bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genotype But Not Body Shape Predicts River Migration Success in Atlantic Salmon
Authors: Moccetti Paolo , Bolland Jonathan D. , Adams Colin E. , Rodger Jessica R. , Honkanen Hannele M. , Newton Matthew , Lothian Angus J. , Nunn Andy D. , Joyce Domino A.
Published: December 2024

Migratory species typically undertake demanding long‐distance journeys, across different habitat types during which they are exposed to multiple natural and anthropogenic stressors. Mortality during migration is typically high and may be human induced. Understanding individual responses to these selection pressures is rarely attempted because of the challenges of relating individual phenotypic and genetic data to migration success. Here, we show distinct single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sets significantly differentiated between Atlantic salmon smolts making successful migrations to sea and those that failed to migrate, in two different rivers. In contrast, morphological variation was not diagnostic of migration success. Populations from each river were genetically distinct, and while different genes were possibly implicated in migration success in each river, they related to common biological processes (e.g., osmoregulation and immune and stress response). Given that migration failure should quickly purge polymorphism at selected SNPs from a population, the question of how genetic diversity in these populations is maintained is an important one. Standing genetic variation could be maintained by different life history strategies and/or environmentally driven balancing selection. Our work highlights the importance of preserving genetic diversity to ensure evolutionary resilience at the population level and has practical implications for management.
Habitat Occupancy of the Critically Endangered Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) Under Human Disturbance in an Urban Environment: Implications for Conservation
Authors: Subba Asmit , Tamang Ganesh , Lama Sony , Limbu Jash Hang , Basnet Nabin , Kyes Randall C. , Khanal Laxman
Published: December 2024

Globally, urban expansion has led to habitat fragmentation and altered resource availability, thus posing significant challenges for wildlife. The Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) is a critically endangered species experiencing population decline due to illegal trade and habitat degradation. This study analyzed variables affecting habitat occupancy of Chinese pangolins using a single‐season occupancy model across 134 study grids (600 m × 600 m) in peri‐urban areas of Dharan Sub‐Metropolitan City, eastern Nepal. We identified termite mounds as a significant key factor (top model with AICwt = 1) in the detection probability of Chinese pangolin burrows (βTermite mounds = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.89). Additionally, the Human Disturbance Index (HDI) emerged as the key variable for habitat use occupancy (AIC = 231.96, AICwt = 0.309), indicating a significant negative impact (βHDI = −6.555, 95% CI = −11.324 to −1.7723). We observed a mean HDI of 0.475 ± 0.04 in the grids where Chinese pangolins were detected, with higher HDI values correlating with reduced Chinese pangolin occupancy. For the long‐term conservation of Chinese pangolins in urban landscapes, it is crucial to reduce anthropogenic activities and implement conservation measures to protect suitable habitats with abundant termite mounds.
Contrasting demographic processes underlie uphill shifts in a desert ecosystem
Authors: Skikne Sarah , McLaughlin Blair , Fisher Mark , Ackerly David , Zavaleta Erika
Published: December 2024

Climate change is projected to cause extensive plant range shifts, and, in many cases such shifts already are underway. Most long‐term studies of range shifts measure emergent changes in species distributions but not the underlying demographic patterns that shape them. To better understand species' elevational range shifts and their underlying demographic processes, we use the powerful approach of rephotography, comparing historical (1978–1982) and modern (2015–2016) photographs taken along a 1000‐m elevational gradient in the Colorado Desert of Southern California. This approach allowed us to track demographic outcomes for 4263 individual plants of 11 long‐lived, perennial species over the past ~36 years. All species showed an upward shift in mean elevation (average = 45 m), consistent with observed increasing temperature and severe drought in the region. We found that varying demographic processes underlaid these elevational shifts, with some species showing higher recruitment and some showing higher survival with increasing elevation. Species with faster life‐history rates (higher background recruitment and mortality rates) underwent larger elevational shifts. Our findings emphasize the importance of demography and life history in shaping range shift responses and future community composition, as well as the sensitivity of desert systems to climate change despite the typical “slow motion” population dynamics of perennial desert plants.
Learn best practices to delete confidential data
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: December 2024

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act does not require schools to destroy student records. To reduce technology costs and limit potential data breaches, many schools and districts establish their own retention policies, including timeframes for the eventual destruction of unnecessary records. But how can institutions know if their data destruction practices comply with their FERPA duty to protect personally identifiable information in a student record?
Editorial: Biological Therapies and Eating Disorders
Authors: Himmerich Hubertus , Herpertz‐Dahlmann Beate , Mörkl Sabrina
Published: December 2024

Objective

Blood‐based biomarkers and neuroimaging techniques have improved our understanding of the underlying biology of eating disorders (EDs) and have increased our diagnostic portfolio.

Method

This editorial accompanies an article collection on novel biological approaches to treat EDs.

Results

The collection covers intermittent theta burst stimulation, therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacological treatments (olanzapine, metreleptin, psychedelics, and anti‐inflammatory medications), microbiome‐based treatments such as pro‐ and prebiotics, as well as individually tailored treatment approaches for EDs.

