bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les ressources vivantes de la mer de Bering et leur exploitation
Authors: Carré François
Published: September 2010

La mer de Bering qui est située en majeure partie dans le domaine tempéré boréal est biologiquement riche et possède une plate-forme continentale très étendue, mais son exploitation est rendue difficile par le climat rude, les glaces saisonnières et l'éloignement. Son complexe biogéographique d'exploitation (tabl. I) repose sur des poissons et crustacés (2 millions de tonnes/an), où domine le colin d'Alaska (1,5 million de tonnes), ainsi que sur des pinnipèdes et des cétacés. Bien que les mammifères soient protégés, des chasses actives subsistent pour l'otarie à fourrure sur l'archipel des Pribilov et les Iles du Commandeur et pour le cachalot au sud et au sud-est de la mer (carte). De grandes pêches industrielles se sont développées très vite entre 1960 et 1970, sous l'impulsion de flottes japonaises et soviétiques venus chercher du poisson de fond, des crabes royaux, des crevettes et du hareng ; mais, en raison de la surexploitation la plupart de ces ressources sont maintenant protégées par des quotas ou par les nouvelles limites de pêche à 200 milles.
L'aquaculture dans les mers tempérées
Authors: Lucas Albert , Lucas Nadine
Published: September 2010

Les productions marines par culture pouvaient être évaluées en 1977 à 2,2 millions de tonnes (dont 1 million d'algues) tandis que les captures par pêche s'élevaient à 60,5 millions. La mariculture est en pleine évolution technologique et s'est considérablement diversifiée dans les vingt dernières années, notamment au Japon et, dans une moindre mesure, en Europe et aux Etats-Unis. Cependant les tonnages annuels de l'aquaculture dans les mers tempérées, ne progressent guère depuis vingt ans, sauf dans certains secteurs au Japon et en Corée du Sud. Les causes de cette stagnation sont surtout les épidémies et les pollutions qui font chuter les cultures traditionnelles, le manque d'espace et les difficultés techniques qui gênent la progression des nouvelles.
Le poisson industriel au Danemark
Authors: Corlay Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2010

Le Danemark est le deuxième producteur européen de poisson industriel. En 1978, 1,377 millions de tonnes, soit 80 % du total des captures ont servi de matières premières à l'industrie de la farine et des huiles de poisson. L'essor de ce mode d'exploitation des ressources biologiques marines date des années cinquante. Les Danois ont alors ouvert leur espace de production halieutique sur l'énorme potentiel de la mer du Nord pour répondre au développement de la demande mondiale en denrées protéiques destinées à l'alimentation animale. Un puissant « complexe halio-industriel » coopératif et privé s'est créé et a contribué fondamentalement à l'essor des grands ports du Jutland occidental.

Depuis 1973-1974, les fluctuations du marché mondial des aliments protéiques, en liaison avec la production du soja américain et la nouvelle conjoncture halieutique européenne menacent la pêche industrielle danoise. Des mutations importantes, d'ordre biologique, géographique et socio-économique sont alors intervenues ; elles affectent plus durement le pêcheur que l'industriel. Le but de l'article est de faire le point et de présenter quelques recherches méthodologiques de traitement de l'abondant matériel statistique danois.
Le chalutage pélagique dans les eaux côtières du sud-ouest de la France
Authors: Fournet Philippe
Published: September 2010

Utilisé en mer du Nord pour la pêche au hareng dès les années 1950, le chalut pélagique a conquis récemment de nombreux patrons-pêcheurs de la côte atlantique française. Mais, en raison de ses résultats performants, cette nouvelle technique de pêche est apparue à beaucoup de marins comme un facteur de concurrence déloyale et de destruction des stocks biologiques. Aujourd'hui, les réactions hostiles semblent apaisées grâce à la mise au point d'une réglementation interdisant son emploi dans les secteurs côtiers peu profonds réservés aux activités traditionnelles. Il n'empêche que, dans la mesure où il est exercé avec discernement par un petit nombre d'unités, le chalutage pélagique ouvre à la pêche artisanale d'incontestables possibilités de développement : les exemples d'Hendaye et d'Arcachon sur le littoral aquitain, sont, à cet égard, très significatifs.
Les mutations d'un quartier pauvre à Angers : le quartier Saint-Nicolas dans la Doutre
Authors: Branchereau Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2010

The urban patrimony of Angers was in the 1960's one of the most decayed in France. Consequently the town directed towards operations of renovation (reconstruction) of improvement (rehabilitation) or restoration of the most ruinous districts. Saint-Nicolas was one of them : a real district in the geographic sense of the word with a whole block of houses from the XVth to the XVIIIth century inhabited by a population belonging to the very under priviliged social class.

