bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technical Inefficiency and Public Capital in U.S. States: A Stochastic Frontier Approach
Authors: Puig‐Junoy Jaume
Published: March 2003

This paper estimates a translog stochastic frontier production function in the analysis of all 48 contiguous U.S. states in the period 1970–1983, to attempt to measure and explain changes in technical efficiency. The model allows technical inefficiency to vary over time, and inefficiency effects to be a function of a set of explanatory variables in which the level and composition of public capital plays an important role. Results indicate that U.S. state inefficiency levels are significantly and positively correlated with the ratio of public capital to private capital. The proportion of public capital devoted to highways is negatively correlated with technical inefficiency, suggesting that not only the level but also the composition of public capital influences state efficiency.
Help, Not Harm: Psychological Foundation for a Nondieting Approach Toward Health
Authors: McFarlane Traci , Polivy Janet , McCabe Randi E.
Published: March 2003

This article reviews the literature on the psychological consequences of dieting. In particular, the authors examine the impact of dieting on mood, self‐esteem, cognition, and eating behavior. The famous Keys study of starvation is discussed in relations to impaired concentration, food preoccupation, negative affect, and binge eating behavior. Overall, the literature indicates that dieting has a negative impact on psychological well‐being. As a result, alternative nondieting approaches toward eating are presented and recommended to promote psychological health.
Organizational Effects on Race Relations in Schools
Authors: Khmelkov Vladimir T. , Hallinan Maureen T.
Published: March 2003

This article identifies organizational structures and practices in schools that influence the frequency of interracial interactions, the likelihood ofcross‐race friendships, and students' attitudes and behaviors toward members of different racial and ethnic groups. These formal and informal organizational practices include curriculum tracking, assignment to classes, attendance at school level functions, and extracurricular activities. The article discusses how the quality of interracial interactions and the resultingrelationships among students is influenced by the contexts of these different organizational practices, including students' status expectations, cooperative versus competitive modes of academic and extracurricular interactions, and educators' views on racial/ethnic issues and their preferences for instructional methods. By taking these effects into account, schools can make significant advances in promoting positive race relations.
The Construct of Mindfulness
Authors: Langer Ellen J. , Moldoveanu Mihnea
Published: March 2003

After mindfulness is defined, a brief history of the research on the topic to date is reviewed. This work essentially falls into three categories: health, business, and education. Considerations of mindlessness as a social issue are then addressed. A brief introduction to the articles in this issue follows. These articles speak to mindfulness as it relates to potential solutions to social problems.
Images of Mindfulness
Authors: Sternberg Robert J.
Published: March 2003

This article addresses the question: How should mindfulness be understood? Three views are considered. The first is that mindfulness should be understood as a cognitive ability. According to this view, people differ in their capacity to think in a mindful way, much as people differ in memory or intelligence. The second view is of mindfulness as a personality trait. According to this view, mindfulness is a stable disposition, much as would be extraversion or neuroticism. The third view is of mindfulness as a cognitive style. According to this view, mindfulness represents a preferred way of thinking. Mindfulnesshas characteristics of all three but seems closest to being a cognitive style. Construct validation is needed in order to address this and related questions.
Explaining Diversityin the Development of Same‐Sex Sexuality Among Young Women
Authors: Diamond Lisa M. , Savin‐Williams Ritch C.
Published: March 2003

This article summarizes findings from two ongoing studies charting the development of 167 adolescent and young adult sexual‐minority women. Resultsdocument considerable variation in the quality, relative distribution, and context of women's same‐sex and other‐sex attractions. Furthermore, contrary to conventional wisdom, the timing of a woman's first same‐sex attractions is not systematically related to subsequent features of sexual identity development. Rather, the quality and context of a woman'searly attractions and behavior is more important. We argue that variability in sexual‐minority and heterosexual women's development is best explained by interactions between personal characteristics and environmental contexts, and we urge future studies of the sexual‐minority life course to include women with same‐sex attractions that do not identify as lesbian or bisexual.
New Environmental Theories: Empathizing With Nature: The Effects ofPerspective Taking on Concern for Environmental Issues
Authors: Schultz P. Wesley
Published: March 2003

In this article, I propose that concern for environmental problems is fundamentally linked to the degree to which people view themselves as part of the natural environment. Two studies are reported that test aspects of this theory. The first study describes the structure of people's concern for environmental problems. Results from a confirmatory factor analysis showed a clear three‐factor structure, which I labeled egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric. A second study examined the effects of a perspective‐takingmanipulation on egoistic, social‐altruistic, and biospheric environmental concerns. Results showed that participants instructed to take the perspective of an animal being harmed by pollution scored significantly higher in biospheric environmental concerns than participants instructed to remain objective.
New Environmental Theories: Toward a Coherent Theory of Environmentally Significant Behavior
Authors: Stern Paul C.
Published: March 2003

