bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Misleading online advertising in the new business era in India
Authors: Pongiannan K , Viswanathan P
Published: April 2019

One of the most substantive developments in the delivery of marketing activities over the last few years has definitely been the coming into view and growth of Internet shopping. This compared to other things new form of communication has totally changed and improved the buying and selling of products and services, enabling customers to select and import items - many of which are not available through local shop fronts - directly from vendors around the world with the click of a button, and often at a reduced price. Although online shopping has given a new international landscape to conduct business and the use of this medium and the absence of face-to-face interactions have presented the law with many challenges in terms of the scope of consumer protection. This article examines the nature and extent of sneaky and false and dishonest online advertising and looks at the degree to which common law and laws and law making have changed to deal with false, dishonest or sneaky and false advertising on the Internet.
The Origin of Gravity and Universe
Authors: Georgallides Markos
Published: April 2019

In prior Articles[68-70] was shown that all Particles are Quaternion having, their mass as the Real part and energy as their Imaginary part. Energy is the Work produced, i.e. a force acting on a Displacement in One-Two and or Three directions, and which is conserved. In order that this Motion is conserved as Displacement in all directions, then this Displacement must be kept, Quantized, in a Finite Space differently is annihilated. In Mechanics the only-possible motion in a Finite-Space, is the Periodic excitation and the Revolving motion. Oscillation or Displacement is the Removal of a point A to another point B, not coinciding with point A. Vibration is the Periodic motion of a point A to another point B and vice versa. Line-segment AB is the Material-Point, the dipole[⊕↔⊝] of the Material geometry, in-where Point A is the Positive ⊕ and Point B is the Negative ⊝. Material Points, Segments etc. consist the Physical Structures.
MEMBRANINIŲ SKAIČIAVIMŲ IR DAIKTŲ INTERNETO TECHNOLOGIJOS / MEMBRANE COMPUTING AND INTERNET OF THINGS TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Gedminas Aurimas
Published: April 2019

The Internet of Things collects a variety of sensor data, independently offers problem-solving solutions and allows them to be avoided. In order for these systems to function continuously, it is necessary to apply intelligent information routing algorithms. In order to discover new algorithms for the routing of the Internet of Things, this article reviews bioinspired algorithms, their advantages and disadvantages. We introduce membrane computing, P system and its membrane structure. Paper analyses different types of communication on the Internet of Things and classification of routing algorithms for the Internet of Things communication. The practical application of membrane computing and the possibility of applying membrane computing on the Internet of Things is also reviewed.
CORRIGENDUM: INTEGRATIVE POTENTIAL OF CENTRAL EUROPEAN METROPOLISES WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE VISEGRAD COUNTRIES
Authors: Šauer Martin , Pařil Vilém , Viturka Milan
Published: April 2019

Martin Šauer, Vilém Pařil, Milan Viturka, authors of the article “Integrative potential of Central European metropolises with a special focus on the Visegrad countries”, published in Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 25(2), 219-238, https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.7555 inform that order of names and surnames appeared reversed and would like to make the following correction in the authorship as follows: Martin Šauer, Vilém Pařil, Milan Viturka. The authors regret the error.
Spontaneous Hyaloidal Contraction and Complex Retinal Detachment in a Patient With Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
Authors: Thanos Aristomenis , Ozturk Taylan , Faia Lisa J. , Capone Antonio
Published: April 2019

The authors present an interventional case report of a patient with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome who developed simultaneous exudative and combined tractional, rhegmatogenous, and exudative retinal detachment (RD) in the right and left eyes, respectively, following uneventful cryotherapy application of retinal capillary hemangioblastoma (RCH). After pars plana vitrectomy combined with encircling scleral buckling with radial element placement and silicone oil injection, complete retinal reattachment was achieved. The exudative RD of the fellow eye was managed initially with intense topical corticosteroid treatment and subsequent placement of a radial scleral buckle due to the presence of clinically apparent traction. Both eyes remained stable after successful surgical interventions, and long-term follow-up revealed no evidence of recurrent disease. The authors conclude that rapid worsening of vitreoretinal traction and exudation are complications that can occur after treatment of RCH in patients with VHL syndrome leading to complex retinal detachments.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2019;50:238–241.]
Les marges de l’analyse du discours philosophique en question : le cas Derrida
Authors: Thevenet Charlotte
Published: April 2019

Alors que l’Analyse du discours vise à forger des catégories permettant de lire et de décrire les opérations discursives dans les œuvres de philosophie, certains textes semblent résister à l’analyse. C’est le cas de certains livres de Derrida comme Glas (1974) ou Feu la cendre (1986), textes en deux colonnes dont l’auteur lui-même a pu dire qu’ils n’étaient « ni […] philosophique[s], ni […] poétique[s] » (Lévesque et McDonald 1982 : 186). Plutôt que de céder à l’apparente illisibilité de ces textes, et ainsi de conclure à l’impuissance de l’Analyse du discours philosophique à les analyser, cet article propose de relativiser la supposée incompatibilité de l’analyse du discours philosophique et du corpus derridien. Après avoir souligné les affinités entre les deux corpus, ce travail tentera de redéfinir la notion de ton à partir de D’un ton apocalyptique adopté naguère en philosophie et de Feu la cendre, en vue de son emploi dans le champ de l’analyse du discours philosophique.
Doctor, why do I have varicose veins?
Authors: Cavallini Alvise
Published: April 2019

