bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Carbon Fiber Strengthening Node of Reinforced Concrete Framework under the Action of Seismic Wave
Authors: Liu Ting , Wei Hai Xia
Published: August 2012

The numerical simulation of seismic performance for Carbon fiber strengthening node of reinforced concrete framework under the action of seismic wave was done by finite element analytical software-ANSYS. Compared with unstrengthened node, it was proved that node strengthened with Carbon fiber can obviously improve the seismic performance of the nodes.
Applications of BIM in Erecting Steel Structure
Authors: Liao Xua Mao , Fang Zhen Ya , Yu Jie Sheng , Yang Yin Gui , Yang Shuai
Published: August 2012

There is a second revolution for the building field, brought in by the emerging and application of Building Information Modeling (BIM). Applications of BIM in the material following, construction management, space management and business calculations of erecting steel structure were discussed in this work, combining its characteristics.
Study on Development and Technology of Low-Carbon Building in Japan
Authors: Bao Jian Qiang , Zhang Li Li , Miao Yang
Published: August 2012

Abstract: In the context of the global response to climate change, the construction industry with high energy consumption and high greenhouse gas emission is getting more and more attention. This paper reviews the background of low-carbon building, and studies the characteristics and trends of the low-carbon building and technological development in Japan. It analyses the low-carbon concept which applies to the building’s whole life cycle from low-carbon design concept, building constructions, building materials applications, the use of new energy resources, to the control of energy consumption and carbon emissions in Japan. Finally, considering the characteristics of the new deal about low-carbon building in Japan, this paper puts forward countermeasures and suggestions about governments and markets, industry standards, energy-saving and emission reduction, incentive and restraint mechanisms, etc. This article argues that the active behavior of government department is major factor to promote Japan’s Low-carbon building development .It expected to sum up the experience of the summarize trough Japan's the low carbon building for our government department to formulate policies and measure targeted in the low carbon architecture field.
The Design and the Construction of Measures of the Retaining Pile
Authors: Zhang Chun Mei , Zhi Guan Peng
Published: August 2012

In the hole excavated for building foundation depth big hole excavated for building foundation supports and protections, has used the guard stake design proposal, when the guard stake design laying depth cannot satisfy the design request, can create encircles the guard stake tilting and the soil bank jitter.In through limitedly puts the design and the construction processing plan measure which the slope, the sunk shaft and the central island unify, has achieved the project request effect.
Research on the Evaluation of the Soil Quality in the Evolution of Ecological Slope-Protected Base Material
Authors: Yang Yue Shu , Xu Wen Nian , Xia Zhen Yao , Yang Qi
Published: August 2012

Two vegetation-growing concrete slopes completed are chosen as research objects and the Analytical Hierarchy Process method is adopted to establish the evaluation index system, aiming at quantifying the physical and chemical properties of the base material and analyzing the results contrastively. The study shows that the physical and chemical properties of vegetation-growing concrete base material keep improving with the growth of time to better adapt to the growth of vegetation. This evaluation results tally with the actual situation of the sample sites, which suggests that this base material soil quality index system has great practical value. The differences occurring in the evaluation value of two pieces of sample sites suggest that regional environment is the main factor to affect the quality of vegetation-growing concrete base material.
Analysis the Environmental Adaptability of Wooden Furniture
Authors: Zhang Hong Ying
Published: August 2012

Design of material selection is the fundamental problem; environmental adaptation is the external factors of materials choice. The adaptability of wooden furniture, mainly including three major aspects，the adaptability of natural environment，adaptability of artificial environment and social environment, which has a restrictive role to the choice of wood furniture.
Thermal & Energy Consumption Analysis of New Sustainable Building Material Applied to Commercial Office Building in Beijing
Authors: Zhang Miao
Published: August 2012

This paper aims to figure out whether or not the new sustainable building material mineral wool could save energy consumption from commercial office building. Professional software such as EnergyPlus, Google SketchUp was used to simulate the thermal and energy-saving effect of this new material. The final results show that after the application of mineral wool, 28.05% (114.23GJ) energy consumption is able to be saved by the large commercial office building located in Beijing, within which 88%(139.27GJ) heating could be reduced
Influence of Culvert Structure Style and Boundary on Vertical Earth Pressure Distribution of High-Filled Culvert
Authors: Fan He , Xu Jin Hua , Han Zhuo
Published: August 2012

The actual stress state of high filled culvert was not accurately reflected by the calculation method of earth pressure in the prevailing Chinese General Code for Design of Highway Bridges and Culverts. So the vertical earth pressure characteristics of different culvert structural style under fill-load were studied based on field temperature and FEM numerical analysis. Meanwhile, the key influencing factors, such as the height of culvert fill, and boundary condition on the earth pressure characteristics were also discussed. It is shown that the distributions of vertical earth pressure on the middle culvert top and culvert flank wall, as well as culvert side are all nonlinear, they are different from the results calculated by the code method under the high fill load. The influence of the factors on the stress state of high filled culvert should be comprehensively considered. The results can give some references on the design and construction procedure.
Unit Cell Orthogonal Model for Stable Soil Structure
Authors: Wei Zhen Hai , Wang Meng Shu , Zhang Ding Li
Published: August 2012

