bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Från Gorbatjovs Sovjet Till Gorbatschows Ryssland: Konsten Att Lösa Upp Ett Imperium1
Authors: Gerner Kristian
Published: May 2017

The author describes how the anti-alcohol campaign of Mikhail Gorbachev not only was a failure, but also accelerated the breakdown of the Soviet empire, by undermining the legitimacy of the state apparatus. The reasons for this were many. The state lost most of its tax income leading to an ever-accelerating inflation; black market and illicit distillation expanded leading to criminalization and increased supply of low quality alcohol; and a well-organized hoarding economy developed, as the shortage of commodities increased, beginning with sugar and yeast. The anti-alcohol campaign therefore acted as an important element in the disintegration process, made possible by perestroika and glasnost.

Another main factor was the growing strength of ethnicity, which became an explosive political force underlining the significant cultural differences between the wine consumers in the southern regions and the northern vodka-drinking Russians. National liberation movements in the Soviet Republics such as Moldavia and Georgia were fostered by the fact that the grapevine, their national pride, was defiled. Gorbachev's campaign was therefore doubly counterproductive: the system broke down – but King Alcohol remained the true ruler over the Russians.
Mellanölets Renässans i Finland
Authors: Rahkonen Ossi , Helakorpi Satu , Karisto Antti , Paakkanen Pirjo , Simpura Jussi
Published: May 2017

The article describes the two waves of popularity for medium beer in Finland. Medium beer contains 3.7-4.7 percent alcohol per volume whereas strong beer (sold only in the state retail monopoly shops) contains 4.7-5.8 alcohol per volume. The first wave occurred after deregulation of the sale of the medium strength beer in 1969. The second was in the beginning of the 1990s. During the first wave, the total consumption of beer increased; the consumption of medium beer rose in parallel with the consumption of strong beer. During the second wave, medium beer became a substitute for the strong variety.

Finnish drinkers of medium strength beer are described using data from two data sets: Monitoring of Health Behaviour among the Finnish Adult Population (1978–93) and Alcohol Interview Surveys (1984 and 1992).

Consumption of medium beer has increased in all age, gender and socio-economic groups, but it has increased more among younger and middle-age people than among older people. The differences between educational groups diminished after adjustment for age. Since 1984 medium beer bars have become increasingly popular and women, in particular, have joined the clientele.
Subjektive Rusopplevelser Blant Cafégjester i Oslo
Authors: Træen Bente , Pape Hilde
Published: May 2017

The purpose of the article is to explore how a group of Oslo's café customers characterize their experiences with intoxication and other factors that are associated with being intoxicated. Data was collected from self-administered questionnaires filled out by 1 053 customers in 41 public cafés serving alcoholic beverages. The customers were asked in the questionnaire to choose among 38 given words and expressions that would describe their experiences being intoxicated. The most frequently chosen words or expressions were “pleasant” (66 percent), “nice” (66 percent), “fun” (60 percent), and “initiates contact” (42 percent). Female and male customers' choices of words or expressions were similar more often than different. A higher percentage of the younger customers than the older ones described their intoxication experiences in positive terms. A factor analysis showed that the customers' word and expression choices to describe their intoxication experiences could be organized according to 4 separate categories: “psychological distaste”, “moral aversion”, “psychological delight” and “social facilitation”. The older the customers the more negatively they tended to express themselves about their intoxication experiences. A customer's drinking pattern seemed more significant in negative responses than in positive responses. This might indicate that those who tended to describe their intoxication experiences negatively might have a different and heavier drinking pattern than those who described their experiences positively.
En Explorativ Studie av Några Alkoholisters Livshistoria Från 1940- Till 1990-Talet
Authors: Öjesjö Leif
Published: May 2017

In this longitudinal study of alcoholics from the Lundby Project, five life histories have been constructed from interviews and records, with the data covering several decades, from the 40's to the 90's. In order “to look behind the statistics”, the findings are discussed in the light of current alcohol research. The main themes include alcoholism as a career, type I and type II alcoholism, mental disorder, and life crises.
Udviklingen i Danske Familiers Öl- Og Vinindkøb 1990–1993
Authors: Milhøj Anders
Published: May 2017

The article is based on a regression analysis made on panel data concerning the changes in Danish household purchases of beer and wine between 1990 and 1993, following two major price reductions made in 1991 and 1992. The results show that the attempts to reduce cross-border shopping have been fruitful: the amounts of beer and wine bought abroad have decreased markedly, except in the southern parts of the country, near the German border, where cross-border shopping is a part of daily life. The price reductions have also resulted in increasing sales figures, although some of these changes are due to a common shift from spirits to weaker alternatives. The panel data also show an increased demand for inexpensive beer and wine bought in Denmark. Together with reduced cross-border shopping this means that some of the most price-elastic trade with beer and wine has moved home from abroad.
Structural Changes in the Danish Alcohol Market
Authors: Milhøj Anders
Published: May 2017

This report researched yearly (1978–1994) and quarterly (1990–1994) data on the Danish consumption of beer, wine and spirits in order to identify changes in the market shares of each of these types of alcohol which were caused by major tax reductions for beer and wine in 1991 and 1992.

