bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Technique for Intradermal Delivery of Drugs – Coated
Polymeric Needles
Authors: Bhavani A.V.S. Ksheera , Usha A. Lakshmi , Kumari M. Kusama , Rani E. Radha
Published: May 2021

The barrier properties of the topmost layer of the skin, stratum corneum have significant limitations for successful systemic delivery of a wide range of therapeutic molecules, especially macromolecules and genetic material. One solution is to utilize microneedles (MNs), which are capable of painlessly traversing through the stratum corneum and directly translocating protein drugs into the systematic circulation. This strategy involves the use of micron sized needles fabricated from different materials and using different geometries to create transient aqueous conduits across the skin. Microneedles in isolation, or in combination with other enhancing strategies, have been shown to dramatically enhance the skin permeability of numerous therapeutic molecules including biopharmaceuticals either in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo. MNs can be designed to incorporate appropriate structural materials as well as therapeutics or formulations with tailored physicochemical properties. This platform technique has been applied to deliver drugs both locally and systemically in applications ranging from vaccination to diabetes and cancer therap. As an alternative to hypodermic needles, coated polymer microneedles (MNs) are able to deliver drugs to subcutaneous tissues after being inserted into the skin. The dip-coating process is a versatile, rapid fabricating method that can form coated MNs in a short time. However, it is still a challenge to fabricate coated MNs with homogeneous and precise drug doses in the dip-coating process. This review article focuses on recent and potential future developments in microneedle technologies. This will include the detailing of progress made in microneedle design, an exploration of the challenges faced in this field and potential forward strategies to embrace the exploitation of microneedle methodologies, while considering the inherent safety aspects of such therapeutic tools. The clinical potential and future translation of MNs are also discussed.
Formulation and Evaluation of Tinidazole Microgel for Skin Delivery
Authors: Yadav Pooja , Shah Sunil , Tyagi Chandra Kishore
Published: May 2021

The objective of the present study was to formulate and optimize tinidazolemicrogel. To achieve these objective fourteen formulations of microgel were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation method using Eudragit polymer. A 32 factorial design was employed in formulating the microgel with concentration of surfactant (A) and stirring speed (B) as independent variables. Percent drug release was considered as dependent variable. The effect of drug-polymer concentration, surfactant concentration, cross-linking agent and stirring speed were evaluated with respect to entrapment efSficiency, particle size, surface characteristics, micromeritic properties, DSC study and in vitro drug release studies. The particle size and entrapment efficiency were found to be varied by changing various formulation parameters like surfactant concentration and stirring speed etc. IR study confirmed the drug-polymer compatibility and scanning electron microscopy indicates that the microgel have the rough and porous surface due to arising as a trace of solvent evaporation during the process. The release profile of tinidazole from Eudragitmicrogel was pH dependent. In acidic medium, the release rate was much slower; however, the drug was released quickly at pH 7.4. It is concluded from the present investigation that Eudragitmicrogel are promising as a carrier for targeted delivery of tinidazole.
Formulation Evaluation and Characterization of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Rofecoxib
Authors: Mehra Preeti , Kapoor Vishal , Gupta Naveen , Singh Rajpoot Dharmendra , Sharma Neeraj
Published: May 2021

Rofecoxib, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent mainly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The major drawback of Rofecoxib is its very low water solubility, which results in poor bioavailability after oral administration. Hence, an attempt was made to formulate fast dissolving tablets of Rofecoxib. The solid dispersions of Rofecoxib were prepared with PEG-4000 and PVP K30 by solvent evaporation method. The characterization of prepared solid dispersions by FTIR, XRPD and DSC, which reveals lack of interaction with carriers and dictates amorphous state of solid dispersions. Solid dispersion of Rofecoxib with PVP K30 (1:6) showed maximum dissolution, therefore compressed into tablets by using microcrystalline cellulose, lactose and crosspovidone. The dissolution profile of developed fast dissolving tablets containing solid dispersion of Rofecoxib (1:6) was studied. The formulated formulations showed optimum dissolution efficiency.
Mennesker som utøver seksuelle handlinger med dyr
Authors: Vaskinn Anja , Muri Karianne
Published: May 2021

Sexual contact between humans and animals is known from early times, but the prevalence remains unknown. Research on individuals who have sexual contact with animals has largely been conducted on individuals who are incarcerated or who are recruited from the internet and who consider themselves zoophiles. This paper is a synopsis of some of the available literature from the perspectives of law, veterinary science and psychology. Whether human beings who conduct sexual acts with animals are at increased risk of interpersonal violence is discussed. Some claim that zoophilia may be a sexual orientation and that sexual contact should be tolerated as long as the animal does not suffer. Others stress that sexual contact with animals is always wrong because it involves coercion, violates the rights of others, and because the animal cannot provide genuine consent or report abuse. This lack of consent is paramount to current psychiatric classifications of zoophilia. Reporting of animal abuse is one of the exceptions to health professionals’ duty of confidentiality.
Arte sacra afrobrasileira na imprensa: Alguns registros pioneiros, 1904-1932
Authors:   Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Valle Arthur
Published: May 2021

