bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Fluid Systems: Stability, Receptivity, Sensitivity
Authors: Schmid Peter J. , Brandt Luca
Published: January 2014

This article presents techniques for the analysis of fluid systems. It adopts an optimization-based point of view, formulating common concepts such as stability and receptivity in terms of a cost functional to be optimized subject to constraints given by the governing equations. This approach differs significantly from eigenvalue-based methods that cover the time-asymptotic limit for stability problems or the resonant limit for receptivity problems. Formal substitution of the solution operator for linear time-invariant systems results in the matrix exponential norm and the resolvent norm as measures to assess the optimal response to initial conditions or external harmonic forcing. The optimization-based approach can be extended by introducing adjoint variables that enforce governing equations and constraints. This step allows the analysis of far more general fluid systems, such as time-varying and nonlinear flows, and the investigation of wavemaker regions, structural sensitivities, and passive control strategies.
Multistage Suboptimal Model Predictive Control With Improved Computational Efficiency
Authors: Liu Xiaotao , Constantinescu Daniela , Shi Yang
Published: January 2014

This paper proposes a multistage suboptimal model predictive control (MPC) strategy which can reduce the prediction horizon without compromising the stability property. The proposed multistage MPC requires a precomputed sequence of j-step admissible sets, where the j-step admissible set is the set of system states that can be steered to the maximum positively invariant set in j control steps. Given the precomputed admissible sets, multistage MPC first determines the minimum number of steps M required to drive the state to the terminal set. Then, it steers the state to the (M – N)-step admissible set if M > N, or to the terminal set otherwise. The paper presents the offline computation of the admissible sets, and shows the feasibility and stability of multistage MPC for systems with and without disturbances. A numerical example illustrates that multistage MPC with N = 5 can be used to stabilize a system which requires MPC with N ≥ 14 in the absence of disturbances, and requires MPC with N ≥ 22 when affected by disturbances.
On the Axisymmetric Turbulent Boundary Layer Growth Along Long Thin Circular Cylinders
Authors: Jordan Stephen A.
Published: January 2014

Even after several decades of experimental and numerical testing, our present-day knowledge of the axisymmetric turbulent boundary layer (TBL) along long thin circular cylinders still lacks a clear picture of many fundamental characteristics. The main issues causing this reside in the experimental testing complexities and the numerical simplifications. An important characteristic that is crucial for routine scaling is the boundary layer length scales, but the downstream growth of these scales (boundary layer, displacement, and momentum thicknesses) is largely unknown from the leading to trailing edges. Herein, we combine pertinent datasets with many complementary numerical computations (large-eddy simulations) to address this shortfall. We are particularly interested in expressing the length scales in terms of the radius-based and axial-based Reynolds numbers (Rea and Rex). Although the composite dataset gave an averaged shape factor H = 1.09 that is substantially lower than the planar value (H = 1.27), the shape factor distribution along the cylinder axis actually begins at the flat plate value then decays logarithmically to near unity. The integral length scales displayed power-law evolutions with variable exponents until high Rea (Rea > 35,000) where both scales then mimic streamwise consistency. Beneath this threshold, their streamwise growth is much slower than the flat plate (especially at low-Rea). The boundary layer thickness grew according to an empirical expression that is dependent on both Rea and Rex where its streamwise growth can far exceed the planar turbulent flow. These unique characteristics rank the thin cylinder axisymmetric TBL as a separate canonical flow, which was well documented by the previous investigations.
Cervical Collagen Network Remodeling in Normal Pregnancy and Disrupted Parturition in Antxr2 Deficient Mice
Authors: Yoshida Kyoko , Reeves Claire , Vink Joy , Kitajewski Jan , Wapner Ronald , Jiang Hongfeng , Cremers Serge , Myers Kristin
Published: January 2014

The remodeling of the cervix from a rigid barrier into a compliant structure, which dilates to allow for delivery, is a critical process for a successful pregnancy. Changes in the mechanical properties of cervical tissue during remodeling are hypothesized to be related to the types of collagen crosslinks within the tissue. To further understand normal and abnormal cervical remodeling, we quantify the material properties and collagen crosslink density of cervical tissue throughout pregnancy from normal wild-type and Anthrax Toxin Receptor 2 knockout (Antxr2-/-) mice. Antxr2-/- females are known to have a parturition defect, in part, due to an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the cervix, particularly collagen. In this study, we determined the mechanical properties in gestation-timed cervical samples by osmotic loading and measured the density of mature collagen crosslink, pyridinoline (PYD), by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS). The equilibrium material response of the tissue to loading was investigated using a hyperelastic material model where the stresses in the material are balanced by the osmotic swelling tendencies of the glycosaminoglycans and the tensile restoring forces of a randomly-oriented crosslinked collagen fiber network. This study shows that the swelling response of the cervical tissue increased with decreasing PYD density in normal remodeling. In the Antxr2-/- mice, there was no significant increase in swelling volume or significant decrease in crosslink density with advancing gestation. By comparing the ECM-mechanical response relationships in normal and disrupted parturition mouse models this study shows that a reduction of collagen crosslink density is related to cervical softening and contributes to the cervical remodeling process.
Temporal Constraints on Hydrate-Controlled Methane Seepage off Svalbard
Authors: Berndt C. , Feseker T. , Treude T. , Krastel S. , Liebetrau V. , Niemann H. , Bertics V. J. , Dumke I. , Dünnbier K. , Ferré B. , Graves C. , Gross F. , Hissmann K. , Hühnerbach V. , Krause S. , Lieser K. , Schauer J. , Steinle L.
Published: January 2014

What Does It All Mean?

