bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Counselor Verbal Response Modes and the Working Alliance in Career Counseling
Authors: Multon Karen D. , Ellis‐Kalton Carrie A. , Heppner Mary J. , Gysbers Norman C.
Published: December 2011

The authors examined the use of counselor response modes in career counseling, including the overall proportion of each response mode and the relationship of each response mode to the working alliance. Participants were 19 counselors‐in‐training and 26 clients in 78 sessions, making this the largest reported study of career counselor response modes. Seventy‐nine percent of the counselor responses were information, paraphrase, or close‐ended questions. None of the categorized counselor responses was significantly and positively related to the working alliance, although counselor self‐disclosure had a significant negative correlation with the alliance. The type of self‐disclosure used was largely irrelevant or self‐deprecating.
Vocational Identity at Work: Mediating Between Essence and Occupation
Authors: Rehfuss Mark C.
Published: December 2011

This case report presents the thoughts and experiences of a professional mediator. The narrative tells the story of a 46‐year‐old Caucasian woman who has overcome numerous barriers only to find herself in the midst of a formidable career crisis. The crisis originated when powerful people in her field attempted to force her to act in ways that were incongruent with her self‐concept and vocational identity. She has come to the career counselor seeking direction and an effective resolution of her career crisis.
The Future of Career Counseling as an Instrument of Public Policy
Authors: Herr Edwin L.
Published: December 2011

Since the early 20th century, career counseling has been the object of public policy and legislation. As such, the important contributions of career counseling to labor market processes have reinforced the role of career counseling and related career interventions as sociopolitical instruments vital to the facilitation of national goals. The author discusses the interactions of career counseling and public policy; the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to such interactions; and selected strategic issues facing professional career counselors in the 21st century.
A Rich Past and a Future Vision
Authors: Harris‐Bowlsbey JoAnn
Published: December 2011

The National Career Development Association celebrated its 90th birthday at its recent summer conference. During that span of time, there has been significant development of theory, tools, and interventions as well as standards for the preparation of the members of the career development profession. The author reviews those accomplishments and suggests some needed directions for the immediate future.
Career Counseling: 90 Years Old Yet Still Healthy and Vital
Authors: Whiston Susan C.
Published: December 2011

Career counseling has a long and illustrious past, dating back to the contributions of Frank Parsons and including notable theories and substantial research related to career development. In the practice of career counseling, however, there is not substantial evidence about what works with which clients under what conditions. In the next 10 years, there will be opportunities to provide career assistance through novel means to reach more individuals; however, some of these opportunities, such as the Internet, can also have adverse effects if not used appropriately. The author also discusses a vision that involves a resurgence of theory, research, and practice related to career counseling.
Career Counselors Confront a Critical Crossroad: A Vision of the Future
Authors: Niles Spencer G.
Published: December 2011

The current challenges confronting career counselors require increased discourse regarding career counseling models. Some authors have initiated this discourse, but more participants are needed. The need also exists to communicate more aggressively the special expertise that career counselors bring to their work. As career counselors construct contemporary intervention models, they will need to engage in action research to demonstrate accountability and to document that their services are effective. Career counselors can embrace these activities by building on past practices to construct a vision for the future.
Career Counseling With Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Persons: The Next Decade
Authors: Chung Y. Barry
Published: December 2011

The author, on the basis of an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the existing literature as well as the relevant opportunities and threats, proposes future directions for career counseling with lesbian, gay male, bisexual male and female, and transgendered persons. Suggestions include efforts for theory development, empirical research, career assessment, counseling practice, and counselor education.
Revisiting the Work Ethic in America
Authors: McCortney Amy L. , Engels Dennis W.
Published: December 2011

Starting with a reflection on the September 11th, 2001, terrorist attacks on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center and the corporate fraud and bankruptcies of 2002, the authors provide an overview of the professional literature concerning the origins, evolution, practice, and future implications of the work ethic in the United States. Discussion focuses on the American work ethic from both a historical and a modern‐day perspective, highlighting the formation of what is now considered a major paradigm of work; views on the changing nature of the work ethic, especially for women and members of minority groups; and implications for career counselors.
Relation of Type and Amount of Training to Career Counseling Self‐Efficacy in Italy
Authors: Soresi Salvatore , Nota Laura , Lent Robert W.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the relation of self‐efficacy to length and type of training in a sample of Italian career counselors. Findings indicated that amount of career counseling training was positively related to counselors' self‐efficacy regarding their abilities to conceptualize vocational problems, deal with career indecision concerns, and provide educational counseling. In addition, counselors who had participated in an in‐service training course that focused on social cognitive/learning theories reported stronger self‐efficacy regarding their skills at vocational problem conceptualization and at educational counseling than did those who received more eclectic training.
Conceptions of Work Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Mental Retardation
Authors: Cinamon Rachel Gali , Gifsh Limor
Published: December 2011

