bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Guidelines of the Delian Alliance
Authors: French A.
Published: July 2016

Thucydides’ best known digression (1.89-118), constructed as a selective sequence of incidents illustrating the growth of tension between Athens and Sparta, was itself prefaced by a summary of how Athens came to be in a position to threaten Spartan power; the Athenians had converted an alliance into an empire. Why, and how, she did so was incidental to the main subject of the digression, and so with admirable brevity Thucydides covers this phase in just four chapters (1.96-99), mentioning just a few incidents to document the change; the four chapters cover a time span of ten years. The first of these chapters contains a sketch of the administrative arrangements made by the allies for continuing the war under Athenian leadership after the Spartans and their allies had withdrawn from further operations.
The Elegiac Metre of Catullus
Authors: Duhigg J.
Published: July 2016

The metrical technique of Catullus in his elegiac verse has not yet received the detailed examination that has been given to the usage of Tibullus, Propertius and Ovid by Platnauer in his Latin Elegiac Verse (Cambridge, 1951). Robinson Ellis in the Prolegomena to his Commentary on Catullus (Oxford, 1876) introduced this part of his subject in these words: ‘If we examine the metrical peculiarities of these elegies, we shall find their defects to lie mainly in the too exclusive imitation of Greek models.’ He then goes on to speak of the Greek practice of allowing the thought to run on uninterruptedly without necessarily a pause at the end of the couplet, and of the Greek freedom in admitting words of any length in the last place in the pentameter: ‘in these respects the Catullian elegy is completely Greek.’ In the Introduction to the Select Elegies of Propertius (Macmillan, 1884) by J.P. Postgate there is a brief reference to what is described as the ‘carelessness’ of Catullus about the ending of the pentameter, and a further censure is implied in the mention of ‘his extraordinary number of elisions’; in short, Postgate describes the elegiac of Catullus as ‘still semi-barbarous’. Clearly, we have a problem here, since it is hard to reconcile the two descriptions of verse which in some respects is ‘completely Greek’ and in others ‘semi-barbarous’.
Allied Disaffection and the Revolt of Fregellae
Authors: Conole P.
Published: July 2016

In 125 B.C. the Latin town of Fregellae rebelled against Rome and was captured and destroyed by the praetor L. Opimius. A year later Fabrateria Nova was founded near the site of the defunct municipality. There has been a tendency, especially among English-speaking scholars, to treat the revolt as an isolated event; David Stockton, for example, has recently stated that ‘no other community joined in the revolt.. .’ Such views have gained wide currency, possibly because our sources for the event are diverse and rather unattractive; there is, however, evidence to suggest that the insurrection was more widespread than Stockton (inter alios) would have us believe. We need to re-examine this anti-Roman outbreak in such light as might be shed on the matter by certain neglected source material.
A New Relief showing Claudius and Britannia from Aphrodisias
Authors: Erim Kenan T.
Published: July 2016

Since 1961, excavations conducted at the ancient Carian city of Aphrodisias, in southwestern Turkey, have yielded an amazingly rich and varied harvest of archaeological information of singular importance to the prehistory and history of the site as well as those of western Anatolia. The quantity and quality of monuments of the Imperial period, when Aphrodisias reached the apogee of its prosperity, are particularly striking and provide us with significant, fresh data for the history of Graeco-Roman art and architecture. Above all, the unprecedented amount of sculptural finds confirms beyond any reasonable doubt the originality and multiple activities of Aphrodisias sculptors.
XIV.—On Substitutional Equations
Authors: Rutherford D. E.
Published: July 2016

Substitutional equations of the type considered by the late Alfred Young are shown to be intimately related with the theory of idempotents. Any equation LX = o possessing solutions other than X = o is shown to have the same solutions as another equation MX = o, where M is obtained from L by premultiplying the latter by a suitably chosen expression A and where the minimum equation of M is xψ(x) = o, ψ(x) being prime to x. The expression ψ(M) is then idempotent, and it is shown that the most general solution of LX = o is X = ψ(M)Y, where Y is an arbitrary expression. The number of linearly independent solutions of LX = o is X = ψ(M)Y, where Y is an arbitrary expression. The number of linearly independent solutions of LX = o is kn!, where k is the coefficient of the unit permutation in ψ(M) when that expression is expressed in terms of the permutations of the symmetric group Sn.

Corresponding results are obtained for the equation LX = R, and methods are given for solving sets of simultaneous equations of both types.
XXI.—Tables of Chebyshev Polynomials
Authors: Jones C. W. , Miller J. C. P. , Conn J. F. C. , Pankhurst R. C.
Published: July 2016

1. Introduction.—The object of this paper is twofold: firstly, to present a table of the Chebyshev polynomials Cn(x) = 2 cos (n cos−1 ½x) for n = I(I)12 and x = o(o·o2)2, values being exact or to 10 decimals; secondly, to provide a working list of coefficients and formulæ relating to these and allied functions.

