bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Sexual Orientation Across 28 Nations and Its Association with Gender Equality, Economic Development, and Individualism
Authors: Rahman Qazi , Xu Yin , Lippa Richard A. , Vasey Paul L.
Published: December 2019

The prevalence of women’s and men’s heterosexuality, bisexuality, and homosexuality was assessed in 28 nations using data from 191,088 participants from a 2005 BBC Internet survey. Sexual orientation was measured in terms of both self-reported sexual identity and self-reported degree of same-sex attraction. Multilevel modeling analyses revealed that nations’ degrees of gender equality, economic development, and individualism were not significantly associated with men’s or women’s sexual orientation rates across nations. These models controlled for individual-level covariates including age and education level, and nation-level covariates including religion and national sex ratios. Robustness checks included inspecting the confidence intervals for meaningful associations, and further analyses using complete-cases and summary scores of the national indices. These analyses produced the same non-significant results. The relatively stable rates of heterosexuality, bisexuality, and homosexuality observed across nations for both women and men suggest that non-social factors likely may underlie much variation in human sexual orientation. These results do not support frequently offered hypotheses that sexual orientation differences are related to gendered social norms across societies.
UK landscape ecology: trends and perspectives from the first 25 years of ialeUK
Authors: Young Christopher , Bellamy Chloe , Burton Vanessa , Griffiths Geoff , Metzger Marc J. , Neumann Jessica , Porter Jonathan , Millington James D. A.
Published: December 2019

Context

The 25th anniversary of the founding of the UK chapter of the International Association for Landscape Ecology (ialeUK) was marked in 2017.

Objectives

To assess trends in UK landscape ecology research over ialeUK’s first 25 years, to compare these trends to changes elsewhere in the world, and to consider how ialeUK can continue to support landscape ecology research and practice.

Methods

A database of conference abstracts was compiled and examined in combination with a questionnaire that surveyed existing and former active members of ialeUK.

Results

Across 1992–2017 we observe noticeable trends including the declining roles of statutory bodies, the development of the ecosystem services concept, and a decrease in use of empirical methods. Analysis of questionnaire results highlighted four key areas: Developing new researchers; Facilitating conferences for networking, learning and discussion; Linking policy with practice; and Driving the continued growth of landscape ecology as a discipline. Challenges were also noted, especially regarding the adoption of a wider understanding of landscape ecological principles in management.

Conclusions

Increases in qualitative research, decreases in studies explicitly examining connectivity/fragmentation and an absence of landscape genetics studies in the UK are seemingly distinct from US landscape ecology and elsewhere around the world, based on published accounts. ialeUK has had success in increasing the role of landscape ecology in policy and practice, but needs to continue to aim for improved collaboration with other landscape-related professional bodies and contributions to wider sustainability agendas.
Whole brain apparent diffusion coefficient measurements correlate with survival in glioblastoma patients
Authors: Rulseh Aaron Michael , Vymazal Josef
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor, and methods to improve the early detection of disease progression and evaluate treatment response are highly desirable. We therefore explored changes in whole-brain apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values with respect to survival (progression-free [PFS], overall [OS]) in a cohort of GBM patients followed at regular intervals until disease progression.

Methods

A total of 43 subjects met inclusion criteria and were analyzed retrospectively. Histogram data were extracted from standardized whole-brain ADC maps including skewness, kurtosis, entropy, median, mode, 15th percentile (p15) and 85th percentile (p85) values, and linear regression slopes (metrics versus time) were fitted. Regression slope directionality (positive/negative) was subjected to univariate Cox regression. The final model was determined by aLASSO on metrics above threshold.

Results

Skewness, kurtosis, median, p15 and p85 were all below threshold for both PFS and OS and were analyzed further. Median regression slope directionality best modeled PFS (p = 0.001; HR 3.3; 95% CI 1.6–6.7), while p85 was selected for OS (p = 0.002; HR 0.29; 95% CI 0.13–0.64).

Conclusions

Our data show tantalizing potential in the use of whole-brain ADC measurements in the follow up of GBM patients, specifically serial median ADC values which correlated with PFS, and serial p85 values which correlated with OS. Whole-brain ADC measurements are fast and easy to perform, and free of ROI-placement bias.
Forschungsräume öffnen und das Soziale gestalten
Authors: Anastasiadis Maria , Wrentschur Michael
Published: December 2019

