bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishment of Renal Cell Lines Derived from S2 Segments of the Proximal Tubule
Authors: Fauth Christine , Chabardès Danielle , Allaz Maria , Garcia Madeleine , Rossier Bernard , Roch-Ramel Françoise , Claire Michel
Published: November 2008

The aim of this study was to establish epithelial cell lines derived from defined nephron segments. Primary cultures were prepared from dissected proximal S2 segments of the rabbit kidney, and grown in monolayers. Immortalization was observed after nuclear microinjection of the cells with simian virus 40 DNA and resulted in the development of cell lines of epithelial morphology. These cell lines were maintained in culture for at least 24 passages, then cells were frozen. One of the cell lines, the RKPC-2, was selected and further characterized. RKPC-2 cells formed domes on impermeable supports, indicating fluid and solute transport. RKPC-2 cells formed continuous monolayers of low transepithelial resistance on collagen-coated filters. They were able to accumulate tetraethylammonium, an organic cation; however, no significant transcellular transport could be measured. We conclude that this cell line which shows characteristics of epithelial cells has maintained certain properties of intact proximal tubules, in particular the capacity to accumulate organic cations.
The Role of Angiotensin II in Renal Growth
Authors: Norman Jill T.
Published: November 2008

Angiotensin II (All) has many of the features of the archetypical growth factors and appears to be a growth regulator in the kidney. All binds to specific cell surface receptors present on a number of different renal cell types including mesangial, vascular smooth muscle, tubular and interstitial cells, and activates many of the intracellular signalling pathways associated with cell growth. In vitro All can potentiate the mitogenic effect of other growth factors such as EGF. All induces hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells but the role of All in the growth of other renal cell types has not been systematically studied.
Angiotensin II and Proximal Tubule Sodium Transport
Authors: Yanagawa Norimoto
Published: November 2008

As a target site for angiotensin II (A-II), renal proximal tubule is unique in that it may be equipped with a local A-II generating system and that both basolateral and apical membranes may be accessible for A-II’s action. We have recently conducted studies to examine these possibilities. With in vitro cultured proximal tubular cells, we have demonstrated de novo synthesis of angiotensinogen and renin. With isolated renal brush border membrane (BBM), we have confirmed the presence of A-II receptors and found that A-II directly stimulated BBM Na+-H+ exchange. In search of the signal transduction mechanism, we have found that A-II also activated BBM phospholipase A2 (PLA) and that BBM contained a pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein) which mediates the effects of A-II. Further studies showed that prevention of PLA activation abolished A-II’s effect on Na+ – H+ exchange, and that activation of PLA by mellitin and addition of arachidonic acid similarly enhanced Na+-H+ exchange activity, suggesting that PLA activation may mediate the stimulatory effect of A-IIon Na+-H+ exchange. These results thus indicate that a local signal transduction mechanism involving G-protein mediated PLA activation exists in renal BBM which mediates A-II’s effect on Na+-H+ exchange. Taken together, we propose that, independent of A-II in the circulation, local luminal A-II may serve as an important regulatory system on sodium transport in renal proximal tubule.
Antimineralocorticoids
Authors: Agarwal M.K. , Lazar G.
Published: November 2008

A number of chemical modifications in the spironolactone molecule were attempted over the last decade to synthesize ligands with high affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor (MCR), and for possible use in the clinical control of the hypertensive disease. ZK 91587 has been commercialized as the ‘ideal’ ligand for the MCR, replacing the natural hormone aldosterone. None of the derivatives was retained for possible clinical use as an improvement over Canrenone or Spironolactone. No apparent correlation could be drawn between affinity for the MCR in vitro and biological potency in vivo. Such considerations challenge classical notions regarding the receptor mediated hormone action.
Biological Properties of a Renotropic Protein Present in Plasma of Uninephrectomized Rats
Authors: Esbrit P. , García-Ocaña A. , García-Cañero R. , Manzano F. , Jiménez-Clavero M.A.
Published: November 2008

The biological characteristics of a kidney growth factor (KGF) from uninephrectomized rat plasma have been studied. A crude preparation of this factor [Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 4: 334–338,1989] was further purified by hydrophobic interaction HPLC and gel filtration. KGF was found to be a heat- and trypsin-resistant protein. This factor stimulated dose-depend-ently DNA synthesis by the mouse kidney in vivo, and by either rat renal tubules or serum-deprived LLC-PK1 cells, in vitro. KGF also increased protein synthesis in these cells, in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, KGF stimulated sodium uptake by these cells, associated with the maximal increase of protein synthesis. Our findings indicate that KGF is a potent renotropic protein which can play a key role in the renal compensatory growth after uninephrectomy.
Tamm-Horsfall Protein Excretion during Chronic Alterations in Urinary Concentration and Protein Intake in the Rat
Authors: Bachmann Sebastian , St.J.Dawnay Anne B , Bouby Nadine , Bankir Lise
Published: November 2008

Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), a normal constituent of mammalian urine, has been determined in rat urine under various conditions in an attempt to elucidate the physiological role of this glycoprotein. Experiments were designed to assess whether THP production is related to the process of urine concentration or to the transport activity of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL), the nephron segment where it is produced. For this purpose, THP excretion was measured, by radioimmunoassay, in adult male rats under 4 different conditions induced by the following chronic treatments: (1) furosemide (12 mg/day in osmotic minipumps); (2) increased water intake; (3) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) infusion (50 ng DDAVP/day in osmotic minipumps) in rats of the Brattleboro strain with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus; (4) high-protein (32% casein) versus low-protein diet (10% casein). Each experiment included 6 experimental and 6 control rats. After treatment for 1–3 weeks, 24-h urines were collected for determination of urine flow rate, osmolality, and creatinine and THP concentrations. No significant changes in THP excretion were observed in experiments (1) and (2) despite 5- to- 7 fold-differences in urine flow rate. Antidiuretic hormone treatment in (3) slightly lowered THP excretion (287 ± 53 vs. 367 ± 41µg/day per 100 g body weight; p < 0.005), whereas high-protein diet, in experiment (4), led to a 50% increase in THP excretion (446 ± 57 vs. 304 ± 79 µg/ day per 100 g body weight; p < 0.001). Expressing THP excretion relative to that of creatinine did not change these findings. These results show (1) that chronically established changes in the level of diuresis, chronic furosemide-induced blockade of the NaKCl-cotransporter or the absence of ADH in Brattleboro rats have little or no impact on the level of THP production, and (2) that THP production is independent of the intensity of transport in the TAL, since two conditions which both are known to increase the transport rate of solutes in the TAL (ADH infusion and high-protein diet), resulted in opposite changes in THP excretion. It is concluded that the rate of THP synthesis is neither linked to the process of urine concentration nor to the ion transport activity of the TAL.
Adenosine Triphosphate Stimulates Thymidine Incorporation but Does Not Promote Cell Growth in Primary Cultures of Renal Proximal Tubule Cells
Authors: Humes David , Cieslinski Deborah A.
Published: November 2008

Acute addition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stimulated thymidine incorporation in confluent, quiescent primary cultures of rabbit renal proximal tubule cells in a dose-responsive manner. Similar increases in thymidine incorporation was observed with adenosine diphosphate and adenosine monophosphate but not with adenosine. The effect of chronic administration of ATP, however, suppressed cell growth. This suppression appears to be due to an effect of ATP to cause detachment of cells from culture plates, resulting in an increase in thymidine incorporation acutely but in suppression of cell growth chronically. ATP is, therefore, not a direct growth promoter of renal proximal tubule cells in primary culture.
Characterization of Renal Na-K-ATPase Gene Expression by in situ Hybridization
Authors: Charles Patrick G.P. , Dowling John P. , Fuller Peter J.
Published: November 2008

Na-K-ATPase is a heterodimer of α- and β-subunits often referred to as the ‘sodium pump’ responsible for the maintenance of cell volume and electric potential across cell membranes. In the present study we have used antisense RNA probes to localize these subunits in the rat kidney by in situ hybridization. α1-Subunit and β-subunit gene expression are highest in cortical distal convoluted tubules, and the thick ascending limb of the loops of Henle; high in some proximal convoluted tubules, and low in the collecting ducts and blood vessels. Expression of the α11 and α111 isoforms is very low or absent thoughout the kidney. These results confirm and extend studies of Na-K-ATPase enzyme activity levels and immunocytochemical localization in the kidney.
Zonal Changes of Guanidine 3’ 5’ -Cyclic Monophosphate Related to Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor in Dog Renal Medulla
Authors: Biondi Maria Luisa , Bolterrnan Rodney J. , Romero Carlos
Published: November 2008

This study was undertaken to determine the basal and the stimulated profiles of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) production along the cortical medullary axis of the dog kidney. To this end, slices (0.5 mm thick) were obtained from six zones equally spaced along the cortical medullary axis. Zone 1 included the medullary crest, while zones 2 and 3 included the inner medulla, zone 4 the outer medulla, zones 5 and 6 the the middle and superficial cortex, respectively. The guanidine 3’, 5’-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) content (an index of EDRF production) was determined by radioimmunoassay under basal conditions and after acetylcholine (10-5M), bradykinin (10-5M) and SIN-1 (10-5M) stimulation. Under basal and stimulated conditions, the cGMP concentrations were highest in the midinner medulla and decreased progressively to lowest concentration in the cortex. These responses were inhibited by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (LNMMA), a specific antagonist of EDRF synthesis. In contrast, LNMMA did not alter the stimulation of cGMP produced by SIN-1 (10-4M) an endothelium-independent vasodilator. This particular localization of EDRF-mediated stimulation on the midinner medulla may have a specific role in the regulation of sodium tubular reabsorption.
Desensitization to Vasopressin Action in the Rat Kidney Medulla: Studies on Isolated Nephron Segments
Authors: Dublineau Isabelle , Pradelles Philippe , de Rouffignac Christian , Elalouf Jean-Marc
Published: November 2008

