bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P‐114: The Application of Photoalignment on Fringe Field Switching Cells
Authors: Lin Tzu‐Chieh , Chang Kai‐Han , Song YanJun , Hsieh ChungChing , Lo Chang‐Chen , Lee ChiaYu , Lien Shui‐Chih Alan , Hasebe Hiroshi , Takatsu Haruyoshi , Chien Liang‐Chy
Published: July 2015

A photoalignment technique used in preparation of fringe‐field‐switching (FFS) mode cells is presented. The azimuthal anchoring energy (AAE) of photoalignment is controllable by tuning the UV exposure condition and the value of AAE is as strong as that of the rubbing method. The electro‐optical properties of FFS cells are optimized with different electrode configurations and high quality dark states of various type of cells are achievedto provide the high contrast ratio. The great stability of voltage and thermal stress tests confirm that photoalignment is suitable for FFS/IPS applications.
P‐115: New Photoalignment Material: Azimuthal Anchoring Energy Decreases at Very High Photo‐Induced Order Parameters
Authors: Muravsky Alexander , Mikulich Vadim , Murauski Anatoli , Bezruchenko Veronika
Published: July 2015

We developed new azo‐dye photoalignment material with extremely high values of photoinduced anisotropy: order parameter S∼0.85, dichroic ratio DR∼17.5. Experiment reveals decrease of azimuthal anchoring energy for highly oriented azo‐dye layers, contradicting with regular expectations. High quality patterned λ/4 retarder based on RM mesogens with ∼3 µm pattern disclination width are obtained.
P‐80: Multiple Orthographic Image Interleaving for Generating Tilted Elemental Image Array with an Arbitrary Angle Directly
Authors: Chen Jun , Xiong Zhao‐Long , Luo Cheng‐Gao , Wang Qiong‐Hua
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we propose a computer‐generated integral imaging (CGII) method called multiple orthographic image interleaving (MOII) that used directly for generating tilted elemental image array (EIA) with an arbitrary angle. An orthographic view image array is obtained by rendering a three‐dimensional (3D) scene at certain positions inside a circle. After that, a pixel mapping algorithm is used to interleave the rendering results to form the tilted EIA with an arbitrary angle. The feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method are verified and analyzed through experiments. The experiment results show that the reconstructed 3D images have clear edge and have no distortion.
P‐163L: Late‐News Poster: The Influence of Spatial‐Light‐Modulator Parameters on the Quality of 3D Holographic Reconstructed Images
Authors: Zhang Yingxi , Liu Juan , Ma Xiao , Han Jian , Wang Yongtian
Published: July 2015

The influence of pixel shape of a spatial light modulator on the image quality of the reconstructed 3D object is analyzed. We make comparisons of pixel pitch and fill factor for different pixel shape cases. Results show that the circle pixel can improve the quality of the reconstructed image.
P‐86: High Reliability Flexible OLED Display with Side Seal ALD Film
Authors: Jimbo Yasuhiro , Tamatsukuri Yuki , Ito Minato , Yokoyama Kohei , Hirakata Yoshiharu , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: July 2015

A flexible organic light‐emitting diode display, fabricated using our transfer technology and provided with high‐quality passivation layers, demonstrates high reliability without being sealed with thick films that reduce productivity. To prevent moisture from entering the sides of the panel, the entire flexible display is coated with an aluminum oxide film using atomic layer deposition. The display survived 500 h of a 65°C, 95%RH preservation test, endured a 100,000‐time repetitive bending test with a curvature radius of 4 mm, and was found to have a pencil hardness of 4H.
P‐120: Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Holographic Displays using Doped Liquid Crystals
Authors: Li Xiao , Zhou Pengcheng , Li Yan , Chen Chao Ping , Jiang Xinhong , Hu Wei , Rong Na , Yuan Yachao , Liu Shuxin , Su Yikai
Published: July 2015

The temperature dependence of diffraction efficiency and response time in two holographic systems using doped liquid crystals (LC) is investigated. For dye‐doped LCs, the response time is generally robust to temperature variation but the diffraction efficiency is temperature‐sensitive; whereas, the QD‐doped LC remains robust for both characteristics around room temperature.
P‐183L: Late‐News Poster: Design of Light Diffusion Film with Bent Structure for Reflective Displays
Authors: Kusama Kentaro , Ishinabe Takahiro , Katagiri Baku , Orui Tomoo , Shoshi Satoru , Fujikake Hideo
Published: July 2015

In this study, bent structure and two‐step irradiation technique were investigated to optimize the internal refractive‐index distribution structure of a diffusion film used for reflective displays. The resulting triple‐layer film configuration exhibited a wide viewing angle and improved utilization efficiency of ambient light
P‐8: Investigating the Degradation Behaviors for Bottom/Top Gate Sweep under Negative Bias Illumination Stress in Dual Gate InGaZnO Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Tsai Ming‐Yen , Chang Ting‐Chang , Chu Ann‐Kuo , Hsieh Tien‐Yu , Chen Ching‐En , Chen Hua‐Mao , Liao Po‐Yung , Chen Bo‐Wei , Yang Yu‐Xin , Chen Kuo‐Kuang , Shih Tsung‐Hsiang , Lu Hsueh‐Hsing
Published: July 2015

This paper investigates illuminated negative bottom/top gate bias effect‐induced degradation behavior in the bottom/top gate sweep for dual gate a‐InGaZnO thin film transistors. The oncurrent conduction behavior in the top gate sweep was attributed to diffusion current, which is dominated by the source side barrier. It was also found that the degradation behaviors are completely different in the bottom and top gate sweep, regardless of bottom gate or top gate stress. When negative bias is applied on the bottom gate under illumination, the degradation behaviors are dominated by hole‐trapping in the gate insulator. However, the degradation behaviors are dominated by holetrapping in the etch‐stop layer when NBIS is operated on the top gate terminal. The different locations of these hole‐trapping regions cause the respective degradation behavior in the bottom/top gate sweep.
P‐12: A Study on the Characteristics of Crystalline Indium‐Gallium‐Zinc‐Oxide TFTs
Authors: Park Kyung , Shin Hyun Soo , Bae Jonguk , Kwon Jang‐Yeon
Published: July 2015