In den letzten Jahren vermehrte sich der Einsatz partizipativer Forschungsstrategien in unterschiedlichen Disziplinen. Dies kann zum einen auf die Etablierung eines stärker anwendungsbezogenen Forschungsverständnisses zurückgeführt werden, zum anderen auf steigende gesellschaftliche Problemlagen, die einen emanzipatorischen, auf Veränderung abzielenden Forschungszugang begründen. Da Partizipation ein grundlegendes Handlungsprinzip in zahlreichen fachlichen Orientierungen der Sozialen Arbeit ist, ist insbesondere hier eine Zunahme an partizipativer Forschung zu verzeichnen. Diesen Trend aufgreifend geht dieser Beitrag der Frage nach, wie partizipative Forschung in der Sozialen Arbeit genutzt wird, um in der Verbindung von Forschung und Praxis verändernd in gesellschaftliche Zusammenhänge einzugreifen. Dazu werden einführend Entwicklungslinien dieser Forschungsstrategie nachgezeichnet und ihre Aktualität insbesondere für eine kritisch agierende Soziale Arbeit bestimmt und an manchen Stellen kritisch reflektiert bzw. befragt. Im Anschluss werden auf Basis umfassender theoretischer und die Forschungspraxis reflektierender Arbeiten die Grundintentionen von partizipativer Forschung geklärt, Realisierungsbedingungen destilliert und Fragen der Güte sowie der Forschungsethik diskutiert. Abschließend wird Rancieres Metapher von Forschung als „Polizei“ und „Politik“ aufgegriffen, um den gestaltenden Gehalt von partizipativer Forschung nochmals zu verdeutlichen und deren Relevanz für gegenwärtige Herausforderungen der Sozialen Arbeit zu betonen.
Forumtheater als Werkzeug szenisch-partizipativer Forschung in der Sozialen Arbeit. Verfahrensweisen, Projektbeispiele und methodische Reflexionen
Authors: Wrentschur Michael
Published: December 2019

Forumtheater ist eine interaktive Theaterform des „Theaters der Unterdrückten“, die in vielerlei Hinsicht zu einem Werkzeug partizipativer Forschung in der Sozialen Arbeit werden kann: Dies betrifft die Einbeziehung von Adressat_innen in die Gestaltungs- und Forschungsprozesse ebenso wie die aktive Beteiligung des Publikums bei Aufführungen und schließlich den Transfer der Ergebnisse in soziale und politische Räume. Ausgehend von grundlegenden methodologischen Überlegungen zu szenischen Forschungsprozessen werden Methodik und Verfahrensweisen des Forumtheaters vorgestellt, mit Projektbeispielen aus Handlungs- und Problemfeldern Sozialer Arbeit illustriert sowie methodisch reflektiert. Diskutiert wird die Frage, welche Ansprüche partizipativer Forschung mit dem Forumtheater realisiert und welche Bezüge zu einer performativen Ethnografie und kritisch-lebensweltorientierten Adressat_innenforschung in der Sozialen Arbeit hergestellt werden können.
Aldehydes as Wort Off-Flavours in Alcohol-Free Beers—Origin and Control
Authors: Gernat D. C. , Brouwer E. , Ottens M.
Published: December 2019

Although present in concentrations in microgrammes per litre level, aldehydes, in particular those derived from Strecker degradation, are known to majorly contribute to the undesired wort flavour of alcohol-free beers. In order to improve currently available products, one needs to understand the underlying cause for the over-prevalence and identify leverage points and methods to selectively reduce the aldehydes in alcohol-free beers. This work gives a short overview on relevant flavour-active wort flavours identified in alcohol-free beer and on their involved chemical formation pathways. Consequently, aldehyde removal technologies in general and in brewing industry are presented. Adsorptive removal of off-flavours by aldehyde-scavenging groups is already widely exploited in the packaging industry and may achieve reduction of these components to near depletion, depending on the process conditions. Its principles are adaptable to recovering off-flavours before filling. Also, supercritical CO2extraction has been successfully applied to separate flavours from food matrices. In brewing, the focus has been set to biologic conversion by restricted fermentation steps, but the reduction of key components of more than 70% is not achieved. Newer developments focus on thermal separation techniques that not only include non-specific physical dealcoholisation but also more selective technologies such as pervaporation, where aldehydes are reduced to near depletion. However, for most unit operations, selectivity and capacity are not yet investigated. Future research should explore the shortcomings of current techniques and overcome bottlenecks either by developing more specific methods for aldehyde removal and/or a clever combination of unit operations to optimise the separation and process integration.
Antimicrobial resistance in chronic liver disease
Authors: Patel Vishal C. , Williams Roger
Published: December 2019

High levels of antimicrobial drug resistance deleteriously affecting the outcome of treatment with antibacterial agents are causing increasing concern worldwide. This is particularly worrying in patients with cirrhosis with a depressed immune system and heightened susceptibility to infection. Antibiotics have to be started early before results of microbiological culture are available. Current guidelines for the empirical choice of antibiotics in this situation are not very helpful, and embracing antimicrobial stewardship including rapid de-escalation of therapy are not sufficiently emphasised. Multi-drug resistant organism rates to quinolone drugs of up to 40% are recorded in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis on prophylactic antibiotics, leading to a break-through recurrence of intra-peritoneal infection. Also considered in this review is the value of rifaximin-α, non-selective beta-blockers, and concerns around proton pump inhibitor drug use. Fecal microbial transplantation and other gut-targeting therapies in lessening gut bacterial translocation are a promising approach, and new molecular techniques for determining bacterial sensitivity will allow more specific targeted therapy.
Local determinants influencing stream water quality
Authors: Hamid Aadil , Bhat Sami Ullah , Jehangir Arshid
Published: December 2019

