bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patients with Rare Head Neck Cancers: Do They Need a Different Approach?
Authors: van Herpen Carla M. L.
Published: June 2021

A cancer is considered rare when the annual cancer incidence is less than 6 per 100,000 inhabitants. In absolute numbers more than 500,000 patients per year are diagnosed with a rare cancer, and 4,300,000 rare cancer patients are prevalent in Europe. The definition is widely adopted among the different scientific international societies like ESMO and ESTRO. This means that 22% of all diagnosed cancers are rare and out of the 260 cancer types identified (www.rarecare), 223 (86%) are rare. The European Network for Rare Solid Cancers (EURACAN) uses this definition to create reference networks in order to improve rare cancer care.

In Europe rare cancer patients have poorer survival as compared to common cancer patients. Moreover, the survival of rare cancer patients in the Netherlands has barely increased over time (from 50% in 1995–2000 to 56% in 2012–2016), in contrast to the common cancers (from 59% in 1995–2012 to 72% in 2012–2016). Clinical decision-making is more problematic in the case of a rare cancer because clinical studies on that tumor will be more difficult to do; so, the quality of available evidence tends to be limited. Furthermore, the decreased survival is partly caused by a delay in the diagnostic trajectory and found to be related to more advanced staging resulting in less effective treatment options.

Examples of rare cancers in the head and neck region are salivary gland cancers, which can be divided in 22 histological subtypes, and epithelial tumors of the nasal cavity and sinuses, e.g. intestinal type adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, soft tissue sarcoma and bone sarcoma and Merkel cell carcinoma, which are rare and frequently located in the head and neck area (Table 20.1).

New developments in the treatment of (recurrent/metastatic) salivary gland cancer, especially salivary duct cancer, will be discussed. By unraveling tumor characteristics, such as genetic alterations and protein expression profiles, therapeutic strategies tailored to the patient’s tumor can be rationalized. This genomic profiling and mapping of immunohistochemical expression profiles is essential in the search for a suitable treatment or study approach. Thereby, it alleviates the paucity in systemic treatment options and can significantly alter the prognosis of patients with rare cancers.
New Drugs for Recurrent or Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Cancer
Authors: Ayodele Olubukola , Siu Lillian L.
Published: June 2021

Chemotherapy has been the backbone for the treatment of recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (RMNPC), which remains an incurable disease. Currently the most active area of therapeutic investigations in RMNPC is in immunotherapy, especially after the results of five anti-programmed death-1 (anti-PD-1) antibodies, i.e. pembrolizumab, nivolumab, camrelizumab, toripalimab and tislelizumab, have demonstrated monotherapy objective response rates of 21%–43%. Combinations using anti-PD1/L1 antibodies as backbone to evaluate their additivity or synergy with cytotoxic chemotherapy, molecularly targeted agents, or other immuno-oncology compounds are actively being developed. Besides immune checkpoint blockade, additional ways to modulate the host immune system, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-directed vaccination against viral antigens (such as EBNA1, LMP1, LMP2) with dendritic cells or peptides, adoptive cell transfer of autologous or HLA-matched allogeneic EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CAR or TCR T-cell therapy, personalized cancer vaccines and oncolytic viruses are being explored. Finally, novel molecularly targeted agents that have entered human testing in RMNPC include apatinib and anlotinib (antiangiogenic agents), MAK683 (an embryonic ectoderm development or EED protein inhibitor), among others. This review provides an update of ongoing clinical trials evaluating these new compounds in RMNPC.
Earthquake Risk Assessment from Insurance Perspective
Authors: Erdik M.
Published: June 2021

The assessment of earthquake and risk to a portfolio, in urban or regional scale, constitutes an important element in the mitigation of economic and social losses due to earthquakes, planning of immediate post-earthquake actions as well as for the development of earthquake insurance schemes. Earthquake loss and risk assessment methodologies consider and combine three main elements: earthquake hazard, fragility/vulnerability of assets and the inventory of assets exposed to hazard. Challenges exist in the characterization of the earthquake hazard as well as in the determination of the fragilities/vulnerabilities of the physical and social elements exposed to the hazard. The simulation of the spatially correlated fields of ground motion using empirical models of correlation between intensity measures is an important tool for hazard characterization. The uncertainties involved in these elements and especially the correlation in these uncertainties, are important to obtain the bounds of the expected risks and losses. This paper looks at the current practices in regional and urban earthquake risk assessment, discusses current issues and provides illustrative applications from Istanbul and Turkey.
The European Parliament’s Perspective on EU–Turkey Relations
Authors: Kaeding Michael , Schenuit Felix
Published: June 2021

Over the last fifteen years, the European Parliament (EP) has served as an important actor in the assessment and design of the politically contested relationship between the EU and Turkey in general, and Turkey’s extended accession talks in particular. In the event of a successful completion of Turkish accession negotiations, the EP will also be responsible for taking the final decision on Turkish accession to the EU. Based on data made available by VoteWatch Europe with regard to the voting behavior of Members of the EP on all Turkey-related files since 2005, we show how the EP’s support for Turkey’s accession to the EU has changed over time. Our findings reveal that the EP has gradually developed from a strong advocate of Turkey’s EU membership to the only EU institution formally closing the ‘accession door’ for Turkey. At the same time, EP resolutions on the country reports on Turkey have collected numerous arguments for the importance of a new strategic partnership—representing majority-winning new narratives on the future trajectory of EU–Turkey relations. These arguments should not be wiped away in an increasingly politicized environment. Vote-seeking and closing the door to accession without identifying possible alternatives for cooperation would be politically and geo-strategically shortsighted.
Europeanization and De-Europeanization of Turkish Asylum and Migration Policies
Authors: Kaya Ayhan
Published: June 2021

