bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the Porous Structure of Fabrics for Filtration Applications
Authors: Miller Bernard , Tyomkin Ilya , Wehner John A.
Published: September 2009

Quantification of the porous nature of a flat filter medium can be accomplished in a variety of ways. However, some of the commonly used methods are either inadequate or irrelevant. For example, incremental porosimetry does not produce pore size distributions that can be related to filter performance. This paper presents a method for determining types of pore constriction frequency distributions that are more directly applicable to filtration and flow-through processes. A recommended procedure for determining air permeability is shown to be inadequate both for predicting the resistance of a fabric to air flow and for comparing different fabrics. An extended air permeability test methodology is described that can be used to give a better quantification of flow-through resistance.
A Standard Test Method for Initial Efficiency Measurements on Flatsheet Filter Media
Authors: Nicholson Robert M.
Published: September 2009

Reproducible initial efficiency measurements on flat sheet filter media in air, require well controlled test aerosols for particle count and particle size resolution. This Test Standard drafted by ASTM F21.20 Subcommittee on Gas Filtration utilized the atomization of monodispersed latex spheres and particle counting by Optical Particle Counters to measure the initial, particle size efficiencies of flatsheet filter media. A test system and procedure is defined that can provide a ±1% reproducibility on initial penetration in the particle size range of 0.5 to 5 μm at a 95% confidence level.
Development of an Artificial Dust Spot Technique for Use with Ashrae 52–76
Authors: Raber Robert R.
Published: September 2009

Dust spots comparable to those obtained using the natural atmospheric aerosol have been obtained using an atomized and dried aqueous solution of carbon black. Tests which have been performed during the past two and a half years have indicated the technique is applicable for the standard range of dust spots (20% to 95%).
Electrostatic Enhancement of Fabric Filtration
Authors: VanOsdell Douglas W. , Donovan Robert P.
Published: September 2009

Incorporating electrical forces into the design of fabric filters provides reduced pressure drop and improved collection efficiency, as compared with conventional practice. Improvement has been demonstrated for a number of filter and electrode geometries, and pilot plant operations have been successful at a number of field sites. The mechanisms whereby electrostatic forces improve fabric filter performance include: 1) reduced dust penetration and/or retention in the depth of the filter; 2) the formation of a dust cake having increased porosity; and 3) non-uniform deposition of dust on a filter surface.
Is PVC Pipe Strain Limited after all these Years?
Authors: Moser A. P. , Shupe O. K. , Bishop R. R.
Published: September 2009

PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) sewer pipes have seen wide use in the United States and this has prompted concern for an appropriate material property design limit. It had been proposed that the imposition of a strain limit derived from long-term creep testing would also be appropriate for buried gravity flow pipes subjected to constant strain. Laboratory tests of pipe ring samples exposed to various strains and temperatures have been conducted for the past 13 years on filled and unfilled PVC compound formulations. Samples of pipe, from a test installation of buried pipe, have been excavated after 14 years and a post evaluation has been conducted. These test results are used to draw some conclusions concerning the applicability of a material strain limit for constant strain design conditions.
Field Experience, Performance Testing and Design of Very Flexible Thermoplastic Pipe Systems
Authors: Chapman Peter G.
Published: September 2009

As pipe stiffness is reduced, prediction of deflection and deformation of buried pipes becomes less reliable. However, for thermoplastic pipe materials operating under predominantly constant strain conditions, the level of strain is not a critical failure parameter, and prediction of deformations and strains is likewise less relevant. Buckling and wall compression are the other mechanisms for system failure, but are unlikely to be critical factors except at very low or very high soil covers. Cost savings can therefore be achieved through the use of very low stiffness pipes, where the application and field conditions permit. Experimental work is described involving controlled loading tests on buried pipes, monitoring of field installations, and a large scale installation at the World Expo site in Brisbane using very low stiffness polyvinyl chloride (PVC) storm drains.
Lap-Shear and Creep Testing of Metal-to-Metal Adhesive Bonds in Germany
Authors: Hahn Karl F.
Published: September 2009

A brief outline of development in the field of metal-adhesive bonding in postwar Germany precedes some of the results of recent research, Particular emphasis is put on the authors work with Special attention given to nonlinear stress-strain relationships of the adhesive, the Specific shape of which hag certain effects on the stress distribution in the glue line of a lapshear bond. A change in the test temperature helps to clarify this as does the crack pattern on the surface of the broken specimen. The influence of the degree of polymerization of an adhesive has been investigated with respect to characteristics of a loaded lap-shear bond. The results were correlatable to those obtained from east film specimens. Creep exhibited by small lap-shear bonds occurred principally in the came way in bonded aluminum beams. Creep in statically loaded lap-shear bonds is dependent on the stress distribution in the glue line. By varying the applied loads and the glue-line thicknesses, the stress distribution could be found to depend upon elapsed time.
Standardization in the Netherlands
Authors: Wijbrans F. W.R.
Published: September 2009

