bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Self-Propelled Linear Piezoelectric Micro-Actuator Inspired by the Movement Patterns of Aquatic Beetles
Authors: Wang Xinjie , Wang Gen
Published: September 2024

The locomotion mechanisms and structural characteristics of insects in nature offer new perspectives and solutions for designing miniature actuators. Inspired by the underwater movement of aquatic beetles, this paper presents a bidirectional self-propelled linear piezoelectric micro-actuator (SLPMA), whose maximum size in three dimensions is currently recognized as the smallest known of the self-propelled piezoelectric linear micro-actuators. Through the superposition of two bending vibration modes, the proposed actuator generates an elliptical motion trajectory at its driving feet. The size was determined as 15 mm × 12.8 mm × 5 mm after finite element analysis (FEA) through modal and transient simulations. A mathematical model was established to analyze and validate the feasibility of the proposed design. Finally, a prototype was fabricated, and an experimental platform was constructed to test the driving characteristics of the SLPMA. The experimental results showed that the maximum no-load velocity and maximum carrying load of the prototype in the forward motion were 17.3 mm/s and 14.8 mN, respectively, while those in the backward motion were 20.5 mm/s and 15.9 mN, respectively.
Design and Manufacture of 30-Degree Projection Lens for Augmented Reality Waveguide
Authors: Sun Wen-Shing , Hsu Ying-Shun , Tien Chuen-Lin , Lin Wen-Kai , Su Yi-Lun , Yu Jun-Yi , Zhou Shao-Kui , Liang Yuan-Yan , Tsai Wan-Pin , Sun Chi , Lee Tsung-Xian , Su Wei-Chia , Lin Shiuan-Huei , Sun Ching-Cherng
Published: September 2024

A projection lens with a 30-degree field of view is developed for use in augmented reality (AR) glasses, including a waveguide combiner designed for a 0.35-inch LCoS panel. The entrance pupil diameter of the lens is 14 mm and the lens has an effective focal length of 16.443 mm; an F-number of 1.175. This paper has four key issues: optical projection lens design, lens manufacturing and assembly tolerance analysis, projection lens resolution testing, and AR glasses system resolution testing of panel images projected by the projection lens. After lens manufacture, the lens was tested, achieving a central field image quality of 57 cycles/mm, an angular resolution of 33 pixels per degree (PPD), a 0.7 field image quality of 40.3 cycles/mm, and an angular resolution of 23 pixels per degree (PPD). Imaging performance testing based on a diffraction-type waveguide shows a resolution of 57 cycles/mm in the center area and an angular resolution of 33 PPD.
Cicer arietinum Extract Suppresses Lung Sepsis Induced by Cecal Ligation and Puncture in Rats
Authors: Al Ali Amer , Abu-Alghayth Mohammed H. , Ghaleb Khaled I. , Ibrahim Sara
Published: September 2024

Sepsis is characterized by multiple organ dysfunction, which is now accepted to be due to oxidative damage. The lung is the first organ exposed to this damage, and its injury is one of the leading causes of death. Therefore, many pharmacological strategies are employed to attenuate sepsis. This study aimed to evaluate the in silico and in vitro antibacterial activity of Cicer arietinum extract (CAE) against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the in vivo modulatory effect of CAE against sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats. This study identified seven bioactive components in Cicer arietinum extract, revealing promising interactions between these components and Staphylococcus aureus-PBP2a and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-PBP3 proteins, highlighting their potential as novel antibacterial agents. After ensuring the bactericidal ability of CAE against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an in vivo study was performed. Twenty-four rats were divided into sham-operated rats, CLP-septic rats, CLP rats treated with CAE (500 mg/kg b.wt), and CLP rats treated with hydrocortisone (25 mg/ kg b.wt). CAE was administered orally for 3 days post-operation, and animals were euthanized on the fourth day. Another twenty-four rats were used to study survival for 5 days. This study revealed that CAE, like hydrocortisone, can rescue CLP rats from death by suppressing lung procalcitonin (PCT) and MDA and enhancing SOD, CAT, and GSH levels significantly, as compared with the CLP group. The histopathological results were parallel with the biochemical results since the CLP rats treated with CAE had lower histological/inflammatory scores in the lung like hydrocortisone. The beneficial role of CAE may result from its antibacterial and antioxidant activities, and CAE can be considered as a lung antiseptic extract. This study provides a novel treatment for sepsis-induced ALI. However, the beneficial impact of CAE needs extensive study to obtain evidence.
Sanitary Waters: Is It Worth Looking for Mycobacteria?
Authors: Cannas Angela , Messina Francesco , Dal Monte Paola , Bisognin Francesco , Dirani Giorgio , Zannoli Silvia , Gatti Giulia , Butera Ornella , Ferraro Vincenzo , Nisii Carla , Vecchi Elena , Mattei Giovanna , Diegoli Giuseppe , Santoro Antonio , Belloli Gian Luigi , Girardi Enrico , Lazzarotto Tiziana , Sambri Vittorio , Fontana Carla
Published: September 2024

