bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Induced acute aflatoxicosis in goats: Treatment with activated charcoal or dual combinations of oxytetracycline, stanozolol, and activated charcoal
Authors: Hatch Roger C. , Clark J. Derrell , Jain Anant V. , Weiss Raul
Published: February 2025

Groups of four 6- to 12-month-old male goats were injected intraruminally with a lethal dose (3 mg/kg of body weight) of aflatoxin b1 (afb1). Treatments and delay times until start of treatment were: basic activated charcoal slurry in phosphate buffer (8 hours); charcoal slurry + the anabolic steroid stanozolol (8 hours); charcoal slurry + oxytetracycline (otc; 8,24, and 48 hours); and stanozolol + otc (8 and 24 hours). A nontreated group and a phosphate buffer- treated group were used as controls.

Charcoal slurry decreased severity of illness in all 4 goats, decreased serum aspartate aminotransferase (ast) and bilirubin responses to afb1 and prevented nearly all pathologic changes (av percentage of hepatic destruction was 3% compared with 31% in phosphate buffer-treated controls); 100% of the goats survived. Duration of illness was not decreased. With charcoal slurry + stanozolol, results were similar to those of charcoal slurry alone, except that 3 of 4 goats did not become ill and the mean duration of illness was only 10 hours compared with 96 hours in control goats. There were no gross lesions. In goats given charcoal slurry + otc 8 hours after afb1, results were similar to those of charcoal slurry + stanozolol, except that 2 goats became mildly ill (av duration of illness, 44 hours). With charcoal slurry + otc beginning 24 hours after afb1, 3 goats were mildly ill (av duration of illness, 80 hours) and 2 goats had mild gross lesions. Hepatic destruction increased to 13%, but recovery was still 100%. Goats given charcoal slurry + otc beginning 48 hours after afb1 had mild illness (3 goats) and encephalopathic signs (1 goat). Illness lasted an average of 105 hours. Mild gross lesions were present in 2 goats, and average percentage of hepatic destruction was 11%. Survival decreased to 50%. Goats treated with stanozolol + otc 8 hours after afb1 had milder respiratory signs than did control goats. Otherwise, their illness was enhanced. Serum ast and bilirubin responses to afb1 were increased; goats that lived longest had widespread hemorrhages suggestive of a coagulation defect; average hepatic destruction was 70% (compared with 25% in untreated controls). Similar results occurred in goats given stanozolol + otc 24 hours after afb1, except that the average percentage of hepatic destruction was 25%. Stanozolol and otc appeared to be mutually antagonistic and to potentiate pathologic changes, especially when given 8 hours after afb1.

Possibly the best therapy for acute aflatoxicosis in ruminants may be a large oral dose of basic activated charcoal slurry, plus either a once-only im injection of stanozolol (2 mg/kg) or a daily or twice-daily im injection of otc (10 mg/ kg) for 5 days. Treatment should be initiated no later than 24 hours after exposure to aflatoxin for maximum chance of survival. The combination of stanozolol + otc is contraindicated. Other therapies are discussed.
Tissue γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity and hepatic ultrastructural alterations in dogs with experimentally induced glucocorticoid hepatopathy
Authors: Badylak Stephen F. , Van Vleet John F.
Published: February 2025

Glucocorticoid hepatopathy was induced in 2 Beagle dogs with im injections of prednisone, 4.4 mg/kg, given once daily for 14 consecutive days. Serum enzymatic activities were monitored and percutaneous hepatic biopsy materials were collected. A placebo-treated group of 2 Beagle dogs was given saline solution injections.

Treated dogs showed clinical signs of Cushing's disease and alterations in mean serum enzymatic activities consistent with glucocorticoid hepatopathy. The γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activities in placebo-treated dogs were highest for kidney, less (but marked) for pancreas, and least for liver, gallbladder, jejunum, duodenum, spleen, heart, lung, skeletal muscle, and erythrocytes. In treated dogs, the γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activities were highest for pancreas and were decreased for kidney and slightly increased for the other tissues.

Results of hepatic biopsy and necropsy examinations of treated dogs showed swollen, pale, friable hepatic parenchyma with hepatocytic cytoplasmic vacuolation and glycogen accumulation. Extrahepatic lesions included gastric ulceration, catarrhal enteritis, splenic and lymph node atrophy and lymphocytolysis, and vacuolation of adrenal cortical cells in the zona fasciculata.

Ultrastructural study of liver from dogs with glucocorticoid hepatopathy indicated that the principle alterations were abundant glycogen accumulation and few mitochondria in hepatocytes.
Intrauterine inoculation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis into guinea pigs and cattle
Authors: Merkal R. S. , Miller J. M. , Hintz A. M. , Bryner J. H.
Published: February 2025

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was inoculated intrauterinely into guinea pigs and cattle near the time of insemination to assess the effect and subsequent distribution of the organisms. Guinea pigs inoculated intrauterinely with 1 of 3 concentrations of M paratuberculosis or not inoculated were caged with male guinea pigs for 10 days. Guinea pigs given the largest dose had the lowest rate of pregnancy when examined. At necropsy, tissues were cultured to determine extent of infection. Abortion followed hypersensitivity reactions to johnin in some lightly infected animals.

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was recovered in culture from the body and horns of the uterus of cows necropsied 1, 2, 3, and 7 days after inoculation and from 1 of 3 cows necropsied 2 weeks after inoculation. The organisms were not detected in extrauterine organs of any cattle or in uterine specimens taken at 3 or 4 weeks after inoculation.

