bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Length and weight of small intestine and digestion rate of quail, with the addition of beluntas leaf flour (Pluchea indica L.) to the ration
Authors: Nirwana  , Mujnisa A , Jamilah
Published: June 2021

Beluntas (Pluchea indica L) contains several active alkaloid compounds, essential oils and flavonoids. The flavonoid content in Beluntas leaves can improve the digestive tract so that it can function optimally. This study aims to determine the effect of adding Beluntas leaf meal to the rations on the length of the small intestine, the weight of the small intestine and the rate of quail digestion. The study used a completely randomized design which consisted of 4 treatments, and 4 replications. The treatment consisted of P0 (rations without Beluntas leaf flour as control), P1 (rations + Beluntas leaf flour 1%), P2 (rations + Beluntas leaf flour 2%), and P3 (rations + Beluntas leaf flour 3%). The results showed that the treatment had a significant effect (P <0.05) on the length of the duodenum and ileum, jejunum and ileum weight digest, as well as the digest rate but there, was no significant effect (P>0.05) on the length of the jejunum and duodenal weight. Based on the results it can be concluded that the addition of beluntas leaf flour with level 2% improved duodenum and ileum, the weight of jejunum and ileum and made longer digest rate compared to other treatments.
Amino acid composition and protein quality of native chicken meat fed green feed
Authors: Purwanti S , Syamsu J A , Nadir M
Published: June 2021

Amino acid composition can be used to determine protein quality, by comparing with reference amino acid values. This research was conducted with the aim to evaluate and study the composition of amino acids and protein quality of native chicken meat by giving Indigofera zollingeriana powder (IP) and turmeric phytobiotics (TP) as green feed. Treatment ration study: R0 = control ration (research ration without green feed; Treatment R1 = substitution of 10% protein of soybean meal with IP + 2.5% TP; Treatment R2 = substitution 15% of soybean meal protein with IP + 2.5% TP, treatment R3 = substitution of 20% protein of soybean meal with IP + 2.5% TP. The variables observed were amino acids composition and protein quality of native chicken meat. The raw material for rations was prepared according to the needs of native chicken with iso-protein and iso-energy. The study used 160 native chickens which were divided into 4 treatments and 5 replications using a completely randomized design (CRD). Chemical scores were 78.91%, 76.39%, 82.66% and 82.66% for the treatment of R0, R1, R2 and R3 respectively, and amino acid scores increased along with the increase in substitution of soybean meal with indigofera powder protein be respectively 98.29%; 97.78%; 102.59% and 107.85%. It concluded that substituting 20% soybean meal protein with indigofera powder protein and added 2.5% turmeric phytobiotic gives a better chemical score and amino acid score.
Early nutrition programing - an approach for improving production performance of Indonesian Native Chicken – Kampung Chicken
Authors: Rahardja D P
Published: June 2021

Indonesia is considered as one the major chicken domestication centers in the world due to distinctive characteristics of chickens in this country compared to those in Asia and other countries in the world. Based on molecular studies, Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus) is strongly presumed as the ancestor of the of Indonesian native chicken (INC). Through domestication processes, now, there are at least 30 different clumps of INC, which can be grouped into identifiable clumps with specific characteristics (colour, sound, etc, such as Pelung, Kedu, etc), and the non-identifiable clump with no specific characteristic, and usually called Kampung chicken. Kampung chicken clump represent the highest population among local chickens, and most of them are raised under an extensive traditional system. They are having very high genetic variation and diverse physical appearances (body size, colour, sound), and the most of them has not been modified gentically. Compared with exotic commercial breed, both broiler or layer, Kampung chicken has lower in production and reproduction, very slower growth rate and poorer feed efficiency. However, from market point of view, Kampung chicken products have better prices and consumer preferences. This market condition is certainly an opportunity to fill and to develop market of Kampung chicken. Additionally, this condition also motivates the farmers improving Kampung chicken production as their livelihood. As an approach, Early Nutrition Programming (ENP) may be a complementary of various previous efforts carried out to improve the performance of Kampung chicken. The program is a mean to provide specific additional nutrients earlier to the developing embryo in the incubation period (in ovo feeding – IOF program), which then continued after hatching (Post-hatch feeding - PHF program) with neonate nutrition in the perinatal period (a week before to a week after hatching). In the modern broiler industry, the application of ENP has been widely implemented and reported that the program resulted in achieving market weight quicker than before. However, information about application of ENP in Kampung chicken is still scarce. The early nutrition programing (ENP) can be implemented for improving the performance of INC – Kampung chicken with some considerations. From scientific point of view, ENP can be fully conducted.The ENP has much potential to yield several advantages, among them reduced post-hatch mortality and morbidity; greater efficiency of feed nutrient utilization at an early age; improved immune response to enteric antigens, and increasing production performance as a whole. From technical point of view, consideration should be done during embryonal period, particularly for the treatment of IOF (injected solution : diluted nutrient, osmotic pressure, time, site); During perinatal period, earlier acces to external feed will help the new hatched chicken to improve the overall performance of Kampung chicken.
Fatty acid profiles of egg yolk and albumen from Cemani and White Leghorn chickens
Authors: Kostaman T , Soewandi B D P , Pasaribu T
Published: June 2021

