bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specific heat and entropy change at the first order phase transition of La(Fe-Mn-Si)13-H compounds
Authors: Basso Vittorio , Küpferling Michaela , Curcio Carmen , Bennati Cecilia , Barzca Alexander , Katter Matthias , Bratko Milan , Lovell Edmund , Turcaud Jeremy , Cohen Lesley F.
Published: August 2015

In this paper, we present the results of an experimental investigation on the magnetocaloric properties of hydrogenated La(Fe-Mn-Si)13-H with Mn substituting Fe to finely tune the transition temperature. We measured the specific heat under magnetic field cp(H, T) and the magnetic field induced isothermal entropy change Δs(H, T) of a series of compounds by direct Peltier calorimetry. Results show that increasing Mn from 0.06 to 0.46 reduces the transition temperature from 339 K to 270 K whilst the total entropy change due to a 1.5 T field is depressed from 18.7 J kg−1 K−1 to 10.2 J kg−1 K−1 and the thermal hysteresis similarly is reduced from 1.5 K to zero. In the paper, we interpret the results in terms of a magnetic phase transition changing from the first to the second order with increasing Mn content, and we discuss the value of the results for magnetic cooling applications.
Amorphous molybdenum silicon superconducting thin films
Authors: Bosworth D. , Sahonta S.-L. , Hadfield R. H. , Barber Z. H.
Published: August 2015

Amorphous superconductors have become attractive candidate materials for superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors due to their ease of growth, homogeneity and competitive superconducting properties. To date the majority of devices have been fabricated using WxSi1−x, though other amorphous superconductors such as molybdenum silicide (MoxSi1−x) offer increased transition temperature. This study focuses on the properties of MoSi thin films grown by magnetron sputtering. We examine how the composition and growth conditions affect film properties. For 100 nm film thickness, we report that the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) reaches a maximum of 7.6 K at a composition of Mo83Si17. The transition temperature and amorphous character can be improved by cooling of the substrate during growth which inhibits formation of a crystalline phase. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies confirm the absence of long range order. We observe that for a range of 6 common substrates (silicon, thermally oxidized silicon, R- and C-plane sapphire, x-plane lithium niobate and quartz), there is no variation in superconducting transition temperature, making MoSi an excellent candidate material for SNSPDs.
3D-Printable Biodegradable Polyester Tissue Scaffolds for Cell Adhesion
Authors: Sirrine Justin M. , Pekkanen Allison M. , Nelson Ashley M. , Chartrain Nicholas A. , Williams Christopher B. , Long Timothy E.
Published: August 2015

Additive manufacturing, or three-dimensional (3D) printing, has emerged as a viable technique for the production of vascularized tissue engineering scaffolds. In this report, a biocompatible and biodegradable poly(tri(ethylene glycol) adipate) dimethacrylate was synthesized and characterized for suitability in soft-tissue scaffolding applications. The polyester dimethacrylate exhibited highly efficient photocuring, hydrolyzability, and 3D printability in a custom microstereolithography system. The photocured polyester film demonstrated significantly improved cell attachment and viability as compared with controls. These results indicate promise of novel, printable polyesters for 3D patterned, vascularized soft-tissue engineering scaffolds.
Specific responses of human hippocampal neurons are associated with better memory
Authors: Suthana Nanthia A. , Parikshak Neelroop N. , Ekstrom Arne D. , Ison Matias J. , Knowlton Barbara J. , Bookheimer Susan Y. , Fried Itzhak
Published: August 2015

Significance

Neurons within the human hippocampus have been shown to respond to individual concepts such as varying photographs of a single famous person. However, the relationship between these invariant neuronal responses and hippocampal-dependent memory remains elusive. The current study explores whether the specificity of human hippocampal neuronal responses can be directly related to memory performance. Our results provide a previously unidentified link between human hippocampal single-unit firing patterns and declarative memory performance, ultimately contributing to our understanding of the medial temporal lobe system from single neurons to human behavior.
NLRP12 provides a critical checkpoint for osteoclast differentiation
Authors: Krauss Jennifer L. , Zeng Rong , Hickman-Brecks Cynthia L. , Wilson Justin E. , Ting Jenny P.-Y. , Novack Deborah V.
Published: August 2015

Significance

Members of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor (NLR) family are generally thought of as initiators of inflammation and are important in a number of inflammatory diseases. However, recent evidence has started to emerge that several NLRs can serve as checkpoint proteins against specific inflammatory pathways. Although checkpoint proteins are well accepted for their importance in adaptive immunity, their roles in innate immunity are still nascent. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), a tumor necrosis factor family cytokine responsible for basal and most forms of pathologic osteoclastogenesis, sends important differentiation signals through the alternative nuclear factor kappa B pathway. This report shows that an NLR member, nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing receptor 12, provides a brake on the activity of RANKL even in noninflammatory settings, extending the role for this type of NLR beyond inflammation-related disease.
Perceptual transparency from image deformation
Authors: Kawabe Takahiro , Maruya Kazushi , Nishida Shin’ya
Published: August 2015

