bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Legionella pneumophila occurrence in drinking water supplied by private wells
Authors: Mapili K. , Pieper K. J. , Dai D. , Pruden A. , Edwards M. A. , Tang M. , Rhoads W. J.
Published: January 2020

Unregulated private wells are understudied potential sources of community-acquired Legionnaires’ disease. Here we conducted a comprehensive survey of 44 homes supplied by private wells in Wake County, North Carolina, quantifying Legionella spp. DNA, Legionella pneumophila DNA, and total bacterial 16S rRNA genes via real-time polymerase chain reaction in hot and cold drinking water samples, along with culturable L. pneumophila via IDEXX Legiolert in cold drinking water samples. Legionella spp. DNA, L. pneumophila DNA and culturable L. pneumophila were detected in 100, 65·5 and 15·9% of the 44 homes, respectively, and culturable levels were comparable to some municipal surveys applying the same methods. Total coliforms and Escherichia coli were monitored as representative faecal indicators and were found in 20·4 and 0·0% of homes. Within certain sample types, Legionella spp. and L. pneumophila gene copy numbers were positively associated with total bacteria (i.e. total 16S rRNA genes) and water softener use, but were not associated with faecal indicator bacteria, inorganic water parameters or other well characteristics. These findings confirm that occurrence of Legionella and L. pneumophila is highly variable in private wells.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Legionella is the leading identified cause of waterborne disease outbreaks associated with US municipal water systems. While Legionella is known to occur naturally in groundwater, prior efforts to characterize its occurrence in unregulated private wells are limited to sampling at the wellhead and not in the home plumbing where Legionella can thrive. This work documents much higher levels of Legionella in home plumbing versus water directly from private wells and examines factors associated with higher Legionella occurrence.
Survival advantage of initiating dialysis in elderly and non‐elderly incident end‐stage kidney disease patients
Authors: Ch'ng Chin C. , Ong Loke M. , Beh Kelvin K. M. , Md Yusuf Wan S. , Chew Thian F. , Lee Ming L. , Hooi Lai S. , Wong Hin‐Seng , Shah Firdaus Khan Shahnaz , Ahmad Ghazali
Published: January 2020

Aim

Many patients, especially the elderly, who require renal replacement therapies (RRT) have delayed or rejected dialysis for various reasons. Current dialysis guidelines may not be relevant for the elderly or frail patients. We aim to determine survival advantage of initiating dialysis in patients deemed to require RRT.

Methods

This was an observational cohort on incident end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2008. The primary outcome was all‐cause mortality. Patients contributed person‐time from the date of ESKD diagnosis until death, transplant or end of study on December 31, 2014, whichever occurred first. An extended Cox regression model with time‐varying exposure to dialysis was used to account for immortal time bias.

Results

Of 3990 incident ESKD patients included, 70.2% patients initiated dialysis; 78.8% with haemodialysis (HD) while the remaining 21.2% with peritoneal dialysis (PD). Dialysis reduced hazard of death in both elderly and non‐elderly patients even after controlling for comorbidities (hazard ratio [HR] 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.50, 0.68 and HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.69, 0.85, respectively). HD was protective in both the elderly and non‐elderly (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.45, 0.63 and HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.64, 0.80, respectively). PD significantly reduced risk of death compared to no dialysis in the elderly but not in the non‐elderly.

Conclusion

Dialysis improved survival in all incident ESKD patients. The findings suggested a larger protection offered by HD. Although improvement in survival from initiating dialysis was large, its true benefit should take overall quality of life into account.

SUMMARY AT A GLANCE

This observational study showed that initiation of dialysis improves the survival of end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients of all age groups, but the quality of life is an important aspect that has not been explored.
The plasma‐membrane polyamine transporter PUT3 is regulated by the Na+/H+ antiporter SOS1 and protein kinase SOS2
Authors: Chai Haoxi , Guo Jianfei , Zhong Yingli , Hsu Chuan‐Chih , Zou Changsong , Wang Pengcheng , Zhu Jian‐Kang , Shi Huazhong
Published: January 2020

In Arabidopsis, the plasma membrane transporter PUT3 is important to maintain the cellular homeostasis of polyamines and plays a role in stabilizing mRNAs of some heat‐inducible genes. The plasma membrane Na+/H+ transporter SOS1 and the protein kinase SOS2 are two salt‐tolerance determinants crucial for maintaining intracellular Na+ and K+ homeostasis.

Here, we report that PUT3 genetically and physically interacts with SOS1 and SOS2, and these interactions modulate PUT3 transport activity.

Overexpression of PUT3 (PUT3OE) results in hypersensitivity of the transgenic plants to polyamine and paraquat. The hypersensitivity of PUT3OE is inhibited by the sos1 and sos2 mutations, which indicates that SOS1 and SOS2 are required for PUT3 transport activity. A protein interaction assay revealed that PUT3 physically interacts with SOS1 and SOS2 in yeast and plant cells. SOS2 phosphorylates PUT3 both in vitro and in vivo. SOS1 and SOS2 synergistically activate the polyamine transport activity of PUT3, and PUT3 also modulates SOS1 activity by activating SOS2 in yeast cells.

