bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Progress of Greek Epigraphy, 1914–15
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: May 2006

The following summary is intended to cover the period from July, 1914, to June, 1915, inclusive. That it is at all complete I hardly dare to hope: the circumstances of the year have rendered the task of compilation peculiarly difficult, and I can but claim to have done my best to render the account as full and as accurate as I could with the materials accessible to me.

General.—Of the great collections of inscriptions the only one which has made progress during the period under review is, so far as my knowledge goes, the Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes, to which has been added a fresh fascicule containing 313 texts, some of which come from the islands off the S.W. coast of Asia Minor (Cos, Nisyrus, Syme, Chalce, Rhodes, Carpathus), while the greater number belong to Lydia.
Relics of Graeco-Egyptian Schools
Authors: Milne J. Grafton
Published: May 2006

In the winter of 1905–6 Mr. C. T. Currelly and I acquired a large number of ostraka from the dealers of Luxor and Karnak, amongst which were several examples of school exercises. A few ostraka of this class, and tablets of a similar kind, have already been published; and, by comparison of these with our collection, it is possible to gather some facts in connexion with the methods of instruction pursued in the Greek schools of Egypt.

The ostraka purchased were said by the dealers to have come mainly from the neighbourhood of Karnak, and to have been found at different times during the preceding five years. The majority of those here published—all those from our collection except numbers II, IV, VI, IX, X, XVI, and XVII —appear, however, to belong to one group: they are written on pottery which is discoloured in a rather unusual way, and are very distinct in this respect from any other of those bought with them; while from the general character of the writing the texts upon them may with reasonable probability be regarded as contemporary. It seems in accordance with the facts to suppose that the finder of these ostraka had chanced on a spot where a schoolmaster of Thebes had taught his classes in the open air near a rubbish heap, on which material for writing exercises might be obtained in plenty, to be thrown away again as soon as used: or possibly, if it is more in accordance with educational dignity to imagine the school as held among more savoury surroundings, we may have here the contents of the waste-ostrakon-basket which were deposited on the dust-tip after a day's work.
The Archaic Artemisia
Authors: Hogarth D. G.
Published: May 2006

May I be allowed to correct and hereby to do penance for a blunder which defaces three or four passages in the recent British Museum publication on Ephesus ? A mental confusion between Lygdamis, the leader of the Cimmerians or Treres, who probably burned one of the earlier Artemisia, and Pythagoras, a pre-Persian tyrant, who is said to have had to build a temple at Ephesus in expiation for desecrating ‘the Hieron,’ took possession of me during the lapse of a year between writing Chapters I. and XIV., and led me to make the absurd suggestion on p. 245 that Temple B was completed ‘perhaps at the cost of Lygdamis by the middle of the seventh century,’ and to call the latter a ‘tyrant’ and a ‘traitor.’ The last epithet is particularly uncalled for, since the little we know of Lygdamis shows him as a bold tribal leader who died at the head of his horde. If he burned Temple A, neither he nor Pythagoras was the builder of Temple B; and if the latter built any Artemision it can only have been either Temple A (after desecrating a pre-existent hieron) or Temple C. But, as I have stated on p. 7, it is so doubtful whether there is any reference to the Artemision at all in the solitary extant passage regarding Pythagoras, that the suggestion of his responsibility for any of the primitive shrines on the site is hardly worth making. This mental confusion passed away from me in Syria while reflecting on the westward expeditions of Assurbanipal, in attacking whose Cilician vassal Lygdamis came by his death; but it was then too late to make amends even in a list of errata, as I had left the book passed for press on quitting England.
The Athenian Army in 431 B.C.
Authors: Fawcus G. E.
Published: May 2006

According to the above statement Athens had in 431 a field force of 13,000 and a garrison force of 16,000 ‘oldest and youngest and aliens,’ both apparently consisting solely of hoplites. Let us examine the different categories composing the garrison force. A roll was kept of all Athenians between the ages of 18 and 60, and these men were all liable to some sort of service (Arist. Resp. Ath. 53, Pollux 2. 11). For the first two years of their service the young Athenians were enrolled among the περίπολοι and after a preliminary training they were sent to guard the frontier forts (φρουροῦσιτὰ δύο ἔτη Arist. Resp. Ath. 42). The words ἐν τοῖς φρουρίους in the passage before us, leave little doubt that these are the men designated as νεώτατοι On the same principle we are entitled to look for the πρεσβύτατοι among the oldest men included on the roll, not among the citizens over 60 years of age. The normal age at which an Athenian was transferred from the field force to the reserve was apparently 50: thus Lycurgus (in Leocr. 39) speaks of Athens being defended by men over 50 after the battle of Chaeronea, and Socrates, who served at Amphipolis when in his forty-seventh year (Plato, Apol. 28 E), is not heard of on foreign expeditions after that date, though Plato was fond of referring to his exploits on active service (Symp. 219 E, Charm. 153 A, Laches 181 A).
A Collection of Sketches by C. R. Cockerell, R.A.
Authors: Hutton C. A.
Published: May 2006

By the generosity of Mr. S. Pepys Cockerell the British Museum has recently come into possession of three volumes of sketches, plans, etc., made by his father, C. R. Cockerell, R.A., during the seven years (1810–1817) in which he was travelling in S. Europe and the Levant.