Strong emissions of methane have recently been observed from shallow sediments in Arctic seas.

Berndt
et al.

(p.
284
, published online 2 January) present a record of methane seepage from marine sediments off the coast of Svalbard showing that such emissions have been present for at least 3000 years, the result of normal seasonal fluctuations of bottom waters. Thus, contemporary observations of strong methane venting do not necessarily mean that the clathrates that are the source of the methane are decomposing at a faster rate than in the past.
The completeness of intervention descriptions in published National Institute of Health Research HTA-funded trials: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Douet Lisa , Milne Ruairidh , Anstee Sydney , Habens Fay , Young Amanda , Wright David
Published: January 2014

Objectives

The objective of this study was to assess whether National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment (HTA)-funded randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published in theHTAjournal were described in sufficient detail to replicate in practice.

Setting

RCTs published in theHTAjournal.

Participants

98 RCTs published in theHTAjournal up to March 2011. Completeness of the intervention description was assessed independently by two researchers using a checklist, which included assessments of participants, intensity, schedule, materials and settings. Disagreements in scoring were discussed in the team; differences were then explored and resolved.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Proportion of trials rated as having a complete description of the intervention (primary outcome measure). The proportion of drug trials versus psychological and non-drug trials rated as having a complete description of the intervention (secondary outcome measures).

Results

Components of the intervention description were missing in 68/98 (69.4%) reports. Baseline characteristics and descriptions of settings had the highest levels of completeness with over 90% of reports complete. Reports were less complete on patient information with 58.2% of the journals having an adequate description. When looking at individual intervention types, drug intervention descriptions were more complete than non-drug interventions with 33.3% and 30.6% levels of completeness, respectively, although this was not significant statistically. Only 27.3% of RCTs with psychological interventions were deemed to be complete, although again these differences were not significant statistically.

Conclusions

Ensuring the replicability of study interventions is an essential part of adding value in research. All those publishing clinical trial data need to ensure transparency and completeness in the reporting of interventions to ensure that study interventions can be replicated.
Why do patients develop severe pressure ulcers? A retrospective case study
Authors: Pinkney Lisa , Nixon Jane , Wilson Lyn , Coleman Susanne , McGinnis Elizabeth , Stubbs Nikki , Dealey Carol , Nelson Andrea , Patterson Malcolm , Keen Justin
Published: January 2014

Objectives

This study focuses on the ways in which the organisational context can influence the development of severe pressure ulcers. Severe pressure ulcers are important indicators of failures in the organisation and delivery of treatment and care. We have a good understanding of patients’ risk factors, but a poor understanding of the role played by the organisational context in their development.

Setting

The study was undertaken in six sites in Yorkshire, England. The settings were sampled in order to maximise diversity, and included patients’ own homes, acute hospital medical and surgical wards, a community hospital and a nursing home during a period of respite care.

Participants

Data were collected about eight individuals who developed severe pressure ulcers, using a retrospective case study design. The data sources included interviews with individuals with severe pressure ulcers, and with staff who had treated and cared for them, and clinical notes.

Results

4 accounts indicated that specific actions by clinicians contributed to the development of severe pressure ulcers. Seven of the 8 accounts indicated that they developed in organisational contexts where (1) clinicians failed to listen and respond to the patients’ or carers’ observations about their risks or the quality of their treatment and care, (2) clinicians failed to recognise and respond to clear signs that a patient had a pressure ulcer or was at risk of developing one and (3) services were not effectively coordinated.

Conclusions

Patient accounts could only be partially explained in terms of specific events or sequences of events. The findings support the conclusion that there was general acceptance of suboptimal clinical practices in 7 of the 8 contexts where patients developed severe pressure ulcers.
A randomised controlled trial on the efficacy of advance care planning on the quality of end-of-life care and communication in patients with COPD: the research protocol
Authors: Houben Carmen H M , Spruit Martijn A , Wouters Emiel F M , Janssen Daisy J A
Published: January 2014

Introduction

Recent research shows that advance care planning (ACP) for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is uncommon and poorly carried out. The aim of the present study was to explore whether and to what extent structured ACP by a trained nurse, in collaboration with the chest physician, can improve outcomes in Dutch patients with COPD and their family.

