bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Model of Anterograde Oxygenated Lung Blood Flow in Acardia
Authors: Marinakis Sotirios , Burki Marco , Abdel-Sayed Saad , von Segesser Ludwig Karl
Published: July 2016

In extreme situations such as hyperacute rejection of heart transplant or major heart trauma, heart explantation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) hemodynamic support might be the only means for survival. In our previous model of acardia, pulmonary artery (PA) was clamped and did not receive any anterograde blood flow. A model of anterograde PA perfusion might be necessary to avoid ischemic pulmonary damage in prolonged ECMO in acardia. The aim of this study was to describe the surgical technique and to determine the feasibility of an anterograde lung perfusion in acardia through the anastomosis of the right internal mammary artery (RIMA) to the PA. A venoarterial cardiopulmonary bypass was established in three pigs (72 ± 2.6 kg) by the transjugular insertion to the caval axis of a double-staged cannula with carotid artery return. Heart was excised and ECMO was established as previously reported. Right internal mammary artery was harvested and after measurement of its output (93.3 ± 5.8 ml/min, representing 2.17% ± 0.15% of total pump flow), it was anastomosed to PA. Right internal mammary artery anastomosis to PA is a feasible, safe, and easy to perform maneuver assuring an anterograde lung perfusion in acardia.
ECMO Maintains Cerebral Blood Flow During Endotoxic Shock in Piglets
Authors: Batts Sherreen G. , Mu Thornton S. , Uyehara-Lock Jane H. , Murata Lee-Ann , Uyehara Catherine F. T.
Published: July 2016

Cerebrovascular injury while on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) may be caused by excessive brain perfusion during hypoxemic reperfusion. Previous studies have postulated that the most vulnerable period of time for cerebrovascular injury is during the transfer period to ECMO. Therefore, our objective was to compare brain perfusion and hemodynamics in a piglet endotoxic shock ECMO model. The effect of ECMO flow on microcirculation of different brain regions was compared between 10 control pigs and six pigs (7–10 kg) administered IV endotoxin to achieve a drop in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) of at least 30%. Cardiac output (CO), brain oxygen utilization, and microcirculatory blood flow (BF) were compared at baseline and 2 hours after ECMO stabilization. Matching ECMO delivery with baseline CO in control animals increased perfusion (p < 0.05) in all areas of the brain. In contrast, with endotoxin, ECMO returned perfusion closer to baseline levels in all regions of the brain and maintained brain tissue oxygen consumption. Both control and endotoxic pigs showed no evidence of acute neuronal necrosis in histologic cerebral cortical sections examined after 2 hours of ECMO. Results show that during endotoxic shock, transition to ECMO can maintain brain BF equally to all brain regions without causing overperfusion, and does not appear to cause brain tissue histopathologic changes (hemorrhage or necrosis) during the acute stabilization period after ECMO induction.
Radiologic Features of World Trade Center–related Sarcoidosis in Exposed NYC Fire Department Rescue Workers
Authors: Girvin Francis , Zeig-Owens Rachel , Gupta Deepti , Schwartz Theresa , Liu Yang , Weiden Michael D. , Prezant David J. , Naidich David P.
Published: July 2016

Purpose:

An increased incidence of sarcoidosis has been demonstrated in firefighters, supporting the concern that occupational/environmental exposure may pose an etiologic risk factor. This incidence increased further after September 11, 2001 following exposure to World Trade Center (WTC) dust and gases. We review computed tomography (CT) features in this population, comparing the range of findings and physiological correlates with those typically reported in unexposed individuals with pulmonary sarcoidosis.

Materials and Methods:

With CT imaging we retrospectively identified 46 patients with WTC-related sarcoidosis, between March 18, 2002 and April 5, 2014. Scans were independently reviewed by 2 dedicated thoracic radiologists and assessed for disease patterns and correlation with pulmonary functions.

Results:

The majority (37/46; 80%) had symmetric mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy. Similarly, most (38/46; 83%) had perilymphatic nodules. Foci of ill-defined ground glass attenuation were present in 6 (13%). Coalescent nodularity was present in 15 (33%). Only 3 (7%) had parenchymal reticulation. A mixed pattern of lung findings was present in 21 (46%). When all forms of parenchymal disease were scored by zonal distribution, 21 (46%) had parenchymal disease predominantly involving mid and upper lungs; 11/46 (24%) had a random distribution without zonal predominance; 6/46 (13%) demonstrated atypical lower zone predominance. Whereas 15/46 (33%) had obstructive airways disease on pulmonary function tests, there were no CT findings that were predictive of obstructive airways disease.