It is important to have reliable information on various natural and anthropogenic factors responsible for influencing and shaping stream water quality parameters as long as water resource conservation and management planning are concerned from the local to global scale. Daunting environmental pressures at multiple scales makes this necessity more pronounced owing to the special role of stream ecosystems in providing regional services. Understanding how coupled effect of natural and anthropogenic factors controls stream water quality parameters and how the relationships change over space and time will help policy makers and resource managers to target appropriate scales at watershed level for the quality management of stream waters. This paper sums up the information on various natural and anthropocentric factors as major determinants responsible for conditioning and shaping stream water quality parameters and their simultaneous influence on biota and its use.
Bamboo, climate change and forest use: A critical combination for southwestern Amazonian forests?
Authors: Ferreira Evandro , Kalliola Risto , Ruokolainen Kalle
Published: December 2019

About 160 000 km2 of forests in the border zone between Brazil and Peru are dominated by semi-scandent bamboos (Guadua spp.). We argue that both predicted decreased precipitation during the dry season and widespread anthropogenic disturbances will significantly increase the distribution and biomass of bamboos in the area. Seasonal dryness favours the growth of evergreen bamboos in relation to trees that shed their leaves during the dry season. Disturbance can be beneficial for the bamboo because, as a clonal plant, it is often able to recover more rapidly than trees. It also withstands dry season better than many trees. The bamboo life cycle ends in a mass mortality event every 28 years, producing potential fuel for a forest fire. Presently, natural forest fires hardly exist in the area. However, in the projected future climate with more pronounced dry season and with increased fuel load after bamboo die-off events the forests may start to catch fire that has escaped from inhabited areas or even started naturally. Fires can kill trees, thus further increasing the fuel load of the forest. As a result, the landscape may start to convert to a savanna ecosystem.
A Systematic Review of the Effect of Retail Food Environment Interventions on Diet and Health with a Focus on the Enabling Role of Public Policies
Authors: Mah Catherine L. , Luongo Gabriella , Hasdell Rebecca , Taylor Nathan G. A. , Lo Brian K.
Published: December 2019

Purpose of Review

Update the state of evidence on the effectiveness of retail food environment interventions in influencing diet and explore the underlying role of public policy, through a systematic review of population-level interventions to promote health in the retail food environment, including community and consumer environments. Diet-related outcomes included purchasing, dietary intakes, diet quality, and health including weight. We coded studies for enabling public policy levers underpinning the intervention, using two widely used conceptual frameworks.

Recent Findings

Of 86 articles (1974–2018), the majority (58 articles, 67%) showed at least one positive effect on diet. Thirteen articles (15%) discussed natural experiments, 27 articles (31%) used a design involving comparison groups including 23 articles (27%) specifically describing randomized controlled trials, and 46 (53%) were quasi-experimental (cross-sectional) evaluations. Across the “4Ps” of marketing (product, promotion, placement, and price), promotion comprised the greatest proportion of intervention strategies, especially in earlier literature (pre-2008). Few studies combined geographic access interventions with 4P strategies, and few used robust dietary intake assessments. Behavior change communication remains an intervention mainstay, but recent work has also incorporated environmental and social planning, and fiscal strategies. More recent interventions were multi-component.

The retail food environment intervention literature continues to grow and has become more robust overall, with clearer evidence of the effect of interventions on diet-related outcomes, including consumer purchasing, dietary intakes, and health. There is still much scope for development in the field. Attention to enabling public policy could help to strengthen intervention implementation and evaluation in the retail food environment.
HIGH ORDER PARACONTROLLED CALCULUS
Authors: BAILLEUL ISMAËL , BERNICOT FRÉDÉRIC
Published: December 2019

We develop in this work a general version of paracontrolled calculus that allows to treat analytically within this paradigm a whole class of singular partial differential equations with the same efficiency as regularity structures. This work deals with the analytic side of the story and offers a toolkit for the study of such equations, under the form of a number of continuity results for some operators, while emphasizing the simple and systematic mechanics of computations within paracontrolled calculus, via the introduction of two model operations$\mathsf{E}$and $\mathsf{F}$. We illustrate the efficiency of this elementary approach on the example of the generalized parabolic Anderson model equation$$\begin{eqnarray}(\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{t}+L)u=f(u)\unicode[STIX]{x1D701},\end{eqnarray}$$on a 3-dimensional closed manifold, and the generalized KPZ equation$$\begin{eqnarray}(\unicode[STIX]{x2202}_{t}+L)u=f(u)\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}+g(u)(\unicode[STIX]{x2202}u)^{2},\end{eqnarray}$$driven by a$(1+1)$-dimensional space/time white noise.
Does the isomorphic implementation of the tqm philosophy effectively lead to the simultaneous attainment of legitimacy and efficiency targets?
Authors: Carmona-Márquez Francisco J. , Leal-Rodríguez Antonio L. , Leal-Millán Antonio G. , Vázquez-Sánchez Adolfo E.
Published: December 2019

