bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overview, history and concepts
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert
Published: September 2020

The progress in nuclear and particle physics is based on the development of detectors that allow us to observe particles and radiation. This chapter gives an historic overview of the development and the employment of detectors. It is pointed out how this led to scientific discoveries and how, on the other hand, the developments in other fields, in particular in electronics, widened the potential of today’s detectors. Examples of typical detector concepts for experiments in particle and astroparticle physics are given and applications in other areas are pointed out. In a short section the ‘natural units’ (ℏ = c = 1), often used in particle physics, are defined and relativistic particle kinematics is introduced. The chapter finishes with an overview of the content of the book.
Particle identification
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert
Published: September 2020

The identity of a particle is fixed by its mass, lifetime and quantum numbers such as charge, spin, parity and flavour. A particle’s identity can be inferred by observing its interactions in matter, as for example the shower development of an electron or a photon, the specific energy loss of charged particles, the emission of radiation by a particle or the penetration capability of a muon. The mass of a particle can be determined by measurements of specific energy loss, time-of-flight or Cherenkov radiation when combined with a momentum measurement. High energy electrons can be separated from heavier particles through transition radiation. For particles which decay in the detector the mass can often be kinematically reconstructed from the decay products and the lifetime can be determined by the reconstruction of secondary vertices.
Trigger and data acquisition systems
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert
Published: September 2020

The quantities measured by detectors are generally analogue signals or rates which are, with few exemptions, available in electronic form and which one usually wants to further process with computers. This chapter describes the interfaces between the detector-near electronics (see chapter 17) and a computer or a computer system. In order to limit the transfer rates of the interfaces and the capacities of storage media to the necessary, the interesting events are usually selected by triggers. Data acquisition and triggering are therefore closely connected and have to be coordinated. The capabilities of data acquisition and processing have grown with high speed and will presumably further grow following the developments in computers, networks and consumer electronics. In the framework of this book only a limited inside into these developments can be given.
Moving Coin
Authors: Oppitz-Trotman George
Published: September 2020

Early modern itinerant theatre was associated with prodigality, debt, and economic malaise. Witnesses to the success of the English Comedians comment routinely on the heaps of coins they took with them out of the city. Permanent or semi-permanent theatre-houses arose in Germany not merely in appreciation of the English Comedians, but as a means of regulating and acquiring the money spent by citizenry on their entertainments. Focusing in particular on the English clown’s involvement in discourses of prodigality, and his representation in popular art as a dissolute figure conniving in national depredations, this chapter also shows how the finances of the English Comedians depended on early money markets, emerging financial instruments, patronage, and credit. It offers an original account of the economics involved in long-distance theatre, comparing the foreign troupes to joint-stock companies and exploring what their theatre was actually worth to them in the long run.
American Writers and World War I
Authors: Rennie David A.
Published: September 2020

Recent scholarship has uncovered a spectrum of sociopolitical categories of World War I experience represented in American literature. American Writers and World War I resituates this collective focus on the multifaceted nature of war experience, by considering writers as idiosyncratic individuals—rather than as members of a particular constituency of identity. Looking at texts produced throughout the careers of Edith Wharton, Ellen La Motte, Mary Borden, Thomas Boyd, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Laurence Stallings, and Ernest Hemingway, David Rennie argues that authors’ war writing continuously evolved in response to the unfolding developments of their careers and personalities. War writing was implicated in, and influenced by, wider cultural forces such as governmental censorship, the publishing business, advertising, and the Hollywood film industry. Studying the lives of individual authors and the environments in which they worked reveals that writers did not demonstrate static, unvarying attitudes to the war, and that their depictions of it were repeatedly shaped by the practicalities of authorship. Rennie discusses the importance of American cultural and literary precedents, which offered writers means of assessing the war, and argues that even authors’ hallmark “anti-war” works are in fact characterized by an awareness of the war’s nuanced effects on society and individuals.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Authors: Rennie David A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter overviews how Fitzgerald’s war writing was refracted through his evolution as a writer, from The Side of Paradise—his chaotic and immature debut novel—through his experimentations with naturalism in The Beautiful and Damned, to the ambiguous portrayal he gives of World War I in The Great Gatsby. Tender Is the Night, while more stylistically mature than Fitzgerald’s first novel, I argue, revisits many of the representational strategies explored in his debut. Like Boyd, Fitzgerald’s World War I-related projects were caught up in his commercially necessitated magazine fiction and spells in Hollywood.
The Invisible Grabbing Hand
Authors: Lawreniuk Sabina , Parsons Laurie
Published: September 2020