Significance

The perception of liquids, particularly water, is a vital sensory function for survival, but little is known about the visual perception of transparent liquids. Here we show that human vision has excellent ability to perceive a transparent liquid solely from dynamic image deformation. No other known image cues are needed for the perception of transparent surfaces. Static deformation is not effective for perceiving transparent liquids. Human vision interprets dynamic image deformation as caused by light refraction at the moving liquid’s surface. Transparent liquid is well perceived from artificial image deformations, which share only basic flow features with image deformations caused by physically correct light refraction.
Endothelin receptor B, a candidate gene from human studies at high altitude, improves cardiac tolerance to hypoxia in genetically engineered heterozygote mice
Authors: Stobdan Tsering , Zhou Dan , Ao-Ieong Eilleen , Ortiz Daniel , Ronen Roy , Hartley Iain , Gan Zhuohui , McCulloch Andrew D. , Bafna Vineet , Cabrales Pedro , Haddad Gabriel G.
Published: August 2015

Significance

Although model organisms have been used to understand the underlying basis of hypoxia and how to treat it, it has always been useful to learn from natural experiments in humans, such as in high-altitude dwellers. In this study, we demonstrate that decreased
Endothelin receptor type B
(
EdnrB
), a gene associated with altitude adaptation from our human study, improves cardiac tolerance to hypoxia. We show that heterozygote
EdnrB
mice maintain higher cardiac output and peripheral perfusion and better O
2
delivery to vital organs, even in severe hypoxia. Furthermore, the transcriptome profile revealed three atria-specific genes, natriuretic peptide type A (
Nppa
), sarcolipin (
Sln
), and myosin light polypeptide 4 (
Myl4
), which were down-regulated by hypoxia and possibly have a role in improving cardiac performance during normoxia and hypoxia.
Local generation of multineuronal spike sequences in the hippocampal CA1 region
Authors: Stark Eran , Roux Lisa , Eichler Ronny , Buzsáki György
Published: August 2015

Significance

Neuronal sequences in the CA1 hippocampal region during short burst events (called sharp wave ripples) reliably reflect the slower sequential order of place activation during exploration, patterned by local-circuit interneurons. We tested the hypothesis that in addition to afferent drive, local mechanisms contribute critically to the sequential patterning of pyramidal cells and the diverse interneuron types. We show that optogenetic activation of a small group of CA1 pyramidal cells in mouse hippocampus yields consistent multineuronal spike sequences, and that their sequential firing order is similar to that observed during spontaneous “ripple” and theta oscillations. Thus, multineuronal spike sequences are not exclusively inherited from upstream sources but result from local-circuit dynamics and biophysical properties of the individual neurons.
At14a-Like1 participates in membrane-associated mechanisms promoting growth during drought in
Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Kumar M. Nagaraj , Hsieh Yi-Fang , Verslues Paul E.
Published: August 2015

Significance

Drought is a major cause of lost agricultural productivity. Even moderate water limitation can lead to down-regulation of plant growth; however, the underlying mechanisms of stress sensing and growth regulation are little understood. We identified At14a-Like1 (AFL1) and its interacting proteins protein disulfide isomerase 5 (PDI5) and NAI2 as positive and negative regulators, respectively, of growth and proline accumulation. Despite numerous ideas that membrane-based mechanisms are important for drought sensing and initial signaling, AFL1 is one of only a few membrane proteins with a demonstrated effect on drought resistance. AFL1 structure, localization, and interaction with endomembrane proteins indicate novel functions in drought signaling. Increased growth of AFL1 overexpression in plants under stress without negative effects on unstressed plants make AFL1 an attractive target for biotechnology.
Ancient hot and cold genes and chemotherapy resistance emergence
Authors: Wu Amy , Zhang Qiucen , Lambert Guillaume , Khin Zayar , Gatenby Robert A. , Kim Hyunsung John , Pourmand Nader , Bussey Kimberly , Davies Paul C. W. , Sturm James C. , Austin Robert H.
Published: August 2015

Significance

There are two broad components of information dynamics in cancer evolution. One involves permanent changes in which genes are subject to gain or loss-of-function substitutions. This is well established and the main focus of cancer research. The other component is the information in the human genome and preservation of that content. The cancer cell potentially has access to all of this and can upregulate or downregulate any number of strategies used for survival and proliferation during embryogenesis, development, and normal adaptation to environmental stresses. We suggest that nonsubstituted genes may be critical targets for chemotherapy; these nonmutated genes may be the most fundamental ones for preservation of cancer cell fitness, especially if their expression level changes.
In situ proteolysis of the
Vibrio cholerae
matrix protein RbmA promotes biofilm recruitment
Authors: Smith Daniel R. , Maestre-Reyna Manuel , Lee Gloria , Gerard Harry , Wang Andrew H.-J. , Watnick Paula I.
Published: August 2015

