bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Navigating spaces between conservation research and practice: Are we making progress?
Authors: Jarvis Rebecca M. , Borrelle Stephanie B. , Forsdick Natalie J. , Pérez‐Hämmerle Katharina‐Victoria , Dubois Natalie S. , Griffin Sean R. , Recalde‐Salas Angela , Buschke Falko , Rose David Christian , Archibald Carla L. , Gallo John A. , Mair Louise , Kadykalo Andrew N. , Shanahan Danielle , Prohaska Bianca K
Published: November 2020

1. Despite aspirations for conservation impact, mismatches between research and implementation have limited progress towards this goal. There is, therefore, an urgent need to identify how we can more effectively navigate the spaces between research and practice.

2. In 2014, we ran a workshop with conservation researchers and practitioners to identify mismatches between research and implementation that needed to be overcome to deliver evidence‐informed conservation action. Five mismatches were highlighted: spatial, temporal, priority, communication, and institutional.

3. Since 2014, thinking around the ‘research–implementation gap’ has progressed. The term ‘gap’ has been replaced by language around the dynamic ‘spaces’ between research and action, representing a shift in thinking around what it takes to better align research and practice.

4. In 2019, we ran a follow‐up workshop reflecting on this shift, whether the five mismatches identified in the 2014 workshop were still present in conservation, and whether progress had been made to overcome these mismatches during the past 5 years. We found that while there has been progress, we still have some way to go across all dimensions.

5. Here, we report on the outcomes of the 2019 workshop, reflect on what has changed over the past 5 years, and offer 10 recommendations for strengthening the alignment of conservation research and practice.
Acoustic Channel
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

The acoustic channel is the medium by which human beings communicate via sounds, like speaking, singing, whistling, or paralinguistic features.
Language Acquisition
Authors: Brown Penelope
Published: November 2020

This entry reviews key issues in children's acquisition of their first language, focusing on the first four years and on work that emphasizes the learning process in relation to its linguistic and interactional context. Particular attention is paid to cross‐linguistic research of anthropologists and psycholinguists investigating the relationship between the linguistic structure of the language being learned – its phonology, semantics, morphology and syntax, and pragmatic features – and children's learning processes.
African American Languages (
AAV
,
AAEV
, Ebonics)
Authors: Baugh John
Published: November 2020

Language usage among African slave descendants has been analyzed by social scientists extensively since the 1960s, variously described as “Nonstandard Negro English,” “Black English Vernacular,” “African American (vernacular) English,” or “African American Language,” and “Ebonics.” The evolution of this terminology began with educational relevance, and also included the birth of variationist sociolinguistics. Unique historical circumstances combined with statutory racial discrimination produced distinctive linguistic characteristics that have been the object of racist ridicule and illegal discrimination based on language usage. By contrast, the creation of rap music and hip hop initially employed African American language, thereby increasing its prestige while simultaneously influencing youth language usage worldwide.
Authenticity
Authors: Hansen Magnus Pharao
Published: November 2020

Authenticity, the evaluation of whether a claim about identity is to be considered genuine or not, is central to the study of social processes. It is a metasemiotic process in which an agent interprets a set of indexes as being sufficient to classifying an object as a genuine token of a given class. But it is also a social process in which authorities, invested with power, claim the authoritative knowledge and associated rights to authenticate identities, and allocate corresponding social, political, or legal rights. Authenticity, as the property of having originated through a privileged source, is also a desirable good, required for branding and marketing, and therefore the production of indexes that are evaluated by consumers as sufficiently authentic is a major business. Finally, authenticity is also the subjective, and often unconscious, experience of confidence that some entity is indeed what it presents itself to us as being.
Basso, Keith
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Keith Basso (1940–2013) was one of the most famous linguistic anthropologists of the late twentieth century. He made major contributions to the ethnography of speaking, discourse analysis, symbolism, and metaphor theory. His work is still widely read – and it is likely that most introductory linguistic anthropology classes today use at least one Basso article.
Bloomfield, Leonard
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Leonard Bloomfield (1887–1949) was one of the key figures of the “Americanist” school of structural descriptive linguistics in the 1920s and 1930s. His work helped bring linguistics from its roots grounded in neo‐grammarian Indo‐European studies and philology to a scientific and formal approach to language scholarship. His work influenced two generations of anthropologists and linguists, and set the stage for both the Chomsky revolution and the later sociolinguistic responses.
Bourdieu, Pierre
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002) was one of the most influential social theorists of the twentieth century. He used notions like “practice” to analyze social inequality and explore how individual agency articulates with the power structures that limit it.
Critical Theory and Linguistics
Authors: Robles Jessica S.
Published: November 2020

