bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From the cybercafé to the street: The right to play in the city
Authors: Apperley Thomas , Leorke Dale
Published: December 2013

Historically, the play of digital games in public was restricted to certain locations such as arcades and cybercafés. The proliferation of personal, mobile, and digitally networked devices, however, has contributed to the ubiquity of digital games in contemporary culture, making them available for play anywhere, any time. This paper uses two examples to examine this recent shift to consider how play and digital games can contribute to revitalising the urban experience. The first examines the experience of playing digital games in urban cybercafés; and the second discusses the recent popular location–based gaming app for the iPhone, Shadow Cities. By contrasting the types of play that unfold in the situated but highly contingent environments of the cybercafé and the ‘hybrid’ space Shadow Cities’ massively multiplayer world, this paper argues that the historical role of play as the foundation for a vibrant and progressive city life is increasingly at stake in the shift towards pervasive, software–mediated gaming applications.
Exploring Media Convergence: Evidence from Italy
Authors: Bettiga Debora , Boaretto Andrea , Chen Shan
Published: December 2013

The evolution of media and devices is enabling the ubiquitous and multi-device access to media and information, so that a media mutual contamination is in play. New forms of user interactions with media, in which different devices are used simultaneously in different contexts, have emerged. These new interactions are significantly impacting on users' attitudes towards the media and their way of searching and generating content. Such a change, called “media convergence”, has a strong potential impact on marketing and communication processes, but as yet has not been deeply analysed in the literature. This paper presents the outcomes of several studies aimed at exploring media convergence on the demand-side to advance possible implications for marketers and managers.
Política de ciência e tecnologia em geociências: Aproximação I
Authors: Azevedo Anna Artemisia Barracco de , Tominaga Lídia Keiko , Oliveira Manoel Carlos de , Pressinoiti Márcia Maria Nogueira
Published: December 2013

Este trabalho representa a primeira tentativa de organização de uma Política de Ciência e Tecnologia no Instituto Geológico, através da abordagem sistêmica aplicada à Geologia e Geografia. Estas duas ciências, tratadas desta maneira, formam dois subsistemas que integrados geram o Geossistema, o qual fornece subsídios para o Manejo do Meio Ambiente. O procedimento citado acima torna possível a criação de uma programação de pesquisa em que são analisados os problemas ambientais e são propostas soluções para resolvê-los. O Vale do Rio Ribeira de Iguape foi selecionado para um estudo preliminar em decorrência de suas características ambientais
Geologia da Folha de Rio Capetinga
Authors: Vieira Percy Corrêa
Published: December 2013

A Folha de Rio Capetinga (1:50000) situa-se no nordeste da Bacia. Sedimentar do Paraná (47º00' - 47º15'W e 22º00' - 22º15'S) no Setor Aguaiano da Zona do Moji-Guaçu, da Depressão Periférica Paulista. São encontrados, Super grupo Tubarão: Grupo ltararé (Formação Aquidauana) e Grupo Tatuí; intrusões de diabásio; Formação Piraçununga (esta compondo mais da metade da folha) e sedimentos quaternários. As formações geológicas de Superfície autóctones são representadas pelos regolitos da Formação Aquidauana e do Grupo Tatuí, bem como pelos das intrusões de diabásio, enquanto que as alóctones, pela Formação Piraçununga e sedimentos quaternários
Discussões sobre o conceito de meio ambiente
Authors: Oliveira Manoel Carlos de
Published: December 2013

O conceito de meio ambiente é retomado após trabalhos anteriores do mesmo autor. Aparece como o estudo do espaço e seus componentes visto de uma forma dinâmica em suas múltiplas relações. Para tanto, é analisado através da abordagem de sistemas que é a forma metodológica, mais eficiente para se entender o funcionamento do meio ambiente, como sistema ambiental
Patient-Reported Immunosuppression Nonadherence 6 to 24 Months after Liver Transplant: Association with Pretransplant Psychosocial Factors and Perceptions of Health Status Change
Authors: Rodrigue James R. , Nelson David R. , Hanto Douglas W. , Reed Alan I. , Curry Michael P.
Published: December 2013

Context

Knowing the prevalence and risk factors of immunosuppression nonadherence after liver transplant may help guide intervention development.

Objective

To examine whether sociodemographic and psychosocial variables before liver transplant are predictive of nonadherence after liver transplant.

Design

Structured telephone interviews were used to collect self-report immunosuppression adherence and health status information. Medical record reviews were then completed to retrospectively examine the relationship between immunosuppression adherence and pretransplant variables, including sociodemographic and medical characteristics and the presence or absence of 6 hypothesized psychosocial risk factors.

Setting and Participants

A nonprobability sample of 236 adults 6 to 24 months after liver transplant at 2 centers completed structured telephone interviews.

Main Outcome Measure

Immunosuppressant medication nonadherence, categorized as missed-dose and altered-dose “adherent” or “nonadherent” during the past 6 months; immunosuppression medication holidays.

Results

Eighty-two patients (35%) were missed-dose nonadherent and 34 patients (14%) were altered-dose nonadherent. Seventy-one patients (30%) reported 1 or more 24-hour immunosuppression holidays in the past 6 months. Missed-dose nonadherence was predicted by male sex (odds ratio, 2.46; P = .01), longer time since liver transplant (odds ratio, 1.08; P = .01), pretransplant mood disorder (odds ratio, 2.52; P = .004), and pretransplant social support instability (odds ratio, 2.25; P= .03). Altered-dose nonadherence was predicted by pretransplant mood disorder (odds ratio, 2.15; P= .04) and pretransplant social support instability (odds ratio, 1.89; P= .03).