The problem of rock and soil structure has long been a major concern in the field of soil mechanics theory. Some literatures have made preliminary discussions of stable static soil structure. The structural and morphological diversity & complexity of rock and soil which is composed of large number of granules have been extensively recognized. We still only have a vague idea of the properties of rock and soil body with different structure and morphology. To further understand the effect of structure and morphology of rock and soil body on its properties, we established a unit cell orthogonal model. The properties of soil body under this structure and morphology were analyzed; the pattern of changes in some major performance parameters, especially in the presence of pores with different morphologies, was discussed. Analysis of unit cell orthogonal model indicated that the structural performance of rock and soil material was mainly affected by porosity, pore distribution, morphology and directionality. The related variation patterns are summarized as follows. The greater the pore area (volume) was, the greater its impact on structural performance would be; the impact of pore distribution relied on pore size. At a fixed porosity, the more scattered the pores were, i.e. the greater the number of pores was, the larger the pore surface area was, and the greater its impact on structural performance (stiffness) would be; on the contrary, the smaller the number of pores was, i.e. the more concentrated the pores were, the greater the soil stiffness would be. These results of analysis agreed well with our past experiences.
Research on Fault Diagnosis System of Heat Pipe Network
Authors: Lv Yu Kun , Liu Hai Feng , Chang Shuai , Song Bao Jun , Zhao Kai
Published: August 2012

The urban heat pipe network fault diagnosis system was designed in this paper so as to realize the automation diagnosis. The paper uses the simulation calculation method and the heat pipe network fault diagnosis system to analyze and study an urban heat pipe network leak fault. The diagnosis results of the heat pipe network fault diagnosis system are almost the same to that of the simulation calculation method. Moreover, the system can accurately locate the leak point and the positioning accuracy is 5%. Thus the heat pipe network fault diagnosis system which is designed has a certain practical value.
Stress-Strain Monitoring and Assessment of Steel Beam in the Process of Column Demolition
Authors: Cui Shuan Wei , Zhang Yi Liang , Zhao Shi Lei , Wang Cui Cui
Published: August 2012

Study on the construction monitoring was used to focusing on the Bridge and Tunnel. The construction of the steel structure workshop more and more appeared in the past few years, proper method of stress-strain monitoring of the key component while construction of steel structure workshop ,become particularly important factor to ensure the safety of construction process. Based on practical example of Jinbei automobile factory workshop, the paper describes the stress-strain monitoring of steel beam during column demolition. Through the design of test solution and the analysis of test data, get the suitable scheme of stress-strain monitoring, stress and strain field monitoring of the basic program, meeting the monitoring requirement whether steel beam is safe and reliable during column demolition, and could provide basis and support for similar conditions on-site monitoring.
The Area Fracture Criterion of Iso-εθ Line for Mixed Mode Crack
Authors: Chen Si Li , Yu Tao , Shi Jian Jun , Huang Jie , Dong Kai He
Published: August 2012

In practice, the crack in some engineering materials is often compound crack. Therefore, it is important engineering significance to study on fracture problem. Based on the shape change energy near crack tip portion, the area fracture criterion of Iso-εθ line for compound crack was proposed. A crack initiation angle formula and the fracture criterion were established. The results showed that the theoretical predicted values and the measured values are consistent. The compound crack fracture line area of fracture criterion was established.Tthe formulas are easy to be derived and convenient to apply.
Simulation of Seismic Behavior for RC Columns under Bidirectional Compression-Bending
Authors: Lu Da Gang , Li Yan Jun , Wang Zhen Yu , Wang Guang Yuan
Published: August 2012

To investigate the seismic behavior of RC columns under bidirectional lateral loading, numerical analysis for tests of RC columns under biaxial loading were performed using fiber model. The simulation results agreed well with test results. The effect of axial compression ratio on the seismic behavior of RC columns under biaxial lateral load was analyzed. The analytical results showed that biaxial lateral loading had little effect on critical axial compression ratio, and the value of critical axial compression ratio was between 0.4~0.5. Bevel carrying capacity under bidirectional lateral loading was a little greater than that under principal axial loading when axial compression ratio was less than 0.1. There had been about 10 percent decrease in bevel carrying capacity at critical axial compression ratio but principal axial bearing capacity declined about 35 percent. Moreover, ultimate displacement angle and accumulative hysteretic dissipation energy decreased observably with increase of axial compression ratio. The adverse influence of special effect on principal axis should be considered in the actual design.
Multi-Attribute Decision-Making Model for Choice of the Soft Soil Foundation Treatment Methods
Authors: Zhou Huan Yun , Huang Liang
Published: August 2012

In order to choose a reasonable treatment method for the soft soil foundation, the main factors which affect the soft soil foundation, including technical feasibility, economic rationality and environmental effect, are analyzed. Based on these key factors, a two-level evaluation factors structure for the selection of fare collection pattern is constructed. Taking optimal treatment method as the goal, key factors as attributes, and available methods as alternatives, a multi-attribute decision-making model is set. Under the situation of one case, the model is applied to determine the most suitable treatment method for the case. The best choice is deep mixing pile. The results show that the model is effective and reliable.
Dewatering of Sewage Sludge Using Thermal Compression
Authors: Fan Li , Zhou Ming Yuan , Li Xiu Li
Published: August 2012

