bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relevance of spirituality, religion and personal beliefs to health‐related quality of life: Themes from focus groups in Britain
Authors: O'Connell Kathryn A. , Skevington Suzanne M.
Published: October 2005

Background Generic health‐related quality of life (QoL) instruments have not routinely assessed spirituality, religion, and personal beliefs (SRPB) in their measurement. This research addresses the perceived importance of 18 facets (dimensions) of SRPB, for example, inner peace, to QoL that are not specific to a religion, but address the experience of having this belief, in relation to health.

Method Adult focus groups were structured according to beliefs from UK surveys. Quotas targeted gender and health status. Nine focus groups (N = 55, age 51, 47% male) contained sick and well people who were religious, Christians, Buddhists, Quakers (50.1%), agnostic (27.4%), or atheist (21.8%) participants.

Results Qualitative and quantitative analysis showed considerable variability in the importance attributed to some concepts, although spiritual strength, meaning in life and inner peace were relevant to all groups. Spiritual strength (4.42), the meaning of life (4.09), wholeness/integration (4.06), and inner peace (4.02) were most important. Divine love, freedom to practice beliefs, and attachment/detachment were less relevant, conceptually confusing or had religious bias; atheists rated them as unimportant and as less important (p <.04) than agnostics or religious people.

Conclusions SRPB is relevant to health‐related QoL and consensually important facets should be included in generic health care assessments. Their inclusion permits a more holistic assessment and improves the case for a biopsychosociospiritual model of health.
The impact of financial circumstances on student health
Authors: Jessop Donna C. , Herberts Carolina. , Solomon Lucy.
Published: October 2005

Objectives To explore the impact of students' financial circumstances on their mental and physical health.

Design The study employed a correlational design.

Methods An opportunity sample of 89 British students and 98 Finnish students completed a questionnaire which assessed their amount of debt, financial concerns, mental and physical health, smoking and drinking behaviours, work in addition to study, and perceptions of control.

Results British students reported greater levels of debt and financial concern than Finnish students. They also reported significantly worse mental and physical health on a variety of dimensions. Financial concern was a significant linear predictor of mental and physical health, with increased financial concern being consistently associated with worse health. There was no evidence that students' smoking or drinking behaviour, work in addition to study, or perceptions of control substantially mediated the relationship between financial concern and health.

Conclusion The results support the position that students' financial circumstances might have serious implications for their health. It is proposed, therefore, that recent changes in government funding policies for students could have a negative impact on student health and exacerbate finance‐related health inequalities. Further research is required to identify factors that may mediate or moderate the impact of financial concern on health.
Working in the transference: Clinical and research perspectives
Authors: Hobson R. Peter , Kapur Raman
Published: October 2005

The aim of this paper is to address a matter that has been noted, but not adequately confronted, in the psychotherapy research literature – that different psychoanalytic psychotherapists mean very different things by the expression transference interpretations. We explore the matter in three ways: firstly, by providing a brief overview of clinical perspectives on transference interpretations; secondly, by looking at examples of transference interpretations provided by researchers who have studied this form of clinical intervention; and thirdly, by reporting an empirical study of the quality, frequency, and distribution of transference interpretations employed by a psychoanalytic psychotherapist in the course of three routine psychodynamic assessment interviews in the National Health Service (NHS). We emphasize that the meaning of a clinical concept such as transference interpretation is grounded in a set of therapeutic principles and practices that are difficult to characterize by means of a succinct definition. It follows that we should be circumspect about generalizing from research on the therapeutic effectiveness of transference interpretations when what is meant may differ widely from study to study.
A question of finding harmony: A grounded theory study of clinical psychologists' experience of addressing spiritual beliefs in therapy
Authors: Crossley Jon P. , Salter Denis P.
Published: October 2005

In spite of the increasing emphasis upon spirituality in the psychological literature, research continues to highlight concerns that issues relating to spirituality are regularly overlooked within a therapeutic setting. The aim of the current study was to develop an account of the way in which clinical psychologists understand and address spirituality within therapy. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with eight clinical psychologists. The transcripts were analysed using the qualitative methodology of grounded theory, which also informed the data collection process. Two core categories were developed and termed spirituality as an elusive concept and finding harmony with spiritual beliefs. The diversity of meaning surrounding spirituality and the relative lack of engagement was found to create difficulty for constructing spirituality coherently as a concept. When specifically considering methods for identifying and addressing spiritual beliefs, contrasting approaches were identified. This diversity in understanding and approach has implications for the process and outcome of therapy, which are discussed in detail. Recommendations are suggested for developing spirituality as a more coherent and accessible concept, both within professional dialogue and the therapeutic context.
Self‐reported attachment styles and therapeutic orientation of therapists and their relationship with reported general alliance quality and problems in therapy
Authors: Black Susanna , Hardy Gillian , Turpin Graham , Parry Glenys
Published: October 2005

The aims of this study were to explore the relationship between therapists' self‐reported attachment styles and therapeutic orientation with the self‐reported general therapeutic alliance and therapist‐reported problems in psychological therapy.