The relationship between critical theory and linguistics goes back at least as far as the 1960s. During this time, language began to be seen as a central medium through which the world – including its hierarchies and relations of power – is constructed. This entry describes the history of critical approaches to language (or linguistic approaches to critical theory), key themes and debates in this area, and future directions.
Deixis and Indexicals
Authors: Williams Nicholas
Published: November 2020

Deixis refers primarily to the phenomenon of context dependence in the meaning of certain referring expressions, such asI, this, here,andnow, labeled variably as “deictics” and “indexicals.” But deixis is broader than its linguistic expression in inherently deictic forms, as reflected in the deictic use of otherwise non‐deictic forms and the crucial role of nonverbal resources (pointing, eye‐gaze) in interpreting deictic reference. Deixis has been considered a subtype of indexicality, or the more general property of context dependence in human action. Deixis is pervasive, especially in face‐to‐face interaction, in which it contrasts with non‐deictic ways of referring. The defining features of deixis are the lack of specific semantic content and its role in establishing joint attention. There exists significant variation in the cross‐linguistic expression of deictic categories, such as person, place, and time, that is still not well documented. The uses of deictic forms are highly variable, engendering extensive debate on the basis of deictic meaning. Despite the intriguing properties and importance for theories of language, deixis remains understudied from both linguistic and anthropological perspectives.
Derrida, Jacques
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Jacques Derrida (1930–2004) was an important twentieth‐century French philosopher and literary theorist. He is most well known for being the founder of “deconstruction.”
Dialect: Geographic
Authors: Strand Thea R.
Published: November 2020

Geographic dialects are spoken varieties of a language that develop in and are often understood to be representative of specific places, whether regional or local. A geographic dialect may differ from other language varieties in pronunciation, grammar, or lexicon, but there is usually a high degree of mutual intelligibility across varieties that are considered geographic dialects of a single language. For languages that have a written or otherwise accepted standard form, local and regional dialects are typically regarded as non‐standard and dispreferred in many formal and institutional contexts. Nevertheless, speakers of a geographic dialect may view it as familiar and comfortable, a key component of their social identity, and even a source of pride, as evidence of coming from or belonging in a particular place.
Dialect: Occupational
Authors: Angouri Jo , Strelluf Christopher
Published: November 2020

Workplaces have been at the heart of sociolinguistic studies throughout the history of the field. Initially providing a means to categorize the social class of participants in sociolinguistic studies or offering a physical site where sociolinguistic studies could be conducted, the workplace has continued to evolve as a theoretical and critical space to examine the co‐construction of linguistic and social orders.

In particular, studies operationalizing the workplace in sociolinguistics and studies in the subfield of workplace sociolinguistics have benefited from and shaped understanding of discriminatory practices centered on language, penalties that speakers of non‐dominant varieties face in trying to access social and economic capital, and agency that speakers may enact to construct their identities and navigate their interactions. The entry provides an overview of core studies that shaped our understanding of work and workplaces and key methodological approaches.
Discourse Analysis
Authors: Dick Hilary Parsons , Nightlinger Jake
Published: November 2020

This entry discusses discourse analysis (hereafter “DA”) in linguistic anthropology and the related field of sociolinguistics, where “discourse analysis” refers to methods used to analyze the content, sociopolitical significance, and interactional effects of semiotic practices for the purpose of systematically showing how these practices shape social processes. Referring to DA in these fields associocultural studies of discourse,the entry reviews the historical emergence of this type of DA and engages key issues and future directions in such studies. These issues and directions include the production of authority and ideology; the co‐construction of race, language, and nationalism; and the relationship between language and commodification.
English as a World Language
Authors: Kephart Ronald
Published: November 2020

English emerged from multiple invasions of Britain by Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians, then Vikings, and then the Normans who conquered England and set about imposing French culture and language. The English that emerged was carried around the world in a frenzy of exploration, colonization, and empire‐building, until at last it became the most widely spread and one of the most highly valued languages on the planet in the realms of education, business, and politics. In the process, many Indigenous languages were reduced to endangered or extinct status. At the same time, contact between English speakers and speakers of other languages has resulted in a number of new languages, called creoles, that have become important in places as far flung as the Caribbean and Papua New Guinea.
Ethnomethodology
Authors: Liddicoat Anthony J.
Published: November 2020

Ethnomethodology is a form of social inquiry that studies the largely implicit methods that members of social groups use to create and maintain the orderliness of social action. Ethnomethodology was developed by Harold Garfinkel, with the aim of examining the orderliness and organization of social action in specific situations and reveals methods of commonsense and practical reasoning. It has been a major influence on the development of conversation analysis and membership categorization analysis.
Euphemism
Authors: Crespo‐Fernández Eliecer
Published: November 2020