Analisamos aqui um aspecto específico da recepção da arte sacra afrobrasileira no começo do séc. XX: trata-se de matérias escritas por intelectuais e/ou jornalistas cujo objetivo principal era apresentar para o público leitor de jornais e revistas um panorama das religiosidades de matriz africana. Até onde pudemos apurar, as primeiras dessas matérias, publicadas em 1904, foram os suportes pioneiros por meio dos quais circularam na imprensa imagens de arte sacra afrobrasileira.
The Selected Factors Related with Mental Health Power of Nursing Undergraduate Students, Srimahasarakham Nursing College, Praboromarajhanok Institute of Thailand
Authors: Wonngchantra Kuantean , Singsanun Naovarat , Intharit Jarunee , Wongchantra Prayoon
Published: May 2021

The purposes of this research were to study the level of mental health power and selected factors related to mental health power of nursing undergraduate students, Srimahamarakham Nursing College. The sample consisted of 91 first-year nursing undergraduate students at Srimahasarakham Nursing College, Faculty of Nursing, Praboromarajhanok Institute who were selected by purposive sampling. The research tool was the mental health power assessment questionnaire. The statistics used for data analysis were frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and the spearman's correlation coefficient. The results showed that the mean of overall mental health power was lower than the criteria (x ̅ = 57.64). When considering mental health power on each aspect, it was found that emotional stability x ̅ = 28.98, encouragement x ̅ = 13.81 and problem management x ̅ = 14.84 which is below the threshold level on all aspects. And factors that had a positive correlation with the mental health power of nursing undergraduate students statistical significance (p< .05). There was also a moderate correlation (r = .04) were associated homeland low level (r = .01) and monthly income had a moderate relationship (r = .03). The factors that did not relate with the mental health power of nursing undergraduate students were gender (r = .10) and the order of siblings or their children (r = .09).
Research on the Effect of Peer Feedback Training in English Writing Teaching—A Case Study of Students in Business English Major
Authors: Chen Jialiang
Published: May 2021

Based on peer feedback, this paper further explores the application of peer feedback training to English writing teaching in China. From the theoretical perspective, compared with teacher feedback, peer feedback is beneficial to motivate students to take the initiative in learning, practice the student-centered concept, and promote cooperative learning among students. Peer feedback training, namely peer feedback under teacher intervention in this paper, combines the advantages of teacher feedback and peer feedback, which can not only be accepted by learners but also achieve significant pragmatic effects. From a practical point of view, peer feedback training can be applied to teach large groups of students, thus reducing the pressure and burden of teachers and improving the quality of peer feedback. The results also show that peer feedback training mainly works during the training stage rather than the modification stage. It is crucial to pay attention to the mechanism of peer feedback training and apply it to practice to promote the quality of English writing teaching.
Persoonsgerichte handhaving van de socialezekerheidswetgeving
Authors: de Winter Paulien , Hertogh Marc
Published: May 2021

Person-centred enforcement of social security laws An action research study on the significance of motivational postures at a welfare office

In this article, we discuss a ‘person-centred’ view on the enforcement of social security laws. This is a new vision on enforcement whereby welfare workers can ‘differentiate’ in order to create more room for ‘customization’ with an eye for ‘the human dimension’ and an ‘appropriate’ enforcement style. Despite the unanimity about the desirability of this approach, most of the practical details are still unclear. Our central question is therefore: How may a person-centred approach of the enforcement of social security laws be implemented in practice? Based on an action research study, in which we closely collaborated with welfare workers and benefit recipients at a Dutch welfare office, we attempt to answer this question. We first discuss a number of central concepts from the enforcement literature and consider the concept of ‘motivational postures’. For this study, we developed a prototype of a new electronic analytical tool (which can be used to support enforcement) and then applied this tool in a small pilot study. In the article we describe our findings and discuss the experiences of benefit recipients and welfare workers with the analytical tool. We conclude that this tool appears to offer a good basis for the further development of the person-centred enforcement of social security laws.
Dispute settlement among the Nigerian Igbo in Antwerp
Authors: Reyntjens Filip
Published: May 2021

Dispute settlement among the Nigerian Igbo in Antwerp

This is a case study in ‘new legal pluralism’ which is interested in the operation of plural legal orders in countries of the global North. It considers the way in which the Nigerian Igbo living in Antwerp, Belgium settle their disputes. It first presents the Antwerp Igbo’s organisation in a Union possessing a constitution with precise legal stipulations. It then finds that the Igbo take the law with them from their home region into a diasporic community. Next it looks into the concrete organisation of dispute settlement and presents five cases as exemplars. It then discusses the advantages and drawbacks of applying Igbo law and justice, the issue of women’s rights, and the plurality and flexibility of the system. The conclusion underscores the fact that legal pluralism is a universal empirical reality.
ALTERNATIVAS DE MELHORIA DA QUALIDADE NOS PROCESSOS DE UM RESTAURANTE SOB A ÓTICA DAS PRÁTICAS SUSTENTÁVEIS
Authors: Silva Deoclécio Junior Cardoso da , Johann Denise Adriana , Nunes Andrieli de Fátima Paz , Serpa Natalia Pedroso , Pozzer Ranice Höehr Pedrazzi
Published: May 2021

