bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SURVIVAL OF CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI IN MARINATED AND NONMARINATED CHICKEN PRODUCTS
Authors: PERKO‐MÄKELÄ PÄIVIKKI , KOLJONEN MARI , MIETTTNEN MAIJA , HÄNNINEN MARJA‐LIISA
Published: April 2007

Consumption of chicken products has been increasing. Most of these products in Finland are sold as fresh marinated pieces in consumer packages. The impact of marination on the survival of enteric pathogens is not known. We studied the survival of Campylobacter jejuni on marinated chicken drumsticks and sliced breast strips stored at a refrigerator temperature of +4C. The marinade was an emulsion of vegetable oil and water with spices, NaCl (5.9% wt/wt) and its pH was adjusted to 4.5 with lactic and acetic acid. The survival of C. jejuni was similar in marinated and nonmarinated chicken drumsticks and strips. The organisms were detected for at least nine days at the higher inoculum level (101– 102 CFU/mL) and for at least five days at the lower inoculum level (101– 102 CFU/mL). C. jejuni, inoculated into plain marinade and stored at 4C, was detected after 24 h but not after 48 h. Our results revealed that marination procedure used to reduce and prevent the growth of spoilage organisms does not significantly decrease the survival of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken products.
BACTERICIDAL EFFICIENCIES OF COMMERCIAL DISINFECTANTS AGAINST LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES ON SURFACES
Authors: AARNISALO KAARINA , SALO SATU , MIETTINEN HANNA , SUIHKO MAIJA‐LIISA , WIRTANEN GUN , AUTIO TIINA , LUNDÉN JANNE , KORKEALA HANNU , SJÖBERG ANNA‐MAIJA
Published: April 2007

The efficiencies of potassium persulphate, isopropanol, hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid, quaternary ammonium compound, hypochlorite, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, ethanol and phenol derivatives, tertiary alkylamines and dimethyl alamine betaine‐based disinfectants and a hypochlorite‐based disinfecting cleaning agent were evaluated against eight Listeria monocytogenes strains representing three different ribotypes. All the disinfectants were effective in a suspension test with an exposure time of 30 s at the lowest concentrations recommended by the manufacturer. The efficiencies on surfaces were reduced. However, on clean surfaces all the agents were considered effective when the exposure time was 5 min and the concentration was the average recommended by the manufacturer. Five of nine disinfectants and the disinfecting cleaning agent were considered effective in soiled conditions in the surface test. The most efficient agent was isopropanol‐based and the least effective was the disinfectant containing tertiary alkylamine and dimethyl alamine betaine. Differences in bactericidal efficiencies of disinfectants against different L. monocytogenes strains on meat soiled surfaces were found.
DECONTAMINATION OF A MULTILAMINATED ASEPTIC FOOD PACKAGING MATERIAL AND STAINLESS STEEL BY OZONE
Authors: KHADRE MOHAMMED A. , YOUSEF AHMED E.
Published: April 2007

A multilaminated aseptic food packaging material and stainless steel were treated with ozone to inactivate natural contaminants, bacterial biofilms and dried films of Bacillus subtilis spores and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Sterility of the multilaminated packaging material was achieved when 1.0 x 2.0 cm‐pieces of the naturally‐contaminated material were treated with ozone in water (5.9 μg/mL) for 1 min. Dried films of spores (108/6.3–cm2 surface) were eliminated by 13 μg/mL of ozone in water for the multilaminated packaging material and 8 μg/mL in case of the stainless steel. Ozone inactivated Pseudomonas fluorescens in biofilms more effectively on stainless steel than on the multilaminated packaging material. Repeated exposure to ozone ofPseudomonas fluorescens in biofilms on the multilaminated packaging material eliminated up to ∼108 cfu/12.5 cm2. In conclusion, ozone is an effective sanitizer with potential applications in the decontamination of packaging materials and equipment food‐contact surfaces.
INFLUENCE OF WASHING TREATMENT ON NATIVE MICROFLORA AND ESCHERICHIA COLI POPULATION OF INOCULATED CANTALOUPES
Authors: UKUKU DIKE O. , PILIZOTA VLASTA , SAPERS GERALD M.
Published: April 2007

The influence of chlorine or hydrogen peroxide treatment on populations of Escherichia coli 25922 on the external surface of inoculated cantaloupe was investigated. Surface treatment with 70% EtOH, followed by immersion in 108 CFU/mL E. coli inoculum deposited an average of 4.4 log10CFU/cm2 cell population on the cantaloupe surface. The efficncy of washing inoculated cantaloupe was dependent on storage interval between inoculation and treatment. Dipping the cantaloupes in solutions containing 1000 mg/L chlorine or 5% peroxide for 5 min, within 24 h of inoculation, caused a 2 log10 CFU/cm2 reduction of the indigenous surface microflora and a 3–4.0 log10 CFU/cm2 reduction in E. coli. The efficacy was less when the interval between inoculation and treatment exceeded 24 h. Chlorine appeared in be a better antimicrobial agent than hydrogen peroxide against F. coli ATCC 25922 inoculated on cantaloupe surfaces while hydrogen peroxide was better in reducing surface microflora of cantaloupe.
INFECTIVE DOSE OF FOODBORNE PATHOGENS IN VOLUNTEERS: A REVIEW
Authors: KOTHARY MAHENDRA H. , BABU UMA S.
Published: April 2007

