bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sonographically guided removal of a double J ureteral stent in an infant
Authors: Jutti Ramesh C. , Subramaniam Raman , Balsingh Davaraj , Qureshi Akhtar M.
Published: August 2002

A 2‐month‐old male infant with a prenatally diagnosed obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction underwent a dismembered Anderson‐Hynes pyeloplasty. A transanastomotic double J ureteral stent was placed between the renal pelvis and the urinary bladder. This report describes the subsequent removal of the double J ureteral stent from the patient's urinary bladder without the aid of a cystoscope: a rigid biopsy forceps was introduced trans‐urethrally into the urinary bladder, and the stent was removed with sonographic guidance. Removal of a ureteral stent with sonographic guidance has not been previously reported in infants. This technique may be particularly useful in developing countries, where appropriate‐sized cystoscopes and accessories may not be available. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:232–235, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10062
Sonographic appearance of a free‐floating atheromatous plaque in a patient with acute stroke
Authors: Cho Yong Pil , Kwon Tae Won , Kim Geun Eun
Published: August 2002

We report the case of a neurologically unstable acute stroke patient in whom carotid sonography identified the need for emergency carotid surgery because of an increased risk of distal embolization from a free‐floating atheromatous plaque. Longitudinal and transverse sonograms revealed a 6‐mm free‐floating thrombus loosely attached to the wall of the left common carotid artery. During emergency surgery, a free‐floating atheromatous plaque was seen at this location, along with extensive atheromatous lesions. The diseased segment of the common carotid artery was resected and repaired with an interposition graft, and the patient recovered uneventfully, with no recurrence of stroke. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:317–321, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www. interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10064
Doppler sonography of normal fetal vertebral and internal carotid arteries during pregnancy
Authors: Morales‐Roselló José
Published: August 2002

Purpose

The aim of this study was to determine the resistance index (RI) in the fetus in both the vertebral artery and the internal carotid artery and to evaluate the relationship of those RIs with that of the umbilical artery.

Methods

In this prospective study, color Doppler examinations of the vertebral, internal carotid, and umbilical arteries were performed in fetuses with normal growth between 17 and 41 weeks' gestational age. For every week, the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of the RIs in the 3 arteries plus the ratios of the RIs of the vertebral and umbilical arteries and of the internal carotid and umbilical arteries were calculated.

Results

In 225 examinations in 114 women, the vertebral and internal carotid arteries showed similar RI patterns, with higher RIs at mid gestation. The only difference was that the RIs in the internal carotid artery reached maximum values at a slightly later gestational age (26–28 weeks) than did those in the vertebral artery (24–25 weeks). Also, the RIs in the vertebral artery were slightly higher than were those in the internal carotid artery. RI values in the umbilical artery decreased progressively throughout gestation. Conversely, the ratios of the RIs in the vertebral and umbilical arteries and those of the RIs in the internal carotid and umbilical arteries increased slightly until the end of pregnancy, with the former ratios always higher than the latter ones.

Conclusions

In normal fetuses, the pattern of blood flow resistance in the vertebral artery resembles that in the internal carotid artery. However, compared with the internal carotid artery, the vertebral artery shows higher absolute RIs with maximum values appearing earlier in the course of pregnancy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:257–263, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10069
Early development in males with Fragile X syndrome: A review of the literature
Authors: Kau Alice S.M. , Meyer Walter A. , Kaufmann Walter E.
Published: August 2002

This article reviews the current bibliographic knowledge on early neurobehavioral development and milestones in Fragile X syndrome (FraX), with emphasis on males affected by the condition. Three broad areas of early development were examined: (1) gross and fine motor, (2) speech and language, and (3) social. The result of the current review indicates very limited information on the developmental milestones in all three areas. The scarce literature on motor development shows that in FraX there is an early developmental delay. Research on speech and language demonstrates pervasive deficits in conversational skills and severe developmental delay, with increasing discrepancy between language level and chronological age in young males with FraX. Finally, deficits in social development in FraX include abnormal gaze, approach and avoidance conflict, and high incidence of autistic spectrum disorders. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:174–178, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Podocyte is the major culprit accounting for the progression of chronic renal disease
Authors: Kriz Wilhelm
Published: August 2002

The concept that the podocyte is the major culprit underlying development and progression of glomerular diseases leading to chronic renal failure is well established. The essential steps in this process are (1) the establishment of tuft adhesions to Bowman's capsule; (2) the formation by capillaries contained in a tuft adhesion of a filtrate that is delivered, instead into Bowman's space, towards the interstitium; and (3) the spreading of this filtrate on the outer aspect of the affected nephron leading to the degeneration of this nephron. The present review summarizes the pros and cons concerning the relevance of misdirected filtration for a nephron‐to‐nephron transfer of the disease at the level of the tubular interstitium. Surprisingly, the histopathology clearly shows that interstitial proliferation surrounding degenerating nephrons tends to encapsulate the degenerative process, confining it to the already affected nephron. No evidence is available that the disease, mediated by interstitial proliferation and matrix deposition, may jump to a neighboring, so far unaffected, nephron. It appears that the process that leads to the degeneration of a nephron in the context of “classic” FSGS always starts separately in the respective glomerulus by severe podocyte injury. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:189–195, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Podocyte process effacement in vivo
Authors: Shirato Isao
Published: August 2002