Plots of the data immediately show that the sales of spirits decreased while the sales of wine increased. These changes are too large to be explained only by the reduction of the cross-border trade with Germany. Cross-border trade was the main reason for the tax reductions. The statistical analyses give a more precise picture of the reasons for the reduction in the market share of spirits in the total Danish alcohol sales, from 14 percent in 1990 to 11 percent in 1993. The main part of this reduction, at least 2 percent, is caused by the tax-induced changes in price relations, while, at most, 1 percent comes from a trend movement. The market share of beer has been almost constant for many years. However, the statistical analysis shows that a trend movement tends to reduce market share, while a reduction in beer price, relative to the price of spirits caused by tax reductions, has increased the market share, resulting in minimum change for the beer sector. The market share of wine has been steadily increasing since the 1970s and no dependencies on the prices of alcohol was found.
Distinguishing morale hazard from moral hazard in geoengineering
Authors: Lockley Andrew , Coffman D’Maris
Published: May 2017

Geoengineering is the deliberate modification of the climate system. It has been discussed as a technique to counteract changes expected as a result of Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW).1 Speculation has occurred that the possibility of geoengineering will reduce or delay efforts to mitigate AGW. This possible delay or reduction in mitigation has been described as ‘moral hazard’ by various authors. We investigate the definitions and use of the term ‘moral hazard’, and the related (but significantly different) concept of ‘morale hazard’, in relevant law, economic and insurance literatures. We find that ‘moral hazard’ has been generally misapplied in discussions of geoengineering, which perhaps explains unexpected difficulties in detecting expected effects experimentally.2 We clarify relevant usage of the terms, identifying scenarios that can properly be described as moral hazard (malfeasance), and morale hazard (lack of caution or recklessness). We note generally the importance of correctly applying this distinction when discussing geoengineering. In conclusion, we note that a proper consideration of the risks of both moral and morale hazards allows us to easily segment framings for both geoengineering advocacy and the advocate groups who rely on these framings. We suggest mnemonics for groups vulnerable to moral hazard (Business as Usuals) and morale hazard (Chicken Littles) and suggest the development of an experimental methodology for validating the distinction thus drawn.
Numerical implementation of the microplane constitutive model for shape memory alloys
Authors: Karamooz-Ravari MR , Shahriari B
Published: May 2017

With the advent of shape memory alloys, several industrial applications were proposed due to their superior mechanical and biological properties. Since the fabrication and characterization of shape memory alloy devices is challenging and expensive, it is necessary to simulate their thermomechanical responses before fabrication. To do so, a powerful constitutive model capable of simulation of the important features of these materials is necessary. To be able to simulate a shape memory alloy device, it is vital to implement a suitable constitutive model in such a way to be used in finite element models. In this paper, an existing constitutive model based on microplane theory is numerically implemented and the effects of stress increment, different numerical integration formulas, and loading direction on the thermomechanical response of shape memory alloy is investigated through superelastic and shape memory proportional and nonproportional loadings. The obtained results show that the stress increment may have significant effect on the results if the forward Euler scheme is utilized. In addition, for the case of numerical integration over the surface of a unit hemisphere, 61 points integration formula without orthogonal symmetry provides the best results while 21 orthogonally symmetric one is the most inaccurate one. Also, the orthogonally symmetric numerical integration formulas predict the isotropic material response while those without orthogonal symmetry predict a little anisotropy.
In the grip of politics? How political journalists in France and Germany perceive political influence on their work
Authors: Maurer Peter
Published: May 2017

The purpose of this study was to find out whether countries with different media systems differed when exercising political influence (1) on political coverage and (2) in the exchanges of journalists and sources. France and Germany are suitable objects of comparison because Hallin and Mancini (2004) and others argued that French journalism showed higher levels of political parallelism. Hence, we should expect to find more influence in the French context. However, Hallin and Mancini did not focus on the rules shaping exchanges at the individual level. Taking this as our starting point, we compared high-ranking political journalists’ ( N = 284) perspectives on their interaction with political elites presenting them two statements measuring political influence. Our results suggest that French journalists perceived greater political influence on news content than did German journalists. In contrast, journalists working in France perceived that their political views had less influence on access to information than did their German counterparts. These results are in line with institutional and cultural differences between the countries’ politics-media contexts and suggest that political parallelism at the individual level plays a stronger role in the interactions of political journalists and political sources in Germany.
Molecular remodeling of the renin-angiotensin system after kidney transplantation
Authors: Antlanger Marlies , Domenig Oliver , Kovarik Johannes J , Kaltenecker Christopher C , Kopecky Chantal , Poglitsch Marko , Säemann Marcus D
Published: May 2017

Objective:

We aimed at assessing the molecular adaptation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) after successful kidney transplantation (KTX).