Overall, our findings suggest that both plasma‐membrane proteins PUT3 and SOS1 could form a complex with the protein kinase SOS2 in response to stress conditions and modulate the transport activity of each other through protein interactions and phosphorylation.
Apparent Complete Response of a Treatment Refractory and Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma Lesion to Photochemical Internalization: A Clinical Case Study
Authors: Jerjes Waseem , Hamdoon Zaid , Berg Kristian , Høgset Anders , Hopper Colin
Published: January 2020

Photochemical internalization (PCI) depends on the delivery of sublethal photodynamic reaction to facilitate the work of a chemotherapeutic agent. We discuss our experience in managing a patient with extensive squamous cell carcinoma of the right face and scalp under the TPCS2a‐based bleomycin PCI treatment protocol. In this case, an 84‐year‐old Caucasian received 0.25 mg kg−1 of TPCS2a (Amphinex®, PCI Biotech AS, Oslo, Norway). Surface illumination photochemical internalization was carried out after 4 days, which was preceded by the chemotherapeutic agent infusion (Bleomycin). After one week from the illumination time, tissue necrosis was evident and tumor shrinkage was most noticeable at day 14 postillumination. Follow‐up at 6 weeks continued to show tissue healing and regeneration with no clinical evidence of recurrence. Multiple surgical biopsies were taken at 1 and 3 months postillumination and found to be tumor free. PCI’s depth of effect has been very significant with negligible damage to the collateral tissues. This technology has a role in interventional oncology especially when managing challenging cases.
Assessment of carrying capacity for bivalve mariculture in subtropical and tropical regions: the need for tailored management tools and guidelines
Authors: Anaïs Aubert , Adélaïde Aschenbroich , Jean‐Claude Gaertner , Oihana Latchere , Philippe Archambault , Nabila Gaertner‐Mazouni
Published: January 2020

In a context of increasing global food demand, the aquaculture sector, and more particularly bivalve mariculture, has expanded significantly. While the impact of bivalve mariculture was initially overlooked, it is now widely recognized that this industry can significantly impact the ecosystem and its services. Carrying capacity assessment tools have been developed accordingly and have proved to be a useful and efficient aid for mariculture management. However, carrying capacity assessment tools have been mostly designed and implemented in developed temperate countries, while bivalve mariculture is mainly expanding today in tropical and subtropical zones. To what extent the existing carrying capacity assessment tools are suited for use in tropical and subtropical regions has received little attention, and thus constitutes a major issue. The present review aims to fill this gap and highlights the key points to consider for the carrying capacity assessment of bivalve mariculture in tropical and subtropical regions. In line with the requirements for the sustainable development of human activities, and increasing recognition of the need for better integration of social aspects in the management processes, carrying capacity assessment should be undertaken in a more holistic way. Thus, the social, economic and environmental aspects are taken into account in our analysis. A step‐process plan for the sustainable management of bivalve mariculture in tropical and subtropical countries, through the assessment of carrying capacity, is proposed and discussed to offer guidance for managers.
What is the value of wild animal welfare for restoration ecology?
Authors: Capozzelli Jane F. , Hecht Luke , Halsey Samniqueka J.
Published: January 2020

The restoration community continues to discuss what constitutes good environmental stewardship. One area of tension is the extent to which the well‐being of wild animals should inform restoration efforts. We discuss three ways that the perspective of wild animal welfare can augment restoration ecology: strengthening people's relationship with nature, reinforcing biotic integrity, and reducing mechanistic uncertainty. The animal welfare movement elevates sentient animals as stakeholders and explores how environmental context directly impacts the well‐being of individuals. Viewing wild animals through this lens may encourage people to think and act with empathy and altruism. Second, we incorporate animal welfare into the concept of biotic integrity for ecological and ethical reasons. Restoring ecosystem processes may enhance animal welfare, and vice versa. Alternatively, there may be a trade‐off between these factors, requiring local decision‐makers to prioritize between restoring ecosystem function and promoting individuals' well‐being. We conclude by discussing how welfare can impact population recovery, thereby adding insights about mechanisms underpinning restoration objectives. Ultimately, restoration ecologists and proponents of wild animal welfare could enjoy a productive union.
Fluorescent fibre‐optic confocal characterization of in vivo epidermal changes in atopic eczema
Authors: Suihko Christian , Serup Jørgen
Published: January 2020

Background/aims

Fibre‐optic confocal imaging (FOCI) allows non‐invasive visualization of live skin in vivo. A contrast agent, a fluorophore, is injected into the dermis. FOCI images are horizontal optical sections with cellular resolution. The aim was to study in vivo epidermal changes and the cellular structure of keratinocytes in moderate to severe atopic eczema (AE).

Methods

Eight patients with AE with active lesions on the forearms were studied and compared to a control group of six healthy individuals, and two cases of AE without activity. Fluorescein sodium was used as fluorophore. A hand‐held fibre‐optic laser scanner (Stratum®) was used. The study included morphometric analyses.

Results

The confocal in vivo images identified characteristic features of epidermis and keratinocytes in active AE vs healthy skin controls. FOCI could non‐invasively image acanthosis, spongiosis, and parakeratosis in AE. Epidermal oedema and micro‐vesicles were visualized. Morphometry based on FOCI demonstrated 14% increased width of keratinocytes of atopic skin vs healthy controls. The epidermal structures and organization in distinctive cell layers were deviant as a result of the disease.