The mutation of the district was long and sometimes painful; it is being ended at the present time. This article analyses the components of the ancient district to show then the difficulties of such operations of urbanism, the different reactions of the population and the sensible alteration of the social space of the town.
L'actualité démographique irlandaise. Les premiers resultats du recensement de population de septembre 1979 en Republique d'Irlande
Authors: Landuré Guy
Published: September 2010

Le recensement de 1979 en Irlande révèle un taux d'accroissement naturel élevé (le plus fort des pays européens), la fin de l'émigration, une croissance généralisée. Les villes centrales diminuent (Dublin) mais leur périphérie augmente très vite. Les petites villes progressent. L'Irlande s'est installée dans un système démographique banal, de type industriel. Le chômage est élevé ; il semble qu'une reprise de l'émigration soit probable.
L'estuaire de la Loire : une étude générale d'environnement
Authors: Gras Jacques
Published: September 2010

Huit laboratoires de l'Université de Nantes, dont celui de géographie, ont entrepris en commun, durant deux ans (1976-1978), une étude d'environnement sur l'ensemble constitué par l'estuaire de la Loire et son cadre de coteaux. La lutte du fleuve et de la marée saline, ses conséquences sur la flore et la faune, l'auto-épuration, la biologie des formations végétales liées aux vasières et aux prairies inondables, la pollution industrielle et urbaine... représentent les thèmes d'une étude écologique qui prépare à l'examen des diverses tentatives d'aménagement. Les auteurs examinent alors la vie rurale traditionnelle et en particulier l'utilisation des différents milieux humides fournisseurs d'herbes, les efforts de recreusement du chenal navigable qui modifient ces milieux humides (extension rapide d'une grande roselière), la création récente d'un port polyindustriel qui condamne cette roselière et une partie des exploitations agricoles voisines au bénéfice d'une vie urbaine frappée par les récentes crises de l'énergie. Ainsi, du fleuve à la ville, c'est toute une chaîne d'interactions qui unissent des facteurs morphologiques, pédologiques, biologiques, économiques et culturels que les scientifiques ont trop souvent tendance à séparer. Ainsi apparaît la profonde unité et la richesse du thème de l'Environnement qui, à vrai dire, représente la forme la plus ambitieuse et la plus complète de la Géographie.
Perspectives nouvelles pour l'enseignement de la cartographie.
Authors: Bonin Serge
Published: September 2010

The present teaching of cartography has a tendency to be split in many different parts : after geography, which remains the student's basic course, mathematics, statistics, data processing, teledetection, etc., are also in his programme. To what extent should these disciplines be intensified without forgetting the fundamentals of the student's study, namely the problems related to the construction of a map, of a graphic document that should be effective as well as useful ? The student needs to acquire the knowledge which he will immediately use when entering professional life, whatever the fields. He has to learn a minimum amount of basic knowledge which can later be completed by some specialized subjects.

The problem consists in defining the limits of the cartographer's field of activity and the different stages of a work sequence.

If cartography is considered as a tool for data processing, the main part of the teaching lies in the analysis, which enables one to discover how these data are organized — i.e. a stage of reflexion — and in the conception of the graphic document to be communicated — i.e. a stage of decision. At these two different levels, the problems of visualisation, in other words of graphic grammar, are the one which play the most important part (this is also true for automatic cartography).

At the two ends of the sequence, the cartographer has to enter the discussion about the way data should be presented, and has to know what are the possibilities and limits of the various techniques of carrying out the work, from drawing to printing.
L'agriculture française peut-elle acquérir son autonomie énergétique
Authors: Genevois Louis
Published: September 2010

Le renchérissement considérable des produits pétroliers, consécutif à l'épuisement des gisements, oblige à prévoir que l'agriculture française devra trouver sur notre sol les carburants qui lui sont nécessaires pour sa traction.

Les ressources forestières, les fumiers méthanogènes, les plantes alcooligènes, les céréales trop riches en amidon pour être de bon aliments du bétail, pourront fournir du bois pour gazogènes, du méthane, de l'éthanol ou d'autres alcools, en quantités largement suffisantes pour les besoins de l'agriculture ; sans priver les éleveurs, — ni les consommateurs français en général.
Le Mans : centre commerçant. Recherches sur l'extension du centre commerçant et ses activités caractéristiques
Authors: Rouleau Robert
Published: September 2010

In the first part, the description of the shopping centre of Le Mans is established by the shop-windows continuity and the following consolidation of the streets ; then the street is a shopping « landscape ».

The second part, founded on the retail trade specialization of the sectors previously described, leads to the identification of a hypercentre, the dominant specializations of which are : fashion, shoes, jewellerie, chemistry and perfumes. On the outskirts of this hypercentre the specialization is developed for the benefit of restaurants and leisure activities.
Les nappes alluviales de la vallée du Cher dans le bassin de Montluçon
Authors: Larue Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2010

Durch das genaue Studieren des angeschwemmten Materials anhand von Forschungen an Ort und Stelle kann man verschiedene Erdschichten im Becken von Montlucon herausfinden und deren palaomorphologischer Entwicklung nachgehen. Die quaternären Flußablagerungen, die sich unter mehr oder weniger kalten Klimaten angesammelt haben, bilden vier Terrassen. Diese weisen ein umso veränderteres Material auf als sie den gemäßigten zwischenglazialen Klimaten länger ausgesetzt wurden. Von den zwei höchsten Terrassen, die abgestuft und von der Erosion zerfetzt sind, gehört aufgrund ihrer Zusammensetzung aus schweren Mineralien die erste den villafranchien Sanden vom Bourbonnais an, und die zweite der tertiären Schicht der Sande von der Sologne. Daraus kann man schließen, daß das Becken von Montlucon seit Entstehen dieser letzteren tertiären Schicht nicht eingesunken ist, im Gegensatz zu der Nachbarmulde vom Bourbonnais.
L'aire géographique d'influence de la Maison de la Culture de La Rochelle
Authors: Anglade Francis
Published: September 2010

The « Maison de la Culture » in La Rochelle enlists most of its members from very remote places and its zone of influence is therefore very wide, as it extends beyond the boundaries of the « département », to the north as well as to the east. But this zone of influence is not homogeneous, however ; black-coated and manual workers are almost exclusively recruited in areas close to La Rochelle and the wealthiest classes provide the members living the farthest away from the town.

