bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In silico screening of Andrographis paniculata secondary metabolites as anti-diabetes mellitus through PDE9 inhibition
Authors: Ischak Netty Ino , Aman La Ode , Hasan Hamsidar , Kilo Akram La , Asnawi Aiyi
Published: September 2024

Background and purpose:

Andrographis paniculata(AP) has long been used as an anti-diabetic agent, but the mechanism of action and active substance responsible for the anti-diabetic effect, particularly by inhibiting phosphodiesterase-9 (PDE9), which is one of the targets of anti-diabetic medications, have not been reported. The aim of the present study was to identify a new anti-diabetes candidate from secondary metabolite compounds of AP through PDE9 inhibition.

Experimental approach:

In order to prepare the chemical structures of the secondary metabolites of AP and PDE9, docking and molecular dynamics simulations were run using Discovery Studio Visualizer, AutoDockTools, AutoDock, and Gromacs, along with a few other supporting software packages.

Findings/Results:

Molecular docking simulations showed that two of the 46 secondary metabolites of AP had higher free energies of binding, C00003672 (-11.35 kcal/mol) and C00041378 (-9.27 kcal/mol), than native ligand (-9.23 kcal/mol). The results of molecular dynamics showed that compound C00041378 interacted with TRY484 and PHE516, two active side residues of PDE9. ΔGMMGBSA interactions of PDE9 with C00003672, C00041378, and 49E compounds are 51.69, -56.43, and -48.13 kcal/mol, respectively, as well as ΔGMMPBSA interactions of PDE9 with C00003672, C00041378, and 49E compounds, were -12.26, -16.24, and -11.79 kcal/mol kcal/mol, respectively.

Conclusions and implications:

Based on the evaluations of AP secondary metabolites using docking and molecular dynamics simulation, it is suggested that the C00041378 compound has the potential to be an antidiabetic candidate by inhibiting PDE9.
Utilization of the castor seed cake (biowaste) for mosquito vector control
Authors: Sogan Nisha , Kala Smriti , Kapoor Neera , Patanjali P.K , Nagpal B.N
Published: September 2024

The present work is related to the utilization of castor (Ricinus communis) seed cake, biowaste produced during the oil extraction of castor seeds, as efficient mosquitocidal composition against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles culicifacies. The efficacy of coil formulations was evaluated in the Peet Grady chamber and resulted in 90% and 100% knocked down and mortality against A. aegypti and A. Culicifacies, respectively. Further heavy metals' (Cr, Pb, Co, As, Cd, Cu, Mn, and Zn) analysis of the coil was performed using Inductively Coupled Plasma mass spectrometry and was compared with commercially available mosquito repellent coil. Heavy metal analysis revealed that commercial repellent coil had a higher content of heavy metals than the castor seed cake coil. Finding of the present research study indicates that castor seed cake coil has the potential to be used in mosquito vector control. Castor seed cake coil formulation will also open up avenues in future for sustainable utilization of the biowaste.
Anti-tubercular treatment-induced granulomatous acute interstitial nephritis
Authors: Maiti Judhajit , Mathew Gerry George , Jayaprakash V. , Sreedhar S.
Published: September 2024

This case emphasizes the value of meticulous observation and regular follow-up of patients receiving rifampicin therapy. The prognosis for complete improvement in renal function in such cases was excellent, with prompt recognition and discontinuation of rifampicin. Teaching patients about these possible adverse effects and encouraging immediate reporting of signs and symptoms are likely to be beneficial because acute kidney injury can manifest itself very quickly after rifampicin is started. Even if renal failure can happen with any dose of rifampicin, primary physicians must have awareness about patients on intermittent or irregular therapy and those who have previously used this medication. It is challenging to determine the prevalence of adverse reactions to common antibiotics where a state- or country-wide reporting system is absent. Along with withdrawal of the causative agent patients were treated with corticosteroids (0.5–1 mg/kg/day) for an average period of 4–12 weeks showing significant recovery of renal function.
Outcome of extraocular muscle transpositions in various types of strabismus
Authors: Shwetha Hebbale Ramakrishna , Ramesh Tyamagondlu Krishnamoorthy
Published: September 2024

Background:

Transposition surgery of extraocular muscles helps in paralytic strabismus by altering the direction of force in relation to the center of rotation of the eye. Hence, the study was done to report the outcome of muscle transpositions.

Materials and Methods:

This was a prospective interventional study of 20 patients conducted at our tertiary ophthalmic institute over a period of 2 years and included ten patients with “V” pattern and four patients with “A” pattern strabismus, two patients with monocular elevation deficiency (MED), two patients with third nerve palsy, and one patient each with Duane’s retraction syndrome (DRS) and Crouzon’s syndrome. Fourteen patients underwent correction of horizontal strabismus with vertical transposition of horizontal recti, four patients underwent upward transposition of lateral rectus (LR) muscle, one patient underwent modified Knapp’s procedure, and one patient had “Y” split of LR muscle with transposition.

