bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EDA and EDAR expression at different stages of hair follicle development in cashmere goats and effects on expression of related genes
Authors: Wu Zhihong , Wang Yu , Han Wenjing , Yang Kun , Hai Erhan , Ma Rong , Di Zhengyang , Shang Fangzheng , Su Rui , Wang Ruijun , Wang Zhiying , Zhang Yanjun , Li Jinquan
Published: December 2020

Abstract. This study is focused on the detection of ectodysplasin A (EDA) and ectodysplasin A receptor (EDAR) mRNA expression levels and protein positions in seven stages of cashmere goat fetus development (45, 55, 65, 75 95, 115, and 135 d), with the main goal of investigating the effect of EDA and EDAR on genes related to hair follicle development. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to measure EDA and EDAR expression levels in seven stages of cashmere goat fetus development. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to locate EDA and EDAR in the critical stage of fetal hair follicle development (45–135 d). EDA and EDAR expression in fetal fibroblasts and epithelial cells was interfered with by short hairpin RNA (sh-RNA). The results indicated that EDA and EDAR were both expressed in the skin tissue in the seven cashmere goat embryo stages. Moreover, EDA and EDAR play an important role in the formation of embryonic placode (Pc). After interfering with EDA and EDAR, the expression of BMP2, BMP4, noggin, β-catenin, TGF-β2, Wnt-10b, and NOTCH1 in fibroblasts and epithelial cells changed significantly. This study provides a theoretical and experimental basis for further studying the molecular regulation mechanism of hair follicle development.
Ship-based measurements of ice nuclei concentrations over the Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific and Southern oceans
Authors: Welti André , Bigg E. Keith , DeMott Paul J. , Gong Xianda , Hartmann Markus , Harvey Mike , Henning Silvia , Herenz Paul , Hill Thomas C. J. , Hornblow Blake , Leck Caroline , Löffler Mareike , McCluskey Christina S. , Rauker Anne Marie , Schmale Julia , Tatzelt Christian , van Pinxteren Manuela , Stratmann Frank
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Ambient concentrations of ice-forming particles measured during ship expeditions are collected and summarised with the aim of determining the spatial distribution and variability in ice nuclei in oceanic regions.
The presented data from literature and previously unpublished data from over 23 months of ship-based measurements stretch from the Arctic to the Southern Ocean and include a circumnavigation of Antarctica. In comparison to continental observations, ship-based measurements of ambient ice nuclei show 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower mean concentrations. To quantify the geographical variability in oceanic areas, the concentration range of potential ice nuclei in different climate zones is analysed by meridionally dividing the expedition tracks into tropical, temperate and polar climate zones. We find that concentrations of ice nuclei in these meridional zones follow temperature spectra with similar slopes but vary in absolute concentration. Typically, the frequency with which specific concentrations of ice nuclei are observed at a certain temperature follows a log-normal distribution. A consequence of the log-normal distribution is that the mean concentration is higher than the most frequently measured concentration. Finally, the potential contribution of ship exhaust to the measured ice nuclei concentration on board research vessels is analysed as function of temperature. We find a sharp onset of the influence at approximately −36 ∘C but none at warmer temperatures that could bias ship-based measurements.
Photo-degradation of atmospheric chromophores: type
conversion and changes in photochemical reactivity
Authors: Mu Zhen , Chen Qingcai , Zhang Lixin , Guan Dongjie , Li Hao
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Atmospheric chromophoric organic matters (COM) can participate in photochemical reactions because of the photosensitiveness, thus COM have a potential contribution to aerosols aging. The photochemical mechanism of atmospheric COM and the effect of photo-degradation on its photochemical reactivity are not fully understood. To address this knowledge gap, the characteristics of COM photo-degradation and the potential effects of COM photolysis on the photochemical reactivity are illustrated. COM are identified by excitation-emission matrices combined with parallel factor analysis. We confirm that both water-soluble and water-insoluble COM are photo-bleached, and an average 70 % of fluorescence intensities are lost after 7 days of light exposure. Furtherly, it is found that there is a transformation process of low oxidation to high oxidation HULIS. We propose that the high oxidation HULIS could be used to trace the aging degree of aerosols. In terms of photochemical reactivity, compared with before photolysis, the triplet state COM (3COM*) decrease slightly in ambient particle matter (ambient PM) samples and increase in primary organic aerosol (POA). However, the COM induce fewer singlet oxygen after photolysis. The photolysis and conversion of COM are the major cause of the change of photochemical activity. The result also enunciate that the photochemical reaction mechanisms and aerosol aging processes are relatively different in various aerosols. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the photo-degradation of COM not only change the chemical compositions, but also change the roles of the COM in the aerosol aging process.
Long-term NOx measurements in the remote marine tropical troposphere
Authors: Andersen Simone T. , Carpenter Lucy J. , Nelson Beth S. , Neves Luis , Read Katie A. , Reed Chris , Ward Martyn , Rowlinson Matthew J. , Lee James D.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NO + NO2 = NOx) have been measured at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO) in the tropical Atlantic (16° 51' N, 24° 52' W) since October 2006. These measurements represent a unique time series of NOx in the background remote troposphere. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is measured via photolytic conversion to nitric oxide (NO) by ultra violet light emitting diode arrays followed by chemiluminescence detection. Since the measurements began, a blue light converter (BLC) has been used for NO2 photolysis, with a maximum spectral output of 395 nm from 2006–2015 and of 385 nm from 2015. The original BLC used was constructed with a Teflon-like material and appeared to cause an overestimation of NO2 when illuminated. To avoid such interferences, a new additional photolytic converter (PLC) with a quartz photolysis cell (maximum spectral output also 385 nm) was implemented in March 2017. Once corrections are made for the NO2 artefact from the original BLC, the two NO2 converters are shown to give comparable NO2 mixing ratios (PLC = 0.92 × BLC, R2 = 0.92), giving confidence in the quantitative measurement of NOx at very low levels. Data analysis methods for the NOx measurements made at CVAO have been developed and applied to the entire time series to produce an internally consistent and high quality long-term data set. NO has a clear diurnal pattern with a maximum mixing ratio of 2–10 pptV during the day depending on the season and ~0 pptV during the night. NO2 shows a fairly flat diurnal signal, although a small increase in daytime NOx is evident in some months. Monthly average mixing ratios of NO2 vary between 5 and 30 pptV depending on the season. Clear seasonal trends in NO and NO2 levels can be observed with a maximum in autumn/winter and a minimum in spring/summer.
Rarefied particle motions on hillslopes: 4. Philosophy