This article develops a conceptual framework for advancing theories of environmentally significant individual behavior and reports on the attempts of the author's research group and others to develop such a theory. It discusses definitions of environmentally significant behavior; classifies the behaviors and their causes; assesses theories of environmentalism, focusingespecially on value‐belief‐norm theory; evaluates the relationship between environmental concern and behavior; and summarizes evidence on the factors that determine environmentally significant behaviors and that can effectively alter them. The article concludes by presenting some major propositions supported by available research and some principles for guiding future research and informing the design of behavioral programs for environmental protection.
Coping With Prejudice: Personal Relationship Partners as Sources of Socioemotional Support for Stigmatized Individuals
Authors: Gaines, Jr. Stanley O.
Published: March 2003

Inthe present article, I consider the behavior of nonstigmatized versus stigmatized perceivers toward stigmatized target persons in personal relationships. First, I argue that nonstigmatized persons generally are less likely to enter into personal relationships with or to give affection and respect as socioemotional support to stigmatized persons than are other stigmatized persons. Second, I present a variety of facilitators and barriers to stigmatized persons' supportive function as well as factors that might make nonstigmatized persons more likely than stigmatized persons as sources of socioemotional support for stigmatized partners. Directions for future research are discussed.
Description and Prescription: How Gender Stereotypes Prevent Women's Ascent Up the Organizational Ladder
Authors: Heilman Madeline E.
Published: March 2003

This review article posits that the scarcity of women at the upper levels of organizations is a consequence of gender bias in evaluations. It is proposed that gender stereotypes and the expectations they produce about both what women are like (descriptive) and how they should behave (prescriptive) can result in devaluation of their performance, denial of credit to them for their successes, or their penalization for being competent. The processes giving rise to these outcomes are explored, and the procedures that are likely to encourage them are identified. Because of gender bias and the way in which it influences evaluations in work settings, it is argued that being competent does not ensure that a woman will advance to the same organizational level as an equivalently performing man.
Attention, Awareness, and Foreign Language Behavior
Authors: Leow Ronald P.
Published: March 2003

This study qualitatively and quantitatively addressed the role of awareness in relation to Schmidt's noticing hypothesis in second language acquisition (1990, 1993, 1994, 1995). It analyzed both the think‐aloud protocols produced by 28 beginning adult L2 learners of Spanish (selected carefully from a pool of 85 people on the basis of relevant criteria) completing a problem‐solving task and their immediate performances on 2 post‐exposure assessment tasks, a recognition and written production task. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of learners' performances suggest the following conclusions: (a) Different levels of awareness lead to differences in processing, (b) more awareness contributes to more recognition and accurate written production of noticed forms, and (c) the findings provide empirical support for the facilitative effects of awareness on foreign language behavior.
Japanese and Chinese Learners' Acquisition of the Narrow‐Range Rules for the Dative Alternation in English
Authors: Inagaki Shunji
Published: March 2003

I investigated the acquisition of narrow‐range rules governing the dative alternation (Pinker, 1989) by adult L2 learners of English: 32 English speakers, 32 Japanese speakers and 32 Chinese speakers participated. I investigated 4 of Pinker's narrow‐range verb classes—the Throw class, the Push class, the Tell class, and the Whisper class: Participants rated the acceptability of prepositional and double object datives containing both made‐up and real verbs in these subclasses. Both Japanese and Chinese speakers distinguished double object datives containing Tell‐class verbs from those with Whisper‐class verbs, but failed to distinguish double object datives containing Throw‐class verbs from those with Push‐class verbs. I suggest that Japanese and Chinese learners' acquisition of the dative alternation in English is governed by the properties of an equivalent structure in their L1 relative to the properties of the target structure.
Emergentism, Connectionism and Language Learning
Authors: Ellis Nick C.
Published: March 2003

This review summarizes a range of theoretical approaches to language acquisition. It argues that language representations emerge from interactions at all levels from brain to society. Simple learning mechanisms, operating in and across the human systems for perception, motor‐action and cognition as they are exposed to language data as part of a social environment, suffice to drive the emergence of complex language representations. Connectionism provides a set of computational tools for exploring the conditions under which emergent properties arise. I present various simulations of emergence of linguistic regularity for illustration.
The Role of Attention in Monitoring Second Language Speech Production
Authors: Kormos Judit
Published: March 2003