Results:

Ten patients with “V” pattern strabismus and four patients with “A” pattern strabismus had satisfactory collapse of pattern postoperatively with <10 prism diopters (PD) and 15 PD of mean residual horizontal strabismus, respectively. Both patients with MED had good improvement in primary position alignment. Upshoot in DRS patient was corrected. Two out of six patients who had preoperative limitation of duction had improvement postoperatively.

Conclusion:

Extraocular muscle transposition resulted in alignment of eyes, collapse of alphabet pattern, and improvement in ocular motility in these patients. Proper patient selection and planning of the suitable type of transposition surgery helps in achieving the desired outcome.
Impact of dispensing optical, nonoptical, and electronic devices on the visual function of students attending the schools for the blind
Authors: Deepika C. , Phadke Supriya , Telap Sharad , Shitole Apoorva , Kaur Hardeep , Shinde Amit , Gogate Parikshit
Published: September 2024

Background:

Many students attending schools for the blind have some vision that can be made use of to improve their vision function.

Aims:

Our study aimed to assess the impact of optical, nonoptical, and electronic devices on vision function of visually impaired students.

Setting and Design:

This prospective interventional study was conucted in schools for the blind in western Maharashtra, India.

Methods:

Students attending schools for the blind were evaluated with history-taking, visual acuity tests, ocular examinations, fundoscopy, and low vision workup in 2022–2023. The LV Prasad Functional Vision Questionnaire assessed impact on vision function, before and after 3-month adaptation period.

Results:

Five hundred and thirty-five students aged 5–25 years with visual acuity <6/60 in the better eye from eight schools were evaluated. Among them, 172 (31.77%) received low vision aids, with 144 (84.70%) using nonoptical devices such as NoIR filters, Caps, Typo scopes, and White canes. Optical devices such as telescopes and magnifiers in 35 and electronic devices like portable video magnifier in 11 students. Forty-six received all three types. There was a significant enhancement (P < 0.001) in tasks related to distance, near vision, mobility, and outdoor lighting conditions for students using nonoptical devices alone or combined with optical aids and video magnifiers. Among the 119 (70%) students using nonoptical devices, 80 (67.22%) exclusively used them, while 42 (32.77%) combined them with other aids, showing even more substantial improvement.

Conclusion:

Optical, nonoptical and electronic, when used together improved vision function of visually impaired students.
A comparative study of central corneal thickness using an ultrasonic pachymeter and a noncontact specular microscope in adult patients coming to the ophthalmology outpatient department in a tertiary care hospital in Western India
Authors: Nankani Krutika H. , Tandel Twisha M. , Sapre Ashwini A. , Patel Hemali A.
Published: September 2024

Objective:

To evaluate and compare the accuracy of measuring central corneal thickness (CCT) using an ultrasonic pachymeter and a noncontact specular microscope and whether they can be used interchangeably in adult patients with healthy cornea.

Methodology:

A comparative and observational study was carried out in adult patients coming to the ophthalmology outpatient department (OPD) in a tertiary care hospital in Western India. In all patients, CCT is measured using an ultrasonic pachymeter and a noncontact specular microscope to perform a comparative study. Statistical analysis was done using pairedt-test. Two-tailed hypothesis was applied.

Results:

This study included a sample size of 300 eyes of 150 adult patients. We want to test whether CCT values by Ultrasound Pachymeter and Noncontact specular Microscope is significantly different for right eyes and left eyes of the same patients, therefor we applied pairedt-test for statistical analysis.Tvalue for the right eye CCT measurement was −0.4 and the value ofPwas 0.69.Tvalue for the left eye CCT measurement was −0.79 and the value ofPwas 0.43.P> 0.05 suggested that the results were nonsignificant.

Conclusion:

Our study suggests that the noncontact specular microscope produces CCT values that do not vary significantly from ultrasonic pachymeter. In subjects with healthy cornea, ultrasound pachymeter and specular microscope can be used interchangeably.
Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Thoracoscopic Surgery and Conventional Open Surgery for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia in Neonates: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Srivastav Saurabh , Singh Shrikesh , Khan Tanvir Roshan
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Thoracoscopic surgery is an increasingly popular surgical technique for the repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernias. We performed a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy, safety of thoracoscopic surgery and the conventional open surgical approach for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in neonates.

Materials and Methods:

A systematic search of electronic databases such as PubMed, Google, and Web of Science was performed to identify studies comparing thoracoscopic surgery and open surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. A total of 6 studies with 3348 patients were found. Parameters such as operation time, hospital stay, recurrence rate, postoperative mortality, and postoperative complications were pooled and compared by meta-analysis.

Results:

Of the 3348 children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia included in the 6 studies, 615 underwent thoracoscopic surgery and 2733 underwent open surgery. All studies were nonrandomized controlled trials. The operation times were shorter for thoracoscopic surgery than for open surgery in three studies, but there was no significant difference (standard mean difference = 1.25, confidence interval [CI] = [−0.48–2.98], P = 0.16). In the thoracoscopic surgery group, the rate of postoperative deaths was significantly lower (95% CI = 1.24–2.75), but the occurrence of recurrences was more frequent (95% CI = 0.08–0.23). The hospital stay varied significantly across studies. There was a statistically significant difference (standard mean difference = −1.47, CI = [−2.24–−0.70], P < 0.001) in the overall effect between the groups. The complication rate was significantly lower with thoracoscopic surgery compared to open surgery (odds ratio = 0.26, CI = [0.10–0.66], P = 0.004) for the overall effect between the groups. The thoracoscopic procedure, however, was planned for milder and stable cases.

