bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE DIAMETER OF THE NERVE FIBRES TO THE EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES OF THE GOAT
Authors: Donaldson G. W. K.
Published: December 2014

Fibre analyses have been done on fifteen trochlear nerves, nine oculomotor nerves, five abducens nerves and seven branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, of the goat. In the motor nerves to the extrinsic eye muscles—the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves—a significant group of small fibres has been found, with a range of 3–7 µ. It is suggested that this group of small fibres is identical with the “γ” efferent nerve fibres to the intrafusal muscle fibres of the spindles of the extrinsic eye muscles, as demonstrated electrophysiologically in these animals.
MORTALITY, GROWTH AND LIVER GLYCOGEN IN YOUNG MICE EXPOSED TO COLD
Authors: Barnett S. A. , Coleman Elizabeth M. , Manly Brenda M.
Published: December 2014

Mice of four strains were reared at 21°C. and then transferred to ‐3°C., in individual cages with nesting material. Controls were kept in similar conditions at 21°C. Many of the mice of two A strains died when stressed by cold at the age of 3 weeks, but none at 5 or 12 weeks. Many C57BL and GFF mice died when stressed at 5 weeks. Death usually occurred during the first 3 days, often on the first day. All stressed mice lost weight, especially in the first 2 days; if they survived, they made up the lost weight but they grew more slowly than the controls at all stages.

Mice reared at ‐3°C. and stressed in that temperature when 3 weeks old had a lower mortality than those transferred from 21°C., and survivors did not lose weight. Mice reared at ‐3°C. and transferred to 21°C. at 3 weeks, although initially lighter, grew quickly and after 1 week were as heavy as the controls.

Three‐week‐old mice stressed at ‐3°C. lost liver glycogen quickly whether they had been reared at 21°C. or ‐3°C. This was not due to a failure to eat, and there was no evidence that death resulted from inability to mobilize carbohydrate reserves.
MAST CELL HISTAMINE AND THE ACCUMULATION OF COLLOID PARTICLES IN THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM
Authors: Zemplényi T. , Fodor J. , Lojda Z.
Published: December 2014

The action of endogenous histamine, released from mast cells, on the uptake of colloid particles by the vascular elements of the rat mesentery was investigated. After the intraperitoneal administration of protamine sulphate, a marked accumulation of intravenously administered colloid Indian ink in the endothelium and perivascular histiocytes occurs. This process may be blocked by the antihistamine drug, Analergin. Particles of an intravenously injected fat emulsion, prepared from egg yolk, are also taken up by a similar mechanism.
RENAL DISEASE AND SECONDARY POTASSIUM DEPLETION IN AGEING RATS
Authors: Kennedy G. C. , Flear C. T. G. , Parker R. A.
Published: December 2014

Rats, which were fed on a diet deficient in potassium for 5 weeks and then refed with normal food, replaced within 4 weeks the potassium lost from their muscles. Chronic renal lesions developed, and with their extension potassium was again lost from the muscles. Both the chronic renal damage and the potassium loss were more severe in adult than in young rats. At all ages, moreover, the renal lesions resembled those which develop spontaneously in senile rats, and which are also associated with potassium loss from the muscles. Possible reasons for this secondary potassium loss are discussed.
THE MAXIMAL ISOMETRIC TETANIC TENSIONS DEVELOPED BY MAMMALIAN MUSCLE, IN SITU, AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
Authors: Cullingham Penelope J. , Lind A. R. , Morton Rosemary J.
Published: December 2014

Variations in the maximum isometric tetanic tension developed at different muscle temperatures have been examined following direct and indirect stimulation of the tibialis anterior muscle of the cat. While the frequency of direct stimulation necessary to evoke maximum tension remained constant at about 120–160 cycles/sec., the frequency of indirect stimulation had to be varied with temperature to ensure supramaximal stimulation. At such optimal frequencies of indirect stimulation for different muscle temperatures, the length‐tension relationship remained unaltered at muscle temperatures between 20 and 40°C.

Maximum isometric tetanic tensions were greatest at 38–40° C. A fall in muscle temperature to about 28° C. resulted in a fall in tension of only 5 per cent below that found at 40° C., but a further fall in muscle temperature to about 20° C. led to a reduction in the tension exerted to a value of 30–35 per cent less than that exerted at 40° C. Such tensions were slightly greater when evoked by direct than by indirect stimulation. The amount of this difference was 2–4 per cent at 40° C. and 7–8 per cent at 20° C. The evidence suggests, therefore, that when the frequency of stimulation is adjusted to the optimal rate for given temperatures, the greater proportion of the fall in tension is due to failure within the muscle fibre itself rather than to failure of the neuromuscular junction. The relationship of this finding to voluntary contractions is discussed.
A COMPARISON OF THE RESPIRATORY WORK DONE AGAINST AN EXTERNAL RESISTANCE BY MAN AND BY A SINE‐WAVE PUMP
Authors: Cooper E. A.
Published: December 2014

The rate of external work done against the resistance of a respiratory circuit was measured from pressure‐volume diagrams. Eight subjects breathed through the circuit at many levels of exertion. At any given minute volume the rates of external respiratory work were similar for all subjects. The circuit was also ventilated by a sine‐wave pump at corresponding minute volumes. The rate of work done by the pump at all minute volumes corresponding to exercising men was also similar. It was, therefore, concluded that in estimations of the rate of respiratory work on exercise, it is justifiable to assume that the human respiratory wave behaves as a sine wave.
PROTEIN IN DYING β‐CELLS OF THE PANCREATIC ISLETS
Authors: Dixon Kendal C. , King A. J. , Malinin Theodore
Published: December 2014

The β‐cells of pancreatic islets, dying after injury by alloxan, were studied (1) by staining with oxidized tannin‐azo (OTA), which colours well the tannophilic protein both in islet and acinar cells, and (2) by successive treatment with neutral permanganate, Gomori's paraldehyde‐fuchsin and methylene blue, a method which effectively differentiates the β‐cells from the other cells of the pancreas.