Risk assessment and impact of foodborne pathogens on the health of different populations was one of the goals identified in the Presidential Food Safety Initiative three‐year plan. This entailed estimation of dose‐response relationship for foodborne pathogens to humans, either by feeding studies or from outbreaks. For certain pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7, there are no feeding studies due to ethical reasons, and the results from outbreaks are normally used to estimate the infectious dose. The focus of this review is to compile dose‐response information in volunteers for several foodborne pathogens including Salmonella, Shigella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio spp., Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum and Entamoeba coli. The infectious dose for different serovars of Salmonella and strains of E. coli was quite large (> 105 organisms), while the infectious dose for some Shigella spp. seemed to be as low as less than 10 organisms. Toxigenic V. cholerae (O1 and O139 serotypes) were infective at a dose of 104 organisms; a non‐O1 strain was infective at a much higher dose (106 organisms). C. jejuni, C. parvum and Entamoeba coli appeared to have infectious doses as low as 500 organisms, 10 oocysts, and 1 cyst, respectively. The infectious dose and the dose response are dependent upon the strains used, and the age and physical condition of the individuals, and can therefore show wide variations. In addition, since many of the volunteer studies are carried out by feeding the organisms in a nonfood matrix after neutralizing the stomach acidity, results obtained may not reflect the true dose response.
HEAT RESISTANCE OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS VEGETATIVE CELLS AS AFFECTED BY PRIOR HEAT SHOCK1
Authors: JUNEJA V.K. , NOVAK J.S. , EBLEN B.S. , MCCLANE B.A.
Published: April 2007

This study quantified the heat resistance and the effects of a heat shock on the subsequent heat resistance of 10 strains of Clostridium perfringens. Beef gravy samples inoculated with vegetative cells of the pathogen were subjected to sublethal heating at 48C for 10 min, and then heated to a final temperature of 58C using a submerged‐coil heating apparatus. Heat‐treated samples were spiral plated on Shahidi‐Ferguson Perfringens agar to determine surviving bacterial population. No correlation between the heat resistance and the origin of the C. perfringens could be established due to significant variations in the heat resistance among strains. Inactivation kinetics of both heat‐shocked and nonheat‐shocked samples exhibited log‐linear decline in the number of surviving cells with time. D‐values at 58C for C. perfringens vegetative cells ranged from 1.21 to 1.60 min. Heat shocking allowed the organism to survive longer and the increase in heat resistance was as high as 1.5 fold. Also, heat shock resulted in the overexpression of proteins exhibiting epitopic and size similarity to E. coli GroEL and B. subtilis small acid soluble proteins. Increased heat resistance due to heat shock must be considered while designing cooking/reheating regimes that ensure safety of ready‐to‐eat foods contaminated with high numbers of C. perfringens vegetative cells.
CHANGES IN QUALITY ATTRIBUTES DURING STORAGE OF TOGWA, A LACTIC ACID FERMENTED GRUEL
Authors: MUGULA J.K. , NNKO S.A.M. , SØRHAUG T.
Published: April 2007

Microbiological, physicochemical and sensory quality changes in togwa during storage at ambient tropical temperatures were monitored in unpasteurized and pasteurized samples with added sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, propionic acid or a combination of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate. The untreated samples were unacceptable within 48 h after production. Organic acids, volatile flavor compounds and fermentable sugars were monitored in untreated samples for up to 96 h. Ethanol, 2‐methyl‐1‐propanol, 2‐methyl‐1‐propanal, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanal, acetone, acetoin, lactic, succinic and formic acid increased significantly within 48 h. Pyroglutamic and pyruvic acid decreased and then increased, while uric acid and sugars decreased within 96 h. Sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate or their combination extended the shelf‐life of the control samples by four days. Pasteurization at 97C/10 min reduced the total mesophilic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and Enterobacteriaceae counts to nil and maintained the pH, titratable acidity, specific gravity, and total soluble content constant, and the products were mildly acceptable during storage for up to 60 days. Pasteurization alone was comparable to the combined effects of pasteurization and treatment with preservatives on the quality of the product. Pasteurization alone may therefore be appropriate for small‐scale production and increased commercialization.
DETECTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG RESIDUES IN KENYAN MILK
Authors: SHITANDI ANAKALO , STERNESJÖ ÅSE
Published: April 2007

The improved Dutch tube diffusion test was used to study the occurrence of inhibitory substances in raw bulk milk samples within the Nakuru District in Kenya. Initially the detection limits of the method were verified using milk standards spiked with selected antibiotics. Addition of penicillinase to inhibitor‐positive samples was used for preliminary identification of penicillin G‐type antibiotics and residue levels were estimated against a standard curve constructed by means of a B. stearothermophilus disc assay. The two‐tube test was used to screen 1109 field samples of which 229 (21%) were suspect positive. The identification procedure confirmed 165 samples (14.9%) to contain penicillin G‐type residues of which 118 contained levels exceeding the established EU MRL for penicillin G (4 μg/kg). This study indicates that antibiotic residues are prevalent in milk within the Nakuru district of Kenya. It suggests that the improved tube diffusion test in combination with a multiplate system could be useful for qualitative and quantitative identification of antimicrobial drug residues in milk.
MICROBIAL ENUMERATION IN READY‐TO‐EAT FOODS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE
Authors: DE SOUSA G.B. , TAMAGNINI L.M. , OLMOS P. , GONZÁLEZ R.D.
Published: April 2007

