bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of gas hardening on the population properties of hierarchical black hole mergers in active galactic nucleus disks
Authors: Vaccaro Maria Paola , Mapelli Michela , Périgois Carole , Barone Dario , Artale Maria Celeste , Dall’Amico Marco , Iorio Giuliano , Torniamenti Stefano
Published: February 2024

Hierarchical black hole (BH) mergers in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are unique among formation channels of binary black holes (BBHs) because they are likely associated with electromagnetic counterparts and can efficiently lead to the mass growth of BHs. Here, we explore the impact of gas accretion and migration traps on the evolution of BBHs in AGNs. We have developed a new fast semi-analytic model, that allows us to explore the parameter space while capturing the main physical processes involved. We find that an effective exchange of energy and angular momentum between the BBH and the surrounding gas (i.e., gas hardening) during inspiral greatly enhances the efficiency of hierarchical mergers, leading to the formation of intermediate-mass BHs (up to 104 M⊙) and triggering spin alignment. Moreover, our models with efficient gas hardening show both an anticorrelation between the BBH mass ratio and the effective spin and a correlation between the primary BH mass and the effective spin. In contrast, if gas hardening is inefficient, the hierarchical merger chain is already truncated after the first two or three generations. We compare the BBH population in AGNs with other dynamical channels as well as isolated binary evolution.
Carbon Emission Assessment of a Substation Building in Xiamen, China
Authors: Yang Dishan , Huang Xiaoyu , Xu Ziwen , Li Jiyu , Cui Chuanrong
Published: February 2024

Buildings are, collectively, a high-energy-consuming sector, accounting for as much as 50.9% of total carbon emissions. With the introduction of carbon peaks and neutrality as carbon reduction strategies, carbon emissions reduction has become a research hotspot in the construction industry. Most of the current research focuses on residential and public buildings; the carbon footprint of industrial buildings has been less explored. In this study, we focused on a subset of industrial buildings, the energy substations in Xiamen, China. The carbon intensity of the three stages of material production, transportation, and operation is calcu-lated. The results of the study show that the three stages of whole-life cycle carbon emissions are 1,612,889.25, 51,038.9 and 17,034,352.5 kgCO2e, and the percent are 8.63%, 0.27% and 91.10%, respectively.
Adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) by cuttlebone-derived materials and its stability
Authors: Xiong Yanqing , Qin Peirui , Sun Xiao , Yin Mengnan , He Zhaohui
Published: February 2024

This work mainly studied the Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption properties of cuttlebone-derived materials and the effects of adsorption time, initial solution concentration, and material aging. Cuttlebone is a fishery waste, which is mainly composed of calcium carbonate, and β-chitin. The cuttlebone derivative was prepared by high-temperature carbonization and deacetylation. The results showed that the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) by carbonized and deacetylated cuttlebone derivatives was significantly improved from 1644 mg/g to 2216 mg/g and 2118 mg/g, respectively. It resulted that high-temperature carbonization promoted the crystal change of calcium carbonate in cuttlebone from aragonite crystal to calcite crystal, and the latter has a stronger ion exchange capacity for Pb(Ⅱ) than the former. Deacetylation promoted the conversion of chitin in cuttlebone to chitosan, which is beneficial to complexing Pb(Ⅱ) and further improving the adsorption performance. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of Pb(Ⅱ)on cuttlebone-derived materials conform to the quasi-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model, respectively. After freeze-thaw aging and hydrogen peroxide aging, the adsorption capacity of Pb(Ⅱ) has been further improved, indicating that the derived materials of cuttlebone are relatively stable. Based on this study, the derived materials of cuttlebone have the potential to treat Pb(Ⅱ) ions in wastewater.
Axial compressive behavior of CFRP reinforced concrete filled steel tube short columns with a circumferential gap
Authors: Chen Binglun , Yang Zhishuo
Published: February 2024

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (Carbon Reinforced Polymer Plastic) can effectively use its own tensile properties to provide stronger restraint for concrete, and can delay the buckling of steel pipes after yielding, and has been widely used in engineering repair and reinforcement. For the CFST composite structure with annular void defects, whether the reinforcement of CFRP can make up for a series of problems caused by void defects is still a fog. In order to explore the axial compression performance of CFRP (carbon fiber cloth) reinforced concrete-filled steel tubular short columns with circumferential void defects, 12 CFRP-reinforced CFRP short columns with circumferential void defects were proposed to be reinforced with a void ratio of 1.1-2.2%. The axial compression performance test was carried out to analyze the influence of parameters such as void ratio and the number of reinforcement layers on the axial compression performance, and a corresponding finite element model was established to assist in analyzing its working mechanism. The test results show that with the increase of the void ratio, the ultimate bearing capacity and the corresponding displacement of the components show a downward trend, and the deformation capacity is also greatly weakened. The ductility of the empty specimen is significantly improved, and the ductility of the specimen is also strengthened. With the increase of the number of reinforcement layers, the buckling deformation restraint effect of CFRP on the steel pipe becomes more and more significant, and it also provides better hoop restraint for the core concrete. To a certain extent, CFRP can reduce the effect of annular voiding defects.
Origin of magnetic particles in speleothems: A review
Authors: Dai Yiqi , Chen Qiong
Published: February 2024