Significance

Adhesion to surfaces or biofilm formation is used by bacteria to build symbiotic relationships, cause disease, and survive outside of eukaryotic hosts. This process is often tightly controlled at the level of transcription. One type of biofilm formed by the diarrheal pathogen
Vibrio cholerae
depends on an ECM composed of exopolysaccharide and matrix-associated proteins, such as RbmA. RbmA has dual functions in reinforcement of the biofilm structure and recruitment of new cells. Here, we show that the recruitment function of RbmA is activated not at the transcriptional level but by a proteolytic event that depends on association of RbmA with the biofilm. This regulatory mechanism allows for the sequential implementation of the dual functions of RbmA.
Iterative phasing for fluctuation X-ray scattering
Authors: Donatelli Jeffrey J. , Zwart Peter H. , Sethian James A.
Published: August 2015

Significance

Fluctuation X-ray scattering is an emerging imaging technique that seeks to overcome the low data-to-parameter ratio encountered in traditional small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering methods. By acquiring a large number of ultrashort X-ray exposures on an ensemble of molecules, this technique produces a dataset that contains structural information far beyond what is obtainable from traditional solution scattering methods without requiring crystallization. However, reconstructing the underlying molecular shape from this data is challenging, as the information in each image is averaged over several molecular orientations. In this article, we introduce a flexible iterative method that can rapidly determine molecular structure from fluctuation scattering data. This allows one to visualize structural details that may be inaccessible through traditional methods.
Chapters in Narratives: Evidence From Oral Histories of the First Year in College
Authors: Pillemer David B. , Krensky Lynne , Kleinman Sandra N. , Goldsmith Lynn R. , White Sheldon H.
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Thirty college students provided 20-min oral accounts of their first year in college. One week later, each participant divided a typed transcript of his or her memory narrative into self-defined chapters. Two independent coders also "chapterized" all 30 narratives according to their own self-defined criteria. There was considerable agreement among coders and participants in both the number of chapters per narrative and the location of chapter breaks within the narrative. The chapters were approximately the same length as written individual memories obtained in earlier questionnaire studies using similar subjects. In follow-up interviews about the chapterizing process, men were more likely than women to define memory chapters by topics, whereas women were more likely than men to define chapters by emotions. Although the overall incidence of specific memo-ries in the oral histories was low, specific memories were overrepresented in opening chapters and they tended to occur in close proximity to each other throughout the narratives. The memory chapter appears to be a useful and meaningful unit for detailed analysis of extended narratives. (Psychology)
Narrative and Self-Concept
Authors: Polkinghorne Donald E.
Published: August 2015

Abstract When the self is thought of as a narrative or story, rather than a substance or thing, the temporal and dramatic dimension of human existence is emphasized. The operation of narrative "emplotment" (Ricoeur, 1983/1984) can configure the diverse events and actions of one's life into a meaningful whole. One's self-concept or self-identity is fashioned by adaptation of plots from one's cul-tural stock of stories and myths. Stories of personal identity differ from literary productions in that they are constructed within an unfolding autobiography and incorporate the accidental events and unintended consequences of actions. Under stressful conditions, a self-narrative may decompose, producing the anxiety and depression of meaninglessness. One function of psychotherapy is to assist in the reconstruction of a meaning-giving narrative of self-identity.(Psychology)
Narrative Style and Witness Testimony
Authors: Barry Anita K.
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This article is concerned with the relationship between a witness' narrative style and judgments of jurors based on that style. It takes as its starting point the Duke University Law and Language Project results that a witness using a narrative style is judged more credible than a witness using a fragmented style. The main argument of this article is that it is not the use of narrative per se, but rather a particular narrative style that is valued in the courtroom. Data from a day of testimony in a murder trial is used to demonstrate two opposing narrative styles in testimony: that of the law enforcement officer and that of some nonexpert witnesses. It is shown first that the style of the law enforcement officers differs from ordinary conversation in its extreme explicitness. It is hypothesized that jurors will associate this style of delivery with credibility. It is further hypothe-sized that witnesses will lose credibility to the extent that they deviate from this style. After demonstrating the differences in the styles, the article draws on experimental work of other researchers to suggest that trial outcomes can be affected by the narrative style of the witness. (Linguistics)
Gender and Emotion in Mother-Child Conversations About the Past
Authors: Fivush Robyn
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In this research, mothers were asked to discuss four specific past events during which their 32- to 3 5-month-old children experienced happiness, sadness, anger, and fear. Results suggest that mothers discuss the emotions of sadness and anger quite differently with daughters than with sons. Conversations about sadness were longer and emphasized the causes of sadness more with daughters than with sons, and mothers seemed concerned with comforting daughters about being sad. In contrast, conversations about anger were longer with sons than with daugh-ters, and mothers accepted anger and accepted retaliation as an appropriate response to anger with sons but not with daughters. Daughters are encouraged to resolve anger by reestablishing the damaged relationship. Further, all four emotions were placed in a more social interactional framework with daughters than with sons. This pattern of results is discussed in terms of what young children may be learning about emotional experience and self-concept, as well as how these early differences in emotional socialization may be related to gender differences in adults' emotional processing. (Psychology)
The Role of the Self in Recollections of a Seminar
Authors: Hyman Ira E. , Neisser Ulric
Published: August 2015

