bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A highly reliable 256‐kb MNOS EEPROM: Memory cell design technology
Authors: Kamigaki Yoshiaki , Minami Shin‐Ichi , Furusawa Kazunori , Furuno Takeshi , Uchida Ken , Hagiwara Takaaki , Sato Nobuyuki , Ujiie Kazufusa
Published: July 2007

Memory cell design technology for highly reliable 256‐kb MNOS EEPROM has been established. It realizes 10‐year data retention and 105 erase/write cycle endurance. An MNOS memory device is composed of a 24‐nm Si3N4 layer and a 1.6‐nm tunnel SiO2 layer. The programming voltage is 13 ± 1 V supplied from internal high‐voltage generator.

A wide operating margin has been obtained in which the lower limit ensures the retention of the written state and the upper limit ensures the endurance of the erased state.

Using 1.3‐μm CMOS fabrication technology, the data line pitch is 6.7 μm and the word line pitch is 7.8 μm. As a result, the MNOS memory cell size is designed to be 52.26 μm2, and the chip size is the smallest one such as 33.16 mm2 in 256‐kb EEPROMs.
Characteristics of a traveling‐wave drop generator for a multinozzle continuous ink jet printer
Authors: Morita Naoki
Published: July 2007

The drop generator for a multinozzle continuous ink jet which utilizes a traveling wave for jet oscillation resulted in superior performance over the prior method described in a previous report. Further experiments gave the following results.

Standing wave oscillation on the traveling‐wave drop generator caused alternately long or short patterns in drop‐break‐off length or caused a swell pattern due to the relationship between the nozzle and the sound‐wave node position.

Theoretical prediction determined the ink tube diameter to obtain stable drop generation which agreed with measured results on the frequency limit. Acoustic attenuation according to the wave propagation at printing frequency was fairly small for stable operation. However, a large attenuation was observed at a lower frequency and the phase velocity in the ink tube showed a singular point. These phenomena were considered to be the structural resonance around nozzles or the resonance between suspended bubbles in the ink and traveling wave.
Improved coupled‐mode theory by including radiation modes, and its application
Authors: Sawa Sinnosuke , Tominaga Tetsufumi
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a new coupled‐mode theory by extending Chuang's theory to include the radiation modes. The effectiveness of this theory is demonstrated via numerical analysis.

The coupling equations are derived following a procedure similar to Chuang's and the radiation modes are included in it. The coupling equations are simplified by neglecting the terms which represent the coupling between the radiation modes because their contribution is insignificant.

In the numerical analysis, the radiation modes are treated in isolation and the coupling between them is neglected. The model for the numerical analysis is that of a symmetrical and asymmetrical optical slab waveguide. The light intensity distribution inside the guide is investigated numerically and the results are compared with those by Chuang's theory.

As the result of analysis, it is shown that due to excitation of radiation modes near the input/output end, the coupling length estimated by the present theory is longer than that by Chuang's theory. Moreover, the light intensity distribution has been extended.
Analysis of soliton pulse propagation in a birefringent optical fiber using the finite‐element method
Authors: Eguchi Masashi , Hayata Kazuya , Koshiba Masanori
Published: July 2007

Since the problem of waveform distortion in optical communications can be overcome by optical soliton, very wide band transmission becomes possible. It is foreseen that soliton propagation is the candidate for future optical systems. The soliton behavior can be expressed by the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations.

In this equation, taking the nonlinear oscillatory or loss terms due to the mutual parametric effects of each polarization component into account, the analysis will become very complicated. Concerning this point, in most analytical procedures, such oscillatory terms are neglected. However, the contribution of these terms are large in optical fibers of low birefringence and, therefore, they cannot be neglected.

In order to establish a unified and effective approach, taking these perturbation and oscillatory terms into account, an analytical procedure based on the finite element method is proposed. Ultrashort pulse transmission in various fibers and the effects of the birefringence upon soliton pulses are investigated. The correctness of the present method is verified and several new results are obtained. Finally, in case of subpicosecond pulse transmission in optical fibers of low birefringence, it is shown that the contribution of the above mentioned terms is quite remarkable.
Compact narrowband filters using grating‐assisted vertical directional couplers
Authors: Sakata Hajime , Takeuchi Shinsuke , Ouchi Toshihiko
Published: July 2007

This paper describes the theoretical and experimental investigations of an integrated wavelength filter consisting of an AlGaAs/GaAs MQW waveguide. This filter is made of a vertical directional coupler which performs forward coupling by means of a grating. It is small, and its center wavelength and bandwidth can be freely designed.