Conclusions:

The majority of cases of WTC-related sarcoidosis demonstrated typical radiographic appearances of sarcoidosis, with symmetric hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy and mid to upper lung perilymphatic nodules; these findings were consistent with other previously reported cases of sarcoid-like granulomatous disease in association with various alternate underlying etiologies. There was no correlation between disease patterns or extent on CT and pulmonary function testing, likely at least in part due to the overall mild extent of disease in this population.
Comparing the Effectiveness and Safety of the Addition of and Switching to Aripiprazole for Resolving Antipsychotic-Induced Hyperprolactinemia: A Multicenter, Open-Label, Prospective Study
Authors: Yoon Hui Woo , Lee Jung Suk , Park Sang Jin , Lee Seon-Koo , Choi Won-Jung , Kim Tae Yong , Hong Chang Hyung , Seok Jeong-Ho , Park Il-Ho , Son Sang Joon , Roh Daeyoung , Kim Bo-Ra , Lee Byung Ook
Published: July 2016

Objectives

Hyperprolactinemia is an important but often overlooked adverse effect of antipsychotics. Several studies have shown that switching to or adding aripiprazole normalizes antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia. However, no study has directly compared the effectiveness and safety of the 2 strategies.

Methods

A total of 52 patients with antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia were recruited. Aripiprazole was administered to patients with mild hyperprolactinemia (serum prolactin level < 50 ng/mL). Patients with severe hyperprolactinemia (serum prolactin level > 50 ng/mL) were randomized to an aripiprazole-addition group (adding aripiprazole to previous antipsychotics) or a switching group (switching previous antipsychotics to aripiprazole). Serum prolactin level, menstrual disturbances, sexual dysfunction, psychopathologies, and quality of life were measured at weeks 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8.

Results

Both the addition and switching groups showed significantly reduced serum prolactin level and menstrual disturbances and improved sexual dysfunction. In patients with severe hyperprolactinemia, the numbers of patients with hyperprolactinemia and menstrual disturbance in the switching group were significantly lower than those in the addition group at week 8.

Conclusions

Both the addition and switching strategies were effective in resolving antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia and hyperprolactinemia-related adverse events, including menstrual disturbances and sexual dysfunction. In addition, these findings suggest that switching to aripiprazole may be more effective than addition of aripiprazole for normalizing hyperprolactinemia and improving hyperprolactinemia-related adverse events in patients with schizophrenia.
Form and function in gene regulatory networks: the structure of network motifs determines fundamental properties of their dynamical state space
Authors: Ahnert S. E. , Fink T. M. A.
Published: July 2016

Network motifs have been studied extensively over the past decade, and certain motifs, such as the feed-forward loop, play an important role in regulatory networks. Recent studies have used Boolean network motifs to explore the link between form and function in gene regulatory networks and have found that the structure of a motif does not strongly determine its function, if this is defined in terms of the gene expression patterns the motif can produce. Here, we offer a different, higher-level definition of the ‘function’ of a motif, in terms of two fundamental properties of its dynamical state space as a Boolean network. One is the basin entropy, which is a complexity measure of the dynamics of Boolean networks. The other is the diversity of cyclic attractor lengths that a given motif can produce. Using these two measures, we examine all 104 topologically distinct three-node motifs and show that the structural properties of a motif, such as the presence of feedback loops and feed-forward loops, predict fundamental characteristics of its dynamical state space, which in turn determine aspects of its functional versatility. We also show that these higher-level properties have a direct bearing on real regulatory networks, as both basin entropy and cycle length diversity show a close correspondence with the prevalence, in neural and genetic regulatory networks, of the 13 connected motifs without self-interactions that have been studied extensively in the literature.
A naturally hypersensitive glucocorticoid receptor elicits a compensatory reduction of hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis activity early in ontogeny
Authors: Muráni Eduard , Ponsuksili Siriluck , Jaeger Alexandra , Görres Andreas , Tuchscherer Armin , Wimmers Klaus
Published: July 2016

We comprehensively characterized the effects of a unique natural gain-of-function mutation in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), GR
Ala610Val
, in domestic pigs to expand current knowledge of the phenotypic consequences of GR hypersensitivity. Cortisol levels were consistently reduced in one-week-old piglets, at weaning and in peripubertal age, probably due to a reduced adrenal capacity to produce glucocorticoids (GC), which was indicated by an adrenocortical thinning in GR
Ala610Val
carriers. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) levels were significantly reduced in one-week-old piglets only. Expression analyses in peripubertal age revealed significant downregulation of hypothalamic expression of
CRH
and
AVP
, the latter only in females, and upregulation of hepatic expression of
SERPINA6
, by GR
Ala610Val
. Transcriptional repression of proinflammatory genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from GR
Ala610Val
carriers was more sensitive to dexamethasone treatment
ex vivo
. However, no significant effects on growth, body composition, blood chemistry or cell counts were observed under baseline conditions. These results suggest that GR
Ala610Val
-induced GR hypersensitivity elicits a compensatory reduction in endogenous, bioactive glucocorticoid levels via readjustment of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis early in ontogeny to maintain an adequate response, but carriers are more sensitive to exogenous GC. Therefore, GR
Ala610Val
pigs represent a valuable animal model to explore GR-mediated mechanisms of HPA axis regulation and responses to glucocorticoid-based drugs.
Preconditioning boosts regenerative programmes in the adult zebrafish heart
Authors: de Preux Charles Anne-Sophie , Bise Thomas , Baier Felix , Sallin Pauline , Jaźwińska Anna
Published: July 2016

