bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remarkable dynamics of nanoparticles in the urban atmosphere
Authors: Dall'Osto M. , Thorpe A. , Beddows D. C. S. , Harrison R. M. , Barlow J. F. , Dunbar T. , Williams P. I. , Coe H.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. Nanoparticles emitted from road traffic are the largest source of respiratory exposure for the general public living in urban areas. It has been suggested that the adverse health effects of airborne particles may scale with the airborne particle number, which if correct, focuses attention on the nanoparticle (less than 100 nm) size range which dominates the number count in urban areas. Urban measurements of particle size distributions have tended to show a broadly similar pattern dominated by a mode centred on 20–30 nm diameter particles emitted by diesel engine exhaust. In this paper we report the results of measurements of particle number concentration and size distribution made in a major London park as well as on the BT Tower, 160 m high. These measurements taken during the REPARTEE project (Regents Park and BT Tower experiment) show a remarkable shift in particle size distributions with major losses of the smallest particle class as particles are advected away from the traffic source. In the Park, the traffic related mode at 20–30 nm diameter is much reduced with a new mode at <10 nm. Size distribution measurements also revealed higher number concentrations of sub-50 nm particles at the BT Tower during days affected by higher turbulence as determined by Doppler Lidar measurements and indicate a loss of nanoparticles from air aged during less turbulent conditions. These results suggest that nanoparticles are lost by evaporation, rather than coagulation processes. The results have major implications for understanding the impacts of traffic-generated particulate matter on human health.
South African EUCAARI – measurements: a site with high atmospheric variability
Authors: Laakso L. , Vakkari V. , Laakso H. , Virkkula A. , Kulmala M. , Beukes J. P. , van Zyl P. G. , Pienaar J. J. , Chiloane K. , Gilardoni S. , Vignati E. , Wiedensohler A. , Tuch T. , Birmili W. , Piketh S. , Collett K. , Fourie G. D. , Komppula M. , Lihavainen H. , de Leeuw G. , Kerminen V.-M.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. In this paper, new long-term measurements of chemical composition and physical properties of atmospheric aerosols carried out on the eastern brink of the heavily polluted Highveld area in South Africa are introduced. As expected, a high variability of aerosol properties was observed. Optical properties of aerosol particles were found to be closely correlated with particulate mass and number concentration in the case of polluted air masses. In contrast, in clean conditions there was no clear connection between optical properties and aerosol number concentration due to the presence of multiple sources including new particle formation.
The development of a nitrogen dioxide sonde
Authors: Sluis W. W. , Allaart M. A. F. , Piters A. J. M. , Gast L. F. L.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. A growing number of space-borne instruments measures nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations in the troposphere, but validation of these instruments is hampered by the lack of ground-based and in situ profile measurements. The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) has developed a working NO2 sonde. The sonde is attached to a small meteorological balloon and measures a tropospheric NO2 profile. The NO2 sonde has a vertical resolution of 5 m and a measurement range between 1 and 100 ppbv. The instrument is light in weight (0.7 kg), cheap (disposable), energy efficient and not harmful to the environment or the person who finds the package after use. The sonde uses the chemiluminescent reaction of NO2 in an aqueous luminol solution. The NO2-luminol reaction produces faint blue/purple light (at about 425 nm), which is detected by an array of silicon photodiodes. The luminol solution is optimised to be specific to NO2. An on-ground comparison with measurements from a Photolytic Analyser of The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) shows that both instruments measure similar NO2 variations in ambient air. During the Cabauw Intercomparison campaign of Nitrogen Dioxide measuring instruments (CINDI) in June/July 2009, six vertical profiles of NO2 from the ground to a 5 km altitude were measured, which clearly show that the largest amount of NO2 is measured in the boundary layer. The measured boundary layer heights of the NO2 sonde are in good agreement with boundary layer heights determined by a LD40 Ceilometer at Cabauw.
Pollen, biomes, forest successions and climate at Lake Barombi Mbo (Cameroon) during the last ca. 33 000 cal yr BP – a numerical approach