The evidence indicates that the small numbers of M paratuberculosis sometimes found in semen from paratuberculous bulls probably would be destroyed, rather than leading to systemic infection of the dam or to persistent hypersensitivity.
Evaluation of a colorimetric method for canine glycosylated hemoglobin
Authors: Smith Joseph E. , Wood Philip A. , Moore Kateri
Published: February 2025

Glycosylated hemoglobins can be used to monitor glucose status and the effectiveness of insulin therapy in canine diabetes mellitus. We have compared a colorimetric method with a time-consuming chromatographic method for measuring glycosylated hemoglobins in canine blood. Although the colorimetric method is sensitive to hemoglobin concentration, its convenience and sample size make it a possible alternative to other methods.
Influence of variation in spray-dried lactose quality on in vitro dissolution and bioavailability of an experimental oxfendazole bolus for cattle
Authors: Shastri S. , Hegde G. , Mroszczak E. , Herschler R.
Published: February 2025

Two lots (A and B) of 15-g boluses containing 568 mg of oxfendazole were manufactured. The formulation composition and processing conditions were identical, with the exception of spray-dried lactose included as a filler in the formulation—this being the only variable. The lactose was acquired from 2 manufacturers and incorporated in the respective bolus lots A and B. Hardness readings, in vitro disintegration times, and in vitro dissolution profiles were obtained. A comparative plasma bioavailability study of the 2 boluses was performed in 12 healthy beef-type cattle, with each animal being given 1 formulation and then the other (according to a crossover randomization scheme). A 15-g bolus was administered to each animal, and plasma concentration was determined, followed by analysis of the bioavailability factors. Plasma values were normalized by multiplying each profile by an appropriate normalization factor since, due to variation in animal weight, each animal had been given a different dose on a mg/454 g basis.

A comparison of the in vitro dissolution data with the cattle plasma concentrations (in vivo) exhibited a correlation, thus suggesting that the in vitro dissolution test method is a sensitive indicator and that oxfendazole's absorption appears to be dissolution rate-limited. The quality of spray-dried lactose used as filler had a significant influence (P < 0.05) on the bolus in vitro dissolution pattern and its in vivo plasma absorption profile. Quality of a raw material, thus, can be an important factor in arriving at the final dosage formulation composition. Correlation was not observed between disintegration time data and the corresponding dissolution profile in our studies.
Chromosome evaluation of Angus calves with unilateral congenital cleft lip and jaw (cheilognathoschisis)
Authors: Swartz Helen A. , Vogt D. W. , Kintner Loren D.
Published: February 2025

Two purebred Angus calves with unilateral cleft lip and jaw were karyotyped and anatomically described. Both calves, 1 male and 1 female, were from the same farm and were born in March and April 1980. The defect was most pronounced in the female calf. Both calves exhibited an elevated midline of the hard palate. The female calf also manifested characteristics indicative of proportionate dwarfism. Karyotypes were constructed after a 72-hour culture of peripheral blood. The 2N number was 60 with no apparent chromosome abnormality. The coefficient of relationship between the 2 affected calves was calculated to be 0.78%. The cause of the defect could not be ascertained from the limited data available.
Chemotactic requirements of bovine leukocytes
Authors: Gray Gary D. , Knight Karen A. , Nelson Robert D. , Herron Michael J.
Published: February 2025

A system was described for studying bovine leukotaxis. Chemotaxis was readily observed toward bovine serum activated by zymosan or agarose. However, bacterial culture filtrates and peptides, which were potent chemotaxins for leukocytes from other species, failed to affect bovine leukotaxis. Using conditions suitable for studying binding to leukocytes from other species, specific binding of a radiolabeled chemotactic peptide to bovine leukocytes was not apparent.

These data indicate that bovine leukocytes have chemotactic requirements distinct from those of other species.
Isolation of a retrovirus from cultured equine sarcoid tumor cells
Authors: Cheevers W. P. , Roberson S. M. , Brassfield A. L. , Davis W. C. , Crawford T. B.
Published: February 2025

A virus with the morphologic and biochemical properties of the family Retroviridae has been isolated from cultured cells explanted from a malignant tumor induced by intradermal inoculation of equine sarcoid cells into a combined immunodeficient Arabian foal. By electron microscopy, intracytoplasmic, extracellular, and budding particles measuring 89 to 120 nm with electron-lucent cores were seen. Virus purified from the medium of cultured cells had a buoyant density of 1.15 g/cm3 in isopycnic sucrose-gradient centrifugation, incorporated radiolabeled uridine but not thymidine, and had constitutive RNA-dependent DNA polymerase which required Mn2+ for optimal endogenous activity.
Lymphosarcoma with leukemia in a horse
Authors: Madewell B. R. , Carlson G. P. , MacLachlan N. J. , Feldman B. F.
Published: February 2025

A 17-year-old Arabian gelding was presented because of cns depression and weight loss. Physical examination revealed generalized lymphadenopathy, pitting edema, and ascites. The diagnosis of lymphosarcoma with leukemic manifestations was based on cytologic and histopathologic examination of lymph node biopsy samples and a peripheral leukocyte count of 98,300/μl, 94% of which were mature lymphocytes. These circulating lymphocytes lacked B-lymphocyte markers and did not respond to mitogenic stimulation, indicating functional incompetence. Though ultrastructural findings were equivocal, most morphologic changes indicated these cells were of T-lymphocyte lineage. Virus particles were not observed during transmission electron microscopy of these lymphocytes.
Immunogenicity and humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to leptospiral whole cell, outer envelope, and protoplasmic cylinder vaccines in hamsters and dogs
Authors: Bey Russell F. , Johnson Russell C.
Published: February 2025