This chapter discusses Turkey’s efforts to align and then de-align its migration and asylum policies and laws with the European Union. It argues that the Europeanization of migration and asylum policies and laws corresponds to the internalization of a rights-based approach by state and societal actors in Turkey up until the beginning of the civil war in Syria. The period of the war corresponds to the ascent of the process of de-Europeanization of Turkey that has resulted in the framing of migration and asylum policies at the national and local levels in cultural and religious terms. The chapter argues that the Justice and Development Party (AKP) has successfully accommodated the Syrian refugees on the basis of a religious rhetoric called ‘Ansar spirit’.
Invisible decays of axion-like particles: constraints and prospects
Authors: Darmé Luc , Giacchino Federica , Nardi Enrico , Raggi Mauro
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Axion-like particles (ALPs) can provide a portal to new states of a dark sector. We study the phenomenology of this portal when the ALP mainly decays invisibly, while its interaction with the standard model sector proceeds essentially via its coupling to electrons and/or photons. We reanalyse existing limits from various collider and beam dump experiments, including in particular ALP production via electron/positron interactions, in addition to the usual production through ALP-photon coupling. We further discuss the interplay between these limits and the intriguing possibility of explaining simultaneously the muon and electron magnetic moment anomalies. Finally, we illustrate the prospects of ALP searches at the LNF positron fixed-target experiment PADME, and the future reach of an upgraded experimental setup.
Spin effects in the effective field theory approach to Post-Minkowskian conservative dynamics
Authors: Liu Zhengwen , Porto Rafael A. , Yang Zixin
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Building upon the worldline effective field theory (EFT) formalism for spinning bodies developed for the Post-Newtonian regime, we generalize the EFT approach to Post-Minkowskian (PM) dynamics to include rotational degrees of freedom in a manifestly covariant framework. We introduce a systematic procedure to compute the total change in momentum and spin in the gravitational scattering of compact objects. For the special case of spins aligned with the orbital angular momentum, we show how to construct the radial action for elliptic-like orbits using the Boundary-to-Bound correspondence. As a paradigmatic example, we solve the scattering problem to next-to-leading PM order with linear and bilinear spin effects and arbitrary initial conditions, incorporating for the first time finite-size corrections. We obtain the aligned-spin radial action from the resulting scattering data, and derive the periastron advance and binding energy for circular orbits. We also provide the (square of the) center-of-mass momentum to $$ \mathcal{O}\left({G}^2\right) $$
O

G
2

, which may be used to reconstruct a Hamiltonian. Our results are in perfect agreement with the existent literature, while at the same time extend the knowledge of the PM dynamics of compact binaries at quadratic order in spins.
Whole-genome sequencing identifies functional noncoding variation in SEMA3C that cosegregates with dyslexia in a multigenerational family
Authors: Carrion-Castillo Amaia , Estruch Sara B. , Maassen Ben , Franke Barbara , Francks Clyde , Fisher Simon E.
Published: June 2021

Dyslexia is a common heritable developmental disorder involving impaired reading abilities. Its genetic underpinnings are thought to be complex and heterogeneous, involving common and rare genetic variation. Multigenerational families segregating apparent monogenic forms of language-related disorders can provide useful entrypoints into biological pathways. In the present study, we performed a genome-wide linkage scan in a three-generational family in which dyslexia affects 14 of its 30 members and seems to be transmitted with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. We identified a locus on chromosome 7q21.11 which cosegregated with dyslexia status, with the exception of two cases of phenocopy (LOD = 2.83). Whole-genome sequencing of key individuals enabled the assessment of coding and noncoding variation in the family. Two rare single-nucleotide variants (rs144517871 and rs143835534) within the first intron of the SEMA3C gene cosegregated with the 7q21.11 risk haplotype. In silico characterization of these two variants predicted effects on gene regulation, which we functionally validated for rs144517871 in human cell lines using luciferase reporter assays. SEMA3C encodes a secreted protein that acts as a guidance cue in several processes, including cortical neuronal migration and cellular polarization. We hypothesize that these intronic variants could have a cis-regulatory effect on SEMA3C expression, making a contribution to dyslexia susceptibility in this family.
OESDs in an on-road study of semi-automated vehicle to human driver handovers
Authors: Stanton Neville A. , Brown James W. , Revell Kirsten M. A. , Kim Jisun , Richardson Joy , Langdon Pat , Bradley Mike , Caber Nermin , Skrypchuk Lee , Thompson Simon
Published: June 2021

