bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-healing supramolecular heterometallic gels based on the synergistic effect of the constituent metal ions
Authors: Yan Liwei , Shen Linghong , Lv Mingqian , Yu Wenkun , Chen Jie , Wang Shuang , Fu Xiaofang , Ye Zhongbin
Published: October 2015

Supramolecular heterometallic gels with synergistic properties were prepared for the first time using ligand 1 with both Co2+ and Ni2+, and their macroscopic self-healing has been achieved by improving the unfavorable viscoelasticity of each monometallic gel.
Precursor-route ZnO films from a mixed casting solvent for high performance aqueous electrolyte-gated transistors
Authors: Althagafi Talal M. , Algarni Saud A. , Al Naim Abdullah , Mazher Javed , Grell Martin
Published: October 2015

We significantly improved the performance of precursor-route semiconducting zinc oxide (ZnO) films in electrolyte-gated thin film transistors (TFTs).
Programmable diode/resistor-like behavior of nanostructured vanadium pentoxide xerogel thin film
Authors: Wan Zhenni , Darling Robert B. , Anantram M. P.
Published: October 2015

Electrical properties of a Cr/V2O5/Cr structure are investigated and switching of the device due to electrochemical reactions is observed at low bias (<1 V). Diode-like or resistor-like behavior is obtained after switching, depending on the polarity of the first applied bias.
Generalized Muller–Kern formula for equilibrium thickness of a wetting layer with respect to the dependence of the surface energy of island facets on the thickness of the 2D layer
Authors: Lozovoy Kirill A. , Kokhanenko Andrey P. , Voitsekhovskii Alexander V.
Published: October 2015

The equilibrium thickness of a wetting layer is calculated with the assumption that the energy of the facets depends upon the 2D-layer thickness.
Dual electron transfer pathways from the excited C60 radical anion: enhanced reactivities due to the photoexcitation of reaction intermediates
Authors: Fujitsuka Mamoru , Ohsaka Tatsuya , Majima Tetsuro
Published: October 2015

The excited C60 radical anion showed enhanced electron transfer.
Application-oriented computational studies on a series of D–π–A structured porphyrin sensitizers with different electron-donor groups
Authors: Fan Chencheng , Zhang Bao , Li Yuanchao , Liang Yuxia , Xue Xiaodong , Feng Yaqing
Published: October 2015

A reliable method involving the employment of the Fukui function, the extended condensed Fukui function and the Tangui Le Bahers model for the evaluation of newly designed D–π–A type porphyrin sensitizers for use in dye-sensitized solar cells was developed.
Multi-center covalency: revisiting the nature of anion–π interactions
Authors: Foroutan-Nejad Cina , Badri Zahra , Marek Radek
Published: October 2015

Plot of the delocalization index,δ(X−,Ω), scaled by the internuclear distance,RX,Ω,versusthe exchange–correlation potential energy,VXC(X−,Ω), for anion–π complexes.
Tenuigenin exhibits anti-inflammatory activity via inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB and inducing Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in macrophages
Authors: Lv Hongming , Ren Wenzhi , Zheng Yuwei , Wang Lidong , Lu Gejin , Yi Pengfei , Ci Xinxin
Published: October 2015

Tenuigenin (TNG), isolated from the root of the Chinese herb Polygala tenuifolia, possesses various biological and pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation activities.
Chemoselective cross-coupling reaction of sodium sulfinates with phenols under aqueous conditions
Authors: Xiao Fuhong , Chen Shuqing , Tian Jinxin , Huang Huawen , Liu Yuejin , Deng Guo-Jun
Published: October 2015

An efficient procedure for the formation of C–S bondsviadirect C–H functionalization has been developed under aqueous conditions.
Synthesis, controlled release and antibacterial studies of nalidixic acid–zinc hydroxide nitrate nanocomposites
Authors: Nabipour Hafezeh , Sadr Moayad Hossaini , Thomas Nygil
Published: October 2015

Nalidixic acid intercalated zinc hydroxide nitrate is suitable for a controlled-release formulation and the resultant nanocomposite is an effective antibacterial agent.
A highly efficient thermo-optic microring modulator assisted by graphene
Authors: Gan Sheng , Cheng Chuantong , Zhan Yaohui , Huang Beiju , Gan Xuetao , Li Shaojuan , Lin Shenghuang , Li Xiaofeng , Zhao Jianlin , Chen Hongda , Bao Qiaoliang
Published: October 2015

A simple method to fabricate thermo-optic modulators with high performance in a small footprint.
A graphene meta-interface for enhancing the stretchability of brittle oxide layers
Authors: Won Sejeong , Jang Jae-Won , Choi Hyung-Jin , Kim Chang-Hyun , Lee Sang Bong , Hwangbo Yun , Kim Kwang-Seop , Yoon Soon-Gil , Lee Hak-Joo , Kim Jae-Hyun , Lee Soon-Bok
Published: October 2015

The electromechanical stretchability of brittle oxide layers on polymeric films was enhanced by introducing a graphene meta-interface to reduce the strain transferred from the polymeric film to the oxide.
A self-cleaning polybenzoxazine/TiO2 surface with superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity for oil/water separation
Authors: Zhang Wenfei , Lu Xin , Xin Zhong , Zhou Changlu
Published: October 2015

