bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE NORTH AMERICAN RESPONSE TO THE JITNEY BUS
Authors: Davis Donald F.
Published: March 2011

How similar are the Canadian and American urban systems? Has the border made a difference? Pleading ignorance of the Canadian literature, American urban historians have generally dodged this question, and only a handful of Canadian historians have ventured an explicit opinion.1 The latter have been of two minds as to the importance of the border: on the one hand, there have been the continentalists, who had their greatest influence between 1970 and 1978, the years during which the field first became a distinct subdiscipline in Canada.2 The leading scholars were those who applied the most up-to-date American models to Canadian cities, developing a "new orthodoxy," as Gil Stelter remarked in 1977, implicit in which was "the denial that the Canadian municipal scene differed significantly from that in the United States."3 The continentalists included the foremost practitioner in Canada of the "new urban history," Michael Katz, whose work on Hamilton, Ontario, and Buffalo, New York, ignored the border; there were also "revisionists" (to use Gil Stelter's phrase) who first applied the ideas of Sam Bass Warner, Jr. and Samuel P. Hays to Canadian urban development; they included Alan Artibise, John Weaver and Michel Gauvin. Of these three, Gauvin took the most extreme continentalist position when he wrote that Montreal's experience with urban bossism and reform between 1880 and 1920 was a "virtual replica of the history of American cities as analyzed by their own historians."4
DIFFERING PORTRAITS OF HENRY JAMES
Authors: Labric Ross
Published: March 2011

George Bishop. When the Master Relents: The Neglected Short Fictions of Henry James. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1988. 114 pp. Darshan Singh Maini. Henry James: The Indirect Vision. Second edition, Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1988. 246 pp. These two studies of Henry James could not be more different from each other, illustrating as they do the approaches of "traditional" criticism on the one hand (Maini) and deconstructionism on the other (Bishop). Moreover, they contrast in the essential view they take of James, with Maini proffering a venerable and familiar view while Bishop offers a contrary view of a James who subverted the image of his own masterly literary eminence from within his fiction.
MORE TIME ON THE CROSS: SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE
Authors: Lightner David L.
Published: March 2011

Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman. Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery. New York: WAV. Norton & Co., 1989. xviii + 306 pp. Robert William Fogel. Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fait of American Slavery. New York: WAV. Norton & Co., 1989. 539 pp. Roger L. Ransom. Conflict and Compromise: The Political Economy of Slavery, Emancipation, and the American Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989. xv + 317 pp. Michael Tadman. Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989. xviii + 317 pp. In 1974 Robert Fogel and Stanley Engerman published Time on the Cross, a book which aroused fierce controversy, partly because of its strident trumpeting of econometric methods, but primarily because of its startling conclusions. Although the title referred metaphorically to the suffering wrought by slavery, the book portrayed slavery in a startlingly favorable light; according to Fogel and Engerman, the slave labor system was a smashing success economically, yielding healthy profits to slaveowners and sustaining vigorous economic growth in the South, while the material conditions under which slaves lived, they argued, compared favorably with those of free workers. Now Time on the Cross has been reissued with a new afterword by Fogel, and he has also produced a monumental new work under the title Without Consent or Contract. The new volume is really two books under one cover; Fogel first traverses some of the same terrain as Time on the Cross and then turns to an elaborate and mostly non-quantitative analysis of the anti- slavery movement.1 Meanwhile, two critics of Fogel have also blended quantitative and non-quantitative materials in related books of their own.
BUILDING A TRADITION: AFRICAN-AMERICAN LITERATURE IN THE UNIVERSITY
Authors: Cederstrom Lorelei
Published: March 2011

Robert Bone. Down Home: Origins of the Afro-American Short Story. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988. xxviii + 328 pp. Margaret Perry, ed. The Short Fiction of Rudolph Fisher. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987. xiv + 228 pp. Deborah E. McDowell and Arnold Rampersand, eds. Slavery and the Literary Imagination. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. xiii + 172 pp. Kerry McSweeney. Invisible Man: Race and Identity. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1988. xiv + 139 pp. Literary scholarship is just beginning to catch up with the demand for materials to support developing university programs in African-American studies. These four books suggest the breadth and depth of the materials now becoming available; each of these studies provides either detailed information about a single author or work, or significant insight into the literary traditions that surround the development of an African-American canon. Each can be recommended without hesitation.
BUSINESS STUDIES BULLISH
Authors: Forster Ben
Published: March 2011

