bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Waiting for Recovery: The Canadian Labour Market in June 2020
Authors: Jones Stephen R.G. , Lange Fabian , Riddell W. Craig , Warman Casey
Published: July 2020

The Canadian labour market is currently emerging from a holding pattern with unusually high numbers of people in temporary (or “recall”) unemployment, people who are “employed but absent from work” for unspecified reasons, or people who are not in the labour force while waiting to be recalled. Two encouraging signs are evident. New postings of vacancies have recovered from 50 percent to about 80 percent of their pre-crisis level. Also, data suggest that the increase in employment in May 2020 is due to the re-entry into employment of some of those waiting to be recalled. These patterns suggest that the labour market might rebound quickly. Warning signs are that the shares of unemployed persons without job attachment and of those on recall engaged in job search are beginning to increase.
What is the Best Choice for Esophageal Replacement in Children?
Authors: Bahar Ashjaei , Bahar Ashjaei , Merisa Movahedi Jadid , Azita Parvizi , Ali Talebi
Published: July 2020

Esophageal replacement surgery is performed in children with either congenital long gap esophageal atresia
or acquired esophageal damages such as caustic injury of the esophagus. although the left colon because of
less variation in blood supply and suitable diameter in comparison with right colon is the better choice. A
secured pedicled colon is mandatory for reducing the sever complications, such as leak and necrosis.
Ileocolic conduit is an alternative method of colon interposition which has anti reflux effect and therefore
with less complications related to gastroesophageal reflux. When we have a short segment esophageal
stricture due to corrosive esophagitis or other causes of esophageal strictures which is refractory to repeated
dilatations, it is advisable to perform colon patch esophagoplasty. Gastric transposition can produce a good
way for gastrointestinal continuity with a perfect weight gain and oral feeding, therefor it can be a safe
choice for esophageal replacement in children. Partial gastric pull-up is an alternative operation for
esophageal replacement in children and infants with long gap esophageal atresia. Gastric conduit
replacement is another alternative technique for esophageal replacement, in which a gastric tube is created
in the abdomen and it is pulled to via thoracic cavity to the neck and is committed by cervical anastomosis.
Antral patch esophagoplasty is used for benign and limited esophageal stricture due to gastroesophageal
reflux. Usefulness of pedicled jejunum was under optimal results because of technical problems and high
rate of necrosis and mortality for decades. Sternocleidomastoid myocutaneous esophagoplasty is a scarce
method which is reported by some surgeons for limited cervical esophageal stricture repair. Free
microvascular transfer of the reverse ileo-colon flap with ileocaecal valve valvuloplasty is used for
reconstruction of a pharyngoesophageal defect, and Patch esophagoplasty by using of degradable
bioscaffolds of extracellular matrix have shown good results in preclinical and clinical outcomes to prevent
stenosis after endoscopic mucosectomy. We will explain the advantages and disadvantages of these different
surgical methods in this review article.
Relasi Negara dan Islam di Indonesia: Pengalaman Nahdlatul Ulama
Authors: Asy'ari Hasyim
Published: July 2020

Tulisan ini hendak mendeskripsikan relasi masyarakat dan negara di Indonesia, terutama respon masyarakat muslim. Kajian ini akan difokuskan kepada pengalaman respon Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) terhadap negara, karena NU adalah organisasi sosial keagamaan terbesar di Indonesia dan dikenal memiliki sikap toleran dan moderat sebagai pandangan hidupnya, sehingga kajian tentang NU penting untuk mendapat perhatian dalam beradaptasi dengan negara-bangsa selama ini. Tulisan akan dimulai dengan mengkaji relasi Islam dan negara, terutama di Indonesia, dan dilanjutkan dengan mengkaji sejumlah pengalaman titik-temu antara NU dan negara. Kesimpulan yang diambil dalam tulisan ini adalah relasi negara dan Islam di Indonesia diwarnai oleh ketegangan dan moderasi. Namun demikian, NU sebagai organisasi sosial keagamaan terbesar di Indonesia lebih memilih jalan moderat dan toleransi daripada memilih jalan kekerasan.Kata kunci: Indonesia, NU, moderat, toleransi dan pancasila
Tantangan Perguruan Tinggi Indonesia Menghadapi Asean Economic Community
Authors: Purba Charles Bohlen
Published: July 2020

Asean Economic Community (AEC)) tidak saja berdampak pada sector sosial, ekonomi dan politik, akan tetapi AEC akan memiliki dampak serius terhadap dunia pendidikan Indonesia. Indonesia akan kalah bersaing jika tidak mampu menyiapkan SDM yang unggul menghadapi tantangan regional atau internesional. Secara regulasi, Indonesia membuka ruang terhadap penyelenggara pendidikan asing di Indonesia sebagaimana diamanhkan dalam  Pasal 90 Undang-undang No 12 tahun 2012 tentang Pendidikan Tinggi. Karena itu, Pemerintah  perlu memahami peta persoalan di sektor pendidikan, supaya dapat dirancang program-program pembangunan yang tepat sasaran sehingga Indonesia dapat mengambil manfaat dari pelaksanaan AEC yang sudah dimulai sejak 1 Januari 2015 jika tidak maka bangsa Indonesia hanya akan menjadi konsumen dungu globalisasi, modernisasi melalui perjanjian-perjanijian yang telah disepakati pemerintah.Kata kunci: AEC, ekonomi, pendidikan dan Indonesia
Menjaga Keseimbangan antara Keamanan dan Kebebasan dalam Kebijakan Penanggulangan Terorisme
Authors: Al Araf Al Araf
Published: July 2020

