bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hot Prospects for Ultracold Molecules
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: March 2007

Over the past few decades, physicists have learned to cool atoms to lower and lower temperatures and to gain increasing control over them, with exciting and sometimes unforeseen consequences. The payoffs have included atom interferometry, precision spectroscopy, Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs), and even atom lasers. Not surprisingly, experimenters now want to play the same games with molecules. The challenges—formidable enough for atoms—loom even larger for molecules. Nevertheless, a number of groups have entered the quest, with the goal of bringing molecules to submillikelvin temperatures, which are slow enough to be trapped or otherwise manipulated.
Chandra X-Ray Observatory Examines a New Kind of Black Hole
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: March 2007

For decades, astronomers have been accumulating increasingly strong evidence for the existence of black holes in two distinct mass regimes: “stellar” black holes, weighing a few times the mass of the Sun (M⊙), and “supermassive” black holes with masses ranging from 106−109M⊙, always sitting at the centers of galaxies. There seemed to be nothing in between.
From Quantum Cheating to Quantum Security
Authors: Gottesman Daniel , Lo Hoi-Kwong
Published: March 2007

Cryptography—the art of code-making—has a long history of military and diplomatic applications, dating back to the Babylonians. In World War II, the Allies' feat of breaking the legendary German code Enigma contributed greatly to their final victory. Nowadays, cryptography is becoming increasingly important in commercial applications for electronic business. Sensitive data such as credit card numbers and personal identification numbers (PINs) are routinely transmitted in encrypted form. Quantum mechanics is a new tool for both code-breakers and code-makers in their eternal arms race. It has the potential to revolutionize cryptography both by creating perfectly secure codes and by breaking standard encryption schemes.
Diffusion-Limited Aggregation: A Model for Pattern Formation
Authors: Halsey Thomas C.
Published: March 2007

Nature confronts us at every turn with patterns—whether the stately spiral shapes of galaxies and hurricanes or the beautiful symmetries of snowflakes and silicon. A host of processes can play a role in forming natural patterns, though they usually involve an interaction between the transport and the thermodynamic properties of the matter and radiation involved.
Simple Mechanisms Help Explain Insect Hovering
Authors: Fitzgerald Richard
Published: March 2007

The flapping motion of insect wings is qualitatively different from fixed airplane wings or even the rotation of helicopter blades. It's perhaps not surprising, then, that the quasi-steady-state analysis that works so well for aircraft predict for insects an amount of lift that's insufficient to keep them in the air.
Special Issue: On Physics and National Security
Authors: Drell Sidney D.
Published: March 2007

Fundamental decisions affecting US national policy—be they about health, economics, or national security—are made by duly elected national leaders and are based predominantly, but not exclusively, on their political judgment. These leaders must also have access to solid scientific and technical information to help infrom their decisions. Gaining an understanding of physical and technical realities is crucial to distinguish goals that may be achieved from goals that are wishful thinking.
The Evolving Battlefield
Authors: Foster John S. , Welch Larry D.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, physics and other sciences have contributed extensively to an emerging national-security goal that “for every desired battlefield outcome there should be a precise and well-defined action.”
Science-Based Stockpile Stewardship
Authors: Jeanloz Raymond
Published: March 2007

For the past half century, the ultimate military deterrent for the US has depended on its stockpile of nuclear weapons. Because of technical, military, and political considerations, the decision was made nearly one decade ago, during the administration of President George Bush, that no new designs of nuclear weapons are needed and no nuclear-explosion testing is required for the fore-seeable future. (Such nuclear tests do not include experiments that are either nonexplosive—using a pulsed reactor, for example—or subcritical, involving no self-sustaining nuclear reaction.)
Buckyballs Found to Superconduct at 52 K
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: March 2007

Hole-doped carbon-60 crystals turn out to be better superconductors than their electron-doped cousins. And, if the critical temperature increases as the lattice expands, T c might even exceed 100 K.
Disappearing Atmospheric Neutrinos Don’t Seem to be Turning Sterile
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: March 2007

Super-Kamiokande data strongly disfavor hypothetical sterile neutrinos as partners in the oscillation of neutrinos from cosmic-ray showers.
Does Accelerator-Based Particle Physics Have a Future?
Authors: Tigner Maury
Published: March 2007

We can’t just leave the design of frontier accelerators to the specialists. Inventing clever new ideas requires the same talents that it takes to do experimental physics.
New Printing Technologies Raise Hopes for Cheap Plastic Electronics
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: March 2007

Inkjets and rubber stamps just might replace expensive photolithography steps in the printing of polymer circuits. If so, we may one day read our newspapers off reloadable, flexible plastic sheets.
California Seeds Science Institutes with $300 million
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: March 2007

New nanoscience, wireless communications, and quantitative biology institutes are intended to forge collaboration among scientific disciplines and with industry, as well as fuel California’s future economy.
Superfluid Helium Droplets: An Ultracold Nanolaboratory
Authors: Toennies J. Peter , Vilesov Andrej F. , Whaley K. Birgitta
Published: March 2007

The unique environment in liquid helium droplets opens up new opportunities for molecular spectroscopy and for probing superfluid phenomena on the atomic scale.
Physics for Profit and Fun
Authors: Waymouth John F.
Published: March 2007