As a contribution to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) programs, we have analyzed products produced and offered by ready‐to‐eat food stores. Two hundred and seventy four samples of a wide variety of foods from 19 different shops were analyzed. Aerobic counts, total coliforms and yeast and molds were enumerated in each sample. Food stores were evaluated using a GMP check‐list. They were grouped in three classes: Class III, nonsatisfactory GMP; Class II, partially satisfactory GMP; and Class I, satisfactory GMP. From the results of microorganism counts in the Class I food shops the following maximum counts are proposed for cooked ready‐to‐eat foods: aerobic colony count: 105 cfu g−1. It is coincident with satisfactory microbiological quality of many category 3 foods drawn up by Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS).
EXAMINATION OF THE MICROBIAL STATUS OF SELECTED INDIGENOUS FERMENTED FOODS IN NIGERIA
Authors: OLASUPO N.A. , SMITH S.I. , AKINSINDE K.A.
Published: April 2007

Four Nigerian traditionally fermented foods (wara, nono, ogi and kununzaki) were evaluated for the presence of some microorganisms of public health concern. Among the dairy foods, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella sp. were isolated from wara while Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and Klebsiella sp. were isolated from nono. The cereal‐based fermented foods (ogi and kunu‐zaki) contained Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, Klebsiella sp. and Enterococcus faecalis. The mesophilic aerobic counts were: 5 × 105 for wara; nono, 1.53 × 107; ogi, 3.6 × 106 and kunu‐zaki, 2.6 × 106 cfu/mL. The enterobacteriaceae counts on nono, wara, ogi and kunu‐zaki were 1.79 × 107, 4.5 × 105, 4.0 × 105 and 1.2 × 106 cfu/mL, respectively. No Vibrio count (detection limit: <10 cfu/mL) was recorded in all the food samples considered. The yeast and mold counts ranged from 1.0 × 105– 3.31 × 107 among the food products. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the organisms isolated from dairy products (nono and wara) revealed that they were resistant to ampicillin (100%) and sensitive to gentamicin (100%) and nalidixic acid (100%). Most isolates from cereal based products (ogi and kunu‐zaki) were 100% resistant to penicillin, ampicillin and chloramphenicol. This work highlights the need to maintain hygienic standards in the preparation of our locally fermented cereal and dairy foods.
EFFECT OF MARINADE AND DRYING TEMPERATURE ON INACTIVATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 ON INOCULATED HOME DRIED BEEF JERKY
Authors: ALBRIGHT SUSAN N. , KENDALL PATRICIA A. , AVENS JOHN S. , SOFOS JOHN N.
Published: April 2007

Beef slices were inoculated (5.7–7.5 log CFU/cm2) with a 4‐strain composite of E. coli O157:H7, stored (4C, 24 h), marinated (4C, 24 h), dried for 10 h at 62.5C or 68.3C, and stored for 90 days at 21C. Unmarinated beef slices dried for 10 h at 62.5C were used to determine the relative contribution of the marinate versus temperature treatment in the 62.5C trials. Samples were analyzed (bacterial enumeration with selective and nonselective agar media, pH, and aw) following inoculation, marinating, at 4, 6, 8 and 10 h of drying, and after 30, 60 and 90 days of storage. Marination resulted in slight changes in bacterial populations (−0.3 to + 0.6 log CFU/cm2), but did not enhance bacterial reduction during drying. For all treatments, most bacterial reductions occurred in the first 4 h of drying, with little reduction thereafter. After 10 h of drying, bacterial reductions were 3.2–3.4 log CFU/cm2 for unmarinated beef slices dried at 62.5C. Reductions of 2.2 and 3.0–4.6 log CFU/cm2 were achieved in marinated jerky slices dried at 62.5C and 68.3C, respectively. No treatment resulted in the recommended 5‐log reduction at the end of 10 h drying. However, bacteria did become undetectable by direct plating (<10 CFU/cm2) following 30 days of storage in all treatments except the unmarinated beef slices plated on tryptic soy agar (TSA). Additional work is needed to develop procedures for adequate destruction of E. coli O157:H7 during drying of beef jerky.
INTERACTION BETWEEN POTASSIUM SORBATE, OIL AND TWEEN 20: ITS EFFECT ON THE GROWTH AND INHIBITION OF Z BAILII IN MODEL SALAD DRESSINGS
Authors: CASTRO M. , GARRO O. , GERSCHENSON L.N. , CAMPOS C.A.
Published: April 2007

The effect of the interaction between potassium sorbate (KS), oil and Tween® 20 on the growth and inhibition of Z bailii in model salad dressings was studied. Z. bailii grew in emulsions containing 110 and 230 g/kg of oil and the addition of 0.5 g/kg of KS inhibited growth. When the oil content was raised to 460 g/kg, a steep death rate curve was observed and the effect of KS addition was hidden by the inhibitory action of the high oil level. Tween® 20 action depended on oil level: for emulsions containing 110 or 230 g/kg, a depression in the activity of KS was observed. This behavior was attributed to the decrease in the free form of the preservative due to the partition between surfactant micelles and the water. In contrast, when the oil content was 460 g/kg, KS activity was enhanced in spite of the decrease in the amount of its free form. These results highlight the importance of considering ingredient interactions when evaluating shelf‐life.
BEHAVIOR OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN RECONSTITUTED INFANT CEREALS
Authors: ABUSHELAIBI A.A. , SOFOS J.N. , SAMELIS J. , KENDALL P.A.
Published: April 2007

