bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
4 Relations and Reductions
Authors: Fox Rory
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines 13th century views about temporal relations. It shows that although medieval thinkers used differently nuanced terminology, a broadly shared approach to a theory of relations became apparent. Application of this theory of relations to the case of time generated serious difficulties. Relations were considered by 13th century thinkers to be accidents, thus temporal relations needed a substance in which to inhere. This substance was considered by many to be the Primum Mobile, but such an identification was problematic even within the framework of medieval thought.
5 The Reality of Time
Authors: Fox Rory
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines the question of whether 13th century thinkers viewed time as having its own existence in reality, or whether they considered it to have an existence which depended upon a mind. It is argued that an ambiguity exists at the heart of their thoughts on this matter; an ambiguity which sometimes expressed itself in affirmations that stressed the mind-independence of time, and yet at other times, seemed to imply a limited role for a mind. The two areas where this ambiguity becomes visible are: when they were considering the question of whether time exists in the present instant, and in relation to their views about the reality of temporal becoming.
9 Eternity
Authors: Fox Rory
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines one of the most significant 13th century atemporal terms, aeternitas. The English word typically used to translate this term is ‘eternity’, and is used by contemporary philosophers in both an everlasting (extensional) and timeless (non-extensional) sense. It is shown that medieval minds did not necessarily think of eternity in the durational way that contemporary philosophers do. They often preferred to construe eternity in terms of limitlessness and the different ways in which a particular could be limitless. As a result, there were at least ten different ways in which 13th century thinkers could use the word aeternitas (eternity). To distinguish between uses of aeternitas which were intended to convey notions of extensional or nonextensional existence, medieval thinkers distinguished between ‘less proper’ and ‘more proper’ uses of the word, reserving the more proper uses for non-extensional notions.
2 Human Actions and Aquinas's Moral Theory
Authors: Pilsner Joseph
Published: June 2006

The importance of specification of human actions in Aquinas becomes clearer when one recognizes the indispensable role that human actions play in his moral theory as a whole. For Aquinas, human actions come to be through a human agent’s free self-determination; a human agent has mastery over these actions and bears responsibility for them. The goal of all human life is happiness, and this consists in a perpetual human action of knowing God ‘as he is’ in heaven. In this life, a person can share in the happiness found in God — though imperfectly — by the human actions of hope, faith, contemplation, and charity. Created goods can contribute to temporal happiness in their own way, so long as the human actions by which these goods are used or enjoyed accord with God’s will.
7 Circumstance
Authors: Pilsner Joseph
Published: June 2006

A circumstance is an attendant property of an action. In murder, for instance, one might take note of the time, the type of weapon, or the perpetrator’s height. Although Aquinas in some contexts denies that any circumstance can give form and species to a human action, in other contexts, he asserts that at least some circumstances do, as when the ‘sacredness’ of a stolen chalice further defines ‘theft’ as ‘sacrilege’. The key to understanding this apparent contradiction lies in recognizing that a human action can be viewed from two perspectives. The very same property in an action can be incidental when an action is considered apart from a comparison to right reason, but essential when this standard is invoked. For instance, the fact that an item being stolen happens to be ‘sacred’ is just one circumstance among many until the action is compared to right reason; then this property ‘sacred’ is recognized as part of what constitutes sacrilege and essential to its object. When speaking with greater precision, Aquinas admits that a property essential in a comparison to right reason (such as ‘sacred’ in sacrilege) even deserves a new name, instead of a ‘circumstance’ it should be called a ‘condition’ or ‘difference’ of an object.
10 Conclusion
Authors: Pilsner Joseph
Published: June 2006

This chapter shows that end, object, matter, circumstance, and motive can all be understood to contribute to the specification of human actions for Aquinas in a fundamentally consistent way. Although specification by end and by object have characteristic differences, they are at base compatible because both end and object can refer to precisely the same reality in human action. The same goal can be both a human action’s final cause (end), and that good to which the will is directed (object). Specification by matter can be integrated with the first two: Aquinas asserts that matter specifies human action either because it has been willed as an end or possesses a distinctive formal aspect (like an object’s). Specification by circumstance can be fit into the picture through object: Aquinas believes that a ‘circumstance’ essential with respect to right reason takes on a new name, ‘condition’ or ‘difference’, and constitutes in whole or in part something essential to an object’s formal aspect. Although motives may seem more difficult to integrate since they are sometimes presented as causes for appetite, Aquinas says that motives are ‘proper objects of the will’ and asserts that they specify as ‘ends’ of human action.
Space, Time, Matter, and Form
Authors: Bostock David
Published: June 2006

