bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Study of Pyrilamine in B6C3F1 Mice
Authors: Greenman David L. , Allen Richard , Dahlgren Robert , Cronin G. M. , Allaben William T.
Published: November 2007

The chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of pyrilamine maleate were evaluated in B6C3F1 mice by feeding for up to 2 years to groups of 60 male or female mice at dietary levels of 0,150, 750, or 1,500 ppm (as the free base). Up to 12 mice per sex and dose group were killed after 65 weeks for clinical chemistry, hematology, and histopathologic evaluation of control and high-dose animals. Histopathology was performed on all animals that were dead or moribund or lived until the study was terminated at 2 years. Daily exposures to pyrilamine ranged from ∼16 to 176 mg/kg, compared with maximum human exposure of 3 mg/kg. Regarding longevity, pyrilamine-treated male mice tended to survive longer than controls, whereas no differences among treated and control female mice were noted. Body weights did not differ among treated and control male groups, but final body weight average of treated female mice was 6–10% lower than that for controls. Although no dose-response trends were noted in male mice for histopathologic end points, liver /body and liver/ brain weight ratios were significantly greater in high-dose male mice than in controls. Chronic liver inflammation exhibited a positive dose-response trend in female mice, but there was no evidence for a carcinogenic response to pyrilamine by either sex.
The Use of Trend Tests to Determine a No-Observable-Effect Level in Animal Safety Studies
Authors: Selwyn Murray R.
Published: November 2007

Proper statistical analysis of data from subchronic and chronic studies is a key aspect of their data analysis and interpretation. We discuss the motivation and illustrate the use of trend tests for continuous quantitative data from such studies. Because responses are often more severe (increase or decrease) with increasing dose, trend tests are the most appropriate statistical procedures to apply. Several parametric and nonparametric trend tests are defined and applied to a small set of male liver weight data from a 14-day rat study. Shortcomings of more standard statistical procedures applied to data from such studies are discussed as well. We recommend the use of trend tests as the customary method for analyzing data from these studies.
Detection of Effects on Male Reproduction—A Literature Survey
Authors: Ulbrich Beate , Palmer Anthony K.
Published: November 2007

The 1CH (International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) Guideline for Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medicinal Products, adopted at the Second ICH Conference in Orlando, FL, U.S.A., emphasized the need for research into the suitability of various methods for the detection of effects on fertility in males. The current project was undertaken to compare the efficiency of methods by evaluating reports in the open literature. The results of the examination of 117 substances or substance classes support the view that histopathology and organ weight analysis provide the best general-purpose means of detecting substances with the potential to affect male fertility. Examinations at up to 4 weeks of treatment appear to be as effective as examinations conducted at later times. Mating with females for detection of effects unrelated to interference with sperm production appears to provide an optimal combination because adding other methodologies does not materially improve the detection rate. As to the timing of the mating trial, a 2-week premating period is as efficient as mating at 4 weeks and apparently more efficient than mating after prolonged premating treatment.
Six-Month Toxicity Comparison of the Antituberculosis Drugs Aconiazide and Isoniazid in Fischer 344 Rats
Authors: Beland Frederick A. , Dooley Kenneth L. , Hansen Eugene B. , Sheldon Winslow G.
Published: November 2007

Aconiazide, a hydrazone derivative of isoniazid, has been proposed for the treatment of tuberculosis. The toxicity of aconiazide was assessed by treating male and female Fischer 344 (F344) rats daily by gavage for 6 months at doses up to 400 mg/kg body wt. For comparison, the toxicity of isoniazid was determined following treatment in an identical manner at equimolar doses. Aconiazide resulted in only one death during the 6-month experiment, whereas isoniazid caused a significant increase in morbidity and mortality. Each drug induced significant dose-related decreases in body weight in both sexes, and isoniazid caused a significant decrease in liver weight in male rats. Isoniazid also induced centrilobular hepatic necrosis in male rats, a lesion not observed upon aconiazide treatment. Plasma drug levels were ≥10-fold greater in rats administered isoniazid as compared to aconiazide. The higher levels of free drug observed with isoniazid may contribute to greater toxicity of isoniazid compared to aconiazide.
Role of Tissue Repair in Carbon Tetrachloride Hepatotoxicity in Male and Female Sprague-Dawley and Wistar Rats
Authors: Calabrese Edward J. , Leonard Denise A. , Zhao Xiaoqiang , Lakshmanan Kamala
Published: November 2007

