bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Co z nami będzie ?
Authors: Ścigaj Paweł
Published: March 2018

What will become of us? Studies in political science and related fields in 2020 perspective

Dynamic increase in the number of students was one of the most significant process in higher education after 1989 in Poland, very well seen in humanities and social sciences programs of studies, especially in political science. It is worth to mention that there were 4 thousand students of political science in academic year 1990/91, and till the academic year of 2004/05 the number increased and reached near 56 thousand, and then it started to fall rapidly to 10 thousand in 2014/15. At the same time due to demographic crisis and decreasing number of 19‑year‑olds there have been fewer candidates to study in general, including political science. Similar processes has been observed also in related fields, such as international relations, security studies, journalism and social communication, and European studies. The article is an attempt to present predictions of future changes in the number of political studies students’ population till the year 2020, together with the possible consequences of this state of affairs for political science and related fields.
Perspective—Discovery Within Validation Logic: Deliberately Surfacing, Complementing, and Substituting Abductive Reasoning in Hypothetico-Deductive Inquiry
Authors: Behfar Kristin , Okhuysen Gerardo A.
Published: March 2018

We propose a more explicit role for abductive reasoning, or the development of initial explanation, in hypothetico-deductive (H-D) inquiry. We begin by describing the roots of abduction in pragmatism and its role in exploration and discovery. Recognizing that pragmatism treats abductive reasoning as inevitable, we argue that it can also be a deliberate form of reasoning in scientific inquiry, articulating the unique place it can have in hypothetico-deductive theorizing. We explain the opportunities from surfacing abductive reasoning in H-D where it already exists; from explicitly acknowledging abductive reasoning as a complement in building logical chains in H-D; and from using abductive reasoning as a substitute for H-D logic when a body of knowledge exhibits inconsistent, contradictory, or discrepant results. We elaborate strategies for data search and selection, data production and compilation, and analytical corroboration. Our overall argument is that the deliberate use of abductive reasoning in hypothetico-deductive projects has distinct advantages stemming from an explicitly tight connection between data and theory. We end by explaining the benefits of actively recognizing the role of abductive reasoning in organizational and management theorizing.

The article was written and prepared by the U.S. goverenment employee(s) on official time and is therefore in the public domain.
Kinematic alignment technique for total hip and knee arthroplasty
Authors: Rivière Charles , Lazic Stefan , Villet Loïc , Wiart Yann , Allwood Sarah Muirhead , Cobb Justin
Published: March 2018

Conventional techniques for hip and knee arthroplasty have led to good long-term clinical outcomes, but complications remain despite better surgical precision and improvements in implant design and quality. Technological improvements and a better understanding of joint kinematics have facilitated the progression to ‘personalized’ implant positioning (kinematic alignment) for total hip (THA) and knee (TKA) arthroplasty, the true value of which remains to be determined. By achieving a true knee resurfacing, the kinematic alignment (KA) technique for TKA aims at aligning the components with the physiological kinematic axes of the knee and restoring the constitutional tibio-femoral joint line frontal and axial orientation and soft-tissue laxity. The KA technique for THA aims at restoring the native ‘combined femoro-acetabular anteversion’ and the hip’s centre of rotation, and occasionally adjusting the cup position and design based on the assessment of the individual spine-hip relation. The key element for optimal prosthetic joint kinematics (hip or knee) is to reproduce the femoral anatomy. The transverse acetabular ligament (TAL) is the reference landmark to adjust the cup position.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:98-105. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170022
PRINCIPAIS DEFEITOS DE QUEIJOS MINAS ARTESANAIS FABRICADOS NA REGIÃO DA CANASTRA
Authors: Sobral Denise , Costa Renata Golin Bueno , Paula Junio César Jacinto de , Teodoro Vanessa Aglaê Martins , Moreira Gisela De Magalhães Machado , Pinto Maximiliano Soares
Published: March 2018

Este estudo foi realizado em 24 propriedades produtoras de queijo Minasartesanal da região da Canastra. Por meio de um questionário, buscou-se conhecer os principais problemas encontrados na fabricação dos queijos artesanais dessa região para proposição de soluções. O volume médio diário de leite para a produção de queijo Minas artesanal nas queijarias foi de 360 litros. A produção de queijo obteve média de 36 peças de 1 quilo por dia. Considerando o volume de leite e a quantidade dequeijo produzida por dia, o rendimento médio foi de 10L/kg. Os principais defeitos de casca relatados foram: casca grossa, mofada (mofo escuro), casca trincada, coloração desigual (partes mais amarelas que outras), trincas e manchas brancas. Em relação ao sabor foram relatados sabores de ranço, ardido e gostos amargo e (ácido) azedo. O gosto azedo relatado pelos produtores foi relacionado ao estufamento precoce com formação de gás, defeito descrito em 19 dos 24 questionários aplicados. Soluções paraos principais defeitos encontrados foram propostas e descritas neste artigo. Verificou-se que grande parte dos produtores não seguia o período mínimo de maturação de 22 dias, exigidos pela legislação, comercializando o queijo ainda fresco.
Studi Pemanfaatan Limbah Padat Industri Pengolahan Minyak Kelapa Sawit Spent Bleaching Earth sebagai Pengganti Agregat pada Campuran Beton
Authors: Dermawan Denny , Ashari Mochammad Luqman
Published: March 2018