Design of appropriate interaction and human–machine interfaces for the handover of control between vehicle automation and human driver is critical to the success of automated vehicles. Problems in this interfacing between the vehicle and driver have led, in some cases, to collisions and fatalities. In this project, Operator Event Sequence Diagrams (OESDs) were used to design the handover activities to and from vehicle automation. Previous work undertaken in driving simulators has shown that the OESDs can be used to anticipate the likely activities of drivers during the handover of vehicle control. Three such studies showed that there was a strong correlation between the activities drivers represented in OESDs and those observed from videos of drivers in the handover process, in driving simulators. For the current study, OESDs were constructed during the design of the interaction and interfaces for the handover of control to and from vehicle automation. Videos of drivers during the handover were taken on motorways in the UK and compared with the predictions from the OESDs. As before, there were strong correlations between those activities anticipated in the OESDs and those observed during the handover of vehicle control from automation to the human driver. This means that OESDs can be used with some confidence as part of the vehicle automation design process, although validity generalisation remains an important goal for future research.
Linc-KIAA1737–2 promoted LPS-induced HK-2 cell apoptosis by regulating miR-27a-3p/TLR4/NF-κB axis
Authors: Hu Ming , Wei Jing , Yang Liu , Xu Jianhua , He Zhaofeng , Li Haiyuan , Ning Chao , Lu Shijun
Published: June 2021

Inflammation and renal cell apoptosis participate in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Previous research found the upregulation of long non-coding RNA Linc-KIAA1737–2 in hypoxia- or inflammation-challenged human proximal tubular epithelial cells, but its role in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury is underexplored. In this research, we found that Linc-KIAA1737–2 could be upregulated in HK-2 human proximal tubular epithelial cells by LPS treatment, and knock-down of this lncRNA significantly attenuated LPS-induced apoptosis in HK-2 cells, while its overexpression showed opposite effect. MiR-27a-3p was confirmed to interact with Linc-KIAA1737–2 in HK-2 cells by RNA pull-down and dual-luciferase assay. MiR-27a-3p mimic transfection significantly attenuated LPS-induced HK-2 cell apoptosis by downregulating the protein levels of TLR4 and NF-κB, which was overturned by overexpression of Linc-KIAA1737–2. Our results suggested that Linc-KIAA1737–2 could promote LPS-induced apoptosis in HK-2 cells, and presumably sepsis-induced acute kidney injury, by regulating the miR-27a-3p/TLR4/NF-κB axis.
Automated adaptation strategies for stream learning
Authors: Bakirov Rashid , Fay Damien , Gabrys Bogdan
Published: June 2021

Automation of machine learning model development is increasingly becoming an established research area. While automated model selection and automated data pre-processing have been studied in depth, there is, however, a gap concerning automated model adaptation strategies when multiple strategies are available. Manually developing an adaptation strategy can be time consuming and costly. In this paper we address this issue by proposing the use of flexible adaptive mechanism deployment for automated development of adaptation strategies. Experimental results after using the proposed strategies with five adaptive algorithms on 36 datasets confirm their viability. These strategies achieve better or comparable performance to the custom adaptation strategies and the repeated deployment of any single adaptive mechanism.
The Marvellous and the Monstrous in the Sculpture of Twelfth-Century Europe
Authors: Ambrose Kirk
Published: June 2021

Representations of monsters and the monstrous are common in medieval art and architecture, from the grotesques in the borders of illuminated manuscripts to the symbol of the "green man", widespread inchurches and cathedrals. These mysterious depictions are frequently interpreted as embodying or mitigating the fears symptomatic of a "dark age". This book, however, considers an alternative scenario: in what ways did monsters in twelfth-century sculpture help audiences envision, perhaps even achieve, various ambitions? Using examples of Romanesque sculpture from across Europe, with a focus on France and northern Portugal, the author suggests that medieval representations of monsters could service ideals, whether intellectual, political, religious, and social, even as they could simultaneously articulate fears; he argues that their material presence energizes works of art in paradoxical, even contradictory ways. In this way, Romanesque monsters resist containment within modern interpretive categories and offer testimony to the density and nuance of the medieval imagination. Kirk Ambrose is Associate Professor & Chair, Department of Art and Art History, University of Colorado Boulder.
Immunoregulatory molecules secreted byTrichuris muris
Authors: Bancroft Allison J. , Grencis Richard K.
Published: June 2021

Trichuris, whipworm nematode infections are prevalent in humans, domestic livestock and mammals. All share an epithelial dwelling niche and similar life cycle with the chronic infections that follow implying that immune evasion mechanisms are operating. Nematode excretory secretory (ES) products have been shown to be a rich source of immunomodulatory molecules for many species. TheTrichuris murismodel is a natural parasite of mice and has been used extensively to study host–parasite interactions and provides a tractable platform for investigation of the immunoregulatory capacity of whipworm ES. The present review details progress in identification of the composition ofT. murisES, immunomodulatory components and their potential mechanisms of action. The adultT. murissecretome is dominated by one protein with modulatory capacity although remains to be completely characterized. In addition, the secretome contains multiple other proteins and small molecules that have immunomodulatory potential, certainly by comparison to otherTrichurisspecies. Moreover,T. muris-derived exosomes/exosome-like vesicles contain both protein and multiple miRNAs providing an alternate delivery process for molecules with the potential to modulate host immunity.
Recent advances of vitamin D in immune, reproduction, performance for pig: a review
Authors: Yang Pan , Ma Yongxi
Published: June 2021