The composition of the yolk and albumen content in the egg was 60 and 30%, respectively. The purpose of this paper is to examine the fatty acid profile (FA) of egg yolk and albumen in cemani and white leghorn chickens. Cemani and white leghorn chickens were given a commercial feed of 110 g/head/day, and drinking water was given ad libitum. Two fresh eggs from each hen were used in this study to examine egg yolk and albumen fatty acids by gas chromatography. The data obtained were analyzed statistically with an independent sample T-test. The results showed that the FA profiles of egg yolk and albumen were not significantly different (P>0.05) for the parameters of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from chicken. Cemani and white leghorn chickens, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) are found in more amounts than SFA and PUFA in egg yolks and albumen. It can be concluded that the FA profiles of cemani and white leghorn chickens are almost the same.
The effect of grit administration on the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of starter phase broilers digestive tract
Authors: Suprayogi E J , Zalizar L , Winaya A
Published: June 2021

Digestive tract has a key role in poultry growth due to its function in absorbing nutrients. Grit is one of feed ingredients widely used to accelerate grinding process. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of grit administration on broiler chickens in the starter phase from age 1 to 21 days on the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the digestive tract. The study design consisted of four combinations and five replications group from 200 broilers, with 10 broilers in each group. The treatments given were 0% grit; 0.5% grit of BW (body weight); 1% grit of BW; 1.5% grit of BW. The results showed that grit administration affected the macroscopic appearance of broilers digestive tract. Grit administration had a significant effect (P<0.05) on gizzard weight, duodenal length, jejunum length, ileum length, total intestinal length and total intestinal surface of broilers and had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the width of the small intestine. The results showed that grit administration affected the microscopic appearance of broiler chicken intestines. Grit administration had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the basal width and surface area of the small intestine villi and had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the villi apical width, villi height, and cryptic depth. In conclusion, grit administration grit administration to starter phase broilers can improve the macroscopic appearance of digestive tract and can improve the surface area of the small intestine villi with the optimal concentration 0.5% of body weight.
Behavior of Sulawesi Black Monkey (Macaca maura): a case study of attacking behavior in agricultural plants
Authors: Labahi P A
Published: June 2021

Sulawesi Black Monkey (Macaca maura) is an endemic species of South Sulawesi that is almost extinct. One of the habitats is in the Tabo-Tabo education and training forest area, Pangkep Regency. The existence of monkeys is a problem because there are human activities in and around the area and they are considered as pests of agricultural crops. To shelter and prevent the Sulawesi Black Monkey (Macaca maura) from its extinction, we need to know where to live and evidence about its attacking behavior on agricultural crops. The study was conducted using a survey and observation method in the field which was modified by providing feed in the form of corn, peanut and cassava which were ready for harvest, which was found in a land measuring 10 x 30 m. The results of the Macaca maura attack behavioral research revealed: peeping behavior, initial attack behavior, eating behavior and safety behavior. The attack on the agricultural location by Macaca Maura because the community’s agricultural land is located in the Macaca maura home range.
Milk quality improvement through the application of plantaricin IIA-1A5 as biopreservatives on fresh milk in dairy cow farm
Authors: Nandika A , Arief I I , Wulandari Z
Published: June 2021

Foods are better being consumed raw and fresh, however, fresh milk has different case. In fact, drinking fresh milk still became a debate until this day. Some claims said unprocessed fresh milk contains more nutrition compared with pasteurized milk, although milking process do not guarantee protection from bacteria and dirt contamination. One type of bacteriocin known is plantaricin IIA-1A5, this bacteriocin has role as natural biopreservative because it contains antimicrobial compound which expected to be able to damage and kill pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureus by inhibiting other bacteria growth with damaging its cell membranes. This study data analysis was conducted using randomized block design (RDB) with 3 repetitions. Treatment design consisted of control, plantaricin (11.02 mL), and penicillin (7.5 mL). Microbiological characteristics, physicochemical characteristics, and Lowry Protein Assay Method tests were carried out. The results showed that microbiological characteristics and physicochemical characteristics have met SNI Standards, namely 01-3951:1995, 7388:2009, and 3141.1:2011.
Determination of the expiration time of Dangke ripening cheese through physico-chemical and microbiological analysis
Authors: Malaka R , Maruddin F , Baco S , Ridwan M , Hakim W , Irwansyah  , Maria I L , Alimuddin A , Dwyana Z
Published: June 2021

