bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Bakhtin to See the Co-construction of EFL Adult Learners’ Utterances
Authors: Tseng Chingyi , Huh Keun
Published: May 2016

The purposes of this study were to explore the effect of dialogic activities on EFL students’ utterances development by engaging with others, as well as the students’ perceptions in the dialogic learning environment. The theoretical framework guiding this inquiry consists of the on-site lecture from the instructor and voice board feedback from the peers and the instructor based on the dialogical theory of language concepts from Bakhtin’s dialogism which emphasizes a social and interactive situation of foreign language learning by engaging with others. In this study, we cover multiple data sources that give us an overview of students’ interaction in the dialogic activities: the questionnaire of voice board interactions, students’ interviews, and speaking tests. The results showed, on the whole, English language learners actually developed some kind of utterances by engaging their own and others. They transformed others’ utterances in the oral interaction for their own use in the Asynchronous Computer Mediated Communication (ACMC) environment. Additionally, the learners perceived the voice board activities helpful for the development of their speaking abilities, while the learners’ perceptions are mediated through the dialogical activities in which the learners are engaged in.
Bank Transparency and Risk Taking: Empirical Evidence from Tunisia
Authors: Dhouibi Raoudha , Mabrouk Abir , Rouetbi Emna
Published: May 2016

An important unresolved issue in finance is the extent to which bank transparency promotes or undermines banking risk-taking. Financial accounting information is an essential component of transparency and a necessary condition for market discipline. This latter can be conceptualized as a market-based incentive scheme with which investors in banking securities penalize banks for greater risk-taking by asking for higher returns on their investments. However, in developing countries, where financial markets are insufficiently developed, the role of market discipline in limiting banks’ risk-taking may be restricted.
This paper examines the impact of transparency, as measured by voluntary disclosure of financial information, on the fragility of Tunisian banks. This study is motivated by the decision of the Central Bank of Tunisia to implement the directives of the second Basel Accord to improve the soundness and the safety of the Tunisian banking system. We examine a sample of ten Tunisian banks listed on the Stock Exchange of Tunis over the period 2000-2011. The results show that transparency has no effect on Tunisian banks’ risk-taking. Similarly, the results indicate that the capital adequacy ratio has no effect on the non-performing loans rate. These results may undermine the effectiveness of the guidelines of the Basel Committee agreements to reduce risk-taking by Tunisian banks.
Moderating Effects of Media Coverage and Corporate Governance on CSR-CFP Nexus-Evidence from Listed Companies on Taiwan Stock Exchange
Authors: Chang Yuan
Published: May 2016

Media coverage helps firm’s benevolent action under the sunlight (well-known by the public). Effective CEO incentive compensation and sound corporate governance align the interest of management with the firm by forming correct and efficient decision on positive-feedback social activities. This paper examines whether media coverage, compensation and corporate governance act as positive moderators for the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance (CFP), namely, CSR-CFP nexus. Based on data of TWSE-listed companies during 2005-2009, regression result generally shows that higher CEO compensation strengthen positive relationship between firm’s CSR engagement and financial performance. Weaker corporate governance deteriorates positive CSR-CFP relationship. Media coverage has little influence on the relationship between CSR and CFP. Robustness checks such as fixed/random effect estimation, two-stage estimation and propensity score matching to control for selection bias yield similar outcome.
Application of Motivation in Nigeria Construction Industry: Factor Analysis Approach
Authors: Funso Afuye , Sammy Letema , Gerryshom Munala
Published: May 2016

Motivation application by industry players is expedient for effective workforce towards meeting organisation goal. This study identified motivation variables in accordance with Herzberg theory. This was used to survey factors that influence supervisors’ productivity as well as determining its application by contractors in Nigeria construction firms. Quantitative research design approach was employed with same questionnaire to supervisors and contractors. 174 questionnaires were administered to supervisors and 105 was filled and returned which constitute 60% success rate. Moreover, 16 questionnaires were administered to contractors and 12 was filled and returned which constitute 75% success rate. Analysis was done by descriptive statistics and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The outcome reveals that supervisors are mostly motivated by job security with mean score of 4.11 and standard deviation of .95 and least motivated by overtime with mean value of 2.82 and standard deviation of 1.14. Moreover, the most potent factor influencing their productivity is financial reward. However, the analysis of contractors’ application of motivation reveals that they operate non financial reward. The paper recommends relating motivation application to workers needs as a way of enhancing productivity in the sector. Furthermore, enactment of employment protection legislations for job security should be enhanced to guide against arbitrary dismissal or retrenchment in the sector.
The Role of Continuous Intraday Electricity Markets: The Integration of Large-Share Wind Power Generation in Denmark
Authors: Karanfil Fatih , Li Yuanjing
Published: May 2016

