bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inferential and forward projection modeling to evaluate options for controlling invasive mammals on islands
Authors: Anderson D. P. , McMurtrie P. , Edge K.‐A. , Baxter P. W. J. , Byrom A. E.
Published: August 2016

Successful pest‐mammal eradications from remote islands have resulted in important biodiversity benefits. Near‐shore islands can also serve as refuges for native biota but require ongoing effort to maintain low‐pest or pest‐free status. Three management options are available in the presence of reinvasion risk: (1) control‐to‐zero density, in which immigration may occur but reinvaders are removed; (2) sustained population suppression (to relatively low numbers); or (3) no action. Biodiversity benefits can result from options one and two. The management challenge is to make evidence‐based decisions on the selection of an appropriate objective and to identify a financially feasible control strategy that has a high probability of success. This requires understanding the pest species population dynamics and how it will respond to a range of potential management strategies, each with an associated financial cost. We developed a two‐stage modeling approach that consisted of (1) Bayesian inferential modeling to estimate parameters for a model of pest population dynamics and control, and (2) a forward projection model to simulate a range of plausible management scenarios and quantify the probability of obtaining zero density within four years. We applied the model to an ongoing, six‐year trapping program to control stoats (Mustela erminea) on Resolution Island, New Zealand. Zero density has not yet been achieved. Results demonstrate that management objectives were impeded by a combination of a highly fecund population, insufficient trap attractiveness, and a substantial proportion of the population that did not enter traps. Immigration is known to occur because the founding population arrived on the island by swimming from the mainland. However, immigration rate during this study was indistinguishable from zero. The forward projection modeling showed that control‐to‐zero density was feasible but required greater than a two‐fold budget increase to intensify the trapping rate relative to population growth. The two‐stage modeling provides the foundation for a management program in which broad‐scale trials of additional trapping effort or improved trap lures would test model predictions and increase our understanding of system dynamics.
A Ru(bipyridine)3[PF6]2 Complex with a Rhodamine Unit – Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Application in Acid‐Controllable Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion
Authors: Cui Xiaoneng , Zhao Jianzhang , Karatay Ahmet , Yaglioglu Halime Gul , Hayvali Mustafa , Küçüköz Betül
Published: August 2016

A ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine)–rhodamine triad was prepared to control the triplet‐state properties with external stimuli (acid). The rhodamine moiety is an acid‐responsive module, and the RuII coordination center is responsible for triplet‐state formation upon photoexcitation. Through steady‐state UV/Vis absorption and luminescence spectroscopy, electrochemical characterization, and nanosecond/femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, we found that the dyad gives a quenched triplet metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer (3MLCT) excited state (lifetime τT = 103.6 ns vs. τT = 1.58 µs) in the absence of acid, owing to a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process. In the presence of acid, the rhodamine unit transforms reversibly from the spirolactam structure into the open‐amide structure; thus, the PET is inhibited, the triplet‐state lifetime (5.70 µs) is prolonged, and the T1 state is relocated to the rhodamine unit. This is the first time that the fundamental triplet‐excited‐state properties of a RuII complex, that is, the triplet lifetime and localization, have been controlled simultaneously. Intramolecular singlet–triplet energy transfer and triplet–triplet energy transfer (TTET, 3MLCT→3IL) were observed for the triad in the femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption spectra, respectively. The dyad was used for acid‐controllable triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion.
Performance Evaluation of a Platinum‐Free Microscale Alkaline Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell Operating for Long Periods
Authors: Miller Hamish A. , Wang Lianqin , Bellini Marco , Filippi Jonathan , Marchionni Andrea , Folliero Maria G. , Lavacchi Alessandro , Pagliaro Maria V. , Vizza Francesco
Published: August 2016

Direct fuel cells such as those fed with ethanol (DEFCs) that employ anion exchange membranes can use non‐platinum catalysts, which greatly reduces their system costs. In this study, we describe a passive air‐breathing monoplanar alkaline DEFC equipped with a nanostructured carbon‐supported anode (Pd) and cathode (FeCo) electrocatalysts. This DEFC was able to supply up to 30 mW cm−2 of peak electrical power density and was able to provide an almost constant amount of power at 1 mA cm−2 load for 3 months at room temperature. After such long periods of functioning at constant load, no degradation (physical or electrochemical) of the Pd‐based anode catalyst was observed.
Spatial and temporal variability of temperature, precipitation, and streamflow in upper Sang‐kan basin, China
Authors: Zhang L. , Karthikeyan R. , Bai Z. , Wang J.
Published: August 2016