Valuable accounts of applications and properties will be found in Van der Pol and Weijers, 1933, in Lanczos, 1938, and in Szego, 1939. Further applications are indicated in the following paper, by J. C. P. Miller, which also suggests methods of reducing the inconvenience caused by the present lack of tables of the allied polynomials Sn(x). It is hoped that suitable tables will be prepared later.
XXXVII.—The Van der Waals Force between a Proton and a Hydrogen Atom. II. Excited States
Authors: Coulson C. A. , Gillam C. M.
Published: July 2016

The interaction energy, or Van der Waals force, between a proton and a hydrogen atom in any one of its allowed quantum states is calculated in terms of the internuclear distance R by an expansion of the form

All the coefficients up to and including E5 are obtained in closed form. For values of R for which the expansion is valid, the coefficients are determined absolutely, no approximations being introduced.
XLI.—Problems in Factor Analysis
Authors: Lawley D. N.
Published: July 2016

A set of variables is assumed to depend upon a number of common factors and specifics. Formulae are then derived for the sampling variances and covariances of the residual covariances obtained by removing the effect of the factors. The variances and covariances of the set of estimated loadings are also found. It must, however, be noted that the results obtained are valid only when an efficient method of estimation is used.
I.—The Adventures of an Hypothesis
Authors: Kendall James
Published: July 2016

In the year 1815 an anonymous article appeared in Thomas Thomson's Annals of Philosophy (I) entitled “On the Relation between the Specific Gravities of Bodies in their Gaseous State and the Weights of their Atoms ”. Its introductory paragraph illustrates the hesitancy of the writer in its exposition: “The author of the following essay submits it to the public with the greatest diffidence; for although he has taken the utmost pains to arrive at the truth, yet he has not that confidence in his abilities as an experimentalist as to induce him to dictate to others far superior to himself in chemical acquirements and fame. He trusts, however, that its importance will be seen, and that some one will undertake to examine it, and thus verify or refute its conclusions. If these should be proved erroneous, still new facts may be brought to light, or old ones better established, by the investigation; but if they should be verified, a new and interesting light will be thrown upon the whole science of chemistry.”
XVI.—Some Continuant Determinants arising in Physics and Chemistry—II
Authors: Rutherford D. E.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

Some of the formulae obtained in this paper are likely to find application in problems concerning a rectangular lattice of “atoms”, each of which is under the influence of its near neighbours. Some of the determinants considered apply to cases in which both the nearest and the next nearest neighbours are operative. The inverses of certain types of matrices are found, and these may prove to be of value either in solving systems of linear equations such as arise in relaxation problems, or in determining the latent roots of matrices which may occur in problems in applied mathematics.
XXII.—Artificial Holograms and Astigmatism
Authors: Rogers G. L.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

Experiments in diffraction microscopy, previously described, are here continued. Special emphasis is now laid on verifying the theory by the production of an “artificial” hologram, by non-diffractive means, from data calculated for a relatively simple object. The assumed object is then reconstructed in the usual apparatus.

A type II linear zone plate of limited width is studied as a particular case of an artificial hologram. It gives rise to an unexpected black artefact, which is explained by a detailed analysis of this particular zone plate, and is shown to be due to its limited extent.

Experiments on twisting the linear zone plate skew to the reconstructing beam show that the effective focal length is affected astigmatically by a factor proportional to cos2θ, where θ is the angle of twist, for lines parallel to the axis of twist. Lines perpendicular to the axis of twist are unaffected.

The production of a hologram in an astigmatic pencil and its subsequent reconstruction while skew to a parallel beam is described. It is found that the focal length differences can be corrected in this way, but that the lateral scale factors are only partially rectified.
XI.—Theory of Indices for Non-Associative Algebra
Authors: Etherington I. M. H.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The logarithmetic L of a non-associative algebra or class of algebras S has been previously defined as the arithmetic of the indices of powers of the general element when indices are added (non-associatively) and multiplied by certain conventions similar to those of ordinary algebra. With respect to addition, L is a homomorphic image of the “most general” logarithmetic B, the free additive groupoid with one generator 1, and in the case of algebras of one operation is essentially the same as the free algebra in one variable on S. The definition is now extended so that L is defined when S is any subset of an algebra or class of subsets of algebras, with the result that every homomorph of B is a logarithmetic ; but a distinction has then to be drawn between closed logarithmetics in which as before both addition and multiplication are defined, and other logarithmetics in which there is only addition. L is its own logarithmetic (taken with respect to addition) only if L is closed. For subsets of palintropic algebras, L is necessarily closed.
XXV.—The Determination of Temperature Gradients over the Greenland Ice Sheet by Optical Methods
Authors: Hamilton R. A.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The temperature gradient in the lower atmosphere can be directly determined by measuring the optical refractive index of the air. This method is suitable for use on the Greenland ice sheet where errors introduced by water vapour are small, and where the strong solar radiation reflected by the snow surface makes it difficult to measure temperature differences over height differences of about I metre.

