bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Earthquakes on the surface: earthquake location and area based on more than 14500 ShakeMaps
Authors: Lackner Stephanie
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Earthquake impacts are an inherently interdisciplinary topic that receives attention from many disciplines. The natural hazard of strong ground motion is the reason why earthquakes are of interest to others than seismologists. However, earthquake shaking data often receives too little attention by the general public and impact research in the social sciences. The vocabulary used to discuss earthquakes has mostly evolved within and for the discipline of seismology. Earthquake communication outside of seismology thus often uses suboptimal concepts that are not of primary concern. This study provides new theoretic concepts as well as novel quantitative data analysis based on shaking data. A dataset of relevant global earthquake ground shaking from 1960 to 2016 based on USGS ShakeMap data has been constructed and applied. Two new definitions of earthquake location (the shaking center and the shaking centroid) based on ground motion parameters are introduced and compared to the epicenter. Furthermore, the first global quantitative analysis on the size of the area that is on average exposed to strong ground motion – measured by peak ground acceleration (PGA) – is provided.
A arquitetura da informação em plataformas colaborativas como suporte para a gestão da inteligência coletiva nas organizações
Authors: Borges Paulo César Rodrigues , Rhaddour Roberto Mahmud Drumond
Published: January 2018

Objetivo. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma maneira de aproveitar as possibilidades da segunda geração de comunidades e serviços na Internet (popularmente designada por Web 2.0) no desenvolvimento de uma arquitetura da informação em plataforma colaborativa por meio de uma Wiki, descrevendo a sua utilidade para transformação do conhecimento individualizado em conhecimento acessível e dinâmico nas organizações públicas.Método. Para a organização deste estudo serão adotados procedimentos técnicos no sentido de fazer criterioso levantamento bibliográfico na literatura de referência, baseado na compilação de livros especializados, trabalhos publicados em periódicos e em outras bases de dados disponíveis.Resultados. O artigo explora a Web 2.0 e desvenda as possibilidades de uma arquitetura da informação em plataforma colaborativa por meio de uma Wiki resultando em um melhor aproveitamento da inteligência coletiva nas organizações públicas.Conclusões. Obteve-se a constatação de que as plataformas colaborativas em um modelo Wiki podem ser utilizadas como ferramenta para a transformação do conhecimento individualizado em conhecimento acessível e dinâmico, principalmente pela facilidade de uso.
Amateur content production, networked innovation and innovation policy
Authors: Quiggin John
Published: January 2018

The central common feature of a number of recent technological developments (collectively referred to as Web 2.0) is collaborative production of content on an amateur basis, that is, for motives other than commercial reward. Amateur production of content generates significant external benefits that are shared by society in general. Indeed the amateur production of various types of content is probably more socially beneficial since it is typically given away free The individual and social benefits of such activity therefore justify public policy responses to the opportunity now before us.
Economic evolution, identity dynamics and cultural science
Authors: Potts Jason
Published: January 2018

This paper introduces the concept of identity dynamics to evolutionary economic analysis. The extant literature on the economics of identity is reviewed and integrated into the micro- meso-macro model of evolutionary economic analysis. This model of identity dynamics serves to both generalise extant concern with the economics of identity as well as to integrate and develop broader psychological, social science and humanities models of identity in the context of open-system evolution as a contribution to cultural science.
‘From Cultural Studies to Cultural Science.’
Authors: Hartley John
Published: January 2018

This paper, first presented at a symposium on the ‘past, present and future of cultural studies,’ traces disciplinary changes in the study of culture from the perspective of ‘cultural science,’ a term that was used by some of the earliest practitioners of cultural studies, including Raymond Williams. The paper goes on to describe some problems with cultural studies as it has become institutionalised. It suggests that some of the concerns of the present moment, including work on the creative industries, show that a new version of cultural science is needed, based on evolutionary principles, in dialogue with the evolutionary approach in economics that was called for a century ago by Thorstein Veblen. This evolutionary turn, or ‘cultural science 2.0,’ it is argued, offers a radical and challenging future for cultural studies.
Arts and Humanities Research in the Innovation System: The UK Example
Authors: Bakhshi Hasan , Schneider Philippe , Walker Christopher
Published: January 2018

Innovation is the successful exploitation of new ideas. It is about adding value to products and services, to ways of undertaking tasks, and developing policies through the application of ideas that are new in a particular context. The importance of innovation flows from an understanding that the future of advanced economies lies in exploiting knowledge. This application of new ideas is essential in creating and maintaining high-value products and services which are prized within global markets. Policymakers increasingly recognise that their ability to address urgent social issues also rests on a wholesale commitment to innovation. Solutions to social problems such as terrorism, climate change, public health issues and ageing populations will require fresh thinking and the combined use of technological, cultural, social and economic change. The aim of this paper is to investigate the role that arts and humanities research plays in innovation and the challenges faced in making the most of its knowledge. It then goes on to explore the public funding structures that support this research in the UK, and the work of the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) in particular.
The Cultural Economy Moment?
Authors: Flew Terry
Published: January 2018