Soil erosion poses a significant threat to global socio-economic development and environmental conservation. Particularly, karst regions are grappling with severe erosion issues. Recent researches have shown that the concentration and particles of magnetic minerals in cave stalagmites can reflect past soil erosion. This paper summarizes the sources of magnetic mineral particles in stalagmites and the process of their entry into stalagmites, providing basic information for the study of soil erosion in karst areas. The main carrier of magnetism in stalagmites is magnetite. It is mainly derived from the soil overlying the caves. These magnetic minerals migrate from soils and weathered rocks to cave environments mainly by water infiltration, storm water runoff and flooding.
Research on ultra-low energy consumption renovation of teaching buildings in severe cold areas under EPC mode
Authors: Kang Zhiqiang , Wang Yunyi , Wang Tong , Yin Ning , Xu Zhikai
Published: February 2024

In order to explore the energy saving benefits and economy of ultra-low energy consumption renovation of existing buildings in cold areas under the contract energy management (EPC) mode under different renovation schemes. On the basis of the existing net present value and net present value increment, the net present value rate is proposed as the evaluation index of the transformation plan, so as to realize the comprehensive benefit evaluation of a variety of transformation schemes. The results show that the energy-saving transformation scheme of the project with an external wall of 120 mm rock wool board, a 150 mm extruded polyphenylene board on the roof, and a three-glass single Low-E argon-filled glass on the exterior window has the greatest comprehensive benefits and meets the ultra-low energy consumption standard, the energy saving rate of the envelope transformation reaches 28.07%, and the static recovery period is 5.27 years. This paper provides a design method and reference basis for the ultra-low energy transformation of existing buildings in cold areas using EPC mode.
Influence of structural design parameters on seismic performance of shaped single-tower cable-stayed bridges
Authors: Zhang Kai , Xu Wei , Xie Haihui , Ye Musheng , Zhang Haiyang , Xuan Fei , Wei Shijun
Published: February 2024

The geometry and stress state of special-shaped cable-stayed bridges are complicated, so there is no uniform conclusion on their seismic performance and damage mechanisms under random seismic excitation. In light of this, taking a single cable plane curved inclined single tower cable-stayed bridge as the background, this paper establishes a spatial finite element model and conducts structural dynamic characteristics and seismic response analysis. Based on this, taking the bending radius and tilt angle as design parameters, the sensitivity analysis of structural seismic response to design parameters is carried out. The analysis results show that the first 5 vibration modes of the bridge are mainly the lateral vibration of the tower and girder, as well as the vertical vibration of the girder. Besides, the vibration modes are dispersed, and there is no phenomenon where a certain vibration mode dominates.The seismic response of the middle part of the tower is subjected to a large bending moment under the action of seismic force. Sensitivity analysis of structural design parameters indicates that the tower tilt angle and radius of curvature affect the bending moment more than the axial force, and the seismic performance of bridge decreases with the increase of tower tilt angle.
Research on the popularization and application of complete setsof near-zero-energy-consumption building technologies in severe cold regions
Authors: Xu Huimin , Zhang Siyuan
Published: February 2024

From energy-saving buildings, ultra-low energy consumption buildings to near zero energy consumption buildings, green building design from exploration to high pursuit is inseparable from the continuous improvement and progress of energy-saving technology, as well as the national policy support and encouragement. The strategies and methods adopted by the completed successful examples of the complete set of technology are summarized, so as to facilitate practitioners to adopt and use for reference. This study is suitable for the promotion of a complete set of technical schemes for near zero energy consumption buildings in severe cold areas. The promotion scheme is suitable for the needs of customers at different levels and is easy to promote. It mainly solves the urgent desire and a large number of practical market demand problems of new urbanization construction for near zero energy consumption buildings with lower energy consumption, more comfortable, healthier and higher quality living environment.
Spatial and temporal differences and influencing factors of building eco-efficiency in China
Authors: Dong Runrun , Zheng Hao
Published: February 2024

This study utilizes the global super-efficiency EBM model to evaluate the eco-efficiency of China's construction industry based on panel data spanning from 2007 to 2021. Furthermore, it examines regional disparities and influential factors using the Dagum Gini coefficient method and panel Tobit model. The findings reveal a sequential decline in efficiency across the eastern, central, and western regions. The overall disparity demonstrates an initial downward fluctuation followed by an upward trend, with the primary contribution shifting from inter-regional variation to hypervariable density. Importantly, the internal discrepancy within the western region surpasses that of other regions. The developmental stage of the construction industry and the composition of energy consumption have a substantial positive impact on its ecological efficiency. In addition, the level of economic development, degree of openness to international markets, and environmental regulations exhibit a positive impact on both the overall construction industry and specifically within the eastern region. Consequently, region-specific measures should be implemented to address disparities in eco-efficiency within the construction industry and promote its high-quality development.
Study on flexural load bearing performance of small radius steel plate composite girder bridge
Authors: Yang Yang , Qiu Tijun
Published: February 2024

