bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small‐World Networks and Their Relationship With Hippocampal Glutamine/Glutamate Concentration in Healthy Adults With Varying Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Zhang Hui , Chiu Pui W. , Ip Isaac , Liu Tianyin , Wong Gloria H.Y. , Song You‐Qiang , Wong Savio W.H. , Herrup Karl , Mak Henry K.F.
Published: May 2021

Background

Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 allele (ApoE4) is the most common gene polymorphism related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Impaired synaptic dysfunction occurs in ApoE4 carriers before any clinical symptoms. It remains unknown whether ApoE4 status affects the hippocampal neuromodulation, which further influences brain network topology.

Purpose

To study the relationship of regional and global network properties by using graph theory analysis and glutamatergic (Glx) neuromodulation in the ApoE isoforms.

Study Type

Prospective.

Subjects

Eighty‐four cognitively normal adults (26 ApoE4 and 58 non‐ApoE4 carriers).

Field Strength/Sequence

Gradient‐echo echo‐planar and point resolved spectroscopy sequence at 3 T.

Assessment

Glx concentration in bilateral hippocampi were processed with jMRUI (4.0), and graph theory metrics (global: γ, λ, small‐worldness in whole brain; regional: nodal clustering coefficient (Ci) and nodal characteristic path length (Li)) in top 20% highly connected hubs of subgroups (low‐risk: non‐ApoE4; high‐risk: APOE4) were calculated and compared.

Statistical Tests

Two‐sample t test was used to compare metrics between subgroups. Correlations between regional properties and Glx by Pearson's partial correlation with false discovery rate correction.

Results

Significant differences (P < 0.05) in Ci between subgroups were found in hubs of left inferior frontal, bilateral inferior temporal, and bilateral precentral gyri, right parahippocampus, and bilateral precuneus. In addition, there was a significant correlation between Glx in the left hippocampus and Ci in inferior frontal gyrus (r = −0.537, P = 0.024), right inferior temporal (r = −0.478, P = 0.043), right parahippocampus (r = −0.629, P = 0.016), left precentral (r = −0.581, P = 0.022), right precentral (r = −0.651, P = 0.003), left precuneus (r = −0.545, P = 0.024), and right precuneus (r = −0.567, P = 0.022); and Li in left precuneus (r = 0.575, P = 0.032) and right precuneus (r = 0.586, P = 0.032) in the high‐risk group, but not in the low‐risk group.

Data Conclusion

Our results suggested that healthy ApoE4 carriers exhibit poorer local interconnectivity. Moreover, the close relationship between glutamate and small‐world network properties in ApoE4 carriers might reflect a compensatory response to the impaired network efficiency.

Evidence Level

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 3
Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction responses when measuring health‐related micrometre and nanometre particle size fractions of crystalline quartz and the measurement of quartz in dust samples from the cutting and polishing of natural and artificial stones
Authors: Stacey Peter , Hall Samantha , Stagg Stephen , Clegg Francis , Sammon Christopher
Published: May 2021

Around 560 000 workers in Great Britain are potentially exposed to respirable crystalline silica (RCS), which can cause disabling diseases, such as silicosis and lung cancer. These experiments assessed the performance of a new Raman spectroscopy method for measuring RCS, in samples of pure quartz powder with different median aerodynamic particle diameters and stone dusts from variety of natural and artificial stones. The relationship between the Raman response and particle size was characterised by measuring subfractions of the respirable quartz standard A9950 collected using the Sioutas impactor. Bulk samples of quartz standards A9950 and Quin B that provided the highest median particle size diameters were also measured. Health‐related thoracic and respirable particle size fractions, and the environmental monitoring fractions of PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and PM0.5, were also collected during the powered cutting and polishing of sandstone and diorite (granite), engineered and sintered stones. All Raman spectroscopy results were compared with those from X‐ray diffraction (XRD), which was used as the reference technique. The Raman spectroscopy response closely followed the predicted crystallinity of RCS for different particle diameters. Raman spectroscopy obtained slightly higher percentages than XRD for particle size fractions below 1 μm. The Raman spectroscopy and XRD results were highly correlated for the thoracic, respirable and impactor fractions. The coefficients of determination were between 0.98 and 0.95. The slope coefficients for the correlation were 1.11 for the respirable fraction and 1.07 for the thoracic fraction. Raman spectroscopy is a promising alternative to XRD for measurement of RCS with a much lower limit of detection of 0.21 μg compared with 1 μg.
Optimizing the near‐field and far‐field properties of tips in tip‐enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Sifat Abid Anjum , Potma Eric O.
Published: May 2021

The process of tip‐enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) depends critically on the morphology near the apex of the tip used in the experiment. Many tip designs have focused on optimization of electromagnetic enhancement in the near‐field, which is controlled to a large extent by subtle details at the nanoscale that remain difficult to reproduce in the tip fabrication process. The use of focused ion beams (FIB) permit modification of larger features on the tip in a reproducible manner, yet this approach cannot produce sub‐20‐nm structures important for optimum near‐field enhancement. Nonetheless, FIB milling offers excellent opportunities for improving the far‐field radiation properties of the tip‐antenna, a feature that has received relatively little attention in the TERS research community. In this work, we use finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) simulations to study both the near‐field and far‐field radiation efficiency of several tip‐antenna systems that can be constructed with FIB techniques in a feasible manner. Starting from blunt etched tips, we find that excellent overall enhancement of the TERS signal can be obtained with pillar‐type tips. Furthermore, by applying vertical grooves on the tip's shaft, the overall efficiency can be improved even more, producing TERS signals that are up to 10‐fold stronger than signals obtained from an ideal (unmodified) sharp tip of 10‐nm radius. The proposed designs constitute a feasible route toward a tip fabrication process that not only yields more reproducible tips but also promises much stronger TERS signals.
Study specific prediction intervals for random‐effects meta‐analysis: A tutorial
Authors: van Aert Robbie C. M. , Schmid Christopher H. , Svensson David , Jackson Dan
Published: May 2021