Problem utama yang dikaji dalam tulisan ini adalah penegakan HAM dalam penanggulangan terorisme. Respon terhadap aksi terorisme disinyalir cenderung memperumit jalannya proses demokratisasi dan penegakan HAM di banyak negara, tidak ada keseimbangan di antara security dan liberty dalam kebijakan perang melawan terorisme. Perang terhadap terorisme telah menempatkan kebebasan bukan lagi hal yang utama untuk dilindungi negara. Untuk dan demi atas nama keamanan, kebebasan untuk sementara waktu sah hukumnya dibatasi bahkan di intervensi oleh negara. Pada titik ini penulis mengemukan pertanyaan apakah ”zaman hak” (the age of rights) sudah berakhir sejak 11 september 2001?, padahal salah satu tugas negara adalah memberikan perlindungan kebebasan dan keamanan terhadap warga negara. Demikian pula, HAM mendapatkan jaminannya dalam hukum internasional hak-hak asasi manusia dan diperintahkan oleh konstitusi setiap negara demokratik.
Polisi, Kekerasan dan Senjata Api: Tantangan Pemolisian di Era Demokrasi
Authors: Irsan Koesparmono
Published: July 2020

Polisi sebagai alat negara dibidang penyelenggaraan keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat memiliki kewenangan melakukan tindak “kekerasan” dalam rangka penyelenggaraan kamtibmas. Namun demikian, seiring dengan merebaknya fenomena, supremasi hukum, hak asasi manusia, globalisasi, demokratisasi, desentralisasi, transparansi, dan akuntabilitas telah melahirkan berbagai paradigma baru dalam melihat tujuan, tugas, fungsi, wewenang dan tanggung jawab Polri. Paradigma tersebut menuai tuntutan dan harapan terhadap pelaksanaan tugas Polri yang semakin meningkat dan lebih berorientasi kepada masyarakat yang dilayani serta mengarah pada paradigma democratic policing. Tulisan ini bermaksud membedah persoalan kekerasan dalam hubungan dengan tugas dan fungsi kepolisian, baik secara filosofis, juridis dan sosial dalam kerangka democratic policing.
Perselisihan Polri dengan KPK: Belajar dari Sejarah Perselisihan Wewenang Penyidik/Polisi dan Penuntut Umum/Jaksa
Authors: Ibrahim Muhammad
Published: July 2020

Tulisan ini menjelaskan sejarah perselisihan antar lembaga penegak hukum. Dengan mengambil contoh kasus pada perselisihan antara Polri dan KPK, pada pemaparan selanjutnya menjelaskan bahwa perselisihan antar lembaga penegak hukum pada dasarnya bukanlah hal baru. Konflik yang ada lebih pada terjadinya perselisihan wewenang dan/atau kepentingan. Pada kesimpunnya terlihat bahwa perselisihan pada hakekatnya terkait masalah politik dengan hukum.
Stabilitas dan Tertib Sosial
Authors: Sulistyo Hermawan
Published: July 2020

Dengan menggunakan perspektif historis, konsepsi tentang stabilitas sosial dan tertib sosial sejak jaman Nusantara, Kolonialisme dan Indonesia menjadi fokus perhatian penulis dalam tulisan ini. Stabilitas dan ketertiban sosial yang dibangun atas proses-proses consensual conflicts akan menghasilkan sistem yang jauh lebih sustainable dan viable, ketimbang bangunan yang dibangun atas ikon nasionalisme. Perspektif ini memberikan kritik terhadap Benedict Anderson dan Ernest Renan yang cenderung menganggap fragmentasi unit-unit nasional menjadi bangunan stabilitas dan ketertiban sosial. Kecenderungan gerak masyarakat-masyarakat maju adalah integrasi kawasan, bukan fragmentasi unit-unit nasional yang cenderung membawa pertarungan antara wacana-wacana lokal vis-à-vis nasional.
Mistik dan Politik: Praktek Perdukunan Dalam Politik Indonesia
Authors: Bahaudin Bahaudin
Published: July 2020

Dunia politik modern tidak selamanya bertumpu kepada kekuatan akal, kalkulasi matang atau hitungan nyata sesuai hasil survey. Namun diluar dari prinsip-prinsip dan kaidah logis masih terselip kekuatan lain yang berperan, yaitu kekuatan Mistik atau spiritual. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan Cultural Studies, penulis melakukan penelitian hubungan elite politik dengan dunia mistik sejak jaman kerajaan-kerajaan di Nusantara hingga periode berdirinya Republik Indonesia.  Para Raja di masa kerajaan atau Presiden di Indonesia; Soekarno, Soeharto, Abdurrahman Wahid, Megawati dan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono memiliki guru spiritual sebagai penasehat atau penopang dalam kekuasaan politik mereka. Penulis berkesimpulan bahwa panggung politik dalam sejarah Indonesia bahkan sejarah Kerajaan di bumi nusantara  tidak saja bertumpu pada kekuatan logis tetapi juga penggunaan ilmu supranatural dalam meraih dan mempertahankan kekuasaan.
Kedudukan Polri Dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan: Isu-Isu Polri Dalam RUU Kamnas
Authors: Djamin Awaloedin
Published: July 2020