The Collection contains about 500 sketches, a few in water-colour, sepia, and Indian-ink, the rest in pencil, and is of great interest both artistically and archaeologically. On its artistic interest I do not propose to dwell; Cockerell's merits as an artist have always been recognised, and these delicate water-colour and pencil notes, in which there is not an unnecessary or an unmeaning line, are quite up to the level of his finished work.
The Base of the Obelisk of Theodosius
Authors: Traquair Ramsay , Wace A. J. B.
Published: May 2006

During a visit to Constantinople in July 1905 I spent some little time in studying the base of the obelisk of Theodosius in the Hippodrome (Fig. 1). An examination of the construction of the base and its sculpture led to the view that it was composed of material older than the reign of Theodosius. I subsequently read a paper on the subject at an open meeting of the British School at Rome. In the summer of 1906, Mr. Traquair, architectural student of the British School at Athens, made a detailed study of the construction of the base. His conclusions confirm the view which I had previously expressed. The present paper, which merely claims to put forward the reasons for assigning an earlier date to the base as briefly and clearly as possible, consists of two parts, Mr. Traquair's architectural report, and my own archaeological discussion of the questions raised. Both Mr. Traquair and myself owe much to the kind assistance of Dr. Van Millingen, for but for his aid this paper would never have been written.
Cleostratus Redivivus
Authors: Webb E. J.
Published: May 2006

The question when, and by whom, our constellations were invented, will probably never lose its fascination, because it is never likely to find its solution. For those who have allowed themselves to be brought under its spell the name of Cleostratus has a special interest. If we could by any means learn more about the man who is said to have been in some sort the deviser of our zodiac, we might obtain a light upon the history of the celestial globe which at present seems likely to be for ever withheld, unless some Egyptian papyrus should reveal some part of the lost History of Astronomy by Eudemus.

By his careful collection—in the December number of this Journal, 1919—of all the notices that we have of Cleostratus, Dr. W. K. Fotheringham therefore deserves a gratitude which I am the more anxious to express because I cannot at all agree with the theory of Babylonian influence which he deduces from them, nor with the interpretation of Greek and Latin passages which he puts forward in support of that theory. The latter point I could willingly leave to the criticism of scholars abler than myself, whom I cannot think likely to be convinced by Dr. Fotheringham that the passages bear the sense which he has endeavoured to extract from them.
Ikaros and Perdix on a Fifth-Century Vase?
Authors: Rose H. J.
Published: May 2006

In discussing Ikaros as represented on vase-paintings, Prof. J. D. Beazley has, I think, omitted one consideration which throws further light on a detail of the subject and strengthens his contention as regards the interpretation of a painting. He shows a picture from what he describes as ‘a small red-figured lekythos, of about 470 B.C.,’ which represents a winged youth either rising or sinking; he interprets him as sinking, which indeed the general attitude suggests, and calls attention to the presence just above him of a bird, which ‘is flying almost straight down.… The bird acts as the directional arrow in cartography.’ He therefore concludes that the artist has chosen for his subject the fall of Ikaros during the escape from Crete.

That the bird is not there merely to fill up space I heartily agree; Greek artists of the fifth century were not fond of such tricks, having little or no horror uacui and possessing the precious talent of stopping when they had nothing more to say. That it incidentally shows the direction in which the chief figure moves I am perfectly ready to believe; it is a convention conceivable in itself and made reasonably probable—I do not think it is actually proved—by the other examples cited. But surely it is still better if the bird is part of the story, and this I believe it is.
Cleostratus
Authors: Fotheringham J. K.
Published: May 2006

I do not know of any book or published paper devoted to Cleostratus. In the indexes to most histories of astronomy you will seek his name in vain, and, where you do find it, you are referred to a few jejune paragraphs or more often to a single sentence. Boll in his Sphaera (1903) honours him with three pages (191–194), based on a passage in Pliny and a scholium on Euripides, but he misinterprets both passages and holds one of them to be based on a misunderstanding of some older writer. Nearly all the passages bearing on him are to be found with notes of varying value in Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, ii. (1912), pp. 197, 198, where they occupy rather more than a page. Some valuable comments and one reference which is not in Diels will be found in Breithaupt's treatise De Parmenisco Grammatico (1915). And yet, for all this neglect, there are attributed to Cleostratus two capital contributions to Greek astronomy, viz. the introduction of the signs of the zodiac and the authorship of the eight years' cycle of intercalations.
Some more Fragments of Attic Treasure-Records of the Fifth Century
Authors: Woodward A. M.
Published: May 2006

The following five inscribed fragments of Pentelic marble, which I have recognised as belonging to the series of Attic Treasure-records of the fifth century B.C., have lain for many years among the unpublished inscriptions from the Acropolis in the Epigraphical Museum at Athens. This series of records, as regards the objects dedicated in the ‘Pronaos,’ the ‘Hekatompedon’ and the ‘Parthenon,’ has been studied and restored in minute detail as far as is permitted by the existing pieces, and the results are now conveniently collected in I.G. I.2, Nos. 248–92 b. For the first twenty years our information is fairly complete, but from 414/13 onwards the lists are much more fragmentary, particularly for the Parthenon-Treasures. The five pieces published here unfortunately take us only a little way towards establishing completer texts for any year: two belong to the Pronaos-records, the rest to those of the Hekatompedon, Nos. 1 and 2 to the years 433/2 and 411/10 of the former series, and Nos. 3, 4 and 5 to the years 427/6, 412/11 and 411/10 of the Hekatompedon-lists, respectively.

