bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Eight‐Step Synthesis of Routiennocin.
Authors: Matsumoto Kenji , Kozmin Sergey A.
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Formal Synthesis of Antitumor Agent (+)‐Ottelione A.
Authors: Lee Mi Young , Kim Kyung Hwa , Jiang Shuai , Jung Yoo Hyun , Sim Jae Yi , Hwang Geum‐Sook , Ryu Do Hyun
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Photothermal Therapeutic Agent: Core‐Free Nanostructured AuxAg1‐x Dendrites.
Authors: Hu Kuo‐Wei , Huang Chih‐Chia , Hwu Jih‐Ru , Su Wu‐Chou , Shieh Dar‐Bin , Yeh Chen‐Sheng
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Selenosartans: Novel Selenophene Analogues of Milfasartan and Eprosartan.
Authors: Grange Rebecca L. , Ziogas James , North Andrea J. , Angus James A. , Schiesser Carl H.
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Applications
Authors: Majetich Sara A.
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioactive Peroxides as Potential Therapeutic Agents
Authors: Dembitsky Valery M.
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Versatile Pathways for in situ Polyolefin Functionalization with Heteroatoms: Catalytic Chain Transfer
Authors: Amin Smruti B. , Marks Tobin J.
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Three Characteristic Reactions of Alkynes with Metal Compounds in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Omae Iwao
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Approaches in the Synthesis of Conformationally Restricted Nucleoside Analogues
Authors: Mathe Christophe , Perigaud Christian
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactive Sieving with Foldamers: Inspiration from Nature and Directions for the Future
Authors: Smaldone Ronald A. , Moore Jeffrey S.
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrazol‐3‐ones. Part 3. Reactivity of the Ring Substituents
Authors: Varvounis George , Fiamegos Yiannis , Pilidis George
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in 1,2,4‐Triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine Chemistry
Authors: Fischer Gunther
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐ and Copper‐Catalyzed Arylation Reactions in the Presence of Water, with a Focus on Carbon—Heteroatom Bond Formation
Authors: Carril Monica , SanMartin Raul , Dominguez Esther
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroformylation in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs): Catalyst and Process Developments
Authors: Haumann Marco , Riisager Anders
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioactive Constituents of Myrrh and Frankincense, Two Simultaneously Prescribed Gum Resins in Chinese Traditional Medicine.
Authors: Shen Tao , Lou Hong‐Xiang
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: De novo Synthesis of Oligosaccharides — Application to the Medicinal Chemistry SAR Study of Digitoxin
Authors: Zhou Maoquan , O'Doherty George
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in the Asymmetric Synthesis of Lignans
Authors: Del Signore Giuseppe , Berner Otto Mathias
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cluster‐Based Holey Semiconductors
Authors: Huesing Nicola
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Dillon K. B.
Published: June 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Editorial
Authors: Leibowitz Michael S. , Ferris Robert L.
Published: June 2008

Data strongly support interleukin‐6 as a valuable biomarker for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Flood‐based analysis of high‐magnitude sediment transport using a non‐parametric method
Authors: Francke T. , López‐Tarazón J. A. , Vericat D. , Bronstert A. , Batalla R. J.
Published: June 2008

Upland erosion and the resulting reservoir siltation is a serious issue in the Isábena catchment (445 km2Central Spanish Pyrenees). During a three‐month period, water and sediment fluxes have been monitored at the catchment outlet (Capella), two adjacent subcatchments (Villacarli, 41 km2; Cabecera, 145 km2) and the elementary badland catchment Torrelaribera (8 ha). This paper presents the results of the monitoring, a method for the calculation of a sedigraph from intermittent measurements and the derived sediment yields at the monitored locations. The observed suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) demonstrate the role of badlands as sediment sources: SSCs of up to 280 g l−1were encountered for Villacarli, which includes large badland areas. SSCs at the Cabecera catchment, with great areas of woodland, barely exceeded 30 g l−1. SSCs directly at the sediment source (Torrelaribera) were comparable to those at Villacarli, suggesting a close connection within this subcatchment. At Capella, SSCs of up to 99 g l−1were observed. For all sites, SSC displayed only a loose correlation with discharge, inhibiting the application of a simple sediment rating curve. Instead, ancillary variables acting as driving forces or proxies for the processes (rainfall energy, cumulative discharge, rising/falling limb data) were included in a quantile regression forest model to explain the variability in SSC. The variables with most predictive power vary between the sites, suggesting the predominance of different processes. The subsequent flood‐based calculation of sediment yields attests high specific sediment yields for Torrelaribera and Villacarli (6277 and 1971 t km−2) and medium to high yields for Cabecera and Capella (139 and 410 t km−2) during the observation period. In all catchments, most of the sediment was exported during intense storms of late summer. Later flood events yield successively less sediment. Relating upland sediment production to yield at the outlet suggests considerable effects of sediment storage within the river channel. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of asymmetric information among investors in the foreign exchange market
Authors: Onur Esen
Published: June 2008