Temporal streamflow variability in an inland hydrologic station and temporal trends and frequency changes at three weather stations in a semiarid river basin located in Loess Plateau, China, were detected by using linear regression, Mann–Kendall analysis, and wavelet transform methods. Double cumulative curve and ordered clustering were used to identify the hydrological periods of upper Sang‐kan (USK) basin between 1957 and 2012. The results indicate that (1) precipitation in the USK basin over the study period did not show any trend, while the temperature showed a significant increase; (2) streamflow flowing out of the USK basin indicated a significant decrease; (3) two distinct hydrological periods – the ‘natural period’ from 1957 to 1984 and the ‘human impact period’ from 1985 to 2012 – were present; and (4) the contributions of climate change and human activities to reduce the streamflow were 36.9% and 63.1% respectively. The results indicate that human activities may be contributing to a decrease in streamflow in the USK basin. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amalgamated Reference Data for Size-Adjusted Bone Densitometry Measurements in 3598 Children and Young Adults—the ALPHABET Study
Authors: Crabtree Nicola J , Shaw Nicholas J , Bishop Nicholas J , Adams Judith E , Mughal M Zulf , Arundel Paul , Fewtrell Mary S , Ahmed S Faisal , Treadgold Laura A , Högler Wolfgang , Bebbington Natalie A , Ward Kate A ,   on behalf of the ALPHABET Study Team
Published: August 2016

The increasing use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in children has led to the need for robust reference data for interpretation of scans in daily clinical practice. Such data need to be representative of the population being studied and be “future-proofed” to software and hardware upgrades. The aim was to combine all available pediatric DXA reference data from seven UK centers to create reference curves adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and body size to enable clinical application, using in vivo cross-calibration and making data back and forward compatible. Seven UK sites collected data on GE Lunar or Hologic Scanners between 1996 and 2012. Males and females aged 4 to 20 years were recruited (n = 3598). The split by ethnic group was white 2887; South Asian 385; black Afro-Caribbean 286; and mixed heritage 40. Scans of the total body and lumbar spine (L1 to L4) were obtained. The European Spine Phantom was used to cross-calibrate the 7 centers and 11 scanners. Reference curves were produced for L1 to L4 bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) and total body less head (TBLH) and L1 to L4 areal bone mineral density (aBMD) for GE Lunar Prodigy and iDXA (sex- and ethnic-specific) and for Hologic (sex-specific). Regression equations for TBLH BMC were produced using stepwise linear regression. Scans of 100 children were randomly selected to test backward and forward compatibility of software versions, up to version 15.0 for GE Lunar and Apex 4.1 for Hologic. For the first time, sex- and ethnic-specific reference curves for lumbar spine BMAD, aBMD, and TBLH aBMD are provided for both GE Lunar and Hologic scanners. These curves will facilitate interpretation of DXA data in children using methods recommended in ISCD guidelines. The databases have been created to allow future updates and analysis when more definitive evidence for the best method of fracture prediction in children is agreed. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Electro‐generation of NaOH–H2SO4 and simultaneous degradation of Acid orange 7 fromNa2SO4‐containing wastewater by Ti/IrO2 electrodes
Authors: Feng Jinxi , Lan Shenyu , Yao Chunyang , Xiong Ya , Tian Shuanghong
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND

Electro‐generation of NaOH and H2SO4 with organic compound‐free Na2SO4 wastewater has been known for many years, but actually, lots of Na2SO4 wastewater contains organic pollutants, such as black liquor, dyeing and sulphonating wastewater etc., therefore, there is a strong demand for investigations on performance and effect of the organic pollutants in electrochemically splitting Na2SO4 into H2SO4 and NaOH from these wastewaters.

RESULTS

Co‐electrolysis of Na2SO4 (1.13 mol L−1) and AO7 (50 ∼ 500 mg L−1) was investigated in a diaphragm cell with IrO2‐coated Ti electrodes. It was found that the concentrations of the resulting NaOH and H2SO4 could remain at about 0.73 mol L−1 and 0.36 mol L−1, respectively, although the COD removal was increased from 50.3 mg L−1 to 166.3 mg L−1 with the increase of AO7 concentration, for 120 min.

CONCLUSION

In a diaphragm cell with IrO2‐coated Ti electrodes, NaOH and H2SO4 could be effectively generated, and simultaneously, AO7 could also be degraded for the wastewater containing Na2SO4 and AO7. Interestingly, the electro‐generation of NaOH and H2SO4 was not significantly affected by the occurrence and degradation of AO7 in the range 0–500 mg L−1. The phenomenon of constant acid–base yield contributed to the independence of the main acid‐generating reactions on the electro‐oxidation of AO7. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Transport properties and morphology of CHI/PSS multilayered microfiltration membranes for the low pressure filtration of amino acids
Authors: Mathew Jissy , Gopalakrishnan Akhil , Aravindakumar Charuvila T , Aravind Usha K
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND

As amino acids provide a green feedstock for the synthesis of chemicals, their isolation through low energy route sounds encouraging.

