bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Involvement of TRPV4 in temperature-dependent perspiration in mice
Authors: Kashio Makiko , Derouiche Sandra , Yoshimoto Reko U. , Sano Kenji , Lei Jing , Kido Mizuho A. , Tominaga Makoto
Published: January 2024

Reports indicate that an interaction between TRPV4 and anoctamin 1 could be widely involved in water efflux of exocrine glands, suggesting that the interaction could play a role in perspiration. In secretory cells of sweat glands present in mouse foot pads, TRPV4 clearly colocalized with cytokeratin 8, anoctamin 1 (ANO1) and aquaporin-5 (AQP5). Mouse sweat glands showed TRPV4-dependent cytosolic Ca
2+
increases that was inhibited by menthol. Acetylcholine-stimulated sweating in foot pads was temperature-dependent in wild-type, but not TRPV4-deficient mice, and was inhibited by menthol. Sweating could be important for maintaining friction forces in mouse foot pads, and this possibility is supported by the finding that wild-type mice climbed up a slippery slope more easily than TRPV4-deleted mice. Furthermore, TRPV4 expression was significantly higher in controls and normohidrotic skin from patients with AIGA (acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis) compared to anhidrotic skin from patients with AIGA. Collectively, TRPV4 is likely involved in temperature-dependent perspiration via interactions with anoctamin 1, and TRPV4 itself or the TRPV4 and anoctamin 1 complex would be targets to develop agents that regulate perspiration.
The expression and clinical significance of serine hydroxymethyltransferase2 in gastric cancer
Authors: Shan Yiming , Liu Dongdong , Li Yingze , Wu Chu , Ye Yanwei
Published: January 2024

Background

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumours in the digestive system. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2) is one of the key enzymes associated with serine metabolism. However, the prognostic role of SHMT2 in GC carcinogenesis has yet to be studied.

Methods

The expression of SHMT2 in human tumors and normal tissues was detected by the Assistant for Clinical Bioinformatics and Immunohistochemistry (IHC). The relationship of the expression of SHMT2 with clinical characteristics and survival data was analysed by the chi-square test, survival analysis and online databases. Finally, the correlation between SHMT2 expression and associated signalling channels, and molecules was analysed by online databases.

Results

SHMT2 was strongly expressed in numerous human cancers. The expression rate of SHMT2 was 56.44% in GC (P = 0.018). The survival analysis indicated that patients with high expression of SHMT2 had the worse overall survival (OS; log-rank P = 0.007). The expression of SHMT2 was correlated with tumour size (P = 0.034) and, TNM stage (P = 0.042). In particular, SHMT2, vessel invasion and M stage were independent factors for OS in GC (P = 0.044, P < 0.001, P < 0.001). The SHMT2 gene was substantially correlated with cell signalling pathways.

Conclusions

SHMT2 is highly expressed in GC and is associated with a poor prognosis. The exploration of its mechanism may be related to tumour proliferation, DNA repair and replication. SHMT2 is an independent prognostic risk factor and a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of GC.
Lineamientos para la difusión y formación continua en el ámbito de la Ciencia Abierta
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Published: January 2024

