bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unearthing Mythological Legends of Local Communities in Pontevedra, Capiz, Philippines
Authors: Banico-Villaruel Rossandrew
Published: October 2014

The mythological origin of a place does not literally tell us where we are or who we are, they can be clues to understand the significant stories of history of a place it may be in the form of words and phrases used by the first inhabitants and speaking of the things that they saw, experienced and heard in the world around them. The study was conducted to unearth the mythological legends of different local communities in the municipality of Pontevedra, Capiz. The study used a qualitative-historical-ethnographic research designs and data were gathered through interview. The results revealed that out of 26 local communities in the municipality of Pontevedra, Capiz, Philippines, there were seven local communities with two legends. Most legends were classified as allegorical and philological theories; each legend has legendary root; one local community legend has relevance to its festival celebration; 15 local community legends have relevance to its topographical location and 10local community legends are relevant to the livelihood of the people. The names of every local community can be traced to its own legend, has etymological root and do not show relevance to their festival celebrations. The researcher recommended the use of locally produced literary materials in reading centers for the preservation of historical and cultural aspect of the municipality.
Patronage and power: the College of Physicians and the Jacobean court
Authors: DAWBARN FRANCES
Published: July 2002

In 1605, not content with having found key positions at court for his favourite Scottish physicians, some of whom were known Paracelsians, James VI of Scotland and I of England ensured their acceptance as members of the London College of Physicians by having the College statutes altered. As a Scot (and therefore a foreigner), Thomas Craig, James's chief physician during his Scottish reign, should have been automatically excluded, and the Comitia of the College, which met on 3 January 1605 to discuss, among other matters, the eligibility of Craig for membership, duly explained its predicament to James.
Latitudinal clines for morphometrical traits in Drosophila kikkawai: a study of natural populations from the Indian subcontinent
Authors: KARAN DEV , MUNJAL ASHOK K. , GIBERT PATRICIA , MORETEAU BRIGITTE , PARKASH RAVI , DAVID JEAN R.
Published: July 2002

Natural populations of Drosophila kikkawai were collected
in
India and Sri Lanka, along a
latitudinal transect ranging from 6·8° to 31·8° N

latitude. Six morphometrical traits were analysed:
wing and thorax length, body weight, ovariole number, and abdominal and
sternopleural bristle
numbers. Significant clines were observed for the three size-related
traits and for ovariole number,
corresponding to a regular increase in the mean value with latitude,
but not for bristle numbers.
Due to the utilization of two types of laboratory food, data were distributed
into two separate
data sets. A low-nutrient food produced smaller flies on average because

of more intense crowding.
The two rearing conditions produced significant clines but with
significantly different slopes. The
wing/thorax ratio, which is inversely related to wing loading,
also increased with latitude. The
analysis of Indian climatic conditions suggested that winter
temperature, decreasing from south to
north, could be more efficient than summer temperature, which varies in
an opposite way, as a
selective factor for inducing the clinal variations. The sibling
species D. leontia, which is known
only from the humid tropics, was found to be much smaller than
D. kikkawai and did not fit the
clinal regressions. Such morphological differences should help to
identify the two species when found in sympatry.
Analysis of the Kit and Pdgfra genes in the patch-extended

(Phe) mutation
Authors: STEPHENSON DENNIS A. , NOVAK EDWARD K. , CHAPMAN VERNE M.
Published: July 2002

The patch (Ph) locus allele, patch-extended (Phe),
has significantly less pigmentation than the
original mutation and homozygotes have been known to survive to term. Analysing
inter-
subspecific F1 hybrids, we were able to demonstrate that Phe

is a deletional mutation
encompassing the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha subunit
(Pdgfra). The deletion does
not appear to extend into the coding sequence of the Kit gene
(a related tyrosine kinase receptor).
However, we were able to demonstrate that, while the Kit gene
is transcribed, it does not encode a
functionally active receptor.
Localization of genes affecting species differences in male
courtship song between Drosophila virilis and D. littoralis
Authors: HOIKKALA ANNELI , PÄÄLLYSAHO SELIINA , ASPI JOUNI , LUMME JAAKKO
Published: July 2002

The males of six species of the Drosophila virilis group (including D. virilis) keep their wings
extended while producing a train of sound pulses, where the pulses follow each other without any
pause. The males of the remaining five species of the group produce only one sound pulse during
each wing extension/vibration, which results in species-specific songs with long pauses (in D.
littoralis about 300 ms) between successive sound pulses. Genetic analyses of the differences
between the songs of D. virilis and D. littoralis showed that species-specific song traits are affected
by genes on the X chromosome, and for the length of pause, also by genes on chromosomes 3 and
4. The X chromosomal genes having a major impact on pulse and pause length were tightly linked
with white, apricot and notched marker genes located at the proximal third of the chromosome. A
large inversion in D. littoralis, marked by notched, prevents more precise localization of these genes
by classical crossing methods.
SEX AND CELIBACY IN EARLY MODERN VENICE
Authors: LAVEN MARY
Published: July 2002

