bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Health Risks Due to Fish Consumption from Nile River at Beni-Suef-Governorate- Egypt
Authors: Mabrook Fatma , Nassar Hossam F. , Hamouda Asmaa S. , Mahmoud Hamada M.
Published: November 2019

Aims: The present study aimed to determine the growth indices of the Nile Tilapia, detected levels of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cr in muscles of Tilapia and expected the potential adverse human health risks according to USEPA methodologies.

Study Design: The design of the study depended on the determination of the impact of the drainage waste water on the fish quality, ecosystem health and human health.

Place and Duration of the Study: the study investigated five sampling sites, two sites in the Torrent drainage channel and three sites on the Nile River during winter and summer seasons of 2014-2015 at Beni-Suef governorate in Egypt.

Methodology: Fish tissue samples were dried at 105°C for 6 hours, burned in a muffle furnace for 6 hours at 550°C, acid-digested, and diluted with deionized water to known volume using the dry-ashing procedure. All the digested samples were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer, Model 2380). Analytical blanks were run in the same way as the samples, and standard solutions were prepared in the same acid matrix.

Results: Metals were found to accumulate in fish muscles at the following order Zn> Cu> Cr> Pb. Levels of Zn and Pb exceeded the permissible limits of the world health organization (WHO) especially during summer season. The calculated hazard quotients for all the detected metals did not pose unacceptable risks at both consumption rates, but the excessive and continuous consumption of fish from the current sampling sites could induce cancer for habitual consumers.

Conclusion: The present study could be considered as a beginning for further investigations for the health status of Nile River aquatic ecosystems and human populations feeding on fish produced from the study area.
Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Fish Species Caught by Cast Net in New Calabar River, Nigeria
Authors: Dienye Henry Eyina , Olopade Olaniyi Alaba
Published: November 2019

The length -weight relationship and condition factor (K) of fish species caught by cast net were studied from three stations in the New Calabar River, Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 1541 specimens of 26 fish species and representing 11 families were randomly collected using cast net with mesh sizes of 1.5 and 2.5 cm. Sample sizes of the different fish species examined in this study ranged from 8.79±0.25 cm (Caranx hippos specie) to 31.48±4.93 cm (Sphyraena barracuda specie) in total length and 15.45±0.40 g (Elops lacerta) to 156.00±39.30 g (Pelmatolapia mariae) in weight. The entire length-weight data in all the three stations were pooled together and the calculated correlation coefficient showed a high positive correlation (1.00) between length and weight of all the fish species except in Caranx hippos (0.18) with low positive correlation. The b value obtained ranged from 2.13 for Ethmalosa fimbriata with negative allomerty to 3.53 for Pelmatolapia mariae with positive allometry. By negative allometry (b < 3), the fish is said to be lighter for its length as it grows and (b>3), the fish gains weight as it grows. The mean condition factor ranged from 0.36 ± 0.03 recorded for Sphyraena barracuda to 2.20 ± 0.02 for Coptodon guineensis and Coptodon zillii. Apart from Sphyraena barracuda general wellbeing of all the fish species were found to be good, as indicated by the values of condition factor, which were nearer to or greater than 1. The results of the present study will provide an effective tool for further studies of population dynamics and stock assessment studies in the study area.
Ecological Approach of Plankton Responses to Water Quality Variables of a Tropical River, South-Eastern Nigeria: A Bio-indicator-based Community Assessment of Idundu River
Authors: Bassey Andem , Odey C. O. , Imeh Esenowo , Inimfon Inyang
Published: November 2019

In the present study, the water quality variables of the Idundu River were assessed by evaluating the Plankton community. Three sampling stations: Station 1 (minimal fishing), station 2 (artisanal fishing area/ cluster of human settlements) and station 3 (fisheries landing area, dredging) representing regions along the stretch of the watershed with considerable economic importance and anthropogenic activity, were selected within the period of six (6) months. The study determines plankton distribution, diversity and some water quality variables of Idundu River, and how they influence plankton abundance. The results of this study reveal that water quality variables (mean ± SD) of the River were pH (6.526 ± 0.104), surface water temperature (26.224 ± 0.106˚C), dissolved oxygen (1.474 ± 0.135 mg/l), nitrate (0.026 ± 0.001 mg/l) and phosphate (0.015 ± 0.000 mg/l). All the water quality variables assessed were within the acceptable range. A total of 23 phytoplankton species belonging to five families, totalling a numerical abundance of 368 individuals/L were observed. Bacillariophyceae was the most abundant phytoplankton family (63.81%), followed by Chlorophyceae (17.41%), Dinophyceae (7.87%), Cryptophyceae (9.77%), and the least abundant was Zygnemophyceae accounting for (1.08%). A total of 20 zooplankton species belonging to five phyla, totalling a numerical abundance of 140 individuals/L were observed. Rotifera was the most abundant zooplankton phylum (35.69%), Arthropoda (30.62%), Ciliophora (17.79%) and Annelida (12.15%); the least abundant was Nemata (2.85%). Principal component analysis (PCA) for plankton organisms showed that phytoplankton were more homogenously distributed than zooplankton during the study period. Shannon Wiener and Margalef’s diversity index showed that the River is in a healthy condition and the equitability level was high across all the stations, indicating even plankton distribution.
Comparative Morphometry of the Genus Thais from Nembe, Bakana and Calabar
Authors: Itolima Precious , Ugbomeh A. P. , Onwuteaka J. N.
Published: November 2019

Aim: Morphometry of Thais spp found in the Niger Delta Mangrove vegetation of Bakana, Calabar and Nembe were examined and compared.