It will perhaps simplify reference to show in tabular form which stelai are preserved, in whole or in part, and which are totally lost from the lists of these two groups, from their beginning in 434/3 down to 407/6, when the objects in the Pronaos, with the single exception of a golden crown, were handed over by the treasurers concerned (Ηοι ταμίαι το̂ν ἠιερο̂ν χρεμάτον τε̂ς ᾿Αθεναίας) to the Hellenotamiai, and the Pronaos-records naturally come to an end.
Charinos
Authors: Beazley J. D.
Published: May 2006

Buschor, by his Crocodile, has brought order into the study of Attic plastic vases, but even after Buschor much remains to be done. I propose to examine and classify the Attic vases in the form of human heads. I shall not discuss, or not fully, either the vases in the form of complete human figures —the Dionysos in London, the satyrs in Saraievo and Taranto; or the sphinxes; or the groups—mounted Amazon, blackamoor and cayman, pygmy and dead crane; or the small and usually petty plastic adjuncts to hydriai, oinochoai, kyathoi, epinetra; or the head-vases and bust-vases of the fourth century, which are best studied in connexion with the other plastic vases of the same period.

Some head-vases are oil- or perfume-pots, others drinking-vessels, others jugs. The perfume-pots have the same mouth, neck, and handles as a round aryballos: fourth-century vases borrow this part from the squat lekythos, but with these we are not concerned. The drinking-vessels, whether two-handled or single-handled, have a kantharos mouth: I shall keep the word kantharos for the two-handled sort; the single-handled kantharos I shall call a mug. The jugs nearly always have the same mouth as the kind of vase which I have called oinochoe shape I: but three other kinds of mouth occur as exceptions, and will be noted each in its place.
Apollo at the Back of the North Wind
Authors: Harris Rendel
Published: May 2006

There are not many of the occupations of primitive man in Europe that have continued to the present day. The beasts that he hunted have, for the most part, disappeared: the elk and the mammoth are in the museum; the weapons which he employed in his pursuit of them must be sought for in the same quarter; if we were suddenly to come upon him in some unexplored area, his speech would be almost as unintelligible to us as the cry of a monkey, or the shriek of a sea-bird. But there is one primitive pursuit that is still being carried on almost unchanged. On the shores and in the shallows of the Eastern Baltic sea men are still searching and dredging for the exudations of the primeval forest which go under the name of amber. It was ornament and amulet in the beginning, it is a desirable decoration to-day; at one time almost an equivalent of the precious metals, and perhaps in earlier esteem than they, and not destitute of magical influences, as well as of commercial worth; it stands now, as then, with coral and with pearls, as a thing greatly to be desired.
A Lydian-Aramaic Bilingual. II
Authors: Cook Stanley A.
Published: May 2006

The Lydian-Aramaic bilingual comprises a type of text, of which, as it fortunately happens, several purely Lydían examples were found. It seems clear from a comparison of the Aramaic and the Lydian that there is a sufficiently close agreement between the two to allow the conclusion that several of the other Lydian inscriptions are not merely funerary, but also are in certain respects of the same general trend as the bilingual. If so, the bilingual is of the first importance for the preliminary information it furnishes touching the general character and contents of these inscriptions; and, in fact, it is easy to observe the recurrence of certain Lydian words and phrases which distinguish the inscriptions published in the present fascicule, and to contrast other inscriptions not included in it, where we often miss these features. But it is necessary at the outset to feel tolerably sure of the translation of the Aramaic text and of the preliminary conclusions which can be based upon a comparison of the two portions of the bilingual; and since here and there the Aramaic is extremely obscure, and there is room for more uncertainty than Littmann allows, the attempt may now be made to reconsider the Lydian in the light of the Aramaic, and at the same time, to take account of criticisms and suggestions which have reached me since the appearance of the first part of this article.
On a Minoan Bronze Group of a Galloping Bull and Acrobatic Figure from Crete, with Glyptic Comparisons and a Note on the Oxford Relief showing the Taurokathapsia
Authors: Evans Arthur
Published: May 2006

Thanks to the kindness of its owner, Captain E. G. Spencer-Churchill, I am able to describe a remarkable Minoan bronze object found in Crete, in the shape of a galloping bull with an acrobatic figure turning a back somersault over his back, both modelled in the round. Views of the group as seen in its original state from the front and side are given in Figs. 1 and 2.

The length of the bull at full stretch is 0·156 m., and the height of the group is 0·114 m. Beneath the forefeet of the animal is a metal attachment of angular form, upright in front. It must in some way have served the same purpose of holding the bronze in position as the tangs or nail-like projections visible in the case of many figurines of the votive class. The bull may have been held in some kind of framework, and it is probable that the hind-legs were fixed in a similar way.
The Progress of Greek Epigraphy, 1927–1928
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: May 2006

The years 1927 and 1928 have borne fresh and eloquent testimony to the vitality and interest of epigraphical studies in the unabated stream of books and articles dealing with Greek inscriptions, whether newly discovered or previously known but imperfectly read, restored or interpreted. Once more, therefore, I essay the difficult task of presenting a brief survey of the progress made during these two years, following, as before, the order of the Inscriptiones Graecae so far as Europe is concerned and that of the Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum for Asia and Africa. I have made no attempt to mention all reviews, but have included references to those which summarise works not widely accessible or make important contributions to the subjects under discussion, even though in some cases they did not appear until 1929.
Athens and Euboea, 349–8 B.C.
Authors: Parke H. W.
Published: May 2006