Discussion

Research of brain areas and bodily systems that are related to memory, emotions and immune function will hopefully expand the biological treatment options for people with EDs.
Habitat‐mediated soundscape conservation in marine ecosystems
Authors: Cox Kieran D , Davies Hailey L , Looby Audrey , Murchy Kelsie A , Juanes Francis , Côté Isabelle M
Published: December 2024

The nexus between changing habitats, faunal communities, and anthropogenic stressors represents an enduring conservation challenge. We propose that habitat‐mediated soundscape conservation—the ability of biogenic habitats to attenuate anthropogenic noise—plays an unrecognized role in mitigating underwater noise pollution, a pervasive disturbance that disrupts the ability of species to perceive acoustic cues and communicate. We hypothesize that noise attenuation depends on the composition and physical complexity of biogenic habitats, and severe habitat degradation can cause acoustic conditions to exceed ecological tipping points, resulting in the emergence of alternative acoustic states. We examine this concept in coral reefs and kelp forests, given that the global decline of both ecosystems provides the requisite conditions to investigate our hypothesis. We then explore why anthropogenic structures fail to provide acoustic refugia. Finally, we assess whether habitat restoration or acoustic enrichment can reestablish natural soundscapes. Our review underscores the importance of considering habitat degradation when evaluating the risk that pollutants pose to ecosystems.
Numerical Study on the Effect of Trapezoidal‐Wave Shaped Partition on Natural Convection Flow Within a Porous Enclosure
Authors: Chordiya Jayesh , Deshmukh Padmakar , Sharma Ram V.
Published: December 2024

The use of a trapezoidal‐wave shaped diathermal partition to reduce natural convection flow and heat transfer within a fluid‐saturated, differentially heated porous enclosure is investigated in this study. This work is motivated by the need to control and reduce convective heat transfer in differentially heated porous enclosures, impacting applications like energy‐efficient building materials, thermal insulation, and improved heat exchangers. The study aims to disrupt convection currents and minimize thermal transfer. The Darcy flow model, representing fluid flow in porous media, is applied here and solved using the successive accelerated replacement (SAR) scheme with a finite difference method. Key parameters are varied to explore their effects on thermal and flow patterns. These parameters include the partition's length (with values between ), height (spanning from ), and distance from the left wall of the enclosure (), along with the modified Rayleigh number, which ranges from . Through computational visualization of streamlines and isotherms, this study examines how changes in partition geometry influence flow deviations. Results indicate that the trapezoidal partition allows flexibility in adjusting its geometrical parameters, effectively reducing convection flow strength without significant compromise. A drop of 41.13% in flow strength and about 56% reducted in heat transfer is achieved for trapezoidal partition with smaller edge length These findings suggest that such a partition setup can significantly improve thermal management in systems where fluid‐saturated porous enclosures are subject to differential heating.
Innovative Enhancements for Hemispherical Solar Stills: Enhancing Performance With Copper Conical Fins and Red Brick Fillings
Authors: Attia Mohammed El Hadi , Kabeel Abd Elnaby , Elazab M. A. , Mousa M. G.
Published: December 2024

The existence of fins on a basin's flat absorber undoubtedly enhances the thermal efficiency and distillate output by increasing the exposed surface area of water to sunlight. However, the issue of shading caused by the fins hampers the productivity of distillers. Researchers are currently seeking a resolution to this problem. The current study conducted a performance comparison of hemispherical solar distillers using copper conical fins with a diameter of 4 cm and a height of 2 cm. The distillers were also equipped with copper conical fins‐filled red bricks, which were painted black. These fins were placed on the bottom of the basin at various spacing intervals (0, 1, and 2 cm) and a water depth of 2 cm. The experimental data showed that the productivity values of the hemispherical solar distiller using copper conical fins (HSD‐CCF) were 6.00, 5.40, and 5.00 L/m2, while the productivity values of the hemispherical solar distiller using copper conical fins‐filled with red bricks (HSD‐CCF & RB) were 7.00, 6.30, and 5.80 L/m2 at spacing distances of 0, 1, and 2 cm, respectively. The conventional hemispherical solar distiller without fins (CHSD) achieved a peak efficiency of 4.50 L/m2. The HSD‐CCF achieves cumulative yields of 33.33%, 20.00%, and 11.11% when utilizing copper conical fins at spacing distances of 0, 1, and 2 cm, respectively, compared to the THSD. The efficiency of the hemispherical sun distiller using copper conical fins‐filled with red bricks (HSD‐CCF & RB) is enhanced by 55.55%, 40.00%, and 28.89% when compared to the conventional hemispherical solar distiller (THSD), at spacing distances of 0, 1, and 2 cm, respectively. The study discovered that including copper conical fins packed with red bricks improves the efficiency of solar distillers. Furthermore, the study revealed that increasing the spacing between the fins further reduces shading, hence enhancing performance.
Impact of circulating tumor human papillomavirus DNA kinetics on disease outcomes in HPV‐associated oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Jhawar Sachin R. , Haring Catherine , Pan Xueliang , Ma Jianing , Bhateja Priyanka , Kubi Emmanuel Appiah , Limbach Abberly Lott , Gogineni Emile , Mitchell Darrion , Konieczkowski David , Grecula John , Ma Sung Jun , Zhu Simeng , Old Matthew , Bonomi Marcelo , Rocco James W. , Blakaj Dukagjin M. , Baliga Sujith
Published: December 2024

