bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of volume variations on osteogenic capabilities of autogenous cancellous bone graft in dogs
Authors: DeVries Wilma J. , Runyon Caroline L. , Martinez Steven A. , Ireland William P.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate the osteogenic effect of differing volumes of autogenous cancellous bone graft (ACBG) placed into partial cortical defects of the ulna.

Animals

15 healthy, mature Beagles.

Procedure

Weekly radiographic views of defects were obtained over 8 weeks and were analyzed for bone density by use of radiographic optical densitometry. Histologic sections were obtained 8 weeks after surgery and were planimetrically evaluated for area of total, lamellar, and woven bone.

Results

Defects receiving 0.3 and 0.75 g of ACBG had rapid initial bone production, and dogs receiving 0.3 g of ACBG had faster bone ingrowth than did those receiving 0.1 g of ACBG or controls. Defects receiving 0.75 g of ACBG had a rate of bony ingrowth equal to 0.3 g of ACBG. There was no difference in the histomorphometric area fractions of total, lamellar, or woven bone between defects treated with 0.1 or 0.75 g of ACBG, and between grafted or control defects, 8 weeks after surgery.

Conclusions

Overfilling a cortical defect with ACBG does not enhance early osteogenesis within the defect, and underfilling will delay the onset of osteogenesis within the defect.

Clinical Relevance

A volume of ACBG sufficient only to fill a cortical defect is required to obtain a clinical osteogenic effect from the graft. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1501-1505)
Effect of craniectomy, durotomy, and wound closure on intracranial pressure in healthy cats
Authors: Harrington Michael L. , Bagley Rodney S. , Moore Michael P. , Tyler Jeff W.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To establish intracranial pressure (ICP) measurements in healthy cats under isoflurane anesthesia, using a fiberoptic monitoring system; to assess brain lesions associated with such monitoring; and to determine whether decompressive intracranial surgery decreases ICP in healthy cats.

Animals

6 healthy cats.

Procedure

Craniectomy and durotomy were performed, and the effect of these procedures on ICP was determined. ICP was monitored by use of a fiberoptic monitoring system. Gross and microscopic evaluations of brain tissues were performed after data collection.

Results

ICP decreased significantly after craniotomy and durotomy. After wound closure, ICP remained significantly reduced relative to initial pressures. However, postsurgical pressures were significantly increased, compared with those associated with ICP after durotomy. Gross and histologic abnormalities associated with placement of the ICP monitoring cable included mild focal acute hemorrhage and mechanical cortical disruption.

Conclusions

Craniectomy and durotomy significantly decreased ICP in healthy cats. ICP increased after wound closure, but remained significantly lower than initial pressures.

Clinical Relevance

Craniectomy and durotomy may be used to decrease ICP in cats. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1659–1661)
Measurement of acoustic backscatter and attenuation in the liver of dogs with experimentally induced steroid hepatopathy
Authors: O'Brien Robert T. , Zagzebski James A. , Lu Zheng Feng , Steinberg Howard
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the usefulness of a new method of measuring acoustic backscatter and attenuation in the liver of dogs with experimental steroid-induced hepatopathy.

Animals

10 clinically normal dogs.

Procedure

Steroid hepatopathy was induced by daily injections of prednisone (2 mg/kg of body weight, IM). Dogs were evaluated histologically and were sonographically imaged on days 0, 3, 7, 10, and 14. Acoustic backscatter and attenuation were measured from in vivo images of dogs, using a video signal method, and compared with results obtained from analysis of the unprocessed radio frequency signal.

Results

Histologic evaluation revealed midzonal, predominantly water-filled vacuoles in hepatocytes by day 7, which persisted for the remainder of the study and significantly (P = 0.0001) increased liver weight on day 14. Attenuation and backscatter increased during the experimental period. Mean effective attenuation difference was higher (P = 0.015) in the liver imaged through a left paraxyphoid window in experimental dogs by day 3. Significantly (P < 0.05) greater attenuation persisted in the liver of experimental dogs throughout the experimental period. Mean backscatter ratio was significantly increased (P = 0.02) by day 10. Uncorrected pixel intensity of the liver in 2 experimental dogs was approximately equal to that of the spleen on day 10 and greater than that of the spleen on day 14.

Conclusion

Administration of prednisone to dogs results in increased acoustic backscatter and attenuation in the liver.

Clinical Relevance

The video signal method is a sensitive technique for detecting subtle acoustic changes in the liver of dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1690–1694)
Mechanical symmetry of rabbit bones studied by bending and indentation testing
Authors: An Yuehuei H. , Kang Qian , Friedman Richard J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether mechanical parameters of rabbit long bones are bilaterally symmetric.

Animals

Adult male New Zealand White rabbits.

Procedure

17 pairs of femurs, tibias, and humeri were mechanically tested with 3-point bending (for diaphyseal bone) and indentation (for epiphyseal bone).

Results

Significant differences were not found between the right and left femur, tibia, or humerus for all bending parameters. Significant differences were not found between the right and left femoral, tibial, or humeral epiphyses for all indentation parameters.