The refraction was measured by observing the apparent vertical angle of each of a set of targets at distances up to 4 km. from a theodolite. The refraction was found to vary linearly with the distance of the target. The true vertical angle to the targets was determined when a second theodolite was available and reciprocal sights could be taken with it from the site of target to the fixed theodolite. The true vertical angle varied with time due to slow descent of the theodolite as the firn slumped; a correction for this was made. The standard error of the temperature gradient measurements was about 1.5 × 10−2 C.° per metre. It is considered that the method could be developed and improved so that over a range of only 100 metres temperature gradients could be measured to an accuracy of about 0·1° C. per metre.
IV.—On the Radicals of Rings of Row-finite Matrices
Authors: Patterson E. M.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

Let R be a ring and let ΓR be the Jacobson-Perlis radical. It is shown that the radical of the ring of row-finite matrices over R is the ring of row-finite matrices over ΓR if and only if ΓR is right-vanishing. This is done by extending the results of an earlier paper. One interesting consequence of the theorem is noted.
XVII.—Dual Series Relations. IV. Dual Relations Involving Series of Jacobi Polynomials
Authors: Srivastav R. P.
Published: July 2016

It is shown that by using the methods developed in papers I–III of the present series it is possible to reduce the problem of deriving the solution of a certain class of dual relations involving Jacobi polynomials to that of solving an integral equation of Schlömilch kind.
V—The Brownian Movement of a One-Dimensional Non-Harmonic Oscillator
Authors: Allnutt A. J.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The Langevin equation for the harmonic oscillator is solved by a different method from that normally used. The approximate solution for the case of the slightly anharmonic oscillator is then obtained by an iterative procedure and the results are illustrated by a numerical example based on a simple model of a crystalline solid.
X.—The Two Parameter Sturm-Liouville Problem for Ordinary Differential Equations
Authors: Sleeman B. D.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

This paper discusses the existence, under fairly general conditions, of solutions of the two-parameter eigenvalue problem denned by the differential equation,

and three point Sturm-Liouville boundary conditions.
XIII.—The Graph-like State of Matter. I. Statistical effects of correlations due to substitution effects, including steric hindrance, on polymer distributions.
Authors: Gordon M. , Parker T. G.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

Models which treat molecules as graphs provide the first approximation to practically all chemical and physical theories of polymers. This paper, worded so as to aim at intelligibility by both chemists and mathematicians, deals with statistical effects of correlations on distributions of molecules in their graph-like states. The correlations are formally equivalent to fertility correlations in family trees, and the theory covers the range of correlation to the point where a man's fertility expectations depend on how many brothers he has. Chemically, this describes the ‘second shell substitution effect’ which includes certain steric hindrance situations; mathematically, the problem is solved by restoring the Markovian nature of a conventional Galton-Watson process. Long-range correlations are an inevitable and troublesome aspect of the structure of gels and this work represents a step towards improving models for real gels.
XXIII.—On an Extension to an Integro-differential Inequality of Hardy, Littlewood and Polya
Authors: Everitt W. N.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

This paper considers an extension of the following inequality given in the book Inequalities by Hardy, Littlewood and Polya; let f be real-valued, twice differentiable on [0, ∞) and such that f and f are both in the space fn, ∞), then f′ is in L,2(0, ∞) and

The extension consists in replacing f′ by M[f] where

choosing f so that f and M[f] are in L2(0, ∞) and then seeking to determine if there is an inequality of the form

where K is a positive number independent of f.

The analysis involves a fourth-order differential equation and the second-order equation associated with M.

A number of examples are discussed to illustrate the theorems obtained and to show that the extended inequality (*) may or may not hold.
3.—Solid-state Systematics
Authors: Brown A. F.
Published: July 2016

‘Systematics of Stable Nuclei’ is the title of the first of the four chapters in Norman Feather's book Nuclear Stability Rules (Feather 1952). In the sense used by Feather, ‘systematics’ is the search for experimental evidence of regularities in some system—specifically the Periodic System of the Elements. It is a systematic collection of facts in a way which may inspire further research, eventually leading to an all-embracing theory. At all times, and even when such a theory appears to be established, systematics can be justified for its educational value: few of those students who have enjoyed Feather's nuclear lectures would question this.
27.—The Zeros of Optical Coherence Functions and their Utility in the Study of Spectra
Authors: Thomas G. M.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

