bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early changes in the knee of healer and non‐healer mice following non‐invasive mechanical injury
Authors: Duan Xin , Rai Muhammad Farooq , Holguin Nilsson , Silva Matthew J. , Patra Debabrata , Liao Weiming , Sandell Linda J.
Published: September 2016

In this study, we examined early time‐dependent changes in articular cartilage and synovium in response to tibial compression and sought the plausible origin of cells that respond to compression in the healer (LGXSM‐6) and non‐healer (LGXSM‐33) recombinant inbred mouse strains. The right knee of 13‐week old male mice was subjected to tibial compression using 9N axial loading. The contralateral left knee served as a control. Knees were harvested at 5, 9, and 14 days post‐injury. Histological changes in cartilage and synovium, immunofluorescence pattern of CD44, aggrecan, type‐II collagen, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and the aggrecan neo‐epitope NITEGE, and cell apoptosis (by TUNEL) were examined. We used a double nucleoside analog cell‐labeling strategy to trace cells responsive to injury. We showed that tibial compression resulted in rupture of anterior cruciate ligament, cartilage matrix loss and chondrocyte apoptosis at the injury site. LGXSM‐33 showed higher synovitis and ectopic synovial chondrogenesis than LGXSM‐6 with no differences for articular cartilage lesions. With loading, an altered pattern of CD44 and NITEGE was observed: cells in the impacted area underwent apoptosis, cells closely surrounding the injured area expressed CD44, and cells in the intact area expressed NITEGE. Cells responding to injury were found in the synovium, subchondral bone marrow and the Groove of Ranvier. Taken together, we found no strain differences in chondrocytes in the early response to injury. However, the synovial response was greater in LGXSM‐33 indicating that, at early time points, there is a genetic difference in synovial cell reaction to injury. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:524–536, 2017.
Valuing Ecosystem Services in Semi‐arid Rangelands through Stochastic Simulation
Authors: Favretto Nicola , Luedeling Eike , Stringer Lindsay C. , Dougill Andrew J.
Published: September 2016

Ecosystem services and economic returns from semi‐arid rangelands are threatened by land degradation. Policies to improve ecosystem service delivery often fail to consider uncertainty in economic returns gained through different land uses and management practices. We apply an analytical framework using stochastic simulation to estimate the range of potential monetary outcomes of rangeland ecosystem services under different land uses, including consideration of the uncertainty and variability of model parameters. We assess monetary and non‐monetary dimensions, including those ecosystem services with uncertain and missing information, for communal rangelands, commercial ranches, game farms and Wildlife Management Areas in southern Kgalagadi District, Botswana. Public land uses (communal grazing areas and protected conservation land in Wildlife Management Areas) provide higher economic value than private land uses (commercial ranches and game farms), despite private land uses being more profitable in their returns from meat production. Communal rangelands and protected areas are important for a broader range of ecosystem services (cultural/spiritual services, recreation, firewood, construction material and wild food), which play a key role in sustaining the livelihoods of the largest share of society. The full range of ecosystem services should therefore be considered in economic assessments, while policies targeting sustainable land management should value and support their provision and utilisation. By forecasting the range of plausible ecosystem values of different rangeland land uses in monetary terms, our analysis provides policymakers with a tool to assess outcomes of land use and management decisions and policies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A backward problem for the time‐fractional diffusion equation
Authors: Al‐Jamal Mohammad F.
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we are concerned with the backward problem of reconstructing the initial condition of a time‐fractional diffusion equation from interior measurements. We establish uniqueness results and provide stability analysis. Our method is based on the eigenfunction expansion of the forward solution and the Tikhonov regularization to tackle the ill‐posedness issue of the underlying inverse problem. Some numerical examples are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐efficient measurement of multi‐phase arterial spin labeling MR signal in white matter
Authors: Zhang X. , Ronen I. , Kan H.E. , Teeuwisse W.M. , van Osch M.J.P.
Published: September 2016

White matter (WM) perfusion has great potential as a physiological biomarker in many neurological diseases. Although it has been demonstrated previously that arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging (ASL‐MRI) enables the detection of the perfusion‐weighted signal in most voxels in WM, studies of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in WM by ASL‐MRI are relatively scarce because of its particular challenges, such as significantly lower perfusion and longer arterial transit times relative to gray matter (GM). Recently, ASL with a spectroscopic readout has been proposed to enhance the sensitivity for the measurement of WM perfusion. However, this approach suffers from long acquisition times, especially when acquiring multi‐phase ASL datasets to improve CBF quantification. Furthermore, the potential increase in the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) by spectroscopic readout compared with echo planar imaging (EPI) readout has not been proven experimentally. In this study, we propose the use of time‐encoded pseudo‐continuous ASL (te‐pCASL) with single‐voxel point‐resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) readout to quantify WM cerebral perfusion in a more time‐efficient manner. Results are compared with te‐pCASL with a conventional EPI readout for both WM and GM perfusion measurements. Perfusion measurements by te‐pCASL PRESS and conventional EPI showed no significant difference for quantitative WM CBF values (Student's t‐test, p = 0.19) or temporal SNR (p = 0.33 and p = 0.81 for GM and WM, respectively), whereas GM CBF values (p = 0.016) were higher using PRESS than EPI readout. WM CBF values were found to be 18.2 ± 7.6 mL/100 g/min (PRESS) and 12.5 ± 5.5 mL/100 g/min (EPI), whereas GM CBF values were found to be 77.1 ± 11.2 mL/100 g/min (PRESS) and 53.6 ± 9.6 mL/100 g/min (EPI). This study demonstrates the feasibility of te‐pCASL PRESS for the quantification of WM perfusion changes in a highly time‐efficient manner, but it does not result in improved temporal SNR, as does traditional te‐pCASL EPI, which remains the preferred option because of its flexibility in use.
Time integration of mechanical systems with elastohydrodynamic lubricated joints using Quasi‐Newton method and projection formulations
Authors: Krinner A. , Schindler T. , J. Rixen D.
Published: September 2016