Authors: Lebamba J. , Vincens A. , Maley J.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. The aim of this paper is to provide a more complete and precise interpretation of the 33 000 cal yr BP pollen sequence from Lake Barombi Mbo, southwestern Cameroon (4°39'45.75'' N, 9°23'51.63'' E, 303 m a.s.l.), based on a numerical approach allowing quantitative estimates of vegetation and climate. The biomisation method was applied on fossil pollen assemblages to reconstruct potential biomes and forest successional stages. The modern analogues (MAT) and the artificial neural networks (ANN) techniques were used to reconstruct mean annual rainfall (Pann), mean annual potential evapotranspiration (PETann) and a bioclimatic index α related to the vegetation stature. Our reconstructions testifies of a dense forested environment around Lake Barombi Mbo of mixed evergreen/semi-deciduous type during the most humid phases (highest rainfall and lowest evapotranspiration reconstructed values), but with a more pronounced semi-deciduous facies from ca. 6500 cal yr BP to present day related to increased seasonality. These forests display a mature character until ca. 2800 cal yr BP then become of secondary type during the last millennium probably linked to increased human interferences. Two episodes of fragmentation are evidenced synchronous with the lowest rainfall and highest potential evapotranspiration reconstructed values, the first one centered during the LGM, and the second one from ca. 3000 to ca. 1200 cal yr BP linked mainly to high seasonality. But, as shown by low scores of savanna potential biome and successional stage, open formations never largely extend in the Barombi Mbo basin, and were more probably enclosed inside the forest in form of savanna patches. Concerning the climatic reconstructions at Lake Barombi Mbo, The ANN appears to be the most reliable technique in spite of under-estimated values of Pann all along the sequence mainly due to a lack of modern pollen data from very humid areas in central Africa.
The effect of physical water quality and water level changes on the occurrence and density of Anopheles mosquito larvae around the shoreline of the Koka reservoir, central Ethiopia
Authors: Teklu B. M. , Tekie H. , McCartney M. , Kibret S.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. Entomological studies to determine the effect of the physical characteristics of mosquito larval breeding water bodies and reservoir water level changes on the occurrence of Anopheles mosquito larvae were conducted in two villages at Koka reservoir in central Ethiopia between August and December 2007. Of the two study villages, Ejersa is located close to the reservoir, and Kuma is 5 km away from it. Data on the type, number and physical characteristics of Anopheles larval breeding habitat, species composition and densities of anopheles mosquitoes in and around the study villages were investigated and recorded. Meteorological and reservoir water level data were compared with availability of Anopheles larval breeding sites and densities. Entomological data, derived from weekly larval collections, showed that Anopheles pharoensis Theobald, Anopheles gambiae s.l. Giles, Anopheles coustani Laveran and Anopheles squamosus Theobald were breeding in the study area. The mean larval density of An. gambiae s.l. in this study was higher in slightly turbid and shallow aquatic habitat than in turbid and relatively deep aquatic habitat. The density of An. pharoensis in habitat with floating vegetation and with relatively shady conditions was significantly higher than that of less shaded aquatic habitat and greater emergent vegetation. There was also a positive correlation between the occurrence of Anopheles larvae with the water and daily minimum atmospheric temperature. Similarly at Ejersa, over the sampling period, there was a positive correlation between falling reservoir water levels and the number of positive breeding habitats. These results confirm that physical characteristics of the water bodies play an important role in the species composition, total Anopheles larval count, and the density of Anopheles mosquitoes. Suitable breeding habitat in the vicinity of the reservoir village was strongly associated with the reservoir. This is particularly important for An. pharoensis and An. gambiae s.l. which are important vectors of malaria in the area.
Macroinvertebrate community responses to a dewatering disturbance gradient in a restored stream
Authors: Muehlbauer J. D. , Doyle M. W. , Bernhardt E. S.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. Dewatering disturbances are common in aquatic systems and represent a relatively untapped field of disturbance ecology, yet studying dewatering events along gradients in non-dichotomous (i.e., wet/dry) terms is often difficult. Because many stream restorations can essentially be perceived as planned hydrologic manipulations, such systems can make ideal test-cases for understanding processes of hydrological disturbance. In this study we used an experimental drawdown in a 440 ha stream/wetland restoration site to assess aquatic macroinvertebrate community responses to dewatering and subsequent rewetting. The geomorphic nature of the site and the design of the restoration allowed dewatering to occur predictably along a gradient and decoupled the hydrologic response from any geomorphic (i.e., habitat heterogeneity) effects. In the absence of such heterogeneous habitat refugia, reach-scale wetted perimeter and depth conditions exerted a strong control on community structure. The community exhibited an incremental response to dewatering severity over the course of this disturbance, which was made manifest not as a change in community means but as an increase in community variability, or dispersion, at each site. The dewatering also affected inter-species abundance and distributional patterns, as dewatering and rewetting promoted alternate species groups with divergent habitat tolerances. Finally, our results indicate that rapid rewetting – analogous to a hurricane breaking a summer drought – may represent a recovery process rather than an additional disturbance and that such processes, even in newly restored systems, may be rapid.
Ion Exchange
Authors: Velizarov Svetlozar , Crespo João G.
Published: December 2010