The book features a collection of ten essays on themes from Aristotle’s Physics. Six of these have been previously published, and four are newly written for this volume. The first five essays are based on single theme, namely Aristotle’s conception of substance as it appears in his physical works. The basic texts here are Physics I-II, but the essays also range quite widely over Aristotle’s other physical works, where these are relevant to his understanding of the notions of substance, matter, and form. The general view of these five essays is that Aristotle’s idea of matter was a winner, but his idea of form certainly was not. The remaining five essays are on various topics from Physics III-VI, with each confined to the text of the Physics itself. The topics covered fall broadly under the headings: space, time, and infinity.
Aristotle on Continuity in Physics VI
Authors: Bostock David
Published: June 2006

This essay discusses almost all of Aristotle’s claims in Physics VI, highlighting some virtues in his discussion as well as inadequacies or plain mistakes. In some cases, Aristotle’s mistakes may be put down to his imperfect grasp of the notion of infinity. But in most cases, they are due to the fact that in this book of the Physics, he is trying to argue against all forms of atomism, i.e., against atoms of space, time, movement, and atoms of matter. However, his arguments on this head are never conclusive.
5 Namibia: Group of Three and Western Contact Group
Authors: Prantl Jochen
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines the role and performance of the Group of Three and the Western Contact Group in the process leading to the independence of Namibia in 1990. At the United Nations level, decolonization resulted in a significant increase in membership that shifted governance in the General Assembly and the Security Council. The admission of post-colonial states turned decolonization into an ideological issue that contributed to a situation where direct UN involvement became ineffective. It complicated the process towards the further dismantling of the colonial system, and generated a push towards exit as epitomized in the formation of informal groups. The case of Namibia illustrates the potential and limits of engaging the United States in a cooperative framework.
4 Questions of Logic
Authors: Gaynesford Maximilian de
Published: June 2006

‘The guarantee’, or the claim that any use of I is logically guaranteed against reference-failure as a matter of the meaning of the term, is a myth. If security is a semantic truth, I cannot be a genuinely singular referring term. There is no argument for ‘the guarantee’, which is independent of ‘rule theory’ and ‘independence’. Even professed advocates of ‘the guarantee’ turn out to defend a non-semantic explanation of security.
6 Logical Character
Authors: Gaynesford Maximilian de
Published: June 2006

The logical character of I is obligatorily deictic. Some variant devices have obligatory anaphoric reference, some are free, and some again have obligatory deictic reference. It is by singling out individuals made salient in the extra-sentential context that uses of this third sort refer. Substitution instances reveal and matching constraints confirm that each use of I (together with singular You) must fall into this third category.
7 Inferential Role
Authors: Gaynesford Maximilian de
Published: June 2006

The inferential role of I is irreducibly deictic. The inferential roles of singular terms are distinguished by appeal to the different mechanisms required to guarantee co-reference in a knowledge-advancing way. Co-typicality is insufficient for variant terms. Anaphoric structures are insufficient for I and other terms used deictically; they depend on identity-judgements and keeping track. The inferential role of I and other deictic terms is irreducibly deictic: it is by singling out individuals made salient in the extra-sentential environment that their uses contribute systematically to what entails what.
12 Conclusion
Authors: Gaynesford Maximilian de
Published: June 2006

I has the logical character, inferential role, referential function, expressive use, and communicative role of a deictic term. Uses of I share the referential security and identificatory ease of certain uses of other deictic terms. I has a distinct character within the group due to kind salience, expressive demonstration, communicative demonstration, and certain other features. These findings show that the whole standard account of indexicals and demonstratives, due to Kaplan, rests on two false principles and must be replaced. More positively, these findings offer new ways to explore first-personal thinking and self-knowledge, together with broader questions dependent on them such as practical reasoning, belief-acquisition, and belief-ascription.
1 Contextualism
Authors: Stanley Jason
Published: June 2006

This chapter introduces the thesis of contextualism about knowledge attributions, which is the view that the proposition expressed by a sentence such as ‘John knows that the bank is open at 2 p.m. EST on October 3, 2006’ varies depending upon the context of its utterance. Different versions of the thesis are explained.
4 Contextualism on the Cheap?
Authors: Stanley Jason
Published: June 2006

This chapter argues that the attempt to derive the context-sensitivity of an expression from the context-sensitivity of expressions used in a putative conceptual analysis of the property or properties expressed by that expression fails.
Interest‐Relative Invariantism
Authors: Stanley Jason
Published: June 2006

This chapter explains and develops a version of Interest-Relative Invariantism about knowledge, according to which whether or not someone knows that p at a certain time depends in part on what is at stake for them in being right about p at that time.
Hedonism, Heteronomy, and Kant's Principle of Happiness
Authors: Reath Andrews
Published: June 2006

This chapter addresses the issue of whether Kant was a psychological hedonist about natural desires and the actions for which they are the motives. It calls this interpretation into question, and argues that Kant did not adopt a simple hedonistic psychology of non-moral choice, and that nothing in his moral theory, in particular the central distinction between autonomy and heteronomy, depends on such a psychology. The chapter is organized as follows. Section I introduces some of the issues that a hedonistic psychology would raise for Kant's moral psychology and moral theory. Sections II to IV take up the relevant texts and show why they do not indicate a crude hedonistic psychology. It is argued that the principle of happiness does not express a hedonistic theory of motivation, but a principle of choice in which actions are evaluated in terms of expected satisfaction or the strength of the desires they will satisfy. Finally, Section V considers how the proposed interpretations of Kant's views bear on the broader issues raised in the introduction.
Introduction
Authors: Swinnen Johan F. M.
Published: June 2006