This work deals with the efficient time integration of mechanical systems with elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubricated joints. Two novel approaches are presented. First, a projection function is used to formulate the well‐known Swift–Stieber cavitation condition and the mass‐conservative cavitation condition of Elrod as an unconstrained problem. Based on this formulation, the pressure variable from the EHD problem is added to the dynamic equations of a multi‐body system in a monolithic manner so that cavitation is solved within a global iteration. Compared with a partitioned state‐of‐the‐art formulation, where the pressure is solved locally in a nonlinear force element, this global search reduces simulation time.

Second, a Quasi‐Newton method of DeGroote is applied during time integration to solve the nonlinear relation between pressure and deformation. Compared with a simplified Newton method, the calculation of the time‐consuming parts of the Jacobian are avoided, and therefore, simulation time is reduced significantly, when the Jacobian is calculated numerically. Solution strategies with the Quasi‐Newton method are presented for the partitioned formulation as well as for the new DAE formulations with projection function. Results are given for a simulation example of a rigid shaft in a flexible bearing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late Preceramic Forager–Herders from the Copacabana Peninsula in the Titicaca Basin of Bolivia: A Bioarchaeological Analysis
Authors: Juengst S. L. , Chávez S. J. , Hutchinson D. L. , Chávez S. R.
Published: September 2016

The Titicaca Basin of Peru and Bolivia has been occupied by humans for millennia and was home to one of the first major state societies in the Andes. Many foundations of state power, however, developed much earlier, during the Late Preceramic/Terminal Archaic Period (3000 – 1500 BC), when people initially began herding, marking territories, and creating new metallurgy technology. We present a skeletal analysis of 14 individuals dating between 3000 and 1500 BC from Muruqullu, an archaeological site on the Copacabana Peninsula of Bolivia. These are the first Preceramic burials documented for the peninsula and contribute to the relatively small sample of Preceramic bodies from the Andean highlands more broadly. From this sample, we suggest that highland foragers and early herders suffered little nutritional stress and had limited violent interactions, perhaps related to a relatively mobile lifestyle and utilisation of lake resources. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative preferences in the abuse of immediate‐release versus extended‐release opioids in a sample of treatment‐seeking opioid abusers
Authors: Cicero Theodore J. , Ellis Matthew S. , Kasper Zachary A.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

Although differences in the pharmacological properties of immediate‐release (IR) and extended‐release (ER) opioid formulations have been reported, there are few studies comparing the real world abuse and relative preferences for these formulations.

Methods

To examine drug preferences, we used a structured survey of 8304 individuals entering treatment (2011–2014) for opioid use disorder followed by a more focused online survey (2014–2015) with a subset of these patients (N = 301).

Results

Our results demonstrated that both ER and IR opioids were frequently abused by those with an opioid use disorder in terms of lifetime (91.0% vs. 98.7%, respectively) or past month (46.1% vs. 67.4%, respectively) abuse, but given the choice, only 4% of the sample selected ER compounds as their preferred formulation. The remainder had no preference (29.9%) or a distinct preference for IR formulations (66.1%), regardless of route of administration—oral or non‐oral (smoking/snorting or injecting). This preference for IR formulations seems to be related to: (i) the perceived immediacy and quality of the high (73.0%) from IR products; and (ii) they were easier to use, particularly when manipulated for non‐oral abuse, than ER products (31.2%).

