bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proteome characterization of extracellular vesicles from human milk: Uncovering the surfaceome by a lipid‐based protein immobilization technology
Authors: Ahlberg Emelie , Jenmalm Maria C. , Karlsson Anders , Karlsson Roger , Tingö Lina
Published: November 2024

Breast milk is an essential source of nutrition and hydration for the infant. In addition, this highly complex fluid is rich in extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here, we have applied a microfluidic technology, lipid‐based protein immobilization (LPI) and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) to characterize the proteome of human milk EVs. Mature milk from six mothers was subjected to EV isolation by ultracentrifugation followed by size exclusion chromatography. Three of the samples were carefully characterized; suggesting a subset enriched by small EVs. The EVs were digested by trypsin in an LPI flow cell and in‐solution digestion, giving rise to two fractions of peptides originating from the surface proteome (LPI fraction) or the complete proteome (in‐solution digestion). LC‐MS/MS recovered peptides corresponding to 582 proteins in the LPI fraction and 938 proteins in the in‐solution digested samples; 400 of these proteins were uniquely found in the in‐solution digested samples and were hence denoted “cargo proteome”. GeneOntology overrepresentation analysis gave rise to distinctly different functional predictions of the EV surfaceome and the cargo proteome. The surfaceome tends to be overrepresented in functions and components of relevance for the immune system, while the cargo proteome primarily seems to be associated with EV biogenesis.
Induction of Extremely Severe Nausea via Vestibular Activation on a 7 Tesla MRI Scanner
Authors: Fagan Andrew J. , Amrami Kimberly K. , Watson Robert E. , Anjum Muhammad A.R. , Welker Kirk M.
Published: November 2024

Extremely severe nausea was experienced by four subjects positioned prone on a 7T scanner table with their arm extended overhead for a wrist examination and their head positioned approximately 10–20 cm above the magnet's central axis. Movement through the large static and spatial field gradients of current 7T MRI scanner magnets typically causes mild vestibular activation which is well tolerated by most individuals. However, when positioned off‐axis, the head moves through regions of even larger and more rapidly changing magnetic fields which in the current study were sufficient to induce the extremely severe nausea. Ensuring the head remains on‐axis mitigates this effect.
Achieving reduced radiation exposure with maintained fluoroscopy effectiveness using ultralow‐dose settings in cryoballoon ablation
Authors: Kaneshiro Takashi , Murota Sadahiro , Nehashi Takeshi , Nodera Minoru , Yamada Shinya , Ikeda Masamitsu , Takeishi Yasuchika
Published: November 2024

Background and Aims

Optimization of fluoroscopic image quality for reducing radiation exposure in cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation (CB‐PVI) has not yet been fully investigated. Therefore, we tried to compare the radiation doses among three different X‐ray system settings.

Methods

Consecutive 148 patients scheduled for their first CB‐PVI were prospectively enrolled: low dose with the use of an anti‐scatter grid for the first 51 patients (LD + G group), low dose without an anti‐scatter grid for the subsequent 46 patients (LD‐G group), and ultralow dose (ULD group) with an anti‐scatter grid for the remaining 51 patients. We compared the radiation doses required to complete CB‐PVI procedures among the groups. There were 27 patients for whom CB‐PVI was performed without cine acquisition, but with fluoroscopy only, and the radiation doses were also compared.

Results

The median procedure time and fluoroscopy time were 119 and 35.5 min, respectively, with no significant differences among the groups. The median cumulative air Kerma (AK) decreased in both the LD‐G group (71.8 mGy, p < .001) and the ULD group (73.0 mGy, p < .001), compared to the LD + G group (145.0 mGy). Among 27 patients who underwent CB‐PVI without cine acquisition, the median cumulative AK further decreased in both the LD‐G group (31.4 mGy, p < .05) and the ULD group (22.7 mGy, p < .01), compared to the LD + G group (64.6 mGy).

Conclusion

Using an ULD X‐ray setting and avoiding cine acquisition, we can reduce radiation exposure, while ensuring the necessary fluoroscopy time for the CB‐PVI procedure.
Temperature Trends and Influence of the Base Period Selection on Climate Indices in the Mediterranean Region Over the Period 1961–2020
Authors: Di Bernardino Annalisa , Casadio Stefano , Iannarelli Anna Maria , Siani Anna Maria
Published: November 2024

In this study, the daily maximum and minimum temperatures measured over the period 1961–2020 by 18 stations located near the Mediterranean coast are analysed to evaluate temperature trends and to compute 10 climate indices, selected among those proposed by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices to monitor the occurrence of climate extremes of temperature. The trend analysis is performed using the Seasonal‐Kendall test. The results show statistically significant positive trends in both above‐mentioned variables throughout the Mediterranean, although the rate of warming is more marked in the minimum than in the maximum temperature and is more evident in the western portion of the Mediterranean Basin from 1990 onward. The climate extremes indices are evaluated assuming two different base periods (1961–1990 and 1991–2020). The shift forward of the base period involves a general rise in the percentile‐based thresholds used for identifying temperature extremes, as a natural consequence of the current atmospheric warming, resulting in fewer warm events and more cold events since the 1990s using a warmer/later base period. The application of the Seasonal‐Kendall test to the occurrence of extreme warm and cold events reveals that the western portion of the Mediterranean and the Adriatic Sea are the subregions most influenced by the base period update. This study demonstrates that the selection of the base period for the identification of extreme temperature events significantly impacts the results, and that the choice of a recent base period partially masks the ongoing atmospheric warming. The results suggest that the base period 1961–1990 might be more appropriate for climatological studies, as it provides a solid and stable baseline, and that attention must be paid when scientific results are shared with stakeholders, so as not to alter the communication of warnings and specific risks for the population.
Structural and Pasting Properties of Lentil Starch: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Nahar Najmun , Rahman Md. Hafizur , Hazra Seyashree , Ahmed Jasim
Published: November 2024

