bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The DNA Provirus Hypothesis
Authors: Temin Howard M.
Published: October 2006

I have discussed the observations and experiments that led to the formulation and establishment of the provirus hypothesis and the DNA provirus hypothesis, which includes RNA-directed DNA synthesis for the formation of the provirus.

I have also discussed some aspects of the present status of our knowledge of the mechanism of formation of the DNA provirus both to point out the work remaining to be done and to illustrate hypotheses for the origins of ribodeoxyviruses and the origins of other animal enveloped RNA viruses and of animal small DNA viruses.

Finally, I have indicated that I do not believe that infectious viruses cause most human cancers, but I do believe that viruses provide models of the processes involved in the etiology of human cancer.
Environmental Influences on Serotonin and Cyclic Nucleotides in Rat Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Diamond Marian C. , Connor James R. , Orenberg Elaine K. , Bissell Michael , Yost Michael , Krueger Albert
Published: October 2006

The response to different environmental conditions and negative air ions was investigated on cerebral cortical serotonin and cyclic nucleotides. The results indicated that negative air ions alter the weight of the cerebral cortex and that concentrations of serotonin and cyclic nucleotides can be altered both by different environments and by negative air ions. The data stress the importance of the role of the environment when studying the structure and chemistry of the cerebral cortex.
Tolerance and Cross-Tolerance in Chronic Alcoholics: Reduced Membrane Binding of Ethanol and Other Drugs
Authors: Rottenberg Hagai , Waring Alan , Rubin Emanuel
Published: October 2006

Membrane binding of ethanol, anesthetics, and hydrophobic molecules in brain synaptosomes and liver mitochondria from rats is conspicuously reduced after long-term consumption of ethanol. The membranes are resistant to structural disordering by both ethanol and halothane. Tolerance, cross-tolerance, and dependence in chronic alcoholics may in part result from membrane alterations that inhibit the binding of ethanol and other drugs.
Lewy Bodies of Parkinson's Disease Contain Neurofilament Antigens
Authors: Goldman James E. , Yen Shu-Hui , Chiu Fung-Chow , Peress Nancy S.
Published: October 2006

The Lewy body, a histological hallmark of Parkinson's disease, is a filamentous inclusion residing most prominently in pigmented neurons of the brainstem. Immunocytochemical reactions of Lewy bodies were examined with antisera to several filamentous proteins of the nervous system and positive reactions were found with those against neurofilaments. An abnormal organization of the neuronal cytoskeleton may be a pathological feature of Parkinson's disease.
Early Auditory Experience Aligns the Auditory Map of Space in the Optic Tectum of the Barn Owl
Authors: Knudsen Eric I.
Published: October 2006

Auditory and visual space are mapped in the optic tectum of the barn owl. Normally, these maps of space are in close mutual alignment. Ear plugs inserted unilaterally in young barn owls disrupted the binaural cues that constitute the basis of the auditory map. Yet when recordings were made from the tecta of these birds as adults, the auditory and visual maps were in register. When the ear plugs were removed from these adult birds and binaural balance was restored, the auditory maps were shifted substantially relative to the visual maps and relative to the physical borders of the tecta. These results demonstrate that the neural connectivity that gives rise to the auditory map of space in the optic tectum can be modified by experience in such a way that spatial alignment between sensory modalities is maintained.
Oxidative Bioactivation of
S
-Alkyl Phosphorothiolate Pesticides: Stereospecificity of Profenofos Insecticide Activation
Authors: Wing Keith D. , Glickman Andrew H. , Casida John E.
Published: October 2006

The mouse liver microsomal mixed-function oxidase system converts several phosphorothiolate pesticides with
S
-ethyl,
S
-propyl, or
S
-butyl groups to more potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. This activation is stereospecific for the chiral isomers of
O
-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)
O
-ethyl
S
-propyl phosphorothiolate (profenofos insecticide); the more toxic (-) isomer becomes a 34-fold better inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase in vitro, whereas the less toxic (+) isomer is deactivated by a factor of 2. Prior treatment of the microsomes with piperonyl butoxide or another mixed-function oxidase inhibitor markedly decreases the activation. Piperonyl butoxide also protects against brain acetylcholinesterase inhibition and cholinergic symptoms in chicks resulting from (-)-profenofos administration, thus establishing the importance of the oxidative bioactivation of
S
-alkyl phosphorothiolate pesticides in vivo.
Intermolecular Interactions in Collagen Self-Assembly as Revealed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Jakobsen R. J. , Brown L. L. , Hutson T. B. , Fink D. J. , Veis A.
Published: October 2006

When a solution of collagen molecules, at neutral
p
H and moderate ionic strength, is warmed from 4° to 30°C, a spontaneous self-assembly process takes place in which native-type collagen fibers are produced. Events occurring during thermally induced fibrillogenesis process can be monitored, in aqueous media and in real time, by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques. Tentative assignments of observed spectral bands are given.
Ferritin Synthesis by Human T Lymphocytes
Authors: Dörner Marianne H. , Silverstone Allen , Nishiya Koji , de Sostoa Anne , Munn Gwyneth , de Sousa Maria
Published: October 2006

Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood of normal humans, unselected spleen cells from patients with Hodgkin's disease, and selected T and non-T lymphoid cells from normal peripheral blood and from the spleens of Hodgkin's disease patients were examined for de novo synthesis and secretion of ferritin. After precipitation of labeled lysates and supernatants from unseparated and selected T cells with antiserum to human liver ferritin, two bands were visible on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylimide gel analysis. The two bands were detected in molecular weight regions 19,000 and 21,000, which are thought to represent the L and H subunits of the ferritin molecule, respectively. The slower band (subunit H) was more radioactive than the faster band (subunit L). The H subunit is found in greater amounts in the serum of some tumor patients, but its cellular origin has not been established. The present findings indicate that cells of the immune system contribute to the synthesis and secretion of a ferritin molecule with a high proportion of H subunits.
Reduced Leucine-Enkephalin—Like Immunoreactive Substance in Hamster Basal Ganglia After Long-Term Ethanol Exposure
Authors: Blum Kenneth , Briggs Arthur H. , Elston Steven F. A. , DeLallo Leonard , Sheridan Peter J. , Sar Madhabananda
Published: October 2006

Golden Syrian hamsters were placed individually in cages with three drinking bottles—one empty, one containing water, and the third containing water and ethanol. Control hamsters received water only. After 1 year the experimental hamsters showed a significantly lower concentration of leucine-enkephalin-like immunoreactive substance in the basal ganglia than the control hamsters. This finding indicates that the action of ethanol involves endogenous peptidyl opiates.
Glycolipids in Mammalian Epidermis: Structure and Function in the Water Barrier
Authors: Wertz Philip W. , Downing Donald T.
Published: October 2006

In the epidermis of terrestrial vertebrates, lipid lamellae between the horny cells are thought to form a barrier to water loss. The lipids are extruded from living cells after assembly in lamellar granules. This assembly might be promoted by recently identified 1-(3′-
O
-acyl)-β-D-glucosyl-
N
-(ω-hydroxyacyl)sphingosines, which have 30- and 32-carbon hydroxy acids as amides and linoleic acid esterified to glucose. Such a role for these molecules could explain the effects of essential fatty acid deficiency, in which the lamellar granules fail to assemble and the barrier to water diffusion is lost.
The Proliferation of Scientific Literature: A Natural Process
Authors: Ziman J. M.
Published: October 2006

Primary scientific literature seems not to be growing at a greater rate than the scientific community it serves. The impression of excessive proliferation arises mainly from the differentiation of journals to accommodate rapid expansion in specialized fields of research. A large fraction of this literature is of marginal value, but should not be excluded from comprehensive archives for possible retrieval. For awareness of significant current developments, however, scientists depend on a small number of core journals whose quality is maintained by editorial selectivity and competition.
SIMILARITY BETWEEN COLOSSAL MAGNETORESISTIVE MANGANITES AND CeCoIn5 SUPERCONDUCTOR
Authors: KOO JE HUAN , CHO GUANGSUP
Published: October 2006

We investigate theoretically manganese oxides where the colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) is observed. We also investigate the similarity between CMR and CeCoIn 5 superconductor. We obtain the Curie temperature Tc using a Kondo lattice model for paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition. We calculate the isotope exponent of O ion such as α O for Tc. We investigate the magnetic field dependence on superconducting transition temperature, T sc , in CeCoIn 5. It is shown that phonon-enhanced spin fluctuations drive this superconductivity once more suggested by us [Phys. Rev. B61, 4289 (2000)]. It is elucidated that the Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov (FFLO) superconducting states are closely related to the local internal field in order to influence spin fluctuations.
Preparation of Oleic Acid-capped Copper Nanoparticles
Authors: Yang Jian-guang , Zhou Yuang-lin , Okamoto Takeshi , Bessho Takeshi , Satake Shigeru , Ichino Ryoichi , Okido Masazumi
Published: October 2006

A novel chemical process for producing hydrophobic nano-copper particles with satisfied antioxidation property is described here. Well-dispersed nano-copper particles with satisfied surface properties were obtained from the water/organic solution. In this process, oleic acid acts as both a phase-transfer agent and a particle protector coordinating their carboxyl end groups on the newly generated copper particles surface, and the hydrophobic carbon tails of the oleic acids are pointed outwards from the surface of particles. In addition, this organic film also plays an important role for preventing the newly generated copper particles from oxidation.
Simulation of mixing dynamics in agitated pulp stock chests using CFD
Authors: Ford C. , Ein‐Mozaffari F. , Bennington C. P. J. , Taghipour F.
Published: September 2006

Agitated‐pulp chests function as low‐pass filters to reduce high‐frequency variability in pulp properties (mass concentration, freeness, and so on) ahead of many pulping and papermaking operations. Tests on both industrial and scale‐model chests have shown that their dynamic performance is far from ideal, with a significant extent of nonideal flow (short circuiting, recirculation and stagnation) possible. The flow field of a 1:11 scale‐model pulp chest was modeled using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package (Fluent) with the pulp suspension treated as a modified Bingham plastic. A multiple reference frame approach was used with coupling between reference frames made using a velocity transformation. The flow profiles predicted by the simulation agreed qualitatively with those observed in the experiments. The power input predicted by the simulations was slightly higher (about 12%) than that measured. The velocity field obtained from the CFD model was used to obtain the system's dynamic response to a frequency‐modulated random binary input signal. These data were then used as input to a dynamic model that treated flow within the chest as following two streams: one bypassing the mixing zone and one entering it. For both streams, the fraction of suspension passing through each zone was determined and a time constant and delay time computed. These parameters were then compared to those measured experimentally under identical operating conditions. The CFD simulation provides detailed information on the velocity profile within the chest and allows the location(s) of poor mixing regions to be identified. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Enhancing high water content biomass gasification with impregnated Ca in fuel drying
Authors: Xu Guangwen , Murakami Takahiro , Suda Toshiyuki , Matsuzawa Yoshiaki , Tani Hidehisa , Mito Yutaka , Ashizawa Masami
Published: September 2006