Conclusions

Based on these results, while most abusers have experience with both formulations, there is a greater preference for IR formulations, compared to ER, regardless of route of administration. As a result, it may not be unreasonable to suggest that supply‐side initiatives to restrict the diversion and abuse of prescription opioids may be just as important for both IR and ER opioids. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Generation of Primary Luminescent Thermometers Based on Silicon Nanoparticles and Operating in Different Media
Authors: Botas Alexandre M. P. , Brites Carlos D. S. , Wu Jeslin , Kortshagen Uwe , Pereira Rui N. , Carlos Luís D. , Ferreira Rute A. S.
Published: September 2016

Luminescence nanothermometry is nowadays a highly‐dynamic research topic that is being driven by the challenging demands arising from dissimilar areas such as microelectronics, microfluidics and nanomedicine. Although the technique is rapidly evolving from the initial breakthrough to real applications, there are still major challenges regarding the conciliation of nanometric probes with the high sensitivity and predictability of the thermal response of the system. In the past five years, luminescent thermometers operating at the nanoscale, where the conventional methods are ineffective, have emerged as a very active field of research. Luminescent silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) are a promising choice for nanothermometry, combining the Si biocompatibility with the compatibility with the current microelectronic technology. Here, the thermal dependence of the emission peak position of SiNPs, used as the thermometric parameter, is well‐described by the Varshni's law, enabling the development of a self‐calibrated nanothermometer with a calibration curve predicted by a well‐stablished state equation, avoiding new calibration procedures whenever the thermometer operates in different media. For the first time, temperature sensing using SiNPs‐based luminescent thermometers in different media without the need of new calibration procedures is demonstrated. The thermometer reveals reversibility and repeatability higher than 99.98%, and a maximum relative sensitivity of 0.04% K−1.
Geometric analysis of enhanced thermal conductivity in epoxy composites: A comparison of graphite and carbon nanofiber fillers
Authors: Ruminski Anne M. , Yang Fan , Cho Eun Seon , Silber Joseph , Olivera Edgar , Johnson Thomas , Anderssen Eric C. , Haber Carl H. , Urban Jeffrey J.
Published: September 2016

We analyze the geometric effects of two different carbon fillers on the enhancement of the thermal conductivity of carbon‐epoxy composites. This study compares the thermal properties of composites containing graphite powder (2‐dimensional) and carbon nanofibers (1‐dimensional) incorporated in an industrial epoxy. Calculations using the generalized effective medium model were also used to examine the effect of the geometry and aspect ratio of the carbon filler. Experiments show that at a filler volume fraction loading of 0.10, the effective thermal conductivity of the composites was improved up to eightfold for carbon nanofiber and threefold for graphite in comparison to the neat epoxy. The superior performance of the carbon nanofiber composite is due to the larger aspect ratio of nanofiber which allows greater overlap between neighboring particles. However, this greater overlap also results in the composite becoming prohibitively viscous at low filler volume fractions. In graphite composite at the maximum filler volume fraction of 0.3, the resulting thermal conductivity improvement was 14‐fold over the neat epoxy. Calculations indicated that the improved thermal conductivity was primarily due to the filler particle geometry. Additionally, calculations suggest the wider distribution of graphite particle aspect ratio could have a positive influence on enhancing composite thermal conductivity.
Role of hot electron transport in scintillators: A theoretical study
Authors: Huang Huihui , Li Qi , Lu Xinfu , Qian Yiyang , Wu Yuntao , Williams R. T.
Published: September 2016

Despite recent intensive study on scintillators, several fundamental questions on scintillator properties are still unknown. In this work, we use ab‐initio calculations to determine the energy dependent group velocity of the hot electrons from the electronic structures of several typical scintillators. Based on the calculated group velocities and optical phonon frequencies, a Monte‐Carlo simulation of hot electron transport in scintillators is carried out to calculate the thermalization time and diffusion range in selected scintillators. Our simulations provide physical insights on a recent trend of improved proportionality and light yield from mixed halide scintillators. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Negative ion mode atmospheric pressure ionization methods in lignin mass spectrometry: A comparative study
Authors: Kosyakov Dmitry S. , Ul'yanovskii Nikolay V. , Anikeenko Elena A. , Gorbova Natalia S.
Published: September 2016

Rationale

Mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure ionization is the most promising method for studying the structure of natural lignin, which is the second most abundant biopolymer in nature. The goal of this study is to compare the efficiency and characteristics of different types of ionization techniques (ESI, APCI, and APPI) in the negative ion mode by the example of softwood lignin.

Methods

As the subjects of the study, we selected a preparation of spruce dioxane lignin and several phenols, simulating the basic structural fragments of the lignin macromolecule. High‐resolution mass spectra were recorded using an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Acetone was used as a solvent for samples and a dopant in photoionization mode. The ionization conditions were optimized to achieve the maximum intensity of the mass spectra.

Results

The formation of deprotonated lignin molecules is characteristic of all the studied types of ionization; partial fragmentation of the biopolymer occurs in all ionization modes. ESI in the presence of ammonia yields low‐intensity signals, leads to a significant decrease in ionization efficiency with increasing molecular weight of lignin oligomers, gives high‐intensity impurity peaks in the mass spectra, and demonstrates selectivity for more polar structures. The ionization efficiency increases sharply in the order of ESI < APCI < APPI. The two latter methods are characterized by similar mechanisms of ionization; they ensure detection of approximately 1900 spruce lignin oligomers in the range of molecular weights up to 1.8 kDa. The determination of the elemental composition of oligolignols enabled the four main groups of compounds to be distinguished.

