bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance monitoring of focused ultrasound/magnetic nanoparticle targeting delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain
Authors: Liu Hao-Li , Hua Mu-Yi , Yang Hung-Wei , Huang Chiung-Yin , Chu Po-Chun , Wu Jia-Shin , Tseng I-Chou , Wang Jiun-Jie , Yen Tzu-Chen , Chen Pin-Yuan , Wei Kuo-Chen
Published: August 2010

The superparamagnetic properties of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) allow them to be guided by an externally positioned magnet and also provide contrast for MRI. However, their therapeutic use in treating CNS pathologies in vivo is limited by insufficient local accumulation and retention resulting from their inability to traverse biological barriers. The combined use of focused ultrasound and magnetic targeting synergistically delivers therapeutic MNPs across the blood–brain barrier to enter the brain both passively and actively. Therapeutic MNPs were characterized and evaluated both in vitro and in vivo, and MRI was used to monitor and quantify their distribution in vivo. The technique could be used in normal brains or in those with tumors, and significantly increased the deposition of therapeutic MNPs in brains with intact or compromised blood–brain barriers. Synergistic targeting and image monitoring are powerful techniques for the delivery of macromolecular chemotherapeutic agents into the CNS under the guidance of MRI.
Ectopic vesicular neurotransmitter release along sensory axons mediates neurovascular coupling via glial calcium signaling
Authors: Thyssen Anne , Hirnet Daniela , Wolburg Hartwig , Schmalzing Günther , Deitmer Joachim W. , Lohr Christian
Published: August 2010

Neurotransmitter release generally is considered to occur at active zones of synapses, and ectopic release of neurotransmitters has been demonstrated in a few instances. However, the mechanism of ectopic neurotransmitter release is poorly understood. We took advantage of the intimate morphological and functional proximity of olfactory receptor axons and specialized glial cells, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), to study ectopic neurotransmitter release. Axonal stimulation evoked purinergic and glutamatergic Ca2+responses in OECs, indicating ATP and glutamate release. In axons expressing synapto-pHluorin, stimulation evoked an increase in synapto-pHluorin fluorescence, indicative of vesicle fusion. Transmitter release was dependent on Ca2+and could be inhibited by bafilomycin A1 and botulinum toxin A. Ca2+transients in OECs evoked by ATP, axonal stimulation, and laser photolysis of NP-EGTA resulted in constriction of adjacent blood vessels. Our results indicate that ATP and glutamate are released ectopically by vesicles along axons and mediate neurovascular coupling via glial Ca2+signaling.
Identification of RING finger protein 4 (RNF4) as a modulator of DNA demethylation through a functional genomics screen
Authors: Hu Xiaoyi V. , Rodrigues Tânia M. A. , Tao Haiyan , Baker Robert K. , Miraglia Loren , Orth Anthony P. , Lyons Gary E. , Schultz Peter G. , Wu Xu
Published: August 2010

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification involved in transcriptional regulation, nuclear organization, development, aging, and disease. Although DNA methyltransferases have been characterized, the mechanisms for DNA demethylation remain poorly understood. Using a cell-based reporter assay, we performed a functional genomics screen to identify genes involved in DNA demethylation. Here we show that RNF4 (RING finger protein 4), a SUMO-dependent ubiquitin E3-ligase previously implicated in maintaining genome stability, plays a key role in active DNA demethylation. RNF4 reactivates methylation-silenced reporters and promotes global DNA demethylation.
Rnf4
deficiency is embryonic lethal with higher levels of methylation in genomic DNA. Mechanistic studies show that RNF4 interacts with and requires the base excision repair enzymes TDG and APE1 for active demethylation. This activity appears to occur by enhancing the enzymatic activities that repair DNA G:T mismatches generated from methylcytosine deamination. Collectively, our study reveals a unique function for RNF4, which may serve as a direct link between epigenetic DNA demethylation and DNA repair in mammalian cells.
At
sPLA
2
-α nuclear relocalization by the Arabidopsis transcription factor AtMYB30 leads to repression of the plant defense response
Authors: Froidure Solène , Canonne Joanne , Daniel Xavier , Jauneau Alain , Brière Christian , Roby Dominique , Rivas Susana
Published: August 2010

The hypersensitive response (HR), characterized by a rapid and localized cell death at the inoculation site, is one of the most efficient resistance reactions to pathogen attack in plants. The transcription factor AtMYB30 was identified as a positive regulator of the HR and resistance responses during interactions between Arabidopsis and bacteria. Here, we show that AtMYB30 and the secreted phospholipase
At
sPLA
2
-α physically interact in vivo
,
following the AtMYB30-mediated specific relocalization of
At
sPLA
2
-α from cytoplasmic vesicles to the plant cell nucleus. This protein interaction leads to repression of AtMYB30 transcriptional activity and negative regulation of plant HR. Moreover,

Atspla
2
-

α mutant plants are more resistant to bacterial inoculation, whereas
At
sPLA
2
-α overexpression leads to decreased resistance, confirming that
At
sPLA
2
-α is a negative regulator of AtMYB30-mediated defense. These data underline the importance of cellular dynamics and, particularly, protein translocation to the nucleus, for defense-associated gene regulation in plants.
Oligogenic basis of isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency
Authors: Sykiotis Gerasimos P. , Plummer Lacey , Hughes Virginia A. , Au Margaret , Durrani Sadia , Nayak-Young Sadhana , Dwyer Andrew A. , Quinton Richard , Hall Janet E. , Gusella James F. , Seminara Stephanie B. , Crowley William F. , Pitteloud Nelly
Published: August 2010