Robert F. Dalzeil, Jr. Enterprising Elite: The Boston Associates and the World They Made. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987. xviii + 298 pp. Illus. Burton W. Folsom, Jr. Entrepreneurs vj. The State: A New Look at the Rise of Big Business in America, 1S40-1920, Reston: Young America's Foundation, 1987. xii + 144 pp. Illus. Robert Sobel. Trammell Crow, Master Builder: The Story of America's Largest Real Estate Empire. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1989. xviii + 254 pp. Illus. Joanne Yates. Control through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. xx + 339 pp. Illus. Gerald Zahavi. Workers, Managers, and Welfare Capitalism: The Shoeworkers and Tanners of Endicott Johnson, 1890-1950. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988. xiii + 261 pp. Illus. The beginning of American business history as a separate sub-discipline is usually associated with N.S.B. Gras's appointment in 1927 to the faculty of the Harvard School of Business,1 While in subsequent years there .were disputes as to the sub-discipline's intrinsic validity and character, biographical studies of businessmen or individual businesses took dominance, perhaps because of Harvard's prevailing case study method. By the 1960s, some practitioners became critical of this emphasis, and urged that business history broaden its perspectives; A.D. Chandler, now the best-known of American business historians, undertook to follow his own prescription in this regard.2 Chandler's works stressed the importance of organizational structure and of decision-making processes in the corporate world; other analysts broadened the scope of business history by examining how business practices reflected culture and society; yet others emphasized the process by which business norms came to be adopted in the larger society, and even shaped and directed it. Business history thus expanded to include both the social history of business, and what has been called the "organizational synthesis."3
JOHN RICHARDSON'S KENTUCKY TRAGEDIES
Authors: Duffy Dennis
Published: March 2011

I If we use the term "tragedy" as the colloquial equivalent of great misfortune ("His test just came up positive. What a tragedy!"), then John Richardson found himself involved, at least potentially, in more than one Kentucky tragedy. The first of these happened in his "real" life, and almost featured him in the leading role. He had been taken to Kentucky as a prisoner-of-war after the defeat of the British-Indian side (and the Indian cause in the Old Northwest) at Moraviantown in October 1813. There-as he records in his personal memoir—he found himself subject to stringent conditions as a prisoner-of-war in a state whose militia had paid dearly for their enthusiasm about the invasion of Canada. And when those initial conditions lightened, he managed to land himself in a romantic rivalry that nearly earned him a severe beating or worse. The chase by an offended rival in love that concluded the whole business taught him the ease with which a man running for his life can smash through a locked door. That burst of energy he was to recall decades later, in his 1851 Preface to Wacousta, and cite it as proof of the credibility of the feats of strength-under-pressure he had attributed to his protagonist in the novel.1 Professional writers never let embarrassment and anxiety prevent them from acquiring material.
VOICING THE WORLD: NATURE WRITING AS A CRITIQUE OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Authors: Raglon Rebecca
Published: March 2011

In 1889 an essay entitled "Literature and Science" was published in a collection of pieces by the naturalist John Burroughs. In the essay Burroughs attempted to characterize nature writing by picturing a young, vigorous scientist and a hoary poet cheerfully going out into the summer fields and woods together: The elder man has more an air of leisurely contemplation and enjoyment-is less curious about special objects and features, and more desirous of putting himself in harmony with the spirit of the whole. But when his younger companion has any fresh and characteristic bit of information to impart to him, how attentively he listens, how sure and discriminating is his appreciation! The interests of the two in the universe are widely different, yet in no true sense are they hostile or mutually destructive.
MIGRATION NOIRE, "TALENTED TENTH" ET LITTERATURE CONTEMPORAINE, 1916-1929
Authors: Ouellet Nelson
Published: March 2011

Qu'il s'agisse de considérer la relocalisation forcée des Africains, la fuite des esclaves de plantation, l'exode vers le Nord urbain ou, phénomène encore plus récent, le retour des Noirs au sein des Etats du Sud, peu de groupes sociaux vivant aujourd'hui en sol américain ont une histoire aussi variée en termes de mobilité géographique. Parmi ces divers épisodes de l'expérience afro-américaine, le transfert "de la plantation au ghetto" se veut certes l'un des plus fascinants laboratoires de l'étude des relations raciales aux Etats- Unis. Au cours des trois premières décennies du XXe siècle, près d'un million d'Afro-Américains du Sud auraient en effet quitté les anciens Etats confédérés pour s'établir de façon permanente dans les villes du Nord comme Chicago, New York et Detroit. Attirés principalement par les emplois et les salaires que fournissait l'expansion industrielle de la Guerre, fuyant la répression des supremacists et les perturbations de l'économie rurale et urbaine au Sud, les Noirs allaient accélérer par leur exode la transformation du profil démographique traditionnel des régions du pays. Cette relocalisation régionale prit même dans certains cas des allures messianiques à l'époque de la Première Guerre mondiale et au cours des années 1920 alors que les membres de la race migrèrent massivement vers la "Terre Promise."
PRESIDENT EISENHOWER AND THE HISTORIANS: IS THE GENERAL IN RETREAT?
Authors: Broadwater Jeff
Published: March 2011

In a 1962 poll of seventy-five presidential scholars by the historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr., Dwight D. Eisenhower ranked twenty-second among all American presidents. Eisenhower's rating placed him low in the "average" category, alongside the almost forgotten Chester A. Arthur and barely ahead of Andrew Johnson, the only president ever to be impeached. Eight years later, in a survey of members of the Organization of American Historians, Ike climbed to nineteenth in "general prestige," just below the Depression era's Herbert C. Hoover and, once again, just above the embattled Johnson. Yet in the early 1980s, a series of polls placed Eisenhower in or near the presidential top ten-an "above average" if not "near great" chief executive.1 To his enthusiasts, there has since seemed to be no limit to the possibilities presented by the General's apparent resurgence. One of Eisenhower's most effervescent supporters, R. Gordon Hoxie of the Center for the Study of the Presidency, has recently suggested that "more and more Eisenhower's career and his presidency will be compared with those of Washington and Lincoln."2
THE NEW AMERICAN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY
Authors: Tucker Bruce
Published: March 2011