Diante aos aspectos inerentes que permeiam a temática da sustentabilidade, bem como a importância desta na sociedade, torna-se relevante que estudos sejam realizados com a finalidade de auxiliar as organizações a estarem alinhadas a esse viés. Dessa forma objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar as alternativas de melhoria na qualidade no processo com ênfase nas práticas sustentáveis em um restaurante situado na região noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Através de uma pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, este estudo de caso avaliou um restaurante, elencando alternativas de melhoria da qualidade, alinhadas a práticas sustentáveis, priorizando através do método de Análise hierárquica de processos (AHP) aquela que na visão do gestor é mais relevante. Dessa forma, os resultados demonstraram que alternativa voltada a treinamento do pessoal é a mais priorizada, visto sua influência direta nos processos, o que pode auxiliar na redução dos desperdícios no restaurante.
O impacto do CRM Social em pequenas empresas inseridas em ambientes B2B
Authors: Ristow Charles , Gessner Edna , Paladini Edson Pacheco
Published: May 2021

O presente estudo aborda a qualidade do relacionamento com o cliente no contexto B2B e avalia a utilização de sistemas do tipo Customer Relationship Management (CRM) baseado na utilização de tecnologias Web 2.0 e mídias sociais. A empresa objeto do estudo é uma cervejaria que utiliza um sistema do tipo CRM social para aumento da confiança no processo de comunicação e da sua capacidade de resposta, além da satisfação do cliente em termos de atendimento individualizado. Adicionalmente propôs-se a utilização de indicadores para avaliar o processo, que consideraram a performance em vendas, nível de atendimento, escala de utilização e efetividade na utilização das mídias sociais. Na prática, o estudo comprova que a adoção de sistemas do tipo CRM Social é importante para a empresa do estudo, devido ao interesse na construção de relacionamentos de longo prazo, bem como para a prospecção de novos clientes.
Evidence-based design i jakość behawioralna w przestrzeni medycznej.
Projekt koncepcyjny obiektu szpitalnego
Authors: Bielak-Zasadzka Maria , Bryśkiewicz Kinga
Published: May 2021

Przedmiotem artykułu jest metodologia badawcza evidence-based design, której głównym celem było stworzenie wytycznych projektowych oraz programu funkcjonalnego dla obiektu szpitala, a także zdobycie wiedzy o wpływie środowiska medycznego na osoby chore. Opracowanie opisuje kolejne kroki badawcze, które pozwoliły na zebranie wniosków i wytycznych dla tworzenia projektu. Konkluzje posłużyły do wykonania projektu koncepcyjnego wpisującego się w nowe paradygmaty projektowania obiektów medycznych
w odejściu od tradycji sterylnych, obcych przestrzeni szpitalnych.
Innowacyjne rozwiązania architektoniczne miejsc uczenia się w Smart City
Authors: Balcer-Zgraja Małgorzata
Published: May 2021

Celem opracowania jest pokazanie wybranych aspektów kształtowania współczesnych miejsc edukacji pozaszkolnej. W pracy zastosowano zestaw metod badawczych: przegląd z krytyczną analizą zasobów publikacji i dokumentów źródłowych, studium przypadku wybranych realizacji architektonicznych, obserwacje działań edukacyjnych z udziałem studentów, dzieci, młodzieży. Rezultatem kompilacji, analizy porównawczej oraz logicznego przetworzenia danych stało się sformułowanie wniosków dotyczących innowacyjnych rozwiązań architektonicznych miejsc uczenia się w kontekście kompetencji przyszłości i życia w inteligentnym mieście – wybrane, zaprezentowane skrótowo w niniejszym opracowaniu. Wnioski: architektura ma wpływ na potencjał intelektualny Smart City poprzez stwarzanie permanentnych okazji do uczenia się na bazie przestrzenno-użytkowych innowacji, w których przestrzeń publiczna jest z założenia tożsama z przestrzenią edukacji.
Wieloaspektowe wspieranie procesów inwestycyjnych i rekonstrukcyjnych za pomocą modeli oraz miniatur przestrzennych
Authors: Pocisk-Dobrowolski Jerzy
Published: May 2021

Tradycja wykonywania makiet ilustrujących projekty architektoniczne w formie trójwymiarowej sięga czasów starożytnych. Ostatnie kilkanaście lat to okres powrotu popularności makiet i dioram. W procesie przekazywania wizualnych treści dotyczących proponowanych rozwiązań z zakresu planistyki, rekonstrukcji obiektów zabytkowych oraz projektów wnętrz modele, a także makiety okazały się wciąż bardzo skutecznym narzędziem marketingowym wspierającym procesy inwestycyjne. Pojawienie się wydruków 3D zmieniło techniki wykonywania makiet i
miniatur różnego typu poprzez dostęp do nowych technologii przetwarzania informacji przestrzennej. Jednak sama forma przekazu informacji poprzez miniaturę skierowana do potencjalnego odbiorcy nie uległa zasadniczej zmianie. Możliwość oglądania propozycji projektowych z różnych perspektyw bez konieczności posiadania umiejętności obsługi programów stanowi niezaprzeczalny atut tej formy prezentacji rozwiązań przestrzennych, który jeszcze przez długie lata będzie skutecznym sposobem komunikacji pomiędzy projektantem, inwestorem i użytkownikiem planowanych inwestycji.
Źródła inspiracji w architekturze –
próba systematyki
Authors: Kossak Anna
Published: May 2021

