bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An adult and pediatric size‐based contrast administration reduction phantom study for single and dual‐energy CT through preservation of contrast‐to‐noise ratio
Authors: Wang Jia , Duan Xinhui , Mahmood Usman , McKenney Sarah Eva , Brady Samuel Loren
Published: April 2024

Background

Global shortages of iodinated contrast media (ICM) during COVID‐19 pandemic forced the imaging community to use ICM more strategically in CT exams.

Purpose

The purpose of this work is to provide a quantitative framework for preserving iodine CNR while reducing ICM dosage by either lowering kV in single‐energy CT (SECT) or using lower energy virtual monochromatic images (VMI) from dual‐energy CT (DECT) in a phantom study.

Materials and Methods

In SECT study, phantoms with effective diameters of 9.7, 15.9, 21.1, and 28.5 cm were scanned on SECT scanners of two different manufacturers at a range of tube voltages. Statistical based iterative reconstruction and deep learning reconstruction were used. In DECT study, phantoms with effective diameters of 20, 29.5, 34.6, and 39.7 cm were scanned on DECT scanners from three different manufacturers. VMIs were created from 40 to 140 keV. ICM reduction by lowering kV levels for SECT or switching from SECT to DECT was calculated based on the linear relationship between iodine CNR and its concentration under different scanning conditions.

Results

On SECT scanner A, while matching CNR at 120 kV, ICM reductions of 21%, 58%, and 72% were achieved at 100, 80, and 70 kV, respectively. On SECT scanner B, 27% and 80% ICM reduction was obtained at 80 and 100 kV. On the Fast‐kV switch DECT, with CNR matched at 120 kV, ICM reductions were 35%, 30%, 23%, and 15% with VMIs at 40, 50, 60, and 68 keV, respectively. On the dual‐source DECT, ICM reductions were 52%, 48%, 42%, 33%, and 22% with VMIs at 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 keV. On the dual‐layer DECT, ICM reductions were 74%, 62%, 45%, and 22% with VMIs at 40, 50, 60, and 70 keV.

Conclusions

Our work provided a quantitative baseline for other institutions to further optimize their scanning protocols to reduce the use of ICM.
Impact of Sample Preparation Approach on Transmission Electron Microscopy Investigation of Sputtered AlNi Multilayers Used for Reactive Soldering
Authors: Jiménez Juan Jesús , Jaekel Konrad , Pauly Christoph , Schäfer Christian , Bartsch Heike , Mücklich Frank , Morales Francisco Miguel
Published: April 2024

This work presents studies of sputtered Al/Ni reactive multilayers by transmission electron microscopy. They are prepared for these analyses by three methods (both Ga‐ and Xe‐based focused ion beam, FIB, and tripod polishing plus Ar+ ion milling in precision ion polishing system, PIPS) to check their impact on these materials. Every sample shows polycrystalline and mostly chemically pure Al/Ni layers. They also hint existence of intermetallic compounds, especially the tripod‐prepared sample. These intermetallics first originate from the sputtering process. The layers are increasingly rough along the growth direction. Other remarkable findings can be highlighted. First, the heating operations applied during the tripod polishing preparation lead to recrystallization and blurred Al/Ni interfaces due to increased metals reactions, although additional contributions by roughness and preparation thickness to the current compositional uncertainties must be distinguished by optimizing future sample fabrications and preparations. Second, Xe‐based FIB leads to lamellae with seemingly low contamination, although Ga‐FIB is a potentially good alternative. Finally, FIB is better to study cross‐section preparations of pristine Al/Ni multilayers, whereas the present tripod polishing procedures are unsuitable for this purpose but allow to observe the beginning of Al/Ni transformations upon heating, which is interesting for the technological optimization of these materials.
Polymer‐Regulating MXene@Dopamine Electroactive Gel‐Inks for Textile‐Based Multi‐Protective Wearables
Authors: Yan Biaobiao , Liu Siqi , Yuan Yun , Hou Xunan , Zhou Man , Yu Yuanyuan , Wang Qiang , He Chaobin , Wang Ping
Published: April 2024

2D transition metal carbide/nitride (MXene) show significant potential for fabricating flexible wearables due to its outstanding electroactive characteristic. However, the complex processes in rheology regulation and easy agglomeration of MXene nanosheets hinder their applications as inks for homogeneous printing and coating. Herein, an electroactive gel‐ink with a low concentration of MXene (20 mg mL−1) using poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as a dopant and conductive binder is developed. The dopamine‐involved modification and PEDOT:PSS doping together promote the formation of ordered lamellar structure of MXene nanosheets, and in turn the nanosheets can regulate the interconnected electronic structure of PEDOT:PSS, which enables the transition from micellar to linear structures. Through adjusting the combination ratio of dopamine‐modified MXene (MD) to PEDOT:PSS, the viscosity of MXene inks (MDP) is tunable within 1–104 Pa·s to realize scalable printing and other processing. Screen‐printing with MDP gel‐ink endows textiles with excellent conductive stability while retaining the inherent wearability of the original fabric. With high conductivity (109.6 S m−1) and low mid‐infrared emissivity (0.34), the decorated textiles exhibit remarkable multi‐protective abilities. This work provides a novel strategy for formulating versatile MXene inks that will facilitate the large‐scale fabrication of high‐performance personal wearable multi‐protective textiles.
Electrochemical Exfoliation and Growth of Nickel–Cobalt Layered Double Hydroxides@Black Phosphorus Hetero‐Nanostructure Textiles for Robust Foldable Supercapacitors
Authors: Zheng Yun , Zhang Yang , Man Zengming , Chen Wenxing , Lu Wangyang , Wu Guan
Published: April 2024

