bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interstitial brachytherapy in the management of haemangiosarcoma of the rostrum of the horse: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Burks B. S. , Leonard J. M. , Orsini J. A. , Trombetta M.
Published: August 2009

Sarcomas arising in the equine species are rare tumours, and treatment is generally surgical. Radiotherapy has been used in the management of malignancies of large animals; however, conventional external radiotherapy delivery is difficult. Interstitial brachytherapy has been used in the management of human sarcomas with reasonable success, although equine experience is minimal. We report a case of equine haemangiosarcoma treated with brachytherapy demonstrating the feasibility of the procedure and the highly malignant natural history of haemangiosarcoma.

An 8‐year‐old American Saddlebred gelding presented for evaluation of a soft tissue mass on the forehead which had been present for at least 6 months. Initial surgical attempts at management were unsuccessful; therefore a radiation oncologist specialising in brachytherapy was consulted. The radiation oncologist and veterinary surgeon performed an interstitial implant of the tumour mass on the rostrum of the horse under general anaesthesia. The procedure was well tolerated by the horse. The tumour demonstrated immediate response and was noted to have completely regressed within 6 weeks of the implant removal. Unfortunately, the horse developed widespread metastatic disease and required euthanasia. At the time of necropsy, no visible tumour was identified at the implant site.

Interstitial brachytherapy is feasible in soft tissue sarcomas of the horse; however, supportive demands are great with this procedure and we recommend it only be done at large speciality centres.
Surgical management of a pony with a traumatic medial luxation of the patella
Authors: O'Meara B. , Lischer C. J.
Published: August 2009

This report describes a successful surgical repair of medial patellar luxation in a Miniature Shetland pony where manual reduction of the patella was not possible. The surgical procedure involves transection of the medial femoropatellar ligament to facilitate patellar release, the placement of a prosthetic suture to replace the lateral femoropatellar ligament and reinforcement of the lateral retinaculum by the use of a mesh implant. This is a newly described surgical technique for the rare but recognised condition of a medial luxation of the patella.
The treatment of diarrhoea in the adult horse
Authors: Naylor R. J. , Dunkel B.
Published: August 2009

The priority in treating the equine patient with acute diarrhoea is to stabilise the haemodynamic aberrations secondary to the fluid and electrolyte losses. Once this has been initiated and the patient is stabilised ancillary treatments may be beneficial. Besides the well established effects of NSAIDs and polymixin B on systemic inflammation, recent studies suggest that the use of DTOS to bind bacterial toxins andSaccharomyces boulardiito reduce the severity and duration of diarrhoea may be beneficial. The justification for using probiotic products is scant. There is no evidence to suggest that systemic use of antimicrobials benefits equine patients with colitis, with the exception of metronidazole in cases of clostridial diarrhoea. In light of their potentially detrimental effects, their use can, in the opinion of the authors, not be advocated. Better understanding of the pathways of systemic inflammation and more selective anti‐inflammatory drugs may be of great benefit in the future.
Der Wald im Lichte der neueren bundesgerichtlichen Rechtsprechung | Forest legislation in the recent jurisdiction of the Federal Supreme Court
Authors: Keel Alois , Zimmermann Willi
Published: August 2009

With the entry into force of the new Swiss Federal Law on Forests on the 1st of January 1993, the basis of decision-making for the Federal Supreme Court concerning forestry issues has, at least formally, fundamentally changed. This article depicts the development of the Federal Supreme Court's jurisdiction during 2000–2008 concerning the legislation on forests. The analysis of about 100 decisions reveals that the federal jurisdiction has, with regard to contents, barely changed in comparison to that of the federal law on supervision of the forest police of 1902. The most frequent causes of dispute are assessments of forest status, authorizations for deforestation, and forest distance regulations. The Federal Supreme Court merely refined the jurisdiction; it did not, or did not need to disclose fundamentally new lines [benchmarks]. It rather adheres to the restrictive definition of forest and the strict conservation of forests, while the cantons do not dispose of a large scope for the deforestation jurisdiction or the definition of the term “forest”. The Federal Supreme Court grants the cantons more freedom to regulate and implement the forest distance. Obvious changes can be observed concerning the number of forest law cases that have been dealt with by the Federal Supreme Court. Compared to the 1980ies and early 1990ies, they have decreased by more than half. Among others, reasons for this decrease are the cantons' obligation to appoint courts only as last cantonal resort, the improvement of the formal and material coordination of the proceedings, and the introduction of the “static forest term” with respect to building zones in the sense of the federal law on area planning.
Erfassung des ökologischen Potenzials der Waldränder im Kanton Bern | The ecological potential of the forest margins in the Canton of Bern
Authors: Dürrenmatt Roger , Eisenhut Andreas , Beer Walter
Published: August 2009

The national programme “Biodiversity in the forest 2008–2012” provides financial incentives for an improvement in the value of ecologically important forest margins. As a basis for an effective and efficient use of the available funds, the cantonal Forestry Department has elaborated a catalogue of criteria for the selection of forest margins worth enhancing. The first step in the selection of forest margins was made with the help of a Geographic Information System (GIS). Working from existing digital bases, the ecological potential of the forest margins in the Canton of Bern is calculated using four disqualifying criteria and four assessment criteria. The resulting reference map shows the forest margins worthy of encouragement and divides these into three groups having differing priority status. The map represents an aid to forest rangers in the selection of potentially worthwhile places and at the same time enables the Forestry Department to distribute available funds transparently between the eight forest divisions in the Canton of Bern.
Prevalence of vancomycin resistance and multiple drug resistance in enterococci in equids in North India
Authors: Singh Bhoj Raj
Published: September 2009

