bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research status and progress of lidar for atmosphere in China
Authors: Huige Di , Xiao Li , Dengxin Hua , Siwen Li
Published: April 2021

Lidar is an active remote sensing instrument, and it has been widely used in the detection of atmospheric environmental parameters and meteorological parameters. In recent years, climate change has been widely concerned by the public, and the corresponding atmospheric detection technology has also been developed rapidly. Atmospheric Lidar has been developed rapidly in China, and has achieved good research achievements. The research progress and development status of Lidar for atmospheric detection in recent years are introduced and summarized in this invited paper. The advantages and disadvantages of all kinds of atmospheric detection Lidars and their applications in different detection objects are comprehensively introduced in this article. Finally, the bottlenecks of Lidar technology are summarized, and the development trend of Lidar is also prospected.
A numerical technique based on B‐spline for a class of time‐fractional diffusion equation
Authors: Roul Pradip , Goura V. M. K. Prasad , Cavoretto Roberto
Published: April 2021

This paper presents an efficient numerical technique for solving a class of time‐fractional diffusion equation. The time‐fractional derivative is described in the Caputo form. The L1 scheme is used for discretization of Caputo fractional derivative and a collocation approach based on sextic B‐spline basis function is employed for discretization of space variable. The unconditional stability of the fully‐discrete scheme is analyzed. Two numerical examples are considered to demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of our scheme. The proposed scheme is shown to be sixth order accuracy with respect to space variable and (2 − α)‐th order accuracy with respect to time variable, where α is the order of temporal fractional derivative. The numerical results obtained are compared with other existing numerical methods to justify the advantage of present method. The CPU time for the proposed scheme is provided.
COVID‐19 has changed the way we think about training future pediatric hematologists/oncologists
Authors: Moerdler Scott , Gampel Bradley , Levine Jennifer M , Chou Alexander , Madhusoodhan Pallavi , Oberg Jennifer A. , Pierro Joanna , Roberts Stephen S. , Satwani Prakash
Published: April 2021

COVID‐19 has upended medical practice and education, but has also catalyzed enhancements in the field. Early on, a local group of researchers united to investigate the impact of the pandemic on pediatric hematology oncology (PHO). From this group, a regional educational series was established, “virtual‐Symposium of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology of New York” (v‐SYMPHONY). The implementation of these endeavors while PHO fellowship applications are declining has highlighted our perceptions that education, mentoring, and career expectations are not keeping up with the needs of current trainees. We describe our regional experience joining together to further education and research, and reflect on the current landscape of PHO training and workforce.
‘S13‐1955C’: A high‐yielding conventional soybean with high oil content, multiple disease resistance, and broad adaptation
Authors: Chen P. , Shannon G. , Scaboo A. , Crisel M. , Smothers S. , Clubb M. , Selves S. , Vieira C. C. , Ali M. L. , Lee D. , Nguyen H. T. , Li Z. , Mitchum M. G. , Bond J. , Meinhardt C. , Usovsky M. , Li S. , Mengistu A. , Robbins R. T.
Published: April 2021

The conventional Maturity Group V soybean [Glycine max (L). Merr.] cultivar ‘S13‐1955C’ (Reg. no. CV‐540, PI 695317) was developed and released by the University of Missouri–Fisher Delta Research Center soybean breeding program in 2019. Plants of S13‐1955C have determinate growth habit, white flowers, tawny pubescence, tan pod wall, and seed with black hilum. It has high oil content (227.4 g kg−1) and broad disease resistance including soybean cyst nematode, southern root‐knot nematode, reniform nematode, sudden death syndrome, and frogeye leaf spot. S13‐1955C was tested in 177 environments across 13 states and averaged 101% of the check yield in Missouri and the southern states from 2014 to 2019.
Registration of ‘Georgia‐Val/HO’ peanut
Authors: Branch W. D.
Published: April 2021

‘Georgia‐Val/HO’ (Reg. no. CV‐143, PI 695316) is a new high‐yielding, high‐oleic, large‐podded, large‐seeded, valencia‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. ssp. fastigiata var. fastigiata) cultivar. Georgia‐Val/HO has an atypical semi‐prostrate growth habit and medium maturity, but typical valencia three seed per pod and red testa color. It also has moderate resistance to tomato spotted wilt disease. Georgia‐Val/HO was released by the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station in 2020 and was developed at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. It was developed from an intersubspecific cross made in 2010 between two Georgia cultivars, ‘Georgia‐11J’ (ssp. hypogaea) and ‘Georgia Valencia’ (ssp. fastigiata). During 4 yr (2016–2019) averaged across two planting dates (April and May), Georgia‐Val/HO had significantly less total disease incidence and higher pod yield, total sound mature kernel (TSMK) grade, and dollar values compared with six other valencia cultivars in Georgia. Georgia‐Val/HO had significantly higher overall performance at both early April and optimum May planting dates. Georgia‐Val/HO combines high yield, TSMK grade, and dollar value with large pods and seed and the high O/L ratio trait for longer shelf life of peanut and peanut products.
A model for the carbon fiber breakage along the twin‐screw extruder
Authors: Malatyali Hatice , Schöppner Volker , Rabeneck Nils , Hanselle Felix , Austermeier Laura , Karch David
Published: April 2021

