bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Josephson Full Adder Circuit Using Four-Junction Logic (4JL) Gates
Authors: Nakagawa Hiroshi , Sogawa Eiichi , Takada Susumu , Hayakawa Hisao
Published: March 2014

A full adder Josephson circuit consisting of direct-coupled four-junction logic gates (4JL gate) has been designed and fabricated by a 5 µm lead-alloy junction technology. Carry signal is generated by the combination of two-input OR- and AND-gates, and sum signal is generated by two exclusive-OR gates connected with a four switching gates chain to obtain a delayed timing signal. The circuit of 21 gates has been found to be quite stable for add opeations at a total power current level of 3.5 mA±0.23 mA with a total power dissipation of 42 µW. By dynamic simulations of the circuit, carry and sum logic times are evaluated to be about 70 ps and 220 ps, respectively.
(Invited) LSIs for Communication Uses
Authors: Suzuki Toshimasa , Kato Kotaro
Published: March 2014

The recent development of LSIs for communication uses is reviewed. Progress in LSI technology is a leading force in stimulating today's digital evolution in telecommunications. Many advanced LSIs including a 256 K dynamic RAM, 32 bit CMOS processor LSIs, CODECs and BORSHT LSIs have been developed to achieve high performance, high packing density and low cost in various systems and equipment.
The increasing demand for more advanced LSIs in the communication field will greatly promote future development in LSI technology.
Contact-Type Linear Sensor Using Amorphous Si Diode Array
Authors: Ozawa Kiyoshi , Takagi Nobuyoshi , Hiranaka Koichi , Yanagisawa Shintaro , Asama Kunihiko
Published: March 2014

A contact-type linear sensor using amorphous Si diodes as photodetectors has been developed. The sensor structure can largely reduce the number of electrodes to be connected to the switching FETs and hence has an advantage of realizing a facsimile reader which is compact and easy to construct. The linear sensor developed is constructed with 256 pairs of In2O3/a-Si photodiodes and Pt/a-Si blocking diodes and this combination of two types of diodes has been found to yield high output signal. In this sensor structure, incident light is introduced to the photodiodes through a glass substrate in order to protect the photodetectors from contamination and scratching.
Single-Tube Color Imager Using Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon
Authors: Ishioka Sachio , Imamura Yoshinori , Takasaki Yukio , Kusano Chushiro , Hirai Tadaaki , Nobutoki Saburo
Published: March 2014

Reactively sputtered hydrogenated amorphous silicon film is used as the photoconductive target of a vidicon type image pickup tube. It is indicated that hydrogen partial pressure in the discharge gas has to be 40% or more in order to attain suitable image pickup tube characteristics. Photo-electric properties and lag-characteristics are enormously improved by lightly doping boron into amorphous silicon film, and a blocking type target structure is effective for suppressing dark current of the pickup tube. Using doped amorphous silicon film with a color-filter-integrated face plate, a single-tube color imager is fabricated.
Integrated Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor Using PbTiO3 Thin Film
Authors: Okuyama Masanori , Seto Hiroyuki , Kojima Motohiro , Matsui Yasushi , Hamakawa Yoshihiro
Published: March 2014

A linear array infrared sensor has been developed by depositing PbTiO3 thin film on Pt-coated mica, Si crystal or Si membrane by rf sputtering. A basic study on sensing characteristics has been made on the linear array sensor having 16 elements. Frequency dependence of the pyroelectric current and their cross talk are analyzed by taking account of thermal diffusion in the array. A primitive experimental trial in the room-temperature-operable infrared imaging has been done.
Electrical Properties of Polycrystalline Silicon MOSFETs on Glass
Authors: Oana Yasuhisa , Kotake Hidenori , Mukai Nobuo , Ide Kyozoh
Published: March 2014

The growth and electrical properties of polycrystalline silicon films on glass have been studied. Polycrystalline silicon films can be formed by conventional e-gun evaporation at a temperature below 550°C in high vacuum (1×10-6 Torr).
Both N-channel and P-channel MOSFETs have been fabricated using e-gun evaporated polycrystalline silicon films. These MOSFETs are operating in the enhancement mode and they have field effect mobilities more than 10 cm2/V·sec. Simple integrated circuits for a 21-stage ring oscillator have been operating in N-channel devices and in P-channel devices. Propagation delay time and power dissipation are 181 nsec and 1.1 mW, respectively, at 30 V supply voltage in the N-channel devices.
High Rate and Low Radiation Damage Film Deposition by Compressed Magnetic Field (CMF) Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Hata Tomonobu , Kawahara Junji , Toriyama Keiji
Published: March 2014

A new CMF-magnetron sputtering technique has been described. Taking ZnO film deposition as an example, optical properties of ZnO films are measured by the propagation of He–Ne laser beam in waveguide mode. It is clarified that a smooth surface film is deposited very rapidly by this technique. Radiation damage of the substrate is examined by the C-V characteristics of the MZOS structure. The shift of the flat-band voltage is only 1.5 V. The surface-states distribution after ZnO film deposition almost agrees with original MOS structure. This technique will be applicable to the VLSI processes.
A 1 K bit Associative Memory LSI
Authors: Nikaido Tadanobu , Ogura Takeshi , Hamaguchi Shigetatsu , Muramoto Susumu
Published: March 2014

