bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morfologia e biometria do ligamento apical do pênis de touros da raça Girolando
Authors: Cardoso Júlio Roquete , Eurides Duvaldo , Moreira Paulo César , Mendonça Alberto Corrêa , Silva Luiz Antônio Franco da , Silva Frederico Ozanam Carneiro e , Cruz Viviane Souza
Published: September 2010

Objetivou-se descrever a morfologia e biometria do ligamento apical do pênis de 32 touros da raça Girolando (Bos taurus indicus X Bos taurus taurus, Linnaeus - 1758), com idade de 36 a 48 meses e pesando de 480 a 540kg. As peças anatômicas foram obtidas em frigorífico e mantidas congeladas até dissecação. O ligamento originou-se a 15,1±2,9cm distalmente à curvatura caudal da flexura sigmoide e inseriu-se a 1,4±0,7cm proximalmente ao colo da glande, medindo 18,9±2,6cm de comprimento. Apresentou largura de 1,9±0,6mm na sua origem, 2,2±0,8mm na inserção e 35,2±10mm na altura da inserção da lâmina interna do prepúcio. A espessura média ao longo de sua extensão variou de 0,7 a 1,9mm. Próximo à coroa da glande, o ligamento apical se posiciona principalmente na superfície dorsolateral esquerda desse órgão, e a característica da sua fixação na albugínea apresentou variações ao longo de sua extensão. Em sua origem e inserção e na face esquerda do pênis, o ligamento apical é firmemente aderido à túnica albugínea, mas na face dorsal e direita do pênis essa união é realizada por meio de tecido conjuntivo frouxo. Verificou-se correlação média entre o comprimento e a circunferência do pênis com o comprimento do ligamento apical, mas a correlação entre essas variáveis do pênis e a largura do ligamento apical foi baixa.
Damages of spittlebug on sugarcane quality and fermentation process
Authors: Garcia Débora Branquinho , Ravaneli Gisele Cristina , Madaleno Leonardo Lucas , Mutton Miguel Angelo , Mutton Márcia Justino Rossini
Published: September 2010

The quality of the raw material defines the industrial potential production. The harvest of raw sugarcane promoted a favorable environment for the increase of Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål, 1854) pest that affects the plant development. This research was undertaken to evaluate the effects of M. fimbriolata on sugarcane quality and fermentation process. For the technological analysis, four damage levels and two evaluation periods were evaluated, while four fermentation cycles and two evaluation periods were tested for microbiological analysis, with three replications. The determined parameters were Brix (soluble solids), Pol (apparent sucrose), Purity, reducing sugars (RS), total reducing sugars (TRS), Total Acidity, pH and Total Phenolic Compounds in juice. In the fermentation process cellular viability analysis, yeast sprout and bacterial concentration were carried out. The wine was submitted to alcohol content, TRRS (total residual reducing sugars) and fermentation efficiency. The treatment with 60% of damage steams exhibited the lowest averages of Brix, Pol, Purity and TRS of the juice. An increase of the RS% of the juice and content of total phenolic compounds was observed. The cellular and sprouts viability were reduced with the increase in the damages caused by M. fimbriolata. The fermentation process exhibited larger quantities of contaminators. With the damages, the wine TRRS quantity was superior and, consequently there was a decrease of the alcoholic content and fermentation efficiency. The damages caused by M. fimbriolata affected the quality of the raw material, compromising the fermentative process, and increase the production of phenolic compounds and contaminators.
Fertilizer distribution mechanisms and side dress nitrogen fertilization in upland rice under no-tillage system
Authors: Crusciol Carlos Alexandre Costa , Costa André de Moraes , Borghi Émerson , Castro Gustavo Spadotti Amaral , Fernandes Dirceu Maximino
Published: September 2010

Some crops have shown not to adapt to the no-tillage system (NTS) as a consequence of the compaction of the superficial soil layer. In a certain way, the mechanism used in seeders to open furrows for the deposition of fertilizers can have great importance in facilitating root penetration. This study was carried out to evaluate the influence of two fertilizer distribution mechanisms and N fertilization in upland rice (Oryza sativa) under NTS. The experiment was carried out in the growing seasons 2001/2002 and 2002/2003, in Botucatu, state of São Paulo, Brazil. A completely randomized block design was applied, with subdivided plots and four replications. Main plots consisted of two furrow opening mechanisms (furrow opener and double disk). Subplots consisted of four side dressing N levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1). The following parameters were evaluated: furrow and seed deposition depth, plant population, plant height, number of stems and panicles m-2, number of spikelets per panicle, spikelet fertility, weight of 1,000 grains, shoot dry matter, grain yield and N levels in the flag leaf. The success for upland rice establishment under the NTS in dry winter regions of Brazil is directly associated to the furrow opening mechanism of the seed-drill. The furrow opener mechanism resulted in deeper seed deposition, consequently decreasing seedling population, number of panicles per area and grain yield. Side dressing N fertilization in upland rice under NTS increases grain yield whenever the double disk mechanism is used to sow.
Marandu palisadegrass growth under nitrogen and sulphur for replacing signal grass in degraded tropical pasture
Authors: Bona Fabiano Daniel De , Monteiro Francisco Antonio
Published: September 2010