RESULTS

The changes in the permeation characteristics of microfiltration (MF) membranes with the deposition of a few bilayers of chitosan (CHI) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) for the low pressure filtration (∼0.69 bar) of selected amino acids glycine, histidine, lysine and aspartic acid is reported here. Glycine, with minimal electrostatic interaction with the multilayer film, is almost completely transmitted. Among the basic amino acids, lysine was isolated to a larger extent at both pI (pH 9.5, 7 bilayer, 67.8%) and below pI (pH 5, 7 bilayer, 96.4%). Aspartic acid was also isolated at both feed pHs (pH 5, 93.6%). Donnan effects operate in a different manner in both cases. At pH 5, lysine is adsorbed to the membrane as counter ions, whereas aspartic acid is excluded as co‐ion from the film. The morphological features of membranes are illustrated through histogram, skewness, and Minkowski measures using AFM.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study brings forward the possibility of cutting down the filtration pressure to a lower value for the isolation of small molecules like amino acids by water based coating of a few bilayers on MF membranes. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
An epitope‐imprinted piezoelectric diagnostic tool for Neisseria meningitidis detection
Authors: Gupta Neha , Shah Kavita , Singh Meenakshi
Published: August 2016

Neisseria meningitidis, a human‐specific bacterial pathogen causes bacterial meningitis by invading the meninges (outer lining) of central nervous system. It is the polysaccharide present on the bacterial capsid that distinguishes various serogroups of N. meningitidis and can be utilized as antigens to elicit immune response. A computational approach identified candidate T‐cell epitopes from outer membrane proteins Por B of N. meningitidis (MC58): (273KGLVDDADI282 in loop VII and 170GRHNSESYH179 in loop IV) present on the exposed surface of immunogenic loops of class 3 outer membrane proteins allele of N. meningitidis. One of them, KGLVDDADI is used here for designing a diagnostic tool via molecularly imprinted piezoelectric sensor (molecularly imprinted polymer‐quartz crystal microbalance) for N. meningitidis strain MC58. Methacrylic acid, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and azoisobutyronitrile were used as functional monomer, cross‐linker and initiator, respectively. The epitope can be simultaneously bound to methacrylic acid and fitted into the shape‐selective cavities. On extraction of epitope sequence from thus grafted polymeric film, shape‐selective and sensitive sites were generated on electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance crystal, ie, known as epitope imprinted polymers. Imprinting was characterized by atomic force microscopy images. The epitope‐imprinted sensor was able to selectively bind N. meningitidis proteins present in blood serum of patients suffering from brain fever. Thus, fabricated sensor can be used as a diagnostic tool for meningitis disease.
Antiviral activity of Thiosemicarbazones derived from α‐amino acids against Dengue virus
Authors: Padmanabhan Padmapriya , Khaleefathullah Sheriff , Kaveri Krishansamy , Palani Gunasekaran , Ramanathan Giriprasath , Thennarasu Sathiah , Tirichurapalli Sivagnanam Uma
Published: August 2016

The endemicity and seasonal outbreaks of Dengue disease in most tropical and subtropical countries underscores an urgent need to develop effective prevention and control measures. Development of a Dengue vaccine, which is complicated by the Antibody Dependent Enhancement effect (ADE), a viral inhibitor, seems prudent as it would inhibit the spread of the virus. In vitro methods such as MTT assay and plaque formation unit reduction assays were employed for screening the viral inhibitory property of α‐amino acid based Thiosemicarbazides. The results elicits that at concentrations not exceeding the maximum non cytotoxic concentration (MNCC), these compounds completely prevented Dengue virus infection in vero cells as indicated by the absence of cytopathic effects in a dose‐dependent manner. The high potency of Bz‐Trp‐TSC against all four types of Dengue virus infection elevates Thiosemicarbazide as a lead antiviral agent for Dengue disease. Screening small molecules for antiviral activity against the most rapidly spreading mosquito‐borne viral disease is being explored by several research groups. Our findings would help to augment the efforts to identify the lead compounds for antiviral therapy to combat the Dengue disease. J. Med. Virol. 89:546–552, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatial reconstruction of Scottish summer temperatures from tree rings
Authors: Rydval Miloš , Gunnarson Björn E. , Loader Neil J. , Cook Edward R. , Druckenbrod Daniel L. , Wilson Rob
Published: August 2016

A detailed understanding of past temporal patterns and spatial expression of temperature variations is important to place recent anthropogenic climate change into a longer term context. In order to fill the current gap in our understanding of northwest European temperature variability, point‐by‐point principal component regression was used to reconstruct a spatial field of 0.5° temperature grids across Scotland. A sequence of reconstructions utilizing several combinations of detrending and disturbance correction procedures, and a selection of tree‐ring parameters [including ring width (RW), maximum latewood density (MXD) and blue intensity (BI)] was used in an evaluation of reconstruction skill. The high resolution of the reconstructed field serves also as a diagnostic tool to spatially assess the temperature reconstruction potential of local chronologies. Best reconstruction results, reaching calibration r2 = 65.8% and verification r2 = 63.7% in central Scotland over the 1901–1976 period, were achieved using disturbance‐corrected and signal‐free detrended RW chronologies merged with BI data after low‐pass (high‐pass) filtering the RW (BI) chronologies. Calibration and verification r2 > 50% was attained for central, north and east Scotland, >40% in west and northwest, and >30% in southern Scotland with verification of nearly all grids showing some reconstruction skill. However, the full calibration potential of reconstructions outside central Scotland was reduced either due to residual disturbance trends undetected by the disturbance correction procedure or due to other climatic or non‐climatic factors which may have adversely affected the strength of the climate signal.
The memory of ENSO revisited by a 2‐factor Gegenbauer process
Authors: Lustig Audrey , Charlot Philippe , Marimoutou Vêlayoudom
Published: August 2016