This paper posits asymmetric information as the missing link between the currency demands of investors and changes in the exchange rate. A theoretical model demonstrates that changes in the exchange rate and currency demand are positively correlated for well‐informed investors and negatively correlated for less well‐informed investors, results consistent with stylized facts from the empirical literature. These theoretical findings are supported empirically using a new data set from the Israeli foreign exchange market. The empirical analysis indicates that a one million dollar larger purchase than sales by well‐informed financial investors induces an increase of 0.060 per cent in the Israeli Sheqel/Dollar exchange rate over a one month period. A similar net flow from less well‐informed investors results in a 0.046 per cent decrease in the exchange rate. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐precision calculation of Hartree‐Fock energy of crystals
Authors: Gillan M. J. , Alfè D. , de Gironcoli S. , Manby F. R.
Published: June 2008

When using quantum chemistry techniques to calculate the energetics of bulk crystals, there is a need to calculate the Hartree‐Fock (HF) energy of the crystal at the basis‐set limit. We describe a strategy for achieving this, which exploits the fact that the HF energy of crystals can now be calculated using pseudopotentials and plane‐wave basis sets, an approach that permits basis‐set convergence to arbitrary precision. The errors due to the use of pseudopotentials are then computed from the difference of all‐electron and pseudopotential total energies of atomic clusters, extrapolated to the bulk‐crystal limit. The strategy is tested for the case of the LiH crystal, and it is shown that the HF cohesive energy can be converged with respect to all technical parameters to a precision approaching 0.1 mEh per atom. This cohesive energy and the resulting HF value of the equilibrium lattice parameter are compared with literature values obtained using Gaussian basis sets. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2008
Transcendental lattices of some K 3‐surfaces
Authors: Sarti Alessandra
Published: June 2008

In a previous paper, [12], we described six families of K 3‐surfaces (over ℂ) with Picard‐number 19, and we identified surfaces with Picard‐number 20. In these notes we classify some of the surfaces by computing their transcendental lattices. Moreover, we show that the surfaces with Picard‐number 19 are birational to a Kummer surface which is the quotient of a non‐product type abelian surface by an involution. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis of similarity/dissimilarity of protein sequences
Authors: Yao Yu‐Hua , Dai Qi , Li Chun , He Ping‐An , Nan Xu‐Ying , Zhang Yao‐Zhou
Published: June 2008

On the basis of a selected pair of physicochemical properties of amino acids, we introduce a dynamic 2D graphical representation of protein sequences. Then, we introduce and compare two numerical characterizations of protein graphs as descriptors to analyze the nine ND5 proteins. The approach is simple, convenient, and fast. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental identification of specificity determinants in the domain linker of a LacI/GalR protein: Bioinformatics‐based predictions generate true positives and false negatives
Authors: Meinhardt Sarah , Swint‐Kruse Liskin
Published: June 2008

In protein families, conserved residues often contribute to a common general function, such as DNA‐binding. However, unique attributes for each homolog (e.g. recognition of alternative DNA sequences) must arise from variation in other functionally‐important positions. The locations of these “specificity determinant” positions are obscured amongst the background of varied residues that do not make significant contributions to either structure or function. To isolate specificity determinants, a number of bioinformatics algorithms have been developed. When applied to the LacI/GalR family of transcription regulators, several specificity determinants are predicted in the 18 amino acids that link the DNA‐binding and regulatory domains. However, results from alternative algorithms are only in partial agreement with each other. Here, we experimentally evaluate these predictions using an engineered repressor comprising the LacI DNA‐binding domain, the LacI linker, and the GalR regulatory domain (LLhG). “Wild‐type” LLhG has altered DNA specificity and weaker lacO1 repression compared to LacI or a similar LacI:PurR chimera. Next, predictions of linker specificity determinants were tested, using amino acid substitution and in vivo repression assays to assess functional change. In LLhG, all predicted sites are specificity determinants, as well as three sites not predicted by any algorithm. Strategies are suggested for diminishing the number of false negative predictions. Finally, individual substitutions at LLhG specificity determinants exhibited a broad range of functional changes that are not predicted by bioinformatics algorithms. Results suggest that some variants have altered affinity for DNA, some have altered allosteric response, and some appear to have changed specificity for alternative DNA ligands. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of altered glycosylation on the structure of the I‐like domain of β1 integrin: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Liu Yuemin , Pan Di , Bellis Susan L. , Song Yuhua
Published: June 2008