This chapter introduces the issues addressed in the book, and explains its country coverage and the book’s structure and organization.
A Model of Agricultural Transition
Authors: Swinnen Johan F. M.
Published: June 2006

This chapter develops a model of agricultural transition. The model is used to illustrate the technical and allocative inefficiencies under Socialism, and to explain how efficiency changed during transition with privatization, land reform, disruptions, and other reforms. It provides an empirical illustration how different initial conditions could lead to different patterns of transition.
The Political Economy of Property Rights Reform and Farm Restructuring
Authors: Swinnen Johan F. M.
Published: June 2006

This chapter explains why, when, and how transition countries chose to introduce property rights reforms and restructure their farms. It explains why China opted for the household responsibility system, why land was restored to former owners in Central and Eastern Europe, and why land in the former Soviet Union was mostly distributed in shares and soft budgets.
Confiscating Cadaveric Organs
Authors: Fabre Cécile
Published: June 2006

This chapter argues that the duty of assistance outlined in Chapter 1 includes a duty to make one’s organs available upon death to those who need them. It reviews analogies and disanalogies between the confiscation of cadaveric organs and inheritance taxes, and claims that the healthy be exempt from their duty to the sick if, and only if, they can deploy a conscientious objection to not being buried or cremated intact.
Organ Sales
Authors: Fabre Cécile
Published: June 2006

This chapter argues that in cases when the healthy are not under a duty to make their organs available to those who need them, they have the right to sell them for a profit. It reviews two objections to organ sales: the commodification and the exploitation objections, and outlines ways in which organ sales should be regulated.
The New Craft Skills of Engineering: The Impact of Innovation Technology on Engineering Practice
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David M. , Salter Ammon
Published: June 2006

This chapter explores the impact of innovation technologies such as simulation, modelling, and rapid prototyping on engineering practice. Innovation technologies help redefine the role of engineers in the innovation process, creating a new division of innovative labour both with and across organizations. This chapter also explores the boundaries of experimentation and inertia within particular domains of problem-solving to create new opportunities and value.
Complexity, Evolution, and the Structure of Demand
Authors: Foster John , Potts Jason
Published: June 2006

This chapter argues that evolutionary economics should be founded upon complex systems theory rather than neo-Darwinian analogies concerning natural selection, which focus on supply side considerations and competition amongst firms and technologies. It suggests that conceptions such as production and consumption functions should be replaced by network representations, in which the preferences or, more correctly, the aspirations of consumers are fundamental and, as such, the primary drivers of economic growth. Technological innovation is viewed as a process that is intermediate between these aspirational networks, and the organizational networks in which goods and services are produced. Consumer knowledge becomes at least as important as producer knowledge in determining how economic value is generated. It becomes clear that the stability afforded by connective systems of rules is essential for economic flexibility to exist, but that too many rules result in inert and structurally unstable states. In contrast, too few rules result in a more stable state, but at a low level of ordered complexity. Economic evolution from this perspective is explored using random and scale free network representations of complex systems.
Changing Boundaries of Firms in the Evolution of the Computer Industry: Towards a History‐Friendly Model
Authors: Malerba Franco , Nelson Richard , Orsenigo Luigi , Winter Sidney
Published: June 2006

This chapter analyzes the changing boundaries of firms in terms of vertical integration and dis-integration (specialization) in dynamic and uncertain technological and market environments. In particular, it addresses the question of stability and change in firms’ decisions to ‘make or buy’ in contexts characterized by periods of technological revolutions punctuating periods of relative technological stability and smooth technical progress. The chapter is inspired by the case of the computer and semiconductor industries, and proposes the building blocks of a model in the ‘history-friendly’ style, showing how alternative dynamics of demand and technical change might generate profoundly different patterns of evolution in the two industries. The main argument proposed concerns the role of co-evolution in the upstream and downstream industries in explaining the changing boundaries of firms.
Many Moral Particularisms
Authors: McKeever Sean , Ridge Michael
Published: June 2006

This chapter identifies moral particularism as a family of theses all of which involve some sort of negative assessment of moral principles. Family members are distinguished by the different negative attitudes taken and by different conceptions of what a moral principle is. It argues that a proper evaluation of the arguments for moral particularism must be sensitive to these distinctions.
Moral Vision
Authors: McKeever Sean , Ridge Michael
Published: June 2006