Materials and methods:

In this prospective, exploratory study we analyzed 12 hemodialysis (HD) patients, who received a KTX and had excellent graft function six to 12 months thereafter. The concentrations of plasma Angiotensin (Ang) peptides (Ang I, Ang II, Ang-(1–7), Ang-(1–5), Ang-(2–8), Ang-(3–8)) were simultaneously quantified with a novel mass spectrometry-based method. Further, renin and aldosterone concentrations were determined by standard immunoassays.

Results:

Ang values showed a strong inter-individual variability among HD patients. Yet, despite a continued broad dispersion of Ang values after KTX, a substantial improvement of the renin/Ang II correlation was observed in patients without RAS blockade or on angiotensin receptor blocker (HD: renin/Ang II R2 = 0.660, KTX: renin/Ang II R2 = 0.918). Ang-(1–7) representing the alternative RAS axis was only marginally detectable both on HD and after KTX.

Conclusions:

Following KTX, renin-dependent Ang II formation adapts in non-ACE inhibitor-treated patients. Thus, a largely normal RAS regulation is reconstituted after successful KTX. However, individual Ang concentration variations and a lack of potentially beneficial alternative peptides after KTX call for individualized treatment. The long-term post-transplant RAS regulation remains to be determined.
Intensity of hydration changes the role of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockers in contrast-induced nephropathy risk after coronary catheterisation in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Guo Xiao-sheng , Wu Deng-xuan , Bei Wei-jie , Li Hua-long , Wang Kun , Zhou Ying-ling , Duan Chong-yang , Chen Shi-qun , Lian Dan , Li Li-wen , Liu Yong , Tan Ning , Chen Ji-yan
Published: May 2017

Objective:

This study evaluated the potential effect of hydration intensity on the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) on contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with renal insufficiency.

Methods:

All eligible patients were included and stratified according to hydration intensity defined as saline hydration volume to body weight tertiles: <10.21 mL/kg, 10.21 to <17.86 mL/kg, and ⩾17.86 mL/kg.

Results:

In total, 84 (6.7%) of 1254 patients developed contrast-induced nephropathy: 6.2% in the ACEI/ARB group versus 10.8% in the non-ACEI/ARB group ( P=0.029), with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.89 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.46–1.73, P=0.735). The incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy was lower in the ACEI/ARB group than in the non-ACEI/ARB group in the second tertile ( P=0.031), while not significantly different in the first ( P=0.701) and third ( P=0.254) tertiles. ACEIs/ARBs were independently associated with a lower contrast-induced nephropathy risk (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.09–0.74, P=0.012) and long-term all-cause death (hazard ratio 0.461, 95% CI 0.282–0.755, P=0.002) only in the second hydration volume to body weight tertile.

Conclusion:

The effects of ACEIs/ARBs on contrast-induced nephropathy risk vary according to saline hydration intensity in chronic kidney disease patients, and may further reduce contrast-induced nephropathy risk in patients administered moderate saline hydration.
Simulation and performance comparison between diesel and natural gas engines for marine applications
Authors: Altosole Marco , Benvenuto Giovanni , Campora Ugo , Laviola Michele , Zaccone Raphael
Published: May 2017

The article shows the performance comparison between two marine engines, fuelled by natural gas and diesel oil, respectively, both belonging to the ‘Bergen’ engine series of Rolls-Royce Marine, suitable as prime movers for ship propulsion. Two different simulation codes, one for each engine, validated by means of geometrical and performance data provided by the manufacturer, have been developed to extend the comparison to the whole working area of the examined engines. Although the maximum continuous power is very similar (about 2 MW at the same rotational speed), some differences exist in size, efficiency and pollutant emissions of the two types of engines. The reasons are investigated through a specific thermodynamic analysis, aimed to explain such differences, in terms of efficiency and emissions (particularly carbon dioxide), when varying the working conditions. The analysis is carried out by comparing the respective real cycles, at the same working condition, and repeating the comparison for different engine delivered powers and rotational speeds. In addition, a study of the different modes of combustion is developed to explain the major differences found in the emissions of nitrogen oxides.
Co-Occurring Substance Use, PTSD, and IPV Victimization: Implications for Female Offender Services
Authors: McKee Shari A. , Hilton N. Zoe
Published: May 2017