Ion exchange is a process in which cations (anions) in a liquid are exchanged for cations (anions) on a solid sorbent, maintaining electroneutrality in both phases. Ion‐exchange resins consist of synthetic organic polymeric materials generally categorized according to functionality as either strong or weak acids or bases. Some specialty resins contain other appending groups such as thiols or chelates. The composition and the porosity of the polymer matrix are also important to function. Manufacture, stabilities, and regeneration of resins are described. Particular resins effect chromatographic separation in addition to ion exchange. Many resins may be regenerated after use.

The primary application of ion exchange is in softening and deionization of water. Other uses include waste treatment, food processing, catalysis, and purification procedures in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and plating industries. Ion‐exchange columns are often used in conjunction with such other purification materials as activated charcoal. Cation exchangers generally outsell anion exchangers.
Selenium and Selenium Compounds
Authors: Hoffmann J. E. , King M. G.
Published: December 2010

Selenium, the 30th most abundant element, lies between sulfur and tellurium in Group 16(IVA) of the Periodic Table. There are no ores mined for selenium value. Rather, selenium is recovered throughout the world as a by‐product in the refining of sulfide‐bearing copper minerals. These processes are discussed.The chemical and physical properties of selenium are often similar to those of sulfur, but are sufficiently different to account for specialized applications. Both organic and inorganic compounds are known. Commercial elemental selenium along with the stable metallic selenides are considered relatively nontoxic. Selenium plays a role in living organisms and small doses are used in medicine and as a diet supplement. Selenium deficiency occurs is some parts of the world and diseases relating to this deficiency have been studied. Selenium's main use is as a decolorizing agent in glass and ceramics. Metallurgical applications involve its use as a minor alloying additive. Other uses include electrical and optical applications, in agriculture as an essential micronutrient, in organic chemistry, medicine and nutrition, pigments, rubber, and lubricants.
Why do humans have chins? Testing the mechanical significance of modern human symphyseal morphology with finite element analysis
Authors: Gröning Flora , Liu Jia , Fagan Michael J. , O'Higgins Paul
Published: December 2010

The modern human mandibular symphysis differs from those of all other primates in being vertically orientated and possessing a chin, but the functional significance of this unique morphology is not well understood. Some hypotheses propose that it is an adaptation to specific loads occurring during masticatory function. This study uses finite element analysis to examine these symphyseal loads in a model of a modern human mandible. By modifying the symphyseal cross‐sectional form, the mechanical significance of the presence of the chin and symphyseal orientation is tested, and modern human and Neanderthal symphyseal cross‐sections are compared with regard to their ability to withstand different loads. The results show that changes in symphyseal form have profound effects on the strains. The presence of a chin leads to lower symphyseal strains overall, whereas a vertical orientation of the symphysis results in higher strains under wishboning, but not under vertical bending in the coronal plane and dorsoventral shear. Compared to Neanderthals, the modern human symphysis shows higher strains during dorsoventral shear and wishboning, but is as effective as the Neanderthal symphysis in resisting vertical bending in the coronal plane and the loads resulting from simulated incision and unilateral molar biting. In general, the results of this study corroborate prior hypotheses about the mechanical effects of the human chin and vertical symphyseal orientation and support the idea that the relative importance of wishboning and vertical bending in the coronal plane might have played a role in the evolution of modern human symphyseal morphology. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nandrolone Decanoate and Physical Effort: Histological and Morphometrical Assessment in Adult Rat Uterus
Authors: de Almeida Chuffa Luiz Gustavo , de Souza Roberta Barreiros , Frei Fernando , de Fátima Paccola Mesquita Suzana , Camargo Isabel Cristina Cherici
Published: December 2010

In the past decades, the therapeutic use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has been overshadowed by illicit abuse of these drugs by athletes and non‐athletes. Since that AAS can affect the reproductive tract, resulting in reproduction and fertilization damages, the purpose of this study was to investigate the nandrolone decanoate (ND) effects, associated or not with physical effort, on the uterine histomorphometric parameters. Female Wistar rats, sedentary or not, were exposed to treatment with ND by intraperitoneal injection (5 mg/kg/day, once a week) during four consecutive weeks. Control animals, sedentary or not, received vehicle alone (propylene glycol) in the same manner. The physical activity was forced swimming (20 min/day). During the experiment, all animals were monitored by daily vaginal smears. After 30 days of treatment, the females were sacrificed and their uteri collected and examined under light microscopy techniques. The ND‐treated females showed estrus acyclicity and decreased thickness of both the epithelium and endometrial stroma. A reduction in the number and size of blood vessels was also found in ND‐treated rats submitted to physical effort when compared to ND sedentary rats. ND‐treated rats, regardless of exercise, exhibited stromal fibrosis and reduced gland ducts that displayed high mitotic activity. A remarkable widespread presence of leukocytes occurred in rats receiving ND and submitted to exercise. These results suggest that ND associated or not with physical effort causes histomorphometric changes to the rat uterus. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scope and Mechanism of Tandem Aza‐Michael Reaction/Enantioselective Protonation Using a Pd–μ‐Hydroxo Complex under Mild Conditions Buffered with Amine Salts
Authors: Hamashima Yoshitaka , Suzuki Shoko , Tamura Toshihiro , Somei Hidenori , Sodeoka Mikiko
Published: December 2010

The tandem aza‐Michael reaction/enantioselective protonation of α‐substituted α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds is described in detail. The key to success is the combined use of a Brønsted basic palladium–μ‐hydroxo complex and amine salts, which allows for the controlled generation of active catalyst and nucleophilic free amines. This catalytic system was applicable to various acceptors and aromatic amines, and the desired β‐amino acid derivatives with a chiral center at the α position were produced in good yield with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 98 % ee). For electron‐deficient amines, the introduction of free amine as an additive was effective in promoting the reaction. The results of mechanistic studies, including determination of the absolute configuration of the product, are discussed.
A self‐assembled monolayer‐based micropatterned array for controlling cell adhesion and protein adsorption
Authors: Kim Dong Jin , Lee Jong Min , Park Jin‐Goo , Chung Bong Geun
Published: December 2010