Authors: Furbish David Jon , Doane Tyler H.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Theoretical and experimental work (Furbish et al., 2020a, 2020b, 2020c) indicates that the travel distances of rarefied particle motions on rough hillslope surfaces are described by a generalized Pareto distribution. The form of this distribution varies with the balance between gravitational heating due to conversion of potential to kinetic energy and frictional cooling by particle-surface collisions. The generalized Pareto distribution in this problem is a maximum entropy distribution constrained by a fixed energetic cost – the total cumulative energy extracted by collisional friction per unit kinetic energy available during particle motions. The analyses leading to these results provide an ideal case study for highlighting three key elements of a statistical mechanics framework for describing sediment particle motions and transport: the merits of probabilistic versus deterministic descriptions of sediment motions; the implications of rarefied versus continuum transport conditions; and the consequences of increasing uncertainty in descriptions of sediment motions and transport that accompany increasing length and time scales. We use the analyses of particle energy extraction, the spatial evolution of particle energy states, and the maximum entropy method applied to the generalized Pareto distribution as examples to illustrate the mechanistic yet probabilistic nature of the approach. These examples highlight the idea that the endeavor is not simply about adopting theory or methods of statistical mechanics off the shelf, but rather involves appealing to the style of thinking of statistical mechanics while tailoring the analysis to the process and scale of interest. Under rarefied conditions, descriptions of the particle flux and its divergence pertain to ensemble conditions involving a distribution of possible outcomes, each realization being compatible with the controlling factors. When these factors change over time, individual outcomes reflect a legacy of earlier conditions that depends on the rate of change in the controlling factors relative to the intermittency of particle motions. The implication is that landform configurations and associated particle fluxes reflect an inherent variability (weather) that is just as important as the expected (climate) conditions in characterizing system behavior.
Rarefied particle motions on hillslopes: 2. Analysis
Authors: Furbish David Jon , Williams Sarah G. W. , Roth Danica L. , Doane Tyler H. , Roering Joshua J.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. We examine a theoretical formulation of the probabilistic physics of rarefied particle motions and deposition on rough hillslope surfaces using measurements of particle travel distances obtained from laboratory and field-based experiments, supplemented with high-speed imaging and audio recordings that highlight effects of particle-surface collisions. The formulation, presented in a companion paper (Furbish et al., 2020a), is based on a description of the kinetic energy balance of a cohort of particles treated as a rarefied granular gas, and a description of particle deposition that depends on the energy state of the particles. Both laboratory and field-based measurements are consistent with a generalized Pareto distribution of travel distances and predicted variations in behavior associated with the balance between gravitational heating due to conversion of potential to kinetic energy and frictional cooling due to particle-surface collisions. For a given particle size and shape these behaviors vary from a bounded distribution representing rapid thermal collapse with small slopes or large surface roughness, to an exponential distribution representing approximately isothermal conditions, to a heavy-tailed distribution representing net heating of particles with large slopes. The transition to a heavy-tailed distribution likely involves an increasing conversion of translational to rotational kinetic energy leading to larger travel distances with decreasing effectiveness of collisional friction. This energy conversion is strongly influenced by particle shape, although the analysis points to the need for further clarity concerning how particle size and shape in concert with surface roughness influence the extraction of particle energy and the likelihood of deposition.
Influence of ENSO and tropical Atlantic climate variability on flood
characteristics in the Amazon basin
Authors: Towner Jamie , Ficchí Andrea , Cloke Hannah L. , Bazo Juan , Coughlan de Perez Erin , Stephens Elisabeth M.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Flooding in the Amazon basin is frequently attributed to modes of large-scale climate variability, but little attention is paid to how these modes influence the timing and duration of floods despite their importance to early warning systems and the significant impacts that these flood characteristics can have on communities. In this study, river discharge data from the Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS 2.1) and observed data at 58 gauging stations are used to examine whether positive/negative phases of several Pacific and Atlantic indices significantly alter the characteristics of river flows throughout the Amazon basin (1979–2015). Results show significant changes in both flood magnitude and duration, particularly in the north-eastern Amazon for negative ENSO years when the SST anomaly is positioned in the central tropical Pacific. This response is not identified for the eastern Pacific index, highlighting how the response can differ between ENSO types. Although flood magnitude and duration were found to be highly correlated, the impacts of large-scale climate variability on these characteristics are non-linear; some increases in annual flood maxima coincide with decreases in flood duration. The impact of flood timing however does not follow any notable pattern for all indices analysed. Finally, observed and simulated changes are found to be much more highly correlated for negative ENSO years compared to the positive phase, meaning that GloFAS struggles to accurately simulate the differences in flood characteristics between El Niño and neutral years. These results have important implications for both the social and physical sectors working towards the improvement of early warning action systems for floods.
Impact of bias nonstationarity on the performance of uni- and
multivariate bias-adjusting methods
Authors: Van de Velde Jorn , Demuzere Matthias , De Baets Bernard , Verhoest Niko E. C.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Climate change is one of the biggest challenges currently faced by society, with an impact on many systems, such as the hydrological cycle. To locally assess this impact, Regional Climate Model (RCM) simulations are often used as input for hydrological rainfall-runoff models. However, RCM results are still biased with respect to the observations. Many methods have been developed to adjust these biases, but only during the last few years, methods to adjust biases that account for the correlation between the variables have been proposed. This correlation adjustment is especially important for compound event impact analysis. As a simple example of those compound events, hydrological impact assessment is used here, as hydrological models often need multiple locally unbiased input variables to ensure an unbiased output. However, it has been suggested that multivariate bias-adjusting methods may perform poorly under climate change conditions because of bias nonstationarity. In this study, two univariate and three multivariate bias-adjusting methods are compared with respect to their performance under climate change conditions. To this end, the methods are calibrated in the late 20th century (1970–1989) and validated in the early 21st century (1998–2017), in which the effect of climate change is already visible. The variables adjusted are precipitation, evaporation and temperature, of which the former two are used as input for a rainfall-runoff model, to allow for the validation of the methods on discharge. Although not used for discharge modelling, temperature is a commonly-adjusted variable in both uni- and multivariate settings and therefore important to take into account. The methods are also evaluated using indices based on the adjusted variables, the temporal structure, and the multivariate correlation. For precipitation, all methods decrease the bias in a comparable manner. However, for many other indices the results differ considerably between the bias-adjusting methods. The multivariate methods often perform worse than the univariate methods, a result that is especially notable for temperature and evaporation. As these variables have already changed the most under climate change conditions, this reinforces the opinion that the multivariate bias-adjusting methods are not yet fit to cope with nonstationary climate conditions. Although the effect is slightly dampened by the hydrological model, our analysis still reveals that, to date, the simpler univariate bias-adjusting methods are preferred for assessing climate change impact.
Freshwater in the Arctic Ocean 2010–2019
Authors: Solomon Amy , Heuzé Céline , Rabe Benjamin , Bacon Sheldon , Bertino Laurent , Heimbach Patrick , Inoue Jun , Iovino Doroteaciro , Mottram Ruth , Zhang Xiangdong , Aksenov Yevgeny , McAdam Ronan , Nguyen An , Raj Roshin P. , Tang Han
Published: December 2020

