bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The EMBRACE web service collection
Authors: Pettifer Steve , Ison Jon , Kalaš Matúš , Thorne Dave , McDermott Philip , Jonassen Inge , Liaquat Ali , Fernández José M. , Rodriguez Jose M. , Partners INB- , Pisano David G. , Blanchet Christophe , Uludag Mahmut , Rice Peter , Bartaseviciute Edita , Rapacki Kristoffer , Hekkelman Maarten , Sand Olivier , Stockinger Heinz , Clegg Andrew B. , Bongcam-Rudloff Erik , Salzemann Jean , Breton Vincent , Attwood Teresa K. , Cameron Graham , Vriend Gert
Published: May 2010

The EMBRACE (European Model for Bioinformatics Research and Community Education) web service collection is the culmination of a 5-year project that set out to investigate issues involved in developing and deploying web services for use in the life sciences. The project concluded that in order for web services to achieve widespread adoption, standards must be defined for the choice of web service technology, for semantically annotating both service function and the data exchanged, and a mechanism for discovering services must be provided. Building on this, the project developed: EDAM, an ontology for describing life science web services; BioXSD, a schema for exchanging data between services; and a centralized registry (http://www.embraceregistry.net) that collects together around 1000 services developed by the consortium partners. This article presents the current status of the collection and its associated recommendations and standards definitions.
Innovative Traditional Italian Durum Wheat Breads: Influence of Yeast and Gluten on Performance of Sourdough Moddizzosu Breads
Authors: Fadda Costantino , Santos Eva María , Piga Antonio , Collar Concha
Published: May 2010

This research investigated the impact of semolina dough formulation (percentage of sourdough [SD] addition and presence of yeast [Y] or common wheat gluten [G]) added singly and in combination on the sensory and physicochemical profiles of fresh and stored sourdough‐started durum breads, particularly Moddizzosu type. Main distinctive features of breads were identified, and optimal amounts of SD addition in presence of either yeast or gluten were used to achieve high‐quality fresh and stored soured durum breads made with semolina and remilled semolina at a ratio of 80:20. Common features of durum breads included color parameters and crumb grain characteristics of either fresh or stored samples. Increasing SD significantly increased scores for overall acceptability. In yeasted costarted samples, a linear promotion of both aroma and taste intensity resulted from increasing amounts of SD, whereas the opposite trend was observed for unyeasted breads. Higher values for degree of acidification, specific volume, crumb cohesiveness, resilience, and springiness but lower pH, moisture content, crumb hardness, and chewiness in durum samples were achieved with increased SD. The presence of Y counteracted acidification, harmonized volume increase, hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, and resilience, minimizing the effects of the SD added. Y and G acting singly as crumb softeners when added together to soured durum breads started with SD at a dose >10% provided lower and slower crumb firming kinetics. Breads with especially slow retrogradation kinetics corresponded to yeasted started samples with or without added gluten, regardless the presence or absence of SD. In unyeasted soured breads, the dose of SD slightly decreased the rate and extent of amylopectin retrogradation, irrespective of gluten addition.
Comparative analysis of marine ecosystems: workshop on predator–prey interactions
Authors: Bailey Kevin M. , Ciannelli Lorenzo , Hunsicker Mary , Rindorf Anna , Neuenfeldt Stefan , Möllmann Christian , Guichard Frederic , Huse Geir
Published: May 2010

Climate and human influences on marine ecosystems are largely manifested by changes in predator–prey interactions. It follows that ecosystem-based management of the world's oceans requires a better understanding of food web relationships. An international workshop on predator–prey interactions in marine ecosystems was held at the Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA on 16–18 March 2010. The meeting brought together scientists from diverse fields of expertise including theoretical ecology, animal behaviour, fish and seabird ecology, statistics, fisheries science and ecosystem modelling. The goals of the workshop were to critically examine the methods of scaling-up predator–prey interactions from local observations to systems, the role of shifting ecological processes with scale changes, and the complexity and organizational structure in trophic interactions.
Viability selection prior to trait expression is an essential component of natural selection
Authors: Mojica Julius P. , Kelly John K.
Published: May 2010

Natural selection operates throughout the life cycle of an organism. Correlative studies typically fail to consider the effects of viability selection prior to trait expression. A 3-year field experiment on the wildflowerMimulus guttatusdemonstrates that this unmeasured component of selection can be very strong. As in previous studies, we find that fecundity is positively related to flower size. However, survival to flowering is much lower in large-flowered genotypes than in small-flowered genotypes. Aggregating viability and fecundity, lifetime fitness through female function generally favoured smaller flowered genotypes. This result differs from the great majority of field studies, which suggest strong positive selection on flower size. It has important cautionary implications for studies of natural and sexual selection on adult characters generally, in both plants and animals.
98% identical, 100% wrong: per cent nucleotide identity can lead plant virus epidemiology astray
Authors: Duffy Siobain , Seah Yee Mey
Published: May 2010

Short-form publications such as
Plant Disease
reports serve essential functions: the rapid dissemination of information on the geography of established plant pathogens, incidence and symptomology of pathogens in new hosts, and the discovery of novel pathogens. Many of these sentinel publications include viral sequence data, but most use that information only to confirm the virus' species. When researchers use the standard technique of per cent nucleotide identity to determine that the new sequence is closely related to another sequence, potentially erroneous conclusions can be drawn from the results. Multiple introductions of the same pathogen into a country are being ignored because researchers know fast-evolving plant viruses can accumulate substantial sequence divergence over time, even from a single introduction. An increased use of phylogenetic methods in short-form publications could speed our understanding of these cryptic second introductions and aid in control of epidemics.
Viral phylodynamics and the search for an ‘effective number of infections’
Authors: Frost Simon D. W. , Volz Erik M.
Published: May 2010