The co-occurrence of substance use disorders (SUDs) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among women who have been the victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) is complex and causal associations cannot be assumed. Although the presence of co-occurring disorders among IPV victims is a well-established research finding, there is a need for improved understanding of their prevalence and related mental health treatment requirements among female offenders. We review research indicating that service providers working with IPV victims can expect to encounter women with extensive concurrent problems and examine evidence for integrated treatment for SUD, PTSD, and IPV. We propose an outline for assessing and treating SUD and PTSD among female offenders who have experienced IPV victimization. We intend this review to build on previous calls in the co-occurring disorders literature and help integrate the research and treatment evaluation literatures in a way that points to practical implications for policy and practice in female offender services.
Stuttering Frequency in Relation to Lexical Diversity, Syntactic Complexity, and Utterance Length
Authors: Wagovich Stacy A. , Hall Nancy E.
Published: May 2017

Children’s frequency of stuttering can be affected by utterance length, syntactic complexity, and lexical content of language. Using a unique small-scale within-subjects design, this study explored whether language samples that contain more stuttering have (a) longer, (b) syntactically more complex, and (c) lexically more diverse utterances than samples that contain less stuttering. Children who stutter, ages 2 years 1 month to 4 years 11 months, produced 10 monthly language samples. For each child, samples were divided into the first five (early) and the last five (later). Utterance length, syntactic complexity, and lexical diversity analyses were performed on samples that contained the most and least stuttering for early and later samples. For the later samples but not the early ones, samples with the most stuttering contained longer mean lengths of utterance, more diverse vocabulary overall, and greater syntactic complexity than samples with the least stuttering. Contributions of language growth, time, and specific linguistic factors are discussed.
A Pilot Study to Teach Siblings to Support Children With Complex Communication Needs
Authors: Douglas Sarah N. , Kammes Rebecca , Nordquist Erica , D’Agostino Sophia
Published: May 2017

Siblings play an important role in the lives of children with disabilities, especially those with complex communication needs (CCN). However, children with CCN require support to learn social and communication skills. Like other communication partners, typically developing (TD) siblings may struggle to understand how to best interact with a child with CCN and may benefit from training to learn communication strategies. This pilot study evaluated a newly created sibling communication partner training program to help TD siblings learn the strategy Plan, Talk, Wait, and Respond to support the communication of their siblings with CCN. A single-subject multiple probe design was used with three TD siblings and their siblings with CCN. Although results varied for sibling pairs, an increase in communication supports from TD siblings and communication gains for children with CCN were noted with all sibling pairs. Limitations, adjustments to the training, and future research directions are discussed.
A Concise Protocol for the Validation of Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) Conversational Turn Counts in Vietnamese
Authors: Ganek Hillary V. , Eriks-Brophy Alice
Published: May 2017

The aim of this study was to present a protocol for the validation of the Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) System’s conversational turn count (CTC) for Vietnamese speakers. Ten families of children aged between 22 and 42 months, recruited near Ho Chi Minh City, participated in this project. Each child wore the LENA audio recorder for a full day. Two native speakers listened to 10-min extracts of the recordings from each family and labeled conversational turns according to the coding protocol. Their results were compared with the findings from the LENA software. A Spearman rank correlation test indicated a strong level of correlation between the LENA software and the human coders, rs(18) = .70, p < .001. The LENA System’s CTC provides a reasonably accurate estimate of conversational turns in Vietnamese recordings, showing that this protocol can yield significant results. Discrepancies between the coders and the software are discussed, and the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed protocol are highlighted.
3D Fusion Framework for Infarction and Angiogenesis Analysis in a Myocardial Infarct Minipig Model
Authors: Zhenzhen Xu , Tao Bo , Li Yu , Zhang Jun , Qu Xiaochao , Cao Feng , Liang Jimin
Published: May 2017

The combination of different modality images can provide detailed and comprehensive information for the prognostic assessment and therapeutic strategy of patients with ischemic heart disease. In this study, a 3D fusion framework is designed to integrate coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography (CTA), 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]DG) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, and [68Ga]-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid-(Arg-Gly-Asp)2 ([68Ga]-NOTA-PRGD2) PET/CT images of the myocardial infarction model in minipigs. First, the structural anatomy of the heart in coronary CTA and CT is segmented using a multi-atlas-based method. Then, the hearts are registered using the B-spline-based free form deformation. Finally, the [18F]DG and [68Ga]-NOTA-PRGD2 signals are mapped into the heart in coronary CTA, which produces a single fusion image to delineate both the cardiac structural anatomy and the functional information of myocardial viability and angiogenesis. Heart segmentation demonstrates high accuracy with good agreement between manual delineation and automatic segmentation. The fusion result intuitively reflects the extent of the [18F]DG uptake defect as well as the location where the [68Ga]-NOTA-PRGD2 signal appears. The fusion result verified the occurrence of angiogenesis based on the in vivo noninvasive molecular imaging approach. The presented framework is helpful in facilitating the study of the relationship between infarct territories and blocked coronary arteries as well as angiogenesis.
Are You Qualified to Be a Member of This “Elite Group”? A School Leadership Preparation Program Examines the Extent “Diverse” Candidates Are Admitted to Graduate School
Authors: Boske Christa , Elue Chinasa
Published: May 2017