Circulating tumor tissue modified (TTMV)‐HPV DNA has emerged as a promising biomarker in human papillomavirus associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV‐OPSCC). The objective of this study was to assess ctHPVDNA TTMV clearance kinetics during RT and its relationship with progression in HPV‐OPSCC. We identified 80 non‐metastatic HPV‐OPSCC patients with 366 TTMV samples who underwent prospective plasma TTMV testing before, during and after curative intent RT or CRT between June 2021 and February 2023. Patients with rapid favorable clearance (>95% decline from pre‐treatment value) of TTMV were compared to those with suboptimal clearance (<95%). The primary objective was to evaluate the relationship between TTMV clearance during CRT and its impact on progression free survival (PFS). The median follow‐up was 14.7 months. Clinical nodal stage was associated with higher TTMV‐HPV DNA scores at baseline, with a median score of 128, 778, and 1219 for N0/N1, N2a/b, and N2c/3 patients, respectively. Patients who had persistent TTMV at the end of RT had an inferior PFS compared to those who cleared their TTMV at 2 years (91.7% vs. 71.7%) (log rank, p = .042). Among patients who had complete clearance of their TTMV at 3 months, those who had a negative, equivocal, and incomplete PET response had a 2‐year PFS of 94.3%, 77.8%, and 59.3%, respectively (log‐rank, p = .029). Our study indicates that persistent TTMV‐HPV DNA is associated with worse PFS and may portend unfavorable outcomes. Thus, monitoring TTMV clearance kinetics could be a valuable biomarker for guiding treatment decisions in patients with HPV‐OPSCC.
YOLOv8 Outperforms Traditional CNN Models in Mammography Classification: Insights From a Multi‐Institutional Dataset
Authors: AkbarnezhadSany Erfan , EntezariZarch Hossein , AlipoorKermani Mohammad , Shahin Baharak , Cheki Mohsen , Karami Aida , Zahedi Samaneh , AhmadPour Zahra , Ahmadi‐Mazhin Sadegh , Rahimnezhad Ali , Sayfollahi Sahar , Bijari Salar , Shojaee Melika , Rezaeijo Seyed Masoud
Published: December 2024

This study evaluates the efficacy of four deep learning methods—YOLOv8, VGG16, ResNet101, and EfficientNet—for classifying mammography images into normal, benign, and malignant categories using a large‐scale, multi‐institutional dataset. Each dataset was divided into training and testing groups with an 80%/20% split, ensuring that all examinations from the same patient were consistently allocated to the same split. The training set for the malignant class contained 10 220 images, the benign class 6086 images, and the normal class 8526 images. For testing, the malignant class had 1441 images, the benign class 1124 images, and the normal class 1881 images. All models were fine‐tuned using transfer learning and standardized to 224 × 224 pixels with data augmentation techniques to improve robustness. Among the models, YOLOv8 demonstrated the highest performance, achieving an AUC of 93.33% for the training dataset and 91% for the testing dataset. It also exhibited superior accuracy (91.82% training, 86.68% testing), F1‐score (91.11% training, 84.86% testing), and specificity (95.80% training, 93.32% testing). ResNet101, VGG16, and EfficientNet also performed well, with ResNet101 achieving an AUC of 91.67% (training) and 90.00% (testing). Grad‐CAM visualizations were used to identify the regions most influential in model decision‐making. This multi‐model evaluation highlights YOLOv8's potential for accurately classifying mammograms, while demonstrating that all models contribute valuable insights for improving breast cancer detection. Future clinical trials will focus on refining these models to assist healthcare professionals in delivering accurate and timely diagnoses.
Comparison between point‐of‐care testing from capillary samples and conventional laboratory testing from venous samples for white blood cells and C‐reactive protein in a pediatric outpatient setting
Authors: Kuniyoshi Yasutaka , Kimoto Takeru , Tokutake Haruka , Takahashi Natsuki , Kamura Azusa , Tashiro Makoto
Published: December 2024

Background

Studies on the accuracy of point‐of‐care (POC) testing using capillary samples are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the analytical accuracy of POC testing for white blood cell (WBC) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) using capillary samples compared with conventional central laboratory testing using venous samples in a pediatric ambulatory care setting.

Methods

This was a retrospective study including patients younger than 18 years who underwent concurrent WBC and CRP evaluations via capillary and subsequent venous sampling within a 2‐h window. Capillary and venous blood samples were collected using finger prick and standard venipuncture techniques, respectively. Capillary blood analysis was performed using a Microsemi CRP device. Venous samples were measured in the hospital's central laboratory. The agreement between the capillary POC and venous laboratory results was evaluated using Bland‐Altman analysis.

Results

A total of 277 pediatric patients were included in this study. The median age of the participants was 1 year (interquartile range: 0–2 years). The mean difference between the capillary and venous measurements for WBC was −18 × 100/μL with 95% limits of agreement of −73 × 100/μL to 37 × 100/μL. The mean difference between the capillary and venous measurements for CRP was −0.25 mg/dL with 95% limits of agreement of −2.1 mg/dL to 1.6 mg/dL.

