bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synergistic effects of the capsaicinoid nonivamide and rosuvastatin on obesity‐related endothelial dysfunction in rat fed a high‐fat diet
Authors: Sivasinprasasn Sivanan , Wikan Naruemon , Tocharus Jiraporn , Pantan Rungusa , Chaichompoo Waraluck , Suksamrarn Apichart , Tocharus Chainarong
Published: May 2019

Capsaicinoid nonivamide (PAVA) and rosuvastatin (RSV) have been shown to exert antioxidant and anti‐obesity effects in various animal models, but it is unknown whether their combination would be an effective treatment for obesity‐related endothelial dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of PAVA in synergy with RSV. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were given a high‐fat diet (HFD) or normal diet during a 20‐week period. At 16 weeks, rats in each diet group were divided into subgroups. Normal diet rats were divided into Normal diet control, Normal diet with PAVA, and Normal diet with RSV groups. HFD rats were subdivided into HFD control, HFD with PAVA, HFD with RSV, and HFD with PAVA + RSV groups and evaluated for metabolic parameters, blood pressure, aortic function, and histological change of the aorta in rats. Our results showed the combined therapy had a significantly greater effect than the monotherapy in all measured parameters; this was indicated by improvement in insulin sensitivity and aortic function, decreased blood pressure, lower oxidative stress, and prevention of vascular damage. The synergistic effect of the PAVA and RSV can protect HFD‐induced obesity‐related endothelial dysfunction, suggesting that the combination of PAVA and RSV could be an effective alternative treatment for obesity‐related complications in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Multiplicative degree‐Kirchhoff index and number of spanning trees of a zigzag polyhex nanotube TUHC[2n, 2]
Authors: Li Shuchao , Sun Wanting , Wang Shujing
Published: May 2019

Let Ln denote the linear hexagonal chain containing n hexagons. Then identifying the opposite lateral edges of Ln in ordered way yields TUHC[2n, 2], the zigzag polyhex nanotube, whereas identifying those of Ln in reversed way yields Mn, the hexagonal Möbius chain. In this article, we first obtain the explicit formulae of the multiplicative degree‐Kirchhoff index, the Kemeny's invariant, the total number of spanning trees of TUHC[2n, 2], respectively. Then we show that the multiplicative degree‐Kirchhoff index of TUHC[2n, 2] is approximately one‐third of its Gutman index. Based on these obtained results we can at last get the corresponding results for Mn.
Partial dam removal restores passage for a threatened salmonid
Authors: Sullivan Brittany G. , Taylor Mark K. , Carli Chris , Ward Taylor D. , Lennox Robert J. , Cooke Steven J.
Published: May 2019

Dams represent one of the major forms of river alteration. As these structures reach the end of their lifespan, they often require extensive refurbishments or removal. A small‐scale water supply dam in Banff National Park (Alberta, Canada) was partially removed, creating a breach that allowed water to scour a new passage resembling a nature‐like fishway. We investigated the permeability of the partially removed dam as a means of validating the conservation benefits of the partial dam removal. We quantified the proportion of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), a threatened species in Canada, that approached and passed the fishway using radio telemetry receiver stations. The proportion of bull trout that approached the fishway was low (37.0%; N = 27 of 73), but was consistent with upstream reference sites (33%; N = 20 of 60). For those that did approach, the proportion of bull trout that passed yielded a high passage efficiency (77.8%; N = 21 of 27 that approached). The probability that a fish passed the fishway was related to water depth and time of day. Bull trout were more likely to pass when water depths were high (>0.40 m), and at night. Passage duration ranged from 5‐mins to 13‐days, suggesting that this resident species used the fishway for a variety of purposes (e.g., station holding and foraging) and not just transiting. Some individuals underwent large‐scale movements 2‐km upstream (15.1%; N = 11 of 73), or 2‐km downstream (2.7%; N = 2 of 73) following a successful passage event. This study provides new insight on how, in some instances, a breach in a dam can function as a nature‐like fishway, accommodating year‐round stream flows and providing hydraulic conditions suitable for fish passage without costly engineering or construction.
3‐4: Stereoscopic Image Quality Assessment
Authors: Au Domenic , Mohona Sanjida Sharmin , Cutone Matthew D. , Hou Yuqian , Goel James , Jacobson Natan , Allison Robert S. , Wilcox Laurie M.
Published: May 2019

Stereoscopic display technology provides immersive experiences in VR/AR/XR, but requires markedly higher bandwidth and is perceived differently than 2D content. Here we adapt the ISO/IEC 29170‐2 flicker paradigm for subjective assessment of low impairment stereoscopic image compression. We compared the performance VESA VDC‐M codec on stereoscopic images with 2D image performance.
8‐1: The Method to Compensate IR‐Drop of AMOLED Display
Authors: Park Jongwoong , Fujii Mitsuru , Moon Jiye , Wang Insu , Lee Donghwan , Shin Wonju , Choe Wonjun
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we propose the method to compensate IR‐Drop of AMOLED display. To drive AMOLED display, each pixel circuit should drive each OLED. In this case, by the loading effect and IR‐drop, the LRU (Long Range Uniformity) and color accuracy characteristic could be worse. To avoid this problem, IR‐Drop map was simulated for each loading condition. And compensation algorithm was developed and implemented in driver IC. By this technology, gamma accuracy range (Δ gamma) by loading condition was improved from 1.1 to 0.15. And skin color accuracy (Δxy) by loading condition was improved from 0.0294 to 0.0020.
9‐3: BLA LTPS TFTs based μ‐LED Display with Integrated Digital Driving
Authors: Chen Yuanfeng , Kim Hyo-Min , Lee Suhui , Jeong Duk Young , Jung Younghun , Lee Sang Hem , Jeong Tak , Joo Jaeyoung , Hut Jeongwook , Choi Jong Hwa , Kwak Joon Seop , Geng Di , Jang Jin
Published: May 2019