This article specifies a multi‐factor long memory process, namely Gegenbauer process, particularly adapted for data with slow damping correlations and cyclical patterns, and explores the use of this representation in the inter‐annual climate variability range capture by indices of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The empirical results suggest that sea surface temperature (SST) indices are stationary long memory processes. It is found that the indices in the eastern and central Pacific exhibit different dynamics. The variability of the eastern equatorial Pacific SST indices (Niño 1 − 2 and Niño 3) is characterized by a large component of long‐memory behaviour associated with the quasi‐biennial and the semi‐annual frequency. In contrast, the variability of the central Pacific SST indices (Niño 3.4 and Niño 4) is characterized by a large component of long‐memory behaviour associated with the annual and the semi‐annual frequency. These results are consistent with recent studies that suggest that ENS0 SST anomalies in the equatorial Pacific can be considered to consist of two processes. The use of Gegenbauer processes can be considered as an alternative competitive procedure in the analysis of cyclical long memory climatological time series from a different time series perspective.
Comparison of redox potential dynamics in a diked marsh soil: 1990 to 1993 versus 2011 to 2014
Authors: Dorau Kristof , Mansfeldt Tim
Published: August 2016

As revealed by an earlier study, young diked marsh soils on the west coast of Schleswig‐Holstein (Germany) are characterized by pronounced redox potential (EH) dynamics. Since soil forming processes occur over a short period of time in these man‐made environments, the impact of pedogenesis on EH was examined by comparing the EH dynamics measured from November 1989 to October 1993 (weekly measurements) with those measured from November 2010 to October 2014 (hourly measurements) at the same study site in Polder Speicherkoog, Northern Germany. In addition, the necessity for high resolution EH measurements was assessed as well as the impact of climate change on EH. Redox potentials were determined in both monitoring campaigns with permanently installed platinum electrodes at 10, 30, 60, 100, and 150 cm soil depths. Soil properties were determined in November 1989 and in August 2013. In 24 years of soil formation, bulk density was demonstrated to increase by 28.5% and 33.3% in 10 and 20 cm depths, respectively, and the sulfide‐bearing Protothionic horizon lowered from 105 to 135 cm below surface level. Overall, EH dynamics were similar at all soil depths during both study periods with topsoil compaction not affecting EH. Annual alterations of EH were primarily driven by the variable climatic water balance (CWB) and by the corresponding water table (WT) fluctuations. These fluctuations resulted in occasional aeration of the subsoil and subsequent oxidation of sulfides. A forecast of CWB to 2100 predicts an intensified WT drawdown by elevated evapotranspiration rates that should amplify sulfide oxidation. To deduce the soil redox status on a seasonal or annual scale, readings taken at daily intervals are sufficient. To identify biogeochemical processes, it is necessary to monitor EH on an hourly basis because increases in EH values of up to 540 mV have been observed within a 24 hour period in temporarily waterlogged horizons.
Influence of boiling heat transfer and phase transformations on the deformation of a steel tube during quenching by impinging water jets
Authors: Devynck S. , Denis S. , Bellot J.‐P. , Benard T. , Gradeck M.
Published: August 2016

To understand how tube bending occurs during the quenching by a water jet, an experimental device has been designed to measure heat transfer, tube bending and to visualize the hydrodynamics of the liquid jet during the cooling of a hot steel tube (grade: 42CrMo4, length: 500 mm, diameter: 76 mm, thickness: 6 mm). The bending resulting from the thermal gradients and phase transformations inside the tube is also measured all along its cooling. Knowing the heat transfer at the wall as a function of the wall surface temperature allowed us to compute the time evolution of temperature, phase transformations and deformations using SYSWELD code. This coupled analysis allows us to better understand why bending can occur in industrial processes.
Complement of gradient estimates and Liouville theorems for nonlinear parabolic equations on noncompact Riemannian manifolds
Authors: Wang Wen
Published: August 2016

In this paper, along the idea of Souplet and Zhang, we deduce a local elliptic‐type gradient estimates for positive solutions of the nonlinear parabolic equation:

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma4121:mma4121-math-0002
on
for α ≥ 1 and α ≤ 0. As applications, related Liouville‐type theorem is exported. Our results are complement of known results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iterative scheme for a coupled system of fractional‐order differential equations with three‐point boundary conditions
Authors: Shah Kamal , Khan Rahmat Ali
Published: August 2016

We investigate sufficient conditions for existence of multiple solutions to a coupled system of fractional‐order differential equations with three‐point boundary conditions. By coupling the method of upper and lower solutions together with the method of monotone iterative technique, we develop conditions for iterative solutions. Based on these conditions, we study maximal and minimal solutions to the problem under consideration. We also study error estimates and provide an example. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond polyconvexity: an existence result for a class of quasiconvex hyperelastic materials
Authors: Schneider Matti
Published: August 2016