Abstract. The Arctic climate system is rapidly transitioning into a new regime with a reduction in the extent of sea ice, enhanced mixing in the ocean and atmosphere, and thus enhanced coupling within the ocean-ice-atmosphere system; these physical changes are leading to ecosystem changes in the Arctic Ocean. In this review paper, we assess one of the critically important aspects of this new regime, the variability of Arctic freshwater, which plays a fundamental role in the Arctic climate system by impacting ocean stratification and sea ice formation. Liquid and solid freshwater exports also affect the global climate system, notably by impacting the global ocean overturning circulation. In this review paper we assess to what extent observations during the 2010–2019 period are sufficient to estimate the Arctic freshwater budget with greater certainty than previous assessments and how this budget has changed relative to the 2000–2010 period. We include discussions of processes not included in previous assessments, such as run off from the Greenland Ice Sheet, the role of snow on sea ice, and vertical redistribution. We show that the trend in Arctic freshwater in the 2010s has stabilized relative to the 2000s due to an increased compensation between a freshening of the Beaufort Gyre and a reduction in freshwater in the Amerasian and Eurasian basins. Notably, the sea ice cover has become more seasonal and more mobile, the mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet has shifted from the western to the eastern part, and the import of subpolar waters into the Arctic has increased.
Unprecedented quiescence in resource development area allows
detection of long-lived latent seismicity
Authors: Salvage Rebecca O. , Eaton David W.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Recent seismicity in Alberta and British Columbia has been attributed to ongoing oil and gas development in the area, due to its temporal and spatial correlation. Prior to such development, the area was seismically quiescent. Here, we show evidence that latent seismicity may occur in areas where previous operations may have occurred, even during a shutdown in operations. The global pandemic of COVID-19 furnished the unique opportunity to study seismicity during a period of anthropogenic quiescence. A total of 389 events were detected within the Kiskatinaw area of British Columbia from April to August 2020, which encompasses a period with no hydraulic fracturing operations during a government imposed lockdown. Apart from a reduction in seismicity rate, the general characteristics of the observed seismicity were similar to the preceding time period of active operations. During the shutdown, observed event magnitudes fell between ML −1 and ML 1.2, but lacked temporal clustering that is often characteristic of hydraulic-fracturing induced sequences. Hypocenters occurred in a corridor orientated NW-SE, just as seismicity had done in previous years in the area, and locate at depths associated with the target Montney formation or shallower (
A model for the Artic mixed layer circulation under a melted lead:
Implications on the near-surface temperature maximum formation
Authors: Alvarez Alberto
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Leads in the sea ice pack have been extensively studied due to their climate relevance. An intense heat exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere occurs at leads in winter. As a result, a major salt input to the Arctic mixed layer is generated at these locations by brine rejection. Leads also constitute preferential melting locations in the early melting season, but their oceanography and climate relevance, if any, still remain unexplored during this period of the year. This study investigates the oceanographic circulation under a melted lead, resulting from the combined effect of the lead geometry, solar radiation and sea ice melting. Results derived from an idealized framework, suggest the daily generation of near surface convection cells that extend from the lead sides to the lead center. Convection cells disappear when melting is diminished during the period of minimum solar insolation. The cyclical generation and evolution of convection cells with the solar cycle, impacts the heat storage rate in the mixed layer below the lead. The contribution of this circulation pattern to the generation of the Near Surface Temperature Maximum (NSTM), is discussed in terms of its capability to inject warm surface waters below the open and sea ice surface. It has been suggested that the NSTM probably affects the oceanographic structure and acoustic properties of the upper ocean and the overlying ice cover.
Validation of the dynamic wake meandering model with respect to
loads and power production
Authors: Reinwardt Inga , Schilling Levin , Steudel Dirk , Dimitrov Nikolay , Dalhoff Peter , Breuer Michael
Published: December 2020

