bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designing a Technology of Industrial Sewage Waters Purification from the Spent Polishing Powder Based on Ceric Oxide
Authors: Vasilenko T.A. , Mishina A.D.
Published: October 2018

The primary activity of an enterprise, where the wastewater samples have been taken, is applying lacquer coatings to glass and the mirrors production. For washing glass before the application of coatings a suspension of powder based on ceric oxide is prepared, which is used as a polishing solution. The physical and chemical properties of industrial sewage waters, generated after glass polishing, and of the initial and spent polishing powder based on ceric oxide have been researched. The optimal doses of flocculating agents for purifying wastewaters in order to reduce turbidity, suspended solids concentration and dry residue have been determined. After the flocculation the advanced treatment of the water was done, by means of filtering elements with pore size 5 and 1 μm, produced by the Pentek Company. The process scheme of wastewater purification, including the physico-chemical method (flocculation) and mechanical purification method by using bag filters, has been developed.
Investigation of the Usage of the Opportunity of the "Dinur" OJSC Scrap in the Packing Glass Manufacture
Authors: Khairova E. , Vlasova Svetlana G.
Published: October 2018

In the laboratory conditions for the synthesis of packing glass, the results of studying of the “Dinur” OJSC siliceous scrap (SS) usage were presented. It has been defined that SS is satisfying the Interstate Standard 22551 requirements in terms of chemical composition and can be used as the main component for the batch of glass containers production.
Nickel Extraction from Poor Solutions by Sorption on Modified Coke
Authors: Kolmachikhina O.B. , Napolskikh Y.A. , Vakula K.A.
Published: October 2018

The principal coke modification possibility with butyl potassium xanthate was revealed. It was shown that the modified coke exhibits sorption properties with respect to nickel ions compared to untreated coke, traditionally used for melting. The influence degree of various factors on the sorption capacity of the modified coke was established.
A Mechanism of Action of a Polyfunctional Modifier Made of Hydrocarbons Production Waste in Mineral Suspensions Based on Fine-Ground Cements
Authors: Kosukhin Mikhail M. , Kosukhin Andrei M.
Published: October 2018

The findings of the research of colloid and chemical properties of mineral suspensions, based on fine-ground cements and modified with the new polyfunctional modifier, obtained from hydrocarbons production waste, have been presented. It has been demonstrated that the introduction of modifier allows influencing the adsorption processes, electrokinetic potential, rheological parameters, aggregative and sedimentation stability of minerals suspensions, as well as purposefully regulating their properties and considerably cutting the consumption of Portland cement clinker by replacing it with mineral admixtures. The comparative analysis of the obtained modifier with the known analogues has been carried out. On the basis of the carried-out experimental research and the literature data the key points concerning the required properties of modifiers have been formulated. This allows determining their mechanism of action and demonstrates that it is conditioned by the combined action of adsorption-solvation and electrostatic factors. The exclusion of one of these factors results in the loss of the modifier’s activity.
Building Ceramics Based on Carbonate-Containing Raw Materials
Authors: Gurieva Victoria A. , Doroshin Aleksandr V.
Published: October 2018

The results of the production of wall ceramics based on the composition of low-melting argillaceous raw materials - loam and fuel slag in an amount of 10-30% by the method of semi-dry pressing are presented. Pre-baking and calcining properties of clay materials are investigated, the results of x-ray diffraction analysis and differential thermal analysis of the raw materials are given. The results obtained by the method of mathematical planning of the experiment made it possible to develop a model of ceramic bricks of the racial composition, to construct empirical dependencies in the system «technogenic product-technological factor-property» and to establish the influence of the addition of fuel slag on the basic physical and mechanical properties of wall ceramics: strength, density, water absorption , shrinkage. The results of studies of the modifying role of the container glass in the processes of pyrogenic synthesis of clay-slag masses and its effect on the preparation of a ceramic shard of a racial composition with the required properties are shown.
E-Modulus and Creep Coefficient of Self-Compacting Concretes and Concretes with some Mineral Additives
Authors: Nesvetaev Grigorii , Koryanova Yulia , Kolleganov Aleksei
Published: October 2018

The applicability of a proposed model similar to a well-known Hirsch's model for predicting the E-modulus of concrete and the creep coefficient of concrete depending on the composition of the concrete, the properties of the components of concrete mix and the possible effect of the superplasticizer on the deformation properties of cement stone both under short-term and long-term loading is proved. Value ​​of the E-modulus of self-compacting concrete can be reduced to 20% with respect to the ordinary concrete of equal compressive strength, which is confirmed by the model calculation data and some experimental data. For concretes with mineral additives, the influence of mineral additives on the E-modulus was not established. Both an increase and decrease in the E-modulus is possible. The effect depends on the type of additive. The creep coefficient of self-compacting concrete, obtained by calculation according to the model, due to the increased content of cement stone and the possible influence of superplasticizer on the creep of cement stone, can be from 1.3 to 1.8 of the coefficient of creep of ordinary concrete. This result agrees well with some experimental data. The creep coefficient of concrete with mineral additives (silica fume, white ash and metakaolin), obtained by calculation according to the model, can be from 0.5 to 0.6 of the coefficient of creep of ordinary concrete. This result agrees well with some experimental data.
Automated Audiovisual Feedback in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training: Improving Skills in Pediatric Intensive Care Nurses
Authors: Bishop Robert , Joy Brian , Moore-Clingenpeel Melissa , Maa Tensing
Published: October 2018

Background

High-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation is associated with improved survival and neurological outcomes after cardiac arrest. Unfortunately, health care professionals frequently do not perform resuscitation within guidelines after life-support training.