The study investigates the role of attention in monitoring second language speechproduction by means of analyzing the distribution and frequency of self‐repairs and the correction rate of errors in the speech of 30 Hungarian learners of English at 3 levels of proficiency and of 10 native speakers of Hungarian. The results indicate that the amount of attention paid to the linguistic form of the utterance does not vary at different stages of L2 competence and that the distribution of attention in monitoring for errors is markedly different inL1 and L2. In the case of advanced L2 speakers, the extra attentional resources made available by the automaticity of certain encoding processes were used for checking the discourse‐level aspects of their message.
A Review of L1 and L2/ESL Word Integration Skills and the Nature of L2/ESL Word Integration Development Involved in Lower‐Level Text Processing
Authors: Fender Michael
Published: March 2003

This article examines the nature and development of fluent L2/ESL word integration skills involved in lower‐level text processing. Four theoretical approaches to word integration and sentence processing in the L1 and L2/ESL literature are discussed in conjunction with a review of the relevant research. The research indicates that L1 and fluent L2/ESL speakers utilize similar processing procedures to integrate words into larger phrase and sentence structures. The research also indicates that the development of fluent and accurate L2/ESL word integration skills depends to a substantial degree on the development of L2/ESL syntactic structure–building skills.
Some Empirical Evidence for the Involvement Load Hypothesis in Vocabulary Acquisition
Authors: Hulstijn Jan H. , Laufer Batia
Published: March 2003

EFL learners in two countries participated in two parallel experiments testing whether retention of vocabulary acquired incidentally is contingent on amount of task‐induced involvement. Short‐ and long‐term retention of ten unfamiliar words was investigated in three learning tasks (reading comprehension, comprehension plus filling in target words, and composition‐writing with target words) with varying “involvement loads”—various combinations of need, search, and evaluation. Time‐on‐task, regarded as inherent to a task, differed among all three tasks. As predicted, amount of retention was related to amount of task‐induced involvement load: Retention was highest in the composition task, lower in reading plus fill‐in, and lowest in the reading. These results are discussed in light of the construct of task‐induced involvement.
The Discourse of a Learner‐Centered Classroom: Sociocultural Perspectives on Teacher‐Learner Interaction in the Second‐Language Classroom
Authors: Antón Marta
Published: March 2003

This study investigates learner‐centered and teacher‐centered discourse in interactive exchanges between teachers and learners in the second language (L2) classroom. The analysis of interaction shows that learner‐centered discourse provides opportunities for negotiation (of form, content, and classroom rules of behavior), which creates an environment favorable to L2 learning. In contrast, teacher‐centered discourse is shown to provide rare opportunities for negotiation. Placing the analysis within the context of the role of discourse in the mediation of cognitive development, a central point in sociocultural theory, this study demonstrates that when learners are engaged in negotiation, language is used to serve the functions of scaffolding (Wood, Bruner, & Ross, 1976) and to provide effective assistance as learners progress in the zone of proximal development (Vygotsky, 1978). The analysis presented here attempts to show how various communicative moves and linguistic forms are deployed to achieve these functions.
The Avatars of Literature in Language Study
Authors: Kramsch Claire , Kramsch Olivier
Published: March 2003

This article documents the changing role that literature has played in foreign language teaching as seen through the articles published in the MLJ between 1916 and 1999. Literature has been used for the aesthetic education of the few (1910s), for the literacy of the many (1920s), for moral and vocational uplift (1930s–1940s), for ideational content (1950s), for humanistic inspiration (1960s–1970s), and for providing an ‘authentic’ experience of the target culture (1980s–1990s). At the present time, although the study and the teaching of literature are virtually absent from the MLJ, ‘literariness’ in language acquisition research is far from dead. By illuminating the pervasive presence of the literary in the teaching of foreign languages over the century, this retrospective may provide support for the current interest in voice, style, and culture in applied linguistics and help this strand of research find its way in the pages of the MLJ.
The Niche
Authors: Smith Barry , Varzi Achille C.
Published: March 2003

The concept of niche (setting, context, habitat, environment) has been little studied by ontologists, in spite of its wide application in a variety of disciplines from evolutionary biology to economics. What follows is a first formal theory of this concept, a theory of the relations between objects and their niches. The theory builds upon existing work on mereology, topology, and the theory of spatial location as tools of formal ontology. It is illustrated above all by means of simple biological examples, but the concept of niche should be understood as being, like concepts such as part, boundary, and location, a structural concept that is applicable in principle to a wide range of different domains.
Hybrid Organizations and the Alignment of Interests: The Case of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
Authors: Koppell Jonathan G. S.
Published: March 2003

