bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Decline of Innovative Local Self-governance Institutions for Water Management
Authors: Keremane Ganesh B. , McKay Jennifer , Narayanamoorthy A.
Published: July 2006

Water scarcity to a large extent is manmade and large irrigation projects are seen as a solution to the problems of water scarcity. But the solution to the problems that such scarcity generates lies in recognizing the fact that water is a common resource and can be managed sustainably, based on the principles of local and collective self-management. India has a rich history of indigenous systems of water management, some of which are still in use even after thousands of years. Pani Panchayats in Maharashtra are examples of such indigenous self-governance institutions formed for ecological and equitable use of water on the basis of collective control and decision making. But, today, these innovative institutions have collapsed due to various reasons. A study funded by the Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was carried out to identify the reasons for the decline of Pani Panchayats from a farmer's perspective. The results revealed that lack of effective institutional protocol to enforce the rules to govern water use, resolving the conflicts, accompanied by lack of support from the government and other agencies are the major reasons for the decline.
Sociopolitical Determinants of an AIDS Prevention Program: Multiple Actors and Vertical Relationships of Control and Influence
Authors: Laperrière Hélène , Zúñiga Ricardo
Published: July 2006

In every country, health and prevention “come down” from the authorities responsible for this mission by way of planners, local authorities, and peer educators until it reaches the target population. International and national systems function on the premise of a top-down transmission, with little room for integrating local information that might provide a better understanding of the implementation process. This analysis is based on an empirical evaluative research of HIV/AIDS prevention projects with sex workers in a remote area of northern Brazil. It illustrates how nursing sociopolitical analysis can reveal how political interests can have perverse effects by contaminating the group's internal relations and with established partnerships, thereby weakening the impact of prevention programs. These effects can seriously affect community relations and social practices, far beyond the technical division of work and political hierarchies in the sociosanitary network.
NOVEL REACTION OF BENZOPHENONE WITH HEXAMETHYLPHOSPHORIC TRIAMIDE: FORMATION OF 1,1,2,2-TETRAPHENYLETHANE
Authors: Kawanisi Mituyosi , Arimatsu Seiji , Yamaguchi Ryohei
Published: July 2006

Upon thermal treatment with hexamethylphosphoric triamide benzophenone afforded 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethane (I) by formally deoxygenative condensation together with diphenylmethane (II), benzhydryldimethylamine (III), benzhydrylmethylamine (IV), and benzophenone methylimine (V).
ANOMALOUS BIRCH REDUCTION PRODUCTS OF 1,1,4aβ-TRIMETHYL-2β-HYDROXY-8-METHOXY-1,2,3,4,4a,9-HEXAHYDROPHENANTHRENE AND UNUSUAL REACTIVITIES OF THE PRODUCTS
Authors: Hamanaka Nobuyuki , Okuno Toshikatsu , Nakajima Toshiaki , Furusaki Akio , Matsumoto Takeshi
Published: July 2006

Birch reduction of the title compound 1 afforded a tetrahydroanisole 2 and its hydrogenolysis product 3. The methoxyl group of compound 2 is readily displaced by acetoxyl group with inversion of configuration by warming in acetic acid. Compound 3 is highly sensitive to oxygen; it is autooxidized to 8 on exposing to the air.
CODIMERIZATION OF ETHYLENE AND BUTADIENE BY THREE-COMPONENT CATALYSTS CONSISTING OF PALLADIUM SALT, LEWIS ACID, AND TERTIARY PHOSPHINE
Authors: Ito Takehiko , Kawai Tsunehisa , Takami Yasuo
Published: July 2006

A novel catalyst system consisting of palladium salt, Lewis acid, and tertiary phosphine was found to be effective for the codimerization of ethylene and butadiene in a solvent containing nitrobenzene. This catalyst system is characterised by the fact that any reducing agent is not included.
SYNTHESES OF ISOMALTOSE, ISOMALTOTETRAOSE, AND ISOMALTOÖCTAOSE
Authors: Koto Shinkiti , Uchida Tetsuo , Zen Shonosuke
Published: July 2006

Ethyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-α-d-glucopyranoside (II-1) was converted into p-nitrobenzoyl derivative (I-1), which was then brominated to give the bromide (III-1). III-1 was condensed with II-1 in nitromethane in the presence of 2,6-lutidine to give ethyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′-hexa-O-benzyl-6′-O-p-nitrobenzoyl-1-thio-α-isomaltoside (I-2) in 92% yield. This synthetic cycle was repeated twice to synthesize isomaltotetraose and isomaltooctaose as well as their related derivatives.
OPTICAL RESOLUTION OF Dl-ASPARTIC ACID IN THE PRESENCE OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE AMINO ACID AND COPPER (II) ION
Authors: Harada Kaoru , Iwasaki Tameo
Published: July 2006

Optically active aspartic acid copper complex crystallized from an aqueous mixture of Dl-aspartic acid, copper (II) ion and optically active amino acid. When l-amino acid was used, d-aspartic acid copper complex crystallized. A possible rationalization for the optical resolution of aspartic acid copper complex is suggested.
USE OF SURFACE REFLECTION IN SPECTRO-ELECTROCHEMISTRY. VISIBLE SPECTRA OF 9,10-DIPHENYLANTHRACENE RADICAL IONS
Authors: Matsumoto Tamotsu , Sato Masanori , Hirayama Satoshi , Uemura Shigeru
Published: July 2006

The surface reflection intensity of a tungsten-lamp light source at a platinum electrode changes with the electrolytic formation of colored radical ion; the method serves as a convenient means of obtaining an absorption spectra. An example is shown for the radical cation and anion of 9,10-diphenylanthracene in acetonitrile.
THE SYNTHESIS OF ANOMERIC METHYL 4-o-d-MYCAROSYL-β-d-MYCAMINOSIDES
Authors: Koto Shinkiti , Yago Kazuo , Zen Shonosuke , Omura Satoshi
Published: July 2006