Conclusions

The results indicate mechanical symmetry of rabbit long bones in terms of mean value. The study also developed a normal comparable database for bending and indentation parameters of the rabbit femur, tibia, and humerus. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1786–1789)
Effect of sodium bisulfate on ammonia concentration, fly population, and manure pH in a horse barn
Authors: Sweeney Corinne R. , McDonnell Sue , Russell Gail E. , Terzich Mac
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of altering the pH of manure with sodium bisulfate, thereby decreasing ammonia concentration and fly population in a horse barn environment.

Animals

4 mixed-breed pony stallions.

Procedure

The 4-week study was scheduled with 2 weeks of treatment (with 2 application rates) end 2 weeks with no treatment (control weeks). During treatment weeks, sodium bisulfate was applied daily to the top of the bedding and straw, then spread on top. Ponies were kept in tne stalls 24 hours a day during the 7-day test period and stall cleaning was not done. On day 7 of each week, ammonia concentration, manure pH, number of flies on a fly tape, and fly-evasive behavior patterns were determined.

Results

Sodium bisulfate applied to the horse stall environment daily of either 2.3 or 4.5 kg/9.3 m2(5 or 10lb/100 ft2) decreased ammonia concentration, manure pF, and number of flies in the stall environment, compared with a control period with no sodium bisulfate. Fly-evasive behavior patterns of ponies occupying the stalls, including tail swishes, head tosses, and kicks/strikes, were decreased during the period of sodium bisulfate application.

Conclusion

Sodium bisulfate rnay be an effective method of decreasing ammonia concentration and may serve as a method of fly control in horse barns. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1795–1798)
Determination of concentration of albendazole sulfoxide in plasma and uterine fluid of heifers
Authors: Piscopo Susan E. , Farin Charlotte E. , Bai Stephen A.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To determine time and concentration of peak plasma and uterine fluid concentrations of albendazole (ABZ) sulfoxide (ABZSO) in heifers after oral administration of ABZ.

Sample Population

25 young Angus and Simmental heifers maintained on pasture with ad libitum access to hay and water.

Procedure

Heifers were assigned at random to ABZ or control (water) groups, and were drenched with ABZ suspension at a dosage of 15, 30, 60, or 120 mg/kg of body weight, or with water. Plasma was collected hourly, from 14 to 25 hours after administration of ABZ or water. After a drug-withdrawal period, heifers were synchronized for estrus and drenched with 60 mg of ABZ/kg, or water (50 ml). Each uterine horn was flushed. All samples were extracted and subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis.

Results

For all groups, highest mean ± SEM plasma concentration of ABZSO was observed between 15 and 16 hours after ABZ administration, at 2.0 ± 0.4 µg/ml (15 mg/kg), 5.3 ± 1.0 µg/ml (30 mg/kg), 7.4 ± 1.5 µg/ml (60 mg/kg), and 11.1 ± 2.7 µg/ml (120 mg/kg). Mean concentration for all uterine horn fluid samples was 265 ± 25 ng/ml/horn; range was 79 to 546 ng/ml/horn. The only significant (P = 0.0006) source of variation was the technician performing the flush. Mean concentration for each technician was 184 ± 24 ng/ml/horn and 345 ± 35 ng/ml/horn.

Clinical Relevance

Teratogenic and embryotoxic effects of ABZSO differ for ewes and heifers. Albendazole sulfoxide is detectable in the uterus of heifers; however, ABZSO peaks in heifer plasma earlier and at a lower concentration than that reported for ewes, perhaps contributing to differences in susceptibility at similar dosages. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:62–65)
Decreased serum apolipoprotein B-100 and A-I concentrations in cows with ketosis and left displacement of the abomasum
Authors: Oikawa Shin , Katoh Norio , Kawawa Fumio , Ono Yasushi
Published: January 2024

Objective

To assess the relevance of hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver) in the development of ketosis and left displacement of the abomasum (LDA).

Sample Population

Sera from 22 healthy cows in early lactation. 21 cows with ketosis, and 19 cows with LDA, and serum and liver specimens from 35 slaughtered cows with or without fatty liver, ketosis, and/or LDA.

Procedure

Apolipoprotein B-100 and A-I concentrations were measured in sera of healthy farm cows and of farm cows with ketosis and LDA. Serum apolipoprotein concentration, together with liver triglyceride content, also were surveyed in a subset of slaughtered cows.

Results

Compared with those in healthy cows or controls, apolipoprotein B-100 and A-I concentrations were decreased in cows with ketosis and LDA.

Conclusions

Decreases in apolipoprotein B-100 and A-I concentrations in cows with ketosis and LDA indicate that the 2 disorders may be intimately associated with fatty liver.

Clinical Relevance

Monitoring of the apolipoprotein B-100 and A-I concentrations during the stages of nonlactation and early lactation is helpful for detecting cows susceptible to ketosis and LDA. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:121–125)
Oral administration of tylosin phosphate for treatment and prevention of proliferative enteropathy in pigs
Authors: McOrist Steven , Morgan Jeremy , Veenhuizen Melissa Fleck , Lawrence Keith , Kroger Hubert W.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of orally administered tylosin phosphate for prevention and treatment proliferative enteropathy (PE) in pigs.

