bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1-(8-Chloro-3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]cinnolin-1-yl)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethanone
Authors: Bawa Sandhya , Tonk Rajiv K. , Chawla Gita , Kumar Suresh , Afzal Obaid
Published: November 2011

1-(8-Chloro-3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]cinnolin-1-yl)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethanone 2 has been synthesized through condensation of 3-acetyl-6-chloro-1H-cinnolin-4-one 1 with 2-(2-chlorophenyl)acetohydrazide in polar aprotic solvent containing catalytic amount of conc. HCl. The structure of the title compound 2 was established on the basis of IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectral data.
Dense CO2 as a Solute, Co-Solute or Co-Solvent in Particle Formation Processes: A Review
Authors: Nunes Ana V. M. , Duarte Catarina M. M.
Published: November 2011

The application of dense gases in particle formation processes has attracted great attention due to documented advantages over conventional technologies. In particular, the use of dense CO2 in the process has been subject of many works and explored in a variety of different techniques. This article presents a review of the current available techniques in use in particle formation processes, focusing exclusively on those employing dense CO2 as a solute, co-solute or co-solvent during the process, such as PGSS (Particles from gas-saturated solutions®), CPF (Concentrated Powder Form®), CPCSP (Continuous Powder Coating Spraying Process), CAN-BD (Carbon dioxide Assisted Nebulization with a Bubble Dryer®), SEA (Supercritical Enhanced Atomization), SAA (Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Atomization), PGSS-Drying and DELOS (Depressurization of an Expanded Liquid Organic Solution). Special emphasis is given to modifications introduced in the different techniques, as well as the limitations that have been overcome.
Interaction of the Main Components from the Traditional Chinese Drug Pair Chaihu-Shaoyao Based on Rat Intestinal Absorption
Authors: Chen Yan , Wang Jinyan , Yuan Ling , Zhou Lei , Jia Xiaobin , Tan Xiaobin
Published: November 2011

The Chaihu-Shaoyao drug pair (Bupleuri Radix and Paeoniae Radix Alba) which is a traditional Chinese drug pair, has been widely used for anti-inflammatory purposes. Saikosaponin a (SSA), saikosaponin d (SSD) and paeoniflorin are identified as the main components in the pair. The present study focused on the interaction of the main components based on investigating their intestinal absorption using a four-site perfused rat intestinal model in order to clarify the mechanism of the compatibility of Chaihu-Shaoyao. The concentrations of SSA, SSD and paeoniflorin in the intestinal perfusate were determined by LC/MS or UPLC (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography) methods, followed by P*eff (effective permeability) and 10% ABS (the percent absorption of 10 cm of intestine) calculations. The results showed that all of the three main components displayed very low permeabilities（P*eff < 0.4), which implied their poor absorption in the rat intestine. The absorption levels of SSA and SSD were similar in intestine and higher in ileum than those in other intestinal regions in the decreasing order: colon, jejunum and duodenum. However, there is no significant difference in the absorption of paeoniflorin in the four segments (P < 0.05). The P*eff values of paeoniflorin exhibited an almost 2.11-fold or 1.90-fold increase in ileum when it was co-administrated with SSA and SSD, as well as 2.42-, 2.18-fold increase in colon, respectively, whereas the absorptions of SSA and SSD were not influenced by paeoniflorin. In conclusion, SSA and SSD could promote the absorption of paeoniflorin. To some extent this might explain the nature of the compatibility mechanisms of composite formulae in TCMs.
Object-Based Image Analysis of Downed Logs in Disturbed Forested Landscapes Using Lidar
Authors: Blanchard Samuel D. , Jakubowski Marek K. , Kelly Maggi
Published: November 2011

Downed logs on the forest floor provide habitat for species, fuel for forest fires, and function as a key component of forest nutrient cycling and carbon storage. Ground-based field surveying is a conventional method for mapping and characterizing downed logs but is limited. In addition, optical remote sensing methods have not been able to map these ground targets due to the lack of optical sensor penetrability into the forest canopy and limited sensor spectral and spatial resolutions. Lidar (light detection and ranging) sensors have become a more viable and common data source in forest science for detailed mapping of forest structure. This study evaluates the utility of discrete, multiple return airborne lidar-derived data for image object segmentation and classification of downed logs in a disturbed forested landscape and the efficiency of rule-based object-based image analysis (OBIA) and classification algorithms. Downed log objects were successfully delineated and classified from lidar derived metrics using an OBIA framework. 73% of digitized downed logs were completely or partially classified correctly. Over classification occurred in areas with large numbers of logs clustered in close proximity to one another and in areas with vegetation and tree canopy. The OBIA methods were found to be effective but inefficient in terms of automation and analyst’s time in the delineation and classification of downed logs in the lidar data.
Fuzzy Mobile-Robot Positioning in Intelligent Spaces Using Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Herrero David , Martínez Humberto
Published: November 2011

