bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Confraternities and Popular Conservatism on the Frontier: Mexico’s Sierra del Nayarit in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: van Oosterhout K. Aaron
Published: September 2014

I’ve passed two frightful years due to this same gang, and was even robbed by them,” wrote the priest Dámaso Martínez on September 29, 1857. “I suffered all of this, but did not think my own life was in danger. Today, this is not the case. … I believe the Indians have sold my life to them.

During the nine months prior to the writing of this report to the Guadalajara See, the parishioners of Santa Maria del Oro had presented a series of demands for money in the priest’s possession. Some 400 pesos had been gained from the forced sale of their lay brotherhood’s property, and they wanted the money so they could buy back the land. By August 1857, however, the parishioners’ attempts at legitimate reclamation, through both ecclesiastical and civil channels, had ended in disappointment. Rumors had long circulated that these Indian parishioners were allied with a prominent gang leader in the region, Manuel Lozada. Thus it likely came as little surprise when Martinez found himself huddled in his church in late September as Lozada’s gang ringed the town, accompanied by the town’s prominent Indians, and demanded that the priest and the local magistrate come out and surrender. Martinez was rescued only by the intervention of state troops, who scattered Lozada’s gang and allowed the priest to flee.
Humanism, creativity and rights: invoking Henri Lefebvre’s right to the city in the tension presented by informal settlements in South Africa today
Authors: Huchzermeyer Marie
Published: September 2014

In urban South Africa today, there is evidence of deep-rooted exclusions, signalling the ongoing need to realise city rights. While the socio-economic rights framework is a liberal one, the ‘right to the city’ as coined by the French sociologist/philosopher Henri Lefebvre in the late 1960s stems from a Marxist humanism. The literature that considers the relevance of Lefebvre’s ‘right to the city’ for the urban condition of the 21st century largely emanates from and speaks to urban struggles in the First World or so-called ‘global North’. At the same time, a prominent shack dwellers’ movement in South Africa invokes an explicitly Lefebvrian right to the city in its urban struggles over the past eight years. This paper discusses key aspects of Lefebvre’s ‘right to the city’, in part contested, in relation to the field of tension that represents informal settlements in cities such as Johannesburg today. It focusses in particular on Lefebvre’s humanist concept of a right to the ‘ oeuvre ’ or ‘creative work’ in relation to that of ‘inhabiting’. These are less explored dimensions of Lefebvre’s right to the city, but of central relevance for an engagement with informal settlements and for constructive mobilization around the South African urban condition today.
Reward and adversity processing circuits: their competition and interactions with dopamine and serotonin signaling
Authors: Vadovičová Karin , Gasparotti Roberto
Published: September 2014

We propose that dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), anterior insula (AI), and adjacent caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex (clOFC) project to lateral habenula (LHb) and D2 loop of ventral striatum (VS), forming a functional adversity-processing circuit (APC), directed toward inhibitory avoidance and self-control. This circuit learns what is bad or harmful to us and evaluates and predicts risks – to stop us from selecting and going/moving for the bad or suboptimal choices that decrease our well-being and survival chances. The proposed role of dACC is to generate a “warning” signal when things are going (or might end) bad or wrong to prevent negative consequences: pain, harm, loss, or failure. The AI signals about bad, low, noxious, and aversive qualities, which might make us sick or cause discomfort. These cortical adversity-processing regions directly and indirectly activate (via D2 loop of VS) the LHb, which then inhibits dopamine (DA) and serotonin release (and is reciprocally inhibited by ventrotegmental area/substantia nigra compacta [VTA/SNc], dorsal and median raphe nucleus [DRN, MRN]) to avoid choosing and doing things leading to harm or loss, and to make us feel worse or even down when overstimulated. We propose that DA attenuates the output of the APC, thus decreasing inhibitory avoidance and self-control, while serotonin attenuates the dACC, AI, clOFC, D1 loop of VS, LHb, the amygdala, and pain pathway. Thus, by reciprocal inhibition, by causing DA and serotonin suppression and by being suppressed by them, the APC competes with the reward-processing circuit (RPC) for control of choice behavior and affective states. We propose the stimulating effect of DA and the calming inhibitory effect of serotonin on the active avoidance circuit involving the amygdala, linked to threat processing, anger, fear, self-defense, and violence. We describe the causes and roles of DA and serotonin signaling in health and in mental dysfunctions. We add new ideas on the role of the ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) in signaling that we are doing well and in inducing serotonin, when we gain/reach safety, comfort, valuable resources (social or biological rewards), affection, and achieve goals.
S(anger) Goes Postal in The Woman Rebel: Angry Rhetoric as a Collectivizing Moral Emotion
Authors: Winderman Emily
Published: September 2014

