bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep learning-based object detection for soil bacterial community analysis in microfluidics
Authors: Zou Hanbang , Ohlsson Pelle , Hammer Edith
Published: February 2023

Microfluidics is a multidisciplinary platform that integrates microfabrication, physical chemistry analysis, automation, and microscopy. It has the advantages of precise liquid manipulation, rapid measurements, and real-time visualization at the microscale, which is especially of interest and benefit to microbial studies. Soil Chips are microfabricated microfluidic devices typically made of glass and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), designed to mimic the real soil network and allow real-time visualization and characterization of microbial activity at the micro-scale. They have so far been used to investigate microbial activities, interactions, community composition, and distribution under different conditions in soil analog systems. Challenge comes when working with natural soil samples. Due to mineral aggregates and debris, valuable information such as the abundance of individuals, cell morphology, and the relationship between bacteria and their geochemical and physical environment are difficult to extract via a simple thresholding method. Since microorganisms and microfluidic structures have distinct features from the noisy background that can be easily picked up by our eyes, a biologically inspired convolutional neural network model for object detection is the most suitable tool for this task.We used a small part of data from three different experiments to train a well-developed object detection and segmentation algorithm Mask RCNN and implemented further analysis of bacteria abundance, spatial distribution, and morphological characterization. We are able to plot the distribution of all the detected bacteria including clusters in terms of abundance, size, shape, and index of aggregation. A distinct difference in bacteria characteristics can be observed in the samples acquired from three locations (Greenland, Sweden, and Kenya). We are now planning to extend the classification library to include other microbial groups including fungi, protists, invertebrates, and micro arthropods.
Dependence of the rapid intensification on the initial size of tropical cyclones over the North Indian Ocean 
Authors: Singh Kasturi
Published: February 2023

Tropical cyclones (TC) and the warming climate, both of them are topics of discussion for several researchers as TCs are one of the deadliest systems formed over the ocean. The warming climate either enhances or suppresses its formation depending on the basin of formation. It is crucial to comprehend the environmental interaction with the TC core dynamics that control the rapid changes in the intensity of TCs in the current changing climate. Observations shows that smaller and weaker cyclones intensify more quickly. It is plausible that the initial TC state critically determines to what extent any environmental factors can cause rapid intensification. However, these effects have not yet been systematically investigated with a model or theory. To study the dependence of initial TC size on rapidly intensifying systems over the North Indian Ocean (NIO), weakly intensifying TCs that occurred over the NIO were considered. Simulations were carried out by gradually reducing the size of the TCs to see the impact of size on the intensification process of the system. It is observed that by reducing the size of the initial vortex by 33%, the system suffered rapid intensification in its lifecycle, and by reducing the size by 50%, the system stayed in the RI phase for a longer time. The vorticity during RI was higher than 3.5×10-7 s-1. However, the TCs showed decay soon after suffering RI and the systems with larger initial vortex sustained a longer life span. The impact of the interaction with environmental boundary conditions concerning the initial TC size and intensity needs attention in the present changing climate.
Energy Conversion and Partition across Interplanetary Shocks in the Solar Wind
Authors: Duan Die , He Jiansen , Wang Weining
Published: February 2023

Solar wind experiences significant heating during its transportation in the heliosphere. How the solar wind is heated is one of the cutting-edge issue in space physics. Interplanetary shocks are considered as one of the mechanism for the heating. When the shocks propagate through the solar wind plasma, the solar wind is compressed and heated. Dissipation of the solar wind turbulence is another mechanism for the heating. It is found that shocks also can amplify the turbulence in the downstream flows. The energy contribution to solar wind heating from the interplanetary shocks needs quantitive clarification. In this work, we estimate the amount of the energy conversion of the shocks in the solar wind, and investigate how the energy is partitioned between different types of bulk averaged energy (including thermal energy, bulk kinetic energy of different plasma species, and magnetic field energy) and turbulent fluctuating energy. Using the measurements from Wind at 1 au, we statistically study the energy conversion and partition at different heliocentric distances, from the inner heliosphere to the outer heliosphere. We estimate the heating rate from the shocks, and compare it with the turbulent heating rate. We find the shock heating is much stronger than the turbulent heating for one shock, but have similar order of magnitude considering the occurrence frequency of the shocks.
Can drought-induced hydrological shifts be explained by slow groundwater flow through leaky bedrock?
Authors: Fowler Keirnan , Regan-Beasley Dominic , Nixon Michael , Walker Glen
Published: February 2023

Hydrological "shifts"—where streamflow during multi-year drought is disproportionately low, even given low rainfall—have now been reported across multiple continents and are highly relevant to planning under a hotter future with more droughts. This research explores the idea that hydrological shifts can be induced by leaky bedrock in headwater catchments, which facilitates gradual groundwater export from upslope areas to downslope areas (within the same catchment).  Upslope areas subject to groundwater decline then see groundwater-surface water decoupling and reduced runoff. 