The accounts of the war in Euboea (349–8) given by Beloch and Kahrstedt are contradictory, their chief points of difference being:—(i) Was there only one expedition to Euboea at this time or two? (ii) When did the incident of the kidnapping of Molossus take place? (iii) Was the result of the war a victory for Athens or for Euboea, or was it indecisive? The ancient authorities upon whom we depend for the solution of these problems are divided into two kinds:—one fairly consecutive narrative (Plut. Phocion, XII–XIV), and many allusions or disconnected anecdotes to be found in the orators Demosthenes and Aeschines, and their scholia.
Jason of Pherae and Aleuas the Red
Authors: Wade-Gery H. T.
Published: May 2006

Our knowledge of the early military organisation of Thessaly rests mainly on two passages of Aristotle's ‘Constitution of the Thessalians’ which are closely connected. I give the numbers (Fragments 497 and 498) according to V. Rose, Aristotelis Fragmenta, 1886; but I have purged the text of emendations.
A Statue from a Tomb
Authors: Gardner P.
Published: May 2006

The Ashmolean has acquired in 1922 a very pleasing draped portrait of a woman. As the circumstances of its acquisition were somewhat unusual, and as they have been stated not very accurately in the Times and other papers, I will briefly mention them. The figure belonged to the collection of Mr. Vincent Robinson, F.S.A., of Beaminster, Dorset. At his death in 1909 his collection was dispersed. The present figure found no admirers, and was bought for almost nothing by Mr. Albert Hann. It was set up in a yard and soon lapsed into a deplorable condition. It was rescued by an architect, Mr. Arnold Mitchell, F.R.I.B.A., who set it up in his garden at Lyme Regis; but was good enough to cede it to me on very moderate terms. I engaged Mr. A. Rost the sculptor to take it to pieces, to remove the iron clamps with which it was fastened together, and to substitute brass. He added in plaster the upper part of the head and the nose. It was carefully cleaned, after which it presented quite another aspect; and I had much pleasure in presenting it to the Ashmolean, where it has found many admirers. It has already been figured, from the same photographs, in The Times of September 13th, 1922, and in the Architectural Review.
The Sophocles Statues
Authors: Studniczka Franz
Published: May 2006

In the last volume of this Journal (pp. 50–69) Monsieur Théodore Reinach tried to prove that the Lateran statue, named Sophocles by nearly all competent writers ever since its discovery, in reality represents Solon, being most probably a copy of the lawgiver's Salaminian statue as described by Aeschines (pp. 59, 62). But of all the arguments brought forward the only one that might decide the question turns out to be a worthless relic from the dead stock of E. Q. Visconti's Greek Iconography. It is a replica of the head of the Lateran statue in the Uffizi put upon the herm-shaft with the inscription Σόλων ὁ νομοθέτης. Both are genuine, indeed, but do not belong together, as has been shown by Dütschke in his catalogue of 1878, and plainly confirmed by Th. Reinach (p. 65), whose illustration I repeat as Fig. 2. Every archaeologist trained in the criticism of ancient marbles will fail to understand why the latter writer ‘really sees no other explanation of the present combination’ than somebody's knowledge, drawn ‘from other sources, that this was really the traditional head of Solon.’ How often in the long period of careless restorations ‘pepererunt desideria non traditos voltus,’ just by means of such arbitrary combination? A grave error of this kind, into which the world was talked for more than half a century by the same Visconti, was his Aristotle portrait: the seated Spada statue inscribed (most probably) Άρίστι[ππο]ς and restored with the head of a beardless Roman (Heibig, Führer II., No. 1819). Of herms so enriched let me mention the four inscribed shafts of Aristophanes, Heraclitus, Isocrates and Carneades, found headless near Tivoli, but published in 1569 by Achilles Statius with antique heads, which a year later Fulvius Ursinus, evidently with good reason, declared not to belong, the Carneades head, e.g., having since been proved to represent Antisthenes (Ch. Hülsen, ‘Hermeninschriften,’ in Röm. Mitt., xvi. (1901), p. 157 sq., Nos. 7, 13, 19, 20). The Aristophanes shaft is still preserved, in the Uffizi, and now bears a different head, no more belonging to it than the other.
Notes on the Sculptures of the Palazzo dei Conservatori
Authors: Ashmole Bernard
Published: May 2006

The following notes, made during my work for the British School at Rome on the sculptures of the Palazzo dei Conservatori, are here published by permission of Prof. H. Stuart Jones, General Editor of the forthcoming catalogue, and at the suggestion of Mrs. Arthur Strong, for whose constant help and criticism I wish to take this opportunity of recording my thanks. The summary descriptions are not intended in any sense to supplant, but rather to supplement the catalogue; and their appearance here is due to the belief that new theories are best published separately before being embodied, if only because the conclusions reached can in this way be substantiated by arguments, especially in the form of photographs, which would there be out of place. The note which had its beginnings in the Esquiline stele has grown to the dimensions of a separate article, and in view of its possible interest has been so printed.
Hesiod's ‘Shield of Herakles’: its Structure and Workmanship
Authors: Myres J. L.
Published: May 2006