Palm oil refinery factory has solid waste by product  called Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE). SBE consists of some chemical compounds and one of them  is SiO2 up to 83,05%. SiO2 or silica fume can cause silicosis if it is exposed to the atmosphere and frequently inhaled by the workers.  On the other hand,  SiO2  is one of the material  composition of Portland cement. Thus, it is necessary to conduct a research about the utilization of SBE. as a concrete mixture. SBE is utilized as fine aggregate substitution by the composition of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the total amount of fine aggregate. The conducted tests are fineness modulus calculation, compressive strength, setting time, and TCLP. The method used for mix  design is SNI 03-2834-2000 with f’c 28,5 MPa and slump 12 ± 2 cm. This research  shows  that concretes with SBE substitution which achieve the planned compressive strength are 10% SBE with 34,16 MPa and 20% SBE with 29,06 MPa. Based on the TCLP test, the concentration of heavy metal substances in 10% SBE are below the standard. Thus, it is  scientifically proven to conclude that concrete with 10% SBE is technically proper and safe for the environment.
Testing for HbA1c, in addition to the oral glucose tolerance test, in screening for abnormal glucose regulation helps to reveal patients with early β-cell function impairment
Authors: Li Yu-Hsuan , Sheu Wayne Huey-Herng , Lee Wen-Jane , Lee I-Te , Lin Shih-Yi , Lee Wen-Lieng , Liang Kae-Woei , Wang Jun-Sing
Published: March 2018

Background:

The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is recommended to screen for diabetes in patients with coronary artery disease. We hypothesized that testing for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), in addition to the OGTT, in screening for abnormal glucose regulation may help to reveal patients with β-cell function impairment.

Methods:

Patients with no history of diabetes who were admitted for coronary angiography were recruited to undergo an OGTT and HbA1c test 2–4 weeks after hospital discharge. β-cell function and insulin resistance were assessed using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-β and HOMA-IR, respectively). For patients with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) based on the OGTT, we compared HOMA-β between two subgroups of patients using an HbA1c cutoff of 39 mmol/mol or 42 mmol/mol. For patients with prediabetes based on an OGTT, we compared the HOMA-β between two subgroups of patients using an HbA1c cutoff of 48 mmol/mol.

Results:

A total of 1044 patients were analyzed. In patients with NGT by OGTT (n=432), those with an HbA1c ≥42 mmol/mol had a lower HOMA-β compared to those with an HbA1c <42 mmol/mol (107±82 vs. 132±96, p=0.018). In patients with prediabetes by OGTT (n=423), those with an HbA1c ≥48 mmol/mol had a lower HOMA-β compared to those with an HbA1c <48 mmol/mol (91±52 vs. 120±88, p=0.003). No significant between-group difference in HOMA-IR was noted.

Conclusions:

The use of HbA1c in addition to the OGTT in screening for abnormal glucose regulation helped to reveal patients with early β-cell function impairment.
Spa, Spa Tourism and Wellness Tourism in the Czech Republic
Authors: Vystoupil Jiří , Šauer Martin , Bobková Markéta
Published: March 2018

The aim of this paper is to compare and assess the position of the spa and wellness sector in the structure of tourism in the Czech Republic. In this context, the article deals with the brief history of the Czech spa tourism and the development of spa tourism in the spa resorts, including the focus of specialized literature review. The methodological part consists of an explanation of the existing statistical information about the spa sector. The main part of the paper deals with the geographic analysis of current spa centres (the capacity of spa and total collective accommodation facilities, the number of spa patients and guests, guest attendance and their geographical structure). The assessment also includes the determination of the importance of the spa for overall spa tourism. Furthermore, the paper also deals with the development and localization of the selected forms of wellness tourism. As a pilot example, aquaparks built especially in the last 20 years in the Czech Republic were chosen.
Spa and Wellness Tourism in Poland - A New Geographical Analysis
Authors: Widawski Krzysztof
Published: March 2018

The aim of the paper is to present the situation of the spa resorts in Poland from the geographical point of view, emphasizing especially the tourist context of their existence. This article firstly deals with the brief history of spas in Poland and the definition of the phenomenon, presented in the Polish literature and legal acts. The main part of the paper presents the geographical analysis of the phenomenon: spatial distribution of the activities allowed by law, localization concerning the different kind of landscapes that accompanies the spas, natural and curative resources and the medical treatments based on their potential. In addition, the tourist context analysed with the support of the statistical data of the accommodation units, tourist sand its preferences, and health tourist establishments in the spa resorts and its usage is also crucial. The perspectives of the spa tourism development in Poland concerning the potential and obstacles are presented.
Transparent and non-transparent languages
Authors: Hengeveld Kees , Leufkens Sterre
Published: March 2018

Languages differ widely from one another in the extent to which they are transparent, i.e. obey one-to-one relationships between meaning and form. Transparency, in turn, is an important factor in the learnability of languages. This paper first sets out a framework for the study of transparency and subsequently studies cross-linguistic differences in transparency, using the theory of Functional Discourse Grammar as its point of departure. Transparent and non-transparent features of languages are systematically defined using the multi-level architecture of this model of language, representing them as mappings between and within levels. In applying this framework to a sample of 30 languages it is shown that the (non-)transparent features investigated can be ordered into an implicational transparency hierarchy, and that as a result the languages of the sample can be ranked in terms of their degrees of transparency as well. Finally, the consequences of these findings for the learnability of languages are discussed.
Differential proteome analysis of the extracts from the xylem ofCinnamomum camphorainhibitingCoriolus versicolor
Authors: Li Quan , Xu Liping , Wu Hui , Liu Jing , Lin Jinguo , Guan Xin
Published: March 2018