Not available
CHIVA 30 years later. Scientific and ethical considerations
Authors: Franceschi Claude
Published: April 2019

Not available
Lightning Myths versus Science Facts: Traditional Beliefs on Thunderstorm among Rwandans
Authors: Ndihokubwayo Kizito , Nkundabakura Phéneas
Published: April 2019

The paper aimed at revealing lightning myths and traditional beliefs among Rwandans. It provides an overview of their feelings, opinions, and worries as well as facts on thunderstorms using summative-written text and focus-group discussion where about 315 people participated in this research. The conception of the thunder in Rwandan culture was found different from the one we learn from Physics class. For instance, in this study, we found that more traditional beliefs are found in old and non-educated people. Even though some traces are found in intellectuals, however, they are overcome as they become more educated. Though it is believed that witch doctors can traditionally use the term 'thunder' attributed in their activities as the same lightning phenomenon, this occurs in unplanned time and situation, striking their so-called “own enemies”. Overcoming the worries related to traditional beliefs using scientific researchers’ testimonies and safety were also discussed. For instance, though none can be totally safe from a lightning hit, prevention strategies can lessen risks. Thus, avoidance of  lightning damage should be an individual duty and everyone should know daily local weather predictions and harmful consequences.Key words: thunderstorm, lightning myths, traditional beliefs, a witch doctor
On the Study of the Parametric Variations in Igbo and English Yes/No Questions
Authors: Ikegwuonu Christiana Ngozi
Published: April 2019

The Igbo language is one of the languages of the Benue Congo family spoken chiefly spoken in the south-east part of Nigeria. It is also among the Kwa group of languages in Nigeria and one of the three major languages in Nigeria. This paper sets out to investigate the expression of yes/no questions in Igbo and English syntax with aim of identifying the how yes/no questions operate in the two languages, the differences and similarities that that exist in expressing the notion in the two languages, the words the languages employ in expressing it and their movement in the syntactic structures. The principles and parameters model serve as the theoretical framework for the study. The work also employs the descriptive approach in the analysis of the data. The study discovers that movement is attested in expressing yes/no questions in the two languages and both languages share common leftward movement. In English language, it is observed that subject aux inversion exists while in the Igbo language it does not exist. In Igbo language, resumptive pronoun trace phenomenon which is always on the low tone exists but it does not exist in English. This resumptive pronoun is always found in the subject position in the place of the moved NP functioning as the antecedent and both share agreement features. The subject c-commands the resumptive pronoun traces and assigned it all the necessary properties. In Igbo language, low tone is a question trigger in yes/no questions. This study attempts to tone mark all the syllables, that is, high, low and down-step tones are marked. The study therefore, recommends that more comparative research works be done in the language by applying the linguistic theories in order to find out how they operate in the language.Key Words: Movement, Parameter, Principles, Yes/no questions, Resumptive pronoun
Jeu, Culture et Symbolisme: Le Cas de La Danse « âbrè » Chez Les Ibibio d’Akwa Ibom State
Authors: Nyah Peter , Edem Queen
Published: April 2019

Il n’existe aucunement pas de peuple sans mythes. Les mythes forment une représentation des principes et des valeurs d’une société. Elles peuvent influencer la vie socioculturelle d’un peuple et très souvent aussi, elles affirment le dessein de l’esprit humain. Bien que les mythes projettent ordinairement une image fictive d’un peuple ou d’un fait, ils sont aussi porteurs d’une vérité symbolique qui pourrait être largement partagée entre les communautés à travers le temps. L’Afrique et particulièrement le Nigéria, constitue un essaim de cultures et de coutumes variées que l’on pourrait faire passer pour un phénomène mythique et mystique. Et pourtant, c’est cette multiplicité de cultures qui fait de l’Afrique, un berceau de richesse de cultures naturelles. La présente étude aborde comme titre : la danse. Et comme concept, la danse est d’abord un phénomène culturel, social et religieux reconnu dans toutes les sociétés du monde qu’elles soient anciennes ou actuelles. En plus, la danse désigne et symbolise différentes choses pour différents peuples surtout en Afrique. Cet article propose raviver corrélativement, l’originalité du phénomène culturel connu comme âbrè. Il compte aussi l’examiner en tant que jeu et organe culturel et coutumier d’un peuple, en l’occurrence, le peuple « Ibibio » de l’Etat d’Akwa Ibom au Nigeria. Nous tentons analyser les valeurs de la troupe âbrè dans l’ancienne peuplade ibibio, compte tenu du fait qu’aujourd’hui, ce groupe est déjà au point de disparition totale. En conclusion, nous proposons examiner et exposer l’activité et l’importance socioculturelle et symbolique de ce groupe à travers ses expressions pour but de créer une sensibilisation á l’égard de l’expansion de ses valeurs esthétiques et culturelles sur le plan local, national, continental et intercontinental.
Appraisal of Trends and Patterns of Immunization in Lapai Local Government Area of Niger State
Authors: Mohammed Aliyu Bello
Published: April 2019

