bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES OF REDUCTION METHOD
FOR PARAMETRIC DEVIATIONS DUE TO TECHNOLOGICAL
IMPERFECTION IN COMPARATOR
Authors: MARTIROSYAN Arman , ASATRYAN Narek , KARAPETYAN Erik
Published: June 2023

Nowadays devices sizes in integrated circuits (IC) have reached up to 2nm [1]. In this
case, the parameters characterizing the reliability and speed of the circuits, even in the
case of small deviations of the technological processes, may violate to an unacceptable
extent their characteristic values [2]. Such deviations may be caused by random technological imperfections. The modeling of the deviations described above is done by
Monte-Carlo analysis [3]. Parametric deviations due to technological imperfections were
considered and minimized on the example of the comparator [4], because one of the
main disadvantages of this scheme is the dependence of its characteristic values on
deviations caused by the technological process imperfections. The proposed comparator
scheme makes it possible to minimize the effect of deviations caused by the imperfection of the technological process without significant surface changes on the semiconductor crystal. By using the scheme of the proposed comparator, it was possible to reduce the hysteresis deviations from 31.11% to 5.21%. The proposed comparator scheme
requires an additional 19% space against the existing scheme.
Moonlighting - A New Threat to IT Industry
Authors: Jain Dr. Monika , Gondane Harsh , Balpande Lobhas
Published: June 2023

Working on a web platform, gigging, freelancing, and moonlighting have all arisen as a side hustle in the industry. Searching for alternative employment is vital in recording the sequence of employees’ withdrawal cognitions. Interest in the practice of moonlighting in India initially developed during the covid pandemic time of concern with the relatively high level of job concerns. In recent years, research has been reported to indicate that sociological and psychological factors are important in influencing the moon-lighting practice. we estimate an empirical version of the incentive for moonlighting assuming that individuals keep a second activity for either monetary or for nonpecuniary motives. Our results contribute to better expertise in multiple-task holding. We find that multiple-job holding is used by employees as a way to deal with financial commitments, personal boosters, or organizational aspects. The increased financial strain brought on by declining income and individual performance is reflected in moonlighting. The research aims to investigate how professionals' job satisfaction is affected by their use of side jobs. Due to an increased sense of uncertainty among insecure workers, moonlighting may be a result of employee conditions. We have seen during the pandemic that people can get satisfaction from developing skills or credentials. Organizations have management policies and tools that define how their employees are treated. This affects how much money they make, and whether they are promoted or not. Promotions and raises usually go hand in hand, and travel in the same direction. This shows that promotions are more important than simply giving employees a pay raise. It is also observed that people working in different organizations have personal goals to meet besides working for organizational goals. Overall, the study's key findings showed that working employees' satisfaction with their jobs is significantly impacted by moonlighting.
"CONSTRUCÞIA VIZUALÃ A RESPONSABILITÃÞII DE A PROTEJA PE PAGINILE DE SOCIAL MEDIA ALE ARMATEI ROMÂNE"
Authors:   Universitatea „Babeș-Bolyai”, Facultatea de Istorie și Filozofie, Cluj-Napoca, NOVĂCESCU Elena
Published: June 2023

The recent evolution of social media networks has brought to the attention of researchers in the field of security studies new resources and methods for understanding international dynamics, as well as new media actors such as the military forces. Today, the Romanian Armed Forces have their own official Facebook pages through which they produce and promote media content, mainly visual, which reaches a significant number of individuals. Thus, the visual representations that are disseminated in the online environment and, especially on the military social networks, become important sources of knowledge and interpretation of reality, true spaces in which policies are born. The main purpose of this paper is to explore how the “responsibility to protect”* is visually constructed in the photos published by the Romanian Armed Forces on own Facebook pages. To accomplish this objective, photographs illustrating interactions between Romanian soldiers and Afghan children during the Resolute Support Mission were collected. The method used for the analysis of these photographs is visual social semiotics, a recent approach in the study of security issues, which brings to light the meanings hidden in the various modes of representation.
ASPECTE FINANCIARE ASOCIATE DEZVOLTĂRII POLITICII DE SECURITATE ȘI APĂRARE COMUNE – MECANISMUL ATHENA –
Authors:   Şef secţie, Institutul pentru Studii Politice de Apărare şi Istorie Militară, Bucureşt, ILINCA Dragoș
Published: June 2023

The efforts on creating, at EU level, a functional mechanism to support the operational commitments got materialised by the establishment, in February 2004, of a new instrument. Much better known as ATHENA Mechanism, it was dedicated to the overall administration of common costs associated with military crisis management operations. This article puts forward a comprehensive picture of the main evolutions meant to lead to the development of this instrument, while analysing the implications for the operational domain, generated by augmenting the procedures for financial management of certain costs under the auspices of Common Security and Defence Policy.
TREI SCENARII PRIVIND DINAMICA GEOPOLITICĂ REGIONALĂ DUPÃ REVENIREA LA PUTERE A TALIBANILOR ÎN AFGANISTAN
Authors:   Universitatea Națională de Apărare „Carol I”, Bucureșt, POPESCU Alba Iulia Catrine
Published: June 2023