Information on the dynamics of the effective population size over time can be obtained from the analysis of phylogenies, through the application of time-varying coalescent models. This approach has been used to study the dynamics of many different viruses, and has demonstrated a wide variety of patterns, which have been interpreted in the context of changes over time in the ‘effective number of infections’, a quantity proportional to the number of infected individuals. However, for infectious diseases, the rate of coalescence is driven primarily by new transmissions i.e. the incidence, and only indirectly by the number of infected individuals through sampling effects. Using commonly used epidemiological models, we show that the coalescence rate may indeed reflect the number of infected individuals during the initial phase of exponential growth when time is scaled by infectivity, but in general, a single change in time scale cannot be used to estimate the number of infected individuals. This has important implications when integrating phylogenetic data in the context of other epidemiological data.
Arabidopsis thaliana
as a model for the study of plant–virus co-evolution
Authors: Pagán Israel , Fraile Aurora , Fernandez-Fueyo Elena , Montes Nuria , Alonso-Blanco Carlos , García-Arenal Fernando
Published: May 2010

Understanding plant–virus coevolution requires wild systems in which there is no human manipulation of either host or virus. To develop such a system, we analysed virus infection in six wild populations of
Arabidopsis thaliana
in Central Spain. The incidence of five virus species with different life-styles was monitored during four years, and this was analysed in relation to the demography of the host populations. Total virus incidence reached 70 per cent, which suggests a role of virus infection in the population structure and dynamics of the host, under the assumption of a host fitness cost caused by the infection. Maximum incidence occurred at early growth stages, and co-infection with different viruses was frequent, two factors often resulting in increased virulence. Experimental infections under controlled conditions with two isolates of the most prevalent viruses, cauliflower mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus, showed that there is genetic variation for virus accumulation, although this depended on the interaction between host and virus genotypes. Comparison of
Q
ST
-based genetic differentiations between both host populations with
F
ST
genetic differentiation based on putatively neutral markers suggests different selection dynamics for resistance against different virus species or genotypes. Together, these results are compatible with a hypothesis of plant–virus coevolution.
Mutational fitness effects in RNA and single-stranded DNA viruses: common patterns revealed by site-directed mutagenesis studies
Authors: Sanjuán Rafael
Published: May 2010

The fitness effects of mutations are central to evolution, yet have begun to be characterized in detail only recently. Site-directed mutagenesis is a powerful tool for achieving this goal, which is particularly suited for viruses because of their small genomes. Here, I discuss the evolutionary relevance of mutational fitness effects and critically review previous site-directed mutagenesis studies. The effects of single-nucleotide substitutions are standardized and compared for five RNA or single-stranded DNA viruses infecting bacteria, plants or animals. All viruses examined show very low tolerance to mutation when compared with cellular organisms. Moreover, for non-lethal mutations, the mean fitness reduction caused by single mutations is remarkably constant (0.10–0.13), whereas the fraction of lethals varies only modestly (0.20–0.41). Other summary statistics are provided. These generalizations about the distribution of mutational fitness effects can help us to better understand the evolution of RNA and single-stranded DNA viruses.
Proper regulation of a sperm-specific cis-nat-siRNA is essential for double fertilization in Arabidopsis
Authors: Ron Mily , Alandete Saez Monica , Eshed Williams Leor , Fletcher Jennifer C. , McCormick Sheila
Published: May 2010

Natural cis-antisense siRNAs (cis-nat-siRNAs) are a recently characterized class of small regulatory RNAs that are widespread in eukaryotes. Despite their abundance, the importance of their regulatory activity is largely unknown. The only functional role for eukaryotic cis-nat-siRNAs that has been described to date is in environmental stress responses in plants. Here we demonstrate that cis-nat-siRNA-based regulation plays key roles in Arabidopsis reproductive function, as it facilitates gametophyte formation and double fertilization, a developmental process of enormous agricultural value. We show that male gametophytic kokopelli (kpl) mutants display frequent single-fertilization events, and that KPL and a inversely transcribed gene, ARIADNE14 (ARI14), which encodes a putative ubiquitin E3 ligase, generate a sperm-specific nat-siRNA pair. In the absence of KPL, ARI14 RNA levels in sperm are increased and fertilization is impaired. Furthermore, ARI14 transcripts accumulate in several siRNA biogenesis pathway mutants, and overexpression of ARI14 in sperm phenocopies the reduced seed set of the kokopelli mutants. These results extend the regulatory capacity of cis-nat-siRNAs to development by identifying a role for cis-nat-siRNAs in controlling sperm function during double fertilization.
Tracheal intubation using the Airtraq®: a comparison with the lightwand
Authors: Park E. Y. , Kim J. Y. , Lee J. S.
Published: May 2010

The Airtraq® laryngoscope is a new tracheal intubation device that has been developed for the management of normal and difficult airways. As with the lightwand, the Airtraq can be used without placing the patient in the ‘sniffing position’ for direct laryngoscopy. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and usability of the Airtraq with that of the lightwand during routine airway management. One hundred ASA 1‐2 patients scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia were randomly assigned to either the Airtraq (n = 50) or lightwand (n = 50). Intubation was performed by one of two anaesthetists experienced in the use of both devices. There was no difference in success rate, intubation time, and haemodynamic response between the two groups. In conclusion, the Airtraq® and lightwand have similar efficacy in patients without risk factors for difficult intubation.
Hydrochloride pioglitazone decreases urinary TGF‐β1 excretion in type 2 diabetics
Authors: Hu Yuan‐Yuan , Ye Shan‐Dong , Zhao Li‐Li , Zheng Mao , Chen Yan
Published: May 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (7): 571–574

Background  Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) exert a number of direct reno‐protection beyond its hypoglycaemic effect in type 2 diabetics, which may be partly related to its anti‐fibrosis and anti‐ inflammatory action.