This article explores the nature of relationships formed between nuns and male clergy in early modern Venice. It is based on the records of trials for the violation of conventual enclosure, the principle at the centre of the reforms of nunneries decreed by the Council of Trent, which aspired to sever all links between nuns and the world outside the cloister. The trials offer detailed insights into the interactions of male and female celibates, whose relationships were frequently monogamous, long-term, and intense, although rarely overtly sexual. I argue that the constraints of enclosure conditioned the nature of celibate desire, promoting a model of heterosocial engagement in which bodily intimacy was surprisingly unimportant.
EXISTING IN HISTORY: ITALY'S DEVIOUS PATH FROM DEFEAT TO RECOVERY
Authors: ABSALOM ROGER
Published: July 2002

Italy in the Cold War. Politics, culture & society,

1948–1958. Edited by Christopher Duggan

and Christopher Wagstaff. Oxford/Washington DC: Berg. 1995. Pp.

xi+228, index. £34.95

War in Italy 1943–1945. A brutal story. By

Richard Lamb. London: Penguin Books. 1995

(1993). Pp. viii+335, maps and index. £7.99

Italy and the wider world, 1860–1960. By R. J. B.

Bosworth. London and New York:

Routledge. 1996. Pp. x+252, index. £40.00

‘America is the strongest and most prosperous nation on earth,’

Nately informed him

with lofty fervor and dignity. ‘And the American fighting man is

second to none.’

‘Exactly,’ agreed the old man pleasantly, with a hint of

taunting amusement. ‘Italy, on

the other hand, is one of the least prosperous nations on earth. And the

Italian fighting man is probably second to all. And that's exactly
why my

country is doing so well in this

war while your country is doing so poorly [[ctdot ]] You see,

Italy is really a very poor and

weak country, and that's what makes us so strong’.
‘THE WOE THAT WAS IN MARRIAGE’: SOME RECENT WORKS ON THE
HISTORY

OF WOMEN, MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND AND EUROPE
Authors: SAMPSON MARGARET
Published: July 2002

Marriage and the English Reformation. By Eric Josef Carlson.

Oxford: Blackwell, 1994. Pp. ix+276. ISBN 0-631-16864-8. £45.00

Gender, sex and subordination in England, 1550–1800.
By

Anthony Fletcher. New Haven and

London: Yale University Press, 1995. Pp. xxii+442. ISBN 0-300-06531-0.

£19.95.

Domestic dangers: women, words, and sex in early modern London.

By Laura Gowing. Oxford:

Clarendon Press, 1996. Pp. 301. ISBN 0-19-820517-1. £35.00.

The prospect before her: a history of women in western Europe,

Volume one, 1500–1800. By Olwen

Hufton. London: HarperCollins, 1995. Pp. xiv+654. ISBN 0-00255120-9. £25.00.

Sex and subjection: attitudes to women in early modern society.

By Margaret R. Sommerville.

London: Edward Arnold, 1995. Pp. 287. ISBN 0-340-64574-1. £14.99.
RELIGIOUS BELIEF AND PIOUS PRACTICE AMONG LONDON'S ELIZABETHAN ELITE
Authors: HICKMAN DAVID
Published: July 2002

Since the late 1960s, the English Reformation has often been represented as a process
of change forced upon an unwilling people by an educated social elite. The religious system of the elite,
by this view, is seen as inimical to a broad range of popular practices and beliefs, with puritan ideology
giving extreme expression to socially repressive tendencies. Although recent scholarship has sought to
modify this view, the relationship of popular and elite culture in London is still often perceived as
confrontational. The present article seeks to examine patterns of religious behaviour among the social
elite in London during the later sixteenth century, arguing that continuity in certain traditional forms
of piety, such as charitable benefaction and funerary practice, expresses a complex of fundamental
attitudes and beliefs which operated across the social spectrum. These practices, when enacted, defined
and legitimated the parish as a religious community. They also served to reattach a shared belief system
to a historically changing religious context, a process of renegotiation in which the whole civic
population participated.
JUAN R. I. COLE, Modernity and the Millennium: The Genesis of the Baha⊃i Faith in the Nineteenth-Century Middle East (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998). Pp. 275. $20.50 paper, $50 cloth.
Authors: Abrahamian Ervand
Published: July 2002

Conventional scholarship views Baha⊃ism and its precursor, Babism, as intrinsically rooted in traditional Shi⊂ism—in both Shi⊂ism's central doctrines of messianism, millennarianism, and imamism, and its less important features of Neoplatonism, numerology, esoteric knowledge, ecstatic worship, and obedience to religious hierarchy. In short, Babism and Baha⊃ism have been treated as historic relics from a traditional worldview rather than birth pangs of the modern age.
IRON AGE GAO: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTION
Authors: INSOLL TIMOTHY
Published: July 2002

THE recent debate about Iron Age Gao between John Hunwick
and Dierk

Lange within the pages of The Journal of African History has prompted
the

writing of this paper. Hunwick lamented the lack of archaeological research

in the region, and hoped that the historical hypotheses which had been

proposed would, one day, either be supported or refuted by archaeological

work in conjunction with linguistic analysis. The limits of interpretation
of

the historical sources would appear to have been reached, and, as this
author

has recently conducted excavations and surveys at Gao, a contribution is

offered to the debate based upon both the archaeological evidence recovered

from these excavations, and from previous archaeological research which
has

been conducted in the Gao region.
MEROE AND THE SUDANIC KINGDOMS
Authors: EDWARDS DAVID N.
Published: July 2002

The kingdom of Kush (Meroe) represents one of a series of early
states
located within the Middle Nile. At its greatest extent controlling more
than
1,000 km. of the Nile valley from northern Lower Nubia to Sennar on the

Blue Nile, its scale, longevity and cultural achievements are remarkable
(Fig.
1). While its origins in the early millennium b.c. and its demise
around the
fourth century a.d. still remain obscure, it is one of the earliest
and most
impressive states yet found south of the Sahara. This notwithstanding,
the
place of the Kushite state and its civilization within the history of
sub-Saharan Africa remains far from clear.