Conclusions

Fibre‐optic confocal imaging can visualize essential epidermal structures of atopic eczema directly in vivo, in real‐time, and with cellular resolution thus without disturbing the natural state of the skin. FOCI is primarily a research tool, but with a potential to become used in the clinic for non‐invasive microscopic diagnosis of AE and monitoring of effect of therapies.
Detection of HLA‐C*14:20 in a Taiwanese individual
Authors: Yang Kuo‐Liang , Lin Py‐Yu
Published: January 2020

Two nucleotide substitutions in codon 163 of HLA‐C*14:02:01:01 result in a novel allele, HLA‐C*14:20.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐B*46:41N allele
Authors: Zheng Jie W. , Xie Jun H. , Sun Ying , Xiang Dong
Published: January 2020

The HLA‐B*46:41N allele differs from B*46:01:01:01 by a 13 nucleotides deletion at positions 275‐287.
Metamodeling Time-Temperature Creep Parameters
Authors: Haque Mohammad Shafinul , Stewart Calvin M.
Published: January 2020

There exist many time-temperature parameter (TTP) models for creep rupture prediction of components including the Larson–Miller (LM), Manson–Haferd (MH), Manson–Brown (MB), Orr–Sherby–Dorn (OSD), Manson–Succop (MS), Graham–Walles (GW), Chitty–Duval (CD), Goldhoff–Sherby (GS) models. It remains a challenge to determine which model is “best”, capable of accurate interpolation and physically realistic extrapolation of creep rupture data for a given material. In this study, metamodeling is applied to create a unified TTP metamodel that combines and regresses into twelve TTP models (eight existing and four newly derived). An analysis of the mathematical problems that exist in TTP models is provided. A matlab code is written that can: (1) calibrate the material constants of any of the twelve TTP models (using the metamodel); (2) determine the most suitable stress-parameter function; (3) and report the normalized mean square error (NMSE) of rupture predictions for a given material database. Using the metamodel, and code, a design engineer can make an intelligent selection of the “best” TTP model for creep resistant design. This process is demonstrated using four isotherms of alloy P91 creep rupture data. To assess the influence of material, further validation is performed on alloys Hastelloy X, 304SS, and 316SS. It is determined that the “best” model is dependent on material type and the quality and quantity of available data.
Mechanism of Action of Nalidixic Acid on
Escherichia coli
V. Possible Mutagenic Effect
Authors: Cook Thomas M. , Goss William A. , Deitz William H.
Published: January 2020

Cook, Thomas M.
, (Sterling-Winthrop Research Institute, Rensselaer, N.Y.),
William A. Goss, and William H. Deitz
. Mechanism of action of nalidixic acid on
Escherichia coli
. V. Possible mutagenic effect. J. Bacteriol.
91:
780–783. 1966.—With a streptomycin-dependent organism,
Escherichia coli
ATCC 11143, it has been shown that exposure to nalidixic acid, under conditions permitting some bactericidal action, results in an increased number of streptomycin-independent bacteria among the survivors. This effect is evident only with proliferating cultures, and is related to the concentration of nalidixic acid and the duration of exposure.
Interaction of a Simian Papovavirus and Adenoviruses I. Induction of Adenovirus Tumor Antigen During Abortive Infection of Simian Cells
Authors: Feldman Lawrence A. , Butel Janet S. , Rapp Fred
Published: January 2020

Feldman, Lawrence A.(Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.),Janet S. Butel, and Fred Rapp. Interaction of a simian papovavirus and adenoviruses. I. Induction of adenovirus tumor antigen during abortive infection of simian cells. J. Bacteriol.91:813–818. 1966.—Adenovirus types 2, 7, and 12 undergo an abortive growth cycle in green monkey kidney cells; they induce the formation of adenovirus tumor antigen, but synthesis of adeno capsid antigen and infectious adenovirus was observed only when cultures were concomitantly infected with a simian papovavirus (SV40). Several other viruses, including herpes simplex and measles which replicate in monkey cells, and rabbit papilloma and human wart papovaviruses which do not, failed to stimulate adenovirus replication in the monkey cells. Adenovirus tumor antigen was detected 8 to 10 hr postinfection by immunofluorescent techniques. The antigen induced by adenovirus types 2 and 7 appeared as intranuclear masses; adenovirus type 12 tumor antigen also appeared as cytoplasmic and nuclear flecks. Sera from hamsters bearing tumors induced by adenovirus type 12 cross-reacted with tumor antigens induced by types 2 and 7 but not with antigens induced by SV40.
Structure of a Marine Bacteriophage as Revealed by the Negative-Staining Technique
Authors: Valentine Artrice F. , Chen Peter K. , Colwell Rita R. , Chapman George B.
Published: January 2020

Valentine, Artrice F.
(Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.),
Peter K. Chen, Rita R. Colwell, and George B. Chapman
. Structure of a marine bacteriophage as revealed by the negative-staining technique. J. Bacteriol.
91:
819–822. 1966.—The morphology of a marine bacteriophage has been determined by negative-staining techniques and electron microscopy. The virus possesses a head, 600 A in diameter, and a tail which may be from 860 to 1,000 A in lenght. No tail sheath is seen. The appearance of the terminal tail structure is discussed.
Formation of Bacterial Flagella I. Demonstration of a Functional Flagellin Pool in
Spirillum serpens
and
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Martinez R. J. , Gordee E. Z.
Published: January 2020