Conclusion:

Thoracoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in neonates is associated with a shorter length of hospital stay, fewer complications, and less postoperative mortality than traditional open repair. However, the rate of recurrence was found to be higher in those who underwent thoracoscopic surgery.
Management of Thoracic Empyema in Children: A Survey of Indian Pediatricians, Pediatric Surgeons, Pulmonologists, and Intensivists
Authors: Medhi Priyanka , Loganathan Arun Kumar , Jehangir Susan
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Empyema thoracis poses a clinical conundrum due to its diverse clinical presentations and management options.

Aims and Objectives:

The study aimed to investigate the variability in clinical practice across centres and disciplines in the management of empyema in children.

Materials and Methods:

An online questionnaire focusing on paediatric empyema management was circulated among clinicians in India. Data on demographics, clinical experience, treatment modalities, and intervention indications were collected, and responses were analysed.

Results:

The survey amongst 252 participants uncovered notable discrepancies in the viewpoints of pediatricians and pediatric surgeons on the use of fibrinolytic and the indication for video assisted thoracoscopic surgery in pediatric thoracic empyema. While surgeons tended to favour surgical interventions, paediatricians leaned towards conservative management and fibrinolytic therapy.

Conclusion:

This study highlights substantial differences in clinical practice and underscores the need for standardized guidelines and interdisciplinary collaboration to optimize patient care and outcomes.
Oral health status and oral health-related quality of life among children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in the age group of 11–14 years in Delhi-NCR Region
Authors: Kulkarni Shruti , Khatri Amit , Tyagi Rishi , Kalra Namita , Raizada Nishant , Khandelwal Deepak
Published: September 2024

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of oral health status (OHS) and sociodemographic indicators on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) aged 11–14 years and compare it with age-matched nondiabetic children.

Materials and Methods:

This cross-sectional study included 80 children aged between 11 and 14 years with T1DM and 80 age-matched nondiabetic children. The OHRQoL was measured using a validated structured Hindi version of the child perception questionnaire (CPQ11-14) questionnaire. The clinical OHS was assessed using the decayed, missing, or filled teeth index, plaque index (PI), and gingival index (GI). Associations between OHRQoL and independent predictors were analyzed with the log-linear Poisson model regression method.

Results:

CPQ11-14 scores were significantly lower in nondiabetic children than diabetic children, indicating better OHRQoL among nondiabetic children than diabetic children (P ≤ 0.05). The GI score exhibited a significantly lower value in nondiabetic children than in diabetic children (P = 0.014). In contrast, the mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth score showed a significantly higher value in nondiabetic children than in diabetic children (P ≤ 0.001). There was no difference in the mean PI of diabetic and nondiabetic children (P = 0.096).

Conclusion:

The result of the present study highlighted the detrimental effect of T1DM on OHRQoL in children.
Induced pluripotent stem cell–derived mesenchymal stem cells enhance acellular nerve allografts to promote peripheral nerve regeneration by facilitating angiogenesis
Authors: Meng Fan-Qi , Li Chao-Chao , Xu Wen-Jing , Deng Jun-Hao , Guan Yan-Jun , Zhang Tie-Yuan , Yang Bo-Yao , Zhang Jian , Li Xiang-Ling , Han Feng , Ren Zhi-Qi , Xu Shuai , Liang Yan , Jiang Wen , Peng Jiang , Wang Yu , Liu Hai-Ying
Published: September 2024

Previous research has demonstrated the feasibility of repairing nerve defects through acellular allogeneic nerve grafting with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. However, adult tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cells encounter various obstacles, including limited tissue sources, invasive acquisition methods, cellular heterogeneity, purification challenges, cellular senescence, and diminished pluripotency and proliferation over successive passages. In this study, we used induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells, known for their self-renewal capacity, multilineage differentiation potential, and immunomodulatory characteristics. We used induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells in conjunction with acellular nerve allografts to address a 10 mm-long defect in a rat model of sciatic nerve injury. Our findings reveal that induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells exhibit survival for up to 17 days in a rat model of peripheral nerve injury with acellular nerve allograft transplantation. Furthermore, the combination of acellular nerve allograft and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells significantly accelerates the regeneration of injured axons and improves behavioral function recovery in rats. Additionally, our in vivo and in vitro experiments indicate that induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells play a pivotal role in promoting neovascularization. Collectively, our results suggest the potential of acellular nerve allografts with induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells to augment nerve regeneration in rats, offering promising therapeutic strategies for clinical translation.
Association between periapical odontogenic lesions and maxillary sinus mucosal thickening: A retrospective computed tomography analysis
Authors: Althobiti Ghadah A. , Alzaidi Tahani A. , Almingash Jumana M , Alobaida Rahaf M. , ALYahya Reema Ebrahim , Binthunayyan Sarah N
Published: September 2024

Introduction:

The maxillary sinuses are located in the middle of the nasal cavity and are thought to have the greatest air gaps. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging was used to characterize the radiographic connection between the apices of posterior maxillary teeth and the floor of the maxillary sinus. This study aims to evaluate the degree of apical periodontitis and the sinus mucosal thickness and find the associations between the patient’s age and gender and the degree of apical periodontitis with sinus mucosal thickness.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective analysis of 364 individuals with maxillary sinuses which appears clearly within limited-field CBCT images was performed. It was also categorized and noted how the maxillary sinus floor related to the root tips and periapical lesions. In addition, the patient’s age gender, side, and level of apical periodontitis in relation to maxillary sinus mucosal (MSM) thickness were evaluated.