In 1916 the “Koninklijk Instituut van Ingenieurs” (the Royal Institute of Engineers) and the “Maatschappij voor Nijverheid en Handel” (Society for Industry and Trade), convinced of the fact that standardization promotes both manufacturers' and general interest, founded the “Hoofdcommissie voor de Normalisatie in Nederland” (HCNN) (Head Commission for Standardization in the Netherlands). The objective of HCNN is to promote standardization in The Netherlands by initiating publicity about standardization and by issuing standards.
Summary of How National Standards Are Achieved
Authors: Painter Robert J.
Published: September 2009

Whether the National standardizing bodies are independent, quasi-government, or government sponsored depends upon the type of government in the countries, and we would find then that in the democratic countries the responsibility for supporting a national standards group would rest upon industry and individuals, whereas in a country where the state controls industry, then the standards activities would be largely state sponsored. It is of interest to note that in connection with the Inter-American Conference on Standards held in Brazil in September 1957, with one exception everyone strongly supported the statement that, in general, national standardizing bodies should be independent. However, in deference to one country, there was a special note included, indicating that where for various reasons it was necessary that the government initiate and sponsor a standards body, it should, as soon as possible be turned over to industry and the engineering and scientific groups for operation and support.
The Influence of Composition, Strain Hardening, and Precipitation Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties and Stress Corrosion Resistance of Copper-Beryllium Alloy Strip
Authors: Gohn G. R. , Herbert G. J. , Kuhn J. B.
Published: September 2009

The influence of variations in beryllium content on the mechanical properties of copper-beryllium alloy strip is discussed. Four tempers of each of five alloys varying in beryllium content from 1.60 to 2.05 per cent were investigated, both in the solution heat-treated and strain-hardened conditions and after precipitation heat treatment. The mechanical properties evaluated include tensile strength, proportional limit, 0.01 and 0.2 per cent offset yield strengths, modulus of elasticity, elongation, fatigue strength in reversed bending at cycle lives ranging from 105 to 168, Rockwell and Rockwell superficial hardness. The effect of surface treatments on fatigue life, including furnace atmospheres and shot peening, is shown. Hardness response curves are given for the five alloys for various periods of time ranging from 1/2 to 5 hr at temmperatures of 575 to 700 F in increments of 25 F. From these studies the correlation between Rockwell B and Rockwell 30T hardness values, and Rockwell C and Rockwell 30N hardness values for each of the alloys was established. Data are also presented showing the resistance of the two commercial copper-beryllium alloys (No. 25 and No. 165) to stress corrosion cracking.
Lubrication of Ball Bearings for Space Applications
Authors: Clauss F. J. , Drake S. P. , Young W. C.
Published: September 2009

The operation of equipment in space has required a new evaluation of lubricants. To evaluate these lubricants, Lockheed Missiles and Space Company has conducted a test program of operating lubricated, instrument-size ball bearings in pressures of 10−7 to 10−9 torr.

Four classes of lubricants have been tested in the vacuum pressure range mentioned above. Bearings using the most successful of the oil and grease lubricants tested have operated continuously for over 1 yr. The most promising tests using special retainer materials have been 3 to 6 months in duration. Tests using dry-film lubricants have shown poor reproducibility and short life-times of only about 3 months.
Harmonization of Macrotexture Measuring Devices
Authors: Flintsch Gerardo W. , Huang ManQuan , McGhee Kevin
Published: September 2009

This paper compares pavement macrotexture measurements obtained using the volumetric method and three laser-based devices. The study used data from a controlled experiment conducted at the Virginia Smart Road, as well as samples of in-service highway and airport surfaces. The data collected at the Virginia Smart Road, a controlled-access two-lane road that includes various hot mix asphalt (HMA) and concrete surfaces, were used for the main analysis. The other two sets of data were used for verification and validation of the model developed. The analysis of the data collected at the Virginia Smart Road showed that the Circular Texture Meter (CTMeter) mean profile depth (MPD) had the highest correlation with the volumetric (Sand Patch) mean texture depth (MTD). Models for converting the laser-based texture measurements to an estimated MTD were developed. The developed model was tested using measurements collected on several other highway and airport surfaces and with positive results.
Measuring Pavement Friction Characteristics at Variable Speeds for Added Safety
Authors: Jackson N. Mike , Choubane Bouzid , Holzschuher Charles , Gokhale Salil
Published: September 2009

Pavement friction testing is frequently conducted in accordance with the provisions outlined in ASTM E 274, “Standard Test Method for Skid Resistance of Paved Surfaces Using a Full-Scale Tire.” The standard speed of testing in Florida is 40 mph (64.4 km/h). However, due to safety concerns related to testing on high-speed facilities, considerable attention has been focused in recent years on height-sensor based (non-contact) technology. It is potentially well suited for surveying the surface texture characteristics of pavement sections while operating at highway speed.

Although the height-sensor based technology has been available since the 1960s, it continues to mature. A considerable amount of research has been conducted to gain further understanding on the factors affecting high-speed pavement surface surveying from both the analytical and experimental points of view. Still some problems have not fully been resolved, particularly in the interpretation of the measured data and selection of adequate sensing technology (or sensor designs).

