bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does the Interface Quality of Mobile Shopping Apps Affect Purchase Intention? An Empirical Study
Authors: Patel Vipul , Das Kallol , Chatterjee Ravi , Shukla Yupal
Published: September 2020

Shopping using mobile applications (apps) is becoming a trend. Studies have highlighted the importance of interface in the case of shopping websites. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is hardly any study that has investigated the impact of interface quality of mobile apps on purchase intention. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of interface quality of mobile shopping apps on customer intention to purchase. Four dimensions of interface quality of mobile shopping apps (viz. general information quality, product information related quality, layout quality, and visual appeal quality) were explored. Survey method was used to test the framework developed in this study. Results suggest that shopping apps' interface quality has indirect effect on purchase intention. Shopping app-interface quality has a positive impact on perceived enjoyment, which has little but positive impact on purchase intention using shopping apps. Shopping app-interface quality has no effect on perceived trust, but perceived enjoyment exerts a positive effect on perceived trust, which positively influences customer intention to purchase using shopping apps. Further, the study discusses theoretical and managerial implications and concludes with limitations and avenues for future research.
Multimodal News Analysis across Cultures
Authors: Caple Helen , Huan Changpeng , Bednarek Monika
Published: September 2020

Corpus-based discourse analysts are becoming increasingly interested in the incorporation of non-linguistic data, for example through corpus-assisted multimodal discourse analysis. This Element applies this new approach in relation to how news values are discursively constructed through language and photographs. Using case studies of news from China and Australia, the Element presents a cross-linguistic comparison of news values in national day reporting. Discursive news values analysis (DNVA) has so far been mainly applied to English-language data. This Element offers a new investigation of Chinese DNVA and provides momentum to scholars around the world who are already adopting DNVA to their local contexts. With its focus on national days across two very different cultures, the Element also contributes to research on national identity and cross-linguistic corpus linguistics.
Why Do Corporations Engage in LGBT Rights Activism? LGBT Employee Groups as Internal Pressure Groups
Authors: Maks-Solomon Cory , Drewry Josiah Mark
Published: September 2020

Most scholarship on corporate political activity assumes that market forces wholly motivate firms’ political strategies. However, this conventional wisdom overlooks the role of employee groups in encouraging corporate activism. To evaluate whether employee groups are associated with firm social activism, we gathered all public statements in support of LGBT rights made by the five hundred largest publicly-traded US corporations from 2011 to 2017. In an exploratory observational analysis, we found robust evidence that in highly-educated workforces LGBT employee groups persuade management to take public stances in support of LGBT rights. Our findings suggest that internal pressure promotes activism on LGBT issues, and market, political, or social forces are insufficient to fully explain firm social activism. Although each does play an important role, since employee groups will use political, social, and especially market-based arguments to convince their managers to engage in activism.
Evidence Review and Practice Recommendation on the Material, Design, and Maintenance of Cloth Masks
Authors: Sunjaya Anthony Paulo , Morawska Lidia
Published: September 2020

Despite numerous masking recommendations from public health agencies, including the World Health Organization, editorials, and commentaries providing support for this notion, none had examined different homemade masks or demonstrated that perhaps not all cloth masks are the same. This article aims to provide evidence-based recommendations on cloth-mask materials, its design, and, importantly, its maintenance. Articles were obtained from PubMed and preprint servers up to June 10, 2020. Current evidence suggests that filtration effectiveness can range from 3% to 95%. Multiple layer (hybrid) homemade masks made from a combination of high density 100% cotton and materials with electrostatic charge would be more effective than one made from a single material. Mask fit greatly affects filtration efficiency, and adding an overhead knot or nylon overlay potentially provides the best fit for cloth masks. There is a paucity of evidence for masks maintenance as most studies are in the laboratory setting; however, switching every 4 hours as in medical masks and stored in dedicated containers while awaiting disinfection is recommended. Outside of these recommendations to improve the effectiveness of cloth masks to reduce infection transmission, there is a need for countries to set up independent testing labs for homemade masks made based on locally available materials. This can use existing occupational health laboratories usually used for accrediting masks and respirators.
The ontological politics of cyber security: Emerging agencies, actors, sites, and spaces
Authors: Liebetrau Tobias , Christensen Kristoffer Kjærgaard
Published: September 2020

In this article, we show how Annemarie Mol's notion of ontological politics helps to open up the research agenda for cyber security in Critical Security Studies. The article hence seeks to further the debate about STS and Critical Security Studies. The article's main claim is that the concept of ontological politics enables an engagement with the complex and transformative dynamics of ICT and the new security actors and practices that shape security politics in the digital age. By examining the virulent attacks executed by the Mirai botnet – one of the world's largest, fiercest, and most enduring botnets – we point to four aspects of cyber security that attention to the ontological politics of cyber security attunes us to: the proliferation and entanglement of security agencies, actors, sites, and spaces. These aspects of cyber security, we argue, are becoming increasingly prominent alongside the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G network technology. In conclusion, we discuss the wider security theoretical and normative-democratic implications of an engagement with the ontological politics of security by exploring three avenues for additional conversation between ontological politics and Critical Security Studies.
Do Functions Explain? Hegel and the Organizational View
Authors: Cooper Andrew
Published: September 2020