Introduction: Vancomycin resistant and multi-drug-resistant enterococci are the major emerging pathogens in surgical, neonatal, and tertiary care units.
Methodology: In this study, 267 enterococci from different clinical and non-clinical samples of equine origin were tested for their antimicrobial drug sensitivity against 19 antimicrobials using disc diffusion method.
Results: A total of 80.2% enterococci tested were resistant to vancomycin and 99.6% to multiple-drugs. There was a significant association between haemolytic potential and vancomycin resistance (χ2, 0.00). Enterococci isolates from healthy equids were significantly (χ2, 0.04) less resistant to vancomycin than the isolates from clinically sick animals. Besides vancomycin sensitivity, isolates were also tested for 18 more antimicrobial drugs; maximum numbers of isolates were sensitive to imipenem (75%) followed by tetracycline (60%), amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (54%), and minimum for cefdinir (4%).
Conclusion: More than 80% strains of enterococci of equine origin were found resistant to vancomycin and 99.6% were multiple-drug resistant in Northern India. High prevalence of VRE and MDRE in healthy equids might be a potential danger for the health of persons in equine contact.
A Novel Humanized Neonatal Autoimmune Blistering Skin Disease Model Induced by Maternally Transferred Antibodies
Authors: Nishie Wataru , Sawamura Daisuke , Natsuga Ken , Shinkuma Satoru , Goto Maki , Shibaki Akihiko , Ujiie Hideyuki , Olasz Edit , Yancey Kim B. , Shimizu Hiroshi
Published: August 2009

All mammal neonates receive maternal Abs for protection against pathogenic organisms in the postnatal environment. However, neonates can experience serious adverse reactions if the Abs transferred from the mother recognize self-molecules as autoAgs. In this study, we describe a novel model for autoimmune disease induced by transferred maternal Abs in genetically transformed Ag-humanized mice progeny. Bullous pemphigoid is the most common life-threatening autoimmune blistering skin disease that affects the elderly, in which circulating IgG autoAbs are directed against epidermal type XVII collagen (COL17). We have established a genetically manipulated experimental mouse model in which maternal Abs against human COL17 are transferred to pups whose skin expresses only human and not mouse COL17, resulting in blistering similar to that seen in patients with bullous pemphigoid. Maternal transfer of pathogenic Abs to humanized neonatal mice is a unique and potential experimental system to establish a novel autoimmune disease model.
Inflammatory Role of ASC in Antigen-Induced Arthritis Is Independent of Caspase-1, NALP-3, and IPAF
Authors: Kolly Laeticia , Karababa Mahir , Joosten Leo A. B. , Narayan Sharmal , Salvi Roberto , Pétrilli Virginie , Tschopp Jurg , van den Berg Wim B. , So Alexander Kai-Lik , Busso Nathalie
Published: August 2009

Because IL-1β plays an important role in inflammation in human and murine arthritis, we investigated the contribution of the inflammasome components ASC, NALP-3, IPAF, and caspase-1 to inflammatory arthritis. We first studied the phenotype of ASC-deficient and wild-type mice during Ag-induced arthritis (AIA). ASC−/− mice showed reduced severity of AIA, decreased levels of synovial IL-1β, and diminished serum amyloid A levels. In contrast, mice deficient in NALP-3, IPAF, or caspase-1 did not show any alteration of joint inflammation, thus indicating that ASC associated effects on AIA are independent of the classical NALP-3 or IPAF inflammasomes. Because ASC is a ubiquitous cytoplasmic protein that has been implicated in multiple cellular processes, we explored other pathways through which ASC may modulate inflammation. Ag-specific proliferation of lymph node and spleen cells from ASC-deficient mice was significantly decreased in vitro, as was the production of IFN-γ, whereas IL-10 production was enhanced. TCR ligation by anti-CD3 Abs in the presence or absence of anti-CD28 Abs induced a reduction in T cell proliferation in ASC−/− T cells compared with wild-type ones. In vivo lymph node cell proliferation was also significantly decreased in ASC−/− mice, but no effects on apoptosis were observed either in vitro or in vivo in these mice. In conclusion, these results strongly suggest that ASC modulates joint inflammation in AIA through its effects on cell-mediated immune responses but not via its implication in inflammasome formation.
Persistent Viral Infection Elevates Central Nervous System MHC Class I through Chronic Production of Interferons
Authors: Truong Phi , Heydari Sara , Garidou Lucile , McGavern Dorian B.
Published: August 2009