Semistructured interviews were conducted with 16 Israeli adolescents and young adults with mild mental retardation to examine their perceptions of the world of work. A consensual qualitative strategy of analysis (C. E. Hill, B. J. Thompson, & E. N. Williams, 1997) yielded 4 domains (Definitions of Work, Reasons for Working, Self‐Awareness, Knowledge About the World of Work) and 12 categories. Although respondents showed strong willingness to participate in the world of work, they had little information regarding this realm. Implications are discussed for career development programs targeting young persons with mental retardation and community and family involvement in such programs.
Career Counseling With Clients Who Have a Severe Mental Illness
Authors: Caporoso Robyn A. , Kiselica Mark S.
Published: December 2011

Individuals who are diagnosed with a serious mental illness encounter a variety of barriers that can impede their career development. In this article, the career barriers of clients who have a severe mental illness are reviewed, and a developmental approach to career counseling with this population is described. A case example is provided to illustrate the complex process of developmental career counseling with people who are seriously impaired by a psychiatric illness.
Integrating Barriers to Caucasian Lesbians' Career Development and Super's Life‐Span, Life‐Space Approach
Authors: House Chloe J. C.
Published: December 2011

Researchers and practitioners do not fully understand the nature and extent of actual and perceived barriers in lesbians' career development (S. L. Morrow, P. A. Gore, & B. W. Campbell, 1996). In this study, 10 lesbian women, ages 42 to 64 years, were interviewed and asked to identify barriers to career development due to sexual identity. Integration of sexual orientation in D. E. Super's (1990) Life‐Span, Life‐Space approach is proposed.
Constructing a Life That Works: Part 2, An Approach to Practice
Authors: Campbell Cathy , Ungar Michael
Published: December 2011

The 1st article (C. Campbell & M. Ungar, 2004) of this 2‐part exploration of postmodern approaches to family therapy and narrative approaches to career counseling explored the differences between traditional trait and factor counseling models and postmodern approaches using life narratives and social constructionism. In this 2nd article, the authors discuss 7 aspects of their practice as postmodern career counselors that ask clients to (a) know what you want, (b) know what you have, (c) know what you hear, (d) know what constrains you, (e) map your preferred story, (f) grow into your story, and (g) grow out of your story. Several case studies demonstrate the applicability of these theories to practice.
Basic Confidence Predictors of Career Decision‐Making Self‐Efficacy
Authors: Paulsen Alisa M. , Betz Nancy E.
Published: December 2011

The extent to which Basic Confidence Scales predicted career decision‐making self‐efficacy was studied in a sample of 627 undergraduate students. Six confidence variables accounted for 49% of the variance in career decision‐making self‐efficacy. Leadership confidence was the most important, but confidence in science, mathematics, writing, using technology, and cultural sensitivity all contributed significant incremental variance. There were some differences as a function of race and gender, but leadership confidence was the most significant predictor in all subgroups. Implications for educational and career counseling are discussed.
The Effects of Simultaneous Developmental Processes: Factors Relating to the Career Development of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth
Authors: Schmidt Christa K. , Nilsson Johanna E.
Published: December 2011

C. Hetherington (1991) hypothesized that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents may experience a “bottleneck effect” in career development because of internal psychological energy focusing on issues surrounding sexual identity. This assertion has not yet been tested, however, in the career development literature. The authors examined the relationship between variables indicative of psychological resources being devoted to managing an LGB identity, social support, and career development. Survey data from 102 LGB youth demonstrated that inner sexual identity conflict and social support predicted unique and shared variance in career maturity and vocational indecision, lending empirical support to the bottleneck hypothesis.
Reactions to Job Content Plateaus: Examining Role Ambiguity and Hierarchical Plateaus as Moderators
Authors: McCleese Carrie S. , Eby Lillian T.
Published: December 2011

Plateauing research often reveals a negative relationship between job content plateauing (i.e., lacking challenge in one's job) and work attitudes. This study explores situations where job content plateauing is associated with fewer negative work attitudes, revealing role ambiguity (i.e., being unclear about job duties and responsibilities) and hierarchical plateauing (i.e., low likelihood of promotions) as moderators of the job content plateau‐work attitude relationship. Specifically, job content plateaued employees reported greater job satisfaction and organizational commitment if they were not also experiencing a hierarchical plateau. Job content plateaued employees also reported greater job satisfaction when role ambiguity was low.
Self‐Efficacy, Perceptions of Barriers, Vocational Identity, and the Career Exploration Behavior of Latino/a High School Students
Authors: Gushue George V. , Clarke Christine P. , Pantzer Karen M. , Scanlan Kolone R. L.
Published: December 2011