This study was designed to assess the hypothesis that large differences between male and female Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats in susceptibility to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity are related to the differential capacity to repair tissue damage. This hypothesis was evaluated via two complementary approaches, (a) Separate groups of rats were administered a minimum lethal dose (LD10) of CC14, with colchicine (CLC) given at 24, 48, or 72 h after CCl4, and assessed for survival, (b) Rats were given a modestly hepatotoxic dose of CC14 and evaluated in terms of the rate and magnitude of damage and the efficiency of repair activities. The mortality for Wistar rats was high for both males (70%) and females (90%) treated with CLC at 24 h after CC14 administration but fell to 33% for females while remaining high (67%) for males treated with CLC at 48 h after CC14 administration. Both male and female Sprague-Dawley rats also exhibited a high mortality rate (70–80%) when administered CLC 24 h after CC14. As in the Wistar rats, the mortality in the Sprague-Dawley females declined to 36% while it remained high among males (67%) when CLC was administered 48 h after the CC14 dose. Male and female Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with CC14 (0.3 ml/kg, 1:1, vol/vol in corn oil, i.p.), and the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were monitored at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment. In the Sprague-Dawley strain, AST and ALT values were markedly increased in the female as compared with the male at 24, 48, and 72 h. Both sexes displayed decreasing serum enzyme values starting at 48 h. In contrast to Sprague-Dawley rats, male Wistar rats showed progressive increases and significantly higher AST/ALT values than the females at 48 h; conversely, by 48 h the female rats were starting to display decreasing serum enzyme levels indicative of tissue repair. The findings support the hypothesis that the enhanced susceptibility to CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity of the male compared with the female Wistar rat is principally due to a slower capacity for hepatic tissue repair. In contrast, the principal cause for the enhanced susceptibility of the female compared with the male Sprague-Dawley rat to CC14-induced hepatotoxicity is most likely related to its greater susceptibility for the production of liver damage rather than a less efficient tissue-repair process. Key Words: Carbon tetrachloride-Hepatotoxicity-Sex differences-Tissue repair
Low Rate of Severe Injury from Dermal and Ocular Irritation Tests and the Validity of Using Fewer Animals
Authors: Berdasco Nancy Anne M. , Gilbert Kimberly S. , Lacher Jane W. , Mattsson Joel L.
Published: November 2007

Current U.S. and Japanese regulatory guidelines mandate the use of at least six animals for dermal and ocular irritation testing, while EEC/OECD guidelines require only three animals. An analysis of data from this laboratory in general supports the use of as few as three animals for acute irritancy testing. Data from a series of 140 dermal and 118 ocular irritation tests were examined to determine injury rates associated with testing, and to generate six-, five-, four-, three-, and two-rabbit primary dermal irritation indices for dermal tests and to categorize ocular tests similarly. Results were then examined to determine whether fewer animals could have been used to obtain findings similar to those originally noted with six rabbits. These results suggest that the number of animals used in dermal and ocular irritation testing can be reduced, especially if a sequential approach involving a preliminary in vitro/SAR test is taken. In addition, low rates of severe injury were evident for dermal and ocular irritation tests, as well as low discomfort rates for ocular irritation tests using a topical anesthetic. Using a low level of dermal irritation as a screen for ocular testing could reduce injury and discomfort rates further.
Ovarian Response to Exogenous Gonadotropins in Infant Cynomolgus Monkeys Hidenobu Sameshima
Authors: Oneda Satoru , Ihara Toshio , Hamana Katsumi
Published: November 2007

The response of the ovaries to exogenous gonadotropins was examined by determining serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) levels and by observing the development of follicles by using 5-to 7-month-old cynomolgus females. The serum E2 levels began to increase 2 h after a single injection of 15 IU of human menopausal gonadotropin (h MG) and reached peak levels at 6 h after dosing, but the E2levels decreased to near predosing values at 24 h. The serum E2 levels increased markedly due to the repeated injections of 15 IU h MG for 10 days (days 0-9), but the P levels were low and equal to the levels observed at the follicular stage in adult females. The E2 levels decreased after an injection of 1,000 IU h CG on day 10, and the levels on day 21 were almost equal to the predosing values on day 0. On the other hand, the P levels increased transiently on day 16, which suggested ovulation. In the histopathological examination of the ovaries obtained on day 10, large antrum follicles were observed. These results confirmed that the ovary of infant cynomolgus monkeys reacted in the same way as the ovary of adult monkeys to exogenous gonadotropins and suggested that this method could become a useful means of evaluating the ovarian function of infant females.
Safety Evaluation Studies of Leucrose
Authors: Elias Peter S. , Benecke Herta , Schwengers Dieter
Published: November 2007

Leucrose, D-glucopyranosyl-α(l 5)-D-fructopyranose, is produced by treatment of sucrose with the α(1 6)-glucosyltransferase isolated from Leuconostoc mesenteroides, a nonpathogenic, nontoxigenic microorganism. Rats, dogs, and humans metabolize leucrose efficiently and rapidly in the jejunum by enzymatic hydrolysis into its constituent glucose and fructose. Only traces of leucrose appear in plasma and urine of rats and humans, whereas somewhat larger amounts are seen in plasma and urine of dogs. No toxic or other biological effects were detected in 13-week studies in rats and dogs. Leucrose is not teratogenic in rats and rabbits, and is not genotoxic. It is noncariogenic in humans and rats, and resists attack by the microorganisms present in the human oral cavity.
Developmental Toxicity Studies of Triethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Administered Orally to Rats and Rabbits
Authors: Hoberman A. M. , Krasavage W. J. , Christian M. S. , Stack C. R.
Published: November 2007

Triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (TGME) was administered orally via gavage stomach tube to mated Caesarean delivered (CD) rats and artificially inseminated New Zealand white rabbits on days 6–15 and 6–18 of gestation, respectively, at dose levels of 0, 625, 1,250, 2,500, or 5,000 mg/kg/day (rats) and 0, 250, 500, 1,000, or 1,500 mg/kg/day (rabbits). Clinical signs, maternal body weights, and feed consumption were monitored throughout the treatment period. The surviving rats and rabbits underwent Caesarean section on day 20 and day 29 of gestation, respectively. Fetuses were weighed, sexed, and examined externally and for soft tissue and skeletal alterations. In rats, the high dose significantly reduced maternal body weights, feed consumption, and gravid uterine weights. One dam in this group died on day 13 of gestation. Treatment-related clinical signs were seen only at the highest dose tested. Maternal feed consumption was significantly reduced at 5,000 and 2,500 mg/kg and slightly, but not significantly, reduced at 1,250 mg/kg. Doses as high as 5,000 mg/kg/day did not affect pregnancy rate, implantations, corpora lutea, live fetuses, or fetal sex ratios. Resorptions were significantly increased at 5,000 mg/kg, and fetal body weights were slightly reduced at 1,250 mg/kg and significantly reduced at 2,500 and 5,000 mg/kg. The incidences of malformations and external or internal soft tissue variations were not increased at doses as high as 5,000 mg/kg. Incidences of skeletal variations were increased at doses of 1,250 mg/kg and higher. The no-observable-effect level (NOEL) in rats, for both maternal and developmental toxicity, was 625 mg/kg, while 1,250 mg/kg was a no-observable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for maternal toxicity and may be very near the NOAEL for developmental toxicity. In rabbits, 1,500 mg/kg/day reduced maternal body weights and feed consumption and caused death, abortions, treatment-related clinical signs of toxicity, and reduced gravid uterine weights. One doe in the 1,000 mg/kg group died on day 18 of gestation, but no treatment-related signs were seen in the other animals in this group. Doses as high as 1,500 mg/kg did not significantly affect pregnancy rate, implantations, corpora lutea, resorptions, live fetuses, fetal body weights, or sex ratio. Incidences of malformations or external and internal variations were not increased at any of the dose levels. The only developmental toxicity seen in the rabbit was an increase in the incidence of two common skeletal variations, angulated hyoid alae and delayed ossification of the xiphoid process, at the highest dose tested. For maternal toxicity, the NOEL and NOAEL were 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, respectively, and for developmental toxicity the NOEL and NOAEL were 1,000 mg/kg and 1,500 mg/kg, respectively. These studies indicate that TGME was not selectively toxic to developing rat or rabbit conceptuses.
Effects of Repeat Dosing and Multiple Blood Drawing Separately and Together on Carbon Tetrachloride–Induced Hepatotoxicity
Authors: Blain Robyn B. , Moholkar Manoj , Lakshmanan Kamala , Leonard Denise , Zhao Xiaoqiang , Calabrese Edward J.
Published: November 2007

A series of experiments was conducted to assess the effects of prior dosing and/or multiple modest blood withdrawal on subsequent carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following treatments: oil-CCl4, oil-bleed-CCl4, CCl4-CCl4, and CCl4-bleed-CCl4, with bleed groups having 1 ml of blood removed at baseline (time 0), 24, 48, 72, and 120 h. At these times the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were determined. The serum enzyme levels of the CCl4 (0.9 ml/kg, vol/vol in corn oil, per os) treated rats (treated at time 0) had returned to untreated levels prior to the administration of the second dose (120 h). Serum enzyme (AST/ALT) levels were measured again 24 and 48 h after the second CCl4 (0.9 ml/kg, 1:1 vol/vol in corn oil, per os) treatment. The results indicated that the prior dose of CCl4 (0.9 ml/kg, 1:1 vol/vol in corn oil, per os) enhanced the hepatotoxicity of a subsequent identical dose of CCl4 three- to six-fold when the two doses were separated by 2–14 days, although the prior dose was protective when administered 24 h before the second dose. Prior multiple blood drawing also enhanced the hepatotoxicity of a subsequent dose of CCl4 (0.9 ml/kg, 1:1 vol/vol in corn oil, per os) three-fold. The effect of blood drawing has been demonstrated to cross sex and strain when tested on male and female Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats. The combination of the two procedures (with the two CCl4 doses separated by 5 days) enhanced the hepatotoxicity of a subsequent identical dose of CCl4 (0.9 ml/kg, 1:1 vol/vol in corn oil, per os) 10-fold. Subsequent sham bleed experiments indicated that the increase in serum enzyme levels previously associated with blood withdrawal is substantially associated with the handling (i.e. stress) involved in blood withdrawal rather than the removal of modest amounts of blood per se.
Dose–Response Relationships of Weight, Cellularity, Plaque-Forming Cell Response, and Histology in the Spleen of Rats Treated with Antimetabolites
Authors: Doi Takayoshi , Nagai Hirofumi , Tsukuda Ryoichi , Suzuki Tsuyoshi
Published: November 2007

