bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid generation of new powdery mildew resistance genes after wheat domestication
Authors: Yahiaoui Nabila , Brunner Susanne , Keller Beat
Published: June 2006

Plant defence against pathogens is controlled by disease resistance (R) gene products that directly or indirectly detect specific pathogen effectors. Plant–pathogen interactions have been proposed to follow a co‐evolutionary arms‐race model where R genes are recent and evolve rapidly in response to structural changes in matching pathogen effectors. However, the longevity and extensive polymorphism of R genes studied were more consistent with balancing selection maintaining ancient and diverse R genes or alleles. In bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), the Pm3 locus confers race‐specific resistance to wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. triticii). Here we describe recently generated Pm3 resistance alleles that all derive from one susceptible allele, Pm3CS, which is widespread among hexaploid bread‐wheat lines. One group of four Pm3 resistance alleles shows few, clearly delimited, polymorphic sequence blocks of ancient origin, embedded in sequences identical to Pm3CS and possibly derived from gene conversion. A second group of three alleles differs from Pm3CS by only two to five mutations, all non‐synonymous, and all in the leucine‐rich repeat‐encoding region. Transient transformation experiments confirmed that Pm3 resistance specificities are based on one or few amino acid changes. The Pm3CS allele was found in wild tetraploid wheat, the ancestor of hexaploid bread wheat, specifically from southern Turkey, a region proposed to be the site of wheat domestication. Based on these data, we propose that the Pm3 resistance alleles were generated in agricultural ecosystems after domestication of wheat 10 000 years ago. The evolution of Pm3 alleles in wheat is best described by the model of evolved recycling, where novel genetic variation is integrated in plant populations together with recycling of old variation.
STY1 regulates auxin homeostasis and affects apical–basal patterning of the Arabidopsis gynoecium
Authors: Sohlberg Joel J. , Myrenås Mattias , Kuusk Sandra , Lagercrantz Ulf , Kowalczyk Mariusz , Sandberg Göran , Sundberg Eva
Published: June 2006

Gynoecia of the Arabidopsis mutant sty1‐1 display abnormal style morphology and altered vascular patterning. These phenotypes, which are enhanced in the sty1‐1 sty2‐1 double mutant, suggest that auxin homeostasis or signalling might be affected by mutations in STY1 and STY2, both members of the SHI gene family. Chemical inhibition of polar auxin transport (PAT) severely affects the apical–basal patterning of the gynoecium, as do mutations in the auxin transport/signalling genes PIN1, PID and ETT. Here we show that the apical–basal patterning of sty1‐1 and sty1‐1 sty2‐1 gynoecia is hypersensitive to reductions in PAT, and that sty1‐1 enhances the PAT inhibition‐like phenotypes of pin1‐5, pid‐8 and ett‐1 gynoecia. Furthermore, we show that STY1 activates transcription of the flavin monooxygenase‐encoding gene THREAD/YUCCA4, involved in auxin biosynthesis, and that changes in expression of STY1 and related genes lead to altered auxin homeostasis. Our results suggest that STY1 and related genes promote normal development of the style and affect apical–basal patterning of the gynoecium through regulation of auxin homeostasis.
A Sex‐Specific Affiliative Contact Behavior in Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphins, Tursiops sp.
Authors: Connor Richard , Mann Janet , Watson‐Capps Jana
Published: June 2006

A variety of signals are employed by animals to establish, mediate and advertise social bonds. Gentle contact behaviors, such as grooming in primates, are an important class of affiliative signals that may provide direct benefits (e.g. stress reduction, parasite removal) in addition to their signal information. Unlike other kinds of signals (e.g. male displays) examples of affiliative contact behaviors restricted to one sex are rare. Here we describe a strongly sex‐biased affiliative behavior ‘contact swimming’, in female bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Females were more likely to be observed contact swimming than males and the presence of males likely influenced this behavior. This is surprising given that female relationships have been characterized as weak. Female dolphins are sometimes herded and harassed by males and contact swimming occurs most often between females in male‐biased groups. Contact swimming may serve as a signal of cooperation between females. Possible direct benefits include stress reduction and assisted locomotion.
Host‐Handling Behavior: An Innate Component of Foraging Behavior in the Parasitoid WaspAmpulex compressa
Authors: Keasar Tamar , Sheffer Noa , Glusman Gustavo , Libersat Frederic
Published: June 2006

The reproductive success of parasitoids depends on their ability to locate, select, and handle hosts quickly and efficiently. Learning has been shown to play a role in host finding and host choice, but the role of learning in the handling of hosts has received little attention. We tested whether the speed and accuracy of host handling improve with experience in the waspAmpulex compressa. This parasitoid performs an elaborate behavioral sequence when parasitizing its host, the cockroachPeriplaneta americana. We provide a quantitative description of the behavioral sequence, and show that: (a) the duration of the whole sequence, (b) the number of completed stages, and (c) the precision of an important stage in the handling sequence, host antennal cutting, are similar in inexperienced and experienced individuals. We discuss features ofA. compressa’s life history that may select for innate host handling.
Increased Susceptibility to Predation for Autotomized House Crickets (Acheta domestica)
Authors: Bateman Philip W. , Fleming Patricia A.
Published: June 2006