The freshwater environment is suitable for nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTMs) growth. Their high adaptability represents a considerable risk for sanitary water systems, which are a potential vector for NTMs transmission. This study investigated the occurrence of NTMs, such as Mycobacterium saskatchewanense, in hospital water systems to support the surveillance and control of potentially pathogenic NTMs. We analyzed 722 ultrapure dialysis fluid samples from Emilia Romagna Dialysis Services. Among these, 35 samples were found to be positive for M. saskatchewanense. The strains were characterized using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and variability analysis was carried out along the whole M. saskatchewanense genome. This investigation revealed the exclusive presence of M. saskatchewanense in these dialysis machines, with low genetic variability among all strains (with a low number of different alleles: <15). The strong similarity among the strain groups was also confirmed in the WGS-based ML tree, with very few significant nodes, and no clusters were identified. This research highlights the necessity of implementing surveillance protocols and investigating any potential link to human infections, as well as stressing the urgency of enhancing surveillance and infection control measures.
Experience with HCV Detection and Molecular Genetic Characterization among Otherwise Healthy Pregnant Women and Their Partners in the Republic of Guinea
Authors: Ostankova Yulia V. , Reingardt Diana E. , Schemelev Alexandr N. , Balde Thierno A. L. , Boumbaly Sanaba , Totolian Areg A.
Published: September 2024

According to recent data, there are currently 170 to 200 million people infected with HCV worldwide, and the number of new cases annually is approximately 40,000. Thus, the overall prevalence of the pathogen in the world is about 1.8–3%. The dynamic monitoring of circulating viral variants in specific groups that reflect the situation in the wider population, including potential pathogen spread, is of high importance for predicting the epidemiologic situation. Pregnant women are such a group. The Republic of Guinea is one of the poorest countries in the world, in which medicine receives little finance from the state. Among other conditions, HCV infection is not monitored in the country. This work used blood plasma from pregnant women living in the Republic of Guinea and their partners (1810 and 481). ELISA diagnostic kits were used to detect serologic markers, and PCR diagnostic kits were used to detect molecular biologic markers. Sanger sequencing, followed by phylogenetic analysis, was used for genotyping. The present study shows that HCV antibodies were detected in 3.2% of the pregnant women examined and in 3.33% of their male partners. HCV RNA was detected in 0.5% of cases in women and in all anti-HCV-positive male partners (3.33%). HCV RNA was more common in the men than in the pregnant women (χ2 = 25.6, df 1, p < 0.0001, RR = 6.69 with 95% CI: 2.97–15.04). The HCV viral load was determined for all the RNA-HCV-positive samples. The HCV viral load exceeded 1000 IU/mL in all nine women and only in two cases in men. The HCV genes NS5A and NS5B and the NS3 gene fragment were sequenced for 11 samples. Subtype 2q was determined for three isolates and 2j for another three isolates. Another five isolates could not be confidently assigned a subtype because different results were obtained with different methods of analyzing the three viral regions. It can be assumed that these isolates belong to new viral subtypes or to recombinant forms between genotype 2 subtypes. No drug resistance mutations were identified, but a large number of natural polymorphisms in the analyzed genomic regions of the HCV isolates were shown. These results may serve as baseline data for the future planning of a nationwide estimate of the prevalence of bloodborne infections among pregnant women.
Depressive Symptoms and Gut Microbiota after Bowel Preparation and Colonoscopy: A Pre–Post Intervention Study
Authors: McGuinness Amelia J. , O’Hely Martin , Stupart Douglas , Watters David , Dawson Samantha L. , Hair Christopher , Berk Michael , Mohebbi Mohammadreza , Loughman Amy , Guest Glenn , Jacka Felice N.
Published: September 2024

Mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) is essential for visualisation of the colon during colonoscopy. Previous studies have identified changes in gut microbiota composition after MBP and colonoscopy. Considering the gut microbiota is increasingly implicated in psychiatry, we explored the potential impact of this intervention on mood and the microbiota–gut–brain axis. We conducted a pre–post intervention study in adults, with timepoints of one week before and one month after MBP and colonoscopy. Our primary outcome was change in average Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale depression sub-scores. We examined changes in average anxiety, stress, and quality of life scores and gut microbiota composition using 16S rRNA sequencing. We further explored associations between changes in depressive symptoms and gut microbiota and conducted post hoc analyses to explore potential effect modifiers. Average depressive symptom scores decreased one month post-procedure compared to baseline (n = 59; adjusted β = −0.64; 95%CI: −1.18, −0.11). Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) appeared to moderate this relationship (β = 1.78; 95%CI: 0.292, 3.26); depressive symptoms increased in those with, and decreased in those without, IBS. Reduced alpha diversity, modest effects on beta-diversity, and increases in health-associated genera were observed one month post-procedure. Increases in the CLR-transformed abundances of Ruminococcaceae UCG-009 were associated with improvements in depressive symptoms. There is preliminary evidence of a potential mental health effect of MBP and colonoscopy, particularly for those with IBS, which may be associated with changes to the gut microbiota. Further research is required to confirm these findings and their clinical relevance.
Correction: Sharma et al. Microbial Biofilm: A Review on Formation, Infection, Antibiotic Resistance, Control Measures, and Innovative Treatment. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 1614
Authors: Sharma Satish , Mohler James , Mahajan Supriya D. , Schwartz Stanley A. , Bruggemann Liana , Aalinkeel Ravikumar
Published: September 2024