The study of flexural load capacity of small radius steel plate composite girder bridges is of great academic and engineering value. This study is based on an actual engineering project and modelled by MIDAS finite element software, aiming to explore the limit states of load carrying capacity of small radius steel plate girder bridges under various conditions. The results show that under different radii of curvature, the flexural performance of the inner and outer main girders is similar, and as the radius of curvature increases from R100 to R400, the maximum positive stress of the combined girder bridge changes less and does not exceed its resistance value, revealing the low sensitivity of flexural load carrying capacity to the radius of curvature. While the load carrying performance of inner and outer main girders is still similar when examining different calculated span diameters, the adverse effect of the positive temperature gradient on the flexural performance is more obvious, which makes the flexural load carrying capacity show a high sensitivity to the change of the calculated span diameter. Finally, when different numbers of main girders are considered, the positive stress values of each main girder are similar, and the sensitivity of the flexural capacity to the number of main girders remains low despite the relatively unfavourable effect of the positive temperature gradient. The study of flexural capacity of small-radius steel plate composite girder bridges is of great significance for the structural design and safety assessment of bridges.
Study on the Supply and Demand Relationship and Enhancement of Cooling Benefits of Urban Green Spaces - A Case Study of Haidian District of Beijing Municipality
Authors: Zhao Ruoxi , Cao Xuqing , Wang Xiangrong
Published: February 2024

The balance between the health risks associated with urban heat and the cooling benefits provided by vegetation is crucial for managing thermal hazards in cities. In this study, we used remote sensing technology to analyze temperature inversion and calculate evapotranspiration of vegetation. Based on these findings, we assessed the extent to which cooling benefits match the demand in densely built-up urban areas. We also determined priority areas for planning interventions. The results show that: (1) there is an obvious spatial mismatch between the demand for high-temperature risk links and the supply of cooling benefits in the supply and demand matching of urban cooling benefits in Haidian District, Beijing. (2) The supply of cooling benefits in Haidian District of Beijing shows a pattern of weakening from the edge of the built-up area to the middle, in which green areas and water systems have a cooling radiation effect on the surrounding built-up environment. (3) The urban high-temperature risk zone in Haidian District of Beijing is related to the type of urban sub-surface, with large areas of continuous impermeable sub-surface becoming heat source points in the city. This study provides suggestions and guidance for heat risk urban planning based on vegetation adjustment in cities by exploring the role of urban trees on urban climate, and comparing the supply and demand of cooling benefits of urban green spaces.
Integrated spatial regulation strategy of blue-green body space for urban ecological restoration
Authors: Xu Zifei , Hou Meifang , Yu Yueshu
Published: February 2024

With the acceleration of urbanisation, urban ecological environment problems are becoming more and more prominent. To address this problem, the study proposes a spatial integration and regulation strategy for the blue-green main body, including the quality improvement of the ecological environment in the blue-green space and the construction of ecological barriers in the blue-green space. The hierarchical analysis method is also used to assess its effectiveness. The results show that among the spatial integration and control strategies of blue-green space proposed by the study, the scores of the technical indicators of the quality improvement strategy of blue-green space ecological environment are all higher than 70, the scores of the economic indicators are all higher than 85, and the scores of the environmental indicators are all higher than 75. At the same time, the scores of the technical indicators of the strategy of constructing ecological barriers in blue-green space are all higher than 75, the economic indicators are all higher than 70, and the environmental indicators are all higher than 70. This indicates that the proposed regulation strategies of the study show high scores and advantages in technology, economy and environment. These strategies provide strong support and guarantee for the improvement of ecological environment quality in blue-green space and the construction of ecological barriers.
A subway tunnel under wear Chan river construction risk evaluation and control methods
Authors: Liu Ying , Zheng Xuanrong
Published: February 2024

Poor rich water sand flow plasticity and permeability coefficient, Angle of internal friction, etc. For effective control, avoid and reduce the subway next in action in the process of river construction risk, guarantee the construction task smoothly. For the construction of risk source analysis and identification of system construction of risk hierarchy, using analytic hierarchy process (ahp) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to find the risk of subway construction. The results show that the construction has a "medium risk" and easy to rise to the "high risk".
Réflexions sur la stabilité en section courante des tunnels profonds
Authors: Jassionnesse Christophe
Published: February 2024