The proteins ofCoriolus versicolortreated with the acetone extracts ofCinnamomum camphoraxylem has been investigated. The specific proteins found in the extract treatedC. versicolor, were characterized by two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis (2D-GE) and identified by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) combined with tandem time-of-flight microscopy, i.e. TOF-MS/TOF-MS. Most of 474 proteins detected from the pure culture were common metabolic proteins. Nineteen protein spots changed significantly and 17 spots were identified successfully. The 19 proteins were assigned to 10 functional groups including ion binding, translation factor activity, nucleic acid binding and ATPase activity. These proteins are involved in signal transduction, transport and membrane trafficking. The down regulated expression of translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1α), α-tubulin, and tropomyosin-1 showed that protein translation elongation, growth-stimulating signal transduction, signal transduction and material transport were suppressed, which resulted in the apoptosis of the pathogen. These findings provide a better understanding of the anti-fungal mechanism ofC. camphoraand indicate the way for the development of wood preservatives based on natural extracts.
Differential effect of subcutaneous abdominal and visceral adipose tissue on cardiometabolic risk
Authors: Sam Susan
Published: March 2018

Metabolic and cardiovascular diseases are increasing worldwide due to the rise in the obesity epidemic. The metabolic consequences of obesity vary by distribution of adipose tissue. Visceral and ectopic adipose accumulation are associated with adverse cardiometabolic consequences, while gluteal-femoral adipose accumulation are negatively associated with these adverse complications and subcutaneous abdominal adipose accumulation is more neutral in its associations. Gender, race and ethnic differences in adipose tissue distribution have been described and could account for the observed differences in risk for cardiometabolic disease. The mechanisms behind the differential impact of adipose tissue on cardiometabolic risk have started to be unraveled and include differences in adipocyte biology, inflammatory profile, connection to systemic circulation and most importantly the inability of the subcutaneous adipose tissue to expand in response to positive energy balance.
Under-relaxed quasi-Newton acceleration for an inverse fixed-point problem coming from
Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Martini dos Santos Tiara , Reips Louise , Martínez José Mario
Published: March 2018

Quasi-Newton acceleration is an interesting tool to improve the performance
of numerical methods based on the fixed-point paradigm.
In this paper, a briefly description of the compartmental model employed for a typical task in perfusion imaging
is presented. Next, a quasi-Newton strategy for accelerating the convergence of fixed-point iterations is analyzed.
For that, classical secant updates are considered. Finally, the quasi-Newton strategy is applied on
the practical problem of represent the kinetic behavior of a PET (Positron Emission Tomography) tracer during cardiac perfusion. The performance of the method when applied to real data problems is illustrated numerically.
Effect of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Reinforcement on the Opto-Electronic Properties of Polyaniline/c-Si Heterojunction
Authors: Rasheed Hussein Kh. , Kareem Aseel A.
Published: March 2018

In this paper synthesis and extensive investigation of the microstructural and optoelectronic properties of polyaniline (PANI), Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) and MWCNTs reinforced PANI composites is presented. MWCNTs- PANI composites have been deposited by spin coating on silicon wafer substrate. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy shows no difference between PANI and its composites. However a change in peaks shape and absorption intensity has been observed. A strong effect of the MWCNTs weight percentage on the PANI/MWCNTs composites has been demonstrated. It was find that the thermal stability improved with increasing MWCNTs content. The optical band gap of the PANI thin films has been effectively tuned from 2.38 to 1.78 eV as the MWCNTs content increases from 5 to 15 wt.% The Current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the fabricated devices shows a significant improvement in current with MWCNTs weight percentage content. It was observed a strong enhancement of composite in the conductivity as well as in the current level. The microscopic images show that the dispersion of MWCNTs into PANI leads to the formation a new conductive pathway.
A primal-dual approach of weak vector equilibrium problems
Authors: László Szilárd
Published: March 2018

In this paper we provide some new sufficient conditions that ensure the existence of the solution of a weak vector equilibrium problem in Hausdorff topological vector spaces ordered by a cone. Further, we introduce a dual problem and we provide conditions that assure the solution set of the original problem and its dual coincide. We show that many known problems from the literature can be treated in our primal-dual model. We provide several coercivity conditions in order to obtain the existence of the solution of the primal-dual problems without compactness assumption. We apply the obtained results to perturbed vector equilibrium problems.
Academic Voice Reimag(in)ed: Interest and Design in Artwork and Three Dimensional Artefacts
Authors: Archer Arlene
Published: March 2018