Advanced innovation of flexible electrode with adequate redox activity and stably mechanical endurance that promotes charges kinetic migration and faradaic storage is pivotal for textile‐based supercapacitors (T‐SCs). Herein, this study reports a high‐performance T‐SCs electrode based on nickel–cobalt layered double hydroxides@black phosphorus (NiCo‐LDHs@BP) on a conductive silk (c‐silk) textile (NiCo‐LDHs@BP/c‐silk). Under negative voltage‐induced electrochemical exfoliation, the Ni2+ and Co2+ are embedded into bulk BP framework to form exfoliated BP nanosheets, and the NiCo‐LDHs are in situ grown within the BP networks, generating 3D NiCo‐LDHs@BP hetero‐nanostructure. Significantly, the NiCo‐LDHs@BP exhibits a large space‐charge area, enhanced adsorption energy for OH− and accelerated charges transfer/storage as confirmed using density functional theory calculations. Additionally, the T‐SCs electrode is fabricated by loading the blended NiCo‐LDHs@BP, sericin, and carbon nanotubes on fibroin textile via a silk reconstruction strategy, producing large area production, superior mechanical flexibility, and impressive electrochemical performance. The resultant NiCo‐LDHs@BP/c‐silk electrode exhibits large specific capacitance of 1291.3 F g−1 and considerable rate capacity in 1 M KOH electrolyte. Furthermore, the flexible solid‐state asymmetric T‐SCs deliver high specific areal energy density of 279.6 µWh cm−2 and robust folding capability (85.6% capacitance retention after 5000 folding cycles), which successfully power wearable watch and heart rate meter devices.
Combination of Efficient Red Fluorescence and High Photothermal Conversion in the Second Near‐Infrared Window from Carbon Dots through Photoinduced Sodium‐Doping Approach
Authors: Wang Qingcheng , Zhang Tesen , Cheng Quansheng , Wang Bingzhe , Liu Yupeng , Xing Guichuan , Tang Zikang , Qu Songnan
Published: April 2024

Carbon dots (CDs) are highly desired in biological applications. However, achieving a balance between photoluminescence (PL) efficiency and photothermal conversion efficiency (PTCE) is challenging. In this study, an unprecedent combination of efficient red fluorescence and high PTCE in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window in a sodium‐doped CDs system is reported. Upon 808 nm laser irradiation, photo‐induced oxidation–reduction reactions happened on the surface of sodium cation‐functionalized CDs (Na‐CDs), leading to the partial reduction of surface‐functionalized sodium (Na) ions. The photo‐reduced Na atoms coordinated with sp2 C domains in the core, resulting in Na‐doped CDs (ir‐Na‐CDs) with an enhanced absorption band in the NIR‐II window and a high PTCE of 43% under 1064 nm laser irradiation (1 W cm−2). Composing the ir‐Na‐CDs with bovine serum albumin (BSA) enhanced the PLQY of the red emission to 31% in water without diminishing the PTCE in the NIR‐II region. Transient absorption spectra revealed that no energy transfer occurred between the red emission center and the NIR‐II absorption band, revealing a novel CDs system with independent Janus photophysical processes. Moreover, ir‐Na‐CDs@BSA exhibited negligible to low cytotoxicity and demonstrated tumor accumulation capacity after intravenous injection, enabling effective tumor photothermal therapy in the NIR‐II region.
Nonflammable Succinonitrile‐Based Deep Eutectic Electrolyte for Intrinsically Safe High‐Voltage Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Jian , Yang Zhuo , Xu Xu , Qiao Yun , Zhou Zhiming , Hao Zhiqiang , Chen Xiaomin , Liu Yang , Wu Xingqiao , Zhou Xunzhu , Li Lin , Chou Shu‐Lei
Published: April 2024

Intrinsically safe sodium‐ion batteries are considered as a promising candidate for large‐scale energy storage systems. However, the high flammability of conventional electrolytes may pose serious safety threats and even explosions. Herein, a strategy of constructing a deep eutectic electrolyte is proposed to boost the safety and electrochemical performance of succinonitrile (SN)‐based electrolyte. The strong hydrogen bond between S═O of 1,3,2‐dioxathiolane‐2,2‐dioxide (DTD) and the α‐H of SN endows the enhanced safety and compatibility of SN with Lewis bases. Meanwhile, the DTD participates in the inner Na+ sheath and weakens the coordination number of SN. The unique solvation configuration promotes the formation of robust gradient inorganic‐rich electrode–electrolyte interphase, and merits stable cycling of half‐cells in a wide temperature range, with a capacity retention of 82.8% after 800 cycles (25 °C) and 86.3% after 100 cycles (60 °C). Correspondingly, the full cells deliver tremendous improvement in cycling stability and rate performance.
All‐Printed Electrically Driven Lighting via Electrochemiluminescence
Authors: Kim Seonghyeon , Kim Jung Hyun , Park Yong Ho , Kim Ji Tae , Seol Seung Kwon , Pyo Jaeyeon
Published: April 2024