This article explores the political influence of government‐sponsored enterprises (GSEs). Using Congress's overhaul of the regulatory infrastructure for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as a case study, the article presents two principal findings: (1) The characteristics that distinguish government‐sponsored enterprises from traditional government agencies and private companies endow Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac with unique political resources; and (2) the alignment of interest groups around Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac is subject to strategic manipulation by the GSEs. A triangular model of this alignment is proposed and employed to analyze the legislative outcome. The case has implications for students of organizational theory as well as policy makers considering the use of GSEs or other hybrid organizations.
The Amazing Miss Burchfield
Authors: Guy Mary E.
Published: March 2003

What goes around, comes around: the woman who once solicited others to produce manuscripts for PAR is now the subject of a manuscript. Laverne Burchfield was managing editor of this journal for 15 volumes, from 1943 to 1958, and in ASPA's early days before it had an executive director, she served as secretary/treasurer for the association and she wrote the proposal that funded the first executive director. This is her biography—a woman passionately committed to the world of public service, the world of ideas, and, simply, the world in its natural splendor.
Less Government, More Secrecy: Reinvention and the Weakening of Freedom of Information Law
Authors: Roberts Alasdair S.
Published: March 2003

Many critics have suggested that worldwide efforts to reinvent government could also weaken democratic control over public institutions, but few have considered how attempts to implement the “new paradigm” in public management might affect a widely used instrument for promoting accountability: freedom of information law (FOI). FOI laws give citizens and nongovernmental organizations the right of access to government information. However, recent Canadian experience shows that reinvention can weaken FOI laws in three ways. First, attempts to reduce “nonessential” spending may cause delays in handling FOI requests and weaken mechanisms for ensuring compliance. Second, governmental functions may be transferred to private contractors and not‐for‐profit organizations that are not required to comply with FOI laws. Third, governments' attempts to sell information and increase FOI fees may create new economic barriers to openness. Thus, restructuring provides an opportunity for political executives, public servants, and some well‐organized business interests to weaken oversight mechanisms and increase their own autonomy within the policy process.
Promoting the Utilization of Performance Measures in Public Organizations: An Empirical Study of Factors Affecting Adoption and Implementation
Authors: Julnes Patria de Lancer , Holzer Marc
Published: March 2003

Despite its appeal for improving government, many state and local governments have not developed performance‐measurement systems, and even fewer use these systems to improve decision making. This study examines the factors that affect the utilization of performance measurement, based on the results of a national survey of state and local government officials. The goals of the study were to provide better information on the patterns of usage of performance measurement and to use this information to develop an elaborated model of the factors presumed to affect utilization. Using distinctions from the policy and evaluation literature, hypotheses were tested and confirmed: Policy adoption is driven more heavily by factors from rational and technocratic theory, whereas actual implementation is influenced by factors addressed by political and cultural considerations.
The Evolution of E‐Government among Municipalities: Rhetoric or Reality?
Authors: Moon M. Jae
Published: March 2003

Information technology has become one of the core elements of managerial reform, and electronic government (e‐government) may figure prominently in future governance. This study is designed to examine the rhetoric and reality of e‐government at the municipal level. Using data obtained from the 2000 E‐government Survey conducted by International City/County Management Association and Public Technologies Inc., the article examines the current state of municipal e‐government implementation and assesses its perceptual effectiveness. This study also explores two institutional factors (size and type of government) that contribute to the adoption of e‐government among municipalities. Overall, this study concludes that e‐government has been adopted by many municipal governments, but it is still at an early stage and has not obtained many of expected outcomes (cost savings, downsizing, etc.) that the rhetoric of e‐government has promised. The study suggests there are some widely shared barriers (lack of financial, technical, and personnel capacities) and legal issues (such as privacy) to the progress of municipal e‐government. This study also indicates that city size and manager‐council government are positively associated with the adoption of a municipal Web site as well as the longevity of the Web site.
Reinventing Local Governments and the E‐Government Initiative
Authors: Ho Alfred Tat‐Kei
Published: March 2003