The degradation of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. (Signal grass) pastures has resulted in a big problem for the Brazilian cattlemen. The objective of this study was to assess fertilization with nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) rates on yield of Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu (Marandu palisadegrass) under establishment in a soil supporting degrading pasture of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. Additionally, the N and S concentrations in plant tissue and soil according to the rates of these nutrients were evaluated. The study was carried out in a greenhouse in pots filled with an Entisol with high organic matter content. Five rates of N (0; 100; 200; 300 and 400 mg dm-3) and five rates of S (0; 10; 20; 30 and 40 mg dm-3) were tested in a 5² fractionated factorial. Plants were harvest three times. The interaction N rates × S rates was significant for the variables leaf area, tiller number, shoot dry matter, N concentration and N:S ratio in plants, and total N and sulphur-sulphate in the soil in at least one of the three growth periods of Marandu palisadegrass in establishment. The supply of both S and N to reach the N:S ratio about 10:1 in the fertilization promoted high yield, adequate N and S concentrations for plant metabolism and forage production, as well as kept and/or raised the soil fertility in relation to these nutrients.
Bajo presión: primera relación sexual de adolescentes de Trelew (Argentina)
Authors: Jones Daniel Eduardo
Published: September 2010

El artículo analiza las expectativas y experiencias relativas a la primera relación sexual de adolescentes, a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas individuales a 22 varones y 22 mujeres, de entre 15 y 19 años de edad, pertenecientes a estratos socioeconómicos medios y residentes en Trelew, una ciudad de 100 mil habitantes en la Patagonia argentina. Se centra en los papeles esperados y las vivencias de presiones para la iniciación sexual. Los papeles esperados para varones y mujeres reflejan expectativas de género asimétricas y pueden favorecer acciones coercitivas por parte de parejas y amistades. Estas coerciones pueden ser interpretadas a partir del tipo de vínculo con la persona con que debutan sexualmente y la influencia de las redes de pares en tanto público interesado en dicho evento. El análisis de los testimonios tiene a la teoría de los guiones sexuales como marco de referencia, y considera las dimensiones de género y edad de las y los entrevistados.
Trajetória da escolarização de jovens e adultos no Brasil: de plataformas de governo a propostas pedagógicas esvaziadas
Authors: Friedrich Márcia , Benite Anna M. Canavarro , Benite Claudio R. Machado , Pereira Viviane Soares
Published: September 2010

Este artigo traz uma abordagem histórica da Escolarização de Jovens e Adultos e sua trajetória na história da educação no Brasil. Caracteriza-se por uma análise documental sobre o movimento desta modalidade de ensino e as políticas públicas que a regem. Fazemos um paralelo com a evolução histórica, formação de professores, mercado de trabalho no Brasil, utilizando fontes primárias e secundárias de pesquisa, compreendendo o período de 1973 até 2007. Constatamos que a literatura especializada, em geral, descreve acontecimentos cronológicos de iniciativas pontuais na tentativa de solucionar os problemas decorrentes do analfabetismo e falta de qualificação da mão de obra necessária ao modo de produção vigente em cada época, como iniciativas em relação às políticas públicas. No que diz respeito à relação com as propostas pedagógicas para esta modalidade de ensino, com base na análise de documentos legais, diretrizes e programas para o contexto educacional brasileiro, estas se caracterizam por uma educação compensatória, supletiva e emergencial.
Modelos matemáticos para a relação entre composição química, microestrutura e propriedades mecânicas de ligas de alumínio fundidas hipoeutéticas e eutéticas
Authors: Corradi Christiano Alves de Lima , Moita Gray Farias , Biazi Elenice
Published: September 2010

Para realização de qualquer projeto mecânico, é necessário conhecer as características do material que será utilizado e projetar o equipamento, de tal maneira que qualquer tensão resultante não seja excessiva e não provoque falha. As propriedades mecânicas dos materiais são verificadas pela execução de experimentos ou ensaios de laboratório cuidadosamente programados, que reproduzem, o mais fielmente possível, as condições de serviço. Entretanto esses ensaios mecânicos são destrutivos. Essa característica destrutiva do ensaio pode ser um problema, quando as peças que precisam de ser testadas não podem ser danificadas. Um outro complicador é a determinação de propriedades mecânicas em pontos específicos da peça, que se justifica, principalmente, em peças fundidas, onde as condições de resfriamento, as microssegregações e a ocorrência de defeitos se distribuem de maneira heterogêneas ao longo da peça. Uma vez que o processo de determinação da composição química e da estrutura metalográfi ca é realizado através de ensaios não destrutivos, eles poderiam substituir os ensaios mecânicos, se fosse estabelecida uma relação entre eles. Esse trabalho apresenta alguns modelos matemáticos gerados através de técnicas estatísticas de regressão linear múltipla, para a determinação das propriedades mecânicas de ligas de alumínio fundidas hipoeutéticas e eutéticas, a partir da realização de ensaios não destrutivos de microscopia e análise química.
Parametric adjustment of a junction triangle in terms of the precise construction of haulage drives in underground mines
Authors: Ganic Aleksandar , Ristovic Ivica , Djordjevic Dragan , Vulic Milivoj
Published: September 2010

In total costs of ore mining, haulage participates with 30-60%; the total number of workers engaged in the transportation exceeds 35%, while the participation of transportation in the total power consumption amounts to over 40%. All these values indicate that transportation is one of the most signifi cant challenges in the underground mining of ore deposits and that haulage analysis is very important both in selecting the haulage type and its design, utilization and maintenance. In addition to various technical mining parameters, together with mining and geological conditions, haulage effi ciency depends on the selection of optimal haulage drives, which can be achieved by accurately connecting the underground mine workings with mine network points on the surface of a site. The selection of the best mine haulage routes is one the most critical tasks in mine surveying. This paper shows how to adjust a junction triangle on a working level using the parametric adjustment method.
Simulação de produção em mina subterrânea de carvão com uso de conjuntos mecanizados
Authors: Pereira Sandro Pinzon , Costa João Felipe Coimbra Leite , Salvadoretti Paulo , Koppe Jair Carlos
Published: September 2010