A self-cleaning PBZ/TiO2 modified fabric with simultaneous superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity for oil/water separation is prepared through simple dip coating.
The synthesis of heterosaccharides related to the fucoidan from Chordaria flagelliformis bearing an α-l-fucofuranosyl unit
Authors: Vinnitskiy Dmitry Z. , Krylov Vadim B. , Ustyuzhanina Nadezhda E. , Dmitrenok Andrey S. , Nifantiev Nikolay E.
Published: October 2015

Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of the entitled branched pentasaccharides containing both fucopyranosyl and fucofuranosyl residues by use of pyranoside-into-furanoside rearrangement is reported.
Molybdenum oxide/γ-alumina: an efficient solid acid catalyst for the synthesis of nopol by Prins reaction
Authors: Marakatti Vijaykumar S. , Mumbaraddi Dundappa , Shanbhag Ganapati V. , Halgeri Anand B. , Maradur Sanjeev P.
Published: October 2015

Prins condensation of β-pinene with paraformaldehyde was carried out over MoOx/γ-Al2O3catalyst in liquid phase.
Structure–property studies of P-triarylamine-substituted dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]phospholes
Authors: Puntscher Hannes , Kautny Paul , Stöger Berthold , Tissot Antoine , Hametner Christian , Hagemann Hans R. , Fröhlich Johannes , Baumgartner Thomas , Lumpi Daniel
Published: October 2015

The photo-physical and theoretical investigation of 10 novel donor–acceptor materials sheds new light on charge transfer in dithienophosphole oxide derivatives.
In situ nano-fibrillation of microinjection molded poly(lactic acid)/poly(ε-caprolactone) blends and comparison with conventional injection molding
Authors: Ding Weiwei , Chen Yinghong , Liu Zhuo , Yang Sen
Published: October 2015

During microinjection molding, there are highly oriented PCL nanofibrilsin situformed, while during conventional injection molding, there are oriented microfibrilsin situformed.
An ultrasensitive molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on graphene oxide/carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotube/ionic liquid/gold nanoparticle composites for vanillin analysis
Authors: Wang Xiaojiao , Luo Chuannan , Li Leilei , Duan Huimin
Published: October 2015

Schematic diagram of GO/CCNTs/IL/AuNPs/MIPs composites applied to the electrode.
The effects of gallium on solution-derived indium oxide-based thin film transistors manufactured on display glass
Authors: Choi Chang-Ho , Su Yu-Wei , Lin Liang-Yu , Cheng Chun-Cheng , Chang Chih-hung
Published: October 2015

Amorphous IGO film was fabricated on display glass substrate and applied for TFTs. In particular, we studied the effect of gallium component on device performances.
Anticorrosion/antifouling properties of bacterial spore-loaded sol–gel type coating for mild steel in saline marine condition: a case of thermophilic strain of Bacillus licheniformis
Authors: Eduok Ubong , Suleiman Rami , Gittens Jeanette , Khaled Mazen , Smith Thomas J. , Akid Robert , El Ali Bassam , Khalil Amjad
Published: October 2015

Novel hybrid sol–gel coating was developed, doped further with inhibitive pigments and biofilm of protective thermophilic strain ofBacillus licheniformis, and tested as anticorrosive/antifouling coating for mild steel in lab and field-beach side.
Characterization of crude oil degrading microbial cultures isolated in Qingdao China
Authors: Pi Yongrui , Bao Mutai , Li Yiming , Li Guangmei , Lu Jinren , Sun Peiyan
Published: October 2015

9 hydrocarbon-degrading strains were isolated based on their ability to grow with crude oil as the sole carbon source from the water and sediment samples of Qingdao offshore.
Safflomin A inhibits neuraminidase activity and influenza virus replication
Authors: Yu Miao , Wang Ye , Tian Li , Wang Yanyan , Wang Xizhu , Liang Weiguo , Yang Jiyu , Yu Dahai , Ma Tonghui , Fang Xuexun
Published: October 2015

Neuraminidase (NA) is a glycoprotein on the surface of the influenza virus that plays an important role in the early processes of virus infection and viral release from the infected cells.
Novel bivalent spermine-based neutral neogalactolipids for modular gene delivery systems
Authors: Ivanova E. A. , Filatov A. V. , Morozova N. G. , Zenkova M. A. , Maslov M. A.
Published: October 2015

New bivalent spermine-based neutral neogalactolipids have been synthesized to develop effective modular gene delivery systems targeting hepatocyte asialoglycoprotein receptors.
High performance bipolar spin filtering and switching functions of poly-(terphenylene-butadiynylene) between zigzag graphene nanoribbon electrodes
Authors: Zhang Dan , Long Mengqiu , Zhang Xiaojiao , Xu Hui
Published: October 2015

Using the nonequilibrium Green’s function method combined with spin-polarized DFT, we investigate the spin-resolved electronic transport properties of devices made of poly-(terphenylene-butadiynylene) (PTB) between zigzag graphene nanoribbon (ZGNR) electrodes.
Enhancing thermo-stability to ethylene polymerization: synthesis, characterization and the catalytic behavior of 1-(2,4-dibenzhydryl-6-chlorophenylimino)-2-aryliminoacenaphthylnickel halides
Authors: Fan Linlin , Yue Erlin , Du Shizhen , Guo Cun-Yue , Hao Xiang , Sun Wen-Hua
Published: October 2015

The title complexes exhibited high activities up to 1.09 × 107 g of PE/(mol of Ni per h) in ethylene polymerization with better thermo-stability activated with ethylaluminium sesquichloride.
Preparation of gypsum/sawdust green composite with spray coating
Authors: Dai Dasong , Fan Mizi
Published: October 2015