Martinez
, R. J. (University of California, Los Angeles),
and E. Z. Gordee
. Formation of bacterial flagella. I. Demonstration of a functional flagellin pool in
Spirillum serpens
and
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
870–875. 1966—Exponentially growing cultures of
Spirillum serpens
and
Bacillus subtilis
regained motility and flagella within one generation after mechanical deflagellation. Regeneration of flagella occurred in both cultures in the presence of chloramphenicol at concentrations shown to inhibit flagellin synthesis. Cells labeled with C
14
-amino acids regenerated radioactive flagella in the presence of chloramphenicol. A conditional mutant of
S. serpens
(T-45) was isolated. This strain did not produce flagella when grown at 45 C, but formed the organelles upon temperature shift to 30 C, even in the presence of chloramphenicol. A reduction of intracellular antibody-precipitable flagellin counts in labeled
S. serpens
T-45 occurred concomitant with the generation of flagella at 30 C. The data suggest that the flagella of
S. serpens
and
B. subtilis
are formed from a pool of intracellular flagellin proteins.
Cellular Site in
Bacillus subtilis
of a Nuclease Which Preferentially Degrades Single-Stranded Nucleic Acids
Authors: Birnboim H. C.
Published: January 2020

Birnboim
, H. C. (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, N.Y.). Cellular site in
Bacillus subtilis
of a nuclease which preferentially degrades single-stranded nucleic acids. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1004–1011. 1966.—A nuclease, identified by a marked preference for single-stranded nucleic acids, has been demonstrated in extracts of
Bacillus subtilis
. The enzyme was associated with the cell wall-membrane fraction of mechanically disrupted cells and was released from cells which had been converted to protoplasts by lysozyme. The nuclease activity prepared by the latter procedure was found to be activated and solubilized by treatment with trypsin. The enzyme had about 2% activity on native deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as compared with denatured DNA. By use of CsCl analytical density gradient ultracentrifugation, this preparation was shown to degrade denatured DNA selectively in mixtures of native and denatured DNA.
Release of Biologically Active Peptides from
Escherichia coli
at Subzero Temperatures
Authors: Moss C. Wayne , Speck M. L.
Published: January 2020

Moss, C.
Wayne
(North Carolina State University, Raleigh),
and
M. L.
Speck
. Release of biologically active peptides from
Escherichia coli
at subzero temperatures. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1105–1111. 1966.—Freezing and storage of
Escherichia coli
at −20 C in phosphate buffer resulted in loss of cell viability and a pronounced leakage of cellular material which had maximal absorption at 260 mμ. Greater loss in cell viability occurred when cells were frozen in distilled water, but only small amounts of 260 mμ absorbing material were detected. Unfrozen cells stored at 2 and 22 C in each menstruum showed little loss in viability, but cells in phosphate buffer released significant amounts of material during storage. Leakage material from cells in phosphate buffer contained greater amounts of ribonucleic acid and amino acids than did material from cells in distilled water. Leakage material from frozen cells contained protein in the form of peptides of relatively small molecular weight; this was not observed for unfrozen cells. These compounds protected a dilute cell suspension from the lethal effects of freezing, and also possessed biological activity for the recovery of cells which had been “injured” by freezing. Direct cell counts indicated that the material released was not a result of cell lysis.
Reductive Pentose Phosphate Cycle in
Nitrosocystis oceanus
Authors: Campbell Ann E. , Hellebust Johan A. , Watson Stanley W.
Published: January 2020

Campbell, Ann
E. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass.),
Johan A. Hellebust, and Stanley W. Watson
. Reductive pentose phosphate cycle in
Nitrosocystis oceanus
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1178–1185. 1966.—Assays in cell-free extracts of
Nitrosocystis oceanus
, a marine chemoautotrophic bacterium, have demonstrated the presence of all of the enzymes of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle, with activities high enough to account for the normal growth rate of the cells. Studies on ribulosediphosphate carboxylase activity in these extracts showed that it is inhibited by MgCl
2
(30% at 0.01
m
), MnCl
2
(70% at 0.01
m
), NaCl and KCl (100% at 0.5
m
, 63% at 0.2
m
), and by sulfate (35% at 0.01
m
); phosphate, glutathione, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid had no effect. The bacterial enzyme differs from the spinach enzyme with respect to its affinity for bicarbonate and its
p
H optimum. Whole cells were incubated with C
14
O
2
, and the acid-soluble fraction was analyzed by paper chromatography and autoradiography. Phosphoglyceric acid and the sugar phosphates were the earliest labeled compounds; several amino acids and organic acids were also labeled. It is concluded that
N. oceanus
incorporates CO
2
primarily via the reductive pentose phosphate cycle.
Role of 3-Nitropropanoic Acid in Nitrate Formation by
Aspergillus flavus
Authors: Doxtader K. G. , Alexander M.
Published: January 2020

Doxtader
, K. G. (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.),
and M. Alexander
. Role of 3-nitropropanoic acid in nitrate formation by
Aspergillus flavus
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1186–1191. 1966.—
Aspergillus flavus
formed nitrate, 3-nitropropanoic acid (3-NPA), kojic acid, and a substance tentatively identified as
N
-formyl-
N
-hydroxy-glycine during growth in a medium with ammonium as sole nitrogen source. The concentration of the nitro compound reached a maximum prior to the appearance of nitrate; the 3-NPA level subsequently decreased with a concomitant increase in nitrate concentration. Replacement cultures of
A. flavus
produced nitrate from culture filtrates containing 3-NPA or from synthetic 3-NPA but not when supplied with fresh ammonium-sucrose medium, the nitrate-nitrogen formed being equivalent to 50% of the quantity of the 3-NPA-nitrogen initially present. Neither nitrate nor 3-NPA was synthesized by the fungus during growth in media with low
p
H or low ammonium concentrations. It is proposed that 3-NPA is either an intermediate or is in equilibrium with an intermediate in nitrification by the fungus.
Effects of α-Glycerophosphate and of Palmityl-Coenzyme A on Lipid Synthesis in Yeast Extracts
Authors: White David , Klein Harold P.
Published: January 2020