Euphemism, the process whereby the taboo is stripped of its most explicit or obscene overtones, provides a way to speak about the unspeakable, that is, about those subjects that are too delicate to express in straightforward terms. Euphemism goes far beyond lexical substitution or the use of polite‐sounding language, as it helps to understand how taboo topics are conceived in cultural groups and what beliefs are accepted or rejected. Euphemism is purpose‐oriented: it can be regarded as a discursive strategy at people's disposal for a variety of communicative purposes, not only avoiding offence, but also misrepresenting and upgrading, among others. Euphemistic use is sensitive to context and time: it changes along with people's perception of taboo. Euphemism is achieved by different formal and semantic devices such as shortening, abbreviation, omission, understatement, hyperbole, and especially figurative language, which constitutes a rich source for euphemistic naming.
Folk Theories of Language and Folk Linguistics
Authors: Miller Laura
Published: November 2020

This entry presents a brief historiography and a few examples of the concept of folk linguistics. Folk linguistic beliefs about language have variously been denigrated or avidly studied since the 1940s. Although mostly out of favor among linguistic anthropologists, the concept of folk linguistics is still used by some scholars in a narrow application to metadiscursive beliefs held by ordinary speakers.
Foucault, Michel
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Michel Foucault (1926–1984) was one of the most original and influential philosophers and historians of the last half of the twentieth century. Much of his work centers around the discursive practices of institutions of power, and the position of actors within these structures.
Framing
Authors: Keren Gideon
Published: November 2020

Framing refers to the formulation of the same message in different ways (referred to as different frames). This entry briefly portrays different types of framing and discusses potential underlying mental processes related to framing. Finally, it presents the applications and implications of framing in daily life communication. The effects of alternative frames are illustrated in different domains such as political science, the law, health behavior, marketing, and decision‐making.
Goffman, Erving
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Erving Goffman (1922–1982), an important sociologist, was major contributor to the analysis of conversation, and its associated ritual. He is especially noted for his notions of the presentation of self.
Hurston, Zora Neale
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Zora Neale Hurston (1891–1960) was an important creative writer, ethnographer, folklorist, and linguist whose work in the 1930s and 1940s helped insure a place for African Americans in the early days of anthropology.
Hymes, Dell
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Dell Hymes (1927–2009) was one of the most important figures in the establishment of linguistic anthropology as an institution and discipline. He is considered to be one of the key founders of sociolinguistics, the ethnography of communication, and the field of ethnopoetics.
Hypercorrection
Authors: Hosemann Aimee J.
Published: November 2020

This entry considers hypercorrection, the phenomenon in which speakers of a less prestigious variety of a language overdo the use of a form that is a salient marker of a more prestigious form. I consider the history of the term, especially in Labov's foundational work on /r/ insertion. I explore how style, audience, and indexicality are related to assertions of hypercorrection and provide a nuanced perspective to this issue. I also discuss the case of Scots in a Scottish primary school classroom as a case where asserted hypercorrection reveals a conflict between teacher and students over “correct” Scots.
Ideophone
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Ideophones are words in a language that elicit an emotional response due to their synesthetic qualities or mimicry of natural sounds. Onomatopoeia in English, where a word tries to imitate a physical sound found in the environment (like a pig'soink oinkor a clock'stick tock), are examples. However, ideophones can evoke all kinds of other sensory responses besides sound: motion, colors, shapes, space, and – in some languages – mental states, feelings, or physical conditions. For example,zoku zokuin Japanese describes not just a shivering feeling due to cold, it also refers to being in a state of anxiety due to fear, joy, excitement, or repulsion.
Interaction, Face‐to‐Face
Authors: García María Luz
Published: November 2020

Face‐to‐face interaction is a level of analysis in linguistic anthropology that can be considered in relation to the analysis of global phenomena or interaction that is mediated through some other technology like writing, text messaging, social media, or video conferencing. Face‐to‐face interaction has always been fundamental to the study of linguistic anthropology, but the way that the discipline has approached this type of analysis and the types of insights it has led to have changed as the discipline has developed. Approaches to the analysis of face‐to‐face interaction have responded to influences from cultural anthropology, sociolinguistics, cultural studies, and other related fields of study as well as to shifting paradigms in the social sciences more broadly. At the same time, linguistic anthropological analysis of face‐to‐face interaction contributes to the understanding of methods and topics throughout the social sciences.
Intercultural Communication
Authors: Monaghan Leila
Published: November 2020

Intercultural communication is the conversations and interactions that occur between people from different cultural groups. This entry is a brief history of the development of the study of intercultural communication. Early roots of the field include the work of anthropologists Franz Boas and Edward Sapir. After World War II, Edward T. Hall developed intercultural communication programs for the US State Department. Work during the 1960s and 1970s reflected the social changes brought about by the Civil Rights movement, while more recent work reflects intercultural language use around the world from Asia to Africa to Europe and the United States.
Language and Politics
Authors: Ansell Aaron
Published: November 2020