In this paper I return to Hegel's dispute with Kant over the conceptual ordering of external and internal purposiveness to distinguish between two conceptions of teleology at play in the contemporary function debate. I begin by outlining the three main views in the debate (the etiological, causal role and organizational views). I argue that only the organizational view can maintain the capacity of function ascriptions both to explain the presence of a trait and to identify its contribution to a current system, for it is the only view that considers teleology as a natural cause. To establish how teleology can be considered as a natural cause, advocates of the organizational view return to Kant's analysis of internal purposiveness. However, while Kant identifies the requirements that an object must meet to satisfy the demands of teleological judgment, I suggest that he denies that we can know whether they are truly met. I argue that Hegel's philosophy of nature is better equipped to determine how internal purposiveness can be considered as a natural cause, for it grounds organization in a form of purposiveness that is more fundamental than a designer's intention.
No, Afghanistan Is Not Really Vietnam All Over Again
Authors: O'Connell Aaron
Published: September 2020

On February 29, 2020, the United States and the Afghan Taliban signed an agreement in Doha, Qatar, bringing the United States potentially closer to ending the war in Afghanistan than at any point in the conflict's eighteen-year history. After months of military escalations, negotiations, and recriminations, the United States agreed to a token withdrawal of several thousand forces by August 2020 and to remove all remaining forces by May 2021. The Afghan government had been cut out of the talks, but the United States also vowed to encourage it to release thousands of Taliban prisoners and to enter into its own negotiations with the Taliban in order to pave the way to a permanent ceasefire agreement. For its part, the Taliban agreed to negotiate with Kabul after the troop withdrawals began and to halt cooperation with Al Qaeda and other terrorist groups.
On the policy improvement algorithm for ergodic risk-sensitive control
Authors: Arapostathis Ari , Biswas Anup , Pradhan Somnath
Published: September 2020

In this article we consider the ergodic risk-sensitive control problem for a large class of multidimensional controlled diffusions on the whole space. We study the minimization and maximization problems under either a blanket stability hypothesis, or a near-monotone assumption on the running cost. We establish the convergence of the policy improvement algorithm for these models. We also present a more general result concerning the region of attraction of the equilibrium of the algorithm.
Associations of early-life exposure to famine with abdominal fat accumulation are independent of family history of diabetes and physical activity
Authors: Hu Xiang , Wen Junping , Yu Weihui , Yang Lijuan , Pan Wei , Xu Ke , Chen Xueqin , Li Qianqian , Chen Gang , Gu Xuejiang
Published: September 2020

The present study aimed to investigate the association of early-life exposure to famine with abdominal fat accumulation and function and further evaluate the influence of first-degree family history of diabetes and physical activity on this association. The present work analysed parts of the REACTION study. A total of 3033 women were enrolled. Central obesity was defined as waist circumferences (W) ≥ 85 cm. Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) was used to evaluate visceral adipose distribution and function. Partial correlation analysis showed BMI, W, glycated Hb and CVAI were associated with early-life exposure to famine (both P < 0·05). Logistic regression showed that the risks of overall overweight/obesity and central obesity in fetal, early-childhood, mid-childhood and late-childhood exposed subgroups were increased significantly (all P < 0·05). Compared with the non-exposed group, the BMI, W and CVAI of fetal, early- to late-childhood exposed subgroups were significantly increased both in those with or without first-degree family history of diabetes and in those classified as physically active or inactive, respectively (all P < 0·05). The associations of BMI, W and CVAI with early-life exposure to famine were independent of their associations with first-degree family history of diabetes (all P < 0·01) or physical activity status (all P < 0·001). Early-life exposure to famine contributed to abdominal fat accumulation and dysfunction, which was independent of the influence of genetic background and exercise habits. Physical activity could serve as a supplementary intervention for women with high risk of central obesity.
Do tribal children experience elevated risk of poor nutritional status in India? A multilevel analysis
Authors: Adhikari Tulsi , Yadav Jeetendra , Tripathi Niharika , Tolani Himanshu , Kaur Harpreet , Rao M. Vishnu Vardhana
Published: September 2020

Economic progress in India over the past three decades has not been accompanied by a commensurate improvement in the nutritional status of children, and a disproportionate burden of undernutrition is still focused on socioeconomically disadvantaged populations in the poorest regions. This study examined the nutritional status of children under 3 years of age using data from the fourth round of Indian National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–2016. Child undernutrition was assessed in a sample of 126,431 under-3 children using the anthropometric indices of stunting, underweight and wasting (‘anthropometric failure’) across 640 districts, 5489 primary sampling units and 35 states/UTs of India. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the regional pattern of childhood undernutrition. Multilevel logistic regression models were fitted to examine the adjusted effect of social group (tribal vs non-tribal) and economic, demographic and contextual factors on the risks of stunting, underweight and wasting accounting for the hierarchical nature of the data. Interaction effects were estimated to model the joint effects of socioeconomic position (household wealth, maternal education, urban/rural residence and geographical region) and social group (tribal vs non-tribal) with the likelihood of anthropometric failure among children. The burden of childhood undernutrition was found to vary starkly across social, economic, demographic and contextual factors. Interaction effects demonstrated that tribal children from economically poorer households, with less-educated mothers, residing in rural areas and living in the Central region of India had elevated odds of anthropometric deprivation than other tribal children. The one-size-fits-all approach to tackling undernutrition in tribal children may not be efficient and could be counterproductive.
The role of transoral fine needle aspiration in expediting diagnosis and reducing risk in head and neck cancer patients in the coronavirus disease 2019 era: a single-institution experience
Authors: Touska P , Oikonomou G , Ngu R , Chandra A , Malhotra A , Fry A , Oakley R , Arora A , Jeannon J-P , Simo R
Published: September 2020