The Internet provides a powerful tool for reinventing local governments. It encourages transformation from the traditional bureaucratic paradigm, which emphasizes standardization, departmentalization, and operational cost‐efficiency, to the “e‐government” paradigm, which emphasizes coordinated network building, external collaboration, and customer services. Based on a content analysis of city Web sites and a survey of Web development officials, this article shows that many cities are already moving toward this new paradigm. These cities have adopted “onestop shopping” and customer‐oriented principles in Web design, and they emphasize external collaboration and networking in the development process rather than technocracy. The article also analyzes the socioeconomic and organizational factors that are related to cities' progressiveness in Web development and highlights future challenges in reinventing government through Internet technology.
The Political Economy of City Formation in California: Limits to Tiebout Sorting
Authors: Musso Juliet Ann
Published: March 2003

Objective. This paper analyzes the extent to which voter behavior in city formation elections supports Tiebout's (1956) hypothesis that residential sorting facilitates efficiency of local service provision. It develops a two‐stage model of city formation to distinguish agenda setting from voter outcomes on city formation proposals. Methods. Logit analysis is used to analyze voting in 71 city formation elections, incorporating Heckman's two‐stage procedure to correct for self‐selection of local referenda. Results. Community fiscal and demographic factors influence agenda setting more than voting behavior. Wealthier communities in high‐growth counties are more likely to propose formation of a city. In contrast, community characteristics have little influence on electoral outcomes, suggesting that boundedly rational voters rely on information heuristics. Conclusions. Although reduction of diversity did not appear to motivate city formation, sorting around residential income, land use preferences, and other demographic variables may facilitate relative efficiency of service provision.
Occupation and Suicide
Authors: Stack Steven
Published: March 2003

Objective. Research on occupation and suicide has neglected multivariate models. It is not clear, for example, if persons in alleged “high‐risk” occupations have high suicide risk because of occupational stress associated with the occupation or because of the demographic composition of the people in the occupation. The present study explores the relationship between occupation and suicide for 32 occupational groups. Methods. Data are from the national mortality file tapes, which cover 21 states. They refer to 9,499 suicides and 134,386 deaths from all other causes in 1990. Results. Bivariate logistic regression models find a total of 15 occupations with either significantly higher (e.g., dentists, artists, machinists, auto mechanics, and carpenters) or lower (e.g., clerks, elementary school teachers, cooks) risk than the rest of the working‐age population. Multivariate models that remove the demographic covariates of occupation find only eight occupations with greater or lower than expected risk of death by suicide. Conclusion. The results underscore the need for demographic controls in the assessment of occupational risk of suicide. They are consistent with a previous study based on data from England. The findings provide the first systematic evidence on the problem for the United States.
Depictions of Public Service in Children's Literature: Revisiting an Understudied Aspect of Political Socialization
Authors: Cooper Christopher A. , Schwerdt Marc
Published: March 2003

Objective. Scholars who have investigated depictions of public service in children's literature have come to a mix of conclusions regarding the portrayal of public figures in children's literature. We revisit these studies, attempting to answer the question of how public servants are portrayed in children's literature. Methods. We perform content analysis of 93 books and examine 868 characters for benevolence and competence. Results. We find that public servants are portrayed as no more incompetent or malevolent than other adults in children's literature. On a few dimensions, we find just the opposite. Furthermore, we find that women in general are portrayed as more benevolent than men, although the same patterns are not found between sexes when examining only those in the public service. Conclusions. If children are developing negative stereotypes of government officials and institutions, these stereotypes do not appear to be formed through their reading of children's literature.
4. Estimating Two-Sided Logit Models
Authors: Logan John Allen
Published: March 2003

Logan (1996a) introduced a new micro-behavioral model of employment opportunity and choice, and a multivariate statistical method based on the micro-behavioral model. This article considers the connection between the behavioral model and the two-sided logit (TSL) statistical method in more detail than the original paper, discussing issues of parameter identification, model constraints, data reduction, and practical estimation. The article compares the EM gradient algorithm used in Logan (1996a) with an accelerated EM gradient algorithm and with a public-domain quasi-Newton algorithm. The latter two algorithms, now incorporated in a single program, greatly enhance the practicality of TSL modeling. Strategies for further development of TSL methods are also considered.
6. A General Class of Nonparametric Models for Ordinal Categorical Data
Authors: Vermunt Jeroen K.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a general class of models for ordinal categorical data that can be specified by means of linear and/or log-linear equality and/or inequality restrictions on the (conditional) probabilities of a multiway contingency table. Some special cases are models with ordered local odds ratios, models with ordered cumulative response probabilities, order-restricted row association and column association models, and models for stochastically ordered marginal distributions. A simple unidimensional Newton algorithm is proposed for obtaining the restricted maximum-likelihood estimates. In situations in which there is some kind of missing data, this algorithm can be implemented in the M step of an EM algorithm. Computation of p-values of testing statistics is performed by means of parametric bootstrapping.
The Dropout Process in Life Course Perspective: Early Risk Factors at Home and School
Authors: Alexander Karl L. , Entwisle Doris R. , Kabbani Nader S.
Published: March 2003