Chapter 5 explores the translocal nature of agriculture and land use. Introducing a translocal ecology lens, it examines the hitherto largely unexplored linkages between land grabs, natural resource depletion, labour migration and translocal mobility, demonstrating how the socio-economic processes associated with translocal livelihoods engender changing patterns of land use that are key factors in state and corporate land acquisition. Moreover, as mass migration changes the nature of the rural economy, those excluded from or unable to access the modern sector are changing their use of non-farm resources in turn, leading to degradation of fish stocks and non-timber forestry products. Finally, the role of translocal livelihoods and economic processes in agri-business and mining will be explored, in order to highlight how large scale ecological changes disproportionately impact the translocal poor.
Introduction
Authors: Collier Richard S
Published: September 2020

This introduction explains what the book is about and introduces the main themes. It states that the first part of the book is based on a case study—cum-ex, which has involved hundreds of banks, the tax systems of many countries, and resulting losses for the states concerned amounting to tens of billions of euros. It then notes that the book sets out to explain why banks recurrently exploit tax systems using complex financial products and techniques. The book seeks to achieve this goal by carefully presenting in Part I the range of financial instruments and the evolution of the complex structures that were utilized in cum-ex to exploit (on an industrial basis) a flaw in the system. The discussion in Part II of the book will seek to examine the wider relevance of cum-ex and explain the forces that create and incentivize the use of such trading structures. It will consider the systemic implications of cases like cum-ex and explain why such cases are very likely to recur in future.
Conclusions
Authors: Collier Richard S
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter assesses the central policy issues that are raised by the discussion in this book and explores possible directions to address them. It draws out three major themes that emerge from the discussion so far. These themes relate to (1) particularities of the banking business landscape and the tax rules for financial markets and products, (2) the nature and consequences of systemic complexity, and (3) the failure of governance and control mechanisms. Collectively, the themes explain not merely the recurrence of misconduct by banks in relation to tax systems, but they also support the starker conclusion that, in the absence of significant change, it is practically inevitable that misconduct of the sort seen in cum-ex will continue to occur.
Character
Authors: Teukolsky Rachel
Published: September 2020

“Character” is often studied as the deep psychological self crafted by the nineteenth-century realist novel. Yet Chapter 1 proposes an alternative history of character by looking to caricature, in some of the earliest comics (“Galleries of Comicalities”) appearing in sporting newspapers in the 1830s. Early caricatures portrayed an idea of character that was grotesque, masculinist, and brilliantly exteriorized, especially in depictions of “the cockney,” the urban mischief-man whose subversive masculinity reflected the economic pressures of the new urban economy. Cartoons featuring the cockney were anti-authoritarian, carnivalesque, and often laced with crude racism and misogyny. Their mock-violent energy gave voice to some of the explosive frustration felt by working- and lower-middle-class men after the failures of the Reform Bill of 1832. The young Charles Dickens borrowed many of his earliest subjects from extant caricature motifs, reflecting some of the fundamental instabilities of social class and economic precarity defining the Reform Era.
Picturesque
Authors: Teukolsky Rachel
Published: September 2020

Most middle-class Victorian parlors would have contained a stereoscope with which to view a collection of stereographic cards. When viewers peeped into the device, the stereoview’s dual photographs leapt into startling three-dimensionality, making the stereoscope the perfect vehicle for virtual travel—to everywhere from Egypt to Niagara Falls. While some have seen the stereoscope as a forebear of postmodernism, Chapter 5 instead aligns it with the picturesque, the high-art landscape aesthetic of the eighteenth century. The chapter reveals the surprising imbrication of nature, art, and technology: the picturesque was enabled by technological devices that ranged from the Claude glass to the camera obscura to the stereoscope. The stereoscope’s visual technology worked to remediate Romantic ideals: it was an organic machine and prosthesis attached to the spectator’s body that enabled an extraordinary, humanistic experience. Promoting corporeal fantasies across space and time, stereoscopy reflected an imperial power dynamics of global visual mastery.
Introduction
Authors: Zeeman Nicolette
Published: September 2020