This article contains an existence result for a class of quasiconvex stored energy functions satisfying the material non‐interpenetrability condition, which primarily obstructs applying classical techniques from the vectorial calculus of variations to nonlinear elasticity. The fundamental concept of reversibility serves as the starting point for a theory of nonlinear elasticity featuring the basic duality inherent to the Eulerian and Lagrangian points of view. Motivated by this concept, split‐quasiconvex stored energy functions are shown to exhibit properties, which are very alluding from a mathematical point of view. For instance, any function with finite energy is automatically a Sobolev homeomorphism; existence of minimizers can be readily established and first variation formulae hold. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elevated FGF 21 in myotonic dystrophy type 1 and mitochondrial diseases
Authors: Lovadi Emese , Csereklyei Márta , Merkli Hajnalka , FüLöp Krisztina , Sebők Ágnes , Karcagi Veronika , Komoly Sámuel , Pál Endre
Published: August 2016

Introduction: Human fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism. It is expressed in skeletal muscle and may be a sensitive and specific marker for mitochondrial diseases and other neuromuscular disorders. Methods: Serum FGF21 levels were determined in 71 human samples. Thirty patients with mitochondrial disease, 16 patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), 5 patients with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy, and 20 healthy controls were enrolled. Results Serum FGF21 levels were significantly elevated in patients with progressive external ophthalmoplegia and DM1 compared with patients with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy, other types of mitochondrial diseases, and controls. In the mitochondrial disorder group, serum FGF21 levels were related to the number of ragged blue fibers. Significant insulin resistance was found in DM1 that might be responsible for FGF21 elevation. Conclusions FGF21 elevation may be associated with certain types of mitochondrial disease, and it is influenced by insulin resistance. Muscle Nerve 55: 564–569, 2017
Detailed analysis of adverse events and surgical interventions in a large prospective trial of sacral neuromodulation therapy for overactive bladder patients
Authors: Noblett Karen , Benson Kevin , Kreder Karl
Published: August 2016

Introduction

The InSite trial is a prospective, multicenter study of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) therapy with the InterStim® System in subjects with overactive bladder (OAB). One of the primary aims of the study is to report on long‐term safety of the tined lead. This analysis provides detailed descriptions of device‐related adverse events (AEs) and surgical interventions to 12 months.

Methods

Analysis included those subjects who completed test stimulation with a tined lead, received a full implant, and reported device‐related AEs out to 12 months. A Clinical Events Committee (CEC) adjudicated AEs to 12 months.

Results

Device‐related AEs occurred in 30% (82/272) of subjects, with only one considered serious. Fifty‐six percent of the device‐related AEs occurred between implant and 3 months. The most frequent device‐related AEs were undesirable change in stimulation (12%, 32/272); implant site pain (7%, 20/272); and implant site infection (3%, 9/272). Of the 26 events of implant site pain, 13 required surgical intervention, with only two resulting in explant. Ten subjects experienced 13 events of a surgical site infection (including an additional cellulitis), five of which resolved with antibiotics and eight required explantation. The overall surgical intervention rate was 13% with the most common reasons being pain at the surgical site (4%), lack/loss of efficacy (4%), and infection (3%).

Conclusions

Although a 30% AE rate was reported, most AEs were minor and were resolved without surgical intervention. Surgical intervention was required in 13% of subjects, with the majority being revision or replacement. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:1136–1139, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An intravoxel oriented flow model for diffusion‐weighted imaging of the kidney
Authors: Hilbert Fabian , Bock Maximilian , Neubauer Henning , Veldhoen Simon , Wech Tobias , Bley Thorsten Alexander , Köstler Herbert
Published: August 2016

By combining intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) we introduce a new diffusion model called intravoxel oriented flow (IVOF) that accounts for anisotropy of diffusion and the flow‐related signal. An IVOF model using a simplified apparent flow fraction tensor (IVOFf) is applied to diffusion‐weighted imaging of human kidneys.

The kidneys of 13 healthy volunteers were examined on a 3 T scanner. Diffusion‐weighted images were acquired with six b values between 0 and 800 s/mm2 and 30 diffusion directions. Diffusivity and flow fraction were calculated for different diffusion models. The Akaike information criterion was used to compare the model fit of the proposed IVOFf model to IVIM and DTI.

In the majority of voxels the proposed IVOFf model with a simplified apparent flow fraction tensor performs better than IVIM and DTI. Mean diffusivity is significantly higher in DTI compared with models that account for the flow‐related signal. The fractional anisotropy of diffusion is significantly reduced when flow fraction is considered to be anisotropic. Anisotropy of the apparent flow fraction tensor is significantly higher in the renal medulla than in the cortex region.