This study explored the potential relationship between the social cognitive variables of career decision‐making self‐efficacy and perceptions of barriers and the outcome variables of vocational identity and career exploration behaviors in a sample of 128 urban Latino/a high school students. The results indicated that higher levels of career decision‐making self‐efficacy were related to both a more differentiated vocational identity and a greater engagement with career exploration tasks. Perception of fewer barriers was also found to be related to a more integrated vocational identity. Implications for career counseling and future research are discussed.
Making Career Theories More Culturally Sensitive: Implications for Counseling
Authors: Young Richard A. , Marshall Sheila K. , Valach Ladislav
Published: December 2011

The primary question addressed in this article is whether and how career theories can be more culturally sensitive without losing value as conceptual explanations or their usefulness for counselors. Contextual action theory is identified as a means to develop culturally sensitive explanations. Six steps are proposed and illustrated, including using the naive observations and subjective reports and recognizing ongoing processes. The use of these steps in counseling is also addressed.
Role Induction in Career Counseling
Authors: Fouad Nadya A. , Chen Yung‐Lung , Guillen Amy , Henry Caroline , Kantamneni Neeta , Novakovic Alexandra , Priester Paul E. , Terry Sarah
Published: December 2011

Many vocational psychologists advocate addressing career as well as personal concerns in career counseling. However, some clients may have inappropriate expectations toward career counseling and may not be prepared or want to discuss personal issues. This study examined whether perceptions of the career counseling process could be modified with the use of role induction. Results indicated that, whereas role induction was associated with perceptions of students' own career concerns, gender was a strong influence in perceptions of counseling overall and in the stigma associated with a holistic perspective on career counseling.
The Effects of Perceived Barriers, Role Models, and Acculturation on the Career Self‐Efficacy and Career Consideration of Hispanic Women
Authors: Rivera Lourdes M. , Chen Eric C. , Flores Lisa Y. , Blumberg Fran , Ponterotto Joseph G.
Published: December 2011

This study used path analysis to examine the relationship between perceived barriers, acculturation, and role model influence on the career self‐efficacy and career considerations of a sample of Hispanic women. Two path models were examined. The male‐dominated model accounted for 15% of the variance, and the female‐dominated model accounted for 26% of the variance. No relationship was found between the variables of interest and male‐dominated career self‐efficacy and consideration. However, perceived barriers were related to female‐dominated career consideration and Anglo acculturation significantly contributed to female‐dominated career self‐efficacy. Results are discussed with regard to career practice and research with Hispanic women.
Career Transitions of College Seniors
Authors: Yang Eunjoo , Gysbers Norman C.
Published: December 2011

In a study with 191 college students, canonical correlation analysis explored career search self‐efficacy and psychological distress (career search set) in relation to psychological resources and regulatory focus (career transition set), producing 2 significant canonical correlations. The 1st correlation dimension showed that decreased career search self‐efficacy and increased psychological distress had a moderate relationship with decreased psychological resources and minimal relationship with low promotion focus and high prevention focus. The 2nd dimension illustrated that the increase in anxiety and personal exploration efficacy were associated with increased readiness for the career transition and elevated prevention focus.
Realistic Major Previews in the School‐to‐College Transition of Italian High School Students
Authors: Lent Robert W. , Nota Laura , Soresi Salvatore , Ferrari Lea
Published: December 2011

Industrial/organizational researchers have reported that realistic job previews diminish prospective workers' expectations but promote the satisfaction and persistence of those who ultimately accept a job assignment. The authors applied this strategy to the context of school‐to‐college transition; 354 Italian high school students were provided with a 2‐hour lecture designed to simulate exposure to a college major of their choice. Students showed moderate pre‐post increases in subject matter knowledge but reported small decreases in interests and outcome expectations (but not self‐efficacy) related to the academic major to which they were exposed.
Choices and Challenges: A Qualitative Exploration of Professional Women's Career Patterns
Authors: Whitmarsh Lona , Brown Donalee , Cooper Jane , Hawkins‐Rodgers Yolanda , Wentworth Diane Keyser
Published: December 2011

With the rapid changes occurring in the role of work in women's lives, this research project was designed to examine the career planning, career decision making, and work history of women in both female‐dominated and gender‐neutral careers (U.S. Department of Labor, n.d.‐a). A qualitative analysis of structured interviews identified 6 emerging themes: variations of career/family patterns, career encouragers, career obstacles, personal compromises, career changes, and career decision‐making patterns. Insights for strengthening the exploration process and strategies for supporting career management are presented based on the emerging themes.
A Holland Perspective on the U.S. Workforce From 1960 to 2000
Authors: Reardon Robert C. , Bullock Emily E. , Meyer Katie E.
Published: December 2011