Our previous reports revealed the usefulness of investigating the changes in the weight, cellularity, and histology in the spleen caused by alkylating agents to evaluate immunotoxicity, compared with the plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay using appropriate conditions. In this study, dose–response relationships of weight, cellularity, PFC response, and histology in the spleen in rats treated with antimetabolites were studied. A single administration of azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) caused decreases in spleen weights and cellularity and the PFC response at nearly the same dose level. In the rats treated with these agents for 7 days, spleen weights and cellularity tended to be decreased at doses lower than those suppressing the PFC response. In the rats singly treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), spleen weights and cellularity were decreased at a dose lower than that suppressing the PFC response. At low and middle doses, the PFC response was inversely enhanced by this agent. A 7-day administration of 5-FU caused reductions in spleen weights and cellularity and PFC response at the same dose level. In addition, the spleen in the rats dosed with azathioprine, 6-MP, or 5-FU was histopathologically examined and indicated a dose-related decrease in the size of the spleen without changes in the tissue architecture at doses suppressing the PFC response. On the other hand, in the red pulp, the extramedullary hematopoiesis disappeared by these antimetabolites at the doses. These results indicate that decreases in the weight and cellularity and histological changes in the spleen caused by antimetabolites are detectable at doses suppressing the PFC response.
In Vitro Uptake and Subcellular Distribution of the Cardiotoxin [3H]Adriamycin in Mouse Ventricle Slices
Authors: Hollinger Mannfred A. , Giri Shri N.
Published: November 2007

Adriamycin (ADR) is a drug with relatively selective cardiotoxicity. The present study was designed to investigate its distribution into heart subcellular components and correlate such distribution with proposed loci of cardiotoxicity. Uptake of [3H]ADR by mouse ventricular slices was linear for 30 min and plateaued thereafter. The uptake was temperature dependent, being linear from 0° to 45°C. Uptake was also linear over an ADR concentration range of 0.59–8.85 times 10-4 M and increased with wet weight of tissue (25–110 mg). Preincubation with metabolic inhibitors (10-4 M; iodoacetamide and 2,4-dinitrophenol) or 100% N2 failed to affect uptake. Subcellular distribution studies demonstrated preferential localization in nuclei, mitochondria, microsome, and soluble fractions (dpm/μmg protein) in diminishing order, respectively. Therefore, the uptake of ADR by mouse ventricular slices does not involve an energy-dependent transport process and its subcellular localization corresponds with proposed loci of cardiotoxicity.
The Importance of Valid and Comparable Food Consumption Data
Authors: Petersen Barbara J.
Published: November 2007

Estimates of food consumption are a major component to the equation for estimating intake. To date, almost all data about food consumption have been generated for purposes other than estimating the intake of contaminants. Fortunately, the results can be modified to use for estimating contaminant intake. However, it is extremely important that the analyst understand the underlying survey design and make appropriate adjustments to match the contaminant concentration data. Depending on the survey methodology (disappearance, household budget, individual recalls/diaries, etc.), different methods need to be used. Key considerations, including adjustments for edible portion, waste, and processing effects are presented. Data for the food consumption patterns of subgroups are also important, and sources of information are discussed. The relative magnitude of potential biases is presented, along with recommendations for improving assessments.
Pregnancy, Pica, Pottery, and Pb (Lead)
Authors: Fuortes Laurence J. , Weismann Doug , Niebyl Jennifer , Gergely Rita , Reynolds Stephen
Published: November 2007

A case of occult lead poisoning during pregnancy resultant from ingestion of shards of Mexican pottery is presented. Pica, although not uncommon in certain cultures, may not be readily admitted to by patients. This poisoning resulted from the practice of pica in the face of iron deficiency and pregnancy in a young Mexican–American mother. Intentional ingestion of fired, lead-glazed pottery has not been heretofore described as a manifestation of pica or cause of lead poisoning. However, this practice must be considered, especially in Hispanic mothers.
Mini‐Malapropisms
Authors: AITCHISON JEAN
Published: November 2007

This paper is a linguistic analysis of malapropisms produced by children. A comparison of these with the “target” words indicated a clear ordering of importance of the features which, for children, constitute the resemblance of one word to another.

This feature ordering appeared to be a strategy relating to word storage as well as decoding and (perhaps) encoding procedures. The order found was, however, only a statistical probability, not an absolute rule, and could be disturbed by phonetic and other factors.

It is suggested that some dysphasics may have faulty decoding and storage strategies, so that words are decoded and stored as a jumble, rather than as a series of features carefully layered in order of importance.
Looking for Help from Linguistics
Authors: HATFIELD F. M.
Published: November 2007

“… la langue … est une forme et non une substance.” F. de Saussure.