In the original publication [...]
The Uprise of Human Leishmaniasis in Tuscany, Central Italy: Clinical and Epidemiological Data from a Multicenter Study
Authors: Barbiero Anna , Spinicci Michele , Aiello Andrea , Maruotto Martina , Antonello Roberta Maria , Formica Giuseppe , Piccica Matteo , Isola Patrizia , Parisio Eva Maria , Nardone Maria , Valentini Silvia , Mangano Valentina , Brunelli Tamara , Bianchi Loria , Bartalesi Filippo , Costa Cecilia , Sambo Margherita , Tumbarello Mario , Sani Spartaco , Fabiani Silvia , Rossetti Barbara , Nencioni Cesira , Lanari Alessandro , Aquilini Donatella , Montorzi Giulia , Venturini Elisabetta , Galli Luisa , Rinninella Giada , Falcone Marco , Ceriegi Federica , Amadori Francesco , Vincenti Antonella , Blanc Pierluigi , Vellere Iacopo , Tacconi Danilo , Luchi Sauro , Moneta Sara , Massi Daniela , Brogi Michela , Voller Fabio , Gemmi Fabrizio , Rossolini Gian Maria , Cusi Maria Grazia , Bruschi Fabrizio , Bartoloni Alessandro , Zammarchi Lorenzo
Published: September 2024

Human leishmaniasis is facing important epidemiological changes in Southern Europe, driven by increased urbanization, climate changes, emerging of new animal reservoirs, shifts in human behavior and a growing population of immunocompromised and elderly individuals. In this evolving epidemiological landscape, we analyzed the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of human leishmaniasis in the Tuscany region of Central Italy. Through a multicentric retrospective analysis, we collected clinical and demographic data about all cases of leishmaniasis recorded between 2018 and 2023. We observed 176 cases of human leishmaniasis, with 128 (72.7%) visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and 47 (26.7%) cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Among these, 92.2% of VL and 85.1% of CL cases were autochthonous. The cumulative incidence of autochthonous human leishmaniasis was 0.22 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2018, but reached 1.81/100,000 in 2023. We identified three main areas of transmission: around the city of Florence (North-East Tuscany), around Grosseto city (South-West Tuscany) and Elba Island. Our findings confirm that the epidemiology of leishmaniasis is undergoing significant changes in Central Italy. Awareness towards this emerging health threat and surveillance strategies need to be improved in order to reliably assess the disease’s burden. Further research is needed in a “One-Health” perspective, to clarify the epidemiological dynamics at the environmental, reservoir, vector and human levels. The role of climate change and specific climatic factors affecting the epidemiological patterns of human leishmaniasis should be assessed. Further knowledge in these fields would promote targeted control and prevention strategies at regional and national levels.
The Synthesis of Green Palladium Catalysts Stabilized by Chitosan for Hydrogenation
Authors: Bukharbayeva Farida , Zharmagambetova Alima , Talgatov Eldar , Auyezkhanova Assemgul , Akhmetova Sandugash , Jumekeyeva Aigul , Naizabayev Akzhol , Kenzheyeva Alima , Danilov Denis
Published: September 2024

The proposed paper describes a simple and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of three-component polymer–inorganic composites, which includes the modification of zinc oxide or montmorillonite (MMT) with chitosan (CS), followed by the immobilization of palladium on the resulting two-component composites. The structures and properties of the obtained composites were characterized by physicochemical methods (IRS, TEM, XPS, SEM, EDX, XRD, BET). Pd–CS species covered the surface of inorganic materials through two different mechanisms. The interaction of chitosan polyelectrolyte with zinc oxide led to the deprotonation of its amino groups and deposition on the surface of ZnO. The immobilization of Pd on CS/ZnO occurred by the hydrolysis of [PdCl4]2−, followed by forming PdO particles by interacting with amino groups of chitosan. In the case of CS/MMT, protonated amino groups of CS interacted with negative sites of MMT, forming a positively charged CS/MMT composite. Furthermore, [PdCl4]2− interacted with the –NH3+ sites of CS/MMT through electrostatic force. According to TEM studies of 1%Pd–CS/ZnO, the presence of Pd nanoclusters composed of smaller Pd nanoparticles of 3–4 nm in size were observed on different sites of CS/ZnO. For 1%Pd–CS/MMT, Pd nanoparticles with sizes of 2 nm were evenly distributed on the support surface. The prepared three-component CS–inorganic composites were tested through the hydrogenation of 2-propen-1-ol and acetylene compounds (phenylacetylene, 2-hexyn-1-ol) under mild conditions (T—40 °C, PH2—1 atm). It was shown that the efficiency of 1%Pd–CS/MMT is higher than that of 1%Pd–CS/ZnO, which can be explained by the formation of smaller Pd particles that are evenly distributed on the support surface. The mechanism of 2-hexyn-1-ol hydrogenation over an optimal 1%Pd–CS/MMT catalyst was proposed.
Ascorbic Acid and Graphene Oxide Exposure in the Model Organism Acheta domesticus Can Change the Reproduction Potential
Authors: Flasz Barbara , Tarnawska Monika , Kędziorski Andrzej , Napora-Rutkowski Łukasz , Szczygieł Joanna , Gajda Łukasz , Nowak Natalia , Augustyniak Maria
Published: September 2024