We propose a blue laser annealed (BLA) LTPS TFT based μ‐LED display with integrated gate driver and digital data driver. The BLA LTPS TFTs are fabricated using a blue diode laser based lateral crystallization method, which reduces the cost compare to ELA process while offering higher mobility for high current driving. The integrated gate driver and digital data driver enable simplified driving scheme, which further reduces the cost for external driver ICs. Together with the μ‐LEDs which offer high brightness over 40,000 cd/m2, the fabricated 32 x 32 μ‐LED display demonstrates potential approach for smart headlamp and intelligent lighting applications.
11‐4: Improvement of Ambient Contrast of Micro‐LED Devices with High Reliability
Authors: Zhang Ke , Yan Siwu , Liu Yibo , Han Tingting , Cho Wai Keung , Liu Zhaojun , Kwok Hoi-Sing
Published: May 2019

Micro‐LEDs are attracting more and more attention recently due to the excellent electrical and optical properties. The performance of Micro‐LEDs in different environment becomes very important in order to meet the requirement of various applications or even multi‐function mode. However, for display, we found the reflection of ambient light from metal electrode will reduce the contrast ration seriously. Therefore, more researches have be done to solve this problem and maximize the strengths of Micro‐LEDs. Here, we report the fabrication of Micro‐LEDs with varied size from 200um pitch to 20um pitch. The devices performance under different environment have been tested, showing great stability and reliability. Besides, the ambient contrast ratio (ACR) has been investigated, and a reflection elimination method has been proposed as well. Besides, according to the comparison between mini‐LED display and Micro‐LED display, the relationship between metal electrode design and light reflection has been investigated. And a trade‐off method has also been proposed, showing great potential to improve the performance of Micro‐LED display.
12‐4: Blue OLEDs Fabricated by Close‐Space Sublimation
Authors: Tam Bryan S.T. , Dong Shou-Cheng , Tang Ching W.
Published: May 2019

A close‐space sublimation process (CSS) was used for the deposition of blue emitting layers (EMLs) with a host‐dopant composition. Blue EMLs with a uniform dopant distribution were obtained using a pair of host and dopant with matching evaporation characteristics. Blue OLED devices fabricated via CSS with improved performance were demonstrated.
15‐3: A High Image‐Quality OLED Display with Integrated Gate Driver using MPRT Enhancement Technology for Large Size Premium TVs
Authors: Shin Hong-Jae , Choi Woo-Seok , Chang Min-Kyu , Choi Jae-Yi , Choi Soo-Hong , Yun Seong-Ho , Kim Jin-Mok , Kim Han-Seop , Oh Chang-Ho
Published: May 2019

MPRT is one of the most important characteristics to enhance the image quality of the TVs. Despite of the fact that OLED device has fast response time, MPRT characteristics of the OLED display is limited by compensation driving method, frame frequency and resolution of the display panel. We present the high image quality OLED displays with integrated gate driver circuit using MPRT enhancement method for large size premium TVs. Its methods to turn emitting pixels off in advance by giving a black data, and the integrated gate driver designed for normal display, black data insertion, and compensation mode. Moreover, it is possible that adjust of the duty of inserting black data. With these results, we successfully enhanced MPRT characteristics of the 55, 65, and 77 inch UHD OLED panels for high image quality OLED TVs.
16‐1: The role of hydrogen and surface potential in the performance and stability of poly‐Si TFTs on plastic substrates
Authors: Lee Jaeseob , Kim Keunwoo , Choi Sanggun , Jo Gyoochul , Lee Yongsu , Chu Hyeyong , Kwag Jinoh
Published: May 2019

In this work, we report that H in poly‐Si and surface potential in channel play a critical role in the performance and stability of LTPS TFTs. We increased H contents in poly‐Si film from 0.059 to 0.061 atom% resulting in the decrease of the fast state trap density from 4.9~5.8 × 1010/cm2 to 3.6~4.6 × 1010/cm2. Also, we increased surface potential by applying the appropriate back gate bias in TFTs, resulting in the more reduction of effective trap state density down to 1.7~2.0 × 1010/cm2. This resulted in the increase of the field effect mobility up to 115.4cm2/V·sec and decrease of hysteresis below 0.1V. We implemented these technologies into our flexible AMOLED panel.
17‐1:Invited Paper:Are There Objective Requirements for Displays in Near‐to‐Eye Headsets?
Authors: Magyari Douglass Peter , Freeney Joshua William
Published: May 2019

Near‐to‐eye optical systems today place an unnecessary burden on display makers by challenging them to solve problems caused by poor optical design choices. Starting from human vision fundamentals, this paper will cover key display performance characteristics and requirements when coupled with proper optic design. This will demonstrate why display makers need to advocate for a more balanced, systemic, relationship with optical designers to define legitimate display criteria.
19‐4: Boosting OLED Performance with Ab‐initio Modeling of Roll‐off and Quenching Processes
Authors: Symalla Franz , Heidrich Shahriar , Kubillus Maximilian , Strunk Timo , Neumann Tobias , Wenzel Wolfgang
Published: May 2019

