bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time-course analysis of Streptococcus sanguinis after manganese depletion reveals changes in glycolytic and nucleic acid metabolites
Authors: Puccio Tanya , Misra Biswapriya B. , Kitten Todd
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Manganese is important for the endocarditis pathogen Streptococcus sanguinis. Little is known about why manganese is required for virulence or how it impacts the metabolome of streptococci.

Objectives

We applied untargeted metabolomics to cells and media to understand temporal changes resulting from manganese depletion.

Methods

EDTA was added to a S. sanguinis manganese-transporter mutant in aerobic fermentor conditions. Cell and media samples were collected pre- and post-EDTA treatment. Metabolomics data were generated using positive and negative modes of data acquisition on an LC–MS/MS system. Data were subjected to statistical processing using MetaboAnalyst and time-course analysis using Short Time series Expression Miner (STEM). Recombinant enzymes were assayed for metal dependence.

Results

We observed quantitative changes in 534 and 422 metabolites in cells and media, respectively, after EDTA addition. The 173 cellular metabolites identified as significantly different indicated enrichment of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Further multivariate analysis revealed that the top 15 cellular metabolites belonged primarily to lipids and redox metabolites. The STEM analysis revealed global changes in cells and media in comparable metabolic pathways. Glycolytic intermediates such as fructose-1,6-bisphosphate increased, suggesting that enzymes that utilize them require manganese for activity or expression. Recombinant enzymes were confirmed to utilize manganese in vitro. Nucleosides accumulated, possibly due to a blockage in conversion to nucleobases resulting from manganese-dependent regulation.

Conclusion

Differential analysis of metabolites revealed the activation of a number of metabolic pathways in response to manganese depletion, many of which are connected to carbon catabolite repression.
An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational investigations of obstructive sleep apnea and health outcomes
Authors: Chen Weiwei , Li Yuting , Guo Liliangzi , Zhang Chenxing , Tang Shaohui
Published: April 2021

Purpose

The previous analysis of systematic reviews and meta-analyses have illustrated that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is correlated with multiple health outcomes. In the present research, our main aim was to execute an umbrella review to assess the available evidence for the associations between OSA and health outcomes.

Methods

Herein, a meta-analysis of previous observational investigations that have reported associations between OSA and health outcomes in all human populations and settings was performed. We used these studies to execute an umbrella review of available meta-analyses and systematic reviews.

Results

Sixty-six articles comprising 136 unique outcomes were enrolled in this analysis. Of the 136 unique outcomes, 111 unique outcomes had significant associations (p < 0.05). Only 7 outcomes (coronary revascularization after PCI, postoperative respiratory failure, steatosis, alaninetrans aminase (ALT) elevation, metabolic syndrome (MS), psoriasis, and Parkinson’s disease) had a high quality of evidence. Twenty-four outcomes had a moderate quality of evidence, and the remaining 80 outcomes had a weak quality of evidence. Sixty-nine outcomes exhibited significant heterogeneity. Twenty-five outcomes exhibited publication bias. Sixty-three (95%) studies showed critically low methodological quality.

Conclusion

Among the 66 meta-analyses exploring 136 unique outcomes, only 7 statistically significant outcomes were rated as high quality of evidence. OSA may correlate with an increased risk of coronary revascularization after PCI, postoperative respiratory failure, steatosis, ALT elevation, MS, psoriasis, and Parkinson’s disease.
Changes of microorganism composition in fresh and stored bee pollen from Southern Germany
Authors: Friedle Carolin , D’Alvise Paul , Schweikert Karsten , Wallner Klaus , Hasselmann Martin
Published: April 2021

Analysis of plant pollen can provide valuable insights into the existing spectrum of microorganisms in the environment. When harvesting bee-collected pollen as a dietary supplement for human consumption, timely preservation of the freshly collected pollen is fundamental for product quality. Environmental microorganisms contained in freshly collected pollen can lead to spoilage by degradation of pollen components. In this study, freshly collected bee pollen was sampled at different locations and stored under various storage conditions to examine the hypothesis that storage conditions may have an effect on the composition of microorganisms in pollen samples. The samples were analyzed using 16S and 18S amplicon sequencing and characterized by palynological analysis. Interestingly, the bacterial communities between pollen samples from different locations varied only slightly, whereas for fungal community compositions, this effect was substantially increased. Further, we noticed that fungal communities in pollen are particularly sensitive to storage conditions. The fungal genera proportion Cladosporium and Mycosphaerella decreased, while Zygosaccharomyces and Aspergillus increased during storage. Aspergillus and Zygosaccharomyces fractions increased during storage at 30 °C, which could negatively impact the pollen quality if it is used as a dietary supplement.
Social entrepreneurship orientation and performance in non-profit organizations
Authors: do Adro Francisco , Fernandes Cristina I. , Veiga Pedro M. , Kraus Sascha
Published: April 2021