Although ‘voice’ is a contested concept used in many different ways, it is often used to indicate degrees of authorial agency and, as such, is useful for exploring interest and design in artwork and three dimensional artefacts. This paper investigates the semiotic signifiers of voice in artwork, arguing that the notion of materiality is crucial for understanding voice in designed three dimensional artefacts. The methodological approach is multimodal social semiotics where meaning is seen to be made through the selection and configuration of modes in texts and through the interest of the sign-maker in a particular context. This position paper focuses on authorial engagement as realized through semiotic choices, and explores the relationship between creativity and constraints in sign-making. It also investigates ways in which voice is constructed intertextually through citation in artwork. It argues that in designed artefacts, citation takes the form of explicit or implicit negotiation with authoritative conventions, and it is also realised through sensory and connotative provenance. The overall aim is to find apt semiotic terms to talk about voice across modes, genres and domains. Identifying these semiotic tools and signifiers of voice may be useful in a number of domains, including the pedagogical where voice often instantiates the negotiation between students’ lifeworlds and the new ideas, contexts and genres they encounter.
Shelley’s Mask
Authors: Ward Ian
Published: March 2018

On the 16th August 1819, a crowd of around sixty thousand gathered outside Manchester to listen to the renowned radical Henry Hunt. When the crowd appeared to grow restless the authorities ordered in a regiment of Hussars. Eleven were killed, hundreds injured. The radical presses swiftly condemned the “Peterloo massacre.” So, away in Italy, did the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. The consequence of Shelley’s anger was one of the greatest poems of political protest in the English language. It was entitled The Mask of Anarchy. This article is about this poem. It asks why Shelley wrote it, what he wanted to say, and how he chose to say it.
House of Cards: Comparing the British and the American TV Series from a Constitutional Perspective
Authors: Delledonne Giacomo
Published: March 2018

The aim of this essay is to compare the two House of Cards TV series – the British one and the American one – from a constitutional viewpoint. In so doing, the contribution tries to answer some research questions: how are the constitutional systems of the UK and the US respectively portrayed in the two TV series? More generally, how can contemporary political dramas approach constitutional issues?
Turning Vanity Fair into The Cœlestial City: England’s Legal Narratives of the Body Politic from Bunyan to Thackeray
Authors: Nicolini Matteo
Published: March 2018

The article addresses the different narratives that characterize English constitutional history. It first examines the mainstream narrative, i. e., the retrospective reading of the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century constitutional events dispensed by jurists and politicians in an attempt to pack the Establishment Constitution. It then focuses on the alternative legal narratives about the Constitution elaborated during the Civil War and the Restoration. Among them, it ascertains John Bunyan’s impact on the Establishment Constitution. Bunyan was a member of the New Model Army, a radical, and a Puritan who ended up in prison. Despite this background, he exerted a strong influence on Victorian society and on Thackeray’s representation of the body politic. As a consequence, Bunyan entered the political discourse in the first half of the nineteenth century when politicians started to reform English representative institutions, and therefore became part of the Establishment Constitution.
Justice in Crisis? On the Popular Jurisprudence of Weimar Film
Authors: Howe Steven
Published: March 2018

This article explores how a selection of films produced in Germany during the period of the Weimar Republic represent and critique the criminal justice system. Its starting premise is that the cinema of the era emerges as an important site for the negotiation of the contemporary crisis of law and justice outside the parameters of official legal procedure and politics. Focusing on a set of key legal and ethical dilemmas surrounding particular paragraphs of the German Criminal Code (§ 218 on abortion, § 175 on homosexuality, § 51 on criminal responsibility attribution), the aim is to exemplify how certain representative films contain and disseminate a popular jurisprudence that both reflects and contributes to contemporary legal-political debate.
On the trail of grammaticalization in progress: hasel quebecome a compound relative pronoun in the history of Spanish prepositional relative clauses?
Authors: Arroyo José Luis Blas , Lahoz Javier Vellón
Published: March 2018

In this paper, we examine the grammatical status ofel quein Spanish prepositional relative clauses (el lugaren el quevivo) [the place where I live] from a variationist perspective of the theory of grammaticalization. At least from the nineteenth century onwards, several authors have defended the nature ofel queas a compound relative pronoun, even if these forms continue alternating today with others without the article [el lugaren quevivo], in contrast toel cual, a fully grammaticalized relative since the late fifteenth century.

Based on a 3,200,000 word corpus of immediacy text (mainly private letters), we test the hypothesis ofel quebeing a case of grammaticalization in progress from a variationist point of view, examining in depth what happens inside the grammar and the socio-stylistic matrix in different periods of history, from 1700 to 1960. The idea underlying this approach is that the structure of changes as well as the grammaticalization in progress can be inferred from the comparative analysis between different quantitative magnitudes of functionally similar variants. To do so, we have performed three independent mixed-effects regression analyses (Rbrul), one for each century.