Lentils are highly nutritious as they are rich in both proteins and starch, making them a crucial component of the human diet. This review article focuses on the morphology, microstructure, and pasting properties of lentil starch (LS). The LS exhibits poor crystallinity due to its high amylose‐to‐amylopectin ratio as reflected in its pasting behavior. The shapes of the LS granule range a wide variety, starting from huge ovals to small rounds, as captured in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy displays the arrangement of starch molecules at the vicinity of the granule surface and detects the presence of additional functional groups in the modified starches. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrates both the qualitative and quantitative alterations in the crystalline domains of starch granules effectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), in particular 13C CP/MAS have successfully examined the structural order of amylolyzed LS concentrations and amylose–lipid complex at the molecular level. This review might be of interest to the professionals involved in food and pharmaceuticals on product development using lentil as one of the ingredients in their formulations.
Reflux disease and congenital laryngomalacia in neonates: A Kids' Inpatient Database analysis
Authors: Shah Vraj P. , Patel Aman M. , Kaki Praneet C. , Yassa Arsany , Filimonov Andrey
Published: November 2024

Objectives

Congenital laryngomalacia (CLM) is the most common cause of stridor in neonates and is commonly associated with reflux disease (RD) such as gastroesophageal reflux and newborn esophageal reflux. This study investigates the impact of RD on the management and outcomes of neonates with CLM.

Methods

The 2016 Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) was queried for neonates with CLM (ICD‐10: Q31.5). RD status, procedures, and complications were identified with ICD‐10 codes. Univariate and multivariable analyses were implemented to determine statistical associations.

Results

Of 2212 neonates identified with CLM, 585 (26.45%) had RD. Patients with RD were more often female (p = .038) and premature (p < .001). Upon multivariable analysis, patients with RD had greater total charges (Mean $457,810.87 vs. $259,020.90, p < .001) and longer length of stay (Mean 46.03 vs. 26.44 days, p < .001). Those with RD had more diagnoses recorded (Mean 14.15 vs. 9.66, p < .001), underwent more procedures (Mean 5.47 vs. 3.49, p < .001), and had a longer wait until their first procedure (Mean 13.27 vs. 7.02 days, p < .001). Patients with RD had increased odds for undergoing laryngoscopy (OR 1.799, 95% CI 1.382–2.321, p < .001), bronchoscopy (OR 2.179, 95% CI 1.598–2.801, p < .001), and ventilator use (OR 1.526, 95% CI 1.197–1.886, p < .001) on multivariable regression adjusting for patient demographics, hospital characteristics, and comorbidities. Patients with and without RD had similar odds for undergoing tracheotomy (OR 1.540, 95% CI 0.934–2.522, p = .088) and mortality (OR 1.084, 95% CI 0.397–2.646, p = .874).

Conclusion

CLM is a common diagnosis in neonates that is associated with RD. In our cohort of neonates with CLM, those with RD had overall poorer outcomes.

Level of evidence

4.
CONTINUAL LEARNING—THE KEY TO COMPETITIVE SUCCESS
Authors: Pietersen Willie
Published: November 2024

The author, a business school professor, former attorney, and Chief Executive Officer/CEO, writes that “the best leaders are lifelong learners, cultivating their personal gardens and drawing valuable lessons from each season’s experience.” He references such organizational thinkers as Richard Cyert, James G. March, Chris Argyris, Donald Schön, and Peter Senge, and notes the Darwinian aspect of learning within organizations. He also quotes an additional theorist/author, Margaret Wheatley: “You cannot change a living thing from the outside. You can only disturb it, so it changes itself.” He notes the importance of keeping a learning journal, referencing both his own long‐time example, and that of Dr. Ash Tewari, “one of the pioneers of robotic surgery.” He also notes the importance of questions, and writes about their different usages based both on his experience as an attorney, and as an executive. There is “a science to asking questions that are likely to generate real insights.” A major part of the article is about strategic learning, which involves four steps that move in a cycle. In his words, they are Learn, Focus, Align, and Execute. He further explains: “Then you loop back to the Learn step, thus creating a cycle of ongoing learning and adaptation.”
Investigation of the influence of cryogenic‐temperature machining on ultrafine‐grained chips and machined surface quality of solution‐treated aluminum 7075 alloys
Authors: Chen H. , Zhang Y. , Jiang F. , Chen T.
Published: November 2024

