bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulating Risk
Authors: Perlman Rebecca L.
Published: March 2023

When governments impose stringent regulations that impede domestic competition and international trade, should we conclude that this is a deliberate attempt to protect industry or an honest effort to protect the population? Regulating Risk offers a third possibility: that these regulations reflect producers' ability to exploit private information. Combining extensive data and qualitative evidence from the pesticide, pharmaceutical, and chemical sectors, the book demonstrates how companies have exploited product safety information to win stricter standards on less profitable products for which they offer a more profitable alternative. Companies have additionally supported regulatory institutions that, while intended to protect the public, also help companies use information to eliminate less profitable products more systematically, creating barriers to commerce that disproportionally disadvantage developing countries. These dynamics play out not only domestically but also internationally, under organizations charged with providing objective regulatory recommendations. The result has been the global legitimization of biased regulatory rules.
Experimental test flying
Authors: Uwins C. F.
Published: March 2023

It is my privilege to speak to you tonight on some aspect of the work of testing experimental aircraft, and in order to present my subject to you in as lucid a manner as possible, I am going to ask you to consider that we actually have a machine before us waiting for its first test.

We must assume that the cockpit arrangements have been approved before this, for so much has to be done that can only rightly be done as the machine is being built. The seat and rudder positions must be comfortable, windscreening good, view ample, engine controls handy, flying controls accessible, smooth and firm, petrol flow satisfactory and necessary instruments must be clearly visible. The first thing to be done is to weigh and balance the machine. From this we learn the total weight—the designer learns whether he has been clever or not—and then we chase that elusive spot the e.g. The wing position and tail setting have been designed with the e.g. in an assumed position, and if one weighing shows it to be seriously out, then before the machine can be flown it should be ballasted to bring it to the required balance. The flying controls should be carefully tested by the pilot. It is not sufficient to waggle the joystick and watch the ailerons and «levators move; very careful attention must be given to see that they move the right way.
High speed test flying
Authors: Yeager Charles E.
Published: March 2023

In World War II when Spitfires and Mustangs and Messerschmitt 109s and other aeroplanes of that category were quite common, we were all aware of the troubles that these particular aeroplanes got into when starting to dive. When getting up to around 80 per cent of the speed of sound, the aeroplane starts shaking, buffeting we call it; some of them lost ailerons and tails and it proved to be fatal to some of the pilots. It was quite obvious to all people who have an engineering mind that something just was not quite right, especially in the speed range they were flying in those days.
The measurement of performance, stability and control characteristics of a high subsonic jet aircraft in non-steady flight conditions employing high accuracy instrumentation techniques
Authors: Mulder J. A.
Published: March 2023

Aircraft lift and drag characteristics can be measured in flight by subtracting the components of engine net thrust along and perpendicular to airspeed from the corresponding components of the total aerodynamic force R.

In steady straight flight the flight path angle can easily be measured and consequently the components of R when aircraft weight is known. Measurements in steady-straight conditions, however, are time consuming and furthermore the resulting accuracies are limited due to unavoidable deviations from the nominal straight flight condition.
Basic safety concepts
Authors: Tye Walter
Published: March 2023

Nowadays we enjoy a high level of safety in air transport. One generation ago, in the late 1940s, it was not so good. Two generations ago, when air transport began in the 1920s, safety was by today’s standards quite deplorable. For example, in UK passenger services, fatal accidents in the early 1920s occurred at a rate of one per half million aircraft-miles. In the first half of the present decade, the corresponding rate is around one per 500 million aircraft-miles. This represents an astonishing improvement of the order 1000-fold. To what extent this improvement came about to satisfy public demand, or as a result of pressure from the powers-that-be, or from a professional desire to do an increasingly good job, is hard to say. Probably all these motivating factors played a part.
The systems approach to airborne electrical power supplies
Authors: Ratcliffe J. P.
Published: March 2023

The commercial need to standardise aircraft power supplies has resulted in virtually all modern aircraft (with the possible exception of certain light aircraft) being equipped with a 115/200 volt, three phase, 400 Hz ac primary power system. This is invariably supplemented by 28 volt dc and 26 volt single phase 400 Hz ac secondary systems. If this is the case why is there so much controversy concerning power supplies for avionics and why is there criticism of present day power systems whose performance is so superior to that achieved only two decades ago?

There are two basic reasons for the present situation.

Firstly, development of sophisticated avionic systems has resulted in increased susceptibility to certain aspects of the power supplies and this, coupled with the ever increasing application of avionics for the basic control and safety of the aircraft, has highlighted interface problems with power supplies.
The changing horizons for technical progress
Authors: Frisbee L. E. , Hopps R. H.
Published: March 2023

The possibilities for technical progress in every aspect of aviation during the first half of this century have indeed appeared as a limitless horizon. Increasingly since that period, as we have moved outward toward the technical horizons, the course has become rougher, and we find ourselves in the foothills with a high and formidable range of mountains looming into view before us.