The results of these comparative analyses confirm the progression ofel quein prepositional subordinate clauses between the early eighteenth century and the first half of the twentieth. Yet, this progression has taken place at a slow pace and, objectively, can only be described as moderate. Moreover, a number of elements of continuity in history are revealed, such as several conditioning factors that are systematically selected and with the same explanatory direction in all periods. This casts serious doubt on the existence of a grammaticalization in progress in the case ofel que, and sees the evolution as not essentially different from other morphosyntactic changes that have taken place in the history of Spanish.
The Introduction of SteriDefiTM: a Serious Game for Continuous Training of Sterilization Staff in French Hospitals
Authors: Robelet Antoine , Guimier-Pingault Catherine , Lambert Christophe
Published: March 2018

Sterilization is a pharmaceutical discipline constantly evolving and requiring highly qualified staff. In response to the need highlighted by French sterilization heads, the French Society for Sterilization Science (SF2S) has developed a serious game called “SteriDefiTM”. To design the game, a literature review was carried out in order to determine the essential points to be included in its specifications. The second step was to launch the IT (Information Technology) development. In parallel, a database was drafted by a panel of 8 experts in the field of sterilization. At last, the version initially produced was tested over a two-month period. The accessibility, its settings and gameplay were evaluated and improved. Data have been collected to determine the number of user establishments and games played since it was on line. In addition, a multi-centre study is planned to measure the evolution of knowledge and the satisfaction of players with the game.
Dopamine dysregulation hypothesis: the common basis for motivational anhedonia in major depressive disorder and schizophrenia?
Authors: Szczypiński Jan Józef , Gola Mateusz
Published: March 2018

Abnormalities in reward processing are crucial symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia (SCH). Recent neuroscientific findings regarding MDD have led to conclusions about two different symptoms related to reward processing: motivational and consummatory anhedonia, corresponding, respectively, to impaired motivation to obtain rewards (‘wanting’), and diminished satisfaction from consuming them (‘liking’). One can ask: which of these is common for MDD and SCH. In our review of the latest neuroscientific studies, we show that MDD and SCH do not share consummatory anhedonia, as SCH patients usually have unaltered liking. Therefore, we investigated whether motivational anhedonia is the common symptom across MDD and SCH. With regard to the similarities and differences between the neural mechanisms of MDD and SCH, here we expand the current knowledge of motivation deficits and present the common underlying mechanism of motivational anhedonia – the dopamine dysregulation hypothesis – stating that any prolonged dysregulation in tonic dopamine signaling that exceeds the given equilibrium can lead to striatal dysfunction and motivational anhedonia. The implications for further research and treatment of MDD and SCH are also discussed.
Differentiated non-differentiation: A diagrammatical approach to the trialectics of difference – from mono-dialectics to mono-trialectics
Authors: Mortier Thierry
Published: March 2018

There exist visual signs that have stood their ground throughout the ages for the simple reason that they fit the bill. They are evident or evidently true representations. The bill they fit are life, sentience, and sapience. Which is saying that it comes down to instinctive recognition, i.e., unexplainable, but unmistakably evident. They are true because we feel they are true. This paper attempts to counter the adage that “the obvious can only be explained to those that already understand it” by visually transforming the ancient sign best known as the “yin-yang sign” or Taijitu. The goal is to demonstrate that diagrammatical transformations reveal knowledge inherently present in the visual. In other words, an attempt to reinstate the status of diagram that the Taijitu originally had instead of an image, a visual, an emblem … labels that point more to what it demonstrates than to what it is, i.e., an actionable tool. To do so C. S. Peirce’s triadic sign will be juxtaposed to the sign under analysis, and his work on Existential Graphs will be used to orchestrate transformations, thus tapping into the diagrammatic nature of the sign. Following which, the similarities with Henri Lefebvre’s trialectics will be shown in the resulting diagrammatic transformations.
The expected adjacency and modularity matrices in the degree corrected stochastic block model
Authors: Fasino Dario , Tudisco Francesco
Published: March 2018

We provide explicit expressions for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices that can be written as the Hadamard product of a block partitioned matrix with constant blocks and a rank one matrix. Such matrices arise as the expected adjacency or modularity matrices in certain random graph models that are widely used as benchmarks for community detection algorithms.
Temperature-induced phase transition of isonicotinamide-malonic acid (2/1) and supramolecular construct analysis of isonicotinamide structures
Authors: Chia Tze Shyang , Quah Ching Kheng
Published: March 2018

The isonicotinamide-malonic acid (2/1) co-crystal salt (2IN·C3) exhibits a first-order displacive structural phase transition from low-temperature triclinic P1̅ crystal structure to high-temperature monoclinic C2/c crystal structure and vice versa at the transition temperatures of 298 (1) and 295 (1) K, respectively, as determined by variable-temperature SCXRD analysis and DSC measurements. The asymmetric unit of 2IN·C3 comprises three malonic acid molecules and six isonicotinamide molecules at the low-temperature phase, and this is reduced to a half-molecule of malonic acid and an isonicotinamide molecule in the high-temperature phase. The carboxyl and pyridinium H atoms are disordered at both phases. The observed phase transition near room temperature is triggered by the molecular displacement of the isonicotinamide molecule and the syn-anti conformational transformation of the malonic acid molecule with deviation angles of 10.4 and 11.7°, respectively, which induced an energy change of 19.1 kJ mol−1 in the molecular cluster comprising a central isonicotinamide molecule and eight neighboring molecules. However, the total interaction energy of the molecular cluster of a central malonic acid molecule and eight neighboring molecules does not change significantly upon the phase transition. The molecules of isonicotinamide structures except IN·IN+·triazole
‒ form zero-dimensional finite arrays or one-dimensional chains as the primary supramolecular construct by carboxyl···pyridyl (−35.9 to −56.7 kJ mol−1) and carboxamide···carboxamide (−53.6 to −68.7 kJ mol−1) or carboxyl···carboxamide (−52.6 to −67.1 kJ mol−1) synthons.
The crystal structure of nonmetamict Nb-rich zirconolite-3T from the Eifel paleovolcanic region, Germany
Authors: Zubkova Natalia V. , Chukanov Nikita V. , Pekov Igor V. , Ternes Bernd , Schüller Willi , Ksenofontov Dmitry A. , Pushcharovsky Dmitry Yu.
Published: March 2018