In this study, cryogenic‐temperature formal machining technique was used to process solution‐treated aluminum 7075 alloys, the mechanical properties, morphology, and microstructure of machined surface and produced chips are investigated. Results show machining temperature has a huge influence on chip and machined surface morphology, cryogenic‐temperature machining chips and machined surfaces possess better surface integrity, chips are continuous and smoother, and machined surfaces are flatter. In contrast, room‐temperature formal machining chips exhibit serrated cracks on their free surface and the machined surface produces more serious scaly spines phenomenon. Both cryogenic‐temperature and room‐temperature samples experience severe deformation, cryogenic‐temperature machining alumium 7075 alloys max microhardness has enhanced from 98 HV 0.1 to 174 HV 0.1, and cryogenic‐temperature samples’ microhardness is higher than corresponding room‐temperature samples’ microhardness among all machining parameters. Cryogenic‐temperature can effectively suppress dynamic recovery thus chips could store more dislocations and then possess smaller ultrafine‐grained structures, accounting for higher microhardness. Besides cryogenic‐temperature inhibits precipitation of solute cluster and second phase particles and plays a lubrication effect at tool‐chip interface, thus cryogenic‐temperature machining aluminum 7075 alloys could obtain superior machined surface quality/chip morphology to improve processability. (*: Equal contributi)
Efficacy and safety of maintenance intravenous immunoglobulin in generalized myasthenia gravis patients with acetylcholine receptor antibodies: A multicenter, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Bril Vera , Berkowicz Tomasz , Szczudlik Andrzej , Nicolle Michael W. , Bednarik Josef , Hon Petr , Vaitkus Antanas , Vu Tuan , Rozsa Csilla , Magnus Tim , Panczel Gyula , Toomsoo Toomas , Pasnoor Mamatha , Mozaffar Tahseen , Freimer Miriam , Reuner Ulrike , Vécsei László , Souayah Nizar , Levine Todd , Pascuzzi Robert M. , Dalakas Marinos C. , Rivner Michael , Griffin Rhonda , Coll Montse Querolt , Mondou Elsa
Published: November 2024

Introduction/Aims

Prospective, randomized, controlled trials of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) maintenance therapy in myasthenia gravis (MG) are lacking. In this trial, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of caprylate/chromatography‐purified IVIG; (IGIV‐C) in patients with generalized MG undergoing standard care.

Methods

Sixty‐two patients enrolled in this phase 2, multicenter, international, randomized trial (1:1 IGIV‐C [2 g/kg loading dose; 1 g/kg every 3 weeks through week 21] or placebo). Efficacy was assessed by changes in Quantitative MG (QMG) score at week 24 versus baseline (primary endpoint) and percentage of patients with clinical improvement in QMG, MG Composite (MGC), and MG‐Activities of Daily Living (MG‐ADL) scores (secondary endpoints). Safety assessments reported all adverse events (AEs).

Results

The change in QMG at 24 weeks was −5.1 for IGIV‐C and −3.1 for placebo (p = .187). Seventy percent of patients in the IGIV‐C group had improvement in MG‐ADL (≥2‐point decrease) versus 40.6% in the placebo group (p = .025). Patients showing clinical improvement in QMG and MGC (≥3‐point decrease) were 70.0% for IGIV‐C versus 59.4% for placebo (p = .442) and 60.0% for IGIV‐C versus 53.1% for placebo (p = .610). IGIV‐C was well tolerated; serious AEs were similar between arms. Three of four MG exacerbations requiring hospitalizations occurred in the IGIV‐C arm with one death.

Discussion

Several efficacy parameters showed numerical results greater than those seen in the placebo group. This was a small study and may have been underpowered to see significant differences. Additional studies may be warranted to fully determine the efficacy of IVIG maintenance therapy in MG.
Fluoxetine does not influence response to continuous theta burst stimulation in human motor cortex
Authors: Austin Duncan K. , Amador Lourenço M. D. , Li Lucia M. , Little Simon J. , Rothwell John C.
Published: November 2024

Aim

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are thought to exert a clinical effect through various mechanisms, including through alteration in synaptic plasticity. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can induce temporary changes in synaptic excitability in cerebral cortex that resemble long‐term potentiation and long‐term depression that serve as a measure of synaptic plasticity in vivo. A version of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation called continuous theta burst stimulation can induce inhibition of cortical excitability that can be measured through a motor evoked potential. Previous work has suggested that this response can be modulated by administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Method

Thirty‐one healthy volunteers received both fluoxetine 20 mg and placebo in randomly ordered sessions, followed by spaced continuous theta burst stimulation to motor cortex. Changes in Motor Evoked Potentials were then recorded over 60 min.

Results

The response to spaced continuous theta burst stimulation did not differ significantly between fluoxetine and placebo sessions. Spaced continuous theta burst stimulation produced a paradoxical excitatory response in an unexpected number of participants.

