bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Confusion and Scattering: Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Demise of Reformed Hegemony
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

After a long and stormy voyage, Jonas Michaëlius stepped onto the soil of New Netherland in the spring of 1628 to embark on a mission for the Dutch West India Company. Michaëlius, already seasoned as a pioneer churchman for the Dutch colony in Brazil, set about to convene a Reformed church in this new outpost of the Netherlands commercial empire. “Our coming here was agreeable to all,” he wrote, “and I hope, by the grace of the Lord, that my service will not be unfruitful.” Dominie Michaëlius proceeded to carve out a small constituency from among the colony’s settlers. “At the first administration of the Lord’s Supper which was observed, not without great joy and comfort to many, we had fully fifty communicants—Walloons and Dutch,” he reported in a letter to Amsterdam, although he conceded that “one cannot observe strictly all the usual formalities in making a beginning under such circumstances.” Amid such a tentative configuration the Dutch Reformed Church began its long and colorful history in North America, and even the colony itself started to exhibit some signs of permanence. “We are busy now in building a fort of good quarry stone, which is to be found not far from here in abundance,” Michaëlius wrote. “May the Lord only build and watch over our walls.”
Flames of Contention: The Raritan Dispute and the Spread of Pietism
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

From 1664 through Cornbury’s administration, the Dutch Reformed Church felt every major economic, political, social, and demographic crisis in the colony. The economic deprivation among lower-class Dutch following the English Conquest and the attenuation of the Dutch commercial empire gave rise to a dispute over clerical salaries and prompted the dominies’ appeal to English temporal authority. When the duke of York preferred a political favorite to the Dutch church at Albany, he provoked the indignation of the colonial Dutch clergy and, later, Jacob Leister and Jacob Milborne. England’s Glorious Revolution triggered violent reactions among New York’s Dutch and caused still larger repercussions for the colonial Reformed Church. Leisler’s Rebellion brought to the fore the latent class antagonisms present in the Dutch community since Stuyvesant’s surrender to the English, and it polarized the Dutch along social and economic lines.
Catholic and American
Authors: Fisher James T
Published: November 2023

In 1854 a group of Polish immigrants established the community of Panna Marya (“Village of Our Lady”) in central Texas. One of the founders of this first permanent settlement of Poles in the United States was Peter Kiolbassa, an 18-year-old native of the small town of Swib, which, with the rest of Poland, was under foreign occupation (in the late 18th and early 19th centuries Poland had been carved up by Russia, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary).
The Managerial Demiurge
Authors: Mills C Wright
Published: November 2023

As the means of administration are enlarged and centralized, there are more managers in every sphere of modern society, and the managerial type of man becomes more important in the total social structure. These new men at the top, products of a hundred-year shift in the upper brackets, operate within the new bureaucracies, which select them for their positions and then shape their characters. Their role within these bureaucracies, and the role of the bureaucracies within the social structure, set the scope and pace of the managerial demiurge. So pervasive and weighty are these bureaucratic forms of life that, in due course, older types of upper-bracket men shift their character and performance to join the managerial trend, or sink beneath the upper-bracket men. In their common attempt to deal with the underlying population, the managers of business and government have become interlaced by committee and pressure group, by political party and trade association. Very slowly, reluctantly, the labor leader in his curious way, during certain phases of the business cycle and union history, joins them. The managerial demiurge means more than an increased proportion of people who work and live by the rules of business, government, and labor bureaucracy; it means that, at the top, society becomes an uneasy interlocking of private and public hierarchies, and at the bottom, more and more areas become objects of management and manipulation. Bureaucratization in the United States is by no means total; its spread I partial and segmental, and the individual is caught up in several.
Success
Authors: Mills C Wright
Published: November 2023

In the middle of the twentieth century, it has become less widespread as fact, more confused as image, often dubious as motive, and soured as a way of life. No other domestic change is so pivotal for the tang and feel of society in America, or more ambiguous for the inner life of the individual, and none has been so intricately involved in the transformation of the old into the new middle classes. Other strata have certainly been affected, but the middle classes have been most grievously modified by the newer meanings of success and the increased chances of failure. To understand the meaning of this shift we must understand the major patterns of American success and the ideologies characteristic of each of them; the changing role of the educational system as an occupational elevator; and the long-run forces, as well as the effects of the slump-war-boom cycle, which lift or lower the rate of upward movement.
Early Dissenters and Popular Religion
Authors: Stein Stephen J
Published: November 2023

The Puritans who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 were dissenters from the Church of England, or Anglicanism. But they had little tolerance for those who did not agree with all aspects of Puritan doctrine and religious practice. In the first decade of the colony’s history no individual was more outspoken in his criticism of such intolerance than Roger Williams, the founder of Rhode Island. Williams did not come to the New World intending to establish a separate colony. On the contrary, this Puritan clergyman who held a degree from Cambridge University arrived in Boston in early 1631 expecting to serve as the minister of a Puritan congregation.
Healers and Occultists: Women of Spiritual Means
Authors: Stein Stephen J
Published: November 2023