Glycosylation plays an important role in the regulation of integrin function. Molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of altered glycosylation on β1 integrin structure and function are still largely unknown. In this study, we used a molecular modeling approach to study the effects of altered glycosylation, with α2‐6 sialic acid and without α2‐6 sialic acid, on the structure of the I‐like domain of the β1 integrin. Our results demonstrated that altered glycosylation affected the interactions between oligosaccharides and the I‐like domain, which in turn changed the accessibility of the specificity‐determining loop for ligand binding. Altered glycosylation caused significant conformational changes for most of the key functional regions of the I‐like domain of β1 integrin, including the metal ion‐dependent adhesion site that contains a DLSYS motif, and other critical residues for ligand binding (Asn‐224, Glu‐229, Asp‐233, Asp‐267, and Asp‐295). In addition, altered glycosylation caused significant movement of the α1 and α7 helices, which are important for the activation of β1 integrin. The results from this study offered molecular mechanisms for the experimental observations that variant glycosylation regulates integrin function. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physical properties of unconventional binary sodium bismuthate glasses
Authors: Al‐Assiri M. S. , Tashtoush N. M. , Ragab H. S. , El‐Desoky M. M.
Published: June 2008

Unconventional binary glasses in the system Na2O–Bi2O3 have prepared by a conventional press‐quenching technique. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), infrared (IR) spectra, density (ρ) and, molar volume (Vm) and dc conductivity (σ) of these glasses were reported. The overall features of XRD curves confirm the amorphous nature of the present glasses. SEM investigation shows a surface without any microstructure, which is a characteristic of the amorphous phase. Systematic variation of the glass transition temperature (Tg), density and IR spectra observed in these glasses indicates significant structural change with composition. Their variation with the composition has been explained by taking into consideration the structure of these glasses. From IR spectra, we conclude the presence of BiO3 pyramidal and BiO6 octahedral units in the glass structure. From the density (ρ) and molar volume (Vm), the BiO6 octahedral units are transformed into BiO3 pyramidal units because Na+1 are introduced within the network of the glass as a modifier and consequently change the structural units into a more open structure. Tg was observed to decrease with an increase in Na2O content and to lie between 330 °C and 366 °C. The dc conductivity has been explained in terms of the structure of bismuthate glasses. At lower compositions of Na2O, the small variation in conductivity and activation energy has been attributed to the occupancy of Na+ ions at the interstices of BiO6 octahedra, acting as a charge compensator, while at higher concentrations of Na2O, the conductivity increases rapidly due to the formation of weak nonbridging oxygen (NBO) sodium ionic bond. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Localization in 2D quantum percolation
Authors: Travěnec I.
Published: June 2008

Quantum site percolation as a limiting case of binary alloy is studied numerically in 2D within the tight‐binding model. We address the transport properties in all regimes – ballistic, diffusive (metallic), localized and crossover between the latter two. Special attention is given to the region close to the conduction band center, but even there the Anderson localization persists, without signs of a metal–insulator transition. We found standard localization for sufficiently large samples. For smaller systems, novel partial quantization of Landauer conductances, i.e. most values close to small integers in arbitrary units, is observed at the band center. The crossover types of conductance distributions (outside the band center) are found to be similar to systems with corrugated surfaces. Universal conductance fluctuations in the metallic regime are shown to approach the known, theoretically predicted value. The resonances in the localized regime are Pendry necklaces. We tested Pendry's conjecture on the probability of such rare conducting samples and it proved consistent with our numerical results. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Correlation between ionic charge and the lattice constant of cubic perovskite solids
Authors: Verma A. S. , Kumar A. , Bhardwaj S. R.
Published: June 2008

In this paper we present lattice constant values for cubic perovskite solids with the product of ionic charges and average ionic radii rav (Å). The lattice constant of these compounds exhibit a linear relationship when plotted on a log–log scale against the average ionic radii rav (Å), but fall on different straight lines according to the ionic charge product of the compounds. We have applied the proposed relation to ABX3 (A: large cation with different valence, B: transition metal and X: oxides and halides) and found a better agreement with the experimental data as compared to the values evaluated by earlier researchers. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis of oilseeds for protein, oil, fiber and moisture by near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Pandord J. A. , Williams P. C. , deMan J. M.
Published: June 2008