In view of energy conversion efficiency, the gas production from high water content (>60 wt.%) biomass via gasification is necessarily conducted with fuel drying in advance. In regard to this kind of processes, the present study was devised to impregnate Ca onto fuel during fuel drying and thereby to increase fuel's gasification reactivity to raise the gas production efficiency with minimal additional cost. By employing wet coffee grounds as a model biomass fuel and slurry dewatering in kerosene as the adopted drying technology, the Ca impregnation was implemented through dosing Ca(OH)2 into a fuel‐kerosene slurry and in turn treating the slurry in the same way as for the case without Ca addition. The resulting Ca (4.0 wt.% load in CaO base) exhibited high dispersion through the fuel matrix in both SEM‐EDX image and XRD spectrum. Gasification of the fuel in a pilot dual fluidized gasification setup further demonstrated that the fuel possessed distinctively high reaction reactivity. This led it to show C and H conversions of 91% and 138%, respectively, at a reaction temperature of about 1083 K, whereas these conversions were only 70% and 92% for the fuel with a similar amount of physically mixed CaO. The catalytic effect of the impregnated Ca manifested also on hydrocarbon reforming and water gas shift, making the resulting product gas evidently rich in H2 and lean in CO and hydrocarbons. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Safe operation of stirred‐tank semibatch reactors subject to risk of thermal hazard
Authors: Mas E. , Bosch C. M. , Recasens F. , Velo E.
Published: September 2006

In this work, the behavior of exothermic chemical reactions conducted in a wall‐cooled, semibatch stirred‐tank reactor is studied, with particular attention to conditions that lead to a thermal accident. The dimensionless heat and mass conservation equations for a semicontinuous tank were solved using second‐order irreversible kinetics and a number of selected dimensionless numbers, for both the feed period and the late batch stage. The criterion implemented is based on the nonaccumulation of the dosed reactant, and the safest operating mode is based on the values of the reactor parameters that lead to an instantaneous consumption of the dosed feed. The criterion is implemented into an algorithm that runs in parallel with the integration of the model equations. Its applicability is shown using a few examples that show that the computer implementation of our methods works well in hazard prediction. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Effect of gas density on countercurrent flow limitation in wetted wall column
Authors: Carvalho J. R. F. G. , Costa J. M. C. P.
Published: September 2006

Countercurrent wetted wall flow limitation was studied in a 20.6 mm i.d. cylindrical column, with water as the liquid. The gas was either air at up to 0.8 MPa, or argon at up to 1.3 MPa, thus covering a range of gas densities (1.6–21.3 kg/m3) of great practical interest for which very few data are available. The film Reynolds number varied in the range 515–3090. The velocity of gas for which signs of flooding instability first became apparent was typically 5 to 25% below the velocity at which liquid carryover started and this may be a result of the particular design adopted for fluid inlet to and outlet from the test section. Over the range of gas densities tested, the limiting gas velocity decreased with pressure from between 2.5 and 5.0 m/s to between 0.4 and 0.8 m/s, very approximately following the law: (gas density) × (limiting gas velocity)2 = constant. The data collected were used to test the correlation of Wallis, which gave remarkably good prediction of the limiting gas velocities, and a correlation of Alekseev and coworkers modified by McQuillan and Whalley in 1985, which gave poor predictions, particularly with regard to the effect of changes in liquid flow rate. The results of the present work are shown to be useful in interpreting recent data on the effect of gas density on the slug/churn flow transition in cocurrent vertical gas–liquid flow. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Hepatitis C viral infection is not associated with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia
Authors: Leleu Xavier , O'Connor Kelly , Ho Allen W. , Santos Daniel D. , Manning Robert , Xu Lian , Hatjiharissi Evdoxia , Moreau Anne‐Sophie , Branagan Andrew R. , Hunter Zachary R. , Dimmock Elizabeth A. , Soumerai Jacob , Patterson Christopher , Ghobrial Irene , Treon Steven P.
Published: September 2006

While a familial predisposition may exist in up to 20% of patients with Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia (WM), the precipitating cause of this B‐cell malignancy remains unknown in most patients. In previous studies, an association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and WM has been suggested as etiological. This relationship has been the subject of debate, however, with some studies demonstrating increased incidence of HCV infection among WM patients and other studies showing no such association exists. This discordance might be attributable to the analytical method used, HCV antibody detection, which might be ineffective in patients with immunosuppression. We therefore analyzed the prevalence of HCV in a large population of WM patients utilizing both an HCV antibody detection immunoassay as well as qualitative polymerase chain reaction assay to directly detect HCV presence in serum samples. None of 100 randomly tested WM patients in this study tested positive for HCV by either analytical method. Our results therefore demonstrate a lack of association between HCV and WM. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful self‐infusion of activated prothrombin complex concentrate for prophylaxis in a child with a factor VIII inhibitor
Authors: Ohga Shouichi , Nomura Akihiko , Takada Hidetoshi , Suga Naohiro , Hara Toshiro
Published: September 2006