Central to this hypothesis is slow flow of groundwater from upslope to downslope, facilitated by slightly permeable bedrock. Under wet conditions, this export of groundwater from upslope areas can be balanced by recharge and thus go unnoticed. However, in drought years, recharge may be too low to balance the export, leading to reduced groundwater levels and groundwater surface-water decoupling. When wetter conditions resume, the groundwater deficits may take a while to be replenished, delaying recovery from hydrological shifts (as observed in Australia).  In downslope areas, the drained water may contribute to streamflow, but may also be lost to evaporation and transpiration, particularly in drier catchments with flatter valley bottoms of alluvium or colluvium. In such catchments, the net effect of these processes is to allow groundwater originating from upslope to supplement evaporative budgets downslope rather than increasing streamflow. 

We advance this hypothesis, firstly by presenting evidence of its applicability in south-east Australia; and secondly by building and testing improved numerical models that incorporate a simplified representation of these processes. Modelling results show improved performance when tested across several catchments affected by hydrological shifts, and improved realism such as multi-year declines in simulated groundwater storage, consistent with observations.  These results suggest a promising avenue for further research. 
Deep Electrical Resistivity Tomography as a mineral exploration tool: the Calamita distal Fe-skarn, Elba Island (Italy)
Authors: Braize Damian , Sfalcin Julien , Lupi Matteo , Kouzmanov Kalin , Dini Andrea , Morelli Gianfranco
Published: February 2023

To face the growing demand for raw materials, the discovery of new mineral deposits is essential for the future. Geophysical methods, and in particular electrical and electromagnetic tools, have an important role in mineral exploration. Recently, new technological developments made possible targetting deeper ore bodies and large areas with logistical challenges. We use the Deep Electrical Resistivity Tomography (DERT) method to investigate its application in mineral exploration. In particular, we use the Fullwaver technology developed by IRIS Instruments to study the full 3D resistive structure of the Calamita distal Fe-skarn deposit, Elba Island, Italy. This innovative hardware allows a full 3D deployment of autonomous and cable-less receivers and contrasts with traditional resistivity methods by its easy set-up and applicability in difficult contexts.In November 2022, a 3D DERT survey has been carried out to investigate the Calamita deposit, consisting of massive magnetite-hematite ore bodies hosted in marbles overlaying micaschists of Tuscan Units. Skarn mineralogy/geochemistry and fluid inclusion characteristics suggest a magmatic source for the mineralizing fluids. 148 current injections have been performed on 48 receivers over an area of 2km² with the aim to reach exploration depths ranging from 600 m to 700 m. Geophysical data were combined with a high-resolution 3D Digital Elevation Model acquired by standard and thermal drone imagery.The 3D inverted resistivity and induced polarization models match with the surface geology and shallow exploration drill hole data and highlight the architecture of Calamita deposit. Strong resistivity contrasts reveal the presence of sub-vertical conductive and chargeable pipes connecting the different skarn bodies at depth, interpreted to represent the paleo-hydrothermal upflow zones. The pipes point towards the inferred cupola of a magmatic intrusion that potentially triggered the formation of the ore deposit. High chargeability anomalies suggest the presence of hidden massive ore bodies and disseminated mineralisation on the flanks of the system.DERT has the potential to investigate and explore mineral deposits in full 3D, with high sensitivity, and in logistically complex settings.
Long time degassing of crustal fluids along inactive fault in an intracratonic basin (Morvan, France)
Authors: Battani Anne , Gyore Domokos , Brigaud Benjamin , Bernard Alexis , Sarda Philippe , Stuart Finlay
Published: February 2023

Helium-rich gases (up to 6%) upwell along a fault that bounds the western edge of the granitic Morvan Massif (northeastern part of the French Massif Central) and the sedimentary rocks of the southeastern edge of the Paris Basin. The sampled gas is mainly composed of nitrogen (90 %.). The radiogenic 3He/4He (0.02 Ra, where Ra is the atmospheric ratio) and nucleogenic 21Ne/22Ne (0.031) imply that the gas is basement-derived, in good agreement with the presence of granite in the area. The high radiogenic He concentration can be explained by a rock/ water system isolated over geological time scales and might be linked with the presence of a close-by fluorite ore deposit, dated 130 Ma, located above the fault and at the basement/sediment unconformity in Pierre-Perthuis, formed by leaching of granite (Gigoux et al., 2015).The possible link between the fluorite ore and the He-rich gases should imply that groundwater in which He released from U and Th in granite was trapped for several millions of years in the granite or in the permeable basement/sediment unconformity reservoir, below the sedimentary cover probably reaching 1.5 km in the area at the end of the Cretaceous. Deep groundwaters trapped in the reservoir accumulated helium before tectonic exhumation of the Morvan Massif and remobilization of fluids to the surface through the Bazois fault, whose onset began 40 My ago (Lenoir et al., 2021). Mixing between old deep crystalline-water with superficial water is evidenced by the presence of high amount of atmosphere-derived nitrogen.The high chloride content of the waters may originate from the marine water trapped in the Early Jurassic clays, and released by faulting, or by water-rock interaction and hydrolysis of minerals, reinforcing the link between chlorine, fluorine, and water from granite.This geological example shows that in quiescent area, inactive fault can act as a fluid pathway over long time scale.
Machine Learning Approaches for Meteotsunami Forecasting on the Coast of Portugal
Authors: Kim Jihwan , Omira Rachid
Published: February 2023