This paper suggests an innovative idea to examine the functionality of an intraday electricity market by testing causality among its fundamental components. Using Danish and Nordic data, it investigates the main drivers of the price difference between the intraday and day-ahead markets, and causality between wind forecast errors and their counterparts. Our results show that the wind and conventional generation forecast errors significantly cause the intraday price to differ from the day-ahead price, and that the relative intraday price decreases with the unexpected amount of wind generation. Cross-border electricity exchanges are found to be important to handle wind forecast errors. Additionally, some zonal differences with respect to both causality and impulse responses are detected. This paper provides the first evidence on the persuasive functioning of the intraday market in the case of Denmark, whereby intermittent production deviations are effectively reduced, and wind forecast errors are jointly handled through the responses from demand, conventional generation, and intraday international electricity trade.
Detection of Synthetic Drugs as Adulterants in Natural and Herbal Slimming Products by LC-ESI-MS/MS with Polarity Switching
Authors: Wilson Phyllis , Masse Claude
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this study was to develop an LC-tandem MS method for the simultaneous detection of common synthetic drugs as adulterants in natural and herbal slimming products. Sixteen drugs belonging to a wide range of pharmaceutical classes were studied. Included in the list of drugs were anorexics, anxiolytics, antidepressants, diuretics, laxatives, and stimulants. The method used a C18 column (4.6 × 50 mm and 1.8 μm particle size). Separation of the drugs was achieved by gradient elution using 4 mM ammonium formate in water + 0.1% formic acid as the aqueous component and 4 mM ammonium formate in methanol + 0.1% formic as the organic component of the mobile phase. As not all of the analytes ionized in the positive mode, the mass spectrometer was operated in the electrospray ionization mode with polarity switching. The samples were extracted with methanol and the use of 50% acetonitrile in water and 50% methanol in water were investigated as diluents for injection into the LC-MS system. Utilizing both diluents, the validation parameters including accuracy, precision, LOD, and LOQ were assessed. The validation results and utilization of the method to analyze a variety of weight-loss supplements indicate that the two diluents give similar results and can be used interchangeably. This knowledge provides the user with the option of selecting either diluent for sample preparation depending on the sample matrix without having to revalidate the method. The method was applied to the analysis of weight-loss supplements available in local pharmacies, herbal pharmacies, and over the Internet.
Intra- and interspecific shell variability of the genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) in the La Strea Bay (Ionian Sea, Italy)
Authors: Aiello Giuseppe , Barra Diana , Parisi Roberta
Published: May 2016

The variability of the reticulum pattern, ornamentation and outline of the Urocythereis populations of the La Strea Bay is analysed. The results show that the shell features of the form U. distinguenda (Neviani, 1928) (= U. oblonga Brady, 1866) have to be included within the high variability range of U. margaritifera (G.W. Müller, 1894). Consequently, it is suggested that in the upper infralittoral waters of the inlet two (and not three, as stated in previous investigations) species of the genus Urocythereis presently live. A second form, displaying a relatively low variability, is described as a new species, U. ilariae sp. nov.
The Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine: The Most Widely Read Pathology Journal Today
Authors: Allen Timothy Craig
Published: May 2016

The Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine was first published in 1926 as a subspecialty journal of the American Medical Association. It became the official journal of the College of American Pathologists in 1995. Under the dynamic leadership of its most recent editor-in-chief, Philip T. Cagle, MD, and his vibrant editorial board, the Archives has nearly doubled its impact factor and become the most widely read general pathology journal today. Dr Cagle has consistently added leading pathologists to the editorial board, and the collective expertise of these individuals is clearly evident in new, cutting-edge journal masthead sections. The Archives has featured innovative content in the field of digital pathology, including articles on the utilization of smart phones in pathology and incorporation of whole-slide images and videos into the content of articles. Special sections have characterized the Archives during the current editorial board's tenure and have proven immensely popular with the journal's readership. As the Archives celebrates its 90th anniversary, its editorial board remains committed to providing insightful and relevant medical knowledge. The journal's open access Web site (www.archivesofpathology.org) allows the dissemination of this knowledge to every corner of the globe at no expense to those who wish to be educated or improve their medical practice.
Contra filósofos: O ¿en qué se diferencia una mujer de un gato?, por Mercè Rius
Authors: Compte Claudia
Published: May 2016

Reseña de Rius, Mercè 2014, Contra filósofos: O ¿en qué se diferencia una mujer de un gato?, Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva. ISBN 978-84-16170-58-6, 448 páginas.
Mitochondrial aerobic respiration is activated during hair follicle stem cell differentiation, and its dysfunction retards hair regeneration
Authors: Tang Yan , Luo Binping , Deng Zhili , Wang Ben , Liu Fangfen , Li Jinmao , Shi Wei , Xie Hongfu , Hu Xingwang , Li Ji
Published: May 2016

Background.Emerging research revealed the essential role of mitochondria in regulating stem/progenitor cell differentiation of neural progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells and other stem cells through reactive oxygen species (ROS), Notch or other signaling pathway. Inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis results in hair loss upon injury. However, alteration of mitochondrial morphology and metabolic function during hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) differentiation and how they affect hair regeneration has not been elaborated upon.