Dangke ripening cheese is a dangke cheese that is processed by ripening with lactic acid bacteria to improve the taste, self-life of the product, and diversify it with new flavors. In this study, consumer tests were carried out after the packaging process and product self-life test at cold storage, room temperature, and freezing temperature, to see the product expiry period. The parameters measured were consumer acceptance, physical, chemical, and microbiological quality. The results showed that the physical characteristics of Dangke ripening withL. lactisinoculation and packaged with banana leaves and vacuum plastic were the best quality when stored at refrigerator temperatures and still not damaged until storage for 15 days, while at room temperature storage has shown a decrease quality. Frozen storage indicated that physical quality was still good for 15 days but tends to be less favored by consumers, possibly because the texture has changed.
Organoleptic quality of pasteurization milk by matoa (Pometia pinnata) leaf extract supplementation
Authors: Munirah M , Malaka R , Maruddin F
Published: June 2021

This study was aimed to analyze the effect of adding matoa leaf extract (MLE) and different pasteurization methods (PM) on organoleptic characteristics of pasteurized milk (PMi). This study used a completely randomized design of factorial pattern 5×2 with 3 replications consisting of 2 factors, the level of matoa leaf extract and pasteurization methods. Pasteurized milk was made from reconstituted milk i.e. full cream milk powder, each sample was added by MLE with levels of 0%, 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15% and 0.20%, then pasteurized at Low-Temperature Long Time (LTLT) (63°C for 30 minutes) and High-Temperature Short Time (HTST) (72°C for 15 seconds). The result of the study indicated that supplementation of 0.20% MLE combination by HTST method results in best Pasteurization Milk, but not favored by the panelist. The HTST pasteurization method with Pasteurization Milk was color white (did not change the natural color of milk), specific flavor, taste, and preferred by panelists.
Effect of combination of poultry eggs and acids on the color profile and consumers’acceptance on mayonnaise
Authors: Amalia I , Nahariah N , Hikmah H
Published: June 2021

Mayonnaise is a types of emulsion product that uses basic ingredients including egg yolk, acids, salts, sugars, and vegetable oils. The uses of a combination of egg yolk from several poultry and different types of acids has not been widely studied. The aim of the studies was to explain the effect of the combination of poultry eggs and acids on the color profile and fondness mayonnaise. This studies used a completely randomized design (CRD), with 9 combinations and 3 replications. The treatment combinations were A1; duck eggs and lime, A2: duck eggs and apple vinegar, A3: duck eggs and synthetic acid, A4: native chicken eggs and lime, A5: native chicken eggs and apple vinegar, A6: native chicken eggs and synthetic acid, A7: chicken eggs and lime, A8: chicken eggs and apple vinegar, A9: chicken eggs and synthetic acid. The parameters measured were the color profile including lightness, redness, yellowness, and consumers’ acceptance on mayonnaise. The results showed that the combination of different types of poultry eggs and acids had no effect on the lightness value of mayonnaise. However, it showed a very significant effect (P ≤ 0.01) on the resulting redness, yellowness and fondness mayonnaise values. The combination of chicken eggs and synthetic acid increased the color profile and consumers’ acceptance on mayonnaise.
Physical characteristics of ice cream with the addition of tangerines (Citrus reticulata)
Authors: Hapdang A , Maruddin F , Malaka R
Published: June 2021

The addition of fruit can improve the taste of the ice cream. One type of fruit that can be used as an additional ingredient is mandarin orange or tangerines (Citrus reticulate). This study aimed to determine the effect of the addition of tangerines to pH, melting power and overrun. This research was conducted at the Dairy Processing Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar. The ingredients used are full cream milk, water, sugar, yolk, tangerines, whippy cream, vegetable fat, and cornstarch. This research was conducted completely randomly (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The results clearly showed that the addition of different tangerine levels did not affect the pH value of the ice cream. Additionally, the higher level of tangerine addition resulted in a decrease in overrun value and slowed the melting power of the ice cream. Hence, in making ice cream it should be consisted of tangerines at a level of 15% by considering overrun and melting power of the ice cream.
The effect of different concentration of chicken leg skin gelatin on the chemical characteristics and the consumer acceptability of chicken meat sausage
Authors: Sompie M , Siswosubroto S E
Published: June 2021