The use of nanoparticles in the industry carries the risk of their release into the environment. Based on the presumption that the primary graphene oxide (GO) toxicity mechanism is reactive oxygen species production in the cell, the question arises as to whether well-known antioxidants can protect the cell or significantly reduce the effects of GO. This study focused on the possible remedial effect of vitamin C in Acheta domesticus intoxicated with GO for whole lives. The reproduction potential was measured at the level of Vitellogenin (Vg) gene expression, Vg protein expression, hatching success, and share of nutrition in the developing egg. There was no simple relationship between the Vg gene’s expression and the Vg protein content. Despite fewer eggs laid in the vitamin C groups, hatching success was high, and egg composition did not differ significantly. The exceptions were GO20 and GO20 + Vit. C groups, with a shift in the lipid content in the egg. Most likely, ascorbic acid impacts the level of Vg gene expression but does not affect the production of Vg protein or the quality of eggs laid. Low GO concentration in food did not cause adverse effects, but the relationship between GO toxicity and its concentration should be investigated more thoroughly.
The Chemistry of Selenosilanes: A Topic Overview
Authors: Tanini Damiano , Capperucci Antonella
Published: September 2024

Selenium-containing molecules represent a valuable class of compounds with a variety of applications in chemical and biological fields. Selenated reagents are used as intermediates to introduce functional groups (e.g., double bonds) onto different substrates or in the synthesis of various selenated derivatives. Among the variety of selenium-containing reagents, silyl selenides are frequently used to transfer a selenated moiety due to the smooth functionalization of the Se-Si bond, which allows for the generation of selenium nucleophilic species under mild conditions. While the use of the analogous sulfur nucleophiles, namely silyl sulfides, has been widely explored, a relatively limited number of reports on selenosilanes have been provided. This contribution will focus on the application of selenosilanes as nucleophiles in a variety of organic transformations, as well as under radical and redox conditions. The use of silyl selenides to prepare metal complexes and as selenium precursors of materials for atomic layer deposition will also be discussed.
Development of a Quality Evaluation Method for Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus Based on Solid-Phase Extraction–High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Evaporative Light Scattering Detection Chromatographic Fingerprinting, Chemometrics, and Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Components via a Single-Marker Method
Authors: Wu Jianfa , Wang Lulu , Cui Ying , Liu Chang , Ding Weixing , Ren Shen , Dong Rui , Zhang Jing
Published: September 2024

As a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus (AMB) is a key herb for the treatment of thoracic paralytic cardiac pain, but its quality evaluation method has not yet been fully clarified. In this study, chromatographic fingerprints of AMB were developed using solid-phase extraction–high-performance liquid chromatography–evaporative light scattering detection (SPE-HPLC-ELSD) to evaluate the quality of AMB from various origins and processing methods. This was achieved by employing chemical pattern recognition techniques and verifying the feasibility and applicability of the quality evaluation of AMB through the quantitative analysis of multi-components via a single-marker (QAMS) method. Through the analysis of the fingerprints of 18 batches of AMB, 30 common peaks were screened, and 6 components (adenosine, syringin, macrostemonoside T, macrostemonoside A, macrostemonoside U, and macrostemonoside V) were identified. Moreover, three differential markers (macrostemonoside A, macrostemonoside T, and macrostemonoside U) were screened out using chemometrics techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Subsequently, a QAMS method was established for macrostemonoside T and macrostemonoside U using macrostemonoside A as an internal reference. The results demonstrate the method’s accuracy, reproducibility, and stability, rendering it suitable for the quality evaluation of AMB. This study provides a theoretical basis for drug quality control and the discovery of quality markers for AMB.
High Piezoelectric Performance of KNN-Based Ceramics over a Broad Temperature Range through Crystal Orientation and Multilayer Engineering
Authors: Lu Guangrui , Li Yunting , Zhao Rui , Zhao Yan , Zhao Jiaqi , Bai Wangfeng , Zhai Jiwei , Li Peng
Published: September 2024

Uninterrupted breakthroughs in the room temperature piezoelectric properties of KNN-based piezoceramics have been witnessed over the past two decades; however, poor temperature stability presents a major challenge for KNN-based piezoelectric ceramics in their effort to replace their lead-based counterparts. Herein, to enhance temperature stability in KNN-based ceramics while preserving the high piezoelectric response, multilayer composite ceramics were fabricated using textured thick films with distinct polymorphic phase transition temperatures. The results demonstrated that the composite ceramics exhibited both outstanding piezoelectric performance (d33~467 ± 16 pC/N; S~0.17% at 40 kV/cm) and excellent temperature stability with d33 and strain variations of 9.1% and 2.9%, respectively, over a broad temperature range of 25–180 °C. This superior piezoelectric temperature stability is attributed to the inter-inhibitive piezoelectric fluctuations between the component layers, the diffused phase transition, and the stable phase structure with a rising temperature, as well as the permanent contribution of crystal orientation to piezoelectric performance over the studied temperature range. This novel strategy, which addresses the piezoelectric and strain temperature sensitivity while maintaining high performance, is well-positioned to advance the commercial application of KNN-based lead-free piezoelectric ceramics.
Composite Nanostructures for the Production of White Light
Authors: Russo Giovanni , Armetta Francesco , Rao Tingke , Yuan Wangchao , Boiko Vitalii , Hreniak Dariusz , Giordano Cristina , Saladino Maria Luisa
Published: September 2024