Conclusion

Rates of immunosuppressant nonadherence and drug holidays in the first 2 years after liver transplant are unacceptably high. Pretransplant mood disorder and social support instability increase the risk of nonadherence, and interventions should target these modifiable risk factors.
The Alcohol Relapse Risk Assessment: A Scoring System to Predict the Risk of Relapse to Any Alcohol Use after Liver Transplant
Authors: Rodrigue James R. , Hanto Douglas W. , Curry Michael P.
Published: December 2013

Context

Alcohol relapse after liver transplant heightens concern about recurrent disease, nonadherence to the immunosuppression regimen, and death.

Objectives

To develop a scoring system to stratify risk of alcohol relapse after liver transplant.

Design

Retrospective medical record review.

Setting and Participants

All adult liver transplants performed from May 2002 to February 2011 at a single center in the United States.

Main Outcome Measure

The incidence of return to any alcohol consumption after liver transplant.

Results

Thirty-four percent (40/118) of patients with a history of alcohol abuse/dependency relapsed to use of any alcohol after liver transplant. Nine of 25 hypothesized risk factors were predictive of alcohol relapse after liver transplant: absence of hepatocellular carcinoma, tobacco dependence, continued alcohol use after liver disease diagnosis, low motivation for alcohol treatment, poor stress management skills, no rehabilitation relationship, limited social support, lack of nonmedical behavioral consequences, and continued engagement in social activities with alcohol present. Each independent predictor was assigned an Alcohol Relapse Risk Assessment (ARRA) risk value of 1 point, and patients were classified into 1 of 4 groups by ARRA score: ARRA I = 0, ARRA II = 1 to 3, ARRA III = 4 to 6, and ARRA IV = 7 to 9. Patients in the 2 higher ARRA classifications had significantly higher rates of alcohol relapse and were more likely to return to pretransplant levels of drinking.

Conclusion

Alcohol relapse rates are moderately high after liver transplant. The ARRA is a valid and practical tool for identifying pretransplant patients with alcohol abuse or dependency at elevated risk of any alcohol use after liver transplant.
Compassion Fatigue in Liver and Kidney Transplant Nurse Coordinators: A Descriptive Research Study
Authors: Kim Sabin
Published: December 2013

Context

Because of the nature of the helping professions, nurses are at high risk for compassion fatigue and burnout. In the past, many researchers have studied compassion fatigue and burnout in nurses. However, reports of research assessing liver and kidney transplant nurse coordinators' compassion fatigue and burnout are rare.

Objective

To assess liver and kidney transplant nurse coordinators' levels of compassion fatigue and burnout.

Design

A nonexperimental, exploratory descriptive study was conducted using the Professional Quality of Life Scale Version 5 (ProQOL-V), a 30-item self-report instrument to measure participants' level of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress.

Setting and Participants

This study sampled 14 liver and kidney transplant nurse coordinators from a large multiorgan transplant center in the Southeast region.

Results

Transplant nurse coordinators had an average level of compassion satisfaction, an average level of burnout, and an average level of secondary traumatic stress. Within liver and kidney transplant nurse coordinators, a statistically significant relationship was found between education levels of transplant nurse coordinators and the level of burnout, suggesting that education levels may influence burnout.
Martyrs pacifistes dans une foule mystifiée
Authors: Bouliane Claudia
Published: December 2013

Le 1er août 1914, le gouvernement Poincaré décrète la mobilisation générale. Jacques Thibault, héros de L’été 1914, avant-dernier livre des Thibault de Martin du Gard, voit son pacifisme ébranlé par l’acquiescement subit de la foule parisienne à l’entrée en guerre de son pays. Convaincu qu’il suffirait d’un choc pour « réveiller la conscience des masses » endoctrinées par la propagande militariste, il décide de se sacrifier pour la cause de la paix universelle.

Le 24 septembre 1938, le gouvernement Daladier décrète la mobilisation partielle. Philippe Grésigne, dont la fugue occupe plusieurs segments du Sursis, deuxième tome des Chemins de la liberté de Sartre, se résout alors au destin de martyr pacifiste : il dénoncera la guerre sur les places de Paris jusqu’à ce qu’un « grondement de refus [roule] d’un bout à l’autre de la foule, comme un tonnerre ».

Malgré leur facture divergente et leur compréhension difficilement compatible de l’engagement, les deux oeuvres ont en commun leur représentation d’un adolescent en rupture de ban face à la population parisienne unifiée en foule par un même élan de panique. Jacques et Philippe prétendent saisir cette occasion unique de basculement social pour gagner la communauté internationaliste des pacifistes, mais cela ne se fait pas sans heurt. La présente étude propose d’interroger conjointement les scènes de mobilisation dans ces grands cycles romanesques de la première moitié du xxe siècle afin d’éclairer les mécanismes mis en oeuvre par les deux personnages pour défendre leur identité personnelle menacée par l’assimilation à un groupe, dont ils souhaitent l’appui mais non la contrainte.
Entre Sartre et Flaubert : les fictions de Jacques Rancière
Authors: Guénoun Solange
Published: December 2013