IGZO thin films were crystallized by annealing with the aim of a high device performance. The electrical properties and reliability under various stress conditions of crystalline‐IGZO (c‐IGZO) TFTs were investigated, compared to conventional amorphous‐IGZO (a‐IGZO). In addition, effects of IGZO thickness on the electrical properties of c‐IGZO were also studied.
P‐91: Enabling a Low Circadian Rhythm Impact Lighting on Basis of Candle Light Giving OLEDs
Authors: Jou Jwo‐Huei , Kumar Sudhir , An Chih‐Chia , Chen Szu‐Hao , Shih Sheng‐Hsu , Lin Shang‐Chih
Published: July 2015

Long exposure of blue‐enriched white light to eyes has been confirmed to cause public health issue, including retina damage, circadian disruption, breast cancer, and artwork discoloring. To minimize blue hazards and maximize visual comfort, we devise a ‘candle light’ emitting OLED with a high‐color rendering index and a high‐spectrum resemblance index at around 1,900K with high‐band low color‐temperature blackbody‐radiation complementary emitters.
P‐17: High Mobility ITZO BCE Type TFTs for AMOLED Applications
Authors: Liu Fengjuan , Wang Dongfang , Xin Longbao , Yan Liangchen , Wang Meili , Yuan Guangcai , Wang Gang
Published: July 2015

BCE type oxide semiconductor TFTs with high mobility and high photo reliability has been developed using ITZO as a channel material. The mobility was over 25 cm2/Vs and the threshold voltage shifts of BITS were successfully reduced to 0.4V. Furthermore, a 14inch AMOLED plane based on ITZOBCE TFTs was fabricated.
P‐92: Orientational Ordering of Nematic Liquid Crystal Aligned with a Directly Spinnable Carbon Nanotube Web
Authors: Lee Hyojin , Lee Ji‐Hoon , Huynh Chi P. , Hawkins Stephen C. , Musameh Mustafa , Choi Jonghyun
Published: July 2015

We studied about the orientational ordering of liquid crystal (LC) aligned with a carbon‐nanotube (CNT) web and its temperature dependence. The CNT web works as an alignment layer as well as an electrode. The LC molecules were aligned along the drawing direction of the CNT web but the order parameter S of the unrubbed CNT web sample was lower than the polyimide (PI) sample. To improve S of the CNT web sample, we directly rubbed the CNT web. S of the rubbed CNT web sample was nearly same with the PI sample and also showed similar temperature dependence. We also measured voltage‐transmittance curve and the residual dc of the CNT web sample. The CNT web sample showed a good electrooptical modulation of the retardation and smaller residual dc than the PI sample.
P‐20: The Effect of Oxide‐TFT Design on Voltage‐Threshold Shift
Authors: Wang Xiaolin , XingYao  , Qin Wei , Zhang Hui , Xiao Li , Um Yoonsung , Peng Kuanjun , IM Yunsik , Jun Jungmok
Published: July 2015

The threshold voltage (Vth) instability of oxide TFT is the largest hindrance to mass production. Stability improvement mainly focuses on the material and the process adjustment. Results in this study show that reasonable designs (such as floating SD, IGZO separation, etc.)reduce Vth shift. The influence mechanism of TFT shape to Vth shift is discussed in this paper.
P‐24: Optimization of the Fabrication Process for Bridged‐Grain Metal Induced Crystallization TFTs
Authors: Chen Rongsheng , Zhou Wei , Zhang Meng , Xia Zhihe , Wong Man , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: July 2015

Bridged‐grain (BG) metal induced crystallization (MIC) thin film transistor (TFTs) technology has great potential to realize next generation high resolution and large size flat‐panel displays. The required time for MIC crystallization process of amorphous silicon (a‐Si) thin film is typically about 10 hours in inert atmosphere. In this paper we proposed two optimized schemes for BG‐MIC TFTs to improve the device performance and reduce the process time.
P‐151L: Late‐News Poster: Printing Pixel Circuits on Light Emitting Diode Array for AMLED Displays
Authors: Li Huaping , Yang Man , Liu Hongyu , Tang Yifan , Guo Wenmin , Smolinski Kris
Published: July 2015

An active matrix light emitting display module integrated with carbon nanotubes control circuits was fully printed. The high performance of super pure single‐]chirality carbon nanotube TFT provides super bright and low power consumption technologies for indoor and outdoor augmented reality that are highly desirable for civil and military display applications.
P‐98: A New Blue‐Pixel Design for Improving the Side View Performance
Authors: Kang Chih‐Tsung , Chen Li‐Xuan , Zhang Yun
Published: July 2015

We propose a new kind of low color shift design (LCS). With normal pixel structure, LCD panel can keep transmittance and with spatial blue pixels signal conversion it can improve side view performance and washout phenomenon. Results and details of such spatial LCS have been observed and evaluated.
P‐27: Diffractive Color Splitter for High‐Efficiency Liquid‐Crystal Displays
Authors: Dominguez‐Caballero Jose A. , Nagel James R. , Takagi Akihiro , Parikh Kunjal , Mohammad Nabil , Economou Nicholas , Ramos‐Murillo Erick , Menon Rajesh
Published: July 2015

Absorptive color filters in LCDs reject more than 70% of their incident light. Here, we designed, fabricated and characterized a high‐efficiency diffractive color‐splitter that is able to redirect light into the Red, Green and Blue color sub‐pixels, and thereby improve light transmission in liquid crystal displays by over 30%.
P‐100: Novel Method of Curved Display Cell Gap Measurement
Authors: Kao Wang‐Shuo , Sung Wenfang , Chen Kuan‐Hsun , Cheng Yun
Published: July 2015

