bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Blue Pigments Used in Automotive Paints by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Zięba‐Palus Janina , Michalska Aleksandra
Published: May 2014

Micro‐Raman spectroscopy was applied to forensic identification of pigments in paint chips and provided differentiation between paint samples. Sixty‐six blue automotive paint samples, 26 solid and 40 metallic were examined. It was found that the majority of the collected Raman spectra provided information about the pigments present. However, in some cases, fluorescence precluded pigment identification. Using laser excitation at longer wavelengths or pretreatment to effect photobleaching often resulted in reduced fluorescence, particularly for solid color samples, and allowed pigment identification. The examined samples were compared pairwise taking into account number, location, and intensity of absorption bands in their infrared spectra. The estimated discrimination power ranged from 97% for solid paint samples to 99% for metallic paint samples.
Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Red Seal Inks on Questioned Document
Authors: Nam Yun Sik , Park Jin Sook , Kim Nak‐Kyoon , Lee Yeonhee , Lee Kang‐Bong
Published: May 2014

Seals are traditionally used in the Far East Asia to stamp an impression on a document in place of a signature. In this study, an accuser claimed that a personal contract regarding mining development rights acquired by a defendant was devolved to the accuser because the defendant stamped the devolvement contract in the presence of the accuser and a witness. The accuser further stated that the seal ink stamped on the devolvement contract was the same as that stamped on the development rights application document. To verify this, the seals used in two documents were analyzed using micro‐attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and infrared spectra. The findings revealed that the seals originated from different manufacturers. Thus, the accuser's claim on the existence of a devolvement contract was proved to be false.
Influence of environmental variables in the efficiency of phage therapy in aquaculture
Authors: Silva Yolanda J. , Costa Liliana , Pereira Carla , Cunha Ângela , Calado Ricardo , Gomes Newton C. M. , Almeida Adelaide
Published: May 2014

Aquaculture facilities worldwide continue to experience significant economic losses because of disease caused by pathogenic bacteria, including multidrug‐resistant strains. This scenario drives the search for alternative methods to inactivate pathogenic bacteria. Phage therapy is currently considered as a viable alternative to antibiotics for inactivation of bacterial pathogens in aquaculture systems. While phage therapy appears to represent a useful and flexible tool for microbiological decontamination of aquaculture effluents, the effect of physical and chemical properties of culture waters on the efficiency of this technology has never been reported. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of physical and chemical properties of aquaculture waters (e.g. pH, temperature, salinity and organic matter content) on the efficiency of phage therapy under controlled experimental conditions in order to provide a basis for the selection of the most suitable protocol for subsequent experiments. A bioluminescent genetically transformed Escherichia coli was selected as a model microorganism to monitor real‐time phage therapy kinetics through the measurement of bioluminescence, thus avoiding the laborious and time‐consuming conventional method of counting colony‐forming units (CFU). For all experiments, a bacterial concentration of ≈ 105 CFU ml−1 and a phage concentration of ≈ 106–8 plaque forming unit ml−1 were used. Phage survival was not significantly affected by the natural variability of pH (6.5–7.4), temperature (10–25°C), salinity (0–30 g NaCl l−1) and organic matter concentration of aquaculture waters in a temperate climate. Nonetheless, the efficiency of phage therapy was mostly affected by the variation of salinity and organic matter content. As the effectiveness of phage therapy increases with water salt content, this approach appears to be a suitable choice for marine aquaculture systems. The success of phage therapy may also be enhanced in non‐marine systems through the addition of salt, whenever this option is feasible and does not affect the survival of aquatic species being cultured.
Pathways between neurocognition, social cognition and emotion regulation in bipolar disorder
Authors: Van Rheenen T. E. , Meyer D. , Rossell S. L.
Published: May 2014

Objective

Converging evidence suggests that in bipolar disorder (BD), social cognition and emotion regulation are affected by the capacity for effective neurocognitive function. Adaptive emotion regulation may also rely on intact social cognition, and it is possible that social cognition acts as a mediator in its relationship with neurocognition. We aimed to address this hypothesis by explicitly examining interrelationships among neurocognition, social cognition and emotion regulation in an out‐patient sample meeting criteria for a DSM‐IV‐TR diagnosis of BD compared with controls.

Method

Fifty‐one BD patients and 52 healthy controls completed a battery of tests assessing neurocognition, social cognition (emotion perception and theory of mind) and emotion regulation.

Results

Path analysis revealed that in BD, neurocognition was associated with social cognition, but social cognition was not associated with emotion regulation as expected. In contrast, a component of social cognition was found to mediate the relationship between neurocognition and emotion regulation in healthy controls.

Conclusion

These findings highlight differences in the pattern of associations between neurocognition, social cognition and emotion regulation across BD patients and controls. In the present data, these results appear to indicate that neurocognitive and social cognitive abilities generally operate in isolation from emotion regulation in BD.
Future orientation and smoking cessation: secondary analysis of data from a smoking cessation trial
Authors: Beenstock Jane , Lindson‐Hawley Nicola , Aveyard Paul , Adams Jean
Published: May 2014

Aims

To examine the association between future orientation (how individuals consider and value outcomes in the future) and smoking cessation at 4 weeks and 6 months post quit‐date in individuals enrolled in a smoking cessation study.