Abstract
It has often been suggested that memory for life experiences is primarily orga-nized around the self. To test this hypothesis, students who had participated in a semester-long seminar were asked to recall various events (e.g., discussions in which they had participated, reports that they or others had presented, class demonstrations, interruptions, etc.). It was not the case that these cued recalls were primarily organized around the self. The self played only a small part in the recall of some types of events, and the students remembered others' contribu-tions to class discussions just as well as their own. The self was remembered differently from others in one major respect: Although subjects often recalled their own thoughts and feelings, they rarely made such "cognitive attributions" to others. Differences in the availability of various kinds of information may be chiefly responsible for whatever special status the self has in memory. (Psychol-ogy)
Narrative Competence: Cross-Cultural Comparisons
Authors: John-Steiner Vera , Panofsky Carolyn
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In a series of cross-cultural studies of narratives by children and adolescents, we examined thematic variations as well as cohesive devices. Our subjects ranged from 5 to 15 years of age. Our initial study included Black, Hispanic, and Native-American participants. We used a story-retelling task for comparative analysis.
We found that children between ages 5 and 8 substantively increased the quantity and accuracy of their retold narratives. We also found thematic differ-ences among stories by children from the different speech communities, which suggested coherent cultural schemas specific to each ethnic group. Native-Amer-ican students, who reconstructed stories on the basis of pictorial cues, also revealed strong cultural and tribal variations in their narratives.
In follow-up studies, we examined the relationship between narrative compe-tence and narrative cohesion. Our subjects (ranging in age from 8 to 11) were drawn from public school groups of English-speaking American students and Hungarian public school students. In the retold stories of these two groups, we found that the Hungarian students demonstrated a more artful storytelling style, employing a greater variety of cohesive devices and establishing a more coherent narrative experience than did the American students. (Linguistics, Education)
The Role of Women in Linguistic and Narrative Change: A Study of the Hebrew Pre-State Literature
Authors: Ariel Mira , Giora Ariel
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This article investigates gender stereotyping in the Hebrew literature in Palestine during the 1930s in order to find out the extent to which a new ideology effects linguistic and narrative changes. On the assumption that the foundation of the new society was motivated by an egalitarian ideology, the article examines the ideology's reflection in the literature of the period. To this end, three types of analysis were performed: an analysis of the linguistic devices for the introduction of female and male characters, a content analysis of the literary texts, and a quantitative analysis of the personal traits characteristic of women and men. Results support recent claims that the revolutionary ideology of the time hardly applied to women. The results further show that both male and female authors treat women stereotypically, though female authors are significantly less male biased than male authors. The female authors of the 1930s introduced androgy-nous characters, although those authors remained quite conservative at the linguistic level. We attempt to account for the inability of female authors to exercise a complete breakthrough. (Linguistics)
Timely Characterization of Mother-Daughter and Family-School Relations: Narrative Understandings of Adolescence
Authors: Attanucci Jane S.
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Joining the call of lifespan developmental theory to study time, narrative analy-sis offers new opportunities for exploring development "in time" as lived and experienced. The narratives were collected as part of a qualitative study of relations between families and schools during adolescence and told by a second-ary teacher and mother of adolescents. The narrator expresses her feelings and beliefs as plot rather than recreating a prior sequence of events. The article addresses the multiple layers of characterization (author/interviewer, narrator/ mother and teacher, subject/her daughter) examining the terms and perspec-tives of each. Implications for developmental and educational theories are discussed. (Qualitative Research in Developmental Psychology and Education)
Psychosocial Themes in the Lives of Children of Survivors and Nazis
Authors: Weissmark Mona S. , Giacomo Daniel A. , Kuphal Ilona