Listeria monocytogenes may contaminate and grow in reconstituted infant cereals refrigerated or temperature abused before consumption. To assess this risk, a 5‐strain composite of the pathogen was inoculated in rice, oatmeal, and wheat‐rice‐oatmeal infant cereals, hydrated (1/6, w/v) with apple juice, pasteurized milk (2% fat) or water, and stored at 4, 15, or 25C for 0, 8 and 24 h to simulate potential advance home preparation and abuse. L. monocytogenes survived with minimal (<0.6 log cfu per mL) or no growth in all cereal preparations at 4C, but it increased in cereals hydrated with water or milk by 2.4–3.3 and 5.3–6.4 log cfu per mL in 24 h at 15 and 25C, respectively. Reconstitution of cereals with water or milk supported growth (P < 0.05) even at 8 h of abuse. In cereals hydrated with apple juice and stored at 15 or 25C, populations of L. monocytogenes were maintained below 3.0 log cfu per mL at 24 h. These results indicate that refrigeration and/or reconstitution with an acid fruit juice may inhibit growth of L. monocytogenes in infant cereal meal preparations. However, in order to ensure prevention of growth, such meals should preferably be consumed soon after preparation or held at 4C for less than 8 h.
BACTERIOCIN EXPOSURE AND FOOD INGREDIENTS INFLUENCE ON GROWTH AND VIRULENCE OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN A MODEL MEAT GRAVY SYSTEM
Authors: ALVES VIRGÍNIA FARIAS , SICCHIROLI LAVRADOR MARCO AURÉLIO , PEREIRA DE MARTINIS ELAINE CRISTINA
Published: April 2007

The antilisterial activity of bacteriocin‐producing Lactobacillus sakei 1 bac+ alone and combined with food ingredients (sodium chloride, D‐glucose, oregano, black pepper) was studied in a model meat gravy (1.8% proteose peptone, 1.2% meat extract, 0.6% yeast extract, 2.0% corn starch) kept under refrigeration for 10 days. Two strains of L. monocytogenes (serotypes 4b and 1/2a) were employed in coinoculation experiments and Lactobacillus sakei ATCC 15521 was used as a negative control for bacteriocin production. The LAB bac+ strain was more effective in inhibiting both L. monocytogenes serotypes than the LAB bac− strain. The serotype 4b was more sensitive to bacteriocin than serotype 1/2a. The effect of the ingredients on inhibition of L. monocytogenes was serotype dependent. Bacteriocin exposure did not affect sensitivity to ampicilin and rifampicin. However, L. monocytogenes partially lost their hemolytic activity after exposure to bacteriocin‐producing Lb. sakei 1 and food ingredients.
VARIED ASSAYS FOR PSP TOXINS IN HEAT SHOCKED PHILIPPINE GREEN MUSSELS (PERNA VIRIDIS)
Authors: AZANZA MA. PATRICIA V. , AZANZA RHODORA V. , VENTURA SHARON R.
Published: April 2007

Toxin assays namely: the mouse bioassay, the receptor binding assay (RBA) and, the immuno‐chromatography assay using MIST Alert™ rapid test kit were used to determine the concentrations of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins from untreated and heat shocked Philippine green mussels, Perna viridis contaminated with Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum. Toxin levels ranging from 4–15 μg STXeq/100 g sample were quantified in the mussel samples analyzed using RBA. Higher levels of PSP toxins at about 30 μg STX eq/100 g sample were recorded using mouse bioassay, which was attributed to interfering factors that could induce mouse death resulting in false positive reactions. The MIST Alert™ test kit showed positive reaction in the samples evaluated based on the reported average profile of PSP toxin analogues at about 40 μg STX eq/100 g sample. The test heat treatments did not elicit definitive change in the PSP toxin profiles of heat shocked mussels relative to the untreated samples.
AN INVESTIGATION ABOUT ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF BLACK CROCUS (STENBERGIA FISCHERIANA)
Authors: DOSTBIL NURSEL , AGAOGLU SEMA
Published: April 2007

This study investigated the antimicrobial activity of black crocus (Stenbergia fischeriana), a poisonous herb, on some Gram (+) and Gram (−) microorganisms. Extracts of black crocus were prepared in acetone and tested against Corynebacterium xerosis UC9165, Micrococcus luteus A 2971, Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067, Klebsiella pneumonia FML 5, Bacillus megaterium NRS, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Bacillus megaterium DSM 32, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 15753 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 with the disk diffusion method Black crocus had inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 15753 and Klebsiella pneumonia FML 5 but has no inhibitory activity against other bacteria strains.
AN INVESTIGATION OF TRANSPORT, LAIRAGE AND HIDE CLEANLINESS ON CAMPYLOBACTER PREVALENCE IN FEEDLOT CATTLE AND DRESSED CARCASSES
Authors: MINIHAN DONAL , WHYTE PAUL , O'MAHONY MICHEÁL , FANNING SÉAMUS , DOYLE MAIREAD , COLLINS JOHN D.
Published: April 2007

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of transport and lairage of cattle before slaughter had on the qualitative and quantitative shedding of Campylobacter in cattle feces, and hence on the prevalence of this pathogen on dressed carcasses. A cohort of 109 heifers aged 27 to 30 months from a single Irish feedlot was investigated. Individual rectal fecal samples were taken from all of the cattle at the feedlot, after transport and at the end of lairage. The entire outer and inner surfaces of a carcass side of each animal were then swabbed immediately following slaughter and dressing.

Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 191 (58%) of the 327 fecal samples analyzed. Of the 191 isolates recovered in the study, 62 (57%), 60 (55%) and 69 (63%) were isolated from farm, posttransport and postlairage samples, respectively. There was no Campylobacter spp. isolated from the dressed carcasses. A trend of decreasing numbers of Campylobacter shed per gram of feces between sampling at farm and postlairage was observed. This reduction was significant for visit 1 (P < 0.05).