There was no rapid loss of tannophilic protein from the injured β‐cells which retained their granules stainable by paraldehyde‐fuchsin in the early stages of necrosis.

The injured β‐cells were rapidly dissevered from one another and from the capillaries, which they normally encompass, and were thus transformed from mutually coherent epithelial units into isolated separate cells. It is suggested that alloxan may react with an external film of protein on the surface of the β‐cells so as to sever their mutual coherence and also their adherence to the walls of the capillaries. After separation from their vascular supply, the isolated β‐cells may then undergo ischæmic necrosis.

Pyknosis was conspicuous in the nuclei of the dying β‐cells and was accompanied by an increase in tannophilic protein. The capacity of the cytoplasm of the injured β‐cells to stain with paraldehyde‐fuchsin and with OTA later declined, when the necrotic remnants had swollen and coalesced into indistinct cellular phantoms. Finally all remnants of the β‐cells disappeared and the islets were reoccupied by epithelial cells rich in tannophilic protein but devoid of granules stainable by paraldehyde‐fuchsin.
THE ACTIVITY OF BILE SALTS AND CERTAIN DETERGENTS ON THE HEPATIC STORAGE AND PROTEIN‐BINDING OF SULPHOBROMOPHTHALEIN
Authors: Andrews W. H. H. , Richards T. G.
Published: December 2014

Bile salts and certain detergents interfered with the uptake of sulphobromophthalein (BSP) by the liver from the blood. One variety of India ink (but not another) could release BSP which had already been stored in the liver. It was shown that bile salts, alkaline shellac (the active ingredient of the effective India ink) and various anionic detergents interfered with the bond between protein and BSP in vitro as well as with the hepatic storage of BSP in vivo. It is suggested that the storage of BSP is largely, if not entirely, by means of binding to hepatic protein.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE MAST CELLS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FAT TRANSPORT
Authors: Jennings M. A. , Florey H. W. , Robinson D. S.
Published: December 2014

Chylomicron fat in the blood of rats in excess of the maximum physiological level produced no morphological changes in the mesenteric mast cells. The repeated intravenous injection of protamine sulphate, a heparin antagonist, during alimentary lipæmia did not result in changes in the mesenteric mast cells. As traced in autoradiographs after labelling by 35S, the rate of mobilization of sulphated substance from the mast cells was not increased by repeated maximal alimentary lipæmia, or by repeated starvation, continued for up to 5 weeks.

Thus by the methods used no connection could be shown between mast cell heparin and the clearing of chylomicron fat from the blood. This may only mean that the methods were unsuitable or insufficiently delicate for the purpose.
EFFECT OF DENERVATION ON THE MAXIMAL SECRETORY CAPACITY OF SALIVARY GLANDS
Authors: Emmelin N. , Malm L. , Strömblad B. C. R.
Published: December 2014

The maximal secretory capacity of submaxillary and parotid glands was estimated repeatedly in cats. It was found to remain fairly constant over periods of several months. Parasympathetic denervation was found to reduce the maximum markedly, whereas there was a slight increase after sympathetic denervation.
THE EFFECTS OF THE TRACHEAL PRESSURE UPON FLOW: PRESSURE RELATIONS IN THE VASCULAR BED OF ISOLATED LUNGS
Authors: Banister Jean , Torrance R. W.
Published: December 2014

In isolated cats' lungs, perfused at steady inflows with a mixture of plasma and dextran, we measured the pulmonary arterial pressure, the left atrial pressure, the tracheal pressure and the inflow of perfusate. We were able to obtain directly or to calculate relations between any pair of these four variables with the remaining pair at constant values. The results are used to analyze how tracheal pressures affect the pulmonary vascular bed and to consider some consequences of the changes in pressure which occur during cardiac and respiratory cycles in the whole animal.
THE WORK OF VENTILATING THE LUNGS ON EXERTION
Authors: Cooper E. A.
Published: December 2014

The rate of frictional work of ventilating the lungs was measured on eight subjects at many levels of exertion. It rose rather more rapidly than the square of the minute volume. At low minute volumes the frictional work of inspiration was greater than that of expiration. At high minute volumes the reverse was found. The implications of these results are considered in relation to possible variations in bronchial diameter. The importance of the contribution of elastic forces to respiratory work rates is also discussed.
THE EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF TRIIODOTHYRO‐ACETIC ACID AND 1‐TRIIODOTHYRONINE ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF CIRCULATING HUMAN LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Bisset Sheenah K. , Alexander W. D.
Published: December 2014

The effect of intravenous injections of the thyroid hormones, triiodothyroacetic acid and 1‐triiodothyronine, on the rate of oxygen uptake of leucocytes from two myxœdematous patients was studied.