Vitamin D (VD) has been reported to play multiple and significant roles in improving pig health via modulating calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, skeletal muscle development and the immune system. Apart from food, photochemical action of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin is the main source of this molecule for pigs. The VD from dietary intake or photosynthesized via skin can be absorbed into the liver for hydroxylation, and further hydroxylated into the hormone form of VD (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3or 1,25(OH)2D3) in the kidney. As a sterol hormone, 1,25(OH)2D3is able to bind with the VD receptor (VDR), and this ligand-receptor complex (VDR/retinoic X receptor) translocates from the cytoplasm into the nucleus to regulate gene expression, thus modulating metabolism. In this review, we summarized the recent studies regarding the non-skeletal health benefits of VD for pigs, and focused on the recent advances in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of VD that affects the immune system and reproductive health. This review provides a reference for future research and application of VD in pigs.
Ammonium in Antarctic Aerosol: Marine Biological Activity Versus Long‐Range Transport of Biomass Burning
Authors: Legrand M. , Weller R. , Preunkert S. , Jourdain B.
Published: June 2021

Year‐round records of the ionic composition of Antarctic aerosol were obtained at the inland Dome C (DC) and coastal Neumayer (NM) sites, with additional observations of black carbon (BC) at NM. Discussions focus on the origin of ammonium in Antarctica. This first Antarctic atmospheric study of several species emitted by biomass burning (BB) indicates that BC and oxalate reach a maximum in October in relation to BB activity in the southern hemisphere. Ammonium reaches a maximum 2 months later, suggesting that BB remains a minor ammonium source there. The ammonium maximum in December coincides with the occurrence of diatom blooms in the austral ocean, suggesting that oceanic ammonia emissions are the main source of ammonium in Antarctica. The ammonium to sulfur‐derived biogenic species molar ratio of 0.15 in summer suggests far lower ammonia emissions from the Antarctic oceans than midlatitude southern oceans.
Assessing Transboundary‐Local Aerosols Interaction Over Complex Terrain Using a Doppler LiDAR Network
Authors: Huang Tao , Li Yue , Cheng Jack C. H. , Haywood Jim , Hon K. K. , Lam David H. Y. , Lee Olivia S. M. , Lolli Simone , O’Connor Ewan James , Lee Harry F. , Wang Mengya , Yim Steve H. L.
Published: June 2021

Transboundary‐local aerosols interaction requires to be comprehensively understood in urban air quality research. A year‐long intensive observation of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) at multiple sites in Hong Kong was conducted using a four‐Doppler Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) network with different scanning modes. Results show that heterogeneity of the ABL in terms of mixing layer height and wind shear was induced by orographic topography. Interaction between local and advected aerosol layers during a transboundary air pollution (TAP) episode was identified by the network. During TAP episode, downward transport of transboundary aerosol relied on small scale eddies with weak wind speed in nighttime, while the transport of surface local aerosol to upper level was the dominated process in daytime, but the heterogeneity of the ABL affected by terrain determined the capacity of the mixing, eventually resulting in the opposite transport direction of aerosols in the transboundary‐local aerosols interaction.
Process modeling of municipal solid waste compost ash for reactive red 198 dye adsorption from wastewater using data driven approaches
Authors: Dehghani Mohammad Hadi , Salari Mehdi , Karri Rama Rao , Hamidi Farshad , Bahadori Roghayeh
Published: June 2021

In the present study, reactive red 198 (RR198) dye removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption using municipal solid waste (MSW) compost ash was investigated in batch mode. SEM, XRF, XRD, and BET/BJH analyses were used to characterize MSW compost ash. CNHS and organic matter content analyses showed a low percentage of carbon and organic matter to be incorporated in MSW compost ash. The design of adsorption experiments was performed by Box–Behnken design (BBD), and process variables were modeled and optimized using Box–Behnken design-response surface methodology (BBD-RSM) and genetic algorithm-artificial neural network (GA-ANN). BBD-RSM approach disclosed that a quadratic polynomial model fitted well to the experimental data (F-value = 94.596 and R2 = 0.9436), and ANN suggested a three-layer model with test-R2 = 0.9832, the structure of 4-8-1, and learning algorithm type of Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation. The same optimization results were suggested by BBD-RSM and GA-ANN approaches so that the optimum conditions for RR198 absorption was observed at pH = 3, operating time = 80 min, RR198 = 20 mg L−1 and MSW compost ash dosage = 2 g L−1. The adsorption behavior was appropriately described by Freundlich isotherm, pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Further, the data were found to be better described with the nonlinear when compared to the linear form of these equations. Also, the thermodynamic study revealed the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process. In relation to the reuse, a 12.1% reduction in the adsorption efficiency was seen after five successive cycles. The present study showed that MSW compost ash as an economical, reusable, and efficient adsorbent would be desirable for application in the adsorption process to dye wastewater treatment, and both BBD-RSM and GA-ANN approaches are highly potential methods in adsorption modeling and optimization study of the adsorption process. The present work also provides preliminary information, which is helpful for developing the adsorption process on an industrial scale.
Genetic diversity in a unique population of dugong (Dugong dugon) along the sea coasts of Thailand
Authors: Poommouang Anocha , Kriangwanich Wannapimol , Buddhachat Kittisak , Brown Janine L. , Piboon Promporn , Chomdej Siriwadee , Kampuansai Jatupol , Mekchay Supamit , Kaewmong Patcharaporn , Kittiwattanawong Kongkiat , Nganvongpanit Korakot
Published: June 2021