During the last 50 years, scholars studying the political dimension of language have converged on the insight that this dimension is a function of a language's mobilization within particular contexts (rather than its semantic or syntactic attributes). This shared insight, operating in the works of critical theorists, linguistic anthropologists, and other scholars, illuminates the workings of state authority, capitalist reproduction, colonial domination, and other contexts of political oppression. Yet folk understandings of language, including those guiding mainstream institutions, continue to ignore language's pragmatic (context‐interacting) dimension in ways that seem to corroborate broader ideologies that normalize social domination. Examination of the relationship between language and ideology nonetheless highlights the indeterminacy of context and the deficiency of
a priori
assumptions of ideological domination. Because an utterance's meaning and performative effects are sensitive to local figurations of context, globally circulating models of political discourse, e.g. public deliberation, have different (often unintended) effects on the communities that integrate them.
Language and Religion: Introduction
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

The study of language and religion is becoming increasingly common among linguistic anthropologists. Joshua Fishman, one of the key founders of sociolinguistics, proposed 10 theoretical principles or axioms for an examination of the relationship between language and religion which are presented and discussed.
Language and Space
Authors: Bennardo Giovanni
Published: November 2020

Spatial relationships are essential to the development of cognition. The empirical cross‐cultural investigation of the linguistic and mental representations of these relationships is Levinson's major contribution. He also proposes a type of linguistic relativity where a language preference for representing spatial relationships is congruent with a cognitive preference. Dasen and Mishra present a developmental approach to this issue and find cultural factors contributing predominantly to the emergence of a specific preference in representing spatial relationships. Finally, Bennardo argues for a specific cognitive organization of spatial relationships that he labels a “foundational cultural model.” He demonstrates how this model participates in the construction of a number of other domains of knowledge. He concludes that spatial relationships represented in language and cognition saliently contribute to the construction of a cultural milieu.
Language and the Law
Authors: Riner Robin Conley
Published: November 2020

Research on language and the law is historically multidisciplinary, spanning fields such as sociology, linguistics, anthropology, legal studies, and psychology. All of these approaches, despite their differences, recognize that the relationship between language and law revolves around power. Language and law research employs a variety of methods, including ethnography, conversation and discourse analysis, narrative analysis, textual and literary analysis, and formal linguistic analysis. Most language and law research has either a macro or micro focus. Linguistic anthropologists are among the few who have successfully merged these perspectives, illustrating that language practices both constitute and are shaped by legal institutions and sociopolitical orders. Given its insistence on the necessary linkage between linguistic structures and sociocultural processes, linguistic anthropology offers a fruitful guide for understanding law and language from this multilevel perspective.
Linguistic Anthropology, History and Development of
Authors: Ball Christopher
Published: November 2020

The conceptual development of linguistic anthropology is born of a history of synthesis. Earlier efforts aimed at the identification of the unique contributions that language makes to the understanding of human social systems, cognitive capacities, and cultural worlds, while current concerns have turned to the application of broad lessons derived from the study of language to myriad areas of social life. The scope of our topic is defined most broadly as the study of communication mediated through signs. The historical period that concerns us is primarily the twentieth century, along with some decades before and after. Throughout, linguistic anthropologists, along with allies in research and theory, have consistently integrated various disciplinary points of view in attempts to yield holistic, temporally embedded, and culturally contextualized analyses of language as a communicative medium.
Linguistic Diversity and Plurality in East Asia
Authors: Blum Susan D. , Marek Todd Patrick
Published: November 2020

With more than one‐fifth of the world's population, East Asia is characterized by substantial and consequential linguistic diversity, heteroglossia, along with changing and sometimes contested values of particular varieties. As is always the case, ideas about language are ideas about the people attached (indexically) to the languages, and contestation over language is contestation over identity, freedom/suppression, and power. All dimensions of linguistic diversity and attitudes toward it are saturated with language ideologies. In this entry we discuss some of the important considerations of linguistic diversity and pluralism in East Asia.
Linguistic Diversity and Plurality in North America
Authors: Fix Sonya
Published: November 2020

Linguistic diversity and plurality in contemporary North America is shaped by the continent's history of colonization by Britain, France, and Spain, European settlement, the genocide and forced assimilation of indigenous populations resulting in the decimation of the vast diversity of Native North American languages, and involuntary and voluntary migration of peoples from across global contexts. The majority language of contemporary North America is English, spoken either monolingually, or in addition to French, Spanish, or other minority languages. But despite English's hegemony, linguistic diversity persists in the range of languages spoken as well as regional and ethnic variation present within language groups. Language use in North America is shaped by the tensions between nationalist ideologies of linguistic homogeneity and laws and practices that foster plurality in the form of linguistic and cultural self‐determination and preservation for indigenous peoples, immigrant groups, and regional and ethnic minority groups.
Linguistic Diversity in South Asia, Reconsidered
Authors: Nakassis Constantine V. , Annamalai E.
Published: November 2020

