bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teachers Practice of Human Rights in Jordan
Authors: Alzyoud Mohammad , Abu Salah Mervat Saleh , Sulaiman Bilal Salah
Published: August 2020

The aim of this study is to identify the degree to which the teachers of UNRWA in Jordan practice human rights from the point of view of the students. The study sample consists of 2505 students from a population of 46636 students from UNRWA schools. This was performed in the four educational districts of the Agency in the second semester of the academic year 2016/2017. To achieve the objectives of the study, a questionnaire was constructed to determine the degree to which UNRWA teachers in Jordan have been practicing the principles of human rights from the students' point of view. After verifying the validity of the questionnaire, it was applied on the study personnel. To answer the questions of the study, statistical methods were carried out using the SPSS program to process the data. The mean, the standard deviations, the levels of the scales, the fields, and the instrument were used to answer the first question. To answer the second question, three-way MANOVA, and least significant difference (LSD) were used. The results of the study on the first question indicated that the degree of practice of the teachers of UNRWA schools in Jordan of the principles of human rights from the point of view of their students was divided into three major areas: classroom and extracurricular activities, Teacher behavior and assessment methods, learning objectives and learning content. There are statistically significant differences in the degree of practice of the principles of human rights and the three fields according to the gender variable in favor of females. Also, a statistical significance difference also exists in the fields based on the degree of exercise of the three principles of human rights. It also has to do with the total degree of the questionnaire according to the variable grade between seventh grade students and eighth, ninth, and tenth grade students in favor of seventh grade students. On the other hand, there were no differences between students in the eighth, ninth, and tenth grades. In addition, there were statistically significant differences in the overall degree of the UNRWA teachers' training according to the school site variable. Based on the results of the study, a number of recommendations were presented, including the exchange of experiences between male and female schools to develop the sharing of ideas, activating the role of community institutions that deal with human rights issues, and linking them to channels of communication with schools by intensifying visits. It also entails giving greater attention to the celebration of international, as well as national events related to human rights, and to give a greater share of the financial budget, moral, material, equipment, environmental, resources material, human, and symbolic.
Hombres que ejercen violencia hacia la (ex) pareja mujer: cambios y tensiones.
Authors: Astorga Nicole , Valdivia Alex
Published: August 2020

El presente artículo da cuenta de la sistematización de un proceso reeducativo dirigido a hombres en un programa estatal. El objetivo fue identificar los elementos fundamentales de la intervención que vivieron 11 hombres en el Centro de Hombres por una vida sin violencia de La Serena, Región de Coquimbo, Chile, desde julio 2017 a marzo 2019. Se describen los aprendizajes y cambios que éstos reconocieron, identificando los facilitadores y obstaculizadores del proceso grupal, y finalmente, discutiendo los discursos de los mismos hombres y sus parejas o ex parejas mujeres. Se realiza un análisis documental de los sustentos teóricos del programa, análisis de los registros de audio y escritos de intervenciones individuales y grupales, y se contrasta esta información con los reportes de las mujeres parejas y/o ex parejas de ellos. Los resultados dan cuenta que en este proceso los hombres por primera vez cuestionan su biografía desde una perspectiva de género, relacionándola con la cultura patriarcal de la sociedad chilena; desarrollan conductas y discursos empáticos hacia mujeres y otras personas; logran diferenciar entre respeto y miedo. Incorporan elementos de escucha activa y señalan mejorar su comunicación a nivel conyugal y parental. En cuanto a facilitadores, los hombres identifican el respeto y la participación en espacio grupal, así como la acogida y escucha activa hacia ellos. Respecto a los obstaculizadores del proceso, identifican la vergüenza “social” por los actos cometidos y también, los ambientes machistas en los que se desenvuelven cotidianamente.
Del discurso al cuerpo: opiniones sobre masculinidad de estudiantes universitarios en Guatemala.
Authors: Bolaños Valenzuela José Herbert R
Published: August 2020

Con el objetivo de identificar diversos niveles de reflexión y posicionamiento frente a la presión social que reconocen y enuncian para transformar las prácticas masculinas en las relaciones de género, se analizan los discursos recogidos en 11 grupos focales con estudiantes de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala.Se encontraron varios tipos de discursos. Existe un discurso superficial que no reconoce el machismo que defiende; otro plantea la transformación como una necesidad personal, victimizándose de situaciones aparentemente injustas que enfrentan como hombres; un tercer discurso es el teórico-conceptual, en el cual los hombres aparecen posicionados ante la realidad, pero no parte de ella. Existe también un discurso basado en las experiencias personales, de reflexión auténtica y lleno de emociones, que ha pasado por el propio cuerpo. Cada discurso muestra un nivel diferente en el compromiso por transformarse, diversos avances, tensiones y cuestionamientos en torno al tema de la masculinidad; así mismo, ponen en evidencia retos que debe encarar la universidad al impulsar las necesarias transformaciones de la masculinidad.
¿Varones construyendo espacios de Igualdad? Desafíos en contexto de confinamiento (COVID-19)
Authors: Córdoba María Gabriela , Ibarra Casals Darío
Published: August 2020