The configuration of the filter is described first and a design guideline is shown to obtain a narrowband filter response with a short coupling length. As a result of the trial fabrication, narrowband filters with 3‐dB bandwidths of 2.5 nm and 3.2 nm were realized with coupling lengths of only 510 μm and 430 μm, respectively. Next, it was shown experimentally that the filter center wavelength can be shifted from 824 nm to 839.5 nm by controlling the grating period from 9.8 μm to 10.6 μm. Further, a method for reducing the sidelobe level is proposed by modulation of the grating duty ratio. Numerical results for such a proposal are described.
Keirsey‐bates temperament categories: A basis for motivational interventions
Authors: McKeen Ronald L. , McSwain Cynthia
Published: July 2007

The Keirsey‐Bates Temperament Categories, an elaboration of the Myers‐Briggs Types Indicator, are discussed as analytic referents for dealing with motivation in the workplace. The Keirsey‐Bates categories are: SJ (valuing careful, thorough, accurate work), NT (valuing quality of ideas and intellectual competency), SP (valuing a clever way of making things happen or getting things done), and NF (valuing oneself as a person who makes important contributions). Based on a 1982‐1987 study of more than 200 subjects in training programs (in leadership and problem solving) or university classes (in administration, public school supervision, housing administration, or organization development), the authors conclude that the categories do have a practical application for many managers who would like to match work incentives to what their employees value. This article describes the study and discusses the four Keirsey‐Bates categories as they apply to the workplace.
Epidemiological analysis as a method of identifying safety training needs
Authors: Passmore David L.
Published: July 2007

The epidemiological methods used in a study of 8,567 injuries that took place in 1986 among 78,741 anthracite and bituminous underground coal miners can be broadly applied to identify work problems in training needs analysis. Epidemiological analysis of occupational injuries can identify safety problems but only rarely provides an assessment of probable solutions. It can, however, identify the most frequent and consequential safety problems that should receive close assessment. This methodology can help identify safety problems that may be reduced by training.
Reality‐referenced training: An empirical study of self‐norming needs assessment
Authors: Tway Duane C. , Davis Larry Nolan , Mink Oscar G.
Published: July 2007

Needs assessment is a necessary starting point in developing a training program, but assessing training needs may be a difficult task. Conducting a needs assessment oriented to a reality‐referenced competency model can provide: a self‐norming validation of training needs by the people who will be trained, fast feedback, an effective method of evaluating the usefulness of proposed training programs, and adaptability to changing needs. This article describes research conducted during a redesign of training at the Texas Rehabilitation Commission and explains why the reality‐referenced training system is a valid way to complete a needs assessment.
The multiple forms of on‐site training
Authors: de Jong Jan A.
Published: July 2007

It is estimated that more than half of corporate training programs take place in the workplace. Important differences exist among these on‐site training programs; this article distinguishes and describes three main forms of on‐site corporate training: on‐site practice, on‐site instruction, and on‐site study. A recent trend to develop on‐site study programs as a means of individualizing job instruction in a controlled way is identified in Dutch firms. Three such programs are described in detail.
Enhancing group behavior with a keypad‐based group support system
Authors: Watson Richard I , Bostrom Robert P.
Published: July 2007

Many managers complain about the quality of group meetings. Information technology, in the form of a group support system (GSS), has the potential to improve meeting quality. This article offers an integrated model for explaining why a particular GSS improves meetings. The explanatory model is based on the meeting cycle model; organizational development research; and theories of social comparison, information exchange, and organizational change.
Building learning organizations: The individual‐culture interaction
Authors: Brooks Ann K.
Published: July 2007

Leaders working to transform the culture of their organization often observe that the reason the organization is not changing is that the employees themselves are not changing. However, employees who have been hired and promoted for years because of their ability to compete internally find it difficult to exhibit such qualities as openness and willingness to participate when top leaders determine that these qualities would benefit the organization.

Based on a recent study, this article presents findings on how critically reflective employees change their organization and on which factors within the corporation encourage or inhibit their learning. It examines programs for change in light of current learning theory and offers suggestions for developing and encouraging critically reflective employees.
Invited reaction: On the conscious creation of community
Authors: Lebby Andrew M.
Published: July 2007

Managing organizational transformation is a complex process. Even if managers have the appropriate mix of life experience, formal education, and on‐the‐job training and supervision, there are still no guarantees. This invited reaction explores the additional factors that contribute to successful transformation.
The impact of deming quality management on interdepartmental cooperation
Authors: Collard Eileen F. N.
Published: July 2007

