bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the influence of noise correlations in measurement data on basis image noise in dual‐energylike x‐ray imaging
Authors: Roessl Ewald , Ziegler Andy , Proksa Roland
Published: March 2007

In conventional dual‐energy systems, two transmission measurements with distinct spectral characteristics are performed. These measurements are used to obtain the line integrals of two basis material densities. Usually, the measurement process is such that the two measured signals can be treated as independent and therefore uncorrelated. Recently, however, a readout system for x‐ray detectors has been introduced for which this is no longer the case. The readout electronics is designed to obtain simultaneous measurements of the total number of photonsand the total energythey deposit in the sensor material. Practically, this is realized by a signal replication and separate counting and integrating processing units. Since the quantitiesandare (electronically) derived from one and the same physical sensor signal, they are statistically correlated. Nevertheless, the pairandcan be used to perform a dual‐energy processing following the well‐known approach by Alvarez and Macovski. Formally, this means thatis to be identified with the first dual‐energy measurementandwith the second measurement. In the presence of input correlations betweenand, however, the corresponding analytic expressions for the basis image noise have to be modified. The main observation made in this paper is that for positively correlated data, as is the case for the simultaneous counting and integrating device mentioned above, the basis image noise is suppressed through the influence of the covariance between the two signals. We extend the previously published relations for the basis image noise to the case where the original measurements are not independent and illustrate the importance of the input correlations by comparing dual‐energy basis image noise resulting from the device mentioned above and a device measuring the photon numbers and the deposited energies consecutively.
A computer simulation platform for the optimization of a breast tomosynthesis system
Authors: Zhou Jun , Zhao Bo , Zhao Wei
Published: March 2007

In breast tomosynthesis there is a compromise between resolution, noise, and acquisition speed for a given glandular dose. The purpose of the present work is to develop a simulation platform to investigate the potential imaging performance for the many possible tomosynthesis system configurations. The simulation platform was used to investigate the dependence of image blur and signal difference to noise ratio (SDNR) for several different tomosynthesis acquisition configurations. Simulated projections of a slanted thin tungsten wire placed in different object planes were modified according to the detector's modulation transfer function (MTF), with or without pixel binning. In addition, the focal spot blur (FSB), which depends on the location of the wire, the system geometry, the source‐detector movement speed, and the exposure time, was also incorporated into the projections. Both expectation maximization (EM) and filtered back projection (FBP) based algorithms were used for 3D image reconstruction. The in‐plane MTF was calculated from the reconstructed image of the wire. To evaluate the noise performance, simulated noiseless projections of calcification and tumor in uniform breast tissue were modified with the noise power spectrum (NPS) calculated from a cascaded linear system model for the detector for a given x‐ray dose. The SDNR of the reconstructed images was calculated with different tomosynthesis configurations, e.g., pixel binning, view number, and angular range. Our results showed that for a source‐to‐imager distance (SID) of , pixel binning caused more degradation to the in‐plane MTF than the blur caused by the moving focal spot and reconstruction. The in‐depth resolution can be improved by increasing the angular range.
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS OF DMPC/DPPC MIXED BILAYERS
Authors: POGHOSYAN ARMEN H. , GHARABEKYAN HRANT H. , SHAHINYAN ARAM A.
Published: March 2007

We have performed the atomistic MD simulation of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine(DMPC)/dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine(DPPC) mixed bilayers, consisting of various fraction of lipids, i.e., with fraction 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 and hydration level 33 water molecules per lipid. The simulations were performed using NAMD code.

The area per lipid, densities, orientational order parameters and tilt angle of hydrocarbon chain and also the interdigitation of chains were calculated. It has been established that the interdigitation degree of hydrocarbon chains is increased as the DPPC fraction is decreased. It has been also stated that the area per lipid value in case of racemic mixtures is about 0.72 nm2, which is in good agreement with experimental estimations. The hydrocarbon thickness is increased as the DPPC fraction increased. The DMPC/DPPC mixtures behave as almost ideally mixtures.

The diffusion coefficients were also calculated and the results are in agreement with experimental findings.

All the calculated parameters were compared with values obtained either from experimental data of DPPC or DMPC depending on the fraction of compound. The reason is that there are no experimental findings on DMPC/DPPC mixtures.
LATTICE BOLTZMANN SIMULATIONS OF DISCONTINUOUS FLOWS
Authors: ZHOU JIAN GUO
Published: March 2007

The lattice Boltzmann model for the shallow water equations (LABSWE) is applied to the simulation of certain discontinuous flows. Curved boundaries are treated efficiently, using either the elastic-collision scheme for slip and semi-slip boundary conditions or the bounce-back scheme for no-slip conditions. The force term is accurately determined by means of the centred scheme. Simulations are presented of a small pulse-like perturbation of the still water surface, a dam break, and a surge wave interaction with a circular cylinder. The results agree well with predictions from alternative high-resolution Riemann solver based methods, demonstrating the capability of LABSWE to predict shallow water flows containing discontinuities.
ALPHA-HELIX FORMATION IN C-PEPTIDE RNASE-A INVESTIGATED BY PARALLEL TEMPERING SIMULATIONS
Authors: GÖKOĞLU GÖKHAN , ÇELİK TARIK
Published: March 2007