White, David
(Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.),
and Harold P. Klein
. Effects of α-glycerophosphate and of palmityl-coenzyme A on lipid synthesis in yeast extracts. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1218–1223. 1966.—The incorporation of acetate into fatty acids, but not into nonsaponifiable lipids, was stimulated by α-glycerophosphate in a supernatant fraction of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, obtained after centrifugation at 86,000 ×
g
for 60 min. There was a pronounced effect at concentrations below 2 m
m
, but at concentrations above 5 m
m
α-glycerophosphate was relatively less stimulatory. α-Glycerophosphate markedly increased the percentage of esterified fatty acids among the products, and the formation of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids was stimulated. Palmityl-coenzyme A inhibited fatty acid synthesis, affecting the formation of unsaturated acids more severely than saturated acids. In the presence of sufficient α-glycerophosphate to alleviate these inhibitions, palmityl-coenzyme A still reduced the formation of certain unsaturated fatty acids.
Biophysical Studies of Respiratory Syncytial Virus II. Identification of Two Soluble Complement-Fixing Antigens of Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Authors: Forsyth Ben R. , Coates Helen V. , Chanock Robert M.
Published: January 2020

Forsyth, BenR. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.),Helen V. Coates, and Robert M. Chanock. Biophysical studies of respiratory syncytial virus. II. Identification of two soluble complement-fixing antigens of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Bacteriol.91:1270–1276. 1966.—Column chromatography of concentrated preparations was used to separate two antigenic components from the “soluble complement-fixing (CF) antigen” of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus. These antigens, designated antigen A and antigen B, stimulated homologous but not heterologous CF antibodies. Only antigen A stimulated the production of neutralizing antibody in guinea pigs. There was a dissociation between the CF and neutralizing antibody responses of guinea pigs immunized with antigen A. The two antigens were shown to have different molecular size, density, and sensitivity to lipolytic agents. Both antigens appeared to be components of the RS viral particle. Serological studies demonstrated that both antigens were formed during RS virus infection of children and adults.
Effect of Temperature on the Induction of Interferons by Endotoxin and Virus
Authors: Postic Bosko , DeAngelis Catherine , Breinig Mary K. , Ho Monto
Published: January 2020

Postic, Bosko
(University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.),
Catherine DeAngelis, Mary K. Breinig, and Monto Ho
. Effect of temperature on the induction of interferons by endotoxin and virus. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1277–1281. 1966.—The effect of ambient and body temperature on interferon formation in rabbits injected intravenously with virus differed from that seen after injection of endotoxin. Newcastle disease virus-induced interferon (VII) was elevated by increasing ambient temperature to 35 C, whereas cooling of the rabbit at 4 C resulted in low VII levels. Neither of these conditions affected the titers of endotoxin-induced interferon (EII). However, a significant enhancement of EII levels was found in sera of shorn rabbits, in which the body temperature was lower than in unshorn animals by 1.0 to 1.5 F and the pyrogenic response to endotoxin was less by about 2 F. This enhancement of EII by relatively low body temperatures was also in striking contrast to the reported enhancing effect of high body temperature of the rabbit on the lethal action of endotoxin. It is suggested that the temperature optimum for formation of EII is lower than for formation of VII.
Colorado Tick Fever Virus in Cell Culture II. Physical and Chemical Properties
Authors: Trent Dennis W. , Scott L. Vernon
Published: January 2020

Trent, Dennis
W. (University of Oklahoma School of Medicine, Oklahoma City),
and L. Vernon Scott
. Colorado tick fever virus in cell culture. II. Physical and chemical properties. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1282–1288. 1966.—Heat-inactivation kinetics for Colorado tick fever (CTF) virus grown in L cells indicated that more than one rate constant was involved for inactivation at each exposure temperature. An Arrhenius plot of the data indicated the inactivation rate constants to be dependent on the absolute temperature. The energy of activation, for thermal inactivation of the virus, was 17,289 calories per mole, with the Q
10
being 2.6. The optimal
p
H range for maintenance of CTF viral infectivity was determined to be 7.5 to 7.8. The infectivity of CTF virus was stable to freezing and thawing in diluents which contained: 50% calf serum, 20% glucose, 20% glycerol, 10% bovine serum albumin, 20 m
m
glutamine, and 2% gelatin. CTF virus replication was insensitive to inhibition by 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine and 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine, whereas herpes simplex virus was markedly inhibited, as reported by others. Actinomycin D inhibited CTF virus replication when cells were pretreated for 24 and 12 hr prior to infection, but not when the inhibitor was added at the time of infection. The nucleic acid of CTF virus appears to be of the ribose type.
Effects of Cycloheximide and Puromycin on Synthesis of Simian Virus 40 T Antigen in Green Monkey Kidney Cells
Authors: Gilden R. V. , Carp R. I.
Published: January 2020

Gilden
, R. V. (Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pa.),
and
R. I.
Carp
. Effects of cycloheximide and puromycin on synthesis of simian virus 40 T antigen in green monkey kidney cells. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1295–1297. 1966.—Synthesis of the simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen in primary African green monkey kidney cells was abolished when cycloheximide was added up to 10 hr postinfection. In contrast, puromycin, another inhibitor of protein synthesis, did not suppress antigen production. The basis of this differential effect was the inability of puromycin to inhibit protein synthesis in the cells used. This was shown by the failure of the drug to depress the incorporation of labeled amino acid into protein and also failure to inhibit poliovirus synthesis. The puromycin preparation used was very effective in inhibiting poliovirus synthesis in HeLa cells. Thus, appearance of the SV40 T antigen is dependent on protein synthesis in infected cells.
Electron Microscopy of
Listeria monocytogenes
-Infected Mouse Spleen
Authors: Armstrong B. A. , Sword C. P.
Published: January 2020