This study addresses the development of a green composite from gypsum and sawdust (SW) using a spray coating technique with water-based epoxy (WBE).
Variable corrosion behavior of a thick amorphous carbon coating in NaCl solution
Authors: Zhang Renhui , Wang Liping , Shi Wei
Published: October 2015

The present work investigates a thick amorphous multi-layer carbon coating fabricated by a plane hollow cathode plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique.
High photocatalytic activity of carbon doped TiO2 prepared by fast combustion of organic capping ligands
Authors: Yang Yijun , Ni Dawei , Yao Ye , Zhong Yeteng , Ma Ying , Yao Jiannian
Published: October 2015

Carbon doped TiO2 prepared by fast combustion of oleylamine ligands exhibit much higher photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production than those prepared by conventional methods.
Experimental and theoretical investigations of Michelia alba leaves extract as a green highly-effective corrosion inhibitor for different steel materials in acidic solution
Authors: Li Lingjie , Xu Wenting , Lei Jinglei , Wang Junying , He Jianxin , Li Nianbing , Pan Fusheng
Published: October 2015

Michelia alba leaves extract was first reported as a general highly-efficient inhibitor for acid corrosion of different steels.
A polypyrrole-supported carbon paper acting as a polysulfide trap for lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Wu Feng , Li Wenhui , Guan Lili , Ye Yusheng , Qian Ji , Yang Xiaoguang , Xu Yuhong , Chen Renjie
Published: October 2015

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with high theoretical capacities and low costs are a strong candidate for future energy storage, but their development is hindered by many shortcomings, such as high-rate capacity decay due to the “shuttle effect”.
Mesoporous carbon/CuS nanocomposites for pH-dependent drug delivery and near-infrared chemo-photothermal therapy
Authors: Zhang Lei , Li Yecheng , Jin Zexun , Chan King Ming , Yu Jimmy C.
Published: October 2015

Illustration of both pH- and NIR-controlled drug deliveries using DOX loaded MCN–CuS nanocomposites and their application in cancer chemo-photothermal therapy.
Thermosensitive nanoplatforms for photothermal release of cargo from liposomes under intracellular temperature monitoring
Authors: Arai Satoshi , Lee Chi-Lik Ken , Chang Young-Tae , Sato Hirotaka , Sou Keitaro
Published: October 2015

Cargo release from thermosensitive liposomes by a near infrared laser was investigated under intracellular temperature monitoring.
Exploring the effects of phenolic compounds on bis(imino)pyridine iron-catalyzed ethylene oligomerization
Authors: Ye Jian , Jiang Binbo , Qin Yichao , Zhang Wei , Chen Yuming , Wang Jingdai , Yang Yongrong
Published: October 2015

Polymer formation could be efficiently retarded with the activation of phenol-modified MAOs in the iron-catalyzed oligomerization of ethylene.
Influence of enolate/epoxy configuration, doping and vacancy on the catalytic activity of graphene
Authors: Sinthika S. , Thapa Ranjit
Published: October 2015

ORR activity of graphene based catalyst is linked to the pzorbital occupation, enolate and epoxy configuration, and to the localized pzstates in the case of defects.
Effect of Mn doping on structural, morphological and dielectric properties of EuFeO3 ceramics
Authors: Sultan Khalid , Ikram M. , Asokan K.
Published: October 2015

The conductivity measurements show that Mn doped EuFeO3 compounds obey Jonscher's universal power law.
Calcium ions tune the zinc-sequestering properties and antimicrobial activity of human S100A12
Authors: Cunden Lisa S. , Gaillard Aleth , Nolan Elizabeth M.
Published: October 2015

Human S100A12 exhibits Ca(ii)-dependent Zn(ii)-binding properties and antifungal activity.
Activity modulation and allosteric control of a scaffolded DNAzyme using a dynamic DNA nanostructure
Authors: Mao Xiuhai , Simon Anna J. , Pei Hao , Shi Jiye , Li Jiang , Huang Qing , Plaxco Kevin W. , Fan Chunhai
Published: October 2015

We report a DNA nanotechnology-enabled approach for the rational design of an allosteric deoxyribozyme by precisely and dynamically controlling the nanometer-scale interactions of two catalytic centers within a well-defined tetrahedral DNA scaffold.
Modelling the superspreading of surfactant-laden droplets with computer simulation
Authors: Theodorakis Panagiotis E. , Müller Erich A. , Craster Richard V. , Matar Omar K.
Published: October 2015

Spatio-temporal evolution of a droplet undergoing surfactant-driven superspreading facilitated by surfactant adsorption from the liquid–vapour (LV) interface onto the substrate through the contact-line, and replenishment of the LV interface with surfactant from the bulk.
Cell-encapsulating alginate microsized beads using an air-assisted atomization process to obtain a cell-laden hybrid scaffold
Authors: Ahn Seunghyun , Kim GeunHyung
Published: October 2015

Here, the atomization process to obtain homogeneous cell-laden microbeads was proposed, and they were sprayed simultaneously onto the surface of a PCL mesh structure in a layer-by-layer manner to obtain the cell-laden hybrid structure.
Zinc-imidazolate polymers (ZIPs) as a potential carrier to brain capillary endothelial cells
Authors: Chiacchia M. , Cerutti C. , Gromnicova R. , Rietdorf K. , Romero I. A. , Bradshaw D.
Published: October 2015

Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of nanospheres of a biodegradable zinc-imidazolate polymers (ZIPs) as a proof-of-concept delivery vehicle into human brain endothelial cells, the main component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
Self-assembly of tetra(aniline) nanowires in acidic aqueous media with ultrasonic irradiation
Authors: Lyu Wei , Feng Jiangtao , Yan Wei , Faul Charl FJ
Published: October 2015

An environmentally friendly method is developed to explore the self-assembly of Ph/NH2-capped tetra(aniline) nanowires in acidic aqueous medium with ultrasonic irradiation.
Pyrimido[4,5-g]quinazoline-4,9-dione as a new building block for constructing polymer semiconductors with high sensitivity to acids and hole transport performance in organic thin film transistors
Authors: Quinn Jesse , Guo Chang , Sun Bin , Chan Adrian , He Yinghui , Jin Edward , Li Yuning
Published: October 2015

Polymers based on pyrimido[4,5-g]quinazoline-4,9-dione (PQ) building block are sensitive to acids and show good hole transport performance in thin film transistors.
Biological membranes
Authors: Watson Helen
Published: October 2015

Biological membranes allow life as we know it to exist. They form cells and enable separation between the inside and outside of an organism, controlling by means of their selective permeability which substances enter and leave. By allowing gradients of ions to be created across them, membranes also enable living organisms to generate energy. In addition, they control the flow of messages between cells by sending, receiving and processing information in the form of chemical and electrical signals. This essay summarizes the structure and function of membranes and the proteins within them, and describes their role in trafficking and transport, and their involvement in health and disease. Techniques for studying membranes are also discussed.
Issues of Capacity and Decision-Making in the Context of Delirium
Authors: Patterson Kevin R.
Published: October 2015

Decision-making capacity is a fundamental consideration in working with patients in a clinical setting. One of the most common conditions affecting decision-making capacity in patients in the inpatient or long-term care setting is a form of acute, transient cognitive change known as delirium. A thorough understanding of delirium — how it can present, its predisposing and precipitating factors, and how it can be managed — will improve a speech-language pathologist's (SLPs) ability to make treatment recommendations, and to advise the treatment team on issues related to communication and patient autonomy.
Tricuspid Valve Surgery in Patients with Isolated Tricuspid Valve Endocarditis: Analysis of Perioperative Parameters and Long-Term Outcomes
Authors: Davierwala Piroze , Misfeld Martin , Bakhtiary Farhad , Binner Christian , Etz Christian , Mohr Friedrich , Pfannmueller Bettina , Kahmann Mareike
Published: October 2015

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the perioperative characteristics and the short- and mid-term outcomes in patients undergoing tricuspid valve (TV) surgery for isolated TV endocarditis.

Patients and Methods A total of 56 patients with isolated TV endocarditis underwent TV surgery at a single center between June 1995 and February 2012. Mean age of patients was 53.8 ± 17.1 years, 39 (69.6%) being male. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 60.4 ± 13.6% and 13 (23.2%) patients had diabetes mellitus. Average logistic EuroSCORE was 19.4 ± 17.0%. Mean follow-up was 4.7 ± 3.8 years.

Results Microbiological investigations revealed positive blood cultures in 89.1% of patients and positive intraoperative swabs in 51.9%. The most common pathogen (42.9%) isolated was Staphylococcus aureus, followed by coagulase-negative staphylococcus (17.9%).

Discussion A history of intravenous drug abuse (IVDA) was recorded in 11 patients (19.6%), of which 8 patients additionally had hepatitis C. A total of 15 patients (26.8%) had a permanent pacemaker/implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in situ. TV replacement was performed in 22 patients (39.3%) and TV repair was performed in 34 patients (60.7%). Overall 30-day mortality was 12.5%. Five-year survival was 63.9 ± 7.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 64.0–137.5 months). Freedom from reoperation for recurrent TV endocarditis was 91.7 ± 4.0% (95% CI: 152.3–179.3 months) at 5 years.

Conclusion Blood culture is the most important tool to detect the causative pathogen causing IE of TV. The high risk of hepatitis C in patients with IVDA and IE of the TV should be mentioned.
2.2.1 Cross-Coupling Methods for Methylation
Authors: Molander G. A. , Ryu D.
Published: October 2015

Transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions provide a facile way to introduce methyl groups onto aryl, hetaryl, and alkenyl halide electrophiles. This chapter outlines the various reagents that are utilized in such transformations.
Orthogonality of embedded wave functions for different states in frozen-density embedding theory
Authors: Zech Alexander , Aquilante Francesco , Wesolowski Tomasz A.
Published: October 2015

Other than lowest-energy stationary embedded wave functions obtained in Frozen-Density Embedding Theory (FDET) [T. A. Wesolowski, Phys. Rev. A 77, 012504 (2008)] can be associated with electronic excited states but they can be mutually non-orthogonal. Although this does not violate any physical principles — embedded wave functions are only auxiliary objects used to obtain stationary densities — working with orthogonal functions has many practical advantages. In the present work, we show numerically that excitation energies obtained using conventional FDET calculations (allowing for non-orthogonality) can be obtained using embedded wave functions which are strictly orthogonal. The used method preserves the mathematical structure of FDET and self-consistency between energy, embedded wave function, and the embedding potential (they are connected through the Euler-Lagrange equations). The orthogonality is built-in through the linearization in the embedded density of the relevant components of the total energy functional. Moreover, we show formally that the differences between the expectation values of the embedded Hamiltonian are equal to the excitation energies, which is the exact result within linearized FDET. Linearized FDET is shown to be a robust approximation for a large class of reference densities.
Observation of hydroxymethyl hydroperoxide in a reaction system containing CH2OO and water vapor through pure rotational spectroscopy
Authors: Nakajima Masakazu , Endo Yasuki
Published: October 2015

