bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heavy Metal Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater Sources to Waste Dumpsites in Port Harcourt
Authors: Bibiye Alaye A.S. , Ogbonna David N. , Sodienye A. Abere , Augusta Ayotamuno
Published: July 2022

Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment of groundwater ingestion in proximal relation to waste dumpsites in Port Harcourt were investigated during the rainy and dry season of 2020. Five (5) sampling points were established and designated as Groundwater (GW) as follows: GW1, GW2, GW3, GW4, and GW5 respectively. The control station used was GW5. Nine (9) heavy metals (Cd, As, Mn, Cu, Hg, Ni, Fe, Pb, and Zn) were assessed during the period using an atomic absorption spectrometer and were compared with National Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) of Nigeria. The Estimated Daily Intakes of Metal (EDIM) of these metals for adult males, females, and children revealed no significant health issues during the wet and dry seasons. However, the Health Risk Index (HRI) for non-carcinogenic revealed that during the wet season Pb in the control station (GW5) had a concentration of 4.000E+0 mg/kg/day that was far higher than unity (HRI<1) for females. The Arsenic (As) values for children at GW1, 2, and 3 were also higher than unity. The pollution index for each heavy metal across sample location showed that Fe in GW1 and 3 during the dry season was high while in the wet season, values for Cu in GW4 was very high, Fe in GW1 and 2, and Mn in GW2 were higher than the unity. The overall pollution index of the heavy metal studied revealed that only Fe exceeded the unity value during the dry season whereas Cu, Fe, Pb, and Mn concentrations were also higher during the wet season. This calls for concern considering the vulnerability of children and women who may have been exposed to groundwater sources via ingestion. The heavy metal contamination as observed in this study may have occurred due to anthropogenic activities superimposed by the unregulated insanitary waste disposal phenomenon.
Resuscitation fluids for patients with risk factors of multiple organ failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors:   Hanyang University, Nam Jae Hyun , Kwack Hee Jin , Ha Woo Seob , Chung Jee-Eun
Published: July 2022

Review question / Objective: P: patients with risk factors of multiple organ failure I: balanced crystalloids C: normal saline O: mortality, in-hospital mortality, renal failure, length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay. Condition being studied: In clinical field, aggressive fluid resuscitation therapy is administered to prevent the progression of multiple organ failures by maintaining tissue and organ perfusion. Normal saline is frequently used, but it has been some concerns. Although large-scale studies with balanced crystalloids have been conducted, they couldn’t reach significant conclusions due to the diversity of disease severity. Therefore, we aims to evaluate and identify the best fluid for patients at high risk of multiple organ failure by comparing the effects of normal saline and balanced crystalloids.
FIELD INVESTIGATIONS INTO HARMONICS POLLUTION AFFECTING TRANSFORMERS
Authors: Subhash Kumar Joshi  , Hari Om Gupta  , Pramod Agarwal  , Ganesh Kumbhar
Published: July 2022

Field investigations on harmonics caused by loads are essential to have a quantitative visualization and formation of premise of research. Field investigations have been carried out covering spectrum of loads and voltage levels right from generation to consumers, as at present. Investigations have revealed that low tension consumers form cluster of non-linear loads and are major contributors of current harmonics. Traction loads are another major category of harmonic pollutant. Industrial consumers do provide reactive compensation which helps to filter out current harmonics partially. However, in absence of any regulatory measure consumers keep polluting current harmonics into the system and also bear with the consequential disturbances. Voltage harmonics are significant only at leaf ends of distribution distribution system, where source impedance, seen by the harmonics generated by the load, is high. Tranasformer is the first major equipment in power system to intercept the harmonics. These harmonics caused accelerated ageing of transformers and even objectionable rise of temperature of cover-plate and turets.
Antiviral medication to prevent fetal transmission of maternal CMV during pregnancy
Authors:   Filantropia Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, Birsanu Simona , Gica Nicolae ,   “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania,   Filantropia Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, Botezatu Radu ,   “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania,   Filantropia Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, Peltecu Gheorghe ,   “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania,   Filantropia Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, Panaitescu Anca Maria ,   “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania,   Filantropia Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
Published: July 2022

Background. Cytomegalovirus infection represents the most frequent congenital viral infection, with serious consequences on newborns. Neurosensorial hearing loss is the principal outcome, but also, the infection can cause other central nervous system’s anomalies. Although CMV infection can have a major impact on fetal development, there are not clear directions to follow yet, to prevent or treat this condition. Therefore, our purpose with this paper is to update the knowledge regarding the treatment options in order to prevent fetal transmission of maternal CMV infection, based on the latest data from the specialized literature in this field. Methods. Electronic research and analysis of the relevant articles published mainly in the last 5 years were performed, consulting the web platforms PubMed, ScienceDirect, Mendeley and ClinicalTrials.gov. Results and conclusions. To date, there is not enough evidence to reach a consensus on therapeutic methods to prevent or to treat fetal CMV infections and, as a consequence, antenatal screening is not justified. Many pharmaceutical companies work on vaccines to prevent CMV infection, but the results are only from studies’ second phase. Information on efficiency of hyperimmunoglobulin is mixt and it is necessary to clarify the dosage. Among antiviral agents, valaciclovir, which was studied in recent clinical trials, seems to have the best efficiency to prevent fetal transmission of maternal CMV infection and the best safety profile. Valganciclovir has possible embryotoxic effects, but higher potency and information on it are available only from case reports. The interest of scientific community on this topic is high, thus many studies are underway to bring new clarifications.
Neonatal and fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Authors:   Filantropia Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, ATANASESCU Ioana Emanuela , GICA Nicolae ,   “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania,   Filantropia Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, BOTEZATU Radu ,   “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania,   Filantropia Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, PELTECU Gheorghe ,   “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania,   Filantropia Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, PANAITESCU Anca Maria ,   “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania,   Filantropia Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
Published: July 2022

Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is the result of maternal alloantibodies interaction with human platelets antigen. Maternal alloantibodies are generated following the contact of maternal immune system with paternally acquired antigens on the fetal human platelets (PLTs). HPA-1a alloantibodies are responsible for more than 80% of cases of FNAIT. Low prevalence of FNAIT that occurs in less than 1 case out of 1000 births, and even a lower risk for intracranial hemorrhage makes a controversial discussion whether a screening in pregnant patients would bring benefits. Concerning pathogenesis of FNAIT, it has been shown that fetal platelets caring HPA-1a antigen enters maternal circulation and produce an immune response, that leads to production of HPA-1a maternal antibodies that afterwards can pass the placenta causing fetal thrombocytopenia. The majority of mothers who gave birth to a newborn with FNAIT usually are asymptomatic, although they might have a previous affected pregnancy. Although management of pregnancies complicated by FNAIT is still in discuss and controversial, a systemic review studies in 2017 showed that best guidance and delivery for pregnancies that are at risk for FNAIT is a weekly maternal administration of intravenous immunoglobulin, adding glucocorticoids depending on severity of FNAIT.
HEALTH EDUCATION ON THE IMPORTANCE OF WASHING HANDS WITH SOAP (CTPS) AT SDN 10 DUNGALIYO
Authors: Prasetya Ekawaty , Jusuf Herlina , Ahmad Zulfikar
Published: July 2022

Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS) merupakan salah satu cara masyarakat untuk dapat menjaga kualitas kesehatannya. Program PHBS terdapat beberapa indikator yang dijadikan acuan dalam pelaksanaan PHBS. salah satunya adalah cuci tangan pakai sabun (CTPS). Perilaku CTPS yang baik dapat mencegah kejadian diare dan ISPA yang rentan dialami oleh anak-anak khususnyaanak usia sekolah. Sehingga penting untuk mengajarkan anak sejak dini mengenai CTPS yang baik dan benar. Namun pembelajaran mengenai kesehatan di sekolah sering menggunakan metode dan media yang tidak tepat untuk anak-anak khususnya anak usia sekolah. Kebaruan penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan edukasi terkait pentingnya menerapkan cuci tangan pakai sabun. Tujuan kegiatan adalah untuk memberikan pemahaman pentingnya pentingnya health edukasi perilaku cuci tangan pakai sabun (CPTS) di SD Negeri 10 Dungaliyo. Metode kegiatan melalui penyuluhan dan pendidikan kesehatan tentang CTPS baik dan benar di sekolah. Hasil: berdasarkan hasil dari kegiatan ini dapat dilihat nanti pada saat PBL 3 setelah 6 bulan dari sekarang, apakah mengalami peningkatan setelah diberikan penyuluhan dan edukasi tentang CTPS yang baik dan benar. Kesimpulan terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan siswa tentang pentingnya CPTS setelah pendidikan kesehatan. Kata kunci: Health Edukasi; Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun (CPTS) AbstractClean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) is one way for the community to be able to maintain the quality of their health. The PHBS program has several indicators that are used as a reference in the implementation of PHBS. One of them is washing hands with soap (CTPS). Good CTPS behavior can prevent the incidence of diarrhea and ARI which are vulnerable to being experienced by children, especially school-age children. So it is important to teach children from an early age about good and correct CTPS. However, learning about health in schools often uses inappropriate methods and media for children, especially school-age children. The novelty of this research is to provide education regarding the importance of applying hand washing with soap. The purpose of the activity is to provide an understanding of the importance of health education on handwashing with soap (CPTS) at SD Negeri 10 Dungaliyo. The method of activity is through counseling and health education about good and correct CTPS in schools. Results: based on the results of this activity, it can be seen later during PBL 3 after 6 months from now, whether it has increased after being given counseling and education about good and correct CTPS. The conclusion is that there is an increase in students' knowledge about the importance of CPTS after health education.Keywords: Health Education; Hand Washing With Soap (CPTS).
Covid-19 and Domestic Violence in Kashmir: Gender Voices.
Authors:   Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Mugloo Anayat Ul Lah ,   Jammu and Kashmir., Khan Imran Ahmad ,   Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar; Jammu and Kashmir., Mir Tawseef Ahmad ,   Research Scholar, Centre of Central Asian Studies, University of Kashmir, Srinagar; Jammu and Kashmir.
Published: July 2022