In the United States of the nineteenth century women rarely occupied formal positions of religious leadership. In the mainstream churches-Protestant and Catholic-the ranks of the clergy were almost exclusively a male domain. The few exceptions to this pattern provoked heated controversy. Alternative religions, by contrast, often provided opportunities for females to exercise religious authority. Quaker women, for example, spoke within the meetings, gained a reputation for their spirituality, and served as “traveling Friends.” Ann Lee was the founder of the Shakers, and women exercised considerable leadership within that community.
On Sexual Lust
Authors: Aquinas Thomas
Published: November 2023

It seems that not every act of sexual lust is, for the following reasons: Fornication is an act of sexual lust. But we list fornication with things permitted, not with things that are sinful as such. For Acts 15:28–29 says: “It seemed good to the Holy Spirit and us not to impose on you any burden beyond what is necessary, that you abstain from foods sacrificed to idols, from the blood of animals, from the meat of strangled animals, and from fornication.” And no consumption of food as such is sinful, since 1 Tim. 4:4 says: “We should reject nothing that we receive with thanksgiving to God.” Therefore, neither is fornication a sin, and so not every act of sexual lust is sinful. Having intercourse with a woman is a natural act, and so the act considered as such is not a sin, just as looking at a woman is not, since each of these acts is the act of a natural power. But looking at a woman who is not one’s wife is not a sin. Therefore, neither is having intercourse with a woman not one’s wife a sin. If fornication is a sin, this is so either because of the power that elicits the act or because of the matter or because of the purpose. But fornication is not sinful because of the power, since the power that elicits the act is natural. And fornication is not sinful because of the matter, since the matter consists of women created by God for this purpose, as Gen. 2:18 says: “Let us make for the man a helper like himself. It also may be the case that fornication is not sinful because of its purpose, as, for example, if one fornicates with the intention of begetting a child in order to foster worship of God. There-fore, it seems that not every act of fornication is sinful.
The Weekend Effect
Authors: Singal Vijay
Published: November 2023

The weekend effect refers to relatively large returns on Fridays compared to those on Mondays. Whereas the Friday returns exceed 0.20%, the Monday returns are close to zero or negative resulting in a weekend effect for an equally weighted index of 0.34 percent. On the other hand, the weekend effect for a value-weighted index has fallen to zero during the 1990s.

Short sellers may be responsible for the weekend effect because they do not want to keep speculative positions open around the weekend. Accordingly, they close the short positions by buying back on Fridays and reopen them by short selling on Mondays causing higher returns on Fridays and lower returns on Mondays.

It is, however, not easy to capture the weekend effect with current financial instruments because the trading costs can be large. Nonetheless, investors should recognize the weekend effect and avoid buying on Fridays and selling on Mondays. Instead, they should buy stocks on Mondays and sell on Fridays.

The weekend effect is best defined as a Friday’s return minus the following Monday’s return for a single security or a portfolio of securities. This definition captures the preweekend positive returns (higher returns on Fridays) and the postweekend negative returns (lower returns on Mondays). In the absence of seasonality in returns, firms should, on average, earn the same return on all days of the week, especially on adjacent trading days.
Introduction: Uncovering Jewish-Christian Dialectic in History
Authors: Krell Marc A
Published: November 2023

When speaking at his first political rally as the United States Demo cratic candidate for vice president in 2000, Senator Joseph Lieberman of Connecticut stated, “There are some people who might actually call Al Gore’s selection of me an act of chutzpah!” Regardless of the eventual election outcome, Vice President Gore clearly made a bold decision to break down religious and cultural barriers that had prevented American Jews from seeking the highest public offices in a Christian-dominated country. In fact, rather than focusing on Lieberman’s centrist political positions as a reason for his choice, Gore seized the moment to showcase Lieberman’s religious affiliation and to emphasize the fact that Lieberman was the first Jew to be the vice presidential candidate of any major party, comparing it to the election of the first Catholic president in 1960, John F. Kennedy.
Beyond Borders:Richard Rubenstein’s Critique of Judaism in Relation to Christianity after the Holocaus
Authors: Krell Marc A
Published: November 2023

Following the Holocaust, Richard Rubenstein did not share Schoeps’s optimism in a shared redemptive history for Jews and Christians because he was unable to reconcile the image of God as “the ultimate, omnipotent actor in the historical drama” with the historical reality of the death camps. For Rubenstein, this portrayal of the biblical God of history must ultimately lead to the interpreta tion of the Holocaust as part of “God’s providential way of leading humanity to its final redemption.” As a result, Rubenstein came to the agonizing conclusion that after the Holocaust we are now in the age of the death of the historical God. Moreover, he rejected the Jewish mythical claim of chosenness associated with this transcendent God that has ignited a “two thousand year old sibling rivalry of Jew and Christian over who is the Father’s beloved child.” In his landmark book After Auschwitz (1966), Rubenstein criticizes the use of both Jewish and Christian religious myths because they created the historical climate for the Holocaust. He maintains that they should be abandoned to provide an opportunity for genuine dialogue between the two religious communities.
Liquids And Their Interfaces
Authors: Chen Gang
Published: November 2023