Conclusions

Photoionization using acetone as a dopant is distinguished by a significantly higher intensity of signals and the lowest sensitivity to contaminants present in the lignin preparation. This ionization method can be considered as preferred for studying the dioxane lignin preparations of woody plants. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Target and non‐target identification of chemical components in Lamiophlomis rotata by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry using a three‐step protocol
Authors: Wu Liang , Li Lin , Wang Meng , Shan Chenxiao , Cui Xiaobing , Wang Jiaying , Ding Ning , Yu Dan , Tang Yuping
Published: September 2016

Rationale

As a herbal plant used in traditional Chinese medicine, Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo mainly displays its pharmacological effect by promoting blood circulation and hemostasis, dispelling wind, and acting as an analgesic. To identify the components contained in L. rotata, global detection and structural elucidation of both target and non‐target components in the medicinal material was performed.

Methods

L. rotata was ultrasonically extracted with methanol. Separation and analysis were achieved using liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF‐MS). A three‐step protocol which included (1) potential components screening, (2) collection of qualitative information, and (3) database searching and structural elucidation was used for target and non‐target identification.

Results

A total of 42 components were tentatively identified, which included 12 iridoids (2 aglycones and 10 glucosides), 11 flavonoids (4 aglycones and 7 glucosides), and 13 phenylethanoid glycosides. Moreover, components of L. rotata extract belonging to the three main structural categories could be well separated in a 3D point plot according to their retention times, mass defects and degrees of unsaturation, facilitating the structural classification and identification in the subsequent studies.

Conclusions

The results provide a reasonable picture of the components contained in L. rotata extract and promote the further pharmacodynamic and/or pharmacokinetic characterization of this medical material, meanwhile demonstrating the utility of a universal methodology for the systematical study of herbal medicines. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Worst‐case stability and performance with mixed parametric and dynamic uncertainties
Authors: Apkarian Pierre , Noll Dominikus
Published: September 2016

This work deals with computing the worst‐case stability and the worst‐case H∞ performance of linear time‐invariant systems subject to mixed real‐parametric and complex‐dynamic uncertainties in a compact parameter set. Our novel algorithmic approach is tailored to the properties of the nonsmooth worst‐case functions associated with stability and performance, and this leads to a fast and reliable optimization method, which finds good lower bounds of μ. We justify our approach theoretically by proving a local convergence certificate. Because computing μ is known to be NP‐hard, our technique should be used in tandem with a classical μ upper bound to assess global optimality. Extensive testing indicates that the technique is practically attractive. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust consensus control of uncertain multi‐agent systems with input delay: a model reduction method
Authors: Zuo Zongyu , Wang Chunyan , Ding Zhengtao
Published: September 2016

This paper addresses the robust consensus control design for input‐delayed multi‐agent systems subject to parametric uncertainties. To deal with the input delay, the Artstein model reduction method is employed by a state transformation. The input‐dependent integral term that remains in the transformed system, owing to the model uncertainties, is judiciously analysed. By carefully exploring certain features of the Laplacian matrix, sufficient conditions for the global consensus under directed communication topology are identified using Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals in the time domain. The proposed control only relies on relative state information of the subsystems via network connections. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control design are demonstrated through a numerical simulation example. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear observer design for one‐sided Lipschitz systems with time‐varying delay and uncertainties
Authors: Dong Yali , Liu Wanjun , Liang Shuang
Published: September 2016

This paper investigates the problem of state observer design for a class of nonlinear uncertain dynamical systems with interval time‐varying delay and the one‐sided Lipschitz condition. By constructing the novel Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional while utilizing the free‐weighting matrices approach, the one‐sided Lipschitz condition and the quadratic inner‐bounded condition, novel sufficient conditions, which guarantee the observer error converge asymptotically to zero, are established for a class of nonlinear dynamical systems with interval time‐varying delay in terms of the linear matrix inequalities. The computing method for observer gain matrix is given. Finally, two examples illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Strategic Necessity: Building Senior Leadership's Fluency in Digital Technology
Authors: Kolomitz Kara , Cabellon Edmund T.
Published: September 2016

This chapter describes the opportunity for senior student affairs officers (SSAOs) to develop an increased digital fluency to meet the needs of various constituencies in the digital age. The authors explore what a digital fluency is, how it might impact SSAOs’ leadership potential, and the benefits for their respective divisions.
Reimagining watershed restoration: a call for new investment and support structures for greater resiliency and long‐term impact
Authors: Warren Robert F. , Reeve Todd , Arnold Jennifer S.
Published: September 2016