Abstract. The outlined analysis validates the dynamic wake meandering (DWM) model based on loads and power production measured at an onshore wind farm with small turbine distances. Special focus is given to the performance of a version of the DWM model that was previously recalibrated at the site. The recalibration is based on measurements from a turbine nacelle-mounted lidar. The different versions of the DWM model are compared to the commonly used Frandsen turbulence model. The results of the recalibrated wake model agree very well with the measurements, whereas the Frandsen model overestimates the loads drastically for short turbine distances. Furthermore, lidar measurements of the wind speed deficit as well as the wake meandering are incorporated in the DWM model definition in order to decrease the uncertainties.
Telepractice as a Reaction to the COVID-19 Crisis: Insights from Croatian SLP Settings
Authors: Kuva? Kraljevi? Jelena , Mati? Ana , Pavi?i? Dokoza Katarina
Published: December 2020

Telepractice facilitates services in exceptional settings and situations. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is certainly such a situation. Due to pandemic-related restrictions, speech-language pathologists (SLPs) needed to adopt new approaches to their professional functioning. The aim of the paper is to examine SLP professionals’ perceptions and application of telepractice in SLP settings in Croatia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Two hundred and fifty-five SLPs completed an online survey. The results demonstrated that most SLPs had provided direct online therapy, mainly those employed in health care and private practice. The chief reasons for clients’ refusal of therapy delivered via telepractice included the lack of equipment, insufficient independence, and doubts on the effectiveness of telepractice. Although only 3% of SLPs had acquired some formal knowledge of telepractice before the pandemic, over 70% expressed satisfaction with telepractice because it allowed them to provide undisturbed clinical services in an exceptional situation.
Functional Mobility Outcomes in Telehealth and In-Person Assessments for Wheeled Mobility Devices
Authors: Bell Mitchell , Schein Richard M. , Straatmann Joseph , Dicianno Brad E. , Schmeler Mark R.
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this study was to compare telehealth and in-person service delivery models for wheeled mobility devices in terms of functional outcomes. We hypothesized that clinically significant improvements in functional mobility measured by the Functional Mobility Assessment (FMA) will occur in individuals receiving both telehealth and in-person clinic evaluations. A total of 27 Veterans receiving telehealth visits were compared to 27 individuals seen in clinic, selected from a database, matching for age, gender, and primary diagnosis. All mean individual item and total FMA scores in both groups increased from Time 1 to Time 2. Within the telehealth group, all changes in individual item and total FMA scores were statistically significant, with changes in 8 of 10 items meeting threshold for clinical significance (change >1.85 points). Within the clinic group, changes in 7 of 10 individual items and total FMA scores were statistically significant, and these same 7 items met threshold for clinical significance. Change scores for individual item and total FMA scores did not differ significantly between the two groups. A larger and clinically significant change in transfer score was seen in the telehealth group, suggesting telehealth visits may confer an advantage in being able to assess and address transfer issues in the home.
Newcomer Families’ Participation in Early Childhood Education Programs
Authors: Massing Christine , Kikulwe Daniel , Ghadi Needal
Published: December 2020

