bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post-Colonial Statism and Crises of Representation
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan A. , Chhibber Pradeep K.
Published: March 2024

The structures of inequity and crises of representation in South Asia in the 1950s and 1960s that laid the groundwork for reordering populist mobilization are the focus of this chapter. It first lays out the statist politics of India under the hegemony of Congress rule. Despite solemn obligations that the post-independence state and political system would address inequalities evident in colonial rule, both industrialization and programs for community development in the countryside benefitted a small elite—bureaucrats, industrialists, dominant proprietary groups, and the political elite—excluding workers, peasants, and the emerging middle class. In Pakistan, under Ayub Khan’s statist regime, parallel elite structures existed in cities and in the countryside, with similar exclusionary consequences. The chapter concludes with an overview of the subnational reordering populism of the Awami League under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in East Pakistan, leading to the independence of Bangladesh.
Reordering Populists of the Left
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan A. , Chhibber Pradeep K.
Published: March 2024

Chapter 5 of Righteous Demagogues explains the left-wing, reordering populist mobilizations of Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. In India, Indira Gandhi’s evocation of the brokenness of the moral contract led to the Congress split of 1969. The subsequent mobilization on promises of moral restoration led to a landslide victory for Congress (R). It set up contentious confrontations with the opposition and the courts, leading to the authoritarian Emergency. In Pakistan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto created the Pakistan People’s Party and effected a mobilization against the brokenness of the moral contract of the Ayub Khan regime. Landslide victories brought Bhutto to power, but authoritarian governance and chaos within the party led to mass agitations around the 1977 elections and a military coup. While both populists did not keep their transformative promises, the expansion of the scope and strength of the state had long-term consequences.
Political Fragmentation, Economic Liberalization, and Crises of Representation
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan A. , Chhibber Pradeep K.
Published: March 2024

The expanded state, along with political fragmentation and crony capitalism, between the 1980s and the 2010s created a new, narrower crisis of representation among the middle classes that laid the groundwork for additive populist mobilization. The 1980s and 1990s saw a fragmentation of political and administrative authority in both countries, as parties, bureaucrats, and political actors captured different elements of the engorged state. Economic liberalization in the 1990s led to a dispersion of new rents, encouraging crony capitalism. This led to a widespread perception among lower middle-class strivers and upper middle-class bourgeois that Indians and Pakistanis could only get ahead through political connections, inspiring a crisis of representation across both countries among those not directly represented by extant political parties
Conclusion
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan A. , Chhibber Pradeep K.
Published: March 2024

In the concluding chapter of Righteous Demagogues, we summarize its main arguments and survey the relationship between populism and other key concepts. The chapter argues that a close relationship exists between populist mobilization and revolts against the perception of procedural inequality. It discusses the salient relationship between populism and democratic backsliding, arguing that populism is a symptom of democratic dysfunction but that contestations threaten democracy after populists win power. It affirms that impactful populism arises from the lack of representation among key groups in the electorate. It contends that nationalism may provide the common moral language that can stitch together a populist coalition and that far-right nationalism is usually cases of quotidian populism. It argues that while populism leads to ineffective governance, it aims to disrupt an inequitable system. And it argues for a comparative approach to studying populism to understand national political change.
The U.S. Secession Crisis as a Breakdown of Democracy
Authors: Grodzins Dean , Moss David
Published: March 2024

Reassessing the question of why so many Southern states rejected the outcome of the 1860 presidential election, deciding to secede from the Union rather than recognize Lincoln’s victory, this chapter suggests that Southern secession grew out of a long process of democratic erosion and distorted decision-making over the previous thirty or more years. As fears of slave insurrections began to grow among white Southerners, especially following Walker’s abolitionist Appeal in 1829 and Turner’s Rebellion in 1831, many Southern states began enacting statutes aggressively limiting speech that was critical of slavery. In time, with virtually all dissent against slavery and its consequences silenced, many Southern political leaders apparently came to believe their own propaganda about the moral and economic superiority of their social system, rooted in slavery, and they proved strangely confident that the South could prevail against a larger and far more industrialized North when contemplating secession in 1860–1861.
The Failures of Czech Democracy, 1918–1948
Authors: Connelly John
Published: March 2024