We develop a method to correctly measure the cell gap when the panel is curved. Through our hardware design and modified calculation model of software, the accuracy and reproducibility are well presented as expected. The behavior difference between curved and flat display could be understood via this confident measurement method
P‐32: Impact of 3D Visualization Conditions on the Contrast Sensitivity Function
Authors: Rousson Johanna , Haar Jérémy , Piepers Bastian , Platiša Ljiljana , Kimpe Tom , Philips Wilfried
Published: July 2015

Calibration algorithms of medical displays require knowledge of the contrast sensitivity function (CSF). Although 3D image formats are increasingly being employed in medical market, few studies have been devoted to the assessment of the 3D CSF. To explore the impact of 3D visualization conditions on the CSF, seventeen observers participated in a 3‐down 1‐up staircase study. Computed medians and results of Friedman test suggested that the 3D CSF might differ from the 2D CSF. Consequently, new calibration algorithms may need to be implemented; further investigation is ongoing.
P‐103: Improvement of Dark State Light Leakage in ADS Mode LCDs
Authors: You Jaegeon , Jia Qian , Yang Yafeng , Kim Kiman , Zhang Yu , Qin Guangkui , Suzuki Teruaki , Hui Guanbao , Yao Jikai
Published: July 2015

In the paper, we have improved the dark state light leakage caused by glass retardation from average level 2.4 to level 1.2 in ADS mode LCDs. We proposed several methods to reduce light leakage, including how to reduce stress between PS and array substrate and LC optical retardation .nd optimization. All these proposed methods can be explained by glass stress and photo elastic theory.
P‐106: A Novel Simulation Method in In‐Plane Switching Mode Panel with Considering Light Scattering Behavior
Authors: Okumoto Kazunori , Tsuchiya Tsuyoshi , Yonemura Koji , Nagano Shingo , Tanina Osamu , Yuuki Akimasa , Fujino Toshiaki , Satake Tetsuya
Published: July 2015

We have investigated light scattering behavior in In‐Plane Switching mode panel and have built up the optical simulation method. It will enable to simulate the luminance of black level over viewing angle quantitatively. We have developed 10.25" In‐Plane Switching mode TFT‐LCD with wide viewing angle by use of the simulation method.
P‐43: New Pixel Circuit to Improve Current Uniformity for High‐Resolution AMOLED Displays
Authors: Lin Chih‐Lung , Lai Po‐Chun , Deng Ming‐Yang
Published: July 2015

This work presents a new pixel circuit based on low temperature polysilicon thin‐film transistor (LTPS‐TFT) for active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode (AMOLED) displays. This circuit compensates for variations of threshold voltage (VTH) and mobility of TFTs and utilizes the parallel addressing scheme to extend the compensation time for ensuring the feasibility of application for high resolution displays. Based on the simulation results, the relative current error rates of proposed driving scheme are all lower than 2.1% for 0.5V VTH variations of TFTs and are all lower than 2.5% for 30% mobility variations of TFTs, showing effective compensation for variations of threshold voltage and mobility of TFTs.
P‐44: New Pixel Circuit with Simple Driving Scheme for Active‐Matrix Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Displays
Authors: Lin Chih‐Lung , Chen Po‐Syun , Shieh Ping‐Shiao
Published: July 2015

This work presents a new pixel circuit with a structure of four low‐temperature polycrystalline‐silicon (LTPS) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) and one capacitor for active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode (AMOLED) displays. The proposed pixel circuit is capable of compensation for threshold voltage (VTH) variations of driving TFT with only one scan signal in one step. Furthermore, the OLED is reverse‐biased in programming step to avoid flicker phenomenon. The simulation results show that the current deviations caused by VTH variations of TFTs are below 5%.
P‐111: Distinguished Student Poster: An LCD with OLED‐like Luminance Distribution
Authors: Gao Yating , Luo Zhenyue , Zhu Ruidong , Hong Qi , Wu Shin‐Tson , Li Ming‐Chun , Lee Seok‐Lyul , Tsai Wen‐Ching
Published: July 2015

We report a single‐domain LCD with quasi‐collimated backlight and freeform optics engineered diffuser. Such a novel LCD exhibits similar luminance distribution to OLED for the first time, while keeping high transmittance, high contrast ratio over the entire 80° viewing cone, indistinguishable color shift, low ambient reflection, and minimum off‐axis gray level distortion.
P‐184L: Late‐News Poster: Fluoro‐Polymer Coating to Protect Electronic Materials
Authors: Oya Akiko , Hanabusa Kakeru , Yamaguchi Hiroki , Kubota Kouji , Morita Masamichi
Published: July 2015

Digital signage, electronic paper, and even health care devices are being impacted by emerging display technologies. These electronic devices require protection from harsh environmental conditions. We will introduce developments in fluoro‐polymer thin films (less than 5µm) suitable for protecting electronic devices from harsh environments, while maintaining long‐term performance.
P‐53: Study on the Interface Between Passivation and Insulator Layer in TFT with Organic Process
Authors: Zhao Na , Shen Qiyu , Shi Gaofei , Xu Xufei , Wang Yijun , Song Jie , Han Jidong , Yin Yangzhi , Chen Dong , Che Chuncheng , Li Chengkui
Published: July 2015

This paper introduces a phenomenon named FPC peel off caused by the bad interference between passivation layer and gate insulator layer in TFT contained organic process. We investigated the relationship of this phenomenon with TFT array process and improved the interface characteristics through N2 Plasma and N2 flow skip in passivation deposition step. An optimized VIA hole design was also found which can achieve favourable FPC bonding condition.
P‐57: OLED Lighting Devices Fabricated by Flexography Printing of Silver Nanowire and Conducting Polymer
Authors: Furukawa Tadahiro , Kawamura Norifumi , Inoue Junichi , Nakada Hitoshi , Koden Mitsuhiro
Published: July 2015