The authors analyze civilian occupations and employment data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau in 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000 with respect to 6 kinds of work (Holland's RIASEC [Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional] classification), employment, and gender. For the 1990 and 2000 censuses, kinds of work, gender, and income are analyzed, and for the 2000 census, kinds of work, age, and gender are examined. Past employment trends developed from census data are further analyzed with respect to Bureau of Labor Statistics employment projections through 2012. Implications for further research, employment policy, and career services are offered.
Career Counseling With African Immigrant College Students: Theoretical Approaches and Implications for Practice
Authors: Stebleton Michael J.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article is twofold: (a) to explore the career development needs and issues that are unique to Black sub‐Saharan African immigrants, with an emphasis on college students, and (b) to discuss how career development professionals can implement strategies to better serve these students. The number of Black immigrants from sub‐Saharan African countries has increased recently. Many immigrants are confronted with complex life decisions. Career counselors are in a unique position to assist. Theoretical approaches, with a focus on contextual factors, are discussed. Six strategies for career counseling practice, suggestions for their application, and implications for practice are highlighted.
Classifying At‐Risk High School Youth: The Influence of Exposure to Community Violence and Protective Factors on Academic and Health Outcomes
Authors: Solberg V. Scott H. , Carlstrom Aaron H. , Howard Kimberly A. S. , Jones Janice E.
Published: December 2011

Using cluster analysis, 789 predominately Latino and African American high school youth were classified into varying academic at‐risk profiles using self‐reported levels of academic confidence, motivation to attend school, perceived family support, connections with teachers and peers, and exposure to violence. Six clusters emerged, 5 of which were identified as “at‐risk.” The clusters were examined in relation to academic stress, health status, grades, and school retention. Exposure to violence was one distinguishing feature of youth identified as most vulnerable, vulnerable, and resilient; however, youth identified as resilient recorded better academic outcomes.
Attachment Style and Dysfunctional Career Thoughts: How Attachment Style Can Affect the Career Counseling Process
Authors: van Ecke Yolanda
Published: December 2011

This article examines the relationship between attachment style, measured by Experiences in Close Relationships‐Revised (R. C. Fraley, N. G. Waller, & K. A. Brennan, 2000), and dysfunctional career thoughts, measured by the Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI; J. P. J. Sampson, G. W. Peterson, J. G. Lenz, R. C. Reardon, & D. E. Saunders, 1994a). Two hypotheses related to attachment style and dysfunctional career thoughts were tested with 46 adult immigrants (17 men, 29 women). Results show that both attachment anxiety and avoidance were significantly related to scores on the CTI; increased attachment avoidance also significantly correlated with decision‐making confusion and external conflict. Implications of the relationship between attachment style and dysfunctional career thoughts for the career counseling process are discussed.
Behavioral Exploration of Career and Specialty Choice in Medical Students
Authors: Borges Nicole J.
Published: December 2011

Understanding the process by which students naturally construct and internalize their educational experiences relating to career development is important to career counseling. The author investigated how exploratory behaviors during a community‐based field experience course contributed to the vocational development of 1st‐year medical students. Behavioral exploration data regarding medical career development and specialty decision making were collected from 91 first‐year medical students before and after they engaged in an exploratory behavioral activity, the Ambulatory Care Experience course. Findings suggest that students had not progressed in their medical career development and that more uncertainty existed among students after completing the course.
The Psychology of Working: A New Framework for Counseling Practice and Public Policy
Authors: Blustein David L. , Kenna Alexandra C. , Gill Nadia , DeVoy Julia E.
Published: December 2011

The authors present the psychology‐of‐working perspective (D. L. Blustein, 2006; N. Peterson & R. C. González, 2005; M. S. Richardson, 1993) as an alternative to traditional career development theories, which have primarily explored the lives of those with choice and volition in their working lives. The major historical and conceptual features of the psychology of working are reviewed, with a focus on how this framework provides a more inclusive and, ideally, more just vision for the career counseling field. Implications for career counseling and a case presentation are provided to examine how this new perspective can inform counseling practice. A brief overview of public policy implications concludes the article.
Four Paths to Spirit at Work: Journeys of Personal Meaning, Fulfillment, Well‐Being, and Transcendence Through Work
Authors: Kinjerski Val , Skrypnek Berna J.
Published: December 2011