This article reports on a study of the impact of a Deming quality management approach on perceptions of interdepartmental cooperation. The study was based on intergroup relations theory and provides new insight into some of the “people” issues related to quality management. A two‐part survey was given to a sample of respondents from two interacting departments in each of two companies. In the first part of the survey, respondents were asked their perceptions of the extent to which features of Deming quality management had been implemented. In the second part of the survey, respondents indicated their perceptions of the degree of interdepartmental cooperation. Results indicate that respondents perceived positive improvements in interdepartmental cooperation after implementation of the Deming approach.
Participation and evaluative outcomes in management training
Authors: Thoms Peg , Klein Howard J.
Published: July 2007

This study examines the effects of increasing trainee participation during a management development program. The value of trainee participation is frequently advocated in the literature and can be supported from both adult learning and social‐cognitive theories. Despite the widespread belief that participation is beneficial, surprisingly little empirical evidence exists to support this proposition. Sixty‐four managers were assigned to either participation or control groups. Participation was manipulated by encouraging quality verbal participation in discussions through the use of self‐monitoring. Despite increased levels of participation in the participation condition, no differences were observed between the participation and control groups with respect to reactions to the program, learning, or application of program material back on the job. The actual level of trainee participation did correlate significantly with reactions to the program. The practical and future research implications of these findings are discussed.
A review of cross‐cultural research on human resource development
Authors: Hansen Carol D. , Brooks Ann K.
Published: July 2007

Organizations increasingly operate within a global context. Likewise, human resource developers are challenged to examine the transferability of their efforts. Our analysis focuses on emerging testimony that marks and sustains the cultural sensitivity of our work. Empirical study between 1982 and 1992 was reviewed. Furthermore, we acknowledge the systemic importance of our craft by selectively reporting research in management and organizational behavior that affects cross‐national differences in the purpose and scope of HRD.
Invited reaction: The little‐known impact of U.S. training programs on the Japanese quality movement
Authors: Roberts Harry V.
Published: July 2007

This reaction couples the preceding article with a previous article written by Robinson and Schroeder (1993) on the same topic on a little‐known piece of training history. Although management programs of U.S. origin in Japan have had an impact on Japanese manufacturing for more than forty years, it was not until the 1980s that U.S. businesses and education began paying attention to them. Robinson and Stern should be recognized for unearthing and meticulously researching this information, which had nearly been lost.
Problems associated with implementation of an effective upward appraisal feedback process: An experimental field study
Authors: Antonioni David
Published: July 2007

This study is intended to help HRD determine what factors may be critical for an effective upward appraisal process. An effective process is one that ensures improvement in managers'supervisory behaviors as a result of upward appraisals. This study specifically investigated the extent to which managers improved their supervisory behaviors as a result of receiving written upward appraisal reports (feedback) and reviewing them with their immediate supervisors. In order to investigate the different parts of the feedback process, ninety‐six managers were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: (1) a written upward appraisal report (feedback) and a performance review, (2) a written upward appraisal report (feedback) only, (3) a performance review only, or (4) a control group. The results do not support the hypothesis that managers who receive feedback with or without a performance review improve their supervisory behaviors more than managers who do not receive feedback. The implementation of the upward appraisal system is targeted as problematic and discussed. Finally, recommendations are made for the design of an effective upward appraisal process.
Dropouts' perceptions of deterrents to course completion in an on‐site GED program
Authors: Vann Barry
Published: July 2007

This study examined perceptions of deterrents to completion of an on‐site high school completion program among dropouts, with particular focus on their status as dropouts and isolates and on their gender. Thirty‐seven food processing workers who had dropped out of the program participated in the study. Quantitative methods were used in the analyses. By examining Likert‐type responses from a questionnaire designed for the study, it was found that for the entire sample of dropouts, time constraints was the highest‐rated factor (M = 2.20) F(4, 180) = 3.44, p <.01. Comparisons of responses from clique members and isolates showed that clique members were more affected by time constraints (M = 2.70) than their isolated counterparts were (M = 1.99) t(35) = 2.457, p < .02. Between‐group comparisons were made with respect to gender because males had a higher dropout rate than females. Males rated the low personal priority factor (M = 2.20) higher than females (M = 1.23), t(37) = −4.22, p <.01. The article concludes with suggestions on ways to lessen the deterrents.
West African industry and the debt crisis
Authors: Moseley K. P.
Published: July 2007

Focused on six West African countries, this paper examines the specific ways in which the foreign exchange and debt crises of the past decade have been linked to the structure and performance of the manufacturing sectors. Informed by the correlation between commercial disruption and Third‐World industrialization in the past, it suggests that the current crisis, too, may stimulate industrial development – at least in some cases, and in the longer run. Tendencies to deindustrialization still prevail in some of the weaker economies of the region. In others, however, and particularly Nigeria, local sourcing and exports may be major avenues of structural change as well as growth.
Economies of scale and small firms in developing countries: Theoretical and empirical issues
Authors: Elleithy Amr
Published: July 2007