Particularism is commonly associated with a moral epistemology that takes perception as a model. This chapter argues that in so far as moral judgments are made by ‘just looking’, this does nothing to support particularism. A close examination of the role of rules and principles in chess helps make this point. Although metaphors of vision are commonplace in discussions of chess (the master ‘just sees’ that the position is weak), this rightly does nothing to undermine the confidence that rules and principles play an important role both in constituing the game of chess itself and in helping people find good moves. In the former case, there are rules which are constitutive of the game (bishops move diagonally). In the latter case, there are strategic maxims (a knight on the rim is dim). Here, the distinctions between different conceptions of principles drawn in Chapter 1 do some work. In particular, heavy use is made of the distinction between the theoretical and action-guiding roles of moral principles.
Generalism as a Regulative Ideal
Authors: McKeever Sean , Ridge Michael
Published: June 2006

This chapter argues that there are reasons to try to codify the moral landscape, and that these reasons are recognizably moral. A proper understanding of the nature of historical moral progress bolsters this argument. The task of codifying morality is best understood as a collective one. Like many collective tasks, it is most efficiently pursued with a suitable division of labor. The chapter defends some of the traditional notions of moral theory as aiming for deeper and more unifying explanations where they can plausibly be found.
Principled Guidance
Authors: McKeever Sean , Ridge Michael
Published: June 2006

Morality is a practical matter that concerns choice and action, and a sound moral outlook should be capable of motivating someone to act virtuously. Hence, it is reasonable to expect that moral principles might play an important role in guiding action. This final chapter addresses this concern, and explains how moral principles can and should play an important role in guiding action. Moral principles can help us avoid the all too human failings of special pleading and rationalization. They can also help make certain features of situations more salient, and help structure thinking in ways more likely to lead to morally right action. Different philosophical models of principled guidance, contemporary empirical debates about the nature of moral cognition, and indeed of concept deployment more generally, are considered. It is argued that certain findings from cognitive science associated with so-called ‘prototype theory’ and ‘exemplar theory’ do not do much to undermine a robust role for moral principles in guiding the actions of a morally decent agent. Some empirical findings from ‘prospect theory’ about the effects of framing situations in one way rather than another are used to bolster the positive case for principled guidance.
Europe as Empire
Authors: Zielonka Jan
Published: June 2006

This book seeks to comprehend the evolving nature of the European Union following the fall of the Berlin Wall and the failure of the European Constitution. Its prime focus is the last wave of enlargement which has profoundly transformed the EU. Although there are many parallels between the European integration process and state-building processes, the Union is not anything like a Westphalian superstate. The new emerging polity resembles a kind of neo-medieval empire with a polycentric system of government, multiple and overlapping jurisdictions, striking cultural and economic heterogeneity, fuzzy borders, and divided sovereignty. The book spells out the origin, the shape, and the implications of this empire. It suggests a novel way of thinking about the European Union and the process of European integration, showing “two Europes” coming together following the end of the Cold War. It proposes a system of economic and democratic governance that meets the ever greater challenges of modernization, interdependence, and globalization. It identifies the most plausible scenario of promoting peaceful change in Europe and beyond. It argues that mainstream thinking about European integration is based on mistaken statist assumptions, and suggests more effective and legitimate ways of governing Europe than through the adoption of a European Constitution, creation of a European army, or introduction of a European social model. The book covers many fields from politics and economics to foreign affairs and security. It analyzes developments in both Eastern and Western Europe, and gives ample room for both theoretical and empirical considerations.
3 Diversity and Adaptation
Authors: Zielonka Jan
Published: June 2006

This chapter assesses the process of mutual adaptation between the two parts of Europe. It tries to rethink the role and meaning of divergence in the process of European integration, and searches for the best way to handle it. It argues that it would be difficult for the Union to acquire the basic features of a Westphalian state due to persistent divergence across various functional and geographical fields. However, the dividing lines do not necessarily run across the former East-West divide. Moreover, if one abandons the Westphalian paradigm, divergence may be seen as an asset rather than only as a liability for the future EU. Looser and less integrated systems can cope well with diversity, and even profit from it. Besides, divergence is subject to political engineering with enlargement being a powerful tool for remedying the existing gaps in Europe.
Economic Governance
Authors: Zielonka Jan
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines how the enlarged EU is likely to respond to three major economic challenges: Will the enlarged EU attempt to bridge the internal development gaps by flexible policies stimulating growth or by central redistribution from Brussels? Will the enlarged EU cope with the challenge of global economic competition by opting for more institutional differentiation or central regulation? Will it try to insulate itself from poor and unstable neighbors or try to govern them? In all three cases, the enlarged EU is more likely to embrace the neo-medieval rather than the neo-Westphalian alternative.
Expected Economic Implications of the Big Bang
Authors: Toya Tetsuro , Amyx Jennifer
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines the predicted economic consequences of the Big Bang reforms for a range of actors in the financial market to identify the perceived ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ from the reforms. It begins by providing an overview of the developments leading up to the reform initiative, focusing on the period from November 1996 through June 1997. It then summarizes the content of the initiative and the accompanying financial reforms. A discussion of expected economic consequences for the financial market in general follows.
Two Institutional Changes
Authors: Toya Tetsuro , Amyx Jennifer
Published: June 2006