Persistence of even the stealthiest viruses can perturb immune function either to the benefit or detriment of the host. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) establishes lifelong, systemic persistence when introduced in utero or at birth. Despite a highly evolved host-pathogen relationship, LCMV cannot escape detection by the innate immune system, which results in chronic stimulation of the type 1 IFN pathway in adult carrier mice. In this study we demonstrate that IFN-β is chronically up-regulated in peripheral lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues (but not the CNS) of mice persistently infected from birth with LCMV and that dendritic cells (DCs) represent at least one source of IFN-β. Interestingly, chronic stimulation of this innate pathway significantly elevated MHC class I expression in the CNS as well as the periphery. Elevated MHC I expression was dependent on IFN-αβ receptor but not MyD88-dependent signaling, as only genetic deletion of the former reduced MHC I to normal levels. An increase in circulating virus was also observed in the IFN-αβ receptor deficient carrier mice, signifying that type I IFN continually exerts anti-viral pressure during a LCMV carrier state. Finally, to determine whether heightened CNS MHC I could be therapeutically corrected, we purged LCMV carrier mice of their persistent infection using adoptive immunotherapy. This treatment significantly reduced CNS MHC I expression. Collectively, these data demonstrate that even a well adapted pathogen can chronically stimulate the innate immune system and consequently alter the expression of Ag presenting machinery in an immunologically specialized compartment like the CNS.
Expression of IgM, IgD, and IgY in a Reptile, Anolis carolinensis
Authors: Wei Zhiguo , Wu Qian , Ren Liming , Hu Xiaoxiang , Guo Ying , Warr Gregory W. , Hammarström Lennart , Li Ning , Zhao Yaofeng
Published: August 2009

The reptiles are the last major group of jawed vertebrates in which the organization of the IGH locus and its encoded Ig H chain isotypes have not been well characterized. In this study, we show that the green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis) expresses three Ig H chain isotypes (IgM, IgD, and IgY) but no IgA. The presence of the δ gene in the lizard demonstrates an evolutionary continuity of IgD from fishes to mammals. Although the germline δ gene contains 11 CH exons, only the first 4 are used in the expressed IgD membrane-bound form. The μ chain lacks the cysteine in CH1 that forms a disulfide bond between H and L chains, suggesting that (as in IgM of some amphibians) the H and L polypeptide chains are not covalently associated. Although conventional IgM transcripts (four CH domains) encoding both secreted and membrane-bound forms were detected, alternatively spliced transcripts encoding a short membrane-bound form were also observed and shown to lack the first two CH domains (VDJ-CH3-CH4-transmembrane region). Similar to duck IgY, lizard IgY H chain (υ) transcripts encoding both full-length and truncated (IgYΔFc) forms (with two CH domains) were observed. The absence of an IgA-encoding gene in the lizard IGH locus suggests a complex evolutionary history for IgA in the saurian lineage leading to modern birds, lizards, and their relatives.
Externalization of the Leaderless Cytokine IL-1F6 Occurs in Response to Lipopolysaccharide/ATP Activation of Transduced Bone Marrow Macrophages
Authors: Martin Unja , Scholler John , Gurgel Jesse , Renshaw Blair , Sims John E. , Gabel Christopher A.
Published: August 2009

An interesting trait shared by many members of the IL-1 cytokine family is the absence of a signal sequence that can direct the newly synthesized polypeptides to the endoplasmic reticulum. As a result, these cytokines accumulate intracellularly. Recent studies investigating IL-1β export established that its release is facilitated via activation of an intracellular multiprotein complex termed the inflammasome. The purpose of the current study was to explore the mechanism by which murine IL-1F6 is released from bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and to compare this mechanism to that used by IL-1β. BMDMs were engineered to overexpress IL-1F6 by retroviral transduction; cells overexpressing GFP also were generated to provide a noncytokine comparator. The transduced cells constitutively expressed IL-1F6 and GFP, but they did not constitutively release these polypeptides to the medium. Enhanced release of IL-1F6 was achieved by treating with LPS followed by ATP-induced activation of the P2X7 receptor; GFP also was released under these conditions. No obvious proteolytic cleavage of IL-1F6 was noted following P2X7 receptor-induced release. Stimulus-induced release of IL-1F6 and GFP demonstrated comparable susceptibility to pharmacological modulation. Therefore, transduced IL-1F6 is released in parallel with endogenous mature IL-1β from LPS/ATP-treated BMDMs, but this externalization process is not selective for cytokines as a noncytokine (GFP) shows similar behavior. These findings suggest that IL-1F6 can be externalized via a stimulus-coupled mechanism comparable to that used by IL-1β, and they provide additional insight into the complex cellular processes controlling posttranslational processing of the IL-1 cytokine family.
Eosinophil Ribonucleases and Their Cutaneous Lesion-Forming Activity
Authors: Plager Douglas A. , Davis Mark D. P. , Andrews Amy G. , Coenen Michael J. , George Terry J. , Gleich Gerald J. , Leiferman Kristin M.
Published: August 2009