We have performed parallel tempering simulations of a 13-residue peptide fragment of ribonuclease-A, c-peptide, in implicit solvent with constant dielectric permittivity. This peptide has a strong tendency to form α-helical conformations in solvent as suggested by circular dichroism (CD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. Our results demonstrate that 5th and 8–12 residues are in the α-helical region of the Ramachandran map for global minimum energy state in solvent environment. Effects of salt bridge formation on stability of α-helix structure are discussed.
INVESTIGATION OF CHANNEL WITH SELF-GENERATED MAGNETIC FIELD IN LASER-PRODUCED PLASMA
Authors: ZHOU SU-YUN , LIU SAN-QIU
Published: March 2007

The evolution of the plasma channel in laser-produced plasma is numerically simulated on the basis of nonlinear coupling equations in the non-static limit case. The results show that the ponderomotive force of the highly intense laser field is responsible for the formation of the channel due to the collapse of the transverse wave near the critical surface. At the same time, a toroidal low-frequency magnetic field of about 1.7 MG in the channel is induced. These results are consistent with the observed results.
COMPARISON OF ISING MAGNET ON DIRECTED VERSUS UNDIRECTED ERDÖS–RÉNYI AND SCALE-FREE NETWORKS
Authors: SUMOUR M. A. , EL-ASTAL A. H. , LIMA F. W. S. , SHABAT M. M. , KHALIL H. M.
Published: March 2007

Scale-free networks are a recently developed approach to model the interactions found in complex natural and man-made systems. Such networks exhibit a power-law distribution of node link (degree) frequencies n(k) in which a small number of highly connected nodes predominate over a much greater number of sparsely connected ones. In contrast, in an Erdös–Renyi network each of N sites is connected to every site with a low probability p (of the order of 1/N). Then the number k of neighbors will fluctuate according to a Poisson distribution. One can instead assume that each site selects exactly k neighbors among the other sites. Here we compare in both cases the usual network with the directed network, when site A selects site B as a neighbor, and then B influences A but A does not influence B. As we change from undirected to directed scale-free networks, the spontaneous magnetization vanishes after an equilibration time following an Arrhenius law, while the directed ER networks have a positive Curie temperature.
DOUBLE-LAYER ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICES BASED ON LANGMUIR-BLODGETT FILMS OF AMPHIPHILIC 8-AMINOQUINOLINE
Authors: DENG SUI-PING , ZHENG HUI , OUYANG JIAN-MING
Published: March 2007

Organic electroluminescent (EL) devices with a double-layer structure, ITO/H 2 A/Alq 3/ Al , were fabricated from powder and 15-layer LB films of a new amphiphilic 8-aminoquinoline ligand, N , N -bis(8-quinolinyl)hexadecyl propanediamide ( H 2 A ), respectively. Their driving voltages were 6.5 and 7.5 V, highest luminances 60 and 28.4 cd/m2.
THE HALL EFFECT AND MICROSTRUCTURES OF (Fe0.86Zr0.033Nb0.033B0.068Cu0.01)x(Al2O3)1-xGRANULAR FILMS
Authors: NI G. , WANG F. , PENG K. , ZHANG F. M. , DU Y. W. , HUANG W.
Published: March 2007

A series of ( Fe0.86Zr0.033Nb0.033B0.068Cu0.01)x( Al2O3)1-xgranular films of about 100 nm thick were deposited on the glass substrate using the magnetron sputtering technique. Hall resistivity was measured using a four-terminal method at room temperature in the field of 1.1 Tesla. As x increases, the Hall resistivity of the samples rises and reaches a maximum of 17.5 μΩ-cm at x = 0.43, which is about three orders of magnitude greater than those of pure magnetic metal samples, and for further increase of x, the Hall resistivity decreases. For as-deposited x = 0.43 sample, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images shows the microstructural characteristics of granular films around percolation threshold. The temperature dependence of resistivity shows that the conduction behavior changes from insulator to metal with the increment of metal fraction, and for sample x = 0.43, the conduction behavior is located in the transition region from insulator to metal, near the percolation value, which is consistent with the above experimental results. It is suggested that the enhancement of Hall effect results from not only the magnetic metal fraction but also the microstructure characteristic of percolation system.
A STUDY ON THE SURFACE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE VIOLOGEN SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS USING QCA AND STM
Authors: LEE DONG-YUN , SHIN HOON-KYU , KWON YOUNG-SOO , PARK SANG-HYUN , QIAN DONG-JIN
Published: March 2007