Between the genetic extremes of rare monogenic and common polygenic diseases lie diverse oligogenic disorders involving mutations in more than one locus in each affected individual. Elucidating the principles of oligogenic inheritance and mechanisms of genetic interactions could help unravel the newly appreciated role of rare sequence variants in polygenic disorders. With few exceptions, however, the precise genetic architecture of oligogenic diseases remains unknown. Isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency caused by defective secretion or action of hypothalamic GnRH is a rare genetic disease that manifests as sexual immaturity and infertility. Recent reports of patients who harbor pathogenic rare variants in more than one gene have challenged the long-held view that the disorder is strictly monogenic, yet the frequency and extent of oligogenicity in isolated GnRH deficiency have not been investigated. By systematically defining genetic variants in large cohorts of well-phenotyped patients (
n
= 397), family members, and unaffected subjects (
n
= 179) for the majority of known disease genes, this study suggests a significant role of oligogenicity in this disease. Remarkably, oligogenicity in isolated GnRH deficiency was as frequent as homozygosity/compound heterozygosity at a single locus (2.5%). Among the 22% of patients with detectable rare protein-altering variants, the likelihood of oligogenicity was 11.3%. No oligogenicity was detected among controls (
P
< 0.05), even though deleterious variants were present. Viewing isolated GnRH deficiency as an oligogenic condition has implications for understanding the pathogenesis of its reproductive and nonreproductive phenotypes; deciphering the etiology of common GnRH-related disorders; and modeling the genetic architecture of other oligogenic and multifactorial diseases.
Extragastric manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Authors: Mitchell H. M. , Kaakoush N. O. , Sutton P.
Published: August 2010

This chapter discusses the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and several extragastric diseases, including idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, iron deficiency anaemia, cardiovascular disease, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases.
Virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori.
Authors: Backert S. , Mimuro H. , Israel D. A. , Peek R. M., Jr.
Published: August 2010

This chapter presents the gastric biology of Helicobacter pylori infections by describing the interplay of multiple virulence and pathogenicity factors in humans and animal and in vitro models. The function and signalling activities of the 2 major virulence factors of H. pylori, namely vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) and cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island (cagPAI), are described in detail.
Helicobacteromics- - genomics of a highly variable, well-adapted and persistent pathogen.
Authors: Reuse H. de , Heimesaat M. M. , Bereswill S.
Published: August 2010

This chapter focuses on the genomic and proteomic aspects of Helicobacter pylori and highlights the role of this novel information in the study of host specificity, gastric adaptation, disease progression and pathogen evolution. The possible mechanisms involved in H. pylori colonization of the restricted and hostile natural reservoir including inter-species transmission, genetic diversity and regulatory pathways are discussed.
Three-dimensional modelling of a dc arc plasma in a twin-torch system
Authors: Tang K M , Yan J D , Chapman C , Fang M T C
Published: August 2010

A three-dimensional steady-state arc model has been developed for simulating the behaviour of a twin-torch plasma system operating in an atmospheric argon environment. The governing equations for plasma flow, electric and magnetic fields are solved in a Cartesian coordinate system with suitable domain size and appropriate boundary conditions. Radiation from the arc is accounted for using the concept of net emission coefficient. Results over the current range 300–900 A suggest that the two arc columns attached, respectively, to anode and cathode are coupled by a thin tissue-like conducting layer with a thickness in the range 3–6 mm, serving as a critical part of the current path. Lorentz force resulting from the arc's current interacting with its own magnetic field plays a decisive role in bending the two arc columns and shaping the coupling zone. Turbulence is introduced to account for the effect resulting from instability of the coupling zone as observed in experiment and its effectiveness is analysed in detail using different length scale parameters. Suggestions to further improve the model are proposed.
Compositional, structural and morphological modifications of N-rich Cu3N films induced by irradiation with Cu ions at 42 MeV
Authors: Gordillo N , Rivera A , Grötzschel R , Munnik F , Güttler D , Crespillo M L , Agulló-López F , Gonzalez-Arrabal R
Published: August 2010

N-rich Cu3N films were irradiated with Cu at 42 MeV in the fluences range from 4 × 1011 to 1 × 1014 cm−2. The radiation-induced changes in the chemical composition, structural phases, surface morphology and optical properties have been characterized as a function of ion fluence, substrate temperature and angle of incidence of the incoming ion by means of ion-beam analysis (IBA), x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, profilometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. IBA methods reveal a very efficient sputtering of N whose yield (5 × 103 atom/ion) is almost independent of substrate temperature (RT-300 °C) but slightly depends on the incidence angle of the incoming ion. The Cu content remains essentially constant within the investigated fluence range. All data suggest an electronic mechanism to be responsible for the N depletion. The release of nitrogen and the formation of Cu2O and metallic Cu are discussed on the basis of existing models.
Factors Affecting the Alkaline Cooking Performance of Selected Corn and Sorghum Hybrids
Authors: Johnson Weston B. , Ratnayake Wajira S. , Jackson David S. , Lee Kyung‐Min , Herrman Timothy J. , Bean Scott R. , Mason Stephen C.
Published: August 2010