Spirit at work involves profound feelings of well‐being, a belief that one's work makes a contribution, a sense of connection to others and common purpose, an awareness of a connection to something larger than self, and a sense of perfection and transcendence. This exploratory qualitative study revealed 4 paths leading to spirit at work: the always there path, which had a continuous nature; the coming together path, which resembled a growing and integrative journey; the transformative events path, which was in response to an awakening or crisis; and the contextually sensitive path, which was dependent on the work environment. Implications for career counseling are discussed.
Career Adaptability in Childhood
Authors: Hartung Paul J. , Porfeli Erik J. , Vondracek Fred W.
Published: December 2011

Childhood marks the dawn of vocational development, involving developmental tasks, transitions, and change. Children must acquire the rudiments of career adaptability to envision a future, make educational and vocational decisions, explore self and occupations, and problem solve. The authors situate child vocational development within human life span and life course development paradigms and career development theory. They then consider the theoretical origins of career adaptability and examine it as a critical construct for construing vocational development. Two models derived from career construction theory offer guides for research and counseling practice designed to foster development through work and other social roles.
The Influence of Gender, Generation Level, Parents' Education Level, and Perceived Barriers on the Educational Aspirations of Mexican American High School Students
Authors: Ojeda Lizette , Flores Lisa Y.
Published: December 2011

A portion of social‐cognitive career theory (R. W. Lent, S. D. Brown, & G. Hackett, 1994) was tested by examining contextual factors related to the educational aspirations of 186 Mexican American high school students. A 3‐step hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to determine the influence of gender, generation level, parents' education level, and perceived educational barriers on educational aspirations. Results indicated that perceived educational barriers significantly predicted students' educational aspirations above and beyond the influence of gender, generation level, and parents' education level. Implications for Mexican American students' educational goals are provided.
Hugo Münsterberg and the Origins of Vocational Guidance
Authors: Porfeli Erik J.
Published: December 2011

Hugo Münsterberg was among the most famous psychologists in the world at the turn of the 20th century. Despite his preeminence and associations with prominent leaders in several disciples, including Frank Parsons, his abrasive personality and unpopular politics led to his work being largely ignored during the 20th century. One such work is H. Münsterberg's (1910c) Vocation and Learning: A Popular Reading Course, which represents an early trait‐and‐factor psychological model of vocation. This triangular model suggests that people and vocations are composed of thinking, feeling, and willing dimensions that must be aligned to find the most suitable vocation for the person.
Legacy of the Vocational Bureau of Cincinnati: Research Advances Social Justice
Authors: Burns Stephanie T.
Published: December 2011

The author discusses the lives of Helen Bradford Thompson Woolley and M. Edith Campbell, who together shaped the legacy of the Vocational Bureau of Cincinnati. Using scientific research in controlled experimental settings allowed Woolley and Campbell to legitimize their social and vocational reform agendas and influence powerful government, school, and social service leaders. By 1921, they created 1 of the most progressive vocational programs in the country, delivering career counseling, vocational guidance and placement, physical and psychological testing, educational measurement and testing, protection and services for the physically and mentally handicapped, preventative measures for juvenile delinquency, and scholarships for students.
Vocational Psychology and New Challenges
Authors: Metz A. J. , Guichard Jean
Published: December 2011

A discussion group composed of vocational psychologists, guidance professionals, and career development specialists from around the world identified and discussed new challenges in understanding work and providing relevant career services. Four major themes emerged: What revisions are necessary in the profession's theory and practice to address changes in the nature of work and be more inclusive? How is culture to be addressed? What will help in the advancement from social justice rhetoric to meaningful practice? How can research continue to advance the field?
Vocational Guidance Requests Within the International Scene
Authors: Goodman Jane , Gillis Sarah
Published: December 2011

This article summarizes the work of a diverse group of researchers and practitioners from 5 continents on “Vocational Guidance Requests Within the International Scene” presented in the discussion group at a symposium of the International Association for Educational and Vocational Guidance, the Society for Vocational Psychology, and the National Career Development Association, in Padua, Italy. The role of societal and cultural forces in individuals' vocational decisions, the need to serve a larger percentage of the population with vocational guidance services, and suggestions to address these challenges in the field of vocational guidance were addressed.
Verifying the Efficacy of Vocational Guidance Programs: Procedures, Problems, and Potential Directions
Authors: Perry Justin C. , Dauwalder Jean Pierre , Bonnett Heather R.
Published: December 2011

This article summarizes 12 presentations in Group 7 of the 2007 joint symposium of the International Association for Educational and Vocational Guidance, Society for Vocational Psychology, and National Career Development Association held in Padua, Italy, that focused on procedures for verifying the efficacy of vocational guidance programs. Three themes, or general tensions, emerged from the group's discussion of the presentations: (a) quantitative versus qualitative evidence, (b) public policy needs versus local needs, and (c) comprehensive versus cost‐effective programs. On the basis of these core themes, recommendations are made for 3 potential directions for research that address certain threats and opportunities for the field.
Vocational Psychology and Career Guidance Practice: An International Partnership
Authors: Schultheiss Donna E. Palladino , Van Esbroeck Raoul
Published: December 2011