This chapter situates the Big Bang within broader financial sector developments and in the political economy in general. It uses the framework of ‘institutional change’ introduced in Chapter 3 to understand the larger changes taking place in finance. It shows the causal mechanism through which the observed changes in financial politics occurred, while demonstrating how the components of the Financial Convoy related to one another, triggering the breakdown of the Convoy. The breakdown of the Convoy and the decay of bureaupluralism are observed, and the future of the latter is predicted.
Tracheotomy in Very Low Birth Weight Neonates: Indications and Outcomes
Authors: Sisk Elizabeth A. , Kim Theresa B. , Schumacher Robert , Dechert Ronald , Driver Lynn , Ramsey Ann Marie , Lesperance Marci M.
Published: June 2006

Objective/Hypothesis: To review incidence of, indications for, and outcomes of tracheotomy in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.

Study Design: Retrospective review in tertiary care hospital.

Methods: Eighteen VLBW (<1,500 g) infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia undergoing tracheotomy in the neonatal intensive care unit between October 1997 and June 2002 were studied. Controls consisted of 36 VLBW infants undergoing intubation without tracheotomy, two per study infant, matched by gestational age and weight. Outcome measures included duration and number of intubation events, time to decannulation, complications, comorbidities, length of stay, and speech, language, and swallowing measures.

Results: Infants undergoing tracheotomy had an average duration of intubation of 128.8 days with a median number of 11.5 intubation events, both significantly greater than those of controls. Percentage of those with laryngotracheal stenosis was 44% of study infants had laryngotracheal stenosis compared to 1.6% in all intubated VLBW infants. The tracheotomy group had a significantly higher incidence of gastroesophageal reflux, pulmonary hypertension, and gastrostomy tube placement. The overall tracheotomy‐related complication rate was 38.9%. Three were lost to follow‐up, and five deaths occurred, two possibly tracheotomy‐related. Six of ten were decannulated by an average time of 3.8 years, two of six after laryngotracheal reconstruction. Four of ten remained cannulated for a variety of reasons. Disorders of speech, language, and swallowing were common.

Conclusions: When considering tracheotomy in VLBW infants, the total number of intubation events should be monitored as well as the total duration of intubation. The relatively high incidence of laryngotracheal stenosis argues for earlier endoscopy and possibly earlier tracheotomy in infants with developing stenoses.
Does the Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Predict Patients Requiring High Continuous Positive Airway Pressure?
Authors: Oksenberg Arie , Arons Elena , Froom Paul
Published: June 2006

Study Objectives: To investigate polysomnographic and anthropomorphic factors predicting need of high optimal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).

Design: Retrospective data analysis.

Patients: Three hundred fifty‐three consecutive obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients who had a successful manual CPAP titration in our sleep disorders unit.

Measurements and Results: The mean optimal CPAP was 9.5 ± 2.4 cm H2O. The optimal CPAP pressure increases with an increase in OSA severity from 7.79 ± 2.2 in the mild, to 8.7 ± 1.8 in the moderate, and to 10.1 ± 2.3 cm H2O in the severe OSA group. A high CPAP was defined as the mean + 1 standard deviation (SD; ≥12 cm H2O). The predictor variables included apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI), age, sex, body mass index (BMI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). High CPAP was required in 2 (6.9%), 6 (5.8%), and 63 (28.6%) patients with mild, moderate, and severe OSA, respectively. On univariate analysis, AHI, BMI, ESS score, and the proportion of males were significantly higher in those needing high CPAP. They also have a lower MSLT mean. On logistic regression, the use of high CPAP was 5.90 times more frequent (95% confidence interval 2.67–13.1) in severe OSA patients after adjustment for the other variables. The area under the receiver operator curve was 72.4%, showing that the model was adequate.

Conclusions: Severe OSA patients are much more likely to need high CPAP levels. However, because of the low positive predictive value (only 28.6%), the clinical value of such information is limited. ESS and MSLT did not increase the predictive value for the need for high CPAP.
Sleep‐Disordered Breathing in Children: Survey of Current Practice
Authors: Mitchell Ron B. , Pereira Kevin D. , Friedman Norman R.
Published: June 2006

Objectives: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends objective testing with polysomnography (PSG) before adenotonsillectomy for sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) in children. Several studies have also shown that a clinical diagnosis correlates poorly with the presence or severity of SDB as confirmed by PSG. The purpose of this study was to examine surgical practice patterns among members of the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngologists (ASPO).

Methods: A questionnaire was sent electronically to all members of ASPO asking about demographics, PSG facilities, and pre‐ and postoperative management of children with SDB.

