bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of the progamic phase for fruiting in the apple tree
Authors: Losada J.M. , Herrero M.
Published: June 2013

Final fruit production is the result of a number of processes, over which several environmental circumstances interact. But it is often difficult to disentangle the part played by each of these factors in the final crop. The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of the progamic phase for fruiting in the apple tree. For this purpose we track back the process that goes from flower to fruit, identifying the inflection points where the final crop is reduced. We evaluate early versus late fruit development, pollination versus non‐pollination, and the effect of the progamic phase that goes from pollination to fertilization. From flowers to fruits 15 weeks elapsed, but the final fruit set settled 8 weeks after flowering, and the main flower–fruit drop occurred 3–4 weeks after flowering. Differences between dropped fruits and those that remained in the tree emerged earlier, and the onset of fruiting started 7 days after pollination. This time was coincident with the time lapse of the progamic phase. These results show that fruiting gets established well ahead of cropping, but also that the progamic phase is the main determinant of the final fruit set in apple trees.
Role of foliar hemibiotrophic and fruit resistance in anthracnose‐resistant strawberry genotypes for annual hill plasticulture systems
Authors: Rahman M. , Ballington J. , Louws F.
Published: June 2013

Anthracnose fruit rot (AFR) caused by Colletotrichum acutatum is one of the most devastating diseases of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) in plasticulture systems in the Southeast US. Host resistance offers the best option to limit crop losses in both nursery and fruiting fields. To evaluate levels of anthracnose resistance and elucidate the role of foliar and fruit resistance in overall field AFR resistance, we tested 14 strawberry genotypes including numerous selections from the North Carolina State University strawberry breeding programme. Inoculations of plug plants with three representative C. acutatum isolates prior to field‐set indicated that the commercially standard cultivar Chandler was highly susceptible, with an average fruit rot incidence of over 72% the following spring. In contrast, breeding lines such as NC C99‐13 and NC C02‐63 showed superior resistance with AFR incidence values of 23.6% and 11.1%, respectively, and showed superior marketable yields. An average hemibiotrophic infection (HI) severity on foliage (percent leaf area covered with acervular growth after paraquat treatment and incubation) did not correlate (r = 0.57) well with in vitro AFR severity on detached fruit, indicating different mechanisms may be operative for resistance to foliar HI and fruit rot resistance. Multiple regression analysis indicated that in vitro fruit rot resistance expressed by lesion diameter and severity of foliar hemibiotrophic infections may be utilized to predict field AFR incidence. Strawberry genotypes bred for resistance against both fruit rot and foliar HI could be effectively selected by using rank‐sum classification methods and this process offers an effective strategy to advance selections for superior AFR field resistance.
Tofogliflozin, a novel sodium–glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitor, improves renal and pancreatic function in db/db mice
Authors: Nagata T , Fukuzawa T , Takeda M , Fukazawa M , Mori T , Nihei T , Honda K , Suzuki Y , Kawabe Y
Published: June 2013

Background and Purpose

Although inhibition of renal sodium–glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) has a stable glucose‐lowering effect in patients with type 2 diabetes, the effect of SGLT2 inhibition on renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetes remains to be determined. To evaluate the renoprotective effect of SGLT2 inhibition more precisely, we compared the effects of tofogliflozin (a specific SGLT2 inhibitor) with those of losartan (an angiotensin II receptor antagonist) on renal function and beta‐cell function in db/db mice.

Experimental Approach

The effects of 8‐week tofogliflozin or losartan treatment on renal and beta‐cell function were investigated in db/db mice by quantitative image analysis of glomerular size, mesangial matrix expansion and islet beta‐cell mass. Blood glucose, glycated Hb and insulin levels, along with urinary albumin and creatinine were measured

Key Results

Tofogliflozin suppressed plasma glucose and glycated Hb and preserved pancreatic beta‐cell mass and plasma insulin levels. No improvement of glycaemic conditions or insulin level was observed with losartan treatment. Although the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio of untreated db/db mice gradually increased from baseline, tofogliflozin or losartan treatment prevented this increase (by 50–70%). Tofogliflozin, but not losartan, attenuated glomerular hypertrophy. Neither tofogliflozin nor losartan altered matrix expansion.

Conclusions and Implications

Long‐term inhibition of renal SGLT2 by tofogliflozin not only preserved pancreatic beta‐cell function, but also prevented kidney dysfunction in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. These findings suggest that long‐term use of tofogliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes may prevent progression of diabetic nephropathy.
Word‐form familiarity bootstraps infant speech segmentation
Authors: Altvater‐Mackensen Nicole , Mani Nivedita
Published: June 2013

At about 7 months of age, infants listen longer to sentences containing familiar words – but not deviant pronunciations of familiar words (Jusczyk & Aslin, 1995). This finding suggests that infants are able to segment familiar words from fluent speech and that they store words in sufficient phonological detail to recognize deviations from a familiar word. This finding does not examine whether it is, nevertheless, easier for infants to segment words from sentences when these words sound similar to familiar words. Across three experiments, the present study investigates whether familiarity with a word helps infants segment similar‐sounding words from fluent speech and if they are able to discriminate these similar‐sounding words from other words later on. Results suggest that word‐form familiarity may be a powerful tool bootstrapping further lexical acquisition.
Introduction: evidence‐based action in humanitarian crises
Authors: Dijkzeul Dennis , Hilhorst Dorothea , Walker Peter
Published: June 2013