A 1 K bit associative memory LSI has been fabricated using E/D nMOS micro fabrication technology. This LSI has been designed to carry out all the functions necessary to realize a high performance data search system. A retrieval function for processing searched out data is implemented on the chip, so as to realize a self-operative, large-capacity associative memory. By means of this function, searched out data can be retrieved every two cycles in the basic system, and every four cycles in a lengthy data search system constructing of using plural chips of this LSIs. Furthermore, a search function for similar data is implemented so as to allow use of the associative memory over a wide range of applications. The measured minimum cycle time, and power dissipation of the associative memory are 100 ns, and 1.2 W, respectively.
Film Growth of GaN on a c-Axis Oriented ZnO Film Using Reactive Ionized-Cluster Beam Technique and Its Application to Thin Film Devices
Authors: Matsubara Kakuei , Takagi Toshinori
Published: March 2014

An attempt to grow a GaN film on a c-axis oriented ZnO film has been performed using reactive ionized-cluster beam deposition technique developed by one of the authors. ZnO film as a substrate is shown to serve as an adequate nucleation seed for growing GaN films, because the lattice misfit between the both materials is about 0.46%. Film growth of GaN has been achived at relatively low substrate temperatures up to 450°C. Measurements of structural and optical properties of grown GaN films are made, and the crystallinity is evaluated for the purpose of developing opto-electronic thin film devices.
Characterization of Film and Junction Qualities in a-Si Solar Cells
Authors: Nonomura Shuichi , Okamoto Hiroaki , Kida Hirotsugu , Fukumoto Kouji , Hamakawa Yoshihiro
Published: March 2014

A new method has been developed for evaluating some important physical parameters such as built-in potential, mobility-lifetime products and surface recombination velocities in amorphous silicon solar cells. Applying this method to various actual cells made with different structures and conditions, an essential connection among cell construction conditions, resulting physical parameters and cell performances is made clear. Moreover, stability of cell performances against prolonged light irradiation and/or annealing heat treatment is discussed in a similar manner.
(Invited) Recent Progress of the Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell Technology
Authors: Hamakawa Yoshihiro
Published: March 2014

Recent advances in the field of amorphous silicon solar cells and their technologies are reviewed. Firstly, some unique advantages of amorphous silicon as a low cost solar cell material are pointed out in views of basic physics and applicational technologies. Secondly, general aspect of the device physics and resulting new knowledges are surveyed. Some new approaches to improve photovoltaic performances with new amorphous materials such as amorphous SiC, SiGe and microcrystalline Si are introduced. In the final part, recent topics on the key technologies to be solved for the large scale terrestrial applications are overviewed, and the current state of the art in the cell performances are summerized and discussed.
(Invited) Function-Testing of Passivated LSI's with Stroboscopic Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: K. Ura K. Ura , H. Fujioka H. Fujioka
Published: March 2014

The principle of Stroboscopic SEM is described at first. Then the function-testing of the microprocessor 8085 A is reported, where new measurement methods are applied. SEM micrographs can be taken for a specimen with passivation, if the accelerating voltage of electrons is low and if the measurement is carried out within a certain short time. The measured time properties for the microprocessor with passivation agree well with those without it, within the experimental errors.
(Invited) Auger Recombination Study in Silicon Using a Tunneling Technique
Authors: Swanson R. M.
Published: March 2014

Auger recombination is often thought to be the dominant recombination mechanism in highly doped silicon. Auger coefficients in the neighborhood of 3×10-31 cm6/sec for n-type silicon are required to explain experimental lifetime data. A new method of studying Auger recombination through the hot electrons generated is presented and discussed. This technique uses the large difference in tunneling probability through a thin SiO2 layer between thermal and hot electrons to actually detect the hot Auger electrons. These measurements establish an upper limit on the band-to-band Auger coefficient of 5×10-32 cm-6/sec. This result will be shown to be consistant with lifetime studies in laser generated electron-hole plasmas. The implication of this work is that recombination in highly doped silicon is usually dominated by trap assisted, and hence technologically variable, processes. Several possible candidates for this additional recombination are presented and briefly discussed.
Simulation and Modeling of Boron Diffusion in Pilicon
Authors: Guo Shuang-Fa , Chu Tze-Yh , Chang Liang-Bi
Published: March 2014

The predeposition of boron atoms in silicon by using a boron nitride planar source and the redistribution of the deposited layers under various conditions have been studied. A simulation program incorporating the continuity and Poisson's equations has been established. A diffusion model based on the vacancy-interstitialcy mechanism has been used to analyze the boron distribution profiles. The consumptions of silicon due to the formation of boron rich layers (BRL) during chemical depositions and the formation of silicon dioxide layers during thermal oxidations have been taken into account. The diffusivity parameters, the segregation coefficient, the oxidation rate constants, and the BRL formation rate have been determined by fitting the deposited and redistributed profiles, the sheet resistance, the junction depth and the oxide thickness.
Hot-Electron Trapping Effects of Short Channel 64 K Dynamic MOS RAM
Authors: Yamada Michihiro , Matsumoto Heihachi , Kobayashi Toshifumi , Kumanoya Masaki , Taniguchi Makoto , Nakano Takao
Published: March 2014

The channel hot-electron effects are discussed for actual 64 K bit dynamic MOS RAM's with a short channel length of L
eff=1.9 µm. The long-term stress experiments using a test device showed that the performance degradation of the short channel MOS RAM's was mainly attributable to the threshold voltage (V
TH) shift of the specified MOSFET's. An empirical MOSFET model on the hot-electron-induced threshold shift was developed and used with circuit simulation programs. This model has proved the usefulness for predicting the specified MOSFET's which suffered higher V
TH shift under realistic operating conditions.
MNOS Retention-Endurance Characteristics Enhancement Using Graded Nitride Dielectric
Authors: Hsia Yukun , Mei Eden , Ngai Kia L.
Published: March 2014

