bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the adaptive potential of the European eel: is the immunogenetic status recovering?
Authors: Baltazar-Soares Miguel , Bracamonte Seraina E. , Bayer Till , Chain Frédéric J.J. , Hanel Reinhold , Harrod Chris , Eizaguirre Christophe
Published: April 2016

The recent increased integration of evolutionary theory into conservation programs has greatly improved our ability to protect endangered species. A common application of such theory links population dynamics and indices of genetic diversity, usually estimated from neutrally evolving markers. However, some studies have suggested that highly polymorphic adaptive genes, such as the immune genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), might be more sensitive to fluctuations in population dynamics. As such, the combination of neutrally- and adaptively-evolving genes may be informative in populations where reductions in abundance have been documented. The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) underwent a drastic and well-reported decline in abundance in the late 20th century and still displays low recruitment. Here we compared genetic diversity indices estimated from neutral (mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites) and adaptive markers (MHC) between two distinct generations of European eels. Our results revealed a clear discrepancy between signatures obtained for each class of markers. Although mtDNA and microsatellites showed no changes in diversity between the older and the younger generations, MHC diversity revealed a contemporary drop followed by a recent increase. Our results suggest ongoing gain of MHC genetic diversity resulting from the interplay between drift and selection and ultimately increasing the adaptive potential of the species.
Autophagy downregulation contributes to insulin resistance mediated injury in insulin receptor knockout podocytesin vitro
Authors: Xu Ying , Zhou Qi , Xin Wei , Li Zhaoping , Chen Liyong , Wan Qiang
Published: April 2016

It is unknown whether autophagy activity is altered in insulin resistant podocytes and whether autophagy could be a therapeutic target for diabetic nephropathy (DN). Here we used shRNA transfection to knockdown the insulin receptor (IR) gene in cultured human immortalized podocytes as anin vitroinsulin resistant model. Autophagy related proteins LC3, Beclin, and p62 as well as nephrin, a podocyte injury marker, were assessed using western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Our results show that autophagy is suppressed when podocytes lose insulin sensitivity and that treatment of rapamycin, an mTOR specific inhibitor, could attenuate insulin resistance induced podocytes injury via autophagy activation. The present study deepens our understanding of the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of DN.
Involvement of the arachidonic acid cytochrome P450 epoxygenase pathway in the proliferation and invasion of human multiple myeloma cells
Authors: Shao Jing , Wang Hongxiang , Yuan Guolin , Chen Zhichao , Li Qiubai
Published: April 2016

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases and the metabolites epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) exert multiple biological effects in various malignancies. We have previously found EETs to be secreted by multiple myeloma (MM) cells and to be involved in MM angiogenesis, but the role of the arachidonic acid cytochrome P450 epoxygenase pathway in the proliferation and mobility of MM cells remains unknown. In the present study, we found that MM cell lines generated detectable levels of 11,12-EET/14,15-EET and that increased levels of EETs were found in the serum of MM patients compared to healthy donors. The addition of exogenous EETs induced significantly enhanced proliferation of MM cells, whereas 17-octadecynoic acid (17-ODYA), an inhibitor of the CYP epoxygenase pathway, inhibited the viability and proliferation of MM cells. Moreover, this inhibitory effect could be successfully reversed by exogenous EETs. 17-ODYA also inhibited the motility of MM cells in a time-dependent manner, with a reduction of the gelatinolytic activity and protein expression of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. These results suggest the CYP epoxygenase pathway to be involved in the proliferation and invasion of MM cells, for which 17-ODYA could be a promising therapeutic drug.
Pharmacy Benefit Manager Market Concentration for Prescriptions Filled at US Retail Pharmacies
Authors: Qato Dima M. , Chen Yugen , Van Nuys Karen
Published: September 2024

This study analyzes pharmacy benefit manager market concentration for commercial insurance, Medicare Part D, and Medicaid managed care in the US.
Multifunctional Silver‐Enzyme Nanogels Assembly with Efficient Trienzyme Cascades for Synergistic Diabetic Wound Healing
Authors: Ma Yedong , Lai Xiyu , Luo Xi , Luo Zheng , Mao Liuzhou , Zhu Houjuan , Fan Xiaotong , Kong Junhua , Wu Yun‐Long , Li Zibiao , He Chaobin
Published: September 2024

Diabetic wound healing presents a persistent clinical challenge, often characterized by prolonged healing times, and can be particularly difficult to achieve in a hyperglycemic environment. In this study, a multi‐functional silver‐enzyme nanogels assembly (Ag‐nGHC) is designed by focusing on the complex diabetic wound environment. Glucose oxidase (GOX), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and catalase (CAT) are modified within polymeric nanogel layers and assembled into a large enzyme cluster with silver ions. The close attachment of three enzymes ensures fast and continuous consumption of a high level of glucose, generation of oxygen, and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) around the wound site. Meanwhile, the silver ions within the Ag‐nGHC assembly act as an effective agent to kill bacteria. This cascade enzyme system significantly improves the microenvironment of the wound site by reducing bacterium infection and alleviating hypoxia as well as hyperglycemia. Sequentially, the improved environment facilitates the later processes including anti‐inflammatory, re‐epithelialization, and angiogenesis, evidenced by enhancing polarization toward M2 macrophages and increasing CD31 signals in this study. Overall, the Ag‐nGHC materials are proven to achieve multifunctional properties toward complicated diabetic wound healing processes (attributes such as adaptability, hypoxia‐alleviated, anti‐hyperglycemic, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, and angiogenic) and showed great potential for the treatment of chronic diabetic wound.
Soft Multimodal Sensors with Decoupled Multimodality and Minimal Wiring for Wearable Systems
Authors: Lee Dongyoung , Bae Joonbum
Published: September 2024