Źródła poszukiwania inspiracji
w twórczym projektowaniu architektonicznym są różne. Mogą to być: kontekst miejsca, obiekty powstałe w różnych okresach historycznych, w różnych stylach, dzieła innych architektów współczesnych, nowatorskie rozwiązania konstrukcyjne, ale też sztuka, czyli obrazy, utwory muzyczne, albo procesy biologiczne, wytwory świata przyrody ożywionej i nieożywionej, wzory, wykresy i moduły matematyczne, reguły oraz zasady geometrii, albo też zabawa płaszczyzną i prostymi bryłami geometrycznymi, ich komponowanie, poszukiwanie relacji w przestrzeni, lub ich przekształcanie, deformowanie, multiplikowanie. Artykuł jest próbą przedstawienia trzech autorskich, różnych możliwości usystematyzowania oraz podziału tych źródeł na: matematyczne i niematematyczne oraz na świadome i nieuświadomione (podświadome), a także bezpośrednie i pośrednie (abstrakcyjne). Prezentuje też literaturę tematu na gruncie rodzimym – w Polsce.
Protection
against vibroacoustic impacts
on example of high-tech research centre
Authors: Knawa-Hawryszków Marta
Published: May 2021

In this paper the elastic support of building structures is discussed as one of the advanced technical solutions for protecting buildings against vibrations and structure-borne noise. Two of several possible variants of solutions are described on the example of special-purpose facility built in Cracow, Poland. The specificity of the building of the “Solaris” research centre is the use of high-tech mea-
surement technologies and vibration-sensitive equipment. Then a restrictive criterion of the permissible level of vibroacoustic impacts on the building was set at the early design stage. To ensure effective reduction of vibrations transmitted through the ground, the necessary activities are described. The protection method by using appropriate mitigation measures (anti-vibration materials) is shown. The presented example draws attention to the problem of a rational and comprehensive approach to the subject of protection against vibrations, which is part of the concept of sustainable development in civil engineering.
Pre-hospital use of inhaled corticosteroids and inhaled beta agonists and incidence of ARDS: A population-based study
Authors: Mangi Asif Muhammad , Bansal Vikas , Li Guangxi , Pieper Matthew S. , Gajic Ognjen , Festic Emir
Published: May 2021

Objective. Inhaled corticosteroids and inhaled beta agonists were shown to decrease the lung injury in animal models. We investigated the association of pre-hospital use of inhaled corticosteroids and inhaled beta agonists with the incidence of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in a population based cohort of hospitalized patients. Material and methods. Retrospective cohort study of adult patients from Olmsted County, Minnesota admitted to the hospital with at least one predisposing condition for ARDS from 2001-2008. The association with pre-hospital use of inhaled corticosteroids and inhaled beta agonists was evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. Primary outcome was ARDS and secondary outcome was hospital mortality. Results. Out of 2429 hospitalized adult patients with at least one risk factor for ARDS, 10.5% of those taking and 14% of those not taking inhaled corticosteroids developed ARDS (OR 0.72; 0.53-0.97; p<0.03). Inhaled beta agonists showed similar unadjusted protective effect; 9.7% of users and 14.4% of non-users developed ARDS (OR 0.64; 0.48-0.86; p=0.003). After adjusting for risk factors, comorbidities and severity of illness in the multiple logistic regression model, use of inhaled beta agonists, but not inhaled corticosteroids, remained independently associated with decreased risk of ARDS (OR 0.48; 0.31-0.72; p<0.001 versus 0.87; 0.57-1.29; p=0.49). The estimated protective effects were more pronounced among patients with pneumonia compared to those without pneumonia. Conclusion. Prehospital use of inhaled beta agonists but not inhaled corticosteroids was significantly associated with decreased incidence of ARDS among hospitalized patients at risk, once adjusted for baseline characteristics, predisposing and comorbid conditions, as well as severity of illness.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome Presenting as Unilateral Hip Pain in a Child
Authors: Neocleous Charalambos , Diakolios Konstandinos , Adramerina Alkistis , Varveris Evangelos , Tsioni Vasiliki , Machairidou Konstandina
Published: May 2021