Domestic violence has become a global pandemic long before the COVID-19 outbreak. It is claimed that due to covid induced lockdown a continual rise is spotted in the numbers of sick people; growing unemployment, increased anxiety and financial stress, scarcity of community resources etc. Resultantly, these factors are believed to have set the stage for an exacerbated hype in domestic violence cases. Experts have characterized the “invisible pandemic” of domestic violence as a “ticking time bomb” or a “perfect storm”. The connection between physical insecurity and economic insecurity is claimed to be tangible for people who might be less attuned to domestic violence. There is now a unique opportunity to shed light on the economic dimensions of domestic and gender-based violence. Indeed, a thorough examination and deep introspection of the impact of the novel diseases need to be mapped out. However, it needs to be noted down that the present study is limited to the region of Kashmir. At the same time rising domestic violence against women in Kashmir Valley during the pandemic lockdown of COVID-19 is matter of concern and need to be highlighted and simultaneously efforts should be made (on part of Government, NGOs or others) to contain such violence. A detailed study of such pandemic accelerated gender-based violence seems a must. A study which could possibly map out the role of different factors ranging from age, education, job, etc. to others on the acceleration or maximization of domestic violence in Kashmir amidst of pandemic. After taking all those pros and cons into consideration, the present study set itself to examine the relationship between covid-19 and domestic violence in Kashmir. All the ten districts of the Kashmir region were included in study, and among each district a maximum of 21 participants were selected. To reach the desired end and draw the results, the present paper has undertaken an online questionnaire.
From English to ‘englishes’: Appropriating Language and Narration in Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things
Authors:   Assistant Professor of English, Krishna Menon Memorial Government Women’s  College, Nambiar Dr Nisha
Published: July 2022

The paper examines the problematics of the splintering of English into “englishes” in the postcolonial context and deciphers how the postcolonial exegetical tools have been employed by the Indian English novelists of the late twentieth century. The writers have been successful in creating a new identity by adapting their own linguistic, cultural and sociological contexts in their writings. The new-words which have been invented, borrowed, or however devised in any given culture have their own resonances and their own connotations. The need to preserve one’s identity and culture to resist the hegemony of globalization is one of the most pressing concerns of these writers. To elaborate upon this, the paper will discuss the narrative technique and language as creatively employed by Arundhati Roy in her debut novel, The God of Small Things. It will analyse how the text succeeds in “writing back to the empire” through the linguistic processes of appropriation and abrogation. Roy has freed herself from the shackles of traditional stiffness in the usage of English and has in the process created a new ‘english’ to absorb the nuances of her region. Small Things has been applauded for its fresh innovative language, its narrative energy and its willingness to raise questions that are socially relevant.
গৌড়বঙ্গের লোকসাহিত্য : প্রসঙ্গ কৌতুকরস
Authors:   Associate Professor, Raiganj University, P.O + P.S : Raiganj, Dist. : Uttar Dinajpur, W.B., Pin : 733234, Barman Dr Dipak Chandra
Published: July 2022

সাহিত্যের নবরসরত্নের মধ্যে দ্বিতীয় রত্ন হাস্যরস। ‘হাস’ স্থায়ী ভাব থেকে এর উদ্ভব। হাস্যরসের বিভিন্ন উপধারার মধ্যে অন্যতম হল কৌতুকরস (Fun)। হাসির সঙ্গে পৃথিবীর যে কোনো স্থানের, যে কোনো বয়সের মানুষের যোগ অচ্ছেদ্য। অবশ্য আধুনিক-উত্তর সময় পর্বে এই পরম্পরাগত সত্য জিজ্ঞাসা চিহ্নের মুখোমুখি এসে দাঁড়িয়েছে। আবার এও সত্য আমাদের হাজার বছরের পথ পরিক্রমায় সুখ-দুঃখ, আনন্দ-যন্ত্রণা পাওয়া-না পাওয়া, যূথবদ্ধতা-নিঃসঙ্গতা, পারস্পরিক বিনিময়-পরশ্রীকাতরতা সহোদরার মতো সমান্তরাল স্রোতধারায় প্রবহমান। তবে একুশ শতকের যন্ত্র নিয়ন্ত্রিত জীবন ভাবনায় ‘সকল লোকের মাঝে ব’সে/ আমার নিজের মুদ্রাদোষে/ আমি একা হতেছি আলাদা?’— এই জিজ্ঞাসা চিহ্নের অঙ্কুশাগ্র নাগরিক জীবনের পাশাপাশি গ্রাম জীবনকেও মাত্রাধিক্যে বিদ্ধ করার প্রবণতা লক্ষণীয় ভাবে ক্রমবর্ধমান। সভ্যতার ‘অস্বাভাবিক’ অগ্রগতির ফলে মানুষ ক্রমশ হাসতে ভুলে যাচ্ছে অথচ হাসি মনুষ্য-বৃক্ষের শেকড়। শেকড়কে উপড়ে ফেলে বৃক্ষে জল সিঞ্চন— কালিদাসীয় পথ অনুসরণ। পরিবেশকে সজীব রাখার জন্য যেমন এক একটি বৃক্ষ নয় বনাঞ্চল প্রয়োজন তেমনি মানব সভ্যতাকে টিকিয়ে রাখার জন্য মানুষের যূথবদ্ধ সামাজিক পরিচয় প্রয়োজন। লোকায়ত জীবন এখনো নিজস্ব স্থানিক সংস্কৃতিকে লালন করার প্রক্রিয়ার মধ্য দিয়ে সমাজের বহুস্বরিক আনন্দকে যেভাবে টিকিয়ে রেখে চলেছেন তা নাগরিক ‘সভ্য সমাজে’র কাছে শিক্ষণীয়। এমন সময়ের মুখোমুখি দাঁড়িয়ে লোকসাহিত্যে কৌতুকরস প্রসঙ্গ বিশ্লেষণ অত্যন্ত প্রাসঙ্গিক। তবে আলোচনার অভিমুখের সঙ্গে সাযুজ্য রেখে বর্তমান প্রবন্ধ গৌড়বঙ্গ অর্থাৎ দুই দিনাজপুর ও মালদহের লোকজীবন ও সাহিত্যের কৌতুকরস প্রসঙ্গ আলোচনায় সীমাবদ্ধ থাকবে।
Burnout of Nurses in Nursing Homes: To What Extent Age, Education, Length of Service and Length of Work Experience at the Current Workplace Affect the Level of Professional Burnout
Authors: Svitlić-Budisavljević Snježana
Published: July 2022