Non‐ITO transparent electrode technology is one of the emerging key technologies for next generation flexible organic electronics devices. As a novel non‐ITO transparent electrode, we developed a transparent electrode with a stacking structure composed of silver nanowire and transparent conducting polymer by using flexography printing. In addition, OLED devices were successfully fabricated on the developed transparent electrodes.
P‐58: Highly Stable Organic Thin‐Film Transistor array Fabricated on Gorilla Glass Substrates using Direct Photolithography
Authors: YingtaoXie  , Ouyang Shihong , Wang Dongping , Zhu Dalong , Xu Xin , Tan Te , Lee Wen‐Ya , Bao Zhenan , Matthews James R. , Niu Weijun , Simonton Kristi L. , Myers Timothy E. , Bellman Robert A. , He Mingqian , Fong Hon Hang
Published: July 2015

Photolithography is applied to pattern PTDC16DPPTDC17FT4‐based organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) array on the ionexchanged NAS glass substrate with pattern features down to 10 µm. Result demonstrates high stability and excellent uniformity of bottom contact OTFT devices incorporated with a photopatternable polymer gate insulator over 2" × 2" Gorilla glass substrates.
P‐69: Compensation of View Profile for More Reliable Cross‐Talk Value of a Multi‐View 3D Display
Authors: Hwang Seondeok , Yoon Junghoon , Kang Kihyung
Published: July 2015

We propose a method to raise reliability of the cross‐talk value of a naked eye multi‐view 3D display. The limited measurement area of a contact‐type viewing angle measuring equipment and the difference in configuration of R/G/B color pixel which frames a view make difference at the level of luminance and make error in the cross‐talk value. We have compensated the difference.
P‐70: Novel Sparkling Quantification Method on TFT LCD
Authors: Chiang Yu‐Han , Hsu Ting‐Wei , Lin Shang‐Chiang , Liao Cheng‐Hsien , Su Jenn‐Jia
Published: July 2015

A novel sparkling measurement system with good human factor correlations is built up. The method not only shows extremely high linear relationship with a larger number of human eye observation results, but also shows higher degree of consistency than human eye. Therefore, it can substitute for common sparkling judgment method of single human eye test which has larger deviation. Furthermore, the system even can reveal the fact that high resolution and complex BM shape cell have worse sparkling degree.
P‐74: View‐Map Redesign Method for Optical Error Compensation By 3D Panel
Authors: Park Myung‐Soo , Kim Hye‐Jin , Chin Kyoung‐Ah , Kim Kil‐Tae , Park Joon‐Ha , Lim Kyoung‐Moon
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we introduce a method to correct a lenticular lens misalignment on an image panel for lenticular lens based multiview displays. The method is composed of the following two processes. The first process is to figure out whether any alignment error happens during the process of lens lamination on an image panel by observing the assembly from an optimum viewing distance (OVD). The second process is to redesign view‐map of the image panel. From our testing, we observed significant reduction of 3D crosstalk by applying the suggested view‐map correction method.
P‐129: Comprehensive Analysis of Luminous Decay Curves for Accelerated Lifetime Testing of OLEDs
Authors: Yoshioka Toshihiro , Sugimoto Kazunori , Ohata Hiroshi , Miyaguchi Satoshi , Tsutsui Tetsuo
Published: July 2015

We analyzed luminous degradation curves with the stretched‐exponential decay function to develop a lifetime prediction method. By using the proposed method, we succeeded in evaluating the lifetimes of several OLEDs on the basis of limited data sets obtained in a short test time.
P‐132: Solution Processable Optical Nanohybrid Films for Displays and Lighting
Authors: Luechinger Norman A. , Hartmeier Benjamin , Loher Stefan F. , Stubhan Tobias
Published: July 2015

We have developed novel solution‐processable optical nanohybrid materials which are based on metal oxide nanoparticles. By tuning the refractive index (n = 1.25 ‐1.95), the electrical conductivity and the haze of these materials, we demonstrate their use for dielectric mirrors, AR‐coatings and internal light outcoupling layers and discuss corresponding light extraction concepts for OLED devices.
P‐138: Metal Oxide Thin Films for Hole‐Injection Layers of Organic Emitting Diodes
Authors: Park Jaeun , Kim Deakyoung , Fu Yan , Chung Ho Kyoon , Chae Heeyeop
Published: July 2015

In order to replace PEDOT:PSS, solution processed metal oxide thin films, which are NiOx, MoOx and VOx, were developed for hole‐injection layers of OLED. MoOx and VOx have similar to device performance based on PEDOT. Specially, current efficiency of s‐MoOx layers was better than e‐MoOx layers by reducing current density in OLED.
48.2: Invited Paper: Recent Developments in IEC TC 110, Electronic Display Devices ‐ Reflecting Market Interests ‐
Authors: Hyodo Kei , Wang Baoping , Shibahara Yoshi , Uehara Shin
Published: July 2015

We discuss our recent activities in developing International Standards at IEC TC 110, Electronic Display Devices, through the adoption of new measuring methods in response to market trends such as flexible displays, laser displays and touch and interactive displays. We also discuss our prospects for future developments.
4.3: Ultra‐Thin LTPS‐TFT LCD by Using Glass‐on‐Carrier Technology
Authors: Chiao Shun‐Ping , Fan To‐Cheng , Chan Chun‐Hsiang , Liao Chi‐Hong , Lai Ying‐Hui , Lu Jen‐Kuei , Sugiura Norio
Published: July 2015

A glass on carrier technology was developed and applied to low temperature poly‐silicon (LTPS) TFT‐LCD. A newly optimized debonding layer SION successfully provided easily peeling of the glass from the carrier even after LTPS high temperature process. Finally an ultra thin LTPS TFT‐LCD whose total thickness is 0.915mm was realized by the glass on carrier technology.
P‐172L: Late‐News Poster: Enhanced Efficiency and Low Haze in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes by Nanoscale Corrugation
Authors: Hwang Ju Hyun , Lee Hyun Jun , Shim Yong Sub , Park Cheol Hwee , Jung Sun‐Gyu , Kim Kyu Nyun , Park Young Wook , Ju Byeong‐Kwon
Published: July 2015