Objectives

To determine if brief intermittent training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation could improve nurses’ skills to perform high-quality resuscitation 70% or more of the time during 2 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation after 3 training sessions.

Methods

In a prospective single-center quality improvement program, pediatric critical care nurses had monthly training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A portable manikin/defibrillator with a chest compression sensor was used to provide corrective audiovisual feedback to optimize resuscitation skills. Resuscitation was practiced on an adult manikin. Target goals were compression depth 2 in or greater at a compression rate of 100/min to 120/minute. Percentage of time in the target range and mean compression depth and rate were recorded. Data were collected every other month. The percentage of time both compression rate and depth were in the target range was compared among nurses with different total numbers of training sessions.

Results

Of the 62 nurses who participated in the training, 48 had data collected. The median percentage of time in the target range improved from 29% with no training to 46% after 1 session, 54% after 2 sessions, 68% after 3 sessions, and 74% after 4 sessions (P = .001). Compression depth increased with the number of training sessions (P = .002).

Conclusions

This training program in cardiopulmonary resuscitation yielded significant skill improvement and retention.
EF Hand Domain Family Member D2 Is Required for T Cell Cytotoxicity
Authors: Peled Michael , Dragovich Matthew A. , Adam Kieran , Strazza Marianne , Tocheva Anna S. , Vega Irving E. , Mor Adam
Published: October 2018

Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is a major coinhibitory receptor and a member of the immunological synapse (IS). To uncover proteins that regulate PD-1 recruitment to the IS, we searched for cytoskeleton-related proteins that also interact with PD-1 using affinity purification mass spectrometry. Among these proteins, EF hand domain family member D2 (EFHD2), a calcium binding adaptor protein, was functionally and mechanistically analyzed for its contribution to PD-1 signaling. EFHD2 was required for PD-1 to inhibit cytokine secretion, proliferation, and adhesion of human T cells. Interestingly, EFHD2 was also required for human T cell–mediated cytotoxicity and for mounting an antitumor immune response in a syngeneic murine tumor model. Mechanistically, EFHD2 contributed to IS stability, lytic vesicles trafficking, and granzyme B secretion. Altogether, EFHD2 is an important regulator of T cell cytotoxicity and further studies should evaluate its role in T cell–mediated inflammation.
Factors associated with early sexual intercourse among teenagers and young adults in rural south of Benin
Authors: Glèlè Ahanhanzo Yolaine , Sossa-Jérôme Charles , Sopoh Ghislain , Tchandana Makilioubè , Azandjèmè Colette , Tchamdja Toyi
Published: October 2018

Early initiation to sexual intercourse increases the risk of sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS and early or unwanted pregnancies. This study aimed identifying the factors associated with the early initiation to sexual intercourse among teenagers and young adults aged 10-24, in the south of Benin. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the south of Benin where 360 respondents were selected by random cluster sampling. Multiple logistic regressions was used to find related factors to early sexual intercourse. The significance level for the tests was of 5%. The average reported age of initiation to sexual intercourse was 14.75±2.18. Among the male teenagers and young adults, 41.11% had an early sexual intercourse against 20.24% for the female gender (P<10-3). The lack of communication between parents-teenagers (P=0.003), level of education of the father (P=0.021), exposure to pornographic movies (P=0.025), an adverse opinion on premarital sexual abstinence (P=0.026) were significantly associated with early sexual intercourse. Communication about health promotion for behavioural change may contribute to delay the age of sexual initiation.
Evaluation of oral hygiene services in selected public health facilities in Lusaka district of Zambia
Authors: Josephin Shary , Nzala Selestine , Baboo Kumar S.
Published: October 2018

Around the globe many people are suffering from oral pain and other problems of the mouth or teeth. This public health problem is growing rapidly in developing countries where oral health services are limited. This study was conducted in the public health centers and first level hospitals with dental units (DUs) in Lusaka district. Adequacy of dental equipment, instruments and materials required for scaling and polishing (S&P) and oral hygiene instructions (OHI) was evaluated. Challenges faced by the dental therapists (DTs) in the entire DUs were also evaluated. This was a mixed method study; quantitative data was collected using a structured questionnaire which contained a standard facility assessment check list. Qualitative data was collected by conducting in-depth interviews. The study results showed that the oral hygiene services offered by the selected DUs in Lusaka district were inadequate. A fully functional dental chair was available only in fifty percent of the DUs, only twenty percent of the facilities had fully functional ultrasonic scaling unit, none of the facilities had all the instruments for polishing. The DTs work under stressful conditions as sixty percent of the facilities were understaffed; the supply of dental instruments and materials was poor; delay in repairing faulty equipment; risk of exposure to air borne infections as most of the facilities have space and ventilation problems. Recommendations of this study point towards an urgent need to improve and coordinate the oral health care system.
The health-related impacts and costs of violence against women and girls on survivors, households and communities in Ghana
Authors: Alvarado Gina , Fenny Ama P. , Dakey Samuel , Mueller Jennifer L. , O'Brien-Milne Lila , Crentsil Aba O. , Duvvury Nata , Scriver Stacey , Schwenke Chloe
Published: October 2018