When attacked, crickets may shed or ‘autotomize’ an entrapped limb in order to escape a would‐be predator. We examined the relationship between limb autotomy, running speed and susceptibility to future predation in house crickets (Acheta domestica). Hind limb autotomy resulted in a significant reduction in escape speed and ability to jump during the escape run, and greater predation by both lizards (striped skink Mabuya striata punctatissima) and mice (pouched mouse Saccostomus campestris). Although limb autotomy may enable a house cricket to escape a predatory encounter, autotomy of even one hind limb results in immediate costs to escape speed in crickets and makes the animal more vulnerable to subsequent predator encounters.
A Field Study of Spatial Memory in Green‐Backed Firecrown Hummingbirds (Sephanoides sephaniodes)
Authors: González‐Gómez Paulina L. , Vásquez Rodrigo A.
Published: June 2006

The foraging ecology of hummingbirds involves the exploitation of a high number of patchily distributed flowers. This scenario seems to have influenced capabilities related to learning and memory, which help to avoid recently visited flowers and to allocate exploitation to the most rewarding flowers, once learning has occurred. We carried out two field experiments with the green‐backed firecrown hummingbird (Sephanoides sephaniodes, Trochilidae) in order to examine the ability of birds, first, to recall a nectar location, and secondly, to remember the location of the most rewarding flower among lower quality flowers. The first experiment showed that subjects were able to recall the location of nectar among flowers of identical appearance. In the second experiment, hummingbirds were also able to recall the location of the most rewarding nectar among less rewarding flowers with the same appearance. The results of this study suggest that S. sephaniodes can remember the location of the most rewarding patch, facilitating efficient exploitation of flowers in the absence of visual cues related to nectar quality.
Coexistence in a metacommunity: the competition–colonization trade‐off is not dead
Authors: Calcagno V. , Mouquet N. , Jarne P. , David P.
Published: June 2006

The competition–colonization trade‐off model is often used to explain the coexistence of species. Yet its applicability has been severely criticized, mainly because the original model assumed a strict competitive hierarchy of species and did not allow for any preemptive effect. We considered the impact of relaxing both of these limitations on coexistence. Relaxing trade‐off intensity makes coexistence less likely and introduces a minimum colonization rate below which any coexistence is impossible. Allowing for preemption introduces a limit to dissimilarity between species. Surprisingly, preemption does not impede coexistence as one could presume from previous studies, but can actually increase the likelihood of coexistence. Its effect on coexistence depends on whether or not species in the regional pool are strongly limited in their colonization ability. Preemption is predicted to favour coexistence when: (i) species are not strongly limited in their colonization ability; and (ii) the competitive trade‐off is not infinitely intense.
Anti‐diabetic effect of blockade of the renin‐angiotensin system
Authors: Ando Katsuyuki , Fujita Toshiro
Published: June 2006

Diabetes, which is frequently associated with hypertension, accelerates the development of hypertension‐induced cardiovascular disease. Thus, the prevention of diabetes is important in the management of hypertension. Recent clinical megastudies have suggested that the blockade of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) by angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) inhibits new onset of diabetes. Thus, the agents to inhibit the RAS should be beneficial for glucose metabolism. However, the cardiovascular protective effects of ACE inhibitors and ARBs are not always superior to other classes of drugs. Further long‐term clinical trials are necessary to clarify the anti‐diabetic effect of the RAS‐inhibiting agents.
Moxonidine improves glycaemic control in mildly hypertensive, overweight patients: a comparison with metformin
Authors: Chazova Irina , Almazov Vladimir A. , Shlyakhto Evgeny
Published: June 2006

Aim: To compare the effects of moxonidine and metformin on glycaemic control in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and signs of the metabolic syndrome.

Methods: A multicentre, prospective, randomized, open‐label study design was adopted with blinded endpoint evaluation. Patients ≥40 years old, with impaired glucose tolerance (or diabetes mellitus treated with diet alone) and a body mass index (BMI) of at least 27 kg/m2were treated twice daily with moxonidine 0.2 mg or metformin 500 mg for 16 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed at baseline and end‐of‐study; plasma insulin and plasma glucose levels were measured at 0, 60, 120 and 180 min after administration.

Results: With regard to effects on insulin [mean area under the curve (AUC) for insulin], the primary efficacy endpoint of the study, both drugs did not show equivalence. On the contrary, in the per protocol (PP) population, moxonidine statistically significantly (p = 0.025) decreased the AUC for insulin from baseline in the PP population; for metformin, the treatment effect on insulin was a small, net increase resulting in a statistically significant between‐group difference of 16.2% (95% CI = 0.1–35.0). The change in mean insulin AUC was most marked in the subgroup of patients with higher sympathetic activity (heart rate >80 bpm). Mean fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels and HbA1clevels were largely unchanged by moxonidine treatment but significantly decreased by metformin treatment. The difference between the groups was 14.7% (p = 0.0523) in the intent‐to‐treat (ITT) sample. By study end, both treatments had significantly increased the Matsuda Insulin Sensitivity Index (ISI) from baseline to a comparable extent: moxonidine by reducing plasma insulin after a glucose challenge, metformin by reducing FPG. BMI fell significantly in both groups and blood pressure normalized; both drugs were well tolerated.