The first patient was given an intravenous injection of 5 mg. TRIAC. At 30 min., the rate of oxygen consumption of the patient's leucocytes had increased significantly. The basal metabolic rate of the patient increased more slowly. Twelve days later, a blank injection was given. This produced no stimulation of oxygen consumption.

The second myxœdematous patient was given an injection of 5 mg. TRIAC and 7 days later an injection of 2 mg. l‐triiodothyronine. Both compounds had a rapid effect on the rate of oxygen uptake of the patient's leucocytes, the basal metabolic rate of the patient increasing more slowly.
THE METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATE AND VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS IN THE MARSUPIAL, SETONIX BRACHYURUS
Authors: Barker Jennifer M.
Published: December 2014

Quokkas have digestive and metabolic affinities with ruminants, whom they resemble in that their “normal” blood sugar levels are lower than those of non‐ruminants. Also, as in sheep, intravenous insulin has a greater and more prolonged effect on the blood sugar than in non‐ruminants. Injected glucose may possibly be cleared from the blood faster than in ruminants.

In other respects, quokkas resemble more closely non‐ruminants. Thus, compared with ruminants, fasting lowers the blood sugar more rapidly and extensively; blood volatile fatty acid (VFA) levels are generally lower, except during feeding; injected VFA is cleared more quickly from the blood; injections of sodium propionate have a smaller effect on blood sugar; arterio‐venous differences of VFA are smaller and of glucose greater. A previous report that blood VFA levels in quokkas were similar to those in ruminants was due to the effect of ethanol in the anæsthetic used. Ethanol causes a rapid increase in blood VFA levels in quokkas, rabbits and man.
THE EFFECT OF INSULIN AND TOLBUTAMIDE ON THE REDUCED GLUTATHIONE CONCENTRATION IN THE BLOOD OF DIABETIC AND NON‐DIABETIC PERSONS
Authors: Gryglewski R. , Duncan L. J. P.
Published: December 2014

Blood reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations were determined in nondiabetic and mildly diabetic persons before and for 2 hr. after the injection of insulin or tolbutamide. The mean fall in blood glucose concentration caused by insulin was, for each group of persons, of about the same speed and magnitude as that following tolbutamide. The tolbutamide‐induced fall in glycmemia was accompanied by a significant and sustained percentage lowering of the mean blood GSH level in both groups of subjects: the insulin‐induced reduction in glyæsmia was unaccompanied by a sustained or significant percentage change in the blood GSH. Tolbutamide altered neither the glucose nor the GSH levels in the blood of an insulin‐dependent diabetic. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the mechanism of hypoglycaemic action of tolbutamide.
THE EFFECT OF TOLBUTAMIDE AND INSULIN ON THE REDUCED GLUTATHIONE CONTENT OF THE BLOOD AND LIVER OF NORMAL AND ALLOXAN‐DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Gryglewski R. , Duncan L. J. P.
Published: December 2014

The blood reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration of normal rats was reduced by the intra‐cardiac injection of tolbutamide but not by insulin or sulphadiazine. Tolbutamide did not lower the blood GSH of severely alloxandiabetic rats. No significant change in the GSH content of the pancreas, kidney or liver was observed in normal rats following the injection of tolbutamide or sulphadiazine. The fall in the GSH content of liver homogenates incubated in vitro was accelerated by tolbutamide except when glucose was added to give a high concentration in the homogenate. Perfusion of the liver in situ with insulin or sulphadiazine did not alter its GSH content but perfusion with tolbutamide significantly reduced the GSH content. These findings are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of the hypoglycaemic action of the sulphonylureas.
SOME RESPONSES OF ISOLATED MUSCLE FROM THE SHEEP STOMACH
Authors: Sanford J.
Published: December 2014

A method is described for investigating the responses to drugs of isolated strips of muscle from each compartment of the sheep stomach. Acetylcholine contracted strips of all four compartments and there were no marked regional differences in sensitivity to this drug. The action of acetylcholine was antagonized by atropine and was potentiated by neostigmine. Histamine did not contract any of the preparations but usually caused relaxation of abomasum and of rumen. Preparations of abomasum were more sensitive to histamine than preparations of rumen and contractions of abomasum in response to acetylcholine were inhibited by histamine. Mepyramine only partially antagonized the actions of histamine. Strips of rumen and abomasum were relaxed by low concentrations and contracted by high concentrations of adrenaline or nor‐adrenaline. 5‐hydroxytrytamine invariably contracted strips of reticulum rumen and abomasum but strips of omasum rapidly became insensitive to this drug.
CHANGES IN CAPACITY OF THE LEG VEINS STUDIED BY A SIMPLE COUNTER‐PRESSURE TECHNIQUE
Authors: Shephard R. J.
Published: December 2014

The effective transmural pressure in the leg veins may be reduced to zero by appropriate inflation of an anti‐g suit applied to the legs only. The central displacement of venous blood consequent upon suit inflation causes consistent physiological changes, particularly an expiratory shift of the end‐tidal position recorded by a spirometer. The end‐tidal shift is proportional to the expected displacement of blood, and is modified by both the initial venous pressure (varying body posture) and the initial venous tone (varying room temperature and use of pressor amines). It may thus be used as a simple index of the pressure/volume state of the leg veins before and after administration of pharmacological agents. Inflation of the anti‐g suit also produces an increase of respiratory rate and minute volume, but tidal volume is unchanged. Vital capacity is reduced, both inspiratory and expiratory capacity being affected. Pulse rate and pulmonary compliance are also reduced. Each of these changes may be interpreted in terms of central displacement of blood.
PLASMA IRON BINDING CAPACITY AND ERYTHROPOIESIS IN THE RAT AND RABBIT
Authors: Morgan E. H.
Published: December 2014

