bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEQUENTIAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF AN INTRACRANIAL HEMATOMA IN A DOG
Authors: TAMURA SHINJI , TAMURA YUMIKO , TSUKA TAKESHI , UCHIDA KAZUYUKI
Published: March 2006

An 8‐year‐old Yorkshire terrier developed acute onset coma and seizure after cranial trauma. Intracranial hemorrhage was suspected from the clinical signs and history. Low‐field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed a round mass within the right cerebral hemisphere, compressing the right lateral ventricle and displacing the longitudinal fissure to the left. The lesion was hypointense on T1‐weighted images and hyperintense on T2‐weighted images, consistent with an acute hemorrhage. MR imaging was performed every 24 h for 6 days from 1 h after the injury, and then on day 14 of hospitalization. With time, the signal intensity changed to hyperintense on T1‐weighted images. On T2‐weighted images the center of the mass changed to hypointense, and then to hyperintense with a hypointense rim. These changes of signal intensity were related to hemoglobin oxidation.
RADIOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON OF THE LION (PANTHERA LEO): INCIDENTAL FINDINGS AND MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS‐INDUCED CHANGES
Authors: KIRBERGER ROBERT M. , KEET DEWALD F. , WAGNER WENCKE M.
Published: March 2006

Thoracic and pelvic limbs from 15 euthanized free‐ranging lions (Panthera leo), ranging in age from 16 to 144 months, underwent standard radiographic evaluation. All lions had tested positive for Mycobacterium bovis by means of a modified intradermal tuberculin test. The radiographs of six lions were normal and nine had incidental findings of which six had more than one lesion. Seven lions had lesions suspected to be associated with tuberculosis, which was confirmed in specific joints in two lions. Incidental pathology was classified as traumatic injuries and degenerative or trauma‐associated joint disease. The traumatic lesions were fractures of which the most remarkable was a femur malunion. Four lions had fibula and another three lions had metacarpal/tarsal and phalangeal fractures. Joint lesions included glenoid, humeral head, and accessory carpal bone osteophytes. There was evidence of a cranial cruciate ligament rupture in an 8‐year‐old male. Trauma induced joint lesions were seen in four stifles (fragmented or displaced sesamoid bones, fragmented meniscal ossicle, or mineralized fragments). Radiological abnormalities believed to be caused by M. bovis were present in one stifle, one radiocarpal, three tibiotarsal, and one tarsometatarsal joints. These had evidence of septic arthritis with extensive new bone formation and capsular mineralization. In one 20‐month‐old lion, changes typical of a bone abscess were found in a proximal tibia. Radiologic evidence of elbow hygromas were seen in three elbows, all believed to be caused by M. bovis. Lions appeared to cope fairly well with a variety of traumatic injuries and were also susceptible to some of the aging/incidental radiologic findings seen in dogs and cats. The suspected M. bovis osseous lesions were more likely to involve the joints, particularly the tarsal joint and were mainly proliferative.
FATAL VENOUS AIR EMBOLISM IN A CAT WITH A RETROPHARYNGEAL DIVERTICULUM
Authors: OBER CHRISTOPHER P. , SPOTSWOOD TIM C. , HANCOCK ROBERT
Published: March 2006

A cat with a 1‐year history of oropharyngeal foreign bodies was diagnosed with a pharyngeal diverticulum. The cat experienced fatal cardiac arrest during endoscopy, and postmortem radiographs and ultrasound revealed venous air embolism. Venous air embolism is uncommonly reported in veterinary medicine, but is a risk during any procedure that introduces air into a body cavity. Precautions should be taken during these procedures to help minimize the risk of adverse events.
COMPARISON OF THE ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF OSTEOCHONDROSIS LESIONS IN THE CANINE SHOULDER WITH RADIOGRAPHY, ARTHROGRAPHY, AND ARTHROSCOPY
Authors: VANDEVELDE BARBARA , VAN RYSSEN BERNADETTE , SAUNDERS JIMMY H. , KRAMER MARTIN , VAN BREE HENRI
Published: March 2006

Osteochondrosis lesions in 29 shoulder joints (from 20 dogs) were evaluated with ultrasound (US) and the results were compared with survey radiography, arthrography, and arthroscopy. US was performed with a 7–12 MHz linear matrix transducer which was placed in cranio–caudal direction just distally to the acromion while the joint was adducted and maximally endorotated to visualize the caudal aspect of the humeral head. With US, the subchondral defect was completely visible in 21 joints and partially visible in 8 joints. The length of the subchondral defect measured on US was comparable with the length measured on survey radiographs. In two joints, the cartilage flap was mineralized and thus already visible on survey radiographs. The mineralized flap was visible on US as a straight hyperechoic line above the subchondral defect. In the other joints, survey radiographs could not assess the status of the articular cartilage. In 17 joints, the presence of a cartilage flap or cartilage fissuring was suspected based on the presence of a second hyperechoic line at the base of the subchondral defect, and this suspicion was confirmed by arthroscopic examination in 16 joints and also by arthrographic examination in 15 joints. One joint that was suspected of having a cartilage flap on US was normal on arthroscopy and arthrography. When US revealed only focal thickening of the anechoic cartilage layer (5 joints), the joints appeared normal on arthroscopic and arthrographic examination. Of the four joints where the subchondral defect was irregular and covered by heteroechogeneous material on US, arthroscopy revealed the presence of a lesion resembling chondromalacia in two joints, the presence of a small cartilage flap in one joint and the presence of scar tissue underneath the flap at the level of the subchondral defect in one joint. In conclusion, US is a helpful imaging modality in the identification of osteochondritic lesions in the canine shoulder joint. US also appears to be a satisfactory imaging tool for identifying lesions such as joint mice, joint effusion, and distinct new bone formation.
RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE PATELLAR LIGAMENT FOLLOWING TIBIAL PLATEAU LEVELING OSTEOTOMY
Authors: MATTERN KARA L. , BERRY CLIFFORD R. , PECK JEFFREY N. , DE HAAN JACEK J.
Published: March 2006