We are witnessing very demanding and stressful times in which we live, and an occupation that is particularly exposed to stress and different working conditions is the job of a nurse. Exposing themselves to everyday challenges and stressful situations, nurses reach a stage of great emotional and physical exhaustion, lethargy, dissatisfaction, and poorer work achievements, which we know as burnout. The aim of this paper was to determine whether there is and to what extent professional burnout is present in nurses and technicians working in nursing homes across Slovenia and Croatia. The paper is answering the questions of the extent of the burnout influenced by individual characteristics (age, education, years of service and work experience at the current workplace). The study involved a validated questionnaire “The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI)” to measure professional burnout. Surveying of the nurses was conducted online at their home institutions. The results show that all respondents have a medium or high level of professional burnout, while no one has a low level or shows no signs of burnout. In terms of age, the group from 55-65 years of age had the highest relative level of burnout in the age group category. With regard to education, the highest burnout was measured in registered nurses.
Mirror Symmetry for Truncated Cluster Varieties
Authors:   Harvard University, USA, Gammage Benjamin , Le Ian ,   Australian National University, Australia
Published: July 2022

In the algebraic setting, cluster varieties were reformulated by Gross-Hacking-Keel as log Calabi-Yau varieties admitting a toric model. Building on work of Shende-Treumann-Williams-Zaslow in dimension 2, we describe the mirror to the GHK construction in arbitrary dimension: given a truncated cluster variety, we construct a symplectic manifold and prove homological mirror symmetry for the resulting pair. We also describe how our construction can be obtained from toric geometry, and we relate our construction to various aspects of cluster theory which are known to symplectic geometers.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO GEOMETRIC RATIOS OF THE SUNKEN COURTYARDS IN TRADITIONAL IRANIAN HOUSES (A FIELD STUDY ON YAZD AND KASHAN)
Authors: Naseri Hosein , Amini Farsani Zahra
Published: July 2022

In Iranian architecture, the emphasis on the use of geometric ratios such as human scale and modularization, caused beauty and harmony. Unfortunately, in contemporary architecture, the use of these scales has been forgotten, and their presence has been diminished. Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to analyze and evaluate the geometry and proportions used in six remaining traditional Iranian sunken courtyards in Yazd and Kashan. For each house, the length, width, height and the ratio between these dimensions were measured for the sunken courtyard, courtyard and earth of the case studies. Then, to find out which kind of proportions were used in these sunken courtyards, we proposed some statistical tests to compare our measurements with the traditional proportions used. In the end, the results showed that the proportions used in the design of the sunken courtyard, courtyard, and earth of the case studies are related and the traditional Iranian sunken courtyards have been designed mostly based on the use of Gereh (a unit of measurement), which was the most appropriate and most widely used scale in housing architecture.
Dynamical Star-forming History of Per OB2
Authors: Kounkel Marina , Deng TingYan , Stassun Keivan G.
Published: July 2022

We analyze the internal dynamics of young stars toward Perseus using Gaia EDR3 data, including Per OB2 and California Cloud. Interpreting the current dynamics, we speculate that Per OB2 may have formed from two separate clouds that have begun forming stars in close proximity to each other. IC 348 is caught in the middle between the two of them, inheriting kinematics of both, and it stands out as a possible site of cloud–cloud interaction. We also consider the possibility of a past supernova in Per OB2—while one has likely occurred, it does not appear to have caused any obvious triggered star formation, but it has created a shock that has swept the molecular gas away from IC 348. Finally, we examine a recently proposed shell between Taurus and Perseus. While its origin is unknown, we find no support for an expanding bubble in stellar kinematics, nor can we identify a likely progenitor for a supernova that may have caused it, disfavoring this scenario in the formation of this apparent shell.
Evaluating Non-LTE Spectral Inversions with ALMA and IBIS
Authors: Hofmann Ryan A. , Reardon Kevin P. , Milic Ivan , Molnar Momchil E. , Chai Yi , Uitenbroek Han
Published: July 2022