Results:

The MSM class and periapical index (PAI) were statistically significantly correlated (P 0.001). In comparison to respondents with PAI score I, respondents with PAI score V had 47.89 times the odds of having a higher MSM class (odds ratio [OR] =47.89, P = 0.05). Age and MSM thickening were not substantially correlated (P = 0.298), whereas gender and MSM thickening were strongly correlated (OR = 1.56, P = 0.05).

Conclusions:

The result of this study showed a clear association between the periapical lesions and MSM thickening.
Navigating complexity: Endodontic management of a mandibular canine with tri canal confluence in a single root
Authors: Agarwal Sanjana , Ghosh Soumyadeep , Mullick Tarini , Rai Namith , Mayya Arun , Acharya Shashi Rashmi
Published: September 2024

Mandibular canines typically have a single root and a single canal, but variations can occur. This case report presents a 43-year-old man who complained of dull, intermittent, and spontaneous pain in the lower front tooth region for the past 2 weeks. Clinical findings indicated a mandibular canine with a rare anatomical configuration: three canals within a single root that merge to form one, corresponding to the Sert and Bayirli Type XVIII canal configuration. A diagnosis of previously initiated root canal therapy with symptomatic apical periodontitis was made. The patient’s diagnosis was confirmed through careful clinical and radiographic examination, including the use of cone-beam computed tomography for detailed morphology. Given the intricate root canal anatomy, a specialized endodontic approach was employed, leading to a successful resolution of the patient’s symptoms.
Cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper gold and two replicalike rotary systems. An in vitro study
Authors: Alnoury Arwa
Published: September 2024

Introduction:

As a new phenomenon in endodontics, it was observed that nickel–titanium (NiTi) rotary systems closely replicate the systems created by the original companies are manufactured and available in the market for clinicians. These replica systems are usually sold at lower prices than the original rotary systems, which attracted end-user clinicians. Although clinicians widely use these replica systems, their mechanical performance has not been evaluated in any scientific literature. The aim of the current study was to analyze the cyclic fatigue resistance of two lower prices replica NiTi rotary file systems involving 0.25/0.08 v of MG3 Gold Perfect® and V TAPER Gold Fanta versus ProTaper Gold®.

Materials and Methods:

The NiTi rotary instruments (n = 15 of each) were allowed to rotate continuously, in dynamic mode, in a simulated stainless steel canal having a 6 mm radius and 60° curve till fracture. Time to fracture (TTF) in seconds was recorded, and the number of cycles to failure (NCF) was calculated. TTF and NCF were compared between the three groups.

Results:

The V TAPER Gold Fanta instrument showed significantly longer TTF than the ProTaper Gold instrument (mean = 1130.30 ± 244.42 vs. 354.30 ± 52.01 s), accounting for a three-fold difference in NCF (mean = 6593.42 ± 1425.79 vs. 2066.75 ± 303.40 cycles, P < 0.001). However, an insignificant difference in TTF was observed between the MG3 Gold Perfect® and ProTaper Gold instruments (P = 1.00).

Conclusions:

The V TAPER Gold Fanta instrument is a safe and cost-effective alternative to the ProTaper Gold instrument.
Bisphosphonate-related osteoradionecrosis of the jaw
Authors: Choudhary Ruchika , Reddy Sujatha Sampangi , Nagaraju Rakesh , Kunjuman Sreekanth Puthuparambil , Setia Shubham , Sharma Rohit
Published: September 2024

Osteoradionecrosis of the jaws (ONJ) clinically presents as exposed, necrotic bone in the maxilla or mandible of at least 8-week duration, with or without the presence of pain, infection, or previous trauma in a patient who has not received radiation to the jaws. Although necrotic bone exposure has been reported in the jaws of various patients not receiving bisphosphonates (BPs), the number of BP-related ONJ cases has continued to increase steadily. This study aims to report a rare case of Bisphosphonate induced osteonecrosis of the left lower jaw (BRONJ) and review the literature on the significant clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and management of this condition. The case reports emphasize the need for a thorough anamnesis, in addition to clinical, radiological, and laboratory investigations, which are necessary to make an accurate diagnosis and give the appropriate therapeutic approach.
Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding artificial intelligence in histopathology
Authors: Indu M. , Shankar Vidya Gurram , Cherian Latha Mary , Krishna Revathi , Paul Sabu , Sathyan Pradeesh
Published: September 2024

Introduction:

The era of artificial intelligence (AI) has dawned, and its influence on different aspects of our lives is now tremendously evident. The introduction of whole slide imaging in digital pathology has changed the face of histopathology (HP) and is in the process of paving a smooth platform towards the far-reaching telepathology.

