bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Edge Effects in Angle-Ply Composite Laminates*
Authors: Hsu Peter W. , Herakovich Carl T.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the results of a zeroth-order solution for edge effects in angle-ply composite laminates obtained using perturbation tech niques and a limiting free body approach. The general solution for [±θ]

laminates is applied to the special case of a [±45]s graphite/epoxy lamin ate. Interlaminar stress distributions are obtained as a function of the laminate thickness-to-width ratio h/b and compared to finite difference results.

The solution predicts stable, continuous stress distributions, determines finite maximum tensile interlaminar normal stress σz, and provides mathe matical evidence for singular interlaminar shear stresses τ xz and τyz in [±45] graphite/epoxy laminates.
Evaluation of the Tensor Polynomial Failure Criterion for Composite Materials
Authors: Tennyson R.C. , Macdonald D. , Nanyaro A.P.
Published: March 2007

A comprehensive experimental and analytical evaluation of the tensor polynomial failure criterion was undertaken to determine its capability for predicting the ultimate strength of laminated composite structures subject to a plane stress state. Results are presented demonstrating that a quadratic formulation is too conservative and a cubic representation is required. Strength comparisons with test data derived from glass/epoxy and graph ite/epoxy tubular specimens are also provided to validate the cubic strength criterion.
The Chain-of-Bundles Probability Model for the Strength of Fibrous Materials II: A Numerical Study of Convergence
Authors: Harlow D.G. , Phoenix S.L.
Published: March 2007

A thorough numerical investigation is conducted for the chain-of- bundles probability model. The emphasis is on studying the convergence of certain transformed distributions. Strong numerical evidence of con vergence is presented in support of a weakest link transformation for scal ing to large fibrous materials. Also, exact results are graphed for small bundles. The numerical results are discussed in light of the key questions and conjectures raised in the preceding paper of this series. For practical purposes the Weibull distribution may be used to represent the strength distribution of fibrous materials. The associated shape and scale parameter values for the fibrous material agree extremely well with those that are experimentally observed, as is shown in a specific example. The variability in strength is substantially reduced in passing from a single fiber to the fibrous material, but for customary specimen sizes, the median strength of the fibrous material is somewhat less than that of the fiber.
Axial Compression of a Helically Wound, Laminated Paper Tube
Authors: Beatty M.F. , Cheng W.C.
Published: March 2007

When one end of a helically wound, laminated tube is free to rotate, axial loading alone will induce a torsional twist about the tube axis. This paper concerns an experimental investigation of this compressive deforma tion behavior of such tubes. Helically wound, laminated paper tubes serve to model the structure. The special apparatus used to accurately measure the free end rotation of the specimen is described. It is found that the total angle of twist reaches a critical value at roughly the same time that the axial compressive force achieves a maximum value at which the cylinder walls buckle by folding inward along the helical fiber lines of the tube. At the onset of buckling, the previously nonlinear and monotonically in creasing twisting rate changes rather abruptly to a constant value; thus, this effect further identifies collapse of the tube. Although the critical angle of twist increases with the tube length, for the short tubes studied here, there seems to be no apparent dependence of the critical load on the length. Empirical equations that relate the critical angle of twist and the subse quent uniform, post buckling twisting rate to the tube length are pre sented.
Damping in Fiber Reinforced Laminated Composites at High Strain
Authors: Plunkett Robert
Published: March 2007

Damping factors were determined for cantilever beams made of cross- plied epoxy fiberglass laminates as they were vibrated at different strain levels in first and second mode bending simultaneously. It was found that the damping factor could be calculated from the crack density and the strain volume function at maximum previous strain and was almost inde pendent of the current strain distribution. It was also found that the damp ing factor was almost the same in both first and second modes and that, unlike metals, there was very little interactive effect.
Some Investigations of Effective Thermal Conductivity of Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Gogó Wieslaw , Furmański Piotr
Published: March 2007

The effective thermal conductivity of a unidirectional composite was determined. Inner structure of the composite was approximated by symmetric, rectangular arrangement of fibers. The composite thermal con ductivity was calculated with the use of different theoretical methods and compared to experimental data obtained from a model of the composite and the composite itself. Good agreement was found between theory and experiment. Temperature fields in the composite were also calculated. The results of the effective thermal conductivity occurred to be lower than the analogical values obtained by Adams and Doner. It was found that for isotropic composite having up to 50% fiber volume fraction, Hashin and Rosen's formula for "random arrangement" of fibers could be successfully used. Two pairs of bounds on the composite thermal conductivity were studied. Each of them was found to be narrower for different range of fiber volume fraction.
Calculations of the Room-Temperature Shapes of Unsymmetric Laminatestwo
Authors: Hyer Michael W.
Published: March 2007