Animals

Crossbred pigs weaned at 24 days of age.

Procedure

Pigs were challenge exposed with an inoculum of Lawsonia intracellularis strain LR189/5/83- Seven control pigs received buffer solution. Of 33 challenge-exposed pigs, 8 were untreated. Two groups of challenge-exposed pigs were dosed orally with tylosin phosphate via a 2% stabilized premix, starting with 100 or 40 ppm 4 days before challenge exposure and continuing for 16 days, when the dose was reduced to 40 or 20 ppm, respectively, which was continued for 12 more days. Another group of challenge-exposed pigs was dosed orally with 100 ppm of tylosin phosphate commencing 7 days after challenge exposure and continuing for 21 days. Pigs were euthanatized and necropsied 4 weeks after challenge exposure.

Results

The 8 untreated pigs had reduced weight gain; 3 of them had moderate diarrhea 3 weeks after challenge exposure. Five pigs had gross lesions of PE at necropsy. Seven pigs had histologic lesions of PE with numerous L intracellularis organisms. None of the pigs in the control, nonchallenge-exposed, or the 3 groups given tylosin phosphate before or after challenge exposure had clinical signs or lesions of PE.

Conclusion and Clinical Implications

Tylosin phosphate can be effective for prevention and for treatment of PE, using reported dosing schedules. We can experimentally induce PE, using the pure culture challenge-exposure model, for use in testing of treatments. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:136–139)
Effects of choreito consumption on urine variables of healthy cats fed a magnesium-supplemented commercial diet
Authors: Buffington C. A. Tony , Blaisdell Jean L. , Kawase K. , Komatsu Y.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To investigate the effect of choreito consumption (500 mg/kg of body weight/d) on struvite crystal formation and signs of lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) in cats consuming a commercial canned diet with 0.5% added inorganic magnesium.

Sample Population

6 male and 6 female adult cats, all considered to be clinically normal on the basis of physical examination findings; results of CBC, serum biochemical analyses, urinalyses, and urine cultures; and freedom from urolithiasis on the basis of urethrocystoscopic (females) or urethrocystographic (males) findings.

Procedure

Diets were fed for 12 weeks, or until appearance of signs of LUTD, including dysuria, hematuria, urine pH > 7.0, and severe struvite crystalluria. Presence of at least 2 of these signs was required for removal from study. Urine specimens were examined for electrolytes, struvite crystal content, and hematuria.

Results

Results for urine variables were compared between groups at 4 weeks, because of reduction in cat numbers attributable to removal from study. Struvite crystal content of 24-hour urine specimens was significantly lower for cats fed the choreito-containing diet. Moreover, frequency and severity of hematuria were significantly decreased in cats fed the choreito-containing diet. Correlation between hematuria and struvite crystal content was not observed in either group. Additionally, all 6 cats fed the diet without choreito had been removed from study by day 58 because of signs of LUTD. Of the 6 cats fed the choreito-containing diet, 2 completed the 12-week study.

Clinical Relevance

Choreito may be beneficial for relief of some signs of struvite-associated LUTD disease in cats. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:146–149)
Effects of a carfentanil-xylazine combination on cardiopulmonary function and plasma catecholamine concentrations in female bongo antelopes
Authors: Schumacher Juergen , Citino Scott B. , Dawson Ralph
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the effects of an IM administered carfentanil-xylazine combination on cardiopulmonary variables and plasma catecholamine concentrations and to validate use of pulse oximetry in bongo antelopes.

Animals

8 healthy adult females.

Procedure

Antelopes were immobilized with carfentanil citrate (8.3 µg/kg of body weight, IM) and xylazine hydrochloride (0.79 mg/kg, IM). Hematologic values and plasma biochemical and catecholamine concentrations were determined at the beginning and end of immobilization. Immediately after induction of immobilization and every 15 minutes thereafter, cardiopulmonary variables were determined.

Results

Induction time after carfentanil-xylazine administration was 6 ± 2 minutes. At 15 and 45 minutes after immobilization and thereafter, significant decrease in heart and respiratory rates, respectively, were observed. After 15 minutes of immobilization, all antelopes had developed mild hypoxemia, which resolved after nasal insufflation with 100% oxygen. Pulse oximetry readings underestimated arterial blood gas values, but reliably indicated trends in arterial oxygen desaturation. Antelopes developed hypoxemia after oxygen administration was terminated at the end of the procedure, prior to reversal of immobilization. Norepinephrine concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.05), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations decreased significantly at the end of the anesthetic event. Immobilization of all antelopes was reversed, using antagonists naltrexone and yohimbine hydrochloride. Time to standing was 3 ± 1 minutes, and renarcotization was not observed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

The carfentanil-xylazine combination at the dosage used induced hypoxemia, pronounced arterial hypertension, and significant increase in plasma norepinephrine and decrease in plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations in bongo antelopes. Supplemental administration of oxygen is recommended. Pulse oximetry is a useful tool to monitor trends in arterial oxygen desaturation, but does not substitute for arterial blood gas analysis. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:157–161)
Excretion of the anabolic steroid boldenone by racing pigeons
Authors: Hagedorn Heinz-Werner , Zankl Heidrun , Grund Christian , Schulz Rüdiger
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To detect the anabolic steroid boldenone and to monitor its elimination in the droppings (hereafter referred to as feces) of pigeons treated with the drug.