The Introduction summarizes the book’s arguments and expands on the critical tradition of allegory theory that underpins the book. It discusses the five conflictual allegorical structures that will be the focus of the book as well as their appearance, substantially remodelled, in Piers Plowman. These are the paradiastolic ‘hypocritical figure’ (vices and virtues made to look respectively like ‘adjacent’ virtues and vices), personification debate, violent language and apophasis, narratives of bodily decline associated with age and sin, and grail romance. Through the study of these five allegorical structures, the book will pursue a larger thesis about the fundamentally disruptive nature of allegory, a form of writing that comes into being wherever two or more contrasting languages are brought into a relationship or used to comment on each other. Drawing on a number major theorists of allegory, the Introduction reaffirms that the characteristic modes of the most thoroughgoing and serious allegorical narrative in the Middle Ages are dialectical, conflictual, episodic, hypotactic, ironizing, and linguistically diverse. The Introduction further argues that such forms of strategic dissonance and the questioning of perceived continuities may be particularly common in religious allegory, with its tendency towards critique, iconoclasm and apophasis.
Natural Entropy and Piers Plowman
Authors: Zeeman Nicolette
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers medieval theories that sin produces bodily sickness and suffering, and that this might, paradoxically, undermine sin itself. These theories result from the psychosomaticism of medical-stoic thought; they assume that sickness is the body’s natural reaction to being ‘abused’ by vice. These theories were developed in later medical theory, according to which the vices have their destructive impact on the body via the ‘non-naturals’ (contingent phenomena that affect health), especially the passions. Influenced by these ideas, medieval pastoral thought frequently describes sinners as suffering physiologically and the visual arts contain many striking illustrations. If the overt purpose of such texts and images is to warn people off sin, their effect is also to show sin somehow naturally consuming or destroying itself; it will be clear that such theories are at odds with intentionalist ethics. Langland explores these ideas and paradoxes in Piers Plowman, where the personified sins, and Haukyn, are undoubtedly sad vices; related ideas also underlie the poem’s apocalyptic ending, which is characterized by the coincidence of endemic sin and physical suffering. But at this point it is not clear that the suffering has any beneficial impact. However, the chapter also observes that the poem’s ending reflects a kind of entropy that may derive from experiencing, but also writing and reading about, the reiterations of sin: it suggests that the natural entropy of sin may after all still play some part here.
The Sad Vices
Authors: Zeeman Nicolette
Published: September 2020

This chapter and the next propose that analogies can be drawn between Piers Plowman and the French grail texts, the Queste del Saint Graal and the Perlesvaus, though the chivalric materials are also radically transformed in Piers Plowman. The connection is cemented by a further set of connections to the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus and its narrative of the harrowing of hell and Joseph of Arimathea. In the romances and Piers Plowman a theological version of chivalric aventure foregrounds the mysterious and grace-dependent aspects of the spiritual life; the romances also contain enigmatic figures of seemingly involuntary guilt. However, these emphases stand in marked tension with other aspects of these texts, such as their more clear-cut allegorical glosses and their many practical ethical instructions. This is a tension that is particularly marked in Piers Plowman, where Langland repeatedly insists on the obligation to do penance and actively pursue dowel. The first part of this chapter introduces the Queste del Saint Graal, the Perlesvaus and the Gospel; it also provides evidence that Langland could have known both grail romances. The body of the chapter explores the rich texture of romance and grail romance allusions in the later parts of Piers Plowman (B.16–20), but also comments on the work that a series of grail romance structures do in the poem more generally.
Piers Plowman and the Grail Romances
Authors: Zeeman Nicolette
Published: September 2020

The previous chapter showed how the large narrative structures of both the Gospel of Nicodemus and the French grail romances, the Queste del Saint Graal and the Perlesvaus, permeate the poetic diegesis and thought of Piers Plowman, albeit reformulated in Langland’s distinctive terms. This chapter homes in on three particular structures that Langland shares in varying degrees with the grail romances: first, travellers in a landscape, whose discovery of imperfect forms of understanding is imagined as ‘news’ transmitted across the landscape; second, multiple quests, seekers and absent objects of desire—some of them seekers who are sought by other seekers; third, narratives that are predicated on a crucial and usually involuntary mistake, often committed unknowingly by a main protagonist. These intertwined narrative structures focus with a distinctive emotional intensity on instances of inadequacy and loss, all of which contribute to the inculcation of desire—both for the protagonists, and for the reader. The chapter tracks these structures in the later parts of Piers Plowman (B.16–20) and then across the poem as a whole. It also explores possible connections between the protagonists Perlesvaus and Piers Plowman, noting the syllable ‘Per’ shared in their names. The last part of the chapter revisits two passages of Piers Plowman to focus on how romance structure is here both intertwined with, and at odds with, ethical instruction.
Are there Natural Rights? The Sceptical Critique and Rights before 1776
Authors: Biggar Nigel
Published: September 2020

This chapter takes the set of objections comprising the critique of natural rights, which is offered by the Sceptical Tradition that runs from Edmund Burke to Onora O’Neill, and tests it against rights-talk in the late medieval and early modern periods. Such rights-talk occurs in the early fourteenth-century ‘Franciscan Controversy’, William of Ockham’s resistance to the assertion of papal power, Francisco de Vitoria’s critique of Spanish incursions into the Americas, Protestant justifications of resistance to the Holy Roman Emperor or Catholic monarchs, and Hugo Grotius’ discussion of punishment. The conclusion of the testing is that pre-modern discussions tend to confirm the objections of the Sceptical Tradition. Aquinas and Beza prefer to speak of liberties that are right according to natural moral law rather than of natural rights as such, because they fear the presumptuousness and imprudence that natural rights-talk encourages. When pre-moderns do resort to natural rights-talk, they often use it as shorthand for talk of a legal right that natural morality justifies. And when they do clearly assert natural rights outside of civil society and apart from international law, those rights only make sense in terms of unreasonable and inconsistent assumptions and apart from considerations of social and political circumstance.
Are there Natural Rights? The Sceptical Critique and Contemporary Theories
Authors: Biggar Nigel
Published: September 2020