Wavelength and mathematical treatments were optimized for the determination of oil, protein, moisture and crude fiber components in the ground seeds of nine oil‐bearing crops [rape, flax, sunflower, safflower sesame, palm kernel, groundnut (peanut), soybean spectroscopy. Optimum wavelengths, selected for the estimation of various components, were influenced by the algorithm (math treatment) used and differed among crops. The second derivative math appeared to be better suited for the estimation of all constituents. Methods for sample preparation of all constituents. Methods for sample preparation and analytical results are discussed. The accuracy was quite satisfactory for routine quality control and evaluation purposes, and precision was equal to that of standard analyses.
Evaluating and predicting n‐fatty acid properties
Authors: Fisher Charles H.
Published: June 2008

Two types of equation, one correlating properties (P) with number of n‐fatty acid carbons (Nc) and the other correlating properties of individual acids with temperature (t,C), were developed and used to evaluate and predict properties of the n‐fatty acids. Equations correlating n‐fatty acid properties with number of carbons are reported for freezing points, melting points, boiling points, densities, molar volumes, refractivities, dielectric constants, dipole moments, surface tensions and solubility parameters. Equations also are reported that correlate n‐fatty acid properties with temperature.
Selenium stimulates pancreatic beta‐cell gene expression and enhances islet function
Authors: Campbell Susan C. , Aldibbiat Ali , Marriott Claire E. , Landy Caroline , Ali Tomader , Ferris William F. , Butler Clive S. , Shaw James A. , Macfarlane Wendy M.
Published: June 2008

The present study investigated the role of selenium in the regulation of pancreatic beta‐cell function. Utilising the mouse beta‐cell line Min6, we have shown that selenium specifically upregulates Ipf1 (insulin promoter factor 1) gene expression, activating the −2715 to −1960 section of the Ipf1 gene promoter. Selenium increased both Ipf1 and insulin mRNA levels in Min6 cells and stimulated increases in insulin content and insulin secretion in isolated primary rat islets of Langerhans. These data are the first to implicate selenium in the regulation of specific beta‐cell target genes and suggest that selenium potentially promotes an overall improvement in islet function.
Effect of intramuscular administration of dexamethasone on the duration of labor
Authors: Kashanian Maryam , Dadkhah Farideh , Mokhtari Fattaneh
Published: June 2008

Objective

To evaluate the effect of dexamethasone administration on labor duration.

Method

In this controlled trial 122 nulliparous women with a full‐term pregnancy and a Bishop score of 7 or greater were randomly assigned to receive a single 8‐mg dose of dexamethasone or placebo 6 hours before initiation of labor induction.

Results

The interval between initiation of labor induction and beginning of the active phase of labor was shorter in the dexamethasone than in the control group (3.09 ± 1.5 hours vs. 4.21 ± 1.8 hours; P = 0.001). The duration of the second stage of labor was also shorter in the dexamethasone group (22.23 ± 16.09 minutes vs. 29.01 ± 15.32 minutes; P = 0.014).

Conclusion

The administration of dexamethasone was found to shorten labor duration.
Index Theory and Non-Commutative Geometry II. Dirac Operators and Index Bundles
Authors: Benameur Moulay-Tahar , Heitsch James L.
Published: June 2008

When the index bundle of a longitudinal Dirac type operator is transversely smooth, we define its Chern character in Haefliger cohomology and relate it to the Chern character of the K—theory index. This result gives a concrete connection between the topology of the foliation and the longitudinal index formula. Moreover, the usual spectral assumption on the Novikov-Shubin invariants of the operator is improved.
Thom isomorphism and push-forward map in twisted K-theory
Authors: Carey Alan L. , Wang Bai-Ling
Published: June 2008

We establish the Thom isomorphism in twisted K-theory for any real vector bundle and develop the push-forward map in twisted K-theory for any differentiable map f : X → Y (not necessarily K-oriented). We also obtain the wrong way functoriality property for the push-forward map in twisted K-theory. For D-branes satisfying Freed-Witten's anomaly cancellation condition in a manifold with a non-trivial B-field, we associate a canonical element in the twisted K-group to get the so-called D-brane charges.
BENJAMIN MARTYN, THE SHAFTESBURY FAMILY, AND THE REPUTATION OF THE FIRST EARL OF SHAFTESBURY
Authors: MILTON J. R.
Published: June 2008