So far we have considered photons, electrons, phonons, and gas molecules. The transport processes of these energy carriers have many common characteristics and thus we have treated them in parallel. Transport in liquid is considerably more difficult to deal with. Compared to gases, liquids have molecules are closely packed and have short-range interactions, while compared to crystalline solids, liquids lack the periodicity of crystal structures. For these reasons, we cannot develop a parallel treatment for transport in liquids as we have done in previous chapters for other energy carriers. This chapter provides a brief description of transport processes in liquids and near the interfaces between liquids and their surrounding media, such as liquid-solid, liquid-liquid, and liquid-vapor interfaces. We will start with a brief introduction to the methods used to deal with transport in bulk liquids. Historically, some of the earliest approaches were attempts to modify kinetic theory, particularly the Boltzmann equation, to include, for example, the finite size of liquid molecules and the potential interaction among molecules. The success of modified kinetic theories, however, is rather limited. Another line of development was pioneered by Einstein (1905) in his studies of the Brownian motion of particles in a liquid. Brownian motion was generalized by Langevin, and further developed by others in the linear response theory (Kubo et al., 1998). With the development of computational tools, the study of liquids has gradually shifted to computer simulations based on the linear response theory. In section 9.1, we will discuss the modification of the Boltzmann equation by Enskog, Einstein’s Brownian motion theory, and the Langevin equation. The linear response theory will be discussed in chapter 10.
Thinking It Through
Authors: Appiah Kwame Anthony
Published: November 2023

Here is a thorough, vividly written introduction to contemporary philosophy and some of the most crucial questions of human existence: the nature of mind and knowledge, the status of moral claims, the existence of God, the role of science, and the mysteries of language, among them. In Thinking It Through, esteemed philosopher Kwame Anthony Appiah shows us what it means to "do" philosophy in our time and why it should matter to anyone who wishes to live a more thoughtful life. Opposing the common misconceptions that being a philosopher means espousing a set of philosophical beliefs, or being a follower of a particular thinker, Appiah argues that "the result of philosophical exploration is not the end of inquiry in a settled opinion, but a mind resting more comfortably among many possibilities, or else the reframing of the question, and a new inquiry." Thinking It Through is organized around eight central topics--mind, knowledge, language, science, morality, politics, law, and metaphysics. It traces how philosophers in the past have considered each subject (how Hobbes, Wittgenstein, and Frege, for example, approached the problem of language) and then explores some of the major questions that still engage philosophers today. More important, Appiah shows us not only what philosophers have thought but how they think, giving us examples we might use in our own attempts to navigate the complex issues that confront any reflective person in the 21st century. Filled with concrete examples of how philosophers work and written in the liveliest prose, Thinking It Through guides readers through the process of philosophical reflection and enlarges our understanding of the central questions of human life.
Preaching a Military Discourse
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M
Published: November 2023

Except for Giving a sermon in nearby Paragonah, Smith spent the week after his arrival in Parowan resting, building a fence around his garden, and visiting with family and “scores of friends.” It had been nearly seven years since he first led a company ofpioneers to southern Utah.

From the time that Spanish and Mexican explorers of the Dominguez- Escalante expedition went through the region in 1776, people had talked of the region’s rich resources. Parley P. Pratt and a party of Mormon explorers dispatched by Young in 1849 reported “a hill of the richest Iron ore,” though iron, according to Pratt, was only one advantage. He also described acres of cedar that might provide “inexhaustible” fuel for smelting.
A Fearful Responsibility
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M
Published: November 2023

Unaware of the Cedar City plans, the Arkansas emigrants drove on to their next camp. Leaving Leach’s Spring on Saturday morning, they continued along Leach’s Cut off past Pinto, through the scrub oak and cedar and below the sturdier timber of the highlands to emerge at the northern neck of the Mountain Meadows. For centuries, Paiute bands had lived in and near the Meadows, and just the year before, a county court had granted Jacob Hamblin herding rights there “for the benefit of the Indians Stationed on the Santa Clara.”
Plato’s Symposium
Authors: Hunter Richard
Published: November 2023