The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) initiated the present study to assess the feasibility of using high-speed, laser-based sensors to quantify the texture and friction characteristics of asphalt pavements. The main objective of this study is to provide for a safer, faster and more appropriate method of estimating pavement friction characteristics on high-speed facilities, ramps, and at other potentially hazardous sites. Further, it is also intended to provide for a means to obtain a measure of International Friction Index (IFI) in accordance with ASTM E 1960.

This paper presents a description of the FDOT testing program, the data collection effort, as well as the subsequent analyses and findings.
Realistic Approach for Enhancing Reliability of Pavement Surface Friction Testing
Authors: Li Shuo , Noureldin Samy , Zhu Karen
Published: September 2009

This paper presents the state-of-the-practice by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) in enhancing the reliability of pavement friction testing with the ASTM Standard E 274–97 [1] locked wheel tester. In order to detect the potential changes in system performance, INDOT conducts weekly and monthly system verification on a special friction test track. A multiparameter method has been used in assessing the performance of the locked wheel tester. This method cross examines the sample mean, the standard deviation, and the coefficient of variations of the friction measurements saved in a dynamic friction database that is upgraded after each verification testing. It was found that the system performance of the locked wheel tester varies with the type of test tire and pavement surface characteristics. The smooth tire produces greater friction variations than the ribbed tire. As pavement surface becomes rougher, friction variations decrease. A realistic approach has been established for verifying system performance.
Creep Crack Growth Analysis of Welded Joints for High Cr Heat Resisting Steel
Authors: Tabuchi M. , Hongo H. , Watanabe T. , Yokobori A. T.
Published: September 2009

The creep strength of weldment for high Cr ferritic steels decreases due to Type IV damages in the heat affected zone during long-term services at high temperatures. It is important to predict initiation and growth of creep voids and cracks in weldment. This paper clarified the Type IV crack initiation and growth properties in fine-grained HAZ of weldments for tungsten strengthened high Cr steels. On the basis of experimental results, the computational simulation for Type IV crack growth behavior was conducted. The effect of multiaxial stress condition on vacancy diffusion and crack initiation was discussed.
Detection of Crack Initiation by Observations of Free Surface Condition
Authors: Ichinose Kensuke , Yoshida Sanichiro , Gomi Kenji , Taniuchi Kiyoshi , Fukuda Katsumi , Ishii Hideyuki
Published: September 2009

A simple method to detect crack initiation is presented. By polishing the surface of carbon steel structure properly and using the Lüders bands and orange peel as indicators for damage, it is possible to predict crack initiation with the naked eye. The initiation of the Lüders bands is the yellow light of the crack initiation, for instance, in the traffic signal, and orange peel is the red light. The relationship between the observed surface condition and the cyclic stress-strain characteristics is discussed.
Volumetric and Surface Positron Annihilation Studies of Fatigue Damage Accumulation in a Steel Alloy
Authors: Glancey Christopher D. , Stephens Robert R.
Published: September 2009

Fatigue crack nucleation comprises a significant portion of the fatigue life for many structures. The ability to inspect and quantify damage before significant cracks appear could improve safety while allowing components to be retired only when they have reached the end of their useful life. Positron annihilation is one technique that allows for observation of damage accumulation on a much smaller scale than traditional nondestructive evaluation techniques. As-polished and shot-peened 300M steel specimens were fatigued under constant amplitude. Tests were interrupted at several fatigue life ratios between the as-received and failed conditions, and damage was measured with positron annihilation techniques. Positron annihilation was sensitive to both induced residual stresses and fatigue damage build up, but measurement uncertainty was high and sensitivity was low. Positron annihilation presents a potentially revolutionary nondestructive evaluation technique that could give a quantitative measure of early fatigue damage.
Elasto-Viscoplastic Behavior of the Ferritic Stainless Steel AISI 441-EN 1.4509 from Room Temperature to 850°C
Authors: Bucher Laurent , Santacreu Pierre-Olivier , Köster Alain , Remy L.
Published: September 2009

In order to predict the thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) damage of stainless steel parts submitted to thermal loading, the elasto-viscoplastic behavior has to be described accurately in a wide range of temperature, strain, and strain rate levels. The study is done on a stabilized ferritic stainless steel grade equivalent to AISI 441 or EN 1.4509 standard which is used more and more in high temperature application up to 950°C, for example, in exhaust manifolds, heat exchanger, burners, or water-boiler device. The elasto-viscoplastic model proposed by Chaboche is chosen and identified on the basis of isothermal cyclic tests including relaxation and graduated cyclic strain tests performed under air at 300, 650 and 850°C. The validation procedure was performed afterward by comparison with stabilized behavior under nonisothermal conditions, especially in-phase, out-of-phase, and diamond TMF cycles. Results of simulation show very good fitting with the experimental curves which would lead to a more accurate fatigue life prediction.
Introduction
Authors: Brown P. P.
Published: September 2009