This paper shows that the coherence function associated with a band-limited optical spectrum is expressible as an infinite product involving its zeros. Only a finite number of zeros are physically significant and these can be determined from measurements of the visibility of interference fringes; but an ambiguity remains in the sign of the imaginary part of each zero. If the spectrum is to be recovered using the visibility measurements, an auxiliary experiment is needed to supply the necessary signs, but it need not be especially accurate. If the signs are not known there is only a limited number of different spectra that are compatible with the visibility measurements. Finally it is suggested that wavelength measurements made on an asymmetric spectral line with a Michelson interferometer may yield differing results when used with long and short delays.
2.—Asymptotic Behaviour of an Aperture Integral
Authors: Jones D. S.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The asymptotic behaviour of double integrals over a portion of the plane is investigated when the integrand contains an exponential factor with a large parameter. The exponent can have a stationary point which may or may not be close to the boundary of the domain of integration. Results are first derived for a rectangular region with a particularly simple exponent in the integrand and shown to be uniformly valid under certain conditions. In some circumstances the asymptotic terms can be evaluated by means of a universal function. The theory is then generalised to cover more complicated exponents and arbitrary wedge-shaped domains; it is found that the asymptotic behaviour can still be expressed in terms of the same universal function.
4.—The Principal Chords of an Elliptic Quartic
Authors: Edge W. L.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The curve Γ common to two quadric surfaces has 24 principal chords; they are the sides of six skew quadrilaterals each of which has for its two diagonals a pair of opposite edges of that tetrahedron S which is self-polar for both quadrics. These three pairs of quadrilaterals serve to identify the three pairs of quadrics through Γ that are mutually apolar.

The vertices of the quadrilaterals lie four on each edge of S. Both nodes of the plane projection of Γ from such a vertex are biflecnodes.
12.—The Instability due to Acoustic Radiation striking a Vortex Sheet on a Subsonic Stream
Authors: Hardisty N.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The propagation of sound across a vortex sheet separating two fluids in relative subsonic motion is examined for both harmonic and impulsive sources, the sound source being in the moving fluid. It is found that instability waves arise in a certain region depending on M, the Mach number.
14.—An Example concerning the Separation Property of Differential Operators
Authors: Everitt W. N. , Giertz M.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The differential expression M[f] = −f″+qf, on a half-line [a, ∞), is said to be ‘separated’ in L2(a, ∞) if the collection of all functions f ∈ L2(a, ∞) such that M[f] is defined and also in L2(a, ∞), has the property that both terms f″ and qf ar separately in L2(a, ∞). When q is positive and differentiable on [a, ∞) it is known that separation holds for M[·] if q satisfies the condition |q| ≦ on [a, ∞)(*) provided the constant c satisfies 0 < c < 2. This paper constructs a class of examples of the coefficient q to show that (*) does not necessarily yield separation if c > 4/√3>2. The precise upper bound of c for which (*) yields separation is not known.
12.—On an Inequality of Hardy and Littlewood
Authors: Brodlie K. W. , Everitt W. N.
Published: July 2016

This paper considers a natural extension of the following inequality of Hardy and Littlewood

to an inequality of the form

where μ>0 and 0<K(μ)<∞. The best possible value of k(μ) is determined, and all the cases of equality.
22.—On the Non-existence of Solutions to the Generalised Swirling Flow Problem
Authors: Bushell P. J.
Published: July 2016

1. The generalisation of von Kármán's equations of swirling flow studied by Serrin [7] and Hartman [3, 4] is the system

with the boundary conditions

When α = β = ½ this system reduces to von Kármán's equations studied by several authors recently (see [1, 6] for many references).
17.—The Bromination of 1-Nitro-, 1-Bromo-, and 1-Acetamidofluoranthene
Authors: Jagroop C. L. , Charlesworth E. H.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

1-Nitro-, 1-bromo-, and 1-acetamidofluoranthene undergo bromination to yield 4,9-dibrominated products. 1-Acetamidofluoranthene also yields 1-acetamido-4,8,9-tribrofluoranthene and as a side product 1-acetamido-4,8,9,x-tetrabromofluoranthene, from the former of which 1,4,8,9-tetrabromofluoranthene is obtained and found to be identical with the product resulting from the interaction of 1-bromofluoranthene with three molecules of bromine.
6.—Oscillation Theory for Semilinear Schrödinger Equations and Inequalities
Authors: Noussair E. S. , Swanson C. A.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

Sufficient conditions are derived for every solution of a nonlinear Schrödinger equation (or inequality) to be oscillatory in an exterior domain ofEn. Such results apply in particular to then-dimensional Emden-Fowler equation. The method involves oscillatory behaviour of solutions of a nonlinear ordinary differential inequality satisfied by the spherical mean of a positive solution of the Schrödinger equation.
XV.—The Synthesis of Derivatives of Fluorene and Fluoranthene
Authors: Campbell Neil , Craig John T. , Nichol Kenneth
Published: July 2016

The preparation of substituted fluoranthenes by the aromatization of hydrogenated fluoranthene derivatives is described. 8-Nitrofluoranthene, one of the nitration products of fluoranthene, has been synthesized from 2-nitrofluorene and the preparation and properties of some 2-nitrofluorene derivatives of potential synthetic value are reported.
XVII.—Inherited Measures
Authors: Macbeath A. M. , Swierczkowski S.
Published: July 2016