“The pathology of language, far from being a random disturbance, obeys a set of rules.”

Roman Jakobson.
Principles and Detailed Description of Construction of The Queensland University Aphasia Test. (Q.U.A.T.)
Authors: JORDAN J. M. , TYRER J. H.
Published: November 2007

The principles and a detailed description of the Queensland University Aphasia Test (Q.U.A.T.) are given, including the schematic language model on which the various Sub‐tests of the Q.U.A.T. are based. The channels of communication used in each of the 30 Sub‐tests are specified, as well as the reason for inclusion of each Sub‐test. An account is provided of the variables considered, in the attempt to control the level of difficulty of the various Sub‐items within a given Item. Sub‐items of equal difficulty would form the basis for later construction of Parallel Forms of the Q.U.A.T.
Case Studies of Three “XXYY” Children
Authors: GARVEY MAUREEN , KELLETT BRENDA
Published: November 2007

Three children with XXYY chromosome anomalies whose initial presenting symptom in speech therapy clinic was lack of a phonological system, are studied developmentally, psychologically and socially. Speech and language development are looked at in detail. Similarities and differences in their psycholinguistic abilities are discussed. Speech therapy methods are described. It is concluded that the laying down of kinaesthetic patterns is essential for the development of a phonological system in such children.
Stimulus Complexity, State and Infants' Auditory Behavioural Responses
Authors: BENCH JOHN , MENTZ LUTGEN
Published: November 2007

For some time it has been known that “complex” sound stimuli are more effective than pure tones in eliciting behavioural and other responses from infants aged 0–6 months. We have recently studied this issue in some detail, and confirm that stimulus complexity defined in terms of frequency bandwidth is of major importance in eliciting behavioural responses from infants aged 1 week, 6 weeks and 6 months. We have also found that the human voice is effective for 6 month old infants but apparently not for babies aged 1 and 6 weeks. These findings are modified by the baby's state of wakefulness, the effects of which are also considered. Comments are made on the implications of our data for clinical audiological assessments.
The written syntax of an English deaf child: an exploration in method
Authors: IVIMEY GEOFFREY P.
Published: November 2007

The language of severely deaf children is frequently very deviant in terms of the normal language used by their hearing contemporaries. Some researchers have asserted that the deaf have poor or no linguistic competence, or that they find difficulty in using what they do have to understand and produce sentences. In this paper a purely linguistic method of investigation is described that enables us to examine and describe in detail the structure of the syntactic knowledge of deaf children. The child described in this paper is shown to possess a complex set of syntactic rules, both basic and transformational, which are used to produce totally novel utterances. This deaf child does have linguistic competence of no mean order. However the linguistic rules that she uses appear to have little relationship to those used by the surrounding normally hearing speech community.
Phonemic Synthesis in Poor Readers
Authors: LEVI GABRIEL , MUSATTI TULLIA
Published: November 2007

Poor and normal reader performance in oral phonemic synthesis test and in writing and reading tests are compared. Substantial correlation between oral phonemic synthesis test and writing and reading tests suggest that poor readers evidence a specific linguistic disability, even in exclusively oral performance. Poor readers are to be considered as children who are incapable of re‐utilizing oral language and of translating it into written language.
Speech Therapy with the Profoundly Deaf in the USA
Authors: WIRZ SHEILA L.
Published: November 2007

This article is a description of some of the speech and hearing centres visited by the author during a Winston Churchill Travel Fellowship. Speech therapy with the profoundly deaf is described in the oral $aural and total communication regimes.
A Review of Success and Failure in Oesophageal Speech Development
Authors: GREEN GINNIE
Published: November 2007

Recent objective information has been collated to explain why a high proportion of laryngectomees fail to develop oesophageal speech. Surgical, psychological, physiological and social factors have been presented.
Categories of Aphasia: a cluster‐analysis of Schuell test profiles
Authors: POWELL GRAHAM E. , CLARK ELIZABETH , BAILEY STELLA
Published: November 2007

Schuell test scores obtained from 86 aphasic cases were submitted to cluster‐analysis, which is a mathematical and statistical way of picking out groups of subjects with similar profiles. The number of groups thus obtained was four, these groups being aligned along a dimension of severity. This finding therefore contradicts Schuell's claim that her test yields seven groups defined by symptomological pattern. However, it was found that the seven Schuell types bore a loose but systematic relationship to our four types (that we have labelled Severe, High‐moderate, Low‐moderate, and Mild) and it was also noted that Schuell herself had considered collapsing her types onto a severity‐based system. Having described a typology far more mathematically sound than Schuell's, the theoretical implications of the results were discussed.
Inappropriate abstraction in speech‐assessment procedures
Authors: CARNEY EDWARD
Published: November 2007

Assessment of speech based on data recorded in terms of phonemes or distinctive features is shown to be unsafe, because the level of abstraction can obscure the phonetic facts. One American scheme of distinctive feature assessment is considered in detail. A comparison is made between distinctive feature gradings of speech errors, E.A.T. gradings and gradings made from structuralist criteria. The conclusion is that deviancy is such a complex notion that the therapist must take into account a number of different assessment criteria. The theoretical linguist cannot provide an automatic fail‐safe device for speech assessment.

