPC benchmarks). While the two TPC benchmarks generally complement one another in reflecting the characteristics of the production workloads, there remain aspects of the real workloads that are not represented by either of the benchmarks.
Wireless intraoffice networks
Authors: Pahlavan K.
Published: July 2002

An overview of the existing and growing demands for wireless office information networks is provided, and the existing research activities are assessed in some detail. The radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) communication technologies are examined as candidates for wireless intraoffice communications. The available bandwidths, according to federal regulations and characteristics of the channel for RF communications, are given. Digital narrow-band and wideband spread-spectrum RF communications are assessed in terms of supportable data rate or number of simultaneous users in one cell of a cellular architecture in an office environment. Various limitations of IR communications are discussed and existing systems and architectures are reviewed.
VAGUE: a user interface to relational databases that permits vague queries
Authors: Motro Amihai
Published: July 2002

A specific query establishes a rigid qualification and is concerned only with data that match it precisely. A vague query establishes a target qualification and is concerned also with data that are close to this target. Most conventional database systems cannot handle vague queries directly, forcing their users to retry specific queries repeatedly with minor modifications until they match data that are satisfactory. This article describes a system called VAGUE that can handle vague queries directly. The principal concept behind VAGUE is its extension to the relational data model with data metrics, which are definitions of distances between values of the same domain. A problem with implementing data distances is that different users may have different interpretations for the notion of distance. VAGUE incorporates several features that enable it to adapt itself to the individual views and priorities of its users.
Improved methods for storing and updating information in the out-of-kilter algorithm
Authors: Singh Samar
Published: July 2002

Currently, network codes based on the primal simplex algorithm are believed to be computationally superior to those based on other methods. Some modifications of the out-of-kilter algorithm of Ford and Fulkerson are given, together with proofs of their correctness and computer implementations using appropriate data structures. The computational tests in this paper indicate that the final code based on these modifications is superior to any previously implemented version of this algorithm. Although this code is not competitive with state-of-the-art primal simplex codes, its performance is encouraging, especially in the case of assignment problems.
RESTORATION ECOLOGY: The State of an Emerging Field
Authors: Cairns John , Heckman John R.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The field of restoration ecology represents an emerging synthesis of ecological theory and concern about human impact on the natural world. Restoration ecology can be viewed as the study of how to repair anthropogenic damage to the integrity of ecological systems. However, attempts to repair ecological damage should not diminish protection of existing healthy ecosystems. Restoration ecology allows for the testing of ecological theories; however, restoration ecology is not limited to, nor is it a subdiscipline of, the field of ecology. Restoration ecology requires approaches that integrate ecology and environmental sciences, economics, sociology, and politics. This review illustrates these points by providing a conceptual map of the origin, present practices, and future directions of the field.
In Vivo Quantitative Tissue Characterization of Human Coronary Arterial Plaques by Use of Integrated Backscatter Intravascular Ultrasound and Comparison With Angioscopic Findings
Authors: Kawasaki Masanori , Takatsu Hisato , Noda Toshiyuki , Sano Keiji , Ito Yoko , Hayakawa Kenji , Tsuchiya Kunihiko , Arai Masazumi , Nishigaki Kazuhiko , Takemura Genzou , Minatoguchi Shinya , Fujiwara Takako , Fujiwara Hisayoshi
Published: July 2002

Background

—

The purpose of the present study was to define whether integrated backscatter (IB) combined with conventional intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) makes tissue characterization of coronary arterial plaques possible.