Supported by a microscopic model, a graded nitride dielectric MNOS memory transistor has been developed. In this paper, improvements of MNOS endurance-retention characteristics of the graded nitride MNOS memory transistor are discussed in view of the device model. Nitride dielectrics fabricated with APCVD and LPCVD processes are studied.
Ultrasonic Array Transducer Using Interdigital Electrode
Authors: Shinomura Ryuichi , Takeuchi Hiroshi , Kanda Hiroshi , Katakura Kageyoshi
Published: March 2014

A `planar array transducer' with interdigital electrodes is proposed. This paper describes the structure of the transducer and experimentally investigates its behavior and realization feasibility. A transducer directivity using PbTiO3 ceramics with a large electromechanical anisotropy shows the independent behavior of an array element that consists of a few electrode finger pairs. It was found that the array transducer could be realized without cutting by using the planar structure and also that the optimum pattern ratio R (the ratio of electrode finger width to period) is about 0.5.
Noncontacting Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer for Separately Detecting Longitudinal and Transverse Waves in Metals and Its Application to AE Sensor
Authors: Shimizu Hiroshi , Watanabe Hiroshi , Sato Michio
Published: March 2014

A new type of noncontacting electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) which is capable of detecting and generating longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic waves independently is developed. The EMAT has large conversion losses, but its conversion loss characteristics are very flat over the wide frequency range. Applicability of the EMAT to an AE sensor is also investigated experimentally.
PbTiO3 Thin Film Ultrasonic Micro-Sensor Fabricated on Si Wafer
Authors: Ohtani Kohzo , Okuyama Masanori , Hamakawa Yoshihiro
Published: March 2014

A Si-monolithic ultrasonic sensor has been developed by sputtering of PbTiO3 thin film on a micro-membrane cantilever on a Si wafer. This device has a dimension of several tens to several hundred microns in length and a few tens to a few hundred microns in width. Its ultrasonic response in the frequency region up to 150 kHz has been confirmed. A series of technical data on resonant frequency, sensitivity and quality factors are presented with some design parameters such as the kind of film and size. Typical sensitivity and quality factors are -102 dB and 290 at 35 kHz, respectively. This three element linear array sensor shows sharper directivity than that with a single element.
SAW Propagation Characteristics of Piezoelectric Ceramics Polarized in an Arbitrary Direction
Authors: Shimizu Yasutaka , Shimizu Tohru
Published: March 2014

Piezoelectric ceramics is widely used for so-called SAW devices, especially for TV-IF filters. The material constants of piezoelectric ceramics change according to the direction of electric polarization and this variation has a great influence on the SAW characteristics. In this paper, the characteristics of Rayleigh wave and leaky surface wave propagating along the surface of a piezoelectric ceramic (PZT4) plate polarized in an arbitrary direction are described.
Temperature Dependencies of Tunable Thin-Film Optical Separators Using Surface Acoustic Waves
Authors: Goto Nobuo , Miyazaki Yasumitsu , Akao Yasuo
Published: March 2014

The tunable wavelength separation of optical guided waves was demonstrated in a multilayered directional coupler using acousto-optic interaction. The device consists of ZnS/Ta2O5/Nb2O5 thin films on a Y-cut LiNbO3 substrate. In order to realize temperature-independent separators, temperature dependencies of the separating characteristics were theoretically studied. It was found that the temperature independent device can be obtained by using a suitable combination of the materials. Finally, the results were experimentally verified.
Optical Mode Conversion by Magnetostatic Surface Waves in 3-dimensional Optical Waveguides
Authors: Bhandari Rakesh , Miyazaki Yasumitsu
Published: March 2014

A configuration for optical mode conversion due to magnetostatic surface waves in three-dimensional waveguides is proposed. A theoretical analysis of the configuration is presented and its feasibility is demonstrated by a numerical example. The given geometry is useful for a variety of optical signal processing devices analogous to acoustooptic devices, but which operate at signal frequencies directly in the microwave region.
Distorted Image in Ultrasonic Tomogram Caused by Refraction with Cylinder
Authors: Soetanto Kawan , Ohtsuki Shigeo , Okujima Motoyoshi
Published: March 2014

A study was made on echogram distortion based on the refraction of an acoustic ray behind a cylinder that was large compared with ultrasonic beam width. It was observed from the results of the experiment and was simulated by computer that the image of a reflector behind a cylinder is reduced and shifted to the transducer when the sound velocity of the cylinder is faster than that of water. When a cylinder with a sound velocity lower than its surroundings was used, the distorted image around the focal point appeared enlarged and farther from the transducer. The image reduction in a direction lateral to the ultrasonic beam was estimated by a lateral reduction rate.
Application and Theory of Electron Beam Acoustic Microscope (EAM)
Authors: Ikoma Toshiaki , Murayama Masahiko , Morizuka Kohei
Published: March 2014

An electron-beam acoustic microscope (EAM) was developed for application to diagnostics of semiconductor devices and large-scale integrated circuits. A simple theory for the acoustic signal intensity was presented and its validity was verified by comparing the result with experimental ones. Some examples of EAM images were also shown.
Acoustic Microscopy of Ceramics Sliding Materials
Authors: Yamanaka Kazushi , Enomoto Yuji , Tsuya Yuko
Published: March 2014

Acoustic microscopy has been applied to the study of recently developed ceramics after sliding at 100, 300 and 500°C. It was found that silicon nitride was severely damaged by developing subsurface cracks caused by repeated sliding contacts at every temperature, whereas partially stabilized zirconia was damaged from originally existing subsurface voids at high temperatures. In a damaged region on the rubbed surface of zirconia, the velocity of the leaky surface wave which depends on the elastic property of the material remarkably varied from that before sliding, indicating an occurrence of stress induced phase transformation due to the sliding.
Studies on the Ultrasonic Butt Welding of Metal Plates
Authors: Tsujino Jiromaru , Ueoka Tesugi
Published: March 2014