The main objective of this paper is to examine the existence of economies of scale in small firms in the context of developing countries. The results are based on a survey of 52 carpentry firms at Anloga, Kumasi, Ghana. Parameters considered for the analysis are: product and labour specialization, division of labour, and mechanization and capacity utilization of power‐driven machines. These parameters were examined in the light of recent trends in the Ghanaian economy in the late 1980s. Despite the limitations of the study, due to the relatively small sample size and the difficulties of obtaining reliable information from small firms, it provides insight into the achievement of economies of scale in the small finns sector. Many firms are specialized and their skilled workers carry out specific tasks. The capacity utilization of machines is relatively high. Moreover, it was found that the average ratio of production costs to value of output is lower in the larger firms of the sector. The findings provide some evidence in support of the viability of the sector in developing countries. Assistance in marketing, technology and management are proposed to improve further the firm's performance. This assistance will not be effective unless provided within a framework of unbiased and supportive macroeconomic policies.
The use of migrant remittances in development: Lessons from the asian experience
Authors: Athukorala Premachandra
Published: July 2007

This paper attempts to shed light on the nature and effectiveness of various approaches adopted by the governments of Asian labour‐exporting countries in order to enhance the developmental impact of migrant‐worker remittances. Fragmentary evidence from various country studies on policies designed to attract remittances into the formal banking sector, as well as to monitor the expenditure of counterpart funds, is synthesized and analysed in comparative perspective. The findings cast doubt on the viability and effectiveness of ‘migrant‐specific’ policy initiatives and point to the need for an economy‐wide approach encompassing appropriate exchange‐rate and financial‐sector policies.
Rhetoric and Reality: The management of Botswana's 1982‐88 drought relief programme
Authors: Simmons Colin , Lyons Stephen
Published: July 2007

Botswana has experienced rapid economic growth over the past two decades, which has attracted much praise. While many of its citizens remained reliant on food aid programmes during the recent drought of 1982–88, both the coverage and management of the relief programme were seen as outstanding by development economists and aid planners alike. This paper argues that such optimism is based more on broad aggregate levels of aid disbursement rather than data obtained from actual field studies. Using micro‐level data on food aid flows, the paper argues that such praise for the aid programme is not justified, as there existed serious deficiencies in food provision to many of the most vulnerable groups.
Sisters in economic development: The bretton woods institutions and developing countries
Authors: Bird Graham
Published: July 2007

Balance of payments problems in many developing countries have created significant challenges to the IMF and World Bank; their response has been inadequate. While these institutions may not have outlived their usefulness, it is worth exploring modifications to the existing institutional structure designed to have a beneficial impact on economic development. If the traditional division of labour between the IMF and the World Bank has broken down in the context of their dealings with developing countries wherein lie the new comparative advantages? This paper proposes and analyses a reorganization of functions between the two institutions that it is claimed would assist.
External shocks and structural adjustments in east Asian newly industrializing economies
Authors: Chowdhury A.
Published: July 2007

The two oil price increases and the subsequent recessions in the industrial countries in the 1970s constituted large external shocks for the trade‐dependent East Asian newly industrializing economies (NIEs). The effects of these external shocks on their balance of payments were two‐fold. First, the higher price of oil meant deteriorations of terms of trade and hence increases in import bills. The second impact was recession‐induced declines in the volume of exports. The recession also added to the protectionist pressures, especially against labour‐intensive exports of the NIEs. Therefore, there was a secondary decline in the demand for the NIE's exports. Unlike many other developing countries, however, the East Asian NIEs have coped with such large external shocks quite remarkably. In less than a decade they have been able to turn their current account deficits into surpluses. By using a framework developed by Salter and Corden, this paper seeks to examine the nature of the East Asian NIEs adjustment experience. The East Asian NIEs responded to external shocks with a policy package which included downward adjustments in exchange rates and reductions in absorption, especially public consumption. In the short run the depreciation of their currencies improved competitiveness and discouraged imports. It also switched expenditure away from tradables freeing goods for exports. While these short‐run adjustments improved their current accounts, the long‐run adjustments were crucial in sustaining these improvements and eventually producing surpluses in current accounts. In the longer run, depreciations of their currencies switched the production structure of Korea — and to some extent that of Taiwan — towards tradables. Hong Kong and Singapore were relatively less successful in restructuring their economy towards the traded sector. In the case of Singapore it was perhaps due to an excessive emphasis on the home‐ownership scheme. In Hong Kong the tying of Hong Kong dollar to that of the US led to a substantial appreciation of the currency when the US dollar rose in the early 1980s. Nevertheless, they were relatively more successful than most other developing countries. This paper suggests that this was due to their ability to regulate the labour market which, in turn, enhanced the switching effect of devaluation.
Measuring development? The UNDP's human development index
Authors: McGillivray Mark , White Howard
Published: July 2007