Device‐scale computer simulations support experimental R&D in the identification of microscopic bottlenecks in device performance. We present full ab‐initio computation of the parameters required for simulation of roll‐off and quenching in OLED stacks and illustrate how strategies to improve device design can be derived from computer simulations without relying on experimental input.
25‐4: Late‐News Paper: Xerographic MicroAssembly Printer for LEDs and Beyond
Authors: Chow Eugene M. , Lu Jeng Ping , Rupp Bradley B. , Plochowietz Anne , Crawford Lara S. , Shreve Matthew , Raychaudhuri Sourobh , Butylkov Sergey , Wang Yunda , Mei Ping , Kor Siv , Wang Qian , Kalb Jamie , Wang Yu
Published: May 2019

We are building a deterministic massively parallel sorting, assembly and transfer system for microLEDs and other applications. It uses programmable directed electrostatic assembly and transfer (stamp or roller). Small chips (10 um – 500 um), fine registration (<1um, <1°), heterogeneity, and 162 chiplet prints over an inch are demonstrated.
28‐3: Mini‐LED Backlight for HDR Compatible Mobile Displays
Authors: Masuda Takeshi , Watanabe Hisashi , Kyoukane Youzou , Yasunaga Hirotoshi , Miyata Hidekazu , Yashiki Masafumi , Nara Tomoyuki , Ishida Takeshi
Published: May 2019

Recently, ultra‐thin and direct lit‐type backlights with a 2‐dimensional local dimming function have become increasingly of interest because of increasing demands for HDR compatible LCDs for mobile terminals. In this paper, we present a newly developed Mini‐LED backlight that offers an effective solution to these demands.
30‐3: High Performance All Solution Processed Oxide Thin‐Film Transistor via Photo‐induced Semiconductor‐to‐Conductor Transformation of a‐InZnO
Authors: Bermundo Juan Paolo S. , Kulchaisit Chaiyanan , Corsino Dianne C. , Syairah Aimi , Fujii Mami N. , Ikenoue Hiroshi , Ishikawa Yasuaki , Uraoka Yukiharu
Published: May 2019

We report the development of high performance all‐solution processed oxide thin‐film transistors (TFT) via selective photo‐induced semiconductor‐to‐conductor transformation of a‐InZnO. This simple method enables TFT fabrication through deposition of three main layers without additional source, drain, and gate deposition. This method has a large potential for high throughput roll‐to‐roll fabrication.
33‐1: Invited Paper: TADF based OLED Devices
Authors: Yang Joong-Hwan , Seo Bo-Min , Hong Tae-Ryang , Baek Jeong-Eun , Choi Hyung-Jong , Noh Hyo-Jin , Kim Jun-Yun , Yoon Dae-Wi , Kim Chun-Ki , Han Chang Wook , Choi Hyun-Chul , Kang In-Byeong
Published: May 2019

Although TADF has drawn a lot of attention for future high performance OLED, there has rarely been reports on the practical application. Furthermore, many researchers cast a doubt upon device lifetime. In this work, we demonstrated the applicability of TADF into OLED lighting panel. When TADF Blue was employed for 3‐stacked OLED lighting, white OLED (WOLED) showed improvement of power efficiency by about 40%. On the other hand, TADF Green in 2‐stakced WOLED reached the 70% of the device lifetime, compared with WOLED with phosphorescent green.
38‐3: Evaluating Augmented Reality (AR) Eyewear Display Under Ambient Environment
Authors: Mou Xi , Wang Jianping
Published: May 2019

The augmented reality (AR) display is one of the arising display technologies. An AR display system creates an immersive aspect of the real environment by generating the virtual image with a micro‐display and fusing the external real‐time image into the same scene. Unlike traditional LCDs, the AR display has a very different image formation mechanism that allows its testing method to be different from conventional methods. This paper introduces some of the main issues related to the real‐scene fused with the virtual image under ambient conditions.
39‐2: Development of Advanced LTPS TFT Technology for Low Power Consumption and Narrow Border LCDs
Authors: Watakabe Hajime , Jinnai Toshihide , Suzumura Isao , Hanada Akihiro , Onodera Ryo , Tada Masahiro , Mochizuki Kazuhide , Tanaka Hitoshi , Ito Tomoyuki
Published: May 2019

We have developed an advanced LTPS TFT technology in which top‐gate oxide TFTs are used in each pixel and CMOS LTPS TFTs are used in gate drivers and multiplexers in the peripheral circuits. Oxide TFTs have excellent Ids–Vgs characteristics with a small Vth shift under negative bias temperature illumination stress (NBTIS).
52‐2: Invited Paper: A New 0.64″ 720p OLED Microdisplay for Application in Industrial See‐Through AR HMD
Authors: Wartenberg Philipp , Richter Bernd , Brenner Stephan , Rolle Martin , Bunk Gerd , Ulbricht Steffen , Baumgarten Judith , Schmidt Christian , Schober Matthias , Vogel Uwe
Published: May 2019

This paper discusses different use‐cases for data glasses as well as their impact on the used display. This includes the discussion of a new 0.64‐in 720p OLED microdisplay for AR see‐through head‐mounted display (ST‐HMD) which features 1,280 × 720 resolution at a pixel pitch of 11um with four subpixels and 8bit per color. For low latency, an adequate high frame rate has been targeted. To reduce motion blur, a “rolling emit” has been implemented.
54‐1: Invited Paper: Development of Electroluminescent QD‐LED Displays
Authors: Smeeton Tim M. , Angioni Enrico , Boardman Edward A. , Izumi Makoto , Iwata Noboru , Nakanishi Yohei , Ishida Takeshi
Published: May 2019