Armstrong
, B. A. (The University of Kansas, Lawrence),
and
C. P.
Sword
. Electron microscopy of
Listeria monocytogenes
-infected mouse spleen. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1346–1355. 1966.—Mouse spleen infected with
Listeria monocytogenes
was observed during the acute phase of infection; 72 hr after infection, organisms were usually found within phagocytic vacuoles in the cytoplasm of macrophages. These vacuoles, which resembled phagosomes, often contained several organisms as well as varying amounts of amorphous electron-dense material, ferritin-like particles, membrane fragments, and vesicles of varying density. Breakdown of vacuolar membranes appeared to be accompanied by damage to the host cell cytoplasm. Nuclear membrane damage was occasionally observed when phagocytic vacuoles were close to the nucleus.
Formation of a Functional Electron Transport System During Growth of Penicillin-Induced Spheroplasts of
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Authors: Wright Elizabeth A. , White David C.
Published: January 2020

Wright, Elizabeth
A. (University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington),
and David C. White
. Formation of a functional electron transport system during growth of penicillin-induced spheroplasts of
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1356–1362. 1966.—Penicillin in a lactose medium can be used to cause the formation of spheroplasts in
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
. The resulting spheroplasts grew under conditions which produced rapid formation of the electron transport system in the normal bacteria. The following elements that are incorporated into a functionally active electron transport system were formed in spheroplasts: formate and
l
-lactate dehydrogenases, 2-demethyl vitamin K
2
, cytochromes
b
1
and
c
1
, and the cytochrome oxidases. The catabolic enzymes aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and malic dehydrogenase showed slight increases in activity. These experiments indicated that spheroplasts can form a fully functional electron transport system essentially similar to that formed during normal growth. The various components of the electron transport system were formed at different rates in the growing spheroplasts.
Nonproteolytic, AvirulentBacillus anthracisas a Live Vaccine
Authors: Fubra Ernest S.
Published: January 2020

Fubra, ErnestS. (Federal Department of Veterinary Research, Vom, Nigeria). Nonproteolytic, avirulentBacillus anthracisas a live vaccine. J. Bacteriol.91:930–933. 1966.—A nonproteolytic mutant, derived from the Sterne strain ofBacillus anthracisby exposure to ultraviolet radiation, was used for vaccination of guinea pigs. Vaccine prepared from the parent Sterne strain was used in comparable immunization procedure. Comparison of the protection induced by the two vaccines showed that use of the nonproteolytic mutant was from 10 to 1,000 times as effective as the Sterne strain.
Infectious Diseases in Wild Animals in Utah VI. Experimental Infection of Birds with
Rickettsia rickettsii
Authors: Lundgren D. L. , Thorpe B. D. , Haskell C. D.
Published: January 2020

Lundgren
, D. L. (University of Utah, Salt Lake City), B. D.
Thorpe, and C. D. Haskell
. Infectious diseases in wild animals in Utah. VI. Experimental infection of birds with
Rickettsia rickettsii
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
963–966. 1966.—Chickens, pigeons, pheasants, sparrow hawks, red-tailed hawks, ravens, magpies, and a marsh hawk were inoculated with
Rickettsia rickettsii
, the etiological agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The development and persistence of complement-fixing (CF) antibodies and rickettsemias were tested for in these birds. Rickettsiae were recovered from the blood of a number of birds up to the 16th day after inoculation, whereas only the pigeon was found to develop high CF antibody titers. It was concluded that certain species of birds have the potential of contributing to the dissemination of
R. rickettsii
in nature, and that the CF test is generally unsuitable for serological diagnosis of this organism in birds.
Serological Studies of Types A, B, and E Botulinal Toxins by Passive Hemagglutination and Bentonite Flocculation
Authors: Johnson H. M. , Brenner K. , Angelotti R. , Hall H. E.
Published: January 2020

Johnson
, H. M. (Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio), K.
Brenner, R. Angelotti, and H. E. Hall
. Serological studies of types A, B, and E botulinal toxins by passive hemagglutination and bentonite flocculation. J. Bacteriol.
91:
967–974. 1966.—Formalinized sheep red blood cells (SRBC), sensitized with types A, B, and E botulinal toxoids and toxins by bis-diazotized benzidine (BDB), were tested against A, B, and E antitoxins prepared in horses and rabbits. Type B antitoxin cross-reacted with A toxoid SRBC, but the reciprocal cross-reaction was not observed. E toxin SRBC were specifically agglutinated by E antitoxin. Flocculation of antigen-sensitized bentonite particles was less sensitive in titration of antitoxin than hemagglutination. Also, reciprocal cross-reactions were observed between types A and B antitoxins. Cross-reactions in both serological tests were eliminated by titration of antitoxins in the presence of the heterologous antigens, with no inhibitory effect on the homologous antitoxins. Generally, equine antitoxins were less suitable for agglutinations, especially of antigen-sensitized bentonite particles. Types A, B, and E antitoxins were specifically inhibited by 43, 39, and 245 mouse
ld
50
of their respective homologous toxins in the hemagglutination-inhibition test. A, B, and E antitoxins were specifically inhibited by 500, 950, and 1,500 mouse
ld
50
of their respective homologous toxins in bentonite flocculation inhibitions. Formalinized SRBC sensitized with rabbit types A and B antitoxins by BDB were respectively clumped by as little as 0.75 to 1.3 mouse
ld
50
of A toxin and 2.3
ld
50
of B toxin, whereas bentonite particles sensitized by the same antitoxins were specifically clumped by 150
ld
50
of A toxin and 630
ld
50
of B toxin. E antitoxin sensitization of SRBC or bentonite particles was not successful. Evidence is presented that indicates that the serological procedures are applicable to the detection of botulinal toxins in food.
Effective Nonliving Vaccine Against Experimental Tuberculosis in Mice
Authors: Ribi Edgar , Larson Carl , Wicht William , List Robert , Goode Granville
Published: January 2020