We explored the capability of forecasting meteotsunamis using machine learning (ML) approaches. We selected meteotsunami events along the coast of Portugal where the atmospheric pressure jumps propagate from the south and southwest. Since this type of meteotsunamis is usually observed along the entire coast of Portugal (Kim & Omira, 2021; Kim et al., 2022), the southern tide gauges can act as a meteotsunami precursor for forecasting the northern coastal areas. For training and testing sets of ML, we started with the atmospheric pressure records (18 cases) which induced meteotsunamis, and then performed 1296 numerical simulation by varying the pressure inputs with different strength (jump magnitude), speed and direction. Then, the tidal gauge data from numerical simulations were used to apply neural networks (variational autoencoders and ARIMA) and to demonstrate the capability of meteotsunamis forecast based on one or more tide gauge observations. We observed that the ML models are capable of providing good predictions from short duration observations from the southern tide gauges. This work is supported by the project FAST—Development of new forecast skills for meteotsunamis on the Iberian shelf—ref. PTDC/CTAMET/32004/2017-funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal. ReferencesKim J, Omira R (2021) The 6–7 July 2010 meteotsunami along the coast of Portugal: insights from data analysis and numerical modelling. Nat Hazards 106:1397–1419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04335-8Kim J, Omira R, Dutsch C (2022) Meteotsunamis along the Portugal coast from 2010 to 2019. 2nd World Conference of MeteotsunamisLiu CM, Rim D, Baraldi R, LeVeque RJ (2021) Comparison of Machine Learning Approaches for Tsunami Forecasting from Sparse Observations. Pure Appl Geophys 178:5129–5153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02841-9Omira R, Ramalho RS, Kim J, et al (2022) Global Tonga tsunami explained by a fast-moving atmospheric source. Nature 609:734–740. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04926-4
Preliminary Studies and Performance Simulations in support of the mission “CALIGOLA”
Authors: Franco Noemi , Di Girolamo Paolo , Summa Donato , Di Paolantonio Marco , Dionisi Davide
Published: February 2023

CALIGOLA (Cloud Aerosol Lidar for Global Scale Observations of the Ocean-Land-Atmosphere System) is a mission funded by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), aimed at the development of a space-borne Raman Lidar. A Phase A study to assess the technological feasibility of the laser source and receiver system is currently underway at the Leonardo S.p.A., while scientific studies in support of the mission are conducted by the University of Basilicata. Scientific and technical studies are furthermore supported by other Italian institutions (CNR-ISMAR, CNR-IMAA), with NASA also having expressed an interest in contributing to the mission .Mission objectives include the observation of the Earth atmosphere, surface (ocean and land). Among the atmospheric objectives, the characterization of the global scale distribution of natural and anthropogenic aerosols, their radiative properties and interactions with clouds, and the measurements of ocean color, suspended particulate matter and marine chlorophyll.The expected performance of CALIGOLA has been assessed based on the application of an end-to-end lidar simulator. Specifically, sensitivity studies have been carried out to define the technical specifications for the laser source, the telescope, the optics of transceiver, the detectors and the acquisition system. Simulations reveal that the system can measure Rotational Raman echoes from nitrogen and oxygen molecules stimulated at the three lengths wavelength of 355, 532 and 1064 nm. Simulations also reveal that elastic signals are strong enough to meet the requirements under different environmental conditions. As reference signal, several options have been considered. Among others, a temperature-insensitive rotational Raman signal including rotational lines from nitrogen and oxygen molecules.A careful analysis of different potential orbits is ongoing, with the goal to identify solutions which maximize performance and scientific impact of both atmospheric and oceanic measurements. Near noon-midnight equatorial crossing times are preferable on the ocean side for diel vertical migration and phytoplankton observations, but degrade significantly the performances of atmospheric measurements due to the high solar background. For this reason is essential to find an orbit in which the solar contribution is low enough to obtain acceptable atmospheric results and at the same time the oceanic measurements are far enough from the night-day transitions for as many days a year as possible to assure correct interpretation of phytoplankton physiology. To counterbalance the degraded signal performances also lower obit height are considered, as well as the use of polarized filters to reduce the amount of solar radiation. The estimated performances under different conditions and considering different orbits will be showed during the presentation.
Characterizing cropland patterns across North-East Africa using time series Vegetation Indices
Authors: Yhdego Simon measho , Fadong Li , Chen Gang , Hirwa Hubert
Published: February 2023