Eosinophil granule proteins are deposited in cutaneous lesions in many human diseases, but how these proteins contribute to pathophysiology is obscure. We injected eosinophil cationic protein (ECP or RNase 3), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN or RNase 2), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), and major basic protein-1 (MBP1) intradermally into guinea pig and rabbit skin. ECP and EDN each induced distinct skin lesions at ≥2.5 μM that began at 2 days, peaking at ∼7 days and persisting up to 6 wk. These lesions were ulcerated (ECP) or crusted (EDN) with marked cellular infiltration. EPO and MBP1 (10 μM) each produced perceptible induration and erythema with moderate cellular infiltration resolving within 2 wk. ECP and EDN localized to dermal cells within 2 days, whereas EPO and MBP1 remained extracellular. Overall, cellular localization and RNase activity of ECP and EDN were critical for lesion formation; differential glycosylation, net cationic charge, or RNase activity alone did not account for lesion formation. Ulcerated lesions from patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome showed ECP and EDN deposition comparable to that in guinea pig skin. In conclusion, ECP and EDN disrupt skin integrity and cause inflammation. Their presence in ulcerative skin lesions may explain certain findings in human eosinophil-associated diseases.
Cutting Edge: Stealth Influenza Virus Replication Precedes the Initiation of Adaptive Immunity
Authors: Moltedo Bruno , López Carolina B. , Pazos Michael , Becker María Inés , Hermesh Tamar , Moran Thomas M.
Published: August 2009

A timely immune response is crucial for the effective control of virus infection. The influenza virus NS1 protein interferes with the expression of key proinflammatory cytokines from infected cells in vitro. To investigate the effect of NS1 during the onset of immunity in vivo, we systematically studied the early events that occur in the lungs and draining lymph nodes upon infection with influenza virus. Strikingly, no sign of innate immunity was detected in the lungs for almost 2 days after infection until a sudden inflammatory burst, including IFNs, cytokines, and chemokines, occurred. This burst preceded the robust dendritic cell migration and T cell activation in the lymph nodes. An NS1-deficient virus triggered rapid inflammation in the lungs whereas a wild-type virus did not. Thus, we demonstrate that, in vivo, influenza virus uses the NS1 protein to replicate for almost 2 days after infection before detection by the immune system.
Site-Specific Carboxypeptidase B1 Tyrosine Nitration and Pathophysiological Implications following Its Physical Association with Nitric Oxide Synthase-3 in Experimental Sepsis
Authors: Chatterjee Saurabh , Lardinois Olivier , Bonini Marcelo G. , Bhattacharjee Suchandra , Stadler Krisztian , Corbett Jean , Deterding Leesa J. , Tomer Kenneth B. , Kadiiska Maria , Mason Ronald P.
Published: August 2009

LPS-induced sepsis results in oxidative modification and inactivation of carboxypeptidase B1 (CPB1). In this study, immunoprecipitated CPB1 was probed for tyrosine nitration using monoclonal nitrotyrosine-specific Abs in a murine model of LPS-induced sepsis. Tyrosine nitration of CPB1 was significantly reduced in the presence of NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors and the xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor allopurinol and in NOS-3 knockout (KO) mice. CPB1 tyrosine nitration and loss of activity by the concerted action of NOS-3 and XO were also confirmed in vitro using both the NO donor 3-morpholinosydnonimine and peroxynitrite. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry data indicated five sites of tyrosine nitration in vitro including Tyr248, the tyrosine at the catalytic site. The site- and protein-specific nitration of CPB1 and the possible high nitration yield to inactivate it were elucidated by confocal microscopy. The studies indicated that CPB1 colocalized with NOS-3 in the cytosol of sinus-lining cells in the red pulp of the spleen. Further analysis of CPB1-immunoprecipitated samples indicated immunoreactivity to a monoclonal NOS-3 Ab, suggesting protein complex formation with CPB1. XO and NOS inhibitors and NOS-3 KO mice injected with LPS had decreased levels of C5a in spleens of septic mice, indicating peroxynitrite as a possible cause for CPB1 functional alteration. Thus, CPB1 colocalization, coupling, and proximity to NOS-3 in the sinus-lining cells of spleen red pulp could explain the site-specific tyrosine nitration and inactivation of CPB1. These results open up new avenues for the investigation of several enzymes involved in inflammation and their site-specific oxidative modifications by protein-protein interactions as well as their role in sepsis.
A Critical Role for Hemolysins and Bacterial Lipoproteins in Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Activation of the Nlrp3 Inflammasome
Authors: Muñoz-Planillo Raúl , Franchi Luigi , Miller Lloyd S. , Núñez Gabriel
Published: August 2009

The mechanism by which bacterial pathogens activate caspase-1 via Nlrp3 remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that the ability of Staphylococcus aureus, a leading cause of infection in humans, to activate caspase-1 and induce IL-1β secretion resides in culture supernatants of growing bacteria. Caspase-1 activation induced by S. aureus required α-, β-, and γ-hemolysins and the host Nlrp3 inflammasome. Mechanistically, α- and β-hemolysins alone did not trigger caspase-1 activation, but they did so in the presence of bacterial lipoproteins released by S. aureus. Notably, caspase-1 activation induced by S. aureus supernatant was independent of the P2X7 receptor and the essential TLR adaptors MyD88 and TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β, but was inhibited by extracellular K+. These results indicate that S. aureus hemolysins circumvent the requirement of ATP and the P2X7 receptor to induce caspase-1 activation via Nlrp3. Furthermore, these studies revealed that hemolysins promote in the presence of lipoproteins the activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome.
De Novo Generation and Enhanced Suppression of Human CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells by Retinoic Acid
Authors: Wang Jun , Huizinga Tom W. J. , Toes Rene E. M.
Published: August 2009