These figurative mountains are representative of the increasing interface deterrent which we are encountering at the edge of the aviation systems’ advancing fronts. These deterrents include socio-environmental and political impacts, economic factors, and the need, in many cases, for redirection and/or equivalent progress in non-aviation technical systems which interface with aviation development. Specific areas are increasing costs for R & D, increased fuel costs, environmental effects of new aircraft and air transport ground systems, changing requirements and demands of the public, increasing liability exposure, increasing regulatory constraints and conflicts, etc.
The airline operator's view— British Airways
Authors: Finlay Alec
Published: March 2023

I should like to discuss six aspects of the White Paper which seem to me to be of significance. First, the demand forecasts. I suppose, from personal experience at least, it has to be said that no forecast will ever prove to survive reality; for as Peter Parker put it, the goalposts keep moving. So it is today, for the White Paper includes traffic growth assessments based on fare levels and conditions much as experienced during the past few years, but not reflecting the competitive race to reduce fares and to ease restrictions which we have seen in progress during the last few months. New lower readily accessible fare packages are now available on the Atlantic routes, and the trend will spread to other markets—indeed this is already beginning. There are similar pressures in the air cargo field, and the resulting upward movement in demand levels is already evident.
The airport operator's view—British Airports Authority
Authors: Mulkern John
Published: March 2023

My contribution to these proceedings will be to comment on the strong and weak points in the Government's White Paper from the standpoint of the major airport operator concerned—the British Airports Authority. There cannot be many other businesses operated today which are subject to such a numerous and varied number of voices and influences telling the operator what to do, how to do it, when to do it and where to do it. If there are, I'm sorry for them!

The British Airports Authority is a profitable public enterprise set up 11 years ago (as the result of the last White Paper) to own and operate airports. We run seven airports, four in Scotland (Aberdeen, Prestwick, Edinburgh and Glasgow) and three in the South-East of England (Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted). About 75% of the UK's passenger traffic and 85% of air cargo go through the BAA's airports.
The community response
Authors: Roberts Shelagh
Published: March 2023

The title ‘The Community Response’ sums up very aptly, if inadvertently, the place of the community as the Government sees it in the formulation of airport strategy. In other words, to respond rather than to participate; a sort of reluctant anchor that has to be dragged along in response to proposals made by others. Airports should be planned to serve the Community; that is their function. They do not exist merely to facilitate the landing and take-off of passengers and freight in a vacuum unrelated to the locality in which they are sited. People who use airports have an involvement with the community whether it be through business, tourist or domestic connections.

The GLC has consistently recognised the importance of London's airports, especially Heathrow, to the economic well being of London and the South East. With the abandonment of Maplin we have accepted that at least for the time being, the increased demand for airport capacity in the South East will have to be met by some expansion at existing airports, but we have a wider duty also to ensure that the social planning and environmental aspects linked with airport developments are taken into account.
Summing-up
Authors: Masefield Peter
Published: March 2023

A wide range of conflicting views has been expressed from all sides during the day. Indeed, they might be thought to cancel each other out. Altogether, it has been a most stimulating and successful occasion, even if, at times, it has seemed that some of those who have spoken have overlooked the fact that there must be airports— that they are now essential requirements for the development of our national trade, travel and economic future and that, somehow, they must meet the operational and economic needs of national and international air transport; or, as the American CAB would say, ‘public convenience and necessity’—though, sometimes, those words suggested different things on this side of the water.

Taken as a whole, the meeting seems to agree that the White Paper, the kernel of the debate, is a workmanlike, a valuable and a sensible document, which—with one or two notable exceptions—‘got it about right’. Different people have different reservations—and, all have some.
AIDS and the Airlines
Authors: Waller Peter
Published: March 2023

Recording devices have been used to help with the testing and understanding of aircraft behaviour since at least the First World War. Early reports to the Aeronautical Research Council reveal some most ingenious devices which were clearly invaluable in assessing the suitability of early Royal Aircraft Factory aircraft as gun platforms.

Since that time the flight recorder, in one or other of its many forms, has been an essential tool for the aircraft constructor and designer, used to establish the characteristics of the airframe itself and its ability to fly as the designer intended. The use of recorded behaviour, in comparison to that predicted by powerful digital and hybrid computers, has helped in recent years to minimise the amount of test flying required to bring a new design to operational service.
Operational data acquisition and analysis for monitoring of military aircraft usage
Authors: Sturgeon J. R.
Published: March 2023

It is usual to consider AIDS as applicable mainly to digital data; this data can usefully be divided into two main data management requirements that are unlikely to integrate for many years.