The early development of complex societies in the Middle Nile within
the
frontiers of the modern republic of Sudan raises many questions concerning

the role of external influences and cultural contacts on the region. The
ever
present shadow of Pharaonic Egypt looms large in most studies, and very

close links are still maintained between Meroitic (and Nubian) studies
and
Egyptology. One result of the undoubted Egyptocentrism which has for so

long dominated research in the region has been the neglect of many research

areas likely to be of interest to archaeologists and historians working

elsewhere in Africa. The political structuring and organisation of power

within the Kushite state still remain little studied, while little interest
has
been shown in trying to contextualize it, either in relation to later kingdoms

of the Middle Nile or indeed in the history of state development in Sudanic

Africa as a whole. All too often it seems still implied, if not explicitly
stated,
that the early development of social/political complexity in the region,
with
the rise of Kerma, Napata and Meroe and their attendant cultural achievements,

may be largely explained by, and understood in terms of, Egyptian
models: ‘secondary states’ on the margins of a great civilization,
unique
within, and effectively unconnected with, other regions of sub-Saharan

Africa.

The concern of this paper is briefly to reassess a number of questions

concerning our perceptions of the Kushite state, which also have implications

for our understanding of the long-term history of early states within the

Middle Nile and their relation to other parts of Sudanic Africa.
Effect of fertilizer rate and form on the recovery of
15N-labelled fertilizer applied to wheat in Syria
Authors: PILBEAM C. J. , McNEILL A.M. , HARRIS H. C. , SWIFT R. S.
Published: July 2002

15N-labelled fertilizer was applied at different rates
(0, 30, 60, 90 kg N ha−1) and in different forms
(urea or ammonium sulphate) to wheat grown in Syria in three seasons
(1991/92, 1992/93 and 1994/95).

Recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer in the above-ground crop at
harvest was low (8–22%), with the amount of
15N-labelled fertilizer recovered in the crop increasing as the
rate of application increased.
Fertilizer application caused a significant increase in the amount of unlabelled
soil N in the crop,
suggesting that the application of N fertilizer caused a ‘real’ added
nitrogen interaction. Recovery of
15N-labelled fertilizer in the crop was unaffected by the
form of the fertilizer.

On average 31% (14–54%) of the
15N-labelled fertilizer remained in the soil at harvest, mostly in
the 0–20 cm layer. At the lowest application rate (30 kg N
ha−1) most of the residual fertilizer was as
organic N, but at the higher application rates (60 and 90 kg N
ha−1), a greater proportion of the 15N-labelled
fertilizer was
recovered as inorganic N, presumably as the result of top-dressing N in dry
conditions in the spring. The amount of
15N-labelled fertilizer remaining in the soil increased as the
fertilizer rate increased, but was unaffected by the form of fertilizer applied.

Losses of 15N-labelled fertilizer were large (>35%), probably
caused by gaseous losses, either
through volatilization of N from the calcareous soil, or through denitrification
from wet soils rich in organic residues.

N fertilization strategies in the West Asia/North Africa (WANA) region
should take note of the
low recovery of N fertilizer by the crop in the season of application, and
the resultant large quantities of residual fertilizer.
Selection of diets by dual-purpose Mamber goats in
Mediterranean woodland
Authors: KABABYA D. , PEREVOLOTSKY A. , BRUCKENTAL I. , LANDAU S.
Published: July 2002

The feeding behaviour of Mamber dairy goats grazing on Mediterranean

woodland in the Upper
Galilee mountains of Israel was studied throughout a year (1991/92).

The percentages of crude
protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF),

acid detergent lignin (ADL)
and condensed tannins (CT) were determined in samples collected by
hand to simulate the plant parts
selected by the goats. Total feed intake was evaluated by using
Cr-sesquioxide as an external marker
to determine the amount of faeces excreted, and 48 h in sacco

degradability to assess the digestibility
of samples. Overall, more time was spent by goats in feeding on
ligneous material (tree and shrub
foliage) than herbaceous vegetation (60 and 40% of total feeding
time, respectively, P<0·05). The
main ligneous species consumed by the goats were Quercus calliprinos,

Sarcopoterium spinosum and
Calicotome villosa (20, 13 and 7% of total grazing time, respectively).