Past research on violence in Ghana primarily discusses domestic violence and some types of sexual violence, but lacks a comprehensive analysis of violence against women and girls (VAWG) and its wider costs and impacts. Our study on the social costs of VAWG is a unique contribution, which aims to fill that gap. Through indepth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) with adult women and men, we explored the health impact of VAWG and the resulting social and economic consequences on survivors, their families and their communities. The research, which took place in the Eastern, Central, and Greater Accra regions of Ghana, points to several physical and mental health outcomes among survivors including physical injuries and disability, as well as impacts on mental health such as anxiety and suicidal ideation. Many VAWG survivors also experience stigma and social isolation. Our findings also reveal that survivors’ families can bear various social and economic costs. Lack of public and private service provision and shelters for survivors heighten these impacts. Without institutional support for survivors, families and communities absorb these costs of VAWG.
Sex Differences on the Landing Error Scoring System Among Individuals With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Kuenze Christopher M. , Trigsted Stephanie , Lisee Caroline , Post Eric , Bell David R.
Published: October 2018

Context: 

After anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), women have a greater risk of incurring a second anterior cruciate ligament injury and they display different landing movement patterns than men. It remains unclear if clinical movement-assessment tools, such as the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS), can detect sex differences in movement patterns after ACLR.

Objective: 

To compare total LESS scores and individual LESS errors between men and women with a history of ACLR.

Design: 

Cross-sectional study.

Setting: 

Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants: 

A total of 168 individuals (41 men and 127 women; mean age: men = 20 years [range, 19–25 years], women = 19 years [range, 18–20 years]; mean time since surgery: men = 21 months [range, 12–36 months], women = 27.5 months [range, 17–39 months]) with a history of primary, unilateral ACLR.

Main Outcome Measure(s): 

Participants completed a minimum of 3 trials of a drop vertical-jump task scored using the LESS. The between-sexes difference in LESS score was assessed using analysis of covariance, whereas the associations between participant sex and errors on each LESS item were assessed using logistic or multinomial regression.

Results: 

Women displayed a greater number of total landing errors (men = 4.6 ± 2.3, women = 6.1 ± 2.3; P < .001) and were more likely to commit errors in trunk flexion at initial contact (men = 4.9%, women = 23.6%; odds ratio [OR] = 4.94), medial knee position at initial contact (men = 17.1%, women = 42.5%; OR = 6.01), medial knee displacement (men = 24.4%, women = 73.2%; OR = 7.88), total joint displacement (1 error: men = 58.5%, women = 71.7%, OR = 2.10; 2 errors: men = 7.3%, women = 14.2%, OR = 3.71), and overall impression (1 error: men = 75.6%, women = 84.3%, OR = 3.24; 2 errors: men = 2.4%, women = 10.2%, OR = 12.89) compared with men.

Conclusions: 

Women with ACLR displayed worse LESS scores and were more likely to commit errors related to medial knee displacement and overall landing quality than men with ACLR.
Newly Credentialed Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Professional Preparation for Their Role as Collegiate Graduate Assistants
Authors: Thrasher Ashley B. , Walker Stacy E. , Hankemeier Dorice A.
Published: October 2018

Context:

The professional preparation of newly credentialed athletic trainers (ATs) has been passionately debated. Understanding how newly credentialed ATs feel they are prepared will help enhance professional preparation.

Objective:

Explore newly credentialed ATs' perceptions of their professional preparation for their role.

Design:

Phenomenological qualitative.

Setting:

Phone interviews with graduate assistant ATs in the collegiate setting.

Patients or Other Participants:

Nineteen collegiate graduate assistants (15 female, 4 male; average age = 23 ± 0.15 years; National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I: 13, II: 3, III: 2, National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics: 2; postprofessional athletic training program: 6).

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Participants were recruited via an e-mail from the National Athletic Trainers' Association database sent to all certified students. Data were collected via phone interviews, which were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Interviews were conducted until data saturation occurred. Data were analyzed through phenomenological reduction, with data coded for common themes and subthemes. Credibility was established via member checks and peer debriefing.

Results:

Two themes emerged: facilitators and barriers. Overall, participants felt academically prepared for their role, but preparedness was often dependent on the facilitators of academic rigor, hands-on opportunities in clinical education, and their preceptor. Barriers included a lack of rigor in the academic setting, lack of active opportunities in clinical education, the culture of clinical experiences, and incongruence. Incongruence existed when students were exposed to all the competencies during didactic education, but never gained experience with some skills (eg, rehabilitation, documentation, communication) if situations never arose or they were not actively involved clinically.

