bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Value Creation, Valuation and Business Models in the Pharmaceutical Sector
Authors: Blankenagel Michael , Canci Jung Kyu , Mekler Philipp
Published: November 2022

The chapter describes value creation and valuation under structural uncertainty in the healthcare and pharma industries. These risks and uncertainties can significantly influence organizational performance, value creation and long-term sustainability. The discussion continues by comparing traditional valuation concepts used in finance with the requirements posed by the current situation of healthcare business. In particular, patent valuation is a critical business issue, and the value of pharma patents and licensing deals has risen markedly in recent years. Existing evaluation approaches do not consider a patent’s life cycle, an important and unique characteristic of pharma and biotech patents. For this reason, the inherent uncertainty in a patent’s value is modelled as a stochastic process.
Access, Pneumoperitoneum, and Complications
Authors: Sta Clara Eva Lourdes
Published: November 2022

In every type of surgery, a good exposure will greatly affect the course of the surgery. An adequate working space and appropriate trocar placement in minimally invasive surgery will make the procedure easier for the surgeon. Knowing the different techniques in accessing and creating a pneumoperitoneum and deciding which one to use is a prerequisite in minimally invasive surgery. This chapter aims to discuss the different access methods on how to create a pneumoperitoneum and the possible complications.
Surgical Smoke: Risks and Mitigation Strategies
Authors: Malik Sajid , Khairi Farah , Wijerathne Sujith
Published: November 2022

As the usage of electrocautery, ultrasonic scalpels, and lasers have become commonplace, operative staff and patients alike are at increased risk of exposure to dangerous surgical smoke emanating from these devices. Terms like “smoke,” “plume,” and less commonly “aerosol” are used to refer to by-products of laser tissue ablation and electrocautery, whereas “plume,” “aerosol,” and “vapor” are associated with ultrasonic dissection. “Smoke,” although not formally accurate in all cases, is a widely accepted term used to describe surgically generated gaseous by-product [1].
Staging Laparoscopy for Intra-Abdominal Carcinoma
Authors: Lawenko Michael M.
Published: November 2022

Diagnostic laparoscopy is used for the diagnosis of intra-abdominal pathologies due to its capability to directly visualize intra-abdominal organs with the opportunity for gathering tissue biopsy, fluid aspiration, and tissue cultures Its application for the staging of intra-abdominal cancers is known as staging laparoscopy.
Diagnostic Laparoscopy
Authors: Lawenko Michael M.
Published: November 2022

Diagnostic laparoscopy is used in endoscopic surgery for the diagnosis of intra-abdominal pathologies. This technique has the capability for directly visualizing intra-abdominal organs with the opportunity for gathering tissue biopsy, fluid aspiration, and tissue cultures. This procedure has the capability to aid other possible interventional alternatives.
Emergency Groin Hernia Repair
Authors: Yang George Pei Cheung
Published: November 2022

Laparoscopic groin hernia repair (inguinal; femoral and obturator hernia), including transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) and totally extraperitoneal (TEP) repair, have become one of the gold standard treatment for elective groin hernia repair. After its introduction in the 1990, with deeper understanding of preperitoneal anatomy, more structural training for surgeons around the world, regular meeting with exchange of experience and results in clinical studies these have all improved our skills and understanding of both the surgery and disease itself. This has resulted in many expert hernia centers around the world starting to broaden the application of laparoscopic approach, not only to elective hernia repair, but also for emergency strangulated groin hernias as well. In this chapter, we will discuss few important issues when employing laparoscopic approach for the management of emergency strangulated groin hernias.
Adhesiolysis for Bowel Obstruction
Authors: Maia Raquel
Published: November 2022

Abdominal surgery is the major cause of peritoneal adhesion formation. Although being part of the body’s healing process, it is estimated that intra-abdominal adhesions are developed in 90–95% of patients. Other causes of intra-abdominal adhesions include pelvic inflammatory disease, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and complicated diverticulitis [1].
Care and Handling of Laparoscopic Instrumentations
Authors: Lee-Ong Alembert , Kwan Shirin Khor Pui
Published: November 2022

Laparoscopic instrumentation ranging from operating telescopes and fiber optic light cables to surgical instruments represents a substantial investment for the operating theater department [1, 3]. The delicate nature of these devices and the high cost involved in the acquisition and subsequently to maintain or repair them when damaged, warrants surgeons, nurses, and reprocessing personnel to handle them carefully and appropriately at all times. Proper care and handling of laparoscopic instrumentation can help to prolong their lifespan and maintain them at an optimal performance level. With the goal of delivering the finest in-patient care, all surgical team members and reprocessing personnel must be familiar with the use of and recommendations for care and handling of all laparoscopic instrumentation.
Basic Principles and Advanced VATS Procedures
Authors: Agarwal Narendra , Kukreja Bharti
Published: November 2022