Objective evaluation of patellar ligament changes following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) for cranial cruciate ligament injury has not been published to date. In this study, the patellar ligament was evaluated using radiographs and high‐resolution ultrasound in 31 stifles (29 dogs) preoperatively and at 1 month (n=31), 2 months (n=18), and 6 months (n=13) postTPLO. A ratio of the thickness of the proximal to distal patellar ligament was determined for all radiographs evaluated. Ultrasound evaluation included proximal, middle, and distal mid‐sagittal thickness and transverse thickness, and transverse area measurements. Subjective grading (0 being normal through a scale of 3) of the ultrasound changes was also performed at each evaluation. Significant thickening of the distal patellar ligament was noted postoperatively as evidenced by thickness and area measurements and a decreased radiographic ratio (P<0.01). Preoperative patellar ligament thickness and area were similar at the proximal, middle and distal sites. Ultrasound‐derived thickness and area measurements of the distal patellar ligament were increased at 1 and 2 months (P<0.01). The radiographic ratio was significantly decreased at 1, 2 and 6 months (P<0.01). Subjectively, all patellar ligaments scored a 0 preoperatively and 16/31 received a score of 2 or 3 during follow‐up evaluation. Additionally, these dogs had ultrasonographic and radiographic changes consistent with distal patellar ligament thickening. Body weight (kg) and postoperative TPLO angle had a significant influence on 1‐month postoperative distal patellar ligament area using a stepwise logistic model (P<0.05). Patellar ligament desmitis is a common postoperative sequela to the TPLO procedure, however its clinical significance (i.e., correlation with a residual lameness) was not evaluated in this study.
CHARACTERIZATION OF CANINE SUPERFICIAL TUMORS USING GRAY‐SCALE B MODE, COLOR FLOW MAPPING, AND SPECTRAL DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY—A MULTIVARIATE STUDY
Authors: NYMAN HELENA T. , KRISTENSEN ANNEMARIE T. , LEE MARCEL H. , MARTINUSSEN TORBEN , MCEVOY FINTAN J.
Published: March 2006

Superficial tumors are not routinely evaluated by two‐ or three‐dimensional diagnostic imaging methods as part of the staging of canine cancer patients, although superficial tumors are readily imaged by ultrasound. The objectives of this study were to characterize the ultrasonographic patterns of superficial tumors and to evaluate whether ultrasound can help discriminate between benign and malignant tumors in dogs. Superficial tumors (n=132) in 86 dogs were evaluated by B mode, color flow mapping, and spectral Doppler ultrasonography. Size, echogenicity, tumor border definition, invasiveness, acoustic transmission, presence and distribution of vascular flow to and within the tumor, as well as perfusion indices were measured. The tumors were classified as lipomas, benign tumors, atypical mammary tumors, and malignant tumors. Multivariate statistics using discriminant analysis was used to determine which parameters may be used to predict the status of the tumor. Tumor echogenicity, border shape, acoustic shadowing, total number of vessels to the tumor and the total flow amount are the parameters that in combination resulted in the lowest classification error (24%), meaning that on average three out of four tumors were correctly classified using these parameters. All the lipomas and atypical mammary tumors were classified correctly by ultrasonography. The results of this study show that ultrasonography has an important role in the evaluation of canine superficial tumors, particularly in the evaluation of tissue homogeneity and tumor vascularity.
DOPPLER SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE DIGITAL BLOOD FLOW IN HORSES WITH LAMINITIS OR SEPTIC PODODERMATITIS
Authors: WONGAUMNUAYKUL SANTI , SIEDLER CLAUDIA , SCHOBESBERGER HERMANN , STANEK CHRISTIAN
Published: March 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Doppler ultrasonography to monitor vascular blood flow dynamics in defined diseases of the equine digit in a noninvasive way. Doppler sonography was used to evaluate medial digital artery blood flow in eight horses with septic pododermatitis and four horses with laminitis in comparison with 10 horses of a control group. Doppler sonographic measurement and lameness examinations were performed in lame horses before treatment (day 0) and at 3, 6, and 9 days following treatment. Before treatment, blood flow velocities, arterial diameter, and flow volume were significantly higher in the lame horses, while pulsatility indices (PIs) were significantly lower (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, there was no significant difference of resistive indices (RI) in the septic pododermatitis group, but these indices were significantly lower in the laminitis group. No significant difference between the two lame groups was recorded. After treatment, blood flow velocities and flow volume decreased significantly and PIs increased significantly in both lame groups, while RI and arterial diameter did not change. No correlation between Doppler parameters and the degree of lameness was found. Doppler sonography can be used to monitor vascular blood flow dynamics in horses suffering from septic pododermatitis and laminitis, while blood flow velocities and PI can serve as parameters for monitoring the course of the disease.
PET/CT FOLLOWING INTENSITY‐MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY FOR PRIMARY LUNG TUMOR IN A DOG
Authors: BALLEGEER ELIZABETH A. , FORREST LISA J. , JERAJ ROBERT , MACKIE T. ROCKWELL , NICKLES R. JEROME
Published: March 2006