Conclusions:

Athletic training students are being exposed to a variety of learning experiences academically, but often do not gain clinical experience if situations do not arise or preceptors do not allow active participation. To ensure new ATs are prepared, academic programs need to ensure rigor and place students with preceptors who provide active learning opportunities.
Retained Knowledge and Use of Evidence-Based Practice Concepts
Authors: Manspeaker Sarah A. , Hankemeier Dorice A.
Published: October 2018

Context:

To maintain certification, athletic trainers (ATs) are required to obtain continuing education units (CEUs) in the area of evidence-based practice (EBP). Longitudinal analysis of outcomes after attending a Board of Certification–approved Foundations of EBP course is lacking.

Objective:

To evaluate ATs' knowledge retention of and confidence in EBP concepts 12 months after a Foundations of EBP course. A secondary aim was to determine ATs' perceptions regarding barriers to, use of, and resources for EBP.

Design:

Repeated measures within-subjects survey.

Setting:

Online survey.

Patients or Other Participants:

Twenty-seven respondents (22% response rate) from a convenience sample of 123 ATs.

Intervention(s):

Board of Certification–approved Foundations of EBP category workshop.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

The survey instrument, Evidence-Based Concepts: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Use (EBCKAU), ascertained ATs' perceived EBP knowledge over a 12-month period. Descriptive statistics and correlations were calculated; repeated measures analysis of variance determined differences between scores. Responses to open-ended questions were catalogued according to themes and coded.

Results:

For the knowledge score, a statistically significant increase in perceived knowledge (F2.0,52.0 = 18.91, P < .001) from preworkshop (6.40 ± 1.77) to immediately postworkshop (8.15 ± 1.51) and from before to 12 months after workshop (7.30 ± 1.64) was noted. Confidence in knowledge was statistically significantly different over time (z = −4.55, P < .001). Both before and since the workshop, ATs reported low levels of incorporating patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) and were equally likely to use compilation research findings in their clinical practice. Barriers of time and available resources were identified, and patient care was reported as the primary area in which ATs envision future use of EBP.

Conclusions:

Athletic trainers improved immediate perceived knowledge and retained knowledge of EBP concepts over time; however, confidence in knowledge decreased over time. ATs did not implement the workshop concepts into their daily clinical practice.
Work-Life Balance in Higher Education for Women: Perspectives of Athletic Training Faculty
Authors: Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Barrett Jessica L.
Published: October 2018

Context:

Women are largely underrepresented in science fields in academe, and most often issues with motherhood and career-life balancing are identified as reasons. In athletic training, career-life balancing has become the dominant factor in women leaving the field, as they feel they cannot fulfill the roles of mother, spouse, and athletic trainer adequately.

Objective:

To better understand the perceptions of women athletic training faculty members regarding balancing their roles in higher education and those outside of the workplace.

Design:

Interpretative phenomenological analysis study, with semistructured interviews.

Setting:

Higher education institutions sponsoring Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education–accredited athletic training programs.

Patients or Other Participants:

Sixteen (8 with children, 8 without children) women athletic training faculty participated. Ten were married at the time of the interview, 3 were single, 2 were engaged, and 1 was in the process of getting a divorce.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Each participant completed a one-on-one interview with a researcher and all data were coded following interpretative phenomenological analysis. Data saturation was attained. We completed member checks, peer review, and researcher triangulation for credibility.

Results:

We found that motherhood was perceived to be a challenge and balancing the role of motherhood created conflict. Despite concerns for motherhood and balancing faculty roles, higher education was perceived to provide flexibility. Support networks and individual strategies were common to manage the responsibilities of faculty as well as nonfaculty roles.

Conclusions:

Our results demonstrated that higher education cultivates a climate of balance through flexible workplace arrangements and that support networks are necessary to create role balancing in and out of the workplace. Finally, time management and organization are necessary for women to establish balance, regardless of roles outside of the workplace (eg, spouse, mother, friend).
Simulated Patients Are Predominantly Used to Teach and Evaluate Athletic Training Students' Skills: A 10-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Armstrong Kirk J. , Walker Stacy E. , Weidner Thomas
Published: October 2018

Context:

Health care education needs to include methods of teaching and evaluation that are realistic and mimic patient care.

Objective:

To follow up on previous research regarding the methods athletic training educators use to evaluate and teach athletic training students' clinical skills during clinical experiences and in the classroom/laboratory.

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Setting:

Public and private institutions.

Patients or Other Participants:

Program directors of all accredited professional athletic training programs as of November 2015 (N = 372) were asked to participate; a total of 90 participated.