We present observations of a solar magnetic network region in the millimeter continuum with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and in the Ca 8542 and Na 5896 Å spectral lines with the Interferometric Bidimensional Spectrometer (IBIS). Our goal is to compare the measurement of local gas temperatures provided by ALMA with the temperature diagnostics provided by non-LTE inversions using the STockholm inversion Code (STiC). In performing these inversions, we find that using column mass as the reference height scale, rather than optical depth, provides more reliable atmospheric profiles above the temperature minimum and that the treatment of non-LTE hydrogen ionization brings the inferred chromospheric temperatures into better agreement with the ALMA measurements. The Band 3 brightness temperatures are higher but well correlated spatially with the inversion-derived temperatures at the height of formation of the Ca 8542 line core. The Band 6 temperatures instead do not show good correlations with the temperatures at any specific layer in the inverted atmospheres. We then performed inversions that included the millimeter-continuum intensities as an additional constraint. Incorporating Band 3 generally resulted in atmospheres showing a strong temperature rise in the upper atmosphere, while including Band 6 led to significant regions of anomalously low temperatures at chromospheric heights. This is consistent with the idea that the Band 6 emission can come from a combination of heights ranging from the temperature minimum to upper chromosphere. The poor constraints on the chromospheric electron density with existing inversion codes introduces difficulties in determining the height(s) of formation of the millimeter continuum as well as uncertainties in the temperatures derived from the spectral lines.
Discovery of a Compact X-Ray Object with a 614 s Periodicity in the Direction of the Galactic Center
Authors: Gong Hang
Published: July 2022

We report on analysis of X-ray, optical, and radio observations of the previously overlooked X-ray source 2CXO J174517.0–321356 located just 3.°2 away from the Galactic center. Timing analysis of X-ray observations of the source with XMM-Newton reveals periodic pulsations with periods of 1228 and 614 s, with the latter being tentatively considered fundamental. On the other hand, an observation of the object with NuSTAR reveals a hard thermal-bremsstrahlung spectrum. Inspection of the archival Very Large Telescope image reveals, however, no obvious optical counterpart down to R > 25 mag. Observations made with ATCA showed a possible faint radio counterpart with a positive spectral index (α > 0.51) between 1 and 3 GHz, but follow-up ATCA and Very Large Array observations at frequencies between 4.5–10 GHz and 3–22 GHz, respectively, could not detect it. Given the properties in these three bands, we argue that the most likely origin of the X-ray source is emission from a new intermediate polar close to the Galactic center. Alternatively, and less likely, it is an ultracompact X-ray binary, which is one of the most compact X-ray binaries.
Exploratory Study of the Transverse Proximity Effect around BAL Quasars
Authors: Misawa Toru , Ishimoto Rikako , Kobu Satoshi , Kashikawa Nobunari , Okoshi Katsuya , Noboriguchi Akatoki , Schramm Malte , Liu Qiang
Published: July 2022

We aim to determine why there exists anisotropic H i absorption around quasars; i.e., the environments around quasars are highly biased toward producing strong H i absorption in the transverse direction while there exists a significant deficit of H i absorption within a few megaparsecs of quasars along the line of sight. The most plausible explanation for this opposite trend is that the transverse direction is shielded from quasar UV radiation by dust torus. However, a critical weakness of this explanation is that we do not have any information on the inclination angle of our sightline relative to the torus. In this study, we examine environments of quasars with broad-absorption troughs in their spectra (i.e., BAL quasars) because it is widely believed that BAL troughs are observed if the central continuum is viewed from the side through their powerful outflows near the dust torus. With closely separated 12 projected quasar pairs at different redshifts with a separation angle of θ < 120″, we examine H i absorption at foreground BAL quasars in the spectra of background quasars. We confirm that there exists optically thick gas around two of 12 BAL quasars, and that the mean H i absorption strength is EWrest ∼ 1 Å. This is consistent with past results of studies of non-BAL quasars, although not statistically significant. The origins of optically thick H i absorbers around BAL and non-BAL quasars could be different since their column densities are different by ∼3 orders of magnitude. A larger sample is required to narrow down possible scenarios explaining the anisotropic H i absorption around quasars.
Citizen Science, taxonomy and grass snakes: iNaturalist helps to clarify variation of coloration and pattern in Natrix natrix subspecies
Authors: Fritz Uwe , Ihlow Flora
Published: July 2022

Abstract

We used a dataset of georeferenced photos of 5,751 grass snakes from iNaturalist to evaluate subspecific variation of Natrix natrix in coloration and pattern. Our results provide evidence that all four genetically delineated subspecies differ morphologically, although unstriped individuals of N. n. vulgaris are difficult to tell apart from the nominotypical subspecies. The iNaturalist dataset shows that the frequency of dark body coloration increases from south to north and from west to east. This trend is both concordant with taxonomic variation (the easternmost subspecies, N. n. scutata, being the darkest taxon) and variation within the same subspecies (in N. n. natrix and N. n. scutata more northern populations harbor more dark or melanistic individuals than more southern populations). Although available characters were limited to coloration and pattern traits, our study suggests that photo material from iNaturalist and similar platforms can be a valuable data source for studies on morphological variation. However, investigations using such databases can only supplement, but not replace, studies using museum material because only then measureable, meristic and genetic characters will be accessible.
L’intelligence artificielle dans la gestion et la valorisation de l’information : clés de repérage (histoire et analyse)
Authors: Raulin Antoine
Published: July 2022