Viologen has been extensively investigated in the paper because their well-behaved electro-chemistry has led to their use in a variety of thesises, including the electron acceptor for the electric charge delivery mediation of the devices. The self-assembled monolayers of alkane derivatives with sulfur containing head groups on gold substrates have been widely examined recently, since the binding between S atoms and Au surface is strong. We could know it was formed monolayer onto quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) surface by self-assembly method from resonant frequency shift using quartz crystal analyzer (QCA). The measured frequency shift were about 408 Hz by VC 8 SH . From this value, we calculated that the mass adsorbed VC 8 SH were about 432 ng. The EQCM measurements revealed that anions exit and enter the viologen monolayer during reduction and oxidation, respectively. We also use the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) for manipulating the surface on a nanometer scale to form nanostructures.
Delineation of Crystalline Extended Defects on Multicrystalline Silicon Wafers
Authors: Fathi Mohamed
Published: March 2007

We have selected Secco and Yang etch solutions for the crystalline defect delineation on multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) wafers. Following experimentations and optimization of Yang and Secco etching process parameters, we have successfully revealed crystalline extended defects on mc-Si surfaces. A specific delineation process with successive application of Yang and Secco agent on the same sample has proved the increased sensitivity of Secco etch to crystalline extended defects in mc-Si materials. The exploration of delineated mc-Si surfaces indicated that strong dislocation densities are localized mainly close to the grain boundaries and on the level of small grains in size (below 1 mm). Locally, we have observed the formation of several parallel dislocation lines, perpendicular to the grain boundaries. The overlapping of several dislocations lines has revealed particular forms for etched pits of dislocations.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Toluene in Air Using a Fluidized Bed Photoreactor
Authors: Prieto O. , Fermoso J. , Irusta R.
Published: March 2007

The photocatalytic degradation of toluene in air was carried out on particles ofTiO2in a photocatalytic reactor that had been developed to study the treatment of organic pollutants in a gaseous phase. Hypothetically, the fluidized bed technology of this reactor could make it possible to increase the mass transfer coefficients in comparison with those of conventional photoreactors. The photocatalytic particles used were prepared by mixingTiO2(Degussa P25) and starch in a methanol solution. The XRD and SEM results of these aggregates confirm the titanium dioxide (Degussa P25) characteristics, such as the presence of anatase on the particle surface and spongy and wrinkled morphology. Toluene concentrations varied from 0.9 to 199ppmv, and all the experiments were carried out with a flow rate of 300 NL/h. Toluene conversions from 77%to 100%were obtained in the range studied. In this work, the regeneration processes of deactivatedTiO2photocatalysts have been investigated using FT-IR and GC/MS techniques. Benzoic acid, benzaldehyde, and benzyl alcohol were the three major intermediate products identified.
Integration of Vibro‐Acoustography Imaging Modality with the Traditional Mammography
Authors: Hosseini H. Gholam , Alizad A. , Fatemi M.
Published: March 2007

Vibro‐acoustography (VA) is a new imaging modality that has been applied to both medical and industrial imaging. Integrating unique diagnostic information of VA with other medical imaging is one of our research interests. In this work, we establish correspondence between the VA images and traditional X‐ray mammogram by adopting a flexible control‐point selection technique for image registration. A modified second‐order polynomial, which simply leads to a scale/rotation/translation invariant registration, was used. The results of registration were used to spatially transform the breast VA images to map with the X‐ray mammography with a registration error of less than 1.65 mm. The fused image is defined as a linear integration of the VA and X‐ray images. Moreover, a color‐based fusion technique was employed to integrate the images for better visualization of structural information.
A Note on Variable Viscosity and Chemical Reaction Effects on Mixed Convection Heat and Mass Transfer Along a Semi-Infinite Vertical Plate
Authors: Mahmoud Mostafa A. A.
Published: March 2007

In the present study, an analysis is carried out to study the variable viscosity and chemical reaction effects on the flow, heat, and mass transfer characteristics in a viscous fluid over a semi-infinite vertical porous plate. The governing boundary layer equations are written into a dimensionless form by similarity transformations. The transformed coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved numerically by using the shooting method. The effects of different parameters on the dimensionless velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are shown graphically. In addition, tabulated results for the local skin-friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number, and the local Sherwood number are presented and discussed.
Homogenization of Elliptic Differential Equations in One-Dimensional Spaces
Authors: Grammel G.
Published: March 2007

Linear elliptic differential equations with periodic coefficients in one-dimensional domains are considered. The approximation properties of the homogenized system are investigated. ForH−1-data, it turns out that the order of approximation is strongly related to the decay of the Fourier coefficients of theL2-functions involved.
Improving Non‐Cartesian MRI Reconstruction through Discontinuity Subtraction
Authors: Song Jiayu , Liu Qing Huo
Published: March 2007