The global community faces challenges of agroecosystem sustainability in the face of changing climate and intensified agriculture, particularly in Africa. In this study, annual and seasonal cropland Normalized Vegetation Difference Index (NDVI) trends and phonological variations, and associated key drivers in North-East Africa were generated using MODIS NDVI of 8-day satellite images and climate data between 2001 and 2020, which were further analyzed by a modified dynamic threshold method. The results showed that the annual cropland NDVI increased at an average rate of 0.0106 per year. The seasonal cropland NDVI was positive for the most significant changes observed in the boreal autumn season across the region. The start of the season (SOS) and end of the season (EOS) cropland NDVI in the boreal autumn season increased at an average rate of 0.015  (13.4% significant, p < 0.05), and 0.0151 ×  (12.8% significant, p < 0.05), respectively. The findings indicated that the boreal autumn season was getting longer, whereas the boreal summer season was becoming shorter during the last two decades. The most rapid cropland NDVI changes and maximum farmland NDVI variability were observed in the sub-tropic warm arid and tropic warm semiarid agro-ecological zones. The land surface temperature and precipitation followed by actual ET were the main driving factors for the cropland NDVI and associated agroecosystem changes. This study provides essential information on the cropland productivity and shifting of greening patterns, which will supports climate change mitigation measures at national and regional scales, contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Three-dimensionnal Wave-Current Interactions can significantly affect a Strong Tidal Current in a Complex Environment: Application to Alderney Race
Authors: Bennis Anne-Claire , Furgerot Lucille , Bailly du Bois Pascal , Poizot Emmanuel , Méar Yann , Dumas Franck
Published: February 2023

Due to the climate change, it is necessary to modify the energy modes of production. The mix energetic, based on renewable energies as tidal currents, is one of the solutions to decrease the energy production carbon footprint. This study focuses on hydrodynamic interactions in Alderney Race (France), which is the most energetic tidal site in Western Europe. The impact of a winter storm occurring during spring tide is assessed thanks to numerical modeling with a 3D fully-coupled wave-current model and in-situ data. Firstly, an analysis of the impacts of the storm on the wave field and the current effects on waves is performed. Then, the modifications of the current and tidal stream energy caused by waves are discussed. After a successful validation step with excellent PBIAS and R2 scores, the main finding are : i) although the current intensity is strong (around 3-4m/s), wave effectssignificantly change the vertical profile of the current, with a reduction of the PBIAS by a factor of 1.78 between simulations with and without wave effects, ii) ocean waves affect the tidal assymmetry, with a flood current whose intensity is 13% higher than for the ebb current, inducing a decrease of 30% in the tidal stream energy, iii) the flow is very sensitive to the angle between the directions of propagation of waves and current, with an acceleration or a reduction of the velocity, as observed in the presence of a 3D turbulent structure, iv) current effects on waves cause a wavenumber shift, changes in significant wave height (modulated by tide), wave direction due to refraction and an increase of the energy transfer from waves to ocean ascribed to the wave breaking. By a feedback mechanism, the modifications of the wave field by current and water level significantly alter the flow with a decrease of its velocity when waves propagate against current. This study shows that the 3D wave-current interactions need to be considered during a storm even during a spring tide event where currents are the strongest.
On the effect of tropical cyclones' translation speed and landfall trajectory on the storm surge dynamics
Authors: Son Sangyoung , Qian Xiaojuan
Published: February 2023

This study aims to generalize the synthetic effects of TS, LA, and coastal geometries on a maximum surge height (MSH) along the coast through the numerical simulations of a series of idealized scenarios as well as real-scale event. A two-dimensional model in Delft3D-FM was adopted in this study to simulate the MSHs. The model domain consists of multi-resolution grids ranging from 16 km to 1 km considering the cyclone’s landfall spot at the center of the coastline. All these simulations were implemented without tides and waves since this study aims to investigate the synthetic effects on main surge levels. The hypothetical cyclones were generated under various TSs and LAs conditions. The TSs were altered while LAs ranged varied from 0° to 180°. Additionally, the coastal layout and bathymetry were also controlled. For bathymetry, a constant bed, beds with different continental shelf widths, and a multi-sloped bed were also considered. For coastal layout, an open coast and bays characterized by the morphological ratio were considered. Totally, 763 idealized scenarios were simulated to obtain the MSHs distributions along the coast. The realistic scenarios based on historical typhoon Maemi in 2003 was additionally simulated with various TSs and LAs conditions to apply developed idea from idealized scenario cases. The effects of the TS, LA, and coastal geometries on MSH were analyzed by simulating idealized and realistic scenarios. The trends of MSHs along the open coast extracted from each scenario were found to be almost identical despite minor discrepancies. The results revealed that MSHs along the open coast were amplified by fast-moving TSs. For constant bed, the results exhibited a distinct characteristic that generated the Kelvin wave propagating in a down-coast direction, while certain types of sharp LAs with a slow-moving cyclone might generate other types of resonant waves. For the beds with different dimensions of continental shelves, trends of the MSHs were distinguishable between slow and faster-moving TSs. Nevertheless, the continental shelf with narrow width led to a peak at a sharp LA under all TSs, implying that the shelf geometry can limitedly affect the MSH. As for the multi-sloped bed, slope geometry strongly influenced the surge process in that it enhanced the MSH due to the Greenspan resonance. For bays, the trends of MSHs were essentially coincident with those of open coast, while an enhancement of MSHs was observed when L/E was close to 1. Additionally, the realistic scenarios based on a historical typhoon were simulated to validate outcomes from idealized scenarios, indicating that super typhoons like Maemi with a  LA, tend to slow down and generate an extreme surge in Masan Bay in the future sight.
Detection and Quantification of Brominated Natural Products in Arctic and Mid-Latitude Coastal Air and Waters
Authors: Shipley Emma , Vlahos Penny , Bidleman Terry
Published: February 2023

