bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large Switchable Photoconduction within 2D Potential Well of a Layered Ferroelectric Heterostructure
Authors: Yang Yuben , Mao Huican , Wang Jing , Zhang Qinghua , Jin Lei , Wang Chuanshou , Zhang Yuelin , Su Nan , Meng Fanqi , Yang Ying , Xia Ruqiao , Chen Rongyan , Zhu Hui , Gu Lin , Yin Zhiping , Nan Ce‐Wen , Zhang Jinxing
Published: July 2020

The coexistence of large conductivity and robust ferroelectricity is promising for high‐performance ferroelectric devices based on polarization‐controllable highly efficient carrier transport. Distinct from traditional perovskite ferroelectrics, Bi2WO6 with a layered structure shows a great potential to preserve its ferroelectricity under substantial electron doping. Herein, by artificial design of photosensitive heterostructures with desired band alignment, three orders of magnitude enhancement of the short‐circuit photocurrent is achieved in Bi2WO6/SrTiO3 at room temperature. The microscopic mechanism of this large photocurrent originates from separated transport of electrons and holes in [WO4]−2 and [Bi2O2]+2 layers respectively with a large in‐plane conductivity, which is understood by a combination of ab initio calculations and spectroscopic measurements. The layered electronic structure and appropriately designed band alignment in this layered ferroelectric heterostructure provide an opportunity to achieve high‐performance and nonvolatile switchable electronic devices.
Structure of Reduced Cerium Oxide Ultrathin Films on Pt(111): Local Atomic Environment and Long‐Range Order
Authors: Pelli Cresi Jacopo Stefano , Carlà Francesco , Znaiguia Raja , Isern Helena , Benedetti Francesco , Gasperi Gabriele , Amidani Lucia , Valeri Sergio , Boscherini Federico , Luches Paola
Published: July 2020

To optimize the catalytic functionality of cerium oxide it is important to understand the structural modifications associated with reduction and the role of the proximity of metals, which are often coupled with the oxide in the applications. For this purpose, the evolution of the short‐ and long‐range structure of cerium oxide ultrathin epitaxial films and nanostructures supported on Pt(111) is investigated using X‐ray absorption spectroscopy at the Ce L3 edge and surface X‐ray diffraction, during reduction by thermal treatments in vacuum. In epitaxial nanoislands reduction is associated with a contraction of the Ce–O distance and with the appearance of CePt bonds. The formation of a phase with a (2 × 2) periodicity after a thermal treatment at 1023 K is ascribed to the formation of a Pt5Ce alloy. Films of 3 nm thickness do not show, on average, significant structural modifications with the same thermal treatment, consistent with the hypothesis that the reduction involves only the topmost surface layers and it does not influence significantly the bulk structure of the material. This study demonstrates a strong interaction between cerium oxide and platinum, which has implications for the reactivity and stability of catalysts based on metals combined with reducible oxides.
Prussian Blue@Polyacrylic Acid/Au Aggregate Janus Nanoparticles for CT Imaging‐guided Chemotherapy and Enhanced Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Li Dan , Bao Aomin , Chen Xiangjun , Li Shengnan , Wang Tingting , Zhang Lingyu , Ji Jingyu , Li Qianqian , Wang Chungang , Gao Yuzhou , Yang Ying , Dong Xiangting
Published: July 2020

Janus nanoparticles (JNPs) have been widely researched for numerous biomedical applications. However, few studies have integrated enhanced photothermal therapy, effective chemotherapy, and diagnostic imaging in a single nanoplatform. Here, unique Prussian blue@polyacrylic acid/Au aggregate JNPs (PB@PAA/Au‐A JNPs) are prepared by a facile and mild method. The exposed surfaces in the JNPs maintain and utilize the original photothermal properties of the PB and Au domains. A heterostructure also adds the functionality of drug loading, which cannot be realized in a common core–shell structure. Notably, the coupling effect of two distinct PB and Au‐A domains leads to a superior photothermal conversion efficiency (η) of 49.4%, which is 9.9% higher than that of PB NPs. Synthesized doxorubicin‐loaded PB@PAA/Au‐A JNPs (DOX‐loaded PB@PAA/Au‐A JNPs) can be applied to computed tomography imaging‐guided chemotherapy and enhanced photothermal therapy, collectively promoting tumor inhibition.
Massive Hemorrhage Protocol Application and Teamwork Skills
Authors: Pettersen Géraldine , Gauvin France , Robitaille Nancy , Sansregret Andrée , Lesage Sandra , Levy Arielle
Published: July 2020

Objective

Massive hemorrhages (MHs) are rare but serious complications of pediatric trauma and obstetric cases. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of interprofessional simulation to improve adherence to a MH protocol (MHP), teamwork skills and confidence levels during a hemorrhagic crisis situation.

Methods

This was a pre‐post experimental study conducted at a tertiary care mother–child simulation center. Pediatric emergency and obstetric teams were submitted to simulated trauma and postpartum MH scenarios. Training consisted of two case scenarios followed by debriefing sessions and a lecture on the MHP. The primary outcome was adherence to MHP processes (checklist) measured prior to and 2 weeks following training sessions. Other outcomes were the measure of teamwork skills (Mayo High Performance Teamwork Scale) and confidence of the participants.

