bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ipsilateral actions from the feline red nucleus on hindlimb motoneurones
Authors: Stecina K. , Slawinska U. , Jankowska E.
Published: October 2008

The main aim of the study was to investigate whether neurones in the ipsilateral red nucleus (NR) affect hindlimb motoneurones. Intracellular records from motoneurones revealed that both EPSPs and IPSPs were evoked in them via ipsilaterally located premotor interneurones by stimulation of the ipsilateral NR in deeply anaesthetized cats in which only ipsilaterally descending tract fibres were left intact. When only contralaterally descending tract fibres were left intact, EPSPs mediated by excitatory commissural interneurones were evoked by NR stimuli alone while IPSPs mediated by inhibitory commissural interneurones required joint stimulation of the ipsilateral NR and of the medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF, i.e. reticulospinal tract fibres). Control experiments led to the conclusion that if any inadvertently coactivated axons of neurones from the contralateral NR contributed to these PSPs, their effect was minor. Another aim of the study was to investigate whether ipsilateral actions of NR neurones, pyramidal tract (PT) neurones and reticulospinal tract neurones descending in the MLF on hindlimb motoneurones are evoked via common spinal relay neurones. Mutual facilitation of these synaptic actions as well as of synaptic actions from the contralateral NR and contralateral PT neurones showed that they are to a great extent mediated via the same spinal neurones. A more effective activation of these neurones by not only ipsilateral corticospinal and reticulospinal but also rubrospinal tract neurones may thus contribute to the recovery of motor functions after injuries of the contralateral corticospinal tract neurones. No evidence was found for mediation of early PT actions via NR neurones.
Relationship between gene expression and function of uterotonic systems in the rat during gestation, uterine activation and both term and preterm labour
Authors: Arthur Patrice , Taggart Michael J. , Zielnik Barbara , Wong Susan , Mitchell Bryan F.
Published: October 2008

We have documented gestation‐ and labour‐ (preterm and term) dependent changes in expression of genes encoding contraction associated proteins in the rat uterus and correlated these changes with various parameters of uterine contractility. The data demonstrate increased expression of contractile agonist systems concurrent with decreased expression of relaxant systems after gestational day 20. Significant increases in expression of oxytocin (OT), its receptor (OTR), prostaglandin (PG) H synthase isoform 1 (PGHS‐1) and PGF2α receptor (FP) occurred first, followed by increases in PGHS‐2, connexin‐43, endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) and the ET‐1 receptor isoform ETA. Expression of OTR and FP was significantly reduced during mid‐gestation compared to non‐pregnant animals. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increased significantly during pregnancy then decreased concurrently with the increase in OTR and FP. Functional changes in uterine contractility accompany changes in gene expression. OT was the most potent contractile stimulant. Sensitivity of uterine strips to OT was reduced in early and mid‐pregnancy then increased at uterine activation. Progesterone antagonist‐induced preterm labour caused changes similar to those at normal term. Comparison of mRNA transcripts in separated endometrium and myometrium suggested that the endometrium is an important regulator of myometrial contractility, analogous to the relationship between endothelium and vascular smooth muscle. This novel combination of functional and genetic expression analyses provides new insight into the physiology of parturition.
De Novo Formation of a Subnuclear Body
Authors: Kaiser Trish E. , Intine Robert V. , Dundr Miroslav
Published: October 2008

The mammalian cell nucleus contains structurally stable functional compartments. We show here that one of them, the Cajal body (CB), can be formed de novo. Immobilization on chromatin of both CB structural components, such as coilin, and functional components of the CB, such as the SMN complex, spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), small nucleolar RNPs, and small Cajal body–specific RNPs, is sufficient for the formation of a morphologically normal and apparently functional CB. Biogenesis of the CB does not follow a hierarchical assembly pathway and exhibits hallmarks of a self-organizing structure.
Selection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus Replicons Dually Resistant to the Polymerase and Protease Inhibitors HCV-796 and Boceprevir (SCH 503034)
Authors: Flint Mike , Mullen Stanley , Deatly Anne M. , Chen Wei , Miller Lynn Z. , Ralston Robert , Broom Colin , Emini Emilio A. , Howe Anita Y. M.
Published: October 2008

HCV-796 is a nonnucleoside inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) polymerase, and boceprevir is an inhibitor of the NS3 serine protease. The emergence of replicon variants resistant to the combination of HCV-796 and boceprevir was evaluated. Combining the inhibitors greatly reduced the frequency with which resistant colonies arose; however, some resistant replicon cells could be isolated by the use of low inhibitor concentrations. These replicons were approximately 1,000-fold less susceptible to HCV-796 and 9-fold less susceptible to boceprevir. They also exhibited resistance to anthranilate nonnucleoside inhibitors of NS5B but were fully sensitive to inhibitors of different mechanisms: a pyranoindole, Hsp90 inhibitors, an NS5B nucleoside inhibitor, and pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN). The replicon was cleared from the combination-resistant cells by extended treatment with Peg-IFN. Mutations known to confer resistance to HCV-796 (NS5B C316Y) and boceprevir (NS3 V170A) were present in the combination-resistant replicons. These changes could be selected together and coexist in the same genome. The replicon bearing both changes exhibited reduced sensitivity to inhibition by HCV-796 and boceprevir but had a reduced replicative capacity.
Inhibition of Endothelial Interleukin-8 Production and Neutrophil Transmigration byStaphylococcus aureusBeta-Hemolysin
Authors: Tajima Akiko , Iwase Tadayuki , Shinji Hitomi , Seki Keiko , Mizunoe Yoshimitsu
Published: October 2008