The anomeric forms of methyl 4-O-l-mycarosyl-β-d-mycarninos ide (VII) were synthesized by the condensation of 3,4-O-carbonyl-l-mycarosyl chloride and methyl N-carboethoxy-des-N-methyl-2-O-p-phenylazobenzoyl-β-d-mycaminoside (III) and following removal of the acyl group and N-methylation.
THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF GERANIOL IN GERANIUM
Authors: Suga Takayuki , Shishibori Tsuyoshi
Published: July 2006

The labelling pattern in geraniol biosynthesized from [2-14C]mevalonic acid in leaves of Pelargonium roseum Bourbon was consistent with the pathway shown in the scheme. The radioactivities at C-4 and C-8 (and/or C-10) were unbalanced, in opposition to the results observed for geraniol biosynthesized in flowers of the rose.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF DICHLORO-TETRAKIS(DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATO)TRIMERCURY, Hg3Cl2(S2CNEt2)4
Authors: Iwasaki Hitoshi
Published: July 2006

The reaction of mercury dichloride with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate gave triclinic crystals of the title compound in addition to two monoclinic forms of mercury diethyldithiocarbamate. An X-ray investigation has revealed that the mercury atoms are linked together by bridging carbamate groups and chlorine atoms to form an infinite linear chain.
A STABLE FREE RADICAL, 1-METHYL-2-METHOXYCARBONYLPYRIDINYL
Authors: Watanabe Hidetoshi , Ikegami Yusaku , Seto Shuichi
Published: July 2006

A stable free radical, 1-methyl-2-methoxycarbonylpyridinyl, has been prepared by the reduction of the corresponding pyridinium iodide with 3 % sodium amalgam. The radical can be isolated in a pure form by distillation under a vacuum. Analysis of the hyperfine structure of the ESR spectrum reasonably explained the radical structure.
DECARBONYLATION REACTION OF SOME 5(4H)-THIAZOLONES: FORMATION OF CYCLOBUTENE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Kato Masahiko , Kobayashi Akio , Umemoto Susumu
Published: July 2006

Thermal decarbonylation reactions of some 5(4H)-thiazolones were studied. In the case of 4,4-di(n-alkyl)-substituted 5(4H)-thiazolones, the novel formation of cyclobutene derivatives was found and attributed to the high reactivity of enamine intermediates.
CARBONYLATION IN LIQUID SULFUR DIOXIDE. III. THE ACYLATION OF VARIOUS NUCLEOPHILES WITH PIVALOYL CHLORIDE SbCl5 COMPLEX DERIVED FROM THE REACTION OF t-BUTYL CHLORIDE AND CARBON MONOXIDE IN SbCl5-LIQUID SULFUR DIOXIDE SYSTEM
Authors: Nojima Masatomo , Shiba Fumiaki , Yoshimura Masakatsu , Tokura Niichiro
Published: July 2006

The intermediate obtained by the reaction of t-butyl chloride with carbon monoxide in the SbCl5-liq.SO2 system was found to be a complex of pivaloyl chloride with SbCl5 by N.M.R. spectroscopy. This intermediate was used as the acylating agent for various nucleophiles. Water, ethanol, cycloolefins and aniline reacted with the acylating agent in situ in liquid sulfur dioxide to give carboxylic acid, ester, α,β-unsaturated ketones, acid amide, respectively, in fair yields. The reaction with benzene gave only t-butylbenzene and o- and p-chloro-t-butylbenzenes.
ABSORPTION AND CIRCULAR DICHROISM SPECTRA OF COBALT(III) COMPLEXES CONTAINING N3− OR NCS− IN THEIR “SPECIFIC ABSORPTION BAND” REGION
Authors: Yamasaki Kiyoshi , Hidaka Jinsai , Shimura Yoichi
Published: July 2006

Circular dichroism spectra of cis-[Co(en)2(NH3)(X)]2+ and cis-[Co(en)2(X)2]+ type complexes with a pseudohalogeno ligand X (N3− or NCS−) were measured in 15–45 kK region. So-called specific absorption bands of these complexes were analyzed on the basis of CD patterns, which were also discussed in relation to the absolute configurations .
CHARGE TRANSFER INTERACTION OF 4-NITROPYRIDINE- AND 4-NITROQUINOLINE-N-OXIDES
Authors: Kubota Tanekazu , Akazawa Hideko , Yamakawa Masumi
Published: July 2006

The π-π type charge transfer (CT) interaction ability of 4-nitropyridine- and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxides was examined. It is concluded that the latter compound is a slightly stronger π electron acceptor than the former, and that the strength of these N-oxides as π type electron acceptor is relatively weak compared to that of the other typical electron acceptors such as p-benzoquinone etc.
METHYL MIGRATION IN DEHYDROABIETIC ACID DERIVATIVE
Authors: Tahara Akira , Mizuno Hiromitsu , Ohsawa Tomihiko
Published: July 2006

Benzonilidene compound (2) underwent rearrangement to 3 with 1,2-methyl migration and vice versa. Using the rearrangement, selective substitution at C-l of dehydroabietic acid derivative was accomplished to give 5.
PHOTOINDUCED REACTIONS. LXV. PHOTOSENSITIZED OXYGENATION OF 2-METHYLINDOLES
Authors: Saito Isao , Imuta Mitsuru , Matsuura Teruo
Published: July 2006

Photosensitized oxygenation of 2-methylindole and 1,2-dimethylindole gave 2-methyl-2-[3-(2-methylindolyl)]indoxyl and its N,N′-dimethyl derivative, respectively, which were possibly formed through a hydroperoxide intermediate, whereas 1,2,3-trimethylindole underwent oxidative 2,3-cleavage to give o-(N-acetyl-N-methyl)aminoacetophenone.
INSERTION OF METHANESULFONYLNITRENE INTO C–H AND O–H BONDS
Authors: Shingaki Tadao , Inagaki Masao , Torimoto Noboru , Takebayashi Matsuji
Published: July 2006