El aislamiento social preventivo en Argentina y Uruguay abre el análisis acerca de las masculinidades en el contexto de confinamiento por el COVID-19. ¿Cuál es la vivencia de los varones durante este encierro y aislamiento en el espacio doméstico, tradicionalmente femenino? Se trata de determinar los problemas regionales en las relaciones de género a partir de cuyo análisis se lograría la construcción de nuevos vínculos sociales igualitarios. La polarización social de América Latina hoy aún se centra en una lógica heteronormativa de las relaciones de género, que vindica el poder masculino hegemónico en el ámbito público y relega a las mujeres al ámbito familiar. El confinamiento actual impacta con diversos matices en las relaciones familiares, y así salen a relucir los diferentes conflictos acallados, y el mayor de todos: la violencia masculina. El desafío es que los varones puedan generar cambios positivos para acabar con el orden androcéntrico imperante.
Hombres de cuidado ¡en emergencia! Los Cuidados y masculinidades en el actual contexto COVID-19 en Centroamérica
Authors: Madrigal Rajo Larry José , Tejeda Guardado Walberto
Published: August 2020

La pandemia del COVID-19 ha develado una profunda crisis de los cuidados en Centroamérica. Las cifras de contagios y decesos parecen afectar más a los hombres, especialmente jóvenes y urbanos y la carga de cuidados sobre la mujeres aumenta y se complejiza. Los reportes e informes provenientes de medios de comunicación, redes virtuales y de grupos organizados de la sociedad civil en Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador y Nicaragua indican comportamientos de los hombres que no están ayudando a la prevención, contención y educación frente al virus. En toda la situación se evidencia un insuficiente abordaje de género y casi nula interseccionalidad y ausencia de enfoque de masculinidades. Este artículo analiza la situación regional con lentes de género desde la acción y reflexión política del Programa de Masculinidades, problematizando las cifras y datos, discutiendo la crisis de los cuidados y potenciando la corresponsabilidad de los hombres desde una opción profeminista.
Fair Value Accounting and Implications for the Auditing Profession: Historical Overview
Authors: Alharasis Esraa Esam , Prokofieva Maria , Alqatamin Rateb Mohammad , Clark Colin
Published: August 2020

This paper explores the link between the introduction of fair value measurements (FVM) and the development of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in 2008-9. The paper aims to provide an historical analysis of the development of the Enron scandal with a focus on fair value accounting (FVA) and provides a narrative literature review of the subsequent economic downturn, its effect on the auditing profession and audit fees arrangements, implications for FVA, and response of global institutions and standard setters. It provides a theoretical explanation of the underlying antecedents using existing accounting theories. For each reviewed stream of research, the paper establishes the theoretical underpinning and discusses its application supported by the context. The content analysis using NVivo software was employed to analyse existing research and available published information. Based on the comprehensive literature review, the study arrives at two main findings. First, the paper concludes with the controversial use of FVM and establishes a direct connection between Enron’s collapse, the GFC, and improper FVM practices. Secondly, the study identifies the current pricing strategy for audit as an industry response to the abuse of external audit arrangements regarding FVA. Supported by the literature review findings, the paper contributes to the audit research by providing deep insights into the connection between FVA practices, the GFC and development of the audit profession. The paper addresses the lack of foundational research in FVA and establishes a solid background for further studies on FVA and audit profession development in general.
Developing a predictive model for prostate cancer screening intent among African American males
Authors: Moore Quentin E.
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this cross-sectional, predictive correlational study was to examine the relationship between African American male inmates’ behavioral intentions with regard to the intention to screen for prostate cancer. To this end, the study devised and tested a model of relevant predictors, including Direct Attitude, Indirect Subjective Norms, Indirect Outcome Evaluation, and Health Literacy. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings suggest that African American male inmates in the federal prison system may have slightly different priorities relative to non-incarcerated populations. The implications for nurses and other healthcare providers working in the prison system include: empowering inmates by building a trusting relationship; investigating ways to improve health literacy in this population, and developing an understanding of the factors that inspire African American inmates to engage in the decision-making process. The limitations of this study include a reliance on participant self-reports and a relatively small sample size, which limit the generalizability of the results. Nonetheless, future interventions may arise from providers’ greater ability to understand and predict health-related behaviors and foster proactive health attitudes in the inmate population.
Revision Hip Arthroplasty Using a Porous-coated or Taper ZMR Implant: Minimum 10-year Follow-up of Implant Survivorship
Authors: McInnes James , Allen James , Garceau Simon P. , Warschawski Yaniv , Rajgopal Raghav , Safir Oleg A. , Gross Allan E. , Kuzyk Paul R.
Published: August 2020

Introduction:

The Zimmer Modular Revision hip (ZMR) system is available in two stem options, a porous-coated cylindrical (PCM) and a taper (TM) stem. Several concerns have been reported regarding modular implants. Specifically, because of early junctional fractures, the ZMR system was redesigned with a wider modular interface. As such, we designed a study assessing long-term ZMR survivorship and functional and radiographic outcomes.

