bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Science of Salt: A global review on changes in sodium levels in foods
Authors: Santos Joseph Alvin , Sparks Emalie , Thout Sudhir Raj , McKenzie Briar , Trieu Kathy , Hoek Annet , Johnson Claire , McLean Rachael , Arcand JoAnne , Campbell Norman R. C. , Webster Jacqui
Published: July 2019

This review aims to summarize and synthesize studies reporting on changes in sodium levels in packaged food products, restaurant foods, and hospital or school meals, as a result of salt reduction interventions. Studies were extracted from those published in the Science of Salt Weekly between June 2013 and February 2018. Twenty‐four studies were identified: 17 assessed the changes in packaged foods, four in restaurant foods, two in hospital or school meals, and one in both packaged and restaurant foods. Three types of interventions were evaluated as part of the studies: voluntary reductions (including targets), labeling, and interventions in institutional settings. Decreases in sodium were observed in all studies (n = 8) that included the same packaged foods matched at two time points, and in the studies carried out in hospitals and schools. However, there was little to no change in mean sodium levels in restaurant foods. The pooled analysis of change in sodium levels in packaged foods showed a decrease in sodium in unmatched food products (−36 mg/100 g, 95% CI −51 to −20 mg/100 g) and in five food categories—breakfast cereals, breads, processed meats, crisps and snacks, and soups. Twenty‐two of the 24 studies were from high‐income countries, limiting the applicability of the findings to lower resource settings.
Magnitude of slowing gastric emptying by glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists determines the amelioration of postprandial glucose excursion in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Suganuma Yumi , Shimizu Tatsunori , Sato Takehiro , Morii Tsukasa , Fujita Hiroki , Harada Sassa Mariko , Yamada Yuichiro
Published: July 2019

Aims/Introduction

Pharmacological levels of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) can decelerate gastric emptying (GE) and reduce postprandial glucose levels. Most previous studies have used liquid meals to evaluate GE. We evaluated the effects of GLP‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RAs) on GE and postprandial glucose excursion in Japanese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients using a combination of solid and liquid meals.

Materials and Methods

In this single‐center, prospective, open‐label study, nine healthy individuals and 17 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus consumed a 460‐kcal combination of a solid and liquid meal labeled with 13C‐acetic acid. GE was measured from t = 0 to 150 min in a continuous 13C breath test. Eight participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus were administered GLP‐1 RAs, and we examined the relationship between GE and blood glucose excursion.

Results

There were no differences in the average GE coefficient (GEC) and lag time between the healthy and type 2 diabetes mellitus groups. However, the type 2 diabetes mellitus group showed larger GEC variations (P < 0.05). The coefficient of variation of R‐R intervals was a significant predictor of GEC in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (P < 0.01). The short‐acting GLP‐1 RA reduced the GEC at 1 month (P = 0.012), whereas the long‐acting GLP‐1 RA did not significantly change the GEC after treatment. A positive relationship was observed between postprandial glucose excursion from T0 min to T60 min and the GEC (r2 = 0.75; P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The reduction in GE rate by the administration of GLP‐1 RAs can predict the improvement in postprandial glucose excursion in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Atopic dermatitis shows significant cutaneous comorbidity: results from large‐scale investigations in the working population
Authors: Zander N. , Augustin M. , Reinert R. , Schäfer I.
Published: July 2019

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases of the skin. Rare large‐scale data have been published on the prevalence of concomitant dermatoses.

Objective

To analyse the prevalence and cutaneous comorbidity of AD in Germany.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study on voluntary whole‐body skin checks by trained dermatologists in over 400 companies throughout Germany reflecting the adult working population was conducted. Prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated to compare dermatological comorbidity in employees with and without current AD. A logistic regression analysis controlling for age, sex and skin type revealed odds ratios (OR) of the occurrence of skin diseases in AD.

Results

A total of N = 118 939 people were examined between 2006 and 2017 (43.2% female, mean age 43.2 ± 10.7 years, min. age 16 years, max. age 70 years). AD (point prevalence) was identified in 1.45% (men: 1.50%, women 1.39%) and decreased significantly with age. Self‐reported lifetime prevalence of AD was 4.95% (men: 3.72%, women: 6.55%). The following skin diseases were significantly more frequent in people with current AD: Contact dermatitis (PR: 3.38), hand eczema (PR: 4.62), exsiccation dermatosis (PR: 2.19), folliculitis (PR: 1.95) and port‐wine stains (PR: 1.49). Among those, folliculitis was the most frequent (prevalence in AD 16.42%). Controlled for age, sex and skin type, AD was significantly associated with – among others – hand eczema (OR: 3.96; 95% CI: 2.95–5.32), contact dermatitis (OR: 2.97; 95% CI: 1.50–5.88) and exsiccation dermatosis (OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.30–2.44). Psoriasis was significantly less frequent in people with AD (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.39–0.94).

Conclusion

In summary, cutaneous comorbidity is frequent and of great importance in people with AD, suggesting the need for comprehensive, dermatologically guided diagnostics in AD.
Measuring Effects of Nondrug Interventions on Behaviors: Music & Memory Pilot Study
Authors: McCreedy Ellen M. , Yang Xiaofei , Baier Rosa R. , Rudolph James L. , Thomas Kali S. , Mor Vincent
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Most people with Alzheimer disease and related dementias will experience agitated and/or aggressive behaviors during the later stages of the disease. These behaviors cause significant stress for people living with dementia and their caregivers, including nursing home (NH) staff. Addressing these behaviors without the use of chemical restraints is a growing focus of policy makers and professional organizations. Unfortunately, evidence for nonpharmacological strategies for addressing dementia‐related behaviors is lacking.