This analysis allows to recall the difficulty we come across, concerning Geography, when we have to set out the limits of any zone of influence, if we understand it as inhabited by a socially homogeneous population.
Le recensement général de l'agriculture de 1980. Concentration et spécialisation croissantes dans l'agriculture bretonne
Authors: Canévet Corentin
Published: September 2010

La comparaison des recensements de l'agriculture de 1971 et 1980 montre que les mutations les plus significatives de l'agriculture bretonne se résument en termes de concentration et de spécialisation : renforcement très sensible des exploitations supérieures à 30 hectares, surtout croissance spectaculaire de la dimension moyenne des ateliers de productions animales, pendant que le nombre de producteurs diminue fortement ; spécialisation croissante dans les productions animales qui ont connu une croissance notable...
Du rural à l'urbain : analyse de quelques caractéristiques socio-démographiques des communes des cantons de Malicorne, la Flèche, Sablé.
Authors: Rouleau Robert , Hérin Maurice
Published: September 2010

In the three cantons of Malicorne, La Flèche and Sablé, the 32 civil parishes have been classified by factor analysis according to their social and vital statistics.

A first classification opposes the civil parishes engaged in the farming activity with rural society and those whose inhabitants are more concerned in industrial activity. A second classification opposes age and employment ; a third the « residential » communes peopled by « white collars » and those where the « blue collars » take the place of peasants.

The differences become more pronounced between the civil parishes, so that the penetration of an urban model does not mean at all an homogenization of the new rural society.
Sur quelques aspects du changement dans les conditions de vie des ouvriers de Brière.
Authors: Fleury Jean-Pierre , Molinari Jean-Paul
Published: September 2010

La construction des navires dans les Chantiers de Saint-Nazaire et la vie familiale dans les marais de Brière : depuis un siècle les ouvriers Briérons distribuent leur temps entre ces deux pôles. Aux changements de longue durée induits dans leur mode de vie et leur culture par les transformations technologiques, les restructurations du capital et de l'organisation du travail et les conflits de classe, se combinent depuis peu les effets d'accélération de la vie économique et les modifications de la vie sociale dans le marais, consécutives à un net dés enclavement socio-spatial qui affecte principalement les nouvelles générations (école, médias, automobile, vacances) et au développement du tourisme et d'un apport de population extérieure (résidences secondaires).
Problèmes humains et économiques de l'Islande
Authors: Lariviere Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2010

Iceland has a strongly marked individuality. Population, not important numerically and more and more concentrated, increases rapidly because of a strong vitality. The country enjoys a prosperous economy where foreign trade takes a large place. This economy grew clearly diversificated during last decennium. Fishing remains a major activity, but Iceland has known an important industrial growth.
Abandon et reconquête de l'habitat rural dans les Black Mountains (Pays de Galles)
Authors: Gant Robert
Published: September 2010

This study examines the related processes of depopulation and repopulation in the Honddu valley in south-east Wales. It uses a variety of documentary, cartographic and oral history sources to determine changes in the number of inhabited buildings. These changes are explained with regard to social, economic and physical conditions, and planning intervention by the Brecon Beacons National Park Planning Authority.
Différenciation sociale de l'espace urbain du Mans en 1975. Contrastes et nuances.
Authors: Hérin Maurice
Published: September 2010

Die 1165 lnseln, die das Wohnnetz von Le Mans (151.000 Einwohner im Jahre 1975) bilden, sind von sehr starken sozialen Ungleichheiten betreffs der Unterbringung und der Geschichte der Stadtlandschaft abhängig. Der Stadtraum wird einerseits durch sehr starke gesellschaftliche und räumliche Segregationssektoren und anderserseits durch wichtige Ubergangszonen bestimmt.
Diversité morpho-sédimentologique des estuaires du Finistère
Authors: Guilcher André , Andrade Belisario , Dantec Marie-Hélène
Published: September 2010

Sedimentological features are used to define the differences in the dynamic behaviour of Western Breton estuaries. It is found that these estuaries fall into four types : the common, muddy, pelitic type ; the sandy type in which sand flats of marine origin cover the outer estuary, but not usually its inner reaches ; the estuarine-bay type, in which the outer marine forces are even more efficient, with midbay spits consisting sometimes of pebbles ; and the periglacial « Kastental » micro-ria, where the surf is the only force in action. The influence of narrows in sedimentation is also pointed out. Comparisons are made with similar estuaries outside Western Brittany, e. g. with the Cantabric coast for the second type and the Kerry coast for the third one.
Les dômes volcaniques complexes
Authors: Reffay Annie
Published: September 2010

La complexité des dômes volcaniques peut dériver de la simple mise en place de ces reliefs de lave visqueuse, sans qu'il soit nécessaire d'invoquer leur évolution géomorphologique. Dans ces conditions, quatre familles de dômes complexes peuvent être distinguées, tant par la topographie que par la structure.
Les exploitations agricoles selon leur orientation technico-économique et leur marge brute standard. L'exemple de l'Indre-et-Loire
Authors: Maury Régis
Published: September 2010