Animals

8 female pigeons (“Texas” race, 500 ± 20 g).

Procedure

4 pigeons were given boldenone-17-undecylenate (10 mg/kg of body weight, IM). Feces were collected over defined periods, freeze-dried, extracted with buffer (pH 7.2), and centrifuged. Total immunoreactivity in the supernatant was determined directly by use of an ELISA, and individual boldenone concentration was measured by use of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ELISA after solvent extraction of the aqueous phase. An additional 4 pigeons received a 1-mg/kg dose of the drug.

Results

Screening of feces from boldenone-treated pigeons revealed detection of the drug up to 49 days after its administration. The free parent compound was detected during the same period at a constant value of 12 ng/g of lyophilized feces. Positive results predicted by screening were reliably confirmed by the HPLC/ELISA. Treatment of pigeons with a lower dosage (1 mg/kg) yielded positive results for 31 days.

Conclusions

Illegal medication of pigeons with the anabolic steroid boldenone can be uncovered by screening of feces, using a specific ELISA. Confirmation analysis by use of 2 HPLC systems combined with ELISA reliably yields evidence of drug misuse. Owing to the multiple immunoreactive material, the apparent boldenone concentrations registered by screening markedly exceeded the immunoreactivity attributed to boldenone recovered by HPLC/ELISA. Because the test yields positive results in pigeons for at least 31 days after a single treatment, even at a low dosage of the 17-undecylenate preparation (1 mg/kg), the proposed boldenone test procedure is recommended for doping control in racing pigeons. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:224–227)
Comparison of selected canine vaccines for their ability to induce protective immunity against canine parvovirus infection
Authors: Larson L. J. , Schultz R. D.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To compare the ability of 6 commercially available multicomponent canine vaccines to stimulate antibody production in pups with variable amounts of maternally derived canine parvovirus (CPV) antibody and to induce protective immunity against challenge exposure.

Animals

Sixty-three 5- to 6-week-old Beagle pups with passively acquired CPV antibody titer between 1:20 and 1:320.

Procedure

9 pups were assigned to each of 6 vaccine groups and 1 control group. Eight pups in each group were inoculated with vaccine or saline solution twice, with 3 weeks between administrations. The ninth pup served as an uninoculated contact control. Serum samples were obtained weekly and tested for CPV antibody by hemagglutination-inhibition assay. All pups were challenge exposed with virulent CPV-2a and CPV-2b at 14 to 15 weeks of age.

Results

3 of the vaccines failed to provide protective immunity against challenge exposure because all pups in these groups became infected and most died. A fourth vaccine protected against death, but not infection and disease. Two of the 6 vaccines induced an immune response that was protective against infection and disease.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

Substantial differences existed among commercial vaccines available in 1994 in their ability to immunize pups with maternally derived CPV antibody. These differences caused many vaccinated pups to be susceptible to CPV disease for variable periods because some vaccines failed to immunize. Importantly, all 4 of the vaccines that performed poorly have recently been replaced by more effective products so that the 6 vaccines now perform similarly. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58: 360-363)
Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered allopurinol in healthy Beagles
Authors: Bartges Joseph W. , Osborne Carl A. , Felice Lawrence J. , Koehler Lori A. , Ulrich Lisa K. , Bird Kathy A. , Chen Menglan , Sawchuk Ronald J.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To determine bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters for allopurinol and its active metabolite, oxypurinol.

Animals

6 healthy, reproductively intact female Beagles, 4.9 to 5.2 years old, and weighing 9.5 to 11.5 kg.

Procedure

In the first part of the study, allopurinol was administered IV at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight to 3 dogs and 5 mg/kg to 3 dogs; the sequence was then reversed. In the second part of the study, allopurinol was administered orally at a dosage of 15 mg/kg to 3 dogs and 7.5 mg/kg to 3 dogs; the sequence was then reversed. In the third part of the study, allopurinol was administered IV (10 mg/kg), orally (15 mg/kg) with food, and orally (15 mg/kg) without food. Plasma samples were obtained at timed intervals, and concentrations of allopurinol and oxypurinol were determined.

Results

Maximal plasma allopurinol concentration and area under plasma allopurinol and oxypurinol concentration-time curves were 2 times greater when dogs were given 10 mg of allopurinol/kg IV, compared with 5 mg/kg, and when dogs were given 15 mg of allopurinol/kg orally, compared with 7.5 mg/kg. Allopurinol elimination half-life, time to reach maximal plasma oxypurinol concentration, and oxypurinol elimination half-life were significantly greater when dogs received 10 mg of allopurinol/kg IV, compared with 5 mg/kg, and when dogs received 15 mg of allopurinol/kg orally, compared with 7.5 mg/kg.

Conclusions

Elimination of allopurinol is dependent on nonlinear enzyme kinetics. The bioavailability of allopurinol, and pharmacokinetic parameters of allopurinol and oxypurinol after oral administration of allopurinol, are not affected by administration with food.