Conclusions: Moxonidine improved insulin sensitivity in response to glucose challenge in patients with evidence of metabolic syndrome. This improvement resulted from a reduction in plasma insulin levels and was most marked in patients with high sympathetic drive at baseline. By enhancing insulin sensitivity, moxonidine treatment may help prevent the development of diabetes and thereby ameliorate the risk for cardiovascular disease.
Marker‐free transgenic (MFT) near‐isogenic introgression lines (NIILs) of ‘golden’ indica rice (cv. IR64) with accumulation of provitamin A in the endosperm tissue
Authors: Baisakh Niranjan , Rehana Sayda , Rai Mayank , Oliva Norman , Tan Jing , Mackill David J. , Khush Gurdev S. , Datta Karabi , Datta Swapan K.
Published: June 2006

We have developed near‐isogenic introgression lines (NIILs) of an elite indica rice cultivar (IR64) with the genes for β‐carotene biosynthesis from dihaploid (DH) derivatives of golden japonica rice (cv. T309). A careful analysis of the DH lines indicated the integration of the genes of interest [phytoene synthase (psy) and phytoene desaturase (crtI)] and the selectable marker gene (hygromycin phosphotransferase,hph) in two unlinked loci. During subsequent crossing, progenies could be obtained carrying only the locus withpsyandcrtI, which was segregated independently from the locus containing thehphgene during meiotic segregation. The NIILs (BC2F2) showed maximum similarity with the recurrent parent cultivar IR64. Further, progenies of two NIILs were devoid of any fragments beyond the left or right border, including the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) antibiotic resistance gene of the transformation vector. Spectrophotometric readings showed the accumulation of up to 1.06 µg total carotenoids, including β‐carotene, in 1 g of the endosperm. The accumulation of β‐carotene was also evident from the clearly visible yellow colour of the polished seeds.
High accumulation of bioactive peptide in transgenic rice seeds by expression of introduced multiple genes
Authors: Wakasa Yuhya , Yasuda Hiroshi , Takaiwa Fumio
Published: June 2006

We have developed a simple binary vector construction system for the simultaneous expression of multiple genes in plants. Up to three independent gene cassettes can be easily integrated into one binary vector using the MultiSite Gateway System. Using this system, we produced transgenic rice plants that accumulated high levels of the hypocholesterolaemic peptide lactostatin (IIAEK) in endosperm. Binary vectors were constructed that could accommodate up to three independent modified glutelin gene cassettes encoding multimer lactostatin in the variable regions. Eight construct permutations were used for rice transformation. We measured the accumulation of lactostatin expressed as a glutelin fusion protein in the mature seeds of 105 independent transgenic rice lines. A general correlation was observed between accumulation level and gene number in the vector constructs, indicating that a higher accumulation of lactostatin was obtained from transgenic rice plants containing the maximum number of gene inserts. These results indicate that this strategy is applicable for the selection of transgenic lines containing large amounts of bioactive peptides in rice seeds.
A Swedish adaptation of the Emotional Contagion Scale: Factor structure and psychometric properties
Authors: LUNDQVIST LARS‐OLOV
Published: June 2006

The Emotional Contagion Scale (ECS) is a self‐report scale used to measure individual differences in susceptibility to converge towards the emotions expressed by others. The original American ECS (Doherty, 1997), translated into Swedish, was completed by 665 undergraduate students in two independent samples (N= 233 andN= 432, respectively). To investigate the factor structure of the ECS, confirmatory factor analyses of alternative models derived from previous research in emotion and emotional contagion were conducted. The results showed that the proposed one‐dimensional structure of the ECS was not tenable. Instead a multi‐facet model based on a differential emotions model and a hierarchal valence/differential emotions model was supported. Cross‐validation on the second independent sample demonstrated and confirmed the multi‐faceted property of the ECS and the equality of the factor structure across samples and genders. With regard to homogeneity and test‐retest reliability, the Swedish version showed acceptable results and was in concordance with the original version.
AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF THE HANGOVER EFFECT OF IRREVERSIBILITY ON INVESTMENT
Authors: Bo Hong
Published: June 2006

Irreversibility does not only raise the user cost of capital and discourage new investment but also hinders disinvestment because of the hangover effect. This paper derives a theoretical model that separates the impact of conventional convex adjustment costs from the impact of irreversibility, based on which we test the hangover effect of irreversibility by using a panel of Dutch listed firms during 1985–2000. We find that the sample firms cut both the capital stock and the inventory stock facing shocks to sales and cash flow, but they cut the inventory stock by a larger magnitude than they cut the capital stock. Given that fixed investment is more irreversible than inventory investment, the result suggests that the diminished impact of irreversibility provides the firm with more flexibility in responding to uncertainty, which lends support for the hangover effect of irreversibility on investment.
ADVERTISING REGULATION AND CO‐REGULATION: THE CHALLENGE OF CHANGE
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: June 2006