On 14 April 2021, US President Joe Biden announced that, starting on 1 May (2021), US troops will withdraw from Afghanistan, ending 20 years of war on Taliban terrorism. At a first glance, the Americans’ decision seems to be a hasty withdrawal from a very costly war of attrition. On closer inspection, however, the events in Afghanistan seem to part of a realpolitik strategy, which seeks to reset the geopolitical game in Eurasia and beyond. So, what could be the potential geopolitical impact of the US withdrawal from Afghanistan? How could the regional game be reset after August 2021? This article, written immediately after the “fall” of Kabul on 15 August 2021, and the return to power of the Taliban in Afghanistan, proposes three scenarios for regional geopolitical dynamics and their global implications.
România – factor de stabilitate prin asumarea rolului de mediator în conflictele din proximitatea Mării Negre
Authors:   Universitatea Națională de Apărare „Carol I”, Bucureșt, BĂDULESCU Dorin-Valeriu
Published: June 2023

The slowness with which the European Union asserts its role as a mediator in the international sphere must not be Romania’s own policy. Many EU member states or organisations have developed their own systems to provide stability as a facilitator for peace processes or have developed early warning and conflict prevention mechanisms. Romania’s membership in various external structures enables it to use international expertise in creating and implementing internal structures capable of involving the state in the prevention and resolution of conflicts in the Black Sea region or in other areas of the world. The article analyses Romania’s potential to act regionally as a mediator and to generate stability and security if such a conflict approach is embraced.
Implicațiile înzestrării cu noi sisteme de armament asupra componentei morale a puterii de luptă
Authors:   Facultatea de comandă și stat major, Universitatea Națională de Apărare „Carol I”, Bucureșt, NISTORESCU Claudiu Valer
Published: June 2023

Today’s modern battlefield requirements impose more than a simply convenient force concentration in order to accomplish the mission and obtain a military success. Definitely, the factor of morale remains a force multiplier and an essential element of combat power. In this regard, we highlight that by equipping military forces with modern and performing weapon systems we can obtain a significant combat power increase. The superiority with respect to this military action’s dimension ensures the premises not only for a physical destruction of the opponent, but also for shattering its cohesion and will to fight. Tactical forces’ proper equipment in terms of quantity and quality generates results not only for the combat power’s physical component, but also for its morale component. Therefore, my opinion is that the maintenance of morale is strictly related to the quality and reliability of providing forces with new weapon systems and other military equipment.
Percepție, disonanță cognitivă și descurajare nucleară în era informațională. Posibile implicații pentru arhitectura de securitate euroatlantică în contextul noului concept strategic al NATO
Authors:   Centrul de Studii Strategice, București, CHIRIAC Olga R.
Published: June 2023

"The February 2022 military aggression on Ukraine has sent shockwaves across European capitals as well as across the Atlantic. This “new normal”, namely a conventional war in twenty-first century Europe, is both hard to process and inherently ominous as to the future of the European security architecture and strategic stability on the continent. The aim of the article is to analyse the combined effects of technological advances in information/computing technologies and human cognition on strategic choices such as nuclear deterrence strategies. The paper is looking to address the proposed research questions through a cognitive psychology lens, with a particular focus on perception and cognitive dissonance. The plasticity of both the geopolitical environment and the information space present the optimal conditions for propagation of cognitive errors in human decision-making. The article is taking a closer look at what said vulnerability means for the Euro-Atlantic security architecture, most specifically for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization."
Rolul Strategiei naționale de securitate pentru securitatea națională a Statelor Unite ale Americii
Authors:   Universitatea de Biblioteconomie și Tehnologii ale Informației,Sofia, Bulgaria, BOGDANOV Plamen
Published: June 2023

The paper analyses the nature and role of the National Security Strategy within the national security of the United States of America in different historical periods of the country’s development and international relations. The US national security strategies since the end of the Second World War up to the present day have been studied and, on this basis, it is concluded that today the scope of the strategy’s purposes have been expanded, which further increases the importance and role of this fundamental document for the national security of the country.
Importanța strategică a Mării Negre și rolul NATO în contracararea dominației militare a Kremlinului
Authors:   Institutul Național de Cercetare-Dezvoltare în Informatică – București, CRĂCIUN Ioan
Published: June 2023