Materials and methods  A total of 98 type 2 diabetics with fasting blood glucose (FBG) between 7·0 and 13·0 mmol L−1 and glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥ 7·0% were randomly assigned to add pioglitazone (group DP) or sulfonylurea (group DS) for 12 weeks. FBG, HbA1c, serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and urinary TGF‐β1, albumin (UALB) and creatinine (UCr) were determined at the basal and the 12th week.

Results  Fasting blood glucose, HbA1c and urinary TGF‐β1/UCr ratio (UTCR) were obviously decreased in both groups after 12 weeks treatment; UALB/UCr ratio (UACR) decreased obviously in group DP (P < 0·01), while slightly in group DS. UACR and UTCR in group DP were significantly lower than those in group DS after treatment, while FBG and HbA1c had no statistical differences between the two groups. In addition, UTCR had positive correlation with UACR (r = 0·367, P < 0·01).

Conclusions  Pioglitazone decreases urinary TGF‐β1 excretion in type 2 diabetics, which may be partly contributed to its direct reno‐protection.
Primary Sjögren’s syndrome activity and damage indices comparison
Authors: Campar Ana , Isenberg David A.
Published: May 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (7): 636–644

Background  Significant differences exist in outcome measures developed to assess patients with primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS). In this review, we have compared proposed indices.

Methods  Three activity – SSDAI (SS Disease Activity Index), SCAI (Sjögren’s Systemic Clinical Activity Index) and ESSDAI (EULAR SS Disease Activity Index) – and two damage indices – SSDDI (SS Disease Damage Index) and SSDI (SS Damage Index) have been analysed. Assessment ‘tools’ for perspectives of outcome (PROFAD – Profile of Fatigue and Discomfort, SF‐36 – Medical Outcomes Study Short‐Form 36‐item questionnaire and ESSPRI – EULAR Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients Reported Index) were also considered.

Results  SSDAI and ESSDAI are global scores. SCAI is a composite score. Validity is a limitation for SSDAI and SCAI. ESSDAI is complemented by ESSPRI for the assessment of subjective features. It is more accurate in detecting changes in activity. Damage indices differ with respect to observation period and external validation but both have low content validity. Main limitations for all indices are: inclusion of patients with mainly mild stable disease and lack of information about the completion time of the forms.

Conclusions  All indices demonstrate a potentially useful benefit but further, larger studies are needed to assess reliability and sensitivity to change, to validate their use in clinical trials. Improvement in our knowledge of pathophysiology and clinical evolution of pSS is important to address unresolved issues: whether to include prognostic factors for an adverse outcome, an agreed definition of flare and most notably the distinction between activity and damage.
Breast disease diagnostic ability of nurse practitioners and surgeons
Authors: Osborn Gary David , Jones Maria , Gower‐Thomas Kate , Vaughan‐Williams Eifion
Published: May 2010

osborn g.d., jones m., gower‐thomas k. & vaughan‐williams e. (2010) Breast disease diagnostic ability of nurse practitioners and surgeons. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(7), 1452–1458.

Title.  Breast disease diagnostic ability of nurse practitioners and surgeons.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to compare history‐taking and breast and axillary examination skills of nurse practitioners and surgeons.

Background.  In the United Kingdom, patients referred by their general practitioners with suspected breast cancer should be seen within 2 weeks by a specialist. As a result of the European Working Time Directive there has been a reduction in junior doctors’ working hours within the European Union. This makes such targets harder to achieve and risks delays in patient assessment and diagnosis. Trained nurse practitioners can perform an important role in assessing new patients in breast clinics to ensure that they are seen expeditiously. Nurse practitioners’ competence assessing patients with breast disease needs to be objectively demonstrated.

Methods.  Between 1st March 2007 and 31st March 2008 patients referred to a symptomatic breast disease clinic were seen by a single nurse practitioner and a single consultant surgeon. Findings were recorded on a standardised pro forma and compared using one‐way analysis of variance.

Findings.  Assessments were recorded for 128 patients. No abnormality was found in 41% of patients but nine (7%) had breast cancer. There was no evidence of a statistically significant mismatch in scoring between the nurse practitioner and consultant surgeon. Thirty‐seven lumps were identified in 35 patients. There was no difference in mammography requests from the nurse practitioner and surgeon.

Conclusion.  The diagnostic accuracy of a nurse practitioner compares favourably with that of a consultant surgeon.
Self‐management and chronic low back pain: a qualitative study
Authors: Crowe Marie , Whitehead Lisa , Jo Gagan Mary , Baxter David , Panckhurst Avin
Published: May 2010

crowe m., whitehead l., gagan m.j., baxter d. & panckhurst a. (2010) Self‐management and chronic low back pain: a qualitative study. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(7), 1478–1486.

Title.  Self‐management and chronic low back pain: a qualitative study.

Aims.  This paper is a report of a study of the self‐management strategies of people with chronic low back pain and how their healthcare professionals perceived their role in facilitating self‐management.

Background.  Chronic low back pain is a complex disorder, challenging to treat, and associated with wide‐ranging adverse consequences including physical disability, psychosocial disruption, and increased use of healthcare resources. Most clinical guidelines suggest that self‐management strategies are the best treatment option.

Design.  A qualitative analysis was conducted of semi‐structured interviews with 64 people identified as having chronic low back pain and 22 healthcare professionals nominated by that person. The interviews were conducted in 2008. The people with chronic low back pain were asked about their self‐management strategies; healthcare professionals were asked about how they perceived their role in the person’s self‐management. Data were analysed using a content analysis.