Mechanical compression is a traditional process for the dewatering of sewage sludge. However, the moisture content of the cake is still high, unfavorable for the sludge management. In this paper, the use of thermal compression to improve the sludge dewatering is investigated. The dewatering efficiency is affected by the applied temperature, pressure and the sludge mass. The bound water of the sludge is further reduced by thermal compression, improving the dewatering performance. The solid content of the cake obtained after 10 min mechanical compression and 60 min thermal compression at 120 oC and 4 MPa is 85.2%.
Application of Hui Zhou Brick Carving in Modern Interior Design
Authors: Guang Fei
Published: August 2012

This paper discusses the application of Hui Zhou brick carving in interior design, and as traditional materials, specialty Hui Zhou brick carving contains the Chinese culture and folk-custom, which is significant in aspects of preserving the traditional culture and improving art. In order to adapt modern interior design styles, it is important to re-create the Hui Zhou brick carving.
The Application of ANSYS in the Horizontal Bearing Pile
Authors: Wang Hong , Yao Jun , Liu Lei
Published: August 2012

The passage analysises the nonlinear finite element about the horizontal bearing capacity of pile in the case of the Homogeneous soil and other case of the layered soil with ANSYS.The displacement and stress contours of pile are considered,and the paper compares the two different simulation methods to change the right method which fits the corresponding case.
Fabrication and Damping Properties of Porous Cu
Authors: Wang Jin Xiang , Peng Xiao Bo
Published: August 2012

The porous Cu specimens were prepared using infiltration process. Its damping behavior was investigated using multifunction internal friction apparatus over the temperature range from 40°C to 500°C.The size of macroscopic pore is in the order of a millimeter (1.0mm) and in large proportions, typically up to 60vol%. The measured IF (internal friction) shows that the damping capacity of porous Cu is higher than that of its bulk metal. It’s found that two IF peaks present at the internal friction against temperature curves at around 280°C and 400°C.The high-temperature arises from the relaxation of grain boundaries. The low-temperature peak may origin from the interaction of dislocation and grain boundaries. TEM observations showed the dislocation substructures exist in the porous Cu. Based on the observed experimental phenomena, a four-parameter mechanical model was used for describing the operative damping mechanism of the low-temperature peak in the porous Cu specimen.
Simulation of Vacuum Rotating Dryer to Dry Caffeine Colloid
Authors: Zhu Zhao You , Lv Zhong Ze , Wang Ying Long , Liu Ying
Published: August 2012

It is time-consuming to dry the caffeine colloid got from caffeine methylation liquid after evaporating crystallization and cooling crystallization. To solve this problem, the laboratory equipment is designed to simulate vacuum rotating dryer to dry the caffeine colloid. Through the single-factor experiment and orthogonal experiment, the suitable dry conditions are determined as follows: the heating temperature is 110 °C; the vacuum degree is 0.09 MPa; the stirring speed is 250 rpm. The drying time under the optimal process conditions is reduced to 1.01hours.
Thermal and Oxidation Behavior of Boron-Silicon-Containing Arylacetylene Polymer
Authors: Sun Xin Xin , Qi Hui Min , Guo Kang Kang , Huang Fa Rong , Du Lei
Published: August 2012

Boron-silicon-containing arylacetylene polymer (PBSA) was synthesized through polycondensation reaction among diacetylenebenzene Grignard reagent, boron trichloride and dimethyldichlorosilane, and its structure was characterized by Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (13C-NMR). The cure behavior of PBSA was investigated by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and the thermal and oxidative stability of cured PBSA were studied by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) under nitrogen and air, respectively, the results indicated that ceramics derived from PBSA offer high thermal and oxidative stability.
Methodology for the Study of Vacuum Gas Oil Hydrocracking Catalysts in a Batch Reactor – Coupling of GC-2D Data with Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium
Authors: Henry Reynald , Tayakout-Fayolle Melaz , Afanasiev Pavel , Couenne Françoise , Lapisardi Gregory , Simon Laurent J. , Souchon Vincent
Published: August 2012

A new approach for studying complex feedstock conversion with a hydrocracking catalyst is proposed in this work. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor. Vapor and liquid samples were taken at different reaction times, both at operating conditions and after cooling to room temperature. Two-dimensional gas chromatography was used to characterize in detail the composition of condensed vapor and of liquid phases, while gas samples were analyzed by conventional gas chromatography. From room temperature conditions data, vapor fraction of the hydrocarbon mixture and compositions of each phase at reaction condition were calculated and validated. Following this methodology then allows a simple tracking technique for the study of complex hydrocarbon mixture reactions in liquid and vapor phases.
Synthesis of 5-Acetylacenaphthene Using Silica-Supported Phosphotungstic Heteropoly Acid as an Efficient and Reusable Catalyst
Authors: Pan Ai Xia , Wu Yin Yin , Fang Yu , Xu Lu Lu , Chen Min
Published: August 2012