With the downturn in the global socioeconomic panorama, the social entrepreneurship orientation (SEO) and the social performance of non-profit organizations (NPOs) have become subject to growing levels of attention. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of SEO on the performance of NPOs. To this end, we deployed a quantitative methodology based on the application of a survey of NPOs, which received a total of 135 valid responses. Our results demonstrate a positive effect for the dimensions of social innovation and social proactivity even while reporting no effect for the acceptance of social risks on performance. These results hold important implications across two different levels: in terms of the NPOs and policy-makers.
Plane strain shear strength of unsaturated fiber-reinforced fine-grained soils
Authors: Soleimani-Fard Houman , König Diethard , Goudarzy Meisam
Published: April 2021

Discrete randomly distributed fibers are commonly used to improve the engineering characteristics of the soil and thus soil properties such as shear strength, compressibility, density, and hydraulic conductivity. Most studies have so far focused on describing the behavior of soils containing randomly distributed fibers under dried or saturated conditions. However, the water table may seasonally fluctuate, thus generating unsaturated soil conditions. Therefore, a better understanding of the hydro-mechanical properties of unsaturated improved soils is of high necessity. In this research, the shear strength parameters of fine-grained soils were evaluated using the biaxial device available at Ruhr Universität Bochum. The applied device was modified to test unsaturated fine-grained soils with various degrees of saturation using axis translation and vapor equilibrium techniques. The experiments were conducted on fine soils containing 0, 0.5, and 1% fiber contents under a wide range of matric suctions. The ductile behavior was more noticeable in samples with lower suctions and higher straw contents. Furthermore, the shear strength of both unreinforced and reinforced fine-grained soils considerably increased by an increase in the suction. Finally, shear band inclination increased by the suction while decreasing by straw content.
How do we know where there is potential to intervene and leverage impact in a changing system? The practitioners perspective
Authors: Birney Anna
Published: April 2021

More and more people and organisations who are addressing complex sustainability challenges are turning to systems change practices. They are looking to get to grips with complexity and to better understand how to use their resources, position and influence to address the challenges. These people are working across civil society, philanthropy, business, international development, government and beyond. Many hope that adopting this emerging practice will give them the answers to the long held questions of – How do I know where to intervene? How do I know that what I am doing is the ‘right’ thing? Am I using my resources for their greatest effect? Once we have set ambitious goals around issues like inequality and climate change, how do I know I am creating impact?. In 1999 Donella Meadows wrote a paper entitledLeverage points: places to intervene in a systemto help translate the work of systems dynamics into understanding where a small amount of energy might have a greater effect. Ever since, practitioners have been chasing these elusive leverage points trying to understand how this might be made useful and practical. There is, however, no silver bullet to changing a system. At Forum for the Future and through the School of System Change, we work on a number of different projects such as the Protein Challenge and Boundless Roots Community as well as collaborate on, coach and co-inquire with others such as the Marine CoLAB, Oneless, Lankelly Chase Foundation. In this paper we seek to build on systems change ideas and theories, using Forum for the Future experience of working with these ideas in practice, and offer actionable knowledge (Coghlan 2007) to other change makers who are grappling with these questions. This paper provides four qualities that help us understand the dynamics of a changing system, and how potential in these dynamics might be identified and be translated into strategy and interventions. I explore and illustrate these through cases and examples and raise the question about how change makers might value what we measure when understanding impact in the context of a changing system.
A Review of Ferroalloy Tapping Models
Authors: Bublik Sergey , Olsen Jan Erik , Loomba Varun , Reynolds Quinn Gareth , Einarsrud Kristian Etienne
Published: April 2021

Tapping is an important furnace operation in the ferroalloy industry and poses a number of complex and coupled challenges of both practical and economical importance. Owing to the hazardous high-temperature conditions surrounding the tap hole, the application of various modeling techniques allows for development and acquisition of both scientific and engineering knowledge of the process through physical or numerical proxies. In this review, earlier work on modeling of ferroalloy tapping is summarized and main principles of the tapping process and multiphase interaction of slag and metal are discussed and summarized. The main focus is on drainage of slag and alloys, but some attention will also be given to metal loss, metal overflow and health, safety and environment. Our review shows that although considerable progress has been made in computational capability over the last decades, However, it is clear that research and development in the field of ferroalloy furnace tapping remains at a relatively nascent stage. The most progress up to date has happened in the area of so called reduced-order models. Such models are robust and simple, and may be easily fitted to process data from a particular operation in order to develop tailored solutions. Such models are more easily combined with software and instruments, ultimately enabling improved automation, process control and ultimately improved tapping consistency.
Fabrication of a Silicide Thermoelectric Module Employing Fractional Factorial Design Principles
Authors: Graff Joachim S. , Schuler Raphael , Song Xin , Castillo-Hernandez Gustavo , Skomedal Gunstein , Enebakk Erik , Wright Daniel Nilsen , Stange Marit , de Boor Johannes , Løvvik Ole Martin , Schrade Matthias
Published: April 2021