Findings.  The most common strategies used by participants to manage their chronic low back pain were medication, exercise and application of heat. The nominated healthcare professionals were predominantly physiotherapists and general practitioners. Physiotherapists described exercises, particularly those aimed at improving core strength, as the main strategy that they encouraged people to use. General practitioners regarded themselves as primarily having three roles: prescription of pain medication, dispensing of sickness certificates, and referral to specialists.

Conclusion.  People with chronic low back pain use self‐management strategies that they have discovered to provide relief and to prevent exacerbation. The strategies reflect an active process of decision‐making that combines personal experience with professional recommendations.
Cocirculation of Rio Negro Virus (RNV) and Pixuna Virus (PIXV) in Tucumán province, Argentina
Authors: Pisano M. B. , Dantur M. J. , Ré V. E. , Díaz L. A. , Farías A. , Sánchez Seco M. P. , Tenorio A. , Almirón W. R. , Contigiani M. S.
Published: May 2010

Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex includes viruses considered emerging pathogens for humans and animals in the Americas. Two members of this complex have been detected previously in Argentina: Rio Negro Virus (RNV), detected in mosquitoes from Chaco province and rodents from Formosa province, and Pixuna Virus (PIXV), detected in mosquitoes from Chaco province. To carry out surveillance studies in other parts of the country, detection of a 195‐bp fragment of alphaviruses by RT‐nested PCR was performed in mosquito samples from San Miguel de Tucumán city. Four pools resulted positive and three were sequenced. Two amplicons grouped with RNV and one with PIXV. This is the first report of viral activity of members of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex in north‐eastern Argentina.
Genetic factors in non‐syndromic congenital heart malformations
Authors: Wessels MW , Willems PJ
Published: May 2010

Wessels MW, Willems PJ. Genetic factors in non‐syndromic congenital heart malformations.

The genetic defect in most patients with non‐syndromic congenital heart malformations (CHM) is unknown, although more than 40 different genes have already been implicated. Only a minority of CHM seems to be due to monogenetic mutations, and the majority occurs sporadically. The multifactorial inheritance hypothesis of common diseases suggesting that the cumulative effect of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors leads to disease, might also apply for CHM.

We review here the monogenic disease genes with high‐penetrance mutations, susceptibility genes with reduced‐penetrance mutations, and somatic mutations implicated in non‐syndromic CHM.
Serial analysis of biomarkers of acute pancreas allograft rejection
Authors: Cashion A. K. , Sabek O. , Driscoll C. , Gaber L. , Tolley E. , Gaber A.O.
Published: May 2010

Cashion AK, Sabek O, Driscoll C, Gaber L, Tolley E, Gaber AO. Serial analysis of biomarkers of acute pancreas allograft rejection.  Clin Transplant 2010: 24: E214–E222. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Pancreas transplant recipients experience graft loss in spite of improvements in immunosuppressant therapies and diagnostic technologies. Therefore, a method to improve detection and management of acute rejection is needed. This longitudinal study investigated the usefulness of three biomarkers, granzyme B, perforin, and human leukocyte antigen‐DR alpha (HLA‐DR) measured by real‐time PCR on peripheral blood mononuclear cells, for their ability to detect acute rejection and its resolution in 13 recipients of pancreas allograft. Data demonstrated that pre‐transplant baseline expression of biomarkers decreased following the initiation of immunosuppression. Throughout follow‐up (range 3–27 months), individuals without acute rejection episodes had little variation in their biomarker levels. Recipients with biopsy‐proven rejection had a significant increase in the levels of biomarkers as early as five wk before clinical rejection diagnosis. Furthermore, all seven patients with biopsy‐proven rejection demonstrated a decrease in the levels of granzyme B and perforin following the increased immunosuppression for the treatment of rejection. This is the first clinical serial measurement of biomarkers in recipients of pancreas transplants. The data demonstrate that upregulation of granzyme B, perforin, and HLA‐DR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells are sensitive to changes in the immune environment and could possibly be used to identify those patients at higher risk of rejection.
Determination of Milk Urea by Flow Injection Analysis
Authors: Andersson G. , Andersson L. , Carlström G.
Published: May 2010

A method for flow injection analysis of urea in milk is described. The sample is introduced into a current of urease solution in which urea is enzymatically split into carbon dioxide and ammonia. After adding sodium hydroxide, the free ammonia diffuses through a teflon membrane into a stream of phenol red solution. The change of colour in the indicator solution caused by the ammonia‐induced pH alteration is measured in a flow photometer. The accuracy of the method is shown to be good, and the capacity is about 100 samples per hour.

Harnstoffbestimmung in der Milch durch Anwendung eines Durchflußsystems

Eine Methode zur Harnstoffbestimmung in der Milch unter Anwendung eines Durchfluß‐Systems wird beschrieben. Die Probe wird in die Strömung einer Ureaselösung injiziert, in der der Harnstoff enzymatisch in Kohlendioxid und Ammoniak gespalten wird. Nach Hinzufügen von Natriumhydroxid diffundiert der freie Ammoniak durch eine Teflonmembran in die Strömung einer Phenolrotlösung. Die Farbveränderung in der Indikatorlösung wird in einem Durchflußphotometer gemessen. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Genauigkeit der Methode gut ist; die Kapazität beträgt etwa 100 Proben pro Stunde.

Détermination de l'urée dans le lait au moyen d'une analyse par un système d'injection

Une méthode de détermination de l'urée dans le lait en utilisant un système d'injection est décrite. L'échantillon est injecté dans le courant de la solution d'uréase dans laquelle l'urée est enzymatiquement séparée en dioxyde de carbone et en ammoniac. Après une addition d'hydroxyde de sodium, l'ammoniac libre se diffuse à travers une membrane de teflon dans le courant d'une solution de rouge de phénol. Le changement de coloration dans la solution de l'indicateur est mesurée dans un photomètre à flux. On montre que l'exactitude de la méthode est bonne. La capacité est d'environ 100 échantillons par heure.