Hundreds of locally based watershed initiatives have mobilized stakeholders to take voluntary action to restore the ecological conditions of North America's watersheds. Lead organizations rely on project‐based grant funding, alignment with government programs, and volunteerism to incrementally restore what is ultimately a vast and complex ecosystem. Structurally, the vision and goals of these initiatives often exceed available resources and capacity. In 1999, the Bonneville Environmental Foundation began to test ways by which a funder might increase the capacity of local watershed organizations to achieve long‐term watershed restoration goals through a 10‐year commitment of funding and technical support. We partnered with other funders, collectively seeking solutions to increase the impact of this work. Reflecting on 13 years experience across 21 watersheds in 7 western states (USA), we have concluded that the scale of ecological change desired requires a time frame for planning, implementation, and public engagement that is inconsistent with present‐day approaches. This has left us asking how can the capacity and impact of a watershed initiative be sustained over many decades—a time frame that exceeds the tenure of any individual leader, the proven life cycles of many nonprofit organizations, and the commitment of most funders? Clear themes have emerged: (1) engaging diverse stakeholders in planning, (2) orienting the work around broader goals, (3) emphasizing human well‐being, and (4) developing resilient partnerships. Reimagining watershed restoration in this context, we suggest a new agenda for action and research that emphasizes a multidecadal planning horizon integrating climate change projections and changing demographics and social values. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1174. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1174

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Human Water > Water Governance
A Novel Three‐Dimensional Copper(II) 1,2‐Ethylenediphosphonate Framework with Channel‐like Voids
Authors: Köferstein Roberto , Arnold Michael , Robl Christian
Published: September 2016

Turquoise monoclinic single crystals of the novel three‐dimensional Cu2[μ8‐O3P(CH2)2PO3]·3.2H2O coordination polymer were prepared using the silica gel method. Space group C2/m (no. 12) with a = 1483.6(2), b = 668.44(8), c = 436.30(6) pm, β = 93.28(2)°. The Cu2+ cation is coordinated by four oxygen atoms stemming from the 1,2‐ethylenediphosphonate dianions in a square planar manner and two water molecules in the axial positions. The connection between the Cu2+ cations and the [CPO3] units from the 1,2‐ethylenediphosphonate dianions leads to layers parallel to (100), which are linked by the ethylene groups to a three‐dimensional framework with channel‐like voids. The channel‐like voids accommodate water molecules not bound to Cu2+ and extend parallel to [001] with an opening of about 550 pm × 260 pm. Magnetic measurements reveal an antiferromagnetic behavior due to a superexchange coupling between Cu2+ ions through an oxygen bridge. The UV/Vis spectrum reveals three d–d transition bands at 694, 774, and 918 nm. The compound can be fully dehydrated by thermal treatment and rehydrated by storage in ambient air.
A quaternion‐based model for optimal control of an airborne wind energy system
Authors: Erhard Michael , Horn Greg , Diehl Moritz
Published: September 2016

Airborne wind energy systems are capable of extracting energy from higher wind speeds at higher altitudes. The configuration considered in this paper is based on a tethered kite flown in a pumping orbit. This pumping cycle generates energy by winching out at high tether forces and driving a generator while flying figures‐of‐eight, or lemniscates, as crosswind pattern. Then, the tether is reeled in while keeping the kite at a neutral position, thus leaving a net amount of generated energy. In order to achieve an economic operation, optimization of pumping cycles is of great interest. In this paper, first the principles of airborne wind energy will be briefly revisited. The first contribution is a singularity‐free model for the tethered kite dynamics in quaternion representation, where the model is derived from first principles. The second contribution is an optimal control formulation and numerical results for complete pumping cycles. Based on the developed model, the setup of the optimal control problem (OCP) is described in detail along with its numerical solution based on the direct multiple shooting method in the CasADi optimization environment. Optimization results for a pumping cycle consisting of six lemniscates show that the approach is capable to find an optimal orbit in a few minutes of computation time. For this optimal orbit, the power output is increased by a factor of two compared to a sophisticated initial guess for the considered test scenario.
Numerical determination of the mechanical stiffness of a force measurement device based on capacitive probes: Application to roller bearings
Authors: Bogard Fabien , Murer Sébastien , Rasolofondraibe Lanto , Pottier Bernard
Published: September 2016

Bearings allow external loadings to be transferred from one raceway to the other through rolling elements, which induces strains in the bearing constituents. In order to measure the radial component of these forces, the fixed ring is inserted within a housing equipped with capacitive probes able to measure displacements with very high sensitivity. This work mainly focuses on determining the optimal housing shape using FE simulations and their influence on the global stress state undergone by the structure. Finally, an averaged global stiffness is computed, allowing proper calculation of the contact forces involved in the bearing.

Highlights The principle of capacitive measurement is explained. We model the upper half of the bearing placed in a housing in which grooves for the capacitive probes have been machined. Numerical results in terms of stress field due to probe housings presence and fillets on this housing are explained. FE simulations allow computation of local mechanical stiffness and transmitted radial forces. Very good agreement is obtained between recomputed roller-wise radial force and that directly extracted from the FE results.
Citral reduces breast tumor growth by inhibiting the cancer stem cell marker ALDH1A3
Authors: Thomas Margaret Lois , de Antueno Roberto , Coyle Krysta Mila , Sultan Mohammad , Cruickshank Brianne Marie , Giacomantonio Michael Anthony , Giacomantonio Carman Anthony , Duncan Roy , Marcato Paola
Published: September 2016

Breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be identified by increased Aldefluor fluorescence caused by increased expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 (ALDH1A3), as well as ALDH1A1 and ALDH2. In addition to being a CSC marker, ALDH1A3 regulates gene expression via retinoic acid (RA) signaling and plays a key role in the progression and chemotherapy resistance of cancer. Therefore, ALDH1A3 represents a druggable anti‐cancer target of interest. Since to date, there are no characterized ALDH1A3 isoform inhibitors, drugs that were previously described as inhibiting the activity of other ALDH isoforms were tested for anti‐ALDH1A3 activity. Twelve drugs (3‐hydroxy‐dl‐kynurenine, benomyl, citral, chloral hydrate, cyanamide, daidzin, DEAB, disulfiram, gossypol, kynurenic acid, molinate, and pargyline) were compared for their efficacy in inducing apoptosis and reducing ALDH1A3, ALDH1A1 and ALDH2‐associated Aldefluor fluorescence in breast cancer cells. Citral was identified as the best inhibitor of ALDH1A3, reducing the Aldefluor fluorescence in breast cancer cell lines and in a patient‐derived tumor xenograft. Nanoparticle encapsulated citral specifically reduced the enhanced tumor growth of MDA‐MB‐231 cells overexpressing ALDH1A3. To determine the potential mechanisms of citral‐mediated tumor growth inhibition, we performed cell proliferation, clonogenic, and gene expression assays. Citral reduced ALDH1A3‐mediated colony formation and expression of ALDH1A3‐inducible genes. In conclusion, citral is an effective ALDH1A3 inhibitor and is able to block ALDH1A3‐mediated breast tumor growth, potentially via blocking its colony forming and gene expression regulation activity. The promise of ALDH1A3 inhibitors as adjuvant therapies for patients with tumors that have a large population of high‐ALDH1A3 CSCs is discussed.
Is it costly to be both shariah compliant and socially responsible?
Authors: Erragragui Elias , Revelli Christophe
Published: September 2016

Positive ethics associated with socially responsible investments (SRI) is challenging the limits of Islamic investments' conservative approach to promote corporate social responsibility. In this study, we test the integration of social performance measures (companies the most virtuous or high‐rated in terms of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues) in Islamic portfolios using KLD social ratings. We seek to determine the financial price of complying both to Islamic investment and SRI principles. To do so, we measure the financial performance of self‐composed Islamic portfolios with varying ESG scores. The results indicate no adverse effects on returns due to the application of ESG screens on shariah‐compliant stocks during the 2007–2011 periods while reporting substantially higher performance for the portfolios with good records in governance, products, diversity, and environment issues. On the opposite, a negative performance is associated with an SRI strategy of disengagement from shariah‐compliant stocks with community and human rights controversies. Our performance measures are controlled for market sensitivity, investment style, momentum factor, and sector exposure.
Thermoregulation During Extended Exercise in the Heat: Comparisons of Fluid Volume and Temperature
Authors: Hailes Walter S. , Cuddy John S. , Cochrane Kyle , Ruby Brent C.
Published: September 2016

Objective

This study aimed to determine the physiological and thermoregulatory responses of individuals exercising in the heat (US military red flag conditions, wet-bulb globe temperature 31.5–32.2°C) while consuming varied volumes of ambient temperature water and ice slurry.

Methods

Participants (N = 12) walked on a treadmill for 3 hours at approximately 40% peak aerobic capacity in a hot environment while consuming ambient temperature (35.5°C) water (W), ice slurry (0°C, two-thirds shaved ice and one-third water) at a ratio of 2 g·kg-1 body mass every 10 minutes (FS), and reduced volume ice slurry as described at a rate of 1 g·kg-1 body mass every 10 minutes (HS). Trials were completed at least 14 days apart, in a randomized, repeated measures design.

Results

Percent body weight loss was higher during the HS trial (1.8 ± 0.01%) compared with FS (0.5 ± 0.01%; P < .001) and W (0.6 ± 0.01%; P < .001). Mean rectal temperature at 3 hours was lower during FS (37.8 ± 0.7°C) compared with HS (38.1 ± 0.8°C) and W (38.2 ± 0.8°C) ( P = .04 vs HS, and P = .005 vs W, main effect for trial). No differences were found in rectal temperature between HS and W. Heart rate was lower at the end of the third hour during FS (141 ± 10 beats/min) compared with HS (157 ± 19 beats/min) and W (154 ± 18 beats/min) ( P = .001 and P = .007, respectively, time × trial interaction). There were no differences in heart rate between HS and W.