The cured shape of unsymmetric laminates do not always conform to the predictions of classical lamination theory. Classical lamination theory predicts the room-temperature shapes of all unsymmetric laminates to be a saddle. Experimental observations, however, indicate some unsymmetric laminates have cylindrical room-temperature shapes. In addition, some unsymmetric laminates exhibit two stable room-temperature configurations, both cylindircal. This paper presents a theory which explains these characteristics. The theory is based on an extension of classical lamination theory which accounts for geometric nonlinearities. A Rayleigh-Ritz approach to minimizing the total potential energy is used to obtain quantitative information regarding the room-temperature shapes of square T300/5208 [02/902] T and [04/904] T graphite-epoxy laminates. It is shown that, depending on the thickness of the laminate and the length of the side of the square, the saddle shape configuration is actually unstable. For values of length and thickness that render the saddle shape unstable, it is shown that two stable cylindrical shapes exist. The predictions of the theory are compared with existing experimental data.
Three-Dimensional Elastic Moduli of Graphite/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Knight Marvin
Published: March 2007

The 3-dimensional elastic moduli are measured from testing simple ten sion, compression, and shear specimens. The results are in good agreement with the isotropic and reciprocal relations for a transversely isotropic material. Existing data obtained by ultrasonic techniques and another mechanical testing technique compare well with our data. The bounds of Poisson's ratio for transversely isotropic materials are shown to be zero and unity.
Effect of Transverse Shear Deformation on Anisotropic Plate Buckling
Authors: Cohen Gerald A.
Published: March 2007

Critical in-plane normal and shear loads of rectangular anisotropic laminated plates are presented. These were calculated using the shell code FASOR, which includes the effect of transverse shear deformation. For simply-supported orthotropic laminates with midplane symmetry normal buckling loads are verified by a closed-form solution derived from transverse shear deformation plate theory. Results are compared to previously pub lished solutions from three-dimensional elasticity theory and classical plate theory.
Monte Carlo Simulation of the Strength of Hybrid Composites
Authors: Fukuda Hiroshi , Chou Tsu-Wei
Published: March 2007

This paper first deals with the stress concentration factors for a general fiber breakage model. The knowledge of stress redistribution at fiber fracture is then used for a Monte Carlo simulation of composite strength. The theoretical analysis has predicted the multiple fracture pattern of the low elongation fibers and the progressive nature of failure of hybrid composites. The enhanced ultimate failure strain of the hybrid as compared with that of the low elongation fiber composites signifies a hybrid effect. The major fin dings of this theoretical analysis coincide well with experimental observa tions.
Interfacial Matrix Stresses in Composites Due to Misfitting Cylindrical Constituents
Authors: Fritz Peter J. , Queeney Richard A.
Published: March 2007

The constituent phases in composite materials of all types can induce local residual stress due to their differing mechanical responses. Changes in thermal, mechanical, or chemical states, encountered in processing or service applications, will generate these stress fields. Analytical solutions to isolated spherical or cylindrical inclusions exist, but the interaction of stress fields among neighboring constituents has not been examined in detail. The present study examined the matrix stress fields at the interface between the matrix and hexagonal arrays of misfitting cylinders. Stresses were analyzed using the photoelastic method, wherein the matrix was the photoelastic material. As the nearest-neighbor cylindrical inclusions first approach each other, there is a tendency for both radial compression and tensile hoop stress components to increase beyond values predicted for single, isolated inclusions. At nearest-neighbor separations less than 40% of the cylindrical inclusion diameter, however, the contact pressure between reinforcement and matrix decreases. At the same time, the tensile hoop component in creases markedly, less so in the hexagonal array than for two inclusions. The physical positioning and arraying of the reinforcement will clearly determine the local stress in duced by processing, which, in turn, will influence composite response and service endurance.
Orthotropic Thermoelastic Problem of Uniform Heat Flow Disturbed by a Central Crack
Authors: Tsai Y.M.
Published: March 2007

The linear thermoelastic problem of uniform heat flow disturbed by a central crack in an orthotropic plate is investigated using the techniques of Fourier Transforms and multiple integrations. The thermoelastic stresses and displacements in the crack plane are obtained in closed forms. The stress intensity factor is presented as a function of the material properties.
A Symmetric Rail Shear Test for Mode II Fracture Toughness (GIIC) of Composite Materials—Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Lakshminarayana H.V.
Published: March 2007

Using a high precision triangular finite element model, the elastic stress field in a symmetric rail shear test specimen is determined. The results are graphically presented and discussed. A simple finite element technique for energy release rate analysis of the pre-cracked test specimen is presented. Numerical results showing the effects of material properties and crack length are tabulated as normalized stress-intensity fac tors. Based on this numerical study it is fair to say that the symmetric rail shear test with some modifications is a viable method for shear characterization of composite materials in general and for GIIC determination in particular. Final acceptance of the test method, however, awaits experimental verification.
Design of Composite Laminates Containing Pin Loaded Holes
Authors: Chang Fu-Kuo , Scott Richard A. , Springer George S.
Published: March 2007