Carbon fiber‐reinforced plastics (CFRP) are widely used in the plastics industry. The production of CFRP is mostly carried out on the twin‐screw extruder. Many different process variables change the process ability and the final fiber length in the product. In the literature, some models for fiber length decrease along the extruder with glass fibers can be found. The effects of the processing conditions on the final length for glass fiber are determined. In comparison, the incorporation behavior of the carbon fibers are not sufficiently analyzed. The purpose of this paper is to predict the fiber breakage along the screw for carbon fibers. First of all, the buckling case must be determined. The basis of the modeling is a fragmentation equation, for which a break probability and a break rate are defined. A comparison with experimental data shows satisfactory results.
Synthesis of sulfonopeptides
Authors: Xu Jiaxi
Published: April 2021

Sulfonopeptides as the sulfur analogues of natural peptides have been widely used as enzyme inhibitors due to their tetrahedral sulfonamide moiety, which can mimic the transition‐state analogues of hydrolysis of the ester and amide bonds. Synthetic methods of sulfonopeptides are reviewed. The synthetic methods of sulfonopeptides include the condensation of N‐protected amino acid/peptide acids and 2‐aminoalkanesulfonic acids, coupling of N‐protected 2‐aminoalkanesulfonyl chlorides and amino acid esters/peptide esters, sulfinylation of amino acid esters/peptide esters with N‐protected 2‐aminoalkanesulfinyl chlorides and subsequent oxidation, the alkylation of taurine‐containing peptides, and the displacement of N‐aminoacyl/peptidyl 2‐aminoalkyl halides/methanesulfonates with sulfites. Hybrid sulfonophosphinopeptides are prepared through the Mannich‐type reaction of N‐protected 2‐aminoalkanesulfonamides/peptidylsulfonamides, aldehydes, and aryldichlorophosphines/phosphorus trichloride followed by the aminolysis with amino acid/peptide esters or hydrolysis. The developed synthetic methods provide diverse synthetic routes for biologically important sulfonopeptides as the candidates of medicinal agents.
Determination of tigecycline in human lung epithelial cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and its application in a cellular pharmacokinetics study
Authors: Yang Qianting , Xie Jiao , Wang Haitao , Zhang Yanping , Zhao Yang , Li Sha , Zhang Kanghuai , Dong Yalin
Published: April 2021

Rationale

In order to characterize the intracellular pharmacokinetic properties of tigecycline, we developed and fully validated a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for quantification of tigecycline in human lung epithelial (BEAS‐2B) cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs).

Methods

Tetracycline was used as an internal standard and chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 Hypersil Gold aQ column using two mobile phases, a solution of water (containing 0.1% formic acid) and acetonitrile. The flow rate was 0.4 mL/min for 5.0 min. Tigecycline drug uptake was evaluated by incubating the BEAS‐2B cells and the PMNs for up to 3 h at tigecycline concentrations of 1 mg/L.

Results

The assay was linear over the tested concentration range of 0.01–2 mg/L for tigecycline in BEAS‐2B cells and PMNs (r2 >0.99). The inter‐ and inter‐day precisions (RSD, %) were <10.02% and the accuracies (%) were within the range of 85–115%. The uptake study showed that after incubation with tigecycline (1 mg/L) for 3 h at 37°C, the intracellular peak concentration of BEAS‐2B cells was 14.44 ± 7.12 mg/L at 1 h, and 41.43 ± 25.66 mg/L in PMNs at 20 min. The mean intracellular concentrations fluctuated in the range of 0.8–14.44 mg/L in BEAS‐2B cells and 10.14–41.43 mg/L in PMNs for 1 mg/L tigecycline exposure.

Conclusions

Validated LC/MS/MS is a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for determining the intracellular concentration of tigecycline, and tigecycline has good penetrations both in human BEAS‐2B cells and PMNs. The method can be efficiently used for future studies of the intracellular pharmacokinetics of tigecycline.
Werkzeuge für die digitale Transformation des Hochbaus
Authors: Schmid Fabian , Blandini Lucio
Published: April 2021