Methods and Materials:

A search of our institutional research database was performed. A minimum 10-year follow-up was selected. The following two cohorts were created: PCM and TM stems. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed, and causes of stem failure requiring revision surgery were collected. Functional outcomes as per the Harris Hip Score and radiographic stem stability were assessed as per the Engh classification.

Results:

A total of 146 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were available for follow-up (PCM = 68, TM = 78). The mean follow-up was 13.4 years clinically and 11.1 years radiographically for the PCM cohort. Similarly, the TM cohort had a follow-up of 11.1 years clinically and 10.5 years radiographically. The Kaplan-Meier survivorships were 87.1% and 87.8% at 15 years for the PCM and TM cohorts, respectively. The most common cause of failure requiring revision surgery overall was aseptic loosening (PCM = 1.4%, TM = 5.6%). The mean postoperative Harris Hip Score was as follows: PCM = 71.2 and TM = 64.7. Engh type I or II stem ingrowth was as follows: PCM = 85% and TM = 68%.

Discussion:

Good survivorship using the ZMR stem system can be expected at up to 15 years. Aseptic loosening remains the most commonly encountered problem for both PCM and TM stems. Previously identified modular junctional weakness seem to have been addressed.
Acute Surgical Management of Vascular Injuries in Hip and Knee Arthroplasties
Authors: Melnic Christopher M. , Heng Marilyn , Lozano-Calderon Santiago A.
Published: August 2020

With an increasing number of total hip and knee arthroplasties being done at surgical centers and vascular surgeons often not immediately available in this setting, it is critical for orthopaedic surgeons to be comfortable with the acute surgical management of vascular injuries. Although they are fortunately uncommon in primary total hip and knee arthroplasties, damage to a major artery or vein can have potentially devastating consequences. Surgeons operating both in a hospital and an ambulatory surgical setting should be familiar with techniques to gain proximal control of massive bleeding because the principles can be helpful in primary and revision arthroplasties. In this study, we review the vascular anatomy around the hip and knee and the surgical management of these potentially catastrophic complications.
A Geographic Population-level Analysis of Access to Total Shoulder Arthroplasty in the State of Texas
Authors: Gregory James M. , Wayne Colton D. , Miller Adam J. , Kozemchak Adam M. , Bailey Lane , Warth Ryan J.
Published: August 2020

Introduction:

Managing costs and improving access to care are two important goals of healthcare policy. The purposes of this study were to (1) evaluate the changes in distribution of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) cases in the state of Texas from 2010 to 2015 and (2) to evaluate patient access to TSA surgery centers as measured by driving miles.

Methods:

Inpatient (IP) and outpatient (OP) records were obtained from 2010 to 2015 from the Texas Department of State Health Services. All primary elective anatomic or reverse TSAs for patients with Texas-based home residence zip codes were included. Driving miles between patient zip codes and their chosen TSA surgery centers were estimated, and the results were compared between IP (high-volume [HV-IP] or low-volume [LV-IP]) and OP centers. Paired student t-tests, multivariate regressions, and mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed for volume comparisons, interactions between TSA centers types, and yearly trend data, respectively.

Results:

Between 2010 and 2015, a total of 21,092 TSA procedures were performed across 321 surgery centers in the state of Texas (19,629 IP [93.1%] and 1,463 OP [6.9%]). During this time, the cumulative volume of IP TSA per 100,000 Texas residents increased by 109.1%, whereas the cumulative volume of OP TSA increased by 143.7%. Approximately 85.5% of included patients resided within 50 miles of any TSA surgery center; however, only 47.0% of the total Texas population resided within 50 miles of any TSA surgery center. This relationship remained true at every time point irrespective of their volume designations (OP, IP, HV-IP, and LV-IP).

Conclusion:

Despite the overall increase in TSA volume over time, the majority all TSA utilization in the state of Texas occurred in patients who resided within 50 miles of a TSA center. Increasing volume seems to reflect concentration of care into HV-IP and OP centers. Strategies to improve access to TSA care for underserved areas should be considered.

Level of Evidence:

Level II
Analysis of Online Reviews of Orthopaedic Surgeons and Orthopaedic Practices Using Natural Language Processing
Authors: Langerhuizen David W. G. , Brown Laura E. , Doornberg Job N. , Ring David , Kerkhoffs Gino M. M. J. , Janssen Stein J.
Published: August 2020

Background:

There is growing interest in measuring and improving patient experience. Machine learning–based natural language processing techniques may help identify instructive themes in online comments written by patients about their healthcare provider. Separating individual surgeon and orthopaedic office reviews, we analyzed themes that are discussed based on the rating category, the association with review length, the number of people posting more than one review for a surgeon or office, the mean number of reviews per rating category, and the difference in review tones.

Methods:

On Yelp.com, we collected 11,614 free-text reviews—together with a one- to five-star rating—of orthopaedic surgeons. Using natural language processing, we identified the most frequently occurring word combinations among rating categories. Themes were derived by categorizing word combinations. Dominant tones (emotional and language styles) were assessed by the IBM Watson Tone Analyzer. We calculated chi-square tests for linear trend and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients to assess differences among rating category.