Conclusions

POC CRP testing via capillary sampling by finger prick demonstrated sufficient accuracy. POC CRP testing has the potential to be a valuable instrument for clinical decision making, particularly in screening febrile outpatient children.
Sudden Onset of Intramural Duodenal Hematoma During Hemodialysis in Hypertensive Patient
Authors: Kazumori Hideaki
Published: December 2024

A 79‐year‐old man undergoing treatment with warfarin for atrial fibrillation and hemodialysis for renal failure was transferred to our hospital for rehabilitation. During a maintenance hemodialysis session, blood pressure was shown to be elevated and an intramural duodenal hematoma suddenly occurred. After 3 days, the hematoma had enlarged and angiographic embolization was performed, with complete resolution noted after 2 months. Occurrence of an intramural duodenal hematoma during hemodialysis is rare. However, acute abdominal pain with symptoms indicating obstruction in patients undergoing such treatment should raise suspicion regarding an intramural duodenal hematoma. Although conservative treatment is often effective for a nontraumatic intramural hematoma, early angiographic embolization is preferred when disruption of anticoagulant therapy is difficult or for patients with failed medical treatment.
Clinical, immunophenotypic, and genomic findings of acute myeloid leukemia with RAM immunophenotype: Comparison with other CD56‐positive acute leukemias
Authors: Hamdan Hanan , Liu Yen‐Chun , Wang Sa A. , Bledsoe Jacob , Chisholm Karen M. , Siddon Alexa , Ohgami Robert , George Tracy I. , Kurzer Jason , Hasserjian Robert P. , Arber Daniel A. , Bagg Adam , Foucar Kathryn , Margolskee Elizabeth , Laczko Dorottya , Chen Weina , Fuda Franklin , Aggarwal Nidhi , Weinberg Olga K.
Published: December 2024

Background

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with RAM immunophenotype is a newly recognized high‐risk AML immunophenotypic subcategory characterized by blasts with bright expression of CD56 and weak to absent expression of CD45, HLA‐DR, and CD38, as first described by the Children's Oncology Group (COG). The relationship between AML‐RAM and other CD56‐positive acute leukemias is unclear. The goal of this study is to characterize the clinicopathological characteristics of AML with RAM phenotype and compare them with other CD56 co‐expressing acute leukemias.

Methods

From a multi‐institutional search, we identified a total of 160 CD56+ acute leukemia cases, including AML‐RAM (n = 28), CD56+ acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL) (n = 11), CD56+ T‐lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 39), and CD56+ AML (n = 81). We compared the clinical and pathologic findings of these groups.

Results

AML‐RAM patients were significantly younger and presented with significantly higher platelet and white blood cell counts and bone marrow (BM) blast percentages when compared to AUL (p > 0.05) and had higher median BM blast percentages than T‐ALL and CD56+ AML groups (both p < 0.05). Flow cytometry showed significantly brighter expression of CD56 on blasts as compared to other CD56+ AML cases, partial CD34 expression compared to AUL, and AML, weak‐to‐absent CD38 expression compared to all groups, and absent HLA‐DR and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase as compared to AUL and T‐ALL (all p < 0.05). The frequency of abnormal karyotypes was significantly higher among RAM when compared to all groups (p < 0.05). Next‐generation sequencing profiles differed among the leukemia groups, with significant enrichment of CBFA2T3::GLIS2 fusions (p < 0.05) and TP53 mutations (p < 0.05) in RAM cases compared to other AML control groups, and U2AF1 (p < 0.05), serine and arginine‐rich splicing factor 2 (p < 0.05), and BCL6 co‐repressor (p < 0.05) mutations compared to AUL. Clinical outcome analysis demonstrated significantly lower 3‐year overall survival of the RAM subgroup (36 months) compared to control groups (p = 0.002).

Conclusion

We find that AML with RAM phenotype occurs primarily in younger ages, with distinct clinicopathological, immunophenotypic, and mutational presentations, and worse prognosis. This diagnosis should be considered in the clinical differential diagnosis of CD56‐positive acute leukemias.
Diagnosis, treatment, management and monitoring of patients with tyrosinaemia type 1: Consensus group recommendations from the German‐speaking countries
Authors: Das Anibh M. , Ballhausen Diana , Haas Dorothea , Häberle Johannes , Hagedorn Tobias , Janson‐Mutsaerts Cecilia , Janzen Nils , Sander Johannes , Freisinger Peter , Karall Daniela , Meyer Uta , Mönch Eberhard , Morlot Susanne , Rosenbaum‐Fabian Stefanie , Scholl‐Bürgi Sabine , vom Dahl Stephan , Weinhold Natalie , Zeman Jiri , Lange Karin
Published: December 2024

Hepatorenal tyrosinaemia (HT1) is an autosomal recessive disorder of tyrosine degradation resulting in hepatic and renal dysfunction, neurological sequelae may occur in some patients. The use of nitisinone (NTBC) has revolutionised treatment and outcome of this disorder. NTBC has to be combined with a low protein diet. While NTBC modulates the disease course in HT1 patients, several issues are open. Optimal dosage, doses per day, therapeutic range of NTBC concentration, mode of protein restriction and biomarkers are not well defined. HCC and neurocognitive deficits are long‐term sequelae. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to minimise the risk for these complications. Clinical guidance for management of HT1‐patients is required. Randomised clinical studies are difficult in the presence of therapeutic options. We discussed these issues in a consensus group of 10 paediatricians, 1 adult hepatologist, 1 geneticist, 2 dieticians, 2 newborn screening specialists with experience in HT1, 1 psychologist and 2 representatives of a patient group from the German‐speaking countries (DACH). Recommendations were based on scientific literature and expert opinion, also taking into account recent experience with newborn screening. There was strong consensus that newborn screening using succinylacetone (SA) and early treatment are essential for a good outcome. The dose of NTBC should be as low as possible without losing metabolic control. This has to be accompanied by a low protein diet, in some patients a simplified diet without calculation of protein intake. Specific education and psychosocial support are recommended. Indications for liver transplantation were defined. Monitoring shall include clinical findings, levels of SA, tyrosine, phenylalanine and NTBC in (dried) blood.
RNA Helicase DDX5 in Association With IFI16 and the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Silences Transcription of the Hepatitis B Virus by Interferon
Authors: Li Zhili , Rahman Naimur , Bi Cheng , Mohallem Rodrigo , Pattnaik Aryamav , Kazemian Majid , Huang Fang , Aryal Uma K. , Andrisani Ourania
Published: December 2024