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Significant work has been done on effects of the Holocaust on the second generation. Research shows there is a link between the parents' trauma and a variety of psychological symptoms in children of survivors. Children of Nazis have also been a topic of psychological and journalistic inquiry. The research suggests that many of these children experience conflict, shame, and personal guilt when dealing with their parents' Nazi past. The much discussed "inability to mourn" has been identified as the central reason for why these children were traumatized. These findings have been central to our awareness of the intergen-erational effects of the Holocaust. There is to date, however, no systematic research that compares the effects on these two groups of descendants. Thus, in an effort to advance research in this area, this study was undertaken to explore similarities between these two groups. Whereas previous studies have focused on the pathological effects of trauma on each group separately, the focus of this study was on comparative coping responses of individuals whose parents were involved in an extreme social injustice. An additional later aim is to study the interpersonal behavior between children of survivors and children of Nazis. The study consisted of interviewing 20 subjects, 10 children of Nazis and 10 children of concentration camp survivors. The former subjects were interviewed by a child of a Nazi (Kuphal), and the latter were interviewed by a child of concentration camp survivors (Weissmark). The interview was de-signed by a neutral party (Giacomo) to generate data by focusing on broad areas. The investigators hypothesized that these areas would yield useful data for comparing the similarities and differences between the two groups of sub-jects. Responses of children of survivors and Nazis revealed similar threads of images and associations to the past that run through their lives. These include: information-seeking, meaning-making, a personal sense of injustice, and re-dressing actions. (Psychology)
Power, "Text," and the Representation of Historical Consciousness in the Autobiography of Assefa Woldegebriel
Authors: Setel Philip
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This autobiography of Assefa Woldegebriel, an Ethiopian intellectual who experienced the upheaval of the 1970s, considers how analysis and description of presentations of self can be reconciled with more standard historical texts. Autobiographical narrative is used here to pose questions about representation in historical accounts, the representation of historical consciousness, and the analytical categories that are applied to informants. In standard uses of this material, there are several tacit assumptions made about the structure of the subject. These assumptions involve the application of analytical concepts, including "person," "self," "agent," and "consciousness." This is a personcentered account about the nature of power in different kinds of texts dealing with the same time period. Educated Ethiopians of all ethnicities and nationalities played important parts in pre- and postrevolutionary society. Ethnicity, class, national identity, and education combined in contradictory ways to stamp their experience with significance. In this study, materials from secondary sources are woven into interview material to provide a cultural account of life in Ethiopia during the late 1960s and 1970s. (Anthropology; Oral History—Theoretical Issues; Ethiopia)
Individual and Social Meanings in the Classroom: Narrative Discourse as a Boundary Phenomenon
Authors: Hicks Deborah A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract This article explores narrative discourse in the classroom as individual and social meaning construction. Drawing largely on the work of Bakhtin—in particular, his theory of consciousness as a dialogic "boundary phenomenon"—the article positions classroom narrative discourses as co-constructions of meaning. The primary goal of the article is methodological in that it articulates how one might go about studying narratives as neither "inside" the individual nor "out there" in culture. A set of focusing questions are developed for exploring narratives in the classroom. Four focusing questions explore such aspects of narrative discourses as the sociocognitive history of activity settings, the moment-to-moment enactment of meaning, the individual child's reconstruction of meaning (his or her "internalization" of discourses), and developmental changes that occur in how children construct meaning from within textual contexts. These four questions are then applied to a case study of one child's classroom narrative discourses. This study of one first-grader serves as an exemplar of how such overlapping forms of textual inquiry could be applied to a developmental study of children's classroom discourse and learning. Last, issues of a societal-ethical nature are discussed as an important dimension of the theoretical and methodological positioning of narrative as a boundary phenomenon. (Classroom Discourse; Education)
Conceptual Change in Narrative Knowledge: Psychological Understandings of Low-Literacy and Literate Adults
Authors: McKeough Anne , Templeton Lorraine , Marini Anthony
Published: August 2015