This introductory paper sets the stage for this special issue of Disasters on evidence‐based action in humanitarian crises. It reviews definition(s) of evidence and it examines the different disciplinary and methodological approaches to collecting and analysing evidence. In humanitarian action, the need for evidence‐based approaches sometimes is viewed in tension with a principled approach, often unnecessarily. Choosing appropriate research methods depends on the objectives of the researcher, in particular whether the research focuses on the intervention and/or the context and the length and complexity of the causal chains involved. The paper concludes by defining some trends in evidence‐based approaches in crises: the move away from inputs and outputs of humanitarian action towards outcomes and impacts; the shift towards a higher degree of partnerships in research, and the participation of users and target groups; and the acceptance of a broad array of approaches to establish evidence.
Monitoring, reporting and addressing child rights and protection violations in ‘non‐listed’ countries
Authors: Mc Cormick Christine
Published: June 2013

Children have been affected by the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict for several generations. Recent reports1 state that they are subject to a number of grave violations, ranging from killing and maiming to detention and ill‐treatment. The monitoring and reporting mechanism (MRM) for United Nations Security Council Resolution 1612 (2005), although not formally mandated in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories (oPt), has been successfully adapted and used by humanitarian and human rights agencies to support monitoring, reporting, and responding to violations against children. However, agencies in Israel and the oPt face a number of challenges in doing so, which are common in other countries where the MRM is employed. These include limited recognition and understanding of the issues, insufficient resources, and a difficult operational environment. Despite these challenges, local adaptation of the mechanism to reflect the specific situation of children and close collaboration have enabled these agencies to monitor and respond to violations against children in a more effective manner.
Leaf‐cutting ants as ecosystem engineers: topsoil and litter perturbations around Atta cephalotes nests reduce nutrient availability
Authors: MEYER SEBASTIAN T. , NEUBAUER MEIKE , SAYER EMMA J. , LEAL INARA R. , TABARELLI MARCELO , WIRTH RAINER
Published: June 2013

Despite considerable research into the effects of leaf‐cutting ant nests, the potential occurrence of low‐nutrient soils at nest sites has hitherto gone undetected.

Leaf litter cover and topsoil conditions (organic carbon, total nitrogen, soil acidity, cation exchange capacity) were assessed along transects running from nests of eight adult Atta cephalotes colonies into the understorey of Atlantic forest to examine the extent of nest effects.

Nests were virtually free of leaf litter (c. 150 g m−2) and litter cover increased along a saturating curve with nest distance, reaching 1300 g m−2 in the undisturbed forest. Soil acidity and nutrient concentrations were strongly correlated with leaf litter cover (r = 0.66–0.72) for both soil types occurring in the study region. Total soil nitrogen concentration varied from 0.2 g kg−1 in sandy nest soil and 0.5 g kg−1 in clay‐rich nest soil to 0.5 and 1.3 g kg−1, respectively, at a distance of 24 m from nests, while soil carbon concentration ranged from 2.1 to 6.1 g kg−1 (sandy soil) and 4.5 to 15.7 g kg−1 (clay‐rich soil) over the same distance. Nest‐associated variations in edaphic parameters suggest that each colony affected an area of up to 0.5 ha.

In contrast to the common perception that leaf‐cutting ant activities increase nutrient availability, our results suggest that their territories are characterised by reduced levels of leaf litter and, consequently, soil nutrients.

The observed nutrient depletion must be taken into account when considering the potential impacts of ant nests for plant regeneration.
Linking anti‐predator behaviour to prey demography reveals limited risk effects of an actively hunting large carnivore
Authors: Middleton Arthur D. , Kauffman Matthew J. , McWhirter Douglas E. , Jimenez Michael D. , Cook Rachel C. , Cook John G. , Albeke Shannon E. , Sawyer Hall , White P. J.
Published: June 2013

Ecological theory predicts that the diffuse risk cues generated by wide‐ranging, active predators should induce prey behavioural responses but not major, population‐ or community‐level consequences. We evaluated the non‐consumptive effects (NCEs) of an active predator, the grey wolf (Canis lupus), by simultaneously tracking wolves and the behaviour, body fat, and pregnancy of elk (Cervus elaphus), their primary prey in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. When wolves approached within 1 km, elk increased their rates of movement, displacement and vigilance. Even in high‐risk areas, however, these encounters occurred only once every 9 days. Ultimately, despite 20‐fold variation in the frequency of encounters between wolves and individual elk, the risk of predation was not associated with elk body fat or pregnancy. Our findings suggest that the ecological consequences of actively hunting large carnivores, such as the wolf, are more likely transmitted by consumptive effects on prey survival thanNCEs on prey behaviour.
A Compendium of Multi‐Item Scales Utilized in Logistics Research (2001–10): Progress Achieved Since Publication of the 1973–2000 Compendium
Authors: Keller Scott B. , Hochard Kimberly , Rudolph Thomas , Boden Meaghan
Published: June 2013