Methods and analysis

A multicentre cluster randomised controlled trial in patients with COPD who are recently discharged after an exacerbation has been designed. Patients will be recruited from three Dutch hospitals and will be assigned to an intervention or control group, depending on the randomisation of their chest physician. Patients will be assessed at baseline and after 6 and 12 months. The intervention group will receive a structured ACP session by a trained nurse. The primary outcomes are quality of communication about end-of-life care, symptoms of anxiety and depression, quality of end-of-life care and quality of dying. Secondary outcomes include concordance between patient's preferences for end-of-life care and received end-of-life care, and psychological distress in bereaved family members of deceased patients. Intervention and control groups will be compared using univariate analyses and clustered regression analysis.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval was received from the Medical Ethical Committee of the Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, the Netherlands (NL42437.060.12). The current project provides recommendations for guidelines on palliative care in COPD and supports implementation of ACP in the regular clinical care.

Clinical trial registration number

NTR3940.
The diagnostic challenge of congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia: two cases of ‘CDA type II’
Authors: Dukka Srivasavi , King May-Jean , Hill Quentin A
Published: January 2014

The congenital dyserythropoietic anaemias (CDAs) are a group of rare hereditary disorders characterised by ineffective erythropoiesis and morphological abnormalities in the erythroblasts. Patients may present with jaundice or with symptoms of anaemia, gall stones or iron overload. The diagnosis can be challenging and cases have been confused with haemolytic anaemia, haemochromatosis or a haemoglobinopathy. A delayed diagnosis can lead to inappropriate treatment or delayed management of iron overload. We present two patients previously diagnosed as CDA type II in whom the diagnosis was revised to CDA type I and to hereditary spherocytosis. The conditions are compared and the approach to diagnosis is discussed.
A weak sense of coherence is associated with a higher mortality risk
Authors: Super Sabina , Verschuren W M Monique , Zantinge Else M , Wagemakers M Annemarie E , Picavet H Susan J
Published: January 2014

Background

Sense of coherence (SOC) is a health-promoting resource within the salutogenic theory that reflects an individual's coping ability. The association between SOC and mental health has been confirmed, but its association with mortality is less clear. We examined the association between SOC and all-cause mortality in an adult Dutch population.

Methods

Between 1996 and 1998, a postal questionnaire, including the three-item SOC scale, was completed by 12 024 men and women aged 20–65 years, who had participated in a health examination (MORGEN project) 6 months to 3 years earlier. Vital status was recorded up to November 2011; in total, 603 deaths were registered (5%). The participants were divided into three groups with a weak (21.1%), intermediate (60.3%) or strong (18.6%) SOC. Cox proportional hazard models were used with an intermediate SOC as the reference group. Adjustments were made for sex, age, socioeconomic factors, indicators of health status and lifestyle.

Results

A weak SOC, as compared with an intermediate SOC, was associated with a higher all-cause mortality risk after, on average, 13.5 years of follow-up and adjusted for sex and age (HR=1.40, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.70). After additional adjustments, the higher all-cause mortality risk remained statistically significant (HR=1.27, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.59). Mortality risk for the strong SOC group did not differ from that for the intermediate group.

Conclusions

A weak SOC was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality. Health promotion focusing on strengthening SOC may be a promising new strategy, potentially affecting not only mental health but also mortality.
Radiation dose reduction in intra-arterial chemotherapy infusion for intraocular retinoblastoma
Authors: Cooke Daniel L , Stout Charles E , Kim Warren T , Hetts Steven W , Higashida Randall T , Halbach Van V , Dowd Christopher F , Gould Robert G
Published: January 2014

Background and purpose

Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare malignancy affecting the pediatric population. Intravenous chemotherapy is the longstanding delivery method, although intra-arterial (IA) chemotherapy is gaining popularity given the reduced side effects compared with systemic chemotherapy administration. Given the sensitivity of the target organ, patient age, and secondary tumor susceptibility, a premium has been placed on minimizing procedural related radiation exposure.

Materials and methods

To reduce patient x-ray dose during the IA infusion procedure, customized surgical methods and fluoroscopic techniques were employed. The routine fluoroscopic settings were changed from the standard 7.5 pulses/s and dose level to the detector of 36 nGy/pulse, to a pulse rate of 4 pulses/s and detector dose to 23 nGy/pulse. The angiographic dose indicators (reference point air kerma (Ka) and fluoroscopy time) for a cohort of 10 consecutive patients (12 eyes, 30 infusions) were analyzed. An additional four cases (five eyes, five infusions) were analyzed using dosimeters placed at anatomic locations to reflect scalp, eye, and thyroid dose.

Results

The mean Kaper treated eye was 20.1±11.9 mGy with a mean fluoroscopic time of 8.5±4.6 min. Dosimetric measurements demonstrated minimal dose to the lens (0.18±0.10 mGy). Measured entrance skin doses varied from 0.7 to 7.0 mGy and were 73.4±19.7% less than the indicated Ka value.

Conclusions

Ophthalmic arterial melphalan infusion is a safe and effective means to treat RB. Modification to contemporary fluoroscopic systems combined with parsimonious fluoroscopy can minimize radiation exposure.
Stent alone treatment for dissections and dissecting aneurysms involving the basilar artery
Authors: Li Chuanhui , Li Youxiang , Jiang Chuhan , Wu Zhongxue , Wang Yang , Yang Xinjian
Published: January 2014

Background and purpose:

Dissections and dissecting aneurysms involving the basilar artery (BA) are rare lesions with a poor prognosis, and controversies exist on treatment strategy. We describe the clinical presentation, radiologic features, and clinical outcomes of 11 consecutive patients with these lesions, treated using stent alone placement.