This paper explores the rise of cultural economy as a key organising concept over the 2000s. While it has intellectual precursors in political economy, sociology and postmodernism, it has been work undertaken in the fields of cultural economic geography, creative industries, the culture of service industries and cultural policy where it has come to the forefront, particularly around whether we are now in a ‘creative economy’. While work undertaken in cultural studies has contributed to these developments, the development of neo-liberalism as a meta-concept in critical theory constitutes a substantive barrier to more sustained engagement between cultural studies and economics, as it rests upon a caricature of economic discourse. The paper draws upon Michel Foucault’s lectures on neo-liberalism to indicate that there are significant problems with the neo-Marxist account hat became hegemonic over the 2000s. The paper concludes by identifying areas such as the value of information, the value of networks, motivations for participation in online social networks, and the impact of business cycles on cultural sectors as areas of potentially fruitful inter-disciplinary engagement around the nature of cultural economy.
Ethnographic Blogging: Reflections on a Methodological Experiment
Authors: Tocci Jason
Published: January 2018

This paper describes how a weblog was utilized as a major component in a long-term, multi-site ethnography with both “virtual” and physically situated research components. “Ethnographic blogging” describes not only the act of writing on a website and hoping that someone will read it, but the process of regularly maintaining a blog, and the modes of interaction and observation that this process gradually enables. In my own study of self-identified ‘geeks’ and ‘nerds,’ ethnographic blogging involved traversing news sites, forums, and other blogs for relevant content, leading to opportunities for dialogue with other bloggers and readers; establishing a persona online as a researcher, which has encouraged subjects to invite me to public and private discussions about their culture and identities; and bringing together online subjects from multiple physical sites, among other opportunities. My own experience of integrating a blog into ethnographic research was largely experimental, though I offer these reflections to encourage researchers to consider what alternative means of qualitative analysis online may have to offer us.
Identity Economics and the Creative Economy, Old and New
Authors: Herrmann-Pillath Carsten
Published: January 2018

I propose to associate the recent approaches to the economics of identity (Akerlof and Kranton, Davis) with the social network model of creative industries developed by Potts, Cunningham, Hartley and Ormerod. This implies that the latter just highlights a special case of the more general phenomenon that all economic activity is simultaneously involved in the process of agent identity formation. This conclusion is further supported by adding a third theoretical pillar, the theory of status goods. Status orders and agent identities appear to be major determinants of the nature of economic systems, resulting in contingent boundaries between systemic categorizations of production and consumption, or notions of productive processes versus non-productive ones. From that perspective, the major novelty in the emerging creative economy, viewed as a new kind of economic system, is the structural change of the social networks, which become less hierarchical and more integrated, resulting in the endogenization of identity formation. Changes in the agent identity trigger the further evolution of the economic system. This is mainly a move from an elitist and politically controlled system of the production of identities to a democratic and self-organized one, which is institutionally reflected in the increasing “marketization” of culture as a surface phenomenon. This relates to the ongoing debates over the redefinition of fundamental economic activities in the creative economy, such as viewing consumption as an essential part of the production of cultural goods.
Fashion meets journalism: Mapping and evaluating Australian fashion media
Authors: Wylie Shannon
Published: January 2018

This study demonstrates how to study fashion journalism from the point of view, that it is its own field of journalism, akin to other journalism beats such as politics, sports and health. There is scope here for comment on the co-evolution of fashion and journalism, leading to ‘fashion journalism’ developing as a distinct field of study in its own right. This research contributes more generally to the field of media and cultural studies, by developing the three-part producer/text/reader model, which is the standard ‘media studies’ analytical framework. The study of fashion media from a cultural studies perspective acknowledges that cultural studies has pioneered the formal study of both journalism and fashion, for instance in studies of women’s magazines; but it has not brought the two areas together sufficiently. What little work has been done, however, has allowed theorists to explore how magazines promote feminism and form culture, which acts as a step in concreting fashion’s importance theoretically. This thesis has contributed to cultural studies by showing the relationship between the corporate industry, of both fashion and media (producer), and the active audience (reader) can be rethought and brought up to date for the more interactive era of the 21st century.
The platform of spoof videos: The case of Tudou.com
Authors: Li Henry Siling
Published: January 2018

This paper analyses the enabling and constraining role of platforms in the development of online video-spoofing culture in China. Using Tudou.com, one of China’s most popular video-sharing sites, as a case study, the paper discusses how video-sharing sites facilitate and curtail the self, and how they negotiate and balance among users, clients and the state, teasing out the complex politics of platforms in China. Particular reference is made to three “star users”, Jiaoshou, Hu Ge and Corndog, who gained fame for themselves via the popularity of their spoof videos on this platform.
The Art of Co-Creative Media: An Australian Survey
Authors: Spurgeon Christina
Published: January 2018