"The Black Sea region has become one of the key geopolitical spaces for the competition between Russia and the West on which the very future of Europe ultimately depends. The Kremlin wants to keep the Black Sea in its sphere of influence through a strategy of regional destabilisation based on a special military operation against Ukraine, the illegal annexation of new territories, historically considered to belong to Russia, and the strengthening of the military presence in these territories or the direct military threat to the states in the region in order to limit as much as possible the possibilities of their accession to the Euro-Atlantic structures. On the other hand, the West is trying to respond to Russia’s expansion with an advanced defence strategy in which the Black Sea occupies a central place. Thus, the Black Sea region, which has traditionally been treated as a less important area, acquires new strategic features becoming a much more militarised, unstable and contested region, a region that is in dire need of a new regional status-quo in order to stabilise. Considering this state of facts, this article has as its main objective the geopolitical analysis of the Black Sea region, given that Russia has become the main destabilising factor in the region, as well as the identification of solutions to achieve regional stability based on the increasingly consistent involvement of the North Atlantic Alliance."
Regimul tratatelor nucleare strategice la răscruce. Căutarea (im)posibilă a unui nou punct de echilibru?
Authors:   Universitatea de Biblioteconomie și Tehnologii ale Informației,Sofia, Bulgaria, MARINOV Mario
Published: June 2023

"The qualitative and quantitative balance in strategic nuclear capabilities between major global nuclear-armed states had been the subject of a longstanding international bilateral and multilateral treaty regime, which since the onset of the 21st century has undergone a process of continual degradation. With the gradual establishment of a more confrontational multipolar world order, the treaty regime as well as the guarantees it provided for international security have come into further peril. The present paper will examine the defining characteristics of the nuclear treaty regime, the factors leading to a point of balance in preceding decades between the nuclear superpowers of the United States of America and the Russian Federation, and the transformational factors, which have destabilised the balance in contemporary times. Furthermore, the paper will extend the discussion on the future of nuclear arms control to the changing geopolitical landscape and the rise of new major global powers such as the People’s Republic of China. Ultimately the paper, attempts to establish the framework of the future evolution of the nuclear arms debate and the possibilities of reaching a new point of stability and deterrence between the mentioned state actors."
Sistemele de arme autonome letale – tehnologie emergentă și potențial nimicitoare
Authors:   Ministerul Apărării Naționale, CERNAT Romică
Published: June 2023

"The renewal of the competition for the super power status has led to the revival of the emphasis on defense planning, by the great powers, on the capabilities intended for so-called high-end conventional, technological sophisticated warfare, which involves large-scale and high-intensity military actions. Weapons that can be linked to waging high-end warfare actually include the military uses of the lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) and artificial intelligence (AI). The connection between robotics, and autonomous systems and AI has the potential to change the nature of warfare. Theoretically, a lethal weapon system should be considered autonomous if it is designed so that it can modify its integrated programming, does not take into account the objectives initially set and modifies its rules of engagement without human intervention. Human judgment will remain essential, but the line between what humans and machines do best will constantly be shifting in the coming years. The most critical dimension of autonomy is the task the machine is performing. There are significant expectations and challenges, opportunities, and risks associated with LAWS across the full range of military operations. LAWS will influence military operations in the future and will have at least an evolutionary – if not revolutionary – effect."
Busola strategică – un avânt strategic de încredere în securitatea europeană
Authors:   ", BRÂNDA Oana-Elena ,   Departamentul de Relații Internaționale și Studii Europene, Facultatea de Științele Comunicării și Relații internaționale, Universitatea „Titu Maiorescu”"
Published: June 2023

"Issued in March 2022, the Strategic Compass is meant to create an active and, at the same time, reactive framework on the managing of EU security and defence related aspects. After several failures in the process and much criticism on EU’s inability to stand on its feet when it comes to protecting itself, the Strategic Compass comes with magic words, such as “reducing dependencies”, or the four directions – Act, Secure, Invest and Partner. The aim of this article is to provide a critical analysis of the Strategic Compass from the perspective of the confidence bestowed in the power of the European Union to actually become a security provider “for real”. Although the likelihood of that occurring in the near future is remote, the European Union has finally reached the mindset of turning the Strategic Compass into on the ground capabilities."
România în contextul coeziunii europene
Authors:   Universitatea Națională de Apărare „Carol I”, NICA Ioana , DUMITRU Daniel ,   Universitatea Națională de Apărare „Carol I”
Published: June 2023

This paper presents Romania’s strategic position on the main European security programmes reflected and accepted at EU level, as well as a brief assessment of EU officials towards Romania and the concrete actions through which Romania decided to align with EU’s security and defence standards. It discusses the main strategic objectives of Romania and the European Union, actions and measures to promote European cohesion in terms of security, but also other study elements, and research in the direction of national and international security.
Impactul conflictului din Ucraina asupra desfășurării procesului de învățământ militar universitar superior – adaptarea artei operative maritime la dinamica acțiunilor militare moderne –
Authors:   Universitatea Națională de Apărare „Carol I”, SCIPANOV Lucian Valeriu
Published: June 2023