The key findings of this study were that transport and lairage did not result in an increase in the number of animals shedding Campylobacter spp. in feces and with appropriate standards of abattoir hygiene a low prevalence of this pathogen can be achieved on dressed carcasses.
BEHAVIOR OF STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES IN MASHED POTATOES
Authors: TRUJILLO FAUSTO TEJEDA , ESCARTÍN EDUARDO FERNÁNDEZ , CEREZO SILVIA GIONO
Published: April 2007

Streptococcus pyogenes is widely recognized as a human pathogen. Whereas person‐to‐person transmission is the most common transmission mechanism for this pathogen, some outbreaks of S. pyogenes disease have been reported to occur in association with consumption of contaminated foods such as shrimp or potato salads. In this study, the behavior of S. pyogenes was studied in mashed potatoes as a function of storage temperature, types and amount of background biota and type of ingredients. Combined mashed potatoes (potatoes, butter, milk, egg and table salt) or plain mashed potatoes (potatoes only) were inoculated with a 5‐strain cocktail of S. pyogenes and stored at 7, 25, 35 or 37C. At intervals during storage, samples were collected for counting S. pyogenes in blood agar plates or blood agar added with sodium azide, polymyxin and crystal violet. Mashed potatoes obtained from fast‐food restaurants were used to determine the fate of S. pyogenes as affected by changes in aerobic mesophiles, coliform and lactic acid bacteria counts. S. pyogenes was able to survive in mashed potatoes stored at 7C and to grow in mashed potatoes stored at 25 or 37C with lag phase lengths of 3 and 2 h and generation times of 26.0 and 25.3 min, respectively. The generation time of S. pyogenes in plain mashed potatoes was 30.7 min at 35 C. Presence of active background biota at 2–3 log10 CFU/g concentrations did not prevent growth of S. pyogenes when stored at 35C. These results contribute to a better understanding of the potential for S. pyogenes to cause foodborne outbreaks.
Evaluation of Methods for Determining In Vivo Digestion Coefficients for Adult Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii
Authors: Brown Paul B. , Williams Christopher D. , Robinson Edwin H. , Akiyama Dean M. , Lawrence Addison L.
Published: April 2007

Adult red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) were held in fecal collection chambers and fed common feedstuffs isosubstituted in experimental diets. Apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) and apparent crude protein digestibility (ACPD) coefficients were determined by the total collection and indicator (chromic oxide) methods. Feedstuffs tested were menhaden fish meal, soybean meal, alpha‐soy protein, casein, gelatin, wheat bran, rice bran, wheat gluten, shrimp meal, crab chitin, cellulose, squid meal, corn starch and diatomaceous sand. Rate of consumption of plant feedstuffs was generally higher than feedstuffs of animal origin. Consumption of fish meal and shrimp meal was low (0.59 and 0.44% body weightlday, respectively). Fecal chromium concentrations were lower than chromium concentrations of experimental diets and precluded calculation of realistic coefficients by the indicator method. Analysis of refused feed samples indicated that crayfish did not consume the indicator in the same proportion as the remainder of the diet; therefore, the total collection method was judged the better approach to determining digestion coefficients. ADMD and ACPD coefficients of plant feedstuffs were generally higher than coefficients determined for animal feedstuffs. ADMD coefficients indicated substantial carbohydrate digestion by crayfish.
Physical Dimension Relationships of Juvenile Penaeus stylirostris1
Authors: Wang Jaw‐Kai , Lam Chee Yin
Published: April 2007

Stocking of juveniles is widely practiced in marine shrimp production. A simple mechanical device is needed to sort juvenile shrimp by their physical dimensions. By analyzing a sample of 551 commercially produced Penacus stylirostris juveniles, ranging from 0.07 to 10.33 g, it was determined that a regression equation of the form Y = (A*X**B)*c can be used to adequately describe the relationships between weight, width and length. In particular:

Weight (g) = 0.01223427*(length. cm)**2.943696 R = 0.989978

Width (cm) = 0.6172958*(weight, g)**0.3317764 R = 0.989318

Width (cm) = 0.1422887*(length, cm)**0.9808952 R = 0.983662
The Formation and History of the World Mariculture Society, 1969–1986
Authors: Avault James W. , Perry W. Guthrie
Published: April 2007

On January 20, 1986, at the annual meeting of the World Mariculture Society in Reno, Nevada, Dr. Guido Persoone, President, announced that the name of the World Mariculture Society would be changed to World Aquaculture Society. Eightyeight percent of voting members favored the change. What follows, then, is an historical account of the World Mariculture Society, 1969–1986. We have used as references archives promulgated in the Proceedings and Journals, newsletter materials, and our own first hand knowledge.
Increased Growth and Production of Striped Bass × White Bass Hybrids in Earthen Ponds
Authors: Kerby J. Howard , Hinshaw Jeffrey M. , Huish Melvin T.
Published: April 2007

Four 0.1 hectare earthen ponds were stocked with 16,500 hybrid striped bass (female Morone saxatilis × male M. chrysops) per hectare on 22 June 1982. Mean weight at stocking was 5.2 g ± 0.10 SE. Fish were fed to satiation two or three times daily with a dry commercial salmonid diet, and the ponds were aerated mechanically during periods of low dissolved oxygen during warm weather. Survival at harvest on 6 March 1983 averaged 84.7%, and mean weight of the fish was 170.2 g ± 2.66 SE. Average weights of fish from individual ponds ranged from 149.0 to 189.7 g. The ponds were restocked on 1 April 1983 with 10,000 fish per hectare averaging 193.6 g. Ten months later, average survival in 3 ponds was 83.9% (range, 81.3–87.0%) and mean weight was 656.3 g ± 5.51 SE. Average weights of fish from individual ponds ranged from 632.5 to 690.7 g. All fish in one pond died in June as a result of an aerator failure. Standing crop at harvest in the three remaining ponds averaged 5, 504 kg/ha (range, 5,247–5,765 kg/ha). Improvements in culture techniques resulted in approximately a 138% increase in production per hectare over that reported in a prior study. Results demonstrated that hybrid striped bass offer considerable potential for commercial aquaculture in warm temperate latitudes of the United States.
Changes in Dietary Protein to Metabolizable Energy Needs of 17α‐Methyltestosterone Treated Juvenile Rainbow Trout1,2
Authors: Ostrowski Anthony C. , Garling Donald L.
Published: April 2007