Abstract We examined low-literacy and literate adults' conceptual knowledge in two domains: narrative (composition and recall) and social cognition. Results indi-cated that the performance of the two groups was qualitatively different and that subjects in each group used a similar knowledge structure on both types of tasks. Specifically, the low-literacy group largely accounted for action se-quences by referring to the characters' context-specific intentions or to the subjects' own personal experience. In contrast, the literate subjects utilized a decontextualized mode of reasoning, wherein they interpreted the characters' intentions. We argue that the move toward this decontextualized reasoning is profitably viewed by considering it in terms of conceptual knowledge struc-tures, each consisting of a set of semantic and syntactic elements and having a wide yet delimited range of application.(Psychology)
A Narrative Approach to "Repressed Memories"
Authors: Sarbin Theodore R.
Published: August 2015

Abstract I make use of insights from narrative psychology to illuminate claims made by advocates of the controversial multiple personality doctrine. The notion of "repressed memories" of childhood abuse is one of the foundations of the claim that one body can host two or more personalities. Until recently, a therapist could help a client reconstruct a failing self-narrative without being concerned with the historical truth of recovered memories. In the current litigious climate, clients bring suits in courts of law for damages supposedly caused by long-unremembered childhood instances of abuse by parents or other adults. In the forensic setting, the narrative truth that flows from the recovery of repressed memories is not enough; historical truth is required. I discuss the role of imagining in the construction of rememberings and the difficulties in establish-ing the historical truth of any remembering.(Psychology)
Narrative Competence and Storytelling Performance: How Children Tell Stories in Different Contexts
Authors: Berman Ruth A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract This study addresses some of the multiple factors that play a role in children's developing narrative abilities. It starts by reviewing approaches to narrative analysis that have had an impact on the study of children's narratives since the 1970s. Such analyses are reevaluated from a developmental perspective, based on crosslinguistic findings from picturebook narratives. The generality of these results is then examined by comparing narratives produced by children in different elicitation settings, based on findings from a large-scale Hebrew-language sample. Finally, an attempt is made to integrate these findings along different dimensions involved in developing narrative knowledge, as manifested by children at different phases of development: in recruiting linguistic forms for narrative functions, in combining foreground plotline events with affective evaluation and background circumstances, and in perceiving what it means to tell a story in task-appropriate ways. The development of narrative abilities is shown to yield a complex web of interrelations between abstract narrative competence and how this is realized in storytelling performance.(Linguistics)
Narrative Discourse of African American Children
Authors: Champion Tempii , Seymour Harry , Camarata Stephen
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Oral narratives are increasingly used in speech and language evaluations for measuring language skills, and to measure children's organizational skill within a broader communicative context. Because of this, oral-narrative analyses are applied to diverse age ranges and populations. However, there are few studies examining the production of narratives of child speakers of African American English (AAE), and these previous studies offer conflicting views on the nature of narratives in this population. Because of this, the purpose of this study was to investigate the production of narratives of AAE speaking children using elicitation procedures that were standard across participants. Fifteen partici-pants were selected from a predominantly African American low-income com-munity of Springfield, Massachusetts. Highpoint and story-grammar analyses-two analyses that are often applied narratives in previous studies- were applied to the samples gathered from these participants. The results indicated that (a) subjects produced a greater number of more advanced (com-plete and complex) structures than lower level structures within story grammar analysis at all age levels, and (b) the most advanced structure (classic structure) was observed more often than any other structures within highpoint analysis. (Speech/Hearing/Language Pathology)
The Meaning of Hatred As Narrative: Two Versions of an Experience
Authors: Yanay Niza
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The multivocality of hatred is revealed through the analysis of a journal entry portraying a complicated emotional relationship between a young woman, a 6-year-old girl, and the girl's mother. Two competing readings of hatred are presented, revealing the different narrative positions from which the subject speaks. One is a psychoanalytic discourse, tracing the intrapsy-chic, object-related hurts that were reactivated from the past and projected in present experiences. The other is a constructionist reading, which focuses on conflicts over values and ideas, suggesting a communicative theory of ha-tred. It is concluded that these different voices are not hierarchical, but rather alternately dominate the text, depending on the position of the speaker and the context. The meaning of hatred is thus revealed as neither unified nor univocal. Rather, the narrative perspective mediates between childhood hurts and normative and ethical reason. It constructs two stories, both of which illustrate similar (but not identical) plots of suffering, mis-recognition, and dependency. (Social Psychology, Psychoanalysis, Construc-tionism, Emotions)
Affirmation and Resistance of Dominant Discourses: The Rhetorical Construction of Pregnancy
Authors: Talbot Jean
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This study investigates the origins of subversiveness and innovation with regard to existing master narratives on the topic of pregnancy. Two interviews of pregnant women who are defined as "at risk" are analyzed for how these two women positioned themselves discursively vis-a-vis others, particularly other pregnant women and the group of medical experts. Furthermore, the discourse was examined with regard to the moral positions and identity claims that were drawn upon in their claims of how their personal experience counters those that are considered "normal." (Discursive Psychology, Identity Claims, Positioning)
Development of Parental Narrative Input
Authors: Stavans Anat
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the narratives of parents addressed to their children of different ages. The study had two major aims: first, to describe the formal and functional aspects and relationships in these Hebrew-speaking parents' narratives; and second, to describe the social-interactional exchanges that take place in the parental storytelling activity and trace a developmental pattern in such interactions. Using the Frog, Where Are You? picture book (Mayer, 1969), 75 monolingual Hebrew-speaking parents were asked to tell the story to their children (child's age groups: 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7+ years old) in their homes. Sessions were recorded by the parents. The stories were transcribed and coded by two independent raters. The findings show that the parental narrative input to which children are exposed at various ages is different. There is a developmental trend in this input in terms of structure and interaction. As far as structure is concerned, parental narrative input shows similar developmental traits to those observed in the narratives produced by children of the same age groups. As far as the interactional aspect of the parental narrative input, a three-stage developmental model of the socio-interactional nature of the input is proposed.
"We Went Home, Told the Whole Story to Our Friends": Narratives by Children in an Algonquin Community
Authors: Pesco Diane , Crago Martha
Published: August 2015

