bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing age-related changes in brain activity during isometric upper and lower limb force control tasks
Authors: Bower Abigail E. , Chung Jae Woo , Burciu Roxana G.
Published: December 2024

Despite the widespread use of older adults (OA) as controls in movement disorder studies, the specific effects of aging on the neural control of upper and lower limb movements remain unclear. While functional MRI paradigms focusing on hand movements are widely used to investigate age-related brain changes, research on lower limb movements is limited due to technical challenges in an MRI environment. This study addressed this gap by examining both upper and lower limb movements in healthy young adults (YA) vs. OA. Sixteen YA and 20 OA, matched for sex, dominant side, and cognitive status, performed pinch grip and ankle dorsiflexion tasks, each requiring 15% of their maximum voluntary contraction. While both groups achieved the target force and exhibited similar force variability and accuracy, OA displayed distinct differences in force control dynamics, with a slower rate of force increase in the hand task and a greater rate of force decrease in the foot task. Imaging results revealed that OA exhibited more widespread activation, extending beyond brain regions typically involved in movement execution. In the hand task, OA showed increased activity in premotor and visuo-motor integration regions, as well as in the cerebellar hemispheres. During the foot task, OA engaged the cerebellar hemispheres more than YA. Collectively, results suggest that OA may recruit additional brain regions to manage motor tasks, possibly to achieve similar performance. Future longitudinal studies that track changes over time could help clarify if declines in motor performance lead to corresponding changes in brain activation.
Zero-day Android botnet detection using neural networks
Authors: Seraj Saeed , Pimenidis Elias , Trovati Marcello , Polatidis Nikolaos
Published: December 2024

Android devices have evolved to offer a diverse array of services, spanning applications related to banking, business, health, and entertainment. The widespread adoption of Android devices, coupled with the open-source architecture of the Android operating system, has rendered them a prime target for malicious actors. Among the most perilous threats are Android botnets, which enable malicious actors, often referred to as botmasters, to exert remote control for the execution of destructive attacks. Android botnets have huge potential to be an emerging threat to mobile device security. In this paper, we focus on detecting evolving Android botnets and introduce a new dataset of 3458 apps, represented by 455 permission-based features. We propose an improved multilayer perceptron neural network for zero-day botnet detection. Our methodology, in this way, achieves an accuracy of 98.5%, thus outperforming traditional classifiers. It has a lot of functionality and is based on the neural network approach, making it able to identify slight botnet behaviours in order to improve Android security.
Generalization potential of large language models
Authors: Budnikov Mikhail , Bykova Anna , Yamshchikov Ivan P.
Published: December 2024

The rise of deep learning techniques and especially the advent of large language models (LLMs) intensified the discussions around possibilities that artificial intelligence with higher generalization capability entails. The range of opinions on the capabilities of LLMs is extremely broad: from equating language models with stochastic parrots to stating that they are already conscious. This paper represents an attempt to review LLM landscape in the context of their generalization capacity as an information theoretic property of those complex systems. We discuss the suggested theoretical explanations for generalization in LLMs and highlight possible mechanisms responsible for these generalization properties. Through an examination of existing literature and theoretical frameworks, we endeavor to provide insights into the mechanisms driving the generalization capacity of LLMs, thus contributing to a deeper understanding of their capabilities and limitations in natural language processing tasks.
Three-unit posterior monolithic fixed dental prostheses made from high-translucent shade-graded zirconia: 3-Year results from a prospective clinical pilot study
Authors: Güth Jan-Frederik , Keul Christine , Liebermann Anja , Schweiger Josef , Edelhoff Daniel , Schubert Oliver
Published: December 2024

Objectives

To assess the clinical performance of tooth-supported 3-unit fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) made from shade-graded monolithic 5Y-PSZ (partly stabilized zirconia) zirconia in terms of survival rate and the quality of restorations based on modified FDI criteria over three-years.

Materials and methods

High-translucent shade-graded monolithic zirconia (Lava Esthetic, Solventum Dental Solutions) was used to manufacture maxillary or mandibular three-unit FDPs in the posterior region (N = 22) employing subtractive milling system (Amann Girrbach). All FDPs were bonded with a universal resin cement (Rely X Universal, Solventum Dental Solutions) and evaluated 4 weeks after cementation (baseline) and after 1, 2, and 3 years. The primary objective was to assess the survival and complication rates of the restorations. Furthermore, the quality of the restorations was evaluated based on selected and modified FDI (World Dental Federation) criteria, which encompass functional, aesthetic, and biological parameters. FDI criteria were analyzed using the Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test.

Results

Twenty-one patients were examined at 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years. The survival rate was 100%. No mechanical complications were observed. A total of 3 biological complications occurred. These were successfully managed without any residual functional impairment. All FDI criteria were found to be clinically acceptable or better.

Conclusions

Monolithic shade-graded zirconia FDPs demonstrated 100% survival at 3 years with a low complication rate.