Plato’s Symposium tells of a dinner party at a crucial point in Athenian history at which the guests decide that they will each in turn deliver a speech in praise of love. The humourous and brilliant work that follows points the way towards all Western thinking about love. The Symposium is also one of Plato’s most sophisticated meditations on the practice of philosophy. This book introduces the literary and historical context of Plato’s work, surveys and explains the arguments, and considers why Plato has cast this work in a highly unusual narrative form. A final chapter traces the influence of the Symposium from antiquity to the modern day. No knowledge of Greek or Greek philosophy is required.
Erôs Before Socrates
Authors: Hunter Richard
Published: November 2023

Phaedrus, who begins the series of encomia, came from a wealthy Athenian family and is characterized in Plato by an interest in clever argument: in the Protagoras we find him, together with his friend Eryximachus, putting questions on natural science to the sophist Hippias (Protagoras)and in the dialogue named after him he has been captivated by an epideictic speech of Lysias, in which a man seeks to persuade an erômenos that he should give his sexual favors to someone who does not love him rather than to someone who does.
The Love Of Socrates
Authors: Hunter Richard
Published: November 2023

Socrates undertakes to speak “as suits me / on my own terms” and his contribution does indeed fall into two modes familiar from other Platonic dialogues: question-and-answer, which reveals the answerer’s ignorance, clears away misconceptions, and prepares for what is to follow, and, second, longer “didactic” speeches, first by Socrates and then by Diotima. In the progression from speech (Socrates) to dialectic (Socrates examining Agathon) to further dialectic (Diotima examining Socrates) and finally to Diotima’s great speech of myth and metaphysics, Socrates’ personal role becomes progressively less important. Although each successive speaker to some extent caps those who have preceded, only Socrates (and Diotima) address specific questions to the immediately preceding speaker: it is apparently truth, not rhetorical and performative effectiveness, which is now to be the central concern.
The National Outlook Movement and the Rise of the Refah Party
Authors: Yavuz M Hakan
Published: November 2023

Mehmet Zahid Kotku was the brainchild of the party. He wanted to have a party where Muslims could feel at home. We were, in fact, tired of being used by other center-right parties. I became involved in this party because of Zahid Efendi. I remember that evening when Zahid Efendi invited five people and told us that “you are all men dedicated to the cause of protecting and advancing this nation. The core identity [kimlik] and character [kimlik] of this wounded nation is Islam. Your main heritage is Islam and as Muslims you can heal this wound by listening to what our Turkish Muslim people want. What they want is an Islamic sense of justice and the restoration of their Ottoman-Islamic identity.
Haunting America
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

Across the United States, thousands of Native Americans practice their ancient religions, complex beliefs and rituals that can be traced back long before the arrival of European settlers. At the same time, many more Americans with little or no Native heritage believe that they too are following the paths of Native spirituality. They engage in ritual drumming and hold sweat lodges, they use Native-themed Tarot cards: they believe in all sincerity that they are reviving shamanic traditions. Some travel as pilgrims to places long sacred to Indian nations. Others incorporate Native ways into their everyday lives, creating their own personal medicine bundles and domestic altars, which are grandly titled “Prayer Mesas.” Roaming across the endless plains of the Internet, pseudo-Native Americans tirelessly seek out aspects of Native religious tradition that they can appropriate as their very own. Spiritual consumers buy a great deal of bric-a-brac, including videos, music, jewelry, dream-catchers, crystals, medicine bags, fetishes, and the rest. A sizable industry caters to what is obviously a vast hunger for Native American spirituality.
Brave New Worlds 1925–1950
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

We speak now as representatives of the most heroic race the world has ever seen, the most physically perfect race the world has ever seen, the most spiritual civilization the world has ever seen.During the 1920s and 1930s, Native spirituality established itself in the American consciousness as a valid religious tradition. Mainstream attitudes toward Native cultures became significantly more respectful and admiring. In 1934, George Cronyn noted the revolutionary change of attitudes that had occurred just since he first published his in 1918. “At the very moment when the rich racial heritage of the Red Man seemed destined to vanish into archaeological obscurity, his vast, complex and poetic-cultural contribution approaches the recognition it deserves among all those who cherish the spiritual treasures of the human race.”1 Radical ideas popularized by John Collier about the superiority of Indian religions became commonplace, regularly presented in books and the news media. Cultural sensitivity toward Indian ways became sharply more obvious at the beginning of the 1930s, a time when many perceived a crisis of confidence in Western values. In the early 1930s, books sympathetically presenting Indian culture and beliefs were appearing at a rate that would not be matched again until the 1970s. New marketing practices promoted a favorable image of Indians, partly through the sale of artifacts and Indian crafts, but also through the dissemination of Indian spiritual wisdom.
Returning the Land
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

In 1970, President Nixon signed a bill returning the sacred Blue Lake to the Pueblo of Taos, righting what was commonly seen as a historic injustice. This one measure symbolizes a radical change in both popular and public attitudes toward Native peoples, and especially toward their cultural and religious beliefs. By the end of the twentieth century, Native religions had acquired a recognition and prestige that they had never possessed before. Despite complaints that legal acknowledgment had not gone far enough— for instance, in the use of peyote—Native religions now enjoyed a full-scale revival. Also in contrast to earlier years, these ideas were now developed and presented by Native peoples themselves, rather than by their would-be white advocates.
Introduction: The New Temples of Religious Pluralism
Authors: Chesnut R Andrew
Published: November 2023