Conclusion

A single dose of fluoxetine 20 mg does not influence the response to continuous theta burst stimulation. Previous results suggesting an effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on inhibitory non‐invasive brain stimulation protocols may be due to insufficiently large sample sizes.
Game Theory and Dual Approach to the Dynamic Programming on the Example of the COVID‐19 Pandemic in Poland Described by Mathematical Model With Three‐Dose Vaccinated
Authors: Matusik Radosław
Published: November 2024

In this paper, a new approach to the disease transmission dynamics of the COVID‐19 pandemic is presented, involving the use of game theory and dual dynamic programming. A new compartmental model that describes these dynamics is introduced. New classes have been added to this model to account for the portion of the population vaccinated with one dose, two doses, or three doses. Pandemic costs are also included. Time‐dependent parameters (strategies) are employed, allowing for the consideration of different behavior variants and decisions made by policymakers. Sufficient conditions for a dual ‐closed‐loop Nash equilibrium, are formulated in the form of a verification theorem. A numerical algorithm is constructed, and numerical simulations are performed. A comparison between real pandemic data for Poland and the data obtained from the model is made.
Associations of Microvascular Risk Factors with Sporadic Vestibular Schwannoma Outcomes Following Stereotactic Radiosurgery
Authors: Dornhoffer James R. , Babajanian Eric E. , Khandalavala Karl R. , Marinelli John P. , Daher Ghazal S. , Lohse Christine M. , Link Michael J. , Carlson Matthew L.
Published: November 2024

Objective

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is increasingly used for small‐to‐medium‐sized sporadic vestibular schwannoma (VS) and is associated with good tumor control and low‐risk of adverse radiation‐associated events. The exact mechanism of VS tumor control is unknown but may relate to microvascular hyalinization and resultant tumoral ischemia. This study examined associations of microvascular risk factors with outcomes following SRS.

Design

Historical cohort of patients who underwent SRS for sporadic VS from 2000 to 2022.

Setting

Tertiary academic center.

Methods

Associations of microvascular risk factors with tumor control and complications were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results

In total 749 patients were studied, 31% with a history of smoking, 38% obesity, 19% hypertension, 8% diabetes, 3% peripheral vascular disease, and 2% history of coronary bypass. Regarding tumor control, no factor was associated with salvage treatment following SRS (n = 42). Hypertension (hazard ratio [HR] 2.81; P = .02) and coronary bypass (HR 6.91; P = .002) were significantly associated with developing facial nerve paresis (n = 22). No significant associations with new facial spasms (n = 53) were identified. Lastly, 191 of 294 patients with serviceable hearing at SRS progressed to nonserviceable hearing at a median 2.0 years (interquartile range: 1.0‐5.0). After multivariable adjustment for age and ipsilateral hearing status, the HR for the association of smoking history with time to nonserviceable hearing was 1.46 (95% confidence interval 1.04‐2.04; P = .03).

Conclusion

We demonstrate that hypertension and history of coronary bypass may be associated with development of facial nerve weakness, while smoking may be associated with accelerated hearing loss in patients undergoing SRS for sporadic VS. These data may help guide patient counseling and inform decision‐making regarding treatment.
Results of a pilot sequential multiple assignment randomized trial using counseling to augment a digital weight loss program
Authors: Martinez Caitlin E. , Nezami Brooke T. , Mayer‐Davis Elizabeth , Willis Erik A. , Gorin Amy A. , Tate Deborah F.
Published: November 2024

Objective

Adaptive interventions may improve the potency and scalability of behavioral weight loss interventions, but the treatments—or treatment combinations—that should be offered are unknown. A two‐stage pilot sequential multiple assignment randomized trial was used to test the timing and dose of human support added to a core digital weight loss program.

Methods

In stage 1, 99 adults with overweight/obesity were randomized at baseline to a kick‐off with or without additional human support. In stage 2, “early non‐responders” who had not achieved a 2% weight loss were re‐randomized after 4 weeks to either biweekly counseling (120 min over 8 weeks) or a one‐time check‐in (30 min) with a dietitian. “Early responders” continued with the mHealth program alone. Feasibility and acceptability were assessed against pre‐specified criteria. Preliminary outcomes (weight loss, self‐monitoring and behavioral goal adherence) were explored.

Results

The study met all feasibility and acceptability criteria. The rate of early response was 52.5%. Mean (SE) 3‐month percent weight losses were significantly greater in early responders (−6.63% (0.72)) than non‐responders (−1.70% (0.43), p < 0.001). Outcomes were similar by first‐ and second‐line treatment though more counseling (27.3%) than check‐in (12.5%) participants achieved a 5% weight loss.

Conclusions

Identifying early responders may help optimize weight loss interventions, but more research is needed on rescue treatments for early non‐responders.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrial.gov, NCT05929469.
Population pharmacokinetic modeling of paired plasma–breast milk lamivudine data for estimation of infant exposure in breastfeeding mother–infant pairs
Authors: Ojara Francis Williams , Kawuma Aida N. , Nakalema Shadia , Kyohairwe Isabella , Nakijoba Ritah , Lamorde Mohammed , Pertinez Henry , Khoo Saye , Waitt Catriona
Published: November 2024