Before it collapsed in 1948, Czechoslovakian democracy had faced erosion for decades. At the dawn of the first Czechoslovak Republic in 1918, the nation was positioned for democratic success, with relatively high incomes, high education levels, low inequality, and a well-developed civil society. The democracy that took shape, however, was contorted by Czechs’ desire to dominate the political system in a multiethnic state. When democracy was reconstituted after World War II, it retained a nationalist bent, but with Communists within the National Front government. The trauma of Munich in 1938 and the war itself had turned allegiances away from the West and toward the Soviet Union. Despite receiving only 10% of the vote in 1930s elections, Communists met no resistance from the National Front. Their coalition government trampled over individual rights, rule of law, and human decency. This culminated in the coup in 1948, when Communists seized full control without firing a shot.
Why Russia’s Democracy Broke
Authors: Miller Chris
Published: March 2024

This chapter characterizes Russia’s democratic breakdown in the early 2000s as a slide into authoritarianism with a strongman at its center. Vladimir Putin leveraged close relationships with the nation’s security services to destroy the oligarchs’ hold on Russian politics. By eliminating his political competition, Putin rebuilt the one-party state around himself. Before Putin became president, Russia’s political system was only marginally democratic, but at least elections were competitive, mainly as competitions between oligarchs. Under Putin, all media came under state control, political opposition became pointless or even suicidal, and elections became predictable. These moves generated little opposition—partly because there was minimal support for democracy to begin with, given anti-Western propaganda under the Soviets and Russia’s poor economic performance as a democracy in the 1990s. Even among democracy’s proponents, widespread fear of a Weimar-style extremist putsch made Putin’s assertion of strength from the center reassuring.
Why the Nineties Matter
Authors: Anderson Terry H.
Published: March 2024

Why the Nineties Matters examines the significant events, people, themes from the collapse of the Soviet Union and Desert Storm to the Tragedy of 9/11. Politically the book concerns the elections of 1992, 1996, 2000, the administrations of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and legislation they signed that changed America and foreign policies in Iraq, Middle East, Bosnia, and Northern Ireland that altered the world. After the 1994 midterm election Newt Gingrich decreased bipartisanship as compromise became a dirty word to many conservative Republicans. Gingrich shut down the government instead of compromising on the budget; this became more commonplace. Socially, angry white men appeared and proliferated, contributing to the rise of militias, conservative talk radio, and a new network airing their views, Fox News. Mid-decade was the Nervous Nineties, demonstrated by many events including the HIV/AIDS pandemic, Japanese economic competition, Ruby Ridge, the Waco siege, and the Oklahoma City bombing. Technological advances included the Hubble Space Telescope, mapping the human genome, laptops, the dot.com revolution, and smart cellphones. Culturally, many themes accelerated contributing to Anything Goes America. Obscenity, four-letter words, and pornography moved into the mainstream, continually broadcast over the internet. Hip-hop became the most popular music genre, and reality TV shows proliferated. The end of the century witnessed the Anything Goes President immersed in a year-long scandal involving Monica Lewinsky, and his impeachment. The book ends with the strange 2000 election, the tragic 9/11 attack, and conclusions that answer Why the Nineties Matter.
China’s Impact on the Global Potash Market
Authors: Massot Pascale
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines China’s impact on the global potash market. When China emerged as dominant importer of potash, the global market presented many similarities with the global iron ore market. It was heavily concentrated, had been stable for decades, and was home to a negotiated benchmark pricing regime. In the potash case, the emergence of China was followed by the fall of one of the two largest global marketing cartels, the Belarusian Potash Company, in 2013. Overall, however, the benchmark pricing system survives until today (2023), with China as the lead benchmark price negotiator. The global potash pricing regime saw some liberalization but has shown more resilience than in the iron ore case. This chapter argues that the explanation lies in the balance of market power between Chinese domestic and global market stakeholders, especially the high level of market coordination, procurement, and negotiation by Chinese importers.
China’s Impact on the Global Uranium and Copper Markets
Authors: Massot Pascale
Published: March 2024

This chapter evaluates China’s impact on the global uranium and copper markets. China emerged as the number one importer of uranium in 2010, with 31 percent of world imports. In this case, given China’s favorable balance of market power, Chinese market stakeholders were less constrained in fulfilling procurement needs. In turn, global uranium market institutions have seen a high degree of continuity (accompanied by financialization), as China supported existing long-term pricing mechanisms. In the copper case, China emerged as the number one importer in 2008, with 28 percent of global imports. Here, both Chinese and global market stakeholders were in a more fragmented position, while the global market had already been financialized prior to China’s emergence. Here, China’s emergence, given its fragmented nature at the interface with the global market, initially pushed market institutions further in the direction of liberalization. Subsequently, Chinese stakeholders attempted to increase market coordination, with limited results.
Knowledge and Sense in Frege
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly
Published: March 2024