In this work, two different composite nanostructures, YAG:Ce and Ga0.9In0.1N, were prepared by the Urea Glass Route method and tested for the production of white light. The first composite was prepared by synthetizing the Ga0.9In0.1N nanoparticles in the presence of YAG:Ce nanoparticles. The second one was prepared by synthetizing YAG:Ce nanoparticles in the presence of Ga0.9In0.1N nanoparticles. These systems can be useful for the production of white light. X-ray Diffraction and Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopies (TEM and SEM) were used to evaluate their structural and morphological properties. Excitation and emission spectra, the quantum yield and colour of the emitted light were acquired to evaluate the optical properties of the systems.
Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Dendritic Ag Nanostructures: A SERS Substrate for Non-Invasive Detection
Authors: Sung Chia-Ling , Kao Tzung-Ta , Lin Yu-Cheng
Published: September 2024

This paper discusses the fabrication of three-dimensional dendritic Ag nanostructures, showcasing pronounced Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) effects. These nanostructures, employed in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), function as sensors for lactic acid in artificial sweat. The dendritic structures of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) create an effective SERS substrate, with additional hotspots at branch junctures enhancing LSPR. We achieve differential LSPR effects by varying the distribution and spacing of branches and the overall morphology. Adjustments to electrodeposition parameters, such as current and plating solution protective agents on an anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) base, allow for precise control over LSPR intensities. By pre-depositing AgNPs, the electron transmission paths during electrodeposition are modified, which leads to optimized dendritic morphology and enhanced LSPR effects. Parameter optimization produces elongated rods with main and secondary branches, covered with uniformly sized, densely packed, non-overlapping spherical AgNPs. This configuration enhances the LSPR effect by generating additional hotspots beyond the branch tips. Fine-tuning the electrodeposition parameters improved the AgNPs’ morphology, achieving uniform particle distribution and optimal spacing. Compared to non-SERS substrates, our structure amplified the Raman signal for lactic acid detection by five orders of magnitude. This method can effectively tailor SERS substrates for specific analytes and laser-based detection.
Employing Manganese Dioxide and Bamboo Carbon for Capacitive Water Desalination and Disinfection
Authors: Cao Cuihui , Wu Xiaofeng , Zheng Yuming , Zhang Lizhen , Chen Yunfa
Published: September 2024

A manganese dioxide (MnO2)/bamboo carbon (BC) composite was prepared using hydrothermal and impregnation methods and used for the capacitive desalination (CDI) and disinfection of water. The results showed that these composites had fast Na+ ion exchange and charge transfer properties. During the CDI process, these composites’ electrodes exhibited good cycle stability and electrosorption capacity (4.09 mg/g) and an excellent bactericidal effect. These carbon-based composite electrodes’ bactericidal rate for Escherichia coli could reach 99.99% within 180 min; therefore, they had good performance and are a good choice for high-performance deionization applications.
Normalization of Fetal Cerebral and Hepatic Iron by Parental Iron Therapy to Pregnant Rats with Systemic Iron Deficiency without Anemia
Authors: Burkhart Annette , Johnsen Kasper Bendix , Skjørringe Tina , Nielsen Asbjørn Haaning , Routhe Lisa Juul , Hertz Sandra , Møller Lisbeth Birk , Thomsen Lars Lykke , Moos Torben
Published: September 2024

Background/Objectives: Iron (Fe) is a co-factor for enzymes of the developing brain necessitating sufficient supply. We investigated the effects of administering ferric derisomaltose/Fe isomaltoside (FDI) subcutaneously to Fe-deficient (ID) pregnant rats on cerebral and hepatic concentrations of essential metals and the expression of iron-relevant genes. Methods: Pregnant rats subjected to ID were injected with FDI on the day of mating (E0), 14 days into pregnancy (E14), or the day of birth (postnatal (P0)). The efficacy was evaluated by determination of cerebral and hepatic Fe, copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) and gene expression of ferroportin, hepcidin, and ferritin H + L in pups on P0 and as adults on P70. Results: Females fed an ID diet (5.2 mg/kg Fe) had offspring with significantly lower cerebral and hepatic Fe compared to female controls fed a standard diet (158 mg/kg Fe). Cerebral Cu increased irrespective of supplying a standard diet or administering FDI combined with the standard diet. Hepatic hepcidin mRNA was significantly lower following ID. Cerebral hepcidin mRNA was hardly detectable irrespective of iron status. Conclusions: In conclusion, administering FDI subcutaneously to ID pregnant rats on E0 normalizes fetal cerebral and hepatic Fe. When applied at later gestational ages, supplementation with additional Fe to the offspring is needed to normalize cerebral and hepatic Fe.
Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products in Human Health and Diseases: Basic, Preclinical and Clinical Studies
Authors: Noubissi Felicite K. , Omolekan Tolulope O. , Walker Anthony L. , Chamcheu Jean Christopher
Published: September 2024