Results:

For individual surgeons and orthopaedic offices, themes such as logistics, care and compassion, trust, recommendation, and customer service varied among rating categories. More positive reviews are shorter for individual surgeons and orthopaedic offices, while rating category was comparable among people posting more than one review for both groups. Tones of joy and confidence were associated with higher ratings. Sadness and tentative tones were associated with lower ratings.

Discussion:

For individual orthopaedic surgeons and orthopaedic offices, patient experience may be influenced mostly by the patient-clinician relationship. Training in more effective communication strategies may help improve self-reported patient experience.
Opioid Prescriptions by Orthopaedic Surgeons in a Medicare Population: Recent Trends, Potential Complications, and Characteristics of High Prescribers
Authors: Boddapati Venkat , Padaki Ajay S. , Lehman Ronald A. , Lenke Lawrence G. , Levine William N. , Riew K. Daniel
Published: August 2020

Introduction:

Orthopaedic surgeons prescribe an estimated 7.7% of all US opioid prescriptions, and understanding prescribing patterns is important to curtail the inappropriate dispensing of these drugs. The purpose of this study was to characterize recent trends in opioid prescribing patterns by orthopaedic surgeons within a Medicare population and to identify demographical characteristics associated with the highest prescribers.

Methods:

This study used Medicare Part D beneficiary prescription between 2013 and 2016. The number of prescriptions written per orthopaedic surgeon, prescriptions received by each beneficiary, and the length of each prescription were compared across years. Top prescribers were identified and compared with the remainder of prescribers to identify differences in sex, professional degree, and geographic regions.

Results:

Between 2013 and 2016, an average of 24,100 unique orthopaedic prescribers were identified. There was a decrease in the average number of prescriptions written per year from 157 to 148 and per beneficiary from 2.1 to 1.8 from 2013 to 2016, respectively. The most commonly prescribed opioids were hydrocodone/acetaminophen (47.1% of all opioids prescribed) and oxycodone/acetaminophen (17.5%). The total number of opioid prescriptions decreased by 372,045, and nonopioid pain medications increased by 269,917 between 2013 and 2016. Orthopaedic surgeons were more likely to have a high total opioid prescription count if they were male, lived in the south, and had an osteopathic degree (P < 0.001 for all).

Discussion:

Orthopaedic surgeons prescribe an estimated 7.7% of all US opioid prescriptions; however, in recent years, there has been a decrease in the number of prescriptions written per surgeon, per beneficiary, total opioid prescriptions, and an increase in total nonopioid prescriptions. These changes may reflect an increase in public awareness of the opioid epidemic and subtle changes in physician behavior. Differences in opioid prescription volume by sex, professional degree, and region also illustrate a lack of consensus on opioid prescription guidelines in orthopaedic surgery.
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF COVID-19 AND ITS EFFECTS ON GLOBAL ECONOMY
Authors: Efebeh Vincent Eseoghene
Published: August 2020

The relationship between human health and disease is neither a new concept nr a new subject. The outbreak of Covid-19 in Wuhan city of China in December, 2019 has turned out to be a global health emergency which triggers disastrous socio-economic and political crises in the infected countries. Covid-19, apart from becoming the greatest threat to global public health of the century, it has severely demobilized the global economy. It is against this backdrop that this paper examined the political economy of Covid-19 and its effects on the global economy. The paper argues that the measures taken to contain the epidemic in some countries appear as putting the nation under a state of siege. Some governments are adopting rather extreme measures - com-plete lockdown of the cities, the provinces and even the country itself, school closures, travel ban and cancellation of flights. The lack of responsible world leadership when it is most needed in terms of providing basic subsistence to the vulnerable especially in Africa has also proven problematic in the spread of the contagious disease. The paper concludes that the abuse of powers for narrow political motives exacerbate the spread of Covid-19 which brought considerable human suffering and economic disruption worldwide. The paper therefore recommends among others that the US government and the world leadership should strive to ensure effective and well-resourced public health measures to prevent infection and contagion, and implement well-targeted policies to support healthcare systems and workers, support low-income economies and protect the income of the vulnerable including social welfare payments to citizens while the monetary authorities offered loan relief to help businesses in the affected countries.
DIRECTIONS OF INTERACTION OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES WITH PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS IN THE FIELD OF HUMANITARIAN DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION
Authors: Parylo Taras Stepanovich
Published: August 2020

An important task of today's science is to overcome a simplified understanding of de-mocracy as an unrestricted freedom of citizens. That is why the basis of the implemen-tation of public opinion should be the interaction of public authorities with public organizations, as well as accountability of public authorities in the regions in front of representative organizations of communities.
A prerequisite for progressive social development is the equality of citizens and their associations. Active intervention of civic organizations in the development of regions, the destruction of managerial stereotypes, readiness for non-standard decisions, the application of new management methods proves the effectiveness and superiority of leadership through the interaction of public authorities with civic organizations.
The interaction of public authorities with non-governmental organizations in the field of humanitarian development of the region is substantiated in the article. The actuali-ty of the mentioned problem under conditions of constitutional modernization in Ukraine is determined. The essence of interaction of authorities and communities in the development of humanitarian field of the region is clarified.
SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS PROLIFERATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR SECURITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
Authors: Igbini Mevayerore Daniel
Published: August 2020