Around 1.2 million women living with HIV give birth annually, majority of whom will breastfeed their infants while receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Lamivudine, a component of first‐line ART regimens crosses from maternal plasma to breast milk, with measurable concentrations in some breastfed infants. Wide variability in plasma‐to‐breast milk transfer has been reported within‐ or across studies, probably due to differences in sampling framework. This work sought to characterize the milk‐to‐plasma transfer of lamivudine, quantify inter‐patient variability and associated factors, and predict exposure of a breastfed infant. We explored data from an observational pharmacokinetic study that included 35 Ugandan mothers and their infants. Mothers received lamivudine doses of 150 mg twice daily or 300 mg once daily as part of their antiretroviral regimen. Pharmacokinetic sampling was undertaken across two visits approximately 8 weeks apart, providing 248 maternal plasma, 256 breast milk‐, and 151 infant blood concentrations, measured across a 24‐h sampling interval. A one‐compartmental model best described the plasma disposition of lamivudine, with first‐order absorption, interindividual variability on clearance and volume of distribution, and a proportional residual error model. A lag in time of plasma‐to‐breast milk drug accumulation was described using an effect compartment model with a milk‐to‐plasma ratio of 1.77. An estimated daily infant dose of 179.3 μg/kg (range: 125.8, 282.3) closely predicted the observed infant steady‐state concentrations and translated into 3.34% (2.13, 7.20) and 3.35% (1.10, 7.15) of the standard daily maternal dose in visits 1 and 2, respectively. The established modeling framework can be extended to other drugs.
Negative Mechanical Characteristics of Self‐Similar Star‐Like Hinged Grilles
Authors: Sobieszczyk Paweł , Mroczek Mariusz , Kuźma Dominika , Zieliński Piotr
Published: November 2024

Ferroelastic textures called star patterns are transformable into grilles whose rigid bars replace domain boundaries and are connected with hinges at their junctions. The grilles show several levels of self‐similarity. Exact formulae for the scaling factors as functions of the shape and number N of the arms are provided. The minimal dynamic model of such systems involves force constants at only one level (generation) of self‐similarity. The minimal set of force constants ensures stability of the stars with N = 2 and N = 3. At N = 4 the minimal model exhibits exactly one mode of zero frequency. The reaction of the four‐arm star to a tensile stress applied at the level of the force constants depends on the self‐similarity scaling factor and on the separation between the applied stress and the generation where the observation is made. In some regions of these parameters the reaction is analogous to auxetics but it also shows negative tensile characteristics, that is, a shrinking in the direction of the stress axis. With increasing distance from the external perturbation toward outer generations of self‐similarity the system shows a surprisingly fast restoration of the symmetry broken by the stress.
Achieving Color‐Tunable Solid‐State Fluorescence by Adjusting the Molecular‐State Chromophores on Carbonized Polymer Dots
Authors: Li Rui , Tao Songyuan , Liu Junjun , Han Xiao , Xia Chunlei , Yang Bai
Published: November 2024

Carbon dots (CDs) have attracted great interest in recent years due to their excellent fluorescent properties, convenient synthetic methods, and wide availability of source materials. However, although most CDs exhibit excellent luminescent properties in solution, achieving solid‐state fluorescence (SSF) CDs is still difficult due to aggregation‐caused quenching, and realizing color‐tunable SSF‐CDs remains a serious challenge. Herein, the SSF‐carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) are successfully obtained by one‐step hydrothermal of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and citric acid. The photoluminescence centers of these CPDs are molecular‐state chromophores, which are proved as imidazo [1,2‐a] pyridine‐7‐carboxylic acid, 1,2,3,5‐tetrahydro‐5‐oxo‐ (IPCA) derivatives by NMR. Further investigation reveals that the formation and distribution of IPCA derivatives would affect the bandgaps when CPDs particles aggregate, which is also verified by density functional theory calculations. Based on the above conclusion, the blue, green, yellow, and orange SSF CPDs are successfully obtained, and the multicolor and white emission light emitting diodes are effectively fabricated by these CPDs.
Society's educational debts due to racism, sexism, and classism in introductory biology student learning
Authors: Nissen Jayson , Van Dusen Ben Clare , Kukday Sayali
Published: November 2024

We investigated the intersectional relationships between racism, sexism, and classism in inequities in student conceptual knowledge in introductory biology courses using a quantitative critical framework. Using Bayesian hierarchical linear models, we examined students' conceptual knowledge as measured by the Introductory Molecular and Cell Biology Assessment. The data came from the LASSO Platform database and included 6547 students from 87 introductory courses at 11 institutions. The model indicated that students with marginalized identities by race, gender, and class tended to start with lower scores than continuing‐generation, White men. We conceptualized these differences as educational debts society owed these students due to racism, sexism, and classism. Instruction added to these educational debts for most marginalized groups, with the largest increases for students with multiple marginalized identities. After instruction, society owed Black and Hispanic, first‐generation women an educational debt equal to 60–80% of the average learning in the courses. These courses almost all (85/87) used collaborative learning and half (45/87) supported instruction with near‐peer learning assistants. While research shows collaborative learning better serves students than lecture‐based instruction, these results indicate it adds to educational debts due to racism, sexism, and classism in introductory college biology courses.
Pancreatic cancer surveillance: Risk stratification of individuals with a germline CDKN2A pathogenic variant
Authors: Klatte Derk C. F. , Meziani Jihane , Cahen Djuna L. , van Diepen Merel , Bruno Marco J. , van Leerdam Monique E. ,   the Dutch Pancreatic Cancer Surveillance Group
Published: November 2024

Background

Individuals carrying a germline CDKN2A pathogenic variant (PV) are at a high risk of developing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Risk stratification could allow tailored surveillance.