Neutrophils play a crucial role in the host response to infection withStaphylococcus aureus, which is a major human pathogen capable of causing life-threatening disease. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a potent chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils. We previously reported thatS. aureussecretes a factor that suppresses IL-8 production by human endothelial cells. Here we isolated an inhibitor of IL-8 production from the supernatant and identified it as staphylococcal beta-hemolysin. Beta-hemolysin reduced IL-8 production without cytotoxicity to endothelial cells. Pretreatment with beta-hemolysin decreased the expression of both IL-8 mRNA and protein induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Migration of neutrophils across TNF-α-activated endothelium was also inhibited by beta-hemolysin. In contrast, beta-hemolysin had no effect on intercellular adhesive molecule 1 expression in activated endothelial cells. These results showed that beta-hemolysin produced byS. aureusinterferes with inflammatory signaling in endothelial cells and may helpS. aureusevade the host immune response.
The Mechanism of
Bacillus anthracis
Intracellular Germination Requires Multiple and Highly Diverse Genetic Loci
Authors: Barua Soumitra , McKevitt Matthew , DeGiusti Kevin , Hamm Elaine E. , Larabee Jason , Shakir Salika , Bryant Katie , Koehler Theresa M. , Blanke Steven R. , Dyer David , Gillaspy Allison , Ballard Jimmy D.
Published: October 2008

In an effort to better understand the mechanisms by which
Bacillus anthracis
establishes disease, experiments were undertaken to identify the genes essential for intracellular germination. Eighteen diverse genetic loci were identified via an enrichment protocol using a transposon-mutated library of
B. anthracis
spores, which was screened for mutants delayed in intracellular germination. Fourteen transposon mutants were identified in genes not previously associated with
B. anthracis
germination and included disruption of factors involved in membrane transport, transcriptional regulation, and intracellular signaling. Four mutants contained transposon insertions in
gerHA, gerHB, gerHC
, and
pagA
, respectively, each of which has been previously associated with germination or survival of
B. anthracis
within macrophages. Strain MIGD101 (named for macrophage intracellular germination defective 101) was of particular interest, since this mutant contained a transposon insertion in an intergenic region between BAs2807 and BAs2808, and was the most highly represented mutant in the enrichment. Analysis of
B. anthracis
MIGD101 by confocal microscopy and differential heat sensitivity following macrophage infection revealed ungerminated spores within the cell. Moreover,
B. anthracis
MIGD101 was attenuated in cell killing relative to the parent strain. Further experimental analysis found that
B. anthracis
MIGD101 was defective in five known
B. anthracis
germination pathways, supporting a mechanism wherein the intergenic region between BAs2807 and BAs2808 has a global affect on germination of this pathogen. Collectively, these findings provide insight into the mechanisms supporting
B. anthracis
germination within host cells.
Toll-Like Receptor 9 Modulates Immune Responses toAspergillus fumigatusConidia in Immunodeficient and Allergic Mice
Authors: Ramaprakash Hemanth , Ito Toshihiro , Standiford Theodore J. , Kunkel Steven L. , Hogaboam Cory M.
Published: October 2008

The role of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in antifungal responses in the immunodeficient and allergic host is unclear. We investigated the role of TLR9 in murine models of invasive aspergillosis and fungal asthma. Neutrophil-depleted TLR9 wild-type (TLR9+/+) and TLR9-deficient (TLR9−/−) mice were challenged with resting or swollenAspergillus fumigatusconidia and monitored for survival and lung inflammatory responses. The absence of TLR9 delayed, but did not prevent, mortality in immunodeficient mice challenged with resting or swollen conidia compared to TLR9+/+mice. In a fungal asthma model, TLR9+/+and TLR9−/−mice were sensitized to solubleA. fumigatusantigens and challenged with resting or swollenA. fumigatusconidia, and both groups of mice were analyzed prior to and at days 7, 14, and 28 after the conidium challenge. When challenged with resting conidia, TLR9−/−mice exhibited significantly lower airway hyper-responsiveness compared to the TLR9+/+groups. In contrast,A. fumigatus-sensitized TLR9−/−mice exhibited pulmonary fungal growth at days 14 and 28 after challenge with swollen conidia, a finding never observed in their allergic wild-type counterparts. Increased fungal growth in allergic TLR9−/−mice correlated with markedly decreased dectin-1 expression in whole lung samples and isolated dendritic cell populations. Further, whole lung levels of interleukin-17 were lower in allergic TLR9−/−mice compared to similar TLR9+/+mice. Together, these data suggest that TLR9 modulates pulmonary antifungal immune responses to swollen conidia, possibly through the regulation of dectin-1 expression.
Inactivation of Rho GTPases by Statins Attenuates Anthrax Lethal Toxin Activity
Authors: deCathelineau Aimee M. , Bokoch Gary M.
Published: October 2008