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has attracted significant attention as a promising light‐emitting technology owing to its simple configuration and solution processability. ECL has wide applications in biological and chemical sensors, lighting, and displays. ECL lighting devices are fabricated as sandwiched structures with a transparent electrode on top, which limits their widespread adoption. Intricate structures with high precision and customizable designs can be directly fabricated using 3D printing. However, 3D printing of ECL devices is challenging because of poor printability and structural integrity of ECL luminophore inks. Here, all‐printed electrically driven lighting is demonstrated using the direct ink writing method. The ECL reactive layer and electrodes are directly printed using a side‐by‐side electrode configuration. A 3D printable ECL ink is developed by incorporating silica nanoparticles as rheological modifiers to realize well‐defined patterns with high structural integrity. Graphene is introduced on Ag multilayer electrodes to embrace both the electrical conductivity and electrochemical stability for efficient ECL operation. This all‐printing approach allows the fabrication of ECL devices with complex designs, such as combs and spirals. Moreover, it facilitates seamless printing on various substrate materials, making this technology an asset in the fields of biology, chemistry, and electronics.
Dynamically Forming Interconnected Interfaces in Confined Heterostructures Enable High Capacity Conversion Chemistry
Authors: Jiang Lu , Wang Jinze , Yang Youchao , Zhu Junwen , Cao Xin , Zhou Yiming , Tang Yawen , Wu Ping , Jing Yu , Li Ruhong , Fan Xiulin
Published: April 2024

Heterostructures endow electrochemical hybrids with promising energy storage properties owing to synergistic effects and interfacial interaction. However, developing a facile but effective approach to maximize interface effects is crucial but challenging. Herein, a bimetallic selenide heterostructure is realized in a confined carbon network via an in situ electrochemical strategy to induce highly active and stable electrode architecture. The dynamically formed heterostructures upon repeated delithiation/lithiation process not only yield abundant interconnected SnSe2/FeSe2 heterojunctions with continuous channels for ion/electron transfer but maintain excellent conversion reversibility. Serving as anode for lithium storage, the SnSe2/FeSe2@C framework enables a high discharging capacity of 1781.9 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 500 cycles and superior cycling stability (no capacity fade after 1200 cycles at 2 A g−1). This study can guide future design protocols for interface engineering through the formation of dynamic channels of conversion reaction kinetics for potential applications in high‐performance electrodes.
Inhibition of Vanadium Cathode Dissolution in Zinc‐Ion Batteries on Thermodynamics and Kinetics by Guest Pre‐Intercalation
Authors: Chen Zhuo , Liu Huibin , Fan Shiyuan , Zhang Qicheng , Yuan Chen , Peng Wenchao , Li Yang , Fan Xiaobin
Published: April 2024

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs), recognized for their safety and environmental friendliness, hold significant promise for large‐scale energy storage. However, the rapid capacity degradation resulting from the dissolution of active cathode materials hampers the advancement of AZIBs. Here, Ru0.2V2O5∙0.41H2O (RuVO) is synthesized with remarkable capacity retention (98.2% over 5000 cycles at 10 A g−1). The pre‐intercalation of Ru3+ enhances the stability of both intrinsic and cycling structures, elevating the Gibbs free energy and suppressing V‐dissolution thermodynamically. Additionally, Ru3+ intercalation modulates the potential energy surface of Zn2+ migration, leading to the dominance of Zn2+ in the insertion/extraction mechanism, thereby kinetically impeding the dissolution reaction. This study elucidates the dissolution thermodynamics and kinetics of V‐based cathodes through a combination of experiments, mechanism analyses, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Perception of uncontrollable mortality risk is associated with food insecurity and reduced economic effort among resource‐insecure college students during COVID‐19
Authors: Roulette Casey J. , Kopels Miriam
Published: April 2024

In the framework of the uncontrollable mortality risk hypothesis, resource scarcity intersects with mortality risk, shaping resource allocation strategies with enduring impacts on human health and wellbeing. Despite rising economic and food insecurity among US college students, little is known about how these insecurities relate to mortality risk, or how scarcity and mortality risk interact to shape college students' resource allocation strategies. We examine perceptions of resource scarcity and mortality risk and their associations with food insecurity and resource allocation strategies among economically insecure college students during COVID‐19 lockdowns. Participants were recruited through an economic crisis response center at a major public university in the United States. A total of 118 participants completed an online Qualtrics survey assessing sociodemographic characteristics, perceptions of mortality risk and resource availability, food security, economic effort, and time perspective; a subset (n = 51) also participated in a telephone interview assessing psychological distress. In general, participants reported more environmental adversity and economic effort during COVID‐19 lockdowns compared to before. Students experiencing higher levels of uncontrollable (and not controllable) mortality risk report lower levels of economic effort, and the association was strongest among students perceiving the fewest resources. We also found significant associations between uncontrollable mortality risk and food insecurity. Our results highlight uncontrollable mortality risk's influence on human well‐being. Public health efforts should target the experiences and root structural causes of uncontrollable mortality risk, which among economically insecure college students increasingly involves food insecurity.
Catalytic Kinetic Resolution of Monohydrosilanes via Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Intramolecular Hydrosilylation
Authors: Gou Fei‐Hu , Ren Fei , Wu Yichen , Wang Peng
Published: April 2024