This essay maintains that the intensive anger that scholars have dismissed in Margaret Sanger’s The Woman Rebel functioned rhetorically to redefine morality in the Progressive Era. After advancing a theory of angry rhetoric as a public moral emotion, I offer a reading strategy of emotional adherence to track anger’s diffuse discursive power in The Woman Rebel. The angry rhetoric of The Woman Rebel not only laid a new cultural ideal for the morality of contraception, it also constituted a militant identity for those oriented by their anger at The Woman Rebel’s suppression and Sanger’s criminal indictments. This essay closes by meditating upon the lasting role that anger has played in energizing the International Planned Parenthood Federation over the past 60 years.
“The Guardian Genius of Democracy”: The Myth of the Heroic Teacher in Lyndon B. Johnson’s Education Policy Rhetoric, 1964–1966
Authors: Steudeman Michael J.
Published: September 2014

The myth of the heroic teacher posits that transformational educators, through sheer will, dedication, and selflessness, can break through complacent school bureaucracies to alter the lives of students born into difficult circumstances. Like all myths, the heroic teacher myth functions as depoliticized speech; it reconciles the competing egalitarian and individualistic components of the American Dream by providing a heroic resolution to indissoluble tensions. As president, Lyndon B. Johnson invoked his experience as an educator to construct a character formally aligned with historic conceptions of ideal teaching. Through this construction, he developed a framework of educational heroism that related synecdochically to the institutional reforms propounded by his landmark education legislation. By analyzing Johnson’s education policy rhetoric between 1964 and 1966, I argue that Johnson’s use of the heroic teacher myth operated to shift the antipoverty emphasis of the Great Society to the center of federal calls for education reform. I conclude by juxtaposing Johnson’s invocation of the myth against that of contemporary education reformers, who marshal the myth toward a less sustainable vision of education that valorizes heroic teachers as the solitary cure for poverty.
“There Was No One Coming With Enough Power to Save Us”: Waiting for “Superman” and the Rhetoric of the New Education Documentary
Authors: Hermansen Paige M.
Published: September 2014

The critically acclaimed 2010 documentary film Waiting for “Superman” depicts American public education as a fundamentally flawed system and argues that privately managed charter schools are the best solution to our country’s education crisis. This essay argues that Waiting for “Superman” is significant because of how successfully its argument for charter schools appealed to a broad and politically diverse audience. After tracing the rhetoric of contemporary pro-privatization education reform from the Reagan administration’s 1983 A Nation at Risk report to current pro-charter-school reform efforts, this article aims to demonstrate how the film’s populist overtones, packaged in a traditionally liberal medium, work to strategically conceal the filmmaker’s neoliberal agenda.
Of Heart & Kidneys
Authors: Kao Robert M.
Published: September 2014

A major challenge in teaching organ development and disease is deconstructing a complex choreography of molecular and cellular changes over time into a linear stepwise process for students. As an entry toward learning developmental concepts, I propose two inexpensive hands-on activities to help facilitate learning of (1) how to identify defects in heart and kidneys and (2) what evolutionarily conserved strategies from organ development can be applied to understand how to repair these defects. The ease of assembling these activities, combined with traffic flow as a metaphor for physiological function of heart and kidneys, provides students the opportunity to explore and discover biological concepts in organ formation and disease.
Evolution Makes More Sense in the Light of Development
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , Minelli Alessandro
Published: September 2014

We highlight some important conceptual issues that biologists should take into account when teaching evolutionary biology or communicating it to the public. We first present conclusions from conceptual development research on how particular human intuitions, namely design teleology and psychological essentialism, influence the understanding of evolution. We argue that these two intuitions form important conceptual obstacles to understanding evolution that should be explicitly addressed during instruction and public communication. Given that a major issue in evolution is understanding how very different forms may share common ancestry – antievolutionists have argued that this is inconceivable – we suggest that evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo), which provides concepts and evidence that large morphological change is possible, could be used to address the intuitions that organisms have fixed essences (psychological essentialism) and that their structure indicates some kind of intentional design (design teleology).
Explicitly Linking Human Impact to Ecological Function in Secondary School Classrooms
Authors: Wyner Yael , Becker Jonathan , Torff Bruce
Published: September 2014

Both the old National Science Education Standards (NSES) and the recent Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) devote significant resources to learning about human environmental impact. Whereas the NSES advocate learning about human environmental impact in a section apart from the science-content learning strands, the NGSS embed them in the core life-science and ecology learning strands. We describe a study that compared the effects of these different approaches on ninth-grade biology student learning. It found that students learned significantly more human-environmental-impact and ecological-function content when human-impact content was embedded in ecology content than when human impact was taught as a discrete unit from ecology.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy following Treatment with Rituximab in an HIV-Negative Patient with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Felli Valentina , Di Sibio Alessandra , Anselmi Monica , Gennarelli Antonio , Sucapane Patrizia , Splendiani Alessandra , Catalucci Alessia , Marini Carmine , Gallucci Massimo
Published: September 2014