Latin America’s religious revolution continues to radically transform the spiritual economy of the most Catholic region in the world. In my previous study of the Pentecostal boom in Brazil, I argued that Charismatic Protestantism is remaking the socioreligious landscape of Latin America. Since the proliferation of Pentecostalism among the popular classes of Ibero-America was my exclusive focus, I was unable to capture the full magnitude of the religious revolution. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Pentecostalism continues at the vanguard of Latin America’s religious revolution, but now it is sup ported by a corps of Charismatic believers that has played less visible but nonetheless pivotal roles in the historic transformation of the religious economy of the region. Thus, while Pentecostal churches, such as the Assemblies of God (AD) and the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (IURD), continue to be the in architects of the new religious landscape, a new generation of non-Pentecostal spiritual entrepreneurs has emerged to join in the demolition of the edifice of religious monopoly and to begin construction of the myriad temples of religious pluralism.
How Buildings Work
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward
Published: November 2023

Illustrated with hundreds of illuminating line drawings, this classic guide reveals virtually every secret of a building’s function: how it stands up, keeps its occupants safe and comfortable, gets built, grows old, and dies--and why some buildings do this so much better than others. Drawing on things he’s learned from the many buildings he himself designed (and in some cases built with his own hands), Edward Allen explains complex phenomena such as the role of the sun in heating buildings and the range of structural devices that are used for support, from trusses and bearing walls to post-tensioned concrete beams and corbeled vaults. He stresses the importance of intelligent design in dealing with such problems as overheating and overcooling, excessive energy use, leaky roofs and windows, fire safety, and noisy interiors. He serves up some surprises: thermal insulation is generally a better investment than solar collectors; board fences are not effective noise barriers; there’s one type of window that can be left open during a rainstorm. The new edition emphasizes “green” architecture and eco-conscious design and construction. It features a prologue on sustainable construction, and includes new information on topics such as the collapse of the World Trade Center, sick building syndrome, and EIFS failures and how they could have been prevented. Allen also highlights the array of amazing new building materials now available, such as self-cleaning glass, photovoltaics, transparent ceramics, cloud gel, and super-high-strength concrete and structural fibers. Edward Allen makes it easy for everyone--from armchair architects and sidewalk superintendents to students of architecture and construction--to understand the mysteries and complexities of even the largest building, from how it recycles waste and controls the movement of air, to how it is kept alive and growing.
Systems Engineering and Management
Authors: Pisacane Vincent L
Published: November 2023

It must be remembered that there is nothing more difficult to plan, more doubtful of success, more dangerous to manage, than the creation of a new system. For the initiator has the enmity of all who would profit by the preservation of the old institutions and merely lukewarm defenders in those who would gain by the new ones.
Astrodynamics
Authors: Pisacane Vincent L
Published: November 2023

Astrodynamics, which includes the topics of orbital mechanics, celestial mechanics, and dynamical astronomy, is the study of the motion of natural and artificial bodies in space. Its fundamental objective is to determine and predict the position of celestial bodies on which the dominating force is gravity. Astrodynamics is experimentally based on the observations of the planets and moons and on Kepler’s laws, and is theoretically based on the laws of classical mechanics and Newton’s and Einstein’s laws of motion. Its study is important to spacecraft missions because the trajectory of the spacecraft is a fundamental design parameter with major implications for all subsystems of the spacecraft. This chapter addresses only the fundamentals of astrodynamics that are important to spacecraft missions. For a more detailed exposition of the topic, appropriate references are identified.
The Nineteenth Century: A Quiet Court
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S
Published: November 2023

Religion without governmental sanction or support: How would this actually work out in a rapidly expanding nation? No one was quite sure. Those denominations long accustomed to official help, for example, the Congregationalists in New England and the Episcopalians elsewhere, ventured onto the boisterous seas of religious liberty with some caution and fear. Other denominations, such as the Baptists and the newly organized Methodists, found the rough waters bracing and challenging. And those religious bodies that saw liberty chiefly in terms of the opportunities that it presented flourished dramatically. By 1850, for example, Methodists and Baptists together had roughly seven times the number of churches as Congregationalists and Episcopalians together. The profile of American religion was rapidly changing.