Data is required for active control of the aircraft and weapons system. This data must be immediately available to the pilot, aircraft and weapons control system; its integrity tends to demand triplex or quadruplex data sources with comprehensive Built In Test and reversionary mode operation under fault conditions. Some data also needs to be stored to aid subsequent fault diagnosis and ground maintenance but usually represents a very low data storage and analysis requirement.
Factors influencing schedule reliability in international operations
Authors: Yates R. J.
Published: March 2023

As you could all imagine I am sure, the title of this lecture embraces a subject which is very close to the airline operator's heart. One of the prime objectives of any airline is to operate on time all the time.

The word ‘delay’ of course can encompass a wide range of problems. As the second oldest airline in the world—after KLM—and the operator of the world's longest average passenger journey length we do not mind admitting that we have had our share of delays over the years. I know this is a very serious subject but I could not resist having a brief look through our records recently to pluck out a few of the more extreme reasons for delays that you run into in the airline business.
The aerodynamic behaviour of fully inflated parachutes
Authors: Ayres R. M.
Published: March 2023

In 1971 The Royal Aeronautical Society's Handley Page Air Safety Award funded a preliminary study of the complex aerodynamic phenomena associated with fully deployed parachutes and results were sufficiently encouraging for the Ministry of Defence to sponsor a full research programme in the hope that a more rational approach to canopy design might evolve.

Preliminary investigations revealed that the essentially quasi-static two dimensional concepts of conventional aerodynamics as applied to aircraft were of limited value since a parachute is very much a three dimensional device which has a tendency to undergo large oscillations at relatively low descent airspeeds. The project therefore involved rethinking of basic aerodynamic principles and a return to hydrodynamic theory as applied to airships since they also have pronounced three dimensional anatomical characteristics and experience significant changes in relative air flow in their natural mode of operation. The objective of this paper is therefore to show how this same theoretical approach can be used as a basis for developing computer techniques capable of effectively simulating full scale parachute descent behaviour from basic wind tunnel test data.
Aviation's impact upon business—past, present and future
Authors: Black Richard E. , Russell Morrissey G.
Published: March 2023

Progress in aviation has had and is expected to continue to have a profound impact on business. Transportation has been revolutionised by aircraft in the 20th century. Technology advances and pioneering management have led to the development of an air transportation industry which has spanned the globe, all but eliminated competition from passenger steamships, and reduced the dimensions of the globe to such an extent that most of the major cities of the world are now no more than 24 hours apart. Progress has taken many forms. The time required for a transatlantic journey has been reduced by 94% from the passenger steamship to the subsonic jet transport. Concorde operations have even further reduced this time. As the air transportation industry developed, technology advances permitted it to offer other dramatic improvements such as increased comfort, service, reliability, safety, and at the same time lower fares. Thus, increased economic productivity allowed passenger fares (measured in currency of constant purchasing power) over the North Atlantic to be reduced by two-thirds between 1939 and 1976.
The design of future cockpits for high performance fighter aircraft
Authors: Roe Graham
Published: March 2023

With the development over the last half decade of very highly manoeuverable aircraft, a new design question has arisen. This is, how do we as aircraft designers ensure that the future fighter pilot can function in an environment which pushes not only his mental but also his physiological limits to the utmost? The new generation of aircraft offers substantial increases in sustained turn rate and hence g levels. Furthermore a proliferation of controls and displays confront the pilot from which he has to collect, collate, integrate and interpret data which is not currently presented in anything like a logical manner with respect to his present flight phase.

This paper is an attempt to describe a systematic design approach to a cockpit for the future generation fighter aircraft. The paper will show the pilot's physiological limitations to high sustained g forces, the likely performance of a new generation fighter and the amount of g tolerance a pilot should find useful. Methods of providing this increased tolerance will be discussed. An analytical method of assessing aircraft information presentation requirements will also be shown which will enable information to be presented in a more logical manner.
On the design of optimal discrete observers with particular reference to a flexible communications satellite
Authors: Smith E. H. , Gill K. F.
Published: March 2023

The electrical power consumed by an Earth-orbiting satellite is usually generated by panels of solar cells. On a vehicle such as the ESA Orbital Test Satellite the panels are attached, in cantilever fashion, to a relatively rigid centre body upon which are positioned the communication systems, attitude sensors and control equipment. The pay-load limitations of the launch vehicle imply that the relatively large solar panels must be of a lightweight construction and they are very flexible structures as a consequence. Currently-operating satellites do not appear to be troubled by the flexure of their solar panels. However, it is likely that attitude control problems will arise in the next generation of vehicles which will be equipped with considerably larger panels of solar cells.
Electron kinetics in a high-Z plasmoid
Authors: Arnold Alistair M. , Aleynikov Pavel , Breizman Boris N.
Published: March 2023