La Pontificia Universidad Católica, a través de su lineamiento de difusión, estará orientada a reforzar la labor y el compromiso público que tiene la institución, y su vinculación con el medio, a través de una política comunicacional de Ciencia Abierta que esté orientada a divulgar y promover la información y datos de investigaciones -sobre todo aquellas que son financiadas con recursos públicos- que se producen en la UC, así como contribuir a la generación de una cultura de la Ciencia Abierta, tanto dentro como fuera de la Universidad.
S.T.O.N.E Score versus Guy’s Stone Score in the Prediction of Stone Clearance in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Peter John , Bhat Suresh , Paul Fredrick
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has become the standard of care for large renal calculi. The aim of the surgery is to achieve maximum stone clearance with minimal postoperative complications. Various scoring systems have been described to predict both of these outcomes. S.T.O.N.E. Score and Guy's Stone Score (GSS) are two of the most widely used scoring systems. S.T.O.N.E. Score comprises of Size of the stone, Tract length, degree of Obstruction of the urinary system, Number of stones, and Essence. Aim: To compare the predictive power for stone clearance and postoperative complications of the two scoring systems, namely S.T.O.N.E. Score and GSS. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Genitourinary Surgery at Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India from March 2019 to August 2020. All patients above 18 years undergoing PCNL were included. A total of 122 patients were studied by calculating the preoperative S.T.O.N.E. Score and GSS and comparing them with post-PCNL stone clearance and complications. The association of both S.T.O.N.E. Score and GSS with stone clearance was estimated by plotting the Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) curve using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20, International Business Machines (IBM) SPSS Statistics windows, version 20.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 49.8±12.47 years. A total of 76 males and 46 females were included in the present study. The mean S.T.O.N.E. Score among the study subjects was 7.12±1.57, and the mean GSS was 2.09±0.48. Complete stone clearance was achieved in 96 (78.7%) patients. A total of 22 (18%) patients had postoperative complications. Both scores had a significant association with stone clearance (p<0.001 for both) and postoperative complications (p-value for S.T.O.N.E. Score was 0.019 and GSS was 0.007). Conclusion: Both the S.T.O.N.E. Score and GSS can predict post-PCNL stone clearance and complications with comparable efficacy
Estimation of Serum Adenosine Deaminase Levels as a Marker for Risk Assessment and Immunomodulation in Patients with Diabetic Foot
Authors: Deepa K , Shwetha MS , . Sudhir , Shree Divya , Mano P , Jayaram Shubha , Goud Manjunatha
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Diabetic foot ulcers are critical complications of uncontrolled diabetes, with peripheral neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease, and immune suppression as primary contributing factors. Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), an enzyme, has been identified as a promising marker for cell-mediated immunity. Its estimation may serve as a predictive marker for immunomodulation, which, in turn, leads to complications among individuals with diabetes. Aim: To estimate serum ADA levels in diabetic patients without diabetic foot and diabetic patients with diabetic foot. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the association of ADA serum levels with glucose, Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c), and the severity of wounds. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the central laboratory Department of Biochemistry at Krishna Rajendra Hospital (KR Hospital), Mysuru Medical College and Research Institute, Mysuru, India, from August to September 2021. The study included diabetic foot cases (n=45) and Type 2 diabetes patients on regular follow-up in the Department of Medicine without diabetic foot and any other complications (n=45). Venous blood samples were analysed for ADA, glucose, HbA1c, and complete blood count. The data were statistically analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Spearman rank correlation test. Results: The present study observed a higher incidence of diabetic foot among males. It showed a statistically significant increase in serum ADA, HbA1C, and neutrophil count in patients with diabetic foot compared to patients with diabetes without diabetic foot ulcers, with mean Standard Deviation (SD) of 71.79±25.11, 11.53±3.11%, and 75.91±9.77%, respectively. Serum ADA exhibited a positive correlation with HbA1C and different grades of ulcers. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated a significantly increased serum ADA in diabetic ulcers and a positive correlation with different grades of ulcers. This finding contributes to a better understanding of the disease's pathogenesis at different stages. Furthermore, the positive correlation between ADA and HbA1C levels may play an important role in predicting the glycaemic and immunological status of these patients
Knowledge, Attitude and Barriers to Dental Treatment of Mothers Regarding Early Childhood Caries: A Cross-sectional Survey from Taif Province, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alzahrani Fatam Salem
Published: January 2024

Introduction: “Early Childhood Caries (ECC), also called ‘baby bottle tooth decay’ or ‘early childhood tooth decay,’ significantly affects infants and children aged six or younger, causing cavities and with lasting impacts on oral health and overall well-being. Its global prevalence concerns healthcare professionals and policymakers due to its multifactorial nature, influenced by diet, oral hygiene, socio-economic factors, and maternal awareness. Mothers, as primary caregivers during early childhood, play a crucial role in ECC prevention and early intervention. Aim: This study examines mothers’ knowledge and attitude regarding ECC and risk factors associated with children’s dental health, to determine difficulties in dental therapy in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: Using a cross-sectional survey design in the province of Taif, Saudi Arabia, a random sample of 288 mothers of healthy children aged three to seven years were surveyed. A structured questionnaire containing 26 close ended questions was used to gather information regarding the socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitude of the mothers regarding ECC, as well as barriers to dental care. The questionnaire was originally drafted in English and then translated into Arabic by a professional translator. Using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, an analysis and a representation of data was performed. Results: More than half of the mothers 57.63% (n=166) understood the relation between poor dental health and hygiene and a child’s ability to learn, and 20.13% (n=58) didn’t know if poor dental health can impair a child’s ability to learn (p=0.02). The notion that a visit to the dentist should begin within six months of the appearance of milk teeth was agreed with by 55.55% (n=160) of the mothers, while 28.81% (n=83) of them didn’t know the proper time for a child’s first visit to the dentist (p=0.03). Only 22.22% of the mothers didn’t know what the nearest dental center to them was. Conclusion: The present study revealed that mothers did have awareness of different aspects of oral health and dental caries, several mothers exhibited unfavorable attitudes toward oral health practices, which could set a negative example for their children.
Change in Health-seeking Behaviour among Elderly during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Rural Areas of Central Kerala: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Mathews Nimila Elsa , Thomas Ebin , Datta Sumit
Published: January 2024