Pure rotational transitions of hydroxymethyl hydroperoxide (HMHP) were observed in the discharged plasma of a CH2I2/O2/water gas mixture, where the water complex with the simplest Criegee intermediate CH2OO has been identified [M. Nakajima and Y. Endo, J. Chem. Phys. 140, 134302 (2014)]. Isotope experiments using heavy water support that the currently observed HMHP molecule was produced by the reaction of CH2OO with water vapor. The observed species was identified as the most stable conformer with the help of quantum chemical calculations. We also clarified that productions of formic acid and dioxirane are promoted by the existence of water vapor in the discharged reaction system.
Experimental quantification of decoherence via the Loschmidt echo in a many spin system with scaled dipolar Hamiltonians
Authors: Buljubasich Lisandro , Sánchez Claudia M. , Dente Axel D. , Levstein Patricia R. , Chattah Ana K. , Pastawski Horacio M.
Published: October 2015

We performed Loschmidt echo nuclear magnetic resonance experiments to study decoherence under a scaled dipolar Hamiltonian by means of a symmetrical time-reversal pulse sequence denominated Proportionally Refocused Loschmidt (PRL) echo. The many-spin system represented by the protons in polycrystalline adamantane evolves through two steps of evolution characterized by the secular part of the dipolar Hamiltonian, scaled down with a factor |k| and opposite signs. The scaling factor can be varied continuously from 0 to 1/2, giving access to a range of complexity in the dynamics. The experimental results for the Loschmidt echoes showed a spreading of the decay rates that correlate directly to the scaling factors |k|, giving evidence that the decoherence is partially governed by the coherent dynamics. The average Hamiltonian theory was applied to give an insight into the spin dynamics during the pulse sequence. The calculations were performed for every single radio frequency block in contrast to the most widely used form. The first order of the average Hamiltonian numerically computed for an 8-spin system showed decay rates that progressively decrease as the secular dipolar Hamiltonian becomes weaker. Notably, the first order Hamiltonian term neglected by conventional calculations yielded an explanation for the ordering of the experimental decoherence rates. However, there is a strong overall decoherence observed in the experiments which is not reflected by the theoretical results. The fact that the non-inverted terms do not account for this effect is a challenging topic. A number of experiments to further explore the relation of the complete Hamiltonian with this dominant decoherence rate are proposed.
Functional integrity of flexible n-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors on a reversibly bistable platform
Authors: Alfaraj Nasir , Hussain Aftab M. , Torres Sevilla Galo A. , Ghoneim Mohamed T. , Rojas Jhonathan P. , Aljedaani Abdulrahman B. , Hussain Muhammad M.
Published: October 2015

Flexibility can bring a new dimension to state-of-the-art electronics, such as rollable displays and integrated circuit systems being transformed into more powerful resources. Flexible electronics are typically hosted on polymeric substrates. Such substrates can be bent and rolled up, but cannot be independently fixed at the rigid perpendicular position necessary to realize rollable display-integrated gadgets and electronics. A reversibly bistable material can assume two stable states in a reversible way: flexibly rolled state and independently unbent state. Such materials are used in cycling and biking safety wristbands and a variety of ankle bracelets for orthopedic healthcare. They are often wrapped around an object with high impulsive force loading. Here, we study the effects of cumulative impulsive force loading on thinned (25 μm) flexible silicon-based n-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor devices housed on a reversibly bistable flexible platform. We found that the transistors have maintained their high performance level up to an accumulated 180 kN of impact force loading. The gate dielectric layers have maintained their reliability, which is evidenced by the low leakage current densities. Also, we observed low variation in the effective electron mobility values, which manifests that the device channels have maintained their carrier transport properties.
Capacitive and magnetoresistive origin of magnetodielectric effects in Sm-substituted spiral antiferromagnet BiMnFe2O6
Authors: Ghara Somnath , Yoo Kyongjun , Kim Kee Hoon , Sundaresan A.
Published: October 2015

BiMnFe2O6 exhibits a spiral antiferromagnetic ordering below 212 K and a reentrant spin glass transition at 34 K. Further, magnetic and dielectric anomalies occur at the same temperature (T = 170 K) with a significant magnetodielectric effect. Upon substitution of Sm3+ for Bi3+ ions in Bi1−xSmxMnFe2O6 (x = 0.1 and 0.2), the dielectric anomaly shifts to low temperatures (T = 135 and 72 K, respectively), whereas the magnetic anomaly develops into a weak ferromagnetism. For x = 0.2, the weak ferromagnetism occurs in a wide temperature range (90–201 K). Below 90 K, it undergoes a transition to an antiferromagnetic state. In contrast to the parent compound (x = 0), the magnetodielectric effect is observed both in the antiferromagnetic region (T < 90 K) with a maximum at the dielectric anomaly (72 K) and also in the weak ferromagnetic region. It has been shown that the magnetodielectric effect in the antiferromagnetic region has an intrinsic capacitive origin while that observed at the weak ferromagnetic region originates from magnetoresistance.
Room temperature spin injection into (110) GaAs quantum wells using Fe/x-AlOx contacts in the regime of current density comparable to laser oscillation
Authors: Yokota Nobuhide , Aoshima Yohei , Ikeda Kazuhiro , Nishizawa Nozomi , Munekata Hiro , Kawaguchi Hitoshi
Published: October 2015