DESIGN

Six‐month, preintervention‐postintervention pilot study.

SETTING

US NHs (n = 4).

PARTICIPANTS

Residents with advanced dementia (n = 45).

INTERVENTION

Music & Memory, an individualized music program in which the music a resident preferred when she/he was young is delivered at early signs of agitation, using a personal music player.

MEASUREMENTS

Dementia‐related behaviors for the same residents were measured three ways: (1) observationally using the Agitation Behavior Mapping Instrument (ABMI); (2) staff report using the Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI); and (3) administratively using the Minimum Data Set–Aggressive Behavior Scale (MDS‐ABS).

RESULTS

ABMI score was 4.1 (SD = 3.0) preintervention while not listening to the music, 4.4 (SD = 2.3) postintervention while not listening to the music, and 1.6 (SD = 1.5) postintervention while listening to music (P < .01). CMAI score was 61.2 (SD = 16.3) preintervention and 51.2 (SD = 16.1) postintervention (P < .01). MDS‐ABS score was 0.8 (SD = 1.6) preintervention and 0.7 (SD = 1.4) postintervention (P = .59).

CONCLUSION

Direct observations were most likely to capture behavioral responses, followed by staff interviews. Nursing‐home based, pragmatic trials that rely solely on available administrative data may fail to detect effects of nonpharmaceutical interventions on behaviors. Findings are relevant to evaluations of nonpharmaceutical strategies for addressing behaviors in NHs, and will inform a large, National Institute on Aging–funded pragmatic trial beginning spring 2019. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2134–2138, 2019
End‐of‐Life Decision Making and Treatment for Patients with Professional Guardians
Authors: Cohen Andrew B. , Benjamin Andrea Z. , Fried Terri R.
Published: July 2019

OBJECTIVES

Concerns have repeatedly been raised about end‐of‐life decision making when a patient with diminished capacity is represented by a professional guardian, a paid official appointed by a judge. Such guardians are said to choose high‐intensity treatment even when it is unlikely to be beneficial or to leave pivotal decisions to the court. End‐of‐life decision making by professional guardians has not been examined systematically, however.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING

Inpatient and outpatient facilities in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Connecticut Healthcare System.

PARTICIPANTS

Decedent patients represented by professional guardians who received care at Connecticut VA facilities from 2003 to 2013 and whose care in the last month of life was documented in the VA record.

MEASUREMENTS

Through chart reviews, we collected data about the guardianship appointment, the patient's preferences, the guardian's decision‐making process, and treatment outcomes.

RESULTS

There were 33 patients with professional guardians who died and had documentation of their end‐of‐life care. The guardian sought judicial review for 33%, and there were delays in decision making for 42%. In the last month of life, 29% of patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, intubated, or underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation; 45% received hospice care. Judicial review and high‐intensity treatment were less common when information about the patient's preferences was available.

CONCLUSION

Rates of high‐intensity treatment and hospice care were similar to older adults overall. Because high‐intensity treatment was less likely when the guardian had information about a patient's preferences, future work should focus on advance care planning for individuals without an appropriate surrogate. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2161–2166, 2019
Alopecia areata predictive score: A new trichoscopy‐based tool to predict treatment outcome in patients with patchy alopecia areata
Authors: Waśkiel‐Burnat Anna , Rakowska Adriana , Sikora Mariusz , Olszewska Małgorzata , Rudnicka Lidia
Published: July 2019

Introduction

There are no evidence‐based data how to predict response to therapy in patients with alopecia areata.

Aim

The assessment of the predictive value of trichoscopy for the therapeutic outcome in patients with alopecia areata.

Methods

A total of 65 patients with patchy alopecia areata were included into the study. Trichoscopy was performed at baseline and 2 months after the treatment initiation. After 6 months, patients were classified as responders (27/65) and nonresponders (38/65).

Results

There were no differences between the groups in baseline trichoscopy. After 2 months, black dots, broken hairs, exclamation mark hairs, and tapered hairs occurred significantly more often in nonresponders compared to responders (19/38, 50% vs 3/27, 11%; 26/38, 68% vs 6/27, 22%; 23/38, 61% vs 5/27, 19% and 11/38, 29% vs 0/27, 0%, respectively). Upright regrowing hairs and pigtail hairs occurred significantly more often in responders compared to nonresponders (27/27, 100% vs 21/38, 55% and 9/27, 33% vs 3/38, 8%, respectively). A trichoscopy‐based Alopecia Areata Predictive Score (min −4 to max 2) was developed. Probability of hair regrowth was 98.3%, 88.7%, 52.3%, 13.2%, 2.1%, 0.3%, and 0% in patients with score 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −3, and −4, respectively.