Die Fortschritte der Informations‐ und Kommunikationstechnik verändern zunehmend Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Im Bauwesen wirken sich diese Veränderungen bislang jedoch weniger stark aus als in anderen Branchen. Das Potenzial digitaler Werkzeuge wird aktuell insbesondere bei komplexen Großprojekten bereichsweise genutzt. Gewerke‐ und disziplinenübergreifende Ansätze zu Automatisierung, Systematisierung und Strukturierung sind somit noch nicht umfassend im Bauwesen etabliert und kommen bei der Anwendung an Grenzen. Ausschlaggebend hierfür ist sicher die Fragmentierung des Sektors. Verschiedene Forschungsprojekte befassen sich mit der Frage, wie eine umfassende und durchgehende Digitalisierung erreicht werden kann. Eines dieser Projekte ist das Forschungsprojekt DigitalTWIN. Das multidisziplinär besetzte Team untersucht mit einem Fokus auf den Hochbau und am Beispiel von Stahl‐Glas‐Konstruktionen, wie die Fragmentierung der Branche mittels durchgehender, digital gestützter Prozesse reduziert werden kann. Hierfür wurden Randparameter des Markts identifiziert und exemplarische Schnittstellen entwickelt. Dabei wurden Methoden, Technologien und Dienste des Industriellen Internets der Dinge (Industrial Internet of Things), der Gebäudedatenmodellierung (Building Information Modeling) sowie der Erweiterten Realität (Extended Reality) bzw. der Datenerhebung und Datennutzung zusammengeführt. Die erarbeiteten Lösungen ermöglichen den beteiligten Akteuren, aktuelle und neue IT‐Dienste zielgerichteter, niederschwelliger und sicher zu nutzen.
Open volumetric air receiver: An innovative application and a major challenge
Authors: Kumar Vishwa Deepak , Upadhyay Vikas K. , Singh Gurveer , Mukhopadhyay Sudipto , Chandra Laltu
Published: April 2021

The open volumetric air receiver (OVAR) based systems can be used for metals processing operation, such as, the heat treatment of aluminum. Some important aspects, related to the technology adaptation, are (a) the selection of receiver design, (b) the integration of an application, based on hot air, with an OVAR, and (c) mitigation of dust deposition in the porous absorber of an OVAR. Therefore, the presented aspects are (a) literature review on the porous absorbers for OVARs, (b) literature review on solar furnace, and an innovative OVAR‐based solar convective furnace (SCF) for the heat treatment of aluminum, and (c) mechanism of transport and deposition of dust in an absorber pore. These reveal that (a) the design improvements are required, to enhance the thermal efficiency of OVARs, for an input power to air mass flow rate ratio exceeding 900 kJ/kg, (b) the SCF system, based on OVAR, is plausible, and (c) the dust deposition in an absorber pore may be mitigated. The findings will be useful for deployment and operation of the OVAR based systems in arid deserts.

This article is categorized under:

Solar Heating and Cooling > Science and Materials
Characterization of the nanomechanical properties of the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) cell surface by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Gibbs Ellie , Hsu Justine , Barth Kathryn , Goss John W.
Published: April 2021

Variations in cell wall composition and biomechanical properties can contribute to the cellular plasticity required during complex processes such as polarized growth and elongation in microbial cells. This study utilizes atomic force microscopy (AFM) to map the cell surface topography of fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, at the pole regions and to characterize the biophysical properties within these regions under physiological, hydrated conditions. High‐resolution images acquired from AFM topographic scanning reveal decreased surface roughness at the cell poles. Force extension curves acquired by nanoindentation probing with AFM cantilever tips under low applied force revealed increased cell wall deformation and decreased cellular stiffness (cellular spring constant) at cell poles (17 ± 4 mN/m) relative to the main body of the cell that is not undergoing growth and expansion (44 ± 10 mN/m). These findings suggest that the increased deformation and decreased stiffness at regions of polarized growth at fission yeast cell poles provide the plasticity necessary for cellular extension. This study provides a direct biophysical characterization of the S. pombe cell surface by AFM, and it provides a foundation for future investigation of how the surface topography and local nanomechanical properties vary during different cellular processes.
Animals in Our Midst: An Introduction
Authors: Keulartz Jozef , Bovenkerk Bernice
Published: April 2021

In this introduction we describe how the world has changed for animals in the Anthropocene—the current age, in which human activities have influenced the planet on a scale never seen before. In this era, we find many different types of animals in our midst: some—in particular livestock—are both victims of and unwittingly complicit in causing the Anthropocene. Others are forced to respond to new environmental conditions. Think of animals that due to climate change can no longer survive in their native habitats or wild animals that in response to habitat loss and fragmentation are forced to live in urban areas. Some animals are being domesticated or in contrast de-domesticated, and yet others are going extinct or in contrast are being resurrected. These changing conditions have led to new tensions between humans and other animals. How can we shape our relationships with all these different animals in a rapidly changing world in such a way that both animal welfare and species diversity are not further affected? We describe how animal ethics is changing in these trying times and illustrate the impacts of Anthropocene conditions on animals by zooming in on one country where many problems, such as biodiversity loss and landscape degradation, converge, the Netherlands. We conclude by giving an overview of the different chapters in this volume, which are organised into five parts: animal agents, domesticated animals, urban animals, wild animals and animal artefacts.
Introduction to the special issue: value sensitive design: charting the next decade
Authors: Friedman Batya , Harbers Maaike , Hendry David G. , van den Hoven Jeroen , Jonker Catholijn , Logler Nick
Published: April 2021

In this article, we introduce the Special Issue, Value Sensitive Design: Charting the Next Decade, which arose from a week-long workshop hosted by Lorentz Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, November 14–18, 2016. Forty-one researchers and designers, ranging in seniority from doctoral students to full professors, from Australia, Europe, and North America, and representing a wide range of academic fields participated in the workshop. The first article in the special issue puts forward eight grand challenges for value sensitive design to help guide and shape the field. It is followed by 16 articles consisting of value sensitive design nuggets—short pieces of writing on a new idea, method, challenge, application, or other concept that engages some aspect of value sensitive design. The nuggets are grouped into three clusters: theory, method, and applications. Taken together the grand challenges and nuggets point the way forward for value sensitive design into the next decade and beyond.
Just society
Authors: Sarin Rakesh K.
Published: April 2021