Therapies based on CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells offer promise for the restoration of tolerance in many immune-mediated disorders. However, it has been proven difficult to obtain large numbers of Treg cells with potent and stable suppressive ability from adult human peripheral blood because of the lack of specific markers for Treg isolation/characterization, compromised function of isolated CD4+CD25+/+ T cell populations, and the difficulty to convert conventional T cells, for example, by TGF-β, into Treg cells in a consistent manner. In this study, we show that 1) in the presence of TGF-β, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) efficiently converts adult human peripheral blood naive CD4+ T cells into FOXP3+ Treg cells with stable and potent suppressive ability; 2) memory CD4+ T cells are resistant to FOXP3 induction and, moreover, inhibit Treg conversion of naive T cells that can be partially reversed by anti-IL-4; and 3) treatment of isolated CD4+CD25+/+ T cells with ATRA/TGF-β enhances their suppressive potential during expansion. Our results indicate that ATRA/TGF-β can be used to generate highly suppressive CD4+FOXP3+ Treg cells from adult human peripheral blood and are relevant for the development for Treg-based therapies.
β-Catenin/Tcf Determines the Outcome of Thymic Selection in Response to αβTCR Signaling
Authors: Kovalovsky Damian , Yu Yu , Dose Marei , Emmanouilidou Anastasia , Konstantinou Tassos , Germar Kristine , Aghajani Katayoun , Guo Zhuyan , Mandal Malay , Gounari Fotini
Published: August 2009

Thymic maturation of T cells depends on the intracellular interpretation of αβTCR signals by processes that are poorly understood. In this study, we report that β-catenin/Tcf signaling was activated in double-positive thymocytes in response to αβTCR engagement and impacted thymocyte selection. TCR engagement combined with activation of β-catenin signaled thymocyte deletion, whereas Tcf-1 deficiency rescued from negative selection. Survival/apoptotis mediators including Bim, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL were alternatively influenced by stabilization of β-catenin or ablation of Tcf-1, and Bim-mediated β-catenin induced thymocyte deletion. TCR activation in double-positive cells with stabilized β-catenin triggered signaling associated with negative selection, including sustained overactivation of Lat and Jnk and a transient activation of Erk. These observations are consistent with β-catenin/Tcf signaling acting as a switch that determines the outcome of thymic selection downstream the αβTCR cascade.
The Two Groups of Zebrafish Virus-Induced Interferons Signal via Distinct Receptors with Specific and Shared Chains
Authors: Aggad Dina , Mazel Martine , Boudinot Pierre , Mogensen Knud Erik , Hamming Ole Jensen , Hartmann Rune , Kotenko Sergei , Herbomel Philippe , Lutfalla Georges , Levraud Jean-Pierre
Published: August 2009

Because the availability of fish genomic data, the number of reported sequences for fish type II helical cytokines is rapidly growing, featuring different IFNs including virus-induced IFNs (IFNφ) and IFN-γ, and IL-10 with its related cytokines (IL-20, IL-22, and IL-26). Many candidate receptors exist for these cytokines and various authors have postulated which receptor chain would be involved in which functional receptor in fish. To date, only the receptor for zebrafish IFNφ1 has been identified functionally. Three genes encoding virus-induced IFNφs have been reported in zebrafish. In addition to these genes clustered on chromosome 3, we have identified a fourth IFNφ gene on chromosome 12. All these genes possess the intron-exon organization of mammalian λ IFNs. In the zebrafish larva, all induce the expression of reporter antiviral genes; protection in a viral challenge assay was observed for IFNφ1 and IFNφ2. Using a combination of gain- and loss-of-function experiments, we also show that all zebrafish IFNφs do not bind to the same receptor. Two subgroups of fish virus-induced IFNs have been defined based on conserved cysteines, and we find that this subdivision correlates with receptor usage. Both receptor complexes include a common short chain receptor (CRFB5) and a specific long chain receptor (CRFB1 or CRFB2).
Neutrophil-Derived Hyperresistinemia in Severe Acute Streptococcal Infections
Authors: Johansson Linda , Linnér Anna , Sundén-Cullberg Jonas , Haggar Axana , Herwald Heiko , Loré Karin , Treutiger Carl-Johan , Norrby-Teglund Anna
Published: August 2009

The concept of neutrophil activation and degranulation as important contributors to disease pathology in invasive group A streptococcal infections has recently been emphasized. This study focuses on two of the most severe streptococcal manifestations, toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis, and the newly described proinflammatory molecule resistin, known to derive from adipocytes and monocytes. We demonstrate for the first time that these conditions are characterized by hyperresistinemia in circulation as well as at the local site of infection. Importantly, analyses of patient tissue biopsies and whole blood revealed that neutrophils represent a novel and dominant source of resistin in bacterial septic shock. This was confirmed by the identification of resistin within neutrophil azurophilic granules. In vitro assays using primary neutrophils showed that resistin release was readily triggered by streptococcal cell wall components and by the streptococcal M1 protein, but not by the potent streptococcal superantigens. This is the first report demonstrating that resistin is released from neutrophils in response to microbial stimuli, which adds resistin to the neutrophil granule proteins that are likely to contribute to the pathologic inflammatory responses associated with severe streptococcal infections.
Tunable Injection Barrier in Organic Resistive Switches Based on Phase‐Separated Ferroelectric–Semiconductor Blends
Authors: Asadi Kamal , de Boer Tom G. , Blom Paul W. M. , de Leeuw Dago M.
Published: August 2009