Keberadaan  RUU Kamnas tidak saja menimbulkan polemik di tengah-tengah masyarakat sipil, tetapi juga memunculkan isu-isu seputar status dan kedudukan Polri dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Negara Republik Indonesia. Tulisan ini dimaksudkan untuk menjawab isu-isu Polri dalam polemik RUU Kamnas. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan sejarah Polri-TNI serta hukum nasional dan internasional, tulisan ini tidak secara emosional mempertahankan keberadaan Polri berada di bawah Presiden, tetapi dimaksudkan dalam rangka memberikan informasi dan data agar dapat dipahami secaya obyektif berkenaan dengan polemik RUU Kamnas.
Kontradiksi Pandangan HTI atas Pancasila
Authors: Arif Syaiful
Published: July 2020

Sebagai gerakan Islam trans-nasional, Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) melakukan penghalusan pandangan atas dasar negara Republik Indonesia, yakni Pancasila. Di tahun 1990, secara eksplisit ia mengafirkan Pancasila karena memuat kemajemukan agama dan deideologi, padahal hanya Islam, agama dan ideologi yang benar. Pada tahun 2012, HTI melunakkan pandangannya dengan menyebut Pancasila sebagai set of philosophy: rangkaian filsafat buatan manusia. Sayangnya sebagai filsafat buatan manusia, status Pancasila tetap berada di bawah Islam yang dipahami sebagai ideologi ketuhanan. Keinginan menegakkan syariah dan khilafah didasarkan pada keberadaan sila Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa dalam Pancasila. Dengan demikian, hal tersebut merupakan hak umat Islam. Inilah kontradiksi pandangan HTI, yang menerima Pancasila namun menempatkannya di bawah bangunan politik ideologisnya, khilafah Islamiyah.
Disharmoni Hak Migran di Wilayah Perbatasan Berimplikasi Kejahatan Perdagangan Manusia di Luar Negeri
Authors: Sulaksono Endro
Published: July 2020

Globalisasi migran merupakan hak migran untuk mencari peluang kehidupan yang lebih baik di daerah tujuan.Tidak selamanya tujuan migrasi sesuai harapan, terdapat fenomena kasus keimigrasian dan korban perdagangan manusia bagi buruh migran Indonesia di luar negeri yang berimplikasi terhadap kewibawaan pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Permasalahan terjadi karena adanya disharmoni hak migran yang dihadapkan pada dua pilihan yang belum terselesaikan antara pemahaman prinsip-prinsip Hak Asasi Manusia dengan prinsip-prinsip penegakan hukum keimigrasian. Melalui pemolisian diharapkan dapat mengatasi permasalahan dengan mengedepankan kemitraan antara masyarakat dan pemangku kepentingan untuk menciptakan keteraturan sosial.
Regions and Powers: The Structures of International Security
Authors: Sonta Ahrie
Published: July 2020

Penulis: Barry Buzan and Ole WoeverPenerbit: Cambridge University PressTahun Terbit: 2003Jumlah Halaman: xxvi+564
Reformasi di Kementerian Pertahanan RI
Authors: Sukadis Beni
Published: July 2020

AbstrakReformasi bidang pertahanan yang dialami Indonesia sejak disahkan UU Pertahanan Negara dan UU TNI hingga kini belum selesai karena beberapa faktor yang cukup menghambat reformasi ini. Beberapa faktor yang menghambat, yaitu masih ada budaya paternalistik dalam birokrasi, masih ada ketidakjelasan kedudukan antara menteri pertahanan dan panglima TNI dalam pembagian wewenang khususnya terkait hubungan sipil-militer dan kepemimpinan sipil yang lemah dalam mengelola reformasi di Kementerian Pertahanan. Hingga saat ini implementasi supremasi sipil masih samar di Kementerian Pertahanan, walaupun secara faktual menteri pertahanan berasal dari sipil, tapi di sisi lain dominasi militer dalam jabatan pengambilan keputusan masih terjadi. Padahal supremasi sipil seharusnya direpresentasikan dalam wujud nyata bukan hanya dari hanya dari satu posisi pimpinan, yakni bagaimana otoritas sipil secara dominan dapat mengambil keputusan politik yang otonom sesuai dengan kebijakan negara yang dimandatkan oleh UU dan aturan yang ada.Kata kunci: reformasi pertahanan, hubungan sipil militer, supremasi sipil. Defense reform still underway since Indonesia passed the Law on State Defense and the TNI the reform law has not completed yet, because there are many factors that impede the reform process. Some of the factors are the paternalistic culture still exist in the bureaucracy, there is also ambiguity on the relations between the Defense Minister and the Commander of TNI in the division of labor especially to civil-military relations and weak civilian leadership in managing the reform at the Ministry of Defense. Until now, the implementation of civil supremacy within the Ministry is vague, although the ministers are civilian, but in fact the military domination in decision making process remains strong. Whereas, civil supremacy should not be exemplified on the top position, but the civilians authority take the lead in the decision making in accordance to the State Policy as stipulated by the law.Keywords: defense reform, civil-military, civilian supremacy.
Penanganan Teror Bom Thamrin Ditinjau Berdasarkan Skep Kapolri Nomor: 172 Tahun 2014 tentang Penanganan Tempat Kejadian Perkara (PTKP) Bom
Authors: Tabrani Dedy
Published: July 2020