The pooled estimate of the average effect is of primary interest when fitting the random‐effects model for meta‐analysis. However estimates of study specific effects, for example those displayed on forest plots, are also often of interest. In this tutorial, we present the case, with the accompanying statistical theory, for estimating the study specific true effects using so called 'empirical Bayes estimates' or 'Best Unbiased Linear Predictions' under the random‐effects model. These estimates can be accompanied by prediction intervals that indicate a plausible range of study specific true effects. We coalesce and elucidate the available literature and illustrate the methodology using two published meta‐analyses as examples. We also perform a simulation study that reveals that coverage probability of study specific prediction intervals are substantially too low if the between‐study variance is small but not negligible. Researchers need to be aware of this defect when interpreting prediction intervals. We also show how empirical Bayes estimates, accompanied with study specific prediction intervals, can embellish forest plots. We hope that this tutorial will serve to provide a clear theoretical underpinning for this methodology and encourage its widespread adoption.
9.4‐inch 228‐ppi flexible micro‐LED display
Authors: Lee Seok‐Lyul , Cheng Chun‐Cheng , Liu Chan‐Jui , Yeh Cheng‐Nan , Lin Yu‐Chieh
Published: May 2021

A 9.4‐inch 228‐ppi full‐color micro‐LED display using the flexible low temperature polysilicon thin‐film transistor (LTPS‐TFT) backplane has been successfully developed. In order to solve the interconnection of tiny micro‐LEDs, those size are less than 30 μm, we introduced the flip‐chip soldering technology for high‐resolution flexible micro‐LED displays. Contrast ratio of >1,000,000:1 with a brightness of 700 nits was realized by the full‐color micro‐LED display with uniform brightness and color shift free at any off‐axis viewing angles. These supreme micro‐LED visual performances will provide a more comfortable user experience for high‐resolution flexible automotive applications.
Microbiology of Acute Maxillary Sinusitis in Children
Authors: Sawada Shoichi , Matsubara Shigenori
Published: May 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

Acute rhinosinusitis is a frequent common cold‐related complication in children. Despite the need for appropriate treatment, its underlying microbiology remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the microbiology of acute rhinosinusitis in children.

Study Design

Prospective non controlled study.

Methods

Thirty‐one pediatric acute maxillary sinusitis patients with severe symptoms were assessed. The subjects were 17 males and 14 females aged 5 to 14 years (mean age, 9.1 years). Maxillary sinus aspirates were collected and cultured, with subsequent viral and bacterial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Bacteria were analyzed using culturing and PCR, and viruses were analyzed using PCR. The PCR kits used identify 18 types of respiratory viruses and 13 types of bacteria.

Results

At least one pathogen was detected in 30 of 31 aspirates (97%) using PCR, and none of the aspirates contained respiratory viruses alone. Ten aspirates (32%) contained both viruses and bacteria. The most common viruses detected were rhinovirus (13%) and influenza virus (10%). The most common bacteria were Haemophilus influenzae (45%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (32%), Moraxella catarrhalis (16%), and Chlamydophila pneumoniae (13%). Bacteria were found in 21 of 31 cases (68%) via bacterial culturing. Culturing revealed that H influenzae was the most common pathogen (42%).

Conclusions

In pediatric acute maxillary sinusitis, respiratory bacteria were detected in 65% of the sinus aspirates and both bacteria and viruses in 32%. The most common viruses were rhinovirus and influenza virus, and the most common bacteria were H influenzae and S pneumoniae. Viral and bacterial PCR is useful for accurately investigating the microbiology in pediatric sinusitis.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 131:E2705–E2711, 2021
Microzooplankton grazing constrains pathways of carbon export in the subarctic North Pacific
Authors: McNair Heather M. , Morison Françoise , Graff Jason R. , Rynearson Tatiana A. , Menden‐Deuer Susanne
Published: May 2021

To identify the effect of microzooplankton grazing on phytoplankton abundance and size structure, we quantified phytoplankton growth and herbivorous grazing rates throughout the euphotic zone and across a light gradient on the North Pacific EXport Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) cruise near Ocean Station Papa. During 30 days of continuous, Lagrangian observation in August and September of 2018, depth integrated chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations were stable and averaged 20 ± 2 mg m−2. Bottle‐incubation experiments revealed that phytoplankton growth was balanced by microzooplankton grazing even when phytoplankton growth rates varied from 0 to 0.4 d−1 in response to light manipulation. Microzooplankton grazing caused a decline in phytoplankton abundance that was balanced by increased phytoplankton cell size resulting in consistent phytoplankton biomass over time. Microzooplankton grazed phytoplankton at an average rate of 0.11 ± 0.17 d−1 which lead to an intrinsic phytoplankton growth rate of −0.07 ± 0.26 d−1. Predicted stocks from grazing experiments aligned closely (within 16%) with in situ Chl a dynamics and phytoplankton abundance, suggesting that the dominant loss process of phytoplankton was grazing by microzooplankton rather than physical mixing or sinking of phytoplankton. Consequently, microzooplankton played a critical role in regulating primary producer biomass and in transferring particulate organic carbon through the food web where a fraction could then be exported as byproducts of food web processes.
Aluminum increases net carbon fixation by marine diatoms and decreases their decomposition: Evidence for the iron–aluminum hypothesis
Authors: Zhou Linbin , Liu Fengjie , Liu Qingxia , Fortin Claude , Tan Yehui , Huang Liangmin , Campbell Peter G. C.
Published: May 2021