Objective. The aim of this report is to highlight the importance of close observation and follow-up in children who present with an acutely irritable hip. This is because hip pain is a symptom of not only benign but also severe conditions. Thus, at the time of the initial presentation, hip pain can be misdiagnosed. This report serves as an example for a wide range of doctors such as orthopaedic surgeons, paediatricians, emergency room physicians or primary care physicians, because these are the first-line doctors who treat patients with a painful hip. Case report. We herein present a three-year-old child who was admitted to our hospital with pain in the right leg and initially diagnosed with
transient synovitis of the hip. An additional examination two days later, after severe deterioration of the clinical picture, revealed that our patient was actually suffering from Guillain-Barré syndrome. Failure to diagnose Guillain-Barré syndrome and initiating prompt treatment is potentially life-threatening. Conclusion. Clinicians should be aware that hip pain could be the presenting complaint of Guillain-Barré syndrome, a syndrome that has many clinical features. Even when all the clinical and laboratory findings indicate a benign condition, Guillain-Barré syndrome should still be considered. Therefore, close observation and follow-up in children who present with an acutely irritable hip is highly recommended. In this way, the potentially catastrophic consequences of more severe conditions can be avoided.
Obtaining a PhD: Personal experience of a nurse
Authors: Puharić Drita
Published: May 2021

No abstract available.
Adverse drug reactions of non-opioid and opioid analgesics reported to Croatian national authority from 2007 to 2014
Authors: Sunara Petra , Krnic Darko , Puljak Livia
Published: May 2021

Objective. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are commonly observed in the health services because of system weaknesses and individual errors. Analgesics are widely used and it can be expected that with the increased use one can expect increased number of ADRs of analgesics. The aim of this study was to analyze ADRs of non-opioid and opioid analgesics reported to the Croatian Agency for Medicinal Products and  Medical Devices (HALMED) from  2007  to 2014.  Methods. HALMED provided data on generic drug name, year of the ADR re- port, type of report, institution, reporting person, patient’s age, sex and ADR type. Results. In the analyzed period 796 ADRs of analgesics were reported, of which 367 (46%) were serious ADRs. Number of ADR reports was continuously increasing during the analyzed period. There were 20 analgesics that had ≥5 reports, making 597 (75%) of all ADR reports for analgesics. The most common adverse reaction re- ports of those 20 analgesics referred to individual drugs (n=16; 80%). Most of the ADR reports were filed by physicians (n=257; 43%), fol- lowed by pharmacists (n=252; 42%). Most side effects (n=572; 96%) were reported spontaneously through appropriate forms by patients or health professionals. ADRs were most commonly reported in wom- en (n=352; 59%) and most of them have occurred in adults (n=354; 59%). The most common ADRs of opioid and non-opioid analgesics have been reported on the skin and mucous membranes. Most serious ADRs were result of action of opioid analgesics. Conclusion. Num- ber of ADR reports in Croatia is continuously increasing and a consid- erable number of them refers to serious ADRs. To keep better track of medications and ADRs it is necessary to educate and encourage health professionals and patients in reporting side effects
Frequency and correlation of lip prints, fingerprints and ABO blood groups in population of Sriganganagar District, Rajasthan
Authors: Sandhu Harpreet , Verma Pradhuman , Padda Sarfaraz , Raj Seetharamaiha Sunder
Published: May 2021

Objective. To investigate the frequency and uniqueness of different lip print patterns, fingerprint patterns in relation to gender and ABO Rh blood groups among a semi-urban population of Sriganganagar, Rajasthan. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 1200 healthy volunteers aged 18-30 years. The cheiloscopic and der- matographic data of each subject were obtained and were analysed according to the Suzuki and Tsuchihashi and Henry systems of classification, respectively. Two forensic experts analyzed the patterns independently. The ABO Rh blood group was also recorded for each subject. The Chi square statistical analysis was done and tests were considered significant when p value <0.001 and Cohen kappa test was applied to analyze inter-observer reliability. Results. The B+ blood group was noted as most common in both genders while least common were A− among males and AB− in females. Type II lip pattern was most predominant while the least common was Type I’ in males and Type I’ and Type V in females. The UL fingerprint pattern was the most common, while RL was least noted in both genders. All the fingerprint patterns showed correlation with different lip print patterns. A correlation was found between different blood groups and lip print patterns except Type I (vertical) lip pattern. A positive correlation was observed between all the blood groups and fingerprint patterns, except for RL pattern. Conclusion. There is an association between lip print patterns, fingerprint patterns and ABO blood groups in both the genders. Thus, correlating the uniqueness of these physical evidenc- es sometimes helps the forensic team members in accurate personal identification or it can at least narrow the search for an individual where there are no possible data referring to the identity of the subject.
Healing invisible wounds – have we done enough to help the victims of wartime rape?
Authors: Hasanović Mevludin
Published: May 2021

No abstract available.
Sao Traditions of Makari South of Lake Chad
Authors: Lange Dierk
Published: May 2021

The present study tries to solve the enigma of the legendary Sao on the basis of the traditions of the city-state of Makari south of Lake Chad. It analyses the town’s king list, its oral traditions and its ritual heritage in the light of the Assyrian hypothesis (put forward by the author in several publications). It suggests that Makari’s ancient traditions correspond to extensive transcontinental projections which underwent important transformations by processes of localization. By resetting the traditions in their original Mespotamian context, it shows that the Sao were the Neo-Assyrian conquerors of vast regions of the ancient Near East. After the destruction of Nineveh by the Babylonian insurgent Nabopolassar in 612 B.C. and the subsequent fall of the Assyrian Empire, some of the formerly resettled deportees fled to the region south of Lake Chad where they founded the city-state of Makari. Their desacralized traditions bear witness to the former prestige accorded to the Sao-Assyrians.
Pointing, Rainbows, and the Archaeology of Mind
Authors: Blust Robert
Published: May 2021