Because of the prominent role of the renal medulla in the elaboration of concentrated urine and the possible differential regulation of the various nephron segments, desensitization to vasopressin (AVP) was studied on freshly isolated rat medullary thick ascending limbs (MTALs) and outer medullary collecting ducts (MCDs). Desensitization was induced through intramuscular injections of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin (dDAVP, 2 µg/day for 3 days), the last of which was performed 1 h before kidney removal. The cellular response to AVP was studied by measuring cAMP accumulation in micro-dissected nephron segments. In the MTAL, we observed a marked (around 80%) and selective desensitization to AVP, the response to either glucagon or human calcitonin remaining unaltered. In the MCD significant desensitization was observed in the presence of 1 nM AVP in the assay medium, and was no longer significant when the AVP concentration was increased to supramaximal levels (10-1,000nM). These experiments thus reveal a clear dissociation between MTAL and MCD with regards to dDAVP-induced desensitization and extend previous observations made on target segments in the renal cortex.
Effect of Prostaglandin Synthesis Inhibition on the Tubuloglomerular Feedback Control in the Rat Kidney
Authors: Morsing P. , Persson A.E.G.
Published: November 2008

It is known that intact prostaglandin synthesis is of some importance for tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF). In this study the effects of cyclooxygenase inhibition by oral fenflumizole, an imidazole derivative on TGF in rats after acute elevation of ureteral pressure were investigated by comparison with the TGF mechanism in untreated rats. The effects of fenflumizole on the TGF mechanism were also compared with those of indomethacin injection. To characterize the TGF mechanism proximal tubular stop-flow pressure (Psf) was measured during perfusion of the loop of Henle with an artificial perfusion solution with a composition resembling that of the proximal fluid. The perfusion rate was varied from 0 to 40 nl·min-1, in steps of 2.5-5 nl·min-1, permitting measurement of the maximal pressure response ΔPsf, to increased tubular perfusion, and the perfusion rate which elicited a half-maximal drop in Psf, designated the turning point (TP). Both cyclooxygenase inhibitors caused a significant increase in TP from a control value of 21 to approximately 27 nl·min-1. TP remained at this level in fenflumizole-treated rats, even after elevation of ureteral pressure, a situation in which TGF is normally not detectable. From these and earlier investigations we conclude that the prostaglandin system is of importance for a normally operating TGF control mechanism, both under normal conditions and, especially, in conditions in which resetting of TGF is observed.
Long-Term Renal Handling of Sodium and Calcium in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Cachero Steven , Van Liew Judith B. , Feld Leonard G.
Published: November 2008

The renal handling of sodium and calcium in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was investigated over an extended period (10-75 weeks of age) and compared with age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto controls. The animals were fed a standard rat chow except during screening periods when liquid diet that matched the pellet chow was substituted. Sodium balance, urinary excretion of sodium and calcium, fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), and renal cortical dopamine receptors (DA1 and DA2) were measured at 10, 30, 60 and 75 weeks of age. The results showed no difference between the two strains except for FENa, which was significantly higher in the SHR at 75 weeks coincident with decreased glomerular filtration rate. We conclude that a defect in renal handling of sodium and/or calcium is not a major factor in the maintenance of hypertension in the SHR.
Cisplatinum Induced Lesion of Proximal Tubule Acidification in the Rat
Authors: Lacchini Maria L.S. , Lopes Anibal G. , Malnic Gerhard , Giebisch Gerhard
Published: November 2008

Rats were given a 4- to 6-mg/kg body weight intraperitoneal injection of the antitumor drug, Cisplatin, 5-7 days prior to experiments to study tubule acidification by clearance and stationary microperfusion techniques. Cisplatin reduced the glomerular filtration rate markedly and caused a moderate degree of metabolic acidosis, but urine acidification (pH) was well maintained. Proximal tubule stationary pH and bicarbonate concentrations, as measured by pH microelectrodes, were significantly increased. The defect of proximal H+ secretion is reflected by increased acidification half-times (from 4.44 to 10.2 s) and reduced bicarbonate reabsorption to 37% of control values. H-ion back flux, measured during tubule and capillary perfusions with Ringer’s bicarbonate- and CO2-free phosphate solutions, was reduced to 68% of control values. The apparent H-ion permeability was lowered from 0.79 to 0.54 cm/s. These results indicate that proximal acidification is reduced by impairment of H+ transport and not by increased transepithelial H+ shunting. Blunted acidification is compatible with a reduction in the number of Na/H exchangers in the proximal brush border and/or a decrease in the apical sodium gradient, the driving force for proximal H-ion secretion. Cortical distal tubule acidification, measured by double-barreled ion-exchange resin/PD microelectrodes, was not significantly affected by Cisplatin. This accounts for the observation that, in spite of the impaired proximal acidification, urine pH is kept within the normal range.
Effect of Renal Decapsulation on Lithium Excretion in the Presence and Absence of Volume Expansion
Authors: Haas John A. , Khraibi Ali A. , Knox Franklyn G.
Published: November 2008