Aim:

The present study was aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of Oral Pathologists (OPs) in India regarding the incorporation of AI in diagnostic HP.

Materials and Methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted among OPs across India. A structured online questionnaire comprising 27 questions was sent to each participant through email and social media platforms and responses were collected and analyzed. The relationship between demographic variables and good KAP was analyzed using Chi-square and Fisher's exact test.

Results and Discussion:

One hundred and seventy-one OPs participated in the study, with 8.8% having good knowledge, 70.2% having a positive attitude, and only 4.1% using AI in diagnostic HP. Knowledge regarding AI in pathology increased in a statistically significant way (P = 0.001) with respect to years of experience. 43.9% of OPs expect AI to be integrated into HP in India over the next ten years.

Conclusion:

OPs in India have a positive attitude towards the incorporation of AI in their pathology practice. Vital measures to enable the integration of AI into diagnostic HP and to improve its awareness are an absolute requisite in our scenario.
Incidence of a relationship between mandibular third molar impaction and different skeletal facial types
Authors: Gabhane Chetna , Gupta Akshat , Singh Vijayata
Published: September 2024

Introduction:

It is seen that the failure of mandibular third molars to erupt is most affected by lack of space in the alveolar arch between the distal of the second molar and the ascending ramus. Variation in growth pattern in different facial forms affects the space available for tooth eruption; therefore, the mandibular third molar impaction has correlation with different skeletal facial types.

Aim:

The study aimed to investigate the relationship between mandibular third molar impaction and different skeletal facial types.

Materials and Methods:

The study sample consisted of lateral cephalometric and orthopantomogram of 350 individuals, aged 17–35 years who had visited the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Facial Surgery, Daswani Dental College, Kota. The angulation of impaction was determined by the winter's classification and the facial type categorized by the facial axis angle.

Results and Discussion:

The overall rate of mandibular third molar impaction was 66.85%. Our study showed that mandibular third molar impaction is 3.3 times more common with the dolichofacial (38.7%) whereas brachyfacial (12.7%).

Conclusion:

After comparing the data with multiple studies, we found that the greater horizontal facial growth pattern of brachyfacial subjects over dolichofacial subjects provides increased space for full eruption of the mandibular third molar. Furthermore, bilateral mesioangular third molar impaction was more common with female predilection.
Role of stress in periodontal disease in a population of Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Bhattacharjee Sumona , Shamsher Madiha , Harun Hind , Harun Hadeel
Published: September 2024

Introduction:

Periodontitis is a plaque-induced inflammatory disease affecting the alveolar bone in the jaw and supporting soft tissues, it is a multifactorial disease, initiated by bacteria but modulated by several other factors, including stress. Stress is an equated response to constant adverse stimuli.

Aim:

The purpose of the present clinical study was to identify a possible relationship between life stress and periodontal condition.

Materials and Methods:

Sixty patients were given a predesigned questionnaire (Perceived Stress Scale) to measure their stress levels, and clinical examination was carried out using Community Periodontal Index for periodontal status.

Results and Discussion:

High stress was observed among males, obese, married individuals, people engaged in fieldwork, individuals having monthly work time >40 h, daily sleep <8 h, smokers, participants with irregular brushing habits, and participants who did not undergo regular dental checkups. The present study showed a statistically significant relationship between the regular dental checkup and Russell's periodontal index.

Conclusion:

Stress is a prominent factor that deteriorates periodontal conditions among normal healthy individuals. The several factors leading to a stressful condition include regular lifestyle practices such as altered sleep hours, working conditions, and social and economic status. Thus, it is important to recognize the plausible relationship of stress and periodontal diseases. Hence, stress should be identified in patients and considered an important component during treatment planning.
Prevalence of dental fluorosis in relation to fluoride concentration in two Southern states of India – A comprehensive review
Authors: Abhishek Gopala
Published: September 2024

Introduction:

Regarding the lack of comprehensive systematic review, efficacy of water fluoridation and prevalence of dental fluorosis in southern Indian states. The aim of the current research was to systematically study the prevalence of dental fluorosis and different levels of water fluoride in the south Indian states of and lay emphasis on the amount of fluoride in drinking water.

Aim:

To conduct a systematic review of the literature on the prevalence of dental fluorosis and exposure to fluoride in drinking water.

Materials and Methods:

A systematic search was carried out in the MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane databases and Google scholar from 1986 to 2022 using the term the prevalence of dental fluorosis and exposure to fluoride in drinking water.

Results and Discussion:

The study found highest caries prevalence in low fluoride areas (0.3 ppm) and very high fluoride areas (10.4 ppm).

Conclusion:

Conc. of fluoride plays an important role in prevalence of dental caries.
Parental perceptions of dental health in children with neurological disorders
Authors: Alyazidi Anas S. , Muthaffar Sara Y. , Muthaffar Arwa Y. , Muthaffar Osama Y. , Gaddoury Mahmoud A.
Published: September 2024

Introduction:

Neurological disorders present in different age groups. In children, the spectrum of neurological diseases is multifactorial and varies between motor delay, speech delay, cognitive delay, and global developmental delay. Dental caries constitutes a public health problem that impacts approximately 80% of children nationwide.