Dugong (Dugong dugon) populations have been shrinking globally, due in large part to habitat fragmentation, degradation and ocean pollution, and today are listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN. Thus, determining genetic diversity in the remaining populations is essential for conservation planning and protection. In this study, measures of inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and mtDNA D-loop typing were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of 118 dugongs from skin samples of deceased dugongs collected in Thai waters over a 29-year period. Thirteen ISSR primers revealed that dugongs from the Andaman Sea and Gulf of Thailand exhibited more genetic variation in the first 12 years of the study (1990–2002) compared to the last decade (2009–2019). Dugongs from the Andaman Sea, Trang, Satun and some areas of Krabi province exhibited greater diversity compared to other coastal regions of Thailand. Eleven haplotypes were identified, and when compared to other parts of the world (235 sequences obtained from NCBI), five clades were apparent from a total 353 sequences. Moreover, dugongs from the Andaman Sea were genetically distinct, with a separate haplotype belonging to two clades found only in Thai waters that separated from other groups around 1.2 million years ago. Genetic diversity of dugongs in present times was less than that of past decades, likely due to increased population fragmentation. Because dugongs are difficult to keep and breed in captivity, improved in situ conservation actions are needed to sustain genetically healthy wild populations, and in particular, the specific genetic group found only in the Andaman Sea.
Optimising sampling and analysis protocols in environmental DNA studies
Authors: Buxton Andrew , Matechou Eleni , Griffin Jim , Diana Alex , Griffiths Richard A.
Published: June 2021

Ecological surveys risk incurring false negative and false positive detections of the target species. With indirect survey methods, such as environmental DNA, such error can occur at two stages: sample collection and laboratory analysis. Here we analyse a large qPCR based eDNA data set using two occupancy models, one of which accounts for false positive error by Griffin et al. (J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 69: 377–392, 2020), and a second that assumes no false positive error by Stratton et al. (Methods Ecol Evol 11: 1113–1120, 2020). Additionally, we apply the Griffin et al. (2020) model to simulated data to determine optimal levels of replication at both sampling stages. The Stratton et al. (2020) model, which assumes no false positive results, consistently overestimated both overall and individual site occupancy compared to both the Griffin et al. (2020) model and to previous estimates of pond occupancy for the target species. The inclusion of replication at both stages of eDNA analysis (sample collection and in the laboratory) reduces both bias and credible interval width in estimates of both occupancy and detectability. Even the collection of > 1 sample from a site can improve parameter estimates more than having a high number of replicates only within the laboratory analysis.
Engineering digital biomarkers of interstitial glucose from noninvasive smartwatches
Authors: Bent Brinnae , Cho Peter J. , Henriquez Maria , Wittmann April , Thacker Connie , Feinglos Mark , Crowley Matthew J. , Dunn Jessilyn P.
Published: June 2021

Prediabetes affects one in three people and has a 10% annual conversion rate to type 2 diabetes without lifestyle or medical interventions. Management of glycemic health is essential to prevent progression to type 2 diabetes. However, there is currently no commercially-available and noninvasive method for monitoring glycemic health to aid in self-management of prediabetes. There is a critical need for innovative, practical strategies to improve monitoring and management of glycemic health. In this study, using a dataset of 25,000 simultaneous interstitial glucose and noninvasive wearable smartwatch measurements, we demonstrated the feasibility of using noninvasive and widely accessible methods, including smartwatches and food logs recorded over 10 days, to continuously detect personalized glucose deviations and to predict the exact interstitial glucose value in real time with up to 84% and 87% accuracy, respectively. We also establish methods for designing variables using data-driven and domain-driven methods from noninvasive wearables toward interstitial glucose prediction.
HTNV infection of CD8+ T cells is associated with disease progression in HFRS patients
Authors: Liu Rongrong , Ma Ruixue , Liu Ziyu , Hu Haifeng , Shu Jiayi , Hu Peizhen , Kang Junjun , Zhang Yusi , Han Mingwei , Zhang Xiaoxiao , Zheng Yiting , Ying Qikang , Hou Shiyuan , Wang Wenqiu , Wang Fang , Cheng Ning , Zhuang Yan , Lian Jianqi , Jin Xia , Wu Xingan
Published: June 2021

Hantaan viruses (HTNVs) are zoonotic pathogens transmitted mainly by rodents and capable of infecting humans. Increasing knowledge of the human response to HTNV infection can guide the development of new preventative vaccines and therapeutic strategies. Here, we show that HTNV can infect CD8+ T cells in vivo in patients diagnosed with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Electron microscopy-mediated tracking of the life cycle and ultrastructure of HTNV-infected CD8+ T cells in vitro showed an association between notable increases in cytoplasmic multivesicular bodies and virus production. Notably, based on a clinical cohort of 280 patients, we found that circulating HTNV-infected CD8+ T cell numbers in blood were proportional to disease severity. These results demonstrate that viral infected CD8+ T cells may be used as an adjunct marker for monitoring HFRS disease progression and that modulating T cell functions may be explored for new treatment strategies.
Bacterial load slopes represent biomarkers of tuberculosis therapy success, failure, and relapse
Authors: Magombedze Gesham , Pasipanodya Jotam G. , Gumbo Tawanda
Published: June 2021