In the era of growing enthusiasm for minimally invasive surgical approaches, many general and thoracic surgeons have fostered a resurgence of interest in thoracoscopy. Over the last two decades, surgeons have expanded the use of thoracoscopic or video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), procedures to address a variety of thoracic pathologies classically managed through open thoracotomy. The goal of this chapter is to guide minimal invasive surgeons who are trained in open thoracic procedures, and thoracic surgeons beginning their thoracoscopic experience with the basic operative setup for thoracoscopic (VATS) surgery.
Achalasia
Authors: Lopez-Gutierrez Javier , Cervantes B. Mario
Published: November 2022

Achalasia is the result of a progressive degeneration process of the ganglion cells of the myenteric plexus, located in the esophageal wall. The disorder motility that characterizes achalasia appears to result primarily from the loss of inhibitory neurons within the wall of the esophagus itself. This loss of the inhibitory innervation in the LOS causes the basal sphincter pressure to rise and renders the sphincter muscle incapable of normal relaxation. The loss of inhibitory neurons from the smooth muscle portion of the esophageal body results in aperistalais [1]. The manifestations of the disease depend on the degree and location of ganglion cell loss [2]. Loss of peristalsis in the distal esophagus and LOS failure to relax with swallowing, both impair esophageal emptying. Most of the signs and symptoms of achalasia are due to the defect in LES relaxation. Esophagogastric junction (OGJ) outflow obstruction. The risk of developing esophageal cancer increases up to 3.3% after a mean symptom duration of 13 years [3].
Resection of Gastroesophageal Junction Submucosal Tumors (SMTs)
Authors: Teh Jun Liang , Shabbir Asim
Published: November 2022

Operation Room set up and patient positioning
Hiatal Hernia: Update and Technical Aspects
Authors: Zanoni Andrea , Sartori Alberto , Lauro Enrico
Published: November 2022

Hiatal hernia is defined as the herniation of the stomach, possibly with other abdominal cavity elements, through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. The most used classification describes four types of hernia: type I is the sliding hiatus hernia; type II the rolling hernia, where the gastric fundus herniate, while the gastroesophageal junction remains in the abdomen; type III the mixed hernia: with elements of both types I and II hernias; type IV is characterized by the presence of organs other than the stomach in the hernia sac. Types II–IV hernias as a group are referred to as paraesophageal hernias. Type I is the most common (95% of the cases), followed by type III, which comprises almost all paraesophageal hernias. Type II and IV are rare. Gastric volvulus is commonly associated with paraesophageal hiatal hernias. During sac reduction, the content is also retracted into the abdomen and the volvulus is automatically derotated. Natural history of hiatal hernias is not really known, but preliminary studies suggest that, like all other types of hernia, they tend to increase in size over time. The anatomic disruption of the gastroesophageal junction, due to hiatal hernia, leads to the disruption of natural anti-reflux mechanisms and hernia size is one of the main determinant of reflux severity [3]. Indeed, symptoms of hiatal hernia can be distinguished into GERD-related and Non-GERD-related. GERD symptoms are described in another chapter. Non-GERD symptoms include all those related to compression of mediastinal structures and to damage of herniated organs. A particular case is that of asymptomatic paraesophageal hernias. In those patients, prophylactic paraesophageal hernia repair is debated among experts. Although there is no consensus, most would agree that very old or debilitated patients should not undergo surgery, while younger and healthier patients, with a life expectancy of at least 10 years, should consider surgery to prevent both the risk of acute complications and potentially progressive symptoms.
McKeown Esophagectomy
Authors: Kono Koji
Published: November 2022

Esophageal cancer is the sixth most frequent cause of cancer death worldwide and affects more than 450,000 people all over the world [1]. Most patients with esophageal cancer in Asian countries such as Japan and China have squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), while most of those in Western countries have adenocarcinoma [2, 3]. In particular, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma in the USA and the UK is rapidly increasing, in which the age-adjusted incidence has risen by 39·6% for men and 37·5% for women every 5 years in the UK [3]. Despite improvements in surgical techniques and perioperative management [4, 5] and surgery combined with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy [6, 7], the prognosis of esophageal cancer at advanced stage remains poor with 30–40% in a 5-year survival globally [8] and the 5-year survival rate for the patients receiving esophagectomy in Japan was 55.5% [9].
Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Authors: Yeo Danson , Rao Jaideep
Published: November 2022

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor originating in the gastrointestinal tract, originating from the interstitial cells of Cajal. GISTs occur most commonly in the stomach (60%), followed by the small intestine (30%) [1].
Gastric Carcinoma: Subtotal and Total Gastrectomy
Authors: Yeo Danson
Published: November 2022

Gastric cancer is the fourth most common malignancy and the second most common cause of death among all malignancies worldwide [1]. More than half of new gastric cancer cases come from Eastern Asia (China and Japan), while Korea and Japan have the highest incidence rate in the world [2].
Laparoscopic Gastric Banding for Morbid Obesity
Authors: Lomanto Davide , Gundogdu Emre , Ozmen Mehmet Mahir
Published: November 2022