There was considerable variability in the 48 h dry matter (DM) in sacco

degradability, and in the concentration of CP, NDF,
ADF, ADL and CT, within and between seasons and plant species. Although
requirements for
nutrients varied according to the physiological stage of the goats,
48 h in sacco DM degradability and
the concentration of non-ADF linked (available) CP, NDF, ADF, ADL and CT
in the diet did not
vary greatly: respective ranges were 45·0–49·4; 9–12·5;

44–53; 33–39; 12–17 and 3·5–4·7%.
It is
concluded that Mamber goats (i) may not select the best quality diet
available, but may avoid wide
variations in nutrient content of their diets throughout the year;
and (ii) may not select a diet
consistent with maximization of milk yield, but rather with optimization

of body condition at the onset of the mating season.
Effects of bacterial inoculation of unwilted and wilted
grass silages. 2. Intake, performance and eating
behaviour by dairy cattle
Authors: PATTERSON D. C. , YAN T. , GORDON F. J. , KILPATRICK D. J.
Published: July 2002

Four grass silages, namely unwilted and wilted silages each
with and without bacterial inoculation,
were prepared on each of eight harvesting occasions during the 1994
growing season (Yan et al. 1998).
The four silages, made at each harvest, were offered ad libitum

to 48 lactating dairy cows in a 2
(control v. additive)×2 (unwilted v. wilted)×8

(harvest (period)) change-over design experiment with
3-week experimental periods. The animals also received 6·9 kg
dry matter (DM) of a concentrate
supplement daily during the first period and then the allowance of the
supplement was reduced by
0·43 kg DM at the start of each subsequent period. The supplement

was based on barley, molasses
and soyabean meal. The data presented are the mean results obtained across
the eight harvests.

No significant interactions were found between inoculation and wilting
for silage intake,
performance and silage eating behaviour. Inoculation significantly
increased milk yield (2·4%,
P<0·05) and lactose output in milk (2·3%,
P<0·05) across the unwilted and wilted silages. These

increases following inoculation in general arose equally from both the

unwilted and wilted silages.
However, inoculation of either the unwilted or wilted silages had no
significant effects on silage DM
intake, milk composition, or silage eating behaviour. Wilting
significantly increased silage DM intake
(20·1%, P<0·001), milk yield (2·8%,
P<0·05) and the concentrations (P<0·001)
and yields
(P<0·01) of both fat and protein across the
untreated and inoculant-treated silages. The increases
following wilting derived equally from both the untreated and
inoculant-treated silages. Wilting also
significantly influenced silage eating behaviour with a significant
decrease following wilting in number
of meals per day (6·5%, P<0·05) and an
increase in eating rate (kg DM per eating hour) (29·7%,
P<0·001) across the untreated and inoculant-treated

silages. These results indicate that inoculation
of the unwilted and wilted silages produced similar increases
in milk production. Large positive
responses in silage DM intake and performance were recorded following wilting
with both the
untreated and inoculant-treated silages.
Effect of combined use of organic manure and nitrogen
fertilizer on the performance of rice under flood-prone
lowland conditions
Authors: GHOSH A. , SHARMA A. R.
Published: July 2002

Field experiments were conducted during the wet seasons of 1995 and 1996 at the Central Rice
Research Institute, Cuttack, Orissa, India using two rice cultivars, Matangini (improved) and
Champaisali (local) to study the advantages of organic manuring in conjunction with inorganic
fertilizer with the objective of enhancing rice productivity under semi-deep (0–65 cm) lowland
conditions. In 1995, application of 10 t FYM/ha increased grain yield compared with no FYM. The
yield produced with FYM alone was similar to the yield following the application of N fertilizer at
20 and 40 kg/ha. There was no significant difference in grain yield due to the application of 20 and
40 kg N/ha in plots treated with FYM. Nitrogen fertilization was effective only when FYM was not
applied. In 1996, FYM application alone or in combination with N fertilizer had a beneficial effect
on crop growth and grain yield. This was contrary to the results obtained in 1995 when N fertilization
at 20–40 kg/ha did not prove beneficial in plots where FYM was applied. The yield due to application
of FYM alone was similar to that from the application of 40 kg N/ha as urea. However, the
maximum yield was produced when FYM application was supplemented with 40 kg N/ha. There was
a significant interaction between N application rate and cultivar. Cultivar Matangini outyielded
Champaisali in both years.
Interrelationships between the blood coagulation profile
and plasma concentrations of progesterone, oestradiol-17β and cortisol throughout pregnancy and around
parturition in sheep
Authors: EL-BELELY M. S. , AL-QARAWI A. A. , ABDEL-RAHMAN H. A.
Published: July 2002

Thirty-two pregnant ewes (Saudi breeds) selected during 1998 and 1999, were studied throughout the
whole gestational length and around parturition. Concentrations (mean±S.E.) of plasma progesterone
(3·9±0·28 ng/ml), oestradiol-17β (20·5±2·33 pg/ml) and cortisol (4·8±0·58 ng/ml) remained fairly
constant throughout the early stages of pregnancy. Characteristic changes in these steroids were
evident during the prepartal period involving a steady decrease in plasma progesterone beginning
8 days before parturition; a remarkably consistent increase in oestradiol-17β 4–6 days prior to
delivery, peaking in excess of 250 pg/ml at the birth day; and a fivefold increase to 23·7±2·12 ng/ml
in plasma cortisol 2 days preceding delivery, showing a large increase during the day of lambing. The
timing of the marked reduction in the platelet count and the coagulation screening tests including
prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT),
during the prepartal period, were significantly correlated with the temporal changes in the circulating
steroid hormone concentrations. The results suggest that the characteristic prepartal hormonal
changes might provide the basis for shifting the fairly balanced coagulable state throughout
gestational periods to a mild to moderate degree of hypercoagulability during parturition which is
needed to limit the possible intra- and post-partum uterine haemorrhage.
“Who's The Mack?”: The Performativity and Politics of
the Pimp Figure in Gangsta Rap
Authors: QUINN EITHNE
Published: July 2002

Mack: pimp; talk someone into something

“Pimptionary,” Ice-T

Mack man: Short for Mackerel man, a pimp. Possibly from the French
maquereau. Connotes the working side of pimping, especially the line, the “rap,”
the psychological game.