Methods.We compared the difference in mitochondrial morphology and activity between telogen bulge cells and anagen matrix cells. Expression levels of mitochondrial ROS and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) were measured to evaluate redox balance. In addition, the level of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) were estimated to present the change in energetic metabolism during differentiation. To explore the effect of the mitochondrial metabolism on regulating hair regeneration, hair growth was observed after application of a mitochondrial respiratory inhibitor upon hair plucking.

Results.During HFSCs differentiation, mitochondria became elongated with more abundant organized cristae and showed higher activity in differentiated cells. SOD2 was enhanced for redox balance with relatively stable ROS levels in differentiated cells. PDK increased in HFSCs while differentiated cells showed enhanced PDH, indicating that respiration switched from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation during differentiation. Inhibiting mitochondrial respiration in differentiated hair follicle cells upon hair plucking repressed hair regenerationin vivo.

Conclusions.Upon HFSCs differentiation, mitochondria are elongated with more abundant cristae and show higher activity, accompanying with activated aerobic respiration in differentiated cells for higher energy supply. Also, dysfunction of mitochondrial respiration delays hair regeneration upon injury.
Behavioral flexibility and problem solving in an invasive bird
Authors: Logan Corina J.
Published: May 2016

Behavioral flexibility is considered an important trait for adapting to environmental change, but it is unclear what it is, how it works, and whether it is a problem solving ability. I investigated behavioral flexibility and problem solving experimentally in great-tailed grackles, an invasive bird species and thus a likely candidate for possessing behavioral flexibility. Grackles demonstrated behavioral flexibility in two contexts, the Aesop’s Fable paradigm and a color association test. Contrary to predictions, behavioral flexibility did not correlate across contexts. Four out of 6 grackles exhibited efficient problem solving abilities, but problem solving efficiency did not appear to be directly linked with behavioral flexibility. Problem solving speed also did not significantly correlate with reversal learning scores, indicating that faster learners were not the most flexible. These results reveal how little we know about behavioral flexibility, and provide an immense opportunity for future research to explore how individuals and species can use behavior to react to changing environments.
The interplay between habitat structure and chemical contaminants on biotic responses of benthic organisms
Authors: Mayer-Pinto Mariana , Matias Miguel G. , Coleman Ross A.
Published: May 2016

Habitat structure influences the diversity and distribution of organisms, potentially affecting their response to disturbances by either affecting their ‘susceptibility’ or through the provision of resources that can mitigate impacts of disturbances. Chemical disturbances due to contamination are associated with decreases in diversity and functioning of systems and are also likely to increase due to coastal urbanisation. Understanding how habitat structure interacts with contaminants is essential to predict and therefore manage such effects, minimising their consequences to marine systems. Here, we manipulated two structurally different habitats and exposed them to different types of contaminants. The effects of contamination and habitat structure interacted, affecting species richness. More complex experimental habitats were colonized by a greater diversity of organisms than the less complex habitats. These differences disappeared, however, when habitats were exposed to contaminants, suggesting that contaminants can override effects of habitats structure at small spatial scales. These results provide insight into the complex ways that habitat structure and contamination interact and the need to incorporate evidence of biotic responses from individual disturbances to multiple stressors. Such effects need to be taken into account when designing and planning management and conservation strategies to natural systems.
Testosterone improves erectile function through inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation in castrated rats
Authors: Li Rui , Meng Xianghu , Zhang Yan , Wang Tao , Yang Jun , Niu Yonghua , Cui Kai , Wang Shaogang , Liu Jihong , Rao Ke
Published: May 2016

Testosterone is overwhelmingly important in regulating erectile physiology. However, the associated molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects and mechanisms of testosterone in erectile dysfunction (ED) in castrated rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to four groups (control, sham-operated, castration and castration-with-testosterone-replacement). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining. Erectile function was assessed by the recording of intracavernous pressure (ICP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). Protein expression levels were examined by western blotting. We found that castration reduced erectile function and that testosterone restored it. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was decrease in the castrated rats, and testosterone administration attenuated this decrease (eachp< 0.05). The testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations were lower in the castrated rats, and testosterone restored these levels (eachp< 0.05). Furthermore, the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostacyclin synthase (PTGIS) expression levels and phospho-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS, Ser1177)/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) ratio were reduced in the castrated rats compared with the controls (eachp< 0.05). In addition, thep40phoxandp67phoxexpression levels were increased in the castrated rats, and testosterone reversed these changes (eachp< 0.05). Overall, our results demonstrate that testosterone ameliorates ED after castration by reducing ROS production and increasing the activity of the eNOS/cGMP and COX-2/PTGIS/cAMP signaling pathways.
Identification of novel bile acids as biomarkers for the early diagnosis of Niemann‐Pick C disease
Authors: Mazzacuva Francesca , Mills Philippa , Mills Kevin , Camuzeaux Stephane , Gissen Paul , Nicoli Elena‐Raluca , Wassif Christopher , te Vruchte Danielle , Porter Forbes D. , Maekawa Masamitsu , Mano Nariyasu , Iida Takashi , Platt Frances , Clayton Peter T.
Published: May 2016