This chapter completes the testing of the Sceptical Tradition’s objections to natural rights, by examining the thought of a selection of contemporary thinkers, in addition to that of John Finnis (in Chapter 4). Those selected are Onora O’Neill (and in relation to her, John Tasioulas, Elizabeth Ashford, and Henry Shue), Nicholas Wolterstorff, and James Griffin (and in relation to him, Allen Buchanan). From this examination the conclusion is drawn that the arguments made by Shue, Tasioulas, Ashford, and Griffin fail to dislodge O’Neill’s ‘radical’ critique, namely, that where capable holders of feasible correspondent duties have not been identified, universal human rights are illusory. This implies that rights are contingent on the circumstances of feasibility and capability, and that there is no constant natural right. The chapter then proceeds to draw general conclusions from the testing of natural rights-talk in Chapters 2 to 5. One seminal conclusion is that the paradigm of a right is positively legal, commanding the support of such institutions as police and courts. This is what explains its distinctive authority vis-à-vis other claims. It follows that a natural right, existing apart from civil society and so lacking institutional support, is, at best, analogous to a proper, legal right. However, since the very concept of a right connotes the stability and security of a legal right, natural rights-talk misleads and is best avoided. Therefore, while there is natural right or law or morality, and while there are legal rights justified by natural morality, there are no natural rights.
What’s Wrong with (Some) Judges?Carterand the Invention of a Right to ‘Physician-Assisted Dying’
Authors: Biggar Nigel
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that, in addition to rights-fundamentalism, another problem lies in the ‘progressive’ zeal, which moves some judges to exploit the room for creativity granted by abstract concepts, in order to invent novel rights. This, too, is imprudent in having courts, rather than elected legislatures, decide ethical issues that are politically controversial. The argument develops through an examination of Carter v. Canada, the 2015 judgement of Canada’s Supreme Court, which decided that an absolute prohibition of ‘physician-assisted dying’ violated the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The chapter concludes that Carter shows that charters that include unspecified rights generate several problems: they give judges no determinate guidance in deciding cases; they purport to exist before their limits have been set in relation to competing rights, whereas a right’s existence cannot be known until competing claims have been considered; and they afford judges vast room for the exercise of philosophical discretion, in which they lack professional expertise or authority. In addition, there are also problems with the views of the interpretation of rights: that judges have privileged insight into what ‘real rights’ are; and that they are not simply interpreters but developers of law, responsible for keeping it abreast of ‘progressive’ social mores. These views incline judges to overlook the natural myopia of their case-focused attention, the limitations of courts in achieving a comprehensive view of social facts, judges’ lack of accountability for the policy effects of their decisions, and their relative immunity from direct challenge by diverse viewpoints.
Chicago
Authors: Fleming James Rodger
Published: September 2020

At age 17, Joanne attended the University of Chicago and enrolled in a number of introductory courses, including astrophysics and psychology. In 1942, at the end of her sophomore year, she met Carl-Gustav Rossby and joined the war effort, working to train aviation cadets for weather forecasting. She pursued advanced training in meteorology, but the all-male Chicago faculty opposed her at every step. Her interest in the tropics was piqued by a class she took with Herbert Riel, and the two began a long-term and fruitful collaboration. Her marriage to meteorologist Victor Starr was short-lived. As a single mother, she earned her PhD while working at the Illinois Institute of Technology.
Woods Hole
Authors: Fleming James Rodger
Published: September 2020

With her PhD in hand and her second husband and two children in tow, Joanne moved to the Woods Hole Oceanograpic Institution where she was able to fly in clouds in the tropics. She worked there on field programs for ten years and developed the first computer model of clouds. In collaboration with Herbert Riehl, she developed her signature “hot tower” hypothesis of convection.
UCLA
Authors: Fleming James Rodger
Published: September 2020

Joanne’s rapid rise in the profession led to an offer of a full professorship of meteorology at UCLA in 1960, but emotional turmoil left her life in shambles and resulted in her leaving the university after only three years.
NOAA
Authors: Fleming James Rodger
Published: September 2020

Joanne settled down with her third husband, hurricane expert Robert Simpson, and accepted a position directing the experimental meteorology laboratory in the National Weather Service. She spent ten years in NOAA, but chafed at the bureaucracy.
Linear elastostatics
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