Methods and Results

—

IB-IVUS was performed in coronary arteries (total 18 segments) of 9 patients at autopsy, and the findings were compared with the histology. RF signals, which were digitized at 2 GHz in 8-bit resolution, were obtained with an IVUS system with a 40-MHz catheter. IB values of the RF signal from the region of interest (ROI) (100-μm depth, 1.4° per line) were calculated by use of a personal computer. IB values on the ROIs were divided into 5 categories, compared with each of the plaque histologies: category 1 (thrombus), −88 < IB ≤ −80; category 2 (intimal hyperplasia or lipid core), −73 < IB ≤ −63; category 3 (fibrous tissue), −63 < IB ≤ −55; category 4 (mixed lesions), −55 < IB ≤ −30; and category 5 (calcification), −30 < IB ≤ −23. On the basis of these categories, we analyzed 5120 ROIs per segment in each ring-like arterial specimen. Color-coded maps of plaques were constructed by use of these IB data and conventional IVUS data, which reflected the plaque histology of autopsied coronary arteries well. Then, the same method was undertaken in 24 segments with plaque from 12 patients in vivo with angina pectoris. Comparisons between coronary angioscopy and IB-IVUS revealed that the surface color of plaques in angioscopy reflected the thickness of the fibrous cap rather than the size of the lipid core.

Conclusions

—

IB-IVUS represents a new and useful tool for evaluating the tissue structure of human coronary arterial plaques.
La beauté tragique: Mapping the Militarization of Spatial Cultural Consciousness
Authors: Nechvatal Joseph
Published: July 2002

The author investigates the militarization of immersive cultural consciousness, as initiated by the aerial bombardment of civilians at Guernica and during World War II. Parallel to this trend he observes an ambient-immersive impetus in post-war art, which he traces in the example of the Espace group, and in the currently developing technology of virtual reality.
Modular Subdivisions of Dolphin Insular Cortex: Does Evolutionary History Repeat Itself?
Authors: Manger Paul , Sum Monika , Szymanski Michael , Ridgway Sam , Krubitzer Leah
Published: July 2002

The structural organization of the insular cortex in the bottlenose dolphin was investigated by examining Nissl- and myelin-stained tissue that was sectioned coronally and tangentially. An uneven distribution of cell clusters that coincided with myelin-light zones was observed in layer II. When the present observations were compared to descriptions of modules in other animals, we found that the range of module size is restricted, while the size of the brain, particularly the neocortex, varies dramatically. Indeed, despite the tremendous expansion of the cetacean neocortex, the size of the modules in the insular cortex is similar to that described for small-brained mammals like the mouse, suggesting that module size is evolutionarily stable across species. Selection for optimal-size processing units, in terms of the lengths of connections within and between them, is a likely source of this stability.
Dynamical Mechanism for Sharp Orientation Tuning in an Integrate-and-Fire Model of a Cortical Hypercolumn
Authors: Bressloff P. C. , Bressloff N. W. , Cowan J. D.
Published: July 2002

Orientation tuning in a ring of pulse-coupled integrate-and-fire (IF) neurons is analyzed in terms of spontaneous pattern formation. It is shown how the ring bifurcates from a synchronous state to a non-phase-locked state whose spike trains are characterized by clustered but irregular fluctuations of the interspike intervals (ISIs). The separation of these clusters in phase space results in a localized peak of activity as measured by the time-averaged firing rate of the neurons. This generates a sharp orientation tuning curve that can lock to a slowly rotating, weakly tuned external stimulus. Under certain conditions, the peak can slowly rotate even to a fixed external stimulus. The ring also exhibits hysteresis due to the subcritical nature of the bifurcation to sharp orientation tuning. Such behavior is shown to be consistent with a corresponding analog version of the IF model in the limit of slow synaptic interactions. For fast synapses, the deterministic fluctuations of the ISIs associated with the tuning curve can support a coefficient of variation of order unity.
Generalization in Interactive Networks: The Benefits of Inhibitory Competition and Hebbian Learning
Authors: O'Reilly Randall C.
Published: July 2002