During preconditioning, exposure to a non-lethal harmful stimulus triggers a body-wide increase of survival and pro-regenerative programmes that enable the organism to better withstand the deleterious effects of subsequent injuries. This phenomenon has first been described in the mammalian heart, where it leads to a reduction of infarct size and limits the dysfunction of the injured organ. Despite its important clinical outcome, the actual mechanisms underlying preconditioning-induced cardioprotection remain unclear. Here, we describe two independent models of cardiac preconditioning in the adult zebrafish. As noxious stimuli, we used either a thoracotomy procedure or an induction of sterile inflammation by intraperitoneal injection of immunogenic particles. Similar to mammalian preconditioning, the zebrafish heart displayed increased expression of cardioprotective genes in response to these stimuli. As zebrafish cardiomyocytes have an endogenous proliferative capacity, preconditioning further elevated the re-entry into the cell cycle in the intact heart. This enhanced cycling activity led to a long-term modification of the myocardium architecture. Importantly, the protected phenotype brought beneficial effects for heart regeneration within one week after cryoinjury, such as a more effective cell-cycle reentry, enhanced reactivation of embryonic gene expression at the injury border, and improved cell survival shortly after injury. This study reveals that exposure to antecedent stimuli induces adaptive responses that render the fish more efficient in the activation of the regenerative programmes following heart damage. Our results open a new field of research by providing the adult zebrafish as a model system to study remote cardiac preconditioning.
Correlated evolution of male and female reproductive traits drive a cascading effect of reinforcement inDrosophila yakuba
Authors: Comeault Aaron A. , Venkat Aarti , Matute Daniel R.
Published: July 2016

Selection against maladaptive hybridization can drive the evolution of reproductive isolation in a process called reinforcement. While the importance of reinforcement in evolution has been historically debated, many examples now exist. Despite these examples, we typically lack a detailed understanding of the mechanisms limiting the spread of reinforced phenotypes throughout a species' range. Here we address this issue in the fruit flyDrosophila yakuba, a species that hybridizes with its sister speciesD. santomeaand is undergoing reinforcement in a well-defined hybrid zone on the island of São Tomé. Within this region, femaleD. yakubashow increased postmating-prezygotic (gametic) isolation towardsD. santomeawhen compared with females from allopatric populations. We use a combination of natural collections, fertility assays, and experimental evolution to understand why reinforced gametic isolation inD. yakubais confined to this hybrid zone. We show that, among other traits,D. yakubamales from sympatric populations sire fewer progeny than allopatric males when mated to allopatricD. yakubafemales. Our results provide a novel example of reinforcement acting on a postmating-prezygotic trait in males, resulting in a cascade of reproductive isolation among conspecific populations.
Whose sample is it anyway? Widespread misannotation of samples in transcriptomics studies
Authors: Toker Lilah , Feng Min , Pavlidis Paul
Published: July 2016

Concern about the reproducibility and reliability of biomedical research has been rising. An understudied issue is the prevalence of sample mislabeling, one impact of which would be invalid comparisons. We studied this issue in a corpus of human genomics studies by comparing the provided annotations of sex to the expression levels of sex-specific genes. We identified apparent mislabeled samples in 46% of the datasets studied, yielding a 99% confidence lower-bound estimate for all studies of 33%. In a separate analysis of a set of datasets concerning a single cohort of subjects, 2/4 had mislabelled samples, indicating laboratory mix-ups rather than data recording errors. While the number of mixed-up samples per study was generally small, because our method can only identify a subset of potential mix-ups, our estimate is conservative for the breadth of the problem. Our findings emphasize the need for more stringent sample tracking, and that re-users of published data must be alert to the possibility of annotation and labelling errors.
Genetic loci associated with coronary artery disease harbor evidence of selection and antagonistic pleiotropy
Authors: Byars Sean G. , Huang Qin Qin , Gray Lesley-Ann , Ripatti Samuli , Abraham Gad , Stearns Stephen C. , Inouye Michael
Published: July 2016