For over a century anthropologists and folklorists have sporadically recorded a belief that one should not point at a rainbow, lest the offending finger become permanently bent, rot, be supernaturally severed, fall off, etc. In each case the belief was reported for a particular geographical region without apparent awareness of its presence elsewhere, and in no case was an explanation for this curious idea proposed. This paper documents what is called the “Rainbow Taboo” as a global phenomenon, found among peoples of quite varied cultural backgrounds, and it argues that the universality of the belief is a product of the interaction of two independent cognitive elements: an apparently innate sense that the rainbow is associated with the “other world,” and, secondly, a similar sense that pointing with the index finger is aggressive, and should not be used either in normal human interactions or more particularly against the supernatural.
Antropologia da “praga”
Authors: Nogueira Carlos
Published: May 2021

A genre of speech used by the speaker to access an essentially therapeutic power, but also traditionally to invoke a magical or divine power to destroy an opponent, the curse (in Portuguese “praga”, from the Latin “plaga”: “blow,” “wound,” “calamity,” in the proper and figurative sense) is at the same time a discourse of threat and satire, a discourse of merciless predation by an adversary who employs the force of words and gestures invested with supernatural power. In this article, based mainly on the many dozens of curses spoken by characters in the works of the Portuguese novelist Aquilino Ribeiro, I propose to build a theory (literary, cultural and anthropological) of the curse.
Vom öffentlichen Verkehr zur multioptionalen Mobilität? Regulierung digitaler Mobilitätsangebote im Kontext der Klimaschutzziele
Authors: Ruhrort Lisa
Published: May 2021

Die Bundesregierung hat sich das Ziel gesetzt, den CO2-Ausstoß des Verkehrs bis 2030 um 40 % zu senken. Szenarien zeigen, dass dies auch einen Umbau hin zu einem Mobilitätssystem mit weniger Autos und weniger Verkehr (Verkehrsverlagerung und Verkehrsvermeidung) notwendig macht. Möglich werden könnte dies mit einem Mobilitätssystem, das kollektive und individuelle Verkehrsoptionen kombiniert. Der Beitrag entfaltet die These, dass der Wandel hin zu einem solchen „multioptionalen“ Mobilitätssystem nur dann gelingt, wenn die regulatorischen Rahmenbedingungen des Verkehrs grundlegend verändert werden. Im Kontext von Klimaschutz und Digitalisierung muss sich der öffentliche Verkehr hin zu einer vielfältigen öffentlichen Mobilität wandeln. Damit dies gelingt, müssen neue Regulierungsinstrumente für Mobilität und die Nutzung öffentlicher Räume insbesondere auf kommunaler Ebene geschaffen werden. Der Text erläutert mögliche Ansatzpunkte für einen veränderten Regulierungsrahmen in Hinblick auf den Autoverkehr, die Regulierung von neuen Angeboten wie Car-, Bike- und Scootersharing sowie neuen Angeboten der Personenbeförderung im Kontext der Nutzung öffentlicher (Verkehrs-)Räume.
Grundlagen einer Collaborative Research Governance
Authors: Göbel Lennart
Published: May 2021

This volume outlines an organisational form for research collaborations and thus aims to contribute to the development of enabling law in the scientific field. Since Corporate Governance is tailored to businesses rather than research activities, the author develops a Collaborative Research Governance approach in order to legally reflect on both the scientific task and the cooperative objective of the association. Consequently, the organisational design adheres to the fundamental requirement of scientific adequacy. The author argues that it is therefore necessary to establish an autonomous scientific management and to ensure every researcher’s participation in the development of the cooperation.
Rebel Parties in African Post-Conflict Elections
Authors: Schrader-Rashidkhan Nora
Published: May 2021

In many post-conflict countries around the globe, former rebel groups participate in elections as newly formed political parties (‘rebel parties’). This study deals with rebel party development in Africa and asks to what extent institutional context factors influence electoral participation and success in this region. It develops a new framework for systematic data collection on all African cases since 1989 and a comparative analysis of rebel parties using several fsQCAs (fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis). Its findings show that institutions such as peace agreements strongly influence opportunity structures for rebel parties, which culminate in path dependencies, and that more democratic settings hamper rebel party formation and their success in many cases.
Updating the Rules for Online Content Dissemination
Authors: Cole Mark D. , Etteldorf Christina , Ullrich Carsten
Published: May 2021

The current legal framework for online content dissemination has proven insufficient to effectively combat illegal content. The Commissions' proposal for an EU ‘Digital Services Act’ aims to update the horizontal framework for intermediaries and create a safe online environment. However, as far as content mediation is concerned, European fundamental rights and values require that the specificities of media law must be taken into account.