Forty years have passed since the first multi‐item measurement scales were employed through survey research to better understand important logistics concepts. Through the years, four leading logistics journals have published research containing a total of 1,670 scales within 283 articles. A 42% increase in utilization has occurred during the most recent decade. The research fully discloses the conceptualization, composition, and properties of the multi‐item survey scales utilized in the study of logistics and supply chain management theory and practice. By documenting each scale published from 2001 to 2010, the authors make comparisons with results from the 1973–2000 study. Primary findings indicate an increase in the percentage of research utilizing multi‐item scales, and an increase in the application of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) has assisted in producing more highly acceptable psychometric properties of the scales. This implies that researchers are utilizing more highly developed scales and following strict scale‐development procedures for building more robust scales to measure concepts important for advancing our knowledge of logistics and supply chain management. The top four conceptual categories for the scales have remained the same since 1973 and account for greater than half of the scales published. Eight additions to the categories since 2001 pertain greatly to controlling our supply chains for customer, brand, and overall security benefits. The compendium of scales provides a central document to reference as researchers seek to employ highly developed survey measures.
Impaired surface expression and conductance of the KCNQ4 channel lead to sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Gao Yanhong , Yechikov Sergey , Vázquez Ana E. , Chen Dongyang , Nie Liping
Published: June 2013

KCNQ4, a voltage‐gated potassium channel, plays an important role in maintaining cochlear ion homoeostasis and regulating hair cell membrane potential, both essential for normal auditory function. Mutations in the KCNQ4 gene lead to DFNA2, a subtype of autosomal dominant non‐syndromic deafness that is characterized by progressive sensorineural hearing loss across all frequencies. Despite recent advances in the identification of pathogenic KCNQ4 mutations, the molecular aetiology of DFNA2 remains unknown. We report here that decreased cell surface expression and impaired conductance of the KCNQ4 channel are two mechanisms underlying hearing loss in DFNA2. In HEK293T cells, a dramatic decrease in cell surface expression was detected by immunofluorescent microscopy and confirmed by Western blot for the pathogenic KCNQ4 mutants L274H, W276S, L281S, G285C, G285S, G296S and G321S, while their overall cellular levels remained normal. In addition, none of these mutations affected tetrameric assembly of KCNQ4 channels. Consistent with these results, all mutants showed strong dominant‐negative effects on the wild‐type (WT) channel function. Most importantly, overexpression of HSP90β, a key component of the molecular chaperone network that controls the KCNQ4 biogenesis, significantly increased cell surface expression of the KCNQ4 mutants L281S, G296S and G321S. KCNQ4 surface expression was restored or considerably improved in HEK293T cells mimicking the heterozygous condition of these mutations in DFNA2 patients. Finally, our electrophysiological studies demonstrated that these mutations directly compromise the conductance of the KCNQ4 channel, since no significant change in KCNQ4 current was observed after KCNQ4 surface expression was restored or improved.
Unidimensional Interpretations for Multidimensional Test Items
Authors: Kahraman Nilufer
Published: June 2013

This article considers potential problems that can arise in estimating a unidimensional item response theory (IRT) model when some test items are multidimensional (i.e., show a complex factorial structure). More specifically, this study examines (1) the consequences of model misfit on IRT item parameter estimates due to unintended minor item‐level multidimensionality, and (2) whether a Projection IRT model can provide a useful remedy. A real‐data example is used to illustrate the problem and also is used as a base model for a simulation study. The results suggest that ignoring item‐level multidimensionality might lead to inflated item discrimination parameter estimates when the proportion of multidimensional test items to unidimensional test items is as low as 1:5. The Projection IRT model appears to be a useful tool for updating unidimensional item parameter estimates of multidimensional test items for a purified unidimensional interpretation.
Assessment of Women's Sexual Health Using a Holistic, Patient‐Centered Approach
Authors: Zielinski Ruth E.
Published: June 2013

Sexual health problems are common in women and have the potential to affect all aspects of their lives. These issues can include diminished or lack of desire for sex, difficulty with arousal and sexual pleasure, inability to orgasm, and pain with sex. Causes of sexual health issues can be complex and multifaceted; therefore, a holistic perspective, in which all potential factors are considered, is warranted. Despite the prevalence of women's sexual health issues, discussion by providers is often absent or limited to avoidance of sexually transmitted infections or unwanted pregnancies. Health care providers may feel they do not have the time or resources to address sexual health problems. This article provides a sexual health assessment approach using a model of sexual health whereby sociocultural factors are given priority, followed by factors related to partner and relationships, psychological factors, and finally medical factors.
Is there any benefit in surgery for potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity?
Authors: Balasundaram I. , Payne K. F. B. , Al‐Hadad I. , Alibhai M. , Thomas S. , Bhandari R.
Published: June 2013