What follows is an attempt to interpret the HesiodicShield of Heraklesby the same method as I have used elsewhere for the ‘Shield of Achilles.’ Long ago Brunn attributed obscurities to interpolation, mixed the zones, and allegorized; but nevertheless perceived that a real composition was in the poet's mind. Studniczka endeavoured to prove that the shield which Hesiod described was a real shield. But to support his theory he had to manipulate the text; his positive evidence was weak; it was, indeed, too soon for such an enterprise, and perhaps it is too soon still; and what was known then about archaic Greek art led in another direction. Recently, Mr. R. M. Cook has argued that while parts of the description of Herakles' shield were based, in subject and in phrasing, on the Homeric ‘Shield of Achilles,’ most of the other parts had parallels, sometimes very close, in archaic Greek art; and at a meeting of the Hellenic Society on 3rd May, 1938, he supplemented this argument with illustrations. Assuming, not unreasonably, that the vase-paintings are fairly representative, he showed that all the required models are to be found within the decade 580–570 B.C., and within the Attic and Corinthian schools. He found no evidence of the influence of Ionia, nor of Chalcis. He noted that these results agree with the view, based on historical and literary arguments ‘perhaps inadequate’ (I follow the summary circulated at the meeting of 3rd May, 1938) that the poem was written about 575 B.C. by a Boeotian or a Thessalian.
Sculptures in the Beaney Institute, Canterbury
Authors: Cook Godfrey G.
Published: May 2006

A marble relief from Adrianople, measuring 9½˝ X 7˝. A man reclines on a couch, and a suit of armour is suspended on the wall above him. Opposite him sits a woman performing rites in honour of the dead, and a diminutive boy, probably the child of the deceased, stands at the extreme right. Two attendants look on from the left.
The semantics of Greek names for plants
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: May 2006

The names given to plants in ancient and modern Greek are not only of interest in themselves but have some bearing upon a general point in the history of the meaning of words. Many of the names of plants in ancient authors can only be interpreted with a certain vagueness: of νάρκισσος we can only say that it is some sort of daffodil; κρίνον is pretty certain to be a lily of some kind; we can hardly go further. In these straits it is natural enough to enquire into the meaning of these words in Modern Greek, and here we certainly find no lack of information, but unless we scrutinise this modern evidence with some care we are apt, I think, to let it lead us too far, or even in some wrong direction. How this modern evidence ought, in my opinion, to be used is the subject of this present paper.
Some Notes on Fifth-Century History
Authors: Gomme A. W.
Published: May 2006

The appearance of the Cambridge Ancient History has revived interest in a number of problems not yet solved. Here are four of the fifth century, on which the authors of the C.A.H. take what is on the whole the prevalent view, and on which something still remains to be said.

I. The Peace of Callias

Mr. Walker (C.A.H. v. 469–471) argues that the embassy of Callias (Hdt. vii. 151–2) must have been sent about 460, for the simultaneous Argive embassy was asking for a renewal of an old friendship by Artaxerxes, and so had set out soon after the latter's accession. He forgets to add that Herodotus expresses doubts whether any such embassy was ever sent by Argos. He also says that the embassy ‘must have been sent at a time when Argos was in danger of being attacked, obviously by Sparta,’ and so before 451.
A Survey of Greek Alchemy
Authors: Taylor F. Sherwood
Published: May 2006

In the Greek writings of the first millennium of the Christian era we find our earliest evidence of that remarkable body of doctrine known as Alchemy. Arising perhaps in the traditional knowledge of the Egyptian priesthood, it flourished as a living science and creed for seventeen centuries. The earliest alchemical works that have survived are all written in Greek, and the extant Greek alchemical writings run to more than eighty thousand words. The bulk of these documents is evidence of the attraction which the science possessed for the philosophers of the Byzantine age. Alchemy was then no mere by-way of thought, but one of the major departments of knowledge.

The alchemical writings have affinities with other contemporary works. It is, therefore, well to decide on the meaning we shall attach to the word Alchemy before discussing its methods and origin.
A Marble Lamp
Authors: Beazley J. D.
Published: May 2006

οὐ παλαιὸν εὕρημα λύχνος. ‘The lamp is not an ancient invention.’ The words of Athenaeus (15, 700e) have often been quoted. The lamp was familiar to Minoans and Myceneans, but it died out, and does not reappear till the seventh century. In the dark age that intervened, the Greeks, as Athenaeus goes on to say, used the light of the torch and of other pieces of wood: φλογὶ δʾοἱ παλαιοὶ τῆς τε δᾳδὸς καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ξύλων ἐχρῶντο. There is only one mention of a lamp in Homer: in Odyssey 19, 33–4 Athene, unseen, lights Odysseus and Telemachos with a lamp: ‘Pallas Athene went in front with a golden lamp, making a very fine light’:

According to a modern writer, ‘the lamp is significantly of gold, and in the hands of Athena, it is therefore something rare and costly, or to speak historically, something new’: but I confess I cannot see how this follows from the text.
Archaeology in the Dodecanese, 1939–46
Authors: French T. W.
Published: May 2006

Archaeological work was carried out by the Italians in the Dodecanese up to September, 1943, and excavations were then still in progress both on Rhodes and Cos. On the Italian surrender at that date the Germans occupied the islands, and their restrictions on movement made all archaeological work impossible. During the British Military Administration numerous finds were made, but work was concentrated on preservation, and excavation was only undertaken when it was clearly essential to do so. In the Walled City of Rhodes the clearance of several large bombdamaged areas presents a golden opportunity to excavate into the levels of the Greek and Roman cities which have hitherto been all too well hidden by the medieval and Turkish buildings. It is to be hoped that something may be done to this end before the areas are covered over again by new buildings. I am indebted for most of the information contained in this article to Professor Morricone of the Instituto Storico-Archeologico di Rodi who also supplied Fig. 2.
The Progress of Greek Epigraphy, 1931–1932
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: May 2006