To obtain new fine chemical and intermediate of functional polymer material, the acylation of acenaphthene with benzoyl chloride to 5-acetylacenaphthene catalyzed by silica-supported phosphotungstic heteropoly acid (PW/SiO2) was investigated. Pure 5-acetylacenaphthene was obtained and its structure was identified by GC/MS, FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra. The effects of experimental parameters on the catalytic acylation reaction and the possibility of reusability of PW/SiO2 catalyst were studied. Under optimun conditions, the yield and the selectivity of 5-acetylacenaphthene were up to 81.3 % and 93.6 %, respectively. PW/SiO2 shows well catalytic activity after running for 5 times. The experimental results indicate that PW/SiO2 is a recyclable and environmentally benign catalyst in the synthesis of 5-acetylacenaphthene.
Kinetic Resolution of Ethyl-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate with Lipase AK as Catalyst
Authors: Ou Zhi Min , Li Ren Wei
Published: August 2012

Ethyl (R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate was prepared by enzyme resolution of racemic ethyl- 2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate. The optimal resolution conditions were 0.074 mol/L ethyl-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate, 20 mg lipase AK in 2.0 ml ethenylethanoate, 30 0C, 100 rpm. Enantiomeric excess of ethyl (R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate was up to 99%. Kinetic resolution model of ethyl- 2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate by lipase AK was described by double substrate ping-pong mechanism. Model data agreed well with experimental data.
Puriﬁcation and Characterization of a Yam Glycoprotein Isolated by Alkaline Extraction from Yam Tuber
Authors: Zhang Li Ming , Wang Yan Qiao , Zhang Li Chao , Man Shu Li , Zuo Bei Mei
Published: August 2012

Yam glycoprotein (YGP) is an important source of bioactives for functional foods. To investigate the effects of alkaline extracting method on the features of YGP, A glycoprotein was isolated from yam tubers by using alkaline processing method, and purified by ion-exchange and gel filtration column chromatography. During the SDS-PAGE eletrophoresis, the result shows a band with approximately 30 kDa molecular weight. The YGP consists of protein moiety (62.34%) and carbohydrate moiety (37.51%), respectively. By the automatic amino acid analyzer detecting, it indicated that the YGP consists of 17 kinds of amino acids and contains a high percentage of glutamic acid and aspartic acid. The results of thin-layer chromatography show that oligosaccharides of the YGP contain D-glucose, D-galactose and mannose.
Separation of Gallium from Aluminum in Fly Ash Digested Solution by Soda-Lime Sintering Process
Authors: Bai Guang Hui , Wang Tong Song , Li Peng Cheng , Lv Lin , He Cai Ling
Published: August 2012

It is the first time to determine whether gallium in fly ash was dissolved out with aluminum and study how to separate gallium from aluminum and recover it, tracking and analyzing the gallium in the digested mother liquor from a power plant fly ash extracting Al2O3 by soda-lime sintering process. Carbon dioxide decomposition was performed to the digested mother liquor, exploring the influences on separation of gallium from aluminum from carbon dioxide decomposition time, flow rate, and carbon dioxide decomposition temperature. The results show that when feeding CO2 into the solution, aluminum was firstly dissolved out as the form of Al(OH)3 and then gallium. When carbon dioxide decomposition time, flow velocity and carbon dioxide decomposition temperature were 30min, 100mL/(min • L) and 40°C, respectively, the ratio of aluminum to gallium was from 1028 down to 200. Under this condition, most of aluminum was dissolved out from the solution but gallium was still in it, thus successfully separating gallium from aluminum and leading to a better condition of subsequent process of extracting gallium.
Selective Leaching Nickel from the Pre-Reduced Limonitic Laterite Ore at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Chang Yong Feng , Fan Chuan Lin , Li Bin Chuan , Zhai Xiu Jing , Zhang Ting An
Published: August 2012

In this paper a novel method for selective leaching nickel from pre-reduced laterite ore at atmospheric pressure was reported. The reduced calcine was leached in thin acid liquor to liberate the nickel and iron together firstly. By properly controlling the leaching condition, the leached iron ion could hydrolyze as goethite precipitate and regenerate the acid consumed in the leaching procedure. Finally, the nickel is selectively extracted into the leaching solution. The main factors in the leaching process, such as reduction degree of the laterite ore, acidity of the leaching solution were investigated as influence on the nickel extraction. The test results showed that selectively leaching of nickel could be achieved with an extraction degree up to 90% by reducing most of the iron in the lateritic ore to wuestite and controlling the pH value of the leaching solution below 2.5.
Hydroprocessing of Crude Palm Oil to Bio-Diesel Using Mesoporous Catalysts
Authors: Tye C.T. , Looi P.Y. , Meow T.L.
Published: August 2012

The demand for petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel is increasing over the years. Many countries use the renewable organic material such as vegetable oils to produce biofuels to cope with this problem and the environmental problems. In this research, the production of liquid biofuels from hydroprocessing of crude palm oil was studied. Performance of different catalysts with mesoporous alumina support with different properties was investigated in the hydroprocessing of crude palm oil. The hydroprocessing reactions were carried out in a batch reactor at reaction temperature of 350°C under hydrogen pressure for an hour. In the present study, the performance of catalyst in liquid yield was found in the order of NiMo/Al2O3 <Mo/Al2O3 <CoMo/Al2O3. Meanwhile, among the studied mesopore-size range catalyst, CoMo/Al2O3 with the largest pore size of 16.1 nm in alumina support gave the highest conversion and liquid yield in the reaction.
Effect of Relax Heat Treatment on the Performance of PET Fibers of HMLS
Authors: Wang Yun , Gao Lin , Wang Xiao , Zhang Yu Mei , Chen Shi Yan
Published: August 2012