The relationship between fractional sodium excretion (FENa) and fractional lithium excretion (FELi) was determined in Munich-Wistar rats with intact capsules (control, n = 16), and in rats with acute bilateral renal decapsulation (n = 16) during hydropenia and acute saline volume expansion. In response to volume expansion, the glomerular filtration rate increased significantly in both decapsulated and intact groups but was similar in the two groups of rats at the same period. The FENa and FELi increased significantly from 0.49 ± 0.10 and 20.09 ± 1.76% to 1.71 ± 0.20 and 34.14 ± 2.82% in control rats with volume expansion. In decapsulated rats, FENa and FELi were 0.17 ± 0.03 and 11.64 ± 1.39% during control and increased to 1.04 ± 0.21 and 26.23 ± 1.17% during volume expansion. The FELi and FENa were significantly greater in control rats compared with decapsulated rats during both control and volume expansion periods. The lower FELi in bilateral renal decapsulation suggests reduced delivery of sodium from the proximal tubule.
Effects of Uninephrectomy and High Protein Feeding on Lithium-Induced Chronic Renal Failure in Rats
Authors: Christensen Sten , Marcussen Niels , Petersen Jørgen S. , Shalmi Michael
Published: November 2008

Rats with lithium-induced nephropathy were subjected to high protein (HP) feeding, uninephrectomy (NX) or a combination of these, in an attempt to induce glomerular hyperfiltration and further progression of renal failure. Newborn female Wistar rats were fed a lithium-containing diet (50 mmol/kg) for 8 weeks and then randomized to normal diet HP diet (40 vs. 19%), NX or HP+NX for another 8 weeks. Corresponding nonlithium pretreated groups were generated. When comparing all lithium treated versus nonlithium-treated groups, lithium caused a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) without significant changes in effective renal plasma flow (as determined by a marker secreted into the proximal tubules) or lithium clearance. Consequently, lithium pretreatment caused a fall in filtration fraction and an increase in fractional Li excretion. Lithium also caused proteinuria and systolic hypertension in absence of glomerulosclerosis. HP failed to accentuante progression of renal failure and in fact tended to increase GFR and decrease plasma creatinine levels in lithium pretreated rats. NX caused an additive deterioration in GFR which, however, was ameliorated by HP. NX+HP caused a further rise in blood pressure in Li-pretreated rats. The results indicate that Li-induced nephropathy, even when the GFR is only modestly reduced, is associated with proteinuria and arterial systolic hypertension. In this model of chronic renal failure the decline in GFR is not accompanied by a corresponding fall in effective renal plasma flow, which may be the functional expression of the formation of nonfiltrating atubular glomeruli. The fractional reabsorption of tubular fluid by the proximal tubules is reduced, leaving the distal delivery unchanged. Glomerular hyperfiltration induced by HP, NX or HP+NX for 8 weeks was unable to accelerate progression of uremia in this particular model of chronic renal failure. However, it cannot be excluded that more prolonged exposure to HP and/or NX would have modified the renal parameters differently.
Comparisons of Models of Cortical Necrosis with Segmental Infarction
Authors: Helou Claudia M.B. , Leão Maria I.P. , Shimizu Maria H.M. , Seguro Antonio C. , Rocha Antonino S.
Published: November 2008

Sodium and water excretion were studied by standard clearance techniques in three experimental models where renal mass was reduced by superficial cortical necrosis (CN) or ischemic segmental infarction (SI). During hydropenia either CN or SI were able to conserve and regulate sodium to a very similar degree. After expansion of extracellular volume, CN reabsorbed less sodium and water than SI. In free-water clearance (Ch2o) experiments, the ‘apparent distal’ sodium delivery was higher in CN than in SI, suggesting a decreased sodium and water reabsorption in the proximal tubules of juxtamedullary nephrons (JM). Both kidneys had similar Ch2o when factored for inulin clearance but when Ch2o was corrected for ‘apparent distal’ sodium delivery it was lower in CN than in SI, demonstrating an incapacity of JM to dilute urine. CN also showed less capacity to reabsorb free water than SI. Thus, the use of CN and SI within the same animal was useful to study functional differences between superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons. The present study also suggests that the kidney with superficial CN was unable to perform maximal urine dilution and concentration.
Evaluation of Methods for Estimating Renal Medullary Blood Flow
Authors: Hansell Peter
Published: November 2008

Although only 10-15% of renal blood flow enters the medulla, renal medullary hemodynamics have been implicated as a key factor for the ability of the kidney to excrete concentrated or diluted urine and to be involved in sodium homeostasis. Due to the obvious importance of medullary hemodynamics, several methods have been developed or modified for estimating regional renal blood flow. The aim of the present paper is to evaluate critically the most commonly used methods available today. Those which are considered in this paper are: (1) albumin accumulation (Lilienfield), (2) rubidium-86 uptake, (3) transit time-indicator dilution, (4) red cell velocity tracking, (5) red cell flux (fluorescently labeled red cells) and (6) laser-Doppler flowmetry. Depending on the method of choice, the reported control values for renal medullary blood flow differ up to tenfold. Overall, it appears that the discrepancies in values obtained from the different methods will not be resolved until the methods are compared directly in the same animal and during different experimental conditions. Furthermore, one needs to understand and describe accurately the involved errors so that proper corrections can be made. It seems likely, however, that the majority of the techniques can be used to study relative changes, but attempts should not be made to draw conclusions about the absolute flow value. In this regard the laser-Doppler method seems to be superior in its simplicity of use and its large advantage of continuous and relatively noninvasive measurement.
Renal Transport of Endogenous Amino Acids
Authors: Fleck Ch.
Published: November 2008