Clinical Relevance

A dose threshold exists beyond which additional allopurinol would not substantially further inhibit xanthine oxidase activity. Oral administration of > 15 mg of allopurinol/kg to dogs would not be expected to result in greater reduction of plasma and urine uric acid concentrations. Also, allopurinol may be administered to dogs for dissolution or prevention of urate uroliths without regard to time of feeding. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:504–510)
Influence of type and breed of horse on serum osteocalcin concentration, and evaluation of the applicability of a bovine radioimmunoassay and a human immunoradiometric assay to measure the hormone
Authors: Lepage Olivier M. , Eicher Richard , Uebelhart Brigitte , Tschudi Peter
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To evaluate applicability of a human osteocalcin (OC) immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for use with equine serum and compare it with a bovine radioimmunoassay (RIA) previously proven valid for such samples, and to describe the effect of type and breed of horses on serum OC concentration.

Animals

100 healthy horses of either sex, classified as type I or II (draught or warmblood, respectively). Each type was represented by 2 breed groups, each comprising 25 horses.

Procedure

Blood samples were collected in the morning, and the serum was separated. Osteocalcin was measured, using commercially available RIA and IRMA kits, according to the manufacturer's instructions. All samples were evaluated in duplicate.

Results

The human IRMA did not recognize equine OC. Significant variations in the bovine RIA results were observed between types of horses. Draught horses had lower OC concentration, compared with warmblood horses. Significant difference was not observed between breeds for type of horse. Sex had no influence on serum OC values, but age was a significant covariable for both types of horses.

Conclusions

No crossreactivity exists between the equine and human amino- and/or carboxy-terminus of OC, using this particular human IRMA kit. Difference in blood OC concentration exists between draught and warmblood types of horses.

Clinical Relevance

Use of this human IRMA kit is not valid for equine serum. Horse type must be taken into account when evaluating OC concentration in research or clinical situations, especially if small variations in OC concentration are expected. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:574–578)
Pathogenesis of infection induced by an adenovirus isolated from a goat
Authors: Lehmkuhl H. D. , Cutlip R. C. , Meehan J. T. , DeBey B. M.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the pathogenic potential of an adenovirus isolated from a goat.

Animals

14 colostrum-deprived, isolation-reared goat kids approximately 3 weeks old.

Procedure

Kids were inoculated with either cell culture fluid containing adenovirus (n = 10) or uninfected cell culture fluid (n = 4): 2 ml transtracheally and 1 ml/nostril. Clinical signs of disease and rectal temperature were recorded daily; nasal secretion and fecal specimens were collected daily. Control kids were necropsied, 2/d, on postinoculation days (PID) 5 and 10. Virus-inoculated kids were necropsied on PID 3, 5, 7, 10, and 28. After necropsy, lung, liver, kidney, and brain specimens were aseptically collected for virus isolation attempts. Tracheal fluid was collected on sterile cotton swabs. Turbinate, trachea, lung, mediastinal lymph node, liver, kidney, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, mesenteric lymph node, colon, and brain specimens were collected for histologic evaluation.

Results

Kids developed mild-to-moderate clinical respiratory tract infection. Virus was recovered consistently from nasal secretion and sporadically from fecal specimens. Grossly, there were multiple areas of atelectasis and hyperemia, principally in the cranioventral portion of the lungs. Microscopically, there was detachment and sloughing of foci of epithelial cells of the terminal bronchioles and alveoli. In kids necropsied late in the disease, these changes were accompanied by hyperplasia of type-II epithelial cells. Viral inclusions were not an obvious feature, but a few cells contained probable inclusions.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

The caprine adenovirus reported here is capable of inducing respiratory tract disease and lesions in the lungs of young kids. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:608–611)
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for genotyping Clostridium perfringens
Authors: Meer Ralph R. , Songer J. Glenn
Published: January 2024

Objective

To develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect the genes for the major toxins of Clostridium perfringens (cpa [α toxin], cpb [β toxin], etx [ε toxin], iA [ι i toxin], and cpe [enterotoxin]).

Sample Population

Cultures of C perfringens obtained from collections and diagnosticians throughout North America.

Procedure

PCR primers were derived from published sequences of the genes for the major toxins (the “typing” toxins and enterotoxin). The concentration of each primer was titrated in a PCR assay to allow concurrent amplification of multiple target sequences, and other parameters of the assay were optimized (including concentrations of other reagents and times and temperatures for denaturation of template, annealing of primers, and primer extension). Specificity of the assay was measured by comparing genotype with phenotype (where it was known).

Results

The genotype, determined by multiplex PCR assay, agreed with phenotype in 99% (86/87) of strains where phenotype had been determined. Applied to 361 isolates from domestic animals and human beings, 95% (n = 344) were type A, and 12.8% (n = 44) of these contained cpe. The remaining 5% (n = 17) of the isolates were type B (n = 1), type C (n = 11), type D (n = 2), or type E (n = 4).