Results: A total of 245 questionnaires were sent, and 105 (43%) were completed. The results of the survey show that up to 50% of pediatric visits in individual practices were for SDB. Only 10% of children who underwent adenotonsillectomy had PSG, and the most common reason to request it was doubt about diagnosis. The average wait for PSG was 3 to 6 weeks. Preoperative PSG was routinely requested in children under 1 year of age and children with morbid obesity, craniofacial abnormalities, or neuromuscular disease. The majority of pediatric otolaryngologists proceeded with an adenotonsillectomy in symptomatic children with normal PSG findings. Postoperative PSG was requested in less than 5% of children. Approximately 20% of children who underwent adenotonsillectomy for suspected SDB were observed overnight in hospital.

Conclusions: A majority of respondents from this survey rely on a clinical diagnosis rather than PSG to recommend an adenotonsillectomy for SDB in children. PSG was generally used when the diagnosis was in doubt.
Metrics of Nasal Tip Rotation: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Kim David W. , Egan Kristin K.
Published: June 2006

Objective: We introduce a new metric for measuring nasal tip rotation, the “columellar facial angle.” The present study aimed to determine the degree of correlation of the nasolabial angle, the nostril axis, and the columellar–facial angle as metrics of nasal tip rotation in healthy volunteers. The study also aimed to identify any nasal or facial features unrelated to tip position, which consistently altered these values.

Methods: Lateral photographs in the Frankfort horizontal plane were taken of 100 volunteers. Measurements of tip rotation were then calculated for each model using three different methods: nasolabial angle, nostril axis, and columellar–facial angle. Data were analyzed for degree of correlation of the three values for all models. Facial features in those subjects with low correlation between measurement methods were analyzed.

Results: For all grouped data, both the nasolabial angle and the nostril axis showed moderate correlations with columellar facial angle but no correlation with each other. Individual subjects whose measurements did not correlate tended to display certain anatomic features: premaxillary deficiency, premaxillary excess, sloped upper lips, or vertical malposition of the nostrils.

Conclusions: No one method of measurement of nasal tip rotation is reliable for all patients. Certain nasal and facial features are likely to alter these values. Of the three measurement methods presented, the columellar–facial angle is most likely to yield consistent measurements of nasal tip rotation.
Otoacoustic Emissions and Persistent Tinnitus after Acute Acoustic Trauma
Authors: Nottet Jean‐Bertrand , Moulin Annie , Brossard Nicolas , Suc Benoît , Job Agnès
Published: June 2006

Objectives: To follow up the auditory status of military personnel after an acute acoustic trauma and to identify the possible predictive value of hearing thresholds and otoacoustic emissions during the first 24 hours after the acoustic trauma.

Study Design: A group of 24 young military subjects, aged 22 ± 2.3 years, without any otologic problem before the acoustic trauma, were examined at three time intervals after an accidental acoustic trauma caused by the discharge of a firearm: 24 hours, 72 hours, and 15 days.

Methods: Each subject was submitted to medical examination and to a questionnaire detailing the circumstances of the acoustic trauma. Pure tone audiometry was performed from 1 to 8 kHz per half octave. Transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions were recorded in the nonlinear mode at 80 dB pSPL, and distortion product otoacoustic emissions were recorded from 1 to 6 kHz, using a distortion product‐gram type procedure, at 65/55 dB SPL, with f2/f1 = 1.22. Two groups of subjects were defined: group 1 (n = 8) represented subjects with short‐lasting tinnitus (<72 h) and group 2 (n = 16) subjects with long‐lasting tinnitus (>72 h).

Results: Hearing thresholds did not differ significantly between these two groups 24 hours after the acoustic trauma. However, otoacoustic emissions showed significantly lower amplitudes 24 hours after the acoustic trauma in subjects showing a longer lasting tinnitus.

Conclusion: Otoacoustic emissions appear to be a better predictor of the persistence of tinnitus than hearing thresholds alone 24 hours after an acute acoustic trauma.
Standardization of Free Jejunum Transfer After Total Pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy
Authors: Sarukawa Shunji , Sakuraba Minoru , Kimata Yoshihiro , Yasumura Tsuneo , Uchiyama Kiyotaka , Hishinuma Shigeyuki , Nakatsuka Takashi , Hayashi Ryuichi , Ebihara Satoshi , Harii Kiyonori
Published: June 2006

Objective: Our latest free jejunum transfer procedure was reviewed and compared with previous procedures to standardize the operation.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of 269 patients who had undergone total pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy and free jejunum transfer from 1992 through 2004. The patients were divided into two groups: a late group, in which surgery was performed with our latest standard procedure from 2000 through 2004, and an early group, in which various procedures had been used from 1992 through 1999. Surgical times, postoperative progress, and complications were evaluated.