Organic non‐volatile resistive bistable diodes based on phase‐separated blends of ferroelectric and semiconducting polymers are fabricated. The polarization field of the ferroelectric modulates the injection barrier at the semiconductor–electrode contact and, hence, the resistance of the comprising diodes. Comparison between the on‐ and off‐current of the switching diodes, with the current measured for semiconductor‐only diodes reveals that the switching occurs between bulk‐limited, i.e., space‐charge‐limited, and injection‐limited current transport. By deliberately varying the HOMO energy of the semiconductor and the work‐function of the metal electrode, it is demonstrated that injection barriers up to 1.6 eV can be surmounted by the ferroelectric polarization yielding on/off current modulations of more than five orders of magnitude. The exponential dependence of the current modulation with a slope of 0.25 eV/decade is rationalized by the magnitude of the injection barrier.
Ionic‐Liquid‐Doped Polyaniline Inverse Opals: Preparation, Characterization, and Application for the Electrochemical Impedance Immunoassay of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
Authors: Li Xing‐Hua , Dai Lin , Liu Yan , Chen Xiao‐Jun , Yan Wei , Jiang Li‐Ping , Zhu Jun‐Jie
Published: August 2009

A 3D ordered macroporous (3DOM) ionic‐liquid‐doped polyaniline (IL‐PANI) inverse opaline film is fabricated with an electropolymerization method and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are assembled on the film by electrostatic adsorption, which offers a promising basis for biomolecular immobilization due to its satisfactory chemical stability, good electronic conductivity, and excellent biocompatibility. The AuNP/IL‐PANI inverse opaline film could be used to fabricate an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) immunosensor for the determination of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The concentration of HBsAg is measured using the EIS technique by monitoring the corresponding specific binding between HBsAg and HBsAb (surface antibody). The increased electron transfer resistance (Ret) values are proportional to the logarithmic value of the concentration of HBsAg. This novel immunoassay displays a linear response range between 0.032 pg mL−1 and 31.6 pg mL−1 with a detection limit of 0.001 pg mL−1. The detection of HBsAg levels in several sera showed satisfactory agreement with those using a commercial turbidimetric method.
Anwendung von Trapezblechstegen im Brückenbau
Authors: Novàk Balthasar , Röhm Jochen
Published: August 2009

Trapezblechstege im Brückenbau kommen trotz der großen Vorteile, die diese Bauweise bietet, in Deutschland bisher nur an einem Pilotprojekt zur Anwendung. Durch die charakteristischen Eigenschaften des Trapezbleches entstehen konstruktive und wirtschaftliche Vorteile gegenüber herkömmlichen Brückenbauweisen. Allerdings lassen die aktuell gültigen Regelwerke aufgrund fehlender Kenntnis zum Tragverhalten und mangelnder Erfahrung keine wirtschaftliche Ausbildung zu. Dies zeigt sich am Beispiel des Pilotprojekts. Die Ausbildung der Verbundfuge wurde hier nur sehr unbefriedigend gelöst und verdeutlicht somit die Notwendigkeit einfacher und praktikabler Verbindungsmöglichkeiten.

Am Institut für Leichtbau Entwerfen und Konstruieren der Universität Stuttgart wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut für Konstruktion und Entwurf ein von der Forschungsvereinigung für Stahlanwendung e. V. (FOSTA) finanziertes Forschungsvorhaben bearbeitet, bei dem unterschiedliche Verbundfugenausbildungen numerisch und experimentell untersucht wurden. Der folgende Beitrag beschränkt sich auf die Verwendung von Betondübeln als Verbundmittel und stellt hierfür ein einfaches Bemessungskonzept für die Verbundsicherung unter Längsschubbeanspruchung im Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit vor.

The use of corrugated steel webs in bridge constructions – Load bearing behaviour of concrete dowels in combination with corrugated steel webs under longitudinal shear

Studies of the load bearing behaviour under shear force of integrated connections at composite bridge girders using corrugated steel webs. Up to now there is only one project in Germany, where the application of corrugated steel webs has been practiced in the field of composite bridges. Due to the characteristics of the corrugated steel web this construction method has constructive and economic advantages. However there is a lack of experiences and standards to fully utilize these advantages and to allow an economic application. Especially the first project in Germany expose some critical points. The design of the joint between the concrete slab and the corrugated steel web is actually not satisfactory and shows the need for simpler and more practicable connection methods.