The IVOFf model describes diffusion‐weighted data in the human kidney more accurately than IVIM or DTI. The apparent flow fraction in the kidney proved to be anisotropic.
Availability‐driven optimal design of shared path protection in WDM networks
Authors: Tarifeño‐Gajardo Marco , Beghelli Alejandra , Moreno Eduardo
Published: August 2016

Availability, defined as the fraction of time a network service is operative, is a key network service parameter. Dedicated protection increases availability but also the cost. Shared protection instead decreases the cost, but also the availability. In this article, we formulate and solve an integer linear programming (ILP) model for the problem of minimizing the backup resources required by a shared‐protected static optical network whilst guaranteeing an availability target per connection. The main research challenge is dealing with the nonlinear expression for the availability constraint. Taking the working/backup routes and the availability requirements as input data, the ILP model identifies the set of connections sharing backup resources in any given network link. We also propose a greedy heuristic to solve large instances in much shorter time than the ILP model with low levels of relative error (2.49% average error in the instances studied) and modify the ILP model to evaluate the impact of wavelength conversion. Results show that considering availability requirements can lead up to 56.4% higher backup resource requirements than not considering them at all, highlighting the importance of availability requirements in budget estimation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 68(3), 224–237 2016
Robust shape and topology optimization considering geometric uncertainties with stochastic level set perturbation
Authors: Zhang Wenbo , Kang Zhan
Published: August 2016

When geometric uncertainties arising from manufacturing errors are comparable with the characteristic length or the product responses are sensitive to such uncertainties, the products of deterministic design cannot perform robustly. This paper presents a new level set‐based framework for robust shape and topology optimization against geometric uncertainties. We first propose a stochastic level set perturbation model of uncertain topology/shape to characterize manufacturing errors in conjunction with Karhunen–Loève (K–L) expansion. We then utilize polynomial chaos expansion to implement the stochastic response analysis. In this context, the mathematical formulation of the considered robust shape and topology optimization problem is developed, and the adjoint‐variable shape sensitivity scheme is derived. An advantage of this method is that relatively large shape variations and even topological changes can be accounted for with desired accuracy and efficiency. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the validity of the present formulation and numerical techniques. In particular, this method is justified by the observations in minimum compliance problems, where slender bars vanish when the manufacturing errors become comparable with the characteristic length of the structures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple biomarker scoring matrix for early gastric cancer detection
Authors: Wu Wei , Yong Wen Wei , Chung Maxey C. M.
Published: August 2016

Gastric cancer (GC) is a major cause of death in many parts of the world. While 90% of early GC is curable by resection, only about 5% of patients diagnosed in the late stages survive beyond five years. This provides strong impetus to push for early GC detection through the use of non‐invasive biomarkers, before metastatic complications arise. It is also of strong medical interest to identify patients of the diffuse subtype at the earliest time possible, since the disease variant progresses very rapidly and is associated with much higher mortality rate. In this study, we compared quantitatively the gastric fluid proteome of 70 GC patients to 17 individuals with benign gastritis in search of potential biomarkers that aid in GC diagnosis, prognosis and subtype stratification. We report that as much as half of the gastric fluid proteome is subject to regulation in diseased states, and propose a simple biomarker panel scoring matrix for early GC detection with diagnostic sensitivity of 95.7%. We also demonstrate as proof‐of‐concept that a digitised record generated with SWATH‐MS based on 380 protein abundance signatures from the gastric fluid could segregate patients with diffuse‐type GC.
Using thermal desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to rapidly determine antimicrobial preservatives in cosmetics
Authors: Cho Yi‐Tzu , Su Hung , Lin Shiang‐Jiun , Wu Ban‐Hsin , Lai Ching‐Yu , Huang I‐Ching
Published: August 2016

Rationale

Characterization and quantification of permitted preservatives are important inspections to prevent the overuse of preservatives in authentic formulations. However, the complexity of sample matrices makes preservative determination in cosmetics a tedious process. A rapid analytical strategy to identify preservatives would insure large numbers of products are in compliance with government regulations.

Methods

Thermal desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (TD‐ESI‐MS) was used to directly detect preservative compounds in authentic formulations without sample pretreatment. The technique employs a metal probe, which was configured for sampling cosmetics in their original states and was inserted in a closed preheated oven to thermally desorb analytes. The desorbed analytes were then carried by a nitrogen gas stream into an ESI plume, where the formed ions were subsequently detected by the mass analyzer.

Results

The TD‐ESI mass and tandem mass spectra of different classes of preservative standards were rapidly obtained, and the limits of detection were far below the legal limit of their respective concentrations. The preservatives were also directly detected in different types of authentic formulations in the absence of sample preparation, and within a few seconds per sample. Calibration curves for preservatives in four common formulations yielded good linearity in the regulation‐allowed range.