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

Previous studies have documented usefulness of PCR in genotyping C perfringens. The multiplex assay is as effective, but simpler, and may be a useful alternative to standard in vivo typing methods. Results of genotyping of field isolates suggested the need for further epidemiologic study of clostridial enteritis, particularly as this pertains to predominant etiologic toxin types, and documented the presence of the reportedly rare genotypes B and E. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:702–705)
Influences of breed, sex, and susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia on lipid composition of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in swine
Authors: Hartmann Stephan , Otten Winfried , Kratzmair Marion , Seewald Markus J. , Iaizzo Paul A. , Eichinger Hans M.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine influences of breed, sex, and susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia on composition of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in swine.

Animals

35 male and female swine of German Landrace and Pietrain breeds and of 2 genotypes, normal (MHN) and susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MHS).

Procedure

Pigs were fed a standard diet ad libitum. After attaining body weight of approximately 100 kg, pigs were slaughtered and skeletal (longissimus thoracis and supraspinatus) muscle and adipose tissue (3 sites) specimens were removed. For each specimen, lipids were extracted by chloroform/methanol and fatty acid (FA) pattern, and cholesterol concentration was determined by gas chromatography.

Results

The overall lipid contents differed significantly between breeds and genotypes; the MHS Pietrain pigs had the lowest lipid quantities. The relative amounts of saturated FA in all tissues were highest in Landrace pigs (P < 0.05), whereas the relative contents of monoenic FA were lower. In addition, for both breeds, the MHN pigs had significantly higher saturated and lower polyunsaturated FA values in all tissues, compared with MHS pigs. More specifically, MHS females of both breeds had the highest relative amounts of polyunsaturated FA. In general, relative cholesterol contents were found to vary little between identified groups.

Conclusions

These data may indicate that, not only does mutation of the calcium release channel of the sarcoplasmatic reticulum, which occurs in MHS swine, influence secondary changes in lipid composition, but so do hormone concentrations and other genotypic factors. Observed differences in lipid content and FA composition could consequently influence specific membrane properties, such as fluidity and cell signaling. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:738–743)
Synovial fluid interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor, and nitric oxide values in dogs with osteoarthritis secondary to cranial cruciate ligament rupture
Authors: Hay Callum W. , Chu Qili , Budsberg Steven C. , Clayton Murray K. , Johnson Kenneth A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To measure and compare values of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites in synovial fluid from canine joints with osteoarthritis (OA) secondary to naturally acquired cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture and experimental CCL transection.

Animals

57 dogs (clinical group) with OA secondary to CCL rupture; 5 dogs (experimental group) with OA secondary to CCL transection; 19 control dogs with normal joints.

Procedure

Joints were radiographed and graded for severity of OA. Synovial fluid was collected from dogs: at surgery from the clinical group, at 90 days after surgery from the experimental group, and at necropsy from the control group. Activities of IL-6 and TNF, as well as concentration of the NO metabolites (NO2−/NO3−) were measured, and results were reported as mean ± SEM.

Results

IL-6 activity in dogs of the clinical (290 ± 40 U/ml) and experimental (494 ± 165 U/ml) groups was greater than that in control dogs (6 ± 1.6 U/ml; P < 0.05). The TNF values in dogs of the clinical (3.0 ± 0.5 pg/ml) and experimental (2.0 ± 0.9 pg/ml) groups were lower than those in control dogs (8.6 ± 2.3 pg/ml; P < 0.05). The IL-6 values were negatively associated with radiographic score of OA and were positively associated with age (R2 = 26.5%, P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Dogs with OA secondary to naturally acquired CCL rupture and experimental CCL transection had significantly different alterations in synovial fluid IL-6 and TNF values. The decrease in IL-6 activity with advancing OA was independent of the increase in IL-6 activity with aging.

Clinical Relevance

IL-6 and TNF may be involved in pathogenesis of OA secondary to naturally acquired and experimentally induced CCL rupture. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1027–1032)
Role of endothelium and nitric oxide in the in vitro response of equine colonic venous rings to vasoconstrictor agents
Authors: Moore Rustin M. , Venugopalan Changaram S. , Sedrish Steven A. , Holmes Earnestine P.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine in vitro contractile responses of equine colonic veins to various vasoconstrictor agents.

Animals

Colonic veins collected from 8 adult horses.

Procedure

Veins were cut into 4-mm-wide rings, placed in organ baths at 37 C, and attached to a force-transducer interfaced with a polygraph; 2 g of tension was applied, and rings were allowed to equilibrate for 45 minutes. Bath solution was replaced, and tension was reapplied at 15-minute intervals. Cumulative concentration responses (10-8 to 10-4M) were determined for each agent, using separate rings (n = 8). Three vein groups were evaluated: endothelium-intact, endothelium-denuded, and Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10-5M)-treated. Maximal responses by each vein to each agent were considered 100%; responses to lower concentrations were calculated as percentage of maximum.

Results

Considering all vein groups, comparison of the doses that caused 50% of the maximal contraction revealed relative sensitivity of colonic veins to be: angiotensin II (ANG) > thromboxane B2 analogue (TXB) > 5-hydoxytryptamine (5HT) > norepinephrine (NE) > histamine (HST) > prostaglandin F2α (PGF) > vasopressin (VP). Compared with ANG, PGF, TXB, and VP, treatment with HST, 5HT, and NE evoked significantly greater responses. Endothelium-denuded and L-NAME-treated colonic veins had significantly greater maximal contractile responses than did endothelium-intact veins.