This paper reports on the potential of electroluminescent quantum dot LED (QD‐LED) as a future display technology and on the advances required to realise this potential. We give an example of progress in development of a UV lithography‐based fabrication process for QD‐LED devices.
65‐3: Light Diffusing, Down‐Converting Perovskite‐on‐Polymer Microspheres
Authors: Zhang Caicai , He Ziqian , Chen Hao , Zhou Le , Tan Guanjun , Wu Shin-Tson , Dong Yajie
Published: May 2019

Herein, we report a one‐step, general synthesis method that can convert commercial light‐diffusing polymer microspheres into highly luminescent perovskite‐based downconverters at an extremely low cost. The as‐synthesized perovskite‐on‐polymer microspheres (PPMs) offer widely tunable, highly saturated colors with light‐diffusing capability. Moreover, superior stability in water is demonstrated.
67‐3: Unique Belt Plane Source Evaporation Techniques for the Mass Production of 2250ppi AMOLED and 77” QD OLED TV
Authors: Hwang Changhun , Kim Sung Su , Bang Shin Woong , Choi Se Ho , Chin Byung Doo , Ko Hokyoung
Published: May 2019

The AMOLED has a limitation in ppi(pixel per inch) resolution due to the shadow phenomenon in doing evaporation deposition process and the QD‐OLED TV device has a limitation in substrate size due to the glass bending during evaporation deposition process. Using the plane source evaporation deposition, the AMOLED resolution can be improved up to 2250ppi and the blue organic film of 12G size glass can be deposited uniformly. The mass production of very high ppi AMOLED and 77” QD‐OLED TV will be realized by unique belt plane source evaporator which can supply the continuous plane source evaporation process.
75‐2: Quantum Dots on Color Filter LCD Design Study
Authors: Han Songfeng , Kiselev Fedor D. , Mlejnek Michal
Published: May 2019

Quantum dot on color filter (QDCF) design is compared with quantum dot liquid crystal. The challenge for QDCF in light extraction and contrast ratio is highlighted.
75‐4: Inkjet‐Printed Quantum Dot Display with Blue OLEDs for Next Generation Display
Authors: Hu Zhiping , Zhang Shijie , Peng Wenxiang , Zhang Shuren , Li Yuanyuan , Li Dongze , Jiao Shibo , Chen Shu-jhih , Lee Chia-Yu. , Zhou Hang
Published: May 2019

Colloidal quantum dot (QD) display is expected to be a promising technology for the next generation display due to the advantages of QDs. In this work, we fabricated 6.6 inch QD display panel by inkjet printing technology, being cooperated with active matrix organic light emitting diodes (AMOLEDs). Here 3‐stack blue OLEDs (BOLEDs) with top‐emission structure acted as backlight and red QD layer acted as converted materials, which exhibited high quantum efficiency, high luminance, high color purity and improved wide viewing angle of output emission. We believe that inkjet‐printed QD display with AMOLEDs would be promising candidate for the next generation display and lighting in the near future.
76‐2: Fine Glass Masks (FGMs) for OLED Manufacturing Made by Laser Induced Deep Etching (LIDE)
Authors: Dunker Daniel , Ostholt Roman , Delrue Jean-Pol
Published: May 2019

Fine‐metal‐masks (FMM) which are predominantly used today for structured OLED material deposition are associated with drawbacks such as shadowing effects, wrinkles and significant costs. This paper discusses the status of fine‐glass‐masks (FGM) as a replacement for FMM in high density OLED deposition.
79‐2: Hyperrealism in Full Ultra High‐Definition 8K Display
Authors: Park Daeun , Kim YoonJung , Park YungKyung
Published: May 2019

8K displays have four times more resolution than 4K, which means that they will have twice the spatial frequency per screen length. With higher intensive Mach band effect, 8K displays show stronger luminance intensity for the objects and edges within the image. Higher resolution results in higher brightness and contrast and improves color and clarity expressions. In this study, 4K (60cpd) and 8K (120cpd) are quantified in realistic conditions of display 65 inches, viewing distance, and psychophysical images and videos selected through general luminance. As a result, an increase in resolution from 4K to 8K is perceived as increasing the perception contrast and color representation in all images, which have an integrated effect on cognitive resolution according to the image.
P‐47: Improvement of Image Sticking for High Standard Automotive Application
Authors: Zhang Zhiyuan , Wang Jiandong , Dai Wenjun , Wang Kan , Tian Fan , Li Xiongping
Published: May 2019

As the rapid growth of LCD market, higher level of image quality is required. Image sticking is a phenomenon that a faint outline of previously displayed image remains visible on the screen as the frame is refreshed and it is an unvarying problem as the birth of LCD display. Furthermore, it has been a critical issue for high standard automotive application. In essence, the image sticking arises from the residual electric field (DC) in liquid crystal which caused by the ordered arrangement of ionic charges or dielectric polarization under the external DC offset voltage. In this paper, we will summarize the mechanism of the the residual DC voltage generation and image sticking. And an optimum Vcom setting method minimizing external DC offset voltage is introduced to improve image sticking.
P‐57: New Gate Driver Circuit for High‐Resolution and High‐Frame‐Rate AMOLED Displays with Simultaneous Emission Driving Method
Authors: Lin Chih-Lung , Lee Chia-Lun , Lin Jie-An , Lai Po-Chun , Chen Yung-Chih , Shih Li-Wei
Published: May 2019