Economical-Technical-Trends of E.E.C. farms are described (cf. French « Cahiers de statistique agricole »). Here, Standard Gross Margin in used to characterize farms of Touraine. A good deal of them are in a bad situation because agricultural prices are too weak in relation to costs.
Saint-Malo et ses problèmes économiques
Authors: Lariviere Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2010

FRE : Bretagne, Saint-Malo, Economie urbaine.
Un cas d'exagération de l'amplitude thermique annuelle de l'air par influence océanique : le golfe de Guinée à Pointe-Noire.
Authors: Guillerm Jean-Maurice
Published: September 2010

At Pointe Noire, Gulf of Guinea, the anomalously large annual range of mean air temperature (6° C) is explained by an even larger range of sea surface temperature (more than 7° C), which derives from cold advections from June to September. Such cold advections result in an absence of rainfall during these months (fig. 1), as in the classical tropical coastal deserts (Peru, etc.), but for a shorter time.
Remarques sur l'existence probable de remontées d'eau profonde en mer de Chine méridionale, près des côtes de Luçon
Authors: Pérard Jocelyne
Published: September 2010

Surface marine observations of Sea Surface Temperatures, Surface Winds, Surface Marine Currents and Satellites data are used to prove the occurence, during the northern hemisphere winter, of a coastal upwelling on the east part of the South China Sea along the western Luzon, Philippines. The study of the sea surface temperatures during two winters (1971-72 and 1972-73) shows that this coastal upwelling seems to be more regular during the last part of December and the whole of January, just after the surges of north-east surface winds — « Winter monsoon » or North Pacific Trade — can be observed over the Philippines. Besides, this phenomenon was particularly strong during the winter of 1971-72.

If this coastal upwelling could be confirmed by a scientific Research Program, it could be used in association with other systems of different scales (the northern Hadley cell and the fo'hn effect leeward of the Luzon Central Cordillera) to produce the winter drought over western Philippines.
Brouillards d'été sur les côtes septentrionales de la Bretagne
Authors: Mounier J.
Published: September 2010

Fogs in summer on the North of Britanny.

Off the coasts of the English Channel in front of Brittany, fog is of frequent occurrence in Summer, on the contrary of inland areas. This original fact is related to the thermal anomaly of the shallow sea water. This cool water favours the condensation in the moist air moving Northeast and Southwest over the Channel, when anticyclones are centred on the British Isles. Such weather types allow advection-radiation sequences which result in the formation of coastal fogs.
Cession de chaleur solaire aux eaux côtières du golfe de Gascogne en été : étude par télédétection
Authors: Cassanet J.
Published: September 2010

Transfer of solar energy to coastal water, in the Gulf of Biscay in summertime : remote-sensing study.

HCMM digital products have been processed and five HCMM typical scenes of good quality have been studied because they revealed cold water areas near islands and shoals, in Summer, along the south Brittany shore. Tidal currents in shallow water destroy the seasonal thermocline and turbulence is responsible of these well-mixed cold water areas, separated from hot stratified offshore water by a transitional zone where thermal gradients are high. Satellite measurements are compatible with ground truth data analysis.
Sur la formation et l'évolution des polynies arctiques (archipel canadien et Groenland)
Authors: Simon Thierry
Published: September 2010

About formation and evolution of Arctic Polynias (Canadian Archipelago

and Greenland).

The writer examines the main data related to the origin of polynyas (places of open water in an ice cover), and gives some examples of evolution in the Canadian Archipelago and off Greenland. The diversity of polynyas is pointed out.
Influence du Kongsfjord sur les températures maximales observées aux alentours de la base française du C.N.R.S. au Spitsberg.
Authors: Joly Daniel
Published: September 2010

Influence of the Kongsfjord on maximum temperatures near the French camp (Ny Aalesund, Svalbard).

The temperature variation is studied between Ausire and Midre Lovenbreen (glaciers) and the shore, Kongsfjord, Spitsbergen.

The situation has been observed in different weather situations (fine, bad and intermediate weather) and under different winds (northerly and southerly).

The influence of the fjord on the temperatures on the strandflat is especially studied. It may be seen that it is strongest with northerly winds, and smallest with southerly winds. The direction of the wind is thus the main factor to explain the air advection to the strandflat. However, the topography and the microenvironments are also to be considered : they make easier or counteract the air flow from the fjord to the southern parts of the strandflat.
La presqu'île d'Arvert : des milieux fragiles perturbés par vingt ans d'ouverture au tourisme.
Authors: Colmou Pascale
Published: September 2010

Since twenty years, touristic activity is detrimental to traditional land use in the fragile environment of this part of the french atlantic coast. The natural instability of littoral dunes, which was the causative factor of pine plantation, is not exactly compatible with the complete transformation of particular sites. Imbricated and subtile relations between land use types originate feedback relations that seems irreconcilable with punctual planning actions.
Les marchés de détail en Indre-et-Loire : leur rôle dans l'organisation de l'espace.
Authors: Bachelard Mireille
Published: September 2010

II se tient chaque semaine à travers l'Indre-et-Loire environ 90 marchés qui représentent plus de 4 000 points de vente. Par l'attraction qu'ils exercent tant sur les vendeurs que sur les acheteurs, ils constituent des pôles économiques et sociaux d'organisation de l'espace.

Dans l'agglomération tourangelle, les marchés à dominante alimentaire constituent un équipement de proximité ; solidement ancrés à un quartier, ils déterminent des aires d'attraction rigoureusement délimitées qui contribuent à la structuration du tissu urbain.