Anthrax lethal factor (LF), secreted by
Bacillus anthracis
, interacts with protective antigen to form a bipartite toxin (lethal toxin [LT]) that exerts pleiotropic biological effects resulting in subversion of the innate immune response. Although the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MKKs) are the major intracellular protein targets of LF, the pathology induced by LT is not well understood. The statin family of HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors have potent anti-inflammatory effects independent of their cholesterol-lowering properties, which have been attributed to modulation of Rho family GTPase activity. The Rho GTPases regulate vesicular trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, and cell survival and proliferation. We hypothesized that disruption of Rho GTPase function by statins might alter LT action. We show here that statins delay LT-induced death and MKK cleavage in RAW macrophages and that statin-mediated effects on LT action are attributable to disruption of Rho GTPases. The Rho GTPase-inactivating toxin, toxin B, did not significantly affect LT binding or internalization, suggesting that the Rho GTPases regulate trafficking and/or localization of LT once internalized. The use of drugs capable of inhibiting Rho GTPase activity, such as statins, may provide a means to attenuate intoxication during
B. anthracis
infection.
The PmrA/PmrB Two-Component System ofLegionella pneumophilaIs a Global Regulator Required for Intracellular Replication within Macrophages and Protozoa
Authors: Al-Khodor Souhaila , Kalachikov Sergey , Morozova Irina , Price Christopher T. , Abu Kwaik Yousef
Published: October 2008

To examine the role of the PmrA/PmrB two-component system (TCS) ofLegionella pneumophilain global gene regulation and in intracellular infection, we constructedpmrAandpmrBisogenic mutants by allelic exchange. Genome-wide microarray gene expression analyses of thepmrAandpmrBmutants at both the exponential and the postexponential phases have shown that the PmrA/PmrB TCS has a global effect on the expression of 279 genes classified into nine groups of genes encoding eukaryotic-like proteins, Dot/Icm apparatus and secreted effectors, type II-secreted proteins, regulators of the postexponential phase, stress response genes, flagellar biosynthesis genes, metabolic genes, and genes of unknown function. Forty-one genes were differentially regulated in thepmrAorpmrBmutant, suggesting a possible cross talk with other TCSs. ThepmrBmutant is more sensitive to low pH than thepmrAmutant and the wild-type strain, suggesting that acidity may trigger this TCS. ThepmrBmutant exhibits a significant defect in intracellular proliferation within human macrophages,Acanthamoeba polyphaga, and the ciliateTetrahymena pyriformis. In contrast, thepmrAmutant is defective only in the ciliate. Despite the intracellular growth defect within human macrophages, phagosomes harboring thepmrBmutant exclude late endosomal and lysosomal markers and are remodeled by the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Similar to thedot/icmmutants, the intracellular growth defect of thepmrBmutant is totally rescuedin ciswithin communal phagosomes harboring the wild-type strain. We conclude that the PmrA/PmrB TCS has a global effect on gene expression and is required for the intracellular proliferation ofL. pneumophilawithin human macrophages and protozoa. Differences in gene regulation and intracellular growth phenotypes between thepmrAandpmrBmutant suggests a cross talk with other TCSs.
A Novel Autotransporter Adhesin Is Required for Efficient Colonization during Bubonic Plague
Authors: Lawrenz Matthew B. , Lenz Jonathan D. , Miller Virginia L.
Published: October 2008

Many proteins secreted by the type V secretion system (autotransporters) have been linked to virulence in gram-negative bacteria. Several putative conventional autotransporters are present in theYersinia pestisgenome, but only one, YapE, is conserved in the other pathogenicYersiniaspecies. Here, we introduce YapE and demonstrate that it is secreted via a type V mechanism. Inactivation ofyapEinY. pestisresults in decreased efficiency in colonization of tissues during bubonic infection. Coinfection with wild-type bacteria only partially compensates for this defect. Analysis of the host immune response suggests that YapE is required for either efficient colonization at the inoculation site or dissemination to draining lymph nodes. YapE also demonstrates adhesive properties capable of mediating interactions with bacteria and eukaryotic cells. These findings support a role for YapE in modulating host-pathogen interactions that are important for colonization of the mammalian host.
The mortality of women exposed environmentally and domestically to blue asbestos at Wittenoom, Western Australia
Authors: Reid A , Heyworth J , de Klerk N , Musk A W
Published: October 2008

Objectives:

Knowledge of mortality patterns following exposure to asbestos has been determined mostly from cohort studies of men who were exposed to asbestos in their workplace. Women are more likely to have obtained their asbestos exposure domestically or from their environment.

Methods:

2552 women and girls are documented to have lived in the blue asbestos mining and milling township of Wittenoom between 1943 and 1992 and were not involved in asbestos mining or milling. Quantitative asbestos exposure measurements were derived from periodic dust surveys undertaken in the industry and around the township. Death records were obtained for the period 1950–2004. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated to compare the Wittenoom women’s mortality with that of the Western Australian female population.