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) with nanoscale corrugation for light extraction (NCLE) enhanced the current efficiency and power efficiency. The haze of the nanoscale corrugation for light extraction is comparable to that of bare glass. Furthermore, the OLEDs with NCLE exhibited angle‐stable electroluminescence (EL).
48.5: Optical Measuring Methods for Transparent Displays
Authors: Penczek John , Kelley Edward F. , Boynton Paul A.
Published: July 2015

A set of optical transmission measurements are put forth which can be used to determine the optical performance of transparent displays under arbitrary ambient lighting environments. The methodology measures the transmission coefficients in order to determine the on‐screen photometric and colorimetric characteristics of transmissive, emissive, and reflective displays. An LCD transparent display is used as an example to demonstrate these methods.
49.2: Image Sticking Reduction of Fringe Field Switching LCDs
Authors: Xu Daming , Peng Fenglin , Chen Haiwei , Yuan Jiamin , Wu Shin-Tson , Li Ming-Chun , Lee Seok-Lyul , Tsai Wen-Ching
Published: July 2015

We propose a kinetic model to characterize the image sticking phenomenon under nonuniform electric field in fringe field switching (FFS) LCDs by taking material properties and device parameters into account. This model agrees well with the experimental results. We investigate the voltage and temperature effects of image sticking based on this model. The image sticking of FFS cells employing positive and negative dielectric anisotropy LCs are compared and the physical mechanisms responsible for the observed differences are explained. In addition, methods for reducing the image sticking are discussed.
49.3: Analysis of Press Mura in Fringe Field Switching Liquid Crystal Display
Authors: Yeh Yu‐Ling , Cheng Hsiu‐Yin , Huang Chun‐Ru , Chen Yi‐Ching , Liao Pei‐Chun , Hsu Wen‐Hao
Published: July 2015

The formation mechanism of press mura in 2‐domain FFS‐LCD is investigated. We analyze LC directors by comparing the brightness with rotated polarizer and 3D simulation. The relation of press mura and pixel edge designs is also discussed. Additionally, the press‐mura phenomenon of negative LC is also reported.
49.4: A High Transmittance IPS LC Mode using a New Self‐Aligned Structure
Authors: Lee Sun‐Hwa , Park Haejun , Lee Cheolhwan , Lee Joon-Dong , Yang Joon-Young , Jun Myungchul , Kang In-Byeong , Yeo Sang‐Deog
Published: July 2015

In this study, we have developed high transmittance LCDs using a new self‐aligned electrode structure of the IPS LC mode. The transmittance of new IPS LCDs is 14% higher than that of AHIPS LCDs in both simulation and experimental results.
5.2: Simulation of Color Breakup Perception using Eye‐Tracking Data
Authors: Tada Minari , Hirai Keita , Horiuchi Takahiko
Published: July 2015

Color breakup (CBU) is an artifact caused by a field‐sequential color system. A proper understanding of the CBU‐perception mechanism is essential in order to develop high‐quality displays. This paper reports on the development of a precise simulator of CBU perception due to saccades using eye‐tracking data. In experiments conducted, actual eye speeds were measured through subjective experiments of CBU evaluation. The results indicate that the simulated CBU images based on eye‐tracking measurements realize higher reproducibility on human perception than the conventional approach.
40.3: Optimization of Host‐Dopant System for Realizing Efficient Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence OLEDs
Authors: Cho Ye Ram , Cha Seung Ji , Suh Min Chul
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we describe a promising way to realize highly efficient fluorescent OLEDs (Organic Light Emitting Diodes) via thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) mechanism. The resultant TADF OLEDs with optimized host‐dopant system showed comparable device performances and surpassed the limits of conventional fluorescent OLEDs.
P‐144: See‐Through Projection Screen and Display System
Authors: Su Zih‐Ying , Chen Cheng‐Huan , Yao Po‐Hung , Yang Wen‐Hsun , Chao Wei‐Chung , Lin Jian‐Jhih , Wu Daniel
Published: July 2015

A projection screen with scattering dot pattern covering only a part of the screen area and the majority of the area left clearly transparent has been proposed for see‐through display application. The scattering dot could be replaced with microstructure for redirecting scattering light path or controlling diverging angle for varied application scenario. The prototype of both scattering film and micro prism film have been made and demonstrated to show the desired performance by using commercial projector as the image source. A dedicated ultra‐short focus projector using LED on silicon as the image source is being developed in the mean time for the improvement of efficiency and form factor of the overall see‐through projection system.
P‐181L: Late‐News Poster: Color Sequential Front‐Lit LCOS for Wearable Displays
Authors: Chen Kuan‐Yu , Li Yuet‐Wing , Fan‐Chiang Kuan‐Hsu , Kuo Hung‐Chien , Tsai Hsien‐Chang
Published: July 2015

A color sequential front‐lit (CS‐FL) LCOS optical design, which brings advantages of wide color gamut, high resolution, and high contrast for wearable applications, is presented. On the basis of our recent color filter front‐lit (CF‐FL) LCOS experimental result, which delivers 100 nits/mW (i.e., 17,000 nits at 30 mA driving current of a dual‐chip LED), we demonstrated a new CS‐FL design of 116 nits/mW using RGB LED and converted green phosphor. The color non‐uniformity problem caused by separated individual RGB LED chips was solved by a hollow integrator rod and a sheet of diffuser. Furthermore, together with a mixer light guide (MLG) with grating, spatially averaged RGB light can have a much collimated angular intensity and uniform illuminance distribution to PBS light guide (PBSLG). Besides, the color luminance non‐uniformity (standard deviation of color difference) of this newly designed CS‐FL can reduced 11% compared to that of the original CF‐FL.
51.3: A Mobility Enhancing Method Adopting A Multi‐Active Layer Structure in Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Tsai Ming‐Yen , Chang Ting‐Chang , Chu Ann‐Kuo , Hsieh Tien‐Yu , Chen Ching‐En , Chen Hua‐Mao , Liao Po‐Yung , Chen Bo‐Wei , Yang Yu‐Xin , Chen Kuo‐Kuang , Shih Tsung‐Hsiang , Lu Hsueh‐Hsing , Huang Hui‐Chun , Gan Der‐Shin
Published: July 2015