In this entry, we reconsider the topic ofLinguistic Diversity in South Asia– the title of the landmark 1960 volume edited by Charles Ferguson and John Gumperz – from the perspective of contemporary sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology. Reviewing a number of case studies, we argue that empirical and theoretical accounts of language, diversity, and South Asia cannot be disassociated from the ideologies and political projects that construe, objectify, and performatively realize such terms and their referents. At the same time, however, contemporary linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics have not disposed of the questions that animated earlier generations' investigations into linguistic diversity in the subcontinent but have reinvigorated and transformed them in sophisticated ways that are empirically sensitive to the realities of social and linguistic life in all its complex reflexivity.
Linguistic Diversity and Plurality in Southeast Asia
Authors: Bradley David
Published: November 2020

Southeast Asia has great linguistic and ethnic diversity: each nation has its national language(s) and other indigenous and immigrant minority languages, overall representing languages from seven major language families. Some nations have large minority populations and many ethnic groups, others are more homogeneous; national language policy plays a strong role in shaping patterns of multilingualism. English is the major language of wider communication, with indigenized varieties in some countries.
Literacy
Authors: LaDousa Chaise
Published: November 2020

Literacy constitutes a domain of great interest in anthropology. A peculiarity of the interest in literacy in the discipline is the great importance of a single publication by Jack Goody and Ian Watt in 1963. Some scholars have engaged in overt critiques of the publication while others have provided examples of alternative methodological approaches and theoretical insights. Overt critiques often have been launched outside of anthropology such that, now, the paradigm of “New Literacy Studies” is largely associated with other disciplines, as well as a growing focus on digitally mediated communication. Nevertheless, anthropologists have sustained the discipline's interest in literacy since the 1960s, even as they have shifted its focus generally from evolutionary to ethnographic concerns.
Maledictive Language: Arguments and Conflict
Authors: French Brigittine M.
Published: November 2020

Dangerous forms of language are understood by some social groups and/or institutions to be potentially harmful to specific individuals, communities, and polities; their strategic deployment is a form of charged and conflictual action. Speech act theory and ethnographic investigations of dangerous language show that language ideologies which identify these forms and the circulation of them in a variety of contexts are rich sites of inquiry. Maledictive uses of language in the twenty‐first century are often central to violent processes of creating and maintaining social inequality that fuels ongoing discord and conflict.
Maledictive Language: Cursing and Swearing
Authors: Osborne Dana
Published: November 2020

Cursing and swearing constitute a special genre of linguistic and cultural performance that may fall under the general heading of maledictive language. Key theoretical observations drawing from scholarly historical, cultural, and linguistic treatments of cursing and swearing are explored, including an outline of some common types and themes, the role of power and taboo, some strategies for avoidance, swearing as it relates to emotion and the brain, and swearing in multilingual contexts.
Maledictive Language: Insults and Teasing
Authors: Foster Hannah L.
Published: November 2020

The study of insults and teasing in linguistic anthropology has highlighted the importance of this genre as a way in which people test and maintain their relationships within a community. Through insults and teasing, speakers not only evaluate their relationships with their kin, peers, and community but also position themselves and others in relation to larger systems of value and morality. These forms of speech are therefore just as important to reproducing larger social structures in communities as they are to maintaining interpersonal relationships between kin and peers. This genre thus acts as an evaluative form of social commentary through which communities learn appropriate social behaviors and moral kinds of personhood. The study of this genre has furthermore contributed to theories in linguistic anthropology about the assignment of responsibility for speech events and participant roles in communication models.
Marx, Karl
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Karl Marx (1818–1883) was one of the most influential thinkers in the social sciences. Though sometimes under‐appreciated, his views on language had an important impact on economic and political philosophy, and later, on linguistics and social theory.
Methods in Linguistic Anthropology: Audio/Visuals
Authors: Karatza Sofia
Published: November 2020

This entry provides an overview of equipment and techniques that can be used for audio and video (AV) research, whether the end goal is documentation for analysis or an anthropological film. The approach and equipment requirements depend on the function, goal, and context of each project, therefore the entry attempts to cover some essential questions and considerations pertinent to any AV process.
Language and Race/Ethnicity
Authors: Rosa Jonathan , Trivedi Sunny
Published: November 2020