Methods are presented for sizing composite laminates containing one, two, or several pin loaded holes, the holes being arranged either in a single row or in two parallel rows. It is shown how the design parameters (number of holes, hole diameter, hole positions) can be found, which result in the maximum failure load and in the max imum failure load per unit weight.
The Tensile Behavior of Intraply Hybrid Composites I: Model and Simulation
Authors: Fariborz S.J. , Yang C.L. , Harlow D.G.
Published: March 2007

The basic chain-of-bundles probability model is modified so that any unidirectional intraply hybrid composite consisting of two types of fibers can be modeled. The method of analysis is the Monte Carlo simulation technique which allows for many dif ferent types of hybrids to be analyzed. The effect of the volume ratio of the consti tuents and the degree of dispersion of the types of fibers is considered. The existence of the "hybrid effect" for strain is shown along with its sensitivity to volume ratio and dispersion. The Weibull distribution function is shown to be a good representation for the hybrid breaking strain.
Effect of Specimen Geometry on the Energy Absorption Capability of Composite Materials
Authors: Farley Gary L.
Published: March 2007

Static crushing tests were conducted on graphite and Kevlar1 reinforced epoxy tubes to examine the influence of specimen geometry on the energy absorption capability of com posite materials. Tube inside diameter to wall thickness (D/t) ratio was determined to sig nificantly affect the energy absorption capability of composite materials. As D/t ratio decreases, the energy absorption capability increases nonlinearly. The energy absorption capability of K/E tubes was found to be geometrically scalable but energy absorption of Gr/E tubes was not geometrically scalable.
The Effect of Variable Fiber Aspect Ratio on the Stiffness and Thermal Expansion Coefficients of a Short Fiber Composite
Authors: Takao Y. , Taya M.
Published: March 2007

The effect of variable fiber aspect ratio l/d on the thermo-mechanical properties of aligned short fiber composites is analytically studied by use of the Eshelby's equivalent inclusion method. Then, the thermo-mechanical properties of the composite predicted for a given density function (l/ d) are compared with those obtained for the mean value of (l/ d). Based on this comparison, the validity of using the mean value is discussed. As a demonstration, the results on two types of a short fiber composite are presented, SiC whisker/Aluminum and Carbon fiber/Epoxy composites.
Effects of Cure and Sizing on Fiber-Matrix Bond Strength
Authors: Peters Piet W.M. , Springer George S.
Published: March 2007

Experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of cure and sizing on the bond strength between graphite fiber bundles and epoxy resins. Fiberite 976 and 934 resins and Thornel T300 (3K) fibers were used in the tests. The fibers were either uncoated (no siz ing) or coated with different types of sizing. Pure resin specimens and resin specimens containing a single coated or uncoated fiber bundle were prepared by curing in a mold at different temperatures. The specimens were subjected to three-point bending, and the load versus deflection curves were recorded. Photomicrographs of fiber bundles em bedded in the resin were also taken. The data show the influence of the cure temperature (and the corresponding degree of cure) on the fracture strain and on the stiffness of the pure resins. The data also indicate the effects of cure temperature and sizing on the fiber bundle-resin bond strength (as manifested by the specimen's fracture strain), and the effect of sizing on the geometry of the bundle and on the fiber density inside the bundle.
An Experimental and Finite Element Investigation Into the Mechanical Response of 0/90 Pin-Loaded Laminates
Authors: Serabian S.M. , Oplinger D.W.
Published: March 2007

A linear elastic, orthotropic, plane stress finite element approximation, using laminate mechanical properties found from mechanical testing and the application of laminate plate theory, has been generated for a 0/90 pin-loaded laminate. In-plane, front surface, dis placement field contours and rear surface "pointwise" strain values have been experimen tally determined using conventional moire and strain gage techniques. Location of the locus of maximum experimental shear strain above the pin compare well with linear finite element predictions while shear strain comparisons along this locus appear to differ due to the nonlinear effects of shear softening and material failure. Shear softening effects were explored through a nonlinear elastic, orthotropic, plane stress finite element approxima tion that utilized measurements on the nonlinear in-plane shear response of the laminate to upgrade its assumed constituative equations. Finite element results were post processed to reflect experimental conditions and computer generated moire fringes were developed. Application of a two dimensional version of Hoffman's failure criterion to the linear elastic finite element approximation was undertaken in an initial attempt to investigate failure characteristics.
Finite Element Analysis for Load Distribution of Multi-Fastener Joints
Authors: Shoumei Wang  , Yao Xin Han
Published: March 2007