This letter demonstrates a mobility enhancing method using a multi‐active layer structure in oxide TFTs. The active layers are deposited in sequence according to their different conductivities, which can be performed with different materials or different process conditions. The multi‐active layer comprises bottom, middle, and top layers, forming a carrier‐confinement structure. The middle layer has a higher carrier concentration, while bottom and top layers have lower ones. In this way, the main channel current flows through the middle layer, and this avoidance of the gate insulator/active layer and active layer/passivation interface leads to higher mobility. In this work, the multi‐layer oxide TFTs shows better mobility of 46.5 cm2/Vs when compared to any single layer.
6.4: Local Tone Mapping Based Dynamic Backlight Algorithm
Authors: Chesnokov Viacheslav , Tusch Michael , Steder Thorsten , De Silva Varuna
Published: July 2015

A new method of dynamic backlight control, based on Local Tone Mapping, which avoids traditional dynamic and static artifacts, is introduced and is compared quantitatively with currently deployed CABC approaches. This paper also describes a methodology, based on user studies, for quantifying the tradeoff between perceptual image quality and power saving in content‐adaptive backlight controlling systems.
51.4: Invited Paper: High Performance Flexible TFTs from Oxide/Carbon Heterostructures
Authors: Liu Yuan , Liao Lei , Huang Yu , Duan Xiangfeng
Published: July 2015

Transparent oxide has attracted increasing interest as a new TFT material, but is limited by relatively low electronic performance and poor mechanical flexibility. Here we will discuss the use of oxide /carbon nanotube composite and oxide/graphene vertical heterostructures to achieve TFTs with greatly improved electronic characteristics and unprecedented mechanical flexibility.
52.2 Non‐Destructive Analyses of Operational Degradation of OLED Devices
Authors: Miyamae Takayuki , Takada Noriyuki , Yoshioka Toshihiro , Miyaguchi Satoshi , Ohata Hiroshi , Okumoto Hajime , Yahiro Masayuki , Tsutsui Yuko , Adachi Chihaya , Tsutsui Tetsuo
Published: July 2015

Non‐destructive analyses are conducted on the intrinsic degradation of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). After longterm operation, sum‐frequency spectroscopy reveals changes in the molecular orientation. Furthermore, change in the mobility of the OLEDs can be evaluated from impedance spectroscopy. Carrier trap behavior is also investigated via thermally stimulated current spectroscopy.
7.4: A Slim Border Design for Wearable Display: Using Novel P‐Type Shift Register and Optimal Layout Arrangement
Authors: Tsai Yung‐Sheng , Liu Chun‐Yen , Tseng Ching‐Chieh , Shih Li‐Wei
Published: July 2015

Generally, the border size of a non‐rectangular wearable AMOLED display is larger than 2.0 mm. In this paper, we proposed a novel P‐type shift register with five TFTs and two capacitors (5T2C). Meanwhile, a optimal layout arrangement are also proposed to narrow the border size. A 1.4′ circular AMOLED wearable display with 1.6 mm border is demonstrated by means of these methods.
P‐148: Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes Using the Dip Coating Method on Flexible Fiber Substrates for Wearable Displays
Authors: Kwon Seonil , Kim Woohyun , Kim Hyun Cheol , Choi Seungyeop , Park Byoung‐Cheul , Kang Sin‐Hyeok , Choi Kyung Cheol
Published: July 2015

We demonstrated polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) using the dip coating method on a flat glass and flat polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates as well as on a cylinder‐shaped fiber substrate. This result enables the production of low‐cost, easily fabricated flexible fiber‐based PLEDs by roll‐to‐roll manufacturing as well as the realization of a true fiber‐based wearable display.
43.4: Distinguished Student Paper: A Fast‐Response A‐Film‐Enhanced Fringe Field Switching LCD
Authors: Chen Haiwei , Luo Zhenyue , Xu Daming , Peng Fenglin , Wu Shin‐Tson , Li Ming‐Chun , Lee Seok‐Lyul , Tsai Wen‐Ching
Published: July 2015

We proposed a new A‐film‐enhanced fringe field switching (AFFS) LCD whose required dΔn value is only 50% of the conventional FFS. Fast response time can be achieved by decreasing the cell gap, while keeping transmittance over 90%. The parameters which may degrade the contrast ratio are addressed.
24.1: Invited Paper: Design Principles for Light Field Image Capture and Display
Authors: Berkner Kathrin , Toši Ivana , Wu Wanmin , Meng Lingfei , Bedard Noah , Balram Nikhil
Published: July 2015

Light field capture and display technologies have been rapidly emerging in the past decade. The high dimensional design space of light field systems, however, imposes new challenges for end to end system design and evaluation. We discuss design principles for task specific light field camera systems and outline how such principles can be applied to or need to be modified for the design of personal light field displays.
47.1: Invited Paper: Practical Application of TI DLP® Technology in the Next Generation Head‐up Display System
Authors: Pettitt Greg , Ferri John , Thompson Jason
Published: July 2015

Next generation automotive head‐up display (HUD) could fundamentally change how OEMs utilize a HUD. A significantly larger virtual display area and vastly improved image quality are two of the many benefits. Along with the benefits come a unique set of challenges, which can be addressed by incorporating TI DLP® product solutions. This paper explores options for these challenges, including a comparison of different solid state illumination sources, and offers practical solutions for developers.
47.2: Invited Paper: Laser Scanning Head Up Display for Better Driving Assistance
Authors: Nakamura Koichiro , Saisho Kenichiro
Published: July 2015

As advanced driving assistance systems pervade automobiles, drivers are exposed to more information than ever. Head up displays are expected to provide necessary contents depending on necessity and urgency. In this paper, the authors discuss and overview the promises and challenges of the technology.
64.4L: Late‐News Paper: Symmetric Panel Stacking Design for Achieving 3mm Rolling Radius in Plastic‐based AMOLED Display
Authors: Lee Meng‐Ting , Wang Cheng‐Liang , Chan Chi‐Shun , Fu Ching‐Chieh , Chen Chung‐Chia , Lin Kuan‐Heng , Huang Wen‐Chung , Tsai Chih‐Hung , Weng Zai‐Xien , Chan Chih‐Cheng , Lin Yu‐Ling , Huang Tzu‐Yu , Lin Po‐Yang , Lu Hsueh‐Hsing , Lin Yu‐Hsin
Published: July 2015