Drawing on the new institutional theory and the resources based view of the firm (RBV), this study tries to shed light upon the idea that isomorphic organizational changes seek legitimacy over efficiency. Using data from 102 Spanish companies and employing partial least squares, a variance-based structural equation modeling technique, this study concludes that both objectives are achievable simultaneously when firms implement total quality management (TQM) as an integrative stream of both theories. Furthermore, empirical results reveal that: (i) institutional pressures (IP) condition significantly the implementation of TQM, (ii) TQM exerts a double mediating role in the IP-legitimacy and IP-efficiency relationships, and (iii) both efficiency and legitimacy objectives are achieved by means of TQM. However, we observe a dual phenomenon: (i) while we find a significant positive effect of TQM on overall performance (OP) via efficiency and (ii) we failed to find support for the TQM-OP link via legitimacy.
A double-edged sword: when does identity threat affect unethical behavior?
Authors: Zhou Jinyi , Dou Jifang , Wang Xiaoye (May)
Published: December 2019

Although individuals have different kinds of defensive strategies towards identity threat, the relationship between identity threat and unethical behavior is still unclear. In the current study, according to identity threat and self-affirmation theory, we propose and test the role of publicness of identity threat in determining whether identity threat will lead to unethical behavior. One online experiment with 197 participants (mixed design) and one laboratory experiment with 86 participants (between-subject design) are used to test our hypotheses. Our findings reveal that when individuals' identity threat is from the public sphere, it will increase their unethical behavior, but when such a threat is from the private sphere, it will reduce their unethical behavior. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
On supercritical nonlinear Schrödinger equations with ellipse-shaped potentials
Authors: Yang Jianfu , Yang Jinge
Published: December 2019

In this paper, we study the existence and concentration of normalized solutions to the supercritical nonlinear Schrödinger equation
\[ \left\{\begin{array}{@{}ll} -\Delta u + V(x) u = \mu_q u + a \vert u \vert ^q u & {\rm in}\ \mathbb{R}^2,\\ \int_{\mathbb{R}^2} \vert u \vert ^2\,{\rm d}x =1, & \end{array} \right.\]where μq is the Lagrange multiplier. For ellipse-shaped potentials V(x), we show that for q > 2 close to 2, the equation admits an excited solution uq, and furthermore, we study the limiting behaviour of uq when q → 2+. Particularly, we describe precisely the blow-up formation of the excited state uq.
Topographies of reception
Authors: Dale Leigh
Published: December 2019

This article is an intervention in debates about the reputation of Australian writers, with specific reference to the career of Thea Astley (and, as a ‘benchmark’, Randolph Stow). It argues that the terrain in which reputations are made and books are valued is complex and uneven, particularly when viewed from regional perspectives. The aim is to shift the focus in ‘reception’ from single fields, such as book sales, literary prizes, critical attention and international recognition, to show a more complex literary ecology within which authors might simultaneously ‘rise’ and ‘fall’ in different ways. The data supporting this claim come from a variety of sources, including newspaper databases, schools and libraries, although the article is ‘preliminary’ in the sense that it does not investigate the substance of the quantitative data compiled — for example, it does not consider in depth the reviews or kinds of stories that were carried in the press. The discussion of reputation aims to keep Astley’s oeuvre and style in view, in order to consider why and how Astley might be ‘neglected’ and how this neglect might be addressed.
The death of Australian literature in Thea Astley's 'Drylands'
Authors: Brayshaw Meg
Published: December 2019

This article reads Thea Astley’s final novel in the context of rhetoric about the death of Australian literature that has been a mainstay of our national culture almost since its inception. In the early 2000s, a new round of obituarists argued that the global publishing industry, critical trends and changing educational pedagogies were eroding Australia’s literary identity. Drylands, published in 1999, can be considered a slightly prescient participant in this conversation: it is subtitled A Book for the World’s Last Reader, seemingly framing the novel in a polemics of decline. My reading, however, sees the book as the product of two correlated yet combative literary projects: the attempt by its primary narrator, Janet Deakin, to write a book after what she sees as the likely death of reading and writing; and Astley’s more nuanced exploration of the role of literature in settler colonial modernity. Reading across the seven narratives that constitute the book, I argue that Drylands performs the fraught relationship between ethics and aesthetics in the context of writing about the systemic violence of the settler colonial state, questioning literary privilege, exclusivity and complicity in ways that remain relevant to debates regarding Australian literature today.
'To my brother'
Authors: Taylor Cheryl
Published: December 2019

Beginning as early as A Descant for Gossips (1960), gay men and gay love come and go in Thea Astley’s prose oeuvre. The responses that these characters and this topic invite shift with point of view and under the impact of varied themes. Astley’s treatment refuses to be contained, either by traditional Catholic doctrines about sex or by Australia’s delay in decriminalising homosexual acts. Driven by love for her gay older brother Philip, whose death from cancer corresponded with her final allusions to gay love in The Multiple Effects of Rainshadow (1996), Astley’s only constant message on this, as on other topics, is humans’ responsibility to treat each other with kindness. This essay draws on Karen Lamb’s biography and on writings and reminiscences by Philip Astley’s family and fellow Jesuits to reveal his significance as his sister sought to resolve through her fiction the conflict between an inculcated Catholic idolisation of purity and her own hard-won understanding and acceptance of gay men.
Karen Lamb, 'Thea Astley: Inventing Her Own Weather', Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 2015, 360 pp., ISBN 9 7807 0225 3560, A$34.95.
Authors: Doolan Emma
Published: December 2019