This work proposes a new LTPS gate driver circuit that can generate the simultaneous or progressive output waveforms in two periods. The falling and rising times are below 0.85 µs and 0.53 µs. Thus, the proposed circuit can be applied to high‐resolution AMOLED displays with SE driving method.
P‐63: TFT‐LCD Auto Gamma Adjustment System
Authors: FEILIN JI , WEI CHEN , WENQIN ZHAO , BOSHEN LIN , ZHENGHONG CHEN
Published: May 2019

The Gamma curve of each TFT‐LCD panel is different due to the process variation and the material difference. This paper will propose an Auto Gamma adjustment system’s architecture and algorithm to adjust the TFT‐LCD panel’s gamma curve on the production manufacturer line automatically and quickly.
P‐82: Viewing‐Angle Enhanced 3D Display Based on Lens Array Holographic Optical element
Authors: Zhang Han-Le , Li Sai , He Min-Yang , Deng Huan , Li Da-Hai , Wang Qiong-Hua
Published: May 2019

A viewing‐angle enhanced 3D display based on lens array holographic optical element (LAHOE) is proposed. A reflection‐type flat LAHOE is recorded. The LAHOE works as a virtual curved lens array. The effective viewing angle of the prototype is about 42°, and it does not have crosstalk and flipped images.
P‐134: A Study on Spreading Characteristics of Resin
Authors: Kim Young-Gyun , Park Byung-Min , Han Kwan-Young
Published: May 2019

Lamination between the substrate and the window cover in an Organic Light Emitting Diodes(OLED) display is an imperative technology. This study introduces a simple lamination technique using Optical Clear Resin(OCR). The theoretical analysis of the resin was studied, and then compared with the experimental results for the verification.
P‐146: Fabrication of Polyimide‐Free Liquid Crystal with Reactive Self‐Aligning Amphiphile Using Three Times UV Curing
Authors: Lan Song , Zhang Yu , Cui Wei , Chen Xingwu , Chi Baolin , Chen Zhongtian , Zhao Ting , Cao Zhibo , Tseng Te-Jen , Hsieh Chung-Ching , Chiu Chung-Yi , Lin KY , Hung Gavin , Huang Lawrence , Yang Belinda
Published: May 2019

By introducing reactive self‐aligning amphiphile (SA) into nematic liquid crystals (NLC) with three times UV curing, a amulti‐domain vertical‐alignment LC device was successfully demonstrated. Compared to two times UV curing, the new device achieve almost no drop mura in the absence of conventional polyimides vertical‐alignment layers. The key to one more UV curing that SA reactive with RM fabricate a alignment layer can promote alignment capability before electric field applied. The alignment layer was anlayzed by using scanning electron microscopy(SEM).
P‐175: Development of Anti‐UV Structures for OLED Displays
Authors: Lin Kai-Chen , Lin Yu-Hsing , Wang Bo-Kai , Lee Wei-Kai , Chen Hsien-Hung , Song Yi-Hwa , Shih Li-Wei , Wu Chung-Chih
Published: May 2019

Strong resistance against solar/UV illumination induced degradation is a critical requirement for emerging and increasing outdoor, wearable, and vehicular applications of OLED displays. Here we report the development of effective anti‐UV/HEV, high‐transmittance structures for OLED panels based on modified DBR structures composed of UV‐absorbing and dielectric materials.
P‐177: Study of AMOLED short‐term image sticking mechanism and improvement
Authors: Qin Wei , Peng Kuan-Jun , Liu Dong-ni , Yang Zhen-Zhong , XU Zhi-Qiang , Ten Wan-Peng , Li Sheng-Nan , Li Xiao-Long , Wang Tie-Shi , Yang Jin , Zhang Li-Lei , Jun Jung-Mok
Published: May 2019

>We successfully developed an OLED pixel circuit which has shorter OLED image sticking time and better first frame brightness ratio. The root causes of short‐term image sticking (STIS) was also studied. The effects of TFT and EL were tested separately. By matching with the phenomenon of STIS, it was confirmed that the reason of STIS is related to the characteristic of OLED driving thin film transistor (DTFT). DTFT has different stress conditions under black/white picture, resulting in difference of OLED current under the gray picture. We could minimize the differences by modifying circuit reset driving timing to improve the STIS.
Ultrahigh Responsivity UV Photodetector Based on Cu Nanostructure/ZnO QD Hybrid Architectures
Authors: Li Ming‐Yu , Yu Muni , Su Dong , Zhang Jianbing , Jiang Shenglin , Wu Jiang , Wang Qingping , Liu Sisi
Published: May 2019

Strong near‐surface electromagnetic field formed by collective oscillation of electrons on Cu nanostructure a shows a strong dependence on geometry, offering a promising approach to boost the light absorption of ZnO photoactive layers with enhanced plasmon scattering. Here, a facile way to fabricate UV photodetectors with tunable configuration of the self‐assembled Cu nanostructures on ZnO thin films is reported. The incident lights are effectively confined in ZnO photoactive layers with the existence of the uplayer Cu nanostructures, and the interdiffusion of Cu atoms during fabrication of the Cu nanostructures can improve the carrier transfer in ZnO thin films. The optical properties of the hybrid architectures are successfully tailored over a control of the geometric evolution of the Cu nanostructures, resulting in significantly enhanced photocurrent and responsivity of 2.26 mA and 234 A W−1 under a UV light illumination of 0.62 mW cm−2 at 10 V, respectively. The photodetectors also exhibit excellent reproducibility, stability, and UV–visible rejection ratio (R370 nm/R500 nm) of ≈370, offering an approach of high‐performance UV photodetectors for practical applications.
No Evidence for Passivation Effects of Na and K at Grain Boundaries in Polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin Films for Solar Cells
Authors: Abou-Ras Daniel , Nikolaeva Aleksandra , Caicedo Dávila Sebastián , Krause Maximilian , Guthrey Harvey , Al-Jassim Mowafak , Morawski Marcin , Scheer Roland
Published: May 2019