La valoración de urea en leche mediante aplicación de un sistema fluente

Se describe un método para valorar la urea en leche empleando un sistema de perfusión. La muestra se inyecta dentro de la corriente de una solución de ureasa, en la cual se desdobla la urea enzimáticamente en anhídrido carbónico y amoníaco. Tras agregar hidróxido sódico difunde el amoníaco libre por una membrana de teflón a la corriente de una solución de rojo fenol. El viraje de color en la solución indicadora, causado por el cambio del pH, inducido por el amoníaco, se mide en un fotómetro de perfusión. Se pone de relieve que es buena la exactitud del método: la capacidad es del orden de 100 muestras por hora.
Rectovaginal Constriction in Jersey Cattle
Authors: Troyer D. , Minocha H. , Leipold H. W.
Published: May 2010

Twenty‐four hour urine samples from three‐year‐old Jersey cows with rectovaginal constriction (RVC), carrier and normal Jersey cows were analyzed for their hydroxy‐proline content. Urine samples from an older group (5 years old) made up of normal and affected individuals were similarly analyzed. No significant differences were found in urinary hydroxyproline levels between affected, carrier and normal individuals.

Rektovaginale Konstriktion bei Jersey‐Kühen

IV. Hydroxyprolinkonzentrationen im 24‐Stunden‐Harn

Im 24‐Stunden‐Harn von dreijährigen Jersey‐Kühen mit rektovaginaler Konstriktion, Trägerkühen und normalen Kühen wurde der Hydroxyprolingehalt bestimmt. In analoger Weise wurden Harnproben einer Gruppe von älteren Kühen (5 Jahre) mit normalen und betroffenen Tieren untersucht. Zwischen Tieren mit klinischen Symptomen, Trägertieren und normalen Tieren ließen sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede nachweisen.
The Urinary Excretion of Orotic Acid and Urea in Dairy Cows in Early Lactation
Authors: Motyl T.
Published: May 2010

The rates of urinary orotic acid, urea, and ammonia excretion as well as the urinary orotate: urea ratio in 6 cows from the 5th to the 70th day after parturition were measured. The highest milk yield (23–36 kg FCM daily) was reached between the 25th and 50th day of lactation. The average rates of urinary orotic acid and urea excretion were 3.63 μmol/kg0.75day, and 30.80 mmol/kg0.75/day, respectively. The relatively low dependence in comparison with monogastric animals, between urinary urea and orotate excretion (r = 0.43) is discussed. A significant increase of urinary orotic acid and urea excretion rates as well as the decrease of the urinary orotate: urea ratio as lactation progressed was observed. The urinary ammonia excretion rate did not change significantly throughout the experiment. The relationships between protein intake and orotic acid excretion (r = 0.37), as well as urea excretion (r = 0.67) are discussed.

Die Ausscheidung von Orotsäure und Harnstoff im Harn bei Milchkühen zu Beginn der Laktation

Die Raten der Ausscheidung von Orotsäure, Harnstoff und Ammoniak über den Harn sowie das Verhältnis von Orotat: Harnstoff im Harn wurden bei 6 Kühen vom 5. bis 70. Tag post partum bestimmt. Die höchste Milchleistung (23–36 kg FCM täglich) wurde zwischen dem 25. und 50. Tag der Laktation erreicht. Die mittleren Orotsäure‐ und Harnstoffausscheidungsraten betrugen 3,63 μmol/kg0.75/Tag bzw. 30,80 mmol/kg0.75Tag. Es wird die im Vergleich zu monogastrischen Tieren verhältnismäßig geringe Korrelation zwischen Harnstoff‐ und Orotatausscheidung im Harn (r = 0,43) diskutiert. Ein signifikanter Anstieg der Rate der Orotsäure‐ und Harnstoffausscheidung über den Harn sowie die Abnahme des Verhältnisses von Orotat: Harnstoff im Harn mit fortschreitender Laktation wurden beobachtet. Die Rate der Ammoniakausscheidung über den Harn veränderte sich während des Experimentes nicht signifikant. Die Beziehungen zwischen Proteinaufnahme und Orotsäureausscheidung (r = 0,37) sowie Harnstoffausscheidung (r = 0,67) werden diskutiert.
Estudio del auriculograma en bovinos Holstein‐Frisia
Authors: Santisteban R. , Castejon F. M. , Tovar R. Vivo y P.
Published: May 2010

Studies on the auriculogram of Holstein Friesian cattle

In 30 Holstein‐Friesian cattle, auroculograms were prepared from birth to the adult state. The following criteria were evaluated; strength, duration and height of the P‐wave, extent and duration of the P‐Q interval, and alterations with age, as well as the correlation coefficients between the various parameters.

With increasing age there was a tendency for an increase in simple and positive. P‐waves in leads I and aVF, whereas simple and negative forms in the V10 lead were characteristic at all ages. The duration of this wave seemed not to be particularly age‐dependant; its height, on the other hand was reduced significantly (P < 0.01) at 15 days. Both the development of the animal. At all ages there was highly significant correlation (P = 0.001) between the criteria measured.

Se ha realizado un estudio del auriculograma en 30 bovinos de raza Holstein‐Frisia, a lo largo de un periodo de tiempo comprendido entre el nacimiento y la edad adulta.

Se analizó morfología, duración y voltaje de la onda P, duración del segmento y espacio PQ y su evolución con la edad, así como los coeficientes de correlación entre los citados parámetros. Los resultados muestran una tendencia a la obtención de ondas P simples y positivas a medida que aumenta la edad, en las derivaciones I y aVF, mientras que la morfología simple y negativa se presenta como característica de la derivación V10, en cualquiera de las edades analizadas. Mientras que la duración de dicha onda no parece verse muy afectada por la edad, el voltaje sufre una disminución muy significativa (p = 0,01) alrededor de los 15 días de edad.