Objective

The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has necessitated rapid alterations to diagnostic pathways for head and neck cancer patients that aim to reduce risk to patients (exposure to the hospital environment) and staff (aerosol-generating procedures). Transoral fine needle aspiration cytology offers a low-risk means of rapidly diagnosing patients with oral cavity or oropharyngeal lesions. The technique was utilised in selected patients at our institution during the pandemic. The outcomes are considered in this study.

Method

Diagnostic outcomes were retrospectively evaluated for a series of patients undergoing transoral fine needle aspiration cytology of oral cavity and oropharyngeal lesions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results

Five patients underwent transoral fine needle aspiration cytology, yielding lesional material in 100 per cent, with cell blocks providing additional information. In one case, excision biopsy of a lymphoproliferative lesion was required for final diagnosis.

Conclusion

Transoral fine needle aspiration cytology can provide rapid diagnosis in patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal lesions. Whilst limitations exist (including tolerability and lesion location), the technique offers significant advantages pertinent to the COVID-19 era, and could be employed in the future to obviate diagnostic surgery in selected patients.
Patriots in the Court of Pandæmonium: People, Paradox, and the Making of American Zealots
Authors: Eber-Schmid Noah
Published: September 2020

Political theorists often interrogate the constitution of “the people” as a formal theoretical problem. They have paid less attention, however, to how this problem confronts actors directly engaged in political crises, not as a problem of formal theory, but as an urgent problem of practice. Between 1771 and 1783, prominent Bostonians delivered passionate orations to memorialize the Boston Massacre on the annual observance of “Massacre Day.” Rather than focusing abstractly on the people as a formal problem, I turn to this neglected political holiday, examining it through the lenses of affect, performance, and narrative, to demonstrate how orators confronted the pressing problem of making a people. Using public rituals and speech to promote an identity that united powerful emotions with political principles, orators negotiated the paradoxical nature of the people by constructing a model of subjectivity, the patriotic zealot, that intensified political differences and motivated extreme political action.
Indexing political identity in the Catalonianprocés: A sociophonetic approach
Authors: Blas-Arroyo José Luis
Published: September 2020

This article demonstrates the potential for phonological variables to be a resource for the expression of ideology and identity in historical circumstances such as those experienced recently in the Catalonianprocés. Based on a corpus consisting of communicative events from sixteen leading Catalan politicians, four Spanish linguistic variants are analyzed. Apart from a handful of structural predictors, the mixed-effects logistic regression analysis shows the robustness of (only) two extralinguistic factor groups: the social origin and the identification of the politicians as Catalan nationalist (mainly pro-independence) or not nationalist. As regards the latter, the most significant of all predictors, the analysis shows how nationalist politicians always favor the sounds mainly associated with vernacular pronunciation in eastern Catalan speech communities ([-ɫ] and [-t]), but at the same time also favor other sounds associated with more canonical and pan-Hispanic prestige variants ([-ð] and [-ð-]). These apparently contradictory results can be explained if the social meaning of all variants is considered around the same indexical field, that of authenticity. In this sense, nationalists seem to ‘appropriate’ the Spanish language by tingeing its expressive habits with uses closer to their language. (Phonological variation, nationalism, ideology, languages in contact, Spanish, Catalan)*
HOW DOES MODE OF INPUT AFFECT THE INCIDENTAL LEARNING OF COLLOCATIONS?
Authors: Webb Stuart , Chang Anna C.-S.
Published: September 2020