In this chapter the basic field equations in terms of displacement, strain, and stress, and typical boundary conditions which are necessary to formulate a complete three-dimensional boundary-value-problem for linear elasticity in the static case (i.e., neglect of inertial terms) are stated. The uniqueness of a solution to such a boundary value problem is discussed. There are a number of alternate ways that one can approach the statement of an elastostatic boundary-value-problem. The first major approach is obtained by reducing the set of field equations by expressing them solely in terms of the displacement field --- the Navier equations --- while in the second major approach the general system of equations may be reformulated by eliminating the displacement and strain fields and casting the system solely in terms of the stress field --- the Beltrami-Michell equations. The special formulation of idealized two-dimensional boundary value problems is presented the two basic theories of plane strain and plane stress for isotropic materials are discussed.
Energy-based approach to fracture
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces the concept of energy release rates for linear elastic fracture mechanics. The concept of an energy release rate is defined and related to the criteria of Griffith with application in the context of bodies with point loads. Eshelby’s energy momentum tensor is also introduced and Rice’s path independent J-integral is derived, related to energy release rate, and applied to fracture problems.
Menelaus in the Archaic Period
Authors: Stelow Anna R.
Published: September 2020

The figure of Menelaus has remained notably overlooked in scholarship on the major heroes and heroines of Homeric epic. This book studies the Homeric character through a multidisciplinary approach to his depiction in archaic Greek poetry, art, and cult, providing a detailed analysis of ancient literary, visual, and material evidence. It first examines the portrayal of Menelaus in the Homeric poems as a unique ‘personality’ with an integral role to play in each narrative, as depicted through typical patterns of speech and action and through intertextual allusion. The book then explores his representation both in other poetry of the archaic period and also archaic art and local Sparta cult. Ultimately, Menelaus emerges as a unique and likeable character whose relationship with Helen was a popular theme in both epic poetry and vase painting, but one whose portrayal evinced a significant narrative range, with an array of continuities and differences in how he was represented by the Greeks, not only within the archaic period but also in comparison to classical Athens.
The Odyssey
Authors: Stelow Anna R.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the portrayal of Menelaus in the Odyssey. The Odyssey-poet has a new role for Menelaus to play: Menelaus will help Telemachus to find, and the audience to understand, Odysseus. The chapter also reveals the importance of relationships in Homeric character-portrayal. In the Iliad, Homer refigures the relationships by which Menelaus was traditionally construed. He consistently defers to Agamemnon not out of inferiority or dependency but acts out of affection and choice. Helen matters very little to Menelaus, apart from the injustice of her abduction. The Odyssey-poet thematizes these same relationships rather differently. As the narrative begins, the returns of Menelaus and Agamemnon depend on one another. But as the story progresses, Menelaus distances himself, for a time, from brother and wife. Menelaus extricates himself from Helen in the course of his narrative, eliminating her altogether in the story of Proteus and casting himself as a hero of Odyssean mettle, with a fate all his own. The relationships by which Menelaus traditionally is construed begin to close in on him after the close of the Proteus narrative. Homer finally leaves Menelaus behind, in the shadow of Helen, when Telemachus returns to Ithaca.
Menelaus in Archaic Art
Authors: Stelow Anna R.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the depiction of Menelaus in archaic art. Menelaus appears in Greek art by the mid-seventh century BC and continues to be depicted by artists into the classical period and beyond. One may roughly divide images of Menelaus into two categories: ‘with Helen’ and ‘everything else’. Early on, ‘everything else’—depictions of Menelaus without Helen—is in fact more frequent, so far as one can tell from the few images that remain. By the mid-sixth century, however, Menelaus is depicted with Helen almost exclusively. Menelaus-Helen images have been studied by art historians and philologists from the standpoint of Helen. Scant attention has been given, however, to what the pictures ‘say’ about Menelaus. Even though certain iconographic details change somewhat over the course of the sixth century, there is a mostly stable and coherent depiction of Menelaus in black- and early red-figure Athenian vases that differs from his depiction in the classical period. The chapter then provides an annotated catalogue of the known images in which Menelaus appears without Helen.
The Cult of Menelaus and Helen at Therapne
Authors: Stelow Anna R.
Published: September 2020

This chapter studies the cult of Menelaus and Helen at Therapne. A ‘happy congruence’ of evidence, from the seventh century BC onward, indicates that Menelaus and Helen were honoured at a place known in antiquity as Therapne. Indeed, authors from the early archaic period through the end of the era attest to the presence of a shrine to Menelaus and/or Menelaus and Helen on the hills across the Eurotas River from modern Sparta. The site, comprising an archaic shrine built next to and atop an extensive Mycenaean site, was well-studied by the British School early and late in the twentieth century. Moreover, inscriptional evidence corresponds with the ancient testimonia to indicate that Menelaus and Helen were worshiped at the place already known in antiquity as the Menelaion. Dedications to Helen and Menelaus dated to the seventh and sixth centuries BC are among the earliest reported inscriptional evidence for the worship of any Homeric hero in Greece. The archaic cult at the Menelaion is frequently discussed both for the study of hero cult in itself and for the question as to how early Greek cult did intersect with the proliferation of epic poetry.
SAFER model: Strategic allocation of fundamental epidemic resources
Authors: Weston B W , Swingen Z N , Gramann S , Pojar D
Published: September 2020

Background

To describe the Strategic Allocation of Fundamental Epidemic Resources (SAFER) model as a method to inform equitable community distribution of critical resources and testing infrastructure.