Clinical relevance

Fixed 3-unit FDPs made of high-translucent monolithic zirconia might be a viable treatment option in the posterior region, preventing the chipping phenomenon and providing favorable aesthetics while allowing for an efficient digital workflow.
Innovation bloom: nurturing sustainability in urban manufacturing transformation amidst Industry 4.0 and aging workforce dynamics
Authors: Rehman Hafiz Mudassir , Adnan Nadia , Moffett Sandra
Published: December 2024

This study addresses the evolving landscape of the manufacturing sector, particularly in developing nations like Malaysia, against the backdrop of the influential Industry 4.0 paradigm. The manufacturing arena, vital for economic progress, encounters heightened competitiveness and complexity, necessitating a reevaluation of strategies. The impetus behind this research is the imperative for manufacturing entities to enhance efficiency by embracing innovation as a fundamental aspect of their operational frameworks. Practices such as knowledge oriented leadership, electronic human resource management (e-HRM), and decentralised organisation structures emerge as pivotal elements to navigate the challenges presented by Industry 4.0. This study serves a dual purpose: guiding manufacturing firms in proactively preparing for Industry 4.0 and exploring the nuanced challenges associated with an aging workforce in this transformative context. Incorporating a mixed-method approach, the study initially adopts a quantitative, cross-sectional design. SPSS is employed for descriptive statistics, while Smart PLS is utilised for structural and measurement model analyses. This comprehensive methodology allows for a thorough exploration of the intricate relationships affecting Industry 4.0 readiness. In parallel, a qualitative facet was incorporated through thematic analysis, validating and enriching the findings on the impact of Industry 4.0 on urban planning derived from participant interviews. The findings emphasise that knowledge oriented leadership and eHRM are significant contributors to organisation innovation and Industry 4.0 readiness in the Malaysian manufacturing sector. Knowledge oriented leadership positively influences innovation, while e-HRM facilitates technological adoption by improving recruitment, learning, and performance appraisal systems. However, a decentralised organisational structure showed an insignificant effect on Industry 4.0 readiness, likely due to the unique challenges faced by smaller manufacturing firms. Notably, the study's findings on the varying influence of an aging workforce on Industry 4.0 readiness offer novel insights, highlighting the need for tailored workforce policies to support effective Industry 4.0 adoption. A notable contribution lies in the pioneering inquiry into the readiness of the Malaysian manufacturing sector for Industry 4.0. Identifying knowledge oriented leadership and e-HRM as crucial prerequisites for innovation and Industry 4.0 adoption, the study enriches the understanding of the intricate dynamics at the intersection of manufacturing, innovation, and Industry 4.0. Practically, the study offers actionable insights for Malaysian government officials shaping Industry 4.0 policies and stakeholders in navigating this transformative industrial era. Moreover, it will also help the stakeholders of other countries that are working towards Industry 4.0.
Characterization of an Overlooked Kinematical Descriptor in the Second-Gradient Hyperelastic Theory for Thin Shells
Authors: Tiwari Sankalp , Fried Eliot
Published: December 2024

In 1978, Murdoch presented a direct second-gradient hyperelastic theory for thin shells in which the strain-energy density associated with a deformation

$\boldsymbol{\eta }$

η

of a surface

$\mathcal{S}$

S

is allowed to depend constitutively on the three kinematical descriptors

$\boldsymbol{C}$

C

,

$\boldsymbol{H}$

H

, and

$\boldsymbol{F}^{\scriptscriptstyle \top }\boldsymbol{G}$

F
⊤

G

, where

$\boldsymbol{F}=\text{Grad} _{\scriptscriptstyle \mathcal{S}} \boldsymbol{\eta }$

F
=

Grad
S

η

,

$\boldsymbol{C}=\boldsymbol{F}^{\scriptscriptstyle \top }\boldsymbol{F}$

C
=

F
⊤

F

,

$\boldsymbol{H}=\boldsymbol{F}^{\scriptscriptstyle \top }\boldsymbol{L}_{ \scriptscriptstyle \mathcal{S}'}\boldsymbol{F}$

H
=

F
⊤

L

S
′

F

is the covariant pullback of the curvature tensor

$\boldsymbol{L}_{\scriptscriptstyle \mathcal{S}'}$

L

S
′

of the deformed surface

$\mathcal{S}'$

S
′

, and

$\boldsymbol{G}=\text{Grad} _{\scriptscriptstyle \mathcal{S}} \boldsymbol{F}$

G
=

Grad
S

F

. On the other hand, in Koiter’s direct thin-shell theory, the strain-energy density depends constitutively on only

$\boldsymbol{C}$

C

and

$\boldsymbol{H}$

H

. Due to the popularity of Koiter’s theory, the second-order tensors

$\boldsymbol{C}$

C

and

$\boldsymbol{H}$

H

are well understood and have been extensively characterized. However, the third-order tensor