RNA helicase DDX5 is a host restriction factor for hepatitis B virus (HBV) biosynthesis. Mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) identified significant DDX5‐interacting partners, including interferon‐inducible protein 16 (IFI16) and RBBP4/7, an auxiliary subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). DDX5 co‐eluted with IFI16, RBBP4/7, and core PRC2 subunits in size exclusion chromatography fractions derived from native nuclear extracts. Native gel electrophoresis of DDX5 immunoprecipitants revealed a 750 kDa DDX5/IFI16/PRC2 complex, validated by nanoscale co‐localization via super‐resolution microscopy. Prior studies demonstrated that IFI16 suppresses HBV transcription by binding to the interferon‐sensitive response element of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), reducing H3 acetylation and increasing H3K27me3 levels by an unknown mechanism. Herein, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of IFI16 inhibited HBV transcription from recombinant rcccDNA, correlating with increased IFI16 binding to rcccDNA, reduced H3 acetylation, and elevated H3K27me3, determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Importantly, the inhibitory effect of ectopic IFI16 on HBV transcription was reversed by siRNA‐mediated knockdown of DDX5 and EZH2, the methyltransferase subunit of PRC2. This reversal was associated with decreased IFI16 binding to rcccDNA, enhanced H3 acetylation, and reduced H3K27me3. Similarly, endogenous IFI16 induced by interferon‐α inhibited HBV rcccDNA transcription in a DDX5‐ and PRC2‐dependent manner. In HBV‐infected HepG2‐NTCP cells, the antiviral effect of interferon‐α was abrogated upon knockdown of DDX5 and EZH2, underscoring the crucial role of the DDX5 complex in IFI16‐mediated antiviral response. In conclusion, in response to interferon, DDX5 partners with IFI16 to bind cccDNA, directing PRC2 to epigenetically silence cccDNA chromatin, thereby regulating immune signaling and HBV transcription.
The Effectiveness of COVID‐19 Vaccination on Post‐Acute Sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection Among Geriatric Patients
Authors: Chan Yi‐Ju , Chen Chia‐Chen , Tu Yu‐Kuan , Hsu Wan‐Hsuan , Tsai Ya‐Wen , Liu Ting‐Hui , Huang Po‐Yu , Chuang Min‐Hsiang , Hung Kuo‐Chuan , Lee Mei‐Chuan , Yu Tsung , Lai Chih‐Cheng , Weng Tzu‐Chieh , Wu Jheng‐Yan
Published: December 2024

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of anti‐severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) vaccines in preventing the post‐acute sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (PASC), commonly known as long COVID, and reducing all‐cause mortality among older patients. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the TriNetX database. The study cohort consisted of older patients (age ≥ 65 years) with their first COVID‐19 illness between January 1, 2022, and May 31, 2024. Participants were divided into vaccinated and unvaccinated groups based on their vaccination status. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance baseline characteristics. Cox regression models and log‐rank tests were applied to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) for PASC and all‐cause mortality during 30–180 days of follow‐up. The study included 189 059 geriatric patients who contracted SARS‐CoV‐2, with 5615 vaccinated and 183 444 unvaccinated. After PSM, each group contained 5615 patients. Vaccinated patients exhibited a significantly lower incidence of PASC symptoms (HR = 0.852, 95% CI: 0.778–0.933, p = 0.0005), particularly anxiety and depression, with a HR of 0.710 (95% CI: 0.575–0.878, p = 0.0015). Vaccination was also significantly associated with reduced all‐cause mortality (HR = 0.231, 95% CI: 0.136–0.394, p < 0.0001). The findings highlight the effectiveness of COVID‐19 vaccination in mitigating the development of PASC and decreasing mortality among older patients.
Antibiotic Resistance Dissemination and Mapping in the Environment Through Surveillance of Wastewater
Authors: Raju Neenu P. , Ansari Aamir , Patil Gandhali , Sheeraz Mohammed Shahique , Kukade Sushrut , Kumar Shailendra , Kapley Atya , Qureshi Asifa
Published: December 2024

Antibiotic resistance is one of the major health threat for humans, animals, and the environment, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Global Antibiotic‐Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS). In the last several years, wastewater/sewage has been identified as potential hotspots for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance and transfer of resistance genes. However, systematic approaches for mapping the antibiotic resistance situation in sewage are limited and underdeveloped. The present review has highlighted all possible perspectives by which the dynamics of ARBs/ARGs in the environment may be tracked, quantified and assessed spatio‐temporally through surveillance of wastewater. Moreover, application of advanced methods like wastewater metagenomics for determining the community distribution of resistance at large has appeared to be promising. In addition, monitoring wastewater for antibiotic pollution at various levels, may serve as an early warning system and enable policymakers to take timely measures and build infrastructure to mitigate health crises. Thus, by understanding the alarming presence of antibiotic resistance in wastewater, effective action plans may be developed to address this global health challenge and its associated environmental risks.
Beer wheat residue as a probiotic carrier: physicochemical properties via fluid bed granulation (Beer wheat residue for lactic acid bacteria encapsulation)
Authors: Guo Huei‐Rong , Dong Cheng‐Di , Patel Anil Kumar , Sharma Vishal , Singhania Reeta Rani , Tsai Mei‐Ling
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