Dent corn (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) sample sets representative of commonly grown hybrids and diverse physical attributes were analyzed for alkaline cooking performance. The influence of kernel characteristics including hardness, density, starch properties (thermal, pasting, and crystallinity), starch content, protein content, and prolamin content on alkaline cooking performance was also determined. Corn nixtamal moisture content was lower for hard, dense kernels with high protein contents; sorghum nixtamal moisture content was lower for kernels with low moisture contents and low starch relative crystallinities. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) regression equations showed that corn nixtamal moisture content was influenced by TADD (tangential abrasive dehulling device) index, kernel moisture content, starch content, and protein content; sorghum nixtamal moisture content was influenced by starch relative crystallinity, kernel moisture content, and abrasive hardness index. Pericarp removal was not strongly correlated with kernel characterization tests. Location (environmental) and hybrid (genetic) factors influenced most kernel characteristics and nixtamalization processing variables.
Influence of Host Resistance on Stewart's Wilt Forecasts and Probability of Exceeding Thresholds for Use of Seed-Treatment Insecticides on Sweet Corn
Authors: Meyer M. D. , Pataky J. K. , Joos D. K. , Esgar R. W. , Henry B. R.
Published: August 2010

Many sweet corn (Zea mays) hybrids commercially available today have higher levels of resistance to Stewart's disease (caused by Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii) than the cultivars from which Stevens developed the first forecast of this disease in the 1930s. Incorporating levels of host resistance into forecasts of the seedling wilt phase of Stewart's disease (i.e., Stewart's wilt) could improve control decisions for sweet corn which are made prior to planting. Incidence of systemic infection of seedlings was assessed on 27 sweet corn hybrids with a range of reactions to P. stewartii. In total, 741 observations were collected from 1998 to 2009 in 79 field trials at 15 locations throughout Illinois and one each in Kentucky and Delaware. Relative frequency distributions of the incidence of systemic Stewart's wilt were developed for combinations of hybrids with different levels of resistance and ranges of winter temperature from Stewart's wilt forecasts. The probability of exceeding thresholds of 1 or 5% incidence that warrant the use of seed-treatment insecticides on sweet corn grown for fresh market or processing, respectively, was determined from these frequency distributions. Levels of host resistance affected the incidence of systemic seedling wilt within ranges of winter temperatures used by Stewart's wilt forecasts. For moderate and resistant hybrids, frequency distributions of Stewart's wilt incidence and mean incidence ranging from 0.7 to 1.8% did not differ among three winter temperature ranges above –2.8°C. Conversely, distributions of Stewart's wilt incidence on susceptible hybrids differed among each of the four ranges of winter temperature from the Stevens-Boewe forecast (i.e., >0.6, –1.1 to 0.6, –2.8 to –1.1, and <–2.8°C), with mean incidence ranging from 0.5 to 8.5%. Occurrence of Stewart's wilt also differed among trials varying in number of winter months above –4.4°C, the criterion used by the Iowa State forecast of this disease. Levels of host resistance to P. stewartii also affected the occurrence of Stewart's wilt as predicted by the Iowa State method. The probability of exceeding economic thresholds of 1 or 5% incidence of systemic Stewart's wilt depended on levels of host resistance and winter temperature. Stewart's wilt is unlikely to exceed economic thresholds when the mean winter temperature is below –4.4°C. When mean winter temperature was above –2.8°C, the probability of exceeding 1% incidence of systemic Stewart's wilt was 0.59 for susceptible sweet corn hybrids and 0.28 for moderate and resistant hybrids. When mean winter temperature was below –2.8°C, the probability of exceeding 1% incidence of systemic Stewart's wilt was 0.22 for susceptible hybrids and 0.04 for moderate or resistant sweet corn hybrids. The probability of exceeding 5% incidence was less than 0.1, except when the mean winter temperature was above –2.8°C and susceptible hybrids were grown.
Phenolic Responses of Resistant and Susceptible Olive Cultivars Induced by Defoliating and Nondefoliating Verticillium dahliae Pathotypes
Authors: Markakis Emmanouil A. , Tjamos Sotirios E. , Antoniou Polymnia P. , Roussos Peter A. , Paplomatas Epaminondas J. , Tjamos Eleftherios C.
Published: August 2010

Verticillium wilt is the most serious olive disease worldwide. The olive-infecting Verticillium dahliae pathotypes have been classified as defoliating (D) and nondefoliating (ND), and the disease is mainly controlled in olive orchards by using resistant or tolerant cultivars. Limited information is available about the nature of resistance in most of the olive cultivars. In the present study, the phenolic responses of the susceptible to V. dahliae olive cv. Amfissis and the resistant cv. Koroneiki upon D and ND V. dahliae infection were monitored in relation to the fungal DNA levels in the vascular tissues with the purpose to explore the defense mechanisms of olive trees against V. dahliae. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that the decrease in symptom severity shown in Koroneiki trees was associated with significant reduction in the growth of both V. dahliae pathotypes in the vascular tissues compared with Amfissis. In Koroneiki trees, the levels of o-diphenols and verbascoside were positively associated with the DNA levels of the D and ND pathotypes. In addition, a positive association was observed between the levels of verbascoside and the fungal DNA level in Amfissis trees, whereas a negative association was revealed between the fungal DNA level and the total phenols and oleuropein content in both cultivars. The levels of verbascoside were clearly higher in Koroneiki trees compared with Amfissis trees, indicating for the first time in the literature the involvement of verbascoside in the defense mechanism of olive trees against V. dahliae.
Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces biocellatus on Spearmint (Mentha spicata) in Italy
Authors: Garibaldi A. , Bertetti D. , Pensa P. , Gullino M. L.
Published: August 2010