Two consecutive feeding trials were used to examine optimum dietary protein to metabolizable energy (P:ME) and ME needs of juvenile rainbow trout fed semipurified diets supplemented with 2.0 mg 17α‐methyltestosterone (MT)/kg of dry ingredients. In trial 1, five diets containing 80,100, 120, 140, and 160 mg protein/kcal ME of dry diet at a constant 390 kcal ME/100 g of dry diet were used. In trial 2, four diets were prepared with 300, 340, 370, and 390 kcal dietary ME at a P:ME ratio of 100. Diets were prepared with and without MT and fed for 8 weeks to 5.4 g initial weight fish in trial 1 and 3.7 g initial weight fish in trial 2. Proximate composition of the whole body (WB) and empty carcass (EC = an eviscerated whole body) of fish was measured at the end of both trials.

In trial 1, maximum efficient protein gain (MEPG) values of MT treated fish were correspondingly higher than the values obtained for controls at all dietary P:ME ratios fed except for those fish fed at a P:ME ratio of 80. The optimum P:ME ratio for MT treated fish was 100 and for control fish was 120.

In trial 2, all MT treated fish fed diets containing 340 kcal ME/100 g and above had a higher MEPG value than all control fish. The diet containing an ME level of 340 kcal was considered optimum for growth of MT treated fish fed a dietary P:ME ratio of 100.

MT treatment increased EC, but did not change WB fat content of fish in both trials.
Dietary Phosphorus Requirement of Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus
Authors: Davis Donald A. , Robinson Edwin H.
Published: April 2007

Eight isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets containing graded levels of inorganic phosphorus were fed to juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus for an 11 week period. Red drum were maintained in a brackish water (5–6 ppt) recirculating system. There were no significant differences in weight gain or feed conversion. However, survival was generally lower for fish fed deficient diets. Phosphorus supplements up to 0.86% increased bone calcium and scale ash, calcium, and phosphorus values. Bone ash and phosphorus were not significantly affected above 0.71% dietary phosphorus. It appears that approximately 0.86% dietary phosphorus is needed for maximum tissue mineralization of juvenile red drum.
Evaluation of Three Sorghums as Potential Alternative Forages for Crawfish Culture 1
Authors: Brunson Martin W. , Taylor Richard W.
Published: April 2007

Three cultivars of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (grain sorghum, forage sorghum, and a sorghum sudangrass hybrid) were evaluated as planted forages for crawfish (Procambarus spp.) in two simulated culture systems, double cropping and crawfish monoculture. Based upon ease of culture, biomass production, and biomass degradation characteristics, grain sorghum and sorghum sudangrass exhibited great potential for either system. With the added advantage of grain production, grain sorghum represents the more attractive option and may provide farmers with a viable alternative to rice for double cropping with crawfish. The sorghum sudangrass produced large amounts of vegetative biomass and also represents a worthwhile forage option for the crawfish fanner. Either of these plants is conveniently incorporated into existing farm operations and could provide options as producers strive to integrate crawfish aquaculture with conventional agriculture.
Demonstrating the Use of Risk Programming for Aquacultural Farm Management:
Authors: Hatch Upton , Sindelar Scott , Rouse David , Perez Hugo
Published: April 2007

A risk programming method that evaluates production plans based on expected income and risk was demonstrated using representative data from Panama. Results illustrate the usefulness of the program in presenting production choices to decision makers and evaluating those choices under changing conditions.

Less experienced or less financially secure farmers may select farm plans that differ quite importantly from those chosen by more experienced or more financially secure farmers. If farm survival is in doubt, more conservative farm plans will generally be adopted. Without consideration of the potential losses, it will often appear that all farmers should pursue the most intensive farm plan within their farming capabilities. However, many farmers will employ less intensive management strategies if the potential for losses associated with more intensive strategies is perceived to be excessive.

The model indicated that management strategies were sensitive to changes in shrimp price and feed cost, but less sensitive to the costs of post larvae or energy. Also, shrimp farm managers should give serious consideration to not producing in the dry season due to relatively high risk and low expected returns. Farmers should be most concerned with quality and availability of post larvae, not price. If hatcheries can address these concerns, the higher price of hatchery post larvae will be justified.
Assessing the Status of Rotifer Mass Cultures
Authors: Snell Terry W. , Childress Michael J. , Boyer Emily M. , Hoff Frank H.
Published: April 2007

Rotifers are widely used as live larval feed in aquaculture. The stability of rotifer mass cultures, however, remains a critical unresolved problem. It would be useful to develop indicators that can assess the status of rotifer mass cultures and serve as an early warning of trouble. Indicators should be sensitive, easy to measure and have quick response time. Two indicators have been developed that fulfill these criteria: swimming activity and egg ratio (eggs per female). A swimming activity test is described based on the measurement of rotifer swimming over a grid. Results are obtained in minutes and are sensitive indicators of pH, un‐ionized ammonia, starvation and temperature stress in the mass culture. For un‐ionized ammonia, swimming activity is about nine times more sensitive than an LC50 test, and maximum response occurs within ten minutes. Egg ratio is also a sensitive indicator of physiological stress, but there is a 18‐24 h time lag between exposure to stress and a change in egg ratio. Egg ratios during log phase of population growth ranged from 0.5‐1.2 and 0.13‐0.5 during stationary phase. When egg ratio fell below approximately 0.13, rotifer populations declined. Monitoring of swimming activity and egg ratios should make it easier for aquaculturists to keep their rotifer cultures productive and stable.
The Culture of Penaeus semisulcatus in Israel
Authors: Seidman Ephraim R. , Issar Gilad
Published: April 2007