Design

Cohort analysis of randomized controlled trial data.

Setting

UK primary care.

Participants

Adults aged ≥18 years smoking ≥15 cigarettes daily, prepared to quit in the next 2 weeks.

Measurements

Future orientation was measured prior to quitting and at 4 weeks post‐quitting using the Consideration of Future Consequences Scale. Smoking cessation at 4 weeks and 6 months was confirmed biochemically. Those lost to follow‐up were assumed to not be abstinent. Potential confounders adjusted for were: age, gender, educational attainment, nicotine dependence and longest previous period quit.

Findings

A total of 697 participants provided data at baseline; 422 provided information on future orientation at 4 weeks. There was no evidence of an association between future orientation at baseline and abstinence at 4 weeks [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.05, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.80–1.38] or 6 months (aOR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.60–1.20). There was no change in future orientation from baseline to 4 weeks and no evidence that the change differed between those who were and were not quit at 4 weeks (adjusted regression coefficient = −0.04, 95% CI = −0.16 to 0.08).

Conclusions

In smokers who are prepared to quit in the next 2 weeks, the extent of future orientation is unlikely to be a strong predictor of quitting over 4 weeks or 6 months and any increase in future orientation following quitting is likely to be small.
‘High’ risk? A systematic review of the acute outcomes of mixing alcohol with energy drinks
Authors: Peacock Amy , Pennay Amy , Droste Nicolas , Bruno Raimondo , Lubman Dan I.
Published: May 2014

Aims

Alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) is a relatively new consumption trend generating increasing concern regarding potential adverse effects. Despite the political and health imperative, there has been no systematic and independent synthesis of the literature to determine whether or not AmED offers additional harms relative to alcohol. The aim of this study was to review the evidence about whether co‐consumption of energy drinks and alcohol, relative to alcohol alone, alters: (i) physiological, psychological, cognitive and psychomotor outcomes; (ii) hazardous drinking practices; and (iii) risk‐taking behaviour.

Methods

Pubmed, PsycInfo and Embase databases were searched until May 2013 for papers outlining descriptive, observational analytical and human experimental studies which compared target outcomes for AmED versus alcohol consumers (between‐subjects), or AmED versus alcohol consumption (within‐subjects). Odds ratios were calculated for target outcomes following screening, data extraction and quality assessment.

Results

Data were extracted from 19 papers. Analyses typically revealed increased odds of self‐reported stimulation‐based outcomes and decreased odds of sedation‐based physiological and psychological outcomes relative to when alcohol was consumed alone, as indicated by rigorous cross‐sectional descriptive research. These findings typically have not been reflected in experimental research, due possibly to the low doses administered relative to typical self‐reported ‘real‐life’ intake. AmED consumers generally report more hazardous alcohol consumption patterns and greater engagement in risk‐taking behaviour than alcohol consumers. While most studies had equivocal findings, two studies showed lower odds of risk‐taking behaviour for AmED relative to alcohol drinking sessions but limitations with respect to the outcome measures used restrict conclusions with regard to the behavioural outcomes of AmED use.

Conclusions

Mixing alcohol with energy drinks may exert a dual effect, increasing stimulation‐based effects and reducing sedation‐based outcomes; the clinical severity and dose threshold has not been established. At this stage it is unclear whether these changes in the nature of intoxication translate into greater alcohol intake and risk‐taking behaviour.
Power Consumption of Rotary Blood Pumps: Pulsatile Versus Constant‐Speed Mode
Authors: Pirbodaghi Tohid , Cotter Chris , Bourque Kevin
Published: May 2014

We investigated the power consumption of a HeartMate III rotary blood pump based on in vitro experiments performed in a cardiovascular simulator. To create artificial‐pulse mode, we modulated the pump speed by decreasing the mean speed by 2000 rpm for 200 ms and then increasing speed by 4000 rpm (mean speeds plus 2000 rpm) for another 200 ms, creating a square waveform shape. The HeartMate III was connected to a cardiovascular simulator consisting of a hydraulic pump system to simulate left ventricle pumping action, arterial and venous compliance chambers, and an adjustable valve for peripheral resistance to facilitate the desired aortic pressure. The simulator operated based on Suga's elastance model to mimic the Starling response of the heart, thereby reproducing physiological blood flow and pressure conditions. We measured the instantaneous total electrical current and voltage of the pump to evaluate its power consumption. The aim was to answer these fundamental questions: (i) How does pump speed modulation affect pump power consumption? (ii) How does the power consumption vary in relation to external pulsatile flow? The results indicate that speed modulation and external pulsatile flow both moderately increase the power consumption. Increasing the pump speed reduces the impact of external pulsatile flow.
Cladistic analysis of self‐grooming indicates a single origin of eusociality in corbiculate bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: de Souza Canevazzi Naila Cristina , Noll Fernando Barbosa
Published: May 2014