Karen Lamb, Thea Astley: Inventing Her Own Weather, Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 2015, 360 pp., ISBN 9 7807 0225 3560, A$34.95.
CHRONOscope: Application for the Interactive Visualization of Carbon-14 and Beryllium-10 Atmospheric data
Authors: Neocleous Andreas , Kuitems Margot , Scifo Andrea , Dee Michael
Published: December 2019

Information about the global climate, the carbon cycle, changes in solar activity, and a number of other atmospheric processes are preserved in the carbon-14 and the beryllium-10 records. However, these isotope datasets are large and cumbersome to work with. We have designed a self-contained, easy-to-use application that allows for more efficient analysis of different periods and patterns of interest. For several applications in atmospheric modelling, a pre-processing stage is applied to the isotope datasets in order to interpolate the data and mitigate their low temporal resolution. In CHRONOscope, we included linear and non-linear methods of interpolation with interactive parameter optimization. The resultant interpolated data can be extracted for further use. The main functionalities of CHRONOscope include the importation and superimposition of external data, quick navigation through the data with the use of markers, expression of the carbon-14 results in both Δ14C and yr BP form, separation of the data by source, and the visualization of associated error bars. We make this free software available in standalone applications for both Windows and Mac operating systems.
Biography as Geography
Authors: Feldhaus Anne
Published: December 2019

TheLīḷācaritra, the first literary text in Marathi, is a prose biography of Cakradhar compiled by his followers in the last quarter of the thirteenth century. The close attention to place in theLīḷācaritrais key to understanding not only this text from long ago and far away but also the attachment to particular places in other highly mobile worlds, including our own. TheLīḷācaritrafollows Cakradhar's ascetic peregrinations, as well as journeys made by the many people who came to see him or attempted to return to his presence (hissannidhān). The text's attention to the details of Cakradhar's daily life, including the places he visited, is motivated bybhakti(devotional love). In order to soothe the pain they felt at his absence, the community of Cakradhar's followers practiced remembrance of the things he had said and done, and made pilgrimages to the places where he had stayed.
On Alfvén wave propagation along a circle on dipolar coordinates
Authors: Campos L. M. B. C. , Silva M. J. S. , Moleiro F.
Published: December 2019

The multipolar representation of the magnetic field has, for the lowest-order term, a magnetic dipole that dominates the far field. Thus the far-field representation of the magnetic field of the Earth, Sun and other celestial bodies is a dipole. Since these bodies consist of or are surrounded by plasma, which can support Alfvén waves, their propagation along dipole magnetic field lines is considered using a new coordinate system: dipolar coordinates. The present paper introduces multipolar coordinates, which are an example of conformal coordinates; conformal coordinates are orthogonal with equal scale factors, and can be extended from the plane to space, for instance as cylindrical or spherical dipolar coordinates. The application considered is to Alfvén waves propagating along a circle, that is a magnetic field line of a dipole, with transverse velocity and magnetic field perturbations; the various forms of the wave equation are linear second-order differential equations, with variable coefficients, specified by a background magnetic field, which is force free. The absence of a background magnetic force leads to a mean state of hydrostatic equilibrium, specified by the balance of gravity against the pressure gradient, for a perfect gas or incompressible liquid. The wave equation is simplified to a Gaussian hypergeometric type in the case of zero frequency, otherwise, for non-zero frequency, an extended Gaussian hypergeometric equation is obtained. The solution of the latter specifies the magnetic field perturbation spectrum, and also, via a polarisation relation, the velocity perturbation spectrum; both are plotted, over half a circle, for three values of the dimensionless frequency.
The Orientation of the Teaching of the Paraclete in the Gospel of John: Retrospective or Prospective?
Authors: Tops Thomas
Published: December 2019

Past scholarly literature has interpreted the orientation of the teaching of the Paraclete in the Fourth Gospel as either retrospective or prospective. First, I will argue that it is prospective, but that this does not imply that the Paraclete teaches things that have not yet been taught by Jesus. The Gospel text challenges us to conceive the teaching of the Paraclete as prospective, but also as repeating Jesus’ teaching. A synthesis of the retrospective and prospective interpretation is thus required. Second, I will argue that this paradoxical synthesis can be obtained on the basis of Kierkegaard's category of repetition.
Evaluating Part V of the German version of the Token Test as a screening of specific language impairment in preschoolers
Authors: Schmoeger Michaela , Deckert Matthias , Eisenwort Brigitte , Loader Benjamin , Hofmair Annemarie , Auff Eduard , Willinger Ulrike
Published: December 2019