SYNOPSIS

Certain families of measures on coset-spaces, namely inherited, stable, and pseudo-invariant measures, were defined, and shown to exist, in earlier papers, where Jacobians and factor functions, generalizing the idea of Jacobians in theory of functions of several variables, were also denned. In this paper, the existence is established of exact Jacobians and factor functions, which satisfy certain characteristic identities exactly, without an exceptional set of measure zero. A study is made of how properties of a measure are reflected by properties of the Jacobian or the factor function. Necessary and sufficient conditions are found for a function to be an exact Jacobian for some measure.
XIX.—On the Radicals of Certain Rings of Infinite Matrices
Authors: Patterson E. M.
Published: July 2016

SYNOPSIS

Certain types of rings of infinite matrices are defined and some of their properties are discussed. The main theorems are concerned with the connections between the radical of a ring R and the radicals of rings of infinite matrices over R.
XXV.—Properties of I-extensions of Anti-commutative Algebras
Authors: Wallace E. W.
Published: July 2016

SYNOPSIS

S. T. Tsou and A. G. Walker have defined the I-extension of a given Lie algebra as a certain Lie algebra on the Cartesian product of the given algebra and one of its ideals (Tsou 1955). I-extensions have been studied also in connection with metrisable Lie groups and metrisable Lie algebras. The definition can be applied immediately to any anti-commutative algebra, and in this paper properties of such I-extensions are established. A list of all proper I-extensions of dimension not greater than four over a field of characteristic zero is also given together with a set of characters.
The Use of Central Place Theory and Gravity-Flow Analysis to Delineate Economic Areas
Authors: Hall W. W. , Hite J. C.
Published: July 2016

A growing awareness of the need for a comprehensive approach to regional and local planning for studying urban and rural areas as parts of an interrelated socio-economic system has stimulated interest in the problem of delineating economic regions, areas, and sub-areas. The Office of Business Economics, U. S. Department of Commerce, has designated 173 economic sub-areas in the U. S. for purposes of planning by federal agencies. State governments are also busy delineating planning areas for state and local agencies. Ten such planning areas were designated in South Carolina by executive order of the Governor in March 1969. Presumably, future public policies and programs in such fields as natural resource management, industrial development, housing, and highway construction, etc., will be designed and implemented on the basis of these spatial delineations.
Future Structure of the Texas Cattle Feeding Industry as Projected by Transition Probabilities Utilizing a Convex Program
Authors: Davis Ernest E.
Published: July 2016

Cattle feeding in Texas has been characterized in the last decade by large increases in cattle marketings and rapid expansion of the number of feedlots with capacities1 greater than 1,000 head [3]. To illustrate this dynamic growth, Texas fed cattle marketings increased by 1,950,000 head from 1962 to 1969 and more than doubled its relative proportion of the total marketed cattle from the twenty-two major feeding states [13]. During the same seven-year period, Texas cattle feedlots with capacities over 1,000 head increased from 120 to 300 [13, 14].
Discussion: Economic and Social Indicators of Rural Development From an Economic Viewpoint
Authors: Waldrop John E.
Published: July 2016

Drs. Edwards and Coltrane show great courage in agreeing to discuss in one paper all of the variables, data, theories, models, and relationships that might be included according to the title. It was comforting to me to see that their very first endeavor was to set forth some definitions for some often used terms but terms whose meaning is seldom clearly stated by the user.

The authors distinguish between economic development and growth and suggest some alternative definitions for rural and rural development. Let us take a closer look at their efforts.
The Distribution of the Costs and Benefits of Public Schooling
Authors: Holland David W.
Published: July 2016

Arthur Okun recently observed that even in economics the times are changing. Whereas the focus of the profession in the early 1960's was on the aggregative issues – mainly lagging economic growth – it has now shifted to a considerable degree to the distributive issues. Particular attention is being given to the problems of the low end of the distribution – “the poverty problem.” In agricultural economics we are witnessing a somewhat similar trend with increasing interest and professional time being allocated to rural poverty and rural development.

One of the manifestations of the trend in both general and agricultural economics to examine distributional questions has been a substantial increase in studies of the distributional impact of various public programs [cf. 6, 7, 23, 24]. Both because of the magnitude of expenditure involved and its presumed role in providing equality of opportunity, education has received particular attention. Consequently substantial literature has now been accumulated on the distributive impact of public schooling.
A Comparison of Liveweight, Carcass and Lean Meat Criteria for the Feedlot Replacement Decisions
Authors: Nelson Kenneth E. , Purcell Wayne D.
Published: July 2016

In recent months, several developments have prompted increased interest in the feedlot replacement decision. Among the more important are the high prices for feeder cattle and feed grains, the narrow (and often negative) profit margins confronting the feedlot manager and the increasingly apparent need to produce lean meat with maximum efficiency.
Social Subsidies, Environmental Pollution, and Utilization of Agricultural Wastes: An Oregon Example
Authors: Brar Jagjit S. , Conklin Frank S.
Published: July 2016