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare rapidly progressive demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by reactivation of latent John Cunningham (JC) polyomavirus (JCV) infection. We describe an unusual case of PML in a 54-year-old patient with follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma who received rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, oncovicin and prednisolone (R-CHOP) therapy. She started to notice gradual progressive neurological symptoms about two months after completion of rituximab treatment and was therefore admitted to hospital. On admission, brain CT and MRI showed widespread lesions consistent with a demyelinating process involving the subcortical and deep white matter of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres. CT and MRI findings were suggestive of PML, and JC virus DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction assay of the cerebrospinal fluid and serum. The patient was treated supportively but reported a progressive worsening of the clinical and radiological findings. Our report emphasizes the role of CT and MRI findings in the diagnosis of PML and suggests that PML should be considered in patients with progressive neurological disorders involving the entire nervous system and mainly the white matter, especially in the presence of previous immunomodulatory treatment or immunosuppression.
Sacral Morel-Lavallée Lesion: A Not-So-Rare Diagnosis
Authors: Tresley Jonathan , Jose Jean , Saraf-Lavi Efrat , Sklar Evelyn
Published: September 2014

Morel-Lavallée lesions are closed soft tissue degloving injuries with a propensity to become infected, arising in the lumbosacral region or even the scalp, common anatomical locations in neuroradiological studies. The radiologist must recognize this entity, its traumatic etiology, and treatment options. Our patient's Morel-Lavallée lesion was evaluated with ultrasound and MRI, demonstrating a predominantly hemorrhagic lesion successfully managed by aspiration.
Susceptibility Artifacts in Ruptured Intracranial Dermoid Cysts: A Poorly Understood but Important Phenomenon
Authors: Sood Shashank , Gupta Rajiv
Published: September 2014

Rupture of intracranial dermoid cyst is a rare event. The classical imaging feature is described as a fat-containing lesion with tiny fat droplets in the subarachnoid or ventricular system. The lesion and the fat droplets show susceptibility blooming artifact on susceptibility-weighted images (SWI). Knowledge of this fact is important because these lesions mimic the blooming artifact of haemorrhage on SWI. The cause of the susceptibility artifact in intracranial dermoids has not been reported in the literature to date. We describe two cases of ruptured intracranial dermoids in the basifrontal region and review the clinical and imaging features and possible causes of susceptibility artifacts in intracranial dermoid cysts.
Intracranial Venous Hemodynamics and Rupture of Cerebral Aneurysm
Authors: Fong-Ytsai  , Lee Kwo-Whei , Chen Wei-Liang , Liu Chi-Kuang , Kuo Chen-Ling
Published: September 2014

Many uncertain and inconsistent etiologies of cerebral aneurysmal rupture including a wide spectrum of factors have been reported. Our recent observation discloses the potential new factor of cerebral aneurysm rupture with cerebral venous pressure gradient. We retrospectively reviewed 52 cases treated with coil embolization with or without cerebral aneurysmal rupture. Seventeen males and 30 females were recruited in this study. Quantitative color-coded cerebral angiography was performed during coil therapeutic procedures to measure cerebral venous circulation. Ruptured cases had shorter and symmetrical cerebral venous circulation time (P <0.05). In addition, an asymmetrical venous outflow pattern was critical for aneurysmal rupture. Non-ruptured cases tended to have slower and asymmetrical cerebral venous circulation compared with rupture cases. Symmetrical and shorter cerebral venous circulation in the dysplasia venous outlet may be a potential new factor for cerebral aneurysm rupture.
Ovarian steroids do not affect bovine endometrial cytokine or chemokine responses to Escherichia coli or LPS in vitro
Authors: Saut João P E , Healey Gareth D , Borges Alan M , Sheldon I Martin
Published: September 2014

The risk of bacterial infection of the endometrium causing uterine disease in cattle is increased in the progesterone-dominated luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, while oestrogens or oestrus are therapeutic or protective against disease. The first line of defence against bacteria, such as Escherichia coli that cause inflammation of the endometrium, is the innate immune system, which recognises bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This study tested the hypothesis that cyclic variation in ovarian hormone concentrations alters innate immune responses within the bovine endometrium. Ex vivo organ cultures of endometrium, and in vitro cultures of endometrial epithelial and stromal cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), all mounted inflammatory responses to E. coli or LPS, with secretion of inflammatory mediators interleukin 1β (IL1β), IL6 and IL8, and increased expression of mRNA encoding IL1B, IL6, CXCL8 (IL8) and CCL5. However, these inflammatory responses, typical of innate immunity, were not affected by the stage of ovarian cycle in which the endometrium was collected for organ culture, or by exogenous oestradiol or progesterone. Although a dexamethasone-positive control reduced inflammation stimulated by E. coli or LPS, treatment with oestradiol or progesterone, or inhibitors of oestradiol or progesterone nuclear receptors, did not affect endometrial cell or PBMC secretion of IL1β, IL6 or IL8, or IL1B, IL6, CXCL8 and CCL5 gene expression. In conclusion, the stage of the oestrus cycle or ovarian steroids did not modulate the innate immune response in the bovine endometrium in vitro.
MicroRNAs Influence Reproductive Responses by Females to Male Sex Peptide inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Fricke Claudia , Green Darrell , Smith Damian , Dalmay Tamas , Chapman Tracey
Published: September 2014