There has been little research investigating how mode of input affects incidental vocabulary learning, and no study examining how it affects the learning of multiword items. The aim of this study was to investigate incidental learning of L2 collocations in three different modes: reading, listening, and reading while listening. One hundred thirty-eight second-year college students learning EFL in Taiwan were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (reading, listening, reading while listening) and a no treatment control group. The experimental groups encountered 17 target collocations in the same graded reader. Learning was measured using two tests that involved matching the component words and recalling their meanings. The results indicated that the reading while listening condition was most effective while the reading and listening conditions contributed to similarly sized gains. The findings suggest that listening may play a more important role in learning collocations than single-word items.
Forderungen zum Schutz vor SARS-CoV-2 im Justizvollzug
Authors: Keppler Karlheinz , Stöver Heino
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Das Regionalbüro Europa der WHO hat einen Leitfaden publiziert, der sich dem Thema Umgang mit der Corona-Erkrankung (COVID-19) widmet. Ziel: Im Folgenden werden die im Leitfaden empfohlenen Maßnahmen um weitere Forderungen v. a. für drogenabhängige Gefangene ergänzt.
Medizinstudium an der Università della Svizzera italiana
Authors: Link Monica
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die Fakultät für Biomedizinische Wissenschaften (Fakultät) der Università della Svizzera italiana (USI) wurde 2014 gegründet mit dem Ziel, einen Beitrag zur Lösung eines schweizweiten Problems zu leisten: der Mangel an in der Schweiz ausgebildeten Ärztinnen und Ärzten. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, bietet die Fakultät seit 2017 in Zusammenarbeit mit der Universität Basel eine limitierte Anzahl Bachelorstudienplätze an, und im Herbst 2020 startet der neue Studiengang Master in Humanmedizin im Tessin. Auf akademischer Seite arbeitet die Fakultät eng mit der Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule Zürich (ETHZ), der Universität Basel (UNIBAS) und der Universität Zürich (UZH) zusammen, und für die klinische Ausbildung bestehen Kooperationen mit verschiedenen klinischen Institutionen im Tessin. Durch die Kombination von klinischer Praxis, wissenschaftlicher Ausbildung und kommunikativen Fähigkeiten geht der Master auf die heutigen Herausforderungen des Ärzteberufs ein.
Étudier la médecine humaine à l’Université de Genève: Un programme d’études intégré et innovant
Authors: Nendaz Mathieu , Hartley Oliver , Chanson Marc , Savoldelli Georges
Published: September 2020

Résumé. Le curriculum de médecine humaine de la faculté de médecine de l’Université de Genève a été complètement rénové en 1995 et propose un programme d’études intégré garantissant une adaptation constante du contenu de son enseignement à l’explosion des connaissances biomédicales et aux mutations de la société, en utilisant des méthodes d’apprentissage actif, centrées sur l’étudiant-e. Conforme au processus de Bologne depuis 2006, il a été accrédité à plusieurs reprises, la dernière fois en 2019. Il s’est adapté pour renforcer l’enseignement de la médecine de premier recours et introduire des formations interprofessionnelles, notamment grâce à son centre de simulation. Grâce à une immersion clinique précoce et continue, les étudiant-es acquièrent de façon intégrée leurs compétences pratiques. Ces conditions sont favorables à l’introduction de nouveaux concepts, tels les Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) véhiculés par le récent référentiel national d’apprentissage PROFILES.
Impact of Cloud Microphysics Schemes on Tropical Cyclone Forecast Over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Park Jinyoung , Cha Dong‐Hyun , Lee Min Kyu , Moon Jihong , Hahm Sook‐Jung , Noh Kyoungjo , Chan Johnny C. L. , Bell Michael
Published: September 2020

In high‐resolution numerical modeling, cloud microphysics schemes can affect the forecasting of tropical cyclones (TCs) by controlling the phase changes of water. The simulated TC characteristics such as motion, intensity, and structure can change depending on the number of hydrometeors used in these schemes. In this study, we investigate the sensitivity of real‐time track and intensity forecasts of TCs to cloud microphysics schemes using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. For the sensitivity test, we selected WRF‐single‐moment‐microphysics Class 3 (WSM3) and Class 6 (WSM6) schemes as simple and sophisticated schemes, respectively. A total of 20 forecasts for 10 TCs were conducted. For TCs moving westward in the subtropics, track forecasts were similar in the different sensitivity tests, although the WSM6 scheme considerably reduced the TC intensity errors. However, for TCs moving to the midlatitudes, the WSM6 scheme improved both track and intensity prediction compared to the WSM3 scheme. Particularly, track errors were prominently reduced by the WSM6 scheme, which realistically captured westward shifted track during the rapid intensification process. This can be attributed to the improved simulations of TC intensity, size, and associated β effect by WSM6 scheme. In contrast, the WSM3 scheme underestimated the above characteristics due to low latent heat release compared to the WSM6 scheme. Consequently, TC track moving northwestward was unreasonably shifted eastward. This indicates that a sophisticated cloud microphysics scheme is necessary to improve the track and intensity forecasts for TCs moving to the midlatitudes.
Medium‐Range Forecasting of Solar Wind: A Case Study of Building Regression Model With Space Weather Forecast Testbed (SWFT)
Authors: Wang Chunming , Rosen I. Gary , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Verkhoglyadova Olga P. , Meng Xing , Mannucci Anthony J.
Published: September 2020