This study, conducted by the Institute of European Media Law (EMR) on behalf of the Media Authority of NRW, describes the current legal framework and the DSA proposal, and provides a comprehensive assessment from the perspective of media law, complemented by alternative proposals for further improvement.
Durchsetzung der Energieeffizienz im Privatrecht
Authors: Öztürk Ismail
Published: May 2021

The study addresses the question of the extent to which legal control through private law instruments is suitable for supporting the energy and climate policy goal of increasing end-use energy efficiency and which legal approaches are available for adequately countering obstacles on the way to achieving the goal. Especially against the background of the weaknesses of the public law instruments of energy law, private law incentive instruments are becoming increasingly important. Up to now, however, there has been no description and evaluation of these private-law instruments with regard to energy efficiency improvement, which is why this study aims to close this important research gap.
Einführung in die betriebliche Steuerlehre
Authors: Schmallowsky Thomas
Published: May 2021

German tax law is highly nuanced and complicated, and does not only pose a challenge to students and trainees in this field. However, being well acquainted with the foundations of tax, commercial and accounting legislation is essential because its provisions exert a fundamental influence on businesses. Knowing how to apply such legislation appropriately and sensibly in individual situations can facilitate corporate decision-making and enable companies to achieve their goals. In view of this field’s array of individual regulations and their intensive interrelationship, this book provides a clear overview of the foundations of tax law. In doing so, it enables the reader to broaden their knowledge of this subject independently and in a targeted manner according to their own academic or corporate requirements.
Prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis in Children with Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy Referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital of Ahvaz from 2019 to 2020
Authors: Nikakhlagh Soheila , Norouzi Shohreh , Saki Nader , Bakhshipour Mohammad Bagher
Published: May 2021

Background: Allergic diseases are among the most common chronic conditions in pediatrics. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the relative frequency of allergic rhinitis (AR) in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Methods: In this descriptive study, 175 patients with adenotonsillar hypertrophy referred to the Imam Khomeini hospital of Ahvaz from March 2019 to March 2020 were enrolled. Allergic rhinitis was diagnosed based on the Score for AR (SFAR) questionnaire. The questionnaire, including the expert-designed SFAR, has eight main components that evaluate eight quantitative features of AR, and each was designated with a specific weighted score based on previous clinical studies. The total score could vary from 0 to 16. Frequency and percentage were used to describe the data. The chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to analyze the data. Results: One hundred seventy-five patients with adenotonsillar hypertrophy in the age range of 1 to 17 years were studied. Ninety-one patients (52%) were male, and 84 patients (48%) were female. Based on the score obtained from the questionnaire, 146 patients (83.4%) had a score of less than seven, indicating susceptibility to AR. Twenty-nine patients (16.6%) had a score equal to or higher than 7, confirming the diagnosis of AR. The Chi-square test showed that AR was significantly associated with all the components of the questionnaire, except for cigarette smoking (P-value < 0.001). Conclusions: This study showed the strong association of AR with some demographic factors. Allergic rhinitis could potentially increase the risk of adenotonsillar hypertrophy in children.
Spolu, a přece odděleně: podoba částečně diferencovaného vzdělávání na druhém stupni ZŠ optikou učitelů
Authors: Navrátilová Jana
Published: May 2021

Studie analyzuje současnou situaci částečné diferenciace (rozdělování žáků v určitých předmětech, na část vyučování) na druhém stupni základních škol v Brně. Teoretická část je věnovaná problematice diferencovaného vzdělávání v ČR. Dále představuje mechanismus částečné diferenciace, na niž je nazíráno jako na jem­nější formu dělení žáků. Studie je koncipovaná jako kvalitativní výzkumné šetření. Data byla získána prostřednictvím rozhovorů s vedením škol (n = 4) a individuálních rozhovorů s učiteli (n = 6), kteří mají přímou zkušenost s výukou v diferencovaných skupinách. Z výsledků vyplývá, že žáci jsou při částečné diferenciaci rozdělováni do dvou homogenizovaných skupin podle předem stanoveného kritéria – výkonu. Uči­telé využívají částečně odděleného vzdělávání k tomu, aby mohli snáze diferenco­vat výuku, a to podle obsahu učební látky, tempa učení, ale také podle očekávaných schopností žáků v jednotlivých skupinách. Data dále ukázala, že se učitelé i vedení škol v určitých tématech týkajících se realizace částečně diferencované výuky na je­jich školách rozcházejí.
Validating Whole Slide Imaging Systems for Diagnostic Purposes in Pathology
Authors: Evans Andrew J , Brown Richard W. , Bui Marilyn M. , Chlipala Elizabeth A. , Lacchetti Christina , Milner Danny A. , Pantanowitz Liron , Parwani Anil V. , Reid Kearin , Riben Michael W. , Reuter Victor E. , Stephens Lisa , Stewart Rachel L. , Thomas Nicole E.
Published: May 2021

Context.—

The original guideline, “Validating Whole Slide Imaging for Diagnostic Purposes in Pathology,” was published in 2013 and included 12 guideline statements. The College of American Pathologists convened an expert panel to update the guideline following standards established by the National Academies of Medicine for developing trustworthy clinical practice guidelines.