Introduction: The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on the elderly population, leading to both fatalities from the virus and delayed treatment of acute emergencies. Additionally, many elderly individuals have demonstrated poor health-seeking behaviour in managing chronic conditions. Reasons for this include fear, access barriers, and strain on healthcare resources and personnel. Aim: To evaluate the change in health-seeking behaviour among the elderly in rural areas of central Kerala during the pandemic and identify the associated factors. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the rural field-practice areas of the Department of Community Medicine at a tertiary care Medical College in Kerala, India from May 2021 to August 2021. A total of 252 elderly individuals aged 60 years and above were interviewed using a structured pretested questionnaire. Socio-demographic details and responses on health-seeking behaviour during the pandemic were documented. Data were summarised using frequencies and percentages for categorical variables or mean and standard deviation for continuous variables. Associations were tested using the Chi-square test. Results: The study revealed that 83.73% (211 out of 252) of the elderly participants had Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs), with hypertension in 130 (51.59%) and diabetes in 90 (35.71%) being the most prevalent. A significant change in the preference for healthcare facilities was noted (p<0.001), with a decline in appropriate health-seeking behaviour by 16.16%. Moreover, 9.13% (23 participants) resorted to self-treatment at home, and 49.21% (124 participants) opted for traditional remedies to boost their immunity. The type of family was significantly associated with the decline in health-seeking behaviour (p<0.05). Of the 16 participants who indicated a lapse in their regular follow-up since the onset of the pandemic, the primary reasons for missing appointments were fear of contracting COVID-19 in 14 cases (87.50%), lockdown restrictions in six cases (37.50%), and transportation challenges in three cases (18.75%). Conclusion: The study revealed a high prevalence of chronic diseases like hypertension, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) among the elderly. There was a decline in health-seeking behaviour by 16.16% among the elderly with chronic diseases due to various challenges posed by the pandemic. Implementing strategies such as utilising social media, promoting telemedicine, and adopting a comprehensive technological approach is crucial to enhance healthcare accessibility for elderly populations in rural areas.
Exploring the Impact of Influencer Marketing on Brand Equity: A Mediation Analysis Involving Brand Awareness and Customer Brand Engagement
Authors: Dewi Salsabella Rahma , Hidayat Anas
Published: January 2024

This research aims to examine the influence of influencer marketing on overall brand equity, which is mediated by Brand Awareness and customer brand engagement. In this research, the population used is Indonesian people who are familiar with tourism. In this condition, people have visited or are visiting tourist destinations. The number of samples taken was 290 respondents. This research data was obtained using an online survey questionnaire via Google Form with a measurement scale using a 5-point Likert scale. This research is descriptive research using quantitative methods. The analysis tool used is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), with data analysis techniques using the Smart-PLS version 3.0 application. All the hypotheses proposed in this study have a positive and significant impact. The research findings confirm the mediating role of variables such as brand awareness and customer brand engagement in the relationship between influencer marketing and overall brand equity. In this context, influencer marketing can influence overall brand equity both directly and through mediator variables. The results of this study are expected to serve as an alternative solution for stakeholders in the tourism industry to formulate marketing strategies in the digital era.
Evaluation of Growth Parameters in Post Larvae Catfish in Relation to Feed Types
Authors: Fidelis Anigboro Okpako , Bemigho Ikomi, Robert , Isioma Iloba, Kate , Michael Matthew Chukwuma
Published: January 2024

The aim of this research is to evaluate growth parameters in post larvae catfish in relation to feed types. This study will analyze the trend for length of Claria gariepinus fed on commercial feed, maggot and zooplankton; analyze the trend of weight of Claria gariepinus fed on commercial feed, maggot and zooplankton; analyze the relationship between length and weight and; make forecasts for the length and weight of the fish fed on the specified feed types. Artificial reproduction of African Catfish (C geriepinus) was carried out using the hypophysation technique. Brood stocks were selected from centrally located parent stock holding ponds. Males and females were conditioned in separate ponds. The brood stocks were fed with 20% crude protein formulated feed, acclimatized for three weeks, then transferred into the hatchery holding tanks between 240 Celsius and 270 Celsius to stimulate ovulation after injecting the females with 0.5ml of ovalin. Fertilized eggs were incubated in continuous flow of water until hatching was completed. A commercial starter feed consisting of 8% ash, 6% fiber, 12% NFE, 1.5% calcium, 1.6% sodium, 1.5% phosphorous and sufficient amount of essential vitamins was administered to the larvae. Larvae were randomly distributed into 45 plastic tanks in a flow-through system at a density of 500 fish per tank. Fifteen fries were randomly selected from each holding tank and measurements on weight and length collected daily. Time series analysis and regression analysis were applied in the study. It was found that the length and weight of post larvae fed on mixed zooplankton was consistently lower than the other treatments. The length and weight of the fish fed on the three feed types were successfully modeled and forecasts made for future five periods while the relationship between length and weight was found to be significant on a linear regression model. This certainly adds value as the weight of post larvae catfish is measure with less difficulty and without causing injury or stress to the fish than measurement of length.
Tillage and Crop Residue Effects on Soil Carbon and Moisture for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Productivity in Semiarid Regions of Tigray, Ethiopia
Authors: Abrha Hailemariam , Abraha Berhe
Published: January 2024