Aims:

This study aims to evaluate the magnitude of dental problems in children with neurological disorders.

Materials and Methods:

An epidemiological investigation using a cross-sectional design was conducted. A total number of 2451 electronic surveys were sent to parents of children attending the pediatric neurology clinic. Children who attended the clinic from January 2017 to January 1, 2021, were included. Six hundred and seventy-five parents (28%) answered the survey.

Statistical Analysis Used:

For statistical analysis, IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 21.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) software was used. Categorical variables were presented using numbers, associated frequencies, and percentages (%). Categorical variables were correlated using the Chi-square test.

Results and Discussion:

A total number of 2451 surveys were distributed. The response rate was 28%. A total of 675 patients were labeled eligible. Patients' gender characteristics were as follows: 389 (58%) were male while 286 (42%) were female. Patients were distributed into two age groups, a group aged <7 years old and 7–14 years old.

Conclusions:

Neurological disorders proved to be a burden on patients with dental caries and their families. Socioeconomic status was an important aspect in the families' ability to manage dental caries. Patients with complicated seizures and require multiple drugs were more prone to worse states of oral hygiene. Multidisciplinary care that combines dentists and medical physicians is required.
Effect of anterior dental caries on psychological behavior and quality of life of Saudi pediatric patients
Authors: Togoo Rafi Ahmad , Alfaifi Hanan Qasem , Algarny Fatimah Mohammed , Alahmari Jamilah Dafer , AlQhtani Raghad Ayed Ali , Asiri Hanin Ahmed
Published: September 2024

Introduction:

Dental caries is the most common chronic infectious disease involving children and toddlers. Carious invasion of anterior teeth causes infection, pain, compromised speech, mastication, and impacts the esthetics and appearance of the child. Dental caries' immediate and long-term effects affect the child's quality of life and his family, leading to significant social, economic, and psychological consequences.

Aim:

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of anterior dental caries on Saudi pediatric patients' psychological behavior and quality of life.

Materials and Methods:

A self-administered, structured questionnaire was used to assess the demographic variables, the prevalence of dental caries (anterior teeth), and their psychological effects on children. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using IBM SPSS version 20.0 software.

Results and Discussion:

Five hundred and twenty-two children were included in the study, out of which 67.62% were affected with anterior carious lesions, with a mean age of 4.90 ± 1.981 years. Most parents reported that their child has anterior carious lesions, with 50% of children having toothache and 49% difficulty in eating food, especially sweets. Affected children showed psychological issues as they avoided playing, hesitated to smile, were introverted, and covered their faces while smiling.

Conclusion:

A high anterior dental caries prevalence and the resultant effect on psychological behavior and quality of life were observed among young children in Saudi Arabia. Enhanced educational, counseling, and preventive programs among parents and children will reduce dental caries incidence and ensure young children have a good quality of life.
Analysis of risk factors and clinical trends in post-COVID oral mucormycosis
Authors: Grewal Harpreet , Balachandran Rajiv , Bhutiani Neha , Singh Kesari , Bhargava Saurav
Published: September 2024

Introduction:

The COVID-associated surge in mucormycosis cases was seen during the middle and latter of 2021. Mucormycosis is a rapidly destructive opportunistic fungal infection causing severe morbidity and mortality.

Aim:

This study aims to identify the risk factors associated with post-COVID oral mucormycosis and analysis of the observed clinical pattern.

Materials and Methods:

The current study is a retrospective observational one based on demographics, history, and clinical presentation of 46 patients with dental referrals for mucormycosis admitted at the COVID-19 designated facility during the ferocious second wave of COVID-19 in India.

Results and Discussion:

The incidence of post-COVID mucormycosis was found to be higher in males (29) than females (17), with an average age of 54.5 years in males and 50.8 years in females. All patients belonged to poor/lower socioeconomic backgrounds with a history of hypertension (barring four patients), Type 2 diabetes mellitus, poor oral hygiene, and compromised periodontal health. The right maxilla showed the greatest incidence. The median size of the lesion was found to be 2.22 cm2 with an interquartile range of 1.135 cm2 to 3.2 cm2.

Conclusion:

The vulnerability of COVID-19 patients to the development of oral mucormycosis was found to be higher for patients with preexisting diabetes mellitus, hypertension, poor socioeconomic background, poor oral hygiene, and periodontal health with greater incidence in maxilla and predilection for the right side.
Mandibular actinomyces osteomyelitis
Authors: Blagova Bistra , Malinova Lina , Ivanova Vesela
Published: September 2024