Results

Sixty‐two health care professionals were involved in eight interprofessional teams. Mean scores for adherence to the MHP improved from 19.1 in the pretraining phase to 25.8 in the posttraining phase (difference of 6.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.4 to 8.9). Mean scores pertaining to teamwork skills also improved significantly between pre‐ and posttraining phases (difference = 3.9; 95% CI = 1.5 to 6.4). Confidence questionnaires showed significant improvements in the posttraining phase (difference = 6.9; 95% CI = 5.3 to 8.3).

Conclusions

Targeted training involving simulation and protocol review improved participant adherence to MHP processes and teamwork skills. Confidence levels improved across all disciplines.
Superabsorbent polymer characteristics, properties, and applications
Authors: Ostrand Megan S. , DeSutter Thomas M. , Daigh Aaron L. M. , Limb Ryan F. , Steele Dean D.
Published: July 2020

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are materials that can absorb significant amounts of water relative to their mass. The nature and properties of SAPs make them a widely utilized material across many disciplines. A systematic review was conducted to examine the use of SAPs within agriculture and environmental science. The method of application, rate, and the subsequent impact on soil properties were determined. Superabsorbent polymers can be used to improve and prolong soil water holding capacity, decrease drought stress, and increase time between irrigation events. There are results indicating SAPs can reduce compaction. Yield and plant growth characteristics were improved for all but one of the reviewed studies. While SAPs show potential as a tool, their economic feasibility on large‐scale and long‐term projects should be evaluated.
Genes regulated by BCL11B during T‐cell development are enriched for de novo mutations found in schizophrenia patients
Authors: Fahey Laura , Donohoe Gary , Broin Pilib Ó. , Morris Derek W.
Published: July 2020

While abnormal neurodevelopment contributes to schizophrenia (SCZ) risk, there is also evidence to support a role for immune dysfunction in SCZ. BCL11B, associated with SCZ in genome‐wide association study (GWAS), is a transcription factor that regulates the differentiation and development of cells in the central nervous and immune systems. Here, we use functional genomics data from studies of BCL11B to investigate the contribution of neuronal and immune processes to SCZ pathophysiology. We identified the gene targets of BCL11B in brain striatal cells (n = 223 genes), double negative 4 (DN4) developing T cells (n = 114 genes) and double positive (DP) developing T cells (n = 518 genes) using an integrated analysis of RNA‐seq and ChIP‐seq data. No gene‐set was enriched for genes containing common variants associated with SCZ but the DP gene‐set was enriched for genes containing missense de novo mutations (DNMs; p = .001) using data from 3,447 SCZ trios. Post hoc analysis revealed the enrichment to be stronger for DP genes negatively regulated by BCL11B. Biological processes enriched for genes negatively regulated by BCL11B in DP gene‐set included immune system development and cytokine signaling. These analyses, leveraging a GWAS‐identified SCZ risk gene and data on gene expression and transcription factor binding, indicate that DNMs in immune pathways contribute to SCZ risk.
External‐Radiation‐Induced Local Hydroxylation Enables Remote Release of Functional Molecules in Tumors
Authors: Fu Qunfeng , Li Hongyu , Duan Dongban , Wang Changlun , Shen Siyong , Ma Huimin , Liu Zhibo
Published: July 2020

Radiation‐induced cleavage for controlled release in vivo is yet to be established. We demonstrate the use of 3,5‐dihydroxybenzyl carbamate (DHBC) as a masking group that is selectively and efficiently removed by external radiation in vitro and in vivo. DHBC reacts mainly with hydroxyl radicals produced by radiation to afford hydroxylation at para/ortho positions, followed by 1,4‐ or 1,6‐elimination to rescue the functionality of the client molecule. The reaction is rapid and can liberate functional molecules under physiological conditions. This controlled‐release platform is compatible with living systems, as demonstrated by the release of a rhodol fluorophore derivative in cells and tumor xenografts. The combined benefits of the robust caging group, the good release yield, and the independence of penetration depth make DHBC derivatives attractive chemical caging moieties for use in chemical biology and prodrug activation.
Halloysite nanotubes immobilized by chitosan/tannic acid complex as a green flame retardant for bamboo fiber/poly(lactic acid) composites
Authors: Jin Xiaobei , Xiang Elin , Zhang Rong , Qin Daochun , Jiang Mingliang , Jiang Zehui
Published: July 2020

In order to develop an environmentally benign flame retardant for bamboo/PLA composites (BPC), chitosan (CS) and tannic acid (TA) were used as cationic and anionic polyelectrolyte respectively to stabilize halloysite nanotubes (HNT) on the surface of bamboo fiber (BF) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Mechanical performance tests showed that the flexural properties of BPC were moderately enhanced with the addition of HNT, while the incorporation of CS/TA complex (FR) exhibited a slight increase. The results of thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that CS/TA complex and HNT improved the thermal stability of the BPC synergistically, which increased the char residue. Limiting oxygen index and cone calorimetry tests were used to study the flammability of BPC and the results showed that the addition of CS/TA complex and HNT had a synergistic effect on the flame retardant performance of BPC materials. The macroscopic and microscopic morphological studies confirmed the formation of HNT layer in the matrix of BPC/5FR@5HNT samples, which facilitated more stabile char residue with the best flame retardant performance.
Super resolution for root imaging
Authors: Ruiz‐Munoz Jose F. , Nimmagadda Jyothier K. , Dowd Tyler G. , Baciak James E. , Zare Alina
Published: July 2020

Premise

High‐resolution cameras are very helpful for plant phenotyping as their images enable tasks such as target vs. background discrimination and the measurement and analysis of fine above‐ground plant attributes. However, the acquisition of high‐resolution images of plant roots is more challenging than above‐ground data collection. An effective super‐resolution (SR) algorithm is therefore needed for overcoming the resolution limitations of sensors, reducing storage space requirements, and boosting the performance of subsequent analyses.