Several colleagues have been kind enough to criticize this paper. I am particularly grateful for the detailed comments of Alan Cruttenden and William Haas.
Implications of Respirometric Evaluation for Diagnosis and Management of Vocal Fold Pathologies
Authors: AMERMAN JAMES D. , WILLIAMS DAVID K.
Published: November 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the respirometer as a clinical tool in the diagnosis and management of laryngeal disease. Airflow measurements of an adult male with a vocal fold polyp are reported. A respirometric voice profile for this client was developed over a 14‐week period representing 13 preoperative test sessions and one postoperative test session. The findings indicate that a respirometric voice profile may aid the voice pathologist in determining the effectiveness of ongoing therapy procedures and help provide more objective criteria in determining whether to continue or terminate voice therapy. Results suggest that the respirometer is sensitive to small changes in laryngeal function.
The Long Term Use of an Automatically Triggered Auditory Feedback Masking Device in the Treatment of Stammering
Authors: DEWAR ANN , DEWAR A. D. , AUSTIN W. T. S. , BRASH H. M.
Published: November 2007

Portable and Clinical Bench models of an automatically triggered auditory feedback masking device, the “Edinburgh Masker”, and their usage are described. The device was found to be effective in abolishing or greatly reducing stammering in 89% of 195 cases. The effectiveness of the portable device has continued in the majority of users during periods of observation of up to three years. In a follow‐up study of 67 subjects with six months or more experience of the Masker, 82 % considered it to be of “considerable” or “great” benefit and 67% stated that, as the result of using the device, their unaided speech fluency had improved. No undesirable side‐effects have been observed.
Speech Pathology Considerations in the Management of Transsexualism—A Review
Authors: OATES JENNIFER M. , DACAKIS GEORGIA
Published: November 2007

Speech pathologists who may be called upon to assist the transsexual in developing verbal communication skills which are consistent with society's perception of the individual's desired gender, often do not have a full understanding of transsexualism and the management of these clients. The present paper discusses the nature of transsexualism, the highly structured gender reassignment programmes in Melbourne, Australia, and the management of the communication problems of such individuals. Particular emphasis is given to empirical data on sex‐associated speech and language characteristics as a basis for speech pathology intervention. Although some specific guidelines are presented for the clinician, it is emphasised that the validity and efficacy of management procedures remains limited until a more comprehensive data base on sex markers in speech is delineated and until speech pathologists publish evaluative reports of their intervention techniques.
Speech Therapists and Volunteers—Some Comments on Recent Investigations of their Effectiveness in the Treatment of Aphasia
Authors: PRING T. R.
Published: November 2007

Two recent studies (Meikle et al. (79), David et al. (82)) have compared the efficacy of aphasia therapy offered by speech therapists and by unqualified volunteers finding no difference in the progress of patients assigned for treatment to these two groups. This conclusion is however based upon the acceptance and not the rejection of the null hypothesis. Since the study of treatment efficacy is principally handicapped by the large variability of both patients and their response to treatment this appears to be an unsatisfactory methodology. Further examination of these papers reveals a number of factors which may favour the null hypothesis. The conclusion drawn from this research is therefore both unfair and disheartening to the speech therapy profession. Furthermore since the methodological problems encountered in these studies are likely to be common to all group studies of treatment, the investigation of specific treatments with individual patients is recommended as a better approach to the problem.
The Treatment of Stammering: A Multi‐Modal Approach in an In‐Patient Setting*
Authors: RUSTIN LENA , KUHR ARMIN
Published: November 2007

An in‐patient programme for adult stammerers is described. The treatment took place on a behaviour therapy ward in a hospital setting. It consisted of specific speech technique training, time‐out procedures, monitoring by nursing staff, self monitoring and transfer (generalisation) procedures.
Examining Early Intentional Communication in Down's Syndrome and Nonretarded Children
Authors: COGGINS TRUMAN E. , CARPENTER ROBERT L. , OWINGS NATHANIEL O.
Published: November 2007

This study examined the communicative intentions encoded by a group of normally developing preschool children and a group of Down's syndrome children matched for cognitive level and general linguistic abilities. The results revealed no significant differences between groups with respect to their use of a variety of intentional communicative behaviours. These findings suggest that young retarded children at a two‐word stage of linguistic development may be as flexible and diverse in their use of language during social interactions as are nonretarded children.
Speech Changes Following Orthodontic Treatment With The Functional Regulator
Authors: TEKIELI MARY ELLEN , RUSCELLO DENNIS M. , KERR MICHAEL P. , MOORE ROBERT N.
Published: November 2007