$\boldsymbol{F}^{\scriptscriptstyle \top }\boldsymbol{G}$

F
⊤

G

in Murdoch’s theory is largely overlooked in the literature. We address this gap, providing a detailed characterization of

$\boldsymbol{F}^{\scriptscriptstyle \top }\boldsymbol{G}$

F
⊤

G

. We show that for

$\boldsymbol{\eta }$

η

twice continuously differentiable,

$\boldsymbol{F}^{\scriptscriptstyle \top }\boldsymbol{G}$

F
⊤

G

depends solely on

$\boldsymbol{C}$

C

and its surface gradient

$\text{Grad} _{\scriptscriptstyle \mathcal{S}}\boldsymbol{C}$

Grad
S

C

and does not depend on

$\boldsymbol{L}_{\scriptscriptstyle \mathcal{S}'}$

L

S
′

. For the special case of a conformal deformation, we find that a suitably defined strain measure corresponding to

$\boldsymbol{F}^{\scriptscriptstyle \top }\boldsymbol{G}$

F
⊤

G

depends only the conformal stretch and its surface gradient. For the further specialized case of an isometric deformation, this strain measure vanishes. An orthogonal decomposition of

$\boldsymbol{F}^{\scriptscriptstyle \top }\boldsymbol{G}$

F
⊤

G

reveals that it belongs to a ten-dimensional subspace of the space of third-order tensors and embodies two independent types of non-local phenomena: one related to the spatial variations in the stretching of

$\mathcal{S}'$

S
′

and the other to the curvature of

$\mathcal{S}$

S

.
First Observation of a Nuclear Recoil Peak at $$\mathcal {O}$$(100eV) with Crab: A Potential New Calibration Standard for Cryogenic Detectors
Authors: Kluck H. , Abele H. , Burkhart J. , Cappella F. , Casali N. , Cerulli R. , Chalil A. , Chebboubi A. , Crocombette J.-P. , del Castello G. , del Gallo Roccagiovine M. , Doblhammer A. , Dorer S. , Dumonteil E. , Erhart A. , Giuliani A. , Goupy C. , Gunsing F. , Jericha E. , Kaznacheeva M. , Kinast A. , Langenkämper A. , Lasserre T. , Letourneau A. , Lhuillier D. , Litaize O. , de Marcillac P. , Marnieros S. , Martin R. , Materna T. , Mazzucato E. , Nones C. , Ortmann T. , Pattavina L. , Poda D. V. , Peters L. , Rothe J. , Schermer N. , Schieck J. , Schönert S. , Serot O. , Soum-Sidikov G. , Stodolsky L. , Strauss R. , Thulliez L. , Vignati M. , Vivier M. , Wagner V. , Wex A.
Published: December 2024

Any experiment aiming to measure rare events, like Coherent Elastic neutrino-Nucleus Scattering (CE

$$\upnu$$

ν

NS) or hypothetical Dark Matter scattering, via nuclear recoils in cryogenic detectors relies crucially on a precise detector calibration at sub-keV energies. The Crab collaboration developed a new calibration technique based on the capture of thermal neutrons inside the target crystal. Together with the Nucleus experiment, first measurements with a moderated

$$^{252}$$

252

Cf neutron source and a cryogenic

$${{\textrm{CaWO}}_4}$$

CaWO
4

detector were taken. We observed for the first time the 112eV peak caused by the

$$^{182}$$

182

W(n,

$${\upgamma }$$

γ

)

$$^{183}$$

183

W capture reaction and subsequent nuclear recoils. Currently, Crab is preparing a precision measurement campaign based on a monochromatic flux of thermal neutrons from the 250-kW Triga-mark II nuclear reactor at TU Wien. In this contribution, we introduce the Crab technique, present the first measurement of the 112eV peak, report the preparations for the precision measurement campaign, and give an outlook on the impact on the field of cryogenic detectors.
Search anything: segmentation-based similarity search via region prompts
Authors: Korfhage Nikolaus , Mühling Markus , Freisleben Bernd
Published: December 2024

Search Anything is presented, a novel approach to perform similarity search in images. In contrast to other approaches to image similarity search, Search Anything enables users to utilize point, box, and text prompts to search for similar regions in a set of images. The region selected by a prompt is automatically segmented, and a binary feature vector is extracted. This feature vector is then used as a query for an image region index, and the images that contain the corresponding regions are returned. Search Anything is trained in a self-supervised manner on mask features extracted by the FastSAM foundation model and semantic features for masked image regions extracted by the CLIP foundation model to learn binary hash code representations for image regions. By coupling these two foundation models, images can be indexed and searched at a more fine-grained level than finding only entire similar images. Experiments on several datasets from different domains in a zero-shot setting demonstrate the benefits of Search Anything as a versatile region-based similarity search approach for images. The efficacy of the approach is further supported by qualitative results. Ablation studies are performed to evaluate how the proposed combination of semantic features and segmentation features together with masking improves the performance of Search Anything over the baseline using CLIP features alone. For large regions, relative improvements of up to 9.87% in mean average precision are achieved. Furthermore, considering context is beneficial for searching small image regions; a context of 3 times an object’s bounding box gives the best results. Finally, we measure computation time and determine storage requirements.
A geophysics-informed pro-poor approach to earthquake risk management
Authors: Agrawal Himanshu , Wang Chenbo , Cremen Gemma , McCloskey John
Published: December 2024