In the development of modern techniques for evaluating the engineering properties of soils, field test procedures have received only a fraction of the attention accorded to laboratory methods. The profession has put forth much effort to refine laboratory methods and apply the results to conditions assumed to exist in the field. Yet, the inherently variable nature of soils and soil-water systems frequently makes representative sampling and laboratory testing impossible. The structural or hydraulic action of a mass of soil may be influenced greatly by undetected and untested strata or discontinuities. Field tests, on the other hand, if properly conducted and interpreted, can reflect this variable nature and indicate the true action of the soil mass. Field tests and measurements can also be used profitably to monitor changes in soil or soil-water systems during and after construction. Examples of such applications include the use of piezometers to measure the dissipation of pore pressure in weak foundations underlying fills and to monitor water levels during excavation dewatering. Also, mass movements in slopes and in soils adjacent to excavations can be detected by inclinometers placed in plastic casings. For stability problems of this sort, nature has provided us with an effective warning system: before rupture, small but accelerated deformations will appear. A few field measurements at selected locations in a construction area can be positive indicators of impending trouble. This symposium focuses attention on the value of field procedures in soils and foundation engineering. It is hoped that it will encourage wider use of those tests currently available to engineers and stimulate the development of new methods and devices. Many tests are in use today, but without ASTM guidance in the form of standards, tentatives, or even suggested methods. The need for refinement of test procedures is evident. Some field tests are rather elementary in performance, but their interpretation is not simple. Examples of such are the plate-loading test, the pile-loading test, and the percolation test. Papers on these three have been included, and it is hoped that the symposium will provide some necessary guidance to their interpretation.
Physical, Stress-Strain, and Strength Responses of Granular Soils
Authors: Burmister D. M.
Published: September 2009

Certain concepts and principles concerning physical, stress-strain, and strength responses of granular soils are treated and their implications with regard to field performances are discussed. Performance ratings for granular soil responses that have practical uses in soil investigations for engineering works are presented: soil character, relative compactness, permeability, consolidation, and triaxial shear. Soils in natural deposits are preconditioned and prestressed by prevailing environmental influences. New conditions imposed by construction methods, structures, and service uses cause important changes in the influences of the environment and hence cause inevitable changes in field performances. The environmental approach in soil investigations permits reliable evaluations of the influences of environmental and structure conditions, which can be taken into account in design and construction of structures and earthworks.
Cut Slope Design and Landslides
Authors: Smith T. W. , Cedergren H. R.
Published: September 2009

The improvement of California's highway system to meet modern standards of grade and alignment frequently forces the line into deep cuts or high fills. The sites of proposed cuts are studied carefully, and when feasible soil borings or core drill holes are made. Designs of cut slopes in the California highway system are developed on the basis of soil mechanics, geological studies, laboratory tests, experience, and judgment. An effort is made to avoid serious slides; but the variable nature of most earth and weathered rock formations often leads to slim margins of safety in cut slope design. As a consequence, failures sometimes do occur. This report describes several important cuts that have been required in the past few years for the construction of California highways. They represent a wide range in conditions and performance and emphasize the difficult problems that must be faced by highway designers and builders.
Subsidence of California Highways
Authors: Cedergren H. R. , Weber W. G.
Published: September 2009

The construction of highways over compressible ground produces some of the difficult problems in soil mechanics. When highway construction was relatively small, “rule of thumb” and dependence upon individual personal experience were reasonably adequate; however, with expansion of highway construction into the biggest construction project of all time, problems have increased in importance. High-speed, wide freeways extending into areas where low-speed, narrow roadways had previously been adequate places greater emphasis on the rational soil mechanics methods. The best use of these methods depends upon observations on the behavior of projects already designed and constructed. In this way evaluations and improvements on these methods can be made. The present paper is focused upon foundation subsidence, primarily as it produces losses in elevation and nonuniformity of grade. Several highway projects in the California State Highway System are described. Typical foundation soils data are summarized for each project, the foundation treatment method is described, and project settlement records are presented. The projects represent a wide range of soil conditions and periods of record up to 40 yr.
Selective Expression of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels in L5 Pyramidal Cell Axons
Authors: Christie Jason M. , Jahr Craig E.
Published: September 2009

NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent strengthening of neurotransmitter release has been widely observed, including in layer 5 (L5) pyramidal cells of the visual cortex, and is attributed to the axonal expression of NMDARs. However, we failed to detect NMDAR-mediated depolarizations or Ca2+entry in L5 pyramidal cell axons when focally stimulated with NMDAR agonists. This suggests that NMDARs are excluded from the axon. In contrast, local GABAAreceptor activation alters axonal excitability, indicating that exclusion of ligand-gated ion channels from the axon is not absolute. Because NMDARs are restricted to the dendrite, NMDARs must signal to the axon by an indirect mechanism to alter release. Although subthreshold somatic depolarizations were found to spread electrotonically hundreds of micrometers through the axon, the resulting axonal potential was insufficient to open voltage-sensitive Ca2+channels. Therefore, if NMDAR-mediated facilitation of release is cell autonomous, it may depend on voltage signaling but apparently is independent of changes in basal Ca2+. Alternatively, this facilitation may be even less direct, requiring a cascade of events that are merely triggered by NMDAR activation.
Cryopreservation techniques and their application in vegetatively propagated crop plants in Finland
Authors: NUKARI A. , UOSUKAINEN M. , ROKKA V-M.
Published: September 2009