Le présent article traite de la stabilité en section courante circulaire des tunnels profonds. Le massif rocheux étant vu comme un Milieu continu Équivalent, le critère de résistance est le critère de Hoek et Brown généralisé, avec palier de résistance résiduelle. En s’attachant au cas des tunnels profonds, l’introduction de la gravité dans l’équation d’équilibre conduit à rechercher l’existence d’une pression intérieure d’équilibre. L’existence d’une pression de soutènement minimale s’avère un indicateur pertinent du comportement à l’excavation de type « terrain boulant » (severe caving), se traduisant par une instabilité générale de la section non soutenue, tel que défini dans les classifications géomécaniques les plus récentes. Une large étude de variation des paramètres de base du critère de résistance – résistance à la compression et indice de fragilité de la roche, densité et état des discontinuités par le biais du Geological Strength Index –, de la géométrie et de la contrainte in situ supposée isotrope, permet d’identifier la dépendance de cet indicateur aux conditions géologiques. Sur la base de quelques études de cas, il apparaît que les conditions géologiques d’un comportement de type « terrain boulant » correspondent à celles d’un massif de roche tendre, relativement ductile ou fortement altéré et fracturé. Comme ces conditions ne diffèrent pas nettement de celles du « terrain poussant » (squeezing) se traduisant par de fortes convergences, ces deux types de comportement pourraient être les deux degrés d’une même échelle.
Decision-making model of elderly service companies under government subsidies
Authors: Dong Junfeng , Wang Mengyuan , Jiang Li , Lu Wenxing , Liang Changyong
Published: February 2024

This study considers two government subsidy policies, namely, supply-side (subsidising elderly service companies) and demand-side (subsidising elderly customers) subsidies. A Nash game model consisting of elderly customers and two elderly service providers with different levels of infrastructure is developed to present the effects of government subsidies on the price, quality and quantity of demand for elderly services under different subsidy policies. The results show that the economic situation of the region and the strategic objectives of the local government are important factors influencing the effectiveness of the government’s subsidy strategy. For areas with good regional economic conditions, subsidies should be biased in favour of elderly care institutions with poorer infrastructure; for areas with poorer economic conditions, subsidies should be biased in favour of institutions with better infrastructure. Moreover, if the government plans to reduce prices more effectively, then it should adopt a demand-side subsidy policy for areas with a small or large elderly population and a supply-side subsidy policy for areas with a medium elderly population.
Understanding the Potential of mRNA as Biomarker to Revolutionize
Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Das Rina , Mehta Dinesh Kumar , Gupta Nidhi
Published: February 2024

MicroRNA as potential biomarker for early diagnosis, differentiating various
stages, interpreting the success of postoperative curative surgery and
predicting early relapse of Colorectal cancer.
Human-Centered Design and Development of a Fall Prevention Exercise App for Older Adults in Primary Care Settings
Authors: Czuber Nichole K. , Garabedian Pamela M. , Rice Hannah , Tejeda Christian J. , Dykes Patricia C. , Latham Nancy K.
Published: February 2024

Background Falls in older adults are a serious public health problem that can lead to reduced quality of life or death. Patients often do not receive fall prevention guidance from primary care providers (PCPs), despite evidence that falls can be prevented. Mobile health technologies may help to address this disparity and promote evidence-based fall prevention.

Objective Our main objective was to use human-centered design to develop a user-friendly, fall prevention exercise app using validated user requirements. The app features evidence-based behavior change strategies and exercise content to support older people initiating and adhering to a progressive fall prevention exercise program.

Methods We organized our multistage, iterative design process into three phases: gathering user requirements, usability evaluation, and refining app features. Our methods include focus groups, usability testing, and subject-matter expert meetings.

Results Focus groups (total n = 6), usability testing (n = 30) including a posttest questionnaire [Health-ITUES score: mean (standard deviation [SD]) = 4.2 (0.9)], and subject-matter expert meetings demonstrate participant satisfaction with the app concept and design. Overall, participants saw value in receiving exercise prescriptions from the app that would be recommended by their PCP and reported satisfaction with the content of the app.

Conclusion This study demonstrates the development, refinement, and usability testing of a fall prevention exercise app and corresponding tools that PCPs may use to prescribe tailored exercise recommendations to their older patients as an evidence-based fall prevention strategy accessible in the context of busy clinical workflows.
Adventures in Coumarin Chemistry
Authors: Langer Peter
Published: February 2024

The cyclization of various nucleophiles, such as 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, 1,3-bis(silyloxy)-1,3-butadienes, hydrazones, hydroxylamine, amidines, thioglycolic esters, heterocyclic enamines and others, with 4-chlorocoumarins, containing an electron-withdrawing group at position 3, allows for a convenient synthesis of a great variety of benzo[c]coumarins and related fused coumarins. Suzuki–Miyaura reactions of coumarin-derived bis(triflates) result in formation of arylated coumarins with excellent regioselectivity that is controlled by electronic and steric features of the substrate. The combination of Suzuki–Miyaura with lactonization reactions of carba- and heterocyclic substrates allows for the synthesis of benzo[c]coumarins and of other fused coumarins. Domino Michael–retro-Michael–lactonization reactions of 1,3-bis(silyloxy)-1,3-butadienes with chromones provide a convenient access to hydroxylated benzo[c]coumarins. In a related approach, fused coumarins were prepared by domino reactions of heterocyclic enamines with chromone-3-carboxylic acids.