Objective

To develop a Fine‐Gray prediction model for the risk of PDAC in carriers of a CDKN2A PV.

Methods

Data from two large Dutch pancreatic cancer surveillance programs were used. A limited set of predictor variables were selected bsased on previous literature and the clinical expertise of the study group.

Results

A total of 506 CDKN2A PV carriers were included, among whom we showed a substantial lifetime risk of PDAC (23%). The model identifies having a first‐degree relative with PDAC (B = 0.7256) and a history of smoking (B = 0.4776) as significant risk factors. However, the model shows limited discrimination (c‐statistic 0.64) and calibration.

Conclusion

Our study highlights the high lifetime risk of PDAC in carriers of a CDKN2A PV. While identifying significant risk factors such as family history of PDAC and smoking, our prediction model shows limited precision, highlighting the need for additional factors such as biomarkers to improve its clinical utility for tailored surveillance of high‐risk individuals.
Research on Groundwater Classification and Grading Method for Underground Space Development
Authors: Zhou Junhong , Yan Jiajia
Published: November 2024

This research paper focuses on the development of a groundwater classification and grading method specifically tailored for underground space development projects. The study aims to provide a systematic approach to assess the groundwater conditions and associated risks. Based on the principle of multi-objective optimization, groundwater classification and grading method is proposed in this paper. According to the types of confined water in different foundation pits, this method accurately evaluates the impact of the changes in the confined water on the surrounding environment, and comprehensively analyzes other limiting factors such as project investment, project safety, surrounding buildings, and ecological environment, and then controls the confined water.
Study on the Influence of Anchor Reinforcement Methods on the Stability of Slope Under Rainfall Infiltration Condition
Authors: Zhang Nan , Mao Zhilin , Zou Shijie , Wang Yi
Published: November 2024

Rainfall infiltration is a major cause of slope instability, and many researchers have conducted extensive studies on the mechanism of slope instability under the influence of rainfall infiltration. The design of slope support currently faces several challenges, including a shortage of appropriate design basis, dependence on imprecise, experience-based, or analogy-based designs, and the absence of focused and optimized design methods. Using numerical simulation, this study aimed to find the impact of various anchor reinforcement schemes on slope stability during heavy rainfall. Several anchoring reinforcement schemes have been proposed, the impact of anchoring angle, anchoring distance, anchoring length, and other parameters on the slope’s safety factor has been analyzed and compared, and the optimal solution has been suggested.
Mechanism and Stability Analysis of Karst Collapse in Jingquan Water Source Area of Tengzhou City
Authors: Feng Tangwu
Published: November 2024

To study the development and collapse mechanism of karst collapse in Jingquan Water Source Area of Tengzhou City, a two-dimensional fluid solid coupling model was established using the finite element software ABAQUS. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the development process of karst collapse, and the mechanism of soil cave collapse under the effects of rainfall and excessive groundwater exploitation in the study area was summarized. The results indicate that the periodic fluctuation of groundwater level caused by rainfall and excessive groundwater exploitation is manifested as a decrease in soil strength, ultimately leading to karst collapse. The use of strength reduction method can effectively conduct quantitative analysis of karst cave collapse stability.
Application of Digital Twin Technology in Assessing the Level of Water Ecological Civilization Construction in Yangtze River Basin
Authors: Hu Donghui , Zhou Chaomin , Xie Feng
Published: November 2024

The emergence of digital twin technology has facilitated the assessment of the level of water ecological civilization in the Yangtze River basin. In recent years, the digital twin technology in the Yangtze River basin has led to a gradual improvement in the efficiency of water quality and environment monitoring. In this context, how to flexibly apply digital twin technology to measure the development level of ecological civilization in the Yangtze River basin? In order to solve this problem, this paper firstly builds the evaluation index system of water ecological civilization level in Yangtze River basin based on DPSIRM model, and introduces Entropy weighting technique. Then analyzes the impact of digital twin technology on each index dimension, and finally designs how digital twin construction can better promote the construction of water ecological civilization in Yangtze River basin.
Research on the Whole Life Cycle Management of Water Conservancy Project Based on K-means Algorithm
Authors: Zhu Jiabao
Published: November 2024

Research on full life cycle management in water conservancy engineering is currently limited, resulting in issues like improper project siting, high construction costs, and insufficient risk management capabilities. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an innovative management approach using the K-means clustering algorithm. This method leverages the K-means algorithm's simplicity and fast convergence to cluster and analyze diverse data from different stages of water conservancy projects. It then presents these clustering results visually to assist project managers in making informed decisions. Using the K-means algorithm in the planning and design stage of water conservancy projects as an example, we demonstrate its feasibility, efficiency, and scientific rigor in managing the entire project life cycle. The research findings indicate the following: The research results show that (1) In the planning and design stage, the K-means algorithm aids in making informed decisions about engineering construction sites by clustering and analyzing relevant data. (2) The improved K-means clustering algorithm exhibits high processing efficiency and accuracy when handling various types of water conservancy project data. (3) The K-means algorithm's application can span the construction, operation, and maintenance stages. It can cluster and analyze data related to material consumption, equipment usage, construction efficiency, and quality, ensuring compliance with quality standards, cost control, and project optimization. Additionally, it can be used to cluster and analyze data akin to water conservancy projects, like historical risk factors, aiding in risk evaluation and prediction.
Spatial Characteristics of Basic Storage Media of Reservoir-Induced Earthquakes in the Lower Reaches of Jinsha River—A Case Study in Baitan-Zhilixincun
Authors: Yang Liu , Du Zedong , Feng Zhiren , Jin Bo
Published: November 2024