Methods

We propose an SR framework for enhancing images of plant roots using convolutional neural networks. We compare three alternatives for training the SR model: (i) training with non‐plant‐root images, (ii) training with plant‐root images, and (iii) pretraining the model with non‐plant‐root images and fine‐tuning with plant‐root images. The architectures of the SR models were based on two state‐of‐the‐art deep learning approaches: a fast SR convolutional neural network and an SR generative adversarial network.

Results

In our experiments, we observed that the SR models improved the quality of low‐resolution images of plant roots in an unseen data set in terms of the signal‐to‐noise ratio. We used a collection of publicly available data sets to demonstrate that the SR models outperform the basic bicubic interpolation, even when trained with non‐root data sets.

Discussion

The incorporation of a deep learning–based SR model in the imaging process enhances the quality of low‐resolution images of plant roots. We demonstrate that SR preprocessing boosts the performance of a machine learning system trained to separate plant roots from their background. Our segmentation experiments also show that high performance on this task can be achieved independently of the signal‐to‐noise ratio. We therefore conclude that the quality of the image enhancement depends on the desired application.
Anti–Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antibodies and Impaired Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Degradation in Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Authors: Zuo Yu , Yalavarthi Srilakshmi , Gockman Kelsey , Madison Jacqueline A. , Gudjonsson Johann E. , Kahlenberg J. Michelle , Joseph McCune W. , Bockenstedt Paula L. , Karp David R. , Knight Jason S.
Published: July 2020

Objective

The release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by hyperactive neutrophils has recently been recognized to play an important role in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). This study was undertaken to evaluate autoantibodies targeting NETs in patients with primary APS, and to determine their potential functions and clinical associations.

Methods

We measured global anti‐NET activity in 76 patients with primary APS, 23 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus without antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), 11 patients with a history of unprovoked venous thrombosis without aPL, and 44 healthy controls. The ability of APS sera to degrade NETs was also assessed.

Results

We found markedly elevated levels of anti‐NET IgG and IgM in patients with primary APS compared with healthy controls (for IgG, mean ± SD optical density 0.55 ± 0.34 versus 0.33 ± 0.17; for IgM, mean ± SD optical density 0.76 ± 0.51 versus 0.26 ± 0.23). This anti‐NET activity did not correlate with levels of traditional aPL and was relatively stable over time. Mechanistically, anti‐NET antibodies (especially of the IgG isotype) impaired the ability of patient sera to degrade NETs (r = 0.4, P = 0.003). Levels of anti‐NET IgM inversely correlated with complement C4 (r = 0.4, P = 0.019). Clinically, anti‐NET antibodies associated with certain APS clinical manifestations, and in particular recurrent venous thrombosis (odds ratio 4.3; P = 0.002). Interestingly, anti‐NET antibody levels also appeared to be associated with unprovoked venous thrombosis in the general population (for IgM, mean ± SD optical density 0.67 ± 0.34 versus 0.26 ± 0.23).

Conclusion

Our data indicate high levels of anti‐NET antibodies in patients with primary APS, which may impair NET clearance and activate the complement cascade. These findings may ultimately enable more effective risk stratification.
A direct computational method for nonlinear variable‐order fractional delay optimal control problems
Authors: Heydari Mohammad Hossein , Avazzadeh Zakieh
Published: July 2020

This paper introduces a highly accurate operational matrix technique based upon the Chebyshev cardinal functions (CCFs) for solving a new category of nonlinear delay optimal control problems (OCPs) involving variable‐order (VO) fractional dynamical systems. The VO fractional derivatives are defined in the Caputo type. The main aim is converting such OCPs into systems of algebraic equations. Thus, we first expand the state and control variables in terms of the CCFs with undetermined coefficients. Then, by utilizing the cardinal property of these basis functions, the delay terms in the problem under consideration are expanded in terms of the CCFs. Thereafter, these expansions are substituted into the cost functional, dynamical system and delay conditions. Next, the cardinality of the CCFs together with their operational matrix (OM) of VO fractional derivative are employed to extract a nonlinear algebraic equation from the cost functional, and several algebraic equations from the dynamical system and delay conditions. Eventually, the method of the constrained extremum is employed by coupling the algebraic constraints yielded from the dynamical system and delay conditions with the algebraic equation extracted from the cost functional using a set of Lagrange multipliers. The precision of the method is studied through different types of numerical examples.
Predictability of European winter 2019/20: Indian Ocean dipole impacts on the NAO
Authors: Hardiman Steven C. , Dunstone Nick J. , Scaife Adam A. , Smith Doug M. , Knight Jeff R. , Davies Paul , Claus Martin , Greatbatch Richard J.
Published: July 2020