Conclusions

In patchy alopecia areata, upright regrowing hairs and pigtail hairs are positive, while black dots, broken hairs, exclamation mark hairs, and tapered hairs negative predictive markers. Alopecia Areata Predictive Score is new trichoscopy‐based tool to predict treatment outcome in patients with patchy alopecia areata.
Neofusicoccum parvum and Diaporthe foeniculina associated with twig and shoot blight and branch canker of citrus in Greece
Authors: Vakalounakis Demetrios J. , Ntougias Spyridon , Kavroulakis Nektarios , Protopapadakis Eftichios
Published: July 2019

In a survey performed in Chania and Aetoloacarnania, Greece in years 2013–2014, fungal isolates causing twig and shoot blight and branch canker of citrus trees were morphologically characterized and identified by multiple gene sequence analysis. By sequencing the ITS‐5.8S rRNA, the elongation factor 1‐α (EF1‐α), the β‐tubulin and the RNA polymerase II subunit (Rpb2) genes, the isolates examined were associated with Diaporthe foeniculina (six isolates) and Neofusicoccum parvum (one isolate). All six D. foeniculina isolates showed slow colony growth rates (7.4 ± 3.2 mm/day), while the N. parvum isolate exhibited fast growth (41.6 mm/day). Koch's criteria were met after re‐isolation of D. foeniculina isolates from all inoculated Citrus spp. and N. parvum from inoculated C. reticulata “Ortanique” and after having developed symptoms similar to those detected on shoots and branches collected from citrus fields. Based on lesion length on detached C. medica “Lia Kritis” shoots, N. parvum caused long necrotic lesions (58 mm in length) in comparison with a length of 12–21 mm lesions caused by D. foeniculina isolates. Pathogenicity trials on nine Citrus spp., which had been inoculated with D. foeniculina and N. parvum, revealed different levels of susceptibility, indicating a host‐dependent infection effect, with Poncirus trifoliate × C. paradisi (“Citrumelo Swingle”) being the most resistant citrus genotype. Lack of host specificity suggests that their pathogen–host association could be attributed to ecological rather to co‐evolutionary factors. This work represents the first report, accompanied with pathogenicity tests, on botryosphaeriaceous and diaporthaceous pathogens associated with twig and shoot blight and branch canker of citrus in Greece.
Detection of selected viral pathogens in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease in Austria
Authors: Hiebl A. , Auer A. , Bagrinovschi G. , Stejskal M. , Hirt R. , Rümenapf H. T. , Tichy A. , Künzel F.
Published: July 2019

Objectives

To assess the prevalence of canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus type 2, canine distemper virus, canine respiratory coronavirus and influenza virus A infections in: (1) privately‐owned or, (2) kennelled dogs showing signs consistent with canine infectious respiratory disease and, (3) clinically healthy dogs in Vienna, Austria.

Materials and Methods

Prospectively, nasal and tonsillar swabs from 214 dogs affected with infectious respiratory disease, and 50 healthy control dogs were tested for nucleic acids specific to the various viral infections. Concurrent bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 31 dogs with chronic respiratory disease was investigated for the same viral pathogens. Additionally, anti‐canine respiratory coronavirus antibody concentrations were measured in paired blood samples from 30 acutely diseased dogs.

Results

Canine respiratory coronavirus (7.5%) and canine parainfluenza virus (6.5%) were the most commonly detected viruses in samples from the upper airways of dogs with respiratory infections. Serological results showed a significant seroconversion in response to coronavirus in 50% of the examined cases. None of the samples was positive for influenza virus A‐specific nucleic acid. Canine coronavirus‐specific nucleic acid was detected in 4.0% of healthy dogs.

Clinical Significance

Canine coronavirus should be considered as a clinically relevant cause of infectious respiratory disease in crowded dog populations. For sample collection, the nasal mucosa can be recommended as the favoured site. Analysis of paired serum samples aids verification of canine coronavirus infection in respiratory disease.
Oleogel production based on binary and ternary mixtures of sodium caseinate, xanthan gum, and guar gum: Optimization of hydrocolloids concentration and drying method
Authors: Abdolmaleki Khadije , Alizadeh Leyla , Nayebzadeh Kooshan , Hosseini Seyede Marzieh , Shahin Reyhane
Published: July 2019

We report the optimization of oleogel formulation based on sodium caseinate (CN, 0–4 g/100 g), xanthan gum (XG, 0–1 g/100 g), guar gum (GG, 0–1 g/100 g), and drying method (freeze and oven drier) using response surface methodology to achieve the desired oil binding capacity, textural, and rheological attributes. All the selected responses were successfully fitted by a quadratic model with determination coefficient values higher than .95 with the exception of firmness values which was fitted by linear model. There were considerable increases in all the responses for the samples containing ternary mixtures of protein‐gum (CN:XG:GG) as well as binary mixtures (CN:GG and CN:XG) compared to samples containing protein or gums alone due to the synergistic effect of CN and gums on formation of highly ordered and strong gel network. Regression modeling demonstrated that freeze drying method led to significantly greater structure recovery values than those of oven drying method. The best formulation was the freeze dried oleogel containing 4 g/100 g CN, 0.43 g/100 g XG, and 0.98 g/100 g GG. Results showed that fabrication of oleogels with at least 94.5 g/100 g sunflower oil and characteristics similar to industrial shortening is feasible.
Compensation and Compliance: Sources of Public Acceptance of the U.K. Supreme Court's Brexit Decision
Authors: Gonzalez-Ocantos Ezequiel , Dinas Elias
Published: July 2019