The catalytic access of silicon‐stereogenic organosilanes remains a big challenge, and largely depends on the desymmetrization of the symmetric precursors with two identical substitutes attached to silicon atom. Here we report the construction of silicon‐stereogenic organosilanes via catalytic kinetic resolution of racemic monohydrosilanes with good to excellent selectivity factors. Both Si‐stereogenic dihydrobenzosiloles and Si‐stereogenic monohydrosilanes could be efficiently accessed in one single operation via Rh‐catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular hydrosilylation, employing (R,R)‐Et‐DuPhos as the optimal ligand. This catalytic protocol features mild conditions, a low catalyst loading (0.1 mol % [Rh(cod)Cl]2), high stereoinduction (S factor up to 152), and excellent scalability. Moreover, further derivatizations led to the efficient synthesis of uncommon middle‐size (7‐ and 8‐membered) Si‐stereogenic silacycles. Preliminary mechanistic study indicates this reaction might undergo a modified Chalk–Harrod mechanism.
A biomimetic mineralized collagen hydrogel containing uniformly distributed and highly abundant dopamine‐modified hydroxyapatite particles for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Yang Chun , Li Guoying
Published: April 2024

In this study, hydroxyapatite (HAp)/mineralized collagen hydrogel composites were prepared by incorporating different amounts of dopamine‐modified HAp particles during the process of collagen self‐assembly and simultaneous mineralization. Zeta potential results showed that the surface charge of modified HAp particles was altered, and scanning electron microscopy patterns indicated that HAp particles were uniformly distributed in the hydrogels. The occurrence of collagen biomineralization was indirectly reflected by the results of Ca and P content in the hydrogel supernatant, and the results of ash content indicated that the mineral content of the hydrogels could be up to 60% or more, which was close to the inorganic content in natural bone. The results of CCK‐8 and ALP activity assays showed that mineralized collagen hydrogels were favorable for cell proliferation and differentiation, and the hydrogels containing dopamine‐modified HAp particles obtained a higher expression of osteogenic differentiation related transcription factor. The results showed that the excellent adhesion properties of dopamine contributed to enhance the bone repair potential of the composites, suggesting that mineralized collagen hydrogel composites containing dopamine‐modified HAp particles, which could mimic the structure and composition of bone, have a promising potential as bone tissue engineering scaffolds.
Trapping an Elusive Phosphanyl‐Phosphaalumene
Authors: Szych Lilian S. , Denker Lars , Feld Joey , Goicoechea Jose M.
Published: April 2024

We describe our efforts to access a compound with an Al=P double bond by reaction of Al(Nacnac) towards [H2CN(Dipp)]2P(PCO) (Nacnac=HC[C(Me)N(Dipp)]2; Dipp=2,6‐iPr2C6H3). Our observations are consistent with the formation of a transient phosphanyl‐phosphaalumene at low temperatures (−70 °C), however this species was found to readily undergo intramolecular C−H activation of the β‐diketiminato ligand upon warming to room temperature. The reactivity of the transient complex toward small molecules including dihydrogen, carbon dioxide, phosphaketenes, amines and silanes could be explored at low temperatures, showcasing that the target compound can react as both a frustrated Lewis pair (via the pendant phosphanyl moiety) or in hydroelementation reactions of the Al=P bond. The elusive target molecule could be trapped by addition of a Lewis base (tetrahydrofuran) affording an isolable molecular species that reacts in an analogous fashion to the base‐free compound.
Early experiences evaluating the HPE/Cray ecosystem for AMD GPUs
Authors: Melesse Vergara Verónica G. , Budiardja Reuben D. , Joubert Wayne
Published: April 2024

The Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF) has a long history of supporting and promoting GPU‐accelerated computing starting with the deployment of the Titan supercomputer in 2021 and continuing with the Summit supercomputer which has a theoretical peak performance of approximately 200 petaflops. Because the majority of Summit's computational power comes from its 27,972 GPUs, users must port their applications to one of the supported programming models in order to make efficient use of the system. To prepare the transition to Frontier, the OLCF's exascale supercomputer, users will need to adapt to an entirely new ecosystem which will include new hardware and software technologies. First, users will need to familiarize themselves with the AMD Radeon GPU architecture. Furthermore, users who have been previously relying on CUDA will need to transition to the Heterogeneous‐Computing Interface for Portability (HIP) or one of the other supported programming models (e.g., OpenMP, OpenACC). In this work, we describe our initial experiences and lessons learned in porting three applications or proxy apps currently running on Summit to the HPE/Cray ecosystem to leverage the compute power from AMD GPUs: minisweep, GenASiS, and Sparkler. Each one is representative of current production workloads utilized at the OLCF, different programming languages, and different programming models.
The role of trade associations in promoting corporate sustainability transition and reporting: A case study in the food supply chain
Authors: Caccialanza Andrea , Torelli Riccardo
Published: April 2024