The immunogenicity of 2 leptospiral cell structural components, the outer envelope (oe) and protoplasmic cylinder (pc), as well as the leptospire whole cell (wc), was compared in hamsters and dogs. The 50% protective dose for hamsters against death (pd50D) and kidney infection (pd50K) was evaluated for Leptospira interrogans serovars canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona, and grippotyphosa. All 3 immunogens had similar pd50D values. However, the pd50K values for oe and wc vaccines ranged from 0.05 to 0.80 μg (dry weight), whereas the pc vaccines ranged from 7.0 to 14.0 μg.

Cellular and humoral responses of dogs to serovar canicola wc, oe, and pc vaccines were monitored for 21 weeks. Little difference was observed among the canine humoral responses to the different preparations. Protoplasmic cylinder vaccines sensitized the greatest population of lymphoid cells followed by oe and wc. Cross-reactivity was greater in the blastogenic response of lymphoid cell populations than in the humoral response.
Leukocyte migration inhibition in chickens inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Nagaraja K. V. , Newman J. A. , Pomeroy B. S.
Published: February 2025

Leukocyte migration-inhibition tests were conducted in chickens infected with Salmonella typhimurium. A relatively new and simple method that involves the migration of leukocytes under agarose gel was used. Migration distance was projected onto a white background at 40x magnification, using a microprojector. Quantitation of migration was done by measuring the linear distance the cells had moved from the margin of the agarose wells. The details of the technique and the importance of it in studies of cellmediated immune response are discussed. Chickens inoculated with S typhimurium had a significant leukocyte migration inhibition.
Central blood volume and lung extravascular thermal volume in dogs with dirofilariasis
Authors: Olson N. C. , Scott J. B. , Staffs W. V. , Robinson N. E.
Published: February 2025

Central blood volume, lung extravascular thermal volume, cardiac output, and pulmonary and systemic vascular pressures were measured in clinically normal and heartworm-infected dogs. Central blood volume and cardiac output were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in heartworm-infected dogs compared with that in normal dogs. Pulmonary vascular resistance, total peripheral resistance, mean pulmonary artery, pulmonary artery wedge, and pulse pressures were significantly increased in heartworm-infected dogs compared with that in normal dogs. Significant differences between normal and heartworm-infected dogs were not found in lung extravascular thermal volume, pulmonary extravascular tissue weight, or extravascular lung water to extravascular dry-weight ratio. Lung extravascular thermal volume overestimated gravimetric pulmonary extravascular tissue weight by approximately 16%. A significant correlation (r = 0.83) existed between pulmonary extravascular tissue weight and lung extravascular thermal volume for all dogs.
Metabolic profile testing for Jersey cows in Louisiana: Reference values
Authors: Roussel J. D. , Seybt S. H. , Toups George
Published: February 2025

One hundred twenty-seven Jersey cows (1 to 6 yers of age) within a 160.93-km radius of Baton Rouge, La, were selected at random over a 3-year period to determine serum values for total creatine kinase, aspartate transaminase, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, total protein, globulin, urea nitrogen, and glucose. Breed and age were partitioned as possible sources of variation. Seasonal temperature and management influences were taken into account by restricting the sampling area. Seasonal temperature and management influences, along with reproductive status and stage of lactation, were randomized by sampling over the 3-year period.

All serum values, except aspartate transaminase, urea nitrogen, and glucose were influenced by age. Serum cholesterol, total protein, and globulin tended to increase with age, whereas creatine kinase, calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase generally decreased with age.
In vitro effects of prednisolone sodium succinate and Escherichia coli organisms on neutrophil survival, glucose utilization, and E coli clearance in canine blood
Authors: White Gary L. , White Gloria S.
Published: February 2025

A concentration of 1.4 × 109 Escherichia coli was added to tubes containing 10 ml of freshly collected blood from dogs to determine if prednisolone sodium succinate altered in vitro E coli mortality, glucose utilization, or neutrophil destruction. Group 1 tubes contained organisms plus saline solution, group 2 tubes had E coli plus 140 μg of prednisolone/ml, and group 3 tubes contained E coli plus 1,400 μg of prednisolone/ml. Initial and final wbc, rbc, pcv, and E coli concentrations were determined on each group. Blood glucose values were measured from zero time through +2 hours. There was a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in the number of E coli in vitro for all groups, but there was no difference among the groups. Fewer neutrophils (P < 0.01) were lost in the tubes containing either concentration of prednisolone than in the tubes containing E coli alone. At the therapeutic amount of prednisolone (group 2), the glucose utilization was not significantly (P > 0.05) different from the utilization in the control group; however, at 10X the therapeutic amount of prednisolone (group 3), there was an increase in glucose utilization. Seemingly, prednisolone does not alter in vitro E coli destruction and aids in preserving neutrophils of canine blood.
Effect of porcine parvovirus serostatus on the reproductive performance of mated gilts in an infected herd
Authors: Cutler R. S. , Molitor T. W. , Leman A. D. , Sauber T. E.
Published: February 2025

Gilts from 2 commercial swine operations (farm A and farm B) that were bred each week were tested for porcine parvovirus antibody. On farm A, 21.9% (weekly, 2% to 35%) of the 657 gilts tested over a 16-week period were seronegative within 1 week of mating. On farm B, 17.7% (weekly, 0 to 40%) of the 164 gilts tested over a 10-week period were seronegative within 1 week of mating.