This work presents the development and experimental evaluation of a method based on fuzzy logic to locate mobile robots in an Intelligent Space using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The problem consists of locating a mobile node using only inter-node range measurements, which are estimated by radio frequency signal strength attenuation. The sensor model of these measurements is very noisy and unreliable. The proposed method makes use of fuzzy logic for modeling and dealing with such uncertain information. Besides, the proposed approach is compared with a probabilistic technique showing that the fuzzy approach is able to handle highly uncertain situations that are difficult to manage by well-known localization methods.
Novel Method to Assess the Risk of Dam Failure
Authors: Scholz Miklas , Yang Qinli
Published: November 2011

A new flexible, rapid and affordable risk assessment procedure was developed and verified for dams based on case studies in Scotland (UK) and the region of Baden (Germany). A database of six different sustainable flood retention basin (SFRB) types with varying flood control potential has been developed. In Scotland, there are a relatively high number of current and former large drinking water reservoirs which could contribute to flood management control. In comparison, purpose-built and relatively small SFRB, which are predominantly used for flood control, dominate the landscape in Baden. Moreover, 13 out of 149 SFRB have recently been upgraded, and 11 new SFRB have been built since 2006. Both the estimated hazard and risk are small in comparison to those found in the flood infrastructure in Scotland. The study assesses a rapid screening tool developed to estimate the Dam Condition and the corresponding Dam Failure Hazard and Dam Failure Risk. Most SFRB in Baden have a relatively poor Dam Condition, high Dam Failure Hazard but low Dam Failure Risk compared to those in Scotland. Findings show that Baden is more advanced in flood defence management as well as adaptation to climate change.Deutscher Titel: Neue Methode zur Beurteilung des Risikos eines DammbruchesZusammenfassung: Eine neue, flexible, schnelle und preisgünstige Methode zur Risokobeurteilung von Dämmen wurde entwickelt und getestet, die auf Fallbeispielen in Schottland (Vereinigtes Königreich) und der Region Baden (Deutschland) basiert. Eine Datenbank von sechs verschiedenen Typen nachhaltiger Hochwasserrückhaltebecken (NHRB) mit unterschiedlichem Hochwasserrückhaltevermögen wurde entwickelt. Eine relativ hohe Anzahl von gegenwärtigen und ehemaligen großen Trinkwassertalsperren, die zur Hochwasserschutzkontolle verwandt werden könnten, befinden sich in Schottland. Zweckmäßig gebaute und relativ kleine NHRB, die hauptsächlich für den Hochwasserschutz verwendet werden, dominieren hingegen die Landschaft in Baden. Darüber hinaus wurden 13 von 149 NHRB kürzlich renoviert und seit 2006 wurden 11 neue NHRB gebaut. Sowohl die geschätzte Gefahr als auch das Risiko sind im Vergleich zu den Parametern, die für die Hochwasserschutzinfrastruktur in Schottland gefunden worden sind, klein. Die Studie untersucht ein zeitsparendes Instrument zur Beurteilung des Dammzustandes, der Dammbruchgefahr und des Dammbruchrisikos. Die meisten NHRB in Baden haben relativ geringe Werte bezüglich des Dammzustandes, hohe Werte für Dammbruchgefahr und niedrige Werte bezüglich des Dammbruchrisikos im Vergleich zu NHRB in Schottland. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Baden im Hochwasserschutz vorne liegt und daher dem Klimawechsel besser angepasst ist.
Risk Factors for Mortality among HIV-Positive Patients with and without Active Tuberculosis in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Mugusi Sabina F , Ngaimisi Eliford , Janabi Mohamed Y , Mugusi Ferdinand M , Minzi Omary MS , Sasi Philip G , Bakari Muhammad , Lindquist Lars , Aklillu Eleni , Sandstrom Eric G
Published: November 2011

Background

The aim of this study was to describe risk factors for mortality and clinical characteristics of HIV-infected patients with and without tuberculosis (TB) coinfection.

Methods

A cohort of HIV-infected patients with CD4+ T-cell counts of ≤200 cells/ml was recruited, consisting of 255 HIV-infected patients without active TB and 231 patients with active TB. All received a well-supervised treatment with an efavirenz-based HAART, and those coinfected with TB received appropriate anti-TB treatment. They were followed up for 48 weeks after HAART initiation.

Results

Common presenting symptoms in HIV-only patients were fever (36.5%), headache (34.5%), skin rash (34.5%) and weight loss (32%), while in HIV-TB patients the symptoms were weight loss (58%), cough (57.6%), night sweats (44.6%) and fever (34.2%). HIV-TB patients had significantly lower body mass index, Karnofsky scores and haemoglobin levels compared to those infected with HIV only, despite similar baseline CD4+ T-cell counts. Overall, 12 (4.7%) HIV patients developed TB and 7 (3%) HIV-TB patients had worsening of their TB symptoms during the study period. Mortality was similar in the two groups, being 10.9% (16 deaths per 100 person years) and 11.3% (17 deaths per 100 person years) in HIV-only and HIV-TB patients, respectively. Overall, more males (13.1%) died compared to females (9.6%). Predictors of mortality were presence of oral candidiasis, Kaposi's sarcoma, low Karnofsky score, and low baseline white blood cell and CD4+ T-cell counts.