Results:

There were 425 deaths, including 30 from malignant mesothelioma. There was excess mortality for all causes of death (SMR = 1.13), all neoplasms (SMR = 1.42), symptoms, signs and ill defined conditions (SMR = 6.35), lung cancer (SMR = 2.15) and pneumoconiosis (SMR = 11.8). Mortality from cancer of the ovary (SMR = 1.52), upper aerodigestive cancers (SMR = 2.70) and tuberculosis (SMR = 5.38) was increased but not significantly. The risk of death from mesothelioma was increased, but not significantly, in residents known to have lived with or washed the clothes of an Australian Blue Asbestos Company asbestos worker (HR = 2.67, 95% CI 0.77 to 9.21; HR = 2.61, 95% CI 0.85 to 7.99, respectively).

Conclusion:

Women who were former residents of Wittenoom, exposed to asbestos in their environment or in their home, have excess cancer mortality, including mesothelioma, compared with the Western Australian female population.
Health status before, during and after disability pension award: the Hordaland Health Study (HUSK)
Authors: Øverland S , Glozier N , Henderson M , Mæland J G , Hotopf M , Mykletun A
Published: October 2008

Objectives:

Up to one in eight of the working age population receives permanent disability benefits. As little is known about the consequences of this major event, analysis aimed to compare health status before and after disability pension award.

Methods:

Data from the population based Hordaland Health Study (HUSK) in Norway 1997–99 (n = 18 581) were linked to official disability benefits registries. The study identified 1087 participants who were awarded a disability pension before, during and after the health survey. These were grouped into different strata defined by temporal proximity between disability pension award and health survey participation. The study then compared health status across these strata covering the 7 years before to the 7 years after the award.

Results:

The study found an inverse U-shaped trend with an increase in reported symptoms (anxiety, depression, pain distribution, sleep problems and somatic symptoms) approaching the award, and a reversing of this trajectory afterwards (p<0.05 for the non-linear trend for all symptoms). We found no similar trend for the more objective health measures blood pressure, physical diagnoses and prescribed medication. For most measures, similar levels of health problems were found 3–7 years before compared to 3–7 years after the award.

Conclusion:

When comparing the strata defined by time to the event of disability pension award, there was an increase in symptoms around the time of the disability pension award, with a subsequent return towards pre-award levels. The design precludes any firm conclusions as to what causes the observed results, but possible explanations include temporary adverse health effects from the process itself, the beneficial effects of being removed from harmful work conditions, and recovery after increasing health problems leading up to disability pension award.
The validity and reliability of diagnoses of work-related mental ill-health
Authors: O’Neill E , McNamee R , Agius R , Gittins M , Hussey L , Turner S
Published: October 2008

Objectives:

To establish the reliability and validity of work-related mental ill-health diagnoses.

Background:

A UK-based surveillance scheme for work-related ill-health involving occupational physicians (OPs) reporting suggests that mental ill-health incidence is increasing by around 13% per year, with anxiety, depression and “other work-related stress” being the most common diagnoses. There have been no studies of the validity and reliability of such diagnoses. Given the existence of a large network of psychiatrists (PSYs) also involved in surveillance of work-related ill-health, an opportunity arose to measure the concurrent validity and reliability of work-related mental ill-health diagnoses.

Methods:

100 anonymised summaries of cases previously reported by OPs or PSYs were collected; each was sent to 5 PSYs and 5 OPs, who assigned a diagnosis and judged whether the case was work-related. Concurrent validity of the ill-health aspect of the diagnoses, and of the opinion as to work-relatedness, was assessed by comparing the overall classifications of cases by OPs and PSYs. Reliability of the diagnostic classification was measured by kappa matrices.

Results:

Diagnostic proportions for PSYs and OPs demonstrated good agreement for anxiety, depression, anxiety plus depression and “stress” (11%, 34%, 27%, 14%) and (14%, 30%, 27%, 17%), respectively. In both groups, kappa coefficients were high for a psychotic diagnosis (0.78, 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.83), but not as high for anxiety (0.27, 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.32), depression (0.34, 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.38) and “stress” (0.15, 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.19). The odds ratio of classifying a case as work-related among PSYs compared to OPs was 2.39 (95% CI: 1.68 to 3.38), p<0.001.

Conclusions:

The overall agreement between OPs and PSYs on mental ill-health diagnoses suggests that OP diagnoses are valid for epidemiological purposes. However, the within-group reliability of the diagnosis “stress” is low. Given differences in judgements about work-relatedness, further research is needed to investigate this aspect of a diagnosis.
The evaluation and management of the solitary pulmonary nodule
Authors: Soubani A O
Published: October 2008

Solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) are increasingly detected with the widespread use of chest computed tomography (CT) scans. The primary goal of the evaluation of these nodules is to determine whether they are malignant or benign. Clinical factors such as older age, tobacco smoking and current or remote history of malignancy increase the pre-test likelihood of malignancy. Radiological features of the SPN based on chest CT with high resolution cuts are critical in differentiating between benign or malignant lesions. These features include size, change in size, the presence and pattern of calcification, edge characteristics, attenuation, and contrast enhancement. SPNs that are stable in size for >2 years and those with benign pattern of calcification do not need further studies. Lesions with clear change in size are malignant until proven otherwise and require tissue diagnosis. Frequently, the aetiology of the SPN following chest CT scan remains indeterminate and requires further evaluation. The approach to the management of indeterminate SPN ranges between observation with repeat chest CT scan, further diagnostic studies such as positron emission tomography (PET) scan, or invasive procedures to obtain tissue diagnosis. These procedures include bronchoscopy, transthoracic needle aspirate, and resection by video assisted thoracoscopy or thoracotomy. Determination of which approach to follow depends on the pre-test probability of malignancy, whether the patient is a surgical candidate, and the patient's informed preferences. This article reviews the radiological features of the SPN and their value in differentiating between benign and malignant lesions. This is followed by discussion of the different approaches to the management of the SPN after initial characterisation by chest CT scan, including the benefits and limitations of the different diagnostic studies.
Association study between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and the DPP9 gene which is located in the candidate region identified by linkage analysis
Authors: Qiu X S , Tang N L S , Yeung H Y , Qiu Y , Cheng J C Y
Published: October 2008