Vast changes in the world of work spurred by rapid technological growth and globalization have called for a more inclusive, progressive, and forward thinking conceptualization of vocational theory, practice, training, and policy. Discussions across 8 discussion groups at the 2007 joint symposium of the International Association for Educational and Vocational Guidance, Society for Vocational Psychology, and National Career Development Association addressed various topics in the field of vocational psychology and career guidance. Several themes emerged that have captured the attention of career scholars and practitioners across the globe: culture and context in theory and practice, research as a process within a contextual system, partnership and collaboration, and social responsibility and public policy.
A Preliminary Study on the Effectiveness of the Chinese Career Key Online
Authors: Ting Siu‐Man Raymond
Published: December 2011

The Chinese Career Key (CCK) Online was studied for its effectiveness and user satisfaction. Study participants were 92 students at a public high school in Hong Kong. The research findings provide preliminary evidence of reliability, validity, and user satisfaction for the CCK Online. Limitations and implications for future studies and counseling practice across cultures are discussed.
Modern and Postmodern Career Theories: The Unnecessary Divorce
Authors: Sampson James P.
Published: December 2011

Postmodern approaches to career counseling are becoming increasingly popular. Part of the impetus for the postmodern view has involved perceived problems in the assumptions and application of the modern approach. Two points of view have emerged: (a) the modern and postmodern approaches are incompatible, and the postmodern approach is superior to the modern approach and (b) the modern and postmodern approaches are compatible, each with specific benefits and limitations, and individual needs and cost‐effectiveness should govern the decision of which approach to use. Key issues to examine in this discussion are standardized career assessment, aggregate career information, matching, and cost‐effectiveness.
Understanding Women's Underrepresentation in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics: The Role of Social Coping
Authors: Morganson Valerie J. , Jones Meghan P. , Major Debra A.
Published: December 2011

Enrollment of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors is disproportionately small and declining. This study examines social coping to explain the gender gap. Women undergraduates reported using significantly more social coping than did men. Multiple regression analyses revealed that social coping was a stronger predictor of commitment to major for women than for men. Social coping negatively predicted intent to turn over, or withdraw from, their major for women, but not for men. Unexpectedly, social coping negatively predicted academic course grade for men but not for women. Results suggest that women benefit more from social coping than do men. Implications for counselors and policy are discussed.
Improving Measurement of Workplace Sexual Identity Management
Authors: Lance Teresa S. , Anderson Mary Z. , Croteau James M.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to advance measurement of sexual identity management for lesbian, gay, and bisexual workers. Psychometric properties of a revised version of the Workplace Sexual Identity Management Measure (WSIMM; Anderson, Croteau, Chung, & DiStefano, 2001) were examined on a sample of 64 predominantly White K‐12 teachers. Reliability and validity data support the usefulness of the revised WSIMM for measuring sexual identity management. Additional research is needed to improve measurement of passing strategies and to further examine dimensionality of sexual identity management.
Can Heterosexism Harm Organizations? Predicting the Perceived Organizational Citizenship Behaviors of Gay and Lesbian Employees
Authors: Brenner Bradley R. , Lyons Heather Z. , Fassinger Ruth E.
Published: December 2011

An initial test and validation of a model predicting perceived organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) of lesbian and gay employees were conducted using structural equation modeling. The proposed structural model demonstrated acceptable goodness of fit and structural invariance across 2 samples (ns = 311 and 295), which suggested that altruistic OCB performance is precipitated by workplace outness. Furthermore, stigmatization salience and organizational climate for heterosexism predict levels of workplace outness. Organizational climate for heterosexism is negatively related to stigmatization salience. When the model was tested on 2 samples, all structural paths except 1 were significant.
Career Decisions From the Decider's Perspective
Authors: Amundson Norman E. , Borgen William A. , Iaquinta Maria , Butterfield Lee D. , Koert Emily
Published: December 2011