Soil tillage is one of the basic agriculture operations. However, the appropriate tillage type, tillage time, and tillage frequency for effective moisture harvesting and sustainable soil fertility were not investigated for Tigray. A field experiment was conducted during 2016 to 2018 in Enderta district. It was done with the objective of evaluating the effect of different tillage practices on wheat productivity. The treatments were (I) permanent bed+ crop residue,(II) three times tillage with furrow, (III) two times tillage with furrow, and (IV) farmer’s practice tillage. A randomized complete block design with three replications was set up. Measurement of soil moisture content was conducted using the gravimetric method. Agronomic parameters were collected and analyzed using GenStat. Marginal rate of return was also estimated from the total revenue and total variable cost. Positive effect was found on soil fertility, soil moisture content, and grain yield due to the tillage practice and crop residue. Permanent bed+ crop residues and three tillage furrow increased soil moisture content, organic carbon, and total nitrogen, as well as the yield and yield components at the second and third year of experimentation. The highest grain yield 2952 kg ha-1 and biomass yield 8582 kg ha-1 were recorded at the three tillage furrow in the third year of experimentation. The 59,056 ETB was the highest net revenue recorded at three times tillage with furrows. From this result, it can be concluded that without adding any additional input instead of changing agricultural operation techniques, the economic benefit of farmers’ could be improved by 48%. Therefore, three tillage practices with furrow is the most economically feasible technology for farmers to increase wheat productivity in the semiarid area of Enderta district.
A Review on Weed Management Techniques
Authors: Raj Janak , Kumar Pradeep , Jat Sarita , Yadav Anuradha
Published: January 2024

Weeds in the crop field were found to be a major concern. Weeds engage in competition with the primary crop for essential resources such as nutrients, water, space, and sunlight. Utilizing the nutrients that are given to the primary crop, weeds can occasionally completely overtake it. Some weeds are extremely poisonous and dangerous to both people and animals. Herbicide use to manage weeds clearly shows that it has a adverse effect on the ecosystem, water quality, and soil quality. Studies conducted in the field of weeds clearly show this. Furthermore, weeds become resistant to a herbicide when it is used consistently. Numerous techniques, such as mechanical, cultural, chemical, and biological ones, can be used to control weeds. But the application of several herbicides in chemical. control is now so pervasive. Chemical fertilizers should not be used excessively as this lower’s environmental quality and damages soil health. As a result, a brand-new strategy known as Integrated Weed Management (IWM) was developed, in which all existing strategies are combined to cut down on the use of herbicides alone.
Inverted: A Screenplay Exploring Social Anxiety Disorder in Association with Online Dating Applications
Authors: Winoto Ivonia , Basuki Ribut
Published: January 2024

Online dating applications are one of the results of the advancement of technology and communication in the digital culture. The use of online dating applications, however, is bringing negative effects such as Social Anxiety Disorder or SAD to the users. SAD is known as a mental health problem that is marked by a persistent fear of being humiliated by others. One of the psychological effects of SAD is developing avoidance behavior which is marked by avoiding any social situations. This screenplay aims to explore how online dating applications may cause SAD, and how SAD will affect a person’s mental health condition to the extent that it will influence their relationship with others. This work is using Social Anxiety Disorder theory to analyze the link of the cause and effect of SAD with the dating applications. In results, this screenplay presents a link between SAD and online dating applications as there is trauma of rejection for the users which triggers the appearance of SAD. Also, the development of avoidance behavior is shown when a person with SAD avoids the feared situations completely.
A Journey to the North Cave and Other Stories: Creating Children’s Picture Books Portraying Bullying towards Children and its Coping Mechanisms to Handle it
Authors: Liestanto Ivana Meyi
Published: January 2024

This paper presents five children’s picture book stories designed for children aged six to eight to discuss the bullying issue in children, particularly highlighting how the act of bullying happens to children as well as how they deal with the issue. Dorte Marie Søndergaard‘s Process of Bullying in Children and Lazarus and Folkman’s Problem-Focused Coping are used as the theoretical framework. From the first to the fifth story, the main characters–Kim, Ruby, Fillo, Lora, Roo–have either different appearances or behaviors that elicit the bullies to point out their differences and bring them into their conversation which later turns into more serious bullying, such as blatant verbal or physical bullying. To successfully overcome this problem, each of the main characters will use one of a few coping mechanisms which are divided into confrontative coping, planful-problem solving, and social-seeking support.
Fault Prediction Using Fuzzy Convolution Neural Network on IOT Environment with Heterogeneous Sensing Data Fusion
Authors: S. Gokul , G.E. Madhorubagan , M. Sasipriya
Published: January 2024