The problem of the electron dynamics on a closed magnetic field line passing through a high-

$Z$

plasmoid is considered. The electron kinetic equation is integrated over bounce motion and pitch angle, reducing the independent variables to a single adiabatic invariant plus time. Integration of the full Landau self-collision operator is carried out exactly, resulting in a nonlinear integro-differential operator in the new invariant. Conservation laws and the

$H$

theorem of the integrated self-collision operator are proven. Numerical solutions of the integrated kinetic equation are obtained with a self-consistent quasineutral electric potential, given the initial condition of a cold plasmoid immersed in a hot ambient plasma. The fact that cold electrons are deeply trapped in a potential with a parabolic peak leads to exactly 3/4 the usual rate of collisional heating by the ambient plasma, independent of any other parameters.
Epigenetic aging and PTSD outcomes in the immediate aftermath of trauma
Authors: Zannas Anthony S. , Linnstaedt Sarah D. , An Xinming , Stevens Jennifer S. , Harnett Nathaniel G. , Roeckner Alyssa R. , Oliver Katelyn I. , Rubinow David R. , Binder Elisabeth B. , Koenen Karestan C. , Ressler Kerry J. , McLean Samuel A.
Published: March 2023

Background

Psychological trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been associated with advanced epigenetic age. However, whether epigenetic aging measured at the time of trauma predicts the subsequent development of PTSD outcomes is unknown. Moreover, the neural substrates underlying posttraumatic outcomes associated with epigenetic aging are unclear.

Methods

We examined a multi-ancestry cohort of women and men (n= 289) who presented to the emergency department (ED) after trauma. Blood DNA was collected at ED presentation, and EPIC DNA methylation arrays were used to assess four widely used metrics of epigenetic aging (HorvathAge, HannumAge, PhenoAge, and GrimAge). PTSD symptoms were evaluated longitudinally at the time of ED presentation and over the ensuing 6 months. Structural and functional neuroimaging was performed 2 weeks after trauma.

Results

After covariate adjustment and correction for multiple comparisons, advanced ED GrimAge predicted increased risk for 6-month probable PTSD diagnosis. Secondary analyses suggested that the prediction of PTSD by GrimAge was driven by worse trajectories for intrusive memories and nightmares. Advanced ED GrimAge was also associated with reduced volume of the whole amygdala and specific amygdala subregions, including the cortico-amygdaloid transition and the cortical and accessory basal nuclei.

Conclusions

Our findings shed new light on the relation between biological aging and trauma-related phenotypes, suggesting that GrimAge measured at the time of trauma predicts PTSD trajectories and is associated with relevant brain alterations. Furthering these findings has the potential to enhance early prevention and treatment of posttraumatic psychiatric sequelae.
Should panpsychists be supernaturalists?
Authors: Buckareff Andrei A.
Published: March 2023

Joanna Leidenhag's claim in her book, Minding Creation, that panpsychists should (a) abandon naturalism and (b) adopt traditional theism is evaluated and critiqued. It is argued that panpsychism is compatible with naturalism and does not commit one to any metaphysic of the divine, including traditional theism.
Necessary existent theology
Authors: Ansari Rosabel , Dunaway Billy , McGinnis Jon
Published: March 2023

A meta-theology makes claims about the structure of theological claims: it identifies a single, fundamental claim about God, and shows how other theological claims are derivable from the fundamental claim. In his book Depicting Deity and other articles, Jon Kvanvig has identified three distinct meta-theologies: Creator Theology, Perfect Being Theology, and Worship-worthiness Theology. In this article, we argue that the medieval Islamic philosopher Avicenna's views about God have the structure of a meta-theology, and that it is distinct from the three projects Kvanvig identifies. This view is Necessary Existent Theology.
“Workers’ Way”: Moments of Labor in Late 1940s Calcutta
Authors: Agarwal Prerna
Published: March 2023