I examine the foundations of a just society using the lens of decision theory. The conception of just society is from an individual’s viewpoint: where would I rather live if I have an equal chance of being any individual? Three alternative designs for a just society are examined. These are: laissez-faire, maximin and social minimum. Two assumptions about human nature clarify the distinction among three societies. The first assumption is that a representative individual’s utility function is concave. The second assumption recognizes that redistribution to achieve equality reduces total wealth. A rational individual would prefer a society where one is free to maximize one’s expected utility. A social minimum that includes both the provision of essential human needs and equality of opportunity (education, healthcare, access to capital) for a flourishing life emerges as a candidate solution for the basic structure of society.
The number but not the variety of nonprofit organizations affects donations: evidence from an experiment
Authors: Degli Antoni Giacomo , Faillo Marco
Published: April 2021

We provide experimental evidence on the total and the per-capita amount of collected donations at the increase of the number and variety of organizations available for donations. We vary the number of organizations, their type (nonprofit associations and community foundations) and their charitable purposes (to help people with economic difficulties or disabilities). We show that the number, but not the variety, of nonprofit organizations positively affects the total collected donations. Moreover, we find that, when the number of organizations increases, the inelasticity of total donations to the increase in the number of organizations leads to a reduction in the average amount of collected donations.
Oligodendroglial GABAergic Signaling: More Than Inhibition!
Authors: Bai Xianshu , Kirchhoff Frank , Scheller Anja
Published: April 2021

GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS acting at two distinct types of receptor: ligand-gated ionotropic GABAA receptors and G protein-coupled metabotropic GABAB receptors, thus mediating fast and slow inhibition of excitability at central synapses. GABAergic signal transmission has been intensively studied in neurons in contrast to oligodendrocytes and their precursors (OPCs), although the latter express both types of GABA receptor. Recent studies focusing on interneuron myelination and interneuron-OPC synapses have shed light on the importance of GABA signaling in the oligodendrocyte lineage. In this review, we start with a short summary on GABA itself and neuronal GABAergic signaling. Then, we elaborate on the physiological role of GABA receptors within the oligodendrocyte lineage and conclude with a description of these receptors as putative targets in treatments of CNS diseases.
Open Chance and Risk Management Process Supported by a Software Tool for Improving Urban Security
Authors: Finger Jörg , Ross Katharina , Häring Ivo , Restayn Elena-Maria , Siebold Uli
Published: April 2021

By now the 5-step risk and chance management process according to the generic ISO 31000 standard has been applied to a wide range of domains including organizational risk management, business continuity, safety and IT security management, as well as occupational safety. The paper motivates the context and need for an open, scalable and flexible urban (perceived) security and safety assessment and improvement process, showing that it should be applicable also at local community level. The basic ideas of the process include the division of risk and chance analysis and management (treatment) into defined phases which are addressed iteratively: (1) within a framing context, stakeholders and their objectives are identified; (2) chance events for reaching objectives or, as often more straightforward, risk events opposing objectives are identified; (3) these chances and risks on objectives are quantified in terms of probability and consequences on the identified objectives; (4) they are assessed regarding their context-sensitive societal acceptability; (5) improvement measures are selected and implemented. The process is iterated until all risks on objectives are sufficiently controlled, also the combination of risks. Concerning the methodology, a semi-formal modelling of the static and dynamic requirements of a tailored process based on ISO 31000 is provided, which in addition allows the formulation of minimum consistency and completeness requirements, e.g. for each objective at least one stakeholder and risk should be identified. For the urban domain, a classification of risk assessment techniques regarding their suitability for supporting the process is presented. A further focus is the efficient provision of best practice options for urban security enhancement. Based on the insights gained by the systematic modelling of the risk management process, a software tool was developed to facilitate the application of the process in participatory settings like round table discussions with stakeholders. The paper presents as use case the application of the tool-supported methodology in several discussion rounds within a residential district in a medium sized university town in Germany along with the discussion of the evaluations and findings. Thus, the applicability of the software-supported urban security risk management to the novel urban security domain is demonstrated. In summary, the approach is sufficiently transparent and flexible for fast summaries of round table discussions up to complex iterative decision and participatory scenarios, which have to consider multiple stakeholders and a large variety of possible urban security and safety enhancement options with a given urban context.
Fault detection technique for modified cascaded half-bridge multi-level inverter with polarity changer in pv grid system
Authors: Vyas Ujjval B , Shah Varsha A , S G Srivani
Published: April 2021