This article describes a rapid UPLC‐MS/MS method to quantitate novel bile acids in biological fluids and the evaluation of their diagnostic potential in Niemann‐Pick C (NPC). Two new compounds, NPCBA1 (3β‐hydroxy,7β‐N‐acetylglucosaminyl‐5‐cholenoic acid) and NPCBA2 (probably 3β,5α,6β‐trihydroxycholanoyl‐glycine), were observed to accumulate preferentially in NPC patients: median plasma concentrations of NPCBA1 and NPCBA2 were 40‐ and 10‐fold higher in patients than in controls. However, NPCBA1 concentrations were normal in some patients because they carried a common mutation inactivating the GlcNAc transferase required for the synthesis of this bile acid. NPCBA2, not containing a GlcNAc moiety, is thus a better NPC biomarker.
The complementary role of SMOS sea surface salinity observations for estimating global ocean salinity state
Authors: Lu Zeting , Cheng Lijing , Zhu Jiang , Lin Renping
Published: May 2016

Salinity is a key ocean state property, changes in which reveal the variation of the water cycle and the ocean thermohaline circulation. However, prior to this century, in situ salinity observations were extremely sparse, which decreased the reliability of simulations of ocean general circulation by ocean and climate models. In 2009, sea surface salinity (SSS) observations covered the global ocean via the European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, and several versions of global SSS products were subsequently released. How can these data benefit model performance? Previous studies found contradictory results. In this work, we assimilated SMOS‐SSS data into the LASG/IAP Climate system Ocean Model (LICOM) using the Ensemble Optimum Interpolation (EnOI) assimilation scheme. To assess and quantify the contribution of SMOS‐SSS data to model performance, several tests were conducted. The results indicate that the CECOS/CATDS 2010.V02 SMOS‐SSS product can significantly improve model simulations of sea surface/subsurface salinity fields. This study provides the basis for the future assimilation of SMOS‐SSS data for short‐range climate forecasting.
How does subgrid‐scale parametrization influence nonlinear spectral energy fluxes in global NWP models?
Authors: Malardel Sylvie , Wedi Nils P.
Published: May 2016

The paper examines horizontal wind variance (kinetic energy spectra) and available potential energy spectra in simulations conducted with a state‐of‐the‐art global numerical weather prediction (NWP) model: the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. The formulation of the spectral energy budget of the atmosphere by Augier and Lindborg (2013) is used to illustrate how the nonlinear spectral fluxes differ for a hierarchy of reduced models, adiabatic dynamical core, Held‐Suarez dry, and idealized moist aquaplanet simulations, compared to NWP simulations with full complexity. The results identify surface drag and momentum vertical mixing as the key processes for influencing the transfer of energy in a stratified atmosphere. Moreover, the circulation generated by topography plays a significant role in these transfers. Given that subgrid‐scale vertical mixing is parametrized, and that the treatment of orography filtering varies vastly between NWP models, the magnitude and scale of the nonlinear interactions can differ substantially from model to model, and depends on the choices made for the physical parametrizations. The need to appropriately parametrize the essential influence of subgrid‐scale processes in global NWP and climate simulations has the effect that the physical energy cascade is replaced by a parametrized energy transfer. This explains the seeming failure of the IFS to produce a shallower mesoscale energy spectrum. In contrast, neither the horizontal filtering, typically applied in NWP models to avoid a spectral blocking at the smallest scales, nor implicit numerical dissipation significantly constrain, at sufficiently high resolution, the nonlinear interactions or the dominant slope of the energy spectra at synoptic and mesoscales.
Three‐dimensional modeling of the mixing state of particles over Greater Paris
Authors: Zhu Shupeng , Sartelet Karine , Zhang Yang , Nenes Athanasios
Published: May 2016

A size‐composition resolved aerosol model (SCRAM) is coupled to the Polyphemus air quality platform and evaluated over Greater Paris. SCRAM simulates the particle mixing state and solves the aerosol dynamic evolution taking into account the processes of coagulation, condensation/evaporation, and nucleation. Both the size and mass fractions of chemical components of particles are discretized. The performance of SCRAM to model air quality over Greater Paris is evaluated by comparison to PM2.5, PM10, and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) measurements. Because air quality models usually assume that particles are internally mixed, the impact of the mixing state on aerosols formation, composition, optical properties, and their ability to be activated as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) is investigated. The simulation results show that more than half (up to 80% during rush hours) of black carbon particles are barely mixed at the urban site of Paris, while they are more mixed with organic species at a rural site. The comparisons between the internal‐mixing simulation and the mixing state‐resolved simulation show that the internal‐mixing assumption leads to lower nitrate and higher ammonium concentrations in the particulate phase. Moreover, the internal‐mixing assumption leads to lower single scattering albedo, and the difference of aerosol optical depth caused by the mixing state assumption can be as high as 72.5%. Furthermore, the internal‐mixing assumption leads to lower CCN activation percentage at low supersaturation, but higher CCN activation percentage at high supersaturation.
Statistical bias and variance for the regularized inverse problem: Application to space‐based atmospheric CO2 retrievals
Authors: Cressie N. , Wang R. , Smyth M. , Miller C. E.
Published: May 2016