Developing products for industry can be intellectually challenging and financially rewarding, but it’s not without its frustrations.
Wolfgang Pauli
Authors: von Meyenn Karl , Schucking Engelbert
Published: March 2007

Max Born thought that Pauli was, perhaps, an even greater scientist than Einstein. “But he was a completely different type of man,” wrote Born, “who, in my eyes, did not attain Einstein’s greatness.”
Researchers Stop, Store, and Retrieve Photons—or at Least the Information They Carry
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: March 2007

How do you hold a moonbeam in your hand? Two research groups at Harvard have found the answer.
Have We Glimpsed ‘New Physics’ in the Muon’s Anomalous Magnetic Moment?
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: March 2007

A g-2 measurement at Brook-haven’s muon storage ring shows a small but tantalizing disagreement with the standard model.
Goldin Maps NASA’s Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Guinnessy Paul
Published: March 2007

With his future as NASA’s chief still uncertain, Goldin insists the agency must continue to take bold risks.
Boehlert Seeks Stronger Voice for Science on Capitol Hill
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

The new House Science Committee chairman is a moderate Republican who is focusing on renewable energy, science education, and environmental issues.
The Physics Job Market: From Bear to Bull in a Decade
Authors: Kirby Kate , Czujko Roman , Mulvey Patrick
Published: March 2007

In their December 1993 Physics Today article, Kirby and Czujko described the job market for young physicists as bleak. What a difference eight years makes!
Half Metallic Magnets
Authors: Pickett Warren E. , Moodera Jagadeesh S.
Published: March 2007

Not to be confused with semiconductors, half metals belong to a new class of materials that look set to play a key role in next-generation electronic devices.
Warming Oceans Appear Linked to Increasing Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: March 2007

An expanded data set for ocean temperatures has enabled climate modelers to compare predicted heating of the ocean to what has been observed over the past 40 years.
Researchers Uncover the Neural Details of How Barn Owls Locate Sound Sources
Authors: Day Charles
Published: March 2007

Barn owls use the neural equivalent of an AND gate to combine time-difference and intensity cues.
The Early Days of Pugwash
Authors: Rotblat Joseph
Published: March 2007

During the height of the cold war, how did prominent Western and Soviet scientists end up in Canada discussing nuclear weapons?
Cosmic Microwave Observations Yield More Evidence of Primordial Inflation
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: March 2007

Whether you look at relics from three minutes after the Big Bang or from 400 000 years later, you find the same meager value for the cosmic abundance of ordinary matter.
Magnetic Forces Need Not Apply: Bose–Einstein Condensates Can Be Made in an Optical Trap
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: March 2007

Researchers have found a way to make a BEC that is quicker, possibly simpler—and applicable to a wider variety of atoms.
Diffusion on Semiconductor Surfaces
Authors: Zandvliet Harold J. W. , Poelsema Bene , Swartzentruber Brian S.
Published: March 2007

Atomic-resolution imaging techniques show that a good deal of surface physics can be understood with elementary statistical mechanics, but some surprisingly complex behaviors occur even in simple systems.
Novel Heavy-Water Detector Unveils the Missing Solar Neutrinos
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: March 2007

Two thirds of the solar neutrinos confidently predicted by models of how the Sun works come to Earth disguised in altered flavors.
Past Science Advisers Counsel Bush Nominee
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

John Marburger’s selection as the presidential science adviser was widely praised within the scientific community, but the importance the administration places on science remains uncertain.
Magnetically Confined Fusion Breaks a Pressure Barrier
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: March 2007

If plasmas can be held at higher pressures, the potential fusion power output is significantly greater.
Convocation at Snowmass Looks into the Future of US High-Energy Physics
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: March 2007

A 500-GeV electron-positron linear collider, most particle physicists believe, should be the next big accelerator.
The Constant yet Ever-Changing Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics
Authors: Roederer Juan G.
Published: March 2007

In this age of globalization, the ICTP continues to stem the brain drain of physicists from developing nations while at the same time responding to new scientific challenges.
Spacecraft Probes the Site of Magnetic Reconnection in Earth’s Magnetotail
Authors: Day Charles
Published: March 2007

For the first time—and quite byy chance—a spacecraft has directly encountered one of the most important energy conversion mechanisms in the solar system.
The Manipulation of Single Biomolecules
Authors: Strick Terence , Allemand Jean-François , Croquette Vincent , Bensimon David
Published: March 2007

By monitoring the response of individual protein and DNA molecules to pulling and twisting, biophysicists can learn much about their structure and their interactions.
As Decision Time Approaches for Radioactive Waste Repository, a Mountain of Issues Still Unresolved
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

The debate over Yucca Mountain has focused mainly on safety concerns thousands of years in the future. The 11 September terrorist attacks are changing the debate and making safety issues more immediate.
AIP Urges Documenting Big Physics for Posterity
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: March 2007

Want your grandchildren to know how you built that satellite? Measured salinity and other properties of the world’s oceans? Discovered the top quark or conducted some other major collaborative project? If so, start thinking now about saving records, says a new report by AlP’s Center for History of Physics.
Physics in a New Era
Authors: Appelquist Thomas , Shapero Donald
Published: March 2007