Thermoelectric modules can be used in waste heat harvesting, sensing, and cooling applications. Here, we report on the fabrication and performance of a four-leg module based on abundant silicide materials. While previously optimized Mg2Si0.3Sn0.675Bi0.025 is used as the n-type leg, we employ a fractional factorial design based on the Taguchi methods mapping out a four-dimensional parameter space among Mnx-εMoεSi1.75−δGeδ higher manganese silicide compositions for the p-type material. The module is assembled using a scalable fabrication process, using a Cu metallization layer and a Pb-based soldering paste. The maximum power output density of 53 μW cm–2 is achieved at a hot-side temperature of 250 °C and a temperature difference of 100 °C. This low thermoelectric output is related to the high contact resistance between the thermoelectric materials and the metallic contacts, underlining the importance of improved metallization schemes for thermoelectric module assembly.
Internal Diameter Coating by Warm Spraying of Fine WC-12Co Powders (− 10 + 2 µm) with Very Short Spray Distances up to 10 mm
Authors: Baumann I. , Tillmann W. , Schaak C. , Schmidt K. , Hagen L. , Zajaczkowski J. , Schmidtmann G. , Matthäus G. , Luo W.
Published: April 2021

The internal diameter (ID) coating by means of thermal spraying is currently experiencing growing interest in science and industry. In contrast to the well-established plasma- and arc-based spray techniques, there is a lack of knowledge concerning kinetic processes such as HVOF, HVAF and warm spray (WS). A major challenge represents the necessity of short spray distances and the compact design of novel ID spray guns with reduced combustion power. Conventional WC-Co powders (− 45 + 15 µm) are not able to achieve a sufficient heat and momentum transfer. The use of fine powders < 15 µm offers an approach to overcome this drawback as they feature a larger surface-to-volume ratio and a lower mass. However, the processing of fine powders requires suitable spray equipment and a sensitive parameter adjustment. In this study, warm spraying of fine WC-12Co powders (− 10 + 2 µm) with a novel ID spray gun (HVOF + N2) “ID RED” (Thermico Engineering GmbH, Germany) was investigated. First, the flame profile as well as the in-flight behavior of the particles along the spray jet (spray distances SD = 10-80 mm) was analyzed at different nitrogen flows NF = 15-115 L/min to find suitable spray parameter intervals. Subsequently, planar steel samples were coated with SD = 10-50 mm and constant NF = 90 L/min. Analyses regarding the microstructure, the mechanical properties and the phase evolution of the coatings were performed. The aim was to study spraying with the novel ID gun and to scrutinize shortest feasible spray distances. Finally, steel tubes (internal diameter of 81.6 mm and a wall thickness of 10.0 mm) were coated with SD = 20 mm and NF = 90 L/min to investigate in how far the results can be transferred to ID parts. Correlations between the particle behavior, the microstructure and the coating properties were made.
Nest choice in arboreal ants is an emergent consequence of network creation under spatial constraints
Authors: Chang Joanna , Powell Scott , Robinson Elva J. H. , Donaldson-Matasci Matina C.
Published: April 2021

Biological transportation networks must balance competing functional priorities. The self-organizing mechanisms used to generate such networks have inspired scalable algorithms to construct and maintain low-cost and efficient human-designed transport networks. The pheromone-based trail networks of ants have been especially valuable in this regard. Here, we use turtle ants as our focal system: In contrast to the ant species usually used as models for self-organized networks, these ants live in a spatially constrained arboreal environment where both nesting options and connecting pathways are limited. Thus, they must solve a distinct set of challenges which resemble those faced by human transport engineers constrained by existing infrastructure. Here, we ask how a turtle ant colony’s choice of which nests to include in a network may be influenced by their potential to create connections to other nests. In laboratory experiments with Cephalotes varians and Cephalotes texanus, we show that nest choice is influenced by spatial constraints, but in unexpected ways. Under one spatial configuration, colonies preferentially occupied more connected nest sites; however, under another spatial configuration, this preference disappeared. Comparing the results of these experiments to an agent-based model, we demonstrate that this apparently idiosyncratic relationship between nest connectivity and nest choice can emerge without nest preferences via a combination of self-reinforcing random movement along constrained pathways and density-dependent aggregation at nests. While this mechanism does not consistently lead to the de-novo construction of low-cost, efficient transport networks, it may be an effective way to expand a network, when coupled with processes of pruning and restructuring.
Solubility of Palladium in Alumina-Iron Silicate Melts
Authors: Avarmaa Katri , Klemettinen Lassi , O’Brien Hugh , Jokilaakso Ari , Lindberg Daniel , Taskinen Pekka
Published: April 2021

Dissolution and solubility of palladium in iron silicate melts saturated with alumina–iron spinel at 1300°C has been measured using an equilibration-drop quenching technique combined with electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation–inductive coupled plasma–mass spectrometry analysis from polished sections. Composition of the resulting Fe-Pd alloy allowed estimation of the activity of palladium at different oxygen partial pressures, and, thus, the solubilities of palladium in the studied slags in conditions typical of copper and nickel smelting as well as slag cleaning at pO2=10-5 to 10-10 atm. The mechanism of palladium dissolution in the studied iron silicate slags was oxidation by formation of the monovalent oxide species PdO0.5 over the entire oxygen activity range of this study. Testing the applicability of the various palladium isotopes for quantitative analyses of Pd in these types of matrices resulted in a good fit of measured concentrations of 104Pd and 105Pd with interference-corrected 106Pd and 108Pd.
Role of Catheter Ablation for Ventricular Arrhythmias in Brugada Syndrome
Authors: Chokesuwattanaskul Ronpichai , Nademanee Koonlawee
Published: April 2021

Purpose of Review

To discuss the role of catheter ablation in treating life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias associated with Brugada syndrome (BrS), by presenting recent findings of BrS arrhythmogenic substrate, mechanisms underlying ventricular arrhythmias, and how they can be treated with catheter ablation.