No método de lavra câmaras-e-pilares, o sistema de lavra por conjuntos mecanizados teve, nos Estados Unidos, seu auge de aplicação entre as décadas de 50 e 60, dando lugar, posteriormente, ao sistema de mineração com minerador contínuo. No Brasil, conjuntos mecanizados ainda são utilizados em minas subterrâneas de carvão na região sul de Santa Catarina. Esse trabalho descreve um simulador de operações de lavra, onde todas as operações unitárias necessárias à extração do carvão foram incluídas. Foi desenvolvido, para a empresa Carbonífera Metropolitana S.A., um modelo computacional de simulação, que auxilia na ordenação da ocupação das frentes de lavra e nas estimativas de produção. A técnica de simulação usada denomina-se simulação por eventos discretos. Depois de construído e validado, o simulador mostrou-se eficaz na previsão de produção diária de carvão. Adicionalmente, o simulador ajuda a diagnosticar "gargalos" no ciclo de produção e esperas na realização das operações unitárias.
Níveis de proteína bruta e energia metabolizável na produção e qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras da linhagem Lohmann Brown
Authors: Costa Fernando Guilherme Perazzo , Souza Humberto Cardoso de , Gomes Carlos Alan Vieira , Barros Leilane Rocha , Brandão Patrícia Araújo , Nascimento Germano Augusto Jerônimo do , Santos Albert Wagner Ribeiro dos , Amarante Junior Valene da Silva
Published: September 2010

O experimento foi realizado no Setor de Avicultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de 324 poedeiras Lohmann Brown submetidas a diferentes níveis protéicos e energéticos entre a 43ª e 55ª semana de idade. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado num esquema fatorial 3x3, sendo 3 níveis protéicos (15,50, 16,50 e 17,50%) e 3 níveis energéticos (2700, 2800 e 2900 Kcal EM/kg), com 6 repetições e 6 aves por unidade experimental. As variáveis avaliadas foram produção de ovos, massa de ovos, conversão alimentar por massa de ovos, peso do ovo, peso do albúmen, peso da gema e peso da casca e suas respectivas porcentagens. Os níveis de proteína bruta e energia metabolizável não influenciaram significativamente (P>0,05) nenhum dos parâmetros estudados. Os níveis de proteína bruta e energia metabolizável apresentaram efeito linear (P<0,05) apenas para as variáveis, peso e porcentagem do albúmem e da casca, porém não houve interação. Conclui-se, portanto, que os melhores níveis de proteína e energia metabolizável para a produção de poedeiras Lohmann Brown, entre o período de 43 a 55 semanas de idade, foram 17,50% de PB e 2900 Kcal de EM/kg para melhor peso e porcentagem de albúmen e de 15,50% de PB e 2700 Kcal de EM/kg para melhor peso e porcentagem de casca..
Efeito da densidade populacional do pulgão-verde Schizaphis graminum (Rondani, 1852) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) na atividade enzimática em plantas de trigo
Authors: Gomes Flávia Batista , Santos Custódio Donizete dos , Moraes Jair Campos de , Goussain Marcio Marcos
Published: September 2010

Verificou-se o efeito da densidade populacional do pulgão-verde Schizaphis graminum (RONDANI, 1852) em plantas de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) na atividade das enzimas peroxidase e polifenoloxidase. Utilizaram-se os seguintes tratamentos: 10 pulgões/planta; 30 pulgões/planta; 50 pulgões/planta e a testemunha (sem pulgões). A peroxidase apresentou atividade mais intensa em relação à polifenoloxidase. A maior atividade da peroxidase ocorreu quando se utilizaram 30 e 50 pulgões/planta. Já para a polifenoloxidase, não houve diferença na sua atividade entre as três densidades utilizadas.
Bromatological and microbiological characteristics of sugarcane silages treated with calcium oxide
Authors: Cavali Jucilene , Pereira Odilon Gomes , Valadares Filho Sebastião de Campos , Santos Edson Mauro , Carvalho Gleidson Giordano Pinto de , Santos Márcia Vitória , Porto Marlos Oliveira , Rodrigues Juliana Ferraz Huback
Published: September 2010