Depuis son apparition dans les années 50, l’intelligence artificielle a énormément progressé. La capacité accrue du calcul machine, l’apprentissage automatique, perfectionné avec des algorithmes puissants, et optimisé par des approches combinatoires tirant profit des technologies de la langue, l’ont portée à un stade d’industrialisation avancé, si bien qu’elle est en passe d’opérer une véritable synergie entre l’intelligence créative de l’être humain et les capacités de traitement de l’information ou de la communication multimédia. Aujourd’hui, grâce aux briques IA construites autour de corpus Big Data, de règles et d’apprentissages poussés, et d’algorithmes de décision sophistiqués, on peut effectuer des traitements de masse à grande échelle, qui seraient impossibles à appréhender par la seule approche humaine. Présente à toutes les étapes du cycle de l’information (classification, génération, prédiction…), l’IA révolutionne les pratiques et les métiers documentaires : elle ouvre de nouvelles possibilités pour gérer et valoriser les contenus, qui sont autant de défis.
Accompagner les professionnels du Droit avec des solutions fondées sur l’intelligence artificielle et la sémantique : la plateforme de LexisNexis
Authors: Balzarini Mathieu , Favart Christophe
Published: July 2022

Les métiers du Droit, loin de l’image parfois traditionnelle qu’on leur prête, sont aux avant-postes de nombreuses innovations technologiques. Le monde du droit investit en effet de plus en plus dans les solutions d’aide à la décision reposant fortement sur l’intelligence artificielle. Ainsi LexisNexis, leader de l’information juridique numérique, avec sa plateforme d’information et d’Analytics juridiques Lexis 360®Intelligence , a placé l’IA au cœur de ses développements : non pas pour remplacer le raisonnement juridique, mais pour faciliter le travail des juristes, les libérer des tâches chronophages et leur permettre de se consacrer aux sujets à valeur ajoutée. Il s’agit de promouvoir une intelligence juridique qui associe l’humain et la technologie de façon vertueuse et responsable.
L’intelligence artificielle face à la désinformation : problème autant que solution ?
Authors: Teyssou Denis
Published: July 2022

Face à la désinformation, l’intelligence artificielle fait-elle partie du problème ou de la solution ? Ou des deux à la fois ? Le projet européen WeVerify (2018-2021), auquel vient de participer l’AFP, a élaboré plusieurs outils de vérification de l’information utilisés par des milliers de journalistes et fact-checkeurs. Retour sur expérience.
Intelligence artificielle & Sciences humaines et sociales (SHS) : opportunités, défis et perspectives
Authors: Sauret Nicolas
Published: July 2022

L’intelligence artificielle s’impose désormais dans tous les domaines des sciences humaines et sociales, lesquelles accueillent cette nouvelle approche à la fois en tant que méthodologie de traitement des données, et en tant qu’objet de recherche à part entière. Signe d’un second tournant numérique de la recherche, cet engouement témoigne de la convergence entre les besoins en traitement massif des données de la recherche et des archives patrimoniales, après les larges campagnes de numérisation opérées lors de ces dernières décennies, et avec la maturation des méthodes d’apprentissage automatique et profond. Pour autant, cette accessibilité des méthodes de l’IA n’est pas sans poser certains défis aux communautés SHS : défis en termes de compétences et de ressources nécessaires, mais aussi en termes d’enjeux scientifiques, épistémologiques et éthiques.
« S’imposer sans combattre » : origines, ambitions et limites de la stratégie partenariale chinoise
Authors: Bongrand Maëlle , Roche Simon
Published: July 2022

À l’heure où la rivalité et les tensions sino-américaines connaissent une intensité nouvelle, la Chine peut compter sur une stratégie partenariale originale et pragmatique. Caractérisés par leur grande malléabilité, les partenariats chinois forment un système réticulaire qui permet à la puissance chinoise de se dérober à un affrontement direct avec les États-Unis tout en servant ses ambitions internationales.
L’Inde et les systèmes de sécurité collective dans la zone indo-pacifique
Authors: Assari Kamyar
Published: July 2022

L’Inde privilégie le fait de rejoindre des coalitions informelles et souples, qui lui permettent d’approfondir son partenariat avec les puissances occidentales, sans l’empêcher d’approfondir sa vocation eurasienne. Pour autant, les enseignements tirés des crises internationales récentes, comme celle issue du retrait américain d’Afghanistan, ont montré que l’Inde et ses partenaires ne partagent pas encore de vision stratégique commune qui permettrait la constitution d’une alliance dans l’espace indo-pacifique.
Les limites d’une approche technique de la confrontation : analyse de la géo-ingénierie
Authors: Pavel Ilarion
Published: July 2022

Les conséquences d’un dérèglement climatique suscitent des propositions de lutte qui impliquent des techniques de plus en plus globales et sophistiquées, notamment la géo-ingénierie. Il s’agit d’un ensemble de technologies qui visent à contrôler le climat terrestre ; elles se déclinent en deux grandes familles : la gestion du rayonnement solaire et l’extraction du CO 2 atmosphérique. Ces diverses technologies et l’analyse de leurs limites ont été décrites dans un numéro antérieur de cette revue 1 . Nous rappelons ici quelques limites et risques de ces technologies et nous présentons quelques réflexions sur les acteurs qui portent ces techniques et sur les exigences de leur gouvernance.
Washington, le Pentagone et le changement climatique : culture politique et militaire et pratiques stratégiques
Authors: Valantin Jean-Michel
Published: July 2022