Materials and methods

11 patients were studied (10 men, one woman), with a mean age of 51 years (range 30–68 years). Clinical and angiographic data were reviewed retrospectively.

Results

It was technically feasible to place stents in all 11 cases, and a multiple stents technique was used in nine patients. Procedure related posterior circulation ischemic complications occurred in two cases. One patient presenting with locked-in syndrome died of a pulmonary embolism 3 months after treatment although the clinical condition was gradually improving after stent placement. In the other eight cases, improvement in initial symptoms or a stable condition was observed on follow-up at 1–48 months. Angiographic follow-up was obtained in nine cases using DSA (n=8) or CT angiography (n=1). Successful occlusion of the aneurysm or dissection sac was noted in two cases, BA occlusion in one case, disappearance of double lumen sign in one case, and delayed retention of contrast medium in one case. For the remaining four patients there was no change in the configuration of the lesions on follow-up angiographic results.

Conclusions

Stent alone treatment as a potential and disputable alternative therapeutic option for the treatment of BA dissection and dissecting aneurysms, although technically feasible, was effective in only certain lesions, and this treatment carries substantial risks of complications and a high failure rate. The true effect of this strategy is questionable. A study involving larger populations and a longer follow-up is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of this treatment modality.
Intra-arterial treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke and internal carotid artery occlusion: a literature review
Authors: Kappelhof Manon , Marquering Henk A , Berkhemer Olvert A , Majoie Charles B L M
Published: January 2014

Introduction

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion has a poor prognosis if treated by intravenous thrombolysis. Intra-arterial (IA) treatment is a promising alternative. However, its effectiveness is still unproven.

Methods

We collected all publications describing results of IA treatment in acute ICA occlusions. All studies with 10 patients or more providing data on clinical outcome were included. We pooled the results by occlusion site (intracranial, extracranial or tandem occlusions) and treatment method, using recanalization, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, mortality and favorable clinical outcome (defined as modified Rankin Scale score 0–2) as outcome measures.

Results

32 studies totaling 1107 patients were included. In the population with intracranial ICA occlusion, recanalization (69% vs 38%, p<0.001) and favorable outcome (34% vs 12%, p<0.001) rates were significantly higher for mechanical thrombectomy than for IA thrombolysis. In the population with extracranial ICA occlusion, stenting resulted in a higher recanalization rate (87% vs 48%, p=0.001) and favorable outcome rate (68% vs 15%, p<0.001) and lower mortality (18% vs 41%, p=0.048) than IA thrombolysis. In the tandem occlusion population, a statistically significant lower death rate was found for the group treated with IA thrombolysis only compared with the groups with any mechanical treatment of the intracranial occlusion (0% vs 34%, p=0.002 and 0% vs 33%, p=0.001).

Conclusions

This review shows that, for patients with AIS due to an extracranial and/or intracranial ICA occlusion, stenting and mechanical thrombectomy are associated with higher recanalization rates and improved functional outcomes compared with IA thrombolysis.
Evolution of thrombectomy approaches and devices for acute stroke: a technical review
Authors: Spiotta Alejandro M , Chaudry M Imran , Hui Ferdinand K , Turner Raymond D , Kellogg Ryan T , Turk Aquilla S
Published: January 2014

While intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the only FDA-approved treatment modality for acute ischemic stroke, many patients do not meet the criteria for intravenous tPA and are offered intra-arterial therapy. Rapid advances in devices and approaches have marked the evolution of thrombectomy over the past decade from rudimentary mechanical disruption, followed by intra-arterial thrombolytic infusions to increasingly effective thrombectomy devices. We review the critical advancements in thrombectomy technique that have evolved and the key anatomic and technical challenges they address, from first-generation Merci retrieval systems to second-generation Penumbra aspiration systems and third-generation stent retrievers, as well as nuances of their uses to maximize their effectiveness. We also highlight more recent advances that offer patients hope for more expedient vessel recanalization.
Do nest exclosures affect the behaviour of Piping Plovers (Charadriusmelodus melodus) and their predators?
Authors: Beaulieu G. , Austin D. , Leonard M.L.
Published: January 2014

Predators are a threat to many ground-nesting shorebirds; however, nest exclosures are a tool used by managers to reduce nest predation. Others have found that nest exclosures increase hatching success, but there has been concern that they may also increase adult mortality and nest abandonment. We examined the effects of nest exclosures on the behaviour of incubating Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus melodus Ord, 1824) and their predators on nesting beaches in eastern Canada. Using a combination of field observations, video monitoring, and an artificial nest experiment, we found that adult incubation behaviour did not differ between exclosed and unexclosed nests. Predators, however, visited exclosed nests more often than unexclosed nests and spent more time in the vicinity of exclosed nests than unexclosed nests at one of our sites. These findings suggest that concerns over increased adult mortality and nest abandonment are plausible and require further study.
Roughening it — evolving irregular domains and transport theorems
Authors: Seguin Brian , Fried Eliot
Published: January 2014