Computational models in cognitive neuroscience should ideally use biological properties and powerful computational principles to produce behavior consistent with psychological findings. Error-driven backpropagation is computationally powerful and has proven useful for modeling a range of psychological data but is not biologically plausible. Several approaches to implementing backpropagation in a biologically plausible fashion converge on the idea of using bid irectional activation propagation in interactive networks to convey error signals. This article demonstrates two main points about these error-driven interactive networks: (1) they generalize poorly due to attractor dynamics that interfere with the network's ability to produce novel combinatorial representations systematically in response to novel inputs, and (2) this generalization problem can be remedied by adding two widely used mechanistic principles, inhibitory competition and Hebbian learning, that can be independently motivated for a variety of biological, psychological, and computational reasons. Simulations using the Leabra algorithm, which combines the generalized recirculation (GeneRec), biologically plausible, error-driven learning algorithm with inhibitory competition and Hebbian learning, show that these mechanisms can result in good generalization in interactive networks. These results support the general conclusion that cognitive neuroscience models that incorporate the core mechanistic principles of interactivity, inhibitory competition, and error-driven and Hebbian learning satisfy a wider range of biological, psychological, and computational constraints than models employing a subset of these principles.
A Learning Theorem for Networks at Detailed Stochastic Equilibrium
Authors: Movellan Javier R.
Published: July 2002

This article analyzes learning in continuous stochastic neural networks defined by stochastic differential equations (SDE). In particular, it studies gradient descent learning rules to train the equilibrium solutions of these networks. A theorem is given that specifies sufficient conditions for the gradient descent learning rules to be local covariance statistics between two random variables: (1) an evaluator that is the same for all the network parameters and (2) a system variable that is independent of the learning objective. While this article focuses on continuous stochastic neural networks, the theorem applies to any other system with Boltzmann-like equilibrium distributions. The generality of the theorem suggests that instead of suppressing noise present in physical devices, a natural alternative is to use it to simplify the credit assignment problem. In deterministic networks, credit assignment requires an evaluation signal that is different for each node in the network. Surprisingly, when noise is not suppressed, all that is needed is an evaluator that is the same for the entire network and a local Hebbian signal. This modularization of signals greatly simplifies hardware and software implementations. The article shows how the theorem applies to four different learning objectives that span supervised, reinforcement, and unsupervised problems: (1) regression, (2) density estimation, (3) risk minimization, and (4) information maximization. Simulations, implementation issues, and implications for computational neuroscience are discussed.
Plus ça change: Journeys, Instruments and Networks, 1966–2000
Authors: Casserley Lawrence
Published: July 2002

The author has been using electronic means in performance since the late 1960s. In this article he compares his work in the 1970s and 1990s from both technical and philosophical viewpoints. How do these two periods differ? How are they similar? He concludes that, partly due to recent technological developments, he has been able in recent years to explore more deeply and broadly the aims that he established in the earlier period.
Improvising Machines: Spectral Dance and Token Objects
Authors: Schiemer Greg
Published: July 2002

The author examines the evolution of a system he developed for the creation of two compositions, Spectral Dance and Token Objects, against a backdrop of other composers who have built their own electronic systems. This provides a window on the gradual transformation that has taken place in the way music has been created over the last three decades.
Japanese Theatres: 1960s-Present
Authors: Martin Carol
Published: July 2002

From the Meiji restoration of 1868 through the period of Japan-as-colonial-power, to the birth of Japan, Inc. after World War II, the Japanese have responded energetically to the challenges of modernism and postmodernism— no less in theatre than elsewhere.
Task Lines and Motion Guides
Authors: Backes Paul G. , Peters Stephen F. , Phan Linh , Tso Kam S.
Published: July 2002

The new task lines and motion guides approaches to telerobotics are described. Motion guides is a new paradigm for teleoperation of a robot where the path is teleoperated rather than the robot, and the robot is constrained to follow the path. Continuous commands to the robot are only onedimensional: forward, back, or halt along the motion guide. Task lines have subtasks attached to motion guides. The task lines and motion guides have been implemented in a virtual reality environment to enable task description and execution in a natural, virtual reality graphics environment rather than via direct interaction with a command program. Subtasks are represented in the virtual reality environment by icons attached to the motion guides. The combination of task lines and motion guides is valuable for ground control of Space Station robots, which is the initial application for this technology.
Resistance is Fertile
Authors: Dryzek John S.
Published: July 2002