E. Brooks Holifield. Era of Persuasion: American Thought and Culture, 1521-1680. Boston: Twayne, 1989. 200 pp. Robert E. Shalhope. The Roots of Democracy: American Thought and Culture, 1760- 1800. Boston: Twayne, 1990. xvii + 190 pp. Jean V. Matthews. Toward a New Society: American Thought and Culture, 1800- 1830. Boston: Twayne, 1991. xi + 187 pp. Twenty years ago a series of books on American thought and culture would have been unimaginable. During the 1970s and 1980s American intellectual historians questioned not simply the form and method of their craft but its very existence. Indeed, in 1977, a gathering of intellectual historians at Racine, Wisconsin, debated both a rationale for their craft and an array of methodologies by which it might still be practised. Their deliberations led to the publication of New Directions in American Intellectual History, an influential book of essays, and to the founding of the Intellectual History Group, an organization which has sought to bring some coherence to the discussion of method in the practice of intellectual history. The Intellectual History Newsletter has offered readers a cross-section of that discourse as it unfolded in ensuing years, but it should also be read as an artifact of the angst which has pervaded intellectual history during the past two decades.1
BUSINESS HISTORY: THEORY-DRIVEN AND THEORY-STARVED
Authors: Ingham John N.
Published: March 2011

Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1990. xviii + 860 pp. Stuart Bruchy. Enterprise: The Dynamic Economy of a Free People. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990. xiv + 645 pp. The two books under consideration here represent the culmination of the careers of two distinguished scholars. Both also deal with the history of American business. Beyond that, however, the two could not be more dissimilar. Whereas Chandler's Scale and Scope represents the apogee of a lifetime devoted to the exegesis of a new theory of business enterprise and growth, Bruchy's Enterprise is a largely conventional narrative of business developments, no doubt aided by a lifetime of lecturing and research, which pursues no particularly coherent thesis beyond the nebulous and rather sophomoric idea that a "free people" have been able to convert their individual achievement and vertical social mobility into a dynamic capitalist system.
LIFE, LABOUR AND DEATH IN AN INDUSTRIAL CITY: THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH OF BARRE, VERMONT, GRANITE WORKERS, 1870-1940
Authors: Randall Stephen J.
Published: March 2011

The industrialization of the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries brought significant transformations to what, prior to the Civil War, had been semi-rural, predominantly agricultural New England towns. In the past three decades, historians have given increasing attention to the ways in which this industrial transition affected small U.S. cities and towns. Because of the richness of sources, a number of those studies, including the seminal work of Stephan Thernstrom on Newburyport, Massachusetts, have concentrated on the New England region. The "new" urban historians have been concerned with a more systematic examination of such issues as socio-economic mobility, class, ethnicity, family patterns and culture. They thus have drawn more fully than in the past on broader writings in such areas as labour history, family history, the history of technology and immigration history. The urban history of the past several decades has also been more quantitative in methodology, drawing on complex analyses of manuscript census data, birth, marriage and death records, city directories and oral histories. This essay is designed to continue those approaches and to build upon the new urban history by adding the important dimension of industrial health and safety to our understanding of the nature of the transition from rural to urban and agrarian to industrial society.
THE CITY'S EYE OF POWER: PANOPTICISM AND SPECULAR PROSTITUTION IN DREISER'S NEW YORK AND GROVE'S BERLIN
Authors: Gammel Irene
Published: March 2011

Visibility is a trap. Michel Foucault To go to the city is the changeless desire of the mind. To join in the great, hurrying throng; to see the endless lights, the great shops and stores, the towering structures and palatial mansions, becomes a desire which the mind can scarcely resist. Theodore Dreiser Chicago and New York, Dreiser's celebrated New World cities, energize the movement of author and characters with their raw, sensual drive. They also imbue the newcomer with a sense that it is right, and even necessary, to base one's life on a principle that can be summarized in just two words: "I want." Evoking the big city in female terms, Dreiser presents it as the illusory fulfilment of all dreams, as a fictional cornucopia of pleasure, beauty and sex in a framework of moral laxity. In a newspaper article written in 1896, Dreiser allegorizes this seductive potential of the city in the prostitute, a figure who appeals to the pleasures of the eye, titillating the scopophilic voyeur: Like a sinful Magdalen the city decks herself gayly [sic], fascinating all by her garments of scarlet and silk, awing by her jewels and perfumes, when in truth there lies hid beneath these a torn and miserable heart, and a soiled and unhappy conscience.1
FAULKNER'S PYLON: THE CITY IN THE AGE OF MECHANICAL REPRODUCTION
Authors: Zeitlin Michael
Published: March 2011