"Observing the evolution of military actions in the Ukraine conflict, one feels the need to capitalise on the lessons identified as a result of the innovative ways of applying the principles of military art, in the conditions of real war. Thus, within this approach, I set out to identify how the evolution of the conflict in Ukraine influenced military art in general. In essence, this approach is a corollary of the results obtained as a personal contribution to the development of knowledge in the field of military sciences. Analysing the existing situation, following evaluations of the potential national response capabilities in the event of an armed conflict in the vicinity of the Black Sea, I identified didactic ways to update the doctrinal contents. The didactic approach was based on the handiest research validation tool, the war game, by testing some tactical scenarios, experienced in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. From a didactic point of view, the result was useful for updating the analytical programs in the master’s degree programs, however, the benefit from this research comes from the action-structural field, regarding the ways of responding in the maritime environment with existing capabilities or identifying the capability requirements, emphasising the importance of military services and branches cooperation during the joint coastal defence operation."
Psihologia de război și dilemele morale ale militarului
Authors:   Ministerul Apărării Naționale, DOBRE Cristian
Published: June 2023

"The article presents one of the most significant psychological aspects experienced by the military during their operations – ethics and morality. Thus, it dives deeper into the idea of “war psychology”, to then analyse the biggest ethical and moral dilemmas of the military during battle. Far from exhausting the subject, the article wants to draw attention to the fact that, in the end, the military is still human, and in the absence of adequate preparation for combat and adequate post-action psychological support at the end of the conflict, moral wounds can appear, which, most of the time, are as painful and devastating as the physical ones."
Importanța domeniului economic în războiul politic modern. Studiu de caz: statele din Flancul de Est al NATO
Authors:   ", DUMITRACHE Vlad ,   Departamentul Regional de Studii pentru Managementul Resurselor de Apărare, Universitatea Națională de Apărare „Carol I”", COZMEI Andreea Ștefania ,   Școala Națională de Studii Politice și Administrative
Published: June 2023

"The aim of this paper is to present the importance that the economic field has in the concept of modern political warfare. Correlating the economic field with that of geopolitics and security has become a variable that NATO member states can no longer ignore. Using the descriptive analysis method, we aim to show the importance that economic policies have in influencing the political and strategic regional landscape, and have chosen the Eastern Flank countries to do that. We plan to test this theory by studying three major areas in economic policies that we consider have impacted the security and defence landscape in recent years. The first area is defence expenditure, the second one is fiscal policies and the third one is energy policies. Recent security events have fundamentally changed the European Union green energy policies and objectives. Some of them have been postponed, others replaced, therefore, we seek to analyse the way in which European states on the Eastern Flank mitigate through these rising issues, in terms of both the energy field and the correlation of energy policies with the other ones."
Flota sovietică din Marea Neagră (1943) – organizare, dispersare, conducere –
Authors:   Universitatea din București, SPÂNU Alin
Published: June 2023

"In 1943, the Soviet fleet in the Black Sea was clearly superior to its opponents (Germans, Italians, Romanians, Bulgarians), but there were no major naval confrontations in this theatre of war. In most confrontations, starting in 1941, the Soviet naval forces suffered losses and were forced to retreat. The Romanian intelligence services had data on the organisation of the Soviet fleet, the dispersal, the commanders, the naval constructions and the ways of action. At the end of 1943, when the Red Army was on the offensive and had begun the landing in Crimea, the Romanian-German naval forces started an operation to supply the defenders, and later, in 1944, an evacuation of their own troops. Despite the vulnerabilities, the Soviet fleet did not attack decisively, so the withdrawal by sea was relatively organised and saved more than 120,000 soldiers and civilians."
Cauze ale eșecului aviației ruse în obținerea supremației aeriene în conflictul din Ucraina și influențele ulterioare în derularea acestuia
Authors:   Baza 95 Aeriană, București, MISCHIE Ioan
Published: June 2023

The large-scale conflicts from recent decades in Yugoslavia (1999), Iraq (1991 and 2003), Afghanistan (2001-2014) and Libya (2011) have shown the importance of achieving and maintaining air supremacy. The states of the world are trying to modernize their aircraft or build new ones in order to meet this goal, simultaneously with doctrinal changes in the field and changes in the techniques, tactics and procedures by which military pilots act. The states that remain anchored in the past and do not take into account these developments, risk not being able to use the air force effectively, with major repercussions on the results of military operations, a fact also seen in the war in Ukraine in 2022.
Războiul hibrid în vreme de război – încercare de operaționalizare conceptuală și acțională –
Authors:   Academia Forțelor Aeriene „Henri Coandă”, Brașov, LESENCIUC Adrian
Published: June 2023