“Pimp Talk,” Christina and Richard Milner

Mack, as these definitions attest, is synonymous with pimp and is so
deployed in gangsta rap as both noun and verb. From this denotative
meaning, the term has assumed secondary meanings: to persuade, or as
Ice-T says “to talk someone into.” The mack comes to mean the
persuader, the trickster, the rapper. This semantic shift strikes at the
centre of the equivalencies between rap artist and pimp. As music critic
S. H. Fernando asserts, “the one specific quality that pimps and rappers
share is their way with words.” If broad parallels can be drawn between
pimping and rapping, what is distinctive about the notorious and highly
successful subgenre of gangsta rap, which emerged in late-1980s urban
California, is that here this equivalence is literalized. Many gangsta
rappers actually assume pimp personae, presenting oral narratives which
fulfil both denotative and connotative meanings of the word mack.
ABORIGINAL MORTALITY IN CANADA, THE UNITED STATES AND NEW ZEALAND
Authors: TROVATO FRANK
Published: July 2002

Indigenous populations in New World nations share the common experience of culture contact with outsiders and a prolonged history of prejudice and discrimination. This historical reality continues to have profound effects on their well-being, as demonstrated by their relative disadvantages in socioeconomic status on the one hand, and in their delayed demographic and epidemiological transitions on the other. In this study one aspect of aboriginals’ epidemiological situation is examined: their mortality experience between the early 1980s and early 1990s. The groups studied are the Canadian Indians, the American Indians and the New Zealand Maori (data for Australian Aboriginals could not be obtained). Cause-specific death rates of these three minority groups are compared with those of their respective non-indigenous populations using multivariate log-linear competing risks models. The empirical results are consistent with the proposition that the contemporary mortality conditions of these three minorities reflect, in varying degrees, problems associated with poverty, marginalization and social disorganization. Of the three minority groups, the Canadian Indians appear to suffer more from these types of conditions, and the Maori the least.
ASSESSING AND INTERPRETING BIRTH SPACING GOALS IN COSTA RICA
Authors: ROSERO-BIXBY L.
Published: July 2002

A procedure for assessing birth spacing goals, an important component of fertility preferences, is proposed and applied to 1993 Costa Rican data. Based on a reverse or backward survival analysis, preferred birth intervals are estimated to range between 3·5 and 4·5 years (1·5 years for the interval union to first birth). These intervals are 2 or 3 years shorter than crude estimates from data on open or last closed intervals, which are upwardly biased by selection and left censoring effects. To achieve these spacing preferences, a cohort must spend about two-thirds of the time using contraception (one-third in the interval union to first birth). An inverse association between desired family size and desired birth interval is evident only in parity-specific analyses.
AREA VARIATIONS IN USE OF MODERN CONTRACEPTION IN RURAL BANGLADESH: A MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS
Authors: KAMAL NASHID , SLOGGETT ANDREW , CLELAND JOHN G.
Published: July 2002

This study in Bangladesh found that inter-cluster variation in the use of modern reversible methods of contraception was significantly attributable to the educational levels of the female family planning workers working in the clusters. Women belonging to clusters served by educated workers had a higher probability of being contraceptive users than those whose workers had only completed primary education. At the household level, important determinants of use were socioeconomic status and religion. At the individual level, the woman being the wife of the household head and having some education were positively related to her being a user. The model also found that inter-household variation was significantly greater than inter-cluster variation. Finally, the study concludes that after controlling for various covariates at all three levels, the clusters do not have significantly different levels of use of modern reversible methods of contraception. There are, however, some special areas where contraceptive use is dramatically low, and these contribute significantly to the observed inter-cluster variation.
Goats' milk of defective αs1-casein genotype decreases intestinal and systemic sensitization to β-lactoglobulin in guinea pigs
Authors: BEVILACQUA CLAUDIA , MARTIN PATRICE , CANDALH CÉLINE , FAUQUANT JACQUES , PIOT MICHEL , ROUCAYROL ANNE-MARIE , PILLA FABIO , HEYMAN MARTINE
Published: July 2002

Contradictory results have been reported on the use of goats' milk in cows' milk allergy. In this study the hypothesis was tested, using a guinea pig model of cows' milk allergy, that these discrepancies could be due to the high genetic polymorphism of goats' milk proteins. Forty guinea pigs were fed over a 20 d period with pelleted diets containing one of the following: soyabean proteins (group S), cows' milk proteins (group CM), goats' milk proteins with high (group GM1) or low (group GM2) αs1-casein content. Parenteral sensitization to GM1 and GM2 proteins was also assessed. The sensitization was measured (1) by systemic IgG1 antibodies directed against bovine or caprine β-lactoglobulin (β-lg), α-lactalbumin (α-la) and whole caseins, and (2) by intestinal anaphylaxis measured in vitro in Ussing chambers, by the rise in short-circuit current (ΔIsc) in response to milk proteins. Guinea pigs fed on CM and GM1 developed high titres (> 1500) of anti-β-lg IgG1, with an important cross reactivity between goat and cow β-lg. However, in guinea pigs fed on GM2, anti-goat β-lg IgG1 antibodies were significantly decreased compared with GM1 guinea pigs (mean IgG1 titres were 546 and 2046 respectively), and the intestinal anaphylaxis was significantly decreased (3·5±4·5 μA/cm2) compared with that observed in GM1 guinea pigs (8·3±7·6 μA/cm2). Animals receiving GM1 or GM2 proteins via the parenteral route developed a marked sensitization. These results suggest that the discrepancies observed in the use of goats' milk in cows' milk allergy could be due, at least in part, to the high genetic polymorphism of goats' milk proteins.
Isolation and identification of further peptides in the diafiltration
retentate of the water-soluble fraction of Cheddar cheese
Authors: SINGH TANOJ K. , FOX PATRICK F. , HEALY ÁINE
Published: July 2002