If physics is to flourish at the threshold of the 21st century, the physics community must respond to the needs of a rapidly changing society.
High-T c Bicrystal Grain Boundaries
Authors: Mannhart Jochen , Chaudhari Praveen
Published: March 2007

Grain boundaries in high-temperature superconductors illustrate the interplay of physics, materials science, and applications in complex materials.
Cornell, Ketterle, and Wieman Share Nobel Prize for Bose–Einstein Condensates
Authors: Levi Barbara G.
Published: March 2007

Macroscopic quantum states of atomic gases, created in 1995, have more than lived up to initial expectations, with journals still bulging with reports of their fascinating behavior.
Security at US Nuclear Power Plants Boosted after Terrorist Attacks
Authors: Guinnessy Paul
Published: March 2007

With the ongoing threat of terrorist attacks, nuclear regulators ponder how to protect the public from a radiation disaster.
CERN Grapples with LHC Cost Hike
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: March 2007

Cutbacks, loans, project slowdown, and new money could all contribute to paying the extra costs of the Large Hadron Collider and to restoring CERN’s reputation.
Acoustic Surgery
Authors: ter Haar Gail
Published: March 2007

Bursts of focused ultrasound energy three orders of magnitude more intense than diagnostic ultrasound are emerging as a noninvasive option for treating cancer and other medical procedures.
Experiment and Theory Combine to Probe the Quantum Chemistry of Molecular Beams
Authors: Day Charles
Published: March 2007

Just as golfers gauge the slope of a green before holing a putt, chemists seeking to predict a reaction’s outcome need to know the potential energy between reactants.
Electron Diffraction by Light, Envisioned 70 Years Ago, Is Observed at Last
Authors: Blau Steven K.
Published: March 2007

A fundamental quantum effect involving the feeble interaction of light with free electrons requires intense lasers for its experimental realization. But that’s just part of the story.
Preserving the Heritage of Discovery
Authors: Weart Spencer
Published: March 2007

In the 40 years since its creation, the Niels Bohr Library has become the world center for preserving the historical record of modern physics and allied fields, and for helping people show this record to the public.
Putting Free-Electron Lasers to Work
Authors: Colson William B. , Johnson Erik D. , Kelley Michael J. , Schwettman H. Alan
Published: March 2007

By making a relativistic electron beam wiggle its way through an array of magnets, one can generate intense coherent light with wavelengths tunable from centimeters to angstroms.
Astronomers Envision Linking World Data Archives
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: March 2007

Virtual observatories could change the sociology of astronomy. But to bring them about, financial, political, technical, and sociological challenges must first be met.
Large Extra Dimensions: A New Arena for Particle Physics
Authors: Arkani-Hamed Nima , Dimopoulos Savas , Dvali Georgi
Published: March 2007

The electroweak unification energy may be the only fundamental scale in nature. If so, new dimensions, black holes, quantum gravity, and string theory will become experimentally accessible in this decade.
Warm Bedrock Forms Water beneath Rapidly Moving Ice Stream in Central Greenland
Authors: Day Charles
Published: March 2007

New measurements hint at the presence of a volcano underneath the Greenland ice sheet.
Ultracold Neutrons Exhibit Quantum States in the Earth’s Gravitational Field
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: March 2007

Quantization imposes a lower limit on the energy of a neutron trapped in a gravitational potential well.
An Energy Recovery Linac Is Seen as a Bright Idea
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: March 2007

Will some future light sources be based on linear accelerators rather than synchrotron storage rings?
Math and Science Suffer in Education Bill
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

The hundreds of millions of federal dollars that in past years supported training of elementary school math and science teachers have been redirected into new math and science partnerships, and the result may be less money for the teachers.
The Puzzle of Global Sea-Level Rise
Authors: Douglas Bruce C. , Peltier W. Richard
Published: March 2007

Measuring the rate of sea level rise over the past century requires modeling the behavior of Earth’s crust over the past 20 000 years.
Skepticism Greets Claim of Bubble Fusion
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: March 2007

Researchers report evidence that fusion has occurred within collapsing bubbles of deuterium-containing vapor. Critics would like to see more definitive proof.
How Fast Could Tyrannosaurus rex Run?
Authors: Fitzgerald Richard
Published: March 2007

A new biomechanics model finds that T. rex lacked large enough leg muscles to run fast.
Sodium Detected in the Atmosphere of an Extrasolar Planet
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: March 2007

As predicted by models, sodium atoms in the atmosphere of a remote planet are abundant enough that researchers have been able to see them. But they’re also scarce enough to prompt some rethinking of the models.
University Research Reactors Compete for DOE Handouts
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: March 2007

Are nuclear science and engineering poised to rebound?
DOE Will Stop Funding Particle Physics at Brookhaven Accelerator
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: March 2007

If AGS funding is restricted to nuclear physics, two ongoing experiments will be abruptly axed.
Terrorism Drives Bush R&D Money to Defense and NIH; Other Science Funding Flat in Fiscal 2003
Authors: Dawson Jim , Guinnessy Paul
Published: March 2007

The physical sciences are an also ran in the Bush administration’s priorities for science spending, but many in Congress hope to restore balance to the government’s science portfolio.
Renewable Energy: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Baldwin Samuel F.
Published: March 2007