Conclusions

Due to its sensitivity, short analysis time, repeatability, and quantitative ability, TD‐ESI‐MS may serve as a suitable tool for large‐scale screening of cosmetic preservatives to assure product safety. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A sensitive object‐oriented approach to big surveillance data compression for social security applications in smart cities
Authors: Xiao Jing , Wang Zhongyuan , Chen Yu , Liao Liang , Xiao Jun , Zhan Gen , Hu Ruimin
Published: August 2016

Surveillance has become a fairly common practice with the global boom in “smart cities”. How to efficiently store and manage the vast quantities of surveillance data is a persistent challenge in terms of analyzing social security problems. Developing data compression technology under the analytic requirements of surveillance data is the key to solving the storage problem. Criminal investigation demands the quality preservation of sensitive objects, typically pedestrians, human faces, vehicles, and license plates; however, the analytical value of surveillance data is rapidly lost as the compression ratio increases. In this paper, we propose a sensitive object‐oriented regions of interest‐based coding strategy for preserving the analytical value of surveillance data. In the proposed method, instead of generating a saliency map based on human visual perception, we consider saliency as a set of characteristics important for object detection and recognition. By making this modification, almost all sensitive objects necessary in a criminal investigation are assigned high saliency value rather than only one or two salient regions. Motions in the temporal domain are integrated to place emphasis on moving objects, namely moving sensitive objects, which then gain the highest saliency. Finally, a saliency‐based rate control algorithm embedded in High Efficiency Video Coding is used to maintain the quality of sensitive objects in the encoded video under a fixed bitrate. Experiments were conducted on two analytical indexes: Feature similarity and object detection accuracy. The results showed that by achieving the same feature similarity and object detection accuracy, our method can save 20% and 40% bitrate over High Efficiency Video Coding, respectively, for the storage of big surveillance data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled Synthesis of Carbon‐Supported Gold Clusters for Rational Catalyst Design
Authors: Yamazoe Seiji , Yoskamtorn Tatchamapan , Takano Shinjiro , Yadnum Sudarat , Limtrakul Jumras , Tsukuda Tatsuya
Published: August 2016

The development of novel catalysts based on metal clusters requires a rational design principle as well as atomically precise synthetic methods. Toward this goal, we have developed a method to precisely and independently control the size, composition, and surface modification of heterogeneous gold clusters by calcination of the ligand‐protected Au clusters on carbon supports. We studied the effects of these structural parameters using benzyl alcohol oxidation as a test reaction. Unexpectedly, Au144 and Au∼330 on hierarchically porous carbon exhibited significantly higher turnover frequency than Au25 and Au38. This size dependence is ascribed to the difference in the geometric structures of the Au clusters; Au144 and Au∼330 have an icosahedral‐based structure whereas Au25 and Au38 have a face‐centered cubic structure. Doping of a single Pd atom into Au25 supported on carbon nanotubes remarkably enhanced the catalytic activity. The doping effect is explained in terms of the accelerated formation of the carbocation intermediate due to electron transfer from Pd to Au, since the doped Pd is buried within the Au clusters and is located at the interface between the supports. Residual thiolates on Au25 affected both the activity and selectivity; selective oxidation to benzaldehyde was achieved at optimized coverage. Non‐formation of benzoic acid is due to the suppression of oxidation activity by electron withdrawal by thiolates and non‐formation of benzyl benzoate is due to the site‐isolation effect by thiolates. These results will provide useful information for the rational design of gold‐cluster‐based catalysts with desired performance.
A stochastic wind turbine wake model based on new metrics for wake characterization
Authors: Doubrawa Paula , Barthelmie Rebecca J. , Wang Hui , Churchfield Matthew J.
Published: August 2016

Understanding the detailed dynamics of wind turbine wakes is critical to predicting the performance and maximizing the efficiency of wind farms. This knowledge requires atmospheric data at a high spatial and temporal resolution, which are not easily obtained from direct measurements. Therefore, research is often based on numerical models, which vary in fidelity and computational cost. The simplest models produce axisymmetric wakes and are only valid beyond the near wake. Higher‐fidelity results can be obtained by solving the filtered Navier–Stokes equations at a resolution that is sufficient to resolve the relevant turbulence scales. This work addresses the gap between these two extremes by proposing a stochastic model that produces an unsteady asymmetric wake. The model is developed based on a large‐eddy simulation (LES) of an offshore wind farm. Because there are several ways of characterizing wakes, the first part of this work explores different approaches to defining global wake characteristics. From these, a model is developed that captures essential features of a LES‐generated wake at a small fraction of the cost. The synthetic wake successfully reproduces the mean characteristics of the original LES wake, including its area and stretching patterns, and statistics of the mean azimuthal radius. The mean and standard deviation of the wake width and height are also reproduced. This preliminary study focuses on reproducing the wake shape, while future work will incorporate velocity deficit and meandering, as well as different stability scenarios. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining economic and fluid dynamic models to determine the optimal spacing in very large wind farms
Authors: Stevens Richard J. A. M. , Hobbs Benjamin F. , Ramos Andrés , Meneveau Charles
Published: August 2016