Multilevel Inverters (MLI) are a viable option for a filter-less and transformerless photovoltaic system for direct grid integration, reducing losses, space and cost provided the issues of control and reliability are resolved. A modified cascaded half-bridge MLI with polarity changer is proposed with a reduced number of switches, thereby reducing control complexity. The proposed converter is designed for both seven-level and nine-level topologies. Selective harmonic elimination has been adopted to switch converter and the transcendental equations are solved by the gravitational search algorithm. The THD for nine-level configuration is 7.94% and 5.86% with MPPT and DC source inputs, respectively. The analysis on the open-circuit fault of switches confirms the presence of only five critical switches irrespective of the number of increase in levels, thereby requiring only five redundant switches at the Polarity Changer. The output voltage waveform is subjected to multiresolution analysis for feature extraction of voltages under various irradiance and temperature conditions. A conditions based fault detection algorithm is developed based on the observations of energies of signals to detect the open circuit fault in switches. Based on the comparative analysis, the proposed converter has fewer controlled switches for nine levels or higher configurations than other topologies. Apart from this, the high reliability due to inherent fault isolation capability restricted to half-bridge compared to different MLI topologies shows its superiority. For a nine-level MLI proposed topology reduces the cost considering redundancies for FDI in range of 67–30% depending on the topology for comparision. The system is simulated using MATLAB –Simulink and further validated by experimental results.
Applied mineralogy of zirconium minerals: a case study of alkaline intrusion in SE-Brazil
Authors: Franco-Magalhães Ana Olivia Barufi , de Godoy Daniel Françoso
Published: April 2021

Brazil has important zirconium resources when compared with other countries. However, most of the zirconium production in Brazil occurs as coproduct of the mining and processing of heavy mineral sands for the titanium minerals. This paper reports mineral and technological characterization studies associated with an alkaline intrusion in SE-Brazil. The data were obtained in a complex local rock known as “caldasite,” probably formed during hydrothermal alteration associated with post-magmatic events. The results obtained by multi-element analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis, petrography and scanning electronic microscopy indicated that zirconium concentration is about 66 wt%, having zircon and baddeleyite as most relevant minerals; gibbsite and anatase are found in minor proportions. The mineral assemblage developed a complex rock texture and structure associated with hydrothermal fluids percolation indicated by remobilization of zirconium in primary rocks. Caldasite presented concentric growth banding texture, revealed by zircon nucleation and baddeleyite microcrystalline interlaying. Results obtained indicate that caldasite has a high potential as zirconium resource due to concentration and mineral associations.

Article Highlights

This paper focused on the results of several techniques of mineralogical and technological characterization applied in an enriched-zirconium rock formed during hydrothermal alteration in alkaline intrusion in SE-Brazil.

The results showed the rock is found in veins and has a mineral assemblage of zirconium, baddeleyite, gibbsite and anatase presented in a concentric growth banding texture.

ZrO2 content is about 66% and preliminary results indicated the rock has a high potential for industry application.
Secondary students’ values and perceptions of science-related careers: responses to vignette-based scenarios
Authors: Taber Keith S. , Billingsley Berry , Riga Fran
Published: April 2021

There has been concern about the attractiveness of science-based careers to many adolescent learners, and it has been suggested that school science may not always recognise or engage personal values that are important to young people in making life choices. The present study discusses interview comments made by upper secondary level students in England when 15 young people were asked to give their personal responses to brief vignettes describing scientific careers. Using an interview-about-scenarios approach, the students were asked about whether they would feel comfortable working in the scientific careers represented. The career areas were purposefully selected because they might be considered to potentially raise issues in relation to personal values or commitments that some students might hold. A range of student perceptions relating to the mooted careers were elicited (positive, negative and indifferent), but all of the participants raised issues that impacted on the acceptability or attractiveness of at least one of the mooted scientific careers, in terms of aspects of their own personal beliefs and values systems. It is recommended that teachers and career advisors should be aware of the range of value-related considerations that influence student views of science-related careers and should consider exploring aspects of science-based careers that link to values commonly shared by young people. This exploratory study also offers indications for directions for further research exploring how learners’ value systems impact upon their perceptions of science and scientific work.
Entropy dimension for deterministic walks in random sceneries
Authors: DOU DOU , PARK KYEWON KOH
Published: April 2021

Entropy dimension is an entropy-type quantity which takes values in
$[0,1]$
and classifies different levels of intermediate growth rate of complexity for dynamical systems. In this paper, we consider the complexity of skew products of irrational rotations with Bernoulli systems, which can be viewed as deterministic walks in random sceneries, and show that this class of models can have any given entropy dimension by choosing suitable rotations for the base system.
A Symmetric Function of Increasing Forests
Authors: Abreu Alex , Nigro Antonio
Published: April 2021

For an indifference graph G, we define a symmetric function of increasing spanning forests of G. We prove that this symmetric function satisfies certain linear relations, which are also satisfied by the chromatic quasisymmetric function and unicellular

$\textrm {LLT}$

polynomials. As a consequence, we give a combinatorial interpretation of the coefficients of the

$\textrm {LLT}$

polynomial in the elementary basis (up to a factor of a power of

$(q-1)$

), strengthening the description given in [4].
Utility of radiographic keyword abstraction for identification of misdiagnosed pneumonia
Authors: Albin Owen R. , Kaye Keith S.
Published: April 2021