If stronger global governmental institutions of the sort favored by Robert Paehlke come into being, resistance is necessary to influence them in the direction of social justice and environmental sustainability. If the international system remains more decentralized, transnational resistance networks are necessary to influence the content and relative weight of the discourses that order the system. Either way, resistance is central to effective global green politics.
Backward Boycotts: Demand Management and Fishery Conservation
Authors: Barkin J. Samuel , Mansori Kashif
Published: July 2002

Recent efforts to conserve fisheries stocks have included such demand-side measures as consumer boycotts to reduce demand for specific species, and the promotion of aquaculture to reduce pressure on natural stocks. This article argues that these sorts of measures can be counter-productive. The economics of the commercial fishing industry are such that decreasing demand for particular species can often have the perverse effect of increasing industry effort to catch them. This means that consumer boycotts or efforts to promote aquaculture can have the effect of accelerating, rather than ameliorating, the depletion of overfished stocks. This proposition is tested on a panel data set, covering several species over a period of almost two decades, drawn from the New England fishery. We conclude that effective conservation of depleted fisheries requires supply-side regulation such as quotas.
CONFLICTING CONSTRUCTIONS OF DIVINE PRESENCE IN THE PRIESTLY TABERNACLE
Authors: Sommer Benjamin
Published: July 2002

The tabernacle described in the Pentateuch's P source yields two distinct and opposing interpretations. When compared with the tent found in the E collection of documents, P's tabernacle represents a classic example of what the historian of religions Jonathan Z. Smith terms a "locative" worldview. As an ideology of the center, this understanding of the priestly tabernacle asserts divine immanence and celebrates the sacrality of a particular space. When compared with the theology of the Jerusalem temple, however, P's tent seems to exemplify what Smith terms a "utopian" worldview, or what we might call a "locomotive" ideology. This construction of the tent eschews the notion of sacred center and emphasizes the periphery. Tension between texts exemplifying each of these two theoretical models is found throughout the Hebrew Bible (and throughout the history of religions), but in P, a single symbol encompasses both. The significance of this symbol depends on which of two different overlapping contexts (Torah and Tanakh) a reader privileges and which elements of its presentation in P one accentuates. Thus the priestly tabernacle works against itself, at once presenting and critiquing a theology of immanence. This ambivalent symbol suggests that God is present even as it intimates that God's presence in the world is inappropriate. Thus P is forerunner of postbiblical texts that describe God's exile in the created world.
RESPONSE TO THOMAS BERRY'S THE GREAT WORK
Authors: Cummings Neville Robert
Published: July 2002

This paper salutes four contributions of Berry's book: its return to creation rather than redemption as the central doctrine of Christianity, its expanded paideia beyond the male West, its focus on ecological problems as the agenda for all world religions, and its redefinition of the self in terms of orientations to nature and institutions. The paper then poses two questions. Why emphasize the Earth's ecology, with an emphasis of preservation and stability, rather than cosmic process which is entropic and a matter of trajectories? Why emphasize symmetry at the basis of the cosmos, with the emphasis on unity and order, rather than the asymmetry of unique creation with an emphasis on particularity and change?
SPELEONECTES EPILIMNIUS NEW SPECIES (REMIPEDIA, SPELEONECTIDAE) FROM SURFACE WATER OF AN ANCHIALINE CAVE ON SAN SALVADOR ISLAND, BAHAMAS
Authors: Yager Jill , Carpenter Jerry
Published: July 2002

A new species of the crustacean class Remipedia, Speleonectes epilimnius, is described from the surface water of an anchialine cave on San Salvador Island in the southeastern Bahamas. It is the first remipede species to be collected at the surface of cave water rather than beneath a density interface. Principle characters include relatively long trunk segments and absence of swimming appendages on the last two trunk segments. Comparisons are made to the other 11 remipede species; a key to the genus is included. Se describe una nueva especie de crustaceo de la clase Remipedia, Speleonectes epilimnius, procedente de una cueva anquialina de la isla de San Salvador, sureste de las Bahamas. Esta es la primera especie que se ha observado en aguas superficiales, por encima de la interfase de densidad. Las principales caracteristicas de esta especie son los segmentos del tronco, relativamente largos, y la ausencia de apendices nadadores en los dos ultimos segmentos del tronco. Se compara esta especie con las restantes 11 especies de Remipedia. Se incluye una clave del g enero.
Hypo-osmotic regulation in entomopathogenic nematodes: Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp.
Authors: Piggott Simon , Perry Roland , Wright Denis
Published: July 2002

