bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Flysect Concentrate, Farnum’s Repel × and Repel × Original Formula Against Flies on Horses, 1985
Authors: Knapp Fred W.
Published: March 2022

Flysect concentrate containing 0.5% pyrethrin, 1% permethrin, 1.85% PBO and 5.6% of MGK, 11, 264, and 326 was compared to Repel × containing 0.4% pyrethrin, 1% PB, 40% pine oil and 30% kerosene and Repel × original containing 0.4% pyrethrin, 1% PB, 40% pine oil, 50% butoxypoly propylene glycol and 3.6% petroleum hydrocarbon for efficacy against the face fly, stable fly and horn fly on horses. Wipes were diluted 4:1 with water and applied at 4 oz per horse. Untreated horses in the same vicinity were used as controls. Face flies were counted on the faces of each horse, whereas stable flies were counted on the legs of each horse in the treatment. All fly counts were done at —1 day, day of application and at 1, 3, 6, 9 h and 1, 2, 3, and 4 days postapplication. The first 2 preapplication counts were averaged and reported as 0 h count. Each face fly and stable fly treatment was replicated 4 times and the data averaged. One horn fly control test on 3 treated horses and 2 control horses was conducted.
Codling Moth Control, First Generation, 1984
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Several insecticides were evaluated for their ability to control codling moth in an orchard located at the Tree Fruit Research Center, Wenatchee. Trees used in this test were ca 20 yrs old, spur-type Red Delicious on semi-dwarfing rootstock. The orchard was irrigated by over-tree sprinklers 3 times during the test period. Four single-tree replicates per treatment in a randomized complete block design were used in this test. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 400 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal per acre. Because the native codling moth population in the test block was known to be low, codling moth adults from the USDA laboratory colony in Yakima were released uniformly throughout the block each week beginning 7 May until 26 Jun. Numbers released roughly mimicked pheromone trap catch patterns for codling moth in the Wenatchee area. First application of Dimilin, CME-13406 and Fenoxycarb was made 100 degree days (22 May) after first moth release, the second application was 21 days later on 12 Jun. First application of remaining treatments was made 250 degree days (12 Jun) after first moth release, the second application was 21 days later on 2 Jul. Treatments were evaluated by examining fruit on each tree in a 3-minute period and counting stings (shallow entries) and deep entries. Aphid evaluation consisted of rating 25 growing terminals per plot for as follows: 1 = no aphids; 2 = light (1-3 leaves with a few, 1-25 aphids, present); 3 = moderate (2-4 leaves with several, 25-50, aphids present); 4 = heavy (>4 leaves with many, 50+, aphids present). Data are presented as the average for each treatment. Mite samples were collected on 25 Jul, 21 Aug and 14 Sep. Twenty-five leaves were collected from each replicate tree, brushed in the laboratory and mites counted under a microscope. Data are presented as the average mites per leaf for the 3 samples.
Apple, Dimilin Evaluation Using Tree Row Volume, 1985
Authors: Hull L. A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to replicated (4 times) 0.15-acre plots in a randomized block design. Each plot contained alternating Golden Delicious and York Imperial trees. All treatments were applied as complete sprays with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated at 50 gpa, driven at 2 mph. Tree canopy volume was 261,360 ft3/acre. Rates of pesticides/acre were based on the tree row volume formula of Byers and Lyons (1984), where trees were treated with 46% of the recommended rate using a 400 gpa standard. Dilute rate for these trees was 183 gpa. Dates of application for complete sprays were: 7 and 26 Jun, 31 Jul and 20 Aug. During the season, general maintenance sprays of fungicides (Bayleton, Benlate, Captan, Dithane M-45 and Zineb) were applied with a Friend Airmaster sprayer calibrated at 50 gpa and driven at 2.3 mph. The effect of treatments on STLM was evaluated by sampling 10 terminals/tree on each of 2 trees/replicate (York Imperial). ERM and TSSM were evaluated by counting mites from samples of 20 leaves/tree, 80 leaves/treatment (York Imperial). The predator S. punctum was observed by 3-minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of treatments on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury 100 apples from each York Imperial and Golden Delicious tree/replicate at harvest. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Persimmon, Psyllid Control Trial, 1985
Authors: Pfeiffer D. , Semtner P. , Stiles H.
Published: March 2022