Study Design: The study is a cross-sectional observational study

Place and Duration of Study: The study ws carried out in Bakana, Calabar and Nembe during a period of six months(January to June, 2018).

Methodology: A total of 600 specimens (100 specimens per month) were collected during a period of six months (January to June 2018) from the three sampling communities. Three different species were identified namely: Thais coronata, Thais haemastoma and Thais lacera. Shell dimensions were measured to the nearest millimeter using Vernier calipers and weighed, to get the morphometric Characteristics: Whorl Diameter (WD), Shell length (SL), Shell width (SW), Body whorl length (BWL), Aperture length (AL), Aperture Width (AW) Shell Breadth (SB), and Animal Weight (AW). Number of whorls, number of primary spiral cord on the body and number of ridges or teeth inside of outer tip of the aperture were counted.

Results: The disparity between the morphometric traits across the different species identified were minimal as most of the species had similar values of morphometric traits. However, differences can be identified using their colour; thais coronata (dirty light grey), T haemastoma (light grey), and T lacera (plane grey). The Three (3) species had a modal length class of 3.5cm to 4.5cm. Thais coronata and Thais lacera had a modal weight class of 9-11grams while Thais haemastoma had a modal weight class of 6-7grams. It was observed with the aid of length/weight relationship that the found in all study.

Conclusion: It was observed with the aid of length/weight relationship that the Thais specimen found in all study locations exhibited a very weak linear relationship with very low R2 values across locations. The exponent b of Thais coronata and Thais haemastoma and T. lacera across the three study locations indicate a negative allometric growth pattern. The Month of April for samples collected from Nembe had the highest condition factor for the three (3) species. T. coronata (4.4), T. lacera (6.38) and T haemastoma (5.5).
Nutritional Quality Differential, Growth and Economics Efficiency of Some Selected Commercial Floating Fish Feeds in Saki West Oyo State Nigeria
Authors: Adedokun M. A. , Oluwafemi Z. O. , Ayanboye A. O. , Oladipupo G.
Published: November 2019

Nothing is more important than quality nutrition and adequate feeding of fish in captivity. Undernourished fish in terms of nutrient deficiency, cannot maintain its health for proportionate growth regardless the intense of feeding and quality of the environment.

A 49 day-feeding trial was carried out to investigate nutritional quality differential, growth and economics efficiency of some sampled commercially extruded floating feeds, based on frequency of usage among fish farmers in the study area. The sample feeds were sourced from respective distributors covering the zone of study. The feeds were designated as Fd1, Fd2, Fd3, Fd4, Fd5 and Fd6(control), with 3 replicates for each treatment. The examined growth performance, feed utilization and economic efficiency of feeds followed particular trend pattern and significantly different (p<0.05) across the sampled feeds (FW, MWG, SGR, TPI, PER and FCR). Finally, the control diet was least consumed, sustained positive allometry growth pattern  and concomitant marginal profits; than feed 1 and 2 which had sharp drops in the growth pattern of fish after four( 4) weeks.
Mycoflora, Proximate Composition and Mineral Analysis during the Storage of Smoked Dried Crayfish (Penaeus natialis - Shrimps)
Authors: Fagbohun Emmanuel Dayo , Durojaiye Ayobami Opeoluwa , Popoola Oluwabukola Atinuke
Published: November 2019

This study was carried out to assess the changes in proximate composition, mineral content and mycoflora associated with smoked dried crayfish Penaeus natialis (shrimps) stored for twenty weeks. Smoked dried crayfish Penaeus natialis (shrimps) were purchased at Igbokoda, Ilaje Local Government Market, Ondo State, Nigeria. They were studied under storage for twenty weeks (6 months) and the proximate, mineral and mycofloral analyses were carried out at four weeks interval. The mycoflora were isolated using direct plating and dilution methods on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Saboraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and Malt Extract Agar (MEA) and identified using their cultural and morphological features with reference to standard procedures accordingly. The fungi isolated using direct plating methods and dilution methods were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigates, Rhizopus sp., Phytophthora siskiyouensis, Penicillum sp. and Mucor sp. The proximate analysis result showed a decrease in Ash, fat, and crude fibre content while moisture, crude protein and carbohydrate content increased respectively during the twenty four weeks storage. The mineral analysis result of the smoked dried crayfish Penaeus natialis (shrimps) showed a decrease in Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Iron, Copper, Manganese, Cadmium and Phosphorous respectively. This study showed that the smoked dried crayfish Penaeus natialis (shrimps) were contaminated by fungi; which is an indication that the market places where these products were displayed for sale were not hygienic coupled with leaving the products in open air without coverage which could allow products contamination with fungal spores leading to fungal spores germination, deterioration and spoilage of products during storage.  Good hygiene, constant product checking and sensitization of the products processors, handlers and sellers will minimize exposure to fungal spores’ contamination while mitigating deterioration and spoilage of the products during storage.
Plankton Community Structure and Its Relationship with Minerals Profiles in Minapadi Area, Talagasari Village, Kadungora Garut Regency
Authors: Wafa Mohammad Farid Najibul , Hasan Zahidah , Gumilar Iwang , Sahidin Asep
Published: November 2019