Specific language impairment (SLI) is a very common childhood disorder that is characterized by impairments in expressive and/or receptive language regarding different modalities. Part V of the German version of the Token Test was evaluated as a potential screening tool for the early detection of SLI. Forty-five male and 16 female monolingual native German-speaking preschoolers with SLI (4–6 years) and 61 age- and gender-matched typically developing controls were examined with a German version of the Token Test and an established intelligence measure. Token Test performance was significantly worse in preschoolers with SLI including greater group differences at age 4 than at ages 5 and 6. Analyses showed a detection rate of 77% for Part V of the Token Test in the whole sample as well as 85.1% at age 4, 80.6% at age 5, and a nonsignificant detection at age 6. Correctly detected preschoolers with SLI showed significantly worse performance than typically developing controls regarding nonverbal and verbal intelligence, numeracy, problem solving, working memory, visual attention, and memory. Children with SLI show worse Token Test performance, whereas at ages 4 and 5, Part V of the Token Test could potentially serve as a screening tool for the detection of SLI.
Reattached: emerging relationships and subjectivities when engaging frail older people as volunteer language teachers in Denmark
Authors: Fournier Nanette Bjerring , Lassen Aske Juul
Published: December 2019

As a response to an ageing population, and to benefit from senior citizens’ resources and improve their quality of life, European countries are increasingly engaging older volunteers in the old-age sector and care environments. Older Danes’ participation in volunteer work is high; however, nursing home residents and home care recipients are typically not part of these initiatives as volunteers, but as the receivers of volunteer care. We investigate an initiative that engages frail older people as volunteer language teachers for foreigners learning Danish in an endeavour to utilise their resources as volunteers and to engage the language teachers socially. Through participant observations and semi-structured interviews with older volunteers, Danish-language students and care personnel, we explore what constitutes good social relationships in this specific initiative, how these relationships are created and the kind of subject that appears through Elderlearn. We are inspired by the sociology of attachment as we describe how frail older people emerge as engaged subjects by becoming reattached to their life histories, interests, abilities and relational skills. In this regard, good social relationships surpass the immediate volunteer–recipient bond and create a ‘blurry volunteering’ with less distinct divisions of who gives and who receives. This generates constructive relationships created through interlinguistic competences, international consciousness, and use of materials, objects and the local community. We argue that this arrangement reattaches the language teachers to their life histories, thereby enabling the emergence of a different kind of international and engaged old-age subjectivity.
Mediterranean households, British colonial statistics and Greek insular landscapes: insights from nineteenth-century Antikythera
Authors: Bevan Andrew , Hassett Brenna Ryan
Published: December 2019

This article addresses a 250-year episode of human colonisation, community growth and subsequent decline on the small Greek island of Antikythera (ad 1770 to present), focusing on rich documentary sources from four decades of British rule in the early nineteenth century. In particular, a series of nominal censuses and accompanying agricultural statistics can be combined with intensive landscape archaeological survey evidence to explore evidence for changing nineteenth-century households, household economies, and how these are manifest across an entire physical landscape. We also contextualise this well-recorded, most recent historical episode within the island's deeper population history stretching back at least seven millennia.
Predicting influenza-like illness-related emergency department visits by modelling spatio-temporal syndromic surveillance data
Authors: Martin L. J. , Dong H. , Liu Q. , Talbot J. , Qiu W. , Yasui Y.
Published: December 2019

Predicting the magnitude of the annual seasonal peak in influenza-like illness (ILI)-related emergency department (ED) visit volumes can inform the decision to open influenza care clinics (ICCs), which can mitigate pressure at the ED. Using ILI-related ED visit data from the Alberta Real Time Syndromic Surveillance Net for Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, we developed (training data, 1 August 2004–31 July 2008) and tested (testing data, 1 August 2008–19 February 2014) spatio-temporal statistical prediction models of daily ILI-related ED visits to estimate high visit volumes 3 days in advance. Our Main Model, based on a generalised linear mixed model with random intercept, incorporated prediction residuals over 14 days and captured increases in observed volume ahead of peaks. During seasonal influenza periods, our Main Model predicted volumes within ±30% of observed volumes for 67%–82% of high-volume days and within 0.3%–21% of observed seasonal peak volumes. Model predictions were not as successful during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Our model can provide early warning of increases in ILI-related ED visit volumes during seasonal influenza periods of differing intensities. These predictions may be used to support public health decisions, such as if and when to open ICCs, during seasonal influenza epidemics.
Protein profile of the ovarian follicular fluid of brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira; Fisher, 1814)
Authors: Souza Thaís T.S. , Bezerra Maria J.B. , van Tilburg Maurício F. , Nagano Celso S. , Rola Luciana D. , Duarte José M.B. , Melo Luciana M. , Moura Arlindo A. , Freitas Vicente J.F.
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study was to characterize the protein profile of ovarian follicular fluid (FF) of brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira). Five adult females received an ovarian stimulation treatment and the FF was collected by laparoscopy from small/medium (≤3.5 mm) and large (>3.5 mm) follicles. Concentrations of soluble proteins in FF samples were measured and proteins were analyzed by 1-D SDS-PAGE followed by tryptic digestion and tandem mass spectrometry. Data from protein list defined after a Mascot database search were analyzed using the STRAP software tool. For the protein concentration, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between small/medium and large follicles: 49.2 ± 22.8 and 56.7 ± 27.4 μg/μl, respectively. Mass spectrometry analysis identified 13 major proteins, but with no significant difference (P > 0.05) between follicle size class. This study provides insight into elucidating folliculogenesis in brown brocket deer.
Multiple resistance to PPO and ALS inhibitors in redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroﬂexus)
Authors: Wang Hao , Wang Hengzhi , Zhao Ning , Zhu Baolin , Sun Penglei , Liu Weitang , Wang Jinxin
Published: December 2019

A redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroﬂexus L.) population (HN-02) collected from Nenjiang County, Heilongjiang Province, exhibited multiple resistance to fomesafen and nicosulfuron. The purposes of this study were to characterize the herbicide resistance status of an HN-02 population for both acetolactate synthase (ALS) and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors and the response to other herbicides and to investigate the target site-based mechanism governing fomesafen and nicosulfuron resistance. Three mutations, Ala-205-Val and Trp-574-Leu mutations in the ALS gene and an Arg-128-Gly mutation in the PPX2 gene, were identified in individual resistant plants. An HN-02F1-1 subpopulation homozygous for the Ala-205-Val and Arg-128-Gly mutations was generated, and whole-plant experiments confirmed multiple resistance to PPO inhibitors (fomesafen, fluoroglycofen-ethyl, and acifluorfen) and ALS inhibitors (imidazolinones [IMI], sulfonylureas [SU], and triazolopyrimidines [TP]) in the HN-02F1-1 plants, which presented resistance index values ranging from 8.3 to 110; however, these plants were sensitive to flumioxazin, fluroxypyr-meptyl, and 2,4-D butylate. In vitro ALS enzyme activity assays revealed that, compared with ALS from susceptible plants, ALS from the HN-02F1-1 plants was 15-, 28- and 320-fold resistant to flumetsulam, nicosulfuron, and imazethapyr, respectively. This study confirms the first case of multiple resistance to PPO and ALS inhibitors in A. retroﬂexus and determines that the target-site resistance mechanism was produced by Ala-205-Val and Arg-128-Gly mutations in the ALS gene and PPX2 gene, respectively. In particular, the Ala-205-Val mutation was found to endow resistance to three classes of ALS inhibitors: TP, SU, and IMI.
Creating Spaces for Geoscientists with Disabilities to Thrive
Authors: Marshall Anita , Thatcher Sean
Published: December 2019

Flexible fieldwork options and more thoughtful recruitment efforts will better open our community to the diverse talent it needs.
Antarctic Ice Cores Offer a Whiff of Earth’s Ancient Atmosphere
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: December 2019

Bubbles of greenhouse gases trapped in ice shed new light on an important climate transition that occurred about a million years ago.
Application of the AR‐z Spectrum to Polar Motion: A Possible First Detection of the Inner Core Wobble and Its Implications for the Density of Earth's Core
Authors: Ding Hao , Pan YuanJin , Xu Xin Yu , Shen Wenbin , Li Mengkui
Published: December 2019

The density jump at the inner core boundary of the Earth is poorly constrained by seismic data. One sensitive measure of the jump is the eigenperiod of the inner core wobble (ICW). Although theoretical studies on the ICW have been ongoing for decades, no observed ICW signal has been reported. To increase the detection level, here we use a recently proposed AR‐z method to analyze the 1960–2017 polar motion time series. We finally identify a +8.7 ± 0.2 year prograde motion with an ~2.67 ± 0.04 milliarcsecond amplitude. After confirming that this signal is almost a stationary oscillation and that atmospheric/oceanic/hydrological effects cannot seem to excite this signal, we carefully suggest that this ~8.7 year signal is possibly the ICW. According to this suggestion, we reconstruct a new 1‐D density model with a 507 ± 15 kg/m3 inner core boundary density jump. This new model can also provide a better fit than Preliminary Reference Earth model to the seismic overtone 2S1.
Impacts of Extratropical Weather Perturbations on Tropical Cyclone Activity: Idealized Sensitivity Experiments With a Regional Atmospheric Model
Authors: Zhang Gan , Knutson Thomas R. , Garner Stephen T.
Published: December 2019

Key Points

Artificial suppression of extratropical weather perturbations along 45°N elevates hurricane activity at 30–40°N in idealized experiments

The response is related to reduced equatorward mixing of extratropical dry air, which could occur to some degree in altered climate states

The experimental results suggest mechanisms through which extratropical atmospheric variability could affect tropical cyclogenesis
Production and Preservation of Sulfide Layering in Mercury's Mantle
Authors: Boukaré C.‐E. , Parman S. W. , Parmentier E. M. , Anzures B. A.
Published: December 2019