This paper critically examines the UNDP's Human Development Index (HDI). We conclude that its treatment of income is inappropriate; the lack of year‐to‐year comparability is undesirable; it is robust with respect to measurement error; and that its contribution to the assessment of development levels differs markedly among country groups.
Productivity and environmental conservation under rapid population growth: A case study of machakos district
Authors: Tiffen Mary
Published: July 2007

The relationships between increasing population density, agricultural productivity, incomes and environmental conservation are discussed and illustrated in relation to Machakos District, Kenya, 1930–90. Four positive effects of increasing population density are identified: increased demand, increased labour, increased idea generation, and cheaper social and physical infrastructure. Where government policies permit these to lead to greater involvement with external markets, the mutually reinforcing effects of capital investment and new technology adoption lead to output rising much faster than population, outweighing any negative effects of population growth. However, future trends cannot be predicted from past performance, since the rising price of land and water may retard the realization of economies of scale in infrastructure development.
Export pressure and the less developed countries' (LDCs') debt problem
Authors: Oguledo Victor Iwuagwu
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the effect of the external debts of less developed countries (LDCs) on their exports to the United States. Specifically, the effect that manifests as pressure on the 48 most indebted LDCs to export to the US is investigated. Cross‐ sectional regression analysis and data for 1984 are used in the estimation. The estimates show that the burden of external debts put significant pressure on LDCs to export. The estimates also suggest that the LDCs are conscious of their creditworthiness in the international financial market. Furthermore, the results highlight the inadequacy of the current General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations that focus on trade in goods and services to the exclusion of the LDCs' debt problem. GATT negotiations should give LDCs' market access to industrialized countries greater weight on its agenda as an attempt at tackling the LDCs' debt problem. This is necessary for the long‐term growth of these LDCs, a concern to which enough attention has not been paid. In addition, Western donor countries and their banks should provide more debt relief to these debtor countries. This will enable LDCs to retain a substantial part of their export earnings. Uncertainty is reduced, thus providing the much‐needed impetus for entrepreneurs in these poor economies to commit themselves to long‐term investments. This will guarantee long‐term economic growth.
Some implications of new growth theory for economic development
Authors: Barros Alexandre Rands
Published: July 2007

The paper endeavours to sketch out the main implications of so‐called ‘new growth theory’ for the study of economic development. New growth theory endogenizes the sources of growth by attributing growth in production to externalities created by investments in human capital and in technology; some versions also introduce policy variables. The empirical evidence on determinants of growth is reviewed. The new growth theories caution against excessive protection of intellectual property rights, but suggest that in an environment of wide and growing information asymmetries between developed and developing countries, some restrictions to free trade may be justified. In addition, autonomous increases in real wages may have a positive and permanent effect on real per capita income, echoing a conclusion of the ‘under‐ consumptionist’ literature.
Questioning synergism: Win‐win with women in population and environment policies?
Authors: Jackson Cecile
Published: July 2007

This paper takes issue with the convergence of opinion, exhibited in a range of development discourses, which suggests that a synergistic set of policy instruments can be used to achieve population, environment and development objectives in developing countries. Gender analysis is the vehicle for the critique of three synergistic policies—clarification of land rights, increased education for women and the empowerment of women. In all of these areas gender analysis reveals trade‐offs and policy conflicts rather than any necessary positive synergy. The reasons for the attractiveness of the synergy position are seen to lie partially in the legacy of systems thinking and the atmosphere of urgency in western environmentalism as well as in the sociology of development agencies.
Estimating efficiency prices through semi‐input‐output methods—a review of practice in available studies
Authors: Macarthur J. D.
Published: July 2007

Semi‐input‐output (SIO) methods offer an opportunity for the simultaneous estimation of accounting price ratios (APRs) for a large number of sector products, aggregate classes of goods and for individual commodities. The paper reviews the main features of 13 SIO studies. Despite use of the same method, great variation existed between the sets regarding size of matrix, data sources, numbers of primary inputs and attempts to derive aggregate APRs. Reviews are made of the specifications and values of three main features of these studies: primary inputs, aggregate APRs and the ‘standard’ categories of non‐traded items. Considerable variation in all aspects occurred between the studies. Diversities in methods between the studies account for some of the differences in results, especially the levels of commodity or sector dis‐aggregation that were possible. However, the main differences reflect the substantial variations in underlying pricing and fiscal approaches of the administrations in the economies at the base periods for each estimation. Commonality in APR values between economies was not found, and cannot be assumed.
The continuing trial of development economics: Policies, prices and output in Tanzanian agriculture
Authors: van Donge Jan Kees
Published: July 2007