Throughout the world, violence, delinquency and fear undermine the basic right of individuals to live in peace and fully benefit from the healthy and sustainable commu-nity. More worrisome is the seemingly uncontrollable proliferations of small and light weapons which remained one of the major challenges for security and sustainable development in Nigeria. It is against this backdrop that this study examines the threats that small arms and light weapons proliferation portends on the Nigerian security and sustainable development. They study relied on secondary data and utilizes the content analysis for interpretation of data. This study is anchored on the state failure theory to underscore situations that warrant recourse to small arms and light weapons. The study concludes that the debilitating economy, failure of the state to provide the basic necessities of life, corruption, high rate of youth unemployment and sluggishness among the state’s instrument of force viz: the Army, police etc., are some of the major factors that serve as challenges to meaningful efforts and policies at combating the menace in the country. This study therefore recommends among others that the gov-ernment in all levels should embark on poverty alleviation programs and provide em-ployment opportunities to unemployed youths. This will discourage youths from join-ing ethnic militias and other militant groups that pose threats to peace and security in Nigeria.
THE PEDAGOGIC RELEVANCE OF ALOBWED’EPIE’S THE DEATH CERTIFICATE TO HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN CAMEROON: A THEMATIC APPROACH
Authors: Ade Nde Paul
Published: August 2020

Literature and society work hand in glove because literature is a reflection of the realities of our society. This paper sets out to examine the pedagogic relevance of Literature in general and Prose in particular to Cameroonian High school students. It aims at presenting how and why The Death Certificate should be taught to Cameroonian High School Students. First, Students need to be informed about the society. Second, they should know what to do in face of various issues that arise in the society in general. Third, The Death Certificate handles themes such as love, power, domination and feminism which can conveniently be understood by High School Students. It is in this light that writers draw inspiration from the society to produce literary texts. Fourth, a work of art should not be limited; it should entertain, educate and inform us about our society. Fifth, Literature which reflects or acts as a mirror of life in society should be taught in schools because it shapes the students’ moral behavior. It also creates awareness in students by helping them to know more about the preoccupations of the society in which they live. It is thanks to literature that we learn much about society and the people who live in it.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOUR AND ALTRUISM
Authors: Gejdoš Miroslav , Kováčik Martin
Published: August 2020

The article deals with the definition and description of the concept of altruism from its ethical and philosophical side against the background of prosocial behaviour. We point out the relation between prosocial behaviour of man and altruism based on a summary of respondents 'opinions on the issues of trustworthiness and efficiency of charitable organizations, respondents' participation in their support and the most common way of donation.
Effective altruism is supposed to be a kind of helper for people who want to donate part of their money to charity organizations to improve the world, but are unable to make the right decision about whose financial contribution they are donating. Distrust of charities is becoming more and more current, leading people to stagnate charity. The lack of information on efficiency, functioning, results and a non-transparent list of sources of funding for charitable organizations has prompted us to be more interested in this area. A transparent list of the most effective charities with detailed information on the use of funds to which every person would have access could be a way to express charity and humanity more than ever before. The most ideal scenario is for all people to adopt such behaviour, but in today's world there is the opposite extreme - egoism, selfishness, individualism, materialism and lack of interest in others, which, unfortu-nately, often hide behind altruism. Society, as such, cannot do without altruistic be-haviour, so even "impure" motives can bear fruit, of course, to some extent. Altruism is most often confused with the concept of pro-sociality, as a way of helping others, without expecting the reward that can come, but forms the core not only of ethical education but of each education because it leads to more positive relationships. Living in a society where there is positive energy and people are helping each other is a fuller life.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
Authors: Prokopowicz Dariusz
Published: August 2020

Economic crises often become the source of new business concepts and the transformation of economic systems. Since the global financial crisis of 2008, the importance of implementing the principles of sustainable economic development has been growing as a key element of the green revolution and the transformation of the existing, traditional, brown economy of surplus into a sustainable, green economy of moderation. However, the main factor behind the increase in popularity in the world of science of the issues of sustainable economic development, social environmental responsibility, green economy and circular economy are confirmed by the results of research conducted by climatologists, biologists, ecologists, etc. the process of global warming, the source of which is the growing emission of greenhouse gases, which is a side effect of the development of civilization based to a large extent on the classic model of energy production based on the combustion of fossil fuels. This article deals with a holistic, interdisciplinary approach to the issues of determinants of the implementation of the principles of sustainable development into economic processes, including corporate social responsibility, environmental social responsibility, eco-innovation, green finance and the pro-ecological transformation of the economy towards green economy and circular economy.
Book Reviews Acta Orientalia 25
Authors: Orientalia Acta
Published: August 2020

Book rewies in Acta Orientalia 25
Im memoriam Kaare Grønbech
Authors: Grønbech Kaare
Published: August 2020