Two insecticides were tested against PP in a small Oriental persimmon block at Southern Piedmont Research and Continuing Education Center (Blackstone). Four, single-tree replicates were used in a randomized complete block design. The spray date was 21 Jun which was at the beginning of the second generation of PP. The application was made using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with one X-18 hollow-cone nozzle at 60 psi. Five hundred ml of spray were applied to each tree. Psyllid populations were assessed on 26 jun. Adults were counted on 3 terminal shoots per tree (the section of shoot included in the 5 apical leaves). Eggs and nymphs on 3 leaves per tree were counted under a binocular microscope.
Control of Geometrid Larvae on Cranberry, 1985
Authors: Brodel Charles F.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a 45-year-old section of State Bog in East Wareham, MA. Five treatments were replicated 4 times in randomized blocks composed of 5 × 5-ft plots separated by 2-ft pathways. Applications were made on 9 Jul at 95% bloom using a 2-gal, polyethylene compressed air sprayer. All treatments were diluted to the rate of 400 gal of water per acre to approximate conditions achieved commercially with overhead sprinkler systems. After the foliage dried, randomly selected vine uprights in each plot were pruned, placed in plastic bags in a cooler, and brought to the laboratory. Twenty undamaged uprights per plot were inserted into moistened sand within 2, ventilated, 8-oz styrofoam cups. There were ca. 30 blossoms and berries per cup. Fourteen h posttreatment, 10 field-collected larvae ranging in length from 0.125 to 0.75 in were introduced into each pair of cups. Cups were held at 21°C, 80-90% RH, and 15 h light. After 3.5 days of exposure, cups were inspected for dead larvae. Analysis of variance for unequal sample sizes was used because a replicate mean for Larvin at 0.5 lb was spurious.
Control of Naval Orangeworm on Almonds, 1984
Authors: Sanderson J. P. , Barnes M. M.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted in an 11-year-old commercial almond orchard near Shaffer, CA. Eight treatments were replicated 7 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of a single tree. Treatments were applied at tree-top hullsplit initiation on 2 Jul ’84 with a hand gun which delivers a fine spray at 400-450 psi. The trees were sprayed to runoff at an application rate of ca 800 gal/acre. At harvest (30 Aug ’84) all nuts were shaken from each tree. Samples of 300 nuts per tree were then collected and examined in the lab for navel orangeworm damage. Data are reported as the avg % damaged nuts found in a sample.
Control of Citrus Flat Mites on Lemons, 1984
Authors: Byrne D. N. , Wild D. J. , Butler M. D. , Draeger E. A.
Published: March 2022

A pesticide efficacy trial was conducted at the University of Arizona Mesa Experiment Station in Yuma, Arizona, to evaluate the ability of various miticides to control the citrus flat mite, Brevipalpus lewisi McGregor, on lemons. Citrus limon (L). Burm .f. ‘Lisbon’. Experimental materials were compared with untreated control plots and Kelthane 1.6EC. A completely random design was used with 3 different trees receiving each treatment. Mite counts were made by examining 10 lemons in the laboratory from each tree and recording the total number of citrus flat mites from each fruit. For statistical analysis each fruit was considered a replicate. The large number of replicates compensated for the nonrandom distribution of the mite population. On the day of the test, the temperatures ranged from 25 to 41°C. Wind speed averaged 3.21 kph. Test materials were applied with a handgun from a John Bean Sprayer operating at 300 psi and a rate of 100 gal per acre (one treatment involving Vendex 4 L was diluted to 500 gal per acre).
Apple Pandemis Control, Summer Generation Larvae, 1984
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in an apple orchard located at the Tree Fruit Research Center. Apple trees were approximately 20 yr old, spur type Red Delicious on a semi-dwarfing rootstock. Trees were irrigated with an overtree sprinkler system. Treatments were applied to 4 individual tree replicates in a completely randomized design. Treatments were applied on 2 Aug with a handgun at 400 psi to the point of drip simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal per acre. At time of treatment larvae ranged from 2nd to 5th instar. Evaluation of treatments was made on 16 Aug by counting live larvae per tree in a 10-minute search.
Laboratory Evaluation of Acaricides (I) for Control of Tetranychus Vrticae, 1987
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Six treatments were tested for relatn e efficacy against twospotted spider mite in cotton planted 8 May at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss Leaves were collected from several fields wherever they could be located. Mites were counted and the data were sorted via computer so that leaves could be arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications of relatively equal numbers/treatment/replication. Treatments were applied to the abaxial surface of the leaves in a laboratory spray chamber calibrated for 11.5 gal/acre at 1.3 mph using a single TX-3 nozzle. The untreated check was sprayed with water. Applications were made on 15 Sep. All plots from which leaves were obtained had received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed : during the season. Eggs and mites were counted on 3 locations/leaf via dissection microscope (by each lobe and by the nectary).
Evaluation of Insecticides for Early-Season Thrips Control in Mississippi, 1987
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Thirteen treatments were tested for relative efficacy against thrips in irrigated cotton planted 8 May at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Plots were 8 rows (38-inch centers) × 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to the center 4 rows by high-clearance spray tractor equipped with compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 4.4 gal/acre at 4 mph using 1 flat-fan (8002e) nozzle/row (19-inch band). Applications were made on 23 and 29 May. Another applications (2 × rate) was applied 5 Jun. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Whole plants were clipped and placed in a pint jar and brought back to the lab for further washing. The thrips were then counted under a microscope after filtration onto filter paper. All data were collected from the 2 center rows.
Insecticides for Suppression of Early-Season Cotton Insect Pests in the Texas Blacklands, 1987
Authors: Robinson John R. C. , Teetes George L.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 16 Apr on 38-inch row spacings. Five insecticide treatments, 2 partially treated check treatments, and a completely untreated check treatment were compared in a randomized block design with 4 replications. Plots were 10 rows wide × 75 ft long, but only the middle 4 rows were sprayed. Applications were made with a high-clearance, self-propelled ground sprayer using TX-8 hollow cone nozzles calibrated to deliver 8.6 gal/acre. Insecticide treatments (including applications of Bidrin to the fleahopper check plot) were applied 29 Apr and 6 May for thrips and aphid control when cotton was in the seedling stage. Thrips and aphid densities were measured on 4 Apr and 5 and 12 May by examining 15 randomly selected cotton seedlings from each plot. The individual cotton seedlings were picked whole, quickly immersed, and shaken in pint jars of 70% ethanol. The sample jars were taken to the laboratory and numbers of thrips and aphids were counted under a dissecting microscope. Estimates of thrips damage to cotton seedlings were made 12 May when most plants were in the 5th true leaf stage. Ten randomly selected cotton plants were subjectively rated on a scale of 1-4: 1, no visible damage; 2, light damage; 3, moderate damage 4, heavy damage (e.g., terminal destroyed). An additional application of insecticide treatments (including Bidrin for the thrips-aphids check plot) was made 22 May for cotton fleahopper. Fleahopper adult and nymph densities were determined 22 May and 8 Jun from 30 randomly selected plant terminals in each plot using a combination beat bucket/visual inspection method. Cotton fruiting rates were monitored over a 5-week period by taking daily counts (Monday- Friday) of white blooms within a designated 20-ft section of row in each plot. Yield data were collected in a stratified harvest from 2 pickings of cotton from the same 20-ft row section used for counting white blooms. All data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Effect of Selected Insecticide Treatments in Early Season on Plant Bugs, Beneficial Arthropods, and Yield in Cotton, 1986
Authors: Snodgrass G. L. , Scott W. P.
Published: March 2022