Misdiagnosis of bacterial pneumonia is a leading cause of inappropriate antimicrobial use in hospitalized patients. We report a novel strategy of keyword abstraction from chest radiography transcripts that reliably identified patients with pneumonia misdiagnosis and opportunities for antibiotic discontinuation and/or de-escalation.
Consumption of dairy products and CVD risk: results from the French prospective cohort NutriNet-Santé
Authors: Sellem Laury , Srour Bernard , Jackson Kim G. , Hercberg Serge , Galan Pilar , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle , Julia Chantal , Fezeu Léopold , Deschasaux-Tanguy Mélanie , Lovegrove Julie A. , Touvier Mathilde
Published: April 2021

In France, dairy products contribute to dietary saturated fat intake, of which reduced consumption is often recommended for CVD prevention. Epidemiological evidence on the association between dairy consumption and CVD risk remains unclear, suggesting either null or inverse associations. This study aimed to investigate the associations between dairy consumption (overall and specific foods) and CVD risk in a large cohort of French adults. This prospective analysis included participants aged ≥18 years from the NutriNet-Santé cohort (2009–2019). Daily dietary intakes were collected using 24-h dietary records. Total dairy, milk, cheese, yogurts, fermented and reduced-fat dairy intakes were investigated. CVD cases (n1952) included cerebrovascular disease (n878 cases) and CHD (n1219 cases). Multivariable Cox models were performed to investigate associations. This analysis included 104 805 French adults (mean age at baseline 42·8 (sd14·6) years, mean follow-up 5·5 (sd3·0) years, i.e. 579 155 person-years). There were no significant associations between dairy intakes and total CVD or CHD risks. However, the consumption of at least 160 g/d of fermented dairy (e.g. cheese and yogurts) was associated with a reduced risk of cerebrovascular diseases compared with intakes below 57 g/d (hazard ratio = 0·81 (95 % CI 0·66, 0·98),Ptrend= 0·01). Despite being a major dietary source of saturated fats, dairy consumption was not associated with CVD or CHD risks in this study. However, fermented dairy was associated with a lower cerebrovascular disease risk. Robust randomised controlled trials are needed to further assess the impact of consuming different dairy foods on CVD risk and potential underlying mechanisms.
The Interaction of Structural Factors and Diffusion in Social Unrest: Evidence from the Swing Riots
Authors: Aidt Toke , Leon-Ablan Gabriel
Published: April 2021

Studies of the causes of social unrest typically focus on structural factors or diffusion. This article demonstrates the importance of considering their interaction and reveals a complex interplay between the two. This interaction is examined in the context of the English Swing riots of 1830–1831, in which it is possible to observe the structural factors relevant to each specific incident; this is often impossible when analyzing more recent cases of unrest. The authors find that the riots were triggered by economic factors and that diffusion more than tripled the direct effect of changes in local factors. Economic factors and the presence of potential riot leaders made an area more susceptible to the incoming diffusion of riots. The ways in which structural factors and diffusion interact is relevant to both historical and recent instances of social unrest.
Allocation of Artificial Hearts in the Year 2002: Minerva v. National Health Agency
Authors: Annas George J.
Published: April 2021

The rapid growth of medical technology gives rise to difficult dilemmas concerning the appropriateness of, and access to, new equipment and devices capable of maintaining life or improving its quality. Such a dilemma already exists, for example, with regard to kidney dialysis machines. In 1972, Congress amended the Social Security Act to make such machines available under Medicare to all who needed them. But almost immediately the overwhelming cost of such equipment—in the billions of dollars—made the original appropriations totally inadequate, and prompted serious questions of whether access to kidney dialysis should be made available at public expense—and, if so, to whom.

This Comment takes the reader 25 years into the future through the medium of a hypothetical U.S. Supreme Court decision** regarding a federal health agency's regulations that establish a system for allocating artificial hearts to those whose lives can be lengthened by implantation. The author assumes that a national health insurance system has been enacted and implemented, that all physicians are employees of the federal government, and that the enabling legislation has placed broad powers in the hands of the federal government to regulate the development and allocation of scarce and expensive medical resources. The opinions of the various Supreme Court Justices reflect a broad range of legal and ethical viewpoints, and—in keeping with the difficult, indeed frightening, life-or-death issues involved—are often intensely personal in nature.
Placebo Therapy and the Law: Prescribe With Care
Authors: Kapp Marshall B.
Published: April 2021

The use of placebos by physicians for therapeutic purposes is a common part of clinical medical practice. This Article examines the legal and ethical ramifications of placebo prescription. In particular, ethical concerns are related to substantive legal theories that may be advanced to attack or defend the practice of placebo therapy in particular cases. The author concludes that, under certain strictly denned circumstances, the use of placebos in patient care is ethically and legally justifiable. However, from any perspective, the rights and duties inherent in the physician-patient relationship must be respected by the physician when considering the clinical use of placebos.
Practitioners respond to John Flowerdew's ‘The linguistic disadvantage of scholars who write in English as an additional language: Myth or reality’
Authors: Brereton Peter , Cousins Emily Yuko
Published: April 2021