Halogenated natural products are organic compounds produced by marine bacteria and other marine organisms, as well as created anthropogenically through water chlorination and production as industrial compounds. These compounds can exhibit toxicity, bioaccumulate in the environment, and perform important roles in the regulation of the tropospheric and stratospheric ozone. To date, these compounds are understudied, particularly in Arctic and mid-latitude systems, with limited global data or understanding of spread. This project will share data on both di- and tri- bromoanisoles and bromophenols from the Western Arctic collected on a May-June 2021 cruise in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, as well as data collected from the mid-latitude estuary of Long Island Sound during 2022. These data help to close the gap in measurements of HNPs and inform future studies.
Circumpolar patterns of arctic-boreal fire activity
Authors: Scholten Rebecca , Chen Yang , Veraverbeke Sander , Randerson James
Published: February 2023

Intensifying wildfires in high-latitude forest and tundra ecosystems are a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, releasing carbon through direct combustion and long-term degradation of permafrost soils and peatlands. Several remotely sensed burned area and active fire products have been developed, yet these do not provide information about the ignitions, growth and size of individual fires. Such object-based fire data is urgently needed to disentangle different anthropogenic and bioclimatic drivers of fire ignition, spread and extinction.We developed an object-based fire tracking method to map the evolution of fires at a sub-daily scale using Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) active fire detections. The dataset includes ignitions and sub-daily perimeters of individual fires between 2012 and 2021, which are corrected using finer-scale information on waterbodies. Here, we present first results of this circumpolar arctic-boreal fire atlas. We show circumpolar patterns of arctic-boreal fire activity and disentangle the spatially varying influence of drivers of fires. Most fires, as well as the largest fires, occur on the Eurasian continent. Latitudinal differences in fire characteristics and drivers are important, yet regional and continental differences emerge. Knowledge about regional differences in fire regimes and their drivers is required to better understand contemporary arctic-boreal fire regimes and to constrain models that predict changes in future arctic-boreal fire regimes.
Revealing Lithospheric structure of Northwestern Anatolia by using 3D inversion of Long Period Magnetotelluric Data collected remotely controlled measurement system: Preliminary results
Authors: Candansayar M. Emin , Demirci İsmail , Gündoğdu N. Yıldırım , Oskay M.Doğukan , Erdoğan Erhan
Published: February 2023

We collected long-period magnetotelluric (LMT) data on the 64 stations by using a remotely controlled measurement system in northwestern Anatolia, Türkiye. The data was collected along four nearly parallel 300-km-long lines. In our previous project, we already collected broadband magnetotelluric(MT) data on 358 stations along those four lines. These lines are crossing main tectonic traverses such as North Anatolia Fault Zones, and Intra-Pontid Suture zones.  The remotely controlled MT measurement system provides us to control data quality during measurement and we can change the station location if the data quality is not good in the current stations.  This ensures the good data quality of all MT sites. After the time series analysis and main data processing procedure such as phase tensor decomposition and static shift correction, we interpreted each line's data set by using a two-dimensional inversion algorithm. We also inverted LMT data by using a three-dimensional inversion algorithm. The three-dimensional resistivity model also showed us to main tectonic units as two-dimensional resistivity models. Additionally, crust lithosphere relations were also revealed. We obtained upper and lower crust boundaries by using magnetic data and crust al depth by using gravity data. Those results also validated our resistivity models obtained from MT data inversion. We are going to give preliminary interpretation results of the lithosphere structure of northwest Anatolia in this presentation.Acknowledgement:  This study is supported by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) Project with Grant Number 119Y197. We thanks TUBITAK.
eo-grow - Earth Observation framework for scaled-up processing in Python
Authors: Batič Matej , Lukšič Žiga , Milcinski Grega
Published: February 2023