Remote sensing of the atmosphere is typically achieved through measurements that are high‐resolution radiance spectra. In this article, our goal is to characterize the first‐moment and second‐moment properties of the errors obtained when solving the regularized inverse problem associated with space‐based atmospheric CO2 retrievals, specifically for the dry air mole fraction of CO2 in a column of the atmosphere. The problem of estimating (or retrieving) state variables is usually ill posed, leading to a solution based on regularization that is often called Optimal Estimation (OE). The difference between the estimated state and the true state is defined to be the retrieval error; error analysis for OE uses a linear approximation to the forward model, resulting in a calculation where the first moment of the retrieval error (the bias) is identically zero. This is inherently unrealistic and not seen in real or simulated retrievals. Nonzero bias is expected since the forward model of radiative transfer is strongly nonlinear in the atmospheric state. In this article, we extend and improve OE's error analysis based on a first‐order, multivariate Taylor series expansion, by inducing the second‐order terms in the expansion. Specifically, we approximate the bias through the second derivative of the forward model, which results in a formula involving the Hessian array. We propose a stable estimate of it, from which we obtain a second‐order expression for the bias and the mean square prediction error of the retrieval.
Sources and interpretation of channel complexity in forested subalpine streams of the Southern Rocky Mountains
Authors: Livers Bridget , Wohl Ellen
Published: May 2016

We evaluate correlations between stream geomorphic complexity and characteristics of the adjacent riparian forest, valley geometry, and land use history in forested subalpine streams of the Colorado Front Range. Measures of geomorphic complexity focus on cross‐sectional, planform, and instream wood piece and logjam variables. We categorize adjacent riparian forests as old‐growth unmanaged forest (OU), younger unmanaged forest (YU), and younger managed forest (YM), and valley geometry as laterally confined, partly confined, or unconfined. Significant differences in geomorphic stream complexity between OU, YU, and YM result primarily from differences in wood pieces and logjams, and these differences correlate strongly with pool volume and organic matter storage. Significant differences in planform and cross‐sectional complexity correlate more strongly with valley geometry, but do not explain as much of the observed variability in complexity between streams as do the wood variables. Unconfined OU streams have the largest wood loads and the greatest complexity, whereas legacy effects of logging, tie‐drives, and channel simplification create lower complexity in YM streams, even relative to YU streams flowing through similarly aged forest. We find that management history of riparian forests exerts the strongest control on reduced functional stream channel complexity, regardless of riparian forest stand age.
Seismic evidence for tearing in the subducting Indian slab beneath the Andaman arc
Authors: Kumar Prakash , Srijayanthi G. , Ravi Kumar M.
Published: May 2016

Segmentation of a subduction zone through tearing is envisaged as an inevitable consequence of the differential rate of slab rollback along the strike of convergent plate boundaries. It is a key feature that controls plate tectonics and seismogenesis in a subduction setting. Globally, lithospheric tears are mostly recognized by seismic tomography and seismicity trends. However, such an intriguing feature has never been imaged with high resolution. Here we present seismological evidence for tearing of the Indian oceanic plate at shallow depths along the Andaman arc. Our image of the subducted plate using the shear‐wave receiver function technique reveals three distinct plate segments. The middle lithospheric chunk has an abrupt offset of ~20 km relative to the northern and southern segments along the entire stretch of Andaman‐Nicobar Islands. We interpret that this abrupt offset in the base of the lithosphere is caused by the tearing of the subducted oceanic plate. For the plate age of ~80 to 60 Myr, the lithospheric thickness varies from ~40 to 70 km.
Airborne radar imaging of subaqueous channel evolution in Wax Lake Delta, Louisiana, USA
Authors: Shaw John B. , Ayoub Francois , Jones Cathleen E. , Lamb Michael P. , Holt Benjamin , Wagner R. Wayne , Coffey Thomas S. , Chadwick J. Austin , Mohrig David
Published: May 2016

Shallow coastal regions are among the fastest evolving landscapes but are notoriously difficult to measure with high spatiotemporal resolution. Using Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) data, we demonstrate that high signal‐to‐noise L band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can reveal subaqueous channel networks at the distal ends of river deltas. Using 27 UAVSAR images collected between 2009 and 2015 from the Wax Lake Delta in coastal Louisiana, USA, we show that under normal tidal conditions, planform geometry of the distributary channel network is frequently resolved in the UAVSAR images, including ~700 m of seaward network extension over 5 years for one channel. UAVSAR also reveals regions of subaerial and subaqueous vegetation, streaklines of biogenic surfactants, and what appear to be small distributary channels aliased by the survey grid, all illustrating the value of fine resolution, low noise, L band SAR for mapping the nearshore subaqueous delta channel network.
Observations of a new foreshock region upstream of a foreshock bubble's shock
Authors: Liu Terry Z. , Hietala Heli , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Turner Drew L.
Published: May 2016