The key word to describe this “new look” among the churches was voluntarism. A whole host of voluntary societies arose early in the nineteenth century to meet needs that government would not or could not serve: the American Bible Society (founded 1816), which made inexpensive copies of the Bible widely available on the frontier and elsewhere; the American Sunday School Union (1824), which encouraged the establishment of Sunday schools, often led by women, even where no churches were found; the American Tract Society (1825), which printed moral and religious literature in small pamphlets that sold for a dime, a nickel, or even a penny.
The Establishment Clause: Public Schools
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S
Published: November 2023

In Western civilization, the connection between religion and education is both intimate and of long duration. When an imperial state controlled the church, it also controlled the educational system. And when, as on occasion in the Middle Ages the church dominated the state, it dominated the schools and universities as well. Even in the modem world, in most European nations the ties between state education and institutional religion remain close. But not in the United States of America.

In U.S. public schools, where the vast majority of the nation’s young people are educated, control tends to be local rather than federal. And in those schools the constitutionally correct way of dealing with (or ignoring) religion tends to be a major problem for all concerned: the pupils, the parents, the religious leaders, the school teachers and administrators, and the political leader­ ship at all governmental levels. Perhaps it is not surprising that problems arise, because the U.S. experiment in education swims against such a strong historical tide in the Western world.
Theoretical Basis for Field Calculations
Authors: Cobbold Richard S C
Published: November 2023

Of considerable practical importance is the ability to accurately predict the field caused by an acoustic source of given dimensions. The changes in pressure, particle velocity, and density can be determined by solving the appropriate wave equation subject to the prescribed boundary and initial conditions. An appropriate wave equation could be one that accounts for the properties of the transmission medium, including nonlinearities, absorption, and dispersion, as well as any anisotropic and inhomogeneities present. Solving such an equation is often very difficult, and as a result several assumptions and approximations are generally made.
Field Profile Analysis
Authors: Cobbold Richard S C
Published: November 2023

This chapter primarily focuses on the application of the methods developed in the previous chapter for analyzing the field distribution produced by a variety of single acoustic sources, ranging from piston transducers to those with more complex geometries. For an inviscid propagation medium, exact and approximate methods are examined, including the Fresnel and Fraunhofer approximations. The Fraunhofer approximation allows a greatly simplified approach to calculating the far-field response. On the other hand, the Fresnel approximation is fairly accurate much closer to the source, though it generally results in more complex expressions. An account of the use of iodization as a means for reducing the effects of diffraction is presented, and this leads to a description of diffractionless and minimally diffracting sources. The important practical issue of the effects of attenuation and the accompanying dispersion is then addressed, dealing first with classical viscous losses, and then addressing the question as to how the effects of attenuation and dispersion in soft tissue can be accounted for.
Scattering of Ultrasound
Authors: Cobbold Richard S C
Published: November 2023

Because of the complex structure of most biological media, the scattered signal arising from an incident pulsed ultrasound beam is generally difficult to fully interpret, even when details of the structure are available. To address this problem, it is helpful to start by assuming a plane harmonic wave incident on a simple symmetrical scattering structure. Now any incident harmonic wave can be treated as a superposition of plane harmonic waves, and any pulse can be transformed into a spectrum of frequencies, so that a solution to the plane harmonic wave scattering problem enables a more general problem to be solved. Many methods of solution have been used, all of which are based on either exact or approximate solution of the wave equation. The boundary value method, initially used by Rayleigh [1,2] to obtain approximate solutions for spherical and cylindrical scatterers by acoustic waves, will first be studied. Small spherical scatterers are frequently used to model the structure of soft biological media [3], and in addition a simple spherical scatterer or a smalldiameter wire is sometimes used to measure the pulse-echo response of an ultrasound transducer. Moreover, an array of such objects can be used to determine the performance of an imaging system. A Green’s function approach can be used to arrive at an integral solution for the scattered wave, and this is especially helpful when the density and compressibility of the scattering region vary in a continuous manner. Since the integrand involves the sum of the incident and scattered fields, it is generally appropriate to make the Born approximation in which the scattered field is assumed to be small compared to that incident.
“Busy” Louie at the Golden Gloves
Authors: Wacquant Loöc
Published: November 2023

Seven weeks of preparation. Fifty days of labor and sweat, of grimaces, of mingled doubt and enthusiasm, of “monastic devotion,” as Joyce Carol Oates puts it so well. Six miles gobbled up each morning, in the arctic cold of a Chicago winter; billions of gestures, sometimes minute, simple or complex but always painstakingly executed, assiduously repeated and polished; and oh so many punches—thrown, absorbed, taken in and dished out. Tonight, I’m stepping into the ring. The moment of truth. The Chicago Golden Gloves has arrived, the most prestigious amateur tournament in the city. Proud of its seventy-something years, carrying in its wake the legend of the glory days of the Sweet science, when Chicago Stadium vied with Madison Square Garden in New York City for the pugilistic limelight. Tony Zale, Ernie Terrell, Sonny Liston, Cassius Clay first honed their skills there, first wreaked havoc there.
Envisioning Fatherhood: A Social Psychological Perspective on Young Men without Kids
Authors: Marsiglio William , Hutchinson Sally , Cohan Mark
Published: November 2023