Entomopathogenic nematodes were incubated in a balanced salt solution based
on soil water analysis, supplemented with different concentrations of sodium
chloride. Two nematode isolates from Malaysia, Steinernema sp. SSL85
(isolate 25) and Heterorhabditis indicus (isolate 11), showed an initial
loss of water during the first 6 h of incubation in hyper-osmotic media (200
and 1000 mOsmKg-1) followed by a complete recovery of their water content
during the next 18-48 h. A third Malaysian isolate, Steinernema sp. (M1),
showed a more limited ability to regulate its water content. Studies on a
wild type H. megidis (UK 211) and one desiccation tolerant mutant indicate
that the ability for hypo-osmotic regulation does not necessarily involve
permeability differences in the cuticle. Régulation hypo-osmotique chez les
nématodes entomopathogènes: Steinernema spp. et Heterorhabditis spp. - Des
nématodes entomopathogènes ont été mis en incubation dans une solution
saline, équilibrée en fonction d'une analyse de l'eau contenue dans le sol,
et additionnée de chlorure de sodium en concentration variable. Deux isolats
de nématodes provenant de Malaisie, Steinernema sp. SSL 85 (isolat 25) et
Heterorhabditis indicus (isolat 11), ont montré une perte initiale d'eau au
cours des 6 premières heures d'incubation dans un milieu hyperosmotique (200
et 1000 mOsmKg-1), perte suivie par un rétablissement complet du contenu
hydrique au cours des 18 à 48 h suivantes. Un troisième isolat malaisien,
Steinernema sp. (M1) a montré une capacité plus limitée à réguler son
contenu hydrique. Des études ayant concerné un type sauvage d' H. megidis
(UK 211) et un mutant tolérant vis-à-vis de la dessication ont montré que la
capacité d'une régulation hypo-osmotique n'infère pas une différence dans la
perméabilité de la cuticule.
Heydenius brownii sp. n. (Nematoda: Mermithidae) parasitising a planthopper (Homoptera: Achilidae) in Baltic amber
Authors: Poinar George
Published: July 2002

A fossil mermithid nematode, Heydenius brownii sp. n. (Nematoda: Mermithidae) emerging from a planthopper (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Achilidae) in Baltic amber, is described. This is the first parasite of a fossil member of the order Hemiptera. There are no reports of mermithid parasitism of extant achilids; however, other families of planthoppers are attacked by mermithids in North America, Asia and Australia today. This find shows that parasitism of achilid fulgorids by mermithid nematodes was well established some 40 million years ago.
PARTNERS IN PASSAGE: THE EXPERIENCE OF MARRIAGE IN MID-LIFE
Authors: Appleton Cathy , Bohm Evelyn
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this phenomenological study is to describe the experience of enduring marriage in mid-life. The literature reveals a lack of research about contemporary mid-life marriage, reflecting only theoretical pieces and research studies on marital happiness, factors that make a marriage successful, and variables contributing to divorce. Noticeably absent are studies conducted from a phenomenological philosophical perspective. Questioning what enduring marriage involves for individuals in mid-life served to orient the researchers to the meaning of the experience. Seventeen volunteers participated in twenty-six initial and follow-up interviews. Using van Manen's methodological structure of human science research, a composite description that reflects enduring marriage in mid-life emerged. Two essential themes that characterize the experience, The Threads that Bind Us and A Season of Change and seven sub-themes explicating these essential themes portray the partnership of enduring mid-life marriage. The themes that comprise the structure of the experience reflect its form as a relational, time-space, and corporeal phenomenon. The findings are described in detail using narrative description in order to offer a rich account of each theme, and the implications provide a direction for future research.
Allophane-like materials in the weathered zones of Silurian phosphate-rich veins from Santa Creu d'Olorda (Barcelona, Spain)
Authors: Moro M. C. , Cembranos M. L. , Fernandez A.
Published: July 2002