Minapadi is an integration of rice cultivation with fish breeding in one location. This research was conducted in the village of Talagasari, District Garut Kadungora because this area is thought to have nutrient elements in the form of specific micro and macro minerals that are good for agriculture and fisheries. Planktons are microscopic organisms that form an important link in the life of aquatic organisms. This research aimeds to analyze the quality of water, mineral composition and its effects on plankton community structure in minapadi. The research method used was purposive sampling. Plankton relationship with water quality and dissolved minerals were analyzed using a Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Sampling was done 6 times in the period May 20 - July 25, 2018. Research shows that there are 31 orders of plankton consisting of 26 orders of phytoplankton and 5 order of zooplankton. Phytoplankton diversity index and dominance over their respective research ranged from 0,5149 to 0,8797 and 0,1203 to 0,4851, while for zooplankton from 0 to 0,8 and from 0,2 to 0,1. The water quality parameters measured primarily by temperature, DO, pH, nitrates, phosphates, ammonia qualify recommended PP 82 2001, third class. There is a concentration of dissolved minerals that exceeds the normal condition nitrates, phosphates, ammonia qualify recommended PP 82 2001, third class. There is a concentration of dissolved mineral exceeds the normal condition K, S, Si, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Cl, which led to the dominance of the phylum Euglenophyta, Bacillariophyta, and arthropods.
Value Chain Analysis of Artisanal Fishing in Ilaje Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ilemobayo O. O. , Ijigbade J. O.
Published: November 2019

To bridge the demand supply gap in the Nigerian fishing industry, the value chain analyses in artisanal fishing in the coastal area of Ondo States were investigated.

Primary data was used in the study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select four fishing communities in Ilaje local government, where 35 (fishermen, processors and marketers) were each selected randomly from the communities. Data were analyzed using Descriptive Statistics and Gross Margin Analysis.

The socioeconomic characteristic indicated that 68.6% of the fishermen, 77.2% processors and 65.7% marketers were less than 50 years of age. Result revealed that all the fishermen were male, 91.2 % processors and 97.10% marketers were female. 62.9% of the fishermen have household greater than 4, the processors has 54.3% household size above 4 and 60% of the marketers have household size above 4. 94.3% of the fishermen have one form of education or the other, 77.1% of the processors have one form of education or the other and 65.7% of the marketers were also educated. All the marketers are into one association or the other. Budgeting analysis indicated positive margin by the two categories of marketers was ₦300.54 and ₦1,866.00 per basket respectively, a net return of 1.04 and 1.30 respectively. Processors had a positive gross margin of ₦43.871.54 and a net return of 1.12. Most influential actor is the marketer.
Hanging Ratio Gillnets on Different Mesh Sizes for Mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson): A Case of Pangandaran Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Apriliani Izza Mahdiana , Khan Alexander M. A. , Dewanti Lantun P. , Rizal Achmad , Hamdani Herman , Oktavera Caca
Published: November 2019

Gillnet is a simple fishing gear that is widely used by fishermen in Pangandaran Regency. This study aims to determine the classification calculation of the value of hanging ratio gillnet and the catch of mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) with different mesh sizes. This research was conducted in January 2019 in Pangandaran Regency, Indonesia. The method used in this research is the survey method. Gillnet used has 2 types of mesh sizes, 3,5 and 4 inch gill nets with each net length of 650 meters (7,312 mesh) and 750 meters (7,384 mesh). Gillnet has 12 meters with a net mesh size of 3,5 inches as many as 135 mesh and a 4 inch mesh size of 118 mesh. Hanging ratio for 3.5 inch gillnet is 0,56 while for mesh size 4 inch is 0,54. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the gill nets are selective. The proportion of catch results shows the number of target fish gill nets with a 3,5 inch mesh size is 20% and bycatch is 80%. The proportion of gillnet catches with a 4 inch mesh size shows main catch of 35,2% while the bycatch proportion is 64.8%.
Toxicity Effects of Brown Dried Pawpaw (Carica papaya) Leaf Extract to Fingerlings of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus
Authors: Ishaku A. H. , Jauro A. I. , Gadaka Y. M. , Yagana A. , Mohammed R. A. , Usman S. , Chinda W.
Published: November 2019

The acute and sub-lethal bioassay of aqueous extract of fresh pawpaw (Carica papaya) leaf on Clarias gariepinus fingerlings was investigated. The experiment was carried out at Department of Fisheries Teaching and Research Fish Farm, Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola. At 96h static bioassay, symptoms of toxicity in the fish indicated that aqueous extract of fresh pawpaw leaf caused sub-acute effects such as altering fish behavior. These behaviors include air gulping, erratic swimming, discoloration, loss of reflex and skin peeling. These behavioral alterations were time and concentration dependent. Exposure to aqueous extract of fresh pawpaw leaf caused decrease in packed cells volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), and red blood cell (RBC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and an increase in the mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). It resulted in marked increase in white blood cells (WBC). Mortalities and LC50-96h values for Clarias gariepinus exposed to fresh pawpaw leaf extract was (10.9 ml/l). The mortality rates in extracts to Clarias gariepinus in sub-lethal exposure was lower than in acute concentrations. The growth rates were significantly reduced in fish exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the fresh pawpaw leaf extract compared to the control fish (p<0.05).
Coral Reef Zone Analysis in Development of Segmentation Ecotourism in Karimunjawa National Park
Authors: Livia Ardis Aramita , Syamsudin Mega Laksmini , Hamdani Herman , Dewanti Lantun Paradhita
Published: November 2019