Regular self‐infusion of an activated prothrombin complex concentrate (APCC) has been successfully introduced to a 14‐year‐old boy with hemophilia A. The child was diagnosed as a neonate, and at age 7 years, developed a high titer (127 BU/mL) factor VIII inhibitor coincident with a protracted ankle joint bleeding. From age 7–10 years, he received on‐demand therapy using a prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), PROPLEX‐ST. From age 10–14 years, he received prophylaxis with PROPLEX‐ST, initiated after an intracranial hemorrhage and coincident anamnestic inhibitor response. Throughout 7‐year period of PCC treatment, he experienced recurrent bleeding episodes. Self‐prophylaxis with APCC, FEIBA VH [Anti‐inhibitor Coagulant Complex] (50 U/kg/dose three times per week) using infusion pump was initiated at 14 years of age and has continued for 2 years. There were no bleeding, thrombotic events or other adverse events after initiation of this prophylaxis, and inhibitor levels decreased to 1 BU/mL. His quality of life was improved, particularly with respect to school. Our long observation proposes a well‐disciplined home‐based FEIBA prophylaxis in inhibitor‐positive hemophiliacs. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pediatric ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma with t(3;8)(q26.2;q24) translocation and c‐myc rearrangement terminating in a leukemic phase
Authors: Monaco Sara , Tsao Lawrence , Murty V.V. , Nandula S.V. , Donovan Virginia , Oesterheld J. , Bhagat Govind , Alobeid Bachir
Published: September 2006

Pediatric ALK‐positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ ALCL) is usually associated with a favorable prognosis. ALK+ ALCL associated with a leukemic phase is uncommon, but has been associated with an aggressive clinical course and unfavorable prognosis. Overexpression of c‐myc has been shown to be a consistent finding in ALK+, but not ALK‐negative ALCL (ALK− ALCL), and the c‐myc gene is considered a downstream target of deregulated ALK signaling. We describe a pediatric ALK+ ALCL with a leukemic phase at relapse. Similar to other rare cases described in the literature, it followed an aggressive clinical course despite multiple regimens of chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. Lymphoma cells showed aberrant ALK expression and c‐myc overexpression. In addition to the characteristic t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation, a t(3;8)(q26.2;q24) translocation was also present, and c‐myc gene rearrangement was confirmed by FISH analysis. The findings in this case demonstrate the association of peripheral blood leukemic involvement and aggressive clinical course, and suggest that other factors, such as c‐myc rearrangement, may be responsible for the aggressive clinical behavior in ALK+ ALCL. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ATRX syndrome in a girl with a heterozygous mutation in the ATRX Zn finger domain and a totally skewed X‐inactivation pattern
Authors: Badens Catherine , Martini Nathalie , Courrier Sébastien , DesPortes Vincent , Touraine Renaud , Levy Nicolas , Edery Patrick
Published: September 2006

Mutations in the X‐encoded gene ATRX are known to give rise to syndromic mental retardation in male patients whereas female carriers show preferential inactivation of the mutated X chromosome and appear healthy. Here, we describe a 4‐year‐old girl with typical features of ATRX syndrome, carrying the recurrent R246C mutation of ATRX. We show that her pattern of X‐inactivation is totally skewed and that her active X chromosome which harbors the ATRX mutation, was maternally inherited. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ATRX syndrome in a female patient. Since she was born after in vitro fertilization (IVF), we propose a possible link between assisted reproduction technologies (ART) and the unexpected X chromosome methylation pattern that we observed. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bifid ribs and unusual vertebral anomalies diagnosed in an anatomical specimen. Gorlin syndrome?
Authors: Oostra Roelof‐Jan , Maas Mario
Published: September 2006

A hitherto unknown combination of multiple bifid ribs, as seen in Gorlin syndrome (GS), interpedicular fusion and apparent malsegmentation of vertebral laminae at various upper thoracic levels was found in the skeleton of a newborn infant. This specific combination of anomalies is also seen in the mouse open brain (opb) mutant. Since the genes involved in GS (Patched2) and opb (rab23) both play an essential role in the hedgehog signaling pathway, it is likely that the cause of the anomalies presented here is to be sought in impaired functioning of this pathway. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Additional chromosomal abnormalities in patients with a previously detected abnormal karyotype, mental retardation, and dysmorphic features
Authors: Bisgaard Anne‐Marie , Kirchhoff Maria , Tümer Zeynep , Jepsen Birgit , Brøndum‐Nielsen Karen , Cohen Monika , Hamborg‐Petersen Bente , Bryndorf Thue , Tommerup Niels , Skovby Flemming
Published: September 2006

The detection of chromosomal abnormalities in patients with mental retardation (MR) and dysmorphic features increases with improvements of molecular cytogenetic methods. We report on six patients referred for detailed characterization of chromosomal abnormalities (four translocations, one inversion, one deletion) detected by conventional cytogenetics, in whom metaphase CGH revealed imbalances not involved in the initially detected rearrangements. The detected abnormalities were validated by real‐time PCR. Parents were investigated by CGH in four cases. The genomic screening revealed interstitial deletions of 2q33.2‐q34, 3p21, 4q12‐q13.1, 6q25, 13q22.2‐q31.1, and 14q12. The estimated minimum sizes of the deletions ranged from 2.65 to 9.27 Mb. The CGH assay did not reveal imbalances that colocalized with the breakpoints of the inversion or the translocations. The deletion of 6q included ESR1, in which polymorphisms are associated with variation of adult height. FOXG1B, known to be involved in cortical development, was located in the 14q deletion. The results illustrate that whole‐genome molecular cytogenetic analysis of phenotypically affected patients with abnormal conventional karyotypes may detect inapparent molecular cytogenetic abnormalities in patients with microscopic chromosomal abnormalities and that these data provide additional information of clinical importance. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Titelbild: Erste strukturelle Charakterisierung eines binären P‐N‐Moleküls: die hochenergetische Verbindung P3N21 (Angew. Chem. 36/2006)
Authors: Göbel Michael , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: September 2006