To characterize the performance of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers of high modulus and low shrinkage (HMLS), static and dynamic mechanical test, DSC, DMA and sonic orientation experiments were carried out. The results indicated that tenacity, initial modulus, Lase-5 decreased and ultimate elongation increased with heat treatment temperature. The dimensional stability of the HMLS fiber is limited by the heat treatment especially when the temperature exceeded Tg because a larger plastic deformation happen with the relaxation of molecular chain in amorphous phase.
Effect of Atmosphere and Holding Time on the Quality of Surface and Mechanical Properties of the Cold-Rolling Plate of Fe-42% Ni (4J42)
Authors: Li Li Juan , Liu Li Hua , Wang Jing
Published: August 2012

In order to guide atmosphere annealing process in industry, the effect of atmosphere and holding times on the surface quality and mechanical properties of the cold-rolling plate of Fe-42% Ni (4J42) was studied. It is found that in the laboratory, surface qualities of all the samples annealed at different annealing condition are all good enough. When the ratio of hydrogen and nitrogen is below 70%:30%, at different holding time, with increasing of H2 proportion, 4J42’s tensile strength and yield strength all increases, and the hardness declines. And except H2:N2=70%:30, when holding time is less than or equal to 1.2min, at different ratio of hydrogen and nitrogen, holding time will influence 4J42’s mechanical properties little. So combine requires in industry with the experiment results, it can be concluded that for 4J42 alloy, annealing at atmosphere of hydrogen nitrogen ratio is less than 70%:30% for about 1.2min is appropriate to atmosphere annealing process in industry.
Study on the Structure and Surface Acoustic Wave Properties of KDP and ADP Crystals
Authors: Zhou Guang Gang , Lu Gui Wu , Wu Chong , Huang Wen Qi , Yang Hong
Published: August 2012

The geometry structure, band structure and density of states of KH2PO4 (KDP) and NH4H2PO4 (ADP) single crystals were investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) method. Parameters including the phase velocity, electromechanical coupling factor and power flow angle (PFA) were calculated for KDP and ADP at X, Y, Z cuts, respectively. Our calculated data are in good agreement with the experimental results. Compared with quartz, KDP and ADP crystals are of lower phase velocities. Considering PFA, electromechanical coupling coefficients and phase velocity, it was concluded that the propagation direction of 60 of X-cut and Y-cut possess superior SAW performance for both KDP and ADP crystals.
Scaling Mechanism of Heat Exchanger for Spent Sulfuric Acid Concentrating in Titania Production
Authors: Yang Li Fen , Xiang Bin , Ke Liang Hui
Published: August 2012

The component and contents of scale sample on the graphite heat exchanger were analyzed by ED-XRF( Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer) and the component and contents of spent acid unconcentrated and concentrated were measured by AAS(atomic absorption spectrometer).In addition, the phase structure of scale sample was tested by XRD(X-ray diffraction) and the simulation experiment of spent acid concentrating was carried out to study the scaling mechanism in the laboratory. The results show that the main components of scale were Ca, Ti and Fe. The scaling might be induced by settlement of Ti oxide, and then Ca and Fe precipitate rapidly.
Preparation and Characterization of Highly Monodisperse Vinyl Functionalized Silica Spheres by Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Zhang Zhong Ming , Chen Lian Xi , Li Jie , Jiao Cai Bin
Published: August 2012

Highly monodisperse and uniform-size vinyl functiona-lized silica spheres were synthesized directly from vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) in water/ethanol mixed solution, and in this system, we successfully controlled the size and shape of hybrid silica spheres by adjusting the concentrations of the precursor VTES and catalyst ammonia. On the basis of the experiment results, it was found that hybrid spheres size significantly increased as the increment of concentration of VTES. However, increasing ammonia concentration resulted in decreasing of diameter of hybrid silica spheres from 542 to 272 nm. The morphologies and structure were determined by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR).
Producing Microporous PMMA with Supercritical CO2 and the Research on its Properties
Authors: Li Ruo Song , Li Lu , Fang Tao
Published: August 2012

The research on microcellular polymer foam (MPF) is significant in plastic processing industry. In this study, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was considered to be the foam matrix via a preliminary experiment. It is because that compared with other polymers, it is easier to swell and plasticize with supercritical CO2 (SCCO2). Moreover, its absorbability in SCCO2 is much higher. The above research provides guidance for the preparation of microcellular polymer blend foams. In order to study the foam process and the optimum experimental conditions, the average cellular sizes were measured by controlling the saturation pressure, temperature and the soak time on the basis of the orthogonal experiment. The microporous structure was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Then the optimum amount of nano-fillers was achieved by solution and melt blending. In addition, the mechanical properties of MPF were measured to explore the change in foaming. The obtained results would provide better insight to planners and operators in the field of chemical engineering to handle the uncertainties effectively.
Modification Process of Carbon Fiber Reinforcement for Aluminum Matrix Composite
Authors: Liu Xiao Fang , Li Ping , Liu Zhong Xia
Published: August 2012