Cryopreservation protocols have been introduced as techniques for germplasm preservation of vegetatively propagated horticultural and staple food crops. In Finland, cryopreservation has been studied since 1990s, beginning with cryopreservation of forest tree breeding material and since 2004 on cryopreservation of genetic resources of horticultural plants and potato. Priority was given to cryopreservation of raspberry (Rubus ideaus L.), strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and the possibility to use cryotherapy in eradication of raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) from in vitro cultures were studied on raspberry. Modified droplet vitrification cryopreservation protocols were designed for raspberry and strawberry and cryotherapy combined with thermotherapy was proven to be a successful application to eliminate RBDV from infected raspberries. Cryotherapy method can be applied for a large scale elimination of viruses from plant germplasm and from candidate nuclear stock in a certified plant production scheme. Routine use of cryotechniques in germplasm preservation of vegetatively propagated horticultural plants was started. Besides for long term germplasm preservation, cryopreservation techniques can be applied also for maintenance of mother stocks in certified plant production schemes and in commercial plant production. Cryopreservation of potato shoot tips needs additional detailed research to obtain sufficient recovery and regrowth rates.;
Genetic stability of wild pear (Pyrus pyraster, Burgsd) after cryopreservation by encapsulation dehydration
Authors: CONDELLO E. , PALOMBI M.A. , TONELLI M.G.
Published: September 2009

Shoot tips of Pyrus pyraster were successfully cryopreserved by encapsulation-dehydration. Na--alginate beads each containing one shoot tip, dehydrated for 2 days in 0.75M sucrose and desiccated to 20% moisture content (fresh weight basis), gave 60% recovery after exposure to liquid nitrogen. Regenerated shoots showed no differences in length and leaf shape compared to the mother plant. Multiplication rate and rooting ability of cryopreserved shoots were lower than those of untreated controls after one subculture, but were completely restored following the third subculture. Fifteen cryopreserved lines derived from single buds were used for genetic analyses by RAPDs and SSRs, in comparison with the mother plant. In RAPD analysis, of a total of 24 primers, only 15 showed reproducible and well resolved bands and were further used. These primers produced a total of 66 fragments ranging from about 500 to 2500 base pair size. SSR (microsatellite) marker amplification was performed using 19 primers which produced 57 reproducible fragments. Microsatellites fragments ranged from 60 to 600 base pairs. Both RAPDs and SSRs did not reveal any polymorphism between cryopreserved lines and the original genotype, suggesting that cryopreservation, using encapsulation-dehydration, does not affect genetic stability of wild pear.;
Effects of Insulin on the Metabolic Control of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis In Vivo
Authors: Edgerton Dale S. , Ramnanan Christopher J. , Grueter Carrie A. , Johnson Kathryn M.S. , Lautz Margaret , Neal Doss W. , Williams Phillip E. , Cherrington Alan D.
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE

Insulin represses the expression of gluconeogenic genes at the mRNA level, but the hormone appears to have only weak inhibitory effects in vivo. The aims of this study were 1) to determine the maximal physiologic effect of insulin, 2) to determine the relative importance of its effects on gluconeogenic regulatory sites, and 3) to correlate those changes with alterations at the cellular level.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Conscious 60-h fasted canines were studied at three insulin levels (near basal, 4×, or 16×) during a 5-h euglycemic clamp. Pancreatic hormones were controlled using somatostatin with portal insulin and glucagon infusions. Glucose metabolism was assessed using the arteriovenous difference technique, and molecular signals were assessed.

RESULTS

Insulin reduced gluconeogenic flux to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) but only at the near-maximal physiological level (16× basal). The effect was modest compared with its inhibitory effect on net hepatic glycogenolysis, occurred within 30 min, and was associated with a marked decrease in hepatic fat oxidation, increased liver fructose 2,6-bisphosphate level, and reductions in lactate, glycerol, and amino acid extraction. No further diminution in gluconeogenic flux to G6P occurred over the remaining 4.5 h of the study, despite a marked decrease in PEPCK content, suggesting poor control strength for this enzyme in gluconeogenic regulation in canines.