Recent Findings

Almost three decades ago when the clinical entity of Brugada syndrome (BrS) was described in patients who had abnormal coved-type ST elevation in the right precordial EKG leads in patients who had no apparent structural heart disease but died suddenly from ventricular fibrillation. Since its description, the syndrome has galvanized explosive research in this field over the past decades, driving major progress toward better understanding of BrS, gaining knowledge of the genetic pathophysiology and risk stratification of BrS, and creating significant advances in therapeutic modalities. One of such advances is the ability for electrophysiologists to map and identify the arrhythmogenic substrate sites of BrS, which serve as good target sites for catheter ablation. Subsequently, several studies have shown that catheter ablation of these substrates normalizes the Brugada ECG pattern and is very effective in eliminating these substrates and preventing recurrent VF episodes.

Catheter ablation has become an important addition for treatment of symptomatic BrS patients with recurrent VT/VF episodes.
Analysis of the Mercury Distribution in Blood as a Potential Tool for Exposure Assessment — Results from Two Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Areas in Zimbabwe
Authors: Wahl Anna-Maria , Bose-O’Reilly Stephan , Mambrey Viola , Rooney James P. K. , Shoko Dennis , Moyo Dingani , Muteti-Fana Shamiso , Steckling-Muschack Nadine , Rakete Stefan
Published: April 2021

People in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) areas are frequently exposed to high levels of mercury (Hg). Hg analyses in urine and whole blood are the gold standard of biomonitoring, although this may not provide sufficient information about the source of exposure, e.g., due to the use of Hg for gold extraction or due to nutrition. To evaluate, whether the pharmacokinetic properties of individual Hg species may be useful for exposure assessment, we determined the Hg levels in different blood components from 199 participants. Therefore, whole blood was centrifuged on-site to yield erythrocytes and plasma. Globin was isolated from the erythrocytes by precipitation with ethyl acetate. Albumin was isolated from plasma by gradual precipitation with saturated ammonium sulfate solution. Hg levels in all samples were determined by using a direct Hg analyzer. Median Hg levels for whole blood, erythrocytes, and plasma were 2.7, 3.7, and 1.3 μg/l, respectively. In globin and albumin, median Hg levels were 10.3 and 7.9 μg/kg, respectively. The distribution of Hg was strongly correlated with whole blood Hg levels (p < 0.01) and the time between the last use of Hg and the date of the participation (p < 0.01). The results suggest that the distribution of Hg in blood is substantially affected by the extent and the frequency of the exposure to elemental Hg. Therefore, the analysis of Hg in erythrocytes and plasma may be a valuable tool for Hg exposure assessment in ASGM areas.
Pandemic grief in Poland: adaptation of a measure and its relationship with social support and resilience
Authors: Skalski Sebastian , Konaszewski Karol , Dobrakowski Paweł , Surzykiewicz Janusz , Lee Sherman A.
Published: April 2021

Millions of people are mourning the death of a loved to COVID-19. According to previous studies, the circumstances of coronavirus disease-related deaths may lead to dysfunctional grief. The purpose of this study was to introduce the Polish adaptation of the Pandemic Grief Scale (PGS) as well as to assess the relationship between dysfunctional grief due to a COVID-19 death, resilience and perceived social support. The adaptation was carried out on a general population sample of 286 individuals aged 18–54 years, with the evaluation being performed on a group comprising 214 people aged 18–78 years, who lost a loved one during the pandemic. The Polish version of PGS revealed a single-factor structure with strong internal consistency (α = 0.89). The PGS scores were associated with measures of complicated grief (Inventory of Complicated Grief), depression (Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale) and lower resilience (Resilience Scale 14), which confirmed the scale’s convergent validity. No relation between PGS scores and health behaviors (Inventory of Health Behaviors) was observed, which confirmed the scale’s discriminant validity. The results of the bootstrapping technique revealed that resilience mediates the relationship between perceived social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support) and dysfunctional grief (total mediation). The results of this study suggest the need for practitioners to focus on resilience-enhancing interventions and perceived social support in order to improve mental health in people who lost their loved ones during the new coronavirus pandemic.
Thrust measurements and evaluation of asymmetric infrared laser resonators for space propulsion
Authors: Neunzig O. , Weikert M. , Tajmar M.
Published: April 2021