Conclusions

The outcomes following well-supervised treatment of HIV-TB patients are similar to those in patients with HIV alone. Predictors of mortality were those of advanced disease.
The stability of human, bovine and avian tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD)
Authors: Maes Mailis , Giménez José Francisco , D’Alessandro Adriana , De Waard Jacobus H.
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Guidelines recommend storing tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) refrigerated. However, especially in developing countries, maintaining the product refrigerated under field conditions can be difficult, limiting its use. Here we determine the effect of prolonged exposure to high temperatures on the potency of human, bovine and avian tuberculin PPD. Methodology: Human, bovine and avian tuberculin PPD were stored for several weeks exposed to temperatures ranging from 37º to 100ºC. The potency was evaluated in vivo, in sensitized or naturally infected animals. Results: Most test situations didn't affect the biological activity of the tuberculin PPDs and only very long and extreme incubations (several days at 100°C) compromised the potency. Conclusions: Tuberculin PPD is very stable and can be stored or transported for long periods without refrigeration.
Inference Strategies for Solving Semi-Markov Decision Processes
Authors: Hoffman Matthew , de Freitas Nando
Published: November 2011

Semi-Markov decision processes are used to formulate many control problems and also play a key role in hierarchical reinforcement learning. In this chapter we show how to translate the decision making problem into a form that can instead be solved by inference and learning techniques. In particular, we will establish a formal connection between planning in semi-Markov decision processes and inference in probabilistic graphical models, then build on this connection to develop an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm for policy optimization in these models.
Multistage Stochastic Programming
Authors: Defourny Boris , Ernst Damien , Wehenkel Louis
Published: November 2011

In this chapter, we present the multistage stochastic programming framework for sequential decision making under uncertainty. We discuss its differences with Markov Decision Processes, from the point of view of decision models and solution algorithms. We describe the standard technique for solving approximately multistage stochastic problems, based on a discretization of the disturbance space called scenario tree. We insist on a critical issue of the approach; the decisions can be very sensitive to the parameters of the scenario tree, whereas no efficient tool for checking the quality of approximate solutions exists. In this chapter, we show how supervised learning techniques can be used to evaluate reliably the quality of an approximation, and thus facilitate the selection of a good scenario tree. The framework and solution techniques presented in the chapter are explained and detailed on several examples. Along the way, we define notions from decision theory that can be used to quantify, for a particular problem, the advantage of switching to a more sophisticated decision model.
A Digital Investigation Manifesting use of Geometric Stencils for the Drawing of Akrotiri Thera Prehistoric Wall Paintings
Authors: Rousospoulos Panayiotis , Arabadjis Dimitris , Exarhos Mihalis , Panagopoulos Michail , Galanopoulos Georgios , Pantazi Afroditi , Papaodysseus Constantin
Published: November 2011

The present chapter deals with the problem of determining the method used to draw several celebrated and beautiful wall-paintings belonging to the Late Bronze Age (c. 1630 B.C.), that were excavated at Akrotiri, Thera, Hellas (Greece). First, the authors process the wall paintings’ digital images in order to extract the contour of their main thematic entities. Subsequently, a number of fundamental definitions are given and the main hypothesis is stated, namely that geometrical stencils were used for the drawing of the considered wall paintings. A first estimation of the probable one stoke parts of the contour is undertaken, based on curvature considerations and minimization of corresponding error functions. Next, they select families of geometrical curves as potential prototypes of the employed stencils. The selection is based on archaeological and historical criteria. A novel exhaustive curve fitting method is introduced that offers unambiguously optimal matching of two digital curves. Taking into consideration the previous stages, the exact values of the stencils’ parameters are determined. Finally, the hypothesis that stencils were used for the drawing of the considered wall paintings is supported substantially by a visual representation of the one stroke parts together with the corresponding stencil segments that generated them.
An Overview of Methods for Automatic Reassembly of Fragmented Objects
Authors: Arabadjis Dimitris , Exarhos Michael , Giannopoulos Fotios , Zannos Solomon , Rousopoulos Panayiotis , Papaodysseus Constantin
Published: November 2011

In this chapter the authors outline some research works characteristic for the application of Signal Processing and Pattern Analysis techniques to the automatic reconstruction / reassembly of fragmented archaeological objects. The studies described in the chapter cover in their application cases a variety of archaeological objects, ranging from documents and wall-paintings to pots and sculptures. Moreover there are distinct approaches in the treatment of these application cases, with some works focusing on the development of a reconstruction methodology of general purpose, while others aim to develop a complete system to treat a specific application problem. The methodologies developed in these studies are outlined in the chapter so as to retain the basic technical elements of each approach that compile the proposed reconstruction algorithmic scheme.
High-Performance Customizable Computing
Authors: Benitez Domingo
Published: November 2011