The changes in plasma iron concentration and total iron binding capacity (T.I.B.C.) were studied in the rabbit during hæmolytic and hæmorrhagic anæmia and during cobalt polycythæmia and in the rat during cobalt and transfusional polycythæmia. Those conditions associated with an increase in the rate of erythropoiesis (hæmolytic and hæmorrhagic anæmia, cobalt polycythæmia) were accompanied by an increase in T.I.B.C. while transfusional polycythæmia, where erythropoiesis is decreased was accompanied by a decrease in T.I.B.C. The results are discussed with reference to the factors regulating the plasma T.I.B.C. level in the rat and rabbit.
ESTERIFICATION OF 14C‐LABELLED CHOLESTEROL BY RETICULO‐ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
Authors: Day A. J. , Gould‐Hurst P. R. S.
Published: December 2014

14C‐labelled cholesterol injected intraperitoneally into rats was shown to be taken up by the reticulo‐endothelial cells of the sternal lymph nodes and partly converted into 14C‐labelled cholesteryl ester. The specific activity of the 14C‐labelled cholesterol in the nodes fell rapidly, while that of theC14‐labelled cholesteryl ester formed remained relatively high, suggesting that esterification of the cholesterol and its fixation as cholesteryl ester was brought about by reticulo‐endothelial cells. It was also shown that 14C‐labelled cholesterol was taken up by rabbit macrophages in vitro and partly esterified in these cells. The significance of the findings in relation to the pathogenesis of atheroma is discussed.
HEPATIC PROTEIN LOCATED BY THE OXIDIZED TANNIN‐AZO METHOD
Authors: Dixon Kendal C.
Published: December 2014

The oxidized tannin‐azo (OTA) method was used to study the location of tannophilic protein in hepatic cells. In this method tannic acid was first attached to the tissue proteins and then oxidized with periodic acid; the oxidized tannin, which was firmly bound to the cellular proteins, was subsequently converted to a highly coloured azo dye by coupling with diazotized o‐dianisidine.

Preliminary deamination with nitrous acid markedly diminished the capacity of hepatic cells to stain with OTA; this indicates that ‐NH3 groups in the tissue proteins are the principal loci revealed by the OTA method.

Sections of liver, after tanning and oxidation, were also treated with 6‐amino‐3‐dimethylaminophenol; this technique produced intense colouration of the hepatic cells probably owing to the formation of an oxazine dye. The colouration of oxidized tannin by 6‐amino‐3‐dimethylaminophenol confirms the view that bound tannin is oxidized by periodic acid to a 1–2‐quinone.
THE EFFECTS OF ANIMAL AGE ON THE SWELLING OF RAT LIVER SLICES IN VITRO
Authors: Parsons D. S. , van Rossum G. D. V.
Published: December 2014

An account is given of the increase in water content (swelling) of liver slices prepared from rats of differing ages (new‐born to 113 days) and incubated under metabolically unfavourable conditions in a simple “isotonic” saline medium. Liver slices from young rats swelled more than slices from adult rats and slices from 1‐day‐old rats swelled more than those from either new‐born or 5‐day‐old animals. The swelling was accompanied by a redistribution of electrolytes between the tissue and medium which was qualitatively similar at all the ages studied and involved a net entry of Na and Cl ions into and a net loss of K ions from the tissue. After 120 min. incubation, the distribution of Na and Cl between the medium and the tissue water of liver slices from rats of all ages was in accord with the requirements of a Gibbs‐Donnan equilibrium. The findings are discussed in relation to earlier work and it is suggested that the decrease in extent of swelling during growth may be associated with changes in the properties of the tissue non‐diffusible anions during this period.
SERUM PROTEIN CHANGES AND PLASMA TOTAL IRON BINDING CAPACITY AFTER LAPAROTOMY OR PARTIAL HEPATECTOMY AND IN ANÆMIA IN THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Morgan E. H. , Brackenridge C. J.
Published: December 2014

Rats were killed at intervals of 2–32 days after either partial hepatectomy or laparotomy alone and their blood hæmoglobin, serum protein fractions, plasma iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were determined. Similar measurements were made on other rats with experimentally induced hæmolytic or hæmorrhagic anæmia. A marked increase in TIBC followed both types of operation and also occurred in both forms of anæmia. Whereas the change in TIBC after operation was associated with marked generalized alterations in the serum protein pattern little change in this pattern was found in anæmia. It is considered likely that the increase in TIBC following the operation represents an alteration in the concentration of the plasma iron binding protein, transferrin, as part of a general change in protein metabolism, while the increase in TIBC in the anæmias is more likely to be a change specific for transferrin and acting as part of the alteration in iron metabolism which occurs in anæmia.
THE ABSORPTION OF FAT IN SHEEP AND LAMBS
Authors: Heath T. J. , Morris Bede
Published: December 2014

The absorption of fat has been studied in adult sheep and in young lambs with chronic lymphatic fistulæ. When maize oil or olive oil was injected into the gut, the rate of lymph flow decreased during the next hour. The flow rate increased subsequently as fat absorption proceeded and two peaks of both flow rate and fat concentration occurred in adult sheep at 3–5 hr. and 5‐8 hr. following the injection of the fat. In lambs, the lymph flow increased to a peak between 2 and 3 hr. while the peak concentration of fat in the lymph occurred between 5 and 8 hr. In adult sheep, the increase in the concentration of total esterified fatty acids was accompanied by an increase in the concentration of phospholipids in the lymph. In lambs, the concentration of total esterified fatty acids was significantly correlated with both the concentration of phospholipids and free fatty acids in the lymph during fat absorption.