Behavioural traits have been used extensively in recent years as an important character source for making phylogenetic inferences. The phylogenetic positions of the members of the Apini subtribe are increasingly being debated, and new characters must be examined. We analysed the presence and absence of certain behavioural patterns, as well as the sequences of some of these patterns, to generate 79 characters. Eleven species comprised the ingroup, and Xylocopini comprised the outgroup. Parsimony analysis showed that the most parsimonious tree was (Euglossina(Bombina(Apina+Meliponina))). This topology is consistent with most studies that use morphological data and the few that use behavioural data, which suggests that advanced eusociality arose only once in a common ancestor of the clade Apina plus Meliponina; however, this hypothesis is inconsistent with our molecular data. Thus we considered behavioural, molecular, and morphological data and recovered the same topology, in which eusociality has a single origin in corbiculate bees.
Human impact and climate cooling caused range contraction of large mammals in China over the past two millennia
Authors: Li Xinhai , Jiang Guangshun , Tian Huidong , Xu Lei , Yan Chuan , Wang Zuwang , Wei Fuwen , Zhang Zhibin
Published: May 2014

Many species have experienced dramatic declines over the past millennia due to the accelerated impact of human activity and climate change, but compelling evidence over such long‐term time scales is rare. China has a unique system archiving historical records of important social, meteorological, agricultural and biological events over the last three millennia. We derived historical species occurrences (0–2000 AD) based on a comprehensive review of literature. To detect the driving forces of range contraction, we used correlation and multiple regression to quantify the linear association between species range indices and climate variables (five temperature series and three precipitation series), as well as a human population size series. We also used a machine learning technique, random forest, to quantify the nonlinear effects of the climate variables and human population size. The southward retreat of the Asian elephant Elephas maximus and the rhinoceroses (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, Rhinoceros unicornis, R. sondaicus) was closely associated with climate cooling and intensified human impact (represented by high population size), and the westward retreat of the giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca was associated with intensified human impact. One temperature series and human population size showed interactive effect on range shift of the Asian elephant and the rhinoceroses; the effect of temperature was positive at low population size, but negative at high population size. Our results imply that a higher temperature caused the northward or eastward range shift of the Asian elephant, the rhinoceroses and the giant panda, and currently this trend is impeded by human activities. We also illustrate how human activity and climate act synergistically to cause range contraction.
Molecular evidence for bamboo as a new natural host of Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus
Authors: Awasthi P. , Ram R. , Zaidi A. A. , Prakash O. , Sood A. , Hallan V.
Published: May 2014

Himalayan ‘maggar’ bamboo (Dendrocalamus hamiltonii), widely distributed in the Himalayas, was found to exhibit mild virus‐like symptoms, which included mosaic, chlorosis, necrotic spots and mottling. Leaf samples from symptomatic plants were subjected to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for the detection of Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus (CNRMV). Sequencing of the amplicon confirmed the presence of the virus. To further establish bamboo as a natural host of CNRMV, 35 varieties of bamboos maintained at CSIR‐IHBT were subjected to double‐antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS‐ELISA) and dot blot hybridization. Our results showed the presence of CNRMV in 21 species of bamboos belonging to five genera, viz. Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Fargesia, Arundinaria and Melocanna. For further confirmation of the results, the coat protein (CP) gene of CNRMV was amplified from two different local ‘maggar’ plants. Sequencing of the CP gene confirmed the presence of the virus. The two isolates characterized from bamboo plants, shared 99.8% nucleotide sequence identity with sweet cherry isolate JK10 characterized from India. This study presents sequence information from two isolates of the virus. CNRMV infection in bamboo is being reported for the first time and only the second virus reported in bamboo after Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV).
Deletion of TRIM32 protects mice from anxiety‐ and depression‐like behaviors under mild stress
Authors: Ruan Chun‐Sheng , Wang Shu‐Fen , Shen Yan‐Jun , Guo Yi , Yang Chun‐Rui , Zhou Fiona H. , Tan Li‐Tao , Zhou Li , Liu Jian‐Jun , Wang Wen‐Yue , Xiao Zhi‐Cheng , Zhou Xin‐Fu
Published: May 2014

Chronic stress causes a variety of psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression, but its mechanism is not well understood. Tripartite motif‐containing protein 32 (TRIM32) was strongly associated with autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder based on a study of copy number variation, and deletion of TRIM32 increased neural proliferation and reduced apoptosis. Here, we propose that TRIM32 is involved in chronic stress‐induced affective behaviors. Using a chronic unpredictable mild stress mouse depression model, we studied expression of TRIM32 in brain tissue samples and observed behavioral changes in Trim32 knockout mice. The results showed that TRIM32 protein but not its mRNA was significantly reduced in hippocampus in a time‐dependent manner within 8 weeks of chronic stress. These stress‐induced affective behaviors and reduction of TRIM32 protein expression were significantly reversed by antidepressant fluoxetine treatment. In addition, Trim32 knockout mice showed reduced anxiety and depressive behaviors and hyperactivities compared with Trim32 wild‐type mice under normal and mild stress conditions. We conclude that TRIM32 plays important roles in regulation of hyperactivities and positively regulates the development of anxiety and depression disorders induced by chronic stress.
Do we know enough about vegetation dynamics to manage fire regimes in central Australia?
Authors: Friedel Margaret , Allan Grant E. , Duguid Angus
Published: May 2014