A test was conducted in western Sunflower County, Miss., to determine how selected insecticides applied in June and early in July affected plant bug (tarnished plant bug and cotton fleahopper) and beneficial arthropod populations in cotton. 'DES 422' cotton was planted on 24 Apr in 40- inch rows. Plots were 32 rows × 200 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer delivering 6 gal/acre with 2 nozzels/row. Treatments were applied on 13, 18, and 24 Jun and on 8 Jul. Temik + Terraclor Super-X at 0.5 + 0.25 + 1.0 lb Al/acre, respectively, was applied in the seed furrow at planting to all treatments. Temik was not applied to the untreated check. Plant bug and beneficial arthropod populations were determined weekly by using a D-vac suction machine on 40 ft of row per replication. Beneficial arthropod populations consisted of Ceocoris spp., Nabis spp., Orius spp., and various species of spiders and lady beetles. Boll counts were taken weekly on 10 ft of row at 4 locations/ replication. Yield data were collected by hand-harvesting cotton from 3 ft of row in 6 random areas/replication when at least 90% of the bolls were open. Yield was converted to lb seed cotton/acre.
Tarnished Plant Bug Mortality, 1987
Authors: Wells Dale , Griffin J. R. , Tugwell N. P.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot test was conducted at the Cotton Branch Experiment Station, Marianna, Ark. The plots were 1 row × 66 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Insecticides were applied with a Spirit high-clearance sprayer at volumes that varied among treatments. Prior to treatments, 3 organdy sleeve cages, 9 inches diam × 22 inches long, were secured to individual plants in each plot by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant 1 ft from the terminal with a twist-tie. The cages were then rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil. Immediately following each treatment the foil was removed and the cage was unrolled and extended upward; 5 tarnished plant bugs (adults or nymphs) were released into each cage and the tops were closed. To determine the residual efficacy of each treatment, 3 additional cages/plot were similarly infested at intervals of 24, 48, and 72 h. In every instance, insects were exposed to treatments for 72 h. The plants were then cut and cage contents examined in the lab for both dead and living bugs. Percent mortality was converted to arcsin for analysis of variance.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Peanuts, North Carolina, 1987
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy and phytotoxicity of 2 miticides were evaluated on the Bill Monds farm near Tyner in northern Chowan County. Peanuts were grown under standard production practices in sandy soil. The field was selected because of a naturally occurring, uniformly distributed population of mites. Plants were showing signs of stress both from spider mite feeding and from drought. Plots 2 rows wide (36-inch centers) × 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with an untreated check in each of the 4 replicates. Treatments were applied using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi using 8002 flat-fan nozzles. The 1st treatments were applied on 23 Jul under sunny and hot (100°F) conditions. All border areas were treated with Comite to reduce edge reinfestation. A 0.5-inch rainfall occurred on 26 Jul. The plots were retreated 28 Jul under sunny skies with temperatures at 87°F. Mites were sampled by randomly selecting 25 leaflets/plot. Leaflets were placed in plastic bags and kept cool until processed with a mite-brushing machine. Samples were taken at 7 days (4 Aug), 9 days (6 Aug), 14 days (11 Aug), 21 days (18 Aug), and 28 days (25 Aug). All data were transformed × + 0.5 prior to analysis. Plots were visually examined for evidence of phytotoxicity.
Control of Sorghum Midge with Insecticides Applied on a 5-Day Interval, 1987
Authors: Cartwright B. , Royer T.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of 3 insecticides for the control of sorghum midge was determined in a test conducted on 'Funks G-1602' grain sorghum planted 14 Apr at the Texas A&M University Hoblitzelle Farms near Mercedes, Tex., on a Hidalgo clay loam soil. Applications of each insecticide treatment were made on 22 and 27 Jun to 15-ft × 2-row (0.002- acre) plots arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each insecticide was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre using 1 nozzle/row. Cottonseed oil (Valoil) was added to one of the Lorsban 4E treatments to determine whether efficacy improved with oil. For this treatment, the Lorsban and oil were mixed before water was added. Efficacy of each treatment was determined by collecting 3 panicles/plot 10 days after the final application and allowing midge to emerge. Panicles were held in cartons adapted to allow midge to emerge into vials and midge emergence was checked daily. Yields were determined by hand harvesting and machine threshing 0.05/acre/plot. Data were subjected to analyses of variance, and an LSD test was used for mean separation. Midge populations ranged between 10 and 25 adults/panicle during the blooming period.
Control of Green Cloverworms in Soybeans at Tallassee, Ala., 1987
Authors: fiuckelew L. D. , Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on soybeans planted at the : Auburn University plant breeding unit. Seven treatments and an untreated control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each 0.011-acre plot was 4 rows wide (36-inch row spacing) and 40 ft long. Plots were separated by a 2-row mowed alley, and replicates were separated by a 25- ft mowed alley. Treatments were applied on 24 Aug using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with 3 TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles/row operating at 40 psi and delivering 8 gal/acre. Green cloverworm larvae were sampled by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between the rows and beating both rows. Two samples from each plot were taken prior to treatment application and at 3 and 7 days posttreatment (27 and 31 Aug).
Evaluation of Insecticides for Insect Control in Alabama Soybeans, 1987
Authors: Buckelew L. D. , Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted in conventionally planted and tilled soybeans grown in a Vaiden soil at the Marion Junction Substation of Auburn University. Six treatments and a control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each 0.011-acre plot was 4 rows wide (36-inch row spacing) and 40 ft long. Plots were separated by a 2-row mowed alley; replicates were separated by a 25-ft mowed alley. Treatments were applied on 11 Sep using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with 3 TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles/row operating at 40 psi and delivering 8 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between : the rows and beating only 1 row. Numbers of green cloverworm, velvetbean caterpillar, and unidentifiable neonate larvae were counted and recorded. Two samples from each plot were taken prior to treatment application and at 3 and 7 days posttreatment (14 and 18 Sep).
Velvetbean Caterpillar Control in Soybean, 1986
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Brown A. L.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in Gadsden County, Fla., and planted on 4 Jun. Plot size was 8 rows × 15 m with a 76-cm row spacing. Experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 3 Sep. All treatments were made with 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer. The sprayer was equipped with three D3 nozzles/row. The chemicals were applied at 36 psi, with a spray volume 25 gal/acre. Efficacy data were taken by taking 25 sweeps with a 38-cm-diam sweep net on 2, 7, 14, and 28 days after treatment. A different row was sampled in each plot on each sample date.
Velvetbean Caterpillar Control in Soybean, 1987
Authors: Funderburk Joe , Brown Andrew , Maruniak Jim , Boucias Drion
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in Gadsden County, Fla., and planted 12 Jun. Plot size was 6 rows × 15 m with a 76-cm row spacing. Experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 4 replications. All treatments were applied 4 Sep, except for a treatment of the velvetbean caterpillar (VBC) plaque-purified nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AgNPV), which was applied 28 Aug. All treatments were made with a 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with three D3 nozzles/row. The chemicals were applied at 36 psi, with a spray volume of 25 gal/acre. Efficacy data were made by taking 25 sweeps/plot with a 38-cm-diam sweep net on each of 5 dates.. The 2 center rows of each plot were not sampled, and yield estimates were made by harvesting 12 m of these rows on 2 Oct.
Corn Earworm and Green Cloverworm Control in Soybeans, 1986
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W.
Published: March 2022