The authors used a phenomenological research method to investigate the career decision‐making experiences of 17 employed adults. Thematic results from interview data analysis were organized within 3 overarching themes: decisions centered on relational life, decisions centered on personal meaning, and decisions centered on economic realities. Study results supported and extended contentions that career decisions are embedded in relational life and have contextual meaning. Belonging and the potential for meaningful engagement were integral to career decisions. Implications for the role of career counselors and career counseling are discussed. Recommendations for counseling that facilitates the consideration of belonging and personal meaning in career decisions are offered.
The Flip Side of Holland Type Congruence: Incongruence and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Dik Bryan J. , Strife Samantha Roberts , Hansen Jo‐Ida C.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the relationship between Holland type (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional; Holland, 1959, 1997) congruence and incongruence (i.e., lack of fit between an occupation's 3‐letter Holland code and a person's lowest 3 Holland interest types) and tested whether incongruence predicts unique variance in satisfaction beyond congruence. Results from an employee sample suggest that incongruence and congruence are distinct constructs (in that they correlated r = ‐.32) and that beyond congruence, incongruence did not predict variance in overall or intrinsic job satisfaction. Counselors are urged to assess both congruence and incongruence, but to focus on helping clients to identify best‐fitting occupations when possible, rather than to merely avoid incongruent occupations.
Stuck in a Loop: Individual and System Barriers for Job Seekers With Disabilities
Authors: Hall Jean P. , Parker Kathy
Published: December 2011

Research conducted within Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996) and Workforce Investment Act of 1998 systems indicates pervasive issues hindering program effectiveness for job seekers with disabilities. This population frequently experiences employment barriers beyond those of able‐bodied job seekers, including significantly lower self‐esteem. Service providers need and want information about disability but do not know how to obtain it. Program staff and job seekers with disabilities get stuck in a loop wherein each questions their ability and neither feels empowered to make meaningful changes to improve outcomes. Career counselors may need to expand their role to be more culturally relevant for these clients.
Gender Differences in Personal Income and Financial Risk Tolerance: How Much of a Connection?
Authors: Roszkowski Michael J. , Grable John E.
Published: December 2011

Prior research indicates that relative to men, women generally have lower incomes and typically are more risk averse. In a sample of the clientele of financial planners, men had higher personal incomes and exhibited greater financial risk tolerance, which is consistent with previous studies. The authors' objective was to determine how much of the gender difference in income could be explained by risk tolerance. Results indicate that risk tolerance can explain some of the variation in earnings between women and men but that it is not a primary reason for the wage gap.
Educated Immigrant Women Workers Doing Well With Change: Helping and Hindering Factors
Authors: Koert Emily , Borgen William A. , Amundson Norman E.
Published: December 2011

The authors investigated the strategies that helped or hindered 10 immigrant women workers to do well with change that affected their work. A total of 182 incidents were extracted and grouped into 9 categories: personal beliefs/traits/ values, taking action, skills/education, personal challenges, self‐care, relationships/ support, government/community resources, work environment, and contextual challenges. Results support and extend contentions that both internal/personal and external factors are key successful adaptation to change for immigrant women. Implications for research and practice are discussed. Counseling recommendations are offered for individuals who are struggling with change.
The Exploration of Role Induction as a Potential Method for Improving Men's Perceptions of Career Counseling
Authors: Kantamneni Neeta , Christianson Heidi Fowell , Smothers Melissa Kraemer , Wester Stephen R.
Published: December 2011

The authors explored the influence of role induction on men's perceptions of career counseling and attitudes toward seeking professional help. Two separate role inductions were presented to 268 male college students; the first discussed holistic career counseling, and the second integrated a discussion of male gender role socialization. Results demonstrated that participants who viewed the holistic role induction reported greater valuing of career counseling when compared with a control group. However, results indicated no difference in perceptions of career counseling between a holistic career counseling role induction and one that included socialized male perceptions of counseling.
Career Style Interview: A Contextualized Approach to Career Counseling
Authors: Taber Brian J. , Hartung Paul J. , Briddick Hande , Briddick William C. , Rehfuss Mark C.
Published: December 2011

Clarification of a client's self‐concept and its implementation in the world of work remains an overarching goal of career counseling. To date, counselors have largely used objective measures of interests, values, needs, and abilities in their efforts to accomplish this goal. Objective assessments alone offer decontextualized views of the self, often disregarding nuances in individual differences. To address this problem, counselors can use the Career Style Interview (CSI), which forms the assessment as a method for attaining a more comprehensive and personally meaningful representation of the self. A description of the CSI and a case study are presented to promote counselor understanding of this method.
Relationships Among Career and Life Stress, Negative Career Thoughts, and Career Decision State: A Cognitive Information Processing Perspective
Authors: Bullock‐Yowell Emily , Peterson Gary W. , Reardon Robert C. , Leierer Stephen J. , Reed Corey A.
Published: December 2011