Since the early 20th century, the increase in non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and cancer compared to infectious diseases has led to chronic illnesses becoming a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality [...]
Effect of In Vitro Digestion on Bioactive Peptides Related to Immune and Gut Health in Intact Cow’s Milk and Hydrolyzed Protein-Based Infant Formulas
Authors: Grigorean Gabriela , Du Xiaogu , Kuhfeld Russell , Haberl Elisabeth M. , Lönnerdal Bo
Published: September 2024

Background/Objectives: Human milk is the optimal source of nutrition and protection against infection for infants. If breastfeeding is not possible, standard and hydrolyzed infant formulas (IF) are an alternative. Extensively hydrolyzed IFs (eHFs) contain bioactive peptides, but their activities have rarely been evaluated. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the bioactive peptide profiles of different eHFs and standard IFs before and after in vitro digestion. Methods: Two forms, liquid and powder, of intact protein formula (iPF) and eHF were subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, mimicking a young infant’s gut (age 0–4 months) and an older infant’s gut (>6 months). Bioactive peptides of in vitro digested and undigested formulas were analysed with Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS). Results: In all samples, a variety of peptides with potential bioactive properties were found. Immuno-regulatory peptides, followed by antimicrobial and antioxidative peptides were most frequent, as were peptides promoting wound healing, increasing mucin secretion, regulating cholesterol metabolism, and preventing bacterial infection. Peptides typically found in yoghurt and colostrum were identified in some formula samples. Conclusions: The high amounts of bioactive peptides with various properties in eHFs and iPFs indicate a possible contribution to infection protection, healthy gut microbiomes, and immunological development of infants. eHFs showed similar compositions of bioactive peptides to iPFs, with intermittently increased peptide variety and quantity.
Effectiveness of Prebiotics and Mediterranean and Plant-Based Diet on Gut Microbiota and Glycemic Control in Patients with Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Dimba Nosipho Rosebud , Mzimela Nhlakanipho , Sosibo Aubrey Mbulelo , Khathi Andile
Published: September 2024

Background: A high-calorie diet results in the development of prediabetes (PD) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This diet has been reported to cause changes in microbial composition, concentration levels of glycemic parameters, and immune cells or inflammatory cytokines. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of prebiotics, as well as Mediterranean and plant-based dietary interventions, on gut microbiota composition and glucose homeostasis in individuals with PD or T2D. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was developed according to the 2020 PRISMA guidelines and checklist. PubMed, EBSCOhost and Google Scholar were the three databases that were used to search for electronically published studies. Data extraction was conducted and examined by the reviewers and all the eligible studies were selected. To test for the quality and biases of the included studies, the Downs and Black checklist was used, followed by the use of Review Manager 5.4. A forest plot was used for meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis. The strength of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Results: Overall, eight studies met the inclusion criteria: seven focused on patients with T2D, and one focused on patients with PD. The prebiotic dietary intervention did not have a statistically significant effect on glycemic control, including fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). However, one study investigating the Mediterranean diet reported a significant effect on glycemic control. Both prebiotic and Mediterranean dietary interventions were found to beneficially influence gut microbial composition in the intervention groups compared to the placebo groups. No studies assessed the impact of a plant-based diet on microbial composition and glucose parameters. Conclusions: This review indicated that dietary intervention with a prebiotic or Mediterranean diet shows to beneficially improve the gut microbiota composition of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Bifidobacteria in patients with PD or T2D. However, their beneficial effects on FBG and HbA1c were less clear and uncertain due to limited reports, particularly regarding the Mediterranean dietary intervention.
Distanced Large Group Simulations as a Learning Method for Interprofessional Collaboration
Authors: Silén-Lipponen Marja , Piippo-Savolainen Eija , Azimirad Mina , Saaranen Terhi
Published: September 2024

Digitalization in healthcare education has shifted simulation learning methods to distanced implementations. Successful transition to distance education requires effective communication and the teacher’s good ability to use digital learning methods, as well as students’ active interaction and motivation throughout the entire educational process. This study explores participants’ experiences of online large group simulations as an approach for learning about interprofessional collaboration. A mixed method design was used in this study. Data from health and social care students and qualified professionals were collected using a questionnaire which contained statements presented on a five-point Likert scale and open-ended questions. The questionnaire was filled online by 100 students and professionals. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, and the open-ended questions were analyzed with inductive content analysis. As a result, the participants were satisfied with the large group simulation intended for learning interprofessional collaboration (mean = 4.42, SD = 0.759). The majority viewed it as a good learning method (95%) that is suitable for interprofessional collaboration learning (90%) and for promoting working together (82%). Digitally activated communication tools promoted interactive discussion and activated joint learning. However, only one activation tool was preferred instead of using two methods simultaneously. In conclusion, distanced large group simulations were evaluated to be a good method for learning interprofessional collaboration. This study was not registered.
Perceptions and Expectations of Patients with Lung Cancer and Melanoma about the Telenursing Approach: A Phenomenological Study
Authors: De Leo Aurora , Dionisi Sara , Spano Alessandro , Iacorossi Laura , Liquori Gloria , Giannetta Noemi , Di Simone Emanuele , Presta Paola , Petrone Fabrizio , Di Muzio Marco , Panattoni Nicolò
Published: September 2024