Ribi, Edgar
(Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Mont.),
Carl Larson, William Wicht, Robert List, and Granville Goode
. Effective nonliving vaccine against experimental tuberculosis in mice. J. Bacteriol.
91:
975–983. 1966.—Antituberculosis vaccines were prepared in one of three manners: lyophilized BCG suspended in light mineral oil was disrupted in a Sorvall pressure cell and the “oil disruption product” was collected by centrifugation; BCG was disrupted in water, lyophilized, and worked into a paste with a small amount of oil (about 0.16 ml per 50 mg); BCG was disrupted in water, and the cell wall fraction was isolated, lyophilized, and prepared in an oil paste. These vaccines were suspended in Tween-saline to a concentration of 5 mg/ml and heated at 65 C for 30 min. In protection tests based on pulmonary infection with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
H37Rv, the median number of virulent organisms in lung tissue of mice immunized with a few hundred micrograms of these three vaccines was 3 to 4 logs lower than in unvaccinated control mice. A similar dose of viable BCG standard vaccine reduced the lung count 1 to 2 logs below the controls. Protection afforded by nonviable, whole BCG, with or without oil, was of only borderline significance. Since oil-treated fractions containing cell walls produced effective immunity, while the oil-treated protoplasm or whole cells were not active, the protective antigen appeared to be an inner component of the cell wall, exposed when the cell was disrupted, and activated by oil. Extraction of oil from immunogenic disruption products resulted in loss of ability of the products to confer protection against the aerosol challenge, whereas high protection against the conventional challenge by intravenous infection with up to 1.4 × 10
8
cells of
M. tuberculosis
H37Rv was retained. Retreatment with oil of these nonimmunogenic products restored the immunogenicity if the oil was applied to dried products. The consistent finding that moisture interferes with the enhancement of the vaccine potency by oil suggested that such enhancement may not be the same as that ordinarily produced by water-in-oil emulsions.
Role of Serum in the Intracellular Killing of Staphylococci in Rabbit Monocytes
Authors: Shayegani Mehdi G. , Mudd Stuart
Published: January 2020

Shayegani, MehdiG. (U.S. Veterans Administration Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa.),and Stuart Mudd. Role of serum in the intracellular killing of staphylococci in rabbit monocytes. J. Bacteriol.91:1393–1398. 1966.—Although some intracellular killing occurs in rabbit monocytes with heated normal serum or even in monocytes washed three times with Hanks' solution and with staphylococci not exposed to serum, efficient killing of coagulase-positiveStaphylococcus aureuscells in the mononuclear phagocytes of rabbits is shown to require heat-labile components of serum. The effect of serum in promoting phagocytosis and intracellular killing may be exhibited either by presensitization of the staphylococcal cells before contact with leukocytes or by the presence of serum in the phagocytic system. Under any conditions studied the rate of intracellular killing ofS. aureusis very slow.
Virulence of
Escherichia coli
Strains for Chick Embryos
Authors: Powell Calvin J. , Finkelstein Richard A.
Published: January 2020

Powell, Calvin
J.,
Jr.
(Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.),
and Richard A. Finkelstein
. Virulence of
Escherichia coli
strains for chick embryos. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1410–1417. 1966.—Fifty-three strains of
Escherichia coli
, freshly isolated from patients at Children's Hospital, Washington, D.C., were tested for virulence for 13-day chick embryos by allantoic inoculation of serial dilutions of viable cell suspensions. No clear-cut relationship could be demonstrated between inoculum size and response (death of the embryos) which would permit comparisons of virulence based on
ld
50
determinations. However, the strains were classified into three groups according to the proportion of embryos which succumbed, regardless of inoculum size. There was no association between enteropathogenicity and embryo virulence, although there was high correlation between hemagglutinative activity for chicken erythrocytes and virulence of strains for embryos. Differences in virulence were not related to ability to multiply in the allantoic cavity nor did bacteremia appear to be essential for death of the embryos. Serial passage in eggs failed to alter virulence. Both the route of inoculation and the age of the embryos had a marked effect on the outcome of challenge with strains of varying virulence. The embryos were most susceptible to challenge by the intravenous route. The susceptibility of younger embryos decreased with increasing embryonic maturity, although some reversal of this trend was noted with 19-day embryos. The toxicity of culture filtrates and filtrates of allantoic fluid from infected embryos seemed to be related to strain virulence, suggesting that elaboration and availability of toxic factors may have an important bearing on the lethality of
E. coli
strains for chick embryos.
Occurrence of Serotypes Among
Histoplasma capsulatum
Strains
Authors: Kaufman Leo , Blumer Sharon
Published: January 2020