A primary lung tumor in a dog treated with intensity‐modulated radiation therapy was imaged approximately 6 weeks and 1‐year posttreatment with combined positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography, utilizing the radiotracers 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose and 18F‐fluorothymidine. These two tracers allowed discrimination of tumor from inflammation, and demonstrated spread of tumor along airways over time after treatment. Fusion of functional imaging with anatomic imaging is a useful tool, particularly in the field of oncology, with the potential for PET markers that delineate tumor from normal or reactive tissue, and potential or actual response to therapy.
Family Subtyping and Early Intervention
Authors: Margalit Malka , Al‐Yagon Michal , Kleitman Talia
Published: March 2006

Abstract  The goal of the study was to identify and differentiate subgroups among mothers whose infants were diagnosed as having a developmental disability. The sample consisted of 80 mothers from intact families whose infants had such diagnoses, most of whom were diagnosed with Down syndrome. All mothers were receiving early intervention services. Acknowledging the mothers’ heterogeneous reactions to their situation, the study attempted to identify discrete family profiles, based on mothers’ sense of coherence as a measure of personal strength and family cohesion as a measure of systemic support. Four family subtypes were identified. The authors examined experiences of stress, coping, and affect among these subgroups. Significant differences emerged among these four subgroups in mothers’ stress experience, as well as their negative and positive moods. Relations between mothers’ strengths and their needs are discussed as related to the early intervention program.
Peer Relationships and the Mental Health of Young Children with Intellectual Delays
Authors: Guralnick Michael J.
Published: March 2006

Abstract  Available evidence indicates that a substantial majority of young children with intellectual delays exhibit special problems in forming peer relationships and developing friendships. This increased social isolation from peers poses a considerable threat to their mental health in both the short and long term. This problem is related to but extends far beyond expected difficulties based on the increased level of behavior disorders evident for children with intellectual delays. Contemporary evidence suggests that children's peer‐related social competence based on both emotion‐regulation and social‐information processes contributes to their peer relationship difficulties. A number of practice and policy suggestions are outlined to address this critical problem.
Eligibility Characteristics of Infants and Toddlers Entering Early Intervention Services in the United States
Authors: Scarborough Anita A. , Hebbeler Kathleen M. , Spiker Donna
Published: March 2006

Abstract  In the United States, legislation originally enacted in 1986 provided grants to states to build interagency service systems for children from birth to 3 years of age with developmental delays and disabilities. This legislation now renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) was intended to facilitate the development of a coordinated comprehensive statewide system of early intervention (EI) services. This legislation allowed states considerable flexibility, resulting in diverse service systems and variability regarding eligibility for services. To meet the need for information about EI services and its participants, the U.S. Department of Education commissioned the National Early Intervention Longitudinal Study. Data on a nationally representative sample of children revealed that 62% of children who began EI before 31 months of age were eligible for services because of developmental delay, 22% of them because of a diagnosed condition and 17% because they were at risk for developmental delay. For those entering when older than 24 months, 91% were described as eligible because of developmental delay. Reasons for eligibility based on information from parent descriptions of why their child received services corresponded with reasons for eligibility based on information from providers for the majority of children. Authors provide suggestions for improved services through the use of descriptors of the nature of a child's disability.
A Systematic Review of the Safety and Effectiveness of Restraint and Seclusion as Interventions for the Short‐Term Management of Violence in Adult Psychiatric Inpatient Settings and Emergency Departments
Authors: Nelstrop Louise , Chandler‐Oatts Jackie , Bingley William , Bleetman Tony , Corr Frank , Cronin‐Davis Jane , Fraher Donna‐Maria , Hardy Phil , Jones Sophie , Gournay Kevin , Johnston Sue , Pereira Stephen , Pratt Peter , Tucker Rick , Tsuchiya Aki
Published: March 2006

Aims: The aim of this review was to assess whether restraint and seclusion are safe and effective interventions for the short‐term management of disturbed/violent behaviour. Staff and service user perspectives on the use of these interventions were also considered. The review was undertaken as part of the development process for a national guideline on the short‐term management of disturbed/violent behaviour in adult psychiatric inpatient settings and emergency departments in the United Kingdom.

Method: An exhaustive literature search was undertaken. Systematic reviews, before and after studies, as well as qualitative studies were included. Searches were run from 1985 to 2002.

Findings: Thirty‐six eligible studies were identified. However, none were randomised controlled trials. Most of the included studies had many limitations, such as small sample sizes, confounders not adequately accounted for, potential selection bias, poorly reported results, and lack of clarity as to whether mechanical restraints were used. This review must therefore be viewed as a mapping exercise, which illustrates the range and quality of studies that have been undertaken in this area to date.