We developed a surface micropatterning technique to control the cell adhesion and protein adsorption. This micropatterned array system was fabricated by a photolithography technique and self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) deposition. It was hypothesized that the wettability and functional terminal group would regulate cell adhesion and protein adsorption. To demonstrate this hypothesis, glass‐based micropatterned arrays with various functional terminal groups, such as amine (NH2) group (3‐aminopropyl‐triethoxysilane, APT), methyl (CH3) group (trichlorovinylsilane, TVS), and fluorocarbon (CF3) group (trichloro(1H, 1H, 2H, 2H‐perfluorooctyl)silane, FOTS), were used. The contact angle was measured to determine the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of materials, demonstrating that TVS and FOTS were hydrophobic, whereas APTs were relatively hydrophilic. The cell adhesion was significantly affected by the wettability, showing that the cells were not adhered to hydrophobic surfaces, such as TVS and FOTS. Thus, the cells were selectively adhered to glass substrates within TVS‐ and FOTS‐based micropatterned arrays. However, the cells were randomly adhered to APTs‐based micropatterned arrays due to hydrophilic property of APTs. Furthermore, the protein adsorption of the SAM‐based micropatterned array was analyzed, showing that the protein was more absorbed to the TVS surface. The surface functional terminal group enabled the control of protein adsorption. Therefore, this SAM‐based micropatterned array system enabled the control of cell adhesion and protein adsorption and could be a potentially powerful tool for regulating the cell–cell interactions in a well‐defined microenvironment. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1194–1202. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Understanding the intracellular effect of enhanced nutrient feeding toward high titer antibody production process
Authors: Yu Marcella , Hu Zhilan , Pacis Efren , Vijayasankaran Natarajan , Shen Amy , Li Feng
Published: December 2010

One of the major goals in cell culture process development for therapeutic antibody production is to develop methods to reach high titer in classical fed‐batch processes. This goal is often achieved through the optimizations of expression vector, cell line, media and cell culture process controls to increase cell specific productivity, viable cell density, and culture longevity. During process optimization for a selected production cell line, cell specific productivity (qP) can vary significantly with culture conditions. Therefore, identifying strategies to maintain maximal specific productivity throughout the entire fed‐batch culture and to eliminate cellular/process bottlenecks that prevent high levels of antibody production would be crucial for further advancements in this area. In this work, specific productivity was increased and maintained at high level throughout the course of the culture by the optimization of feed media and feeding strategy. Through the enhancement of nutrient feeding, final titer was increased by 2.5‐fold from the platform fed‐batch process and reached 7.5 g/L. In addition, further insight upon possible cellular bottlenecks in high yield antibody production was obtained by comparing the levels of heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) mRNA and the levels of intracellular antibody between the non‐optimized and optimized feeding processes. The mRNA levels of the two processes were measured and exhibited no significant difference suggesting that transcription is not the bottleneck. When intracellular antibody level was studied, the relatively constant level of HC, LC, and intact antibody between days 9 and 14 suggested that translation could be the rate‐limiting step under the non‐optimized nutrient feeding condition due to the dramatic drop of qP to roughly zero which correlated with the depletion of tyrosine as one of the key amino acids for protein synthesis. Finally, accumulation of unassembled HC but not intact antibody was observed at days 14–18 under the enhanced feeding condition, implying that folding and assembly may be the bottleneck toward the end of the culture. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1078–1088. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integrated analysis of the global transcriptional response to α‐amylase over‐production by Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Vongsangnak Wanwipa , Hansen Kim , Nielsen Jens
Published: December 2010

The filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae is an important microbial cell factory for industrial production of many enzymes, such as α‐amylase. In order to optimize the industrial enzyme production process, there is a need to understand fundamental processes underlying enzyme production, here under how enzyme production links to metabolism through global regulation. Through a genome‐scale metabolic network for integrated analysis of transcriptome data and flux calculation, we identified key players (genes, enzymes, proteins, and metabolites) involved in the processes of enzyme synthesis and secretion, nucleotide metabolism, and amino acid metabolism that can be the potential targets for improving industrial enzyme production. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1130–1139. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social climate along the pathway of care in women's secure mental health service: Variation with level of security, patient motivation, therapeutic alliance and level of disturbance
Authors: Long C. G. , Anagnostakis K. , Fox E. , Silaule P. , Somers J. , West R. , Webster A.
Published: December 2010

Background Social climate has been measured in a variety of therapeutic settings, but there is little information about it in secure mental health services, or how it may vary along a gender specific care pathway.

Aim To assess social climate in women's secure wards and its variation by level of security and ward type, therapeutic alliance, patient motivation, treatment engagement and disturbed behaviour.

Method Three‐quarters (80, 76%) of staff and nearly all (65, 92%) of patients in the two medium‐security wards and two low‐security wards that comprised the unit completed the Essen Climate Evaluation Schema (EssenCES) and the California Psychotherapy Alliance Scale (CALPAS); patients also completed the Patient Motivation Inventory (PMI). Pre‐assessment levels of disturbed behaviour and treatment engagement were recorded.

Results Social climate varied according to ward type and level of security. EssenCES ratings indicative of positive social climate were associated with lower levels of security; such ratings were also associated with lower behavioural disturbance and with higher levels of motivation, treatment engagement and therapeutic alliance.