From a life course perspective, high school dropout culminates a long-term process of disengagement from school. The present paper uses data from a representative panel of Baltimore school children to describe this unfolding process. Over 40% of the study group left school at some point without a degree, but this high overall rate of dropout masks large differences across sociodemographic lines as well as differences involving academic, parental, and personal resources. A sociodemographic profile of dropout for the study group shows how dropout rates vary across different configurations of background risk factors including family socioeconomic status (SES), family type, and family stress level. Dropout risk factors and resources in support of children's schooling then are examined at four schooling benchmarks: the 1st grade, the rest of elementary school (years 2–5), the middle school (years 6–8), and year 9 (the 1st year of high school for those promoted each year). Academic, parental, and personal resources condition dropout prospects at each time point, with resources measured early in children's schooling forecasting dropout almost as well as those from later in children's schooling. Additionally, evidence is presented that resources add on to one another in moderating dropout risk, including risk associated with family SES. These patterns are discussed in terms of a life course view of the dropout process.
Toward a Theory of Teacher Community
Authors: Grossman Pamela , Wineburg Samuel , Woolworth Stephen
Published: March 2003

The authors use their experience with a professional development project to propose a model of teacher community in the workplace. They describe a project that brought together 22 English and social studies teachers (and a special education and ESL teacher) from an urban high school over a period of 2 10 2 years. The teachers met twice monthly to read together in the fields of history and English and to create an interdisciplinary curriculum. This detailed account of the first 18 months of the project offers new definitions of professional community and its development and illuminates the challenges involved in community formation. One of these challenges is the need to negotiate the “essential tension of teacher community” or the tension between professional development geared to learning new pedagogical practices and that devoted to deepening teachers’ subject matter knowledge in the disciplines of instruction. The authors—who deliberately built this tension into the project—claim that these two facets of professional development must both be respected in any successful attempt to create and sustain intellectual community in the workplace. The authors describe the challenges of maintaining diverse perspectives within a social group and how familiar fault lines—both in society and in school—threaten the pursuit of community. The article includes a model of the markers of community formation as manifested in participants’ speech and action and concludes with a discussion of why we should care about professional communities for teachers.
Emotional Geographies of Teaching
Authors: Hargreaves Andy
Published: March 2003

This paper introduces a new concept in educational research and social science: that of emotional geographies. Emotional geographies describe the patterns of closeness and distance in human interactions that shape the emotions we experience about relationships to ourselves, each other, and the world around us. Drawing on an interview-based study of 53 elementary and secondary teachers, the paper describes five emotional geographies of teacher-parent interactions—sociocultural, moral, professional, physical, and political—and their consequences.
Taboo Trade‐offs: Reactions to Transactions That Transgress the Spheres of Justice
Authors: Fiske Alan Page , Tetlock Philip E.
Published: March 2003

Taboo trade‐offs violate deeply held normative intuitions about the integrity, even sanctity, of certain relationships and the moral‐political values underlying those relationships. For instance, if asked to estimate the monetary worth of one's children, of one's loyalty to one's country, or of acts of friendship, people find the questions more than merely confusing or cognitively intractable: they find such questions themselves morally offensive. This article draws on Fiske's relational theory and Tetlock's value pluralism model: (a) to identify the conditions under which people are likely to treat trade‐offs as taboo; (b) to describe how people collectively deal with trade‐offs that become problematic; (c) to specify the conceptual components of moral outrage and the factors that affect the intensity of reactions to various explicit trade‐offs; (d) to explore the various strategies that decision‐makers—required by resource scarcity and institutional roles to confront taboo trade‐offs—use to deflect the wrath of censorious observers; (e) to offer a method of dispute resolution based on pluralism.
Political Participation and Feminist Consciousness Among Women Activists of the 1960s
Authors: Cole Elizabeth R. , Zucker Alyssa N. , Ostrove Joan M.
Published: March 2003

This paper examined the hypothesis that women who took part in student movements of the 1960s would be distinguishable from their contemporaries in terms of political ideology, political behavior, and feminism in middle age. Women who had been identified as student activists in public records during the late 1960s and early 1970s were compared to a sample of nonactivist peers. Although the two groups scored similarly on variables related to work and family arrangements, former activists scored higher on measures of leftist political orientation and political efficacy, reported greater political salience and collectivism, and reported greater current political participation. Although both groups reported high levels of feminist consciousness and identity, activists scored significantly higher. The difficulty of politically mobilizing women to combat gender discrimination is discussed in light of the discrepancy between consciousness and activism in the comparison group.
Motivation for Collective Action: Group Consciousness as Mediator of Personality, life Experiences, and Women’s Rights Activism
Authors: Duncan Lauren E.
Published: March 2003