Obesity is a rapidly rising problem worldwide in both developed and developing countries. It is not only reducing the quality of life but also shortens the duration of life with the comorbidities it brings [1]. Studies show that a two-point rise in the Body Mass Index (BMI) reduces one’s life expectancy by almost 10 years, and it also significantly affects the quality of life in morbidly obese patients [2]. Obesity is a serious medical problem as it links directly to many common comorbidities such as:
Laparoscopic Roux EN y Gastric Bypass (LRYGB)
Authors: Goel Rajat , Huang Chih-Kun , Guldogan Cem Emir
Published: November 2022

Edward Mason introduced a different approach to bariatric surgery (BS) in 1966, inspired by the observation that subtotal gastrectomies often cause weight loss (WL) [1]. The first gastric bypass procedure was performed by horizontal section of 10% volume of the upper stomach and anastomosis into the jejunal loop, excluding 90% of the gastric reservoir. Wittgrove and Clark established a standard technique for laparoscopic gastric bypass in 1991 [2]. Similar progressive improvement in the results of Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (LRYGB) is reported in most large series around the world [3, 4].
Elective Cholecystectomy
Authors: Abatayo Arnel
Published: November 2022

Cholecystectomy is one of the most commonly performed abdominal surgery to date. In the last few decades, it is increasingly performed laparoscopically, even with third-world countries in Asia. In Mongolia for example, where there are limited resources, they have found a 62% increase in laparoscopic cholecystectomy being performed for 9 years since 2005 [1]. At present, the “gold standard” in gallbladder (GB) surgery is laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). This is because of its associated advantages over conventional open technique that includes less postoperative pain, better cosmesis, and shorter hospital stays [2–8]. However, despite the advances in technology, the complications associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy remain the same. It is therefore necessary for surgeons to be familiar with the basic principles and techniques in performing a safe and efficient procedure. Below is the anatomy of Gallbladder (Fig. 1).
Hepatic Cyst/Abscess
Authors: Gupta Rakesh Kumar
Published: November 2022

Hepatic cysts are common, occurring in at least 2–7% of the population, and are typically discovered incidentally with the frequent use of ultrasonography and computed tomography. Only about 16% of such cysts are symptomatic [1]. They may be either congenital or acquired. The more common congenital variety may represent malformed bile ducts while the acquired type of hepatic cyst usually arises as sequelae of inflammation, trauma or parasitic disease, and sometimes neoplastic disease [2].
Laparoscopic Wedge Liver Resection
Authors: Yusoff Ahmad Ramzi , Lomanto Davide
Published: November 2022

Laparoscopic liver resection was introduced as a surgical technique more than two decades ago. The initial successful laparoscopic anatomical hepatectomy was reported in 1996 by Azagra et al., who performed a left-lateral segmentectomy in a patient with a benign adenoma of segments II and III. The technique has grown from a novel procedure to an essential component of the highly specialised hepatobiliary unit armamentarium. Amongst the advantages of laparoscopic liver surgery are: reduced hospital stay, reduced postoperative pain, lowered risk of peritoneal adhesions, better cosmetic outcomes, and much shorter convalescence.
Laparoscopic Right Hepatectomy
Authors: Goh Brian K. P.
Published: November 2022

Laparoscopic liver resection was first performed over two decades ago and is widely adopted in many institutions worldwide today [1]. However, laparoscopic liver resection especially for major hepatectomies remains a highly complicated and technically demanding procedure and is routinely performed only by specialized surgeons in high-volume centers today [2, 3]. In this chapter, we share the operative techniques adopted at our institution based on our experience with over 800 laparoscopic liver resections performed to date [1, 2, 4, 5].
Transabdominal Pre-peritoneal Approach (TAPP)
Authors: Malik Sajid , Wijerathne Sujith
Published: November 2022

History of inguinal hernia is as old as history of surgery itself. Bassini in 1887 published his original description of inguinal hernia repair with a later modification to Shouldice repair in 1945. Two real revolutions which have changed the hernia repair completely are the Lichtenstein “tensionless” mesh repair in 1989 and the introduction of laparoscopic surgery to hernia repair in the early 1990s [1].
Minimally Invasive Surgery for Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Salgaonkar Hrishikesh , Marimuthu Kanagaraj , Sharples Alistair , Rao Vittal , Balaji Nagammapudur
Published: November 2022

Diaphragmatic hernia (DH) is a rare entity, more commonly seen in children as compared to adults. It is classified as congenital or acquired. Most common cause of acquired hernia is following trauma. Management of DH is primarily surgical repair which can be performed by laparotomy, laparoscopy, thoracotomy, or thoracoscopy. Due to the rarity of the disease, there is a paucity of data in the literature regarding the best approach for the repair. With the advent of laparoscopy or thoracoscopy, these are the preferred options as it offers us all the known benefits associated with minimally invasive surgery (MIS). For the scope of this chapter, our focus will be on the role of thoracoscopy and laparoscopy in the management of adult DH, the technical details, and its associated complications.
Laparoscopic Right Hemicolectomy with Complete Mesocolic Excision and Central Vascular Ligation (CME/CVL) for Right Sided Colon Cancer
Authors: Ho Ming Li Leonard , Chen William Tzu-Liang
Published: November 2022