The crystal structure of a Nb-rich zirconolite-3T from the Laach Lake volcano, Eifel, Germany, was studied by single-crystal XRD (R=0.0295). The mineral is trigonal, P3121; unit-cell dimensions are: a=7.3095(2), c=16.9604(5) Å, V=784.78(4) Å3. The empirical formula based on 14 O atoms (Z=3) is Ca1.28Ce0.31La0.14Nd0.12Pr0.06Th0.16 Zr1.94Hf0.04Ti1.74Nb1.22Fe0.72Mn0.28O14. The crystal-chemical formula based upon the structural model is: VIII(Ca0.70 Ce0.30)VIII(Ca0.58Ce0.32Th0.10)VII(Zr0.88Th0.04Hf0.02□0.06)2
VII(□0.94 Zr0.06)2
VI(Ti0.72Nb0.26Zr0.02)VI(Ti0.50Nb0.47Zr0.03)2
IV(Fe0.355 Mn0.145)2O14 (Z=3).
Eine Renaissance völkischen Denkens?
Authors: Köck Julian
Published: March 2018

In diesem Essay wird auf die starke strukturelle Ähnlichkeit von Gedanken der äußersten Rechten (in Gestalt der Völkischen Bewegung) im späten 19. und 20. Jahrhundert und solchen hingewiesen, die heute überwiegend im linken politischen Spektrum zu finden sind. Sowohl der völkische Nationalismus als auch die „Identitätspolitik“ zielen auf die Konstruktion von Gruppen ab, denen normativer Charakter im Bezug auf ihre Mitglieder eingeräumt wird. Entsprechend werden Identitätsgruppen als die wesentlichen Träger von Gesellschaft und Staat angesehen – und nicht autarke Individuen. Der Essay formuliert abschließend die These, dass sich Rassisten und Antirassisten immer schwerer unterscheiden lassen, was letztlich nichts Gutes für Individualisten, die Vernunft und das Ideal einer aufgeklärten Gesellschaft mündiger Bürger bedeuten kann.
„Australien den Australiern“?
Authors: Kistenmacher Olaf
Published: March 2018

Die Kommunistische Internationale orientierte sich in den 1920er Jahren theoretisch und praktisch an der Analyse des Imperialismus, die 1916 Wladimir I. Lenin in Der Imperialismus als höchstes Stadium des Kapitalismus vorgenommen hatte. Dabei existierte mit Rosa Luxemburgs 1912 vorgelegter Studie Die Akkumulation des Kapitals. Ein Beitrag zur ökonomischen Erklärung des Imperialismus ein alternativer Erklärungsansatz für die imperialistischen Tendenzen kapitalistischer Staaten. Dieser wurde allerdings kaum rezipiert. Auf der Grundlage von Lenins Analyse suchte die Komintern das Bündnis mit allen nationalen Befreiungsbewegungen, auch wenn diese nicht kommunistisch oder wie im Fall der arabischen Nationalbewegung im britischen Mandatsgebiet Palästina antikommunistisch waren. Luxemburg hingegen hatte schon vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg vor den Gefahren der „‚nationalen‘ Befreiung“ gewarnt und auch die Kommunistische Partei Russlands (Bolschewiki) deutlich für deren Politik des „Selbstbestimmungsrechts der Nationen“ kritisiert.
Islamischer Antirassismus
Authors: Perrefort Felix
Published: March 2018

Weil es im Rassismusbegriff der Critical Whiteness beschlossen liegt, den Islam als „nicht-weiß“ und durch die „white supremacy“, also die westliche Zivilisation, unterdrückt zu betrachten, wird er nicht als vormoderne Herrschaftsideologie begriffen, sondern identitätspolitisch in kultureller Vielfalt aufgelöst. Die Kritik des Islams, des islamischen „Anderen“ und des Orients erscheint so als koloniale Wissensproduktion ohne triftigen Wirklichkeitsbezug. Im (Sprach-)Konstruktivismus verstrickt und deshalb ohne Bezug zum Universalismus, substituiert der Antirassismus die Kritik der Wirklichkeit durch eine ihrer Darstellung, und wird in seiner Unfähigkeit, die Islamisierung als reales und bedrohliches Phänomen zu reflektieren, zu einer Ideologie des gesellschaftlichen Appeasements ihr gegenüber.
Postkoloniale Normalisierung: Anmerkungen zur Debatte um eine koloniale Qualität von Nationalsozialismus und Holocaust
Authors: Klävers Steffen
Published: March 2018