Northern Europe and the UK experienced an exceptionally warm and wet winter in 2019/20, driven by an anomalously positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). This positive NAO was well forecast by several seasonal forecast systems, suggesting that this winter the NAO was highly predictable at seasonal lead times. A very strong positive Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) event was also observed at the start of winter. Here we use composite analysis and model experiments, to show that the IOD was a key driver of the observed positive NAO. Using model experiments that perturb the Indian Ocean initial conditions, two teleconnection pathways of the IOD to the north Atlantic emerge: a tropospheric teleconnection pathway via a Rossby wave train travelling from the Indian Ocean over the Pacific and Atlantic, and a stratospheric teleconnection pathway via the Aleutian region and the stratospheric polar vortex. These pathways are similar to those for the El Niño Southern Oscillation link to the north Atlantic which are already well documented. The anomalies in the north Atlantic jet stream location and strength, and the associated precipitation anomalies over the UK and northern Europe, as simulated by the model IOD experiments, show remarkable agreement with those forecast and observed.
Leaving with something: When do people experience an equity–efficiency conflict?
Authors: Gordon‐Hecker Tom , Schneider Iris K. , Shalvi Shaul , Bereby‐Meyer Yoella
Published: July 2020

When allocating resources, people often have to resolve a conflict between equity and efficiency concerns. That is, sometimes for everyone to receive the same amount of resources, some resources must be used suboptimally. However, it is unclear whether and how people account for the impact their allocation decisions would have on the recipients' outcome. In three experiments, we examine how the amount of resources allocated to the recipients influences allocators' decisions and use mouse tracking techniques to assess their conflict during the decision process. The results reveal that when an equitable allocation of resources led to neither recipients receiving anything nor imposed losses, people tended to prefer efficient allocations. Such allocations between recipients who may end up with no resources also evoke a greater conflict compared with allocations in which both recipients have some secured gains, suggesting that, in general, people want to be equitable but not when equity means that nobody gets anything. When maintaining equity can only be done by leaving recipients with no resources at all, equitable allocations evoke a greater conflict, and people are more likely to refrain from them.
Characterization of zinc oxide nanocrystals with different morphology for application in ultraviolet‐light photocatalytic performances on rhodamine B
Authors: Bhunia Amit Kumar , Saha Satyajit
Published: July 2020

ZnO nanostructures of different morphology (nanorods, nano‐leaf, nanotubes) were favourably grown using a chemical precipitation process. The prepared ZnO nanostructures were characterized systematically using absorption spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared studies. XRD results showed the hexagonal wurtzite phase of the synthesized ZnO nanostructures. Structural properties such as average crystallite size, lattice constants, volume of the unit cell, atomic fraction, and structural bonds were also studied. The optical band gap of the synthesized ZnO nanocrystals varied from 3.52 eV to 3.69 eV with high quantum yield of the blue emission (~420 nm). Urbach energy for ZnO nanocrystals was calculated to be 0.702 eV, 0.901 eV, and 0.993 eV for nanorods, nano‐leaf, and tube like ZnO crystals, respectively. Morphology of the fabricated nanostructures was investigated using SEM. Photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (Rh B) in solution under UV irradiation was explored with different ZnO morphology. Photocatalytic experiments showed that ZnO nano‐leaf had a higher degradation rate of photocatalytic activity of photodegrading Rh B compared with the other tube shape and rods shape nanostructures. The Rh B dye degraded considerably by ∼79.05%, 74.41%, and 69.8% within 120 min in the presence of the as‐fabricated fern nano‐leaf, nanotubes, and nanorods of the ZnO nanocrystals at room temperature.
DABCO‐Catalyzed the Synthesis of Densely Functionalized Cyclohexanones in a Benign Manner
Authors: Hazeri Nourallah , Lashkari Mojtaba , Fatahpour Maryam , Sheikhveisi Mahla
Published: July 2020

In this study, a robust DABCO‐catalyzed method has been reported for the reaction of readily available material, including various aromatic/aliphatic aldehydes and acetoacetanilide affording N,N′‐diaryl‐2‐aryl‐6‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐4‐oxocyclohexane‐1,3‐dicarboxamides. The reaction proceeds at 50 °C under solvent‐free conditions via a one‐pot pseudo‐three‐component reaction to yield functionalized cyclohexanones containing four quaternary stereogenic centers. Simple reaction conditions, moderate‐to‐high yields of product, no need of column chromatographic purification, eco‐friendliness, shorter reaction time, and simple work‐up has transformed this method an interesting route to the available procedures. The stereoselectivity of compounds was envisaged with crystallography and NMR spectroscopy.
Point‐of‐care semen analysis of patients with infertility via smartphone and colorimetric paper‐based diagnostic device
Authors: Tsao Yu‐Ting , Yang Chung‐Yao , Wen Yun‐Chiao , Chang Ting‐Chang , Matsuura Koji , Chen Yu , Cheng Chao‐Min
Published: July 2020

Male infertility affects millions of males worldwide and is rising in prevalence due to social and environmental conditions. However, men often feel too embarrassed to receive a semen analysis in the hospital due to social stigmas. To overcome this problem, we developed a 3‐(4,5‐Dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide test strip to distinguish semen samples with low total motile sperm concentration from those with normal motile sperm concentration. This is a point‐of‐care colorimetric semen analytical method with a one‐step, inexpensive, equipment‐free evaluation process, and adequate accuracy validated in a 42‐sample clinical trial. In this study, results were evaluated visually and with a smartphone application. Using visual observation methods, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.71 (95% of confidence interval = 0.55–0.86; p = 0.021), sensitivity was 41%, specificity was 95%, positive predictive value was 90%, negative predictive value (NPV) was 59.4%, and accuracy was 67%. Using a smartphone recording and analytical system, AUC was 0.766 (95% of confidence interval = 0.612–0.92; p = 0.003), sensitivity was 96%, specificity was 65%, PPV was 75%, NPV was 92.9%, and accuracy was 80.9%. This work demonstrated a screening tool that could elevate semen analysis to the level of routine healthcare and provide for private, in‐home self‐assessment.
The Aims and Outcomes of Public Inquiries into the Care and Protection of Children: Should They Be Undertaken Differently?
Authors: Vincent Sharon , Holt Kim , Kelly Nancy , Smale Emma
Published: July 2020