Ultrasonic butt welding of metal plates is proposed and studied. The welding specimens used are 6 mm and 10 mm thick aluminum plates. The specimens are driven transversally and successfully welded end to end of the plates. The ultrasonic vibration systems used consist of an upper 27 kHz driving vibration system with 6 bolt-clamped Langevin type PZT transducers and a lower 27 kHz passive vibration system. The upper vibration system is driven by a 3 kW power amplifier. Weld strength per unit area obtained is over 9 kgf/mm2 (88 MPa) which is nearly equal to specimen strength.
Hyperthermia by Focused Ultrasound and Calculation of Ultrasonic Field in the Medium with Attenuation
Authors: Nishimura Katsuyuki , Ishioka Kuniaki , Egawa Jun , Noda Yoshikatsu
Published: March 2014

A heating apparatus for hyperthermia therapy using 800 kHz focused ultrasound was developed in order to heat the well defined deep region. The ultrasound was generated from four spherical bowl transducers, the center axes of which are crossed at one point. The heating patterns were measured in phantom and rabbit muscle in vivo. Computer programs were also developed with which the ultrasonic fields in the medium with attenuation could be calculated. The parameter dependences of the intensity distribution were studied.
Non-linear Oscillation, Automodulation and Anelasticity
Authors: Suzuki Tetsuro , Wuttig Manfred
Published: March 2014

The automodulation observed in the course of internal friction is discussed as a special example of the universal nature of non-linear oscillations. Universal features of non-linear oscillations are the requirement of energy supply or negative damping and the period doubling route to chaos. The nagative damping responsible for the automodulation is described in terms of the soliton model for twinning deformation.
Ultrasonic Research in Japan: Recollections and Outlook
Authors: Nomoto Otohiko
Published: March 2014

The early history of Japanese ultrasonic research is reviewed and the main achievements and present status are surveyed with emphasis on themes initiated or mainly developed in Japan.
Symmetry of Elastic Vibration in Trigonal System
Authors: Kameyama Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

The symmetry of the elastic vibration in crystals belonging to the trigonal system was investigated taking into account the piezoelectric effect. It was found that these symmetries can be classified according to the Laue group since the elastic vibration has an inversion symmetry.
Numerical Experiments of Edge Waves of Incident Transverse Waves
Authors: Harumi Kasaburo , Okada Hisao , Sasaki Sooji
Published: March 2014

Numerical experiments of edge waves for incident transverse wave are executed, and details of reflections by an infinitely long ribbon crack are revealed. Several kinds of edge waves reflected from the left or right edge of the crack and their directivities are examined. Experimental results reported by Date are investigated and improved using these results.
Effect of Specimen Size in Ultrasonic Attenuation Measurement
Authors: Kosugi Toshio , Hiki Yosio , Kino Takao
Published: March 2014

In order to study the effect of specimen size on ultrasonic attenuation, pulse reflection measurements of ultrasonic waves were carried out in aluminum and fused quartz specimens of two different sizes. In 18 mmφ specimens, the usual diffraction loss was observed in both Al and fused quartz. In 9 mmφ specimens, however, measured attenuation showed different frequency dependence in the two materials. The size effect was explained by considering the reflection of sound at the side wall of the specimen.
Measurement of Ultrasonic Wave Velocities in Solid under High Pressure
Authors: Fujisawa Hideyuki , Ito Eiji
Published: March 2014

A new method for the measurement of ultrasonic wave velocities in solid under very high pressures up to 14 GPa has been developed. In a pressure range below 4 GPa a piston-cylinder type apparatus was employed. In an extended pressure range up to 14 GPa a double stage split-sphere type high pressure apparatus was used. A pulse-echo-overlap method was adopted for the wave velocity measurement with a piston-cylinder apparatus. Meanwhile, a simple pulse transmission method is the only applicable method in the higher pressure range. Examples of data for NaCl and baked pyrophillite are presented.
Sound Attenuation and 3He–3He Interaction in 3He–4He Liquid Mixtures under Pressure
Authors: Fujii Itsuhiro , Ikushima Akira J. , Fukuhara Masafumi , Kaneko Kazuyuki
Published: March 2014

From sound attenuation measurements, 3He–3He interaction potentials in 3He–4He mixture under 10 and 20 bar have been determined. The measurements were carried out in mixtures of 3He mole fraction ranging from 0.0289 to 0.0803. Superfluid transition temperatures of 3He and other properties in the mixtures were then estimated from the deduced interaction potentials. The superfluid transition temperature for s-pairing was found to lower with increasing pressure, whereas a rather high transition temperature, as high as 100 µK, can be expected under 10 bar at the highest soluble 3He concentration.
Raman Study of Thermal- and Laser- Annealed Silicon Small Particle
Authors: Iwaki Tetsuo , Okada Tadashi , Kasahara Hajime , Yamamoto Keiichi
Published: March 2014

Experiments are reported on the effect of thermal- and c.w.-laser-annealing on the Raman spectra of the silicon small particles prepared by gas-evaporation technique. The results are preliminarily interpreted in connection with the simple model calculation given by Richter et al. and the previous experiments for silicon films. It is suggested that in thermal annealing the Raman intensity near 520 cm-1 depends on the increase of grain size of silicon particles.
Non-contact Ultrasonic Velocity Measurement of Plastics by Sing-Around Method: Stress Effect and Anisotropy
Authors: Imamura Tohru
Published: March 2014