Conclusion This serial cross‐sectional survey indicated that use of the EssenCES alone might be a good practical measure of treatment progress/responsivity. A longitudinal study would be an important next step in establishing the extent to which it would be useful in this regard. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparing to hire the best in the perfect storm
Authors: Murray John P.
Published: December 2010

Community colleges are facing difficult times. Resources are becoming increasingly scarce, enrollments are growing to unprecedented numbers, the student body is becoming increasingly diverse, the economic downturn continues to have an effect on curriculum and mission, increased demands for accountability are driving decisions, and faculty turnover is rapidly becoming a problem as baby boomers retire.
Starlike Aluminum–Carbon Aromatic Species
Authors: Wu Yan‐Bo , Jiang Jin‐Liang , Lu Hai‐Gang , Wang Zhi‐Xiang , Perez‐Peralta Nancy , Islas Rafael , Contreras Maryel , Merino Gabriel , Wu Judy I‐Chia , von Ragué Schleyer Paul
Published: December 2010

Is it possible to achieve molecules with starlike structures by replacing the H atoms in (CH)nq aromatic hydrocarbons with aluminum atoms in bridging positions? Although D4h C4Al42− and D2 C6Al6 are not good prospects for experimental realization, a very extensive computational survey of fifty C5Al5− isomers identified the starlike D5h global minimum with five planar tetracoordinate carbon atoms to be a promising candidate for detection by photoelectron detachment spectroscopy. BOMD (Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics) simulations and high‐level theoretical computations verified this conclusion. The combination of favorable electronic and geometric structural features (including aromaticity and optimum C–Al–C bridge bonding) stabilizes the C5Al5− star preferentially.
Recent Developments in Methodology for the Direct Oxyamination of Olefins
Authors: Donohoe Timothy J. , Callens Cedric K. A. , Flores Aida , Lacy Adam R. , Rathi Akshat H.
Published: December 2010

1,2‐Amino alcohols are high‐value, versatile functional groups that are found in scores of biologically active molecules and other interesting synthetic targets such as ligands and auxiliaries. Given their prominent position within organic compounds of import, it is no surprise to note that many routes have been developed to access this motif and there are many different starting points from which a synthetic chemist might embark on a synthesis. However, one particular approach stands out from the others, and this is the direct conversion of an alkene to a vicinal amino alcohol derivative (oxyamination). Research in this field has been particularly active in recent years and many interesting new methodologies have been reported. The purpose of this review is to give the reader a tour of the methods that have emerged in the last few years so one can appreciate the myriad of different metals and reagents that can accomplish the oxyamination of alkenes. There are still many challenges to be overcome and, herein, we also outline the areas that are ripe for further development and which bode well for the future.
Phenylazomethine Dendrimers with Soft Aliphatic Units as Metal‐Storage Nanocapsules and Their Self‐Assembled Structures
Authors: Ochi Yousuke , Sakurai Kozue , Azuma Keisuke , Yamamoto Kimihisa
Published: December 2010

New dendritic poly(phenylazomethine)s (DPAs) with dodecyl end groups (C12DPA) have been synthesized. C12DPA showed stepwise radial complexation with metals as a metal‐storage nanocapsule. Through modification with dodecyl, the properties of environmental responsiveness and self‐assembly become apparent for C12DPA as a π‐conjugated soft material. The dodecyl‐modified DPAs (C12DPAG4) were synthesized up to the fourth generation dendrimer, for the first time, which is a nanocapsule with a basic atmosphere for metal complexes in a hydrophobic environment. In addition, we found a suitable structure and conditions for the fibrous self‐assembly of DPA through the precise design of its dendritic structure. C12DPA, with an asymmetric structure, showed a fibrous assembly by a solvent drop‐casting. The metal‐complexed C12DPA showed an assembly different from the fibrous one through metal complexation on DPA imines. Interestingly, the vesicular assembly structure of C12DPA has been observed by the complexation of CuCl2 in toluene. In this study, we investigated the unique properties of C12DPA as a novel π‐conjugated soft material.
ChemInform Abstract: PbO/PbF2 Flux Growth of YScO3 and LaScO3 Single Crystals — Structure and Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy.
Authors: Balamurugan Sarkarainadar , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Harmening Thomas , van Wuellen Leo , Mohr Daniel , Deters Heinz , Eckert Hellmut , Poettgen Rainer
Published: December 2010

Well‐shaped single crystals of the title compounds are obtained from the corresponding sesquioxides in PbO/PbF2 fluxes (1423—1573 K, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Ln2(OH)4SO4·nH2O (Ln: Pr to Tb; n ≈ 2): A New Family of Layered Rare‐Earth Hydroxides Rigidly Pillared by Sulfate Ions.
Authors: Liang Jianbo , Ma Renzhi , Geng Fengxia , Ebina Yasuo , Sasaki Takayoshi
Published: December 2010

The title compounds precipitate from aqueous solutions of Ln2(SO4)3, Na2SO4, and hexamethylenetetramine (N2 atmosphere, reflux, 6 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclic Carbonates as Sustainable Solvents for Proline‐Catalyzed Aldol Reactions.
Authors: Clegg William , Harrington Ross W. , North Michael , Pizzato Francesca , Villuendas Pedro
Published: December 2010

Ethylene and propylene carbonate are sustainable alternatives to conventional polar aprotic solvents such as DMF and DMSO and for chlorinated solvents in proline‐catalyzed aldol reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold Catalysis: Tandem Reactions of Diyne—Diols and External Nucleophiles as an Easy Access to Tricyclic Cage‐Like Structures.
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Buehrle Miriam , Woelfle Michael , Rudolph Matthias , Wieteck Marcel , Rominger Frank , Frey Wolfgang
Published: December 2010