Several peptides were isolated from the diafiltration retentate, prepared
using 10 kDa membranes, of the water-soluble extract from a commercial mature
Cheddar cheese and identified by amino acid sequencing and mass spectrometry.
Most of the peptides were from the N-terminal half of β-casein,
but peptides from αs1-
and αs2-caseins were also identified; the extract also
contained α-lactalbumin.
Identified peptides showed the important role played by lactococcal cell envelope
proteinases in the degradation of primary proteolytic products from
αs1- and β-
caseins, produced by chymosin and plasmin respectively. Plasmin seemed to be
involved in the hydrolysis of αs2-casein. Several
phosphopeptides were identified and
the action of phosphatase on these peptides was evident.
Butyric acid and tributyrin induce apoptosis in human hepatic tumour cells
Authors: WATKINS STEVEN M. , CARTER LYNNE C. , MAK JEANNIE , TSAU JAMES , YAMAMOTO SHERYL , GERMAN J. BRUCE
Published: July 2002

The anti-colon cancer effect of dietary fibre results in part from its
fermentation into the short-chain fatty acid butyric acid (BA) by intestinal
microflora. BA has potent anti-colon cancer properties owing to its ability to induce
apoptosis in colon cancer cells. The colon is not the only location where BA may
reach high concentrations, because dietary BA is rapidly absorbed and transported
to the liver. We have investigated whether BA could induce apoptosis in transformed
human liver (Hep G2) cells. Hep G2 cells treated with BA displayed acetylated
histones, increased DNA fragmentation and morphological features consistent with
apoptosis. These biochemical features of BA-treated liver cells are identical to those
of BA-treated colon cells. In addition, we investigated whether BA present in
tributyrin, a triacylglycerol more compatible for inclusion into colloidal lipid
structures than BA, could also induce apoptosis in Hep G2 cells. Tributyrin induced
DNA fragmentation and morphological features characteristic of apoptotic cells in
Hep G2 cells. These results are a significant advance towards delivering BA via
colloidal lipid particles to cancerous sites in vivo. This study showed that BA and
tributyrin are potent apoptotic agents, and we suggest that sources of dietary BA,
such as milk fat, may provide anti-liver cancer properties.
Religious Accommodation and Political Authority in an Alsatian Community, 1648–1715
Authors: McCOY REBECCA
Published: July 2002

This case study of the Alsatian community of Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines argues that although
negotiating religious differences at the local level was essential to defining community, the political
context was essential in setting the framework. Straddling the Lorraine/Alsace border, Sainte-Marie
was divided among Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Zwinglians and Anabaptists as well
as between French- and German-speakers. After the Thirty Years' War, the changing demographic
balance among the confessional groups, especially the immigration of Catholics necessitated a re-evaluation
of Catholic/Protestant coexistence. The Peace of Westphalia established a legal
framework in the imperial territories based on cuius regio eius religio. France's 1648
annexation of most of Alsace, meant that French centralising authority collided with this seigneurial
territorial system. The French crown could not, however, govern without the co-operation of the
local authorities: religious groups at Sainte-Marie exploited the resulting ambiguities. In uneasy
coexistence Catholics enjoyed royal favour and Protestants had the protection of the local seigneurs.
This local outcome mirrored the imperfect process by which the French monarchy imposed itself on
the imperial system of Alsace.
The Young Phillips Brooks: A Reassessment
Authors: HARP GILLIS J.
Published: July 2002

Phillips Brooks was undeniably one of the most popular preachers
of
Gilded Age America. Sydney Ahlstrom described Brooks and the
liberal Congregationalist Henry Ward Beecher as ‘in a class by
themselves, envied and emulated the country over’. Unlike Beecher,

however, the rector of Trinity Church, Boston, subsequently Episcopal
bishop of Massachusetts, has attracted remarkably little scholarly
attention. His few biographers have rarely attempted to place his
thought or career in their social or intellectual contexts. With one
recent notable exception, little of scholarly value has been written
about Brooks. The older biographies have tended to portray him as
initially rooted in the evangelical tradition, even though he subsequently

became a leader of the emergent Broad Church party. Alexander V. G.
Allen concludes, for example, that by the close of his seminary
training, Brooks ‘freely accepted the leading truths which are known
as
Evangelical’. E. Clowes Chorley asserts simply that ‘Brooks
never drifted
from the heart of Evangelical religion’. Allen and others stress
the
evangelical origins of Brooks's thought in order to argue for the
continuity
between the evangelical and liberal streams within American Anglicanism.