Because of the developing worldwide familiarity with natural issues, the expansion of sun-based power plants has turned into an unmistakable element of the energy scene. Nonetheless, keeping up with these sunlights-based offices, especially with regards to recognizing breaking down photovoltaic (PV) cells inside huge scope or far off establishments, presents critical difficulties. The focal goal of our exploration project is to resolve this issue by empowering the convenient identification of flaws in PV cells, consequently possibly saving significant time, exertion, and upkeep costs, especially as for the pivoting gear ordinarily utilized in sun-based power plants. I have developed a non-contact vibration pickup system that makes it possible to collect vibration data from PV cells operating at various speeds and loads without having to physically connect them to machine tools. In addition, I rank and select the most relevant features for accurate fault detection using the Sequential Floating Forward Selection (SFFS) method and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce the extracted features dimensionality. This thorough methodology offers a promising answer for improve the effectiveness and dependability of sun-oriented power plant upkeep while adding to the more extensive objectives of supportable energy creation and natural safeguarding.
Teacher Attitudes and Perceptions of Inclusive Education: A Case of Ghana
Authors: Chitiyo Jonathan , Brobbey Gordon , Asare Kwame Bediako
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this study is to examine the knowledge and perceptions of 145 teachers from three regions in Ghana regarding inclusive education. The results show that the teachers have moderate knowledge of inclusive education practices and processes. Additionally, slight moderate positive relationships were found between participants’ level of training in inclusive education and their knowledge of inclusive education. From the findings, we argue for stakeholders in teacher education to, as a matter of necessity, reconsider the curriculum and practicum for preparing special and general educators to focus on inclusive practices to effectively prepare pre-service teachers to succeed in inclusive settings. There is also a school leadership imperative, in view of site-specific challenges and needs, to influence school-based strategies to advance inclusionary practices. Successes of such initiatives could be replicated in other schools to advance inclusive education in Ghana. Implications of the study for teacher professional development and inclusive education practice in pre-tertiary educational institutions are underscored.
Food trade balances and unit values: What can they reveal about price competition?
Authors: Gehlhar Mark J. , Pick Daniel H.
Published: August 2002

Price competition is a fundamental assumption in modeling trade. Empirical applications often use unit values as proxies for price. This is a problem if unit values cannot explain trade flows consistent with the price competition assumption. The paper determines whether this condition exists in food product trade. Trade balances by product are used to indicate successful competition in trade. Export and import unit values are used to determine if competition is dominated by price or nonprice competition. Trade flows are then categorized in four ways: successful price competition, unsuccessful price competition, successful nonprice competition, and unsuccessful nonprice competition. This categorization is applied to 372 food products using the Standard International Trade Classification. Nearly 40% of U.S. food exports could be characterized as dominated by nonprice competition. In those instances, we contend that unit values are not valid proxies for price, thereby limiting their usefulness in traditional import demand estimation and trade policy simulation models. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 supplements in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease
Authors: van der Dijs Fey P.L. , Fokkema M. Rebecca , Dijck‐Brouwer D.A. Janneke , Niessink Bram , van der Wal Thaliet I.C. , Schnog John‐John B. , Duits Ashley J. , Muskiet Fred D. , Muskiet Frits A.J.
Published: August 2002

Using homocysteine as a functional marker, we determined optimal folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 dosages in 21 pediatric sickle cell disease (SCD) patients (11 HbSS, 10 HbSC; 7–16 years). Daily supplements of folic acid (400, 700, or 1,000 μg), vitamin B12 (1, 3, or 5 U.S. 1989 RDA), and vitamin B6 (1 or 3 U.S. 1989 RDA) were gradually increased in an 82‐week dose‐escalation study. Blood was taken at 9 occasions for measurements of erythrocyte (RBC) and serum folate, plasma vitamin B12, whole‐blood vitamin B6, and plasma homocysteine. Augmentation of folic acid from 700 to 1,000 μg and vitamin B12 from 3 to 5 RDA did not further decrease homocysteine. Percentages of patients exhibiting significant individual homocysteine decreases amounted to 43% (folic acid from 0 to 400 μg, vitamins B12 and B6 from 0 to 1 RDA), 14% (folic acid from 400 to 700 μg), 24% (vitamin B12 from 1 to 3 RDA), and 18% (vitamin B6 from 1 to 3 RDA ). The lowest plasma homocysteine at 82 weeks was 5.9 ± 2.2 μmol/L. Patients with HbSS had higher RBC folate than HbSC. The entire group exhibited an inverse relation between RBC folate and hemoglobin. We conclude that RBC folate is less valuable for folate status assessment in SCD patients. Optimal dosages are as follows: 700 μg folic acid (3.5–7 U.S. 1989 RDA), 3 U.S. 1989 RDA vitamin B12 (4.2–6.0 μg), and 3 U.S. 1989 RDA vitamin B6 (4.2–6.0 mg). A practical daily combination is 1 mg folic acid (4.3–8.5 U.S. 1998 RDA when taken with meals), 6 μg vitamin B12 (2.5–5 U.S. 1998 RDA), and 6 mg vitamin B6 (4.6–10 U.S. 1998 RDA). This combination may by simple and relatively inexpensive means reduce these patients' inherently high risk of endothelial damage. Am. J. Hematol. 69:239–246, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
all‐trans‐Retinoic acid‐induced expression and regulation of retinoic acid 4‐hydroxylase (CYP26) in human promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Ozpolat Bulent , Mehta Kapil , Tari Ana M. , Lopez‐Berestein Gabriel
Published: August 2002