In the late neonatal period of male Wistar rats (10 days old) concentrations in plasma were higher for 5 of 24 amino acids compared to adult animals (2 months old): β-alanine, tyrosine, glycine, histidine, and the dipeptide anserine. The plasma concentrations of tryptophan, valine and leucine were lower in young than in adult rats. The renal clearances of amino acids were lower in young rats, both in relation to 1 g b.w. and related to 1 g kidney weight. In the latter case the differences became more distinct because the relative kidney weight was higher in young than in adult animals (1.17 ± 0.07 vs. 0.82 ± 0.03 g/l00 g b.w.) and significant age differences in renal water content did not exist. The apparently more effective tubular reabsorption capacity in young rats can be explained as follows: Because of the significantly lower GFR in 10-day-old rats compared with adults (0.46 ± 0.03 vs. 1.10 ± 0.09 ml/ min/1 g kidney), the glomerularly filtered load of amino acids is generally lower in young rats (exceptions: tyrosine glycine). Therefore, the amino acid transporting carrier systems are able to reabsorb the absolutely lower amounts of amino acids from the ultrafiltrate in immature animals. This hypothesis is supported if one relates the renal amino acid clearance to the clearance of inulin. In this way it is possible to show that there are absolutely no differences between both age groups indicating mature transport systems for endogenous amino acids as early as in 10-day-old rats. The urinary excretion of amino acids in young and adult animals was less than 1-5% of the filtered load and age differences were not significant.
Endothelin-3 Modulates Glomerular Filtration Rate in the Isolated Perfused Rat Kidney
Authors: Schramek H. , Willinger C.C. , Gstraunthaler G. , Pfaller W.
Published: November 2008

The present study has been performed to evaluate hemodynamic and tubular effects of various endothelin-3 (ET-3) concentrations on the isolated perfused rat kidney. Using this experimental system we observed a profound reduction of renal perfusate flow at all ET-3 concentrations tested (50, 250 and 500 pmol/l), suggesting that the vasoconstrictive potency of ET-3 in the kidney is comparable to that described for endothelin-1 (ET-1). The effects on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) differed depending on the ET-3 dose applied. While 250 pmol/l ET-3 increased GFR by 30%, 500 pmol/l ET-3 markedly reduced GFR. 50 pmol/l ET-3 did not alter GFR although renal vascular resistance significantly increased. Infusion of 1 µmol/l N-nitro-L-arginine, a specific and potent inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis in endothelial cells, abolished the GFR elevation induced by 250 pmol/l ET-3. In parallel with the changes of GFR we observed an increase in sodium reabsorption at 250 pmol/l and a decrease of this parameter at 500 pmol/l ET-3. Moreover, an ET-3 concentration (500 pmol/l), which induced a dramatic fall in tubular sodium load, led to an increase of fractional sodium excretion and to a decrease of renal oxygen consumption. We conclude that ET-3 is a potent vasoconstrictor in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Furthermore, it modulates GFR in a differentiated mode, depending on the concentration used. The GFR increase at 250 pmol/l ET-3 seems to be mediated by endothelium-derived nitric oxide. In addition to its glomerular action, ET-3 might also affect tubular sodium transport.
Psychometric Testing in Bacterial Meningitis: Results of a Long-Term Prospective Study of Infants and Children Treated Between 1973 and 1977
Authors: Dodge Philip R. , Scaer Matt , Holmes Sandra J. , Pomeroy Scott L. , Feigin Ralph D.
Published: November 2008

Acute bacterial meningitis can result in structural damage to the nervous system with associated functional derangements. Neurologic abnormalities can be transient, although some sequelae, including lasting impairment in cognition and behavior, may be permanent. 1,2 In this brief report, we present the results of psychometric testing of patients conducted over a 5-year period in our prospective study of acute bacterial meningitis begun in 1973.
Transverse Myelitis Associated With Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
Authors: Galanakis Emmanouil , Bikouvarakis Stylianos , Mamoulakis Dimitris , Karampekios Spyros , Sbyrakis Stelios
Published: November 2008

The case of an otherwise healthy 6-year-old boy with symptoms and signs of acute transverse myelitis is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. An episode of gingivostomatitis had preceded, and serology indicated herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. The child recovered gradually, and no relapses were noted during a 30-month follow-up period. ( J Child Neurol 2001;16:866—867).
Cerebral Mycotic Aneurysm in a Child With Down's Syndrome: A Unique Association
Authors: Diab Karim A. , Richani Rania , Al Kutoubi Aghiad , Mikati Mohammad , Dbaibo Ghassan S. , Bitar Fadi F.
Published: November 2008

Mycotic aneurysms are rare complications in patients with infective endocarditis, particularly in the pediatric population. We report a case of mycotic aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery complicating bacterial endocarditis in a child with Down's syndrome. The patient was successfully treated medically without the need for surgical intervention. ( J Child Neurol 2001;16:868—870).
Commentary on “Management Education and the Base of the Pyramid”
Authors: Rosile Grace Ann
Published: November 2008