Earth's foreshock is a region within the solar wind upstream of Earth's bow shock filled with backstreaming solar wind particles reflected at the shock. Within this region, when the interplanetary field is approximately radial, foreshock bubbles (FBs) can be formed when the backstreaming particles interact with approaching discontinuities embedded in the solar wind. Foreshock bubbles can grow to 5–10 RE in scale, well upstream of the bow shock. Having a high concentration of thermalized upstream ions and slow, or even sunward, speeds within them, these transient phenomena deflect the solar wind by forming a new shock ahead of them. Although FBs eventually succumb to solar wind dynamic pressure and crash onto Earth's bow shock and magnetopause, they may last long enough to allow solar wind reflection at their own shocks, which forms a new FB foreshock region upstream of them. The FB shock may be of different obliquity than the parent bow shock providing new and diverse opportunities for particle acceleration. Using a case study from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms, we demonstrate that ions and electrons are reflected at the FB shock, where they acquire energies consistent with shock acceleration theory. These are the first definitive observations of a new ion and electron foreshock region upstream of the FB shock with implications for shock acceleration in general.
An observational analysis: Tropical relative to Arctic influence on midlatitude weather in the era of Arctic amplification
Authors: Cohen Judah
Published: May 2016

The tropics, in general, and El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in particular are almost exclusively relied upon for seasonal forecasting. Much less considered and certainly more controversial is the idea that Arctic variability is influencing midlatitude weather. However, since the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Arctic has undergone the most rapid warming observed globally, referred to as Arctic amplification (AA), which has coincided with an observed increase in extreme weather. Analysis of observed trends in hemispheric circulation over the period of AA more closely resembles variability associated with Arctic boundary forcings than with tropical forcing. Furthermore, analysis of intraseasonal temperature variability shows that the cooling in midlatitude winter temperatures has been accompanied by an increase in temperature variability and not a decrease, popularly referred to as “weather whiplash.”
A stochastic scale‐aware parameterization of shallow cumulus convection across the convective gray zone
Authors: Sakradzija Mirjana , Seifert Axel , Dipankar Anurag
Published: May 2016

The parameterization of shallow cumuli across a range of model grid resolutions of kilometre‐scales faces at least three major difficulties: (1) closure assumptions of conventional parameterization schemes are no longer valid, (2) stochastic fluctuations become substantial and increase with grid resolution, and (3) convective circulations that emerge on the model grids are under‐resolved and grid‐scale dependent. Here we develop a stochastic parameterization of shallow cumulus clouds to address the first two points, and we study how this stochastic parameterization interacts with the under‐resolved convective circulations in a convective case over the ocean. We couple a stochastic model based on a canonical ensemble of shallow cumuli to the Eddy‐Diffusivity Mass‐Flux parameterization in the icosahedral nonhydrostatic (ICON) model. The moist‐convective area fraction is perturbed by subsampling the distribution of subgrid convective states. These stochastic perturbations represent scale‐dependent fluctuations around the quasi‐equilibrium state of a shallow cumulus ensemble. The stochastic parameterization reproduces the average and higher order statistics of the shallow cumulus case adequately and converges to the reference statistics with increasing model resolution. The interaction of parameterizations with model dynamics, which is usually not considered when parameterizations are developed, causes a significant influence on convection in the gray zone. The stochastic parameterization interacts strongly with the model dynamics, which changes the regime and energetics of the convective flows compared to the deterministic simulations. As a result of this interaction, the emergence of convective circulations in combination with the stochastic parameterization can even be beneficial on the high‐resolution model grids.
Collaborative Inhibition and Semantic Recall: Improving Collaboration Through Computer‐mediated Communication
Authors: Hinds Joanne M. , Payne Stephen J.
Published: May 2016

Two experiments investigated the recall of nominal and collaborating groups to test the following hypotheses: (i) semantic memory, as well as episodic memory, is disrupted by collaborative recall and (ii) both episodic and semantic recall will be greater in groups collaborating via computer‐mediated communication (CMC) than groups collaborating face to face. Experiment 1 investigated different collaborative constellations (nominal, face to face and parallel CMC) in a series of episodic and semantic word recall tasks. In Experiment 2, collaborative groups (nominal, face to face, parallel CMC and cyclic CMC) completed a Scrabble task in which they were required to generate words from a set of 12 letters. Both experiments demonstrated that collaborative inhibition was present in semantic recall. Parallel CMC improved recall by comparison with face‐to‐face collaboration in both experiments, whereas cyclic CMC did not. The underlying causes of collaborative inhibitory effects and the potential for reducing them with CMC are discussed.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender Identity Predicts Autobiographical Memory Phenomenology
Authors: Grysman Azriel , Fivush Robyn
Published: May 2016