Reservoir-induced earthquakes have the characteristics of shallow focal depth, small magnitude, high frequency and density in the Baitan-Zhilixincun section of the lower reaches of the Jinsha River. The rock mass of the shallow strata is mostly carbonate rock, which is widely distributed. The shallow metamorphic rocks are mainly distributed at the depth of 10 km. In the concentrated area of reservoir-induced earthquakes, the number of secondary faults is relatively large, and they are mainly reverse faults. The stress and strain patterns of the shallow cracks are mainly unloading cracks in the rock mass on the left and right banks of the Baitan-Jiaopingdu section. The main storage characteristics of groundwater are bedrock fissure water and karst fissure water. The rapid impoundment of the reservoir makes the bedrock fissure.
Shape Preserving Approximation of Periodic Functions: Conclusion
Authors: Leviatan D. , Shevchuk I. O.
Published: November 2024

We give here the final results about the validity of Jackson-type estimates in comonotone approximation of $$2\pi $$

2
π

-periodic functions by trigonometric polynomials ($$q=1$$

q
=
1

). For coconvex ($$q=2$$

q
=
2

) and the so called co-q-monotone, $$q>2$$

q
>
2

, approximations, everything is known by now. Thus, this paper concludes the research on Jackson type estimates of Shape Preserving Approximation of periodic functions by trigonometric polynomials. It is interesting to point out that the results for comonotone approximation of a periodic function are substantially different than the analogous results for comonotone approximation of a continuous function on a finite interval, by algebraic polynomials.
Validität des Schweregradindex bei nichtspezifischen chronischen Rückenschmerzen
Authors: Hampel Petra , Hüwel Anna Maria
Published: November 2024

Hintergrund

Höhere Schmerzgrade hängen mit hoher psychischer Belastung zusammen und erhöhen das Risiko für die Aufrechterhaltung von chronischen Rückenschmerzen (CRS).

Ziel der Arbeit

Die Kriteriumsvalidität des Schweregradindex sollte erstmalig im Kontext der verhaltensmedizinisch-orthopädischen Rehabilitation (VMO) sowie an weiteren psychosozialen und arbeitsbezogenen Kennwerten überprüft werden.

Methode

Die Multicenterstudie an 1010 Personen mit nichtspezifischen CRS (Internationale Klassifikation der Krankheiten und verwandter Gesundheitsprobleme, ICD-10: M51/53/54) untersuchte zu Beginn einer stationären VMO den Unterschied in psychologischen sowie arbeits- und schmerzbezogenen Kennwerten in Abhängigkeit vom Schweregrad (I–IV). Zudem wurden die Häufigkeitsverteilungen der klinisch unauffälligen und auffälligen Fälle in der schmerzspezifischen Selbstwirksamkeit, Depressivität und subjektiven Prognose der Erwerbstätigkeit in Abhängigkeit vom Schweregrad überprüft.

Ergebnisse

Der Schweregradindex trennte die Grade in den psychologischen sowie arbeits- und schmerzbezogenen Kennwerten in erwarteter Richtung. In angeschlossenen paarweisen Vergleichen unterschied sich Grad IV signifikant von den niedrigeren Graden. Personen mit höheren Schweregraden wiesen ungünstige Werte in den psychosozialen Maßen auf und lagen häufiger im auffälligen Bereich.

Diskussion

Die Befunde stützen die Kriteriumsvalidität des Schweregradindex. Das psychosoziale Risikoprofil bei höheren Graden unterstützt sowohl eine frühzeitige schmerzbezogene und psychologische Diagnostik als auch eine gezielte Zuweisung zu bedarfsgerechten interdisziplinären multimodalen Behandlungsangeboten.

Graphic abstract
Nationwide database study of postoperative sequelae and in-hospital mortality in super-elderly hip fracture patients
Authors: Mori Yu , Tarasawa Kunio , Tanaka Hidetatsu , Mori Naoko , Fushimi Kiyohide , Aizawa Toshimi , Fujimori Kenji
Published: November 2024

Introduction

The risk of postoperative sequelae and in-hospital mortality in Japanese patients aged 90 years and older with hip fractures is unexplored. This study aims to use a comprehensive medical claims database in Japan to compare super-elderly patients aged 90 years and older with elderly aged 65–89 and clarify the risk of sequelae and in-hospital mortality in super-elderly patients.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively analyzed the Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC) database for all of Japan from April 2016 to March 2022. Medical records from approximately 1100 DPC-related hospitals were provided with consistent consent during this period. In this study, we focused on super-elderly patients and examined the association with the risk of postoperative pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, urinary tract infection, acute renal dysfunction, subsequent cognitive dysfunction, and in-hospital mortality after one-to-one propensity score matching.