Interest in the social psychology of fatherhood has grown significantly in recent years (Marsiglio, 1998). Much of the scholarship in this area focuses on how individuals construct meaning in relation to paternity, fathering, and the negotiation of family roles. Research on men’s evolving identities as fathers, and their commitments to their children, is critical for understanding these social processes and the microlevel dimensions to the fatherhood terrain. This work is particularly vital when considering the diverse paths men take on their way to acknowledging and embracing their fecundity, paternity, and father roles, respectively.
The Importance of Partners to Lesbians’ Intergenerational Relationships
Authors: Lasala Michael C
Published: November 2023

In describing family relationships, Bowenian theory delineates the need for balance between the life forces of individuality and togetherness (Kerr & Bowen, 1988). Practitioners of Bowenian family therapy use the term differentiation of self to describe how an individual establishes autonomy from his or her family members while also maintaining meaningful connections with them (Bowen, 1978). Problems arise when family members sublimate their own needs to avoid conflict, or distance themselves by emotionally cutting off from one another. In turn, unresolved emotional issues from problematic, family-of-origin relationships are often projected onto spouses, resulting in marital strain (Kerr & Bowen, 1988).
The Evolution of Homoerotic Behavior in Humans
Authors: Muscarella Frank
Published: November 2023

Evolutionary psychology is a fascinating new field. The evolutionary model has proven to be rich in heuristic value and has generated a wealth of academic dialogue (Buss, Haselton, Shackelford, Bleske, & Wakefield, 1998). The evolutionary explanation focuses on why a behavior exists. Contemporary advantages and disadvantages are considered largely irrelevant to the larger evolutionary question (Buss et al., 1998). Cosmides, Tooby, and Barkow (1992) have indicated that the examination of psychological mechanisms (e.g., homoeroticism) can be used to investigate the possibilities of adaptive function. A behavior may be considered adaptive if it can be demonstrated that during evolution the behavior may have solved an adaptive problem by contributing to reproduction either directly or indirectly (Buss et al., 1998; Tooby & Cosmides, 1992).
Clinical Features of Survivors of Sexual Abuse with Major Depression
Authors: Zlotnick Caron , Mattia Jill , Zimmerman Mark
Published: November 2023

Recently, there as been increased interest in the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and depression (e.g., see the review article by Weiss, Longhurst, & Mazure, 1999). In part, this interest is due to the consistent finding of community-based studies that there is a significantly higher rate of major depression in survivors of childhood sexual abuse compared to individuals without histories of childhood sexual abuse (e.g., Burnam et al., 1988; Russell, 1984; Saunders, Villeponteaux, Lipovsky, Kilpatrick, & Veronen, 1992). Based on this body of research, it has been estimated that nearly 60% and 39% of the overall prevalence of lifetime major depression in women and men, respectively, is associated with a history of childhood sexual abuse (Cutler & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991).
Obsessive-Compulsive Symptomatology: A Goal-Directed Response to Anticipated Traumatization?
Authors: Trumbull Dianne W
Published: November 2023

I will use clinical material to illustrate how one individual’s efforts to prevent anticipated traumatization evolved into obsessive-compulsive illness. I am proposing that his obsessive-compulsive symptomatology was trauma-induced and progressed with this predictable pattern: an anticipatory state, activated by traumatic antecedents, compelled a goal-directed response that became maladaptive. I have divided the discussion into separate sections about traumatic antecedents, anticipatory arousal, and a potentially adaptive motivational state that becomes maladaptive in obsessive-compulsive illness. In the first section about traumatic antecedents, I argue that we must expand our diagnostic use of the term traumatization to include forms of interpersonal threat.
Social Work with Clients Contemplating Suicide: Complexity and Ambiguity in the Clinical, Ethical, and Legal Considerations
Authors: Mishna Faye , Antle Beverley J , Regehr Cheryl
Published: November 2023

Most social workers, whatever their area of clinical practice, have worked with individuals who view suicide as their only option to relieve suffering. This situation probably more than any other clinical condition forces the practitioner to confront complex and difficult ethical, legal, and psychological questions while simultaneously managing an emotionally charged and urgent circumstance (Amchin, Wettstein, & Roth, 1990). On first inspection, the social worker’s responsibilities seem clear. Congress (1998), for instance, asserts that the NASW Code of Ethics principle permitting a social worker to break confidentiality in working with a suicidal client is “widely accepted, except by the most radical of thinkers” (p. 43). However, applying this principle to highly complex individual situations is not always s straightforward.
The Financial Vulnerability of People with Disabilities: Assessing Poverty Risks
Authors: Batavia Andrew I , Beaulaurier Richard L
Published: November 2023