Largely historical in its approach, this chapter develops an interpretation of the famous remarks at the beginning of Frege’s paper “On Sense and Reference”. Contrary to how these remarks have often been understood, the problem Frege is raising here does not concern such sentences as “Lois does not know that Clark can fly” but, rather, ‘simple’ sentences such as “Clark can fly” and “Superman can fly”. Frege’s key observation is that that sentences play different roles in communication: the beliefs they express, and to which acceptance of them gives rise, are different. The central question is then whether this observation can be used to show that these sentences have different meanings, or ‘senses’, and if so how.
Solving Frege’s Puzzle
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly
Published: March 2024

So-called ‘Frege cases’ pose a challenge for anyone who would hope to treat the contents of beliefs (and similar mental states) as Russellian propositions: It is then impossible to explain people’s behavior in Frege cases without invoking non-intentional features of their mental states, and doing that seems to undermine the intentionality of psychological explanation. This chapter develops the strongest form of this objection and offers a response to it. Psychological explanation must invoke non-intentional features of mental states, but it is of crucial importance which such features must be referenced. It emerges from a careful reading of Frege’s own view that we need only invoke ‘formal’ relations between mental states, and referencing such ‘formal’ relations within psychological explanation does not undermine its intentionality in the way that invoking, say, neurological features would. The central worry about this view is that either (a) ‘formal’ relations bring narrow content in through the back door or (b) ‘formal’ relations end up doing all the explanatory work. Various forms of each worry are discussed. The crucial point is that the present strategy for responding to Frege cases is not available either to the ‘psycho-Fregean’, who would identify the content of a belief with its truth-value, nor even to someone who would identify the content of a belief with a set of possible worlds. It requires the sort of rich semantic structure that is distinctive of Russellian propositions.
Introduction
Authors: Gomes Anil
Published: March 2024

What connection, if any, is there between being self-conscious and being related to an objective world? Descartes and Kant, in different ways and with different emphases, argued that self-conscious subjects must be related to an objective world. This Introduction introduces the Cartesian and Kantian projects and summarizes the argument of the book: that self-consciousness requires faith in oneself as the agent of one’s thinking and that this faith is sustained by a practice of holding and being held accountable for our judgements, one which relates us to a world of other people. The argument is presented over the following five chapters.
Implementation of the proposal
Authors: Isac Daniela
Published: March 2024

Chapter 4 discusses in detail each of the definiteness patterns introduced in Chapter 3. The derivations are shown for each pattern by type of Number head. The typology of Number heads has to do with the exact feature of the Number head that is associated with an EPP: the [N] feature, the [c(ontrast)] feature or the [a(naphoric] feature. Given that each language has a different subset of Number heads in its lexicon, one and the same structure could have different outcomes with respect to which sub-constituent gets attracted to the Number Phrase and hence yield different possible realizations of the definite article. The derivations are discussed not only for regular definite DPs, but also for objects of prepositions. This is important because prepositions may have a direct effect on the overt realization of the definite article in these languages.
From selfish genes to social beings
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan
Published: March 2024

Natural selection favours genes for behaviours that increase the representation of those genes in future generations. But altruists do the reverse, helping others at a cost to themselves. Explaining self-sacrifice was, Darwin wrote, ‘by far the most serious special difficulty, which my theory has encountered’. How can beings such as worker bees that leave no offspring evolve in the first place? The solution suggested by Darwin is that all members of the bee colony belong to the same family so, in modern parlance, they share genes. Sterile castes are really no different in this respect to the kidney cells in your body. Their form and function are commanded by shared genes that are transmitted by other team members that are specialized for reproduction. William D. Hamilton came up with the simple rule that a gene for helping a relative will be favoured by natural selection if the cost to the helper is less than the benefit to the recipient multiplied by the degree of relatedness. This kind of natural selection, called kin selection, neatly explains the evolution of sterile castes in eusocial insects (bees, ants) and mammals (mole rats). There is a problem, though, which is that humans show altruistic behaviour to non-relatives as well as to kin. Here is the familiar question all over again: how do selfish genes make social beings like us?
Introductions literal and metaphorical
Authors: Sadler John Z.
Published: March 2024

The introductory chapter for Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis presents the key issues to be discussed in the book, framed by three metaphors: the mystery story, the doorway, and the overture. The book overall considers the problematic relationships between vice (wrongful or criminal conduct) and mental illness. The breadth of the problematic between concepts of vice and concepts of illness is illustrated through the 2007 mass shooting case of Seung-Hui Cho at Virginia Tech University. Spanning diagnostic dilemmas, ethics constraints intended to protect patients but not the public, and societal responses to the crime, the chapter discusses the way the book links this microcosm to larger social and public policy concerns. This material sets the stage for exploring, conceptually and historically, the ‘vice/mental disorder relationship’. The chapter concludes by providing brief overviews of the remaining chapters in the book.
The legal and criminal justice context of the VMDR
Authors: Sadler John Z.
Published: March 2024