Modification process of carbon fiber reinforcement was investigated so as to produce aluminum matrix composite on a large scale. A series of pretreatment technologies could acquire chemical deposition silver, which became the base of copperplating on the surface of carbon fibers. The optimum conditions of electroless plating copper, including components, adding amount of carbon fibers, temperature, pH value, and mixing method, were determined to obtain a perfect copper layer on the surface of carbon fibers. The control of copper deposition and repeating utilization of many technology solutions were realized to reduce the costs. The results laid a foundation of mass production for carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composite.
An Investigation of Absorption Spectra of Li2GeO3: Cr3+ Crystal
Authors: Miao Feng , Huang Ying
Published: August 2012

Considering the crystal field parameter B, C and average covalent factor N, the energy levels of Li2GeO3: Cr3+ crystal are calculated by diagonalizing the energy matrix of 3d3. The experimental data are compared with calculated results. The results show that the calculated results are in agreement with experiments. Absorb spectra are successfully identified.
Anisotropy in Cold Deep Drawing of CP-Ti Sheet
Authors: Li Hong Wei , Chen Jia Yuan , Zhang Xia Lu , Li Jin Shan
Published: August 2012

Anisotropy of CP-Ti sheet in cold deep drawing was investigated by means of experiments. The as-received blank showed remarkable anisotropy due to the existence of the spilt basal texture. Deformation intensified the anisotropy in the distributions of wall thickness and ears, and mechanical properties after drawing. The micro-mechanism causing anisotropy of CP-Ti was analyzed. Then, methods for the improvements of anisotropy were brought out as profile optimization of the initial blank and heat treatment on the finished part at 650 °C for 1 hour.
Fundamental Reactor Design Considerations for Reducing TiCl4 Metallothermically to Produce Ti Powder
Authors: van Vuuren D.S.
Published: August 2012

Continuous metallothermic reduction of TiCl4in a molten salt medium is affected by the low solubility of TiCl4in appropriate molten salts, the solubilities of suitable reducing metals in the salts and the vapour pressures of the different chemicals in the system. The purpose of the study is to compare quantitatively how the physical properties of the different suitable reducing agents will affect the development and design of a process to continuously produce titanium powder from TiCl4in molten salt. In the study Li, Na, Mg and Ca are compared with respect to the mass transfer rate requirements of TiCl4 absorption and metal dissolution.
A Brief Review of Biomedical Shape Memory Alloys by Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Biesiekierski Arne , Wang James , Wen Cui'e
Published: August 2012

In the realm of bioimplantation, titanium-based Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) exhibit phenomenal versatility, with successful application in diverse fields. One area of particular interest is that of orthopaedics, where the unique properties of SMAs offer a range of benefits. That said, existing alloys still have unresolved issues concerning biocompatibility and osseointegration. Primary concerns include carcinogenicity, allergenicity and a significant mismatch between the Young’s moduli of bone and osteoimplants; issues that could be addressed via a novel porous titanium alloy. With that in mind, this paper seeks to provide a review identifying promising candidates for new, perfectly biocompatible alloys for production via powder metallurgy. Furthermore, an attempt will also be made to summarise existing research into appropriate methods for the production of a porous Ti-based SMA implant.
A Newly Developed Biocompatible Titanium Alloy and its Scaffolding by Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Wen Cui'e , Li Yun Cang
Published: August 2012

Titanium and some of its alloys have received considerable attention for biomedical applications in recent years due to their excellent biocompatibility, high corrosion resistance and relatively low elastic modulus when compared to other metallic implant materials such as Co-Cr alloys and stainless steels. However, these alloys can still suffer from inadequate biocompatibility; lack of biological fixation and biomechanical mismatch with the properties of bone in vivo. In this study, a new biocompatible Ti alloy, Ti4Ta4Sn, consisting of alpha and beta phases was fabricated and their mechanical properties were investigated. Moreover, the Ti alloy was scaffolded into a porous structure using powder metallurgy with an architecture and elastic modulus mimicking those of cancellous bone. Cell culture results indicated that the new porous Ti alloy scaffold possesses excellent in vitro biocompatibility.
Fabrication of Ti14Nb4Sn Alloys for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Mediaswanti Kun , Truong Vi Khanh , Hasan Jafar , Li Yun Cang , Wen Cui'e , Ivanova Elena P. , Berndt Christopher C. , Malherbe Francois , Wang James
Published: August 2012

In this paper, porous Ti14Nb4Sn alloys were fabricated using a space holder sintering method, resulting in a porosity of ~70%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed a combination of both macropore and micropore structures. The fabricated titanium alloy scaffolds exhibited a similar structure to that of natural bone, which is expected to improve bone implant longevity. Bacterial cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 were employed for the in vitro test.
Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Titanium Composites via Powder Metallurgy Process
Authors: Kondoh Katsuyoshi , Threrujirapapong Thotsaphon , Bin Sun , Imai Hisashi , Li Shu Feng , Umeda Junko , Fugetsu Bunshi
Published: August 2012