In this paper, a general and effective method is provided for load investigation of mul tirow joint fasteners, using finite element method. For the plates in contact, two- dimensional eight-node elements are utilized while a particular shear-resisting element is developed to simulate the fasteners. The properties of materials may be either isotropic or orthotropic or composite materials. The patterns of fastener arrangement, section length and end distance, etc. are not limited.
Toward In Situ Testing of the Mechanical Properties of Composite Panels
Authors: Doyle James F.
Published: March 2007

Phase changes of flexural waves propagating in a composite panel are used to infer the mechanical properties. Experimental results for a Scotchply laminated composite are presented.
Investigation of Fracture Behavior of a Composite Crack Arrestor
Authors: Jozavi H. , Dupuis C.W. , Sancaktar E.
Published: March 2007

This report summarizes an investigation into the mechanical fracture of a pipeline sleeve to be utilized as a crack arrestor. The sleeve, intended for commercial use, is a filament- wound unidirectional E-glass/polyester composite as determined by our spectroscopic and microscopic analysis. The tensile stress-strain and fracture behavior of the crack arrestor are evaluated both in-situ and also by using the ASTM standards E:399-81 and E:23-82.
Reinforcing Mechanism by Small Diameter Fiber in Short Fiber Composite
Authors: Sato Norio , Kurauchi Toshio , Sato Shigeyuki , Kamigaito Osami
Published: March 2007

Influence of fiber diameter on the mechanical properties of short fiber composite was studied by using smaller diameter fibers than conventional ones. Strength and toughness of the composite reinforced with the small diameter fibers were improved, compared to those of the composite reinforced with the conventional ones, except for extremely small diameter fibers. Thus, there exists the maximum value for the strength and toughness for the optimum fiber diameter. This result indicates that there is an optimum condition for the reinforcing effectiveness by the small diameter fibers. In order to analyze the reinforc ing mechanism by the small diameter fibers, fracture mechanism of the composite was studied by an acoustic emission analysis, in-situ SEM observation of failure process, and observation of plastic deformation of the matrix. As a result, initiation and propagation of microcracks occurring at fiber/matrix interface were found to be strongly suppressed by using the small diameter fibers, compared with those in the conventional composite. A model for explaining the reinforcing mechanism by the small diameter fibers was pro posed, which can well explain the presence of the optimum fiber diameter, resulting in the highest reinforcing effectiveness for the composite.
Acoustoelastic Response of Unidirectional Fiber Composites
Authors: Chatterjee Sailendra N.
Published: March 2007

The paper deals with the problem of determining the change in wave velocities in uni directional fiber reinforced composites due to applied or residual processing stresses. A simple averaging scheme is described to compute effective properties relating increments in average Lagrangian stresses and displacement gradients over a representative volume el ement due to small disturbances over the prestressed state. Computed wave velocities are compared with test data obtained during temperature cycling reported in literature.
Mixed-Mode Fracture of Notched Unidirectional and Off-Axis Laminates under Tensile Loading
Authors: Tan Seng C.
Published: March 2007

The mixed-mode fracture of matrix dominated composite laminates con taining central holes and cracks was studied using some graphite/epoxy off-axis AS4/3502 balanced symmetric laminates, [±ϕ2] s. The uniaxial failure of a 0° laminate, which is the main load carrier of multidirectional laminates, was also investigated. Interesting results were observed for the [± ϕ 2] s laminates with a central normal crack. In this paper, the terms "notch sensitivity" and the "notched shape sensitivity" are distinguished, defined and classified with examples. Anisotropic finite width correction factors were applied to inter polate the experimental data. In general, the predicted notched strength and the failure initiation locations correlate reasonably well with the experimental results.
Prediction of Notched Strength of 3D Carbon Carbon Materials Under Tension with Small Off-Axis Angle, Part II
Authors: Gu Z.L. , Peiguang Liu
Published: March 2007

Under tension with small off-axis angle, the notch in a plane specimen of 3D carbon carbon material propagates self-similarly at first. Then, the specimen is sheared to rupture along the direction of the fiber bundles in some of the layers and perpendicular to the fiber bundles in the remaining layers, as the number of broken fiber bundles reaches a critical value rc. The failure is catastrophic. No additional load is needed to break more fiber bundles after the first fiber bundle in front of notch tip is broken. The observation suggests that the notched strength of 3D carbon carbon specimen is dictated by the tensile strength of fiber bundle at notch tip, as in the case of simple tension. The difference lies only in that the fiber bundle in this case is subjected to shear stresses besides tensile stresses and the shear stress substantially reduces its tensile strength. Experimental mea surements of tensile and shear strength of fiber bundles under combined tensile and shear stresses were performed. The stress field near the notch tip was computed using the finite element method based on a global-local concept. Finally, the notched strength of 3D car bon carbon specimen was calculated and ratios of rc/n (n is the total number of fiber bundles in the width direction) were also predicted. The predictions match the experimen tal results very well.
First Order Analysis of Stiffness Reduction Due to Matrix Cracking
Authors: Gudmundson Peter , Östlund Sören
Published: March 2007