Data Collection and Analysis:

The electronic survey consisted of 6 demographic questions, 6 questions regarding methods used to teach and evaluate clinical skills, and 6 items regarding barriers, educational content areas, and practice settings for real-time patient encounters. The Cronbach α determined internal consistency, α = 0.784. Descriptive statistics were computed for all items. An analysis of variance and independent t tests analyzed differences among institutions/programs with different demographic characteristics with regard to methods, barriers, educational content areas, and settings used for teaching and evaluating skills. The α level was set at .05.

Results:

Simulated patients and real-time evaluations were the most prevalent methods of teaching and evaluating clinical skills in the classroom/laboratory and during clinical experiences, respectively. Students' lack of self-confidence (4.10 ± 0.835) was the most common barrier during clinical experiences. The clinical examination and diagnosis (4.54 ± 0.656) and acute care of injury and illness (4.39 ± 0.775) content areas ranked highest for sufficient opportunities for real-time skill evaluation. One-way analysis of variances revealed no significant differences related to institutional/program demographics regarding opportunities for or barriers to teaching and evaluating skills.

Conclusions:

Ten years after our previous research, athletic training students' skills are still primarily taught and evaluated via simulated patients, with a slight increase in real-time patient encounters. Professional programs should continue using simulations and consider real-time encounters to provide additional patient care experiences.
Implementing a total reward strategy in selected South African municipal organisations
Authors: Bwowe Patrick W. , Marongwe Newlin
Published: October 2018

Orientation: The role of total rewards in achieving business goals, employee productivity and employee retention cannot be underestimated. A total reward strategy has been linked to the entire employee proposition making it a critical factor in the attraction and retention of talent in organisations.Research purpose: The study focused on investigating the extent to which municipal organisations are implementing total rewards practices.Motivation for the study: The study was motivated by the desire to explore the extent South African municipalities are implementing total rewards as a basis of their reward system and to find out which total reward practices are implemented by municipalities as part of their compensation and reward strategy.Research approach/design and method: The study used an internet-based survey with a questionnaire to assess managers’ perception of total reward strategy and the extent it is implemented in their organisations. A non-list-based random sampling technique was used to draw up a sample of 58 human resources managers from selected municipalities. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the survey.Main findings: The study found out that few of the responding municipalities had implemented the total reward strategy.Practical/managerial implications: Municipalities should re-think their approach to compensation by ensuring that total rewards programmes are developed and implemented.Contribution/value add: The findings contribute to new knowledge that can be used by municipal employers to attract the required talent capable of ensuring effective service delivery, through developing competitive reward strategies that can command high employee satisfaction, loyalty and commitment to the organisation.
Compact Tree Encodings for Planning as QBF
Authors: Gasquet Olivier
Published: October 2018

Considerable improvements in the technology and performance of SAT solvers has made their use possible for the resolution of various problems in artificial intelligence, and among them that of generating plans. Recently, promising Quantified Boolean Formula (QBF) solvers have been developed and we may expect that in a near future they become as efficient as SAT solvers. So, it is interesting to use QBF language that allows us to produce more compact encodings. We present in this article a translation from STRIPS planning problems into quantified propositional formulas. We introduce two new Compact Tree Encodings: CTE-EFA based on Explanatory frame axioms, and CTE-OPEN based on causal links. Then we compare both of them to CTE-NOOP based on No-op Actions proposed in [Cashmore et al. 2012]. In terms of execution time over benchmark problems, CTE-EFA and CTE-OPEN always performed better than CTE-NOOP.
Estratégias de combate ao óbito materno no âmbito hospitalar
Authors: Luz Marília Gabriela Queiroz da , Botelho Nara Macedo , Andrade Mariseth Carvalho de
Published: October 2018