Conclusions and Implications for Practice: Insufficient evidence is available to determine whether seclusion and restraint are safe and/or effective interventions for the short‐term management of disturbed/violent behaviour in adult psychiatric inpatient settings. These interventions should therefore be used with caution and only as a last resort once other methods of calming a situation and/or service user have failed.

Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing 2006; 3(1):8‐18
Patient Choice: An Influencing Factor on Policy‐Related Research to Decrease Bedrail Use as Physical Restraint
Authors: Ralphs‐Thibodeau Sylvia , Knoefel Frank , Benjamin Kathleen , Leclerc Anne , Pisterman Susan , Sohmer Jane , Scrim Carmel
Published: March 2006

Background: This paper shows patients' enactment of choice in mixed methods, multidisciplinary study on the use of bedrails as restraints.

Approach: Under the pressure of the implementation of impending legislation, patients from a Canadian elderly care rehabilitation unit were recruited to be part of this study and assigned to either a study or control group. Study group patients were exposed to a new facility policy on restraints in which bedrails were not to be used on a patient's bed except under specified conditions. Patients in the control group continued to have bedrails on a routine basis according to the facility's old policy. Following group assignments, patients could choose to crossover to either the control or study group based on their opinions about bedrails.

Findings: After patients crossed over into either the study or control group, findings for the new groups differed significantly. Participants in the rails‐up group had lower admission Functional Independence Measure scores (p = .001) and higher admission Cumulative Illness Rating scores (p = .000) compared to those in the rails‐down group.

Conclusions: Patients have specific concerns related to the use of bedrails that might affect implementing bedrail minimization policies. Additionally, the authors conclude that patients' input into research design may increase patients' support of the protocol and help maintain study integrity.

Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing 2006; 3(1):31‐39
No evidence for association of the TP53 12139 and the BAX−248 polymorphisms with endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem)
Authors: Köhler K. F. , Petzl‐Erler M. L.
Published: March 2006

Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is an autoimmune bullous epidermal disease, characterized by autoantibodies specific to the desmosomal protein desmoglein 1 (dsg1) and by acantholysis, the rupture of the cellular junctions among keratinocytes. Known also as fogo selvagem (wild fire) in Brazil, the disease has distinct epidemiological characteristics, being endemic in certain regions of South America. It is a multifactorial (complex) disease, with oligo‐ or polygenic disease susceptibility. In view of the previously reported evidences of a role for apoptosis dysregulation in pemphigus pathogenesis, we hypothesized that genetic variants of molecules participating in apoptosis may contribute to interindividual variation of susceptibility to PF. The TP53 12139(G,C) and the BAX−248(G,A) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were analysed in a genetic association study. The allelic, genotypic and allele carrier frequencies for these SNPs did not differ statistically between the patient and the control groups, for both the Euro‐ and the Afro‐Brazilian population strata. The results of this study lead us to conclude that, although the TP53 and BAX alleles analysed differ functionally, this variation does not alter the functionality of the molecules in a way that would interfere with the development of the disease.
Climate Signals from Tree Ring Chronologies of the Upper and Lower Treelines in the Dulan Region of the Northeastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Lu‐San , Shao Xue‐Mei , Liang Er‐Yuan
Published: March 2006

The radial growth of trees in mountainous areas is subject to environmental conditions associated with changes in elevation. To assess the sensitivity of tree‐ring growth to climate variation over a wide range of elevations, we compared the chronological characteristics of Sabina przewalskii Kom. and their relationships with climatic variables at the upper and lower treelines in the Dulan region of the northeastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. It was found that the radial growth in this region was controlled primarily by precipitation in late spring and early summer (from May to June). In addition, a higher temperature from April to June could intensify drought stress and lead to narrow tree rings. The significant similarity in climate‐tree growth relationships at both the upper and lower treelines indicated that tree rings of S. przewalskii in this region are able to provide common regional climate information. However, the chronologies at the lower forest limits showed a higher standard deviation and more significant correlations with climatic factors, suggesting that the radial growth there was more significantly influenced by climate variation. The first principal component of the four chronologies showed a common growth response to local climate. The second principal component showed a contrasting growth response between different sampling sites. The third principal component revealed different growth patterns in response to altitudinal variation. Further analysis indicated that the precipitation in late spring and early summer controlled the growth of S. przewalskii on a regional scale and that other factors, such as microenvironment at the sampling sites, also affected the strength of the climatic response of tree growth.

(Managing editor: Wei Wang)
Molecular Tagging and Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci for Lint Percentage and Morphological Marker Genes in Upland Cotton
Authors: Guo Wang‐Zhen , Ma Guo‐Jia , Zhu Yi‐Chao , Yi Chen‐Xin , Zhang Tian‐Zhen
Published: March 2006

Using 219 F2 individuals developed by crossing the genetic standard line TM‐1 and the multiple dominant marker line T586 in Gossypium hirsutum L., a genetic linkage map with 19 linkage groups was constructed based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Compared with our tetraploid backboned molecular genetic map from a(TM‐1 × Hai 7124) × TM‐1 BC1 population, 17 of the 19 linkage groups were combined and anchored to 12 chromosomes (sub‐genomes). Of these groups, four morphological marker genes in T586 had been mapped into the molecular linkage map. Meanwhile, three quantitative trait loci for lint percentage were tagged and mapped separately on the A03 linkage group and chromosome 6.