The insertion of methanesulfonylnitrene into C–H and O–H bonds was investigated by the photolysis of methanesulfonyl azide In hydrocarbons and in alcohols. The relative reactivity of the sulfonylnitrene toward C–H bonds of hydrocarbons was found to be smaller than that of ethoxycarbonylnitrene, whereas the reactivity of the sulfonylnitrene toward O–H bonds of alcohols was larger than that of the carbonylnitrene.
THERMAL AND PHOTOCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITIONS OF 1,4-BIS(AZIDOMETHYL)-1,4-DIPHENYLAZINEMETHYLENE
Authors: Tsuge Otohiko , Samura Hideo , Tashiro Masashi
Published: July 2006

Thermal decomposition of bisazide 1 in refluxing xylene afforded monoazide 6, which on heating in decaline under reflux converted into pyrazine 7. On the other hand, irradiation of 1 gave 1,2,4-triazine 8, which was obtained in excellent yield from photolysis of monoazide 6. The pathways for the formation of products are also suggested.
NICKEL(0)-CATALYZED DIMERIZATION OF CYCLOPROPENONES
Authors: Noyori Ryoji , Umeda Isao , Takaya Hidemasa
Published: July 2006

Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) catalyzes dimerization of 2,3-di-substituted cyclopropenones affording 1,4-benzoquinones. The reaction involves a bond cleavage at C-1–C-2 of the cyclopropenones.
PHOTOINDUCED REACTIONS. LXVI. PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION OF m-CHLORONITROBENZENE WITH METHOXYBENZENES: OXIDATIVE RING-CLEAVAGE OF AROMATICS
Authors: Saito Isao , Takami Masaaki , Matsuura Teruo
Published: July 2006

Photolysis of m-chloronitrobenzene in the presence of methoxybenzenes resulted in oxidative ring-cleavage of the latters, which occurred selectively at the bond substituted with a methoxyl group. Thus 1, 3, and 5 gave 2, 4, and 6, respectively.
SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF ORDERED PEROVSKITES A2(Ln3+M5+)O6 (A=Ba, Sr, Ln=Y, Gd, Dy, Er, M=Mo, W)
Authors: Kamata Kiichiro , Yoshimura Masahiro , Nakamura Tetsuro , Sata Toshiyuki
Published: July 2006

Ordered perovskites, Ba2(LnMo)O6, Sr2(LnMo)O6 and Ba2(LnW)O6, were newly synthesized. The crystallographic, electrical and magnetic properties for these compounds were investigated. The magnetic moments of Mo5+ and W5+ were determined. Magnetic properties indicated that the interaction between Ln3+(4fn) and Mo5+ (4d1) or W5+(5d1) was fairly weak in these compounds.
NICKEL-CATALYZED REACTION OF BUTADIENE. FORMATION OF 2-METHYLENEVINYLCYCLOPENTANE AND ADDITION OF AMINE TO BUTADIENE
Authors: Furukawa Junji , Kiji Jitsuo , Mitani Shin-ichi , Yoshikawa Susumu , Yamamoto Kazuyoshi , Sasakawa Eiichi
Published: July 2006

The cyclodimerization of butadiene catalyzed by bis(tri-n-butylphosphine)dibromonickel combined with sodium borohydride was investigated, using amines as protonic solvents. At 80°C a large amount of amine-adducts to butadiene was obtained together with 2-methylenevinylcyclopentane. The adducts were formed exclusively at room temperature.
SECONDARY DEUTERIUM ISOTOPE EFFECT IN CHLORINE ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE REACTIONS IN ACETONITRILE
Authors: Tanaka Nobuo , Kaji Aritsune , Hayami Jun-ichi
Published: July 2006

Secondary deuterium isotope effects of about 12% were observed for reactions of chloromethyl aryl ethers or sulfides with radioactive chloride ion in CH3CN. 2-Arylethyl chlorides gave about 3% of the isotope effect. Magnitude of the isotope effect can also be a diagnostic of the looseness of the SN2 transition state.
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BIS(IMIDAZOLE)OCTAETHYLPORPHINATOIRON(III) PERCHLORATE
Authors: Takenaka Akio , Sasada Yoshio , Watanabe Ei-ichi , Ogoshi Hisanobu , Yoshida Zen-ichi
Published: July 2006

The crystal structure of bis(imidazole)octaethylporphinatoiron(III) perchlorate has been determined by the X-ray method. The monoclinic unit-cell dimensions are a=10.50, b=26.10, c=9.65 Å and β=103.6°. The space group is P21/m and there are two formula units and four chloroform molecules in the unit cell. The iron atom is strictly coplanar with the four porphinato nitrogen atoms, and these four and two imidazole nitrogen atoms form an approximately regular octahedron. The complex cations contact with the perchlorate anions at their non-coordinated imidazole nitrogen atoms.
SELF-DIFFUSION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN POLYAMIDE
Authors: Iijima Toshiro , Isshiki Minoru
Published: July 2006

Self-diffusion of hydrochloric acid in polyamide was measured by means of radio tracer method. The self-diffusion coefficients depend on the concentration of hydrochloric acid in the polymer substrate. The results can be interpreted by the concentration dependence of the jump distance of the tracer chloride ion.
THE PHOTOADDITION OF STILBENE TO PYRROLE
Authors: Kubota Tadatoshi , Sakurai Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

Irradiation of trans-stilbene in pyrrole gave 2-(1,2-diphenylethyl)pyrrole I and 3-(1,2-diphenylethyl)pyrrole II. It is suggested that this reaction proceeds via an exciplex.
SYNTHESIS OF CYCLOHEPTATRIENYLIDENECYCLOBUTANEDIONE (HEPTABUTAFULVALENEQUINONE) DERIVATIVES
Authors: Morita Noboru , Asao Toyonobu , Kitahara Yoshio
Published: July 2006

4,4-Dichloro- (7), 4,4-dimethyl- (9), and 4,4-dicycloheptatrienyl- (10) derivatives of 2-cycloheptatrienylidenecyclobutane-1,3-dione were synthesized by the reaction of cyclobutane-1,3-diones and ethoxytropilidene. 4-Benzylidene derivative (12) was obtained by treatment of (10) with triphenylmethyl tetrafluoroborate. Spectroscopic data of these products were indicated.
(2-TROPONYL)METHYLENETRIPHENYLPHOSPHORANES. III. NOVEL SYNTHESES OF AZULENES VIA CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS
Authors: Kawamoto Isao , Sugimura Yukio , Soma Nobuo , Kishida Yukichi
Published: July 2006