This study was aimed to determine the effect of different concentrations of gelatin on the chemical characteristics of chicken meat sausage. This research materials were used chicken legskin gelatin, chicken meat and sausage ingedrients. This study used Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatment factor is concentration of chicken legskin gelatin is added to sausage mixture (R0 = 0%, R1 = 10%, R2 = 20%, R3 = 30% and R4 = 40%) with four replications. Organoleptic test used 35 trained panelists. The results showed that the different concentration of chicken leg gelatin had significant effect (P<0.05) on pH value, water content, collagen, protein and fat content of chicken meat sausage, but the elasticity had no effect. Organoleptic test with a hedonic scale indicated that the addition of gelatin concentration had an effect on the panelists acceptability that was color, taste and aroma and tenderness of chicken meat sausage. It was concluded that the chicken meat sausage with adding 20% chicken legskin gelatin had the best chemical characteristics and it can be accepted by panelists.
Physical meat quality comparison of selected KUB chicken, original Kampung and improved Kampung chicken with in ovo feeding technology
Authors: Saifullah S , Dagong M I A , Pakiding W
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the comparison of the quality of native chicken meat. The study used 90 Day old chicken (DOC) three types of native chickens. Chickens were reared for 70 days with ad libitum feeding and drinking water. The method used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 15 replications. The treatments were P1 (native native chicken, Balitnak superior (KUB)), P2 (ordinary native chicken) and P3 (native chicken in ovo feeding breeds). The parameters measured were the pH value of the meat, water binding capacity, cooking losses, tenderness, and meat color. Research data obtained at pH values P1 (5.92), P2 (5.95), P3 (5.58); water holding capacity (%) P1 (42.6), P2 (37.27), P3 (5.58); cooking losses (%) P1 (18.46), P2 (19.46), P3 (24.86), tenderness (kg/cm2) P1 (0.74), P2 (0.76), P3 (0.94); flesh color L P1 (56.04), P2 (56.60), P3 (54.04), meat color a P1 (5.91), P2 (5.93), P3 (3.82); and meat color b P1 (5.93), P2 (5.98), P3 (5.45). The results showed that although there were differences in pH, water holding capacity, and cooking losses in all treatments, the three of them were still of good quality meat because they had pH values that were still in the normal range and the meat was very tender.
The potential of oocytes based on the status of ovary activity to achieve the level of in vitro maturation in Bali cattle
Authors: Mutmainna A , Sonjaya H , Yusuf M , Hasbi H
Published: June 2021

The physiological condition of slaughterhouse bovine ovaries may vary greatly, including the luteal phase, follicular phase, and pre-puberty. However detailed information is scarce on how it affects oocyte maturity in vitro. Therefore, this work aimed to investigate the impacts of ovarian activities on the oocyte maturity of Bali cattle in vitro. Completely randomized designed was arranged, consisting of three ovarian stages (luteal, follicular, and pre-cycle) as a research variable and carried out at four replication. Oocytes were recovered by slicing the follicles from surface-visible ovaries. The oocyte maturation was performed in an incubator containing 5% CO2 at 38.5°C. Following the removal of the cumulus, the oocyte was prepared for fixation, then observed under a microscope. The research showed that the structure of oocyte grades A (compact cumulus cells and thick cytoplasm) in the follicular and luteal phase was similar, but such condition was significantly different compared to the prepubertal phase. The oocyte maturity of M-II was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the pre-cycle phase than in the luteal and follicular phase. Meanwhile, the stages of GV, GVBD, and MI appeared to be identical in all phases. This work concluded that the structure of the oocyte population is closely related to ovarian stages, resulting in higher maturity on M-II oocytes during the luteal and follicular phases.
The quality of Bali bull sexed sperms at different incubation time using egg white sedimentation method
Authors: Sahiruddin  , Widjiati  , Madyawati S P , Toleng A L , Yusuf M , Masturi  , Ako A , Amrullah M F
Published: June 2021

The success rate of Artificial Insemination (AI) can be increased by using semen from superior bulls of the desired sex. For meat production purposes, sexed semen used is the male sex, but for milk production, then the female sex is used. This study aimed to determine the effect of incubation time for sexing the sperms using egg white albumin sedimentation method on the quality of Bali bull semen. This study was using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three different incubation time treatments; 25 (T1), 30 (T2) and 35 minutes (T3) with three replications. T0 was used fresh semen as a control without incubation time. The variables measured in this study were the motility and concentration of the sperms before and after sexing. The results of this study showed that the incubation time did not affecting the sperms motility and concentration (P> 0.05). However, motility of the X sexed sperms in T2 is likely higher than in T1 and T3. Contrary, motility of Y sexed sperms in T1 had higher than in T2 and T3. It can be concluded that the incubation time during separation of X and Y sperms using egg albumin sedimentation had no significant effect on sperms motility and concentration.
Supplementation of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal block on the quality of Bali bull semen
Authors: Anggara F D , Yusuf M , Toleng A L , Sahiruddin  , Masturi  , Hasrin
Published: June 2021

The low calving rate of Bali cattle followed by a decrease in productivity is related to the low quality of semen produced by a male as a genetic carrier for their offspring. This study aimed to determine the effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal block on the semen quality of Bali bull. This study was using 10 Bali bulls aged from 1.5 to 2 years which were divided into two treatment groups. Each group consisting of 5 bulls that were supplemented with Moringa leaf block flour in the diet (P1) and the other 5 bulls as control, P2 (without treatment). The parameters measured in this study were the percentage of microscopic evaluation (mass motility, individual motility, progressive motility). Each parameter in each treatment was compared using the T-test (independent sample t-test). The results of this study indicate that the macroscopic evaluation of semen in P1 was a slightly thick consistency, a slightly milky white color, a distinctive odor, while in P2 it is moderate consistency, slightly translucent color, and specific odor. The volume and pH at which the mean P1 was 1.23 ± 0.57, 6.86 ± 0.33, at P2 was 1.44 ± 0.56, 7.05 ± 0.39, respectively (P>0.05). The results of this study showed that microscopic semen evaluation of bulls supplemented with Moringa leaf block flour in the diet (P1) had significantly (P<0.05) higher than without supplementation (P2). Microscopic evaluation of semen on P1 showed that the mean values of individual motility, concentration, and abnormality were 80.65 ± 5.26, 1.156×106/ml, and 17.31 ± 3.60, respectively, and P2 were 73.23 ± 7.36, 724×106/ml, and 24.10 ± 6.34, respectively. The mean values of mass motility, progressive motility and viability of P1 were (++) 80%, 67.20 ± 6.32, 91.58 ± 7.93, respectively and P2 were (++) 70%, 60.19 ± 7.49, 88.08 ± 11.34, respectively. It can be concluded that supplementation of Moringa leaf block in the diet of Bali bulls can improve the quality of semen.
Selection of beef cattle type characters in Bali young bull from smallholder farms through individual control for the purpose of artificial insemination
Authors: Sonjaya H , Hasbi H , Gustina S , Farida S
Published: June 2021