AbstrakFenomena ISIS pasca Al-Qaeda telah memberikan harapan baru dan semangat baru kelompok radikal Islam di Indonesia. Salah satu aksi terorisme yang dilakukan oleh anggota ISIS di Indonesia adalah terror Bom Thamrin pada 14 Januari 2016 dengan pola dan modus berupa bom dan penembakan. Polri sebagai leading sector penanganan terorisme, telah merumuskan beberapa peraturan mengenai penanganan terorisme, misalnya, Keputusan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor: 172 Tahun 2014 tentang Penanganan Tempat Kejadian Perkara Bom (PTKP). Keputusan tersebut menjadi landasan kepolisian dalam penanganan kasus teror di lapangan. Untuk itu, penelitian ini akan mengungkap sejauh mana penanganan terror bom Thamrin ditinjau berdasarkan Skep Kapolri Nomor: 172 Tahun 2014 Tentang Penanganan Tempat Kejadian Perkara Bom (PTKP).Kata kunci: terorisme, Teror Thamrin, ISIS, Polri ISIS phenomena after Al-Qaeda have given new hope and spirit of Islamic radicalism groups in Indonesia. One of terrorism action by ISIS members was Thamrin bombing terror on January 14, 2016 with pattern and modus of bombings and shootings. Indonesian National Police as a leading sector in handling terrorism has formulated rules regarding terrorism handling, such as the Decree of the Indonesian National Police Chief (Perkap) No. 172, 2014 on the Handling of the Crime Scene (PTKP) of bomb. This decree becomes the base of police on handling terror scene. Therefore, this research can reveal how far the handling of Thamrin terror bombing based on Skep No. 173, 2014.Keywords: Terrorism, Terror of Thamrin, ISIS, Indonesian National Police
Teror Bom Buku di Jakarta: Peran Polri dalam Penanganan Terorisme di Indonesia
Authors: Widodo H.M.S. Urip
Published: July 2020

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan teror bom buku yang terjadi di Jakarta pada 15 Maret 2011. Berdasarkan sumber data Berita Acara Pemeriksaan (BAP), penelitian ini mampu memberikan penjelasan secara kronologis rencana aksi teror bom buku. Teror bom buku ini merupakan modus baru para teroris dalam melakukan aksinya, karena yang menjadi targetnya adalah individu. Teror bom buku, apabila melihat jumlah korban dan kualitas ledakan, tidak sebanding dengan bom yang ditempatkan di gedung-gedung tertentu seperti pada kasus-kasus teror bom sebelumnya. Akan tetapi dampaknya hampir sama, bahkan teror bom buku sudah menyentuh aspek psikologi masyarakat awam. Ketakutan dan kepanikan yang melanda sampai di tingkat rumah tangga adalah bentuk keberhasilan aksi bom buku menjadi sebuah teror. Mengacu pada hukum formal yang berlaku di Indonesia, maka aksi dan pelaku bom buku dapat dikategorikan sebagai tindak pidana terorisme.Kata kunci: terorisme, bom buku, hukum, kepolisian. This research purposes to explain a terror of book bombing which take place in Jakarta on March 15th 2011. Based on data of Police Investigation Report, it capables to give explanation chronologically of planning from terror of book bombing. This terror of book bombing is a new modus of terrorist in their activity whereas their target is an individual. If we see from the number of victim and the quality of explosion, it can not be compared with bomb which were placed on certain buildings, such as cases of bombings before. However its impact is similiar, even the terror of book bombing has reached psychological aspect of society. Fear and panic spread to reach household are illuminating the success of terror of book bombing. Referring to formal law in Indonesia, activity and person of terror of book bombing can be categorized as a criminal act of terrorism.Keywords: terrorism, bombing book, law, police.
Keamanan Nasional dalam Konteks Isu-isu Global Kontemporer: Sebuah Tinjauan Hubungan Internasional
Authors: Amaritasari Indah Pangestu
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article discusses global issues and its relation with national security. Global contemporary issues—drugs, migration, living environment, population, global economy challenges, liberal democracy crisis, fusion and division, small arms production—are issues that emerged as new security threats that transformed since the end of the Cold War. Security threats are no longer in form of “military attacks” that one country does to another, but are acts of crime that are performed by non-state actors and are aimed at state actors, individuals or citizens that ultimately threaten human security. Human security is a new term in response of threats from global contemporary issues. This article concludes that national security in the context of global contemporary issues in an international relations perspective is a complex issue. This is explained in the transnational theory in international relations. United Nations have reassessed the concept of national security which then noted about human security.Keywords: International relations, human security, national security AbstrakArtikel ini membahas tentang isu-isu global dan kaitannya dengan ancaman terhadap keamanan nasional. Isu-isu global kontemporer—obat-obatan (drugs), migrasi, lingkungan hidup, populasi, tantangan ekonomi global, krisis demokrasi liberal, fusi dan pembelahan, produksi senjata ringan—merupakan isu yang lahir sebagai bentuk baru ancaman keamanan yang mengalami transformasi sejak berakhirnya Perang Dingin. Ancaman dalam bentuk baru bukan lagi berupa “serangan militer” yang dilakukan oleh suatu negara terhadap negara lain, tetapi tindakan kejahatan yang dilakukan oleh aktor non-negara (non-state actor) dan ditujukan kepada negara (state actor), individu atau warga negara yang mengancam keamanan umat manusia (human security). Isu keamanan manusia (human security) merupakan istilah baru dalam merespon ancaman dari perkembangan isu global kontemporer. Dalam artikel ini disimpulkan bahwa keamanan nasional dalam konteks isu global kontemporer pada prespektif hubungan internasional adalah hal yang kompleks. Hal ini kemudian dijelaskan dalam teori transnasional dalam hubungan internasional. PBB kemudian memberikan tawaran untuk mengkonseptualisasi kembali pengertian keamanan nasional yang pada akhirnya memberikan masukan mengenai keamanan kemanusia (human security).Kata kunci: Hubungan Internasional, ancaman, human security, keamanan nasional
Finding Home: A Forensic Perspective on the Global Crisis of Forced Migration
Authors: Heristyorini Ayodya
Published: July 2020