Recent studies indicate that aluminum (Al) could play an important role in the ocean carbon cycle by increasing phytoplankton carbon fixation and reducing organic carbon decomposition. However, how Al may influence the decomposition of organic carbon has not yet been explicitly examined. Here we report the effects of Al on carbon fixation by marine diatoms and their subsequent decomposition. By using radiocarbon as a tracer, the carbon fixation and decomposition of three model marine diatoms were examined in Aquil* media at different concentrations (0, 40, 200, and 2000 nM) of dissolved Al. Addition of Al enhanced net carbon fixation by the diatoms in the declining growth phase (by 9%–29% for Thalassiosira pseudonana, 15%–20% for T. oceanica, 15%–23% for T. weissflogii). Under axenic conditions the decomposition rates (d−1) of the diatom‐produced particulate organic carbon (POC) significantly decreased (by 21%–57% for T. pseudonana, 0%–41% for T. oceanica, 29%–58% for T. weissflogii) in the Al‐enriched treatments. In the presence of bacteria, the decomposition rates of T. weissflogii‐produced POC were still 37%–38% lower in Al‐enriched treatments compared to the control. Significant increases in cell size, cellular carbon content (pmol C/cell) and cellular carbon density (pmol C/μm3) of T. weissflogii were also observed in the Al‐enriched treatments compared to the control. The Al‐related increase in net carbon fixation and cell size, and the decrease in POC decomposition rate may facilitate carbon export to ocean depths. The study provides new evidence for the iron–aluminum hypothesis, which suggests that Al could increase phytoplankton uptake of atmospheric CO2 and influence climate change.
3D Printable Conducting and Biocompatible PEDOT‐graft‐PLA Copolymers by Direct Ink Writing
Authors: Dominguez‐Alfaro Antonio , Gabirondo Elena , Alegret Nuria , De León‐Almazán Claudia María , Hernandez Robert , Vallejo‐Illarramendi Ainara , Prato Maurizio , Mecerreyes David
Published: May 2021

Tailor‐made polymers are needed to fully exploit the possibilities of additive manufacturing, constructing complex, and functional devices in areas such as bioelectronics. In this paper, the synthesis of a conducting and biocompatible graft copolymer which can be 3D printed using direct melting extrusion methods is shown. For this purpose, graft copolymers composed by conducting polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and a biocompatible polymer polylactide (PLA) are designed. The PEDOT‐g‐PLA copolymers are synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization between 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene and PLA macromonomers. PEDOT‐g‐PLA copolymers with different compositions are obtained and fully characterized. The rheological characterization indicates that copolymers containing below 20 wt% of PEDOT show the right complex viscosity values suitable for direct ink writing (DIW). The 3D printing tests using the DIW methodology allows printing different parts with different shapes with high resolution (200 µm). The conductive and biocompatible printed patterns of PEDOT‐g‐PLA show excellent cell growth and maturation of neonatal cardiac myocytes cocultured with fibroblasts.
All‐Organic Dielectrics with High Breakdown Strength and Energy Storage Density for High‐Power Capacitors
Authors: Feng Qi‐Kun , Ping Jiang‐Bo , Zhu Jing , Pei Jia‐Yao , Huang Lei , Zhang Dong‐Li , Zhao Yu , Zhong Shao‐Long , Dang Zhi‐Min
Published: May 2021

Polymer‐based film capacitors with high breakdown strength and excellent flexibility are crucial in the field of advanced electronic devices and electric power systems. Although massive works are carried to enhance the energy storage performances, it is still a great challenge to improve the energy density of polymer composites under the premise of large‐scale industrial production. Herein, a general strategy is proposed to improve the intrinsic breakdown strength and energy storage performances by blending core‐shell structured methyl methacrylate‐butadiene‐styrene (MBS) rubber particles into a polymer matrix. Good compatibility and uniform dispersion state of MBS particles are observed in the matrix. Polarizing microscopy images show that blended films exhibit clear reduction of crystalline grains with the addition of MBS particles. Accordingly, an increased breakdown strength of 515 MV m−1 and discharged energy density of 12.33 J cm−3 are observed in poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene)‐based composite films. Through comprehensive characterizations, it is believed that the superior energy storage performance of composite films is attributed to decreased crystalline grains, improved mechanical properties, and restriction on carrier motion. These results provide a novel design of dielectric polymers for high breakdown strength and discharged energy density applications.
NNI‐SMOTE‐XGBoost: A Novel Small Sample Analysis Method for Properties Prediction of Polymer Materials
Authors: Li Dazi , Liu Jianxun , Liu Jun
Published: May 2021