The postwar situation in Calcutta was part of the picture of seething anticolonial popular and labor discontent in the Indian subcontinent; this was perhaps the most radical, the most potent, period for the subalterns in the country. However, this complex historical moment with varied, competing, shifting, overlapping tendencies has been reduced and flattened in the historiography. It is as if the twin events of partition and independence were inevitable. City workers, especially the port workers, emerged as a visible and powerful presence in the anticolonial movement. By reconstructing the arena of collective action—focusing on the context, the modalities, and the social content of the major strikes involving port labor or “moments” of radicalism, this article seeks to recover the role of workers in decolonization. It will show how workers contested and outstepped the politics of nationalist leadership(s) and communalism in significant ways multiple times, placing a politics of labor rights and entitlements, of struggles against exploitation and poverty on the postcolonial agenda. The article argues that a “workers’ way,” an alternative even if hazily defined pathway of decolonization, in which new citizens would not be divided on religious lines, was concretized and became a part of the political imagination of the time. The port strike of 1947, a swing-back from the deadliest episode of communal riots, in a matter of months, signifies the extreme fluidity of the political situation in the late 1940s, which is unsurprisingly missed in the conventional historiography. The article finally highlights the limits of postwar radicalism: the “historic” port workers’ strike was ultimately channelized as a legal industrial dispute by the communist leadership of port workers’ union. With their key demand of parity of wages and allowances with government employees, port workers staked their claim to labor institutions offered by the postcolonial state, which was to cordon large sections of them as a privileged layer from rest of the laboring classes in the city.

“To articulate the past historically. . . . It means to seize hold of a memory as it flashes up at a moment of danger. . . . Only that historian will have the gift of fanning the spark of hope in the past who is firmly convinced that even the dead will not be safe from the enemy if he wins. And this enemy has not ceased to be victorious.” Walter Benjamin, Theses on the Philosophy of History.
A study of the evaluation metrics for generative images containing combinational creativity
Authors: Wang Boheng , Zhu Yunhuai , Chen Liuqing , Liu Jingcheng , Sun Lingyun , Childs Peter
Published: March 2023

In the field of content generation by machine, the state-of-the-art text-to-image model, DALL⋅E, has advanced and diverse capacities for the combinational image generation with specific textual prompts. The images generated by DALL⋅E seem to exhibit an appreciable level of combinational creativity close to that of humans in terms of visualizing a combinational idea. Although there are several common metrics which can be applied to assess the quality of the images generated by generative models, such as IS, FID, GIQA, and CLIP, it is unclear whether these metrics are equally applicable to assessing images containing combinational creativity. In this study, we collected the generated image data from machine (DALL⋅E) and human designers, respectively. The results of group ranking in the Consensual Assessment Technique (CAT) and the Turing Test (TT) were used as the benchmarks to assess the combinational creativity. Considering the metrics’ mathematical principles and different starting points in evaluating image quality, we introduced coincident rate (CR) and average rank variation (ARV) which are two comparable spaces. An experiment to calculate the consistency of group ranking of each metric by comparing the benchmarks then was conducted. By comparing the consistency results of CR and ARV on group ranking, we summarized the applicability of the existing evaluation metrics in assessing generative images containing combinational creativity. In the four metrics, GIQA performed the closest consistency to the CAT and TT. It shows the potential as an automated assessment for images containing combinational creativity, which can be used to evaluate the images containing combinational creativity in the relevant task of design and engineering such as conceptual sketch, digital design image, and prototyping image.
Paediatric heart failure – understanding the pathophysiology and the current role of cardiac biomarkers in clinical practice
Authors: McGinn Claire , Casey Frank A. , Watson Chris , Morrison Louise
Published: March 2023

Introduction:

Paediatric heart failure is a common clinical syndrome that may be experienced by children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and/or cardiomyopathy. It is characterised by clinical signs/symptoms which reflect the underlying pathophysiology based on one of three main clinical states: Pulmonary over-circulation, pressure overload, and ventricular failure. Current diagnosis relies on clinical assessment and echocardiogram imaging as cardiac biomarkers has been predominantly scientific to date. This review provides a comprehensive overview of paediatric heart failure pathophysiology and considers the available evidence for cardiac biomarkers in this setting.

Methods:

A literature review was completed using MEDLINE ALL, EMBASE, and PubMed on 10th November, 2022. Search terms included biomarkers, heart failure, heart defects, congenital heart disease, fontan circulation, single ventricle circulation, cardiomyopathy, and child. This allowed the identification of individual cardiac biomarkers which are the focus of this review. These included NT-proBNP, MR-proANP, MR-proADM, troponin, sST2, galectin 3, and growth differentiation factor-15.

Results:

Paediatric studies have established reference ranges for NT-proBNP and troponin for children with structurally normal hearts. Of all the biomarkers reviewed, NT-proBNP appears to correlate most closely with symptoms of heart failure and ventricular dysfunction on echocardiogram. However, there remains limited longitudinal data for NT-proBNP, and no validated reference ranges for patients with CHD and/or cardiomyopathy. None of the other biomarkers reviewed were consistently superior to NT-proBNP.