Tanto la duración del segmento PQ como la del espacio PQ muestran un aumento progresivo coincidiendo con la maduración física del individuo. Los análisis de correlación entre ellos muestran valores de “r” muy significativos (p = 0,001) en cualquiera de las edades analizadas.

Bestimmung von Aurikulogrammen bei Holstein‐Friesian‐Rindern

Bei 30 Holstein‐Friesian‐Rindern wurden in der Zeit zwischen der Geburt und dem Erreichen des adulten Status Aurikulogramme angefertigt. Folgende Kriterien wurden ausgewertet: Form, Dauer und Höhe der P‐Zacke, Abstand und Dauer des PQ‐Intervalls und seine altersbedingten Veränderungen, sowie die Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen den erwähnten Parametern.

Mit steigendem Alter zeigte sich eine Tendenz zur Zunahme von einfachen und positiven P‐Zacken in den Ableitungen I und aVF, während die einfachen und negativen Formen in der V10‐Ableitung charakteristisch in allen Altersabschnitten waren. Die Dauer dieser Zacken scheint nicht sehr altersabhängig zu sein; die Höhe verringerte sich dagegen signifikant (P < 0,01) im Alter von 15 Tagen. Sowohl die Dauer des PQ‐Segments als auch dessen Abstand nahmen mit der physischen Entwicklung der Tiere zu. Innerhalb aller Altersabschnitte bestanden zwischen den gemessenen Kriterien hochsignifikante Korrelationen (P > 0,01).
Lipid‐Zusammensetzung der Plasma‐Lipoproteine des Hundes
Authors: Olejniczak K. , Siegert M. , Weik H.
Published: May 2010

Die Lipoproteine des Plasmas von 5 Beagles wurden durch Ultrazentrifugation und Agarosegel‐Elektrophorese in die folgenden Fraktionen aufgetrennt: 1,5% VLDL, 1,2% LDL, 3,2 % HDL1 und 94 % HDL2. Die Lipide wurden dünnschichtchromatographisch isoliert und die Fettsäurenprofile gaschromatographisch ermittelt. Untersucht wurde auch das bei der Dichte d 1,21 kg/l gewonnene Sediment (Ultrazentrifugationsrückstand, UZR), in dem etwa 20 % der Plasmalipide enthalten sind. Die VLDL sind die triacylglycerinreichsten Lipoproteine, gefolgt von den LDL. In den HDL1 dominieren Cholesterinester und Phospholipide, in den HDL2 und im UZR die Phospholipide. Phosphatidylcholin ist in' allen Lipoproteinen und im UZR das dominierende Phospholipid.

Typisch für den UZR ist außerdem ein hoher Gehalt an Lysophosphatidylcholin. In den Cholesterinestern überwiegen die ungesättigten Fettsäuren. Auch die Triacylglycerine haben charakteristische Fettsäurenprofile. Die Triacylglycerine der LDL sind besonders reich an ungesättigten Fettsäuren die der HDL1 enthalten den niedrigsten Anteil an ungesättigten Fettsäuren. Typisch für die Phospholipide ist ein hoher Gehalt an Palmitin‐ und Stearinsäure und ein niedriger Gehalt an Ölsäure. An ungesättigten Fettsäuren kommen vor allem Linol‐ und Arachidonsäure vor. In den Sphingomyelinen kommen neben Palmitin‐ und Stearinsäure Fettsäuren mit 20–24 C‐Atomen vor. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Literaturwerten verglichen.

Lipid composition of plasma‐lipoprotein of the dog

The plasma lipoproteins of 5 Beagles were separated by ultracentrifugation and agar gel electrophoresis into the following fractions: 1.5% VLDL, 1.2% LDL, 3.2% HDL1 and 94 % HDL2. The lipids were isolated by thin‐layer chromatography. Their fatty acid profile determined by gas chromatography. Also studied was the sediment obtained by layer d 1.21 kg/l (ultracentrifugation residue. UZR); this contained about 20% of the plasma lipids. The VLDL are the triglyceride — rich lipoproteins, followed by the LDL. In the HDL2, cholesterin esters and phospholipids are dominant; in the HDL and the UZR, phospholipids are dominant. Phosphatidylcholine is the dominant phospholipid in all the lipoproteins and in the UZR.

Typical of the UZR is also a high content of lymphophosphatidylcholine. In the cholesterin esters, unsaturated fatty acids predominate. Triecylglycerine has a characteristic fatty acid profile. The triacylglycerine of the HDL is especially rich if unsaturated fatty acids. Typical of phospholipids is a high content of palmitic and stearic acids with 20–24 C atoms. The findings are compared with those published elsewhere.
Der Milchprogesterontest: Instrument zur Fruchtbarkeitspflege beim Rind
Authors: Holtz W. , Brackel Almuth v. , Küster J.
Published: May 2010

The milk progesterone test; a means to improve fertility in dairy herds

The blood progesterone concentration, depending on corpus luteum activity, is reflected by the amount of progesterone in the milk. Since this was discovered in the seventies, dairy farmers and veterinarians are utilizing this fact by having progesterone concentrations determined in milk samples with the purpose of recognizing the respective physiological or pathological state of a cow's ovaries. The practicability of the test is facilitated by the recent availability of quick, cheap methods for determining milk progesterone concentrations.

The test may be applied by dairy farmers to examine the proper time of insemination, check for cyclicity and recognize return cows. More complex physiological or pathological ovarian conditions are usually monitored by analysing progesterone concentrations in a sequence of samples usually collected under supervision of a veterinarian. In this context the milk progesterone test may serve as a valuable diagnostic tool to recognize conditions such as silent heat, lack of cyclicity, cystic follicles, retained corpora lutea and irregular cycles. It may also serve to monitor the ovarian response to therapeutical or biotechnical measures or to improve the accuracy of fertility parameters.