Many accelerator-based computers have demonstrated that they can be faster and more energy-efficient than traditional high-performance multi-core computers. Two types of programmable accelerators are available in high-performance computing: general-purpose accelerators such as GPUs, and customizable accelerators such as FPGAs, although general-purpose accelerators have received more attention. This chapter reviews the state-of-the-art and current trends of high-performance customizable computers (HPCC) and their use in Computational Science and Engineering (CSE). A top-down approach is used to be more accessible to the non-specialists. The “top view” is provided by a taxonomy of customizable computers. This abstract view is accompanied with a performance comparison of common CSE applications on HPCC systems and high-performance microprocessor-based computers. The “down view” examines software development, describing how CSE applications are programmed on HPCC computers. Additionally, a cost analysis and an example illustrate the origin of the benefits. Finally, the future of the high-performance customizable computing is analyzed.
Parallel Quantum Chemistry at the Crossroads
Authors: van Dam Hubertus J. J.
Published: November 2011

Quantum chemistry was a compute intensive field from the beginning. It was also an early adopter of parallel computing, and hence, has more than twenty years of experience with parallelism. However, recently parallel computing has seen dramatic changes, such as the rise of multi-core architectures, hybrid computing, and the prospect of exa-scale machines requiring 1 billion concurrent threads. It is doubtful that current approaches can address the challenges ahead. As a result, the field finds itself at a crossroads, facing the challenge to successfully identify the way forward. This chapter tells a story in two parts. First, the achievements to date are considered, offering insights learned so far. Second, we look at paradigms based on directed acyclic graphs (DAG). The computer science community is strongly advocating this paradigm, but the quantum chemistry community has no experience with this approach. Therefore recent developments in that area will be discussed and their suitability for future parallel quantum chemistry computing demands considered.
Mesh Morphing and Smoothing by Means of Radial Basis Functions (RBF)
Authors: Biancolini Marco Evangelos
Published: November 2011

Radial Basis Functions (RBF) mesh morphing, its theoretical basis, its numerical implementation, and its use for the solution of industrial problems, mainly in Computer Aided Engineering (CAE), are introduced. RBF theory is presented showing the mathematical framework for a basic RBF fit, its MathCAD implementation, and its usage. The equations required for a 2D case comparing RBF smoothing and pseudosolid smoothing based on Finite Elements Method (FEM) structural solution are given; RBF exhibits excellent performance and produces high quality meshes even for very large deformations. The industrial application of RBF morphing to Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is covered presenting the RBF Morph software, its implementation, and a description of its working principles and performance. Practical examples include: physical problems that use CFD, shape parameterisation strategy, and modelling guidelines for setting-up a well posed RBF problem. Future directions explored are: transient shape evolution, fluid structure interaction modelling, and shape parameterization in multi-physics, multi-objective design optimization.
Improving Computational Models and Practices
Authors: Barrass Iain , Leng Joanna
Published: November 2011

Since infectious diseases pose a significant risk to human health many countries aim to control their spread. Public health bodies faced with a disease threat must understand the disease’s progression and its transmission process. From this understanding it is possible to evaluate public health interventions intended to decrease impacts on the population. Commonly, contingency planning has been achieved through epidemiological studies and the use of relatively simple models. However, computational methods increasingly allow more complex, and potentially more realistic, simulations of various scenarios of the control of the spread of disease. However, understanding computational results from more sophisticated models can pose considerable challenges. A case study of a system combining a complex infectious disease model with interactive visualization and computational steering tools shows some of the opportunities this approach offers to infectious disease control.
Banking for the Future
Authors: Al Saleh Yasser , Lou Eric
Published: November 2011

This chapter presents the case of a bank that was established in late 1973 by an initiative from the Government, as a joint venture between the Ministry of Finance, the Central Bank, all commercial banks registered in the country, insurance companies, and some large industrial investment firms. The chapter presents the before and after analysis of IT readiness in the bank. Through the analysis it was realised that the use of IS/IT in the Bank is well behind that normally expected from a bank, which is set up to promote the industrial sector of a major finance centre. The Bank management needs to recognise that technology is changing too fast for the non-specialist to keep up. It is therefore an essential part of a truly professional relationship between a business and its IS/IT staff that they help management to understand that business opportunities which would arise from IS/IT utilization in new areas such as electronic commerce. This vision does not exist in the Bank, at least not in those professionals whose position would give them the necessary influence. This means that the Bank’s top management need is to consider IS/IT as a strategic tool to achieve a competitive edge in pursuing the Bank’s goals.
The Use of Collaborative Technologies within SMEs in Construction
Authors: Ahmed Vian , Abuelmaatti Aisha
Published: November 2011