This case outlines a dilemma encountered by faculty in a K-12 educational administration graduate program on the east coast. The case offers a detailed illustration of tensions arising when faculty discuss their graduate admissions process, their role as gatekeepers, understandings of merit, and the need for student diversity. Disrupting institutional systems of domination and faculty reliance on admissions criteria undermine programmatic diversity goals, including the meanings faculty associate with common admissions criteria. Implications include an authentic, holistic, and intentional examination of graduate admissions criteria.
What’s in a Name? The Confluence of Confederate Symbolism and the Disparate Experiences of African American Students in a Central Virginia High School
Authors: Levy Rachel A. , Salamon Hudson Stefanie , Waters Carolyn Null , Mansfield Katherine Cumings
Published: May 2017

In 2015-2016, news stories from Charleston, South Carolina, and the University of Missouri, among others, motivated and inspired many people to organize against assaults on the Black community generally and Black students in particular. Similarly, Black students at Robert E. Lee High School in Virginia have come together around what they perceive as racist symbolism and inequitable educational policies and practices. The Black student leaders at Robert E. Lee High School have presented their school principal with a list of demands. Meanwhile, the school’s football and basketball teams, The Rebels, are threatening to go on strike until students’ demands are addressed. This case study could be used in educational leadership graduate programs as well as curriculum and instruction coursework, especially in courses that emphasize social justice and ethical decision making. Particularly relevant courses might include School-Community Relations, Organizational Culture, Politics of Education, Contemporary Issues in Education, Visionary Planning and Strategies, and Schools as Learning Communities. In addition, this case study aligns with Standards 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 of the Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium (ISLLC) Standards and can be integrated in leadership preparation programs accordingly. This case might also be used in school district–sponsored professional development workshops for current and/or aspiring administrators.
The Takei Handheld Dynamometer: An Effective Clinical Outcome Measure Tool for Hand and Wrist Function in Boxing
Authors: Gatt Ian , Smith-Moore Sophie , Steggles Charlie , Loosemore Mike
Published: May 2017

Background: The aim of this article was to explore retrospectively the Takei dynamometer as a valid and reliable outcome measure tool for hand and wrist pathology in the Great Britain amateur boxing squad between 2010 and 2014. Methods: Longitudinal retrospective injury surveillance of the Great Britain boxing squad was performed from 2010 to 2014. The location, region affected, description, and duration of each injury were recorded by the team doctor and team physiotherapists. For each significant injury, we recorded hand grip scores using the Takei handheld dynamometer and compared the scores with baseline measures. Results: At the hand, fractures and dislocations were highly detected with an average difference of 40.2% ( P < .05) when comparing postinjury to baseline measures. At the wrist, carpometacarpal and carpal joint injuries were highly detected with an average difference of 32.6% ( P < .05). Other injuries provided varied results. In the absence of pathology, up to 15% difference between left and right scores can be considered normal with a predominance observed below 10%. A difference of 20% can be indicative of a form of pathology, although pathologies can also be present with lower difference or no apparent changes. A difference of >20% should be highly considered for significant pathology. Conclusions: The Takei dynamometer is a valid and reliable outcome measure tool for hand and wrist pathologies in boxing. Our study highlights the importance of appropriate clinical tools to guide injury management in this sport.
The Proposed Amendment of the German Telecommunications Act: Section 9A — “New Markets”
Authors: Lang John Temple
Published: May 2017

The German authorities have been considering legislation guaranteeing that “new markets” in the Telecommunications sector would not be regulated. The aim is to encourage investment in infrastructure by ensuring that companies investing large sums would not have to give access to competitors until they could be expected to obtain a return on their investment. This paper argues that this legislation is appropriate because the EC directives require new markets to be free from regulation, but leaves it to Member States to define them. The criteria identifying the kinds of markets which should remain unregulated are considered.
Facing New Regulatory Frameworks in Securities Trading
Authors: Engelen Peter-Jan , Gomber Peter , Gsell Markus
Published: May 2017

Technological changes in securities trading systems over the past decades not only changed the traditional business model in Europe and the U.S., but also put questions to the existing regulatory framework at both sides of the Atlantic. Heterogeneous customer demands for different vectors of services give rise to customised trading platforms. Regulation which forces trading venues into categories with fixed bundles of services is not in line with customer demands and limits innovation in securities trading landscape.
Sexual Assault and Identity Disruption: A Sociological Approach to Posttraumatic Stress
Authors: Boyle Kaitlin M.
Published: May 2017