When 14C tripalmitin was injected into the abomasum or duodenum of lambs, most of the absorbed radioactivity was recovered in the intestinal lymph. In adult sheep significantly less of the labelled fat which was absorbed appeared in the lymph. When the fat was given into the rumen, absorption was slow and took place over a period of several days.

More than 90 per cent of radioactivity in the lipids of the intestinal lymph was in the form of neutral glycerides. Small amounts of activity appeared in the lymph phospholipids (0–5·9 per cent) and in the lymph non‐esterified fatty acids (0·6–4·5 per cent). The significance of the lymphatic system in the transport of absorbed fat in sheep is discussed.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE SUPPRESSION OF SKELETAL LESIONS IN RATS PRODUCED BY β‐AMINOPROPIONITRILE
Authors: Bell G. H. , Khogali A. , Sharma D. N.
Published: December 2014

Newly weaned male albino rats were given by gavage graded doses of β‐aminopropionitrile for 4 weeks either alone or with one of the thyroid hormones viz. L‐thyroxine, D‐thyroxine, L‐triiodothyronine and D‐triiodothyronine. Some rats were given the thyroid hormones alone to see whether these hormones produced any change in the physical properties of the bones. It was found that:

1. β‐aminopropionitrile (BAPN) produced a significant fall in the breaking stress and stiffness of the bones of young growing rats. The value for strain at the elastic limit was not affected.

2. The thyroid hormones did not produce any significant change in the physical properties of the femora of normal rats.

3. Thyroxine was quite a good antagonist against BAPN. At the lower doses of the nitrile it completely prevented the lesions and, at the higher doses of BAPN, it modified greatly the toxic actions of the nitrile. L‐thyroxine and D‐thyroxine were equally effective in their action against BAPN. L‐triiodothyronine and D‐triiodothyronine were equally potent in inhibiting the lesions of 50 mg. BAPN.

4. It is suggested that the action of the thyroid hormones in antagonizing BAPN is unlikely to be due to the general metabolic effects of the hormones.
THE NEPHROPATHY OF EXPERIMENTAL POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY. AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY
Authors: MacDonald Mary K. , Sabour M. S. , Lambie Anne T. , Robson J. S.
Published: December 2014

The most prominent abnormality in renal function in potassium depletion in man and in experimental animals is a defect in concentrating power. Although it has been suggested that in rats this may be due to lesions in the collecting tubules, the virtual absence of these histological abnormalities in human material and in dogs is paradoxical. In the experiments reported here, mild potassium depletion has been induced in rats by dietary restriction and the kidneys of these animals examined by the electron microscope. The most obvious early and constant abnormality was found in the basement membrane of the thin segment of the loop of Henle. The width of this membrane is increased to 3–5 times normal and it becomes fibrillar in appearance. This thickening and fibrillation involves also the pars recta of the proximal tubule, but does not extend into the thick ascending segment of the loop of Henle, the convoluted tubules or the collecting tubules. In the later stages of potassium depletion electron microscopy confirmed the abnormalities already reported in light microscopic studies— i.e. granulation, hyperplasia and degeneration of the cells of the collecting tubules. The relationship between the basement membrane abnormality and the known effect of potassium depletion on renal concentrating power is discussed in the light of the counter‐current hypothesis. It is suggested that the physical state of the ground substance of the basement membrane may have an important influence on the movement of water and electrolytes within the medullary region of the kidney and may be responsible for the renal defect in water conservation which occurs in potassium depletion.
THE EFFECTS OF SINGLE DOSES OF DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE (DOCA) AND CORTISONE ON THE VASCULAR RESPONSE OF FEMALE RATS TO POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
Authors: Honoré L. H.
Published: December 2014

The effects of single doses of DOCA or cortisone, with or without the addition of stilbœstrol, on the vascular responses of anæsthetized female rats to vasopressin and oxytocin were studied.

DOCA reduced the sensitivity to the pressor action of vasopressin in all animals. An initial fall in blood pressure always preceded the rise. After DOCA the majority of animals responded to oxytocin with a small fall and then a rise in blood pressure. Cortisone increased the reactivity to vasopressin in all diœstrous females; during œstrus (natural or stilbœstrol‐induced) cortisone like DOCA reduced the sensitivity to vasopressin. The rise in pressure was, except, in the diœstrous females, preceded by a sharp fall. Most of the cortisonetreated animals responded to oxytocin by a rise usually preceded by a fall in blood pressure. In three females the blood pressure was unchanged after oxytocin, and in a few it fell with no subsequent rise. Animals showing a diphasic response to vasopressin and a pure depressor or a diphasic response to oxytocin were given dihydroergotamine (DHE) and atropine to see how far the responses depended on autonomic nervous activity. With few exceptions after DHE the depressor phase of the response was abolished and the pressor phase regularly potentiated. The main exceptions were cortisone‐treated œstrous rats and three of the six females treated with cortisone and stilbœstrol; in these DHE enhanced the depressor phase of the response to vasopressin and oxytocin, and atropine given later caused a further enhancement. The results are discussed in relation to the activity of the autonomic nervous system.
THE VASCULAR RESPONSES OF MALE RATS TO THE POST‐PITUITARY HORMONES AFTER TREATMENT WITH DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE (DOCA) AND CORTISONE
Authors: Honoré L. H.
Published: December 2014