Spearmint (Mentha spicata) is grown for its aromatic and carminative oil and as an ornamental. During the fall of 2009, 4-month-old plants grown on a commercial farm located near Albenga (northern Italy) showed signs and symptoms of an unknown powdery mildew. The adaxial leaf surfaces were covered with white mycelia and conidia, while the abaxial surfaces were less infected. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and wilted. Mycelia were also observed on stems. Conidia were hyaline, elliptical to doliform, borne in short chains (two to three conidia per chain), and measured 35 × 21 μm (30 to 43 × 18 to 26 μm). Conidiophores measured 86 × 11 μm (76 to 97 × 9 to 13 μm) followed by one to three shorter cells, measuring, respectively, 22 × 11 μm (13 to 28 × 9 to 15 μm). Fibrosin bodies were absent. Chasmothecia were not observed in the collected samples. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced (1) (GenBank Accession No. HM053470). The 567-bp amplicon had 100% homology with the sequence of Golovinomyces biocellatus (GenBank Accession No. AB307675). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of healthy M. spicata plants. Three plants were inoculated, while the same number of noninoculated plants served as a control. Plants were maintained at temperatures from 18 to 25°C. Twelve days after inoculation, typical symptoms of powdery mildew developed on inoculated plants. The fungus observed on inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that originally observed. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. G. biocellatus has been reported on Mentha spp. in Australia (3) and the United States (4) and the pathogen is present on other plant genera in Italy. A similar powdery mildew of M. spicata was attributed to Erysiphe orontii in the United States (2). The economic importance of this disease is currently limited in Italy because of the limited planting of this host, but potted aromatic plants represent a steadily increasing crop in Italy. Voucher specimens are available at the Agroinnova Collection, University of Torino.

References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) S. T. Koike and G. S. Saenz. Plant Dis. 83:399, 1999. (3) J. R. Liberato and J. H. Cunnington. Australas. Plant Dis. Notes 2:83, 2007. (4) D. B. Marcum et al. Plant Dis. 94:276, 2010.
Molecular Variation Among Isolates of Verticillium dahliae and Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Differentiation of Races
Authors: Maruthachalam K. , Atallah Z. K. , Vallad G. E. , Klosterman S. J. , Hayes R. J. , Davis R. M. , Subbarao K. V.
Published: August 2010

Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungal pathogen that causes vascular wilt in a variety of economically important crops worldwide. There are two races of V. dahliae that infect tomato and lettuce. Although race-1-specific resistance has been identified in both tomato and lettuce, no resistant sources are available for race 2. Molecular analyses were employed to characterize the genetic variability and race structure of 101 isolates of V. dahliae from a variety of hosts, mainly from central and coastal California, and 10 isolates exotic to this area. Analyses of the 16 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers illustrated that tomato subpopulations from central California were distinct relative to the marigold subpopulations. In contrast, cotton and olive isolates showed admixture with tomato isolates. Analyses of both the ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer regions and SSR markers revealed high genetic variability among isolates but were unable to delineate races of V. dahliae. However, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was applied to amplify a race-1-specific amplicon from the isolates in many hosts from different geographic areas, and was coupled with virulence assays for validation of the data. Results of the PCR assay showed 100% concordance with the virulence assay to differentiate race 1 from race 2 of 48 isolates from tomato. The results indicate that the PCR assay can be applied to differentiate the two races to support our related aim of breeding host resistance, and further reveal insights into the distribution of races in tomato and lettuce cropping systems in California.
Novel Oral Anticoagulants
Authors: Levy Jerrold H. , Key Nigel S. , Azran Marc S.
Published: August 2010

Patients undergoing surgery receive anticoagulation for perioperative thromboprophylaxis or ischemic cardiovascular disease. Because anticoagulants may also potentiate bleeding, clinicians need to understand the implications of anticoagulation in perioperative and postoperative patient management. Many newer anticoagulants that are now available or are in clinical development do not require routine coagulation monitoring, have more predictable dose responses, and have fewer interactions with other drugs and food. The most advanced oral anticoagulants in clinical development are the direct factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban and apixaban, and the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate. These agents have been evaluated in the postoperative setting in patients undergoing total hip- or knee-replacement surgery with promising results, and it remains to be seen whether these results will translate into other surgical settings. The impact of the new agents will be influenced by the balance between efficacy and safety, improved convenience, and potential cost-effectiveness benefits.
Epilepsy as a Consequence of Cerebral Malaria in Area in Which Malaria Is Endemic in Mali, West Africa
Authors: Ngoungou Edgard Brice , Dulac Olivier , Poudiougou Belco , Druet‐Cabanac Michel , Dicko Alassane , Mamadou Traore Abdoulaye , Coulibaly Drissa , Farnarier Guy , Tuillas Maryse , Keita Marouf Mamadou , Kombila Maryvonne , Doumbo Ogobara K. , Preux Pierre‐Marie
Published: August 2010

Summary:  Purpose: Cerebral malaria (CM) is suspected to be a potential cause of epilepsy in tropical areas, but little information is available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of CM in epilepsy among children in Mali.

  Methods: An exposed–nonexposed study was performed to identify children who had epilepsy after malaria in the 0‐ to 15‐year age group. The exposure factor was CM defined according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, and the nonexposure factor was symptomatic malaria without the characteristics of CM (NCM). All the children underwent a screening questionnaire and were examined by a medical physician. After the screening phase, a specialist in neuropediatrics examined the children suspected to have epilepsy. EEG and computed tomography (CT) scans were performed in some of these patients.