Despite the usage of machine learning accelerating the properties prediction of polymer materials, obtaining a large number of samples to achieve accurate and fast predictions remains a challenge because of the complex and lengthy experimental process. In this work, an advanced prediction model for the small sample analysis is presented by an ensemble learning algorithm called extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) based on nearest neighbor interpolation (NNI) and synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE). Different from directly using small sample prediction algorithms, a brand‐new idea based on feature engineering is proposed. NNI algorithm is used to interpolate the original data set to solve the data insufficiency. SMOTE algorithm is used to solve the data imbalance problem by increasing minority samples. The expanded data set is used to build an XGBoost prediction model. A model for predicting Akron abrasion of rubber through mechanical properties is established via the proposed method. The original data set is expanded to 710 samples through two different interpolations. Experimental results show that better prediction accuracy and generalization ability are obtained than traditional algorithms. The Akron abrasion is found to be the most related to the elongation at break of polymer materials.
Quantitative trace estimates for the Maxwell system in Lipschitz domains
Authors: Stachura Eric , Wellander Niklas
Published: May 2021

We develop various quantitative estimates for the anisotropic Maxwell system in Lipschitz domains, with a focus on how the estimates precisely depend on the Lipschitz character of the domain. We pay special attention to trace operators and extension operators over certain Sobolev spaces. Finally, we provide a weak formulation of the interior scattering problem in terms of the exterior Calderón operator and provide explicit bounds for the solution of the interior problem in terms of the incident fields and the Lipschitz character of the domain.
Qualitative analysis of a degenerate fixed point of a discrete predator–prey model with cooperative hunting
Authors: Cheng Qi , Zhang Yanlin , Deng Shengfu
Published: May 2021

This paper investigates the qualitative properties near a degenerate fixed point of a discrete predator–prey model with cooperative hunting derived from the Lotka–Volterra model where the eigenvalues of the corresponding linear operator are ±1. Applying the theory of the normal form and the Takens's theorem, we change the problem of this discrete model into the one of an ordinary differential system. With the technique of desingularization to blow up the degenerate equilibrium of the ordinary differential system, we obtain its qualitative properties. Utilizing the conjugacy between the discrete model and the time‐one mapping of the vector field, we obtain the qualitative structures of this discrete model.
Processing Requirements for the Lifecycle of 8K Video Content in IoT Applications
Authors: Cope Ben
Published: May 2021

New display resolutions such as 8K bring new demands on supporting processor technology. The author analyzes, from a compute viewpoint, the typical lifecycle of video in consumer entertainment alongside an equivalent IoT market lifecycle for large‐format displays.
Ein Schub für Preprintserver
Authors: Renn Oliver , Betschart Leo , Dolenc Jozica
Published: May 2021

In der Corona‐Pandemie wurde der Druck groß, neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse so schnell wie möglich allen zugänglich zu machen – als Basis für weiterführende Arbeiten und auch für politische Entscheidungen. Forschungsergebnisse zu Sars‐Cov‐2 wurden daher besonders häufig vorab auf Preprintservern veröffentlicht. Diese Server verändern auch das Publikationsverhalten in der Chemie.
Sprachförderung im Unterricht
Authors: Becker Hans‐Jürgen , Kemper Anne‐Kathrin
Published: May 2021

Sprachbildendes Chemielernen bleibt auch in Zeiten der Digitalisierung im Blickpunkt von Bildung und Unterricht, vor allem unterstützt durch staatliche Bildungsangebote und ‐projekte in Kooperation mit Universitäten.
Wirtschaft Österreich: Positiver Start mit jähem Ende
Authors: Hofinger Sylvia
Published: May 2021

In Österreich haben die Unternehmen der chemischen Industrie im Jahr 2020 sieben Prozent weniger verkauft als im Jahr zuvor.
Stickstoff aktivieren mit Licht
Authors: Krewald Vera
Published: May 2021

Aduc‐Preisträgerin Vera Krewald nutzt die theoretische Chemie, um zu untersuchen, wie molekulare Komplexe, die etwa Osmium enthalten, mit Licht N2 spalten können.
Bor mit Biss
Authors: Sindlinger Christian
Published: May 2021

1H‐Borole – isolierbare (schwache) Antiaromaten als Liganden – sind Forschungsgebiet von Aduc‐Preisträger Christian Sindlinger.
Trends für das mittlere Infrarot
Authors: Krafft Christoph , Mayerhöfer Thomas , Popp Jürgen
Published: May 2021

Laserstrahlungsquellen für IR‐Spektrometer und ‐Mikroskope ermöglichen neue Messkonzepte, die weit über die bekannten Absorptionsmethoden hinausgehen. Anwendungen eröffnen sich in der medizinischen Diagnostik, in Pharma‐, Lebensmittel‐ und Umweltanalytik.
Formate der Zukunft
Authors: Karger Gerhard
Published: May 2021

Die Klausurtagung der GDCh‐Fachgruppen fand Mitte November 2020 virtuell statt.
Using Creel Data to Evaluate Blue and Channel Catfish Aggregate Harvest Regulations for Texas Reservoirs
Authors: Nisbet Mitchell T. , Myers Randall A. , Binion Greg R. , McDonald Dusty
Published: May 2021