Essex' soybean was planted on 20 May in 30-inch rows in a commercial field near Royal Oak, Talbot County, Md. Plots were 10 × 15 ft, replicated 3 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. At the time of treatment on 27 Aug the plants were in the pod fill stage. Sprays were applied by CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliber 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Earworms and cloverworms were sampled by counting the number of larvae/3, six-ft samples of row/plot taken at random. Posttreatment samples were taken on 30 Aug.
Tobacco Budworm Control in Tobacco Seed Nurseries, 1987
Authors: Michael Jackson D. , Gwynn G. R.
Published: March 2022

Several insecticides were tested for control of tobacco budworm larvae in flue-cured tobacco seed nurseries. Tobacco was transplanted on 1 Jun into a field of Helena sandy loam that had been treated on 6 May witli isopropalin (Paarlan, 1.68 kg[AI]/ha) and metalaxyl (Ridomil 2E, 0.56 kg[AI]/ha) for weed and disease control. Diphenamid (Enide 90W, 4.48 kg[AI]/ha) was applied on 26 Jun to extend weed control. Plants were placed on 56-cm centers with 1.2 m between rows. Three experiments were conducted. Plots of 3 plants each were set up in randomized complete block designs with 5 (Experiments 1 and 2) or 3 (Experiment 3) replicates. Plants were infested with 10 3- day-old tobacco budworm larvae (Experiments 1 and 2) or 10 3-day-old tobacco budworm larvae plus 20 tobacco budworm eggs (Experiment 3, except for 1 untreated check with eggs only and 1 untreated check with larvae only) from laboratory colonies on 7, 19, and 24 Aug for experiments 1-3, respectively.
Control of Tobacco Budworm with Bacilws Thuring1Ens1S and Acephate Alone and with Entice, 1987
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S. , Southern P. S.
Published: March 2022