Across taxa, female behavior and physiology change significantly following the receipt of ejaculate molecules during mating. For example, receipt of sex peptide (SP) in female Drosophila melanogaster significantly alters female receptivity, egg production, lifespan, hormone levels, immunity, sleep, and feeding patterns. These changes are underpinned by distinct tissue- and time-specific changes in diverse sets of mRNAs. However, little is yet known about the regulation of these gene expression changes, and hence the potential role of microRNAs (miRNAs), in female postmating responses. A preliminary screen of genomic responses in females to receipt of SP suggested that there were changes in the expression of several miRNAs. Here we tested directly whether females lacking four of the candidate miRNAs highlighted (miR-279, miR-317, miR-278, and miR-184) showed altered fecundity, receptivity, and lifespan responses to receipt of SP, when mated once or continually to SP null or control males. The results showed that miRNA-lacking females mated to SP null males exhibited altered receptivity, but not reproductive output, in comparison to controls. However, these effects interacted significantly with the genetic background of the miRNA-lacking females. No significant survival effects were observed in miRNA-lacking females housed continually with SP null or control males. However, continual exposure to control males that transferred SP resulted in significantly higher variation in miRNA-lacking female lifespan than did continual exposure to SP null males. The results provide the first insight into the effects and importance of miRNAs in regulating postmating responses in females.
A New Simple Method for Improving QTL Mapping Under Selective Genotyping
Authors: Lee Hsin-I , Ho Hsiang-An , Kao Chen-Hung
Published: September 2014

The selective genotyping approach, where only individuals from the high and low extremes of the trait distribution are selected for genotyping and the remaining individuals are not genotyped, has been known as a cost-saving strategy to reduce genotyping work and can still maintain nearly equivalent efficiency to complete genotyping in QTL mapping. We propose a novel and simple statistical method based on the normal mixture model for selective genotyping when both genotyped and ungenotyped individuals are fitted in the model for QTL analysis. Compared to the existing methods, the main feature of our model is that we first provide a simple way for obtaining the distribution of QTL genotypes for the ungenotyped individuals and then use it, rather than the population distribution of QTL genotypes as in the existing methods, to fit the ungenotyped individuals in model construction. Another feature is that the proposed method is developed on the basis of a multiple-QTL model and has a simple estimation procedure similar to that for complete genotyping. As a result, the proposed method has the ability to provide better QTL resolution, analyze QTL epistasis, and tackle multiple QTL problem under selective genotyping. In addition, a truncated normal mixture model based on a multiple-QTL model is developed when only the genotyped individuals are considered in the analysis, so that the two different types of models can be compared and investigated in selective genotyping. The issue in determining threshold values for selective genotyping in QTL mapping is also discussed. Simulation studies are performed to evaluate the proposed methods, compare the different models, and study the QTL mapping properties in selective genotyping. The results show that the proposed method can provide greater QTL detection power and facilitate QTL mapping for selective genotyping. Also, selective genotyping using larger genotyping proportions may provide roughly equivalent power to complete genotyping and that using smaller genotyping proportions has difficulties doing so. The R code of our proposed method is available on http://www.stat.sinica.edu.tw/chkao/.
RENEWABLE FIBERS AND BIO-BASED MATERIALS FOR PACKAGING APPLICATIONS – A REVIEW OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: Johansson Caisa , Bras Julien , Mondragon Iñaki , Nechita Petronela , Plackett David , Šimon Peter , Gregor Svetec Diana , Virtanen Sanna , Giacinti Baschetti Marco , Breen Chris , Aucejo Susana
Published: September 2014

This review describes the state-of-the-art of material derived from the forest sector with respect to its potential for use in the packaging industry. Some innovative approaches are highlighted. The aim is to cover recent developments and key challenges for successful introduction of renewable materials in the packaging market. The covered subjects are renewable fibers and bio-based polymers for use in bioplastics or as coatings for paper-based packaging materials. Current market sizes and forecasts are also presented. Competitive mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties along with material availability and ease of processing are identified as fundamental issues for sustainable utilization of renewable materials.
The literature of diagnosis and therapy
Authors: Schubert András
Published: September 2014

This analysis is based on journal papers published in the period 1975–2013 with title words referring to diagnosis or therapy. The literature of both topics is growing dynamically and in an ever accelerating pace. At the same time, the two topics appear to get more and more separated – except for a part of the German-language literature. The share of therapy-oriented literature is increasing and its citation rate is higher, although 9 of the 10 most cited papers are from the topic of diagnostics. The Hungarian literature (papers having at least one Hungarian authors) appeared to be proportional and balanced. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(39), 1563–1565.
Novelties in the ongoing 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases
Authors: Babarczy Balázs
Published: September 2014

The development of the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases has been underway since 2007. The World Health Organisation, its coordinator, currently schedules the completion to 2017. The novel classification system has a similar high-level structure than the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases, while the entities are significantly more detailed and contain more parameters. The development process aims at the harmonisation of the 11th revision definitions with the codes of other information technology systems, potentially allowing the statistical use of far more clinical information than at present. Meanwhile, this complex development process is confronted at several difficulties. The developers are awaiting the comments of all professionals concerning the Beta-version of the system, available on the Internet. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(39), 1535–1537.
L’umanesimo post-moderno, sfida all’educazione cristiana
Authors: Pajer Flavio
Published: September 2014