At the Institute for Lightweight Structures and Conceptual Design at Universität Stuttgart and together with the Institute of Structural Design, a research project, financed by Forschungsvereinigung für Stahlanwendung e. V. (FOSTA) was made. Within this project different types of composite joints were experimentally and numerically analysed. This paper deals only with the investigations of concrete dowels as connectors. On the basis of these studies simple design rules for shear connection in the ultimate limit state were developed.
Understanding consumption within a care home: an interpretation of George's experiences of life and death
Authors: Stone Tim
Published: August 2009

We are witnessing perhaps the most important shift in the history of mankind – the rapid ageing of the earth's population. This trend raises such issues as elderly care giving and living arrangements in old age. By virtue, the author suggests that managing service provision for elderly consumers within care homes is going to become an increasingly important issue as more consumers live longer and require care. Moreover, given the paucity of literature related to elderly consumers' understandings of such institutions this research aims to illuminate and distil this issue. Based on interpretive methods the author reveals that elderly consumers such as George actively consume life and death related experiences in order to create a meaningful existence within the context of a care home.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel CuI Ethylene Complexes with 6,6′‐Diphenyl‐4,4′‐bipyrimidine Three‐Dimensionally Self‐Assembled by an Intermolecular π‐π Stacking Interaction and a C–H···N Contact
Authors: Maekawa Masahiko , Tominaga Toshi , Okubo Takashi , Kuroda‐Sowa Takayoshi , Munakata Megumu
Published: August 2009

Four novel CuI–Ph2bpm/C2H4 adducts [Cu(Ph2bpm)(C2H4)]X [X = BF4 (1a, 1b), ClO4 (2) and PF6 (3); Ph2bpm = 6,6′‐diphenyl‐4,4′‐bipyrimidine] were prepared and they have been characterized by X‐ray, 1H NMR, IR and TG‐DTA analyses. The molecular structures of CuI–Ph2bpm/C2H4 complexes 1a, 1b, 2 and 3 are essentially similar: the Cu atom is coordinated by two N atoms in the chelate site of Ph2bpm and the C=C bond of C2H4 in the trigonal‐planar geometry. Interestingly, their crystal packing structures are much different from the connection manners of an intermolecular π–π stacking interaction and a C–H···N contact, resulting in the self‐assembly of CuI–C2H4 adducts with a unique three‐dimensional network structure. The X‐ray, 1H NMR, IR data support the assumption that the contribution of the larger CuI→C2H4 π back‐donation bonding is induced by the electron‐releasing phenyl group. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Quantification of free and esterified steryl glucosides in vegetable oils and biodiesel
Authors: Lacoste Florence , Dejean Franck , Griffon Hugues , Rouquette Charlotte
Published: August 2009

Steryl glucosides (SG) are minor components that dramatically modify the low temperature performance of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) used as biodiesel. SG are naturally present in vegetable oils but they may also be the result of the transesterification of esterified steryl glucosides (ESG). These are present in vegetable oils at a level of a few hundred milligrams per kilogram, depending on the nature of the feedstock. We developed an analytical method to quantify SG and ESG in vegetable oils and in FAME. The purification of SG and ESG was performed by liquid chromatography on silica gel, and the analysis of the trimethylsilyl derivatives was achieved by gas chromatography and flame ionization detection. The filterability of biodiesel is affected when the SG content is higher than 20 mg/kg. Therefore, the sensitivity of this new method is adapted for this purpose since the quantification limit is 10 mg/kg of SG and ESG. The recoveries are acceptable, between 75% and 90% depending on the species and content, and the reproducibility relative standard deviation, evaluated at 10%, is comparable to other studies.
Enantioselective Ag‐Catalyzed Allylation of Aldimines
Authors: Naodovic Marina , Wadamoto Manabu , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: August 2009

A highly enantioselective synthesis of homoallylic amines, using allyltrimethoxysilane under AgI catalytic conditions, has been developed. Among the chiral ligands investigated, a remarkable difference in the resulting AgI complexes was observed. Under mild conditions and low catalyst loadings, homoallylamines were produced in high ee values (up to 80 %) and good yields. The methodology can be further extended to a diastere‐ and enantioselective crotylation of aldimines.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Simple Chiral Pyrrolidine–Pyridine‐Based Catalysts for Highly Enantioselective Michael Addition to Nitro Olefins
Authors: Xu Da‐Zhen , Shi Sen , Wang Yongmei
Published: August 2009

A new class of chiral pyrrolidine–pyridine‐based organocatalysts, available from commercially available starting materials, have been synthesized and shown to be very effective catalysts for the asymmetric Michael addition reactions of cyclic/acyclic/aromatic ketones and an aldehyde with nitro olefins, giving excellent yields (up to 99 %), diastereoselectivities (syn/anti = 99:1), and enantioselectivities (up to 99 %). Based on the experimental results and ESI‐MS analysis of the intermediates, the mode of activity of the organocatalyst with the substrate was deduced. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
CFD simulation coupled with population balance equations for aerated stirred bioreactors
Authors: Zhang Hu , Zhang Kai , Fan Shengdi
Published: August 2009

Mammalian cells have been widely used to produce therapeutic proteins in stirred bioreactors in suspension culture. Local hydrodynamics can have a great impact on cell proliferation and protein synthesis, but there are few reports on spatial heterogeneity of nutrients, gas bubbles, and mass transfer coefficients. We have employed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled with population balance equations to study local hydrodynamics in a 20 L stirred bioreactor. The flow patterns, energy dissipation rates, gas volume fraction, gas bubble size distribution and local mass transfer coefficient have been displayed throughout the whole bioreactor. Their implications for mammalian cell culture have been discussed. This study provides an insight into rational design and optimum operation conditions in a stirred bioreactor for mammalian cell cultivation.
Two‐Photon polymerization for microfabrication of three‐dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering application
Authors: Weiß Thomas , Hildebrand Gerhard , Schade Ronald , Liefeith Klaus
Published: August 2009