Oral epithelial dysplasia grading is currently recognised as the most useful prognostic indicator for predicting conversion of potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity to squamous cell carcinoma. It is also used as a basis for deciding management options. However, the diagnosis of oral epithelial dysplasia is subjective and thus unreliable. Surgery is currently recommended for removal of high‐risk lesions; however, the evidence for its success is lacking, and in some cases, there have been reports of increased recurrence of malignancy following surgical excision. Molecular and genetic markers have been identified and show promising results in identifying which potential malignant disorders are at risk of malignant transformation. The current evidence available for prognosis of potential malignant disorders and its treatment is based on observational and retrospective data. No randomised control trials have been conducted to date to assess the efficacy of surgery in oral epithelial dysplasia. Until good quality evidence is available from well‐designed randomised control trials, experts still recommend the surgical removal of potential malignant disorders which are regarded as high risk.
Use of intravenous immunoglobulin in an Asian paediatric population over a 10‐year period
Authors: Wu Jethro , Lee Alison Joanne , Goh Anne Eng‐Neo , Chia Moira , Ho Christopher , Bugarin Jackelyn Laycano , Shek Lynette Pei‐Chi , Chan Yiong‐Huak , Lee Bee‐Wah
Published: June 2013

Aims

There is a paucity of data on the pattern of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) usage in the paediatric population. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, trends, indications and burden of cost of IVIG usage in the Singaporean paediatric population.

Methods

Pharmacy data of all IVIG prescriptions between 2000 and 2009 in the two major paediatric public hospitals in Singapore were retrospectively reviewed. Each prescription was cross‐referenced with the patient's hospital records to confirm the administration of IVIG and indication of use.

Results

Over the 10‐year period, a total 78 155 g of IVIG valued at an estimated $5.2 million was prescribed. There was an increasing trend of 445.6 g/year (P = 0.02) over this period. Analysis of patients showed that the most common indication for IVIG use was Kawasaki disease, both in terms of the proportion of patients (60%) and amount of IVIG used (34%). Kawasaki disease was also the only indication where there were significant increasing trends in both patient numbers (7.4 patients/year) and amount of IVIG used (247.5 g/year). The indications with the highest amount of IVIG used per patient were for conditions related to primary immunodeficiency diseases and stem cell transplantation, where repeat transfusions were required. More than 75% of indications were Food and Drug Administration approved.

Conclusion

Albeit substantial and increasing, the use of IVIG in Singaporean children is mostly evidence based.
Genetic and clinical contributions to cerebral palsy: A multi‐variable analysis
Authors: O'Callaghan Michael E , MacLennan Alastair H , Gibson Catherine S , McMichael Gai L , Haan Eric A , Broadbent Jessica L , Baghurst Peter A , Goldwater Paul N , Dekker Gustaaf A ,   Australian Collaborative Cerebral Palsy Research Group
Published: June 2013

Aim

This study aims to examine single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations with cerebral palsy in a multi‐variable analysis adjusting for potential clinical confounders and to assess SNP–SNP and SNP–maternal infection interactions as contributors to cerebral palsy.

Methods

A case control study including 587 children with cerebral palsy and 1154 control children without cerebral palsy. Thirty‐nine candidate SNPs were genotyped in both mother and child. Data linkage to perinatal notes and cerebral palsy registers was performed with a supplementary maternal pregnancy questionnaire. History of known maternal infection during pregnancy was extracted from perinatal databases.

Results

Both maternal and fetal carriage of inducible nitric oxide synthase SNP rs1137933 were significantly negatively associated with cerebral palsy in infants born at less than 32 weeks gestation after adjustment for potential clinical confounders and correction for multiple testing (odds ratio 0.55, 95% confidence interval 0.38–0.79; odds ratio 0.57, 95% confidence interval 0.4–0.82, respectively). Analysis did not show any statistically significant SNP–SNP or SNP–maternal infection interactions after correction for multiple testing.

Conclusions

Maternal and child inducible nitric oxide synthase SNPs are associated with reduced risk of cerebral palsy in infants born very preterm. There was no evidence for statistically significant SNP–SNP or SNP–maternal infection interactions as modulators of cerebral palsy risk.
Predictors of adolescents' health‐promoting behaviors guided by primary socialization theory
Authors: Rew Lynn , Arheart Kristopher L. , Thompson Sanna , Johnson Karen
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of parents and peers on adolescents' health‐promoting behaviors, framed by primary socialization theory.

Design and Method

Longitudinal data collected annually from 1,081 rural youth (mean age = 17 ± 0.7; 43.5% males; 44% Hispanic) and once from their parents were analyzed using generalized linear models.

Results

Parental monitoring and adolescent's religious commitment significantly predicted all health‐promoting behaviors (nutrition, physical activity, safety, health practices awareness, and stress management). Other statistically significant predictors were parent's responsiveness and health‐promoting behaviors. Peer influence predicted safety and stress management.