Methods

The SAFER model incorporates a four-quadrant design to categorize a given community based on two scales: testing rate and positivity rate. Three models for stratifying testing rates and positivity rates were applied to census tracts in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin: using median values (MVs), cluster-based classification and goal-oriented values (GVs).

Results

Each of the three approaches had its strengths. MV stratification divided the categories most evenly across geography, aiding in assessing resource distribution in a fixed resource and testing capacity environment. The cluster-based stratification resulted in a less broad distribution but likely provides a truer distribution of communities. The GVs grouping displayed the least variation across communities, yet best highlighted our areas of need.

Conclusions

The SAFER model allowed the distribution of census tracts into categories to aid in informing resource and testing allocation. The MV stratification was found to be of most utility in our community for near real time resource allocation based on even distribution of census tracts. The GVs approach was found to better demonstrate areas of need.
Abatement Strategies and the Cost of Environmental Regulation: Emission Standards on the European Car Market
Authors: Reynaert Mathias
Published: September 2020

This article studies the introduction of an EU-wide emission standard on the automobile market. Using panel data from 1998 to 2011, I find that firms decreased emission ratings by 14%. Firms use technology adoption and gaming of emission tests to decrease emissions, rather than shifting the sales mix or downsizing. I find that the standard missed its emission target, and from estimating a structural model, I find that the standard was not welfare improving. The political environment in the EU shaped the design and weak enforcement and resulted in firms’ choices for abatement by technology adoption and gaming.
Sensorimotor and Activity Psychosis-Risk (SMAP-R) Scale: An Exploration of Scale Structure With Replication and Validation
Authors: Damme Katherine S F , Schiffman Jason , Ellman Lauren M , Mittal Vijay A
Published: September 2020

Background

Sensorimotor abnormalities precede and predict the onset of psychosis. Despite the practical utility of sensorimotor abnormalities for early identification, prediction, and individualized medicine applications, there is currently no dedicated self-report instrument designed to capture these important behaviors. The current study assessed and validated a questionnaire designed for use in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR).

Methods

The current study included both exploratory (n = 3009) and validation (n = 439) analytic datasets—that included individuals identified as meeting criteria for a CHR syndrome (n = 84)—who completed the novel Sensorimotor Abnormalities and Psychosis-Risk (SMAP-R) Scale, clinical interviews and a finger-tapping task. The structure of the scale and reliability of items were consistent across 2 analytic datasets. The resulting scales were assessed for discriminant validity across CHR, community sample non-psychiatric volunteer, and clinical groups.

Results

The scale showed a consistent structure across 2 analytic datasets subscale structure. The resultant subscale structure was consistent with conceptual models of sensorimotor pathology in psychosis (coordination and dyskinesia) in both the exploratory and the validation analytic dataset. Further, these subscales showed discriminant, predictive, and convergent validity. The sensorimotor abnormality scales discriminated CHR from community sample non-psychiatric controls and clinical samples. Finally, these subscales predicted to risk calculator scores and showed convergent validity with sensorimotor performance on a finger-tapping task.

Conclusion

The SMAP-R scale demonstrated good internal, discriminant, predictive, and convergent validity, and subscales mapped on to conceptually relevant sensorimotor circuits. Features of the scale may facilitate widespread incorporation of sensorimotor screening into psychosis-risk research and practice.
Treatment Capacity and Clinical Outcomes for Patients With Schizophrenia Who Were Treated With Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Plahouras Joanne E , Konstantinou Gerasimos , Kaster Tyler S , Buchman Daniel Z , Foussias George , Daskalakis Zafiris J , Blumberger Daniel M
Published: September 2020

Background

Patients with schizophrenia are often found incapable to consent to psychiatric treatment. We evaluated clinical outcomes for incapable and capable patients with schizophrenia treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

Methods

We conducted a chart review of all inpatients treated with an acute course of ECT between 2010 and 2018 at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada. Short-term outcomes included treatment response and cognitive impairment. We assessed whether incapable patients regained the capacity to consent to treatment. Long-term outcomes included readmissions and subsequent courses of acute or maintenance ECT.

Results

A total of 159 (67%) incapable and 79 (33%) capable patients were included. Patients experienced treatment response (incapable, n = 108, 67.9%; capable, n = 52, 65.8%; P = .771) and few experienced cognitive impairment (incapable, n = 21, 13.2%; capable, n = 19, 24.1%; P = .043). A minority of patients were treated with a subsequent course of acute ECT (incapable, n = 46, 28.9%; capable, n = 16, 20.3%; P = .162). Incapable patients were more likely to be treated with maintenance ECT for at least 6 months (incapable, n = 46, 28.9%; capable, n = 13, 16.5%; P = .039). Both groups had similar readmission rates (incapable, n = 70, 44.0%; capable, n = 35, 44.3%; P = 1.000). Eight (5.0%) incapable patients regained capacity and 7 consented to further treatment.