In this paper the reduction in effective elastic constants of composite lami nates due to matrix cracking is considered. A general easily applicable theory valid for two- and three-dimensional analysis of thin as well as thick laminates is presented. The theory is based on the change of elastic energy in a laminate at the appearance of a matrix crack in one layer. This information combined with a dilute approximation , i.e., different matrix cracks are considered not to interact with each other, is utilized to estimate the re duction of elastic constants for a certain crack density. The theory is asymptotically exact for nk « 1, where nk is the number of cracks per unit thickness of the cracked ply and a correct value of the slope of the stiffness reduction crack density curve is obtained at nk = 0.
Processing and Modelling of Resistance Welding of APC-2 Composite
Authors: Xiao X.R. , Hoa S.V. , Street K.N.
Published: March 2007

The process for resistance welding of APC-2 composite has been devel oped with the aid of thermal analysis using two-dimensional finite element modelling. The numerical prediction was used as a guide for selecting the processing parameters. Single- lap shear testing and microstructure viewing were employed for bonding evaluation. Re sistance welded joints achieved a shear strength 33.9 ± 2.3 MPa and retained this strength after hot-wet conditioning. The fibre orientation adjacent to the bondline layer was found to have an influence on the failure mode and thus the shear strength.
Damage and Failure Mechanisms of Continuous Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyphenylene Sulfide
Authors: Chen F. , Hiltner A. , Baer E.
Published: March 2007

The damage that accompanies flexural deformation of a unidirectional glass fiber composite of polyphenylene sulfide was examined by acoustic emission (AE) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These complementary techniques were used to identify damage mechanisms at the micro-scale and correlate them with the macroscopic stress state in four-point bending. The AE location technique made it possible to extend this approach to analysis of damage in more complex stress states than previously. A pair of AE sensors was used to determine the location of specific AE events in relation to the loading points. The flexural stress-strain curve was nominally linear to about 1.0% strain, but the onset of damage detectable by AE occurred at 0.3% strain. Two peaks in the AE amplitude distribution were observed at 35dB and 60dB. Low amplitude events were de tected along the entire length of the specimen, and correlation with direct observations of damage made by deforming the composite on the SEM stage suggested that these events arose from matrix cracking and fiber debonding concentrated at flaws in the composite. High amplitude events occurred primarily in the region of highest flexural stress between the inner loading points, they were attributed to fracture of glass fibers on the tension side and surface damage on the compressive side.
Attributions for Achievement-Related Events, Expectancy, and Sentiments
Authors: Betancourt Hector , Weiner Bernard
Published: March 2007

This investigation examined the perceived properties of causal attributions for success and failure and their consequences. Eight attributions or perceived reasons for success and failure, such as ability, effort, and luck, were rated by Chilean and U.S. samples for three causal properties—locus (internal versus external), stability (endurance over time), and controllability (degree to which the person can volitionally alter the cause). The ratings between the two cultures were quite similar and in accordance with attribution theory classifications, although Chilean subjects perceived the external causes as more external, the stable causes as less stable, and the controllable causes as less controllable than did subjects from the United States. In addition, predicted relations between causal stability-expectancy of success and controllability evaluation and liking were also generally confirmed in both cultures. Results were discussed in terms of the generality versus cultural specificity of attributional principles in the achievement domain.
Effects of the Power to Retaliate on Physical Aggression Directed Toward Middle-Eastern Jews,Western Jews, and Israeli-Arabs
Authors: Bizman Aharon , Schwarzwald Joseph , Zidon Atara
Published: March 2007

Aggression displayed by Middle-Eastern (M-E) and Western (W) Israeli high school students was tested by a factorial design comprising the following four variables: subject's ethnic origin (W/ M-E); victim's origin (W/ M-E/ Israeli-Arab); power to retaliate (exists/lacking); and experimental period (5 periods, each consisting of 10 trials). In a competitive situation 127 eleventh-grade male subjects were given the opportunity to administer electric shocks to opponents who were either W, M-E, or Israeli-Arab. Half of the subjects expected their opponents to reciprocate shocks, the others did not. It was found that during the experimental periods aggression toward the M-E victims increased when they were not expected to retaliate; it decreased gradually when these same victims were expected to retaliate. This pattern was displayed by both M-E and W subjects. Only M-E subjects displayed less aggression toward an Israeli-Arab victim who was expected to retaliate. The findings were interpreted in light of both M-Es' ethnic image and their fear of Arabs.
Strong, Quasi-, and Weak Conformity among Japanese in the Modified Asch Procedure
Authors: Noriyuki Matsuda
Published: March 2007