Traditional genome-wide scans for positive selection have mainly uncovered selective sweeps associated with monogenic traits. While selection on quantitative traits is much more common, very few signals have been detected because of their polygenic nature. We searched for positive selection signals underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) in worldwide populations, using novel approaches to quantify relationships between polygenic selection signals and CAD genetic risk. We identified new candidate adaptive loci that appear to have been directly modified by disease pressures given their significant associations with CAD genetic risk. These candidates were all uniquely and consistently associated with many different male and female reproductive traits suggesting selection may have also targeted these because of their direct effects on fitness. This suggests the presence of widespread antagonistic-pleiotropic tradeoffs on CAD loci, which provides a novel explanation for the maintenance and high prevalence of CAD in modern humans. Lastly, we found that positive selection more often targeted CAD gene regulatory variants using HapMap3 lymphoblastoid cell lines, which further highlights the unique biological significance of candidate adaptive loci underlying CAD. Our study provides a novel approach for detecting selection on polygenic traits and evidence that modern human genomes have evolved in response to CAD-induced selection pressures and other early-life traits sharing pleiotropic links with CAD.

Author Summary

How genetic variation contributes to disease is complex, especially for those such as coronary artery disease (CAD) that develop over the lifetime of individuals. One of the fundamental questions about CAD — whose progression begins in young adults with arterial plaque accumulation leading to life-threatening outcomes later in life — is why natural selection has not removed or reduced this costly disease. It is the leading cause of death worldwide and has been present in human populations for thousands of years, implying considerable pressures that natural selection should have operated on. Our study provides new evidence that genes underlying CAD have recently been modified by natural selection and that these same genes uniquely and extensively contribute to human reproduction, which suggests that natural selection may have maintained genetic variation contributing to CAD because of its beneficial effects on fitness. This study provides novel evidence that CAD has been maintained in modern humans as a byproduct of the fitness advantages those genes provide early in human lifecycles.
Beyond APs and VPs: evidences of chaos and self-organized criticality in electrical signals in plants
Authors: Saraiva G. F. R. , Ferreira A. S. , Souza G. M.
Published: July 2016

Studies on plant electrophysiology are mostly focused on specific traits of action potentials (APs) and/or variation potentials (VPs), often in single cells. Inspired by the complexity of the signaling network in plants and by analogies with some traits of neurons in human brains, we have sought for evidences of high complexity in the electrical dynamics of plant signaling, beyond APs and VPs responses. Thus, from EEG-like data analyses of soybean plants, we showed consistent evidences of chaotic dynamics in the electrical time series. Furthermore, we have found that the dynamic complexity of electrical signals is affected by the plant physiological conditions, decreasing when plant was stressed. Surprisingly, but not unlikely, we have observed that, after stimuli, electrical spikes arise following a power law distribution, which is indicative of self-organized criticality (SOC). Since, as far as we know, these were the first evidences of chaos and SOC in plant electrophysiology, we have asked follow-up questions and we have proposed new hypotheses, seeking for improving our understanding about these findings.
Mediation in construction disputes in England
Authors: Gregory-Stevens Jackie , Frame Ian , Henjewele Christian
Published: July 2016

Purpose

Adjudication was introduced to the English construction industry in 1996 in response to its litigious nature. At the time, adjudication aimed to provide a time-efficient, cost-effective solution to construction disputes. The industry is concerned that adjudication is not always providing the expected benefits due to increasing cost, the length of time it takes to resolve disputes and the difficulty in maintaining good relationships between the parties in dispute. Mediation is recommended here as a most desirable approach to resolving disputes without affecting the relationship between the parties. However, the benefits of mediation have not been fully appreciated by all due to slow uptake. This paper aims to identify barriers to the greater use of meditation the English construction industry.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents results from a study that investigated issues preventing greater use of mediation. The study involved 20 case studies of previous dispute resolutions, ten in-depth interviews and 357 usable responses to a structured questionnaire survey involving the English construction industry.

Findings

The research found a limited detailed awareness of mediation within the English construction industry due to a lack of detailed knowledge among industry stakeholders and a lack of emphasis from construction contracts. The study revealed that there is strong support for adjudication; however, the majority of those with experience of adjudication would prefer to use mediation as the first step in resolving disputes.

Originality/value

This research identifies the support required for mediation and its preference among those with and without prior knowledge of both adjudication and mediation for the English construction industry. The paper provides an insight into barriers that need to be addressed to increase use of mediation.
In the context of mediation, is safeguarding mediator neutrality and party autonomy more important than ensuring a fair settlement?
Authors: Chalkey Katherine , Green Martin
Published: July 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the appropriate role and approach of mediators and investigate whether mediator neutrality and party autonomy should prevail over mediators’ obligations to remain neutral where non-intervention would result in unfair settlements.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper arises from polarising and paradoxical opinions of the legitimacy of mediator intervention. This paper relies upon theories proposed in peer-reviewed journals, together with secondary data.