Abstract Narratives of personal experience told by 18 Algonquin children ranging from 10 to 13 years old are described and discussed in this article. The narratives were collected in peer dyads or groups and told in English, the children's second language. Using a database of 93 narratives, we report the type of contributions that the children made to each other's narratives as well as the narrative content and themes. The structural properties of a subset of the narratives, determined using high point analysis, are also reported. These discoursal, thematic, and structural features are discussed in terms of how they interact with one another, and together provide insights into the social character of the children's narratives. The study also demonstrates how children's narratives reflect and contribute to cultural, community, and peer group belonging.(Communication Sciences)
Autobiography, Developmental Theory, and Teacher Education
Authors: New William
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Instrumental approaches to teaching human development ask students to learn about children at different ages and stages so as to plan appropriate instruction. An alternative approach stresses the connections between psychological theories of growth and the life experiences of the students themselves, with the goals of increasing intrapersonal awareness and identity achievement. In one such course, students wrote autobiographical texts, interviewed each other, and wrote essays on their texts and "official" texts in human development. This case study focuses on the narratives of one woman, who used Erikson's psychosocial theories to analyze her stories of adolescent conflict and school difficulties. (Developmental Psychology-Education)
Olga Chekhovich: Two Facets of a Soviet Academic
Authors: Abdurasulov Ulfatbek
Published: August 2015

The essay focuses on the personality and work of Olga Dmitrievna Chekhovich (1912–1982), an eminent Soviet and Uzbekistani scholar of mediaeval history whose entire academic career was spent in Tashkent. Based upon on the documents of her personal archive I try to reconstruct Chekhovich’s two facets - a Communist Party propagandist and a scholar. In doing so, I argue that the two facets of Olga Chekhovich are not oppositional but rather complementary; insofar as, taken together, they constitute a holistic image of a Soviet Oriental Studies scholar in the particular social and political space. What we see as duplicity was in fact a consistent form of the scholar’s self-presentation both within the academic community and in the social milieu beyond it. It let the scholar safely stay within the confines of the social and political system, becoming an integral part of it; and at the same time shape her or his own social and intellectual space within which she or he could advance and defend her or his positions, opinions, and views. In the larger scheme of things, this case study lets us address the question of whether one can view the Soviet school of Oriental studies as ideologically uniform, isolationist, and conforming solely to the directives of the ‘center’. The overall picture appears even more complicated if we pay more attention to the contradictory nature of Oriental studies—the various currents and struggles, the movement of scholars between center and periphery, their familiarity with scholarly works produced in the West, as well as a certain degree of autonomy from ideology.
Soviet Orientalism and Nationalism in Central Asia: Aleksandr Semenov's Vision of Tajik National Identity
Authors: Battis Matthias
Published: August 2015

Russian Orientalists participated—often in a close but precarious relationship with the state—in the transformation of Central Asia from a tsarist colony into part of what Francine Hirsch has called an “Empire of Nations.” One of them was the former tsarist colonial clerk Aleksandr Semenov (1873–1958), who together with such prominent representatives of the region's Persian-speaking elites as Sadriddin Ayni or Bobojon Ghafurov, and with the support of his academic mentors, such as Vasilii Bartol'd and Sergei Ol'denburg, effectively—albeit somewhat reluctantly—lobbied for the official recognition of the Persian/Tajik language and of Tajikistani statehood. The study of their cooperation shows how Central Asian cultural heritage was researched and preserved, but also how it was reinvented in national terms and codified; and how these processes were negotiated between local intellectuals, scholars and the state.
The Origins of Iranian Studies in Russia (Nineteenth to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century)
Authors: Khismatulin Alexey
Published: August 2015

This paper deals with the origins of Iranian studies in the principal centers of Oriental studies in Russia, located in Kazan, St. Petersburg and Moscow from the nineteenth to the beginning of the twentieth century. It concerns the international political situation and major social changes which created a demand in the Russian intellectual market for both academic and practical experts on the entire Muslim world. The paper also describes how, thanks to the efforts of German scholars who were invited to these centers, the different fields of modern Iranian studies, including the academic traditions, achievements and key publications were initially formed and then were developed by their Russian colleagues.
“A People Forgotten by History”: Soviet Studies of the Kurds
Authors: Leezenberg Michiel
Published: August 2015