This article, which is based on an analysis of output patterns in Tanzanian agriculture, provides an epistemological critique of economistic reasoning. Decline in agricultural output is usually explained in terms of macroeconomic variables and intervention by a parasitic government. It appears, however, that a disaggregation of national aggregates shows a diversity of regional responses and facilitates the examination of erratic scores which may otherwise go unnoticed. This variety in data throws doubt on the determining influence of national economic and political factors. Tanzanian agriculture in the past decades appears to be characterized as much by production initiatives as by a decline in output. In addition, the effects of government intervention appear to be much more ambiguous than is usually assumed. The article hypothesizes about alternative explanations which see economic life—e.g. scarcity, supply, demand—as social constructions embedded in struggles between sexes, young and old, poor and rich. This new perspective leads to a different interpretative framework in policy‐making.
The world bank and the application of Asian industrial policy to Africa: Theoretical considerations
Authors: Stein Howard
Published: July 2007

The paper discusses two general difficulties in drawing lessons from Asian industrialization for Africa, the problem of identification and the problem of reproducibility. The paper criticizes the World Bank/neoclassical model's attempt to solve the identification problem. Using examples from a number of East and Southeast Asian countries the paper argues that the model's export‐oriented vs import‐substitution dichotomy is a false one, that government policy was not neutral but active, interventionist and ‘distorting’, often with positive results, and that statist policies ensured that agriculture supported labour‐intensive industrialization. It also points out that the problem of reproducibility, which is complicated by structural and historical dimensions, is largely ignored by the World Bank/neoclassical model. This raises serious doubts about the usefulness of the World Bank's model of structural adjustment as it applies to Africa, since it is based on a misinterpretation of the factors responsible for industrialization in Asia.
European and East Asian exceptionalism: Agriculture and economic growth
Authors: Grabowski Richard
Published: July 2007

Agriculture's role in development has traditionally been seen to be a provider of things to the modern industrial sector. In this paper it is argued that those countries which historically have succeeded as those which have, at least for some time period, nurtured agriculture. Bates has pointed out that this was the case for English agriculture and this paper argues that it was also the case for Japan during both the Tokugawa and Meiji periods. Japanese colonization of Korea and Taiwan assured that agriculture was also protected, at least prior to World War II, in these latter two countries. Finally, this paper argues that the key role of agriculture in industrialization is in terms of providing a growing market for manufactured goods.
Maize research in Malawi revisited: An emerging success story?
Authors: Smale Melinda , Heisey Paul W.
Published: July 2007

New releases, updated adoption data and estimated rates of economic return provide evidence that Malawi's maize research story can now be characterized as an emerging success. Malawi's programme has always included the concern for grain texture among breeding objectives. The active research time until the release by the national programme of hybrids that are adapted to small farmer needs is moderate. The lack of suitable germplasm and discontinuities of staff and funds contributed to lengthy calendar time. Sustained success depends on national commitment to smallholder development and continued investments in maize research and supporting seed production and input distribution systems.
The social and economic impact of HIV/AIDS on farming systems and livelihoods in rural Africa: Some experience and lessons from Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia
Authors: Barnett Tony , Tumushabe Joseph , Bantebya Grace , Ssebuliba Ruth , Ngasongwa Juma , Kapinga David , Ndelike Monica , Drinkwater Michael , Mitti Godfrey , Haslwimmer Martina
Published: July 2007

This article describes: (1) some of the effects of HIV/AIDS on rural communities in cast and southern Africa (2) the indications for the development of such impacts in Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia over the medium term, noting similarities and differences between the three countries; (3) explores the policy implications of these findings; (4) presents a generalised response strategy.
Financing rural health services in China in the context of economic reform
Authors: Bloom Gerald , Sheng‐Lan Tang , Xing‐Yuan Gu
Published: July 2007

The changes which have taken place in the Chinese economy since the late 1970s have affected rural health services in a number of ways: local prepayment schemes have collapsed and most people pay in cash for medical care; health facilities have more autonomy from the government; and political mobilization for health has decreased. In the less developed parts of the country poor households cannot get the health services they require and health facilities face financial problems. China's policy makers face an imposing agenda of issues which could lead them towards a fundamental redefinition of the relationships between users and providers of health services, third‐party payers, local government health departments and local professional and community organizations.
Responding to AIDS: Are there any appropriate development and health policies?
Authors: Klouda Tony
Published: July 2007