Soft multimodal sensors represent a promising approach for applications in wearable systems and skin‐adhesive devices, benefiting from their flexibility and body compatibility. However, the complexity of sensor wiring design poses challenges while employing multimodal decoupling. Although recent studies have applied various methods, such as adjusting the electrical properties of materials, these methods encounter limitations in signal decoupling when multichannel measurements are implemented. In this study, a signal measurement method utilizing frequency response analysis is developed using a multi‐band band‐stop filter (MBBSF) for multiple multimodal sensors. This approach enables the decoupling of different types of sensors and allows for the simultaneous collection of sensor data through a two‐wire connection. Consequently, it facilitates the concurrent and independent real‐time assessment of strain and force in each sensor. A sensor glove is developed incorporating multiple multimodal sensors with a two‐wire connection to measure grip posture and force. This glove is used effectively to classify unknown objects, thereby demonstrating its practical utility. This practical application provides a promising solution to the complex wiring challenges commonly encountered in multi‐modal sensor wearable systems.
Dual‐Mode Bionic Visual–Olfactory Co‐Sensory for On‐Site Biogenic Amines Recognition and Food Freshness Prediction
Authors: Maimaiti Alituniguli , Zhu Kai , Yan Bing
Published: September 2024

The thriving of high‐performance artificial synaptic neuromorphic platforms poses a significant challenge for creating bionic sensors that can integrate multi‐sensory information. For the purpose of realizing this objective, promising bionic visual‐olfactory co‐sensory artificial synaptic devices are developed based on a hydrogen‐bonded organic framework (Eu@HOF‐12). This probe is capable of dual‐emissive‐responsive to biogenic amines (BAs), which are essential indicators for the evaluation of food freshness. Importantly, it demonstrates outstanding advantages, including high sensitivity, ultrafast responses (<6 s), and practicability of recyclability, which can be combined with smartphones for on‐site BAs detection via the colorimetric and ratiometric hydrogel sensor. Besides, a bionic visual‐olfactory co‐sensory based on the human‐computer interaction platform is constructed, which can realize the identification of five types of BAs with high precision through the specific odor fingerprint. Meanwhile, a logic device is utilized for the rapid identification of food freshness considering the hydrogel sensor's dual‐mode responses to BAs. Overall, this research develops an odor visualization strategy that enables on‐site, real‐time, and sensitive monitoring of food quality assessment. In addition, a quantitative assessment system is designed for fast, damage‐free, and accurate assessment of food freshness, ultimately reducing food waste and generating significant economic value.
In Situ Growth of Suspended Zirconene Islets Inside Graphene Pores
Authors: Mendes Rafael G. , Ta Huy Quang , Gemming Thomas , van Gog Heleen , van Huis Marijn A. , Bachmatiuk Alicja , Rümmeli Mark H.
Published: September 2024

Experiments using a transmission electron microscope decomposed zirconium acetylacetonate with an electron beam, forming zirconium nanoparticles on graphene. Continued electron irradiation transformed these nanoparticles into atomically thick zirconium islets (zirconene islets) within the graphene lattice. The electron beam caused zirconium atom dislocations and vacancies that are rapidly refilled, a process repeating until the vacancies evolved into zirconium nanoribbons before breaking. This study offers insights into the electron‐driven growth and degradation of zirconene islets, showcasing a method to fabricate freestanding zirconenes for use as atomically thin coatings in extreme environments.
Tough Cortical Bone‐Inspired Tubular Architected Cement‐Based Material with Disorder
Authors: Gupta Shashank , Moini Reza
Published: September 2024

Cortical bone is a tough biological material composed of tube‐like osteons embedded in the organic matrix surrounded by weak interfaces known as cement lines. The cement lines provide a microstructurally preferable crack path, hence triggering in‐plane crack deflection around osteons due to cement line‐crack interaction. Inspired by this toughening mechanism and facilitated by a hybrid (3D‐printing/casting) process, the study engineers architected tubular cement‐based materials with the stepwise cracking toughening mechanism, that enables a non‐brittle fracture. Using experimental and theoretical approaches, the study demonstrates the competition between tube size and shape on stress intensity factor from which engineering stepwise cracking can emerge. Two competing mechanisms, both positively and negatively affected by the growing tube size, arise to significantly enhance the overall fracture toughness by up to 5.6‐fold compared to the monolithic brittle counterpart without sacrificing the specific strength. This is enabled by crack‐tube interaction and engineering the tube size, shape, and orientation, which promotes rising resistance‐curves (R‐curve). “Disorder” curves and statistical mechanics parameters are proposed for the first time to quantitatively characterize the degree of disorder for describing the representation of the architected arrangement of materials in lieu of otherwise inadequate “periodicity” classification and misperceived disorder parameters (perturbation and Voronoi tessellation methods).
High‐Capacity Zinc Anode Enabled by a Recyclable Biomass Bamboo Membrane Separator
Authors: Ma Jianfeng , Shi Xin , Wang Zhihui , Zhou Lijun , Liu Xinge , Lu Xihong , Jiang Zehui
Published: September 2024