The Space Weather Forecast Testbed (SWFT) is developed by a team of space weather scientists and mathematicians at the University of Southern California (USC) and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to foster the creation of models for space weather forecast by exploration of existing historic data using techniques of machine learning. As an example to demonstrate the potential power of SWFT, we present in this paper a multilinear regression‐based forecast model for solar wind. Solar wind is one of the key drivers for numerous physics‐based models for space weather including thermosphere and ionosphere models. Many attempts have been made to produce forecasts for the solar wind. SWFT provides a unified framework for forecast model formulation, training, and performance assessment. In particular, the preparation of training and validation data by SWFT takes into account the realistic constraints on data latency and forecast lead time. In developing a solar wind forecast model, SWFT allows fast exploration of many metaparameters such as the list of predictive variables and their time history used in constructing a model. We present the impact of metaparameter selection, as well as performance relative to existing solar wind forecast models.
A One‐Dimensional Model for Turbulent Mixing in the Benthic Biolayer of Stream and Coastal Sediments
Authors: Grant Stanley B. , Gomez‐Velez Jesus D. , Ghisalberti Marco , Guymer Ian , Boano Fulvio , Roche Kevin , Harvey Judson
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we develop and validate a rigorous modeling framework, based on Duhamel's Theorem, for the unsteady one‐dimensional vertical transport of a solute across a flat sediment‐water interface (SWI) and through the benthic biolayer of a turbulent stream. The modeling framework is novel in capturing the two‐way coupling between evolving solute concentrations above and below the SWI and in allowing for a depth‐varying diffusivity. Three diffusivity profiles within the sediment (constant, exponentially decaying, and a hybrid model) are evaluated against an extensive set of previously published laboratory measurements of turbulent mass transfer across the SWI. The exponential diffusivity profile best represents experimental observations and its reference diffusivity scales with the permeability Reynolds number, a dimensionless measure of turbulence at the SWI. The depth over which turbulence‐enhanced diffusivity decays is of the order of centimeters and comparable to the thickness of the benthic biolayer. Thus, turbulent mixing across the SWI may serve as a universal transport mechanism, supplying the nutrient and energy fluxes needed to sustain microbial growth, and nutrient processing, in the benthic biolayer of stream and coastal sediments.
Assessing the Potential for Mobilization of Old Soil Carbon After Permafrost Thaw: A Synthesis of 14C Measurements From the Northern Permafrost Region
Authors: Estop‐Aragonés Cristian , Olefeldt David , Abbott Benjamin W. , Chanton Jeffrey P. , Czimczik Claudia I. , Dean Joshua F. , Egan Jocelyn E. , Gandois Laure , Garnett Mark H. , Hartley Iain P. , Hoyt Alison , Lupascu Massimo , Natali Susan M. , O'Donnell Jonathan A. , Raymond Peter A. , Tanentzap Andrew J. , Tank Suzanne E. , Schuur Edward A. G. , Turetsky Merritt , Anthony Katey Walter
Published: September 2020

The magnitude of future emissions of greenhouse gases from the northern permafrost region depends crucially on the mineralization of soil organic carbon (SOC) that has accumulated over millennia in these perennially frozen soils. Many recent studies have used radiocarbon (14C) to quantify the release of this “old” SOC as CO2 or CH4 to the atmosphere or as dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) to surface waters. We compiled ~1,900 14C measurements from 51 sites in the northern permafrost region to assess the vulnerability of thawing SOC in tundra, forest, peatland, lake, and river ecosystems. We found that growing season soil 14C‐CO2 emissions generally had a modern (post‐1950s) signature, but that well‐drained, oxic soils had increased CO2 emissions derived from older sources following recent thaw. The age of CO2 and CH4 emitted from lakes depended primarily on the age and quantity of SOC in sediments and on the mode of emission, and indicated substantial losses of previously frozen SOC from actively expanding thermokarst lakes. Increased fluvial export of aged DOC and POC occurred from sites where permafrost thaw caused soil thermal erosion. There was limited evidence supporting release of previously frozen SOC as CO2, CH4, and DOC from thawing peatlands with anoxic soils. This synthesis thus suggests widespread but not universal release of permafrost SOC following thaw. We show that different definitions of “old” sources among studies hamper the comparison of vulnerability of permafrost SOC across ecosystems and disturbances. We also highlight opportunities for future 14C studies in the permafrost region.
Seasonal Dependence of the Magnetospheric Drag Torque on Saturn's Northern and Southern Polar Thermospheres and its Relation to the Periods of Planetary Period Oscillations
Authors: Cowley S. W. H. , Achilleos N. , Bradley T. J. , Provan G. , Bunce E. J. , Hunt G. J.
Published: September 2020

We calculate the magnetospheric drag torques on Saturn's northern and southern polar thermospheres during late southern summer in 2008 and northern spring in 2012–2013 using previously derived profiles of ionospheric meridional coupling currents determined from high‐latitude Cassini magnetic field data. We show that the drag torques in the “winter” and “summer” auroral regions are near equal at ~2.3 × 1016 N m, contrary to the recent discussion of Brooks et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1002/2019JA026870) who suggest that significant seasonal differences should occur in these regions. Instead, seasonally dependent torques occur in the adjacent polar open field regions, where the “winter” and “summer” torques are ~0.3 × 1016 and ~1.8 × 1016 N m, respectively. We derive a simple rotating disc model of the polar thermosphere and estimate the speed of the poleward flow from midlatitudes required to balance these torques in steady state, finding values of tens of m s−1 consistent with previous numerical modeling. Comparison of the calculated torques with concurrent periods of the northern and southern planetary period oscillations (PPOs) does not suggest a direct connection between these quantities as proposed by Brooks et al., 2019, showing at the least that significant additional factors must be involved. We further note some issues with their scenario for dual modulation of radio emissions, previous observations having shown that the principal oscillatory PPO field‐aligned currents that modulate the emissions rotate in the auroral region with periods ~10.7 ± 0.1 hr, propagating through the more slowly rotating ~15–20 hr period outer magnetospheric plasma, with implications for the proposed “atmospheric flywheel” picture.
Constraining Late Quaternary Crustal Shortening in the Eastern Qilian Shan From Deformed River Terraces
Authors: Zhong Yuezhi , Xiong Jianguo , Li Youli , Zheng Wenjun , Zhang Peizhen , Lu Honghua , Liu Qingri , Lei Jinghao , Chen Gan , Gong Zheng , Hu Xiu , Zhang Huiping
Published: September 2020