Collaborative environments have been evolving and effectively employed in large organisations and are believed to have high potential for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). This chapter shares the findings of a case study that was conducted on twelve companies in order to assess the use of collaborative environments and their adaptation approaches through interviews with senior level managers and end-users. The need for such case studies has risen from an intensive literature review which revealed that SMEs are key players within the construction industry; however, there seems to be little evidence of their utilisation of IT for collaborative learning environments. Therefore, this calls for the necessity to developing an approach blending the right combination of factors which are believed to contribute towards the improvement and implementation of collaborative environments and may affect their success.
iPods, Internet and Apps, Oh My
Authors: Blake Sally , Winsor Denise L. , Burkett Candice , Allen Lee
Published: November 2011

This chapter explores perceptions about technology and young children and includes results of a survey answered by Instructional Design and Technology (IDT) and Early Childhood Education (ECE) professionals in relation to age appropriate technology for young children. Integration of technology into early childhood programs has two major obstacles: (a) teachers’ attitudes towards and beliefs about technology and (b) perceptions of what is developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) in their classrooms. The issue of what constitutes developmentally appropriate practice for young children in relation to technology in early childhood education classrooms is one that may influence technology use in educational environments. The framework for this chapter explores perceptions of early childhood and instructional technology practitioners and their views of what is and is not appropriate technology for young children.
Inquiry and Technology
Authors: Blake Sally , Gentry Amy Rebecca
Published: November 2011

This chapter will provide research about the intuitive and developing inquiry reasoning in young children, how their teachers perceive science, and ways technology can play a major role in supporting inquiry investigations. Activities will include intentional applications to support inquiry thinking, development and indicators of children’s development of inquiry reasoning to help teachers scaffold thinking, and shared experiences of teachers.
Connecting, Collaborating, and Learning Online
Authors: Martindale Trey , Russell Renita
Published: November 2011

This chapter provides an explanation and examples of both established and emerging online tools designed for young children, and the parents and teachers of those children. It details a broad overview of kinds of tools for collaboration and learning, including resources such as social networking and online community sites. Several web resources are evaluated for their usefulness for young children, and their parents and teachers. Key sites and resources are described in terms of their affordances, target audience, and usefulness for learning and collaboration.
Efficient Identification of Similar XML Fragments Based on Tree Edit Distance
Authors: Wang Hongzhi , Li Jianzhong , Li Fei
Published: November 2011

Similarity detection between large XML fragment sets is broadly used in many applications such as data integration and XML de-duplication. Extensive methods are used to find similar XML fragments, such as the pq-gram state-of-the-art method which allows for relatively high join quality and efficiency. In this chapter, we propose pq-hash as an improvement to pq-grams. As the base of pq-hash, a randomized data structure, pq-array, is developed. With pq-array, large trees are represented as small fixed sized arrays. To efficiently perform similarity join on XML fragment sets, in this chapter we propose a cluster-based partition strategy as well as a sort-merge & hash join strategy to avoid nested loop join. Both our theoretical analysis and experimental results confirm that, while retaining high join quality, pq-hash gains much higher efficiency than pq-grams, and our strategies for approximate join are effective.
The Role of Schema and Document Matchings in XML Source Clustering
Authors: De Meo Pasquale , Fiumara Giacomo , Nocera Antonino , Ursino Domenico
Published: November 2011

In recent years, there has been an increase in the volume and heterogeneity of XML data sources. Moreover, these information sources are often comprised of both schemas and instances of XML data. In this context, the need of grouping similar XML documents together has led to an increasing research on clustering algorithms for XML data. In this chapter, we present an overview of the most popular methods for clustering XML data sources, distinguishing between the intensional data level and the extensional data level, depending whether the sources to cluster are DTDs and XML schemas, or XML documents; in the latter case, we focus on the structural information of the documents. We classify and describe techniques for computing similarities among XML data sources, and discuss methods for clustering DTDs/XML schemas and XML documents.
Incorporating Qualitative Information for Credit Risk Assessment through Frequent Subtree Mining for XML
Authors: Ikasari Novita , Hadzic Fedja , Dillon Tharam S.
Published: November 2011

Credit risk assessment has been one of the most appealing topics in banking and finance studies, attracting both scholars’ and practitioners’ attention for some time. Following the success of the Grameen Bank, works on credit risk, in particular for Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs), have become essential. The distinctive character of SMEs requires a method that takes into account quantitative and qualitative information for loan granting decision purposes. In this chapter, we first provide a survey of existing credit risk assessment methods, which shows a current gap in the existing research in regards to taking qualitative information into account during the data mining process. To address this shortcoming, we propose a framework that utilizes an XML-based template to capture both qualitative and quantitative information in this domain. By representing this information in a domain-oriented way, the potential knowledge that can be discovered for evidence-based decision support will be maximized. An XML document can be effectively represented as a rooted ordered labelled tree and a number of tree mining methods exist that enable the efficient discovery of associations among tree-structured data objects, taking both the content and structure into account. The guidelines for correct and effective application of such methods are provided in order to gain detailed insight into the information governing the decision making process. We have obtained a number of textual reports from the banks regarding the information collected from SMEs during the credit application/evaluation process. These are used as the basis for generating a synthetic XML database that partially reflects real-world scenarios. A tree mining method is applied to this data to demonstrate the potential of the proposed method for credit risk assessment.
Crowdsourcing in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
Authors: Mwila Natasha Katuta
Published: November 2011