The perception that a high court's decision is binding and final is a crucial prerequisite for its ability to settle political conflicts. Under what conditions are citizens more likely to accept controversial judicial rulings? Mass acceptance is determined, in part, by how rulings are framed during public debate. This paper takes a broad view of the strategies and actors that influence the discursive environment surrounding judgments, calling attention to hitherto unexamined determinants of mass acceptance. We theorize that third parties can boost acceptance by pledging compliance, and that courts can moderate opposition by compensating losers. We also look at how populist attacks on judiciaries, common in contemporary democracies, affect acceptance. We test these propositions using a survey experiment conducted in the aftermath of the UK Supreme Court's Brexit decision, the most salient judgment handed down by this court to date. The paper moves the literature on courts and public opinion beyond the United States, and presents evidence backing largely untested assumptions at the heart of models of judicial behavior regarding the benefits of crafting rulings with an eye on the preferences of key audiences.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage due to de novo dissecting vertebral artery aneurysm in a patient with Guillain‐Barré syndrome
Authors: Hijikata Takamichi , Baba Eiichi , Shirokane Kazutaka , Tsuchiya Atsushi , Nomura Motohiro
Published: July 2019

A 51‐year‐old man with Guillain‐Barré syndrome developed a dissecting vertebral artery aneurysm. Initial magnetic resonance angiography showed no abnormality, including dissecting aneurysm of the bilateral vertebral arteries. He developed subarachnoid hemorrhage. Radiological examination revealed bilateral dissecting vertebral artery aneurysms. The left ruptured dissecting vertebral artery aneurysm was treated by stent‐assisted coil embolization with preservation of the affected vertebral artery. Although it is rare, there is a possibility that dissection of the intracranial artery might occur in a patient with Guillain‐Barré syndrome in a short period of time. The dissecting aneurysm might be formed by external force to the vertebral artery, and the aneurysm might subsequently rupture due to hypertension.
Renal pathologic spectrum and clinical outcome of monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance: A large retrospective case series study from a single institute in China
Authors: Yu Xiao‐Juan , Zhang Xin , Li Dan‐Yang , Wang Su‐Xia , Zhou Fu‐De , Zhao Ming‐Hui
Published: July 2019

Objectives

To analysis the pathological spectrum and prognosis of monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) patients.

Methods

Patients with renal biopsy‐proven MGRS from 1999 to 2017 in Peking University First Hospital were included, clinical data, renal pathology type, treatment and prognosis were collected.

Results

One hundred and eighty‐seven patients were enrolled, accounting for 0.7% of renal biopsies. Seventy‐seven per cent of the MGRS patients were amyloidosis. Eighteen patients (9.6%) were monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease. Others included 10 patients (5.3%) with proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin (G) deposits, seven patients (3.7%) with cryoglobulinaemic glomerulonephritis, five patients (2.6%) with light chain proximal tubulopathy, two patients (1.1%) with fibrillary disease and one patient (0.5%) with C3 glomerulonephritis. Sixty‐three per cent were treated with chemotherapy and/or stem cell transplantation. The mean follow‐up time was 27 ± 32 months. One patient developed multiple myeloma at 17‐month during follow‐up. At the end of follow‐up, 61 patients (33%) died, and 47 patients (25%) reached end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). For the 144 amyloid patients, low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), decreased blood pressure, presence of cardiac involvement and absence of chemotherapy or high‐dose melphalan/autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation were identified as independent risk factors for death. Low eGFR, decreased blood pressure, and presence of cardiac involvement were identified as independent risk factors for ESRD. For the 43 non‐amyloid patients, no factor was identified for the risk of death. Low eGFR was identified as independent risk factor for ESRD.

Conclusion

MGRS was an uncommon form of hematologic disorder related renal injury with a wide spectrum of pathologic lesions, and amyloidosis was the most common type. Treatment with chemotherapy and/or high‐dose melphalan/autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation improved amyloid patients' survival.
Phylogenetic relationships of Coreanomecon (Papaveraceae: Chelidonioideae) inferred from seed morphology and nrITS sequence data
Authors: Ghimire Balkrishna , Suh Youngbae , Soltis Douglas E. , Heo Kweon
Published: July 2019

The phylogenetic position of the Coreanomecon, a monotypic genus endemic to Korea, has been controversial for a long time. Coreanomecon has variously been placed in its own genus or combined with Hylomecon or Chelidonium. The main purpose of this study was to examine the phylogenetic position of Coreanomecon in relation to genera of the subfamily Chelidonioideae using seed morphology and molecular data. The seed morphology of 10 genera of Chelidonioideae was examined using microtome sections and scanning electron microscopy. The shape and size of exotestal cells varied between genera. The exotestal cells were tangentially elongated in Chelidonium majus, Stylophorum diphyllum and Hylomecon vernalis, whereas the cells were sub‐orbicular and broad in Coreanomecon hylomeconoides. The endotesta was represented by thick palisade‐like cells that contain small rectangular crystals near their outer walls. The mesotesta was totally collapsed in Co. hylomeconoides but wholly or partly persistent in Ch. majus and H. vernalis. The seed surface of Co. hylomeconoides was well ornamented with a unique echinate seed surface, whereas other genera showed plain and reticulate seed surfaces. A phylogenetic analysis of the genera including Coreanomecon was conducted with nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) sequences using genetic distance, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The results confirm that Co. hylomeconoides is separated from both Hylomecon species and is a sister group to Chelidonium majus and Stylophorum diphyllum with robust bootstrap support. In addition to differences in the absence of cauline leaves and rhizomes, the presence of a hairy stem and leaves, and 12‐pericolpate pollen, seed characters and molecular data strongly support the recognition of Coreanomecon as an independent genus, distinct from Hylomecon and Chelidonium.
Benefits of increased colonist quantity and genetic diversity for colonization depend on colonist identity
Authors: Sinclair James S. , Arnott Shelley E. , Millette Katie L. , Cristescu Melania E.
Published: July 2019