The present study was conducted to shed light on the cross-cultural discrepancies previously reported about Japanese conformity behavior in the Asch type situation. By virtue of the controlled group cohesiveness and the stringent definition of conformity, we were able to confirm the contextual effect of the general collectivity orientation facilitating conformity, whereas the reverse was believed to hold in the past. Moreover, the effect of group cohesiveness was found to vary depending on the schedule of information feedback and judgment revision. Our hypothesis about the effects of group cohesiveness and "amae" motive was supported when the chances for both social comparisons and reevaluation were deprived in the noncritical trials.
Effects of a Decade of Satellite Television in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Coldevin Gary O. , Wilson Thomas C.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the longitudinal effects of Canadian network television relayed via satellite into the predominantly Eskimo community of Frobisher Bay. Comparisons are made among Euro-Canadian and Eskimo adolescents residing in Frobisher Bay, and Eskimo adolescents from isolated, more traditional settlements scattered throughout the region. Data collected in 1974 on a range of information levels and social-psychological postures are compared with those generated by two comparable survey instruments administered in 1980 and 1983. The data analysis revealed that many of the striking novelty effects on "television-town" Eskimo adolescents observed during 1974 were largely dissipated by 1980, a condition that remained essentially stable throughout 1983. The results are discussed within the context of the recently created Inuit Broadcasting Corporation and its potential counterweight role in tempering the negative psychological effects associated with modernization through culturally relevant television programming.
Relation between Self-Esteem and Delinquent Behavior in Three Ethnic Groups
Authors: Leung Kwok , Drasgow Fritz
Published: March 2007

The hypothesis that low levels of self-esteem are related to high frequencies of delinquent behaviors was examined in three ethnic groups in the United States (blacks, whites, and hispanics). Item response theory was first used to assess the measurement equivalence of a 10-item self-esteem scale and a 7-item delinquent behavior scale across the three groups. Two biased items from the self-esteem scale were eliminated, and the relation between the remaining eight items and the delinquent behavior scale was examined in the three groups. Regression analyses showed that the proposed hypothesis may hold for the white sample, but not for the black and hispanic samples. It was also found that although whites and blacks reported similar levels of self-esteem, hispanics reported somewhat lower levels. Methodological and substantive implications of the results are discussed.
Managerial Perceptions of Performance
Authors: Sullivan Jeremiah J. , Suzuki Teruhiko , Kondo Yasumasa
Published: March 2007

In a cross-cultural experiment the research sought to identify emic theories of individual and group influences on the performance control process. Results suggested that both Japanese and American managers have a Rational Man theory of the individual in the control process. However, differences occurred in their theory of group functioning: Americans tend to see groups as helping to reduce the risk of poor performance, whereas Japanese see them as enhancing good performance.
Fair Division, Adjusted Winner Procedure (AW), and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
Authors: Massoud Tansa George
Published: March 2007

A dispute resolution mechanism called Adjusted Winner (AW), developed by Brams and Taylor, is used to propose a plausible solution to the final status issues between Israel and the Palestinians. Unlike conventional negotiating procedures, AW possesses desirable qualities including equitability, efficiency, and envy freeness. Based on data from an original survey, results show that when the issues of security and borders are kept separate, Israel is likely to have its demands met on the issues of security, East Jerusalem, normalization of relations, and water. The Palestinians will win on the issues of sovereignty, Israeli settlements in the West Bank, Israeli settlements in Gaza, and Palestinian refugees. Both sides will need to compromise on the issue of boundaries. If security and borders are lumped together as one issue, Israel and the Palestinians will share on the issue of East Jerusalem.
The Effects of Intragroup Communication on Intergroup Cooperation in the Repeated Intergroup Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) Game
Authors: Goren Harel , Bornstein Gary
Published: March 2007

The intergroup prisoner's dilemma (IPD) game was played repeatedly in an attempt to distinguish the dynamic process associated with reciprocation at the intergroup level from that resulting from adaptation at the individual level. Results show that when players were not allowed to communicate with one another, they gradually learned that it does not pay to participate, but when within-group communication was allowed, the overall effect was to increase individual participation. However, this effect varied greatly in later stages of the game. In some cases, intragroup communication eliminated individual participation and rewarded the members of both teams with the mutually cooperative outcome, but in other cases, it intensified the intergroup conflict to its maximal level of full participation. The implications of these findings for conflict resolution are discussed.
The Relevance of Politically Relevant Dyads
Authors: Lemke Douglas , Reed William
Published: March 2007