Ein binäres P‐N‐Molekül konnte erstmals eindeutig röntgenstrukturanalytisch charakterisiert werden. Das Titelbild zeigt die Struktur des bei Raumtemperatur flüssigen Hexaazidocyclotriphosphazens im Kristall. Weiterhin sieht man die explosionsartige Zersetzung einer Probe in einem Fallhammer‐Experiment sowie die erforderliche Schutzkleidung. Einzelheiten über den Balanceakt zwischen der Bildung und der Zersetzung dieser Substanz schildern T. M. Klapötke et al. auf S. 6183 ff.
The Supramolecular Chemistry of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials
Authors: Descalzo Ana B. , Martínez‐Máñez Ramón , Sancenón Félix , Hoffmann Katrin , Rurack Knut
Published: September 2006

The combination of nanomaterials as solid supports and supramolecular concepts has led to the development of hybrid materials with improved functionalities. These “hetero‐supramolecular” ideas provide a means of bridging the gap between molecular chemistry, materials sciences, and nanotechnology. In recent years, relevant examples have been reported on functional aspects, such as enhanced recognition and sensing by using molecules on preorganized surfaces, the reversible building of nanometer‐sized networks and 3D architectures, as well as biomimetic and gated chemistry in hybrid nanomaterials for the development of advanced functional protocols in three‐dimensional frameworks. This approach allows the fine‐tuning of the properties of nanomaterials and offers new perspectives for the application of supramolecular concepts.
Cover Picture: The First Structural Characterization of a Binary P–N Molecule: The Highly Energetic Compound P3N21 (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 36/2006)
Authors: Göbel Michael , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: September 2006

A binary P–N molecule was unambiguously characterized for the first time. The cover shows the molecular structure of P3N21 determined by X‐ray diffraction. The explosive decomposition of a sample in a drop‐hammer experiment and the protective clothing that must be worn during such an experiment are also depicted. Further details on the balancing act between the formation and decomposition of this molecule are provided by T. M. Klapötke and co‐workers in their Communication on page 6037 ff.
Exposure to 5‐Bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine induces oxidative stress and activator protein‐1 DNA binding activity in the embryo
Authors: Sahambi Sukhdeep Kaur , Hales Barbara F.
Published: September 2006

BACKGROUND:

During organogenesis the embryo is highly sensitive to oxidative stress. We hypothesize that oxidative stress and activation of a redox‐sensitive transcription factor, activator protein‐1 (AP‐1), are early indicators of embryonic stress in response to a teratogenic insult. 5‐Bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) was chosen as a model teratogen to test this hypothesis; BrdU is a thymidine analog that is incorporated into replicating DNA.

METHODS:

Timed pregnant CD1 mice were given vehicle or BrdU (400, 600, 800, or 1000 mg of BrdU/kg of body weight) on gestation day 9 (GD 9). Oxidative stress, assessed as the ratio of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH), and AP‐1 DNA binding activity (c‐Fos‐ and c‐Jun‐dependent DNA binding) were measured in the maternal livers and embryos 0.5, 3, and 6 hr after treatment. External and skeletal malformations were assessed on GD 18. N‐acetylcysteine, a glutathione precursor, was coadministered with BrdU to further explore the relationship between teratogenicity and redox homeostasis.

RESULTS:

BrdU exposure produced a dose‐dependent increase in skeletal malformations, which included polydactyly, and delayed ossification of the sternebrae and vertebrae. Exposure to teratogenic doses of BrdU depleted GSH concentrations and increased oxidative stress, as assessed by the GSSG:GSH ratio, in both maternal livers and embryos. While c‐Jun DNA binding activity in embryos was not affected, c‐Fos DNA binding activity was elevated significantly 3 hr after BrdU exposure. Coadministration of N‐acetylcysteine decreased the skeletal malformations and AP‐1 DNA binding activity induced by BrdU.

CONCLUSIONS:

BrdU exposure induced an embryonic stress response manifested as an increase in oxidative stress and AP‐1 DNA binding activity; these data support the hypothesis that disturbances in redox homeostasis mediate the response of the conceptus to a teratogenic insult. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of the Sulfite‐Based Polyoxometalate Cluster Redox Series: α‐ and β‐[Mo18O54(SO3)2]4−/5−/6−
Authors: Baffert Carole , Boas John F. , Bond Alan M. , Kögerler Paul , Long De‐Liang , Pilbrow John R. , Cronin Leroy
Published: September 2006

The synthesis, isolation and structural characterization of the sulfite polyoxomolybdate clusters α‐(D3h)(C20H44N)4{α‐[Mo18O54(SO3)2]}⋅CH3CN and β‐(D3d)(C20H44N)4{β‐[Mo18O54(SO3)2]}⋅CH3CN is presented. Voltammetric studies in acetonitrile (0.1 MHx4NClO4, Hx4N=tetra‐n‐hexylammonium) reveal the presence of an extensive series of six one‐electron reduction processes for both isomers. Under conditions of bulk electrolysis, the initial [Mo18O54(SO3)2]4−/5−and [Mo18O54(SO3)2]5−/6−processes produce stable [Mo18O54(SO3)2]5−and [Mo18O54(SO3)2]6−species, respectively, and the same reduced species may be produced by photochemical reduction. Spectroelectrochemical data imply that retention of structural form results upon reduction, so that both α and β isomers are available at each of the 4‐, 5‐, and 6‐redox levels. However, the α isomer is the thermodynamically favored species in both the one‐ and two‐electron‐reduced states, with β→α isomerization being detected in both cases on long time scales (days). EPR spectra also imply that increasing localization of the unpaired electron occurs over the α‐ and β‐[Mo18O54(SO3)2]5−frameworks as the temperature approaches 2 K where the EPR spectra show orthorhombic symmetry with differentgand hyperfine values for the α and β isomers. Theoretical studies support the observation that it is easier to reduce the α cluster than the β form and also provide insight into the driving force for β→α isomerization in the reduced state. Data are compared with that obtained for the well studied α‐[Mo18O54(SO4)2)]4−sulfate cluster.
A New Fluorescent Probe for Zinc(II): An 8‐Hydroxy‐5‐N,N‐dimethylaminosulfonylquinoline‐Pendant 1,4,7,10‐Tetraazacyclododecane
Authors: Aoki Shin , Sakurama Kazusa , Matsuo Nanako , Yamada Yasuyuki , Takasawa Ryoko , Tanuma Sei‐ichi , Shiro Motoo , Takeda Kei , Kimura Eiichi
Published: September 2006