Cleft palate children exhibiting maxillary segment collapse underwent orthodontic treatment with the Functional Regulator (FR). Audio and video recordings of speech were obtained periodically in conjunction with appliance management. Judges evaluated the recordings obtained with and without the FR in place by assessing speech intelligibility, resonance and nasal emission. Results indicated: a) changes in maxillary width and cross‐bite relationships were not clinically significant; b) articulation, hypernasality and nasal emission were judged to be significantly more severe during appliance wear; c) video taped speech samples were judged to be significantly less intelligible than audio taped samples; d) a substantial amount of accommodation to the FR occurred at one‐two weeks post insertion, but maximum improvement in speech intelligibility occurred over the period evaluated; and e) good speech production skills prior to orthodontic treatment minimised the adverse effect of the FR on speech intelligibility.
The Language Development of Pre‐Preschool Hearing Children of Deaf Parents
Authors: MURPHY JUDITH , SLORACH NEIL
Published: November 2007

Oral language skills were studied in the communication of hearing children of deaf parents. Six children, who were in their pre‐preschool year, were given a battery of tests. A 45 minute session of each child's speech was tape‐recorded. The children's oral utterances were then compared with what is known about early utterances of children growing up in a hearing environment.

The results indicated that the children's cognitive development is far ahead of their language development. This was reflected in the creation of sentences which were syntactically deviant. The children had poor vocabulary development, and compensated by frequent use of the words “thing” and “there”. The present study found a significant correlation between the extra help these children were receiving (from playgroup, kindergartens, relatives and neighbours) and their cognitive development; and also between the extra help and their development of semantic relations.
The role of repeated and echoed utterances in communication with a blind child
Authors: Kitzinger Mary
Published: November 2007

Blind children have been observed to have a tendency towards a superficial fluency in language with much repetition of inappropriate phrases. Conversations with a three year old blind child are recorded and analysed according to the function of the utterances. (e.g. question, comments) and the originality of the utterance (e.g. repeated, echoed). Communicative styles varied but echoing constituted a substantial proportion of Betty's utterances. On examination these were found to have significant communicative value and were not inappropriate. The implications of this finding for promoting blind children's language are discussed.
Some developmental and behavioural characteristics of seven‐year‐old children with delayed speech development
Authors: Silva Phil A. , Justin Chris , McGee Rob , Williams Sheila M.
Published: November 2007

872 seven year old children were investigated in respect of motor development, language and reading development, intelligence and some behavioural problems. Two speech‐delayed groups were distinguished, one with low IQ and one with normal IQ. Their differential characteristics are described.
From acquisition theories to intervention strategies: An experiment with mentally handicapped children
Authors: Martin Heather , McConkey Roy , Martin Susan
Published: November 2007

An intervention programme, to facilitate children's use of Agent + Action + Object sentences and based around specially made toys, was designed to encompass recent thinking on children's natural language acquisition, in particular the importance of providing a linguistically responsive environment. Two groups of children were involved. One group only played with the toys but the other received sentence models in response to their play actions. Rather surprisingly both groups showed improvements on post‐training assessments and these were maintained four weeks later. It is argued that children must be capable of understanding and identifying relationships among people, objects and events before they can use sentence structuring rules generatively. In future, language intervention programmes should focus more on developing such understanding and rather less on eliciting speech.
Communication in aphasia therapy: Some of the procedures and issues involved
Authors: Green Ginnie
Published: November 2007

Pertinent issues surrounding the utilisation of naturalistic communication therapy with adult aphasics are presented. Discussion centres around the need to place greater emphasis in management programmes on aphasics using language in everyday contexts, for different purposes. The relevance of discourse analysis is considered and procedures for the assessment and treatment of aphasic communication are outlined. The need to measure the effectiveness of such therapy is highlighted.
The use of augmentative communication systems in schools and units for autistic and aphasic children in the United Kingdom
Authors: Kiernan Chris , Reid Barbara
Published: November 2007

The results of postal surveys of the use of sign languages and symbol systems by schools catering for autistic and aphasic children are described. Up to 40 schools and units were surveyed in the four surveys between 1978 and 1982. The surveys showed that the majority of schools and units were using some form of augmentative system. The use of sign language predominated in all types of school. British Sign Language, used in English word order and with accompanying speech, was favoured by schools and units catering for autistic pupils. The Paget Gorman Sign System was favoured by schools teaching aphasic pupils. Symbol systems were employed by only a minority of schools. Programmes were variable in size. Data on outcome was not collected regularly but suggested highly variable achievement levels amongst autistic children and more general success with aphasic pupils. The data are discussed within the context of the overall use of sign language and symbol systems in the U.K.
Functional dysphonia and the hyperventilation syndrome
Authors: Greene Margaret C. L.
Published: November 2007

The hyperventilation syndrome and its clinical symptoms are presented. A project aimed at discovering whether hyperventilators were to be found among patients diagnosed as suffering from functional dysphonia and attending a speech therapy clinic is described. The existence of hyperventilators among this non‐random sample of patients was verified. Case histories illustrate the clinical symptoms which identify the hyperventilator. Adaptation of relaxation and breathing therapy to the special needs of such patients is discussed.
Communicative activities of dysphasic adults: a survey
Authors: Smith Linda
Published: November 2007

This study investigated the communicative activities of 42 dysphasic stroke patients who were living at home. Two aspects of natural communication were surveyed: the conversational communication which occurs with the social contacts of the subject, and the communicative activities of daily living. The two aims of the study were to investigate the relevance of a selection of communicative activities of daily living, and to investigate possible grading of activities so that a representative sample of everyday activities may be used in the assessment and treatment of dysphasia.