Après avoir brièvement évoqué le rôle considérable que joue Sartre dans la trame existentielle et la pensée du philosophe Jacques Rancière, cette étude s’appuie entre autres sur un article de Libération paru en 2000 pour mettre en évidence ses manières de faire, de penser et d’écrire avec Sartre lecteur de Flaubert. Cette intervention médiatique cherche d’abord à prendre ses distances avec le jeu consensuel qui divise Sartre contre lui-même et oppose l’écrivain génial au militant délirant. En revanche, il s’agit pour Rancière de marquer à la fois sa proximité et son éloignement irréductible de la conception sartrienne de la politique de la littérature. La « passivité » et la « pétrification » sont alors les deux signifiants majeurs de sa lecture de Sartre qui, d’une part, réduisent considérablement les milliers de pages et les années de labeur consacrées par Sartre à Flaubert, et occultent bien des convergences, des formulations. Mais qui, d’autre part, rendent hommage au philosophe de la liberté et « ami de l’égalité », par le retour inattendu qu’il opère à sa question inaugurale qu’est-ce que la littérature ?, discréditée par des décennies de théorie littéraire. Ainsi pétrification et passivité sont pour Sartre les traits de la volonté de ne rien dire, du nihilisme bourgeois, anti-démocratique, de l’art pour l’art. Rancière en fait des « homonymes », qui signifient exactement le contraire, puisque le « livre sur rien », l’indifférence au sujet, l’égalité radicale de tout, du point de vue du style, sont les marques mêmes de fabrique du roman démocratique illustré par Madame Bovary. Rancière serait-il alors l’un de ces petits-fils imaginés par Sartre dès 1946, « orphelin abusif » qui utilise ses écrits pour ses propres besoins ? Ou au contraire, construirait-il ainsi une résistance à l’oeuvre, qui, en la réactualisant de manière critique, la renforce et l’enrôle au service de ce qu’on pourrait appeler l’« immortalité d’étagère » des livres, rêve de l’enfant Sartre, et désir sur lequel le philosophe anti-bourgeois ne cède pas ?
The magnetosphere under the radial interplanetary magnetic field: A numerical study
Authors: Tang B. B. , Wang C. , Li W. Y.
Published: December 2013

We investigate the magnetosphere under radial interplanetary magnetic fields (IMF) by using global magnetohydrodynamic simulations. The magnetosphere‐ionosphere system falls into an unexpected state under this specific IMF orientation when the solar wind electric field vanishes. The most important features that characterize this state include (1) magnetic reconnections can still occur, which take place at the equatorward of the cusp in one hemisphere, the tailward of the cusp in the other hemisphere, and also in the plasma sheet; (2) significant north‐south asymmetry exists in both magnetosphere and ionosphere; (3) the polar ionosphere mainly presents a weak two‐cell convection pattern, with the polar cap potential valued at ∼30 kV; (4) the whole magnetosphere‐ionosphere system stays in a very quiet state, and the AL index does not exceed −70 nT; and (5) the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability can still be excited at both flanks of the magnetosphere. These results imply the controlling role of the IMF direction between the solar wind and magnetosphere interactions and improve our understanding of the solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere system.
Imaging preeruptive and coeruptive structural and mechanical changes of a volcano with ambient seismic noise
Authors: Obermann A. , Planès T. , Larose E. , Campillo M.
Published: December 2013

Forecasting the location of an eruption is of primary importance for risk management in volcanic regions. Locating the underground structural changes associated with a potential eruption is also a key issue to better understand the dynamics at work in a volcano. Using recent results in wave physics, we develop an imaging procedure that is based on the sensitivity of multiply scattered waves to weak changes in heterogeneous media. This procedure allows to locate changes in both mechanical and scattering properties of the studied medium. We study ambient seismic noise from 19 broadband stations at the active volcano Piton de la Fournaise on Reunion Island, recorded from June to December 2010. During this period, two volcanic eruptions occurred at two different locations. We calculate the noise cross correlations and study two types of changes in the coda: apparent velocity variations related to changes in the elastic properties of the medium; and, waveform decoherence associated with variations in the scattering, and thus the geological structures. We observe that the temporal variations of both of these parameters provide potential precursors of volcanic eruptions at Piton de la Fournaise. The locations determined from the preeruptive and coeruptive changes in both parameters are in good agreement with the actual eruptive activities. These data demonstrate that the coda of ambient noise correlations contains deterministic information on the locations of the eruptive processes in an active volcano. Our analysis offers an original and significant constraint for the localization of forthcoming volcanic eruptions.
Crustal structure of the Izu collision zone in central Japan from seismic refraction data
Authors: Arai Ryuta , Iwasaki Takaya , Sato Hiroshi , Abe Susumu , Hirata Naoshi
Published: December 2013

The Izu‐Bonin arc (IBA) has been colliding with the more northerly Honshu arc since the middle Miocene, forming a globally unique active Izu arc‐arc collision zone (ICZ) in central Japan. To determine crustal structure of the ICZ, we constrain P and S wave velocities from active source refraction data. The velocity structures reveal that the style of collisions of the Misaka, Tanzawa, and Izu blocks, which were derived from the IBA, has been controlled by subduction of the IBA. High‐velocity rocks (Vp > 6.2 km/s) observed in the ICZ continuously extend to deeper crust, suggesting that plutonic rocks, formed by partial melting of the subducted IBA crust, intruded into the Honshu arc crust and the accreted crustal blocks of the IBA. The northernmost major fault in the ICZ dips southeastward, which is in clear contrast with other major northwestward dipping faults farther southeast. In the northernmost part of the ICZ, the upper 5 km crust of the Misaka block was delaminated from its lower part and obducted onto the Honshu arc. The Tanzawa block, southeast of the Misaka block, is bounded by northwestward dipping faults and is characterized by crustal stacking. A low‐velocity sedimentary layer between the Tanzawa and Izu blocks dips northwestward along the collisional boundary and reaches ~5 km depth, suggesting that the Izu block underthrust beneath the Tanzawa block. The overall geometry of the collisional boundaries exhibits a doubly vergent system, which is characterized by inward‐dipping thrust faults on both sides.
Focal mechanisms of deep low‐frequency earthquakes in Eastern Shimane in Western Japan
Authors: Aso Naofumi , Ide Satoshi
Published: December 2013