1 Introduction

2 Reactions of 3-Acceptor-4-chlorocoumarins

3 Reactions of Coumarin Triflates

4 Synthesis of Fused Coumarins

5 Conclusions
Hybrid organizations: a classification within economic sectors
Authors: Pilon Marc , Mansurov Alisher
Published: February 2024

Commonly identified economic sectors include the private, public, and nonprofit sectors. However, many types of organizations overlap, exhibiting characteristics of hybridity between different economic sectors. Hence, classifying organizations that display these overlapping characteristics creates confusion. Considering this confusion, this interdisciplinary study aims to develop a more complete conceptual model of economic sectors that integrates hybridity. This article does so by integrating the institutional logics of ownership and funding to categorize the different types of hybrid organizations, while using the Canadian context to anchor the study. The developed typology is useful as it positions hybrid organizations along economic sector lines.
Accurately quantifying turbulent flow behavior
Authors: Green Leigh Ann
Published: February 2024

Developing a more reliable prediction of velocity fields in internal combustion engines.
Design of directional transmission channel models for breast photoacoustic signals based on defect state structure
Authors: Zhao Xinsa , Hao Guodong , Yang Wenying , Shang Yu , Han Jianning
Published: February 2024

In the photoacoustic detection of breast cancer, the weak intensity and severe energy attenuation of photoacoustic signals excited by the breast tissue become an important factor limiting the efficient acquisition of the ultrasound transducer. To overcome this problem, we proposed a linear defect channel and bifurcated acoustic transmission channel models at the front of the ultrasonic transducers based on the phononic crystal bandgap characteristics and defect state structure. The results of numerical analyses and simulations carried out using COMSOL demonstrated that the photoacoustic signal transmission channel proposed could confine the acoustic energy within the defects, while achieving the directional transmission and local enhancement of the acoustic field of high-frequency breast photoacoustic signals. This design effectively reduces the signal transmission loss and amplifies the mammographic signal intensity, which is conducive to efficient acquisition. In addition, the directional transmission effect is found to be strongly dependent on frequency, which makes the channel have great frequency selectivity. Through the flexible modulation of the transmission path of the artificial acoustic structure, breast photoacoustic signals of specific frequencies can be exported in separate paths to reduce the interference of noise signals. This study combines biomedical tumor detection with phononic crystals to present a novel method for efficient acquisition and deep detection of acoustic signals in tissue photoacoustic detection from the signal perspective, which is conducive to improving the sensitivity of breast cancer detection.
High acoustic velocity x-cut lithium niobate sub-terahertz electromechanics
Authors: Xie Jiacheng , Shen Mohan , Tang Hong X.
Published: February 2024

Micromechanical resonators operating above 100 GHz are favorable candidates for quantum physics studies due to their stronger ability to withstand thermal fluctuations, allowing them to remain in the quantum ground state even at kelvin temperatures. Furthermore, electromechanical resonators at sub-terahertz frequencies enable high-speed data transfer in modern communication technologies, making them attractive for communication industries. Recently, sub-terahertz electromechanics has been demonstrated on z-cut thin-film lithium niobate. Yet, the x-cut thin-film lithium niobate is more advantageous for scaling above 100 GHz due to its faster acoustic velocity. Here, we report sub-terahertz electromechanics on x-cut thin-film lithium niobate utilizing the thickness-longitudinal mode. In addition, we study the orientation dependence of these mechanical resonators due to the anisotropy of lithium niobate. We find that devices with a cross section close to the xy plane can be more efficiently excited, in contrast to those near the xz plane. This difference stems from the orientation-dependent nature of the e12 piezoelectric coupling element of the x-cut lithium niobate film. This investigation could assist in optimizing resonator designs by choosing the crystallographic direction that offers the best performance for specific functionalities.
Influence of oxygen ingress on microstructure and phase formation during two-step oxidation surface hardening of TiZrNbHfTa high entropy alloy
Authors: Dickes Daniel , Zhao Yujun , Baier Felix , Öztürk Beyza , Völkl Rainer , Li Tong , Galetz Mathias C. , Glatzel Uwe
Published: February 2024

Aiming for an increased surface hardness and a better wear resistance of TiZrNbHfTa, we investigate a two-step process combining oxidation of rolled, ultrafine-grained, single-phase bcc TiZrNbHfTa in air at 550 °C with a vacuum heat treatment process at 1200 °C, including subsequent quenching. The first process step is associated with the formation of a surface oxide layer, a phase decomposition of the bulk, and oxygen ingress into the bulk, leading to an oxygen-enriched subsurface region containing internal oxides. The second process step is capable of restoring the single-phase nature of the bulk TiZrNbHfTa. At the same time, the presence of a compact surface oxide layer of 1–2 μm and an oxygen-enriched subsurface region underneath is preserved. The oxygen present in the subsurface region stabilizes a two-phase regime consisting of a Hf- and Zr-rich hcp phase and an Nb- and Ta-rich bcc phase, with the oxygen being interstitially dissolved predominantly in the hcp phase.
‘Can a relative override a patient’s Advance Care Directive?’: end-of-life legal worries of general practitioners and nurses working in aged care
Authors: White Ben , Feeney Rachel , Sellars Marcus , Neller Penny , Yates Patsy , Willmott Lindy
Published: February 2024