After 25 years of dramatic technical progress, renewable energy technologies now have the potential to become major contributors to US and global energy supplies.
Women, and Some Men, Ask Why Women Don’t Flock to Physics
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: March 2007

At the first International Conference on Women in Physics, participants traded stories and statistics and forged personal and professional contacts.
Quantum Cascade Lasers
Authors: Capasso Federico , Gmachl Claire , Sivco Deborah L. , Cho Alfred Y.
Published: March 2007

Band-structure engineering has led to a fundamentally new laser with applications ranging from highly sensitive trace-gas analysis to communications.
Relativity and the Global Positioning System
Authors: Ashby Neil
Published: March 2007

We need general relativity to understand extreme astrophysical realms. But the theory also turns out to be essential for the many mundane activities that nowadays rely on the precision of the GPS.
Science Board Says US Leadership in R&D Strong, but Faces Growing Foreign Competition
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

Federal funding of life sciences at the expense of basic research in the physical sciences and engineering could eventually erode the premier position of US science.
Enrico Fermi in America
Authors: Telegdi Valentine L.
Published: March 2007

Fermi emigrated surreptitiously from fascist Italy by way of Stockholm, where he received the 1938 Nobel Prize. A few days after his arrival in America came the portentous news of uranium fission.
X-Ray Spectrum Challenges Models of Gamma-Ray Bursts
Authors: Blau Steven K.
Published: March 2007

The debate is heating up: Does the progenitor of these powerful explosions collapse in one step or two?
Exploratory Experimentation: Goethe, Land, and Color Theory
Authors: Ribe Neil , Steinle Friedrich
Published: March 2007

The style of investigation exemplified by Goethe’s experiments with color is often undervalued, but has repeatedly proved its worth.
Remotely Sensed Neutrons and Gamma Rays Reveal Ice beneath the Martian Surface
Authors: Day Charles
Published: March 2007

Recent observations could clarify the fate of water that once flowed on Mars.
Recipe for LHC Success: Subtract Other Science, Add Accountability
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: March 2007

CERN has begun implementing accounting and organizational changes and is slashing programs that do not directly support the Large Hadron Collider.
The Early History of Quantum Tunneling
Authors: Merzbacher Eugen
Published: March 2007

Molecular spectra, electron emission from metals, and alpha decay provided fertile ground in the 1920s for applying the new ideas of quantum mechanics.
Inhibition in the Brain Plays a Key Role in Sound Localization
Authors: Fitzgerald Richard
Published: March 2007

New experiments demonstrate that processing interaural timing differences entails more than just delay lines.
Do Atomic Force Microscope Arrays Have the Write Stuff?
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: March 2007

IBM researchers have developed an array of 1024 cantilevers, called Millipede, as a high-density alternative to magnetic recording. Moving across a polymer film, Millipede leaves footprints that encode information.
A Puzzling Increase in Earth’s Oblateness
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: March 2007

Geophysicists and oceanographers are scrambling to explain why the slight bulge around Earth’s equator, which had been slowly shrinking since 1979, abruptly reversed that trend four years ago.
Toward a Synthesis of the Newtonian and Darwinian Worldviews
Authors: Harte John
Published: March 2007

Physicists seek simplicity in universal laws. Ecologists revel in complex interdependencies. A sustainable future for our planet will probably require a look at life from both sides.
Eugene Wigner, Nuclear Engineer
Authors: Weinberg Alvin M.
Published: March 2007

Wigner led the design of the Hanford nuclear reactors and founded a school to teach reactor physics to people working in industry.
Lawrence Berkeley Lab Concludes that Evidence of Element 118 Was a Fabrication
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: March 2007

Finding superheavy element 118 would have been a giant step in the quest for the conjectured island of nuclear stability. But now the claimed discovery is thought to have been part of a pattern of deception by one physicist that goes back to 1994.
The Physics of Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy
Authors: Boyer Arthur L.
Published: March 2007

By spatially varying the intensity of an x-ray beam, IMRT enables careful sculpting of radiation treatments around sensitive tissues.
Treating Cancer with Protons
Authors: Goitein Michael , Lomax Antony J. , Pedroni Eros S.
Published: March 2007

Once an obscure area of academic research, proton therapy is developing into an effective treatment option for use in hospitals.
Physics and Cancer
Authors: Solomon Arthur K.
Published: March 2007

The fundamentals of cancer are the fundamentals of growth. Physics offers biology tools and techniques to attack the disease, but both sciences must work together on the basic problems of growth.
Investigation Finds that One Lucent Physicist Engaged in Scientific Misconduct
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: March 2007

A stunned physics community is asking whether coauthors, institutions, or referees should have caught the misdeeds at an earlier stage.
Beam Balance Helps Settle Down Measurement of the Gravitational Constant
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: March 2007

In recent years, measurements of Newton’s G have been disconcertingly inconsistent. Perhaps the problem is the traditional torsion balance.
Why Do Lobsters Change Color When Cooked?
Authors: Day Charles
Published: March 2007

Innovative crystallographic techniques help solve an intriguing scientific and culinary puzzle.
Germany Reviews Big Physics Projects, Triggers Furor over Spallation Source
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: March 2007

TESLA and a high magnetic field lab are among the projects that got good marks in a German assessment of nine proposed physics facilities that would cost €7 billion total. The European Spallation Source did not fare so well.
President’s Science Council Urges More Money for Physical Sciences, Engineering
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