Some of the male Bali cattle kept at the Artificial Insemination Center are the result of selection from the weaning process to become bulls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the extent bulls selected from smallholder farms have the same quality spermatozoa as the males raised by the Institute for Artificial Insemination. The research method began in 2016-2018, which selected the performance of 50 heads, followed by a selection of biological characters, ejaculation, and livestock health in young bulls. Selected bulls were trained to collect their sperm and the quality of their sperm was examined macroscopically and microscopically. The results showed that 15 young bulls were selected by performance selection and four bulls were selected for selection based on the quality of frozen semen. Three bulls passed the selection to meet the frozen semen requirements of the Indonesian National Standard. The conclusion of this study is that the provision of males to the Institute for Center of Artificial Insemination can be done by selecting the best bull belonging to the farm community.
The effect of supplementation of liquid fertilizer from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) on Taiwan napier grass
Authors: Harbi H , Islamiyati R , Hasan S
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study is to examine the quality of liquid fertilizer from water hyacinth and Siam weed and to identify its effect on Taiwan napier grass quality and growth. This study was performed from November 2019 to January 2020. This study was designed according to a completely randomized design employing 4 treatments and 5 replicates. The treatments encompassed: T0=Taiwan napier grass without organic liquid fertilizer supplementation (control; T1= Taiwan napier grass + 20 L/ha = 300 mL/ plot; T2= Taiwan napier grass + liquid organic fertilizer 30 L/ha = 450 mL/ plot; T3= Taiwan napier grass + liquid organic fertilizer 40 L/ha = 600 mL/plot. The observed parameters were plant height, number of the tiller, number of leaves, chlorophyll index in each treatment. The result of the analysis of variance indicated that the liquid organic fertilizer had a significant effect on the plant height, number of the tiller, number of leaves, and chlorophyll index. From this study, it can be concluded that the combination of 50% water hyacinth and 50% Siam weed is the most optimal combination at the dosage of 450 mL/plot (T2) for Taiwan napier grass.
Growth and yield responses of forage sorghum ratoon to different inorganic fertilizers
Authors: Wakano F , Nohong B , Nompo S
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine effect of the level of NPK fertilizers on the growth and yield of sweet sorghum forage. Experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments and three replications. Each treatment was given a dose of NPK fertilizers (16:16:16) with different doses. The treatments were P1 by 100 kg N/ ha (3,125 g NPK/polybag); P2 by 150 kg N/ha (4,625 g NPK/polybag); P3 by 200 kg N/ha (6,125 g NPK/polybag); P5 = 250 kg N/ha (7,625 g NPK/polybag) and P5 = 300 kg N/ha (9,125 g NPK/polybag). Parameters observed were growth and production of sorghum. Results showed that NPK fertilizer was a significantly (P <0.05) by plant height, internode length and leaf blade length, while stem diameter, leaf width and number of leaves per plant was no significantly (P>0.05). Application of NPK fertilizer was a significant (P<0.05) by production of leaf dry matter, stem dry matter and leaf/stem ratio. It was concluded that NPK fertilizer increased the growth and production of sorghum ratoon.
Effect of Indigofera leaves as a subtitute for soybean meal in laying quail (Coturnix-coturnix japonica) ration on egg production, feed conversion ratio, and yolk color score
Authors: Has H , Ribriani R , Samsuddin  , Napirah A
Published: June 2021

Indigofera leaves is one of alternative feed that can be used in quail rations. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Indigofera leaves a substitute for soybean meal in quail rations. The material used were 100 female quails aged 56 weeks, yellow corn, rice bran, laying hens concentrate, soybean meal, and Indigofera leaves. This research used a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications. The treatments applied were T0 (control), T1 (rations containing 4% Indigofera leaves), T2 (rations containing 6% Indigofera leaves), and T3 (rations containing 8% indigofera leaves). The variables observed were feed consumption, egg production, egg weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and yolk color score. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance and continued using Duncan Multiple Range Test through SPSS program. The results showed that the use of Indigofera leaves significantly affect (P <0.05) the FCR and egg yolk color score, but did not affect feed consumption, egg production and egg weight.Indigofera zollingerianaleaves meal could be used in laying quail (Cortunix cortunix Japonica) ration up to 8% as a substitute for soybean meal and did not gave a negative effect on its performance. Moreover, Indigofera leaves meal increased egg yolk color value.
Plasma metabolites of Kampung chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) in peatland free-range system with differences of vegetation
Authors: Fitra D , Ulupi N , Arief I I , Mutia R , Abdullah L , Erwan E
Published: June 2021