Eighty-one gilts from farm A which were seronegative at time of mating were retested at the end of the gestation. Of the 81 gilts, 41 had developed antibody titers. The litter size decreased by 1.3 live pigs/litter. The percentage of small litters (≤ 6 born alive) in the group that seroconverted was 36.6% compared with 10% in the gilts that remained seronegative throughout gestation.
Communicating cartilage canals of the physis of the distal part of the ulna of growing swine and their potential role in healing of metaphyseal dysplasia of osteochondrosis
Authors: Kincaid S. A. , Lidvall E. R.
Published: February 2025

The distal parts of ulnae of 22 pigs ranging in age from 1 day to 6 months were studied histologically. Communicating cartilage canals passing from the epiphyseal vasculature through the physis and anastomosing with the metaphyseal vasculature were identified in neonatal pigs. In older pigs, the communicating cartilage canals had become smaller, as evidenced by the presence of only capillaries. Eosinophilic matrical streaks and patches containing scattered elongated nuclei and centrally located accumulations of erythrocytes within the physis became more numerous in groups of old pigs. These streaks were considered to be compressed, nonpathologic extensions of the communicating physeal cartilage canals.

In abnormally thick physeal cartilage of dysplastic 3-month-old pigs, ossification was observed around hypertrophied communicating cartilage canals in the central portion of the lesion. Presumably, with reestablishment of endochondral ossification, the physis could return to its normal thickness and laminar pattern.
Influence of month, color, age, corticosteroids, and dietary molybdenum on mineral concentration of equine hair
Authors: Cape Lysanne , Hintz H. F.
Published: February 2025

A series of trials was conducted to study the effects of several factors on mineral concentration of hair of horses and ponies. Samples were taken monthly (October through January) from mature pinto ponies, from young ponies fed diets containing molybdenum (Mo; 3 or 50 mg/kg of feed), and from young horses given daily placebo or dexamethasone injections (5 mg/100 kg of body weight).

Colored hair taken from pinto ponies had higher concentrations of Ca (P < 0.09) and P (P < 0.08) than did white hair taken from the same ponies. The Mo, Cu, and Fe concentrations were similar in both colors of hair.

Month of collection influenced the hair content of all minerals, except Mo. Hair Ca concentration decreased (P < 0.004) during the study period in the 3 groups of animals, but remained constant in the white hair of the pinto ponies. The results for Cu, Fe, and P were not uniform in the 3 groups of animals. Hair Cu concentration decreased (P < 0.05) in the young horses, hair Fe concentration decreased (P < 0.03) in the young ponies, and hair P concentration decreased (P < 0.0001) in the mature pinto ponies. In all other cases, the hair Cu, Fe and P concentrations remained constant.

Age affected hair Fe concentration, which was significantly lower in the young ponies than in the mature pinto ponies in November (P < 0.025) and December (P < 0.03). Hair Mo and Cu concentrations were not influenced by age. The results for hair P are inconclusive.

Excess dietary Mo increased (P < 0.02) hair Mo concentration, but did not influence concentrations of Fe or Cu. A conclusion could not be made concerning the effect of Mo on hair P or Ca.

Dexamethasone injections decreased (P < 0.06) hair P concentration and increased (P < 0.09) Cu concentration, but did not influence Fe and Ca concentrations.

Several factors influence the mineral composition of hair. They must be better characterized before hair concentrations of minerals are used as determinants of the nutritional status of equids.
Isolations of Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo, balcanica, and pomona from cattle at slaughter
Authors: White F. H. , Sulzer K. R. , Engel R. W.
Published: February 2025

Kidneys were cultured for leptospires and blood was collected for leptospiral serologic examination from 306 cattle slaughtered in Florida during June, July, and August 1980. Leptospires were found in 82(36%) of 226 otherwise bacterial-free cultures. Forty-five isolates were identified as Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo, 3 as serovar balcanica, and 3 as serovar pomona. Leptospiral antibodies were found in 218 (71%) of the cattle. Serum titers to hardjo were found in 162 cattle (53%) and to pomona in 28 (9%). Low titers to tarassovi were found in 14 cattle (4.5%).
Validation of a rapid solid-phase radioimmunoassay for canine, bovine, and equine insulin
Authors: Reimers T. J. , Cowan R. G. , McCann J. P. , Ross M. W.
Published: February 2025