Prior research on political activism focused on direct predictors of collective action (e.g., life experiences), with little attention paid to what psychologically motivates individuals to act. The group consciousness literature provides an obvious psychological motive for activism, but ignores individual difference variables that differentiate people who develop group consciousness from those who do not. This article integrates the two literatures on activism and group consciousness, and presents a model whereby group consciousness mediates relationships between collective action and personality and life experiences. The general model was evaluated empirically by examining feminist consciousness and women's rights activism in two samples. Feminist consciousness was found to mediate relationships between activism and anumber of personality and life experience variables, including low authoritarianism, political salience, sexual oppression, and education about women's position in society. The possible extension of this model to other kinds of political activism is discussed.
Beliefs in Conspiracies
Authors: Abalakina‐Paap Marina , Stephan Walter G. , Craig Traci , Gregory W. Larry
Published: March 2003

This study used canonical correlation to examine the relationship of 11 individual difference variables to two measures of beliefs in conspiracies. Undergraduates were administered a questionnaire that included these two measures (beliefs in specific conspiracies and attitudes toward the existence of conspiracies) and scales assessing the 11 variables. High levels of anomie, authoritarianism, and powerlessness, along with a low level of self‐esteem, were related to beliefs in specific conspiracies, whereas high levels of external locus of control and hostility, along with a low level of trust, were related to attitudes toward the existence of conspiracies in general. These findings support the idea that beliefs in conspiracies are related to feelings of alienation, powerlessness, hostility, and being disadvantaged. There was no support for the idea that people believe in conspiracies because they provide simplified explanations of complex events.
Measuring Associative Strength: Category‐Item Associations and Their Activation from Memory
Authors: Fazio Russell H. , Williams Carol J. , Powell Martha C.
Published: March 2003

Three measures of the strength of association between a category and members of the category were investigated: (a) a naming measure, in which the participants (93 undergraduates) were asked to list the members of a category and the listing order was assumed to reflect associative strength; (b) a latency measure, which assessed the latency to correctly identify specific items as members or nonmembers of a given category; and (c) a facilitation measure, in which the spontaneous activation of an item upon presentation of a category label as a prime was assessed by considering the extent to which the prime facilitated recognition of an initially degraded (visually obscured) item. The three measures correlated substantially, thus validating the naming and latency measures as reasonable approximations of the likelihood that a given item will receive activation in memory when the category is presented. Many of the constructs of interest to survey researchers can be viewed similarly as associations in memory, and the naming and latency measures can be fruitfully used in surveys; research attesting to the utility of namingand latency data is reviewed.
Political Leadership as Social Capital: Governing in a Divided National Culture
Authors: Renshon Stanley A.
Published: March 2003

Social capital is the latest conceptual attempt to account for democracy'spersistence and, when it occurs, its success. Yet that focus neglects an essential element ofdemocracy's performance, leadership capital. Leadership capital consists of thecompetence, integrity, and capacities for performance that leaders may have or bring to bear onsociety's problems. However, it is grounded and unfolds in a society's culture andpsychology. Increasing diversity and cultural conflict place strong pressures on leadership capitalaccumulation in societies like the United States, and they require different strategies ofleadership if accumulated leadership capital is not to be depleted.
The Conceptual Complexity of Presidents Carter and Clinton: An Automated Content Analysis of Temporal Stability and Source Bias
Authors: Dille Brian , Young Michael D.
Published: March 2003

Previous work on the measurement of leaders' foreign policy orientations by Margaret G. Hermann argues that spontaneous utterances should provide more useful indications of stable personality characteristics than prepared statements. This paper reconsiders this question for Presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton through an automated coding system. A large number of spontaneous utterances and prepared statements by these presidents were compared in an effort to determine the stability of their conceptual complexity across source types and over time. The findings support the ability of Hermann's conceptual complexity measurement to capture robust differences between individuals; however, scores derived from spontaneous comments varied significantly from those derived from prepared remarks. In addition, the trait appears to be stable for some subjects (Carter) but not for others (Clinton).
Psychology and the End of History: A Critique and a Proposal for the Psychology of Social Categorization
Authors: Reicher Stephen , Hopkins Nick
Published: March 2003