Growth performance data on Penaeus semisulcatus under semi‐intensive pond culture conditions were collected in Israel between 1985 and 1987. In 1985, shrimp growth, from PL to 21.5 g, was accomplished in separate nursery and grow‐out phases. Pond production during the grow‐out phase was 3,000 and 3,943 kg/ha, and mean weight was 21.5 g. Shipments to Europe revealed a need to produce larger shrimp to maximize revenues. Any increase in individual shrimp weight at harvest would require new management practices. Juvenile shrimp (3.4 to 6.3 g) were held during the winter of 1986 in open ponds and restocked in grow‐out ponds in the spring of 1987. Shrimp survival during overwintering was 12 and 15%. A maximum mean shrimp weight of 25.6 g and a maximum pond production of 7,451 kg/ha were obtained in 1987 using this strategy. It is possible that comparable pond production results and shrimp weight, but with higher overall shrimp survival, could be obtained by headstarting shrimp in greenhouses. Two major problems that need to be solved before commercial shrimp culture can succeed in Israel are the formulation of a locally produced feed and the out‐of‐season induced maturation and spawning of P. scmisulcarus.
Polyculture of the Giant Malaysian Prawn and the Golden Shiner in Southwestern Louisiana1
Authors: Scott Gregory , Perry W. Guthrie , Avault James W.
Published: April 2007

Juvenile prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) were stocked at 37,050/ha and golden shiner (Noremigonus crysoleucas) fry at 321,100/ha into 16 earthen ponds at Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Grand Chenier, Louisiana. Four replicated treatments were tested: fed prawn monoculture, fed shiner monoculture, fed prawn and fed shiner polyculture, and unfed prawn fed shiner polyculture. The study lasted 149 days.

There were no significant differences in growth between prawns fed in monoculture and prawns fed in polyculture (P > 0.05). However, fed prawns grew significantly larger (P < 0.05) than unfed prawns. Prawn survival in all treatments combined averaged 63%. Survival was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for fed prawns than for unfed prawns. Prawn yields averaged 533 kg/ha, when all treatments were combined. Yield was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for prawns grown with shiners and for prawns that received supplemental feed.

Growth was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for shiners grown with fed prawns than for shiners grown with unfed prawns. Shiner survival averaged 33% and was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in monoculture than in polyculture. Yield for all ponds averaged 392 kg/ha, with no significant differences between treatments (P > 0.05).
Comparative Economics of Four Aquaculture Species Under Monoculture and Polyculture Production in Guam
Authors: Fitzgerald William J.
Published: April 2007

Financial analysis, which included breakeven, net present value, internal rate of return, present value index, payback period and financial ratios, was carried out on data from three aquaculture farms located on Guam. The analysis included four primary species, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Chanos chanos, Clarias batrachus, and a hybrid Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticus, and two culture methods, monoculture and polyculture. Asian catfish, Clorias batrachus, monoculture showed the greatest capital return. The use of NPV, PVI, IRR, and payback period as decision criteria also resulted in the selection of Asian catfish monoculture from the alternative species and culture methods considered. Tilapia polyculture had the lowest return on investment (less than 1%) and required 92% of the total production to reach the breakeven point. The application of the analysis methods presented provide a means for management to reduce financial risks and make informed choices between alternative strategies.
World Aquaculture Society Annual Meeting Honolulu, Hawaii. President's Address Through the Looking Glass: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
Authors: Aiken David E.
Published: April 2007

As the aquaculture industry evolves it molds the professional and trade organizations that support it. A glance at the past, the present and the future of the aquaculture industry and the World Aquaculture Society.
East Meets West: An Eastern Perspective of Aquaculture 1
Authors: Liao I‐Chiu
Published: April 2007

The East or perhaps a better term, Asia, is both a major producer and consumer of aquacultural products. Yet with a long history in the field of aquaculture, most countries have made little or no progress in the techniques and methods applied in this field. The Asian needs for aquaculture are also more basic in that aquaculture provides a cheap source of protein for the malnourished and undernourished populations. Development may be significantly affected by the wide income gap existing in these countries, by inequalities in educational quality and opportunity, and by social factors such as religion, taboos, or tradition. But on the whole, a better life for many of Asia's people may possibly be found in the development of its aquaculture potential.
A Standard Reference Diet for Crustacean Nutrition Research. I. Evaluation of Two Formulations
Authors: Castell John D. , Kean J. C. , D'Abramo Louis R. , Conklin Douglas E.
Published: April 2007

An international cooperative effort to evaluate two possible Standard Reference Diets (SRD) for crustaceans was initiated at an informal discussion on crustacean nutrition during the 1984 World Mariculture Society (WMS) meeting in Vancouver, B.C. One diet, BML 81 S, was developed at the Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis. The other, HFXCRD 84, was developed at the Halifax laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada. Details of the formulation, preparation and proximate composition of the diets are provided. Both of these diets, which had been used to culture lobster, Homarus sp., were compared with the usual control diets of several research teams from different countries in feeding trials with many different species of crustaceans including freshwater and marine shrimp, prawn, lobster, crayfish and crab.