There is an urgent need to discover biomarkers that are predictive of long-term TB treatment outcomes, since treatment is expense and prolonged to document relapse. We used mathematical modeling and machine learning to characterize a predictive biomarker for TB treatment outcomes. We computed bacterial kill rates,γffor fast- andγsfor slow/non-replicating bacteria, using patient sputum data to determine treatment duration by computing time-to-extinction of all bacterial subpopulations. We then derived aγs-slope-based rule using first 8 weeks sputum data, that demonstrated a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 89% at predicting relapse-free cure for 2, 3, 4, and 6 months TB regimens. In comparison, current methods (two-month sputum culture conversion and the Extended-EBA) methods performed poorly, with sensitivities less than 34%. These biomarkers will accelerate evaluation of novel TB regimens, aid better clinical trial designs and will allow personalization of therapy duration in routine treatment programs.
Asymmetric polyhedron structured NiSe2@MoSe2 device for use as a supercapacitor
Authors: Vidhya M. Sangeetha , Yuvakkumar R. , Ravi G. , Saravanakumar B. , Velauthapillai Dhayalan
Published: June 2021

Approaching into the part of redox active sites in charge/discharge material is extremely noteworthy for the progress of high performance of the polyhedron structured NiSe2@MoSe2 (NMS) hydrolyzed for 18 h as active electrode material.
Selective primary aniline synthesis through supported Pd-catalyzed acceptorless dehydrogenative aromatization by utilizing hydrazine
Authors: Lin Wei-Chen , Yatabe Takafumi , Yamaguchi Kazuya
Published: June 2021

Various primary anilines can be selectively synthesized from different cyclohexanones using hydrazine as the nitrogen source and hydroxyapatite-supported Pd nanoparticles as the catalyst under acceptorless conditions.
A 4-aminonaphthalimide-based fluorescent traceable prodrug with excellent photoinduced cytotoxicity
Authors: Liu Jing , Zhong Shilong , Zhang Lingling , Yi Mengwen , Liu Xiangjun , Bing Tao , Zhang Nan , Shangguan Dihua
Published: June 2021

A fluorescent traceable prodrug, NST, could be cleaved using blue light and release 4-aminonaphthalimide and HCPT, resulting in high cytotoxicity.
Th@D5h(6)-C80: a highly symmetric fullerene cage stabilized by a single metal ion
Authors: Yan Yingjing , Morales-Martínez Roser , Zhuang Jiaxin , Yao Yang-Rong , Li Xiaomeng , Poblet Josep M. , Rodríguez-Fortea Antonio , Chen Ning
Published: June 2021

Th@D5h(6)-C80 is successfully synthesized and characterized. This is the first example to prove that D5h(6)-C80 can be stabilized by the encapsulation of a single metal ion and 4-electron transfer.
Optochemical control of transcription by the use of 7-deaza-adenosine-based diarylethenes
Authors: Büllmann Simon M. , Kolmar Theresa , Slawetzky Philip , Wald Simon , Jäschke Andres
Published: June 2021

Out of nine different 7-deaza-adenosine diarylethenes, we identified a high-performance photoswitch, suitable for the synthesis of photochromic DNA.
Flower-like tungsten-doped Fe–Co phosphides as efficient electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Zhang Qian , Tang Shuihua , Shen Lieha , Yang Weixiang , Tang Zhen , Yu Limei
Published: June 2021

In this article, we introduce W into Fe–Co phosphides to optimize the hydrogen adsorption energy thereby accelerating the kinetics of the HER.
Change in molecular shapes of the trinuclear CuII2ZnII complexes on Schiff base reduction: structural and theoretical investigations
Authors: Hazari Alokesh , Gomila Rosa M. , Frontera Antonio , Drew Michael G. B. , Ghosh Ashutosh
Published: June 2021

Structural analyses and theoretical studies of two new Cu2Zn compounds and other analogous species established that subtle modification in a ligand system can stabilize various structures with versatile coordinating azide ion and flexible trinuclear core.
Para–ferroelectric phase transition induces an excellent second harmonic generation response and a prominent switchable dielectric constant change based on a metal-free ionic crystal
Authors: Han Ding-Chong , Li Yu-Kong , Liu Yao , Tan Yu-Hui , Tang Yun-Zhi , Wei Wen-Juan , Du Peng-Kang , Zhang Hao
Published: June 2021

A novel metal-free compound, [H2(bpyp)][ClO4]2, undergoes a ferroelectric to paraelectric reversible phase transition at Tc, with excellent NLO response, prominent dielectric constant change, moderate ferroelectric polarization, and wide bandgap.
Nature and strength of intrinsic cation–anion interactions of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate clusters
Authors: Roy H. A. , Rodgers M. T.
Published: June 2021

The nature of the intrinsic binding interactions and energetics of binding in (Cnmim:PF6) ion pairs and [2Cnmim:PF6]+ clusters for n = 2–8 are elucidated via synergistic TCID and computational approaches.
Molecular understanding of ion rejection in the freezing of aqueous solutions
Authors: Luo Shuang , Jin Yakang , Tao Ran , Li Haiyang , Li Chu , Wang Jun , Li Zhigang
Published: June 2021