It was evaluated the addition of calcium oxide (0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; and 2.0% of dry matter) effect on the chemical composition and ruminal degradability of the dry matter and neutral detergent fiber, on the losses of dry matter, and on the microbial population in sugar cane silages. A design with five levels of calcium oxide and three replications was used. All the variables were influenced by the addition of calcium oxide in the silages, except the composition in acid detergent insoluble protein, water soluble carbohydrates and lignin. The dry matter content and pH linearly increased while the contents of organic matter, hemicellulose and crude protein linearly decreased with the levels of calcium oxide. Neutral detergent fiber corrected for ashes and protein and acid detergent fiber were adjusted for the quadratic models with calculated minimal values of 33.3 and 22.5% for the levels 1.73 and 1.49% of calcium oxide, respectively. The in vitro digestibility of the dry matter and the content of amoniacal nitrogen adjusted to quadratic models with maximal levels of 80.1% and 9.1% for the levels of 1.8 and 0.7% of calcium oxide, respectively. The minimal production of gas (3.18%) was observed at the level of 1.39% of calcium oxide. Production of effluent and recovery of dry matter of the ensiled mass showed a reduction and a linear increase, respectively, with addition of calcium oxide. The highest lactic acid bacterial population was observed in the silage treated with 1.5% of calcium oxide. The addition of calcium oxide increased degradability of the soluble fraction of the dry matter, which was higher than 50% and reduced the non- degradable fraction of the neutral detergent fiber. Addition of calcium oxide level higher than 1.0% in the sugar cane during ensilage improves in vitro dry matter digestibility and the recovery of dry matter, increases populations of lactic acid bacteria and reduces production of yeasts.
Rasmussen Encephalitis: longterm outcome after surgery
Authors: Terra Vera C. , Machado Helio R. , Oliveira Ricardo dos Santos , Serafini Luciano N , Souza-Oliveira Cecília , Escorsi-Rosset Sara , Yacubian Elza Márcia Targas , Naffah-Mazzacoratti Maria da Graça , Scorza Carla A , Cavalheiro Esper A. , Scorza Fulvio A , Sakamoto Américo C.
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Rasmussen Encephalitis (RE) is characterized by intractable epilepsy, progressive hemiparesis and unilateral hemispheric atrophy. The progression of the symptoms usually occurs within months to few years. Antiepileptic drugs are usually not effective to control disease progression and epilepsy surgery in the form of hemispheric disconnection has been considered the treatment of choice. This work describes the clinical and electrographic analyses, as well as the post-operative evolution of patients with RE. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This work includes all the patients with RE evaluated from January 1995 to January 2008 by the Ribeirão Preto Epilepsy Surgery Program (CIREP) considering demographic data, interictal and ictal electroencephalographic (EEG) findings; anatomo-pathological findings and clinical outcome. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were evaluated, thirteen were female. Mean age of epilepsy onset was 4.4±2.0 years. There were no differences between patients with slow and fast evolution with respect to age of epilepsy onset (p=0.79), age at surgery (p=0.24), duration of epilepsy (0.06), and follow-up (p=0.40). There were no correlations between the presence of bilateral EEG abnormalities or the absence of spikes and post-operative seizure outcome (p=0.06). Twenty-three patients underwent surgery. The mean follow-up was 75.3 months. Eleven patients had total seizure control. Twelve individuals persisted with seizures consisting of mild facial jerks (6 patients), occasional hemigeneralized tonic-clonic seizures (3 patients), and frequent tonic-clonic seizures (3 patients). Mental and language impairment was observed in 15 and 12 patients, after surgery, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study reported the clinical and electrographic analysis, as well as the evolution of 23 patients with RE. Fourteen patients achieved satisfactory seizure control, three patients had partial response to surgery, and five patients had maintenance of the pre-operative condition. All patients with left side involvement presented with some language and cognitive disturbance.
Viagens, tremores e conchas: aspectos da natureza da América em escritos de José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, José Hipólito Unanúe e Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga
Authors: Lopes Maria Margaret , Varela Alex Gonçalves
Published: September 2010

Este artigo apresenta aspectos da produção científica de três ilustrados que atuaram na América do Sul: José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (1763-1838), José Hipólito Unanúe (1755-1833) e Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga (1771-1848). Os três naturalistas - de trajetórias, territórios e crenças diferenciadas - construíram suas versões sobre aspectos da natureza da América. Em comum, contribuíram com seus trabalhos científicos para a construção da geohistória americana. Foram escolhidos para análise por critérios de dispersão territorial e por suas diferentes abordagens sobre aspectos específicos das Ciências da Terra - temas que ainda hoje têm merecido menor atenção, mesmo entre os historiadores latino-americanos das ciências. Este artigo argumenta que estes personagens não só construíram seus próprios conhecimentos sobre temperamentos (climas) e territórios, como também utilizaram seu conhecimento científico no implemento de ações políticas para os seus respectivos países em conformação.
Etnoastronomia no Brasil: a contribuição de Charles Frederick Hartt e José Vieira Couto de Magalhães
Authors: Lima Flavia Pedroza , Figueirôa Silvia Fernanda de Mendonça
Published: September 2010

Após uma breve revisão bibliográfica sobre arqueoastronomia e etnoastronomia, o artigo analisa algumas obras do final do século XIX que trazem informações sobre a etnoastronomia de índios brasileiros. Estes relatos são de autoria do naturalista canadense Charles Frederick Hartt (1840-1878) e do polimata brasileiro José Vieira Couto de Magalhães (1837-1898). Embora moldados pelas cosmovisões dos seus autores e pelas teorias científicas da etnologia da época, registram uma pequena fração dos sistemas de conhecimento indígenas sobre a natureza, seus mitos celestes, constelações e calendários. Os autores são contemporâneos e se corresponderam, mas registraram de forma independente alguns conhecimentos comuns aos povos que falavam uma língua tupi.
Bacteriologia e medicina tropical britânicas: uma incursão a partir da Amazônia (1900-1901)
Authors: Benchimol Jaime Larry
Published: September 2010