Karimunjawa is one of the main destinations that present underwater beauty that is quite popular. But due to increased tourism activities provide economic benefits but also have a negative impact on coral reef ecosystems so that prudent and sustainable management is needed, these characteristics are felt capable of being helped by remote sensing technology. The purpose of this research is to analyze the coral reef zoning for the development of ecotourism segmentation and the carrying capacity of coral reef ecosystems and to map the condition of coral reef ecosystems in the Karimunjawa National Park area through remote sensing technology. The method used in data collection uses a survey method which is divided into 2 types in-situ conducted on 19th April 2019 to 2nd May 2019 and ex-situ taken for 4 years for coral cover and 1 year for sea surface temperature. By using quantitative descriptive analysis, land suitability results are obtained based on the land suitability index approach and the percentage of coral cover in determining the mapping of ecotourism segmentation areas. The results of this research show that through in-situ approach, data collection in three stations on Sintok and Menjangan Kecil Islands has good coral cover while Cemara Besar is damaged. The appropriate Tourism Conformity Index value is on Menjangan Kecil Island while the other two stations are not so that the carrying capacity calculation is only done on the appropriate and very appropriate island. Inversely proportional through the analysis of the Scenic Beauty Estimation value, Cemara Besar Island which shows a high value while on the Menjangan Kecil Island the lowest. Spatial analysis shows that the fluctuation in sea surface temperature during one year is not too significant and is still limited to the optimum temperature range for coral growth so that it does not affect the conditions causing damage to coral reefs, called bleaching. Looking at the distribution of coral reefs via satellite, over the past 4 years shows an increase in dead coral cover leaving 6,752,802 m2 in 2019.
Effect of Addition of Banana Peel Extract on Commercial Feed as an Effort to Reduce Patin Cannibalism (Pangasius hypophthalmus) Larval Stage
Authors: Haetami Kiki , Zidni Irfan , Rostika Rita , Ginanjar Wisnu
Published: November 2019

This research aims to determine the best concentration of banana peel extract used in commercial feed on the survival of patin fish larvae. The research was conducted on April 2, 2019 until June 1, 2019 which took place at the Aquaculture Laboratory of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University. The making of banana peel extract was carried out at the Central Labforatory, Padjadjaran University. The research method was carried out experimentally with Completely Randomized Design (CRD). This research uses five treatments that are repeated three times. The treatment in this research consisted of the addition of banana peel extract on commercial feed at a dose of 0%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00 and 1.25% per kilogram of feed. The parameters observed in this research were survival, absolute length growth, daily growth rate, and water quality. The analysis used is the f test and descriptive analysis. Parameters tested using the f test include survival, absolute length growth, and daily growth rate. While water quality was tested descriptively. Survival rates, absolute length growth, and growth rates ranged from 75.33% to 86.96%, 1.29 - 1.32 cm and 2.95% -3.00% respectively. The observation of water quality include temperature, pH and DO respectively waters ranged from 28.00 to 30.20 °C, 7.22 to 8.18 and 5.40 to 6.70 mg /L. Based on research results concluded that the concentration of banana peel extract 0% - 1% produced a survival rate of 81.70% - 86.96% and was better than the addition of banana peel extract with a concentration of 1.25% which resulted in a survival rate of 75.53%. The suggestion from this study is to improve the survival of patin fish larvae can be added banana peel extract with a concentration of 0.75% or equivalent to 7.5 g / Kg of feed.
Stock Estimates of White Pomfret (Pampus argenteus) Based on Length and Weight Data in Pangandaran Waters
Authors: Hikmawansyah Yaris , Andriani Yuli , Akbar Khan Alexander Muhammad , Dewanti Lantun Paradhita
Published: November 2019