Public inquiries have become a standard governmental response to managing matters of public interest and concern, including child abuse, in a number of countries, but questions have been raised over whether they are worth the time, money and resources. This paper examines experts' perceptions of the aims and outcomes of public inquiries, before moving on to consider whether there are more effective and efficient ways of investigating national scandals. Based on findings from a thematic analysis of the proceedings of a four‐day expert summit, and semi‐structured interviews with 16 participants who have been involved in child abuse inquiries in the UK and elsewhere, it concludes that public inquiries are not fulfilling all of their competing objectives. While a limited number of inquiries into the care and protection of children have had a positive impact on policy or practice, or successfully raised public awareness overall, there is little evidence of effectiveness. There is a need to: rethink the purpose, scope, methodology and impact of such inquiries to ensure that they are more effective and cost‐efficient; place children, victims and survivors at the centre; and use a wider range of professional expertise and skills.

‘Examines experts' perceptions of the aims and outcomes of public inquiries… [and] consider[s] whether there are more effective and efficient ways of investigating national scandals’

Key Practitioner Messages

Victims should be at the centre of any process to investigate serious cases of child abuse.

Serious cases should be investigated by multidisciplinary teams comprising individuals with a range of different skill sets and capabilities.

Cases where things have gone wrong should be considered alongside evidence from cases where children are well protected.
Propofol induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in vitro via regulating miR‐363‐3p/CREB signalling axis
Authors: Yao Yi , Zhang Jia‐Jia
Published: July 2020

Propofol, a generally used anaesthetic in patients care, has been proven to induce neurotoxicity. Studies have shown that miR‐363‐3p was closely related to neurological dysfunction, and the up‐regulated miR‐363‐3p was recognized to be participate in propofol‐induced neurotoxicity. However, the mechanisms and functions of miR‐363‐3p in propofol‐induced neurotoxicity remain rarely reported. The aim of our research was to clarify the potential effects of miR‐363‐3p in neurotoxicity induced by propofol. SH‐SY5Y cells were treated with propofol, miR‐363‐3p inhibitor or sh‐CREB. quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were applied to detect the expression of miR‐363‐3p, CREB, Bax, Bcl‐2, cleaved caspase‐9 and cleaved caspase‐3 at the mRNA and/or protein level, respectively. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in cell supernatant were detected using different kits. Flow cytometry and MTT assay were applied for assessing the functions of miR‐363‐3p and CREB on cell ability in cellular activity and apoptotic rate. In addition, Bioinformatic analysis and luciferase assay verified the relationship between 3′‐UTR of CREB and miR‐363‐3p. Our data indicated that the cell viability decreased with the increasing propofol concentration. Bioinformatic analysis and luciferase assay suggested that 3′‐UTR of transcript of CREB might be a binding site of miR‐363‐3p, and miR‐363‐3p could negatively regulate the expression of CREB. The changes in reactive oxygen species, LDH, SOD and MDA suggested that propofol mediates oxidative stress and apoptosis via modulating miR‐363‐3p/CREB axis. Propofol induces oxidative stress and apoptosis via affecting miR‐363‐3p/CREB axis in SH‐SY5Y cells, suggesting miR‐363‐3p down‐regulation may act as a novel strategy to ameliorate the propofol‐induced neurotoxicity.

Significance of the study: The present study demonstrated that propofol induces oxidative stress and apoptosis via affecting miR‐363‐3p/CREB axis in SH‐SY5Y cells, suggesting miR‐363‐3p down‐regulation may act as a novel strategy to ameliorate the propofol‐induced neurotoxicity.
Encapsulation of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract into Zein Nanoparticles
Authors: Calliari Caroline Maria , Campardelli Roberta , Pettinato Margherita , Perego Patrizia
Published: July 2020

A combined approach for the extraction of antioxidants from Hibiscus sabdariffa and entrapment of the extract in zein nanoparticles is proposed. Different green extraction techniques were adopted: high‐pressure and ‐temperature extraction, ultrasound‐assisted extraction, and microwave‐assisted extraction, using an ethanol/water mixture as extracting solvent. The extracts were used for the preparation of zein nanoparticles by liquid antisolvent precipitation. The impacts of process variables were investigated using response surface modeling, demonstrating that the proposed strategy allows high extract encapsulation efficiency, good particle size control, and high particle stability.
An Expansion of Crystalline Sponge X‐ray Analysis to Elucidate the Molecular Structure of Reactive Compounds via Ion Pair Formation
Authors: Taniguchi Yoshimasa , Matsumoto Rie , Kadota Tomoyuki
Published: July 2020

The crystalline sponge (CS) method allows structural elucidation of a target compound (guest) in solution by single crystal X‐ray diffraction through trapping the guest into the CS framework. In principle, the CS method is inapplicable to reactive compounds that break the CS framework, such as acidic, basic, or nucleophilic ones. Here, a solution to this problem is disclosed wherein an ion pair of the guest compound is formed during the guest‐soaking step by adding a suitable reagent. The ion pair can be observed and does not damage the CS framework. Using the developed method, amino, guanidino, and amidino compounds have been successfully analyzed as ion pairs with sulfonic acids. Practical utility has been shown because the absolute configurations of optically resolved amine derivatives were revealed with only a few micrograms. This demonstrates that the ion‐pair‐soaking method is simple and expands the range of compounds applicable to the CS method.
Identification of Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors by Metal‐binding Pharmacophore Screening
Authors: Adamek Rebecca N. , Ludford Paul , Duggan Stephanie M. , Tor Yitzhak , Cohen Seth M.
Published: July 2020