Hohenberger et al. [1] advocated CME/CVL for resection of right-sided colon cancers. CME involves sharp dissection along Toldt’s fascia with the goal of removing the primary tumor, its mesentery, and an undisrupted envelope of mesocolic fascia. The specimen would contain adjacent blood vessels, draining lymphatics, and neural tissue, which are potential pathways through which the tumor may spread. The second component is CVL whereby the tumor-supplying vessels are ligated at their origin. This ensures the maximal harvest of all regional lymph nodes.
Hemostasis in Laparoscopic Surgery
Authors: Yusoff Ahmad Ramzi , Lomanto Davide
Published: November 2022

Hemostasis is the term that refers to the typical response of the vessel to injury by activation of the blood clotting mechanism to limit bleeding. It has been an essential goal in any surgery to maintain hemostasis by restricting the blood loss thus reducing the need for blood transfusion and its complications. Hemostasis is more prudent during laparoscopic surgery where the intervention is performed through small incisions using the camera and specialized instruments, as even minor bleeding may affect visualization, the safety and quality of the procedure, and patient outcome.
Laparoscopic Anterior Resection
Authors: Ng Elaine Hui Been , Leow Yeen Chin , Chen William Tzu-Liang
Published: November 2022

The first radical rectal surgery was first performed by Sir William Ernest Miles with a permanent stoma in 1907 while restorative rectal resection was introduced in 1948 by Claude F Dixon. The evolution of using surgical staplers in 1972 by Mark Mitchell Ravitch, doubling stapling technique by Knight and Griffen in 1980 as well as the development of coloanal anastomosis, intersphincteric dissection, and colonic-pouch anal anastomosis by Parks, Larzothes, and Parc respectively between 1980 and 1986 allows more opportunities for restorative resections for low rectal tumors. The concept of Total Mesorectal Excision (TME) with sharp dissection under direct vision and gentle continuous traction by RJ Heald [1] heralded the major milestone in modern rectal cancer surgery in significantly reducing local recurrence and improving patient outcomes. Although laparoscopic surgery began in the 1980s, the first laparoscopic colonic surgery was only performed in 1991. Laparoscopic rectal resection according to the principles of TME has been performed increasingly since with a few randomized controlled clinical trials (CLASICC, COLOR II, ACOSOG Z6051, ALaCaRT) [2–7] demonstrating significantly better postoperative pain, shorter hospital stay, and improved quality of life with controversial but mostly comparable short- and intermediate-term oncological outcomes.
Laparoscopic Abdominoperineal Resection
Authors: Seow-En Isaac , Chen William Tzu-Liang
Published: November 2022

A rectal cancer located within the narrow confines of the bony pelvis has for centuries been the bugbear of abdominal surgeons. Advances in operative technique, surgical technology, imaging methods, and multimodal therapies have dramatically improved the prospects of this once fatal disease. Despite the considerable progress, cancer of the rectum remains one of the most challenging conditions encountered by colorectal surgeons in present times.
Laparoscopic Varicocelectomy
Authors: Gupta Rakesh Kumar
Published: November 2022

Varicocele is defined as dilated and tortuous veins of the pampiniform plexus of scrotal veins. Varicocele occurs in approximately 15% of the male population [1] and 21–39% of infertile men [2].
Laparoscopic Pediatric Inguinal Hernia Repair
Authors: Salgaonkar Hrishikesh , Shah Rasik
Published: November 2022

Inguinal hernia repair is one of the commonest elective surgical procedure performed in the pediatric age group. The incidence of inguinal hernia in children varies between 1 and 5% and is more commonly seen in premature infants. Similarly, it is more common in boys as compared to girls. Almost always clinically diagnosed by a palpable reducible lump in the inguinal region, the mere presence of an inguinal hernia in children is an indication of surgical repair. Traditionally, pediatric inguinal hernias are repaired by an open technique which involves high ligation of the hernial sac at the level of the internal ring. Laparoscopy is a safe, easy, and reproducible technique in the hand of an experienced surgeon with similar results. In this chapter, author discusses the details of the technique of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair.
Cast versus removable orthosis for the management of stable type B ankle fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Spierings Jelle Friso , Nijdam Thomas Marcus Paulus , van der Heijden Lizz , Schuijt Henk Jan , Kokke Marike Cornelia , van der Velde Detlef , Smeeing Diederik Pieter Johan
Published: November 2022

Purpose

There is currently no consensus on nonoperative management in adult patients after a stable type B ankle fracture. The aim of this review is to compare a removable orthosis versus a cast regarding safety and functional outcome in the NOM of stable type B ankle fractures.

Methods

A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using randomized clinical trials and observational studies. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed with the methodological index for non-randomized studies instrument. Nonoperative management was compared using the number of complications and functional outcome measured using the Olerud and Molander Score (OMAS) or the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Ankle Score.

Results

Five studies were included. Two were randomized clinical trials, and three were observational studies, including a total of 516 patients. A meta-analysis showed statistically significant higher odds of developing complications in the cast group [odds ratio (OR), 4.67 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.52–14.35)].