Recent earthquake disasters have highlighted an urgent need for continuous advancements in approaches to reducing seismic risk. Decision-making on such strategies should consider subsurface geophysical information (e.g., seismic site response), given its direct link to seismic hazard. This may be particularly important in regions where the poorest in society often reside in areas with softer soils that lead to higher ground-motion amplifications. In this context, we propose a framework to support decision-making on earthquake risk policies, which explicitly integrates information on the geophysics of an urban system as well as its physical and social environment. The framework is based on the Tomorrow’s Cities Decision Support Environment, which was designed to support urban planning with a focus on pro-poor disaster risk reduction in countries of the Global South. It is further underpinned by a cost–benefit analysis, which facilitates the assessment of potential policies in terms of both their ability to reduce earthquake risk as well as their value for (often limited) money. We illustrate the framework using a well-established virtual urban testbed based on Global South cities, which reveals that geophysics-informed policy making can successfully lead to pro-poor earthquake risk reduction.
Validation of a peer observation and evaluation tool for online teaching in the U.S.
Authors: Jia Yuane , Spagnolo Amy B. , Barrett Nora , Murphy Ann A. , Basto Peter M. , Rothpletz-Puglia Pamela , Luther Stuart
Published: December 2024

The benefits of peer evaluation of teaching effectiveness and quality in higher education are well documented. While instruments exist for the review and evaluation of entire online courses, there is no standardized single-lesson, peer evaluation instrument available for online instruction. This pilot study focused on the validation of a peer observation and evaluation tool for use with single lessons in both synchronous and asynchronous online courses in an inter-professional school of health professions. The researchers modified a psychometrically validated instrument developed for in-person peer observation by adding items from a renowned online course rubric to create a peer observation tool, entitled the Peer Observation and Evaluation Tool-Online (POET-O). The resulting instrument demonstrated adequate construct validity and reliability by using the many-facet Rasch measurement (MFRM) technique. MFRM results also indicated potential places to revise and improve the instrument. Recommendations for implementing the peer evaluation process of teaching are provided.
Effect of Robot Head Movement and its Timing on Human-Robot Interaction
Authors: Lee Honguk , Hahn Sowon
Published: December 2024

Head movements can provide a significant amount of information in communication. This study investigated the social capabilities of a robot’s head interaction, including the direction, movement, and timing of the movement. Using a newly designed robot, which has a minimal head movement mechanism in the three axes of x (pitch), y (roll), and z (yaw), we explored the participants’ perception of the robot’s head movements (i.e., nodding, shaking, and tilting) and movement timing (i.e., head movement prior to utterance and head movement simultaneous with utterance). The results revealed that head movements of the robot increased participants’ perceptions of likeability, anthropomorphism, animacy, and perceived intelligence of the robot compared with the non-movement condition. When the robot performed head movement prior to utterance, the rating of perceived naturalness was higher compared with that when the robot’s head movement occurred simultaneously with utterance. The findings imply that by implementing the features of head movements and movement timings, even simple robots that lack humanoid features can achieve better social interactions with humans.
Was fire use a cultural trait of the Gravettian? New micro-archaeological data from Fuente del Salín cave (Val de San Vicente, Cantabria)
Authors: Alzate-Casallas Guillermo , Sánchez-Carro Miguel Angel , Barbieri Alvise , González-Morales Manuel R.
Published: December 2024

Micro-archaeological data from sites located in central and eastern Europe show that, in comparison with other Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers, Gravettian foragers used fire more intensively and for a wider range of purposes. At these sites, this shift in pyrotechnology overlaps with the onset of periglacial conditions. Gravettian occupations of non-periglacial regions have been poorly investigated with micro-archaeological methods, and it remains to be further demonstrated whether these foragers also made a similar intensive and multipurpose use of fire. To further investigate this topic, we studied the sequence preserved at the cave of Fuente del Salín, in Cantabria, where previous excavations unearthed potential fire residues of Gravettian age. Using micromorphology, µ-X-ray fluorescence, and Scanning Electron Microscopy we reconstructed multiple phases of human visits to the site. Our results show that, during the main Gravettian occupation, foragers made intensive use of fire, as indicated by abundant heated bones and seashells, charcoals, amorphous char, fat-derived char, and in situ remains of potential stacked open hearths as well as burnt grass beddings. The intensive burning, systematic reuse of combustion features, and multiple purposes of the fires at Fuente del Salín are comparable with Gravettian sites from central and eastern Europe, indicating that these fire-use behaviors probably do not reflect a regional adaptation to periglacial environments but a cultural trait of the Gravettian tradition across Europe.
Habitat Suitability Modelling for the Red Dwarf Honeybee (Apis florea (Linnaeus)) and Its Distribution Prediction Using Machine Learning and Cloud Computing
Authors: Ma’moun Shireen , Farag Rasha , Abutaleb Khaled , Metwally Amr , Ali Abdelraouf , Yones Mona
Published: December 2024