A 5” plastic‐based AMOLED panel with optimal structure and optical design was fabricated. The panel is designed to coincide the OLED/TFT layer with the neutral plane and limit the largest strain of the outmost part to be less than 1%. Its performance remained prominent after repeated rolled at 3mm radius.
65.1: Invited Paper: World 1st Large Size 18‐inch Flexible OLED Display and the Key Technologies
Authors: Yoon Jonggeun , Kwon Hoiyong , Lee Mireum , Yu Youn‐yeol , Cheong Nuri , Min Sungjoon , Choi Jaekyung , Im Hunbae , Lee Kwonhyung , Jo Jungsik , Kim Hojin , Choi Hyunmin , Lee Yongbaek , Yoo Choongkeun , Kuk Seunghee , Cho Mingu , Kwon Seyeoul , Park Weonseo , Yoon Sooyoung , Kang Inbyeong , Yeo Sangdeog
Published: July 2015

World 1st 18‐inch large size flexible OLED display has been fabricated, which can be bendable up to bending radius of 30 mm. The key technologies to fabricate a large flexible OLED display will be discussed where the process flow and panel characteristics will be elaborated.
I1.2: Invited Paper: Switchable Liquid Crystal Micro Lens Arrays for the Light‐Field Camera Application
Authors: Kwon Honam , Ito Machiko , Kizu Yuko , Kizaki Yukio , Kobayashi Mitsuyoshi , Ueno Risako , Suzuki Kazuhiro , Funaki Hideyuki , Nakai Yutaka
Published: July 2015

Two types of gradient index liquid crystal micro lens array (LC MLA) are reported for the light‐field camera application. The LC MLAs enabled us to capture both of compound‐eye images to be refocused on the various positions with its depth information and clear 2D images without reconstruction.
13.4: An Electro‐Optical Transfer Function with Improved Uniformity of Palette Color Distribution in Absolute Color Space
Authors: Wen Senfar
Published: July 2015

A gamma function as an electro‐optical transfer function is proposed for the uniformity improvement of palette color distribution in CIE u'v' color space. It is found that the uniformity can be significantly improved by the use of high gamma value.
14.1: Invited Paper: Heavy Metal‐Free Quantum Dots for Display Applications
Authors: Pickett Nigel L. , Harris James A. , Gresty Nathalie C.
Published: July 2015

Due to their superior colour quality, quantum dot‐containing displays have started to appear on the consumer market. However, cadmium presents a serious threat to environmental and human health. We report a liquid crystal display backlight unit comprising heavy metal‐free quantum dots, offering a consumer‐friendly alternative to cadmium‐based quantum dot displays.
14.3: Quantum Dots: Optimizing LCD Systems to Achieve Rec. 2020 Color Performance
Authors: Chen Jian , Gensler Steve , Hartlove Jason , Yurek Jeff , Lee Ernie , Thielen James , Van Derlofske John , Hillis James , Benoit Gilles , Tibbits Josh , Lathrop Art
Published: July 2015

Quantum dots have already been adopted in LCDs for higher power efficiency or higher color gamut. In this paper, we report that, by using Quantum Dot Enhancement Film, LCDs are capable of delivering a color gamut that covers more than 90% (CIE 1976) of the Rec. 2020 color gamut, which is the color standard for UHD TV broadcasting.
9.3: The First Flexible Liquid Crystal Display Applied for Wearable Smart Device
Authors: Li Wen‐Yuan , Chiu Pin‐Hsiang , Huang Tai‐Hsiang , Lu Jen‐kuei , Lai Yi‐Hsiang , Huang Yu‐Sheng , Chuang Chin‐Tang , Yeh Cheng‐Nan , Sugiura Norio
Published: July 2015

Flexible substrate materials and handling method are the key factor for flexible liquid crystal displays (LCDs). A 3.47 inch flexible LCD designed for wearable applications was successfully fabricated using an optical clear fiber‐reinforced‐plastic (FRP) substrate and a film lamination followed by mechanical peeling process. This is the first flexible liquid crystal display applied for wearable smart device
10.1: Invited Paper: Roll‐to‐Roll Manufacturing of Functional Substrates and Encapsulation Films for Organic Electronics: Technologies and Challenges
Authors: Fahlteich John , Steiner Cindy , Top Michiel , Wynands David , Wanski Tomasz , Mogck Stefan , Kucukpinar Esra , Amberg‐Schwab Sabine , Boeffel Christine , Schiller Nicolas
Published: July 2015

This paper reviews a roll‐to‐roll technology for manufacturing of functional films as substrates and encapsulation for flexible OLED display and lighting devices. These functional films comprise ultra‐high permeation barrier performance and two different types of a transparent electrode. Flexible small molecule OLED devices have been manufactured in roll‐to‐roll and characterized discussing current challenges for flexible electronic device encapsulation.
I2.4: Invited Paper: Rethinking the Imaging Pipeline for Energy‐Efficient Privacy‐Preserving Continuous Mobile Vision
Authors: LiKamWa Robert , Hou Yunhui , Washington Peter Y. , Zhong Lin
Published: July 2015

Current mobile imaging pipelines, provisioned for high quality photography, are ill‐suited for wearable vision analytics, due to their high power consumption and privacy concerns, as exemplified by the slow adoption of wearables, such as Google Glass. Rather than constructing incremental improvements, we believe it is necessary to completely redesign a dedicated imaging pipeline for vision analytics.