Linguistic anthropologists have carefully studied race and ethnicity in relation to distinctive demographic groups and nation‐state contexts, connecting examinations of language patterns associated with particular populations to endemic structures of power. Whereas initial inquiries into language, race, and ethnicity sought to challenge stigmatizing assumptions about minoritized language varieties on the one hand, and track linguistic practices stereotypically associated with distinctive ethnoracial groups on the other, subsequent research has extended this work to understand racialization and ethnicization as fraught ideological processes of identity formation and boundary negotiation. More recently, efforts to conceptualize the co‐naturalization of language, race, and ethnicity have interrogated intersections among various modalities of marginalization, with a broader goal of developing theories of change that reconsider the relationship between language and social justice.
Number, Grammatical
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Grammatical number refers to how a language formally expresses distinctions between the items referred to in a sentence (e.g. the plural ‐s in English meaning “more than one”).
Structuralism
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Structuralism is a term found in many areas of the social sciences and humanities. It can mean both a methodology and a theory, whereby social phenomena is examined as a set of oppositions and interrelations, with the ultimate goal being to uncover something of the structures of the mind. These ideas have been particularly influential in linguistics (via Ferdinand de Saussure) and anthropology (via Claude Lévi‐Strauss).
Synesthesia
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Synesthesia is when stimulation in one sensory channel triggers a response in a different sensory channel (like being able to “hear” colors, or associating hues with certain letters or numbers). Though still little understood, investigation into synesthesia may reveal important aspects of consciousness, conceptualization processes, and neurology.
Silverstein, Michael
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Michael Silverstein (1945–2020) was one of the most well‐known, highly respected, and often‐quoted of contemporary linguistic anthropologists. For almost half a century he guided the field intellectually and institutionally (helping to found, for example, the Society for Linguistic Anthropology). Many of his writings, literally, changed the direction of the discipline.
Recognizing children's emotions in child abuse and neglect
Authors: Camilo Cláudia , Vaz Garrido Margarida , Calheiros Maria Manuela
Published: November 2020

Past research has suggested that parents' ability to recognize their children's emotions is associated with an enhanced quality of parent–child interactions and appropriateness of parental caregiving behavior. Although this association has also been examined in abusive and neglectful parents, the results are mixed and do not adequately address child neglect. Based on the Social Information Processing model of child abuse and neglect, we examined the association between mothers' ability to recognize children's emotions and self‐ and professionals‐reported child abuse and neglect. The ability to recognize children's emotions was assessed with an implicit valence classification task and an emotion labeling task. A convenience sample of 166 mothers (78 with at least one child referred to Child Protection Services) completed the tasks. Child abuse and neglect were measured with self‐report and professionals‐report instruments. The moderating role of mothers' intellectual functioning and socioeconomic status were also examined. Results revealed that abusive mothers performed more poorly on the negative emotions recognition task, while neglectful mothers demonstrated a lower overall ability in recognizing children's emotions. When classifying the valence of emotions, mothers who obtained higher scores on child neglect presented a higher positivity bias particularly when their scores in measures of intellectual functioning were low. There was no moderation effect for socioeconomic status. Moreover, the results for child abuse were mainly observed with self‐report measures, while for child neglect, they predominantly emerged with professionals‐report. Our findings highlight the important contribution of the social information processing model in the context of child maltreatment, with implications for prevention and intervention addressed.
Factors Influencing Physician Recommendation for Intraarticular Therapies in Osteoarthritis: Results From a Qualitative Study
Authors: MacFarlane Lindsey A. , Williams Emma E. , Lenhard Nora K. , Losina Elena , Katz Jeffrey N.
Published: November 2020

Objective

Several current and many emerging osteoarthritis (OA) treatments are intraarticular (IA) injections; however, little is known about physicians' perceptions and beliefs regarding IA injections or their considerations when deciding whether to recommend them to patients. We aimed to investigate physician‐perceived benefits and drawbacks of offering IA injections.

Methods

We conducted individual interviews with orthopedic surgeons, rheumatologists, and physiatrists who treat patients with knee OA. We conducted a thematic analysis to identify factors that physicians weigh when making IA injection recommendations.

Results

We interviewed 18 physicians from academic and community practices. We identified the following 4 categories of themes that influenced providers' recommendations to their patients regarding injections: 1) the physician's knowledge, beliefs, and concerns, including their propensity to rely on guidelines versus clinical experience, and understanding of the efficacy and risks associated with injectables, such as possible cartilage damage; 2) the characteristics of the injectable product, such as ease or number of administrations needed; 3) the individual patient‐specific factors, including OA severity, comorbidities, and patient preference for and expectations of specific IA injections; and 4) the financial and administrative factors, including insurance coverage and out‐of‐pocket costs.