Relevant dyads are pairs of contiguous states or pairs of states including at least one major power. They are argued to be the population of dyads at risk of international conflict and are increasingly commonly used as the cases analyzed by conflict researchers. Does reliance on relevant dyads (a nonrandom sample of all dyads) introduce threats to valid inference? The authors argue that relevant dyad usage might introduce related problems of measurement error and selection bias and investigate whether there is evidence of such potential problems existing in actual relevant dyad data sets. Results show evidence for both types of potential problems, but neither problem substantively affects estimates of conflict relationships. Therefore, relevant dyad usage is not especially objectionable due to either of these problems, and retrospective sampling might be an even more profitable course for future research.
Patriotism or Opinion Leadership?
Authors: Baker William D. , Oneal John R.
Published: March 2007

In this study, the “rally effect”—the propensity for the American public to put aside political differences and support the president during international crises—is measured by considering the changes in presidential popularity following all 193 Militarized Interstate Disputes (MIDs) between 1933 and 1992 as identified by the Correlates of War project. Summary analyses find minor, statistically insignificant rallies associated with uses of force, although sizable rallies are associated with particular subcategories of military crises. However, larger rallies are associated with the United States as both revisionist and originator of the dispute, with the initiation of a full interstate war, and with prominent headline placement in the New York Times. Regression analyses indicate that rallies are more likely when they are associated with White House statements and bipartisan support for the administration's policies. Findings suggest that the size and appearance of a rally depends primarily on how the crisis is presented to the public in terms of media coverage, bipartisan support, and White House spin.
Issue and Context Variations in Foreign Policy
Authors: Brewer Thomas L.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the effects of variations in types of foreign policy issues and their contexts on the foreign policy-making behavior of American elites. The findings and conclusions are based on an examination of elite responses to 65 cases involving threats to American objectives concerning European integration or the Atlantic alliance during 1949-1968. "Events" data on the elites' behavior are generated by coding entries in the New York Times Index. The cases are classified in terms of the type of issue according to: the degree of threat, decision time, and surprise (after Charles Hermann), the degree of tangibility of ends and means (after James Rosenau), and the impact on the allocation of domestic resources (after Theodore Lowi). As to context, the cases are characterized according to the degree of prior American involvement and the occurrence of concurrent related events. All four typologies reveal predictable patterns in the elites' behavior, but the threat-time- surprise and the context typologies show the strongest effects.
On the Economic Theory of Alliances
Authors: Sandler Todd , Cauley Jon
Published: March 2007

It is the purpose of this article to extend and to clarify the public goods approach to the study of alliances. In particular, the paper examines the nature of defense as a pure public good and draws the conclusion that some defense expenditure may be best classified as an impure public good due to the presence of divisibility and exclusion properties. The traditional pure public good model of alliances is analyzed in a more general framework in order to introduce more fully resource scarcity and to demonstrate the symbiotic properties of the military alliance. Two models of increasing generality recast the analysis so that defense is an impure public good. Both optimal membership size and production efficiency are studied in the impure public good model. The paper concludes with a rationale for world peace organizations based on the economic theory of clubs.
Distribution of Benefits In Negotiation
Authors: Winham Gilbert R. , Bovis H. Eugene
Published: March 2007

Since 1972 the Foreign Service Institute of the U.S. Department of State has used a simulation to train officers in negotiation techniques. This simulation models a negotiation between two fictitious countries over six issues. Earlier research (Winham and Bovis, 1978) explored the reasons for agreement/nonagreement m this simulation. This research analyzes the results of agreed games (N = 24), principally to assess the importance of utility-maximizing behavior in negotiation. Results indicated that participants tended to equalize benefits between nations and between individuals at the expense of pursuing a strategy of utility-maximization. This research confirms the importance of norms of reciprocity and equality in negotiation. The research also suggests, particularly because of the variety between game outcomes, that the range of alternatives that negotiators will consider to be an acceptable solution is very wide indeed. The entire simulation is reproduced in the above citation. It is suitable for practical training, as well as for conducting further research on negotiation.
From War to Peace
Authors: Cohen Stephen P. , Azar Edward E.
Published: March 2007

Security, normalized interactions, acceptance of Israel in the region, the right of Palestinian self determination, and the role of Egypt and Israel in the newly emerging Middle East setting were topics of discussion at a historical meeting which took place in May 1979, in Cairo. About a dozen intellectuals from Israel and Egypt met to discuss these and related issues. We, the authors of this article were invited to participate as third-party facilitators. We concluded that the peace process will continue to encounter difficulties although many positive steps have already taken place. Egyptian and Israeli participants in the May meeting were pessimistic about the chances of widespread societal reconciliation and interaction between Arabs and Israelis. On the question of acceptance of Israel into the region, the participants agreed that acceptance is psychopolitically satisfactory but operationally very unlikely in the near future. All the participants agreed on the right of Palestinian self-determination, but disagreed on how to make it a reality.
Conjoint Analysis of Negotiator Preferences
Authors: Greenhalg Leonard , Neslin Scott A.
Published: March 2007