Thin‐film solar cells based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) absorber layers reach conversion efficiencies of above 20%. One key to this success is the incorporation of alkali metals, such as Na and K, into the surface and the volume of the CIGSe thin film. The present work discusses the impact of Na and K on the grain‐boundary (GB) properties in CIGSe thin films, i.e., on the barriers for charge carriers, Φb, and on the recombination velocities at the GBs, sGB. First, the physics connected with these two quantities as well as their impact on the device performance are revised, and then the values for the barrier heights and recombination velocities are provided from the literature. The sGB values are measured by means of a cathodoluminescence analysis of Na‐/K‐free CIGSe layers as well as on CIGSe layers on Mo/sapphire substrates, which are submitted to only NaF or only KF postdeposition treatments. Overall, passivating effects on GBs by neither Na nor K can be confirmed. The GB recombination velocities seem to remain on the same order of magnitude, in average about 103–104 cm s−1, irrespective of whether CIGSe thin films are Na‐/K‐free or Na‐/K‐containing.
The Future Mandate of the Constitution of Slovenia: A Potent Tradition Under Strain
Authors: Bardutzky Samo
Published: May 2019

The 1991 Constitution of Slovenia belongs to the category of strong constitutions, with a detailed list of rights. The report informs that the concept of the rule of law mostly draws on German commentaries on the constitutional Rechtsstaat, and its main elements are expressly entrenched in constitutional provisions. Particularly notable are the detailed limits on the power of the state in prosecuting crimes and detailed guarantees for judicial protection, which are identified as more extensive than those in the ECHR and the EU Charter. The constitutional amendments for EU and international co-operation contain a clause on the respect for human rights, democracy and the rule of law. The report extensively documents areas where the above, potent constitutional tradition has come under strain in the context of EU law. The examples range from the Data Retention Directive – the implementation of which was rushed under the threat of EU fines – to concerns by scholars with regard to Viking Line and Laval that the Constitution limits the limitations on fundamental rights, and that economic freedoms ought not to trump fundamental rights despite the status that the former have been accorded by the ECJ. A particularly acute awareness emerges with regard to the changing role of courts in European Arrest Warrant cases, with warnings by lawyers about the danger of instrumentalising judges, and transforming judges into ‘ticking box’ automatons neglecting their duty of safeguarding fundamental rights. The constitutional protection of the right to water has also been debated with reference to an EU directive. More broadly, the report expresses concern that because of the different approach to judicial review of EU measures, the heavy books with commentary on the Constitution are no longer carried by civil servants to meetings to identify constraints on the exercise of public power placed by the Constitutional Court.
The Role of the Polish Constitution (Pre-2016): Development of a Liberal Democracy in the European and International Context
Authors: Biernat Stanisław , Kawczyńska Monika
Published: May 2019

The report outlines the Polish constitutional culture and explores the interaction with EU and international law before the 2015–2018 illiberal turn in the country. The report recalls that the Communist Constitution had been political and its observance was fictional. After the transition in 1989 and in the new 1997 Constitution, emphasis was on the direct application of constitutional provisions, the rule of law principle, the democratic and social state, a broad catalogue of rights and freedoms with the precise permissible grounds for their limitation, as well as institutional guarantees and judicial procedures against violations of those rights and freedoms. The Constitutional Tribunal carried out stringent review of legal provisions. The main grounds for declaration of unconstitutionality were violation of the rule of law, the right to a fair trial, the principle of proportionality and exceeding powers delegated to the executive. The Constitutional Tribunal also exercised review over EU and international treaties and measures implementing EU law. Although the Constitutional Tribunal stated that the Constitution was the supreme law of Poland, it respected the autonomy of EU law and the competences of the ECJ, adopting the approach of a consistent interpretation of Polish law with EU law. Some key examples of the case law include constitutional challenges regarding the Accession Treaty, the Brussels I Regulation, the European Arrest Warrant (EAW) and the ESM Treaty. The EAW judgment led to a constitutional amendment allowing the surrender of Polish citizens under certain circumstances. The conditions and grounds for limitation of rights are more restrictive than in EU law.
The Constitution of Latvia – A Bridge Between Traditions and Modernity
Authors: Krūma Kristīne , Statkus Sandijs
Published: May 2019