  Results: In total, 101 subjects who had had CM and 222 who had had NCM were included. Fifty‐four children (CM, 34; NCM, 20) were suspected to have epilepsy, and six were confirmed (CM, five; NCM, one). The incidence rate was 17.0 per 1000 person‐years in the CM group and 1.8 per 1000 person‐year in the NCM group; thus the relative risk (RR) was 9.4 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.3–80.3; p = 0.02]. After adjustment on age and duration of follow‐up, the RR was 14.3 (95% CI, 1.6–132.0; p = 0.01).

  Conclusions: The risk of sequelar epilepsy is significantly higher in the CM group compared with the NCM group. A reevaluation of this cohort should be carried out later to search for temporal epilepsy that appeared after age 10 years.
PRODUCTION OF LIMONOATE DEHYDROGENASE BY Pseudomonas
Authors: HASEGAWA SHIN , KIM KYUNG S. , BORDER SUSAN N. , BREWSTER LINDA C. , MAIER V. P.
Published: August 2010

The growth conditions of Pseudomonas sp. 321–18 were studied to maximize yields of limonoate dehydrogenase, which prevents the development of limonin bitterness in citrus juices. The organism grew well on 0.5% or less limonoate media, but it did not grow on media containing 1.0% or more limonoate. Galactose and fructose were excellent substrates for its growth, but sucrose and glucose were found to be poor. The organism grew best at 25°C and pH 7–7.5. Cells grown on substrates other than those containing limonoids did not produce limonoate dehydrogenase, but the enzyme was induced with low concentrations of limonoids. Enzyme activity was increased five to sixfold by use of the induction method on galactose grown cells.
Lipids in Flour from Gamma‐Irradiated Wheat
Authors: CHUNG O. , FINNEY K. F. , POMERANZ Y.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY—

Lipids were extracted with petroleum ether and with water‐saturated butanol from flours milled from wheat aliquots gamma‐irradiated by doses of 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 × 106 rep. The water‐saturated butanol extract was fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography into polar and nonpolar lipids; the fractions were studied for phosphorus content. Profound changes in rheological properties and bread‐making characteristics of the flours were accompanied by a small decrease in the ratio of nonpolar to polar lipids and by an increase in the phosphorus content of the polar fraction. Some changes in flour lipids from irradiated wheat were noticed during fractionation by TLC and during determination of infrared spectra.
Variation of Selected Factors from the Anterior to Posterior of Pork Loin
Authors: HARRISON DOROTHY L. , ANDERSON LOIS L. , BAIRD JOAN , PENGILLY CHARLOTTE , MERKEL R. A. , KROPF DONALD , MACKINTOSH D. L.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY—

Data from three experiments suggest that designs for studies using pork loin should consider variations within the loin from the 4th rib to the anterior end of the hip bone.' Of the factors measured on anterior, middle, and posterior sections in the loin, only tenderness and flavor of the LD were similar for all three sections in all three experiments. The middle section lost less weight during cooking, produced the most press fluid, and was the least tender in all experiments. The anterior section required significantly longer total cooking time than middle or posterior sections, whereas there was no factor in which the posterior section usually differed from the other two sections.
Nutritive Quality of Idli, a Fermented Food of India
Authors: van VEEN A. G. , HACKLER L. ROSS , STEINKRAUS K. H. , MUKHERJEE S. K.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY—

Idli is a popular breakfast and hospital food in South India which is prepared by fermenting a mixture of soaked and milled parboiled rice and dehulled black gram (Phaseolus mungo).

In the present investigation, no appreciable increase in methionine was found after 24 hours of fermentation, when idli would normally be steamed. The PER and digestibility in rats were the same as of the unfermented mixture. The riboflavin content was decreased. Because of the presence of Streptococcus faecalis in the fermented batter, the presence of pharmacological active amines such as tyramin was expected but they were not detected.