Depuis un quart de siècle, l’armée américaine et les nombreuses agences liées à la sécurité nationale des États-Unis développent une culture des risques et des enjeux géopolitiques, stratégiques, opérationnels et tactiques liés au changement climatique. Cette culture est composée de travaux de prospective, de retours d’expérience suite au nombre croissant de chocs climatiques qui impliquent l’intervention de l’armée américaine tant sur le territoire américain qu’en Irak, en Asie-Pacifique ou en Arctique. Cette culture et cette expérience sont partagées de façon constante avec les institutions politiques, en particulier avec le Sénat et la Chambre des représentants, et font émerger une conscience collective et un corpus de connaissances commun à la Défense et à la sécurité nationale et au monde politique américain.
La bibliothèque parisienne du lieutenant général de police Lenoir (1732-1807) : entre loisir lettré et instrument de gouvernement
Authors: Milliot Vincent
Published: July 2022

Cet article étudie la bibliothèque du lieutenant général de police Lenoir à travers l’exploitation du catalogue réalisé par l’imprimeur Valade en 1782. Insérée dans les traditions de lecture des grands serviteurs de l’État du xviii e  siècle, la collection de Lenoir manifeste sa curiosité intellectuelle à l’égard des nouveautés littéraires, politiques et philosophiques, son appétence pour les sciences, ses intérêts pratiques liés à l’exercice de sa magistrature. Répartie entre l’hôtel de police et le dépôt de la Bastille, cette bibliothèque acquiert un statut hybride, à mi-chemin entre l’équipement nécessaire au fonctionnement de l’administration de la police et le loisir personnel. Au-delà de la dimension privative de la bibliothèque de Lenoir, on doit envisager son intégration au sein d’un système policier d’information et de compilation des connaissances plus étendu, fondement indispensable d’un art de bien gouverner.
Les facteurs d’invisibilité du travail. Le cas des vendeurs dans des boutiques d’aéroport
Authors: Deschaintre Stéphane , Saulpic Olivier
Published: July 2022

Cet article porte sur l’invisibilité du travail dont la crise sanitaire a mis en lumière l’importance et les conséquences négatives potentielles. L’invisibilité du travail a déjà fait l’objet de nombreuses études avec, toutefois, une littérature dispersée. Dans l’objectif de mieux comprendre les ressorts de ce phénomène, nous en proposons une grille d’analyse à partir d’une revue de la littérature, puis d’une étude de cas menée avec une approche ergonomique d’observation non participante du travail de vendeurs dans des boutiques d’aéroport, 19 entretiens semi-directifs et une analyse documentaire. Nos résultats débouchent sur la réalisation d’une cartographie de l’invisibilité du travail. Sur le plan théorique nous participons à consolider les travaux existants en identifiant 8 facteurs explicatifs de l’invisibilité du travail dans une situation donnée. Sur le plan managérial, notre étude permet de présenter une grille d’intelligibilité pouvant contribuer à la prévention ou à accompagner ce phénomène.
Oswaldo Cruz et l’émeute du vaccin à Rio de Janeiro en 1904
Authors: Oswaldo Cruz Gilda
Published: July 2022

Cet article analyse les causes de l’émeute populaire violente qui a eu lieu à Rio de Janeiro, en 1904, en conséquence d’une loi rendant obligatoire la vaccination anti-variolique. Cette loi avait été dictée par un jeune médecin spécialisé en santé publique, qui avait tenu tête à la révolte populaire, alimentée par une campagne parlementaire inspirée de thèses positivistes et menée contre le gouvernement en exercice, sous le regard complaisant d’une presse férocement satirique assez influente.
Le retour du trolleybus pour réduire le risque d’un manque de batteries : quelques arguments
Authors: Désormière Rémi
Published: July 2022

Cet article part d’un constat désormais largement partagé : l’électrification intégrale des parcs d’autobus urbains, si elle est souhaitable, risque de buter sur un accès trop limité aux ressources permettant de produire des batteries, alors que la demande mondiale est forte et que l’autonomie requise pour assurer un service complet sans revenir au dépôt nécessite un poids important de stockage de l’énergie en mouvement. L’alternative d’un rechargement en ligne ou aux terminus permet d’économiser des batteries mais nécessite des infrastructures nettement plus étoffées sur voirie. Ce qui amène à reconsidérer la solution trolleybus, en couplant une alimentation par caténaires discontinues et des batteries tampon de stockage en quantité limitée. Cette solution technique « in motion charging » permet de tirer parti des infrastructures existantes tout en étoffant le réseau, et nécessite en cas de développement des moyens plus limités et moins dépendants de ressources disputées à l’échelle mondiale.
Odgovornost članova nadzornog odbora za štetu počinjenu dioničkom društvu
Authors:   Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, Zagreb, Hrvatska, Barbić Jakša
Published: July 2022

The paper systematically elaborates on the liability of supervisory board members. Although the supervisory board members do not manage the business of the company, their role is important because they make sure that the company’s business is conducted in a way that is acceptable to all stakeholders of the company. At the same time, their responsibility is based on the same principle as the responsibility of the members of the management board who manage the company's business activities. Such responsibility stems from their fundamental obligation to undertake all their activities in the company’s interest. Foremost, the paper analyses the standard of care required from the supervisory board members in performance of their duties, with special reference to the role of supervisory board members in the parent company and in the supervisory boards of subsidiaries in the concern. Subsequently, the paper analyses the effects of business judgment rule application which protects the free entrepreneurial judgment of the supervisory board members. This is followed by analysis of issues relating to the conflict of interest of the supervisory board members and the breach of the trade secret. Afterwards, the paper deals more elaborately with the request for compensation of damages to the supervisory board members. More precisely, the paper analyses issues relating to the question against which supervisory board member can such request be made, conditions for establishing their liability for damages and enforcement of such request. Paper also analyses issues pertaining to the company’s waiver of that request as well as the possibility of concluding a settlement between the company and the supervisory board member. Ultimately, the responsibility for the exploitation of influence in the company is elaborated upon.
Prijepori o sudskoj nadležnosti i poslovnim udjelima u svjetlu bračne stečevine
Authors:   Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, Hrvatska, Hrabar Dubravka
Published: July 2022