The cycloaddition reactions of (2-troponyl)methylenetriphenylphosphoranes (I), which were characterized as the “bonding betaine”, were investigated. Some azulene derivatives were synthesized via [8 + 2] cycloaddition of I with acetylenic esters.
NICKEL(O)-CATALYZED REACTION OF t-BUTYL ISOCYANIDE WITH WATER AND METHANOL: A NOVEL PREPARATION OF 1,2-DI-AMINOETHYLENE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Otsuka Sei , Nakamura Akira , Ito Kazuo
Published: July 2006

Nickel-catalyzed transformations of t-butyl isocyanide into cyclic 1,2-diaminoethylene derivatives, t-BuN-CH2C(NH-t-Bu)=C(NH-t-Bu)CO and [=C(NH-t-Bu)-C(=N-t-Bu)OCH3]2 are described.
N,N′-CARBONYLDI-OXADIAZOLONE, A NEW COUPLING REAGENT FOR PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
Authors: Fujii Toshiyuki , Miyoshi Muneji
Published: July 2006

A new condensing reagent, N,N′-carbonyldi-(3R-1,2,4-)oxadiazole-5-one (CDOD), is synthesized. The application to the peptide synthesis is achieved and several known peptides are prepared in good yields. The coupling reaction proceeds below 0°C over a short period. Racemization is ivestigated by the use of Anderson test.
STUDIES ON THE SWELLING OF Na-TAENIOLITE WITH WATER
Authors: Kitajima Kunio , Daimon Nobutoshi
Published: July 2006

Synthetic Na-taeniolite NaMg2Li(Si4O10)F2 reacts with water, and its X-ray diffraction spectra show that the interlayer spacing (001) discontinuously widens with the increase of water content. Four steps are observed for the water uptake processes into the interlayer sites.

The maximum crystalline swelling state for Na-taeniolite is so-called two water layers hydrated type. It seems that the swelling of Na-taeniolite is mainly due to the high hydration energy of interlayer sodium ions.
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION OF N-ACYLSYDNONE IMINES
Authors: Chinone Akiko , Ohta Masaki
Published: July 2006

Irradiation of a benzene-ethanol solution of N-acyl-3,4-diphenylsydnone imine afforded 1,5-diphenyl-4-hydroxy-1,2,3-triazole and anhydro-3-acyl-1,5-diphenyl-4-hydroxy-1,2,3-triazolium hydroxide. Irradiation of N-acylsydnone imine in the presence of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate yielded an addition product.
THROUGH-SPACE H–19F SPIN–SPIN COUPLING AND INTRAMOLECULAR HYDROGEN BONDING IN o-FLUORO-PHENOL AND -BENZENETHIOL
Authors: Kobayashi Takahiro , Hirota Minoru
Published: July 2006

As a part of the investigations on the intramolecular hydrogen bonding involving SH group, the intramolecular hydrogen bonding in o-fluorobenzenethiol was verified. The research was further extended to the case of o-fluorophenol and the evidence in favor of the existence of the intramolecular hydrogen bond was obtained.
INTERACTIONS OF 1-SUBSTITUTED 2,4-DINITROBENZSNES WITH HYDROXIDE ION IN AQUEOUS DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE
Authors: Hasegawa Yoshinori , Abe Takehiro
Published: July 2006

The interactions of 2,4-dinitroanisole, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene and m-dinitrobenzene with hydroxide ion in aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide were studied by a rapid scan spectrophotometer. The transient colored species of 2,6-dinitrocyclohexadienate were initially observed before the formations of the colored species of 2,4-dinitrocyclohexadienate were complete.
REDUCTION WITH TRICHLOROSILANE V. TERTIARY AMINES FROM N,N-DISUBSTITUTED AMIDES
Authors: Nagata Yoshio , Dohmaru Takaaki , Tsurugi Jitsuo
Published: July 2006

It was found that N,N-disubstituted amides were reduced to the corresponding tertiary amines with trichlorosilane in good yields under moderate conditions.
THE HALOGEN REARRANGEMENT OF 1β-BROMO-AND 1β-CHLORO-5β-CHOLESTAN-2-ONE TO THE α′-POSITION
Authors: Satoh J Yasuo , Horiuchi C Akira , Hagitani Akira
Published: July 2006

A new phenomenon of an α-haloketone having a halogen on its secondary carbon atom in which the halogen rearranges to the α′-position occupied by a secondary carbon atom was found in the reaction of 1β-bromo-and 1β-chloro-5β-cholestan-2-one with the following reagents: i) hydrogen bromide / acetic acid, ii) hydrogen chloride / acetic acid, iii) acetic acid, iv) acetic acid / dioxane, v) boron trifluoride etherate / dioxane, vi) perchloric acid-acetic anhydride / benzene-carbon tetrachloride, vii) potassium acetate / acetic acid.
PROTON CONTACT SHIFT STUDY OF BENZAZOLES: INTER-RING SPIN DELOCALIZATION
Authors: Tori Kazuo , Fujii Tokiko , Yoshimura Yohko , Ueyama Masako
Published: July 2006

Large downfield shifts induced by bis(acetylacetonato)nickel(II) have been observed for the H-7 resonances in various benzazoles (II–X); these proton contact-shifts are explained in terms of the inter-ring spin delocalization through σ-skeletons in a zig-zag arrangement.
THE TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS OF THE AMMONIUM IONS IN AMMONIUM IODIDE AND AMMONIUM BROMIDE
Authors: Onodera Shinji
Published: July 2006