Deep low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) are small earthquakes (M < 2) that occur at depths of ~10–45 km with seismic wave radiation mainly in the frequency range of 2–8 Hz. LFEs in western Japan are categorized into tectonic LFEs in the Nankai subduction zone, volcanic LFEs beneath active volcanoes, and semi‐volcanic LFEs that occur far from active volcanoes but are otherwise similar to volcanic LFEs. While tectonic LFEs are considered to reflect shear slip on a plate boundary, the mechanisms of volcanic and semi‐volcanic LFEs remain unclear. We have determined the mechanisms of 38 semi‐volcanic LFEs in eastern Shimane, which is the site of the most frequent semi‐volcanic LFE activity in Japan. For each event, velocity seismograms at five stations were inverted into a focal mechanism and moment rate function by a combined grid search and linear inversion analysis. Synthetic waveforms were calculated for a one‐dimensional structure and the local site amplification effects were corrected using body waves from deep earthquakes. The estimated moment rate function was found to often oscillate between positive and negative values, which are unlike those of regular earthquakes. The focal mechanisms for many LFEs are dominated by a compensated linear vector dipole with symmetry axes parallel to the lineation formed by the hypocenter distribution and the direction of the minimum principal axis of regional stress.
Marine animals significantly increase tundra N2O and CH4emissions in maritime Antarctica
Authors: Zhu Renbin , Liu Yashu , Xu Hua , Ma Dawei , Jiang Shan
Published: December 2013

Most studies on greenhouse gas emissions from animals concentrated on domestic animals, with limited data available from wild animals. The number of marine animals is potentially large in coastal Antarctica. In this paper, N2O and CH4emissions were investigated from a penguin colony, a seal colony, a skua colony, the adjacent animal‐lacking tundra, and background tundra sites to test the effects of marine animals on their fluxes in maritime Antarctica. Extremely high N2O emissions occurred in the penguin puddles (mean 392 µg N2O m−2h−1) and seal wallows (mean 579 µg N2O m−2h−1). The N2O emissions from animal colony tundra (13–57 µg N2O m−2h−1) are much higher than those from the animal‐lacking tundra, whereas the background tundra showed negligible N2O fluxes. Penguin puddles and seal wallows were stronger CH4emitters than animal colony tundra soils, while animal‐lacking tundra soils were strong CH4sinks. Overall high N2O and CH4emissions were modulated by soil physical and chemical processes associated with marine animal activities: sufficient supply of the nutrients NH4+–N and NO3−–N, total nitrogen, and total organic carbon from marine animal excreta, animal tramp, and high soil water‐filled pore space. Laboratory incubation experiments further confirmed that penguin and seal colony soils produced much higher N2O and CH4emissions than animal‐lacking tundra soils. Our results indicate that marine animal colonies are the hot spots for N2O and CH4emissions in maritime Antarctica, and even at the global scale, and current climate warming will further increase their emissions.
Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Tetrahydroquinolines and Tetrahydroisoquinolines by Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation in Ionic Liquid
Authors: Ding Zi‐Yuan , Wang Tianli , He Yan‐Mei , Chen Fei , Zhou Hai‐Feng , Fan Qing‐Hua , Guo Qingxiang , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: December 2013

Asymmetric hydrogenation reactions of quinolines and 3,4‐dihydroisoquinolines using the chiral cationic ruthenium complex Ru(TsDPEN) [TsDPEN=N‐(p‐toluenesulfonyl)‐1,2‐diphenylethylenediamine] as catalyst in neat imidazolium ionic liquids have been investigated. The catalytic performance was influenced by the anion of the ionic liquids for both substrate classes. A range of 2‐alkyl‐substituted 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines and 1‐alkyl‐substituted 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinolines was obtained in high yields with up to >99% ee. Interestingly, the hydrogenation of quinoline derivatives bearing a carbonyl group was selective for the CN (quinoline) over the CO (ketone) bonds, while such a unique chemoselectivity was not observed in methanol. Furthermore, the ruthenium catalysts could be easily recycled at least 5 times in the asymmetric hydrogenation of 3,4‐dihydroisoquinoline by solvent extraction. To further facilitate the recovery of catalyst and reduce the use of organic solvent, a thin film of ionic liquid containing Ru(TsDPEN) was supported on silica gels. This supported ionic liquid‐phase catalyst was effective in the asymmetric hydrogenation of quinoline, and could be recycled at least 6 times by simple filtration.