A new fluorescent probe for Zn2+, namely, 8‐hydroxy‐5‐N,N‐dimethylaminosulfonylquinolin‐2‐ylmethyl‐pendant cyclen (L8), was designed and synthesized (cyclen=1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane). By potentiometric pH, 1H NMR, and UV spectroscopic titrations, the deprotonation constants pKa1–pKa6 of L8⋅4 HCl were determined to be <2, <2, <2 (for amino groups of the cyclen and quinoline moieties), 7.19±0.05 (for 8‐OH of the quinoline moiety), 10.10±0.05, and 11.49±0.05, respectively, at 25 °C with I=0.1 (NaNO3). The results of 1H NMR, potentiometric pH, and UV titrations, as well as single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, showed that L8 and Zn2+ form a 1:1 complex [Zn(H−1L8)], in which the 8‐OH group of the quinoline ring of L8 is deprotonated and coordinates to Zn2+, in aqueous solution at neutral pH. On addition of one equivalent of Zn2+ and Cd2+, the fluorescence emission of L8 (5 μM) at 512 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7.4 [10 mM HEPES with I=0.1 (NaNO3)] and 25 °C increased by factors of 17 and 43, respectively. We found that the cyclen moiety has the unique property of quenching the fluorescence emission of the quinolinol moiety when not complexed with metal cations, but enhancing emission when complexed with Zn2+ or Cd2+. In addition, the Zn2+–L8 complex [Zn(H−1L8)] is much more thermodynamically and kinetically stable (Kd{Zn(H−1L8)}=[Zn2+]free[L8]free/[Zn(H−1L8)]=8 fM at pH 7.4) than the Zn2+ complexes of our previous Zn2+ fluorophores ([Zn(H−1L2)] and [Zn(L3)]). Furthermore, formation of [Zn(H−1L8)] is much faster than those of [Zn(H−1L2)] and [Zn(L3)]. The staining of early‐stage apoptotic cells with L8 is also described.
Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Pochonins and Biological Evaluation against a Panel of Kinases
Authors: Moulin Emilie , Barluenga Sofia , Totzke Frank , Winssinger Nicolas
Published: September 2006

Pochonins A–F were recently characterized as six new members of the naturally occurring family of 14‐membered resorcylic acid lactones. As there are a high number of ATPase and kinase inhibitors among natural resorcylic lactones, a library based on the pochonin scaffold, with five points of diversity, was prepared which includes diversity beyond that of the natural analogues. The library was synthesized by using solid‐supported reagents amenable to automation. Testing the library for its inhibition against a panel of 24 kinases at 10 μM afforded a >14 % hit rate. These results demonstrate the potential of the resorcylides towards the inhibition of therapeutically relevant kinases.
Interaction of Zinc Oxide Clusters with Molecules Related to the Sulfur Vulcanization of Polyolefins (“Rubber”)
Authors: Steudel Ralf , Steudel Yana
Published: September 2006

The vulcanization of rubber by sulfur is a large‐scale industrial process that is only poorly understood, especially the role of zinc oxide, which is added as an activator. We used the highly symmetrical cluster Zn4O4 (Td) as a model species to study the thermodynamics of the initial interaction of various vulcanization‐related molecules with ZnO by DFT methods, mostly at the B3LYP/6‐31+G* level. The interaction energy of Lewis bases with Zn4O4 increases in the following order: CO<S6<C2H4<C3H6<Me2S2<1,4‐C5H8<MeSH<Me2O<Me2S<Me3N≪CH3COO−. The corresponding binding energies range from −57 to −262 kJ mol−1. However, Brønsted acids react with the Zn4O4 cluster with proton transfer from the ligand molecule to one of the oxygen atoms of Zn4O4, and these reactions are all strongly exothermic [binding energies [kJ mol−1] in parentheses: H2O (−183), MeOH (−171), H2S (−245), MeSH (−230), C3H6 (−121), and CH3COOH (−255)]. The important vulcanization accelerator mercaptobenzothiazole (C7H5NS2, MBT) containing several donor sites reacts with the Zn4O4 cluster with proton transfer from the NH group to one of the oxygen atoms of ZnO, and in addition the exocyclic thiono sulfur atom and the nitrogen atom coordinate to one and the same zinc atom, resulting in a binding energy of −247 kJ mol−1. A second isomer of [(MBT)Zn4O4] with a strong OH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bond rather than a ZnN bond is only slightly less stable (binding energy −243 kJ mol−1). The NH form of free MBT is 36 kJ mol−1 more stable than the tautomeric SH form, while the sulfurized MBT derivative benzothiazolyl hydrodisulfide C7H5NS3 (BtSSH) is most stable with the connectivity >CSSH.
Total Solid‐Phase Synthesis of the Azathiocoraline Class of Symmetric Bicyclic Peptides
Authors: Bayó‐Puxan Núria , Fernández Ariadna , Tulla‐Puche Judit , Riego Estela , Cuevas Carmen , Álvarez Mercedes , Albericio Fernando
Published: September 2006