A sample of 491 psychotherapists from differing therapeutic orientations responded to a postal questionnaire. The questionnaire contained standardized measures of therapeutic alliance quality, attachment behaviours, a checklist of problems in therapy, and a brief personality inventory.

Therapist‐reported attachment styles generally explained a significant additional proportion of the variance in alliance and problems in therapy, over and above variance explained by general personality variables. Self‐reported secure attachment style was significantly positively correlated with therapist‐reported general good alliance. Self‐reported anxious attachment styles were significantly negatively correlated with good alliance, and significantly positively correlated with the number of therapist‐reported problems in therapy. Therapeutic orientation independently predicted a small but significant amount of the variance in reported general alliance quality in addition to that explained by attachment behaviours.
New Instrumental Techniques and Their Application to Electron Microprobe Analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Smith James P. , Reid Lee R.
Published: October 2005

This paper reviews several applications of new instrumentation which have been developed for the electron microprobe analyzer and the scanning electron microscope. By using signal modulation techniques and phase sensitive detection, the information from the scanning electron microscope is made more quantitative. Digital techniques applied to photomultiplier outputs allow more sensitive and quantitative measurements of cathodoluminescence intensities and secondary electron emission. The technique of pulse rate analysis is used to enhance the information contained in x-ray scanning micrographs from an electron microprobe analyzer. Several examples of these techniques are discussed.
Cryostat for Electron Irradiation of Solids and Post-Irradiation Spectral Studies
Authors: Albarino R. V. , Salovey R.
Published: October 2005

A cell for electron irradiation of solid samples in vacuum at low temperatures and analysis of post-irradiation changes by visible—ultraviolet spectroscopy is described. Liquid nitrogen and constant temperature baths are used to control sample temperature during irradiation and spectral studies. Index Headings: Ultraviolet, Visible Instrumentation.
Rapid X-Ray Fluorescence Determination of Sulfur in Mineralized Rocks from the Bingham Mining District, Utah
Authors: Fabbi Brent P. , Moore William J.
Published: October 2005

Determination of total sulfur by x-ray fluorescence eliminates problems of incomplete oxidation of sulfur or coprecipitation often encountered in gravimetric analyses. Durable pellets are prepared from finely ground sample powders mixed with chromatographic cellulose. X-ray fluorescence total sulfur values compare well with gravimetric sulfur values.
“Cathode Region” Method for the Spectrochemical (dc Arc) Determination of Impurities in Plutonium
Authors: Avni R. , Boukobza A. , Daniel B.
Published: October 2005

A direct spectrochemical method for 47 impurities in plutonium was developed by exposing on the photographic plate only the cathode region instead of the whole arc gap. The dc plasma parameters were calculated for the two matrices, PuO2 and U3O8. This method enables the measurement of similar parameter values for uranium and plutonium. The matrix factor was used for determination of impurities in PuO2, with U3O8 as standard matrix for the analytical curves (log I/log C). The reproducibility of the method is within ±20% and the detection limits of the impurities are in the concentration range of a few parts per million.
Vibrational Spectra of Isomeric Aminophenols
Authors: Verma V. N. , Rai D. K.
Published: October 2005

Their absorption spectra of the isomeric aminophenols have been recorded in the range 250–4000 cm−1. The observed bands have been analyzed in terms of fundamentals, combinations, and overtones of a number of frequencies. These frequencies have been assigned to different modes of vibrations.
Direct Spectrographic Analysis for Platinum, Palladium, and Rhodium in Gold Beads from Fire Assay
Authors: Dorrzapf Anthony F. , Brown Floyd W.
Published: October 2005

Platinum, palladium, and rhodium are determined by direct spectrographic analysis of a 4 mg gold bead obtained by fire assay fusion and cupellation. The weighed bead is placed into a graphite electrode containing 2 mg of (NH4)2 OsCl6 which stabilizes the platinum volatilization and is burned in a 15 A dc arc in an argon—oxygen atmosphere. Detection limits for a sample of one assay ton are 5 ppb for Pt and less than 1 ppb for Pd and Rh.
A Detailed Study of Lead Determinations in Air-Borne Particulates over Morton Grove, Illinois by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Burnham C. D. , Moore C. E. , Kowalski T. , Krasniewski J.
Published: October 2005

Careful examination of an analytical method for the determination of lead concentrations in atmospheric particulates has confirmed that a low temperature ashing technique is preferable to the ashing of organic matter in a muffle furnace when preparing samples for metals analysis, and that use of the standard additions technique for the avoidance of interferences in the analyses by atomic absorption spectroscopy is justified. Analyses of some 600 samples collected from the air over Morton Grove, Illinois from 1964 through 1967 have revealed average suspended particulate concentrations but rather high lead concentrations for urban areas. Monthly mean lead contents, which were highest in the fall months, showed a gradual increase over the four years.
High Pressure Spectroscopic Studies of Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Jakobsen R. J. , Mikawa Y. , Brasch J. W.
Published: October 2005