This article describes how - in the processes of responding to participatory storytelling practices - community, public service, and to a lesser extent, commercial media institutions are themselves negotiated and changed. Although there are significant variations in the conditions, durability, extent, motivations and quality of these developments and their impacts, they nonetheless increase the possibilities and pathways of participatory media culture. This description first frames digital storytelling as a ‘co-creative’ media practice. It then discusses the role of community arts and cultural development (CACD) practitioners and networks as co-creative media intermediaries, and then considers their influence in Australian broadcast and Internet media. It looks at how participatory storytelling methods are evolving in the Australian context and explores some of the implications for cultural inclusion arising from a shared interest in ‘co-creative’ media methods and approaches.
Creative Users, Social Networking, and New Models of Publishing
Authors: Ren Xiang
Published: January 2018

This paper reviews the changing landscape of the publishing industry, which is being reshaped by dynamics of user co-creation, social networking and open licencing. It briefly touches on possible research themes associated with disruptive changes in the world’s oldest media/creative industry, particularly under the umbrella of “Cultural Science”. Two new models of publishing are discussed: literary self-publishing in China and open innovations in academic publishing. It argues that evolution in the publishing industry goes beyond “digital publishing” towards “new publishing in a digital world”, demanding new models serving population-wide creativity and open knowledge communication.
Can community media programmes serve as developmental approaches for at-risk youth?
Authors: Charles Rachel-Ann
Published: January 2018

This paper examines the Shoot to Live community media initiative and data collected from this study will provide a discussion on whether or not this programme can be used as a development approach for at-risk youth. Discourses on community media, youth and development will be used as the theoretical framework for this study. Accordingly, theory and practice from these constructs can be used to develop ideas that emerge from the Shoot to Live programme. This paper initially assesses some of the various degrees of success of this community media initiative. Finally, the findings of this study will play a pertinent role in the creation, evaluation and transformation of future community media programmes and youth development approaches particularly in developing countries.
Creative citizenship and the public policy process
Authors: Lee Stephen
Published: January 2018

This paper raises the question of how a proposition such as ‘Creative Citizenship’ might fit into the UK policy landscape. It begins by describing the appeal of such a concept to politicians keen to latch on to an idea that positions the electorate as creative, engaged and technologically astute. However, Creative Citizenship runs the dangers of being yet another fashionable, wide-ranging concept that political leaders tend to be ‘mesmerised’ by as they write up their election manifestos. Initiatives based on such ideas rarely meet with success and therefore for Creative Citizenship not to meet with the same fate it must be more clearly defined. The paper outlines a manifesto for Creative Citizenship that would allow for a more targeted application on those areas of public policy where the features of Creative Citizenship might be seen to be making a positive difference.
The Shortest Confidence Interval for the Mean of a Normal Distribution
Authors: Boubakar Traoré , Lassina Diabaté , Belco Touré , Abdou Fané
Published: January 2018

An interesting topic in mathematical statistics is that of the construction of the confidence intervals. Two kinds of intervals which are both based on the method of pivotal quantity are the shortest confidence interval and the equal tail confidence intervals. The aim of this paper is to clarify and comment on the finding of such intervals and to investigation the relation between the two kinds of intervals. In particular, we will give a construction technique of the shortest confidence intervals for the mean of the standard normal distribution. Examples illustrating the use of this technique are given.
Refining the Evidence: British Columbia’s Carbon Tax and Household Gasoline Consumption
Authors: Lawley Chad , Thivierge Vincent
Published: January 2018

The impact of carbon prices on consumer behavior is a central element in current policy debates dealing with mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. We examine the impact of British Columbia’s carbon tax on private automobile gasoline use.We control for several factors that influenced gasoline demand during our study period, including local public transit improvements and increased cross-border shopping. Our results suggest that a 5 cent per litre carbon tax reduced gasoline consumption by 8%. We find that households residing in Vancouver and other cities responded to the carbon tax, whereas households in small towns and rural areas did not respond. We perform several sensitivity analyses. Even our most conservative lower bound estimate suggests that a 5 cent per litre carbon tax reduced gasoline consumption by 5%.
The cost of displacing fossil fuels: Some evidence from Texas
Authors: Hartley PeterR.
Published: January 2018

Although technological progress can alter the relative costs of different energy sources, fossil fuels inevitably will be displaced as depletion raises their costs and makes them uncompetitive. They may be displaced sooner if they are taxed to internalize negative externalities. Currently, wind generation or nuclear power, supplemented by bulk electricity storage, are the most feasible alternatives to fossil fuels for electricity generation. The ERCOT ISO in Texas provides a realistic model for examining the costs of replacing fossil fuels by wind generation and storage, and for comparing wind power with generation based on nuclear and storage. ERCOT is relatively isolated from neighboring grids, and wind power was almost a quarter of its total generating capacity at the end of 2016. Using the ERCOT example, we also discuss how the long-run configuration of the electricity supply system affects evolution away from a system dominated by natural gas.
The Other Renewable: Hydropower Upgrades and Renewable Portfolio Standards
Authors: Fleten Stein-Erik , Mauritzen Johannes , Ullrich Carl J.
Published: January 2018