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a human mononuclear Zn2+ metalloenzyme that converts adenosine to inosine. ADA is a validated drug target for cancer, but there has been little recent work on the development of new therapeutics against this enzyme. The lack of new advancements can be partially attributed to an absence of suitable assays for high‐throughput screening (HTS) against ADA. To facilitate more rapid drug discovery efforts for this target, an in vitro assay was developed that utilizes the enzymatic conversion of a visibly emitting adenosine analogue to the corresponding fluorescent inosine analogue by ADA, which can be monitored via fluorescence intensity changes. Utilizing this assay, a library of ∼350 small molecules containing metal‐binding pharmacophores (MBPs) was screened in an HTS format to identify new inhibitor scaffolds against ADA. This approach yielded a new metal‐binding scaffold with a Ki value of 26±1 μM.
Synthesis and Antitrypanosomal Activity of 1,4‐Disubstituted Triazole Compounds Based on a 2‐Nitroimidazole Scaffold: a Structure‐Activity Relationship Study
Authors: Assunção Elvis L. F. , Carvalho Diego B. , das Neves Amarith R. , Kawasoko Shiguemotto Cristiane Y. , Portapilla Gisele B. , de Albuquerque Sergio , Baroni Adriano C. M.
Published: July 2020

Chagas disease affects 6–8 million people worldwide, remaining a public health concern. Toxicity, several adverse effects and inefficiency in the chronic stage of the disease are the major challenges regarding the available treatment protocols. This work involved the synthesis of twenty‐two 1,4‐disubstituted‐1,2,3‐triazole analogues of benznidazole (BZN), by using a click chemistry strategy. Analogues were obtained in moderate to good yields (40‐97 %). Antitrypanosomal activity was evaluated against the amastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Compound 8 a (4‐(2‐nitro‐1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)methyl)‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole) without substituents on phenyl ring showed similar biological activity to BZN (IC50=3.0 μM, SI>65.3), with an IC50=3.1 μM and SI>64.5. Compound 8 o (3,4‐di‐OCH3−Ph) with IC50 = 0.65 μM was five‐fold more active than BZN, and showed an excellent selectivity index (SI>307.7). Compound 8 v (3‐NO2, 4‐CH3−Ph) with IC50=1.2 μM and relevant SI>166.7, also exhibited higher activity than BZN. SAR analysis exhibited a pattern regarding antitrypanosomal activity relative to BZN, in compounds with electron‐withdrawing groups (Hammett σ+) at position 3, and electron‐donating groups (Hammett σ‐) at position 4, as observed in 8 o and 8 v. Further research might explore in vivo antitrypanosomal activity of promising analogues 8 a, 8 o, and 8 v. Overall, this study indicates that approaches such as the bioisosteric replacement of amide group by 1,2,3‐triazole ring, the use of click chemistry as a synthesis strategy, and design tools like Craig‐plot and Topliss tree are promising alternatives to drug discovery.
Neurologic complications of lung cancer
Authors: Sands Jacob M. , Daly Megan E. , Lee Eudocia Q.
Published: July 2020

Lung cancer and its associated treatments can cause various neurologic complications, including brain and leptomeningeal metastases, epidural spinal cord compression, cerebrovascular events, and treatment‐related neurotoxicities. Lung cancer care has significantly changed in the last 5 to 10 years, with novel therapies that have affected aspects of neurologic complication management. Herein, the authors review the potential neurologic complications of lung cancer, including important clinical and therapeutic aspects of care.
An Aminopyridinium Ionic Liquid: A Simple and Effective Bifunctional Organocatalyst for Carbonate Synthesis from Carbon Dioxide and Epoxides
Authors: Ebrahimi Amirhossein , Rezazadeh Mostafa , Khosravi Hormoz , Rostami Ali , Al‐Harrasi Ahmed
Published: July 2020

An aminopyridinium ionic liquid is presented as a green, tunable, and active metal‐free one‐component catalytic system for the atom‐efficient transformation of oxiranes and CO2 to cyclic carbonates. Inclusion of a positively charged moiety into aminopyridines, through a simple single‐step synthesis, provides a one‐component ionic liquid catalytic system with superior activity; effective in ring opening of epoxide, CO2 inclusion, and stabilization of oxoanionic intermediates. An efficiency assessment of a variety of positively charged aminopyridines was pursued, and the impact of temperature, catalyst loading, and the kind of nucleophile on the catalytic performance was also investigated. Under solvent‐free conditions, this bifunctional organocatalytic system was used for the preparation of 18 examples of cyclic carbonates from a broad range of alkyl‐ and aryl‐substituted oxiranes and CO2, where up to 98 % yield and high selectivity were achieved. DFT calculations validated a mechanism in which nucleophilic ring‐opening and CO2 inclusion occur simultaneously towards cyclic carbonate formation.
Photochemistry of a 9‐Dithianyl‐Pyronin Derivative: A Cornucopia of Reaction Intermediates Lead to Common Photoproducts
Authors: Martínek Marek , Váňa Jiří , Šebej Peter , Navrátil Rafael , Slanina Tomáš , Ludvíková Lucie , Roithová Jana , Klán Petr
Published: July 2020