The preliminary data on growth and survival ofPandalus danae, Penaeus monodon, P. stylirostris, P. vannamei, P. brasiliensis, P. setiferus, P. aztecus and Homarus americanus suggest that either BML 81 S or HFX CRD 84 would be an acceptable SRD for these species. The only species tested that would not accept either diet were Panulirus argus and Cherux tenuimanus. Use of an SRD will provide a more accurate assessment of non‐nutritional growth factors and permit comparisons among laboratories, species and experiments.
A Standard Reference Diet for Crustacean Nutrition Research.: V. Growth and Survival of Juvenile Dungeness Crabs Cancer magister
Authors: Bordner Clark E.
Published: April 2007

An experiment was conducted to measure the survival and growth of juvenile Dungeness crabs (Cancer magister) when fed purified crustacean diets in intensive laboratory culture. Wild‐caught juvenile crabs were held individually and fed either a casein‐based diet previously used for lobster experimentation (diet BML‐81 S), a crab protein‐based diet (HFX‐CRD‐84), or a closed‐formula commercial fish (trout) diet. Diets BML‐81 S and HFX‐CRD‐84 have been proposed as possible general crustacean reference diets. The crab protein‐based diet appeared to be more attractive to the crabs, but after a 90 day experimental period there were no significant differences (P < 0.01) in growth or survival between crabs fed the proposed reference diets; however, survival on the trout diet was significantly reduced. Results are discussed in relation to the rearing conditions and the composition and physical characteristics of the diets.
Tissue Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Penaeus monodon Fabricius Broodstock from the Wild
Authors: Millamena Oseni M. , Pascual Felicitas P.
Published: April 2007

Tissues (hepatopancreas, muscle, gonad) of wild Penacus mordon females with ovaries in different stages of development and males were analyzed for Upid content and fatty acid composition. Hepatopancreatic tissue had the highest mean levels of lipid at 15.72–25.20% in females and averaged 46.20 ± 1.53% in males. Levels of Lipid in the muscle were low with no marked variation throughout the maturation s‐es. Ovarian lipid levels increased significantly at stage II (early maturing ovaries) and remained high through stage IV (fully mature ovaries). Peak lipid level was found at stage III (late maturing ovaries) and coincided with a decline in hepatopancreas lipid. Ovarian and hepatopancreatic lipids declined drastically in spent females. Profiles of fatty acid in the tissues consistently showed the presence of PUFA 204n‐6, 20:5n‐3 and 22611‐3, with high levels in the polar lipid fraction of vitellogenic ovaries. These values were reflected in the male testis and spawned eggs. The finding suggest storage and utilization of lipids for maturation and spawning processes and that the phospholipids were mainly responsible for increases in ovarian lipids. The type of fatty acids present in maturing prawn ovaries is indicative of their importance in reproductive physiology.
Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtle Waste Characterization Study: Precursor to a Recirculating Holding System Design
Authors: Malone Ronald F. , Rusch Kelly A. , Burden Daniel G.
Published: April 2007

The decreasing population of the endangered Kemp's ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempi) has necessitated research into more cost effective captive nurseries. Captive nurseries are an attempt to increase the survival of the Kemp's ridley past the first year of life. Presently, Kemp's ridleys are reared in captivity at the Headstart rearing facility in Galveston, Texas. This facility consists of a labor intensive, flow‐through system. Alternatively, recirculating systems permit development of inshore facilities with decreased labor and operating costs. This paper presents baseline excretion data necessary for designing filtration units required for water quality maintenance in recirculating holding systems. The total ammonia nitrogen excretion rate based on a 24 hour isolation period (fed) was fairly constant at 0.19 mg N/g‐turtle‐day, while the BOD5 loading rate was highly variable, averaging nearly 0.50 mg O2/g‐turt1e‐day. In addition, comparisons of filtered versus nonfiltered samples suggest that a suspended solids removal mechanism prior to the filtration unit would dramatically decrease BOD5 and, thus, improve filter efficiency and increase its capacity.
Effects of Size and Age of Juvenile Freshwater Prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii at Stocking on Population Structure and Production in Polyculture Ponds
Authors: Hulata Gideon , Karplus Ilan , Wohlfarth Giora W. , Halevy Amir
Published: April 2007

Effects of size and age of juvenile freshwater prawns on their growth in polyculture ponds were investigated. Post‐larvae were nursed at two commercial nurseries, during either 66 or 129 days, to final mean weights of about 0.25 and 0.5 g, for each age group. Nursed prawns were stocked in ponds at a density of 2/m2 and polycultured with carps and tilapias for 148 days.

No significant effect of age or size, or their interaction, was detected in mean harvest weight and gross income, although small age effect was noted in survival and total yield.
Preliminary Evaluation of Production Systems and Forages for Culture of Orconectes virilis, the Northern or Fantail Crayfish
Authors: Brown Paul B. , Hooe Michael L. , Blythe William G.
Published: April 2007

Culture potential of Orconectes virilis, the northern or fantail crayfish, was evaluated in deep ponds and simulated shallow ponds during the summer and fall. Adult crayfish were stocked in the deep ponds in October and known numbers of juvenile crayfish were stocked in the shallow ponds in May. Triplicate groups of crayfish in each system were either not fed (negative control) or fed corn silage or wheat straw. Production in either system was not significantly different between treatments, but production in the shallow tanks (790 kg/ha) was almost double that observed in the deep ponds (401 kg/ha) and may have been due to different stocking strategies. Juvenile crayfish were generally of minimal marketable size at the end of one growing season. The shallow tanks were restocked in October and drained in March to evaluate overwinter survival in this type of system. Survival averaged 78.9% for both males and females, and most (97.1%) age 1 females were carrying eggs.