A rapid and convenient commercial radioimmunoassay kit, developed for quantifying hormones in specimens from human beings, was validated for use in measuring insulin in serum of dogs, cattle, and horses. The procedure uses polypropylene assay tubes treated with rabbit anti-porcine insulin serum and porcine [125I]iodoinsulin. Specificity was proven by demonstrating that standard solutions of porcine insulin and serial dilutions of canine, bovine, and equine sera and pancreatic extracts inhibited binding of [125I]iodoinsulin to the antibody in a parallel manner. Gel-filtration chromatography of pancreatic extracts yielded a major peak of immunoreactive material that eluted identically with [125I]iodoinsulin. Immunoreactivity was not associated with fractions that contain larger and smaller molecular weight peptides (eg, proinsulin and C-peptide, respectively). Biological specificity of the assay was shown by demonstrating increased insulin in serum after injection of glucose into heifers and glucagon into dogs and horses. Purified insulin and insulin in pancreatic extracts could be quantitatively recovered from serum, thereby demonstrating accuracy of the assay. Interassay precision of 5 control specimens run in 20 consecutive assays ranged from 6.7% to 20.1% (coefficient of variation) and intra-assay precision of 6 control specimens each assayed 10 times ranged from 4.4% to 10.7% (coefficient of variation). Sensitivity of the assay was 3.2 μIU/ml. This radioimmunoassay for insulin is ideal for veterinary research and diagnosis, because a single set of reagents and procedures can be used for at least 3 species.
Experimental transmission of Cowdria ruminantium by the Gulf Coast tick Amblyomma maculatum: Danger of introducing heartwater and benign African theileriasis onto the American mainland
Authors: Uilenberg G.
Published: February 2025

The tick Amblyomma maculatum proved to be an experimental vector of Cowdria ruminantium, the cause of heartwater of ruminants. Transstadial transmission from larva to nymph and from larva through nymph to adult was successful; however, an experiment on transovarial transmission gave negative results. Neither A americanum nor A cajennense transmitted the infection. There is a potential danger of the disease gaining access to the American mainland from the Caribbean where it is known to occur and of maintaining itself in areas where A maculatum occurs. Transstadial transmission experiments, using 3 American Amblyomma spp and an African strain of Theileria mutans, which is thought to occur in the Caribbean, were unsuccessful.
Hemagglutinin of Haemophilus paragallinarum serotype 2 organisms: Occurrence and immunologic properties of hemagglutinin
Authors: Sawata Akira , Kume Katsumi , Nakase Yasukiyo
Published: February 2025

Hemagglutinating properties of Haemophilus paragallinarum serotype 2 and serotype C against freshly collected and glutaraldehyde (ga)-fixed chicken rbc were investigated. Different from serotype 1, the nontreated organisms of serotype 2 and serotype C lacked hemagglutinating activity. However, when the organisms were treated with potassium thiocyanate (kscn) and/or sonication, activity occurred not only against ga-fixed chicken rbc, but also against ga-fixed rbc of various animal species. The maximum hemagglutination titer (1:64 to 1:256) was obtained against ga-fixed rbc with the kscn-treated organisms that were also sonicated. The activity was inactivated by heating at 100 C or by treatments with formalin or trypsin, but not by treatments with hyaluronidase or neuraminidase.

By using kscn-treated and sonicated organisms and ga-fixed chicken rbc, a detection of hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibody was possible. The hi tests showed that serotype 2 hemagglutinin was immunologically distinct from serotype 1 and that the hi antibody correlated to protective activity against challenge exposure with serotype 2 and serotype C. Chicks having hi antibody > 1:5 were protected against challenge exposure with homologous type, but were not protected with serotype 1. Applicability of the hi test was also shown for evaluating protective potency in the serotype 2 vaccine, as well as in the serotype 1 vaccine.
Method for determining serum pepsinogen concentration, using pepsin standards and ultraviolet absorbance
Authors: Harvey-White Judith D. , Allen Edward H.
Published: February 2025

A simplification of the traditional hemoglobin methods for determining serum pepsinogen concentration was developed. In this method, 10% trichloroacetic acid solution was added to control samples, and hemoglobin substrate was added to controls and active enzyme samples; standards and samples were incubated for 18 hours, the proteins in the active tubes were precipitated with trichloroacetic acid and removed by filtration, and the absorbances of the supernatant of each standard and sample at 280 nm were measured. The major differences between this method and other methods for determining pepsinogen values are that the preacidification of serum with hydrochloric acid was eliminated, the incubation period was reduced to 18 hours (down from 24 hours), the relative pepsinogen concentration was determined by measuring the concentration of hydrolysis products, using ultraviolet, rather than visible absorbance, and a pepsin standard curve was used to determine the serum pepsinogen concentration. Comparison of freshly prepared pepsinogen and pepsin standard curves indicated that the pepsinogen preparations were slightly more active than the pepsin preparations (on a weight-to-weight basis) on the same substrate. Pepsin standards are used because they are more stable than pepsinogen standards. Three linear standard curve ranges were used: 10 to 100, 50 to 300, and 100 to 500 ng of pepsinogen/ml of serum. The use of pepsin standard curves permits some variability of the incubation conditions without altering the results. For best results, the hemoglobin substrate solution should be prepared daily. This method may be useful in diagnosing ostertagiasis.
Response of neonatally thymectomized Holstein calves to bacille Calmette Guérin
Authors: Snider Theron G. , Pierce Kenneth R. , Adams L. Garry
Published: February 2025

Neonatally thymectomized and intact Holstein calves were inoculated intradermally with bacille Calmette Guérin mycobacteria at 4 to 6 months of age. The immune response of the calves was evaluated by in vitro lymphocyte stimulation, with a purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium bovis, and by a cervical skin test. Eight of the calves had been previously infected at 7 to 15 weeks of age with bovine viral diarrhea virus. The cutaneous and in vitro immune responses were not different in neonatally thymectomized calves, whether or not they had been previously infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. However, a prominent histologic difference in the nature of the primary granulomatous lesions was observed in the thymectomized calves. These injection sites were characterized by few lymphocytes and an increased number of multinucleated giant cells. These observations were interpreted as manifestations of a deficient thymus-dependent effector response in the thymectomized calves.
Effect of estrogen and progesterone on the phagocytic response of ovariectomized mares infected in utero with β-hemolytic streptococci
Authors: Washburn S. Michelle , Klesius Phillip H. , Ganjam Venkataseshu K. , Brown Bobby G.
Published: February 2025