Leaving groups attached to the meso‐methyl position of many common dyes, such as xanthene, BODIPY, or pyronin derivatives, can be liberated upon irradiation with visible light. However, the course of phototransformations of such photoactivatable systems can be quite complex and the identification of reaction intermediates or even products is often neglected. This paper exemplifies the photochemistry of a 9‐dithianyl‐pyronin derivative, which undergoes an oxidative transformation at the meso‐position to give a 3,6‐diamino‐9H‐xanthen‐9‐one derivative, formic acid, and carbon monoxide as the main photoproducts. The course of this multi‐photon multi‐step reaction was studied under various conditions by steady‐state and time‐resolved optical spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy to understand the effects of solvents and molecular oxygen on individual steps. Our analyses have revealed the existence of many intermediates and their interrelationships to provide a complete picture of the transformation, which can bring new inputs to a rational design of new photoactivatable pyronin or xanthene derivatives.
“Studies of the Uptake of Nitrate in Barley. I. Kinetics of 13NO3− Influx” by M.Y. Siddiqi, A.D.M. Glass, T.J. Ruth, and T.W. Rufty, Jr., Plant Physiology (1990) 93:1426–1432
Authors: Sinclair Thomas R.
Published: July 2020

This article is part of a series of brief commentaries to highlight papers that have resulted in important and distinctly new perspectives in crop science. A criterion for selection of papers is that they must have been published at least 20 yr ago to allow for a long‐range perspective in assessment of the papers. The current article briefly reviews the paper by M.Y. Siddiqi, A.D.M. Glass, T.J. Ruth, and T.W. Rufty, Jr. published in 1990 that investigated the kinetics of nitrate influx by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings. Using 13NO3−, they documented the existence of two influx systems. One was inducible and nitrate influx saturated under low nitrate concentrations. The second was noninducible and expressed a linear increase in nitrate influx over high nitrate concentrations. Key transformative results from this study were the demonstration that both systems were under negative feedback control based on root nitrate concentration.
Theoretical Insights into the Effect of Cations, Anions, and Water on Fixation of CO2 Catalyzed by Different Ionic Liquids
Authors: Xia Yangfeng , Zhang Yanqiang , Su Qian , Dong Kun
Published: July 2020

Chemical fixation of CO2 is an efficient means for decreasing amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. One of promising technologies is the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides to synthesize cyclic carbonates. In this reaction, ionic liquid (IL) catalysts show versatile and unique advantages. However, the reaction mechanism using ILs is not clear. In this work, a detailed theoretical investigation was performed by DFT calculations. The energetic profile shows that the reaction consists of three steps, with the ring‐opening step being the rate‐determining step. Based on the results, effects of cations, anions and water were calculated. Cations show strong hydrogen bonding interactions with epoxides, which decreases the energy barrier of the ring‐opening step, indicating that hydrogen bonds play a positive role in promoting the reaction. The effect of anions was evaluated by nucleophilicity index (NNu); anions with a larger NNu (stronger nucleophilicity) value show lower energy barriers. The influence of water was investigated by implicit and explicit models. Compared with the solvent‐free case, water as an implicit solvent decreases the energy barriers through polarization with epoxides. In the explicit solvent model, the water molecules form new hydrogen bonds with epoxides and cations, which can efficiently reduce the energy barriers. The result indicates that there is a new synergic catalytic mechanism, in which the water acts not only as solvent but also as a catalyst in the reaction. Supporting experiments further confirm the calculation results.
Data dissemination with interoperability in IoT network
Authors: Rathanasalam Radhika , Kanagasabai Kulothungan
Published: July 2020

Internet of Things (IoT) is connected to heterogeneous devices. Efficient adaptive scheduling with encoding and decoding of data is an unaddressed issue in IoT. This paper processes the data under three major hierarchy: namely, adaptability, scheduling of data, and network coding for that data. The reliable access to the information is ensured by a device which is a primary eminence in IoT. Device must be able to adapt itself according to the changes in the network and to maintain its reliability as well as transparency and seamless access to the resources. To enhance the performance of the data dissemination, the scheduling process is investigated using the spatial grouping in IoT devices; this is achieved by joint spatial and code domain scheduling scheme, and the novel preconfigured access scheme is coined in order to minimize the collision rate of arbitrary access; during the data dissemination, the erasure coding scheme is used for the encoding and decoding of packets which provides optimal redundancy. We carried the simulation using Contiki and it shows the proposed Polymorphic Erasure Coding with Markov decision Adaptability and Neural networks (PECMAN) improves in terms of cost, overhead, and delay when compared with Multi‐user Shared Access (EMUSA), Polynomial‐time Optimal Storage Allocation (OSA) scheme, and Event‐Aware Back pressure Scheduling Scheme (EABS).
Applying computational modeling to assess age‐, sex‐, and strategy‐related differences in Spin the Pots, a working memory task for 2‐ to 4‐year‐olds
Authors: Zimmermann Laura , Frank Hannah E. , Subiaul Francys , Barr Rachel
Published: July 2020