Apis florea bees were recently identified in Egypt, marking the second occurrence of this species on the African continent. The objective of this study was to track the distribution of A. florea in Egypt and evaluate its potential for invasive behaviour. Field surveys were conducted over a 2-year period, resulting in the collection of data on the spatial distribution of the red dwarf honeybees. A comprehensive analysis was performed utilizing long-term monthly temperature and rainfall data to generate spatially interpolated climate surfaces with a 1-km resolution. Vegetation variables derived from Terra MODIS were also incorporated. Furthermore, elevation data obtained from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission were utilized to derive slope, aspect, and hillshade based on the digital elevation model. The collected data were subject to resampling for optimal data smoothing. Subsequently, a random forest model was applied, followed by an accuracy assessment to evaluate the classification output. The results indicated the selection of the mean temperature of coldest quarter (bio11), annual mean temperature (bio01), and minimum temperature of coldest month (bio06) as temperature-derived parameters are the most important parameters. Annual precipitation (bio12) and precipitation of wettest quarter (bio16) as precipitation parameters, and non-tree vegetation parameter as well as the elevation. The calculation of the Habitat Suitability Index revealed that the most suitable areas, covering a total of 200131.9 km2, were predominantly situated in the eastern and northern regions of Egypt, including the Nile Delta characterized by its fertile agricultural lands and the presence of the river Nile. In contrast, the western and southern parts exhibited low habitat suitability due to the absence of significant green vegetation and low relative humidity.
User experience and perceived usability of nurse-led telemonitoring among women with gestational diabetes in Dhulikhel, Nepal
Authors: Chaudhary Kalpana , Nepal Jyoti , Thapaliya Shraddha , Banjara Sangam , Shrestha Abha , Shakya Prabin Raj , Shrestha Archana , Rawal Shristi
Published: December 2024

Objective

To assess the usability and acceptability of nurse-led telemonitoring in managing gestational diabetes among Nepalese women.

Methods

We conducted a convergent mixed-method study among 91 pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes at Dhulikhel Hospital, Nepal. Participants received glucometers and blood pressure monitors, along with training and instructions to measure and record their blood pressure and glucose levels at home once a week. Starting from the 28th gestational week, the study nurse reviewed measurements obtained at home during the biweekly telemonitoring follow ups, alternating with hospital visits. We used the System Usability Scale (SUS) to assess perceived usability and conducted in-depth interviews to understand participants’ experiences with telemonitoring and related technologies, including feasibility, acceptability, satisfaction with treatment, usability, as well as any difficulties or unmet needs. The quantitative analysis included descriptive statistics to summarize participant characteristics and System Usability Scale (SUS) responses, while a framework analysis was applied to examine the qualitative data.

Results

The mean SUS score for telemonitoring services was 72.1 ± 7.6, indicating good usability (a score ≥ 68 indicates good usability). 93% of participants wanted to use the service frequently; 88% found it easy to use; 81% considered it well-integrated with their typical prenatal care. Participants acknowledged the benefits of virtual health visits, such as frequent health monitoring, facilitation of communication with healthcare providers, appointment reminders, added motivation for home monitoring, increased access to health information, and prevention of unnecessary anxiety. Overall, participants expressed satisfaction with the quality and features of the nurse-led telemonitoring for managing gestational diabetes, emphasizing its role in ensuring uninterrupted prenatal care.

Conclusions

Telemonitoring is a feasible and acceptable tool to facilitate close monitoring of pregnant women with gestational diabetes in peri-urban hospital settings in Nepal.
Multidimensional Analysis of Pigeons’ Behavior under Ratio and Interval Schedules Using a Video Tracking System: A Pilot Study
Authors: Kono Masanori
Published: December 2024