all‐trans‐Retinoic acid (ATRA) induces complete remission in majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). However, accelerated metabolism of ATRA that is induced by chronic daily administration of oral ATRA has been implicated as one of the mechanisms leading to a reduced sensitivity or resistance to ATRA therapy. We investigated the expression and regulation of CYP26, a novel p450 enzyme, which is highly specific for ATRA, in promyelocytic leukemia cells (NB4 and HL‐60). We found that treatment of NB4 cells with a pharmacological concentration of ATRA (1 μM) induced rapid and dose‐dependent expression of CYP26 mRNA. The CYP26 expression returned to pretreatment levels in both cells after ATRA was removed from the media. Retinoic acid receptor‐alpha (RARα) specific antagonist (CD2503) totally abolished the ATRA‐induced expression of CYP26 mRNA in HL‐60 and NB4 cells. Furthermore, HL‐60R, a HL‐60 subclone expressing nonfunctional RAR because of a point mutation in the ligand‐binding domain of RARα, failed to show CYP26 mRNA expression in response to ATRA. ATRA‐induced expression of CYP26 was restored in HL‐60R cells retrovirally transduced with RARα, but not in those cells transduced with the other retinoid receptors. In conclusion, ATRA induces expression of CYP26 in myeloid and promyelocytic leukemia cells and this expression is modulated by RARα. The induction of CYP26 expression by ATRA treatment might be related to a substrate‐driven feedback mechanism to regulate intracellular concentrations of ATRA and its over expression in some clones may be partly responsible for reduced sensitivity or resistance to ATRA therapy. Am. J. Hematol. 70:39–47, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of β‐endorphin and met‐enkephalin on platelet activity
Authors: Tirelli Angelo , Guastafierro Salvatore , Annunziata Silvana , Guariglia Roberto , Coppola Ludovico
Published: August 2002

In the present study, β‐endorphin and met‐enkephalin were tested for their antiplatelet activity in human platelet‐rich plasma (PRP). Blood samples were obtained from 15 healthy subjects. The results of the study show that these two endogenous opioids (200 pg/ml final concentration) reduce platelet aggregation when it is induced by ADP at low dose (0.5 μM). It is likely due to conformational changes on the platelet membrane that cause a non‐specific decreased susceptibility to platelet‐aggregating agonists. Am. J. Hematol. 68:1–3, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two‐year health and employment outcomes among injured workers enrolled in the Washington State Managed Care Pilot Project*†
Authors: Keyes Kelly B. , Wickizer Thomas M. , Franklin Gary
Published: August 2002

Background

Increasing numbers of injured workers are being treated through managed care delivery systems, yet little is known about the long‐term effects of care provided through these systems. We analyzed health outcomes, return to work, and employment status at 2 years post‐injury among a cohort of workers who were previously enrolled in the Washington State Managed Care Pilot Project.

Methods

Data on functional status, satisfaction with quality of life, return to work and employment status were gathered via telephone interviews and mailed questionnaires from a subset of 374 injured workers who had a time loss claim that involved 4 or more days of lost work time. Of these 374 subjects, 106 were treated through managed care and 268 through fee‐for‐service (FFS) arrangements. Health outcomes were assessed through the SF‐36, the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and the Satisfaction with Quality of Life (QOL) instruments. Standard univariate and multivariate statistical methods were used to compare the two groups with respect to the health and employment outcomes.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in functional status, satisfaction with quality of life or employment outcomes, except in regard to perceived recovery. FFS patients were more likely to indicate their recovery at 2 years post injury was going well (62 vs. 45%, P = .01). Almost 90% of the injured workers returned to work at some point following their injury and 72% reported working during the 4 weeks prior to their 2‐year follow‐up interview.

Conclusions

Injured workers treated through managed care, based upon an occupational‐medicine model, appear to experience similar long‐term health and employment outcomes as workers treated through traditional FFS. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:619–626, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Dopamine transporter polymorphism associated with externalizing behavior problems in children
Authors: Young Susan E. , Smolen Andrew , Corley Robin P. , Krauter Kenneth S. , DeFries John C. , Crowley Thomas J. , Hewitt John K.
Published: August 2002

Early childhood externalizing behavior is a stable and heritable pattern of aggressive and delinquent behavior that often leads to the development of serious psychiatric disorders such as conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. We examined the relationship between parent reported externalizing behavior (assessed at ages 4, 7, and 9 years) and the VNTR polymorphism of the 3′ untranslated region of SLC6A3 (DAT1) in a community sample of 790 children ascertained as part of our longitudinal twin and adoption studies. We applied the sibling‐based methodology developed by Fulker et al. [1999: Am J Hum Genet 64:259–267] for estimating allelic association with quantitative traits, while controlling for population stratification. An extension of these methods allowed for the inclusion of monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, siblings, and singletons. We have demonstrated that the 9‐repeat variant of the DAT1 is a significant risk allele for externalizing behavior at ages 4 (P = 0.001) and 7 years (P = 0.02). Although the effect size was negligible at age 9 (P = 0.92), a formal test of the developmental decrease in effect across the three ages was non‐significant (P = 0.70). © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation in soft‐tissue thicknesses on the human face and their relation to craniometric dimensions
Authors: Simpson Ellie , Henneberg Maciej
Published: August 2002