What is paradoxical about the historical experience of modernism is that it designates very precisely that period in which Nature—or the in- or anti-human-is everywhere in the process of being displaced or destroyed, expunged, eliminated, by the achievements of human praxis and human production. The great modernist literature—from Baudelaire and Flaubert to Ulysses and beyond-is a city literature: its object is therefore the anti-natural, the humanised, par excellence, a landscape which is everywhere the result of human labour, in which everything-including the formerly natural, grass, trees, our own bodies-is finally produced by human beings. This is then the historical paradox with which the experience of contingency confronts us (along with its ideologies—existentialism and nihilism—and its aesthetics—modernism): how can the city be meaningless? How can human production be felt to be absurd or contingent, when in another sense one would think it was only human labour which created genuine meaning in the first place?
THE NEW FRONTIER: A CASE STUDY OF CULTURAL TOURISM
Authors: Mehrhoff W. Arthur
Published: March 2011

Evocative cultural symbols help to condition human perceptions of the existing social order and concepts of the future. The Jefferson National Expansion Memorial is just such a major national and local cultural symbol, a truly potent image, and therefore a significant object of study for those interested in the phenomenon of cultural tourism. In 1990, Americans commemorated the 25th anniversary of the completion on the St. Louis riverfront of the Memorial, popularly known as the Gateway Arch. In 1935 President Franklin D. Roosevelt had established it as the first national historic site in the United States.1 It represented several overlapping and sometimes contradictory purposes: to commemorate Thomas Jefferson and his purchase of the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon, to celebrate westward expansion and its pioneers, to provide jobs for a severely depressed local economy, and to boost property values on the city's historic but run- down riverfront. This enormous project replaced forty square blocks of decaying nineteenth-century industrial warehouses and tenements on the city's "front door," an area that may well have served as a setting for native St. Louisan T.S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," with its "certain half-deserted streets" and "sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells."2 In addition to the 630-foot stainless steel catenary arch designed by Eero Saarinen, the Memorial includes the antebellum Greek Revival Old Court House (site of the Dred Scott trial) placed in a lush natural setting in the United States's first national urban park. The planning, design and construction of the Memorial spanned more than thirty years in one of the first major urban renewal projects in the United States. The country's tallest national monument was and remains an extraordinary feat of planning, design and engineering. Not surprisingly, the Memorial has also become one of the world's most popular tourist attractions and the symbol of St. Louis's civic progress.
DREAMS AND DISASTERS: AMERICAN CITIES REVISITED
Authors: de Giustino David
Published: March 2011

William H. Wilson. The City Beautiful Movement. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. x + 356 pp. Illus, Lewis Fried. Makers of the City. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1990. viii + 244 pp. It is said that Lucio Costa used only a few index cards to draw his plans for Brazil's new federal capital. Each year, by contrast, the titles of useful new books on city planning and urban history would require a cabinet of index cards. There are the official publications, of course, sponsored by central and municipal governments; there are the reports of statistical societies and by associations of economists, engineers, educators, architects, sociologists and geographers. Everyone, it seems, is trying to make sense of our increasingly urban society and no aspect of the city is neglected. Consider only a few of the latest efforts. There are studies of familiar English towns and unfamiliar African cities; there are cautionary tales about old, worn-out cities in the West and glimpses of still older ones in the East; there are ambitious attempts to compare cities in crisis and transition; there are perspectives of the city as the fount of modern capitalism and power.1
"SAPPED BY CORRUPTION": BRITISH GOVERNANCE OF QUEBEC AND THE BREAKDOWN OF ANGLO-AMERICAN RELATIONS ON THE EVE OF REVOLUTION
Authors: Lawson Philip
Published: March 2011

Assessing the role of the Quebec Act, 1774, in the drama of deteriorating Anglo-American relations has proved contentious for historians. There is no secret why this should be so. The Quebec Act is an enigma in a period of imperial crisis, carrying a different historical message for each of those nations directly affected by the legislation: America, Canada and Britain. The national histories of these three nations have become very specialized and they stress disparate aspects of the genesis and final clauses of the Quebec legislation. The tradition in Britain, especially among imperial historians, has been to perceive the legislation as the finest product of the benign statesmanship that signified a maturing awareness of the real responsibilities of imperial governance in the early modern period.1
"TO HOWL LOUDLY": JOHN MITCHELL JR. AND HIS CAMPAIGN AGAINST LYNCHING IN VIRGINIA
Authors: Brundage Fitzhugh
Published: March 2011

If... you Negroes are tired of being abused, misrepresented, Jim Crowed, lynched, burned at the stake and persecuted, then get up and do something for yourself. Marcus Garvey at Richmond, Virginia, July 1922 Among the audience that listened to Marcus Garvey's speech in Richmond in 1922 was John L. Mitchell Jr., editor and publisher of the Richmond Planet, and one of the most outspoken black crusaders against mob violence in Virginia, indeed in the entire South. During the 1890s, when racial tensions and lynching had peaked in Virginia, Mitchell had managed to bridge the growing chasm dividing the races and had devised imaginative strategies to protest against lynching. Although overlooked and unappreciated by Garvey, Mitchell's campaign against lynchings is a powerful reminder that even during the nadir of race relations during the late nineteenth century, blacks were not simply sullen, powerless victims of mob violence.
RECYCLED PROPAGANDA, OR EL SALVADOR IS SPANISH FOR VIETNAM
Authors: Smetak Jacqueline R.
Published: March 2011