The far-infrared spectra of NH4I and NH4Br have been measured at temperatures of −223 to −53 °C. The torsional vibrations of the NH4+ ions in the phase III crystalline salts were observed at 301 cm−1 for NH4I at −223 °C and at 348 cm−1 for NH4Br at −166 °C.
THE OXIDATION RATES OF 2-CYCLOHEXEN-1-OLS WITH CHROMIC ACID
Authors: Kabuto Kuninobu , Yamaguchi Shozo
Published: July 2006

The chromic acid oxidation of 5- and 6-substituted 2-cyclohexen-1-ols was investigated. The relative rates of oxidation are reasonably interpreted by considering steric and stereoelectronic effects and also conformational equilibria.
STUDIES OF PHOTODEGRADABLE POLYSTYRENE
Authors: Nakamura Kenichiro , Yamada Tetsuji , Honda Kenichi
Published: July 2006

The photodegradation of Polystyrenes containing sensitizers, such as aromatic nitro or quinone compounds, has been investigated. It was found that 1,4-naphthoquinone is the most effective sensitizer for the photodegradation of polystyrene among those tested in this study. The products of the light-irradiated polystyrene were examined by the IR spectroscopy and the thin layer chromatography. It is concluded that the photodegradation of the polystyrene proceeds mainly through the photo-oxidation of polymer.
COBALT(II) CHLORIDE AND BIS(ACETYLACETONATO)COBALT(II)-SODIUM BIS(2-METHOXYETHOXY)ALUMINUM HYDRIDE (SMAH) SYSTEMS: CONVENIENT CATALYSTS FOR HYDROGENATION
Authors: Ueno Toru , Miya Haruo
Published: July 2006

The titled catalyst systems were found to be active and convenient for the hydrogenation of olefins and to be selective toward 1,3-COD. The catalyst was transformed to some extent during the hydrogenation of 1,3-COD: cyclooctene was formed preferentially and thereafter was hydrogenated to cyclooctane successfully.
MÖSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES ON IRON THIOCYANATE
Authors: Sano Hirotoshi , Akane Michiko
Published: July 2006

Mössbauer spectra of iron thiocyanate crystals prepared from iron(III) compounds show the presence of iron(II) species. It was found that some reduction of iron(III) species was taking place both in aqueous and ethereal phases.
THE ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 1,4-DIBENZYL-5,6-DIPHENYL-1,2,3,4-TETRAAZA-2-CYCLOHEXENE
Authors: Mataka Shuntaro , Anselme J -P
Published: July 2006

The reaction of 1,1,4,4-tetrabenzyl-2-tetrazene with sulfuryl chloride in benzene at room temperature gave benzyl azide, dibenzylamine and benzaldehyde. In addition, another compound was isolated as a very minor product. On the basis of its elemental analysis and spectral data, this compound was assigned the structure of 5,6-diphenyl-1,4-dibenzyl-1,2,3,4-tetraaza-2-cyclohexene, the first cyclic 2-tetrazene ever reported.
8-OXOHEPTAFULVENE V. THE MECHANISTIC CONSIDERATION OF THE REACTION OF 8-OXOHEPTAFULVENE WITH 2-METHOXYTROPONES
Authors: Morita Noboru , Asao Toyonobu , Iwagame Nobuo , Kitahara Yoshio
Published: July 2006

The results of the reactions of 4-isopropyl-, 3-deuterio-, and 7-deuterio-2-methoxytropones with 8-oxoheptafulvene support a mechanism of the formation of 1-oxaazulan-2-one containing cyclohexa-1,4-diene moiety at C-3 and C-4, which involves [2 + 2] cycloaddition, [1, 7] oxygen migration, [3, 3] rearrangement, and elimination of methanol.
EXAMINATION OF DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM EFFECT IN THREE CONSECUTIVE MASS SPECTRAL FRAGMENTATIONS
Authors: Nakata Hisao , Tatematsu Akira , Yoshizumi Hideo , Naga Shinobu
Published: July 2006

By using mass spectra of five aliphatic acid esters of methyl salicylate, the effect of vibrational degrees of freedom in the molecular ion on three consecutive fragmentations is examined. The effect was clearly observed in the second fragmentation, but the intensity ratio of ions involved in the third step is found to be essentially constant.
CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF MELEZITOSE MONOHYDRATE
Authors: Hirotsu Ken , Shimada Akira
Published: July 2006

The crystal structure of melezitose monohydrate has been solved by a non-centrosymmetric direct method and refined to an R index of 0.068. The relative orientation of the glucose and fructose units in sucrose moiety is very similar to that found in sucrose itself. There are no intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Two bifurcated hydrogen bonds were found.
THE REACTION OF SOME β-NITROSTYRENES WITH BENZENE IN THE PRESENCE OF PALLADIUM(II) ACETATE
Authors: Yamamura Kimiaki , Watarai Setsuo , Kinugasa Toshio
Published: July 2006

The phenylation of some β-nitrostyrenes, such as β-nitrostyrene, α-nitrostilbene, and 1,1-diphenylnitroethylene, in the presence of palladium(II) acetate is described. The phenylation reactions were affected very strongly by the nitro group, and tend to occur on the olefinic carbon atom adjacent to that bearing the nitro group.
Synthesis and Characterization of Facially Encumbered and Soluble Porphyrin Tapes
Authors: Ikeda Toshiaki , Tsuda Akihiko , Aratani Naoki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: July 2006

We report the synthesis and characterization of facially encumbered meso–meso-linked and triply fused porphyrin arrays.
A Ratiometric Fluorescence Sensor for Zinc in Neutral Solution Based on Thiourea Receptor
Authors: Ji Zhao-Jun , Wu Yu-Mei , Wu Fang-Ying
Published: July 2006

A simple structural receptor containing ICT fluorophore (p-(dimethylamino)benzamido) and binding moiety (thiourea) showed highly selective response to Zn2+ in pH 8.0 Tris-HCl buffer solution. The spectrum of 1 showed two emission peaks in the presence of Zn2+ and the fluorescence intensity ratio could serve as monitor index for the determination of Zn2+.
Upper Critical Solution Temperature Behavior of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in an Ionic Liquid and Preparation of Thermo-sensitive Nonvolatile Gels
Authors: Ueki Takeshi , Watanabe Masayoshi
Published: July 2006