This commentary asks some critical questions concerning the article “Management Education and the Base of the Pyramid” included in this special issue. Are “bottom of the pyramid” (BOP) multidisciplinary action project (MAP) students prepared to critically assess the impact of their interventions beyond a narrow definition of profit in complex and unfamiliar political and economic contexts? Are these projects exporting an appearance of wealth that is realized only for a small minority of those at the very top of the pyramid? Some reported examples of this pedagogy appear to be clear success stories, especially when the BOP approach is based on the BOP variant called the “BOP Protocol.” With self-reflexive critical awareness, the positive potential of BOP MAP approaches to management education may be enhanced.
Regulation of CMV promoter-driven exogenous gene expression with doxorubicin in genetically modified cells
Authors: Kinoshita Atsushi , Kobayashi Daisuke , Hibino Yasuhide , Isago Tomokazu , Uchino Katsuyoshi , Yagi Keiko , Hirai Midori , Saitoh Yukiya , Komada Fusao
Published: November 2008

The regulation of gene expression after the introduction of an exogenous gene is a problematic aspect of gene therapy. The purpose of this study was to use doxorubicin to regulate exogenous gene expression in a vector containing the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. The pQBI25 vector, which encodes the CMV promoter and the cDNA for red-shifted green fluorescent protein (rsGFP), was transfected into a rat skin fibroblast cell line (FR cells). The pEGFP vector, encoding the CMV promoter and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) cDNA, was transfected into human hepatoma HepG2 cells. FR-pQBI25 cells were then continuously exposed to doxorubicin and methotrexate for 96 and 48 h, respectively; HepG2-pEGFP cells were continuously exposed to doxorubicin for 48 h. The levels of c-fos, c-jun and rsGFP mRNA, as well as the levels of rsGFP protein, in the FR-pQBI25 cells were found to be significantly higher following exposure to doxorubicin. However, the level of rsGFP protein was not changed by exposure to methotrexate. The level of EGFP protein in the HepG2-pEGFP cells was also significantly higher following exposure to doxorubicin. To examine the effect of cessation of doxorubicin exposure, FR-pQBI25 cells that had been exposed to doxorubicin for 48 h were re-plated in fresh medium without doxorubicin for a further 48 h. The increased levels of c-fos, c-jun and rsGFP mRNA and rsGFP protein seen after treatment with doxorubicin had reduced by 48 h after the cessation of exposure to doxorubicin. These findings suggest that CMV-driven exogenous gene expression may be regulated by doxorubicin.
Intramolecular Fluorescence Resonance-energy-transfer of Fluorescein Derivative; Phenyl and Styryl p-Disubstituted Fluorescein
Authors: Kadokawa Jun-ichi , Suenaga Masakazu , Kaneko Yoshiro
Published: November 2008

We describe synthesis and fluorescence properties of phenyl and styryl p-disubstituted fluorescein. The compound was synthesized in three reaction steps from trans,trans,trans-1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. The fluorescence spectrum of the product in alkaline methanol solution suggested occurrence of intramolecular FRET from the donor site of the benzene moiety to the acceptor site of the xanthene moiety.
Chiral Tetrakis(2-thienyl)methane Derivative: A Possible Precursor for Cryptochiral Tetraalkylmethanes
Authors: Matsumoto Kouzou , Miki Kaori , Kurata Hiroyuki , Rikitake Nobuo , Nehira Tatsuo , Inagaki Takuya , Pescitelli Gennaro , Hirao Yasukazu , Kawase Takeshi , Oda Masaji , Kubo Takashi
Published: November 2008

(5-Acetyl-2-thienyl)(5-benzoyl-2-thienyl)(5-bromo-2-thienyl)(5-cyano-2-thienyl)methane has been synthesized as the first chiral tetrakis(2-thienyl)methane derivative. This compound can be resolved by chiral HPLC. Since Raney nickel reduction of tetrakis(2-thienyl)methane derivatives gave tetraalkylmethane derivatives, chiral tetrakis(2-thienyl)methane derivatives will be good precursors for a number of cryptochiral tetraalkylmethanes and their derivatives.
An Improved Method for the Synthesis of Allylic gem-Diacetates from α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes Catalyzed by Lithium Tetrafluoroborate
Authors: Ono Fumiaki , Nishioka Kuniaki , Itami Shirou , Takenaka Hirotaka , Sato Tsuneo
Published: November 2008

An improved method for the synthesis of allylic gem-diacetates (acylals) is described. The desired acylals are obtained by the reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with acetic anhydride using a catalytic amount of lithium tetrafluoroborate in diethyl ether at room temperature.
Nanostructured manganese oxides and their composites with carbon nanotubes as electrode materials for energy storage devices
Authors: Subramanian V. , Zhu Hongwei , Wei Bingqing
Published: November 2008

Manganese oxides have been synthesized by a variety of techniques in different nanostructures and studied for their properties as electrode materials in two different storage applications, supercapacitors (SCs) and Li-ion batteries. The composites involving carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and manganese oxides were also prepared by a simple room-temperature method and evaluated as electrode materials in the above applications. The synthesis of nanostructured manganese oxides was carried out by simple soft chemical methods without any structure directing agents or surfactants. The prepared materials were well characterized using different analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), surface area studies, etc. The electrochemical properties of the nanostructured manganese oxides and their composites were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) studies. The influence of structural/surface properties on the electrochemical performance of the synthesized manganese oxides is reviewed.
Polyaniline-carbon nanotube composites
Authors: Gajendran Pandi , Saraswathi Ramiah
Published: November 2008