Practice Implications

Nurses may facilitate adolescents' development of health‐promoting behaviors through family‐focused interventions.
Foraging strategies associated with alternative reproductive tactics in a large mammal
Authors: Corlatti L. , Bassano B. , Valencak T. G. , Lovari S.
Published: June 2013

Foraging behaviour plays a key role in growth, survival and reproduction. Male ungulates in temperate environments show seasonal fluctuations in uptake and use of energy, with summer accumulation of reserves later used to sustain the costs of the mating season. To date, however, very little information is available on the foraging behaviour of individuals adopting alternative reproductive tactics. We investigated the year‐round foraging strategies of nine territorial and 10 non‐territorial male Alpine chamois Rupicapra rupicapra in the Gran Paradiso National Park (Italy), and discussed them in relation to space use and forage quality. Territorial males showed marked seasonal changes in foraging behaviour, with low values of time spent foraging in spring, followed by an increase in summer, a drop in November and a subsequent increase in winter. The foraging rates of non‐territorial males, on the other hand, showed smaller variation, decreasing gradually from spring to autumn, and increasing in winter, but with no significant reduction during the November rut. Although in summer territorial males remained at lower elevations than non‐territorial males, faecal crude protein did not show any significant difference between male types. The effort to establish and defend territories (in spring and in November, respectively) may constrain foraging in territorial males, forcing them to compensate by increasing their energy intake over summer. Different levels of vertical movements in the warm months did not affect forage quality, suggesting that territorial males may be selective in the choice of palatable plants. Our results show that different reproductive tactics imply different foraging strategies over the year, which do not seem to depend on forage quality. Different foraging strategies over summer may possibly lead to different body conditions at the beginning of the mating season, which, in turn, could influence individual capability to cope with the costs of mating.
Bioaccessibility and Risk of Exposure to Metals and SVOCs in Artificial Turf Field Fill Materials and Fibers
Authors: Pavilonis Brian T. , Weisel Clifford P. , Buckley Brian , Lioy Paul J.
Published: June 2013

To reduce maintenance costs, municipalities and schools are starting to replace natural grass fields with a new generation synthetic turf. Unlike Astro‐Turf, which was first introduced in the 1960s, synthetic field turf provides more cushioning to athletes. Part of this cushioning comes from materials like crumb rubber infill, which is manufactured from recycled tires and may contain a variety of chemicals. The goal of this study was to evaluate potential exposures from playing on artificial turf fields and associated risks to trace metals, semi‐volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by examining typical artificial turf fibers (n = 8), different types of infill (n = 8), and samples from actual fields (n = 7). Three artificial biofluids were prepared, which included: lung, sweat, and digestive fluids. Artificial biofluids were hypothesized to yield a more representative estimation of dose than the levels obtained from total extraction methods. PAHs were routinely below the limit of detection across all three biofluids, precluding completion of a meaningful risk assessment. No SVOCs were identified at quantifiable levels in any extracts based on a match of their mass spectrum to compounds that are regulated in soil. The metals were measurable but at concentrations for which human health risk was estimated to be low. The study demonstrated that for the products and fields we tested, exposure to infill and artificial turf was generally considered de minimus, with the possible exception of lead for some fields and materials.
Undermining incision and healing of deep pressure ulcers: A prospective cohort study of pressure ulcers by the Japanese National Hospital Organization
Authors: Nagase Takashi , Iizaka Shinji , Kato Hirofumi , Nakagami Gojiro , Kaitani Toshiko , Machida Masafumi , Oshima Hideo , Ochiai Hiroko , Bito Seiji , Sanada Hiromi ,   ASPU Group
Published: June 2013

Undermining is one of the most challenging complications of deep pressure ulcers. Recommendations in most guidelines are based only on expert opinions. Here, we examined the relationship between surgical incision of the undermined space and pressure ulcer healing through a Japanese multicenter prospective cohort study. A total of 162 patients with undermining in 40 national hospitals in Japan were enrolled from July 2007 to June 2009. The incision group included 39 patients (24.1%) whose undermining was surgically incised during the observational period. Their 4‐week follow‐up data on pressure ulcer severity and areas of healthy granulation tissue were recorded as outcome variables using the DESIGN‐R pressure ulcer assessment tool. The 4‐week follow‐up was restarted after the incision in the incision group. The outcome variables over time were compared between the two groups using a linear mixed model with or without adjustment for demographic and other variables. The incision group showed more rapid improvement in the total and granulation DESIGN‐R scores compared with the nonincision group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.007, respectively, in the crude models). This study may provide the first considerable evidence to support that surgical incision of undermining may promote healing of deep pressure ulcers.
Ultrasonic Evaluation of Welding Residual Stresses in Stainless Steel Pressure Vessel
Authors: Javadi Yashar , Salimi Pirzaman Hamed , Hadizadeh Raeisi Mohammadreza , Ahmadi Najafabadi Mehdi
Published: June 2013