Early childhood education and care (ECEC) programs are often the first point of contact that newcomers have with formal institutions in their new country, and function as sites wherein children can gain access to the language, rules, and customs of the dominant society. However, newcomer families may experience specific barriers to accessing programs due to the lack of recognition of their existing social and cultural capital within the host country. Reporting on part of a larger mixed-methods study focused on the post-migration barriers to integration experienced by newcomers, this article explores newcomer families’ perspectives on the issues affecting their participation in ECEC programs. Qualitative data were collected from 96 newcomers to Canada during 13 focus groups. The findings suggest newcomer families grapple with reconciling three main points of disjuncture or conflict associated with these child care decisions: social networks, necessity and opportunity, and socialization goals. While participation in ECEC programs facilitated the development of forms of capital valued in the new context, these families also felt compelled to shed some of their own aspirations for their children’s socialization and learning.
Past performance and earning management: The moderating effect of employee relative earning
Authors: Kountur Ronny , Djohanputro Bramantyo , Sari Martdian Ratna
Published: December 2020

Investors are facing doubt on the quality of earning reported. They require some indicators to detect the quality of earning reported. The use of past performance as indicators of current and future earning management is challengeable since there are contradicting results in the sign of the relationship between past performance and earning management. Another variable may moderate their relationship. Therefore, it is the purpose of this study to know if employee’s relative earning is the moderating variable in the relationship between past performance and earning management. One hundred thirty-five companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange were selected with the use of stratified random sampling. The data is analyzed using sub-group analysis followed by the Chow F test and the linear regression analysis. Earning management is the dependent variable, whereas past performance is the independent variable, and employee relative earning is the moderating variable. The null hypotheses were rejected. A significant negative association exists between past performance and earning management, while the employee relative earning was found to be the moderating variable. The effect of past performance to earning management increases as employee relative earning getting lower.
Determinants efficiency of Vietnam’s footwear export: A stochastic gravity analysis
Authors: Anh Tu Thuy , Ha Nguyen Thi , Phuong Chu Thi Mai
Published: December 2020

This study was conducted to estimate the determinants as well as the efficiency of Vietnam’s footwear export to 50 trading partners by applying stochastic fronter gravity approach for the period 2001-2018. We found that Vietnam’s footwear export is positively affected by income measured by gross domestic product (GDP), border and landlock situation. The income elasticity of footwear export of Vietnam was about 1.2%. We also showed that the export efficiency of Vietnam’s footwear was not very high with the average ranges from 50.8% to 63.1%. The 10 most efficient countries were Cambodia, Panama, Slovakia, Belgium, Myanmar, Hongkong, Korea, Chile, the US and the Netherlands. We also found that 10 countries with the largest export potential were the US, China, Germany, Japan, Belgium, the UK, Netherlands, Korea, France, Canada. Regarding the determinants of export efficiency, the study provides evidence that trade freedom, financial freedom and importers’ population density positively contributed to efficiency. Our findings also support further integration of Vietnam since membership to many FTA enhances Vietnam’s footwear export efficiency. These FTAs include AFTA, Vietnam-Chile FTA, ASEAN-India FTA, ASEAN-Korean FTA, ASEAN-Japan FTA, ASEAN-China FTA, ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand FTA. Finally, the study recommends a relevant market policy for Vietnam’s footwear export in the coming years. We have provided 4 types of markets with different levels of priorities that Vietnam’s footwear exporters should focus on. The top footwear market priority should be countries with high potential yet low efficiency such as China, Russia, Brazil, Thailand, Sweden, Singapore and Australia.
Pascual Ortiz Rubio : la "subcrisis" de 1931 y la ruptura del modus vivendi
Authors: González Morfín Juan
Published: December 2020