The key developments in polyaniline-carbon nanotube (PANI-CNT) composites are reviewed. Apart from in situ chemical polymerization and electrochemical deposition, a number of interesting approaches including the use of aniline functionalized CNTs and ultrasound/microwave/γ-radiation initiated polymerization have been used in the preparation of composites. The structure and properties of these composites have been investigated by a variety of techniques including absorption, infrared (IR), Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy methods, scanning electron and scanning probe microscopy techniques, cyclic voltammetry, and thermogravimetry. The experimental results indicate favorable interaction between PANI and CNTs. The CNT content in these composites controls their conductive, mechanical, and thermal properties. The most interesting characteristic is their easy dispersibility in aqueous solution. The performance evaluation studies of PANI-CNT composites in a number of applications including supercapacitors, fuel cells, sensors, and actuators are highlighted.
Synthesis and electrochemical studies on surface-modified LiCoVO4 with La2O3 and malonic acid for cathode material of Li-ion cells
Authors: Fey George Ting-Kuo , Cho Yung-Da , Muralidharan Pandurangan
Published: November 2008

An inverse spinel LiCoVO4 cathode material was synthesized by a citric acid-urea polymeric method, calcined at 773 K for 5 h. The synthesized LiCoVO4 sample was surface-modified with La2O3 and/or malonic acid. The composite materials were comprehensively characterized with the aid of various spectroscopic and analytical techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed that single-phase crystallinity occurred when they were heated at 773 K for 5 h in air. For the La2O3-coated samples, there was no evident signal corresponding to secondary-phase peaks. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed the complete elimination of organic residues, nitrates, and the formation of pure LiCoVO4 at 773 K. The two strong peaks due to sp2 and sp3 carbon bonding in the Raman spectra clearly confirm the presence of carbon coating at the surface of LiCoVO4 particles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the 0.5 wt % La2O3-coated LiCoVO4 material calcined with 60 wt % malonic acid was compact with an average thickness of about 15 nm. This composite cathode material also demonstrated the best cell performance with an initial capacity of 71 mAhg-1 and better thermal stability with lower heat evolution of 35 Jg-1, and a higher onset temperature of thermal decomposition at 475 K, vs. 176 Jg-1 and 452 K for the bare LiCoVO4 sample.
Branded Products as a Passport to Global Citizenship: Perspectives from Developed and Developing Countries
Authors: Strizhakova Yuliya , Coulter Robin A. , Price Linda L.
Published: November 2008

This article focuses on belief in brands as a passport to global citizenship, defined as a person's perception that global brands create an imagined global identity. The authors assess the effects of this belief on the importance consumers assign to branded products and also examine the antecedent effects of cultural openness and consumer ethnocentrism. Their work focuses on the global youth market in the developing countries of Romania, Ukraine, and Russia and the developed U.S. market. The findings contribute to a broadened understanding of branding in a global marketplace by examining the associations between beliefs about global brands and the importance consumers attach to branded products in their daily lives.
Role of Winter Host Plants in Vineyard Colonization and Phenology ofZygina rhamni(Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae)
Authors: Mazzoni V , Anfora G , Ioriatti C , Lucchi A
Published: November 2008

Zygina rhamni Ferrari (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) is a mesophyll-feeding leafhopper that infests grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. This leafhopper’s overwintering strategy and the dynamics of its vineyard colonization, relative to the distance between the grapevines and the winter host plants and different grapevine vegetative densities, are described herein. This species shows a facultative heteroecious life cycle. In autumn, it migrates from vineyards to bramble, Rubus gr. fruticosus, and rose, Rosa chinensis Jacquin. On these host plants, females lay eggs that start to hatch at the end of March. Adults that developed on bramble colonize grapevines beginning in May; the leaf fall of rose, which takes place during the first half of April, probably causes the death of unhatched eggs and nymphs. We found that overwintering females can move back to vineyards and lay eggs until early June. The dynamics of vineyard colonization by the leafhopper involved initial concentration in areas close to bramble (May–early July) with subsequent, progressive spread through the vineyards, with concentration in areas of high vegetative density. Leafhopper presence was negligible in areas of vineyards with levels of vegetative density below a certain threshold.
Abundance of Native and Non-Native Lady Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Different Habitats in Maine
Authors: Finlayson C J , Landry K M , Alyokhin A V
Published: November 2008