Neuere Forschungsansätze aus dem Bereich der vergleichenden Genozidforschung und der postkolonialen Studien postulieren, dass Nationalsozialismus und Holocaust eine koloniale Qualität aufwiesen. Von qualitativen Unterschieden zwischen kolonialer und nationalsozialistischer Herrschaft und Gewalt zu sprechen, wird mit wissenschaftlichem Eurozentrismus assoziiert. Die Vorstellung einer ‚Singularität’ des Holocausts wird abgelehnt. Die zentralen Annahmen solcher Ansätze werden im Artikel rekonstruiert, untersucht und mit Erkenntnissen der Holocaust- und Antisemitismusforschung kontrastiert. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Spezifik des modernen NS-Antisemitismus in komparativ-postkolonialen Analysen des Holocaust nicht adäquat aufgegriffen wird.
Physical Test to Estimate Suitable Workloads for an Exercise Program in Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Guillamó Elisabet , Travier Noemie , Oviedo Guillermo R. , Fonseca-Nunes Ana , Alamo Juan-Mariano , Cos Francesc , Roca Ariadna , Niño Oscar , Agudo Antonio , Javierre Casimiro
Published: March 2018

Guillamó, E, Travier, N, Oviedo, GR, Fonseca-Nunes, A, Alamo, JM, Cos, F, Roca, A, Niño, O, Agudo, A, and Javierre, C. Physical test to estimate suitable workloads for an exercise program in breast cancer survivors. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3593–3599, 2020—Epidemiologic studies suggest that patients with breast cancer who gain weight after diagnosis have a higher risk of recurrence and death. Regular physical exercise can help minimize postdiagnosis weight gain. The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of a physical test for individualizing the workloads used during a fitness program. To continuously individualize the intensity of the training, a test was designed and integrated into the sessions. The test consisted in monitoring heart rate and workload during 2 bouts of cycling at moderate intensity. The workload parameters recorded during the tests were later used as reference values to plan the intensity of the next in-person training sessions. The 5 tests conducted during the 12 weeks of the intervention showed significant differences in intensity (F = 3.034, p = 0.047). Compared with the first evaluation, the intensities measured during the third, fourth, and fifth tests presented increases of 9.9% (p = 0.02), 13.2% (p = 0.019), and 17.5% (p = 0.002), respectively. A significant increase in workload with respect to body weight was observed in the physical assessment performed after the program (t = 13.2, p = 0.0001). The peak oxygen consumption with respect to body weight (peak V̇o
2) achieved by the subjects during the assessment at the end of the program had also increased (t = 9.72, p = 0.0001). The intensity test, introduced in the training sessions along with the physical exercise program, was an easy-to-use, practical tool for monitoring intensity. It allows an adjustment of the workload over the program period that respects the individual progression of each patient.
Assessment of Strengths of Crumb Rubber Concrete at Low Temperature
Authors: Zhou Ming , Cao Meiling , Pei Zhenxing , Xue Gang
Published: March 2018

The disposal of waste rubber has attracted a great deal attention because of the serious environmental problems caused by the growing overuse of rubber products. A feasible alternative that has caused concern is the incorporation of recycled materials into cementitious composites in civil construction. The performance of such materials at ambient temperature has been fully reported in the literature. However, limited data is available on the behaviors of crumb rubber concrete (CRC) at low temperature. This article studies the features of the cubic compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and tension-compression ratio of CRC specimens at ambient temperature of 20°C and low temperatures of 0°C and −30°C. By experimental tests, the effects of the rubber content and water-binder ratio on the mechanical properties were analyzed. It was shown that the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of CRC are significantly enhanced with the decrease of temperature, which is similar to the case of conventional concrete, but the trend of strength growth at low temperatures differs from the trend of strength growth at the ambient temperature of 20°C. The tension-compression ratio of CRC increases gradually with the temperature decrement, indicating that the CRC still exhibits excellent ductility at low temperature. As comparative analysis, it is known that when the water-binder ratio is 0.40, and the volume replacement rate of rubber substituted for fine aggregate is 20 %, the CRC presents optimal mechanical properties at a low temperature of −30°C. The assessment of the strengths of CRC at low temperatures may support the necessary experimental data for the application of CRC at low temperatures.
A Simple Approach to Performing Large Strain Cyclic Simple Shear Tests: Methodology and Experimental Results
Authors: Muhammad Waqas , Kang Jidong , Mishra Raja K. , Inal Kaan
Published: March 2018

A simple and efficient methodology has been proposed for characterizing the large strain cyclic simple shear behavior of engineering materials. The proposed methodology includes the use of a modified test specimen coupled with a digital image correlation system to measure the evolution of shear strains during cyclic simple shear deformation. The effectiveness and simplicity of the proposed testing procedure for cyclic simple shear testing lie in the fact that it does not require any custom test apparatus or fixtures to conduct cyclic simple shear tests. The proposed test sample for cyclic simple shear testing makes use of conventional tensile machine with standard grips to conduct the tests. Furthermore, the coupling of the digital image correlation system allows for full-field surface strain mapping, enabling measurement of shear strain evolution throughout the cyclic shear deformation, avoiding any complications associated with shear strain measurements using conventional extensometry techniques. The proposed methodology is successfully applied to characterize the large strain cyclic simple shear behavior of extruded aluminum alloy AA6063 in both T4 and T6 tempered conditions. The obtained cyclic simple shear results are further discussed in light of microstructure evolution during cyclic simple shear deformation.
Reacted and Activated Rubber (RAR)-Modified Dense-Graded Asphalt Mixtures: Design and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Kedarisetty Sampat , Saha Gourab , Biligiri Krishna Prapoorna , Sousa Jorge B.
Published: March 2018