Thiocoraline is a potent antitumor agent isolated from the marine organism Micromonospora sp. This symmetric bicyclic depsipeptide binds the minor groove of DNA. Here we report two solid‐phase strategies for the syntheses of azathiocoraline and its analogues. The thioester linkage was replaced by an amide bond to improve the compound’s pharmacokinetic properties. The first strategy is based on a convergent (4+4) approach, whilst the second is a stepwise synthesis, cyclizations in both approaches occurring on the solid support. These two strategies were designed to overcome problems caused by the presence of consecutive noncommercial N‐methyl amino acids, to avoid epimerization during cyclization and/or fragment condensation, and to form the disulfide bridge under solid‐phase conditions. The heterocyclic moiety was added in the last step of the synthesis to assist the preparation of libraries of new compounds with potential therapeutic applications.
Treatment outcome in young adults and children >10 years of age with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Sweden
Authors: Hallböök Helene , Gustafsson Göran , Smedmyr Bengt , Söderhäll Stefan , Heyman Mats ,   for the Swedish Adult Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Group and the Swedish Childhood Leukemia Group
Published: September 2006

BACKGROUND.

Several studies have reported a more favorable outcome for teenagers and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) when they were treated in pediatric oncology departments compared with adult hematology departments. However, biased risk grouping and high treatment‐related mortality have hampered some of those comparisons.

METHODS.

In Sweden during the 1990s, adolescents with ALL were treated in a pediatric oncology unit or in an adult hematologic unit, depending on the initial referral. In the current national, comparative, retrospective study, patients with ALL aged 10 years to 40 years who were treated either according to the Nordic Society of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (NOPHO) ALL protocol (1992–2000) (NOPHO‐92 protocol) or according to the Swedish Adult ALL Group protocol (1994–2000) (Adult protocol) were included. None of the protocols had age as a high‐risk criterion.

RESULTS.

In total, 243 patients with B‐precursor and T‐cell ALL were treated according to the protocols. There was a significant difference in the remission rate between the NOPHO‐92 protocol (99%; n = 144 patients) and the Adult protocol (90%; n = 99 patients; P < .01), and the event‐free survival (EFS) was also superior for the NOPHO‐92 protocol compared with the Adult protocol (P < .01). However, EFS was higher for patients aged 15 years to 25 years compared with patients aged 26 years to 40 years within the Adult protocol group (P = .01). The treatment protocol itself was identified as an independent risk factor.

CONCLUSIONS.

The NOPHO‐92 protocol resulted in a better outcome than the Adult protocol; therefore, adolescents may benefit from the pediatric protocol treatment strategy. Prospective trials are warranted to determine whether young adults would benefit from similar treatment. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis, Solid‐State Structures, and EPR Spectroscopic Studies on Polycrystalline and Single‐Crystal Samples of α‐Diimine Cobalt(II) Complexes
Authors: Rosa Vítor , Gonzalez Pablo J. , Avilés Teresa , Gomes Pedro T. , Welter Richard , Rizzi Alberto C. , Passeggi Mario C. G. , Brondino Carlos D.
Published: October 2006

Cobalt compounds of the general formula [CoX2(α‐diimine)], where X = Cl or I and the α‐diimines are 1,4‐diaryl‐2,3‐dimethyl‐1,4‐diaza‐1,3‐butadiene (Ar‐DAB) and bis(aryl)acenaphthenequinonediimine (Ar‐BIAN) were synthesized by the direct reaction of the anhydrous cobalt salts CoCl2or CoI2and the corresponding α‐diimine ligand in dried CH2Cl2. The synthesized compounds are [Co(Ph‐DAB)Cl2] (1a), [Co(o,o′,p‐Me3C6H2‐DAB)Cl2] (1b), and [Co(o,o′‐iPr2C6H3‐DAB)Cl2] (1c) with the ligands Ar‐DAB, and also [Co(o,o′,p‐Me3C6H2‐BIAN)I2] (2′b) with the ligand Ar‐BIAN. The crystal structures of all the compounds were solved by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In all cases the cobalt atom is in a distorted tetrahedron, which is built up of two halide atoms and two nitrogen atoms of the α‐diimine ligand. X‐band EPR measurements of polycrystalline samples performed on compounds1b,1c, and2′bindicate a high‐spin CoIIion (S= 3/2) in an axially distorted environment. Single‐crystal EPR experiments on compounds1band1callowed us to evaluate the orientation of thegtensor in the molecular frame. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Incorporation of the Unnatural Organometallic Amino Acid 1′‐Aminoferrocene‐1‐carboxylic Acid (Fca) into Oligopeptides by a Combination of Fmoc and Boc Solid‐Phase Synthetic Methods
Authors: Barišić Lidija , Rapić Vladimir , Metzler‐Nolte Nils
Published: September 2006