Allophane-like materials occur in the weathered zones of the phosphate-rich veins hosted in Silurian metasediments of the Catalonian Coastal Ranges. These metasediments also host sulphide and phosphate sedimentary mineralizations. Mineralogical and geochemical investigations of the allophanic samples indicate that they comprise Si-rich allophane, with a molar SiO2/Al2O3 ratio ranging between 1.19 and 2.23, with amorphous Al-(Ca) phosphate and hydroxylapatite as major minerals, and minor goethite and quartz. It is assumed that allophane, amorphous Al-(Ca) phosphate and hydroxylapatite come from the reaction of acid solutions, released during the weathering of sulphide interbedded in black shales, with phosphate-rich veins and volcano- sedimentary host rocks. Silica-alumina gels were deposited in fissures and cavities left by a previous dissolution of the phosphate-rich veins. Later the phosphate minerals filled the conchoidal microfractures and shrinkage microcracks of the allophane.
Correlation between reduciblity and composition of natural wolframite in Argentinian ore deposits
Authors: Botto I. L. , Barone V. L. , Sanchez M. A. , Schalamuk I. B.
Published: July 2002

Thermal reduction in wolframite (composition: Fe1-xMnxWO4 (0.08<x<0.87)) from different deposits in Argentina, was analysed using a temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) technique. X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRPD), vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron microprobe analysis (EDAX) were used to assess the relationship between reactivity degree in a reducing atmosphere (H2 10% – N2 90%) and chemical composition of wolframite.Similar studies were carried out with other related minerals, especially the ones found in natural deposits as alteration or association products. Stability of the solid solution serial members is correlated with redox properties of divalent cations.
On the symmetry of tsumcorite group minerals based on the new species rappoldite and zincgartrellite
Authors: Effenberger H. , Krause W. , Bernhardt H.-J. , Martin M.
Published: July 2002

Rappoldite, the Co-analogue of helmutwinklerite, and zincgartrellite, the Zn-dominant analogue of gartrellite, are two new members of the tsumcorite group. Both minerals are triclinic, their structures are closely related to the parent structure, i.e. the ‘tsumcorite type’ (C2/m, Z = 2). The lower symmetry is caused by two different crystal-chemical requirements. Order phenomena of the hydrogen bonds cause the ‘helmutwinklerite type’ (P1̄, Z= 4), ordering of Cu2+and Fe3+ is responsible for the ‘gartrellite type’ (P1̄, Z = 1).

Rappoldite was found on samples from the Rappold mine near Schneeberg, Saxony, Germany. The new species forms red to red-brown prismatic and tabular crystals up to 1 mm long. Dcalc. = 5.28 g/cm3. 2Vz = 85(5)°, nx = 1.85 (calc.), ny = 1.87(2) and nz = 1.90(2); dispersion is distinct with r > v; orientation is Y ∼∥ [1̄ 20] and X ∼ ∥ c. The empirical formula derived from electron microprobe analyses is (Pb1.01Ca0.01)Σ1.02(Co0.99Ni0.62Zn0.35Fe0.02)Σ1.98[(AsO4)1.99(SO4)0.01]Σ2.00[(OH)0.02(H2O)1.98]Σ2.00 or Pb(Co,Ni)2(AsO4)2·2H2O. Single-crystal X-ray studies showed average C2/m symmetry. Weak superstructure reflections are responsible for triclinic symmetry and enlarged cell metrics (refined from powder data): a= 11.190(2)Å, b= 10.548(2)Å, c= 7.593(1)Å, α = 100.38(1)8, β = 109.59(2)8, γ = 98.96(1)8, V= 807.6 Å3, Z= 4. The superstructure results from the hydrogen-bond scheme, but faint streaks indicate some disorder. All investigated rappoldite crystals are twinned by reflection on (23̄0) which corresponds to the mirror plane of the average C2/m cell. Helmutwinklerite is isotypic with rappoldite and probably also with pure thometzekite; sulphatian thometzekite is monoclinic.