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Enantiomerenbestimmung chiraler Moleküle in Stoffgemischen mittels Breitband‐Mikrowellenspektroskopie
Authors: Shubert V. Alvin , Schmitz David , Patterson David , Doyle John M. , Schnell Melanie
Published: December 2013

Wir analysieren Enantiomeren‐ und Konformerengemische von Carvon mittels chiralitätsselektiver Breitband‐Mikrowellenspektroskopie. Dabei können wir zeigen, dass wir Enantiomere voneinander unterscheiden, Enantiomerenüberschüsse messen und absolute Konfigurationen bestimmen können. Unsere Methode verwendet Drei‐Wellen‐Mischung im Mikrowellenfrequenzbereich und ist für die Untersuchung von Stoffgemischen hervorragend geeignet – ein Vorteil gegenüber anderen Techniken. Im Unterschied zur konventionellen Mikrowellenspektroskopie verwenden wir auch die Phase des Molekülsignals. Diese Phase hängt von den Vorzeichen der Dipolmomentskomponenten der Moleküle ab und erlaubt die Bestimmung des Überschussenantiomers, wohingegen sich die Höhe des Überschusses über die Signalamplitude bestimmen lässt. In unseren Experimenten untersuchen wir zwei Carvon‐Konformere gleichzeitig und zeigen damit die Eignung der Methode für die Mischungsanalyse. Aus quantenchemischen Berechnungen und den gemessenen Phasen können wir zudem die absoluten Konfigurationen der Enantiomere bestimmen.
Biodegradable Gold Nanovesicles with an Ultrastrong Plasmonic Coupling Effect for Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Huang Peng , Lin Jing , Li Wanwan , Rong Pengfei , Wang Zhe , Wang Shouju , Wang Xiaoping , Sun Xiaolian , Aronova Maria , Niu Gang , Leapman Richard D. , Nie Zhihong , Chen Xiaoyuan
Published: December 2013

The hierarchical assembly of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) allows the localized surface plasmon resonance peaks to be engineered to the near‐infrared (NIR) region for enhanced photothermal therapy (PTT). Herein we report a novel theranostic platform based on biodegradable plasmonic gold nanovesicles for photoacoustic (PA) imaging and PTT. The disulfide bond at the terminus of a PEG‐b‐PCL block‐copolymer graft enables dense packing of GNPs during the assembly process and induces ultrastrong plasmonic coupling between adjacent GNPs. The strong NIR absorption induced by plasmon coupling and very high photothermal conversion efficiency (η=37 %) enable simultaneous thermal/PA imaging and enhanced PTT efficacy with improved clearance of the dissociated particles after the completion of PTT. The assembly of various nanocrystals with tailored optical, magnetic, and electronic properties into vesicle architectures opens new possibilities for the construction of multifunctional biodegradable platforms for biomedical applications.
Palladium on activated carbon catalyzed reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones by triethylsilane
Authors: Mirza‐Aghayan Maryam , Tavana Mahdieh Molaee , Rahimifard Mahshid , Boukherroub Rabah
Published: December 2013

Various aldehydes and ketones were efficiently transformed into the corresponding amines using amine derivatives in the presence of triethylsilane and a catalytic amount of palladium on activated carbon in ethanol. The proposed method provides a one‐pot synthesis of various amines in excellent yields after short reaction times. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Noninfarct related artery embolic protection during primary PCI
Authors: Kelly D.J. , White C. , Richardson G.
Published: December 2013

A 66‐year old man presented with antero‐lateral STEMI. An ulcerated plaque and thrombus were seen in the proximal LAD. We were unable to pass a thrombectomy catheter down the LAD. To avoid embolisation of debris a Spider FX distal protection device was placed into the circumflex artery. Following stent implantation the patient developed chest pain with inferolateral ST depression. Thrombus was extracted from the circumflex artery within the distal protection device. Noninfract related artery distal protection during primary PCI may be an appropriate safeguard where thrombectomy is not possible in an infarct‐related left coronary branch. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New Insights into Acrylic Polymer Precipitation by Supercritical Fluids
Authors: Montes Antonio , Gordillo M. Dolores , Pereyra Clara , Martínez de la Ossa Enrique J.
Published: December 2013

Nanosystems based on polymers have attracted much attention due to the almost infinite diversity. In the past decades, the application of supercritical fluids for polymeric particle precipitation has been developed as an alternative to conventional processes. Here, precipitation of an acrylic copolymer was attempted by the rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) and successful by supercritical antisolvent (SAS) processes. In addition, the nanoparticles were characterized with different techniques. The polymer concentration, pressure, temperature, liquid solution flow rate and nozzle diameter effects were also evaluated with regard to particle size and the particle size distribution of this polymer.
Competitive Gold‐Activation Modes in Terminal Alkynes: An Experimental and Mechanistic Study
Authors: Gimeno Ana , Cuenca Ana B. , Suárez‐Pantiga Samuel , de Arellano Carmen Ramírez , Medio‐Simón Mercedes , Asensio Gregorio
Published: December 2013

The competition between π‐ and dual σ,π‐gold‐activation modes is revealed in the gold(I)‐catalyzed heterocyclization of 1‐(o‐ethynylaryl)urea. A noticeable effect of various ligands in gold complexes on the choice of these activation modes is described. The cationic [Au(IPr)]+ (IPr=2,6‐bis(diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene) complex cleanly promotes the π activation of terminal alkynes, whereas [Au(PtBu3)]+ favors intermediate σ,π species.