A striking feature of Mercury's volcanic surface is its high S and low FeO contents, which is thought to be produced by very reducing conditions compared to other terrestrial bodies. Experiments show that S solubility in silicate melts increases to % wt levels for oxygen fugacities lower than three log units below the iron‐wustite (IW) buffer. During magma ocean solidification, large amounts of sulfide could potentially precipitate. This work investigates the effects of primordial sulfide layering on the first 750 Myr of Mercury's mantle dynamics. It is proposed that sulfide layering could have been produced by fractional solidification in the highly reduced Mercury magma ocean (MMO). Such chemical layering implies mantle sources with variable sulfur contents that might have played an important role in early Mercurian magmatism. Our models investigate the production of sulfide‐rich layers and their preservation during post‐MO solid‐state mantle dynamics. An intriguing question is the role of these sulfide‐rich layers on mantle dynamics as they are expected to incorporate a substantial amount of heat‐producing elements (U, Th, and K). We use experimentally determined sulfur solubility in silicate melts to predict the depth at which sulfides precipitate in the MMO. The model produces primordial sulfide layers whose thickness and locations depend upon the oxygen fugacity (fO2) and initial sulfur content (Sinit) of the MMO. Several geodynamic regimes have been identified in the fO2‐Sinit space. This study shows that oxygen fugacity, bulk sulfur content, and sulfide segregation are key for the early thermochemical evolution of Mercury.
Recipes for How to Force Oceanic Model Dynamics
Authors: Renault Lionel , Masson S. , Arsouze T. , Madec Gurvan , McWilliams James C.
Published: December 2019

The current feedback to the atmosphere (CFB) contributes to the oceanic circulation by damping eddies. In an ocean‐atmosphere coupled model, CFB can be correctly accounted for by using the wind relative to the oceanic current. However, its implementation in a forced oceanic model is less straightforward as CFB also enhances the 10‐m wind. Wind products based on observations have seen real currents that will not necessarily correspond to model currents, whereas meteorological reanalyses often neglect surface currents or use surface currents that, again, will differ from the surface currents of the forced oceanic simulation. In this study, we use a set of quasi‐global oceanic simulations, coupled or not with the atmosphere, to (i) quantify the error associated with the different existing strategies of forcing an oceanic model, (ii) test different parameterizations of the CFB, and (iii) propose the best strategy to account for CFB in forced oceanic simulation. We show that scatterometer wind or stress are not suitable to properly represent the CFB in forced oceanic simulation. We furthermore demonstrate that a parameterization of CFB based on a wind‐predicted coupling coefficient between the surface current and the stress allows us to reproduce the main characteristics of a coupled simulation. Such a parameterization can be used with any forcing set, including future coupled reanalyses, assuming that the associated oceanic surface currents are known. A further assessment of the thermal feedback of the surface wind in response to oceanic surface temperature gradients shows a weak forcing effect on oceanic currents.
One-year clinical outcomes following theta burst stimulation for post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Petrosino Nicholas J. , Wout-Frank Mascha van ’t , Aiken Emily , Swearingen Hannah R. , Barredo Jennifer , Zandvakili Amin , Philip Noah S.
Published: December 2019

Theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (TBS) is a potential new treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We previously reported active intermittent TBS (iTBS) was associated with superior clinical outcomes for up to 1-month, in a sample of fifty veterans with PTSD, using a crossover design. In that study, participants randomized to the active group received a total of 4-weeks of active iTBS, or 2-weeks if randomized to sham. Results were superior with greater exposure to active iTBS, which raised the question of whether observed effects persisted over the longer-term. This study reviewed naturalistic outcomes up to 1-year from study endpoint, to test the hypothesis that greater exposure to active iTBS would be associated with superior outcomes. The primary outcome measure was clinical relapse, defined as any serious adverse event (e.g., suicide, psychiatric hospitalization, etc.,) or need for retreatment with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Forty-six (92%) of the initial study’s intent-to-treat participants were included. Mean age was 51.0 ± 12.3 years and seven (15.2%) were female. The group originally randomized to active iTBS (4-weeks active iTBS) demonstrated superior outcomes at one year compared to those originally randomized to sham (2-weeks active iTBS); log-rank ChiSq = 5.871, df = 1, p = 0.015; OR = 3.50, 95% CI = 1.04–11.79. Mean days to relapse were 296.0 ± 22.1 in the 4-week group, and 182.0 ± 31.9 in the 2-week group. When used, rTMS retreatment was generally effective. Exploratory neuroimaging revealed default mode network connectivity was predictive of 1-year outcomes (corrected p < 0.05). In summary, greater accumulated exposure to active iTBS demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements in the year following stimulation, and default mode connectivity could be used to predict longer-term outcomes.
Minimal fermentative metabolism fuels extracellular symbiont in a leaf beetle
Authors: Bauer Eugen , Kaltenpoth Martin , Salem Hassan
Published: December 2019

While genome erosion is extensively studied in intracellular symbionts, the metabolic implications of reductive evolution in microbes subsisting extracellularly remain poorly understood. Stammera capleta—an extracellular symbiont in leaf beetles—possesses an extremely reduced genome (0.27 Mb), enabling the study of drastic reductive evolution in the absence of intracellularity. Here, we outline the genomic and transcriptomic profiles of Stammera and its host to elucidate host-symbiont metabolic interactions. Given the symbiont’s substantial demands for nutrients and membrane components, the host’s symbiotic organ shows repurposing of internal resources by upregulating nutrient transporters and cuticle-processing genes targeting epithelial chitin. Facilitated by this supplementation and its localization, Stammera exhibits a highly streamlined gene expression profile and a fermentation pathway for energy conversion, sharply contrasting the respiratory metabolism retained by most intracellular symbionts. Our results provide insights into a tightly regulated and metabolically integrated extracellular symbiosis, expanding our understanding of the minimal metabolism required to sustain life outside of a host cell.