Conclusion:

Further large paediatric studies of patients with heart failure are needed to validate NT-proBNP in CHD and to evaluate the role of novel biomarkers in specific types of CHD, e.g. single ventricle physiology.
Always take a look back. Ethics in post-conflict archaeology
Authors: Radchenko Simon , Kiosak Dmytro
Published: March 2023

This reaction to the Paul Newson and Ruth Young paper entitled ‘Post-conflict ethics, archaeology and archaeological heritage. A call for discussion’ (Archaeological dialogues, 2022) supports the call for a discussion regarding archaeological ethics in post-conflict zones. Following the agreement on the fuzzy border between the state of ‘conflict’ and ‘post-conflict’, it reflects on the continuity between these two. Furthermore, the reaction adds an additional issue to the discussion, which is the ethical ground of ‘being above the conflict’. Applying a ‘holistic ethic’ approach, it reflects on the ethical assessment of archaeological practices performed by Russian archaeologists in the zones that were damaged during conflict, escalated due to the actions of the Russian government. A series of examples are shown to consider the complexity of ethical judgements in this particular case. Last but not least, the reaction claims that in some cases ethical judgements are possible and effective due to the convergence of numerous factors.
Feminine Leadership Ideals and Masculine Practices: Exploring Gendered Leadership Conditions in the Swedish Parliament
Authors: Erikson Josefina , Josefsson Cecilia
Published: March 2023

Women’s access to political leadership positions has increased greatly in recent decades, which calls for research concerning the conditions of women’s political leadership in more gender-balanced contexts. This article responds to this need by exploring the leadership ideals, evaluations, and treatment of men and women leaders in the numerically gender-equal Swedish parliament (the Riksdag). Drawing on interviews with almost all the current top political leaders in the Swedish parliament, along with an original survey of Swedish members of parliament, we reveal a mainly feminine-coded parliamentary leadership ideal that should be more appropriate for women leaders. Masculine practices remain, however, and women leaders continue to be disadvantaged. To explain this anomaly between ideals and practices, we argue that a feminist institutionalist perspective, which emphasizes how gender shapes a given context in multiple ways, contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the conditions for women’s political leadership than that provided by the widely employed role congruity theory.
Effects of nozzle type and adjuvant selection on common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) control using nicosulfuron in corn
Authors: Brankov Milan , Simić Milena , Ulber Lena , Tolimir Miodrag , Chachalis Demosthenis , Dragičević Vesna
Published: March 2023

Weed control in corn is a major challenge due to increasing problems with highly dominant weed species and herbicide resistance evolution. Common lambsquarters and johnsongrass constitute up to 80% to 90% of the weed population in many spring crops, such as soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and corn, in Serbia. Currently, acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicides, such as the systemic selective sulfonylurea nicosulfuron, are most commonly used for chemical weed control of those species. A better understanding of the impact of nozzle type and adjuvant use on nicosulfuron efficacy can help to improve control of common lambsquarters and johnsongrass and minimize herbicide resistance development. Field trials were conducted in Serbia from 2020 to 2022 to evaluate the impact of two adjuvants (a non-ionic surfactant [NIS] and a mineral fertilizer ammonium sulfate [AMS]) and two nozzle types (drift-reducing nozzles and flat-fan nozzles) on common lambsquarters and johnsongrass control using nicosulfuron. Satisfactory biomass reduction of common lambsquarters (83% to 87%) and johnsongrass (83% to 97%) was achieved after nicosulfuron application. Adding a NIS adjuvant increased the biomass reduction for common lambsquarters (94% to 98%) and johnsongrass (90% to 100%) independently of the nozzle type used. Selection of nozzle type did not show consistent effects on common lambsquarters and johnsongrass control. Nicosulfuron efficacy was increased with NIS adjuvant for both nozzle types compared to nicosulfuron solo for both species, and Extended Range (XR) TeeJet® nozzles on average resulted in a higher efficacy for common lambsquarters compared to Turbo TeeJet® induction. Adding a mineral AMS adjuvant resulted in lower biomass reduction for both nozzle types and weed species (65% to 78% and 61% to 91% for common lambsquarters and johnsongrass, respectively). Corn grain yield was predominantly influenced by annual meteorological conditions and adjuvant type added to nicosulfuron. This research suggests that addition of the non-ionic adjuvant is an essential factor for successful control of common lambsquarters and johnsongrass in corn and enables use of drift-reducing nozzles.
Temporal Relationship of Slow Slip Events and Microearthquake Seismicity: Insights From Earthquake Automatic Detections in the Northern Hikurangi Margin, Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Yarce Jefferson , Sheehan Anne F. , Roecker Steven
Published: March 2023