The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department’s strategic management plan for catfishes (Ictaluridae) called for the development of alternative harvest regulations for Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus and Channel Catfish I. punctatus. Angler harvest of these species in most Texas reservoirs has been regulated using a 305-mm minimum length limit (MLL) and a 25-fish aggregate daily bag limit (DBL) since 1995. Using existing creel data collected in 2003–2018 at 86 Texas reservoirs managed under this statewide harvest regulation, we examined Blue and Channel Catfish harvest size structure and composition, percent release of legally harvestable-size fish, and harvest density (number and biomass). Additionally, for reservoirs having long-term creel data, we evaluated temporal change in percent release of legally harvestable-size fish and harvest size structure, and we estimated the impact of alternative harvest regulations by using a theoretical harvest reduction (THR) model. Channel Catfish were the predominant species harvested (>75% of harvest) in 63% of the reservoirs. Harvest size structures of Blue and Channel catfish differed, but the difference in percent harvest of fish smaller than 406 mm was negligible (52% and 48%, respectively). Percent release of legally harvestable-size fish (≥305 mm) was low at most reservoirs (median = 13%). Total number of catfish harvested per hectare per quarter (HHQ) ranged widely (0.0–11.3) but was less than 1.0 at 58% of reservoirs. Harvest size structure was truncated over time coincident with a high harvest level (HHQ > 3.0) at two of four reservoirs with long-term data, suggesting growth overfishing. The THR model revealed that increases in MLL resulted in variable harvest reductions among reservoirs and that removal of the 305-mm MLL could increase harvest by 6–39%. Additionally, we found that length-graduated DBLs would have a negligible impact on reducing the harvest of larger fish. We suggest that MLLs are not necessary for most Texas catfish fisheries and that a 356-mm MLL may be appropriate for high-harvest fisheries.
Improving oxygen vacancies by cobalt doping in MoO2 nanorods for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Li Hailong , Li Hong , Qiu Yu , Liu Shuangquan , Fan Jianxiong , Guo XiaoHui
Published: May 2021

Recently, molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) has gained intensive attention as an eco‐friendly and earth abundant catalyst for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water splitting. However, the catalytic activity of MoO2 catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is severely limited by the less exposed active sites. Herein, we present Co‐doped MoO2 for efficient HER through a facile wet chemistry synthesis followed by calcination treatment process. The optimized Co‐MoO2‐0.01 nanorods (NRs) delivers a very low overpotential of 26 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 30.9 mV dec−1, which is much better than that of pure MoO2 NRs and the commercial Pt/C catalyst in HER. Experimental and theoretical results reveal that Co doping not only produce more oxygen vacancies in MoO2, which can activate adjacent oxygen atoms as active sites and thus increase the exposed active sites on the surface of catalyst, but also enhance the electrical conductivity of catalyst during HER process. In a word, this work provides a new promising synthetic strategy for developing earth‐abundant and cost‐effective HER electrocatalysts through rational defect‐engineering design.
Salvage cystectomy and ileal conduit urinary diversion as a last‐line option for benign diseases—perioperative safety and postoperative health‐related quality of life
Authors: Volz Yannic , Eismann Lennert , Pfitzinger Paulo L. , Jokisch Jan‐Friedrich , Schulz Gerald , Rodler Severin , Buchner Alexander , Schlenker Boris , Stief Christian G. , Kretschmer Alexander
Published: May 2021

Aims

Radical cystectomy and urinary diversion impact various dimensions of patients' health‐related‐quality‐of‐life (HRQOL). Yet, less is known about salvage cystectomy as a last‐line option for treatment‐refractory benign diseases. Therefore, our aim is to provide HRQOL data from a contemporary cohort of open salvage cystectomies for benign conditions.

Methods

Fifty‐four consecutive patients were enrolled in one single tertiary referral center. Analysis was limited to patients undergoing urinary diversion via ileal conduit (IC). Complications were assessed via Clavien–Dindo‐scale. HRQOL was measured using the validated European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ‐C30 and QLQ‐BLM30 questionnaire. HRQOL QLQ‐C30 domains were measured preoperatively and up to 3 years postoperatively. Longitudinal changes were analyzed using Friedman's rank test. Primary endpoint was good general HRQOL based on QLQ‐C30 global health status (GHS). Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression models with a step‐wise backward selection procedure.

Results

Longitudinal analysis of HRQOL subdomains revealed significantly improved pain (p = .005) and fatigue (p = .002) scores as well as improved social functioning (p = .038). Furthermore, general HRQOL (GHS scores) improved significantly during the follow‐up period (28.0 vs. 50.6 [36 months], p = .045). In multivariate analysis, the indication for salvage cystectomy could not be identified as an independent predictor for good general HRQOL. We observed a total number of 10 (41.7%) high‐grade (Clavien ≥III) 90 day‐complications. Limitations include limited follow‐up rates at respective time‐points.