Aqueous zinc ion batteries have gained attention as viable energy storage systems, yet the occurrence of detrimental side reactions and Zn dendrite formation undermines the efficiency of Zn anodes. Controlling water activity have proven to be an effective strategy in mitigating these challenges. However, strategies such as electrolyte design and electrode protection layer show weakness to varying degrees. Here, a new oxygen‐functionalized biomass bamboo membrane separator (denoted as BM) is proposed to restrain the activity of water molecules. This BM separator features a unique, multi‐tiered 2D interlayer that facilitates rapid ion diffusion. Additionally, the oxygen functional groups of the BM separator can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, effectively transforming water molecules from a free state to a bound state. Consequently, the Zn/Zn asymmetric coin cell using BM can work at the ultrahigh rate and capacity of 30 mA cm−2 and 30 mAh cm−2 for more than 80 h while its counterparts using glass fiber can barely work. Moreover, full cells using BM separator exhibited a capacity retention of 89.7% after 1000 cycles at 10 A g−1. This study reveals the important influence of water‐limited activity on Zn anode protection and provides an avenue for the design of novel separator.
Flexible Artificial Tactility with Excellent Robustness and Temperature Tolerance Based on Organohydrogel Sensor Array for Robot Motion Detection and Object Shape Recognition
Authors: Chen Guoqi , Zhang Yunting , Li Shengnan , Zheng Jingxia , Yang Hailong , Ren Jiayuan , Zhu Chanjie , Zhou Yecheng , Chen Yongming , Fu Jun
Published: September 2024

Hydrogel‐based flexible artificial tactility is equipped to intelligent robots to mimic human mechanosensory perception. However, it remains a great challenge for hydrogel sensors to maintain flexibility and sensory performances during cyclic loadings at high or low temperatures due to water loss or freezing. Here, a flexible robot tactility is developed with high robustness based on organohydrogel sensor arrays with negligent hysteresis and temperature tolerance. Conductive polyaniline chains are interpenetrated through a poly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) network with glycerin/water mixture with interchain electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds, yielding a high dissipated energy of 1.58 MJ m−3, and ultralow hysteresis during 1000 cyclic loadings. Moreover, the binary solvent provides the gels with outstanding tolerance from −100 to 60 °C and the organohydrogel sensors remain flexible, fatigue resistant, conductive (0.27 S m−1), highly strain sensitive (GF of 3.88) and pressure sensitive (35.8 MPa−1). The organohydrogel sensor arrays are equipped on manipulator finger dorsa and pads to simultaneously monitor the finger motions and detect the pressure distribution exerted by grasped objects. A machine learning model is used to train the system to recognize the shape of grasped objects with 100% accuracy. The flexible robot tactility based on organohydrogels is promising for novel intelligent robots.
Metastable CoCu2O3 Nanocrystals from Combustion‐Aerosols for Molecular Sensing and Catalysis
Authors: D'Andria Matteo , Elias Abi‐Ramia Silva Tiago , Consogno Edoardo , Krumeich Frank , Güntner Andreas T.
Published: September 2024

Metastable nanostructures are kinetically trapped in local energy minima featuring intriguing surface and material properties. To unleash their potential, there is a need for non‐equilibrium processes capable of stabilizing a large range of crystal phases outside thermodynamic equilibrium conditions by closely and flexibly controlling atomic reactant composition, spatial temperature distribution and residence time. Here, the capture of metastable pseudo‐binary metal oxides at room temperature is demonstrated with scalable combustion‐aerosol processes. By a combination of X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy and on‐line flame characterization, the occurrence of metastable CoCu2O3 is investigated with controlled crystal size (4–16 nm) over thermodynamically stable CuO and Co3O4. Immediate practical impact is demonstrated by exceptional sensing and stable catalytic performance for air pollutant detection (e.g., 15 parts‐per‐billion benzene) shown for, at least, 21 days. This approach can be extended to various binary, ternary and high entropy oxides with even more components. Also, secondary phases can be loaded on such metastable nanocrystals to access novel materials promising for actuators, energy storage or solar cells.
Engineered Nanoparticles for Enhanced Antitumoral Synergy Between Macrophages and T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Moon Sangjun , Jung Mungyo , Go Seokhyeong , Hong Jihye , Sohn Hee Su , Kim Cheesue , Kang Mikyung , Lee Byung Joon , Kim Jungwoo , Lim Jinwoong , Kim Byung‐Soo
Published: September 2024

T cells and macrophages have the potential to collaborate to eliminate tumor cells efficiently. Macrophages can eliminate tumor cells through phagocytosis and subsequently activate T cells by presenting tumor antigens. The activated T cells, in turn, can kill tumor cells and redirect tumor‐associated macrophages toward an antitumoral M1 phenotype. However, checkpoint molecules expressed on tumor cells impede the collaborative action of these immune cells. Meanwhile, monotherapy with a single immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) for either macrophages or T cells yields suboptimal efficacy in cancer patients. To address this challenge, here a nanoparticle capable of efficiently delivering dual ICIs to tumors for both macrophages and T cells is developed. These programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1)‐transfected macrophage membrane‐derived nanoparticles (PMMNPs) can target tumors and provide signal‐regulatory protein alpha and PD‐1 to block CD47 and programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1), respectively, on tumor cells. PMMNPs enhance macrophage‐mediated cancer cell phagocytosis and antigen presentation, promote T cell activation, and induce the reprogramming of macrophages toward an antitumoral phenotype. In syngeneic tumor‐bearing mice, PMMNPs demonstrate superior therapeutic efficacy compared to nanoparticles delivering single ICIs and non‐targeted delivery of anti‐CD47 and anti‐PD‐L1 antibodies. PMMNPs capable of augmenting the antitumoral interplay between macrophages and T cells may offer a promising avenue for cancer immunotherapy.
Sb2Te3–Bi2Te3 Direct Photo–Thermoelectric Mid‐Infrared Detection
Authors: Wredh Simon , Dai Mingjin , Hamada Kenta , Rahman Md Abdur , Adanan Nur Qalishah , Zamiri Golnoush , Wu Qing Yang Steve , Zhai Wenhao , Mun Nancy Wong Lai , Dong Zhaogang , Kubo Wakana , Wang Qi Jie , Yang Joel K.W. , Simpson Robert E.
Published: September 2024