Foot process effacement is the most characteristic change in podocyte structure under a wide variety of human and experimental glomerulopathies with heavy proteinuria. It consists of simplification and even total disappearance of the interdigitating foot process pattern, resulting in the formation of a diffuse cytoplasmic sheet along the glomerular basement membrane. Although abundant evidence related to structural changes in podocyte foot processes has been reported, cellular or molecular mechanisms that occur within podocytes during the development of foot process effacement remain unclear. This review summarizes recent advances concerning structural and functional aspects of foot process effacement in vivo. Following a description of the general morphology of foot process effacement, the role of the cytoskeleton and its related proteins in the effacement are discussed. Finally, the relevance of foot process effacement in glomerular function is considered. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:241–246, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroimaging in headache
Authors: Goadsby Peter J.
Published: August 2002

Neuroimaging of primary headache syndromes, such as cluster headache and migraine, has begun to provide a glimpse of the neuroanatomical and physiological basis of the conditions. Although these headache types have been widely described as vascular, there is now considerable imaging and clinical evidence to suggest that they are primarily driven from the brain. The shared anatomical and physiological substrate for both of these clinical problems is the neural innervation of the cranial circulation. Functional imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) has shed light on the genesis of both syndromes, documenting activation in the midbrain and pons in migraine, and in the hypothalamic grey in cluster headache. These areas are involved not simply as a response to first division nociceptive pain impulses but specifically in each syndrome, probably in some permissive or dysfunctional role. In a recent PET study in cluster headache, as well as brain activation, tracer pooled in the region of the major basal arteries. This is likely to be due to vasodilatation of these vessels during the acute pain‐attack and represents the first convincing activation of neural vasodilator mechanisms in humans. The author takes the view that the known physiology and pathophysiology of the systems involved dictate that these disorders should be collectively regarded as neurovascular headaches to place emphasis on the interaction between nerves and vessels, which is the underlying characteristic of these syndromes. Understanding this neurovascular relationship facilitates an understanding of the pain mechanisms, while characterising the CNS dysfunction will ultimately allow us to dissect out the basic pathogenesis of these disorders. Microsc. Res. Tech. 53:179–187, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cadmium distribution and toxicity in tissues of small rodents
Authors: Świergosz‐Kowalewska Renata
Published: August 2002

The aim of the present paper is to discuss the accumulation and distribution of cadmium (Cd) in the various tissues of animals, the interactions of cadmium with other elements, and the damage to tissues caused by this metal. Cadmium is not physiologically or biochemically essential to an organism. It is absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract and lungs and accumulated in various tissues, mainly the kidneys and liver. The distribution of cadmium between various tissues depends on many endogenous and exogenous factors. Cadmium is bound to a low‐molecular‐weight protein, metallothionein (MT), and to high‐molecular‐weight proteins. This metal has a great affinity to thiol groups. Cadmium binds also to O‐ and N‐containing ligands. The distribution of cadmium between organs differs markedly depending on the chemical form of administered Cd and the duration of exposure. Acute exposure results in a different distribution pattern throughout the body than does chronic exposure. Long‐term exposure to high doses of cadmium may cause biochemical and functional changes in some critical organs. Cadmium can influence the absorption and distribution of essential elements and can replace them in enzymes. Metallothionein and glutathione play important roles in the transport of metals and in detoxification processes. Reported findings are mainly the results of experiments on laboratory animals. The lack of data concerning the localization of cadmium in various tissues of wild species is noticeable and there is a great need for such data. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:208–222, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antennal sensilla of the ground beetle Platynus dorsalis (Pontoppidan, 1763) (Coleoptera, carabidae)
Authors: Merivee Enno , Ploomi Angela , Luik Anne , Rahi Märt , Sammelselg Väino
Published: August 2002

The typology, number, and distribution pattern of antennal sensilla of the ground beetle Platynus dorsalis (Pontoppidan) (Coleoptera, Carabidae) were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The 4.3–4.6‐mm‐long filiform antennae of the beetles consist of the scape, pedicel, and nine flagellomeres. In both sexes, four subtypes of sensilla chaetica, five subtypes of sensilla basiconica, sensilla trichodea, two subtypes of sensilla campaniformia, sensilla auricillica, and sensilla coeloconica were distinguished. The possible function of the sensilla was discussed and three types of sensilla were considered as olfactory, sensilla trichodea and sensilla basiconica types 1 and 2. Olfactory sensilla form two separate, dorsal and ventral, fields of sensilla on the flagellomeres, which seems to be common in ground beetles. The total numbers of olfactory trichoid (approximately 1,000 hairs) and basiconic sensilla type 1 (1,700–1,800 pegs) on the antennae of P. dorsalis are 5–7 times higher than on the antennae of the ground beetle Bembidion lampros, suggesting that nocturnally active P. dorsalis is much more sensitive to odours perceived by these sensilla than B. lampros with diurnal activity and hunting predominantly by sight. No remarkable sexual differences in the types, numbers, and distribution of antennal sensilla were found in P. dorsalis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:339–349, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Basic properties and annual changes of follicle‐stimulating hormone receptors in the testis of horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
Authors: Hayashi Toshiyuki , Uchida Katsuya , Kawamoto Keiichi
Published: August 2002