Since modern propulsion systems are insufficient for large-scale space exploration, a breakthrough in propulsion physics is required. Amongst different concepts, the EMDrive is a proposed device claiming to be more efficient in converting energy into propulsive forces than classical photon momentum exchange. It is based on a microwave resonator inside a tapered cavity. Recently, Taylor suggested using a laser instead of microwaves to boost thrust by many orders of magnitude due to the higher quality factor of optical resonators. His analysis was based on the theory of quantised inertia by McCulloch, who predicted that an asymmetry in mass surrounding the device and/or geometry is responsible for EMDrive-like forces. We put this concept to the test in a number of different configurations using various asymmetrical laser resonators, reflective cavities of different materials and size as well as fiber-optic loops, which were symmetrically and asymmetrically shaped. A dedicated high precision thrust balance was developed to test all these concepts with a sensitivity better than pure photon thrust, which is the force equivalent to the radiation pressure of a laser for the same power that is used to operate each individual devices. In summary, all devices showed no net thrust within our resolution at the Nanonewton range, meaning that any anomalous thrust must be below state-of-the-art propellantless propulsion. This puts strong limits on all proposed theories like quantised inertia by at least 4 orders of magnitude for the laboratory-scale geometries and power levels used with worst case assumptions for the theoretical predictions.
Machine learning for flux regression in discrete fracture networks
Authors: Berrone S. , Della Santa F. , Pieraccini S. , Vaccarino F.
Published: April 2021

In several applications concerning underground flow simulations in fractured media, the fractured rock matrix is modeled by means of the Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) model. The fractures are typically described through stochastic parameters sampled from known distributions. In this framework, it is worth considering the application of suitable complexity reduction techniques, also in view of possible uncertainty quantification analyses or other applications requiring a fast approximation of the flow through the network. Herein, we propose the application of Neural Networks to flux regression problems in a DFN characterized by stochastic trasmissivities as an approach to predict fluxes.
Fiber-Optic Microstructure Sensors: A Review
Authors: Ran Zengling , He Xiu , Rao Yunjiang , Sun Dong , Qin Xiaojuan , Zeng Debiao , Chu Wangwei , Li Xiankun , Wei Yabin
Published: April 2021

This paper reviews a wide variety of fiber-optic microstructure (FOM) sensors, such as fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, long-period fiber grating (LPFG) sensors, Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) sensors, Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) sensors, Michelson interferometer (MI) sensors, and Sagnac interferometer (SI) sensors. Each FOM sensor has been introduced in the terms of structure types, fabrication methods, and their sensing applications. In addition, the sensing characteristics of different structures under the same type of FOM sensor are compared, and the sensing characteristics of the all FOM sensors, including advantages, disadvantages, and main sensing parameters, are summarized. We also discuss the future development of FOM sensors.
The Role of RNA-Sequencing as a New Genetic Diagnosis Tool
Authors: Curry Philippa D. K. , Broda Krystyna L. , Carroll Christopher J.
Published: April 2021

Purpose of Review

Whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) are frontline approaches for the genetic diagnosis of rare diseases. However, WES/WGS fails in up to 75% of cases. Transcriptomics via RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) is a novel approach that aims to increase the diagnostic yield in rare diseases.

Recent Findings

Recent publications focus on the success of RNA-Seq for increasing diagnosis rates in WES/WGS-negative patients in up to 36% of cases, across a range of different diseases, sample sizes, and tissue types.

RNA-Seq is beneficial for aiding prioritisation of causative variants currently not detected or often overlooked by WES/WGS alone. An improvement in diagnostic yields has been demonstrated using multiple source tissues, with muscle and fibroblasts being the most representative, but the more accessible blood still demonstrating diagnostic success, particularly in neuromuscular disorders. The introduction of RNA-Seq to the genetic diagnosis toolbox promises to be a useful complementary tool to WES/WGS for improving genetic diagnosis in patients with rare disease.
High-strength porous alumina ceramics prepared from stable wet foams
Authors: Wang Linying , An Liqiong , Zhao Jin , Shimai Shunzo , Mao Xiaojian , Zhang Jian , Liu Juan , Wang Shiwei
Published: April 2021

Porous ceramics have been widely used in heat insulation, filtration, and as a catalyst carrier. Ceramics with high porosity and high strength are desired; however, this high porosity commonly results in low strength materials. In this study, porous alumina with high porosity and high strength was prepared by a popular direct foaming method based on particle-stabilized wet foam that used ammonium polyacrylate (PAA) and dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DTAC) as the dispersant and hydrophobic modifier, respectively. The effects of the dispersant and surfactant contents on the rheological properties of alumina slurries, stability of wet foams, and microstructure and mechanical properties of sintered ceramics were investigated. The microstructure of porous ceramics was regulated using wet foams to achieve high strength. For a given PAA content, the wet foams exhibited increasing stability with increasing DTAC content. The most stable wet foam was successfully obtained with 0.40 wt% PAA and 0.02 wt% DTAC. The corresponding porous alumina ceramics had a porosity of 82%, an average grain size of 0.7 µm, and a compressive strength of 39 MPa. However, for a given DTAC content, the wet foams had decreasing stability with increasing PAA content. A possible mechanism to explain these results is analyzed.
Using process drama to explore the causes of dental anxiety in primary-school children
Authors: Tahmassebi J. F. , Malik M. , Berg N. , Pavitt S. , Gray-Burrows K. , O’Grady A.
Published: April 2021

Background

Drama and role play can be unlisted as methods to allow children to view problems from a range of different perspectives that may differ from their own experience. Application of drama technique to assess the cause of dental fear and anxiety in a school setting is novel.