Background This paper aimed to describe the legal worries of Australian general practitioners (GPs) and nurses regarding end-of-life care provided in the aged care setting. Methods An analysis of responses to the final, open-ended question of a cross-sectional online survey of GPs and nurses practising in aged care settings in Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria was undertaken. Results Of the 162 GPs and 61 nurses who gave valid responses to the survey, 92% (151 GPs and 55 nurses) responded to the open-ended question. Participants identified concerns across all relevant areas of end-of-life law. The most common concerns were substitute decision-makers or family member(s) wanting to overrule an Advance Care Directive, requests for futile or non-beneficial treatment and conflict about end-of-life decision-making. Participants often also identified concerns about their lack of legal knowledge and their fear of law or risk related to both end-of-life care generally and providing medication that may hasten death. Conclusions Australian GPs and nurses working in aged care have broad-ranging legal concerns about providing end-of-life care. Legal concerns and knowledge gaps identified here highlight priority areas for future training of the aged care workforce.
Pretending to pretend
Authors: Virtanen Tuija
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores virtual performances of “autohypocrisy”, an overt form of pretence where users
instantaneously and simultaneously execute and expose their own hypocritical act. Examining conventionalizing and
creative uses on Twitter of the self-referential third-person performative predication *pretends to be shocked*,
corresponding propositional hashtags and performative “not-selfie” GIFs, the study discloses the layers of
performativity involved and discusses self-presentational aspects of their public sharing. Paradoxically, virtually
exposing one’s own pretence of being shocked may benefit self-promotion by giving the impression of the user being a
sincere person, genuine and likeable. As a “benign” form of hypocrisy, playful performances of autohypocrisy allow
users to avoid excesses of self-righteousness and provide them with ways of preserving the dignity of their online
personhood.
A plea for hypocrisy
Authors: Sorlin Sandrine
Published: February 2024

This chapter shows to what extent hypocrisy is more ubiquitous and essential than one may think. There are
however degrees of hypocrisy that I highlight by elaborating a continuum of the phenomenon that ranges from insincere
politeness to deliberate deception. Politics being one of the fields where hypocrisy has been shown to be inevitable,
I use the satirical political TV series Veep (HBO 2012–2019) to illustrate what I propose as a
“Hypocrisy Principle”. This principle comprises several maxims which consist of flattering and (dis)simulating, each
using different forms of language and being the preserve of a certain type of hypocrites. I develop the notion of
‘civil hypocrisy’ for the lighter side of the phenomenon. The darker socially unacceptable side involves the notions
of duplicity and simulation that can go all the way towards self-deception.
Controlling phase transitions in MnNiGe using thermal quenching and hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Chen Jing-Han , Poudel Chhetri Tej , Grant Anthony T , Bai Xiaojian , Zhang Qiang , Chang Chung-Kai , Young David P , Dubenko Igor , Talapatra Saikat , Ali Naushad , Stadler Shane
Published: February 2024

The phase transitions in MnNiGe compounds were explored by manipulating the heat treatment conditions and through hydrostatic pressure application. As the quenching temperature increased, both the first-order martensitic structural transition temperatures and magnetic transition temperatures decreased relative to those in the slowly-cooled samples. When the samples were quenched from 1200 ∘C, the first-order martensitic structural transition temperature lowered by more than 200 K. The structural transitions also shifted to lower temperature with the application of hydrostatic pressure during measurement. Temperature-dependent x-ray diffraction results reveal that the changes of the cell parameters resulting from the structural transitions are nearly identical for all samples regardless of the extensive variation in their structural transition temperatures. In addition, neutron scattering measurements confirm the magnetic structure transition between simple and cycloidal spiral magnetic structures.
Experiments at the edge of space: balloon flights to the stratosphere
Authors: Denton M H , Blum L , Kivi R , Bruce S , Ramos P , Feinland M , Ulich T , Denton J J
Published: February 2024