It seems that the nutritive advantage of this interesting food may lie mainly in its increased acceptability, but not in an increased nutritive value.
STORAGE STABILITY OF COMMERCIALLY PREPARED AND FROZEN POND‐RAISED CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctauts, rafinisque)
Authors: BOGGESS T. S. , HEATON E. K. , SHEWFELT A. L.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY –The storage stability of frozen pond‐raised channel catfish from five commercial processing plants was examined. Three distinct types of processing treatment were included in the five lots. Fish samples were evaluated initially and at regular intervals during frozen storage up to 270 days. The evaluations included changes in moisture, pH, fat stability (TBA value) and shear press values of the uncooked fish, and in sensory ratings for appearance, aroma, color, texture and flavor of the cooked products. Moisture losses and changes in pH during frozen storage were not statistically significant (P = 0.05). Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values indicative of changes in fat stability, incresed in all five lots of fish with prolonged storage but were not closely correlated with changes in flavor rating. Sensory ratings for quality of the cooked product decreased significantly with successive storage periods. The regression patterns representing changes in quality during storage varied among the different losts of fish. Certain variations were related to the processing treatments.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON MYOGLOBIN AND LIPID OXIDATION IN FROZEN BEEF
Authors: LEDWARD D. A. , MACFARLANE J. J.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY –The observed curvilinear correlation between metmyoglobin formation and lipid oxidation in beef gluteus medius samples (3 mm thick) stored in polyethylene at ‐5°C was dependent (P < 0.001) on initial treatment, namely freeze‐thawing, delayed freezing or mincing. However, these initial treatments accelerated both metmyoglobin formation and lipid oxidation. In slices initially held in 1% oxygen at 0°C to increase the relative amount of metmyoglobin, the concentration of this pigment was first reduced during frozen storage at ‐5°C before increasing again. High initial metmyoglobin concentrations had no effect on the rate of lipid oxidation.
A QUICK TEST FOR CUCUMBER BRINE ACIDITY
Authors: BELL T. A. , ETCHELLS J. L. , KELLING R. E.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY –A quick, simple test has been developed for the pickle industry to determine brine acidity of 0.60% and above as lactic acid in tanks of fermenting cucumbers. Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane was used as an acidimetric standard and was impregnated together with phenol red as an indicator in filter paper. 1.25‐in, squares of the paper were developed to neutralize 5.0 ml of 0.60% lactic acid at pH 5.8. The paper squares have been successfully used by members of the pickle industry to test their fermenting pickle brines under actual commercial conditions.
DETERMINATION OF CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE IN FOOD PRODUCTS
Authors: GRAHAM HORACE D.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY –A method was developed to determine sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in food products containing three or more hydrocolloids after prior removal of interfering substances. Papain was used to digest the proteins; calcium chloride was added to precipitate algin and pectic acid and sulfated hydrocolloids were then precipitated by cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) in the presence of 0.5M NaCl. Celite 535 or Hyflo Super Cel was added, the mixture filtered over Reeve angel No. 202 paper and the residue washed with 0.01% CPC‐0.01M NaCl. The filtrate and washings were collected and diluted with distilled water to attain a final concentration of 0.2M NaCl at which concentration the CMC was precipitated selectively by CPC. The mixture was filtered over a Celite 535 or Hyflo Super Cel column and the residue washed with 0.5M Na2SO4 and then with 0.01% CPC‐0.01M NaCl until the washings were negative to the phenol‐H2SO4 reagent. Finally, the residue on the column was washed with hot 30% H2SO4 and the hydrolyzed CMC in the eluate determined by the 2,7‐naphthalenediol test. Based on the amount added to mixtures, recoveries of 75–86% were obtained from milk and other highly complex and proteinaceous products, with a standard deviation of ± 0.58 mg, when 10 mg of CMC were added. The determination is critically dependent upon the degree of substitution (DS) of the CMC. As a consequence, the method cannot be applied with absolute certainty to unknown samples.
NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND THE FORMATION OF 2‐PYRROLIDONE‐5‐CARBOXYLIC ACID IN STORED AND PROCESSED TABLE BEETS
Authors: LEE C. Y. , SHALLENBERGER R. S. , ACREE T. E.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY —The conversion of glutamine to the bitter compound, 2‐pyrrolidone‐5‐carboxylic acid (PCA), in table beets was studied. Glutamine was analyzed by a phosphate‐buffer hydrolysis and distillation method. PCA was extracted with ethyl acetate and the ditrimethylsilyl derivative prepared and measured quantitatively by gas‐liquid chromatography. The accumulation of glutamine in fresh beets with excessive amounts of nitrogen fertilization caused a substantial increase in PCA content of processed beets. Conversion of glutamine to PCA in beets was proportional to the heating time during processing. Glutamine content did not alter during raw beet storage periods at 35°F; PCA content increased gradually.
ENHANCEMENT OF PYRUVIC ACID RELEASE AND FLAVOR IN DEHYDRATED ALLIUM POWDERS BY GAMMA GLUTAMYL TRANSPEPTIDASES
Authors: SCHWIMMER SIGMUND , AUSTIN SANDRA J.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY —The transpeptidase of sprouted onion, in conjunction with both endogenous and exogenous cysteine (sulfoxide) lyases, catalyzes the liberation of pyruvic acid from γ‐L‐glutamyl‐L‐cysteine (sulfoxide) dipeptides (precursors to flavor precursor) and increases the rate and extent of pyruvic acid formation and flavor in reconstituted samples of commercially dehydrated garlic and onion bulbs as well as in experimentally dehydrated onion roots and skins. Effects of enzyme concentration, time, pH, exogenous lyase and protease, as well as sample source have been investigated. The application of these enzymes may constitute a rapid and simple means for estimation in plants of the above mentioned dipeptides which appear, from such an analysis, to concentrate in the inner part of the onion bulb. Transpeptidases may be useful in enhancing the value and quality of dehydrated onion and garlic and other Allium species, improving the flavor of Allium‐containing foods, as well as providing a use for a waste product, cull‐sprouted onions. Other sources of transpeptidase such as mammalian kidney may also be suitable for enhancing onion flavor.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SWINE SEX ODOR (SSO) COMPONENTS IN BOAR FAT VOLATILES