In the following pages I offer a brief survey of books and articles published in 1931 and 1932 which relate solely, or mainly, to Greek inscriptions. Their importance and their number have rendered the undertaking peculiarly difficult and have necessitated, if not the exclusion, at least the most rigorous compression of the paragraphs dealing with the Minoan and other pre-Hellenic scripts. To those scholars who have facilitated my task by sending me off-prints of their works I tender my heartiest thanks.

Death has in these years robbed epigraphical studies of a number of their most eminent representatives, among them H. Dessau, F. Durrbach, a leading authority on Delian inscriptions, C. Fredrich, editor of IG. xii. 8, M. Holleaux, outstanding in the Hellenistic field, O. Marucchi, an expert in Christian epigraphy, J. H. Mordtmann, Salomon and Théodore Reinach, and U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, for many years the director of the colossal enterprise of the Inscriptiones Graecae.
Ionia and Greece in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries B.C.
Authors: Cook R. M.
Published: May 2006

A generation or so back scholars were disposed to find in Asiatic Greece the origins of most of Hellenic culture and art: and though Panionismus is no longer as openly professed, belief in it is at least implicit in many more recent works. The purpose of this paper is to examine, so far as the evidence permits, the justice of the claim that Ionia was in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C. the infants' school of Hellas.

It is prudent to begin with a definition. The term ‘Ionian’ has been used in various senses, and this has made for confusion. First of all it is limited to the geographical area of Ionia; then it is extended to include many of the Cyclades and even Euboea; thirdly, though not often nowadays, it may embrace Athens also; yet again it sometimes covers all the Greeks of the East Aegean—Aeolian, Ionian and Dorian. In this paper ‘Ionian’ will be limited to the geographical Ionia: and the Aeolians, Ionians and Dorians of the East Aegean will be grouped together as ‘East Greek,’ according to current archaeological usage.
Bothroi
Authors: Hutchinson R. W.
Published: May 2006

House-Pits or ‘bothroi’ have been uncovered on various sites of the Early Bronze Age in Greece, notably at Korakou, Gonia, and Zygouries in the Korinthia, at Asine in the Argolis, and at Eutresis and Orchomenos in Boiotia. They vary considerably in size and shape and the explanations of their purposes advanced by archaeologists are scarcely more uniform. They have been interpreted as common or as sacrificial rubbish pits, as hearths or slow ovens or as ‘silos’ (that is, cupboards for the storage of grain or other food).

The theory that such bothroi were underground ovens has recently been championed by Dr. Mylonas, who found one in a neolithic deposit at Olynthos in Macedonia, and who gives an illuminating account of the construction of such an oven at the present day in the neighbouring village of Myriophyto, inhabited by refugees from Asia Minor. The modern oven, or ‘ταντοῦρι,’ was prepared in the following manner.
A Lydian Gloss and Some Names
Authors: Jongkees J. H.
Published: May 2006

1. For the word κόθορνος (high boot which Greek men and women used on their travels) we have no Greek etymology. Herodotus points to Lydia: after the Persian conquest the Lydian soldiers and wide Lydian clothes. Many Lydian coins of the Imperial period shew κ., whereas I am not aware of any specimen of non-Anatolian origin shewing them. We do not know of any other people wearing κ., so that we may safely take it for granted that those boots were introduced from Lydia into Greece with the word for them.

The Lydians were famous for their boots: we know yet another sort mentioned by the Greeks: the ἀσκέρα. Buckler rightly placed this word in Index IV (‘ Words possibly Lydian ’) of Sardis, VI, 2. When Croesus is called in the Delphian oracle: Λυδέ πυδαβρέ (Hdt. I, 55), it is for these luxurious boots.
The Mausoleum
Authors: Law H. W.
Published: May 2006

To attempt a new restoration of the Tomb of Mausolus may seem to some a hopeless, and to others an unnecessary, task. But I have never felt satisfied with any of those hitherto proposed; and only that of Cockerell (dating originally from before the excavation of the monument by Sir Charles Newton in 1857) and that of Mr. J. J. Stevenson appear to me to explain in any way its reputation in antiquity, especially for lightness and beauty, or its inclusion among the ‘Seven Wonders.’ The sources of evidence as to the construction of the building are the well-known description given by the elder Pliny and the facts disclosed by Newton's excavation; it will be best therefore to quote the passage and briefly to state the facts. Pliny's words are: Scopas habuit aemulos eadem aetate Bryaxim et Timotheum et Leocharem, de quibus simul dicendum est quoniam pariter caelavere Mausoleum. Sepulchrum hoc est ab uxore Artemisia factum Mausolo Cariae regulo, qui obiit Olympiadis CVII anno secundo. Opus id ut esset inter septem miracula hi maxime fecere artifices. Patet ab austro et septentrione sexagenos ternos pedes, brevius a frontibus, toto circumitu pedes CCCCXI, attollitur in altitudinem xxv cubitis, cingitur columnis XXXVI. Pteron vocavere circumitum. Ab oriente caelavit Scopas a septentrione Bryaxis a meridie Timotheus ab occasu Leochares, priusque quam peragerent regina obiit.
An Egyptian Village in the Age of Justinian
Authors: Bell H. I.
Published: May 2006