In memoriam Kaare Grønbech
Uṣūl al-Fiqh and Shāfiʿī’s Risāla Revisited
Authors: Hallaq Wael B.
Published: August 2020

In an article published in 1993, I argued that Muḥammad Ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī (d. 204/820) was not, as commonly thought, the architect of uṣūl al-fiqh and that this discipline emerged only after the main battles over what became the Sunnite sources of the law were won. I had dated the emergence of writings on uṣūl al-fiqh to the last part of the third/ninth century and the first half of the fourth/tenth, pointing to Ibn Surayj (d. 306/918) and his students as amongst the earliest exponents of this type of literature. The article contributed to the rise of a considerable controversy in the field, in which a number of critics reasserted earlier origins of the discipline. In this writing, I reply to some of these critics, while confirming the main conclusions of that article and expanding and refining its arguments. In light of new evidence, empirical and interpretive, I maintain that uṣūl al-fiqh proper arose slightly later than my initial estimate. I also provide an analytical description of this theoretical science and situate it within a periodizing schema that charts its development from its prehistory down to the present.
The Requests of Syrians in America to End the Enduring Indifference of the Ottoman Authorities
Authors: Viviani Paola
Published: August 2020

The migration of Syrians to America in the 19th and 20th centuries is a major issue which has been widely covered in both fictional and non-fictional literature. Over the same period, many Arab magazines were founded both in North and South America, or “migrated” to those countries. An example is al-Jāmiʿa, which was relocated from Alexandria, Egypt, to New York in 1906, where its founder, the renowned intellectual Faraḥ Anṭūn, was able to undertake a profound study of Western society. Not only did this give him a better insight into that society, but also helped him to better understand the critical issues in his native milieu and the tensions between Turks and Arabs, which often came to the fore, especially when the latter expected the former to help them through important phases of their social, civil, and economic life even in the land they migrated to.

This paper analyses an article in al-Jāmiʿa by Nāṣīf Shiblī Damūs, previously published in the epony-mous newspaper, in which Syrian migrants in the United States, with Anṭūn supporting them, lament the indifference of the Ottoman authorities toward them and put forward a number of specific requests, using the magazine as a means of making themselves heard by the entire Arab and Ottoman community throughout the world.
Sublethal concentrations of dichlorvos and paraquat induce genotoxic and histological effects in the Clarias gariepinus
Authors: Oladokun Ebenezer I. , Sogbanmu Temitope O. , Anikwe Joseph C.
Published: August 2020

Non-target aquatic organisms such as fish may be impacted by agricultural activities through the run-off of pesticides from farms into aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the genotoxic (erythrocytic micronuclei) and histological effects of sublethal concentrations (1% and 10% of 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) values) of two pesticides (dichlorvos and paraquat) were evaluated in Clarias gariepinus (the African Sharptooth Catfish) for 28 days. The 96-h LC50 of dichlorvos and paraquat against fingerlings of C. gariepinus was 730 µg/L and 50 µg/L, respectively. There was a significant dose-dependent increase (p<0.05) in micronuclei in the erythrocytes of exposed C. gariepinus (2.00±0.82 ‰ to 3.25±1.26 ‰ for dichlorvos and 2.25±0.96 ‰ to 4.75±0.96 ‰ for paraquat) compared to control (0.75±0.96 ‰) by day 28. Gill histological alterations such as mild to severe necrosis and blunting of secondary lamellae were observed in C. gariepinus exposed to higher sublethal concentrations of both pesticides. This study showed that non-target aquatic organisms like C. gariepinus may be at risk of adverse biological effects from exposure to pesticides from non-point sources. We recommend environmental monitoring and sensitization on responsible pesticide use to stakeholders. This will forestall potential adverse ecological effects in aquatic ecosystems.
Die rotierende EU-Ratspräsidentschaft
Authors: Fuchs Michael
Published: August 2020

Am 1. Juli 2020 übernimmt Deutschland das erste Mal seit 13 Jahren und das erste Mal unter dem Regime des Lissabonner Vertrags die Präsidentschaft im Rat der Europäischen Union. Das rechtfertigt einen vertieften Blick auf diese besondere Form europapolitischer Verantwortungsübernahme, vor allem darauf, welche rechtlichen und politischen Anforderungen sie stellt, welche Fähigkeiten vom entsprechenden Mitgliedstaat erwartet werden und worin ihre Bedeutung liegt.
Notlage des öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes im ländlichen Raum
Authors: Behnke Natalie , Zimmermann Matthias
Published: August 2020