The unique reproductive patterns, delayed fertilization in females, and asynchrony between spermatogenesis and mating behavior in males are well documented in bats living in temperate latitudes. The present study was undertaken to examine follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) receptors in the testis of bats, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, during the annual reproductive cycle. Male bats were captured at natural roosting sites and testicular preparations were subjected to a radioligand binding assay for FSH receptors. The weight of paired testes increased considerably in the spermatogenic period and decreased from the mating to hibernation periods. Meiotic division in the testis was observed in the spermatogenic period but not the mating period. Serum testosterone concentrations increased in the spermatogenic period and rapidly decreased in the mating period. The binding of FSH was specific for mammalian FSHs and detected primarily in the testis. Scatchard plot analyses of the binding of FSH to bat testicular preparations showed straight lines, suggesting the presence of a single class of binding sites. The affinities (equilibrium association constant) of FSH receptors were consistent throughout the annual reproductive cycle. The specific binding per unit weight of testis and total binding in the paired testes were highest in the mating period and in the spermatogenic period, respectively, among reproductive periods. The accumulation of cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′‐monophosphate to FSH stimulation was higher in the spermatogenic period than in the hibernation period. These findings suggest that testicular function of bats is associated with seasonal changes in the number of binding sites, while the number per target cell and the activation of adenylate cyclase led by FSH‐receptor complex considerably decreases in the hibernation period. J. Exp. Zool. 292:304–313, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Segment‐specific expression of alkaline phosphatase in the Tubifex embryo requires DNA replication and mRNA synthesis
Authors: Kitamura Kaoru , Shimizu Takashi
Published: August 2002

During embryogenesis of the oligochaete annelid Tubifex, segments VII and VIII specifically express mesodermal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the ventrolateral region. In this study, using specific inhibitors, we examined whether this segment‐specific expression of ALP activity depends on DNA replication and RNA transcription. BrdU‐incorporation experiments showed that presumptive ALP‐expressing cells undergo the last round of DNA replication at 12–24 hr prior to emergence of ALP activity. When this DNA replication was inhibited by aphidicolin, ALP development was completely abrogated in the ventrolateral mesoderm. Similar inhibition of ALP development was also observed in α‐amanitin‐injected embryos. While injection of α‐amanitin at 24 hr prior to the emergence of ALP activity exerted inhibitory effects on ALP development, injection at 14 hr was no longer effective. In contrast, ALP activity developed normally in cytochalasin‐D‐treated embryos in which cytokinesis was prevented from occurring for 36 hs prior to appearance of ALP activity. These results suggest that the segment‐specific development of ALP activity in the Tubifex embryo depends on DNA replication and mRNA transcription, both of which occur long before the emergence of ALP activity. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 294:68–76, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinoid antagonists inhibit normal patterning during limb regeneration in the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum
Authors: Del Rincón Sonia V. , Scadding Steven R.
Published: August 2002

Retinoic acid (RA) has been detected in the regenerating limb of the axolotl, and exogenous RA can proximalize, posteriorize, and ventralize blastemal cells. Thus, RA may be an endogenous regulatory factor during limb regeneration. We have investigated whether endogenous retinoids are essential for patterning during axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) limb regeneration by using retinoid antagonists that bind to specific RAR (retinoic acid receptor) or RXR (retinoid X receptor) retinoid receptor subtypes. Retinoid antagonists (Ro41‐5253, Ro61‐8431, LE135, and LE540) were administered to regenerating limbs using implanted silastin blocks loaded with each antagonist. The skeletal pattern of regenerated limbs treated with Ro41‐5253 or Ro61‐8431 differed only slightly from control limbs. Treatment with LE135 inhibited limb regeneration, while treatment with LE540 allowed relatively normal limb regeneration. When LE135 and LE540 were implanted together, regeneration was not completely inhibited and a hand‐like process regenerated. These results demonstrate that interfering with retinoid receptors can modify pattern in the regenerating limb indicating that endogenous retinoids are important during patterning of the regenerating limb. J. Exp. Zool. 292:435–443, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular phylogenetic perspective on evolution of lizards of the Anolis grahami series
Authors: Jackman Todd R. , Irschick Duncan J. , De Queiroz Kevin , Losos Jonathan B. , Larson Allan
Published: August 2002