A diamond-window high pressure cell has been used to study the effects of pressure on the OH stretching vibration of liquid alcohols. The results of this study show that: (1) while decreasing temperature changes the polymer equilibrium of hydrogen bonded systems, increasing pressure shortens the hydrogen bond or intermolecular distance without affecting the polymer equilibrium; (2) the free OH absorption seen in these compounds arises from the OH end group of the hydrogen bonded polymer and not from monomeric molecules; and (3) the alcohols used in this study must be primarily linear polymers rather than cyclic hydrogen bonded structures and these chains must be fairly short otherwise the free OH end group absorption would not be observed.
A Symmetrical Cylindrical Rotating Step Sector
Authors: Yuster H. G.
Published: October 2005

A cylindrical step sector having the advantages of simplicity of construction and strength is described. Mathematical treatment to aid in the construction is given. Graphical interpretations of plate calibration data are presented.
Solution Luminescence of Metal Complexes
Authors: Lytle Fred E.
Published: October 2005

An over-all view of the solution luminescence of metal complexes is given. The three major classes of emission are examined in moderate detail including brief discussions of theoretical considerations. These are attuned to the problem of predicting which metal ion—ligand combinations should form luminescent compounds. Finally, the elements are covered group by group and as many examples of emitting compounds are given as possible.
The Determination of Arsenic, Lead, Nickel, and Zinc in Copper by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Authors: Gandrud Bruce , Marshall John C.
Published: October 2005

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry has been critically evaluated as a method for the determination of traces of arsenic, lead, nickel, and zinc in copper. With careful matrix compensation, reliable (±5%–6%) results were obtained down to lower concentration limits of 0.025% for arsenic, 0.002% for lead, 0.003% for nickel, and 0.002% for zinc. Copper was found to interfere strongly with the determination of nickel in dilute nitric acid solutions. The use of the nitrous oxide—acetylene flame was found mandatory for the determination of arsenic. This work suggests at least limited applicability of atomic absorption to the problem of tracing the origin of ancient copper metal by impurity patterns.
The Design and Some Emission Characteristics of an Economical dc Arc Plasmajet Excitation Source for Solution Analysis
Authors: Valente S. E. , Schrenk W. G.
Published: October 2005

The de-arc plasmajet has been applied to a large number of emission problems since its introduction in 1959 because it offers reduced matrix effects, stability, and moderate sensitivity. However, its use has been significantly limited due to operating costs associated with its high inert gas flow rates. A new excitation source, based on the principle of the plasma jet, has been developed that can operate at a much lower cost. The source operates from a conventional dc-arc power supply and uses commercially available electrodes. Total inert gas consumption is less than 2.5 liters/min. Stability of the source is better than 1% and reproducibility is approximately 4%. An excitation temperature of 5800 K was calculated from the relative intensities of several vanadium lines. The source can be operated continuously for several hours at a time. Design and some characteristics of the arc are presented. Detection limits are given for 12 elements. Six of the elements (Ca, Cr, Fe, Li, Ni, and Y) have detection limits below 10 ng/ml. Analytical response for the elements studied is linear over a wide concentration range. A calibration curve for Ca is presented which is linear over more than four orders of magnitude.
Fire-Assay Emission Spectrographic Method for Platinum, Palladium, Rhodium, and Gold
Authors: Whitehead A. B. , Heady H. H.
Published: October 2005

A method has been developed for the determination of microgram levels of Pt, Pd, Rh, and Au. A 10-mg Ag bead containing the precious metals, as extracted by fire assaying, is arced at 8 A dc in graphite electrodes in the presence of 10 mg of either Rh or Pt metal powder. The matrix elements, Ag and Pt, or Rh, serve as internal standards, and intensity ratios Pt/Rh or Rh/Pt, Pd/Rh, and Au/Ag are determined. Precision of the method is about ±5% coefficient of variation for Pt and Rh, ±15% for Pd, and ±19% for Au. Limits of detection are below 1 μg, giving analysis limits (for a 1-assay-ton sample) of about 1–30 ppb for these precious metals.
Sample Contamination from Grinding and Sieving Determined by Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Thompson Geoffrey , Bankston Donald C.
Published: October 2005

The trace element contaminations, introduced by grinding or sieving samples of Specpure silica and calcium carbonate in various devices in common usage, have been measured using emission spectrometry. The tungsten carbide vial introduced large amounts of Co and Ti. The alumina mortar introduced Al, Cr, Fe, Ga, and Zr. The alumina-ceramic vial introduced Al, Cu, Fe, Ga, Li, Ti, B, Ba, Co, Mn, Zn, and Zr. The boron carbide mortar (except for B), the agate mortar, and the Lucite grinding vials introduced little or no contamination, as did sifting with nylon sieves. Stainless steel or brass sieves introduced appreciable levels of Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, and Zn. The contamination Cu, Pb, and Zn from sieving with the brass was greatest in the smaller size fraction. Pregrinding an aliquot of the sample is recommended. Greater reductions in contamination from the grinding material were noted by pregrinding with soft fine CaCO3 than with SiO2. Cross contamination from previously ground samples was demonstrated to be a major source of contamination. Grinding with the hard, more abrasive SiO2 removed more of the cross contaminants than did the CaCO3.
An Improved Infrared Method for Measuring Structure and Orientation in Polymers
Authors: Wolfram Lynn E. , Grasselli Jeanette G. , Koenig Jack L.
Published: October 2005