The vascular responses of anæsthetized male rats to the posterior pituitary hormones were studied approximately 24 hr. after the administration of DOCA and cortisone. DOCA decreased the vascular sensitivity to the pressor effect of vasopressin in seven, but increased it in three animals. In five animals a sharp fall preceded the rise in blood pressure. After DOCA, oxytocin gave rise to three types of response—pressor, depressor and diphasic, i.e. depressor‐pressor. Cortisone increased vascular reactivity to vasopressin in ten rats but reduced it in four. In conjunction with stilbœstrol, cortisone as in the females decreased the vascular sensitivity to vasopressin. The diphasic response was obtained in most animals. Dihydroergotamine (DHE) and atropine were given to those rats showing a diphasic response to VP and either a depressor or a diphasic response to oxytocin. DHE suppressed the depressor phase in all DOCA‐treated and in most of the cortisone‐treated rats. In some cortisone‐treated animals, DHE enhanced the depressor phase and atropine given after the DHE further enhanced it. The results are discussed with regard to the autonomic nervous system and the previously reported effects of orchidectomy.
THE RELATIVE EFFECTS OF DIVERSION OF BILE TO THE ILEUM OR TO THE URINARY BLADDER ON FAT ABSORPTION AND GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY IN THE RAT
Authors: Morgan R. G. H. , Simmonds W. J.
Published: December 2014

Fat absorption, stomach emptying and intestinal motility were studied in rats in which the bile had been diverted to the terminal ileum or to the urinary bladder 7–10 days previously. Diversion of bile to the ileum should interfere little with the enterohepatic circulation and thus allow a normal blood and tissue level of bile salts. Diversion to the bladder should produce a total bile fistula.

In both experimental groups, fat recovery from the gut lumen after 48 hr. starvation was greater than in the controls. Diversion of bile to the bladder markedly depressed the absorption of a test meal containing coconut oil over a 3‐hr. test period. Diversion to the ileum, however, had no such effect. These results are consistent with an important intracellular, rather than intraluminal, role of bile salts.

Stomach emptying and movement of a marker substance through the small intestine were normal in the group with bile diverted to the ileum. Stomach emptying was more rapid than normal and movement through the small intestine was delayed in the group with bile diverted to the bladder. Probably the effects on absorption of fat and gut motility are not interdependent.
THE ARTERIAL BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE CAT DIAPHRAGM WITH A NOTE ON THE VENOUS DRAINAGE
Authors: Biscoe T. J. , Bucknell Anne
Published: December 2014

In fifty‐three cats the arterial blood supply to the diaphragm was studied and some observations made on the venous drainage. The arteries arise from the 8th to 13th intercostal arteries, the internal mammary arteries and from branches of the abdominal aorta. Rarely there are direct branches from both the thoracic and the abdominal aorta. There are considerable variations in the pattern of supply. The veins drain into tributaries of the intercostal veins, the internal mammary veins and into the inferior vena cava.
SOME EFFECTS OF DENERVATING AND TRANSPLANTING MAMMARY GLANDS
Authors: Linzell J. L.
Published: December 2014

Techniques are described for transplanting whole mammary glands of goats either in two stages onto the side or in one stage to the neck. In the two‐stage technique the major blood vessels were cut as well as the nerves at the first operation.

The milk yield of four glands transplanted in one stage during lactation was 80‐118 per cent of the control gland left in the normal site in the 6 weeks after moving. The milk was of normal composition and no significant changes in milk distribution or pressure in the gland before milking was detected after moving. Such glands were capable of normal growth and function during the subsequent pregnancy and lactation.

The milk yield of two glands transplanted to the necks of other animals as homografts was 80 per cent of the previous level in the first 24 hr., but rapidly fell to zero in 8 days on a female and within 2 days on a castrated male. This may be an early sign of the homograft reaction.

Glands transplanted in two or more stages in virgin or non‐lactating animals showed no immediate loss of tissue but grew less well than the control glands in the normal site and yielded less milk, particularly when the moving was done before puberty. The lesser amount of mammary tissue formed was of normal histological appearance and secreted normal milk but there was a compensatory hypertrophy of the control gland.

Section of the mammary nerves to one gland had little or no effect on its subsequent growth and function in guinea‐pigs.

In Saanen goats bearing only denervated glands (i.e. one or two transplanted) where normal milk ejection was not observed, the total yield of milk was little affected. The normal milk‐ejection reflex was only of importance in aiding complete emptying of the glands, when they were very full. This is believed to be due to the large storage capacity of the glands in these animals, and the effectiveness of massage in emptying the glands in some animals.