Conclusions

The temperature of consumed fluids may be as important as the volume for the management of thermoregulation and other physiological responses for extended work in hot environments.
Constructing Islam on the Indus
Authors: Khan Hasan Ali
Published: September 2016

This book represents the first serious consideration of Ismaili-Shia esotericism in material and architectural terms, as well as of pre-modern conceptions of religious plurality in rituals and astrology. Sufism has long been reckoned to have connections to Shi'ism, but without any concrete proof. The book shows this connection in light of current scholarly work on the subject, historical sources, and most importantly, metaphysics and archaeological evidence. The monuments of the Suhrawardi Order, which are derived from the basic lodges set up by Pir Shams in the region, constitute a unique building archetype. The book's greatest strength lies in its archaeological evidence and in showing the metaphysical commonalities between Shi'ism/Isma'ilism and the Suhrawardi Sufi Order, both of which complement each other. In addition, working on premise and supposition, certain reanalysed historical periods and events in Indian Muslim history serve as added proof for the author's argument.
From Hittite to Homer
Authors: Bachvarova Mary R.
Published: September 2016

This book provides a groundbreaking reassessment of the prehistory of Homeric epic. It argues that in the Early Iron Age bilingual poets transmitted to the Greeks a set of narrative traditions closely related to the one found at Bronze-Age Hattusa, the Hittite capital. Key drivers for Near Eastern influence on the developing Homeric tradition were the shared practices of supralocal festivals and venerating divinized ancestors, and a shared interest in creating narratives about a legendary past using a few specific storylines: theogonies, genealogies connecting local polities, long-distance travel, destruction of a famous city because it refuses to release captives, and trying to overcome death when confronted with the loss of a dear companion. Professor Bachvarova concludes by providing a fresh explanation of the origins and significance of the Greco-Anatolian legend of Troy, thereby offering a new solution to the long-debated question of the historicity of the Trojan War.
Pearls and Pitfalls in Forensic Pathology
Authors: Trelka Darin P. , Cummings Peter M.
Published: September 2016

This practical text guides the reader in infant and child death investigation from the moment the phone rings to the final signature on the death certificate. Using an easily understood conversational writing style, the text imparts up-to-date, practice-based information on approaches to death investigation, clarifying misunderstandings and supplementing training gaps. Chapters also impart personal experiences relating to policy, procedure, standards, and the anticipation of problems during death investigations. Interspersed throughout the text are procedural standards from the National Association of Medical Examiners and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as high-quality images and observations of effective administrative and management strategies for offices involved with death investigations. The book is packaged with a password, giving users online access to all text and images. Pearls and Pitfalls in Forensic Pathology: Infant and Child Death Investigation is an essential resource for medicolegal death investigators, coroners, medical examiners, forensic pathologists, forensic laboratorians and attorneys.
The Emergence of Life
Authors: Luisi Pier Luigi
Published: September 2016

Addressing the emergence of life from a systems biology perspective, this new edition has undergone extensive revision, reflecting changes in scientific understanding and evolution of thought on the question 'what is life?'. With an emphasis on the philosophical aspects of science, including the epistemic features of modern synthetic biology, and also providing an updated view of the autopoiesis/cognition theory, the book gives an exhaustive treatment of the biophysical properties of vesicles, seen as the beginning of the 'road map' to the minimal cell - a road map which will develop into the question of whether and to what extent synthetic biology will be capable of making minimal life in the laboratory. Fully illustrated, accessibly written, directly challenging the reader with provocative questions, offering suggestions for research proposals, and including dialogues with contemporary authors such as Humberto Maturana, Albert Eschenmoser and Harold Morowitz, this is an ideal resource for researchers and students across fields including bioengineering, evolutionary biology, molecular biology, chemistry and chemical engineering.
Theater of a Thousand Wonders
Authors: Taylor William B.
Published: September 2016

The great many shrines of New Spain have become long-lived sites of shared devotion and contestation across social groups. They have provided a lasting sense of enchantment, of divine immanence in the present, and a hunger for epiphanies in daily life. This is a story of consolidation and growth during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, rather than one of rise and decline in the face of early stages of modernization. Based on research in a wide array of manuscript and printed primary sources, and informed by recent scholarship in art history, religious studies, anthropology, and history, this is the first comprehensive study of shrines and miraculous images in any part of early modern Latin America.
African Coalitions and Global Economic Governance
Authors: Nelson Michael Byron
Published: September 2016

The proliferation of international institutions with overlapping scope and authority over issue areas creates strategic dilemmas for all states. While African states are often considered marginalised in world politics and global markets, Michael Byron Nelson shows how coalitions can form a crucial part of African strategies to influence international institutions and achieve results. Building a bottom-up analysis of global governance, through legal analysis, content analysis, and in-depth interviews, Nelson illuminates institutional and coalition dynamics through case studies of three key areas - food safety, intellectual property, and agricultural trade. He highlights the difficulties encountered by coalitions attempting to navigate institutional systems, emerging from institutional thickness (increasing the number of institutions involved) and integration (increasing the formal linkages between those institutions). Finally, Nelson shows how increasing the hierarchy of an institutional system, by creating a focal point on a single institution, can make coordination easier for coalitions.
Housing, Class and Gender in Modern British Writing, 1880–2012
Authors: Cuming Emily
Published: September 2016