En zone rurale, les marchés implantés dans les chefs-lieux de canton offrent un grand choix d'articles non alimentaires. Remplissant à la fois une fonction complémentaire du commerce local et une fonction sociale éminente, ils maintiennent les contacts ville-campagne et matérialisent des zones d'influence qui comptent parmi les plus stables et les plus vivantes des bourgs et des petites villes.
Observations et réflexions sur les transports solides effectués par la Lena et l'Aldan (Yakoutie).
Authors: Guilcher André
Published: September 2010

FRE : Transports solides fluviatiles, périglaciaire, Sibérie.
Les annonces immobilières à Angers.
Authors: Léonard Guy
Published: September 2010

FRE : Ville, Habitat, Marché immobilier, Publicité, Presse, Sémiologie
Les îles anglo-normandes et l'île de Man.
Authors: Moindrot Claude
Published: September 2010

FRE : Royaume-Uni, Activités financières, Havres fiscaux, Tourisme, Crise de la Sidérurgie
Les mutations de l'agriculture charentaise de l'après-guerre
Authors: Bernard Gilles
Published: September 2010

FRE : Poitou-Charentes, Céréaliculture, Elevage, Viticulture, Cognac, Pineau
Géomorphologie structurale en Bretagne péninsulaire. La région de Morlaix
Authors: Garreau Jacques
Published: September 2010

Lying to the North-West of the Breton peninsula, the district of Morlaix makes up part of the low plateau stretching along the Channel. Formed mainly by synclines of sedimentary rocks, it is cut off in the North and West by the moles of early shields (Trégor and Léon) and by granite batholiths in the South and East, It differs from surrounding districts because of a river system flowing through very deep valleys guided by faults whose main directions are N 160° -110° E and N 20° E. The river systems structure, just like the boundaries of the district, is the result of a neotectonic deformation with its foldings which are sharp and vertical to the eastern and southern edges, and smooth to the western and northern edges. The age of these foldings would be between Miocene and Pliocene.
Un vignoble menacé : Valençay
Authors: Blondeau Pascal
Published: September 2010

Le retrait accentué des surfaces en vigne et la disparition de nombreuses exploitations prouvent l'adaptation difficile du vignoble de Valençay, contraint d'assurer maintenant une production de qualité. Les nouvelles formes de commercialisation qui sont apparues, depuis quelque temps déjà (cave coopérative, vignerons indépendants) n'ont pas réussi à promouvoir le vin de qualité « V.D.Q.S. -Valençay » et la pérennité de la viticulture s'en trouve menacée.
Notes sur l'agriculture norvégienne
Authors: Cabouret Michel
Published: September 2010

FRE : Norvège, Politique agricole, Structure, Productions
Chronique climatologique du Maine. Printemps-Été 1982
Authors: Gravier Jacques
Published: September 2010

FRE : Températures, Insolation, Précipitations, Types
La tradition industrielle charentaise face à la crise.
Authors: Bernard Gilles
Published: September 2010

FRE : Poitou-Charentes, industrie, papeterie, distillerie, métallurgie, emploi
Le royaume de Sidon au VIIe siècle av. J.-C.
Authors: Salame-Sarkis Hassan
Published: September 2010

L’auteur reprend l’étude d’un récit de la campagne d’Asarhaddon contre Sidon en 677 av. J.-C. Il remet en question l’identification d’un certain nombre de toponymes mentionnés dans ce texte et en propose d’autres. On peut dès lors constater que le Royaume de Sidon à l’époque d’Asarhaddon, loin de couvrir un espace compris entre Tyr au sud et Tripoli au nord, comme certains l’ont cru, se limitait en fait à un espace compris dans un rayon de 20 à 30 km au grand maximum autour de la ville, et s’étendait en gros sur un millier de kilomètres carrés.
Classification of Postural Profiles among Mouth-breathing Children by Learning Vector Quantization
Authors: Mancini F. , Sousa F. S. , Hummel A. D. , Falcão A. E. J. , Yi L. C. , Ortolani C. F. , Sigulem D. , Pisa I. T.
Published: September 2010

Background: Mouth breathing is a chronic syndrome that may bring about postural changes. Finding characteristic patterns of changes occurring in the complex musculoskeletal system of mouth-breathing children has been a challenge. Learning vector quantization (LVQ) is an artificial neural network model that can be applied for this purpose.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to apply LVQ to determine the characteristic postural profiles shown by mouth-breathing children, in order to further understand abnormal posture among mouth breathers.

Methods: Postural training data on 52 children (30 mouth breathers and 22 nose breathers) and postural validation data on 32 children (22 mouth breathers and 10 nose breathers) were used. The performance of LVQ and other classification models was compared in relation to self-organizing maps, back-propagation applied to multilayer perceptrons, Bayesian networks, naive Bayes, J48 decision trees, k*, and k-nearest-neighbor classifiers. Classifier accuracy was assessed by means of leave-one-out cross-validation, area under ROC curve (AUC), and inter-rater agreement (Kappa statistics).

Results: By using the LVQ model, five postural profiles for mouth-breathing children could be determined. LVQ showed satisfactory results for mouth-breathing and nose-breathing classification: sensitivity and specificity rates of 0.90 and 0.95, respectively, when using the training dataset, and 0.95 and 0.90, respectively, when using the validation dataset.