CONCLUSIONS

Gluconeogenic flux can be rapidly inhibited by high insulin levels in canines. Initially decreased hepatic lactate extraction is important, and later reduced gluconeogenic precursor availability plays a role. Changes in PEPCK appear to have little or no acute effect on gluconeogenic flux.
Detection of O-glycosylated proteins from different Trichinella species muscle larvae total extracts
Authors: Milcheva R. , Petkova S. , Babál P.
Published: September 2009

The aim of the work was to analyze oligosaccharide composition with the focus on O-linked glycoproteins presence in the total extract obtained from different Trichinella species muscle larvae by means of lectin affino-blot with lectins selected for their sugar specificity. The absence of reactivity with two lectins, Tritrichomonas mobilensis lectin and Maackia amurensis agglutinin, indicated that the species of the Trichinella genus do not synthesize sialic acid. Reactivity with Helix pomatia lectin, Vicia villosa lectin-B4, peanut agglutinin and Ulex europeus lectin-I identified the presence of O-linked glycans identical to carcinoma-associated Tn-antigen (GalNAc-α-Ser/Thr) and T-antigen (Gal-β1,3-GalNAc-α-Ser/Thr) and also structures analogous to ABH-blood group antigens. The results obtained may contribute to a better understanding of the glycobiology of this parasitic nematode in relation to occupation of its intracellular niches.
Increasing antioxidant protection during mebendazole and AKβ vitamin complex treatment of experimental trichinellosis in rats
Authors: Tolstoy V. , Lytvynets A. , Langrová I.
Published: September 2009

To enhance the effect of treatment method of Trichinellosis with mebendazole, lipid peroxidation processes (LPP) in blood of Wistar rats experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis were investigated. In accordance with health condition of infected rats treated with mebendazole and combination of mebendazole and AKβ vitamin complex, dynamics of the main values of the LPP (such as: activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in erythrocytes and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) concentration in blood serum) were analyzed. It was concluded that mebendazole amplifies the LPP in rat’s blood. Additional administrations of the AKβ vitamin complex allow improvement of LPP parameters, raising compensatory-adaptive reactions of the host organism and reducing the rate of the experimental animal’s mortality.
Prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in pigs from Slovakia, with evaluation of size, fertility and number of hydatid cysts
Authors: Turčeková Ľ. , Šnábel V. , Dudiňák V. , Gašpar V. , Dubinský P.
Published: September 2009

The regional occurrence of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered pig from Slovakia was studied in the period of 2000–2008, along with the quantitative parameters associated with the establishment of cysts (intensity of infection, fertility, size). From 103 pig livers collected from abattoirs in 35 sites Slovakia as suspected for Echinococcus infection, 63 were positive for cystic echinococcosis, whereas in 40 livers cysticercosis was diagnosed. Fertile cysts with echinococcal protoscoleces were recorded in 25.4 % of positive pigs, with the 8.9 % fertility rate and the intensity of infection reaching value of 5.9 cysts per liver. The average size of fertile cysts was more than three times larger than diameter of sterile cysts (diameters of 4.67 cm vs. 1.37 cm, respectively). No significant differences in relative amounts of fertile and sterile cysts were found among counties (P = 0.15). The annual prevalence of E. granulosus in pigs in 2000–2 008 has ranged from 0.02 % to 0.13 % (average rate 0.08 %), with the decreasing tendency over the period, especially after 2005. The most heavily affected areas with cystic echinococcosis over 2006–2008 were indicated in Prešov (eastern Slovakia, 0.68 % prevalence) and Komárno districts (southwestern Slovakia, 0.26 % prevalence). Obtained data are relevant in designing regional control strategies to suppress the occurrence of disease in livestock and risk for humans to be infected.
First autochthonous Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856) infection in a dog in Hungary
Authors: Jacsó O. , Mándoki M. , Majoros G. , Pétsch M. , Mortarino M. , Genchi C. , Fok É.
Published: September 2009

A 4 year-old, male Hungarian Vizsla dog which had never been abroad was referred with poor general condition, decrease in body weight, haematemesis and jaundice to the Central Clinic of Veterinary Science University, Budapest. After symptomatic treatment abdominal ultrasonography and diagnostic laparatomy were carried out. The dog was humanely euthanized two days later following owner’s consent because of sudden worsening of clinical conditions. Two adult heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis) were found in the right ventricle partially coiling around the tricuspid valve. PCR on blood was positive for both D. immitis and Dirofilaria repens while only D. repens microfilariae were found by modified Knott’s test and the serological test was negative for D. immitis antigens. This is the first, confirmed report of autochthonous canine heartworm infection in Hungary.
Food web diagnostics and functional diversity of soil inhabiting nematodes in a natural woodland
Authors: Tomar V. , Ahmad W.
Published: September 2009

Functional diversity and detritus soil food web of soil inhabiting nematodes in natural woodland dominated by Acacia nilotica L. was studied. Functional diversity was studied in terms of trophic groups assessed by Trophic diversity index (TDI) and Shannon-Weaver index (H′), while food web was diagnosed by channel index (CI). The plant parasitic channel was determined by plant parasitic index (PPI). The stability of the soil ecosystem was measured in terms of maturity index (MI), structure index (SI) and enrichment index (EI). Shannon-Weaver index of the area was recorded as 2.1 ± 0.3 while trophic diversity index 2.6 ± 0.7, maturity index (MI) 3.1 ± 0.2, channel index 62.4 ± 28.1 and structure and enrichment indices 68.1 ± 18.5 and 15.4 ± 13.7 respectively. A high degree of positive correlation was recorded between population of dorylaims and MI while some degree of negative correlation existed between population of plant parasitic nematodes and MI. Population of other nematodes showed a positive correlation with SI and EI. The faunal profile was found to be tilted towards quadrat C giving the idea of relatively undisturbed ecosystem with moderate enrichment and fungal decomposition channel.
The effect of two compost soil amendments, based on municipal green and penicillin production wastes, on plant parasitic nematodes
Authors: Renčo M. , Sasanelli N. , Šalamún P.
Published: September 2009