Childhood immunization is the initiation of World Health Organization (WHO) through the administration of vaccine to children below the age of five (5) years. It is considered important for improving child survival. This is because more than 10 million children in developing countries die every year because they do not access effective interventions such as immunization that could fight common and preventable childhood illnesses. The study adopted a survey research design and applied multi stage sampling techniques to sample 280 respondents in the study area. The first stage involved the splitting of the local government into wards. The second stage involves selecting streets, while the third stage was sampling households. In all, 6 wards were sampled for the study. The study utilized both primary and secondary sources of data. Two hundred and eighty (280) structured questionnaires were administered while twenty health personnel were interviewed. Descriptive statistics like tables, frequencies and percentages were employed in presenting and interpreting the data. Information from the qualitative data was transcribed and ordered in themes to ensure that outstanding points of the responses are noted. One of the strategies that has been adopted but must be strengthened is community engagement. The study concluded that there is under coverage of the local government area by health personnel in administering immunization vaccine. Most parents in rural areas denied seeing health workers in their community during immunization days. Parents out rightly denied health workers access to administer immunization vaccine on their children due to religious and cultural factors. Similarly, parents in the local government have negative perception on immunization vaccine. The study made the following recommendations; proper engagement of communities; the proper persons in the community is liaised with; proper incentives are provided and benefits are clearly explained; aggressive enlightenment by government and development partners to minimize misconception of immunization vaccine and increase acceptance.Key Words: Immunization, vaccine, Survival, acceptability and Health
Multi-Culturalism in Education: A Critical Assessment of the Impact of Colonization and Globalization on Indigenous Africa Values
Authors: Ezedike Edward Uzoma
Published: April 2019

This paper undertook a philosophical assessment of the impact of colonization and globalization on the indigenous African value systems. It focused on the problem of acculturation resulting from the introduction of alien and alienating philosophy of education by colonial authorities, and lately that of globalization. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of colonial education, and globalization with their attendant cultural dynamics on contemporary Africa. Our method is non empirical but critical in nature and as such uses no quantifiable data. Findings revealed that the colonial imposition of western culture through western education in Africa has brought about a cultural paradigm shift resulting in the bastardization of African cultural values. The paper further highlighted that the forces of globalization, though highly beneficial in some respects, are quite inimical to indigenous cultural values that were transmitted through traditional education. It concluded that multicultural education has a latitudinal effect on our thought patterns with the tendency of creating pluralistic value perspectives and moral crisis. The work recommended some remedial measures that could help curriculum planners in Africa promote an Afro-centric, value-based educational system. It suggested, for example, the principle of moderate liberalism which implies the sifting of wheat from the chaff when it comes to multicultural education and cultural values, by taking into consideration the relevant contemporary existential needs of the various African peoples. You should mention the adopted theoretical framework in your abstract. Key Words: Multiculturalism, education, colonization, globalization, philosophy
Perspectives on African Rhythm and Dance in Onwueme’s Riot in Heaven
Authors: Ufford-Azorbo Ifure
Published: April 2019

Studies in the life and works of the literary icon, Tess Onwueme has been manifolded. Her ideologies on gender and other topical issues have enjoyed academic patronage by scholars in the humanities with her works succinctly capturing the histories and cultural heritages of the African people. As pervasive as her works have been, there exists a relative lack in the capture of performative nuances of the African people. This writer thus undertakes a study on the different perspectives of African rhythm and dance in Onwueme’s Riot in Heaven. Through an enduring content analysis against the historicity of the play’s setting and a review of related literature, the writer arrived at findings which further reveal the creative ingenuity of Tess Onwueme. These include the utilization of aural, visual and psychological rhythms against the background of African dance forms. Aural rhythm is made manifest in vocal renditions like songs, instrumentations, hand clapping, shouts and chants. Visual rhythm which addresses the sense of sight is exemplified in the play by the use of ceremonial and social dances of worship, unity and protest; marches and procession as well the floor patterns and movements. Psychological rhythm which works in the remote reserves of the human mind is revealed through characterization as travellers and living deads. The ideas of coming and going, living and dying, death and rebirth, violent drum sounds and deafening gunshots create psychological rhythm in the minds of the readers. Onwueme has beautifully captured the African life and setting through rhythm and dance in Riot in Heaven. This study serves as a springboard for further researches on performance components of literary works.
Volume 15, Number 2
Authors: Opioid Management Journal of
Published: April 2019