Toward this goal, we study a novel imaging pipeline, revolving around an in‐imager analog vision processor that exports a low bandwidth irreversibly encoded signal, generating vision features before analog‐to‐digital conversion. To produce this signal at low power, we introduce energy‐scaling mechanisms into the imager's analog frontend to produce the encoded signal. We use these mechanisms to generate a low‐power signal that cannot be used to reconstruct the image, yet suffices as input for vision analytics. This imaging pipeline design will simultaneously achieve privacy and efficiency for continuous mobile vision tasks.
10.4: Non‐Contact Current Measurements for AMOLED Backplanes Using Electron‐Beam‐Induced Plasma Probes
Authors: Saleh Ned , Sterling Enrique , Toet Daniel
Published: July 2015

We present the first demonstration of a proprietary non‐contact atmospheric electron beam‐induced plasma probe technique for current‐based electrical characterization of flat panel display backplanes. Accurate I‐V curves were measured and single line defect sensitivity was demonstrated. This technology is expected to greatly benefit AMOLED display fabrication yields.
15.2: High‐Luminance See‐Through Eyewear Display with Novel Volume Hologram Waveguide Technology
Authors: Oku Takashi , Akutsu Katsuyuki , Kuwahara Mieko , Yoshida Takuji , Kato Eisaku , Aiki Kazuma , Matsumura Ikuo , Nakano Satoshi , Machida Akio , Mukawa Hiroshi
Published: July 2015

High‐luminance (~1000cd/m2) and high‐uniformity see‐through eyewear display has been developed by using two in‐coupling and one out‐coupling reflection volume holograms on optical waveguide glass. This novel volume hologram design achieves an ideal eyewear display for augmented reality with high transparency, high luminance and low power in various environments.
66.4: Invited Paper: Circularly Polarized (CPL) 3D Monitors Attract Attention Again for Medical Applications
Authors: Tanabe Takahito , Sato Tatsuya , Fukaishi Kei , Kakubari Yuichi
Published: July 2015

In recent years, 3D‐monitors with a glass‐based circularly polarized 3D filter (Xpol®) have attracted attention again especially in the medical field. Since 3D monitors for business use are utilized in different operating conditions, they have various specifications. We will explain how the most suitable CPL‐3D monitor; is created to satisfy our clients’ requirements through the design ideas for 3D filters and the production process of 3D monitors (module).
67.3: Photo‐stable Azo Dye Photoalignment Polymer Surface for In Plane Switching Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Tseng Man‐Chun , Lee Chung‐Yung , Yaroshchuk Oleg V. , Srivastava Abhishek K. , Chigrinov Vladimir G. , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: July 2015

A photo‐stable azo dye photoalignment surface for liquid crystal is proposed and demonstrated. The alignment surface has a structure of stacking a thin photo‐polymerisable liquid crystal polymer on top of an azo dye photoalignment layer. The liquid crystal polymer acts as a passivation layer for the azo dye alignment layer. The alignment direction of the azo dye cannot be rewritten once the liquid crystal polymer is polymerized. Hence, the synthetic alignment surface is robust, highly reproducible and has excellent stability. In addition, measurement results show the alignment properties of this synthetic alignment surface are comparable to conventional polyimide. As a result, the proposed alignment layer is suitable for in plane switching liquid crystal display which requires high anchoring energy and very small residual direct current.
12.1: Invited Paper: An Overview of Vision Realistic Rendering and Vision Correcting Displays
Authors: Barsky Brian A.
Published: July 2015

Vision‐realistic rendering is the computer generation of synthetic images that incorporate the characteristics of a par‐ ticular individual's entire optical system. Specifically, we simulate the scanned foveal image from wavefront data of actual human subjects.

The concept of a vision correcting display involves digitally modifying the content of a display using measurements of the optical aberrations of the viewer's eye so that the display can be seen in sharp focus by the user without requiring the use of eyeglasses or contact lenses. Given the measurements of the optical aberrations of a user's eye, a vision correcting display will present a transformed image that when viewed by this individual will appear in sharp focus. Vision correction could be provided in some cases where spectacles are ineffective.
16.1: Invited Paper: Measurement Methods for Quality Control of Coating Uniformity in Solution‐Processed OLED Displays
Authors: Parker Ian , Johnson Andrew , Frischknecht Kyle , Stainer Matthew
Published: July 2015

This paper will describe techniques and metrics for measuring and quantifying the uniformity of organic films used in solution‐based OLED fabrication. Measurements of the uniformity in the physical parameters (such as thickness and topographic profile etc.) are described, as well as the uniformity in the final luminance of the display.
12.4: A Liquid Crystal Biosensor for Liver Diseases
Authors: He Sihui , Fang Jiyu , Wu Shin‐Tson
Published: July 2015

The urinary concentration level of bile acids is a useful indicator for the diagnosis of liver diseases. Here we present a sensor platform based on the anchoring transition of nematic liquid crystals (LCs) at the surfactant‐laden LC/aqueous interfaces for the detection of bile acids in urinary solution.
16.3: True‐Color 640 ppi OLED Arrays Patterned by CA i‐line Photolithography
Authors: Malinowski Paweł E. , Ke TungHuei , Nakamura Atsushi , Chang Ting‐Yu , Gokhale Pritesh , Steudel Sören , Janssen Dimitri , Kamochi Yoshitaka , Koyama Ichiro , Iwai Yu , Heremans Paul
Published: July 2015

In this paper, side‐by‐side patterning of red, green and blue OLEDs is demonstrated. To achieve 640 ppi arrays with 20 µm subpixel pitch, chemically amplified, i‐line photoresist system with submicron resolution was used. These results show feasibility of obtaining full‐color displays with ultra‐high resolution.
17.1: Invited Paper: Closing in on Rec. 2020: How Close Is Close Enough?
Authors: Hillis James M. , Thielen James , Tibbits Josh , Lathrop Art , Lamb Dave , Derlofske John Van
Published: July 2015

How close do color primaries have to be to the ITU Rec. 2020 recommendations to qualify as meeting this standard? Ideally, qualification would mean perceptual equivalence. Perceptual equivalence is, however, task dependent. In this paper, we present discrimination thresholds for colors near the Rec. 2020 boundary. We use these data to discuss guidelines to qualify displays as meeting the Rec. 2020 standard.