AbstractForced migration is a major social, political, legal, and public health challenge for the world today. Many developed countries are struggling to keep up with the massive influx of refugees streaming in bringing a myriad of issues that needs to be addressed. Despite fleeing for their lives when crossing geographical borders, refugees still have the legal burden to validate asylum claim. The aim of this paper is to discuss the different roles that forensic science can partake in managing the global crisis of forced migration. In a legal aspect, the role of forensics is providing evidence that can aid refugees in their asylum proceedings, such as age estimation for minors, physical and mental health assessments, and investigation of torture allegations. Despite polarising public opinion and many problematic challenges involved in working with refugees, the spirit of forensic science has always been about objectivity without discrimination. It is within the professional duty of forensic expertise as members of the global communityto contribute what they can in this humanitarian crisis our society is currently facing.Keywords: migration, legal, forensic science and humanitarian AbstrakKrisis pengungsi menjadi masalah sosial, politik, hukum dan kesehatan masyarakat yang menjadi tantangan dunia saat ini. Banyak Negara maju yang mengalami kesulitan menangani gelombang pengungsi yang datang dengan berbagai masalah yang perlu diatasi. Meskipun alasan pengungsi menyeberangi perbatasan geografis negara adalah untuk menyelamatkan nyawa, mereka tetap memiliki beban hukum untuk mengesahkan pencarian suaka mereka. Tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah membahas berbagai peran ilmu forensik dalam menangani krisis pengungsi yang sedang terjadi di dunia. Dalam aspek hukum, peran forensik adalah memberikan pembuktian yang dapat membantu pengungsi dalam proses suaka mereka, antara lain perkiraan usia untuk pengungsi di bawah umur, pemeriksaan kesehatan fisik dan kejiwaan pengungsi, dan penyelidikan kasus penganiayaan. Meski opini publik bertentangan dan banyaknya tantangan problematis yang terlibat terkait pengungsi, jiwa ilmu forensik adalah objektifitas tanpa diskriminasi. Praktisi forensik memiliki tanggung jawab sebagai anggota komunitas dunia untuk menyumbangkan keahlian yang mereka punya dalam krisis kemanusiaan yang dihadapi masyarakat sekarang.Kata kunci: Migrasi, hukum, ilmu forensik dan kemanusiaan
Menyoal Konsep Demokrasi Amerika Serikat: Promosi dan Trajektorinya
Authors: Arifianto Muhamad Lukman
Published: July 2020

Post World War II and after Cold War period, international community realized the importance to create a peaceful system without war. United State as the winner of those wars has been accounted to have ability in promoting democracy and global peace that prioritized offensive liberal approach by optimizing the use of military approach pushed by his fear of his hegemony position. In the same spectrum, the national interest of democracy states are certainly more hurdle in getting benefit from being a democracy state. Even though globalization effect has opened wide opportunity for individual in democracy state to make a cooperation – military, economy, and investment on social-culture with non-democracy state, such as China, the share of benefit in geo-political between promoter of  democracy and democracy imported state are things to be anticipated by democracy state. It is importance to review the process and relation character between the imported democracy states with US, which in general begin through mechanism and varieties  of bandwagoning.
Sistem Ekonomi Pancasila: Memaknai Pasal 33 UUD 1945
Authors: Bawazier Fuad
Published: July 2020

Even though our the founding fathers have givenvery clear in developing the Indonesian economy system as clearly stated in Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution, in practice,the implementation of the Constitution does still not become the focus of government policy from one regime to the next. The understanding and the readiness of the leader, similar to the leader influencers, toimplement Article 33 of the Constitution the Berkeley Mafia in the New Order era who has alienated the Indonesian people to achieve theformulated desirable economic development stated in the Constitution. Does Pancasila economic system have a doubt full role to our decision makers and never give up to  stop trying other formula.
Implementasi Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) dalam Konteks Perlindungan Sosial dan Keamanan Nasional: Tinjauan Kritis Dimensi Keamanan Non Tradisional
Authors: Thamrin Djuni
Published: July 2020

This paper argues that concept of national security is not only consists of traditional dimension, but also its encompasses of non-traditional dimension such as social, economic, and all significant forms that are free from fear, worry, danger and threat. One of the important aspect of national security is health and social security in the form of policy tracking and its implementation of state policies that undertake a major transformation in the public health insurance system which well known as the JKN, whose form in the community is known as BPJS Kesehatan.
The Indonesia's Urgency on Adopting New Approach on Comprehensive Prevention in Countering Terrorism Strategy: Lesson Learnt from the Mako Detention Facility's Riot and East Java Bombs
Authors: Amaritasari Indah Pangestu
Published: July 2020