A compact and responsive thermoelectric photodetector is introduced for the mid‐infrared. By resonantly coupling mid‐infrared light to a Sb2Te3‐Bi2Te3 thermoelectric junction, a thermocouple is formed that is directly heated by narrow‐band mid‐infrared radiation. Near‐perfect absorption is achieved at this hot junction through the resonantly enhanced coupling of light to free‐electrons in the Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 materials. The fabricated devices operate at 3.6 µm and demonstrate a responsivity of 10.2 V W−1, a specific detectivity of 4.6  × 106 cm Hz1/2 W−1, and a bandwidth in the order of 1 kHz. The optimal detection wavelength can be spectrally tuned by changing the resonant cavity dimensions. This work shows a path toward miniaturized mid‐infrared detectors and spectrometers with high sensitivity, responsivity, and bandwidth. Importantly, the device presented here is ideal for industrial production, which it is hoped will provide wider access to mid‐infrared technologies for chemical sensing, medicine, and security.
Flexible Near‐Infrared Organic Photodetectors With Ultralow Dark Current by Layer‐by‐Layer Blade Coating
Authors: Zhang Yingze , Chen Wenliang , Miao Junhui , Liu Jun , Wang Lixiang
Published: September 2024

Near‐infrared organic photodetector (NIR OPD) is promising for emerging wearable biosensing applications. However, their practical application is hindered by the high dark currents of devices that limit the detection of faint light. In this work, highly sensitive flexible NIR OPDs are presented with ultralow dark currents, fabricated using a layer‐by‐layer blade coating (LBL‐BC) technique. In the active layer, a fully fused‐ring molecule FM2, featuring a fixed molecular skeleton, is employed as an electron acceptor to reduce the trap density. The LBL‐BC method enhances the film order and phase purity of the active layer, significantly reduces the trap density of states, and optimizes the vertical phase separation structure of the thin film, thereby preventing reverse charge injection. As a result, a highly sensitive flexible NIR OPD is developed exhibiting an ultralow dark current density of 4.83 × 10−9 A cm−2 at −0.3 V bias and an extremely low noise current density of 7.65 × 10−15 A Hz−1/2 at 10 Hz, comparable to commercial silicon photodiodes. Furthermore, this flexible device is successfully applied for real‐time monitoring of human heartbeat rate, oxygen saturation, and motion recognition. These findings advance the development of highly sensitive NIR OPDs and their application in wearable biosensing technologies.
Hypervalent Iodine‐Mediated Regioselective Dearomatization of Non‐Activated Arenes
Authors: Wang Yang , Yin Ji‐Chen , Zhang Yu‐Wei , Zhang Yuzhe , Shi Feng
Published: September 2024

The dearomatizations of non‐activated arenes, particularly those under mild reaction conditions, are highly desired transformations in organic synthesis due to their power in converting flat aromatic rings into three‐dimensional frameworks. Although hypervalent iodine (HVI)‐mediated dearomatization of phenol derivatives has developed rapidly, HVI‐mediated dearomatization of non‐activated arenes remains an urgent and challenging task. To fulfil this task, in this work, we established an HVI‐mediated oxidative dearomatization of non‐activated arenes by using biphenylureas and N‐ or O‐nucleophiles as reactants. This electrophilic dearomatization (DEAr) process is highly regioselective, which enabled different N‐ and O‐nucleophiles to react at the distal C4‐position of the phenyl ring, thus generating dearomative spiro‐products in a single step under mild conditions with wide substrate scope (43 examples, 22%–76% yield). This approach not only provides a successful example for dearomatization of non‐activated arenes under mild reaction conditions, but also has overcome the challenges in HVI‐mediated dearomatization of non‐activated arenes, which will enrich the chemistry of dearomatization.
Device Simulation of 25.9% Efficient ZnOxNy${\rm ZnO}_x{\rm N}_y$/Si Tandem Solar Cell
Authors: Bergsbak Ingvild , Nordseth Ørnulf , Saxegaard Kjetil K. , Olsen Vegard S. , von Wenckstern Holger , Bergum Kristin
Published: September 2024