Ecologists have long been concerned that contemporary fire regimes of central Australia have poor consequences for some plant species, vegetation communities and the native animals they support. Fire frequency, size and intensity (the ‘fire regime’) have all been implicated in the decline of native biota and in vegetation changes that potentially constitute ecological drift. However, not all perceived declines and changes are quantified or proven. The fire regimes themselves defy quantification and are arguably unknowable. We examine the relationships between fire, vegetation and the physical landscape and consider the adequacy of available knowledge for guiding fire management. Devising targeted ‘fire management regimes’, which take into account vegetation type and management objectives such as pastoral production, conservation and cultural observance, and which actively use fire to achieve those objectives, is a more realistic goal than controlling unquantifiable fire regimes in spatially diverse landscapes.
Managing ski resorts to improve biodiversity conservation: Australian reptiles as a case study
Authors: Sato Chloe F. , Schroder Mellesa , Green Ken , Michael Damian R. , Osborne William S. , Lindenmayer David B.
Published: May 2014

Alpine/subalpine environments are diverse systems that support many endemic species. Worldwide, these ecosystems are under threat from ski resort disturbances – even in areas broadly designated for biodiversity conservation. The effects of ski resorts on reptiles are largely unknown, making it difficult to implement effective conservation actions. Many ski resorts do not currently address the needs of reptiles, even those listed as threatened, in their management plans. If reptiles are to continue inhabiting ski resorts inAustralia, strategies must be implemented that target their conservation. To begin to address this problem, we summarise current research investigating the effects of ski resorts on reptiles. Based on this information, we recommend strategies that will enhance the conservation of reptiles in areas affected by ski‐related disturbances. Suggested strategies include (i) restricting intensive disturbances to already highly modified areas of Australian ski resorts, (ii) avoiding disturbance of remaining native vegetation and structural complexity in ski resorts and (iii) re‐establishing structural complexity at highly modified sites through revegetation programmes, or through the cessation of mowing during peak reptile activity periods. While these strategies are designed to facilitate the persistence of reptiles in ski resorts, their long‐term success can only be evaluated by monitoring their effectiveness.
Reconstructing grassy understories in south‐eastern Australia: Interview with Paul Gibson‐Roy
Authors: Gibson‐Roy Paul , McDonald Tein
Published: May 2014

A marriage of ecology with agronomy is proving successful in restoring diverse herbaceous layers ‐ to the extent that some reconstructed grasslands on ex‐agricultural land and rural roadsides have been found eligible for federal protection as threatened ecological communities. Can lessons from this improve our management and expansion of grassy ecosystems more broadly?
Increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) with age in HIV‐positive men: a comparison of the D:A:D CVD risk equation and general population CVD risk equations
Authors: Petoumenos K , Reiss P , Ryom L , Rickenbach M , Sabin CA , El‐Sadr W , d'Arminio Monforte A , Phillips AN , De Wit S , Kirk O , Dabis F , Pradier C , Lundgren JD , Law MG ,   D:A:D study group
Published: May 2014

Objectives

The aim of the study was to statistically model the relative increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) per year older in Data collection on Adverse events of anti‐HIV Drugs (D:A:D) and to compare this with the relative increased risk of CVD per year older in general population risk equations.

Methods

We analysed three endpoints: myocardial infarction (MI), coronary heart disease (CHD: MI or invasive coronary procedure) and CVD (CHD or stroke). We fitted a number of parametric age effects, adjusting for known risk factors and antiretroviral therapy (ART) use. The best‐fitting age effect was determined using the Akaike information criterion. We compared the ageing effect from D:A:D with that from the general population risk equations: the Framingham Heart Study, CUORE and ASSIGN risk scores.

Results

A total of 24 323 men were included in analyses. Crude MI, CHD and CVD event rates per 1000 person‐years increased from 2.29, 3.11 and 3.65 in those aged 40–45 years to 6.53, 11.91 and 15.89 in those aged 60–65 years, respectively. The best‐fitting models included inverse age for MI and age + age2 for CHD and CVD. In D:A:D there was a slowly accelerating increased risk of CHD and CVD per year older, which appeared to be only modest yet was consistently raised compared with the risk in the general population. The relative risk of MI with age was not different between D:A:D and the general population.