In the late 1730s the fourth earl of Shaftesbury engaged Benjamin Martyn to write a biography of his great-grandfather, the first earl, defending his reputation against the accounts given by Gilbert Burnet and others. With the support of other members of his family a considerable body of source material (some now lost) was assembled, including a memoir of Shaftesbury by his steward Thomas Stringer and a defence of his character and actions by another former member of the household, Benjamin Wyche. Most of Martyn'sLifehad been written by 1740, but it was not published. After his death in 1763 the papers he had left were extensively revised by a team of historians that included Roger Flexman and Andrew Kippis. Versions of theLifewere printed in 1770 and 1773 but not published. Neither the fifth nor the sixth earl had any interest in the project, but the only copy of the 1770 printing not in the hands of the Shaftesbury family was bought in 1830 by a London publisher, and after further changes made by G. W. Cooke theLifewas finally published in 1836.
THE LIBERAL WAR COMMITTEE AND THE LIBERAL ADVOCACY OF CONSCRIPTION IN BRITAIN, 1914–1916
Authors: JOHNSON MATTHEW
Published: June 2008

The advent of conscription in Britain in 1916 was greeted with profound dismay by many in the Liberal party. At Westminster, however, a significant minority of Liberal MPs, who were members of the Liberal War Committee (LWC), were amongst the most enthusiastic advocates of compulsory service, from a surprisingly early stage in the war. It has usually been assumed that those Liberals who embraced conscription were effectively abandoning their progressive principles, and moving to another, more reactionary, political allegiance. This article argues that this was not the case. The Liberal advocates of conscription represented a range of political opinions, but all insisted that they remained Liberals, and many went to considerable lengths to reconcile their support for universal military service with their continued adherence to the Liberal creed. This article reassesses the phenomenon of Liberal support for compulsory service, examining the arguments, activities, and personnel of the LWC. It sheds new light on the vitality of Liberal principles in wartime, demonstrating that Liberal doctrine was often far more flexible than scholars have realized.
THE ADVERTISING INDUSTRY AND ALCOHOL IN INTERWAR FRANCE
Authors: HOWARD SARAH
Published: June 2008

This article reassesses interwar French advertising through the case study of alcohol, one of the period's most widely advertised and popular products. Examining the ways in which alcoholic beverages were branded, marketed, and advertised, the article revises the historiography of French advertising in several ways. Histories of interwar French advertising have described an industry that was retarded and underdeveloped, or else slowly progressing through the application and adaptation of American practices. By contrast, this article suggests that during the period French advertising was a remarkably successful enterprise which should be analysed on its own terms rather than through the dominant paradigm of Americanization. French interwar publicity innovations, like the alcoholic beverages that utilized them, were very much ‘home grown’ phenomena. Both were firmly rooted in Belle Époque advertising traditions and contemporary French consumer patterns. Advertising did not create a new consumer culture; instead it reflected and was, in turn, shaped by the society in which it operated and the products being advertised.
THE BATTLE OF DETROIT AND ANTI-COMMUNISM IN THE DEPRESSION ERA
Authors: GOODALL ALEX
Published: June 2008

This article is an exploration of Diego Rivera's visit to Detroit in 1932–3. It seeks to use his experiences, and in particular the spectacular popular reaction to the Detroit Industry murals he painted, as a prism for analysing varieties of anti-communism in Detroit in the depression era. The article argues that close relationships between private capitalists, most notably Henry Ford and a Mexican communist, expose contradictions in big business's use of anti-communism in the interwar period, and suggest that anti-communism was a more complicated phenomenon than simply a tool for the promotion of ‘free enterprise’. Moreover, by comparing the public reaction to the artists' work with their original intent, it is possible to see how members of Detroit's society unconsciously used anti-communism to sublimate broader concerns over race and ethnicity, gender, politics, and religiosity in a region in the throes of profound social change. The article seeks to highlight elements of these latent anxieties and fears in order to show how anti-communism acted as a vessel for social debate.
THE REFORMATION AND ‘THE DISENCHANTMENT OF THE WORLD’ REASSESSED
Authors: WALSHAM ALEXANDRA
Published: June 2008