The novel, high electron mobility material has been investigated theoretically as an absorber in a two‐terminal tandem solar cell. In addition to its high mobility, can attain sufficiently low carrier concentration to enable ‐junctions, and has a tunable bandgap around the 1.7 eV range. It is therefore suitable for pairing with a Si‐based bottom cell. In addition to the layer, the tandem cell consists of a emitter and a Si heterojunction bottom cell. A buffer layer is introduced between the emitter and absorber in the top cell to mediate a large valence band offset that resulted in a poor fill factor, . A buffer layer bandgap of 1.5 eV gave the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE). The objective is to estimate the optimal performance of in a tandem solar cell. The dependence of current–voltage (–) characteristics on thickness, mobility and carrier concentration in the layer is evaluated, and found to yield maximum performance with 0.35 , 250 Vs–1 and , respectively. Using these conditions, the – parameters of the device under AM1.5 illumination are short circuit current density, mA , open circuit voltage, V, and . With this, it is reported on, to the best of the knowledge, the first device simulation based on .
A Detailed First‐Principles Study of the Structural, Elastic, Thermomechanical, and Optoelectronic Properties of Binary Rare‐Earth Tritelluride NdTe3
Authors: Chowdhury Tanbin , Rano B. Rahman , Syed Ishtiaque M. , Naqib S. H.
Published: September 2024

Rare‐earth tritellurides (RTe3) are popular for their charge density wave (CDW) phase, magnetotransport properties, and pressure‐induced superconducting state among other features. In this literature, Density functional theory is exploited to study various properties of NdTe3. The calculated elastic and thermomechanical parameters, which are hitherto untouched for any RTe3, uncover soft, ductile, highly machinable, and damage‐tolerant characteristics, as well as highly anisotropic mechanical behavior of this layered compound. Its thermomechanical properties make it a prospective thermal barrier coating material. Band structure, density of states, Fermi surfaces, and various optical functions of the material are reported. The band structure demonstrates highly directional metallic nature. The highly dispersive bands indicate very low effective charge carrier mass for the in‐plane directions. The Fermi surfaces display symmetric pockets, including signs of nesting, bilayer splitting among others, corroborating previous works. The optical spectra expose high reflectivity across the visible region, while absorption is high in the ultraviolet region. Two plasma frequencies are noticed in the optical loss function. The optical conductivity, reflectivity, and absorption reaffirm its metallic properties. The electronic band structure manifests evidence of CDW phase in the ground state.
Signal Components and Impedance Spectroscopy of Potential p‐Si/n‐CdS/ALD‐ZnO Solar Cells: EIS and SCAPS‐1D Treatments
Authors: Sharma Atish Kumar , Srivastava Ankita , Jha Prakash Kumar , Sangani Keyur , Chourasia Nitesh K. , Chourasia Ritesh Kumar
Published: September 2024

A silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cell with the attractive and widely used atomic layer deposited (ALD)‐ZnO/n‐CdS/p‐Si configuration is examined in this work to learn more about its electrical properties. Using EIS and SCAPS‐1D, a comprehensive model of the device is created and then simulated. Theoretical aspects of the cell are examined through the use of similar electrical circuit models, focusing on the transmittance spectrum made possible by the ALD‐ZnO layer's low reflectance and high visible transmittance. In this study, the C–V tool is used to study the trap states in the silicon absorber layer under different lighting conditions and wavelengths. The doping concentration and built‐in potential are determined using the Mott–Schottky technique. In addition, the cell's properties are investigated by measuring its G–V, G–F, C–T, and C–F in different real‐world scenarios. As a means of visualizing the electrochemical impedance data, Nyquist plots—sometimes called Cole–Cole plots—are utilized. By utilizing absolute impedance and phase shifts, Bode plots are employed to examine the system's frequency response. Last, the results of the SHJ cell's spectral response measurements are given, which confirm the results of the Nyquist plots.
Optical Conductivity and Photo‐Induced Polaronic Formation in Co2MnGa Topological Semimetal
Authors: Tomarchio Luca , Macis Salvatore , Mou Sen , Mosesso Lorenzo , Markou Anastasios , Lesne Edouard , Felser Claudia , Lupi Stefano
Published: September 2024

Topological materials occupy an important place in the quantum materials family due to their peculiar low‐energy electrodynamics, hosting emergent magneto‐electrical, and nonlinear optical responses. This manuscript reports on the optical responses for the magnetic topological nodal semimetal Co2MnGa, studied in a thin film geometry at various thicknesses. The thickness‐dependent optical conductivity is investigated, observing a substantial dependence of the electronic band structure on thickness. Additionally, details on the ultrafast response of the low energy excitations in the terahertz frequency are reported by employing optical pump‐terahertz probe (OPTP) spectroscopy. In particular, the photocarrier dynamics of Co2MnGa thin films is studied at varying pump fluence, pump wavelength, and film thickness, observing a negative THz photoconductivity which is assigned to a dynamical formation of large polarons in the material.
A Sulfide‐Based Solid Electrolyte With High Humid Air Tolerance for Long Lifespan All‐Solid‐State Sodium Batteries
Authors: Guo Yayu , Liu Kai , Li Cheng , Song Dawei , Zhang Hongzhou , Wang Zhenyu , Yan Yufen , Zhang Lianqi , Dai Sheng
Published: September 2024