The average thickness of soft tissues on parts of the face is known, but its variation has not been related to cranial morphology. To investigate this relationship, measurements of facial soft‐tissue depths and craniometric dimensions were taken on adult, white Australian cadavers (17 male and 23 female). Significant correlations between many soft‐tissue depths and craniometric dimensions were found, suggesting a relationship between the amount of soft tissue present on the face and the size of the underlying bony skeleton. Soft‐tissue depths were highly positively correlated with each other; craniometric dimensions were correlated but to a lesser extent. Males had thicker soft tissues and larger craniometric dimensions than females; considerable overlap of ranges was also noted. Multiple regression analysis was used to produce equations predicting the soft‐tissue depth at specified areas of the face from craniometric dimensions. A subsample of nine cadavers was examined for the effects of tissue embalming. Embalming caused significant initial increases in facial soft‐tissue depths. Cadavers embalmed for less than 6 months had soft‐tissue depths significantly greater than for fully embalmed cadavers. The evidence that facial soft‐tissue thicknesses vary with craniofacial dimensions has implications for forensic identification, facial aesthetic surgery, and approximation of the facial features of extinct individuals. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:121–133, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Telemetered electromyography of the supinators and pronators of the forearm in gibbons and chimpanzees: Implications for the fundamental positional adaptation of hominoids
Authors: Stern Jack T. , Larson Susan G.
Published: August 2002

Extant apes are similar to one another, and different from monkeys, in features granting them greater range of forearm rotation and greater size of the muscles that produce this motion. Although these traits may have been independently acquired by the various apes, the possibility arises that such features reflect adaptation to the stem behavior of the hominoid lineage. Anticipating that knowledge of forearm rotatory muscle recruitment during brachiation, vertical climbing, arm‐hanging during feeding, and voluntary reaching might point to this stem behavior, we undertook telemetered electromyographic experiments on the supinator, pronator quadratus, ulnar head of pronator teres, and a variety of other upper limb muscles in two gibbons and four chimpanzees. The primary rotator muscles of the hominoid forearm were recruited at high levels in a variety of behaviors. As had been suspected by previous researchers, the supinator is usually active during the support phase of armswinging, but we observed numerous instances of this behavior during which the muscle was inactive. No other muscle took over its role. Kinetic analyses are required to determine how apes can execute body rotation of armswinging without active muscular effort. The one behavior that is common to most extant apes, is rare in monkeys, and which places a consistently great demand on the primary forearm rotatory muscles, is hang‐feeding. The muscles of the supporting limb are essential to properly position the body; those of the free limb are essential for grasping food. Since the greater range of forearm rotation characterizing apes is also best explained by adaptation to this behavior, we join previous authors who assert that it lies at the very origin of the Hominoidea. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:253–268, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 presenting as familial levodopa‐responsive parkinsonism
Authors: Shan Din‐E , Soong Bing‐Wen , Sun Chen‐Ming , Lee Shwn‐Jen , Liao Kwong‐Kum , Liu Ren‐Shyan
Published: August 2002

A genetic analysis identified 2 patients, approximately one‐tenth of our patients with familial parkinsonism, who had expanded trinucleotide repeats in SCA2 genes. The reduction of 18F‐dopa distribution in both the putamen and caudate nuclei confirmed that the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system was involved in parkinsonian patients with SCA2 mutation.
Flupirtine blocks apoptosis in batten patient lymphoblasts and in human postmitotic CLN3‐ and CLN2‐deficient neurons
Authors: Dhar Sumeer , Bitting Rhonda L. , Rylova Svetlana N. , Jansen Paul J. , Lockhart Ellen , Koeberl Dwight D. , Amalfitano Andrea , Boustany Rose‐Mary N.
Published: August 2002

Multiple gene defects cause Batten disease. Accelerated apoptosis accounts for neurodegeneration in the late infantile and juvenile forms that are due to defects in the CLN3 and CLN2 genes. Extensive neuronal death is seen in CLN2‐ and CLN3‐deficient human brain as well as in CLN6‐deficient sheep brain and retina. When neurons in late infantile and juvenile brain survive, they manage to do so by upregulating the neuroprotective molecule Bcl‐2. The CLN3 gene has antiapoptotic properties at the molecular level. We show that the CLN2 gene is neuroprotective: it enhances growth of NT2 cells and maintains survival of human postmitotic hNT neurons. Conversely, blocking CLN3 or CLN2 expression in hNT neurons with adenoviral antisense‐CLN3 or antisense‐CLN2‐AAV2 constructs causes apoptosis. The drug flupirtine is a triaminopyridine derivative that acts as a nonopioid analgesic. Flupirtine upregulates Bcl‐2, increases glutathione levels, activates an inwardly rectifying potassium channel, and delays loss of intermitochondrial membrane calcium retention capacity. We show that flupirtine aborts etoposide‐induced apoptosis in CLN1‐, CLN2‐, CLN3‐, and CLN6‐deficient as well as normal lymphoblasts. Flupirtine also prevents the death of CLN3‐ and CLN2‐deficient postmitotic hNT neurons at the mitochondrial level. We show that a mechanism of neuroprotection exerted by flupirtine involves complete functional antagonism of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate or N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate–induced neuronal apoptosis. Flupirtine may be useful as a drug capable of halting the progression of neurodegenerative diseases caused by dysregulated apoptosis.
Mitochondrial DNA nucleotide changes C14482G and C14482A in the ND6 gene are pathogenic for Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
Authors: Valentino Maria Lucia , Avoni Patrizia , Barboni Piero , Pallotti Francesco , Rengo Chiara , Torroni Antonio , Bellan Marzio , Baruzzi Agostino , Carelli Valerio
Published: August 2002