Saanen goats used in this work with transplanted or sympathectomized glands, or with one gland removed, suffered more reproductive disease (sterility, abortion, mastitis and excessive relaxation of the uterus and pelvic ligaments at parturition) than other similar goats in the same herd at the same time.
CHOLINE ACETYLASE IN NORMAL AND DENERVATED SALIVARY GLANDS
Authors: Nordenfelt Ivar
Published: December 2014

Choline acetylase activity was demonstrated in the normally innervated salivary glands of the cat and rabbit. The submaxillary glands were found to have an activity about double that of the parotids, while the enzyme activity of rabbit glands was found to be more than three times that of the corresponding glands in the cat.

Chronic preganglionic parasympathetic denervation of the submaxillary gland of the cat and rabbit reduced the concentration and total choline acetylase activity in each gland. The total activity per gland fell to almost half of that of the contralateral gland. Partial postganglionic denervation of the cat's submaxillary diminished the activity in the whole gland to about 15 per cent of the contralateral control gland.

An even greater reduction of enzyme was produced in the parotid gland of the two species by postganglionic denervation but some measurable activity usually remained for several weeks after the operation.
THE EFFECT OF GROWTH AND LACTOGENIC HORMONES ON RENAL COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY IN HYPO‐PHYSECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Astarabadi Talib
Published: December 2014

Thirty‐six hypophysectomized and 14 normal male albino rats had one kidney removed. Two groups of hypophysectomized rats were treated with prolactin and growth hormone separately. The hormone was given under the skin in doses of 2 mg. per day per rat for 10 days. The remaining rats did not receive treatment. Significant hypertrophy of the remaining kidney occurred in the normal and in the growth‐hormone treated rats. It did not occur significantly in the prolactin treated rats. It was found, however, that growth hormone, although significantly increasing the body weight of the hypophysectomized rats had failed to restore to normal the weight of the remaining kidney, when the latter was related to the surface area in assessing compensatory renal hypertrophy.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RÔLE OF THE CORONARY CONSTRICTOR FIBRES. I. THE EFFECT OF THE CORONARY VASOMOTORS ON THE SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE
Authors: SzentiváNyi M. , Jijhász‐Nagy A.
Published: December 2014

On dogs under morphine‐chloralose narcosis the coronary constrictors are tonically active: after pharmacological or surgical blocking of this tone coronary flow increases, resistance decreases.

The augmentation of the general sympathetic tone by clamping of the common carotids increases the coronary resistance. After interruption of the constrictor pathways this increase in the resistance did not occur. The augmented tonic activity of the coronary constrictors or the coronary constriction induced by vasopressin or noradrenaline leads to a reflex fall of the blood pressure. After vagotomy this reflex fall induced by increased tension of the vessel walls fails to occur. From the data presented the conclusion may be drawn that an important physiological rôle of the coronary constrictors is to maintain coronary flow (i.e. O2 consumption) on an optimum level by restraining flow increase under conditions of augmented work load of the heart on the one hand, and to impede by reflex means a too great increase of the coronary perfusion pressure on the other.
INTRAHEPATIC VASCULAR PATHWAYS
Authors: Andrews W. H. H. , Lozano I. Del Rio
Published: December 2014

Experiments were carried out on dogs, cats and rabbits. Under anæsthesia fine polythene cannulæ were inserted so that injections of acetylcholine and catechol amines could be made into the portal venous, the systemic venous and the hepatic arterial systems. Carotid arterial pressure was recorded. Much larger amounts of acetylcholine were needed when injected into the portal vein than when injected into the hepatic artery to produce the same response in arterial pressure. With adrenaline and noradrenaline the difference between the two hepatic circulations was much less marked, except in some rabbits. In more than half the experiments in which it was carried out, cooling or section of the hepatic branch of the cœliac plexus altered the blood pressure response to drugs injected into the hepatic circulation, the arterial and portal systems being affected differently. Changes evoked by nerve cooling were reversible. Ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium bromide, and sympathetic blockade with choline 2:6 xylyl ether bromide or bretylium, also affected the intrahepatic circulation of blood, as did stimulation of the sympathetic nerve from the cœliac plexus. It was concluded that portal venous and hepatic arterial blood may, under some circumstances, flow through different pathways which are under autonomic control.
THE VOLUMES OF PARS DISTALIS, PARS INTERMEDIA AND INFUNDIBULAR PROCESS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND OF THE RAT, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECT OF STALK SECTION
Authors: Adams J. H. , Daniel P. M. , Prichard Marjorie M. L.
Published: December 2014

The pituitary stalk was transected in rats by a subtemporal approach, and a non‐irritant plate was inserted between its cut ends. The pituitary glands were studied at intervals ranging from 24 hr. to 41 weeks later. The glands were sectioned serially and the volumes of the various lobes, and of the infarct or scar in pars distalis, were measured. A similar study was made of pituitaries of normal rats.

The immediate effect of stalk section was a large infarct, which initially occupied from 29 to 78 per cent of pars distalis, but in most rats involved more than half of the lobe. After a few days the infarcted area began to shrink, eventually becoming a narrow sear. As the sear contracted pars distalis became greatly flattened from above down and the cells of the surviving parenchyma became small and undifferentiated. No substantial regeneration of parenchyma occurred, and pars distalis remained much smaller in volume than in normal rats of corresponding sex and body weight. The very small scar seen a few weeks after stalk section gave little idea of the size of the original infarct. After stalk section there was a rapid and marked atrophy of the infundibular process. There was no hypertrophy of pars intermedia.