This essay is a critical historiographical overview of the ongoing debate about the role of the Protestant Reformation in the process of ‘the disenchantment of the world’. It considers the development of this thesis in the work of Max Weber and subsequent scholars, its links with wider claims about the origins of modernity, and the challenges to this influential paradigm that have emerged in the last twenty-five years. Setting the literature on England within its wider European context, it explores the links between Protestantism and the transformation of assumptions about the sacred and the supernatural, and places renewed emphasis on the equivocal and ambiguous legacy left by the upheavals of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Attention is also paid to the ways in which the Reformation converged with other intellectual, cultural, political, and social developments which cumulatively brought about subtle, but decisive, transformations in individual and collective mentalities. It is suggested that thinking in terms of cycles of desacralization and resacralization may help to counteract the potential distortions of a narrative that emphasizes a linear path of development.
A case of cranial fasciitis masquerading as acute mastoiditis
Authors: Marshall L R , Salib R J , Mitchell T E , Moore I
Published: June 2008

Objective:

We report a case of infection against a background of pre-existing cranial fasciitis.

Method:

Case report and review of world literature on cranial fasciitis.

Results:

Cranial fasciitis of childhood is a benign condition and a rare variant of nodular fasciitis. We present the case of a 10-week-old infant with symptoms and signs consistent with a subperiosteal abscess complicating acute mastoiditis. Subsequent findings showed this to be an infection against a background of pre-existing cranial fasciitis.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, this is the first such reported case in the literature. Knowledge of the distinctive histopathological features, coupled with an awareness of the condition, are crucial to establishing a definitive diagnosis of cranial fasciitis and, in turn, to instituting appropriate management. The aetiopathogenesis of the condition remains unclear.
THE CURRENT ROLE OF FETAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Authors: REEVES M J , WHITBY E H , PALEY M N J , GRIFFITHS P D
Published: June 2008

The techniques currently used by most specialist centres for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the fetus were developed in the 1990s, when fast imaging sequences capable of good soft tissue contrast were introduced. Earlier pioneering work on fetal MR imaging in the early 1980s revealed some promise for this application, but at the time it was not generally considered of diagnostic quality or clinical practicality because of the long acquisition times and inevitable image degradation resulting from fetal movement, problems which were overcome only by means of maternal sedation or neuromuscular blockade of the fetus. As with the early development of MR imaging in general, it is the ability to image central nervous system (CNS) tissues with a clarity and contrast far exceeding X-ray computed tomography and ultrasound that has shown the most benefit to date. Subsequent development of techniques for specific problem solving in other areas of the body will undoubtedly follow.
CURRENT ASPECTS OF FETAL CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION
Authors: MATSUI HIKORO , GARDINER HELENA
Published: June 2008

Investigation of fetal cardiac function remains a challenging task. Although the response of the heart to changes in load is well-known in animal models and the adult human, the developmental changes in fetal cardiac response remain poorly characterised. However, quantitative evaluation of cardiovascular function is important to predict the clinical course and to manage the fetus optimally. To date, the routine evaluation of fetal cardio vascular function has relied largely on Doppler echocardiography which enables an estimate of haemodynamics; newer modalities such as measurement of myocardial velocities are employed less routinely. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging still lacks the resolution necessary to contribute significantly to morphological or functional assessment of the fetal cardiovascular system.
Neuronal–glial interactions in central nervous system neurogenesis: the neural stem cell perspective
Authors: Gritti Angela , Bonfanti Luca
Published: June 2008

Essentially, three neuroectodermal-derived cell types make up the complex architecture of the adult CNS: neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. These elements are endowed with remarkable morphological, molecular and functional heterogeneity that reaches its maximal expression during development when stem/progenitor cells undergo progressive changes that drive them to a fully differentiated state. During this period the transient expression of molecular markers hampers precise identification of cell categories, even in neuronal and glial domains. These issues of developmental biology are recapitulated partially during the neurogenic processes that persist in discrete regions of the adult brain. The recent hypothesis that adult neural stem cells (NSCs) show a glial identity and derive directly from radial glia raises questions concerning the neuronal–glial relationships during pre- and post-natal brain development. The fact that NSCs isolated in vitro differentiate mainly into astrocytes, whereas in vivo they produce mainly neurons highlights the importance of epigenetic signals in the neurogenic niches, where glial cells and neurons exert mutual influences. Unravelling the mechanisms that underlie NSC plasticity in vivo and in vitro is crucial to understanding adult neurogenesis and exploiting this physiological process for brain repair. In this review we address the issues of neuronal/glial cell identity and neuronal–glial interactions in the context of NSC biology and NSC-driven neurogenesis during development and adulthood in vivo, focusing mainly on the CNS. We also discuss the peculiarities of neuronal–glial relationships for NSCs and their progeny in the context of in vitro systems.
An aerosol optical depth climatology for NOAA's national surface radiation budget network (SURFRAD)
Authors: Augustine John A. , Hodges Gary B. , Dutton Ellsworth G. , Michalsky Joseph J. , Cornwall Christopher R.
Published: June 2008