This study seeks to examine the interconnections and potential influencing factors between firms' sustainability initiatives and the pressures exerted by industry associations for sustainability reporting. Given the reluctance of many firms to disclose their sustainability efforts, particular attention is directed toward the Italian meat and cured meat industry, with a focus on uncovering the drivers that link firms' sustainability actions to the level of engagement by industry associations in promoting sustainability reporting. Employing a multiple case study design, this research adopts a qualitative and interpretative methodology, leveraging semi‐structured interviews to elucidate pertinent strengths and weaknesses associated with both external and internal factors, as well as managerial strategies. Encompassing various stages of the supply chain, from genetic selection and animal husbandry to processing and distribution, this study aims to bridge a gap in the existing literature on sustainability reporting by shedding light on firms' approaches to both reporting and action. Furthermore, it offers novel insights into the often‐overlooked meso‐level factors influencing firms' propensity for sustainability reporting, including the role played by trade associations.
Impact of multifold magnetic structure on spectroscopy analysis in Heliotron J based on EMC3‐EIRENE simulation
Authors: Cai F. , Kado S. , Kawamura G. , Feng C. , Matoike R. , Miyashita A. , Ohshima S. , Minami T. , Inagaki S. , Kin F. , Kobayashi S. , Ishizawa A. , Nakamura Y. , Okada H. , Konoshima S. , Mizuuchi T. , Feng Y. , Frerichs H. , Nagasaki K.
Published: April 2024

The distribution pattern of the connection length in the divertor region of Heliotron J was calculated by the field line tracing method. A multifold layer structure, characterized by the range of connection length, was revealed to interpret the response of the transport of the lower‐charged impurity ions to the divertor structure. Impurity transport simulated by the EMC3‐EIRENE code shows that lower‐charged impurity ions tend to concentrate in the first multifold layer. This result is consistent with the line‐integral extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy measurement, which implies that the impurity's response to the divertor topological structure needs to be considered in interpreting the spectroscopy result.
Microhabitats shape ant community structure in a spatially heterogeneous grassy woodland
Authors: Barton Philip S. , Evans Maldwyn J. , Lewis Jon
Published: April 2024

Habitat structure is a key determinant of local animal diversity, with attributes of vegetation such as cover or complexity generating key resources for different species. However, habitat–diversity relationships can vary across spatial scales, and among different taxa and ecosystem types. Here we report on a study of habitat structure and its effects on ant communities at two spatial scales in a temperate grassy woodland characterized by heterogenous tree and grassland cover. We examined species richness and the occurrence of ground‐dwelling ant species at (1) microhabitat scales defined by a triplet of sites comprising open ground, adjacent to a log, and under a tree, each separated by a few meters, and (2) at macrohabitat scales defined by sites grouped into broader vegetation types defined by low or high levels of shrub and tree cover and separated by 100s of meters. We identified 117 species of ant from 41 genera, from a total of 155,004 individuals collected. Ant community composition differed significantly among microhabitats and macrohabitats, but mean species richness only differed at the microhabitat scale where it was the highest under trees and lower adjacent to logs and in open ground. Notably, ant species within the genera Iridomyrmex, Monomorium, and Pheidole displayed a spectrum of microhabitat preferences, highlighting the ecological flexibility within these groups. By contrast, all species of Melophorus preferred open habitat and all species of Camponotus preferred habitat under trees. Our study shows that ant communities in grassy woodlands are structured by vegetation cover and habitat “openness” most strongly at “microhabitat” scales, which is likely due to a distinct combination of thermal and foraging attributes that vary across relatively small distances. Our results also suggest that broad classifications of ants into functional types based on vegetation preference may not be applicable at small scales where species within the same genus can display contrasting preferences. Land management that promotes habitat heterogeneity at small spatial scales may promote species coexistence and benefit ant diversity more than management activities focusing on larger spatial scales within the same ecosystem.
Diverse habitats shape the movement ecology of a top marine predator, the white shark Carcharodon carcharias
Authors: Jewell Oliver J. D. , Chapple Taylor K. , Jorgensen Salvador J. , Kanive Paul , Moxley Jerry H. , Tweedley James R. , Anderson Scot , Block Barbara A. , Gleiss Adrian C.
Published: April 2024

An animal's movement is influenced by a plethora of internal and external factors, leading to individual‐ and habitat‐specific movement characteristics. This plasticity is thought to allow individuals to exploit diverse environments efficiently. We tested whether the movement characteristics of white sharks Carcharodon carcharias differ across ontogeny and among habitats along the coast of Central California. In doing so, we elucidate how changes in internal state (physiological changes coinciding with body size) and external environments (differing seascapes and/or diel phases) shape the movement of this globally distributed predator. Twenty‐one white sharks, from small juveniles to large adults, were equipped with motion‐sensitive biologging tags at four contrasting seascapes: two islands, a headland, and an inshore cove. From multisensor biologging data, 20 metrics characterizing movement (i.e., depth use, vertical velocities, activity, turning rates, and bursting events) were derived and subjected to multivariate analyses. Movement characteristics were most different across seascapes, followed by ontogeny and diel phase. Juvenile sharks, which were only encountered at the cove, displayed the most distinct movement characteristics. Sharks at this seascape remained close to the shore traveling over smaller areas, shallower depth ranges, and with lower levels of tail beat frequencies, when corrected for size, than sub‐adult and adult sharks tagged elsewhere. Distinct tortuous daytime versus linear nighttime horizontal movements were recorded from sharks at island seascapes but not from those at the headland or inshore cove. At the offshore islands, the linear nighttime swimming patterns coincided with repeated dives to and from deeper water. The availability of prey and access to deeper water are likely drivers of the differences in movement characteristics described, with varying demographics of pinniped prey found at the subadult and adult aggregation areas and juvenile sharks being piscivorous and their habitat neither adjacent to pinniped haul out areas nor deeper water. This study demonstrates plasticity in the movements of a top predator, which adapts its routine to suit the habitat it forages within.
Towards a greener future: Bioactive compounds extraction from shrimp shells using eco‐friendly techniques
Authors: Putra Nicky R. , Rizkiyah Dwila N. , Che Yunus Mohd A. , Qomariyah Lailatul
Published: April 2024