Actinomycosis caused by the Actinomyces genus can affect both soft and bone tissues. Its diagnosis depends on positive culture or identification of Actinomyces colonies and sulfur granules in histological specimens. This article aims to report a clinical case of actinomycosis in the mandible. The diagnosis of actinomycosis osteomyelitis was confirmed by bone biopsy in a female with a long-standing history of generalized periodontal disease. She underwent debridement of necrotic tissue in the region, and the material was sent for histopathological analysis, which revealed chronic localized actinomycosis osteomyelitis. The patient responded well to prompt systemic antibiotics and local surgical measures with complete resolution of the infection. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of actinomycosis arising in generalized periodontal disease and the importance of bone biopsies and cultures in arriving at a definitive and timely diagnosis. The accurate diagnosis of actinomycosis is crucial for the successful treatment outcome.
Odontogenic tumors: A retrospective study from a tertiary-level hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman A. F. M. Shakilur , Jannat Tamiral , Haider Ismat Ara
Published: September 2024

Background:

Owing to their clinicopathological characteristics and diverse biologic behaviors, odontogenic tumors (OT) are regarded as noteworthy among oral diseases.

Aim:

The intention of a retrospective analysis was to determine the prevalence and incidence of various odontogenic types of tumors using the most recent World Health Organization categorization in 2017.

Materials and Methods:

A 7-year retrospective study that involved retrieving the case folders of individuals who had OT that were histologically confirmed when they first presented at Dhaka Dental College and Hospital. Demographic information about patients and histologic diagnoses were recorded. The statistical software for social sciences (SPSS version 23) was employed to analyze the data and P < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.

Results:

A total of 366 cases of OT were documented and analyzed. There was a marginally greater impact on males (51.64%) than females (48.36%). The mean age of the patients was 27.85 years, and there was no statistically significant relationship between tumor type and age group (P = 0.84). The mandible was the most common site (96.17%). The benign OT constitutes 99.18%, whereas the malignant OT constitutes 0.82%. The most common OT was ameloblastoma (82.51%), with a tendency for the posterior mandible (P < 0.05), followed by cemento-ossifying fibroma (4.37%) and odontogenic myxoma (3.83%).

Conclusions:

The relative incidence of OT differs considerably by geography or race. Ameloblastoma is the most prevalent tumor, followed by cemento-ossifying fibroma and odontogenic myxoma. Odontogenic malignant tumors are rarely found in Bangladesh.
Gene Therapy: A step toward advanced orthodontics – A narrative review
Authors: Shukla Monika , Jain Shalu , Reddy C. Munish , Raghav Pradeep , Amit Kumar , Yangzom Rinchin , Garg Shivika , Kamrani Aastha
Published: September 2024

Background:

Gene therapy deals with the insertion of exogenous genes into a cell to produce the desired therapeutic effect. After the introduction of gene therapy in dentistry, this field is also flourishing rapidly in the branch of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics as it can prevent many prenatal and postnatal dentofacial anomalies which have the genetical etiology. Despite various animal studies showing promising results, a lot more is left to be explored.

Aim:

This narrative review was conducted to understand the role of gene therapy for various orthodontic procedures and its future scope.

Methods:

Research publications were searched on search engines such as Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, and articles with terms such as “gene therapy, orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), condylar growth, and bone repair” were collected.

Results:

A total of 40 articles were collected and they were further used to formulate this review.

Discussion:

Gene therapy was found to have a major role in orthodontics, especially for: (i) Modulation in OTM, (ii) Alleviation of orthodontic pain, (iii) Enhancement of bone repair and regeneration, (iv) Improving midface hypoplasia by preventing syndromic craniosynostosis, and (v) Modifying condylar growth.
My experience on taeniasis and neurocysticercosis
Authors: Prasad Kashi Nath
Published: September 2024

Taeniasis and neurocysticercosis (NCC) are major public health problems in developing countries. NCC is the leading cause of community-acquired active epilepsy. NCC may present as a medical emergency, especially when there is cysticercotic encephalitis or raised intracranial hypertension. Systematic community-based studies on taeniasis and NCC are lacking. We studied taeniasis and NCC-related active epilepsy disease burden in the pig farming community of Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Based on the 30 cluster sampling approach as recommended by the World Health Organization, we estimated the prevalence of taeniasis, NCC-related active epilepsy, and silent NCC in the community. We also estimated the prevalence of swine cysticercosis. Taeniasis was detected in 18.6% of populations. Expulsions of tapeworm segments in stool, consumption of undercooked pork, age above 15 years, and handwash with clay or plain water after defecation were associated with taeniasis. On molecular analyses of positive stool samples, T. solium was identified in 40% and Taenia asiatica in 60% of cases. Active epilepsy was identified in 5.8% of subjects; 48% of them had NCC. On neuroimaging, NCC was detected in 15% of asymptomatic individuals. We observed that host genetic factors such as toll-like receptor-4, matrix metalloproteinase-9, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and glutathione-S transferase gene polymorphisms were associated with seizure in NCC. When peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from NCC subjects were exposed to cysticerci fluid antigens in-vitro, PBMCs from symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects showed significantly higher Th 1 and Th 2 cytokines response respectively, symptomatic patients had significant Th-1 cytokines response, while asymptomatic individuals showed Th-2 response. Porcine cysticercosis was detected in 26% of swine; 38% of them had cysticerci in the brain. Swine with brain involvement showed clinical signs such as excessive salivation, excessive blinking and tearing, and subconjunctival nodule. On molecular analysis, 15% of cysticerci in swine were identified as T. asiatica. Infected swine when treated with albendazole plus/minus steroid, the response rate of cysticerci (either dead or resolved lesion) was 100% in albendazole-treated group and 71% in albendazole plus steroid-treated group. The above studies suggest that taeniasis and NCC are alarmingly high in the pig farming community of North India. Taeniasis in human and cysticercosis in swine due to T. asiatica call for further studies on this parasite.
In silico study to predict promiscuous peptides for immunodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis
Authors: Chauhan Varun , Khan Azhar , Farooq Umar
Published: September 2024