Companies and business shares are part of life. Certain ambiguities arise from the changing case law concerning the jurisdiction of the courts resolving issues regarding business shares when it comes to marital property, but also from inadequate legislation. This paper highlights the course of development of the legal regime concerning the property of spouses, which inevitably requires certain changes in terms of a stronger protection of spouses who are not members of the company, but may suffer great damage if business shares are acquired during the course of marriage. The constitutional requirement for the rule of law implies, inter alia, legal certainty which is not favoured by the current normative situation, marked by the fragmentation of court jurisdiction and legal norms regarding marital property, which is a family law institute. Certain changes in commercial and family law provisions, as well as in provisions governing court jurisdiction are necessary in order to avoid divergent treatment of different types of property belonging to spouses.
Odgovornost međunarodnih organizacija, s posebnim osvrtom na višestruku pripisivost te odgovornost država za čine međunarodnih organizacija
Authors:   Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, Hrvatska, Seršić Maja
Published: July 2022

The responsibility of international organizations attracted special attention in theory and practice of international law after the International Law Commission began its work on the topic in 2002. The Commission ended its work in 2011 by adopting the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organization. In this contribution we give an overall review of the Draft articles with special a emphasis on the cases of multiple attribution and responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts of international organizations. Analyzing the critical remarks raised in regard to the Draft, we concluded that they cannot diminish the successful outcome of the work of the Commission, which is, a coherent and consistent system of rules devoted to the responsibility of international organizations.
Smanjenje ugovorne kazne prema čl. 354. Zakona o obveznim odnosima
Authors:   Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, Hrvatska, Jakšić Tomislav
Published: July 2022

The paper elaborates on the effects of Art. 354 of the Civil Obligations Act on the reduction of contractual penalty. According to this provision, the court will, at the request of the debtor, reduce the contractual penalty amount if it finds that the amount is disproportionately high, given the value and significance of the object of the obligation. The paper takes the position on the inadequacy of the value and significance of the subject of the obligation as a criterion for assessing the proportionality of the contractual penalty amount. At the same time, as a more appropriate measure, the paper points to the damage, and to other circumstances that enable the court to decide on the fairness of a contractual penalty as well. The paper also notes that the court must not neglect the creditor's interests when deciding on the reduction of the contractual penalty, and that it should permit such a reduction only when a disproportionality of the contractual penalty is evident. The paper also elaborates on certain procedural issues related to the reduction of contractual penalty.
Faktičan (neizravan) prijenos gospodarske cjeline i utjecaj na radnopravni položaj radnika
Authors:   Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, Hrvatska, Vukorepa Ivana
Published: July 2022

The transfer of undertakings, businesses or their parts, consequently leading to an ex lege transfer of an employment contract to the transferee as a new employer usually formally takes place on the basis of a direct legal transaction, usually directly between the transferor and the transferee, e.g. purchase, lease, or merger. However, in order to protect workers' rights, the case law of the Court of Justice has established that transfer may also occur in situations where there is no classical direct contractual relationship between the transferor and the transferee, but rather a third party's will (e.g. one company loses the right to provide a certain economic service and the other gains it), as a result of which the transferee actually continues to perform the economic activity that was previously performed by the transferor, provided that the subject of the transfer is an economic entity that retains its identity. In such situations, the safeguarding of workers' rights also depends on whether it is a labour-intensive business (an activity based mainly on the labour force) or asset-intensive business (an activity based mainly on expensive equipment). Therefore, I refer to this situation a factual (indirect) transfer, because it does not occur directly on the basis of a formal legal transaction between the transferor and the transferee, but in fact indirectly, depending on the circumstances of the case and the economic activity being transferred. Given that such case law of the Court of Justice of EU can result in a significant cost in the form of a de facto obligation to take over workers and their acquired rights that the transferee did not count on, the primary purpose of this paper is to identify the preconditions and the main features of the factual (indirect) transfer of an economic entity that retains its identity, and to pinpoint in what circumstances there may be an obligation to take over workers.
Uporabni model – nov oblik intelektualnog vlasništva u Republici Hrvatskoj
Authors:   Ured zastupnika Republike Hrvatske pred Europskim sudom za ljudska prava, Zagreb, Hrvatska, Rački Marinković Ana
Published: July 2022

With the entry into force of the new Patent Act (Official Gazette No. 16/2020), it is possible to protect a new form of intellectual property in the Republic of Croatia; the utility model. The aim of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of that institute, especially its scope of protection and in this regard to analyse the similarities and differences of the newly introduced institute in relation to similar industrial property rights that exist in comparative law. Furthermore, the paper will attempt to demonstrate the similarities and the differences between the protection of the utility model and the consensual patent that existed in the Republic of Croatia before the adoption of the new Act.