Vegetation in free range rearing systems can be obtained from grass or legumes. The aims of this study was to investigate the effect of different vegetation on free range systems in peatlands on plasma metabolites of kampung chickens, including concentration of cholesterol (CHO), triglycerides (TG), and glucose (GLU). This experimental study used two hundred and ten kampung chickens with a completely randomized design of 4 treatments with 5 replications. Each paddock was placed in a portable housing. Twelve kampung chickens aged 5-12 weeks were reared in different types of vegetation with a density of 6.67 m2/head. The treatment without vegetation was reared in the postal housing. At the end of the study, blood was collected from the jungularis vein to observe plasma metabolites. The results showed that the maintenance system and differences in vegetation types had a significant effect (P<0.05) on CHO, TG and GLU. The highest TG was in the Axonopus compressus treatment, GLU was in the Indigofera zollingeriana treatment. while the lowest CHO was in the control or without vegetation. The conclusion of this study was the paddock planted with Indigofera zollingeriana can reduce CHO levels of kampung chickens in addition to control treatment.
Lactic acid production and the inhibitory capability of lactic acid bacteria isolated from poultry feces
Authors: Mujnisa A , Natsir A
Published: June 2021

This study was performed to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from poultry feces, identify the lactic acid production capability and its inhibitory effect against pathogenes as a promising probiotic candidate for livestock. Lactic acid bacteria were isolated and cultured on De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) media. The parameters of this study are bacterial characterization and antimicrobial activity of LAB Isolates against gram-positive and negative bacteria. LAB characterization was performed by Gram staining test, morphological test, catalase test, and fermentation type test. Microscopic observation of LAB isolated by feces showed that cocci and bacilli morphologies. The gram staining test showed Gram-positive and Gram-negative test results and the catalase test showed all LAB isolates obtained were facultative anaerobic. The results indicated that LAB M1 isolates could produce greater lactic acid with more effective inhibitory capability against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25293 and Salmonella typhimurium FNCC 0050 compared to other isolates.
The relationship between avian influenza disease vaccination and chicken mortality in Sukabumi District, West Java Province, Indonesia
Authors: Mahendri I G A P , Saptati R A , Syarifah I , Nurhayati I S
Published: June 2021

Vaccination program is an important aspect in the development of chicken industry. This paper aims to analyse the relationship between vaccination program and local chicken mortality during Poverty Alleviation Program in Sukabumi District, West Java Province. Total of 3579 households in two subdistricts namely Lengkong and Cikembar were involved in this study, who received superior local chicken KUB (improved local chicken) followed by Newcastle and Avian Influenza vaccination program. Monitoring of chicken population were done during March-November 2019, while households’ characteristics data were obtained from the Ministry of Social Affairs in 2017. Descriptive and regression analysis were used to identify households’ characteristic, coverage rate and relationship between vaccination and chicken mortality. The results showed that the number of vaccinated chickens during the program significantly increased chicken mortality by 0.381 times. Even though, the coverage rate of chicken vaccination in Cikembar was higher compared to that number in Lengkong, chicken mortality in Cikembar was much greater than the other. Probably, chickens were stress or sick during vaccination program, exacerbated by poor management practices (such as lack of water and feed) notably during dry season. In conclusion, a better understanding of chicken vaccination as well as a good management practices was required to lessen chicken mortality.
Diversity and evolution of Bradyrhizobium communities relating to Soybean cultivation: A review
Authors: Saranraj P , Sivasakthivelan P , Al-Tawaha A R M , Sudha A , Al-Tawaha A R , Sirajuddin S N , Hastang
Published: June 2021

Soybean is a nitrogen fixer. Also it is a model plant for the study of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Soybeans produce more protein and vegetable oil per acre than they do. Over 5000 years, China has been the centre of global soybean production. The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS) institute for crop germplasm resources has a national gene bank called the National Gene Bank (NGB) that is made up of nearly 24,000 soybean accessions, which include both wild and domesticated varieties. It started in the 18th century, but more intense cultivation started in the latter half of the 20th century. This has led to North America becoming the world’s leading soybean producer. This present review is focused on the diversity and evolution of Bradyrhizobium communities relating to Soybean cultivation.
The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on broiler farms in Moncongloe District, Maros Regency South Sulawesi
Authors: Sain F A , Asnawi A , Nurlaelah S
Published: June 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic has an impact on all sectors of the economy including broiler farming. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on broiler chicken farming in Moncongloe District, Maros Regency. This research was conducted in August - September 2020. The data collection method used literature review, observation and interviews. The broiler chicken farm industry and business owners are feeling the positive and negative impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic. The positive impact is the increasing number of people who open businesses in the food and beverage sector, including those using broiler as raw material. Indirectly, this will increase the demand for broilers on the producer side. The negative impact is that the price of chickens is always fluctuating and a fairly drastic drop in the price of live chickens has caused farmers to suffer losses. The condition of the decrease in the number of sales is also felt by restaurants, hotels and restaurants due to large-scale social restrictions in Makassar City, which are intermediate consumers.
The Variability of Upper-Ocean Salinity in the Eastern Inflow Region of ITF
Authors: Surinati D , Corvianawatie C , Kusmanto E , Budiman A S , Bayhaqi A , Avianto P , Wardana A K , Purwandana A , Ismail M F A , Dirhamsyah  , Arifin Z , Yuan D , Li X , Li Y , Wang Z , Wang J
Published: June 2021