The Qilian Shan, located in the northeastern Tibet, is under strong tectonic activity and earthquake motion due to the propagation of the plateau. At the mountain front of the eastern Qilian Shan, the Tongziba River, in the southern Zhangye Basin, flows northward and successively cuts the Minle‐Damaying Fault and the Yonggu Anticline, two parallel structures within the Frontal Thrust system of the Qilian Shan. Here we present a detailed record of seven strath terraces of this river that documents the history of active deformation of the two structures. Based on the estimated crustal shortening distance from the deformed terraces and the terrace formation age constrained by AMS14C and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, a horizontal slip rate of 1.4 ± 0.5 mm/year of the Minle‐Damaying Fault is constrained since 16.7 ± 1.8 kyr, and a shortening rate of 1.3 ± 0.4 mm/year across the Yonggu Anticline has been estimated in a similar time frame, respectively. In total, the shortening rate across the mountain front is estimated to be 2.7 ± 0.6 mm/year. GPS data show a similar modern shortening rate in this area, which indicates the rate of crustal shortening may be comparable in the modern and 104‐year scales. Our study supports a higher crustal shortening rate along the mountain front of the eastern Qilian Shan than that of the western Qilian Shan since the Late Quaternary.
Physical Properties of Summer Sea Ice in the Pacific Sector of the Arctic During 2008–2018
Authors: Wang Q. , Lu P. , Leppäranta M. , Cheng B. , Zhang G. , Li Z.
Published: September 2020

Sea ice physical properties were determined at 21 first‐year ice (FYI) and 20 multiyear ice (MYI) stations in the Pacific sector of the Arctic during summer in 2008–2018. The bulk ice temperature was between −2.7 and −0.3 °C for FYI and between −1.7 and −0.2 °C for MYI. The bulk salinity was 0.4–3.2 practical salinity unit (psu) for FYI and 0.4–2.4 psu for MYI. A low‐salinity layer and an almost fresh layer were always present at the top of FYI and MYI, respectively. The bulk density was 600.3–900.1 kg/m3 for FYI and 686.1–903.3 kg/m3 for MYI. The upper layer density was less than the lower layer density due to higher gas content. Salinity and density were less than previously reported values of summer sea ice, and their parameterization formulae were updated. The brine and gas volume fractions were determined based on the measured ice temperature, salinity, and density. The average bulk brine and gas volume fractions were 11.3 ± 6.2% and 14.9 ± 7.9% for FYI and 9.5 ± 11.0% and 13.5 ± 12.7% for MYI. Typical brine and gas volume fraction profiles were identified and parameterized using regression analysis. The large brine and gas content of sea ice affects the sea ice melting. The energy used to melt a unit volume of summer Arctic sea ice was estimated as (2.26 ± 0.29) × 105 kJ for FYI and (2.36 ± 0.24) × 105 kJ for MYI. This study shows that the current physical state of the Arctic summer sea ice is different from earlier sea ice climatology, and the results will guide further research and modeling of Arctic sea ice.
Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Winter Particulate Pollution in Lanzhou, Northwest China
Authors: Du Tao , Wang Min , Guan Xu , Zhang Min , Zeng Huiyu , Chang Yi , Zhang Lei , Tian Pengfei , Shi Jinsen , Tang Chenguang
Published: September 2020

The formation mechanisms of particulate pollution in Lanzhou, which used to be one of the most polluted cities across the world, remain unclear even though air pollution in Lanzhou has been improved in recent decades. Multiple online data during 2019–2020 winter was used to analyze the characteristics and reveal the formation mechanisms of particulate pollution in Lanzhou. Organic matter, nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium accounted for 35.8%, 16.6%, 12.7%, and 10.8%, respectively, of PM2.5 mass. The contribution of secondary inorganic aerosols decreased from low to high particulate levels. Nitrate and ammonium concentrations consistently increased with increasing PM2.5 while sulfate concentrations firstly increased but remained stagnant under high particulate conditions. The sulfur and nitrogen oxidation ratios exhibited relatively low values of 0.18 ± 0.12 and 0.11 ± 0.05, respectively. Nitrogen oxidation ratio showed little dependence on relative humidity because of limited aqueous phase generation of nitrate. The increasing nitrate to sulfate ratio and decreasing organic carbon to elemental carbon ratio under high particulate concentrations indicate relative decreasing contribution of coal burning and increasing contribution of vehicle exhaust emissions on particulate pollution. The rapid decreasing trend of secondary organic carbon to elemental carbon ratio under high particulate concentrations was attributed to a combination of the relatively decreasing photochemical generations and increasing accumulation of primary emissions by the weakened atmospheric diffusion ability. Our results suggest that controlling primary carbonaceous species and vehicle exhaust emissions is the most effective measure in order to sustainably mitigate particulate pollution in Lanzhou in the future.
Evaluation of CME Arrival Prediction Using Ensemble Modeling Based on Heliospheric Imaging Observations
Authors: Amerstorfer Tanja , Hinterreiter Jürgen , Reiss Martin A. , Möstl Christian , Davies Jackie A. , Bailey Rachel L. , Weiss Andreas J. , Dumbović Mateja , Bauer Maike , Amerstorfer Ute V. , Harrison Richard A.
Published: September 2020