Infrared spectroscopic methods have previously been developed for measuring the amount of structure and degree of orientation in three dimensions in polymer films. These methods involved tilting the sample with respect to the radiation beam. For samples with little orientation the results were found to be extremely sensitive to the accuracy of the absorbance measurements made at the tilted angle. This tilted absorbance measurement was required to determine the refractive index and path length of the refracted beam in the sample. The error in this sensitive measurement was reduced by utilizing a refractive index obtained from a multiple of measurements. The precision of the measurements was improved by 50% by this change in the method and suggests a simplification of the procedure. The improved method was utilized to study uniaxially drawn polyacrylonitrile films. It was concluded that only partial uniaxial orientation of the film was obtained.
Accuracy and Optimization of the Two Prism Technique for Calculating the Optical Constants from ATR Data
Authors: Hirschfeld T.
Published: October 2005

An ATR technique for calculating the optical constants has been developed that uses two reflectivities taken with different prisms at preset angles. These reflectivities can be solved exactly for the optical constants by a simple algebraic expression. The technique is the sole extant method that will give accurate optical constants for media of arbitrary anisotropy without any approximations. Thus nx, ny, nz, and kx, ky, kz, can all be determined separately for the same sample. The accuracy of the method is high and comparable to the two-angle technique under optimum conditions. The variation of accuracy with prism index, incidence angle, and the type of error in the measurement is studied for various ranges of samples n and k. Under optimal conditions the relative accuracy in k approaches the relative accuracy of the energy loss in reflection, which may be much better than 1%. Another unique feature of the method is that it works at constant penetration, thus allowing work with samples showing some extent of depth inhomogeneity. In some cases the variation of both constants with depth can be obtained with reduced precision.
Optical Phonons of ZnS1–xSex and CdS1–xSex Mixed Crystals: Pressure Effects
Authors: Ferraro J. R. , Mitra S. S. , Postmus C. , Hoskins C. , Siwiec E. C.
Published: October 2005

The ir transmission of the optical phonons for the mixed crystals ZnS1– xSe x and CdS1– xSe x, at various concentrations of x, was studied as a function of pressure up to about 43 kbar. At all concentrations a two-mode behavior was observed. For both systems the high frequency mode exhibits a greater pressure dependence than the low frequency mode. The gap mode observed for the ZnS1– xSe x mixed crystals at low concentrations of Se is found to be pressure insensitive as contrasted to the Cd1- xSe x mixed crystals.
Interaction of Cold Plasmas with Solid Materials: Decomposition of Tetraamminecopper(II) Sulfate Hydrate and Tetraamminecopper(II) Nitrate
Authors: Dreher G. B. , Frank C. W.
Published: October 2005

The radio frequency electrodeless discharge decompositions of two complex compounds, tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate hydrate and tetraamminecopper(II) nitrate, were studied, and a comparison of the results of this research is made with previously reported results. Possible decomposition mechanisms are proposed on the bases of uv—visible emission, ir absorption and x-ray diffraction spectroscopic data, and free energies of reaction.
Suppression of Flame Contamination with the Sprayer—Burner Sheath in Emission Flame Photometry
Authors: Ramírez-Muñoz Juan
Published: October 2005

An auxiliary device has been used in tests done to measure contamination suppression achieved with a sheathed sprayer—burner in emission flame photometry. Sodium has been used as analyte and contaminant. Oxygen was utilized as sheath gas for oxygen—hydrogen flames.
Eigenvalues of the Potential Function V=z4±Bz2 and the Effect of Sixth Power Terms
Authors: Laane Jaan
Published: October 2005

The one-dimensional Schrödinger equation in reduced form is solved for the potential function V = z4+ Bz2 where B may be positive or negative. The first 17 eigenvalues are reported for 58 values of B in the range −50⩽ B⩽100. The interval of B between the tabulated values is sufficiently small so that the eigenvalues for any B in this range can be found by interpolation. At the limits of the range of B the potential function approaches that of a harmonic oscillator with only small anharmonicity. The effect of a small Cz6 term on this potential is studied and it is concluded that a previously reported approximation formula is quite applicable but only for positive values of B. The success of the quartic—harmonic potential function for the analysis of the ring-puckering vibration is shown; it is also demonstrated that the same potential serves as a useful approximation for many other systems, especially those of the double minimum type.
Trace Lead Analysis Employing a Dual-Channel Single-Crystal X-Ray Spectrometer
Authors: Buchanan E. B. , Schroeder Thomas D.
Published: October 2005