This portrayal of Brooks as a churchman who somehow retained the
essence of an early evangelicalism while later embracing his Church's

liberal future has served what Allen Guelzo has aptly called the ‘myth
of
synthesis’ in Episcopal historiography. Such an interpretation does
not
view Evangelicals as being forced out of the Church in the 1870s but posits

a benign creative synthesis that enabled the Church to transcend the
aberrant party battles of the mid century.
The von Neumann paradox in weak shock reflection
Authors: ZAKHARIAN A. R. , BRIO M. , HUNTER J. K. , WEBB G. M.
Published: July 2002

We present a numerical solution of the Euler equations of gas dynamics for a
weak-shock Mach reflection in a half-space. In our numerical solutions, the incident,
reflected, and Mach shocks meet at a triple point, and there is a supersonic patch
behind the triple point, as proposed by Guderley. A theoretical analysis supports the
existence of an expansion fan at the triple point, in addition to the three shocks.
This solution is in complete agreement with the numerical solution of the unsteady
transonic small-disturbance equations obtained by Hunter & Brio (2000), which
provides an asymptotic description of a weak-shock Mach reflection. The supersonic
patch is extremely small, and this work is the first time it has been resolved in a
numerical solution of the Euler equations. The numerical solution uses six levels
of grid refinement around the triple point. A delicate combination of numerical
techniques is required to minimize both the effects of numerical diffusion and the
generation of numerical oscillations at grid interfaces and shocks.
Three-dimensional water-wave scattering in two-layer fluids
Authors: CADBY J. R. , LINTON C. M.
Published: July 2002

We consider, using linear water-wave theory, three-dimensional problems concerning
the interaction of waves with structures in a fluid which contains a layer of finite
depth bounded above by a free surface and below by an infinite layer of fluid
of greater density. For such a situation time-harmonic waves can propagate with
two different wavenumbers K and k. In a single-layer fluid there are a number
of reciprocity relations that exist connecting the various hydrodynamic quantities
that arise, and these relations are systematically extended to the two-fluid case. The
particular problems of wave radiation and scattering by a submerged sphere in either
the upper or lower layer are then solved using multipole expansions.
Experimental study of secondary instability in a hypersonic shock layer on a flat plate
Authors: MIRONOV S. G. , MASLOV A. A.
Published: July 2002

The development of secondary instability on streamwise vortex structures generated
in a hypersonic shock layer on a flat plate is experimentally studied for the flow
with Mach number M∞ = 21 and unit Reynolds number
Re1 = 6 × 105 m−1. The
study is performed using the electron-beam method. The generation of weak unsteady
vortices and steady streamwise vortex structures with finite-amplitude perturbations
imposed onto them is studied in detail. Complex data on the characteristics of density
fluctuations developed on quasi-steady and unsteady streamwise vortex structures are
obtained. It is shown that the characteristics of the natural fluctuations of density
developing in the shock layer on a flat plate are qualitatively similar to density
fluctuations induced by weak unsteady vortex perturbations introduced into the shock
layer. The possibility of existence of parametric resonance between the fundamental
frequency and its harmonic and between harmonics for steady streamwise vortex
structure is shown.
Breaking and broadening of internal solitary waves
Authors: GRUE JOHN , JENSEN ATLE , RUSÅS PER-OLAV , SVEEN J. KRISTIAN
Published: July 2002

Solitary waves propagating horizontally in a stratified fluid are investigated. The fluid
has a shallow layer with linear stratification and a deep layer with constant density.
The investigation is both experimental and theoretical. Detailed measurements of
the velocities induced by the waves are facilitated by particle tracking velocimetry
(PTV) and particle image velocimetry (PIV). Particular attention is paid to the role
of wave breaking which is observed in the experiments. Incipient breaking is found
to take place for moderately large waves in the form of the generation of vortices
in the leading part of the waves. The maximal induced fluid velocity close to the
free surface is then about 80% of the wave speed, and the wave amplitude is about
half of the depth of the stratified layer. Wave amplitude is defined as the maximal
excursion of the stratified layer. The breaking increases in power with increasing wave
amplitude. The magnitude of the induced fluid velocity in the large waves is found to
be approximately bounded by the wave speed. The breaking introduces a broadening
of the waves. In the experiments a maximal amplitude and speed of the waves are
obtained. A theoretical fully nonlinear two-layer model is developed in parallel with
the experiments. In this model the fluid motion is assumed to be steady in a frame of
reference moving with the wave. The Brunt-Väisälä frequency is constant in the layer
with linear stratification and zero in the other. A mathematical solution is obtained
by means of integral equations. Experiments and theory show good agreement up to
breaking. An approximately linear relationship between the wave speed and amplitude
is found both in the theory and the experiments and also when wave breaking is
observed in the latter. The upper bound of the fluid velocity and the broadening of
the waves, observed in the experiments, are not predicted by the theory, however.
There was always found to be excursion of the solitary waves into the layer with
constant density, irrespective of the ratio between the depths of the layers.
The flow in weak turbulent hydraulic jumps
Authors: SVENDSEN IB A. , VEERAMONY J. , BAKUNIN J. , KIRBY J. T.
Published: July 2002