The evolution of AIDS programmes mimics that of many development programmes. Some of the responses made by organizations to AIDS are analysed in relation to broader issues in social and economic development. The emphasis is on the political nature of health. The pluralist and relative natures of programming for health are examined, suggesting that there can never be a common approach to health or any individual health problem such as AIDS. The central tenet of the article is that HIV is not a cause in its own right, but a strong marker for action and concern in development.
The world bank and international health policy: A critical review
Authors: Ugalde Antonio , Jackson Jeffrey T.
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the World Bank's position regarding health and development as expressed in its report Investing in Health. After analysing selected recommendations from the report such as privatization, decentralization, cost recovery fees, nutrition and essential drug programmes, we conclude that the World Bank's approach to health fits its ideologically‐driven development model which favours nations of the North at the expense of the poor of the South. The DALY index has major theoretical flaws. As a guide to health policy makers it is of little value and could be used to deny essential health services to the poor of the third world.
Occupational sex segregation in Iran 1976–86
Authors: Alizadeh Parvin , Harper Barry
Published: July 2007

This paper develops an index of occupational sex segregation to examine changes in gender segregation in Iran between 1976–86. This period spans the 1979 Islamic revolution. A sharp rise in occupational sex segregation is identified although the effects are not uniform across occupations. The explanations offered for these trends include the role of islamization and selective taste discrimination, a rising fertility rate and economic recession.
Thai industrial policy: How irrelevant was it to export success?
Authors: Rock Michael T.
Published: July 2007

The neo‐liberal interpretation of the Thai state suggests that industrial policy was incoherent, subject to rent seeking and irrelevant to Thai development success. A more nuanced micro‐historical analysis of the state's interventions demonstrates that this over‐simplification misses important examples of effective selective interventions during first stage import‐substitution industrialization in the 1960s, as well as in second stage ISI in the 1970s. In the 1980s there was a systematic turning of the entire industrial policy machinery to promote manufactured exports. Without these selective interventions there is reason to doubt whether Thailand would be where it is today—a next tier NIE.
Relationship between fertilizer consumption and labour supply in Bangladesh
Authors: Parikh Ashok
Published: July 2007

The objectives of this paper are to estimate fertilizer consumption relationships using Bangladesh farm‐level survey data for the year 1981‐82. Various hypotheses were put to a test and it was found that structural, environmental and institutional factors were important in explaining farmers' use of fertilizers for rice crop. The price elasticity of fertilizer demand ranged between −0.72 to −0.78 on cross‐section data. Fertilizers and hired labour were complements, with a non‐price definition while with a price definition they were substitutes.
The African capacity to transfer
Authors: Scott Gerald E.
Published: July 2007

As a result of the sizeable external debts accumulated over several years, many Sub‐Saharan African countries face both the serious budgetary problem of extracting resources for debt service payments, and the transfer problem of converting such resources into a form acceptable to creditors. The paper defines the capacity to transfer and identifies its most important determinants, with emphasis on those factors that traditional economic analysis usually ignores. Several examples from the region are used as illustrations of the key factors in a country's capacity to transfer. A number of propositions that could be used as a framework for policies designed to enhance the capacity to transfer, emerge from the discussions.
Agricultural development and the incidence of labour intensive farming: A theoretical analysis
Authors: Lahiri Sajal
Published: July 2007

This paper attempts to explain the secular and rapid decline in labour‐intensive farming and the sharp increase in rural‐urban migration in LDCs in terms of unequal agricultural development. It is also shown that such development causes absolute rural poverty to rise and national income in a labour‐abundant economy to fall.
Indigenous natural‐resource management systems for sustainable agricultural development—a global perspective
Authors: Rajasekaran B. , Warren D. M. , Babu S. C.
Published: July 2007

Increasing pressure for food production due to the rapidly growing population has led to the gradual disappearance of numerous indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) related to natural‐resource management. This process exposes the earth's natural resources to constant ecological instability (such as loss of genetic diversity) and severe environmental vulnerability (such as soil degradation and soil erosion). Recent research on indigenous natural‐resource management systems indicates that they are highly sophisticated and complex, reflecting generations of careful observations of the natural and physical environment. Keeping these in view, a literature review has been conducted to identify major consequences of the disappearance of IKSs related to natural‐resource management. An attempt has been made to categorize indigenous natural‐resource management systems. IKSs documented from all over the globe and received at the Center for Indigenous Knowledge for Agriculture and Rural Development (CIKARD) were used to illustrate specific instances of locally adapted and economically viable indigenous natural‐resource management systems. Such examples were found in indigenous agronomic practices, agroforestry, indigenous genetic resources, and pastoral management. An integrated natural‐resource management model has been developed with an overall goal of increasing food production by small‐scale farmers with a least amount of deterioration to nature's resource base. The salient features of the proposed model include promoting small‐scale farmer participation, recording indigenous knowledge systems related to natural resource management, conducting diagnostic interviews, evaluating modern technologies and conducting on‐farm farmer‐oriented research (OFFOR) trials for integrating indigenous and modern technologies. Careful implementation of such a model could contribute to ameliorating the growing natural‐resource problems of the developing world such as soil erosion, environmental degradation, and ecological destruction.
Causal attributions for the success and failure of black and white managers
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: July 2007