This article tells the story of how advertising, by leveraging the success of its self‐regulatory system, challenged the assumption that statutory control should remain for broadcast advertisements. Five years later a new, singular system exists with the flexibility to confront a changing media landscape. It has business support, regulator approval and consumer confidence.
TAXI DEREGULATION AND TRANSACTION COSTS
Authors: Seibert Christian
Published: June 2006

Deregulation of taxi markets has the potential to deliver significant benefits. However, it presents the problem of transaction costs and in particular problems linked with imperfect information and co‐ordination. This article argues that the use of a centralised intermediary in deregulated taxi markets can overcome these problems so that the benefits of competition are maximised, without the need for government fare regulation.
Dipyridamole May Induce Migraine in Patients With Migraine Without Aura
Authors: Kruuse C , Lassen LH , Iversen HK , Oestergaard S , Olesen J
Published: June 2006

Dipyridamole inhibits phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) and adenosine re-uptake. The most prominent side-effect is headache. We examined the migraine-generating effects of dipyridamole as well as the cerebral blood velocity response in a single-blind study, including 10 patients with migraine without aura and 10 healthy subjects. Dipyridamole 0.142 mg/kg per min was administered intravenously. Headache intensity was scored on a verbal rating scale along with pain characteristics and accompanying symptoms. Blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery ( Vmca), blood pressure and heart rate were recorded repeatedly. Headache was induced in all migraine patients and in eight of 10 healthy subjects ( P = 0.47) with no significant difference in headache intensity ( P = 0.53). However, five patients but only one healthy subject experienced the symptoms of migraine without aura, according to ICHD-2 criteria, within 12 h ( P = 0.14). Four patients reported photophobia after dipyridamole compared with no healthy subjects ( P = 0.087). Vmca decreased ( P < 0.001) during and after dipyridamole infusion with no difference between groups ( P = 0.15) coinciding with initiation, but not cessation of immediate headache. Thus, dipyridamole induces symptoms of migraine and an initial decrease in Vmca in migraine patients, but not significantly more than in healthy subjects. This relatively low frequency of migraine induction, compared with nitric oxide donors and sildenafil, is probably due to the less specific action of dipyridamole on the cGMP signalling pathway as well as a possible bidirectional effect of adenosine on migraine induction.
Do female green turtles (Chelonia mydas) exhibit reproductive seasonality in a year‐round nesting rookery?
Authors: Yasuda T. , Tanaka H. , Kittiwattanawong K. , Mitamura H. , Klom‐in W. , Arai N.
Published: June 2006

In circumglobal populations of sea turtles, little nesting activity occurs during cold seasons when the sand temperature on a nesting beach is inappropriate for successful egg incubation. However, it is not known whether reproductive seasonality also occurs in year‐round nesting rookeries where the sand temperature may be suitable throughout the year. Therefore, we examined the hypothesis that female turtles exhibit reproductive seasonality even in a year‐round nesting population. To determine whether the time of nesting of individuals fluctuates between successive nesting seasons, a year‐round nesting rookery of green turtles Chelonia mydas at Huyong Island, Thailand, was patrolled on foot every night for 3190 consecutive days, and nesting females were identified using microchips and metal tags. The date of first nesting within a season for an individual (nesting date) was considered the nesting season of each individual. We identified 94 females and 463 nests (including 47 unidentified nests) during the survey. Nesting dates were distributed throughout the year. Nineteen turtles remigrated to the nesting beach, and the nesting dates of the remigrated females occurred in the same seasons. This indicates that females have a fixed individual nesting season even in a year‐round nesting rookery. The year‐round nesting of green turtles may be attributed to a wide variation in the nesting seasons of individuals. Satellite tracking revealed that the mean travelling duration of post‐nesting migrations in this population was 13.5±6.1 days. The proximity of locations for reproduction and feeding may also play an important role in sustaining year‐round nesting in this population.
Prey preferences of the leopard (Panthera pardus)
Authors: Hayward M. W. , Henschel P. , O'Brien J. , Hofmeyr M. , Balme G. , Kerley G. I. H.
Published: June 2006

Leopards Panthera pardus have a catholic diet and are generally thought to prey on medium‐sized ungulates; however, knowledge on which species are actually preferred and avoided is lacking, along with an understanding of why such preferences arise. Twenty‐nine published and four unpublished studies of leopard diet that had relative prey abundance estimates associated with them were analysed from 13 countries in 41 different spatial locations or temporal periods throughout the distribution of the leopard. A Jacobs' index value was calculated for each prey species in each study and the mean of these was then tested against a mean of 0 using t or sign tests for preference or avoidance. Leopards preferentially prey upon species within a weight range of 10–40 kg. Regression plots suggest that the most preferred mass of leopard prey is 25 kg, whereas the mean body mass of significantly preferred prey is 23 kg. Leopards prefer prey within this body mass range, which occur in small herds, in dense habitat and afford the hunter minimal risk of injury during capture. Consequently, impala, bushbuck and common duiker are significantly preferred, with chital likely to also be preferred with a larger sample size from Asian sites. Species outside the preferred weight range are generally avoided, as are species that are restricted to open vegetation or that have sufficient anti‐predator strategies. The ratio of mean leopard body mass with that of their preferred prey is less than 1 and may be a reflection of their solitary hunting strategy. This model will allow us to predict the diet of leopards in areas where dietary information is lacking, also providing information to assist wildlife managers and conservation bodies on predator carrying capacity and predator–prey interactions.
Variable nuclear markers for Melanoplus oregonensis identified from the screening of a genomic library
Authors: CARSTENS B. C. , KNOWLES L. L.
Published: June 2006