Background:

Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus
granulosus, is a major zoonotic disease that causes significant human morbidity and mortality. This cosmopolitan disease is difficult to diagnose, treat, and control. So far, crude extracts of hydatid cyst fluid containing antigen B or antigen 5 have been used as the primary antigenic source for its immunodiagnosis. The main issue is that it reacts with sera from people infected with other helminths. There is currently no standard, specific, or sensitive test for disease diagnosis, and no human vaccine has been reported.

Aims and Objectives:

Considering the need for efficient immunization and/or immunodiagnosis, six E. granulosus antigens, antigen 5, antigen B, heat shock proteins such as Hsp-8 and Hsp-90, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and tetraspanin-1, were chosen.

Materials and Methods:

Using various in silico tools, T cell and B cell epitopes (promiscuous peptides) were predicted by targeting antigen 5, antigen B, heat shock proteins such as Hsp-8 and Hsp-90, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and tetraspanin-1.

Results:

There are twelve promiscuous peptides with overlapping human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class-I, class-II, and conformational B cell epitopes. Such immunodominant peptides could be useful as subunit vaccines. Furthermore, six peptides specific for E. granulosus were also discovered, which may prove to be important markers in the diagnosis of CE, potentially preventing misdiagnosis and mismanagement.

Conclusion:

These epitopes may be the most important vaccine targets in E. granulosus because they have the most promiscuous peptides and B cell epitopes, as well as the highest affinity for different alleles, as determined by docking scores. However, additional research using in vitro and in vivo models is undertaken.
RNA interference-mediated hookworm control by gut-dwelling lactic acid bacteria
Authors: Bi Shaziya , Sabnis Manisha , Singh Anamika , Banerjee Sanjiban Kumar
Published: September 2024

Background:

The complex life cycle of geohelminth parasites make it difficult to manage repeated infections that occur in endemic areas, that requires the development of new therapeutic strategies. Human hookworm Ancylostoma sp. and Necator sp. are a serious problem in many areas of the world where the old age anti-helminthics are ineffective. To address this, we have tried a non-traditional therapeutic approach for a sustainable solution to manage parasite infections.

Aims and Objectives:

In this study, we attempted to develop a new type of therapy using value-added probiotics-producing antiparasitic RNA interference (RNAi) molecules against a vital hookworm (Ancylostoma sp.) enzyme, astacin-like metalloprotease Ac-MTP-1. A new gut delivery RNAi vector was designed to produce double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) against the target to be delivered by feeding with a probiotic Lactococcus lactis that when administered in endemic areas can potentially be used to control the spread of infection by interrupting the life cycle of hookworm.

Results:

The engineered probiotics colonizing the gut, when consumed by the parasite released the dsRNA that which knocked down the target by RNAi interfering with their moulting and tissue migration. The initial penetration of the larvae into the gut lining was reduced by 70%, followed by a reduction of up to 50% in migration to the critical organs. The damage caused to the liver (30%–40%) and the kidneys (50%–60%) by the hookworm in mouse models as quantitated by enzymes released in the blood was totally reversed when the worms were pre fed with the engineered L. lactis before the parasite challenge.

Conclusions:

We believe that this is the first demonstrated knockdown of a target gene in hookworms using probiotics genetically engineered to stimulate RNAi (RNAi food), administered through the oral route. This novel method of parasite control when extended to other hookworms, A. duodenalis and A. ceylanicum can augment the efficacy of the existing anthelminthics if combined with them.
High susceptibility to severe malaria among patients with A blood group versus those with O blood group
Authors: Tonen-Wolyec Serge , Batina-Agasa Salomon
Published: September 2024

This study aimed to assess the association of severe malaria infection with the ABO blood groups among acute febrile patients at the General Hospital of Rungu, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This cross-sectional study was conducted between August and October 2018. Plasmodium falciparum-infected individuals were categorized as severe malaria and uncomplicated malaria. A total of 400 febrile patients were enrolled. The majority (n = 251; 62.8%) was positive P. falciparum in microscopy test, of whom 180 (71.7%) had uncomplicated malaria and 71 (28.3%) severe malaria; 32.3%, 18.3%, 2.8%, and 46.6% were found to be blood group of A, B, AB, and O, respectively. In the multivariate analysis using the logistic regression models, severe malaria was high among patients with A blood group compared to those with O blood group (45.8% vs. 13.7%; adjusted odds ratio: 5.3 [95% confidence interval: 2.7–10.5]; P < 0.001). This survey demonstrates that patients with A blood group had a high susceptibility to severe malaria compared to those with O blood group.