Zincgartrellite forms green-yellow rosette-like aggregates on samples from the Tsumeb mine, Namibia. The Dcalc. = 5.30 g/cm3. 2Vx = 87(5)°, nx = 1.91(2), ny = 1.94 (calc.) and nz = 1.97(2). Electron-microprobe analyses and Mössbauer data yielded the empirical formula (Pb0.97Ca0.04)Σ1.01(Zn0.91Cu0.51Fe0.59Al0.03)Σ2.04[(AsO4)1.96(SO4)0.01]Σ1.97[(OH)0.81(H2O)1.31]Σ2.12 or Pb(Zn,Fe,Cu)2(AsO4)2(H2O,OH)2. The structural formula is Pb(ZnxFe1–x)(ZnxCu1–x)(AsO4)2(OH)1–x(H2O)1+xwith 0.4 < x < 0.8. Gartrellite is defined by x < 0.4. Helmutwinklerite has x near to 1 and is defined by a cell with fourfold volume. Single-crystal X-ray studies of zincgartrellite proved space group P1̄ caused by ordering of Fe3+ and Cu at one atomic site. Cell parameters (refined from powder data): a= 5.550(1)Å, b= 5.620(1)Å, c= 7.621(1)Å, α = 68.59(1), β = 69.17(1), γ = 69.51(1)°, V= 200.1 Å3, Z= 1.
Eotaxin is a natural antagonist for CCR2 and an agonist for CCR5
Authors: Ogilvie Patricia , Bardi Giuseppe , Clark-Lewis Ian , Baggiolini Marco , Uguccioni Mariagrazia
Published: July 2002

Eotaxin is a potent inducer of eosinophil chemotaxis and was considered as a selective ligand of the CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3), which is expressed on eosinophils, basophils, and Th2 lymphocytes. This study shows that eotaxin also interacts with CCR2 and CCR5 and can, thus, affect the responses of monocytes, which express both receptors. In human monocytes pretreatment with eotaxin decreased responsiveness to MCP-1, a selective ligand for CCR2, as well as to RANTES and MIP-1β, which bind to CCR5. Similar effects were obtained with transfected cells expressing CCR2 or CCR5, but here a difference became apparent: Eotaxin triggered CCR5 at a concentration of 100 nM but not CCR2 even at 1 μM, suggesting an antagonistic effect on this receptor. In agreement with this observation, eotaxin induced internalization of CCR5 but not of CCR2 in human monocytes and transfected cells. Binding studies showed that eotaxin displaces125 I-MCP-1 from monocytes in a concentration-dependent manner, and functional experiments showed that eotaxin inhibits MCP-1-induced chemotaxis and enzyme release. The results demonstrate that eotaxin is a CCR5 agonist and a CCR2 antagonist. The present findings suggest a role of eotaxin in the fine-tuning of cellular responses occurring at sites of allergic inflammation, in which both MCP-1 and eotaxin are produced.
Molecular mechanism of transforming growth factor β–mediated cell-cycle modulation in primary human CD34+ progenitors
Authors: Dao Mo A. , Hwa Joseph , Nolta Jan A.
Published: July 2002

The mechanisms by which transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) exerts a negative effect on cell-cycle entry in primary human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells were examined at the molecular and cellular levels. After treatment of primary human CD34+progenitors with TGF-β there was a decrease in the levels of cyclin D2 protein and an increase in levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) p15 as compared to the levels in untreated cells. The converse was true after addition of neutralizing anti–TGF-β antibody. Administration of TGF-β to CD34+ cells in the presence of cytokines prevented retinoblastoma protein (pRb) phosphorylation, which occurred in the same cells treated with cytokines alone or cytokines and anti–TGF-β antibody. Neutralization of TGF-β during 24 to 48 hours of culture with cytokines significantly increased the number of colony-forming progenitors, but did not modulate the human stem cell pool, as measured in 6- to 12-month xenotransplantation assays. Equivalent numbers of human B, T, and myeloid cells were obtained after transplantation of cells treated with or without neutralization of TGF-β.