Aim

The aim of this study was to engage primary school children in the core investigation via participatory arts methodologies, namely, process drama to gain understanding of the causes of dental anxiety.

Design

Sixty-three children, aged 7–10 years from three primary schools participated in this study. A 90-min drama workshop was carried in each school. The children were encouraged to identify the causes of dental anxiety using key concepts from process drama. The sessions were audio-recorded and transcribed.

Results

Four key concepts emerged: (1) fear of the unknown; (2) unpleasant sensory experience; (3) society’s perception and portrayal of the dentist; and (4) learnt negative associations with the dentist. Within each four key concepts, two sub-themes were identified.

Conclusions

Role-playing and use of drama are a novel application and can reveal a considerable amount of information from the child’s perspective on the cause of dental fear and anxiety.
Health-Related Quality of Life in Children with Developmental Disorders
Authors: Schoemaker Marina M. , Houwen Suzanne
Published: April 2021

Purpose of Review

(1) To give an overview of what is currently known about health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in three common and co-occurring developmental disorders: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and developmental coordination disorder (DCD), and (2) to provide directions for future research.

Recent Findings

HRQoL is compromised in all three developmental disorders, affecting various domains of HRQoL. However, some domains are more affected than others depending on the nature of the core deficits of the disorder. Overall, parents’ rate HRQoL of their children lower than the children themselves. Children with ASD and ADHD with co-occurring disorders have lower HRQoL compared to those with singular disorders. Future studies in DCD are needed to investigate the effect of co-occurring disorder in this population.

Children with developmental disorders have lower HRQoL than typically developing children. Future research should focus on the effects of co-occurring disorders on HRQoL and on protective factors that may increase HRQoL. HRQoL should be a part of clinical assessment, as it reveals the areas in life children are struggling with that could be targeted during intervention.
Entanglement and impropriety
Authors: La Cour Brian R. , Yudichak Thomas W.
Published: April 2021

The relationship between quantum entanglement and classical impropriety is considered in the context of multi-modal squeezed states of light. Replacing operators with complex Gaussian random variables in the Bogoliubov transformations for squeezed states, we find that the resulting transformed variables are not only correlated but also improper. A simple threshold exceedance model of photon detection is considered and used to demonstrate how the behavior of improper Gaussian random variables can mimic that of entangled photon pairs when coincidence post-selection is performed.
Nutrients handling after bariatric surgery, the role of gastrointestinal adaptation
Authors: Camastra Stefania , Palumbo Maria , Santini Ferruccio
Published: April 2021

Bariatric surgery determines a rearrangement of the gastrointestinal tract that influences nutrient handling and plays a role in the metabolic changes observed after surgery. Most of the changes depend on the accelerated gastric emptying observed in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and, to a lesser extent, in sleeve gastrectomy (SG). The rapid delivery of meal into the jejunum, particularly after RYGB, contributes to the prompt appearance of glucose in peripheral circulation. Glucose increase is the principal determinant of GLP-1 increase with the consequent stimulation of insulin secretion, the latter balanced by a paradoxical glucagon increase that stimulates EGP to prevent hypoglycaemia. Protein digestion and amino acid absorption appear accelerated after RYGB but not after SG. After RYGB, the adaptation of the gut to the new condition participates to the metabolic change. The intestinal transit is delayed, the gut microbioma is changed, the epithelium becomes hypertrophic and increases the expression of glucose transporter and of the number of cell secreting hormones. These changes are not observed after SG. After RYGB—less after SG—bile acids (BA) increase, influencing glucose metabolism probably modulating FXR and TGR5 with an effect on insulin sensitivity. Muscle, hepatic and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity improve, and the gut reinforces the recovery of IS by enhancing glucose uptake and through the effect of the BA. The intestinal changes observed after RYGB result in a light malabsorption of lipid but not of carbohydrate and protein. In conclusion, functional and morphological adaptations of the gut after RYGB and SG activate inter-organs cross-talk that modulates the metabolic changes observed after surgery.

Level of evidence Level V, narrative literature review.
Mortality attributable to COVID-19 in nursing home residents: a retrospective study
Authors: Veronese Nicola , Koyanagi Ai , Stangherlin Vanni , Mantoan Paola , Chiavalin Marco , Tudor Florina , Pozzobon Gianfranco , Tessarin Michele , Pilotto Alberto
Published: April 2021

Aim

Coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) is a widespread condition in nursing home (NH). It is not known whether COVID-19 is associated with a higher risk of death than residents without COVID-19. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess whether COVID-19 is associated with a higher mortality rate in NH residents, considering frailty status assessed with the Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI).