Background

It has been recognised that genetic or hereditary factors may contribute to the aetiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Recently, two linkage analyses have identified 19p13.3 as the candidate region for AIS. The dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) gene is located on chromosome 19p13.3.

Objective

To investigate whether DPP9 gene polymorphisms are associated with the occurrence or curve severity of AIS.

Methods

571 girls with AIS and 236 normal controls were recruited. Using the Chinese data from the HapMap project, a set of tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) were defined for the DPP9 gene. Five SNPs were genotyped by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism. Statistical analysis of genotype frequencies between cases and controls was performed by the χ2 test. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare mean maximum Cobb angles with different genotypes in case-only analysis.

Results

Genotype frequencies were comparable between cases and controls for all five polymorphisms (p>0.05). The mean maximum Cobb angles of different genotypes were similar to each other for all five polymorphisms.

Conclusions

The DPP9 gene is not associated with the occurrence or curve severity of AIS. It is neither a disease-predisposition nor a disease-modifying gene of AIS.
When ascites is not ascites
Authors: Sharma A , Teh B , Morgan D J R , Bell D , Woodhouse C
Published: October 2008

The case is reported of a patient presenting with ascites and acute renal failure resulting from spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder, 30 years after the successful initial treatment of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma. The delay in the presentation until the patient began to experience the symptoms due to urinary ascites, the diagnostic dilemma because of the rarity of the condition, and the possible aetiologies are discussed.
Evidence based practice: the practicalities of keeping abreast of clinical evidence while in training
Authors: Phillips R , Glasziou P
Published: October 2008

This paper gives a practical account of why and how to learn to practise evidence based medicine while still in clinical training. It highlights practical benefits to learning the skills (such as passing exams, coping with information overload and helping patients), and explains how to manage each of the four essential steps (asking questions, acquiring information, appraising evidence, and applying the results). Key resources to give the trainee rapid access to evidence based answers are highlighted, as are efficient ways of keeping up to date with the emerging literature.
Thyroid hormone resistance
Authors: Agrawal N K , Goyal R , Rastogi A , Naik D , Singh S K
Published: October 2008

Thyroid hormone resistance (THR) is a rare syndrome of reduced end organ sensitivity. Patients with THR have elevated serum free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), but normal or slightly elevated serum thyrotropin values. The characteristic clinical feature is goitre without symptoms and metabolic consequences of thyroid hormone excess. THR can be classified on the basis of tissue resistance into pituitary, peripheral or generalised (both pituitary and peripheral) types. Mutations in the TRβ gene, cell membrane transporter and genes controlling intracellular metabolism of thyroid hormone have been implicated. THR is differentiated from thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secreting pituitary adenoma by history of THR in the family. No specific treatment is often required for THR; patients with features of hypo- or hyperthyroidism are appropriately treated with levo-triiodothyronine (L-T3), levo-thyroxine (L-T4), dextro-thyroxine(D-T4) or 3,3,5 triiodo-thyroacetic acid (TRIAC). The diagnosis helps in appropriate genetic counselling of the family.
The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and the adoption of domestic tobacco control policies: the Ecuadorian experience
Authors: Albuja S , Daynard R A
Published: October 2008

Background:

The present work concerns the adoption of domestic tobacco control legislation in Ecuador after ratification of the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC).

Methods:

Analysis of legislation, and data collection via interviews with key actors involved in the adoption and implementation of domestic legislation passed purportedly to implement the FCTC and research of the Ecuadorian Congressional Archives.

Results:

While the FCTC helped raise awareness about tobacco’s imminent and future threats to public health, paradoxically, it had the effect of further entrenching tobacco-friendly norms. Philip Morris, with 87% dominance over the Ecuadorian tobacco market, subtly harnessed the FCTC to protect its interests. This outcome was also influenced by poor governmental readiness and intervention, lack of legislative technical capabilities and weak civil society involvement.