Introdução: a mortalidade materna representa ainda um grande problema para a saúde pública, muitas mortes obstétricas são evitáveis. Uma análise detalhada dos óbitos possibilita o desenvolvimento de intervenções adequadas para prevenir essas mortes. Objetivo: Comparar a tendência de óbitos maternos ocorridos em hospital de referência para gestação de alto risco antes e após a implementação de estratégias de combate à mortalidade materna. Método: buscou-se as seguintes variáveis: estratégias de combate à mortalidade materna, taxa e razão de mortalidade materna. Utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado tendência para identificar se houve aumento ou redução dos óbitos maternos no período antes e após as estratégias serem implantadas. Resultados: as estratégias encontradas foram: 1-elaborar protocolo assistencial; 2-divulgação e treinamento sobre o protocolo; 3- rede social para divulgar informações; 4- ferramentas para otimizar comunicação da equipe; 5- empoderar paciente e seu acompanhante; 6- não trocar pessoa destinada a um serviço; 7- detecção precoce da deteriorização da paciente; 8- criar time de resposta rápida; 9- otimizar a oferta de leitos; 10- plano terapêutico individualizado; 11- ações preventivas para reduzir quedas; 12- fomentar lavagem adequada das mãos. Observou-se tendência de aumento dos óbitos maternos no período anterior a implementação das estratégias, e tendência de redução após serem efetivadas, 2013-2016. Conclusão: de 2013 a 2016, quando as 12 estratégias descritas neste estudo foram implantadas houve tendência decrescente da mortalidade materna na instituição.
Atmospheric CO and CH4 time series and seasonal variations on Reunion Island from ground-based in situ and FTIR (NDACC and TCCON) measurements
Authors: Zhou Minqiang , Langerock Bavo , Vigouroux Corinne , Sha Mahesh Kumar , Ramonet Michel , Delmotte Marc , Mahieu Emmanuel , Bader Whitney , Hermans Christian , Kumps Nicolas , Metzger Jean-Marc , Duflot Valentin , Wang Zhiting , Palm Mathias , De Mazière Martine
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4) mole fractions are measured by ground-based in
situ cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) analyzers and Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) spectrometers at two sites (St Denis and Maïdo) on
Reunion Island (21∘ S, 55∘ E) in the Indian Ocean.
Currently, the FTIR Bruker IFS 125HR at St Denis records the direct solar
spectra in the near-infrared range, contributing to the Total Carbon Column
Observing Network (TCCON). The FTIR Bruker IFS 125HR at Maïdo records
the direct solar spectra in the mid-infrared (MIR) range, contributing to the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric
Composition Change (NDACC). In order to understand the atmospheric CO and
CH4 variability on Reunion Island, the time series and seasonal
cycles of CO and CH4 from in situ and FTIR (NDACC and TCCON)
measurements are analyzed. Meanwhile, the difference between the in situ and
FTIR measurements are discussed. The CO seasonal cycles observed from the in situ measurements at Maïdo
and FTIR retrievals at both St Denis and Maïdo are in good agreement
with a peak in September–November, primarily driven by the emissions from
biomass burning in Africa and South America. The dry-air column averaged mole
fraction of CO (XCO) derived from the FTIR MIR spectra (NDACC) is
about 15.7 ppb larger than the CO mole fraction near the surface at
Maïdo, because the air in the lower troposphere mainly comes from the
Indian Ocean while the air in the middle and upper troposphere mainly comes
from Africa and South America. The trend for CO on Reunion Island is unclear
during the 2011–2017 period, and more data need to be collected to get a
robust result. A very good agreement is observed in the tropospheric and stratospheric
CH4 seasonal cycles between FTIR (NDACC and TCCON) measurements, and
in situ and the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding
(MIPAS) satellite measurements, respectively. In the troposphere, the
CH4 mole fraction is high in August–September and low in
December–January, which is due to the OH seasonal variation. In the
stratosphere, the CH4 mole fraction has its maximum in March–April
and its minimum in August–October, which is dominated by vertical transport.
In addition, the different CH4 mole fractions between the in situ,
NDACC and TCCON CH4 measurements in the troposphere are discussed,
and all measurements are in good agreement with the GEOS-Chem model
simulation. The trend of XCH4 is 7.6±0.4 ppb yr−1 from
the TCCON measurements over the 2011 to 2017 time period, which is consistent
with the CH4 trend of 7.4±0.5 ppb yr−1 from the in situ
measurements for the same time period at St Denis.
Country-scale greenhouse gases budgets using shipborne
measurements: a case study for the United Kingdom and Ireland
Authors: Helfter Carole , Mullinger Neil , Vieno Massimo , O'Doherty Simon , Ramonet Michel , Palmer Paul I. , Nemitz Eiko
Published: October 2018