Findings

Mediator neutrality has no consistent or comprehensible meaning and is not capable of coherent application. Requirements for mediator neutrality encourage covert influencing tactics by mediators which itself threatens party autonomy. Mediator intervention ensures ethical and moral implementation of justice, removal of epistemological implications of subjective fairness and compensation for lack of pure procedural justice in the mediation process. Party autonomy requires mediators to intervene ensuring parties adequately informed of the law and equal balance of power.

Research limitations/implications

Peer-reviewed journals and secondary data give meaningful insight into perceptions, opinions and beliefs concerning mediator neutrality, party autonomy and fair outcomes. These data comprised unstructured-interviews and questionnaires containing “open-ended” questions.

Practical implications

Mediator neutrality and party autonomy are less important than fair settlements.

Social implications

Mediator neutrality should be given a contextual meaning; mediation should be more transparent affording the parties opportunity to select a particular type of mediator; transformative and narrative approaches to mediation should be further developed.

Originality/value

This paper exposes the myth of mediator neutrality – a popular concept demanded by and anticipated by the parties but which is practically impossible to deliver. It also shows the need for mediator intervention to ensure a fair outcome.
Sales as entrepreneurship at Ewing Kauffman’s Marion Laboratories
Authors: Dalecki Linden
Published: July 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate how various sales personas interacted and played a role in the early growth of Ewing Kauffman’s Marion Laboratories in the 1950s.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach taken is a variation of “retrodiagnosis” – wherein modern psychographic personas are used to profile historical actors. After reviewing trends in both the academic and trade literatures related to professional and entrepreneurial selling in complex environments, the foundational sales force at Marion Laboratories active in the 1950s was assessed using the five sales personas proposed in a 2011 Corporate Executive Board (CEB) study: namely, hard-workers, relationship-builders, lone-wolfs, reactive-problem-solvers and challengers.

Findings

Individual members of the foundational sales force at Marion Laboratories displayed a number of dominant persona and subdominant persona traits. The relative success and managerial challenges evidenced by individual members of Marion’s foundational sales force are consistent with the CEB sales persona performance patterns. Specifically, those with dominant challenger and lone-wolf personas were especially crucial in driving sales success – to the point that Marion rapidly rose to become the most notable sales force in the American pharmaceutical vertical.

Research limitations/implications

Given that only a single firm was investigated, along with the interpretive and qualitative nature of the study, the findings are not generalizable. Additional studies in a similar vein with similar findings would add further support to the current findings. Theoretical implications related to customer development and effectuation are touched on.

Practical implications

The investigation lends qualitative historical support to the CEB study. The question of optimal-sales-team-persona-mix is worth founder’s consideration.

Originality/value

This is the first study to use contemporary sales personas to investigate a historically significant entrepreneurial sales force.
The entrepreneurial marketing of Trumpet Records
Authors: Pane Haden Stephanie S. , Kernek Courtney R. , Toombs Leslie A.
Published: July 2016

Purpose

Definitions of entrepreneurial marketing (EM) abound. Unfortunately, a consensus definition and a unified description of the construct still eludes scholars in the field, as multiple frameworks of EM have been proposed without agreement on which is the most valid and what variables are critical to an EM framework. The purpose of this paper is to provide a more comprehensive definition and framework of EM.

Design/methodology/approach

Following a review of the extant literature pertaining to EM, as well as a brief review of the relevant literature regarding entrepreneurship in general, the authors identified a set of variables common and critical to this marketing approach. The authors then examined the historical case of Lillian McMurry, the founder of Trumpet Records, to provide a historical example of EM. Utilizing an abductive approach, the authors repeatedly analyzed the case alongside the salient literature.

Findings

Through a methodology of systematic combining, the authors were able to advance a more comprehensive framework and definition of EM.

Research limitations/implications

The primary limitation of most single case studies is the issue of generalizability. However, the authors accept the trade-off between limited generalizability and the conceptual understanding that this historical case provided.

Originality/value

The proposal of a comprehensive definition and process framework of the relatively nascent construct of EM, supported by a historical case example, provides a solid base upon which future research can investigate the nuances of the variables critical to this emerging marketing approach.
Midstream social marketing and the co-creation of public services
Authors: Wood Matthew
Published: July 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to highlight the importance of social marketing at the midstream (meso) level as a key component of a proposed model for co-creating public services. The model demonstrates how supportive relationships and conversations within and between service organisations, front-line service staff, social networks and clients are essential for the effective co-creation of health and welfare services and social marketing interventions.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a conceptual paper that uses network and services theory and a case study to show how the midstream social marketing approach and service co-creation can be applied in practice and how these concepts relate to upstream and downstream social marketing.

Findings

The case study demonstrates the powerful role of social networks, staff–client relationships and conversations in the co-creation of effective services and the improvement in communications, trust and understanding between service providers and the community.