The organometallic amino acid 1′‐aminoferrocene‐1‐carboxylic acid (Fca) was incorporated internally into a peptide sequence by solid‐phase methods combining natural Fmoc‐protected amino acids and Boc‐Fca‐OH to give the pentapeptide Boc‐Fca‐Ala‐Gly‐Val‐Leu‐NH2 (2) and the octapeptide Ac‐Val‐Gly‐Ala‐Fca‐Ala‐Gly‐Val‐Leu‐NH2 (3). Compound 3 was found to have a helically ordered structure by NMR and CD spectroscopy, which is stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding in an antiparallel β‐sheet‐like arrangement. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Straightforward Light‐Driven Synthesis of Ultrasmall, Water‐Soluble Monolayer‐Protected Platinum Nanoparticles
Authors: Giuffrida Salvatore , Ventimiglia Giorgio , Callari Fiorella L. , Sortino Salvatore
Published: September 2006

A facile synthetic methodology to obtain, in one‐step, ultrasmall (ca. 1 nm) and water‐soluble carboxylate‐terminated platinum nanoparticles is reported. It involves visible light as a reaction trigger and platinum acetylacetonate and thioglycolic acid as the only chemical reactants. These nanoparticles are stable for weeks and can be easily transferred into organic solvents such as toluene, chloroform or dichloromethane by using the cationic surfactant tetraoctylammonium bromide as the phase‐transfer agent. To the best of our knowledge, they are among the smallest water‐soluble platinum nanoparticles prepared to date and represent the first example of preparation of thiol‐protected platinum nanoparticles exclusively driven by light.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
An Eight‐Coordinate Mononuclear Double Helical Complex
Authors: Drew Michael G. B. , Parui Debarati , De Senjuti , Naskar Jnan P. , Datta Dipankar
Published: September 2006

From the reaction of Cd(CH3COO)2·2H2O with the 1:2 condensate (L) of benzil dihydrazone and 2‐acetylpyridine, [CdL(CH3COO)(H2O)]PF6·3H2O (1) is isolated by adding NH4PF6. L reacts with Cd(ClO4)2·xH2O to yield [CdL2](ClO4)2·0.5H2O (2). The yellowish complexes 1 and 2 are characterized by NMR and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. 1 is found to be a seven‐coordinate single helical complex having a CdIIN4O3 core and homoleptic 2 an eight‐coordinate double helical complex with a CdIIN8 core.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Adducts of Cp3Ln with LGa(Me)OH, Syntheses and X‐ray Crystal Structures of LGa(Me)HO→LnCp3 {Ln = Sm, Nd, Yb; L = HC[C(Me)N(2,6‐iPr2C6H3)]2}
Authors: Singh Sanjay , Pal Aritra , Roesky Herbert W. , Herbst‐Irmer Regine
Published: September 2006

Various heterodimetallic (gallium‐lanthanide) compounds have been prepared by the reaction of LGa(Me)OH (2) with Cp3Ln. Thus, the adducts LGa(Me)HO→LnCp3 (Ln = Sm, 3; Nd, 4; Yb, 5) were obtained and characterized by IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The single‐crystal X‐ray structures of 3 and 4 are also reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
On the Fate of Vanadate in Human Blood (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 18/2006)
Authors: Gorzsás András , Andersson Ingegärd , Pettersson Lage
Published: September 2006

The cover picture shows a symbolic representation of the fate of vanadate in human blood. Since the transition metal vanadium is named after Vanadis, the Nordic goddess of beauty, she is represented by the famous Venus de Milo sculpted in metal. Her cloth is decorated with the functional groups of the ligands that can form a complex (“dress”) with the metal while travelling in the blood vessels, the latter being symbolised by the caverns in the background. The water in the caves represents the aqueous solutions in which speciation studies have been carried out in the group of Professor Lage Pettersson. Further references to these studies are found as cave paintings on the walls: a distribution diagram and a set of 51V NMR spectra. The studies have been carried out in the framework of the COST D21/009 working group. The geographical locations of the research groups within this working group are shown by illuminated dots on the map of Europe in the background. The goal of the studies was to better understand the ability of vanadium to lower blood glucose levels (represented by the sugar cubes washed ashore on the left) and thus its potential as an orally applicable drug against diabetes. A Microreview, covering the results of the above mentioned speciation studies dealing with the fate of vanadate in human blood, is represented by A. Gorzsás, I. Andersson, and L. Pettersson on p. 3559 ff. The digital artwork for this cover was created by András Gorzsás.
Regional analysis of bedrock stream long profiles: evaluation of Hack's SL form, and formulation and assessment of an alternative (the DS form)
Authors: Goldrick Geoff , Bishop Paul
Published: September 2006

The equilibrium form of the fluvial long profile has been used to elucidate a wide range of aspects of landscape history including tectonic activity in tectonic collision zones, and in continental margin and other intraplate settings, as well as other base‐level changes such as due to sealevel fluctuations. The Hack SL form of the long profile, which describes a straight line on a log–normal plot of elevation (normal) versus distance (logarithmic), is the equilibrium long profile form that has been most widely used in such studies; slope–area analysis has also been used in recent years. We show that the SL form is a special case of a more general form of the equilibrium long profile (here called the DS form) that can be derived from the power relationship between stream discharge and downstream distance, and the dependence of stream incision on stream power. The DS form provides a better fit than the SL form to river long profiles in an intraplate setting in southeastern Australia experiencing low rates of denudation and mild surface uplift. We conclude that, if an a priori form of the long profile is to be used for investigations of regional landscape history, the DS form is preferable. In particular, the DS form in principle enables equilibrium steepening due to an increase in channel substrate lithological resistance (parallel shift in the DS plot) to be distinguished from disequilibrium steepening due to long profile rejuvenation (disordered outliers on the DS plot). Slope–area analysis and the slope–distance (DS) approach outlined here are complementary approaches, reflecting the close relationship between downstream distance and downstream catchment area. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.