Increased public awareness in recent years regarding environmental pollution has generated concern over the disposal of household, commercial, industrial, animal, and agricultural wastes. In most cases, utilization of these wastes is not feasible because of high recovery costs. The substantial quantities involved often preclude disposal by landfills and their burning contributes to air pollution. One such case is the environmental pollution caused from disposal of grass seed residue by open field burning in Oregon.
Agricultural Production, Yield, and Acreage Projections to 1985 for the South
Authors: Harrison Virden L.
Published: July 2016

A systematic approach to projecting supply and demand for agricultural commodities is to: (1) estimate what the demand for agricultural products will be at some date in the future, (2) estimate the capacity of United States farmers to produce that output in terms of cropland availability and projected crop yields, and then (3) distribute estimated United States production requirements to states and regions according to some historical trend or some estimate of comparative advantage. The object of this paper is to relate the expected demand for United States farm products in 1985 to the South and determine its production needs and acreage requirements.
An Economic Simulation Model for Analyzing Natural Resource Policy
Authors: Holloway Milton L.
Published: July 2016

The current energy crisis, water supply and distribution problems, land use conflicts, and environmental issues are bringing with them a series of federal and state policy actions (legislation, new institutions, and court decisions) in response to the complex problem of resource allocation. In their simplest form, the policy questions deal with the public sector influence on the allocation of available scarce resources among alternative uses, and the allocation of scarce public investment funds among alternative programs to augment available supplies of these resources.
Effects of Alternative Farm Policies on Farm and Nonfarm Sectors of Rural America
Authors: Sonka Steven T. , Heady Earl O.
Published: July 2016

During the last three decades, a major change affecting rural America has been the dramatic increase in the productivity of agricultural labor. Output per farm worker increased by 237 percent between 1947 and 1970. Although this growth in productivity provided increased income to some farm operators, it also resulted in decreased income opportunities for others. This decrease in opportunities led to migration of people from rural to urban areas. As the farming industry became more mechanized and as more rural residents were forced to migrate to urban areas in quest of jobs, the economic viability of many rural communities declined drastically. Mayer summarizes these changes in economic activity as follows:

“… the changing structure of agricultural production has significantly altered the flows of money in rural towns. More money flows to sources in urban areas and less remains to provide jobs in rural towns. As mechanization of agriculture increased and as capital intensification occurred, rural towns have experienced a slow draw-down of economic vitality.”
Waste Water Treatment Costs in Poultry Rendering Plants in Georgia
Authors: Jones Harold B. , Kerns Waldon R.
Published: July 2016

Poultry products are an important source of agricultural income in Georgia and other southeastern states. Yet, the waste from poultry operations can lower water quality unless ways are found to reduce quantities discharged into streams and waterways. Present regulations require that all sewage discharged from processing and rendering plants have the equivalent of secondary stage treatment as defined by conventional biological standards [4]. More stringent regulations that would completely eliminate discharge of pollutants into waterways have been proposed [10]. Poultry processing and rendering plants must therefore adopt more advanced in-plant processes or private treatment systems or utilize public systems to achieve higher levels of waste water treatment in future years.
A Comparative Regional Analysis of the Wholesale Marketing Margin for Crushed Cottonseed
Authors: Ethridge M. Dean
Published: July 2016

Economic events since the 1972–73 crop year have generated much interest in cottonseed prices. Cotton producers, observing a doubling of wholesale prices of cottonseed oil and meal during the last three years, have wondered whether they are getting an equitable share of this increased income. They have largely stopped thinking of their cottonseed as merely a means of payment for ginning charges and have begun to regard it as a potential source of supplementary income.

The limited objective of this paper is to examine, by regions, the wholesale marketing margin for cottonseed during the crop years of 1958–1973 in order to (1) more clearly determine how the marketing margin has behaved and (2) discover differences, if any, among regional marketing margins.
Land Use Planning and Policy in the South
Authors: Long Burl F. , Infanger Craig L. , Danielson Leon
Published: July 2016

It has become abundantly clear this nation is confronted with a set of issues regarding allocation and use of land resources which present profound challenges to agricultural economists as well as all citizens. The ability of existing institutions to adequately deal with land use policy questions is being increasingly questioned. The theoretical causes of market failure in land policy and alternatives to the market have been dealt with extensively in the literature and will not be repeated here. The purpose of this paper is to comment on research and educational programs and needs in land policy and planning with particular reference to the South.
Comparing Management Systems for Beef Cattle Backgrounding: A Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Bradford Garnett L. , Boling James A. , Rutledge Stephen R. , Moss Terry W.
Published: July 2016