A novel mitochondrial DNA nucleotide transversion, C14482A (M64I), different from the previously reported C14482G (M64I), was found to cause Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy with visual recovery in an Italian family. These equivalent changes are the fifth pathogenic mutation for pure Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. This confirms that the ND6 gene of complex I is a mutational hot spot and suggests that different amino acid substitutions at residue 64, as induced by C14482G or C14482A (M64I) and the common T14484C (M64V) mutations, are associated with visual recovery.
Simultaneous determination of neutral, anionic and cationic compounds within one chromatographic run using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer as element‐specific detector
Authors: Sakai Tetsushi , Inoue Yoshinori , Date Yukiko , Aoyama Tetsuya , Yoshida Kaoru , Endo Ginji
Published: August 2002

Two simple methods for the simultaneous separation of anionic and cationic arsenic species in a single injection were developed. One method was a dual column system connected with anion and cation exchange columns; the other was a dual mode system. The dual mode system was a combination of ion exclusion and cation exchange modes. The cation exchange resin, functionalized by dicarboxylic acid, was used for the dual mode column. Separation conditions for the two separation methods were optimized for eight arsenic species. The eight arsenic standards were completely separated within 40 min in both methods. On the dual column system, a good reproducibility (peak area reproducibility was 5% and under) for arsenic species was obtained by applying the column switching method, although the retentions of anionic arsenic species did fluctuate by interference of strong adsorptive anions. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry as an element‐selective detector was used. Detection limits for the eight arsenic compounds ranged from 0.1 to 0.7µgAsdm−3, and reproducibility (relative standard deviation, n = 8) ranged from 2.4 to 8.0% at 0.01 mg As dm−3. The simultaneous separation methods developed were applied to the determination of arsenic species in human and rat urine. Good agreement on the quantified values by the two separation methods was obtained for all arsenic species in the urine samples. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, structure and cytotoxicity of organoammonium selenites
Authors: Lukevics Edmunds , Arsenyan Pavel , Shestakova Irina , Domracheva Ilona , Kanepe Iveta , Belyakov Sergey , Popelis Juris , Pudova Olga
Published: August 2002

New selenites of different organic bases have been prepared by the reaction of selenium dioxide with aliphatic and heterocyclic amines in an aqueous medium. Their structure was confirmed by 1H, 13C and 77Se NMR data and, in the case of triethanolammonium hydroselenite [HN+(CH2CH2OH)3 HSeO3], by X‐ray analysis. Most of these selenites have an expressed cytotoxic activity on the­MG‐22A (mouse hepatoma), HT‐1080 (human fibrosarcoma), B16 (mouse melanoma), and Neuro 2A (mouse neuroblastoma) cell lines. The substances studied were also active in vivo against sarcoma­S‐180. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of rosin‐type nucleating agent on polypropylene crystallization
Authors: Li Chun‐Cheng , Zhu Guang , Li Zhen‐Yi
Published: August 2002

In this investigation the effects of a rosin‐type nucleating agent, which was prepared from cocrystallizing of dehydroabietic acid and Na‐dehydroabietate, on polypropylene (PP) crystallization were studied. The results of differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction proved that a cocrystal of dehydroabietic acid and Na‐dehydroabietate was formed. The lower melting point of the cocrystal caused it to be uniformly dispersed in PP. When cocrystals were added as nucleating agent, the mechanical properties, heat distortion temperature, and crystallization temperatures of PP were obviously improved, and the size of spherulites was also decreased. This proved that the cocrystals of dehydroabietic acid and Na‐dehydroabietate could act as an effective nucleating agent for PP. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1069–1073, 2002
Studies on pour point depression of EVA polymers in solvent mixtures containing wax
Authors: Qian J. W. , Zhou G. H. , Yang W. Y. , Xu Y. L.
Published: August 2002

Measurements of the change of the pour point depression (ΔTPP) were performed for the wax solutions made of four solvent mixtures: ethyl acetate/hexane (EA/HEX), 1,2‐dichloroethane/cyclohexane (DCE/CYH), butanone/heptane (MEK/HEP), and acetone/chloroform (AC/CF) doped with EVA polymers. The values of ΔTPP increase significantly with increasing of the selective solvent EA, DCE, MEK, and AC components, for the vinyl acetate (VA) segment in EVA copolymers, in the solvent mixtures. The solvent effect of ΔTPP occurring in wax solutions can also come from the solutions of EVA polymer, which were prepared by solvent mixtures with various compositions and used as parent solutions of EVA pour point depressant. From the experimental results such as the NMR of EVA macromolecules; viscosities of EVA, waxes, and their blends; and solubilities of wax with and without EVA macromolecules in the solvent mixtures, the complexation between wax molecules and ordered ethylene segment, and wax solubilization within ordered ethylene segments in EVA macromolecules are suggested for qualitative description of the observed significant variation of ΔTPP. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 815–821, 2002