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and its gels exhibited upper critical solution temperature behavior in a hydrophobic ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide, which may be utilized to prepare stimuli-sensitive polymer systems without the problem of solvent evaporation.
John, a 20-year-old Boston native with a great sense of humour: on the spectacularization of the self and the incorporation of identity in the age of reality television
Authors: Hearn Alison
Published: July 2006

Reality television programming simultaneously narrates the conditions of the social factory and produces new forms of labour in and through them. This essay explores the nature of the labour performed by the shows' participants and argues that it involves the self-conscious development
and management of public persona based on templates of the self supplied by corporate media culture. This labour of self-presentation operates simultaneously as work for the television industry and as a form of image-entrepreneurship for the individual participants. Insofar as this form of
labour involves the alienation of embodied subjectivity into image commodities with recognizable market value, it constitutes a form of self-spectacularization. Reality television programming also provides templates for these spectacular selves within a distinct corporate culture, which aims
to contain and control individuals' virtuosity, thus incorporating identity. The Apprentice and Joe Schmo are explored as examples of reality shows that dramatize and embody the collapse of any meaningful distinction between notions of the self and capitalist processes of production.
This process of both narrating and producing a branded self enacted by the reality television might be seen as part of a broader multi-level marketing campaign we could call the corporate colonization of the real.
Exploring participants' experiences of the Gay Games: intersections of sport, gender and sexuality
Authors: Rowe David , Markwell Kevin , Stevenson Deborah
Published: July 2006

Sport is a social institution that has a considerable impact on the shaping of gay and lesbian subjects. On the eve of the 2006 Gay Games in Chicago and its new rival, the Outgames, in Montreal, this article explores dimensions of participation in such gay and lesbian sports events
through a study (based on participant observation and interviews) of their most recent major predecessor, the Sydney 2002 Gay Games. In particular, it points to the centrality to many participants' experiences of both individual and collective forms of identification, including those associated
with sexuality and nation. Through their participation in the event, respondents must negotiate the significant tensions that underpin the ideals and demands of these often-contradictory forms of identification. The article suggests that it is this negotiation of competing identities and subjectivities
that illuminates the broader political significance of the Gay Games.
Renegotiating media in the post-Soviet era: western journalistic practices in the Armenian radio programme Aniv
Authors: Torosyan Gayane , Starck Kenneth
Published: July 2006

This study explored the interplay of Soviet-style and western journalistic conventions by examining an Armenian commercial radio news programme, Aniv, which is broadcast nationally and produced through an American-funded non-governmental organization, Internews. Six issues guided
the inquiry: (1) objectivity, (2) newsworthiness, (3) social role of journalism, (4) competition, (5) professional values, (6) education and employment. Results of personal interviews and observations indicated that success in promoting societal discourse is dependent on adapting imported
practices to local circumstances.
Reviews
Authors: Chand Asha , Taylor Paul A
Published: July 2006

Mekim Nius: South Pacific Media, Politics, and Education, David Robie (2004) Fiji Islands: The University of South Pacific Book Centre, 306 pp., ISBN 1877314307 (pbk), 35.00

What the Media are doing to our media Guardians of Power: The Myth of the Liberal Media,
David Edwards and David Cromwell (2005) London: Pluto Press, 241 pp., ISBN 07453 2483 5 (pbk), 14.99

What the Media are Doing to Our Politics, John Lloyd (2003) London: Constable 2004, 218 pp., ISBN 1-84119-900-1 (pbk), 12.99
On the Apparently Striking Disconnect between Motivation and Satisfaction in Recreational Fishing: The Case of Catch Orientation of German Anglers
Authors: Arlinghaus Robert
Published: July 2006

In this study, three distinct segments of German anglers differing with respect to degree of catch orientation as the main fishing motive were identified in a nationwide telephone survey (N = 474). Noncatch aspects of the fishing experience played a major role in the motivations of anglers: about 80% of the sample was classified as anglers with a low, or minimal, catch orientation. Angler satisfaction and its determinants were examined across degrees of catch orientation to improve understanding of the link between angler motivation and satisfaction. Highly catch-oriented anglers were significantly less satisfied with the previous angling season than were minimally catch-oriented anglers. An exclusivity of activity-specific, mainly catch-related, satisfaction components as predictors of overall angling year satisfaction was found in all angler segments, irrespective of catch orientation. Satisfaction was unrelated to actual catch or harvest rates, and no significant differences in catch and harvest were found across the three catch orientation groups. This suggested that catch expectation was the primary driver of angler satisfaction. This study revealed that there are anglers, most often the majority within the population, who can be characterized as attaching relatively little importance to catch motives but whose satisfaction is still mainly catch dependent. It is not warranted to conclude that there is a striking disconnect in this finding. The reasons for the apparently striking inconsistency between motivation and satisfaction are related to (1) the fundamental conceptual differences in meaning and definition of motivation and satisfaction and (2) the differential ease in satisfying activity-general and activity-specific aspects of the fishing experience. Care must be taken not to draw overly simplified management implications from motivational information. However, by knowing the determinants of angler satisfaction, the manager's ability to plan future management actions is improved, and satisfaction rather than motivation is the ultimate product of the fishing experience.
Direct Validation of Annual Growth Increments on Sectioned Otoliths from Adult Arctic Grayling and a Comparison of Otolith and Scale Ages
Authors: DeCicco Alfred L. , Brown Randy J.
Published: July 2006