White pomfret (Pampus argenteus) is one of the economically important fish and includes the leading commodity in Pangandaran Waters. Information on fishing biology of those species were still limited. The purpose of this study is to determine stock estimates including length-weight relationship, age group, growth, mortality and exploitation rate of white pomfret. Monthly length-frequency data have been collected from November 2018 to August 2019 at Cikidang fish auction. Fish length-frequency distribution was separated into a normal distribution using the Bhattacharya method with software of FiSAT (FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools). Estimation of population parameters used analytical model application with ELEFAN-1 (Electronic Length Frequency Analysis) program. The results showed that lengths distribution of white pomfret ranged between 19.3 cm - 36.8 cmTL. Length-weight relations was negatively allometric (W = 0,1184L2,3719). Growth equation of white pomfret is Lt = 53.04 (1-e-0.26(t)). Natural mortality (M) was 0.60/year, fishing mortality (F) was 3.04/year and total mortality (Z) was 3.64/ year. The exploitation rate (E) was 0.84. It is mean that higher than optimal exploitation so that the white pomfret fish population in a state of overfished. It is necessary to better policy in the management of white pomfret through precaution approach and describing of biological and fishing aspect in Pangandaran Waters.
Dormancy Breaking and the Influence of Gibberellic Acid on the Early Growth of Tamarindus indica Seedlings in Mubi, Nigeria
Authors: Yusuf S. C. , Zakawa N. N. , Tizhe T. D. , Timon D. , Obot J. J. , Linus S. G.
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this research was to determine the appropriate methods of breaking seed dormancy, level of water uptake, and the influence of gibberellic acid on the early growth of Tamarindus indica seedlings. The scarification methods used included: concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4), manual scarification, flaming, hot and cold water treatments. The experiments were conducted in the laboratory on Petri dishes and in potting media. GA3 was used to optimize the production of seedlings by spraying the solution on the foliage. The treatment for 10 minutes with concentrated H2SO4 gave the maximum germination percentage and water uptake (80.41%). GA3 enhances the growth of the seedlings by increasing the height, the number of leaves and stem girth at eight weeks after sowing. In conclusion, all the scarification treatments applied to the seeds of T. indica proved effective. The ten minutes treatment with concentrated H2SO4 was the best treatment for breaking seed dormancy of T. indica. And gibberellic acid enhanced early and fast seedling growth as it increase height, number of leaves and stem girth of T. indica.
Studies on Genetic Variability Parameter under Artificial Epiphytotic Condition for Leaf Rust in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Kumar Ashutosh , Kumar Kakanur Yashavantha , Biradar Suma , Desai Srinivas A. , Satisha T. N. , Patel Bhumika N. , Deepak D. A. , Tigga Aman
Published: November 2019

Present investigation was conducted to study the genetic variability for grain yield, its component traits and slow rusting component in advanced backcross segregating lines of bread wheat at AICRP on wheat, MARS, UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka during Rabi season of 2015-2016. The study revealed highly significant differences for the yield, its component traits and for slow rusting components, indicating the presence of sufficient genetic variability in these lines which is basis for the effective selection in any breeding programme. High genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) values coupled with high heritability and high genetic advance over mean were recorded for some of the studied traits such as grain yield per plant and no. of productive tillers per plant. Also high PCV and GCV along with high heritability and high genetic advance over mean (GAM) was found for the slow rusting components. The presence of sufficient variability along with high heritability for all these traits indicates that simple phenotypic selection for these traits may be effective for genetic improvement of these traits. Hence based on present findings it can be concluded that practicing selection considering the traits like productive tillers per plant, grain yield per plant along with slow rusting components will be more beneficial for achieving durable type of resistance in future breeding programme.
Green to Grey: An Urban Heat Assessment of Kumasi, Ghana
Authors: Koranteng C. , Simons B. , Nyame-Tawiah D.
Published: November 2019

The current study assessed the city of Kumasi, Ghana to find out the extent of urban heat and the views of the populace about their climate. Both the subjective and objective approaches were utilized in the study. Secondary data from the Meteorological Survey Department in Kumasi covering temperature and relative humidity values for a 42- year period (1976 - 2018) was retrieved and used in the analysis to find the trend of urban heat phenomenon. Alongside, a developed questionnaire had a response from 2,083 people. The findings reveal among other things that there’s a 2ºC rise in mean annual temperature from 1976 to 2018. Additionally, the data shows that the past 4 years have had high mean temperature values. Subjectively, 1, 271 residence representing 61% voted in the “slightly warm-hot” range on the thermal sensation scale. Majority of the respondents across all the ages indicated how uncomfortable their outdoor spaces have become in recent times. 36% of the respondents attributed this discomfort to the lack of greenery with over 95% across all ages indicating that Kumasi city has lost its greenery and green spaces to buildings and other infrastructural activities. Whiles climate change and global warming have both become a global menace, the onus lies on individual countries and for that matter, various city authorities to make a conscious effort in planning our cities with greenery to alleviate the menace we already find ourselves. A conscious effort to retrieve and restore encroached green spaces must be undertaken by the city authorities while the parks and gardens division ought to be efficiently resourced to manage our green spaces.
Soil Fertility Level and Cropping Practices Determining Soybean Yield in Northern East and Center of Benin
Authors: Chabi F. O. , Dagbenonbakin G. D. , Agbangba C. E. , Oussou B. , Amadji G. L. , Ahoton E. L. , Saïdou A.
Published: November 2019