A total of 29 U.S. states and the District of Columbia have in place mandatory Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) which require that a minimum amount of energy come from renewable resources. We investigate the role of hydropower vis-a-vis other renewables under RPS. Using a Bayesian multilevel model, we find that hydropower plants subject to RPS are more likely to plan upgrades. These planned upgrades appear to be a substitute for solar and wind rather than complementary reserve generation.
Vintage Capital, Technology Adoption and Electricity Demand-Side Management
Authors: Cai Wenbiao , Grant Hugh , Pandey Manish
Published: January 2018

Demand-side Management (DSM) programs by electricity utilities report substantial energy savings that often receive little support from empirical studies. We argue that this discrepancy results from an inherently static view of technology adoption by utilities when estimating future energy savings. We illustrate this through a simple model of technology adoption, in which households operate different vintages of appliances and have heterogenous forecasts about the rate of future technological progress. An “energy efficiency gap” arises when households under-estimate the true rate of technological progress. We parameterize the model using data on refrigerators and show that a DSM program that subsidizes adoption of energy-efficient refrigerators yields small energy saving that, in most cases, do not justify the cost of the subsidy.
Effect of post-weld heat treatment on
thermal diffusivity in UNS S32304 duplex
stainless steel welds
Authors: Betini E.G. , Mucsi C.S. , Luz T.S. , Orlando M.T.D. , Avettand-Fènoël M-N. , Rossi J.L.
Published: January 2018

Purpose: The thermal diffusivity variation of UNS S32304 duplex stainless steel welds was
studied after pulsed GTA welding autogenous process without filler addition. This property
was measured in the transverse section of thin plates after welding process and post-heat
treated at 750°C for 8 h followed by air-cooling.
Design/methodology/approach: The present work reports measurements of thermal
diffusivity using the laser-flash method. The thermal cycles of welding were acquired during
welding by means of k-type thermocouples in regions near the weld joint. The used shielding
gas was pure argon and 98% argon plus 2% of nitrogen. The temperature profiles were
obtained using a digital data acquisition system.
Findings: It was found an increase of thermal diffusivity after welding process and a
decrease of these values after the heat treatment regarding the solidified weld pool zone,
irrespective of the welding protection atmosphere. The microstructure was characterized
and an increase of austenite phase in the solidified and heat-affected zones was observed
for post-weld heat-treated samples.
Research limitations/implications: It suggests more investigation and new measurements
about the influence of the shielding gas variation on thermal diffusivity in the heat-affected zone.
Practical implications: The nuclear industry, especially, requests alloys with high thermal
stability in pipes for power generation systems and safe transportation equipment’s for
radioactive material. Thus, the duplex stainless steel grades have improved this stability
over standard grades and potentially increase the upper service temperature reliability of
the equipment.
Originality/value: After heat treatment, the welded plate with 98%Ar plus 2%N2 as
shielding gas presented a thermal diffusivity closer to the as received sample. By means of
2%-nitrogen addition in shielding gas during GTAW welding of duplex stainless steel may
facilitate austenite phase reformation, and then promotes stability on the thermal diffusivity
of duplex stainless steels alloys.
Representações sociais de escrita em curso de formação docente: objeto de ensino e objeto de inserção nas práticas letradas acadêmicas
Authors: Gois Oliveira Hermano Aroldo , Lino de Araújo Denise
Published: January 2018

Este trabalho objetiva descrever a representação de escrita acadêmica em cursos de licenciaturas em Letras à luz do fenômeno das representações sociais desenvolvido por Moscovici (2013) e colaboradores (JOVCHELOVITCH; GUARESCHI, 1994). A metodologia utilizada é de base qualitativa, a qual segue os procedimentos da pesquisa experiencial (MICCOLI, 2014) e da pesquisa exploratória (GIL, 1994). Em se tratando da coleta de dados, foi aplicado 1 (um) questionário e realizadas 3 (três) sessões reflexivas com grupos de graduandos de Cursos de Letras de 3 (três) instituições de nível superior localizadas no estado da Paraíba, Brasil. O corpus é constituído por um conjunto de depoimentos. Os resultados indicam que os saberes revelados por graduandos servem de fomento para a formulação da representação social de escrita acadêmica como objeto de ensino, apresentado pelos cursos e objeto de inserção nas práticas letradas requisitadas no ensino superior.
Coleta, processamento, comercialização e sustentabilidade da produção extrativista da região sudoeste Mato Grossense, Brasil
Authors: Mendes Maurício Ferreira , Neves Sandra Mara Alves da Silva , Silva Marcela de Almeida , Paiva Sophia Leitão Pastorello de , Kreitlow Jesã Pereira
Published: January 2018