Accurate ages are essential for the responsible management of fish populations, and validation of ages ensures that accurate age estimates are available to managers. Scales have typically been used to estimate ages of Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus in Alaska; however, the recapture of marked fish after several years at large has cast doubt on the accuracy of scale ages for this species. To validate age determinations from otoliths, we used oxytetracycline (OTC) to mark 102 Arctic grayling from the Eldorado River, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, during 1994 and 1995. Fish were tagged, fin-clipped, weighed, and injected with 25 mg of OTC/kg of body weight. Over the succeeding 4 years, 16 OTC-marked Arctic grayling were recaptured. Fluorescent marks were visible in thin-sectioned otoliths from 15 of the 16 recaptured fish, and annuli that were visible beyond the mark accurately recorded the passage of years between mark and recapture in all otoliths with OTC marks. Ages assigned from scales underestimated the otolith-assigned age by as much as 20 years. We assembled a larger data set of scale–otolith pairs (n = 74) by combining data from sampling mortalities collected in nearby rivers during 1988–1995 with data from this study. We used the Fisheries Analysis Simulation Tool (FAST 2.1) to estimate growth parameters, and we used an age bias plot and a simple population model to illustrate the mismanagement of Arctic grayling fisheries that could occur if scale ages are relied upon to describe stock structure. We recommend the use of otoliths as the standard of age determination in Arctic grayling populations until a nonlethal method (e.g., fin rays) can be validated for age determination in this species.
Influence of Salmon Carcass Placement in Red Alder Riparian Areas on Stream Chemistry in Lowland Western Washington
Authors: Edmonds Robert L. , Mikkelsen Kerri
Published: July 2006

Populations of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp., which historically returned large quantities of marine-derived nutrients (MDN) to Pacific Northwest streams and riparian areas, are now much lower. In response, salmon carcasses are now being placed in streams and riparian areas to compensate for the loss of MDN, particularly organic N and P. Our objectives were to determine (1) whether placement of chum salmon O. keta carcasses in riparian areas dominated by red alder Alnus rubra, an N-fixing tree, changed stream chemistry and (2) whether carcass placement affected water quality. Study sites were Brown and Le Bar creeks, two small streams in the Skokomish River valley in western Washington. The amount of N in carcasses placed in riparian areas in Brown and Le Bar creeks in November 1999 was estimated to be 22.4 and 59.8 kg/ha, respectively, while the amount of P was 2.7 and 7.2 kg/ha. Monthly stream grab samples were taken between September 1999 and October 2000 upstream and downstream of salmon carcass placement areas and analyzed for NO3-N, NH4-N, PO4-P, pH, electrical conductivity, and alkalinity. The maximum concentration was low for NO3-N (0.32 mg/L), NH4-N (0.10 mg/L), and PO4-P (0.026 mg/L). Salmon carcass placement did not significantly change stream chemistry. This could have been because of the particular amounts of N and P added or uptake by soil organisms, riparian vegetation, and stream processes. Substantial amounts of nutrients in salmon carcasses can be added to the system with little influence on stream water quality. Red alder in the riparian areas did not strongly influence the stream concentration of NO3-N.
What is needed in LCD panels to achieve CRT‐like motion portrayal?
Authors: Sluyterman A. A. S.
Published: July 2006

Abstract— In LCD panels, motion portrayal as well as panel‐addressing speed and response time are critical. They need to be balanced carefully, in particular for HDTV. It will be shown which combination of technologies, such as response‐time improvement, black‐frame insertion, double frame rate, and scanning backlight, can achieve CRT‐like motion portrayal without demanding extreme response speeds from the panel.
An intensively lit collimating unit for the realization of a mosaic‐structured large‐scale RGB backlight
Authors: Käläntär Kälil
Published: July 2006

Abstract— To realize a large‐scale LCD backlight, a hexagon‐shaped single‐side micro‐structured light guide was developed. Three of the micro‐structured light‐guide plates are stacked and combined with a circular prism sheet (CPS) to form a unit backlight. The light guides couple azimuth light radiation from a side‐emitting LED that is mounted at the center of the light guides to air through a CPS in order to make a plane source out of a point source. The combination of stacked functional light guides with a CPS transforms convex toroidal‐shaped light radiation into a narrow cone whose center axis is perpendicular to the back surface of the liquid‐crystal panel. The light efficiency of the illumination unit is about 78% and the full‐width at half maximum of the collimated light is about 2 and 32.5° in the azimuth and radial directions, respectively.
Development of a 25‐in. SVGA SMPDP
Authors: Li Qing , Zhang Xiong , Tang Yongming , Tu Yan , Fan Zhaowen , Yang Lanlan , Zheng Yaosheng , Wang Baoping
Published: July 2006

Abstract— A newly developed 25‐in. SVGA ACPDP containing a shadow mask (SMPDP) is presented. Some modifications have been introduced into the fabrication technique. Instead of using conventional Ag in a thick‐film process, an aluminum bus electrode without ITO was fabricated on the front substrate, which was made by using a thin‐film process. Due to this improvement, excellent uniformity of the dielectric layer has been achieved. Only five necessary process steps are required during the manufacturing process of the front/rear substrates for the SMPDP. The panel capacitance was reduced by over 20% by adopting an ITO‐less structure, which enables high‐speed addressing for large‐capacity displays. The color purity was improved by applying a high Xe content.
Hollow fibers containing various display elements: A novel structure for electronic paper
Authors: Nakata Masahiro , Sato Masahide , Matsuo Yoshinori , Maeda Shuichi , Hayashi Shigeo
Published: July 2006

Abstract— A novel structure for electronic‐paper displays using hollow fibers has been developed, where the hollow fiber is comprised of an outer transparent polymer tube and inner display elements (rotating balls, electrophoretic dispersion fluid, or cholesteric liquid crystals). The structure composed of thin polymer fibers is capable of realizing paper‐like visibility and flexibility, which are vital properties required for electronic‐paper displays. Hollow fibers containing display elements were produced through an industrial manufacturing process using a conventional melt spinning method for the first time and showed electro‐optical switching when the voltage was applied. The hollow fibers were then woven into fabric sheets. The structure and the production process for electronic paper in this study will be a candidate for a simple method to produce large‐area electronic‐paper displays.
Flexible electronic‐paper active‐matrix displays
Authors: Edzer H. , Huitema A. , Gelinck Gerwin H. , Van Lieshout Pieter J. G. , Van Veenendaal Erik , Touwslager Fred J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract— A100‐μm‐thick 320 × 240‐pixel active‐matrix display integrated into a functional‐device prototype is presented. The active matrix is composed of alternating layers of organic materials and gold. A six‐mask photolithographic process is used. An electrophoretic electronic imaging film is laminated on top of the active matrix. The display is bendable to a radius of 7.5 mm for more than 30,000 repetitions.
Uncooled microbolometer detector: recent developments at ULIS
Authors: Tissot J. , Trouilleau C. , Fieque B. , Crastes A. , Legras O.
Published: July 2006