Indonesia was confronted with a series of terror attacks in May 2018, among others: riot incidents accompanied by police hostage by terrorist prisoners at Mako Brimob Prison in Kelapa Dua, Depok on May 8, 2018, suicide bombing occurred in three churches simultaneously on Sunday morning, 13 May, suicide bombing at the entrance of Polrestabes Surabaya on May 14th. This series of events shows that terrorism remains a security threat in Indonesia. A number of terror attacks in Indonesia are believed to have been committed by terrorist groups baiting to ISIS. Indonesia in the context of countermeasures against acamanism has done a number of approaches both soft approach and hard approach by using criminal justice model. Nevertheless, Indonesia has modified the criminal justice approach by involving the role of the military. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the various forms associated with hard approach? and how do new strategies also need to be considered looking at existing threats? This paper attempts to explore possible new strategies adopted by Indonesia as a continuation of the UN response to the problem of violent extremism. This paper is a further development of the research results of the Center for National Security Studies (Puskamnas) Bhayangkara Raya University of Jakarta on the global map of terrorism.
Book Review: Atas Nama Kebencian: Kajian Kasus-kasus Kejahatan Berbasis Kebencian di Indonesia
Authors: Kartodiono Sumarno
Published: July 2020

Indonesia in the last few years has been faced with religious-based intra-religious or inter-religious conflicts. What factors can lead to religious sentiment and trigger conflicts in Indonesia are the lighters of discussion in this book. In this book, Maruli CC Simanjuntak shows that utterances of hatred based on religion are one of the triggers for the birth of conflicts in Indonesia. Speeches of hatred have alienated minority groups and endangered their position.
Network Centric Warfare dan Perang Asimetris di Afghanistan
Authors: Rahmani Azis
Published: July 2020

The development of information technology in the world in the last few decades has made the United States (US) develop military doctrine based on information technology called "warfare network centric". When the US invades Afghanistan as part of the global war against terrorism the doctrine of "network centric warfare" is tested to overcome the conditions of asymmetrical warfare in Afghanistan with the ability to superior information and the use of force in use that can compensate for Taliban fighting and Al-Qaeda is organized by not being hierarchically structured. In conditions of balanced strategic interaction in the conditions of asymmetrical warfare, the US should be able to neutralize Al-Qaeda and the Taliban easily and quickly but the disparities that occur in asymmetric warfare in Afghanistan not only in military strength but also in status, ideological and structural disparities the aim of military operations in Afghanistan has not been fully achieved by the US and has made the war last long.
Keamanan Nasional di Kawasan Asia Tenggara: Analisis Kelembagaan dalam Relasi antara Kepentingan Keamanan Nasional dan UNCLOS
Authors: Permana AB
Published: July 2020

The effort by Indonesia to exert their influence in the Southeast Asia region has been motivated by Indonesian leaders to develop a zone where solidarity is possible. The backdrop of post-colonial and Cold War context shaped this exertion into modest aspiration. Indonesia employs ASEAN into various dealings with regional affairs. The achievement of ASEAN has been its step-by-step arrangement which quite conforms its internal contrast of socio-cultural diferences among nation. This worked until the coming of globlisation which bring a various contest of interest, aspiration, and infuence. The proposition of employing UNCLOS in supporting and extending Indonesia’s exertion is not very prominent. However, UNCLOS, in significant part, reflects the history of “Djuanda Declaration”. UNCLOS has potential in covering the width and complexity of the reality of archipelago. The case for UNCLOS is based on revisit into institutional framework of “national security” and the rearticulation of provision of UNCLOS as important part of this framework.
Peran Strategis Indonesia dalam Penyelesaian Konflik Laut China Selatan dalam Perspektif Stabilitas Keamanan Regional
Authors: L.Toruan Gerald Theodorus
Published: July 2020

Konflik Laut China Selatan hingga saat ini masih belum dapat terselesaikan, konflik ini melibatkan 4 negara ASEAN (Filipina, Vietnam, Malaysia dan Brunei Darussalam) serta Taiwan dan China. Indonesia walaupun bukan sebagai negara pengklaim memiliki peranan penting untuk menciptakan stabilitas keamanan di kawasan ASEAN, selain itu Indonesia juga berperan sebagai mediator bagi negara-negara yang bersengketa. Konflik Laut China Selatan terus mengalami eskalasi dan dapat menimbulkan ancaman di kawasan selain itu dalam konflik ini juga melibatkan negara Amerika Serikat yang menginginkan adanya freedom of navigation di Laut China Selatan. Hingga saat ini kode etik (code of conduct) belum disepakati oleh para pihak yang bersengketa. Konflik Laut China Selatan memasuki babak baru dimana pada tahun 2016 Filipina memenangkan gugatan di Mahkamah Arbitrase Internasional, yang pada intinya adalah tidak mengakui klaim wilayah China serta traditional fishing ground yang selalu dijadikan dalil oleh China. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan tujuan untuk merumuskan peran yang bisa diambil oleh Indonesia dalam menyelesaikan konflik Laut China Selatan. Adapun tekhnik pengumpulan data adalah dengan wawancara mendalam kepada para ahli ataupun pengamat hubungan internasional. Hasil penelitian adalah berupa rekomendasi kebijakan langkah-langkah yang harus ditempuh dalam penyelesaian konflik Laut China Selatan
Optimalisasi Peran Polri dalam Penanganan Kelompok Kriminal Bersenjata di Papua
Authors: Sianturi Binsar Hatorangan , Hanita Margaretha
Published: July 2020