In studies on reinforcement schedules, the target behavior (which is the operant behavior to be measured) is defined as an act on an operandum, and its occurrence is measured discretely on a time axis. These studies have provided significant findings on the functional relationship between the environment and behavior in terms of the temporal dimension of behavior. However, the effects of reinforcement schedules on the spatial dimensions of the target behavior and other behaviors have not been fully investigated. This study measured the positions of multiple body parts of pigeons under fixed-ratio, fixed-interval, variable-ratio, and variable-interval schedules using a video-tracking system. The results showed that the movement pattern of pigeons varied more in the fixed-ratio schedule than in the other schedules and that the speed of movement differed between the schedules. These findings demonstrate the potential of multidimensional analyses using video tracking systems. Further refinements in measurement and analytical methodologies are required.
The effect of ozone gas, an alternative to conventional fumigants on life stages of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and their effect on chemical properties of wheat flour
Authors: Gad Hassan A. , Mohamed Hamdy A. , El-Ghaffar Mohamed M. Abd , Ibrahim Ibrahim L.
Published: December 2024

The rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a harmful insect pest for grains in storage systems. However, there is a lack of available data on the effect of ozone on rice moth. In this study, we assessed the ozone at concentrations of 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 g/m3 for six-time intervals (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 h) on the mortality of insect life stages as well as pupation and adult emergence. The results showed that for all stages, the percent of mortality increased with increasing concentration and exposure time with 5.0 g/m3 and 5.0 h of exposure time resulted in 100.0% egg mortality. The highest mortality of treated larvae (89.1%) and pupae (96.2%) resulted after 5.0 h exposure to 5.0 g/m3 of ozone. Also, the results showed that the treated adults were more sensitive to ozone than the three other stages. A complete adult mortality was achieved by all concentrations of ozone at the following exposure times, 5.0 h after 1.0 day of treatment, 4.0 h after 2.0 days of treatment and 2.0 h after 3.0 days of treatment. Beside the effect on mortality, ozone suppressed the pupation and adult emergence from treated immature stages. The chemical analysis of treated wheat flour showed a slight decrease in protein, fat, carbohydrate, moisture and fibre and a slight increase in ash contents compared with untreated wheat flour. Our findings suggest that ozone can be effectively used for the control of C. cephalonica in stored wheat flour.
Optimum-preserving QUBO parameter compression
Authors: Mücke Sascha , Gerlach Thore , Piatkowski Nico
Published: December 2024

Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problems are well-studied, not least because they can be approached using contemporary quantum annealing or classical hardware acceleration. However, due to limited precision and hardware noise, the effective set of feasible parameter values is severely restricted. As a result, otherwise solvable problems become harder or even intractable. In this work, we study the implications of solving QUBO problems under limited precision. Specifically, it is shown that the problem’s dynamic range has a crucial impact on the problem’s robustness against distortions. We show this by formalizing the notion of preserving optima between QUBO instances and explore to which extend parameters can be modified without changing the set of minimizing solutions. Based on these insights, we introduce techniques to reduce the dynamic range of a given QUBO instance based on the theoretical bounds of the minimal energy value. An experimental evaluation on random QUBO instances as well as QUBO-encoded BinClustering and SubsetSum problems show that our theoretical findings manifest in practice. Results on quantum annealing hardware show that the performance can be improved drastically when following our methodology.
Special Issue of International Criminology: ‘Misleading the World? Reassessing the International Impact of the British Modern Slavery Agenda: Vietnam
Authors: Silverstone Daniel , Luong Hai Thanh
Published: December 2024

Vietnamese nationals feature conspicuously in the British narrative of modern slavery. In 2019, 39 Vietnamese nationals tragically died in a refrigerated lorry in Kent, in a case which shocked both countries (Barnes T (2019) Essex lorry deaths: concerns ‘snakehead’ smuggling gangs could be behind 39 found dead in trailer. The Independent Newspaper. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/ essex-lorry-deaths-latest-snakehead-chinese-gang-human-trafficking-people-smuggling-a9171 066.html. {Accessed 18/04/2024}. Yet, in early 2024, Vietnamese nationals are currently the most likely migrants to reach the United Kingdom via small boats. This article—based on ongoing legal work and research carried out in both Vietnam and the United Kingdom—will explore the history of irregular migration from Vietnam and its specific connections to illegal drug cultivation. It will evaluate the impact of key domestic initiatives such as the National Referral Mechanism and the Modern Slavery Act 2015 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/30/section/45 {Accessed 14/09/2024} as well as most recent anti-trafficking campaigns in the United Kingdom and Vietnam. It argues that the losses of life in a refrigerated lorry in Essex and the continuing migrations are as much a product of prohibitionist drug policies as contradictory immigration and human trafficking messaging.
Nickel hydroxide-based energy storage devices: nickel-metal hydride batteries vs. nickel hydroxide hybrid supercapacitors
Authors: Yi Xuerui , Kirk Caroline , Robertson Neil
Published: December 2024