The XX century, in the Western countries, offered a profusion of conceptions, frequently similar in the tension they generate, but almost never exempt from strong ideological premises, and most of all inconclusive and discordant in their practical applications. The beginning of the new Millennium, almost as a reaction, has developed an utopia of a new, so called, postmodern humanism. These conceptions are not antireligious, but rather postsecular. They represent a considerable challenge to the Christian Churches’ educational tradition, that in turn are convinced to possess (as a monopoly?) the universality of the symbolic goods. It is a challenge on the ground of values and ultimate goals (problem of the ethical and religious pluralism, freedom of religion and belief, new paradigm of the relationship science-faith), but also a challenge on the field of educational procedures and institutional frameworks (conflict between public and private, relevance of the media pervasiveness, primacy of the instrumental knowhow over the humanistic one, the cultural generational gap, etc…). Among the conditions to confront this educational challenge in a correct manner, the article strongly suggests, in order to handle the new complexity of the reality, to adopt a strategy of graduality, to reinstate at the centre of one’s thought and life the formation of an ethic of responsibility.
Der Kategorische Imperativ als Grundstein der Menschenwürde und Form der Offenbarung Gottes bei Immanuel Kant und Karol Wojtyla
Authors: Waleszczuk Zbigniew
Published: September 2014

The aim of this analysis is to show the categorical imperative as the cornerstone of human dignity and form of revelation of God in the work of Immanuel Kant and Karol Wojtyla. The suspicious and distant attitude of Christian philosophers, as well as the Catholic Church compared to Kant has a long history. To this day there are only a few researches that analyse from this point of view (Kantian influences) the philosophical thinking of Karol Wojtyla. Though Kant identified the question of God as the cardinal question of our abstract rationality, he believed in God and future life, even in his lifetime he was underestimated, misunderstood and treated with hostility. The experience of duty is”ratio conoscendi” of freedom in Kant and Wojtyla. For the two thinkers the question of freedom is the basic category of there philosophies. Through which authority moral law challenges the human being? Kant and Wojtyla, both philosophers comprehend the highest authority as divine power which formulated the moral law before man. The “holy lawmaker” – God – reveals himself in the human act.
Religious foundations of Princes Lubartowicz-Sanguszko of Kowelski lineage. in the turn of the 17th and 18th century in Wołyń
Authors: Marszalska Jolanta M.
Published: September 2014

The foundation activity of the Princes of the House of Sanguszko in the turn of the 17th and 18th centurypresented in this paper does not depict the whole religious experience and people’s faith who passed away. Among many outstanding personages the greatest were Szymon Samuel Sanguszko and his heirs, especially Paweł Karol Sanguszko, who played an important role in founding churches and convents. Such an expansive foundation activity of the Sanguszkos in their ancestral possessions, especially the borderlands, had its powerbase. The sources of which were, among others, the financial status, the positions held and indeed it was characteristic of the fall of the baroque epoch, according to which one ought to take care of their eternal life by being helpful. This helpfulness boiled down to numerous foundations and philanthropic activity for the deprived. What is more, the founders secured for themselves, often after stormy lives, prayers for their souls in the convents and churches they donated, which also usually became the places of their burials. It is worth emphasizing that many of the Sanguszko family chose religious vocations as priests, monks or nuns. Undoubtedly, it was a manifestation of living faith and deep religious devotion of one of the most important families in the Republic of Poland and Latvia in the 17th and 18th century.
The Liquidation of the Roman Catholic Clergy of the Latin Rite in the USSR (1917–1938)
Authors: Szczepaniak Jan
Published: September 2014

After the peace treaty with Poland (18 March 1921) and after the reorganization of the Church administration in 1921 and in 1923, ten administrative units of the Catholic Church were placed within the borders of the USSR; eight were of the Latin rite and two of the Eastern rite. In this article, the author presents the history of repressions organized by the Soviet authorities towards the Roman Catholic Church (1917–1938) with special attention given to the process of liquidation of the Roman Catholic Clergy of the Latin rite.
The Clergy of the Archdiocese of Lviv of the Latins in Aid of the Jewish Nation during the Years of the German Occupation from 1941–1944. An Outline of the Events
Authors: Chajko Grzegorz
Published: September 2014

During the German occupation, large numbers of Poles were actively involved in assisting the persecuted Jews. Among the Poles who extended help were also priests from the Archdiocese of Lviv of the Latins. This article addresses their assistance and protection of the many Jews who were being persecuted by the German Army. Certainly, it does not exhaust the subject, but constitutes some contribution to ongoing research. It is not an easy undertaking, since the sources are extremely scanty, and the search for any information is both a time and labor consuming occupation. Still, given the information gathered here, we are given an opportunity to discern a certain image of clergymen who unhesitatingly sacrificed themselves to save the lives of people who were followers of a different faith. Two priests laid down their lives in the process.
Die Freiheit – das besondere Kennzeichen einer modernen Jugenderziehung
Authors: Stala Józef
Published: September 2014