Conclusion

Physicians factor the uncertain efficacy of injectable treatments and the need to manage patient expectations into their decision to offer IA therapies. Some providers relied on evidence and guidelines while others were swayed more by clinical experience. High out‐of‐pocket costs were seen as a barrier to use. These findings may help in the delivery of IA injections for OA and in the development of injectable products.
Subcutaneous Sarilumab in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis who Previously Received Subcutaneous Sarilumab or Intravenous Tocilizumab: An Open‐Label Extension of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Emery Paul , van Hoogstraten Hubert , Thangavelu Karthinathan , Mangan Erin , St John Gregory , Verschueren Patrick
Published: November 2020

Objective

This post hoc analysis evaluated the safety and efficacy of open‐label sarilumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who completed the phase III double‐blind ASCERTAIN study (NCT01768572) and switched from intravenous (IV) tocilizumab to subcutaneous (SC) sarilumab, or who continued SC sarilumab in the open‐label extension (OLE) study EXTEND (NCT01146652).

Methods

Patients who completed ASCERTAIN were eligible to enroll in EXTEND to receive sarilumab 200 mg SC every 2 weeks (Q2W). Safety and efficacy were reported through 96 weeks in the OLE in patients who switched from tocilizumab IV to sarilumab 200 mg SC Q2W, who switched from sarilumab 150 mg SC Q2W to sarilumab 200 mg SC Q2W, or who continued sarilumab 200 mg SC Q2W.

Results

Of 175 patients who completed ASCERTAIN, 168 (96%) enrolled in EXTEND, and 38 of these patients (23%) discontinued the OLE. Cumulative sarilumab exposure during follow‐up was 273.7 patient‐years. No new safety signals were identified, infections occurred at a rate of 59.9/100 patient‐years, and there were no cases of grade 4 neutropenia. Efficacy—as assessed by Disease Activity Score (28 joints) based on C‐reactive protein, Clinical Disease Activity Index, and Health Assessment Questionnaire‐Disability Index scores—was sustained over 96 weeks of follow‐up when switching to, or continuing, sarilumab 200 mg SC Q2W.

Conclusion

Switching from IV to SC interleukin‐6 receptor inhibitor therapy produced no new safety concerns, and clinical efficacy was sustained over 96 weeks of follow‐up. These findings alleviate potential concerns over switching route of administration with interleukin‐6 receptor inhibitor therapy for RA.
Robust nonlinear adaptation algorithms for multitask prediction networks
Authors: Abuduweili Abulikemu , Liu Changliu
Published: November 2020

High fidelity behavior prediction of intelligent agents is critical in many applications, which is challenging due to the stochasticity, heterogeneity, and time‐varying nature of agent behaviors. Prediction models that work for one individual may not be applicable to another. Besides, the prediction model trained on the training set may not generalize to the testing set. These challenges motivate the adoption of online adaptation algorithms to update prediction models in real‐time to improve the prediction performance. This article considers online adaptable multitask prediction for both intention and trajectory. The goal of online adaptation is to improve the performance of both intention and trajectory predictions with only the feedback of the observed trajectory. We first introduce a generic‐step adaptation algorithm of the multitask prediction model that updates the model parameters with the trajectory prediction error in recentsteps. Inspired by extended Kalman filter (EKF), a base adaptation algorithm modified EKF with forgetting factor (MEKF) is introduced. In order to improve the performance of MEKF, generalized exponential moving average filtering techniques are adopted. Then this article introduces a dynamic multiepoch update strategy to effectively utilize samples received in real time. With all these extensions, we propose a robust online adaptation algorithm: MEKF with moving average and dynamic multiepoch strategy (MEKFMA − ME). We empirically study the best set of parameters to adapt in the multitask prediction model and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptation algorithms to reduce the prediction error.
Biopolymeric Coacervate Microvectors for the Delivery of Functional Proteins to Cells
Authors: Xiao Wenjin , Jakimowicz Monika D. , Zampetakis Ioannis , Neely Sarah , Scarpa Fabrizio , Davis Sean A. , Williams David S. , Perriman Adam W.
Published: November 2020

The extent to which biologic payloads can be effectively delivered to cells is a limiting factor in the development of new therapies. Limitations arise from the lack of pharmacokinetic stability of biologics in vivo. Encapsulating biologics in a protective delivery vector has the potential to improve delivery profile and enhance performance. Coacervate microdroplets are developed as cell‐mimetic materials with established potential for the stabilization of biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Here, the development of biodegradable coacervate microvectors (comprising synthetically modified amylose polymers) is presented, for the delivery of biologic payloads to cells. Amylose‐based coacervate microdroplets are stable under physiological conditions (e.g., temperature and ionic strength), are noncytotoxic owing to their biopolymeric structure, spontaneously interacted with the cell membrane, and are able to deliver and release proteinaceous payloads beyond the plasma membrane. In particular, myoglobin, an oxygen storage and antioxidant protein, is successfully delivered into human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) within 24 h. Furthermore, coacervate microvectors are implemented for the delivery of human bone morphogenetic protein 2 growth factor, inducing differentiation of hMSCs into osteoprogenitor cells. This study demonstrates the potential of coacervate microdroplets as delivery microvectors for biomedical research and the development of new therapies.
Inorganic–Organic Nanocomposites Based on Aggregation‐Induced Emission Luminogens
Authors: Wang Yuanwei , Li Haoxuan , Wang Dong , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: November 2020