Nickel hydroxide-based devices, such as nickel hydroxide hybrid supercapacitors (Ni-HSCs) and nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries, are important technologies in the electrochemical energy storage field due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and environmentally-friendliness. Ni-HSCs combine the high-power density of capacitors with the high energy density of batteries, making them ideal for applications requiring rapid charge and discharge cycles. In contrast, Ni-MH batteries are known for their high energy density and stability, making them suitable for applications requiring sustained energy output. Although Ni-MH batteries have been commercialized for many years and Ni-HSCs have also been extensively investigated as a relatively new technology, there is no comprehensive review comparing their performance and mechanisms. Therefore, this review aims to provide a detailed comparison of these two devices. This comparative study focuses on three perspectives: historic development; working principles; and properties of nickel hydroxide in both devices. This summary could offer insight into selecting appropriate technologies for specific applications, guidance for materials development and understanding the fundamental mechanism driving their performance.
Improved student learning through active retrieval practice and random-sampled exams
Authors: Vesik Kaili , Hall Kathleen Currie
Published: December 2024

One pedagogical finding that has gained recent attention is the utility of active, effortful retrieval practice in effective learning. Essentially, humans learn best when they are asked to actively generate/recall knowledge for themselves, rather than receiving knowledge passively. In this paper, we (a) provide a framework for both practice and assessment within which students can organically develop active study habits, (b) share resources we have built to help implement such a framework in the linguistics classroom, and (c) provide some examples and evaluation of their success in the context of an introductory phonetics/phonology course.
Manipulating Time by Cryopreservation: Designing an Environmental Future by Maintaining a Portal to the Past
Authors: Brister Evelyn , Gammon Andrea R. , Thompson Paul B. , Tiersch Terrence R. , Zuchowicz Nikolas
Published: December 2024

This article explores how time-related metaphors frame advanced cryopreservation technologies in environmental conservation. Cryopreservation “stops” or “freezes” biological time and “buys time” desperately needed to preserve species and ecosystems. We advance a framing of these technologies as logistical, highlighting how they create opportunities to shift materials, knowledge, and decision-making power through space and time. As logistical technologies, advanced cryopreservation techniques require active planning in the present rather than deferring responsibility and accountability to the future.
The Need for Early Engagement with Interested Groups on Advanced Biopreservation
Authors: Hyun Insoo , Bischof John , Callier Shawneequa L. , Capron Alexander M. , Goodwin Michele Bratcher , Goswami Ishan , Isasi Rosario , Maynard Andrew D. , Pruett Timothy L. , Uygun Korkut , Wolf Susan M.
Published: December 2024

Research on advanced biopreservation — technologies that include, for example, partial freezing, supercooling, and vitrification with nanoparticle infusion and laser rewarming — is proceeding at a rapid pace, potentially affecting many areas of medicine and the life sciences, food, agriculture, and environmental conservation. Given the breadth and depth of its medical, scientific, and corresponding social impacts, advanced biopreservation is poised to emerge as a disruptive technology with real benefits, but also ethical challenges and risks. Early engagement with potentially affected groups can help navigate possible societal barriers to adoption of this new technology and help ensure that emerging capabilities align with the needs, desires, and expectations of a broad range of interested parties.
The European Union as a Global Health Actor: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Negri Stefania
Published: December 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic served as a catalyst to build a stronger European Health Union to protect the health of Europeans and to develop a new Global Health Strategy to contribute to global health security. In positioning itself as a key player in global health governance, the EU seeks to assert its responsibility as a global health actor and deepen its leadership in global health law.
Biopreservation in Agriculture and Food Systems: A Summary of Ethical Issues
Authors: Thompson Paul B. , Bischof John , Powell-Palm Matthew J. , Smith Kieran , Tiersch Terrence R.
Published: December 2024

Biomedical research on advanced cryopreservation has spillover effects on innovation in the food and agricultural sector. Advanced biopreservation technology has three key domains of impact in the food system: (1) improving efficiencies in storage and utilization of gametes and organoids for plant and animal breeding; (2) isochoric methods for preservation of fresh food products; and (3) in biorepositories for storage of genetic resources for agriculturally significant plants and livestock species.
UK secondary school pupils’ perspectives of interventions to encourage healthier food and drink choices in the school environment
Authors: Roberts A. , McSweeney L. , Evans E. , HillierBrown F. , Spence S.
Published: December 2024

The school food and drink environment offers opportunities to improve pupils’ food and drink choices, with school food accounting for up to 30% of pupils’ dietary intake(1). School canteens are often overcrowded and chaotic, which may lead to pupils choosing less healthy but quicker options. Interventions aiming to improve adolescents’ dietary behaviours have been conducted but usually lack adolescent involvement and can have limited impact on pupils’ dietary choices(2). Pupil involvement in design and development may lead to more acceptable interventions(3). The aim was to explore potential interventions with secondary school-aged pupils focused on key areas of the school food and drink environment.

A total of three North East England secondary schools were recruited based on pupil eligibility for free school meals and index of multiple deprivation. Approximately eight pupils (aged 12 – 13) were recruited per school to participate in three focus groups. Consent was collected from parents and pupils. In focus group one, pupils prioritised areas within the school food and drink environment for potential interventions. In focus group two, pupils explored what these interventions might comprise. Finally, pupils reviewed the acceptability, sustainability, and feasibility of their interventions. Thematic analysis using a coding framework was used to analyse data.