The Latvian constitutional system is based on the principle of State continuity after the Soviet occupation, and this is reflected in the reinstatement of the 1922 Constitution (Satversme). Unlike other constitutions in the post-communist area, it is characterised as a laconic and predominantly procedural constitution. However, important amendments were introduced in 1996 and 1998, establishing the Constitutional Court and introducing a catalogue of fundamental rights. The constitutional culture has been influenced by German traditions in constitutional jurisprudence, and the adjudication of legislation on substantive grounds has been stringent. This is particularly evident in the annulment of about 40% of measures reviewed in the context of the economic crisis (2009–2011). Of particular interest is the constitutional adjudication of the IMF-mandated drastic austerity measures, including a law that envisaged a notable 70% cut in the payments to pensioners. The Constitutional Court stood out by virtue of strong protection of fundamental rights and the principle of legitimate expectations, with similarities to the approach subsequently taken by the Portuguese Constitutional Court. Additionally, the Constitutional Court underlined that taking international loans is an important matter of public life which must be decided by the legislator, and that the government cannot restrict fundamental rights by assuming international obligations. However, measures such as the European Arrest Warrant or Data Retention Directive have not been subject to a constitutional debate. The Constitution contains a range of EU amendments.
The Bulgarian Constitutional Order, Supranational Constitutionalism and European Governance
Authors: Tanchev Evgeni , Belov Martin
Published: May 2019

Bulgaria’s 1991 Constitution is regarded as a ‘reactive constitution’, reflecting the transition from totalitarianism to democracy. It aims to introduce a genuinely new political model based on different concepts about the individual and the state, with legally defensible human rights, and makes the Constitution a substantial part of enforceable law. Whilst there are issues in practice, including the need for the EU post-accession monitoring process, the approach to constitutional review emerges as stringent. During the period 1991–2006, in the 158 challenges against Acts of Parliament, the Acts were declared to be partially or fully unconstitutional in 79 cases, often on rule of law grounds. With regard to EU integration, the Constitution has been amended extensively. The report considers such amendments to be important, as otherwise the Constitution would lose its regulative force for citizens. The report identifies the paradox that while minor domestic changes need to pass strict constitutional amendment hurdles, the transfer of constitutional powers to the EU can be done by the easier procedure for ratification of treaties. There has been no significant debate in Bulgaria regarding EU measures such as the European Arrest Warrant. The slogan ‘Brussels wills it!’ has functioned as a key explanatory strategy. Nevertheless, the report recalls that under the Bulgarian Constitution a reduction of rights protection is legitimate only on limited grounds, and finds that higher integration goals and teleological excuses based on efficiency arguments could not justify a reduction of the standard of protection.
The Constitution of Austria in International Constitutional Networks: Pluralism, Dialogues and Diversity
Authors: Lachmayer Konrad
Published: May 2019

The report shows that the Austrian constitutional framework is composed of a range of domestic and international instruments. The core constitutional act from 1920 is detailed, as are amendments regarding EU and international law. However, the 1867 State Basic Law provides only a generic bill of rights, and therefore the ECHR is the main, constitutionalised source of fundamental rights protection. The Constitutional Court reads the relevant provisions from the different instruments together, to provide a comprehensive protection. Earlier, the constitutional culture had been characterised as formalistic; this changed in the 1980s under the influence of the German Constitutional Court and the ECtHR towards a strict approach to the rule of law and rights. Constitutional review is marked by the principles of legality and reasonability. It is notable that several cases at the heart of the present research project have originated from Austrian courts, such as Data Retention (Seitlinger), Heinrich, Schmidberger and Weidacher. Regarding the European Arrest Warrant, the Austrian courts stand out with a rights-protective approach. The challenge to the ESM Treaty led to constitutional amendments that ensure parliamentary authorisation for increased expenditure. The report outlines areas where EU law has improved fundamental rights protection as well as those where it has been weakened. The report makes a case for retaining the pluralism and diversity of constitutional cultures, finding that it is necessary to see the incommensurability of the various legal traditions and the impracticability of attempting to unify all traditions in one common constitutional tradition.
Introductory Editorial Note to the Hungarian Report: The Pre-2010 Rule of Law Achievements and the Post-2010 Illiberal Turn
Authors: Albi Anneli
Published: May 2019

The Editorial Note recalls that in the case of Hungary, from the perspective of constitutional law it is important to draw the attention of the reader to two distinct periods in the development of Hungarian constitutionalism: the period from the beginning of the post-communist constitutional reforms up to 2010, and the subsequent change of direction that was marked by the preparation and adoption of the new Fundamental Law in 2011. Whilst the report on Hungary focuses on the latter period, it should not be forgotten that in the aftermath of the post-communist constitutional reforms (until about 2010), the Hungarian constitutional system was widely acclaimed in Europe for the particularly extensive safeguards for the rule of law and human dignity established by the Constitutional Court.
Constitutionalisation and Democratisation of Foreign Affairs: The Case of Switzerland
Authors: Kunz Raffaela , Peters Anne
Published: May 2019

The Swiss Constitution is unique in Europe in the way it organises international co-operation. Three features stand out: the very strong democratisation of foreign policy-making (through Parliament and through involvement of the people by virtue of referendums and popular initiatives), the relatively reluctant judicial review of measures based on international legal acts against the benchmark of fundamental rights, and, finally, the federal elements in conducting international relations. The Swiss case underscores both the desirability and the difficulties of compensatory constitutionalism as a normative programme. Switzerland, with its strong direct-democratic tradition, has started to react early to the impact of all types of global governance measures. However, major reforms, mainly with a view to strengthening the element of democratic control through domestic democratic institutions, have so far not succeeded in soothing popular aversion to ‘foreign’ and undemocratic international law and institutions. With regard to the second main element of contemporary constitutionalism, namely fundamental rights protection and judicial review, the reluctance of the Swiss Federal Tribunal to assume a role in protecting constitutional (or European) fundamental rights when implementing international law has led to conflicts with the ECHR. It is likely that the ECtHR, in compelling Switzerland to exercise such review, might in the end work more in favour of compensatory constitutionalism through the pressure it creates.
The Constitution of Malta: Reflections on New Mechanisms for Synchrony of Values in Different Levels of Governance
Authors: Xuereb Peter G.
Published: May 2019