Abstract. We present a mass balance approach to estimate the seasonal and annual budgets of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) of the United Kingdom (excluding Scotland) and the Republic of Ireland from concentration measurements taken on a ferry along the east coast of the United Kingdom over a 3-year period (2015–2017). We estimate the annual emissions of CH4 to be 2.55 ± 0.43 Tg, which is consistent with the combined 2.29 Tg reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change by the individual countries. The net CO2 budget (i.e. including all anthropogenic and biogenic sources and sinks of CO2) is estimated at 881.0 ± 137.5 Tg, with a net biogenic contribution of 458.7 Tg (taken as the difference between the estimated net emissions and the inventory value which accounts for anthropogenic emissions only). The largest emissions for both gases were observed in a broad latitudinal band (52.5° N–54° N), which coincides with densely populated areas. The emissions of both gases were seasonal (maxima in winter and minima in summer), strongly correlated to natural gas usage and, to a lesser extent, also anti-correlated to mean air temperature. Methane emissions exhibited a statistically significant anti-correlation with air temperature at the seasonal time scale in the central region spanning 52.8° N–54° N, which hosts a relatively high density of waste treatment facilities. Methane emissions from landfills have been shown to sometimes increase with decreasing air temperature due to changes in the CH4-oxidizing potential of the top soil, and we speculate that the waste sector contributes significantly to the CH4 budget of this central region. This study brings independent verification of the emission budgets estimated using alternative products (e.g. mass balance budgets by aircraft measurements, inverse modelling, inventorying) and offers an opportunity to investigate the seasonality of these emissions which is usually not possible.
Concentrations, composition, and sources of ice-nucleating particles in the Canadian High Arctic during spring 2016
Authors: Si Meng , Evoy Erin , Yun Jingwei , Xi Yu , Hanna Sarah , Chivulescu Alina , Rawlings Kevin , Platt Andrew , Kunkel Daniel , Hoor Peter , Sharma Sangeeta , Leaitch W. Richard , Bertram Allan K.
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Modelling studies suggest that the climate and the hydrological cycle are sensitive to the concentrations of ice-nucleating particles (INPs). However, the concentrations, composition, and sources of INPs in the atmosphere remain uncertain. Here we report daily concentrations of INPs and tracers of mineral dust (Al, Fe, Ti, and Mn), sea spray aerosol (Na+ and Cl−), and anthropogenic aerosol (Zn, Pb, NO3−, NH4+, and non-sea-salt SO42−) at Alert, Canada during a three-week campaign in March 2016. The average INP concentrations measured in the immersion freezing mode were approximately 0.005 ± 0.002 L−1, 0.020 ± 0.004 L−1, and 0.186 ± 0.040 L−1 at −15 ºC, −20 ºC, and −25 ºC, respectively. These concentrations are within the range of concentrations measured previously in the Arctic at ground level or sea level. Mineral dust tracers all correlated with INPs at −25 ºC (correlation coefficient, R, ranged from 0.70 to 0.76), suggesting that mineral dust was a major contributor to the INP population. Particle dispersion modelling suggests that the source of the mineral dust may have been the long-range transported dust from the Gobi desert. Sea spray tracers were anti-correlated with INPs at −25 ºC (R = −0.56). In addition, INP concentrations at −25 ºC divided by mass concentrations of aluminum were anti-correlated with sea spray tracers (R = −0.51 and −0.55 for Na+ and Cl−, respectively), suggesting that the components of sea spray aerosol suppressed the ice-nucleating ability of mineral dust in the immersion freezing mode. Correlations between INPs and anthropogenic aerosol tracers were not statistically significant. These results will improve our understanding of INPs in the Arctic during spring.
Remote sensing of aerosol properties from multi-wavelength and multi-pixel information over the ocean
Authors: Shi Chong , Hashimoto Makiko , Nakajima Teruyuki
Published: October 2018

Abstract. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of multi-pixel scheme in the inversion of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) for multi-spectral satellite instruments over the ocean. Different from the traditional satellite aerosol retrievals conducted pixel by pixel independently, we derive the aerosol optical thickness of multiple pixels simultaneously by adding smoothness constraint on the spatial variation of aerosols and oceanic substances, which helps the satellite retrieval with higher consistency from pixel to pixel. Simulations are performed for two representative oceanic circumstances – open and coastal waters, as well as the land-ocean interface region. We retrieve the AOT for fine, sea spray, and dust particles simultaneously using synthetic spectral measurements from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite/Thermal and Near Infrared Sensor for Carbon Observations-Cloud and Aerosol Imager (GOSAT/TANSO-CAI) with four wavelengths coving from the ultraviolet to shortwave infrared bands. The forward radiation calculation is performed by a coupled atmosphere-ocean radiative transfer model combined with a three-component bio-optical oceanic module, where the chlorophyll a concentration, sediment and colored dissolved organic matter are considered. Results show that accuracies of the derived AOT and spectral remote-sensing reflectance are both improved by applying smoothness constraints on the spatial variation of aerosol and oceanic substances in homogeneous or inhomogeneous surface conditions. The multi-pixel scheme can be effective to compensate the retrieval biases induced by measurement errors and improve the retrieval sensitivity, particularly for the fine aerosol over the coastal water. We then apply the algorithm to derive AOTs using real satellite measurements. Results indicate that the multi-pixel method helps to polish the irregular retrieved results of the satellite imagery and shows promising potentiality to correct the overestimation of aerosols over high turbid waters, by benefiting from the coincident retrieval of neighboring pixels. A comparison of retrieved AOTs from satellite measurements with those from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) also indicates that retrievals conducted by the multi-pixel scheme are more consistent with the AERONET observations.
Characterisation of δ13CH4 source signatures from methane sources
in Germany using mobile measurements
Authors: Hoheisel Antje , Yeman Christiane , Dinger Florian , Eckhardt Henrik , Schmidt Martina
Published: October 2018