This paper investigates ultrasonic method in stress measurement of a pressure vessel made of austenitic stainless steel 304 L. Longitudinal critically refracted (LCR) waves are employed to measure the welding residual stresses. The acoustoelastic constant is measured through a hydro test while the pressure vessel is kept intact. Hole-drilling method is used to verify the results of ultrasonic measurement corresponding to axial and hoop residual stresses of the pressure vessel. The results show good agreement between hole-drilling and ultrasonic stress measurements which is accomplished nondestructively.
Evaluation of Inelastic Seismic Response of a Piping System Using a Modified Iterative Response Spectrum Method
Authors: Ravikiran A. , Dubey P. N. , Agrawal M. K. , Reddy G. R. , Vaze K. K.
Published: June 2013

In pressurized piping systems, strain accumulation may take place due to cyclic loading during a seismic event. This incremental plastic deformation called ratcheting may lead to failure of the piping systems. There is no numerical method available to evaluate this accumulated strain in the piping system using response spectrum as input. In the literature, incremental hinge technique is available to predict the failure level conservatively by considering static collapse as the failure mode. However, it is observed from shake table tests that failure in the piping components, especially in elbows, is due to ratcheting. Considering this failure mode and design input as a response spectrum, a modified incremental hinge technique is developed and validated with experimental results. The strain predicted by this analysis closely matches with that of experimental results which are available up to an excitation of 0.75 g ZPA (zero period acceleration). In the experiment, the pressure boundary rupture occurred at 2 g ZPA, while the analysis predicts the failure of the piping system at 2.37 g ZPA. Details of these investigations are presented in the paper.
Effects of Natural and Manual Cleaning on Photovoltaic Output
Authors: Smith Matthew K. , Wamser Carl C. , James Keith E. , Moody Seth , Sailor David J. , Rosenstiel Todd N.
Published: June 2013

Photovoltaic arrays are known to suffer power efficiency losses over time due to accumulation of natural dirt and dust. The importance of cleaning in order to maintain efficiencies and the significance of natural cleaning by rainfall have not been widely studied in different climates. Monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic panels located in Portland, Oregon, were evaluated for the effects of natural soiling on power output and correlated with efficiencies after manual cleaning or natural rainfall. The masses of particulates on each panel were measured when cleaning the panels, and the effects of the manual cleaning and natural cleaning by rainfall were compared. In order to distinguish possible causes for the losses in efficiency, thermal effects of soiling were also studied. During a 17-day rain-free period in July and Aug. 2011, natural particulate deposition was measured at 0.85 g/m2, which led to a power output about 4% lower than a nominally identical clean panel. A single natural rainfall event was sufficient to clean the panel to a level that restored power output to within 1% of the manually cleaned panel. Natural particulate deposition at that level did not detectably affect panel temperature, suggesting that the power losses were due to optical scattering effects rather than temperature effects. Artificially managed temperature adjustments did significantly affect power output, consistent with the expected temperature effects for monocrystalline silicon. Given the effectiveness of natural rainfall in cleaning the panels, appropriate protocols for maintaining optimum efficiencies can be determined for different climate situations.
Complete Sequences of Two Plasmids in a
bla
NDM-1
-Positive Klebsiella oxytoca Isolate from Taiwan
Authors: Huang Tzu-Wen , Wang Jann-Tay , Lauderdale Tsai-Ling , Liao Tsai-Lien , Lai Jui-Fen , Tan Mei-Chen , Lin Ann-Chi , Chen Ying-Tsong , Tsai Shih-Feng , Chang Shan-Chwen
Published: June 2013

Genetic determinants of a
bla
NDM-1
-positive, multidrug-resistant bacterial isolate that caused active infection was investigated by DNA sequencing. Two plasmids, pKOX_NDM1 and pKOX-R1, were identified for the
Klebsiella oxytoca
strain E718. Sequence annotation revealed a
bla
NDM-1
gene in pKOX_NDM1 and two extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers (
bla
CTX-M-3
and
bla
SHV-12
) and a wide array of resistance genes in pKOX-R1. These findings highlight the difficulty in treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections and the potential danger of emerging resistant enterobacteria.
Skin rash and subconjunctival haemorrhage in an adult with pandemic H1N1 influenza
Authors: Koul Parvaiz A , Khan Umar H , Shah Tajamul Hussain , Bagdadi Farhana
Published: June 2013

A young man presented with erythematous rash that appeared 3 days following upper respiratory symptoms and fever. Diffuse exanthematous rash was seen over whole body, most pronounced over the trunk. A subconjunctival haemorrhage also appeared in the left eye following incessant cough. Reverse transcription-PCR of the nasopharyngeal secretions revealed influenza A (2009 pandemic H1N1). The patient responded to oseltamivir therapy. Influenza should be considered in patients presenting with exanthematous skin rash.
CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF ARTHROSCOPIC REPAIR OF MASSIVE ROTATOR CUFF TEARS DOES IT IMPROVE THE NATURAL HISTORY
Authors: Chrysi Tsiouri , Chidanbaram Ramiah , Frankiskos Xypnitos , Mok Daniel H
Published: June 2013

Backround

Is there a reason for repairing massive cuff tears.