A single-channel x-ray spectrometer has been converted to a two-channel instrument. Two separate planes in a single lithium fluoride crystal are employed to reflect, simultaneously, two portions of the x-ray spectrum. The instrument has been used to measure trace quantities of lead in the form of particulate matter as an air pollutant. One crystal plane was used to reflect the lead Lα emission line while the second plane reflected background radiation near that line.
Characterization of Gas Oil Stocks: An Integrated Analysis
Authors: Fitzgerald M. E. , Moirano J. L. , Morgan H. , Cirillo V. A.
Published: October 2005

The composition of gas oil stocks, either virgin, catalytically cracked, or a blend of both, can be characterized by a combination of analytical techniques. A hydrocarbon type analysis of the saturates, normal and isoparaffins, and of cycloparaffins and aromatics by detailed ring structure provides sufficient data to permit the engineer to correlate feed compositions with coke producing properties and product distributions for catalytic cracking operations. A polynuclear aromatic type ultraviolet analysis is obtained from the total sample, while another portion of the sample is separated into saturate and aromatic fractions by a liquid chromatographic procedure. Mass spectrometer analysis on each fraction coupled with the uv analysis and a molecular sieve separation on the saturate fraction for percent n-paraffins allow a complete hydrocarbon type distribution. In the case of catalytically cracked stocks, sulfur compounds present contribute to the uv spectrum. To correct the uv spectrum for their effects, a sulfur determination by either combustion or x ray is necessary. Weight percent polynuclear aromatics can be obtained solely from the uv analysis with the aid of boiling point and molecular weight correlations.
Routine Analysis of Metals Using a Spark Source Mass Spectrograph with Electrical Detection
Authors: Evans C. A. , Guidoboni R. J. , Leipziger F. D.
Published: October 2005

An analytical method has been developed using a spark-source mass spectrograph for rapid, routine analysis. Using an electrical detection system and reproducible sample positioning, precisions of ±3% are attained under routine conditions with an accuracy of ±7% for several elements in the NBS 460 series of iron standards. Repetitive analyses of Ag in Cu demonstrate the method can analyze trace elements in metals with accuracies approaching ±2%. Details of the electrode positioning procedure and the analytical accuracy and precision of the technique are presented.
Application of Laser-Excited Raman Spectroscopy to Organic Chemistry. II. Conformers of Some Isochromans
Authors: Freeman Stanley K.
Published: October 2005

Raman spectra of 4-methyl isochroman and its aromatic ring substituted derivatives indicate the presence of two conformers in the liquid state and only one in the solid, while the 1- and 3-methyl analog assume one conformation only in both states. The presence of a methyl group adjacent to the ring oxygen atom sterically prevents adoption of one of the two possible conformations due to 1,3-interaction. No such restriction is imposed on the 4-methyl compounds.
Infrared Spectra of the Monobutyl Naphthalenes
Authors: Friedman H. M.
Published: October 2005

An empirical study has been made of the infrared spectra of the monobutyl naphthalenes to determine the effect of the structure of the butyl isomer on some of the vibrations of the naphthalene nucleus. Where possible, band assignments to butyl and to naphthalene group vibrations have been made. Spectra-structure correlations are made in several important regions of the spectrum and compared with those obtained with the monobutyl benzenes.
Computerized Spectrum Analysis
Authors: Kylstra Chester D. , Schneider Richard T.
Published: October 2005

A system to automatically reduce and analyze the data on a spectrogram is in current use. The techniques used and the system are described. The system's principal components consist of a scanning densitometer with a built-on linear encoder, a 16-kc word rate analog-to-digital converter, and an IBM 1800 process computer with magnetic disk memory. The photomultiplier signal, which is proportional to the relative transmissivity of the spectrogram, is sampled at intervals of 2 or 4 μ. For a typical dispersion, this corresponds to approximately 0.025 Å. The sampled data are permanently stored on the disk memory. Typical processing time to scan one 12-cm spectrogram is 3 to 5 min. The stored data are further processed to locate all significant lines, to assign wavelengths to each line, and to determine relative intensities of the lines. The spectrum is plotted for visual interpretation and further analysis.
Electronic Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of Matrix-Isolated CoCl2 Molecules
Authors: Clifton J. R. , Gruen D. M.
Published: October 2005

The absorption spectrum of CoCl2 molecules isolated in a nitrogen matrix and the fluorescence spectrum of CoCl2 molecules isolated in an argon matrix have been measured at liquid helium temperatures in the range 4000–50 000 cm−1. The absorption and fluorescence spectra in the 4000–25 000 cm−1 region were not mutually observable in the same host. Interpretations of the spectra are given, based on axial ligand field calculations for a 3d7 configuration including spin-orbit coupling interactions.
Analysis of Ferroalloys by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Smith D. C. , Johnson J. R. , Soth G. C.
Published: October 2005