The distribution of the infarcted and surviving areas of pars distalis after stalk section is explained by the two different groups of portal vessels which supply these areas, namely, the long portal vessels from the stalk, which are transected at operation, and the short portal vessels from the infundibular process, in which the circulation remains unimpaired. Variations in size of the initial infaret may be due to anatomical variations in the extent of the territories supplied by the long and short portal vessels respectively.
GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS AND BREAKDOWN IN RAT LIVER AT BIRTH
Authors: Dawkins M. J. R.
Published: December 2014

Glycogen appears in rat liver in large amounts just before term and disappears rapidly in the first 12 hr. after birth.

The liver of the fœtus is well equipped for glycogen synthesis since glycogen synthetase activity and glucose‐6‐phosphate concentrations are high. After birth there is no change in glycogen synthetase activity, but glucose‐6‐phosphate levels fall rapidly to low levels.

Of the enzymes involved in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose‐6‐phosphate and its subsequent metabolic fate, only one, glucose‐6‐phosphatase shows any marked change in activity after birth. Glucose‐6‐phosphatase activity is very low in fœtal liver and rises rapidly after birth to levels several times higher than in adult liver. It is suggested that the low glycogen levels in rat liver after birth are at least in part due to this great increase in glucose‐6‐phosphatase activity.

The results are discussed in relation to the problem of the regulation of blood glucose levels in the newborn animal.
HEMOGLOBIN CHARACTERISTICS AND THE OXYGEN AFFINITY OF THE BLOODS OF DORSET SHEEP
Authors: Meschia G. , Hagopian H. , Barron D. H. , Naughton M. A. , Battaglia F. C. , Hellegers A.
Published: December 2014

Two electrophoretically distinguishable hemoglobins have been identified in the bloods of pure bred Dorset sheep. The oxygen affinity of the whole blood, as judged by the oxygen pressure required to half‐saturate its hemoglobin at 38° C. and pH 7·4 has been shown to be correlated with the relative proportions of the two homoglobins. Blood containing only the hemoglobin which moves the more rapidly in the electrophoretic field has a higher oxygen affinity than the one with the lower mobility. The two hemoglobins appear to differ in the amino acid sequence in the beta chain of the molecule.
ENDOTHELIAL “CEMENT” IN THE FROG
Authors: Stehbens W. E.
Published: December 2014

The behaviour of a suspension of carbon particles injected intravenously was observed in inflamed and non‐inflamed blood vessels of the web of the frog (Hyla cœrulea). Carbon deposits occurred in a discontinuous network roughly outlining endothelial cells in some inflamed vessels. The distribution was similar to stomata and stigmata demonstrated by silver nitrate. Intercellular cement was not observed despite increased capillary permeability and the only circulating translucent material to which carbon adhered, appeared to be cellular constituents of the blood. The experiments failed to support the contention that a sticky intercellular “cement” substance exists.
GASTRIC ANTIBODIES STUDIED BY FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY
Authors: Irvine W. J.
Published: December 2014

Antibody specific for the mucosa of the body of human stomach was detected by the method of complement‐fixation in 62 percent of patients with Addisonian pernicious anæmia, in 20 per cent of patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis, in 25 per cent of patients with spontaneous hypothyroidism, and in 3 per cent of blood donors. Using the technique of fluorescence microscopy the specificity of this gastric antibody has been further defined to a particulate component of parietal cell cytoplasm. It is an auto‐antibody that will react equally well with homologous gastric mucosa provided the mucosa contains a normal concentration of healthy parietal cells. The indirect fluorescent antibody technique is a more sensitive test for parietal cell antibody than the method of complementfixation and the incidence of positive results in Addisonian pernicious anæmia, Hashimoto thyroiditis, spontaneous hypothyroidism and blood donors is correspondingly higher at 78, 25, 32 and 4 per cent respectively. Complementfixing gastric antibody is distinct from antibody to intrinsic factor but the latter does not appear to stain any other cell type in the gastric body mucosa with the fluorescent antibody technique.

The relationship between pernicious anæmia, chronic thyroiditis and idiopathic adrenal insufficiency is discussed and it is argued that one of the basic factors in the pathogenesis of these three conditions is a genetically determined defect in immunological tolerance.
THE REPEATABILITY OF VENTILATORY RESPONSES TO EXCESS OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND LACK OF OXYGEN
Authors: Anderton J. L. , Harris E. A. , Slawson K. B.
Published: December 2014

The ventilatory responses to CO2 without hypoxia, to hypoxia at constant PAACOACO2 and to CO2 combined with hypoxia were measured in duplicate with an interval of 20 min. between the two sets of measurements. The PAACOACO2 threshold during the second set differed in only random fashion from that during the first set; so did the CO2 sensitivity in the absence of hypoxia. The CO2 sensitivity during hypoxia, however, was significantly greater during the second set of measurements. The relevance of these results to the investigation of drugs which affect respiration is discussed.
THE PERCEPTION OF RHYTHMICALLY REPEATED LINEAR MOTION IN THE VERTICAL PLANE
Authors: Walsh E. G.
Published: December 2014

Using a modified Roberval balance that could be set to oscillate at different frequencies observations have been made on the sensations aroused by vertical motion. Thresholds for oscillations of ⅓ c/s and 1/9 c/s have shown that the peak acceleration needed is higher at the lower frequency. The phase relationships of the sensations are out of step with the motion of the balance. The view is put forward that the sensory system is concerned to a significant degree in detecting jolts.