"Russia’s aggression against Ukraine has made the concept of hybrid warfare almost forgotten. The literature has focused on the confrontation itself, but, as a rule, hybrid threats are activated when public attention is drawn to other issues and when the public is not prepared to meet the challenge. After the invasion of Ukraine, the term hybrid warfare has dissipated into the mass of frequently used operational terms. From the range of five dimensions of this term, which entails five types of associated interpretations (Solmaz, 2022), in the war in Ukraine, the emphasis seems to be on the aspects related to the hard component. The actual military confrontation, the occupation of Ukrainian territories by Russian troops and the violent actions (including those that exceed normative and moral boundaries on the battlefield) are the elements that attract public attention to a greater extent than the soft actions with a high degree of ambiguity (Mumford, Carlucci, 2022), contributing to the synergistic effect of sharp power. Under these conditions, hybrid warfare is not necessarily a form of war that substitutes for actual confrontation, but a way in which soft actions complement or compensate for the effects obtained by hard actions. Is the invasion of Ukraine a hybrid warfare, or can we talk about hybrid warfare as running parallel to and during the war? Which of these interpretative postures allows for the deviation from the classical meaning of war, as long as the action has been defined, from the perspective of the aggressor, as a “special military operation”? In the present paper, we attempt at perationalizing the concept of hybrid warfare, which has been analysed in the dynamics of application in several recent studies, starting from the study of its effects in the war in Ukraine (Muradov, 2022; Guerrero, 2022), and that of distinguishing between the hybrid warfare and ghibridnaia voina perspectives."
STRATEGIC RESILIENCE: FROM STABILITY AND PREVENTION TOWARDS PRO-ACTIVE ACTION AND DYNAMIC ADAPTABILITY
Authors:   “Carol I” National Defence University Associate Professor – National University of Political Studies and Public Administration President of the Conflict Prevention and Early Warning Centre, Bucharest, CHIFU Iulian
Published: June 2023

Strategic resilience is achievable at different stages and with different instruments. The most used ones in normal times of equilibrium are related to the capacity of regaining stability and maintaining the continuity of institutions, relations and expected objectives, at a strategic level. The new pandemic and the turbulent world with tectonic level of changes makes resilience enter in a new era where dynamic adaptability and pro-active action should be the needed instruments in order to acquire the suitable level of resilience at a strategic level. This could mean, however, to maintain just the core tasks and basic objectives of the defence and security systems and to have the ability to give up institutional physical premises as well as to adapt details, nuances, doctrines, embracing creativity, welcoming inventive solutions and building the capacity to reform during crises at the same time with the effort to meet public requirements and to fulfil current normal day by day missions.
CONCEPTUALISATION, OPERATIONALISATION AND CONNECTION BETWEEN “HYBRID THREATS” AND “SECURITY CULTURE”
Authors:   “Mihai Viteazul” National Intelligence Academy, LESENCIUC Adrian , COZMANCIUC Corneliu Mugurel ,   “Mihai Viteazul” National Intelligence Academy
Published: June 2023

To date, the potential for addressing hybrid threats through a strong security culture remains underdeveloped, while the nation-wide responses are still lacking clarity and comprehensiveness. The present paper presents the link between a wide range of emerging threats that are currently challenging countries and institutions and the potential of mitigating such issues through security culture while building and consolidating a resilient national system. Continuously under the threshold of formally declaring warfare, hybrid threats have been demonstrating the futility of responses implicating only institutions with responsibilities in the fields of security and defence. Subsequently, we argue that cultivating measures, procedures and good practices for boosting security culture through a whole-of-government approach would ensure a useful framework for tackling such challenges, while also aiming for a joint civilian-military response. The hybrid toolbox needs to be pre-empted by active and passive measures, the ability of societies and institutions to bounce back from shocks being sustained by both resilience and robust measures that would enhance civil and military preparedness. By assessing the rise of hybrid threats and their position in the Russian strategic thinking and comparing the Western doctrines mirroring these challenges, we obtain an overview on the differences in concept and operations that are currently lacking clarity. Considering that national vulnerabilities have now global implications, sovereign action must be effectively completed by alliances and partnerships, while also keeping in mind the made-to-measure hybrid actions with specific and narrow targets. Through examining the components of hybrid and information warfare, we stress the fact that it is high time to have and use a unified vocabulary in support of building a common security culture, necessary for this ever-changing security landscape.
GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES REGARDING ATTITUDES TOWARDS PROFESSIONAL TRAINING IN THE MILITARY
Authors:   “Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, BUMBUC Ştefania , MACOVEI Crenguţa-Mihaela ,   Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu
Published: June 2023