We report the results of phylogenetic analyses of 1447 bases of mitochondrial DNA sequence for 21 populations representing seven species of the Anolis grahami series (A. conspersus, A. garmani, A. grahami, A. lineatopus, A. opalinus, A. reconditus, and A. valencienni), six of which occur on Jamaica. These data include 705 characters that are phylogenetically informative according to parsimony. A parsimony analysis of these data combined with previously published allozymic data yields a single most parsimonious tree with strong support for monophyly of the A. grahami series, the sister‐group relationship between Anolis lineatopus and A. reconditus and a clade composed of Anolis garmani, A. grahami, and A. opalinus. Based on DNA data alone, A. conspersus is nested within A. grahami. Haplotypes sampled from geographic populations of A. grahami, A. lineatopus, and A. opalinus are highly divergent (≈12–15% sequence difference on average for each species) and show similar phylogeographic patterns, suggesting that each of these currently recognized species may be a complex of species. Anolis valencienni also shows high sequence divergence among haplotypes from different geographic populations (≈8% sequence difference) and may contain cryptic species. Divergence among haplotypes within A. garmani is substantially lower (≈3% sequence difference), and phylogeographic patterns are significantly different from those observed in A. grahami, A. lineatopus and A. opalinus. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 294:1–16, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histidine uptake in the epidermis of lizards and snakes in relation to the formation of the shedding complex
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo
Published: August 2002

Mammalian epidermis utilizes histidine‐rich proteins (filaggrins) to aggregate keratin filaments and form the stratum corneum. Little is known about the involvement of histidine‐rich proteins during reptilian keratinization. The formation of the shedding complex in the epidermis of snakes and lizards, made of the clear and the oberhautchen layers, determines the cyclical epidermal sloughing. Differently from snakes, keratohyalin‐like granules are present in the clear layer of lizards. The uptake of tritiated histidine into the epidermis of two lizards and one snake has been studied by autoradiography in sections at progressive post‐injection periods. At 40 min and 1 hr post‐injection keratohyalin‐like granules were not or poorly labeled. At 3–22 hr post‐injection most of the labeling was present over suprabasal cells destined to form the shedding complex, in keratohyalin‐like granules of the clear layer, and in the forming a‐layer but was low in the forming b‐layer, and in superficial keratinized layers. The analysis of the shedding complex in the pad lamellae (a specialized scale used for climbing) of a gecko showed that the setae and the cytoplasm of clear cells among them are main sites of histidine uptake at 4 hr post‐injection. In the snake most of the labeling at 4 hr post‐injection was localized in the shedding complex along the boundary between the clear and oberhautchen layers. The present study suggests that, in the epidermis of lepidosaurian reptiles, the synthesis of a histidine‐rich protein is involved in the formation of the shedding layer and, as in mammals, in a‐keratinization. J. Exp. Zool. 292:331–344, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyclopamine induces digit loss in regenerating axolotl limbs
Authors: Roy Stéphane , Gardiner David M.
Published: August 2002

Axolotls, with their extensive ability to regenerate as adults, provide a useful model for studying the mechanisms of regeneration in a vertebrate, in hopes of understanding why other vertebrates cannot regenerate. Although the expression of many genes has been described in regeneration, techniques for gain and loss of function analyses have been limited. We demonstrated in a previous study that gain of function for secreted proteins was possible in the axolotl using the vaccinia virus to drive expression of the transgene. In this study, we used a pharmacological approach made possible by the existence of a naturally occurring compound that specifically blocks shh signaling, cyclopamine. The treatment of axolotls with cyclopamine during the process of limb regeneration caused a loss of digits similar to that described for the shh knockout mouse. Our results further demonstrate that shh signaling and function are conserved during limb regeneration in urodeles as in limb development in other vertebrates. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of α1‐adrenergic receptors and their involvement in phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the frog heart
Authors: Lazou Antigone , Gaitanaki Catherine , Vaxevanellis Spiros , Pehtelidou Anastasia
Published: August 2002

The aim of this study was to characterize α1‐adrenergic receptors in frog heart and to examine their related signal transduction pathway. α1‐Adrenergic binding sites were studied in purified heart membranes using the specific α1‐adrenergic antagonist [3H]prazosin. Analysis of the binding data indicated one class of binding sites displaying a Kd of 4.19 ± 0.56 nM and a Bmax of 14.66 ± 1.61 fmol/mg original wet weight. Adrenaline, noradrenaline, or phenylephrine, in the presence of propranolol, competed with [3H]prazosin binding with a similar potency and a Ki value of about 10 μM. The kinetics of adrenaline binding was closely related to its biological effect. Adrenaline concentration dependently increased the production of inositol phosphates in the heart in the presence or absence of propranolol. Maximal stimulation was about 8.5‐fold, and the half‐maximum effective concentration was 30 and 21 μM in the absence and presence of propranolol, respectively. These data clearly show that α1‐adrenergic receptors are coupled to the phosphoinositide hydrolysis in frog heart. To our knowledge, this is the first direct evidence supporting the presence of functional α1‐adrenergic receptors in the frog heart. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fish gill morphology: inside out
Authors: Wilson Jonathan M. , Laurent Pierre
Published: August 2002