Sulfide‐based superionic conductors present great promise to achieve high energy density and safety for all‐solid‐state sodium batteries (ASSSBs). However, the poor electrolyte/electrode interface compatibility and humid air stability seriously hinder their deployment in ASSSBs. Herein, a series of high‐performance Na3‐□Sb1‐4x(SnWCaTi)xS4 sulfide‐based solid electrolytes (SSEs) are reported by coupling the vacancy effect with configurational entropy, which displays an excellent interface stability against sodium metal and an extraordinary tolerance toward the moist atmosphere, even for water. The optimized electrolyte effectively inhibits the detrimental mixed ion‐electron conducting interphase formation, achieving the ultra‐stable operation of Na–Na symmetric cell up to 1000 h. Furthermore, the Na+ diffusion kinetics is obviously enhanced by increasing the Na sites local anisotropy and Na vacancies. Eventually, the assembled TiS2//Na5Sn ASSSBs deliver a remarkable reversible capacity of 211.6 mAh g−1 at 0.5C with a long‐term cycling performance of 450 cycles at room temperature. More importantly, it achieves a steady running up to 100 cycles at 1C even if this electrolyte is placed in the air with a dew temperature of 13.8 °C for 30 min, the highest values in the state‐of‐the‐art sulfide‐based ASSSBs. The well‐designed SSEs open a new avenue for realizing the advanced and powerful ASSSBs.
Aggregation‐based dual‐target probe for dual‐colour super‐resolution monitoring mitophagy and evaluating drugs regulating mitochondria
Authors: Yang Xiu‐Zhi , Fang Hongbao , Li Shumeng , Chu Chengyan , Zhang Yunhua , Yang Ying , He Weijiang , Chen Yuncong , Guo Zijian
Published: September 2024

Developing single fluorescent probe for simultaneously visualizing mitophagy flux and oxidative stress with super‐resolution is highly demanded yet quite challenging. Herein, a ratiometric HClO probe AHOH is designed and synthesized which is capable of simultaneously staining lysosomes and mitochondria with red and green colour, respectively. AHOH could be selectivity oxidized by HClO, leading to a large emission blue shift (90 nm) and an over 1300‐fold enhancement of the emission ratio of Fl547nm/Fl637nm. We apply AHOH in super‐resolution microscopy and clearly visualize the dynamics of mitochondria–lysosomes interactions and the oxidative stress states upon different stimuli. Mitochondria dysfunction triggered by different drugs and genetic defect lead to elevated oxidative stress and higher levels of mitophagy. Moreover, AHOH could serve as a reliable tool for evaluating the efficacy of drugs regulating mitochondria dysfunction. This work provides a powerful dual‐colour super‐resolution imaging agent for real‐time monitoring the dynamics of organelle interactions and oxidative stress.
A Microrobotic Design for the Spontaneous Tracing of Isochemical Contours in the Environment
Authors: Brooks A. Merritt , Yang Sungyun , Kang Byung Ha , Strano Michael S.
Published: September 2024

Microrobotic platforms hold significant potential to advance a variety of fields, from medicine to environmental sensing. Herein, minimally functional robotic entities modeled on readily achievable state‐of‐the‐art features in a modern lab or cleanroom are computationally simulated. Inspired by Dou and Bishop (Phys Rev Res. 2019;1(3):1–5), it is shown that the simple combination of unidirectional steering connected to a single environmental (chemical) sensor along with constant propulsion gives rise to highly complex functions of significant utility. Such systems can trace the contours orthogonal to arbitrary chemical gradients in the environment. Also, pairs of such robots that are additionally capable of emitting the same chemical signal are shown to exhibit coupled relative motion. When the pair has unidirectional steering in opposite directions within the 2D plane (i.e., counter‐rotating), they move in parallel trajectories to each other. Alternatively, when steering is in the same direction (corotation), the two move in the same epicyclical trajectory. In this way, the chirality of the unidirectional steering produces two distinct emergent phenomena. The behavior is understood as a ratchet mechanism that exploits the differential in the radii of curvature corresponding to different spatial locations. Applications to environmental detection, remediation, and monitoring are discussed.
Review of Human–Robot Collaboration in Robotic Surgery
Authors: Wan Qianyi , Shi Yudong , Xiao Xilin , Li Xiaojian , Mo Hangjie
Published: September 2024

Human–robot collaboration (HRC) technology has emerged as a pivotal innovation in robotic surgery, significantly augmenting surgeons’ capabilities and enhancing the precision, safety, and efficacy of surgical procedures. This technology has been widely adopted across various surgical disciplines, including general surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, urology, and neurosurgery. By classifying HRC technology into three interactive modes based on the level of autonomy in robot‐assisted minimally invasive surgery, key technologies in imaging perception, force sensing, and human–robot interaction control methods are thoroughly explored. In this review, a comprehensive and up‐to‐date overview of advancements in HRC technology within surgical robotics is provided. Additionally, this review delves into the challenges and safety concerns associated with employing robotic systems in surgery, highlighting areas for improvement and innovation. Finally, a forward‐looking perspective on trends in HRC technology is presented, offering insights into how emerging innovations are set to enhance and transform surgical practices.
Secular Changes in Growth in the Maya Village of Yalcoba: 1986–2023
Authors: Azcorra Hugo , Salazar‐Rendón Juan Carlos , Aelion C. Marjorie , Leatherman Thomas
Published: September 2024

Objective

To analyze the changes in children's height, weight, BMI and rates of stunting and overweight and obesity over three periods: 1986–1987, 1996–1998, and 2023 for the community of Yalcoba in the Yucatan Peninsula.

Material and Methods

Four hundred forty (6‐to‐15 years) children measured in 2023 were compared with data obtained in 1986–1987 (n = 675) and 1996–1998 (n = 628). Z‐scores of height and BMI were calculated to estimate percentages of stunting and high BMI‐for‐age (overweight and obesity). Comparisons of anthropometric parameters by sex and age groups between years of measurement were performed through one way ANOVAs.