The report observes that the Maltese Constitution of 1964 has significantly been influenced by the British constitutional tradition. This includes references to Erskine May as the British parliamentary ‘Bible’, the Westminster model of cabinet and parliament, and the fact that the Constitutional Court has weaker powers (acts can be repealed by Parliament only). The concept of the rule of law is drawn from English constitutional textbooks, from Dicey to Wade. However, a key difference is that unlike in the UK system, Parliament in Malta is not supreme but is subject to the Constitution as suprema lex. The bill of rights in the Constitution is similar to the ECHR; some constitutional provisions are not enforceable (e.g. a clause on limitation of rights). EU and international law, broadly speaking, have not presented acute constitutional issues. Nevertheless, the report notes a gap in the protection of constitutional values at the EU level, and an even greater gap at the global level. A case is made that the national and the ‘wider’ level ought to operate in synchrony according to the same core fundamental values and principles. The report puts forward the suggestion to expand the so-called yellow card mechanism so that constitutional issues beyond proportionality and subsidiarity could be raised by national parliaments ex ante when a proposal for EU legislation is issued.
The Netherlands: The Pragmatics of a Flexible, Europeanised Constitution
Authors: Besselink Leonard , Claes Monica
Published: May 2019

The Constitution of the Netherlands, which dates back to 1814–15, is an evolutionary constitution, based on incremental historical developments. A notable feature is that the Constitution bans constitutional review of Acts of Parliament and of treaties. A bill of rights was introduced in 1983; however, it omits a number of rights included in the ECHR and the EU Charter. Constitutional rights are not justiciable, in the sense that they cannot be invoked against primary legislation. The ECHR and the EU Charter are often regarded as providing stronger protection. Due to historical reasons, the notions of sovereignty and the people as the ultimate source of public authority have been absent in the Dutch legal and public discourse. The Dutch Constitution does not have the centrality to public debate that constitutions have in other Western countries. A salient feature of the Constitution is that although it does not mention the EU or the ECHR, it opens the legal order for both nearly unconditionally, granting them primacy over any conflicting national law. Contestation and conflict sensitive and fundamental constitutional issues are rare in the courtroom or in legal terms. Court cases have raised the question whether national institutions can derive powers from an EU measure directly, e.g. when imposing the obligation to repay EU subsidies, and whether an international technical standard that is available only after payment can be legally binding on individuals.
Interaction Between Precipitate Basal Plates and Tensile Twins in Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Hidalgo-Manrique P. , Robson J. D.
Published: May 2019

A textured Mg-Al-Zn alloy rolled plate was solution-treated and then aged at 320 °C for 2 and 116 hours, respectively. Afterwards, the three conditions were tested at room temperature in compression along the transverse direction to activate {10

$$ \bar{1} $$

1

¯

2} twinning. Both aged specimens exhibited a yield stress about 10 MPa higher than that of the solution-treated condition, with the increase of the yield stress attributed to the extra stress required for the twins to grow in the presence of particles. In order to understand the mechanism responsible for such strengthening, the effect of the precipitate basal plates on the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) for twin growth was estimated using four different calculation approaches: Orowan stress to bow twinning dislocations around particles, elastic back-stress resulting from unsheared precipitates inside the twin, strengthening of basal slip within the twin (related to plastic relaxation), and stress to bow a twinning super-dislocation loop capable of further expansion. These methods give an order of magnitude difference in the calculated strengthening effect that spans the measured CRSS increase. The last two methods give the best estimates of the CRSS increase for twin growth depending on the aging time.
Menon-type identities concerning additive characters
Authors: Tóth László
Published: May 2019

By considering even functions ($$\hbox {mod}\ n$$

mod

n

), we generalize a recent Menon-type identity by Li and Kim, involving additive characters of the group $${\mathbb {Z}}_n$$

Z
n

. We use a different approach, based on certain convolutional identities. Some other applications, including related formulas for Ramanujan sums, are discussed as well.
Electrical Components of Maglev Systems: Emerging Trends
Authors: Prasad Nisha , Jain Shailendra , Gupta Sushma
Published: May 2019

Consistently rising environmental concerns and depleting petroleum resources have accentuated the need of sustainable, energy efficient and clean means of transport. This has provided the impetus to the research and development of clean alternatives for existing public transportation systems. Development of linear motor-propelled, contact-less maglev systems is considered a promising alternative to conventional on-wheel rail transport technology. Maglev technology primarily focuses on improving the performance, speed, fuel economy, driving range and operating cost of the transit system. These parameters vary with the design and efficiency of the electrical system used in maglev-based transportation systems. To present this study, firstly, a detailed survey of the important constituents of a maglev electrical system has been carried out with techno-economic perspectives. Contemporary maglev technologies have then explored along with their respective advantages and limitations. Electrical systems form the heart of maglev systems and, therefore, this paper presents the components of a standard electrical system together with the comparative analysis in terms of present trends, on-going technological advancements and future challenges.
Editorial
Authors: Barrett Steve
Published: May 2019

Heavy-duty (HD) hydrogen refueling stations might be a subset of the overall hydrogen fueling infrastructure, but serving vehicles such as trucks will be a key part of the large-scale deployment of fuel cell transportation.