In this short review of fish gill morphology we cover some basic gross anatomy as well as in some more detail the microscopic anatomy of the branchial epithelia from representatives of the major extant groups of fishes (Agnathans, Elasmobranchs, and Teleosts). The agnathan hagfishes have primitive gill pouches, while the lampreys have arch‐like gills similar to the higher fishes. In the lampreys and elasmobranchs, the gill filaments are supported by a complete interbranchial septum and water exits via external branchial slits or pores. In contrast, the teleost interbranchial septum is much reduced, leaving the ends of the filaments unattached, and the multiple gill openings are replaced by the single caudal opening of the operculum. The basic functional unit of the gill is the filament, which supports rows of plate‐like lamellae. The lamellae are designed for gas exchange with a large surface area and a thin epithelium surrounding a well‐vascularized core of pillar cell capillaries. The lamellae are positioned for the blood flow to be counter‐current to the water flow over the gills. Despite marked differences in the gross anatomy of the gill among the various groups, the cellular constituents of the epithelium are remarkably similar. The lamellar gas‐exchange surface is covered by squamous pavement cells, while large, mitochondria‐rich, ionocytes and mucocytes are found in greatest frequency in the filament epithelium. Demands for ionoregulation can often upset this balance. There has been much study of the structure and function of the branchial mitochondria‐rich cells. These cells are generally characterized by a high mitochondrial density and an amplification of the basolateral membrane through folding or the presence of an intracellular tubular system. Morphological subtypes of MRCs as well as some methods of MRC detection are discussed. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tissue interactions and antlerogenesis: New findings revealed by a xenograft approach
Authors: Li Chunyi , Harris A. John , Suttie James M.
Published: August 2002

Tissue interactions play a pivotal role in organogenesis. Here we describe a xenograft approach to investigate how heterotypic tissue interactions control antler formation in deer. Deciduous antlers grow from the apices of permanent protuberances, called pedicles. Histogenesis of pedicles depends on the antlerogenic periosteum (AP). Pedicles and growing antlers are made up of interior osseocartilage (a mixture of bone and cartilaginous tissue) and exterior skin. In a previous study we hypothesised that pedicle growth may result from mechanical interactions between the interior and exterior components whereas antler generation from a pedicle would involve molecules communicating between the interior and exterior components. To test this hypothesis, we subcutaneously transplanted AP of red deer (Cervus elaphus), either alone or with future pedicle skin, onto nude mice. The results showed that under the nude mouse skin, subcutaneously xenografted AP alone not only could form pedicle‐shaped protuberances but also could differentiate into well‐organised pedicle‐like structures. The overlying mouse skin accommodated the expansion of the grafted AP by initial mechanical stretching and subsequent formation of new skin. Nude mouse skin was not capable of participating in antler tissue formation. However, grafted deer skin together with AP may have successfully rescued this failure after wounding, which highlights the necessity of the specificity of the overlying skin for antler tissue generation. Therefore, we conclude that it is the interaction between the antlerogenic tissue and the overlying skin that results in antlerogenesis: reciprocal mechanical interactions cause pedicle formation, whereas reciprocal instructive interactions induce first antler generation. J. Exp. Zool. 290:18–30, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the human SRY protein during development in normal male gonadal and sex‐reversed tissues
Authors: Salas‐Cortés Laura , Jaubert Francis , Bono María Rosa , Fellous Marc , Rosemblatt Mario
Published: August 2002

Sex determination in mammals is controlled by the SRY gene located on the Y chromosome. It encodes a protein containing a DNA‐binding and DNA‐bending domain. In spite of recent advances in the identification of the mechanisms that regulate male sex determination in mammals, the expression profile of the SRY protein in normal and sex‐reversed human tissues is not well established. In order to localize the SRY protein and determine its cellular distribution and expression at different stages of development, we prepared monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the recombinant SRY protein. One of these antibodies, LSRY1.1, recognizes a protein of 27 kDa in total lysates of HeLa SRYB3, a human cell line transfected with the SRY gene under the control of the SV40 promoter. Immunocytochemical analysis in the cell lines shows nuclear localization of the SRY protein. We have studied SRY protein expression in human tissues at different stage of fetal development until adult life and have demonstrated that the SRY protein is located in the nuclei of somatic cells and germ cells in the genital ridge during testis development. After testis determination, it can be detected until the adult stage in both germ cells and Sertoli cells. The presence of the SRY protein was also analyzed in biopsies of gonadal tissues of sex‐reversal patients such as SRY‐positive 46,XX males or SRY‐positive 46,XX true hermaphrodites. SRY protein is detected in the nuclei of Sertoli cells of the testis and in the nuclei of granulosa cells in the ovotestis in these patients and in the nuclei of germ cells of both tissue types. These results suggest a common cellular origin for both Sertoli cells and granulosa cells. J. Exp. Zool. 290:607–615, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glucagon effects on brain carbohydrate and ketone body metabolism of rainbow trout
Authors: Magnoni Leonardo J. , Míguez Jesús M. , Soengas José L.
Published: August 2002