Die vom Vorhandensein eines funktionellen Gelbkörpers am Ovar abhängige Progesteronkonzentration im Blut spiegelt sich deutlich in der Milch wider. Seit den 70er Jahren machen sich in zunehmendem Maße Tierhalter und Tierärzte diese Erkenntnis zunutze, indem sie Milchproben auf ihren Progesteroninhalt hin untersuchen lassen, um daraus Rückschlüsse auf Funktionszustand und etwaige pathologische Zustände am Eierstock zu ziehen. Den eigentlichen Durchbruch erlangte der Milchprogesterontest mit der Verfügbarkeit schneller preiswerter Progesteronanalyseverfahren.

Vom Landwirt wird der Test in erster Linie zur Überprüfung des Besamungszeitpunkts, zur Feststellung von zyklischer Ovaraktivität und zur Erkennung von umrindernden Tieren genutzt. Die Aufklärung komplexerer physiologischer oder pathologischer Zusammenhänge erfordert meist Einsendung mehrerer Proben und geht in der Regel vom Tierarzt aus. In diesem Zusammenhang kann der Milchprogesterontest bei Unregelmäßigkeiten wie Anaphrodisie, Azyklie, Follikel‐Theka‐Zysten, persistierendem Gelbkörper und unregelmäßigem Umrindern als wertvolle Diagnosehilfe dienen. Er bietet auch die Möglichkeit einer Verlaufskontrolle bei therapeutischen und biotechnischen Maßnahmen sowie der Verbesserung der Aussagegenauigkeit von Fruchtbarkeitsparametern und deren Verwendbarkeit im Rahmen züchterischer Maßnahmen.
Systemic Effects of Topically Applied Trichothecenes II. Studies with T‐2 Toxin in Rats
Authors: Schiefer H. B. , Hancock D. S. , Bhatti A. R.
Published: May 2010

Topical application of T‐2 toxin, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, caused death in most rats within 24 hours after application of 40.0, 10.0, 8.0, 7.5, 5.0 and 4.0 mg/kg BW. All rats developed diarrhoea, bloody discharge around the nostrils and some showed disturbed CNS behaviour. Application of 2.5 mg/kg or less also caused death within 24 hours in some animals. Survivors developed a severe scab at the site of application.

The findings of this study suggest that rats are very susceptible to the effects of topically applied T‐2 toxin, and constitute a most suitable model for the study of this toxin or its congeners.

Über die allgemeinen Wirkungen der Verabreichung von Trichothecenen durch die Haut II. Wirkungen in Ratten

Die Verabreichung von T‐2‐Toxin (in Dimethylsulfoxyd) auf die Haut von Ratten verursachte innerhalb von 24 Stunden nach Applikation von 40.0, 10.0, 8.0 und 4.0 mg/kg Körpergewicht den Tod der Tiere. Die Ratten entwickelten Diarrhoe, blutigen Nasenausfluß und zentralnervöse Veränderungen innerhalb von 24 Stunden. Selbst 2,5 mg/kg T‐2‐Toxin waren, wenn auch nicht immer, in der Lage, den Tod von Ratten innerhalb von 24 Stunden herbeizuführen. Überlebende Ratten entwickelten Dermatitis und Hautnarben.

Die Experimente zeigten, daß Ratten besonders empfindlich und daher besonders geeignet sind, um die Effekte von Trichothecenen nach kutaner Applikation zu studieren.
Rectovaginal Constriction in Jersey Cattle VII. Anatomical Characterization of the Constriction Rings in the Anal and Vestibular Canals*
Authors: Trover D. , Leipold H. W.
Published: May 2010

The constricting bands in Jersey cows affected with rectovaginal constriction (RVC) were studied by placing ligatures around them prior to euthanasia or slaughter of the animals, so that their exact location and composition could be determined and compared to the anal canals of normal animals. Subsequent studies revealed that the constricting rings are comprised of normal layers of these canals that are modified so that they are exaggerated. Thus, there are no novel anatomical structures present only in RVC‐affected individuals that could represent vestiges of an earlier stage of development, for example.

Rectovaginale Konstriktion bei Jersey‐Rindern VII. Anatomische Charakterisierung des Konstriktionsrings im Anal‐ und Vestibularkanal

Bei Jersey‐Kühen mit rectovaginaler Konstriktion (RVC) wurden die Konstriktionszonen durch Ligaturen, die vor der Tötung der Tiere gesetzt wurden, untersucht. Damit konnte die genaue Lokalisation sowie die Zusammensetzung der Konstriktionszonen bestimmt werden. Die Untersuchungen erbrachten, daß die Konstriktionsringe von normalen Schichten des Analkanals gebildet werden, die gegenüber den normalen Verhältnissen lediglich verstärkt sind. Damit sind bei RVC‐Tieren keine besonderen anatomischen Strukturen vorhanden, wie sie z.B. als Überbleibsel früherer Entwicklungsstadien vorstellbar wären.
Acetylation and Hydroxylation of Sulphadimidine in the Snail Cepaea hortensis
Authors: Vree T. B. , Vree Monika L. , Nouws J. F. M.
Published: May 2010

The snail Cepaea hortensis is able to acetylate and hydroxylate sulphadimidine in a way that is comparable to water turtles and fish. The relative rates of the metabolic pathways are: 6‐methyl hydroxylation > N4‐acetylation > 5‐hydroxylation.