Em junho de 1899, começou a funcionar a Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. No ano seguinte, dois de seus quadros, Herbert Edward Durham (1866-1945) e Walter Myers (1872-1901), viajaram para Belém, no Brasil, para investigar a febre amarela. Uma escala da viagem, em Havana, possibilitou o encontro com os norte-americanos que aí pesquisavam também a doença. Durham e Myers traziam a hipótese da transmissão por inseto hospedeiro, à semelhança do que acontecia com a malária, cujo modo de transmissão acabara de ser decifrado por ingleses e italianos. Mas, no Brasil, mantiveram-se presos à etiologia bacteriana e não acompanharam a ruptura na abordagem da febre amarela que o programa da medicina tropical propiciava. Tal paradoxo pode ser explicado examinando-se as trajetórias prévias de Durham e Myers, que se entrelaçam à de outro investigador, Alfredo Antunes Kanthack (1863-1898), nascido na Bahia, um dos principais protagonistas da instituição da microbiologia e imunologia na Inglaterra.
Do "inferno florido" à esperança do saneamento: ciência, natureza e saúde no estado do Amazonas durante a Primeira República (1890-1930)
Authors: Schweickardt Júlio César , Lima Nísia Trindade
Published: September 2010

Nas duas primeiras décadas do século XX, as publicações de Euclides da Cunha, Alberto Rangel e Carlos Chagas sobre a Amazônia apresentaram, sob diferentes perspectivas, uma crítica ao que consideravam visões fantasiosas, originárias dos relatos de viagem dos naturalistas dos séculos XVIII e XIX. Como alternativa, propunham a análise da região sob a ótica dos novos conhecimentos científicos, que incluíam domínios diversos - da geologia à medicina tropical. Trabalhos recentes vêm apontando a necessidade de maior investigação sobre as instituições e práticas científicas locais, tanto na elaboração de ideias sobre a região como na definição de políticas públicas. É nessa perspectiva que se propõe o presente artigo. Sua proposta consiste em refletir sobre as diferentes ideias que foram construídas pelo pensamento médico-científico sobre a natureza e a sociedade no estado do Amazonas, no período da Primeira República, em que se verificou o auge e o declínio da borracha. Considera-se que os médicos locais participaram ativamente dos debates científicos próprios à medicina tropical e colocaram em prática as principais teses sobre o combate e a profilaxia de endemias como a malária e a febre amarela. Esse conjunto de ideias e práticas contribuiu para a definição de ações de saneamento da cidade de Manaus e do interior do Amazonas.
Coleções de aranhas, redes científicas e política: a teia da vida de Cândido de Mello Leitão (1886-1948)
Authors: Duarte Regina Horta
Published: September 2010

Cândido de Mello Leitão (1886-1948) iniciou sua carreira como médico pediatra. Sua extrema dedicação ao estudo das aranhas o tornou um dos maiores aracnólogos de seu tempo, amplamente reconhecido por seus pares. Este artigo analisa alguns aspectos de sua trajetória profissional norteado pela seguinte pergunta: como um biólogo se formava na primeira metade do século XX no Brasil, época em que inexistiam cursos específicos de ciências biológicas e a profissão não era oficialmente reconhecida? Os resultados da pesquisa - realizada em livros, jornais e documentos pessoais de Mello Leitão - mostram como essa especialização surgiu no entrecruzamento entre as experiências práticas vividas em várias instituições científicas, as relações de colaboração nacionais e internacionais e o devir das condições sociais e históricas. Estudioso de aranhas, Mello Leitão era realmente grande conhecedor de redes, e foi nelas que se formou. No seio dessas relações pessoais e institucionais, construiu e divulgou conhecimentos, projetou papéis para si e seus colegas, para as diversas instituições nas quais atuou e para a biologia que praticou.
"Conquistar a terra, dominar a água, sujeitar a floresta": Getúlio Vargas e a revista "Cultura Política" redescobrem a Amazônia (1940-1941)
Authors: Andrade Rômulo de Paula
Published: September 2010

O artigo analisa a Amazônia no pensamento social do Estado Novo (1937-1945), quando acontecimentos e projetos governamentais, como a "Marcha para o Oeste" e o "Discurso do rio Amazonas", representaram uma maior atenção do poder central à região. A partir de 1941, artigos sobre a Amazônia foram publicados no periódico "Cultura Política", produzido pelo Departamento de Imprensa e Propaganda, sendo um dos principais meios de divulgação do pensamento social do Estado Novo. Conceitos de Euclides da Cunha, Alberto Rangel e Alfredo Ladislau sobre clima, raça e civilização foram apropriados para a produção destes textos com o objetivo de construir um ideário capitaneado pelo Estado. Desta forma, nossa análise aponta continuidades e descontinuidades entre a produção literária da Primeira República e o ideário oficial formulado pela ditadura de Getúlio Vargas.
Os escritos de Giovanni Angelo Brunelli, astrônomo da Comissão Demarcadora de Limites portuguesa (1753-1761), sobre a Amazônia brasileira
Authors: Papavero Nelson , Sanjad Nelson , Chiquieri Abner , Overal William Leslie , Mugnai Riccardo
Published: September 2010

O texto apresenta breve introdução à vida e à obra de Giovanni Angelo Brunelli (1722-1804), astrônomo bolonhês que participou da primeira Comissão Demarcadora de Limites entre as possessões de Portugal e Espanha na América do Sul, de 1753 a 1761, a serviço da Coroa lusitana. Em seguida, são publicados os três trabalhos de Brunelli sobre a Amazônia brasileira, tendo como temas a pororoca (1767), a mandioca (1767) e o rio Amazonas (1791); e dois outros documentos relacionadas à comissão, um ofício no qual Brunelli reclama a coordenação dos trabalhos de cartografia (1752) e um rascunho do diário de viagem do astrônomo até o rio Negro (1754). Todos esses documentos foram traduzidos ao português, pela primeira vez, do latim e do italiano.
Comparative evaluation of runoff and water quality using HSPF and SWMM
Authors: Lee Sae-Bom , Yoon Chun-Gyeong , Jung Kwang Wook , Hwang Ha Sun
Published: September 2010