Well-known examples of transport theorems include the Leibniz integral rule and a result established by Reynolds for three-dimensional regions that convect with the motion of a continuum. Here, we prove a generalized transport theorem by relaxing the regularity assumptions on the domain of integration to include domains that may, among other things, develop holes, split into pieces, or whose fractal dimension may evolve with time. Our results are of potential value in continuum physics and the calculus of variations.
Asymptotic analysis of a viscous fluid–thin plate interaction: Periodic flow
Authors: Panasenko G. P. , Stavre R.
Published: January 2014

The first goal of this paper is to provide an asymptotic derivation and justification of the model studied in [Asymptotic analysis of a periodic flow in a thin channel with visco-elastic wall, J. Math. Pures Appl.85 (2006) 558–579]. We consider the coupled system "viscous fluid flow–thin elastic plate" when the thickness of the plate, ε, tends to zero, while the density and the Young's modulus of the plate material are of order ε-1 and ε-3, respectively. The plate lies on the fluid which occupies a thick domain. The complete asymptotic expansion is constructed when ε tends to zero and it is proved that the leading term of the expansion satisfies the equations of [Asymptotic analysis of a periodic flow in a thin channel with visco-elastic wall, J. Math. Pures Appl.85 (2006) 558–579]. The second goal is the partial asymptotic decomposition formulation of the original problem when a part of the plate is described by a one-dimensional (1D) model while the other part is simulated by the two-dimensional (2D) elasticity equations. The appropriate junction conditions based on the previous asymptotic analysis are proposed at the interface point between the 1D and 2D equations. The error of the method is evaluated.
Dynamic cohesive fracture: Models and analysis
Authors: Larsen Christopher J. , Slastikov Valeriy
Published: January 2014

Our goal in this paper is to initiate a mathematical study of dynamic cohesive fracture. Mathematical models of static cohesive fracture are quite well understood, and existence of solutions is known to rest on properties of the cohesive energy density ψ, which is a function of the jump in displacement. In particular, a relaxation is required (and a relaxation formula is known) if ψ′(0+) ≠ ∞. However, formulating a model for dynamic fracture when ψ′(0+) = ∞ is not straightforward, compared to when ψ′(0+) is finite, and especially compared to when ψ is smooth. We therefore formulate a model that is suitable when ψ′(0+) = ∞ and also agrees with established models in the more regular case. We then analyze the one-dimensional case and show existence when a finite number of potential fracture points are specified a priori, independent of the regularity of ψ. We also show that if ψ′(0+) < ∞, then relaxation is necessary without this constraint, at least for some initial data.
Collaboration in the Cloud: Role of Interaction and Online Collaborative Tools in Enhancing Knowledge Creation in Virtual Environments
Authors: Singh Rajesh
Published: January 2014

Knowledge sharing is a process through which knowledge is exchanged, resulting in the creation of new knowledge. Knowledge sharing has been highlighted as one of the main factors positively affecting team performance. However, simply putting students into teams does not guarantee increased levels of collaboration and enhanced quality of knowledge creation. This exploratory study examines students' perceptions of the quality of knowledge creation in virtual teams using collaborative online tools. The research data was collected from 169 LIS students across seven blended courses in 2011. The perceived quality of knowledge creation was measured and divided into three levels for analysis: enhanced, moderate and baseline. The role of interaction and communication was found to be critical in facilitating knowledge sharing and enhancing knowledge creation, leading to an overall superior learning experience for students. The findings also indicate that effective use of various online collaborative tools results in a perceived enhanced quality of knowledge creation.
Alternative Metrics for Assessing Knowledge Assets
Authors: Erickson G. Scott , Rothberg Helen N.
Published: January 2014

This paper analyzes two different approaches to assessing the knowledge assets of multiple firms in a given industry. Typically, in evaluating knowledge management (KM) results by measuring intellectual capital (IC), studies in the field have looked specifically at individual firms or a small cluster of organisations. Measuring a large number of firms has proven more of a challenge even though the discipline has some established metrics to do so, principally those using some variation of Tobin's q. In moving such methodologies forward, we look at two variations on Tobin's q for assessing KM requirements in an industry and the relative level of KM success in member firms. We contrast different industries with apparently different KM circumstances, allowing some deeper insights into the strengths and weaknesses of our two metrics. These results will be of interest to those studying KM and IC as they provide guidance in evaluating performance (as well as the need to invest in order to keep up with industry top performers). For the same reason, the results and methodology will inform practitioners taking a strategic approach to knowledge investment, giving them a way to assess relative standing within and across industries. KM strategies can and should differ, and these metrics provide guidance for such decisions.
Impact of Funding on Scientific Output and Collaboration: A Survey of Literature
Authors: Ebadi Ashkan , Schiffauerova Andrea
Published: January 2014