The Russian/Soviet experience raises complex general questions concerning orientalism, conceptual hegemony, and the politics of (post-)colonial knowledge. Russia was not an empire in Said's sense, and drew much of its orientalist categories from non-imperialist German sources; the Soviet Union was explicitly anti-imperialist, and was dedicated to the emancipation of subaltern classes and nationalities. Yet Soviet orientalism in part reproduced hegemonic categories of “bourgeois” knowledge, notably concerning language and national identity. This becomes especially clear in the case of Soviet studies of Kurdish, a language subaltern with respect to Persian, Arabic, and, increasingly, Turkish. In the 1920s and early 1930s, native scholars like Erebê Shemo, Qanatê Kurdo, and Heciyê Cindî pioneered the creation of both an alphabet and a literature in Kurdish and of scholarly linguistic studies. Their work was shaped (and encouraged) by Nikolaj Marr's rejection of the idea of genetic links between Indo-Persian languages, and of the reification of “national characters.” Marr's “japhetic” linguistics dovetailed with Stalin's nationality policies in the 1920s and 1930s; it is rightly rejected as unscientific, but it did have positive emancipatory effects. It criticized ethnocentric and racist assumptions in contemporary Indo-European linguistics, and emphasized the value of spoken subaltern vernaculars like Ossetian and Kurdish against hegemonic written languages like Sanskrit and Persian. It also had the paradoxical effect of both countering bourgeois nationalism and encouraging national consciousness. The article concludes with a discussion of how the Soviet experience may affect our view of the Gramscian concept of hegemony and of the linguistic turn in later postcolonial studies.
A Family Quarrel: Azerbaijani Historians against Soviet Iranologists
Authors: Yilmaz Harun
Published: August 2015

Azerbaijani national history theory poses a challenge to the conventional history writing of Iran. Since 1937, Azerbaijani Soviet historians in Baku have constructed an Azerbaijani national history and identity based on the territorial definition of the nation. This approach was supported by Joseph Stalin. By the 1940s, this narrative incorporated various components hitherto exclusively known as “Iranian,” such as the Medes. Meanwhile, Soviet Iranologists and Orientalists, followers of the conventional Iranian narrative, tried to avoid controversy with the Azerbaijani claims, which secured political support at the highest level. When Stalin died in 1953, the Iranologists raised their voices, which caused controversy with political connotations. Using primary source materials, this article sheds light on the first round of discussions between Azerbaijani historians, constructors of their national history, and the Soviet Iranologists, the proponents of conventional Iranian history. The article also shows the limits of the Communist Party's control over history writing and the hardships of accommodating contradictory interpretations of history within a multinational communist state.
Managing alternative sports: new organisational spaces for the diffusion of Italian parkour
Authors: Camoletto Raffaella Ferrero , Sterchele Davide , Genova Carlo
Published: August 2015

This article explores the encounter between parkour as an unstructured and culturally innovative practice, challenging both physical as well as organisational spaces, and UISP (Unione Italiana Sport per Tutti/Italian Union of Sport for All) as a sport-promotion body open to organisational and cultural experimentation. Drawing on a multi-method qualitative approach (analysis of documentary material, interviews and focus groups), it looks at the role of UISP in the diffusion and legitimisation of parkour within the Italian context, investigating the interplay between the cultural and organisational logics of both this new practice itself on the one hand, and the organisations that are trying to accommodate it on the other. The incorporation in a sport-for-all organisation like UISP provides traceurs with a safe and legitimised space, which is, however, ‘loose' enough to maintain the fluidity of the practice. Nonetheless, by enabling the coexistence of different and competing definitions and uses of parkour, this fluid organisational space reproduces tensions among traceurs and weakens their voice in UISP's decision-making processes.
Higher screen time is associated with overweight, poor dietary habits and physical inactivity in Brazilian adolescents, mainly among girls
Authors: Christofaro Diego Giulliano Destro , De Andrade Selma Maffei , Mesas Arthur Eumann , Fernandes Rômulo Araújo , Farias Júnior José Cazuza
Published: August 2015

Objectives: To analyse the associations between high screen time and overweight, poor dietary habits and physical activity in adolescents according to sex. Methods: The study comprised 515 boys and 716 girls aged 14–17 years from Londrina, Brazil. Nutritional status (normal weight or overweight/obese) was assessed by calculating the body mass index. Eating habits and time spent in physical activity were reported using a questionnaire. The measurement of screen time considered the time spent watching television, using a computer and playing video games during a normal week. Associations between high screen time and dependent variables (nutritional status, eating habits and physical activity levels) were assessed by binary logistic regression, adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables. Results: Most adolescents (93.8% of boys and 87.2% of girls) spent more than 2 hours per day in screen‐time activities. After adjustments, an increasing trend in the prevalence of overweight and physical inactivity with increasing time spent on screen activities was observed for both sexes. Screen times of >4 hours/day compared with <2 hours/day were associated with physical inactivity, low consumption of vegetables and high consumption of sweets only in girls and the consumption of soft drinks in both sexes. Conclusions: The frequency of overweight and physical inactivity increased with increasing screen time in a trending manner and independently of the main confounders. The relationship between high screen time and poor eating habits was particularly relevant for adolescent girls.