We investigate the electrical spin injection into (110) GaAs single quantum wells (SQWs) and multiple quantum wells (MQWs) using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) having Fe/crystalline-AlOx (x-AlOx) tunnel barrier contacts. A degree of circular polarization (Pc) of 5.0% is obtained for the SQW LED at 4 K with the current density of 1 kA/cm2 which is comparable to that for the laser oscillation in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). On the basis of electron spin relaxation time and carrier lifetime in the (110) GaAs SQW measured by time-dependent photoluminescence and the value of Pc = 5.0%, the degree of spin polarization of initially injected electrons (P0) in the SQW is estimated to be 6.6% at 4 K. By using the MQW LED having a much stronger electroluminescence, a Pc value of 2.6% is obtained at room temperature (RT) with the current density of 1.5 kA/cm2. The temperature and current density dependences of Pc are found to be weak in both the SQW and MQW LEDs. The estimated P0 of 9.3% at RT suggests that the Fe/x-AlOx contacts can be used for the RT electrical spin injection for spin-controlled VCSELs.
Chiral streamers
Authors: Zou Dandan , Cao Xin , Lu Xinpei , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken)
Published: October 2015

The interaction of time-varying electromagnetic fields and solid, liquid, and gaseous matter may lead to electrical breakdown phenomena through the excitation of ionization waves or streamers that control the dynamics of localized plasma propagation through the media. The streamers usually propagate along straight lines, either between random points in space or along a certain direction in a guided mode. Here, we report on a new type of plasma discharges with the regular helical propagation pattern driven by a pulsed dc voltage in nitrogen at sub-atmospheric-pressure conditions. The helical guided streamers, named chiral streamers or chi-streamers, are excited without any external magnetic fields, which commonly cause helical plasma motions. We also demonstrate a hybrid propagation mode involving the interchangeable chiral streamers and the straight-line propagating plasmas. High-speed, time-resolved optical imaging reveals that the chiral streamers and the hybrid patterns are made of spatially localized discrete plasma bullets, similar to the straight-line guided streamers. These results may enable effective control of propagation of confined plasmas and electromagnetic energy along pre-determined, potentially deterministic paths, which have important implications for the development of next-generation plasma-based radiation sources, communication devices, and medical treatments.
An exact collisionless equilibrium for the Force-Free Harris Sheet with low plasma beta
Authors: Allanson O. , Neukirch T. , Wilson F. , Troscheit S.
Published: October 2015

We present a first discussion and analysis of the physical properties of a new exact collisionless equilibrium for a one-dimensional nonlinear force-free magnetic field, namely, the force-free Harris sheet. The solution allows any value of the plasma beta, and crucially below unity, which previous nonlinear force-free collisionless equilibria could not. The distribution function involves infinite series of Hermite polynomials in the canonical momenta, of which the important mathematical properties of convergence and non-negativity have recently been proven. Plots of the distribution function are presented for the plasma beta modestly below unity, and we compare the shape of the distribution function in two of the velocity directions to a Maxwellian distribution.
Fast magnetic reconnection supported by sporadic small-scale Petschek-type shocks
Authors: Shibayama Takuya , Kusano Kanya , Miyoshi Takahiro , Nakabou Takashi , Vekstein Grigory
Published: October 2015

Standard magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory predicts reconnection rate that is far too slow to account for a wide variety of reconnection events observed in space and laboratory plasmas. Therefore, it was commonly accepted that some non-MHD (kinetic) effects play a crucial role in fast reconnection. A recently renewed interest in simple MHD models is associated with the so-called plasmoid instability of reconnecting current sheets. Although it is now evident that this effect can significantly enhance the rate of reconnection, many details of the underlying multiple-plasmoid process still remain controversial. Here, we report results of a high-resolution computer simulation which demonstrate that fast albeit intermittent magnetic reconnection is sustained by numerous small-scale Petschek-type shocks spontaneously formed in the current sheet due to its plasmoid instability.
Behaviour of moist and saturated sand during shock and release
Authors: Perry J. I. , Braithwaite C. H. , Taylor N. E. , Jardine A. P.
Published: October 2015

Relatively little is known about the changes that occur in the shock compaction and release of granular matter with varying levels of moisture. Here, we report a series of plate impact experiments giving shock Hugoniot and release data for a well characterized sand at dry, 10% moist, and saturated water contents. The results reveal that at low moisture content the shock impedance is slightly reduced, while the release remains predominantly inelastic. Close to saturation, much more substantial changes occur: the shock impedance stiffens substantially, the Hugoniot appears to split into two branches, and the release becomes almost completely elastic. We discuss mechanisms underpinning these changes in behavior.
Unified picture of modal loss rates from microwave to optical frequencies in deep-subwavelength metallic structures: A case study with slot waveguides
Authors: Shin Wonseok , Fan Shanhui
Published: October 2015