RESUMO: O extrativismo vegetal é uma atividade realizada desde os primórdios da civilização, praticada pelos povos nativos que habitavam o território brasileiro há mais de quinhentos anos, na atualidade, vários agricultores familiares de assentamentos e comunidades rurais desenvolvem a prática do extrativismo. Este trabalho visa investigar a produção extrativista, com abordagem sobre coleta, processamento, comercialização e sustentabilidade do extrativismo desenvolvido pelos agricultores familiares da região Sudoeste Mato-grossense, contidos na bacia do Alto Paraguai. O estudo de campo foi conduzido entre março e julho de 2012. Foram identificados a atividade extrativista de frutos do Cerrado em três assentamentos: a) Bom Jardim/Furna São José, b) Corixo, e c) Margarida Alves, o que encaminhou a definição do universo de pesquisa a corresponder a 100%. As informações foram coletadas através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, posteriormente foram elaboradas cartas-imagem dos assentamentos, com destaque para as áreas de coleta via Geotecnologias. Conclui-se que a produção extrativista na área de estudo é praticada por trinta famílias que coletam cumbaru (Dipteryx alata), pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) e babaçu (Attalea speciosa), para alimentação e para complementar a renda via comercialização de subprodutos dos frutos nos próprios assentamentos e via mercado institucional (políticas públicas). Os agricultores familiares praticam um extrativismo sustentável, pois retiram em média de 14% a 34% dos frutos do ambiente, deixando o restante para a alimentação da fauna silvestre; utilizam práticas sustentáveis, com destaque para produção de mudas para enriquecer as áreas de coleta, contribuindo para a regeneração de novas espécies e o crescimento populacional das fruteiras nativas da região.
miR-9 regulates basal ganglia-dependent developmental vocal learning and adult vocal performance in songbirds
Authors: Shi Zhimin , Piccus Zoe , Zhang Xiaofang , Yang Huidi , Jarrell Hannah , Ding Yan , Teng Zhaoqian , Tchernichovski Ofer , Li XiaoChing
Published: January 2018

miR-9 is an evolutionarily conserved miRNA that is abundantly expressed in Area X, a basal ganglia nucleus required for vocal learning in songbirds. Here, we report that overexpression of miR-9 in Area X of juvenile zebra finches impairs developmental vocal learning, resulting in a song with syllable omission, reduced similarity to the tutor song, and altered acoustic features. miR-9 overexpression in juveniles also leads to more variable song performance in adulthood, and abolishes social context-dependent modulation of song variability. We further show that these behavioral deficits are accompanied by downregulation of FoxP1 and FoxP2, genes that are known to be associated with language impairments, as well as by disruption of dopamine signaling and widespread changes in the expression of genes that are important in circuit development and functions. These findings demonstrate a vital role for miR-9 in basal ganglia function and vocal communication, suggesting that dysregulation of miR-9 in humans may contribute to language impairments and related neurodevelopmental disorders.
Output variability across animals and levels in a motor system
Authors: Wenning Angela , Norris Brian J , Günay Cengiz , Kueh Daniel , Calabrese Ronald L
Published: January 2018

Rhythmic behaviors vary across individuals. We investigated the sources of this output variability across a motor system, from the central pattern generator (CPG) to the motor plant. In the bilaterally symmetric leech heartbeat system, the CPG orchestrates two coordinations in the bilateral hearts with different intersegmental phase relations (Δϕ) and periodic side-to-side switches. Population variability is large. We show that the system is precise within a coordination, that differences in repetitions of a coordination contribute little to population output variability, but that differences between bilaterally homologous cells may contribute to some of this variability. Nevertheless, much output variability is likely associated with genetic and life history differences among individuals. Variability of Δϕ were coordination-specific: similar at all levels in one, but significantly lower for the motor pattern than the CPG pattern in the other. Mechanisms that transform CPG output to motor neurons may limit output variability in the motor pattern.
Functional role of the type 1 pilus rod structure in mediating host-pathogen interactions
Authors: Spaulding Caitlin N , Schreiber Henry Louis , Zheng Weili , Dodson Karen W , Hazen Jennie E , Conover Matt S , Wang Fengbin , Svenmarker Pontus , Luna-Rico Areli , Francetic Olivera , Andersson Magnus , Hultgren Scott , Egelman Edward H
Published: January 2018

Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), which cause urinary tract infections (UTI), utilize type 1 pili, a chaperone usher pathway (CUP) pilus, to cause UTI and colonize the gut. The pilus rod, comprised of repeating FimA subunits, provides a structural scaffold for displaying the tip adhesin, FimH. We solved the 4.2 Å resolution structure of the type 1 pilus rod using cryo-electron microscopy. Residues forming the interactive surfaces that determine the mechanical properties of the rod were maintained by selection based on a global alignment of fimA sequences. We identified mutations that did not alter pilus production in vitro but reduced the force required to unwind the rod. UPEC expressing these mutant pili were significantly attenuated in bladder infection and intestinal colonization in mice. This study elucidates an unappreciated functional role for the molecular spring-like property of type 1 pilus rods in host-pathogen interactions and carries important implications for other pilus-mediated diseases.
Variability in neural networks
Authors: Kick Daniel R , Schulz David J
Published: January 2018