According to cognitive information processing theory, career thoughts mediate the relationship between career and life stress and the ensuing career decision state. Using a sample of 232 college students and structural equation modeling, this study found that an increase in career and life stress was associated with an increase in negative career thinking and that an increase in such thoughts was associated with a lower level of decidedness and satisfaction with career choice. However, when the variation associated with negative career thoughts was partitioned in the mediated causal model, career and life stress became associated with less career indecision and dissatisfaction with career choice. The results suggest that counselors attend to negative career thoughts when individuals encounter career and life stress.
Voluntary Midlife Career Change: Integrating the Transtheoretical Model and the Life‐Span, Life‐Space Approach
Authors: Barclay Susan R. , Stoltz Kevin B. , Chung Y. Barry
Published: December 2011

Frequent career change is the predicted experience of workers in the global economy. Self‐initiating career changers are a substantial subset of the total population of career changers. There is currently a dearth of theory and research to help career counselors conceptualize the career change process for the application of appropriate interventions. The authors present an integration of a well‐researched behavior change theory, the transtheoretical model of change, with Super's (1990) life‐span, life‐space approach. The corresponding stages of the 2 models are discussed along with theoretically appropriate interventions. The integrated model provides the basis for future research on the change process for voluntary midlife career changers.
Explaining Career Decision‐Making Self‐Efficacy: Personality, Cognitions, and Cultural Mistrust
Authors: Bullock‐Yowell Emily , Andrews Lindsay , Buzzetta Mary E.
Published: December 2011

The authors explore the hypothesis that career decision‐making self‐efficacy could be affected by negative career thoughts, Big Five personality factors, and cultural mistrust in a sample of African American and Caucasian college students. Findings demonstrated that negative career thinking, openness, and conscientiousness explained a significant amount of variance in career decision‐making self‐efficacy in a general sample of college students, but no unique variance was explained by cultural mistrust in a sample of African American college students.
Attitudes Regarding Career Counseling: Perceptions and Experiences of Counselors‐in‐Training
Authors: Lara Tracy M. , Kline William B. , Paulson Donald
Published: December 2011

The authors explored attitudes regarding career counseling. Interview data were analyzed and conceptualized using grounded theory methods. Peers, faculty, and programs influenced participants' attitudes. Participants' observations regarding instruction and developed understanding of their own career development figured into favorable attitudes regarding career counseling. Data revealed that students did not perceive that they were competent or confident conducting career counseling. Implications for counselor education are discussed.
The Influences of Career Support and Sexual Identity on Sexual Minority Women's Career Aspirations
Authors: Fisher Lauren D. , Gushue George V. , Cerrone Michelle T.
Published: December 2011

The authors examined the relationship between sexual identity, family/friend career support, and career aspirations in a sample of 381 sexual minority women. The results indicated that family career support and friend career support were positively related to career aspirations of sexual minority women. The results also indicated that the relationship between family career support and career aspirations depended on the level of negative sexual identity. The findings demonstrate the utility of social cognitive career theory (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994, 2002) with this particular population. Limitations and implications for further research and practice are discussed.
Application of Planned Behavior Theory to Account for College Students' Occupational Intentions in Contingent Employment
Authors: Huang Jie‐Tsuen
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to apply Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behavior to examine college students' intentions to engage in contingent employment. Data were collected from 845 students in 8 colleges and universities in Taiwan. The results of structural equation modeling analyses indicated that both attitude and subjective norms were significant in predicting intention. However, the relationship between perceived behavioral control and intention was not significant. In addition, the findings also revealed that subjective norms predicted intention indirectly through attitude. Finally, implications and future directions are discussed.
Adolescent Career Development in Urban‐Residing Aboriginal Families in Canada
Authors: Marshall Sheila K. , Young Richard A. , Stevens Alison , Spence Wayne , Deyell Stewart , Easterbrook Adam , Brokenleg Martin
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to understand how urban‐residing Aboriginal adolescent–parent dyads (n = 11) jointly constructed and acted on goals and strategies with their social supports (n = 17) to facilitate the adolescents' career development. A modified protocol following the qualitative action‐project method was used. A discrete joint project was identified for each family. These joint projects can be clustered into 3 joint career development projects: (a) navigating toward a safe future, (b) negotiating school continuance, and (c) intergenerational continuity through tradition of care. A 4th project emerging from the data was family survival. Family survival projects supplanted participants' efforts to engage in career development projects.
Religion As Experience in the Family
Authors: ANDERSON JAMES A.
Published: December 2011

The simple fact is that whatever is seen or heard has its impact on the person seeing or hearing it. Anything that is seen and/or heard by a person asks that person to make an explanation to himself about it. As we've seen so many times before, if there is no opportunity to check out the explanation, then that explanation becomes the “fact.” The “fact” may be accurate or inaccurate, but it will be the basis upon which the individual will base his actions and opinions.

This is the reason I believe so many children grow up to be adults who see themselves as versions of saints or devils instead of living, breathing human beings who feel.