(Managing editor: Li‐Hui Zhao)
Norditerpenoid Alkaloids from Aconitum spicatum Stapf
Authors: Gao Li‐Ming , Yan Hai‐Yan , He Yang‐Qing , Wei Xiao‐Mei
Published: March 2006

To search for pharmacologically and structurally interesting substances from traditional Chinese medicines, we investigated the chemical compounds of Aconitum spicatum Stapf. Two new norditerpenoid alkaloids, namely spicatine A (compound 1) and spicatine B (compound 2), as well as 11 known norditerpenoid alkaloids were isolated from the CHCl3 portion of the 90% ethanol extract of the roots of A. spicatum. The structures of the alkaloids were characterized on the basis of their spectral data. One of the isolated compounds showed significant cytotoxic activities (IC50 values < 200 μmol/L) against the HL‐60 cell line.

(Managing editor: Wei Wang)
A Novel Flavonoid Glucoside from Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl.
Authors: He Chun‐Nian , Wang Chun‐Lan , Guo Shun‐Xing , Yang Jun‐Shan , Xiao Pei‐Gen
Published: March 2006

Eight compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate‐ and n‐butanol‐soluble fractions of the ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. (Orchidaceae). On the basis of spectroscopic methods, the structures of these compounds were elucidated as quercetin‐7‐O‐β‐D‐[6”‐O‐(trans‐feruloyl)]‐glucopyranoside (compound 1), 8‐C‐p‐Hydroxybenzylquercetin (compound 2), isorhamnetin‐7‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (compound 3), isorhamnetin‐3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (compound 4), kaempferol‐3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (compound 5), kaempferol‐7‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (compound 6), 5‐hydroxy‐3′,4′,7‐trimethoxyflavonol‐3‐O‐β‐D‐rutinoside (compound 7), and isorhamnetin‐3‐O‐β‐D‐rutinoside (compound 8). Of the compounds isolated, compound 1 was a new flavonoid glucoside and exhibited strong scavenging activity against the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl free radical, whereas the ethanolic extract showed weak activity. Compounds 2–8 were obtained from this family for the first time.

(Managing editor: Wei Wang)
Growth, Gas Exchange, Abscisic Acid, and Calmodulin Response to Salt Stress in Three Poplars
Authors: Chang Yu , Chen Shao‐Liang , Yin Wei‐Lun , Wang Rui‐Gang , Liu Yan‐Feng , Shi Yong , Shen Yuan‐Yuan , Li Yue , Jiang Jie , Liu Yue
Published: March 2006

In the present study, we investigated the effects of increasing salinity on growth, gas exchange, abscisic acid (ABA), calmodulin (CaM), and the relevance to salt tolerance in seedlings of Populus euphratica Oliv. and cuttings of P. “pupularis 35–44” (P. popularis) and P. x euramericana cv. I‐214 (P. cv. Italica). The relative growth rates of shoot height (RGRH) for P. cv. Italica and P. popularis were severely reduced by increasing salt stress, whereas the growth reduction was relatively less in P. euphratica. Similarly, P. euphratica maintained higher net photosynthetic rates (Pn) and unit transpiration rates (TRN) than P. cv. Italica and P. popularis under conditions of higher salinity. Salinity caused a significant increase in leaf ABA and CaM in the three genotypes after the onset of stress, but NaCl‐induced ABA and CaM accumulation was more pronounced in P. euphratica, suggesting that P. euphratica plants are more sensitive in sensing soil salinity than the other two poplars. Furthermore, P. euphratica maintained relatively higher ABA and CaM concentrations under conditions of high salinity. The higher capacity to synthesize stress signals, namely ABA and CaM, in P. euphratica and the contribution of this to the salt resistance of P. euphratica are discussed.

(Managing editor: Ping He)
Biochemical Properties and Inhibition Kinetics of Phosphatase from Wheat Thylakoid Membranes
Authors: Fei Mei‐Juan , Chen Jian‐Sheng , Wang Xiao‐Yun
Published: March 2006

A phosphatase that hydrolyses phosphate monoesters has been isolated from wheat thylakoid membranes. Biochemical properties and inhibition kinetics of the phosphatase were investigated using several ions, organic solvents, and inhibitors. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. PH82‐2‐2) thylakoid membrane phosphatase activity was activated by Mg2+, Ca2+, and Fe2+ and was inhibited by Mn2+ and Cu2+. For example, enzyme activity was activated 34.81% by 2 mmol/L Mg2+, but was inhibited 22.3% and 8.5% by 2 and 1 mmol/L Cu2+, respectively. Methanol, ethanol and glycol were all able to activate enzyme activity. Enzyme activity was activated 58.5%, 48.2%, and 8.7% by 40% ethanol, methanol and glycol, respectively. From these results, it can be seen that the degree of activation of the phosphatase was greatest for ethanol and the type of activation was uncompetitive. Moreover, the activity of the thylakoid membrane phosphatase was inhibited by molybdate, vanadate, phosphate, and fluoride and the type of inhibition produced by these elements was uncompetitive, non‐competitive, competitive and mixed, respectively.