Conclusions

We found only limited evidence of accelerating increased risk of CVD with age in D:A:D compared with the general population. The absolute risk of CVD associated with HIV infection remains uncertain.
Nursing students in Iran identify the clinical environment stressors
Authors: Najafi Doulatabad Shahla , Mohamadhosaini Sima , Ghafarian Shirazi Hamid Reza , Mohebbi Zinat
Published: May 2014

Stress at clinical environment is one of the cases that could affect the education quality among nursing students. The study aims to investigate Iranian nursing students' perceptions on the stressors in clinical environment in the South Western part of Iran. A cross‐sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2010 to include 300 nursing students after their completion of second clinical nursing course in a hospital environment. Data were collected using a researcher‐made questionnaire, with focus on the clinical environment stressors from personal, educational and training viewpoints. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) and descriptive statistics tests. Among the various stressors, the highest scores were given to the faculty (71 ± 19.77), followed by the students' personal characteristics (43.15 ± 21.79). Given that faculty‐related factors provoked more stress in nursing students, nursing administration should diligently evaluate and improve communication skills among faculty to reduce student stress and enhance learning.
A study on the relationship between age and inpatient falls inTaiwan
Authors: Chang Ching‐Mei , Lin Hsien‐Feng , Chiang Hsien‐Hsien
Published: May 2014

Falls are the most frequently reported adverse hospital events. How to prevent inpatients from falling has become an important issue of patient safety in hospitals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between age and inpatient falls. A retrospective study design was used. This study, which extracted information from fall‐related incident reports, enrolled patients who had fallen during hospitalization inTaiwan. Of the 221 falls evaluated, 63.8% had occurred under companion care, 98.2% of patients had fallen once and most fall‐related injuries were minor (46.6%). Falls occurred most frequently when patients were going to the toilet, walking and being moved. There were significant correlations with age groups and fall‐related factors (P = 0.000;P < 0.05), the presence/absence of a companion (P = 0.022,P < 0.05), the situation of falls (P = 0.000;P < 0.05), and fall‐related injuries (P = 0.000,P < 0.05). Preventive interventions related to falls should vary for different age groups.
Reliability of texture analysis using co‐occurrence matrices (glcm) on photographic image in the assessment of cellulite in a Spanish population
Authors: de la Casa Almeida M. , Serrano C. Suárez , Rejano J.J. Jiménez , Díaz J. Ríos , Lugo M.L. Benitez , Roldán J.R. Rebollo
Published: May 2014

Background

Despite the existence of diverse instruments to assess cellulite, its high prevalence and the continuous advances in its treatment makes the development of new, more objective methods for evaluation necessary.

Aim

To study intraobserver validity and reliability (test–retest) of textural analysis using co‐occurrence matrices on photographic images in the evaluation of cellulite in a Spanish population and its possible relationship to the degree of cellulite.

Methods

Twenty‐seven women were selected for this reliability study (mean age 26.41SD = 6.16). Digital photographs were taken under standardized conditions in contraction and relaxation of the femoral gluteus region. The areas of interest of the photographs were selected at two different times a month apart. Textural parameters studied were energy (ASM), entropy, contrast, Homogeneity (IDM) and textural correlation. Reliability was analysed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Differences between laterality and between contraction and relaxation were performed by analysis of variance for repeated measurements. Correlation between Cellulite Severity Scale (CSS) and the textural parameters by means of the Pearson correlation coefficient was studied.CSSwas re‐coded to a binary variable, performing a differentiate analysis for each laterality with this variable and the textural parameters.

Results

In the intraobserver reliability analysisICCwas high (≥0.80) in seven parameters and excellent (≥0.90) in 35 parameters. In general,CSSand textural parameters showed more cellulite severity in right areas than in left ones. Correlation coefficients showed a moderate correlation between textural parameters andCSSscore. The multivariate discriminant model obtained with textural parameters classified a high percentage of images (96% right side and 82% left side).

Conclusion

Textural analysis used to assess cellulite on the backs of thighs and buttocks proved to be an instrument that has excellent reliability, moderate correlation withCSSand a satisfactory power classification model.
Enhanced male coloration after immune challenge increases reproductive potential
Authors: Velando A. , Beamonte‐Barrientos R. , Torres R.
Published: May 2014

In many animal species, females select a mate on the basis of the expression of secondary sexual traits. A prevalent theory suggests that male ornaments are reliable indicators of immunocompetence, because the cost of immune function prevents cheating. However, sexual signalling is a component of male reproductive effort, and an immune challenge may also alter his perceived future prospects and hence signalling effort. In this study, blue‐footed booby males (Sula nebouxii) were inoculated with a diphtheria–tetanus vaccine during courtship to investigate the consequences of mounting an immune response on signalling effort. We found that, after this immune challenge, on average, males increased their signalling effort but lost more body mass compared with control males. Importantly, vaccination affected the partner's reproductive decisions: compared with control females, females paired with vaccinated males laid eggs earlier and increased clutch volume in pairs that laid early. Overall, our results suggest that blue‐footed booby males invest more in sexual signals when future breeding opportunities are at risk, eliciting a greater reproductive investment by their partners. Increased signalling effort by infected individuals may contrast the idea of sexual ornaments as signals of infection status.
Delays and errors in abnormal chest radiograph follow‐up: a systems approach to promoting patient safety in radiology
Authors: Bhaludin Basrull Najmi , Shelmerdine Susan Cheng , Arora Sonal , Senbanjo Taiwo , Parthipun Arum
Published: May 2014

Rationale, aims and objectives

This study aimed to apply the ‘systems approach’ to patient safety in order to identify causes for delays and errors in lung cancer diagnoses following an abnormal chest radiograph.