Soybean is a food security crop in Benin due to its high nutritional value but its yield in the farmers’ cropping system is very low. The present study aims to provide appropriate response to the yield variability among fields in two agro-ecological zones of Benin namely: Southern Borgou zone (AEZ 3 in the north) and cotton zone of central Benin (AEZ 5). Soil samples were collected from 0-20 cm depth in 120 fields (50 in the AEZ 3 and 70 in the AEZ 5). pH (water), soil organic carbon (Walkley and Black method), total nitrogen (Kjeldahl method), CEC (0.01 N ammonium acetate at pH 7 method) and available phosphorus (Bray 1) were determined in the laboratory of Soil Science Water and Environment (LSSEE) of the National Agricultural Research Institute of Benin (INRAB). Cropping system (crop rotations, soil fertility management practices) were also collected using an open ended questionnaire. Classification and regression trees (CARTs) models were used for data analyses. Soybean yield variability among the agro-ecological zones were registered and the highest yield recorded was less than 1 t.ha-1. Considering soil characteristics, soil organic matter level was the most important variable determining yield variability. Furthermore, quantities of P applied and farmyard manure were cropping practices inducing yield variability (86.4% and 15% of the variability respectively). Our results also show that, yield differences noticed among the agro-ecological zones were induced by CEC and pH (water). The study suggested promotion of integrated soil fertility management practices to sustain soybean yield in the study area.
Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Real‐Time Monitoring of In Vitro Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity
Authors: Decataldo Francesco , Barbalinardo Marianna , Gentili Denis , Tessarolo Marta , Calienni Maria , Cavallini Massimiliano , Fraboni Beatrice
Published: November 2019

Nanomaterials are being widely used in medical applications and consumer products such as cosmetics, fabrics, and food packaging, although their impact on health and the environment is yet to be understood. Strategies enabling reliable and reproducible safety assessment of nanomaterials are needed because predicting their toxic effects is challenging as there is no simple correlation between their properties and the interaction with living systems. Here, the real‐time monitoring of toxic effects induced by nanoparticles on cells using organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) is reported. Noteworthy, OECTs are able to assess the coating‐dependent toxicity of nanoparticles on both barrier and non‐barrier tissue cells and, moreover, to monitor the cell health status as a function of exposure time, allowing useful insight on the interaction processes between nanomaterials and cells. These results demonstrate that OECTs are effective devices for real‐time cell monitoring and in vitro assessment of nanomaterial toxicity.
Ligand‐Sharing‐Mediated Synthesis of Intermetallic FeM Clusters Embedded in Ultrathin γ‐Fe2O3 Nanosheets
Authors: Liu Rui , Chen Yanan , Zhao Huachao , Sun Jiefang , He Zuoliang , Shan Wanyu , Li Gang , Liu Jingfu , Jiang Guibin
Published: November 2019

Precious metal intermetallic nanoclusters (IMNCs) are promising nanocatalysts for practical industrial applications. However, to date, the preparation of these nanoclusters has been restricted to harsh conditions, and only succeeds for a limited number of elements. This study developed a simple and efficient strategy that enables the synthesis of supported IMNCs under ambient conditions via inorganometallic coordination chemistry, specifically, by donating the Cl− ligand, a noble metal chloride (MClab−) forms a heterobimetallic ion (MxFeyClzn−) with the coordination‐unsaturated FeCl3. Upon reduction, the ordered heterobimetallic ions are simultaneously transformed into IMNCs and embedded into γ‐Fe2O3 nanosheets, which form from excess FeCl3. In addition to providing convincing spectral evidence for the structure of the heterobimetallic ions, magnetic measurements, atomic‐resolution electron microscopy, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of chemisorbed CO collectively confirm the successful preparation of the L10‐phased Pd3Fe IMNCs. Furthermore, this versatile method can be extended to synthesize other IMNCs, such as AuFe and PtFe, and seems to be applicable to IrFe, RhFe, RuFe, and MCo. When utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst in a Heck coupling reaction, the prepared Pd3Fe IMNCs display satisfactory activity and stability, highlighting their potential applications as advantageous catalysts.
Palladium Catalyzed C−O Coupling of Amino Alcohols for the Synthesis of Aryl Ethers
Authors: Mikus Malte S. , Sanchez Carina , Fridrich Cary , Larrow Jay F.
Published: November 2019

Amine containing aryl ethers are common pharmacophore motifs that continue to emerge from drug discovery efforts. As amino alcohols are readily available building blocks, practical methodologies for incorporating them into more complex structures are highly desirable. We report our efforts to explore the application of Pd‐catalyzed C−O coupling methods to the arylation of 1,2‐ and 1,3‐amino alcohols. We established general and reliable conditions, under which we explored the scope and limitations of the transformation. The insights gained have been valuable in employing this methodology within a fast‐moving drug discovery environment, which we anticipate will be of general interest to the synthesis and catalysis communities.

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From Molten Calcium Aluminates through Phase Transitions to Cement Phases
Authors: Liu Hao , Chen Wenlin , Pan Ruikun , Shan Zhitao , Qiao Ang , Drewitt James W. E. , Hennet Louis , Jahn Sandro , Langstaff David P. , Chass Gregory A. , Tao Haizheng , Yue Yuanzheng , Greaves G. Neville
Published: November 2019

Crystalline calcium aluminates are a critical setting agent in cement. To date, few have explored the microscopic and dynamic mechanism of the transitions from molten aluminate liquids, through the supercooled state to glassy and crystalline phases, during cement clinker production. Herein, the first in situ measurements of viscosity and density are reported across all the principal molten phases, relevant to their eventual crystalline structures. Bulk atomistic computer simulations confirm that thermophysical properties scale with the evolution of network substructures interpenetrating melts on the nanoscale. It is demonstrated that the glass transition temperature (Tg) follows the eutectic profile of the liquidus temperature (Tm), coinciding with the melting zone in cement production. The viscosity has been uniquely charted over 14 decades for each calcium‐aluminate phase, projecting and justifying the different temperature zones used in cement manufacture. The fragile–strong phase transitions are revealed across all supercooled phases coinciding with heterogeneous nucleation close to 1.2Tg, where sintering and quenching occur in industrial‐scale cement processing.
High‐Performance Nondoped Blue Delayed Fluorescence Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Featuring Low Driving Voltage and High Brightness
Authors: Zou Shi‐Jie , Xie Feng‐Ming , Xie Miao , Li Yan‐Qing , Cheng Tao , Zhang Xiao‐Hong , Lee Chun‐Sing , Tang Jian‐Xin
Published: November 2019