This document critically reviews the papers that investigated the impact of funding on scientific output and on scientific collaboration. For the output, the focus is on the number of articles as a measure of the scientific productivity and the number of citations that a paper received as an indicator of the quality. Various methodological approaches have been adopted (e.g. bibliometrics (a set of methods to analyse the scientific literature quantitatively), statistical analysis) for this purpose. Reviewing the literature revealed that although the general assumption of the positive effect of funding on scientific development is completely (or partially) acknowledged in some studies, one can also find some contradictory results. In addition, we note that analysing the impact of funding on scientific output has attracted more attention of the researchers while investigating the impact of funding on collaboration has been only recently taken into consideration. The paper concludes by comparing the major results and methodologies of the reviewed studies while highlighting the research gaps.
Is Trust the Most Important Human Factor Influencing Knowledge Sharing in Organisations?
Authors: Evans M. Max
Published: January 2014

The present study explores several of the most significant social and cognitive human factors that have been found to motivate or inhibit organisational knowledge sharing in previous empirical studies. Of specific interest is the individual and collective effect that trust, shared language, shared vision, tie strength, homophily and relationship length have on three important conditions necessary for effective knowledge sharing to take place (i.e. willingness to share, willingness to use and perceived receipt of useful knowledge). The study also considers the nature of the employee working relationship (positive versus negative) and the form of knowledge sharing (explicit versus tacit). In total, 275 surveys were completed by employees working on projects at one of Canada's largest multijurisdictional law firms. Quantitative methods were used to examine the relationships between the dependent variables and independent variables, while controlling for all the other variables in the model.
Microbially Mediated Transformations of Phosphorus in the Sea: New Views of an Old Cycle
Authors: Karl David M.
Published: January 2014

Phosphorus (P) is a required element for life. Its various chemical forms are found throughout the lithosphere and hydrosphere, where they are acted on by numerous abiotic and biotic processes collectively referred to as the P cycle. In the sea, microorganisms are primarily responsible for P assimilation and remineralization, including recently discovered P reduction-oxidation bioenergetic processes that add new complexity to the marine microbial P cycle. Human-induced enhancement of the global P cycle via mining of phosphate-bearing rock will likely influence the pace of P-cycle dynamics, especially in coastal marine habitats. The inextricable link between the P cycle and cycles of other bioelements predicts future impacts on, for example, nitrogen fixation and carbon dioxide sequestration. Additional laboratory and field research is required to build a comprehensive understanding of the marine microbial P cycle.
Gene-Environment Interaction
Authors: Manuck Stephen B. , McCaffery Jeanne M.
Published: January 2014

With the advent of increasingly accessible technologies for typing genetic variation, studies of gene-environment (G×E) interactions have proliferated in psychological research. Among the aims of such studies are testing developmental hypotheses and models of the etiology of behavioral disorders, defining boundaries of genetic and environmental influences, and identifying individuals most susceptible to risk exposures or most amenable to preventive and therapeutic interventions. This research also coincides with the emergence of unanticipated difficulties in detecting genetic variants of direct association with behavioral traits and disorders, which may be obscured if genetic effects are expressed only in predisposing environments. In this essay we consider these and other rationales for positing G×E interactions, review conceptual models meant to inform G×E interpretations from a psychological perspective, discuss points of common critique to which G×E research is vulnerable, and address the role of the environment in G×E interactions.
Climate Simulators and Climate Projections
Authors: Rougier Jonathan , Goldstein Michael
Published: January 2014

We provide a statistical interpretation of current practice in climate modeling. In this review, we define weather and climate, clarify the relationship between simulator output and simulator climate, distinguish between a climate simulator and a statistical climate model, provide a statistical interpretation of the ubiquitous practice of anomaly correction along with a substantial generalization (the best-parameter approach), and interpret simulator/data comparisons as posterior predictive checking, including a simple adjustment to allow for double counting. We also discuss statistical approaches to simulator tuning, assessing parametric uncertainty, and responding to unrealistic outputs. We finish with a more general discussion of larger themes.
Pathogen-Driven Cancers and Emerging Immune Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Vandeven Natalie , Nghiem Paul
Published: January 2014

Infectious agents play an etiologic role in approximately 20% of cancer cases worldwide. Eleven pathogens (seven viruses, three parasites, and one bacterium) are known to contribute to oncogenesis either directly via the expression of their protein products or indirectly via chronic inflammation. Although prevention of infection and antimicrobial treatments have helped in reducing infection rates and the incidence of associated malignancies, therapies for these cancers remain limited. The importance of immune control over malignant progression is highlighted by the fact that many cancers, particularly those induced by pathogens, occur more frequently among immunosuppressed patients as compared with healthy individuals. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that can elicit a robust immune response and restore tumor detection may be a beneficial approach for treating these cancers. In addition, the study of immune escape mechanisms used by pathogens and their associated cancers may provide insight into the mechanisms of malignant transformation and improved therapies for cancer more generally. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(1); 9–14. ©2014 AACR.
M‐Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Nitroglycerin in a Canine Model of Experimental Acute Hypertensive Heart Failure: Differential Actions of 2 cGMP Activating Therapeutics
Authors: McKie Paul M. , Cataliotti Alessandro , Ichiki Tomoko , Sangaralingham S. Jeson , Chen Horng H. , Burnett John C.
Published: January 2014

Background

Systemic hypertension is a common characteristic in acute heart failure (
HF
). This increasingly recognized phenotype is commonly associated with renal dysfunction and there is an unmet need for renal enhancing therapies. In a canine model of
HF
and acute vasoconstrictive hypertension we characterized and compared the cardiorenal actions of
M
‐atrial natriuretic peptide (
M
‐
ANP
), a novel particulate guanylyl cyclase (pGC) activator, and nitroglycerin, a soluble guanylyl cyclase (
sGC
) activator.