On 6 May, flue-cured tobacco was planted into a field of Norfolk loamy sand at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, N.C. All plants were cut off at 6-8 inches above the soil (6 leaves) on 15 Jul. Suckers grew from the leaf axils of the remaining leaves and on 11 Aug all but 1 healthy sucker/plant were removed. Two tests were laid out in a randomized complete-block design of 8 treatments and 3 replicates (Test 1) and 9 treatments and 4 replicates (Test 2). Plots were single rows (45 inches on center) 30 ft long (15 plants), and separated by a single untreated row. On 24 Aug, 6-10 uniformly sized undamaged plants containing a single small larva (<3rd instar) in each plot were selected and tagged for Test 1. For Test 2, 10-15 plants were selected and tagged on 26 Aug. Treatments were applied using a C02-pressurized sprayer at 60 psi and 25 gal/acre through a single Spraying Systems D2-33 full-cone nozzle/row. Granular materials were applied in a 12-inch band with a Nobel granular applicator or by gloved hand as a pinch (1 gram/plant). The treatments were applied on 26 and 28 Aug (Test 1 and Test 2, respectively). Three and 9 days (Test 1) or 4 and 11 days (Test 2) after treatment, the tagged plants were examined for surviving budworm larvae, and the proportion of surviving larvae was calculated.. Budworm damage ratings (0-4) were made 9 days (Test 1) and 11 days (Test 2) after treatment. The proportion of larvae surviving was transformed to arcsin Vprop prior to ANOVA and Waller-Duncan K-ratio f-tests (K = 100, a = 0.05). Means of the untransformed data are presented.
Systemic Insecticides for the Control of Insect Pests on Dark-Fired Tobacco, 1987
Authors: Semtner Paul J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental 3-row plots, 40 ft long on 4-ft centers, were established on a Wedowee sandy loam soil at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, Va. Dark-fired tobacco was transplanted into the beds on 18 May. Preplant broadcast treatments were applied and incorporated by double disking and bedded up on 15 May. The ambient temperature during the application period was 66-76°F and the soil temperature was 67-80°F. Granular formulations were applied with a Gandy applicator mounted on a push cart. Liquid formulations were applied with a C02-powered backpack sprayer that delivered 26 gal/acre through 8002LP tips at 25 psi. Temik 15G was applied in 12-inch bands over the top of the bed with a Gandy applicator using a single bander/row after bedding and incorporated by tilling. Rainfall totals were 0.34, 1.20, and 1.95 inches for May, June, and July, respectively. The test was irrigated with 1.3, 1.0, and 1.5 inches on 1, 21, and 31 Jul, respectively. Insect counts were made at 1- to 2-wk intervals from early June to early August. Ten plants/plot were examined for tobacco flea beetles, flea bettle feeding holes on the most damaged leaf, and green peach aphids between the 4th and 6th lateral veins on the right side of 4 upper leaves. Aphid counts were transformed to log10 (X + 1) before analysis, but actual untransformed means were presented in the table. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significant means were separated by Waller-Duncan K-ratio i-test (P = 0.05, K = 100).
Green Peach Aphid Control with Foliar Insecticides Applied Alone and in Combination, 1987
Authors: Semtner Paul J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots were established on the regrowth of tobacco that had been cut back on 23 Jul. The tobacco had originally been transplanted on 12 May. Experimental 3-row plots were 40 ft long on 4-ft centers. Nine treatments were replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied on 11 Sept using a C02-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 20 gal of finished spray/acre through 3 TX-8 tips/row. On 10 Sep aphid numbers on the upper 4 leaves and a middle leaf on 10 plants/plot were rated on a scale of 0-5: 0, no aphids, to 5, high aphid infestation levels. At 3 and 13 days after application aphids were counted between the 4th and 6th veins on the underside on the right side of 4 upper leaves on 10/plants plot. Data were transformed to log10(X + 1) and analyzed by ANOVA. Significant means (P = 0.05) were separated by DMRT. Untransformed means are presented in the table.
Control of Thrips on Anthurium, Hawaii, 1987
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy trials were conducted at the Waiakea Experiment Station in Hilo, Hawaii, on plants growing in volcanic cinder under 80% polypropylene net shade. Experimental plots measured 6 × 6 ft with 36 plants/plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Nine biweekly applications of selected insecticides were applied beginning 12 May. Insecticides were applied every 2 wk using a compressed-air sprayer with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. Talstar 10WP, Tempo 2EC, and Dursban 50W were applied as foliar sprays (250 gal/acre). Vydate L was applied as a drench (500 gal/acre) using the same equipment without a nozzle. The spreader sticker Triton B-1956 was added to all treatments including the check plants at a rate of 3 fl oz/100 gal. Mature flowers were harvested and observed for thrips injury characterized by distinct bleached streaks on the front and underside of the spathe.
Cutworm Control with Entomogenous Nematodes in Hybrid Bermudagrass, 1987
Authors: Ali A. D. , Garcia J. M. , Georgis R.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on a so, farm in Thermal, Calif. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual plot size was 50 sq ft. Two species of entomogenouj nematodes were studied. The first was Neoaplectana carpocapsae (= Steinernema feltiae) the All #25 strain, and the second was Heterorhabditis sp. the Hp88 strain. Nematode solutions were applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer using a hollow-cone nozzle at 32 psi and a spray rate of 4 gal/1000 sq ft. Cutworif larval density was estimated by flooding 2 randomly selected areas of 1 sq yd/plot. After 2-3 min the cutworms emerged to the surface and were countedf Pretreatment larval counts were taken on 28 Aug, after which treatments were applied. There was an average of 0.75 larvae/sq yd pretreatment. Posttreatmenf counts were taken on 1 Sep. Soil texture was sandy loam. Water was pH 7.2. Thatch was negligible (Vw inch). Average temperature during the study wai 95°F. The plots were irrigated daily with 0.1 inch of water during the study.
Fall Control of Oriental Beetle Grubs with Granular Insecticides and Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course, 1987
Authors: Villani M. G. , Wright R. J. , Consolie F. , Preston-Wilsey L.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides and 1 species of entomogenous nematode were applied to a rough at Fresh Meadow Country Club, Great Neck. Long Island, N.Y., on 12 Aug for control of Oriental beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (35%), annual bluegrass (45%), and braoadleaf weeds (20%). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 × 10 ft. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. At treatment time (12 Aug) the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 84°F; soil temperature, 68°F (1 inch), 67°F (3 inches); soil pH 5.1; water pH 6.65; soil moisture, 23.8%; soil texture, 11.1% coarse sand, 50.9% medium sand, 23.3% fine sand, 8.1% very fine sand, and 5.7% silt and clay; thatch, minimal. Following treatment, the plots received 0.5 inches of irrigation by sprinkler. The nematodes, Heterorhabditis sp. (strain HP 88), were applied on 20 Aug at a rate of 5 billion/acre in 5 liters of water through a sprinkling can to the center 4 sq ft of each plot. The nematode application site was immediately watered in by hand for a total of 11.4 liters. Posttreatment counts were taken on 21 Sep by cutting a 1- × 3-ft strip lengthwise through the middle of each plot by hand and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. A 3-sq-ft sample of sod was examined in each plot, and the surviving grubs were counted. Grub species identifications were made in the field. At this time Oriental beetle grubs were 80% third instars and 20% second instars.
Fungus Gnat Control in Greenhouse-Grown Pot Chrysanthemums, 1986
Authors: Warkentin D. , Harris M. , Begley J.
Published: March 2022