Conclusions:

The Ecuadorian experience suggests that more support should be provided to health ministries, legislatures and local tobacco control organisations to offset the power of the tobacco industry as developing nations get ready to adopt domestic tobacco control legislation.
Growth responses of three contrasting Piper species growing under different light conditions
Authors: Sanchez-Coronado M. Esther , Rincòn Emmanuel , Vàzquez-Yanes Carlos
Published: October 2008

The growth responses of Piper aequale, Piper auritum, and Piper hispidum under contrasting light conditions at Los Tuxtlas Tropical Station, Mexico, and in growth chamber experiments were investigated. The species showed contrasting growth responses; Piper auritum was the less shade-tolerant species and Piper aequale, on the contrary, showed the ability to exploit conditions of intermediate light intensities, similar to those found in small gaps. Piper hispidum was able to sustain growth in both high and low light conditions; this response appears to be related with morphological plastic responses.
Diatoms and arcellaceans from Lac du Cratère du Nouveau-Québec, Ungava, Québec, Canada
Authors: Grönlund Tuulikki , Lortie Guy , Guilbault Jean-Pierre , Bouchard Michel A. , Saarnisto Matti
Published: October 2008

The cratère du Nouveau-Québec is a 267 m deep lake resulting from a meteoritic impact. The diatom taxa, representing mostly acidophilous and indifferent species, were identified from the moss and brook sediment on the shore of the lake and from four bottom sediments samples. The genus Eunotia dominates the diatom flora of the moss and brook sediment. The flora of the lake bottom sediments is composed of planktonic, periphytic, and aerophilous diatom taxa, with Cyclotella stelligera and Tabellaria flocculosa as dominant species. Anomalous forms of Tabellaria flocculosa, Fragilaria virescens, and some Eunotia species are common. Many of the periphytic forms seem to be wind-borne, originating from outside the crater rim. Microfauna consists essentially of the thecamoebian Difflugia oblonga. The whole fossil evidence suggests ultraoligotrophic and generally harsh conditions, mostly linked to the cold climate. Little environmental change seems to have taken place during the last 5000 years.
Leaf vascular architecture in the atypical C4 NADP – malic enzyme grass Arundinella hirta
Authors: Dengler Ronald E. , Dengler Nancy G.
Published: October 2008

Leaf anatomy, particularly vascular organization, of the grass species Arundinella hirta is atypical for a C4 NADP – malic enzyme species. Most conspicuously, interveinal distances are large, more similar to those of C3 than C4 species. When the longitudinal files of the bundle-sheath-like distinctive cells are included with vein counts, interveinal distance falls within the range for the C4 NADP – malic enzyme biochemical type. A quantitative analysis of the lengths of distinctive cell files shows that ca. 22% lack any contact with transverse veins or other vascular tissue. This reinforces the idea that the functional significance of typical C4 anatomy is the spatial relationship between bundle sheath tissue and mesophyll. While the general features of blade and sheath vascular architecture of A. hirta are shared with other C3 and C4 grass species, the wide vein spacing potentially creates limitations on the rate of loading photosynthate into vein phloem that are not experienced by other C4 species. Measurements of phloem cross-sectional area per vein and total phloem cross-sectional area give no indication of a constriction in conductive capacity within the leaf blade or sheath. These observations provide an essential background for studies of short- and long-distance translocation of 14C-labelled photosynthate in this atypical species.
The mycorrhizal status of Arbutus unedo in relation to compatible and incompatible fungi
Authors: Giovannetti Manuela , Lioi Lucia
Published: October 2008

Ectendomycorrhizae of Arbutus unedo L. were synthesized in the laboratory and were observed over the first 80 days of development. After 40 days some roots showed many hyphae running around enlarged tips, on the 60th day short roots had assumed a clavate form, and on the 80th day mycorrhizae could be observed with the naked eye. The laboratory-synthesized ectendomycorrhizae had a cruciform structure and were smooth, shiny, and pale orange-brown. They presented a loose sheath and a Hartig net. The first layer of cortical root cells was invaded by the fungus. Running hyphae and vesicles of Glomus microcarpum invaded A. unedo roots, but no root invasion was observed in the presence of five other vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Hymenoscyphus ericae caused a darkening of cortical cells and root tips and the death of many seedlings. The correspondence between specific plant species and particular kinds of mycorrhizae and the possibility of intracellular colonization by nonspecific fungi are also discussed.
The role of expanded leaves in the correlative inhibition of axillary buds in milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Authors: McIntyre G. I. , Hsiao A. I.
Published: October 2008

Experiments with milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), conducted under controlled conditions, were designed to investigate the inhibiting effect of expanded leaves on the growth of their axillary buds. Precise measurements of bud growth (± μm), using a specially constructed strain gauge transducer, showed that excision of the apical bud and partly expanded leaves (shoot decapitation) or excision of only the expanded leaves both induced an almost immediate, but transient, bud growth response whereas excision of the expanded leaves on decapitated shoots permitted the axillary buds to escape from inhibition. Experiments providing measurements of long-term bud growth substantiated these results and showed that the rapid bud response to expanded leaf excision was associated with a 35% increase in the xylem water potential in the stem (ψxy). There was also some evidence that increasing the mineral nutrient supply may reduce the inhibiting effect of the leaves. The rapidity with which bud growth was initiated in response to leaf excision and the associated increase in ψxy are consistent with the hypothesis that the reduction in ψxy produced by transpiration limits the uptake of water by the lateral buds and thus plays a major role in the correlative inhibition of bud activity. Key words: correlative bud inhibition, defoliation, water potential.
Growth of the Euphausiids Thysanoessa inermis, Thysanoessa raschii, and Meganyctiphanes norvegica in a Subarctic Fjord, North Norway
Authors: Falk-Petersen Stig
Published: October 2008