Methods and Results

HF
was induced by rapid RV pacing (180 beats per minute) for 10 days. On day 11, hypertension was induced by continuous angiotensin II infusion. We characterized the cardiorenal and humoral actions prior to, during, and following intravenous
M
‐
ANP
(n=7), nitroglycerin (n=7), and vehicle (n=7) infusion. Mean arterial pressure (
MAP
) was reduced by
M
‐
ANP
(139±4 to 118±3 mm Hg,
P
<0.05) and nitroglycerin (137±3 to 116±4 mm Hg,
P
<0.05); similar findings were recorded for pulmonary wedge pressure (
PCWP
) with
M
‐
ANP
(12±2 to 6±2 mm Hg,
P
<0.05) and nitroglycerin (12±1 to 6±1 mm Hg,
P
<0.05).
M
‐
ANP
enhanced renal function with significant increases (
P
<0.05) in glomerular filtration rate (38±4 to 53±5 mL/min), renal blood flow (132±18 to 236±23 mL/min), and natriuresis (11±4 to 689±37 mEq/min) and also inhibited aldosterone activation (32±3 to 23±2 ng/dL,
P
<0.05), whereas nitroglycerin had no significant (
P
>0.05) effects on these renal parameters or aldosterone activation.

Conclusions

Our results advance the differential cardiorenal actions of
pGC
(
M
‐
ANP
) and
sGC
(nitroglycerin) mediated
cGMP
activation. These distinct renal and aldosterone modulating actions make
M
‐
ANP
an attractive therapeutic for
HF
with concomitant hypertension, where renal protection is a key therapeutic goal.
Venous Thromboembolism Increases the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: The Tromsø Study
Authors: Hald Erin M. , Enga Kristin F. , Løchen Maja‐Lisa , Mathiesen Ellisiv B. , Njølstad Inger , Wilsgaard Tom , Braekkan Sigrid K. , Hansen John‐Bjarne
Published: January 2014

Background

Pulmonary embolism (PE) may trigger atrial fibrillation through increased right atrial pressure and subsequent atrial strain, but the degree of evidence is low. In this study, we wanted to investigate the impact of incident venous thromboembolism (
VTE
) on future risk of atrial fibrillation in a prospective population‐based study.

Methods and Results

The study included 29 974 subjects recruited from the
T
romsø study (1994–1995, 2001–2002, 2007–2008). Incident
VTE
and atrial fibrillation events were registered from date of enrolment to end of follow‐up, December 31, 2010.
C
ox proportional hazard regression models using age as time‐scale and
VTE
as a time‐dependent variable were used to estimate crude and multivariable hazard ratios (
HR
s) for atrial fibrillation with 95% confidence intervals (
CI
s). During 16 years of follow up, 540 (1.8%) subjects had an incident
VTE
event, and 1662 (5.54%) were diagnosed with atrial fibrillation. Among those with
VTE
, 50 (9.3%) developed subsequent atrial fibrillation. Patients with
VTE
had 63% higher risk of atrial fibrillation compared to subjects without
VTE
(multivariable‐adjusted
HR
: 1.63, 95%
CI
: 1.22 to 2.17). The risk of atrial fibrillation was particularly high during the first 6 months after the
VTE
event (
HR
4.00, 95%
CI
: 2.21 to 7.25) and among those with PE (
HR
1.78, 95%
CI
: 1.13 to 2.80).

Conclusions

We found that incident
VTE
was associated with future risk of atrial fibrillation. Our findings support the hypothesis that PE may lead to cardiac dysfunctions that, in turn, could trigger atrial fibrillation.
Implementation of a Structured Guideline–Based Program for the Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke in China
Authors: Peng Bin , Ni Jun , Anderson Craig S. , Zhu Yicheng , Wang Yongjun , Pu Chuanqiang , Wu Jiang , Wang Jianming , Zhou Lixin , Yao Ming , He Jia , Shan Guangliang , Gao Shan , Xu Weihai , Cui Liying
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose—

High rates of ischemic stroke and poor adherence to secondary prevention measures are observed in the Chinese population.

Methods—

We used a national, multicenter, cluster-randomized controlled trial in which 47 hospitals were randomized to either a structured care program group (n=23) or a usual care group (n=24). The structured care program consisted of a specialist-administered, guideline-recommended pharmaceutical treatment and a lifestyle modification algorithm associated with written and Internet-accessed educational material for patients for the secondary prevention of ischemic stroke. The primary efficacy outcome was the proportion of patients who adhered to the recommended measures at 12-month postdischarge. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrial.gov (NCT00664846).