The author of the article struggles with a paradox: the post-modern age which views itself as pluralistic nonetheless appears to yearn for upbringing. At the beginning of XXI century, the dissonance between human development, full participation in a wide range of spiritual culture and a tendency to strictly technical education, oriented mainly on efficiency and profits appears in a full range. In this context it is important to educate young people in the responsible use of the gift of freedom. The author of this article presents freedom as a characteristic sign of youth education in the present century. He also shows the pluralism of values and upbringing aimed towards freedom. The author also underlines the Christian approach to freedom, understood as both a gift and a task received from God. Pedagogy of freedom is not a question of transmitting human knowledge, even of the highest kind; it is rather a question of responsibly communicating with God and people. God Himself used a pedagogy that must continue to be a model for the pedagogy of freedom.
L’engagement missionnaire actuel du diocèse de Tarnów dans le contexte du 225ème anniversaire de sa création. L’Église de Tarnów – les envois des missionnaires et leurs répercussions
Authors: Czermak Krzysztof
Published: September 2014

This article presents actual missionary involvement of the diocese of Tarnów in the context of the 225th anniversary of its existence. For 38 years, Catholic missionaries from the diocese of Tarnow have been traveling the globe educating other cultures about the Christian faith as well as organising everything needed for the improvement of people’s spiritual and physical lives. So, missionary activities have two dimensions – spiritual and material. The bishop’s role, as the ruler and centre of unity in the diocesan apostolate, is to promote missionary activity, to direct it and to coordinate it, but always in such a way that the zeal and spontaneity of those who share in the work may be preserved and fostered. The missionary activities in the diocese of Tarnow have been strongly supported by the bishops: Jerzy Ablewicz, Józef Życiński and Wiktor Skworc, who have sent 118 priests to the three continents. The Tarnow missionary work is a great contribution to the evangelization of the countries in Africa, South America and, more recently, in Asia (mostly Kazakhstan). This commitment has been marked by the seal of martyrdom by one of the priest – Fr. Jan Czuba who was murdered in the Republic of Congo in 1998. Currently, the Diocesan Missionary Agency has sent 46 priests as missionaries: 14 to Africa, 27 to Latin America and 5 to Kazakhstan. Apostolic activity is organized not only by priests, but also by lay missionaries: one in Cameroon, two in the Central African Republic and additionally two volunteers.
Handlungskompetenzen des Religionslehrers und Katecheten, eine an der Vermittlung pädagogischer und katechetischer Fähigkeiten orientierte Ausbildung
Authors: Stala Józef
Published: September 2014

RE teachers are required to demonstrate the professional, theological, psychological and pedagogical knowledge and skills delineated in professional and institutional standards to facilitate the process of learning and upbringing. True respect for the pupils does not only call RE teacher for the adaptation of the teaching method, but also demands to develop many skills and undertake the emotional, intellectual, personal and religious formation. Handlungskompetenzen (the a ctionrelated competencies) seems to be very important for every teacher, but especially for RE teacher and catechist, because they are influenced by teacher’s beliefs and values. These competencies are the complex abilities needed to enact spontaneously specific knowledge in learning situation. This paper highlights the importance of the teachers’ actions or reactions in critical and/or challenging teaching/learning situations and ability to explain a topic in the response to pupils’ difficulty and questions. Equipping RE teachers and catechists to meet the needs of diverse pupils means also to help them in planning the educational actions and critical evaluation of didactical processes. Consequently, RE teacher or catechist needs to be not only a teacher, but also pedagogue and faith witness. Therefore, he/she should be characterized by a willingness to lifelong learning, enthusiasm for self-study and broad mindedness.
Występy muzyczne w kościołach
Authors: Pawlak Ireneusz
Published: September 2014

Music in churches performed outside the liturgy had already appeared in the Middle Ages. However, the Church was always considered the place to praise God, so the repertoire was adapted to the seriousness of a sacral building. In the course of time, this sense of sacrum started to diminish, which has become particularly visible since the Baroque period and has been continuing to this day. The contemporary liberalism has brought to the music, among others, conceptual relativism. It is characterised by setting new meaning to the concepts which had not raised doubts until now. For example, an “artist” – a performer who has little in common with artistry. The same problem refers to a “concert”, as every performance is commonly accepted, even the one that is average, as giving a concert. The documents of the Catholic Church clearly demand that music which is basically secular ought not to be brought to churches. Apart from that, there are also requirements as to the repertoire, involving instruments, the performers’ behaviour and audience during musical performances in churches. The idea is that the nature of the music itself and the atmosphere connected with it should reflect the seriousness of the place of performance and are conducive to the act of spiritual building of the gathered followers, deepening their devotion, not so much on the aesthetic level as on the religious one. In such a way the Church has been defending against the weakness of faith and shows the right way for the glory of God.
Sakralność religijnej kontrafaktury świeckich utworów
Authors: Kałamarz Wojciech
Published: September 2014