Stormwater pollution is the untreated contaminated water that drains into natural waterways from land uses within an urban catchment. Several studies have demonstrated the deterioration of water quality in receiving bodies of water caused by stormwater runoff. The data have reported that urban runoff play primary roles in degrading water quality in adjacent aquatic systems. The accurate estimation of non-pollutant loads from urban runoff and the prediction of water quality in receiving waters are important. The objective of this paper is to assess the applicability of the watershed scale hydrologic and water quality simulation models SWMM and HSPF to simulate the hydrology of a small watershed in the Han River Basin. Monitoring was performed in small scale watersheds, which is homogeneous land use. The applicability of SWMM and HSPF model was examined for small watersheds using hourly monitoring data. The results of SWMM were reasonably reflected with observed data in small scale urban area. HSPF model was effective at specifying parameters related to runoff and water quality when using hourly monitoring data. The watershed models used in this study adequately simulated watershed characteristics and are recommended to support watershed management.
Technical-economical analysis of selected decentralized technologies for municipal wastewater treatment in the city of Rome
Authors: Gavasci Renato , Chiavola Agostina , Spizzirri Massimo
Published: September 2010

Several wastewater treatment technologies were evaluated as alternative systems to the more traditional centralized continuous flow system to serve decentralized areas of the city of Rome (Italy). For instance, the following technologies were selected: (1) Constructed wetlands, (2) Membrane Biological Reactor, (3) Deep Shaft, (4) Sequencing Batch Reactor, and (5) Combined Filtration and UV-disinfection. Such systems were distinguished based on the limits they are potentially capable of accomplishing on the effluent. Consequently, the SBR and DS were grouped together for their capability to comply with the standards for the discharge into surface waters (according to the Italian D.Lgs. 152/06, Table 1, All. 5), whereas the MBR and tertiary system (Filtration + UVc-disinfection) were considered together as they should be able to allow effluent discharge into soil (according to the Italian D.Lgs. 152/06, Table 4, All. 5) and/or reuse (according to the Italian D.M. 185/03). Both groups of technologies were evaluated in comparison with the more common continuous flow treatment sequence consisting of a biological activated sludge tank followed by the secondary settlement, with final chlorination. CWs were studied separately as a solution for decentralized urban areas with limited population. After the analysis of the main technical features, an economical estimate was carried out taking into account the investment, operation and maintenance costs as a function of the plant's capacity. The analysis was based on real data provided by the Company who manages the entire water system of the City of Rome (Acea Ato 2 S.p.A.). A preliminary design of the treatment plants using some of the selected technologies was finally carried out.
Sensitivity analysis of an urban stormwater microorganism model
Authors: McCarthy D. T. , Deletic A. , Mitchell V. G. , Diaper C.
Published: September 2010

This paper presents the sensitivity analysis of a newly developed model which predicts microorganism concentrations in urban stormwater (MOPUS—MicroOrganism Prediction in Urban Stormwater). The analysis used Escherichia coli data collected from four urban catchments in Melbourne, Australia. The MICA program (Model Independent Markov Chain Monte Carlo Analysis), used to conduct this analysis, applies a carefully constructed Markov Chain Monte Carlo procedure, based on the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, to explore the model's posterior parameter distribution. It was determined that the majority of parameters in the MOPUS model were well defined, with the data from the MCMC procedure indicating that the parameters were largely independent. However, a sporadic correlation found between two parameters indicates that some improvements may be possible in the MOPUS model. This paper identifies the parameters which are the most important during model calibration; it was shown, for example, that parameters associated with the deposition of microorganisms in the catchment were more influential than those related to microorganism survival processes. These findings will help users calibrate the MOPUS model, and will help the model developer to improve the model, with efforts currently being made to reduce the number of model parameters, whilst also reducing the slight interaction identified.
Characteristics of nitrogen removal and microbial distribution by application of spent sulfidic caustic in pilot scale wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Park S. , Lee J. , Park J. , Byun I. , Park T. , Lee T.
Published: September 2010

Since spent sulfidic caustic (SSC) produced from petrochemical industry contains a high concentration of alkalinity and sulfide, it was expected that SSC could be used as an electron donor for autotrophic denitrification. To investigate the nitrogen removal performance, a pilot scale Bardenpho process was operated. The total nitrogen removal efficiency increased as SSC dosage increased, and the highest efficiency was observed as 77.5% when SSC was injected into both anoxic tank (1) and (2). FISH analysis was also performed to shed light on the effect of SSC dosage on the distribution ratio of nitrifying bacteria and Thiobacillus denitrificans. FISH results indicated that the relative distribution ratio of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, Nitrobacter spp., Nitrospira genus and Thiobacillus denitrificans to eubacteria varied little with the pH of the tanks, and SSC injection did not give harmful effect on nitrification efficiency. These results show that SSC can be applied as an electron donor of autotrophic denitrification to biological nitrogen removal process effectively, without any inhibitory effects to nitrifying bacteria and sulfur-utilizing denitrifying bacteria.
Optimization of a novel enzyme treatment process for early-stage processing of sheepskins
Authors: Lim Y. F. , Bronlund J. E. , Allsop T. F. , Shilton A. N. , Edmonds R. L.
Published: September 2010