In as much as caution must be taken to avoid hyper inflating the advantages of open innovation and crowdsourcing, the relevance of the concepts cannot and must not be dismissed. The purpose of this chapter is to elucidate on the major challenges faced by SMEs in crowdsourcing and the hindrance this presents in open innovation. For this reason, solutions and recommendations are provided to these challenges.
Composite rational functions expressible with few terms
Authors: Fuchs Clemens , Zannier Umberto
Published: November 2011

We consider a rational function

f

which is ‘lacunary’ in the sense that it can be expressed as the ratio of two polynomials (not necessarily coprime) having each at most a given number

\ell

of terms. Then we look at the possible decompositions

f(x) = g(h(x))

, where

g, h

are rational functions of degree larger than 1. We prove that, apart from certain exceptional cases which we completely describe, the degree of

g

is bounded only in terms of

\ell

(and we provide explicit bounds). This supports and quantifies the intuitive expectation that rational operations of large degree tend to destroy lacunarity. As an application in the context of algebraic dynamics, we show that the minimum number of terms necessary to express an iterate

h^{on}

of a rational function

h

tends to infinity with

n

, provided

h(x)

is not of an explicitly described special shape. The conclusions extend some previous results for the case when

f

is a Laurent polynomial; the proofs present several features which have not appeared at all in the special cases treated so far.
Scattering for 1D cubic NLS and singular vortex dynamics
Authors: Banica Valeria , Vega Luis
Published: November 2011

We study the stability of self-similar solutions of the binormal flow, which is a model for the dynamics of vortex filaments in fluids and super-fluids. These particular solutions

\chi_a(t, x)

form a family of evolving regular curves in

\mathbb R^3

that develop a singularity in finite time, indexed by a parameter

a > 0

. We consider curves that are small regular perturbations of

\chi_a(t_0, x)

for a fixed time

t_0

. In particular, their curvature is not vanishing at infinity, so we are not in the context of known results of local existence for the binormal flow. Nevertheless, we construct solutions of the binormal flow with these initial data. Moreover, these solutions become also singular in finite time. Our approach uses the Hasimoto transform, which leads us to study the long-time behavior of a 1D cubic NLS equation with time-depending coefficients and small regular perturbations of the constant solution as initial data. We prove asymptotic completeness for this equation in appropriate function spaces.
Asymptotic behaviour of numerical invariants of algebraic varieties
Authors: Zak F. L.
Published: November 2011

We show that if the degree of a nonsingular projective variety is high enough, maximization of any of the most important numerical invariants, such as class, Betti number, and any of the Chern or middle Hodge numbers, leads to the same class of extremal varieties. Moreover, asymptotically (say, for varieties whose total Betti number is big enough) the ratio of any two of these invariants tends to a well-defined constant.
Scarf lattice ideals
Authors: Sabzrou Hossein
Published: November 2011

This paper deals with the Scarf property of lattice ideals initiated by Peeva and Sturmfels[10], [11]. We will present a Scarf lattice ideal that is neither generic nor of codimension 2 and show that this property gives rise to several algebraic and combinatorial properties. In particular, we prove that for monomial curves, this property coincides with the notion of genericity, and that certain Scarf lattice ideals can have certain Scarf initial ideals.
Global existence of small solutions to the Kerr–Debye model for the three-dimensional Cauchy problem
Authors: Kanso Mohamed
Published: November 2011

We consider the Kerr–Debye model, describing the electromagnetic wave propagation in a nonlinear medium exhibiting a finite response time. This model is quasilinear hyperbolic and endowed with a dissipative entropy. We consider the Cauchy problem in the three-dimensional case and show that, if the initial data are sufficiently small, the solutions are global in time.
Cross varieties of aperiodic monoids with central idempotents
Authors: Lee Edmond W.  H.
Published: November 2011

Let

\boldsymbol A

denote the class of all aperiodic monoids with central idempotents. A description of all Cross subvarieties of

\boldsymbol A

, based on identities that they satisfy and monoids that they cannot contain, is given. The two limit subvarieties of

\boldsymbol A

, published by Marcel Jackson in 2005, turn out to be the only finitely generated, almost Cross subvarieties of

\boldsymbol A

. It follows that it is decidable in quartic time if a finite monoid in

\boldsymbol A

generates a Cross variety.
Newton’s method and secant methods: A longstanding relationship from vectors to matrices
Authors: Monsalve Marlliny , Raydan Marcos
Published: November 2011

Nonlinear matrix equations arise in different scientific topics, such as applied statistics, control theory, and financial mathematics, among others. As in many other scientific areas, Newton’s method has played an important role when solving these matrix problems. Under standard assumptions, the specialized Newton methods that have been developed for specific problems exhibit local and q-quadratic convergence and require a suitable initial guess. They also require, as usual, a significant amount of computational work per iteration, that in this case involve several matrix factorizations per iterations. As expected, whenever a Newton method can be developed, a secant method can also be developed. Indeed, more recently, secant methods for solving specific nonlinear matrix problems have been developed opening a new line of research. As in previous scenarios, these specialized secant methods exhibit local and q-superlinear convergence, also require a suitable initial guess, and avoid the use of derivatives in the formulation of the schemes.