In this experimental and mechanistic study, which includes kinetic and cross‐over experiments, several σ‐gold, σ,π‐gold, and other gold polynuclear reaction intermediates have been isolated and identified by NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, or MALDI spectrometry. The ligand control in the simultaneous or alternative π‐ and σ,π‐activation modes is also supported by deuterium‐labeling experiments.
Bor‐Chemie im Aufwind
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: December 2013

Die Entdeckung einer bei Raumtemperatur stabilen Verbindung mit einer Bor‐Bor‐Dreifachbindung eröffnet ungeahnte Möglichkeiten.
Spectrum of Markov Generators on Sparse Random Graphs
Authors: Bordenave Charles , Caputo Pietro , Chafaï Djalil
Published: December 2013

We investigate the spectrum of the infinitesimal generator of the continuoustime random walk on a randomly weighted oriented graph. This is the non‐Hermitian random n × n matrix L defined by Ljk = Xjk if k ≠ j and Ljj = – Σk ≠ j Ljk, where (Xjk)j ≠ k are i.i.d. random weights. Under mild assumptions on the law of the weights, we establish convergence as n → ∞ of the empirical spectral distribution of L after centering and rescaling. In particular, our assumptions include sparse random graphs such as the oriented Erdős‐Rényi graph where each edge is present independently with probability p(n) → 0 as long as np(n) ≫ (log(n))6. The limiting distribution is characterized as an additive Gaussian deformation of the standard circular law. In free probability terms, this coincides with the Brown measure of the free sum
of the circular element and a normal operator with Gaussian spectral measure. The density of the limiting distribution is analyzed using a subordination formula. Furthermore, we study the convergence of the invariant measure of L to the uniform distribution and establish estimates on the extremal eigenvalues of L.© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myosin 1g regulates cytoskeleton plasticity, cell migration, exocytosis, and endocytosis in B lymphocytes
Authors: Maravillas‐Montero José L. , López‐Ortega Orestes , Patiño‐López Genaro , Santos‐Argumedo Leopoldo
Published: December 2013

Myosin 1g (Myo1g) is a hematopoietic‐specific myosin expressed mainly by lymphocytes. Here, we report the localization of Myo1g in B‐cell membrane compartments such as lipid rafts, microvilli, and membrane extensions formed during spreading. By using Myo1g‐deficient mouse B cells, we detected abnormalities in the adhesion ability and chemokine‐induced directed migration of these lymphocytes. We also assessed a role for Myo1g in phagocytosis and exocytosis processes, as these were also irregular in Myo1g‐deficient B cells. Taken together, our results show that Myo1g acts as a main regulator of different membrane/cytoskeleton‐dependent processes in B lymphocytes.
Interleukin 17 contributes to the chronicity of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Benedetti Giulia , Miossec Pierre
Published: December 2013

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease leading to joint destruction and bone resorption. The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 17 (IL‐17), primarily produced by Th17 cells, has been shown to be involved in all stages of the disease and to be an important contributor of RA chronicity. Three major processes drive the IL‐17‐mediated chronicity. Several epigenetic events, enhanced in RA patients, lead to the increased production of IL‐17 by Th17 cells. IL‐17 then induces the production of several inflammatory mediators in the diseased synovium, which are further synergistically enhanced via combinations of IL‐17 with other cytokines. IL‐17 also promotes the survival of both the synoviocytes and inflammatory cells and promotes the maturation of these immune cells. This leads to an increased number of synoviocytes and inflammatory cells in the synovial fluid and in the synovium leading to the hyperplasia and exacerbated inflammation observed in joints of RA patients. Furthermore, these IL‐17‐driven events initiate several feedback‐loop mechanisms leading to increased expansion of Th17 cells and thereby increased production of IL‐17. In this review, we aim to depict a complete picture of the IL‐17‐driven vicious circle leading to RA chronicity and to pinpoint the key aspects that require further exploration.
Maintenance strategies for wireless sensor networks: from a reactive to a proactive approach
Authors: Azzaz Skander , Saidane Leila Azouz
Published: December 2013

In this paper, we have introduced three proactive maintenance strategies for static wireless sensor networks (WSNs) using a limited number of mobile maintainer robots: the centralised proactive maintenance strategy denoted by CPMS, the fixed distributed proactive maintenance strategy denoted by FDPMS and the adaptive distributed proactive maintenance strategy denoted by ADPMS. The proposed maintenance strategies are based on a simple energy dissipation analytical model to estimate the occurrence times of the expected sensor failures in the network. Once identified, the anticipated failures are replaced by the available robots before they happen. To select the appropriate maintainer robot for each expected failure, CPMS opts for a centralised scheduling method based on the genetic algorithm fundamentals. However, the distributed maintenance strategies (FDPMS and ADPMS) use two different WSN area partitioning methods to share the sensor maintenance tasks among the available robots. Simulation results have shown that CPMS gives the minimal network dysfunction time representing the interruption service time induced by the detected faulted nodes. However, due to its significant signalling cost, we have remarked that CPMS can be deployed only in small scale WSNs. In large‐scale ones, ADPMS has demonstrated its efficiency in terms of the network dysfunction time, the robot travelled distance and the introduced signalling cost. In particular cases, when sensor failures are uniformly distributed on the network map, FDPMS has given the best performances. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequential Tape Casting of Anode‐Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Menzler N. H. , Malzbender J. , Schoderböck P. , Kauert R. , Buchkremer H. P.
Published: December 2013

A novel route was developed to fabricate anode‐supported solid oxide fuel cells with a high throughput and low manufacturing costs. In contrast to classical manufacturing routes, this novel route starts with the tape casting of the thin electrolyte followed by the tape casting of the anode and anode support. All three layers were cast green‐on‐green and finally sintered to yield a gas‐tight electrolyte. By carefully selecting the raw materials for all three layers, it is possible to manufacture near‐net‐shape half‐cells. The half‐cells were characterized with respect to thickness, microstructure, bending behavior, electrolyte gas leakage, shrinkage, electrolyte residual stresses, and mechanical strength. Finally, the cathode was screen‐printed and fired, and the full cell characteristics were obtained in single‐cell and stack tests. Additionally, a scale‐up to cell sizes of 200 × 200 mm2 was verified. Electrolyte and anode thickness were around 20 μm, and the support was cast to 300–500 μm. The helium leak rates were better than the necessary internal threshold, and the characteristic bending strength obtained was in the range of 150–200 MPa. The single‐cell tests revealed current densities of 1.0 A cm–2 at 700 mV and 800 °C (H2/air). A first stack test proved their stackability and operational functionality.
Anwendung der Diskrete‐Elemente‐Methode zur Vorhersage von Kräften bei der Bodenbearbeitung
Authors: Obermayr Martin , Vrettos Christos
Published: December 2013