Non‐Cartesian sampling is widely used for fast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Accurate and fast image reconstruction from non‐Cartesiank‐space data becomes a challenge and gains a lot of attention. Images provided by conventional direct reconstruction methods usually bear ringing, streaking, and other leakage artifacts caused by discontinuous structures. In this paper, we tackle these problems by analyzing the principal point spread function (PSF) of non‐Cartesian reconstruction and propose a leakage reduction reconstruction scheme based on discontinuity subtraction. Data fidelity ink‐space is enforced during each iteration. Multidimensional nonuniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) algorithms are utilized to simulate thek‐space samples as well as to reconstruct images. The proposed method is compared to the direct reconstruction method on computer‐simulated phantoms and physical scans. Non‐Cartesian sampling trajectories including 2D spiral, 2D and 3D radial trajectories are studied. The proposed method is found useful on reducing artifacts due to high image discontinuities. It also improves the quality of images reconstructed from undersampled data.
Efficacy and Tolerability of Capecitabine with Weekly Paclitaxel for Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Phase II Report of the SAKK
Authors: Gick Ute , Rochlitz Christoph , Mingrone Walter , Pestalozzi Bernhard , Rauch Daniel , Ballabeni Pierluigi , Lanz Doris , Hess Viviane , Aebi Stefan
Published: March 2007

Background: Paclitaxel and capecitabine have proven activity in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Paclitaxel increases the expression of thymidine phosphorylase, the enzyme that activates capecitabine. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of capecitabine in combination with weekly paclitaxel largely as first-line therapy in patients with MBC. Patients and Methods: From April 2002 to September 2004, 19 patients with MBC received oral capecitabine (1,000 mg/m2 twice daily on days 1–14) plus i.v. paclitaxel (80 mg/m2 on days 1, 8 and 15) in a 21-day cycle for a maximum of 6 cycles. Results: After a median follow-up of 19.3 months the overall response rate was 63% with 1 complete response (5%) and 11 partial responses (58%). Disease was stabilized in 1 patient (5%) and 3 patients had progressive disease (16%). Three patients were unable to be assessed for response to treatment. Median time to progression was 3.3 months, median time to treatment failure 3.0 months and median overall survival 13.8 months. A substantial number of patients experienced major side effects. The most common treatment-related adverse events were hand-foot syndrome (53%; grade 3: 37%), alopecia (42%; grade 3: 26%), diarrhea (32%; grade 3: 11%) and neurotoxicity (32%; grade 3: 16%). Hematologic toxicities were uncommon. Conclusion: The combination of capecitabine and paclitaxel appears to be active in MBC but the safety profile with the dosages used in this trial was unacceptably high and led to a short time to treatment failure. However, based on the efficacy data alternative schedules deserve further evaluation.
Predicting Tephra Dispersion with a Mesoscale Atmospheric Model and a Particle Fall Model: Application to Cerro Negro Volcano
Authors: Byrne Marc A. , Laing Arlene G. , Connor Charles
Published: March 2007

Models of volcanic ash (tephra) fallout are increasingly used to assess volcanic hazards in advance of eruptions and in near–real time. These models often approximate the wind field using simplistic assumptions of the atmosphere that do not account for four-dimensional variations in wind velocity. The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to improve forecasts of tephra dispersion. MM5 is a 3D model that can predict circulations in areas with sparse meteorological observations and complex terrain, such as volcanic plateaus. MM5 is applied to the 1995 eruption of Cerro Negro, Nicaragua. Validation of MM5 is achieved by comparing the simulated winds with rawinsonde observations. Estimates of diffusivity and particle settling velocities are used in conjunction with MM5-generated wind fields to forecast the major axes of the tephra dispersion. The predicted axes of dispersion derived from the MM5 winds approximate very closely the observed bilobate tephra accumulation and tephra plumes observed in satellite images. MM5 winds provide far more accurate spatial and temporal forecasts than do the wind assumptions that had been used previously to assess Cerro Negro tephra hazard.
Diagnostic Equations for the Stable Boundary Layer Height: Evaluation and Dimensional Analysis
Authors: Steeneveld G. J. , van de Wiel B. J. H. , Holtslag A. A. M.
Published: March 2007

The performance of diagnostic equations for the stable boundary layer height h is evaluated with four observational datasets that represent a broad range of latitudes, land use, and surface roughness. In addition, large-eddy simulation results are used. Special care is given to data-quality selection. The diagnostic equations evaluated are so-called multilimit equations as derived by Zilitinkevich and coworkers in a number of papers. It appears that these equations show a serious negative bias, especially for h < 100 m, and it was found that the parameters involved could not be determined uniquely with calibration. As an alternative, dimensional analysis is used here to derive a formulation for h that is more robust. The formulation depends on the surface friction velocity u*, surface buoyancy flux Bs, Coriolis parameter, and the free-flow stability N. The relevance of the Coriolis parameter for the boundary layer height estimation in practice is also discussed. If the Coriolis parameter is ignored, two major regimes are found: h ∼ u*/N for weakly stable conditions and h ∼ (|Bs|/N 3)1/2 for moderate to very stable conditions.
A Polarimetric Radar Approach to Identify Rain, Melting-Layer, and Snow Regions for Applying Corrections to Vertical Profiles of Reflectivity
Authors: Matrosov Sergey Y. , Clark Kurt A. , Kingsmill David E.
Published: March 2007