Methods

58 consecutive patients with a massive rotator cuff tear had arthroscopic repair between November 2004 and May 2006 with the presented technique. The average age was 68.4 years ( 49–86).Mean follow up was 46.2 months (38–56). Thirty of those patients were available for review 20 months later, follow up 65(53–76) 0.33 had ultrasound and 34 had X rays

Results

In 45 patients available for scoring the mean Oxford score was 44(19–48) with 42 (93%) graded as excellent or good and only one poor result and at final review 45 (27–48).The mean postoperative Constant score at follow up was 74(32.8–97.4) rising to 76 (41–96) in 2011 and statistical analysis showed that improvement in both Oxford and Constant scores was significant(probability <0.05). There was a statistically significant improvement regarding pain, movement and activities of daily living but not strength. Ultrasound findings correlated with postoperative strength and Constant scores but not with any other factor or the Oxford score. Similar was the correlation for radiographic osteoarthritis. At final follow up, improvements in all scores remain statistically significant whether there is a retear or thinning or development of osteoarthritis or not.

Conclusion

The results suggest that arthroscopic repair of massive rotator cuff tears can achieve excellent clinical results The outcome in the longer term is unknown.
PLATELET-RICH PLASMA (PRP) TO TREAT CHRONIC UPPER PATELLAR TENDINOPATHIES
Authors: Kaux J F , Croisier J L , Bruyère O , Rodriguez C , Daniel C , Godon B , Simoni P , Alvarez V , Brabant G , Lapraille S , Lonneux V , Noël D , Collette J , Goff C Le , Gothot A , Crielaard J M
Published: June 2013

Background

Upper patellar tendinopathies remain often chronic and rebel to a thorough conservative treatment. Moreover, the option of a surgical treatment could be disappointing. New treatments are being developed. Injection of PRP is one of these. Platelets contain lot of growth factors which would have the potentiality to enhance the healing process of tendons. Even if in vitro and animal experiments have demonstrated this stimulation of tendon healing process,1clinical series are subject to controversy.2

Methods

Twenty patients with chronic upper patellar tendinopathy were enrolled. Assessments [VAS, clinical examination with an algometer, algofunctional scores (IKDC and VISA-P), functional assessments (isokinetic and Optojump) and imagery (ultrasounds and MRI)] were made before infiltration of PRP, and 6 weeks and 3 months after. The PRP was obtained by an apheresis system (COM.TEC, Fresenius). Six millilitres of PRP were injected without local anaesthetic. One week after infiltration, patients started a 6-week standardised sub-maximal eccentric reeducation.

Results

We observed a very significant improvement of the algofunctional status as soon as 6 weeks after the infiltration of PRP, and continued to a lesser extent up to 3 months. During functional evaluation, pain decreased as well, but without significant improvement of performances. No significant improvements in the imagery were observed. Interestingly, patients who had a VAS equal or below 1 after 3 months post-infiltration were younger (24.7 vs 32.2 y.o.). Moreover, these younger patients had a significant increase of the IKDC score (p=0.003), a significant improvement of pain during isokinetic evaluations (p<0.05), and during Optojump assessments (p=0.01). Seventy-five percent of subjects were able to return to sport, even if only half of these patients recovered the same level than before the tendinopathy.

Discussion/Conclusions

This study demonstrates that a local infiltration of PRP associated with a submaximal eccentric protocol is efficient to improve symptoms of chronic upper patellar tendinopathies, non-responsive to classical conservative treatments. However, up to now, there is no consensus on the method to prepare the PRP. Indeed, each technique could provide a very different PRP (variations in the platelet concentrations and of the amount of red and white cells).
EFFECTS OF RECOVERY TYPE ON JUDOKAS' SHORT-TERM MAXIMAL PERFORMANCES DURING A SIMULATED COMPETITION
Authors: Hamdi Chtourou , Hana Baklouti , Asma Aloui , Najla Ismaïl , Liwa Masmoudi , Karim Chamari , Anis Chaouachi , Nizar Souissi
Published: June 2013

Background

Scientific data regarding the effects of different forms of recovery on judokas' anaerobic performances during successive judo matches are lucking. Moreover, to our knowledge, no relevant studies have examined the effects of the combined-recovery (passive-active-passive) on these performances. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the effect of three recovery modes (i.e., passive recovery, active recovery, and combined recovery) on judokas' anaerobic performances during a simulated competition.

Methods

Twelve male black belt judokas performed three test sessions, with one recovery type at each session [active (running at 50% of maximal-aerobic-velocity, passive, and combined-recovery (4 min passive-recovery, 7min active-recovery, and 4-min passive-recovery)]. During each session, the judokas performed the squat-jump (SJ), the countermovement-jump (CMJ), the hand-grip (HG), and the isometric-lumbar-contraction (ILC) tests before and after two 5-min judo matches separated with a 15-min recovery, and after a 15-min recovery subsequent to the second judo match.

Results

Performances during the SJ and CMJ, HG and ILC were higher in the combined-recovery condition compared to the passive-recovery one. Moreover, HG was higher after the combined-recovery than the active-recovery before the second combat. Besides, ILC was higher after the active-recovery compared to the passive-recovery before the second combat, and higher after the combined-recovery than the active-recovery 15-min after the second combat.