Conclusions

Irrespective of treatment capacity, the majority of patients demonstrated clinical improvement. Incapable patients experienced less cognitive side effects when compared with capable patients, though they had fewer treatments overall. This study informs clinicians, patients, and substitute decision-makers about the outcomes and challenges of ECT in patients with schizophrenia.
Understanding and recognizing cardiac amyloidosis
Authors: McVeigh Todd , Tennyson Carolina
Published: September 2020

Cardiac amyloidosis is an infiltrative abnormality that causes myocardial thickening and dysfunction. Historically, it has been underrecognized as a cause of heart failure and was often misdiagnosed. In the past decade, the cardiology community has improved the understanding of the subtypes of these protein-based infiltrates and how they play a role in heart failure. This article reviews the pathophysiology, presentation, diagnosis, and management of cardiac amyloidosis.
Evaluation of Anatomic Relationship Between Sural Nerve and Instrumentation During Mini-Open Achilles Tendon Repair: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Krautmann Kurt , Shofoluwe Ademola , Fowler Brian , Stewart Gary W. , Badana Adrian N.S.
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of the sural nerve to the Arthrex Percutaneous Achilles Repair System (PARS) jig and repair sutures. We performed cadaveric dissection on 10 unpaired above-knee amputation specimens (6 were right legs and 4 were left legs). In all but 1 cadaver, all of the sutures either punctured the nerve or passed anterior to it. Only 1 cadaver had sutures that were posterior to the sural nerve. In all cases, removal of the jig pulled the sutures through the nerve and the nerve was completely free after locking the sutures, and the sural nerve was within 1 cm of the lateral aspect of the transverse incision made for insertion of the jig. This cadaveric study revealed a high rate of sural nerve puncture when passing needles across the Achilles tendon using a commercially available minimally invasive repair device. This finding should caution users of Arthrex PARS jig to be attentive to postoperative symptoms of nerve injury.

Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
First Dorsal Metatarsal Artery Flap for Coverage of Distal Foot Wounds: A Case Discussion and Narrative Review
Authors: Zhang Wei , Rebosura Cheyenne K.P. , Tong Pei Yein , Rajaratnam Vaikunthan
Published: September 2020

Reconstruction of distal foot and toe wounds present a challenging problem, as defects in this area are often associated with exposed tendons and bones, making split skin grafts impossible in many cases. There is also a need for any flap to achieve a smooth and nonbulky contour to allow for wearing of footwear and acceptable esthetic results. The first dorsal metatarsal artery (FDMA) flap has been increasingly described as a functional and effective method of managing relatively small distal foot and toe defects. We present a case study of our patient who underwent FDMA flap coverage of a big toe dorsum wound, and we also present a review of the literature. Of the 13 papers and 46 cases in the published literature, all flaps survived. Authors report good functional outcomes, with patients regaining ambulation and fitting footwear owing to the flap’s thin and pliable contour. Complications reported include 5 cases of superficial distal tip necrosis, all of which healed spontaneously. We conclude that the FDMA flap is a reliable, reproducible, and suitable coverage option for small distal foot, webspaces, and toe defects. They are relatively easy to perform and associated with good reported outcomes.

Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level V. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support for Failure to Wean From Cardiopulmonary Bypass After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: Analysis of Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry Data
Authors: Sperotto Francesca , Cogo Paola , Amigoni Angela , Pettenazzo Andrea , Thiagarajan Ravi R. , Polito Angelo
Published: September 2020

Objectives:

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been used to support children who fail to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass after pediatric cardiac surgery, but little is known about outcomes. We aimed to describe epidemiology and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation factors associated with inhospital mortality in these patients.

Design:

Retrospective multicenter registry-based cohort study.

Setting:

International pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation centers.

Patients:

Children less than 18 years old supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for failure to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass after cardiac surgery during 2000–2016 and reported to Extracorporeal Life Support Organization’s registry.

Intervention:

None.

Measurements and Main Results:

The primary outcome measure was inhospital mortality. Cardiac surgical procedural complexity was assigned using risk adjustment in congenital heart surgery-1. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with the primary outcome. We included 2,322 patients, with a median age of 26 days (interquartile range, 7–159); 47% underwent complex surgical procedures (risk adjustment in congenital heart surgery 4–6 categories). Inhospital mortality was 55%. The multivariable model evaluating associations with inhospital mortality showed noncardiac congenital anomalies (odds ratio, 1.78; CI, 1.36–2.32), comorbidities (odds ratio, 1.59; CI, 1.30–1.94), preoperative cardiac arrest (odds ratio, 1.67; CI, 1.20–2.34), preoperative mechanical ventilation greater than 24 hours (odds ratio, 1.49; CI, 1.21–1.84), preoperative bicarbonate administration (odds ratio, 1.42; CI, 1.08–1.86), longer cardiopulmonary bypass time (> 251 min; odds ratio, 1.50; CI, 1.13–1.99), complex surgical procedures (odds ratio, 1.43; CI, 1.13–1.81), longer extracorporeal membrane oxygenation duration (> 104 hr, odds ratio, 1.54; CI, 1.17–2.02), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation complications increased the odds of inhospital mortality. Age greater than 26 days (odds ratio, 0.56; CI, 0.42–0.75) reduced the odds of mortality.