Violence against women and mental illness are two of the most pressing issues in higher education. Despite decades of research, it is not entirely clear how subjective perceptions of victimization events shape distress. The current study integrates trauma perspectives and a symbolic interactionist approach to demonstrate how identity disruption and the violation of cultural meanings for identities leads to posttraumatic stress. In an online survey of female and non-cisgender college students at a southeastern public university, the identity disruption produced by sexual assault is positively associated with posttraumatic stress; this relationship is partially explained by re-identifying oneself as a “victim,” an identity that is considered deviant and powerless in U.S. society. The current study illuminates the relationships between sexual assault, stigmatized identities, and mental health while addressing sociological questions about the cultural meanings and disruption of identities through traumatic interactions.
The Problem with Square Pegs: Sexual Orientation Concordance as a Predictor of Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Caplan Zoe
Published: May 2017

The author uses a nationally representative sample of cisgender young adults to examine the relationship between sexual orientation concordance and the prevalence of depressive symptoms. In these analyses, the author differentiates between those with an exclusive identity (100 percent gay or 100 percent straight) and those with a nonexclusive identity (“mostly gay,” “mostly straight,” or bisexual). Among those with an exclusive identity, the author differentiates between those with behavior and attraction that is in line with (concordant) or goes against (discordant) a claimed gay or straight identity. Those with a concordant sexual orientation report significantly lower depressive symptoms scores than do those with either a discordant sexual orientation or a nonexclusive identity. When accounting for orientation, concordance is significantly associated with depressive symptoms for straight- but not gay-identified young adults. These findings generally hold for women, but not for men when change in identity is controlled for.
Wisdom and Meaning in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Webster Jeffrey Dean , Weststrate Nic M. , Ferrari Michel , Munroe Melanie , Pierce Thomas W.
Published: May 2017

Wisdom and meaning are important developments in emerging adulthood. In two studies, we investigated the relationship between wisdom and meaning using self-report measures (Study 1; N = 298) and narrative coding (Study 2; N = 271). Study 1 supported the hypothesis that the search for and presence of meaning in life were both positively correlated with wisdom. The presence of meaning partially mediated the relationship between wisdom and positive self-characteristics (i.e., optimism and self-esteem). Study 2 extended these results by coding two styles of narrative meaning-making in autobiographical memories of stressful life events. As predicted, wisdom was positively associated with exploratory processing (i.e., deriving lessons and insights) in stressful memories but uncorrelated with redemptive processing (i.e., aimed at positive emotional transformation). Results suggest a possible pathway through which wisdom and meaning influence positive self-development and the importance of styles of narrative meaning-making that differentially predict wisdom.
Debating Land and Agrarian Issues from a Gender Perspective
Authors: Mbilinyi Marjorie
Published: May 2017

Agrarian studies in Africa today is taking place in the context of an aggressive plunder of resources by national and foreign companies and of other processes of primitive accumulation shaped by the global crisis of capital. This article analyses ongoing gender and class struggles over agricultural commercialization in Tanzania. The article is a tribute to Sam Moyo, whose rigorous scholarship and committed activism was an inspiration for this author, as for many other scholar activists involved in agrarian issues. The analysis here is shaped by transformative feminist analysis/action, which uses gender, class and race analysis intersecting with other social relations, such as age, to understand the changing agrarian political economy and to challenge patriarchy and neoliberal globalization.
Evidence-Based Best Practices in Designing and Developing Quality eLearning for the Public Health and Health Care Workforce
Authors: Abd-Hamid Nor Hashidah , Walkner Laurie
Published: May 2017

The Public Health Learning Network is the nation’s most comprehensive system of educators, public health experts, and thought leaders whose mission is to advance public health practice and improve population health in the United States. One of 10 regional centers in the Public Health Learning Network, the Midwestern Public Health Training Center Regional Coordinating Center has developed expertise in the development of competency-based eLearning to meet the training needs of the public health and health care workforce. eLearning has become a widely used method for providing online training to strengthen a learner’s knowledge, skills, and attitudes. This article discusses the use of the analysis, design, development, implement, and evaluate model as a standard for instructional design and best practice elements of eLearning. Two examples of eLearning programs are provided, along with data on level of interactivity and Kirkpatrick Level 1 and 2 evaluation results. Evaluation data indicate that users’ experiences have been positive.
Assessing the Evidence for the Educational Efficacy of Webinars and Related Internet-Based Instruction
Authors: McKinney W. Paul
Published: May 2017