Kaufman, Leo
(Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.),
and Sharon Blumer
. Occurrence of serotypes among
Histoplasma capsulatum
strains. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1434–1439. 1966.—Extensive studies with a fluorescent antibody specific for the yeast form of
Histoplasma capsulatum
indicated that, although most strains of
H. capsulatum
stained intensely, others stained weakly and some did not stain. These observations suggested that antigenic variants of the fungus existed. To test this hypothesis, reciprocal cross-staining and adsorption procedures were performed with fluorescein-labeled antiglobulins to four strains of
H. capsulatum
. Fifty-six strains of
H. capsulatum
and 11 strains of
H. duboisii
were studied. The data indicate that at least five serotypes of
H. capsulatum
occur. One is closely related antigenically to
H. duboisii
and
Blastomyces dermatitidis
.
Detoxified Bacterial Endotoxins I. Preparation and Biological Properties of an Acetylated Crude Endotoxin from
Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Martin William J. , Marcus Stanley
Published: January 2020

Martin, William
J. (University of Utah, Salt Lake City),
and Stanley Marcus
. Detoxified bacterial endotoxins. I. Preparation and biological properties of an acetylated crude endotoxin from
Salmonella typhimurium
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1453–1459. 1966.—Acetylation of a crude endotoxin prepared by the Roschka-Edwards (RE) procedure from a strain of
Salmonella typhimurium
yields a product with reduced pyrogenicity in rabbits as well as one which is nontoxic in mice. A reduction in pyrogenicity of approximately 100 times was noted with this acetylated crude endotoxin when compared with the parent RE preparation. A comparison was made of immunogenicity with mice of Boivin, RE, and acetylated Roschka-Edwards (Acet-RE) preparations with a heat-killed, phenol-preserved (HP) vaccine prepared from the same strain of
S. typhimurium
. Less than pyrogenic doses of all vaccines were not protective. The least pyrogenic preparation (Acet-RE) was immunogenically effective in about five times the minimal pyrogenic dose. The data suggest that the Acet-RE preparation should be considered further in the search for enteric fever vaccines with lowered potential for undesirable systemic responses.
Mutation Leading to Increased Sensitivity to Chromium in
Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Corwin L. M. , Fanning G. R. , Feldman F. , Margolin P.
Published: January 2020

Corwin
, L. M. (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.),
G. R. Fanning, F. Feldman, and P. Margolin
. Mutation leading to increased sensitivity to chromium in
Salmonella typhimurium
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1509–1515. 1966.—Certain deletion mutants including the tryptophan operon in
Salmonella typhimurium
are unable to utilize several sugars as carbon sources in solid media, although they are able to grow in liquid media with these sugars. The addition of citrate or washing the agar with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid permits growth on solid media. Analysis of the agar revealed that Fe
3+
and Cr
3+
were present at concentrations of 22 and 75 μ
m
, respectively. The addition of Fe
3+
to liquid media in 0.5 m
m
concentrations did not inhibit the wild type or the mutants. A similar concentration of Cr
3+
did not inhibit the wild type, but concentrations as low as 0.01 to 0.05 m
m
inhibited the deletion mutants. Other metals were inhibitory at various concentrations, but none showed any significant differential effects on the mutants and the wild type. The increased sensitivity of the mutants to chromium may be due either to an increased permeability to Cr
3+
, resulting in higher effective intracellular concentrations and inhibition of one or more metabolic functions, or to a binding of Cr
3+
to an altered cell wall, resulting in decreased permeability of required substrates.
Toxicity of Copper and Ascorbic Acid toSerratia marcescens
Authors: Zimmerman Leonard
Published: January 2020

Zimmerman, Leonard(Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.). Toxicity of copper and ascorbic acid toSerratia marcescens. J. Bacteriol.91:1537–1542. 1966.—Neutral solutions of ascorbic acid were antibacterial toSerratia marcescensat low but not at high population densities. The toxicity of ascorbate was eliminated by metal-sequestering treatments, and was restored only by the addition of trace amounts of copper salts. Copper-ascorbate was equally toxic under aerobic or anaerobic conditions; its toxicity was abolished by (i) chelating agents that sequestered the copper, (ii) metal-complexing agents that bound to the cells but did not sequester copper, and (iii) iron salts in the presence of air. On the basis of these observations, the toxic effects of copper-ascorbate were attributed to its reaction with vital Fe-containing cellular components.
Manganese Oxidation by
Sphaerotilus discophorus
Authors: Johnson A. H. , Stokes J. L.
Published: January 2020

Johnson
, A. H. (Washington State University, Pullman),
and J. L. Stokes
. Manganese oxidation by
Sphaerotilus discophorus
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1543–1547. 1966.—Cell suspensions of
Sphaerotilus discophorus
in 0.02
m
potassium phosphate buffer (
p
H 7.2) readily oxidized MnSO
4
to dark-brown manganic oxide. The latter appeared to be MnO
2
, since its color was the same as MnO
2
and, like the latter, it was readily soluble in HCl with the evolution of chlorine. The amount of O
2
consumed in the oxidation of Mn
++
was 63% or more of theoretical. The ability of the cells to oxidize Mn
++
was destroyed by heating the cells at 93 C for 5 min. Only cell suspensions prepared from cultures of
S. discophorus
grown with MnSO
4
were able to oxidize Mn
++
. It was concluded that the oxidation of manganous ions by
S. discophorus
is catalyzed by an inducible enzyme(s).