Analysing EO data is a complex process, and solutions often require custom tailored algorithms. On top of that, in the EO domain most problems come with an additional challenge: How can the solution be applied on a large scale?
Within the H2020 project Global Earth Monitor (GEM) we have updated and extended eo-learn with additional functionalities that allow for new approaches to scalable and cost-effective Earth Observation data processing. We have tied it with the Sentinel Hub’s unified main data interface (Process API), the Data Cube processing engine for constructing analysis-ready adjustable data cubes using Batch Process API, and, finally, the Statistical API and Batch Statistical API to streamline access to spatio-temporally aggregated satellite data.
As part of GEM processing framework, we have built eo-grow which facilitates extraction of valuable information from satellite imagery. eo-grow tackles the issues of scalability by enabling coordination of clusters to run the EO workflows over large areas using  Ray. At the same time the framework provides reproducibility and traceability of the experiments using schemed input configurations and their validation.
In eo-grow a workflow based solution is wrapped into a pipeline object, which takes care of parametrization, logging, storage, multi-processing, data management and more. The pipeline object is configured via a well-defined schema allowing straightforward experimentation and scaling up: going to larger area of interest, running on different time interval, or tweak of any other pipeline parameter becomes just a matter of updating (json) configuration, which additionally serve as record of the experiment.
eo-grow library has been publicly released on GitHub: https://github.com/sentinel-hub/eo-grow. The documentation available in the repository provides the overview of the eo-grow general structure, its core objects, and instructions on installation and using eo-grow with command line interface. Additional repository, https://github.com/sentinel-hub/eo-grow-examples showcases eo-grow on a few use-cases.
In the presentation we will introduce the framework and showcase its usability on concrete examples. We will illustrate how eo-grow is used in large-scale research experiments, explain its role in reproducibility and show how the no-code approach and code reuse facilitate the productionalization of the workflows.
A mineralogical approach to the 2021 Geldingadalir eruption of the Fagradalsfjall Fires,SW-Iceland – the study of water in clinopyroxene phenocrystals
Authors: Radu Ioana-Bogdana , Skogby Henrik , Troll Valentin R. , Deegan Frances M. , Geiger Harri , Müller Daniel , Thordarson Thor
Published: February 2023

The magmatic water content plays an important role in the evolution and explosivity of volcanic eruptions, due to the influence of water on magma density, viscosity, crystallization and melting temperatures. A reliable method for determining the pre-eruptive magmatic water content is to use nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) which can preserve various hydrogen configurations (as water proxy) in structural defects. This method allows to experimentally reconstruct the water lost during magmatic processes such as degassing and analyse it by infrared spectroscopy. Applying this to crystallographically oriented clinopyroxene crystals from lava samples collected in April 2021 from the Geldingadalir eruption, SW-Iceland, we obtain water contents of 0.69 ± 0.07 to 0.86 ± 0.09 wt. % H2O. Because these values are higher than those expected for typical mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB: 0.3 – 0.5 wt. % on average) it reveals a significant plume (OIB) contribution to the magma source. The implications of such water concentrations are that water saturation was attained only at very shallow levels within the plumbing system of the ascending Geldingadalir magmas. This can further explain the occurring pulsing behaviour of the lava pond and within the upper conduits, as the result of shallow, episodic, vapour exsolution.
Shifting Velocity of Precipitation Extremes over India under Climate Change
Authors: Sachan Disha , Kumari Amita , Kumar Pankaj
Published: February 2023

Climate change is leading to alterations in the dynamic climate systems worldwide. The Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) is one such climate system that supports more than a billion population and drives the Indian economy. The ISM is governed by intra-annual to inter-decadal variabilities. However, anthropogenic climate change is inducing unprecedented transformations in this natural system, such as the increased probability of precipitation extremes (dry and wet), changes in their frequency and duration, spatial variabilities, etc. These changes, in turn, impact the human and ecological systems due to droughts, floods, and prolonged dry spells. In such scenarios, it is essential to gain insights into the projected precipitation extremes (PEs) changes. The velocity of climate change (VoCC) or climate velocity can help us project the temporal and spatial shift of PEs especially in terms of their intensities. VoCC is a regional metric of climate change, defined as the ratio of the temporal gradient of a particular climate variable (temperature, precipitation, humidity, etc.) with its spatial gradient, and the resultant units are in km/year. In the current study, the climate velocities of 50th, 75th, 95th, 99.5th, and 99.9th percentiles of precipitation for the JJAS season are projected over India and its different biogeographic zones for the four time periods: historical (1976-2000), near-future (2025-2049), mid-future (2050-2074) and far-future (2075-2099). ROM, a regional earth system model over the CORDEX-South Asia domain was used in the study. It was found that ROM showed a better resemblance with observation in simulating the PEs over other regional climate models (RCMs). The intense rainfall (95th percentile: R95) is expected to be enhanced over most of the study region in mid future and far future. Interestingly, very intense rainfall (99.9th percentile: R99) showed robust increases in the near and mid-future as compared to the far future. The PEs also exhibited higher velocities as compared to the median values. The detailed results will be discussed further in the presentation.
Soil properties, habitat structure, climate, and topography as drivers of soil biodiversity
Authors: Domene Xavier , Olmo-Gilabert Rubén , Fernández-Martínez Marcos , Comas Lluís
Published: February 2023