The emergence of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) has significantly facilitated the development of various fields including chemical sensing, bioimaging, theranostics, and photoelectric devices. Aiming to constructing high‐performance versatile materials, integrating AIE luminogens with functionalized supporting agents is an intriguing strategy. Inorganic nanomaterials have attracted significant scientific interest in functionalizing AIE luminogens via combining the advantages of them both. In addition to these intrinsic features of specific inorganic materials, including high stability, superior biocompatibility, and facile modification, the stubborn spatial confinement effect of inorganic structure provides AIE moieties with favorable aggregated conditions. Representative work and some very first attempts of constructing AIE luminogens‐based inorganic–organic nanocomposites are presented in this review. The sections are organized according to the dimension of inorganic nanomaterials and focused on their construction, mechanism, and application.
FAP‐Targeted Photodynamic Therapy Mediated by Ferritin Nanoparticles Elicits an Immune Response against Cancer Cells and Cancer Associated Fibroblasts
Authors: Zhou Shiyi , Zhen Zipeng , Paschall Amy V. , Xue Lijun , Yang Xueyuan , Bebin Blackwell Anne‐Gaelle , Cao Zhengwei , Zhang Weizhong , Wang Mengzhe , Teng Yong , Zhou Gang , Li Zibo , Avci Fikri Y. , Tang Wei , Xie Jin
Published: November 2020

Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are present in many types of tumors and play a pivotal role in tumor progression and immunosuppression. Fibroblast‐activation protein (FAP), which is overexpressed on CAFs, has been indicated as a universal tumor target. However, FAP expression is not restricted to tumors, and systemic treatment against FAP often causes severe side effects. To solve this problem, a photodynamic therapy (PDT) approach is developed based on ZnF16Pc‐loaded and FAP‐specific single chain variable fragment (scFv)‐conjugated apoferritin nanoparticles, or αFAP‐Z@FRT. αFAP‐Z@FRT PDT efficiently eradicates CAFs in tumors without inducing systemic toxicity. When tested in murine 4T1 models, the treatment elicits anti‐cancer immunity, causing suppression of both primary and distant tumors, that is, the abscopal effect. Treatment efficacy is enhanced when αFAP‐Z@FRT PDT is used in combination with anti‐PD1 antibodies. Interestingly, it is found that the PDT treatment not only elicits a cellular immunity against cancer cells, but also stimulates an anti‐CAFs immunity. This is supported by an adoptive cell transfer study, where T cells taken from 4T1‐tumor‐bearing animals treated with αFAP PDT retard the growth of A549 tumors established on nude mice. Overall, this approach is unique for permitting site‐specific eradication of CAFs and inducing a broad spectrum anti‐cancer immunity.
Beyond Solid Solution High‐Entropy Alloys: Tailoring Magnetic Properties via Spinodal Decomposition
Authors: Rao Ziyuan , Dutta Biswanath , Körmann Fritz , Lu Wenjun , Zhou Xuyang , Liu Chang , da Silva Alisson Kwiatkowski , Wiedwald Ulf , Spasova Marina , Farle Michael , Ponge Dirk , Gault Baptiste , Neugebauer Jörg , Raabe Dierk , Li Zhiming
Published: November 2020

Since its first emergence in 2004, the high‐entropy alloy (HEA) concept has aimed at stabilizing single‐ or dual‐phase multi‐element solid solutions through high mixing entropy. Here, this strategy is changed and renders such massive solid solutions metastable, to trigger spinodal decomposition for improving the alloys’ magnetic properties. The motivation for starting from a HEA for this approach is to provide the chemical degrees of freedom required to tailor spinodal behavior using multiple components. The key idea is to form Fe‐Co enriched regions which have an expanded volume (relative to unconstrained Fe‐Co), due to coherency constraints imposed by the surrounding HEA matrix. As demonstrated by theory and experiments, this leads to improved magnetic properties of the decomposed alloy relative to the original solid solution matrix. In a prototype magnetic FeCoNiMnCu HEA, it is shown that the modulated structures, achieved by spinodal decomposition, lead to an increase of the Curie temperature by 48% and a simultaneous increase of magnetization by 70% at ambient temperature as compared to the homogenized single‐phase reference alloy. The findings thus open a pathway for the development of advanced functional HEAs.