We report the isolation of seven single‐copy nuclear loci from the montane grasshopper Melanoplus oregonensis. With an average length of approximately 930 bp and between five and 67 variable sites, these loci are useful for population genetic analyses within M. oregonensis. Amplification of nuclear loci in additional species of western Melanoplus grasshoppers suggests that they will also be useful for a variety of population genetic, phylogeographic and phylogenetic studies.
The creation of longitudinal cracks in shrinking soils to enhance seedling emergence. Part II. The effect of surface micro‐relief
Authors: Taki O. , Godwin R. J.
Published: June 2006

Crusting and hardsetting phenomena are major problems in the emergence of delicate seedlings through weak structured soils. When a hard layer develops on the surface, it can retard seedling emergence and the trapped seedlings may perish unless the hard layer is broken or weakened. The development of natural desiccation cracks on the soil surface creates a route by which seedlings can emerge. The work conducted by the same authors suggested that the compaction of soil strips over the seed rows creates longitudinal cracks along the planting lines to improve seedling emergence. This study is an attempt to develop an alternative method to create the linear cracks using the effect of surface micro‐relief. Preliminary experiments showed that the creation of small furrows (50 mm deep) on the soil surface caused the appearance of cracks mainly at the bottom of the furrows. Monitoring the movement of aggregates during drainage, where small depressions are formed on the soil surface, revealed that the aggregates on either side of the turning point of the depression move in opposite directions as a result of the greater water tension developed in the ridges causing development of cracks at the turning point. Laboratory experiments indicated that the radius of curvature at the turning point of the depression, the spacing between depressions and the shape of ridges either side of the depressions are key factors influencing crack development at the bottom of depressions. A field experiment in semi‐arid central Iran confirmed the feasibility of the technique by the use of a backward raked shaper to develop small ridge and furrows on the surface of the seedbed which resulted in the creation of longitudinal cracks in the furrow bottoms, coincident with the seed row. An outline design of a press wheel is given.
Rediscovering Christianity After the Postmodern Turn*
Authors: DeVries Jacqueline
Published: June 2006

After decades of both benign and hostile neglect, feminist historians appear to be rediscovering religion as an important site in the historical construction of gender. This review of ten recent books on religion and gender in Modern Britain outlines the methodological and thematic shifts of the last several decades, which have steered feminist historians away from analyses of religion that emphasize victimization and oppression and toward more nuanced readings of the ways in which faith, belief, religion and spirituality informed women’s (and men’s) roles, values, self‐definitions and struggles for emancipation in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Conservation Biology and Real‐World Conservation
Authors: ROBINSON JOHN G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract:  In the 20 years since Conservation Biology was launched with the aim of disseminating scientific knowledge to help conserve biodiversity and the natural world, our discipline has hugely influenced the practice of conservation. But we have had less impact outside the profession itself, and we have not transformed that practice into an enterprise large enough to achieve our conservation goals. As we look to the next 20 years, we need to become more relevant and important to the societies in which we live. To do so, the discipline of conservation biology must generate answers even when full scientific knowledge is lacking, structure scientific research around polices and debates that influence what we value as conservationists, go beyond the certitude of the biological sciences into the more contextual debates of the social sciences, engage scientifically with human‐dominated landscapes, and address the question of how conservation can contribute to the improvement of human livelihoods and the quality of human life.
Detection of Maternal Alcohol Use Problems in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Flynn Heather A. , Cain Sarah A. , O'Mahen Heather A. , Davis Matthew M.
Published: June 2006

Background: Maternal alcohol use problems may impact the health and well‐being of children, but often remain unrecognized. Mothers of young children seldom seek outpatient care for themselves; thus, pediatric settings may present an opportunity for the detection of maternal alcohol use problems. This study examines the feasibility of screening for and prevalence of alcohol use problems in mothers of young children in the context of seeking pediatric emergency care. We also examined the relationship of maternal alcohol use problems with use of pediatric emergency care.

Methods: A total of 361 English‐speaking mothers of children aged 7 and younger completed screening measures during their child's emergency care visit. TWEAK was used to screen for alcohol use problems. The screening survey also included information on children's health status and health care use, demographics, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.

Results: Of the women approached, 90% agreed to complete the screening measure. On the basis of cutoff score of 2 or more, 7% of women had elevated TWEAK scores. Those women with a TWEAK score >2 reported greater use of the pediatric emergency department (PED) than women scoring below the cutoff. On the basis of multivariate analyses, significant predictors of recent PED use included the presence of child chronic illness, younger maternal age, and TWEAK score.