A series of algorithms developed to process spectral solar measurements for aerosol optical depth (AOD) for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) national surface radiation budget network (SURFRAD) is summarized, and decadal results are presented. AOD is a measure of the extinction of the Sun's beam due to aerosols. Daily files of AOD for five spectral measurements in the visible and near‐infrared have been produced for 1997–2006. Comparisons of SURFRAD daily AOD averages to NASA's Aerosol Robotic Network product at two of the stations were generally good. An AOD climatology for each SURFRAD station is presented as an annual time series of composite monthly means that represents a typical intra‐annual AOD variation. Results are similar to previous U.S. climatologies in that the highest AOD magnitude and greatest variability occur in summer, the lowest AOD levels are in winter, and geographically, the highest‐magnitude AOD is in the eastern United States. Springtime Asian dust intrusions show up as a secondary maximum at the western stations. A time series of nationwide annual means shows that 500‐nm AOD has decreased over the United States by about 0.02 AOD units over the 10‐year period. However, this decline is not statistically significant nor geographically consistent within the country. The eastern U.S. stations and westernmost station at Desert Rock, Nevada, show decreasing AOD, whereas the other two western stations show an increase that is attributed to an upsurge in wildfire activity in the last half of the decade.
A reduced complexity model for probabilistic risk assessment of groundwater contamination
Authors: Winter C. L. , Tartakovsky Daniel M.
Published: June 2008

We present a model of reduced complexity for assessing the risk of groundwater pollution from a point source. The progress of contamination is represented as a sequence of transitions among coarsely resolved states corresponding to simple statements like “a spill has occurred.” Transitions between states are modeled as a Markov jump process, and a general expression for the probability of aquifer contamination is obtained from two basic assumptions: that the sequence of transitions leading to contamination is Markovian and that the time when a given transition occurs is independent of its end state. Additionally, we derive an asymptotic value for the probability of contamination that is equivalent to the so‐called rare event approximation. First we develop the model for sites in statistically homogeneous natural porous media, and then we extend it to highly heterogeneous media composed of multiple materials. Finally, we apply the model to a simple example to illustrate the method and its potential.
Spatial structure and nutrients promote invasion of IncP-1 plasmids in bacterial populations
Authors: Fox Randal E , Zhong Xue , Krone Stephen M , Top Eva M
Published: June 2008

In spite of the importance of plasmids in bacterial adaptation, we have a poor understanding of their dynamics. It is not known if or how plasmids persist in and spread through (invade) a bacterial population when there is no selection for plasmid-encoded traits. Moreover, the differences in dynamics between spatially structured and mixed populations are poorly understood. Through a joint experimental/theoretical approach, we tested the hypothesis that self-transmissible IncP-1 plasmids can invade a bacterial population in the absence of selection when initially very rare, but only in spatially structured habitats and when nutrients are regularly replenished. Using protocols that differed in the degree of spatial structure and nutrient levels, the invasiveness of plasmid pB10 in Escherichia coli was monitored during at least 15 days, with an initial fraction of plasmid-bearing (p+) cells as low as 10−7. To further explore the mechanisms underlying plasmid dynamics, we developed a spatially explicit mathematical model. When cells were grown on filters and transferred to fresh medium daily, the p+ fraction increased to 13%, whereas almost complete invasion occurred when the population structure was disturbed daily. The plasmid was unable to invade in liquid. When carbon source levels were lower or not replenished, plasmid invasion was hampered. Simulations of the mathematical model closely matched the experimental results and produced estimates of the effects of alternative experimental parameters. This allowed us to isolate the likely mechanisms most responsible for the observations. In conclusion, spatial structure and nutrient availability can be key determinants in the invasiveness of plasmids.
Changing the School Environment to Increase Physical Activity in Children
Authors: Lanningham‐Foster Lorraine , Foster Randal C. , McCrady Shelly K. , Manohar Chinmay U. , Jensen Teresa B. , Mitre Naim G. , Hill James O. , Levine James A.
Published: June 2008