Citing flat or decreasing federal funding since 1993 in many areas of the physical sciences and engineering, PCAST calls for funding “parity” with the life sciences.
Earthquake–Volcano Interactions
Authors: Hill David P. , Pollitz Fred , Newhall Christopher
Published: March 2007

New measurements, statistical analyses, and models support the conjecture that a large earthquake can trigger subsequent volcanic eruptions over surprisingly long distance and time scales.
Fractional Kinetics
Authors: Sokolov Igor M. , Klafter Joseph , Blumen Alexander
Published: March 2007

It isn’t the calculus we knew: Equations built on fractional derivatives describe the anomalously slow diffusion observed in systems with a broad distribution of relaxation times.
NSF Budget Doubling Stalls, but Increases Likely
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

A last-minute procedural move stopped a Senate bill that would have doubled NSF’s budget in five years.
Duke Beams Hard Gamma Rays, Soft X Rays
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: March 2007

A growing source of gamma rays at Duke has scientists eager to glean insights into nuclear structure and nuclear astrophysics. At the same facility, meanwhile, energies are being edged down toward the biologically significant water window.
Climate Shock: Abrupt Changes over Millennial Time Scales
Authors: Bard Edouard
Published: March 2007

How will Earth’s climate respond to ongoing changes in greenhouse gases and ocean circulation? Answers about the future might be found in the past.
Diederik Korteweg, Pioneer of Criticality
Authors: Sengers Johanna Levelt , Levelt Antonius H. M.
Published: March 2007

Korteweg’s late 19th century studies of van der Waals mixtures anticipated important work to be done in the 20th century, and the types of questions he tackled continue to be of interest.
Early Cosmic-Ray Research in Argentina
Authors: Roederer Juan G.
Published: March 2007

The 1950s were a decade of political and economic difficulties in Argentina. Still, university students could carry out a modest research program.
The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program
Authors: Ackerman Thomas P. , Stokes Gerald M.
Published: March 2007

To predict reliably what increased greenhouse gases will do to global climate, we have to understand the crucial role of clouds.
Browne Leaves Los Alamos Directorship, Perplexed but Resigned
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

As LANL director, John Browne had weathered Wen Ho Lee, wildfires, and lost computer disks, but he couldn’t satisfy DOE concerns over procurement card abuses at the lab and it cost him his job.
Younger Speaks From the Frontline of Defense
Authors: Guinnessy Paul
Published: March 2007

New weapons can be built in record time to defend against terrorism and weapons of mass destruction, says Stephen Younger, the military’s top physicist.
The Asymmetry Between Matter and Antimatter
Authors: Quinn Helen R.
Published: March 2007

Phase transitions and massive-neutrino decay are two processes that could lead to the preponderance of matter in the universe. Either way, the standard model for particle physics will have to be modified.
Mozart and Quantum Mechanics: An Appreciation of Victor Weisskopf
Authors: Gottfried Kurt , Jackson J. David
Published: March 2007

Weisskopf had a rare and harmonious blend of sentiment and intellectual rigor. He liked to say that his favorite occupations were Mozart and quantum mechanics.
The Privilege of Being a Physicist
Authors: Weisskopf Victor F.
Published: March 2007

Because of the central position of science in our civilization, physicists should be deeply concerned with the involvement of science in worldwide cultural and political affairs.
Antineutrinos from Distant Reactors Simulate the Disappearance of Solar Neutrinos
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: March 2007

First results from the Kamland detector in Japan home in on the parameters of solar-neutrino flavor oscillation.
Laser Technique Follows Turbulent Flow in Three Dimensions
Authors: Day Charles
Published: March 2007

Making movies of stirred-up beads illuminates the baffling problem of turbulence.
Overlapping Federal Budgets Confuse the FY 2004 R&D Funding Picture
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

Defense programs and physical sciences see increases in the administration’s fiscal year 2004 budget proposal, but much of the rest of science funding is flat or down.
MacArthur Pumps Funds Into Science Policy Positions
Authors: Guinnessy Paul
Published: March 2007

Next month sees the launch of the greatest expansion of faculty positions for science, technology, and security policy since the end of the cold war.
Microwaves Induce Vanishing Resistance in Two-Dimensional Electron Systems
Authors: Fitzgerald Richard
Published: March 2007

At modest magnetic fields and microwave excitations, the resistance of a 2D semiconductor can oscillate all the way to zero.
US Research Grants Are Critical to Former Soviet Weapons Scientists, but Not a Long-Term Solution
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

Russia and other former Soviet republics inherited a massive nuclear weapons program they could no longer afford. Thousands of former weapons scientists have been subsidized by US grants, but finding them permanent, civilian jobs has proven to be extremely difficult.
Cosmic-Ray Muons Might Help Thwart Transport of Concealed Fissile Material
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: March 2007

Physicists at Los Alamos propose a new kind of surveillance imaging that avails itself of a ubiquitous natural flux of highly penetrating radiation.
Quantum Shot Noise
Authors: Beenakker Carlo , Schönenberger Christian
Published: March 2007

Fluctuations in the flow of electrons can signal the transition from particlelike to wavelike behavior and signify the nature of charge transport in mesoscopic systems.
Post-September 11th Visa Woes Still Plague International Students and Scientists
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