Conclusions: The five postural profiles for mouth-breathing children suggested by LVQ were incorporated into application software for classifying the severity of mouth breathers’ abnormal posture.
Assessing Frequency Domain Causality in Cardiovascular Time Series with Instantaneous Interactions
Authors: Nollo G. , Faes L.
Published: September 2010

Background: The partial directed coherence (PDC) is commonly used to assess in the frequency domain the existence of causal relations between two time series measured in conjunction with a set of other time series. Although the multivariate autoregressive (MVAR) model traditionally used for PDC computation accounts only for lagged effects, instantaneous effects cannot be neglected in the analysis of cardiovascular time series.

Objectives: We propose the utilization of an extended MVAR model for PDC computation, in order to improve the evaluation of frequency domain causality in the presence of zero-lag correlations among multivariate time series.

Methods: A procedure for the identification of a MVAR model combining instantaneous and lagged effects is introduced. The coefficients of the extended model are used to estimate an extended PDC (EPDC). EPDC is compared to the traditional PDC on a simulated MVAR process and on real cardiovascular variability series.

Results: Simulation results evidence that the presence of zero-lag correlations may produce misleading PDC profiles, while the correct causality patterns can be recovered using EPDC. Application on real data leads to spectral causality estimates which are better interpretable in terms of the known cardiovascular physiology using EPDC than PDC.

Conclusions: This study emphasizes the necessity of including instantaneous effects in the MVAR model used for the computation of PDC in the presence of significant zero-lag correlations in multivariate time series.
Use of Logistic Regression for Developing Risk-adjusted Quality Indicators in Nursing
Authors: Renner D. , Fischer B. , Kutschmann M.
Published: September 2010

Objectives: A low rate of newly developed pressure ulcers is considered as an important quality indicator in nursing. However, the result of a hospital depends not only on the quality of care but on the risk profile of its patients as well. Therefore, based on multiple logistic regression models we describe a method for calculating risk-adjusted quality indicators in nursing.

Method: Based on data of 1,009,989 patients from 1747 hospitals in 2009, we developed two multiple logistic regression models to identify and to weigh a possible joint influence of several risk factors on newly developed pressure ulcers. In a further step, we calculated risk-adjusted rates.

Results: Factors remaining in the regression models were “micro-movements on admission”, “diabetes mellitus”, “age” and “days on intensive care unit”. Based on the corresponding regression coefficients and the logistic function, the expected rate of newly developed pressure ulcers was calculated for every hospital. Fi nally, expected rates and observed rates both were used to calculate risk-adjusted rates.

Conclusion: The simultaneous consideration of relevant risk factors by means of risk- adjusted quality indicators ensures a fair comparison of hospitals.
Time-varying Methods for Characterizing Nonstationary Dynamics of Physiological Systems
Authors: Selvaraj N. , Lee J. , Chon K. H.
Published: September 2010

Background: Accurate and early diagnosis of various diseases and pathological conditions require analysis techniques that can capture time-varying (TV) dynamics. In the pursuit of promising TV signal processing methods applicable to real-time clinical monitoring applications, nonstationary spectral techniques are of great significance.

Objectives: We present two potential practical applications of such techniques in quantifying TV physiological dynamics concealed in photoplethysmography (PPG) signals: early detection of blood-volume loss using a non-parametric approach known as variable frequency complex demodulation (VFCDM), and accurate detection of abrupt changes in respiratory rates using a parametric approach known as combined optimal parameter search and multiple mode particle filtering (COPS-MPF).

Methods: The VFCDM technique has been tested using ear-PPG signals in two study models: mechanically ventilated patients undergoing surgery in operating room settings and spontaneously breathing conscious healthy subjects subjected to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in laboratory settings. Extraction of respiratory rates has been tested using COPS-MPF technique in finger-PPG signals collected from healthy volunteers with abrupt changes in respiratory rate ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 Hz.

Results: VFCDM method showed promise to detect the blood loss noninvasively in mechanical ventilated patients well before blood losses become apparent to the physician. In spontaneously breathing subjects during LBNP experiments, the early detection and quantification of blood loss was possibleat 40% of LBNP tolerance. COPS-MPF showed high accuracy in detecting the constant as well as sudden changes in respiratory rates as compared to other time-invariant methods.

Conclusion: Integration of such robust algorithms into pulse oximeter device may have significant impact in real-time clinical monitoring and point-of-care healthcare settings.
THE ECONOMY OF THE BELGIAN REGIONS TESTED WITH MULTIMOORA
Authors: Brauers Willem Karel M. , Ginevičius Romualdas
Published: September 2010