Suppressive effect of two composts, applied at five doses (0 %, 1 %, 2.5 %, 5 % and 10 % w/w), was studied on spring barley to control different genera of plant parasitic nematodes in potting mixtures. Amendment of soil with these materials resulted in a significant decreasing effect of plant parasitic nematode populations. The best reduction of number of plant parasitic nematodes was found for the nematode genera Bitylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Heterodera, Paratylenchus and Rotylenchulus by a municipal green compost (C1) and nematode genera Bitylenchus, Geocenamus, Helicotylenchus, and Rotylenchulus by a compost derived from penicillin production residues (C2). The compost C1 with a lower C:N ratio was more effective in the nematode control than the compost C2. The analysis of variance showed a significant interaction among all factors involved in the experiment: type of compost, different doses and nematode genera. Relationship between applied doses and number of nematodes showed a significantly high negative correlation.
New record of Scaphanocephalus expansus from the Canary Islands (Spain)
Authors: Foronda P. , Santana-Morales M. , Feliu C. , Valladares B.
Published: September 2009

The osprey, Pandion haliaetus (L), is a cosmopolitan Falconidae that in the Canary Island (Spain) is considered as “endangered” by the Canary Government. No helminthological data of this host are available for this archipelago due its protected status. Forty three Scaphanocephalus expansus were found from the small intestine of one animal. A morphological and morphometric description is given in this work. The species S. expansus can be considered specialists in ospreys, since it has not been found in any other host. It has been found in Europe, Egypt, Asia and North America. According to the references, this is the first report on the helminth fauna of P. haliaetus in the occidental area of Africa.
Morphometrics of Xiphinema dentatum Sturhan, 1978 from the Czech Republic
Authors: Kumari S.
Published: September 2009

Morphometrics of first, second and fourth juvenile stages and females of Xiphinema dentatum Sturhan, 1978 are presented from the Czech Republic. The species was found associated with Xiphinema spp., Longidorus intermedius and Longidorus spp. under a forest soil.
Bilateral Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Hermanson Evan , Ferkel Richard D.
Published: September 2009

Background:

Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) are relatively uncommon but may be a cause of significant pain and disability. Although the majority of patients have an osteochondral lesion of the talus that is unilateral, bilateral involvement has been reported in 10% to 25% of cases. In addition, factors that cause one side to be symptomatic and the contralateral side to be asymptomatic have never been evaluated.

Materials and Methods:

A database containing all patients at our institution with an OLT has been maintained for the past 23 years. This was reviewed and patients with bilateral involvement identified. A chart review was performed to determine location and size of the OLT, which were symptomatic, associated with trauma, and required surgery.

Results:

Between 1984 and 2007, 526 patients with an OLT were seen. Fifty-two patients had bilateral OLT, for an overall bilateral incidence of 10%. Of these, 16 patients required no surgery (Group 1), 31 required only unilateral surgery (Group 2), and five required bilateral surgery (Group 3). 88% of the OLT were located medially. Symptomatic talar lesions were significantly larger compared to asymptomatic OLT ( p < 0.01). Of those that required only unilateral surgery, the size of the OLT eventually requiring surgery was significantly larger ( p < 0.01).

Conclusion:

The overall incidence of bilateral involvement was 10%. A majority of patients with bilateral involvement had the OLT located on the medial side. A larger surface area appeared to be related to the presence of symptoms and the need for surgery.
Effect of Post-traumatic Tibiotalar Osteoarthritis on Kinematics of the Ankle Joint Complex
Authors: Kozanek Michal , Rubash Harry E. , Li Guoan , de Asla Richard J.
Published: September 2009

Background:

Knowledge of joint kinematics in the healthy and diseased joint may be useful if surgical techniques and joint replacement designs are to be improved. To date, little is known about the kinematics of the arthritic tibiotalar joint and its effect on the kinematics of the subtalar joint.

Materials and Methods:

Kinematics of the ankle joint complex (AJC) were measured in six patients with unilateral post-traumatic tibiotalar osteoarthritis in simulated heel strike, midstance and toe off weight bearing positions using magnetic resonance and dual fluoroscopic imaging techniques. The kinematic data obtained was compared to a normal cohort from a previous study.

Results:

From heel strike to midstance, the arthritic tibiotalar joint demonstrated 2.2 ± 5.0 degrees of dorsiflexion while in the healthy controls the tibiotalar joint plantarflexed 9.1 ± 5.3 degrees ( p < 0.01). From midstance to toe off, the subtalar joint in the arthritic group dorsiflexed 3.3 ± 4.1 degrees whereas in the control group the subtalar joint plantarflexed 8.5 ± 2.9 degrees ( p < 0.01). The subtalar joint in the arthritic group rotated externally 1.2 ± 1.0 degrees and everted 3.3 ± 6.1 degrees from midstance to toe off while in the control group 12.3 ± 8.3 degrees of internal rotation and 10.7 ± 3.8 degrees eversion ( p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively) was measured.