Treatment of diynediols of type (I) and (XII) with water and the Au catalyst results in new formation of tricyclic ketals such as (II), (X), and (XIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Quaternary Chiral Centers by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene—Cu‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition Reactions with Grignard Reagents on Trisubstituted Cyclic Enones.
Authors: Kehrli Stefan , Martin David , Rix Diane , Mauduit Marc , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: December 2010

The carbene generated from NHC efficiently promotes the process.
ChemInform Abstract: Bis(allyl)ruthenium(IV) Complexes Containing Water‐Soluble Phosphane Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Application as Catalysts in the Selective Hydration of Organonitriles into Amides.
Authors: Cadierno Victorio , Diez Josefina , Francos Javier , Gimeno Jose
Published: December 2010

The new Ru complexes are highly efficient catalysts for the reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: (Me3Si)3SiH‐Mediated Intermolecular Radical Perfluoroalkylation Reactions of Olefins in Water
Authors: Barata‐Vallejo Sebastian , Postigo Al
Published: December 2010

as a new and convenient route to various perfluorinated compounds
ChemInform Abstract: Formal Nucleophilic Substitution of Bromocyclopropanes with Amides en route to Conformationally Constrained β‐Amino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Prosser Anthony R. , Banning Joseph E. , Rubina Marina , Rubin Michael
Published: December 2010

A wide range of trans‐β‐aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid derivatives is prepared with the highest yields being observed for the 4‐(trifluoromethyl)‐ or 3,5‐bis‐(trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid amides.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of γ‐Functionalized Allyltrichlorosilanes and Their Application in the Asymmetric Allylation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Malkov Andrei V. , MacDonald Claire , Kocovsky Pavel
Published: December 2010

Isomerically pure allylsilanes react with aldehydes in the presence of Lewis‐basic catalysts to produce the corresponding syn‐ and anti‐allylbromohydrins (III) and (V), respectively as single diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Rearrangement of (Z)‐Propynal Hydrazones via N—N Bond Cleavage.
Authors: Nakamura Itaru , Shiraiwa Naozumi , Kanazawa Ryo , Terada Masahiro
Published: December 2010

A variety of β‐aminoacrylonitriles is prepared in the reaction, catalyzed by Cu(OAc)2, followed by the Z/E‐isomerization, induced by AcOH.
ChemInform Abstract: Combined Organo‐ and Gold‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Bicyclic Enones.
Authors: Zweifel Theo , Hollmann Dirk , Prueger Birgit , Nielsen Martin , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: December 2010

A simple method to prepare optically active bicyclic enones is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Octafluorocyclohexa Derivatives of [60]Fullerene: C60(C4F8)n (n = 2, 3, 4, and 6)
Authors: Gruzinskaya N. I. , Pimenova A. S. , Khavrel' P. A. , Sidorov L. N. , Kemnitz E. , Troyanov S. I.
Published: December 2010

synthesis and molecular structure of four new octafluorocyclohexa adducts
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Highly Substituted Pyrroles via Nucleophilic Catalysis.
Authors: Ngwerume Simbarashe , Camp Jason E.
Published: December 2010

The procedure renders possible a convenient and regioselective access to 2,4‐disubstituted, 2,3,5‐trisubstituted and tetrasubstituted pyrrole structures as interesting pharmaceutical scaffolds.
ChemInform Abstract: PdII‐Catalyzed C—H Functionalization of Indoles and Pyrroles Assisted by the Removable N‐(2‐Pyridyl)sulfonyl Group: C2‐Alkenylation and Dehydrogenative Homocoupling.
Authors: Garcia‐Rubia Alfonso , Urones Beatriz , Gomez Arrayas Ramon , Carretero Juan Carlos
Published: December 2010

The introduction of N‐(2‐pyridylsulfonyl) group into indole derivatives allows for complete C‐2 regiocontrol in the Pd‐catalyzed alkenylation reaction with various terminal and internal olefins.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Mannich‐Type Reaction of N‐Sulfonylimines with Isocyanoacetate Leading to Optically Active 2‐Imidazoline‐4‐carboxylates.
Authors: Zhang Zhen‐Wei , Lu Gui , Chen Miao‐Miao , Lin Ning , Li Yong‐Bo , Hayashi Tamio , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: December 2010

This reaction provides a convenient method to access various substituted 2‐imidazolines and related α,β‐diamino acids in high enantiomeric purities.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed Addition of Azoles to Alkynes.
Authors: Ding Zhenhua , Yoshikai Naohiko
Published: December 2010

The reaction is catalyzed by CoBr2 and a biphosphine ligand (DPEphos or Xantphos) and is promoted by TmsCH2MgCl in catalytic or stoichiometric amount to afford the heteroaromatic substituted alkenes with complete or excellent (E)‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Bimetallic Aluminum(salen) Complex for the Synthesis of 1,3‐Oxathiolane‐2‐thiones and 1,3‐Dithiolane‐2‐thiones.
Authors: Clegg William , Harrington Ross W. , North Michael , Villuendas Pedro
Published: December 2010