(Managing editor: Ping He)
Genetic Analysis and Gene‐Mapping of Two Reduced‐Culm‐Number Mutants in Rice
Authors: Jiang Hua , Guo Long‐Biao , Xue Da‐Wei , Zeng Da‐Li , Zhang Guang‐Heng , Dong Guo‐Jun , Gu Ming‐Hong , Qian Qian
Published: March 2006

In the present study, in order to systematically dissect the genetic mechanism of rice (Oryza sativa L.) tilling for the super rice ideotype and the model system of branching development, two ethyl methane sulfonate‐induced rice reduced‐culm‐number (rcn) mutants from the progeny of Nippobare (O. sativa ssp. japonica), namely rcn8 and rcn9, were used. Their maximum tillers were both less than 4. In addition, rcn9 had another major feature of rust‐spotted leaves. Allelic tests between these two mutants and seven other recessive few‐tiller mutants revealed that they were previously unknown loci. Genetic analysis showed that the rcn traits were all controlled by a pair of different recessive genes, designated as RCN8 and RCN9, respectively. Two F2 populations derived from crosses between the rcn8 or rcn9 mutants and 93–11 were constructed. Linkage analysis using two rcn F2 mapping populations with published simple sequence repeat markers demonstrated that the RCN8 and RCN9 genes were mapped on the long arm of chromosome 1 (119.6 cM) and the short arm of chromosome 6 (63.6 cM), respectively. The results of the present study are beneficial to map‐based cloning and functional analysis of the RCN8 and RCN9 genes.

(Managing editor: Li‐Hui Zhao)
Construction and Characterization of a cDNA Library from the Pulp of Cara Cara Navel Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck)
Authors: Tao Neng‐Guo , Xu Juan , Cheng Yun‐Jiang , Deng Xiu‐Xin
Published: March 2006

A cDNA library was constructed and characterized from the pulp of Cara Cara navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) at different stages of ripening. Tittering results revealed that approximately 5.086 × 105 independent clones were included in this library. Electrophoresis gel results of 15 randomly selected clones revealed that the size of the insertion fragments ranged from 400 bp to 2 kb, with an average size of 900 bp. Sequencing results of 150 randomly picked clones showed that the recombination rate was 94%. During subsequent sequence analysis, 41 of 139 clones failed to be identified and the amino sequence of 71 clones shared less than 30% identity with related plants in GenBank. Of 27 clones whose amino sequences shared more than 60% identity with other related plants in GenBank, 17 clones showed an 80% identity with the corresponding candidate genes of citrus. The clone recognized as the type III metallothionein‐like (MT) gene was observed to occur 13 times, indicating that the protein may play an important role in fruit development and ripening.

(Managing editor: Li‐Hui Zhao)
Phenotypic Characterization of a Female Sterile Mutant in Rice
Authors: Li Shuang‐Cheng , Yang Li , Deng Qi‐Ming , Wang Shi‐Quan , Wu Fa‐Qiang , Li Ping
Published: March 2006

A female sterile mutant, derived from a spontaneous mutation, was first discovered in rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) restorer line 202R. With normal flowering, the mutant exhibits an extremely low seed‐setting rate. When the mutant is crossed as a pollen donor, the seeds set normally; whereas when it is used as a pollen receiver, no seeds are obtained even with mixed pollen grains of different varieties sprinkled over the stigmas. The floret of the mutant, consisting of six stamens and one pistil, looks the same as that of the wild type in the male‐female organs, except that less than 10% of the mutant florets have three stigmas on the ovary. Although the mutant has a low seed‐setting rate, its pollen fertility is approximately 87.1%, which is equal to that of the wild type. In addition, more than 90% of the mature embryo sacs of the mutant have complete inner structures. At every stage after pollination, the sperm, embryo, and endosperm are not found in the mutant embryo sac, whereas the disintegration of the egg cell that does not accomplish fertilization is visible. Through observations with a fluorescence microscope, we have found that the pollen grains germinate normally, whereas the pollen tube abnormally elongates in the style‐transmitting tissue. The mutant pollen tubes display various defects in the style, such as slower elongation, conversed elongation, distorted elongation, swollen tips, or branched tips. As a result, the growth of the pollen tubes ceases in the style, and, therefore, the pollen tubes cannot reach the embryo sac and the process of double fertilization is blocked. Based on these observations, we conclude that this mutant, designated as fs‐202R, is a novel type of female sterile mutation in rice, which causes the arrest of the elongation of the pollen tube.

(Managing editor: Wei Wang)
Identification of Festuca arundinacea Schreb Cat1 Catalase Gene and Analysis of its Expression Under Abiotic Stresses
Authors: Yang Wen‐Long , Liu Jing‐Mei , Chen Fan , Liu Qiang , Gong Yan‐Dao , Zhao Nan‐Ming
Published: March 2006

Abiotic stresses, such as drought, high salinity, and cold/freezing, lead plants to produce excess reactive oxygen species. Catalase, a unique hydrogen peroxide‐scavenging enzyme, plays a very important role in plants. To characterize the catalase involved in plant response to abiotic stresses, we constructed a cDNA library from 4 °C‐treated Festuca arundinacea Schreb seedlings and isolated a catalase gene from this library. The cDNA (FaCat1, 1 735 bp) contained an open reading frame of 1 479 bp. BLAST analysis indicated that the deduced amino acid sequence showed 96% identity with that from wheat TaCat1 and 87% identity with that from maize ZmCat2. Northern blotting analysis showed an obvious increase of FaCat1 transcripts in leaves in contrast with roots. Time‐course analysis of the expression of FaCat1 in F. arundinacea leaves showed that FaCat1 expression was upregulated in cold‐ and salt‐stressed leaves, with the FaCat1 transcripts accumulating mostly at 4 or 2 h after cold or salt stress, respectively. No significant changes in FaCat1 transcription were observed in dried leaves and inhibition of FaCat1 transcription was found in abscisic acid (ABA)‐treated leaves, indicating that the FaCat1 gene is differentially expressed during cold, high salt, drought, and ABA treatment in F. arundinacea leaves.