The proliferation of webinars and other similar web-based educational offerings attests to the interest in this instructional modality on the part of educators and learners in the public health workforce. While certain advantages of Internet-based training, including time and costs savings for learners, are evident, it is important to establish the impact of this medium on a variety of health care disciplines. To this end, a search was performed of individual studies and review articles published since 2005 that discuss the use of these methodologies by several disciplines in the domain of public health, with particular attention on randomized controlled trials and meta-analytic studies. Reports over the past decade support the belief that the health care workforce is generally satisfied with Internet-based training and that this type of training yields measurable changes in knowledge and behavior. Overall, the data strongly suggest that these techniques are better than no intervention and essentially equivalent to conventional instructional techniques. However, the specific elements that actually improve the educational value of web-based educational technologies and the evidence base for best practices in the field have yet to be identified.
Vasudhendra, Mohanaswamy (trans. R. Terdal). Harper Perennial
Authors: Murthy Kavya
Published: May 2017

Vasudhendra, Mohanaswamy (trans. R. Terdal). Harper Perennial, 2016, 280 pages, ₹399, ISBN: 978-9352641260.
Whole blood gene expression in adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome: an exploratory cross-sectional study suggesting altered B cell differentiation and survival
Authors: Nguyen Chinh Bkrong , Alsøe Lene , Lindvall Jessica M. , Sulheim Dag , Fagermoen Even , Winger Anette , Kaarbø Mari , Nilsen Hilde , Wyller Vegard Bruun
Published: May 2017

Background

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a prevalent and disabling condition affecting adolescents. The pathophysiology is poorly understood, but immune alterations might be an important component. This study compared whole blood gene expression in adolescent CFS patients and healthy controls, and explored associations between gene expression and neuroendocrine markers, immune markers and clinical markers within the CFS group.

Methods

CFS patients (12–18 years old) were recruited nation-wide to a single referral center as part of the NorCAPITAL project. A broad case definition of CFS was applied, requiring 3 months of unexplained, disabling chronic/relapsing fatigue of new onset, whereas no accompanying symptoms were necessary. Healthy controls having comparable distribution of gender and age were recruited from local schools. Whole blood samples were subjected to RNA sequencing. Immune markers were blood leukocyte counts, plasma cytokines, serum C-reactive protein and immunoglobulins. Neuroendocrine markers encompassed plasma and urine levels of catecholamines and cortisol, as well as heart rate variability indices. Clinical markers consisted of questionnaire scores for symptoms of post-exertional malaise, inflammation, fatigue, depression and trait anxiety, as well as activity recordings.

Results

A total of 29 CFS patients and 18 healthy controls were included. We identified 176 genes as differentially expressed in patients compared to controls, adjusting for age and gender factors. Gene set enrichment analyses suggested impairment of B cell differentiation and survival, as well as enhancement of innate antiviral responses and inflammation in the CFS group. A pattern of co-expression could be identified, and this pattern, as well as single gene transcripts, was significantly associated with indices of autonomic nervous activity, plasma cortisol, and blood monocyte and eosinophil counts. Also, an association with symptoms of post-exertional malaise was demonstrated.

Conclusion

Adolescent CFS is characterized by differential gene expression pattern in whole blood suggestive of impaired B cell differentiation and survival, and enhanced innate antiviral responses and inflammation. This expression pattern is associated with neuroendocrine markers of altered HPA axis and autonomic nervous activity, and with symptoms of post-exertional malaise.

Trial registration Clinical Trials NCT01040429
Numerical evaluation of active source magnetics as a method for imaging high-resolution near-surface magnetic heterogeneity
Authors: Noh Kyubo , Lee Ki Ha , Oh Seokmin , Seol Soon Jee , Byun Joongmoo
Published: May 2017

We have evaluated a geophysical method that uses a low-frequency magnetic source to image subsurface magnetic heterogeneity. This active source approach can be used to image magnetic features at higher resolutions than the conventional passive geomagnetic method. Importantly, this frequency-domain active source approach is independent of the effects of remanent magnetization, which complicates the interpretation of geomagnetic data. We carried out forward modeling of frequency-domain electromagnetic (EM) data and we found that, at frequencies of a few hertz, the magnetostatic response due to the induced magnetization dominates the EM induction response. The result suggests that it is possible to make magnetic interpretation of low-frequency EM data without having to consider the conductivity structure and the corresponding EM induction effect. We compare the anomalous magnetic responses with magnetic noise components and find that the proposed active source magnetic (ASM) method has a depth of investigation of approximately 300 m. Free-space field and inductive noise are considered as the most important issues affecting the depth of investigation. We also determine the potential for linear interpretation of magnetic heterogeneity under 0.1 SI by showing that the low-frequency magnetic response can be approximated by a linear magnetic response. In our synthetic experiments, inversion of the ASM data shows a marked enhancement in resolution, with no effect of the remanent magnetization, in contrast to geomagnetic inversion. These results show that the ASM method is a useful geophysical tool, especially when high-resolution imaging of magnetic susceptibility is required or where strong remanent magnetization complicates the magnetic interpretation.
Ray-tracing traveltime tomography versus wave-equation traveltime inversion for near-surface seismic land data
Authors: Fu Lei , Hanafy Sherif M.
Published: May 2017