Results: The mean surgical time was shortened from 3 hours 25 minutes in the early group to 3 hours 9 minutes in the late group, and ischemic time was shortened from 2 hours 44 minutes to 2 hours 20 minutes. For recipient vessels, branches of the external carotid artery and the internal jugular vein were more often used in the late group. Length of hospitalization decreased from 31.7 days in the early group to 24.4 days in the late group, although the start of drinking was similar (15.4 days versus 12.1 days). The rates of complications were significantly reduced in the late group, particularly those associated with the enteric anastomosis such as minor leakage (18.2–5.2%) and stenosis (17.6–3.0%).

Conclusion: Our latest method of free jejunum transfer reconstruction has become reliable and expeditious through simple and stable minor revisions of procedures.
Enophthalmos as a Complication of Rhinoplasty
Authors: Eloy Jean Anderson , Jacobson Adam Saul , Elahi Ebrahim , Shohet Michael Robert
Published: June 2006

Silent sinus syndrome is a known clinical entity caused by negative sinus pressure from acquired obstruction of the maxillary sinus ostium with resulting enophthalmos and hypoglobus. We present a case in which, after septorhinoplasty, a patient developed progressive enophthalmos and hypoglobus. His evaluation was consistent with silent sinus syndrome. This case illustrates the complex reconstructive challenges of repairing an orbit in the setting of fistulization of the orbit with the maxillary sinus cavity. In particular, we highlight the inferior fornyx transconjunctival approach with simultaneous intranasal endoscopic maxillary sinus aeration.
Retronasal and Orthonasal Olfactory Function in Relation to Olfactory Bulb Volume in Patients With Posttraumatic Loss of Smell
Authors: Rombaux Philippe , Mouraux André , Bertrand Bernard , Nicolas Georges , Duprez Thierry , Hummel Thomas
Published: June 2006

Objective: The aims of this study were to evaluate olfactory function with orthonasal and retronasal testing in patients with posttraumatic olfactory loss and to investigate the relation between residual olfactory function and olfactory bulb (OB) volume.

Method: A retrospective study of 25 patients with posttraumatic olfactory loss was performed. Orthonasal olfactory function was assessed with the Sniffin' Sticks test kit; retronasal olfactory function was assessed with intraorally applied odors. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine OB volume and cortical damage in the frontal and temporal areas.

Results: The main outcomes of the present study were the demonstration of a correlation between olfactory function and OB volume, which was more pronounced for retronasal than for orthonasal olfactory function; retronasal olfactory function was most affected in the patients with the most extensive cerebral damage and was least compromised in patients without such damage; OB volumes were smaller in patients with parosmia compared with those without; and the presence of parosmia was clearly associated with the presence of cerebral damage.

Conclusion: The data confirm that OB volume is an indicator of olfactory function but, interestingly, in this study, it is largely determined by retronasal olfactory sensitivity. In addition, these results emphasize the role of higher cortical centers in olfactory function, and especially in parosmia, which may, at least in some cases, be related to lesions in the fronto‐orbital and anterior temporal cortices. It would be of interest to investigate OB volume further in relation to the prognosis of the disorder.
Functional Outcomes after CO2 Laser Treatment of Early Glottic Carcinoma
Authors: Ledda Gian Peppino , Grover Nancy , Pundir Vishal , Masala Ernestina , Puxeddu Roberto
Published: June 2006

Objectives: To analyze vocal outcome after endoscopic CO2 laser treatment of early glottic carcinoma by perceptive and objective assessment.

Study Design: Retrospective study.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of 141 consecutive patients undergoing surgery for previously untreated early glottic carcinoma between October 1993 and July 2003. Five types of laser cordectomies as classified by the European Laryngological Society classification were performed. Comparison of voice results between the different types of cordectomies as well as with a control group was performed.

Results: There was no significant difference in the vocal parameters between subepithelial and subligamental cordectomies and controls (P > .05). There was, however, a significant difference between the groups of transmuscular, total, and extended cordectomies and controls (P < .05).

Conclusions: Good oncologic results and vocal outcomes with no difference between controls and subepithelial and subligamental cordectomies support the use of CO2 laser endoscopic surgery as the first line of treatment for early glottic cancer.
Changes in ice dynamics and mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet
Authors: Rignot Eric
Published: June 2006

The concept that the Antarctic ice sheet changes with eternal slowness has been challenged by recent observations from satellites. Pronounced regional warming in the Antarctic Peninsula triggered ice shelf collapse, which led to a 10-fold increase in glacier flow and rapid ice sheet retreat. This chain of events illustrated the vulnerability of ice shelves to climate warming and their buffering role on the mass balance of Antarctica. In West Antarctica, the Pine Island Bay sector is draining far more ice into the ocean than is stored upstream from snow accumulation. This sector could raise sea level by 1 m and trigger widespread retreat of ice in West Antarctica. Pine Island Glacier accelerated 38% since 1975, and most of the speed up took place over the last decade. Its neighbour Thwaites Glacier is widening up and may double its width when its weakened eastern ice shelf breaks up. Widespread acceleration in this sector may be caused by glacier ungrounding from ice shelf melting by an ocean that has recently warmed by 0.3 °C. In contrast, glaciers buffered from oceanic change by large ice shelves have only small contributions to sea level. In East Antarctica, many glaciers are close to a state of mass balance, but sectors grounded well below sea level, such as Cook Ice Shelf, Ninnis/Mertz, Frost and Totten glaciers, are thinning and losing mass. Hence, East Antarctica is not immune to changes.
Observations of change in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Jacobs Stan
Published: June 2006