Azetylierung und Hydroxylierung von Sulfadimidin bei der Schnecke Cepaea hortensis

Die Schnecke Cepaea hortensis vermag Sulfadimidin auf ähnliche Weise zu azetylieren und hydroxylieren wie Wasserschildkröten und Fische. Die verschiedenen Stoffwechselwege sind dabei in quantitativer Hinsicht folgendermaßen einzuordnen: 6‐Methyl‐Hydroxylierung > N4‐Azetylierung > 5‐Hydroxylierung.
Light‐Microscopic Investigations on the Retinae of Dogs Carrying the Merle Factor
Authors: Klinckmann G. , Koniszewski G. , Wegner W.
Published: May 2010

The eyes of 18 adult Dachshunds of both sexes were examined histologically. Nine dogs were homozygous for the Merle Factor (MM), five were heterozygotes (Mm) and four were normal (mm). The width of the ganglion cell layers as well as of the inner and outer nuclear layers was measured. There were statistically significant differences between the three groups of dogs. Half of the number of eyes from MM dogs showed severe pathological changes. The nuclear and ganglion cell layers were badly differentiated and retinal folds and rosettes were found. None of the homozygotes had a Tapetum lucidum (T. l.) and only two of the heterozygotes had a T. l. and this has in only one eye in each case. Retinal pigmentation was scanty in homozygotes as well as in heterozygotes. The remarkable resemblance of the Klein‐Waardenburg syndrome of man and the Merle Factor of the dog is pointed out and the importance of the Merle Factor as an animal model is emphasized. For reasons of animal welfare it is necessary to restrict breeding with the Merle Factor to scientific purposes.

Lichtmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Netzhäuten von Merle‐Dachshunden

Die Augen von insgesamt 18 erwachsenen Dachshunden beider Geschlechter wurden histologisch untersucht. Neun Hunde waren homozygot für den Merlefaktor (MM), fünf waren Heterozygote und vier waren normal (mm). Die Breiten der Ganglienzellschichten sowie der inneren und äußeren Körnerschichten wurden gemessen. Es gab statistisch signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den drei Tiergruppen. Die Hälfte der Augen von MM Hunden zeigte schwere pathologische Veränderungen. Die Körner‐ und Ganglienzellschichten waren bei ihnen schlecht differenziert und Retinafalten und ‐rosetten wurden nachgewiesen. Keiner der Homozygoten hatte ein Tapetum lucidum (T. l.) und nur zwei der Heterozygoten hatten in je einem Auge ein T. l. Die Pigmentierung der Retina war in Homozygoten wie Heterozygoten schwach. Die bemerkenswerte Ähnlichkeit zwischen dem menschlichen Klein‐Waardenburg‐Syndrom und dem Merlefaktor des Hundes wurde hervorgehoben und die Bedeutung des Merlefaktors als Tiermodell unterstrichen. Aus Gründen des Tierschutzes wurde gefordert, das Züchten mit dem Merlefaktor auf wissenschaftliche Zwecke zu beschränken.
Neoplasmen beim Nutzgeflügel
Authors: Reifinger M. , Loupal G.
Published: May 2010

Neoplasms in poultry: During the period from 1. 1. 1960 to 31. 12. 1984 a total of 25,862 protocols concerning the autopsy of poultry (chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese) was recorded in the Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine in Vienna. In 210 cases (0.81%) neoplastic growth, excluding leukosis and Marek's disease, was recognized. Almost all the tumours were in fowls; only one neoplasm was found in the duck (fibroma of the skin). There were no tumours in turkeys and geese.

The proportion of malignant to benign tumours was 149:43 (3.5:1) (18 neoplasms could not be classified concerning malignancy). The corresponding numbers of epithelial and mesenchymal tumours were 112:83 (1.3:1). It was not possible to identify the origin of 15 neoplasms. Malignant neoplasms predominated over benign tumours both in epithelial −97:12 (8.1:1) and mesenchymal growths — 52:31 (1.7:1).

The following organs and tissues were most frequently affected by tumours: soft tissues (39.0%), ovary (21.0%), pancreas (11.4%), kidney (8.1%). The remaining organs were affected in less than 5% while 9 neoplasms could not be allocated to a definite organ or tissue.

Im Zeitraum 1. 1. 1960 bis 31. 12. 1984 wurden 25 862 Untersuchungsprotokolle über Nutzgeflügelsektionen (Huhn, Truthuhn, Ente und Gans) am Institut für Pathologie und Gerichtliche Veterinärmedizin in Wien aufgezeichnet. In 210 Fällen (0,81%) konnte das Vorliegen von Tumoren festgestellt werden, die nicht zur Gruppe der Leukosen bzw. zur Marekschen Krankheit zählen. Fast alle Tumoren stammen von Hühnern. Nur in einem einzigen Fall wurde eine neoplastische Erkrankung einer Ente (Fibrom in der Unterhaut), in keinem Fall eine solche bei Vertretern der Gänsevögel und bei Puten nachgewiesen. Das Zahlenverhältnis von malignen zu benignen Tumoren entsprach 149:43 oder 3,5:1 (18 Tumoren ohne sichere Dignitätsangabe), jenes von epithelialen zu mesenchymalen Tumoren 112:83 oder 1,3:1 (15 Neubildungen konnten nicht eindeutig zugeordnet werden). Maligne Neoplasmen überwogen sowohl bei den epithelialen — 97:12 oder 8,1:1 — als auch bei den mesenchymalen Neoplasmen — 52:31 oder 1,7:1.

Von autonomen Wachstumsprozessen am häufigsten betroffen waren: Weichteile (39,0%), Ovar (21,0%), Pankreas (11,4%) und Nieren (8,1%). Alle übrigen Organe waren mit weniger als 5% vertreten.

In 9 Fällen oder 4,3% konnte die Lokalisation des Tumors nicht mehr eruiert werden.