Power always thinks it has a great soul and vast views beyond the comprehension of the weak; and that it is doing God's service while it is violating all his laws. John Adams Propaganda, as Jacques Ellus defined it, is a totalizing system, a way of manipulating consent and of getting people to act so that they are convinced that the decision to act was, on some level, their own. In order to work, propaganda must follow familiar patterns because unfamiliarity will cause people to stop and think and, perhaps, not act in the desired ways. Thus, successful campaigns tend to be re-used, to be imposed on new situations whether they fit or not. But such is the force of habit, that these ill-fitting campaigns will work, at least for a time. In response to World War II, the U.S. government stumbled on what seemed a magic formula—total immersion of the entire population in a war against a clearly defined and clearly evil enemy. When the government engaged in new wars, it continued in the same pattern but with steadily diminishing returns. The purpose of this essay is to examine those strategies, as well as the strategies used to counter them, and to examine why they did not work so well the next time.
HAWTHORNE'S (DEVILISH?) HUMOUR AND THE ENDING OF THE HOUSE OF THE SEVEN GABLES
Authors: MacDonald R.D.
Published: March 2011

In "The Devil and the Deep Blue Sea" (1916), the Canadian social critic and humorist, Stephen Leacock, ironically laments the passing of the devil in order to show the paltriness of our modern preoccupation with "self- development" and "brute force" (46-51). For earlier generations, writes Leacock, belief in the devil "illustrate[d] at once the pleasures and penalties of life.... Merriment in the scheme of things was his, and for those drawn too far in pleasure and merriment, retribution and the oyster fork" (52). In "American Humour" (1916), Leacock resorts to this same devil in order to mark off the lowest forms of humour against the highest, including the high humour of Nathaniel Hawthorne: the lowest humour, the primitive humour of demolition, relates to things broken, to "the unfittingness, the want of harmony among things," and to our "demoniacal merriment," our triumphant pleasure in the misfortune of others (86-87); humour in Leacock's middle range shows up the "incongruous," the impropriety of "that which misses its mark, which betrays a maladjustment of means to end, a departure from the proper type of things" (90); Leacock's highest humour is humane (and perhaps religious), for it rests upon a fatalistic acceptance of our imperfect lot, upon a prolonged and sustained conception of the incongruities of human life itself. The shortcomings of our existence, the sad contrast of our aims and our achievements, the little fretting aspiration of the day that fades into the nothingness of tomorrow, kindle in the mellowed mind a sense of gentle amusement from which all selfish exultation has been chastened by the realisation of our common lot in sorrow. On this higher plane humour and pathos mingle and become one. To the Creator perhaps in retrospect the little story of man's creation and his fall becomes sadly droll. (92-93)
SOME IMPRESSIONS OF THE BUDDHA: DREISER AND SIR EDWIN ARNOLD'S THE LIGHT OF ASIA
Authors: Stenerson Douglas C.
Published: March 2011

Since the early nineteenth century, a small but influential minority of American writers and intellectuals has responded with varying degrees of intensity to the religious and philosophical traditions of Asia. One of these authors is Theodore Dreiser. His literary use of Hindu teachings in The Stoic (1947) is well known and has been evaluated by a number of critics.1 The strong interest in Buddhism expressed in his non-fiction, on the other hand, has largely escaped attention.
INFANTICIDE AND CULTURAL REPRODUCTION IN COOPER'S THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS
Authors: Chapman Mary
Published: March 2011

The legend of Hannah Dustan, who scalped her native American captors after they attacked her home and killed members of her family, provides one of the earliest accounts of infanticide in the New World: "On March 15, 1697," Cotton Mather writes, the Salvages made a Descent upon the Skirts of Haverhill____The Nurse trying to Escape, with the New-born Infant, fell into the Hands of the Formidable Salvages; and those furious Tawnies coming into the house, bid poor Dustan rise ... ; but e'er she had gone many Steps, they dash'd out the Brains of the Infant, against a Tree. (Mather, 264) Reports of colonists' children killed by native Americans recur in both autobiographical captivity narratives and their fictional descendants. In The History of Maria Kittle, for example, two mothers lose their infants to "Salvages" while their husbands are away from the settlement: "An Indian, hideously painted," writes Bleecker, "strode up to Cornelia ... and cleft her white forehead deeply with his tomahawk ... [H]e deformed her lovely body with deep gashes; and tearing her unborn babe away, dashed it to pieces against the stone wall" (Bleecker, 19-20). This account of violence to mother and child is followed by another baby-killing only a few pages later: "She resigned him to the merciless hands of the savage, who instantly dashed his little forehead against the stones" (Bleecker, 21). This scenario is repeated in the novel Hope Leslie: "The Indian .. . now sprang forward and tore the infant from its mother's breast... tossed him wildly around his head, and dashed him on the doorstone" (Sedgwick, 65).
HISTORY AS FICTION, FICTION AS HISTORY
Authors: Redekop Ernest H.
Published: March 2011