Prospective international students and visiting scientists are facing greater security scrutiny and long delays before obtaining US visas. Those already in the US are being advised not to leave for fear of not being allowed to return.
New Atomic Magnetometer Achieves Subfemtotesla Sensitivity
Authors: Fitzgerald Richard
Published: March 2007

In a field dominated by superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), a rival technique has gotten a boost by operating in a new parameter regime.
Neureiter Increases State Department Science Acumen Through Salesmanship and Outside Experts
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

In an era when many international issues involve science, technology, or the environment, the infusion of scientists into the State Department is leading to better-informed foreign policy decisions. But those decisions are ultimately political, not scientific.
Marie Curie: In the Laboratory and on the Battlefield
Authors: Badash Lawrence
Published: March 2007

This year is the centennial of the Nobel Prize in Physics shared by Henri Becquerel and the Curies for their pioneering work on radioactivity. But Marie Curie’s contribution to the medical use of x rays is not widely known.
Basic Research in the Information Technology Industry
Authors: Theis Thomas N. , Horn Paul M.
Published: March 2007

Why do information technology companies support exploratory research in physics and allied fields? The answer is simple—because of the need to bring new technology quickly to market. Ultimately, even long-term research is all about speed.
Correlated-Electron Physics in Transition-Metal Oxides
Authors: Tokura Yoshinori
Published: March 2007

Interactions among electronic spins, charges, and orbitals account for a rich variety of patterns in some oxides, and—with the advent of new crystal-growth technologies—may form the basis for a new type of electronics.
Intriguing Properties Put Sodium Cobalt Oxide in the Spotlight
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: March 2007

The compound is a good thermoelectric material. In hydrated form, it superconducts. And its structure is a theorist’s dream.
South Dakota Governor Pushes for Underground Lab as Homestake Water Rises
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

NSF officials say approval of a science laboratory in the Homestake mine can come only after a multistep review process that takes “many months to many years.” But a determined Republican governor and South Dakota’s congressional delegation may bring politics to the science.
The Discovery of Rapid Climate Change
Authors: Weart Spencer
Published: March 2007

Only within the past decade have researchers warmed to the possibility of abrupt shifts in Earth’s climate. Sometimes, it takes a while to see what one is not prepared to look for.
A Topological Look at the Quantum Hall Effect
Authors: Avron Joseph E. , Osadchy Daniel , Seiler Ruedi
Published: March 2007

The amazingly precise quantization of Hall conductance in a two-dimensional electron gas can be understood in terms of a topological invariant known as the Chern number.
Astronomers Lobby for New Lease on Hubble’s Life
Authors: Guinnessy Paul
Published: March 2007

Tight budgets, new rules for space shuttle missions since the Columbia disaster, and plans for the James Webb Space Telescope may stymie efforts to extend the life of the Hubble Space Telescope.
What Works for Women in Undergraduate Physics?
Authors: Whitten Barbara L. , Foster Suzanne R. , Duncombe Margaret L.
Published: March 2007

The predominance of men in physics remains a puzzle. To attract talented women and minorities, the culture of college physics needs a makeover.
Where Do Carbon Atoms Reside Within Earth’s Mantle?
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: March 2007

Solubility measurements of carbon in olivine confirm a widely held belief that most carbon is stored in other, less abundant minerals.
Neutron Diffraction Overcomes Flux Limits to Resolve a Large Protein Structure
Authors: Day Charles
Published: March 2007

To demonstrate the effectiveness of neutron diffraction in biology, crystallographers bring neutrons to bear on an important industrial enzyme.
Disappointing Collider Performance and Tight Budgets Confront Fermilab With Tough Decisions
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: March 2007

The goal remains to get the most physics out of the world’s highest-energy accelerator before that title passes to CERN at the end of the decade.
The Growth of Astrophysical Understanding
Authors: Harwit Martin
Published: March 2007

A stroll through three millennia of astronomical speculation and discovery reminds us that inspired guesses are not enough. Progress comes primarily from the introduction of new observational and theoretical tools.
The Business of Academic Physics
Authors: Rigden John S. , Stith James H.
Published: March 2007

A physics education is a solid foundation for a diverse range of careers, but physics students do not know it. It is time they found out, and physics alumnae and alumni can help.
Researchers Achieve Lasing From a Single Trapped Atom
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: March 2007

By combining laser cooling with cavity quantum electrodynamics, researchers have created a laser that works through repeated emission from a single atom.
Light as a Feather: Structural Elements Give Peacock Plumes Their Color
Authors: Blau Steven K.
Published: March 2007

The varied and striking colors of Pavo muticus males arise from differences in the details of nanoscale photonic lattices.
Isotopic Analysis of Teeth and Bones Solves a Mesoamerican Mystery
Authors: Day Charles
Published: March 2007

Natural variations in isotope ratios show up in tooth enamel and can reveal where a person—even an ancient Maya king—spent his earliest years.
NASA Decision Could Break Mauna Kea Outrigger Impasse
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: March 2007

Astronomers in Hawaii and beyond hope that NASA’s environmental impact statement will be a first step toward improving relations with opponents of new telescopes on Mauna Kea—and will bode well for astronomy’s future in Hawaii.
DOE Unveils 20-Year Priority List for Developing 28 Research Facilities
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