Beef cattle production gradually has become more specialized with increasing separation of activities among geographic regions and farmers. The research literature commonly identifies two tiers of production — (1) cow-calf enterprises and (2) feedlot finishing [14, 19]. An intermediate tier — special feeding activities whose main functions are to assemble and grow out calves from a weaning weight to a weight and condition ready for feedlot finishing — has been operating for years. In recent years, as these activities have become more visible and distinct from the cow-calf or finishing enterprises, the name “backgrounding” has come into common usage among producers and market analysts [8].
Farmers' Response to the Commodity Credit Corporation's Loan Program
Authors: Miller Ronald R. , Meyers William H. , Lancaster Michael A.
Published: July 2016

The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), established by Executive Order in 1933 and granted a federal charter in 1948, is authorized to extend nonrecourse loans to farmers who use agricultural commodities from the most recent harvest as collateral. The loan program was designed to foster a more orderly marketing procedure and stabilize agricultural prices and income, but farmers also use this program as both a residual market and a speculation and marketing aid. The amount loaned to a farmer equals the quantity of the commodity pledged as collateral times a fixed per unit value (loan rate) which is announced prior to the production period. Eligibility of a farmer for a CCC loan may require compliance with USDA allotment or set-aside programs and storage of the commodity in a CCC approved facility. The CCC's commodity demand via the loan program is perfectly elastic at the loan rate and farmers can supply as much as they desire. When the loan matures the farmer can either repay it with interest or default on both principal and interest, in which case the CCC assumes ownership of the pledged commodity.
Inflation and Machinery Cost Budgeting
Authors: Watts Myles J. , Helmers Glenn A.
Published: July 2016

Machinery costs are affected by inflation which, if not correctly considered, will bias cost estimates. Accurate estimates of machinery costs are essential in budgeting costs of crop production in farm policy programs, crop hedging decisions, and general cost of production research. Machinery decisions relating to replacement, size, and custom or leasing alternatives are also improved by realistic budgeting techniques.

The objective of this article is to examine appropriate adjustments for inflation in developing machinery costs through budgeting techniques. The authors attempt to demonstrate the adjustments necessary in both capital and traditional budgeting models to place cost estimates on a real basis. Capital budgeting is first compared with traditional budgeting. Next, by the use of a simple machinery example, the necessary adjustments to account for inflation are shown for a capital budgeting model that does not include income tax considerations. Similarly, the inflation adjustments are demonstrated for a traditional budgeting model that does not include income tax considerations. Finally, a capital budgeting model including income tax aspects is examined in reference to real and nominal after-tax cost estimates.
Production, Price and Risk Factors in Channel Catfish Farming
Authors: Hanson Gregory D. , Martin Neil R. , Flynn John B.
Published: July 2016

The effects of several production/management, price and risk factors upon channel catfish profitability are analyzed with a multiperiod mixed-integer linear programming model. Factors analyzed include pond size and optimal stocking rates, alternate levels and trends in catfish prices, pond production losses and level of family consumption withdrawals. Model results indicate that channel catfish offer the potential to significantly increase farm rates of return while providing an avenue of intensive farm growth, without expanding the land base of the farm. However, the long range financial success of the firm was very sensitive to several of the management and risk factors examined.
A Differentiated Goods Model of the Effects of European Policies in International Poultry Markets
Authors: Alston Julian M. , Scobie Grant M.
Published: July 2016

The Common Agricultural Policy increases European poultry production costs, prohibits imports, increases domestic prices, and subsidizes exports. This policy has displaced some U.S. exports. However, the net impact in the U.S. has been quite modest, even assuming poultry is homogeneous, independent of source country. Costs to U.S. producers are almost entirely offset by gains to U.S. consumers. Effects in the U.S. are even smaller when imperfect substitutability between poultry from different countries is accounted for. A retaliatory U.S. export subsidy would have more dramatic effects in U.S. markets.
Factor Demands of Louisiana Rice Producers: An Econometric Investigation
Authors: McLean-Meyinsse Patricia E. , Okunade Albert Ade.
Published: July 2016

A Diewert-flexible (dual) cost function was used to derive a system of conditional factor demand equations for Louisiana rice producers. Generalized Leontief cost and factor share equations were fitted for the 1955-87 period using Zellner's SURE system estimation procedure. The Aitken parameter estimates reveal that: (1) the optimal input mix of rice farmers varies with production scale, (2) the factor-augmenting technical change is labor and chemical saving but seed using, (3) pairwise input substitutions are limited, and (4) factor demands are own-price inelastic. An implication is that Louisiana rice farmers will not appreciably alter their factor utilizations when relative input prices change.
Southern Economic Development: Some Views on Research Needs
Authors: Tyner Fred H.
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this paper is to present some ideas on research needs in the area of Southern Economic Development. Discussion is centered on subtopics of agricultural development, industrial development, and research orientation. Exposition is generally in terms of questions posed but unanswered.