Conclusion

Salvage cystectomy and IC can be safely performed as a last‐line treatment for benign conditions and increases general HRQOL in the long‐term follow‐up. Thus, it can play a role in a holistic approach for a challenging clinical setting.
Leading temporary project teams: An analysis of task‐ and person‐focused leadership over time
Authors: Couture Mathieu , Harvey Jean‐François
Published: May 2021

Nonprofit organizations are increasingly relying on temporary project teams to carry out their activities. Time is of the essence with such endeavors. Diverse individuals join a project team and work through several phases in order to reach their goal. Because team needs will fluctuate over time, the focus of leadership is also likely to change. Unfortunately, very little is known about these dynamics, because research has overly focused on the individual characteristics of leaders. In this study, we gained access to archival data on the interactions among the individuals working on a temporary project team, which allowed us to compare how both task‐ and person‐focused leadership evolved over time. We found that both types of leadership increase in intensity over the lifetime of the project, but also that the need for person‐focused leadership is greater later on, while task‐focused leadership is prevalent at earlier stages. Our results help generate key insights for both the theory and practice of project team leadership.
Correlations of social isolation and anxiety and depression symptoms among patients with breast cancer of Heilongjiang province in China: The mediating role of social support
Authors: Liu Bingshuo , Wu Xinyu , Shi Lei , Li Han , Wu Di , Lai Xin , Li Yuyan , Yang Yue , Li Danni
Published: May 2021

Objectives

To explore the correlations among social isolation and symptoms of anxiety and depression among patients with breast cancer in China and to further verify the mediating role of social support in social isolation and symptoms of depression or anxiety.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey.

Settings

The cluster sampling method was conducted for 456 female inpatients diagnosed with breast cancer at the Tumor Hospital Affiliated of Harbin Medical University from April 2019–September 2019.

Methods

Pearson correlation analysis was used for identifying correlations among all the variables. Mediation effect analysis was used to examine the role of social support in social isolation and symptoms of depression or anxiety.

Results

The results showed a prevalence of 73.26% and 70.44% for anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with breast cancer, respectively. Anxiety was significantly negatively correlated with social support (r = −.334,p < .01) and significantly positively correlated with social isolation (r = .369,p < .01). Similarly, depression was significantly negatively correlated with social support (r = −.289,p < .01) and significantly positively correlated with social isolation (r = .466,p < .01). Social support played a mediating role in social isolation and f symptoms of anxiety or depression among these patients.

Conclusions

Social isolation was positively correlated with symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with breast cancer, respectively. Social support for patients with breast cancer has a mediating effect on the patients’ social isolation and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Therefore, the support of family, friends, hospitals, and organizations plays a positive role in reducing social isolation as well as symptoms of depression and anxiety in these patients.
Polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers reinforced with polybenzimidazole: Facile preparation and properties of an anion exchange membrane
Authors: Coppola Roxana E. , Molinari Fabricio N. , D'Accorso Norma B. , Abuin Graciela C.
Published: May 2021

The search of novel materials for anion exchange membranes (AEMs) is a key factor in addressing challenges of electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices in terms of cost, durability, efficiency, and up‐scalability; and composite materials based in electrospun nanofibers have a great potential in this regard. We report a facile preparation method of an AEM composed by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA) and reinforced with poly[2‐2′‐(m‐phenylene)‐5‐5′‐bibenzimidazole] (ABPBI) polymer, characterizing it as an AEM in a liquid alkaline water electrolyzer (LAWE) device. Homogeneous and flexible membranes were obtained, with a good chemical stability in the doping solution (15 wt.% KOH), and better swelling resistance than pure ABPBI membranes. The membranes also showed a specific ionic conductivity of 36 mS·cm−1 at 60°C and 41 mS·cm−1 at 80°C, with an activation energy value of 3.5 kJ·mol−1. Regarding LAWE performances, it attained current densities of 236 and 271 mA·cm−2 for a 2 V cell voltage when operated at 50°C and 70°C, respectively. During chronopotentiometric test, neither potential drop nor change in material integrity were observed. These results provide a facile and scalable method for low cost AEMs preparation, contributing as an alternative material for its use in electrolyzers.
New genetic and clinical evidence associated with fetal Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome
Authors: Traisrisilp Kuntharee , Chankhunaphas Wisit , Sirilert Sirinart , Kuwutiyakorn Varangtip , Tongsong Theera
Published: May 2021

Early detection of Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is very important since it is very useful regarding counseling of parents concerning the risk of developing embryonic tumors, selection of the mode of delivery due to potential adrenal cysts that might bleed during labor, prevention of neonatal hypoglycemia and even options of pregnancy termination in non‐viable fetuses. This report describes the prenatal classic sonographic triad of fetal BWS (omphalocele, macrosomia, macroglossia) and other supporting findings (hepatomegaly, adrenal enlargement) as well as additional postnatal evidence. Also, it demonstrates new molecular genetic evidence potentially associated with the disease (the presence of a novel heterozygous c.358G>T variant of theCDKN1Cgene). Importantly, we provide new evidence indicating that elevated levels of the four serum biomarkers (alpha‐fetoprotein, beta‐human gonadotropin, unconjugated estriol, and inhibin‐A) in late first or early second trimester might be strongly suggestive of BWS which may facilitate early detection especially in cases of no obvious anomaly. In conclusion, this study emphasizes on early detection of BWS as early as at 14 weeks of gestation, based on the abnormal rise of the four serum biomarkers together with omphalocele. To the best of our knowledge, this is the earliest prenatal detection of BWS ever reported. Finally, we provide new molecular genetic evidence that is, potentially associated with BWS.
Changes in plant responses induced by an arthropod influence the colonization behavior of a subsequent herbivore
Authors: Silva Diego B , Jiménez Alejandro , Urbaneja Alberto , Pérez‐Hedo Meritxell , Bento José MS
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Plants in nature can be sequentially attacked by different arthropod herbivores. Feeding by one arthropod species may induce plant‐defense responses that might affect the performance of a later‐arriving herbivorous species. Understanding these interactions can help in developing pest‐management strategies. In tomato, the sweet‐potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci and the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae are key pests that frequently cohabit on the same plant. We studied whether colonization by one species can either facilitate or impede later colonization of tomato plants by conspecific or heterospecific individuals.