Domestic interiors and housing environments have historically been portrayed as a framing device for the representation of individuals and social groups. Drawing together a wide and eclectic collection of well known, and less familiar, works by writers including Charles Booth, Octavia Hill, James Joyce, Pat O'Mara, Rose Macaulay, Patrick Hamilton, Sam Selvon, Sarah Waters, Lynsey Hanley and Andrea Levy, the author reflects upon and challenges various myths and truisms of 'home' through an analysis of four distinct British settings: slums, boarding houses, working-class childhood homes and housing estates. Her exploration of works of social investigation, fiction and life writing leads to an intricate stock of housing tales that are inherited, shifting and always revealing about the culture of our times. This book seeks to demonstrate how depictions of domestic space - in literature, history and other cultural forms - tell powerful and unexpected stories of class, gender, social belonging and exclusion.
Revisiting Delphi
Authors: Kindt Julia
Published: September 2016

Revisiting Delphi speaks to all admirers of Delphi and its famous prophecies, be they experts on ancient Greek religion, students of the ancient world, or just lovers of a good story. It invites readers to revisit the famous Oracle of Apollo at Delphi, along with Herodotus, Euripides, Socrates, Pausanias and Athenaeus, offering the first comparative and extended enquiry into the way these and other authors force us to move the link between religion and narrative centre stage. Their accounts of Delphi and its prophecies reflect a world in which the gods frequently remain baffling and elusive despite every human effort to make sense of the signs they give.
Reviving Roman Religion
Authors: Hunt Ailsa
Published: September 2016

Sacred trees are easy to dismiss as a simplistic, weird phenomenon, but this book argues that in fact they prompted sophisticated theological thinking in the Roman world. Challenging major aspects of current scholarly constructions of Roman religion, Ailsa Hunt rethinks what sacrality means in Roman culture, proposing an organic model which defies the current legalistic approach. She approaches Roman religion as a 'thinking' religion (in contrast to the ingrained idea of Roman religion as orthopraxy) and warns against writing the environment out of our understanding of Roman religion, as has happened to date. In addition, the individual trees showcased in this book have much to tell us which enriches and thickens our portraits of Roman religion, be it about the subtleties of engaging in imperial cult, the meaning of numen, the interpretation of portents, or the way statues of the Divine communicate.
Salafism in Nigeria
Authors: Thurston Alexander
Published: September 2016

The spectre of Boko Haram and its activities in Nigeria dominates both media and academic analysis of Islam in the region. But, as Alexander Thurston argues here, beyond the sensational headlines this group generates, the dynamics of Muslim life in northern Nigeria remain poorly understood. Drawing on interviews with leading Salafis in Nigeria as well as on a rereading of the history of the global Salafi movement, this volume explores how a canon of classical and contemporary texts defines Salafism. Examining how these texts are interpreted and - crucially - who it is that has the authority to do so, Thurston offers a systematic analysis of curricula taught in Saudi Arabia and how they shape religious scholars' approach to religion and education once they return to Africa. Essential for scholars of religion and politics, this unique text explores how the canon of Salafism has been used and refined, from Nigeria's return to democracy to the jihadist movement Boko Haram.
Quantum entanglement: facts and fiction – how wrong was Einstein after all?
Authors: Nordén Bengt
Published: September 2016

Einstein was wrong with his 1927 Solvay Conference claim that quantum mechanics is incomplete and incapable of describing diffraction of single particles. However, the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox of entangled pairs of particles remains lurking with its ‘spooky action at a distance’. In molecules quantum entanglement can be viewed as basis of both chemical bonding and excitonic states. The latter are important in many biophysical contexts and involve coupling between subsystems in which virtual excitations lead to eigenstates of the total Hamiltonian, but not for the separate subsystems. The author questions whether atomic or photonic systems may be probed to prove that particles or photons may stay entangled over large distances and display the immediate communication with each other that so concerned Einstein. A dissociating hydrogen molecule is taken as a model of a zero-spin entangled system whose angular momenta are in principle possible to probe for this purpose. In practice, however, spins randomize as a result of interactions with surrounding fields and matter. Similarly, no experiment seems yet to provide unambiguous evidence of remaining entanglement between single photons at large separations in absence of mutual interaction, or about immediate (superluminal) communication. This forces us to reflect again on what Einstein really had in mind with the paradox, viz. a probabilistic interpretation of a wave function for anensembleof identically prepared states, rather than as a statement about single particles. Such a prepared state of many particles would lack properties of quantum entanglement that make it so special, including the uncertainty upon which safe quantum communication is assumed to rest. An example is Zewail's experiment showing visible resonance in the dissociation of a coherently vibrating ensemble of NaI molecules apparently violating the uncertainty principle. Einstein was wrong about diffracting single photons where space-like anti-bunching observations have proven recently their non-local character and how observation in one point can remotely affect the outcome in other points. By contrast, long range photon entanglement with immediate, superluminal response is still an elusive, possibly partly misunderstood issue. The author proposes that photons may entangle over large distances only if some interaction exists via fields that cannot propagate faster than the speed of light. An experiment to settle this ‘interaction hypothesis’is suggested.