Slow slip events in the northern Hikurangi margin of Aotearoa New Zealand occur every 18–24 months and last for several weeks before returning to average convergence rates of around 38 mm/yr. Along this plate boundary, the Hikurangi plateau subducts beneath the overlying Australian plate and slow slip events occur along their plate interface at depths between 2 and 15 km. To explore whether there is a temporal relationship between slow slip events and earthquake occurrence, the Regressive ESTimator automated phase arrival detection and onset estimation algorithm was applied to a data set of continuous waveform data collected by both land and ocean bottom seismometers. This detector uses an autoregressive algorithm with iterative refinement to first detect seismic events and then create a catalog of hypocenters and P and S wave arrival times. Results are compared with an available catalog of manually detected seismic events. The auto‐detector was able to find more than three times the number of events detected by analysts. With our newly assembled data set of automatically detected earthquakes, we were able to determine that there was an increase in the rate of earthquake occurrence during the 2014 slow slip event.
Toward Sustainable Water Infrastructure: The State‐Of‐The‐Art for Modeling the Failure Probability of Water Pipes
Authors: Taiwo Ridwan , Ben Seghier Mohamed El Amine , Zayed Tarek
Published: March 2023

Failures of water distribution networks (WDNs) are rising at an exponential rate, necessitating immediate attention. An effective way to reduce the failure rate is to develop accurate predictive models for the failure probability of water pipes, which are the most critical assets of WDNs. Despite the fact that researchers have invested efforts to develop various predictive models, the extant literature lacks a complete state‐of‐the‐art review. To fill this gap, this study employs a mixed approach (i.e., quantitative and qualitative) by providing (a) a bibliometric analysis of existing scholarly literature, (b) a systematic review of the techniques used in modeling the failure probability of water pipes, including physical, statistical, and machine‐learning (ML)‐based models, and (c) identified gaps and future research directions. The bibliometric analysis shows that ML‐based models are emerging and, hence understudied as compared to the physical and statistical‐based models. Regarding the systematic review, a proper understanding of the development of each model has been provided in addition to their advantages and critiques. Furthermore, failure probability integration methods are discussed. Findings reveal that the social and operation‐related predictors have been understudied, thereby suggesting their further exploration. This study adds to the existing body of knowledge by providing water utilities and academics with a comprehensive understanding of the probability of water pipe failure, which will be useful in the decision‐making process and network management.
Isolation, bonding and reactivity of a monomeric stibine oxide
Authors: Wenger John S. , Weng Monica , George Graham N. , Johnstone Timothy C.
Published: March 2023

In contrast to phosphine oxides and arsine oxides, which are common and exist as stable monomeric species featuring the corresponding pnictoryl functional group (Pn=O/Pn+–O−; Pn = P, As), stibine oxides are generally polymeric, and the properties of the unperturbed stiboryl group (Sb=O/Sb+–O−) remain unexplored. We now report the isolation of the monomeric stibine oxide, Dipp3SbO (where Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl). Spectroscopic, crystallographic and computational studies provide insight into the nature of the Sb=O/Sb+–O− bond. Moreover, isolation of Dipp3SbO allows the chemistry of the stiboryl group to be explored. Here we show that Dipp3SbO can act as a Brønsted base, a hydrogen-bond acceptor and a transition-metal ligand, in addition engaging in 1,2-addition, O-for-F2 exchange and O-atom transfer. In all cases, the reactivity of Dipp3SbO differed from that of the lighter congeners Dipp3AsO and Dipp3PO.
Climate-driven zooplankton shifts cause large-scale declines in food quality for fish
Authors: Heneghan Ryan F. , Everett Jason D. , Blanchard Julia L. , Sykes Patrick , Richardson Anthony J.
Published: March 2023

Zooplankton are the primary energy pathway from phytoplankton to fish. Yet, there is limited understanding about how climate change will modify zooplankton communities and the implications for marine food webs globally. Using a trait-based marine ecosystem model resolving key zooplankton groups, we find that future oceans, particularly in tropical regions, favour food webs increasingly dominated by carnivorous (chaetognaths, jellyfish and carnivorous copepods) and gelatinous filter-feeding zooplankton (larvaceans and salps) at the expense of omnivorous copepods and euphausiids. By providing a direct energetic pathway from small phytoplankton to fish, the rise of gelatinous filter feeders partially offsets the increase in trophic steps between primary producers and fish from declining phytoplankton biomass and increases in carnivorous zooplankton. However, future fish communities experience reduced carrying capacity from falling phytoplankton biomass and less nutritious food as environmental conditions increasingly favour gelatinous zooplankton, slightly exacerbating projected declines in small pelagic fish biomass in tropical regions by 2100.
Buckling and shape control of prestressable trusses using optimum number of actuators
Authors: Manguri Ahmed , Saeed Najmadeen , Szczepanski Marcin , Jankowski Robert
Published: March 2023