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) provides great potential for the realization of efficient and stable organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, it is still challenging for blue TADF emitters to simultaneously achieve high efficiency, high brightness, and low Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) y coordinate (CIEy) value. Here, the design and synthesis of two new benzonitrile‐based TADF emitters (namely 2,6‐di(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)‐3,5‐bis(3,6‐diphenyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)benzonitrile (2PhCz2CzBn) and 2,6‐di(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)‐3,5‐bis(3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)benzonitrile (2tCz2CzBn)) with a symmetrical and rigid heterodonor configuration are reported. The TADF OLEDs doped with both the emitters can achieve a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) over 20% and narrowband blue emission of 464 nm with a CIEy < 0.2. Moreover, the incorporation of a terminal tert‐butyl group can weaken the intermolecular π–π stacking in the nondoped TADF emitter, and thus significantly suppress self‐aggregation‐caused emission quenching for enhanced delayed fluorescence. A peak EQE of 21.6% is realized in the 2tCz2CzBn‐based nondoped device with an extremely low turn‐on voltage of 2.7 V, high color stability, a high brightness over 20 000 cd m−2, a narrow full‐width at half‐maximum of 70 nm, and CIE color coordinates of (0.167, 0.248).
Assessment of silica dust exposure profile in relation to prevalence of silicosis among Indian sandstone mine workers: Need for review of standards
Authors: Dhatrak Sarang , Nandi Subroto
Published: November 2019

Background

In Indian mines, the prescribed exposure limit (PEL) for free silica dust is 0.15 mg/m3 which is much higher than those of OSHA and the ACGIH. Because of the reporting of high numbers of silicosis cases among Indian sandstone mine workers, the present study was designed to assess the dust exposure profile of the workers and to substantiate correlation of silica exposure with radiographic findings of silicosis.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of 1012 workers actively engaged in sandstone mining was conducted. Chest x‐rays were evaluated by the ILO Classification for the detection of pneumoconiosis. Representative 26 personal dust samples were collected using a personal dust sampler and free silica content estimated.

Results

Radiographs compatible with silicosis were seen in 12.3% of workers, of which about 90% were ILO category 1 & 2. Prevalence of abnormal profusion increased from 2.9% to 13.1% to 22% as work exposure increased from <10 to 11 to 20 to >20 years, respectively. In dust samples, the mean silica concentration was 0.12 mg/m3 with 70% samples below the prescribed standard of 0.15 mg/m3.

Conclusion

The study indicates that silica exposure below the prescribed limit in India is likely to be harmful. The PEL for crystalline silica in India of 0.15 mg/m3 is not adequately protective. Hence, there is an urgent need to reduce exposure to silica in these workplaces to prevent silicosis and to review the present standards as the government of India remains committed to the elimination of silicosis by 2030.
Influence of work organization and work environment on missed work, productivity, and use of pain medications among construction apprentices
Authors: Evanoff B. A. , Rohlman D. S. , Strickland J. R. , Dale A. M.
Published: November 2019

Background

Construction is among the most dangerous industries. In addition to traditional hazards for workplace injury and illness, other threats to health and well‐being may occur from work organization and work environment factors, including irregular employment, long commutes, long work hours, and employer policies regarding health and safety. These nontraditional hazards may affect work and health outcomes directly, or through effects on health behaviors. The cumulative impacts of both traditional and nontraditional hazards on health‐related outcomes among construction workers are largely unknown.

Methods

We conducted a survey among apprentice construction workers to identify relationships between work organization and environmental factors with five outcomes of economic relevance to employers: missed work due to work‐related injury, missed work due to any pain or injury, self‐reported workability, health‐related productivity, and use of prescription medications for pain.

Results

A total of 963 surveys were completed (response rate 90%) in this young (mean age 28) working cohort. Multivariate Poisson regression models found associations between the outcomes of interest and multiple work factors, including job strain, safety behaviors of coworkers, and mandatory overtime. Univariate analysis showed additional associations, including precarious work, and supervisor support for safety.