Un-bundled multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were coated on titanium powder surface by using zwitterionic surfactant solution and mixing process, and their CNT/Ti composite powders were consolidated into full-dense materials by spark plasma sintering and the following hot extrusion process in solid-state. Wrought titanium powder metallurgy (PM) composites containing CNTs revealed extreme increment of yield stress and tensile strength of 85% and 50%, respectively, compared to conventional PM titanium with no reinforcement, while they had enough high ductility. The mechanical improvement was mainly due to dispersion strengthening effect of CNTs and in-situ formed TiC fine particles and a small mount of carbon solid solution into Ti matrix. In addition, the control of grain growth was promoted by TiC dispersoids during SPS, and contributed to their strengthening behavior. Furthermore, high-temperature tensile strength less than 673K of PM pure titanium materials was also obviously improved by the pinning effect of TiC particles dispersed at grain boundaries. In this paper, microstructural and mechanical properties of powder metallurgy titanium composites would be introduced in detail.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-ZrO2 Composites Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Tsukamoto Hideaki , Kunimine Takahiro , Yamada Motoko , Sato Hisashi , Watanabe Yoshimi
Published: August 2012

This study aims to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-ZrO2 composites and ZrO2/Ti functionally graded materials (FGMs) fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). SPS has been conducted in a vacuum at 1400 oC under the uniaxial pressure of 30 MPa. Mechanical properties such as hardness and elastic modulus of Ti-ZrO2 composites have been systematically investigated using micro-Vickers and nanoindentation. The experimental results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of Ti are dramatically improved by an addition of small amount of ZrO2. There is almost no effect from the presence of Y2O3 in ZrO2 on the hardness of Ti-ZrO2 composites. ZrO2/Ti FGMs have been successfully fabricated, and mechanical properties of the FGMs have been examined.
Optimisation of Performance of Dispersants in Aqueous Titanium Slips
Authors: Xu Qian , Gabbitas Brian , Matthews Steven , Zhang De Liang
Published: August 2012

Slip casting is a well-established ceramic casting technique used for large scale fabrication of ceramic products with complex shapes. A homogenous slip with a desired level of stability is required, which is controlled using a dispersant. This paper describes the selection and optimisation of various dispersants used to produce Ti powder slips. A consideration of the effect of concentration and pH of the solvent on the dispersion of anionic polyelectrolyte dispersants (Dispex N-40, Synthecol SD375 & Dolapix CE64) was examined by measuring the sedimentation height and rate, the streaming potential and the slip viscosity. It was found that Dolapix CE64 showed the best deflocculating effect at 0.3dw.% with pH of 7. In particular, the measurements on Dolapix CE64 gave consistent results. This indicated that Dolapix CE64 is an effective dispersant in the preparation of a titanium slip.
Rare Earth Element: Is it a Necessity for PM Ti Alloys?
Authors: Liu Yong , Liu Yan Bin , Wang Bin , Tang Hui Ping
Published: August 2012

To lower the cost, Ti alloys fabricated by elemental powder metallurgy have been widely studied. High contents of oxygen and residual porosities are usually inevitable in as-sintered Ti alloys. Thus, rare earth elements are added to PM Ti alloys for scavenging of oxygen, increasing sintered density and strengthening the matrix. This paper reviews recent studies on the effects of rare earth elements (La and Y) on the densification behaviours, mechanical properties and high temperature oxidation resistance of PM Ti alloys. The improvement of room temperature ductility of PM Ti alloys through the addition of rare earth elements has been extensively confirmed. However, other benefits from rare earth additions depend largely on alloy compositions, processing parameters and environmental conditions.
Microstructure Development and Alloying Elements Diffusion during Sintering of Near-β Titanium Alloys
Authors: Pereloma Elena V. , Savvakin Dmytro G. , Carman Andrew , Gazder Azdiar A. , Ivasishin Orest M.
Published: August 2012

Two near-β alloys, Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-2Cr-1Fe and Ti-10V-3Fe-3Al, were produced by the blended element powder metallurgy technique. The use of (i) elemental powders with the Al-V master alloy in the case of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-2Cr-1Fe and, (ii) the complex Al-Fe-V master alloy in Ti-10V-3Fe-3Al has highlighted the influence of different alloying elements and their combination on microstructure evolution and chemical homogenisation. While Fe has the fastest diffusivity in Ti and its addition improves the density of both sintered alloys it also results in accelerated rates of grain coarsening. The combination of Al and V in the master alloy powder inhibits the diffusion of V into the Ti matrix. The unexpectedly slow diffusion of Cr at the early sintering stage in Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-2Cr-1Fe was attributed to the formation of surface oxides on the Cr powders.
Combustion Synthesis of Aluminum Nitride: A Review
Authors: Chung Shyan Lung , Lai Chun Hung
Published: August 2012