Atomic absorption procedures have been developed for the determination of manganese and silicon in ferromanganese and in silicomanganese, chromium and silicon in three different grades of ferrochromium, silicon in ferrosilicon, vanadium in ferrovanadium, titanium in ferrotitanium, boron in ferroboron, and columbium in ferrocolumbium. In most cases a sample is dissolved by a combination of inorganic acids, including hydrofluoric, and using plastic laboratory ware. A sodium carbonate fusion of the acid insoluble portion of ferroboron is employed. A sodium peroxide fusion is used on the acid insoluble portion of one grade of ferrochromium. No separation of elements or reduction of iron concentration is required. All procedures use a nitrous oxide–acetylene flame and a laminar flow burner with any conventional atomic absorption apparatus. Calibration curves were prepared using either U. S. Bureau of Standards samples or analyzed samples of purchased ferroalloys.
Electron Microprobe Characterization of the Stoichiometry and Homogeneity of Mixed-Crystal Semiconductor Materials
Authors: Smith James P. , Kraus Herbert
Published: October 2005

A general scheme is described which simplifies the characterization of mixed-crystal semiconductor materials. The scheme is illustrated through the analysis of (Hg1− xCd x)Te samples. Electron microprobe analyses are made at several random points on the material. A plot of the cadmium Lα x-ray intensity vs the mercury α x-ray intensity is compared to a stoichiometry line. The scatter of points is a measure of the homogeneity of the material while the correlation of the points with the stoichiometry line indicates the presence of off-stoichiometry material. The stoichiometry line can be theoretically determined or can be obtained using well characterized standard samples. The scheme can best be used on systems which have large composition variations and therefore supplements electrical and x-ray crystallographic methods which are sensitive to minor variations in electrical properties or crystallographic orientations.
Infrared and Raman Spectra of Pyrazinium Halides
Authors: Foglizzo R. , Novak A.
Published: October 2005

The ir and Raman spectra of pyrazinium chloride and bromide and their ND deuterated derivatives have been obtained in the 4000–300 cm−1 range. Twenty-six fundamentals of the pyrazinium ion are identified and compared to those of the pyrazine molecule. Frequency shifts on protonation of pyrazine are discussed.
Chemical Separation and Spectrographic Determination of Trace Amounts of Rare Earths in Uranium Using LiF—AgCl Carrier
Authors: Joshi B. D. , Patel B. M.
Published: October 2005

An emission spectrographic method is described for the determination of certain rare earths—Ce, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb, and Lu—at fractions of ppm concentration in uranium samples using LiF-AgCl-graphite powder mixture as carrier. The rare earths chemically separated from uranium were excited in a dc arc. Thulium was used as an internal standard. The detection limits in ppm on the basis of 5 g uranium sample are: Yb 0.004; Eu, Gd, Er 0.02; Dy, Lu 0.05; Sm, Ho, 0.2; and Ce 0.5. The precision of the method expressed as a coefficient of variation is estimated to be ±9%. The effect of 14 nonrare earth elements on the intensity of analysis lines was investigated.
Application of Laser-Excited Raman Spectroscopy to Organic Chemistry. III. A Skeletal Frequency Correlation for Cedrane-Type Molecules
Authors: Mayo D. W. , Freeman Stanley K.
Published: October 2005

The use of Raman spectroscopy in the determination of complex molecular structure is discussed. For 12 cedranes, five of the seven most intense bands observed between 900 and 500 cm−1 appear in a series of relatively narrow wavenumber ranges, and these are correctable with the cedrane skeleton. A band of variable intensity at ca. 320 cm−1, characterized by a ρ value of 0.2–0.4, may be included in the correlation pattern.
Infrared Absorption Spectra of Vinyl Esters of Carboxylic Acids
Authors: McManis George E.
Published: October 2005

The ir spectra of compounds containing the vinyl ester group exhibit absorption bands that allow them to be readily distinguished from other monosubstituted ethylenic compounds and from other esters. The vinyl C=C stretching vibration is a strong sharp band at 1640 cm−1, which is quite useful in analytical procedures. The C–H stretching vibrations of the vinyl ester group are observed as two weaker bands at 3117 and 3040 cm−1 flanking a larger sharp band at 3091 cm−1. In-plane C–H deformation bands are noted at 1413, 1291, and 1092 cm−1, while out-of-plane deformations are at 947, 868, and 603 cm−1. The stretching vibration of the ester carbonyl is a strong sharp band at 1754 cm−1. The C–O stretching region is dominated by a very strong band at 1142 cm−1.
Mass Spectrometric Studies of Relative Sensitivity Coefficients in Nickel- and Iron-Base Alloys
Authors: Bratton W. D. , Wood C. H.
Published: October 2005

Mass spectrometric, relative sensitivity coefficients were determined for several elements in specific NBS nickel- and iron-base alloy standards. Concentrations of these elements ranged from several percent to only a few parts per million. The results indicate that the coefficients for many of the elements appear to remain nearly constant throughout a concentration range of an order of magnitude or more. On the other hand, some of the elements exhibit marked changes in the coefficient value as the concentration falls below a particular level. Matrix effects were also studied, and a definite trend toward a possible vapor pressure correlation with the sensitivity coefficients of the various elements was observed.
The Counting of Nuclei in Magnetic Resonance Experiments
Authors: Snodgrass R. J. , Tripp J. H.
Published: October 2005