Background: Telenursing could improve continuity of care in patients with cancer. This study aims to explore the expectations and perceptions of patients with lung cancer and melanoma toward telenursing. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study using a phenomenological approach was conducted on a convenience sampling of twenty patients aged 18 years or over from a Cancer Center. With the consent of patients and the relevant Ethics Committee, in-depth open-ended face-to-face interviews were conducted until data saturation. The phenomenon’s essence was achieved through themes emerging from the qualitative data analysis. Results: Patients’ perceptions and expectations were related to areas explored by a general theme on the nurse–patient relationship’s importance. Four themes and eleven sub-themes were focused on misconceptions about lack of use, patients’ potential and fears, the home as a place of care, and the caring relationship. Fifteen patients perceived the internet as a chaotic “bubble”. Conclusions: Despite the lack of previous use, patients consider telenursing positively as “a bridge between home and care”, especially in the advanced stages of the disease. They highlighted strengths and weaknesses of telenursing, such as having “someone for you”, connection, fear of psychological addiction, loss of privacy, and lack of empathy. This study was not registered.
From Global to Nano: A Geographical Perspective of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Authors: Ryder Mark I. , Fine Daniel H. , Barron Annelise E.
Published: September 2024

The periodontal disease pathobiont Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) may exert a range of detrimental effects on periodontal diseases in general and, more specifically, with the initiation and progression of Localized Stage III Grade C periodontitis (molar–incisor pattern). In this review of the biogeography of this pathobiont, the full range of geographical scales for A. actinomycetemcomitans, from global origins and transmission to local geographical regions, to more locally exposed probands and families, to the individual host, down to the oral cavity, and finally, to spatial interactions with other commensals and pathobionts within the plaque biofilms at the micron/nanoscale, are reviewed. Using the newest technologies in genetics, imaging, in vitro cultures, and other research disciplines, investigators may be able to gain new insights to the role of this pathobiont in the unique initial destructive patterns of Localized Stage III Grade C periodontitis. These findings may incorporate the unique features of the microbiome that are influenced by variations in the geographic environment within the entire mouth. Additional insights into the geographic distribution of molar–incisor periodontal breakdown for Localized Stage III Grade C periodontitis may derive from the spatial interactions between A. actinomycetemcomitans and other pathobionts such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Filifactor aclocis, and commensals such as Streptococcus gordonii. In addition, while the association of A. actinomycetemcomitans in systemic diseases is limited at the present time, future studies into possible periodontal disease–systemic disease links may also find A. actinomycetemcomitans and its geographical interactions with other microbiome members to provide important clues as to implications of pathobiological communications.
Anti-Alzheimer’s Potency of Rich Phenylethanoid Glycosides Extract from Marrubium vulgare L.: In Vitro and In Silico Studies
Authors: Emam Mahmoud , El-Newary Samah A. , Aati Hanan Y. , Wei Bin , Seif Mohamed , Ibrahim Abeer Y.
Published: September 2024

Background/Objectives: Marrubium vulgare L. (M. vulgare), the white horehound, is well known for treating inflammation-related diseases. Methods: In this context, we investigated the efficacy of M. vulgare ingredients in treating Alzheimer’s disease using various in vitro and in silico antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-tyrosinase mechanisms. Results: In our results, sixty-one components were tentatively identified using gas and liquid chromatography (GC-MS and LC-MSn) and categorized as hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and polyphenolics. The extract inhibited linoleic oxidation with an IC50 value of 114.72 µg/mL, captured iron (Fe2+) ions with an IC50 value of 164.19 µg/mL, and displayed reducing power. In addition, the extract showed radical-scavenging ability towards DPPH•, NO•, ABTS•+, and H2O2 assays compared to L-ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene. The DPPH• was scavenged by 77.62% at 100 µg/mL, and NO•, ABTS•+, and H2O2 were scavenged with IC50 values of 531.66, 117.51, and 143.10 µg/mL, respectively. M. vulgare also exhibited discriminating anti-inflammatory potency against cyclooxygenase (COX-2) with IC50 values of 619.15 µg/mL compared to celecoxib (p > 0.05). Notably, three Alzheimer’s biomarkers, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and tyrosinase were significantly inhibited. The molecular docking study supposed that the phenylethanoid glycosides of samioside and forsythoside B inhibited AChE and tyrosinase enzymes with low binding affinities of −9.969 and −8.804 kcal/mol, respectively. Marruboside was a proper inhibitor of COX and BChE enzymes with a binding score of −10.218 and −10.306 kcal/mol, respectively. Conclusions: M. vulgare extract showed significant inhibitory actions, which suggest that it could have a promising potential as an anti-Alzheimer agent.
Radiosynthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of [99mTc]Tc-Tigecycline Radiopharmaceutical to Diagnose Bacterial Infections
Authors: Saleem Syeda Marab , Jabbar Tania , Imran Muhammad Babar , Noureen Asma , Sherazi Tauqir A. , Afzal Muhammad Shahzad , Rab Nawaz Hafiza Zahra , Ramadan Mohamed Fawzy , Alkahtani Abdullah M. , Alsuwat Meshari A. , Almubarak Hassan Ali , Momenah Maha Abdullah , Naqvi Syed Ali Raza
Published: September 2024