Non-contact measurement of ultrasonic velocity in plastics by a sing-around method is investigated. The specimen is immersed in a water bath and, choosing an appropriate incidence angle, the velocity of longitudinal or transverse wave can be obtained. Using this method, velocity change due to applied stress and anisotropy of injected plastic plates is measured.
R-value Acoustoelastic Analysis of Residual Stress in a Seam Welded Plate
Authors: Toda Hiroki , Fukuoka Hidekazu , Aoki Yoshio
Published: March 2014

R-value acoustoelastic analysis method (R-method) is proposed for a nondestructive residual stress measurement. Application of this method to the measurement of residual stress in a seam welded plate shows it to be promising with the potential to measure residual stress within an error of 10 MPa.
Measurement of Ultrasonic Wave Velocities of Tungsten Carbide as a Standard Material under High Pressures up to 8 GPa
Authors: Fujisawa Hideyuki , Ito Eiji
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this experiment is to measure longitudinal wave velocity of a sintered tungsten carbide (WC) used as a standard material under pressures up to 8 GPa. The standard material is used to evaluate the effect of a transducer and a metal foil electrode on travel time measurement. It is also used to distingish true signals, which are reflected from a sample end, from many ghost signals which arise from the acoustic boundaries in the sample-pressure medium assemblage.
Effect of Surface Electrical Boundary Condition on Temperature Stability of SAW Devices
Authors: Hashimoto Ken-ya , Uzawa Koichi , Yamaguchi Masatsune , Kogo Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

The paper deals with the effect,of the surface electrical boundary condition on the temperature stability of an SAW device. The temperature coefficient of delay (TCD) was characterised, both theoretically and experimentally, for SAW and LSAW propagating under electrically open and shorted periodic metal strips, and for those propagating on free and metallised surfaces. The result showed that for some crystals and/or cuts, this sort of surface electrical boundary condition markedly affects the temperature stability of a device. It was also shown that the temperature stability can be controlled by using electrically loaded IDT-type grating strips.
High Velocity and High Coupling Surface Acoustic Waves Using ZnO Films on Ceramic Substrates with High Acoustic Velocity
Authors: Takeda Fumio , Shiosaki Tadashi , Kawabata Akira
Published: March 2014

The layered structure comprising a c-axis normally oriented ZnO piezoelectric film and Al2O3, AlN and SiC ceramic substrates which have high surface acoustic wave velocity and small surface roughness has given both high phase velocity and high coupling k
2 for the 0th (Rayleigh) mode, 1st (Sezawa) mode, and leaky mode surface acoustic waves.
Characteristics of Thin-Film Optical Separators Using Acousto-Optic Effect in Surface Acoustic Waveguides
Authors: Goto Nobuo , Miyazaki Yasumitsu , Akao Yasuo
Published: March 2014

Acoustic surface waveguides for high efficient collinear acousto-optic (A-O) devices were studied» Surface acoustic waves confined 3-dimensionally can improve the A-O interaction efficiency. Thin films of Ta2O5 and Al2O3 deposited by rf sputtering were found to respectively construct good strip and slot waveguides on LiNbO3 substrate. Mode dispersion relations and propagation loss were investigated for strip, slot and Δ
v/v waveguides which were constructed on optical slab waveguides on LiNbO3 substrates.
Characteristics of a Quartz Crystal Tuning Fork with Shortened Arm Length for High Frequencies
Authors: Tomikawa Yoshiro , Okazaki Masanobu
Published: March 2014

We report the experimental and analytical characteristics of a quartz crystal tuning fork with shortened arm length for use in a high frequency range from about 50 kHz to 500 kHz.
The first part of this paper describes the experimental results of the modified tuning fork with wide-base portion for reduction of base-end displacements; a tuning fork of this type offers a high quality factor and easy judgement of its dimensional balance. The second part outlines characteristics of a conventional tuning fork for judgement of the balance, since this is used in spite of its somewhat decreased quality factor.
New Types of SAW Reflector and Resonator Consisting of Reflecting Elements with Alternative (Positive and Negative) Reflection Coefficients
Authors: Takeuchi Masao , Yamanouchi Kazuhiko
Published: March 2014

New types of SAW grating reflector and resonator configurations are proposed which consist of reflecting elements with the opposite sign of the reflection coefficients, and which have the advantages of large reflectivity, wide stopband and small mode conversion into radiative bulk waves. The principles of operation and the possible configurations of the reflector are described. It is confirmed by experiments on metal strip gratings that the proposed configurations provide very efficient reflection characteristics and a small size resonator with very small capacitance ratio.
SAW Convolver Using Multi-Channel Waveguide
Authors: Nakagawa Yasuhiko , Makio Satoshi
Published: March 2014

Theoretical and experimental results are reported for anew type of surface acoustic wave (SAW) convolver using a multi-channel waveguide fabricated on YZ-LiNbO3 substrate. The convolution signal is obtained from an output inter-digital transducer which picks up the SAW propagating in the direction normal to the waveguide. The F-factor, i.e., the convolution efficiency, is about 15 dBm higher than that of the conventional SAW convolver.
Ultrasonic Power Measurement Using Standing Wave Ratio
Authors: Ueha Sadayuki , Hashimoto Yoshiki , Kuribayashi Minoru , Mori Eiji
Published: March 2014