This article describes polarimetric X-band radar-based quantitative precipitation estimations (QPE) under conditions of low freezing levels when, even at the lowest possible elevation angles, radar resolution volumes at longer ranges are in melting-layer or snow regions while it rains at the ground. A specifically adjusted vertical-profile-of-reflectivity (VPR) approach is introduced. The mean VPR is constructed based on the range–height indicator scans, and the effects of smoothing of brightband (BB) features with range are accounted for. A principal feature of the suggested QPE approach is the determination of the reflectivity BB boundaries and freezing-level heights on a beam-by-beam basis using the copolar correlation coefficient ρhv, which is routinely available from the X-band radar measurements. It is shown that this coefficient provides a robust discrimination among the regions of rain, melting hydrometeors, and snow. The freezing-level estimates made using ρhv were within 100–200 m from the corresponding estimates of the 0° isotherm heights from radiosonde soundings. The suggested VPR approach with the polarimetric determination of the reflectivity BB boundaries was used for QPE during the wintertime deployment of the NOAA X-band radar as part of the 2006 Hydrometeorological Test Bed (HMT-06) field experiment in the California Sierra Nevada foothills. It is shown that this approach noticeably improves radar-rainfall accumulation estimates. The use of the HMT-06 mean X-band reflectivity–rain-rate (Zeh–R) relation resulted in an approximately 65% relative standard deviation of radar estimates from the surface rain gauges if no VPR adjustments were made. Applying the VPR approach with polarimetric detection of the melting layer resulted in reduction of the corresponding relative standard deviation by about a factor of 2.
The Growth of Government Expenditure
Authors: Levitt M. S.
Published: March 2007

There is much debate at present about trends in public expenditure. The recent Green Paper on the longer-term outlook for public spending describes how public expenditure has risen faster than GDP in the past and raises the question whether total public spending need grow at all, in real terms, in future although the growth of GDP is projected at over 2 per cent a year. This article is not intended to offer any normative comment on future policy for government spending. Its purpose is to describe some preliminary results of a study of the growth of government spending and its relationship to GDP in the United Kingdom; it also makes some comparisons, in rather broad terms, of the experience of this country with that of some other countries.
Services for Manufacturing
Authors: Ray George F.
Published: March 2007

The most recent peak in the production of UK manufacturing industries was in 1973; ten years later, in 1983, the level of manufacturing output was still 15 per cent lower.

In the same period the official output index for services (as measured by value added and other methods) increased markedly and one of its sections—Division 8, covering banking and finance, insurance, leasing, business and professional services—grew particularly rapidly, by about 70 per cent.
Chapter II. The World Economy
Authors: Wren-Lewis Simon , Eastwood Fiona
Published: March 2007

To a large extent the seeds of the global stock market crash in October lie in the Louvre accord established at the beginning of this year. As we argue below, this agreement was fatally flawed in attempting to fix the dollar at too high a level. This error was initially both masked and aggravated by the extensive use of official intervention as the means of supporting the dollar. By the end of the summer it is estimated that up to two thirds of the US current account deficit was ‘covered’ by official intervention.
Economic Policy Foamulation in the Treasury in the Post-War Period
Authors: Lecture Niesr Jubilee
Published: March 2007

It is a great honour to be invited to deliver this lecture to mark the National Institute's Jubilee. The Treasury and the National institute have been neighbours since the Institute moved to Westminster during the war. We have benefited from the exchange of staff and ideas, and I am delighted that the present Director is a former colleague from the Treasury.

The Dialogus, in 1177, said that:

‘The institution of the Treasury is confirmed well by its antiquity and also by the authority of the great men that sit there’.

Robert Hall, whose Memorial Service took place earlier today, was one of those great men. He made a notable contribution to government over many years and followed that by equally distinguished guidance to the National Institute after he retired.
Chapter II. The World Economy
Authors: Barrell R.J. , Gurney Andrew
Published: March 2007

Our February forecast suggested that developments in the short term would be dominated by fears of accelerating inflation and policy responses to them. This has indeed been the case. In Japan, Germany and the US wholesale prices have begun to rise relatively rapidly. Although commodity prices, especially of metals and minerals and of developed country foods, have fallen in recent weeks, at least in dollar terms they remain high and oil prices appear to have hit temporary peaks at the beginning of the quarter. These developments are the result of demand pressure. Our equations for real commodity prices, which were reported in the August 1988 issue of the Review, do have rather strong influences from world industrial production in then. As commodity prices are more timely than figures for demand and output they have often been early indicators of rising demand and we believe that they are currently, and correctly, filling this role.
Two Nations of Shopkeepers: Training for Retailing in France and Britain
Authors: Jarvis Valerie , Prais S.J.
Published: March 2007

Previous comparisons of French and British vocational training, published by the National Institute in this series, have focused on mechanics, electricians, construction workers and office workers; these drew attention to the importance of French full-time vocational secondary schools for 14-18 year-olds. This article compares training for the retail trades in the two countries during the present period of structural change brought about by the advance of self-service. in the light of French experience, current British policies for raising the numbers trained in retailing occupations, and for more coherent training standards, are critically examined.
Chapter II. The World Economy
Authors: Barrell R.J. , Gurney Andrew
Published: March 2007