Methods

In this retrospective study, made in 31 NHs in Venice, Italy, the presence of COVID-19 was ascertained with a nasopharyngeal swab. Frailty was evaluated using the MPI, modified according to the tools commonly used in our NHs. A Cox’s regression analysis was used reporting the results as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), using COVID-19 as exposure and mortality as outcome and stratified by MPI tertiles. Similar analyses were run using MPI tertiles as exposure.

Results

Overall, 3946 NH residents (median age = 87 years, females: 73.9%) were eligible, with 1136 COVID-19 + . During a median follow-up of 275 days, higher values of MPI, indicating frailer people, were associated with an increased risk of mortality. The incidence of mortality in COVID-19 + was more than doubled than COVID-19- either in MPI-1, MPI-2 and MPI-3 groups. The presence of COVID-19 increased the risk of death (HR = 1.85; 95% CI 1.59–2.15), also in the propensity score model using MPI as confounder (HR = 2.48; 95% CI 2.10–2.93).

Conclusion

In this retrospective study of NH residents, COVID-19 was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality than those not affected by COVID-19 also considering the different grades of frailty.
Mono-dispersed Ag nanoparticles decorated graphitic carbon nitride: An excellent lubricating additive as PPESK composite film
Authors: Chen Beibei , Zhang Mengjie , Zhang Kan , Dong Zhe , Li Jiaye , Zhao Gai
Published: April 2021

Studies show that two dimensional (2D) nanomaterial and its hybrid have a great promise in tribology for the special laminar microstructure. However, the majority of performed investigations about 2D graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets are most focused on energy storage, catalysis, adsorption, rarely tribology. In the present study, g-C3N4 supporting mono-dispersed Ag nanoparticle hybrid (g-C3N4/Ag) is prepared, and its microstructure and chemical composition are determined. More specifically, the tribological performance as the lubricating additive of poly phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone (PPESK) composite is investigated using the ball-on-disc friction tester. Moreover, the corresponding enhancement mechanism is well proposed based on the experimental analysis and theoretical simulation. Obtained results show that Ag nanoparticles with a size of about 10–20 nm are homogeneously anchored on g-C3N4 nanosheets, favoring for good compatibility between g-C3N4/Ag and PPESK. It is found that when 0.3 wt% of g-C3N4/Ag is added to PPESK, the friction coefficient and wear rate of PPESK decrease by 68.9% and 97.1%, respectively. These reductions are mainly attributed to the synergistic self-lubricating effect of Ag nanoparticles and g-C3N4 nanosheet, the formation of transfer film, as well as the limited effect of g-C3N4/Ag on the shear deformation of PPESK composite film. Furthermore, it is found that the proposed g-C3N4/Ag-PPESK composite still keeps reasonable friction-reducing and wear-resistant properties under heavy loads and high rotating speeds. The present study demonstrates that the proposed g-C3N4/Ag hybrid is an excellent lubricating additive for polymer composites.
A novel sEMG-based force estimation method using deep-learning algorithm
Authors: Hua Shaoyang , Wang Congqing , Wu Xuewei
Published: April 2021

This paper discusses the problem of force estimation represented by surface electromyography (sEMG) signals collected from an armband-like collection device. The scheme is proposed for the sake of two dimensions of sEMG signals: spatial and temporal information. From the point of space, first, appropriate channel number across all subjects is investigated. During this progress, an electrode channel selection method based on Spearman’s rank order correlation coefficient is utilized to detect signals from active muscle. Then, to reduce the computation and highlight the channel information, linear regression (LR) algorithm is conducted to weight each channel. Besides, the recurrent neural network (RNN) is used to capture the temporal information and model the relation between sEMG and output force. Experiments conducted on four subjects demonstrate that six channels are enough to characterize the muscle activity. By combining the selected channels with different weight coefficients, LR algorithm can fit the output force better than simply averaging them. Furthermore, RNN with long short-term memory cell shows the superiority in time series modeling, which can improve our results to a greater degree. Experimental results prove the feasibility of the proposed method.
Tracking Violent Crime with Ambulance Data: How Much Crime Goes Uncounted?
Authors: Sutherland Alex , Strang Lucy , Stepanek Martin , Giacomantonio Chris , Boyle Adrian , Strang Heather
Published: April 2021

Research Question

What proportion of ambulance records documenting injuries caused by criminal violence is included in police records for violent crimes occurring in the same area at the same dates and times as incidents found in ambulance records?

Data

We analysed subsets of three datasets during matched time periods: West Midlands Ambulance Service records of all 36,639 incidents of violent injuries from January 2012 to March 2017; 132,317 West Midlands Police records of violent crimes from January 2012 to December 2015; and 9083 records of treatment of violent injuries as recorded in hospital Emergency Department (ED) records covering September 2013 to March 2016.

Methods

We compared all incidents in the ambulance dataset and ED data to corresponding locations and times in incidents recorded in police datasets.