The levels of glycogen in brain, lactate and acetoacetate in brain and plasma, glucose in plasma and the activities of brain key enzymes of glycogen metabolism (glycogen phosphorylase, GPase, glycogen synthetase, GSase), gluconeogenesis (fructose 1,6‐bisphosphatase, FBPase), and glycolysis (6‐phosphofructo 1‐kinase, PFK) were evaluated in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, from 0.5 to 3 hr after intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml/kg–1 body weight of saline alone (controls) or containing bovine glucagon at three different doses: 10, 50, and 100 ng/g–1 body weight. The results obtained demonstrate, for the first time in a teleost fish, the existence of changes in brain carbohydrate and ketone body metabolism following peripheral glucagon treatment. A clear stimulation of brain glycogenolytic potential was observed after glucagon treatment, as judged by the time‐ and dose‐dependent changes observed in brain glycogen levels (up to 88% decrease), and GPase (up to 30% increase) and GSase (up to 42% decrease) activities. In addition, clear time‐ and dose‐dependent increased and decreased levels were observed in brain of glucagon‐treated rainbow trout for lactate (up to 60% increase) and acetoacetate (up to 67% decrease), respectively. In contrast, no significant changes were observed after glucagon treatment in those parameters related to glycolytic/gluconeogenic capacity of rainbow trout brain. Altogether, these in vivo results suggest that glucagon may play a role (direct or indirect) in the regulation of carbohydrate and ketone body metabolism in brain of rainbow trout. J. Exp. Zool. 290:662–671, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of duplicated zebrafish cyp19 genes
Authors: Chiang Evelyn Feng‐Lin , Yan Yi‐Lin , Tong Sok‐Keng , Hsiao Pei‐Hung , Guiguen Yann , Postlethwait John , Chung Bon‐Chu
Published: August 2002

The zebrafish has recently been developed as a good genetic model system. We report here the use of zebrafish to study the regulation of estrogen biosynthesis. The CYP19 gene encodes cytochrome P450 aromatase, which catalyzes the synthesis of estrogens. Two cyp19 genes, termed cyp19a and cyp19b, have been isolated from zebrafish. Sequence comparison shows that Cyp19a and Cyp19b belong to two separate Cyp19 subfamilies. The cyp19a gene is expressed in the ovary, whereas cyp19b is expressed in the brain. The cyp19a and cyp19b genes are located on zebrafish chromosomes LG 18 and 25, respectively. Our data indicate that these gene loci arose through an ancient chromosomal duplication event. The expression of duplicated genes in distinct tissues may have evolutionary significance. J. Exp. Zool. 290:709–714, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histochemical analysis of sperm storage in Helicolenus dactylopterus dactylopterus (Teleostei: Scorpaenidae)
Authors: Muñoz Marta , Koya Yasunori , Casadevall Margarida
Published: August 2002

The bluemouth rockfish, Helicolenus dactylopterus dactylopterus (De la Roche, 1809), is a zygoparous species with internal fertilization. The male urogenital papilla acts as the copulating organ, and the females retain the spermatozoa in their ovaries for up to 10 months. The objective of this study is to extend our knowledge of the mechanisms that allow the sperm to be retained in the ovaries for prolonged periods. To this end, we analyze the histochemical properties of: 1) the epithelium of the testicular sperm duct, 2) the sperm of the males, 3) the internal epithelium of the ovary wall, 4) the ovarian fluid, and 5) the spermatozoa storage crypts of females. The PAS (Periodic acid‐Schiff) and bright Coomassie blue positive reactions of the epithelium of the spermatic duct point to the secretion of polysaccharides and proteins that could promote the bundling of the spermatozoa. The internal epithelium of the ovarian wall secretes polysaccharides, protein, and lipid compounds throughout the storage and spawning period. The acid nature of the ovarian fluid during the storage period may maintain the bundling of spermatozoa when they enter the ovary and may also inhibit sperm motility until the moment of fertilization. The polysaccharide granules that come from the cryptal epithelium into the cavity where spermatozoa are maintained may supply them with nutrients for the storage period. The presence of glucosaminoglycans on the surface of the sperm is probably related to the inhibition of spermatic motility produced by the acidic environment. They are absent in the spermatozoa located in the testicular ducts, relatively scarce in those of the duct of the copulating organ, and abundant in those within the intraovarian cryptal structures. J. Exp. Zool. 292:156–164, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Homology and evolutionary novelty in the deployment of extracellular matrix molecules during pigment pattern formation in the salamanders Taricha torosa and T. rivularis (Salamandridae)
Authors: Parichy David M.
Published: August 2002

Salamander larvae exhibit a diverse array of pigment patterns shortly after hatching. Previous studies have identified roles for the extracellular matrix and lateral line sensory system in promoting the development of a phylogenetically common pattern of horizontal melanophore stripes. In contrast, salamanders in the genus Taricha exhibit evolutionarily derived pigment patterns and pattern‐forming mechanisms. Taricha torosa larvae exhibit compact melanophore stripes that develop via redundant, lateral line‐independent mechanisms, whereas T. rivularis larvae lack stripes and instead have melanophores uniformly distributed over the flank. In this study, I test roles for candidate patterning molecules of the extracellular matrix in promoting the development of species‐specific pigment patterns in Taricha. I show that tenascin deposition is negatively correlated with melanophore distributions both intraspecifically and interspecifically: this matrix molecule is present where melanophores do not localize in T. torosa and is absent from these same regions where melanophores are abundant in T. rivularis. Embryological manipulations further indicate that transient expression of tenascin in a prospective interstripe region of T. torosa reflects a phylogenetically conserved effect of lateral line development. Finally, anti‐laminin immunoreactivity is negatively correlated with melanophore distributions in T. torosa, and this species exhibits a general retardation of extracellular matrix development that may allow persistent, evolutionarily novel melanophore motility in this species. Together these findings identify tenascin and laminin, or molecules co‐regulated with these matrix components, as candidates for promoting early larval pigment pattern development in Taricha. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 291:13–24, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterisation and expression of Sox9 in the Leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius
Authors: Valleley Elizabeth M.A. , Cartwright Elizabeth J. , Croft Nirvana J. , Markham Alexander F. , Coletta P. Louise
Published: August 2002