In order to obtain an ultrasonic power propagating through an ultrasonic transmission line, standing wave ratios of the longitudinal vibration are measured with a toroidal magnetic type vibration detector. A new power measurement technique is also proposed in which the particle velocity and the force at a nodal point are measured with the same detector. These results are compared with the powers measured by the power meter method. An ultrasonic power propagating in a bending vibration bar is also measured.
Ultrasonoecho Spectral Moment Tomography
Authors: Yagi Shin-ichi , Nakayama Kiyoshi
Published: March 2014

Short-term spectral moment tomography is proposed as a quantitative extension of the conventional ultrasonoecho tomography which is widely used in clinical medicine. This paper describes the basic theoretical framework and practical precorrection proceessing of an echo signal for the realization of a quantitative image esentially free from the overall system characteristics, and the experimental results supporting the feasibility of the proposed system.
Elastic Modulus Measurement of BaPb1-X
Bi
X
O3 by Resonance Method
Authors: Tanaka Masamoto , Yoshizaki Ryozo , Kojima Seiji , Sakudo Tunetaro , Suzuki Tetsuro
Published: March 2014

The mechanical resonance frequency and amplitude of a spherical BaPb1-X
Bi
X
O3 specimen were measured as a function of temperature (300 K–4.2 K) and external magnetic field (0–5 T). The change in the conduction electron mean free path associated with the normal-superconducting transition was observed indirectly through the change of the mechanical resonance amplitude.
An Experimental Study of Synthetic Aperture Ultrasonic Imaging by Fourier Domain Reconstruction Method (FDR)
Authors: Nagai Keinosuke
Published: March 2014

This paper describes experimental study of the Fourier domain reconstruction method (FDR), which was proposed by the author previously to improve lateral resolution of the ultrasonic B-scope. Imaging properties of the method for planar objects, that is, extended objects generally, are remarkably superior to those of the conventional synthetic aperture focusing methods, commonly known as the delay and sum methods (D&S). Faithful images of several objects have been reconstructed experimentally by FDR. A brief review of a new algorithm for the pruning FFT which is adopted to FDR is also presented.
Non-Linear Characteristics of Infrared Photoacoustic Signal in p-Ge
Authors: Ueda Hidenari , Takahashi Nobuaki , Morimoto Jun , Miyakawa Toru
Published: March 2014

The non-linear incident power dependence of fundamental and second harmonic components of infrared photoacoustic signal and the distortion of its wave forms at low modulation frequency in p-Ge are observed. It is found that the non-linear characteristics can be explained in terms of the temperature variation of the absorption coefficient. The feasibility of PA signals to estimate the magnitude of (1) the rapidly varying temperature of the sample at a detected position and (2) the temperature derivative of the absorption coefficient, is demonstrated.
A Proposed Method of Thermoacoustic Spectroscopy
Authors: Tsuruoka Fujio , Dransfeld K. , Hiki Yosio
Published: March 2014

In order to observe the absorption spectrum of the MHz electromagnetic field in piezoelectric materials, the thermoacoustic Spectroscopy (TAS) method has been newly developed. This method is a natural extension of the photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) to the lower frequency range of the exciting radiation. The resonant absorption of modulated rf electric field applied to a quartz plate causes an audio signal in surrounding gas, and the signal is detected by a microphone. The experimental results are well explained by a thermoacoustic theory newly introduced. The TAS method is simple but sensitive, and general usages are promising.
Nondestructive and Noncontact Evaluation of Semiconductors by Photothermal Radiometry
Authors: Nakamura Hiromichi , Tsubouchi Kazuo , Mikoshiba Nobuo
Published: March 2014

We have developed a new photothermal-radiation (PTR) microscope for noncontact and nondestructive evaluation of defects in semiconductors. We measured PTR topographs of a GaAs wafer and a thermally oxidized Si wafer with a
HgCdTe infrared detector which is highly sensitive to the radiation in the wavelength range from 8 to 13 µm. We found that the PTR topograph has a correlation with the distribution of surface damage. We also unexpectedly found that the PTR signal decreases at a deep scratch in contrast to the increase of the photoacoustic signal reported previously.
Elastic, Piezoelectric, Acousto-Optic and Electro-Optic Properties of Li2B4O7
Authors: Shiosaki Tadashi , Adachi Masatoshi , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Araki Kenji , Kawabata Akira
Published: March 2014

Transparent, core-free and good quality single crystals of Li2B4O7 have been successfully grown by the Czochralski method. All dielectric, elastic and piezoelectric constants, and their first- and second-order temperature coefficients have been determined by measuring resonant and antiresonant frequencies of bars and plates with various orientations. The theoretical and experimental results show the potential usefulness of Li2B4O7 for bulk wave or SAW applications. Further, measurements on optical, acousto-optic and electro-optic properties of Li2B4O7 have also been carried out.
Ultrasonic Properties of Proteins
Authors: Mitaku Shigeki , Kagayama Toshi , Kataoka Ryoichi
Published: March 2014

The mechanical properties of globular proteins were studied by ultrasonic measurement. The methods of analysis were discussed in detail and it was conculded that the limiting velocity number provides the true bulk modulus of proteins including the shell of hydrated water. Measurements of bovine serum albumin, lysozyme and immunoglobulin G indicated that the bulk modulus of these proteins was about 4×1010 dyn/cm2. The negative temperature dependence of the bulk modulus indicated that proteins are characterized by their energy elasticity.
A Single Fiber Hydrophone of Non-interference Type Using Polarization-Maintaining Fiber
Authors: Takahashi Sumio , Kikuchi Toshiaki , Kishi Akihiro
Published: March 2014