Conclusions: Screening for alcohol use problems among mothers of young children using the TWEAK appears to be feasible in a busy PED setting. The PED setting is promising for identifying risk drinking among women who may be less likely to be otherwise detected and for whom alcohol use may be impacting child outcomes.
Developing an Oral Communication Strategy Inventory
Authors: NAKATANI YASUO
Published: June 2006

This study focuses on how valid information about learner perception of strategy use during communicative tasks can be gathered systematically from English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. First, the study attempted to develop a questionnaire for statistical analysis, named the Oral Communication Strategy Inventory (OCSI). The research project consisted of 3 stages: an open‐ended questionnaire to identify learners' general perceptions of strategies for oral interaction (N= 80); a pilot factor analysis for selecting test items (N= 400); and a final factor analysis to obtain a stable self‐reported instrument (N= 400). The resulting OCSI includes 8 categories of strategies for coping with speaking problems and 7 categories for coping with listening problems during communication.

The applicability of the survey instrument was subsequently examined in a simulated communicative test for EFL students (N= 62). To validate the use of the instrument, participant reports on the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) were compared with the result of the OCSI. When combined with the oral test scores, it was revealed that students with high oral proficiency tended to use specific strategies, such as social affective strategies, fluency‐oriented strategies, and negotiation of meaning.
The Compensatory Nature of Discipline‐Related Knowledge and English‐Language Proficiency in Reading English for Academic Purposes
Authors: USÓ‐JUAN ESTHER
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to estimate the contribution of discipline‐related knowledge and English‐language proficiency to reading comprehension in English for academic purposes (EAP) and, second, to specify the levels at which the compensatory effect between the two variables takes place for successful EAP reading. The participants in the study were 380 native Spanish‐speaking undergraduates who exhibited a wide range of proficiency in English as a foreign language and knowledge of the topics being tested. Scores for the 3‐criterion variables (discipline‐related knowledge, English proficiency level, and academic reading) were subjected to 6 multiple regression analyses. The results indicated that English proficiency accounted for a range varying between 58% and 68% of EAP reading, whereas discipline‐related knowledge accounted for a range varying between 21% and 31%. The exact levels at which the compensatory effect between the two variables takes place for successful academic reading are provided, and pedagogical implications are suggested.
The Key Is in the Keyword: L2 Vocabulary Learning Methods With Beginning Learners of Spanish
Authors: SAGARRA NURIA , ALBA MATTHEW
Published: June 2006

This study investigates the effectiveness of three methods of learning vocabulary among 778 beginning second language (L2) learners. Rote memorization consists of memorizing the first language (L1) translation of a new L2 word by rehearsal. Semantic mapping displays L1 words conceptually related to the L2 word in a diagram. The keyword method involves associating the novel L2 word with an L1 keyword that is acoustically or orthographically similar, and then connecting the L1 keyword with the L1 translation of the L2 word. The results reveal that vocabulary learning techniques requiring deeper processing through form and meaning associations (i.e., the keyword method) yield the best retention. In addition, rote memorization of L1–L2 equivalents is more effective than creating multiple meaning associations (i.e., semantic mapping). We suggest that using the keyword method with phonological keywords and direct L1 keyword‐translation links in the classroom leads to better L2 vocabulary learning at early stages of acquisition.
Linking Budgets to Activity: A Test of the Effect of Output‐Purchase Budgeting
Authors: SERRITZLEW SØREN
Published: June 2006

Activity‐based budgeting is designed to strengthen the link between activity and budgets. If budgets automatically follow fluctuations in demand, uncertainty is reduced for agencies and politicians can focus more on long‐term decisions. Activity‐based budgeting is likely to fail unless activity can be defined and measured with reasonable accuracy. An equally fundamental condition is the credibility of the budgeting rules. This article provides an empirical test of the effect of output‐purchase budgeting based on data over time from public and private schools. Potentially disturbing variables are held constant, allowing for analysis of the interplay of budgeting systems and credible commitment. Output‐purchase budgeting does indeed strengthen the link between activity and budgets, provided that politicians are able to credibly commit themselves to the rules.
Coagulation of Concentrated Suspensions of Ultrafine Alumina Powders by pH Shift
Authors: Pénard Anne‐Laure , Rossignol Fabrice , Pagnoux Cécile , Chartier Thierry , Cueille Christophe , Murphy Matthew E.
Published: June 2006

Highly concentrated suspensions of ultrafine alumina powders are prepared using 2‐phosphonobutane‐1,2,4‐tricarboxylic acid as dispersant. The coagulation of these suspensions is carried out at around 278 K by adding a blend of acetic anhydride plus ethylene glycol. Coagulation takes place through a pH shift because of a time‐delayed hydration of the acetic anhydride. The coagulation kinetics are studied by viscosity measurements with respect to the temperature and composition of the coagulant blend. Finally, the method is used to produce complex 3D parts of large dimensions for bio‐applications by direct coagulation casting and the fired bodies are characterized.
Synthesis and Properties of Multiferroic La‐Modified BiFeO3 Ceramics
Authors: Jiang Qing‐Hui , Nan Ce‐Wen , Shen Zhi‐Jian
Published: June 2006