Background/Objectives: As a primary source of mortality and disability, bacterial infections continue to develop a severe threat to humanity. Nuclear medicine imaging (NMI) is known for its promising potential to diagnose deep-seated bacterial infections. This work aims to develop a new technetium-99m (99mTc) labeled tigecycline radiopharmaceutical as an infection imaging agent. Methods: Reduced 99mTc was used to make a coordinate complex with tigecycline at pH 7.7–7.9 at room temperature. Instantaneous thin-layer chromatography impregnated with silica gel (ITLC-SG) and ray detector equipped high-performance liquid chromatography (ray-HPLC) was performed to access the radiolabeling yield and radiochemical purity (RCP). Results: More than 91% labeling efficiency was achieved after 25 min of mild shaking of the reaction mixture. The radiolabeled complex was found intact up to 4 h in saline. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection-induced rats were used to record the biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical and its target specificity; 2 h’ post-injection biodistribution revealed a 2.39 ± 0.29 target/non-target (T/NT) ratio in the E. coli infection-induced animal model, while a 2.9 ± 0.31 T/NT value was recorded in the S. aureus bacterial infection-induced animal model. [99mTc]Tc-tigecycline scintigraphy was performed in healthy rabbits using a single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) camera. Scintigrams showed normal kidney perfusion and excretion into the bladder. Conclusion: In conclusion, the newly developed [99mTc]Tc-tigecycline radiopharmaceutical could be considered to diagnose broad-spectrum bacterial infections.
Discovery of Novel Inhibitors against ALS-Related SOD1(A4V) Aggregation through the Screening of a Chemical Library Using Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF)
Authors: Giannakou Maria , Akrani Ifigeneia , Tsoka Angeliki , Myrianthopoulos Vassilios , Mikros Emmanuel , Vorgias Constantinos , Hatzinikolaou Dimitris G.
Published: September 2024

Background: Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1) is a 32 kDa cytosolic dimeric metalloenzyme that neutralizes superoxide anions into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Mutations in SOD1 are associated with ALS, a disease causing motor neuron atrophy and subsequent mortality. These mutations exert their harmful effects through a gain of function mechanism, rather than a loss of function. Despite extensive research, the mechanism causing selective motor neuron death still remains unclear. A defining feature of ALS pathogenesis is protein misfolding and aggregation, evidenced by ubiquitinated protein inclusions containing SOD1 in affected motor neurons. This work aims to identify compounds countering SOD1(A4V) misfolding and aggregation, which could potentially aid in ALS treatment. Methods: The approach employed was in vitro screening of a library comprising 1280 pharmacologically active compounds (LOPAC®) in the context of drug repurposing. Using differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF), these compounds were tested for their impact on SOD1(A4V) thermal stability. Results and Conclusions: Dimer stability was the parameter chosen as the criterion for screening, since the dissociation of the native SOD1 dimer is the step prior to its in vitro aggregation. The screening revealed one compound raising protein-ligand Tm by 6 °C, eleven inducing a higher second Tm, suggesting a stabilization effect, and fourteen reducing Tm from 10 up to 26 °C, suggesting possible interactions or non-specific binding.
Clinical and Market Analysis of NanoBEO: A Public-Worth, Innovative Therapy for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD)—Emerging Evidence and Its Implications for a Health Technology Assessment (HTA) and Decision-Making in National Health Systems
Authors: Scuteri Damiana , Pierobon Daniele , Pagliaro Martina , Hamamura Kengo , Hayashi Takafumi , Pignolo Loris , Nicotera Pierluigi , Bagetta Giacinto , Corasaniti Maria Tiziana
Published: September 2024

Background: According to scientific literature, some 99% of patients affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) suffer from behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), also known as neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs). In particular, agitation is one of the most difficult disorders to treat. States of agitation represent a very serious problem as they make these subjects dangerous for themselves and others and worsen as the disease advances. To date, there are no specific solutions for treating agitation. The only authorized drug is risperidone (as well as brexpiprazole, approved by the FDA on 11 May 2023), which can be used for no longer than 6–12 weeks because it increases the risk of death—owing to cardiocerebrovascular accidents—by 1.6–1.7 times. Methods: In order to address the latter noteworthy unmet medical need, NanoBEO was produced. The aim of the present work is to generate the health technology assessment (HTA) of this nanotechnological device. The latter consists of a controlled release system, based on solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with bergamot essential oil (BEO). Results: The results of the present research assessed the current evidence in the field of non-pharmacological treatments for this condition, including relevant primary preclinical and clinical data studies supporting the use of this device and the production of the operative plan for its launch on the market. The findings offer recommendations for decision-making on its implementation in dementia. Conclusions: NanoBEO represents a public-worth innovation in this neglected area, marking a significant advancement in the history of dementia, moving from academic research to product development.