The US Department of Energy’s Office of Science required that each proposed facility have a projected cost of at least $50 million, and then assessed each based on the importance of the science it addresses and its readiness to move forward.
Boost-Phase Defense Against Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
Authors: Kleppner Daniel , Lamb Frederick K. , Mosher David E.
Published: March 2007

An American Physical Society study concludes that disabling ICBMs before they release their munitions would be very difficult at best and, in some cases, impractical.
Localizing Energy Through Nonlinearity and Discreteness
Authors: Campbell David K. , Flach Sergej , Kivshar Yuri S.
Published: March 2007

Intrinsic localized modes have been theoretical constructs for more than a decade. Only recently have they been observed in physical systems as distinct as charge-transfer solids, Josephson junctions, photonic structures, and micromechanical oscillator arrays.
Nobel Prize in Physics Honors Theoretical Work on Superconductivity and Superfluidity
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: March 2007

Each of the three recipients contributed in a different way to the understanding of frictionless flow, be it in a system of electrons or of helium-3 atoms.
Lauterbur and Mansfield Awarded Nobel Medicine Prize for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: March 2007

The laureates made seminal contributions to the evolution of nuclear magnetic resonance from a spectroscopists’ tool to a powerful, noninvasive technique for medical imaging.
Ambitious Earth Sciences Project Aims to Crack Mysteries of Continents
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: March 2007

A major US investment in Earth sciences launches a multipronged program to probe the planet from crust to core.
MIT Study Sees Nuclear Power as Green Weapon Against Global Warming
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

Although the public doesn’t yet view nuclear power as a way to mitigate global warming, an MIT study says a global tripling of nuclear power generation could avoid nearly 2 billion tonnes of carbon emissions annually.
Antievolutionists Lose Critical Fight in Texas Textbook Decision
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

The jury is still out on San Pedro Mártir’s becoming a major ground-based astronomy site, but it’s in the running thanks to its clear skies, proximity to the US, and other scientific and political virtues.
Imaging Electron Flow
Authors: Topinka Mark A. , Westervelt Robert M. , Heller Eric J.
Published: March 2007

New scanning probe techniques provide fascinating glimpses into the detailed behavior of semiconductor devices in the quantum regime.
Stern and Gerlach: How a Bad Cigar Helped Reorient Atomic Physics
Authors: Friedrich Bretislav , Herschbach Dudley
Published: March 2007

The history of the Stern–Gerlach experiment reveals how persistence, accident, and luck can sometimes combine in just the right ways.
Civilian R&D Sees Only Modest Increases as FY 2004 Funding Flows to Defense, Homeland Security
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

Doubling the NSF budget in five years remains just a hope. Efforts by the science community to boost funding for the US Department of Energy’s Office of Science generated enthusiasm, but little money.
Muons May Unlock Secrets of Teotihuacan
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: March 2007

If tombs are discovered in the Pyramid of the Sun, they could shed light on the governing style in the ancient city of Teotihuacan, Mexico.
Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics Comes of Age
Authors: DeTar Carleton , Gottlieb Steven
Published: March 2007

Quantum chromodynamics is the elegant but notoriously intractable theory of the strong interactions. Recent advances in numerical computer simulation are beginning to reveal, in impressive detail, what the theory predicts.
New Algorithm Speeds Up Computer Simulations of Complex Fluids
Authors: Day Charles
Published: March 2007

Previously intractable systems are now within the modeler’s grasp, thanks to an approach adapted from the study of lattice spin systems.
National Academies Report Turns Up the Pressure for Large Facility Reform at NSF
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

NSF created a major research equipment and facilities construction account in 1995 to better manage large scientific facilities, but that hasn’t quelled concerns about both the selection process and ongoing oversight of such projects.
New Frontiers in Quantum Information With Atoms and Ions
Authors: Cirac J. Ignacio , Zoller Peter
Published: March 2007

Both the precision control of trapped-ion systems and very large samples of cold neutral atoms are opening important new possibilities for quantum computation and simulation.
The Cosmological Constant Problem
Authors: Banks Thomas
Published: March 2007

Quantum gravity may force theoretical physicists to rethink one of the great conundrums in modern physics.
Strongly Correlated Materials: Insights From Dynamical Mean-Field Theory
Authors: Kotliar Gabriel , Vollhardt Dieter
Published: March 2007

Materials with correlated electrons exhibit some of the most intriguing phenomena in condensed matter physics. A new theoretical framework is now allowing theorists to calculate the electronic structure of these materials, which can exist in a rich variety of phases.
Bush Administration Accused of Misusing Science
Authors: Dawson Jim , Guinnessy Paul
Published: March 2007

An independent science group claims to have documented scores of cases of scientific manipulation and abuse throughout the federal government.
Special Report: Bush R&D Budget Remains Focused on War, Terrorism, and Security in FY 2005; Civilian R&D Funding Flat
Authors: Dawson Jim , Guinnessy Paul
Published: March 2007

The administration is proposing another record-setting R&D budget that is $5.5 billion more than last year. But the entire increase would go to Pentagon weapons systems and homeland security programs.
Special Issue: The Kuiper Belt
Authors: Brown Michael E.
Published: March 2007