Discussion/conclusions

Judo is a dynamic, high-intensity-intermittent-combat-sport where the anaerobic system provides the short, quick, all-out bursts of maximal power during the match, while the aerobic system contributes to the judoka's ability to sustain effort for the total duration of the combat, to recover during the brief periods of rest or reduced effort, and to an effective recovery between matches. Therefore, active recovery could not be used between judo matches since the judokas need some minutes for muscles relaxation and to concentrate prior to the upcoming combat since judo requires tactical excellence.
EFFICACY OF ACUTE HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING IN LOWERING GLYCEMIA IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: DIABETES EM MOVIMENTO® PILOT STUDY
Authors: Mendes Romeu , Sousa Nelson , Garrido Nuno , Rocha Pedro , Themudo Barata José Luís , Reis Victor Machado
Published: June 2013

Background

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is characterized by brief periods of high-intensity aerobic exercise interspersed with periods of rest or active recovery and has been reported to be more effective than moderate-intensity continuous training for improving several health outcomes. However, safety and efficacy of HIIT in high-risk patient populations, like type 2 diabetic patients, needs to be established. This study aims to analyze the acute effects of HIIT in postprandial blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

This was a randomized crossover study. Twelve individuals with type 2 diabetes (diagnosed at 5.83±3.13 years; six men and six women; age 58.67±5.35 years; glycated hemoglobin 7.08±1.18 %; body mass index 30.07±5,64 kg/m2) treated with oral hypoglycemic agents (metformin, N=5; metformin+sitagliptin, N=4; metformin+vildagliptin, N=3) underwent a single exercise session of high-intensity interval training on treadmill and a control session of seated rest with one week apart in a random order. Exercise session consisted in a 5-min warm-up followed by 5 series of 3-min brisk walking at 70% of heart rate reserve (HRR), interspersed with 3-min at 30% HRR. In the end a 5-min cool-down was carried, totaling a 40-min exercise session. Treadmill speed and grade were adjusted to induce the defined intensity. Training zones were calculated with Karvonen HRR method. Sessions were held in the morning period during standardized breakfast postprandial state. Capillary blood glucose was measured at baseline (fasting state), immediately before sessions (0 min), during sessions (10, 20 and 30 min) immediately after sessions (40 min) and during recovery (50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 min).

Results

After exercise start, blood glucose levels were always lower compared to control. However, two-way ANOVA (conditionxtime) with repeated measures only identified statistically significant diferences at minute 20 (155.92±51.13 vs. 110.58±47.07 mg/dl, p=0.034), 30 (148.50±55.58 vs. 95.08±44.77 mg/dl, p=0.017), 40 (137.42±48.60 vs. 91.17±38.71 mg/dl, p=0.017) and 50 (134.00±52.91 vs. 94.25±38.33 mg/dl, p=0.047). No acute adverse events occurred during exercise or recovery: no symptomatic hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, no symptoms of myocardial ischemia or stroke and no musculoskeletal injuries.

Conclusions

HIIT appears to be an effective and safe exercise strategy to acutely control blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Trial funding and registration

Diabetes em Movimento®is funded by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology with reference SFRH/BD/47733/2008 and is registered in Current Controlled Trials with referenceISRCTN09240628.
RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION IN YOUNG PATIENTS WITH ATLAS FRACTURES DURING PROFESSIONAL AND AMATEUR SPORT
Authors: Syrmos Nikolaos , Mylonas A , Gavridakis G , Grigoriou K , Valadakis V , Iliadis C , Arvanitakis D
Published: June 2013

Background

Radiological evaluation is very important in spinal trauma patients during sport activities, specially in cases with atlas fractures.

Aim

Aim of this study was to analyze the radiological evaluation and the role of X-ray, CT and MRI findings in 12 young patients with atlas fractures during sport activities (amateur and professional).

Material and Methods

During a 12 year period (2000–2012) we analyzed 12 patients with atlas fractures during sport activities (amateur and professional). Ten male, two female, mean age 25, range from 16 to 30 years.

Results

All of them 12,100% had admission X-rays and CT-scan that confirmed the presence of an atlas fracture. Ten patients,had also MRI-scan (group 1), two patients, only X-rays and CT-scan (group 2). We analyzed also the type of sport activity, amateur (group A, 6 patients 50%), professional (group B, 6 patients, 50 %), then the timing of injury, recent trauma (group I, 11 patients) and chronic trauma, more than seven days after the initial injury (group II, 1 patient). Two Jefferson burst fractures, four bilateral posterior arch fracture, one comminuted lateral mass fractures, one linear lateral mass fractures, one unilateral ring fracture, one asymmetric anterior and posterior arch fractures, two bilateral anterior arch fracture. Six patients were treated with Halo-Vest and Six Patients with Philadelphia Collar The average follow up was 18 months.

Conclusions

Further studies were warranted but the combination of CT and MRI is is very useful for the evaluation and for the therapeutic approach of spinal trauma patients, specially in cases with atlas fractures. The long term stability seems to have good results.