Conclusions:

Children supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for failure to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass after cardiac surgery are at high risk of mortality (55%). Younger patients, those with congenital abnormalities and comorbidities, undergoing complex procedures, requiring longer cardiopulmonary bypass, and experiencing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation complications and longer extracorporeal membrane oxygenation duration have higher mortality risk. These data can help assessing prognosis in this high-risk population.
Effects of pelvic floor muscle training in pregnant women
Authors: Pires Telma F. , Pires Patrícia M. , Costa Rui , Viana Rui
Published: September 2020

Objective:

The aim is to verify the effectiveness of the pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) program in pregnant women, by analyzing the amount of urine leakage.

Design:

Experimental study.

Location:

Care units in the Vila Real district, Portugal.

Participants:

Forty-three pregnant women divided into an experimental group (EG) (n = 22) and a control group (CG) (n = 21).

Interventions:

Both groups were evaluated in a predelivery stage (initial) and 6 months after delivery (final). The EG was given a PFMT exercise protocol with a duration of 6 weeks, applicable in classes and at home, another PFMT protocol for 9 weeks.

Main measurements:

The strength of the pelvic floor muscle was measured by the Oxford Grading Scale and the amount of urine was assessed with a Pad test. Quality of life was measured by the King's Health Questionnaire and self-efficacy by the Broome Pelvic Muscle Self-Efficacy Scale.

Results:

The loss of urine, significantly reduced from 0.86 ± 0.83 to 0.50 ± 0.67 in the EG (P = .021), whereas in the CG no significant change was observed. The degree of muscle contraction increased by 4.82 ± 0.39 in EG and 3.95 ± 0.67 in CG. The quality of life observed significant improvements in both groups (P < .05). As for self-efficacy, for the EG it improved significantly – initial (P = .001), final (P = .031), and for the CG the values remained the same.

Conclusions:

This PFMT protocol reduced urinary incontinence in pregnant women. The program allowed significant improvement in the quantity of urinary leakage and an increase in the strength of the pelvic floor muscle.
Exercise preconditioning prevents left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Schmidt Cristine , Bovolini José A. , Gonçalves Nádia , Vasques-Nóvoa Francisco , Andrade Maria do Amparo , Santos Mário , Leite-Moreira Adelino , Henriques-Coelho Tiago , Duarte José Alberto , Moreira-Gonçalves Daniel
Published: September 2020

Background:

Despite pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) directly affects the right ventricle (RV), important structural, functional, and molecular changes also occur in left ventricle (LV). The objective of our study was to analyze the hypothetical cardioprotective effects of exercise preconditioning on LV in rats with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH.

Methods:

Forty male Wistar rats were randomly separated in sedentary (SED) and trained group (EX; running sessions of 60 min/day, 5 days/wk, at 25 m/min, for 4 weeks). After 4 weeks, animals were injected with MCT (60 mg/kg; SED + MCT; EX + MCT) or vehicle (SED + V). Following an additional period of 4 weeks where all animals remained sedentary, we completed LV hemodynamic evaluation in baseline and isovolumic conditions and collected LV samples for histological and molecular analysis.

Results:

Preconditioning with exercise was capable to restore LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction in both baseline and isovolumic conditions (P < .05). This improved was paralleled with prevention of LV cardiomyocytes atrophy, fibrosis, and endothelin 1 mRNA levels (P < .05).

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that exercise preconditioning can prevent LV dysfunction secondary to MCT-induced PAH, which is of particular interest for the familial form of the disease that is manifested by greater severity or earlier onset.
Return to Work Pathways Following Injury in Road Traffic Crashes
Authors: Gray Shannon E. , Collie Alex
Published: September 2020

Objectives:

To determine: 1) different return to work (RTW) pathways among road traffic crash (RTC) survivors; 2) RTW differences between RTC and workers’ compensation schemes, and; 3) factors associated with relapse and attempting graduated RTW.

Methods:

Administrative income support data from RTC survivors with compensated work absence in Victoria, Australia were arranged as daily income payments, pattern recognition determined RTW pathways. Multivariable logistic regression showed odds of relapse or attempting graduated RTW by covariate.

Results:

Most had successful RTWs without relapse (66.7% full, 7.2% graduated), 22% relapsed at least once, and 17% attempted gradual RTW. Sex, injury type, length of hospital stay, road user group, and compensation scheme were associated with relapse and graduated RTW attempt likelihood.

Conclusions:

Results help identify people likely to benefit from RTW interventions, such as programs that incentivise graduated RTW.