Ethical approval was granted by Newcastle University Ethics Committee, reference number: 2402/24272/2021.

Across the three schools, twenty-two (m = 9; f = 13) pupils participated in the focus groups. Preliminary analysis revealed the inability for pupils to eat their school lunch outside was a key area for improvement. Pupils felt that with dedicated areas to eat outside, they would have more time to eat and not rely on convenient options. Incorrect menus in the canteen also meant pupils did not know what they could select and instead chose the same, often less healthy options. Pupils wanted posters in the canteen to promote the available healthier options previously used in nudge-based interventions. School food and drink were usually considered poor value for money due to high prices and perceived poor quality of school food compared to what is available outside of school. Pupils felt that introducing meal deals or food-based rewards for healthier options would encourage higher consumption due to them being perceived as better value for money.

Prioritised areas and interventions within the school food and drink environment were schoolspecific. Before interventions are conducted in schools, further understanding of the school context and whether interventions are appropriate are needed. Further work exploring continued project development, including further pupil and school staff input to explore intervention feasibility is required.
The effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) supplementation on sleep, mood, and cognitive function in healthy university students
Authors: Murphy A. , McLachlan K. , Egan H. , Bedwell M. , Kimble R.
Published: December 2024

University students often face high levels of stress and sleep disturbances due to their academic demands and lifestyle factors(1). Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), an adaptogenic herb, has shown the potential to mitigate stress and improve cognitive function(2). However, limited research has examined its effects on these variables in university students. This study aimed to determine the effects of ashwagandha supplementation on sleep quality, mood, and cognitive function in university students.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study was used. Nine university students (5 males, 4 females; Age: 21 ± 1 years; BMI: 25 ± 2.5 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to receive 500 mg of standardized ashwagandha root extract capsules for 7 days or a placebo (encapsulated cornstarch) with a 7-day washout between treatments. Sleep was measured during the 7-day supplementation period using the Loughborough Daily Sleep Diary. Postsupplementation mood and cognitive function were measured by the Profile of Mood States (POMS) scale(3) and computerised Stroop, and Deary-Liewald simple and choice reaction tasks(4). Paired sample t-tests were used to determine differences between the ashwagandha and placebo conditions with calculated effect sizes (Cohen’s d).

Participants reported lower confusion indicator on the POMS following ashwagandha compared to the placebo (mean ± SD: 4.8 ± 2.0 vs 7.6 ± 3.1 arbitrary units; P = 0.03; d = −0.92). No other differences were found for any other mood indicators, sleep, or cognitive function parameters (P > 0.05).

These data suggest that ashwagandha may improve feelings of confusion in university students but further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to verify these findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
Revisiting attitudes and awareness around sustainable diets after 10 years
Authors: Cleland E. , McBey D. , Darlene V. , McCormick B.J.J. , Macdiarmid J.I.
Published: December 2024

While the impact of high meat consumption on the environment(1) and health(2) have been studied for decades, public knowledge of these issues is less well understood. The aim of this study was to assess the awareness and knowledge of the environmental impact of food choices among the public, as well as people’s willingness to reduce their consumption of meat. We sought to repeat the study conducted by Macdiarmid et al.(3),which found limited knowledge of the link between meat and the environment, and a general unwillingness to change, to understand if public knowledge of and perceptions around sustainable diets have changed in the decade since the original study was conducted.

Nine in-person focus groups were conducted between March and August 2023. Adult participants (≥18 years old) were recruited in Scotland from populations matching the original study(3) based on a balanced urban vs rural, locations and high vs low socio-economic status (SES) areas. Data was coded and analysed using a thematic approach.

Most participants (n = 60, ranging from 5-11 participants per group) believed that food choice impacts the environment and human health. Views diverged between the sociodemographic groups with urban/higher SES groups generally more knowledgeable of the impact of meat on the environment and rural/lower SES participants typically less aware. Willingness to reduce meat consumption was also split by SES and motivations were different. Higher SES groups were more willing to reduce meat consumption, and in some cases reported having already started to do so, than lower SES groups. The former groups discussed ethical, health and environmental reasons whereas the latter groups were more sensitive to the price of alternatives. Meat, variously defined, but generally ruminant meat, was considered an important part of a ‘balanced’ diet and most participants were reluctant to remove it entirely.

Although the language of dietary sustainability was not uniformly recognised or understood, there was greater understanding of the underlying concepts in 2023 compared to 2013. The environmental impacts of food choices were more often couched in terms of the physical environment (e.g., packaging) than climatic impacts (i.e., greenhouse gas emissions). There was a strong sense that local (i.e., Scottish) production was more ‘sustainable’ than imported food and there was broad willingness to reduce, but not remove, meat consumption in principle.