Conclusion:

The current study suggests that during the stance phase of gait, subtalar joint motion in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse rotational planes tends to occur in an opposite direction in subjects with tibiotalar osteoarthritis when compared to normal ankle controls. This effectively represents a breakdown in the normal motion coupling seen in healthy ankle joints.

Clinical Relevance:

Knowledge of ankle kinematics of arthritic joints may be helpful when designing prostheses or in assessing the results of treatment interventions.
Short-Term Operative Outcome of Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Due to Benign Space-Occupying Lesions
Authors: Sung Ki-Sun , Park Se-Jun
Published: September 2009

Background:

It has been reported that the operative outcome of tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by space-occupying lesions is more favorable than those caused by other reasons. The purpose of this clinical study was to report our clinical results after surgical treatment for tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by benign space-occupying lesions.

Materials and Methods:

From July 2004 to February 2007, 20 patients underwent surgical decompression for tarsal tunnel syndrome in our institution. Out of them, 13 cases were due to space-occupying lesions around the tarsal tunnel. The average age was 51.3 and the mean symptom duration was 16.5 months. The operation included complete release of the tarsal tunnel and removal of the space-occupying lesion. The clinical outcomes measured were a pain visual analogue scale (VAS), AOFAS score and the degree of subjective satisfaction.

Results:

Ganglion was the most frequent cause (10 cases). Other pathologies included synovial chondromatosis, a Schwannoma and a talocalcaneal coalition. There was a significant improvement after surgery in term of VAS (6.4/2.2) and AOFAS score (77.8/92.7). Seven of 13 were satisfied with the results, three felt they had a fair result, and three were dissatisfied.

Conclusion:

Though significant improvement was found in the average VAS and AOFAS score, subjective satisfaction was less favorable (54%) than expected. We believe surgeons should be more cautious concerning outcomes when expectations of surgery are discussed with patients. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Study
First Metatarsalphalangeal Joint Arthrodesis: Evaluation of Plate and Screw Fixation
Authors: Bennett Gordon L. , Sabetta James
Published: September 2009

Background:

First metatarsalphalangeal joint (MTPJ) arthrodesis is a commonly performed procedure for the treatment of a variety of conditions affecting the hallux. There are several different methods to accomplish the fusion. We utilized a method incorporating a ball and cup preparation of the joint, followed by stabilization of the arthrodesis site utilizing the Accutrak congruent first MTPJ fusion set.

Materials and Methods:

We prospectively evaluated two hundred consecutive patients who underwent first MTPJ arthrodeses utilizing the Accutrak congruent first MTPJ fusion set. Patients were evaluated preoperatively, postoperatively, and at a final followup, utilizing the AOFAS forefoot scoring system.

Results:

Two hundred consecutive patients underwent first MTPJ arthrodeses by the same surgeon. All but three feet (230/233) (98.7%) went on to solidly fuse. Three of the patients did not fuse solidly. One patient broke two of the screws, and the other two patients did not have hardware failure. All patients dramatically improved their AOFAS scores compared with pre-surgical values. There were three minor hardware problems in the group of patients who solidly fused their joint.

Conclusion:

We concluded that a solid first MTPJ fusion results in excellent function and pain relief. The Accutrak first MTPJ fusion system would appear to be an ideal implant system to accomplish a fusion because of its low profile, strength, and ease of use. Compared to other methods we have used, this procedure results in a very high rate of fusion, with minimal complications and excellent patient satisfaction.
Closed Tibialis Anterior Tendon Rupture: A Case Series
Authors: Gwynne-Jones David , Garneti Narendra , Wyatt Michael
Published: September 2009

Background:

Closed tibialis anterior tendon rupture is an uncommon condition typically occurring in the middle aged to elderly patient. Diagnosis may be delayed due to unfamiliarity with the problem by the treating physician.

Materials and Methods:

We treated seven patients (4 males aged 54 to 80; 3 females aged 43 to 82) with this problem. Four patients had a history of systemic corticosteroid use and one had had a local steroid injection. Four of the seven patients were managed with direct operative repair and one with a non-anatomical repair to the talar neck. Two patients were managed nonoperatively of whom one subsequently required late surgical reconstruction. Patients were reviewed clinically and completed a Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS). Followup ranged from 12 months to 12 years.

Results:

In the operative group four patients had no functional limitations from the injury and one had mild ankle weakness. One in the nonoperative group required salvage surgery four years after rupture. At followup the mean FAOS was 85 (range, 64 to 98) in the operative group and 52 (range, 28 to 75) in the nonoperative group.

Conclusion:

A ruptured tibialis anterior tendon is a rare condition. There is an association with systemic steroid use as well as local steroid injection. Early diagnosis allows operative repair by various techniques leading to predictably good results. Our experience supports operative repair even in the elderly patient. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series