In this study, we evaluate a coronal mass ejection (CME) arrival prediction tool that utilizes the wide‐angle observations made by STEREO's heliospheric imagers (HI). The unsurpassable advantage of these imagers is the possibility to observe the evolution and propagation of a CME from close to the Sun out to 1 AU and beyond. We believe that by exploiting this capability, instead of relying on coronagraph observations only, it is possible to improve today's CME arrival time predictions. The ELlipse Evolution model based on HI observations (ELEvoHI) assumes that the CME frontal shape within the ecliptic plane is an ellipse and allows the CME to adjust to the ambient solar wind speed; that is, it is drag based. ELEvoHI is used to perform ensemble simulations by varying the CME frontal shape within given boundary conditions that are consistent with the observations made by HI. In this work, we evaluate different setups of the model by performing hindcasts for 15 well‐defined isolated CMEs that occurred when STEREO was near L4/5, between the end of 2008 and the beginning of 2011. In this way, we find a mean absolute error of between 6.2 ± 7.9 and 9.9 ± 13 hr depending on the model setup used. ELEvoHI is specified for using data from future space weather missions carrying HIs located at L5 or L1. It can also be used with near‐real‐time STEREO‐A HI beacon data to provide CME arrival predictions during the next ∼7 years when STEREO‐A is observing the Sun‐Earth space.
Improved Estimators of Model Performance Efficiency for Skewed Hydrologic Data
Authors: Lamontagne Jonathan R. , Barber Caitline A. , Vogel Richard M.
Published: September 2020

The Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and the Kling‐Gupta efficiency (KGE) are now the most widely used indices in hydrology for evaluation of the goodness of fit between model simulations S and observations O. We introduce two theoretical (probabilistic) definitions of efficiency, E and E′, based on the estimators NSE and KGE, respectively, which enable controlled Monte Carlo experiments at 447 watersheds to evaluate their performance. Although NSE is generally unbiased, it exhibits enormous variability from one sample to another, due to the remarkable skewness and periodicity of daily streamflow data. However, use of NSE with logarithms of daily streamflow leads to estimates of E with almost no variability from one sample to the next, though with high upward bias. We introduce improved estimators of E and E′ based on a bivariate lognormal monthly mixture model that are shown to yield considerable improvements over NSE and slight improvements over KGE in controlled Monte Carlo experiments. Our new estimators of E should avoid most previous criticisms of NSE implied by the literature. Improved estimators of E that account for skewness and periodicity are needed for daily and subdaily streamflow series because NSE is not suited to such applications.
FGF/FGFR signaling in health and disease
Authors: Xie Yangli , Su Nan , Yang Jing , Tan Qiaoyan , Huang Shuo , Jin Min , Ni Zhenhong , Zhang Bin , Zhang Dali , Luo Fengtao , Chen Hangang , Sun Xianding , Feng Jian Q. , Qi Huabing , Chen Lin
Published: September 2020

Growing evidences suggest that the fibroblast growth factor/FGF receptor (FGF/FGFR) signaling has crucial roles in a multitude of processes during embryonic development and adult homeostasis by regulating cellular lineage commitment, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of various types of cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of FGF signaling and its roles in organ development, injury repair, and the pathophysiology of spectrum of diseases, which is a consequence of FGF signaling dysregulation, including cancers and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this context, the agonists and antagonists for FGF-FGFRs might have therapeutic benefits in multiple systems.
BMP-induced Atoh8 attenuates osteoclastogenesis by suppressing Runx2 transcriptional activity and reducing the Rankl/Opg expression ratio in osteoblasts
Authors: Yahiro Yuhei , Maeda Shingo , Morikawa Masato , Koinuma Daizo , Jokoji Go , Ijuin Toshiro , Komiya Setsuro , Kageyama Ryoichiro , Miyazono Kohei , Taniguchi Noboru
Published: September 2020