The behavior of the modal loss rate in deep-subwavelength metallic structures depends strongly on frequency: as the mode size decreases, at optical frequencies, the modal loss rate always increases to the theoretical upper bound Γ/2, whereas at microwave frequencies, it remains far lower than Γ/2, where Γ is the electron collision frequency of the metal. By analyzing the metallic slot waveguide as a model system, we show that these significantly different behaviors of the modal loss rate at optical and microwave frequencies are actually two extreme cases of a single universal behavior. Specifically, we show that as the mode size decreases, the loss rate always plateaus first and then increases to Γ/2, regardless of frequency. The only difference between frequencies is the properties of the plateau: at optical frequencies, the plateau is narrow, allowing the loss rate to reach Γ/2 at a relatively large mode size, whereas at microwave frequencies, the plateau is wide and formed at 13ω, defining a practically attainable maximum loss rate that is far lower than Γ/2.
Recreating blood-brain barrier physiology and structure on chip: A novel neurovascular microfluidic bioreactor
Authors: Brown Jacquelyn A. , Pensabene Virginia , Markov Dmitry A. , Allwardt Vanessa , Neely M. Diana , Shi Mingjian , Britt Clayton M. , Hoilett Orlando S. , Yang Qing , Brewer Bryson M. , Samson Philip C. , McCawley Lisa J. , May James M. , Webb Donna J. , Li Deyu , Bowman Aaron B. , Reiserer Ronald S. , Wikswo John P.
Published: October 2015

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical structure that serves as the gatekeeper between the central nervous system and the rest of the body. It is the responsibility of the BBB to facilitate the entry of required nutrients into the brain and to exclude potentially harmful compounds; however, this complex structure has remained difficult to model faithfully in vitro. Accurate in vitro models are necessary for understanding how the BBB forms and functions, as well as for evaluating drug and toxin penetration across the barrier. Many previous models have failed to support all the cell types involved in the BBB formation and/or lacked the flow-created shear forces needed for mature tight junction formation. To address these issues and to help establish a more faithful in vitro model of the BBB, we have designed and fabricated a microfluidic device that is comprised of both a vascular chamber and a brain chamber separated by a porous membrane. This design allows for cell-to-cell communication between endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes and independent perfusion of both compartments separated by the membrane. This NeuroVascular Unit (NVU) represents approximately one-millionth of the human brain, and hence, has sufficient cell mass to support a breadth of analytical measurements. The NVU has been validated with both fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran diffusion and transendothelial electrical resistance. The NVU has enabled in vitro modeling of the BBB using all human cell types and sampling effluent from both sides of the barrier.
A simulation study on superparamagnetic nanoparticle based multi-tracer tracking
Authors: Wu Kai , Batra Akash , Jain Shray , Ye Clark , Liu Jinming , Wang Jian-Ping
Published: October 2015

Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been utilized in biomedical sensing, detection, therapeutics, and diagnostics due to their unique magnetic response under different driving fields. In this letter, we report a multi-tracer tracking method that uses different kinds of MNPs as magnetic tracers along with two alternating magnetic fields that can be potentially used to build magnetic-based flow cytometry. By applying two driving fields at frequency fH and fL to MNPs, the response signal is measured at the combinatorial frequencies such as fH±2fL (3rd harmonics),  fH±4fL (5th harmonics), fH±6fL (7th harmonics), and so on. Each MNP has its own signature of phase and amplitude, and it is possible to differentiate individual MNPs in a mixture. We theoretically demonstrated colorizing up to 4-MNP tracers in one mixture with an error rate lower than 10%. The performance of multi-tracer imaging can be optimized by increasing the driving field frequency, choosing MNPs with higher saturation magnetization, and using MNP tracers with more centralized size distribution.
Design of electric-field assisted surface plasmon resonance system for the detection of heavy metal ions in water
Authors: Kyaw Htet Htet , Boonruang Sakoolkan , Mohammed Waleed S. , Dutta Joydeep
Published: October 2015

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensors are widely used in diverse applications. For detecting heavy metal ions in water, surface functionalization of the metal surface is typically used to adsorb target molecules, where the ionic concentration is detected via a resonance shift (resonance angle, resonance wavelength or intensity). This paper studies the potential of a possible alternative approach that could eliminate the need of using surface functionalization by the application of an external electric field in the flow channel. The exerted electrical force on the ions pushes them against the surface for enhanced adsorption; hence it is referred to as “Electric-Field assisted SPR system”. High system sensitivity is achieved by monitoring the time dynamics of the signal shift. The ion deposition dynamics are discussed using a derived theoretical model based on ion mobility in water. On the application of an appropriate force, the target ions stack onto the sensor surface depending on the ionic concentration of target solution, ion mass, and flow rate. In the experimental part, a broad detection range of target cadmium ions (Cd2+) in water from several parts per million (ppm) down to a few parts per billion (ppb) can be detected.
Density functional theory calculations of point defects and hydrogen isotopes in Li4SiO4
Authors: Xiang Xiaogang , Zhu Wenjun , Lu Tiecheng , Gao Tao , Shi Yanli , Yang Mao , Gong Yichao , Yu Xiaohe , Feng Lan , Wei Yongkai , Lu Zhipeng
Published: October 2015

The Li4SiO4 is a promising breeder material for future fusion reactors. Radiation induced vacancies and hydrogen isotope related impurities are the major types of point defects in this breeder material. In present study, various kinds of vacancies and hydrogen isotopes related point defects in Li4SiO4 are investigated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The band gap of Li4SiO4 is determined by UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy experiments. Formation energies of all possible charge states of Li, Si and O vacancies are calculated using DFT methods. Formation energies of possible charge states of hydrogen isotopes substitution for Li and O are also calculated. We found that Li-vacancies will dominate among all vacancies in neutral charge state under radiation conditions and the O, Li, and Si vacancies (VO,VLi,VSi) are stable in charge states +2, -1, -4 for most of the range of Fermi level, respectively. The interstitial hydrogen isotopes (Hi) and substitutional HLi are stable in the charge states +1, 0 for most of the range of Fermi level, respectively. Moreover, substitutional HO are stable in +1 charge states. We also investigated the process of tritium recovery by discussing the interaction between interstitial H and Li-vacancy, O-vacancy, and found that HO+ and HLi0 are the most common H related defects during radiation process.
Homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in Williamson fluid model over a stretching cylinder by using Keller box method
Authors: Malik M. Y. , Salahuddin T. , Hussain Arif , Bilal S. , Awais M.
Published: October 2015