Uncooled infrared focal plane arrays are being developed for a wide range of thermal imaging applications. Fire-fighting, predictive maintenance, process control and thermography are a few of the industrial applications which could take benefit from uncooled infrared detector. Therefore, to answer these markets, a 35-μm pixel-pitch uncooled IR detector technology has been developed enabling high performance 160×120 and 384×288 arrays production. Besides a wide-band version from uncooled 320×240/45 μm array has been also developed in order to address process control and more precisely industrial furnaces control. The ULIS amorphous silicon technology is well adapted to manufacture low cost detector in mass production. After some brief microbolometer technological background, we present the characterization of 35 μm pixel-pitch detector as well as the wide-band 320×240 infrared focal plane arrays with a pixel pitch of 45 μm.
Narrow spectral band monolithic lead-chalcogenide-on-Si mid-IR photodetectors
Authors: Zogg H. , Arnold M.
Published: July 2006

Narrow spectral band infrared detectors are required for multispectral infrared imaging. Wavelength selectivity can be obtained by placing passive line filters in front of the detectors, or, the preferred choice, by making the detectors themselves wavelength selective. We review the first photovoltaic resonant cavity enhanced detectors (RCED) for the mid-IR range. The lead-chalcogenide (PbEuSe) photodetector is placed as a very thin layer inside an optical cavity. At least one side is terminated with an epitaxial Brugg mirror (consisting of quarter wavelength PbEuSe/BaF2 pairs), while the second mirror may be a metal. Linewidths are as narrow as 37 nm at a peak wavelength of 4400 nm, and peak quantum efficiencies up to above 50% are obtained.
Interfaces as design tools for short-period InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices for mid-infrared detectors
Authors: Szmulowicz F. , Haugan H. , Brown G. , Mahalingam K. , Ullrich B. , Munshi S.R. , Grazulis L.
Published: July 2006

The effect of interface anisotropy on the electronic structure of InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices is exploited in the design of thin-layer superlattices for mid-IR detection threshold. The design is based on a theoretical envelope function model that incorporates the change of anion and cation species across InAs/GaSb interfaces, in particular, across the preferred InSb interface. The model predicts that a given threshold can be reached for a range of superlattice periods with InAs and GaSb layers as thin as a few monolayers. Although the oscillator strengths are predicted to be larger for thinner period superlattices, the absorption coefficients are comparable because of the compensating effect of larger band widths. However, larger intervalence band separations for thinner-period samples should lead to longer minority electron Auger lifetimes and higher operating temperatures in p-type SLs. In addition, the hole masses for thinner-period samples are on the order the free-electron mass rather than being effectively infinite for the wider period samples. Therefore, holes should also contribute to photoresponse. A number of superlattices with periods ranging from 50.6 to 21.2 Å for the 4 μm detection threshold were grown by molecular beam epitaxy based on the model design. Low temperature photoluminescence and photoresponse spectra confirmed that the superlattice band gaps remained constant at 330 meV although the period changed by the factor of 2.5. Overall, the present study points to the importance of interfaces as a tool in the design and growth of thin superlattices for mid-IR detectors for room temperature operation.
4×288 readouts and FPAs properties
Authors: Sizov F. , Reva V. , Golenkov A. , Vasiliev V. , Suslyakov A.
Published: July 2006

Analysis of four types 4×288 designed and manufactured readouts is presented. All the readouts have the direct injection input circuit with the circuits incorporated that allows testing procedure of readouts without the photodiodes attached to readout circuits. TDI registers have three delay elements between neighbouring inputs. Some characteristics of 4×288 FPAs with mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) arrays are presented too. Analysis have shown that in spite of different constructions of four readout types, different numbers of outputs and external service, rather similar parameters of FPAs have been obtained. Detectivity values measured for all 4×288 FPAs at operation temperature T ≈ 78 K with skimming mode included and background temperature Tb ≈295 K were in the range D*λ ≅ (1.2−1.7)×1011 cmHz1/2/W.
Competitive technologies of third generation infrared photon detectors
Authors: Rogalski A.
Published: July 2006

Hitherto, two families of multielement infrared (IR) detectors are used for principal military and civilian infrared applications; one is used for scanning systems (first generation) and the other is used for staring systems (second generation). Third generation systems are being developed nowadays. In the common understanding, third generation IR systems provide enhanced capabilities like larger number of pixels, higher frame rates, better thermal resolution as well as multicolour functionality and other on-chip functions.

In the paper, issues associated with the development and exploitation of materials used in fabrication of third generation infrared photon detectors are discussed. In this class of detectors two main competitors, HgCdTe photodiodes and quantum well IR photoconductors (QWIPs) are considered. The performance figures of merit of state-of-the-art HgCdTe and QWIP focal plane arrays (FPAs) are similar because the main limitations come from the readout circuits. However, the metallurgical issues of the epitaxial layers such as uniformity and number of defected elements are the serious problems in the case of long wavelength infrared (LWIR) and very LWIR (VLWIR) HgCdTe FPAs. It is predicted that superlattice based InAs/GaInSb system grown on GaSb substrate seems to be an attractive to HgCdTe with good spatial uniformity and an ability to span cutoff wavelength from 3 to 25 μm.
High resolution staring arrays answering compact MW and LW applications
Authors: Pistone F. , Tribolet P. , Vuillermet M.
Published: July 2006

This paper overviews the electro-optical and thermal performances of different types of infrared detectors manufactured by Sofradir. The detector’s fabrication processes and detector’s performance are shortly described. New staring arrays are more compact and offer system solutions required by infrared market. Special attention is directed to some reliability advantages of new dewar design. Finally, the development trends for highest resolution infrared detector are discussed.