An enzyme treatment process for early-stage processing of sheepskins has been previously reported by the Leather and Shoe Research Association of New Zealand (LASRA) as an alternative to current industry operations. The newly developed process had marked benefits over conventional processing in terms of a lowered energy usage (73%), processing time (47%) as well as water use (49%), but had been developed as a “proof of principle'’. The objective of this work was to develop the process further to a stage ready for adoption by industry. Mass balancing was used to investigate potential modifications for the process based on the understanding developed from a detailed analysis of preliminary design trials. Results showed that a configuration utilising a 2 stage counter-current system for the washing stages and segregation and recycling of enzyme float prior to dilution in the neutralization stage was a significant improvement. Benefits over conventional processing include a reduction of residual TDS by 50% at the washing stages and 70% savings on water use overall. Benefits over the un-optimized LASRA process are reduction of solids in product after enzyme treatment and neutralization stages by 30%, additional water savings of 21%, as well as 10% savings of enzyme usage.
Impacts of urbanization on hydrology in the Yangtze River Delta, China
Authors: Youpeng Xu , Jintao Xu , Jinjia Ding , Ying Chen , Yixing Yin , Xingqi Zhang
Published: September 2010

The Yangtze River Delta is one of the most developed regions in China and the rapid development of urbanization have greatly influenced regional hydrology and water resources. Taking several typical urbanizing areas in the Yangtze River Delta as examples, this paper probes into the impacts of urbanization on hydrologic cycle and hydrological process with the support of RS, GIS and hydrological model. The research centers on the impacts of urbanization on precipitation, hydrological process, river networks, and water environment in some typical cities. The results show that: (1) Urban rain island effect is not evident when the process of urbanization is slow, while the differences of annual precipitation and flood season precipitation between urban and suburban areas increased to a certian extent in the booming stage of urbanization. (2) The annual runoff depth and the runoff coefficient increased with the development of urbanization, and the effect will be more notable when the urban areas expand to a certain size; (3) River network systems, especially low-grade rivers have been greatly destroyed in the process of urbanization, which increases the risk of flood and water degradation, so it is very important to protect natural river systems. Based on the results, some proposals of sustainable utilization and protection of water resources is also addressed.
The catalytic oxidation of malachite green by the microwave-Fenton processes
Authors: Zheng Huaili , Zhang Huiqin , Sun Xiaonan , Zhang Peng , Tshukudu Tiroyaone , Zhu Guocheng
Published: September 2010

Catalytic oxidation of malachite green using the microwave-Fenton process was investigated. 0% of malachite green de-colorization using the microwave process and 23.5% of malachite green de-colorization using the Fenton process were observed within 5 minutes. In contrast 95.4% of malachite green de-colorization using the microwave-Fenton was observed in 5 minutes. During the microwave-Fenton process, the optimum operating conditions for malachite green de-colorization were found to be 3.40 of initial pH, 0.08 mmol/L of Fe2 +  concentration and 12.5 mmol/L of H2O2 concentration. Confirmatory tests were carried out under the optimum conditions and the COD removal rate of 82.0% and the de-colorization rate of 99.0% were observed in 5 minutes. The apparent kinetics equation of −dC/dt = 0.0337 [malachite green]0.9860[Fe2 + ]0.8234[H2O2]0.1663 for malachite green de-colorization was calculated, which implied that malachite green was the dominant factor in determining the removal efficiency of malachite green based on microwave-Fenton process.
Preliminary study of osmotic membrane bioreactor: effects of draw solution on water flux and air scouring on fouling
Authors: Qin Jian-Jun , Kekre Kiran A. , Oo Maung H. , Tao Guihe , Lay Chee L. , Lew Cheun H. , Cornelissen Emile R. , Ruiken Chris J.
Published: September 2010

Preliminary study on a novel osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR) was explored. Objective of this study was to investigate the effects of draw solution on membrane flux and air scouring at the feed side on fouling tendency in a pilot OMBR system composing the anoxic/aerobic and forward osmosis (FO) processes. Domestic sewage was the raw feed, FO membrane from HTI and NaCl/MgSO4 draw solutions were used in the experiments. Fluxes of 3 l/m2/h (LMH) and 7.2 LMH were achieved at osmotic pressure of 5 and 22.4 atm, respectively. No significant flux decline was observed at 3 LMH over 190 h and at 7.2 LMH over 150 h when air scouring was provided at the feed side of the membrane. However, without air scouring, the flux at 22.4 atm osmotic pressure declined by 30% after 195 h and then levelled off. The potential advantages of the fouling reversibility with air scouring under the operating conditions of the pilot OMBR and better water quality in OMBR over the conventional MBR were preliminarily demonstrated.
Settling behaviour of pellet flocs in pelleting flocculation process: analysis through operational conditions
Authors: Gang Zhang , Ting-lin Huang , Chi Tan , Zhan-peng Li , Wen-jie He , Hong-da Han , Chen Li
Published: September 2010