This paper suggests that self‐categories provide the basis for political action, that those who wish to organize political activity do so through the ways in which they construct self‐categories, and that political domination may be achieved through reifying social categories and therefore denying alternative ways of social being. Hence, the way in which social psychology approaches the matter of self‐categorization provides a touchstone for its politics. To the extent that we too take categories for granted, we are in danger of supporting conservative and undemocratic politics. The only way to eschew tendencies toward reification within social psychology is to add a historical dimension to our own analysis of self‐categorical processes.
Habermas in the Lab: A Study of Deliberation in an Experimental Setting
Authors: Sulkin Tracy , Simon Adam F.
Published: March 2003

This study outlines a new paradigm for the investigation of the effects of deliberation on political decisions. Specifically, it uses the ultimatum game as a situation in which the opportunity to deliberate and the placement of this opportunity are experimentally manipulated. Structural factors, such as the players’ roles and their ability to vote on the proposal being offered, are also manipulated as a basis for comparison. Two outcomes are examined: the games’ allocations, and players’ perceptions of fairness. After controlling for structural factors, deliberative opportunity creates a more equitable distribution of money and enhances fairness perceptions. However, these results hold only when such an opportunity occurs before the proposal stage. Deliberative opportunity after the proposal stage has no discernible impact. A survey of participants found that their personal characteristics and political predispositions influence perceptions of fairness for proposers, but not for acceptors. These findings demonstrate the potential benefits of deliberation while highlighting the importance of the nature of its implementation in determining its level of success.
All Against All: How Beliefs about Human Nature Shape Foreign Policy Opinions
Authors: Brewer Paul R. , Steenbergen Marco R.
Published: March 2003

Although the American public’s increasingly cynical views about human nature have drawn considerable attention from scholars, existing research says little about how interpersonal trust shapes mass foreign policy opinions. This study analyzes survey data to test the claim that citizens use their beliefs about human nature to reason about international affairs. The results indicate that cynical citizens are more likely than trusting citizens to endorse the principle of isolationism and to oppose cooperative forms of intervention in other nations’ problems. Citizens’ use of interpersonal trust as an information shortcut helps them to make inferences regarding a topic about which they typically know little, but such inferences are not necessarily realistic ones.
Birth Order Effects and Rebelliousness: Political Activism and Involvement with Marijuana
Authors: Zweigenhaft Richard L.
Published: March 2003

Frank Sulloway (1996) has claimed that later‐borns are more likely to rebel against the status quo than are firstborns. The two studies reported here attempt to examine more fully Sulloway's claims about rebelliousness. The studies draw on archival data from studies of high school and college students in a midwestern state between 1969 and 1982. The current studies compare the effects of birth order, gender, family size, and father's education on two self‐report measures: participation in protests and demonstrations, and involvement with marijuana. The data on involvement with marijuana provided support for Sulloway's thesis that later‐borns are more rebellious than firstborns, but the data on participation in protests and demonstrations did not. These mixed findings, which contribute to the ongoing debate about Sulloway's theory, are discussed.
Psychological Groups and Political Psychology: A Response to Huddy’s “Critical Examination of Social Identity Theory”
Authors: Oakes Penelope
Published: March 2003

In a recent article in this journal, Leonie Huddy (2001) asks whether the social identity approach developed by Tajfel, Turner, and their collaborators can “advance the study of identity within political science” (p. 128). She concludes that “various shortcomings and omissions in its research program” (p. 128) hinder the application of the approach to political phenomena. This paper presents a response to Huddy’s evaluation of the social identity approach. Several aspects of her account of social identity work are challenged, especially her suggestion that it ignores subjective aspects of group membership. The interpretation of the minimal group paradigm is discussed in detail, as are issues of identity choice, salience, and variations in identity strength. The treatment of groups as process in social identity theory and self–categorization theory is given particular emphasis.
Mars and Venus at Twilight: A Critical Investigation of Moralism, Age Effects, and Sex Differences
Authors: Aldrich Daniel , Kage Rieko
Published: March 2003

Analysts have long sought to understand whether women and men have different ethical orientations. Some researchers have argued that women and men consistently make fundamentally different ethical judgments, especially of corruption; others have found no such disparities. This study considered whether an individual's age may also play a role in determining his or her moral judgment. A statistical investigation of interactive effects between gender and age in a nationally representative data set from Japan shows that this interaction functions better as a predictor of moralism than do education or gender alone. Older individuals of both sexes were found to have similar strict moral perceptions; as women and men age, their ethical judgments converge.