One hundred and thirty‐six white managers in South Africa evaluated the varying performances of a series of thirty subordinates. Of the subordinates, two (one black, one white) had identically good performance descriptions, and two (one black, one white) had identically poor performance descriptions. Although the supervisors rated their overall performances as equally good or poor, they ascribed the success of the whites mainly to internal factors (effort, ability) and that of the blacks mainly to external factors (luck, easy job). Conversely, they ascribed the failure of the whites mainly to external factors and that of the blacks mainly to internal factors. The results suggest the operation of a ‘cognitive bias’ against blacks that may help to explain the persistence of racial discrimination in reward allocation in work organizations.
Job satisfaction as mediated by the value congruity of supervisors and their subordinates
Authors: Kemelgor Bruce H.
Published: July 2007

This study represents an attempt to individualize values and job satisfaction. Using a specifically designed Value Scale and the J.D.I., a sample of 48 supervisors and 337 subordinates in six production organizations was investigated. It was found that those subordinates who indicate high job satisfaction tend to have value structures more similar to their superiors than do subordinates who evidence lower satisfaction. The implications of this value homogeneity within work groups were advanced and further research suggested.
Career success and personal failure experiences and Type A behaviour
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Deszca Eugene
Published: July 2007

This study examines the relationship of Type A behaviour to career experiences associated with feelings of personal failure (Korman and Korman, 1980). Seventy‐five managers completed the Jenkins Activity Survey, a widely used paper‐and‐pencil index of Type A behaviour, and measures of various career experiences. The data provided concurrent validation of the Korman's model and also showed Type A behaviour to be significantly related to career outcomes reflecting disappointment, alienation and personal failure. A case is made for the inclusion of Type A in career research. Implications for careerists and their organizations are offered.
The Kirton Adaption ‐ Innovation Inventory: A re‐examination of the factor structure
Authors: Taylor W. G. K.
Published: July 2007

Although the Kirton Adaption ‐ Innovation Inventory (KAI) has almost always been used as a single scale purporting to measure a dimension of cognitive style, the KAI Manual characterizes three factors. This paper provides further confirmatory evidence of the structure of the three‐factor model and of the high reliability coefficients of the three subscales. However, it questions whether three factors are sufficient and examines four‐ and five‐factor models. Evidence is provided that the ‘O’ subscale in the orthodox three‐factor model contains two conceptual elements, a major component concerned with idea generation and a minor component concerned with preference for stability/change. A four‐factor model of KAI is proposed and an argument is advanced which leads to concern about the idea generation element of the ‘O’ subscale as a measure purely of cognitive style. Some implications for the development of the KAI are outlined.
Joint moderating effects of job experience and task component complexity: Relations among goal setting, task strategies, and performance
Authors: Earley P. Christopher , Lee Cynthia , Hanson L. Alice
Published: July 2007

Research in goal setting has demonstrated moderating roles of job experience and task complexity in the relation of goals to performance. Goal setting appears to have its strongest effect on an individual's performance and task strategy quality for jobs having low task complexity. A field study (n = 347) was conducted to assess the moderating role of job experience and task component complexity, or the number of distinct and independent actions an individual must process, using respondents from several organizations across a variety of job levels. The results of moderated regression analyses demonstrate support for the hypothesis that task component complexity would moderate the effect of goal setting on performance. In addition, experience moderated the relation of goal setting to task strategy quality and performance for jobs having a great deal of task component complexity. The results are discussed as further evidence of the largged beneficial effect of goals on task performance for a job high in task component complexity.
The protestant work ethic and vocational preference
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Koritsas Eva
Published: July 2007

The study examined the relationship between various measures of the Protestant Work Ethic (PWE) and Holland's (1973) hexagonal model of vocational preference which specifies six personality and environmental types. It was predicted that PWE measures would be positively correlated with realistic, enterprising and conventional types but not social investigative or artistic. The hypotheses were supported but the PWE measures, themselves all correlated, were also positively correlated with the artistic type. Implications of these findings for vocational guidance and the assessment of individual differences is discussed.