Eighteen ovariectomized mares inoculated in utero with Streptococcus zooepidemicus were placed in 3 groups to determine the effects of estrogen and progesterone on the kinetics of phagocytosis, streptocidal activity, and uterine clearance of streptococcal infection. Streptococcal phagocytosis was measured by chemiluminescence (cl) and streptocidal activity of peripheral blood leukocytes was measured by bactericidal assay. Clearance of streptococcal infection was determined by culture of the endometrium for evidence of streptococci. Measurements of phagocytosis and streptocidal activities were made before, and at 2 and 10 days after, the mares were inoculated. Endometrial bacterial cultures were examined before, and at 7 and 14 days after, infection.

Before the inoculations were done, streptococcal phagocytosis and intracellular streptocidal activity were not significantly (P > 0.05) different in the estrogen, progesterone, or nontreated groups of mares. Bacterial cultures for S zooepidemicus were negative for each group. At 2 days after infection, estrogen-treated mares showed a 3-fold increase in cl response over preinoculation values and did not have streptococcal colonies in cultures after 60 minutes’ incubation in streptocidal assay nor streptococcal colonies in cultures from the endometrium at 7 days. Progesterone-treated mares, after 2 days, did not have an increase in cl response over preinoculation value nor streptocidal activity in 60 minutes, but had colony counts of 5.7 x 1010 streptococci from endometrial culture. At 10 days, estrogen-treated mares had returned to preinoculation values for cl and streptocidal assays. Streptococci were not cultured from the uterus at 14 days. Conversely, leukocytes from progesterone-treated mares at 10 days had a 3-fold increase in cl response and killed 103 streptococci in 60 minutes; endometrial bacterial colony counts in 4 mares were 5.1 x 1010 streptococci, but none in 2 mares.

Similar findings were obtained in cl response and intracellular streptocidal activity in each treatment group. These results closely paralleled the kinetics of streptococcal clearance from the uterus. The results obtained indicate an intimate association between phagocytic response and ovarian hormone influence on the uterus, which may be an important factor in experimentally induced endometritis.
Duration and biological half-life of passively acquired colostral antibodies to porcine parvovirus
Authors: Paul P. S. , Mengeling W. L. , Pirtle E. C.
Published: February 2025

The duration of passive immunity and biological half-lives of passively acquired antibodies to porcine parvovirus (ppv) were determined in 4 pigs from each of 10 litters. All sows were randomly selected from a herd naturally infected with ppv. At parturition, blood and colostral samples from the 10 sows contained hemagglutination-inhibiting (hi) antibodies to ppv; the hi titers of colostrum were about 5 times higher than that of serum. The hi antibodies in serum and colostrum of sows were resistant to 2-mercaptoethanol, indicating that antibodies were of immunoglobulin G class. Pigs were allowed to suckle, and their blood samples were collected at 2 days of age and every 2 weeks thereafter. At 3 to 4 weeks of age, pigs were weaned and moved to an isolation facility.

All pigs had hi antibodies to ppv at 2 days of age. Passively acquired antibodies steadily decreased from the circulation of pigs, and the rate of antibody decrease was similar in all pigs. Antibodies to ppv persisted for about 16 to 24 (mean 21.2) weeks, and all pigs were seronegative at 26 weeks of age. Pigs were susceptible to experimental infection with ppv as early as 1 week after they became seronegative.

The biological half-lives of antibodies to ppv, unadjusted and adjusted for body weight gain, were determined to be approximately 19.7 and 29.0 days, respectively.
Toxicology of aflatoxin B1, warfarin, and cadmium in young pigs: Clinical chemistry and blood coagulation
Authors: Osuna Orlando , Edds George T.
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this experiment was to compare the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and warfarin in pigs and to determine whether these have an additive effect in these pigs fed dietary Cd. Cadmium was provided daily through the diets of 2 concentrations (0 or control, and 83 μg/g of diet) during the 40 days of the experiment. At the start of the 5th week, afb1 and warfarin were given in 5 daily doses (each dose 0.2 mg/kg of body weight) and the effects were determined for 10 days (starting with the 1st treatment day).

Aflatoxin B1 given to the pigs fed the control diet (0 Cd) was toxic, inducing significantly increased alkaline phosphatase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities and the prothrombin time (pt) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt) and significantly decreased values in serum total protein, α-globulin, β-globulin, γ-globulin, and fibrinogen. There was no effect on blood urea nitrogen. The treatment with warfarin was more effective in producing earlier and significantly longer pt and aptt.