A method is proposed for determination of the number of nuclei contributing to a particular line in a resonance spectrum. The method exploits the maximum signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of which the system is capable and is based on an examination of the saturation properties of the absorption line. This provides an advantage over methods which measure simply the integrated intensities and which are correct only at low rf power levels, where the S/N ratio is correspondingly low. The procedure is successfully applied to some pure metal spectra.
Spectrochemical Applications in Criminalistics
Authors: Bober Alvin
Published: October 2005

The application of spectroscopy procedures to criminalistics is reviewed. The use of spectroscopy, in its various disciplines, is discussed from historical and everyday use vantage points. A narrative scheme is used to illustrate the various facets of spectrochemical procedures and applications to crime investigations. However, the source of scientific principle is indicated and the reader is referred to the literature for additional comment. The use of spectroscopy in criminalistics is not new but it has the vigor, capability, and promise of youth.
Ritualizing interactive media: from motivation to activation
Authors: Ryu Semi
Published: October 2005

This paper intends to reveal the essential value of interactive media by fully understanding the complex interactive mechanism of human experience. Following Cartesian dualistic thought, interactive technology has primarily been utilized as a physical control device. It hasn’t
sufficiently explored its gigantic potential as a true interactive medium. Interactive technology reflects our desire to interact with someone or something. Historically, human desire for interaction has been continuously manifested from the day of primitive ritual to contemporary cyberspace.
Our interactive routines have continued, from micro to macro scale, in order to confirm our existence in every day life. This universal repetitive pattern of human activity is ‘the ritual’. It is ritual because it is the archetypes of cycles driven by human instinct, regardless
of their cultural and historical period. In this paper, I am defining ‘the form of ritual’, to explain the fundamental human process of interaction and becoming, and furthermore, to find the imperative potential of interactive media. The form of ritual will be explained in detail,
with agent, driving force, process and by-product, taking reference from Korean shaman ritual, Yin/Yang process and Alfred North Whitehead’s process philosophy. My virtual puppetry with spiralling interaction, ‘Yong-Shin-Gud’ (calling-dragon-spirit), will be introduced as
an art example to carry out the ritual. Interactive technology is an ongoing expression of human desire. Its essential value would be found in understanding human beings, nature and cosmos. Revealing its hidden essence, historical presence and spiritual value will be the next paradigm of interactive
art practice.
Coherence, agility and cultural selection
Authors: Tresilian Nicholas
Published: October 2005

The Western world is in the habit of looking at the history of visual art ‘in closeup’ - single image by single image - and receiving its information about art history in that uniquely particulate form. But if instead we distance ourselves a little from the history of art,
enough to see it ‘in long-shot’ as it were - i.e. as a more or less continuous, dense flow of images - patterns emerge in the flow which convey new information, which can sometimes be in direct conflict with long-cherished traditional assumptions. If we use the 25,000 plus year
of art history in this way as a ‘barium tracer meal’ for cultural evolution itself, it is unexpectedly revealed as punctuated rather than gradual, driven by alternating phases of open and closed growth in the human ecology, each with its own characteristic
pressures of cultural selection. As a result human culture itself has two equally valid but opposite ‘fitness landscapes’: in the past 500 years the more successful strand in Western civilization has been the Type-A low-cohesion/ high-agility culture associated with a phase
of open evolution involving our species relatively rapid transition from a manual to a machine ecology. The West’s traditional object-based imagery of painting and sculpture has its origins in that period of accelerating pre-industrial and industrial growth with its characteristic ‘economics
of plenty’ epitomized by a triumphant capitalism. But the newly-emergent event-based imagery of installations and contextual art of the later twentieth and early twenty-first century is now indicating the gradual emergence (or more properly re-emergence) of the Type-B high-cohesion/lowagility
pattern, previously associated with so-called ‘primitive’ cultures, and here with the global consolidation of our new machine ecology in a world increasingly dominated by the economics of scarcity. If that is so, it is probable that the syncretic form of meaning associated with
the ‘sticky memes’ of art will increasingly come to challenge the present cultural dominance of analytic meaning, epitomized by the ‘smooth memes’ of science. The resolution of that conflict in evolutionary semantics may have a direct bearing on our species capacity
to survive into the future. Whether it will be more decisively resolved within the Western or the Eastern group of civilizations seems at present a very open question.
“Kiss-and-Run” Glutamate Secretion in Cultured and Freshly Isolated Rat Hippocampal Astrocytes
Authors: Chen Xiaoke , Wang Liecheng , Zhou Yang , Zheng Liang-Hong , Zhou Zhuan
Published: October 2005