This chapter from Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis considers the issues posed by the vice/mental disorder relationship (VMDR) from the perspectives of criminal law and the criminal justice system (CJS) as institutions. An analysis of the respective aims, methods, and metaphysical assumptions of law and medicine is presented as a lead-in to the practical interests courts and the CJS have regarding psychiatric expertise, diagnostic categories, and concepts. Criminal law and the CJS have substantive differences from the aims, methods, modes of reasoning, and values of clinical medicine and psychiatry, and comparisons between the respective institutions sheds light upon the origins of many aspects of the VMDR.
Introduction
Authors: Jackson-Beckett Michelle
Published: March 2024

The Introduction orients the reader in the world of modernist discourse in European design, applied arts, and Wohnkultur, beginning with celebrated earlier explorations of Viennese modernism known as the Wiener Moderne taking place during the turn of the twentieth century. Taking into account the precursors of the Wiener Moderne, such as the Vienna Secession (founded 1897) and the Viennese Workshops (founded 1903), and key figures in architecture and design such as Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos, Josef Hoffmann, Koloman Moser, Oskar Strnad, the Introduction argues that Vienna’s interwar explorations of modernism are defined by several key debates about the definition of modernism in Viennese cultural history. Viennese applied arts should be understood as a diverse landscape of designers and architects working in a mélange of styles and approaches, not easily defined under a single movement or style. These discourses clashed in both aesthetic and theory with other modernist discourses circulating around Europe, notably the De Stijl movement, the Dessau Bauhaus, Russian Constructivism, and French Purism. On the international level, Vienna’s approach to modernism remained largely independent of neighboring European experiments in modern living and design, and illustrated a skepticism of avant-garde aesthetics that pervaded the showrooms of interior design and home furnishing firms, the pages of local magazines and newspapers, and the galleries of interior design exhibitions.
Introduction
Authors: Moore Dashiell
Published: March 2024

In 1976, Edouard Glissant, Kamau Brathwaite, and Sylvia Wynter all contribute to the journal, Alcheringa: Ethnopoetics, which takes its name after the Arrente word ‘Alcheringa’ transcribed by W. E. H. Stanner. These publications exemplify a reductive structural opposition that I analyse across this book: the rootedness of Aboriginal Australia and the rootlessness of the Caribbean. This introduction contextualizes literary encounters between the Caribbean and Australia examined in the subsequent chapters that unsettle the opposition of rootedness and rootlessness. The introduction also surveys the book’s place within various fields of study and institutions, including postcolonial theory, world literature, and Indigenous studies, commenting on its engagement with key works in these fields.
Impact of Loss
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

This chapter describes that a loss can violate a person’s assumptive world, creating a crisis in meaning, causing difficulty in accepting the loss, preoccupation with causality and guilt, questioning one’s faith, and preoccupation with the loved one’s suffering. All areas of life can be impacted, including interpersonal relationships, structures of daily life, spiritual community, dealing with the criminal justice system, and social support. Grief and mourning results in a unique journey, and mediators that impact the mourning process are addressed. This includes the relationship to the deceased, the nature of the relationship, the mode of death (natural, accidental, disaster, suicide, or homicide), historical antecedents, the gender of the mourner, personality variables, coping style, attachment style, social variables, and concurrent stress in the mourner’s life.
Grief and Mourning with Complex Trauma and Trauma-Generated Dissociation of the Personality (with Roger Solomon, Onno van der Hart, Kathy Martin
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

This chapter described how the Theory of Structural Dissociation of the Personality can guide eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. When a person experiences significant trauma or neglect, especially in early childhood, there can be a division of the personality into dissociative parts, with one or more parts engaging in everyday living (apparently normal part(s)) and one or more parts engaged and stuck in failed psychological defence (emotional part(s)). Each part has its own sense of self. Therapy needs to follow Phase-Oriented Treatment, consisting of (1) stabilization, (2) memory work, and (3) personality (re)integration and rehabilitation. The eight phases of EMDR therapy can integrate within a Phase-Oriented Treatment approach. Notably, there needs to be an extended Preparation & Stabilization phase of EMDR therapy to treat the dissociation and promote readiness for memory reprocessing.
Closing Thoughts
Authors: Solomon Roger M.
Published: March 2024