Prevention and overcoming separatism is an important part of the government's agenda in realizing a safe and peaceful Indonesia. The implementation of development in all regions of the country within the framework of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is always accompanied by comprehensive efforts to prevent and overcome separatism. One of the complicated problems that still seizes a lot of attention from the nation and state of the Republic of Indonesia until now is undeniable is the separatist movement that develops in several regions of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). The separatist movement in Papua has now become an issue that has not yet found a solution based on a comprehensive and dynamic strategy in the context of adjusting to developments in Papua. Various police efforts have been and continue to be carried out in order to overcome separatism of armed criminal groups (KKB) in Papua. This study aims to examine the extent of the role of the Police in efforts to combat separatism in Papua and measures to optimize that role.
Melanjutkan Pembangunan Sistem Keamanan Nasional Indonesia Dalam Kerangka Legal System Sebagai Upaya Menanggulangi Kejahatan Terorisme
Authors: Anakotta Marthsian Yeksi , Disemadi Hari Sutra
Published: July 2020

Penanggulangan kejahatan terorisme di masa kini dan masa depan tidak hanya mengandalkan upaya penegakan hukum karena eskalasi ancamannya bukan hanya mengancam keamanan dan ketertiban hukum di masyarakat. Lebih dari itu yaitu, mengancam keamanan nasional yang terdiri atas pertahanan negara, keamanan negara, keamanan masyarakat dan keamanan insani yang dapat membahayakan eksistensi kedaulatan NKRI. Tulisan ini membahas tentang pentingnya peran Indonesia sebagai negara hukum untuk melanjutkan pembangunan Sistem Keamanan Nasional Indonesia berdasarkan kerangka legal system yang terdiri atas substansi hukum, struktur hukum dan budaya hukum. Tujuannya agar di masa depan Indonesia dapat menanggulangi kejahatan terorisme secara komprehensif melalui upaya-upaya yang strategis. Penulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif karena fokus kajian berangkat dari kekosongan dan/atau kekaburan norma.
Post-Bipolar Structure of the International System
Authors: Subotin Andrii
Published: July 2020

The random and indeterminate nature of the current unipolar world is marked by a condition of increasing entropy. This claim is maintained by two assumptions. First, relative capability advantages under unipolarity do not translate as easily as they once did into power and influence over others. Second, systemic constraint is a property that limits actors’ freedom of action by imposing costs and benefits on certain kinds of actions. Unlike past multipolar and bipolar systems, the current unipolar system exerts only weak, systemic constraints on the unipolar power and all other actors as well. Thus, polarity has become a largely meaningless concept. Today, system process rather than structure best explains international politics, and this process is one of entropy. Finally, the author suggests two pathways from unipolarity to a more balanced international system: one is fairly consistent with standard balance-of-power realism; the other restores equilibrium by means of entropy. This current unipolar moment may become transcendent when the most powerful international actor, - the United States of America, - would choose to adapt to and to harness the social power of numerous nonstate international actors that are due take over the leading role in the future world’s politics.
Language as a Factor in the New Identity Formation (Illustrated by Central Asian States)
Authors: Liashenko Tetiana
Published: July 2020

Attempts to build a “Russian world” within the former Soviet republics of Central Asia by introducing an idea of a single linguistic, cultural and political space with the Russian Federation are studied in the article. The threats to the Central Asian countries’ information space are analyzed. The data on gradual changing of orientations of the Central Asian states’ citizens when choosing sources of information is provided. It is concluded that the technologies of the Russian Federation’s propaganda in Central Asia are aimed primarily at the formation of the president of Russia positive image among the widest possible groups of population. Attempts to push so-called “the Russian world”, which already jeopardize global peaceful balance, are grounded, in particular, on a widespread use of the Russian language within the territories of the former USSR that serves to propagate an idea of a single linguistic, cultural and political space. At the same time, a revival and development of national languages and cultures are intensively ongoing in all new independent states. It provokes a confrontation that often causes points of tension and conflicts.
A large number of the Russian media, including federal state editions, TV channels. the Sputnik news agency etc. operates in Central Asian information space. Using own controlled media, the Kremlin seeks to convince the Central Asian states’ citizens that the Russia’s foreign policy is a right one, as well as to form a positive image of Russia and president Putin as a politician who is capable to ensure stability and security in the Central Asian region. The Russian Federation pays a special attention to Eastern Kazakhstan, where a large number of ethnic Russians is concentrated. Kazakhstan has much in common with Ukraine on its ethnic population composition, economic situation and geographical proximity to Russia. As in Ukraine, the ethnic Russians make up about 1/5 of the population in Kazakhstan, meanwhile the Russian language is widely used in all spheres.
Russia calls its initiative a “humanitarian project”, but there is no doubt that the Kremlin is fighting for minds of younger generation, trying to impose own culture and values on young people. Recently, while alternative sources of information have been spreading, more and more Central Asian habitants opt for online information in their national languages, considering Russianspeaking news resources to be a propaganda.
Modern Tools of Political Manipulation
Authors: Konet Andrii
Published: July 2020

The article proves that political manipulation is one of the conditions for the stable existence of political regimes and allows to control people and their consciousness. Tools and means of political manipulation are being continuously developed and improved, because they help political regimes function stably. Political manipulation is usually planned and organized, and can carry potential risks for the development of society as a whole. Political manipulators actively attract the media, which effectively distribute needed information and have the fullest impact on social consciousness. Peculiarities of political manipulation as a specific form of political influence, involve creating additional psychological levers of effective action in the process of the struggle for power. Political manipulators, with the help of various technologies of political manipulation, latently correct mass consciousness; include artificial stimulus (motivations) for action; redirect public moods and social activity in the direction they need.
The author studies the current manifestations of political manipulation in the society: influence on public opinion; state authorities discredit; political advertising. To achieve success in the political struggle, the manipulator needs the support of society, which is guaranteed by the actions of mechanisms to influence public opinion. The author identifies and analyzes the following mechanisms of the means of political manipulation: language suggestion (speech influence), neuro-linguistic programming, and negative campaigning.
Corruption Study Paradigm in Modern Political Science
Authors: Myndresku Iuliia
Published: July 2020