In dieser Arbeit wird ein Simulationsmodell zur Vorhersage von Kräften bei der Bodenbearbeitung auf Basis der Diskrete‐Elemente‐Methode (DEM) vorgestellt. Es werden Interaktionsgesetze für drei verschiedene Bodenarten mit kohäsionslosem, kohäsivem und zementiertem Materialverhalten beschrieben. Die Scherfestigkeit des Bodens wird dabei mithilfe von simulierten Triaxialversuchen kalibriert. Andere Parameter des Modells werden durch Annahmen oder dimensionslose Kennzahlen festgelegt. Laborversuche an einem geraden Schild, der bei konstanter Geschwindigkeit durch das Bodenmaterial gezogen wird, zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung mit der Simulation. Obwohl für diesen Fall auch Handformeln auf Basis des passiven Erddrucks geeignet sind, erlaubt es die Partikelsimulation darüber hinaus, auch komplexe Geometrien und Trajektorien auf die gleiche Weise zu simulieren. Dies wird durch eine Messung an einem Mobilbagger, der in gebrochenem Kies arbeitet, bestätigt.

Application of the Discrete Element Method for the prediction of draft forces in soil. In this paper, a numerical model for the prediction of soil‐tool interaction forces, based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM) is presented. Three different types of particle‐interaction laws for cohesionless, cohesive, and cemented soil are described. The shear strength of the soil is being calibrated by the use of simulated triaxial compression tests. Other parameters of the model are either chosen by experience or by the use of dimensionless numbers. Laboratory tests on a straight cutting blade, which is moved through the sample soil at constant speed, show good agreement with the results of the simulation. For this case, empirical formulas based on the passive earth pressure could be applied. Beyond that, the particle simulation can also be applied in the same manner to more complex tool geometries and trajectories. This is verified by measurements on a wheeled excavator that is working in crushed gravel.
Rho kinase inhibition modulates microglia activation and improves survival in a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Tönges Lars , Günther Rene , Suhr Martin , Jansen Johannes , Balck Alexander , Saal Kim‐Ann , Barski Elisabeth , Nientied Tobias , Götz Alexander A. , Koch Jan‐Christoph , Mueller Bernhard K. , Weishaupt Jochen H. , Sereda Michael W. , Hanisch Uwe‐Karsten , Bähr Mathias , Lingor Paul
Published: December 2013

Disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by degeneration of motoneurons (MN) and their axons, but is also influenced by neighboring cells such as astrocytes and microglial cells. The role of microglia in ALS is complex as it switches from an anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective phenotype in early disease to a proinflammatory and neurotoxic phenotype in later stages. Our previous studies in models of neurodegeneration identified rho kinase (ROCK) as a target, which can be manipulated to beneficially influence disease progression. Here, we examined the neuroprotective potential of the ROCK inhibitor Fasudil to target the central pathogenic features of ALS. Application of Fasudil to kainic acid‐lesioned primary MN in vitro resulted in a strong prosurvival effect. In vivo, SOD1G93A mice benefited from oral treatment with Fasudil showing prolonged survival and improved motor function. These findings were correlated to an improved survival of motor neurons and a pronounced alteration of astroglial and microglial cell infiltration of the spinal cord under Fasudil treatment. Modeling a proinflammatory microglial phenotype by stimulation with LPS in vitro, Fasudil decreased the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines TNFα, Il6, CCL2, CCL3, and CCL5 while CXCL1 release was only transiently suppressed. In sciatic nerve motor axons, neuromuscular junction remodeling processes were increased. In conclusion, we provide preclinical and neurobiological evidence that inhibition of ROCK by the clinically approved small molecule inhibitor Fasudil may be a novel therapeutic approach in ALS combining both neuroprotection and immunomodulation for the cure of this devastating disease. GLIA 2014;62:217–232
Antidepressants reduce neuroinflammatory responses and astroglial alpha‐synuclein accumulation in a transgenic mouse model of multiple system atrophy
Authors: Valera Elvira , Ubhi Kiren , Mante Michael , Rockenstein Edward , Masliah Eliezer
Published: December 2013

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the pathological accumulation of alpha‐synuclein (α‐syn) within oligodendroglial cells. This accumulation is accompanied by neuroinflammation with astrogliosis and microgliosis, that leads to neuronal death and subsequent parkinsonism and dysautonomia. Antidepressants have been explored as neuroprotective agents as they normalize neurotrophic factor levels, increase neurogenesis and reduce neurodegeneration, but their anti‐inflammatory properties have not been fully characterized. We analyzed the anti‐inflammatory profiles of three different antidepressants (fluoxetine, olanzapine and amitriptyline) in the MBP1‐hα‐syn transgenic (tg) mouse model of MSA. We observed that antidepressant treatment decreased the number of α‐syn‐positive cells in the basal ganglia of 11‐month‐old tg animals. This reduction was accompanied with a similar decrease in the colocalization of α‐syn with astrocyte markers in this brain structure. Consistent with these results, antidepressants reduced astrogliosis in the hippocampus and basal ganglia of the MBP1‐hα‐syn tg mice, and modulated the expression levels of key cytokines that were dysregulated in the tg mouse model, such as IL‐1β. In vitro experiments in the astroglial cell line C6 confirmed that antidepressants inhibited NF‐κB translocation to the nucleus and reduced IL‐1β protein levels. We conclude that the anti‐inflammatory properties of antidepressants in the MBP1‐hα‐syn tg mouse model of MSA might be related to their ability to inhibit α‐syn propagation from oligodendrocytes to astroglia and to regulate transcription factors involved in cytokine expression. Our results suggest that antidepressants might be of interest as anti‐inflammatory and α‐syn‐reducing agents for MSA and other α‐synucleinopathies. GLIA 2014;62:317–337
TLR4/PKC‐mediated tight junction modulation: A clinical marker of chemotherapy‐induced gut toxicity?
Authors: Wardill Hannah R. , Gibson Rachel J. , Logan Richard M. , Bowen Joanne M.
Published: December 2013