The Catalonia Plot System for Terrestrial Biodiversity Monitoring (SISEBIO) is a long-term project aiming to monitor above- and below-ground biodiversity changes due to global change in permanent experimental sites. The project aims: a) to catalogue the existing biodiversity using metabarcoding, b) to describe the environmental drivers explaining such, and c) to identify habitats acting as biodiversity hotspots.For this purpose, 109 permanent plots were set up in natural areas to covering all the main habitats and climates of Catalonia (NE Spain). Plant, microbial (bacteria and fungi), protists, and microarthropods richness and diversity were assessed between 2018-2021, together with a variety of environmental drivers (soil physicochemical properties, habitat structure, climate, and topography). While plant diversity was assessed through traditional morphological identification, that of soil organisms was assessed by metabarcoding and using operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for this purpose.Concerning soil biodiversity, 42077 unique OTUs were identified, with around 40% of them only found in once. The highest biodiversity values corresponded to sites located in the Pyrenees, and the environmental factors driving biodiversity were clearly different depending on the taxa studied. However, we failed to find habitat-specific hotspots except for microarthropods, with higher richness values in conifer forests when compared to deciduous forests, shrublands and grasslands.The existence of biological interactions and historical factors may hinder the emergence of strong environmental trends to describe soil biodiversity patterns. Our results might may guide stakeholders with the implementation of management policies in the most vulnerable habitats to protect their biodiversity, but are also of interest for modelling the impact of global change on soil biodiversity and their ecosystem services.
Spatio-temporal, geospatial, and time series analysis of water quality estimation using Landsat 8,9, Sentinel-2, and MODIS series for the region of India: A Google Earth Engine based web-application
Authors: Galodha Abhinav , Lall Brejesh , Ahammad Shaikh Ziauddin , Anees Sanya
Published: February 2023

Due to rising water quality-related issues, a periodic and continuous monitoring system is mandatory for inland water bodies. Water quality estimation is essential for water resource management and the sustainability of riverine ecosystems. Existing in-situ, field-based, and wet laboratory estimations, although precise and accurate, account for the lack of spatial and temporal variability and represent point sampled assessment. With a high temporal resolution and fine spatial resolved scaling, remote sensing data, including the Landsat-8,9 series, and Sentinel-2 series, consecutively provide high-spatio-temporal resolution observations for real-time analysis. The Google server and cloud-based Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform support image collections, atmospherically-radiometrically corrected imagery, and large-data processing. Taking the inland waterbodies of Delhi as the study area, this study is carried out in GEE to (i) design, inquire and pre-process all Landsat and Sentinel series observations that coincide with in situ measurements; (ii) extract the spectra to develop empirical models for water quality parameters and (iii) visualize the results graphically using geospatial distribution maps, time-series charts, and create a web-application. Water quality parametric analyses were conducted for Optically Active constituents (OAC), i.e., chlorophyll-a, suspended solids, and turbidity. Validation with an independent site location is the next area of study for estimating the predicted and observed values. Spectral characteristics show correlation and similarity with the field data and active optical constituents. Besides visualizing long-term spatial and temporal variabilities through thematic maps and time-series charts, anomalies such as eutrophication at specific sites can also identify using the models developed. An online application is in progress to allow users to explore and analyze water quality trends using the latest Landsat-9 dataset. Integrating remotely-sensed images, in situ measurements, and cloud computing can offer new opportunities to implement effective monitoring programs and understand water quality dynamics.
Tracking mud banks on the 1500 km coastline from the Amazon to the Orinoco Delta
Authors: Abileah Ron
Published: February 2023

Currents transport the sediment discharge of the Amazon River as far as the Orinoco Delta (Venezuela).  The combined actions of waves (predominately from the NE) and the Guiana Current create mud banks of 30 km in width.  A continuous process of mud erosion and accretion propagates the mud banks westward  The talk demonstrates tracking the mud banks with satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB).  The SDB method used here is not the familiar Lyzenga bottom radiance to depth inversion which works only in clear waters.  Here there is no bottom visibility.  Instead, the SDB uses the interaction of ocean waves with the bottom.  Ocean waves exhibit refraction, slower celerity, and reduced wavelength as they ‘feel’ the bottom.   These phenomena are observable regardless of water turbidity.WKB has been successfully implemented with X-band radars on coastal towers and ships (by German and UK researcher groups); and with the WorldView and Pleiades satellites (by this author and others).  However, all these sensor modalities have small ground footprints (~10 km2 to 100 km2).The European Sentinel-2 satellites have dramatically increased WKB coverage to a regional scale.  This talk presents a Sentinel-2 view of the 1500 km muddy coastline, extending up to 50 km offshore (a total area of 75,000 km2).    The leap in WKB possibilities was made possible by a 220 km image swath, repeat visits every five days, and the free distribution of the images from the Copernicus portal.
Greenhouse gas budget for South Asia region
Authors: Jain Atul , Anand Jatin , Chandra Naveen , Patra Prabir
Published: February 2023