The aluminum complex in combination with Bu4NBr efficiently promotes the reaction of monosubstituted and 1,2‐disubstituted oxiranes with CS2.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Bisguanidine‐Catalyzed Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Hetero‐Diels—Alder Reaction of Chalcones with Azlactones.
Authors: Dong Shunxi , Liu Xiaohua , Chen Xiaohong , Mei Fang , Zhang Yulong , Gao Bo , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming
Published: December 2010

The title reaction proceeds well over a wide range of substrates, affording chiral γ,δ‐unsaturated δ‐lactones containing a quaternary stereocenter in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Preparation of Indolizines Through a Tandem Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction and Cycloisomerization.
Authors: Kim Hyunseok , Lee Kwangmoo , Kim Sunggak , Lee Phil Ho
Published: December 2010

A convenient procedure is elaborated for the one‐pot synthesis of indolizines from readily available aryl iodides or triflates (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Room Temperature Acylketene Formation? 1,3‐Dioxin‐4‐ones via Silver(I) Activation of Phenylthioacetoacetate in the Presence of Ketones.
Authors: May Aaron E. , Hoye Thomas R.
Published: December 2010

Treatment of thioacetoacetates with ketones in the presence of AgOCOCF3 allows a new and mild access to dioxinones like (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective C—H Bond ortho‐Acetoxylation of Arylpyrimidines.
Authors: Zheng Xiaojian , Song Bingrui , Xu Bin
Published: December 2010

High monoselectivity, excellent functional group tolerance, and easy derivatization of the final products are features of this method.
ChemInform Abstract: Steamed Ginseng‐Leaf Components Enhance Cytotoxic Effects on Human Leukemia HL‐60 Cells.
Authors: Tung Nguyen Huu , Song Gyu Yong , Minh Chau Van , Kiem Phan Van , Jin Long Guo , Boo Hye‐Jin , Kang Hee‐Kyoung , Kim Young Ho
Published: December 2010

Ginsenoside SL1 (I), SL2 (II) and SL3 (III) are isolated from the heat‐processed leaves of Panax ginseng.
ChemInform Abstract: Rakicidin D (I), an Inhibitor of Tumor Cell Invasion from Marine‐Derived Streptomyces sp.
Authors: Igarashi Yasuhiro
Published: December 2010

isolation, structure and biological activity
ChemInform Abstract: Glyoxyl Analogues of Indole Phytoalexins: Synthesis and Anticancer Activity.
Authors: Kutschy Peter , Sykora Andrej , Curillova Zuzana , Repovska Maria , Pilatova Martina , Mojzis Jan , Mezencev Roman , Pazdera Pavel , Hromjakova Tatiana
Published: December 2010

A series of analogues of indole phytoalexins is prepared and evaluated for their anticancer activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrenocine I, a New Pyrenocine Analogue Produced by Paecilomyces sp. FKI‐3573
Authors: Shiomi Kazuro , et al. et al.
Published: December 2010

isolation, structure elucidation and antitrypanosomal activity of title compound (I)
ChemInform Abstract: All‐Carbon‐Substituted Allenylidene and Related Cumulenylidene Ligands
Authors: Cadierno Victorio , Garcia‐Garrido Sergio E.
Published: December 2010

Review: 372 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐NHCs Stable Singlet Carbene Ligands
Authors: Kato Tsuyoshi , Maerten Eddy , Baceiredo Antoine
Published: December 2010

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐ and Iridium‐Catalyzed Hydroamination of Alkenes
Authors: Hesp Kevin D. , Stradiotto Mark
Published: December 2010

Review: about 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development and Application of Practical Synthetic Methods of Imidazolines
Authors: Murai Kenichi
Published: December 2010

Review: 29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Organosulfur Compounds Based on Cyclocondensation Reactions of 3‐Arylthio‐1‐silyloxy‐1,3‐butadienes and 1,3‐Bis(silyloxy)‐1,3‐butadienes.
Authors: Nawaz Muhammad , Sher Muhammad , Langer Peter
Published: December 2010

Review: about 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Carbohydrate Mimetics
Authors: Koester Dennis C. , Holkenbrink Annika , Werz Daniel B.
Published: December 2010

Review: ca. 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ion‐Pair Induced Self‐Assembly in Aqueous Solvents
Authors: Rehm Thomas H. , Schmuck Carsten
Published: December 2010

Review: about 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activity of Naturally Occurring α‐Glucosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Wardrop Duncan J. , Waidyarachchi Samanthi L.
Published: December 2010

Review: 176 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: De novo Structure‐Based Design of Anion Receptors
Authors: Hay Benjamin P.
Published: December 2010

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Anion Receptor Chemistry: Highlights from 2008 and 2009
Authors: Gale Philip A.
Published: December 2010

Review: 130 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Arylethynyl Receptors for Neutral Molecules and Anions: Emerging Applications in Cellular Imaging
Authors: Carroll Calden N. , Naleway John J. , Haley Michael M. , Johnson Darren W.
Published: December 2010

Review: 125 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Theoretical Features of Macrocyclization Equilibria and Their Application on Transacetalation Based Dynamic Libraries
Authors: Di Stefano Stefano
Published: December 2010

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Fibrillar Collagen Family
Authors: Exposito Jean‐Yves , Valcourt Ulrich , Cluzel Caroline , Lethias Claire
Published: December 2010