A single fiber hydrophone of non-interference type is constituted using polarization-maintaining fiber. Underwater sound irradiating the fiber changes the state of polarization of the output light from the fiber. By observing the output light through an analyzer, we have detected the sound pressure as a variation of the light intensity. Fast fading of the output signal does not occur and the measured minimum detectable sound pressure is 2×107 µPa, i.e., 146 dB re µPa for the fiber length of 1 m.
Some Modifications of Toroidal Long-Range-Focusing Transducers for Sidelobe Reduction
Authors: Yamada Ken , Shimizu Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

Ultrasound focusing transducers with a toroidal radiating surface can generate a narrow-beam ultrasound over a large depth, while they produce high-level sidelobes. In this paper two types of modified toroidal transducers are proposed with improved sidelobe characteristics; one is a concave-toroidal hybrid transducer and the other is a dual-phase toroidal transducer. These transducers exhibit almost the same beamwidth characteristics as toroidal ones and a reduced fractional sidelobe level of 15–20% in a certain axial range, in contrast with 30–40% for toroidal transducers.
Optical Observation of Finite Amplitude Ultrasonic Wave form
Authors: Nishida Yukihiro , Asada Ichiro , Nakajima Masato , Yuta Shin-ichi
Published: March 2014

An optical method to reconstruct finite amplitude ultrasonic waveforms from light diffraction spectra has been investigated. Distorted waveforms due.to nonlinear propagation of the finite amplitude ultrasound are determined by measuring the asymmetry of the diffraction spectrum.
Formation of the Wavefront Image of Progressive Acoustic Wave by Self-Imaging Optical Method with a Diode-Laser Strobe
Authors: Saiga Noriaki , Ichioka Yoshiki
Published: March 2014

Theory holds that when a progressive acoustic wave not as intense as Raman-Nath parameter v≤1 is illuminated by an optical plane wave, its strain wavefront image appears alone in a limited region of the diffractied field. This imaging is based on the generation and superposition of the diffracted lights due to optical phase modulation by the acoustic wave. The experiment revealed that distinct and sharp wavefront fringes of the wave were formed in such a diffraction zone and these were helpful in our understanding of the vibrational mechanism of an energy-trapping transducer.
Dielectric Properties in the Low Temperature Phase of Sr2Nb2O7
Authors: Akishige Yukikuni , Kobayashi Masakazu , Ohi Kikuo , Sawaguchi Etsuro
Published: March 2014

Dielectric constants ε
b'–jε
b'' of Sr2Nb2O7 along the b-axis and the D-E hysteresis loops have been studied from 4.2 K to 300 K. Ferroelectric character appears in the hysteresis loops below about 100 K when the applied field is along the b-axis; the b-component of the spontaneous polarization is about P
s
b=2×10-2C/m2 at 4.2 K. Temperature dependence of ε
b', ε
b'' and P
s
b suggests that 100 K transition is a ferroelectric phase transition of the second order.
Nonlinear Properties of TGS- and BaTiO3-Crystals with Defects
Authors: Diestelhorst M. , Hofmann R. , Beige H.
Published: March 2014

The influence of different kinds of defects on the temperature behaviour of linear and nonlinear elastic, dielectric and electro-mechanical coefficients was investigated near ferroelectric phase transitions of first and second order.
In the case of TGS-crystals we studied the influence of point defects produced by γ-irradiation and of one-dimensional defects on the temperature dependence of linear and nonlinear coefficients in the paraelectric phase.
For BaTiO3-crystals we were interested in the influence of Fe- and Cr-impurities on the temperature behaviour of linear and nonlinear properties. The results obtained for the samples with defects were compared with those of very perfect crystals.
Dielectric Properties of Bismuth Layer Type Ceramics with Alkali and Lanthanum Substitutions
Authors: Xiaoli Wang , Xi Yao
Published: March 2014

Dielectric Properties of bismuth layer type ceramics with alkali and lanthanum substitutions (Pb1-x
M
x/2La
x/2) Bi2Nb2O9 are presented. Dielectric constant and loss tangent of the substituted materials at room temperature are all higher than the parent PBN. At temperatures higher than T
0, dielectric constants deviate from Curie-Weiss law showing relaxor behavior. The new materials exhibit very high resistivity and break-down strength at high temperatures making these materials very attractive for capacitor dielectrics.
Effects of Grinding on Dielectric Properties of BaTiO3 Powders
Authors: Takeuchi Manabu , Sekita Yoshikazu , Nagasaka Hideo
Published: March 2014

Barium titanate (BaTiO3) powder was mechanically ground over the period of 1 min∼100 h in air using an agate mortar and pestle, and changes in the crystal structure and dielectric properties were studied. The particle size of the BaTiO3 powder was reduced in the early stage of grinding. With increasing the grinding time for more than 100min, the crystallinity of the BaTiO3 powder was lowered and the dielectric constant decreased. However, dielectric dissipation factor (tan
δ) and AC impedance of the BaTiO3 powder did not show significant change associated with grinding.
Dielectric Characteristics of PbO–BaO–La2O3–TiO2 at Microwave Frequencies
Authors: Kageyama Keisuke , Takata Mitsuhiro
Published: March 2014

High permittivity and very low loss at microwave frequencies were realized in BaO–La2O3–TiO2 ceramics which were modified by PbO and SnO2. Crystal phase studies of modified BaO–La2O3–TiO2 ceramics were pursued by X-ray diffraction analysis and electron probe micro analysis.
The ternary phase which seemed analogous to the phase of BaO–Nd2O3–TiO2 system was observed. This modified BaO–La2O3–TiO2 ceramics exhibited high dielectric constant, 37∼88, and very high Q value (=1/tan
δ), 1000∼2950 at 5∼7 GHz.
Measurement of the Quadratic Magnetoelectric Effect on Single Crystalline BiFeO3
Authors: Tabares-Mun̄oz C. , Rivera J. -P. , Bezinges A. , Monnier A. , Schmid H.
Published: March 2014