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 states, “The Nation’s proper goals regarding individuals with disabilities are to assure equality of opportu-nity, full participation, independent living, and economic self-sufficiency for such individuals.”1 Thus, assisting the 54 million2 Americans with disabili-ties (i.e., functional or activity limitations)3 to be self-sufficient and to live independently in their communities is among the most important objectives of U.S. disability policy.4 To achieve these goals, people with disabilities need to be able to maintain financial stability, balancing their budgets and absorbing threatening shocks to their financial security such as the costs of illnesses and other short-term emergencies.
Nurturing Life with Dreams: Therapeutic Dream Work with Cancer Patients
Authors: Goelitz Ann
Published: November 2023

Dreams can offer an effective vehicle for therapeutic work with patients managing life-threatening illness, a vulnerable group in need of a safe, supportive environment. Because of the stigma and complex emotions attached to advanced medical illness, patients tend to be isolated and inadequately supported by friends and family. Breaking the isolation and providing the requisite nurturing environment, dreams can act as a nonthreatening means to form a connection between therapist and patient. For a population that is often more able to discuss the physical aspects of disease, dreams can provide an effective vehicle for accessing the emotional aspects of that experience. This can help lessen isolation and loneliness and provide a means for discussing multiple issues of loss.
Johnny Ace
Authors: Dyson Michale Eric
Published: November 2023

I can remember the first time I heard Johnny Ace’s dulcet tones pouring from my stereo in the early eighties. My mother had been a huge fan of the fallen singer before he was struck dead by a bullet from his own gun in a game, she told me, of ‘‘Russian roulette.” I was intrigued by his fame, by his short life, and by the story of how he died so needlessly, so tragically, by his own hand I promised my mother that if I ever came across his album - this was long before compact discs were the widespread and popular items they now are-I would make the purchase and send her a tape of the recordmg.
James Agee
Authors: Birkerts Sven
Published: November 2023

I selected James Agee less for his literary contribution, which was distinctive and important, than for what he stands for. On the vast spectrum of the American sensibi!ty, that conjectural abstraction that shows us who we, collectively, are, and which ranges from John Wayne and General Patton on one end to Emily Dickinson on the other, James Agee represents, in his writing and his person, our conflicted and susceptible romantic nature. In considering this writer, we contemplate a tender, empathetic soul-sometimes violent in its stresses and longings-which expressed itself either in pure distilled lyricism, in the Pulitzer Prize-winning A Death in the Family, or in afar more complex way in the epoch-making documentary he made with photographer Walker Evans. Reading And Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, we feel an engaged,powerfully emotional man trying to rein in his affective nature in the interest of a more objective presentation. His bid.finally fails-James Agee cannot stop being James Agee-but the result is all the more mMing. We confront the precision, the sharp registrations of his descriptions and his portraits of tenant farmers and their families, but at the same time we detect the self-restraining impulses of a suffering witness just behind Agee s early death-he was in his midforties-robbed us of an authentic American dreamer.
Paul Laurence Dunbar
Authors: Gates Henry Louis
Published: November 2023

The first heard Paul Laurence Dunbar’s poetry as a child. My father, 1 born in19I3 and blessed with a photographic memory, was fond of reciting long passages of poetry, to my brother and me, as we sat around the television in our living room, or at my bedside as I struggled to go to sleep. While my father’s repertoire was quite broadhe loved poems such as Kipling’s ‘1f,” Longfellow’s ‘‘Psalm of Life,” and Whittier’s “The Barefoot Boy” -his absolute favorite poem, without a doubt, was Paul Laurence Dunbar’s ‘1n the Morning,” with Dunbar’s “The Party” a close second. In other words, I was raised on Dunbar’s lyrics, especially this one: Lias! Lias! Bless de Lawd! Don’you know de day’s erbroad? Ef you don’ git up, you scamp, Dey’!! be trouble in dis camp.
Charles Grandison Finney
Authors: Morgan Edmund S
Published: November 2023

Charles Grandison Finney probably affected the daily lives of more Americans in the nineteenth century than any other single individual His evangelical preaching of moral perfection reached hundreds of thousands and sparked the movement that led to the abolition of slavery. Charles Grandison Finney, evangelist and president of Oberlin College, was born in Warren, Connecticut, the son of Sylvester Finney and Rebecca Rice, farmers. The family moved to the town of Kirkland, Oneida County, New York, when he was two and in 1808 to Henderson, Jefferson County, near Lake Ontario. Finney attended common school and perhaps Hamilton-Oneida Academy in Clinton, and he taught school as an older teen in Henderson. At age twenty he enrolled at Warren Academy in Connecticut, decided against going on to Yale, and taught in New Jersey from 1814 to 1818, when he returned to Jefferson County to apprentice at law. Practicing in an Adams, New York, law firm and directing the local Presbyterian church choir, he began to study the Bible. Having grown up during the Second Great Awakening, Finney was aware of the strengths and weaknesses of every Protestant denomination’s evangelistic style.