Multiferroic Bi(1−x)LaxFeO3 was synthesized by a modified Pechini approach. Optimal conditions for the synthesis of single‐phase Bi(1−x)LaxFeO3 powder were reported. A conventional sintering process was used to fabricate Bi(1−x)LaxFeO3 ceramics. Ferroelectric and magnetic loops measured at room temperature indicate the coexistence of ferroelectricity and magnetism. The La modification of BiFeO3 has a beneficial effect on the ferroelectric and magnetic properties. The ceramic samples show a stable dielectric constant and quite low dielectric loss between 100 Hz and 10 MHz. The piezoelectric constants of Bi(1−x)LaxFeO3 ceramics were first reported.
Preparation of Dense Ta2O5‐Based Ceramics by a Coated Powder Method for Enhanced Dielectric Properties
Authors: Brennecka Geoff L. , Payne David A.
Published: June 2006

A hybrid solution‐coated powder method was used to reduce the sintering temperature of TiO2‐modified Ta2O5 ceramics. This simple and effective method allowed chemical homogenization and densification to take place below a densification‐impeding phase transformation, something that has not been achieved by traditional mixed oxide processing. Combining the coated powder method with a two‐stage heat treatment (by which specimens were first densified and then transformed into the high dielectric constant H‐Ta2O5 phase) enabled the realization of dense and homogeneous 92Ta2O5–8TiO2 ceramics with dielectric constant values up to 280 at room temperature.
Apatite Wollastonite–Titanium Biocomposites: Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation
Authors: Pattanayak Deepak K. , Prasad R. C. , Rao B. T. , Rama Mohan T. R.
Published: June 2006

The present paper discusses the consolidation of apatite wollastonite (AW) glass ceramic/titanium composites with various percentages of Ti (5–40 wt%) in an argon atmosphere, and, evaluation of the sintered properties and bioactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF). The sintered density of the composites was found to increase with an increase in Ti content and was found to be in the range of 2.25 (5 wt% Ti)–2.70 g/cm3 (40 wt%) as compared with those of sintered AW (2.06 g/cm3) and Ti (4.5 g/cm3). Biaxial flexural strength of the composites was found to be in the range of 13–45 MPa. X‐ray diffraction studies of the sintered AW/Ti composites showed Ti phases (TiPO4+CaTiO3+Ti2O3) and wollastonites (CaSiO3+MgSiO3+CaMgSiO4) as dominating phases. In vitro bioactivity of the composites was studied by soaking the composites in SBF for 7, 14, and 21 days, and the sample surfaces as well as the remaining SBF were analyzed to study the interaction between the material and SBF. The results indicated that the growth of phosphates increased in about 7 days of soaking in SBF, after which a steady state was reached, confirming the samples to be bioactive.
Experimental Investigation and Thermodynamic Assessment of the Nd2O3–Y2O3 System
Authors: Huang Shuigen , Van der Biest Omer , Vleugels Jef , Li Lin
Published: June 2006

The phase relations in the Nd2O3–Y2O3 system were experimentally studied in the 1300°–1600°C range. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis were applied to analyze the phase composition of annealed Nd2O3–Y2O3 mixtures with varying Y2O3 content. A thermodynamic assessment was conducted using the experimental data obtained. The excess Gibbs energies of the solution phases were described based on a simple substitutional solution model. A consistent set of optimized interaction parameters was derived for the Gibbs energy of the constituent phases, resulting in a good match between calculated and experimental data.
Piezoelectric Multilayer Ceramic/Polymer Composite Transducer with 2–2 Connectivity
Authors: Yoon Chang‐Bun , Lee Seung‐Ho , Lee Sung‐Mi , Koh Young‐Hag , Kim Hyoun‐Ee , Lee Kyung‐Woo
Published: June 2006

A multilayer piezoelectric ceramic/polymer composite with 2–2 connectivity was fabricated by thermoplastic green machining after co‐extrusion. The multilayer ceramic body was composed of piezoelectrically active lead zirconate titanate (PZN)–lead zinc niobate (PZN)‐lead zirconate titanate (PZT) layers and electrically conducting PZN–PZT/Ag layers. After co‐extruding the thermoplastic body, which consisted of five piezoelectric layers interspersed with four conducting layers, it was computer numeric‐controlled machined to create periodic channels within it. Following binder burnout and sintering, an 18 vol% array of 190 μm thin PZT slabs with a channel size of 880 μm was fabricated. The channels were filled with epoxy in order to fabricate a PZN–PZT/epoxy composite with 2–2 connectivity. The piezoelectric coefficient (effective d33) and hydrostatic figure of merit (dh×gh) of the PZN–PZT/epoxy composite were 1200 pC/N and 20 130 × 10−15 m2/N, respectively. These excellent piezoelectric characteristics as well as the relatively simple fabrication procedure will contribute in widening the application range of the piezoelectric transducers.
Gingival crevicular fluid laminin‐5 γ2‐chain levels in periodontal disease
Authors: Emingil Gülnur , Kuula Heidi , Pirilä Emma , Atilla Gül , Sorsa Timo
Published: June 2006

Aim: Our study aimed to examine the molecular forms and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of laminin‐5 γ2‐chain in patients with different periodontal disease, and compare the effects of P.gingivalis trypsin‐like proteinase on intact laminin‐5 γ2‐chain species.