In the pigs fed the diet with the added Cd, differences in activity of alkaline phosphatase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase values, but not blood urea nitrogen, as well as differences in intensity and duration of response in pt and aptt occurred when pigs were dosed daily for 5 days after afb1 or warfarin. It is concluded that dietary Cd (83 μg/g of diet) in young pigs has an inhibitory effect on afb1 toxicity and an enhancing synergistic effect with warfarin.
Effects of synthesized hard water and of cadmium in the drinking water upon lipid metabolism and cholelithiasis in rabbits
Authors: Borgman Robert F. , Lightsey Stephen F.
Published: February 2025

Rabbits were fed a purified ration known to result in cholelithiasis and alterations in lipid metabolism. During a 12-week experimental period, either synthesized hard water (500 mg of Ca/L and 100 mg of Mg/L) or deionized distilled water were available as drinking water, and half of each of these groups of rabbits were also given 5 mg of Cd/L of water. Hair samples taken at the beginning and end of the experiment revealed an increase in the Ca concentration in rabbits given hard water, but no increase in Cd in rabbits given this element in the water. Cadmium in the drinking water resulted in accumulations of this element in liver and kidneys, and water hardness did not influence the amount of accumulation. Liver cholesterol concentrations and the severity of cholelithiasis were less in rabbits given Cd. The hard water administration resulted in lower liver cholesterol concentrations and less cholelithiasis. These results indicate that hard water does not reduce cardiovascular disease frequency by lessening Cd accumulation, but may affect cholesterol metabolism.
Summertime plasma catecholamine concentrations in healthy and anhidrotic horses in Louisiana
Authors: Beadle R. E. , Norwood G. L. , Brencick V. A.
Published: February 2025

Plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine were measured in resting Thoroughbred racehorses. The plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine concentrations were higher in anhidrotic horses than they were in control horses, but only the epinephrine values in anhidrotic horses were statistically significantly higher. The epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were similar to those reported by other investigators, using radioenzymatic techniques, but they were markedly lower than the values reported by investigators, using a fluorometric technique. Dopamine concentrations were lower than those reported in other species.
Infection of Syrian hamsters with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: Comparison of detection methods
Authors: Thacker W. Lanier , Lewis Vester J. , Shaddock John H. , Winkler W. Gerald
Published: February 2025

The prevention of hamster-associated outbreaks of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in human beings requires rapid and reliable testing of large numbers of hamsters for the infection. To select the most effective test, the antibody response of infected hamsters was determined by the indirect fluorescent antibody and complement-fixation techniques. The indirect fluorescent antibody technique required < 2 hours to complete, was the first to become positive after infection, and remained positive for at least several months. Infection in hamsters was also readily detected by the inoculation of mice with infected hamster tissues; virus could be isolated from several organs as early as postinoculation day (pid) 3, and all organs tested contained high concentrations of virus by pid 5. After pid 40, virus was detectable only in the kidney; this organ remained positive for over 3 months.
Microprocessor-based system for collection and storage of the equine vectorcardiogram
Authors: Physick-Sheard P. W. , Morris W. I. , Genner D.
Published: February 2025

To evaluate the clinical application of a semiorthogonal lead system for use in the horse, an inexpensive means of recording and storing the ecg was required which would allow the subsequent vectorcardiographic analysis to be computerized. In investigating the various options for the system the basic requirements for the digitization of analogue data were reviewed and previous studies examined.

The system subsequently developed used an 8080 microprocessor and a multichannel 8-bit analogue to digital converter. This unit was signal-level compatible with the laboratory recorder used in the study and was capable of functioning as a remote terminal. Storage was achieved through the use of a dual-drive disk storage system. Programs were written in machine language, both to control the data acquisition procedure and subsequent storage and to facilitate the transfer of data from the microprocessor to a central computing facility for analysis. Data were collected with 8-bit accuracy at a sampling rate of 2,702 samples/s/ channel for 3 channels of data with a system frequency response before digitization of 0.05 to 2,500 Hz. Preliminary analysis indicated that for accurate reproduction, the frequency response of the system before digitization should be a minimum of direct current, to 1,300 Hz, dictating a sampling rate of at least 2,600 samples/s.
Virulence and in vitro growth of a cell-adapted strain of equine infectious anemia virus after serial passage in ponies
Authors: Orrego Alberto , Issel Charles J. , Montelaro Ronald C. , Adams W. V.
Published: February 2025

Five serial passages of a cell-adapted strain of equine infectious anemia (eia) virus were conducted in Shetland ponies. The 13 recipient ponies became agar-gel immunodiffusion test-positive by 25 days after they were inoculated. The virulence of the cell-adapted strain of eia virus markedly increased through 3 serial passages, although individual variation within passages was high. The 1st serial-passage recipient remained afebrile through 200 days, whereas a febrile episode occurred about every 185, 44, 35, and 33 days in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th serial-passage recipients, respectively. Severe clinical signs of eia were noted in the ponies at each serial passage, but the mean virulence rating of each passage, graded on frequency of febrile episodes and number of clinical signs evident within 200 days after ponies were inoculated, increased from 0 through 4, 21, 24, and 29 for the 1st through 5th serial passages, respectively. Isolates of eia virus, made in fetal equine kidney cells, were obtained from plasma of 75% of the samples of blood collected during febrile episodes and from 45% of the samples collected during afebrile periods, indicating that the cell culture growth capacity of this strain of eia virus may be relatively stable through 5 serial passages in Shetland ponies.
Effect of Fusarium roseum corn culture containing zearalenone on early pregnancy in swine
Authors: Long Gerald G. , Diekman Mark , Tuite John F. , Shannon Gail M. , Vesonder Ronald F.
Published: February 2025

A corn culture of Fusarium roseum was added to a standard corn-soybean swine gestation ration. Low, middle, and high dosage mixed feeds contained 7, 38, and 64 mg of zearalenone/kg of feed (7, 38, and 64 ppm) and 0.5, 2.5, and 4.5 mg of deoxynivalenol/kg, respectively. Control feed was the standard ration without added F roseum corn culture. Mature gilts were bred by natural service and fed control or F roseum molded feed from 3 to 34 days after breeding.