In this review we start by recalling the presence of Newton’s method and the secant methods, and also their classical relationship, in different and sometimes unexpected scenarios for vector problems. Then we present and describe the state of the art in the use of Newton's method and also the secant method in the space of matrices. A second objective is to present a unified approach for describing the features of these classical schemes, that in the space of matrices represent an interesting research area with special features to be explored.
Adolescent Alcohol, Tobacco, and Marijuana Use: The Influence of Neighborhood Disorder and Hope
Authors: Wilson Nance , Syme S. Leonard , Boyce W. Thomas , Battistich Victor A. , Selvin Steve
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To investigate relationships between adolescents' current alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use; perceptions of neighborhood disorder; and sense of hope.

Design.

Questionnaires were administered to a nonrandom sample of middle school students during the spring of 1999.

Subjects.

The ethnically and geographically diverse sample (n = 369), from a range of low socioeconomic status backgrounds, was considered to be at high risk for alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use because of previous enrollment in low socioeconomic status elementary schools.

Measures.

Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use were dichotomized into current and never/no use. Six variables described neighborhood social disorder. Sense of hope was assessed using the Children's Hope Scale.

Results.

Statistically significant relationships were found between perceived neighborhood disorder and current alcohol (p = .01), tobacco (p = .001), and marijuana (p < .001) use. A statistically significant and independent relationship was found between sense of hope and current alcohol (p = .02), tobacco (p = .02), and marijuana (p = .06) use. Results indicated linear trends in participants' increased use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana and (1) perception of higher neighborhood disorder and (2) lower sense of hope.

Conclusion.

Substance use prevention programs for youth might usefully be directed not only to agdolescents but also to the neighborhoods in which they live. Additionally, it would be important to emphasize creating safer neighborhood environments that support the development of a stronger sense of hope for the future.
A Lifestyle Modification Intervention for the Treatment of Osteoporosis
Authors: Pearson Janine A. , Burkhart Emily , Pifalo W. Bradley , Palaggo-Toy Tina , Krohn Kelly
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

The purpose of this evaluation was to evaluate the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary educational and exercise program for individuals at risk for osteoporosis-related fractures.

Methods.

The Highmark Osteoporosis Prevention and Education (HOPE) program is an ongoing, 8-week program with two postintervention follow-up assessments at 6 months and 2 years. Adults (n = 375) with osteoporosis or significant risk factors, most already engaged in healthy behaviors, self-selected for participation. Baseline measures included bone mineral density scans; fitness assessments; and surveys of depression, exercise, and nutrition behaviors. At course end and 6-month follow-up, assessments were repeated for fitness measures, depression, and exercise and nutrition adherence. Two-year postprogram assessments included bone mineral density scans and adherence measures.

Results.

Paired t-tests showed significant improvements at course end in all measures (p < .0001) for the 87% completing the course. A repeated measure analysis of variance after 2 years with 79% retention indicated that adherence to nutrition recommendations was maintained at 2-year follow-up (p < .0001), whereas exercise adherence decreased but continued to exceed baseline measures (p < .0001). At 2 years, participants averaged two strength training sessions and 131 minutes aerobic exercise per week and consumed an average of 97% and 99% of the recommended calcium and vitamin D.

Conclusions.

Although findings of this nonexperimental study are limited because of lack of a control group, the HOPE program suggests that a comprehensive community-based education and behavior change program can significantly reduce risk factors for osteoporosis and related fractures. Participants maintained lifestyle modifications for a minimum of 2 years despite advancing age.
Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Cessation in an Equal Access Health Care System
Authors: Fu Steven S. , Sherman Scott E. , Yano Elizabeth M. , van Ryn Michelle , Lanto Andy B. , Joseph Anne M.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To examine ethnic variations in the use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in an equal access health care system.

Design.

Cross-sectional survey.

Setting.

Eighteen Veterans Affairs medical and ambulatory care centers.

Subjects.

A cohort of male current smokers (n = 1606).

Measures.

Use of NRT (nicotine patch or nicotine gum), ethnicity, sociodemographics, health status, smoking-related history, and facility prescribing policy.

Results.