Over 1500 balloons are launched every day, from every continent on Earth, to provide forecasting of tropospheric weather. Similar balloons, which can fly to the edge of space (>30 km), can be used for other science projects. Professional scientists, military users, commercial organisations, and interested amateurs, all fly payloads that provide a relatively low-cost means to reach the upper atmosphere. Weather ballooning is perfectly suited to student education and has been carried out for decades by groups of school, college, and university students. Here we report on one such a project. During March/April 2023 a series of balloons were launched from Sodankylä, Finland, in order to study the particle and radiation environment, along with ozone, in the stratosphere. Inexpensive off-the-shelf Geiger-counters were part of a payload flown to investigate how the radiation environment changed over time. Balloon payloads can be tracked with simple and inexpensive radio receivers. Similar projects to the one outlined here should be possible for any school, college, or university that has a reasonably well-equipped workshop, a group of interested and capable students, and a desire to investigate and learn something new about the planet we live on.
Investigating magnetization of permanent magnets by magnetic flux viewing film
Authors: Erhart Jiří , Hejsková Pavlína
Published: February 2024

Permanent magnets are used in many current industrial as well as home appliances today. Frequently, kitchen plastic magnets could be found at the refrigerators at home. However, the magnetic domain structure of such permanent plastic foils is not known and understood to the users at all. The purpose of this paper is to explain the magnetic domain structure of plastic magnets with Halbach array and ferrite or neodymium magnet polarization orientation. Principles of magnetic field visualization foils (magnetic flux detector and colour changing viewing film) is explained and demonstrated on multipole magnetic structures. Experiments with magnetic polarization reversal by the strong neodymium magnet in weaker ferrite magnetic material is demonstrated. All presented principles are collected in the simple magnetic set and suggested for education of school children of different ages. Elementary school children below 10 years age are mostly interested only in making hidden pictures in magnetic paper and ferrite magnet. Older school children of 11–12 years are able to absorb more knowledge about behaviour and properties of magnets.
Demonstration of conservation of momentum using Lato Lato 2.0
Authors: Wibowo Edy , Ulya Naily , Marwoto Putut
Published: February 2024

In this work, the second generation of Lato Lato (Lato Lato 2.0) has been used to demonstrate the concept of conservation of momentum. The Lato Lato 2.0 toys are two identical solid balls that are attached to the stick handle via a stick. The balls are meant to rotate in response to the movements of the stick handle. With the assistance of these toys, the concepts of action-reaction forces, two objects colliding, and conservation of momentum are easily understood. As an alternative to commonly used apparatus such as the Newton Cradle, these inexpensive toys can undoubtedly elucidate the concepts of conservation of momentum. Therefore, the Lato Lato 2.0 can be used for pedagogical purposes in learning physics. Indeed, physics is more enjoyable to learn and easier to understand through demonstrations.
QScatter: numerical framework for fast prediction of particle distributions in electron-laser scattering
Authors: Amaro Óscar , Vranic Marija
Published: February 2024

The new generation of multi-PetaWatt laser facilities will allow tests of strong field quantum electrodynamics (QED), as well as provide an opportunity for novel photon and lepton sources. The first experiments are planned to study the (nearly) head-on scattering of intense, focused laser pulses with either relativistic electron beams or high-energy photon sources. In this work, we present a numerical framework that can provide fast predictions of the asymptotic particle and photon distributions after the scattering. The method detailed in this manuscript can include multiple features such as spatial and temporal misalignment between the laser and the scattering beam, broadband electron beams, and beam divergence. The expected mean energy, energy spread, divergence or other observables are calculated by combining an analytical description and numerical integration. This method can provide results within minutes on a personal computer, which would otherwise require full-scale 3D QED-PIC simulations using thousands of cores. The model, which has been compiled into an open-source code QScatter, may be used to support the analysis of large-size data sets from high-repetition rate experiments, leveraging its speed for optimization or reconstruction of experimental parameters.
Training-free performance of the wax-impregnated SuShi septum magnet
Authors: Barna D , Brunner K , Novák M , Borburgh J , Atanasov M , Lackner F , Olvegård M , Pepitone K , Santiago Kern R , Svanberg C , Bagni T
Published: February 2024

In the framework of the Future Circular Collider Study a new septum magnet concept, nicknamed ‘SuShi’ has been developed, and a prototype was built at Wigner Research Center for Physics, and tested at the FREIA facility of Uppsala University in April 2023. The concept uses a canted cosine theta (CCT)-like superconducting magnet and a passive superconducting shield to create a zero-field and high-field region within its aperture. SuShi is the first CCT magnet with both of its winding layers simultaneously impregnated with wax. This paper describes the first powering test of the empty magnet at 4.2 K, without the shield being inserted in its aperture. The performance of the magnet, including the observation of quench-back, estimation of hot-spot temperatures and the fraction of energy dissipated in the magnet are presented, and most interestingly the absence of any quench during the entire testing period is reported. Sushi reached its nominal +5% peak field of 3.64 T at 450 A, which corresponds to 80% of the calculated short sample limit along the load line, without training.
The collapse of a sonoluminescent cavitation bubble imaged with X-ray free-electron laser pulses
Authors: Hoeppe Hannes P , Osterhoff Markus , Aghel Maleki Atiyeh , Rosselló Juan M , Vassholz Malte , Hagemann Johannes , Engler Thea , Schwarz Daniel , Rodriguez-Fernandez Angel , Boesenberg Ulrike , Möller Johannes , Shayduk Roman , Hallmann Jörg , Madsen Anders , Mettin Robert , Salditt Tim
Published: February 2024