Several studies suggest the possibility that non-native lady beetles may have replaced native lady beetles in some agricultural habitats. There is relatively little information, however, about lady beetle species composition outside of agricultural habitats. Evans (2004) suggested that native species have retreated to nonagricultural habitats in response to the arrival of non-native lady beetles (habitat compression hypothesis). To test this hypothesis, a survey of lady beetles was conducted in 2004 and 2005 in different habitats in Maine. From May to October, lady beetles were sampled in a variety of agricultural and nonagricultural habitats. In total, 3,487 and 2,903 lady beetles were collected in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Non-native lady beetles were found in a variety of habitats, including the habitats that would have likely served as a refuge for native species if the habitat compression hypothesis applied to the surveyed areas. Native species were found in a higher proportion in agricultural habitats compared with nonagricultural habitats and in very low numbers in all of the habitats surveyed. Hippodamia tredecimpunctata tibialis (Say) and Coccinella transversoguttata Brown, the two native species that were once dominant here, made up only 1.09 and 0.07% of the total lady beetles collected, respectively. In this survey, we failed to detect evidence that native lady beetles have retreated to nonagricultural habitats in response to the arrival of non-native lady beetles.
Sensilla on the Antennal Flagellum ofSirex noctilio(Hymenoptera: Siricidae)
Authors: Crook D J , Kerr L M , Mastro V C
Published: November 2008

The antennal receptors of Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Male and female antennae share five sensillum types: Böhm bristles, sensilla chaetica, sensilla basiconica, sensilla ampullacea, and uniporous contact chemoreceptors. Contact chemoreceptors make up ≈85 and 78% of the total sensilla on male and female antennae, respectively. On the most proximal flagellomere of the antennae, contact chemoreceptors are located in a shallow depression on the ventral surface. The number of contact chemoreceptors increases toward the distal end, covering two thirds of the circumference of each flagellomere. Contact chemoreceptors seem to be innervated by two sensory dendrites that terminate near the tip. In longitudinal section, a single subterminal pore is seen to be associated with each sensillum. Males had significantly more uniporous sensory pegs than females on the proximal half of the antennae. These receptors may play an important role in mate identification, suggesting that a female-released contact pheromone may be used by this insect. The putative function of these sensilla types is discussed.
Structure and Distribution of a Strain-Biased Tandem Repeat Element in Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations in Florida, Texas, and Brazil
Authors: Nagoshi Rodney N , Armstrong John S , Silvie Pierre , Meagher Robert L
Published: November 2008

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a major economic pest throughout the Western Hemisphere. There exist two morphologically identical but genetically distinct strains (corn-strain and rice-strain) that differ in their host plant preferences. These strains can be distinguished by polymorphisms in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. There is also a tandem-repeat genetic element called FR that is found in large sex-linked clusters primarily in the rice strain, as characterized by sampling of fall armyworm populations in the southeastern United States. It was recently shown that the FR element is also present in Brazil, where it exhibits a similar strain-biased distribution. In this article, the analysis of FR was extended to populations in southern Texas, one of the principle overwintering locations for fall armyworm that infests the continental United States. DNA sequence analysis and an optimized polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method demonstrated that FR sequences are present in Texas and show the same distribution pattern as observed in Florida. The distribution of FR in Florida has remained relatively unchanged over a 4-yr period, suggestive of polymorphic equilibrium and the existence of at least partial barriers to the generation of interstrain hybrids. The implications of these findings on our understanding of interstrain mating behavior and the utility of the modified detection method to study fall armyworm populations are discussed.
PeriodGene ofBactrocera cucurbitae(Diptera: Tephritidae) Among Strains with Different Mating Times and Sterile Insect Technique
Authors: Matsumoto Akira , Ohta Yui , Itoh Taichi Q , Sanada-Morimura Sachiyo , Matsuyama Takashi , Fuchikawa Taro , Tanimura Teiichi , Miyatake Takahisa
Published: November 2008

The efficacy of sterile insect technique (SIT) depends on successful mating of released males with wild females. If the time of mating in a day of mass-reared and released males differs from those of wild females, the efficiency of SIT decreases. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling mating time of the target pests is particularly important for SIT. The period (per) gene, which has been considered as a key clock gene controlling the mating time of the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), was cloned from two strains having different times of mating during the day. DNA sites varied in the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions and at synonymous sites, although protein sequences were identical. We also provide phylogenetic relationships among PER protein sequences of dipteran species including several tephritid pest species. The functional domains of PER in the melon fly are very similar to those in other tephritid species. A luciferase reporter assay showed that the melon fly PER can functionally complement that of Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen). The results implicate that the major genetic cause of the difference in circadian periods, and thus in reproductive isolation, is probably one or more other clock gene(s). Thus, the series of studies may provide a novel factor concerning genetic quality control of mass-reared insect pests for SIT, which depends on successful mating of released males and wild females.
The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Bristletail Pedetontus silvestrii (Archaeognatha: Machilidae) and an Examination of Mitochondrial Gene Variability within Four Bristletails
Authors: Zhang Jia-Yong , Song Da-Xiang , Zhou Kai-Ya
Published: November 2008

The entire mitochondrial genome of the bristletail Pedetontus silvestrii (Mendes) (Archaeognatha: Machilidae) was sequenced. The genome is 15,879 bp and bears the standard set of genes common to all arthropods. Genome features like nucleotide composition and codon use are compared with three other bristletails. The gene trnQ was inverted compared with the order in other hexapods. The major noncoding region (the A+T-rich region or control region) between the small ribosomal subunit (rrnS) and the trnI gene includes one extensive repeat region, which has two tandem repeats of a 128-bp sequence. A+T content is higher than in other known species of Archaeognatha and Zygentoma but is similar to that in Collembola and Pterygota.