Gender differences emerge regularly in autobiographical memory research. We suggest that gender differences in phenomenological self‐report measures of autobiographical memory are rooted in gender identity rather than categorical gender. Reminiscing about the past is perceived as a female‐typical activity, and therefore, gender‐typical individuals will conform to these stereotypes. In this study, 196 participants, age 18–40, each rated the phenomenology of four event memories. Ratings of feminine gender identity, also completed by participants, consistently correlated with MEQ scores, indicating that greater endorsement of feminine gender norms predicted higher memory quality and valence. Masculine gender identity also correlated with MEQ scores, but these correlations were less consistent. Findings suggest that a focus on gender identity can both explain the source of some gender differences in autobiographical memory and potentially explain some inconsistencies in the current literature.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical Bond Stabilization and Exciton Management by CN Modified Host Material for Improved Efficiency and Lifetime in Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Oh Chan Seok , Choi Jeong Min , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: May 2016

A high triplet energy host material for improved efficiency and elongated lifetime is developed by modifying carbazole linked terphenyl with a CN substituent. The CN modification strengthens electron injection and transport of the host material, which reduces the driving voltage, improved quantum efficiency, and power efficiency of blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes. Furthermore, the CN modification also extends the lifetime of the blue device due to the chemical bond stabilizing effect of the CN moiety in radical, anion, and cation states. Therefore, the molecular design modifying the backbone structure with CN is an efficient approach for high efficiency and long lifetime.
A second family with CATSHL syndrome: Confirmatory report of another unique FGFR3 syndrome
Authors: Escobar Luis F. , Tucker Megan , Bamshad Michael
Published: May 2016

Here we describe the second reported family with the CATSHL syndrome, a condition resulting from a unique mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene. Our family confirms the consistent and unique phenotype of this condition, and the specificity of the mutation in FGFR3. The CATSHL syndrome appears to be an autosomal dominant disorder with full penetrance. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Infected iliac artery aneurysm with aortocaval fistula
Authors: Sasahashi Nozomu , Hamazaki Mikihisa , Asada Hidenori , Kataoka Tsuyoshi , Hamanaka Kunio , Nishiyama Kei
Published: May 2016

Case

We report a case of an infected iliac artery aneurysm complicated by an aortocaval fistula.

Outcome

A 74‐year‐old‐man was admitted with fever, chills, general fatigue, and appetite loss. The patient was diagnosed with an infected iliac artery aneurysm, which was controlled with antibiotics preoperatively. During hospitalization, deep vein thrombosis developed with a pulmonary embolism resulting from an aortocaval fistula. The patient was successfully operated on with in situ autologous vein graft reconstruction.

Conclusion

An infected iliac artery aneurysm with aortocaval shunt has rarely been reported. We successfully treated the patient with a combination of appropriate i.v. antibiotics and surgical resection.
Life‐threatening urethral hemorrhage after placement of a Foley catheter in a patient with uroseptic disseminated intravascular coagulation due to chronic urinary retention induced by untreated benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Ikegami Yukihiro , Yoshida Keisuke , Imaizumi Tsuyoshi , Isosu Tsuyoshi , Kurosawa Shin , Murakawa Masahiro
Published: May 2016

Case

A 77‐year‐old man with severe septic disseminated intravascular coagulation following urinary infection was transported to our hospital. He had developed urinary retention induced by untreated prostatic hyperplasia. Immediate drainage with a Foley catheter was successfully carried out, but the hematuria progressed to life‐threatening hemorrhage.

Outcome

Complete hemostasis was impossible by surgical treatment because the tissue around the prostatic urethra was very fragile and hemorrhagic. Organized treatments (continuous hemodiafiltration combined with polymyxin‐B immobilized fiber column hemoperfusion and systemic treatment with antibiotics and coagulation factors) were commenced soon after the operation. The patient eventually recovered from the septic disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Conclusion

This case report illustrates the risk of placement of Foley catheters in patients with severe septic disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Densely Packed Hydrophobic Clustering: Encapsulated Valerates Form a High‐Temperature‐Stable {Mo132} Capsule System
Authors: Garai Somenath , Bögge Hartmut , Merca Alice , Petina Olga A. , Grego Alina , Gouzerh Pierre , Haupt Erhard T. K. , Weinstock Ira A. , Müller Achim
Published: May 2016

Porous molecular nanocontainers of {Mo132}‐type Keplerates offer unique opportunities to study a wide variety of relevant phenomena. An impressive example is provided by the highly reactive {Mo132‐CO3} capsule, the reaction of which with valeric acid results in the very easy release of carbon dioxide and the uptake of 24 valerate ions/ligands that are integrated as a densely packed aggregate, thus indicating the unique possibility of hydrophobic clustering inside the cavity. Two‐dimensional NMR techniques were used to demonstrate the presence of the 24 valerates and the stability of the capsule up to ca. 100 °C. Increasing the number of hydrophobic parts enhances the stability of the whole system. This situation also occurs in biological systems, such as globular proteins or protein pockets.
Facet‐Dependent and Light‐Assisted Efficient Hydrogen Evolution from Ammonia Borane Using Gold–Palladium Core–Shell Nanocatalysts
Authors: Rej Sourav , Hsia Chi‐Fu , Chen Tzu‐Yu , Lin Fan‐Cheng , Huang Jer‐Shing , Huang Michael H.
Published: May 2016