Rooted cuttings were planted 2/8-inch pot in Metromix 500 media. Dragon Dried Blood (12-0-0) was sprinkled on the surface of the medium weekly to attract adult oviposition. Granular treatments were made once on 9 Oct and watered in; drench treatments were applied on 9 and 16 Oct in a volume of 250 ml/pot. Pre- and posttreatment evaluations were made at 7-day intervals by removing 2- to 7-cc medium samples from each of 3 replicate pots/treatment and extracting larval and pupal stages by flotation in a saturated sodium chloride solution. The results of each week were used as covariates for the following week.
Control of Japanese Beetle Larvae by Incorporation of Insecticides Into Potting Mix, 1986
Authors: Hanula James L. , Moore Robert E. B.
Published: March 2022

Dursban and Kryocide were incorporated into 0.038 m3 of potting mix (1:1:1 peat, composted hardwood bark, and sand) by slowly adding the insecticides to the soil during 30 min of mixing in a cement mixer. Kryocide was added as a dry powder and Dursban 4E was added as a spray. One-gallon pots filled with mix were seeded with r>2% perennial ryegrass, 19% Kentucky bluegrass, and 17% red fescue on 13 Aug. A day later, 10 first-instar Japanese beetle grubs were placed 5 cm below the soil surface of each pot. Ten replicates of each treatment were maintained in a greenhouse beneath a cloth shade. Treatment efficacy was evaluated 26 Nov.
Control of Green June Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course, 1985
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. , Salvaggio R. S. , Grove J.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a golf course fairway near Crofton, Anne Arundel County, Md. The turf had been badly damaged by the heavy infestation of grubs at the time of treatment on 28 Aug. Plots were 6 × 6 ftjji arranged in a randomized complete block design, and replicated 4 times. All granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker can, exce~ Spectracide, which was applied with a Scott's drop spreader. Liquid formulations were applied with a 2-gal sprinkling can. All applications were made in 2- directions across each plot. Treatments were watered into the thatch with 0.5 inches water with the golf course irrigation system. The number of dead grubson the surface of the plots was counted on 29 Aug. All plots were treated with Sevin at 6 lb (AI)/acre on 16 Sep. Counts from this treatment were made on 17 Sep.
Taxus, Chemical Control of Black Vine Weevil Larvae in Field-Grown Plants, Lake County, Ohio, 1985
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