The microscopic mechanism of ion rejection phenomena has been explored using molecular dynamics simulations.
Induced VCD and conformational chirality in host–guest complexes of a chiral ammonium salt with crown ethers
Authors: Weirich Luisa , Merten Christian
Published: June 2021

We reveal the chiral conformational preferences induced to 18-crown-6 and 15-crown-5 by a chiral ammonium cation using VCD spectroscopy.
Late-stage difluoromethylation: concepts, developments and perspective
Authors: Sap Jeroen B. I. , Meyer Claudio F. , Straathof Natan J. W. , Iwumene Ndidi , am Ende Christopher W. , Trabanco Andrés A. , Gouverneur Véronique
Published: June 2021

This review describes the conceptual advances that have led to the multiple difluoromethylation processes making use of well-defined CF2H sources.
Nonanuclear zinc–gold [Zn3Au6] heterobimetallic complexes
Authors: Yadav Ravi , Dahlen Milena , Singh Akhil K. , Sun Xiaofei , Gamer Michael T. , Roesky Peter W.
Published: June 2021

Heterobimetallic nonanuclear Zn–Au complexes are synthesized. The complexes comprise a trinuclear Zn core and six Au(i) moieties on the periphery. Photoluminescence of the Zn-metalloligand and the Zn–Au complex has also been studied.
Metal-free and mild photo-thermal synergism in ionic liquids for lignin Cα–Cβ bond cleavage to provide aldehydes
Authors: Kang Ying , Yao Xiaoqian , Yang Yongqing , Xu Junli , Xin Jiayu , Zhou Qing , Li Minjie , Lu Xingmei , Zhang Suojiang
Published: June 2021

Photo-thermal synergism of UV light and heating could excite lignin molecules and induce direct cleavage of the Cα–Cβ bond in lignin β-O-4 and β-1 interlinkages under metal-free and mild conditions with the assistance of ionic liquids.
Energy and techno-economic analysis of bio-based carboxylic acid recovery by adsorption
Authors: Saboe Patrick O. , Manker Lorenz P. , Monroe Hanna R. , Michener William E. , Haugen Stefan , Tan Eric C. D. , Prestangen Ryan L. , Beckham Gregg T. , Karp Eric M.
Published: June 2021

Recent works have established bio-based carboxylic acids as adaptable precursors to renewable biofuels and chemicals.
Autonomous lab-on-paper for multiplexed, CRISPR-based diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Yin Kun , Ding Xiong , Li Ziyue , Sfeir Maroun M. , Ballesteros Enrique , Liu Changchun
Published: June 2021

Autonomous lab-on-paper platform for simple, rapid, low-cost, and multiplex gene diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples.
Ruthenium–nickel heterobimetallic complex as a bifunctional catalyst for ROMP of norbornene and ethylene polymerization
Authors: Masson Gustavo H. C. , Cruz Thaís R. , Gois Patrik D. S. , Martins Daniele M. , Lima-Neto Benedito S. , Oliveira Guedmiller S. , Machado Antonio E. H. , Bernardo-Gusmão Katia , Goi Beatriz E. , Carvalho-Jr Valdemiro P.
Published: June 2021

A new multifunctional Ru–Ni heterobimetallic catalyst for ROMP and ethylene polymerization.
Exploring the biosynthetic pathway of lignin in Acorus tatarinowii Schott using de novo leaf and rhizome transcriptome analysis
Authors: Zhang Shengxiang , Zhao Liqiang , Shan Chunmiao , Shi Yuanyuan , Ma Kelong , Wu Jiawen
Published: June 2021

Acorus tatarinowii Schott is a well-known Chinese traditional herb. Lignin is the major biologically active ingredient and exerts a broad range of pharmacological effects: it is an antitumor, antioxidant and bacteriostatic agent, and protects the cardiovascular system. In the present study, the transcriptomes of the leaf and rhizome tissues of A. tatarinowii Schott were obtained using the BGISEQ-500 platform. A total of 141777 unigenes were successfully assembled, of which 76714 were annotated in public databases. Further analysis of the lignin biosynthesis pathway revealed a total of 107 unigenes encoding 8 key enzymes, which were involved in this pathway. Furthermore, the expression of the key genes involved in lignin synthesis in different tissues was identified by quantitative real-time PCR. Analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that most of the up-regulated unigenes were enriched in rhizome tissues. In addition, 2426 unigenes were annotated to the transcriptome factor (TF) family. Moreover, 16 TFs regulating the same key enzyme (peroxidase) were involved in the lignin synthesis pathway. The alignment of peroxidase amino acid sequences and the analysis of the structural characteristics revealed that the key peroxidase enzyme had well-conserved sequences, spatial structures, and active sites. The present study is the first to provide comprehensive genetic information on A. tatarinowii Schott at the transcriptional level, and will facilitate our understanding of the lignin biosynthesis pathway.
Electron acceleration driven by the lower-hybrid-drift instability
Authors: Lavorenti Federico , Henri Pierre , Califano Francesco , Aizawa Sae , André Nicolas
Published: June 2021

Context.Density inhomogeneities are ubiquitous in space and astrophysical plasmas, particularly at contact boundaries between different media. They often correspond to regions that exhibit strong dynamics across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Indeed, density inhomogeneities are a source of free energy that can drive various instabilities such as the lower-hybrid-drift instability, which, in turn, transfers energy to the particles through wave-particle interactions and eventually heats the plasma.