Authors: BEERY K. E. , SINK J. D. , PATTON STUART , ZIEGLER J. H.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY —Investigations were undertaken to characterize the volatiles collected from heated boar fat, particularly those components responsible for swine sex odor (SSO). Boar fat volatiles were collected by heating (to 150°C) the ground carcass fat in an all glass distillation apparatus with a liquid nitrogen trap attached. The condensed moisture and liquid nitrogen trap contents were combined and continuously extracted for 48 hr with diethyl ether. The ether was evaporated on a steam bath and the residue subjected to olfactory‐gas chromatographic analysis by using a heated collection vent and a flame ionization detector. Using this analytical technique, a perspiration‐like odor was detected resembling the SSO that normally emanates from heated boar fat. Further analysis using a gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometer unit gave a molecular ion of 272 for this peak and major fragmentation ions identical to a 5a‐androst‐16‐en‐3‐one standard. This standard was obtained by chromic acid oxidation of 3a‐hydroxy‐5a‐androst‐16‐ene. Other types of odors were also noted in the boar fat volatile mixture, including those resembling perfume, wood, onion, musk and “Ivory” soap. This research demonstrated the presence of a unique smelling steroid accounting for the perspiration‐like odor of heated boar fat. Furthermore, it has shown that the SSO component can be isolated directly from boar adipose tissue at normal cooking temperatures and atmospheric pressure.
THE MAJOR VOLATILE COMPONENTS OF CANE MOLASSES
Authors: YOKOTA M. , FAGERSON I. S.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY —The characteristic aroma was found in the basic fraction of an aqueous distillate of cane molasses. Gas chromatographic analysis of this fraction indicated the presence of at least 35 compounds of which 29 were identified. Among these were aliphatic and aromatic esters, aldehydes, alcohols as well as several furan derivatives. The acidic fraction contained at least 11 compounds, five of which were identified as simple aliphatic acids.
MALONALDEHYDE IN AQUEOUS ORANGE JUICE ESSENCES
Authors: BRADDOCK R. J. , PETRUS D. R.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY –Malonaldehyde has been identified as a component of commercial aqueous orange juice essences and a procedure for its isolation and identification is described. Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra of the purified pink complex formed from the reaction of thiobarbituric acid with malonaldehyde exhibited several excitation and emission maxima in the region from 200–550 nm and proved to be a sensitive and highly selective method for confirming the presence of malonaldehyde in a sample. The method is applicable to all citrus essences and should be applicable to the evaluation of malonaldehyde from lipid autoxidation in other fruit juice essences.
FORMATION OF NITRIC OXIDE MYOGLOBIN BY NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDES AND FLAVINS
Authors: KOIZUMI C. , BROWN W. DUANE
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY –Formation of nitric oxide myoglobin was studied under anaerobic conditions. NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) as reducing agents alone did not produce nitric oxide myoglobin from metmyoglobin and nitrite. However, in the presence of FMN (flavin mononucleotide), either NADH or NADPH readily produced nitric oxide myoglobin. FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) and riboflavin also were effective for the formation of nitric oxide myoglobin by NADH. In the absence of myoglobin, the NADH‐FMN system did not reduce nitrite to nitric oxide. Similarly, a diaphorasemethylene blue system readily produced nitric oxide myoglobin, but in the absence of myoglobin it did not reduce nitrite to nitric oxide. On the other hand, nitric oxide myoglobin was produced from deoxymyoglobin by the action of nitrite in the absence of reducing agents under anaerobic conditions. Deoxymyoglobin can directly reduce nitrite to nitric oxide; the NADH‐FMN and diaphorase‐methylene blue systems may participate in the formation of nitric oxide myoglobin by means of reduction of metmyoglobin to the deoxy form.
STABILITY OF OIL‐IN‐WATER EMULSIONS. 2. Effects of Oil Phase Volume, Stability Test, Viscosity, Type of Oil and Protein Additive
Authors: ACTON J. C. , SAFFLE R. L.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY –Stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions stabilized in sodium caseinate, gelatin and soy sodium proteinate was found to be increased by either an increase in the aqueous phase protein concentration (0.5–2.5%) or oil phase volume (20–50%). Both factors were significantly interrelated. Emulsions stabilized by soy sodium proteinate were generally higher in stability as compared to those stabilized by gelatin or sodium caseinate. With emulsions containing gelatin, greater stability occurred when the stability testing temperature was increased from 37–70°C and when the time interval was decreased from 24 hr to 90 min. Maximum relative viscosities of emulsions stabilized by gelatin and sodium caseinate were 2.0 and 2.5, respectively. Emulsions stabilized by soy sodium proteinate were quite viscous, with relative viscosity from 1.5–30 depending on both protein concentration and oil phase volume. Interchanging the emulsified oil among corn, soybean, safflower and peanut oils did not alter emulsion stability when examined at three concentrations of soy sodium proteinate. Changing the oil to olive oil significantly increased emulsion stability at each soy sodium proteinate level with oil phase volumes of 30, 40 and 50%.
EFFECT OF γ‐IRRADIATION ON BOVINE AND HUMAN MILK LYSOZYMES
Authors: EITENMILLER R. R. , BARNHART H. M. , SHAHANI K. M.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY –Lysozymes (mucopeptide N‐acetylmuramylhydrolase, EC 3.2.1.17) isolated from human milk (HML) and bovine milk (BML) were subjected to γ‐irradiation and their radiosensitivity was compared to that of egg white lysozyme (EWL). When irradiated in phosphate buffer, pH 6.2, the enzymes were fairly sensitive to γ‐irradiation. Inactivation followed first order kinetics and depended upon protein concentration. BML was more radiosensitive than HML and EWL. Comparisons of the ultraviolet scans of the native and irradiated enzymes indicated that tryptophan was being destroyed in HML as it is known to occur in EWL. Hydroxy radical scavengers, cysteine and t‐butanol, afforded radioprotective action for the milk lysozymes. In a dry state, both the milk lysozymes were less sensitive to γ‐irradiation than in aqueous solution, requiring Mrad dosages for partial inactivation compared to Krad dosages for the same extent of inactivation in aqueous solution. However, as was observed in aqueous solution and also in the dry state, BML was more radiosensitive than HML and EWL.
MlCROWAVE HEATING OF FOOD MATERIALS AT VARIOUS ALTITUDES
Authors: LORENZ K. , DILSAVER W.
Published: August 2010