A heavily infested block of yews 30—40 cm wide, growing in well-drained old Lake Erie sandy soil was chosen for evaluating insecticides for efficacy against black vine weevil larvae infesting field plants. Wettable powder and liquid formulations were applied with a watering can, using 1.9 liters of finished material/microplot (61 × 305 cm) containing at least 3 taxus plants. Granular products were applied salt-shaker fashion from modified, plastic-capped glass vials and then watered in with 1.9 liters of water/microplot. The entire treatment area was cultivated immediately prior to and following application. One group of microplots was treated 28 Aug 1984, another 25 Sep 1984, and a third group on both dates. On 28 Aug conditions were cloudy (light rain), 21°C, without breeze; on 25 Sep the sky was cloudy (light rain), 21°C, with a 3-8 km/h breeze. Each treatment was replicated 3 times on each application date. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated in April and May 1985 by counting the number of living larvae within 20- × 20- × 20-cm root balls of 3 plants from the middle of each microplot. Root balls were placed over large plastic trays with shallow sides and shaken vigorously until all soil was dislodged.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite on Verbena, 1987
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Gladin Jodie , Price Richard , Ann Schwartz Mary
Published: March 2022

Greenhouse-grown verbena, 6-8 inches high, planted in 4-inch pots, were artificially infested with twospotted spider mites. The plants were evenly spaced on a greenhouse bench. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plants were sprayed until runoff with a Gilmore all-purpose hand sprayer, and a surfactant (Triton B 1956 at 3Mi oz/100 gal) was added to each treatment. Applications were made on 30 May and 6 Jun. Spider mite infestations were evaluated at 3, 7, and 14 days after initial treatment. The 7 DAT counts were made just prior to the 2nd treatment. Infestations were determined by examining 4 leaves/plant and counting the number of live spider mites on the lower surface of the leaves.
Balsam Woolly Adelgid Control, 1986
Authors: Kard Bradford M. R. , Hain Fred P.
Published: March 2022

A study was conducted in July and August to compare the efficacy of 2 insecticide treatments for Balsam woolly adelgid (BWA) control. A Fraser fir Christmas tree plantation near Cullowhee in Jackson County, N.C., was selected as the study site. Using a 2.5-gal hand-pressurized portable sprayer, each insecticide treatment was replicated 6 times (1 tree/replicate) by spraying the entire main stem of 6- to 7- ft-tall fir trees until runoff. Four control trees received water sprays only. Pretreatment counts were taken on 3 Jul by removing 2 circular disks of bark from the bole of each tree using a no. 8 cork borer. Disks were taken from the most heavily infested bark areas. In the same manner, posttreatment counts were taken at 2 and 6 wk after treatment. All BWA life stages (both living and dead) were counted/disk, and mean live posttreatment population densities and % live BWA density changes were determined.
Evaluation of BT-Pyrenone Against Gypsy Moth Larvae on Red Oak, Wooster, Ohio, 1986
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. , Purrington F. F.
Published: March 2022

Containerized 1-0 red oak seedlings were sprayed to run-off with experimental treatments using a COa compression sprayer with a SS-8004 flat-fan nozzle at 20 psi on 16 Jul. Four hours later, 5 second- and 5 fourth-instar gypsy moths were placed on each of 3 single-plant replicates/treatment. Larvae were constrained by securing a 1 gal Fonda carton around the seedling in each container. The top of the carton was replaced with nylon organdy for ventilation. Larvae and foliage were observed daily until 19 Jul when mortality counts were first recorded.
Evaluation of the Residual Life of Fenoxycarb on Various Surface Types, 1987
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Comparative tests were initiated to determine the efficacy and residual life of the juvenoid fenoxycarb (25.2% emusifiable concentrate) against the German cockroach when applied to a variety of surfaces. The surfaces evaluated in this test were tempered masonite hardboard, latex-painted (4 coats) plywood, vinyl floor tile, 1%-inch-thick concrete block, and unpolished stainless steel. Spray dilutions of 0.187% fenoxycarb were applied to 4- × 4-inch (103 cm2) panels of each surface at the rate of 1 gal/1000 sq ft (0.42 ml/103 cm2) using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems Tee-Jet 8001E, at a constant pressure of 25 psi. After treatment, panels were placed into vertical storage compartments for residual aging. Aging periods evaluated were 1 day; 1 wk; and 1, 2, 3, 4.5, and 6 mo. The test insects were reared in 7- × 5- × 3.5-inch plastic boxes that had sides lightly greased with a petrolatum-mineral oil mixture. The boxes were equipped with ventilated, friction fitted lids to prevent escape of the insects. A fenoxycarb-treated panel was placed on the bottom at one end of the box with food and water positioned on top of the treated panel. A 20-sq-inch cardboard tent, placed at the other end of the box, served as harborage. This design offered the test insects a choice of harborage areas, but assured exposure to fenoxycarb during daily food and water consumption. At each aging period, 20 early 5th-stage nymphs were released into the confinement with the appropriate panel type. The insects were maintained here until they reached adulthood or died. Each aging period and panel type combination was replicated 4 times, for a total of 80 insects per treatment combination. Response variables evaluated in this study were the percent of surviving adults showing the morphogenetic deformities (wing twisting) associated with exposure to a juvenoid and the severity of wing twisting (TW) as rated on a scale from 0 (unaffected) to 5 (severely affected).
Efficacy of Orthene and Super Hydro-Sol for German Cockroach Control, 1987
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Comparative laboratory tests were initiated to determine the relative efficacy and residual life of Orthene PCO Formula II (96% acephate) and Orthene PCO Formula II plus Super Hydro- Sol (Grillocin®, an odor neutralizer) against the German cockroach. Identical Orthene solutions were prepared at 1% AI; to one of these the deoderant Super Hydro-Sol was added at the rate of 1.5 oz/gal. Spray dilutions were applied to 1-sq-ft (929 cm2) tempered masonite panels at the rate of 1 gal/1000 sq ft (3.78 ml/929 cm2) using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems Tee-Jet 8001E, at a constant pressure of 25 psi. After treatment, panels were placed into vertical storage compartments (dark conditions) for residual aging. Residual agings evaluated were 1, 14, 30, and 60 days. At the appropriate aging period, test insects were confined (continuous exposure) to the treated panel using 12.7-cm-diam plastic rings, lightly greased with a petrolatum-mineral oil mixture. Exposure times evaluated were 30 min and 1, 2, and 4 h. After exposure, insects were removed from the treated panel and placed in untreated holding jars, with food and water provided, for 48 h. Morbidity counts were recorded at the end of the exposure period and at 24 and 48 h after the start of the exposure; the final morbidity 48 h after the exposure is reported here. Six replicates were conducted for each exposure time, at each aging period, for each insecticide treatment. Each replication consisted of 10 cockroaches—5 adult males and 5 adult nongravid females.
Evaluation of the Flushing Effect and Knockdown Activity of Various Insecticide Treatments, 1986
Authors: Schneider B. M. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