Understanding climate change and possible solutions to recent increases in concentrations of major GHG concentrations dependent upon quantifying the emission inventory of these gases. The objective of this study, which is part of the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes-2 (RECCAP2) project, is to estimate the country-specific GHGs budget (sources and sinks) for the South Asia (SA) region for the 2010s. The region comprises seven countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Each country in the region is experiencing rapid changes due to the continuous development of agriculture, deforestation, reforestation, afforestation, and the increased demand for land for people to live in. In this study, we synthesize top-down (TD) and bottom-up (BU) model results and ground-based and other data sets to estimate the GHG emissions for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) due to anthropogenic and natural biospheric activities. Major contributing factors include net biome productivity, fossil fuel emissions, inland waters, and wetland and wet/dry soils. Our study shows that the SA region was the net source of atmospheric CO2 for the 2010s. BU estimates for CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions were 1974, 1047, and 715 Tg CO2eq, and TD estimates were 2010, 1247, and 799 Tg CO2 eq. The total GHG emission for the region based on BP and TD were 3736 and 4056 Tg CO2 eq. Among SA countries, India was the most significant contributor to the total GHG emission.
Intermittent magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail
Authors: Norgren Cecilia , Kwagala Norah , Hesse Michael , Phan Tai , Khotyaintsev Yuri
Published: February 2023

We report an event of intermittent reconnection from the terrestrial magnetotail observed by the Magnetospheric MultiScale mission. First, magnetic reconnection is active, inferred from a field-aligned off-equatorial plasma jet. Over 40 seconds, this jet is replaced by a quiet time interval with dusk-ward diamagnetic ion flow carried by a hot population that persists for about two minutes. During this interval, we observe signs of current sheet thickening followed by thinning. The change in the dawn-dusk current associated with the inferred thickening is provided by changes in the electron flux, and we argue this is a result of momentum conservation. Thereafter, we observe an equatorial jet of hot plasma that gradually builds up before the spacecraft encounter a dipolarization front about 20 seconds later. This first dipolarization front is associated with a transition from a hot pre-existing plasma sheet, to colder plasma of lobe origin. This event showcases behavior during intermittent magnetic reconnection and may help us understand the spatiotemporal evolution of reconnecting regions.
Opening the biogeochemistry black box of small urban ponds
Authors: Lusk Mary
Published: February 2023

There are over 76,000 stormwater ponds in Florida, USA, forming 2.7% of total urban land cover in the state. While stormwater ponds are constructed primarily for flood control, they are often expected to perform some level of pollutant removal as well. Urban runoff conveyed to stormwater ponds contains numerous pollutants, including sediments, nutrients, dissolved organic matter, pathogens, and heavy metals. Biogeochemical processes within stormwater ponds play a large role in how these pollutants are stored, transformed, and/or removed. This presentation discusses recent work on transformations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon in small urban ponds, with emphasis on implications for how these ponds can be better managed for protection of downstream waterbodies. Example studies that will be highlighted include research on the molecular characterization and bioavailability of dissolved organic nitrogen in stormwater ponds, research on the utilization of dissolved organic nutrients in stormwater ponds by the harmful algal species Karenia brevis, and a study investigating carbon storage and greenhouse gas emissions from small urban ponds. ​
Direct Observations of the Momentum Flux in the Surfzone
Authors: Potter Henry
Published: February 2023

The accuracy of weather and climate models depends on reliable quantification of air-sea momentum transfer. While decades of research has led to significant improvements to momentum flux parameterization, even the most robust models are developed from open-ocean measurements where conditions are spatially uniform and similarity theory generally applies. Nearshore, wave shoaling and breaking, varying wind-swell incidence angles, complex currents patterns, rapid bathymetric changes, and shore-side topographic features all contrast open-ocean homogeneity meaning flux parameterizations are less effective. Therefore, there is a critical need to identify and systematically quantify the impact of coastal processes and features on the momentum flux. To this end, we deployed a suite of sonic anemometers outside the surfzone and onshore at the Army Corp Field Research Facility (FRF) in Duck, North Carolina, USA. Complimented by FRF’s extensive metocean observational network, we used our data to study the horizontal and vertical momentum flux variability with to understanding how transient nearshore processes and flux footprints alter the flux. This presentation will focus on the surfzone momentum flux as observed during a strong storm and compare it to the flux collect further offshore.