Geoffrey Rans. The Leather-Stocking Tales: A Secular Reading. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. xviii + 292 pp. Ian K Steele. Betrayals: Fort William Henry and the "Massacre." New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. ii + 250 pp. Illus. Ian Steele's title for this detailed and elegant history of the fall of Fort William Henry might very well have been a sub-title for Geoffrey Rans's equally detailed and elegant analysis of the Leather-Stocking Tales. The immediate nexus between these two books is the "massacre" of 1757, the focus of Steele's work and the major historical incident underlying The Last of the Mohicans, the most famous of Cooper's five Leather-Stocking Tales, and this would perhaps in itself justify a review of these two books together. Steele's title anticipates an analysis of the notorious failure of Montcalm to protect his English and American prisoners from his Indian allies after the surrender of Fort William Henry and the refusal of General Webb to come to the aid of the besieged garrison during the fighting; but it also, in this well- balanced history, calls to mind the Indians' view that Montcalm reneged on his agreement to reward them after the surrender of the English garrison.
THE WARPING OF EDMUND RUFFIN
Authors: Simpson Craig
Published: March 2011

David F. Allmendinger. Ruffin: Family and Reform in the Old South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. xiv + 274 pp. William M. Mathew. Edmund Ruffin and the Crisis of Slavery in the Old South: The Failure of Agricultural Reform. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988. xi+ 286 pp. Had the Confederacy achieved independence, we would now acknowledge its hard-eyed, silver-haired icon, Edmund Ruffin, as a father of his country. It turns out, however, that Virginia's most influential nineteenth-century agricultural reformer and secessionist radical continues to enjoy his own revenge, as these two works help us understand. Virtually everyone interested in antebellum Southern culture and politics knows of Ruffin and has studied him. One reason for his visibility is his diary, rigorously kept from 1856 until minutes before his suicide almost ten years later.1 But Ruffin's increased accessibility to scholars and students, as both Mathew and Allmendinger make clear, comes as well from their relatively easy identification with him. Ruffin conducted systematic research, developed a significant personal library, and presented findings to his peers. He craved the extended solitude necessary for reading, reflection and composition. Indeed, he apparently preferred heroic encounters with his books to the tedium of farm supervision. These introspective qualities carried over into a fierce defense of his own work and its careful preservation, along with his correspondence and extensive memoirs. Like most academics, he had his own axes to grind. Historians and their students can look at Ruffin and see themselves.
three hundred years of religion in america
Authors: Conser Jr. Walter H.
Published: March 2011

William G. McLoughlin. Soul Liberty: The Baptists' Struggle in New England, 1630- 1833. Hanover: University Press of New England, 1991. 336 pp. Kenneth H. Winn, Exiles in a Land of Liberty: Mormons in America, 1830-1846. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989. x + 284 pp. Richard A. Grusin. Transcendentalist Hermeneutics: Institutional Authority and the Higher Criticism of the Bible. Durham: Duke University Press, 1991. 194 pp. Martin E. Marty. Modern American Religion: The Noise of Conflict, 1919-1941. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991. xiv + 464 pp. Illus. The nature of authority has been an unsettled and unsettling question in the history of religions in North America. From Anne Hutchinson's antinomian controversy through the Canadian debates over the clergy reserves to Martin Luther King's appeal to a law higher than that of the State, American religious history has reverberated with the sound of clashes over conflicting conceptions of legitimacy. The variety of contexts and the multitude of shapes in which debates over religious authority have emerged help to explain the complexity of its history. In matters such as the engagement of religion and culture, the interpretation of scripture, separation of church and state or immigration legislation, differing assessments of origins, intentions, meaning, circumstance and significance have shaped the debates over authority in American religion. The four books under review add to our understanding of this common theme of authority, while at the same time making individual contributions to their specific fields of research.
AWASH IN A SEA OF NEW BOOKS ABOUT AMERICAN CHRISTIANITY
Authors: Rawlyk George A.
Published: March 2011

Nathan O. Hatch. The Democratization of American Christianity. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989. xiv + 312 pp. Illus. Jon Butler. Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990. xii + 360 pp. Richard T. Hughes and C. Leonard Allen. Illusions of Innocence: Protestant Primitivism in America, 1630-1875. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1988. xviii + 296 pp. Ted Ownby. Subduing Satan: Religion, Recreation, and Manhood in the Rural South, 1865-1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990. xii + 286 pp. Illus. Nancy Taton Ammerman. Baptist Battles: Social Change and Religious Conflict in the Southern Baptist Convention. New Brunswick, NJ.: Rutgers University Press, 1990. xv + 388 pp. J. William Frost. A Perfect Freedom: Religious Liberty in Pennsylvania. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. x + 221 pp. In recent years, the contours of American historiography, especially for the post-Revolutionary period, have been profoundly reshaped by a number of influential studies dealing with important aspects of the evolving religious experience in the new Republic. In particular, there has been an extraordinary outburst of critical yet empathetic books and articles which attempt to come to grips with the forces of change and continuity that are to be found at the heart of the American Evangelical experience. Writing about Christianity, even about the Evangelical tradition, is no longer considered to be an act of academic suicide. With the neo-Marxist working-class historians very much on the defensive, and with many intellectual historians battered by self-doubt and deconstructionalism, scholars interested in American religious history have rushed into the publishing and intellectual void. They have certainly been encouraged by publishers who realize that Christianity is still a very vibrant force in the United States.
LETTERS, BIOGRAPHY AND CRITICISM: JAMES, WHARTON AND ATHERTON
Authors: Griffin Joseph
Published: March 2011