The main effect of the molded feed was an inhibition of fetal development, with decreased numbers of fetuses present in treated animals at slaughter (38 to 43 days after breeding). Normal litters were present in 7 of 8 control animals, in 2 of 4 gilts given the low-dosage feed, in 1 of 4 gilts given the medium dosage, and in 0 of 4 given the high-dosage feed. Corpora lutea were maintained in all treated animals, as evidenced by serum progesterone concentrations. Serum estradiol concentrations were decreased in gilts in the middle- and high-dosage groups. The genital system of the gilts fed low- and middle-dosage feeds had a gross and microscopic appearance similar to that of the pregnant controls and reflected prolonged progesterone stimulation. Morphologic changes in the genital system of the high-dosage group were intermediate between changes induced by progesterone and those induced by estrogen. Clinical signs of hyperestrogenism and partial feed refusal were noticed in only some of the high-dosage group animals.
Metabolic profile testing in Holstein cattle in Louisiana: Reference values
Authors: Roussel J. D. , Aranas T. J. , Seybt S. H.
Published: February 2025

Between 1976 and 1978, blood samples were obtained from herds (n = 1,345 Holstein cows) within a 160km radius of the Louisiana State University dairy herd. The cattle were 1 to 6 years of age. Mean scores for the different blood serum values were obtained.

Creatine kinase, alkaline phosphokinase, phosphorus, calcium, and glucose concentrations in the cattle decreased with age, and cholesterol, urea nitrogen, total protein, and globulin concentrations increased with age.
Ultrastructural differentiation of peripheral nerves and neuromuscular junctions in the hindlimb of the bovine fetus
Authors: Russell Robert G. , Oteruelo F. T.
Published: February 2025

The differentiation of sciatic nerve, intramuscular nerves, and neuromuscular junctions was studied by light and electron microscopy in bovine fetuses from 47 days' gestation to neonatal calves 3 days of age.

Rudimentary neuromuscular junctions were observed in 2-month-old fetuses, at which time spontaneous movements were observed in the limbs and trunk. By 5 months, the terminal axons occupied a well-developed synaptic gutter with early secondary infoldings and, subsequently, extensive infoldings developed so that at birth the subneural apparatus was well developed.

In the peripheral nerve of 47-day-old fetuses, the unmyelinated axons were in bundles, and by 3 months, single axons were separated from the bundles that were surrounded by the Schwann cell on a 1:1 basis in cross sections; myelination of axons had begun. At 5 months, individual axons in the nerves had a thick myelin sheath.
Effects of cerebrospinal fluid sample collection on frequency and onset of acute fatal canine distemper-associated encephalomyelitis
Authors: Krakowka Steven , Axthelm Michael , Austin Nancy J.
Published: February 2025

Young gnotobiotic dogs experimentally inoculated with canine distemper virus were subjected to weekly sample collections of csf. When compared with retrospective data for dogs inoculated at similar age, but not subjected to the collection procedure, mean survival time was decreased from 37.0 to 19.8 days and the expected percent mortality increased from 40 to 100%. The data indicate that csf sample collection may have adverse consequences in viremic or bacteremic patients.
Ultrastructure of amastigotes of Leishmania donovani in the bone marrow of a dog
Authors: Simpson Charles F. , Harvey John W. , French Tracy W.
Published: February 2025

Visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed in a dog which had been in Spain for 4 years before being brought to Florida. A bone marrow aspirate from the dog was examined by electron microscopy. Phagocytized amastigotes by macrophages had an electron-dense plasma membrane and contained ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, an intracellular flagellum, lipid, a kinetoplast, a row of microtubules immediately beneath the cell membrane, and a nucleus with marginated chromatin. Mean diameter and microtubule number of the dog isolate were similar to those reported for Leishmania donovani amastigotes of human origin. Plasma cells were congregated in the vicinity of parasitized macrophages.
Expression of cell-mediated hypersensitivity in the lumen of the mammary gland in guinea pigs
Authors: Cueninck Bernard J. De
Published: February 2025

Two groups of pregnant guinea pigs were sensitized to ovalbumin (oa) by injecting the antigen, incorporated in Freund's incomplete or complete adjuvant, via the im or foot pad route, respectively. Inoculation of oa into the lumen of the mammary glands during subsequent lactation elicited an influx of leukocytes into the milk only in guinea pigs exhibiting oa-specific delayed-type cutaneous hypersensitivity (dtch); ie, only in the animals that previously were given oa in Freund's complete adjuvant. Lactating female guinea pigs, passively sensitized to oa by immune serum obtained from donors that exhibited specific dtch, did not respond to intramammary inoculation of oa. Recipients of peritoneal exudate cells, obtained from syngeneic donors that exhibited dtch to oa, in turn exhibited dtch and responded to intramammary inoculation of oa with a transient release of leukocytes into the milk. Emigration of leukocytes into the milk, elicited by antigen in specifically sensitized hosts, appeared to be a local expression of a general state of lymphocyte-dependent hypersensitivity.