Our recent forecasts have warned of growing inflationary pressures in the world economy. The policy response to these has been robust, and interest rates have risen markedly over the last year; consequently there are now signs that inflationary pressures are receding. Chart 1 illustrates the recent interest-rate developments, and chart 2 recent and prospective inflation rates for the major 4 economies. Oil prices have weakened over the last three months, and commodity prices, especially those for metals and minerals, have been falling.
How Europe Would See the New British Initiative for Standardising Vocational Qualifications
Authors: Prais S.J.
Published: March 2007

Among the many recent endeavours of HM Government to improve vocational training is the creation of a body to bring coherence into Britain's so-called ‘jungle’ of vocational qualifications, spawned over the decades and centuries by a myriad of examining and award-granting organisations issuing qualifications at a variety of uncoordinated levels. For those familiar with the qualification systems of Continental Europe (hereafter ‘Europe’, for short), some doubts are nevertheless raised by the principles on which the new National Council for Vocational Qualifications (NCVQ) proposes to work; these doubts relate, not to details which can safely be left to technical experts for due resolution, but to matters of fundamental principle deserving wider consideration at the outset. We focus here on three issues: co-ordination of levels of qualification with Europe; the balance of theory and practice in qualifying tests; and the potentially self-defeating effects of introducing too low an initial level of validated qualification.
Routes to Economic Integration: 1992 in the European Community
Authors: Kay J.A. , Posner M.V.
Published: March 2007

1992 is a staging post on the route to European economic integration. For Britain, the real issues are not national sovereignty versus supranationalism, but the choice between a liberal, market oriented path to integration and a planned, centralised one. The paper assesses these options as they arise in regulatory policies, in industrial strategy, and in the monetary and fiscal policies facing the Community. It recognises that there are major policy areas where the creation of a central authority is essential but concludes that the market route is often the right—and the only feasible—approach.

This is the third article from members of the CLARE Group to appear in the Review. Future articles will normally appear about twice a year. The Review is pleased to give hospitality to the deliberations of the CLARE Group but is not necessarily in agreement with the views expressed. Members of the CLARE Group are M.J. Artis, A.J.C. Britton, W.A. Brown, C.H. Feinstein, C.A.E Goodhart, D.A. Hay, J.A. Kay, R.C.O. Matthews, M.H. Miller, P.M. Oppenheimer, M.V. Posner, W.B. Reddaway, J.R. Sargent, M.F-G. Scott, Z.A. Silberston, J.H.B. Tew, J.S. Vickers, S. Wadhwani.
The UK Economy
Authors: Pain Nigel
Published: March 2007

The UK economy entered 1992 having experienced one of the largest falls in the volume of domestically produced output during a single calendar year in the post-war period, with output likely to have fallen by close to 2.5 per cent in 1991. However the pace of the decline has begun to moderate in recent months, with activity in the second half of the year around 2 per cent lower than a year earlier. With oil production having recovered since the summer, it seems likely that onshore activity declined for the sixth successive quarter in the final three months of 1991.
Full Employment in a Market Economy
Authors: Britton Andrew
Published: March 2007

The occasion for this conference is the 50th anniversary of the white paper on Employment Policy, Cmnd. 6527, presented by the Minister of Reconstruction to Parliament in May 1944. It is a short paper, just 3 pages long, and much of that length is devoted to the special difficulties in the labour market that were expected during the transition from war to peace. The detailed policy proposals set out in the white paper were not implemented in quite the way that was foreseen. Nevertheless this slim document did signal a new approach to economic policy quite different to the approach of governments pre-war. The most important sentence is the first. ‘The Government accept as one of their primary aims and responsibilities the maintenance of a high and stable level of employment after the war’. The paper would have been a landmark in the history of economic policy if it had said no more than that.
The UK Economy
Authors: Young Garry
Published: March 2007

There are now widespread fears that the slowdown in the rate of growth of the UK economy might worsen and turn into another recession, Those holding this view can point to a variety of evidence to support their claim. In particular, retail sales in September were 0.4 per cent lower then a year earlier, house prices were 1.8 per cent lower than a year earlier, manufacturing output, which had grown by over 4 per cent in 1994, was only 0.6 per cent higher in September than it had been a year earlier. In addition, they can emphasise that stockbuilding cannot be expected to make the same positive contribution to output growth that it has made over the past year and is likely to make a negative contribution when excessive stocks are run down. They can also argue that any reduction in public spending relative to existing plans, to make way for reductions in taxation, will tend to reduce aggregate demand since cuts in spending have a larger effect on demand than equivalent cuts in taxation because the latter affect saving as well as spending.
Function VI
Authors: Hudelson Dean Earl
Published: March 2007

To establish and to develop interests in the major fields of human activity as means to happiness, to social progress, and to continued growth.
A Secondary-School Radio Workshop
Authors: Allen Genieve M.
Published: March 2007