Growth was studied in terms of the mean carapace length, wet and dry weight, protein, and lipid. Monthly length–weight regressions are presented for a 12-mo period. The growth of Thysanoessa spp. is closely related to phytoplankton production, while Meganyctiphanes norvegica (a carnivore) increases its weight continuously until it reaches its final size. In I-group Thysanoessa the individual maintains its body weight until midwinter, and this is followed by a continuous decrease in the body constituents until the onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom. The growth patterns are correlated with the environmental factors.
Accumulation of Copper and Zinc in the Yellow Water Lily, Nuphar variegatum: Relationships to Metal Partitioning in the Adjacent Lake Sediments
Authors: Campbell Peter G. C. , Tessier André , Bisson Marc , Bougie René
Published: October 2008

Relationships between the partitioning of Cu and Zn in lake sediments and their availability to the yellow water lily, Nuphar variegatum, were examined downstream from a major Cu/Zn mining and smelting complex in Northwestern Quebec, Canada. At each of 13 sampling sites, five N. variegatum individuals were collected, separated into stem and rhizome portions, and analyzed for total Cu and Zn. At the same sites, sediment cores were collected at the base of each plant; the 0- to 2-cm stratum was extruded, wet sieved (850 μm), and subjected to a sequential leaching procedure to determine the partitioning of Cu and Zn among various operationally defined geochemical fractions. Statistical analysis suggested that a significant portion of the Cu burden in N. variegatum was probably derived from the sediments, whereas the Zn content of the plant originated largely in the water column. The concentrations of Cu in the fractions most readily extracted from the sediment were the best indicators of Cu bioavailability in the sediment; normalization of these concentrations with respect to the Fe content of the sediment improved the relationship with [Curhizome], suggesting that Fe may play a protective role in regulating Cu bioavailability.
Generalizing Fisheries Models: An Extension of the Schaefer Analysis
Authors: Tsoa E. , Schrank W. E. , Roy N.
Published: October 2008

Central to fish harvesting management plans are population estimates and productivity relationships. The conventional Schaefer model, consisting of a fish harvesting production function and a population dynamics equation, is generalized to permit estimation of an unconstrained Cobb–Douglas production function for a fishery in the absence of population data. The generalization results in equilibrium catch and population figures that can be substantially different from conventional Schaefer estimates. The choice of model, therefore, may strongly affect steady-state quota allocations and total allowable catch paths to the steady state.
Determinants of Catching Power in the British Columbia Salmon Purse Seine Fleet
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Ledbetter Max
Published: October 2008

We show that vessel attributes such as age, length, tonnage, and horsepower will account for less than 10% of the differences in catch between vessels in the British Columbia salmon purse seine fleet. The vessel effect is defined as repeatable differences in catch between vessels. This effect accounts for 30–34% of the differences, and we infer that the unmeasured skipper, crew, and net effects are responsible for 20–24% of the variance in catch. Vessels are specialized by area, with many boats performing well in one area and poorly in another. When fishing area is added as a treatment, area specialization accounts for roughly half of the vessel effect. In fisheries where local knowledge and experience are important, attempts to calibrate catch per unit effort data based on vessel attributes may not work well if skipper skills are a major determinant of catch. Additionally, skipper skill will greatly impede attempts to reduce catching power by elimination of vessels through buy back proposals, since vessels, and not skippers, will be eliminated.
EXACT BOUND STATES OF THE D-DIMENSIONAL KLEIN–GORDON EQUATION WITH EQUAL SCALAR AND VECTOR RING-SHAPED PSEUDOHARMONIC POTENTIAL
Authors: IKHDAIR SAMEER M. , SEVER RAMAZAN
Published: October 2008

We present the exact solution of the Klein–Gordon equation in D-dimensions in the presence of the equal scalar and vector pseudoharmonic potential plus the ring-shaped potential using the Nikiforov–Uvarov method. We obtain the exact bound state energy levels and the corresponding eigen functions for a spin-zero particles. We also find that the solution for this ring-shaped pseudoharmonic potential can be reduced to the three-dimensional (3D) pseudoharmonic solution once the coupling constant of the angular part of the potential becomes zero.
STABILITY AND KINK–ANTIKINK SOLITON SOLUTION FOR TOTAL GENERALIZED OPTIMAL VELOCITY MODEL
Authors: ZHU WEN-XING , JIA LEI
Published: October 2008

We proposed a new car-following model named as total generalized optimal velocity model (TGOVM) based on the analysis of the previous models. TGOVM is superior to the previous models in stabilizing the uniform traffic flow by considering all the front influencing factors: headways, relative velocities, and interactions. The linear analysis result showed its superiority to the GOVM, FLOVM, and FLRVM. The nonlinear analysis method is adopted to analyze this model, which described by a differential-difference equation. The modified Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation is derived and the kink-antikink soliton solution is obtained near the critical point. The simulation results show that the stabilization is enhanced by the improvement.
VELOCITY CORRECTIONS TO KEPLER ENERGY AND LAPLACE INTEGRAL
Authors: MA DA-ZHU , WU XIN , LIU FU-YAO
Published: October 2008