The definition of robustness in econometrics, the error term in a linear equation, was not only broadened, but in addition moved to the meaning of common language: from a cardinal to a qualitative one. At that moment the most robust Multi‐Objective Optimization Method has to fulfill seven essential conditions. In addition, considering all stakeholders involved, the choice of the objectives is non‐subjective with the assistance of the Ameliorated Nominal Group Technique and the Delphi method. Outside Normalization is not necessary by the use of a Full Multiplicative Form or of MOORA (Multi‐Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis). This last one is composed of ratio analysis “senso stricto” and of the Reference Point Method with the previously obtained ratios as a starting point. Combining the three methods in MULTIMOORA a full guarantee for robustness in Multiple Objectives Optimization is offered. This interpretation is tested by an application to the Economy of the Belgian Regions. Santrauka Stiprumo apibrežimas ekonometrijoje, klaidos terminas linijineje lygtyje buvo ne tik išplestas, jo reikš‐me buvo perkelta i paprasta kalba, t. y. nuo kiekybines iki kokybines reikšmes. Šiuo metu stipriausi daugiatiksliai optimizavimo metodai turi atitikti septynias pagrindines salygas. Be to, turint omenyje visas suinteresuotas grupes, tikslu pasirinkimas yra objektyvus taikant patobulinta nominaliu grupiu ir Delphi metodus. Normalizavimas privalo būti taip pat objektyvus, tai imanoma padaryti naudojant dauginamaja MOORA (daugiatikslis optimizavimas remiantis santykio analize) metodo forma. Ji su‐sideda iš santykio analizes "senso strigto” ir atskaitos taško metodo su anksčiau gautu santykiu kaip pradžios tašku. Taigi sujungus tris metodus, kaip stiprumo garantas buvo pasiūlytas MULTIMOORA. Šis metodas yra išbandytas tiriant Belgijos regionu ekonomika.
Application of the Concepts of Rossby Length and Rossby Depth to Tropical Cyclone Dynamics
Authors: Schubert Wayne H , McNoldy Brian D
Published: September 2010

This paper examines the usefulness of the complementary concepts of Rossby length and Rossby depth. These concepts are discussed in the context of idealized analytical solutions of the transverse circulation equation that arises in the balanced vortex model of tropical cyclones. When its coefficients can be considered as constants, this elliptic partial differential equation for the transverse circulation is solved in three different ways: (i) First perform a vertical transform to obtain a radial structure equation, from which arises the concept of a spectrum of Rossby lengths; (ii) First perform a radial transform to obtain a vertical structure equation, from which arises the concept of a spectrum of Rossby depths; (iii) First solve the elliptic PDE directly, without regard to boundary conditions, and then enforce the boundary conditions using the method of image circulations. For weak vortices, Rossby lengths are large and Rossby depths are small, so that the secondary circulation is horizontally elongated and vertically compressed. For strong vortices, Rossby lengths are small and Rossby depths are large, so that the secondary circulation is more vertically elongated and so horizontally compressed that some of the eyewall updraft can return as subsidence in the eye. For strong vortices, the secondary circulation associated with eyewall diabatic heating can be significantly suppressed by the large inertial stability in the interior of the vortex. The large variations of Rossby depth with vortex strength also have important implications concerning how far Ekman pumping can penetrate vertically; only strong vortices have large enough Rossby depths to allow Ekman pumping to penetrate deep into the troposphere.
Survival of fish after escape from a 40 mm stretched diamond mesh trawl codend in the Aegean Sea
Authors: Ozan Düzbastilar Faik , Aydin Celalettin , Metin Gülnur , Lök Altan , Ulaş Ali , Özgül Aytaç , Gül Benal , Metin Cengiz , Özbilgin Hüseyin , Şensurat Tuğçe , Tokaç Adnan
Published: September 2010

This study aimed to determine the survival rates of three fish species, the brown comber (Serranus hepatus), black goby (Gobius niger) and annular seabream (Diplodus annularis), after their escape from a 40 mm stretched diamond mesh polyethylene (PE) codend. Experiments were carried out in the eastern Mediterranean in September 2007 using a conventional bottom trawl with 600 meshes around the mouth. A constant 15 min towing duration was used for all hauls. The towing speed varied between 2.0 and 2.5 knots. Codend covers, supported by two hoops, were used to retain escaping fish. At the end of each haul, these covers were detached from the codend, fixed to the sea floor at depths of 19 to 28 m, and then observed by the divers for a period of seven days. On the eighth day, all of the covers were lifted up and the survivors and mortalities were counted and measured. The mean survival percentages of open codend and experimental cages were found to be 97.1% and 98.3% for brown comber, 69.0% and 77.2% for black goby, and 97.5% and 98.6% for annular seabream respectively.
Colomastigids (Amphipoda: Gammaridea: Colomastigidae) from the Veracruz Coral Reef System, SW Gulf of Mexico, with a description of two new species associated with sponges
Authors: Winfield Ignacio , Ortiz Manuel
Published: September 2010

Two new species of the genus Colomastix (Amphipoda: Colomastigidae) associated with sponges from the Veracruz Coral Reef System, Mexico, SW Gulf of Mexico, are described. The specimens were collected from the sponges Amphimedon compressa and Desmapsamma anchorata at depths between 3 and 12 m. Colomastix sarae n. sp. and Colomastix escobarae n. sp. are compared to other, very similar species of the genus Colomastix. In addition, we provide ecological and distribution information of sponge-inhabiting Colomastix halichondriae, C. irciniae, and C. tridentata collected from this coral reef system.
Phytoplankton distribution and their relationship to environmental variables in Sanya Bay, South China Sea
Authors: Zhang Yanying , Dong Junde , Ling Juan , Wang Youshao , Zhang Si
Published: September 2010