The phenomenon of contrafactum, that is giving new lyrics to the melody that already functioned with different words, is an old and common practice which occurred in many forms. Most often the term is associated with giving religious lyrics to a melody that previously possessed secular words. But this is only one of many possibilities. For centuries valuable melodies were used with both secular and religious words, regardless of original interrelationships of a particular melody.Today, in society sensitive to copyrights, the practice of contrafactum raises a lot of emotions. Also, it often evokes mixed feelings in the milieus which are involved in sacred music. This is because melodies, to some extent, convey with them the meaning of the words to which they are related, especially in the minds of the people who know these words. The secularity of melody can therefore be present not only in purely musical characteristics of a particular melody (e.g., dance rhythm, chromatization, great variety of emotions and emotional intensity), but also with secular context with which it is identified by the people who use this melody, for example, the intention which lead to the creation of a particular melody or with its original meaning. On the other hand, sacred music is the music created to participate in a sacred reality (an integral part of liturgy) and in some sense also to co-create this reality by praising the glory of God and sanctifying the faithful.When giving a secular melody to religious lyrics it is important to make sure that during liturgy their potential users should not associate this melody with anything secular. It should be composed in a perfect manner, in accordance with the rules of counterpoint. It should be a melody containing diatonic sounds, without unnecessary tension, alterations, and with dignified rhythm so that it lent itself to being performed by a large number of people. Moreover, it should simply be beautiful and its proportionally selected components should create internal unity of music and highlight the meaning of the lyrics to which it is to be added. Finally, the melody along with the words should be approved by the appropriate authority of the Church. Only then can we begin to consider it as a sacred, i.e., a liturgical song.
Początkowe stadia życia ludzkiego według Homera
Authors: Gilski Marek
Published: September 2014

The article tried to find a response to the question how Homer identified the first stages of human life. The analysis helped to make the following conclusions:Many Greek terms used to describe human life (αἰών, βίος, ζωή, ϑυμός, μένος, ψυχή) show awareness of ancient Greeks for the rich phenomenon of human life and the difficulties in describing it precisely;Homer’s works testify to the rising of the terminology connected with human life. Among them we can find the terms referring to the fact of conception (γείνομαι, κυέω, τίκτω, ὑποκύομαι) and birth (γείνομαι, ἐξάγω πρὸ φόως, τίκτω). Homer understands the notion of “embryo” in a quite different way comparing it to the later literature. He refers this term not to a child in the mother’s womb, but to a child already born.According to Homer’s opinion childbirth does not constitute any significant turning point in human life.The new life is a result of God’s cooperation with parents.
Starotestamentowe życie nienarodzonych
Authors: Węgrzyniak Wojciech
Published: September 2014

The article aims to analyze the Old Testament’s idea of life before birth. Firstly, I examine some expressions describing sexual intercourse. Secondly, I study the meaning of the word הרה hārāh “to conceive”. Thirdly, I analyze some crucial texts (ad es. Rdz 25, 21– 24; Wj 21, 22–25; Hi 10; Ps 139). At the end, I offer a brief synthesis of the Old Testament’s idea about life between conception and birth.
Współczesna teologia moralna o szacunku dla ludzkiego embrionu w ujęciu Livio Meliny
Authors: Kraj Tomasz
Published: September 2014

The current age is witnessing the depreciation of the value of innocent human life in the context of medicine and biotechnology. A principal issue concerns human embryos which may be conceived unnaturally through in vitro fertilization. Some of them are destined to be born and lead normal lives. However the majority of them are killed either through the very procedure of IVF or subsequently as subjects of various forms of experimentation. The Roman Catholic Church strives to protect human embryos. Her moral teaching addresses the problem continuously; however the most fervent teaching concerning this problem is John Paul II’s encyclical letter Evangelium vitae. This encyclical explains the great value of innocent human life with reference to three fundamental theological statements: that the humans are the only beings created in God’s image and likeness, that they were redeemed by the passion, death, and resurrection of God’s Son, and that they are called to communion with God. This special relationship with God creates the human’s dignity and gives his life its particular value. Nobody has the authority to dispose of his/her life according to his/ her individual inclination any more than he has the authority to decide the same in the case of others. The life of any innocent human being which starts with conception may not be violated and nobody may be justified in killing innocent people. The killing of human embryos is the most common case of such killing in the current age.
Droga jako synonim zbawienia w Koranie. Refleksje lingwistyczno-teologiczne
Authors: Micherdziński Marek
Published: September 2014