Functional outcome in OMAS did not vary significantly at 6 weeks, mean difference (MD) − 6.64 (95% CI − 13.72 to + 0.45), and at 12 weeks, MD − 6.91 (95% CI − 18.73 to + 4.91). The mean difference of functional outcome in OMAS at 26 weeks or longer was significantly better in the removable orthosis group; MD − 2.63 (95% CI − 5.01 to − 0.25).

Conclusion

Results of this systematic review and meta-analysis show that a removable orthosis is a safe alternative type of NOM, as complication numbers are significantly lower in the orthosis group. In addition, no statistically significant differences were found in terms of functional outcome between a removable orthosis and a cast at 6 and 12 weeks. The 6-week and the 26-week OMAS results show that in patients with stable type B ankle fractures, a removable orthosis is non-inferior to a cast in terms of functional outcome.
Human T lymphocytes at tumor sites
Authors: Notarbartolo Samuele , Abrignani Sergio
Published: November 2022

CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes mediate most of the adaptive immune response against tumors. Naïve T lymphocytes specific for tumor antigens are primed in lymph nodes by dendritic cells. Upon activation, antigen-specific T cells proliferate and differentiate into effector cells that migrate out of peripheral blood into tumor sites in an attempt to eliminate cancer cells. After accomplishing their function, most effector T cells die in the tissue, while a small fraction of antigen-specific T cells persist as long-lived memory cells, circulating between peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues, to generate enhanced immune responses when re-encountering the same antigen. A subset of memory T cells, called resident memory T (TRM) cells, stably resides in non-lymphoid peripheral tissues and may provide rapid immunity independently of T cells recruited from blood. Being adapted to the tissue microenvironment, TRMcells are potentially endowed with the best features to protect against the reemergence of cancer cells. However, when tumors give clinical manifestation, it means that tumor cells have evaded immune surveillance, including that of TRMcells. Here, we review the current knowledge as to how TRMcells are generated during an immune response and then maintained in non-lymphoid tissues. We then focus on what is known about the role of CD4+and CD8+TRMcells in antitumor immunity and their possible contribution to the efficacy of immunotherapy. Finally, we highlight some open questions in the field and discuss how new technologies may help in addressing them.
Biologic principles of minced cartilage implantation: a narrative review
Authors: Ossendorff Robert , Walter Sebastian G. , Schildberg Frank A. , Spang Jeffrey , Obudzinski Sarah , Preiss Stefan , Schneider Stefan , Salzmann Gian M.
Published: November 2022

Cartilage tissue has a very limited ability to regenerate. Symptomatic cartilage lesions are currently treated by various cartilage repair techniques. Multiple treatment techniques have been proposed in the last 30 years. Nevertheless, no single technique is accepted as a gold standard. Minced cartilage implantation is a newer technique that has garnered increasing attention. This procedure is attractive because it is autologous, can be performed in a single surgery, and is therefore given it is cost-effective. This narrative review provides an overview of the biological potential of current cartilage regenerative repair techniques with a focus on the translational evidence of minced cartilage implantation.
Correlation between serum IGF-1 and EGF levels and neuropsychiatric and cognitive in Parkinson’s disease patients
Authors: Shi Xiaoxue , Zheng Jinhua , Ma Jianjun , Li Dongsheng , Gu Qi , Chen Siyuan , Wang Zhidong , Sun Wenhua , Li Mingjian
Published: November 2022

Background

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) exert neuroprotective effects in Parkinson’s disease (PD). To date, studies on the relationships between serum IGF-1 and EGF levels and nonmotor symptoms in PD patients have been rare.

Methods

A Siemens automatic chemical analyzer was used to determine serum IGF-1 levels, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect serum EGF levels in 100 healthy controls and 100 PD patients, including those in the early (n = 49) and middle-late (n = 51) stage of the disease. Evaluation of motor symptoms and nonmotor symptoms in PD patients was assessed by the associated scales.

Results

Serum IGF-1 and EGF levels were higher in PD patients than in healthy controls, and serum IGF-1 and EGF levels were higher in early stage PD patients than in middle-late stage PD patients. Serum IGF-1 levels were significantly negatively correlated with anxiety, depression, and cognitive dysfunction; serum EGF levels were significantly negatively correlated with cognitive dysfunction. Combining IGF-1 and EGF in the diagnosis of PD was more valuable than using a single factor in the diagnosis.

Conclusions

This study shows that serum IGF-1 levels were correlated with the nonmotor symptoms of anxiety, depression, and cognitive dysfunction and that EGF levels were correlated with cognitive dysfunction. The combination of IGF-1 and EGF increased the value for a PD diagnosis. This is the first report of the simultaneous detection of IGF-1 and EGF levels to explore the correlation with nonmotor symptoms of PD.
Assessment of health-related quality of life in individuals with depressive symptoms: validity and responsiveness of the EQ-5D-3L and the SF-6D
Authors: Stolz Maike , Albus Christian , Beutel Manfred E. , Deter Hans-Christian , Fritzsche Kurt , Herrmann-Lingen Christoph , Michal Matthias , Petrowski Katja , Ronel Joram , Schultz Jobst-Hendrik , Söllner Wolfgang , Weber Cora , de Zwaan Martina , Krauth Christian
Published: November 2022

Background

The EQ-5D and the SF-6D are examples of commonly used generic preference-based instruments for assessing health-related quality of life (HRQoL). However, their suitability for mental disorders has been repeatedly questioned.