In his 2016 articles (Hyland, 2016a, 2016b), Ken Hyland makes a case for what he terms the ‘myth of linguistic injustice’, calling into question the assumption that ‘non-native’ users of English are at a linguistic disadvantage compared with their ‘native’ counterparts when writing for publication. In response, Flowerdew (2019) argues that Hyland is mistaken in categorically dismissing the extra challenges inherent in academic writing in an additional language, suggesting that while all academic writers may face a common set of challenges, ‘EAL [English as additional language] writers have an additional set of linguistic challenges, which do not apply (to such an extent) to L1 writers’ (p. 257). Here, we aim primarily to respond to Flowerdew yet, as his ideas are intrinsically intertwined with Hyland's initial claims, our article is unavoidably and necessarily a response to both writers and an attempt to contribute to the ongoing and wider discussion of native-speakerism and notions of speakerhood based on our own professional and personal experiences.
Covid Conversations 2: Anne Bogart
Authors: Bogart Anne , Shevtsova Maria
Published: April 2021

Maintaining and nurturing an ensemble theatre have been Anne Bogart’s foremost concerns in these past near-thirty years since she and Tadashi Suzuki founded the Saratoga International Theatre Institute (SITI) in 1992. Suzuki had established the Suzuki Company of Toga (SCOT) in 1976, making a secluded mountainous landscape of Japan its home to this day. Bogart’s venture in the United States, although inspired by Suzuki’s model of a production-based troupe of high artistic standards that, at the same time, developed its unique training methods, by no means merely duplicates its predecessor. In this Covid Conversation, Bogart briefly maps a segment of SITI’s history, reflecting on the company’s inter-arts endeavours with differing dance idioms and its engagement with Greek tragedy. She discusses the effects of the Covid pandemic on her troupe, also interrupting its performances of The Bacchae at the Guthrie Theatre in Minneapolis. Her most recent opera production, Tristan and Isolde, was closed for the same reason at the Croatian National Theatre – a key work in her portfolio of nineteenth-century grand opera as well as contemporary avant-garde opera. An acclaimed theatre director, Anne Bogart runs and teaches the Graduate Directing Programme at Columbia University in New York. At the SITI summer school in Saratoga, she and the company have workshopped the Viewpoints method that she has elaborated from Mary Overlie’s six principles for theatre and dance training. Bogart’s international workshops have further developed her method. She is the author of A Director Prepares (Routledge, 2001) and of many influential books that include (with Tina Landau) The Viewpoints Book (Theatre Communications Group, 2004). The Art of Resonance is forthcoming (2021, Bloomsbury). Maria Shevtsova is the Editor of New Theatre Quarterly whose most recent book is Rediscovering Stanislavsky (Cambridge University Press, 2020). The following conversation took place on 27 August 2020, was transcribed by Kunsang Kelden, and was edited by Maria Shevtsova. It is followed by a short coda announcing the transition of SITI into a resource centre.
The origin of the lattice thermal conductivity enhancement at the ferroelectric phase transition in GeTe
Authors: Dangić Đorđe , Hellman Olle , Fahy Stephen , Savić Ivana
Published: April 2021

The proximity to structural phase transitions in IV-VI thermoelectric materials is one of the main reasons for their large phonon anharmonicity and intrinsically low lattice thermal conductivity κ. However, the κ of GeTe increases at the ferroelectric phase transition near 700 K. Using first-principles calculations with the temperature dependent effective potential method, we show that this rise in κ is the consequence of negative thermal expansion in the rhombohedral phase and increase in the phonon lifetimes in the high-symmetry phase. Strong anharmonicity near the phase transition induces non-Lorentzian shapes of the phonon power spectra. To account for these effects, we implement a method of calculating κ based on the Green-Kubo approach and find that the Boltzmann transport equation underestimates κ near the phase transition. Our findings elucidate the influence of structural phase transitions on κ and provide guidance for design of better thermoelectric materials.
Effectiveness of 2D radiographs in detecting CBCT-based incidental findings in orthodontic patients
Authors: Choi Jin-Young , Oh Song Hee , Kim Seong-Hun , Ahn Hyo-Won , Kang Yoon-Goo , Choi Yong-Suk , Kook Yoon-Ah , Nelson Gerald
Published: April 2021

Some craniofacial diseases or anatomical variations are found in radiographic images taken for other purposes. These incidental findings (IFs) can be detected in orthodontic patients, as various radiographs are required for orthodontic diagnosis. The radiographic data of 1020-orthodontic patients were interpreted to evaluate the rates of IFs in three-dimensional (3D) cone-beam-computed tomography (CBCT) with a large field of view (FOV) and investigate the effectiveness and accuracy of two-dimensional (2D) radiographs for detecting IFs compared to CBCT. Prevalence and accuracy in five areas was measured for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). The accuracies of various 2D-radiograph were compared through a proportion test. A total of 709-cases (69.5%) of 1020-subjects showed one or more IFs in CBCT images. Nasal cavity was the most affected area. Based on the CBCT images as a gold standard, different accuracies of various 2D-radiographs were observed in each area of the findings. The highest accuracy was confirmed in soft tissue calcifications with comprehensive radiographs. For detecting nasal septum deviations, postero-anterior cephalograms were the most accurate 2D radiograph. In cases the IFs were not determined because of its ambiguity in 2D radiographs, considering them as an absence of findings increased the accuracy.
Gibbon strategies in a food competition task
Authors: Sánchez-Amaro Alejandro , Ball Robert , Rossano Federico
Published: April 2021