Practical implications

The paper shows how service providers and social marketers can achieve co-created, customer-oriented services/interventions through the development of congruent, empathetic narratives, relationships and conversations. The case study demonstrates how this can be achieved in practice through staff training, the identification of “community communicators” and value-based targeting and communications.

Originality/value

The integration of conversations, relationships, values, services and midstream social marketing into a model for co-creation offers a valuable tool for social marketing and health/welfare service professionals.
Community resilience and the multiple levels of social change
Authors: Daellenbach Kate , Dalgliesh-Waugh Ciahn , Smith Karen A.
Published: July 2016

Purpose

This study aims to better understand the micro–meso–macro perspective in social marketing, through the examination of a transformative, primarily meso-level initiative aimed at developing more resilient communities in the face of disaster.

Design/methodology/approach

Research was oriented around two cases of community resilience planning. Relevant documents were reviewed, and a series of semi-structured interviews with the manager and advisors in an emergency management office were conducted, followed by in-depth interviews with 15 individual community participants.

Findings

The findings suggest a multilevel (micro–meso–macro) model of social change, incorporating fluid and interactive movement between the levels. In the context examined, community leaders were initially motivated to be involved due to their role, sense of altruism and curiosity. Their motivation to continue was encouraged, as misconceptions around emergency response were addressed and the value of community connections was highlighted. As planning progressed, greater involvement and empowerment resulted.

Research limitations/implications

This study is limited in its focus on two communities, and the context of emergency preparation and response. However, it contributes insights into a leading initiative designed to help build community resilience and insights into a micro–meso–macro perspective of social change.

Practical implications

The study also suggests that social marketers, when implementing a meso-level initiative, will benefit from considering multiple levels, seeking the involvement and cooperation of meso-level leaders which will help facilitate downstream change.

Originality/value

Contributing to the discussion of the micro–meso–macro levels of social marketing, this research examines disaster preparation and response – a context not frequently examined in social marketing. Findings suggest that interactive, multi-level thinking, especially considering the individual implementers of meso-level change as a “target market”, will benefit social well-being initiatives.
Social capital stories behind young women’s drinking practices
Authors: Godwin Megan , Drennan Judy , Previte Josephine
Published: July 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the meso-level social forces that influence moderate drinking in young women’s friendship groups through the application of social capital theory.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative inquiry was undertaken utilising peer-paired and small focus groups to explore young women’s drinking choices within their existing friendship groups. Guided by emic and etic perspectives, friendship groups were analysed to inform archetypical representations that illustrate group-level social capital exchanges.

Findings

The approach led to identifying four social capital and drinking archetypes. These archetypes indicate social capital-led “influencers” and “followers” and highlight the displays of capital practised by young women in alcohol consumption contexts.

Research limitations/implications

The social marketing insight drawn from this study of young women’s drinking behaviours will inform social marketers on future strategic directions about how they can use alternative methods to segment the social market of young female drinkers and develop value propositions that will motivate them towards adopting or maintaining moderate drinking practices.

Originality/value

This study contributes to social marketing theory by demonstrating the worth of social capital theory as an alternative lens for social marketers to apply in explorations of group influences that shape behaviour. The research findings in the paper demonstrate how deeper theorisation provides rich insight into the meso-level, complex behavioural influence which effect young women’s alcohol consumption.
Vasorelaxant effects of 2‐nitro‐1‐phenyl‐1‐propanol in rat aorta
Authors: de Brito Teresinha Silva , Batista‐Lima Francisco José , Gadelha Kalinne Kelly Lima , da Fonseca‐Magalhães Patrícia Andrea , Lahlou Saad , Magalhães Pedro Jorge Caldas
Published: July 2016

2‐Nitro‐1‐phenyl‐1‐propanol (NPP) is a nitro alcohol that is known as an intermediate in the synthesis of sympathomimetic agents, such as norephedrine. The present study investigated the vasoactive effects of NPP on rat aorta. In endothelium‐intact aortic rings, NPP fully relaxed contractions that were induced by phenylephrine, KCl, and U‐46619. The relaxant effects of NPP on phenylephrine‐elicited contractions remained unaffected by NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME), indomethacin, propranolol, tetraethylammonium, 4‐aminopyridine, and glibenclamide. Conversely, pretreatment with 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ), cis‐N‐(2‐phenylcyclopentyl)‐azacyclotridec‐1‐en‐2‐amine hydrochloride (MDL‐12,330A), and N‐[2‐(P‐bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]‐5‐isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride (H‐89) reduced the ability of NPP to relax contractions that were elicited by phenylephrine. NPP inhibited the vasoconstrictor response that was induced by Ca2+ in aortic rings that were stimulated by pharmacomechanical or electromechanical coupling with phenylephrine and 60 mmol/L KCl, respectively, and after the depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores. Such effects of NPP were significantly reversed by pretreatment with the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ and weakly influenced by the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor MDL‐12,330A. In Ca2+‐free medium, NPP inhibited transient contractions that were induced by phenylephrine but not caffeine. In homogenates of aortic rings, NPP increased cyclic guanosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic adenosine 3′‐5′‐monophosphate levels, but this effect was statistically significant only for cGMP. In conclusion, in contrast to the vasoconstrictor amine norephedrine, NPP is a vasodilator in rat aorta, and its relaxant effects are likely attributable to cGMP production.
Donald Trump's Hijacking of the Republican Party in Historical Perspective
Authors: Ware Alan
Published: July 2016