This concluding chapter reiterates how eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy does not eliminate the pain, but rather reprocesses the obstacles that complicate the grief, facilitate progression through the mourning process, and enable adaptation to the loss. EMDR therapy focuses on positive adaptation, resulting in posttraumatic growth. Hence, EMDR therapy is a paradigm of resilience. The mourner can move from a sense of “I cannot connect” to “I can connect,” through the formation of an adaptive inner representation composed of meaningful, heartfelt memories. Included is a discussion of therapist self-care, which includes accepting the pain our clients bring, seeing the clients and not just their pain, dealing with our own vulnerabilities, creating personal support, working with a team, having balance in our lives, doing physical self-care; and believing in humanity and the human potential to heal.
Delocalization and Re-localization in Commercial Law and the Law of Arbitration
Authors: Cordero-Moss Giuditta
Published: March 2024

Among the areas in which FA Mann was active, are international contracts and arbitration. He strongly opposed the emerging delocalization theory, which posited a legal system based on international practice and detached from national and international law. He showed that the needs of international practice may be met without departing from the traditional legal method. His position has merits to this day: it is not affected by the proliferation of soft law sources and the increased standardization of contracts, and it is confirmed by the emerging re-localization. This paper argues that FA Mann’s approach, based as it is on a sound legal method, is a precious guideline for how to address the issue.
Conclusions
Authors: Dannemann Gerhard , Allen Jason Grant
Published: March 2024

Drawing on the contributions in the book, this chapter presents general conclusions on the biographical aspects of FA Mann and how these influenced his work, on his breadth of expertise as an international lawyer, and on his insurmountable influence on monetary law. To present these conclusions, the chapter is structured into three parts that correspond to the three parts of the book. Several chapters in the book deal with a variety of overlapping themes that characterize Mann’s life and work. This chapter highlights these overlaps and places the individual contributions in the broader context of Mann’s legacy as a lawyer.
Insurgency and Low Intensity Conflict
Authors: Rees Wyn
Published: March 2024

Interstate conflict in Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003 morphed into counter-insurgency campaigns for British and American forces. These conflicts proved to be unexpectedly protracted, bloody and difficult. The fighting exposed the inadequacy of the doctrine for low intensity warfare. The insurgencies contributed to tensions between the British and American militaries. The US felt let down by the level of effort of the British as well as their decision to extricate themselves from the Iraqi and Afghan theatres. The British were stung by the criticisms of their ally and experienced disillusionment that their sacrifice had been insufficiently recognised.
A 2500-YEAR-OLD MYSTERY
Authors: Close Frank
Published: March 2024

This chapter introduces the key concepts and theories of magnetism and electricity. It provides an overview of the enigma of a balance of electric charges between electrons, protons, and nuclei. Whereas magnetism left an imprint, electric charge manifested its presence only indirectly through ambers. The chapter then details the American physicist Robert Milligan’s discovery and experiment concerned with the measurement of the fundamental magnitude of electric charge. According to Milligan, electrons of both the positive and negative variety are merely observed centres of electrical force, so the interplay between varieties of electrons may have a profound asymmetry or complementary at work.
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE
Authors: Close Frank
Published: March 2024

This chapter focuses on the electromagnetic force. It likens the Sun’s gravitational field to the electric charge of a static atomic nucleus emitting an electrical field with similar properties. In the equation of James Clark Maxwell, measurements of the strengths of electric and magnetic forces help determine magnetic permeability and electric permittivity in line with how easily empty space responds to a change respectively in magnetic or electric fields. According to Maxwell’s theory, electromagnetic radiation arises when an electric field transforms into a magnetic field, or vice versa. The chapter also looks into quantum theory concerned with the implication of duality between waves and particles.
Introduction
Authors: Cagnoli Fiecconi Elena
Published: March 2024

The general introduction explains the methodology of the book, which is that a study of Aristotle’s ethics requires a background in moral psychology, to be obtained from his works on psychology, biology and epistemology. The communication between parts of the soul in book 1 of the Nicomachean Ethics is introduced and the contents of the book’s chapters are summarised.
Peculiarly Human Psychology
Authors: Cagnoli Fiecconi Elena
Published: March 2024

It is argued that the rational part of the soul and the non-rational part of the soul influence each other by coexisting in the human soul. Their reciprocal influence explains Aristotle’s account of the peculiarity of human psychology. Human cognition is related to non-human animal cognition and divine cognition, but differs from both because it requires the cooperation between rational and non-rational cognition and desires. An outline of this cooperation uncovers unexplored ways in which rational and non-rational cognition and desire influence one another. These include attention, the capacity of the rational part to manipulate the non-rational part, and the capacity to exercise phantasia for speculation and creativity.
Practical Excellence
Authors: Cagnoli Fiecconi Elena
Published: March 2024