Objective.—

To assess evidence published since the release of the original guideline and provide updated recommendations for validating whole slide imaging (WSI) systems used for diagnostic purposes.

Design.—

An expert panel performed a systematic review of the literature. Frozen sections, anatomic pathology specimens (biopsies, curettings, and resections), and hematopathology cases were included. Cytology cases were excluded. Using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach, the panel reassessed and updated the original guideline recommendations.

Results.—

Three strong recommendations and 9 good practice statements are offered to assist laboratories with validating WSI digital pathology systems.

Conclusions.—

Systematic review of literature following release of the 2013 guideline reaffirms the use of a validation set of at least 60 cases, establishing intraobserver diagnostic concordance between WSI and glass slides and the use of a 2-week washout period between modalities. Although all discordances between WSI and glass slide diagnoses discovered during validation need to be reconciled, laboratories should be particularly concerned if their overall WSI–glass slide concordance is less than 95%.
Crisis management system in European Union: How it works?
Authors: Štrbac Katarina , Milosavljević Branislav
Published: May 2021

The European Union's development path as a supranational organisation in which a single political, economic, and security space on the European continent prevails was not simple and easy. For many years, the European community's ideological creators have been looking for a supranational model that would simultaneously meet the times' challenges and ensure economic prosperity, internal stability, peace, and security in Europe. Such an organisation should have had a role in the international order. In European politics and science, there have been differences of opinion on whether the EU should develop a crisis management system or not. The need for the EU to develop its capabilities in foreign and security policy has influenced the establishment of the crisis management system as we know it today. Thanks to that, the European Union is an important player in world security, especially through military and civilian operations.
The Windward Performance of Yachts in Rough Water
Authors: Binns Jonathan , McRae Bruce , Thomas Giles
Published: May 2021

A 5 year research program to investigate the effect of realistic hull form parameters on the added resistance of a yacht in waves is nearing completion. Model experiments and theoretical predictions were carried out and the results are discussed in this paper.

Five hull form parameters have been investigated so far, they are:

1. stem overhang;

2. LCB-LCF separation;

3. prismatic coefficient;

4. displacement length ratio and

5. beam draft ratio.
Sailing Yacht Design Using Advanced Numerical Flow Techniques
Authors: Caponnetto Mario , Castelli Alessandro , Dupont Philippe , Bonjour Bernard , Mathey Pierre-Louis , Sanchi Stephane , Sawley Mark L.
Published: May 2021

The 30th America's Cup will be held in New Zealand, commencing in October 1999. For the first time a Swiss team, the FAST2000 Challenge of the Club Nautique Morgien, will compete. Three laboratories of the EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne) are collaborating with FAST2000 in the design of the boat that will race in the Cup challenges. Present-day design of IACC racing yachts relies on the use of numerical flow simulations to obtain a competitive edge. The computation of the complex hydrodynamic and aerodynamic flows around sailing yachts provides valuable information to supplement the more conventional empirical and experimental design techniques. Such flow simulations, however, are extremely challenging and thus often require state­of-the-art numerical techniques and computer technology. A number of the issues critical to IACC yacht design are discussed, and various approaches described to address them through the use of advanced numerical flow simulation.
Parametric Design and Optimization of Sailing Yachts
Authors: Harries Stefan , Abt Claus
Published: May 2021

A new and flexible method for the geometric modeling of ship hull forms is presented. The underlying methodology is the parametric design of B-spline curves and surfaces. Important form parameters like displacement, center of buoyancy, waterplane area, center of flotation etc. are utilized as high-level descriptors of the intended shapes. Instead of interactively manipulating B-spline vertices, the generation process is viewed as a constrained optimization problem where fairness measures are applied as objective functions, vertices are treated as design variables and form parameters are preserved as equality constraints - making the approach a novelty in B­spline modeling.

The new design methodology is discussed and mathematical principles are outlined. Examples are given to demonstrate the applicability of the parametric approach. They include the design of a 33ft IMS yacht with focus on the bare hull without rudder and keel.
Use of CFD Techniques in the Preliminary Design of Upwind Sails
Authors: Couser Patrick , Deane Norm
Published: May 2021

The results of the 1997 World Titles, held in Kingston, Canada, highlighted that there was considerable scope for improving the upwind performance of the international Mirror Class by making small adjustments, within the tolerances allowed by the class rule, to the sails and underwater foils. This paper describes some aspects of the Australian research and development programme in preparation for the 1999 World Titles to be held in South Africa in April.

Computational methods, based on the vortex lattice method, have been used to provide direction and guidance for the on-the-water testing and trialing programme. The use of these theoretical tools has enabled a far wider range of sail, dagger board and rudder parameters to be investigated than would be possible using purely on-the-water testing.

The usefulness of well-understood computational and numerical methods in sail and foil design has been demonstrated; it has also been shown that these tools are within the reach of relatively small budget research and development programmes. The proof of the pudding may be at the 1999 International Mirror Class World Titles ... (watch this space)