Objective

To assess the responsiveness and convergent validity of the EQ-5D-3L and SF-6D in patients with depressive symptoms.

Methods

The data analyzed were from cardiac patients with depressive symptoms and were collected as part of the SPIRR-CAD (Stepwise Psychotherapy Intervention for Reducing Risk in Coronary Artery Disease) trial. The EQ-5D-3L and SF-6D were compared with the HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire) as disease-specific instruments. Convergent validity was assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation. Effect sizes were calculated and ROC analysis was performed to determine responsiveness.

Results

Data from 566 patients were analysed. The SF-6D correlated considerably better with the disease-specific instruments (|rs|= 0.63–0.68) than the EQ-5D-3L (|rs|= 0.51–0.56). The internal responsiveness of the SF-6D was in the upper range of a small effect (ES: − 0.44 and − 0.47), while no effect could be determined for the EQ-5D-3L. Neither the SF-6D nor the EQ-5D-3L showed acceptable external responsiveness for classifying patients’ depressive symptoms as improved or not improved. The ability to detect patients whose condition has deteriorated was only acceptable for the EQ-5D-3L.

Conclusion

Overall, both the convergent validity and responsiveness of the SF-6D are better than those of the EQ-5D-3L in patients with depressive symptoms. The SF-6D appears, therefore, more recommendable for use in studies to evaluate interventions for this population.
Interleukin 18 and IL-18 BP response to Sars-CoV-2 virus infection
Authors: Marino Luca , Criniti Anna , Guida Sofia , Bucci Tommaso , Ballesio Laura , Suppa Marianna , Galardo Gioacchino , Vacca Alessandra , Santulli Maria , Angeloni Antonio , Lubrano Carla , Gandini Orietta
Published: November 2022

The immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucial to the patient outcome. IL-18 is involved in the lymphocyte response to the disease and it is well established its important role in the complex developing of the host response to viral infection. This study aims at the analysis of the concentrations of IL-18, IL-18BP, INF-γ at the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The serum levels of measured interleukins were obtained through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, the free fraction of IL-18 was numerically evaluated. The enrolled patients were divided in two severity groups according to a threshold value of 300 for the ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen and fraction of inspired oxygen fraction and according to the parenchymal involvement as evaluated by computerized tomography at the admittance. In the group of patients with a more severe disease, a significant increase of the IL-18, INF-γ and IL-18BP levels have been observed, whereas the free IL-18 component values were almost constant. The results confirm that, at the onset of the disease, the host response keep the inflammatory cytokines in an equilibrium and support the hypothesis to adopt the IL-18BP modulation as a possible and effective therapeutic approach.
Unpacking collective teacher efficacy in primary schools: student achievement and professional development
Authors: Salas-Rodríguez Fátima , Lara Sonia
Published: November 2022

Little is known about how teacher professional development helps enhance collective teacher efficacy so as to improve student performance. The present systematic review addresses two research questions, first by identifying 583 studies that may contribute pertinent information and then by performing in-depth analysis to eliminate those that did not meet our inclusion and quality criteria. After analyzing 18 studies, the results of this review confirm the impact of collective efficacy on student performance and highlight the importance of the role of principals in fostering a culture of trust and collaboration among school administrators and teaching staff.
Atom interferometers and a small-scale test of general relativity
Authors: Myszkowski Mikolaj
Published: November 2022

Since the first appearance of general relativity in 1916, various experiments have been conducted to test the theory. Due to the weakness of the interactions involved, all of the documented tests were carried out in a gravitational field generated by objects of an astronomical scale. We propose an idea for an experiment that could detect purely general-relativistic effects in a lab-generated gravitational field. It is shown that a set of dense rapidly-revolving cylinders produce a frame-dragging effect substantial enough to be two orders of magnitude away from the observable range of the next generation of atomic interferometers. The metric tensor due to a uniform rotating axisymmetric body in the weak-field limit is calculated and the phase shift formula for the interferometer is derived. This article is meant to demonstrate feasibility of the concept and stimulate further research into the field of low-scale experiments in general relativity. It is by no means a fully developed experiment proposal.
Painlevé–Gullstrand coordinates versus Kerr spacetime geometry
Authors: Visser Matt , Liberati Stefano
Published: November 2022

We discuss the tension between the possible existence of Painlevé–Gullstrand coordinate systemsversusthe explicit geometrical features of the Kerr spacetime; a subject of interest to Professor Thanu Padmanabhan in the weeks immediately preceding his unexpected death. We shall carefully distinguishstrongandweakPainlevé–Gullstrand coordinate systems, andconformalvariants thereof, cataloguing what we know can and cannot be done—sometimes we can makeexplicit globalstatements, sometimes we must resort toimplicit localstatements. For the Kerr spacetime the best that seems to be achievable is to set the lapse function to unity and represent the spatial slices with a 3-metric in factorizedunimodularform; this arises from considering the Doran version of Kerr spacetime in Cartesian coordinates. We finish by exploring the (limited) extent to which this construction might possibly lead to implementing an “analogue spacetime” model suitable for laboratory simulations of the Kerr spacetime.
On a Variational Problem with a Nonstandard Growth Functional and Its Applications to Image Processing
Authors: D’Apice Ciro , Kogut Peter I. , Kupenko Olha P. , Manzo Rosanna
Published: November 2022