This paper addresses the effect of homogeneous-heterogeneous reaction on Williamson fluid model over a stretching cylinder. The boundary layer partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equation by using suitable transformations. The non-linear ordinary differential equations are solved by using implicit finite difference Keller box technique. The effects of several pertinent parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are deliberated graphically. The behavior of skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number are examined through graphs.
Previous and future use of HIV self-testing: a survey of Australian gay and bisexual men
Authors: Prestage Garrett , Zablotska Iryna , Bavinton Ben , Grulich Andrew , Keen Phillip , Murphy Dean , Brown Graham , Bradley Jack , Holt Martin , Guy Rebecca
Published: October 2015

Background
The awareness and previous and intended use of HIV self-testing (HST), and the associated factors, among Australian gay and bisexual men (GBM) was investigated. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted in Australia during 2012. Of 1410 respondents, 559 non-HIV-positive men answered questions about HST. Results: Men reported reasons for having avoided or delayed HIV testing, most of which could be broadly categorised as: the inconvenience of current testing procedures; concerns about privacy; and a belief that they had not done anything risky. Over one-third of men (39.7%) were aware that HST was available internationally, with 1.6% having accessed HST through online purchase. The majority of men in the study indicated that they would be ‘likely’ (36.5%) or ‘very likely’ (34.3%) to use HST if it was available in Australia. Also, 36.7% indicated they would test partners they met at sex-on-site venues, and 73.2% would test partners with whom they were already acquainted. Nearly half (47.6%) indicated that having the capacity to test themselves at home would likely increase their testing frequency. Men who had engaged in unprotected anal intercourse, who were not gay-identified, and who indicated inconvenience issues with using clinic-based HIV testing were more likely to indicate a willingness to use HST. Many men indicated they would be likely to offer HST to at least some of their sex partners. Conclusion: Many GBM who engage in HIV risk behaviours would appreciate HST, and may be encouraged to test more often, as it may alleviate their concerns about testing.
Design Education
Authors: Noël Guillermina
Published: October 2015

Although designers use diagrams as an aid to think and to communicate problems and situations in their practice and although some leading institutions have used them in their teaching, many design schools have not yet incorporated diagramming in their programs. This article proposes the use of diagrams to quickly facilitate the understanding of complex problems to design students. It proposes that creating diagrams helps students integrate information gathered from different sources and communicate their understanding to the class. The paper illustrates the concept describing a three-hour workshop with students from medicine and communication design, and analyzing the benefits of using diagrams in the class.
Visualizing science and technology across cultures
Authors: Durão Rosário , Pinto Marta Pacheco , Henneke Kristina , Balch Karen M.
Published: October 2015

Science and technology (S&T) visuals seem remarkably alike across cultures globally. Yet, individual and cultural experiences of scientists and engineers vary before they master the tools and techniques of their disciplines, and different parts of the world have different understandings of S&T. This disparity led us to conduct a pilot study with five S&T students at New Mexico Tech. We concluded that S&T visuals vary across cultures, the variations between designs comprise a spectrum of visual-textual and textual-visual correlations, and the similarities and differences between the visuals are caused by diverse individual and contextual factors.
Hypertext in online news stories
Authors: Lagerwerf Luuk , Verheij Daniël
Published: October 2015

News websites struggle tailoring news stories to divergent needs of online news users. We examined a way to bridge these needs by representing sources in hypertext. News items were designed to be short and concise, with hyperlinks citing sources. Readers could either ignore hyperlinks or explore additional information from the hyperlinked sources. We expected that appreciation for these news stories would be moderated by personal characteristics, namely hypertext comfort and desirability of control. In a 2 (hyperlink presence) x 2 (directness of speech) experiment, two news stories were manipulated for a Dutch national news website (NOS.nl). For each story, four variants were developed: Text containing hyperlinks, plain text only, citing the sources directly, citing in the words of the journalist. Dependent variables were perceived control, appreciation, and absorption in the story. Results showed that news stories with hyperlinked sources affected perceived control positively, especially for those with a high desirability of control. Directness of speech did not have any effects. The relation between hypertext and appreciation was mediated by perceived control.
Syntacticized topics in Kurmuk
Authors: Andersen Torben
Published: October 2015

This article argues that Kurmuk, a little-described Western Nilotic language, is characterized by a syntacticized topic whose grammatical relation is variable. In this language, declarative clauses have as topic an obligatory preverbal NP which is either a subject, an object, or an adjunct. The grammatical relation of the topic is expressed by a voice-like inflection of the verb, called orientation here. While subject-orientation is morphologically unmarked, object-oriented and adjunct-oriented verbs are marked by a subject suffix or by a suffix indicating that the topic is not subject, and adjunct-orientation differs from object-orientation by a marked tone pattern. Topic choice largely reflects information structure by indicating topic continuity. The topic also plays a crucial role in relative clauses and in clauses with contrastive constituent focus, in that objects and adjuncts can only be relativized or contrastively focalized if they are coded as topics. Moreover, some types of adverbial clauses require adjunct-orientation.