If you should ever attempt to motor from Assiût southwards to Baliana and Luxor—an enterprise I do not recommend, for the roads are vile—and, after some twenty-five miles of bumping and shaking, should decide, as my companion decided, to try your luck on the opposite side of the Nile Valley, you will come, after a few miles of a straight but evil road leading west, to another which runs southward again beside a canal separated by about a hundred yards of sandy plain from the great cliffs which form the escarpment of the Libyan Desert. The road which you have reached is no better than the one you have left, the dogs of the district are of a ferocity I found nowhere else in Egypt, and the human inhabitants are surly and hostile; but the natural amenities are considerable. The ordinary Egyptian canal, and so, by consequence, the road which normally runs along it, stretches without a bend for miles, but this particular canal at this point, conforming to the line of the cliffs, which here swing out eastwards, curves round in a great arc, and the road follows. The bank is shaded by a long line of palm-trees, and the view westwards, the reddish-brown trunks and feathery green fronds of the palms seen against a background of yellow sand and red cliffs, is delightful. Turning to the east one sees, stretched out in long perspective, the utter flatness of the Nile valley, clothed in the exquisite green of the young crops, out of which villages rise here and there like islands in a great lake. One such village, seen not far from the road shortly after we have turned to the south, makes a particularly charming effect.
An Etruscan Bronze Mirror in the Victoria and Albert Museum
Authors: Lane E. A.
Published: May 2006

In the early years after its foundation in 1857, the Victoria and Albert Museum at South Kensington pursued its policy of acquisition with a vigorously catholic taste. Since then its scope has become gradually limited to exclude work of the pre-Christian era, but in addition to the original purchases of Greek vases, the accession of large miscellaneous collections containing antiquities has contributed to what is now an excellent group of Greek and Roman objects. Important Greek vases were included in the big collection of modern European ceramics transferred in 1901 from the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, and in 1910 the late George Salting bequeathed his entire collection, other than paintings, to the Victoria and Albert Museum. His good taste in every other direction was sufficient guarantee that the Greek civilisations should be represented by work of more than average merit. Unfortunately, Salting kept few records concerning the provenance of his acquisitions, and so one of the finest Etruscan engraved mirrors in existence came to the Museum without a past history.
Droop Cups
Authors: Ure P. N.
Published: May 2006

In JHS. xlix, 270, Beazley and Payne, in their article on Attic black-figured fragments from Naukratis in the British Museum, publish for the first time fragments of two cups that belong to a well-marked group of black-rimmed kylikes that was first studied by Droop some twenty years ago (JHS. xxx, 21 ff.). These cups can at once be distinguished from the ordinary black-rimmed Little Master kylix by the following peculiarities:

The upper part of the stem is reserved and generally channelled.

The edge of the foot is convex and black, not, as in normal Little Master cups, whether red or black of rim, straight in section and reserved.

The hollow cone that runs from the base some way up the stem has a black band: in normal Little Master cups this cone is entirely reserved.

Inside the bowl there is a thin reserved band, not, as in normal Little Master cups, right at the top of the rim, but some way down it.

Whereas the normal Little Master cup, whether red-rimmed or black-rimmed, has the lower part of the body black with one reserved band, this treatment is exceptional in the Droop cups, which often shew a great variety of ornamental zones on this part of the vase; of these the most distinctive is a zone of inverted birds or animals, generally in pure silhouette.

The inside of the bowl is decorated with only a small reserved medallion with sometimes a central dot and circle or two, or else is entirely black.
The Greek Kouros in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Authors: Richter Gisela M. A.
Published: May 2006

Whenever our store of Greek sculpture is enriched by a new example of major importance, the new-comer naturally arouses great interest. The question immediately arises whether it conforms with what is already known of the Greek sculpture of that period or whether it reveals new features. In either case it becomes the object of keen discussion, for we are almost as eager to test the soundness of the edifice we have tentatively set up as to enlarge it.

The newly-acquired archaic marble statue in New York (Pls. IV, V) is such an important new-comer. Under the circumstances I have gladly accepted the invitation of the Editorial Committee of this Journal to present a short note on the statue pending its more detailed publication in Metropolitan Museum Studies and Brunn-Bruckmann-Arndt, Denkmäler.

The significance of the New York statue lies in the fact that it is the best preserved and so the most representative example of the earliest ‘Apollo’ figures—or kouroi as we now preferably call them—of Greece. That is, it stands at the beginning of the long line of development which began about 600 B.C. and culminated about a century and a half later in the Apollo of Olympia. Its only important contemporaries are the famous colossal figures from Sounion, one extensively restored, the other a mere torso, and the Dipylon statue, of which only the head and one hand have survived. The preservation of the New York statue, on the other hand, is astonishingly good.
An Unpublished Epigram in Oxford
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: May 2006