Larger numbers of colonists can be more likely to establish and spread due to the benefits provided by either more individuals (quantity) or a greater diversity of genotypes or phenotypes (genetic diversity). However, the value of higher colonist quantity or genetic diversity varies widely across studies, leaving a great deal of uncertainty in how these respective mechanisms affect colonization success. This variability is potentially driven by differences in which traits are present in respective colonist pools (‘colonist identity’). Studies with high‐performing colonizers (e.g. genotypes pre‐adapted to the colonizing environment) may find increasing quantity or diversity to be beneficial because it increases the chance high‐performers are sampled, while studies with no high‐performers may find no effects of quantity or diversity. Alternatively, quantity and genetic diversity may play little to no role if the smallest populations already contain high‐performing colonists because there is no scope for a sampling effect to operate. We conducted a field mesocosm experiment to determine if variability in the benefits provided by increased quantity or genetic diversity relates to colonist traits. Nine distinct genotypes ofDaphnia pulexcharacterized also by phenotype, were introduced in ‘single’ (one individual) or ‘many’ (nine individuals) introduction quantities and at ‘low’ (monoclonal) and ‘high’ (mixed genotypes) genetic diversities. We found that larger‐bodiedD. pulexgenotypes benefited less from increased colonist quantity, while increasing genetic diversity tended to have a lower effect on higher growth rate genotypes. Our results show that the trait values of the colonists can determine the benefits gained when colonist quantity or genetic diversity are increased, with potential applications to future research and practical efforts to promote, or prevent, population establishment.
Can budget ambiguity crowd out intrinsic motivation? Longitudinal evidence from federal executive departments
Authors: Shon Jongmin , Porumbescu Gregory A. , Christensen Robert K.
Published: July 2019

While some scholars have assessed how various features of organizational structure shape intrinsic motivation, the role of budgets and, in particular, programme funding has been overlooked. To address this gap in the literature, we examine how programme funding decisions impact employee motivation. Referencing previous work, we hypothesize that funding choices that emphasize some programmes over others signal clearer organizational goals for employees, thereby increasing intrinsic motivation. In contrast, departments that do not use their budgets to signal clear goals can run the risk of reducing their employees’ intrinsic motivation. We empirically investigate this hypothesis within the context of the US Federal executive departments, constructing a longitudinal dataset (2010–15) from multiple sources. Findings support our hypothesis. Employees in departments that more evenly fund their programmes report lower levels of intrinsic motivation.
Attachment and compassion‐threat: Influence of a secure attachment‐prime
Authors: Baldwin Sarah , Bandarian‐Balooch Siavash , Adams Rebecca
Published: July 2019

Objectives

The present paper proposed and tested a methodology for reducing individual's threat response to compassion‐imagery, by increasing their levels of state attachment‐security.

Design

A total of 68 University students (63% female, mean age = 25) completed an experimental study, where they were randomly assigned to either a 10‐min attachment‐prime (to enhance attachment‐security) or an interpersonal skills module (control condition).

Methods

Participants completed a compassion‐focused imagery exercise before and after the manipulation, to determine the effects of the attachment‐prime. To measure the effects of the manipulation on individual's threat response, heart rate variability data were collected at baseline and during both compassion exercises.

Results

As predicted, individuals who reported higher levels of anxious and avoidant attachment styles were more likely to display a threat response (decreases in heart rate variability), to the first compassion‐focused imagery. After receiving an attachment‐prime, heart rate variability increased suggesting that individual's experienced greater self‐soothing responses and decreased threat responses to the second compassion‐focused imagery.

Conclusions

The present findings suggest that individuals with insecure attachments are likely to require additional support increasing their attachment‐security, before they can successfully engage in compassion‐based exercises or therapies.

Practitioner points

Compassion‐based exercises may result in fear and consequently avoidance in some populations of individuals.

Threat responses to compassion can be reduced by using attachment‐based techniques.