Experiments on neurons in the heart system of the leech reveal why rhythmic behaviors differ between individuals.
Improved Satellite Estimation of Near‐Surface Humidity Using Vertical Water Vapor Profile Information
Authors: Tomita H. , Hihara T. , Kubota M.
Published: January 2018

Near‐surface air‐specific humidity is a key variable in the estimation of air‐sea latent heat flux and evaporation from the ocean surface. An accurate estimation over the global ocean is required for studies on global climate, air‐sea interactions, and water cycles. Current remote sensing techniques are problematic and a major source of errors for flux and evaporation. Here we propose a new method to estimate surface humidity using satellite microwave radiometer instruments, based on a new finding about the relationship between multichannel brightness temperatures measured by satellite sensors, surface humidity, and vertical moisture structure. Satellite estimations using the new method were compared with in situ observations to evaluate this method, confirming that it could significantly improve satellite estimations with high impact on satellite estimation of latent heat flux. We recommend the adoption of this method for any satellite microwave radiometer observations.
The Effect of Hot Protons on Magnetosonic Waves Inside and Outside the Plasmapause: New Observations and Theoretic Results
Authors: Liu Bin , Li Liuyuan , Yu Jiang , Cao Jinbin
Published: January 2018

Based on the wave and proton observations by Van Allen Probes A and B, we examined the effects of hot protons (0.01–50 keV) on fast magnetosonic (MS) waves inside and outside the Earth's plasmasphere. In the low‐density plasma trough outside the plasmapause, the gyroresonance interactions between hot protons and MS waves not only cause the MS wave growth at some frequencies but also lead to the damping of MS waves at other frequencies, which depends on the proton phase space density gradient and the ambient plasma density. The gyroresonance of the observed hot protons cannot excite MS waves near the lower hybrid resonance frequency and even causes the MS wave damping. Thus, the frequencies of the observed MS waves outside the plasmapause are usually lower than the lower hybrid resonance frequency. In the high‐density plasmasphere, the observed hot protons merely lead to the weak gyrodamping of MS waves. The persistent existence of lower band MS waves indicates that the weak gyrodamping effect of hot protons on MS waves is ignorable in the high‐density plasmasphere.
Ionospheric Irregularities at Mars Probed by MARSIS Topside Sounding
Authors: Harada Y. , Gurnett D. A. , Kopf A. J. , Halekas J. S. , Ruhunusiri S.
Published: January 2018

The upper ionosphere of Mars contains a variety of perturbations driven by solar wind forcing from above and upward propagating atmospheric waves from below. Here we explore the global distribution and variability of ionospheric irregularities around the exobase at Mars by analyzing topside sounding data from the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) instrument on board Mars Express. As irregular structure gives rise to off‐vertical echoes with excess propagation time, the diffuseness of ionospheric echo traces can be used as a diagnostic tool for perturbed reflection surfaces. The observed properties of diffuse echoes above unmagnetized regions suggest that ionospheric irregularities with horizontal wavelengths of tens to hundreds of kilometers are particularly enhanced in the winter hemisphere and at high solar zenith angles. Given the known inverse dependence of neutral gravity wave amplitudes on the background atmospheric temperature, the ionospheric irregularities probed by MARSIS are most likely associated with plasma perturbations driven by atmospheric gravity waves. Though extreme events with unusually diffuse echoes are more frequently observed for high solar wind dynamic pressures during some time intervals, the vast majority of the diffuse echo events are unaffected by varying solar wind conditions, implying limited influence of solar wind forcing on the generation of ionospheric irregularities. Combination of remote and in situ measurements of ionospheric irregularities would offer the opportunity for a better understanding of the ionospheric dynamics at Mars.
The Interactive Effect of Multiple Stressors on Crustacean Zooplankton Communities in Montane Lakes
Authors: Brittain Jeffrey T. , Strecker Angela L.
Published: January 2018

Nonnative fish introductions have altered thousands of naturally fishless montane lakes, resulting in cascading food web repercussions. Nitrogen deposition has been recognized as an anthropogenic contributor to acidification and eutrophication of freshwater ecosystems, which may affect the abundance and composition of planktonic communities. This study identified responses of zooplankton communities from two lakes (fish present versus absent) in Mount Rainier National Park to manipulations simulating an episodic disturbance of acidification and eutrophication via nitrogen addition in mesocosms. Zooplankton communities from lakes with different food web structure (i.e., fish present or absent) responded differently to the singular effects of acid and nitrogen addition. For instance, zooplankton biomass decreased in the acid treatment of the fishless lake experiment, but increased in response to acid in the fish‐present experiment. In contrast, the combination of acid and nitrogen often resulted in weak responses for both lake types, resulting in nonadditive effects, i.e., the net effect of the stressors was in the opposite direction than predicted, which is known as a reversal or “ecological surprise.” This experiment demonstrates the difficulty in predicting the interactive effects of multiple stressors on aquatic communities, which may pose significant challenges for habitat restoration through fish removal.
Estimating Wetland Connectivity to Streams in the Prairie Pothole Region: An Isotopic and Remote Sensing Approach
Authors: Brooks J. R. , Mushet D. M. , Vanderhoof M. K. , Leibowitz S. G. , Christensen J. R. , Neff B. P. , Rosenberry D. O. , Rugh W. D. , Alexander L. C.
Published: January 2018