A laboratory test procedure was developed to assess the relative flushing effect and knockdown activity of Dursban 4E (44.2% chlorpyrifos), XRM-4322 (44.2% chlorpyrifos, 4.4% pyrethrins, 8.8% piperonyl butoxide), Decis EC (5% deltamethrin), and Demon WP (40.0% cypermethrin). Plain water was included in the comparison as a control. Cockroach harborage was constructed from tempered masonite (4 × 4 inch) and pine strips (yi6 inch), creating a small crack (open at 2 ends) within which the cockroaches could hide. This harborage was placed sideways upon a plastic pedestal (3 cm high) within a plastic box (7 × 5 × 3.5 inch). The inside upper edge of the plastic box was greased (petrolatum-mineral oil mixture) to prevent escape. Ten adults (≤2 wk old, 5 male and 5 nongravid female) were introduced to the completed arena 24 h before testing, which always occurred 4-6 h into the photophase of 12:12 (L:D) photocycle. Test sprays were applied at the rate of 1 gal/1000 sq ft using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems Tee-Jet 8001E, at a constant pressure of 25 psi. When treated, the harborage containing the test insects was removed from the plastic box and placed within the spray tower so that an open end of the harborage was positioned beneath the spray arm, parallel with the fan spray pattern. As the spray arm passed over the harborage, the sprayer was activated briefly (<1 s) to deliver the treatment to the test insects within. Immediately after being sprayed, the harborage was returned to the plastic box for 1 h of observation. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. The times necessary to flush (FT) or knockdown (KT) 50 and 90% of the test insects were the variables compared between the treatments. If, for example, 50% of the test insects were not flushed within the 1-h observation period, the time necessary was then defined as 100 min for ease of analysis. This conversion allowed for incorporation of individual replicates for which response was >60 min when others in the same treatment were ≤60 min.
Control of Face Flies and Horn Flies on Pastured Dairy Heifers with Pyrethroid Ear Tags Or Tapes, 1986
Authors: Miller R. W.
Published: March 2022

Ear tag efficacy trials were conducted on pastured herds (15-40 head/herd) of dairy heifers in Howard and Carroll counties, Maryland. Two herds received no treatment and served as checks. Six other herds (2/treatment) were tagged as follows: Guardian® ear tags, 2/head, attached 3 and 8 May; Duo Deckem® ear tags, 2/head, attached 30 May and 6 Jun; and Atroban® ear tags, 2/head, attached 1 Apr and 7 Jun. A ninth herd had an Ectiban® ear tape attached to one identification ear tag on each of ca. 40 heifers on 10 May. Treatment efficacy was determined by counting weekly the number of face flies/face and horn flies/ side of 15 animals.
Evaluation of ABG-6208 (Thuringiensin) for Control of Northern Fowl Mite, 1987
Authors: Mullens Bradley A. , McKeen William D. , Rodriguez John L. , David Mandeville J.
Published: March 2022

White leghorn hens naturally infested with northern fowl mites were selected from a producing flock in San Bernardino County. Hens were 31 wk old, well-feathered and in good condition at the start of the test. They were housed in suspended wire cages (3 birds per 30 by 45 cm cage) in an open-sided house typical of this region. The flock had been treated with permethrin for mite control approximately 6 wk earlier, but mites persisted on some birds. Sixty hens were selected which had mite rating scores of 2 or higher (see table). Ten hens of the 60 had mite scores of 5 or higher (a high-level infestation). Four cages of birds (12 hens) were used for each treatment, and empty buffer cages separated each cage of test birds. Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer at 45 p.s.i., spraying upward toward the vent region of each bird (40 ml per hen). The 3 mite scores for the hens in a particular cage were averaged, and the 4 cage means/date were used as replications in the analysis.