By means of the quadratic magnetoelectric effect the components of the non-linear magnetoelectric susceptibility tensor β
i
j
k
of the antiferromagnetic ferroelectric ferroelastic phase of BiFeO3 have been determined at 4 K:

β_111 =5.0·10^-19[sA^-1],β_113=8.1·10^-19[sA^-1],
β_311 =0.3·10^-19[sA^-1],β_333=2.1·10^-19[sA^-1]
Optical, Electric and Dielectric Studies of Cobalt-Chlorine Boracite, Co3B7O13Cl
Authors: Mendoza-Alvarez M.-E. , Rivera J.-P. , Schmid H.
Published: March 2014

The principal spontaneous birefringence Δ
n
s(γ, α) of the trigonal ferroelectric-ferroelastic phase has been measured between 5 and 468 K (λ=489 nm, λ=666 nm) and the dielectric constant ε
33 of the same phase between 5 and 300 K (f=100 kHz). The spontaneous polarization P
s of the trigonal and monoclinic ferromagnetic phase has been measured between 5 and 468 K. At the onset of the monoclinic phase at ∼11 K P
s undergoes a drastic change of slope which can be attributed to an order-parameter and magnetization-induced polarization. The spontaneous Faraday rotation in the ferromagnetic phase has been measured versus temperature λ=539 nm.
Hyper-Raman Scattering Study of Lattice Dynamics and Disorder in Perovskite Crystals
Authors: Inoue Kuon
Published: March 2014

It is shown that the hyper-Raman scattering provides a powerful tool for studying the lattice dynamics and disorder in the high-symmetry phases of perovskite crystals at atmospheric pressure as well as high pressure. Detailed information about lattice-dynamical properties in both BaTiO3 and SrTiO3, with the mode-assignment in cubic BaTiO3 is given. For BaTiO3, a picture in terms of pseudo-spin for lattice-dynamical disorder can explain well the different aspects of the cubic-tetragonal phase transition, which has long been controversial. Even for SrTiO3, lattice-dynamical disorder is found to be involved at low temperatures, but nevertheless the soft-phonon picture may suffice to account for the incipient ferroelectric phase transition. A newly developed technique for observing Raman-inactive phonons at high pressure is also reported in SrTiO3.
Recent Studies by Infrared Reflectivity Spectrometry
Authors: Gervais F. , Simon P. , Echegut P. , Calès B.
Published: March 2014

Recent results of infrared reflectivity studies of the ferroelectric phase transitions in KDP-type and oxidic perovskite systems are reported to illustrate the kind of information that can be deduced from reflectivity measurements complemented by computer simulations of the spectra. The usefulness of the method for the study of ceramics samples is also shown. The temperature dependence of the ionic effective charges near the Curie temperature-a straigthforward application of the method-is discussed.
Lattice Vibrations in New Superconductors BaPb1-xBixO3
Authors: Sugai Shunji , Uchida Shin-ich , Kitazawa Koichi , Tanaka Shoji , Katsui Akinori
Published: March 2014

Lattice vibrations of the high T

c
superconductor BaPb1-x
Bi
x
O3 are investigated by Raman scattering. Temperature dependent soft modes are observed at 121 cm-1in BaPb0.7Bi0.3O3 and at 48 cm-1 in BaBiO3. These modes are assigned to the rotational modes of Pb(Bi)O6 octahedra. A noteworthy correlation is found between T

c
and the scattering intensities of the 43 and 100 cm-1 peaks on changing x. The important contribution for the high T

c
superconductivity from these modes is proposed. The breathing mode of Pb(Bi)O6 is observed at 569 cm-1 in BaBiO3. This energy is unexpectedly high for the model that the strong electron-phonon interaction of this mode is the driving force for the high T

c
superconductivity.
Characteristics of Transient Light Scattering in Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals as Functions of Molecular Structure, Cell Thickness and Temperature and Their Applications
Authors: Yoshino Katsumi , Ozaki Masanori
Published: March 2014

Characteristics of transient light scattering associated with domain switching by polarity reversal of field are studied. The rise time of transmission change is proportional to the inverse of applied field E and spontaneous polarization Ps of the used material, indicating driving torque of PsE. The decay time is shorter in ferroelectric liquid crystals with higher dispersion frequency of dielectric constant and also in thinner cells. The contrast is strongly dependent on the wave form of the applied voltage pulse. For example, the maximum contrast was observed for some pulse width, which depends on wave length of light. These results are discussed in terms of spontaneous polarization, relaxation frequency, tilt angle, helicoidal pitch and viscosity etc..
A Video Projector Using a PLZT Light Shutter Array
Authors: Murano Kanji , Himuro Masami , Watanabe Yoshihisa , Tonosaki Minehiro
Published: March 2014

A new light-valve video projector using a PLZT light shutter linear array has been developed. A beam from a Xenon light source passes through the PLZT linear array and the resulting modulated beam is scanned vertically by a movable mirror and projected on the screen. PLZT shutters in the array are modulated with analog signals sampled from the video signal. Each shutter maintains its light intensity for the horizontal scanning period of 63.5 microseconds. The floating driving method can be used to maintain the driving voltage at the specified level because the PLZT light shutters have a memory effect similar to a capacitor. The PLZT shutters are separated from each other to eliminate crosstalk caused by stray capacity. The shutter array is made using the cutting method, which is described in detail.