In natural tissues cells are embedded in a three‐dimensional fibrous network of biopolymers like collagen, hyaluronic acid etc. This extracellular matrix (ECM) influences the cell fate, the differentiation status, metabolic processes and provides structural integrity. For a three‐dimensional or physiological cell cultivation that are required in biomedical applications (e.g. tissue engineering, BioMEMS) scaffolds are needed. These scaffolds mimic the ECM according to their biocompatibility which comprises aspects of surface compatibility and importantly for tissue engineering applications aspects of structural compatibility. We have evaluated scaffold design parameters for the three‐dimensional cultivation of chondrocytes for the tissue engineering of artificial cartilage. Two‐photon polymerization is a powerful technique for fabrication of polymeric three‐dimensional micro‐ and submicro‐structures. The photoinitiation system for two‐photon polymerization is excited by simultaneous absorption of two photons leading to chemical polymerization reactions. Due to a tight confinement of the excitation volume around the focal point, this method can produce micrometer sized objects maintaining a high spatial resolution down to 100 nm. Two‐photon processes require very high photon densities which are provided by pulsed femtosecond lasers. The potential of this approach for microfabrication of scaffolds for tissue engineering is demonstrated by investigation of the cell response to microstructures with complex three‐dimensional geometry and feature sizes in the range of few micrometers.
Independent voltage and frequency controller for a parallel operated isolated three‐phase asynchronous generators
Authors: Singh Bhim , Kasal Gaurav Kumar
Published: August 2009

This paper presents a voltage and frequency controller (VFC) for parallel operated isolated asynchronous generators (IAGs) in pico and micro hydro systems feeding 3‐phase 4‐wire loads. The proposed VF controller regulates the system voltage and frequency in decoupled manner through control of reactive and active powers. The controller is a combination of a static compensator (STATCOM) and an electronic load controller (ELC). The STATCOM is used for reactive power compensation for voltage control, load balancing, harmonic elimination and neutral current compensation while an ELC is used for active power control at the terminals of the generators, which in turn keeps the system frequency constant. Modelling of the proposed generating system is carried out in MATLAB‐based environment and a set of simulation results are given to demonstrate the performance of the controller in an isolated electrical distribution system using SIMULINK and PSB (Power System Block sets) toolboxes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mood, side of motor symptom onset and pain complaints in Parkinson's disease
Authors: McNamara Patrick , Stavitsky Karina , Harris Erica , Szent‐Imrey Orsolya , Durso Raymon
Published: August 2009

Objective

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) present with a variety of non‐motor symptoms including sensory complaints and mood disturbances. In the current pilot study, we aimed to explore pain complaints and the association between mood and pain in PD. We hypothesized that pain ratings would be elevated in patients with PD relative to controls. As PD is lateralized at onset and studies have found lateralization of some non‐motor symptoms in PD, we also hypothesized that PD patients would exhibit differing pain profiles depending on side of onset of the disease.

Methods

Twenty‐three PD patients (11 right‐onset (RPD), 12 left‐onset (LPD) disease), and 11 control participants (CS) completed a mood questionnaire (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale; DASS) as well as the short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire.

Results

Both PD groups reported higher present pain intensity scores (p = 0.001), more evaluative pain intensity (p = 0.02), and more overall pain (p = 0.02) than control participants. There was a significant association between mood and all of the McGill pain ratings in the LPD patients, with those reporting more mood symptoms rating higher on all pain scales (all p‐values < 0.001). This association was not found in the RPD group.

Conclusions

Our results suggest an association between mood and pain in patients with PD that may be related to the differential contribution of right‐hemispheric neural networks in processing of mood and pain states. These findings merit further investigation into the relation between mood and pain in patients with PD. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water balance dynamics in the Nile Basin
Authors: Senay Gabriel B. , Asante Kwabena , Artan Guleid
Published: August 2009

Understanding the temporal and spatial dynamics of key water balance components of the Nile River will provide important information for the management of its water resources. This study used satellite‐derived rainfall and other key weather variables derived from the Global Data Assimilation System to estimate and map the distribution of rainfall, actual evapotranspiration (ETa), and runoff. Daily water balance components were modelled in a grid‐cell environment at 0·1 degree (∼10 km) spatial resolution for 7 years from 2001 through 2007. Annual maps of the key water balance components and derived variables such as runoff and ETa as a percent of rainfall were produced. Generally, the spatial patterns of rainfall and ETa indicate high values in the upstream watersheds (Uganda, southern Sudan, and southwestern Ethiopia) and low values in the downstream watersheds. However, runoff as a percent of rainfall is much higher in the Ethiopian highlands around the Blue Nile subwatershed. The analysis also showed the possible impact of land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands in reducing ETa magnitudes despite the availability of sufficient rainfall. Although the model estimates require field validation for the different subwatersheds, the runoff volume estimate for the Blue Nile subwatershed is within 7·0% of a figure reported from an earlier study. Further research is required for a thorough validation of the results and their integration with ecohydrologic models for better management of water and land resources in the various Nile Basin ecosystems. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.