In recent years, consumer preference for symbiotics containing live bacteria has surged, driven by the acknowledged health benefits. Wheat residue from beer brewing, rich in dietary fiber, remains an unexplored prebiotic raw material for developing vegan probiotic powdered products. Concerns about ambient conditions, dehydration and drying affecting bacterial cell viability prompt the investigation of protective agents (maltodextrin, l‐arabinose, casein, whey protein, skimmed milk) and fluidized bed granulation microencapsulation for enhancing the survival rate of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NKUST 817.

RESULTS

The results of the study show that wheat residue, when utilized as the carrier with 10% indigestible dextrin FB06, served as the optimal protective agent. Optimal air inlet temperature (45, 55 and 65 °C) for fluidized bed granulation was investigated along with cell survival rate and probiotic powder characteristics such as moisture, water activity, hygroscopicity, solubility, bulk density and flowability. Bacteria without protective agents showed a survival rate of only 82.63–86.96%. However, the addition of 10% indigestible dextrin FB06 significantly increased in the survival rate of bacteria (granulated at 45–65 °C) to 93.52–95.18%. The microencapsulated bacteria powder exhibited low moisture (2.38–4.36%) and water activity (0.06–0.22). Powder fluidity, indicated by Carr's index (10.87–13.62) and the Hausner ratio (1.13–1.16%), demonstrated good flowability. Furthermore, the powder remained stable for 45 days, with a viable bacteria count of 7.29 log colony‐forming units g−1 and a survival rate of 88.69%.

CONCLUSION

This study pioneers vegan probiotic product development at the same time as addressing processing challenges to optimize strain resilience. This research stablishes wheat residue as a suitable candidate for a probiotics carrier. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
A leap in scale for invasive species management: a medium‐scale beaver eradication pilot project
Authors: Jusim Pablo , Goijman Andrea P. , Schiavini Adrián
Published: December 2024

In 1946, 20 beavers (Castor canadensis) were introduced in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, and over the last 70 years, the population has expanded, severely affecting riparian environments. In 2008, Argentina and Chile agreed to restore the environments affected by beavers through their eradication. The objectives of this paper were to assess the trapping effort and cost required to remove beavers, and to determine the factors that influence capture success. The study was conducted over 7 pilot areas in the Argentine part of Tierra del Fuego. Ten trappers using body‐grip traps, snares, and shooting carried out an eradication pilot project between October 2015 and June 2018. Trappers acted in 505 colonies, performing 9,751 trapping episodes, and capturing 1,012 beavers. In the mountain range zone, trappers needed on average 23 trapping episodes/km of watercourse. Capture success was best explained by trap placement and trap type. We estimated a required investment of 31 million US dollars over 17 years for a full beaver eradication in the Argentine part of Tierra del Fuego. We concluded that by using mainly body‐grip traps, eradication is feasible and it allows trapping in neighboring colonies simultaneously, without the need to check traps daily. Traps should be set preferably on dams, dams should be broken only after the first captures, and trappers should be trained to capture all individuals.
Sanctuary for migrating and wintering waterfowl: Synthesis and insights for waterfowl management and conservation planning
Authors: Davis J. Brian , Brasher Michael G. , Hagy Heath M.
Published: December 2024

Waterfowl use a diversity of resources (e.g., food, structure, sanctuary) to meet energetic, social, and other life‐history demands during the non‐breeding period. Waterfowl often seek areas with limited human disturbance (i.e., sanctuary) during autumn and winter when hunting seasons are open perhaps to reduce exposure to mortality risks, minimize energy expenditure, and increase foraging efficiency, all of which should enhance survival and subsequent fitness. Prior studies of sanctuary use by waterfowl have mostly focused on patterns of abundance and behavior, with many documenting differential diel movements of marked birds in and around sanctuaries. Although reduced mortality risk is likely associated with sanctuary use, much less is known about the potential effects on energy expenditure, body condition, reproductive consequences at the individual level, and seasonal distribution with respect to viewing and harvest potential. We consider these aforementioned factors among the most significant gaps in our understanding of the function of sanctuary in waterfowl management. As waterfowl hunter recruitment, retention, and reactivation have become a major initiative of many natural resource agencies and a core principle of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan, we discuss the potential role of sanctuary relative to these efforts. Herein, we review historical aspects of waterfowl sanctuary, introduce hypotheses about its potential role in habitat resource management and conservation planning during autumn and winter, discuss our knowledge of the effects of sanctuary on waterfowl, and share insights to inform decisions about the role of sanctuary in waterfowl management given currently available evidence and remaining uncertainties. Our review describes the existing evidence for the biological and social outcomes of sanctuary, draws some conclusions about the role of sanctuary in natural resource management given the available evidence, and outlines potential research opportunities to help us make informed decisions regarding sanctuary implementation for waterfowl.
Kinetics of reduction of m‐iodonitrobenzene by aqueous ammonium sulfide under liquid–liquid phase transfer catalysis
Authors: Senapati Snigdha , Pradhan Narayan C.
Published: December 2024