Methods

In the first part of this study, the systems approach to patient safety was comprehensively reviewed by three radiologists and seven patient safety experts. In the second part of this study, a retrospective review was performed of all patients referred to the lung cancer multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting over a 1‐year period. All abnormal chest radiograph reports were examined and a root–cause analysis performed of cases where errors and delays in diagnoses were deemed to have occurred.

Results

A total of 124 cases were reviewed, of which 36 (29%) patients had an abnormal preceding chest radiograph prior to MDT referral. In six cases, serious errors from delay and lack of follow‐up were identified. These are analysed and discussed in detail in this article. Application of the systems approach to each case identified poor communication and lack of clinical action as prime causes.

Conclusions

Both reporting radiologists and referring clinicians have a responsibility to ensure appropriate action following an abnormal chest radiograph. The main error lies in communication between the referring clinicians and the radiologists. Direct electronic communication is potentially a more robust method to overcome this.
An Analysis of Escherichia coli Isolations for Antimicrobial Resistance Genes
Authors: Colobătiu Liora , Oniga Ovidiu , Tăbăran Alexandra , Mihaiu Romolica , Mirel Simona , Daniel Sorin Dan , Mihaiu Marian
Published: May 2014

This research was conducted in order to reveal antimicrobial resistance patterns and the prevalence of genes encoding resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from raw poultry meat.

One hundred samples of poultry meat were collected, and 51 isolates of E. coli were recovered and further tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials, using the classical disk diffusion method. Fifteen isolates, showing a high degree of resistance among the collection were examined for antimicrobial resistance genes by multiplex polymerase chain reaction.

Resistance was most frequently observed to tetracycline (84.26%), ampicillin (73.03%) and sulfamethoxazole (66.29%). The tetracycline resistance genes TetA and TetB and beta‐lactam TEM gene were frequently detected in the tested isolates. Genes responsible for resistance to sulfonamides (33.33%) and trimethoprim (26.66%) were also found.

E. coli isolates recovered from raw poultry meat are highly resistant to antimicrobials and carry antimicrobial resistance genes that could be transferred to other microbes in the food chain, even important human pathogens.

Practical Applications

The findings from this work provide baseline data for further antimicrobial resistance studies especially in our country, were antimicrobial resistance epidemiology needs constant improvement.

To our knowledge, this is one of the first reports regarding the identification of various resistance genes identified in E. coli meat isolations in Romania. Moreover, the work contributes to the risk assessment concerning the possible E. coli threat in food products and draws a warning signal for further actions that can assist the implementation of efficient measures to prevent possible adverse public health consequences.
Balance exercise in patients with chronic sensory ataxic neuropathy: a pilot study
Authors: Riva Nilo , Faccendini Simone , Lopez Ignazio D. , Fratelli Annamaria , Velardo Daniele , Quattrini Angelo , Gatti Roberto , Comi Giancarlo , Comola Mauro , Fazio Raffaella
Published: May 2014

Although exercise therapy is considered part of the treatment of neuropathic patients, and somatosensory input is essential for motor learning, performance and neural plasticity, rehabilitation of patients with sensory ataxia has received little attention so far. The aim of this prospective pilot study was to explore the short‐ and medium‐term efficacy of a 3‐week intensive balance and treadmill exercise program in chronic ataxic neuropathy patients; 20 consecutive patients with leg overall disability sum score (ODSS‐leg) ≥2, absent/mild motor signs, clinical and therapeutic stability ≥4 months were enrolled. Evaluations were done at baseline, at the end of treatment and at 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up. Outcome measurements included: ODSS‐leg, Berg balance scale, 6‐min walk distance, and the functional independence measure (FIM) scale. The short‐form‐36 health status scale (SF‐36) was used to measure health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). ODSS‐leg improved significantly compared with baseline, 3 weeks, 3 months (primary outcome), and 6 months follow‐up. A significant improvement in all functional secondary outcome measurements and in some SF‐36 subscales was also observed. This pilot study suggests that balance exercise is safe and well tolerated and might be effective in ameliorating disability and HRQoL in patients with chronic peripheral sensory ataxia.
The Boss's “Brains”: Political Capital, Democratic Commerce and the New York Tweed Ring, 1868–1871
Authors: Broxmeyer Jeffrey D.
Published: May 2014

Departing from Pierre Bourdieu's contention that capital takes on many forms beyond the economic, including a political form, this article examines how commodification patterned nineteenth century American politics. A case study of the Tweed Ring, which briefly governed Gilded Age New York, is reevaluated as a speculative political bubble that produced empirically identifiable political profits. From an election sweep in 1868 to a bank run in 1871, William Tweed gained and lost political power and material wealth through management of what the editorial cartoonist Thomas Nast hailed as the boss's “Brains,” or democratic commerce, the market in political commodities.
Influence of Sample Presentation Protocol on the Results of Consumer Tests
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Salomón A.L. , Gámbaro A. , Angulo O.
Published: May 2014

The influence of two sample presentation and instruction delivery protocols on the results of consumer‐based sensory evaluations was studied. In two independent experiments, five peach jams and four Colonia‐type cheese (from the Colonia region in Uruguay) were taste‐tested. In the first experiment, one group of 54 consumers used the sequential monadic (SM) and the other group of 54 consumers used the rank‐rating (RR) sample presentation protocols for the jam sample evaluation. In the second experiment, one group of 54 consumers used the SM and the other group of 54 consumers used the RR sample presentation protocols for the cheese sample evaluation. All samples were evaluated using hedonic scales and CATA (check‐all‐that‐apply) questions. Overall liking scores were found not to depend on the sample presentation protocol. Although the protocol was found to affect the choice and number of attributes listed in the CATA question used by respondents to differentiate the samples, the spatial configurations of samples derived by multiple factor analysis showed a high degree of correlation between the two protocols for most of the CATA attributes. Based on these results, the SM and RR protocols were found to be equally sensitive, for the products tested, in the conditions of this study.