The north and south Pacific waters influenced the water mass profile in the eastern inflow region of Indonesian throughflow (ITF), including Halmahera Sea, Maluku Sea, and Sangihe–Talaud Waters. Pacific waters are characterized by the strong salinity stratification in the upper-ocean (0–300m depth). Repeated annual oceanographic observations in the eastern inflow region of ITF found anomalous upper-ocean salinity profiles during the 2014–2017 periods. At the end of 2015 (El Niño condition), saltier salinity and nearly homogeneous salinity profile (>34.6 PSU) in the upper-ocean were found, and it is expected due to the decreasing precipitation rate. Conversely, freshening of upper-ocean salinity (33.5 – 34.6 PSU) was found during the weak La Niña condition in 2017. An increased precipitation rate might cause this condition for five months in a sequence (varies within +22% to 112% higher than its monthly mean). In between, the weak El Niño and weak La Niña condition in 2014 and 2016 are more likely to show a similar salinity profile to the strong El Niño 2015 and weak La Niña 2017, respectively. There is a slight reduction (increase) of precipitation rate during 2014 (2016), but it does not lead to a drastic increase (freshening) of salinity as indicated in 2015 and 2017. This study also suggests the less effect of MJO on the precipitation rate and salinity anomalies in the eastern inflow region of ITF, especially during its active phase in 2017.
Mode of Wind and Sea Surface Temperature Over the South China Sea During Rainy Season in Indonesia
Authors: Yulihastin E , Hadi T W , Syahputra M R
Published: June 2021

Research on near-surface wind and sea surface temperature dynamics in the South China Sea (SCS) is important to understand their impact on Indonesia’s rainy season variations. In this study, we use daily wind data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis and sea surface temperature (SST) from the Optimal Interpolated Sea Surface Temperature (OISST) during November-to-March (NDJFM) period of 2000-2016 to explore the dominant signal of temporal and spatial variations in the SCS. Results of the first EOF (EOF-1) show that the SST cooling occurred in the entire region (the South China Sea, local Indonesian sea, and the Indian Ocean nearly Sumatra), thus, is remarked as “Cold Tongue” (CT). Additionally, the CT coincides with the strengthening of northerly wind over the South China Sea (SCS) elongated in the equator’s vicinity, which is indicated as a cross-equatorial north wind (CENS). For meridional wind, the spatial pattern of the EOF-1 (17.75%) shows that the strength of this CENS is associated with SCS-type (remarked as South China Sea type) of Cold Surge (CS) pathway. This CS SCS-type could enhance the Asian winter monsoon flows over Indonesia. On the other hand, the spatial pattern of the second EOF (EOF-2) shows the enhancement of the northerly wind towards the Philippine Sea (12.65%) associated with PHP-type (remarked as Filipina sea type) of CS pathway (CS PHP-type). The CS PHP-type has a relationship with strong CT (12.65%). The CT, which is observed extending southward close to the Karimata Strait, appeared not to relate to the local CENS, which occurred early. Regarding the EOF-1 results, it appeared that the correlation between northerly wind and SST in the whole of the Maritime Continent region. It also shows that the CT developed from mid-December to mid-January. On the other side, the CENS occurred from mid-December to last-February.
Phytoplankton Community Structure of the Makassar Strait, Indonesia
Authors: Rachman A , Purwandana A , Fitriya N
Published: June 2021