The Radio Workshop for the three secondary schools of Spring field, Massachusetts, namely, the high schools of Commerce, Technical, and Classical, was organized in 1936 by the author of this article. She was a member of the first Educational Radio Workshop in New York City, which was established in 1936 by New York University and the United States Department of the Interior with the co-opera tion of a number of commercial broadcasting companies. After this training, she wished to give to the boys and girls of Springfield an opportunity to develop through radio activities, and to give to the citizens a deeper insight into the work of the public selwol system.
So Speaks the McKinley High School in Hawaii
Authors: Cary Miles E.
Published: March 2007

This letter containing a statement of basic and unifying ob jectives for the McKinley High School, Honolulu, Hawaii, was received from Principal Miles E. Cary, National Discussion Group Co-ordinator for Hawaii, on March 10, undeleted by censor. The Schools in Hawaii are "carrying on" and our other American schools can be inspired by the implications in this letter to join forces with our territorial school neighbors in a war-time program for victory.—Editor.
An Instructional Program for the Secondary School
Authors: Leiman Harold I.
Published: March 2007

On the average, the less competent a pupil has shown himself to be in meeting school tasks, the more quickly he is released to face adult prob lems. Those who will be least able to acquire socially useful habits, in for mation, and points of view without formal instruction are those to whom the school has given least attention.—The New York State Regents Inquiry, When Youth Leave School, p. 68.
Postwar Utilization of Military Bases in Florida
Authors: Leps J.M. , Mead A.R.
Published: March 2007

THIS suggested plan for the utilization of wartime mili tary bases in Florida for post war education should be given consideration by educators in other sections of the country. These military installations throughout the country were made during World War II at considerable expense and could now become a part of our edu cational organization and pro gram.—The Editor.
How Can Mathematics Promote International Understanding?
Authors: Fehr Howard F. , Syer Henry W.
Published: March 2007

It is to be noted that they (The Royal Society) have freely admitted Men of different Religions, Countries, and Professions of Life. This they were obliged to do or else they would come far short of the Largess of their own Declaration. For they openly profess, not to lay the Foundation as English, Scotch, Irish, Popish, or Protestant Philosophy but a Philosophy of Mankind.1
Report on Secondary Education in the United States of America
Authors: General Directors of the Ministry of Education
Published: March 2007

About three years ago the Ministry of Education of Turkey designated several public secondary schools as "experimental schools." With financial assistance from the Ford Foundation and the Republic of Turkey, teams of high-school principals and teachers were sent for a year's study and visitation in the United States during 1953, 54, and 55. When these people returned to Turkey, they became faculty members of the experimental schools, the purpose of which was to liberalize the existing rigid curriculum so as to provide more functional edu cation for Turkish youth. By 1956 these schools had achieved considerable progress. It was desirable that leading officials of the Turkish Ministry of Edu cation visit secondary schools in this country to become acquainted with Ameri can secondary education. By this means, it was expected that they would be in a better position to advise on the experimental high schools in their country. So, these officials, who head major divisions of the Ministry in Ankara, came here for the final three months of 1956. This is the report on American sec ondary schools which they wrote after they returned to Turkey. We who worked with them admired their keenness of observation and sharp grasp of the char acteristics of our secondary schools.—Editor.
The Non-Graded High School in Melbourne, Florida (An Experiment in Phased Organization)
Authors: Kauth Priscilla , Brown B. Frank
Published: March 2007

Youth is imaginative, and if the imagination be strengthened by discipline this energy of imagina tion can in great measure be preserved through life. The tragedy of the world is that those who are imaginative have but slight experience and those who are experienced have feeble imaginations. Fools act on imagination with knowledge; pedants act on knowledge without imagination.
The School of the Future-Now
Authors: Howard Eugene R.
Published: March 2007

If we are really serious about equality of opportunity, we shall be serious about individual differences, because what constitutes oppor tunity for one man is a stone wall for the next. If we are to do justice to the individual, we must seek for him the level and kind of education which will open his eyes, stimulate his mind and unlock his potentiali ties. We should seek to develop many educational patterns—each geared to the particular capacities of the student for whom it is designed.

But though the educational patterns may differ, the goals remain much the same for all: enabling each young person to go as far as his aptitude will permit in fundamental knowledge and skills, and moti vating him to continue his own self-development to the full along similar lines.
Conference Recommendations
Authors: Kassof Allen
Published: March 2007

In December 1965, Princeton University was the site of a Conference on Foreign Language and Area Studies: A Guide for School and College Programs. The purpose of the con ference—attended by teachers and other special ists from all educational levels—was to consider the best ways to bring contemporary knowledge of foreign areas and their cultures into school and college curricula.