Chemotherapy‐induced gut toxicity is a major clinical and economic burden to oncology practice. The mechanisms responsible for its development are ill defined, hampering the development of therapeutic interventions. In light of newly published research foci and clinical practice guidelines in supportive care in cancer, there has been renewed interest in the role tight junctions play in the pathobiology of chemotherapy‐induced gut toxicity. Several preclinical studies have identified molecular defects in intestinal tight junctions following chemotherapy. Despite these findings, the mechanisms responsible for chemotherapy‐induced tight junction disruption remain unclear. Recent research has highlighted roles for toll‐like receptor 4 and protein kinase C signalling in the regulation of tight junctions. This critical review therefore aims to provide evidence linking toll‐like receptor 4 expression, protein kinase C activation and tight junction disruption and their relationship to clinical toxicity.
A protocol for rheological characterization of hydrogels for tissue engineering strategies
Authors: Zuidema Jonathan M. , Rivet Christopher J. , Gilbert Ryan J. , Morrison Faith A.
Published: December 2013

Hydrogels are studied extensively for many tissue engineering applications, and their mechanical properties influence both cellular and tissue compatibility. However, it is difficult to compare the mechanical properties of hydrogels between studies due to a lack of continuity between rheological protocols. This study outlines a straightforward protocol to accurately determine hydrogel equilibrium modulus and gelation time using a series of rheological tests. These protocols are applied to several hydrogel systems used within tissue engineering applications: agarose, collagen, fibrin, Matrigel™, and methylcellulose. The protocol is outlined in four steps: (1) Time sweep to determine the gelation time of the hydrogel. (2) Strain sweep to determine the linear‐viscoelastic region of the hydrogel with respect to strain. (3) Frequency sweep to determine the linear equilibrium modulus plateau of the hydrogel. (4) Time sweep with values obtained from strain and frequency sweeps to accurately report the equilibrium moduli and gelation time. Finally, the rheological characterization protocol was evaluated using a composite Matrigel™‐methylcellulose hydrogel blend whose mechanical properties were previously unknown. The protocol described herein provides a standardized approach for proper analysis of hydrogel rheological properties. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 1063–1073, 2014.
Polycyclic N‐Heterocyclic Compounds 83: Synthesis of 2,4‐Disubstituted 5,6‐Dihydro[1]benzofuro[3′,2′:2,3]oxepino[4,5‐d]pyrimidines and 2,4,5‐Trisubstituted 5,6‐Dihydro[1]benzofuro[2′,3′:5,6]pyrano[4,3‐d]pyrimidines from 4‐Chloro‐5,6‐dihydro[1]benzofuro[3′,2′:2,3]oxepino[4,5‐d]pyrimidines
Authors: Okuda Kensuke , Takano Jun‐ichi , Hirota Takashi , Sasaki Kenji
Published: December 2013

Treatment of 2‐substituted 4‐chloro‐5,6‐dihydro[1]benzofuro[3′,2′:2,3]oxepino[4,5‐d]pyrimidines with simple alcohols and thiols as nucleophile afforded 2‐substituted 4‐alkoxy (or sulfanyl) derivatives. In the case of alkoxide nucleophiles, rearranged reaction products were also obtained. X‐ray crystallography was used to support the structure assignment of the rearranged product.
Glycosylation characterization of recombinant human erythropoietin produced in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris by mass spectrometry
Authors: Gong Bing , Burnina Irina , Stadheim Terrance A. , Li Huijuan
Published: December 2013

Glycosylation plays a critical role in the in vivo efficacy of both endogenous and recombinant erythropoietin (EPO). Using mass spectrometry, we characterized the N‐/O‐linked glycosylation of recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) produced in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris and compared with the glycosylation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell‐derived rhEPO. While the three predicted N‐linked glycosylation sites (Asn24, Asn38 and Asn83) showed complete site occupancy, Pichia‐ and CHO‐derived rhEPO showed distinct differences in the glycan structures with the former containing sialylated bi‐antennary glycoforms and the latter containing a mixture of sialylated bi‐, tri‐ and tetra‐antennary structures. Additionally, the N‐linked glycans from Pichia‐produced rhEPO were similar across all three sites. A low level of O‐linked mannosylation was detected on Pichia‐produced rhEPO at position Ser126, which is also the O‐linked glycosylation site for endogenous human EPO and CHO‐derived rhEPO. In summary, the mass spectrometric analyses revealed that rhEPO derived from glycoengineered Pichia has a highly uniform bi‐antennary N‐linked glycan composition and preserves the orthogonal O‐linked glycosylation site present on endogenous human EPO and CHO‐derived rhEPO. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.