This paper describes a method to control the nodal displacement of prestressable truss structures within the desired domains. At the same time, the stress in all members is unleashed to take any value between the allowable tensile stress and critical buckling stress. The shape and stresses are controlled by actuating the most active members. The technique considers the members’ initial crookedness, residual stresses, and slenderness ratio (S). Furthermore, the method is premeditated so that the members with an S between 200 and 300 can carry only tension before and after adjustment (i.e., the maximum compressive stress for the members with an S between 200 and 300 is zero). In addition, the derived equations are coupled with an optimization function that relies on five optimization algorithms (interior-point, trust-region-reflective, Sequential quadratic programming (SQP), SQP-legacy, and active-set). The algorithms identify and then exclude inactive actuators in the subsequent iterations. The technique is applied to several examples, and its results are compared with a quoted method in the literature.
Diversity and structure of feather mite communities on seabirds from the north–east Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Stefan Laura M. , Isbert Wolf , Gómez-Díaz Elena , Mironov Sergey V. , Doña Jorge , McCoy Karen D. , González-Solís Jacob
Published: March 2023

The richness and structure of symbiont assemblages are shaped by many factors acting at different spatial and temporal scales. Among them, host phylogeny and geographic distance play essential roles. To explore drivers of richness and structure of symbiont assemblages, feather mites and seabirds are an attractive model due to their peculiar traits. Feather mites are permanent ectosymbionts and considered highly host-specific with limited dispersal abilities. Seabirds harbour species-rich feather mite communities and their colonial breeding provides opportunities for symbionts to exploit several host species. To unravel the richness and test the influence of host phylogeny and geographic distance on mite communities, we collected feather mites from 11 seabird species breeding across the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Using morphological criteria, we identified 33 mite species, of which 17 were new or recently described species. Based on community similarity analyses, mite communities were clearly structured by host genera, while the effect of geography within host genera or species was weak and sometimes negligible. We found a weak but significant effect of geographic distance on similarity patterns in mite communities for Cory’s shearwaters Calonectris borealis. Feather mite specificity mainly occurred at the host-genus rather than at host-species level, suggesting that previously inferred host species-specificity may have resulted from poorly sampling closely related host species. Overall, our results show that host phylogeny plays a greater role than geography in determining the composition and structure of mite assemblages and pinpoints the importance of sampling mites from closely-related host species before describing mite specificity patterns.
Optical investigation and computational modelling of BaTiO3 for optoelectronic devices applications
Authors: Elmahgary Maryam G. , Mahran Abdelrahman M. , Ganoub Moustafa , Abdellatif Sameh O.
Published: March 2023

ABX3 perovskite-based materials have attracted research attention in various electronic and optoelectronic applications. The ability to tune the energy band gap through various dopants makes perovskites a potential candidate in many implementations. Among various perovskite materials, BaTiO3 has shown great applicability as a robust UV absorber with an energy band gap of around 3.2 eV. Herein, we provide a new sonochemical-assisted solid-phase method for preparing BaTiO3 thin films that optoelectronic devices can typically be used. BaTiO3 nano-powder and the thin film deposited on a glass substrate were characterized using physicochemical and optical techniques. In addition, the work demonstrated a computational attempt to optically model the BaTiO3 from the atomistic level using density functional theory to the thin film level using finite difference time domain Maxwell's equation solver. Seeking repeatability, the dispersion and the extinction behavior of the BaTiO3 thin film have been modeled using Lorentz-Dude (LD) coefficients, where all fitting parameters are listed. A numerical model has been experimentally verified using the experimental UV–Vis spectrometer measurements, recording an average root-mean-square error of 1.44%.
Correlation between meteorological factors and vitamin D status under different season
Authors: Wang Xichao , Lu Ke , Shen Junjie , Xu Shihan , Wang Qi , Gong Yaqin , Xia Yunyu , Wang Xiaochun , Chen Lin , Yan Shanjun , Tang Zaixiang , Li Chong
Published: March 2023

Pregnant women with low vitamin D levels tend to have poor clinical outcomes. Meteorological factors were associated with vitamin D. Here, we aimed to study the current status of 25-Hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in pregnant women in Kunshan city and investigate the meteorological factors associated with 25(OH)D levels under different seasons. The correlation between meteorological factors and 25(OH)D levels was estimated by cross-correlation analysis and multivariate logistic regression. A restrictive cubic spline method was used to estimate the non-linear relationship. From 2015 to 2020, a total of 22,090 pregnant women were enrolled in this study. Pregnant women with 25(OH)D concentrations below 50 nmol/l represent 65.85% of the total study population. There is a positive correlation between temperature and 25(OH)D. And there is a protective effect of the higher temperature on vitamin D deficiency. However, in the subgroup analysis, we found that in autumn, high temperatures above 30 °C may lead to a decrease in 25(OH)D levels. This study shows that vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women may widespread in eastern China. There is a potential inverted U-shaped relationship between temperature and 25(OH)D levels, which has implications for understanding of vitamin D changes under different seasons.