Aluminum nitride has been acknowledged as an important industrial material because of its unique combination of high thermal conductivity and high electrical resistivity. Although there have been several excellent reviews on the synthesis of aluminum nitride, little has been mentioned on the combustion synthesis of AlN. In this work, the combustion synthesis methods for synthesis of AlN are reviewed and classified according to the phases involved in the reaction, the types of reactants (and additives) used and the design principles for the synthesis processes. Problems critical to combustion synthesis of AlN to obtain products with high product yields and low impurity contents are summarized and discussed.
A Green Process to Prepare Hydrophobic and Transparent CNT-Based Surface
Authors: Chen Chien Chong , Li Chun Jui , Lin Ke An , Hsu Tun Hao , Wang Shu Heng
Published: August 2012

A green process to prepare the hydrophobic and transparent CNT-based surface was developed without using any toxic chemicals, solvents or gases. CNT brush (CNT-b) powder, which was prepared by the repeated CVD, was the main material to prepare the desired surface. An adhesive layer of ethyl cellulose (EC) was spin coated on the glass substrate, where EC formed a networked porous microstructure. A low concentration CNT-b suspension was obtained by sonication of the mixture of CNT-b powders, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) and deionized water. To obtain the stabilized CNT-b suspension, it was found that 40 min of sonication time and SDBS/CNT-b weight ratio being 0.1 were required. The target surface was then prepared by spin coating CNT-b suspension on the EC coated glass. The contact angle of the prepared surface was around 120o and the optical transmittance was around 93% for the visible light. Either increasing the number of spin coatings or increasing the concentration of CNT-b suspension could slightly increase the contact angle to around 130o but the optical transmittance significantly reduce to about 75%, leading to a semi-transparent sample.
Waste as a Resource for High Value Materials
Authors: Batra Vidya S.
Published: August 2012

Waste materials can have negative environmental impact and cost implications associated with their safe disposal given the increasing awareness and stringent environmental standards. Several options for utilization of waste have been explored in the lab scale and pilot scale. In this article high value materials obtained from waste are reviewed. This includes industrial waste, food industry waste and combustion residues, to obtain transition metal based catalysts, biomaterials and zeolites respectively. The different approaches to the processing and the properties of the product are discussed.
Investigation on Surface and Biological Properties of Silver Containing Diamond Like Carbon Films on Polyethylene Terephthalate Film Surface by Hybrid Reactive Sputtering Method
Authors: Pandiyaraj K. Navaneetha , Heeg Jan , Mewes Christoph , Wienecke Marion , Barfels Torsten , Uthayakumar V. , Su Pi Guey
Published: August 2012

Silver containing diamond like carbon films were coated on the surface of polyethylene film (PET) using novel hybrid sputtering method. Polymeric substrates can create soft, flexible, highly absorbent and cost-effective materials by selecting or controlling their molecular structures. The material silver is known to be a potential antibacterial material. The silver containing coating has been potentially recommended for synthesis biomedical materials. In the present work, we discussed the antibacterial activity of the silver containing DLC film coated PET film surfaces which was coated as a function of deposition power level. The surface morphology of the Ag-DLC was analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The atomic concentration and structure of the Ag-DLC was measured by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Raman spectroscopy. The hydrophilicity of the films was measured by contact angle analysis. The antibacterial activity of Ag–DLC films were evaluated by bacterial eradication tests with Escherichia coli at incubation time of one day. In addition, blood compatibility of the Ag-DLC films were studied by In Vitro blood compatibility tests. It was found that the surface of the obtained Ag-DLC decreases with increasing the deposition power level. The antibacterial and hemocompatibility of the silver containing DLC film increase gradually with increase of deposition power level. Our results revealed that the Ag-incorporated DLC films are potentially useful as biomedical devices having good antibacterial and hemocompatibility.
Improving the Electrochemical Performance of Li-Ion Secondary Batteries by Optimizing the Sn/C Composite Anode Materials
Authors: Lin Yu Sheng , Duh Jenq Gong
Published: August 2012

From the history of commercial anode materials, Sn/C-based material is the focus to enhance the cycling performance. A chemical solution method is used to synthesize the Sn compounds / graphite composite anodes. At the first part of this study, the cycle life was enhanced by adjusting various pH values. The multi-phase Sn compound containing Sn6O4(OH)4, SnO2, Sn3(PO4)2 were deposited on slices of graphite of sample pH6. They were expected to provide a higher spectator to Sn ratio for improved cycleability. These phases could be reduced to metallic Sn, resulting in buffer matrix during 1st cycle. Therefore, the sample pH6 exhibited the best of electrochemical performance. For the cell cycled between 0.001V and 1.5V, the 1st charge capacity was 758 mAhg-1. Even after 50 cycles, the capacity remained higher than 460 mAhg-1. Synthesizing Sn compounds / graphite composite anodes at pH6 with different initial Sn concentrations improved the cycling performance in the second part of this study. When the Sn concentration reached 0.12M, multi-phases of Sn compounds were deposited on the slices of graphite and the amount of Sn was the maximum. The agglomeration of Sn clusters was suppressed by buffering agent generated by the multi-phase of Sn compounds containing Sn6O4(OH)4, SnO2, Sn3(PO4)2. Therefore, the sample Sn0.12 M exhibitedthe best cycling behavior among all. During cycling between 0.001 V and 1.5 V, the 1st charge capacity was around 734 mAhg-1. The capacity remained as high as 440 mAhg-1 even after 50 cycles.