We propose a new variational model in Sobolev–Orlicz spaces with non-standard growth conditions of the objective functional and discuss its applications to image processing. The characteristic feature of the proposed model is that the variable exponent, which is associated with non-standard growth, is unknown a priori and it depends on a particular function that belongs to the domain of objective functional. So, we deal with a constrained minimization problem that lives in variable Sobolev–Orlicz spaces. In view of this, we discuss the consistency of the proposed model, give the scheme for its regularization, derive the corresponding optimality system, and propose an iterative algorithm for practical implementations.
Multi-armed bandits with censored consumption of resources
Authors: Bengs Viktor , Hüllermeier Eyke
Published: November 2022

We consider a resource-aware variant of the classical multi-armed bandit problem: In each round, the learner selects an arm and determines a resource limit. It then observes a corresponding (random) reward, provided the (random) amount of consumed resources remains below the limit. Otherwise, the observation is censored, i.e., no reward is obtained. For this problem setting, we introduce a measure of regret, which incorporates both the actual amount of consumed resources of each learning round and the optimality of realizable rewards as well as the risk of exceeding the allocated resource limit. Thus, to minimize regret, the learner needs to set a resource limit and choose an arm in such a way that the chance to realize a high reward within the predefined resource limit is high, while the resource limit itself should be kept as low as possible. We propose a UCB-inspired online learning algorithm, which we analyze theoretically in terms of its regret upper bound. In a simulation study, we show that our learning algorithm outperforms straightforward extensions of standard multi-armed bandit algorithms.
Rasch analysis of the scores of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS) in a traffic context
Authors: Pérez-Sánchez Jennifer , Prieto Gerardo , Delgado Ana R.
Published: November 2022

The functional approach of emotion regulation has been mainly used in the clinical context. However, other fields such as traffic psychology have also adopted this perspective, showing interest in how difficulties in emotion regulation might interfere in driving. Various driving styles have been associated with maladaptive emotion regulation. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is the most commonly used instrument to assess ER difficulties and it is often used in the context of driving. Most studies have scored DERS by using procedures of the classical test theory approach instead of advanced psychometrics. In this study, a sample of 318 male drivers aged between 20 and 69 (M age = 41.6 years, SD = 11.0) completed the DERS. The total sample was divided in two halves: drivers with road traffic offences and matched controls. Data analysis was carried out using the Rasch Rating Scale Model (RSM). Results indicated that response categories performed inadequately. Collapsing the 5 original categories into 3 new categories was necessary. To meet the unidimensionality requirement, both the first DERS item and the awareness subscale were removed. Model-data fit was then good enough. Item Separation Reliability (ISR = 0.97) was excellent and Person Separation Reliability (PSR = 0.89) was quite good. Even though requirements of invariant measurement were met, there was low validity evidence for the driving context.
Combinations of Beauveria bassiana and spinetoram for the management of four important stored-product pests: laboratory and field trials
Authors: Wakil Waqas , Kavallieratos Nickolas G. , Nika Erifili P. , Qayyum Mirza Abdul , Yaseen Taha , Ghazanfar Muhammad Usman , Yasin Muhammad
Published: November 2022

The current study examines the efficacy of the semi-synthetic insecticide spinetoram and entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) as wheat protectants against the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae), the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), under laboratory and field trials. One dose of B. bassiana, i.e., 1 × 107 conidia/kg wheat, two doses of spinetoram, i.e., spine1: 0.05 ppm (mg/kg wheat), spine2: 0.1 ppm, and their combinations (Bb + spine1, Bb + spine2) were evaluated at 20, 25, and 30 °C. All treatments provided significantly higher mortality at 30 °C compared with the other two temperatures. Maximum mortality levels were observed in the treatments where B. bassiana was combined with the higher dose of spinetoram (0.1 ppm). All treatments reduced progeny production in comparison with the control groups. Maximum progeny reduction was observed at 30 °C, on wheat treated with the Bb + spine2 combination. The combination Bb + spine2 also provided elevated mortality rates in both laboratory and field persistence trials, but at 180 days caused moderate mortality to all tested insect species. Concerning progeny, at laboratory persistence trials, the combination Bb + spine2 exhibited the lowest offspring emergence to all tested species compared to the other treatments and control. Overall, our study showed that R. dominica was the most susceptible species followed by S. granarius, T. castaneum, and T. granarium. Our findings revealed that the combination of B. bassiana and spinetoram may be a useful tool for efficient and advanced integrated pest management strategies for long storage periods under multiple temperatures.
Experimental study on the single basin solar still integrated with shell and spiral finned tube latent heat storage system enhanced by copper oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Shalaby Saleh , Kabeel Abd Elnaby , Moharram Bahaa Eddin , Shama Areeg , Abosheiasha Hatem Abosheiasha
Published: November 2022