Individuals showed wide variation in their communicative needs. These needs may not be met in the traditional linguistic speech therapy regimen. It is suggested that the use of an interview schedule like that used in this survey may serve as a starting point in the treatment of functional communication skills in dysphasic adults. Guttman scale analysis showed that communicative activities of daily living do not form a unidimensional scale. A representative sampling of activities, however, may be possible using the hierarchies of familiarity and difficulty obtained.
Pragmatic disorders: A question of direction
Authors: McTear Michael F.
Published: November 2007

The study of pragmatic disorders has assumed increasing importance during the last ten years, as evidenced by the marked increase in research studies and publications in this area. However, although these studies have contributed to a better understanding of disabilities in the use of language, the current literature is characterised by a lack of theoretical rigour. This can be seen in two major aspects: 1) in the widespread terminological confusion reflecting a lack of a consistent descriptive framework for the analysis of naturally occurring talk, and 2) in the lack of an explanatory theory of the relationship between pragmatic disability and language development in general. As a result, many current studies are poorly designed and unable to address basic issues in this research area. The present paper reviews these questions critically and recommends the use of detailed case studies of children with pragmatic disorders as a necessary preliminary to future progress in this area.
The use of video in the self‐evaluation of speech therapy students
Authors: McGovern Moira A.
Published: November 2007

In the educational process leading to competence in clinical training students develop awareness of inter and intra personal skills. Since 1980 video has been used in Edinburgh to assist students in self‐evaluation of their performance as potential speech therapists. In 1980 a small study was undertaken to see if students' perceptions of their performance immediately following a therapy session differed in any way from their perceptions after seeing a video of their performance. Differences were noted. It seemed possible that it might not be necessary for students to be asked to record their perceptions twice and that their analysis post video alone would have the same educative value. This small study casts some doubt on this assumption. There is a quantitative and qualitative difference between comments from students who analyse their performance after viewing a video and those from students who analyse their performance before and after viewing, but firm conclusions cannot be drawn from these small samples.
Treating severe speech and limb apraxia in a case of aphasia
Authors: Code Chris , Gaunt Caroline
Published: November 2007

An ABABA single‐case programme was devised to establish selected hand signs in a severely aphasic‐limb‐apraxic patient of 20 months post‐onset. Although no change was observed on clinical tests of aphasia and limb apraxia, objective repeated measures showed that the programme was successful in teaching a range of pantomimes and gestures and in improving facilitation of single‐word and gestural responses. The implications of the results are discussed.
The early utterances of preterm infants
Authors: Brown Betty Byers , Bendersky Margaret , Chapman Teri
Published: November 2007

This study examined the utterances of infants born preterm in order to ascertain whether there were any differences in speech‐sound production between healthy preterm infants and those who had suffered perinatal insult. Thirty‐three infants whose corrected ages ranged from nine months to 22 months were assessed. Of these, 21 had suffered intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH); the remaining 12 acted as controls. The assessment measure was derived from the literature on early vocalisations through to two‐word combinations. These assessments were administered by a speech therapist and a medical student. Results showed a high correlation with the results of a standardised test of expressive communication administered by a psychologist. Both groups of subjects showed delay in speech‐sound acquisition but the IVH infants showed a more severe delay and wider range of performance than did the control group. These findings and their implications are discussed together with others relating to the most propitious situation for utterances and the appropriateness of the procedures.
Is otitis media a major cause of specific developmental language disorders?
Authors: Bishop D. V. M. , Edmundson A.
Published: November 2007

It is known that children with a persistent conductive hearing loss do poorly on tests of linguistic and educational attainment, but it is less clear whether significant impairments persist after hearing has returned to normal. If so, then an early history of recurrent otitis media could be an important cause of the types of developmental language disorders seen by speech therapists. In a study of 69 four‐year‐old children with specific developmental language disorders, history of ear infections was assessed by parental questionnaire. Compared to a control group, a significantly higher level of hospital attendance for middle ear disease was reported in language‐disordered children, but the groups did not differ in the number of episodes of ear infections reported, suggesting that referral to an ENT department is determined by the child's language status as well as by history of otitis media. Comparisons of language‐disordered children with and without a history of recurrent otitis media revealed no differences in severity or pattern of language disorder. The data suggested, however, that otitis media might interact with perinatal risk factors in the aetiology of language disorders, since these two factors tended to co‐occur within the language‐disordered group, but were not associated in the control group. However, such an interaction could account for only a minority of cases.