Aims.Our study is aimed at quantifying the efficiency of the lower-hybrid-drift instability to accelerate or heat electrons parallel to the ambient magnetic field.

Methods.We combine two complementary methods: full-kinetic and quasilinear models.

Results.We report self-consistent evidence of electron acceleration driven by the development of the lower-hybrid-drift instability using 3D-3V full-kinetic numerical simulations. The efficiency of the observed acceleration cannot be explained by standard quasilinear theory. For this reason, we have developed an extended quasilinear model that is able to quantitatively predict the interaction between lower-hybrid fluctuations and electrons on long time scales, which is now in agreement with full-kinetic simulations results. Finally, we apply this new, extended quasilinear model to a specific inhomogeneous space plasma boundary, namely, the magnetopause of Mercury. Furthermore, we discuss our quantitative predictions of electron acceleration to support future BepiColombo observations.
Models results Comparison of different approaches to turbulence for flow past a heated flat plate
Authors: Malikov Zafar , Navruzov Dilshod , Djumayev Xikmatulla
Published: June 2021

This paper compares the results of the well-known Spalart-Allmares (SA) model and the two-fluid model for the flow around a heated flat plate. These models represent different approaches to the problem of turbulence. The SA model is a one-parameter model and a representative of the RANS models. This model is currently the most popular and is used to solve many practical problems. The advantage of this model is that its accuracy is quite good and simple for numerical implementation. Therefore, the SA model is included in almost all the codes of the software package. The two-fluid model used in this work has been developed recently [15]. In the pioneering works, it is shown that the basis for constructing this model is the possibility of representing a turbulent flow in the form of a heterogeneous mixture of two liquids. Therefore, this model is derived from the dynamics of two liquids. In these works, it is also shown that the developed two-fluid model is able to adequately describe complex anisotropic turbulences. The fundamental difference between these two models is that the SA model uses the substance transfer equation, while the two-fluid model uses the dynamics equation. To compare the two models, we compare their numerical results with the known experimental data. It is shown that the results of both models are close to each other and are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Crushing and screening complex for the production of compost from organic components of municipal solid waste
Authors: Khankelov Tavbay , Maksudov Zokir , Mukhamedova Nafisa , Tursunov Shavkat
Published: June 2021

The existing technology for processing solid household waste (MSW) at waste transfer stations in the city of Tashkent does not allow obtaining high-quality raw materials for compost production. In this regard, a crushing and screening complex has been developed to produce compost with low energy and material consumption. The carried out theoretical and experimental studies made it possible to determine that the rotor blades should be installed along the rotor line with an angle equal to zero degrees. To overcome the resistance arising between the bottom of the crusher and the lower surface of the rotor, several holes with a diameter of 12 mm are drilled on the bottom of the crusher in the radial direction. It was found that the rotational speed of the electric motor of the crusher, as well as the sorting device, is 1500 min-1, the angle of impact of organic waste on the rotor blades of the sorting device is approximately 45 degrees. The use of a crushing and screening complex made it possible to effectively grind and extract ballast inclusions from the composition of crushed organic waste by 85-90 percent.
Methodology of constructing driving cycles by the synthesis
Authors: Mukhitdinov Akmal , Ziyaev Kamoliddin , Omarov Janserik , Ismoilova Shokhsanam
Published: June 2021

The difference in the dynamics of the development of motorization in the regions of the world, the levels of traffic organization, determines the need to develop a methodology for specific operating conditions. Improvement of the existing driving cycles and methods of their development, which characterize the real operating conditions, is of great importance. An important task is considered the implementation of targeted research to improve automobile operation efficiency of vehicles by introducing modern information technologies into the process of determining the driving cycles, modernizing the design parameters of vehicles by assessing the influence of driving conditions when rationing fuel consumption, developing methods for choosing the design parameters of vehicles and the most adapted vehicle for specific operating conditions. The article provides a systematic analysis of scientific research of methodology for constructing driving cycles, factors influencing the performance and driving modes, as well as the fuel consumption of the car. The methodology for constructing a standard driving cycle for specific urban operating conditions is given based by synthesizing on passenger car driving modes in the city.
Engineering networks simulation and assessment of the mathematical model accuracy
Authors: Baxramov Umarkhodzha , Umarov Uchqun , Obidzhonov Axror
Published: June 2021

The article shows the way to implement a quasilinear mathematical model of flow distribution in pipeline engineering networks that is effective in a wide range of changes in the multidimensional random vector of loads at network nodes and provides reliable determination of the parameters of the probability distribution functions of flows in active and passive network elements. The proposed model consists of determining the matrix of generalized network parameters-the load distribution coefficients along the branches of the circuit, calculated at the point corresponding to the mathematical expectation of the node loads. Based on the obtained model, the convergence of the results obtained with the results of simulation of engineering networks is proved using a numerical experiment on an electronic computer. The effectiveness of the developed model, the corresponding algorithms and a set of programs for an electronic computer is shown - the value of the criterion of reduced costs for parametric optimization of engineering networks can be reduced by 5-7% compared to the methods used in practice. The possibility of obtaining at the design stage the equivalent hydraulic characteristics of engineering networks in the form corresponding to the data of experimental measurements of pressures at the nodes of real complex engineering networks is proved.