RESULTS

B. tabaci females showed a strong preference for and increased oviposition on plants previously colonized by conspecifics. In contrast, plants infested with T. urticae repelled B. tabaci females and reduced their oviposition rate by 86%. Although females of T. urticae showed no preference between conspecific‐infested or uninfested plants, we observed a 50% reduction in the number of eggs laid on conspecific‐infested plants. Both herbivorous arthropods up‐regulated the expression of genes involving the jasmonic acid and abscisic acid pathways, increasing emissions of fatty‐acid derivatives, but only B. tabaci increased the expression of genes related to the salicylic acid pathway and the total amount of phenylpropanoids released. Terpenoids were the most abundant compounds in the volatile blends; many terpenoids were emitted at different rates, which might have influenced the arthropods' host selection.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that B. tabaci infestation facilitated subsequent infestations by conspecifics and mites, while T. urticae infestation promoted herbivore‐induced resistance. Based on both the molecular and behavioral findings, a novel sustainable pest‐management strategy is discussed.
The ring size of monocyclic ET‐1 controls selectivity and signaling efficiency at both endothelin receptor subtypes
Authors: Wolf Philipp , Beck‐Sickinger Annette G.
Published: May 2021

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) like hypertension are a major cause for death worldwide. In the cardiovascular tissue, the endothelin system—consisting of the receptor subtypes A (ETAR) and B (ETBR) and the mixed agonist endothelin 1 (ET‐1)—is a major key player in the regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure. Tight control of this system is required to maintain homeostasis; otherwise, the endothelin system can cause severe CVDs like pulmonary artery hypertension. The high sequence homology between both receptor subtypes limits the development of novel and selective ligands. Identification of small differences in receptor–ligand interactions and determination of selectivity constraints are crucial to fine‐tune ligand properties and subsequent signaling events. Here, we report on novel ET‐1 analogs and their detailed pharmacological characterization. We generated simplified ET‐1‐derived monocyclic peptides to provide an accessible synthesis route. By detailed in vitro characterization, we demonstrated that both G protein signaling and the subsequent arrestin recruitment of activated ETBR remain intact, whereas activation of the ETAR depends on the intramolecular ring size. Increasing of the intramolecular ring structure reduces activity at the ETAR and shifts the peptide toward ETBR selectivity. All ET‐1 analogs displayed efficient ETBR‐mediated signaling by G protein activation and arrestin 3 recruitment. Our study provides in‐depth characterization of the ET‐1/ETAR and ET‐1/ETBR interactions, which has the potential for future development of endothelin‐based drugs for CVD treatment. By identification of Lys9 for selective labeling, novel analogs for peptide‐mediated shuttling by ET‐1 are proposed.
An Ab Initio Study of All‐Heusler Heterostructures: The Case of Ultrathin Multilayers
Authors: Galanakis Iosif
Published: May 2021

An ab initio study of the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of , , and /(CoV)TiAl ultrathin multilayers is presented using the Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package (VASP) within the framework of density functional theory. Atoms in the multilayers are relaxed along the axis parallel to the growth direction. The electronic and magnetic properties of the multilayers are found to combine the properties of the corresponding bulk parent compounds. Moreover, all three multilayers are half‐metallic magnets with integer values of their total spin magnetic moments in μ
B. The findings are expected to trigger further interest in the study of all‐Heusler heterostructures.
Bright Electrically Controllable Quantum‐Dot‐Molecule Devices Fabricated by In Situ Electron‐Beam Lithography
Authors: Schall Johannes , Deconinck Marielle , Bart Nikolai , Florian Matthias , von Helversen Martin , Dangel Christian , Schmidt Ronny , Bremer Lucas , Bopp Frederik , Hüllen Isabell , Gies Christopher , Reuter Dirk , Wieck Andreas D. , Rodt Sven , Finley Jonathan J. , Jahnke Frank , Ludwig Arne , Reitzenstein Stephan
Published: May 2021

Self‐organized semiconductor quantum dots represent almost ideal two‐level systems, which have strong potential to applications in photonic quantum technologies. For instance, they can act as emitters in close‐to‐ideal quantum light sources. Coupled quantum dot systems with significantly increased functionality are potentially of even stronger interest since they can be used to host ultra‐stable singlet‐triplet spin qubits for efficient spin‐photon interfaces and for deterministic photonic 2D cluster‐state generation. An advanced quantum dot molecule (QDM) device is realized and excellent optical properties are demonstrated. The device includes electrically controllable QDMs based on stacked quantum dots in a pin‐diode structure. The QDMs are deterministically integrated into a photonic structure with a circular Bragg grating using in situ electron beam lithography. A photon extraction efficiency of up to (24 ± 4)% is measured in good agreement with numerical simulations. The coupling character of the QDMs is clearly demonstrated by bias voltage dependent spectroscopy that also controls the orbital couplings of the QDMs and their charge state in quantitative agreement with theory. The QDM devices show excellent single‐photon emission properties with a multi‐photon suppression of . These metrics make the developed QDM devices attractive building blocks for use in future photonic quantum networks using advanced nanophotonic hardware.
Organic contamination detection for isotopic analysis of water by laser spectroscopy
Authors: Millar Cody , Janzen Kim , Nehemy Magali F. , Koehler Geoff , Hervé‐Fernández Pedro , McDonnell Jeffrey J.
Published: May 2021