Results—

At 12 months, 1287 (72.1%) patients in the Standard Medical Management in Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke in China (SMART) group and 1430 (72%) patients in the usual care group had completed the 12-month follow-up (
P
=0.342). Compared with the usual care group, those in the SMART group showed higher adherence to statins (56% versus 33%;
P
=0.006) but no difference in adherence to antiplatelet (81% versus 75%;
P
=0.088), antihypertensive (67% versus 69%;
P
=0.661), or diabetes mellitus drugs (73% versus 67%;
P
=0.297). No significant difference in the composite end point (new-onset ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, acute coronary syndrome, and all-cause death) was observed (3.56% versus 3.59%;
P
=0.921).

Conclusions—

The implementation of a program to improve adherence to secondary ischemic stroke prevention efforts in China is feasible, but these programs had only a limited impact on adherence and no impact on 1-year outcomes. Further development of a structured program to reduce vascular events after stroke is needed.

Clinical Trial Registration—URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00664846.
Prognostic Value of Plasma β-Amyloid Levels in Patients With Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Martí-Fàbregas Joan , Delgado-Mederos Raquel , Marín Rebeca , de la Ossa Natalia Pérez , de Leciñana María Alonso , Rodríguez-Yáñez Manuel , Sanahuja Jordi , Purroy Francisco , De Arce Ana María , Carrera David , Dinia Lavinia , Guardia-Laguarta Cristina , Lleó Alberto
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose—

It has been proposed that the deposition of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) in the brain parenchyma and brain blood vessels has deleterious effects. We tested the hypothesis that the levels of plasma Aβ are related to the outcome in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

Methods—

In a multicenter study, we prospectively included patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage within the first 24 hours after onset. At admission, we measured plasma Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels using ELISA techniques. Also, we recorded age, sex, vascular risk factors, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, presence of intraventricular hemorrhage, localization, cause, and volume of the hematoma. We obtained the modified Rankin scale and defined a unfavorable outcome as modified Rankin scale >2 at 3 months. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed.

Results—

We studied 160 patients (mean age, 73.8±11.3 years; 59.4% of them were men). A favorable outcome was observed in 64 (40%) of the patients. In the bivariate analyses, unfavorable outcome was associated with high age, female sex, diabetes mellitus, presence of intraventricular hemorrhage, high blood glucose, high National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, high volume, and high plasma levels of Aβ42 and Aβ40. The multivariate analysis showed that increased age (odds ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.035–1.21;
P
<0.0001), high admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (odds ratio, 1.29, 95% confidence interval, 1.17–1.42;
P
<0.0001), presence of diabetes mellitus (odds ratio, 4.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.21–14.1;
P
=0.02), and Aβ42 levels >9.7 pg/mL (odds ratio, 4.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.65–10.1;
P
=0.02) were independently associated with an increased likelihood of an unfavorable outcome.

Conclusions—

High levels of plasma Aβ42 in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage are associated with a poor functional prognosis.
Regulation of
CARD8
Expression by
ANRIL
and Association of
CARD8
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs2043211 (p.C10X) With Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Bai Ying , Nie Shaofang , Jiang Guiqing , Zhou Yingchao , Zhou Mengchen , Zhao Yuanyuan , Li Sisi , Wang Fan , Lv Qiulun , Huang Yufeng , Yang Qin , Li Qingxian , Li Yue , Xia Yunlong , Liu Ying , Liu Jinqiu , Qian Jin , Li Bin , Wu Gang , Wu Yanxia , Wang Binbin , Cheng Xiang , Yang Yanzong , Ke Tie , Li Hui , Ren Xiang , Ma Xu , Liao Yuhua , Xu Chengqi , Tu Xin , Wang Qing K.
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose—

ANRIL
has long been considered as the strongest candidate gene at the 9p21 locus, robustly associated with stroke and coronary artery disease. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. The present study works to elucidate such a mechanism.

Methods—

Using expression quantitative loci analysis, we identified potential genes whose expression may be influenced by genetic variation in
ANRIL
. To verify the identified gene(s), knockdown and overexpression of
ANRIL
were evaluated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and HepG2 cells. Ischemic stroke and coronary artery disease risk were then evaluated in the gene(s) demonstrated to be mediated by
ANRIL
in 3 populations of Chinese Han ancestry: 2 ischemic stroke populations consisting of the Central China cohort (903 cases and 873 controls) and the Northern China cohort (816 cases and 879 controls) and 1 coronary artery disease cohort consisting of 772 patients and 873 controls.

Results—

Expression quantitative loci analysis identified
CARD8
among others, with knockdown of
ANRIL
expression decreasing
CARD8
expression and overexpression of
ANRIL
increasing
CARD8
expression. The minor T allele of a previously identified
CARD8
variant (rs2043211) was found to be significantly associated with a protective effect of ischemic stroke under the recessive model in 2 independent stroke cohorts. No significant association was found between rs2043211 and coronary artery disease.

Conclusions—

CARD8
is a downstream target gene regulated by
ANRIL.
Single nucleotide polymorphism rs2043211 in
CARD8
is significantly associated with ischemic stroke.
ANRIL
may increase the risk of ischemic stroke through regulation of the
CARD8
pathway.