Practical Applications

Consumer testing is mainly used to predict operational preference that would assure success in the market. Side‐by‐side or monadic presentation of samples during traditional hedonic consumer testing would give results with the same degree of accuracy when testing a reduced number of samples (4–5). The use of CATA (check‐all‐that‐apply) questions would provide the attributes of the samples in a similar way in either monadic or side‐by‐side sample presentation during consumer testing.
Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology ofCitrus tristeza viruson Crete: Recent Introduction of a Severe Strain
Authors: Owen Carolyn , Mathioudakis Matthaios , Gazivoda Anita , Gal Peter , Nol Nevena , Kalliampakou Katerina , Figas Angela , Bellan Anais , Iparaguirre Anais , Rubio Luis , Livieratos Ioannis
Published: May 2014

Sporadic incidences ofCitrus tristeza virus(CTV) in western Crete resulting from the introduction of a mild strain (Spanish isolate T385) have been reported previously. Further analysis within this region has identified an emerging secondCTVstrain with minimal genetic divergence, sharing 99% nucleotide identity with the severe stem‐pitting isolateTaiwan‐Pum/SP/T1. Other severe isolates from the Mediterranean region appear in the same phylogenetic cluster, indicating movement or new introductions and the need for targeted control actions and improved phytosanitary measures in this area.
Purification of p47f, a Necrosis‐Inducing Protein Fraction from the Secretome of Phytophthora capsici
Authors: Flores‐Giubi María Eugenia , Díaz‐Brito Mayra Alejandra , Brito‐Argáez Ligia , García‐Sosa Karlina , Escalante‐Erosa Fabiola , Peña‐Rodríguez Luis Manuel , Islas‐Flores Ignacio
Published: May 2014

The oomycete Phytophthora capsici causes wilting disease in chilli pepper and another solanaceous plants, with important economic consequences. Although much investigation has been conducted about this pathogen, little is still known about which of its proteins are involved in the infection process. In this study, the bioassay‐guided fractionation of the secretome of P. capsici resulted in the purification of a phytotoxic protein fraction designated as p47f, capable of inducing wilting and necrosis on leaves of Capsicum chinense Jacq, and having a 47 kDa polypeptide with proteolytic activity as the major component. The isolated p47f fraction induced DNA degradation and decreased cell survival of C. chinense cell suspension culture. Sequencing of p47f indicated the presence of 15 proteins, which could be grouped into seven classes including a protease group, cell wall remodelling proteins and the transglutaminase elicitor M81D, among others. This is the first report of P. capsici secreting proteins that modulate cell responses mediated by ROS in the host.
Interleukin‐28 gene polymorphisms may contribute to HBsAg persistence and the development of HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Karataylı Senem C. , Bozdayı Mithat , Karataylı Ersin , Öztürk Tuğba , Husseini Abbas A. , Albayrak Rabia , Özkan Muhip , Kalaylıoğlu Zeynep , Yalçın Kendal , Çınar Kubilay , İdilman Ramazan , Yurdaydın Cihan
Published: May 2014

Background & Aims

Aim of this study was to investigate whether a potential association exists between several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IL‐28B gene (rs12979860, rs1188122, rs8099917, rs8105790, rs12980275) and HBsAg persistence. Further, a potential effect on the development of HBeAg‐negative CHB vs. inactive HBsAg carrier state was assessed in a genotype D HBV cohort. A cohort of chronic HDV patients was also used to see if they behave differently compared to chronic HBV patients.

Methods

This study was conducted in three main patient cohorts: Group 1 consisted of 482 patients with HBsAg persistence. Of them 143 were inactive carriers, 94 had HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and 245 had anti‐HBe‐positive CHB. Group 2 represents spontaneously recovered HBV patients; they were anti‐HBs and anti‐HBc positive. Group 3 consisted of 176 chronic hepatitis delta (CHD) patients with antidelta and HDV‐RNA positivity. DNA sequencing was performed for genotyping.

Results

When patients with HBsAg persistence were compared with spontaneously recovered patients, a significant difference was observed for rs8105790 (P < 0.0001), rs12980275 (P < 0.02). Patients who had the CC/TC genotype for rs8105790 (P < 0.0001) and AA genotype for 1188122 (P < 0.02) were more likely to be inactive HBsAg carriers, when inactive HBsAg carriers were compared with HBeAg‐negative CHB patients. Comparison of CHD patients vs. recovered HBV patients was parallel to that of HBV persistence vs. recovered HBV with similar significant differences in same SNPs.