Findings

Approximately 90% of cases in the ambulance dataset did not have a corresponding case in the police dataset. The proportion was even lower in the Emergency Department dataset, where less than 5% of cases were successfully matched to a police record. These data suggest that adding the medical data to the police data could add 15 to 20% more violent offences to the totals recorded by the police.

Conclusions

Tracking identified ambulance data can add substantial numbers of serious violent crimes, over and above those reported to the police. These added cases can increase the targeting of police and public health resources to prevent harm against victims, at places, and by offenders at highest risk of serious violence.
Decentralized Learning with Virtual Patients for Medical Diagnosis of Diabetes
Authors: Takahashi Yuta , Chang Han-ten , Nakai Akie , Kagawa Rina , Ando Hiroyasu , Imakura Akira , Okada Yukihiko , Tsurushima Hideo , Suzuki Kenji , Sakurai Tetsuya
Published: April 2021

Machine learning, applied to medical data, can uncover new knowledge and support medical practices. However, analyzing medical data by machine learning methods presents a trade-off between accuracy and privacy. To overcome the trade-off, we apply the data collaboration analysis method to medical data. This method using artificial dummy data enables analysis to compare distributed information without using the original data. The purpose of our experiment is to identify patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM), using 29,802 instances of real data obtained from the University of Tsukuba Hospital between 01/03/2013 and 30/09/2018. The whole data is divided into a number of datasets to simulate different hospitals. We propose the following improvements for the data collaboration analysis. (1) Making the dummy data which has a reality and (2) using non-linear reconverting functions into the comparable space. Both can be realized using the generative adversarial network (GAN) and Node2Vec, respectively. The improvement effects of dummy data with GAN scores more than 10% over the effects of dummy data with random numbers. Furthermore, the improvement effect of the re-conversion by Node2Vec with GAN anchor data scores about 20% higher than the linear method with random dummy data. Our results reveal that the data collaboration method with appropriate modifications, depending on data type, improves analysis performance.
Violet-blue light exposure of the skin: is there need for protection?
Authors: Christensen Terje , Johnsen Bjørn J. , Bruzell Ellen M.
Published: April 2021

Advocates of skin protection against blue light express concern about exposure to indoor lighting and electronic screens as well as natural outdoor exposure. However, the nature of adverse effects in skin is unclear and the doses to induce effects are unknown. We aimed to reveal whether there is a scientific basis for promoting skin protection against violet-blue light (400–500 nm, VBL). Based on published literature, we determined the time to reach a threshold dose that induced a biological response in human skin. In the absence of an action spectrum for effects on skin, we used a hand held probe with a defined spectral response and measurements of the unweighted exposure between 400 and 500 nm to estimate the exposure by a selection of artificial light sources and solar light. For comparison, an outdoor threshold erythemally weighted UV dose was set to 1 SED (standard erythema dose). Outdoor, weighted irradiances were obtained using a radiative transfer model. Induction of pigmentation in human skin tissue was the only consistently reported endpoint after VBL exposure of about 65 Jcm−2. This threshold dose was reached in 0.5 to 20 months of exposure to indoor lighting sources. In comparison, specialised medical sources reached this dose in 0.5 min to 45 h. The time outdoors to reach 1 SED was shorter than the time to reach a VBL threshold dose throughout all seasons. Skin protection against VBL is superfluous for exposures to domestic lighting sources or screens and for solar radiation; however, it may be advantageous for patients suffering from photosensitive diseases or taking photosensitising medication.
C/EBP-β and SIRT1 regulate IL-18 expression in the proliferative phase endometria of polycystic ovary syndrome patients
Authors: Long Xiaoyu , Wang Honghao , Zhu Xiaohui , Li Rong , Yang Yan , Qiao Jie
Published: April 2021

Background

Previous studies have shown that polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients suffer from low-grade chronic inflammation. Furthermore, our previous studies have confirmed that IL-18 is highly expressed in the serum and endometria of PCOS patients. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying IL-18 elevation remain unclear. This study aims to explore the signaling pathways that lead to IL-18 upregulation in the endometria of PCOS patients.

Methods

Using the TF-Search tool, we predicted that C/EBP-β may be a transcription factor for IL-18 and that deacetylase SIRT1 could be involved in its regulation. Subsequently, we analyzed SIRT1 and C/EBP-β in the proliferative endometria of PCOS patients and healthy control using immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative PCR and western blot; PCOS diagnosis was based on the 2003 Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM criteria. We further verified the interaction between C/EBP-β and IL-18 using a double luciferase assay.

Results

SIRT1 and C/EBP-β gene and protein levels in the proliferative endometria of PCOS patients were significantly higher than the control group. Immunohistochemical experiments confirmed that SIRT1 was primarily expressed in the endometrial nucleus, while C/EBP-β was predominantly expressed in the endometrial nucleus and cytoplasm. Double luciferase assay verified the interaction between C/EBP-β and IL-18.

Conclusion

SIRT1 and C/EBP-β are probable IL-18 regulatory mechanism in the endometria of PCOS patients.