Four aspects of Donald Trump's hijack of the Republican party are examined. First, how he used unconventional techniques, usually associated with some ‘reality’ television programmes, to become the leading candidate in the pre‐primary debates. He could thereby develop ‘momentum’ before the primaries began despite his limited support among Republican activists. Second, how his insurgency differed from the party's takeover in 1964 by supporters of Barry Goldwater. Third, how the Republicans have replaced the Democrats since the early 1980s as the party with a less cohesive potential coalition among voters, with the result that internal party relations became more conflictual throughout the period. Finally, that internal conflict has been intensified by two factors in those decades: the prevalence of divided government, which has made it virtually impossible to impose a truly conservative agenda on federal government policy, and the impact of forty years of stagnating real incomes for many middle‐income Americans.
Towards a ‘New English Regionalism’ in the North? The Case of Yorkshire First
Authors: Giovannini Arianna
Published: July 2016

Traditionally, the debate over English devolution has been framed by mainstream parties, favouring a top‐down approach. However, this scenario has recently started to change, particularly in the areas with stronger regional identities such as the North of England. In 2014, the first regionalist party (Yorkshire First) was created, followed by the North East Party and the Northern Party. Such actors overtly challenge the narratives of regionalisation that have prevailed so far, and endorse bottom‐up regionalism. This article offers the first analysis of these ‘new regional voices’ in the North, and seeks to assess emerging tensions between regionalisation and regionalism in the devolution debate. To achieve this, it concentrates on the case of Yorkshire First, drawing on documentary analysis and the results of a membership survey. It will be argued that, although still limited in its impact, the rise of Yorkshire First signals the presence of a political vacuum in the region which has been left open by mainstream politics, and that regional identity and territorial cleavages do matter in the current debate on devolution in the North of England.
Candidate adaptive genes associated with lineage divergence: identifying SNPs via next‐generation targeted resequencing in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)
Authors: Powell John H. , Amish Stephen J. , Haynes Gwilym D. , Luikart Gordon , Latch Emily K.
Published: July 2016

Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) are an excellent nonmodel species for empirically testing hypotheses in landscape and population genomics due to their large population sizes (low genetic drift), relatively continuous distribution, diversity of occupied habitats and phenotypic variation. Because few genomic resources are currently available for this species, we used exon data from a cattle (Bos taurus) reference genome to direct targeted resequencing of 5935 genes in mule deer. We sequenced approximately 3.75 Mbp at minimum 20X coverage in each of the seven mule deer, identifying 23 204 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within, or adjacent to, 6886 exons in 3559 genes. We found 91 SNP loci (from 69 genes) with putatively fixed allele frequency differences between the two major lineages of mule deer (mule deer and black‐tailed deer), and our estimate of mean genetic divergence (genome‐wide FST = 0.123) between these lineages was consistent with previous findings using microsatellite loci. We detected an over‐representation of gamete generation and amino acid transport genes among the genes with SNPs exhibiting potentially fixed allele frequency differences between lineages. This targeted resequencing approach using exon capture techniques has identified a suite of loci that can be used in future research to investigate the genomic basis of adaptation and differentiation between black‐tailed deer and mule deer. This study also highlights techniques (and an exon capture array) that will facilitate population genomic research in other cervids and nonmodel organisms.
Are cancer survivors well‐performing workers? A systematic review
Authors: Soejima Takafumi , Kamibeppu Kiyoko
Published: July 2016

Cancer, its therapy, and related adverse effects have been associated with reduced work performance, including absenteeism (i.e. absence from scheduled work due to health problems) and presenteeism (i.e. impaired on‐the‐job performance due to health problems) among cancer survivors. This review aimed to compare the work performance of employed cancer survivors with that of cancer‐free controls, and to examine factors related to the impairment of work performance. The findings from this review could bring about suggestions for clinical interventions aimed at improving survivors’ work performance. Literature searches on cancer survivors’ work performance were conducted in three electronic databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycINFO). Twenty‐six studies were identified. Most studies comprised survivors of breast, prostate, testicular and gastrointestinal cancer. Although survivors diagnosed within 5 years reported more absenteeism than did controls in the studies, there was no difference between controls and survivors diagnosed >5 years earlier. Survivors diagnosed within 5 years also reported more presenteeism than did controls. Many studies reported that the complications related to cancer and its therapy (e.g. fatigue and depression) were associated with presenteeism. A multifaceted intervention for the various factors identified in this review would contribute towards improved work performance among employed cancer survivors.
Experiences of interpreters in supporting the transition from oncology to palliative care: A qualitative study
Authors: Kirby Emma , Broom Alex , Good Phillip , Bowden Vanessa , Lwin Zarnie
Published: July 2016