Single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) is the phenomenon of synchronous light emission due to the violent collapse of a single spherical bubble in a liquid, driven by an ultrasonic field. During the bubble collapse, matter inside the bubble reaches extreme conditions of several gigapascals and temperatures on the order of 10000 K, leading to picosecond flashes of visible light. To this day, details regarding the energy focusing mechanism rely on simulations due to the fast dynamics of the bubble collapse and spatial scales below the optical resolution limit. In this work we present phase-contrast holographic imaging with single x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses of a SBSL cavitation bubble in water. X-rays probe the electron density structure and by that provide a uniquely new view on the bubble interior and its collapse dynamics. The involved fast time-scales are accessed by sub-100 fs XFEL pulses and a custom synchronization scheme for the bubble oscillator. We find that during the whole oscillation cycle the bubble’s density profile can be well described by a simple step-like structure, with the radius R following the dynamics of the Gilmore model. The quantitatively measured internal density and width of the boundary layer exhibit a large variance. Smallest reconstructed bubble sizes reach down to

R
≃
0.8
μ

m

, and are consistent with spherical symmetry. While we here achieved a spatial resolution of a few 100 nm, the visibility of the bubble and its internal structure is limited by the total x-ray phase shift which can be scaled with experimental parameters.
Designing of high performance MoS2@VZnS//AC hybrid battery supercapacitor device for the electrochemical energy storage and glucose detection
Authors: Imran Muhammad , Akhtar Nabila , Muzaffar Nimra , Afzal Amir Muhammad , Iqbal Muhammad Waqas , Safdar Samia , Bahajjaj Aboud Ahmed Awadh , Mumtaz Sohail , Ansari Mohd Zahid , Ahmad Zubair
Published: February 2024

Due to their high conductive properties and superior specific capacitance, metal sulfides exhibit remarkable electrical conductivity. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are regarded ideal options for energy harvesting devices due to their unique 2D arrangement and remarkable electrochemical properties. In this work, the typical exfoliation method (tip sonication method) was used to synthesize the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). By using the hydrothermal method, the vanadium zinc sulfide is synthesized. The composite was analyzed through SEM, XRD, and XPS techniques to investigate its morphological, structural, and compositional characteristics comprehensively. The MoS2@VZnS electrode achieved a specific capacity (Qs) of 1025 Cg−1 at 3 mVs−1 after being tested in 1 M KOH. In a two-electrode set-up, activated carbon is used as a negative electrode, and MoS2@VZnS is used as a positive electrode for the fabrication of a hybrid supercapacitor. The asymmetric device has demonstrated a Qs of 285.4 Cg−1 at 1.4 Ag−1. The fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor device has manifested an excellent energy density (Ed) of 39.5 Whkg−1 and power density (Pd) of 2462.35 Wkg−1. Furthermore, in the durability test of MoS2@VZnS//AC, it exhibited an impressive capacity retention of 91.32% after enduring 5,000 cycles. Besides this, an investigation was conducted on a glucose electrochemical sensor utilizing MoS2@VZnS, to enhance its performance. The device showed extraordinary performance and considerable sensitivity against glucose, even up to a very high value. The multifunctional MoS2@VZnS nanocomposite electrode material provides new opportunities to design hybrid devices in energy storage devices and biomedical applications.
Constraints on the proton fraction of cosmic rays at the highest energies and the consequences for cosmogenic neutrinos and photons
Authors: Ehlert Domenik , van Vliet Arjen , Oikonomou Foteini , Winter Walter
Published: February 2024

Over the last decade, observations have shown that the mean mass of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) increases progressively toward the highest energies. However, the precise composition is still unknown and several theoretical studies hint at the existence of a subdominant proton component up to the highest energies.
Motivated by the exciting prospect of performing charged-particle astronomy with ultra-high-energy (UHE) protons we quantify the level of UHE-proton flux that is compatible with present multimessenger observations and the associated fluxes of neutral messengers produced in the interactions of the protons.
We study this scenario with numerical simulations of two independent populations of extragalactic sources and perform a fit to the combined UHECR energy spectrum and composition observables, constrained by diffuse gamma-ray and neutrino observations.
We find that up to of order 10% of the cosmic rays at the highest energies can be UHE protons, although the result depends critically on the selected hadronic interaction model for the air showers. Depending on the maximum proton energy (E
max
p) and the redshift evolution of sources, the associated flux of cosmogenic neutrinos and UHE gamma rays can significantly exceed the multimessenger signal of the mixed-mass cosmic rays. Moreover, if E
max
p is above the GZK limit, we predict a large flux of UHE neutrinos above EeV energies that is absent in alternate scenarios for the origin of UHECRs. We present the implications and opportunities afforded by these UHE proton, neutrino and photon fluxes for future multimessenger observations.