Results

After performing propensity score matching based on sex and comorbidities, 129,953 pairs of patients were identified. These pairs were compared to elderly and super-elderly patients. The results of this study showed that compared with hip fractures in the elderly, hip fractures in the super-elderly were associated with an increased risk of pneumonia, urinary tract infection, acute renal dysfunction, subsequent cognitive dysfunction, and in-hospital mortality after adjustment for confounders. The odds ratio of in-hospital mortality was 2.190 (95% CI 2.062–2.325).

Conclusion

As it has been shown that super-elderly patients with hip fractures are at greater risk of respiratory and urinary tract infections and increased in-hospital mortality, careful attention should be required for perioperative management.
On the computation of robust examination timetables: methods and experimental results
Authors: Bassimir Bernd , Wanka Rolf
Published: November 2024

With ever-rising student numbers and an increasing shift towards more interdisciplinary study programs, the requirements for finding schedules for courses and exams become ever more complex. In real-world scenarios, the models used for calculating solutions to the course and the examination timetabling problem often must be provided to the students at the time of registration. In the field of curriculum-based course timetabling, timetables are calculated based on the structure of the study programs. For the examination timetabling problem, only a few papers focus on scheduling exams without registration data, as the requirements for exams are often more strict, or partial information is known from course registrations. In this paper we show that with the use of robustness techniques, we can also define the examination timetabling problem based on curricula. We introduce three robustness measures that address the inherent uncertainty when using the curriculum-based model. These robustness measures, along with other quality measures, are analyzed using a multi-objective simulated annealing algorithm. The results are compared on the Pareto front approximations found. We present a case study showing that, without a significant loss in solution quality, the chance is significantly reduced that rescheduling will be required after the exact numbers for the model are known.
An embedding structure of determinantal point process
Authors: Hino Hideitsu , Yano Keisuke
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates the information geometrical structure of a determinantal point process (DPP). It demonstrates that a DPP is embedded in the exponential family of log-linear models. The extent of deviation from an exponential family is analyzed using the $$\textrm{e}$$
e
-embedding curvature tensor, which identifies partially flat parameters of a DPP. On the basis of this embedding structure, an information-geometrical relationship between a marginal kernel and an L-ensemble kernel is discovered.
Embrace the Past and Forge Ahead: The China Report on the 30th Anniversary of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)
Authors: Zou Yanhui , Wang Hui , Chen Wei , Shen Ke , Huang Kuangshi , Gui Jiangfeng , Zhang Gang , Feng Qiushi , Liu Hongyan
Published: November 2024

Since the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in 1994, global initiatives like the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have evolved from simple population control to a comprehensive focus on human rights, social justice, and sustainable development, emphasizing social equity, gender equality, sustainability, and global cooperation. This paper reviews China’s response to these initiatives, focusing on the ICPD Program of Action and SDGs, and assesses how its demographic transformation over the past 30 years has influenced global population trends and other development areas. We find that China has actively embraced these global principles, integrating them into its national strategy through improved fertility policies, population structure optimization, and addressing population aging. These measures have significantly reshaped China’s demographic landscape and impacted global population dynamics. The paper also highlights China’s substantial progress in health and well-being, life expectancy, gender equality, social equity, and climate action. To address its rapid population aging, China has developed robust social security systems, particularly in pensions and health insurance. China’s experience in urbanization and economic growth has provided valuable insights for global development. Additionally, China's efforts have advanced education, improved women's rights, and supported disadvantaged groups, contributing to the undertaking of global sustainable development. We conclude that China's efforts in implementing international action plans since the ICPD have laid a strong foundation for achieving global SDGs, that China has become a role model for the international community in the domain of population and development, and that China will continuously contribute significantly to global development agendas in the years to come.
Non-equilibrium BCS-BEC crossover and unconventional FFLO superfluid in a strongly interacting driven-dissipative Fermi gas
Authors: Kawamura Taira , Ohashi Yoji
Published: November 2024

We present a theoretical review of the recent progress in non-equilibrium BCS (Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer)-BEC (Bose-Einstein condensation) crossover physics. As a paradigmatic example, we consider a strongly interacting driven-dissipative two-component Fermi gas where the non-equilibrium steady state is tuned by adjusting the chemical potential difference between two reservoirs that are coupled with the system. As a powerful theoretical tool to deal with this system, we employ the Schwinger-Keldysh Green’s function technique. We systematically evaluate the superfluid transition, as well as the single-particle properties, in the non-equilibrium BCS-BEC crossover region, by adjusting the chemical potential difference between the reservoirs and the strength of an s-wave pairing interaction associated with a Feshbach resonance. In the weak-coupling BCS side, the chemical potential difference is shown to imprint a two-step structure on the particle momentum distribution, leading to an anomalous enhancement of pseudogap, as well as the emergence of exotic Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov-type superfluid instability. Since various non-equilibrium situations have recently been realized in ultracold Fermi gases, the theoretical understanding of non-equilibrium BCS-BEC crossover physics would become increasingly important in this research field.