The brevity of the Pascual Ortiz Rubio government and its submission to the plans of General Plutarco Elías Calles are generally mentioned by revolutionary historiogra¬phy, but rather little has been deepened in the facts that led to the rupture of the modus vi¬vendi offered by his predecessor to the Catholic Church and that accelerated its resignation to the presidency. This article presents some little known facts about the events that origina¬ted, first, the crisis of the end of 1931 and, later, the ruin of the Ortiz Rubio administration.
Arquitetura da informação no contexto da informação em saúde: um olhar para o website do COVID-19 no Brasil
Authors: Brito Jean Fernandes , Silva Rafaela Carolina da , Santos Beatriz Rosa Pinheiro , Mello Mariana Rodrigues Gomes de , Martínez-Ávila Daniel
Published: December 2020

Introdução: A pesquisa avalia a página principal do ambiente informacional digital do site do governo federal brasileiro sobre a COVID-19, a partir da ótica da arquitetura da informação, a fim de contribuir para uma recuperação da informação efetiva dos sujeitos informacionais que navegam nesse ambiente. Método: Estudo de natureza qualitativa, de cunho exploratório e aplicado que utiliza a Netnografia como método para a investigação e descrição do objeto de estudo. Resultados: Foram levantados cinco pontos positivos e cinco pontos negativos do ambiente informacional digital analisado. Como representação dos pontos positivos, o website apresenta um painel com notícias atualizadas sobre o tema e como representação dos pontos negativos, nota-se a omissão de dados e ausência de um sistema de busca na página principal. Conclusão: A partir dos pontos levantados na análise, propôs-se um wireframe para a página principal do website da COVID-19 no Brasil.
n. 51 - A TESSITURA DO PLANO NACIONAL DO LIVRO E LEITURA (2006-2016) NO BRASIL SOB A INFLUÊNCIA DE ORGANISMOS INTERNACIONAIS
Authors: Gomes Lidiane Tavares do Nascimento , Barleta Ilma De Andrade
Published: December 2020

O artigo teve como objetivo analisar as influências de organismos internacionais na constituição da política de leitura no Brasil que originaram o Plano Nacional do Livro e Leitura (2006-2016) no contexto do Estado capitalista. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, embasada, principalmente, nos estudos de Evangelista (2008; 2009), Croso e Magalhães (2016), Peroni (2018), Avelar (2019), dentre outros, analisados à luz da Análise de Discurso Crítica (ADC). As principais fontes analisadas são documentos oficiais nacionais e de organismos internacionais, como o CERLALC e a OEI. A investigação apontou reflexões relevantes sobre a forma que a Política Nacional de Leitura, atualmente em curso, está organicamente alinhada à lógica global, aos auspícios dos organismos internacionais, especialmente, quando esses documentos orientam para a inserção de representantes da cadeia produtiva do livro na formulação da política de leitura e, como consequência, abrem espaço para a atuação do mercado, por meio do preceito democrático de acesso.
Maatschappelijk effectieve rechtspraak: een synthese
Authors: Hartendorp Rogier
Published: December 2020

Socially effective justice: a synthesis

Hartendorp emphasizes in his contribution that a judge is a decision-maker bound by the law. He agrees with Klijn that this position makes it difficult to act as a problem solver. However, this does not alter the fact that, in order to act effectively, a judge must have a dual orientation on the conflict and the dispute between the parties. The Judiciary can only increase its social effectiveness if it manages to bring about a synthesis between its classic decisive task and an orientation aimed at effectiveness.
Alcohol-Dependent Inpatients in Northern Vietnam : A Follow-Up Study on Relapse and Co-Occurring Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Nguyen Thi Phuong Mai , Kim Bao Giang , Nguyen Van Tuan
Published: December 2020

Background: The prevalence of alcohol dependence has been increasing in several countries in the world as well as in Vietnam. This study aims to describe relapse among alcohol-dependent inpatients in Northern Vietnam and some co-occurring psychiatric disorders in these patients. Methods: This study followed 53 alcohol-dependent patients who were treated for six months at the Vietnam National Institute of Mental Health. At the point of one month, three months, and six months after being discharged from the hospital, the patients were monitored for their alcohol consumption, relapse into alcohol dependence, and co-occurring psychiatric disorders by clinical psychiatrists, using the International Classification of Diseases, the 10th edition, Hamilton depression rating scale, Hamilton anxiety rating scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the EQ-5D-5L Life Quality Assessment. Results: The prevalence of relapse into alcohol dependence was 81.1%. The highest relapse rate was found in the first month after alcohol withdrawal (46.5%), then it decreased gradually. 53.9% of the relapsed patients had at least four alcohol withdrawals; they mainly used home-brewed alcohol. The average daily alcohol intake was fairly high: 14.4 ± 8.5 standard drinks. Mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder were very prevalent among patients with relapsed alcohol dependence. Conclusions: The rate of relapsed alcohol dependence in Northern Vietnam was very high. It is important to detect and treat psychiatric disorders simultaneously with alcohol dependence to achieve better treatment effectiveness and reduce relapse rates.
Applying Sustainability to Tax
Authors: Davis-Nozemack Karie , Kisska-Schulze Kathryn
Published: December 2020