Temperature differences, moisture losses and viscosity changes of food products prepared in a microwave oven at different elevations were determined. Experiments with apples, potatoes, squash, ground meat, scrambled eggs, custard sauce and soups were carried out at atmospheric pressures equivalent to sea level, 2500 ft, 5000 ft, and 7500 ft of elevation Results indicated that altitude affects final temperatures and weight losses of foods heated in a microwave oven and has to be considered when microwave heating conditions are established for people living in the high altitude region of the U.S.
NONENZYMIC BROWNING IN A SYNTHETIC ORANGE‐FLAVORED DRINK
Authors: SHAW PHILIP E. , BERRY ROBERT E.
Published: August 2010

Storage resistance of a powdered synthetic orange‐flavored drink (OFD) to nonenzymic browning as measured by formation of three browning products at 38°C was compared with that for natural instant orange juice (IOJ). OFD was freeze dried to afford a homogenous OFD mixture comparable to IOJ and its storage stability was compared with that of IOJ. Although OFD was more resistant than IOJ to nonenzymic browning when OFD had a lower moisture level than IOJ, at the same moisture level, OFD was no more stable. This indicated that the greater storage stability of OFD is due to its lower moisture content, rather than to its discrete separation of components which might retard sugaracid reactions.
THE SENSITIVITY OF FOOD SPOILAGE YEASTS TO ACETALDEHYDE VAPORS
Authors: BARKAI‐GOLAN RIVKA , AHARONI YAIR
Published: August 2010

Acetaldehyde (Aa) vapors inhibited development in vitro of the eight species of yeasts tested, fungicidal action being a function of concentration and length of exposure. The nonfermentative species Crytococcus difluens was the most sensitive species, 99% of its cell population being inactivated by exposure to 0.5% for 5 hr. Exposure to 0.5% for 10 hr was lethal to almost all species tested. A similar result was obtained by exposing the yeasts to a higher Aa concentration (3%) for a shorter period of time (3 hr). A concentration of 1% Aa, given for 1, 3 and 5 hr, was not lethal to the species tested but reduced the survival percentage of all yeast populations and usually caused a prolongation of the incubation period in culture. Colonization of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the main factor responsible for the spoilage of natural concentrated citrus juices, was markedly inhibited by Aa vapors.
ZOOPLANKTON AND PHYTOPLANKTON FROM GALVESTON BAY: TAXONOMIC DISTRIBUTION AND COEXISTENCE WITH Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: THOMPSON C. A. , VANDERZANT C.
Published: August 2010

Taxonomic distribution and Vibrio parahaemolyticus count of 36 samples of zooplankton and four samples of phytoplankton are presented. In nearly all samples, immature forms of zooplankton accounted for more than 50% of the zooplankton population; Nitzschia, Coscinodiscus, Navicula and Thalassiosira species were present in each of the four phytoplankton samples. Mean V. parahaemolyticus counts (MPN/g) of 7,500 and 670 were detected in zooplankton and phytoplankton, respectively.
EFFECT OF DEGREE OF VACUUM AND LENGTH OF STORAGE ON THE MICROFLORA OF VACUUM PACKAGED BEEF WHOLESALE CUTS
Authors: SEIDEMAN S. C. , VANDERZANT C. , SMITH G. C. , HANNA M. O. , CARPENTER Z. L.
Published: August 2010

Wholesale cuts of fresh beef were vacuum packaged at low, intermediate or high degrees of vacuum and stored at l‐3°C for 7, 14, 21, 28 or 35 days. Bacterial counts of samples after 7 and 14 days of storage were low [mean count < 104 per in.2 (6.45 cm2)] irrespective of degree of vacuum. Lactobacilli and anaerobic agar plate counts of cuts stored under high vacuum for 21‐35 days tended to be lower than those of comparable cuts stored under low or intermediate vacuum. This was also true, but much less frequently, for the psychrotrophic and mesophilic counts. Largest increases in bacterial counts occurred between 14 and 21 days of storage. Fluorescent pseudomonads represented only a small percentage of the total microbial population of vacuum packaged beef cuts. Lactobacilli and anaerobic plate counts of vacuum‐packaged cuts were very similar. The psychrotrophic bacterial population of cuts stored for 28 days consisted primarily of Lactobacillus sp., while Pseudomonas sp. and Enterobacteriaceae represented only a small percentage of the psychrotrophic microflora at that time.
FIBROUS PROTEIN FROM COTTAGE CHEESE WHEY
Authors: JAYNES H. O. , ASAN T.
Published: August 2010

A concentrate of whey protein (WPC) was prepared from cottage cheese whey by precipitation with sodium hexametaphosphate. Continuous fibers were spun by extruding a spinning solution into an acetic acid‐sodium chloride coagulating bath Spinning solutions consisted of WPC and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate dissolved in water at pH 9.0 containing 0.5% Zmercaptoethanol. Residual detergent was extracted with aqueous acetone, and finished fibers were evaluated for diameter, tensile strength, elongation and rehydration properties. Stretching during formation reduced diameter and improved tensile strength. Single fibers and tows could be handled successfully and maintained their structural integrity during rehydration. Single‐step extraction left less than 1% residual detergent.