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Northern Hemisphere contrail properties derived from Terra and Aqua MODIS data for 2006 and 2012
Authors: Duda David P. , Bedka Sarah T. , Minnis Patrick , Spangenberg Douglas , Khlopenkov Konstantin , Chee Thad , Smith Jr. William L.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Linear contrail coverage, optical property, and radiative
forcing data over the Northern Hemisphere (NH) are derived from a year
(2012) of Terra and Aqua Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)
imagery and compared with previously published 2006 results (Duda et al.,
2013; Bedka et al., 2013; Spangenberg et al., 2013) using a consistent
retrieval methodology. Differences in the observed Terra-minus-Aqua screened contrail
coverage and patterns in the 2012 annual-mean air traffic estimated with
respect to satellite overpass time suggest that most contrails detected by
the contrail detection algorithm (CDA) form approximately 2 h before
overpass time. The 2012 screened NH contrail coverage (Mask B) shows a
relative 3 % increase compared to 2006 data for Terra and increases by almost
7 % for Aqua, although the differences are not expected to be statistically
significant. A new post-processing algorithm added to the contrail mask
processing estimated that the total contrail cirrus coverage visible in the
MODIS imagery may be 3 to 4 times larger than the linear contrail
coverage detected by the CDA. This estimate is similar in magnitude to the
spreading factor estimated by Minnis et al. (2013). Contrail property
retrievals of the 2012 data indicate that both contrail optical depth and
contrail effective diameter decreased approximately 10 % between 2006 and
2012. The decreases may be attributed to better background cloudiness
characterization, changes in the waypoint screening, or changes in contrail
temperature. The total mean contrail radiative forcings (TCRFs) for all 2012
Terra observations were −6.3, 14.3, and 8.0 mW m−2 for the shortwave
(SWCRF), longwave (LWCRF), and net forcings, respectively. These values are
approximately 20 % less than the corresponding 2006 Terra estimates. The
decline in TCRF results from the decrease in normalized CRF, partially
offset by the 3 % increase in overall contrail coverage in 2012. The TCRFs
for 2012 Aqua are similar, −6.4, 15.5, and 9.0 mW m−2 for shortwave,
longwave, and net radiative forcing. The strong correlation between the
relative changes in both total SWCRF and LWCRF between 2006 and 2012 and the
corresponding relative changes in screened contrail coverage over each air
traffic region suggests that regional changes in TCRF from year to year are
dominated by year-to-year changes in contrail coverage over each area.
Constraining the aerosol influence on cloud liquid water path
Authors: Gryspeerdt Edward , Goren Tom , Sourdeval Odran , Quaas Johannes , Mülmenstädt Johannes , Dipu Sudhakar , Unglaub Claudia , Gettelman Andrew , Christensen Matthew
Published: April 2019

Abstract. The impact of aerosols on cloud properties is one of the largest
uncertainties in the anthropogenic radiative forcing of the climate.
Significant progress has been made in constraining this forcing using
observations, but uncertainty remains, particularly in the magnitude
of cloud rapid adjustments to aerosol perturbations. Cloud liquid
water path (LWP) is the leading control on liquid-cloud albedo, making
it important to observationally constrain the aerosol impact on LWP. Previous modelling and observational studies have shown that multiple
processes play a role in determining the LWP response to aerosol
perturbations, but that the aerosol effect can be difficult to isolate.
Following previous studies using mediating variables, this work investigates
use of the relationship between cloud droplet number concentration
(Nd) and LWP for constraining the role of aerosols. Using
joint-probability histograms to account for the non-linear relationship, this
work finds a relationship that is broadly consistent with previous studies.
There is significant geographical variation in the relationship, partly due
to role of meteorological factors (particularly relative humidity).
The Nd–LWP
relationship is negative in the majority of regions, suggesting that
aerosol-induced LWP reductions could offset a significant fraction of the
instantaneous radiative forcing from aerosol–cloud interactions (RFaci). However, variations in the Nd–LWP relationship in response to
volcanic and shipping aerosol perturbations indicate that the
Nd–LWP relationship overestimates the causal Nd impact
on LWP due to the role of confounding factors. The weaker LWP reduction
implied by these “natural experiments” means that this work provides an
upper bound to the radiative forcing from aerosol-induced changes in the LWP.
SEMI-AUTOMATIC METHOD OF FAN SURFACE ASSESSMENT TO ACHIEVE GORGONIAN POPULATION STRUCTURE IN LE DANOIS BANK, CANTABRIAN SEA
Authors: Prado E. , Sánchez F. , Rodríguez-Basalo A. , Altuna A. , Cobo A.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. This study presents a semi-automatic method to estimate fan surface of a Placogorgia sp. octocoral assemblage using 3D point clouds in El Cachucho MPA at 550 m of depth. The presence of gorgonian forests and deep-sea sponge aggregations in Le Danois Bank was the cause of its declaration as ‘El Cachucho’ Marine Protected Area (MPA), being included in the Natura 2000 network. The Placogorgia sp. is a structuring species of the deep Cantabrian Sea; parameters such as population structure and morphology inform on the overall health of this vulnerable habitat, but the estimation of gorgonian metrics often requires destructive sampling. The use of non-invasive methodology, which does not cause damage or alterations on benthic communities, is particularly necessary in vulnerable ecosystem studies and Marine Protected Areas (MPA) monitoring. This study proposes a semi-automatic methodology to assess gorgonian morphometries fitting planes to colonies. Video transects acquired in Le Danois Bank, during the ECOMARG-2017 survey using the Politolana underwater towed vehicle were used. Using Pix4D Mapper Pro and Cloud Compare software, size and morphometry of fan-shaped gorgonians and forest population structure were assessed. RMS of fitting planes shows that the geometrical figure chosen is suitable to retain the morphometric characteristics of the specimens of this species. The adjustment of semi-automatic values with a sample of digitized surfaces manually is validated (R2=0.97). The results show that gorgonian population was mostly dominated by small colonies. The population structure distribution shows a high proportion (~22%) of recruits (< 0.05 m2) of fan surface.
COMPLEMENTARITY BETWEEN IN SITU STUDIES AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY: METHODOLOGICAL FEEDBACK FROM A ROMAN SHIPWRECK IN CAESAREA, ISRAEL
Authors: Derenne B. , Nantet E. , Verly G. , Boone M.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. As a quick and effective way to archive the different stages of an excavation - notably to prepare the post-excavation phase and to document the production methods – photogrammetry has become an indispensable tool. Indeed, it offers a valid scientific model, usable by any member of the team and at any moment, without the need to return to the excavation site. Photogrammetry can also complement other archaeological tools such as manual surveys. The interaction between the complementary approach of the interpretative drawing measurements (IDM) and the photogrammetric model measurements (PMM) enables us to apprehend the error rate of the interpretative measurements in situ. It appears thus that the measurements taken flat have an error rate inferior to 2% whereas the distances that are either too long or taken on a three-dimensional support have an error rate that can exceed 10%. The input of photogrammetry is therefore an added value whether it be during the excavation phase or during the post-excavation studies.
SHALLOW WATER BATHYMETRY MAPPING FROM UAV IMAGERY BASED ON MACHINE LEARNING
Authors: Agrafiotis P. , Skarlatos D. , Georgopoulos A. , Karantzalos K.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. The determination of accurate bathymetric information is a key element for near offshore activities, hydrological studies such as coastal engineering applications, sedimentary processes, hydrographic surveying as well as archaeological mapping and biological research. UAV imagery processed with Structure from Motion (SfM) and Multi View Stereo (MVS) techniques can provide a low-cost alternative to established shallow seabed mapping techniques offering as well the important visual information. Nevertheless, water refraction poses significant challenges on depth determination. Till now, this problem has been addressed through customized image-based refraction correction algorithms or by modifying the collinearity equation. In this paper, in order to overcome the water refraction errors, we employ machine learning tools that are able to learn the systematic underestimation of the estimated depths. In the proposed approach, based on known depth observations from bathymetric LiDAR surveys, an SVR model was developed able to estimate more accurately the real depths of point clouds derived from SfM-MVS procedures. Experimental results over two test sites along with the performed quantitative validation indicated the high potential of the developed approach.
The Feasibility of Computer-based Testing in Palestine Among Lower Primary School Students: Assessing Mouse Skills and Inductive Reasoning
Authors: Mousa Mojahed , Molnár Gyöngyvér
Published: April 2019