Negotiator preferences are a universal element of conflict resolution theories, but have posed problems of operationalization which have hampered empirical verification and development of the theories. Conjoint analysis is proposed as a method for assessing the preferences of negotiators and their constituencies generally, and union, management, and employee preferences in a collective bargaining context, specifically. The technique is useful to researchers and practitioners in that it is easier to apply than Von Neumann-Morgenstern (1947) utility theory, and provides more information than simple issueprioritizing techniques. Conjoint analysis is used to analyze a simulated contract negotiation and shown to be both practical and valid. The technique is described and assessed; research and practical application are suggested in the areas of contract negotiation and third party intervention. An application of the technique for testing the Nash (1953) model of bargaining is included as an illustration of the technique's usefulness.
Disasters and Governments
Authors: Davis Morris , Seitz Steven Thomas
Published: March 2007

This article examines why disasters of similar types differentially affect countries throughout the world. Despite a plethora of studies in the disaster field, such a theme has hitherto not been systematically pursued. Concepts of government effectiveness, government instability, available resources, and social context are incorporated into a structural model that seeks to explain differentials in impact. A derivative measurement model is tested using a merged data archive based on the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA)'s Disaster History Update Program and Banks' Cross-National Time Series. The model holds well for five disaster categories (accident, volcano, earthquake, drought, epidemic), modestly for two more (storm and flood), and fails to explain differences only for landslide and fire.
War, Inflation, and the Kondratieff Long Wave
Authors: Thompson William R. , Zuk L. Gary
Published: March 2007

Addressing Kondratieff's argument (1979) that long waves of economic activity are responsible for major wars, this study develops and tests three hypotheses relating war to long price waves. Focusing on the experiences of Great Britain and the United States between 1750 and 1977, we find that wars, especially global wars, do not initiate the upswings of Kondratieff's long price waves, but their termination does coincide fairly consistently with the initiation of price downswings. Equally important, global wars tend to reinforce and exaggerate the height of the price upswing to such an extent that the Kondratieff price waves would be difficult to discern in the absence of war and war-induced inflation. Using Box-Tiao impact assessment models, it is also possible to estimate the general effect of the intervention of war on price levels. Global wars, as opposed to interstate wars, are found to have an abrupt and temporary impact on prices. Nevertheless, the impact persists for a number of years beyond the actual duration of warfare. While some questions are raised that must go unanswered in this article, the empirical outcome helps clarify the meaning of the Kondratieff long-wave phenomenon, the less than fully appreciated impact of war on economic conditions and sociopolitical processes in general, and the nature of destabilizing linkages among the world system's political and economic subsystems.
Military Expenditure and Growth in Less Developed Countries
Authors: Deger Saadet , Smith Ron
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the relationship between military expenditure and economic growth in less developed countries using cross-sectional evidence in a macrostatistical framework. Within the context of a fully specified empirical model it is found that military expenditure has a negative effect on growth and thus retards development. Specification sensitivity analysis is conducted to show that the results are robust.
Bloc Concentration and the Balance of Power
Authors: Stoll Richard J.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that a better trace of the operation of a balance of power system can be obtained if two dimensions, alliances and capabilities, are combined into a single measure of bloc concentration. After reviewing the basic features of a balance of power system to show why this is the case, such an index is constructed. Several patterns of bloc concentration consistent with the operation of a balance of power system are derived and examined, using data for the European major powers from 1824 through 1914, and for all the major powers from 1919 through 1965. The findings are consistent with the existence of a balance of power system in the earlier era and with a form of balancing behavior in the post-World War I era.
A Continuous-Outcome Expected Utility Theory of War
Authors: Morrow James D.
Published: March 2007

A continuous-outcome expected utility model is presented that generalizes the expected utility theory of Bueno de Mesquita. An examination of the more general model uncovers several unstated assumptions within and produces new conclusions from, while supporting the basic logic of, the expected utility theory. Among the new conclusions is the finding that nations shifting their level of acceptable outcomes to a conflict upward or downward after fighting starts is perfectly consistent with a rational model. The derivations demonstrate the value of theoretical articulation, a task too often neglected in quantitative international relations, and provide a sound logical basis for the construction of systemic theories based upon the expected utility theory.
Choices in Social Dilemmas
Authors: Braver Sanford L. , Wilson L. A.
Published: March 2007

In a public-goods game, a variant of the social dilemma, 126 subjects made choices. In an attempt to better represent real-world communication possibilities, two conditions were created. In the subgroup communication condition, subjects were divided into subgroups. Discussion was allowed within but not between the subgroups. A control condition allowed no communication. Results showed that cooperation was significantly increased but not to the level at which the public good was absolutely reliably obtained, as had been obtained with full communication by Simmons (1980). Questionnaire data were interpreted as suggestive evidence that one's own choice may affect one's expectations about other people's choices, rather than vice versa.