Hydrogen sulfide generated during hydrotreatment of sour crude oil fractions could be absorbed into aqueous ammonium hydroxide to produce ammonium sulfide. This ammonium sulfide can then be utilized to produce commercially valuable aromatic amino compounds by reducing the corresponding nitro compounds. In this work, the reduction of m‐iodonitrobenzene (m‐INB) to m‐iodoaniline (m‐IA) was performed by aqueous ammonium sulfide using a phase transfer catalyst, tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB). The study scrutinized the influences of various parameters such as concentrations of TBAB and m‐INB, as well as initial sulfide and ammonia concentrations, on the rate of reaction of m‐INB. An 11‐fold increase in reaction rate was obtained with only 0.09 kmol of catalyst TBAB per cubic meter of the organic phase. The selectivity of m‐IA was found to be100%. The reaction was found to be kinetically controlled with an activation energy of 40.0 kJ/mol. The rate of reaction of m‐INB was observed to be directly proportional to the concentrations of m‐INB, initial sulfide, and catalyst. A pseudo‐first order kinetic model was developed to correlate the conversion versus time data and an excellent agreement between observed and predicted reaction rates was obtained. The present work has very high commercial importance as it could be a viable alternative to the traditional Claus process to arrest H2S released by petroleum refineries.
Nutritional, Antioxidant and Structural Properties of Rusk Developed From Wheat–Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranean) Flour
Authors: Ramashia Shonisani Eugenia , Sikhipha Rilwele Calmon , Olamiti Gbeminiyi , Mashau Mpho Edward
Published: December 2024

Bambara groundnut (BGN) is an underutilised legume that has been utilised in bakery products to enhance the protein and crude fibre content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of BGN flour on the nutritional, antioxidant and microstructural properties of wheat flour rusks. Five formulations of rusks were produced by adding different levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) of BGN flour. Increasing BGN flour from 0% to 20% decreased bulk density, water and oil absorption capacity, swelling capacity and cold paste viscosity of the wheat flour. Nonetheless, addition of BGN flour increased the hot paste viscosity of flour samples ranging from 1132 to 1162.67 cP. It was observed that the inclusion of BGN flour increased the ash, fat, protein, crude fibre content, polyphenols and antioxidant activity of wheat flour and rusk, while moisture, carbohydrate and energy content decreased. As the amount of BGN flour increased, darkening in colour of the wheat flour and rusks were observed. Distinct functional groups exhibited peaks in flour and rusk with increased in percentages of BGN flour. The addition of BGN flour decreased physical properties of the rusks such as loaf volume and specific volume, hardness and fracturability. Furthermore, inclusion of BGN flour altered the microstructural properties of the rusks. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the sustainability and application of BGN flour in bakery products.
Valorization of Pea Pod (Pisum sativum L.) Waste: Application as a Functional Ingredient in Flatbreads
Authors: Sik Beatrix , Takács Georgina , Lakatos Erika , Ajtony Zsolt , Székelyhidi Rita
Published: December 2024

Legumes provide valuable functional properties, serving as rich sources of protein, minerals, dietary fiber, and antioxidant compounds. This study evaluated the nutritional and antioxidant properties of pea pod powder (PPP) as a fortifying ingredient in flatbreads. The results indicate that PPP contains carbohydrates (55%), protein (16.7%), and dietary fiber (13.1%), with significant antioxidant properties (total polyphenol content: 463 mg GAE/100 g, total flavonoid content: 159 mg QE/100 g, DPPH radical scavenging activity: 166 mg AAE/100 g; IC50: 2.31 mg/mL, chlorophyll a: 17.4 mg/100 g, chlorophyll b: 17.4 mg/100 g, and total chlorophyll: 32.6 mg/100 g). Rutin, chlorogenic acid, and p‐coumaric acid were identified and quantified by HPLC‐DAD, with concentrations of 15.2, 2.94, and 6.60 mg/100 g, respectively. Flatbreads fortified with PPP at 5%w/w and 10%w/w showed increased thickness, reduced diameter and spread ratio, and enhanced antioxidant properties. However, consumer acceptance significantly declined at the 10%w/w level, likely due to off‐flavors that affected sensory appeal.
An Easy Synthesis of Polyaniline Through Bacterial Nanocellulose Membranes Obtained from Kombucha Tea Fermentation
Authors: Gwiazdecki Karoline , Junkes Ermelinda , Meier Marcia M. , Shneider Andrea L. S. , Dalmolin Carla
Published: December 2024

Composites with polyaniline (Pani) in cellulosic matrices have been studied as Pani electrodes in many applications, but the presence of an insulating network causes a reduction in conductivity, and the electrochemical properties of the composites are difficult evaluate. This work, propose an easy synthesis of Pani into a membrane of bacterial nanocellulose produced from Kombucha tea fermentation by using the well‐known aniline interfacial polymerization. To promote the polymer formation through all the large surface area of the three‐dimensional (3D) membrane, the monomer and an oxidant are forced to penetrate the cellulosic matrix by vacuum filtration using different methodologies. Optical and scanning electron microscopies (SEMs) show that Pani is deposited even on the inner surface of the bacterial nanocellulose membrane, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) shows that the redox properties of Pani are maintained. Finally, higher current peaks are used to propose an easy methodology to produce Pani/bacterial nanocellulose electrodes with better electrochemical activity.
The Role of Aniline Adsorption on Carbon Fiber Before Plasma Treatment for Polyaniline Deposition
Authors: Medeiros Wilma S. , Borges André F. D. , Fontana Luiz C. , Dalmolin Carla
Published: December 2024