Der öffentliche Dienst steht heute als Arbeitgeber und als Leistungserbringer vor komplexen Herausforderungen als Folge demografischer Entwicklungen. Der öffentliche Gesundheitsdienst (ÖGD) bündelt diese Herausforderungen wie unter einem Brennglas. Basierend auf einer empirischen Untersuchung der 22 Gesundheitsämter in Thüringen zeigt der Beitrag, welche Steuerungsmöglichkeiten Landesministerien besitzen, um diesen Herausforderungen zu begegnen. Die hierarchische Organisation des ÖGD im deutschen Mehrebenensystem erfordert mehrgleisige Governance-Strategien, die sich einerseits im Einklang mit Theorien des Personalmanagements (Attraction-Selection-Attrition-Theorie, Public Service Motivation sowie Personnel Economics) auf die Steigerung der Attraktivität der Arbeitsplätze im ÖGD richten; andererseits müssen mit Governance-Instrumenten (Regulierung, Anreize oder Zentralisierung von Kompetenzen) die kommunalen Arbeitgeber beeinflusst werden. Zwar befinden sich ministeriale Akteure in vielfältigen Abhängigkeiten, aber wenn das Spektrum der Vernetzungs- und Koordinationsmöglichkeiten strategisch genutzt wird, ergibt sich trotz knapper Kassen die Möglichkeit struktureller Verbesserungen.
Bürgerinteraktionen in der Smart City: Eine Kategorisierung
Authors: Tomczak Tobias , Andermatt Kevin C. , Schedler Kuno
Published: August 2020

Smart Cities nutzen moderne Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien, womit neue Formen der Bürgerinteraktion möglich werden. In diesem Beitrag wird die Verwaltungsperspektive eingenommen und zwischen den Rollen der Bürger als Auftraggeber und als Kunden der Verwaltung unterschieden. Ersteres fokussiert sich auf die Steigerung der Legimitation und zweiteres auf die Steigerung des Kundennutzens. Außerdem werden die Interaktionsformen nach Art der Zusammenarbeit differenziert, indem zwischen Diagnose mit Fokus auf die Kreation und Operation mit Fokus auf die Leistung unterschieden wird. Vier unterschiedliche Interaktionstypen ergeben sich; Bürgerbeteiligung, demokratische Entscheidungsfindung, Ko-Kreation und Ko-Produktion. Diese Kategorisierung hilft Smart Cities, Interaktionsformen zu entwickeln und erfolgreich umzusetzen.
Sanctions against Russia: implications, prospects and circumvention
Authors: Teichmann Fabian , Falker Marie-Christin
Published: August 2020

Prior to the conflict, the situation in Ukraine had been escalating for several years. The nation is now divided between pro-Europe and pro-Russia activists and there seems to be no solution in sight. Within the scope of the conflict, Europe and the US have closely scrutinised Russia, accusing it of purposely destabilising east Ukraine. The EU and the US imposed sanctions on Russia in 2014 in response to its actions in the Ukraine conflict and its annexation of Crimea. Russia responded with counter-sanctions, mainly affecting agri-foods imports into Russia. This article first discusses both western and Russian sanctions in depth. It then analyses the impacts on both parties, illustrating how bilateral sanctions between the EU and Russia influence trade flows and economies. Possible methods of circumvention for both import bans and sanctions against individuals are also analysed and recommendations made to European producers regarding their dealings with Russia. Subsequently, the article shows why current sanctions are rather ineffective and provides suggestions for their improvement. Lastly, future prospects are deliberated.
The impact of the European Court of Justice on the principle of proportionality
Authors: Feshti Marsida , Golemi Jurgen
Published: August 2020

One of the most important principles of EU administrative law is that of proportionality. The principle of proportionality is defined in Article 5 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU), but the legal concept has been recognised by the European Court of Justice since the 1950s as one of the general principles of EU law. Proportionality regulates the exercise of authority in terms of adjudicating whether the actions undertaken by EU institutions are within set limits. According to this rule, the action of institutions should be limited to that which is necessary to achieve the objectives of the treaties. In other words, the degree of action by the institutions must be in line with the goal being pursued. This article starts with an analysis of the meaning of proportionality, drawn from the approaches in practice of EU judges, and proceeds to an examination of the three types of issues that can be detected from their judgments: cases involving discretionary political choice, or which are of a social, political or economic nature; those related to the violation of rights under EU law; and those involving a disproportionate fine or imposition.
Montenegro’s accession to the European Union: Possible consequences of the free movement of persons for the Montenegrin social security system
Authors: Wispelaere Frederic De , Berki Gabriella , Balokovic Snjezana
Published: August 2020

This article discusses the potential impact of the free movement of persons in the EU on the Montenegrin social security system. It can be argued that three variables will be of great importance: 1) mobility between Montenegro and other EU member states; 2) social security legislation in Montenegro; and 3) the social security Coordination Regulations. The scale of migration will be highly dependent on whether there are transitional arrangements and whether neighbouring countries, not least Serbia, join the EU at the same time. In order to avoid an erosion of the workforce and consequently of people paying taxes in Montenegro, it might be useful to negotiate transitional arrangements as well as to promote oth er types of labour mobility, such as intra-EU posting. Furthermore, it can be expected that Montenegro’s accession will have financial and administrative implications in the area of healthcare. After all, accession to the EU will lead to a further increase in the number of tourists and thus of the amount that Montenegro will have to recover from member states if unplanned healthcare has been provided in Montenegro.
Ermächtigung und Ungleichheit. Zum Verhältnis von Medientechnologie und Geschlecht in digitalen Gesellschaften
Authors: Kannengießer Sigrid
Published: August 2020