(Managing editor: Li‐Hui Zhao)
Authors, Intentions and Literary Meaning
Authors: Irvin Sherri
Published: March 2006

This article discusses the relationship (or lack thereof) between authors’ intentions and the meaning of literary works. It considers the advantages and disadvantages of Extreme and Modest Actual Intentionalism, Conventionalism, and two versions of Hypothetical Intentionalism, and discusses the role that one's theoretical commitments about the robustness of linguistic conventions and the publicity of literary works should play in determining which view one accepts.
Models of Steady Heat Conduction in Multiple Cylindrical Domains
Authors: Desai Anand , Geer James , Sammakia Bahgat
Published: March 2006

An analytical model of steady state heat conduction in multiple cylindrical domains is presented and discussed. The domains are axisymmetric, contiguous, and coaxial. Three domains are considered in the current study. The thermal conductivities, thicknesses, and radii of the domains may be different. The entire geometry composed of the three connected domains is considered as adiabatic on its lateral surfaces and is subjected to uniform convective cooling at one end. The other end of the geometry is subjected to a constant heat flux, while uniform heat generation is imposed in one of the domains. The analytical solution of the model is found and special cases of it are shown to be in agreement with known solutions for simpler geometries. One application of this model relates to the thermal management of computer chips that are attached to a heat sink or a heat spreader. The three layers could simulate the chip, the thermal adhesive and the heat sink. Another application is the simulation of a nanotube or nanocylinder connecting a region of the chip to a region of the heat sink. Many other potential applications may be simulated using the different possible configurations for the solution presented.
Implementation of Microchannel Evaporator for High-Heat-Flux Refrigeration Cooling Applications
Authors: Lee Jaeseon , Mudawar Issam
Published: March 2006

While most recently electronic cooling studies have been focused on removing the heat from high-power-density devices, the present study also explores means of greatly decreasing the device operating temperature. This is achieved by incorporating a microchannel heat sink as an evaporator in an R134a refrigeration loop. This system is capable of maintaining device temperatures below 55°C while dissipating in excess of 100W∕cm2. It is shown that while higher heat transfer coefficients are possible with greater mass velocities, those conditions are typically associated with wet compression corresponding to evaporator exit quality below unity and liquid entrainment at the compressor inlet. Wet compression compromises compressor performance and reliability as well as refrigeration cycle efficiency and therefore must be minimized by maintaining only slightly superheated conditions at the compressor inlet, or using a wet-compression-tolerant compressor. A parametric study of the effects of channel geometry on heat sink performance points to channels with small width and high aspect ratio as yielding superior thermal performance corresponding to only a modest penalty in pressure drop.
Design of Thermal Interface Material With High Thermal Conductivity and Measurement Apparatus
Authors: Park Jong-Jin , Taya Minoru
Published: March 2006

A thermal interface material (TIM) is a crucial material for transferring heat from a die to a heatsink. We developed a new TIM composed of carbon nanotubes, silicon thermal grease, and chloroform. The thermal impedance of the TIM was measured using a new device based on thermometer principles to measure thermal impedance and resistance. This device consists of an alumina substrate, titanium tungsten (TiW) layers, gold layers, and thin alumina layers. Then the measured thermal conductivity of the TIM was compared with predictions made by the thermal resistor network model, and the experimental results were found to be consistent with the predictions made by the model.
A Model for Flow Bypass and Tip Leakage in Pin Fin Heat Sinks
Authors: Dogruoz M. Baris , Ortega Alfonso , Westphal Russell V.
Published: March 2006

A model for the pressure drop and heat transfer behavior of heat sinks with top bypass is presented. In addition to the characteristics of a traditional two-branch bypass model, the physics of tip leakage are taken into consideration. The total flow bypass is analyzed in terms of flow that is completely diverted and flow that enters the heat sink but leaks out. Difference formulations of the momentum and the energy equations were utilized to model the problem in the flow direction. Traditional hydraulic resistance and heat transfer correlations for infinitely long tube bundles were used to close the equations. Tip leakage mechanisms were modeled by introducing momentum equations in the flow normal direction in both the pin side and bypass channel, with ad hoc assumptions about the static pressure distribution in that direction. Although the model is applicable to any kind of heat sink, as a case study, results are presented for in-line square pin fin heat sinks. Results were compared with the predictions from a two-branch bypass model and previous experimental data. It is shown that tip leakage effects are important in setting the overall pressure drop at moderate and high pin spacing, but have only minor influence on heat transfer.
Experimental
Measurements of the Flow and Heat Transfer of a Square Jet Impinging on an Array of Square Pin
Fins
Authors: Issa Johnny
S. , Ortega Alfonso
Published: March 2006