Under physiological conditions, astrocytes not only passively support and nourish adjacent neurons, but also actively modulate neuronal transmission by releasing “glial transmitters,” such as glutamate, ATP, andd-serine. Unlike the case for neurons, the mechanisms by which glia release transmitters are essentially unknown. Here, by using electrochemical amperometry and frequency-modulated single-vesicle imaging, we discovered that hippocampal astrocytes exhibit two modes of exocytosis of glutamate in response to various stimuli. After physiological stimulation, a glial vesicle releases a quantal content that is only 10% of that induced by nonphysiological, mechanical stimulation. The small release event arises from a brief (∼2 ms) opening of the fusion pore. We conclude that, after physiological stimulation, astrocytes release glutamate via a vesicular “kiss-and-run” mechanism.
Scopolamine Reduces Persistent Activity Related to Long-Term Encoding in the Parahippocampal Gyrus during Delayed Matching in Humans
Authors: Schon Karin , Atri Alireza , Hasselmo Michael E. , Tricarico Marisa D. , LoPresti Matthew L. , Stern Chantal E.
Published: October 2005

Recent computational modeling and slice physiology studies have suggested that long-term encoding may depend on sustained spiking during brief memory delays in parahippocampal neurons, and that this persistent spiking activity is modulated by effects of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. Our recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study has shown that sustained parahippocampal delay period activity during delayed match-to-sample performance in healthy young individuals predicted subsequent memory of visual stimuli on a recognition memory assessment 20 min later (Schon et al., 2004). The current study combined this fMRI paradigm with a pharmacological manipulation to test whether this long-term encoding-related delay activity is reduced in subjects who receive the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist scopolamine before fMRI scanning. Subsequent memory was predicted by sustained activity during brief memory delays bilaterally in the perirhinal/entorhinal cortex, in the right posterior parahippocampal and mid-fusiform gyri, and in the hippocampal body in healthy young individuals without a scopolamine challenge. This activity was reduced in subjects receiving scopolamine. The results are consistent with computational modeling data and behavioral pharmacological studies, suggesting that long-term encoding-related activity may be reduced if cholinergic receptors are blocked by scopolamine.
Role of GABAergic Inhibition in Shaping Odor-Evoked Spatiotemporal Patterns in theDrosophilaAntennal Lobe
Authors: Wilson Rachel I. , Laurent Gilles
Published: October 2005

Drosophilaolfactory receptor neurons project to the antennal lobe, the insect analog of the mammalian olfactory bulb. GABAergic synaptic inhibition is thought to play a critical role in olfactory processing in the antennal lobe and olfactory bulb. However, the properties of GABAergic neurons and the cellular effects of GABA have not been described inDrosophila, an important model organism for olfaction research. We have used whole-cell patch-clamp recording, pharmacology, immunohistochemistry, and genetic markers to investigate how GABAergic inhibition affects olfactory processing in theDrosophilaantennal lobe. We show that many axonless local neurons (LNs) in the adult antennal lobe are GABAergic. GABA hyperpolarizes antennal lobe projection neurons (PNs) via two distinct conductances, blocked by a GABAA- and GABAB-type antagonist, respectively. Whereas GABAAreceptors shape PN odor responses during the early phase of odor responses, GABABreceptors mediate odor-evoked inhibition on longer time scales. The patterns of odor-evoked GABAB-mediated inhibition differ across glomeruli and across odors. Finally, we show that LNs display broad but diverse morphologies and odor preferences, suggesting a cellular basis for odor- and glomerulus-dependent patterns of inhibition. Together, these results are consistent with a model in which odors elicit stimulus-specific spatial patterns of GABA release, and as a result, GABAergic inhibition increases the degree of difference between the neural representations of different odors.
NMDA/AMPA Ratio Impacts State Transitions and Entrainment to Oscillations in a Computational Model of the Nucleus Accumbens Medium Spiny Projection Neuron
Authors: Wolf John A. , Moyer Jason T. , Lazarewicz Maciej T. , Contreras Diego , Benoit-Marand Marianne , O'Donnell Patricio , Finkel Leif H.
Published: October 2005

We describe a computational model of the principal cell in the nucleus accumbens (NAcb), the medium spiny projection (MSP) neuron. The model neuron, constructed in NEURON, includes all of the known ionic currents in these cells and receives synaptic input from simulated spike trains via NMDA, AMPA, and GABAAreceptors. After tuning the model by adjusting maximal current conductances in each compartment, the model cell closely matched whole-cell recordings from an adult rat NAcb slice preparation. Synaptic inputs in the range of 1000-1300 Hz are required to maintain an “up” state in the model. Cell firing in the model required concurrent depolarization of several dendritic branches, which responded independently to afferent input. Depolarization from action potentials traveled to the tips of the dendritic branches and increased Ca2+influx through voltage-gated Ca2+channels. As NMDA/AMPA current ratios were increased, the membrane showed an increase in hysteresis of “up” and “down” state dwell times, but intrinsic bistability was not observed. The number of oscillatory inputs required to entrain the model cell was determined to be ∼20% of the “up” state inputs. Altering the NMDA/AMPA ratio had a profound effect on processing of afferent input, including the ability to entrain to oscillations in afferent input in the theta range (4-12 Hz). These results suggest that afferent information integration by the NAcb MSP cell may be compromised by pathology in which the NMDA current is altered or modulated, as has been proposed in both schizophrenia and addiction.