Research findings will help inform and broaden the clinical applicability of compassion‐based therapies.
Engineering the interactions between a plant‐produced HIV antibody and human Fc receptors
Authors: Stelter Szymon , Paul Mathew J. , Teh Audrey Y.‐H. , Grandits Melanie , Altmann Friedrich , Vanier Jessica , Bardor Muriel , Castilho Alexandra , Allen Rachel Louise , Ma Julian K‐C.
Published: July 2019

Plants can provide a cost‐effective and scalable technology for production of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, with the potential for precise engineering of glycosylation. Glycan structures in the antibody Fc region influence binding properties to Fc receptors, which opens opportunities for modulation of antibody effector functions. To test the impact of glycosylation in detail, on binding to human Fc receptors, different glycovariants of VRC01, a broadly neutralizing HIV monoclonal antibody, were generated in Nicotiana benthamiana and characterized. These include glycovariants lacking plant characteristic α1,3‐fucose and β1,2‐xylose residues and glycans extended with terminal β1,4‐galactose. Surface plasmon resonance‐based assays were established for kinetic/affinity evaluation of antibody–FcγR interactions, and revealed that antibodies with typical plant glycosylation have a limited capacity to engage FcγRI, FcγRIIa, FcγRIIb and FcγRIIIa; however, the binding characteristics can be restored and even improved with targeted glycoengineering. All plant‐made glycovariants had a slightly reduced affinity to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) compared with HEK cell‐derived antibody. However, this was independent of plant glycosylation, but related to the oxidation status of two methionine residues in the Fc region. This points towards a need for process optimization to control oxidation levels and improve the quality of plant‐produced antibodies.
Natural variation in a calreticulin gene causes reduced resistance to Ca2+ deficiency‐induced tipburn in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis)
Authors: Su Tongbing , Li Peirong , Wang Huiping , Wang Weihong , Zhao Xiuyun , Yu Yangjun , Zhang Deshuang , Yu Shuancang , Zhang Fenglan
Published: July 2019

Tipburn is an irreversible physiological disorder of Chinese cabbage that decreases crop value. Because of a strong environmental component, tipburn‐resistant cultivars are the only solution, although tipburn resistance genes are unknown in Chinese cabbage. We studied three populations of Chinese cabbage over four growing seasons under field conditions: (a) 194 diverse inbred lines, (b) a doubled haploid (DH100) population, and (c) an F2 population. The 194 lines were genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphism markers, and genome‐wide‐association mapping showed that 24 gQTLs were significantly associated with tipburn disease index. Analysis of the DH100 and F2 populations identified a shared tipburn‐associated locus, gqbTRA06, that was found to cover the region defined by one of the 24 gQTLs. Of 35 genes predicted in the 0.14‐Mb quantitative trait locus region, Bra018575 (calreticulin family protein, BrCRT2) showed higher expression levels during disease development. We cloned the two BrCRT2 alleles from tipburn‐resistant (BrCRT2R) and tipburn‐susceptible (BrCRT2S) lines and identified a 51‐bp deletion in BrCRT2S. Overexpression of BrCRT2R increased Ca2+ storage in the Arabidopsis crt2 mutant and also reduced cell death in leaf tips and margins under Ca2+‐depleted conditions. Our results suggest that BrCRT2 is a possible candidate gene for controlling tipburn in Chinese cabbage.
Capacity Allocation with Multiple Suppliers and Multiple Demand Classes
Authors: Shen Xiaobei , Yu Yimin
Published: July 2019

We consider the capacity allocation problem for a retailer with multiple suppliers and multiple demand classes. The retailer offers one seasonal product and reserves capacity from multiple suppliers. Customers in different classes are charged with different selling prices for the same product. We analyze the optimal capacity allocation policies with the following three types of customers: (i) patient customers, (ii) impatient customers, and (iii) customers with limited patience. To empower our analysis, we propose a new preservation property of decomposition under a maximization operator. Based on the preservation property, we show that the value function in each period is decomposable for each type of customers. We then characterize the optimal capacity allocation policy for each type of customers and develop an efficient algorithm to obtain the respective optimal policy by exploiting decomposition. We also numerically investigate the optimal policy and show its value against a counterpart static heuristic policy. Finally, we extend our results to systems with multiple products, new capacity additions, etc.
Reflection on “Mitigating the U.S. Drug Shortages through Pareto‐Improving Contracts”
Authors: Jia Justin , Zhao Hui
Published: July 2019

The study “Mitigating the U.S. Drug Shortages Through Pareto‐Improving Contracts” was selected as a runner‐up for the Ralph Gomory Best Industry Studies Paper Award by the Industry Studies Association in 2017. The award aims at “explicit recognition of the researchers’ engagement with industry practitioners and demonstrate the benefits of such interactions for scholarly research.” The awarded study addresses the drug shortages problem, a major challenge facing the U.S. pharmaceutical industry and government in recent years. This reflection article provides the “back story” of the study—the motivation, the challenges, the important steps, and the interactions with government agencies and industry practitioners.
Supplementing rumen‐protected methionine to lactating multiparous dairy cows did not improve reproductive performance
Authors: Süss David , Iwersen Michael , Schweinzer Vanessa , Gusterer Erika , Kanz Peter , Krieger Stefanie , Pothmann Harald , Wagener Karen , Hoelker Michael , Tesfaye Dawit , Schellander Karl , Helmbrecht Ariane , Parys Claudia , Drillich Marc
Published: July 2019

There is evidence that supplementing methionine has positive effects on uterine environment, oocyte quality and embryo development in cattle. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate reproductive traits of cows supplemented with rumen‐protected methionine (RPM) during early to mid‐lactation in comparison with an untreated control group (CON). An additional focus was on the effect of puerperal diseases on reproductive performance parameters in RPM‐supplemented group MET and in CON. A total of 1,709 multiparous Holstein‐Friesian cows were enrolled in this field trial conducted on a commercial dairy farm in Slovakia. Cows were allocated at approximately 12 days post‐partum (dpp) to either CON or MET, the latter supplemented with 25.0 g–27.2 g RPM per cow per day incorporated into the total mixed ration (TMR) until leaving the study pen at approximately 140 dpp. The amount of RPM was calculated based on individual feed ingredients analysis and adjusted during the study period when TMR changed. Cows were monitored during the post‐partum period by vaginal examination (day 5 pp), measuring of beta‐hydroxybutyrate in blood (3, 5, and 8 dpp) and by vaginal examination, uterine cytology and measuring of back fat thickness by ultrasound (all at 31 ± 3 dpp).