Understanding hydrologic connectivity between wetlands and perennial streams is critical to understanding the reliance of stream flow on inputs from wetlands. We used the isotopic evaporation signal in water and remote sensing to examine wetland‐stream hydrologic connectivity within the Pipestem Creek watershed, North Dakota, a watershed dominated by prairie‐pothole wetlands. Pipestem Creek exhibited an evaporated‐water signal that had approximately half the isotopic‐enrichment signal found in most evaporatively enriched prairie‐pothole wetlands. Groundwater adjacent to Pipestem Creek had isotopic values that indicated recharge from winter precipitation and had no significant evaporative enrichment, indicating that enriched surface water did not contribute significantly to groundwater discharging into Pipestem Creek. The estimated surface water area necessary to generate the evaporation signal within Pipestem Creek was highly dynamic, varied primarily with the amount of discharge, and was typically greater than the immediate Pipestem Creek surface water area, indicating that surficial flow from wetlands contributed to stream flow throughout the summer. We propose a dynamic range of spilling thresholds for prairie‐pothole wetlands across the watershed allowing for wetland inputs even during low‐flow periods. Combining Landsat estimates with the isotopic approach allowed determination of potential (Landsat) and actual (isotope) contributing areas in wetland‐dominated systems. This combined approach can give insights into the changes in location and magnitude of surface water and groundwater pathways over time. This approach can be used in other areas where evaporation from wetlands results in a sufficient evaporative isotopic signal.
Accuracy of Snow Water Equivalent Estimated From GPS Vertical Displacements: A Synthetic Loading Case Study for Western U.S. Mountains
Authors: Enzminger Thomas L. , Small Eric E. , Borsa Adrian A.
Published: January 2018

GPS monitoring of solid Earth deformation due to surface loading is an independent approach for estimating seasonal changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS). In western United States (WUSA) mountain ranges, snow water equivalent (SWE) is the dominant component of TWS and an essential water resource. While several studies have estimated SWE from GPS‐measured vertical displacements, the error associated with this method remains poorly constrained. We examine the accuracy of SWE estimated from synthetic displacements at 1,395 continuous GPS station locations in the WUSA. Displacement at each station is calculated from the predicted elastic response to variations in SWE from SNODAS and soil moisture from the NLDAS‐2 Noah model. We invert synthetic displacements for TWS, showing that both seasonal accumulation and melt as well as year‐to‐year fluctuations in peak SWE can be estimated from data recorded by the existing GPS network. Because we impose a smoothness constraint in the inversion, recovered TWS exhibits mass leakage from mountain ranges to surrounding areas. This leakage bias is removed via linear rescaling in which the magnitude of the gain factor depends on station distribution and TWS anomaly patterns. The synthetic GPS‐derived estimates reproduce approximately half of the spatial variability (unbiased root mean square error ∼50%) of TWS loading within mountain ranges, a considerable improvement over GRACE. The inclusion of additional simulated GPS stations improves representation of spatial variations. GPS data can be used to estimate mountain‐range‐scale SWE, but effects of soil moisture and other TWS components must first be subtracted from the GPS‐derived load estimates.
Estimating Discharge in Low‐Order Rivers With High‐Resolution Aerial Imagery
Authors: King Tyler V. , Neilson Bethany T. , Rasmussen Mitchell T.
Published: January 2018

Remote sensing of river discharge promises to augment in situ gauging stations, but the majority of research in this field focuses on large rivers (>50 m wide). We present a method for estimating volumetric river discharge in low‐order (<50 m wide) rivers from remotely sensed data by coupling high‐resolution imagery with one‐dimensional hydraulic modeling at so‐called virtual gauging stations. These locations were identified as locations where the river contracted under low flows, exposing a substantial portion of the river bed. Topography of the exposed river bed was photogrammetrically extracted from high‐resolution aerial imagery while the geometry of the remaining inundated portion of the channel was approximated based on adjacent bank topography and maximum depth assumptions. Full channel bathymetry was used to create hydraulic models that encompassed virtual gauging stations. Discharge for each aerial survey was estimated with the hydraulic model by matching modeled and remotely sensed wetted widths. Based on these results, synthetic width‐discharge rating curves were produced for each virtual gauging station. In situ observations were used to determine the accuracy of wetted widths extracted from imagery (mean error 0.36 m), extracted bathymetry (mean vertical RMSE 0.23 m), and discharge (mean percent error 7% with a standard deviation of 6%). Sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine the influence of inundated channel bathymetry and roughness parameters on estimated discharge. Comparison of synthetic rating curves produced through sensitivity analyses show that reasonable ranges of parameter values result in mean percent errors in predicted discharges of 12%–27%.
Tuning Fractures With Dynamic Data
Authors: Yao Mengbi , Chang Haibin , Li Xiang , Zhang Dongxiao
Published: January 2018