Overall, only 34% of African-American and 26% of Hispanic smokers have ever used NRT as a cessation aid compared with 50% of white smokers. In the past year, African-American smokers were most likely to have attempted quitting. During a serious past-year quit attempt, however, African-American and Hispanic smokers reported lower rates of NRT use than white smokers (20% vs. 22% vs. 34%, respectively, p = .001). In multivariate analyses, ethnicity was independently associated with NRT use during a past-year quit attempt. Compared with white smokers, African-American (adjusted odds ratio, .53; 95% confidence interval, .34–.83) and Hispanic (adjusted odds ratio, .55; 95% confidence interval, .28–1.08) smokers were less likely to use NRT.

Conclusions.

Assessment of variations in use of NRT demonstrates that African-American and Hispanic smokers are less likely to use NRT during quit attempts. Future research is needed on the relative contributions of patient, physician, and system features to gaps in guideline implementation to provide treatment for ethnic minority smokers.
Enhancing Theoretical Fidelity: An E-mail—Based Walking Program Demonstration
Authors: Rovniak Liza S. , Hovell Melbourne F. , Wojcik Janet R. , Winett Richard A. , Martinez-Donate Ana P.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To examine the extent to which theoretical fidelity, or precision in replicating theory-based recommendations, influenced the effectiveness of two walking programs based on social cognitive theory (SCT).

Design.

Two-group randomized controlled trial.

Setting.

College town in Virginia.

Subjects.

Sixty-one sedentary adult women.

Intervention.

Two 12-week e-mail–based walking programs were compared. The high fidelity program was designed to more precisely follow SCT recommendations for operationalizing mastery procedures than the low fidelity program, which was designed to simulate how mastery procedures were operationalized in most existing SCT-based physical activity programs. Treatment contact and walking prescription were controlled across groups.

Measures.

The 1-mile walk test of physical fitness and SCT measures were completed at baseline and posttest. Self-reported walking quantity was assessed at baseline, posttest, and 1-year follow-up. Walking logs were completed during the program. Process evaluation measures were completed at posttest.

Results.

Fifty women completed the study. The high fidelity group improved more than twice as much as the low fidelity group on 1-mile walk test time (86 vs. 32 seconds, p < .05), goal setting (p < .05), and positive outcome expectations (p < .05) and reported greater program satisfaction (p < .01).

Conclusion.

Theoretical fidelity could advance the quality of physical activity interventions, which have often shown small effects.
Improving Dietary Self-Monitoring and Adherence with Hand-Held Computers: A Pilot Study
Authors: Glanz Karen , Murphy Suzanne , Moylan Joanne , Evensen Diana , Curb J. David
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

Innovations in information technology offer new opportunities for creative application of personalized, tailored feedback strategies for improving dietary adherence. We developed and tested a real-time diet-monitoring and feedback system using hand-held computers. The goals were to increase diet self-monitoring, reduce the burden of monitoring food intake, and increase adherence to dietary goals within a clinical trial.

Methods.

Participants were 33 women in the Diet Modification arm of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). After using focus groups to determine system features, women used the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)–based system for 1 month and received immediate and weekly tailored feedback. The process and outcomes were evaluated using real-time food records collected through the PDAs; surveys; and self-reported food frequency questionnaires.

Results.

Participants significantly increased self-monitoring, improved their attitudes toward self-monitoring, and met their dietary goals more often. Reported total fat intake and percent energy from fat decreased significantly. There was a modest decrease in mean caloric intake.

Discussion.

The pilot study findings support the largely untapped potential of handheld computers for improving diet monitoring and diet adherence, particularly within a clinical trial.
Smoking among Adolescents in China: An Analysis Based upon the Meanings of Smoking Theory
Authors: Weiss Jie Wu , Spruijt-Metz Donna , Palmer Paula H. , Chou Chih-Ping , Johnson C. Anderson ,   China Seven Cities Study Research Team
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

This study utilized the Meanings of Behavior theory to examine whether meanings of smoking differ among adolescents in China who were never smokers, ever smokers, and past-30-day smokers. The Meanings of Behavior theory argues that affect takes precedence over cognitive constructs in motivating behavior. This study also examined whether the associations among meanings of smoking and smoking behavior vary by age and gender.

Design.

This study was a cross-sectional study using survey data.

Setting.

Middle and high schools in seven cities in China.

Subjects.

A random sample of 4724 students comprised this study.

Measure.

A self-administered questionnaire asked about smoking behavior and incorporated the meanings of smoking scale.

Results.

Overall prevalence rates of ever smokers and past-30-day smokers in this sample were 24.3% and 9.0%. Smoking was much more prevalent in boys than in girls. Students in the 11th grade were more likely than those in the 7th grade to have tried smoking at some time and to have smoked within the past 30 days. Odds ratios confirmed that meanings of smoking were significantly associated with smoking behaviors.

Conclusions.

Meanings of smoking are associated with smoking behavior among Chinese adolescents in that smoking may connote autonomy, control, or social relatedness. Prevention programs in China require new strategies to incorporate meanings of smoking in order to meet adolescent psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and social connections.