Makassar Strait is a unique oceanic ecosystem influenced by Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) and acted as a geographical barrier for Asian and Australasian ecozones. Those characteristics could form the diversity of phytoplankton in the strait. Thus, this research aimed to describe the phytoplankton community structures and determine the longitudinal or latitudinal shift in the Makassar Strait community. Specimen collection was carried out in 2013 from 20 stations along the Makassar Strait during the Widya Nusantara Expedition (EWIN). There were 165 phytoplankton species identified in this study, which consists of 1 cyanobacterium, 97 diatoms, and 67 dinoflagellates. The cyanobacteria, Trichodesmium spp. was dominating the phytoplankton communities, with a relative density of >60%. Aside from Trichodesmium spp, the diatoms, Chaetoceros lorenzianus, Thalassionema nitzschioides, Bacteriastrum furcatum, Chaetoceros curvisetus, and Chaetoceros dichaeta were also the most abundant species in Makassar Strait. There was no extreme species assemblage shifting along the latitudinal and longitudinal gradients in the Makassar Strait. The phytoplankton community structure in all stations was similar, with noticeable differences only found at stations 8, 21, and 29 that are located in proximity to the Kalimantan coastline. However, a southward decrease in the density and diversity of phytoplankton was noticed in this study. It was confirmed that Makassar Strait was not a barrier for phytoplankton dispersal, which is shown in an indistinct shift in the phytoplankton community structure both latitudinally and longitudinally. However, ITF might be an important factor that controls the latitudinal trend in phytoplankton diversity and cell density in this research.
Ichthyological Research and Biodiversity of Marine Fishes in Indonesia
Authors: Peristiwady T
Published: June 2021

A brief review of ichthyological research and compiled results about the records of fishes from Indonesian waters are presented. A total of 4,954 species in 324 families of fishes are currently known from the area. Over of half of the total number specimen collected were represented by the families of Pomacentridae, Labridae, Gobiidae, Apogonidae, Chaetodontidae, Serranidae, Acanthuridae, Lutjanidae, Carangidae, and Scaridae. These families comprise about 48.9% of the total species reported. The Ichthyofauna is dominated by reef-associated fishes and pelagic or benthic fishes inhabiting offshore habitats. The highest number of fish species was found to present around Sulawesi Island.
Notes on flyingfish diversity in Indonesia waters
Authors: Syahailatua A , Rijoly F
Published: June 2021

Flyingfish is a small pelagic commercial species caught by local fishermen in Indonesia waters which is an important fish by its roe (eggs) for export. Flyingfish diversity has been studied for almost a century since Weber and de Beaufort published their findings in 1922. In 1960, Parin extended this study, and after that, Hutomo et al. (1985) reviewed several flyingfish studies in Indonesia waters, especially on fishery aspects. Again, Parin (1999) revised the systematics of flyingfish in Indo-west Pacific, splitting the genus of Cypselurus Swainson 1838 into Cheilopogon Lowe 1841 and Hirundichthys Breeder 1928. In 2004-2010, we studied the diversity and distribution of flyingfish at 7 locations throughout Indonesia. We identified 14 species, and found that Parexocoetus mento was widely distributed. The Makassar Strait, Flores Sea and Ambon (central Maluku) are suggested as hotspots of flyingfish diversity in Indonesia waters.
Characteristics of Deposited mine tailing on the Senunu Canyon, Indonesia
Authors: Witasari Y , Helfinalis  , Kusmanto E , Prayogo W
Published: June 2021

The characteristics, distribution, and accumulation of detrital sediment on the surface sediment in the Senunu Sea are used as a preliminary study to identify the detrital and sedimentation processes’ origin. This study aims to present the characters and composition of detrital sediment on Senunu seabed. It illustrates the influence of land sediment sources on sediment compositions settled on the bottom of the surrounding seas. Specific review on the sediment character in this region was done to identify surface sediment layers carrying tailings materials from ore mining on land and differentiate them from natural sediment. 53 sediment core from the Senunu bottom were collected and analyzed for their detrital characteristics using a binocular microscope. In general, sediment composition in Senunu seabed was terrigenous sediment with dominant material quartz, andesite, and tuffaceous breccia. Based on the detrital analysis, sediment lithology of natural seabed sediment and sediment containing tailing material is distinguished by color, layer contact, grain packing, grain shape, biota association, and specific mineral content quartz, mica, and magnetite. Surface sediment containing tailing material had more quartz mineral, had more similar grain size and crystal shape, fresher mineral condition, clearer color, and looser grain relation than seabed sediment that did not contain tailings material.. Based on the different characters and distribution patterns, sediment carrying tailings in the Senunu seabed. Based on the other characters and distribution patterns, sediments carrying tailings in the Senunu seabed on average were 2-167 centimeter thick at the surface with accumulated tailing 1-50% of total sediment at the sea bottom. Furthermore, the distribution of these tailing deposits is influenced mainly by morphodynamic, hydrodynamic conditions and the process of redeposition.
Sustainable use and conservation of inland water ecosystem in Indonesia: Challenge for fisheries management in lake and river ecosystem
Authors: Haryani GS
Published: June 2021

The paper aims to provide sustainable use and conservation insight into tropical aquatic resources with a special emphasis on inland water ecosystems in Indonesia, such as lakes and rivers. The talks focuses on certain use of resources in these ecosystems by humans. The inland water ecosystem should be properly managed to protect and maintain its biodiversity and sustainability through wise use of the aquatic resources with several ecological approaches. The richness in inland water resources does not lead Indonesia to freedom from water crises, and social and environmental problems. Degraded inland water ecosystem with much reduced carrying capacities, trapping people in conflicts of ecosystem use. The challenge of simplifying the adoption of conservation and sustainable use approaches to promote the implementation of practices in Indonesia remains.