Methods: Eighteen patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (G‐AgP), 29 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), 20 with gingivitis and 20 periodontally healthy subjects were included. Probing depth, clinical attachment loss, presence of bleeding on probing and plaque were recorded. Molecular forms and GCF laminin‐5 γ2‐chain levels and the effects of P. gingivalis trypsin‐like proteinase on intact laminin‐5 γ2‐chain were analysed by computer‐quantitated Western immunoblotting.

Results: Laminin‐5 γ2‐chain 40 and 70 kDa fragments could be detected in all groups, in varying levels.The CP group had elevated GCF laminin‐5 γ2‐chain fragment levels compared with the gingivitis and healthy groups (p<0.008).The G‐AgP group had GCF laminin‐5 γ2‐chain fragment levels similar to the gingivitis and healthy groups (p>0.008). GCF laminin‐5 γ2‐chain fragments differed clearly from the multiple lower molecular size fragments of P.gingivalis trypsin‐laminin‐5 γ2‐chain proteinases.

Conclusion: Increased GCF laminin‐5 γ2‐chain fragments in periodontitis sites with deep periodontal pocket suggest that these cleaved 40 and 70 kDa fragments could reflect the extent of the inflammatory reaction in CP.
Investigation of periodontal destruction patterns in smokers and non‐smokers
Authors: Baharin Badiah , Palmer Richard M. , Coward Paula , Wilson Ron F.
Published: June 2006

Background: Previous work has suggested that tobacco smoking has a local as well as a systemic effect on the severity of periodontal disease.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that smokers have more disease in the upper anterior region.

Methods: A retrospective stratified random sample of 49 non‐smokers and 39 heavy smokers (20 cigarettes/day) was obtained from a total of 3678 referred patients with adult periodontitis. Probing depth data were collected from clinical records and radiographic measurements were carried out on existing dental panoramic tomographs to assess the inter‐proximal bone levels.

Results: The proportion of sites with “bone loss” 4.5 mm or greater was higher in smokers, the greatest difference being observed in upper anterior sites (smokers: 73.3±25.5%, non‐smokers: 48.3±31.2%, p<0.001). A difference was also observed when the number of palatal sites probing 4 mm or greater in the upper anterior region was expressed as a proportion of all such sites in the mouth (smokers: 12.3±6.8%, non‐smokers: 9.8±8.8%; p=0.050).

Conclusion: The overall pattern of tissue destruction was consistent with a systemic effect of smoking. The suggestion of a marginal local effect of the smoking habit in maxillary anterior palatal sites requires further investigation.
Lack of beneficial effects of platelet‐rich plasma on sinus augmentation using a fluorohydroxyapatite or autogenous bone: an explorative study
Authors: Klongnoi Boworn , Rupprecht Stephan , Kessler Peter , Zimmermann Robert , Thorwarth Michael , Pongsiri Sumitra , Neukam Friedrich‐Wilhelm , Wiltfang Joerg , Schlegel Karl Andreas
Published: June 2006

Background: Maxillary sinus augmentation is frequently necessary before placement of dental implants in the posterior maxilla. Besides autogenous bone graft, various bone substitutes have been used, with favourable results. Although platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) has been used in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery for years, its beneficial effects on osseous regeneration still remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short and long time effects of PRP on single‐stage sinus augmentation using autogenous bone or a fluorohydroxyapatite (Algipore®) in a randomized prospective animal study.

Methods: After extraction of maxillary premolars of sixteen minipigs, the wounds were allowed to heal for 2 months. Then, sinus augmentations were performed bilaterally using one of the following grafting materials: autogenous bone and Algipore® with or without PRP. Three dental implants (Ankylos®) were installed in each sinus simultaneously. Four animals were euthanized at each period of observation (1, 2, 8 and 12 months). Implant‐bearing specimens were sectioned bucco‐lingually along the long axis of implants and undecalcified ground specimens were prepared. The bone‐implant‐contact (BIC) was measured by means of microradiographic examination. For histological evaluation, the specimens were stained with toluidin blue, and the percentage of the newly formed bone and the remaining bone substitute were evaluated.

Results: The grafting materials chosen showed increasing levels of BIC and newly formed bone throughout the period of observation in both PRP and non‐PRP groups. Adding PRP resulted in lower BIC and newly formed bone compared with autogenous bone grafts or Algipore® alone. However, a statistical significance was not found. The percentages of the remaining bone substitute in both the PRP and non‐PRP groups were closely comparable in all observation periods.

Conclusions: The application of PRP could not reveal significant beneficial effects on the BIC, the percentage of the newly formed bone and the remaining bone substitute in this study.