Der Artikel diskutiert das Verhältnis von Medientechnologien und Geschlecht in digitalen Gesellschaften. Hierfür wird zum einen die relevante (kommunikations- und medienwissenschaftliche) Geschlechterforschung aufgearbeitet, welche sich mit diesem Verhältnis auseinandersetzt, zum anderen wird das Verhältnis von Medientechnologien und Geschlecht anhand zweier Initiativen diskutiert, in denen sich Menschen kritisch mit Medientechnologien auseinandersetzen: CryptoParties und Repair Cafés. Anhand der Ergebnisse zweier empirischer Studien, in denen diese Initiativen untersucht wurden, wird zum einen das ermächtigende Potenzial von Medientechnologien im Allgemeinen und den in diesen Veranstaltungsformaten stattfindenden Medienpraktiken im Besonderen aufgezeigt, zum anderen aber auch offengelegt, dass sich in den Medienpraktiken und diesen Veranstaltungen Ungleichheiten sowie traditionelle Geschlechterverhältnisse fortsetzen. Damit wird ein ambivalentes Verhältnis von Medientechnologien und Geschlecht in digitalen Gesellschaften herausgearbeitet.
Doxxing, Privacy and Gendered Harassment. The Shock and Normalization of Veillance Cultures
Authors: Eckert Stine , Metzger-Riftkin Jade
Published: August 2020

We conducted 15 in-depth interviews with women and men in Germany, Switzerland, Finland, Canada, and the United States who were victims of doxxing. The goal was to understand their experiences, their responses, and the consequences they faced. We understand doxxing as a complex, gendered communicative process of harassment. Doxxers use digital media technologies to expose personal information without consent given by those to whom the personal information belongs. We apply a feminist approach to surveillance studies to doxxing, focusing on the constructions of daily, habitual, and ubiquitous assemblages of veillances that disproportionately impact vulnerable individuals. We found that gendered aspects shaped the flow and suspected intent of doxxing and subsequent harassment. Victims experienced uncertainty, loss of control, and fear, while law enforcement and social media providers only helped in a few cases to pursue doxxers or remove unwanted personal information. We ultimately extend the definition of doxxing by considering the ubiquitous nature of information shared online in gendered veillance cultures. Our findings lead us to advocate for protecting the contextual integrity of entering personal information into expected, intentional, or desired spaces.
Assessorenfortbildung zur Psychologie der Aussagebeurteilung
Authors: Rass Jens , Garbe Thorsten
Published: August 2020

Die Autoren bieten im Rahmen des sogenannten Ausbildungsverbundes der nord- und ostdeutschen Landesjustizverwaltungen (Nordverbund)1 das einwöchige Seminar „Tatsachenfeststellung vor Gericht“ an. Dieses richtet sich an junge Richterinnen und Richter sowie Staatsanwältinnen und Staatsanwälte in den ersten drei Jahren ihrer Berufstätigkeit und soll diesen die wissenschaftlich fundierte Analyse von Zeugenaussagen und Angaben von Verfahrensbeteiligten näherbringen. Dessen didaktisches Konzept wird im Folgenden vorgestellt.
Was kann die Forensische Psychologie und Psychiatrie im Bedrohungsmanagement beitragen? Erkenntnisse aus der interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit im Kanton Zürich.
Authors: Beyli-Helmy May , Habermeyer Elmar , Guldimann Angela
Published: August 2020

Bedrohungsmanagement umfasst das Erkennen, Einschätzen und Entschärfen von gewaltbehafteten Entwicklungen. Die Fachstelle Forensic Assessment & Risk Management (FFA) ist seit 2014 wesentlicher Bestandteil der Strukturen des Kantonalen Bedrohungsmanagements in Zürich. Sie unterstützt ihre Auftraggeber (Staatsanwaltschaften, Polizeikorps, Allgemeinpsychiatrische Kliniken) in der Risikoeinschätzung und im Fallmanagement mit forensisch-psychologischem bzw. psychiatrischem Fachwissen. In diesem Artikel soll die Zusammenarbeit mit dem Gewaltschutz der Polizei näher beleuchtet sowie Erfahrungen und Erkenntnisse aus der konkreten Fallarbeit mit sogenannten GefährderInnen und den potenziell gefährdeten Personen diskutiert werden. Die Vorgehensweise der Fachstelle orientiert sich am Ansatz der Strukturierten Professionellen Risikobeurteilung (structured professional judgement, SPJ). Die Entwicklung eines stringenten Fallverständnisses und die Vorbereitung, Durchführung und Nachbereitung der mit der Polizei gemeinsam durchgeführten Gefährderansprachen nimmt eine zentrale Bedeutung im Prozess der Risikoeinschätzung und im Fallmanagement ein. Anhand eines häuslichen Gewalt-Fallbeispiels werden diese Punkte kurz illustriert. Präventionsbemühungen empirisch zu messen, stellt eine Herausforderung dar. Es werden Kriterien für die praxisbezogene und wissenschaftliche Überprüfung eines erfolgreichen Bedrohungsmanagement vorgeschlagen.