Pellet flocs' settling velocity is an important parameter in the pelleting flocculation blanket (PFB) process, hence, it is necessary to investigate flocs' settling behaviour to achieve the optimum operation parameters of the process. To investigate the settling behaviour of pellets under different operational conditions, a dynamic experiment was carried out to concentrate ferric flocs sludge by pelleting flocculation blanket (PFB) process with the scale of 0.5–1.2 m3/h. Under different operating conditions such as raw water concentration, polyacrylamide (PAM) dosage, up-flow rate, and agitation speed, pellet particles were sampled from different locations of the blanket in various operating stages to analyze pellet size, setting velocity, and porosity. Experimental results indicated that, when the PAM dosage increased from 0.59 mg/L to 1.18 mg/L, pellets size would flocculated from 2.25 mm to 3.52 mm with the settling velocity accelerated from 3.28 mm/s to 7.37 mm/s, while under the same up-flow rate, agitation intensity and PAM dosage, accompany with the raw water concentration increased from 216 mg/L to 840 mg/L, pellets settling velocity would improved from 6.03 mm/s to 13.6 mm/s. Under the experimental condition, along with the up-flow rate increased from 13.3 m/h to 40 m/h, pellets settling velocity would decreased from 4.39 mm/s to 3.42 mm/s due to its lower density.
Enhancement of settling tank capacity using a new type of tube settler
Authors: Fujisaki K.
Published: September 2010

The effectiveness of a newly developed lamellar settler was confirmed by onsite experiments. The device had inclined parallel plates arranged in a vertical direction in a settling tank. This vertical arrangement method enables many more plates to be set compared to the conventional horizontal arrangement. As an original and distinctive innovation, both the right and left edges of the plates were closed, for removing the clear water between the plates, The tube settler modules were installed in a final settling tank of a sewage treatment plant. Tests conducted over a 9 months period showed that the system operated successfully and under normal operation conditions, the new device could treat almost the same flow rate as that treated by a conventional tank, 5,000 m3/day. For storm water, the new tube settler was demonstrated to enhance the settling tank capacity by up to 3 times.
AGEM400(HES), a Novel Erythropoietin Mimetic Peptide Conjugated to Hydroxyethyl Starch with Excellent In Vitro Efficacy
Authors: Greindl Alexandra , Kessler Claudia , Breuer Bettina , Haber Udo , Rybka Andreas , Emgenbroich Marco , Pötgens Andy J.G. , Frank Hans-Georg
Published: September 2010

We developed and tested a compound called AGEM400(HES) that consists of a novel erythropoietin mimetic
peptide (EMP) which is produced as a continuous N- to C-linked dimer and is conjugated to biodegradable hydroxyethyl
starch (HES). In various in vitro assays, AGEM400(HES) demonstrated excellent efficacy, better than the peptide alone,
and comparable to the efficacy of erythropoietin (EPO) and Aranesp (Darbepoietin alpha). The assays included survival
assays on EPO-responsive cell lines (EC50 below 1 ng/ml peptide) and clonogenic assays on human bone marrow
cells (EC50 1 to 10 ng/ml). AGEM400(HES) caused phosphorylation of STAT5 and ERK signalling proteins in UT7/EPO
cells in a similar fashion as EPO. AGEM400(HES) replaced EPO from its receptor and the in vitro activity of AGEM400
(HES) was inhibited by soluble EPO receptor. Antibodies generated in mice and rabbits against EPO did not recognize
AGEM400(HES) peptide, and vice versa. A sensitive ELISA was able to detect AGEM400(HES) at low nanogram per
ml concentrations which allows for bioanalytics of AGEM400(HES) serum levels in future in vivo studies. As a result,
AGEM400(HES) is a promising drug candidate for anemias related to renal insufficiency and/or in oncological settings.
caGrid-Enabled caBIGTM Silver Level Compatible Head and Neck Cancer Tissue Database System
Authors: Wang Haibin , Bouzyk Erik , Kuehn Anna , Muller Susan , Chen Zhengjia , Khuri Fadlo R , Shin Dong M , Rogatko André , Tighiouart Mourad
Published: September 2010

There are huge amounts of biomedical data generated by research labs in each cancer institution. The data are stored in various formats and accessed through numerous interfaces. It is very difficult to exchange and integrate the data among different cancer institutions, even among different research labs within the same institution, in order to discover useful biomedical knowledge for the healthcare community. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a caGrid-enabled caBIGTM silver level compatible head and neck cancer tissue database system. The system is implemented using a set of open source software and tools developed by the NCI, such as the caCORE SDK and caGrid. The head and neck cancer tissue database system has four interfaces: Web-based, Java API, XML utility, and Web service. The system has been shown to provide robust and programmatically accessible biomedical information services that syntactically and semantically interoperate with other resources.
Two Novel Approaches Used to Produce Biodiesel from Low-Cost Feedstocks
Authors: Fan Xiaohu , Wang Xi , Chen Feng
Published: September 2010

The price of feedstock is one of the most significant factors affecting the economic viability of biodiesel
manufacturer. Many approaches were investigated to reduce the biodiesel production cost. The present work gave a
preliminary study of two approaches to economically produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) and flaked
cottonseed. One was the use of ultrasound-assisted synthesis of biodiesel from WCO. The other was the application of in
situ transesterification from flaked cottonseed. Gas chromatography (GC) and High performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) results demonstrated the feasibility of using both approaches to produce biodiesel from low-cost feedstock.
Supply Shocks and Gender Bias in Child Health Investments: Evidence from the ICDS Programme in India
Authors: Chakravarty Abhishek
Published: September 2010

This paper examines whether a permanent increase in the supply of immunisations reduces or intensifies the gender bias in immunisation against female children in India. It also investigates the effect of duration of exposure to the supply shock on gender bias. The variation in the implementation of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme across both regions and time is exploited for the analysis. Estimations use data from the 2005-06 Measure DHS survey in India. We find that the increased supply of vaccinations due to the programme initially increases the gender inequality in immunisation but that this increase disappears over time. Our results indicate that the programme has saved approximately 1.72-1.84 million children, of which about 70% are boys.