Phronēsis is a peculiar practical excellence in that it must be authoritative and persuasive and control both desires and actions. In order to be persuasive, phronēsis needs to go beyond grasping the truth about the human good. It must be effective in directing attention and it must produce explanations suitable for the persuasion of the non-rational part of the soul. Furthermore, the persuasive function of phronēsis is hindered if the non-rational part is not virtuous, i.e. if it is not an excellent listener. This explains why, for Aristotle, phronēsis and character virtue are distinct but interdependent.
In Conclusion
Authors: Banner Michael
Published: March 2024

One final objection to reparations must be faced: it is all very well to press the case for reparations for the Caribbean, so it is said, but there could be many other claims made against the UK with its long and troubled colonial engagements. The UK couldn’t possible settle all such claims without being bankrupted. The advocate of reparations, used to being told that the case for reparations is without merit, may be pleased to have reached the point where the objection is not that the claim is bad, but that there are too many good ones. The answer to this point, however, is to recognize that wrongs come in many shapes and sizes, but that though there may be wider call for recompense and reparations, the wrongs of transatlantic slavery demand our attention first of all. This is not just because the claim has been articulated by CARICOM, but because of the extent and character of the wrongs which were done and because of the continuing legacy of those wrongs for present generations in the Caribbean.
Image-Based Evidence as a Method of Proof
Authors: Hak Jonathan W.
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores the importance of counsel weaving visual evidence into the trial narrative so that they can present their case to the court in a more compelling and impactful manner. While eyewitness testimony will remain an essential element in the cases for the prosecution and defence, well-documented frailties that are associated with the acquisition, retention, and retrieval of memory frequently make this evidence unreliable. Evidence that has visual form is more effectively integrated and remembered compared to pure testimonial evidence. Film, photographs, video recordings, satellite images, and other digital images can deliver content more holistically than words could ever achieve. This chapter looks at the incorporation of image-based evidence into trial narratives for proof purposes and draws upon examples ranging from the Nuremberg trial to the ad hoc tribunals to the International Criminal Court (ICC).
Selectivity and Image-Based Evidence
Authors: Hak Jonathan W.
Published: March 2024

This chapter posits that images are not merely discoverable, they are in fact created by interested parties. The proliferation of smartphones has resulted in the recording of images by a broad array of photographers, some of whom strive to be objective documentarians, while others actively engage in misinformation and disinformation campaigns. All photographers make choices of what to include and exclude in their memorialization, thus influencing the truth they present to others. Bearing witness through photography is impacted by motivational and cognitive biases which can skew the images presented for consideration. Even body worn cameras allow for skewed visual documentation of a recorded event. This chapter examines the selectivity that is involved in the recording and editing of images and their submission for consideration by investigators. It also explores the impact of agendas and biases of counsel when determining what image-based evidence will be incorporated into the trial narrative.
The Authentication of Image-Based Evidence
Authors: Hak Jonathan W.
Published: March 2024

One of the biggest challenges with image-based evidence is authentication. Video recordings and photographs emanate from a broad array of sources, some of whom are known and reliable while others are anonymous and of questionable provenance. This chapter explores the challenges to truth discovery that exist given the prevalence of image alteration, deepfakes, and the unregulated nature of social media and other open source sites. When original digital images are available for expert examination, integrity verification techniques such as metadata analysis, digital signatures, and watermarks can be utilized to assess the soundness of those images and subsequent iterations. When the original images are not available, other forgery detection techniques must be relied upon. This chapter examines the necessity for and challenges with image authentication. It also examines the statutory and case law on authentication and proposes a new approach to authentication in international criminal prosecutions.
Conclusions: Charting a Path Forward
Authors: Hak Jonathan W.
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides substantive guidance and recommendations for the use of image-based evidence in international criminal prosecutions. Topics covered include constructing a trial narrative, assessing the sources of image-based evidence using a spectrum approach, accounting for agendas and biases in the creation of images, and image authentication. Recommendations are also made on assessing the meaning and reliability of images, the use of forensic imagery experts, advanced visual representations, and improving the visual literacy of counsel and the court. This chapter explores the value and challenges of the ICC Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) establishing its own secure method of acquiring, assessing, and archiving image-based evidence submitted by individuals and organizations other than OTP investigators, and the need to incorporate artificial intelligence and machine learning into this process. Significantly, it argues that the use of image-based evidence in international criminal prosecutions is at a tipping point and more must be done to maximize this evidential resource.
Introduction
Authors: Volckart Oliver
Published: March 2024