The papers given at the conference were pub lished in the Spring 1966 issue of the Educa tional Record. Because of the evident relevance of the conference topic to the theme being developed herein, the editor of the BULLETIN was granted permission to reprint the confer ence recommendations and the paper given by Professor Morse, which begins on page 18.
Student Exchange Programs
Authors: Michigan Association of Secondary School Principals
Published: March 2007

Few people are likely to dispute the goals that student exchange programs are pointed toward. But such programs fre quently suffer from the limita tions of one of their greatest virtues: The voluntary associa tion of young people and adults in both school and community settings is a maturing experience for everyone involved; at the same time it is not always an association that submits to orderly and customary administrative practices.

The Michigan Association of Secondary School Principals main tains a Student Exchange Com mittee to provide information and advice in just such circum stances to principals and schools. For this purpose, the Committee prepared some years ago a pam phlet containing guidelines for working with exchange programs. The BULLETIN is pleased to be able to present here, where prin cipals in every state can have access to it, the newly revised edition of this booklet.
A Directory of Social Studies Projects
Authors: Michaelis John U.
Published: March 2007

For several years, Professor Michaelis has been maintaining what has come to be regarded as practically the official listing of the major projects operating in the social studies cur riculum area. We appreciate his willingness to let us publish the latest draft of his directory. Granted a project's title is not an especially rich source of information about the project's activities or products. Nonetheless, the editor concluded that this list would, at the least, add somewhat to the reader's awareness of the variety of studies in progress. More than that, the list may suggest to schools possibilities for contact, now or in the future, with develop ments and developers.
Literature in the Revitalized Curriculum
Authors: Miller James E.
Published: March 2007

"Language is filled with more mystery than sense, more caprice than logic, more surprise and defiance than compliance and capitula tion ... language is the most compelling mani festation we have of our humanness."
Innovation and Renovation in English Teaching
Authors: Ross Frank E.
Published: March 2007

"While many changes in English are made each year, quite a number of them are mainly a return to former good practices which fell into disuse."
The Critical Four Years
Authors: Pearson Richard
Published: March 2007

"The relationships between schools and col leges are now entering a new phase. There are signs of stress in the critical four years that make up the eleventh and twelfth grades and the first two years of college. Stress is likely to result in more change than continuity during the next few years...."
Freedom Kills Whom?
Authors: Wilson Eugene S.
Published: March 2007

"The avoidable college dropout is that student who, possessing health, financial resources, and academic ability, nonetheless decides that he will take a year off 'just because.' This character is the object of this paper."
Youth Needs and School Responsibilities
Authors: Mendenhall James E.
Published: March 2007

Consumer education certainly is relevant to adolescent existence if the rate at which teen agers consume their own and others' incomes is a criterion.
The Why and How of Consumer Education
Authors: Schoenfeld David
Published: March 2007

What he has to say about elements basic to effective instruction in consumer education has stood up well under field trials, for Schoenfeld has been notably successful with his classroom work in this field.
The Kind of Teachers Needed
Authors: Fodor John T.
Published: March 2007

A good attendance record and a fine reputa tion as a coach are not sufficient preparation for providing effective leadership in health education with modern adolescents.
Mathematics at St. Mark's School of Texas
Authors: McNabb W.K.
Published: March 2007

The revolution in mathematics has significantly influenced both outlook and practice in inde pendent as well as public schools, as this de scription of recent events in the academic life of one school demonstrates.
Mathematics in Newton
Authors: Ferguson W. Eugene
Published: March 2007

The chairman of the mathematics department in a school that has been a leader in the cur riculum revolution says. "If we are not careful, we may get into a rut and teach the new math ematics in as sterile a way as we taught the traditional mathematics."
If I Were Starting to Teach
Authors: Brownell Samuel M.
Published: March 2007

The lot of the beginning teacher would be a happier one if more of us who have satisfied our novitiate would live by a professional Golden Rule. A distinguished teacher, and teacher of teachers, tells how he would like to be treated by his fellows if he were once more a beginning teacher.
Values and Potential of the Large High School
Authors: Bagby Geraldine , Schwilck Gene L.
Published: March 2007

Often it is unfair to authors to take their strik ing conclusions and insert them ahead of the argument. But in the present instance, the reader may be helped in his reading by know ing from the outset that Bagby and Schwilck are going to vote "Aye" on the large high school, for they conclude that "the potential of the large high school is as limitless as the potential of the human mind to create ideas for it."
Purposes for Our Schools
Authors: Tyler Ralph W.
Published: March 2007

"The lag [ in making educational changes] appears to have been due both to the lack of continuing attention within the school to de velopments in the society and to the common failure of school leaders to translate needed changes into educational purposes and oper ations that guide the actual conduct of school work."
The Contribution of Non-Public Schools
Authors: Koob C. Albert
Published: March 2007

"As public school adminstrators become aware of the potential of the private schools in their area and as private schools begin to know some thing about the problems of the school district in which they operate, there will emerge a much better spirit of cooperation and a oneness of purpose."
Enhancin Counselor Effectiveness
Authors: Peterson Mark B.
Published: March 2007

"The purpose of this paper is to propose a program of supervision for school counselors and to outline some of its practical implica tions. The emphasis is on the full-time and fully-trained counselor, but the general super visory model proposed here would be equally applicable to part-time or partially-trained counselors."