This review explores the impact of green extraction techniques on the utilization of shrimp shell waste, focusing on the extraction of bioactive compounds. The purpose of this research is to assess the effectiveness of eco‐friendly extraction methods in maximizing the value of shrimp shell waste while minimizing environmental impact. Through a comprehensive analysis of recent studies, the findings reveal the significant potential of green extraction techniques, such as ultrasound‐assisted extraction and enzyme‐assisted extraction, in efficiently extracting bioactive compounds from shrimp shells. These techniques not only enhance the extraction yield but also contribute to reducing energy consumption and minimizing the use of hazardous chemicals. The review also discusses the challenges and future directions in green extraction, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and technological innovation to further optimize extraction processes. Overall, the adoption of green extraction techniques offers promising opportunities for sustainable shrimp shell waste utilization, with potential applications in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics.
Cause‐specific death in heart failure across the ejection fraction spectrum: A comprehensive assessment of over 100 000 patients in the Swedish Heart Failure Registry
Authors: Settergren Camilla , Benson Lina , Shahim Angiza , Dahlström Ulf , Thorvaldsen Tonje , Savarese Gianluigi , Lund Lars H. , Shahim Bahira
Published: April 2024

Aim

To assess cause‐specific death in patients with heart failure with preserved, mildly reduced, and reduced ejection fraction (HFpEF, HFmrEF, and HFrEF).

Methods and results

Data were analysed from the Swedish Heart Failure Registry (SwedeHF) and the National Patient Register of patients enrolled in SwedeHF 2000–2021. Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed and adjusted for age, sex and time period. Among 100 584 patients (23% HFpEF, 23% HFmrEF, 53% HFrEF), median age (interquartile range) was 75 (66–82) and 36% were female. Of those who died within 5 years, most deaths were ascribed to cardiovascular (CV) causes across all ejection fraction (EF) categories. Within 5 years, HFpEF had higher adjusted risk of non‐CV death (hazard ratio [HR] 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28–1.38, p < 0.001) and lower adjusted risk of CV death (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.82–0.88, p < 0.001) compared to HFrEF. Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and cancer were the most common causes of CV and non‐CV death regardless of EF category. The incidence rate of CV death due to IHD was highest in HFrEF while incidence rates of CV death due to pulmonary vascular disease, stroke, valvular heart disease and atrial fibrillation increased with increasing EF. The incidence rates of non‐CV deaths due to cancer, respiratory disease, and infections increased with increasing EF.

Conclusion

Cardiovascular death was more common than non‐CV death across all EF categories although the risk of non‐CV death within 5 years was higher with increasing EF. IHD and cancer were the most common causes of CV and non‐CV deaths, respectively, regardless of EF category.
Dietary sodium and fluid intake in heart failure. A clinical consensus statement of the Heart Failure Association of the ESC
Authors: Mullens Wilfried , Damman Kevin , Dhont Sebastiaan , Banerjee Debasish , Bayes‐Genis Antoni , Cannata Antonio , Chioncel Ovidiu , Cikes Maja , Ezekowitz Justin , Flammer Andreas J. , Martens Pieter , Mebazaa Alexandre , Mentz Robert J. , Miró Òscar , Moura Brenda , Nunez Julio , Ter Maaten Jozine M. , Testani Jeffrey , van Kimmenade Roland , Verbrugge Frederik H. , Metra Marco , Rosano Giuseppe M.C. , Filippatos Gerasimos
Published: April 2024

Sodium and fluid restriction has traditionally been advocated in patients with heart failure (HF) due to their sodium and water avid state. However, most evidence regarding the altered sodium handling, fluid homeostasis and congestion‐related signs and symptoms in patients with HF originates from untreated patient cohorts and physiological investigations. Recent data challenge the beneficial role of dietary sodium and fluid restriction in HF. Consequently, the European Society of Cardiology HF guidelines have gradually downgraded these recommendations over time, now advising for the limitation of salt intake to no more than 5 g/day in patients with HF, while contemplating fluid restriction of 1.5–2 L/day only in selected patients. Therefore, the objective of this clinical consensus statement is to provide advice on fluid and sodium intake in patients with acute and chronic HF, based on contemporary evidence and expert opinion.
A Microwave‐Assisted One‐Pot Three‐Step Metal‐Free [4+2] Annulation for the Sustainable Synthesis of Highly Substituted 1,2,4‐Triazines
Authors: Rubini Daniele , Grazia Martina Maria , Incerti Matteo , Barbieri Francesca , Radi Marco
Published: April 2024