This study introduces and explores the potential of using computer-based testing at Palestinian schools. It investigates the developmental level of mouse skills among year 2 and 3 students and tests the applicability of an online test measuring pupils’ inductive reasoning. The sample for the study was drawn from year 2 (N=28) and 3 (N=29) students in Palestinian primary schools (Mean_age=7.5; SD=.50). The instruments consisted of 28 figural items for the mouse usage test and 36 figural items for the inductive reasoning test. The eDia system was used to collect the data. The reliability coefficient of the mouse usage and inductive reasoning tests were .75 and .915, respectively. Results showed that the mouse usage test was easy (M=90.53% SD=9.67%), while the inductive reasoning test was moderately difficult for the students at this age (M=44.15, SD=24.28). The frequency of computer usage did not influence test achievements. There were no gender level differences detectable in students’ mouse skills. Girls achieved significantly higher in the inductive reasoning test (M_girls=50.88, M_boys=37.67; t=-2,15, p<.05). The results proofed that computer-based testing can be used in Palestine and it can work effectively even when it comes to early age pupils.
Perception of Risk Behaviours Influencing HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Among Secondary School Adolescents in Enugu State, Nigeria
Authors: Ezegbe Bernedeth N. , Enyenwa Blessing , Ogbonna Gloria Lebechi , Eseadi Chiedu , Chukwu Chinyere Loveth , Emeka Chukwudozie Joseph , Ezema Luke Chizoba
Published: April 2019

OBJECTIVE: The study investigated the secondary school adolescents’ perception of risk behaviours influencing HIV and AIDS prevention and control in Enugu State, Nigeria.

METHOD: The study was a descriptive survey research. A sample of 825 senior secondary secondary school adolescents was selected. Three research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. Mean and Standard deviation was used to answer the research questions while t-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 levels of significances.

RESULTS: Results showed that there is a moderate level of HIV/AIDS risk perception among secondary school adolescents, a moderate level of HIV/AIDS risk perception among the male and female secondary school adolescents and also a moderate level of HIV/AIDS risk perception among the urban and rural secondary school adolescents. It further revealed that there is no significant difference between the mean rating of male and female secondary school adolescents in respect to their HIV/AIDS risk perception. It was also discovered from the study that there is significant difference between the mean rating of urban and rural secondary school adolescents with regards to their HIV/AIDS risk perception in favour of urban secondary school adolescents.