This paper starts from the premise that, although the problems of intergenerational relations in contemporary organisations are numerous, many of them can be improved if military leaders know the way of communication to which subordinates respond positively and the motivation techniques that best suit different generations. Regardless of the formal organisation, continuing vocational training activities in the military system have a greater impact and are more effective if they allow the people involved to have flexible approaches and if they combine face-to-face training with the widespread use of information technology and communication.
WAYS TO CARRY OUT THE MECHANISED BRIGADE COMBAT DISPOSITION IN THE OFFENSIVE OPERATION BY EFFICIENTLY USING MISSION COMMAND
Authors:   “Getica” Joint National Training Center, Cincu, Land Forces Staf, ȚECU Cristian , PÎNZARIU Sorin ,   “Nicolae Bălcescu”Land Forces Academy, Sibiu
Published: June 2023

Due to the modern war conditions, governed by the avant-garde technologies, the military actions of all the forces services acquire new features and dimensions with special implications for the participating forces. Carrying out a campaign involves combat-type actions that only a military force can accomplish, and its objectives are achieved both through a wide range of offensive or defensive operations, and through interaction with other military and non-military entities. At the tactical level, commanders must ensure a balance between the various elements of the functional framework to achieve the objectives set, in accordance with the campaign purpose. In line with current trends in the field of modern armed struggle, the issue of the combat disposition of the forces in order to conduct operations must be addressed, in the context of the development of military technology, increasing force mobility, maneuverability and combat power. reconsidering, at the same time, the role of different categories of armed forces, in the sense of ensuring interoperability with NATO partner forces, spatial extension of the direct engagement of supple and mobile combat disposition. Nowdays, in the Romanian military literature, it is considered that the joint tactical large units combat disposition consists of: the command system, maneuver forces, the reserve and the logistics system.
CONSOLIDATING GAINS AND THE CONSOLIDATION AREA IN NATO DOCTRINE
Authors:   United States Army Training Advisory Team, NATO Joint Warfare Centre, PRESCOTT Matthew
Published: June 2023

Consolidating gains is an integral part of combat operations that leverages tactical, operational, and strategic level advantages to retain the initiative and create irreversible momentum towards the desired end state (TRADOC, 2017). How successfully armed forces consolidate their gains often informs the outcome for how a conflict is viewed today. Successfully consolidating gains in NATO operations have a clear impact at the tactical, operational, and strategic levels of war. By increasing the importance of consolidating gains and incorporating the consolidation area as a new geographic framework within Alliance doctrine, NATO will be better prepared to maintain the initiative, while creating the required momentum to achieve the military and political end state.
THREE SCENARIOS FOR REGIONAL GEOPOLITICAL DYNAMICS AFTER THE TALIBAN RETURNED TO POWER IN AFGHANISTAN
Authors:   “Carol I” National Defence University, Bucharest, POPESCU Alba Iulia Catrine
Published: June 2023

On 14 April 2021, US President Joe Biden announced that, starting on 1 May (2021), US troops will withdraw from Afghanistan, ending 20 years of war on Taliban terrorism. At a first glance, the Americans’ decision seems to be a hasty withdrawal from a very costly war of attrition. On closer inspection, however, the events in Afghanistan seem to part of a realpolitik strategy, which seeks to reset the geopolitical game in Eurasia and beyond. So, what could be the potential geopolitical impact of the US withdrawal from Afghanistan? How could the regional game be reset after August 2021? This article, written immediately after the “fall” of Kabul on 15 August 2021, and the return to power of the Taliban in Afghanistan, proposes three scenarios for regional geopolitical dynamics and their global implications.
THE BALTIC STATES – BETWEEN NATO’S PROTECTION AND RUSSIA’S THREAT –
Authors:   National School of Political and Administrative Studies, MEREACRE Ana
Published: June 2023

The three Baltic countries carry with them the heavy burden of the Soviet past, alongside their positioning in an area of interest to both the North Atlantic Alliance and Russia. The main research directions and the hypothesis of the present paper are grounded on the premise of the realistic approach in the study of international relations, according to which states are rational actors and lead a permanent competition to increase their power towards hegemony, as well as on the theoretical grounds of the balance of power. This article analyses the situation of the three Baltic states in the context of the tense relationship between NATO and Russia, but also in terms of the ability of each actor to project its power in the Baltic Sea. The main research hypothesis is that although the Baltic states are part of NATO and the EU, they are the most exposed members to the threat of Russian aggression, and hence, the more Russia strengthens its presence in the region, the more NATO will try to rebalance the balance of power to ensure the security of its members. The first direction of research consists in analysing the increasing level of risk to the security of the Baltic countries following the annexation of Crimea and, at the same time, the strengthening of military presence and scale of exercises carried out in the region, by both Russia and NATO. Moreover, the Baltic states need to identify potential vulnerabilities while facing the alternative fighting methods Russia may draw upon, such as hybrid actions, and therefore strengthen their defence capacity. Another direction hereby analysed is NATO’s vulnerability to Russia in the context of the Suwalki Corridor, which must be addressed during the forthcoming period. Following these directions, the article mostly relies on the qualitative research method, whilst also including the analysis of quantitative data.
IMPACT OF THE 2015-2016 MIGRATION CRISIS ON BALKAN STATE RELATIONS REGARDING REGIONAL COOPERATION
Authors:   International Relation The National School for Political and Administrative Studies, Bucharest, NIMARA Nicolae Tudor
Published: June 2023