We examined the hypothesis that elementary school‐age children will be more physically active while attending school in a novel, activity‐permissive school environment compared to their traditional school environment. Twenty‐four children were monitored with a single‐triaxial accelerometer worn on the thigh. The students attended school in three different environments: traditional school with chairs and desks, an activity‐permissive environment, and finally their traditional school with desks which encouraged standing. Data from the school children were compared with another group of age‐matched children (n = 16) whose physical activity was monitored during summer vacation. When children attended school in their traditional environment, they moved an average (mean ± s.d.) of 71 ± 0.4 m/s2. When the children attended school in the activity‐permissive environment, they moved an average of 115 ± 3 m/s2. The children moved 71 ± 0.7 m/s2 while attending the traditional school with standing desks. Children moved significantly more while attending school in the activity‐permissive environment compared to the amount that they moved in either of the traditional school environments (P < 0.0001 for both). Comparing children's activity while they were on summer vacation (113 ± 8 m/s2) to school‐bound children in their traditional environment showed significantly more activity for the children on summer vacation (P < 0.0001). The school children in the activity‐permissive environment were as active as children on summer vacation. Children will move more in an activity‐permissive environment. Strategies to increase the activity of school children may involve re‐designing the school itself.
Low Numeracy Skills Are Associated With Higher BMI
Authors: Huizinga Mary Margaret , Beech Bettina M. , Cavanaugh Kerri L. , Elasy Tom A. , Rothman Russell L.
Published: June 2008

Low numeracy skills and obesity are both common. Numeracy skills are used in healthy weight management to monitor caloric intake. The relationship between obesity and numeracy skills in adult primary care patients is unknown. A cross‐sectional study enrolled adult, English‐speaking primary care patients. BMI was assessed by self‐report; numeracy and literacy skills were measured with the Wide Range Achievement Test, 3rd Edition (WRAT‐3) and the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM), respectively. The relationship between numeracy and BMI was described with Spearman's rank correlation and linear regression analyses. In 160 patients, the mean (s.d.) age was 46 (16) years, 66% were white, 70% were female, and 91% completed high school. The mean BMI was 30.5 (8.3) kg/m2. Less than 9th grade numeracy skills were found in 66% of the participants. Participants with numeracy skills <9th grade had a mean BMI of 31.8 (9.0) whereas those with numeracy skills ≥9th grade had a mean BMI of 27.9 (6.0), P = 0.008. Numeracy was negatively and significantly correlated with BMI (ρ = −0.26, P = 0.001). This correlation persisted after adjusting for age, sex, race, income, years of education, and literacy (β coefficient = −0.14; P = 0.010). Literacy skills were not associated with BMI. We found a significant association between low numeracy skills and higher BMI in adult primary care patients. A causal relationship cannot be determined. However, numeracy may have important clinical implications in the design and implementation of healthy weight management interventions and should be further evaluated to determine the magnitude of its effect.
A Longitudinal Study on the Effect of Shift Work on Weight Gain in Male Japanese Workers
Authors: Suwazono Yasushi , Dochi Mirei , Sakata Kouichi , Okubo Yasushi , Oishi Mitsuhiro , Tanaka Kumihiko , Kobayashi Etsuko , Kido Teruhiko , Nogawa Koji
Published: June 2008

Objective:This study compared the effect of alternating shift work and day work on weight gain in Japanese male workers.

Methods and Procedures:A longitudinal cohort study was conducted in day workers (n= 4,328) and alternating shift workers (n= 2,926) of a steel company who received annual health checkups over a 14‐year period between 1991 and 2005. The association between the type of job schedule and weight gain was investigated using multivariate pooled logistic regression analyses. The endpoints in the study were either a 5, 7.5, or 10% increase in BMI during the period of observation, compared to the BMI at entry.

Results:The type of job schedule was significantly associated with all three BMI endpoints (5% increase in BMI; odds ratio (OR) for comparison between alternating shift workers and regular day workers, 1.14; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06–1.23): (7.5% increase in BMI; OR, 1.13; 95%CI, 1.03–1.24: 10% increase in BMI; OR, 1.13; 95%CI, 1.00–1.28). BMI at study entry was also positively associated with the 5, 7.5, and 10% increases in BMI during the study. On the other hand, age and drinking habits were negatively associated with 5, 7.5, and 10% increases in BMI.

Discussion:Our study revealed that alternating shift work was an independent risk factor for weight gain in male Japanese workers. Efficient health screening and regular checkups, combined with support to control unhealthy lifestyle factors, would be of considerable benefit for maintaining the health of Japanese shift workers.