Full-waveform inversion of land seismic data tends to get stuck in a local minimum associated with the waveform misfit function. This problem can be partly mitigated by using an initial velocity model that is close to the true velocity model. This initial starting model can be obtained by inverting traveltimes with ray-tracing traveltime tomography (RT) or wave-equation traveltime (WT) inversion. We have found that WT can provide a more accurate tomogram than RT by inverting the first-arrival traveltimes, and empirical tests suggest that RT is more sensitive to the additive noise in the input data than WT. We present two examples of applying WT and RT to land seismic data acquired in western Saudi Arabia. One of the seismic experiments investigated the water-table depth, and the other one attempted to detect the location of a buried fault. The seismic land data were inverted by WT and RT to generate the P-velocity tomograms, from which we can clearly identify the water table depth along the seismic survey line in the first example and the fault location in the second example.
Footnotes to Kraepelin: Changes in the classification of mood disorders with DSM-5
Authors: Kalk Nicola J. , Young Allan H.
Published: May 2017

Reliable diagnosis of mood disorders continues to pose a challenge. This is surprising because they have been recognised clinically since classical times. Mood disorders are also common: major depressive disorder affects nearly 300 million people worldwide and bipolar affective disorder nearly 60 million and they are a major cause of disability. Nonetheless, the reliability trials of the updated Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) found that the reliability of the diagnosis of major depressive disorder was in the 'questionable' range. Although the reliability of the diagnosis of bipolar I disorder in the same trials was 'good', the sample size of the individuals recruited to validate bipolar II disorder was insufficient to confirm reliability. As the epidemiological prevalences of bipolar I and bipolar II disorders are the same, this alone implies problems in its recognition. Here, we critically evaluate the most recent iteration of DSM mood disorder diagnoses in a historical light and set out the implications for clinical practice and research.
Somatic genomic landscape of over 15,000 patients with advanced-stage cancer from clinical next-generation sequencing analysis of circulating tumor DNA.
Authors: Zill Oliver A. , Mortimer Stefanie , Banks Kimberly C. , Nagy Rebecca J , Chudova Darya , Jackson Coyt , Baca Arthur , Ye Joseph Z. , Lanman Richard Burnham , Talasaz AmirAli , Eltoukhy Helmy , Kurzrock Razelle
Published: May 2017

LBA11501

Background: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) enables non-invasive profiling of solid tumor cancers. Liquid biopsy studies to date have been limited to modest-size cohorts and case studies. Methods: Somatic genomic profiles of over 15,000 patients with advanced-stage clinical cancer were determined by a highly accurate, deep-coverage (15,000x) ctDNA NGS test targeting 70 genes (Guardant360). Frequencies of somatic ctDNA alterations per gene were compared to those previously described in tissue sequencing projects (e.g., TCGA). Accuracy of ctDNA sequencing (PPV) was assessed by comparing with matched tissue tests for 386 patients. Results: The cohort consisted of lung (37%), breast (14%), colorectal (10%) and other cancers (38%), with ctDNA clinical sensitivity of 86%, 83%, 85%, and 78%, respectively. Cancer-type-specific frequencies and mutual exclusivity patterns among major driver alterations largely recapitulated those seen in tissue sequencing studies. Mutation frequencies per codon correlated well between ctDNA and published tissue data, both for commonly altered tumor suppressors and for oncogenes (Pearson correlations: TP53, r = 0.94; KRAS, r = 0.99; PIK3CA, r = 0.99). The overall accuracy of ctDNA sequencing in comparison with matched tissue tests was 87% (336/386). The accuracy increased to 98% when blood and tumor were collected less than six months apart. Four distinct classes of clinical outcome benefits have been observed by liquid biopsy: 1) actionable mutations in cases with tissue QNS ( ALK fusion, or EGFR or BRAF activating mutations in lung; ERBB2 amp in gastric), 2) actionable resistance mutations at time of progression ( MET amp or EGFRT790M in lung), 3) evolution of sensitivity upon progression ( ERBB2-amplified metastatic breast cancer with triple negative primary), 4) under-genotyped tumors ( BRAFV600E or ERBB2indel in lung). Conclusions: Somatic alteration patterns in ctDNA samples largely agree with tissue alteration patterns, with the exception of resistance mutations. Clinical outcome benefits have been observed for patients treated based on ctDNA findings.