Review: 71 refs.
Thalamocortical pathway specialization for sound frequency resolution
Authors: Storace Douglas A. , Higgins Nathan C. , Read Heather L.
Published: December 2010

Core auditory cortices are organized in parallel pathways that process incoming sensory information differently. In the rat, sound filtering properties of the primary (A1) and ventral (VAF) auditory fields are markedly different, yet both are core regions that by definition receive most of their thalamic input from the ventral nucleus (MGBv) of the medial geniculate body (MGB). For example, spike rate responses to sound intensity and frequency are more narrowly resolved in VAF vs. A1. Here we question whether there are anatomic correlates of the marked differences in response properties in these two core auditory fields. Combined Fourier optical imaging and multiunit recording methods were used to map tone frequency responses with high spatial resolution in A1, VAF, and neighboring cortices. The cortical distance representing a given octave was similar, yet response frequency resolution was about twice as large in VAF as in A1. Retrograde tracers were injected into low‐ and high‐isofrequency contours of both regions to compare MGBv label patterns. The distance between clusters of MGBv neurons projecting to low‐ and high‐isofrequency contours in the cortex was twice as large in caudal as in rostral MGB. This suggests that differences in A1 and VAF frequency resolution are related to the anatomic spatial resolution of frequency lamina in the thalamus, supporting a growing consensus that antecedents of cortical specialization can be attributed in part to the structural and functional characteristics of thalamocortical inputs. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:177–193, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing objective countertransference with a computer‐delivered impact message inventory (IMI‐C)
Authors: Hafkenscheid Anton
Published: December 2010

The circumplex version of the Impact Message Inventory (IMI‐C) is one of the few existing diagnostic devices for the assessment of ‘objective’ (inter‐subjective) countertransference. The IMI‐C purports to assess eight categories of countertransference reactions along the circumference of the interpersonal circle, conceptualized as blends of the two basic dimensions of affiliation (AFF) and control (CON): dominant (D), hostile‐dominant (HD), hostile (H), hostile‐submissive (HS), submissive (H), friendly‐submissive (FS), friendly (F) and friendly‐dominant (FD).

As a measure of objective (or ‘inter‐subjective’) countertransference, a crucial test for the IMI‐C is its ability to produce scores that are generalizable across different therapists involved with the same patients. In four previous psychometric studies, the ‘objectivity’ of countertransference reactions was examined with a Dutch paper‐and‐pencil IMI‐C version. In the present study, the generalizability of countertransference reactions across therapists was tested with a computer‐delivered IMI‐C. Results obtained with the electronic IMI‐C format were compared with the findings of the paper‐and‐pencil version.

Similar to the four prior studies, D and HD were the comparatively most generalizable classes of countertransference reactions among the eight categories. Both the AFF and CON main dimensions scores were substantially generalizable across therapists.

From different perspectives of analysis, more favorable results were obtained with the computer‐delivered IMI‐C in comparison to the paper‐and‐pencil‐version for (a) five of the eight countertransference classes (D, HD, F, FS, FD) and also for (b) the AFF main dimension.

The computer‐based IMI‐C appears to be a promising tool for assessing objective countertransference reactions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• Your countertransference reactions are likely to be partly patient‐induced (‘objective’).

• Countertransference reactions can conveniently be classified in terms of the interpersonal circle.

• The computer‐based IMI‐C is a user‐friendly clinical instrument for the assessment of patient‐induced countertransference reactions.
Psychotherapy across cultures: the form–content dichotomy
Authors: Jacob K. S. , Kuruvilla Anju
Published: December 2010

The diversity of patients, problems, beliefs and cultures mandates the need to educate, match, negotiate and integrate psychological interventions. This is necessary in all cultures and in every setting. Many schools of psychotherapy offer specific theories and particular techniques, yet they share many common approaches. Their individual techniques allow therapists form and structure to treat different clinical problems, discuss diverse content and use them in varied settings and among people with assorted cultural backgrounds. The heterogeneity within cultures, regions and populations demands that therapists understand the local and individual reality. The apparent contradictions between standard psychological therapies and their use across cultures, when viewed through a form–content framework, allow for matching strategies for specific individuals and their distress, and for choosing the best treatment options from a diverse therapeutic armamentarium. Psychotherapies are at their weakest when they attempt to provide explanations across cultures and are at their strongest when they are used as vehicles for engagement with patients. The challenge is to find a common psychotherapeutic language, which attempts to bridge the divide between the issues facing the patient and the armamentarium of the therapist. The form–content paradigm at least partly explains the complexity of the issues within psychotherapy. It also allows the therapist to move from the therapy‐centric orientation of Western approaches to the patient‐centric orientations required for success in psychological therapies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• The diversity of patients, problems, beliefs and cultures within countries mandates the need to educate, match, negotiate and integrate psychological interventions.

• Specific psychotherapeutic frameworks allow therapists the structure to manage different clinical problems, discuss diverse content, and use it in varied settings and among people with assorted cultural backgrounds.

• The form‐content dichotomy views psychotherapy as a vehicle for engagement, allows for matching strategies for specific individuals and their distress and permits therapists to move from the therapy‐centric orientation to a patient‐centric approach necessary for success in psychological intervention.