The Southern Ocean has been in a state of disequilibrium with its atmosphere and cryosphere during recent decades. Ocean station and drifting float observations have revealed rising temperatures in the upper 3000 m. Salinity has declined in intermediate waters and more rapidly in the sparsely sampled high latitudes. Dissolved oxygen levels may also have decreased, but measurement accuracy is inconsistent. Sea ice area increased from 1979 to 1998, particularly in the Ross Sea, while a decline in ice extent since the early 1970s has been led by the Amundsen–Bellingshausen sector. Fresher waters with lower oxygen isotope content on the Pacific–Antarctic continental shelf are consistent with increased melting of continental ice. Newly forming bottom water has become colder and less salty downstream from that region, but generally warmer in the Weddell Sea. Many ice shelves have retreated or thinned, but others have grown and no trend is apparent in the large iceberg calving rate. Warming and isotherm shoaling within the polar gyres may result in part from changes in the Southern Annular Mode, which could facilitate deep-water access to the continental shelves. Sea-level rise over the past half century has a strong eustatic component and has recently accelerated. Observations over longer periods and with better spatial coverage are needed to better understand the processes causing these changes and their links to the Antarctic ice sheet.
The Wilms’ tumor 1 (WT1) gene (+KTS isoform) functions with a CTE to enhance translation from an unspliced RNA with a retained intron
Authors: Bor Yeou , Swartz Jennifer , Morrison Avril , Rekosh David , Ladomery Michael , Hammarskjöld Marie-Louise
Published: June 2006

The Wilms’ tumor 1 (WT1) gene plays an important role in mammalian urogenital development, and dysregulation of this gene is observed in many human cancers. Alternative splicing of WT1 RNA leads to the expression of two major protein isoforms, WT1(+KTS) and WT1(−KTS). Whereas WT1(−KTS) acts as a transcriptional regulator, no clear function has been ascribed to WT1(+KTS), despite the fact that this protein is crucial for normal development. Here we show that WT1(+KTS) functions to enhance expression from RNA possessing a retained intron and containing either a cellular or viral constitutive transport element (CTE). WT1(+KTS) expression increases the levels of unspliced RNA containing a CTE and specifically promotes the association of this RNA with polyribosomes. These studies provide further support for links between different steps in RNA metabolism and for the existence of post-transcriptional operons.
Variants in theGH-IGFaxis confer susceptibilityto lung cancer
Authors: Rudd Matthew F. , Webb Emily L. , Matakidou Athena , Sellick Gabrielle S. , Williams Richard D. , Bridle Helen , Eisen Tim , Houlston Richard S. ,   the GELCAPS Consortium
Published: June 2006

We conducted a large-scale genome-wide association study in UK Caucasians to identify susceptibility alleles for lung cancer, analyzing 1529 cases and 2707 controls. To increase the likelihood of identifying disease-causing alleles, we genotyped 1476 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in 871 candidate cancer genes, biasing SNP selection toward those predicted to be deleterious. Statistically significant associations were identified for 64 nsSNPs, generating a genome-wide significance level ofP= 0.002. Eleven of the 64 SNPs mapped to genes encoding pivotal components of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) pathway, includingCAMKK1E375G (OR = 1.37,P= 5.4 × 10−5),AKAP9M463I (OR = 1.32,P= 1.0 × 10−4) andGHRP495T (OR = 12.98,P= 0.0019). Significant associations were also detected for SNPs within genes in the DNA damage-response pathway, includingBRCA2K3326X (OR = 1.72,P= 0.0075) andXRCC4I137T (OR = 1.31,P= 0.0205). Our study provides evidence that inherited predisposition to lung cancer is in part mediated through low-penetrance alleles and specifically identifies variants inGH-IGFand DNA damage-response pathways with risk of lung cancer.
Sleep after learning aids memory recall
Authors: Gais Steffen , Lucas Brian , Born Jan
Published: June 2006

In recent years, the effect of sleep on memory consolidation has received considerable attention. In humans, these studies concentrated mainly on procedural types of memory, which are considered to be hippocampus-independent. Here, we show that sleep also has a persisting effect on hippocampus-dependent declarative memory. In two experiments, we examined high school students’ ability to remember vocabulary. We show that declarative memory is enhanced when sleep follows within a few hours of learning, independent of time of day, and with equal amounts of interference during retention intervals. Sleep deprivation has a detrimental effect on memory, which was significant after a night of recovery sleep. Thus, fatigue accumulating during wake intervals could be ruled out as a confound.