Working memory (WM) develops rapidly during early childhood. In the present study, visual WM (VSM) was measured using the well‐established Spin the Pots task (Hughes & Ensor, 2005), a complex non‐verbal eight‐location object occlusion task. A self‐ordered hiding procedure was adopted to allow for an examination of children's strategy use during a VWM task. Participants (N = 640) between the ages of 2 and 4 years were tested under semi‐naturalistic conditions, in the home or in a museum. Computational modeling was used to estimate an expected value for the total trials to complete Spin the Pots via a random search and child performance was compared to expected values. Based on this approach, we determined that children who found six stickers retrieved them in significantly fewer trials than the expected value, excluding chance performance and implicating VWM. Results also showed age‐related and sex‐related changes in VWM. Between 2 and 4 years of age, 4‐year‐olds performed significantly better than younger children and girls out‐performed the boys. Spontaneous use of a color matching hiding strategy was associated with a higher success rate on the task. Implications of these findings for early development of VWM are discussed.
Don’t judge toxic weeds on whether they are native but on their ecological effects
Authors: Zhang Zhenchao , Sun Jian , Liu Miao , Xu Ming , Wang Yi , Wu Gao‐lin , Zhou Huakun , Ye Chongchong , Tsechoe Dorji , Wei Tianxing
Published: July 2020

The sharp rise in anthropogenic activities and climate change has caused the extensive degradation of grasslands worldwide, jeopardizing ecosystem function, and threatening human well‐being. Toxic weeds have been constantly spreading in recent decades; indeed, their occurrence is considered to provide an early sign of land degeneration. Policymakers and scientific researchers often focus on the negative effects of toxic weeds, such as how they inhibit forage growth, kill livestock, and cause economic losses. However, toxic weeds can have several potentially positive ecological impacts on grasslands, such as promoting soil and water conservation, improving nutrient cycling and biodiversity conservation, and protecting pastures from excessive damage by livestock. We reviewed the literature to detail the adaptive mechanisms underlying toxic weeds and to provide new insight into their roles in degraded grassland ecosystems. The findings highlight that the establishment of toxic weeds may provide a self‐protective strategy of degenerated pastures that do not require special interventions. Consequently, policymakers, managers, and other personnel responsible for managing grasslands need to take appropriate actions to assess the long‐term trade‐offs between the development of animal husbandry and the maintenance of ecological services provided by grasslands.
Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazoles Bearing a 4‐Hydroxyisoxazolidine Moiety from 4,5‐Unsubstituted 2,3‐Dihydroisoxazoles
Authors: Štadániová Radka , Sahulčík Michal , Doháňošová Jana , Moncol Ján , Janotka Ľuboš , Šimoničová Kristína , Messingerová Lucia , Fischer Róbert
Published: July 2020

A synthetic approach towards new 1,2,3‐triazoles bearing the 3‐hydroxymethylated 4‐hydroxyisoxazolidine moiety has been described. The strategy has relied on dihydroxylation and epoxidation reactions of 4,5‐unsubstituted 2,3‐dihydroisoxazoles, allowing the introduction of the hydroxy group at the isoxazolidine ring in a trans stereoselective manner with respect to the substituent at C‐3 carbon atom. The requisite 5‐azidoisoxazolidines have been prepared from activated isoxazolidines possessing a good leaving group at C‐5 carbon atom by treatment with trimethylsilyl azide and Lewis acid (isoxazolidinyl benzoates) or with sodium azide (chloroisoxazolidines). The 1,2,3‐triazole moiety has been synthesized through copper(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition.
Synthesis of Distally‐Bridged Chiral Resorcinarene Crowns
Authors: Tan Daniel A. , Massera Chiara , McIldowie Matthew J. , Mocerino Mauro
Published: July 2020

Our interest in the potential of chiral tetramethoxy‐resorcinarene as agents for chiral recognition has led us to synthesise twelve distally‐bridged chiral resorcinarene crowns. The fascinating architecture of these partially‐enclosed chiral basket molecules is evident in the solid‐state structures which have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. Moreover, the enantiomers of these chiral resorcinarene crowns have been resolved via diastereomeric resolution, with the absolute configuration of the diastereomers being determined by X‐ray crystallography. This work enables further exploration of these enantio‐pure chiral baskets as possible chiral resolving agents.
A High‐sensitivity and Enzyme‐free Clenbuterol Sensor using SWCNT Arrays Prepared with a One‐pot Method Comprising Gold Nanoparticles and Cl−
Authors: Chen Baitao , Liu Jia , Li Shasha , Ren Yuanhui , Yuan Yi , Zhu Hong , Li Hongna
Published: July 2020

We describe a novel enzyme‐free sensor for clenbuterol (CLE) prepared by a simple electrochemical method. A new method to detect clenbuterol hydrochloride was developed by single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) arrays and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)‐Cl− complex. SWCNT arrays modified glass carbon electrode (GCE) was first prepared by one‐pot method with cyclic voltammetry.Then AuNPs were deposited on the SWCNT arrays and complexed with a high concentration of chloride ions (0.1 mol/L). The as‐fabricated SWCNT arrays/AuNPs senor have showed an excellent sensitivity in CLE detection with lower detection limit (0.5 ng/L) and wider linear range (1–800 ng/L). Its high performance can be attributed to the high catalytic activity of SWCNT arrays and the special absorption of CLE on AuNPs. The surface morphology of the electrode was analyzed by atomic force microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and SEM. This work offers a new method for the synthesis of SWCNT arrays and a novel avenue for CLE detection. The modified electrode was stable with 98.5 % of its initial current response after remained one month, it was used to detect CLE in human urine, animal tissues and food with satisfactory results.