Results

Differences in anthropometric parameters were significant in all age groups of both sexes. Boys measured in 2023 were, on average, 6.4 and 3.3 cm taller than boys measured in the 1980s and 1990s, respectively. Increases in girls were 12 and 7.3 cm, respectively. Average increases in weight of boys measured in 2023 were 7.9 kg compared to the 1980s and 5.8 kg compared to 1990s. Average increases in girls measured in 2023 were 11.3 kg compared to the 1980s, and 7.6 kg compared to the 1990s. Stunting between the 1980s and 1990s decreased by 15 percentage points and between the 1990s and 2023 decreased by 47 percentage points. The percent of children deemed overweight/obese during these periods increased from 8 to 12–50 by 2023.

Conclusion

Results reflect the overall trends seen in the Yucatan where stunting has decreased substantially but the numbers of overweight/obese youths have increased dramatically in the past 30 years.
Variation in Craniodental Pathologies Among Cercopithecoid Primates
Authors: Kirchhoff Claire A. , Cooke Siobhán B. , Gomez Jessica C. , Rex Mitchell D. , Stein Tyler , Terhune Claire E.
Published: September 2024

Pathologies of the skull and teeth are well documented for many human populations, but there are fewer studies of other primates. We contrast lesion prevalence and patterning among cercopithecoid primates and map variation onto socioecological variables. We compare craniodental lesions in six species: Nasalis larvatus (n = 54), Colobus polykomos (n = 64), Cercopithecus mitis (n = 65), Macaca fascicularis (n = 109), Theropithecus gelada (n = 13), and Papio anubis (n = 76). One of us (C.A.K.) evaluated each adult skull for multiple lesion types using standard criteria. We also tested for a relationship between lesion prevalence and cranial suture fusion (age proxy). We used nonparametric tests for sex and species differences as well as pathology co‐occurrence in SPSS. Socioecological data come from previous studies. Sex differences in lesion prevalence were only detected in P. anubis. Within taxa, some lesion types co‐occurred. In Macaca, the presence of caries was associated with several other lesion types. Pulp cavity exposure co‐occurred with TMJ osteoarthritis in multiple taxa. Among taxa, male P. anubis had higher lesion prevalences, particularly related to the anterior dentition and facial trauma. Because we did not detect a relationship between suture fusion and lesion prevalence, we propose that craniodental lesions may also be influenced by socioecological variables such as group composition and ratio of fruit to leaves in the diet. Our findings suggest that pain from pulp cavity exposure and related dental infections may alter chewing biomechanics and contribute to onset of TMJ osteoarthritis in nonhuman primates, as seen in humans. Further, we suggest that higher lesion prevalence in male baboons is likely related to male–male competition. Skeletal lesion analysis provides useful insight into primate socioecology, particularly for rare or difficult‐to‐observe phenomena, and provides additional biological context for our own species.
Lanthanide‐Like Contraction Enables the Fabrication of High‐Purity Selenium Films for Efficient Indoor Photovoltaics
Authors: Lu Wenbo , Li Zongbao , Feng Mingjie , Wei Jinchao , Wen Xin , An Xiaoyan , Wei Zhouqing , Lin Yuan , Hu Jin‐Song , Xue Ding‐Jiang
Published: September 2024

The lanthanide contraction involves a reduction in atomic radius among f‐block elements below the expected level. A similar contraction is observed in group‐16 elements. The atomic radius of Se (117 pm) is slightly larger than that of S (104 pm) arising from the presence of d electrons, compared to the significant increase in atomic radius from O (73 pm) to S. This lanthanide‐like contraction contributes to Se's robust oxidative resistance. Here we report a selective oxidation strategy utilizing Se's strong antioxidative property to remove coexisting narrow‐band gap Te impurities from Se feedstocks. This strategy selectively oxidizes volatile Te impurities into involatile TeO2 that remains in the evaporation source, while only volatile Se deposits onto the substrate during the thermal‐evaporation deposition process. This enables the fabrication of high‐purity Se films possessing a wide band gap of 1.88 eV, ideally suited to the optimal band gap for indoor photovoltaics (IPVs). The resulting Se photovoltaics exhibit an efficiency of 20.1 % under 1000‐lux indoor illumination, outperforming market‐dominant amorphous silicon and all types of lead‐free perovskite IPVs. Unencapsulated Se devices show no efficiency degradation after 20,000 hours of storage in ambient atmosphere.
Diastereoselective and Enantioselective Hydrophosphinylations of Conjugated Enynes, Allenes and Dienes via Synergistic Pd/Co Catalysis
Authors: Tang Ming‐Qiao , Yang Zi‐Jiang , Han Ai‐Jun , He Zhi‐Tao
Published: September 2024

Different from the reported work focusing on the construction of single P‐ or C‐stereocenter via hydrophosphinylation of unsaturated carbon bonds, the highly diastereo‐ and enantioselective hydrophosphinylation reaction of allenes, conjugated enynes and 1,3‐dienes is achieved via a designed Pd/Co dual catalysis and newly modified masked phosphinylating reagent. A series of allyl motifs bearing both a tertiary C‐ and P‐stereocenter are prepared in generally good yields, >20 : 1 dr, >20 : 1 rr and 99 % ee. The unprecedented diastereo‐ and enantioselective hydrophosphinylation of 1,3‐enynes is established to generate skeletons containing both a P‐stereocenter and a nonadjacent chiral axis. The first stereodivergent hydrophosphinylation reaction is also developed to achieve all four P‐containing stereoisomers. The present protocol features the use of only 3‐minutes reaction time and 0.1 % catalyst, and with the observation of up to 730 TON. A set of mechanistic studies reveal the necessity and roles of two metal catalysts and corroborate the designed synergistic process.
Cyclic Acetals as Expanding Monomers to Reduce Shrinkage
Authors: Ricke Alexander , Berk Oskar , Koch Thomas , Liska Robert , Baudis Stefan
Published: September 2024