Conclusions

Response of colonic veins to vasoconstrictor agents was differential; sensitivity was not altered by endothelium removal or L-NAME treatment; maximal responses of endothelium-intact veins were greater than those of endothelium-denuded and L-NAME-treated veins; and responses of endothelium-denuded and L-NAME-treated veins were not different.

Clinical Relevance

Alterations in colonic veins that mimic conditions associated with large-colon volvulus may contribute to blood flow alterations, edema formation, and vascular responses to hypovolemic and endotoxic shock. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1145–1151)
Effects of Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin and lipopolysaccharide on histamine, prostanoid, and leukotriene release by bovine lung parenchyma in vitro
Authors: Saban Ricardo , Broadstone Richard V. , Haak-Frendscho Mary , Skoyen Sarah , Fialkowski James , Maheswaran Sam K. , Bjorling Dale E. , Czuprynski Charles
Published: January 2024

Objective

To identify the effect of Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and leukotoxin (LKT) on spontaneous and calcium ionophore-induced histamine and inflammatory mediator release from isolated bovine lung parenchyma.

Sample Population

Lungs from 8 healthy cattle.

Procedure

Isolated bovine lung parenchyma was incubated in vitro for 2 hours with LKT or LPS, and spontaneous and induced release of inflammatory mediators was determined.

Results

LKT and LPS increased spontaneous release of histamine and leukotriene B4. In addition, incubation with LPS increased spontaneous release of prostaglandin E2. Moreover, a differential effect of the 2 toxins on calcium ionophore-induced inflammatory mediator release was observed. LKT specifically primed isolated lung parenchyma to release leukotriene B4 and thromboxane B2 in response to calcium ionophore, whereas LPS did not alter the profile of prostanoids released by bovine lung tissue exposed to calcium ionophore.

Conclusions

Pasteurella haemolytica toxins have a direct effect on bovine lung parenchyma, causing release of inflammatory mediators, which contribute to response to infection. Furthermore, bacterial toxins (LKT in this study) may sensitize tissues to the effects of other irritant stimuli, amplifying the inflammatory response. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1227–1231)
Pharmacokinetics of luxabendazole after oral and intravenous administration to sheep
Authors: Ortiz Ana I. , Álvarez-Bujidos Lucía , Ferre Ignacio , Ordóñez David
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine pharmacokinetics of luxabendazole after oral and IV administration to healthy sheep.

Animals

7 clinically normal female Merino sheep between 9 and 12 months old.

Procedure

Pharmacokinetics were determined after oral and IV administration of luxabendazole at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight. Serial blood samples were collected for 56 hours after administration. Plasma concentrations of luxabendazole were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography.

Results

After IV administration, elimination of luxabendazole was slow, with a mean half-life of 8.72 hours. Mean steady-state volume of distribution and mean distribution volume during the elimination phase were 3.18 and 3.10 L/kg, respectively. Mean clearance was 0.24 L/kg·h, and mean area under the concentration-time curve was 41.89 mg·h/L. After oral administration, luxabendazole was slowly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Mean absorption half-life was 2.26 hours. Peak plasma concentration was 0.50 μg/ml and was detected 14 to 16 hours after drug administration. Mean area under the concentrationtime curve was 12.03 mg·h/L. Mean bioavailability was 29%.

Conclusions

Results suggest that luxabendazole is moderately absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in sheep, is widely distributed into extravascular compartments, and is cleared slowly.

Clinical Relevance

Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters is the first step in determining a safe and efficacious dosage regimen for luxabendazole in sheep. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1263–1266)
Clinical evaluation of cimetidine, sucralfate, and misoprostol for prevention of gastrointestinal tract bleeding in dogs undergoing spinal surgery
Authors: Hanson Stephen Michael , Bostwick David Robert , Twedt David Cameron , Smith Mary Olivia
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) tract bleeding in dogs undergoing spinal surgery with adjunct corticosteroid treatment, and to determine the protective efficacy of cimetidine, sucralfate, and misoprostol against such bleeding in these dogs.

Animals

40 dogs that underwent spinal surgery.

Procedures

Myelography and surgery were performed on the first or second day of hospitalization. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate was given at a dosage of 30 mg/kg of body weight prior to myelography, followed by a second full or half dose 2 to 4 hours later at clinician discretion. Spinal surgery was performed in conventional manner, postoperative administration of analgesics was done, and dogs were fed a diet lacking red meat. Dogs were assigned at random to 1 of the 3 treatment groups or to the control group. Dogs of the treatment groups received cimetidine, sucralfate, or misoprostol. Physical examination and determination of PCV and serum total protein values were performed daily. A fecal sample was examined daily for gross and occult blood.

Results

36 of 40 dogs had GI tract bleeding during a hospitalization period of 3 to 6 days. There was no significant difference in development of bleeding between the control group and any of the treatment groups.