Flow in fractured porous media is crucial for production of oil/gas reservoirs and exploitation of geothermal energy. Flow behaviors in such media are mainly dictated by the distribution of fractures. Measuring and inferring the distribution of fractures is subject to large uncertainty, which, in turn, leads to great uncertainty in the prediction of flow behaviors. Inverse modeling with dynamic data may assist to constrain fracture distributions, thus reducing the uncertainty of flow prediction. However, inverse modeling for flow in fractured reservoirs is challenging, owing to the discrete and non‐Gaussian distribution of fractures, as well as strong nonlinearity in the relationship between flow responses and model parameters. In this work, building upon a series of recent advances, an inverse modeling approach is proposed to efficiently update the flow model to match the dynamic data while retaining geological realism in the distribution of fractures. In the approach, the Hough‐transform method is employed to parameterize non‐Gaussian fracture fields with continuous parameter fields, thus rendering desirable properties required by many inverse modeling methods. In addition, a recently developed forward simulation method, the embedded discrete fracture method (EDFM), is utilized to model the fractures. The EDFM maintains computational efficiency while preserving the ability to capture the geometrical details of fractures because the matrix is discretized as structured grid, while the fractures being handled as planes are inserted into the matrix grids. The combination of Hough representation of fractures with the EDFM makes it possible to tune the fractures (through updating their existence, location, orientation, length, and other properties) without requiring either unstructured grids or regridding during updating. Such a treatment is amenable to numerous inverse modeling approaches, such as the iterative inverse modeling method employed in this study, which is capable of dealing with strongly nonlinear problems. A series of numerical case studies with increasing complexity are set up to examine the performance of the proposed approach.
Evaluation of the location potential of commercial facilities as a place of refuge: A case study on facilities providing food in the Kii Peninsula
Authors: Sanuki Ryo , Satoh Eiji , Suzuki Tatsuya , Yoshikawa Tohru , Maki Norio
Published: January 2018

The purpose of the study is to analyze the effect of establishing places of refuge in commercial facilities in addition to public facilities. To this end, the differences in accessibility of the places of refuge were analyzed across the Kii Peninsula and Matsuzaka City among various cases of facilities providing food. The analysis of the Kii Peninsula shows that supermarkets would be most useful. The analysis in Matsuzaka City shows that the facilities providing food would be useful to increase robustness and decrease the distance to refuges but less effective than refuge buildings on the coast in case of tsunami.
Attitudes of Students Toward NESTs and
NNESTs
Authors: Uzum Baburhan
Published: January 2018

This entry provides a review of studies exploring students' attitudes toward native English‐speaking teachers (NESTs) and non‐native English‐speaking teachers (NNESTs). The findings from a collection of studies suggest that students recognize individual qualities of NESTs and NNESTs alike, based on their teachers' background, pedagogy, and linguistic abilities, and therefore do not have a clear preference for one over another. In an ideal situation, they would prefer to be taught by teachers who have the experience and professionalism to best meet their learning needs and accomplish their goals. The pedagogical implications from previous research include creating awareness for students, teachers, and administrators in an attempt to enable NESTs and NNESTs to achieve their highest potential and become effective teachers regardless of their nativeness or non‐nativeness.
Challenges Faced by
NNESTs
Authors: Kamhi‐Stein Lía D.
Published: January 2018

Non‐native English‐speaking teachers (NNESTs) face a variety of challenges. These include, but are not limited to, issues of discrimination in hiring practices in and outside inner‐circle countries; challenges based on the intersection between race and language status; and the label “non‐native speaker.” This entry describes the challenges and presents a variety of recommendations designed to address the challenges.
Gender and
NNESTs
Authors: Park Gloria , Moe Kristiane
Published: January 2018

This entry focuses specifically on issues of gender for language teachers from diverse contexts. First, the impetus for championing the “non” in non‐native English‐speaking teachers (NNESTs) is discussed, before moving on to a brief historical overview of the scholarship on NNESTs. With the long‐standing notion of teaching being perceived as gendered work, the scholarship focusing on gender is examined, especially those studies that explicate the intersection of gender and NNESTs. While the scholarship reviewed in this entry is limited in scope, there is much insight gained from the experiences of women teachers from diverse contexts. This entry concludes with a discussion of the pedagogical implications that can be modified and implemented throughout a variety of educational spaces.