Edwin Sill Fussell. The French Side of Henry James. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. xii + 249 pp. Emily Wortis Leider. California's Daughter: Gertrude Atherton and Her Times. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991. xviii + 402 pp. Lyall H. Powers, ed. Henry James and Edith Wharton: Letters, 1900-1915. New York: Charles Scribners, 1990. xv + 412 pp. Little or no introduction is needed to two of the writers who are the subjects of the books under consideration here: Henry James and Edith Wharton both, the latter more recently, have acceded to high places among American writers and are not likely to suffer a falling-off. Gertrude Atherton has not enjoyed the high reputation of her celebrated contemporaries and this first biography serves the purpose of acquainting us with this novelist who spent much of her life in the public gaze, but who, since her death in 1948, has been only a marginal literary figure.
INTRODUCTION TO ESSAYS ON PHOTOGRAPHY IN AMERICA
Authors: Hall Roger
Published: March 2011

1989 marked the sesquicentennial of the development of photography as an art and a science. It seemed appropriate to mark the occasion by assembling a series of essays on photography's impact on America. Technically, the definition of a photograph is relatively easy: it is a chemically-fixed image, maintaining a pattern of light filtered through a lens, capturing a defined space over a finite of time. But that's something like saying Shakespeare is a pattern of ink on paper.
EKPHRASTIC ENLARGEMENTS: THE DAGUERREOTYPE AND RICHARD HOWARD'S "HOMAGE TO NADAR"
Authors: Donaldson Jeffery
Published: March 2011

Nadar My subject is ekphrasis and nineteenth-century portrait daguerreotypy. One of the oldest verse forms in literature, ekphrasis can most generally be defined as any "verbal representation of graphic representation" (Heffernan 299); it is a poem which takes as its preliminary or ostensible subject a painting or work of sculpture and enlarges upon problems and interests that are only implicit there. Examples range from Homer's description of Achilles' shield in the Iliad, to Keats's "Ode on a Grecian Urn" to John Ashbery's "Self Portrait in a Convex Mirror." So ubiquitous has the "poem about a painting" become in the past two or three decades, that Robert Lowell felt compelled to reassure his listeners at a reading that his poem "Marriage"-a poem which is based on van Eyck's "Arnolfini Marriage," and one of the finest examples of ekphrasis in contemporary verse-"isn't one of these many poems that describe a painting. It's about my marriage."1 He felt that there were too many such poems, and was aware of how harsh critics could be towards poets who use great works of art to piggy-back their way into literary history, as it were, and who struggle only to do poorly what the painting accomplished better in the first place. (This is a subtler version of the view held only by a naïve few that ekphrastic poetry is frivolous because it is not about the real world.) I doubt whether a poem can ever be merely descriptive without in some way re-presenting, and thereby transforming, the original and our sense of what it says through the later poet; it is likely to be more a question of degree. In any case, such merely descriptive poems would not be examples of ekphrasis in its finer aspect. Ekphrastic poems which have taken on an importance and integrity quite apart from the status of the original (which in certain cases, such as the original of Keats's "Grecian Urn," are often not known anyway), the apparent subject is often only a point of departure, a means of looking inward toward the processes of representation itself and the nature and meaning of mimesis. The reflections and discoveries of ekphrastic verse in writing today seem especially topical in light of our culture's deep absorption in the image. The world we have before us- in its appearance—is a collage of disparate simulacra, we now believe; the image not only represents the reality but has become the reality, or at least conditions our understanding of, and response to, reality. "What characterizes our so-called advanced societies," writes Roland Barthes, is that they today consume images and no longer, like those of the past, beliefs; they are therefore more liberal, less fanatical, but also more "false" (less "authentic")- something we translate, in ordinary consciousness, by the avowal of an impression of nauseated boredom, as if the universalized image were producing a world that is without difference (indifferent), from which can rise, here and there, only the cry of anarchisms, marginalisms, and individualisms. (119)
JACOB RIIS: CITIZENSHIP AND ART
Authors: Dougherty James
Published: March 2011