Adult bone structural integrity is maintained by remodeling via the coupling of osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation. Osteocytes or osteoblasts express receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (Rankl) or osteoprotegerin (Opg) to promote or inhibit osteoclastogenesis, respectively. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is a potent bone inducer, but its major role in adult bone is to induce osteocytes to upregulate sclerostin (Sost) and increase the Rankl/Opg expression ratio, resulting in promotion of osteoclastogenesis. However, the precise effect of BMP-target gene(s) in osteoblasts on the Rankl/Opg expression ratio remains unclear. In the present study, we identified atonal homolog 8 (Atoh8), which is directly upregulated by the BMP-Smad1 axis in osteoblasts. In vivo, Atoh8 was detected in osteoblasts but not osteocytes in adult mice. Although global Atoh8-knockout mice showed only a mild phenotype in the neonate skeleton, the bone volume was decreased and osteoclasts were increased in the adult phase. Atoh8-null marrow stroma cells were more potent than wild-type cells in inducing osteoclastogenesis in marrow cells. Atoh8 loss in osteoblasts increased Runx2 expression and the Rankl/Opg expression ratio, while Runx2 knockdown normalized the Rankl/Opg expression ratio. Moreover, Atoh8 formed a protein complex with Runx2 to inhibit Runx2 transcriptional activity and decrease the Rankl/Opg expression ratio. These results suggest that bone remodeling is regulated elaborately by BMP signaling; while BMP primarily promotes bone resorption, it simultaneously induces Atoh8 to inhibit Runx2 and reduce the Rankl/Opg expression ratio in osteoblasts, suppressing osteoclastogenesis and preventing excessive BMP-mediated bone resorption.
Suprachiasmatic VIP neurons are required for normal circadian rhythmicity and comprised of molecularly distinct subpopulations
Authors: Todd William D. , Venner Anne , Anaclet Christelle , Broadhurst Rebecca Y. , De Luca Roberto , Bandaru Sathyajit S. , Issokson Lindsay , Hablitz Lauren M. , Cravetchi Olga , Arrigoni Elda , Campbell John N. , Allen Charles N. , Olson David P. , Fuller Patrick M.
Published: September 2020

The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic (SCN) clock contains several neurochemically defined cell groups that contribute to the genesis of circadian rhythms. Using cell-specific and genetically targeted approaches we have confirmed an indispensable role for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-expressing SCN (SCNVIP) neurons, including their molecular clock, in generating the mammalian locomotor activity (LMA) circadian rhythm. Optogenetic-assisted circuit mapping revealed functional, di-synaptic connectivity between SCNVIPneurons and dorsomedial hypothalamic neurons, providing a circuit substrate by which SCNVIPneurons may regulate LMA rhythms. In vivo photometry revealed that while SCNVIPneurons are acutely responsive to light, their activity is otherwise behavioral state invariant. Single-nuclei RNA-sequencing revealed that SCNVIPneurons comprise two transcriptionally distinct subtypes, including putative pacemaker and non-pacemaker populations. Altogether, our work establishes necessity of SCNVIPneurons for the LMA circadian rhythm, elucidates organization of circadian outflow from and modulatory input to SCNVIPcells, and demonstrates a subpopulation-level molecular heterogeneity that suggests distinct functions for specific SCNVIPsubtypes.
Interneuron-specific plasticity at parvalbumin and somatostatin inhibitory synapses onto CA1 pyramidal neurons shapes hippocampal output
Authors: Udakis Matt , Pedrosa Victor , Chamberlain Sophie E. L. , Clopath Claudia , Mellor Jack R.
Published: September 2020

The formation and maintenance of spatial representations within hippocampal cell assemblies is strongly dictated by patterns of inhibition from diverse interneuron populations. Although it is known that inhibitory synaptic strength is malleable, induction of long-term plasticity at distinct inhibitory synapses and its regulation of hippocampal network activity is not well understood. Here, we show that inhibitory synapses from parvalbumin and somatostatin expressing interneurons undergo long-term depression and potentiation respectively (PV-iLTD and SST-iLTP) during physiological activity patterns. Both forms of plasticity rely on T-type calcium channel activation to confer synapse specificity but otherwise employ distinct mechanisms. Since parvalbumin and somatostatin interneurons preferentially target perisomatic and distal dendritic regions respectively of CA1 pyramidal cells, PV-iLTD and SST-iLTP coordinate a reprioritisation of excitatory inputs from entorhinal cortex and CA3. Furthermore, circuit-level modelling reveals that PV-iLTD and SST-iLTP cooperate to stabilise place cells while facilitating representation of multiple unique environments within the hippocampal network.
Circadian control of brain glymphatic and lymphatic fluid flow
Authors: Hablitz Lauren M. , Plá Virginia , Giannetto Michael , Vinitsky Hanna S. , Stæger Frederik Filip , Metcalfe Tanner , Nguyen Rebecca , Benrais Abdellatif , Nedergaard Maiken
Published: September 2020

The glymphatic system is a network of perivascular spaces that promotes movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the brain and clearance of metabolic waste. This fluid transport system is supported by the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) localized to vascular endfeet of astrocytes. The glymphatic system is more effective during sleep, but whether sleep timing promotes glymphatic function remains unknown. We here show glymphatic influx and clearance exhibit endogenous, circadian rhythms peaking during the mid-rest phase of mice. Drainage of CSF from the cisterna magna to the lymph nodes exhibits daily variation opposite to glymphatic influx, suggesting distribution of CSF throughout the animal depends on time-of-day. The perivascular polarization of AQP4 is highest during the rest phase and loss of AQP4 eliminates the day-night difference in both glymphatic influx and drainage to the lymph nodes. We conclude that CSF distribution is under circadian control and that AQP4 supports this rhythm.