Velocity and surface measurements in three turbulent hydraulic jumps are analysed
in detail. The velocity measurements were obtained in a hydraulic ume using laser-
Doppler velocimetry and the surface measurements were obtained using capacitance
wave gauges. The purpose is to extract information about the flow field and the
stresses in the jumps and the geometrical extension of the recirculating region called
the roller. To achieve this we first ensure that the overall continuity and momentum
conservation for the flow is satisfied. This includes comparison with the classical
results for hydraulic jumps. It is found that deviations from uniform-depth Reynolds-
averaged velocities and hydrostatic pressure give small but important corrections
to the conservation equations. Careful evaluation of the velocity measurements in
conjunction with the continuity equation makes it possible to determine the lower
limit of the recirculating roller region. Measurements of the Reynolds stresses are
analysed, in particular in the roller region, and a simple model established that
illustrates the mechanisms of the flow in the roller and predicts well the stresses
along the lower limits of the roller. In combination with the analysis of the vorticity
distribution, this leads to a qualitative description of the processes for the generation
of vorticity. It suggests both similarities and differences from the hypothesis of the
existence of a shear layer inside the jump. Similarity profiles are developed for the
variation of stresses, vorticity, and eddy viscosity along the lower limit of the roller.
Finally, the total angular momentum for the jumps is examined and compared to the
analysis of Hornung, Willert & Turner (1995).
On the beta-drift of an initially circular vortex patch
Authors: SAI-LAP LAM J. , DRITSCHEL DAVID G.
Published: July 2002

The nonlinear inviscid evolution of a vortex patch in a single-layer quasi-geostrophic
fluid and within a background planetary vorticity gradient is examined numerically
at unprecedented spatial resolution. The evolution is governed by two dimensionless
parameters: the initial size (radius) of the vortex compared to the Rossby deformation
radius, and the initial strength of the vortex compared to the variation of the planetary
vorticity across the vortex. It is found that the zonal speed of a vortex increases with its
strength. However, the meridional speed reaches a maximum at intermediate vortex
strengths. Both large and weak vortices are readily deformed, often into elliptical
and tripolar shapes. This deformation is shown to be related to an instability of the
instantaneous vorticity distribution in the absence of the planetary vorticity gradient β.

The extremely high numerical resolution employed reveals a striking feature of the
flow evolution, namely the generation of very sharp vorticity gradients surrounding
the vortex and extending downstream of it in time. These gradients form as the vortex
forces background planetary vorticity contours out of its way as it propagates. The
contours close to the vortex swirl rapidly around the vortex and homogenize, but at
some critical distance the swirl is not strong enough and, instead, a sharp vorticity gradient
forms. The region inside this sharp gradient is called the ‘trapped zone’, though
it shrinks slowly in time and leaks. This leaking occurs in a narrow wake called the
‘trailing front’, another zone of sharp vorticity gradients, extending behind the vortex.
Low-dimensional dynamics of a turbulent wall flow
Authors: JIMÉNEZ JAVIER , SIMENS MARK P.
Published: July 2002

The low-dimensional dynamics of the structures in a turbulent wall flow are studied
by means of numerical simulations. These are made both ‘minimal’, in the sense
that they contain a single copy of each relevant structure, and ‘autonomous’ in
the sense that there is no outer turbulent flow with which they can interact. The
interaction is prevented by a numerical mask that damps the flow above a given
wall distance, and the flow behaviour is studied as a function of the mask height.
The simplest case found is a streamwise wave that propagates without change. It
takes the form of a single wavy low-velocity streak flanked by two counter-rotating
staggered quasi-streamwise vortices, and is found when the height of the numerical
masking function is less than δ+1 ≈ 50. As the mask height is increased, this solution
bifurcates into an almost-perfect limit cycle, a two-frequency torus, weak chaos, and
full-edged bursting turbulence. The transition is essentially complete when δ+1 ≈ 70,
even if the wall-parallel dimensions of the computational box are small enough for
bursting turbulence to be metastable, lasting only for a few bursting cycles. Similar
low-dimensional dynamics are found in somewhat larger boxes, containing two copies
of the basic structures, in which the bursting turbulence is self-sustaining.
Matrix approach to Lagrangian fluid dynamics
Authors: YAKUBOVICH E. I. , ZENKOVICH D. A.
Published: July 2002

A new approach to ideal-fluid hydrodynamics based on the notion of continuous
deformation of infinitesimal material elements is proposed. The matrix approach
adheres to the Lagrangian (material) view of fluid motion, but instead of Lagrangian
particle trajectories, it treats the Jacobi matrix of their derivatives with respect to
Lagrangian variables as the fundamental quantity completely describing fluid motion.

A closed set of governing matrix equations equivalent to conventional Lagrangian
equations is formulated in terms of this Jacobi matrix. The equation of motion
is transformed into a nonlinear matrix differential equation in time only, where
derivatives with respect to the Lagrangian variables do not appear. The continuity
equation that requires constancy of the Jacobi determinant in time takes the form
of an algebraic constraint on the Jacobi matrix. An accompanying linear consistency
condition, which is responsible for the dependence on spatial variables and does not
include time derivatives, ensures completeness of the system and reconstruction of
the particle trajectories by the Jacobi matrix.

A class of exact solutions to the matrix equations that describes rotational non-stationary
three-dimensional motions having no analogues in the conventional formulations
is also found and investigated. A distinctive feature of these motions is
precession of vortex lines (rectilinear or curvilinear) around a fixed axis in space.
Boundary problems for the derived exact solutions including matching of rotational
and potential motions across the boundary of a vortex tube are addressed. In particular,
for the cylindrical vortex of elliptical cross-section involved in three-dimensional
precession, the outer potential flow is constructed and shown to be a non-stationary
periodic straining flow at a large distance from the vortex axis.