This chapter uses a case of monetary crime to introduce the main topic of the book. It outlines to what extent parameters that shaped premodern monetary policy differed from those relevant today and explains why both the problems that actors faced and the solutions they found only superficially resembled their modern counterparts. The chapter also outlines where similarities existed (the trade-off between the joining a monetary union and maintaining monetary autonomy, the rules needed to stabilize monetary unions, the multilateral political system within whose framework both a common currency such as the Euro and the Holy Roman Empire’s common currency emerged). It provides a brief outline of the structure of the book and discusses how place names, personal names, the value of sums of money mentioned in the book, and units of measurement are being treated.
The Rhine gold
Authors: Volckart Oliver
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines why the Rhineland was particularly rich in gold and why the princes whose lands straddled the river had better access to that metal than others. Again, the core issue is how the uneven availability of bullion affected the monetary-policy outlook of the imperial estates. The chapter begins by tracing the trans-Saharan gold trade to the Mediterranean. It also tells how Portuguese opened up further sources of African gold and assesses the importance of gold mining in Spanish America. Because in the fifteenth century the Rhine developed into the most important transcontinental trade route of Europe, the princes who controlled the river were particularly rich in gold. The chapter tells how the representatives of Charles V derailed the negotiations about the common currency by suggesting that debtors should be forced to accept silver in place of the gold in which debts were typically denominated. Most princes enthusiastically accepted this idea because the growth in the supply of silver in the Empire drove up the value of gold, making servicing their debts more difficult. The Rhineland princes, by contrast, who were collecting their river tolls in gold, benefited from the increasing value of that metal and opposed the suggestion. The chapter closes by describing why their representatives at the imperial diet of 1550–1 still agreed to the common currency and how the diet ordered Charles V to publish a common currency bill and to implement the new monetary system.
The Indian Air Force
Authors: Bhatia Rahul , Mehta Shibani
Published: March 2024

One of the oldest independent air forces, the Indian Air Force (IAF), has engaged in a variety of conflicts, from high-end, regular conventional warfare during World War II to counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations in recent international conflicts. It operates first-rate equipment and shows determination to build its global reach and status. The aim of this chapter is to analyse IAF as an effective fighting force by examining its foundation and stated role, its performance in conflict, force structure, and acquisition programme. The chapter addresses the key question of whether the IAF’s capacity is sufficient when facing the security challenges posed by its main adversaries and contemplates possible reforms.
The Police in India
Authors: Mangla Akshay , Kapoor Vineet
Published: March 2024

India’s police are entrusted with maintaining public order and enforcing the law. From recording citizen complaints to investigating crimes, the police are essential to internal security and the functioning of the criminal justice system. How police agencies negotiate these multiple mandates has consequences not only for security provision, but also for social welfare and citizen trust in the state. This chapter presents an analytical appraisal of India’s state police agencies and their role in preserving India’s internal security. It explores the evolving organizational mandate and objectives of state police forces in India, from the colonial era through the post-independence period. It also examines the formal institutional design of police agencies, focusing on organizational hierarchy and internal procedures as well as administrative capacity and human resources. The chapter then explores the interplay between formal structures and the informal institutions of policing, including police organizational culture and norms. It concludes by analysing policy reform proposals that have arisen alongside the practical realities of resource constraints and growing societal demands.
Lectures on Analytical Mechanics
Authors: Kotkin G. L. , Serbo V. G. , Chernykh A. I.
Published: March 2024

This book was written by working physicists for students and teachers of physics faculties of universities. It is based on the authors’ many years (140+ in total) of experience delivering lectures and seminars at the Faculty of Physics at Novosibirsk State University. The authors present analytical mechanics as the first part in the study of theoretical physics. Its methods and ideas are crucially important, as they form the basis of all other branches of theoretical physics, including quantum mechanics, statistical physics, and field theory. Such concepts as the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms, normal oscillations, adiabatic invariants, Liouville theorem, and canonical transformations lay the foundation, without which any further in-deep study of theoretical physics would be impossible. The book begins by discussing the motion of particles in a central field and scattering of particles based on Newton’s equations. It then introduces and explores the Lagrangian equations for various systems, linear and non-linear oscillations, the Hamiltonian formalism, and the motion of a rigid body. Each topic is accompanied by problems that are suitable for seminars and testing. This edition includes about ten new sections, which provide practical illustrations of the theoretical material. These sections can be used by teachers as a basis for conducting a specialized course, or by curious students who wish to explore different applications of analytical mechanics on their own.
Newton’s mechanics. Central field. Scattering
Authors: Kotkin G. L. , Serbo V. G. , Chernykh A. I.
Published: March 2024