CONCLUSION: The study concludes that there is a moderate level of HIV/AIDS risk perception among secondary school adolescents in the study area. The level of HIV/AIDS risk perception among the male and female secondary school adolescents is moderate. There is a moderate level of HIV/AIDS risk perception among the urban and rural secondary school adolescents. Further studies could be carried out using a larger population to substantiate the urgency for counseling programme to meet the secondary school adolescents’ needs on HIV/AIDS risk behaviours. Further research could also be focused on factors that affect adolescents’ perception of risks which makes them vulnerable to HIV/AIDS.
Evaluation of the Lithuanian Agricultural Policy Based on the Analysis of Qualitative Structure
Authors: Melnikienė Rasa , Vidickienė Dalia
Published: April 2019

At the beginning of the 21st century, rural policy remains one of the most important areas of public policy; huge financial and human resources are devoted to the implementation of this policy measures. The aim of the article is to provide holistic evaluation of the goals, means and key achievements of Lithuanian agricultural policy and to identify possible areas and ways of improvement. The diversity of agricultural policy measures applied in Lithuania after the restoration of independence in 1990 and achievements of the policy are analysed on the basis of new approach – the theory of qualitative structures. The study explores how policy measures to accelerate the process of industrialization in Lithuanian agriculture after the privatization of kolkhozes and sovkhozes have encouraged and supported private farms to implement extensive growth, intensification, specialization, risk management, collaboration and innovation production strategies, and what results they have achieved. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.18.1.23128
Proximate Composition, Functional and Sensory Properties of Pearl Millet, Soy Flour and Baobab Fruit Pulp Composite Flour as a Complementary Food
Authors: Dendegh T. A. , Ukeyima M. , Dendegh R. A.
Published: April 2019

Aim: To evaluate the proximate composition, functional and sensory properties of a complementary food from pearl millet, soy flour and baobab fruit pulp composite flours.

Study Design: A complementary food was produced from Pearl millet, soy flour and baobab fruit pulp powder (BFP) of various proportions (10, 20, 25 and 30%). Proximate (protein, ash, moisture, fibre, fat, carbohydrate and energy value) composition, functional (Bulk density, gelation capacity, swelling index, water absorption capacity and oil absorption capacity) properties and sensory (appearance, flavour, texture and overall acceptability) attributes were determined.

Results: The results of proximate composition showed that Moisture content ranged from 10.09 – 10.98, Protein content ranged from 9.80 – 24.25, Fat content ranged from 4.94 – 16.65, Carbohydrate content ranged from 43.11 – 71.03, Fibre content ranged from 3.37 – 15.67, Ash content ranged from 2.59 – 2.87% and Energy value ranged from 367.78 – 423.69 Kcal. The functional properties showed that Water Absorption Capacity ranged from 2.70 – 2.91, Oil Absorption Capacity ranged from 1.90 – 2.72, Bulk Density ranged from 0.69 – 0.71, Swelling Index ranged from 0.68 – 1.04 g/ml and Gelation Capacity ranged from 5 – 10% of the complementary food samples. The sensory attribute also revealed that the complementary food samples proved to be of good quality but the controlled sample (A) was most preferred by the panellist.

Conclusion: It could be concluded that the Complementary food was produced from millet, baobab fruit pulp and soy flour. Though, samples were found to be low in protein, fat and energy. The carbohydrate, fibre and ash contents were found to increase with increase in baobab fruit pulp addition. Gelation capacity, swelling index and Oil absorption capacity increase with addition of baobab fruit pulp. On the other hand the bulk density and water absorption capacity decrease with increase baobab fruit pulp addition. The sensory properties indicated that sample A was the most preferred sample.
In vitro Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Methanol and Aqueous Extracts of Gymnosporia Montana Plant
Authors: Ansari Nishat , Chandel Divya
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Gymnosporia montana Benth. is a medicinal herb which has been valued in Ayurvedic medicine for its hepatoprotective effect. The plant has been studied for its pharmacological, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, but there are no reports on its genotoxicity.

Aim: Hence, in the present study, two extracts of G. montana (70% methanolic and aqueous) at different concentrations were evaluated for the in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in Human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures (PBLC) since these are well-established techniques for the analysis of the potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals.

Methodology: The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Mitotic index (MI), Sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs), Cell cycle proliferative index (CCPI), Average generation time (AGT) and Population doubling time (PDT) were scored in cultures set up from 10 different healthy donors. The treatment of the cell culture was done employing different extracts of G. montana at three concentrations (1.78µg/mL, 3.57µg/mL and 7.14µg/mL) with control and positive control (Ethyl methanesulfonate [EMS (1.93 mM)]).

Results: The MTT results showed the cytotoxic effect in a concentration-dependent manner in both the methanol and aqueous extract and the IC50 value of methanol and aqueous extract was found to be 2.63 µg/mL and 3.63 µg/mL respectively.  The MI (p<.001) and CCPI (p<.05) in both the extracts showed significant values at higher concentration, but at lower and mid concentrations both the extracts were non-significant and the total SCEs, AGT and PDT in all the concentrations showed non-significant results when compared with the control.