Compared with CON, cows supplemented with RPM did not show better reproduction performance parameters (first service submission rate, days to first service, conception risk, days open 140). Results from binary logistic regression model for the risk of conception showed that metritis had a significant effect, but the supplementation of methionine had not. Results of Cox regression analysis for the odds of conception within 140 dpp revealed only metritis and clinical endometritis as significant factors. In conclusion, supplementation of RPM had no beneficial effect on reproductive performance in this study farm compared with an untreated control group.
Is the removal of aboveground shrub biomass an effective technique to restore a shrub‐encroached grassland?
Authors: Liu Yanshu , Shi Zhongjie , Gong Liyan , Cong Richun , Yang Xiaohui , Eldridge David J.
Published: July 2019

Encroachment of woody plants into grasslands is a global phenomenon that has substantial impacts on pastoral productivity and ecosystem services. Over the past half century, pastoralists and land management agencies have explored various options to control woody plants in order to improve ecosystem services in shrub‐encroached grasslands. We examined the effectiveness of controlling the encroachment of the shrub Caragana microphylla into grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. We cut and removed all of the aboveground biomass from 450 shrubs, predicting that the effectiveness of this technique to control shrubs would depend on shrub morphology. Specifically, we expected that larger shrubs with more biomass would be more difficult to kill by cutting than smaller shrubs. A year after treatment, we found that cutting killed only 11% of the 450 treated shrubs, and of these, three‐quarters of the locations that they occupied reverted to grasses and one‐quarter to bare soil. Shrubs that survived the cutting treatment produced more stems and leaf biomass, and therefore had a greater leaf to stem ratio. Shrubs that died after cutting had a lower crown area and basal area, and less stem biomass than shrubs that resprouted within 12 months of cutting. There were no effects of shrub height on the fate of treated shrubs. Cutting had no effect on understory plant cover or richness, but reproductive plants were taller under shrubs that were not cut. Overall, our study showed that removing aboveground shrub biomass by cutting is an ineffective technique for “restoring” the original grassland community unless shrubs are very small. Strategic targeting of small shrubs would be a more effective technique for controlling the spread of C. microphylla in the long term.
Spatial Hedonic Modelling Adjusted for Preferential Sampling
Authors: Paci Lucia , Gelfand Alan E. , Beamonte María Asunción , Gargallo Pilar , Salvador Manuel
Published: July 2019

Hedonic models are widely used to predict selling prices of properties. Originally, they were proposed as simple spatial regressions, i.e. a spatially referenced response regressed on spatially referenced predictors. Subsequently, spatial random effects were introduced to serve as surrogates for unmeasured or unobservable predictors and were shown to provide better out-of-sample prediction. However, what has been ignored in the literature is the fact that the locations (and times) of the sales are random and, in fact, are an observation of a random point pattern. Here, we first consider whether there is stochastic dependence between the point pattern of locations and the set of responses. If so, a second question is whether incorporating a log-intensity for the point pattern of locations in the hedonic modelling enables improvement in the prediction of selling price. We connect this problem to what is referred to as preferential sampling. Through model comparison we illuminate the role of the point pattern data in the prediction of selling price. Using two different years of property sales from Zaragoza, Spain, we employ both the full database as well as an intentionally biased subset to elaborate this story.
Survival outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants with EBV‐positive or EBV‐negative post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, A CIBMTR study
Authors: Naik Seema , Riches Marcie , Hari Parameswaran , Kim Soyoung , Chen Min , Bachier Carlos , Shaughnessy Paul , Hill Joshua , Ljungman Per , Battiwalla Minoo , Chhabra Saurabh , Daly Andrew , Storek Jan , Ustun Celalettin , Diaz Miguel Angel , Cerny Jan , Beitinjaneh Amer , Yared Jean , Brown Valerie , Page Kristin , Dahi Parastoo B. , Ganguly Siddhartha , Seo Sachiko , Chao Nelson , Freytes Cesar O. , Saad Ayman , Savani Bipin N. , Woo Ahn Kwang , Boeckh Michael , Heslop Helen E. , Lazarus Hillard M. , Auletta Jeffery J. , Kamble Rammurti T.
Published: July 2019

Background

Post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (alloHCT). Although most PTLD is EBV‐positive (EBVpos), EBV‐negative (EBVneg) PTLD is reported, yet its incidence and clinical impact remain largely undefined. Furthermore, factors at the time of transplant impacting survival following PTLD are not well described.

Methods

Between 2002 and 2014, 432 cases of PTLD following alloHCT were reported to the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR). After exclusions, 267 cases (EBVpos = 222, 83%; EBVneg = 45, 17%) were analyzed.