Au–Pd core–shell nanocrystals with tetrahexahedral (THH), cubic, and octahedral shapes and comparable sizes were synthesized. Similar‐sized Au and Pd cubes and octahedra were also prepared. These nanocrystals were used for the hydrogen‐evolution reaction (HER) from ammonia borane. Light irradiation can enhance the reaction rate for all the catalysts. In particular, Au–Pd THH exposing {730} facets showed the highest turnover frequency for hydrogen evolution under light with 3‐fold rate enhancement benefiting from lattice strain, modified surface electronic state, and a broader range of light absorption. Finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) simulations show a stronger electric field enhancement on Au–Pd core–shell THH than those on other Pd‐containing nanocrystals. Light‐assisted nitro reduction by ammonia borane on Au–Pd THH was also demonstrated. Au–Pd tetrahexahedra supported on activated carbon can act as a superior recyclable plasmonic photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution.
Size Dependence of [n]Cycloparaphenylenes (n=5–12) in Electrochemical Oxidation
Authors: Kayahara Eiichi , Fukayama Kei , Nishinaga Tohru , Yamago Shigeru
Published: May 2016

The oxidation processes of [n]cycloparaphenylenes ([n]CPPs) (n=5–12) were systematically investigated by cyclic and rotating disk electrode voltammetry. All CPPs underwent pseudo‐reversible two‐electron oxidation irrespective of ring size, forming the corresponding radical cations and then dications. The results were in sharp contrast to those observed for linear oligoparaphenylenes, which only undergo one‐electron oxidation. The difference in the first and second oxidation potentials in the CPP oxidation was affected by the ring size and became more significant as the decrease of CPP size. In other words, while the first oxidation from neutral CPP to the radical cation occurred faster as the size of CPP becomes smaller, the second oxidation from the radical cation to dication exhibited opposite size dependence.
An information‐based burn‐in procedure for minimally repaired items from mixed population
Authors: Cha Ji Hwan , Badía F. G.
Published: May 2016

Burn‐in is a method used to eliminate the initial failures in field use. In this paper, we will consider an information‐based burn‐in procedure for repairable items, which is completely new type of burn‐in procedure. By this procedure, based on the operational (failure and repair) history of the items observed during burn‐in procedure, those with poor reliability performance are eliminated. From a probabilistic point of view, this burn‐in procedure utilizes the information contained in the ‘random paths’ of the corresponding point processes. A general formulation of the model will be suggested, and under the suggested framework, two‐stage optimization procedure for determining optimal burn‐in procedures will be studied in detail. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Housing Trajectories of Forensic Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Salem Leila , Crocker Anne G. , Charette Yanick , Earls Christopher M. , Nicholls Tonia L. , Seto Michael C.
Published: May 2016

The objectives of this study were to describe the disposition and housing trajectories of individuals found Not Criminally Responsible on account of Mental Disorder (NCRMD), and the factors that predict different trajectories. To do so, disposition and housing status were coded for 934 NCRMD patients over a 36‐month follow‐up period. Sequential data analysis resulted in four distinct trajectories: detention in hospital, conditional discharge in supportive housing, conditional discharge in independent housing, and absolute discharge to unknown housing. The likelihood of a placement in supportive housing compared with detention significantly decreased for individuals with a higher index offense severity. Less restrictive trajectories were significantly predicted by clinical factors. The results revealed little change in the disposition and housing trajectories of NCRMD patients. Furthermore, decisions about disposition and housing placement reflect a knowledge–practice gap between risk factors known to be predictive of community resources use in the forensic population. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of psychological interventions and patients' affect on short‐term quality of life in patients undergoing colorectal surgery
Authors: Koplin Gerold , Müller Verena , Heise Grit , Pratschke Johann , Schwenk Wolfgang , Haase Oliver
Published: May 2016

Psychological interventions can improve Quality of Life (QoL). Object of interest was if different psychological interventions influence short‐term QoL after colonic resection for carcinoma. Furthermore, we wanted to see if there is a correlation between patients` preoperative affect and postoperative QoL. Sixty patients that underwent colorectal surgery were divided into three groups. Group one (n = 20) received Guided Imagery and group 2 (n = 22) Progressive Muscle Relaxation. The third group (Control, n = 18) had no intervention. Quality of Life (QoL) was measured using the EORTC QLQ‐C30 and the Gastrointestinal Quality of life Index (GIQLI). Patients' affect was measured by the PANAS questionnaire. The higher the preoperative Negative Affect was, the lower were the scores for QoL on the 30th postoperative day. Patients' QoL was highest preoperatively and lowest on the third postoperative day. On the 30th postoperative day scores for QoL were almost as high as preoperative without difference between the three groups. Neither Guided Imagery nor Progressive Relaxation was influencing short‐term QoL measured by the EORTC QLQ‐C30 and the GIQLI questionnaire after colorectal surgery for cancer. Screening patients' with the PANAS questionnaire might help to identify individuals that are more likely to have a worse QoL postoperatively.