Conclusion

These results suggest that IL‐28B polymorphisms may contribute to HBsAg persistence and the development of the inactive HBsAg carrier state.
Hepatitis B surface antigen levels after hepatitis B e‐antigen seroclearance: a longitudinal follow‐up study
Authors: Fung James , Seto Wai‐kay , Wong Danny Ka‐ho , Lai Ching‐lung , Yuen Man‐fung
Published: May 2014

Background & Aims

The role of quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) after hepatitis B e‐antigen (HBeAg) seroclearance is not well defined. To determine the role of HBsAg levels in predicting significant viremia and hepatitis flares after HBeAg seroclearance.

Methods

A total of 228 chronic hepatitis B patients with spontaneous HBeAg seroclearance were included. Patients were followed up regularly at 3–6 monthly intervals with routine liver biochemistry and hepatitis B serology. Levels of HBV DNA and HBsAg were measured at yearly intervals for up to 5 years after HBeAg seroclearance.

Results

The median log HBsAg and HBV DNA level after HBeAg seroclearance was 3.52 IU/ml and 4.13 IU/ ml respectively, with no significant correlation observed between them (P = 0.572). The HBV DNA at HBeAg seroclearance was 4.13 log IU/ml, compared with 3.12 log IU/ml after 5 years (P < 0.001). No significant change was observed for HBsAg levels (P = 0.991). Hepatitis B flares occurred in 76 (33.3%) patients. Patients who developed hepatitic flares compared with those without hepatitic flares were older (40 vs. 36 years, P = 0.001), had a higher HBV DNA at the time of HBeAg seroclearance (4.70 vs. 3.77 log IU/ml, P =< 0.001), and more likely to be males (42.7% vs. 23.4%, P = 0.002) respectively. There was no difference in HBsAg levels between those with and without hepatitis flare (3.54 vs. 3.52 log IU/ml respectively, P = 0.555).

Conclusion

HBV DNA levels, but not HBsAg levels, after HBeAg seroclearance were associated with subsequent significant viremia and hepatitic flares. Male gender and older age was associated with significant viremia.
Single‐centre validation of the EASL‐CLIF Consortium definition of acute‐on‐chronic liver failure and CLIF‐SOFA for prediction of mortality in cirrhosis
Authors: Silva Pedro E. Soares e , Fayad Leonardo , Lazzarotto César , Ronsoni Marcelo F. , Bazzo Maria L. , Colombo Bruno S. , Dantas‐Correa Esther B. , Narciso‐Schiavon Janaína L. , Schiavon Leonardo L.
Published: May 2014

Background & Aims

The idea of acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) has emerged to identify those subjects with organ failure and high mortality rates. However, the absence of a precise definition has limited the clinical application and research related to the ACLF concept. We sought to validate the ACLF definition and the CLIF‐SOFA Score recently proposed by the EASL‐CLIF Consortium in a cohort of patients admitted for acute decompensation (AD) of cirrhosis.

Methods

In this prospective cohort study, patients were followed during their hospital stay and thirty and 90‐day mortality was evaluated by phone call, in case of hospital discharge. All subjects underwent laboratory evaluation at admission.

Results

Between December 2010 and November 2013, 192 cirrhotic patients were included. At enrolment, 46 patients (24%) met the criteria for ACLF (Grades 1, 2 and 3 in 18%, 4% and 2% respectively). The 30‐day mortality was 65% in ACLF group and 12% in the remaining subjects (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that 30‐day mortality was independently associated with ascites and ACLF at admission. The Kaplan–Meier survival probability at 90‐day was 92% in patients without ascites or ACLF and only 22% for patients with both ascites and ACLF. The AUROC of CLIF‐SOFA in predicting 30‐day mortality was 0.847 ± 0.034, with sensitivity of 64%, specificity of 90% and positive likelihood ratio of 6.61 for values ≥9.

Conclusion

In our single‐centre experience the CLIF‐SOFA and the EASL‐CLIF Consortium definition of ACLF proved to be strong predictors of short‐term mortality in cirrhotic patients admitted for AD.
High inorganic phosphate concentration in coral mucus and its utilization by heterotrophic bacteria in a Malaysian coral reef
Authors: Nakajima Ryota , Tanaka Yasuaki , Yoshida Teruaki , Fujisawa Tamami , Nakayama Asami , Fuchinoue Yumi , Othman Bin Haji Ross , Toda Tatsuki
Published: May 2014

Inorganic nutrient contents of mucus released by Acropora corals and its utilization by heterotrophic bacteria at several different hour intervals in the coral mucus were investigated at a coral reef in Malaysia. The dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) concentration was 135‐fold higher than in the ambient seawater, probably due to inorganic P release from the coral gut cavity. We experimentally confirmed that heterotrophic bacteria rapidly (within 8 h) consumed ca. 80% of the initial concentration of DIP derived from coral mucus. High DIP concentration in coral mucus may enhance heterotrophic bacterial production and associated carbon flow in the microbial loop of reef ecosystems.