In the central field, the energy and angular momentum are conserved. This allows us to reduce this problem to a problem of the motion of a particle in an effective one-dimensional field. Here the motion of a particle in a Coulomb field or in the field of the isotropic harmonic oscillation with small perturbations are the most important ones. Then there are differential and total cross section for the scattering of particles by central field, and small angle scattering.
Introduction: Immigration and Identity
Authors: Akhtar Sahar
Published: March 2024

This introductory chapter motivates and explains the central position taken in the book. The chapter starts by recounting the numerous immigration policies around the world that have centered on race, ethnicity, religion, and other identities. It then provides an overview of the book’s approach and argument, based in the principles of “antidiscrimination,” and explains how the book is distinct from other normative work on immigration. As most of the book will be concerned with establishing that states have duties not to exclude on the basis of identity when doing so degrades the excluded group(s), this chapter highlights several reasons why such duties are stressed over duties not to exclude others simply when it contributes to global disadvantages, including economic or material disadvantages. Finally, the chapter concludes with a brief summary of each of the book’s subsequent chapters.
The Primary Duties
Authors: Akhtar Sahar
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores the implications of states’ primary antidiscrimination duties, examining when criteria generally violate those duties and when they do not. Determining whether the primary duties are violated in any specific case depends on a variety of both empirical issues and normative judgments concerning historical relations, present social contexts, and immigration rates to the relevant state. Thus, more than providing definitive answers about specific cases, this chapter demonstrates how the conceptual resources provided by the global antidiscrimination approach can effectively assist in thinking through complex immigration cases. Still, there are some important concrete findings of this chapter. One is that not all racial and ethnic criteria violate the primary duties. Another is that, even if a state’s identity criteria selectively exclude globally vulnerable racial or ethnic groups, this does not mean that the state violates its primary duties. This chapter also expands the discussion to other central categories of identity—gender, sex, sexual orientation, and disability—and demonstrates both how these categories of groups clearly have a global social status and why, under the antidiscrimination approach, states’ admission decisions are morally constrained by them. Finally, the chapter discusses how the primary duties are not corrective duties based in past injustices. More generally, the antidiscrimination approach is not a backward-looking framework that aims to repair past wrongs, but one concerned with current (and future) social status.
Polemics versus Apologetics
Authors: Menon Nandagopal R.
Published: March 2024

Polemics have no inherent and essential link to the topics they address, which can be addressed through other means of communication like apologetics. This chapter presents an ethnography of a controversy about the growing tomb of ustad, an alim, and the resultant conflict between his male children/grandchildren who belong to two different theological streams. On one side are Sunnis who endorse the incident as a karamat (wonder/miracle) and proclaim ustad is a wali who does not respect the boundaries between life and death, and opposing them are the rival Jamaat-e-Islami, who reject the incident as a manipulation of the grave and advance a different definition of a wali as someone who led an exemplary Islamic life. All have tried to establish proximity to him as wali and father through mass publicity, either through a polemical event of rebuttal (organized by the Jamaat kin), or in another way through an apologetic event of prayers and sermons not focused on rejecting the other side’s positions (organized by the Sunni kin). This tension between proximity and distance, or proximity sought to be achieved through distance, is central to understanding the controversy. But there is hardly any theology regarding how decisions to go public with polemics or apologetics are explained. They are the result of wrong or right strategic choices.
The Court of Chancery
Authors: Baker John
Published: March 2024

The extraordinary jurisdiction of the Chancery to give remedies in conscience was a source of complaint in parliament in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It withstood those attacks, but it remained controversial whether the ‘English side’ (equitable jurisdiction) of the Chancery was a court of record, what coercive powers it possessed, and in particular how far it could restrain proceedings at law by injunction. Complaints of injunctions were made against Cardinal Wolsey as chancellor (1529), but they were defended by his successor Sir Thomas More (who had signed the complaints) at a dinner with the judges. Further complaints were made against Chancellor Wriothesley (1547) for subverting the common law and introducing Roman law. Much of the chapter is devoted to the dispute whether the Chancery could grant injunctions after judgment given at common law. The judges ruled against it in 1597, but the decision was suppressed and the matter came to a head in 1615–16 in a conflict between Chief Justice Coke and Lord Chancellor Ellesmere. James I settled the dispute in favour of the Chancery by an announcement in the Star Chamber in 1616.