The hundreds of objects lying beyond Neptune’s orbit provide data that enable scientists to trace the history of the outer planets. They also present an intriguing mystery.
Light’s Orbital Angular Momentum
Authors: Padgett Miles , Courtial Johannes , Allen Les
Published: March 2007

The realization that light beams can have quantized orbital angular momentum in addition to spin angular momentum has led, in recent years, to novel experiments in quantum mechanics and new methods for manipulating microparticles
Conversations on Nonequilibrium Physics With an Extraterrestrial
Authors: Ruelle David
Published: March 2007

Nonequilibrium systems come in many varieties, and a number of not-yet-reconciled mathematical approaches can be applied to them
Bending Nature’s Rules to Pattern Nanostructures on Sticky Surfaces
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: March 2007

Researchers form patterned nanowires by adapting a versatile technique used to self-assemble clusters on surfaces.
Reversing Light With Negative Refraction
Authors: Pendry John B. , Smith David R.
Published: March 2007

Materials engineered to have negative permittivity and permeability demonstrate exotic behavior, from a negative refractive index to subwavelength focusing.
Gravitational Lenses
Authors: Koopmans Leon V. E. , Blandford Roger D.
Published: March 2007

The bending of light reveals information about dark energy, dark matter, and black holes.
Science Board Warns of Uncertain Future for US Science and Engineering Leadership
Authors: Dawson Jim
Published: March 2007

The diminishing level of “native talent” entering science and engineering in the US is one of several factors that could significantly limit the country’s R&D leadership.
Basic Choices and Constraints on Long-Term Energy Supplies
Authors: Weisz Paul B.
Published: March 2007

Population growth and energy demand are exhausting the world’s fossil energy supplies, some on the timescale of a single human lifespan. Increasingly, sharing natural resources will require close international cooperation, peace, and security.
Novices and Nobelists Gather in Lindau
Authors: Benka Stephen G.
Published: March 2007

The global face of science had lots of smiles at an unusual annual meeting in Germany, on the shores of Lake Constance.
Removing Nodes in a Network Can Protect Against Cascading Failures
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: March 2007

Can a mathematical idealization of network behavior be adapted to real systems?
A TeV Linear Collider
Authors: Hinchliffe Ian , Battaglia Marco
Published: March 2007

An accelerator capable of colliding electrons with positrons at energies approaching a trillion electron volts tops the particle physicists’ wish list. It would have to be 30 kilometers long.
Intense X-Shaped Pulses of Light Propagate Without Spreading in Water and Other Dispersive Media
Authors: Day Charles
Published: March 2007

The nonlinear interaction of light with matter can imbue optical pulses with surprising and potentially useful properties.
NASA Bows to Pressure to Save Hubble
Authors: Guinnessy Paul
Published: March 2007

In a turnaround, NASA may extend the life of the Hubble Space Telescope by servicing it robotically. But doubts remain over the feasibility of such a mission, and over how NASA would pay for it.
Were Fundamental Constants Different in the Past?
Authors: Olive Keith A. , Qian Yong-Zhong
Published: March 2007

Atomic physics, nuclear physics, and cosmology enable physicists to probe changes in the fine-structure constant over time scales ranging from a few years to nearly the age of the universe.
Shallow-Water Acoustics
Authors: Kuperman William A. , Lynch James F.
Published: March 2007

Extracting a signal from noise can be complicated, especially along a coastline filled with marine life, shipping lanes, undersea waves, shelves, and fronts that scatter sound.
Three Newly Discovered Exoplanets Have Masses Comparable to Neptune’s
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: March 2007

Unlike Neptune and Uranus, the ice giants of our solar system, the new planets may be rocky “super-earths.”
Detecting Illicit Radioactive Sources
Authors: McDonald Joseph C. , Coursey Bert M. , Carter Michael
Published: March 2007

Drawing on technologies from fields as diverse as space physics and nuclear medicine, scientists are fast developing instruments to search for material that terrorists might use to fashion dirty bombs or a nuclear device.
Magnetoresistive Tunnel Junctions Look Ever More Promising for Magnetic Random Access Memory
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: March 2007

Replacing an amorphous insulating barrier with a crystalline barrier has produced a threefold increase in the room-temperature magnetoresistance
Thermodynamics Explains the Symmetry of Spherical Viruses
Authors: Day Charles
Published: March 2007

The protective coats of certain viruses exhibit structures predetermined by mathematics and selected by physics
The Hydrogen Economy
Authors: Crabtree George W. , Dresselhaus Mildred S. , Buchanan Michelle V.
Published: March 2007

If the fuel cell is to become the modern steam engine, basic research must provide breakthroughs in understanding, materials, and design to make a hydrogen-based energy system a vibrant and competitive force
Transforming the Electric Infrastructure
Authors: Gellings Clark W. , Yeager Kurt E.
Published: March 2007

If the electric power grid is to meet 21st-century demands, society will need to invest in extensive modernization
The German Physical Society Under National Socialism
Authors: Hoffmann Dieter , Walker Mark
Published: March 2007

The history of the German Physical Society from 1933 to 1945 is not the same as a comprehensive history of physics under Adolf Hitler, but it does reflect important aspects of physicists’ work and life during the Third Reich