The modification of asphalt mixtures with rubber in the conventional process includes specialized equipment for mixing and storage and concurrently necessitates reheating prior to use. Reacted and Activated Rubber (RAR) is a novel rubber-based asphalt mixture modifier that can be added into the mixture matrix without the complexities associated with wet mixing. The objective of this study was to design and assess the performance of RAR-modified dense-graded asphalt mixtures against key pavement distresses. Furthermore, the performance of RAR-modified mixtures was compared to the unmodified and commercially available rubber-modified asphalt-based mixtures. Two levels of RAR dosage at 2 and 4 % by total weight of mix were included with two different base binders. Four performance characteristics were analyzed: resistance to rutting at high temperatures, failure by fatigue, fracture energy, and susceptibility to moisture damage. Increased rut resistance and higher fatigue lives were observed for higher RAR contents. Statistical analyses revealed insignificant changes in fracture energy among the different mixtures, and all the mixtures were found to be resistant to moisture damage. RAR was concluded as a compatible promising rubber modifier with a significant potential to improve resistance of asphalt pavements against distresses and capable of providing extended life cycles. Because RAR showed significant improvement in the performance of the dense-graded asphalt mixtures, this study recommended expanding the scope of utilizing the RAR materials with other aggregate gradations both at the laboratory and field levels in future.
Reduced Orexin System Function Contributes to Resilience to Repeated Social Stress
Authors: Grafe Laura A. , Eacret Darrell , Dobkin Jane , Bhatnagar Seema
Published: March 2018

Exposure to stress increases the risk of developing affective disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, these disorders occur in only a subset of individuals, those that are more vulnerable to the effects of stress, whereas others remain resilient. The coping style adopted to deal with the stressor, either passive or active coping, is related to vulnerability or resilience, respectively. Important neural substrates that mediate responses to a stressor are the orexins. These neuropeptides are altered in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with stress-related illnesses such as depression and PTSD. The present experiments used a rodent social defeat model that generates actively coping rats and passively coping rats, which we have previously shown exhibit resilient and vulnerable profiles, respectively, to examine if orexins play a role in these stress-induced phenotypes.In situradiolabeling and qPCR revealed that actively coping rats expressed significantly lower prepro-orexin mRNA compared with passively coping rats. This led to the hypothesis that lower levels of orexins contribute to resilience to repeated social stress. To test this hypothesis, rats first underwent 5 d of social defeat to establish active and passive coping phenotypes. Then, orexin neurons were inhibited before each social defeat for three additional days using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs). Inhibition of orexins increased social interaction behavior and decreased depressive-like behavior in the vulnerable population of rats. Indeed, these data suggest that lowering orexins promoted resilience to social defeat and may be an important target for treatment of stress-related disorders.
Coexistence of neuronal and glial precursor cells in the cerebral ventricular zone of the fetal monkey: an ultrastructural immunoperoxidase analysis
Authors: Levitt P , Cooper ML , Rakic P
Published: March 2018

The cytological composition of the proliferative zones in the fetal monkey occipital lobe was examined at the light and electron microscopic levels by immunoperoxidase localization of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFA), a protein that is present in astrocytes and radial glial cells but not neurons. During the peak of neurogenesis at embryonic day 80, two distinct classes of proliferative cells, GFA- positive and GFA-negative, are intermixed in the ventricular and subventricular zones. Both cell types are readily recognized in different phases of the mitotic cycle along the ventricular surface. The results indicate that, contrary to prevailing views, (1) glial and neuronal cell lines coexist within the fetal proliferative zones and (2) the onset of glial phenotypic expression occurs prior to the last cell division.
Cyclic AMP-generating systems: regional differences in activation by adrenergic receptors in rat brain
Authors: Daly JW , Padgett W , Creveling CR , Cantacuzene D , Kirk KL
Published: March 2018

Catecholamine, histamine, and adenosine-mediated accumulations of radioactive cyclic AMP were assessed in adenine-labeled slices from eight rat brain regions. 2-Fluoronorepinephrine, a selective beta- adrenergic agonist, elicited an an accumulation of cyclic AMP in cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum, superior colliculi, thalamus, hypothalamus, and medulla-pons. In cerebral cortex and most other brain regions, the beta-adrenergic-mediated response appeared to involve primarily beta 1-adrenergic receptors, while in cerebellum, there was a significant involvement of beta 2-adrenergic receptors. 6- Fluoronorepinephrine, a selective alpha-adrenergic agonist, elicited accumulations of cyclic AMP in all regions except cerebellum. Combinations of the two fluoro derivatives afforded in all brain regions an accumulation of cyclic AMP identical with that elicited by norepinephrine. In hypothalamus, the alpha- and beta-adrenergic responses were significantly greater than additive. In cerebral cortex, the alpha-adrenergic receptor-mediated response appeared to involve alpha 1-adrenergic receptors and to be nearly completely dependent on adenosine, while in other brain regions, the dependence of the alpha- adrenergic response on adenosine was less or absent. Combinations of 6- fluoronorepinephrine and histamine had greater than additive effects in cortex and hippocampus. The results indicate that the interactive control of cyclic AMP-generating systems by alpha-adrenergic, beta- adrenergic, adenosine, and histamine receptors differs significantly among rat brain regions.