For each celestial body of multi-planet systems, there are two slowly varying quantities or quasi-integrals, Kepler energy and Laplace integral, which are closely associated with the orbital semimajor axis and eccentricity, respectively. To correct numerical errors of the quantities, we give an extension of Nacozy's approach and develop a new manifold correction method, where corresponding reference values of the quantities at every integration step are obtained from integral invariant relations, and only velocity corrections are used to approximately satisfy the two quasi-integrals. As a result, the scheme does enhance the quality of the integration by significantly raising the accuracy of the two elements. Especially, it is superior to the existing dual scaling method in the improvement of eccentricity in general when the adopted integrator provides a sufficient precision to the eccentricity.
NETWORK TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENTS AND TRANSPORTATION DYNAMICS OVER DIFFERENT TOPOLOGIES
Authors: ZHAO YI-FAN , ZHENG JIAN-FENG
Published: October 2008

Many real systems can be regarded as complex networks. In this paper, we investigate the influence of traffic assignments on transportation dynamics in complex networks with different topologies. The sequential problem is motivated by the fact that some previous works are only on traffic assignment of user equilibrium (UE). We introduce traffic assignments of system equilibrium (SE) and system optimization (SO) to analyze the relationship between traffic assignments and network topologies. In terms of these traffic assignments, some interesting results concerning system total cost are obtained. Simulation results demonstrate that load distribution also exhibits a power-law behavior for SE and SO assignments in scale-free networks. Furthermore, the exponents for SE and SO assignments are much larger than that for UE assignment. It indicates that traffic assignments play an important role in determining the transportation dynamics in scale-free networks. Finally, cascading failures of link removal in different topologies are discussed.
TOWARDS POSSIBLE NON-EXTENSIVE THERMODYNAMICS OF ALGORITHMIC PROCESSING — STATISTICAL MECHANICS OF INSERTION SORT ALGORITHM
Authors: STRZAŁKA DOMINIK , GRABOWSKI FRANCISZEK
Published: October 2008

Tsallis entropy introduced in 1988 is considered to have obtained new possibilities to construct generalized thermodynamical basis for statistical physics expanding classical Boltzmann–Gibbs thermodynamics for nonequilibrium states. During the last two decades this q-generalized theory has been successfully applied to considerable amount of physically interesting complex phenomena. The authors would like to present a new view on the problem of algorithms computational complexity analysis by the example of the possible thermodynamical basis of the sorting process and its dynamical behavior. A classical approach to the analysis of the amount of resources needed for algorithmic computation is based on the assumption that the contact between the algorithm and the input data stream is a simple system, because only the worst-case time complexity is considered to minimize the dependency on specific instances. Meanwhile the article shows that this process can be governed by long-range dependencies with thermodynamical basis expressed by the specific shapes of probability distributions. The classical approach does not allow to describe all properties of processes (especially the dynamical behavior of algorithms) that can appear during the computer algorithmic processing even if one takes into account the average case analysis in computational complexity. The importance of this problem is still neglected especially if one realizes two important things. The first one: nowadays computer systems work also in an interactive mode and for better understanding of its possible behavior one needs a proper thermodynamical basis. The second one: computers from mathematical point of view are Turing machines but in reality they have physical implementations that need energy for processing and the problem of entropy production appears. That is why the thermodynamical analysis of the possible behavior of the simple insertion sort algorithm will be given here.
RISE OF THE CENTRIST: FROM BINARY TO CONTINUOUS OPINION DYNAMICS
Authors: BAKER GEORGE A. , HAGUE JAMES P.
Published: October 2008

We propose a model that extends the binary "united we stand, divided we fall" opinion dynamics of Sznajd-Weron to handle continuous and multi-state discrete opinions on a linear chain. Disagreement dynamics are often ignored in continuous extensions of the binary rules, so we make the most symmetric continuum extension of the binary model that can treat the consequences of agreement (debate) and disagreement (confrontation) within a population of agents. We use the continuum extension as an opportunity to develop rules for persistence of opinion (memory). Rules governing the propagation of centrist views are also examined. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out. We find that both memory effects and the type of centrist significantly modify the variance of average opinions in the large timescale limits of the models. Finally, we describe the limit of applicability for Sznajd-Weron's model of binary opinions as the continuum limit is approached. By comparing Monte Carlo results and long time-step limits, we find that the opinion dynamics of binary models are significantly different to those where agents are permitted more than 3 opinions.
NONCOMMUTATIVE IMAGES OF COMMUTATIVE SPECTRA
Authors: LETZTER EDWARD S.
Published: October 2008

We initiate a unified, axiomatic study of noncommutative algebras R whose prime spectra are, in a natural way, finite unions of commutative noetherian spectra. Our results illustrate how these commutative spectra can be functorially "sewn together" to form Spec R. In particular, we construct a bimodule-determined functor Mod Z → Mod R, for a suitable commutative noetherian ring Z, from which there follows a finite-to-one, continuous surjection Spec Z → Spec R. Algebras satisfying the given axiomatic framework include PI algebras finitely generated over fields, noetherian PI algebras, enveloping algebras of complex finite dimensional solvable Lie algebras, standard generic quantum semisimple Lie groups, quantum affine spaces, quantized Weyl algebras, and standard generic quantizations of the coordinate ring of n × n matrices. In all of these examples (except for the non-finitely-generated noetherian PI algebras), Z is finitely generated over a field, and the constructed map of spectra restricts to a surjection Max Z → Prim R.