Conclusion: These results indicate that the G. montana plant extracts at lower two concentrations showed no cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effects in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Therefore, we suggest that the plant extract is safe for use at the lower concentrations in traditional medicine.
Exact Solutions and Rogue Waves for the Derivative Nonlinear SchrÖdinger Equation
Authors: Liu Changfu , Liu Jinmei , Zhou Ping
Published: April 2019

Exact solutions which contain periodic solutions, soliton solutions and rogue wave solutions for two the modied derivative nonlinear Schrodinger equations, are obtained by means of solutions of a known derivative nonlinear SchrÖdinger equation. Two solutions' images are displayed, which can help one understand their dynamical behavior better. These results enrich the solutions' structural diversity for the modied derivative nonlinear schrÖdinger equations.
Study on Multidimensional Urban Adaption of Muslim Migrants in Lanzhou City of China
Authors: Gao Xiang , Zhao Hao , Ma Xiaohua
Published: April 2019

With rapidly development of urbanization, a large number of Muslim migrants, as one of special groups, swarm into cities, whether they adapt to cities has caused wide concerns. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the general law of multi-dimensional adaptation of Muslim migrants and provide guidance for better serving and managing this group. Based on survey or information of migrant Muslims in some important areas of Lanzhou city, This paper discusses some aspects about adaptation of migrant Muslims such as environmental, economic, social, cultural and psychology, respectively, by the following analysis methods: by Summers dy coefficient, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, Principal component factors. It draws several key conclusions about adaptation of Muslim migrants to Lanzhou city for better serving and managing them. The study found that in terms of environmental adaptation, the distance between the source of Muslim migrants and Lanzhou City and their urban adaptability showed a strong correlation; while the relationship between traffic conditions, recreational facilities and their urban adaptation was not obvious; In terms of economic adaptation, the economic income of Muslim migrants has a strong correlation with its urban adaptability; In terms of social adaptation, as time goes by, Muslim migrants gradually adapt to the their urban lifestyle; The psychological adaptation of Muslim migrants can be summarized as "self-identity" and "urban belonging". They showed a more obvious adaptability in the "self" understanding, but strong non-adaptation in the "identity" and "city sense of belonging”.
The Microstructure Morphology and Texture Evolution of α‐Ti in Ti‐6Al‐4V Alloy During Friction Stir Processing With Low Rotation Speed and Traverse Speed
Authors: Huang Weijiu , Jiang Luyao , Liu Chenglong , Chen Chenhui , Guo Yongyi , Guo Fei
Published: April 2019

Friction stir processed Ti‐6Al‐4V alloys are successfully prepared under low rotation speed (≤200 rpm) and low traverse speed (≤50 mm min−1). The microstructure of the stir zone is homogeneous in thickness. Effects of process parameters on microstructure and texture evolution of α‐Ti in the stir zone during friction stir processing are clarified. It is found that traverse speed had a significant impact on microstructure in the stir zone. The equiaxed nano‐crystalline α‐Ti grains without texture formed via friction stir processing below β transus. The high temperature range and severe deformation range are overlapped when the samples are processed with low traverse speed. Dynamic recrystallization happened repeatedly and fast cooling inhibited grain growth when the stir tool moved away the stir zone. Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy shows shear texture after friction stir processing below β transus with higher traverse speed. β → α transformation occurred and lamellar α colonies formed during cooling stage above β transus when the rotation and traverse speed are increased. The microstructure morphology and texture strength of Ti‐6Al‐4V plates could be regulated by combining of heating and cooling stages during friction stir processing.
Progress in Triboelectric Materials: Toward High Performance and Widespread Applications
Authors: Yu Aifang , Zhu Yaxing , Wang Wei , Zhai Junyi
Published: April 2019

Triboelectric phenomena can be observed everywhere; however, they are consistently omitted from applications. Although almost all substances exhibit a triboelectrification effect in daily life, chemists as well as materials scientists have performed extensive investigations in both the aspects of basic science and practical applications to promote the development of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Here, a detailed survey of materials engineering for high triboelectric performance and multifunctional materials toward specific applications is summarized, including constructing micro/nanostructures, chemically modifying the frication surface, modulating bulk friction materials, the mechanism for improved performance, and preparing materials for implantable medical devices, bionic skin, and wearable electronic devices. Moreover, an in depth discussion of the current challenges and future efforts for strengthening the performance of TENGs is elaborated in detail, which will better guide new researchers toward a deeper understanding of and explorations about TENGs.
Evidence of Spin Frustration in a Vanadium Diselenide Monolayer Magnet
Authors: Wong Ping Kwan Johnny , Zhang Wen , Bussolotti Fabio , Yin Xinmao , Herng Tun Seng , Zhang Lei , Huang Yu Li , Vinai Giovanni , Krishnamurthi Sridevi , Bukhvalov Danil W. , Zheng Yu Jie , Chua Rebekah , N'Diaye Alpha T. , Morton Simon A. , Yang Chao‐Yao , Ou Yang Kui‐Hon , Torelli Piero , Chen Wei , Goh Kuan Eng Johnson , Ding Jun , Lin Minn‐Tsong , Brocks Geert , de Jong Michel P. , Castro Neto Antonio H. , Wee Andrew Thye Shen
Published: April 2019