This article explores the impact of migration on interstate relations of source, transit, and target states by focusing on the Western Balkan migration route post-2015. The theoretic approach of the Copenhagen School is employed as it allows to interpret the securitising logic of discourse acts as well as the logic of regional security complexes. The article identifies the recurring themes of “unmanageable numbers” and “unmanageable integration” which were prevalent in the European discourse. Next, the article recounts a series of Europe wide unilateral border measures which were the result of individual governments attempting to limit the flow of migrants. Unilateral actions can result in flow blockage, diversion, or aggregation. The transnational nature of migration management is explored, as well as why states might act unilaterally or multilaterally and what negative or positive impacts could such actions have on other states involved. The article concludes that the Balkan region’s EU and NATO aspirations played a key role in shaping its response to the crisis synergising with the regional EU’s security overlap. As far as Romania is concerned, it must continue to expand its migration management capacities in order to successfully do its part to mitigate its risk exposure and maximise its strategic diplomatic leverage vis-à-vis the issue of migration, especially in the eventuality of its inclusion into the Schengen area.
FUTURE BATTLESPACE MANAGEMENT. FIGHTING AND WINNING IN THE INCREASINGLY COMPLEX AIR OPERATIONS ENVIRONMENT OF THE FUTURE
Authors:   Air-Land Operations Expert, JAPCC-Kalkar, Germany, ROSSETTI Livio
Published: June 2023

In the context of technological progress and of the combination between conventional, asymmetric and hybrid capabilities across traditional domains as well as the cyber and space ones, NATO’s freedom of manoeuvre could be compromised, and its effectiveness in deterring potential aggressors could be reduced. Thus, in order to deal correctly with these security threats and to operate effectively in this type of “multi-domain environment”, it is necessary for NATO to have a more comprehensive approach and to develop new strategies that allow a more integrated and synchronised use of forces.
THE ROLE OF SENTIMENT ANALYSIS AND DATA MINING SOLUTIONS IN THE STUDY OF FAKE NEWS AND COUNTERING DISINFORMATION
Authors:   Information and Public Relations Directorate, the Ministry of National Defence, BĂLAN Constantin
Published: June 2023

The proposed article highlights the importance of studying the phenomenon of fake news spreading based on sentiment analysis solutions (use of natural language processing techniques) and data mining (obtaining relevant information from the study of data), given the diversification and travel speed of these types of news, as well as the need to implement mechanisms to assist us, in a first stage, in gaining a thorough understanding of them and, subsequently, in taking the necessary steps to limit the spread of the phenomenon. The method of qualitative analysis of specialised studies was used for this article.
Governance and Maritime Security. The European Union’s Approach
Authors:   Naval Academy “Mircea cel Bătrân”, Constanța, CRISTEA Ovidiu , ROȘU Marius ,   Joint Force Command “General Emanoil Florescu”
Published: June 2023

At the level of European leadership in Brussels, it has been developed, based on preserving and affirming the European culture and civilisation, the idea of creating the conceptual and actional premises for “Europe ad integrum” to represent a “maritime force”. In this context, the Integrated Maritime Policy is a comprehensive approach to all European Union maritime and related policies. Basically, the Integrated Maritime Policy is the European Union’s response to develop the sustainable implementation of maritime governance, a concept in which maritime security plays a key role. This paper deals with the principles of maritime policies formulated at European Union level, which, in conjunction with the provisions of the European Union Maritime Security Strategy and Action Plan, form the European concept of maritime governance and security.
Information Operations. The Adequate Communication Response to Contemporary Threats
Authors:   “Henri Coandă” Air Force Academy, Braşov, NECULCEA Cosmina-Andreea
Published: June 2023