Polarity‐reversal catalysts (PRCs) for hydrogen‐atom transfer reactions have been known in radical chemistry for more than 60 years but are rarely described and utilized in the field of photopolymerization up to now. Herein, we present the use of thiols in a unique dual function as thiol‐ene click reagents and as polarity‐reversal catalyst (PRC) for the radical‐mediated redox rearrangements of benzylidene acetals. During the rearrangement reaction, cyclic benzylidene acetals are transformed into benzoate esters leading to a significant volumetric expansion to reduce thermoset shrinkage. We were able to show that this expansion on a molecular level reduces shrinkage and polymerization stress but does not significantly affect the (thermo−)mechanical properties of the cross‐linked networks. One of the key advantages of this process lies in its simplicity. No additives like sensitizers or combinations of different initiators (radical and cationic) are needed. Furthermore, the same light source can be used for both the polymerization reaction and expansion through rearrangement. Additionally, the applied photoinitiator enables spatial and temporal control of the polymerization; thus, the developed system can be an excellent platform for additive manufacturing processes.
Preparation and characterization of cardanol based vinyl ester resins as cross‐linker units
Authors: Kinaci Emre , La Scala John J. , Can Erde , Palmese Giuseppe R.
Published: September 2024

In this study, two cardanol based epoxidized resins, NC514 with less than two epoxies per molecule and side chain epoxidized cardanol glycidyl ether (SCECGE) with approximately 2.45 epoxies (1.0 phenolic+1.45 aliphatic epoxies) per molecule were methacrylated. The methacrylated versions of cardanol based NC514 (NC514VE) and SCECGE (SCECGEVE) epoxy resins were used as cross‐linker units in vinyl ester formulations with methacrylated lauric acid (MFA) and styrene (ST) as bio‐based and synthetic based reactive diluents respectively, at various concentrations (10–40 wt%). The curing reactions of the resins were studied via FTIR and the extent of polymerization was determined for different cross‐linker units in the presence of ST and MFA. Our mechanical and thermomechanical characterizations showed that VER formulations prepared with cardanol based SCECGEVE cross‐linker unit have significantly improved properties than the samples prepared with commercially available counterpart NC514VE using either reactive diluent. These properties of SCECGEVE were also comparable with to that of methacrylated petroleum‐based diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A vinyl ester (DGEBAVE) formulations unlike NC514VE formulations due to more effective side chain functionalization and cross‐linking.
Functionalization of poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) and its compatibilizing effect on PBAT/thermoplastic starch blends
Authors: Zhang Guangxiang , Yang Ke , Zheng Songqi , Han Xiangyan , Hu Yuexin , Han Yuanyuan , Zhao Guiyan , Feng Yulin
Published: September 2024

Poly(butylene adipate‐co‐butylene terephthalate) (PBAT)/thermoplastic starch (TPS) blends were prepared by melt blending. However, the processability and practical application of PBAT/TPS blends are limited by their poor compatibility. To enhance the compatibility between PBAT and TPS, PBAT was functionalized by maleic anhydride (MA) to prepare PBAT‐MA, and then it was employed as a compatibilizer for PBAT/PBAT‐MA/TPS blends. The effects of PBAT‐MA on the tensile properties, rheological properties, morphology, and dynamic mechanics of PBAT/PBAT‐MA/TPS blends were studied in detail. Rheological results revealed that the interaction between PBAT‐MA and TPS enhanced the segment entanglement ability and improved the compatibility of the blends, which enhanced the tensile properties of the blends. Compared with the PBAT/PBAT‐MA/TPS (50/0/50) blend, the tensile strength of the PBAT/PBAT‐MA/TPS (40/10/50) blend increased from 9.2 to 15.8 MPa, and the elongation at break increased from 326.9% to 1017.6%. The dynamic mechanical results showed that the Tg of PBAT and TPS were close to each other after the addition of PBAT‐MA, which confirmed that the compatibility of the blend was improved. This study provides a feasible approach to preparing high‐performance and cost‐effective PBAT/PBAT‐MA/TPS blends while expanding the application prospects of PBAT in the packaging industry and agricultural film.
Effect of Alkyl Chain Length on Room‐Temperature Phosphorescent Probes for Mitochondria‐Targeted Imaging
Authors: Cheng Jianshuo , Liu Qingsong , Li Zhongyu , Zhu Liangliang
Published: September 2024

Room temperature phosphorescent (RTP) probes have significant advantages in the field of cellular imaging, as their long lifetimes can prevent interference from the spontaneous fluorescence of organisms. Persulfurated arenes are a typical RTP molecular parent nucleus. However, most of the applied research on them is concentrated in anti‐counterfeiting, and relatively few are applied in bioimaging. The molecular structure and structure‐property relationship of them applied in bioimaging are still in the exploration stage. In this work, we have designed and synthesized a series of RTP probes with long alkyl chains, all of which can be targeted to mitochondria with good water solubility for mitochondria‐targeted imaging. Further, we investigated the effect of alkyl chains on the luminescence properties of these probes, and found that the moderate length of alkyl chains can realize the enhancement of phosphorescence intensity. We believe this finding is of guiding significance for the design of molecular structures in the field of RTP probes.