The art of the city is an art of juxtaposition and incongruity. The variegated spectacle of its street life is translated into paint or ink. Its polyglot babble excites or confuses the listener. The city's varying classes and social groups are set in conflict. Its dreams are turned against its actualities. The artist responds to the city's incongruity with an artwork that violates its own rules of decorum: Juvenal, Flaubert, Joyce. Yet for all his extravagance, the urban artist remains within his city's walls. Its variety nurtures his imagination; and, often, he has something to tell it. He is one of its citizens. One connoisseur of the chaotic urban life of the nineteenth century was Charles Dickens, who constantly juxtaposed the political power and wealth of London with the most wretched of its poor.1 In Bleak House, the street-boy Jo, wolfing down some scraps of food, looks up at the dome of St. Paul's:
IMAGE/TEXT: WRIGHT MORRIS AND DECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Coates Christopher
Published: March 2011

Wright Morris has said that "Each time a writer creates and solves the problems of fiction, he makes it possible for men and women to live in the world."1 Although he has received relatively little critical attention, Morris has expanded the barriers of fiction precisely by creating these problems- problems that explore the relationships between putative oppositions such as motion and stasis, past and present, fact and fiction. Among these uneasy alliances is perhaps Morris's most crucial problem: the integration of photography and prose in The Home Place, The Inhabitants and God's Country and My People. Disrupted by the juxtaposition of these visual and verbal texts, readers have acknowledged not only the problems with this relationship, but also Morris's lack of a "solution."
Introduction to Part I
Authors: Matthews Jean V.
Published: March 2011

More than many academic fields, American Studies has been open to the claims and approaches of gender, race, and ethnic studies. As Linda Kerber pointed out in her 1988 presidential address to the American Studies Association (Kerber 1989, 420), some of the major early essays in women's studies first appeared in an American Studies context. On the other hand, the decade in which American Studies first appeared strongly in the acad- emy—the 1950s—was a very "macho" period. And the 1960s were even more so. The paradigmatic "American" who emerged from the studies of those founding decades was quite literally a "New Man"—whether riding alone into the Western sunset, or paddling down the Mississippi. However open the field has lately been to multicultural and gender considerations it has proved hard to shake the conviction that the "American" is white and male. Moreover, American Studies has not in fact, as some initially hoped, provided the sheltering intellectual and academic umbrella for these new forms of enquiiy. Women, African Americans, Hispanics, "ethnics" of all varieties have spun off into their own "Studies" programs, with their own personnel, canonical texts, interdisciplinary approaches, problems, and periodical crises of method, rationale, and direction.
Understanding Gender in American Intellectual History
Authors: Conway Jill K.
Published: March 2011

Since the earliest efforts to chronicle the founding of the new American nation there have been serious women historians. Hannah Adams's 1799 history of New England from the settlement at Plymouth to the adoption of the Constitution was one of the first systematic accounts of the Revolu- tionary era. Adams's work was quickly followed by Mercy Otis Warren's (1805) history of the Revolution. In 1835, the prolific New England writer, Lydia Maria Child, published her History of the Condition of Women, the earliest feminist history of women's condition written in the United States. Adams, Warren, and Child were inheritors of an eighteenth-century French and British tradition favouring women's intellectual life, and saw themselves as trans-Atlantic versions of Mrs Elizabeth Montagu or the moralist Hannah More. The succeeding generation of women writers in the early national period were mainly keepers of diaries, writers of memoirs and travel ac- counts, or journalists like Anne Royall (1826) and Elizabeth Ellet (1850), who produced sketches of American life and manners, and popular histories of domestic life in the colonial period. This genre was devoted to the creation of a sense of American nationality, and to describing the role of women within their appropriate sphere in the new nation. These popular histories tell us about women's rising status within the nineteenth-century domestic sphere, and about the increasing ideological significance assigned to women's performance of their domestic roles. They are early signs of the political significance of male and female social territory in a society en- deavouring to dispense with hereditary social boundaries.
American Women's History: The Fall of Women's Culture
Authors: Meyerowitz Joanne
Published: March 2011

In the past ten years, the field of American women's history has grown inestimably more complex. Almost every major American university now has a specialist in the area, and the field is burgeoning in dozens of directions at once. Recent works range from studies of women's rights in the 1840s to out-of-wedlock pregnancy in the 1950s, from Iroquois women of the nine- teenth century to waitresses of the twentieth. And it is not entirely clear what cloth or even thread binds these disparate works together. In this essay, I have chosen to make some order out of this chaos by addressing the fall of one particular version of American women's history: the women's culture paradigm. I begin with a brief historiographic overview of the rise of this dominant paradigm in the late 1970s and 1980s, and then address its current breakdown, with an emphasis on three recent trends: political cul- ture, multiculturalism, and new gender analysis. All three of these trends respond to, rework, and revise the women's culture model.
The Persistence of the "Frontier Thesis" in America: Gender, Myth, and Self-Destruction
Authors: Kushner Howard I.
Published: March 2011

In 1893, the United States experienced the worst economic depression in its history. The depression was accompanied by a series of violent workers' strikes, a march on Washington by Civil War veterans, the growth of a national labour movement, and massive immigration of non-English speak- ing, non-Protestant, southern and eastern Europeans. To many commen- tators it seemed as if American society was splitting apart, about to explode.