Polyaniline (Pani) is widely studied for power sources due to its easy synthesis, good chemical and thermal stabilities, high electrical conductivity and reversive oxidation/reduction processes. However, the interaction between Pani and the carbon substrate used as a current collector interferes with the efficiency of the final electrode. So, the present work aims at evaluating the effect of plasma functionalization of textile carbon fibers (CFs) with the intention of promoting conjugated covalent bonds between the substrate and the polymer chain, intensifying their interaction and electron transfer. The applied methodology is based on exposing CF to Ar/N2 plasma to promote reactive groups on the surface and to create anchors to the growth of the polymer chain in the following interfacial synthesis of Pani. For comparison purposes, Pani electrodes are produced using CF with no treatment and CF with previously adsorbed aniline. The morphological characterization through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), allied with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), shows modifications in the fiber rugosity and the insertion of polar and N‐functional groups on the surface. Finally, the electrochemical properties of the electrode are evaluated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show a lower impedance, a higher peak, and higher capacitive currents for the electrodes whose CF are treated by Ar/N2 when compared with electrodes with untreated CF or with adsorbed aniline.
Effect of the Incorporation of Lignin on Starch/PVA Blend Films Produced by Casting
Authors: Kotekewis Helen , Santana Ruth Marlene Campomanes
Published: December 2024

Environmental issues caused by polymeric materials residue are an emerging problem. Biodegradable and biobased materials are great alternatives that need improvement in their properties. The goal is to produce and characterize starch/PVA blend films with lignin to improve the properties of the blend and determine the optimum amount of lignin. Flexible films are produced by casting using 75% starch, 25% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and varying quantities of lignin (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2%). Optical, thermal, and water interaction properties are analyzed. The addition of lignin make the films more translucent and with red and yellow colors. Moisture absorption drops 34% with the incorporation of the additive. The film with 0.5% lignin shows significant improvement in all the properties tested, showing a potential to be applied as a flexible and biodegradable packaging material.
Lactobacillus acidophilus 6074 Fermented Jujube Juice Ameliorated DSS‐induced Colitis via Repairing Intestinal Barrier, Modulating Inflammatory Factors, and Gut Microbiota
Authors: Li Hongcai , Fan Lingjia , Yang Siqi , Tan Pei , Lei Wenzhi , Yang Haihua , Gao Zhenpeng
Published: December 2024

Lactobacillus acidophilus L. acidophilus Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Akkermansia, This study aimed to explore the ameliorative effects and underlying mechanisms of oral administration Lactobacillus acidophilus 6074 fermented jujube juice (LAFJ) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis in mice. In this study, jujube juice was used as a substrate and fermented by L. acidophilus 6074 to investigate its effects on gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function, oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, and short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in mice with colitis and to reveal its potential mechanism for alleviating colitis. The results demonstrated that fermentation caused significant changes in the nutrients and nonnutrients of jujube juice, mainly in organic acids (malic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid) and free amino acids (Thr, Met, Ser, Ile, and Lys). High‐dose LAFJ (20 mL/kg/day) significantly reduced the disease activity index (DAI), improved histopathological morphology, and increased colon length in colitis mice. LAFJ alleviated colon damage and preserved the integrity of the colonic mucosal barrier by promoting the expression of colonic tight junction proteins occludin, claudin‐1, and zonula occluden‐1 (ZO‐1). Furthermore, LAFJ inhibited the production of proinflammatory factors and attenuated oxidative stress. Gut microbiota of mice revealed that LAFJ increased beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Akkermansia, promoted the production of SCFAs, and inhibited the growth of harmful microorganisms. Overall, LAFJ could reshape and restore gut microbiota imbalance caused by intestinal inflammation and alleviate the development of colitis, which may become a novel dietary intervention.
Multinuclear MRI Can Depict Metabolic and Energetic Changes in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Thorsen Thomas M. , Bøgh Nikolaj , Bertelsen Lotte B. , Hansen Esben S. S. , Laustsen Christoffer
Published: December 2024

Mild traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are frequent in the European population. The pathophysiological changes after TBI include metabolic changes, but these are not observable using current clinical tools. We aimed to evaluate multinuclear MRI as a mean of assessing these changes. In our model, pigs were exposed to a controlled cortical impact (CCI) directly on the dura and scanned at 2 h and 2 days after injury. A multinuclear MRI protocol was used. It included hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate MRI, which allows depiction of hyperpolarized carbon‐13, through its metabolism from pyruvate to lactate or bicarbonate. At Day 2, cerebral microdialysis were performed, and tissue was obtained for analyses. At Day 0, the cerebral blood flow was reduced in the affected hemisphere (TBI: 31.7 mL/100 mL/min, contralateral: 35.6 mL/100 mL/min, p = 0.1227), and the impacted area showed reduced oxygenation (R2*, TBI: 33.11 s−1, contralateral: 22.20 s−1, p = 0.035). At both days, the lactate‐to‐pyruvate ratios (hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate) were increased (Day 0: p = 0.023, Day 2: p = 0.022). However, this study can only evaluate the total injury and, thus, cannot differentiate effects from craniotomy and CCI. This metabolic difference was not found using cerebral microdialysis nor a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assay. The metabolic changes depicted in this study contributes to our understanding of mild TBI; however, the clinical potential of multinuclear MRI is yet to be determined.