Results

Two hundred and eight patients (78%) received in vivo T‐cell depletion (TCD) with either anti‐thymocyte globulin (ATG) or alemtuzumab. Incidence of PTLD was highest using umbilical cord donors (UCB, 1.60%) and lowest using matched related donors (MRD, 0.40%). Clinical features and histology did not significantly differ among EBVpos or EBVneg PTLD cases except that absolute lymphocyte count recovery was slower, and CMV reactivation was later in EBVneg PTLD [EBVpos 32 (5‐95) days versus EBVneg 47 (10‐70) days, P = .016]. There was no impact on survival by EBV status in multivariable analysis [EBVneg RR 1.42, 95% CI 0.94‐2.15, P = .097].

Conclusions

There is no difference in survival outcomes for patients with EBVpos or EBVneg PTLD occurring following alloHCT and 1‐year survival is poor. Features of conditioning and use of serotherapy remain important.
Space of energy well‐being: Social housing tenants’ everyday experiences of fuel poverty
Authors: Waitt Gordon , Harada Theresa
Published: July 2019

This paper contributes to geographical perspectives on energy justice by arguing for the concept of “spaces of energy well‐being.” We build on the concepts of capabilities, home, and emotional embodiment to offer an understanding of the spatiality of well‐being. The paper draws on empirical material from a study conducted with social housing tenants in Port Kembla, Australia, following recent energy price increases. Interviews illustrate that social housing tenants engaged in reducing domestic energy consumption occupy a paradoxical space of well‐being. We argue that energy bills are lived and felt daily through bodies as anxiety, given that participants experience social housing as a therapeutic and safe place that allows possibilities to refashion the self. We better understand the dynamics of pride and shame from limiting energy use. Our analysis suggests that essential to understanding the ways social housing tenants relate to uneven access to fuel is as an emotionally embodied home making and unmaking practice.
Molecular markers of prognosis in canine cortisol‐secreting adrenocortical tumours
Authors: Sanders Karin , van Staalduinen Gerjanne J. , Uijens Maarten C. M. , Mol Jan A. , Teske Erik , Slob Adri , Hesselink Jan Willem , Kooistra Hans S. , Galac Sara
Published: July 2019

Hypercortisolism is caused by a cortisol‐secreting adrenocortical tumour (ACT) in approximately 15%‐20% of cases in dogs. Little is known about which molecular markers are associated with malignant behaviour of canine ACTs. The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers of prognosis, which could be useful to refine prognostic prediction and to identify potential treatment targets. Cortisol‐secreting ACTs were included from 40 dogs, of which follow‐up information was available. The ACTs were classified as low risk of recurrence tumours (LRT; n = 14) or moderate‐high risk of recurrence tumours (MHRT; n = 26), based on the novel histopathological Utrecht score. Normal adrenals (NAs) were included from 11 healthy dogs as reference material. The mRNA expression of 14 candidate genes was analysed in the 40 ACTs and in 11 NAs with quantitative RT‐PCR. The genes' expression levels were statistically compared between NAs, LRTs and MHRTs. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the association of the genes' expression levels with survival. Seven genes were differentially expressed between NAs and ACTs, of which pituitary tumour‐transforming gene‐1 (PTTG1) and topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A) were also differentially expressed between LRTs and MHRTs. In survival analyses, high expression levels of Steroidogenic factor‐1 (SF‐1), PTTG1 and TOP2A were significantly associated with poor survival. In conclusion, we have identified several genes that are part of the molecular signature of malignancy in canine ACTs. These findings can be used to refine prognostic prediction, but also offer insights for future studies on druggable targets.
Noninvasive staging of pressure ulcers using photoacoustic imaging
Authors: Hariri Ali , Chen Fang , Moore Colman , Jokerst Jesse V.
Published: July 2019

Ulcers including pressure ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers damage the skin and underlying tissue in people with compromised blood circulation. They are classified into four stages of severity and span from mild reddening of the skin to tissue damage and muscle/bone infections. Here, we used photoacoustic imaging as a noninvasive method for detecting early tissue damage that cannot be visually observed while also staging the disease using quantitative image analysis. We used a mouse model of pressure ulcers by implanting subdermal magnets in the dorsal flank and periodically applying an external magnet to the healed implant site. The magnet‐induced pressure was applied in cycles, and the extent of ulceration was dictated by the number of cycles. We used both laser‐ and light‐emitting diode (LED)‐based photoacoustic imaging tools with 690 nm excitation to evaluate the change in photoacoustic signal and depth of injury. Using laser‐based photoacoustic imaging system, we found a 4.4‐fold increase in the photoacoustic intensity in stage I vs. baseline (no pressure). We also evaluated the depth of injury using photoacoustics. We measured a photoacoustic ulcer depth of 0.38 ± 0.09 mm, 0.74 ± 0.11 mm, 1.63 ± 0.4 mm, and 2.7 ± 0.31 mm (n = 4) for stages I–IV, respectively. The photoacoustic depth differences between each stage were significant (p < 0.05). We also used an LED‐based photoacoustic imaging system to detect early stage (stage I) pressure ulcers and observed a 2.5‐fold increase in photoacoustic signal. Importantly, we confirmed the capacity of this technique to detect dysregulated skin even before stage I ulcers have erupted. We also observed significant changes in photoacoustic intensity during healing suggesting that this approach can monitor therapy. These findings were confirmed with histology. These results suggest that this photoacoustic‐based approach might have clinical value for monitoring skin diseases including pressure ulcers.