Monolayer VSe2, featuring both charge density wave and magnetism phenomena, represents a unique van der Waals magnet in the family of metallic 2D transition‐metal dichalcogenides (2D‐TMDs). Herein, by means of in situ microscopy and spectroscopic techniques, including scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy, synchrotron X‐ray and angle‐resolved photoemission, and X‐ray absorption, direct spectroscopic signatures are established, that identify the metallic 1T‐phase and vanadium 3d1 electronic configuration in monolayer VSe2 grown on graphite by molecular‐beam epitaxy. Element‐specific X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism, complemented with magnetic susceptibility measurements, further reveals monolayer VSe2 as a frustrated magnet, with its spins exhibiting subtle correlations, albeit in the absence of a long‐range magnetic order down to 2 K and up to a 7 T magnetic field. This observation is attributed to the relative stability of the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic ground states, arising from its atomic‐scale structural features, such as rotational disorders and edges. The results of this study extend the current understanding of metallic 2D‐TMDs in the search for exotic low‐dimensional quantum phenomena, and stimulate further theoretical and experimental studies on van der Waals monolayer magnets.
High‐Efficiency Alignment of 3D Biotemplated Helices via Rotating Magnetic Field for Terahertz Chiral Metamaterials
Authors: Li Xinghao , Zhao Huan , Liu Chang , Cai Jun , Zhang Yan , Jiang Yonggang , Zhang Deyuan
Published: April 2019

A high‐efficiency strategy is proposed to fabricate helix terahertz metamaterials through the large‐area alignment of 3D microhelices. The Spirulina were used as biotemplates to massively produce 3D magnetic helices by way of nickel electroless deposition. It is noteworthy that the helix angle α, instead of the aspect ratio, determines their magnetizing properties, quite distinct from other magnetic particles. The tight helix (α ˃ ≈55°) can be magnetized along the short axis, and the loose helix (α ˂ ≈55°) along the long axis. Based on this magnetization property, the rotating magnetic field (100 mT, 1 Hz) is introduced to efficiently align the tight helices and control their long axis perpendicular to the rotating plane. This is the first time that the mass alignment of complex 3D microhelices is achieved via a rotating magnetic field, and the programmable alignment of helix‐units, i.e., vertical, horizontal, or hybrid orientation can also be developed. Moreover, the as‐prepared materials with vertical helices exhibit remarkable chirality, and those with horizontal helices show polarization conversion about 20%. These helix metamaterials could be adopted in creating functional photonic devices in THz frequency regime, and the magnetic alignment may open up future possibilities for high‐efficiency fabrication of metamaterials for practical engineering applications.
A Photochemical Route towards Metal Sulfide Nanosheets from Layered Metal Thiolate Complexes
Authors: Guo Jiahao , Cao Yitao , Shi Run , Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N. , Wu Li‐Zhu , Tung Chen‐Ho , Zhang Tierui
Published: April 2019

Synthesizing nanomaterials with anisotropic architectures, especially two‐dimensional (2D) nanosheets (NSs), is a key focus of materials science research. Metal sulfide nanosheets (MSNSs) are typically obtained involving exfoliation of bulk metal sulfides with layered structures. The synthesis of NSs of intrinsically non‐layered metal sulfides has received relatively less attention. Metal alkanethiolates with lamellar structures are now shown to serve as effective scaffolds for constructing NSs. A novel photochemical step was employed to transform 2D metal thiolates into MSNSs. By this strategy the 2D nature of metal thiolate precursors was preserved in the final products, resulting in the successful synthesis of NSs of binary PbS, CdS, and Cu9S5, as well as ternary wurtzite CuInS2, Cu2SnS3. Results encourage the wider utilization of photochemical strategies in the synthesis of anisotropic MSNSs.
Die Bedeutung der organischen Synthese bei der Entstehung und Entwicklung von Antikörper‐Wirkstoff‐Konjugaten als gezielte Krebstherapien
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Rigol Stephan
Published: April 2019

Mit einigen Antikörper‐Wirkstoff‐Konjugaten (ADCs), die für den klinischen Einsatz als zielgerichtete Krebstherapien zugelassenen sind, und zahlreichen Kandidaten in klinischen Studien, entwickelt sich das Gebiet der ADCs zu einem hochaktuellen biomedizinischen Forschungsfeld, insbesondere im Bereich der Krebsbehandlung. Chemiker, Biologen und Mediziner kombinieren ihre Expertisen, um Design, Synthese, Wirksamkeit und Präzision zu verbessern, während sie danach streben, dieses Grundprinzip der personalisierten und zielgerichteten Medizin voranzutreiben, um Krebspatienten effektiver zu behandeln und ihren Anwendungsbereich auf andere Indikationen auszudehnen. So wie Alexander Flemings Penicillin und die unzähligen anderen bioaktiven Naturstoffe, die auf dessen Entdeckung und seinen Erfolg in der Klinik folgten, nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg eine Revolution in der Medizin auslösten, so haben Calicheamicin γ1I und andere hochwirksame, natürlich vorkommende Antitumorverbindungen ebenso eine zentrale Rolle gespielt, wenn es darum geht, die Einführung dieses neuen Konzepts der medizinischen Intervention “biologisch‐niedermolekularer Hybride” zu ermöglichen. Heute gibt es vier klinisch zugelassene Medikamente des ADC‐Konzepts: Mylotarg, Adcetris, Kadcyla und Besponsa, von denen das erst‐ sowie das letztgenannte den gleichen von Calicheamicin γ1I abgeleiteten Wirkstoff tragen. Dieser Aufsatz deckt onkologische Anwendungen ab und konzentriert sich nach einer kurzen Geschichte der Entstehung des Bereichs der ADCs, welcher vor mehr als einem Jahrhundert durch Paul Ehrlichs Konzept der Zauberkugel begründet wurde, in erster Linie auf die Aspekte der chemischen Synthese des multidisziplinären Forschungsunternehmens der ADCs.