The metaphor of the way is one mode of seeing the salvation. Quran as the Holy Book of salvation for the Muslim believers attempts to handle the religious experience in category of the way. The metaphor of the way is in Quran expressed by the words of Arabic voculary derivated from the triliteral verbal root { ﺪﻫى } hdy. They are firstly the nominal derivatives: ﻫُﺪًى hudan – „right guidance, right way, right path, true religion” (S. II, 2. 38). Quran as the Book of Salvation to a people who believe is named: ﻫُﺪًى ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ hudan wa-raḥmatan – „a guidance and a mercy” (S. VII, 52; XVI, 64.89; XXVII, 76–77; XXXI, 2– ﻫُﺪًى ﺑﻭشُْﺮَى ,( 3 hudan wa-bušrà – „guidance and glad tidings” (S. II, 97; XXVII, 1–2) oraz ﻫُﺪًًى ﻭشِ ﺎﻔء hudan wa-šifāʼun – „a guide and a cure” (S. XLI, 44). In Torah, Gospel Book and Quran „was guidance and light” for those who have Taqwà of Allāh (S. V, فﻴهِ ﻫُﺪًى ﻮﻧﻭرٌ : 46 fīhi hudan wa-nūrun). The synonims of way leadings to salvation are the followings terms: سَ ﻴﺒلُ ﷲِﺍ sabīlu l-Lāhi – „the cause of Allāh” i صِﺮَﺍط ﻤﻟﺍُﺴْ ﻘﺘ ﻢِﻴُ ṣirātu l-mustaqīmu – „correct guidance”. However the noun ﻫﺎَدٍ hādin – „the Guide” is one of theophanic names of Allāh (S. XXII, 54; XXV, 31). The verbal derivatives serve to define of the divine action in believers life (S. II, 143. 198; VI, 87; XVI, 36; XXXIX, 18; XCIII, ﻫَﺪَى : 7 hadà – „guided”). Allāh „guide” ( ﻳَهْﺪِى yahdī) the people who believe to the salvation, to the truth and to Himself. He is absolutely independent in giving salvation, it's signified with phrase ﻣَنْ ﻳشََﺎء man yašāʼu – „whom He wills” (S. II, 142. 213. 272; VI, 88; X, 25; XVI, 4. 93; XXIV, 35. 46; XXVIII, 56; XXXV, 8). The blievers are named أ ﻤﻟُهْ ﺪﺘُ ﻥﻭَ ʼal-muhtadūna – „the guided” (S. Vi, 82). The antithesis of the verb „guide” is verb أضَلﱠ ʼaḏalla – „leads astray” (S. LXXIV, 31). The expressions the mutual experiential base is connected with the Bible whose name is nomadism. The ancient Hebrews and Arabs were nomads. Therfore the metaphoric of way serves to name the various spheres of his life and culture. The metaphore of divine guidance the man to the salvation in Quran has the pattern in the biblical texts. The hebrew equivalents to the expressions are the words of Hebrew vocabulary derivated from the more verbal roots: { נחה } nẖh, { דרך } drk, { אשׁר } ʼšr, { ארח }ʼrẖ, { עגל } ʻgl, { נתב } ntb, { סלה } slh. The biblical texts are for the author of Quran starting-point to moulding the own conception of salvation. The elaborated in this article expressions serve to describe one of the divine action of salvation. It relies on guidance of the believers on the right way to salvation. The name of Allāh, „The Guide”, is guarding the man from the mistakes on this way.
Wiara w Kościele, lecz dla świata. Rekonstrukcja interpretacji nauczania Vaticanum II
Authors: Napiórkowski Andrzej
Published: September 2014

With more and more time perspective, it is easier and more correctly to read the meaning and spirit of the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965). The article shows that it was not dogmatic or even pastoral – as it is often said to be. Its main aim was to develop a new relationship between the Church and the modern era, between Christianity and the essential elements of modern teaching. For popes John XXIII and Paul VI it was not important to conform to the world, but to present and remind modern man – inclined to move away from God – the importance of Gospel’s Truth in all its purity. Therefore Vatican II defined firstly, the relationship between faith and modern teaching, secondly, established the relationship between the Church and the modern state, and finally, differently specified the relationship between Christian faith and religions in the world. Despite many tensions between the socalled “traditionalists” and “progressives”, the Council was ultimately a brilliant event of the Holy Spirit and human effort, renewing the face of the Church and the hearts of Christians especially in the modern perspective of faith. The Council opened the Church for people thanks to the call of enlarging the faith in Jesus Christ.
Czy współczesna antropologia uwzględnia wiarę?
Authors: Kraj Tomasz
Published: September 2014

At present there are two predominant world outlooks on anthropology. On one side, there is Christian anthropology which takes faith into consideration. Taking faith into consideration means seriously considering such issues as: the linear concept of time, the Christian concept of man created in the image and likeness of God, the concept of human freedom, and the concept of human personhood rooted in metaphysics. The majority of contemporary anthropological positions reject the transcendent and metaphysical dimensions of the world, the existence of God, and the Christian concept of man. The main area of anthropological conflict is in bioethics. The main reason for the rejection of the Christian worldview is an infatuation with empirical science which results in categorical reductionism and scientism. It is said that empirical methodology is the only methodology which provides reliable knowledge about the world and man. The other reason for the rejection of the Christian concept of man derives from dualistic anthropology related to Descartes. It treats the human body as a raw material to be used to form the human being according to the ideas born in his/her mind. It may be particularly dangerous for man. The rejection of God and his plans for man exposes the latter to serious problems. To avoid them he should revise his epistemology and open himself to the integral truth about himself and the world. It is Christian anthropology based on the Christian faith which provides him this insight into truth.