Social primates face conflicts of interest with other partners when their individual and collective interests collide. Despite living in small, primarily bonded, groups compared to other social primates, gibbons are not exempt from these conflicts in their everyday lives. In the current task, we asked whether dyads of gibbons would solve a conflict of interest over food rewards. We presented dyads of gibbons with a situation in which they could decide whether to take an active role and pull a handle to release food rewards at a distance or take a passive role and avoid action. In this situation, the passive partner could take an advantageous position to obtain the rewards over the active partner. Gibbons participated in three conditions: a control condition with no food rewards, a test condition with indirect food rewards and a test condition with direct food rewards. In both test conditions, five rewards were released at a distance from the handle. In addition, the active individual could obtain one extra food reward from the handle in the direct food condition. We found that gibbons acted more often in the two conditions involving food rewards, and waited longer in the indirect compared to the direct food condition, thus suggesting that they understood the task contingencies. Surprisingly, we found that in a majority of dyads, individuals in the active role obtained most of the payoff compared to individuals in the passive role in both food conditions. Furthermore, in some occasions individuals in the active role did not approach the location where the food was released. These results suggest that while gibbons may strategize to maximize benefits in a competitive food task, they often allowed their partners to obtain better rewards. Our results highlight the importance of social tolerance and motivation as drivers promoting cooperation in these species.
Reduction of microwave ablation needle related metallic artifacts using virtual monoenergetic images from dual-layer detector spectral CT in a rabbit model with VX2 tumor
Authors: Wang Guorong , Gao Qinzong , Wang Zhiwei , Lu Xiaomei , Yu Shenghui , Jin Zhengyu
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the study was to investigate the application of virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs) in reducing metal artifacts in rabbit VX2 liver cancer models treated with microwave ablation (MWA) therapy. A total of 31 VX2 liver cancer models that accepted CT-guided percutaneous microwave ablation were analyzed. Conventional images (CIs) with the most severe metallic artifacts and their corresponding energy levels from 40 to 200 keV with 10 keV increment of VMIs were reconstructed for further analysis. Objective image analysis was assessed by recording the attenuation (HU) and standard deviation of the most severe hyper/hypodense artifacts as well as artifact-impaired liver parenchyma tissue. Two radiologists visually evaluated the extent of artifact reduction, assessed data obtained by a diagnostic evaluation of liver tissues, and appraised the appearance of new artifacts according to the grade score. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the difference between CIs and each energy level of VMIs. For subjective assessment, reductions in hyperdense and hypodense artifacts were observed at 170–200 keV and 160–200 keV, respectively. The outcomes of the diagnostic evaluation of adjacent liver tissue were statistically higher at 140–200 keV for VMIs than for CIs. In terms of objective evaluation results, VMIs at 90–200 keV reduced the corrected attenuation of hyperdense and of artifact-impaired liver parenchyma compared with CIs (P < 0.001). When VMIs at 80–200 keV decreased the hypodense artifacts (P < 0.001). Therefore, we concluded that VMIs at 170–200 keV can obviously decrease the microwave ablation needle-related metal artifacts objectively and subjectively in rabbit VX2 liver cancer models.
A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials on the impact of oral vitamin C supplementation on first-year outcomes in orthopedic patients
Authors: Hung Kuo-Chuan , Chiang Min-Hsien , Wu Shao-Chun , Chang Ying-Jen , Ho Chun-Ning , Wang Li-Kai , Chen Jen-Yin , Chen Kee-Hsin , Sun Cheuk-Kwan
Published: April 2021

This meta-analysis aimed at investigating the impact of oral vitamin C supplementation on the post-procedural recovery of orthopedic patients, including functional outcomes and complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I). Literature search using the Medline, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases from inception till March 2021 identified seven eligible randomized controlled trials with 1,361 participants. Forest plot revealed no significant difference in the functional outcomes at 6–12 months [standardized mean difference (SMD) = −0.00, 95% CI − 0.19 to 0.18, 467 patients], risk of overall complications (RR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.39, 426 patients), and pain severity at 3–6 months (SMD = − 0.18, 95% CI − 0.49 to 0.12, 486 patients) between patients with and without oral vitamin C supplementation. Pooled analysis showed that vitamin C treatment reduced the risk of CRPS I regardless of dosage (RR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.85, 1143 patients). In conclusion, the current meta-analysis demonstrated that oral vitamin C supplementation may reduce the risk of complex regional pain syndrome type I but did not improve the functional outcomes in orthopedic patients. Nevertheless, because of the small number of trials included in the present study, further large-scale clinical studies are warranted to support our findings.
Author Correction: Temporal and spatial Mycobacterium bovis prevalence patterns as evidenced in the All Wales Badgers Found Dead (AWBFD) survey of infection 2014–2016
Authors: Schroeder Paul , Hopkins Beverley , Jones Jeff , Galloway Terry , Pike Ryan , Rolfe Simon , Hewinson Glyn
Published: April 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.