Conclusions

Gastrointestinal tract bleeding occurred in 90% of dogs undergoing spinal surgery combined with administration of methylprednisilone sodium succinate, a higher rate than that found in previous studies. This bleeding was not life-threatening. Prophylactic benefit from any of the GI protectants tested was not found. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1320–1323)
Assessment of urinary bladder volume in dogs by use of linear ultrasonographic measurements
Authors: Atalan Gultekin , Barr Frances J. , Holt Peter E.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate accuracy of formulas derived from linear ultrasonographic measurements and used in human beings to assess urinary bladder volume as a method of estimating bladder volume in dogs and to test reproducibility of ultrasonographic measurements of linear bladder dimensions.

Animals

64 live dogs (for bladder volume determination) and 31 fresh canine cadavers (for ultrasonographic assessment of reproducibility of measurements).

Procedure

Maximal length, longitudinal and transverse depth (DL and DT), and width were measured from the maximal longitudinal and transverse images. Bladder volume was estimated, using 6 formulas, and calculated volumes were compared statistically with the actual volume obtained by catheterization, using paired nonparametric tests. Reproducibility of bladder dimensions was investigated by measuring length, DL, DT, and width 3 times from each image of section. Measurements of depth (DL and DT) also were compared.

Results

Calculations of bladder volume from linear dimensions, using a formula described for use in human beings, gave a satisfactory indication of actual bladder volume; the median difference between actual and calculated volumes was only 5 ml. Bladder volume estimations were less accurate when large-volume bladders were measured. Matching between repeated measurements was significant (P < 0.005 for longitudinal bladder length and P < 0.0001 for bladder depth and width). Measurements of DL and DT were significantly (P < 0.01) different, with DL greater than DT.

Conclusions

Ultrasonographic assessment of bladder volume in dogs by application of the formula is sufficiently accurate for most clinical purposes.

Clinical Relevance

Ultrasonography would be a useful method of estimating bladder volume in dogs with severe obstruction or dysfunctional voiding of urine. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:10–15)
Myoelectric activity of the ileum, cecum, and right ventral colon, and cecal emptying of radiolabeled markers in clinically normal ponies
Authors: Lester Guy D. , Merritt A. M. , Neuwirth Lisa , Vetro-Widenhouse Tamara , Steible Christine , Rice Brett , Mauragis Danielle F. , Madison John B.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To determine normal cecal emptying curves for liquid- and solid-phase radiolabeled markers and to further define myoelectric patterns of the ileum, cecum, and colon in healthy ponies.

Animals

6 adult ponies.

Procedure

A cecal cannula and 12 bipolar Ag-AgCl recording electrodes were sutured to the ileum, cecum, and right ventral colon of the ponies. Radioisotopes, indium 111-labeled diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid (111In-DTPA) and technetium 99m (99mTc)-labeled sulfur colloid bound to egg albumen, were introduced through the cannula directly into the cecal body. Movement of these markers from the cecum was monitored by a gamma camera, and power exponential clearance curves were generated. Myoelectric data were collected before and after IV administration of isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, and were analyzed for spike burst (SB) rate, relative activity index, and mean burst duration. Myoelectric complexes were identified from observation of chart recordings or compressed, digitized data.

Results

Clearance curves were generated for liquid (111In-DTPA)- and solid (99mTc)-phase markers. Marker types were not different with respect to lag phase, but liquid markers emptied at a slightly faster rate than did solids. Baseline values were calculated after saline solution administration for each of the myoelectric variables investigated. A relation between ileal, cecal, and colonic myoelectric activity was identified. Activity consistent with the previously described colonic migrating myoelectric complex in the pelvic flexure was identified in the right ventral colon.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Baseline data on normal cecal emptying was obtained; this technique could be used to evaluate the effect of postulated motility-modifying treatments used in equine practice. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:313–319)
Effects of stress resulting from short-term restraint on in vitro functional capacity of leukocytes obtained from pigs
Authors: Magnusson Ulf , Wattrang Eva , Tsuma Victor , Fossum Caroline
Published: January 2024

Objective

To investigate whether the procedure used to snare and restrain pigs during collection of blood samples would alter in vitro functional capacity of leukocytes in the samples.

Animals

8 gilts.

Procedure

Catheters were surgically inserted into the jugular vein of gilts to enable blood sample collection without restraint. After collection of a control sample, gilts were restrained by use of a snare and samples were collected at 0.5, 3.5, and 6.5 minutes after start of restraint (0 minutes). At each time point, plasma β-endorphin and cortisol concentrations as well as WBC counts were recorded, and functional capacity of leukocytes in cultures of whole blood was assessed by means of mitogen-induced proliferation and interleukin-2 activity, virus-induced interferon-α concentration, and phagocytosis of zymosan particles.

Results

Concentrations of plasma β-endorphin and cortisol were increased at 3.5 and 6.5 minutes after start of restraint. At these times, virus-induced interferon-α concentration was decreased, whereas proliferative response to Concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin increased in samples collected at 6.5 minutes.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

It was possible to snare pigs for the purpose of collecting blood samples and restrain them without causing excessive stress that would affect immunologic variables, provided that the collection procedure was completed within a few minutes. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:421–425)