Conclusions

Findings from this cross‐sectional study suggest that work organization and environment factors influence health and work outcomes among young construction trade workers. Future work with longitudinal data will examine the hypothesized paths between work factors, health behaviors, health outcomes, and work outcomes.
“Moved on”? An exploratory study of the Cashless Debit Card and Indigenous mobility
Authors: Vincent Eve , Markham Francis , Klein Elise
Published: November 2019

What is the relationship between the first two trials of the Cashless Debit Card (CDC) and Indigenous mobility? In Ceduna, Vincent conducted ethnographic research into lived experiences of the first CDC trial. In the East Kimberley, Klein conducted 51 structured interviews with people on the card and 37 semi‐structured interviews with key informants. Markham used regression analysis of net migration rates at the Statistical Area 2 level to determine whether the CDC trial sites were associated with greater net population loss in 2016 census data than comparable locations. Our exploratory study finds significant local talk of displacement arising from the introduction of the CDC, as well as discussion of short‐term trips away from the trial sites being made more difficult. The regression analysis found that the net migration rate was 9.3 per cent points (95% CI: 2.0, 16.5) lower in Ceduna, Wyndham and Kununurra when compared with a group of comparable towns, and 5.2 per cent points (95% CI: 0.9, 9.5) lower when compared with Australia as a whole, meaning that the populations of these towns declined faster than those of comparable towns. Policy effects on mobility should be taken seriously by researchers and policymakers when considering place‐based welfare policy.
Origin and Use of Hydroxyl Group Tolerance in Cationic Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysts
Authors: Schowner Roman , Elser Iris , Benedikter Mathis , Momin Mohasin , Frey Wolfgang , Schneck Tanja , Stöhr Laura , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: November 2019

The origin of hydroxyl group tolerance in neutral and especially cationic molybdenum imido alkylidene N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes has been investigated. A wide range of catalysts was prepared and tested. Most cationic complexes can be handled in air without difficulty and display an unprecedented stability towards water and alcohols. NHC complexes were successfully used with substrates containing the hydroxyl functionality in acyclic diene metathesis polymerization, homo‐, cross and ring‐opening cross metathesis reactions. The catalysts remain active even in 2‐PrOH and are applicable in ring‐opening metathesis polymerization and alkene homometathesis using alcohols as solvent. The use of weakly basic bidentate, hemilabile anionic ligands such as triflate or pentafluorobenzoate and weakly basic aromatic imido ligands in combination with a sterically demanding 1,3‐dimesitylimidazol‐2‐ylidene NHC ligand was found essential for reactive and yet robust catalysts.
Synthesis and catalytic application of Pd/PdO/Fe3O4@polymer‐like graphene quantum dots
Authors: Keshipour Sajjad , Al‐Azmi Amal
Published: November 2019

A novel approach was achieved for growing citric acid towards polymer‐like graphene quantum dots (PGQD) with high efficiency in the presence of sodium hydroxide as a base catalyst. This protocol is completely safe, simple, fast, and efficient by a bottom up strategy. Thermal treatment of a mixture containing citric acid with NaOH at 300 °C gave PGQD during 5 min. The reaction afforded a new heterogeneous catalyst, Pd/PdO/Fe3O4@PGQD, in the presence of Pd and Fe3O4. The magnetically recoverable catalyst showed high activity in the oxidation of alkylarenes and alcohols using H2O2 as a green oxidant at room temperature. Comparison of the results with previous reports showed the efficiency of the catalyst to have high turnover numbers in mild reaction conditions.
Results of the 2019 AORN Salary and Compensation Survey
Authors: Bacon Donald R. , Stewart Kim A.
Published: November 2019

AORN conducted its 17th annual compensation survey for perioperative nurses in June 2019. A multiple regression model was used to examine how several variables, including job title, education level, certification, experience, and geographic region, affect perioperative nurse compensation. Comparisons between the 2019 data and data from previous years are presented. The effects of other forms of compensation (eg, on‐call compensation, overtime, bonuses, shift differentials, benefits) on total compensation also are examined. Additional analyses explore the current state of the nursing shortage and the sources of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction.
Nursery habitat for Asian horseshoe crabs along the northern Beibu Gulf, China: Implications for conservation management under baseline gaps
Authors: Xie Xiaoyong , Wu Zhou , Wang Chun‐Chieh , Fu Yijian , Wang Xueping , Xu Peng , Huang Xing , Liao Yongyan , Huang Shiang‐Lin , Kwan Kit Yue
Published: November 2019

Identification, protection and enhancement of essential habitats are priority issues for management and restoration of exploited species. The shores utilized by Asian horseshoe crabs as nurseries were surveyed and the coastal habitat characteristics were described in the northern Beibu Gulf of China. Regression models were applied to explore species‐habitat relationships.

Fourteen and ten nursery sites were identified for Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda populations, respectively. Xiacun and Jinhaiwan in the eastern region of the northern Beibu Gulf were the essential nurseries for T. tridentatus, whereas Shanxin and Jiaodong in the western part were the primary nursery shores for C. rotundicauda. These shores supported high densities (4–6 individuals/100 m2) of juvenile horseshoe crab populations.

Mangrove and seagrass coverage area, coupled with sediment physico‐chemical parameters, particularly grain size, and the environmental heterogeneity of nursery habitats explained the distribution pattern of juvenile populations. Most juvenile populations were found along the outer fringe of mangroves in the small shallow estuary, particularly near outflows of tidal creeks with generally higher chlorophyll a and organic carbon contents. The distribution of high‐density juvenile populations of both species also overlapped with areas of seagrass patches.

These findings highlight the importance of mangroves and seagrasses in the nursery habitat use of Asian horseshoe crabs. Preserving the estuarine habitats with these vegetation types and identifying the high‐use nursery sites should be prioritised in China and other Asian places to conserve the declining Asian horseshoe crab populations.