The flow behavior and heat transfer due to free air jet impingement on pin fin heat sinks was experimentally studied. Flow velocities and tip clearance ratios were varied from 2to20m∕s and 0 to 1, respectively. The stagnation pressure recovered at the center of the heat sink was higher for tall pins than for short pins. The pressure loss coefficient showed little dependence on Re, increased with increasing pin density and pin diameter, and decreased with increasing pin height and clearance ratio. The overall base-to-ambient thermal resistance decreased with increasing Re number, pin density, and pin diameter.
A Numerical Study of Transport in a Thermal Interface Material Enhanced With Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Desai Anand , Mahajan Sanket , Subbarayan Ganesh , Jones Wayne , Geer James , Sammakia Bahgat
Published: March 2006

Power dissipation in electronic devices is projected to increase over the next 10years to the range of 150-250W per chip for high performance applications. One of the primary obstacles to the thermal management of devices operating at such high powers is the thermal resistance between the device and the heat spreader or heat sink that it is attached to. Typically the in situ thermal conductivity of interface materials is in the range of 1-4W∕mK, even though the bulk thermal conductivity of the material may be significantly higher. In an attempt to improve the effective in situ thermal conductivity of interface materials nanoparticles and nanotubes are being considered as a possible addition to such interfaces. This paper presents the results of a numerical study of transport in a thermal interface material that is enhanced with carbon nanotubes. The results from the numerical solution are in excellent agreement with an analytical model (Desai, A., Geer, J., and Sammakia, B., “Models of Steady Heat Conduction in Multiple Cylindrical Domains,” J. Electron. Packaging (to be published)) of the same geometry. Wide ranges of parametric studies were conducted to examine the effects of the thermal conductivity of the different materials, the geometry, and the size of the nanotubes. An estimate of the effective thermal conductivity of the carbon nanotubes was used, obtained from a molecular dynamics analysis (Mahajan, S., Subbarayan, G., Sammakia, B. G., and Jones, W., 2003, Proceedings of the 2003 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Washington, D.C., Nov. 15–21). The numerical analysis was used to estimate the impact of imperfections in the nanotubes upon the overall system performance. Overall the nanotubes are found to significantly improve the thermal performance of the thermal interface material. The results show that varying the diameter of the nanotube and the percentage of area occupied by the nanotubes does not have any significant effect on the total temperature drop.
Cooling Performance of Using a Confined Slot Jet Impinging onto Heated Heat Sinks
Authors: Lin Ta-Wei , Wu Ming-Chang , Liu Li-Kang , Fang Chun-Jen , Hung Ying-Huei
Published: March 2006

A series of experimental investigations on the studies related to transient- and steady-state cooling performance from the horizontally heated heat sinks with a confined slot jet impingement have been conducted. The relevant parameters influencing the transient convective cooling performance include the steady-state Grashof number, ratio of jet separation distance to nozzle width, ratio of heat sink height to nozzle width, and jet Reynolds number. The transient heat transfer behaviors such as the temperature distribution, local and average Nusselt numbers on the heated heat sinks have been systematically explored. Two empirical correlations of steady-state local and average Nusselt numbers are presented. Furthermore, a complete composite correlation of steady-state average Nusselt number for mixed convection due to jet impingement and buoyancy is proposed. This empirical correlation obtained by data regression is in good agreement with the experimental data. The maximum and average regression errors are 7.46% and 2.87%, respectively.
Combined Analog and Action Potential Coding in Hippocampal Mossy Fibers
Authors: Alle Henrik , Geiger Jörg R. P.
Published: March 2006

In the mammalian cortex, it is generally assumed that the output information of neurons is encoded in the number and the timing of action potentials. Here, we show, by using direct patchclamp recordings from presynaptic hippocampal mossy fiber boutons, that axons transmit analog signals in addition to action potentials. Excitatory presynaptic potentials result from subthreshold dendritic synaptic inputs, which propagate several hundreds of micrometers along the axon and modulate action potential–evoked transmitter release at the mossy fiber–CA3 synapse. This combined analog and action potential coding represents an additional mechanism for information transmission in a major hippocampal pathway.
Surface Self-Organization Caused by Dislocation Networks
Authors: Thürmer Konrad , Hwang Robert Q. , Bartelt Norman C.
Published: March 2006

We report a new mechanism of self-organization that can lead to robust surface ordering. We have quantitatively analyzed the thermal motion of holes created by sulfur atoms in a silver monolayer on a ruthenium surface, which we observed in real time with scanning tunneling microscopy. We find that the stability of the array of holes is determined by the arrangement and structure of misfit dislocations in the film.
Chimpanzees Recruit the Best Collaborators
Authors: Melis Alicia P. , Hare Brian , Tomasello Michael
Published: March 2006

Humans collaborate with non-kin in special ways, but the evolutionary foundations of these collaborative skills remain unclear. We presented chimpanzees with collaboration problems in which they had to decide when to recruit a partner and which potential partner to recruit. In an initial study, individuals recruited a collaborator only when solving the problem required collaboration. In a second study, individuals recruited the more effective of two partners on the basis of their experience with each of them on a previous day. Therefore, recognizing when collaboration is necessary and determining who is the best collaborative partner are skills shared by both chimpanzees and humans, so such skills may have been present in their common ancestor before humans evolved their own complex forms of collaboration.