Wind turbine spacing is an important design parameter for wind farms. Placing turbines too close together reduces their power extraction because of wake effects and increases maintenance costs because of unsteady loading. Conversely, placing them further apart increases land and cabling costs, as well as electrical resistance losses. The asymptotic limit of very large wind farms in which the flow conditions can be considered ‘fully developed’ provides a useful framework for studying general trends in optimal layouts as a function of dimensionless cost parameters. Earlier analytical work by Meyers and Meneveau (Wind Energy 15, 305–317 (2012)) revealed that in the limit of very large wind farms, the optimal turbine spacing accounting for the turbine and land costs is significantly larger than the value found in typical existing wind farms. Here, we generalize the analysis to include effects of cable and maintenance costs upon optimal wind turbine spacing in very large wind farms under various economic criteria. For marginally profitable wind farms, minimum cost and maximum profit turbine spacings coincide. Assuming linear‐based and area‐based costs that are representative of either offshore or onshore sites we obtain for very large wind farms spacings that tend to be appreciably greater than occurring in actual farms confirming earlier results but now including cabling costs. However, we show later that if wind farms are highly profitable then optimization of the profit per unit area leads to tighter optimal spacings than would be implied by cost minimization. In addition, we investigate the influence of the type of wind farm layout. © 2016 The Authors Wind Energy Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Assessing risk for preclinical β‐amyloid pathology with APOE, cognitive, and demographic information
Authors: Insel Philip S. , Palmqvist Sebastian , Mackin R. Scott , Nosheny Rachel L. , Hansson Oskar , Weiner Michael W. , Mattsson Niklas ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: August 2016

Introduction

Clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease are aimed at early stages of disease, including preclinical Alzheimer's disease. The high cost and time required to screen large numbers of participants for Aβ pathology impede the development of novel drugs. This study's objective was to evaluate the extent to which inexpensive and easily obtainable information can reduce the number of screen failures by increasing the proportion of Aβ+ participants identified for screening.

Methods

We used random forest models to evaluate the positive predictive value of demographics, APOE, and longitudinal cognitive rates in the prediction of amyloid pathology, measured by florbetapir PET or cerebrospinal fluid.

Results

Predicting Aβ positivity with demographic, APOE, and cognitive information yielded a positive predictive value estimate of 0.65 (95% CI, 0.50–0.96), nearly a 60% increase over the reference Aβ+ prevalence in the cohort of 0.41.

Conclusions

By incorporating this procedure, clinical trial screening costs may be substantially reduced.
Emerging market presence, inventory, and product recall linkages
Authors: Steven Adams B. , Britto Rodrigo A.
Published: August 2016

This study investigates simultaneous linkages between outsourcing, in‐house offshoring, sales to emerging markets, inventory and product recalls. The study finds a positive and significant association between outsourcing to emerging markets and recalls and that sales penetration into emerging markets reduces recalls; however, it finds no direct relationship between in‐house offshoring and recalls. Interestingly, in‐house offshoring to emerging markets appears to mitigate the positive relationship between outsourcing to these markets and recalls; this suggests that transactional complexities of outsourcing to emerging markets are mitigated by a physical presence in the market. This important finding suggests that by keeping some operations in‐house, firms may reduce the negative effect of outsourcing on product quality and safety while reaping low‐cost benefits of sourcing from these emerging markets. Additionally, the results indicate that institutional immaturities within recipient countries (associated with outsourcing) are primary contributors to inefficiencies affecting quality performance. On the inventory side, sourcing from emerging markets negatively affects inventory performance. Although inventory performance typically does not appear to be related to recalls, finished goods inventory is positively associated with quality failures.
Quantitative analysis of the clay minerals in the Shurijeh Reservoir Formation using combined X-ray analytical techniques
Authors: Jozanikohan G. , Sahabi F. , Norouzi G.H. , Memarian H. , Moshiri B.
Published: August 2016

The Shurijeh Reservoir Formation of Neocomian age is represented by a sandstone sequence, occasionally interbedded with shale, in the Gonbadli gas field, Kopet-Dagh Basin, Northeastern Iran. In this study X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques were used together to characterize the Shuirjeh clay minerals in 76 core samples collected from two deep Gonbadli wells. The results of XRF analysis showed high percentages of silicon and moderate to low percentages of aluminum, sulfur, calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, and iron in both wells. The XRD analysis indicated that the above elements were concentrated in the form of quartz, anhydrite, dolomite, calcite, plagioclase, K-feldspar, hematite, and clay minerals. Further XRD examination of the clay fraction revealed that illite, chlorite, and kaolinite were the major types of clay minerals. Unlike, glauconite, smectite, and a mixed layer clays of both the illite–smectite and chlorite–smectite types were observed only in very few samples. The percentages of individual clay minerals were determined using external standard calibration curves and successfully validated by a system of simultaneous linear equations acquired from detailed elemental information based on the XRF analysis. The error reached ±5% for the main mineral constituent and ±15% for minor minerals. A local regression relationship was also derived, based on the XRF elemental information, which can be used to estimate the clay contents of other Shurijeh drilled wells with data of pulsed-neutron spectroscopy tools. According to the proposed quantitative approach, the amount of illite varied considerably, reaching 18.3%. In contrast, the amounts of kaolinite and chlorite were generally small, i.e., less than 8.4%. The amount of total clay minerals changed greatly from a minimum of 5% to a maximum of 32.5%. An increase in illite with increasing burial depth and temperature was an obvious indication of deep burial diagenesis in this formation.