Since the discovery of the sex‐determining gene, Sry, a number of genes have been identified which are involved in sex determination and gonadogenesis in mammals. Although Sry is known to be the testis‐determining factor in mammals, this is not the case in non‐mammalian vertebrates. Sox9 is another gene that has been shown to have a male‐specific role in sex determination, but, unlike Sry, Sox9 has been shown to be involved in sex determination in mammals, birds, and reptiles. This is the first gene to be described that has a conserved role in sex determination in species with either chromosomal or environmental sex‐determining mechanisms. Many reptiles do not have sex chromosomes but exhibit temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD). Sox9 has been shown to be expressed in both turtle and alligator during gonadogenesis. To determine if Sox9 also has a role in a gecko species with TSD, we studied gonadal expression of Sox9 during embryonic development of the Leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius). Gecko Sox9 was found to be highly conserved at the nucleotide level when compared to other vertebrate species including human, chick, alligator, and turtle. Sox9 was found to be expressed in embryos incubated at the male‐producing temperature (32.5°C) as well as in embryos incubated at the female‐producing temperatures (26 and 34°C), Northern blot analysis showed that Sox9 was expressed at both temperatures from morphological stages 31 to 37. mRNA in situ hybridisation on isolated urogenital systems showed expression at both female‐ and male‐producing temperatures up to stage 36. After this stage, no expression was seen in the female gonads but expression remained in the male. These data provide further evidence that Sox9 is an essential component of a testis‐determining pathway that is conserved in species with differing sex‐determining mechanisms. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 291:85–91, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A note on Ramsey size‐linear graphs
Authors: Balister P.N. , Schelp R.H. , Simonovits M.
Published: August 2002

We show that if G is a Ramsey size‐linear graph and x,y ∈ V (G) then if we add a sufficiently long path between x and y we obtain a new Ramsey size‐linear graph. As a consequence we show that if G is any graph such that every cycle in G contains at least four consecutive vertices of degree 2 then G is Ramsey size‐linear. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 39: 1–5, 2002
On Vertices of outdegree n in minimally n‐connected digraphs
Authors: Mader W.
Published: August 2002

Let |D| and |D|+n denote the number of vertices of D and the number of vertices of outdegree n in the digraph D, respectively. It is proved that every minimally n‐connected, finite digraph D has |D|+n ≥ n + 1 and that for n ≥ 2, there is a cn > 0 such that $|D|^+_n > C_n \sqrt{|D|}$ for all minimally n‐connected, finite digraphs D. Furthermore, case n = 2 of the following conjecture is settled which says that every minimally n‐connected, finite digraph has a vertex of indegree and outdegree equal to n. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 39: 129–144, 2002
Path factors in cubic graphs
Authors: Kawarabayashi Ken‐ichi , Matsuda Haruhide , Oda Yoshiaki , Ota Katsuhiro
Published: August 2002

Let ℱ be a set of connected graphs. An ℱ‐factor of a graph is its spanning subgraph such that each component is isomorphic to one of the members in ℱ. Let Pk denote the path of order k. Akiyama and Kano have conjectured that every 3‐connected cubic graph of order divisible by 3 has a {P3}‐factor. Recently, Kaneko gave a necessary and sufficient condition for a graph to have a {P3, P4, P5}‐factor. As a corollary, he proved that every cubic graph has a {P3, P4, P5}‐factor. In this paper, we prove that every 2‐connected cubic graph of order at least six has a {Pk ∣ k ≥ , 6}‐factor, and hence has a {P3, P4}‐factor. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 39: 188–193, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jgt.10022
The senile mind: Psychology and old age in the 1930s and 1940s
Authors: Davidow Hirshbein Laura
Published: August 2002

In the 1930s, some psychologists began to study and discuss the normal and pathological mental abilities of old age. This paper explores this research and its implications for an emerging definition of old age in the 1930s and 1940s. The argument is that these psychologists explained old age in terms of tests they had performed on children and young adults. In addition, these professionals projected their culturally bound assumptions onto their study of old age. In the process, psychologists helped to define old age as a problem that required a professional solution. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Globalization and restructuring in the South African automotive industry
Authors: Black Anthony
Published: August 2002