Phytoplankton quantification was conducted in Sanya Bay from January 2005 to February 2006. A submersible in situ spectrofluorometer, which permits the differentiation of four algal groups (green algae, diatoms and dinoflagellates, cryptophytes and cyanobacteria) was used. Seasonal variation of total chlorophyll a concentration showed that high value appeared in summer and low concentration occurred in spring. Diatoms and dinoflagellates group was the predominant phytoplankton all year in the Bay. The stable stratification of phytoplankton vertical distribution came into being in July. During the stratification event, the total chlorophyll a concentration of deep layer was much higher than the surface; cyanobacteria and cryptophyta groups decreased and almost disappeared, however, the concentration of green algae and diatoms and dinoflagellates groups increased. In deep layer, the concentration of diatoms and dinoflagellates group increased sharply, which was about eight times more than that in the surface layer. The vertical profiles character of phytoplankton showed that from inshore stations to outer bay the stratification of phytoplankton vertical distribution gradually strengthened. Dissolved inorganic nutrient especially phosphate and inorganic nitrogen and cold-water upwelling were the main regulating factor for phytoplankton distribution.
Assessment of the status of the coastal groundfish assemblage exploited by the Viareggio fleet (Southern Ligurian Sea)
Authors: Abella Alvaro , Ria Michela , Mancusi Cecilia
Published: September 2010

The coastal demersal fish assemblage exploited commercially by the Viareggio fleet was assessed in order to define its exploitation status and sustainability. A production model was used provided management benchmarks for the species for which available data are limited. The ASPIC Surplus production model was used. The results showed a depleted population for most of the species involved (B2008/B0 between 0.05 and 0.35) with high relative fishing mortality (F2008/FMSY between 1.18 and 1.64). Population projections using ASPIC-P allowed the exploitation strategies to be evaluated for a 10-year period. None of the populations are predicted to recover to BMSY if fishing effort remains at the 2008 levels. A reduction in effort of about 40% should increase the biomass in the medium-term of most of the species to BMSY or over, with a fairly good increase in yields of the most valuable species.
Using sagittal otoliths and eye diameter for ecological characterization of deep-sea fish: Aphanopus carbo and A. intermedius from NE Atlantic waters
Authors: Tuset Víctor Manuel , Piretti Silvia , Lombarte Antoni , González José Antonio
Published: September 2010

The sagittal otolith and eye diameter of two sympatric species of the genus Aphanopus, A. carbo and A. intermedius, from North Atlantic waters were investigated. The study objectives were to find morphometric variables of otoliths to identify the two species and relate ecomorphological characters of otolith and eye diameter to the depth distribution of each species. The otoliths of the two species are very similar, although significant differences in shape, otolith height and weight and the sulcus acusticus area were detected. The ratio between eye diameter and cephalic length (ED:CL ratio) was also significantly different. In both analyses A. carbo obtained higher values, which suggests that A. carbo and A. intermedius live in different spatial niches, and that A. carbo inhabits deeper waters. The ratio between the sulcus and otolith areas (S:O) was low compared to other fish species, which suggests that the hearing capacity of Aphanopus spp. is adapted to low frequency sound. This adaptation may be related to the oceanographic conditions in which these species live, and in particular to the characteristics of sound transmission in the “SOFAR channel”.
Routes migratoires et circulations en Chine : entre mobilités intracontinentales et transnationalisme
Authors: Roulleau-Berger Laurence , Shi Lu
Published: September 2010

Cet article est centré sur l’analyse des migrations intracontinentales en Chine afin de comprendre comment se construisent les migrations transnationales, migrations liées entre elles par des réseaux économiques et sociaux fondés sur des relations de solidarité et d’entraide mutuelle. À partir des circulations et déplacements de migrants peu qualifiés on observera comment les espaces circulatoires en Chine ne cessent de se transformer, comment se diversifient des parcours, comment les destinations deviennent de plus en plus lointaines et comment se multiplient les lieux successifs d’installation quand la polymigration intracontinentale apparaît de plus en plus marquée et peut largement anticiper une migration transnationale. Enfin les migrations intracontinentales seront analysées comme pouvant produire des mobilités verticales ascendantes ou descendantes, entraînant ou non de la reconnaissance sociale dans la société chinoise contemporaine.
Les enjeux d’une approche anthropologique de la citoyenneté
Authors: Neveu Catherine
Published: September 2010

Au-delà des approches strictement juridiques la considérant comme un statut, la citoyenneté peut être analysée en tant qu’elle est un construit social et politique, et une activité, dont les représentations et les significations varient dans le temps et l’espace. À ce titre, elle peut faire l’objet d’approches empiriques multiples, concernant ses modalités d’appropriation et d’usage, que ce soit dans les relations entre différents groupes au sein d’une population, ou entre citoyens et institutions. La question des liens entre citoyenneté et identité, ainsi que celle des échelles de la citoyenneté, revêt alors une importance toute particulière.
Los/as estudiantes marroquíes en España : migración, retorno y género
Authors: González Barea Eva María
Published: September 2010

Les étudiants marocains en Espagne : migration, retour et genreLa recherche présentée dans cet article analyse un processus migratoire particulier en même temps qu’elle enrichit la notion peu étudiée de migration étudiante. Elle décrit le déplacement d’étudiants provenant de diverses régions du Maroc pour poursuivre leurs études et acquérir un diplôme dans une université étrangère, ici celle de Grenade, en Espagne. Elle replace cette migration, malgré ses caractères particuliers, dans le phénomène global des migrations contemporaines.L’article s’intéresse en particulier aux diplômés/ées rentrant au Maroc, décrivant à partir de leur propre discours leurs aspirations à contribuer au développement de leur pays et leurs difficultés à se réinsérer dans la société marocaine, tant dans le domaine professionnel que dans la vie familiale et sociale.