Rationale

Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios (δ2H, δ17O, and δ18O values) are commonly used tracers of water. These ratios can be measured by isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS). However, IRIS approaches are prone to errors induced by organic compounds present in plant, soil, and natural water samples. A novel approach using 17O‐excess values has shown promise for flagging spectrally contaminated plant samples during IRIS analysis. A systematic assessment of this flagging system is needed to prove it useful.

Methods

Errors induced by methanol and ethanol water mixtures on measured IRIS and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) results were evaluated. For IRIS analyses both liquid‐ and vapour‐mode (via direct vapour equilibration) methods are used. The δ2H, δ17O, and δ18O values were measured and compared with known reference values to determine the errors induced by methanol and ethanol contamination. In addition, the 17O‐excess contamination detection approach was tested. This is a post‐processing detection tool for both liquid and vapour IRIS triple‐isotope analyses, utilizing calculated 17O‐excess values to flag contaminated samples.

Results

Organic contamination induced significant errors in IRIS results, not seen in IRMS results. Methanol caused larger errors than ethanol. Results from vapour‐IRIS analyses had larger errors than those from liquid‐IRIS analyses. The 17O‐excess approach identified methanol driven error in liquid‐ and vapour‐mode IRIS samples at levels where isotope results became unacceptably erroneous. For ethanol contaminated samples, a mix of erroneous and correct flagging occurred with the 17O‐excess method. Our results indicate that methanol is the more problematic contaminant for data corruption. The 17O‐excess method was therefore useful for data quality control.

Conclusions

Organic contamination caused significant errors in IRIS stable isotope results. These errors were larger during vapour analyses than during liquid IRIS analyses, and larger for methanol than ethanol contamination. The 17O‐excess method is highly sensitive for detecting narrowband (methanol) contamination error in vapour and liquid analysis modes in IRIS.
A Case of Hypereosinophilia with Digital Ischaemia Successfully Treated with Intravenous Prostaglandin E1
Authors: Kaga M. , Takeuchi H. , Iwahara K. , Ihara H.
Published: May 2021

In the therapeutic management of eosinophilic disorder, it is important to prevent hypereosinophilia (HE)-related organ damage even in the process of diagnosis. We describe here a unique clinical and histopathological findings of the patient with HE accompanied with digital ischaemia. Treatment with intravenous prostaglandin E1 was essential for digital ischaemia in our case while benralizumab, humanized monoclonal antibody against interleukin-5 receptorα, did not affect. Our case suggests an earlier intervention for digital ischaemia in the therapeutic management of eosiniphilic disorder.
How I cope at university: Self‐directed stress management strategies of Australian students
Authors: Reis Arianne , Saheb Rowena , Parish Patricia , Earl Andrea , Klupp Nerida , Sperandei Sandro
Published: May 2021

Universities across the world remain under‐resourced and frequently unequipped to provide the required support to the increasing demand of students experiencing mental health problems. While there is a considerable amount of research focusing on university student stress levels, interventions to address them, and coping strategies adopted by students, little research has reported on the strategies students choose to manage their stress and how that relates to their self‐identified sources of stress as well as to what universities are offering to support their mental health and wellbeing. The present study provides a contribution in this direction, reporting on a study that surveyed over 3200 students from three large Australian metropolitan universities and interviewed three groups of university staff who provide student wellbeing services. Results highlight differences between what students and staff perceive as main sources of stress and best strategies to address them. In addition, students recommend task‐oriented, pro‐active coping strategies more often to their peers than engage in them themselves. The findings of the study further reinforce the need to develop an understanding of student coping strategies with a lens considerate of students' perspectives and preferences to authentically support their wellbeing, better informing planning and service delivery.
Neural Network Analysis of Electron Microscopy Video Data Reveals the Temperature‐Driven Microphase Dynamics in the Ions/Water System
Authors: Kashin Alexey S. , Boiko Daniil A. , Ananikov Valentine P.
Published: May 2021

Real‐time field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) measurements and neural network analysis were successfully merged to observe the temperature‐induced behavior of soft liquid microdomains in mixtures of different ionic liquids with water. The combination of liquid FE‐SEM and in situ heating techniques revealed temperature‐driven solution restructuring for ions/water systems with different water states and their critical point behavior expressed in a rapid switch between thermal expansion and shrinkage of liquid microphases at temperatures of ≈100–130 °C, which was directly recorded on electron microscopy videos. Automation of FE‐SEM video analysis by a neural network approach allowed quantification of the morphological changes in ions/water systems during heating on the basis of thousands of images processed with a speed almost equal to the frame rate of original electron microscopy videos. Tracking and evolution of the micro‐heterogeneous domains, hypothesized in the Ioliomics concept, was mapped and quantified for the first time. The present study describes the concept for quick acquisition of big data in electron microscopy, develops rapid neural network analysis and shows how to link microscopic data to fundamental molecular properties.