In the Sculpture Gallery of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, is exhibited an inscribed tombstone, bearing the following description: “Tombstone of Demetrios from Smyrna. Late Hellenistic or early Imperial period. Smoke-discoloured marble. Presented by J. W. Burgon, 1858.” As this has remained, to the best of my knowledge, unpublished, I sought the permission of the Keeper of the Museum, Mr. E. Thurlow Leeds, to publish it: I am grateful to him for his ready acquiescence. While I was engaged in studying the inscription and a squeeze of it actually lay on my table, I received from Freiherr F. Hiller von Gaertringen a letter asking whether I could trace the inscription referred to in a slip, now in the possession of the Prussian Academy, bearing, in the handwriting of August Boeckh, a copy of the text together with the following note: “Auf einem Grabstein von Athen, im Besitz des Herrn Burgon. Über die Inschrift ein Basrelief. Eine sitzende männliche Figur, deren Oberteil abgebrochen ist, in dem Sessel eine kleine, wunderlich gestaltete männliche Figur. Vor den Sitzenden zwei weibliche Figuren. Die Inschrift: [here follows a copy of the text]. Forchhammer versichert diese letzte Inschrift genau gelesen zu haben. Von Forchhammer durch [K.O.] Müller in England copirt.” Upon learning that the stone is now in the Ashmolean Collection, Freiherr von Hiller, with characteristic generosity, waived in my favour his claim to publish the inscription. He has also kindly read this article in manuscript.
Classical Epigrams and Epitaphs
Authors: Wade-Gery H. T.
Published: May 2006

The epitaphs and other verse inscriptions which are preserved for us in literature impose on us a certain caution. The good-will which our authors have brought to the reading of monuments is like what we bring to the singing of hymns: when lulled by the authority of the verse-form and of the occasion, we can accept things which the poet cannot have intended. I take as example the ‘green hill far awayWithout a city wall.’The poet does not say that the hill is unwalled but that it is outside Jerusalem: yet to understand him to say the former is both easy and common.

The moral is important. What generations of intelligent piety can acquiesce in is one thing: what the poet can have meant is another. We must not, therefore, be shocked to find Herodotos also acquiescing in what the poet never meant him to believe. Recording the Battle of Thermopylai, and concluding with the action in which (he says) only Spartans and Thespians fought, he then names the bravest of the Spartans, and then of the Thespians.
Keftiu: Crete or Cilicia?
Authors: Wainwright G. A.
Published: May 2006

In the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology I have just published a quantity of new evidence with regard to Keftiu, which should be read as an introduction to the present article. The geographical conclusions in that article were drawn from a variety of sources, and were emphatic that this name was applied by the Egyptians to the country comprised within the boundaries of the later Pisidia, Isauria, Lycaonia and Cilicia. Of this tract Cilicia Tracheia seemed to be the centre. We also found ourselves brought into contact on several occasions with the Philistines. This new evidence, therefore, provides a remarkable confirmation of the results drawn from my original archaeological study of the Keftiuans and their civilisation as exhibited to us on the Egyptian frescoes of the XVIIIth Dynasty.
The Financial Decrees of Kallias (I.G. I2, 91–92).
Authors: Wade-Gery H. T.
Published: May 2006

Bibliographical Note.—Of the two Financial Decrees of Kallias inscribed on one stone, one has been known to scholars for 65 years, one for over a century: they have had an enormous literature. They are published in the new Attic Corpus as I.G. I2 91 and 92, and the literature down to 1924 is there given. The three most important writers before that date are, I think, Kirchhoff, Meyer, Beloch: I have only one addition of any importance down to 1924, viz. Beloch's pupil, Max Romstedt, whose Leipzig Dissertation, Die wirtschaftliche Organization des athenischen Reiches (1914), devotes pp. 22–36 to the δεκατε mentioned in line 7 of the first decree. He is strongly for a late date, but I do not find his arguments cogent.
A Religious Function of Greek Tragedy
Authors: Winnington-Ingram R. P.
Published: May 2006

When the Messenger in the Oedipus Coloneus looked back, he saw that Oedipus had disappeared and that Theseus was screening his eyes with his hand. Then Theseus made adoration to earth and to the Olympus of the gods, both at once: ὁρῶμεν αὐτὸν γῆν τε προσκυνοῦνθ̓ ἅμα καὶ τὸν θεῶν Ὄλυμπονἐνἐν ταὐτῷλόλῳ (1654 f.). There was nothing strange about such a salutation. The Sausageseller in the Knights was bidden to ‘adore earth and the gods’ (ἔπειτα τὴν πρόσκυσον καὶ τοὺς θεούς, 156), and did so, presumably with the same familiar ritual gestures which Theseus used. But the phrasing in the Coloneus is emphatic (ἅμα … ἐν ταὐτῷ λόγῳ), and Jebb has one of his percipient notes: ‘The vision which [Theseus] had just seen moved him to adore both the χθόνιοι and the ὕπατοι. This touch is finely conceived so as to leave the mystery unbroken.’ The mystery, that is, of the passing of Oedipus. οὐ γάρ τις αὐτὸν οὔτε πυρφόρος θεοῦ | κεραυνὸς ἐξέπαξεν οὔτε ποντία | θύελλα κινηθεῖσα τῷ τότ̕ ἐν χρόνῳ, | ἀλλ̕ ἤ τις ἐκ θεῶν πομπός, ἤ τὸ νερτέρων | εὔνουν διαστὰν γῆς ἀλάμπετον βάθρον.

The purpose of the following remarks is to suggest a close relationship of thought between the Oedipus Coloneus of Sophocles and the Oresteia of Aeschylus; to suggest, further, that both dramas performed, in terms of the same conceptions, a religious function which tragedy was peculiarly fitted to perform.