Abstract. The carbon isotopic signature (δ13CH4) of several methane sources in Germany (around Heidelberg and in North Rhine-Westphalia) were characterised. Therefore, mobile measurements of the plume of CH4 sources are carried out using a cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS). To achieve precise results a CRDS analyser, which measures methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and their 13C to 12C ratios, was characterised especially with regard to cross sensitivities of the gas matrix. The two most important gases which affect the measurements are water vapour (H2O) and ethane (C2H6). To avoid the cross sensitivity with H2O, the air is dried with a nafion dryer during mobile measurements. C2H6 is abundant in natural gas and thus in methane plumes or samples originating from natural gas. A C2H6 correction and calibration are essential to obtain accurate δ13CH4 results, which can deviate up to 3 ‰ depending on whether an ethane correction is applied. The isotopic signature is determined with the Miller-Tans approach and the York fitting method. During 21 field campaigns the mean δ13CH4 values of three dairy farms (−63.9 ± 0.9 ‰), a biogas plant (−62.4 ± 1.2 ‰), a landfill (−58.7 ± 3.3 ‰), a wastewater treatment plant (−52.5 ± 1.4 ‰), an active deep coal mine (−56.0 ± 2.3 ‰) and two natural gas storage and gas compressor stations (−46.1 ± 0.8 ‰) were recorded. In addition, between December 2016 and June 2018 gas samples from the Heidelberg natural gas distribution network were measured. Contrary to former measurements between 1991 and 1996 (Levin et al., 1999) no strong seasonal cycle is shown. The mean δ13CH4 value of this study is −43.1 ± 0.8 ‰ which is 2.8 ‰ more depleted than in former years.
Last interglacial ocean changes in the Bahamas: climate teleconnections between low and high latitudes
Authors: Zhuravleva Anastasia , Bauch Henning A.
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Paleorecords and modeling studies suggest that instabilities in
the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) strongly affect the
low-latitude climate, namely via feedbacks on the Atlantic Intertropical
Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Despite the pronounced millennial-scale overturning and
climatic variability documented in the subpolar North Atlantic during the
last interglacial period (MIS 5e), studies on cross-latitudinal
teleconnections remain very limited. This precludes a full understanding of
the mechanisms controlling subtropical climate evolution across the last
warm cycle. Here, we present new planktic foraminiferal assemblage data
combined with δ18O values in surface and thermocline-dwelling
foraminifera from the Bahamas, a region ideally suited to studying past
changes in the subtropical ocean and atmosphere. Our data reveal that the peak
sea surface warmth during early MIS 5e was intersected by an abrupt
millennial-scale cooling/salinification event, which was possibly associated
with a sudden southward displacement of the mean annual ITCZ position. This
atmospheric shift is, in turn, ascribed to the transitional climatic regime
of early MIS 5e, which was characterized by persistent ocean freshening in the high
latitudes and an unstable AMOC mode.
Compact Modeling Framework v3.0 for high-resolution global ocean–ice–atmosphere models
Authors: Kalmykov Vladimir V. , Ibrayev Rashit A. , Kaurkin Maxim N. , Ushakov Konstantin V.
Published: October 2018

Abstract. We present a new version of the Compact Modeling Framework (CMF3.0) developed for the software environment of stand-alone and coupled global geophysical fluid models. The CMF3.0 is designed for use on high- and ultrahigh-resolution models on massively parallel supercomputers.The key features of the previous CMF, version 2.0, are mentioned to reflect progress in our research. In CMF3.0, the message passing interface (MPI) approach with a high-level abstract driver, optimized coupler interpolation and I/O algorithms is replaced with the Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) paradigm communications scheme, while the central hub architecture evolves into a set of simultaneously working services. Performance tests for both versions are carried out. As an addition, some information about the parallel realization of the EnOI (Ensemble Optimal Interpolation) data assimilation method and the nesting technology, as program services of the CMF3.0, is presented.
SEAS5: The new ECMWF seasonal forecast system
Authors: Johnson Stephanie J. , Stockdale Timothy N. , Ferranti Laura , Balmaseda Magdalena Alonso , Molteni Franco , Magnusson Linus , Tietsche Steffen , Decremer Damien , Weisheimer Antje , Balsamo Gianpaolo , Keeley Sarah , Mogensen Kristian , Zuo Hao , Monge-Sanz Beatriz
Published: October 2018

Abstract. In this paper we describe SEAS5, ECMWF’s fifth generation seasonal forecast system, which became operational in November 2017. Compared to its predecessor, System 4, SEAS5 is a substantially changed forecast system. It includes upgraded versions of the atmosphere and ocean models at higher resolutions, and adds a prognostic sea ice model. Here, we describe the configuration of SEAS5 and summarise the most noticeable results from a set of diagnostics including biases, variability, teleconnections and forecast skill. An important improvement in SEAS5 is the reduction of the Equatorial Pacific cold tongue bias, which is accompanied by a more realistic ENSO amplitude and an improvement in ENSO prediction skill over the central-west Pacific. Improvements in two-metre temperature skill are also clear over the tropical Pacific. SST biases in the northern extratropics change due to increased ocean resolution, especially in regions associated with western boundary currents. The increased ocean resolution exposes a new problem in the northwest Atlantic, where SEAS5 fails to capture decadal variability of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre, resulting in a degradation of DJF two-metre temperature prediction skill in this region. The prognostic sea ice model improves seasonal predictions of sea ice cover, although some regions and seasons suffer from biases introduced by employing a fully dynamical model rather than the simple, empirical scheme used in System 4. There are also improvements in two-metre temperature skill in the vicinity of the Arctic sea-ice edge. Cold temperature biases in the troposphere improve, but increase at the tropopause. Biases in the extratropical jets are larger than in System 4: extratropical jets are too strong, and displaced northwards in summer. In summary, development and added complexity since System 4 has ensured SEAS5 is a state-of-the-art seasonal forecast system which continues to display a particular strength in ENSO prediction.