In the last decades a growing awareness emerged of the relevance of corruption as an hidden factor which may negatively affect political and economic decision-making processes. In spite of a lively scientific debate there is no general consensus on a commonly accepted definition of what corruption is. The A. distinguishes three main paradigms, focusing on different (though not irreconcilable) variables. The first is the economic paradigm, which usually takes the principal-agent model of corruption as its founding pillar. In this paradigm corruption is considered the outcome of rational individual choices, and its spread within a certain organization is influenced by the factors defining the structure of expected costs and rewards. A second approach – the cultural paradigm – looks at the differences in cultural traditions, social norms and interiorized values which shape individuals’ moral preferences and consideration of his social and institutional role. These are a leading forces that can push a corrupt public or private agent (not) to violate legal norms. A third neo-institutional approach considers also mechanisms which allow the internal regulation of social interactions within corrupt networks, and their effects on individuals’ beliefs and preferences. Though the corrupt agreements cannot be enforced with legal sanctions, several informal, nonwritten rules, contractual provisos and conventions may regulate the corrupt exchange between agent and corruptor. Corruption is the outcome of a multitude of individual and collective choices which change public opinion towards corruption and its diffusion throughout the state, markets and civil society. There is no univocal recipe to deal with anti-bribery measures, since corruption is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Reforms aimed at dismantling systemic corruption have to be finely tuned against its hidden governance structures, i.e. its internal regulation of exchanges and relationships. Otherwise, a vicious circle may emerge: the more an anticorruption policy is needed, because corruption is systemic and enforced by effective third-parties, the less probable its formulation and implementation. Only when official rules are complemented by coherent informal institutions, bottom-up initiatives, they tend to produce the expected outcomes and make anticorruption regulation more effective.
Political and Social and Legal Support for Information Society Development in the Czech Republic
Authors: Fedorchak Tetiana
Published: July 2020

The article examines the political and socio-legal support for the development of the information society in the Czech Republic. It is proved that the Czech Republic as a member of the European Union actively pursues a policy for developing information and communication technologies and has achieved significant results here. The conceptual and administrative design of this policy in the Czech Republic has made it an integral part of the EU strategy to increase the competitiveness of the European economy and improve the living standards of the Czechs. The state policy of ensuring the development of the information society of the Czech Republic is an extremely important task that is being solved in the course of implementing the general reforms of the state. The purpose of this policy in the Czech Republic is primarily to create conditions for timely identification of information threats sources and their possible consequences. The Czech Republic is constantly implementing a set of preventive measures to neutralize or reduce the negative consequences of information threats, creating conditions for ensuring timely, complete and
accurate information for decision-making, and carrying out information activities to harmonize personal, public and state interests as a basis for achieving political stability in the country.
Factores sociales y culturales condicionan la desnutrición crónica en niños de 3 a 5 años de edad adscritos micro red de Chupaca
Authors: Rojas Perales Geovana Patricia , Garay Quintana Soledad Aura
Published: July 2020

Resumen La investigación desarrollada tuvo como objetivo Identificar los Factores sociales y culturales que condicionan la desnutrición crónica en niños de 3 a 5 años de edad adscritos  a la micro red de salud Chupaca, el tipo investigación  básica, nivel descriptivo, diseño de la investigación transaccional, la población estimada fue de 700 madres con de niños en estado de desnutrición crónica, la muestra  70 madres de los niños en mención, el instrumento utilizado el cuestionario, la técnica la encuesta. Los resultados señalan; el 40% de las madres su nivel de escolaridad es secundaria completa, 51,42 % vienen hacinados y solo cuenta con fluido eléctrico, el 91,42 % sus ingresos son s/.950.00 identificados como factores sociales y como factores culturales el 80.01% de las madres tienen creencias que condicionan a la desnutrición de sus hijos, el 60%su dienta alimenticia es deficiente y el 67% de las madres muestran deficiente practica culturales en el cuidado del niño llegando a la conclusión. La desnutrición de los niños es a causa de la práctica de patrones culturales alimenticias de las madres que no los alimentan regularmente con alimentos nutritivos e influenciados por las condiciones sociales para la adquisición de los recursos alimenticios. culturales los hábitos alimenticos, las creencias equivocadas   Palabras Claves: Niños(as)desnutridos, Factores sociales, Factores culturales
Análisis de reportajes publicados por el diario The New York Times en redes sociales sobre la realidad de América Latina en 2017
Authors: Gonzáles-García Carlos Ricardo
Published: July 2020

La presente investigación aborda el tratamiento informativo, interpretativo y opinativo que un importante e influyente medio internacional, The New York Times (edición en español), brindó sobre la realidad de América Latina a través de sus reportajes durante 2017. Para tal efecto, se hizo uso del esquema a nivel superestructural desarrollado por Teun van Dijk (1990) y de los juicios interpretativos y categóricos propuestos por Santamaría y Casals (2000) para analizar las historias publicadas por dicho diario en Internet a través de sus redes sociales. Entre los principales hallazgos, se encontró que este periódico destaca, a profundidad, el esfuerzo heroico de los latinoamericanos por la pacificación interna en determinadas zonas de conflicto, tanto de México como de Colombia. Asimismo, se vale de testimonios personales para denunciar casos de espionaje y medio ambiente.