The traditional role of agricultural development has been to provide for food and fiber needs with fewer and fewer resources, thus, freeing resources for use in producing other goods and services associated with a higher standard of living.
Cotton Quality, Price, and Use Value: A Statistical Model of a Textile Processing Plant
Authors: LaFerney Preston E.
Published: July 2016

Cotton's position as the leading raw input supplier of the American textile industry is in grave danger. Recent years have seen various synthetic and man-made fibers make serious inroads into cotton's markets. In 1955, cotton enjoyed about 65 percent of the total domestic fiber market. By 1960, with the introduction of relatively high priced substitutes such as nylon, cotton still commanded close to 65 percent of this market. Today, after the introduction of improved nylon, the polyesters, and the high-modulus rayons at more competitive prices, cotton comprises only about 50 percent of the textile market.
Short-Period Pricing Models for Fed Cattle and Impacts of Wholesale Carcass Beef and Live Cattle Futures Market Prices
Authors: Ward Clement E.
Published: July 2016

Cattlemen have expressed concern about wholesale beef and fed cattle pricing and have antitrust lawsuits pending against supermarkets, meatpackers, trade associations, and a meat price reporting firm. Lawsuits allege manipulation of wholesale carcass beef prices to artificially depress spot prices for fed cattle (General Accounting Office, 1977). Congressional and administrative investigations have focused on wholesale carcass beef pricing and price reporting and their effects on fed cattle pricing (Committee on Small Business, General Accounting Office, 1978; National Commission on Food Marketing; Packers and Stockyards Program, 1978). Cattlemen also have expressed dissatisfaction with live cattle futures markets before congressional and administrative committees, alleging that futures market prices adversely affect spot prices for fed cattle (Leuthold and Tomek; Meat Pricing Task Force). However, economists have not empirically studied the impacts of wholesale carcass beef and live cattle futures market prices in short-period pricing models for fed cattle, that is, impacts on individual transaction prices.
Causal Relationships in the Fed Cattle Market
Authors: Spreen Thomas H. , Shonkwiler J. Scott
Published: July 2016

The production process of transforming a 600–700 pound feeder steer into a slaughter animal typically requires four to six months. Conceptually, there should exist some relationship between the prices of feeder calves and slaughter cattle prices. In one view, since the feeder calf constitutes the costliest input in the production of the slaughter animal, the prices of fed cattle should be temporally connected to the cost of the feeder animals. This view suggests that feeder calf prices should lead slaughter prices by the length of the production process (Trierweiler and Hassler). In another view, the price of feeder calves is determined by the interaction of the supply of and derived demand for feeder cattle by feedlot operators. It is presumed that the derived demand for feeder cattle is related to feedlot operators' expectations of future fed cattle prices. If their expectations are strongly influenced by current fed cattle prices, then a relationship is suggested whereby slaughter and feeder prices vary concomitantly.
An Econometric Analysis of Qualitative Choice Among Performance Characteristics of Agricultural Tractors
Authors: Pagoulatos Angelos , Debertin David L. , Johnson William L.
Published: July 2016

The mechanization of American agriculture has played a key role in the technological progress of U.S. agriculture in this century (Heady and Tweeten). In turn, the demand for farm tractors and other farm machinery has been highly dependent on the year-to-year strength of the agricultural economy. Unit sales of tractors have varied by as much as 50 percent from one year to the next (Royal Commission on Farm Machinery).
Impact of Meat Imports on Least-Cost United States Beef Production
Authors: Nelson K. E. , Martin N. R. , Sullivan G. M. , Crom R. J.
Published: July 2016

Meat imports have been a source of controversy in United States agriculture for more than 20 years. Beef producers early contended that imports unduly restricted their incomes and placed the domestic livestock industry at a disadvantage.
The Restructuring of Southern Agriculture: Data Needs for Economic and Policy Research: Discussion
Authors: Sanders Larry D.
Published: July 2016

The general goal of the Skees and Reed paper is to emphasize the need for data which permit anticipatory, problem-oriented research by the agricultural economics discipline. More specifically, they seek more funding and support for the concept of state-generated data and, very specifically, support for panel design surveys by each state.
Assessing the Impacts of Technology on Southern Agriculture and Rural Communities: Discussion
Authors: Gladwin Christina H.
Published: July 2016

In an excellent analysis, Dr. Ghebremedhin discusses the impacts of technological changes on “small versus large farms, public costs in rural communities, and the future direction of research needs.” I cannot but wholeheartedly agree with some of his conclusions; e.g., that “technology has increased agricultural productivity and created new jobs, but it has also displaced persons from their occupations and livelihood.”
Machinery Replacement, Multiple Optima, and the 1986 Tax Reform Act
Authors: Lynne Gary D.
Published: July 2016

The 1986 Tax Reform Act established a first year $10,000 expensing option and, for most farm equipment, a 7-year depreciation schedule. Under a profit maximization criterion, these tax law features can lead to multiple optima dependent upon discount and marginal tax rates. For example, the economically efficient time to reinvest under a 2 percent after-tax discount rate is at 4, 8, and 30 years for the grower in a 33 percent tax bracket. Thus, the profit maximization behavioral rule needs to be supplemented with knowledge about a farmer's objectives in order to select the “correct” optimal reinvestment interval.