From immemorial time, information has been an indispensable and decisive element in winning the war. Although the morphology of conflicts evolves according to military capabilities, technologies, procedures and combat techniques, as well as the space in which they take place, the communication architecture of the battlefield remains a constant presence. Contemporary conflict can be characterised by increasing hybridity and the increasing role of information, both in the physical space itself and in the virtual space. With the digitalisation of the information environment (it directly affects the operational environment), the information sphere has become not only a crucial element, but also the battlefield in which the war takes place. In modern warfare, many of the tactics and techniques used by the armed forces have the role of informing/influencing and not destroying. Taking into account the diversity of participants (combatants, non-combatants), we can assert that the civilian population plays a preferential role. Therefore, interaction with a state’s own population and the population in the area of responsibility is essential to ensure the support of participation in the conflict as well as the acceptance of forces in the field. Nowadays, information operations (INFO OPS) are considered a force multiplier in the whole spectrum of military operations, and through technology, actions can be initiated to influence the target audience. The aim of this article is to identify the role of information operations during NATO’s longest and most challenging mission: the International Security Assistance Force/ISAF, in Afghanistan.
Development of the Strategic Framework for NATO Commitment to Euro-Atlantic Security
Authors:   Institute for Defence Political Studies and Military History, ILINCA Dragoș
Published: June 2023

In almost seven decades of existence, NATO adopted seven strategic concepts, which consolidated significantly the role of this organisation in ensuring Euro-Atlantic security. The priorities promoted through these documents derived from the implementation of the North-Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, in April 1949. Furthermore, it provides the framework for continuous adaptation of the way in which NATO is working, while optimising the Alliance approach towards security evolution. From this perspective, the radiography of the past decades indicates the existence of several decisive stages in the overall development of NATO strategic approach. The outcome of this process has become visible both in the maturity of the organisational profile as well as in the comprehensiveness of the tools developed for providing collective defence. In this vein, the strategic concepts have represented the landmarks of NATO’s transformation process providing the practical and conceptual tenets, which have contributed to the efforts of maintaining the stability in Europe and to the consolidation of the activity of this organisation in the field of crisis management.
Emerging and Disruptive Technologies’ Impact on the Military
Authors:   Ministry of National Defence, POPESCU Sorinel
Published: June 2023

The article addresses the emerging and disruptive technologies domain, highlighting that they will provide opportunities for the development of society and security challenges, as well. In this context, national and international security systems need to adapt and go through an extensive process of transformation, allowing them to mitigate the effects generated by the implementation of new technologies both in the civilian field, but especially in the military. Subsequently, the development of new technologies will lead to a new revolution in the military, which will change the physiognomy of the armed conflict. Starting from these premises, the article identifies elements related to the impact that new technologies will have on planning and conducting an armed conflict, but also some opportunities and challenges to the military as a whole. The article concludes that emerging and disruptive technologies will have a decisive contribution in the human society’s transition to a higher level of development, but their malicious use will be one of the major challenges facing national authorities and international security organisations. In the development of the article, I used as study methods the documentation and qualitative analysis of some bibliographic materials that address the field of emerging and disruptive technologies.
The Potential of Hypersonic Weapons and the Great Military Powers Strategy regarding their Production. Case Study
Authors: CERNAT Romică
Published: June 2023

Hypersonic missiles are a new category of weapons that have sparked intense debate among security experts. The hypersonic weapons, this combination of speed, accuracy, surprise, and maneuverability makes the defense against them more difficult than against standard ballistic or cruise missiles and therefore makes them more destabilizing. Capable of traveling over five times the speed of sound (Mach 5), and of performing evasive maneuvers mid-flight, they are considered practically impossible to intercept using conventional missile defense systems. Innovative nuclear and conventional weapon delivery systems are impressive and developing. These are grouped into three categories: intercontinental ballistic missiles, hypersonic delivery systems and new advanced strategic weapon delivery capabilities. These and other technological advances being made simultaneously may also impact arms control and strategic stability. Other characteristics of hypersonic systems, however, are potentially advantageous compared with ballistic missiles. Of particular interest are the ability to fly at low altitude, making detection by earth-based sensors difficult; the ability to maneuver during flight to avoid detection and interception; and the unpredictability of targets, since hypersonic vehicles do not follow a ballistic trajectory.
Doctrinal Interoperability in the North Atlantic Alliance in Relation to Russian and Chinese Approach to Information Operations
Authors: NECULCEA Cosmina-Andreea , RĂPAN Florian
Published: June 2023

Interoperability is described as the ability of member states to act together coherently and effectively to achieve tactical, operational and strategic objectives. In particular, interoperability allows forces, units and/or systems to operate together and use shared concepts. At the operational and tactical level, there are numerous challenges regarding interoperability, and one of these challenges consists of doctrinal differences. The purpose of this article is to identify these differences, through the brief analysis of the doctrine projections of NATO, USA and Romania. There are significant differences both in understanding the concept of information operations from a conceptual and practical point of view and in terms of these subsumed operations. Also, in order to identify one’s vulnerabilities, we think that the analysis of strategies and tactics based only on a Western empirical approach is insufficient, and we aim at comparing the effectiveness of information operations from the Russian and Chinese perspectives, as well.