Herein we report the first microwave‐assisted one‐pot three‐step metal‐free [4+2] procedure for the synthesis of 5,6‐substituted‐3‐hydrazinyl‐1,2,4‐triazines directly from commercially available aromatic and heteroaromatic ketones. The 3‐hydrazinyl‐1,2,4‐triazine can be isolated or further elaborated, after a simple work‐up, by direct condensation with different aldehydes or ketones to provide highly functionalized hydrazone‐derivatives. This protocol represents a rapid, efficient, and sustainable approach for the development of new highly functionalized 1,2,4‐triazine derivatives with potential biological interest.
Structural shifts in plant functional diversity during biogeomorphic succession: Moving beyond taxonomic investigations in an alpine glacier foreland
Authors: Haselberger Stefan , Junker Robert R. , Ohler Lisa‐Maria , Otto Jan‐Christoph , Kraushaar Sabine
Published: April 2024

The complex interrelation between plants and geomorphic processes is described in the concept of biogeomorphic succession. While ecological research on succession and community assembly has transitioned towards functional approaches, studies on functional diversity in biogeomorphic settings, particularly in glacier forelands, remain limited. In this study, we investigated abundance of vascular plant species and functional traits in an alpine glacier foreland using data from 199 plots. Our objective was to unravel the development of functional diversity during biogeomorphic succession. Specifically, the study determined whether structural shifts in functional diversity are associated with stability thresholds related to plant cover, geomorphic influence, and examined trait spectra for stages of biogeomorphic succession. Our findings revealed a nonlinear trajectory of functional diversity along the plant cover gradient, marked by two distinct structural shifts at 30% and 74% cover, corresponding to established stability thresholds. Along the gradient of geomorphic influence, we observed an increase in functional diversity until 54% of the plot area was affected, beyond which functional diversity declined below the initial level. The analysis of community‐weighted means of traits across four stages of biogeomorphic succession determined by plant cover and absence and presence of geomorphic influence revealed significant differences in trait values. In the transition to the biogeomorphic stage, associated with the identified initial structural shift, there is a shift from a prevalence of above‐ground adaptation and reproductive traits, such as leaf longevity, structure, growth form and mixed reproductive strategies, to an increased dominance of competitor species and traits related to below‐ground structures, including root type and structures, as well as vegetative reproduction. Our results contribute to understanding the relationship between vegetation succession and geomorphic influence by linking them to plant functional traits. This study advances beyond traditional taxonomic investigations by emphasizing functional approaches to biogeomorphic succession. Moreover, the functional trait data used in this study, easily downloadable from a public repository, can serve as a valuable template for future research in (bio)geomorphology, along with the employed methodologies.
Priority setting: Development of the South Australian Aboriginal Chronic Disease Consortium RoadMap for Action
Authors: Morey Kim , Keech Wendy , McKivett Andrea , Brown Katharine , Pearson Odette , Mejia Gloria , Sivak Leda , Brown Alex
Published: April 2024

Issues Addressed

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Aboriginal) people in South Australia are overburdened by cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. The South Australian Aboriginal Chronic Disease Consortium (Consortium) was established in June 2017 as a collaborative partnership to lead the implementation of three state‐wide chronic disease plans using a strategic approach to identifying key priority areas for action.

Methods

In 2017–2018, the Consortium Coordinating Centre facilitated a priority setting process, which involved extensive consultation, including a prioritisation survey and stakeholder workshops. The Consortium's Aboriginal Community Reference Group was instrumental in leading the identification of priorities for action.

Results

The Consortium RoadMap for Action identified seven across‐plan priorities and six condition‐specific priorities. It acknowledged that: strengthening social and emotional well‐being is central to improving health outcomes; prevention and early detection, acute management and ongoing management are all components of the continuum of care; and improving access to services, strengthening the workforce, and monitoring and evaluation are required across the continuum of care.

Conclusion

Widespread implementation failure in the past across the health system and health services implementation and research translation highlights the value of the Consortium approach and its commitment to implementing the state‐wide chronic disease plans in a collaborative manner. The Consortium relies on and fosters cross‐sectoral alignment, with all key players including all public, private and Aboriginal Community Controlled health services, to progress its priorities and aspirations to improve health outcomes for Aboriginal people using evidence‐based strategies.

So What?

Rigorous and transparent priority setting processes that bring together research, clinical practice, health services operations, policy and community perspectives can foster intersectoral collaboration and partnership and support the implementation of shared priorities.
Prevalence, antibiotic resistance pattern for bacteriuria from patients with urinary tract infections
Authors: Hossain Md. Jubayer , Azad Abul Kalam , Shahid Md. Shahadat Bin , Shahjahan Muhibullah , Ferdous Jannatul
Published: April 2024

Background and Aims

Antibiotic resistance presents a significant global public health challenge, particularly for urinary tract infections (UTIs), and is notably severe in developing countries. Surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of UTI‐causing bacteria is crucial for effective treatment selection. This study aimed to analyze these patterns in bacteria isolated from the urine samples of patients at Mughda Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Methods

A retrospective study (January 2019 to December 2020) at Mugdha Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, examined clinical and laboratory data from patients with positive urine cultures (≥105 CFU/mL). The study classified patients into four age groups: children (1–<18 years), young adults (18–<33 years), middle‐aged adults (33–50 years), and old adults (>50 years). The standard Kirby‐Bauer method was used to assess antibiotic sensitivity to 28 common antibiotics.