Aim

Medical consultations focused on managing the transition to palliative care are interpersonally challenging and require high levels of communicative competence. In the context of non‐English speaking patients, communication challenges are further complicated due to the requirement of interpreting; a process with the potential to add intense layers of complexity in the clinical encounter, such as misunderstanding, misrepresentation and power imbalances. The aim of the study was to explore the experiences and perspectives of professional interpreters in supporting the transition of culturally and linguistically diverse patients to specialist palliative care.

Methods

Qualitative, semistructured interviews with 20 professional interpreters working in oncology and palliative care settings in two metropolitan hospitals in Queensland, Australia.

Results

Four key themes emerged from the thematic analysis: the challenges of translating the meaning of “palliative care”; managing interpreting in the presence of family care‐givers; communicating and expressing sensitivity while remaining professional and interpreters’ own emotional burden of difficult clinic encounters between doctor and patient negotiations.

Conclusion

The results suggest that interpreters face a range of often concealed interpersonal and interprofessional challenges and recognition of such dynamics will help provide necessary support for these key stakeholders in the transition to palliative care. Enriched understanding of interpreters’ experiences has clinical implications on improving how health professionals interact and work with interpreters in this sensitive setting.
3D numerical modelling of marine organic matter distribution: example of the early Jurassic sequences of the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal)
Authors: Bruneau Benjamin , Chauveau Benoit , Duarte Luis Vitor , Desaubliaux Guy , Moretti Isabelle , Baudin François
Published: July 2016

Due to the multiple controlling factors involved, it is a challenging task to identify and quantify the processes influencing the distribution and heterogeneity of marine organic‐rich rocks. To improve our understanding of these deposits, we model their burial history and stratigraphic evolution as well as processes linked to marine organic matter history throughout the Lower Jurassic in of the Northern Lusitanian Basin (Western Iberian Margin). This 15‐Ma‐long interval is modelled using 100‐kyr time steps to simulate lithologies and organic matter heterogeneity as layers with a thickness of 2–5 m, depending on the sedimentation rate in the basin. The model is calibrated by well and outcrop data which provide structural and biostratigraphic constraints, as well as information on the depositional facies and geochemistry of the sediments. The results show that the presence of organic‐rich intervals is linked to first‐order variations in the basin geometry and sedimentation rates. Without considering any variation of primary productivity or oxygen content in surface sea waters, the parameters of basin geometry and sedimentation rate are sufficient to predict the main characteristics of source rocks, i.e. their occurrence, thickness and mineralogy at the basin scale. However, to fit the measured organic carbon contents, we need to take account of other parameters such as variations of primary productivity or changes in dissolved oxygen concentration.
Embodiment and Human Development
Authors: Marshall Peter J.
Published: July 2016

We are recognizing increasingly that the study of cognitive, social, and emotional processes must account for their embodiment in living, acting beings. The related field of embodied cognition (EC) has coalesced around dissatisfaction with the lack of attention to the body in cognitive science. For developmental scientists, the emphasis in the literature on adult EC on the role of the body in cognition may not seem particularly novel, given that bodily action was central to Piaget's theory of cognitive development. However, as the influence of the Piagetian account waned, developmental notions of embodiment were shelved in favor of mechanical computational approaches. In this article, I argue that by reconsidering embodiment, we can address a key issue with computational accounts: How meaning is constructed by the developing person. I also suggest that the process‐relational approach to developmental systems can provide a system of concepts for framing a fully embodied, integrative developmental science.
Managing Creativity: A Critical Examination, Synthesis, and New Frontiers
Authors: Slavich Barbara , Svejenova Silviya
Published: July 2016

This article aims at providing definitional clarity on creativity and a systematic understanding of its management in organizations. By drawing on the results of a content analysis of creativity definitions in 440 scholarly publications in the field of management between 1990 and 2014, this study clarifies how scholars in the management domain have defined the concept and identifies core categories shared by these definitions. It also brings together these conceptual categories into an integrative multilevel framework of relevance for managing creativity in organizations. The framework outlines a view of managing creativity, which involves managing interconnected processes as well as dualities, such as processes‐outcomes, individuals‐collectives, and permanent‐temporary creativity units. Finally, it paves the way to new research frontiers for the domain.