This Article argues that sustainability can and should be applied to taxation to ameliorate the effects of industrialization on society and the planet. In making the case for a sustainability approach to taxation, we suggest that prior approaches to tax policy analysis have been insufficiently interdisciplinary and have failed to fully embrace challenging normative questions that underpin tax. Using sustainability literature from other disciplines, we show how sustainability can provide a superior approach. Specifically, sustainability requires an examination of foundational, normative questions, integration of interdisciplinary collaboration, embrace of long-term solutions, and adaptation to an ever-evolving technological society. Using these attributes as a guide, we introduce a series of questions to prompt tax scholars to consider how tax policy can support the society that we wish to sustain.
ASSOCIAÇÃO ENTRE INGESTÃO ALIMENTAR E RISCO DE SARCOPENIA EM PACIENTES IDOSOS EM HEMODIÁLISE
Authors: Sarti Lourenço Larissa , Barbosa De  Farias Bianca , De  Lima Oliveira Letícia , Alves Lenquiste Sabrina , Loch Gomes Rayana
Published: December 2020

The association between food intake and risk of sarcopenia in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis was verified. Elderly patients of both sexes were recruited from the hemodialysis sector of two hospitals in the interior of São Paulo. To compose the group, all individuals should have a diagnosis of CKD and undergo hemodialysis. Participants (n = 25) had their anthropometric measurements evaluated, followed by the application of the SARC-F questionnaire + calf circumference (CC) to identify the risk of sarcopenia. In addition, patients responded to a food diary to assess foodintake. Associations were found between daily intake of calories, carbohydrates, phosphorus, iron, sodium and SARC-F + CCvalues. It was concluded that there was an association between some factors of food intake and SARC-F + CC, so that the lower the intake of nutrients, the greater the risk of developing sarcopenia.
Capacity Choice and Government Regulation in a Vertical Industry
Authors: Chen Junlong , Wang Yajie , Liu Jiali
Published: December 2020

This paper sets up an industry competition model consisting of two upstream enterprises and two downstream enterprises. Then we rely on the model to explore how non-regulation and different regulatory policies (maximizing the total profits of the upstream enterprises, the social welfare of the upstream industry or the overall social welfare) affect the following factors: the excess capacity, enterprise profits, consumer surpluses, social welfare in the upstream and downstream enterprises and the overall social welfare. The following conclusions are drawn from our research. First, whether and how the government regulates the capacity choice greatly affect the equilibrium outcomes, as well as the welfare distribution among the upstream enterprises, downstream enterprises, and consumers. The specific effects are dependent on market demand and enterprise cost. Second, the government should formulate its regulatory policies on capacity choice based on the overall social welfare of the entire supply chain. If the government aims to maximize the profits of the upstream enterprises, the social welfare of the downstream industry will be negatively affected. Third, excess capacity does not necessarily suppress social welfare. Under certain conditions, the worst scenario of excess capacity may occur under the pursuit of the maximal overall social welfare. Excess capacity may arise from various causes, rather than market competition or government regulation alone. Excess capacity cannot be attributed solely to government failure. These conclusions have some significance for optimizing capacity regulation policies.
The Effect of Multiple Assessments on Delirium Detection: a Pilot Study*
Authors: De Freitas SA. , Wong EKC. , Lee JY. , Reppas-Rindlisbacher C. , Gabor C. , Curkovic A. , Patterson CJ.
Published: December 2020

Background

Delirium is characterized by fluctuating attention or arousal, with high prevalence in the orthopaedic ward. Our aim was to: 1) establish the prevalence of delirium on an orthopaedic ward, and 2) compare delirium prevalence using a single geriatrician assessment vs. multiple 3D-CAM (3-Minute Diagnostic Interview for Confusion Assessment Method) assessments during the day. We hypothesized that multiple assessments would increase the detection rate due to the fluctuating nature of delirium.

Methods

Comparative study conducted at an academic hospital in Hamilton, Ontario. Participants included patients 65 years and older admitted to the orthopaedic ward (n=55). After a geriatrician made the first assessment of delirium by 3D-CAM on each patient, teams with specialized geriatrics training re-assessed participants up to four times. Delirium rates based on first assessment were compared to cumulative end-of-day rates to determine if detection increased with multiple assessments.

Results

The prevalence of delirium was 30.9% (17 participants) us­ing multiple assessments. Of these cases, 13 (76.4%) were detected in the initial geriatrician assessment. In patients with hip fractures, 70.6% (12 of 17) were identified as delirious by multiple assessments.