The South African automotive industry has been subjected to rapid structural change as a result of policies, which have liberalized imports but also encouraged exports. The sector has become much more internationally integrated with a particularly rapid increase in exports. This paper assesses these developments. It is argued that the costs of liberalization have been fairly low partly because of the strong encouragement given by the programme for major foreign firms to draw South African operations into their international networks. In spite of the successes, structural problems remain such as the limited rationalization that has so far taken place. Also there are question marks over the nature and sustainability of export expansion. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A small‐scale synthesis and enantiomeric resolution of (RS)‐[1‐14C]‐2‐Phenylpropionic acid and biosynthesis of its diastereomeric acyl glucuronides
Authors: Shackleford David M. , Hayball Peter J. , Reynolds Geoffrey D. , Hamon David P.G. , Evans Allan M. , Milne Robert W. , Nation Roger L.
Published: August 2002

The 3 step synthesis for (RS)‐[1‐14C]‐2‐phenylpropionic acid having overall yield of 30% is reported. The enantiomers were separated to an optical purity of 95 % (90 % ee) by semi‐preparative chiral HPLC using an α1‐acid glycoprotein‐based column (which has not previously been reported for this separation). Subsequently, the diastereomeric acyl glucuronides of (R)‐ and (S)‐[1‐14C]‐2‐phenylpropionic acid were biosynthesised using a recirculating‐mode isolated perfused rat liver preparation. The procedure for purification of the glucuronides by semi‐preparative HPLC was optimised to ensure the biosynthetic products did not undergo degradation via acyl migration or hydrolysis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses of the phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors [11C]Ro 20‐1724, R‐, R/S‐ and S‐[11C]rolipram
Authors: DaSilva Jean N. , Lourenco Celia M. , Wilson Alan A. , Houle Sylvain
Published: August 2002

The high affinity and selective cAMP‐specific phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors Ro 20‐1724, R‐, R/S‐ and S‐rolipram were labeled with 11C by O‐[11C]methylation of their respective phenolic precursors using [11C]methyl iodide. The desmethyl precursor of Ro 20‐1724 was prepared by selective dealkylation with iodotrimethylsilane, whereas, dealkylation of racemic rolipram was not selective and yielded several products. Enantiomeric separation of R‐ and S‐desmethylrolipram was carried out by chiral semi‐preparative high performance liquid chromatography. The final 11C‐labeled products were prepared in high radiochemical purity (>99%), yields (45‐75%, decay‐corrected) and specific activities [18.5‐92.5 GBq/µmol], within 30 min from end‐of‐bombardment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A convenient synthesis of [2,6‐14C]‐2‐chloroisonicotinic acid
Authors: Kelly Terence P. , Rodgers Thomas R. , Wright Christopher
Published: August 2002

[2,6‐14C]‐2‐chloroisonicotinic acid (1) was prepared by kinetically controlled lithiation and carbonation of [2,6‐14C]‐2,6‐dichloropyridine, followed by reduction using hydrazine and potassium hydroxide. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterisation of 13C and 15N isotopomers of a 1‐acyl‐7‐nitroindoline
Authors: Corrie John E. T. , Barth Andreas , Papageorgiou George
Published: August 2002

Efficient methods are described for synthesis of isotopomers of the water‐soluble, photolabile 1‐acyl‐7‐nitroindoline 5 with either 13C in the carbonyl of the acyl substituent or 15N in the nitro group. The isotopic incorporations were verified by IR difference spectroscopy coupled with flash photolysis.
Synthesis of 3H‐(–)‐galanthamine
Authors: Linnemann Elmar , Fels Gregor
Published: August 2002

3‐(–)‐galanthamine (0.881 TBq/mmol) was synthesized via stereoselective reduction of (–)‐narwedine with tritiated L‐Selectride®. This reaction sequence was favored over an exchange of aromatic bromine with lithium aluminium tritide. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The sequential syntheses of [76Br]FBAU 3′,5′‐dibenzoate and [76Br]FBAU
Authors: Kao Chih‐Hao K. , Sassaman Mark B. , Szajek Lawrence P. , Ma Ying , Waki Atsuo , Eckelman William C.
Published: August 2002

Thymidine analogs labeled with positron emitting radionuclides are potential proliferation markers for positron emission tomography (PET). Bromine‐76 (T1/2=16.2 h) is our choice of radionuclide, because it allows for maximal DNA incorporation of the tracer. Following the literature descriptions, 76Br was produced using the 75As (3He, 2n) 76Br reaction. We then recovered 76Br from the target in the form of [76Br]NH4Br with a yield of 60±12% (n=32). Peracetic acid was used as the oxidant for electrophilic bromodestannylation to prepare [76Br]FBAU 3′,5′‐dibenzoate (71.2±12.1%, RCY) and a basic hydrolysis of the dibenzoate then yielded [76Br]FBAU. The yield of the hydrolysis reaction was 53.1±9.2% when heated at 100°C for 15 min or quantitative (decay corrected) when left at room temperature overnight. The sequential synthesis of [76Br]FBAU 3′,5′‐dibenzoate and [76Br]FBAU allowed us to perform a side‐by‐side comparison of their metabolic stabilities. While [76Br]FBAU 3′,5′‐dibenzoate was hydrolyzed to [76Br]FBAU within 10 minutes by hepatocyte at 37°C, [76Br]FBAU was stable and no [76Br]Br− was released from either radiopharmaceutical. Both compounds are potential proliferation markers for PET. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.