In this work, a latent heat storage system was designed, installed, and tested when it was integrated with a single basin solar still. The latent heat storage system is a shell and spiral finned tubes, where 20 kg of a paraffin-CuO nanocomposite with a weight fraction concentration of 1% was poured into the shell while hot water from the solar collector was being pumped through the spiral finned tubes. In order to identify the effect of implementing the storage system on the performance of the solar still, two experiments were conducted, with and without storage, under approximatelysimilar weather conditions. The proposed design of the storage system succeeded to overcome all challenges associated with using paraffin wax as storage material with the solar still. The obtained results revealed that an improvement in fresh water daily productivity of 4.54% was achieved when the storage system was integrated with the solar still. The economic analysis showed that the cost per 1 L of fresh water was 0.25 $/L when the storage unit was used. This high cost will be significantly reduced when a large-scale system is installed.
Consequences of the accessibility of the mountain national parks in Poland
Authors: Adach Sylwia , Wojtkowska Małgorzata , Religa Paweł
Published: November 2022

In Poland, mountain national parks are visited by about 8 million tourists annually. As a result, national parks must have a properly developed infrastructure to accommodate such a large number of people. Tourism development in mountain national parks satisfies the needs of tourist participants and should increase the attractiveness of the area, fit into the cultural concepts of a given region, and promote its development. The research aims to determine the consequences of making mountain national parks available in Poland and determine the factors determining the attractiveness of the protected area and the related tourist burden. Nine mountain national parks located in Poland were selected for the research. An interview was conducted with employees of mountain national parks concerning (a) the tourist burden on the national park, (b) the tourist management of the national park and its surroundings, and (c) the impact of tourist traffic on the natural environment. Parameters characterizing the intensity and spatial character of tourist traffic, tourist management, and the influence of tourist traffic on the natural environment of mountain national parks are discussed. The study presents the parameters determining: tourist traffic density, tourist route density, and tourist traffic intensity. A map of the development of the surroundings of national parks was presented, and its influence on tourist traffic was determined. The obtained results were discussed in the context of the consequences of tourist traffic in mountain national parks. The result of the work was the development of a map of the tourist load of mountain national parks in Poland. Tourism is of crucial importance for the proper functioning of national parks. However, if not properly cultivated, it threatens the fauna and flora of such areas. Rational use of natural resources by tourists visiting mountain national parks is crucial to maintain the balance between man and nature. Proper supervision and management in the national park, as well as the collective responsibility of tourists visiting national parks and the community living in their vicinity, is of fundamental importance for the proper functioning of the system in national parks and nearby tourist destinations.
The utility of overclaiming questionnaires depends on the fit between test content and application context
Authors: Hoffmann Adrian , Diedenhofen Birk , Müller Sascha
Published: November 2022

Overclaiming questionnaires (OCQs) were proposed as a means to counteract social desirability bias by capturing individual differences in participants’ self-enhancement tendencies in self-report assessments. Previous studies that evaluated OCQs reported mixed results. However, fit between the content of an OCQ in terms of its items and the context in which the measure is presented has not been tested systematically. In a mock application study (N = 432), we compared different levels of content-context fit between conditions. Results show that the utility of a general knowledge OCQ varied as a function of its content fit to different application contexts. Expectedly, overclaiming was most pronounced in an application context with optimal content fit to the OCQ, followed by a context with lower fit and an honest control condition without application context. Furthermore, participants in the application conditions were shown to successfully fake on conventional personality scales while incorporating specific requirements of the application context into their faking behavior. Our results thus corroborate previous findings suggesting a high susceptibility of personality scales to deliberate faking. In contrast, when content-context fit is taken into account, OCQs may be a promising method for assessing applicant faking.
The Müller-Lyer illusion through mental imagery
Authors: Pérez-Fabello María José , Campos Alfredo
Published: November 2022

Previous studies have pointed to a link between visual perception and mental imagery. The present experiment focuses on one of the best-known illusions, the Müller-Lyer illusion, now reproduced under conditions of real perception and by means of imagery. To that purpose, a tailored ad-hoc set of combined figures was presented to a total of 161 fine art students (M age = 20,34, SD = 1,75) who individually worked with two different variations of the Müller-Lyer figures which consisted of a 10 mm long shaft and two fins set at an angle of 30º, being 15 mm long in one instance and 45 mm long in the other. In small groups, participants also completed an image control questionnaire. Results yielded that the longer the oblique lines, the larger the magnitude of the illusion both in the situation of real perception and in the imaginary situation. Also, the magnitude of the illusion augmented in the situation of perception in contrast to the imaginary situation, both with 15 mm long fins and with those of 45 mm. However, no significant differences were found in the magnitude of the illusion between high and low individuals in image control, although interactions between image control and other variables were indeed significant. The consistency of the outcome is a step forward in the study of illusions through mental images and opens the door to new lines of research that could involve innovative methods of analysis, different versions of the illusion and wider groups of participants.