Results

Among 243 positive urine cultures in both community‐ and hospital‐acquired UTIs, Escherichia coli was the most common uropathogen (65.84%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (12.34%), Enterococcus spp. (8.23%), and other types of bacteria.

Conclusion

Old adults are particularly vulnerable to UTIs, with E. coli being the predominant causative agent in the study region. The observed antimicrobial resistance patterns underscore the necessity of judicious antibiotic selection to effectively treat UTIs across different age groups.
The prevalence of constipation in adult psychiatric out‐patients on clozapine treatment at a regional public hospital in Hong Kong
Authors: Lam Eric Wai‐Fung , Ip Brian Pak‐In
Published: April 2024

Objective

To determine the occurrence of constipation in local patients on clozapine treatment, and to compare the demographical and clinical characteristics of patients on clozapine treatment with or without constipation.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional, observational study. All adult psychiatric out‐patients on clozapine treatment attending follow‐up at a regional hospital were recruited for clinical interview and medical record review. The Enhanced Asian Rome III Questionnaire (EAR3Q) was used to define patients with constipation. The Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) was used to assess stool form. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale‐Anchored (BPRS‐A) was used to measure psychiatric symptoms. The Brief Medication Adherence Scale (BMAS) was used to assess treatment adherence. Logistic regression was conducted to identify independent associating factors of constipation in patients on clozapine treatment.

Results

The prevalence of constipation in patients on clozapine treatment was 26.3%, (95% CI [21.5%, 31.6%]). Independent associating factors included disorder of psychological development (aOR = 6.98, 95% CI [1.24, 39.18]), anxiety (very mild: aOR = 9.23, 95% CI [2.59, 32.87]; mild: aOR = 2.66, 95% CI [1.26, 5.62]), prescription with combination of laxatives (aOR = 0.40, 95% CI [0.17, 0.95]), and concomitant use of amisulpride (aOR = 2.52, 95% CI [1.09, 5.82]), quetiapine (aOR = 5.92, 95% CI [1.11, 31.56]) and metamucil (aOR = 9.30, 95% CI [1.53, 56.58]).

Conclusion

This study examined the prevalence of clozapine‐associated constipation in Hong Kong using a validated questionnaire. The identification of independent factors associated with constipation could facilitate better risk stratification and risk modification in clinical practice.
Piloting a battery to evaluate parasympathetic reactivity and externalizing behaviours during early childhood in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Braverman Yael , Surmacz Madison , Schnur Gina , Sheikhi Nasim , Faja Susan
Published: April 2024

Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Reactivity (RSA‐R) correlates both positively and negatively with externalizing behaviour in autistic individuals. These inconsistencies may result from task‐based differences. This pilot study measured RSA‐R in 4‐to 6‐year‐olds, across two timepoints, using four validated tasks with matched baseline and challenge periods. Social, cognitive, sensory and emotional tasks were employed to evaluate the use of a domain‐specific approach in measuring RSA‐R in young autistic children. RSA and parent‐reported externalizing behaviour were collected from 16 children (M
age = 5.60 years; 13 male; 12 White/Caucasian; 15 non‐Hispanic/Latine). RSA‐R was measured by the difference score of the challenge task minus its corresponding comparison task. Correlations were computed to evaluate associations between RSA‐R and behaviour. RSA was reliably measured for 3/4 tasks (0.694 ≤ intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs] ≤ 0.896). Only RSA‐R during a social task correlated with externalizing behaviour. These results support using a battery that measures a range of challenges, differing in social demands, to characterize how arousal contributes to emotion regulation demands among young autistic children.
Reproductive outcome after laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy using barbed sutures versus conventional smooth sutures: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ouyang Jing , Dong Huan , Wei Chenxuan , Yu Ruoer , Yang Siqin , Xu Hong
Published: April 2024

Objective

To investigate the effects of barbed and conventional sutures on reproductive outcomes and ovarian reserve after laparoscopic treatment for benign non‐endometrioma ovarian cysts.

Methods

This retrospective study was conducted at an affiliated women's hospital between May 2017 and December 2019. Patients with benign non‐endometriotic ovarian cysts undergoing laparoscopic cystectomy were included.

Results

Patients received barbed sutures (221 patients) or conventional smooth sutures (203 patients) intraoperatively. The two groups had comparable baseline characteristics. The surgical duration and ovarian suturing time were significantly shorter in the barbed suture group than in the conventional smooth suture group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). The rate of postoperative hemoglobin decline and serum anti‐Müllerian hormone decline were similar between the two groups (P > 0.05). A total of 316 (74.53%) patients experienced at least one pregnancy postoperatively: 170 (76.92%) and 146 (71.92%) patients in the barbed suture and conventional smooth suture groups, respectively (χ2 = 1.395, P = 0.238). Multivariate Poisson regression demonstrated that barbed sutures had no significant effect on the overall postoperative pregnancy rate (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 0.93–1.36; P = 0.382).

Conclusion

In patients with benign non‐endometriotic ovarian cysts undergoing laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy, barbed sutures had a reproductive outcome similar to that of conventional smooth sutures while providing higher surgical efficiency without adverse effects on the postoperative ovarian reserve. Barbed sutures are probably a viable option to conventional smooth sutures.