Conclusion

As symptoms fluctuate, multiple daily CAM assessments may increase the identification of delirium in orthopaedic inpatients.
Why Irregular Ghanaian and Nigerian Migrants in Germany fail to Return Home
Authors: Gomez-Mensah Kobby
Published: December 2020

Irregular migration continues to dominate discussions in Europe and America, due to the controversial nature of the means by which the migrants reach these destinations. Often, the expectation is that migrants denied asylum will return home. But given the human security concerns that drive them out of their countries and the perception of a better living in Europe, migrants find ways to remain in destination countries, even when their asylum requests are denied. Some flee migrant camps in order to escape removals and take up roles to earn a living in the informal economy with countrymen. This article argues that discussions of migration should take cognisance of the economic realities of African migrants.
Overcoming the Paternalistic Firm – Codetermined Family Businesses: A Paradox? Comparing Cases from Sweden and Germany
Authors: Boers Börje
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this comparative case study is to understand codetermination in two family firms. Thereby, this study aims at exploring the role of employee-representatives in two non-listed family businesses. Empirically, this study draws on an interpretive case study of two family businesses. Its findings extend earlier research, by exploring and introducing the phenomenon of codetermination in the family business literature. Codetermination is explored with the perspective of paternalism as analytical lens. Theoretically, the study draws on the control-collaboration paradox which helps understanding the phenomenon of codetermination. The study reveals different types of codetermination, i.e., the works council and the board of directors. The implications of these types are highlighted and discussed. Findings highlight the need for professional governance structures in order to facilitate cooperation between family owners, the management, and employee representatives. Professional governance allows handling the paternalistic ideological underpinnings which can otherwise prevent continued firm success, leading to unsolved conflicts.
Employee Benefits and Paternalistic Work Regimes. Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Company Welfare in Italy
Authors: Gasparri Stefano
Published: December 2020

This article examines the changing role of employee benefits in work regimes in light of the controversies associated with paternalism. We review historical (industrial, scientific, bureaucratic and sophisticated) and recent (libertarian) variants of paternalism, and then define its contemporary developments by matching two terms long considered antithetical, ‘market paternalism’. We argue that this neologism best captures the emerging features of work regimes, in particular the recent popularity of company welfare, by appreciating the marketization of employee benefits and the measures of fiscal, possibly corporate, welfare that support it. Evidence to substantiate this argument comes from an overview of historical forms of paternalism and current company welfare schemes in Italy.
Do the burst of financial crisis and European Union membership impact Earnings Management. Evidence from emerging Eastern European countries
Authors: Callao Susana , Jarne José I. , Wroblewski David
Published: December 2020

The paper studies earnings management in developing European countries. We investigated if membership in the European Union and the recent global financial crisis affected the decisions of managers in Eastern European countries to engage in earnings management. By analyzing a sample of 4,627 firms from four developing Eastern European countries (the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia) over the period of 2002-2009, our findings suggest there was a decrease in earnings management over the period leading up to the accession of these countries to the European Union. Additionally, we found that there was an increase in earnings management after the burst of the financial crisis. The results contribute to the debate in the accounting literature regarding the variations in earnings management related to the changes in environmental factors influencing companies. These results have several implications for standard setters and regulators; in particular, companies’ incentives are strongly influenced by the general conditions and circumstance of their home countries. Additionally, the study explores the still unexplored developing markets of Eastern European countries.
Nefarious, but in a Different Way: Comparing the Ecotoxicity, Gene Toxicity and Mutagenicity of Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) in the Context of Small Mammal Ecotoxicology
Authors: Vladislavov Ostoich Peter , Beltcheva Michaela , Metcheva Roumiana
Published: December 2020

Lead and cadmium are long established toxic and carcinogenic metals. Still, the mechanisms of their interaction with eukaryotic DNA are not unequivocally understood. New data provide evidence on the influence of both metals on DNA repair, particularly non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and mismatch repair (MMR). This may help explain the weak direct mutagenicity of both Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions in the Ames test, as opposed to the proven carcinogenicity of both metals; it has long been proposed that lead and cadmium may induce an imbalance in mammalian systems of DNA damage repair and promote genomic instability. While new evidence for mechanistic interactions of metals with DNA repair emerges, some of the old questions involving dose distribution, pathways of exposure and bioaccumulation/detoxification kinetics still remain valid. To help place the current state of the art in the genetic toxicology of lead and cadmium within the context of ecotoxicology, the current authors propose an integrative approach and offer a review of other authors’ work as well as some of their own data on systemic and organ-specific toxicities in laboratory mice. The current chapter is a comparative analysis of the state of the art in the specific toxicity and genotoxicity of Pb and Cd, presenting some new and little-known information.
Biomass Conversion Technologies for Bioenergy Generation: An Introduction
Authors: Garba Abdurrahman
Published: December 2020

Over the last century, there has been increasing debate concerning the use of biomass for different purposes such as foods, feeds, energy fuels, heating, cooling and most importantly biorefinery feedstock. The biorefinery products were aimed to replace fossil fuels and chemicals as they are renewable form of energy. Biomass is a biodegradable product from agricultural wastes and residues, forestry and aquaculture. Biomass could be sourced from a variety of raw materials such as wood and wood processing by-products, manure, fractions of organic waste products and agricultural crops. As a form of renewable energy, they have the advantages of easy storage, transportation, flexible load utilization and versatile applications. The aim of this study is to provide an overview for thermochemical and biochemical biomass conversion technologies that were employed currently. Attention was also paid to manufacture of biofuels because of their potentials as key market for large-scale green sustainable biomass product.